bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Value of Trust
Authors: Simpson Thomas W. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter poses the central question of the book, namely, why should I trust? Towards answering this, it starts by exploring two commonsensical but divergent ways in which trust matters to us: both in terms of what it enables us to do, and the kinds of relationships that it sustains. This divergence explains why the central philosophical debate about trust has been divided between accounts of it as a cognitive or a non-cognitive attitude. But attempts to define what trust is have failed so far, and this is not accidental. This supports a methodological claim, that trust takes plural forms, and thus that attempts to understand trust should start from its value. This is termed an ‘axiology-first’ approach, and is the approach adopted in the book.
Trust is Normal
Authors: Simpson Thomas W. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractHow is it that ‘She told me so’ is often a perfectly adequate defence of why a hearer believed a speaker? This chapter argues that the function of social norms of trustworthiness is to ensure that when a speaker commits to something, she has fulfilled or will fulfil her commitment. Thus, when these norms fulfil their function, hearers are entitled to segue directly from a speaker’s commitment to belief that her commitment will be fulfilled. The chapter develops this functionalist account, developing three senses (which build on each other) in which the normal response to a speaker is to trust her. Moreover, the kind of trust which is normal is that which follows the evidence and, perhaps surprisingly, it is also evidence-following trust that yields a distinctive kind of interpersonal value, in the context of trusting relationships. The trust which normally matters follows the evidence.
Cultures of Trust
Authors: Simpson Thomas W. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWhile the focus of the book until now has been on trust as it occurs between two people, getting clear on the reasons of trust has still required facts about the wider social context to be considered. This chapter shifts focus to this wider context in developing an application of the account, addressing what sustains a culture of trust. A culture of trust is sustained by embedded norms of trustworthiness, and these norms have certain ‘ideational’ conditions—conditions which concern the ideas and normative principles which predominate within a population. I divide the ideational component into conditions which concern its content and its legitimacy. That norms of trustworthiness have an ideational component also indicates ways that a culture of trust may be undermined, and the chapter closes by considering one solvent of trust, namely egoism.
Trust in God
Authors: Simpson Thomas W. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter applies the account of trust developed hitherto in another novel area, addressing a current debate in the philosophy of religion. Many writers in recent years have argued that faith in God does not require any propositional belief, such as the belief that God exists, and of these, a number have used the notion of trust to develop a non-doxastic account of faith. This chapter addresses this debate indirectly, arguing that, by trusting in a speaking God, one normally commits oneself to believing a core of what is presented as divine speech. That is, trust in God normally has doxastic implications. This has the implication that, if faith in God involves trust, so faith is normally doxastic. Central to this claim is an argument about the rational implications of two-place trust for three-place trust relations, an argument which also has wider relevance for how to think about trust.
Phrasal Layering vs. Complex Heads
Authors: Wood Jim 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter starts with the conclusion that nominalizations contain at least a v head, but may or may not contain a voice head. It then compares two ways of accomplishing this. The first is the Complex Head analysis, where the verb is nominalized directly at the head level, before it combines with any phrasal complement. The second is the Phrasal Layering analysis, where a verb phrase is nominalized, complete with its arguments. Although the second approach is more widely adopted, this chapter shows that Icelandic raises problems for it and argues in favor of the Complex Head analysis. These problems include the failure to inherit case patterns, the properties objects expressed as PPs, verbs that take the -st clitic, and ditransitive verbs. Synthetic compounds are also briefly discussed. The chapter shows how the problems identified do not arise for the Complex Heads analysis.
Introduction
Authors: Bohren Craig F. , Albrecht Bruce A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Conservation of internal and mass-motion mechanical energy follows from equations of motion for N≫1 molecules. Internal energy U, unique to thermodynamics, is motional (random) plus positional (potential). All forms are interconvertible. A single hypothesis reduces N vector equations to one scalar equation and a few measurable parameters such as temperature and pressure. Rates of heating–cooling Q and working W are distinct macroscopic processes that can change U and are on an equal footing in the first law. Q is driven by differences in temperatures between a system and its surroundings; W from mechanics is a force acting through a distance in time. Thermodynamics evolved in the mid-nineteenth century, and its laws were annunciated in different forms using different terms by different investigators. Heat was once thought to have a material existence as an ethereal fluid (caloric). Although officially dead, the caloric theory is kept alive in textbooks.
Water and Its Transformations
Authors: Bohren Craig F. , Albrecht Bruce A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Because water vapor is a minor (≈1%) component it contributes little to the thermodynamic and transport properties of air. Unlike nitrogen and oxygen, water’s critical temperature (647 K) is above tropospheric temperatures, and hence, can change phase. Evaporation of liquid water and condensation of water vapor are independent processes; their difference, net evaporation, is readily measured. If evaporation equals condensation, the partial pressure of water vapor is called the equilibrium (saturation) vapor pressure. The partial pressure of water vapor in air is usually below saturation. Its value relative to what it would be at saturation is the relative humidity. The Clausius–Clapeyron equation predicts that evaporation of liquid water increases exponentially with absolute temperature. Water evaporates at all temperatures, not just the boiling point, Although the normal range at which pure liquid water exists (at sea level) is 0°C to 100°C, the actual range is about −40°C (subcooled) to 280°C (superheated). All phase changes, including boiling, require nucleation.
A Silent Persecution
Authors: de Boer David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter identifies the conditions that were necessary for an episode of religious persecution to garner publicity. It does so by unraveling why between 1679 and 1685, the persecution of the French Huguenots by Louis XIV only received limited press coverage in the Dutch Republic. It reveals that, first, publicity strongly depended on whether the victims themselves regarded international attention as desirable to attain their political ends. Second, despite limited censorship, publicity nevertheless depended on the tacit approval or stimulation of the Dutch authorities. The chapter shows that news about the Huguenots led to conflicting humanitarian responses between different church and worldly authorities in the United Provinces, which had an effect on the role publicity played within the negotiation of this conflict. It then discusses the discursive strategies of Pierre Jurieu, who broke the relative silence surrounding the persecution, thereby laying the groundwork for later printed opposition against the policies of the Sun King.
Introduction
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book by emphasizing how our perception of the universe is quite different from the actual laws that govern this universe. An attempt to understand the laws that govern our universe goes back to antiquity. The modern scientific revolution took place in the seventeenth century. All the phenomena that we observe in nature seem to follow the laws that were discovered by Newton, Maxwell, and others. Our intuition is based on these laws. The most remarkable developments that took place at the beginning of the twentieth century included Einstein’s theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. These laws, which are presented in this book, are highly counterintuitive and mysterious.
Vacuum is not “nothing”
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
One of the surprising consequences of quantum mechanics is that the vacuum that we consider empty and devoid of any energy has indeed an infinite amount of energy stored in it. There are many interesting and important consequences. These include spontaneous emission inside an atom and the Lamb shift. Another dramatic consequence is that, if two plates are placed in vacuum with absolutely no force between them, they will be attracted to each other. This is called the Casimir effect. Some methods are discussed to extract energy from this sea of vacuum energy. One such method is via the Unruh effect.
Schrödinger’s cat and entanglement
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the notion of quantum superposition of states is introduced through the example of a polarized photon. This brings out the novel feature that the state of the system depends on how the experiment is set up. The paradoxical consequences of quantum superposition, such as that a cat can be simultaneously dead and alive, are also discussed. This is the essence of the famous Schrödinger’s cat paradox. This description motivates another important consequence of quantum mechanical description of multiple objects; namely, their ability to exist in an entangled state. The properties of the two objects can remain entangled no matter how far away they are from each other and thus have the ability to influence each other. After discussing these aspects of quantum mechanics, the application of quantum entanglement to novel phenomena of quantum teleportation and quantum computing are presented.
Stellar objects
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The cosmos is filled with novel and exotic objects. In this chapter, the Milky Way galaxy and the location of the sun and the solar system is discussed. The sources of energy in a star coming from a nuclear fusion process, with particular emphasis on the sun, is explained. Then the phases of the life of a star from its birth to its end are presented. The journey of a star toward the end of its life when it turns into a red giant, then a planetary nebula or supernova, and finally a white dwarf or a neutron star is explained.
The Zinc Finger Protein MaCCCH33-Like2 Positively Regulates Banana Fruit Ripening by Modulating Genes in Starch and Cell Wall Degradation
Authors: Song Zunyang , Chen Hangcong , Lai Xiuhua , Wang Lihua , Yao Yulin , Qin Jiajia , Pang Xuequn , Zhu Hong , Chen Weixin , Li Xueping , Zhu Xiaoyang 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
As zinc finger protein transcription factors (TFs), the molecular mechanism of Cys-Cys-Cys-His (CCCH) TFs in regulating plant development, growth and stress response has been well studied. However, the roles of CCCH TFs in fruit ripening are still obscure. Herein, we report that MaCCCH33-like2 TF and its associated proteins modulate the fruit softening of ‘Fenjiao’ bananas. MaCCCH33-like2 interacts directly with the promoters of three genes: isoamylase2 (MaISA2), sugar transporter14-like (MaSUR14-like) and β-d-xylosidase23 (MaXYL23), all of which are responsible for encoding proteins involved in the degradation of starch and cell wall components. Additionally, MaCCCH33-like2 forms interactions with abscisic acid–insensitive 5 (ABI5)-like and ethylene F-box protein 1 (MaEBF1), resulting in enhanced binding and activation of promoters of genes related to starch and cell wall degradation. When MaCCCH33-like2 is transiently and ectopically overexpressed in ‘Fenjiao’ banana and tomato fruit, it facilitates softening and ripening processes by promoting the degradation of cell wall components and starch and the production of ethylene. Conversely, the temporary silencing of MaCCCH33-like2 using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) inhibits softening and ripening in the ‘Fenjiao’ banana by suppressing ethylene synthesis, as well as starch and cell wall degradation. Furthermore, the promoter activity of MaCCCH33-like2 is regulated by MaABI5-like. Taken together, we have uncovered a novel MaCCCH33-like2/MaEBF1/MaABI5-like module that participates in fruit softening regulation in bananas.
Composition patterns of surface mesozooplankton in the zonal fronts of Drake Passage
Authors: Esquivel-Garrote Octavio , Muxagata Erik 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Zooplankton is the main food source for higher trophic levels in marine environments. In the Southern Ocean, the distribution of zooplankton is related to the physical gradient of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) fronts. Our objective was to determinate the distribution of mesozooplankton in relation to the ACC fronts in the Drake Passage. Samples were collected with the Continuous Plankton Recorder in two transects. Mesozooplankton was associated with environmental variables. High mesozooplankton abundances were recorded in the Subantarctic Front in 2017 and in the Antarctic Zone in 2016. A total of 81 taxa and 23 species in 2016 and 31 in 2017 were identified. Copepoda was the most abundant group (89%), and Centropages brachiatus (3 872 ind. m−3) and Oithona spp. (2 916 ind. m−3) were the most abundant copepod taxa. Mesozooplankton abundance and composition were influenced by front variability. Taxa were contracted northward on 2016 and displaced southward in 2017 and linked to chlorophyll a (Chl a) values recorded in the coastal shelf of South America. Chl a values registered close to Antarctic Peninsula were not linked to mesozooplankton abundance. Changes in abundances of certain taxa may reflect distinct climate events. These changes may impact the availability of prey for higher trophic levels, either through displacement for food or food availability.
Patient-related barriers and enablers to the implementation of high-value physiotherapy for chronic pain: a systematic review
Authors: Dickson Cameron , de Zoete Rutger M J , Berryman Carolyn , Weinstein Philip , Chen Kexun Kenneth , Rothmore Paul 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Objective
To identify and synthesize patient-related barriers to and enablers of the implementation of high-value physiotherapy (HVP) for chronic pain. Furthermore, to review what patient-related interventions have been used to facilitate the implementation of HVP for chronic pain, as well as their efficacy.

Methods
We systematically searched the APA PsycInfo, Embase, CINAHL, Medline, Scopus, and PEDro databases for peer-reviewed studies (published in English) of adults with chronic pain. We used the Theoretical Domains Framework of behavior change to synthesize identified themes relating to barriers and enablers. Outcomes from studies reporting on interventions were also qualitatively synthesized.

Results
Fourteen studies reported on barriers and enablers, 8 of which related to exercise adherence. Themes common to barriers and enablers included perceived efficacy of treatment, interrelationship with the physiotherapist, exercise burden, and the patient’s understanding of exercise benefits. Other barriers included fear of movement, fragmented care, and cost. Ten studies explored interventions, 9 of which aimed to improve exercise adherence. Of these, evidence from 4 randomized controlled trials of technology-based interventions demonstrated improved exercise adherence among intervention groups compared with controls.

Conclusion
Patients with chronic pain experience barriers to HVP, including their beliefs, the nature of their interaction with their physiotherapist, perceived treatment efficacy, and cost. Enablers include rapport with their physiotherapist, achievable exercises, and seamless cost-effective care. Technology-based interventions have demonstrated effectiveness at increasing exercise adherence. Our findings suggest that interventions seeking to enhance implementation of HVP need to consider the multifactorial barriers experienced by patients with chronic pain.

Study registration
Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/AYGZV).
Patient factors and health outcomes associated with illness perceptions in people with gout
Authors: Selvadurai Daniel , Coleshill Matthew J , Day Richard O , Briggs Nancy E , Schulz Marcel , Reath Jennifer , Aung Eindra 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Objective
Illness perceptions are views and beliefs formed in response to a health threat, and they may influence self-management behaviours and chronic disease outcomes. Despite effective medication, sub-optimal outcomes in gout are common. This study aimed to quantitatively investigate illness perceptions in gout to examine how illness perceptions relate to health outcomes.

Methods
Data were obtained from a randomized controlled trial in which people with gout (n = 493) completed surveys measuring illness perceptions [Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ)], gout flares, medication adherence, health-related quality of life, health-care utilization, and productivity, alongside serum urate blood tests at baseline, and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Multivariable linear regression identified patient factors independently associated with each B-IPQ item score. Logistic and linear regression, adjusted for age and sex, determined whether baseline B-IPQ items could predict current and future health outcomes.

Results
Younger individuals and those with severe gout were more likely to experience pessimistic illness perceptions at baseline. Optimistic illness perceptions were associated with lower odds of having had at least one flare in the preceding 6 months. Every 1-point increase in B-IPQ treatment control, indicating an increasingly optimistic view that gout is treatable, decreased the odds of a recent flare prior to baseline by 33% [odds ratio (OR): 0.67; 95% CI: 0.53, 0.85; P &lt; 0.001] and prior to the 12-month follow-up by 15% (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76,0.96; P = 0.01). Pessimistic illness perceptions also predicted poorer medication adherence, health-related quality of life, and productivity, but not serum urate levels.

Conclusion
Modifying pessimistic illness perceptions, including, but not limited to, patient education, may promote prudent self-management behaviours and better outcomes in gout.

Trial registration
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; https://www.anzctr.org.au/, ACTRN12616000455460.
Addressing the unmet needs of transitional care in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Şahin Nihal , Sönmez Hafize Emine , Aktay Ayaz Nuray , Sözeri Betül 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Objectives
We aimed to comprehensively analyse the available literature to identify the unmet requirements in transitional programs tailored specifically for patients diagnosed with JIA.

Methods
According to published guidance on narrative reviews, a systematic review of the literature on transitional care in rheumatology was conducted. Pertinent documents were collected from reputable databases, such as Web of Science, Scopus, and MEDLINE/PubMed. The search encompassed literature published from the inception of each database until January 2023.

Results
In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the findings of 34 studies was conducted. Among these, 12 studies focused on assessing the readiness of adolescents and young adults diagnosed with JIA. Additionally, 18 studies examined the effectiveness of structured transition programs in terms of adherence and satisfaction. Finally, 4 studies investigated disease-related outcomes in this population.

Conclusion
The need for transitioning children with rheumatic diseases to adult rheumatology services for continued care is clearly evident. However, the absence of established best practice guidelines presents a challenge in facilitating this transition effectively. Although several scoring systems have been proposed to ensure organized and seamless transfers, a consensus has not yet been reached. Furthermore, the socio-economic and cultural variations across countries further complicate the development of universal guidelines for transitioning children with rheumatic diseases. To address these concerns, our objective in conducting this literature review was to emphasize the significance of this issue and identify the specific requirements based on the unmet needs in the transition process.
Firm financing through insider stock pledges
Authors: Pan Xiaofei , Qian Meijun 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This article documents fund usages of insider share pledge loans based on transactions data and subsequent corporate activities in Chinese firms. We find that the market has expanded 111 times since 2003, reaching 2.9 trillion RMB by 2017. The expansion is driven by share pledges for financing firms, including focal listed firms and other firms. Among transactions for financing focal listed firms (17.4 percent), 87 percent of the funds flow into the firms. Each 1 percent increase in controlling shareholders’ ownership is associated with a 7.8–11.7 percent increase in the likelihood of pledging shares to finance the focal listed firms and an additional 2.1–5.7 percent for financially constrained firms. The stock market reacts to transactions for financing focal listed firms with abnormal returns around 0.26–0.65 percent and an additional 0.29–4.37 percent for financially constrained firms. These patterns do not exist for share pledges for other purposes or by noncontrolling shareholders.
Multilocus phylogeny and morphological analyses illuminate overlooked diversity of Soriculus (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla: Soricidae), with descriptions of two new endemic species from the eastern Himalayas
Authors: Chen Zhongzheng , Pei Xiaoxin , Hu Jiangxiao , Song Wenyu , Khanal Laxman , Li Quan , Jiang Xuelong 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The genus Soriculus is currently recognized as monotypic, containing only one species, Soriculus nigrescens, which is distributed mainly in the Himalayas and the southern Hengduan Mountains. The taxonomy of Soriculus is ambiguous due to insufficient taxonomic sampling. We conducted extensive surveys of Soriculus across the Himalayas and Hengduan Mountains. We sequenced two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes, and the complete mitochondrial genomes of several selected specimens to infer the phylogenetic relationships of Soriculus and also analysed their morphological and morphometric variations. Our results indicate monophyly of Soriculus, and the diversity of the genus is greatly underestimated. We described two new species, Soriculus nivatus sp. nov. and Soriculus medogensis sp. nov., and elevated S. minor as a distinct species. Additionally, we found another putative new species of Soriculus in Medog County; however, we did not formally describe it because only one specimen was collected. Divergence time estimates suggest that the global cooling and desiccating events around the Miocene/Pliocene and Pliocene/Pleistocene boundaries and the Pleistocene climatic oscillations may have played major roles in the diversification of Soriculus. Our results highlight the overlooked diversity of small mammals in the eastern Himalayas, which warrants further surveys and taxonomic studies.