bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-step solution phase combinatorial synthesis
Authors: Boger Dale L , Goldberg Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of combinatorial chemistry for the discovery or optimization of novel chemical leads has emerged as a powerful method for the acceleration of the drug discovery process (1-4). Initially explored with peptide or oligonucleotide libraries and related structures, subsequent efforts have been directed at exploiting the diversity and range of useful properties embodied in small molecule libraries (1, 5).
Automated solution phase synthesis and its application in combinatorial chemistry
Authors: Sugawara Tohru , Cork David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early human diet was characteristically extremely varied, and a wide range of plant species and plant organs were consumed. Foods of animal origin included those taken opportunistically, such as invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, small mammals, birds and their eggs, and the scavenging and hunting of larger mammals. Each of these types of food have characteristic nutritional compositions. Comparison of these compositional features shows that an adequate diet could be obtained in many different ways. The selection of food providing fat had substantial advantages in reducing the amount of plant foods to be gathered, in the satiety provided and in supplying essential micronutrients. Obtaining adequate water and energy would probably be the main physiological drives. Many plant foods contain natural toxicants, and would only have been suitable as major items in the diet once cooking had been developed, and the preference for sweet tastes would have protected humans from eating bitter, toxic plants
Combinatorial discovery and optimization of electrocatalysts
Authors: Reddington Erik , Yu Jong-Sung , Chan Benny C , Sapienza Anthony , Chen Guoying , Mallouk Thomas E , Gurauꝉ Bogdan , Viswanathanꝉ Rameshkrishnan , Liu╪ Renxuan , Smotkinꝉ Eugene S , Sarangapani S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Combinatorial methods have been used for over a decade to discover interesting new organic and biological molecules (1). Although no products discovered by a combinatorial technique have reached the market place, some are now in clinical trials (2). While it may seem that combinatorial chemistry is relatively new, its origins are in fact nearly three decades old. Hanak used a combinatorial method, which he called ‘the multiple-sample approach’, to discover new superconducting materials (3). The ‘high Tc’ superconducting alloys he discovered had a critical temperature of less than 10 K, and were quickly forgotten as they found no practical use. Also forgotten was Hanak’s novel, but efficient approach to materials discovery. He identified these materials in a period of five months without the benefit of desktop computers or elaborate array fabrication devices. Partially inspired by organic and biochemists, many inorganic materials chemists have implemented .combinatorial schemes of their own within the past five years. During this time, several
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and membrane trafficking
Authors: Stenmark Harald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eukaryotic cell is divided into a number of structurally and functionally distinct membrane-bounded compartments. Each compartment contains its distinct set of molecules, and an elaborate molecular machinery ensures that proteins, lipids, and sugars can be transported between compartments while maintaining organelle identity. Figure 1 shows schematically the most important stations of the intracellular membrane trafficking pathways in mammalian cells. The first station of the exocytic pathway is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the membrane of which is continuous with the nuclear envelope. Membrane traffic from the ER to the Golgi apparatus occurs via a vesiculotubular intermediate compartment (IC) (1). From the Golgi apparatus, molecules can be further transported to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Here, cargo molecules are sorted to distinct domains of the plasma membrane as well as to the endocytic pathway (2). The endocytic pathway begins with the formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane. The endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes (EE). Like the TGN, the EE is an important sorting station, which shunts molecules to alternative destinations, including the plasma membrane and later endocytic compartments (3). Late endosomes (LEs) frequently contain internal vesicles and are sometimes referred to as multivesicular bodies (MVBs) (4, 5). These organelles appear to have a two-way communication with the TGN: they receive lysosomal enzymes, complexed to mannose 6-phosphate receptors, via TGN vesicles, and they recycle ligand-free mannose 6-phosphate receptors back to the TGN (6). LEs may fuse with primary (or dense-core) lysosomes, to form secondary lysosomes. Here, the degradation of luminal material occurs very efficiently. There is evidence that primary lysosomes may be reformed from secondary lysosomes through a selective membrane recovery (7).
Regulation of phospholipase D signalling by phosphoinositides
Authors: Sciorra Vicki A , Frohman Michael A , Morris Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to their function as precursors for second-messenger generation by phospholipase C (PLC) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), phosphoinositides play important roles as ligands responsible for membrane localization and/or regulation of a growing number of proteins that are involved in many different aspects of cell regulation (1). This review focuses on phosphoinositides as regulators of phosphatidylcholine (PC)-specific phospholipase D (PLD). These are widely expressed enzymes that have been identified in bacteria, yeasts, plants, and mammals (2–4). PLD catalyses the hydrolysis of PC and generates phosphatidic acid (PA), which is almost certainly a lipid mediator in its own right and can serve as the precursor for the synthesis of a number of well-established bioactive lipids including lyso-phosphatidic acid (LPA) and diacylglycerol (DAG) (5, 6). Regulation of PLD activity is complex and growing experimental evidence points to roles for these enzymes in both receptor-dependent intracellular signalling and in control of vesicular transport (7). The common involvement of PLD suggests that these processes may be linked in some previously unappreciated manner. The major challenge to the field continues to be the definition of the molecular mechanisms involved in regulation of signalling and membrane movement by PLD.
Representational differences analysis and microarray hybridization for efficient cloning and screening of differentially expressed genes
Authors: Nelson Stanley F , Denny Christopher T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The determination of differential expression of genes between cell lines and tissues is a powerful tool in modern biological research. Several recent and rapid PCR-based methods including subtractive suppressive hybridization (SSH), representational difference analysis (RDA), and differential display (1– 4), have been proposed for the cloning of genes which are differentially expressed between two tissues. These methods have been validated and successfully applied to specific problems (5–12). Recently, cDNA and oligonucleotide microarrays have been developed and used to quantitate differential gene expression by hybridizing a complex mRNA-derived probe onto an array of PCR products or oligonucleotides representing specific cDNAs (13–15). Microarrays allow thousands of genes to be monitored simultaneously for expression level and compared between many different tissues. We have screened the output of RDA by microarray in order to rapidly confirm differential expression of RDA fragments derived from specific mRNA and to greatly increase the breadth of differential fragments cloned (17).
Use of oligonucleotide arrays in enzymatic assays: assay optimization
Authors: case-green Stephen , Pritchard Clare , Southern Edwin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the following chapter we show how assays commonly performed in solution and analysed by gel electrophoresis can be applied to solid supported oligonucleotides and oligonucleotide arrays (1). Primer extension (2) and ligation assays (3) for typing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be adapted to solid supports and modified for the analysis of short tandem repeats (STRs). We should emphasize that none of the techniques described have been fully optimized for any individual target of interest; they rather provide a research tool to allow investigation of possible applications and to optimize specific assays involving oligonucleotide arrays. For instance, the methods of array synthesis we use are very convenient when a number of different systems are being used on a small scale (for research purposes), but other synthesis methods may be better if a large number of the same array is needed.
Application of ink-jet printing technology to the manufacture of molecular arrays
Authors: Theriault Thomas p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Massively parallel assay technology is increasingly the method of choice for conducting scientific inquiry in the physical sciences. For example, in physics, particularly materials science, combinatorial mixtures of components are prepared and screened to elucidate new superconductors. In chemistry, combinatorial synthesis programs represent one state-of-the-art mode for the discovery of novel drug leads. And in biology, arrays of unique DNA sequences are commonly used to assay the genetic state of cells. What these three different pursuits share is the need to perform a very large number of tests to achieve a particular goal. In all cases, small volumes of liquids must be precisely metered at high rates of speed. Technology derived from the ink-jet printing industry has been applied to meet such liquid handling needs.
Structural studies on tubulin and microtubules
Authors: Downincj Kenneth H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are involved in a wide variety of essential functions in eukaryotic cells, ranging from intracellular transport to cell motility and maintenance of cell shape. The identification of microtubules and their activities started a quest to understand the mechanisms behind their functions and the interactions among various proteins that make them possible, and this quest continues today. In early work, mainly done by light and electron microscopy (for a review, see ref. 1), the distribution of microtubules within the cell showed that they were an important component of the cytoskeleton, and their association with chromosomes in mitotic cells hinted at the critical role they play in cell division. Much of this work was done with sections of fixed and embedded material, where not only the distribution of MTs was revealed, but also the basic structure. It was seen that MTs were hollow cylinders made up of about 13 parallel protofilaments. Visualization of MT structure at higher resolution, and even determination of the structure of the protein subunit, has relied on electron microscopy. This chapter focuses on the methods used to derive structural information on microtubules and their complexes with drugs and other proteins by electron microscopy.
Regulation of intermediate filament dynamics: a novel approach using site- and phosphoryfation state specific antibodies
Authors: Inada Hiroyasu , Nagata Koh-Ichi , Goto Hidemasa , Inagaki Masaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although IFs were thought to be relatively stable compared to other cytoskeletons such as microtubules and actin filaments, it is now widely accepted that IFs undergo dynamic reorganization of filament structures through sitespecific phosphorylation. We, for the first time, proposed the notion that sitespecific phosphorylation induces disassembly of IF using vimentin filament in vitro (5). Thereafter, it has become increasingly evident that site-specific phosphorylation of IF proteins alters filament structure. Several kinases are apparently responsible for IF phosphorylation in vitro (6-9).
Morphological recognition of apoptotic cells
Authors: Wilson James W , Potten Christopher S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we outline the basic techniques that can be used to identify apoptotic cells on the basis of morphology. All these techniques require the use of some type of microscope, and obviously, the better the microscope then the easier your job is in assessing cell morphology. In addition to the subjective assessment of cellular/nuclear appearance, the use of immunocytochemical techniques specifically designed for the recognition of apoptotic cells is also outlined. Finally, we discuss how to extract quantitative information from such observations, and how such quantitative data may be interpreted. Techniques for detecting the biochemical changes accompanying apoptosis are described in subsequent chapters.
Polarity and cell fate in bacteria
Authors: Hofmeister Antje , Brun Yves V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the development of all organisms, different cell types are generated from a single precursor cell. Generation of this diversity requires that cells be able to divide into two different progeny. Formally, two mechanisms are possible (1): 1. The two progeny cells are initially identical but become different by interacting with each other, by interacting with neighbouring cells, or by responding to diffusible factors secreted from neighbouring cells.
Cellular bioenergetics
Authors: Nicholls David G , Ward Manus W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mitochondria perform multiple functions within cells. In addition to their primary role in the generation of ATP for cytoplasmic and plasma membrane energy-requiring processes, there is an increasing realization that mitochondria can play a central role in the regulation of cytoplasmic calcium concentrations, while the mitochondrial respiratory chain is the major source of potentially toxic reactive oxygen species (1). The chemiosmotic mitochondrial proton circuit (Figure 1) which links electron transport through the respiratory chain to the ATP synthase can be considered in many ways analogous to an equivalent electrical circuit, with potential, flux, and resistance elements obeying Ohm’s law. The potential term is the protonmotive force, Δp, amounting to some 200 mV and comprised of membrane potential, Δ ψm, and ΔpH components according to the equation:
Protein engineering for biosensors
Authors: Gilardi Gianfranco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protein engineering is defined here as the ensemble of the methods that allow the modification of the gene that codifies for a protein with the purpose of generating mutants or variants (multiple mutants generated by random mutagenesis) with the desired properties. Traditionally the area of biosensors has been the domain of chemists who already have explored chemical modification of proteins over the past few decades. The advantage of protein engineering over traditional chemical modification lies in its ability to introduce controlled modifications in specific positions.
Client Reactions to Endings
Authors: Walsh Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although we have covered much ground in our study of clinical endings, we have not yet considered in sufficient detail the range of reactions that clients and practitioners experience in the process of ending. These reactions include the thoughts and feelings that the participants experience and the behaviors that they demonstrate. It is important for practitioners to understand how these reactions affect clients’ abilities to move through the ending process and what the experience means to them afterward. As we shall see, clients’ reactions do not have to be positive in order to be beneficial, but clients should be monitored and processed to maximize their chances for satisfactory closure. In this chapter we consider the range of positive and negative reactions that clients have to the ending process and the personal and clinical factors that in fluency those reactions.
Social Work’s Historical Relationship to Volunteerism
Authors: Sherr Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines what happened to the relationship between social work and volunteerism. It seeks to answer the question, How did the social work profession, which owes its existence to the efforts of volunteers, lose touch with volunteerism as a central means of delivering effective services and advocating social and economic justice? After describing the historical relationship between social work and volunteerism, the chapter examines two reasons—insecurity and avoidance— to explain that relationship.
Understanding Minor Clients
Authors: Strom-Gottfried Kim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of competence rests at the core of all discussions about ethics and minors. What are minors able to understand? Are they capable of rendering judgments? These questions of competence are inextricably linked to minors’ developmental capacities and the factors that influence those capacities. This chapter explores markers of competence across the developmental spectrum and highlights relevant concepts for ethical decision making.
Living Fully: Mindfulness Practices for Everyday Life
Authors: Kessen Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘‘No time!’’ a student exclaims. Discussing an article on risk management in a graduate social work ethics class, I see the frustration on the faces in front of me. I had identified burnout as a major cause of poor social work practice. My suggestion that students take time to address their own needs now sounds feeble. These students are juggling jobs, family responsibilities, and graduate school—how could they not be exhausted and depleted at the end of each day? Is there anything I can offer them? I recall my own practice of mindfulness during spare moments each day. We all have little bits of time, no matter how busy our work and personal schedules, but we often fail to recognize them. Students could begin with their own snatches of time, standing in line at the grocery store, walking to class, or picking up children at school. These moments experienced in mindfulness could benefit anyone.
Mindfulness in Social Work Practice: A Theoretical and Spiritual Exploration
Authors: Potter Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spiritual paths are replete with techniques to help adherents let go of the dominating ‘‘monkey mind’’—the constantly active, evaluating, worrying, anticipating, remembering activity that is going on in our heads—and be open to the present moment and what it has to offer. The ‘‘monkey mind’’ is also the purposeless babbling that is always in the background in our minds. What we know today as mindfulness is one specific and effective method of focusing the mind on the essence of experience, the power of being fully present in one’s life. While the term is best known as part of the Buddhist tradition, versions of this practice are common among the spiritual traditions of the world. For example, the Sufi tradition of spiritual development uses the practice of fikr to fill the mind with silent repetition of a specific word or phrase, so there is little room left for typical mental processes. The universally desired outcomes of these practices, the development of consciousness and being centered in one’s life, are accomplished gradually through a variety of techniques.
Mindfulness-Based Practices in Group Work with Children and Youths in Care
Authors: Coholic Diana , LeBreton Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores mindfulness-based training with children living in foster care (ages eight to fifteen). Presently there is no research on using mindfulness in this area. We present an outline of our program, detailing specific activities that are appropriate for and have been proved effective with this population, and examine some of our preliminary conclusions based on our experience delivering the program.
LRRK2 kinase activity is necessary for development and regeneration inNematostella vectensis
Authors: Holmes Grace , Ferguson Sophie R. , Lewis Patrick Alfryn , Echeverri Karen 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe starlet sea anemone,Nematostella vectensis, is an emerging model organism with a high regenerative capacity, which was recently found to possess an orthologue to the human LRRK2 gene (nvLRRK2). The leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene, when mutated, is the most common cause of inherited Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Its protein product (LRRK2) has implications in a variety of cellular processes, however, the full function of LRRK2 is not well established. Current research is focusing on understanding the function of LRRK2, including both its physiological role as well as its pathobiological underpinnings.MethodsWe used bioinformatics to determine the cross-species conservation of LRRK2, then applied drugs targeting the kinase activity of LRRK2 to examine its function in development, homeostasis and regeneration inNematostella vectensis.ResultsAnin-silicocharacterization and phylogenetic analysis of nvLRRK2 comparing it to human LRRK2 highlighted key conserved motifs and residues.In vivoanalyses inhibiting the kinase function of this enzyme demonstrated a role of nvLRRK2 in development and regeneration ofN. vectensis. These findings implicate a developmental role of LRRK2 inNematostella, adding to the expanding knowledge of its physiological function.ConclusionsOur work introduces a new model organism with which to study LRRK biology. We show a necessity for LRRK2 in development and regeneration. Given the short generation time, genetic trackability and in vivo imaging capabilities, this work introducesNematostella vectensisas a new model in which to study genes linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s.
Survivability and Life Support in Sealed Mini-Ecosystems with Simulated Planetary Soils
Authors: Sato Tsubasa , Abe Ko , Koseki Jun , Seto Mayumi , Yokoyama Jun , Akashi Tomohiro , Terada Masahiro , Kadowaki Kohmei , Yoshida Satoshi , Yamashiki Yosuke Alexandre , Shimamura Teppei 
Published: November 2023

AbstractEstablishing a sustainable life-support system for space exploration is challenging due to the vast distances, costs, and differing environments from Earth. Using insights from the Biosphere 2 experiment, we introduced the “Ecosphere” and “Biosealed” systems in custom containers to replicate Earth’s ecosystems, suggesting feasible space migration through transplanting Earth-like biomes.Over four years, we gained deeper insights into these enclosed ecosystems. Moisture deficiency was a major obstacle to plant growth, which we addressed by incorporating a groundwater layer in the containers. We underscored the critical role of microorganisms in building and sustaining these ecosystems. However, temperature spikes from sunlight threatened stability. Our experiments confirmed fruit flies’ survival on plant-produced oxygen and photosynthetic bacteria. Interactions between plants, microbes, and simulated space soils were examined. Detailed analysis unveiled diverse microbes shaping both confined and simulated space environments. Major findings include the symbiotic relationship of plants with cyanobacteria, the potential of LED lighting in sun-limited missions, and challenges with ethylene gas and moisture. Microbial integration in rough soils holds promise for seed germination, but understanding their role in space soils is crucial.Our research offers a comprehensive foundation for future space life-support systems and underlines potential concerns about microbes affecting human health.