bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cyclization of peptides and depsipeptides
Authors: Davies John S. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractConstricting the peptide backbone into a more defined conformational form through cyclization is an activity evolved in nature and in synthetic work, the latter straddling only the most recent decades. The resulting conformational constraints increase the probability of an optimum response with bio‐receptors. The purpose of this review is to highlight developments that have proved to be reasonably efficient in the macrocyclization of linear precursors into cyclic peptides and depsipeptides. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐particle density matrix functional for correlation in molecular systems
Authors: Piris Mario , Otto Peter 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBased on the analysis of the general properties for the one‐ and two‐particle reduced density matrices, a new natural orbital functional is obtained. It is shown that by partitioning the two‐particle reduced density matrix in an antisymmeterized product of one‐particle reduced density matrices and a correction Γc we can derive a corrected Hartree–Fock theory. The spin structure of the correction term from the improved Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory is considered to take into account the correlation between pairs of electrons with antiparallel spins. The analysis affords a nonidempotent condition for the one‐particle reduced density matrix. Test calculations of the correlation energy and the dipole moment of several molecules in the ground state demonstrate the reliability of the formalism. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 94: 317–323, 2003
Professional influence: the effects of investment banks on clients' acquisition financing and performance
Authors: Hayward Mathew L. A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis study examines the conditions in which professional firms use client engagements to get clients to subsequently hire them. The central thesis is that professional firms derive power from their specialized expertise and lead clients towards complex problems that apply the expertise. In particular, relative to cash‐financed acquisitions, stock‐financed acquisitions more intensively apply investment banks' expertise. Consistent with expectations, results from a sample of 404 acquisitions show that firms are more likely to hire banks on stock‐financed acquisitions when they have previously used banks. Evidence also suggests that clients that hire banks on such acquisitions are prone to adverse performance from them. Overall, these results suggest that professional firms lead clients to complex solutions with problematic outcomes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical examination of transaction‐ and firm‐level influences on the vertical boundaries of the firm
Authors: Leiblein Michael J. , Miller Douglas J. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractA large literature has successfully employed transaction cost economic theory to describe how exchange conditions affect the optimal form of organization. However, this approach has historically not accounted for the influence of firm‐specific attributes on the governance decision. This paper develops a model based on insights from transaction cost economics, the resource‐based view, and real options theory to examine how transaction‐level characteristics, firm‐specific capabilities, and product‐market scope influence the governance of production. Empirical evidence derived from analysis of 469 make‐or‐buy decisions involving 117 semiconductor firms indicates that decisions regarding the governance of production activities are strongly influenced by both transaction‐ and firm‐level effects. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Software product line migration and deployment
Authors: Faust D , Verhoef C 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWe describe a method to migrate multiple instances of a successful single information system to a product line. The deployed product line is able to deal with the variants evolved over time in a cost‐effective manner. We proposed and used federated architectures that partition the software into so‐called genericity layers. We argue that federated architectures are at the heart of product lines, and we provide compelling arguments as to why federated architectures are a sound weapon in today's corporate strategy: they enable smooth enterprise integration and rapid change. We support our arguments with a real‐world case: we successfully migrated a large global transaction and settlement system with many site‐specific variations to a product line with a federated architecture. Moreover, we measured the success rate of this architectural modification effort by showing that the annual direct cost savings are of the order of millions of dollars during the deployment of the product line. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explaining code for publication
Authors: Thimbleby Harold 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe computer science literature discusses code and algorithms extensively, but not always reliably. Tool support can help ensure integrity between code and explanation so that published papers are more reliable.A versatile, lightweight tool to support explaining code for publication is justified, described and compared with alternatives. The tool works with Java, C and similar languages, and provides support for publishing explanations of real code in LATEX, XML, HTML, etc. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gabapentin actions on Kir3 currents and N‐type Ca2+ channels via GABAB receptors in hippocampal pyramidal cells
Authors: Bertrand Sandrine , Nouel Dominique , Morin France , Nagy Frédéric , Lacaille Jean‐Claude 
Published: August 2003

AbstractGabapentin is a clinically effective anticonvulsant with an unclear mechanism of action. It was described as a GABAB(1a,2) receptor subtype‐selective agonist, activating postsynaptic K+ currents and inhibiting postsynaptic Ca2+ channels in CA1 pyramidal cells, but without presynaptic actions. These activities appeared controversial and we therefore sought to further clarify gabapentin actions in rat hippocampal slices by characterizing K+ currents and Ca2+ channels targeted by gabapentin using whole‐cell recording and multiphoton Ca2+ imaging. 1) We found that gabapentin and baclofen induced inwardly rectifying K+ currents (KGbp and KBac, respectively), sensitive to Ba2+ and Cs+. 2) A constitutively active KIR current, independent of GABAB receptor activation and sensitive to Ba2+ and Cs+ was also present. 3) KGbp, KBac, and KIR currents showed some differences in sensitivity to Ba2+ and Cs+, indicating the possible activation of distinct Kir3 currents, independent of KIR, by gabapentin and baclofen. 4) Gabapentin inhibition of Ca2+ channels was abolished by ω‐conotoxin GVIA, but not by ω‐agatoxin IVA and nimodipine, indicating a predominant action of gabapentin on N‐type Ca2+ channels. 5) Gabapentin actions were linked to activation of pertussis toxin‐sensitive G‐proteins since N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM) blocked KGbp activation and Ca2+ channel inhibition by gabapentin. 6) Finally, gabapentin reduced epileptiform discharges in slices via GABAB receptor activation. The anticonvulsant actions of gabapentin in hippocampal cells may thus involve GABAB receptor coupling to G‐proteins and modulation of Kir3 and N‐type Ca2+ channels. Moreover, gabapentin and baclofen activation of GABAB receptors may couple to distinct cellular targets. Synapse 50:95–109, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses, based on dopamine D2‐receptor occupancy of bromocriptine, of bromocriptine‐induced contralateral rotations in unilaterally 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rats
Authors: Atsumi Masako , Kawakami Junichi , Sugiyama Erika , Kotaki Hajime , Sawada Yasufumi , Sato Hitoshi , Yamada Yasuhiko , Iga Tatsuji 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBromocriptine is a selective agonist for dopamine D2‐receptors and is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In this study, we performed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analyses of the antiparkinsonian effect of bromocriptine and evaluated drug‐induced contralateral rotations in rats in which unilateral striatal lesions had been generated by microinjection of 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle. The plasma concentration (Cp) and D2‐receptor occupancy (ΦD2) were quantitated by HPLC and with an in vivo back‐titration method using [3H]‐raclopride, respectively. Bromocriptine induced contralateral rotations (Erot) in a dose‐dependent manner following intraperitoneal administration in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. The Cp of bromocriptine peaked at 15–30 min after the administration and decreased time‐dependently, whereas the ΦD2 of bromocriptine increased gradually for 180 min after administration. The relationship between Cp and Erot exhibited an anticlockwise hysteresis, whereas the relationship between ΦD2 and Erot showed a linear correlation. These results suggest that in vivo ΦD2 is a good pharmacological indicator of the effect of a D2 agonist. Synapse 50:110–116, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reversal of pentylenetetrazol‐induced potentiation phenomenon by theta pulse stimulation in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices
Authors: Omrani Azar , Fathollahi Yaghoub 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe effect of theta pulse stimulation (TPS) on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)‐induced long‐term potentiation of population spikes was studied in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices. The field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) and population spikes (PS) were recorded from strata radiatum and pyramidale, respectively, following stimulation of Schaffer collaterals. A transient PTZ application produced a long‐lasting enhancement of PS amplitude. A 3‐min episode of TPS delivered at test‐pulse intensity failed to reverse the PTZ potentiation. However, the same stimulation at a higher intensity produced complete reversal of the PTZ potentiation when delivered during the last minutes of PTZ application. Prior application of high‐intensity TPS also decreased the amount of PTZ potentiation, whereas it had no long‐lasting effect on baseline synaptic responses. High‐intensity TPS induced reversal was blocked by adenosine A1 receptor antagonist and, furthermore, was reduced by protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor. The results suggest that mechanism of PTZ‐induced LTP reversal involves activation of adenosine receptors and protein phosphatases. Synapse 50:83–94, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Martin Associates Group
Authors: Martin John A. , Schindler Barry S. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractFounded in 1953 in Los Angeles, California, by John A. ‘Jack’ Martin as his namesake with a core group of just three structural engineers, Martin Associates Group, Inc. today has a professional staff of over 450 disseminated throughout 16 offices extending from the Pacific Rim all the way to Missouri. The largest of these offices are in Los Angeles, Denver, and Las Vegas. The firm's engineers are licensed to practice in all 50 states and the province of Guam. Jack Martin is still actively involved in the day‐to‐day operations of all the offices as the CEO of the Martin Organization, while his son, John A. ‘Trailer’ Martin Jr has been with the firm for 33 years and has been the President of John A. Martin & Associates, Inc. for about the last 20 of those years. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brandow & Johnston Associates
Authors: Brandow Gregg E. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis history of the structural engineering firm Brandow & Johnston Associates is a history of the founding principals and a legacy of projects from small to large, short to tall, and structurally simple to structurally challenging. Selected buildings have been chosen and presented because they were unique at the time of construction, impressive architecturally, or significant structurally. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AC Martin Partners
Authors: Martin David C. , Tahtakran Onik 
Published: August 2003

AbstractAC Martin Partners, Inc. (ACMP) is an integrated architecture, engineering, and planning firm with a long‐standing tradition of creating environments that have had significant impacts upon their surroundings through craft, integrity, and social responsibility. This paper describes several of their projects. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mid-holocene climate change in Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana
Authors: Russell James , Talbot Michael R. , Haskell Brian J. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractLake Bosumtwi is one of the most widely studied palaeoclimate archives in West Africa. Results from numerous AMS 14C dates of samples from four piston cores from Lake Bosumtwi show that an abrupt sedimentary transition from a mid-Holocene sapropel to calcareous laminated muds occurred at about 3200 cal yr B.P. High-resolution analyses of the nitrogen isotopic composition of organic matter across this transition confirm its abrupt nature, and suggest that the change may signal a step toward increased aridity and intensified surface winds that affected western equatorial Africa from Ghana to the Congo basin. Northern and Eastern Africa experienced a similar abrupt shift toward aridity during the late Holocene, but at about 5000 cal yr B.P., a difference in timing that illustrates the regional nature of climate changes during the Holocene and the importance of feedback mechanisms in regulating Holocene climate variability. Furthermore, an abrupt change at about 3000 cal yr B.P. occurs at several sites adjacent to the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, which may hint at major changes in the surface temperatures of the tropical Atlantic and/or Pacific at this time.
Paleoecology of late-glacial terrestrial deposits with in situ conifers from the submerged continental shelf of western Canada
Authors: Lacourse Terri , Mathewes Rolf W. , Fedje Daryl W. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractExtensive portions of the continental shelf off the coast of British Columbia were subaerially exposed during Late Wisconsinan deglaciation due to lowering of relative sea level by as much as 150 m. Paleoecological analyses were conducted at two sites on the emergent continental shelf where terrestrial surfaces with in situ conifers are preserved. The woody plant remains confirm that, during the latest period of subaerial exposure, terrestrial vegetation was established on the continental shelf. Microscopic identification of fossil wood, and analyses of pollen and plant macrofossils from the associated paleosols and overlying shallow pond sediments indicate that productive Pinus contorta-dominated communities with abundant Alnus crispa and ferns grew on the shelf adjacent to and on the Queen Charlotte Islands around 12,200 14C yr B.P. Dwarf shrubs including Salix and Empetrum, and herbaceous plants such as Heracleum lanatum and Hippuris vulgaris, were also important components of the shelf vegetation. Near northern Vancouver Island, mixed coniferous forests dominated by Pinus contorta with Picea, Tsuga spp., Alnus spp., and ferns occupied the shelf at 10,500 14C yr B.P.
New observations on the relative sea level and deglacial history of Greenland from Innaarsuit, Disko Bugt
Authors: Long Antony J. , Roberts David H. , Rasch Morten 
Published: August 2003

AbstractRelative sea level (RSL) data derived from isolation basins at Innaarsuit, a site on the south shores of the large marine embayment of Disko Bugt, West Greenland, record rapid RSL fall from the marine limit (ca. 108 m) at 10,300–9900 cal yr B.P. to reach the present sea level at 3500 cal yr B.P. Since 2000 cal yr B.P., RSL rose ca. 3 m to the present. When compared with data from elsewhere in Disko Bugt, our results suggest that the embayment was deglaciated later and more quickly than previously thought, at or slightly before 10,300 cal yr B.P. The northern part of Disko Bugt experienced less rebound (ca. 10 m at 6000 cal yr B.P.) compared with areas to the south. Submergence during the late Holocene supports a model of crustal down-warping as a result of renewed ice-sheet growth during the neoglacial. There is little evidence for west to east differences in crustal rebound across the southern shores of Disko Bugt.
Oceanic conditions in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the onset of ENSO in the Holocene
Authors: Loubere Paul , Richaud Mathieu , Liu Zhengyu , Mekik Figen 
Published: August 2003

AbstractRecords from South America show that modern ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) did not exist 7000 cal yr B.P. and has developed progressively since then. There has been little information available on oceanic conditions in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) to constrain explanations for ENSO onset. We report quantitative observations on thermocline and mixed-layer conditions in the EEP during ENSO start up. We found important changes in both the thermocline and the mixed layer, indicating increased upwelling of cooler waters since 7000 cal yr B.P. This resulted from change in the source and/or properties of waters supplying the Equatorial Undercurrent, which feeds upwelling along the equator and the Peru margin. Modeling shows that ENSO is sensitive to subsurface conditions in the eastern equatorial Pacific and that the changes in the thermocline we observed were driven by extratropical processes, giving these a role in conditioning the development of ENSO. This is in contrast to models that call for control of equatorial Pacific oceanography by tropical processes only. These infer stronger upwelling and cooler surface waters for the EEP during the mid-Holocene, which is not supported by our results.
Isolation and water-level fluctuations of Lake Kachishayoot, Northern Québec, Canada
Authors: Miousse Luc , Bhiry Najat , Lavoie Martin 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis study combines different methods, including grain size, macrofossil, and pollen analyses, to reconstruct paleogeographical and paleoclimatological conditions for periods before, during, and after the isolation of a small lake (Lake Kachishayoot) in northern Québec. After the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet around 800014C yr B.P., the area was submerged by the Tyrrell Sea. The transition from marine to lacustrine environment occurred about 5400 yr B.P. Two major periods of water-level fluctuations were inferred from organic and mineral sediments: a high water level that occurred after 3200 yr B.P. and a low water level that started before 2200 yr B.P. Our chronological data for the first period are consistent with those from nearby Lac des Pluviers and from other lakes in east central Canada and in the northeastern United States. During the low-water-level period, however, there is no evidence for minor fluctuations, whereas other lakes in northern Québec and east-central Canada underwent several brief lowerings. Long-term changes in atmospheric circulation caused by changing global boundary conditions likely explained long-term water-level fluctuations of Lake Kachishayoot.
Duplexes of 21‐nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in differentiated mouse ES cells
Authors: Zou Gang‐Ming , Wu Wei , Chen Jianjun , Rowley Janet D. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractRNA interference (RNAi) is a novel phenomenon that can induce post‐transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) both in animals and plants. RNAi is effective in suppressing specific gene expression in the early mouse embryonic cells and in undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells. In this study, we demonstrate that dsRNA is effective in inducing PTGS in differentiated ES cells: CD34+ embryoid body (EB) cells, as confirmed by western blot and immunocytochemical staining. PU.1 is a key transcription factor in myeloid differentiation. Undifferentiated ES cells do not express PU.1; however it is expressed when ES cells differentiate into EBs. PU.1 could be suppressed by the specific PU.1 dsRNA, but not non‐specific Lamin A/C dsRNA, in the CD34+ EB cells when they were induced to myeloid differentiation in the presence of GM‐CSF and IL‐3. As a consequence, the level of expression of CD115 (M‐CSF receptor), one of the downstream genes regulated by PU.1 is decreased in PU.1 dsRNA treated CD34+ EB cells, but not in Lamin A/C dsRNA treated cells. To explore this phenomenon in other myeloid gene, we also found that C/EBPα gene could be knocked down by C/EBPα dsRNA. Our finding demonstrates that RNAi is effective in inhibiting specific gene expression in differentiated ES cells. RNAi offers a new methodology for study of hematopoietic regulation using ES cell differentiation.
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: A pathological replay of developmental mechanisms?
Authors: Cohen Ivan , Navarro Vincent , Le Duigou Caroline , Miles Richard 
Published: August 2003

AbstractFocal epilepsies of the mesial temporal lobe are often associated with a hippocampal sclerosis. Changes in Cl homeostasis and GABAergic signalling in downstream regions, may contribute to the human pathology. A review of changes in cellular and synaptic function and connectivity after de‐afferentation suggests this epileptic syndrome may involve a pathological replay of developmental mechanisms.
Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure meeting: COMET, COMPANION, Tezosentan and SHAPE
Authors: Coletta Alison P. , Clark Andrew L. , Seymour Anne‐Marie L. , Cleland John G.F. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis article continues a series of reports on recent research developments in the field of heart failure. Key presentations made at the European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Update meeting, held in Strasbourg, France are described. The COMET study showed a 17% relative risk reduction in all‐cause mortality with carvedilol compared with metoprolol tartrate. The COMPANION study, as previously reported, showed encouraging results for the use of cardiac resynchronisation and implantable defibrillator therapy in patients with heart failure, but further evidence is awaited. The results of a study on tezosentan suggest that lower doses of this endothelin antagonist may be clinically more effective with fewer adverse effects compared with higher doses. The SHAPE survey of heart failure awareness in Europe identified a need for further heart failure education amongst the public, patients, their carers and primary care physicians.
Health care workers' action strategies in situations that involve a risk of blood exposure
Authors: Lymer Ulla‐Britt , Richt Bengt , Isaksson Barbro 
Published: August 2003

• Previous research shows that health care workers (HCWs) often act in a risky way in blood‐exposure situations, and thereby run the risk of becoming infected by blood‐borne pathogens.• A qualitative study was conducted in order to describe factors that influence HCWs' actions in such situations. Nurses and nursing assistants were interviewed.• The analysis shows that HCWs perceive that there is a conflict among different demands. These demands are protecting the patient's privacy, protecting themselves from being infected and respecting the norms of the department.• The process of managing this conflict is labelled `balancing', which most often results in the choice of a diagnosis‐related strategy.