bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum endostatin predicts tumor vascularity in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Dhar Dipok Kumar , Ono Takashi , Yamanoi Akira , Soda Yukiko , Yamaguchi Emi , Rahman Md Atikur , Kohno Hitoshi , Nagasue Naofumi 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTumor angiogenesis is a strong prognostic factor in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, to the authors' knowledge, details regarding the serum levels of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic growth factors controlling this process are not yet known.METHODSSerum endostatin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) levels were measured by the enzyme immunoassay method in prospectively collected samples from 33 HCC patients who had received no preoperative therapy. The angiogenic score (AS) and endostatin localization were evaluated using immunohistochemistry.RESULTSSignificant decreases in serum endostatin (P = 0.0007) and bFGF (P = 0.0004) were observed in postoperative samples compared with the preoperative values. A very strong direct correlation was noted between VEGF and endostatin (P < 0.0001). Only the preoperative serum endostatin was found to have a significant (P = 0.0025) inverse correlation with the AS. Furthermore, the combined positivity for bFGF and VEGF and negativity for endostatin was found to have a significantly (P = 0.0069) positive correlation with AS. Significantly high levels of endostatin were noted in patients with trabecular‐type tumors (P = 0.0446) and in patients with hepatitis B infection (P = 0.0183). The serum endostatin level was found to be significantly (P = 0.0166) higher in living patients and patients with high serum endostatin levels had a tendency (P = 0.0871) toward long survival. Tissue endostatin expression was found to have a direct correlation with the serum endostatin level (P = 0.0117).CONCLUSIONSThe measurement of serum endostatin can predict tumor vascularity and may serve as a promising tool in the antiangiogenic therapy for patients with HCC. Cancer 2002;95:2188–95. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10972
Estrogen receptor‐α distribution in the human hypothalamus in relation to sex and endocrine status
Authors: Kruijver Frank P.M. , Balesar Rawien , Espila Ana M. , Unmehopa Unga A. , Swaab Dick F. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe present study reports the first systematic rostrocaudal distribution of estrogen receptor‐α immunoreactivity (ERα‐ir) in the human hypothalamus and its adjacent areas in young adults. Postmortem material taken from 10 subjects (five male and five female), between 20 and 39 years of age, was investigated. In addition, three age‐matched subjects with abnormal levels of estrogens were studied: a castrated, estrogen‐treated 50‐year‐old male‐to‐female transsexual (T1), a 31‐year‐old man with an estrogen‐producing tumor (S2), and an ovariectomized 46‐year‐old woman (S8). A strong sex difference, with more nuclear ERα‐ir in women, was observed rostrally in the diagonal band of Broca and caudally in the medial mamillary nucleus. Less robust sex differences were observed in other brain areas, with more intense nuclear ERα‐ir in men, e.g., in the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus, and lateral hypothalamic area, whereas women had more nuclear ERα‐ir in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and ventromedial nucleus. No nuclear sex differences in ERα were found, e.g., in the central part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. In addition to nuclear staining, ERα‐ir appeared to be sex‐dependently present in the cytoplasm of neurons and was observed in astrocytes, plexus choroideus, and other non‐neuronal cells. ERα‐ir in T1, S2, and S8 suggested that most of the observed sex differences in ERα‐ir are “activational” (e.g., ventromedial nucleus/medial mamillary nucleus) rather than “organizational.” Species similarities and differences in ERα‐ir distribution and possible functional implications are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:115–139, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of synapsin III in nerve terminals and neurogenic regions of the adult brain
Authors: Pieribone Vincent A. , Porton Barbara , Rendon Beatrice , Feng Jian , Greengard Paul , Kao Hung‐Teh 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe have examined the distribution of synapsin III in the adult mouse brain. Expression of synapsin III was observed in puncta throughout the brain, but demonstrated greater regional variation than that of synapsins I or II. This punctate staining is typical for synaptic vesicle proteins located at nerve terminals. These findings are also consistent with the well‐established role for synapsins in regulating neurotransmitter release. However, unexpectedly, synapsin III was also highly expressed in the cell body and processes of immature neurons in neurogenic regions of the adult brain, such as the hippocampal dentate gyrus, rostral migratory stream, and olfactory bulb. Many synapsin III‐positive neurons also reacted with an antibody directed toward polysialylated‐neuronal cell adhesion molecule, a marker of immature, migrating neurons. These results suggest that synapsin III may also play a role in adult neurogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:105–114, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections of the claustrum to the primary motor, premotor, and prefrontal cortices in the macaque monkey
Authors: Tanné‐Gariépy Judith , Boussaoud Driss , Rouiller Eric M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe claustrum is interconnected with the frontal lobe, including the motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and cingulate cortex. The goal of the present study was to assess whether the claustral projections to distinct areas within the frontal cortex arise from separate regions within the claustrum. Multiple injections of tracers were performed in 15 macaque monkeys, aimed toward primary motor area (M1), pre‐supplementary motor area (pre‐SMA), SMA‐proper, rostral (PMd‐r) and caudal (PMd‐c) parts of the dorsal premotor cortex (PM), rostral (PMv‐r) and caudal (PMv‐c) parts of the ventral PM, and superior and inferior parts of area 46. The distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons showed no clear segregation along the rostrocaudal axis of the claustrum; they were usually located along the entire anteroposterior extent of the claustrum. For all motor cortical areas, there was a general trend of the labeled neurons to occupy the dorsal and intermediate parts of the claustrum along the dorsoventral axis. The same territories were labeled after injection in area 46, but in addition numerous labeled neurons were found in the most ventral part of the claustrum. At higher resolution, however, there was clear evidence that the territories projecting to pre‐SMA and SMA‐proper formed separate, interdigitating, clusters along the dorsoventral axis. A comparable local segregation was observed for the two subdivisions of area 46, whereas there was more local overlap among the subareas of PM. The projections from the claustrum to the multiple subareas of the motor cortex and to area 46 arise from largely overlapping territories, with, however, some degree of local segregation. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:140–157, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurochemical characterization of receptor‐expressing cell populations by in vivo agonist‐induced internalization: Insights from the somatostatin sst2A receptor
Authors: Csaba Zsolt , Simon Axelle , Helboe Lone , Epelbaum Jacques , Dournaud Pascal 
Published: November 2002

AbstractCharacterization of both neurochemical phenotype of G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR)‐expressing cells and receptor compartmentalization is a prerequisite for the elucidation of receptor functions in the central nervous system. However, it is often prevented by the diffuse and homogeneous distribution of receptor immunoreactivity. This is particularly true for the somatostatin (SRIF) sst2A receptor, which is largely distributed in the mammalian brain. By using this receptor as a model, we investigated whether receptor internalization, a biochemical property shared by numerous GPCRs, would reveal sst2A‐expressing cell populations in the rat dorsolateral septum (LSD), a region in which SRIF might play an important modulatory role. Thirty minutes to 1 hour after intracerebroventricular injection of the sst2A receptor agonist octreotide, numerous sst2A‐immunoreactive neurons and processes became apparent due to intracytoplasmic accumulation of intensely stained granules. Double‐immunolabeling experiments with synaptophysin and MAP2 provided evidence that internalized sst2A receptors are predominantly localized in the somatodendritic compartment. Revealing sst2A receptor‐expressing cell bodies permitted to analyze their neurotransmitter content. Quantitative analysis demonstrated an extensive overlap (∼85%) between SRIF‐ and sst2A‐expressing neuronal populations. Additionally, numerous SRIF‐immunoreactive axon‐like terminals were found in close apposition with sst2A‐positive cell bodies and dendrites. Taken together, these data suggest that the sst2A receptor is predominantly expressed in LSD neurons as a postsynaptic autoreceptor, thus providing novel neuroanatomic clues to elucidate SRIF neurotransmission in this region. More generally, in vivo agonist‐induced internalization appears as a rapid and powerful tool for the neurochemical characterization of GPCR‐expressing cell populations in the mammalian brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:192–199, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Associations between the morphology and physiology of ventral‐horn neurons in the adult turtle
Authors: McDonagh Jennifer C. , Hornby T. George , Reinking Robert M. , Stuart Douglas G. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis study compared some morphologic and physiological properties of adult turtle spinal motoneurons (MNs) vs. interneurons (INs). Reconstructions were made of 20 biocytin‐stained cells, which had been previously studied physiologically in 2‐mm‐thick slices of lumbosacral spinal cord. The intracellularly measured physiological properties included resting potential, input resistance (RN), threshold (rheobase, IRh), and slope of the stimulus current (I) ‐spike frequency (f) relation. The seven morphologic properties that were quantified for each cell included three indices of somal size (diameter, area, volume), and four of dendritic size: the number of first‐ and last‐order branches, rostrocaudal extent, and Σ individual lengths. Significant differences were shown between all seven morphologic parameters for MNs vs. INs. Despite the small sample size, significant differences were also shown for five of seven parameters for high‐threshold vs. low‐threshold MNs, and three of seven for low‐threshold MNs vs. INs. These latter three parameters were the number of terminal dendritic branches, their rostrocaudal extent, and the Σ dendritic lengths. Linear associations for the MN + IN and the MN samples were stronger between the four dendritic parameters than between soma‐dendritic ones. Exponential associations between morphologic and physiological properties were mostly significant (28 of 30), and their strength was in the order IRh< RN< f/I slope for the MN +IN sample and IRh< RN= f/I slope for the MN sample. There is discussion of the relevance of the above findings to the provisional classification of turtle ventral‐horn neurons on the basis of electrophysiology alone. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:177–191, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide‐sensitive guanylate cyclase in the crustacean cardiac ganglion
Authors: Scholz Nathaniel L. , Labenia Jana S. , De Vente Jan , Graubard Katherine , Goy Michael F. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe cardiac ganglion is a simple central pattern‐generating network that controls the rhythmic contractions of the crustacean heart. Enzyme assays and Western blots show that whole heart homogenates from the crab Cancer productus contain high levels of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arginine to citrulline with concomitant production of the transmitter nitric oxide (NO). Crab heart NOS is calcium‐dependent and has an apparent molecular weight of 110 kDa. In the cardiac ganglion, antibodies to NOS and citrulline indicate the presence of a NOS‐like protein and NOS enzymatic activity in the four small pacemaker neurons and the five large motor neurons of the cardiac network. In addition, all cardiac neurons label positively with an antibody to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). The NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 10 mM) stimulates additional cGMP production in the isolated ganglion. This increase is blocked by [1H](1,2,4)oxadiazole(4,3‐a)quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ, 50 μM), an inhibitor of the NO‐sensitive soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). Taken together, our data indicate that NO‐ and cGMP‐mediated signaling pathways are enriched in the cardiac system relative to other crab tissues and that the cardiac network may be a target for extrinsic and intrinsic neuromodulation via NO produced from the heart musculature and individual cardiac neurons, respectively. The crustacean cardiac ganglion is therefore a promising system for studying cellular and synaptic mechanisms of nitrergic neuromodulation in a simple pattern‐generating network. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:158–167, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Horizontal cell density and mosaic regularity in pigmented and albino mouse retina
Authors: Raven Mary A. , Reese Benjamin E. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe present study has examined the density and mosaic regularity of the population of horizontal cells in the pigmented and albino mouse retina. Retinal wholemounts were immunostained for calbindin, and labeled cells within sampled fields were analyzed to determine horizontal cell soma size and density. The X‐Y positional coordinates of each cell were determined, from which the geometrical properties of the mosaic were examined using nearest neighbor and Voronoi domain analyses, and regularity indices were derived from those measures. Autocorrelation and density recovery profile analyses were also conducted to identify the presence of exclusion zones within the population of horizontal cells. For each sampled field, random simulations of matched density, constrained by the physical size of the horizontal cells, were generated and analyzed in parallel. Neither retinal area, nor horizontal cell soma size, nor density differed between the pigmented and albino retinas. Mosaic regularity in pigmented and albino retinas did not differ, but each differed significantly from random simulations of identical density. Horizontal cells in the mouse retina exhibit exclusion zones extending beyond the physical size of the soma, but these were identical in size in the pigmented and albino retina. Such exclusion zones are suggested to reflect homotypic interactions between horizontal cells during early development that mediate cellular repulsion and tangential movement. The lack of any discernable effect brought about by the albino mutation, despite numerous developmental abnormalities associated with the retinal neuroepithelium in albino mice, is consistent with other results showing that homotypic interactions are sufficient for the genesis of the global patterning characteristic of mature retinal mosaics. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:168–176, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cystitis‐induced upregulation of tyrosine kinase (TrkA, TrkB) receptor expression and phosphorylation in rat micturition pathways
Authors: Qiao Li‐Ya , Vizzard Margaret A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis study examined tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk) expression and phosphorylation in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) after acute (8 or 48 hours) or chronic (10 days) cyclophosphamide (CYP)–induced cystitis. Increases in the number of TrkA‐immunoreactive (IR) cell profiles were detected in the L1 and L6 DRG (four‐fold; P ≤ 0.01) and the S1 DRG (1.5‐fold; P ≤ 0.05) but not in the L2, L4, and L5 DRG with CYP‐induced cystitis of acute and chronic duration compared with control rats. The number of TrkB‐IR cell profiles increased in the L1 and L2 DRG (L1: 2.6‐fold; L2: 1.4‐fold; P ≤ 0.05) and in the L6 and S1 DRG (L6: 2.2‐fold; S1: 1.3‐fold; P ≤ 0.05) only after acute CYP treatment (8 hours). After CYP treatment, the percentage of bladder afferent cell profiles expressing TrkA‐IR (∼50%; P ≤ 0.05) increased in L1 and L6 DRG. The percentage of bladder afferent cell profiles expressing TrkB‐IR (∼45%; P ≤ 0.05) in L1, L2, L6, and S1 DRG also increased compared with control cell profiles. The increase in TrkA‐IR in bladder afferent cells occurred 8 hours after CYP treatment and was maintained in L1 DRG with chronic (10 days) CYP‐induced cystitis. However, the increase in bladder afferent cells expressing TrkB‐IR only occurred at the most acute time point examined (8 hours). TrkA‐IR and TrkB‐IR cell profiles also demonstrated phosphorylated Trk‐IR with acute and/or chronic CYP‐induced cystitis. These results demonstrated that CYP‐induced cystitis increases the expression and phosphorylation of Trk receptors in lumbosacral DRG. Expression of neurotrophic factors in the inflamed urinary bladder may contribute to this increased expression, and neurotrophic factor and Trk interactions may play unique roles in decreased urinary tract plasticity with CYP‐induced cystitis. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:200–211, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Finding all solutions of piecewise‐linear resistive circuits using the dual simplex method
Authors: Yamamura Kiyotaka , Tanaka Shigeru 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAn efficient algorithm is proposed for finding all solutions of piecewise‐linear (PWL) resistive circuits using linear programming (LP). This algorithm is based on a simple test (termed the LP test) for non‐existence of a solution to a system of PWL equations in a given region. In the conventional LP test, the system of PWL equations is transformed into an LP problem, to which the simplex method is applied. However, this algorithm requires a very large number of pivotings because the simplex method is applied on many regions. In this paper, we introduce the dual simplex method to the LP test, which makes the average number of pivotings per region much smaller (less than one, for example) and makes the algorithm very efficient. By numerical examples, it is shown that the proposed algorithm could find all solutions of large‐scale problems, including those where the number of variables is 300 and the number of linear regions is 10300, in practical computation time. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On complete stability of linear and quadratic programming neural networks
Authors: Forti Mauro 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe paper addresses complete stability (CS) of the important class of neural networks to solve linear and quadratic programming problems introduced by Kennedy and Chua (IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., 1988; 35: 554). By CS it is meant that each trajectory converges to a stationary state, i.e. an equilibrium point of the neural network. It is shown that the neural networks in (IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., 1988; 35: 554) enjoy the property of CS even in the most general case where there are infinite non‐isolated equilibrium points. This result, which is proved by exploiting a new method to analyse CS (Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos 2001; 11: 655), extends the stability analysis by Kennedy and Chua (IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., 1988; 35: 554) to situations of interest where the optimization problems have infinite solutions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A DSP‐like analogue processing unit for smart image sensors
Authors: Dupret Antoine , Klein Jacques‐Olivier , Nshare Abdallah 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAn electronic retina featuring DSP‐like programmable analogue processing is addressed. The motivations for designing such an original smart image sensor are accounted for. The architecture of the circuit is described and then the two more important building blocks are detailed. Finally, the practical implementation and tests results are given so as to validate the approach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guiding a mobile robot with cellular neural networks
Authors: Vilasís‐Cardona Xavier , Luengo Sonia , Solsona Jordi , Maraschini Alessandro , Apicella Giada , Balsi Marco 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe show how cellular neural networks (CNNs) are capable of providing the necessary signal processing needed for visual navigation of an autonomous mobile robot. In this way, even complex feature detection and object recognition can be obtained in real time by analogue hardware, making fully autonomous real‐time operation feasible. An autonomous robot was first simulated and then implemented by simulating the CNN with a DSP. The robot is capable of navigating in a maze following lines painted on the floor. Images are processed entirely by a CNN‐based algorithm, and navigation is controlled by a fuzzy‐rule‐based algorithm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperchaotic behaviour of two bi‐directionally coupled Chua's circuits
Authors: Cannas Barbara , Cincotti Silvano 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a non‐linear bi‐directional coupling of two Chua's circuits is presented. The coupling is obtained by using polynomial functions that are symmetric with respect to the state variables of the two Chua's circuits. Both a transverse and a tangent system are studied to ensure a global validity of the results in the state space. First, it is shown that the transverse system is an autonomous Chua's circuit, which directly allows the evaluation of the conditions on its chaotic behaviour, i.e. the absence of synchronization between the coupled circuits. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the tangent system is also a Chua's circuit, forced by the transverse system; therefore, its dynamics is ruled by a time‐dependent equation. Thus, the calculus of conditional Lyapunov exponents is necessary in order to exclude antisynchronization along the tangent manifold.The properties of the transverse and tangent systems simplify the study of the coupled Chua's circuits and the determination of the conditions on their hyperchaotic behaviour. In particular, it is shown that hyperchaotic behaviour occurs for proper values of the coupling strength between the two Chua's circuits. Finally, numerical examples are given and discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of foam cells in nipple aspirate fluid
Authors: Krishnamurthy S. , Sneige N. , Ordóñez N.G. , Hunt K.K. , Kuerer H.M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractFoam cells with abundant vacuolated cytoplasm are prominent in most samples of spontaneous nipple discharge, nipple aspirate fluid, and ductal lavage. Although several investigators have attempted to characterize these cells, there is no consensus about whether these cells are derived entirely from macrophages or from both ductal epithelial cells and macrophages. Using immunocytochemical methods, we studied 20 paired specimens of nipple aspirate fluid containing abundant foam cells obtained from the involved breast of women with in situ or invasive carcinoma and from the contralateral normal breast. We used a cocktail of anticytokeratin antibodies including AE1, AE3, and CAM5.2 and the macrophage marker KP1 (CD68). In addition, we examined samples by electron microscopy. The foam cells were consistently negative for cytokeratin and positive for CD68. In every case electron microscopy of these cells revealed irregular outlines with short cytoplasmic processes. The cytoplasm was abundant and contained numerous lysosomes, a small Golgi complex, lipid droplets, mitochondria, and short profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum. There was no evidence, however, of cell junctions or tonofilaments. The immunocytochemical and electron microscopic findings of our study together clearly support a macrophage derivation for foam cells in nipple aspirate fluid. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:261–264. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.