bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential of Native Microflora of Banana, Chili and Garlic Intercropping System for Bio-control of Rhizoctonia solani Causing Root Rot of Chili
Authors: Kumari Anupam , Jha P. K. , Sen Anamita 
Published: February 2024

Root rot disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a serious problem in chili pepper production, leading to significant crop loss and reduced yield. The chemical control method for controlling this soil borne disease is not preferred due environmental concerns and harmful effect on beneficial soil microflora. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for safer and sustainable approaches. In the present investigation which was conducted in laboratory of the Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, RPCAU, Pusa, Bihar during the year 2021-23, the microflora isolated from the rhizosphere of Banana+Chili+Garlic intercropping system were evaluated for their effectiveness against Rhizoctonia solani causing root rot in Chili. In course of study the isolates of Trichoderma and Bacillus significantly reduced the radial growth of Rhizoctonia solani. The maximum growth inhibition was recorded by the Trichoderma isolate - GITr5 causing 71.40 % inhibition of the pathogen growth. This was followed by CITr4 with 67.41% and BITr1 with 62.86 %inhibition of the pathogen. Among the bacterial isolates, The isolate CIRB1 was found to inhibit the target pathogen by 71.22% followed by BIRB8 causing 66.92% inhibition of the pathogen.
Solar-Powered Winnower for Resource Use Efficiency and Sustainable Agricultural Development
Authors: Modi V. M. , Gora Alok , Sanchavat H. , Desai N. N. , Dobariya U. D. , Chavda D. B. , Maheta V. M. 
Published: February 2024

Winnowing is an age-old agricultural practice that involves separating grain from impurities such as chaff, straw, and husk. The traditional method of using shovels and a sieve to allow the dried grains to fall from a height is time-consuming, uncomfortable, and requires significant manual labour.To overcome this problem developed solar photovoltaic powered winnower was developed and evaluated. The performance evaluation of the winnower was conducted for wheat at feed rates were 110 kg/h, 130 kg/h, 150 kg/h, 170 kg/h, and 190 kg/h, while for pearl millet, they were 480 kg/h, 520 kg/h, 560 kg/h, 600 kg/h, and 640 kg/h. 110 kg/h feed rate was found to be the most suitable for wheat as it resulted in the highest cleaning efficiency of 95.86%, with the lowest grain loss of 0.36% and operating cost of 0.83 ₹/kg. After conducting various tests for pearl millet, it was determined that a feed rate of 480 kg/h was the most suitable. This rate resulted in the best cleaning efficiency of 96.17%, the lowest blow of grain at 0.67%,. The total cost of the Solar Powered Winnower was ₹ 56515.
Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(butylene succinate) composites with a twice functionalized organoclay
Authors: Chen Guang‐Xin , Yoon Jin‐San 
Published: February 2005

AbstractComposites of poly(butylene succinate)(PBS) with an organophilic clay having a special functional group, namely twice functionalized organoclay (TFC), were prepared. TFC was produced by treating the commercially available organoclay (Cloisite25A) (C25A) with (glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxy silane (GPS). The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of neat PBS and PBS/clay composites were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The nonisothermal crystallization process of PBS, PBS/TFC, and PBS/C25A composites could be represented by the Avrami equation modified by Jeziorny1 and the method developed by Liu et al.2 The crystallization rate decreased in the order of PBS/TFC> PBS/C25A> neat PBS at a given cooling rate. TFC exhibited higher nucleation activity than C25A for the crystallization of PBS. The activation energies of the crystallization estimated by the Kissinger method were 154.4, 128.2, and 107.5 kJ/mol for PBS, PBS/C25A, and PBS/TFC, respectively. The facilitated crystallization of PBS in the presence of TFC was attributed to the nucleation effect of the well dispersed TFC layers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 817–826, 2005
Multi‐cell continuum approximation for discrete medium with microscopic rotations
Authors: Dmitriev S. V. , Vasiliev A. A. , Yoshikawa N. , Shigenari T. , Ishibashi Y. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe consider 1D and 2D microscopic models for crystals having finite size particles, as is the case with many dielectric crystals. Finite size particles with rotational degrees of freedom can lead to several unusual effects exhibited by such crystals, e.g., a negative Poisson's ratio, incommensurate phase, and unique properties of topological defects. Derivation of the continuum approximations for these models leads to two developments: i) micropolar media, i.e., the continuum analog to the microscopic model with particles having rotational degrees of freedom; ii) the continuum approximation based on an extended periodic cell, which will be called the multi‐cell approximation. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Indicators as a means of communicating knowledge
Authors: Degnbol Poul 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Indicators represent the link between objectives and action in management. The identification of ecosystem indicators must therefore be embedded in the decision-making process. Fisheries management can only be effective if the measures are considered legitimate by stakeholders. The choice of indicators to guide management should not be evaluated from a technical perspective alone, but also in relation to their effectiveness in communicating knowledge. More specifically, indicators should serve as a communication bridge between different knowledge discourses. Reference is often made to “local ecological knowledge” as a source that should be integrated in the process for management to be legitimate. However, while extensive studies have been made on local ecological knowledge per se, few have addressed the issue of its integration into co-management institutions with research-based knowledge. The challenge is consequently to identify indicators that have both research-based validity and reflect features that correspond to stakeholder knowledge, while relating to shared understandings of objectives and actions. This challenge is discussed from a developing-countries perspective. Problems and possible ways forward are illustrated on the basis of experiences from a range of case studies of knowledge discourses regarding living aquatic resources in southeast Asia and southern Africa. The studies have shown that the different knowledge discourses, and candidate indicators therein, relating to a specific ecosystem may be identified and characterized. Often, however, such indicators will have very little in common across knowledge discourses, and the differences cannot be overcome through a simple translation process. The perspectives of formal research-based knowledge and of fishers differ systemically, reflecting the different interests and scales of observation between the two parties. Also, fishers focus on a wider agenda than research alone, on allocation problems and conflicts among users. Allocation/access issues must therefore be addressed as an integral aspect of an ecosystem approach if management is to be effective.
Accurate Method for Measurement of Microwave Attenuation
Authors: Fulford J. A. , Blackwell J. H. 
Published: February 2005

An accurate method for the measurement of microwave attenuation has been developed in which the change in microwave power fed to a thermistor is compared with an equal amount of low-frequency (1 kc) power supplied to the same thermistor through a precision attenuator pad.
The method is a modification and refinement of one originally suggested by Montgomery but employs two thermistors in the measuring circuit, an arrangement resulting in improved accuracy and stability.
Effect of an Axial Cavity on the Temperature History of a Surface Heated Slab
Authors: Masters Joseph I. , Stein Seymour 
Published: February 2005

A theoretical study is made of the surface temperature of a front heated slab in the presence of small holes drilled to within a fraction of a centimeter of the heated surface. In addition, equations and calculations are presented which yield an estimate of the error incurred when the surface temperature is measured by a transducer located at the end of such a hole.
In the absence of a practical exact solution to the problem, the method of attack chosen here leads to an upper bound on the additional surface temperature or hot spot caused by a cavity. The upper bound is justified because it is a close upper bound and, for cavity dimensions in the range of interest, the resulting hot spot is quite small. It is shown, for instance, that a ½-mm hole drilled to within 1 mm of the exposed surface will cause a time variant surface hot spot that is no more than 1.5% of the surface temperature. If the hole depth is reduced to ½ mm, then the hot spot is less than 5.5% of the surface temperature.
An additional finding is that the magnitude of the hot spot is nearly independent of the temporal shape of the surface heat pulse for a large variance in the latter.
Techniques of Measuring Neutron Spectra with Threshold Detectors—Tissue Dose Determination
Authors: Hurst G. S. , Harter J. A. , Hensley P. N. , Mills W. A. , Slater M. , Reinhardt P. W. 
Published: February 2005

A method is described for measuring the spectrum of fast neutrons with a series of foil detectors. The detectors consist of Au and Au plus Cd for determining the thermal flux, Pu239 shielded with B10 for determining the total fast flux, Np237 for determining the total flux above 0.75 Mev, U238 for determining the total flux above 1.5 Mev, and S32 for determining the total flux above 2.5 Mev. From these data the spectrum of fast neutrons can be constructed reasonably well for spectra similar to that of fission. The amount of induced activity in the detecting elements is determined with scintillation counters, which are calibrated by irradiation of suitable foils with thermal neutrons.
Fast neutron tissue dose can be calculated from the measured spectrum. Since the foil method of measuring spectra works well for high intensity bursts of neutrons, dosimetry may be accomplished under conditions where other methods, e.g., the ionization chamber and proportional counter, would lead to questionable data.
Multichannel Systems for Pulse-Height and Time-of-Flight Analysis
Authors: Schultz H. L. , Pieper G. F. , Rosler L. 
Published: February 2005

Multichannel systems for pulse-height and time-of-flight analysis based on the original development of Hutchinson and Scarrott are described. The equipment can be divided into three basic categories:
(a) A time channel analyzer using serial storage and arithmetic operations. This unit provides approximately 500 2-μsec time channels each having a capacity of 10 binary digits. It is now being used for slow neutron time-of-flight spectroscopy.
(b) A pulse-height-to-time converter which when used in conjunction with the above or similar unit forms a multichannel pulse-height analyzer with 200 useful channels.
(c) Data display systems of two types, one for continuous visual monitoring and one for permanent recording in chart form.
Absolute Method for Sound Intensity Measurement
Authors: Pardue D. R. , Hedrich A. L. 
Published: February 2005

Since sound propagation is an adiabatic process, a temperature fluctuation accompanies the sound wave in media for which the specific heat ratio is greater than unity. If the equation of state and the sound field are known, this temperature fluctuation may be related to the intensity of the sound wave.
A thermometer capable of measuring fast, small-amplitude temperature variations is described. Its output is calculated for the case of plane, sinusoidal sound waves in an ideal gas. Its use as a microphone and sound intensity meter is then considered.
NaI Summing Spectrometer
Authors: Shapiro P. , Higgs R. W. 
Published: February 2005

An extension of previous work on the analysis of pulse-height distributions obtained with gamma-ray sources placed inside well-type NaI(Tl) crystals is discussed. Two methods are given for the determination of the photopeak efficiency of these NaI spectrometers. It is shown that the summing property of the well-type crystal can be used to obtain the source strength and to yield information on the decay scheme of gamma-ray sources.
The photofraction, photopeak efficiency, and resolution are given for a 5-in. diameter by 3-in. long NaI crystal with a 1-in. diameter well.
Self-Balancing Laboratory Differential Refractometer
Authors: Penther C. J. , Noller G. W. 
Published: February 2005

This refractometer is used in conjunction with a light scattering apparatus to determine high molecular weights. The self-balancing feature relieves the operator of the tedium of making delicate visual observations while retaining high sensitivity and accuracy. Mounted on a shop surface plate it measures 15 in. wide by 18 in. long by 7 in. high exclusive of the light source transformer. A Brown Electronik amplifier and servo motor are used to position the photocells on the light beam with a repeatability of about 30 microinches. The beam deflection is read on a counter and vernier dial. The range of the instrument is 0.0175 RI unit and the stability and accuracy are within 5×10−7 RI units.
Differential refractometers are also useful in following fractionation by distillation or adsorption, in determining concentrations of colorless solutes in dilute solutions and in studying sedimentation equilibrium.
Convection Free Instrument for Measuring Infrared Radiation in the Atmosphere
Authors: Aagard Roger L. 
Published: February 2005

The instrument described is a null type device which measures the equivalent blackbody radiation temperature in the atmosphere at night by supplying electrical power to the absorber surface to replace the net loss of energy by radiation and keep the surface at the ambient air temperature. Thus convection effects are eliminated. A thermopile is used to detect the absorber surface temperature difference from air and provide a signal to the high gain transistor dc amplifier of the servo system.
Apparatus is also described which was useful in the development of the instrument and in verifying its theoretical calibration.
Review of High-Temperature Immersion Thermal Sensing Devices for In-Flight Engine Control
Authors: Sanders Victor D. 
Published: February 2005

This paper is concerned with sensing devices that may be used for thermal monitoring and control of modern aircraft propulsion units. Performance and service requirements that transcend some aspects of present flight requirements for such devices are described. The possibility of exploiting the pneumatic probe and the high-temperature thermocouple to these ends is explored. Summaries are presented reviewing recent progress in the technical development of high-temperature measurement by these methods.
Typical performance and thermoelectric behavior of twenty metallic thermocouples that have been calibrated above the melting point of platinum are presented. Seven of these pairs have been taken above 4000°F, and nine additional combinations have been calibrated above 3500°F. A comparison is made of the calibration atmospheres, maximum outputs, estimated maximum errors, temperature ranges of calibration, and ultimate temperature ranges for all thermocouples reported herein.
A review of methods of, and properties of refractory oxides suitable for thermocouple protection at high temperatures are presented. A qualitative intercomparison of these materials is made by ranking them according to relative merit of features desirable for thermocouple protection and insulation in the subject application.
Apparatus for Precision Flash Radiography of Shock and Detonation Waves in Gases
Authors: Knight Herbert T. , Venable Douglas 
Published: February 2005

An apparatus is described which is based on the technique introduced by Kistiakowsky utilizing the absorption of soft x-rays to measure densities behind gaseous shock and detonation waves. Experimental conditions leading to the smallest absorption statistical uncertainty consistent with maximum sensitivity are defined. These may be approximated at reasonable pressures and tube diameters by adding a strongly absorbing rare gas diluent to the experimental gas mixture. Under such conditions measured densities are accurate to ±1%, as demonstrated by comparison of experimental and calculated densities for shock waves in krypton. At some sacrifice in accuracy, space resolution of 1 mm and time resolution of 1 μsec may be achieved.
A continuously pumped, laboratory-built, demountable, pulsed x-ray tube with an L-cathode and tungsten target is used at an accelerating voltage of 20–-30 kv to obtain currents up to 0.2 amp for durations of the order of 1 msec. Copper and chromium targets were also investigated.
For calibration purposes the tube is operated at a steady current of ≈0.2 ma and detector signals are measured potentiometrically to obtain transmission as a function of gas density.
Apparatus for Producing and Measuring High-Energy Electrical Discharges
Authors: Richeson W. E. 
Published: February 2005

Circuitry is described that is capable of delivering sparks with current pulses adjustable from square through damped oscillatory form, energies up to 100 j, peak currents to 50 000 amp, and rise times less than 2 μsec.
To observe the spark current, a novel differential measurement scheme was developed. This scheme eliminates errors inherent in establishing reference grounds, provides a method of reducing high-frequency and high-peak current distortions inherent in current viewing shunts, and provides a method of determining the potential across a spark gap.
Electrical characteristics of spark discharges in a saturated NaCl–H2O solution, as well as the rate of growth of the luminous plasma of a spark in air, are described to illustrate the flexibility and general characteristics of the spark circuitry and the differential measurement scheme.
Spectral Effects in the Comparison of Scintillators and Photomultipliers
Authors: Swank Robert K. , Buck Warren L. , Hayes F. Newton , Ott Donald G. 
Published: February 2005

Photomultiplier evaluation of scintillation performance is considered in the light of its marked dependence on spectral shape effects in the emission spectrum of the scintillator, in photon absorption of cell, reflector and photomultiplier window, and in the photoelectric conversion process. Relative pulse height data indicating gross differences in spectral sensitivity are presented for a group of 132 photomultipliers (types 6292 and 6342). A fluorescent converter for measuring the quantum output of liquid scintillators is described.
Six scintillator solutions with fairly evenly spaced mean emission wavelengths from 3360 to 4660 A are evaluated for relative pulse height and relative photon output.
Suggestions are presented for desirable methods for measuring the performance of scintillators.
Cryoscopic Assembly for Precise Measurements under Controlled Atmospheres at Temperatures up to 500°C
Authors: Solomons C. , Janz G. J. 
Published: February 2005

A cryoscope is described which was designed for the accurate measurement of freezing points of molten salts under controlled atmospheres. It possesses several advantages over apparatus in the published literature, especially when used with solutions which attack or embrittle the glass container.
The ancillary apparatus used with the cryoscope is also described, and the features of the apparatus are discussed. Examples are given to show how several problems of molten salt cryoscopy under controlled atmosphere have been satisfactorily overcome.
Fractional-Millimicrosecond Oscilloscope System Utilizing Commerically Available Components
Authors: Winningstad C. Norman 
Published: February 2005

Equipment for use with signal rise times slower than a millimicrosecond is readily available commercially. Recent advances in high-energy physics have directed attention toward research in the fractional-mμsec region. The fundamental tools for such research are pulse generators and oscilloscopes. Suitable pulse generators are commerically available, but suitable oscilloscope systems are not. There are two important factors that account for the lack of such oscilloscopes. One is that contemporary amplifiers are useless in the fractional-mμsec region. The second is that output timing in commonly used trigger circuits is too sensitive to changes in input amplitude.
This paper describes an internally synchronized oscilloscope system utilizing commercially available components, which provides less than 2% signal reflection at the sync takeoff point, and has less than 5×10−12 second of sweep-timing change per percent change in input amplitude (for amplitudes in excess of 30 trace widths).
Production of a Square Temperature Wave in Filaments Operating at Low Temperatures
Authors: Klein Ralph , Simpson J. Arol 
Published: February 2005

The problem of obtaining fast rising temperatures by resistance heating in a filament initially at low temperatures is examined. From a solution of the heat conduction equation the relationships, both steady state and transient, among temperature, heating current, and heating power are derived. These solutions are dependent on the initial temperature, the thermal properties of the filament, and its physical dimensions. For a typical filament the current-temperature curves are of the form i = F + (B/T) where B is negative for 77°K boundary temperature, zero for approximately 50°K, and positive below this temperature.
Experimental evidence taken with a 0.1-mm diam tungsten filament 2.5 cm long confirms these predictions.
A circuit capable of raising a filament from any temperature above 4.2°K to any desired temperature below 600°K in less than 0.3 sec is described.
Concerning Amidol Development of Nuclear Emulsions
Authors: Fatzer G. D. 
Published: February 2005

A lowering of the development temperature introduces development defects which are characterized by the partial or total destruction of the developed image and by a deep coloration of the emulsion. These defects are eliminated by increasing the sodium sulfite concentration of the developer. Up to now contrast in nuclear emulsions has been evaluated subjectively by the experimenter; this forbids any comparison of the results obtained in different laboratories.
This paper shows that to develop reliably at low temperatures with the usual developers, it becomes necessary to increase the ratio (Na2SO3)/(Amidol). For development temperatures of 10–15°C the concentration ratio needs to be 70% greater than the ones commonly used.
A study of track and fog grain properties is carried out. It is shown that at a given temperature the mean gap length is practically independent of the development parameters. The optimum conditions at 14°C are determined with the help of a new quantity termed ``track visibility'' (K), a track to fog signal, and defined by K=blob length×track grain diameter/fog density×(fog grain diameter)2.
Millimicrosecond Discriminator
Authors: Swift David F. , Perez-Mendez Victor 
Published: February 2005

A discriminator circuit for use with millimicrosecond counting equipment is described here. The circuit utilizes a diode voltage comparator which drives a secondary-emission tube univibrator after amplification. Two shaped outputs are provided: one, of short duration, for use with 10-Mc scalers, and another longer pulse for microsecond scalers.
The main characteristics of this unit are its good response to pulses as short as 3 m μsec and the fast recovery time, which is less than 0.1 μsec at the fast output.