bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of T cells expressing an altered TCR complex
Authors: Lee Wen‐Hui , Ramos Thomas , Krymskaya Ludmila , Liu Chih‐Pin 
Published: September 2003

AbstractNormal mouse T cells may express alternative TCR complexes containing the FcϵR γ chain (FcRγ) rather than the ζ homodimer that is present in conventional TCR complexes. While these T cells could play critical roles in regulating immunity, the role of alternative TCR complexes and their requirement for signaling molecules in T cell development remains unknown. We show thatexpression of an FcRγ transgene in ζ chain‐deficient mice (FcRγTG, ζKO mice) reduced the percentage and number of CD4+ T cells present in these animals, when compared to C57BL/6 mice. Further studies of FcRγTG, ζKO mice expressing the DO11.10 TCR (DOTCR) transgene showed that, when compared to mice expressing conventional TCR complexes, the development of CD4+, DOTCR+ thymocytes was altered in mice of different MHC backgrounds and required the presence of zeta‐associated protein (ZAP)‐70 and lck kinases. The CD4+, DOTCR+ T cells bearing alternative TCR complexes have impaired Ca2+ flux and proliferative response to stimulation. Altogether, these results suggest that the altered development of CD4+ T cells is not due to qualitative differences in TCR‐mediated signals, but more consistent with the hypothesis that it is due to reduced signaling strength mediated through the FcRγ chain containing only one immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif.
Whose Gene Is It? A Case Discussion About Familial Conflict over Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer
Authors: Green Ronald M. , Thomas A. Mathew 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA multidisciplinary group of genetic and other professionals discuss a complex case of familial conflict over access to genetic information. One twin wishes to know the results of her deceased mother's tests for BRCA1 mutations; a second twin objects to researchers making this information available. As the case discussion unfolds, the apparent “facts” of this case are called into question and the lines of ethical certainty become less clear.
Postantibiotic, Postantibiotic Sub-MIC, and Subinhibitory Effects of PGE-9509924, Ciprofloxacin, and Levofloxacin
Authors: Odenholt Inga , Löwdin Elisabeth , Cars Otto 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT

Postantibiotic effects (PAEs), postantibiotic sub-MIC effects, and sub-MIC effects of the new nonfluoroquinolone PGE-9509924, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin against gram-positive and gram-negative strains were investigated. In comparison to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, PGE-9509924 exerted very similar PAEs against all strains except for both strains of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, where longer PAEs were found for PGE-9509924. All three investigated quinolones showed no minimal PAEs against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
.
Insulin-like growth factor I induces migration and invasion of human multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Qiang Ya-Wei , Yao Lei , Tosato Giovanna , Rudikoff Stuart 
Published: September 2003

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable form of cancer characterized by accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. During the course of this disease, tumor cells cross endothelial barriers and home to the bone marrow. In latter stages, myeloma cells extravasate through blood vessels and may seed a variety of organs. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is one of several growth factors shown to promote the growth of MM cells. In the current study, we have assessed the ability of IGF-I to serve additionally as a chemotactic factor affecting the mobility and invasive properties of these cells. Results indicate that IGF-I promotes transmigration through vascular endothelial cells and bone marrow stromal cell lines. Analysis of endogenous signaling pathways revealed that protein kinase D/protein kinase Cμ (PKD/PKCμ) and RhoA were both activated in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K)–dependent manner. Inhibition of PI-3K, PKCs, or Rho-associated kinase by pharmacologic inhibitors abrogated migration, whereas mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Akt, and p70S6 kinase inhibitors had no effect. These results suggest that IGF-I promotes myeloma cell migration by activation of PI-3K/PKCμ and PI-3K/RhoA pathways independent of Akt. The identification of IGF-I as both a proliferative and migratory factor provides a rational basis for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies directed at IGF-I in the treatment of MM.
Poly(etherimide)/montmorillonite nanocomposites prepared by melt intercalation
Authors: Liang Zhu‐Mei , Yin Jie 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA novel aromatic amine organo‐modifier synthesized in our previous work was used to treat montmorillonite (MMT) and the organo‐modified MMT was used to prepare poly(etherimide) (PEI)/MMT nanocomposites by a melt intercalation method. MMT treated by this amine exhibited large layer‐to‐layer spacing and a high ion‐exchange ratio (>95%). The nanocomposites were characterized with X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic mechanical analysis, a universal tester, thermogravimetric analysis, and by differential scanning calorimetry. The results of XRD and TEM showed that the nanocomposites formed exfoliated structures even when the MMT content was 10 wt %. When the MMT content was below 3 wt %, the PEI/MMT nanocomposites were strengthened and toughened at the same time. The nanocomposites also showed marked decreases in coefficient of thermal expansion and solvent uptake. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1857–1863, 2003
Studies on preparation of immersion‐type polypropylene fragrant fiber. I. Formation of matrix fiber in the melt‐spinning process and its technique of immersion essential oil
Authors: Wang Bing , Zhao Jiasen 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPolypropylene/ethylene vinyl acetate (PP/EVA) blends were prepared in a plastic extruder with a static mixer. The thermodynamic compatibility, morphology, crystal form, and rheological behavior of PP/EVA blends were investigated by SEM, DSC, and rheology instruments. The results showed that PP and EVA were thermodynamically incompatible, the viscosity of the PP/EVA blends decreased with increase of shear rate in a range of temperature, the PP/EVA blends had a sea‐islands structure, and the crystalline zones remained in their original state and could not form mixed crystals in the PP/EVA blends. The PP/EVA blends were melt spun to prepare matrix fibers and the spinning conditions such as EVA content, the matching factor between pump delivery and winding velocity, and the melt‐spinning temperature were also determined. The sorption process of a matrix fiber for essential oils, adsorbed under various sorption conditions such as sorption time, sorption temperature, and EVA content, was also studied. The results revealed that the composite isotherm of the adsorption of matrix fiber for essential oil was characteristic of a U model. Through adsorbing essential oil, the immersion‐type PP fragrant fibers could be prepared with the matrix fiber. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1970–1979, 2003
Randomized clinical trial of adjuvant radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil infusion in colorectal cancer (AXIS)
Authors:   The AXIS collaborators
Published: September 2003

Abstract

Background
Postoperative portal vein infusion (PVI) of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a well tolerated and widely applicable treatment for colorectal cancer that might have an enormous public health impact, even if it produced survival benefits of just a few per cent. Very large trials are required to detect such differences, and the Adjuvant X-ray and 5-FU Infusion Study (AXIS) is the largest such trial yet reported.

Methods
Consenting patients with presumed colorectal cancer were randomized to surgery with or without 7 days of PVI (1 g 5-FU plus 5000 units heparin in 1 litre 5 per cent dextrose infused over each 24-h period). In addition, patients with rectal cancer could be randomized to radiotherapy or no radiotherapy to be given either before or after surgery.

Results
Between November 1989 and December 1997, 3583 patients were randomized with respect to PVI. The survival hazard ratios (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.)) in all patients randomized and in the curatively resected subgroup (71·2 per cent of patients) were 1·00 (0·92 to 1·11) and 0·94 (0·83 to 1·06) respectively. Tests for heterogeneity suggested a greater treatment benefit for patients with colonic cancer than for patients with rectal cancer with respect to disease-free survival (hazard ratio 0·79 versus 1·03; P = 0·07), and there was a non-significant trend with respect to overall survival (hazard ratio 0·87 versus 1·03; P = 0·17). No survival benefit was seen in the 761 patients randomized with respect to radiotherapy; although not statistically significant, the impact on local recurrence rates was similar to that reported in the literature.

Conclusion
No overall benefit of PVI was established in AXIS when colonic and rectal cancers were considered together, but the evidence suggesting a differential treatment effect according to site of cancer in AXIS was strongly supported by a meta-analysis incorporating the previous trials. Combining the data gave hazard ratios of 0·82 and 1·00 for colonic and rectal tumours respectively (test for interaction, P = 0·024), equating to an absolute survival benefit for patients with colonic cancer of 5·8 (95 per cent c.i. 2·8 to 8·5) per cent, a level close to that seen for prolonged systemic therapy.
Disrupted myelin and axon loss in the anterior commissure of the aged rhesus monkey
Authors: Sandell Julie H. , Peters Alan 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis study assesses the effects of age on the composition of the anterior commissure of the rhesus monkey. The anterior commissures of nine young (5–10 years), five middle‐aged (15–20 years), and eight old (25–35 years) monkeys were examined by light and electron microscopy. In all, 90–95% of the nerve fibers in the anterior commissure are myelinated. With age, the structure of the myelin sheaths of some nerve fibers is altered. Some of the axons also show signs of degeneration and this leads to a loss of nerve fibers. Thus, in young and the middle‐aged monkeys the mean number of myelinated nerve fibers in the anterior commissure is 2.2 × 106, while in the old monkeys the mean is 1.2 × 106. Increasing age is correlated with a reduction in the number of myelinated nerve fibers in the anterior commissure, an increase in the frequency of structural alterations in myelin sheaths, and an increase in the frequency of occurrence of degenerating axons. However, the number of myelinated nerve fibers is the only variable that correlates with cognition: in monkeys 5–20 years of age the fewer the number of nerve fibers the poorer the cognitive performance, as measured by our Cognitive Impairment Index (CII). The most common neuroglial cells in the anterior commissure are oligodendrocytes. They account for 86% of all neuroglial cell profiles, while astrocytes account for 9%, and microglial cells for 5% of profiles. There is no apparent change with age in the total numbers of neuroglial cells, although as they age each of the neuroglial cell types acquires some inclusions in their cytoplasm. The data, together with those from previous studies, support the concept that in aging there is a ubiquitous loss of myelinated nerve fibers from the brain and that fiber loss is preceded by alterations in the structure of many of the myelin sheaths. J. Comp. Neurol. 466:14–30, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid turnover of T cells in acute infectious mononucleosis
Authors: Macallan Derek C. , Wallace Diana L. , Irvine Andrew J. , Asquith Becca , Worth Andrew , Ghattas Hala , Zhang Yan , Griffin George E. , Tough David F. , Beverley Peter C. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractDuring acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM), large clones of Epstein‐Barr virus‐specific T lymphocytes are produced. To investigate the dynamics of clonal expansion, we measured cell proliferation during AIM using deuterated glucose to label DNA of dividing cells in vivo, analyzing cells according to CD4, CD8 and CD45 phenotype. The proportion of labeled CD8+CD45R0+ T lymphocytes was dramatically increased in AIM subjects compared to controls (mean 17.5 versus 2.8%/day; p<0.005), indicating very rapid proliferation. Labeling was also increased in CD4+CD45R0+ cells (7.1 versus 2.1%/day; p<0.01), but less so in CD45RA+ cells. Mathematical modeling, accounting for death of labeled cells and changing pool sizes, gave estimated proliferation rates in CD8+CD45R0+ cells of 11–130% of cells proliferating per day (mean 47%/day),
equivalent to a doubling time of 1.5 days and an appearance rate in blood of about 5×109 cells/day (versus 7×107 cells/day in controls). Very rapid death rates were also observed amongst labeled cells (range 28–124, mean 57%/day),indicating very short survival times in the circulation. Thus, we have shown direct evidence for massive proliferation of CD8+CD45R0+ T lymphocytes in AIM and demonstrated that rapid cell division continues concurrently with greatly accelerated rates of cell disappearance.
Effect of ethyl oleate on drying characteristics of mulberries
Authors: Doymaz İbrahim , Pala Mehmet 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn this study, air‐drying experiments in thin layers of mulberry grown in Istanbul, Turkey, were conducted. The effect of ethyl oleate solution on drying time of mulberry samples was investigated in a pilot air‐dryer. When ethyl oleate was used as pretreatment solution, the drying time of samples was decreased. Drying curves were obtained using the Page model. The effective diffusivity varied from 2.326×10–10 to 1.809×10–9 m2/s the temperature range. The temperature dependence of the diffusivity coefficient was described by the Arrhenius type relationship. The activation energy for moisture diffusion was found to be 50.87 kJ/mol for treated samples and 51.85 kJ/mol for untreated samples.
Remediation and stewardship: Coexisting processes to protect health and the environment
Authors: Lowrie Karen , Greenberg Michael , Simon Darien , Solitare Laura , Killmer Margaret , Mayer Henry 
Published: September 2003

AbstractOrganizations that manage property that poses risks for surrounding communities need to practice stewardship.
Stewardship is defined as carrying out the responsibility to manage land and facilities in a sustainable manner,
while being accountable to others who have a stake in those resources. This article reviews six case studies of
organizational stewardship and derives a set of five lessons learned, along with four challenges. Lessons include
developing stewardship goals, good stakeholder relationships, multiple approaches to safety, and encouraging
innovation and stable funding. Challenges include bureaucratic processes, burdensome regulations, organizational
continuity, and inter‐organizational cooperation. These crosscutting lessons learned about how to achieve
success or avoid failure in long‐term management of resources can be applied to all types of public and
private agencies, including the long‐term management of environmental contamination. © 2003 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Origin of extracellular dopamine from dopamine and noradrenaline neurons in the medial prefrontal and occipital cortex
Authors: Devoto Paola , Flore Giovanna , Longu Giorgio , Pira Luigi , Gessa Gian Luigi 
Published: September 2003

AbstractOur recent studies suggest that extracellular dopamine (DA) in the cerebral cortex not only originates from dopaminergic terminals but is also coreleased with noradrenaline (NA) from noradrenergic terminals [Devoto et al. (2001) Mol Psychiatry 6:657–664]. To further clarify this issue, the concentrations of extracellular DA, its deaminated metabolite, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and NA were compared by microdialysis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), an area densely innervated by NA and DA neurons, and in the occipital cortex (OCC), equally innervated by NA but receiving scarce DA projections. Moreover, the effect of the α2‐adrenoceptor agonist clonidine locally perfused into the locus coeruleus (LC) on extracellular NA, DA, and DOPAC in the mPFC, OCC, and ventral striatum was investigated. Consistent with the homogeneous NA innervation, extracellular NA concentration was similar in both cortices, while extracellular DA in the OCC, in spite of the scarce DA afference in this area, was only 37% lower than in the mPFC; extracellular DOPAC in the OCC was 81% lower than in the mPFC. Consistent with its ability to inhibit NA neurons, clonidine (10 μM) reduced extracellular NA by about 65 and 80% in the OCC and the mPFC, respectively, but also reduced extracellular DA by 70 and 50% in the OCC and the mPFC, respectively. Clonidine reduced DOPAC in the OCC (by about 40%) but not in the mPFC. In the ventral striatum clonidine reduced NA (by 30%) but not DA and DOPAC. After inhibition of the DA and NA transporter, by perfusing 100 μM desmethyl‐imipramine into the mPFC, clonidine perfusion into the LC reduced extracellular NA and DA in the mPFC by about 50%. The results indicate that most of extracellular DA in the OCC and a significant portion in the mPFC reflect the activity of NA neurons and support the hypothesis that extracellular DA in the cerebral cortex may originate not only from DA but also from NA neurons. Synapse 50:200–205, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BRCA1 Testing: Genetic Counseling Protocol Development and Counseling Issues
Authors: Baty Bonnie Jeanne , Venne Vickie L. , McDonald Jamie , Croyle Robert T. , Halls Corinne , Nash Jean E. , Botkin Jeffrey R. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis article discusses the genetic counseling protocols which were developed and counseling issues that have arisen in the first 2 years of evaluating a large kindred with a BRCA1 mutation. The rationale for the development of the genetic counseling protocols and specific genetic counseling visual aids are presented and discussed. The protocols and counseling aids can serve as models for other programs offering cancer susceptibility testing. The observations of study counselors about study subject concerns and responses to genetic testing at the time of the pretest and posttest counseling sessions are presented.
Antiretroviral therapy‐induced psychosis: case report and brief review of the literature
Authors: Foster R , Olajide D , Everall I P 
Published: September 2003

ObjectiveWe present a case of psychosis in an individual with known HIV infection whose symptoms developed approximately 1 month following the commencement of combination antiretroviral therapy consisting of abacavir (ABC), nevirapine and combivir. She presented with severe persecutory delusions, accompanied by mutism, posturing and catatonia. Following cessation of therapy and the introduction of a low‐dose antipsychotic, her mental state resolved to a stable premorbid level, and no further disturbances of behaviour were noted. Furthermore, when re‐challenged with the above combination minus ABC, there were no further episodes of psychosis. It is proposed that the aetiology of the psychosis was related to her antiretroviral therapy.MethodsCessation of antiretroviral medication and initiation of antipsychotic medication with appropriate monitoring and assessment.ResultsSubjective and objective improvements in psychotic symptoms and presentation.ConclusionThe current case suggests that sudden onset psychotic disturbances in HIV‐infected individuals in the absence of other known organic or other causal factors could be related to treatment with antiretroviral therapy, and that cessation of this can markedly improve psychiatric morbidity. Furthermore, treatment with antipsychotic medication can lead to alleviation of psychotic symptoms and enable the re‐introduction of antiretroviral medication.
Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the occurrence of bacteraemia in HIV‐infected patients and their epidemiologic characteristics
Authors: Meynard J‐L , Guiguet M , Fonquernie L , Lefebvre B , Lalande V , Honore I , Meyohas M‐C , Girard P–M 
Published: September 2003

Objective

1. to assess the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the occurrence of bacteraemia in HIV‐infected patients and their clinical and microbiological characteristics.
2. to identify risk factors for bacteraemia in this setting.

MethodsThe files of all HIV‐infected patients hospitalized for an episode of bacteraemia in a 28‐bed infectious diseases unit between January 1995 and December 1998 were reviewed. Cases occurring during HAART were compared to cases occurring in patients not receiving HAART. Furthermore, in a case‐control study, patients with bacteraemia occurring during HAART were compared with other patients receiving HAART.ResultsThere were 74 episodes of bacteraemia in patients not receiving HAART and 31 episodes in patients receiving HAART. The occurrence of bacteraemia fell from 10.5/100 hospitalizations in 1995 to 5.5/100 in 1998 (P = 0.02 trend test). The occurence of P. aeruginosa bacteraemia fell sharply (9/398 vs 1/273, P = 0.05). A significant fall in catheter‐related infections was observed between 1995 and 1998 (5.5% vs 1.8%). The two‐thirds/one‐third distribution of hospital‐acquired and community‐acquired infections remained stable throughout the period study.In patients receiving HAART, the case–control study showed by multivariate analysis, that a CD4 cell count of less than 100/µL [OR = 7.3 (1.9–49.7)], and the use of exogenous devices [OR = 13.3 (2.5–71)] were significantly associated with the risk of bacteraemia.ConclusionThe introduction of HAART has been associated with a significant fall in the occurrence of bacteraemia. However, patients with a low CD4 cell count remain at risk of bacteraemia with similar microbiological and epidemiological characteristics than in the pre‐HAART era.
The Minimum Data Set Weight‐Loss Quality Indicator: Does It Reflect Differences in Care Processes Related to Weight Loss?
Authors: Simmons Sandra F. , Garcia Emily T. , Cadogan Mary P. , Al‐Samarrai Nahla R. , Levy‐Storms Lene F. , Osterweil Dan , Schnelle John F. 
Published: September 2003

Objectives: To determine whether nursing homes (NHs) that score differently on prevalence of weight loss, according to a Minimum Data Set (MDS) quality indicator, also provide different processes of care related to weight loss.Design: Cross‐sectional.Setting: Sixteen skilled nursing facilities: 11 NHs in the lower (25th percentile—low prevalence) quartile and five NHs in the upper (75th percentile—high prevalence) quartile on the MDS weight‐loss quality indicator.Participants: Four hundred long‐term residents.Measurements: Sixteen care processes related to weight loss were defined and operationalized into clinical indicators. Trained research staff conducted measurement of NH staff implementation of each care process during assessments on three consecutive 12‐hour days (7 a.m. to 7 p.m.), which included direct observations during meals, resident interviews, and medical record abstraction using standardized protocols.Results: The prevalence of weight loss was significantly higher in the participants in the upper quartile NHs than in participants in the lower quartile NHs based on MDS and monthly weight data documented in the medical record. NHs with a higher prevalence of weight loss had a sig‐nificantly larger proportion of residents with risk factors for weight loss, namely low oral food and fluid intake. There were few significant differences on care process measures between low‐ and high‐weight‐loss NHs. Staff in low‐weight‐loss NHs consistently provided verbal prompting and social interaction during meals to a greater proportion of residents, including those most at risk for weight loss.Conclusion: The MDS weight‐loss quality indicator reflects differences in the prevalence of weight loss between NHs. NHs with a lower prevalence of weight loss have fewer residents at risk for weight loss and staff who provide verbal prompting and social interaction to more residents during meals, but the adequacy and quality of feeding assistance care needs improvement in all NHs.