bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political Steps
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tiie main trust of initial diplomatic activity had been to line up support among Amnica’s allies, and in particular among the Organization of Amnican States. At a m,:cting of the Council of the OAS hdd on the morning of 23 October, ambassadors were asked for authority for the United States to use its anm:d forces, and in particular to impose the qu:lLlntinc. \Vith Rusk arguing that this ‘\ihrupt and secret :iltcr:ition of the balance or power” threatened the countries or all those present, eighteen voted in favor or a resolution that called ror the prompt removal llom Cuba or “all missiles and other weapons with an offensive capabil ity,” and Me.,ico abstained. Holivia and Uruguay abstained on the specilic recommendation to take “all measures, individually and collectively, in cluding the use or armed rorce.” This OAS resolution served Kennedy as his source of authority when procbiming-the quarantine the next day.1
Measured Response
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cuga provided kennedy with the opportunity to reduce the risk of total war by reducing tensions with the Soviet Union. At the same time the successful managcnu:nt of the crisis encouraged the vil:w that somehow a breakthrough had been made in the manipulation of force and its rdation to diplomacy. McNamara was cited as saying that, after Cuba, “ltJhcrc is no longer any such thing as strategy, only crisis management.”‘ During the crisis the administration had tended to ignore the views or the military, which had appeared beside the point because they foiled to address the agenda the president had dearly set. A limited action had succeeded as the military clamored ror stiffer, more dangerous, and more reckless me:isurcs. This kd to &lt;l new concept of me:isured response tlut presup posed the use of proportiorute force for purposes of coercive diplonucy r:ither dun &lt;l decisive h:ittk. The tendency was :lire:idy :ipparent in hoth defense policy and strategic analysis: more miliury options made it pos sible to csuhlish greater control over the course and outcome of a crisis:rnd war itself.
Commitment without Combat
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
of a stand llad to nc taken, then Vietnam did appear to he mon: prom ising than Laos. In geographical and political terms it s,:cnu:d to be the key to the future of the cold war in Asia. \Villiam Sullivan later n:calkd how Vietnam had “logistical access to the sea and therefore we had mil itary advantages. It was an articulated, functioning nation. Its troops were tigers and real fighters. Arni therefore the advantages would he all on our side to have the conll(rntation and showdown in Viemam, and not get sucked into this Laos operation.”‘ Furthermore, having been obliged to compromise with communists in l,aos, the United States relt almost obliged to stand up to them in Vietnam. This was the most obvious ex ample or Khrushchev’s “wars or national liberation.”
In the Dark
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to disappointment with the Laos accords, another reason for Kennedy not to push for a negotiated scttk1m:nt after the sumnu:r of l 962 was conticknn: that counterinsurgency policies wen: working. Until wdl into 1963 the top figures in the administration had no reason to doubt that this was the correct course. .i\s far as Kennedy was con cerned, probably until his death, the problem in \’ietnam was not insol uble and counterinsurgency was a valid model. It was put at risk, it seemed, by political ineptitude in Saigon.
Diem’s A.n-assination
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It iias neen argued that the basic reason the Americans turned against Diem was that he was pursuing a m:gotiatcd scttk1m:nt with Hanoi. As an explanation of Kcrnu:dy’s motives, this is clearly inadequate. Then: is no cvicknn: that he opposed the idea in principk. Kennedy just did not sec how the politics could work out, especially given the Lws experience. As he e-.plained to Souvanna Phouma, who was also backing the idea, the “necessary ingredients” were lacking, including a “personality who could lead a united people”-that is, a \’ietnamese equivalent to Souvanna.1 Diem was dearly not such a man.
Political Ideas of the Young Turks, 1902–1908
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1902 and 1908 the political ideas of the Young Turks who occupied leading positions in major organizations shifted from grand theories aimed at reshaping the world order to simpler and more narrowly political doctrines and tactics. While the faith of the leading Young Turks in “science” endured as an underlying element, the more the Young Turk movement engaged in practical political activity, the less its earlier yearning for a society shaped by scientific doctrines is evidenced in its activities and propaganda. By 1908 these ideas were almost completely abandoned in favor of purely political doctrines and tactics. The object of these was initially to carry out a revolution and later to administer an empire, the maintenance of which was dependent on delicate political balances and not on grand theories of long-term global organization.
Austrian Jews and the Spirit of 1914
Authors: Rozenblit Marsha L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August 1914, Europe erupted in a patriotic frenzy. Without any real sense of what modern, industrialized warfare meant, and utterly convinced that the fighting would last only a short time, soldiers in all the belligerent countries marched off to war excited by the prospect of adventure and were wildly cheered on by adulatory crowds. On both sides of the conflict, men and women of all social classes and all political persuasions joined forces to defend their fatherlands from what they perceived was an unjust attack by evil enemies bent on their destruction. Even the Socialists, who had long vowed to oppose war, rushed to the defense. In England, France, and czarist Russia on the one side, and in Germany and Austria-Hungary on the other, patriotic excitement reigned in the first months of World War I. Such patriotism seemed to dissolve traditional social, religious, and political antagonisms in the warm glow of national purpose, solidarity, and brotherhood. In war, the true nation could be forged, it was thought, and a true national community would emerge.
The Experience of Jewish Soldiers
Authors: Rozenblit Marsha L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over 300,000 Jewish men served as soldiers in the Austro-Hungarian armed forces during World War I. About 25,000 educated, middle-class Jews held commissions as reserve officers. Jewish men fought alongside Polish, Ruthenian, German, Czech, Hungarian, Slovak, and other Habsburg soldiers against Austria’s enemies, and Jewish officers commanded units of all nationalities. Jews served loyally and courageously, receiving large numbers of military decorations for valor in a long, bloody war, and the Jewish communities of Austria basked, however briefly, in the reflected glory of Jewish bravery. Like other Austrian Jews, Jewish soldiers justified their sacrifices by claiming to fight a just war against an evil enemy and to do their duty for their emperor and fatherland. They took satisfaction in the fact that they contributed as Jews to the defense of Austria.
Toward a Science of Mental Health Positive Directions in Diagnosis and Interventions
Authors: Keyes Corey L M , Lopez Shane J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The science of mental illness diagnosis and its treatment has taken shape over the last half of the 20th century (see U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1995). Sophisticated talk and drug therapies are now available to treat many mental illnesses. Most of these treatments remain ephemeral and only partially effective, however, and mental illness continues to disable individuals, families, and communities. The investment of capital into the study of the etiology and treatment of mental disorders has not reduced the inflow of patients and has not led to the alleviation of widespread suffering. Clearly, this nation must find ways to prevent the early onset of mental disorders and to suggest new techniques for prolonging remission and preventing disorder.
Subjective Well-Being The Science of Happiness and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Diener Ed , Lucas Richard E , Oishi Shigehiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since ancient times humans have wondered about what makes a good life. Scientists who study subjective well-being assume that an essential ingredient of the good life is that the person herself likes her life. Subjective wellbeing is defined as a person’s cognitive and affective evaluations of his or her life. These evaluations include emotional reactions to events as well as cognitive judgments of satisfaction and fulfillment. Thus, subjective well-being is a broad concept that includes experiencing pleasant emotions, low levels of negative moods, and high life satisfaction. The positive experiences embodied in high subjective well-being are a core concept of positive psychology because they make life rewarding.
Emotional Creativity Toward “Spiritualizing the Passions”
Authors: Averill James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relation between emotions and creativity is complex and charged with ambivalence. In schools we try to encourage creativity, and in the arts and sciences, we reserve our greatest praise for its achievement. A person, it seems, cannot be too creative. By contrast, a person who is too prone to emotion risks being labelled as immature, uncouth, boorish, or worse. Even our language seems to disparage emotions: Most nonemotional words have a positive connotation; the opposite is true of emotional words, where those with a negative connotation outnumber those with a positive connotation by roughly 2 to 1 (Averill, 1980b).
Self-Efficacy The Power of Believing You Can
Authors: Maddux James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the most powerful truths also are the simplest—so simple that a child can understand them. The concept of self-efficacy deals with one of these truths—one so simple it can be captured in a children’s book of 37 pages (with illustrations), yet so powerful that fully describing its mplications has filled thousands of pages in scientific journals and books over the past two decades. This truth is that believing that you can accomplish what you want to accomplish is one of the most important ingredients— perhaps the most important ingredient—in the recipe for success. Any child who has read The Little Engine That Could knows this is so. For over 20 years, hundreds of researchers have been trying to tell us why this is so.
Problem-Solving Appraisal and Psychological Adjustment
Authors: Heppner P Paul , Lee Dong-gwi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because we face a myriad of decisions, daily hassles, major life events, and ever-changing situations, people frequently are confronted with attention-demanding problems. How people typically respond to life’s problems is of critical importance, particularly how they appraise their problem-solving skills and whether they generally approach or avoid the many problems of life. Problems are solved by moving ahead. Some people bring many skills and strengths in solving the multitude of problems in life, whereas others have significant problem-solving deficits. The research evidence in this chapter will clearly indicate that how people appraise their problem solving affects not only how they cope with problems, but also their psychological adjustment.
Reality Negotiation
Authors: Higgins Raymond L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the development and status of the reality negotiation construct. It relates the construct to a variety of coping processes, including contemporary models of psychotherapeutic change and the maintenance of social support systems. Following definitional, historical, and measurement sections, an overview of reality negotiation strategies precedes illustrations of the dynamically interactive nature of reality negotiation, with examples relating to coping with adversity, the individual’s effects on larger social groups, and the maintenance of social support. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the accountability challenges faced by contemporary constructivist approaches to psychotherapy, followed by some speculations about how a culture and psychology committed to a positive view of people might facilitate peoples’ movement toward self-realization.
Gratitude and the Science of Positive Psychology
Authors: Emmons Robert A , Shelton Charles M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of gratitude recently has attracted considerable interest in the popular culture. The prevalence of books targeted to general audiences on the topic (Breathnach, 1996; Hay, 1996; Miller, 1995; Ryan, 1999; Steindl-Rast, 1984; Turner, 1998; Van Kaam & Muto, 1993) testify to the broad appeal of this timeless concept. Following a similar format, these popular books generally consist of reflections on the value of gratefulness, along with strategies for cultivating an attitude of gratitude. The essential message of these volumes is that a life oriented around gratefulness is the panacea for in- satiable yearnings and life’s ills. Grateful responses to life can lead to peace of mind, happiness, physical health, and deeper, more satisfying personal relationships.
Positive Responses to Loss :Perceiving Benefits and Growth
Authors: Davis Susan Nolen-Hoeksema & Christopher G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alicia had recently lost someone she loved dearly to a long battle with cancer. Although the death of a loved one is a negative experience by any definition, Alicia’s positive outlook on her loss is typical. In our research with recently bereaved people, we have found that 70% to 80% report finding some positive aspect in their experience with loss (Davis, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Larson, 1998; see also Calhoun & Tedeschi, 1990; Edmonds & Hooker, 1992; Lehman et al., 1993; Tennen & Affleck, 1999; Yalom & Lieberman, 1991).
Meditation and Positive Psychology
Authors: Shapiro Shauna L , Schwartz Gary E R , Santerre & Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mental health, similar to physical health, has been defined in terms of absence of illness (Ryff & Singer, 1998). In the 1960s, interest shifted toward exploring positive mental health (e.g., Allport, 1961; Maslow 1968). This led to an exploration of other traditions, such as the Eastern, where thousands of years of effort have been devoted toward developing an expanded vision of human potential (Shapiro, 1980).
Aging Well: Outlook for the 21st Century
Authors: Williamson Gail M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Getting old is something most people dread because they believe it portends the loss of functional capacities and the enjoyable aspects of life. But, as my grandfather often said in the last years of his life, “Being old is better than the only available alternative.” Thus, if we are fortunate, we will age. Our best option, then, is to remain as vital as we can for as long as possible. In the last two decades, there has been a movement toward defining and fostering “successful aging” that, to judge by recent professional and popular press publications, has literally exploded.
Putting Positive Psychology in a Multicultural Context
Authors: Lopez Shane J , Prosser Ellie C , Edwards Lisa M , Magyar-Moe Jeana L , Neufeld Jason E , Rasmussen & Heather N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Competition and prejudice clutter the landscape of virtually every town. Imagine, however, if we had more people of all races, ethnicities, or cultures, who were allowed to contribute. Imagine the enormous advances we could make in enhancing communication and increasing knowledge, and in realizing our basic needs for connectedness. Together, by drawing on the strengths of each other, we can build an American community where the word ‘equality’ truly can be applied to the abilities of all citizens to pursue their goals” (Lopez et al., 2000, p. 238).
Promoting Better Fathering Among Divorced Nonresident Fathers
Authors: Braver Sanford L , Griffin William A , Cookston Jeffrey T , Sandler, Irwin N , Williams Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Bray and Easling (ch. 11 in this volume) have documented, the divorce or marital separation of their parents is a very common condition faced by children in America today. Currently, over 40% of children are expected to live in a divorced home before the age of 16 (Cherlin, 1999), more than double the proportion 30 years ago (Shiono & Quinn, 1994). A substantial empirical literature has now arisen and been summarized most aptly by Amato (Amato, 2000, 2001, 2003; Amato & Keith, 1991a, 1991b) documenting the potentially adverse effect of divorce on children. This literature also suggests that divorced fathers have a substantial role to play in impacting their children’s well-being. For example, Amato and Keith (1991a) showed that the following factors (listed roughly in order of effect size) negatively affect children’s post divorce outcomes: (a) high levels of postdivorce interparental conflict, a disturbed relationship with an impaired custodial parent (typically the mother), an absent or ineffective nonresident parent (typically the father), (d) increased economic hardship, (e) substantial levels of environmental changes (i.e., moves, other losses), etc., and (f) the child’s poor or ineffective coping skills. While the factor above most obviously impacted by the nonresident father is (c), each of the others is plausibly also affected to some degree by fathers’ actions and reactions.
Mothers in Transition: Model-Based Strategies for Effective Parenting
Authors: Bullock Bernadette Marie , Forgatch Marion S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Divorce is a time of tremendous reorganization for every person in a family. Multiple transitions in family structure commonly occur, with most parents changing partners at least once if not several times. The family literature is replete with studies attesting to the negative outcomes of divorce on family members. While findings for remarriage are less consistent, a greater number of parental partner transitions are linked to increases in parent and child adjustment problems (Brody, Neubaum, & Forehand, 1988; Furstenberg & Spanier, 1984).
Using Family Models in Health Research: A Framework for Family Intervention in Chronic Disease
Authors: Fisher Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and depression, continue to exact a staggering toll on the nation’s health care system. It is estimated that about 80 cents of every health care dollar is spent on services related to chronic disease and its management. Despite considerable progress in the development of effective biological treatments and the prevention of associated comorbidities for many chronic diseases, the day- to-day management of these diseases is tedious, repetitive, and at times invasive for both patients and family members. Changes in lifestyle, leisure activities, work and daily routines, and family relationships are required on a continuing basis, and the disease often becomes a major new component of personal and family life.
Molecular Basis of Evolution
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the time of Charles Darwin, it has been a dream for many biologists to reconstruct the evolutionary history of all organisms on Earth and express it in the form of a phylogenetic tree (Haeckel 1866) . The ideal approach to this problem is to use the fossil record, but since the fossil record is fragmentary and incomplete , most investigators have used the methods of comparative morphology and comparative physiology. Using this app roach , classical evolutionists have been able to infer the major aspects of the evolutionary history of organisms. However, the evolutionary change of morphological and physiological characters is so complex that this approach does not produce a clear-cut picture of evolutionary history, and the details of the phylogenetic trees reconstructed have almost always been controversial.
Phylogenetic Inference: Maximum Parsimony Methods
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maximum parsimony (MP) methods were originally developed for morphological characters (Henning 1966), and there are many different versions (Wiley 1981; Felsenstein 1982; Wiley et al. 1991; Maddison and Maddison 1992; Swofford and Begle 1993). In this book, we consider only the methods that are useful for analyzing molecular data. Eck and Dayhoff (1966) seem to be the first to use an MP method for constructing trees from amino acid sequence data. Later, Fitch (1971) and Hartigan (1973) developed a more rigorous MP algorithm for nucleotide sequence data. In these MP methods, four or more aligned nucleotide (or amino acid) sequences (m &gt; 2: 4) are considered, and the nucleotides (amino acids) of ancestral taxa are inferred separately at each site for a given topology under the assumption that mutational changes occur in all directions among the four nucleotides (or 20 amino acids). The smallest number of nucleotide (or amino acid) substitutions that explain the en tire evolutionary process for the topology is then computed. This computation is done for all potentially correct topologies, and the topology that requires the smallest number of substitutions is chosen to be the best tree. The theoretical basis of this method is William of Ockham’s philosophical idea that the best hypothesis to explain a process is the one that requires the smallest number of assumptions. Sober (1988) states that the less we need to know about the evolutionary process to make a phylogenetic inference, the more confidence we can have in our conclusions. In this chapter, we are primarily concerned with nucleotide sequences, but the same approach can be used for amino acid sequences as well.
Emerson, Darwin, and The Custom of The Country
Authors: Tichi Cecelia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers of Edith Wharton have for some years recognized her appreciation of—and affinity with—Darwin and Darwinism, which was a major part of her self-schooling in the sciences, especially between 1906 and 1908. Accordingly, in The Custom of the Country, Ralph Marvell’s analysis of social dislocation employs a Darwinian heuristic to present a precis of the plot dynamic. A son of Old New York and an important figure in the novel, Ralph declares traditional families like his own to be a species endangered by the late nineteenth-century nouveau riche “invading race,” by which Wharton means a line of descent, not a genetic category. As a young aspirant poet-critic, who is newly appreciative of his heritage, Ralph understands his family and their cohorts to be casualties of a recent historical-evolutionary rupture. The new modern, invasive “race” of plutocrats, with their headquarters on Wall Street and their domiciles on Fifth Avenue, are fast conquering an enervated Old New York comprised of the ladies and gentlemen of Washington Square. Ralph assesses the invaders’ “modern tendencies” as a deplorable “chaos of indiscriminate appetites” from the monetary to the gustatory, these over and against the moderate and temperate “coherent and respectable” ideals of his family’s waning Old New York (N, 669). More than social change or a reversible decline in mores and manners, this phenomenon is a Darwinian process of encroachment and extinction. As a record of the contest between base and higher morality, The Custom of the Country is arguably Wharton’s most thoroughgoing socially Darwinian narrative.