bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inclusive Schools for an Inclusive Society
Authors: Thomas Gary 
Published: March 2003

Gary Thomas (Professor of Special Needs at The University of the West of England, Bristol) contends that mainstream schools should assume responsibility for all children, not only as there is firm empirical evidence to show that inclusive schools are good for all children, but more importantly because of the legitimacy, the justice and the timeliness of the inclusive position.Initially he discusses a definition of inclusion and notes how its meaning is different from that of integration, and goes on to examine some of the evidence for the success of inclusion in schools. He then places its success in the context of the values which lead to an espousal of inclusion, considers an inclusive ethic against the more general move to inclusion in society, and sketches out the theoretical and political context.He concludes by suggesting that the inevitability of the change to inclusion means that administrators should plan constructively for desegregation rather than fighting rearguard actions against it.
Planning, teaching and assessing the curriculum for pupils with learning difficulties: curriculum guidelines to support the revised National Curriculum
Authors: Colwill Ian , Peacey Nick 
Published: March 2003

In this article, Ian Colwill and Nick Peacey provide an authoritative commentary on the publication of QCA's guidelines on developing the curriculum for pupils with learning difficulties. They link these guidelines to the recent review of the National Curriculum and identify some of the key contributions these guidelines can make to planning, teaching and assessment. The authors conclude by raising some challenging issues for future practice and enquiry.Ian Colwill and Nick Peacey were both principal managers at QCA with responsibility for Curriculum Co‐ordination and Support and Equal Opportunities and Access respectively. They co‐chaired the Steering Group for the curriculum guidelines project. Ian Colwill supervised the production of the booklets and the website.
Research Section: Teaching as a ‘research‐based profession’: encouraging practitioner research in special education
Authors: Rose Richard 
Published: March 2003

Richard Rose is head of the Centre for Special Needs Education and Research at University College Northampton as well as being Research Section Editor for BJSE. In this article, he reviews aspects of the relationship between teaching, special education and research. He argues that ‘educational research, and consequently policy making, has too often taken insufficient account of teachers’ professional credibility and expertise’. He proposes that teachers should be encouraged to become more involved in research activities and that practitioners and researchers should work together ‘in determining the agenda for a research‐based profession’.Richard Rose and I hope that the Research Section in BJSE will have a key role to play in promoting this kind of partnership. It is our shared intention to publish a series of examples of practitioner or partnership research, showing the influence that systematic, practice‐focused enquiry can have on the evaluation, review and development of practice and the formulation of improved policy. We hope that many practitioner researchers will wish to put forward their work for publication in this series. Contact Richard Rose to discuss this possibility and watch for further guidance in future issues of BJSE.
Theories underlying perceived changes in teaching and learning after installing a computer network in a secondary school
Authors: Wishart Jocelyn , Blease Derek 
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the theoretical links between motivation and learning and the use of information technology that arose during the evaluation, by both teachers and pupils, of the effects upon teaching and learning of the installation of an extensive new computer network in their secondary school.The school was visited throughout the 1996/7 academic year, and two questionnaire surveys were carried out during this time. The initial questionnaire was completed by 69 (73%) of the staff and a stratified, random sample comprising 161 (11%) of the pupils. Those originally surveyed were sent a follow up questionnaire at the end of the year. Responses to the questions were grouped by similarity into categories and these categories were related to theories of motivation and learning.It is concluded that the installation of a computer network in a secondary school results in improved teaching and learning and increased enjoyment of learning in the school with both pupils and teachers viewing the use of IT as beneficial to learning.Where such positive effects of using IT are noted they can be justified theoretically using Behaviourist, Cognitive and Social Constructivist theories of motivation and learning. The wide range of ways in which use of a computer can be both extrinsically and intrinsically motivating explains the increased motivation observed in the pupils.
Globalization, Social Identities and Employment
Authors: Herriot P. , Scott–Jackson W. 
Published: March 2003

On the basis of social identity theory, we predict various outcomes of current reactions against globalization which have important implications for the management of employees. Globalization and its associated developments have added impetus to two social trends: increases in inequality and in individualism. Inequalities have increased both between and within nations, whilst individualism is increasingly apparent in social life in general, and in organizational life in particular. It is argued that individualism has led to a preference for personal identities over social identities, but that these are not always satisfying because they are often based upon consumerist values. Moreover, inequalities have resulted in feelings of injustice. Consequently certain social movements have increased in popularity. The most important of these are religious fundamentalism, nationalism and single–issue politics.Increasing numbers of employees have at least one of these social identities central to their selves. Social identity and self–categorization theory suggest certain hypotheses about the likely implications for employment. First, to the extent that these social identities are salient for employees in the work situation, they will maintain the beliefs, values and norms associated with their identity at the expense of organizational beliefs, values or norms which are incompatible. Second, they will further the interests of their own category at the expense of other social categories of employee. Third, they will fail to differentiate between individuals within their own category, and between individuals within other categories. The implications of these hypotheses, if supported, for organizations are then explored. Finally, certain preventative strategies, also based upon social identity theory, are described.
Reputation Formalization for an Information–Sharing Multi–Agent System
Authors: Carter Jonathan , Bitting Elijah , Ghorbani Ali A. 
Published: March 2003

We propose that through the formalization of concepts related to trust, a more accurate model of trust can be implemented. This paper presents a new model of trust that is based on the formalization of reputation. A multidisciplinary approach is taken to understanding the nature of trust and its relation to reputation. Through this approach, a practical definition of reputation is adopted from sociological contexts and a model of reputation is designed and presented.Reputation is defined as role fulfillment. To formalize reputation, it is necessary to formalize the expectations placed upon an agent within a particular multi–agent system (MAS). In this case, the agents are part of an information–sharing society. Five roles are defined along with the ways in which these roles are objectively fulfilled. Through the measurement of role fulfillment, a vector representing reputation can be developed. This vector embodies the magnitude of the reputation and describes the patterns of behavior associated with the direction of the vector.Experiments are conducted to verify the sensibility of the proposed models for role fulfillment and overall reputation. The simulation results show that the roles, defined for building reputation in an information–sharing MAS environment, react to different agent and user actions in a manner consistent with the formal definitions.
Implicit Representations of Rough Surfaces
Authors: Hart John C. 
Published: March 2003

Implicit surface techniques provide useful tools for modeling and rendering smooth surfaces. Deriving implicit formulations for fractal representations extends the scope of implicit surface techniques to rough surfaces. Linear fractals modeled by recurrent iterated function systems may be defined implicitly using either geometric distance or escape time. Random fractals modeled using Perlin's noise function are already defined implicitly when described as “hypertexture.”Deriving new implicit formulae is only the first step. Unlike their smooth counterparts, rough implicit surfaces require special rendering techniques that do not rely on continuous differentiation of the defining function. Preliminary experiments applying blending operations to rough surfaces have succeeded in an initial attempt to overcome current challenges in natural modeling. The grafting of a stem onto the base of a linear fractal leaf continuously blends smooth detail into rough detail. The blend of two textured cylinders interpolates geometric bark across branching points in a tree.
Finally Everyone Can Work With Highly Complex 3D Models
Authors: Rossignac Jarek 
Published: March 2003

In the past, access to 3D databases was restricted to few specialists having the appropriate CAD skills, software, and graphics hardware.The availability of inexpensive graphics support on personal computers, the Internet’s impact on private and commercial communication, and the emergence of multimedia standards provide the basis for linking CAD databases with other personal productivity and communication tools and for making them accessible to everyone at home, in schools, in hospitals, or in the industry. For example, employees that have no design expertise, customers, and suppliers would benefit from having an easy access to the 3D databases of a company for: collaborative design review, 3D‐based multi‐media problem reports, collaborative problem solving and tracking, online training and documentation, internet‐based part purchasing and subcontracting, demonstration to customers, or advertising. This presentation will address three of the key issues that have so far limited the non‐specialist’s access to 3D databases.First‐time or occasional non‐expert users need to become instant experts in 3D navigation through Virtual Environments or in the interactive manipulation of digital 3D models, so that they may immediately focus on their tasks, and not waste precious time learning and fighting an unnatural user interface. Immersive VR is not the panacea – other more effective techniques show promise.The data complexity found in commercial CAD databases, especially in the automotive, aerospace, and construction industries, significantly exceeds the capabilities of any interactive graphics system. This situation is not likely to change, since the growth of the complexity and availability of 3D models outpaces the performance improvement of personal computers. Research on the automatic simplification of 3D models and on the use of levels of detail to accelerate the rendering of distant portions of the scene is growing rapidly.The still limited bandwidth of internet communication channels prohibits a pervasive access to large amounts of 3D data. Recent 3D compression techniques reduce the storage requirements for polyhedral 3D models by two orders of magnitudes.
Image Warping Using Few Anchor Points and Radial Functions
Authors: Arad Nur , Reisfeld Daniel 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTransformations based on radial basis junctions have proven to be a powerful tool in image warping. In the present work we decompose these transformations into linear and radial terms, and show examples where such a decomposition is advantageous. Locally supported basis functions are introduced. Several applications are demonstrated, and a comparison with other warping techniques is carried out. Finally, some fine points of image warping are discussed.
Collision Detection for Animation using Sphere‐Trees
Authors: Palmer I. J. , Grimsdale R. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe detection of collisions between moving polyhedral objects is one of the most computationally intensive tasks in the computer animation process. The use of object‐oriented techniques to encapsulate data within the objects' structures compounds this problem through the requirement for inter‐object message passing in order to obtain geometric information for collision detection. The REALISM system decreases the time for collision detection by using a three stage process. The first stage identifies objects in the same locality using a global bounding volume table. The second stage locates regions of possible collision using a sphere‐tree data structure (a hierarchical tree of spheres based on octree‐type spatial subdivision). The final stage finds intersections between polygonal faces of the objects that are contained within the intersecting pairs of leaf nodes. Hence the algorithm uses a spherical geometry approximation rapidly to locate regions of potential collisions and then uses a local intersection test with actual object geometry information. The system is therefore fast and accurate. Tests for various geometric objects support this and show performance improvements of jive times over traditional polyhedral intersection tests.
Accelerated Evaluation of Box Splines via a Parallel Inverse FFT
Authors: McCool Michael D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBox splines are a multivariate extension of uniform univariate B‐splines. Direct evaluation of a box spline basis function can he difficult but they have a relatively simple Fourier transform and can therefore be evaluated with an inverse FFT. Symmetry recursive evaluation of the coefficients, and parallelization can be used to improve absolute performance. A windowing function can also he used to reduce truncation artifacts. We explore all these options in the context of a high‐performance parallel implementation. Our goal is the provision of an empirical touchstone for the inverse FFT evaluation of box spline basis functions, for eventual application to forward projection (splat‐based) volume rendering.
Efficient Lossless Image Contour Coding
Authors: Turner Martin J. , Wiseman Neil E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA process is presented for converting a raster image into a discrete set of plateaus or contours. A contour coder has been developed which fully describes these contours via their boundary descriptions in a compact and computationally efficient manner, and is the basis for an image compression method. An analysis of some of the possible edge coding schemes is presented with both theoretical and practical conclusions. Described is a detailed study of the problems encountered and solutions chosen.
An Image based Measurement System for Anisotropic Reflection
Authors: Karner Konrad F. , Mayer Heinz , Gervautz Michael 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper introduces an image based method for measuring bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDF). The measurement system uses a CCD camera connected to a workstation to capture images from the material under investigation. The evaluation of the BRDF is performed in an image processing step, gathering BRDF values with a broad range of incident and reflected angles, followed by a fitting process, where these values are approximated by a chosen reflectance model. Absolute BRDF values are obtained by the usage of a diffuse reflectance standard. It is shown that the proposed measurement system produces very reasonable results compared to accurate measurements. Thus, it is an easy and cost efficient way to measure material properties needed for physically based rendering algorithms.
Vector Field Based Texture Mapping of Animated Implicit Objects
Authors: Smets‐Solanes Jean‐Paul 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper shows that an adequate use of vectorfields can solve most inconsistencies related to texture mapping that appear in current animation and rendering systems based on implicit objects. The method used is based on the concept of a virtual skin. A skin with its own texture mapping is spread over an implicit object and is constrained to stick to the deformation of the implicit object. A vectorfield is used to compute the relationship between the motion of the skin and the deformation of the object. Visual and implementation issues are discussed with respect to typical applications of implicit objects in computer graphics.
Integrating Computer Animation and Multimedia
Authors: Preston Martin , Hewitt Terry 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMultimedia provides an immensely powerful tool for the dissemination of both information and entertainment. Current multimedia presentations consist of synchronised excepts of media (such as sound, video & text) which are coordinated by an author to ensure a clear narrative is presented to the audience. However, each of the segments of the presentation consist of previously recorded footage, only the timing and synchronisation are dynamically constructed. The next logical advance for such systems is therefore to include the capability of generating material ‘on‐the‐fly’ in response to the actions of the audience. This paper describes a mechanism for using computer animation to generate this interactive material. Unlike previous animation techniques the approach presented here is suitable for use in constructing a storyline which the author can control, but the user can influence. In order to allow such techniques to be used we also present a multimedia authoring & playback system which incorporates interactive animation with existing media.
SCROOGE:Perceptually‐Driven Polygon Reduction
Authors: Reddy M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMany real‐time 3D graphics renderers represent each object as a collection of simple polygons. The complexity of this polygon structure is of practical relevance because it can manifestly affect the performance of the graphics system. It is therefore common place to find techniques to reduce the polygonal complexity of a model with the ultimate aim of improving the interactivity of the application. In the past, many of these schemes have not been concerned with the perceptual side‐effects of this reduction and as a result a number of visual incongruities are often perceivable when these correspondingly‐reduced representations are employed. As an attempt to circumvent these problems, this paper presents a methodology for reducing the polygonal complexity of a model, whilst retaining a degree of perceptual predictability. This allows the visual consequences of the degradation to be quantified and accurately modelled.
Using a Convex Pyramid to Bound Surface Normal Vectors
Authors: Daniel M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDetermining a tight bounding volume of all the surface normal vectors is of interest in surface modelling especially for intersection problems, in order to detect closed intersection curves. It is also important to determine quickly whether two such volumes intersect. This paper adresses both problems through the introduction of a pyramid with a convex planar base. For intersection problems, a different method has been proposed by M. Hohmeyer. The various solutions are discussed and compared.
Dynamics and Chaos: The Spherical Pendulum
Authors: Palacios Antonio , Gross Lee M. , Rockwood Alyn P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAll but the simplest of dynamical systems contain nonlinearities that play an important role in modeling and simulating physical systems. They create unpredictable (chaotic) behavior that is often hidden or neglected in traditional solutions. A simple dynamical system, the spherical pendulum, is introduced to illustrate issues, principles, and effects of chaos in dynamics. The spherical pendulum is a two degrees of freedom nonlinear system with a pivot point in space. The equations of motion for the pendulum are derived, simulated, and animated. A periodical perturbation is applied to the pivot point producing radically different behavior.
A Theoretical Framework Linking Creativity, Empowerment, and Organizational Memory
Authors: Paper David J. , Johnson Jeffrey J. 
Published: March 2003

Empowerment, creativity, and organizational memory are constructs that have been researched in MIS. While each construct has received individual attention, we have found relatively little research linking them. One of the major edicts of empowerment is delegation of decision making authority to lower‐level employees. Increased authority allows employees more freedom to be creative. However, if creative thought is generated but not captured, innovative ideas may be lost. Organizational memory can capture creative ideas as they are generated so that empowered teams can draw upon positive creative experiences.We developed a theoretical model to illuminate the relationships between organizational memory, worker empowerment, and creativity. The model portrays the linkages between empowerment and creativity, creativity and organizational memory, and organizational memory and empowerment. The model was developed based on the literature in each respective area and an interview‐based study concerning “empowered” systems development project teams and organizational memory. Analysis of the interview data revealed that empowered workers generate creative solutions to problems. However, creative solutions can only be used for future projects if they are somehow recorded into organizational memory. Organizations that empowered their workforce and embraced creativity reported increased customer satisfaction, waste reduction, and some quality gains. In contrast, those that did not empower reported little or no change. Organizations that recorded creative solutions to problems believe that retrieval of this information could be potentially useful for future projects. Potential challenges faced by organizations classified into each cell are also presented. This classification scheme should prove useful as a guide to organizations examining the potential benefits and pitfalls of worker empowerment and organizational memory.
Brainsketching and How it Differs from Brainstorming
Authors: Van Der Lugt Remko 
Published: March 2003

Brainsketching is an idea generation technique, based on brainwriting, that uses sketching as the primary means of recording ideas. During brainsketching, participants sketch their ideas individually on large sheets of paper pasted on the wall. After a few minutes, the participants explain their idea sketches, switch places and continue sketching. Usually, about five such rounds of idea sketching take place.In an experimental set–up brainsketching was compared to brainstorming. Linkography was used as a method for analyzing the process characteristics of both techniques. Results show that during brainstorming, participants generated significantly more ideas, and that during brainsketching participants generated significantly more connections with earlier ideas. Also, during brainsketching participants made more incremental connections while maintaining a similar level of ‘wild leap’ connections. Conclusion of this study was that brainsketching does not necessarily provide a better idea generation process; rather, it provides a different process, which may serve different purposes.Some steps towards further development of the brainsketching technique are indicated. Suggestions are provided for stimulating the group to reflect on their ideas. Finally, some suggestions are made for applying the brainsketching technique with groups of non–designers, mainly directed at removing the participants’ hesitation to draw in public.