bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Melville: Knowing Bartleby
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hawthorne’s story of the crafty Wakefield and his scheme of self-possession goes a long way toward positing the nineteenth-century self as riddle, indeed as construct. Hawthorne’s own sense of ghostliness, his acute understanding of what it means to be Nobody, may seem surprisingly modernist to us. But there is a line of spectral figures in the fiction of the last century—Wakefield, Poe’s Man of the Crowd, and Bartleby, to name the best known—whose antics not only call into question the conventions of the novel (how does one “plot” a figure who is trying to be real?) but also reveal some of the demiurgic energies that go into the fashioning of a self. Poe’s man, it will be remembered, is relentlessly tracked by the narrator throughout the streets of London at all hours of the day and night, only to be apotheosized as a new urban species, a “man of the crowd” who has no “private” bearings at all, who exists solely (and vampirishly) as a function of the city populace.
Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying: The Voice from the Coffin
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At an early moment in William Faulkner’s novel about dying, Doctor Peabody treats us to a view of death that is worth pondering: “I can remember how when I was young I believed death to be a phenomenon of the body; now I know it to be merely a function of the mind—and that of the minds of the ones who suffer the bereavement. The nihilists say it is the end; the fundamentalists, the beginning; when in reality it is no more than a single tenant or family moving out of a tenement or a town.” Faulkner’s interest, in this book as in all his books, lies with the communal as much as with the individual, and we can expect him to pay as much attention to the tenement as to the tenant. In fact, we will come to see that death is only to be understood as a kind of “moving” venture. The more one considers this notion, the more we have to credit Peabody with a theory of fiction: death as the fiction of cessation and finality in a world of pure process. Death, understood as “end stage,” is close to the very bedrock of our Western metaphysics; it authorizes our belief in time and meaningful sequence, and it is never distant, ontologically, from our notions of presence and absence, here and there, now and then, or, as Faulkner likes to say, is and was. As I Lay Dying stands as Faulkner’s most remarkable text about death, a stark mediation and gloss on the medieval memento mori, on the scandal of matter and decomposing flesh, on the rituals of burial and bereavement that bear witness to every culture’s deepest beliefs.
John Hawkes, Skin Trader
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We encounter, as entry to John Hawkes’s Blood Oranges, lines cited from one of the master tales of foiled desire in modern fiction, Ford Madox Ford’s Good Soldier: “Is there then any terrestrial paradise where, amidst the whispering of the olive-leaves, people can be with whom they like and have what they like and take their ease in shadows and in coolness?” It will be recalled that Dowell, Ford’s broken narrator, closes his vision of desired harmony by contrasting it to the cacophony he had experienced: “Or are all men’s lives like the lives of us good people — like the lives of the Ashburnhams, of the Dowells, of the Ruffords —broken, tumultuous, agonized, and unromantic lives, periods punctuated by screams, by imbecilities, by deaths, by agonies? Who the devil knows?”1 This plaint could effectively stand over a great many of Hawkes’s novels, for it signals, in its duet of mellifluous nostalgic tones and bitter reprisals, the double bind that marks Hawkes’s world: the curse visited on desire and the writerly project of fashioning a realm where it may be—somehow— gratified. Life, in Ford’s text, emerges as an affective syntax, an utterance that is structured, parsed, and punctuated by pain and madness, a rhythmic punishment and denial of pleasure.
General Introduction: The Uncertain Quest and the Need for a Firmer Foundation
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word “uncertain” does not mean that the search for Johannine history has not been valuable. On the contrary it has brought to attention a mass of interesting material. The synagogue ban, for instance, received fresh prominence from J. L. Martyn (esp. 1979, 24-62, 156-57). Yet, from the gnostic claims of Bultmann (e.g., 1955, 10-14) to the complex reconstructions of Brown (xxxiv-xxxix; 1979; 1982, 69-115), the entire search seems to lurch unpredictably from one fragile hypothesis to the next. And so, amid all the valuable insights, there is an unavoidable feeling that the enterprise needs to be more firmly grounded. In order to clarify the full extent of the problem and of its progress to date it is first necessary to review it (Part I: The Uncertain Quest). Then, in the next major section, there is a partial investigation of the way in which a firmer foundation may be established-by tracing John ‘s mode of composition, specifically his use of sources (Part II: Towards Establishing a Partial Guide to History: John ‘s Composition [Use of Sources]). Finally a summary is given of the way in which the mode of composition effects the main aspects of the quest for history (Part III: The Quest Resumed: Initial Conclusions).
The Quest for the Religious Background
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In seeking to explain the distinctiveness of John ‘s religious thought, including his images and language, modern research has suggested three main influences-gnosticism (esp. Bultmann), Hellenism (esp. Dodd, 1953), and Judaism. “Gnosticism,” a relatively modern word, is used concerning a wide variety of religious groups that flourished during the first centuries of Christianity. They generally saw the world and human bodies as evil, the products of an evil power, and, as a key to salvation from the oppressiveness of the material world, they offered gnosis, “knowledge.” “Such knowledge was diverse, although it generally dealt with the intimate relationship of the self to the transcendent source of all being, and this knowledge was often conveyed by a revealer figure” (Attridge, 1985, 349; cf. Bultmann, 9-10). The teachings of these groups sometimes contained oppressive structures of thought-for in stance, concerning the evil nature of the material world-and partly for that reason they were regarded by many early church writers as false. It is doubtful, however, whether gnosticism proper existed at the time the gospel was written. “There is no extant document which indubitably originated with the Gnostics from the first century AD” (Fujita, 1986, 189).
John’s Systematic Use of Part of Luke-Acts
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brown (330, 184) notes that the character of Nicodemus (John 3:1-21) is like that of Gamaliel (Acts 5:34-39), and that the account of Samaria ‘s acceptance of Jesus (John 4:1-42) would seem to reflect the evangelization of Samaria by Philip, Peter, and John-an event which is reported in Acts 8:lb-25. Brown does not suggest that the texts are connected-that John used Acts-but it is on the basis of the texts that he makes his observations, and so there is obviously some form of link, literary or otherwise, between the texts. An investigation of the adjacent episodes in Table 10.1 shows further connectedness. The text of Acts alone does not account fully for John. In itself it is insufficient, and besides, it has already been seen that to some degree John’s text is based on Mark and Matthew. What Acts supplies therefore is a complementary component. In Acts the hostility of the Jewish authorities leads first to a drama of light and darkness-the apostles are released at night by an angel but the authorities are left “in the dark” (5:17-26)-and then to a Sanhedrin scene in which the apostles bear witness concerning the saving role of Jesus. The apostles would have been put to death, but Gamaliel intervened, aware that this new movement might be from God.
The Religious Background
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probably the best working hypothesis is that, insofar as he was able, the evangelist used everything, or at least tested everything. The fact that his sources ranged from Genesis to Ephesians and that he used these sources systematically, suggests a process which was all-encompassing. This corroborates the view that John is to be seen against the back ground of first-century syncretism. Cullmann, for instance, had linked him with syncretistic Judaism (1976, 46-53, 89-91) and MacRae with syncretistic Hellenism (1970). But syncretism does not do justice to the fourth gospel; it suggests an artificial unity, a combining of elements that, in fact, are alien to one another. John’s unity was thorough and authentic. Much of his genius consisted of his ability to find the essence of his many sources and to see how, when rightly understood, they blended together. This does not mean that his picture of unity is one of uniformity. For the evangelist, truth is complex; Barrett (1972, 49-69) would say it is dialectical. And so the gospel, even in its carefully crafted unity, is complex. Rather than describe the evangelist as syncretistic it seems better to speak of him as encyclopedic-an encyclopedic theologian. Such an idea was not new. It followed a Jewish tradition which reached back to the composition of the Torah of Moses. As the Torah writers had sifted discriminatingly the cultures.
The Example of Irving
Authors: Bryant John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 31 July 1847, Herman Melville, author of Typee and Omoo, dined at Astor House with Evert Duyckinck, former editor for Putnam’s and co-founder of The Literary World. At the time, Melville’s career was bounding. He was soon to marry Elizabeth Shaw, and by September he would move with her, his mother, sisters, brother, and sister-in-law into a town house near Astor Place. Those Manhattan years were tumultuous: The author would plunge avidly into Duyckinck’s library; immerse himself in metaphysics, literature, and politics; and write three books (Mardi, Redburn, White-Jacket). He would witness (it is likely) the Astor Place Riot of May 1849 almost on his doorstep, and would travel to England—this time as an accomplished literary figure, not a seaman. It was the beginning of a tre mendous “unfolding.” Duyckinck had published the American edition of Typee, had helped Melville secure a contract for Omoo, and had assigned Melville to review a book on whaling for his new magazine. He had sent Typee to Hawthorne, and in 1850 he would facilitate the famous meeting between Hawthorne and Mel ville. More than anyone else, he was Melville’s mentor and promoter.’ Duyckinck was a literary radical despite his conservative demeanor. He founded the Tetractys Club and “Young America” to promote the development of a National Literature. To be anti-establishment in New York was to be anti-Knickerbocker, or at least disparaging of those Jonathan Oldstyle elitists who in the pages of The Knicker bocker (headed by Lewis Gaylord Clark) worried over Jacksonianism, attacked such upstarts as Poe, and paid homage to the recusant Washington lrving.2
The Contest for Narrative Authority in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Authors: Wonham Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the winter and early spring of 1875, as Twain worked to produce regular serial installments for “Old Times on the Mississippi,” a 400-page fragment of what would become his first novel lay incomplete on his writing desk. The manuscript had bogged down some time during the preceding year, when its author experienced a shortage of what he called his “stock of materials.” Twain later explained his belief that “when the tank runs dry you’ve only to leave it alone and it will fill up again in time, while you are asleep-also while you are at work at other things and are quite unaware that this unconscious and profitable celebration is going on.” An unconscious celebration apparently was in progress while Twain composed “Old Times,” for he needed only two months to complete the unfinished manuscript when he returned to it in May 1875. On July 5, he wrote to Howells that he had “finished the story ... about 900 of MS, and maybe 1000 when I’ve finished ‘working out’ the vague places.”
Exploring the Relationship Between Authorship and Reading
Authors: Greene Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attempts to integrate reading and writing in literature or composition courses have brought into focus the extent to which comprehending, like composing, is a constructive, rhetorical act. In turn, we have begun to consider some of the ways we can enhance students’ understanding of what they read, making them aware that reading is a strategic process that entails reconstructing some of the choices and decisions writers make in a given situation. This renewed interest in how readers construct meaning is important in thinking about how to foster the development of critical literacy; but I want to go a step further by thinking about students as authors who have opportunities to contribute knowledge to a community of readers.
Exploring Feedback: Writers Meet Readers
Authors: Sitko Barbara M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When writers receive feedback about a text, they are often faced with a series of decisions. The primary decision of whether or not to make changes to their work embeds a cluster of other choices, and if we could listen in on the thought processes of these writers, we would see that they consider more alternatives than they might be aware of. One important alternative concerns how to imagine other ways of seeing their text. In order to imagine ways in which readers might have become confused or lost a point, for example, writers must reproduce a mental version of their texts as seen by the eyes and minds of their readers. Such flexibility in creating alternative representations of words, sentences, and organization is not easy for most writers. Yet this is only the first step. Once writers are able to represent the text from the point of view of their readers, a second cluster of decisions focuses on their strategies for fixing the text (Flower, Hayes, Carey, Stratman, & Schriver, 1986), and a third set of options concerns how they test any changes they decide to make. Thus feedback motivates writers to enter into complex decision making, renegotiating the multiple demands of the writing process (Flower & Hayes, 1981) and reconsidering their original plan (Flower, Schriver, Carey, Haas, & Hayes, in press) in ways they might not have envisioned.
On the Equality of the Sexes
Authors: Harris Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is it upon mature consideration we adopt the idea, that nature is thus partial in her distributions? Is it indeed a fact, that she hath yielded to one half of the human species so unquestionable a mental superiority? I know that to both sexes elevated understandings, and the reverse, are common. But, suffer me to ask, in what the minds of females are so notoriously deficient, or unequal. May not the intellectual powers be ranged under these four heads—imagination, reason, memory and judgment. The province of imagination hath long since been surrendered up to us, and we have been crowned undoubted sovereigns of the regions of fancy. Invention is perhaps the most arduous effort of the mind; this branch of imagination hath been particularly ceded to us, and we have been time out of mind invested with that creative faculty.
Desultory Thoughts upon the Utility of Encouraging a Degree of Self-Complacency, Especially in Female Bosoms
Authors: Harris Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I think, to teach young minds to aspire, ought to be the ground work of education: many a laudable achievement is lost, from a persuasion that our efforts are unequal to the arduous attainment. Ambition is a noble principle, which properly directed, may be productive of the most valuable consequences. It is amazing to what heights the mind by exertion may tow’r: I would, therefore, have my pupils believe, that every thing in the compass of mortality, was placed within their grasp, and that, the avidity of application, the intenseness of study, were only requisite to endow them with every external grace, and mental accomplishment. Thus I should impel them to progress on, if I could not lead them to the heights I would wish them to attain. It is too common with parents to expatiate in their hearing, upon all the foibles of their children, and to let their virtues pass, in appearance, unregarded: this they do, least they should, (were they to commend) swell their little hearts to pride, and implant in their tender minds, undue conceptions of their own importance.
Necessity of Religion, Especially in Adversity
Authors: Harris Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No—Atheism will never do. The prime procurer and minister of the French arrangements, at length accedes to this axiom; and Gallia, having guillotined her sovereign, and blasphemously sought to dethrone and annihilate the Monarch of Heaven, becomes, in her present resolutions, solicitous to re-establish the Deity in her systems, to invest the Supreme with those divine honours, which the language of nature hasteth to bestow, which the dictates of reason invariably award.
Spirit Independent of Matter
Authors: Harris Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As there is no idea, by which I am so exquisitely tortured, as that of annihilation, I naturally turn, with disgust and horror, from the reasonings of him, who, laying impious hands on that principle of animation which originates in Deity, would confound it with the common mass of matter; and who, with grub like industry, having enveloped himself in his earthy cone, entertains as little expectation of breaking his sepulcl1ral enclosure, as the reptile who thus mechanically encrusts itself.
Conventional Criticism and Unconventional Black Literature
Authors: duCille Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a great fortune must be in want of a wife.” This oft-quoted opening line from Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice suggests both the degree to which the marriage plot is mdigenous to the genre of the novel and the extent to which the middle and upper classes have historically been preoccupied with matrimony and affairs of the heart and pocketbook. It is a truth not so widely acknowledged, however, that the single everyman in Jane Austen’s universal is not only wealthy but white. This study is concerned with what happens when the players change, when the fictive figures “in love and trouble,” to use Alice Walker’s metaphor, cease to be white men and women of means and property and become black men and women, poor as well as propertied. What happens to the marriage tradition-to Leslie Fiedler’s notion of love as “the subject par excellence of the novel,” for example-when it is considered in the context of a literature by and about American men and women who for generations were denied the hegemonic, “universal truth” of legal marriage?
The Identity Of Slavery
Authors: Samuels Shirley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The uncertain status of the body in slavery discourse may be evoked by two images from the cultural history of slavery. First, the female “topsy-turvy doll” popular in the nineteenth-century American South (and still produced). Held one way, the doll appears as a white woman with long skirts. Flipping over her skirts does not reveal her legs, but rather exposes another racial identity: the head of a black woman, whose long skirts now cover the head of the white woman. This visual and physical change from white to black and black to white appears also in a second form of popular representation, Lydia Maria Child’s 1831 children’s story, “Mary French and Susan Easton,” in which two little girls, one white, one black, are kidnapped and sold into slavery. The white girl has been disguised; she appears black, but her tears gradually dissolve this surface identity, revealing the white body beneath the black surface, and she is restored to her family. Her friend’s tears cannot accomplish a similar miracle: because they do not change her surface identity, she is left in slavery.
The End of Religious Establishment and the Beginning of Religious Politics: The Parallel Rise of Churches and Political Parties
Authors: Moore R Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Politics are a part of religion in such a country as this, and Christians must do their duty to the country as a part of their duty to God.
Charles Grandison Finney I claim that the pulpit has a right and a duty to discuss social questions, moral questions in politics, slavery, war, peace, and the intercourse of nations. Henry Ward Beecher
The Market for Religious Controversy
Authors: Moore R Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the hour designated I called with my friends. Brigham Young was standing in front of one of his houses-the “Bee Hive,” in which was his reception room. He received us with a smile, and invited us to enter. He was very sociable; asked us many questions, and promptly answered ours. Finally he said with a chuckle, “Barnum what will you give to exhibit me in New York and the Eastern cities?”
Recent Market Entries: Contemporary Evangelicals and Purveyors of the New Age
Authors: Moore R Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To get anywhere with faith, learn to pray big prayers. God will rate you according to the size of your prayers.
Norman Vincent Peale, The Power of Positive Thinking Following World War II, religiously inspired commodities saturated the American cultural landscape. It was as if a hundred fifty years of history had worked with determined persistence to produce the purported spiritual awakening of the late 1940s and the 1950s. The mass media tallied the evidence. In 1949, Newsweek reported an increasing number of religious books on the non-Action best-seller lists. These included Thomas Merton’s Seven Storey Mountain, Fulton J. Sheen’s Peace of Soul, and Norman Vincent Peale’s A Guide to Confident Living. Sheen and Peale were already known to Americans because of their radio preaching, and Sheen would shortly make himself a master of television. Another Catholic, Fulton Oursler, scored big with his 1949 retelling of the life of Christ, The Greatest Story Ever Told. Two years later his narrative version of the Old Testament, The Greatest Book Ever Written, found almost as many readers. When the paperback boom started in the mid- 195os, religious titles were a strong part of the market.1
Firstborn of All Creation
Authors: Greenspahn Frederick E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All seven of the original Mercury astronauts were the oldest children in their families, as are a disporportionately large number of college students and professors, poets and presidents.1 This concentration of firstborns among high achievers has been recognized for some time. Over a century ago, the British scientist Francis Galton observed a preponderance of firstborns among his colleagues.2 Since then, similar findings have accumulated for a wide range of occupations and accomplishments.