bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pre‐anesthetic maternal separation increases pups' locomotor behavior during emergence from anesthesia in rats
Authors: Arai Y.‐C. P. , Ueda W. , Al‐Chaer E. D. 
Published: January 2004

Background:  Problematic behavior at emergence from anesthesia in children, partly linked with maternal separation, is a major problem in pediatric anesthesia. In humans, as well as in many other mammalian species, such separation causes psychological and behavioral changes. This study was to investigate whether or not pre‐anesthetic maternal separation has a similar effect on rat pups.Methods:  This study was conducted on 66 3‐week‐old Sprague–Dawley male rats. The rats were divided into two groups; pups housed with a dam (n = 33) and those housed without (n = 33). Pups were anesthetized with 1.2% halothane for 30 min. Afterwards we recorded their locomotor behavior at emergence from general anesthesia using a video tracking system.Results:  Pre‐anesthetic maternal separation significantly increased the maximum velocity and the distance traveled by pups at the emergence.Conclusion:  Pre‐anesthetic maternal separation influenced pups' locomotive behavior at emergence.
Mild hypothermia inhibits IL‐10 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Matsui T. , Ishikawa T. , Takeuchi H. , Tsukahara M. , Maekawa T. 
Published: January 2004

Background:  Hypothermia is often associated with compromised host defenses and infections. Deterioration of immune functions related to hypothermia have been investigated, but the involvement of cytokines in host defense mechanisms and in infection remains unclear. Therefore, we determined whether mild hypothermia affects the production of several types of cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and the balance between pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory states.Methods:  PBMCs obtained from 12 healthy humans were cultured with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in normothermic (37°C: control) or hypothermic (33°C) conditions for 24 h. The production levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, the interleukins (ILs) IL‐6, IL‐8 and IL‐10, and interferon (IFN)‐γ in the culture supernatants were measured by means of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results:  Under hypothermic conditions (33°C), PHA‐induced production of IL‐10 and IFN‐γ in PBMCs was significantly lower, by 34% and 84%, respectively, when compared with controls, while production of TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐8 did not change. The magnitude of reduction of IL‐10 in hypothermic conditions resulted in IL‐10/pro‐inflammatory cytokine ratios decreasing to approximately 30–45% of those of controls.Conclusions:  The present study clearly demonstrates that mild hypothermia (33°C) inhibits IL‐10 and IFN‐γ production in cultured PBMCs. The profound inhibition of IL‐10 and the pro‐inflammatory reaction‐dominated state induced suggests that the host defense mechanism against secondary infection may be maintained rather than inhibited in hypothermia. Thus, the reduction of IL‐10 could be an important characteristic of immune responses in mild hypothermia.
Both lung recruitment maneuver and PEEP are needed to increase oxygenation and lung volume after cardiac surgery
Authors: Dyhr T. , Nygård E. , Laursen N. , Larsson A. 
Published: January 2004

Background:  Patients ventilated after cardiac surgery commonly have impaired oxygenation, mainly due to lung collapse. We have previously found that PaO2 and end‐expiratory lung volume (EELV) were increased by a lung recruitment maneuver (LRM) followed by positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether only PEEP or only a LRM could give similar effects.Methods:  Thirty circulatory stable patients (aged 55–79 years) mechanically ventilated after cardiac surgery were randomized to receive LRM (four 10‐s insufflations to an airway pressure of 45 cmH2O) and zero end‐expiratory pressure (LRM‐group), PEEP 12 cmH2O (PEEP‐group) or LRM in combination with PEEP 12 cmH2O (LRM + PEEP‐group). The set end‐expiratory pressure was kept for 75 min. Before, during and after the intervention, EELV (SF6 washout technique) and blood gases were measured.Results:  Initial EELV and PaO2 were similar in all groups. In the LRM‐group, PaO2 and EELV increased transiently (P < 0.0001), but returned at 5 min to the initial values. In the PEEP‐group, PaO2 did not change but EELV increased to 155 ± 27% of the initial value (P < 0.0001). In the LRM+PEEP‐group, PaO2 and EELV increased to 212 ± 66% and 178 ± 31% of the initial values (P < 0.0001), respectively, and were maintained during PEEP application.Conclusion:  In patients ventilated after cardiac surgery: (1) PEEP increased lung volume but not PaO2, (2) a lung recruitment maneuver without subsequent PEEP had no sustained effect, and (3) both a lung recruitment maneuver and PEEP were needed to increase and maintain the increased lung volume and PaO2.
Infusion of hypertonic saline (7.5% NaCl) causes minor immunological changes in normovolaemic women
Authors: KØlsen‐Petersen J. A. , Nielsen J. O. D. , Bendtzen K. , Tonnesen E. 
Published: January 2004

Background:  Haemorrhagic shock is treated effectively by infusion of hypertonic saline/colloid solutions. Furthermore, previous studies found hypertonicity to affect immune responses in animals and in human blood cell cultures. It is unknown, however, whether hypertonic saline infusion affects immune responses in humans.Methods:  In a randomized double‐blind study, we infused 4 ml kg−1 of 7.5% NaCl or 0.9% NaCl over 10 min in 20 fasting women before hysterectomy. We collected peripheral blood at baseline, 30, and 120 min after start of the infusion and before surgery for the determination of leucocyte and differential count; lymphocyte subtypes; neutrophil chemotaxis; elastase concentration; and the cytokine's tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra), and IL‐10. Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)‐induced lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer cell cytotoxicity were measured before and 120 min after infusion.Results:  Compared with normal saline, infusion of hypertonic saline temporarily increased the number of B cells in peripheral blood (P < 0.01); increased the concentration of plasma elastase, a marker of neutrophil degranulation (P < 0.05); and decreased the number of circulating neutrophils (P < 0.001). No other effects were detected in the measured immunological parameters.Conclusion:  The immunological consequences of hypertonic saline infusion seem to be modest and are unlikely to cause any clinical effects, at least in normovolaemic women.
Time‐frequency balanced spectral entropy as a measure of anesthetic drug effect in central nervous system during sevoflurane, propofol, and thiopental anesthesia
Authors: Vakkuri A. , Yli‐Hankala A. , Talja P. , Mustola S. , Tolvanen‐Laakso H. , Sampson T. , Viertiö‐Oja H. 
Published: January 2004

Background:  Time‐frequency balanced spectral entropy of electroencephalogram (EEG) and frontal electromyogram (FEMG) is a novel measure of hypnosis during anesthesia. Two Entropy parameters are described: Response entropy (RE) is calculated from EEG and FEMG; and State Entropy (SE) is calculated mainly from EEG. This study was performed to validate their performance during transition from consciousness to unconsciousness under different anesthetic agents.Methods:  Response entropy, SE [S/5™ Entropy Module, M‐ENTROPY (later in text: Entropy), Datex‐Ohmeda Division, Instrumentarium Corp., Helsinki, Finland] and BIS (BIS XP, A‐2000, Aspect Medical Systems, Newton, MA) data were collected from 70 patients; 30 anesthetized with propofol 2 mg kg−1, 20 with sevoflurane inhalation, and 20 with thiopental 5 mg kg−1. Loss and regaining of consciousness (LOC, ROC) was tested every 10 s, and sensitivity, specificity, and prediction probability (Pk) were calculated. Behavior of the indices was studied.Results:  Sensitivity, specificity, and Pk values for consciousness were high and similar for all indices. During regaining of consciousness after propofol bolus, RE, SE, and BIS values recovered by 81 ± 22%, 75 ± 26%, and 59 ± 18% (mean ± SD), respectively, from the minimum relative to their baseline. After thiopental bolus, RE, SE, and BIS values recovered by 86±21%, 88 ± 13%, and 63 ± 14%, respectively. The relative rise was higher in RE and SE compared with BIS (P < 0.01). During deep levels of hypnosis, RE and SE decreased monotonously as a function of burst suppression ratio, while BIS showed biphasic behavior. On average, RE indicated emergence from anesthesia 11 s earlier than SE, and 12.4 s earlier than BIS.Conclusions:  All indices, RE, SE, and BIS, distinguished excellently between conscious and unconscious states during propofol, sevoflurane, and thiopental anesthesia. During burst suppression, Entropy parameters RE and SE, but not BIS, behave monotonously. During regaining of consciousness after a thiopental or propofol bolus, RE and SE values recovered significantly closer to their baseline values than did BIS. Response entropy indicates emergence from anesthesia earlier than SE or BIS.
Small Town Politics in Mid‐Victorian Britain
Authors: Jaggard Edwin 
Published: January 2004

AbstractElectoral politics in the small towns of England and Wales between the First (1832) and Second (1867) Reform Acts have been dismissed by historians as corrupt or controlled by influential patrons. This article uses qualitative and quantitative data to reveal that voters in these small boroughs demonstrated a surprising degree of party loyalty, with the politics of influence less obvious that those of principle. The article concludes that these towns, which elected almost one‐third of the membership of the House of Commons, exhibited a far more vibrant political milieu than was previously thought.
‘Pig‐Sticking Princes’: Royal Hunting, Moral Outrage, and the Republican Opposition to Animal Abuse in Nineteenth‐and Early Twentieth‐Century Britain
Authors: Taylor Antony 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis article locates monarchy in the debates arising out of the anti‐animal abuse campaigns of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Through a close examination of urban republican criticisms of monarchy, it seeks to question the role of royalty as the custodian of shared national values concerning animal welfare. It demonstrates that hostility to monarchy based on its role in encouraging and patronizing hunting belongs to a long tradition. Much hostility to royalty crystallized around the royal patronage of fox‐hunting and of pheasant‐shooting. The nineteenth‐century precedents for recent concerns about the visible presence of royal figures on the hunting‐field articulated many of the component elements of a republican position. For many urban radicals the connection of reigning monarchs with the hunt demonstrated the dysfunctional nature of royal existence, the limitations of royalty's attainments, and the perceived need by monarchs to satisfy the baser, more carnal urges arising from a life devoted to indolence and pleasure. This article shows that hunting, as a marker of a robust masculinity and of the opulence of royalty, brought the reform community into collision with supporters of the monarchy, and provided an example of royal ritual that failed to work in the interests of the throne. The article concludes by revealing the connections between the land debate, criticisms of the royal house, and animal welfare politics in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
John Peet (1915–1988): An Englishman in the GDR
Authors: Berger Stefan , Laporte Norman 
Published: January 2004

AbstractJohn Peet was the most important interlocutor between Britain and the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Through his journal, Democratic German Report (DGR), which he edited between 1952 and 1975, Peet had considerable influence among left‐of‐centre public opinion in Britain. His positive portrayal of the GDR was among the GDR's most believable and powerful propaganda in Britain. This articles reassesses Peet's decision to live and work in the GDR and his subsequent disillusionment with ‘really existing socialism’ in eastern Europe. Making use of Peet's personal papers and the archival holdings about Peet located in various German archives, the article presents Peet as a ‘liberal communist’ who was deeply influenced in his political choices by his experiences in inter‐war Britain and by his fight against fascism in Spain. Although he came to dislike many things about the GDR, his loyalty to the ideals of communism always remained stronger than his desire to criticize the eastern European dictatorships.
Role of the major histocompatibility complex class II transmembrane region in antigen presentation and intracellular trafficking
Authors: Barabanova Yelena A. , Kang Hee‐Kap , Myoung Jinjong , Kang Bongsu , Bishop Gail A. , Kim Byung S. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryWhile a sorting signal in the cytoplasmic tail of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules is known to influence their endocytic transport, potential effects of the transmembrane (TM) domain of the MHC class II molecules on endocytic transport remain unclear. We have examined the role of the TM domain by comparing antigen‐presenting functions of the wildtype (WT) I‐Ab and mutant (MT) I‐Ab molecule substituted in the β‐chain TM with α chain TM. A20 cells transfected with WT I‐Ab were able to present antigen (hen egg lysozyme) better to some hybridomas, while those transfected with MT I‐Ab consistently outperformed WT for other hybridomas recognizing different epitopes. This difference in antigen processing and presentation is not caused by the differences in H‐2M (DM) requirement or association with Ii. The time required for processing of specific epitopes appears to be different, suggesting sequential involvement of various endocytic compartments in the antigen processing. Although both WT and MT molecules were found in the early endocytic (transferrin receptor‐rich) compartments, MT molecules accumulated in these compartments in higher quantities for longer time periods. Similarly, the MT molecule is retained for a longer time period than WT in late endocytic (LAMP‐1 associated) compartments. Together, our data indicate an important role of the TM domain of the MHC class II molecules in the intracellular trafficking and, consequently, antigen processing and presentation.
CD4+ CD25+ Treg: divide and rule?
Authors: Walker Lucy S. K. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryResearch on CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) has gathered momentum over the last five years but many aspects of their fundamental biology remain elusive. Treg have been considered to be ‘naturally anergic’ based on their failure to proliferate in response to T‐cell receptor ligation in vitro. Several recent studies challenge this view and demonstrate a robust proliferative capacity for CD25+ cells. The significance of this finding for Treg homeostasis and function is considered below.
Non‐functional immunoglobulin G transcripts in a case of hyper‐immunoglobulin M syndrome similar to type 4
Authors: Darlow John M. , Farrell Alex M. , Stott David I. 
Published: January 2004

Summary86% of immunoglobulin G (IgG) heavy‐chain gene transcripts were found to be non‐functional in the peripheral blood B cells of a patient initially diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency, who later developed raised IgM, whereas no non‐functionally rearranged transcripts were found in the cells of seven healthy control subjects. All the patient's IgM heavy‐chain and κ light‐chain transcripts were functional, suggesting that either non‐functional rearrangements were being selectively class‐switched to IgG, or that receptor editing was rendering genes non‐functional after class‐switching. The functional γ‐chain sequences showed a normal rate of somatic hypermutation while non‐functional sequences contained few somatic mutations, suggesting that most came from cells that had no functional gene and therefore were not receiving signals for hypermutation. However, apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes was not impaired. No defects have been found in any of the genes currently known to be responsible for hyper‐IgM syndrome but the phenotype fits best to type 4.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is down‐regulated by AP‐1‐like regulatory elements in human lymphoid cells
Authors: Peralta‐Zaragoza Oscar , Recillas‐Targa Félix , Madrid‐Marina Vicente 
Published: January 2004

SummaryTerminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is a template‐independent DNA polymerase that catalyses the incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides into the 3′‐hydroxyl end of DNA templates and is thought to increase junctional diversity of antigen receptor genes. TdT is expressed only on immature lymphocytes and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells and its transcriptional expression is tightly regulated. We had previously found that protein kinase C (PKC) activation down‐regulates TdT expression. PKC‐activation induces the synthesis of the Fos and Jun proteins, known as the major components of activation protein 1 (AP‐1) transcriptional factor implicated in transcriptional control. Here we report the identification of several DNA–protein interactions within the TdT promoter region in non‐TdT expressing human cells. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of a putative AP‐1‐like DNA‐binding site, suggesting that AP‐1 may play a relevant role in TdT transcriptional regulation. Using a different source of nuclear extracts and the AP‐1–TdT motif as a probe we identified several DNA‐protein retarded complexes in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Super‐band shifting analysis using an antibody against c‐Jun protein confirmed that the main interaction is produced by a nuclear factor that belongs to the AP‐1 family transcription factors. Our findings suggest that the TdT gene expression is down‐regulated, at least in part, through AP‐1‐like transcription factors.
Regulation of tumour necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) and TRAIL receptor expression in human neutrophils
Authors: Kamohara Hidenobu , Matsuyama Wataru , Shimozato Osamu , Abe Koichiro , Galligan Carole , Hashimoto Shin‐Ichi , Matsushima Kouji , Yoshimura Teizo 
Published: January 2004

SummaryTumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily, which is capable of inducing apoptosis in many cell types, including tumour and virus‐infected cells, but rarely in normal cells. Expression of TRAIL mRNA and TRAIL receptors has previously been detected in neutrophils; however, the expression of TRAIL protein and the regulation of TRAIL and TRAIL receptor expression in these cells remain unknown. Here we report, for the first time, that neutrophils constitutively express TRAIL protein on their cell surface and that the TRAIL protein is shed during culture. TNF‐α is a down‐regulator of TRAIL expression, whereas IFN‐γ up‐regulates the expression of TRAIL. Neutrophils did not express a detectable level of TRAIL‐R1 or ‐R4, but constitutively expressed a low, but substantial, level of TRAIL‐R2 and a high level of TRAIL‐R3. Although the level of TRAIL‐R2 was not significantly altered during culture under different experimental conditions, ≈ 30% of TNF‐α‐treated cells rapidly lost their high‐level TRAIL‐R3 expression, whereas the majority of IFN‐γ‐treated cells retained a high level of TRAIL‐R3 expression. Anti‐TRAIL neutralizing antibody significantly inhibited neutrophil apoptosis during cultures in medium alone, or in the presence of TNF‐α or IFN‐γ. Thus, our study identified human neutrophils as a cellular source of TRAIL and suggests that neutrophil‐derived TRAIL may play a role in immune surveillance. Our results also suggest a role for the TRAIL/TRAIL receptor system in neutrophil apoptosis.
Altered T‐dependent antigen responses and development of autoimmune symptoms in mice lacking E2A in T lymphocytes
Authors: Pan Lihua , Bradney Curtis , Zheng Biao , Zhuang Yuan 
Published: January 2004

SummaryE2A has been shown to be an important transcription factor downstream of the T‐cell receptor (TCR) signal during T‐cell development. The TCR signal is known to elicit different cellular responses at different stages of T‐cell development. Whether E2A is still required for normal TCR signalling in mature T cells is unknown. Here we examined T‐cell function after disruption of the E2A gene exclusively in the T‐cell lineage. The conditional E2A‐deficient mice show enhanced humoral immunity to a T‐dependent antigen. We further show that E2A is involved in regulating TCR‐induced T‐cell proliferation events. However, E2A seems to play opposite roles in naïve and effector T cells. In the absence of E2A, TCR‐induced proliferation is increased in naïve T cells and decreased in effector T cells. At older ages, these mice frequently develop antinuclear antibodies and proteinuria. Our studies suggest that E2A regulates T‐cell function and the loss of E2A may promote age‐dependent autoimmune diseases.
Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 are present inside human dendritic cells, associated with microtubules and the Golgi apparatus but are not detectable on the cell surface: integrity of microtubules is required for interleukin‐12 production in response to internalized bacteria
Authors: Uronen‐Hansson Heli , Allen Jennifer , Osman Mohamed , Squires Ginette , Klein Nigel , Callard Robin E. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryThe activation of dendritic cells (DCs) by microbes is mediated by pattern recognition receptors including the Toll‐like receptors (TLR). Bacterial lipopolysaccharide acts via TLR4 whereas peptidoglycan and lipoprotein responses are mediated by TLR2. It is generally accepted that TLR binding to microbes occurs at the cell surface but this has not been directly demonstrated for human DCs. We show here that TLR2 and TLR4 are expressed inside DCs in an abundant tubulovesicular pattern with a focus of intense staining adjacent to the nucleus. In contrast, there was no detectable expression on the cell surface. TLR2 and TLR4 were readily found both intracellularly and on the surface of monocytes. They were shown to be closely associated with the Golgi complex and colocalized with α‐tubulin, displaying a high focal concentration at the microtubule organizing centre. Alignment of TLR2 and TLR4 with microtubules was observed, suggesting that microtubules serve as transport tracks for TLR vesicles. Depolymerization of the microtubule network disrupted the intracellular expression of TLR2 and TLR4 and profoundly inhibited interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) production in response to Neisseria meningitidis but did not prevent phagocytosis. These data are consistent with the bacterial signalling through TLR2 and TLR4 required for IL‐12 production occurring inside DCs after phagocytosis.
Central and peripheral autoantigen presentation in immune tolerance
Authors: Pugliese Alberto 
Published: January 2004

SummaryRecent studies in both humans and experimental rodent models provide new insight into key mechanisms regulating tolerance to self‐molecules. These recent advances are bringing about a paradigm shift in our views about tolerance to self‐molecules with tissue‐restricted expression. There is, indeed, mounting evidence that selected antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) have the ability to synthesize and express self‐molecules, and that such expression is critical for self‐tolerance. Insulin is a key hormone produced exclusively by pancreatic β‐cells and a critical autoantigen in type 1 diabetes. It provides an excellent example of a molecule with tissue‐restricted expression that is expressed ectopically by APCs. The fact that APCs expressing insulin have been demonstrated in both thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues suggests that they may play a role in insulin presentation in both the central and peripheral immune system. Experimental mice, in which insulin expression was altered, provide functional data that help to dissect the role of insulin presentation by APCs of the immune system. This review addresses recent literature and emerging concepts about the expression of self‐molecules in the thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues and its relation to self‐tolerance.