bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zimmermann
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zimmermann composed this work in 1954 on commission from the Northwest German Radio (now North German Radio), Hamburg. It was first performed in Hamburg, on 11 October 1955. The soloist was Adolf Scherbaum, and Ernest Bour conducted the Orchestra of the North German Radio. The score is dedicated to Ernest Frice. The face that looks out at us from my favorite photograph of the composer is friendly, sad, not without humor, a trifle quizzical. One is acutely aware of the shadows, and these are echoed in the dark patches that remain in the grizzled, thick, brush-cut hair and beard. Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Bazi to his friends, described himself as a typically Rhenish mixture of Dionysus and monk.
Reassessing the Cognitive Revolution
Authors: Shanker Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inspiration for this chapter-and in many ways, for the conference “Reassessing the Cognitive Revolution” that we held at York-was Jerome Bruner’s Acts of Meaning. Acts of Meaning is very much an act full of meaning, and, some will say, of hubris. In it Bruner denounces materialism, reductionism, physicalism, computationalism, and information-processing: in short, he repudiates artificial intelligence (Al) (see Bruner, 1990, pp. ixff., 4ff.). So concerned is he to combat what he sees as the “trivializing” effect that AI has had on psychology that he calls for a “renewing” and a “reorientation” of the cognitive revolution. To find one of the architects of cognitive science disavowing what so many of us had come to regard as the foundation of the discipline is an event worthy of more than just an article, or even a conference. It demands-as Bruner clearly intended-that we undertake a full review and reassessment of the cognitive revolution, and the dominating role AI so quickly came to play in it (see Shanker, 1992, 1993).
Promise and Achievement in Cognitive Science
Authors: Boden Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just over thirty years ago, only a few days after arriving in the United States, I was rummaging through secondhand books in a bookshop in Cambridge, Massachusetts. One of the volumes had an unpleasantly rough-textured binding, made of a hideous rust-brown fabric (coffee-stained to boot). Heavy underlining defaced almost every page. It was a most unattractive object. Why I picked it up, I shall never know. But it changed my life.
Is Cognitive Science a Discipline?
Authors: Ross Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An explicit theme in “Reassessing the Cognitive Revolution” is the question of the autonomy of cognitive science from other disciplines. This is most often treated as a question about methodology: is there a distinctive approach to the study of mind that sets cognitive science apart from its ancestor and component disciplines; and, if so, what is that method? In the following discussion, I will provide reasons for answering “No” to the first question, and will offer some diagnosis as to why the second one has seemed to many to have an answer. I conceive of this as part of a defense of cognitive science, against both its enemies (such as Searle) who construe attacks on what they take to be canonical cognitive science methods as attacks on the possibility and aims of cognitive science, and also against certain ill-advised friends of cognitive science, who, in seeking unnecessarily firm foundations for the discipline, make its status hostage to every passing conceptual shift.
Embodied Connectionism
Authors: Bechtel William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the characteristics of the cognitive revolution, there are two that require careful consideration. The first is a tendency to think of cognitive activities as activities occurring exclusively within the mind/brain. The mind/brain might receive information from outside itself (stimuli) and generate outputs into the external world (behaviors), but cognitive activity consists in processing information within the system itself. My central objective in this chapter is to argue against this feature of the cognitive revolution. The tendency to localize cognitive activity inclusively within the mind/brain is encouraged by a second feature of the cognitive revolution, the tendency to focus principally on “higher” cognitive activities such as reasoning and problem solving. These are activities in which language frequently plays a central role. Generally, the problems themselves are posed linguistically. Moreover, solving the problems is often thought to require manipulation of linguistic symbols.
The Future of Cognitive Science An Ecological Analysis
Authors: Neisser Ulric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the twentieth century draws to a close, cognitive science finds itself confronted by two strangely different adversaries. On the one side, clearly visible and looming ever larger, is the rapidly advancing body of fundamental knowledge about the brain. In principle there is a wide range of possible relations between brain science and the study of cognition, but in fact advances in neuroscience may soon make some forms of cognitive science obsolete. On the other side is a broad assortment of cultural critics-not only the occasional post-modernist who rejects all scientific claims a priori, but the many humanist scholars who believe that scientific accounts of human life are necessarily hostile to value and meaning. Neither side has much use for psychological research: one because real discoveries can only be made in the brain, the other because no discovery of science can be humanly important.
Language, Action, and Mind
Authors: Stenlund Soren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The philosophical claims of cognitive science are the subject matter of this chapter. I would like to discuss a few of the philosophical presuppositions that seem to be among the common assumptions underlying cognitive science, and which are still alive, despite recent attempts to reorientate cognitive science away from computationalism and naturalism. Some of these assumptions are explicitly stated by cognitive scientists, while others manifest themselves indirectly in certain characteristic features of their discipline’s established vocabulary and technical notions. They also manifest themselves in certain typical attitudes toward alternative views, and toward the scientific tradition in which cognitive scientists place themselves. My main concern will be with some of these tacit presuppositions that I find problematic.
Cognition as a Social Practice From Computer Power to Word Power
Authors: Shatter John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last 25 years or so, academic psychology has undergone what many take to be a profound and exciting revolution, variously termed “the mind’s new science” (Gardner, 1987), “a major shift in metatheory” (Baars, 1986), or simply “the cognitive revolution” (Gardner, 1987; Baars, 1986). The traditional behaviorist paradigm has been almost wholly abandoned; talk of the mental is no longer scorned as “subjective” and “unscientific”; there is a revival of interest in “the mind.” Indeed, many see it as representing the gaining of a maturity that psychology has lacked until now. This is because, as Baars (1986) says in his characterization of this revolution: “It is only theory that gives a sense of unity to physics, chemistry, and the other mature sciences. If the major thesis of the book is correct, we may be moving today toward the first major shared theory for psychological science” (p. 395). Although psychology may not yet have a finally agreed theory of mind, there is now, seemingly, widespread agreement on the sphere of metatheory from which theoretical constructs should be drawn. Everyone seems to have something to say about “the mind” in terms of “information processing,” “representation,” “computational processes,” “memory,” “retrieval,” “encoding and decoding;’ “stages or levels;• “knowledge structures and organization,” “decision strategies,” “language structure ,”and so on.
Taking the Past Seriously How History Shows that Eliminativists’ Account of Folk Psychology Is Partly Right and Partly Wrong
Authors: Johnson David Martel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not many years ago, it was common for people to suppose that any appeal to empirical considerations in the context of a philosophical argument was necessarily irrelevant, lacking force, and vulgar. For example, Bertrand Russell defended himself against such a charge of “empirical vulgarity” in his discussion of Kant’s epistemology (1945, p.716). But today this no longer is the case. On the contrary, most philosophers now claim, in the style of Karl Popper, they have as much right as any other investigators to employ all available facts and methods in their search for truth. (See Passmore, 1985, chapt. 1, esp. pp. I 0-11.) In fact, quite a few affirm the even more extreme Quinian view that “There is no first (i.e., pre-scientific) philosophy,” and, because of this, “Philosophy of science is philosophy enough.” The relatively new discipline of cognitive science provides a clear example of this idea (also accepted by the earliest Greek philosophers) that philosophy and the natural sciences are identical, or at least intimately blended and mutually supportive. More particularly, cognitive scientists maintain-consonant with Quine’s ideal of “naturalized epistemology”-that certain facts drawn from observational sciences like biology, physiology, and psychology not only are relevant to a proper understanding of mind, but play a crucially important role in this understanding.’
Some Operational Requirements for a Multi-Temporal 4-D GIS
Authors: Hazelton N W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a series of articles in recent years, numerous authors have discussed the need for a temporal GIS, as well as the form that this may take. It is now well established that there is a real requirement for development of temporal GISs (e.g., Langran, 1992a). The first commercial temporal GIS products are being developed or released by a number of vendors, for instance, Intergraph, IBM, Small world, and ESRI. These products allow limited operations involving time, but are a beginning for greater functionality. This chapter addresses some of the questions of that additional functionality and how to incorporate it into a suitable data model and software architecture.
The Relationship Between Geographic Scale, Distance, and Time as Expressed in Natural Discourse
Authors: Freundschuh Scott M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spatial knowledge acquisition and its structuring have long fascinated geographers because of the explicit assumption that the knowledge people have about their environment plays a significant role in their spatial behavior. Spatial behavior in this context is the reflection of complex decision processes that result in what are termed spatial choices-choices about where to live, where to shop, and which routes to travel. These choices are heavily influenced by “spatial preferences” as well as “spatial opportunities” (Rushton, 1969). It has been suggested that the identification of these spatial preferences and opportunities might lead to useful spatial behavioral postulates-postulates that “describe the rules by which alternate locations are evaluated and choices consequently made” (Rushton, 1969, p. 392). Spatial choice models are but one realm of geographic research where behavioral postulates are derived, modified and explored.
A New Framework for Understanding the Acquisition of Spatial Knowledge in Large-Scale Environments
Authors: Montello Daniel R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People acquire knowledge about the spatial layout of the places they experience (cities, neighborhoods, buildings). This includes knowledge of locations, distances, and directions. The acquisition of this knowledge begins immediately, as soon as one arrives in a place, but presumably continues over long time periods, for months, years, and even decades. This knowledge can become quite extensive and elaborate. It provides a framework for the organization of experience and supports sophisticated spatial behavior such as creative wayfinding and direction giving. The developmental process of acquiring knowledge about the spatial lay out of places over time is termed.
The Cognitive Atlas: Using GIS as a Metaphor for Memory
Authors: Hirtle Stephen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metaphors have had a long history of use to explain or account for human reasoning. The role of metaphors is at least twofold. First, metaphors can help communicate difficult concepts to a reader by providing an analogous situation that is more easily understood (e.g., Kuhn, 1993). While this use of metaphors is important, it is not the focus of discussion in this chapter. Rather, the focus is on a second role that metaphors can play-that of influencing the development of models. In this chapter I look at the use of metaphors in spatial cognition and, in particular, consider the role of geographic information systems (GISs) in the development of theories of spatial cognition. The discussion begins with an examination of metaphors in general. A review of existing metaphors for spatial cognition is then provided. Finally, a detailed description of how GIS can expand the theoretical basis for spatial cognition is presented.
The Need to be Loved: The Case of Ariel Wilson
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do we begin to understand the needs and psychological pain that drive a person to suicide? The case study has a long-honored tradition in psychology, and so we look in detail at the case of Ariel Wilson, a young woman who attempted to take her life by setting herself on fire. Her own life and death are dramatic almost beyond measure, but the interaction between us was not without its own drama. Some years ago I had given a workshop on suicide prevention in a rather remote place in one of the mountain states. At the noon break a young woman came up and asked to talk to me, privately. Ariel’s appearance was somewhat unusual, certainly memorable.
Final Thoughts and Reflections
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The suicidal act is both a moving away and a moving toward. Psychache, psychological pain, is what the individual wishes to escape; peace is what the person seeks and moves toward. In suicide, the two goals are merged as one: Escape from pain is relief—that is how peace is defined. The unbearable pain is transformed into peace; the suffering is taken away. At least, that is what the suicidal person thinks and hopes.
Bush and START I
Authors: Powaski Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Bush, Ronald Reagan’s successor, approached the Soviet Union with extreme caution for most of his first year in office. He believed that his predecessor had been too quick to respond to Gorbachev’s initiatives and that insufficient thought had been given to them. The hasty Reykjavik summit in October 1986, during which Reagan offered to eliminate all nuclear weapons (without consulting America’s nato allies in advance) was, for Bush, a classic example of the kind of diplomacy he wanted to avoid. Moreover, there was concern that Gorbachev might be tricking the West into saving the Soviet system. Brent Scowcroft, Bush’s national security adviser, warned that Gorbachev’s “peace offensive” might be a calculated strategy to lure the West into letting down its guard while the Soviet Union rebuilt its power for a new global offensive. Accordingly, Bush decided the he would not respond to Gorbachev’s peace initiatives until the new administration could review America’s grand strategy.1
Studies In Black And White
Authors: Lemke Sieglinde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Hemingway’s novel The Garden of Eden, the blonde protagonist Catherine tries to make herself darker and darker to attract her husband sexually and to distinguish herself from other white people. This kind of Africanism, Toni Morrison argues in Playing in the Dark, conflates blackness with sex, chaos, and madness. But the underlying function of imagining an “Africanist other” is really, according to Morrison, “an extraordinary meditation on the self.” Fabricating an Africanist persona enables the white self (character, writer, and reader) to explore its most sublimated fears and desires. It does not matter whether or not the Africanist persona is represented as loyal, inferior, rebellious, or fearful. What matters is that the persona remain a projection of white desire and fear.
Whiteman’s Jazz
Authors: Lemke Sieglinde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some may start with an enthusiasm for music of the jazz type, but they cannot go far there, for jazz is peculiarly of an inbred, feeble-stock race, incapable of development. In any case, the people for whom it is meant could not understand it if it did develop. Jazz is sterile. It is all right for fun, or as a mild anodyne, like tobacco. But its lack of rhythmical variety (necessitated by its special purpose), its brevity, its repetitiveness and lack of sustained development, together with the fact that commercial reasons prevent its being, as a rule, very well written, all mark it as a side issue, having next to nothing to do with serious music; and consequently it has proven itself entirely useless as a basis for developing the taste of the amateur. War Department Education Manual (1944) During the 1920s, jazz emerged out of the creative fusion of African and European musical forms. Borrowing from French quadrilles and marches, Protestant hymns, British ballads, West African rhythms, and African American spirituals-and, of course, the blues and ragtime-black musicians created an unconventional, hybrid form. By the time African sculptures and masks exerted their fermenting effect on Europe art, African music had long played an important role in America, at least in black America. We need to remember, however, that the conditions that the two art forms operated in were markedly different: African music arrived in this country on slave ships.
Coherence Between Expressive and Experiential Systems in Emotion
Authors: Rosenberg Erika L , Ekman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We endorse the view that emotions involve patterns of responses that have evolved for their ability to organise disparate bodily systems to respond efficiently to critical environmental events. This position-one version of evolutionary emotion theory-postulates different patterns of responses for each emotion, and implies a coherence among behavioural, physiological, and subjective systems (Darwin, 1872/1965; Ekman, 1977, 1992; Levenson, 1988; Plutchik, 1962; Tomkins, 1962).
Extraversion, Alcohol, and Enjoyment
Authors: Ruch Willibald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Eysenckian extraversion superfactor of personality is considered to represent a general disposition for positive affect (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985). In regards to mood states, extraverts are expected to show variation between positive affect and neutrality whereas the mood states of high neuroticism (N) scorers are expected to vary predominantly between negative affect and neutrality. This hypothesis received support from a variety of studies on mood swings and experimentally-induced mood (e.g., Costa & McCrae, 1980; Hepburn & Eysenck, 1989; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1989).
The Consistency of Facial Expressions of Pain: A Comparison Across Modalities
Authors: Prkachin Kenneth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People in pain communicate their experience in many ways (Craig & Prkachin, 1983). These communications, often subsumed by the label ‘pain behavior’ (Fordyce, 1988), are the basis on which most inferences about pain are drawn in clini¬ cal and research settings. Because the consequences of pain are profound, it would be adaptive if the behaviors evoked were consistent and in the service of comparable ends such as survival or the reduction of suffering. It has been suggested that one of the pri¬ mary functions of pain behavior is to enlist the aid of others (Prkachin, Curry, & Craig, 1983).
Behavioral Markers and Recognizability of the Smile of Enjoyment
Authors: Frank Mark G , Ekman Paul , Friesen Wallace V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The facial expression commonly referred to as “the smile” in fact is not a singular category of facial behavior. As far back as 1862 the French anatomist G. B. Duchenne (1862/1990) noted that the orbicularis oculi muscle, which surrounds the eye, is recruited in smiles that occur with spontaneously experienced enjoyment but not in smiles that are posed (Duchenne, 1862/1990). However, only in the last 10 years have researchers gathered the empirical evidence to confirm Duchenne’s observation (Ekman & Friesen, 1982). This particular configuration of the enjoyment smile1 identified by Duchenne-the orbicularis oculi with zygomatic major-has been called the Duchenne smile in honor of Duchenne’s original observation (Ekman, 1989).
Differentiating Emotion Elicited and Deliberate Emotional Facial Expressions
Authors: Hess Ursula , Kleck Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A topic of continuing interest in the field of nonverbal communication regards the nonverbal indicators of deceptive messages (e.g. DePaulo, Stone, & Lassiter, 1985). In most studies in this field the deception consists of the telling of untruthful messages. Less interest has been given to emotional deception; that is, to the attempt to deceive an observer regarding one’s emotional state, rather than making an untruthful statement. The present research is concerned with differences between spontaneous, emotion elicited, and deliberate emotional facial expressions; specifically with the dynamic features of the facial expressions that might differentiate the two types of displays. Dynamic aspects of the facial expression are features such as the speed of onset and offset, and the irregularity of the expression that refer to the time course rather than the morphology of the facial display.
Emotional Experience and Expression in Schizophrenia and Depression
Authors: Berenbaum Howard , Oltmanns Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, psychopathologists have placed a great deal of emphasis on the role of emotional disturbance in schizophrenia. Whereas both Bleuler (1911/1950) and Kraepelin (1919/1971) considered affective flatness to be a universal symptom of schizophrenia, the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (World Health Organization, 1973) revealed that only 66% of the schizophrenic patients studied exhibited flat affect. People with major depression have also been found to have flat affect (e.g., Andreasen, 1979; Pogue-Geile & Harrow, 1984). Although blunted affect may not be a universal symptom of schizophrenia and is not specific to the disorder, it does appear to have prognostic importance (Carpenter, Bartko, Strauss, & Hawk, 1978; Knight, Roff, Barmett, & Moss, 1979).
Nonverbal Expression of Psychological States in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Ellgring Heiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In what way are psychopathological states associated with specific changes in nonverbal behavior and is this behavior organized differently, thus indicating additional functional changes? In order to deal with these questions, observations on nonverbal behavior of schizophrenic patients and their relatives, of endogenous and neurotic depressed patients and of controls will be reported here.