bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empathy and Prosocial Patterns in Young MZ and DZ Twins: Development and Genetic and Environmental Influences
Authors: Zahn-Waxler Carolyn , Schiro Kimberlea , Robinson Joann L , Emde Robert N , Schmitz Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on empathic development in the second and third years of life. Patterns of heritability, continuity, and change over this time period are considered, extending earlier twin research on genetic and environmental influences (Zahn-Waxler et al., 1992b) to include later time points. In the Mac Arthur Longitudinal Twin Study, ages were chosen so as to bracket a major developmental transition from 20 to 24 months. This transition period includes marked changes in cognitive and linguistic abilities, self-regulation, reflective self-awareness and self-differentiation, the appreciation of standards, and a moral sense (Kagan & Lamb, 1987; Plomin et al., 1993; Zahn-Waxler & Radke-Yarrow, 1990). We viewed this as a unique opportunity to consider children’s patterns of caring for others in the context of these other pivotal devel opmental transformations.
Continuity and Change in General Cognitive Ability from 14 to 36 Months
Authors: Cherny Stacey S , Fulker David W , Emde Robert N , Plomin Robert , Corley Robin P , Defries John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID; Bayley, 1969) are the most widely used measurement scales of general intelligence in infancy and were the first commonly used measures nominated for a marker variable for purposes of making comparisons among longitudinal studies in early development (Bell & Hertz, 1976). However, early in the second year of life, tests of general cognitive ability, such as the BSID, are only moderately predictive of later general intelligence (e.g., Cherny et al., 1995; Wilson, 1983). Thus, there are both continuities and discontinuities from infancy onward in the development of general cognitive ability.
An Experiment in Collaborative Science
Authors: Plomin Robert , Emde Robert N , Hewitt John K , Kagan Jerome , Defries John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book celebrates the success of an experiment in collaborative science. The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study brought together some key developmental psychologists and behavioral geneticists and gave them the opportunity to discuss the difficult issues of individual differences and nature and nurture, not just in the abstract, but in the concrete context of planning a collaborative study that integrated their diverse interests and expertise. Al though there was friction along the way, the sparks produced by this collaborative culture were in the end channeled into producing a unique multivariate longitudinal twin study that focused on development during the critical but neglected second year of life.
Studying Attention Shifts With Location Cueing
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Helmholtz demonstrated that focused attention can be shifted voluntarily and independently of eye position. He also suggested that shifting focused attention to a particular region in the visual field can increase the eﬃciency of analysis of the items located there. With respect to the study of attention, the importance of this finding cannot be overstated. One challenge facing researchers who systematically studied Helmholtz’s finding was the need to develop a procedure that gave them some control over subjects’ attention shifts. Keep in mind that in his demonstration, Helmholtz himself was the observer and he therefore had complete control over changes in his attentional state while performing the task. Unlike Helmholtz, experimental subjects are typically not as motivated to perform to the best of their ability. 7us, researchers needed a procedure that allowed them to know where subjects covertly shift their attention to, and when these shifts occur. Different methods for doing this have been developed, and they usually involve presenting some form of location cue about the impending target.
Epilogue
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Helmholtz’s 19th-century foundational demonstration that attention can be shifted independently of ocular gaze influenced, to a great degree, the contemporary study of attention shifts now known as covert orienting. Posner is credited with developing the location-cueing task best suited for studying it, and so many researchers have used a variant of this method that it is often referred to simply as the “Posner task.” Its simplicity and flexibility preserve links with neuroscience research because it can be performed by animals and by brain-injured patients. The task has also been used to show that attention can be shifted crossmodally between all possible cue-target pairings of visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli.
Winds From Main-Sequence And Post-Main-Sequence Stars
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Winds of LMYSOs are driven by the rotation of magnetized material (cf. section 5.6). A number of other mechanisms can also drive mass loss. This chapter contains treatments of the mechanisms causing mass loss from stars that have evolved beyond infancy. The concept of the escape speed was used in section 4.2. The square of the escape speed from a body is approximately equal to the product of its mass with the universal gravitational constant, G, divided by the distance from the center of the object. Generally the mechanisms driving mass loss from objects result in outflows having speeds of about two to three times the escape speeds from the objects’ surfaces. Thus, the mechanisms are fairly energy efficient in the sense that each uses only a few times more than the minimum energy required to cause material to escape.
The Trivers-Willard Effect
Authors: Trivers Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dan Willard was a graduate student in mathematics at Harvard University, and he wanted to meet some women. There were very few women in math-ematics at Harvard in those days (1970), so Dan started to prowl the halls in search of courses with more agreeable sex ratios. He soon found one in Professor Devore’s renowned primate behavior course. This course attracted almost three hundred students each year, about two-thirds of them women. Dan developed an interest in primate behavior. I was a graduate teaching assistant in Professor Devore’s course, and my duties included giving a few lectures to the class. One lecture was on the sex ratio at birth, and another one was on the logic of mate choice. Dan Willard put pieces of the two lectures together and came up with a brand new argument for adaptive variation in the sex ratio at birth.
Taphonomy of the Swartkrans Hominid Postcrania and Its Bearing on Issues of Meat-Eating and Fire Management
Authors: Pickering Travis R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Plio-Pleistocene cave site of Swartkrans (Gauteng, South Africa) has long been a valuable source for evidence of early hominid evolution and behavior. Most recently, the meticulous excavations and analyses of Swartkrans fossils under the direction of C. K. Brain (1965–1986) have prompted exciting new ideas about the behavioral and technological capabilities of early hominids in South Africa (summarized in Brain 1981, 1993a, 1993b; Brain et al. 1988). Particularly, the juxtaposition of cut marked and burned bones, with stone tools and hominid fossils in Swartkrans Member 3 raises an important question. The question is whether the spatial association between stone tools, cut marked and burned bones, and the remains of hominid individuals implicates these particular individuals as the parties completely or partially responsible for these cultural traces that indicate the utilization of large mammal carcasses and a mastery of fire.
Is Meat the Hunter’s Property?: Big Game, Ownership, and Explanations of Hunting and Sharing
Authors: Hawkes Kristen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meat plays a prominent role in popular scenarios of human evolution. One influential view depicts ancestral males hunting to feed their mates and offspring as the keystone adaptation favoring the spread of features that distinguish us from the other apes (e.g., Washburn and Lancaster 1968; Lovejoy 1981; Lancaster and Lancaster 1983; Tooby and DeVore 1987; Fisher 1992; Ridley 1996; Pinker 1997). This story of human evolution locates the origin of men’s work in paternal investment (Trivers 1972). Males in most primate species allocate their reproductive effort largely to mating competition instead of parenting. Any tendency in ancestral human males to shift effort from mating to parental provisioning could only spread if the youngsters a man fed were his own offspring.
Intragroup Resource Transfers: Comparative Evidence, Models, and Implications for Human Evolution
Authors: Winterhalder Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion that early hominid social groups might have engaged in routine sharing of meat or other highly valued food-stuffs apparently is seen by paleoanthropologists as a bit romantic and wholly naive. The site-level empiricism that fueled Isaac’s (1978a, 1978b, 1984) promotion of the idea has given way to taphonomic caution (Binford 1985). Alternative interpretations—such as the putative living sites may have been stone caches used briefly for secondary processing of animal parts removed from kill sites (Potts 1984)—have become available. The ethnographic analogy with extant hunter-gatherers that seemed to Isaac and others to offer decisive comparative confirmation is now viewed with skepticism. Prehistorians no longer willingly suffer the “tyranny of the ethnographic record” (Wobst 1978).
Judgments Under Stress
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Judgments Under Stress presents a new and exciting approach to understanding the effects of stressful conditions on judgment and decision making -- a topic so important it was addressed in a Congressional Hearing in 1988. Consisting mainly of two parts, the book synthesizes a vast body of cognitive psychology research into an innovative theoretical framework. Part I provides the reader with background in regards to judgment under stress while Part II discusses a new approach to studying it. Author Kenneth Hammond extends his examination from the effects of stress on professional judgments to its effects on moral and political judgments, working out a conceptual framework wholly within a psychological context. The book also includes discussions on sleep deprivation, fatigue, noise, heat, shock, and time pressure. In addition to laboratory experiments, Hammond looks at real life historical events such as Iran Flight 655 and the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Judgments Under Stress provides a shrewd analysis of the effects of stress on human rationale, making it ideal for professional psychologists as well as for those interested in political science and social policy.
Two Metatheories That Control Theory and Research in Judgment and Decision Making
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frameworks for describing a variety of theories and models are called metatheories. What is a metatheory? It is simply a means for describing and dassifying different types of theories. Classifying various theories and naming them-is useful because it enables us to see their differences in goals, and thus enables us to see why their content and their associated methodologies differ. I will put the idea of metatheories to work immediately by pointing out that two metatheories have controlled the direction of research in judgment and decision making from its beginning in the 1950s. One is named the coherence metatheory because it refers to those theories and models that are concerned with the coherence-that is, the rationality of a per son’ s judgments and decisions. Research carried out within these theories seeks to discover what factors affect whether a person’ s judgment process will meet the test of rationality, that is, logical or mathematical consistency, or in the case of a narrative, an absence of contradictions. A second metatheory controlling research in judgment and decision making is named the correspondence metatheory because it refers to those theories that are concerned with the correspondence of a judgment with the empirical facts, that is, the empirical accuracy of a judgment.
Introduction
Authors: Olsen Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was late October, 1855, in Handsboro, Mississippi. A typical afternoon barbecue turned tense and violent when Democrat Robert Saffold drew a loaded pistol, aimed, and threatened to shoot his opponent for the state senate, prominent attorney Roderick Seal (figure 1.1). The trouble began when, along with a crowd of several hundred others, Saffold and Seal listened to a speech by Know-Nothing Isaac Martin, a local Harrison County politician. In the course of his remarks, Martin claimed that President Thomas Jefferson had once directed his postmaster general to bar all foreigners from post office patronage. This order, he implied, demonstrated that the Democratic Party had discriminated against foreigners in the past, making its current complaints about the Know Nothings’ nativist platform hypocritical and dishonest.
Early Autumn
Authors: Olsen Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1849 and 1851 Mississippians wrestled with a number of sectional issues: the Wilmot Proviso, California’s possible admission to the Union as a free state, and the Compromise of 1850. At first uniting men across party lines, these problems ultimately divided the state’s voters into new factions supporting or opposing the compromise and culminated in a convention to consider secession. Throughout the long controversy, men’s behaviour and rhetoric exemplified the foremost qualities of Mississippi’s antebellum political culture. First, it betrayed voters’ feeble attachment to the Whig and Democratic parties as thousands of men discarded their former affiliations in favor of new ones. The 1851 contests at every level evinced an energy and intensity far greater than earlier contests between the two old parties. Second, the nearly two-year-long debate—really one uninterrupted political season—revealed a common.
Valediction
Authors: Olsen Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After 1855 the nascent institutional parties spawned by the Know-Nothings’ oaths and organization withered. Voters reaffirmed their primary commitment to personal relationships, ensuring that Mississippi’s antiparty tradition would continue to define its political culture. At least one perceptive editor recognized the potential consequences of this antiparty “if,aw”: “So long as the Convention [or party] system is [accepted], the candidate loses sight of himself and becomes the mere representative or exponent of a class of principles.” If one loses, it is with the “honors of party” and “there is nothing personal in his defeat or triumph.” But, the editor concluded, when candidates are separated from the institutional context of parties, “all is personal, nothing but personal, and it is a miracle if it terminates otherwise than in hostilities.”
Issues in the Study of Scrambling
Authors: Kidwai Ayesha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book investigates the syntactic and interpretive properties of the leftward argument scrambling operation in Hindi-Urdu,1 and through it, the status of derived XP-adjunction in the model of Universal Grammar (UG) conceived of in the minimalist program (Chomsky 1992, 1993, 1995, Chomsky and Lasnik 1993). The study of argument scrambling has, over the past decade or so, made this leap from empirical fact to theoretical conjecture quite distinctly its own, mainly because the (leftward) argument scrambling operation crosslinguistically exhibits a puzzling variety of properties that resist description in more traditional terms of reference.
The Structure of the UG Clause
Authors: Kidwai Ayesha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inquiry in recent years into the architecture of the UG clause has yielded quite fruitful results. Since Chomsky (1989), structural Case and verb agreement is considered to be a reflex of the configuring of an argument and the verb in a SPEC-head relationship, now assumed to be effected via a checking relation in the universal clause structure as presented in example (2) of chapter 2. This chapter investigates the validity of this UG clause structure and the attendant assumption that Case can only be checked from a position narrowly L-related to an L-related head. Specifically, I argue that considerations of data and theory require the relocation of the AGR-oP projection to a position internal to VP as in (1), and that indirect objects check structural dative Case from a position broadly L-related to this VP-internal AGR-o.
Scrambling, Focus, and Specificity
Authors: Kidwai Ayesha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theories of binding and coreference developed in the previous chapter suggest a way in which the binding-theoretic challenges to an analysis of scrambling as XP-adjunction may be tackled. Although this is an obvious step forward in the study of the phenomenon, it still remains to be shown why scrambling takes place at all and why it must necessarily be an overt phenomenon. If standard approaches to the phenomenon are to be believed, then scrambling is both an entirely optional and a semantically vacuous operation, but such a characterization of the phenomenon is simply inadequate from the perspective of minimalism.
“A Moralist in Disguise”: Mark Twain and American Religion
Authors: Bush Harold K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around the summer of 1874, Mark Twain rapidly read and digested W E. H. Lecky’s History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne(1869), writing the following in the margins: “If I have understood this book aright, it proves two things beyond shadow or question: I: That Christianity is the very invention of Hell itself; 2 & that Christianity is the most precious and elevating and ennobling boon ever vouchsafed to the world.” The first half of this inscription constitutes by far the most popular critical approach to Twain’s treatment of religion: he mocked and ridiculed it. However, much less has been said about Twain’s affinities for and his deep attractions to the “invisible domains” of faith, as signified by the second half of the inscription. This attraction can be seen throughout Twain’s life, from his highly religious courting letters to Livy, to his close friendships with clergymen (especially the Rev. Joseph Twichell), his regular attendance and charitable giving to Twichell’s Asylum Hill Congregational Church, and more generally to his lifelong championing of moral causes and his cagey deployment of Christian rhetoric.
Aging, Intimate Relationships, and Life Story among Gay Men
Authors: Cohler Bertram J , Hostetler Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
editors’ introduction This essay by Cobler and Hostetler is the first of three sets of case studies that show the way people’s lives take shape and how their histories help decide what matters to them as they enter later life. In this essay and in the two autobiographical accounts that follow we can see how people express what they find important in life in the direction their lives take, even as their attention is absorbed by day-to-day challenges. They make known their values and goals not in declarations but in the relationships they establish, the decisions they make, and the lives they fashion.
Spidery Math
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol has always been interested in spiderwebs, and he continually searches for beautiful specimens throughout the world. Spiderwebs come in all shapes, sizes, and orientations. The largest of all webs are the aerial ones spun by tropical orb weavers of the genus Nephila—they can grow up to 18 feet in circumference! Spiders sometimes make mistakes. Researchers have found that spiders under the influence of mind-altering drugs spin abnormal webs. Marijuana, for example, causes spiders to leave large spaces between the framework threads and inner spirals. Spiders on benzedrine produce an erratic, seemingly unfinished web, and caffeine leads to haphazardly spun threads.
The Fractal Overdrive
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol belongs to a group of mathematicians who meet each month in a secret club. Status in their Fractal Society is based on the prowess with which an individual plays mathematical games and proves mathematical theorems. The center of such activity is a building called the Imaginarium, which is shaped like a Mandelbrot set. There are various pleasurable rewards bestowed upon club members in proportion to the novelty of theorems they solve. Dr. Googol’s favorite society game is called Fractal Fantasies.
Satanic Cycles
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol brought a large unicycle to his classroom and started riding up and down the aisles. “Sir,” said a student after several minutes, “why are you doing this?”Dr. Googol hopped off the unicycle. “Why? I’ll tell you why. Listen to my tale about a demon bicyclist riding through the burning depths of Hell.”
Persistence
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol once lectured during a summer session at Harvard University. As he looked over his class of eager postdoctoral students, he smiled at Monica, his best pupil. Dr. Googol started by drawing on the blackboard: He turned back to the class. “Can anyone tell me how the following sequence arises?”Monica instantly stuck up her hand. “Sir, in ‘969, 486, 192, 18, 8’ each term is the product of the digits of the previous term.”
The Spring of Khosrow Carpet
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The merchant told Dr. Googol that the carpet was called the Spring Carpet because it represented, in silk, gold, silver, and jewels, the blossoming splendor of spring. It was also called the Winter Carpet because it was used in bad weather, when real gardens were unavailable. In this way, it symbolized the king’s power to command the return of the seasons.
l±l-Numbers from Los Alamos
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
L. Kerry Mitchell, an aerospace engineer at the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, suggested to Dr. Googol the concept of modified U-numbers, or ⊗-numbers. In these cases, addition is replaced by multiplication in the definition of U-numbers. Starting with 2 numbers greater than 1, continue the sequence with those numbers that can be written only in 1 way as the product of 2 previous elements.
Jacksonian Epilepsy
Authors: York George K , Koehler Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The name of John Hughlings Jackson is associated with a form of focal seizure featuring the march of ictal movements through one side of the body, commonly beginning in the thumb. Hughlings Jackson also made important observations on aphasia and developed a theory of evolutionary neurophysiology which formed the basis of a practical model of bedside cerebral localization used in neurology and psychiatry. John HughlingsJackson was born in Green Hammerton, Yorkshire, on 4 April 1835, the youngest of five children. His father, Samuel Jackson, was a prosperous farmer and brewer who later suffered a severe financial crisis. His mother, Sarah Hughlings, was of Welsh descent. John Hughlings Jackson attended provincial schools in Green Hammerton and Nailsworth, Gloucestershire. At the age of 15 he was apprenticed to William Anderson, a physician in the city of York. After two years, he entered the York Medical School, where Anderson taught obstetrics.