bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and Power
Authors: Postel Charles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the winter of 1892, P. G. Temple set a modest proposal before the regular January meeting of the Gillespie County, Texas, Farmers’ Alliance. He suggested that the Alliance send a memorial to the managers of the Columbian World’s Fair in Chicago. The exposition, scheduled to open the next year, promised to put on display “the world’s resources and progress in every department of human effort.” In Temple’s view, justice demanded that the men and women responsible for producing this wealth also be represented at the fair. Temple proposed that the exposition managers Temple’s proposal captured much about how rural reformers understood the injustices and divisions cleaving American society. He gave expression to a social critique shared by millions of late nineteenth-century farmers: the submission of the laboring classes to the mounting burdens of debt, poverty, and overwork corresponded to the fantastic growth of monopoly, luxury, and ill-gotten corporate wealth.
Race and Interracial Coalitions
Authors: Thompson J Phillip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On August 8, 1978, hundreds of police officers attempted to evict eleven adults and their children from a house in Powelton Village, a part of Philadelphia not far from Drexel University and the University of Pennsylvania. The adults were members of MOVE, an eccentric black back-to-nature group with a history of violent confrontations with the police. MOVE was an annoyance to its neighbors, with threats, foul language broadcast on bullhorns, running across the adjacent rooftops of their neighbors and blocking the common rear-alley driveway. Its members made little effort to comply with city housing ordinances. While groups like MOVE sometimes find refuge in remote rural areas, MOVE’s members feared to leave the city’s black community lest they become isolated and even more vulnerable to attack by vigilantes or government authorities.
“Set Up a Think Tank”: A Black Mayor’s Accountability to the Black Community: The Case of David Dinkins
Authors: Thompson J Phillip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One day in1988, Bill Lynch, Manhattan Borough President David Dinkins’s chief of staff, met with Basil Paterson, the only black leader in New York City to have served at a senior level at city hall. What should Lynch do first if the opportunity arose for Dinkins to run for mayor? “Set up a think tank;’ said Patterson. A think tank may not seem top priority for a pragmatic politician, but to Lynch, a seasoned political campaign strategist and former labor leader, it made sense. Besides, Patterson did not have in mind a detached academic think tank that thinks up policy but has no opportunity to carry it out or take responsibility for results. Paterson urged Lynch to initiate discussions with leaders of local organizations and with academics to help Dinkins develop an agenda, assess what political resources and alliances would be needed, and to begin conversations with those who could help him achieve that agenda. Draw up the agenda before, not during or after the campaign, Paterson said. If Dinkins became mayor, “there will not be time to think through issues.” But in 1988, fund-raising, the courting ofunion and party leaders, and polling seemed more important to both Dinkins and Lynch than forming a think tank and a civic roundtable.
Reading Brontë’S Novels The Confessional Tradition
Authors: Bock Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since jane eyre was published in 1847, a set of expectations about what it means to read Brontë’s novels has been fostered by reviewers, critics, teachers, and nonprofessional readers alike. These expectations have been passed from generation to generation, so that one can justifiably speak of a “tradition” in the reading of Brontë’s novels: a set of interpretive assumptions we typically make about her work. To identify this tradition is to name our presuppositions and thereby understand how they direct and limit our reading responses. In tracing the history of the critical reception of Brontë’s novels, this [essay] tries to account for the predominance of what I call “the confessional tradition” in reading her fiction and points out some of the interpretive constraints by which that tradition limits our understanding of her achievement as a narrative artist.
Excerpts from Allegories of Empire
Authors: Sharpe Jenny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Charlotte Brontë deploys the feminist metaphor of domestic slavery for staging one woman’s rebellion against sexual and economic bondage. As an orphan and poor relation at Gateshead, the young Jane has a social rank even lower than that of the servants. When her cousin, John Reed, violently attacks her for reading books that do not belong to her, she compares him to a Roman slave driver: “You are like a murderer—you are like a slavedriver—you are like the Roman emperors!” (JE, 8). Her triple denouncement makes public an analogy she had previously kept to herself. Language assumes a force of its own, transforming her former passive resistance into active and open rebellion. The ten-year-old Jane, “like any other rebel slave... resisted all the way” (JE, 9). Subsequently punished for her unacceptable behavior, she is locked in the haunted red room where “the mood of the revolted slave” (JE, 11) keeps alive her sense of injustice. Unable to handle the unruly child any longer, Mrs. Reed decides to send her to the Lowood Institution for orphaned girls. Jane, increasingly compelled to voice her oppression, responds to her aunt’s actions by accusing her of being a cruel and deceitful woman—an outburst that gives her “the strangest sense of freedom” (JE, 31). This opening scene, with its movement from bondage to freedom and from an imposed silence to speech, has been triumphantly claimed by feminist critics. Yet, if one reads the scene in terms of its slave references as I have, one notices that assertions of a rebellious feminism are enacted through the figure of a rebel slave.
Jane Eyre in Later Lives Intertextual Strategies in Women’S Self-Definition
Authors: Stoneman Patsy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy would have supposed her born to be a heroine.” The opening of Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey (1818) offers a challenge to an earlier literary convention that a heroine should be beautiful, good, and accomplished, an ideal to be aspired to rather than the real, dirty, ignorant girl Catherine Morland proves to be. The debate was still vigorous in the 1840s when Charlotte Brontë protested to her sisters that she would take a heroine as small and plain as herself and make her as interesting as the most beautiful and accomplished heroine of conventional fiction. Both the “idealist” and the “realist” approaches to literature, however, are based on a mirror-like concept of the reading process. The “idealists” assumed that the reader, by identifying with an image of perfection, would become more perfect herself. The “realists,” on the other hand, assumed that readers needed above all confirmation of their own imperfect existence.
Introduction
Authors: de Waal Alex 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is a study of the famine which struck Darfur, Sudan, during 1984/5. Most books about famines are written from the viewpoint of outsiders, such as relief agencies and other organizations which have taken it upon themselves to prevent or alleviate famines. This book is different. It analyses a famine from the perspective of the rural people who suffered it. The story of the huge international famine-relief operation forms only a marginal pan in the analysis, reflecting the minor role that it played in the lives of the famine sufferers.
The History and Concept of Famine
Authors: de Waal Alex 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The famine of 1984/5 was an event of historical significance in Darfur. It is now widely accepted that a social scientist studying a famine should place it in a historical context (Anderson and Johnson 1988). That is not all, however. The victims of the 1984/5 famine themselves also put the drought and famine in a historical context: for instance they commonly compared it to the great famine of 1913/The question as to which famine was the worse provoked much debate. This is partly a matter of a current representation of that famine. Throughout much of Darfur 1913/14 was known as Julu, meaning ‘Wandering’, and people discussed whether 1984/5 was likewise a famine of ‘wandering’. But it is also a matter of a genuine historical consciousness. In some villages of Jebel Si the famine of 1984/5 was actually named after 1913/14: it was given the name Kadisa, meaning ‘Cat’. Some informants even suggested that the ‘cat’ famine of 1913/14 was itself named after a famine of the 1820s (see below). Historical awareness is also shown by the way in which texts such as those of the nineteenth-century merchantel Tunisi (1854) are read, discussed, and criticized by rural people. If modern texts such as that of O’Fahey (1980) were available in Arabic they would be subjected to similar critical scrutiny.
“Mission Accomplished”
Authors: Altschule Glenn C , Blumin Stuart M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the fall of 1943 Roosevelt understood that Congress would not pass an American Beveridge Plan. The election of 1942 had been a disaster for his Democratic Party. With Republican gains of forty-seven seats in the House of Representatives and seven in the Senate, Roosevelt faced the most conservative Congress of his presidency. Since southern Democrats could now join Republicans to form a majority coalition, the prospects for maintaining New Deal social programs, let alone expanding them, appeared dim.
“SRO” Veterans and the Colleges
Authors: Altschule Glenn C , Blumin Stuart M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the spring of 1946, Time Magazine reported, it was “standing room only” in many of the 2,268 universities, colleges, and junior colleges approved by the Veterans Administration as eligible for reimbursement under Title II of the GI Bill. Three hundred thousand World War II veterans had enrolled, more than three times the number of matriculants in the entire year of 1945. Millions more were on the way. In 1945, 88,000 of 1.6 million students were GIs. By 1947, 2.3 million men and women had enrolled in colleges and universities, 1.15 million of them veterans of World War II. The dilemma of administrators in higher education, wrote Milton MacKaye in the Saturday Evening Post, was akin to that of the family “who inherited a herd of elephants: where to put them. The bitter tea of the educators is this: the dream of opportunity is at hand, and the colleges do not have the facilities, the housing, the instructors or classrooms to handle it.”
Introduction : Dreams and Nightmares
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is some time in the future. Businesses, governments, and individual lives have been fundamentally transformed, above all because of the rise of new methods for obtaining information. Collaborative projects, often involving numerous strangers, are growing in both scale and quality, to the benefit of millions of people. Many of these projects are open to every human being on the globe. It is also simple to find, almost instantly, the judgments of “people like you” about almost everything: books, movies, hotels, restaurants, vacation spots, museums, television programs, music, potential romantic partners, doctors, movie stars, and countless goods and services.
Money, Prices, and Prediction Markets
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Statistical groups elicit and incorporate the views of group members. Deliberating groups are supposed to do the same. A very different way to aggregate information is to rely on prices and on the signals that prices give. To see why that method might work, consider the familiar informal challenge when people disagree on some question: “Want to bet?” The point of the challenge is to suggest that the speaker is really confident of her judgment, enough so as to ask the person with whom she disagrees to back her conviction with money. Much of the time, the challenge is successful in the sense that it operates to establish to all concerned that one or another belief is weakly held. When people ask for a bet, they are bypassing deliberation and offering a good clue about the confidence with which they hold their views. But if we want to get access to many minds, we might see if economic incentives can be used far more formally and systematically.
Crosstown Traffic
Authors: Harford Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We’ve just learned that in the world of perfect markets, everything is for the best. We know that perfect markets are completely efficient, delivering outcomes that are flawless in every respect except distribution. We also know from the head start theorem that we can fix any complaints about distribution in advance. Presto, every problem solved, or at least every problem concerning the allocation of goods and services.
At War with Algiers
Authors: Leiner Frederick C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As 1814 Turned Into 1815, a new secretary of the navy was en route to Washington. Benjamin W. Crowninshield, age forty-two, came from a wealthy and famous shipowning family in Salem, Massachusetts. Lanternjawed, with short, wavy hair and the newly fashionable sideburns framing a high forehead, Crowninshield gave an appearance of stolidity and calm. In an era when an unwritten requirement for secretaries of the navy was personal experience with shipping, as a merchant, ship captain, or admiralty lawyer, Benjamin Crowninshield had the credentials for the post. He had gone to sea as a cabin boy and rose to master of Salem ships to the East Indies by the time he turned twenty. Along with four of his brothers, Benjamin came ashore to work with his father as a merchant in the family countinghouse, Geo. Crowninshield — Sons. The Crowninshield firm owned wharves and a fleet of merchant ships. By 1809, when the father and sons split the business into three, Geo. Crowninshield — Sons owned a dozen oceangoing ships rated between 250 and 500 tons, and were the leading American merchants in the pepper trade with the East Indies.
Related Record Searches
Authors: Mann Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The three indexes from the Institute for Scientific Information discussed in Chapter 6—the Science Citation Index, the Social Sciences Citation Index, and the Arts & Humanities Citation Index (and their merged form in the Web of Science)—offer an additional, and unique, way to do subject searches for articles in scholarly journals. This is “related record” searching; it can be done only in the Web or CD-ROM formats of these sources, not in their print versions. When doing this kind of inquiry, you must first start with a keyword search in whichever ISI database you wish to consult. (If you know the names of particular authors writing on your topic, you could also use them as starting points.) Once you have a list of relevant articles rounded up via keywords, you have to call up the full-format version of each record individually; in the Web database, this display will then give you a “Find Related Records” radio button that you can click on. (The display is different in the CD-ROMs.) Clicking here will start a new search that will round up any other articles in the same database that have footnotes in common with your starting-point article. Note that these are not the same as subsequent articles that cite your initial source, which you would get from a citation search.
Locating Material in Other Libraries
Authors: Mann Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If your own library does not own the sources you’ve identified through subject heading searches, keyword searches, citation or related record searches, or those done through published bibliographies, there are three major resources that will usually enable you to identify which other libraries do own them. Beyond those three, however, thousands of other sources may be useful. The first place to look is the WorldCat database. It is available in the First Search system and now as a free-access site in Google and Yahoo. (It may soon be accessible through other Internet search engines.) The database itself is essentially the combined library catalogs of over 45,000 libraries in eighty-seven countries. It has over 52,000,000 records. In addition to books, it also records maps, prints, photographs, sound recordings, slides, newspapers, motion pictures, videotapes, manuscripts, recommended Web sites, and other formats. Whatever gets cataloged in any of the participating libraries winds up in the pot for everyone to search. For each item library locations are provided. (This database forms the basis for most interlibrary lending.) To get into this file in Google, use the advanced search page and specify the domain as “worldcatlibraries.org.”
Special Subjects and Formats
Authors: Mann Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although the various methods of searching discussed so far are all applicable in any subject area, some topics present unusually complex arrays of research resources, and require more particular overviews of individual sources. Those discussed in this chapter have proven themselves useful in providing answers to many specialized questions. Two excellent starting points for biographical information on individuals, both prominent and obscure, are the Biography and Genealogy Master Index (Gale) and Biography Index (H. W. Wilson); both are available in subscription-online and print formats. The former is an index to thousands of biographical dictionaries, who’s who compilations, and subject encyclopedias having biographical articles; it is an excellent starting point for locating biographical write-ups on both famous and obscure people from all parts of the world, from all time periods. It currently indexes nearly 14 million sketches. Biography Index is the largest ongoing index to biographical books, pamphlets, and journal articles; it indexes biographical articles from 2,700 periodicals and more than 1,500 books every year. The subscription database format covers material published from 1984 forward (as of this writing); the printed volumes go back to 1946.
Introduction
Authors: Hahn Robert W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970, the United States has embarked on a major regulatory effort to protect the environment, health, and safety. That effort has produced some unquestionably desirable results-such as cleaner rivers and cleaner air-but also much controversy.We have learned a great deal about regulation since 1970. Perhaps most important, we have learned that regulations have significant costs, not just benefits, and that analysis of risk is an indispensable component of sensible regulation. It has become clear that more sensitivity to costs not only would yield greater net social benefits but would actually improve regulatory outcomes such as a cleaner and safer environment.Making that statement does not, however, imply that the matter is settled. Profound disagreements remain-more among the public and politicians than among economists and scientists-about the implications of being more aware of costs and of assessing comparative risk in making regulations. Emotions often run high, as recent congressional debates over the major regulatory reform legislation have made amply clear. Most noneconomists, for example, have an instinctive aversion to putting a limit on what they would be willing to spend to reduce different kinds of risks, although doing so is fundamental to certain kinds of regulatory analysis.
The Dangers Of Unbounded Commitments To Regulate Risk
Authors: Viscusi W Kip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For economists, determining the appropriate degree of risk regulation should not differ much from any other policy choice we make. We should consider the policy options, assess their benefits and costs, and select the policy that is in society’s best interests. Ultimately, some trade-offs must be made as society decides how vigilant to be in promoting safety. If it were relatively inexpensive to make life risk-free, those concerns would not be an issue. Unfortunately, life is inherently risky. All forms of transit pose risks, as do meat, alcohol, and many widely consumed and very healthful foods, such as celery and broccoli. The limited nature of our resources is apparent when we realize that if the entire U.S. gross domestic product were devoted to avoiding fatal accidents, we would have only $55 million to spend per life at risk. That expenditure would leave us no available resources to combat cancer and AIDS or to provide for other health-related needs, such as food and housing.
Regulatory Reform: What Do the Government’s Numbers Tell Us?
Authors: Hahn Robert W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The political earthquake that shook Washington in November of 1994 brought with it a call for regulatory reform. The call came not just from conservative Republicans, although they vigorously supported reform. The call also came from many Democrats, who recognized that Washington bureaucracies were not working very well and in many instances were standing in the way of progress. The bipartisan support for some kind of regulatory reform stemmed from the public’s growing awareness of the potential excesses of government regulation. Philip Howard highlighted some of those potential excesses in his best-selling book on regulation, The Death of Common Sense (1995). In that book Howard showed how laws and regulations deterred Mother Teresa and the Missionaries of Charity from building a homeless shelter in the South Bronx and prevented Amoco from reducing five times as much benzene at its Yorktown refinery at one-fifth the current cost. The message is clear-our regulatory system is broken and needs to be fixed.
Sources
Authors: Bull Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Around 1500, Francesco Maturanzio, a Perugian humanist, wrote to his friend the banker Alfano Alfani. He boasted that he had got hold of something ‘more remarkable than anything you have seen from the whole of antiquity’. It was an ancient lamp still burning inside an urn –1- a literal fulfilment of Walter Pater’s claim that ‘at the Renaissance, in the midst of a frozen world, the buried fire of ancient art rose up from under the soil’. And why not? All over Italy bits of the ancient world were just lying about waiting to be discovered. To a discerning observer like the Byzantine scholar Manuel Chrysoloras, who walked around Rome in 1411 noting reliefs representing episodes from ancient myth, the litter of antiquity even made a kind of sense, yet to most people, including the educated, it did not quite add up. Although there were continuities in literature, language and custom, the religion that bound these things together had been obliterated by Christianity. The challenge of the Renaissance was not the recovery of the past, but finding the spark that had given it life. The lamp still burning was a fantasy; the flame had to be rekindled.