bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a contactless measurement method for transmission line surge voltage waveform
Authors: Yamabuki Koichi , Nagaoka Naoto , Ametani Akihiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes a contactless method to measure a surge voltage waveform on an overhead transmission line and on a cable sheath enclosed in a corrosion‐proof layer. To measure surge voltage and current waveforms on the overhead line, the method is based on electromagnetic coupling between the overhead line and a surge sensor, composed of a closed loop which is a distributed parameter line. The surge waveform is estimated from the induced voltage to the closed loop and from a Z‐parameter theory. To measure the cable sheath voltage waveform, the method is based on electrostatic coupling between the sheath and a detecting electrode, which is portable and detachable, and is composed of quite simple components, and its potential dividing ratio is adjustable using a lumped capacitor. The proposed method is inexpensive, is easy to measure surge waveforms with reasonable accuracy, and also is applicable to surge measurement on a live line because of its contactless nature. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(1): 9–15, 2001
Analysis of recovery characteristic in commutation‐type superconducting fault current limiter considering time–current characteristic of protective relay and system impedance
Authors: Mimura Kazushi , Shimizu Hirotaka , Yokomizu Yasunobu , Matsumura Toshiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs equipment to limit the fault current in electric power systems, the superconducting fault current limiter (SC‐FCL) is expected to be introduced. Since the SC‐FCL was required to recover to the superconducting state rapidly after current interruption, it is important to understand the recovery characteristics of SC‐FCL. In this paper, the recovery characteristics of SC‐FCL in a 6.6‐kV distribution system were theoretically investigated. We computed the time variation of superconducting cable temperature after quench and the recovery time for the commutation‐type SC‐FCL having the superconducting element connected to a limiting resistor in parallel. The calculations were carried out for different conditions of system impedance, limiting impedance of SC‐FCL, and length of superconducting cable, considering the time–current characteristics of the protective relay. As a result, it is found that the recovery time decreases with an increase in system impedance and with a reduction in limiting impedance of SC‐FCL. Furthermore, the decrease in length of superconducting cable causes the increase in the recovery time. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(4): 26–33, 2001
Assessment of regional air pollution variability in Istanbul
Authors: Şen Zekai , Öztopal Ahmet 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAir pollution concentrations have temporal and spatial variations depending on the prevailing weather conditions, topographic features, city building heights and locations. When the measurements of air pollutants are available at set measurement sites, the regional variability degree of air pollutants is quantified using the point cumulative semi‐variogram (PCSV). This technique provides a systematic method for calculating the changes in the concentrations of air pollutants with distance from a specific site. Regional variations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and total suspended particulate (TSP) matter concentrations in Istanbul city were evaluated using the PCSV concept. The data were available from 16 different air pollution measurement stations scattered all over the city for a period from 1988 to 1994. Monthly regional variation maps were drawn in and around the city at different radii of influence. These maps provide a reference for measuring future changes of air pollution in the city. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Closed‐form solution for seismic response of adjacent buildings with linear quadratic Gaussian controllers
Authors: Xu Y. L. , Zhang W. S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractClosed‐form solution for seismic response of adjacent buildings connected by hydraulic actuators with linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controllers is presented in this paper. The equations of motion of actively controlled adjacent buildings against earthquake are first established. The complex modal superposition method is then used to determine dynamic characteristics, including modal damping ratio, of actively controlled adjacent buildings. The closed‐form solution for seismic response of the system is finally derived in terms of the complex dynamic characteristics, the pseudo‐excitation method and the residue theorem. By using the closed‐form solution, extensive parametric studies can be carried out for the system of many degrees of freedom. The beneficial parameters of LQG controllers for achieving the maximum response reduction of both buildings using reasonable control forces can be identified. The effectiveness of LQG controllers for this particular application is evaluated in this study. The results show that for the adjacent buildings of different dynamic properties, if the parameters of LQG controllers are selected appropriately, the modal damping ratios of the system can be significantly increased and the seismic responses of both buildings can be considerably reduced. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete‐time variable structure control of seismically excited building structures
Authors: Lu Xilin , Zhao Bin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGenerally, the active structural control system belongs to the discrete‐time control system, and the sampling period is one of the most important factors that would directly affect the performance of the control system. In this paper, active control approaches by using the discrete‐time variable structure control theory are studied for reducing the dynamic responses of seismically excited building structures. Based on the discrete reaching law method, a feedback controller which includes the sampling period is presented. The controller is extended by introducing the saturated control method to avoid the adverse effect when the actuators are saturated due to unexpected extreme earthquakes. The simulation results are obtained for a single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) system and a MDOF shear building equipped with active brace system (ABS) under seismic excitations. It is found that the discrete variable structure control approach and its saturated control method presented in this paper are quite effective. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐level design model and genetic algorithm for structural control system optimization
Authors: Li Q. S. , Liu D. K. , Zhang N. , Tam C. M. , Yang L. F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe integrated optimum problem of structures subjected to strong earthquakes and wind excitations, optimizing the number of actuators, the configuration of actuators and the control algorithms simultaneously, is studied. Two control algorithms, optimal control and acceleration feedback control, are used as the control algorithms. A multi‐level optimization model is proposed with respect to the solution procedure of the optimum problem. The characteristics of the model are analysed, and the formulation of each suboptimization problem at each level is presented. To solve the multi‐level optimization problem, a multi‐level genetic algorithm (MLGA) is proposed. The proposed model and MLGA are used to solve two multi‐level optimization problems in which the optimization of the number of actuators, the positions of actuators and the control algorithm are considered in different levels. In problem 1, an example structure is excited by strong wind, and in problem 2, an example structure is subjected to strong earthquake excitation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minicolumn field sampling and flow‐injection‐atomic absorption spectrometric determination of lead in seawater
Authors: Yebra M. C. , Carro N. , Moreno‐Cid A. , Puig L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA simple field‐flow preconcentration system has been developed for lead determination in seawater. Seawater samples are collected in situ by passing them with a pump through minicolumns packed with poly(aminophosphonic acid) chelating resin to retain and preconcentrate lead, and remove the saline matrix. Minicolumns loaded with lead are then returned to the laboratory where they are inserted into a flow‐injection system and eluted with a small volume of hydrochloric acid into the nebulizer‐burner system of a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The detection limit for lead in seawater was 2.8 ng l−1. This procedure was applied to the determination of lead in seawater samples from Galicia (Spain). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 239–243, 2001
Comparative study of odour and GC‐olfactometric profiles of selected essential oils
Authors: Kamath Anupama , Asha M. R. , Ravi R. , Narasimhan Shanthi , Rajalakshmi D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe market demand for novel foods and beverages is increasing. The blending of flavour notes to create an exotic one, to satisfy the tastes and fantasies of the modern generation, may soon become a major task for researchers. In order to achieve this, it is essential to study the single flavourant thoroughly, and the dominant and subtle notes in them, prior to blending. In the present study, profiling of four essential oils, viz. lemongrass, rosemary, geranium and davana, were carried out by two methods, GC‐olfactometry (GC–O) and per se odour profile by trained panelists. The attributes of odour analysis and GC–O were compared using spider‐web plots. The study showed that although some odour notes perceived by sniffing the oils directly and those perceived by sniffing the effluent of GC at different retention times (RTs) varied, the dominant notes were similar. The odour profiling per se depicts the overall odour perceived, while the GC–O aromagrams represent the picture of odour notes of fractionated volatiles at the respective retention times. The results of the study gives an in‐depth description of odour notes in the essential oil and helps the technologist to blend them to achieve the required flavour notes. Thus, the study finds its application in the development of designer beverages containing essential oils or blends of oils with the desired odour characteristics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses and odour descriptions of cyclopropanated compounds 3.1 Analogues of leaf alcohol, its esters and leaf acetal
Authors: Kiyota Hiromasa , Higashi Emi , Takai Takafumi , Oritani Takayuki , Kuwahara Shigefumi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnalogues of leaf alcohol and related compounds, bearing a cyclopropane ring in place of the double bond, were synthesized and their odour characteristics were examined. cis‐(Ethylcyclopropyl)ethanol was prepared using the Simmons–Smith reaction with leaf alcohol. Ethoxyethyl ether and some alkyl and aryl esters were also prepared. Cyclopropanation of the double bond modified their original odour characteristic without losing the key green note. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oil of four species of Ruilopezia from the Venezuelan Andes
Authors: Aparicio R. , Romero M. , Rojas L. B. , Khouri N. , Usubillaga A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe essential oil from the leaves of Ruilopezia atropurpurea (A. C. Sm.) Cuatr., R. floccosa (Stand.) Cuatr., R. lindenii (Sch. Bip. ex Wedd.) Cuatr., and R. marcesens (Blake) Cuatr., collected in the Venezuelan Andes, were obtained by hydrodistillation. The oil yields varied from 0.03% to 0.08% (v/w). Limonene was the main component in the oils of R. atropurpurea (40.0–48.8%) and R. floccosa (24.2%); α‐pinene was the most abundant constituent of R. lindenii (28.2%). In the oil of R. marcesens, α‐gurjunene (33.5%) was the most abundant compound in leaves collected at the beginning of the flowering season. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A convergence study of two ocean models applied to a density driven flow
Authors: Avlesen Helge , Berntsen Jarle , Espelid Terje O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA three‐dimensional, baroclinic and rotational benchmark for hydrostatic coastal ocean models is suggested. The computational domain is a quadratic basin 200×200 km horizontally and 200 m deep. The lateral boundaries are closed. Solutions to the problems are estimated with two different sigma co‐ordinate models, both for the diagnostic and the prognostic case. Grid‐ and time‐converged results are presented. For the transports, convergence within two significant digits is reported. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of super compact finite difference method and application to simulation of vortex–shock interaction
Authors: Dexun Fu , Yanwen Ma 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTurbulence and aeroacoustic noise high‐order accurate schemes are required, and preferred, for solving complex flow fields with multi‐scale structures. In this paper a super compact finite difference method (SCFDM) is presented, the accuracy is analysed and the method is compared with a sixth‐order traditional and compact finite difference approximation. The comparison shows that the sixth‐order accurate super compact method has higher resolving efficiency. The sixth‐order super compact method, with a three‐stage Runge–Kutta method for approximation of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations, is used to solve the complex flow structures induced by vortex–shock interactions. The basic nature of the near‐field sound generated by interaction is studied. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A low‐dimensional spectral approach for the nonlinear overstability of purely elastic fluids
Authors: Khayat Roger E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe conditions for the emergence and stability of finite amplitude purely elastic (non‐inertial) overstability are examined for axisymmetric Taylor–Couette flow of an Oldroyd‐B fluid in the narrow‐gap limit. The study is a detailed account of the formulation and results published previously [Khayat, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997; 78: 4918]. The flow field is obtained as a truncated Fourier representation for velocity, pressure and stress in the axial direction, and in terms of symmetric and antisymmetric Chandrasekhar functions along the radial direction. The Galerkin projection of the various modes onto the conservation and constitutive equations leads to a closed low‐dimensional nonlinear dynamical system with 20o of freedom. In contrast to our previous model that was based on the simplifying rigid‐free boundary conditions [Khayat, Phys. Fluids A 1995; 7: 2191], the present formulation incorporates the more realistic rigid–rigid boundary conditions, and is capable of capturing quantitatively the flow sequence observed in the experiment of Muller et al. [J. Non‐Newtonian Fluid Mech. 1993; 46: 315] for a highly elastic (Boger) fluid under conditions of negligible inertia. Existing linear analysis results are first recovered by the present formulation, which predict the exchange of stability between the circular Couette flow and oscillatory Taylor vortex flow via a postcritical Hopf bifurcation as the Deborah number exceeds a critical value. The stability conditions of the limit cycle are determined using the method of multiple scales. The present nonlinear theory predicts, as experiment suggests, the growth of oscillation amplitude of the velocity and the emergence of higher harmonics in the power spectrum as the Deborah number increases. Good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐density allelotype of the commonly studied gastric cancer cell lines
Authors: Zheng Yun‐Ling , Herr Alison M. , Jacobson Blake A. , Ferrin Lance J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGastric cancer is one of the leading causes of death from cancer throughout the world, and studies to elucidate the genetic defects found in this type of cancer are growing in number. Increasingly sophisticated techniques and the sequencing of the human genome have had an impact on the scope of such studies. While the use of tumor specimens remains popular, more emphasis is being placed on cell lines as model systems where specific data can be directly combined with results from other studies. This article describes a genetic survey of the most widely used gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines. The allelotype at 351 polymorphic loci in 14 cell lines was obtained, and the results from the 4,900 polymerase chain reactions are displayed. In addition to confirming loss of heterozygosity on chromosome arms 6p, 7q, 17p, and 18, additional deletions on arm 5p and the pericentromeric regions of chromosomes 1 and 10 were detected. Areas that might contain homozygous deletions or amplifications also were mapped. The rate of microsatellite instability was quantified and shown to vary greatly among the different cell lines. Most important, this study serves as a genetic scaffold for the integration of past and future studies on the nature of the genetic defects in gastric cancer. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Splicing factor SRP20 is a novel partner of BCL6 in a t(3;6)(q27;p21) translocation in transformed follicular lymphoma
Authors: Chen Weiyi , Itoyama Takahiro , Chaganti R.S.K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe BCL6 gene mapped at chromosome band 3q27 encodes a zinc‐finger transcription factor and is frequently rearranged and deregulated in B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) by promiscuous chromosomal translocations which involve diverse genes. We identified a novel t(3;6)(q27;p21) in a follicular lymphoma (FL) with histologic evidence of transformation and, by cloning the translocation junction, determined that the SRP20 gene was the partner. In this translocation, the 5′ regulatory region of the BCL6 was substituted by a putative regulatory region of SRP20. Previously, we hypothesized that substitution of BCL6 promoter by those of the partner genes that were constitutively expressed throughout B‐cell development led to persistent and inappropriate expression of BCL6. We examined the expression pattern of SRP20 during B‐cell development by Northern blot analysis of a panel of B‐cell lines representing various stages of B‐cell development and noted that SRP20 mRNA was expressed throughout B‐cell development. The SRP20 gene plays an important role in regulation of pre‐mRNA splicing, and is expressed specifically in lymphoid tissues. This study provides the first evidence of SRP20 gene rearrangement in human hematopoietic malignancies. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micromorphology and plant macrofossil analysis of cattle dung from the Neolithic lake shore settlement of Arbon Bleiche 3
Authors: Akeret Örni , Rentzel Philippe 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAt the excavation of the Neolithic site of Arbon Bleiche 3, Switzerland (3384–3370 B.C., dated using dendrochronology), objects were found that strongly resembled cow pats. Both micromorphological characteristics and plant macrofossil content confirmed this. Although a detailed micromorphological description was possible, macrofossil analysis turned out to be more difficult than expected because of contamination along fissures. The contents of two of the four coprolites analyzed had conspicuously high amounts of leaves and wood of silver fir (Abies alba). This animal feed may have come in large quantities as a byproduct of house construction. In addition, mistletoe (Viscum album), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus s.l.), and ferns could be identified as animal fodder. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Geochemical and mineralogical distinctions between Bonnin and Morris (Philadelphia, 1770–1772) porcelain and some contemporary British phosphatic wares
Authors: Owen J. Victor 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe major element compositions of 15 ceramic sherds from the Bonnin and Morris factory site were determined by electron microprobe. Thirteen samples are phosphatic; the others consist of (a) “soapstone” (magnesian/plombian) and (b) true porcelain, and are interpreted as exotic artifacts, as is one compositionally distinct (relatively SiO2‐poor, P2O5+CaO‐rich) phosphatic sample. Although long considered to be virtually indistinguishable from Bow porcelain (London: ca. 1747–1776), the phosphatic Philadelphia wares have a relatively low mean CaO/P2O5 ratio (3.3 versus 3.8; molecular proportions) and high alumina content (6.6 versus 5.4 wt % Al2O3). Furthermore, unlike Bow, the Bonnin and Morris samples contain calcic plagioclase (bytownite), and in some instances, an orthoclase‐rich ternary feldspar. The preservation of calcic plagioclase indicates that Philadelphia porcelain was fired at (rather than above) the thermal minimum in the An‐SiO2‐C3P system, although the presence of Na (and other fluxes) in these wares precludes the exact determination of the maximum firing temperature from this phase diagram. These wares are also distinctive insofar as the phosphate and melt phases can contain small amounts of lead; they have bulk lead contents of approximately 0.1–1.2 wt % PbO. This component has not been detected in the body of Bow or other contemporary British phosphatic porcelains. Their principal similarity lies in the fact that both wares contain sulfate. In addition, the glazes on Bonnin and Morris porcelain (e.g., PbO ∼ 35–50 wt %; SnO2 ∼ 1–2%) compositionally resemble those used at Bow. If feldspar is formed at all, then Al‐poor phosphatic porcelain (or those with low CaO/P2O5 ratios) will have comparatively low modal calcic plagioclase contents, thereby allowing the rapid depletion of this mineral via resorption by the melt phase during vitrification. Such appears to have been the case for analyzed Bow porcelain, which is therefore interpreted to have been overfired (sensu lato) relative to its Philadelphia counterpart. Conceivably, calcic plagioclase could be preserved in low‐Al wares that were fired only briefly at vitrification temperatures. Given the role of firing history in governing the mineralogy of porcelain, compositional criteria are more reliable for distinguishing these wares. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multiple enhancers contribute to expression of the NK‐2 homeobox gene ceh‐22 in C. elegans pharyngeal muscle
Authors: Kuchenthal Craig A. , Chen Wei , Okkema Peter G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSummary: Gene expression in the pharyngeal muscles of C. elegans is regulated in part by the NK‐2 family homeodomain factor CEH‐22, which is structurally and functionally related to Drosophila Tinman and the vertebrate Nkx2–5 factors. ceh‐22 is expressed exclusively in the pharyngeal muscles and is the earliest gene known to be expressed in this tissue. Here we characterize the ceh‐22 promoter region in transgenic C. elegans. A 1.9‐kb fragment upstream of ceh‐22 is sufficient to regulate reporter gene expression in a pattern identical to the endogenous gene. Within this promoter we identified two transcriptional enhancers and characterized their cell type and temporal specificity. The distal enhancer becomes active in the pharynx near the time that ceh‐22 expression initiates; however, it becomes active more broadly later in development. The proximal enhancer becomes active after the onset of ceh‐22 expression, but it is active specifically in the ceh‐22‐expressing pharyngeal muscles. We suggest these enhancers respond to distinct signals that initiate and maintain ceh‐22 gene expression. Proximal enhancer activity requires a short segment containing a CEH‐22 responsive element, suggesting that CEH‐22 autoregulates its own expression. genesis 31:156–166, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.