bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discussion summary Imaging of pain and allodynia
Authors: Olesen Jes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Petrovic gave clear evidence of an opioid mechanism of the placebo effect in imaging studies. It was asked whether also other analgesics could have such effects: this was considered to be a possibility but had not been systematically studied. Another participant pointed out that using intrathecal opioids or placebo in studies of patients, placebo effects could be very long-lasting. In this model there was absolutely no blocking of the placebo effect by naloxone. Thus, although opioid mechanisms are clearly involved in the placebo response in certain situations, in others they are not, predominantly when the placebo effect is more long lasting.
Electromagnetic Scattering from Random Media
Authors: Field Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book develops the dynamical theory of scattering from random media from first principles. Its key findings are to characterize the time evolution of the scattered field in terms of stochastic differential equations, and to illustrate this framework in simulation and experimental data analysis. The physical models contain all correlation information and higher order statistics, which enables radar and laser scattering experiments to be interpreted. An emphasis is placed on the statistical character of the instantaneous fluctuations, as opposed to ensemble average properties. This leads to various means for detection, which have important consequences in radar signal processing and statistical optics. The book is also significant also because it illustrates how ideas in mathematical finance can be applied to physics problems in which non-Gaussian noise processes play an essential role. This pioneering book represents a significant advance in this field, and should prove valuable to leading edge researchers and practitioners at the postgraduate level and above.
Development, moulting, and life histories
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. , Read Helen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Millipede embryology has been studied extensively by a number of workers and is a field with its fair share of contradictions. In centipedes, Minelli and Bortoletto (1988) have begun to relate studies on numbers of legs and segments to the rapidly developing work on Drosophila and ‘segmentation genes’. However, in millipedes, we have to rely on more traditional histological methods at present.
Analysis Of Chloroplast Evolution And Phylogeny: A Molecular Approach
Authors: Cattolico Rose Ann , Goër Suzanne Loiseaux-De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although molecular studies of terrestrial plant chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) are plentiful, similar studies on algal plastid DNA remain relatively sparse. The small data set that is available suggests that algal chloroplast genomes of the Chromophyta are complex, and may differ significantly from those observed in land plant systems. This presentation will analyse the potential of a molecular approach in analysing questions of chloroplast evolution. The following topics will be discussed:
Brown Algae And Chromophyte Phylogeny
Authors: Clayton M N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the evidence for phylogenetic relationships between brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and other chromophytes. Brown algae include the largest and most complex multicellular algal thalli, and they are widely considered as a highly evolved group of protists. They are distinguished by the possession of alginates as a major component of cell walls, and phlorotannins which occur mainly in physodes located in the cytoplasm or vacuole. On the basis of cytological characteristics brown algae show closest affinities with chrysophytes. Flagella, found only on the reproductive cells of brown algae, are basically similar to those of other heterokonts, except that they lack a transitional helix. Ultrastructural and biochemical characteristics of brown algal chloroplasts closely resemble those of chrysophytes and diatoms. Brown algal cells have, in addition, several other features of ultrastructure and organization in common with chrysophytes, and in particular the marine order Chrysomeridales. Brown algae are commonly regarded as having an ancient origin, but the fossil evidence is equivocal and a study of rRNA sequences suggests that they may be much younger than previously thought.
Oomycete Fungi: Their Phylogeny And Relationship To Chromophyte Algae
Authors: Beakes Gordon W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships within the oomycete fungi are described with emphasis placed upon the organization of their zoospores and encysted spores. On the basis of zoospore and cyst structure it is proposed that the Oomycetes fall into four main groupings. These can be reduced to two major groupings: the ‘saprolegnian clan’ and the ‘peronosporalean clan’. The former is characterized by zoospores possessing ‘encystment vesicles’, which upon zoospore settlement are released to form the outer electrondense cyst wall in which distinctive preformed hairs are embedded. This group includes almost all members of the Saprolegniales and Leptomitales, as well as many Lagcnidialian genera such as Haliphthoros, Olpidiopsis, and Lagenisma.
The Chromophyte Algae _ Problems And Perspectives. A Summarizing View
Authors: Round F E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general criteria used to distinguish the Chromista, containing not only many brown pigmented groups, but also important sections from the non-pigmented groups fungi and protozoa, is briefly discussed and a protistan viewpoint stressed for all taxa in these and the generally recognized algal series. The monophyletic nature of the Chromista based on the possession of tripartite tubular mastigonemes is stressed and the other key characters discussed. The composition of the ‘chromophytes’ is reviewed and a brief discussion and summary of the groups presented. The need to teach and write about the Chromista as a major segment of the organismal world of equal status with the ‘chiorophyte’ series _ which of course includes the higher plants _ is stressed. Finally, the naming of the group is unsatisfactory and a call for a better term is made.
Lichenological observations in low montane rainforests of eastern Tanzania
Authors: Krog H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three genera, Cladia, Menegazzia, and Siphula, are additions to the East African macrolichen flora. The new species Parmotrema fragilescens Krog and P. laciniatulum Krog are described. Erioderma leylandii and Relicina planiuscula are reported for the first time from Africa, while Menegazzia terebrata, Phyllopsora mauritiana, and Stereocaulon fibrillosum are new to continental Africa. New to East Africa are Cladia aggregata, Hypotrachyna pseudosinuosa, and Siphula decumbens. Few macrolichens occur in the lowland rainforest below c. 1000 m, although a variety of species are found in drier forest types, on roadside trees, and on riverine rocks. The dominant elements in some montane rainforests below 2500 m are discussed.
Notes on the lichen flora of the Guianas, a neotropical lowland area
Authors: Sipman H J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evaluation of recent collections of lichenized fungi from the Guianas resulted in a new survey of the genera. This showed Lecanorales to be the principal order, comprising 40 per cent of all species, principally in the families Cladoniaceae, Pyxinaceae, and Ramalinaceae, and the Graphidalcs and Pyrenulales to be the second and third important groups with 20 per cent and 14 per cent, respectively. Fifty-five species are recorded for the first time from the Guianas, mainly foliicolous taxa. A preliminary evaluation of distribution patterns is given, confirming the principal division into a coastal zone and an inland zone. The westernmost part is also distinct and shows a strong relationship with the Guiana Highlands area of Venezuela. Concerning biogcographical relations of the Guianas lichen flora, the following elements are proposed: pantropical; neotropical + african; neotropical; amazonian; Guiana Highlands. Observations on foliicolous lichens show that well-developed forest may harbour nearly 70 species. Open or humid forests are much poorer.
Proximate determinants of stickleback behaviour: an evolutionary perspective
Authors: Rowland William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many factors initiate and control behaviour in threespine stickleback. Photoperiod, temperature, and other environmental variables typically have pervasive effects on responsiveness and may be exerted indirectly over a long time scale. Their effects on processes such as migration, osmoregulation, and reproductive cycling are mediated largely through the endocrine system. This aspect of stickleback biology has provided fertile grounds for study by physiologists (Guderley Chapter 4 this volume). Here I concentrate on the more immediate external factors that influence reproductive behaviour of threespine stickleback on the breeding grounds. These proximate factors tend to operate on a shorter time scale and to affect neural control of behaviour.
Evolutionary Genetics and Environmental Stress
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A , Parsons Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book concentrates on evolutionary change under environmental stress at levels ranging from the molecular to the biogeographic, with an emphasis on genetic aspects. This approach contrasts with much of the literature of evolutionary biology, as the emphasis here is upon the extreme end of the stress gradient in terms of resistance. Major topics in this interdisciplinary book include the concept of stress and its evolutionary and ecological importance; genetic variation in stress response and the effects of stress on genetic variation; and costs and trade-offs involving stress responses. An approach to stress resistance in terms of energetics permits the development of links between genetics, ecology, physiology, and behaviour. The book concludes with applications concerning range expansions of species, conservation strategies, and pollution effects.
Silencing Gene Expression in Plants
Authors: Rothstein Steven J , Lagrimini L Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability to transform and express genes in plants, while a relatively recent development, has already proven to be extremely useful. The expression of genes isolated from a variety of sources has permitted the generation of plants resistant to herbicides (Shah et al., 1986), insects (Vaeck et al., 1987; Fischhoff et al., 1987) and viruses (Powell Abel et al., 1986). However, for a majority of agronomically important traits, there are a large number of genes which might be expected to influence phenotype. In these cases, it has proven to be extremely difficult to know which alterations in gene expression would lead to a useful change. One of the problems with studying these multi-gene traits is that it has been extremely difficult to isolate mutants which differ only at a single genetic locus.
Reproductive Lifespan And Ageing
Authors: Stearns Stephen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the evolution of the reproductive lifespan as a balance between selection to increase the number of reproductive events per lifetime and effects that increase the intrinsic sources of mortality with age. The first lengthen life, the second shorten it. The increase in the intrinsic component of mortality rates with age is senescence or ageing. Age-specific selection pressures can adjust the length of life to an intermediate optimum determined by the interaction of selection with trade-offs intrinsic to the organism whether there is any ageing or not. Selection pressures that lengthen life decrease the value of offspring and increase the value of adults. These include lower adult mortality rates, higher juvenile mortality rates, and increased variation in juvenile mortality rates from one reproductive event to the next. The discussion of selection pressures that lengthen the reproductive lifespan starts with the distinction between semelparity (monocarpy in plants, one reproductive event per life) and iteroparity (polycarpy in plants, more than one reproductive event per life). Here the best evidence is descriptive and comparative information on fish and plants.
Discussion Of Part II
Authors: Stearns Stephen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sherlock Holmes knew the significance of the dog that did not bark. This book did not dwell on life history strategies. The word ‘strategy’ means simply ‘complex adaptation’; it refers to the coordinated evolution of all the life history traits together. Early on there were hopes that only a few syndromes would be found into which most traits fell, but those hopes were premature. It was first necessary to understand the evolution of one trait at a time. This book summarizes that attempt. The problem was more complex than it seemed at first, and it was necessary to reject some of the early claims, analyse the foundations, and build the analysis up trait by trait. This does not mean that life history strategies are unimportant or uninteresting. They have great potential importance. However, their analysis must be based on and consistent with the evolution of the individual traits.
Parent-offspring conflict I: introduction to theory
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parents are classically asumed to allocate investment in their young in such a way as to maximize the number surviving, while offspring are assumed to be passive vessels into which parents pour the appropriate care. Once one imagines offspring as actors in this interaction, then conflict must be assumed to lie ;it the hc&lt;1rt of sexual reproduction itself-an offspring attempting from the very beginning to maximize its reproductive success (RS) would presumably want more investment than its parent is selected to give.
Heterotrophic flagellates of planktonic communities, their characteristics and methods of study
Authors: Berninger Ulrike-G , Caron David A , Sanders Robert W , Finlay Bland J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heterotrophic flagellates are an integral and important component of the plankton communities of aquatic ecosystems. Abundances of heterotrophic flagellates in most natural plankton assemblages range from 10 to 10 cells per ml. Recent advances in the methods of counting flagellates and of examining their trophic activities have established that they are significant consumers of bacterial, cyanobacterial, and micro-algal biomass in these environments. Their grazing activities arc the primary factor controlling bacterial densities. Flagellate herbivory can significantly affect the abundances of photosynthetic prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Collectively, the trophic behaviour of these protozoa dictates the fate of a substantial portion of primary and secondary productivity in plank tonic ecosystems.
Cell organization in free-living amitochondriate heterotrophic flagellates
Authors: Brugerolle G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The organization of flagellates that primitively lack mitochondria is reviewed. There is an increasing complexity in the organization of membranous and cytoskdctal components of the cells. Genera that arc covered are: Order Pelobion1ida, Pelomyxa, Mastigina, Mastigamoeba, Mastigella; Order Retortamonadida, Chiiomastix, Retortamonas; Order Diplomonadida, Trfpomonas, Hexamita; Ordn Trichomonadida, Pseudotriclwmonas.
Thraustochytrids and other zoosporic marine fungi
Authors: Moss Stephen T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fungi with flagellated stages are common in marine habitats and comprise an important component of the heterotrophic population. The flagellated form represents the reproductive and dispersive, non-feeding stage of the normally sedentary vegetative body. The number of flagellated stages produced by a single individual is high and in this form are not readily distinguishable from other heterotrophic flagellates.
Heterotrophic flagellates of uncertain taxonomic position
Authors: Patterson David J , Zölffel Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About 150 genera of small heterotrophic flagellates have been described in the literature which cannot be assigned to well-circumscribed major taxonomic groups. Suprageneric taxa recognized are: apusomonads, cercomonads, desmothoracids, dimorphids, ebriids, Heterolobosea, pseudodendromonads, spongomonads, and thaumatomastigids. In the absence of type material and ambiguous descriptions, many genera are of uncertain validity.
Lipid structure and analysis
Authors: Christie W W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seed oils in general tend to contain a relatively limited number of different fatty acids, commonly C16 or Cl8 in chain length with 0–3 methylene-interrupted double bonds. On the other hand, there are many species which have unusual fatty acids, for example with non-methylene-interrupted double bonds, cyclic structures or oxygenated moieties (Smith 1971).
Structure and ontogeny of seed oil bodies in maize and other species
Authors: Huang A H C , Tzen J T C , Lee K , Bih F Y , Ting J T L , Ratnayake C 
Published: November 2023

abstract
Most seeds contain storage oils in the form of triacylglycerols, which comprise 5–50 per cent of the total seed dry weight. The triacylglycerols are densely packed in subcellular organelles called oil bodies (lipid bodies, oleosomes, spherosomes). The spherical oil body is about 0.6–2.5 μm in diameter. It is surrounded by a ‘half-unit’ membrane of one layer of phospholipids about 3 nm thick (Yatsu and Jacks 1972) with proteins embedded in it. The acyl moieties of the membrane phospholipid are believed to orient themselves toward the matrix so that they can have hydrophobic interactions with the internal triacylglycerols. In mature seeds, oil bodies are stable and do not coalesce, even after prolonged storage.
Synthesis, processing, and targeting of legume seed proteins
Authors: Müntz K , Jung R , Saalbach G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At some time during its life cycle every plant needs, at least transiently, to accumulate nitrogen reserves. These act as links in sink-source relations if sites and times of overproduction of nitrogen compounds do not coincide with sites and periods of maximum demand during plant ontogenesis. Nitrogen reserves are mainly accumulated in generative and vegetative propagation organs, but they are also deposited in stems of trees during autumn or as vegetative storage protein in leaves, stems, and pods of soybean during different stages of nitrogen transfer from vegetative to generative organs.
Starch synthesis in peas
Authors: Smith Alison M , denyer Kay , martin Cathie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we describe our current understanding of the process of starch synthesis in the developing pea embryo. Our goal is to understand how this process is regulated, in terms both of the rate at which starch accumulates and of the structures of the starch polymers that are synthesized. This requires a complete picture of the enzymes that catalyse the pathway, and an ability to manipulate the amount of each individual enzyme so that its quantitative importance in the regulation of starch synthesis can be determined. All of the major enzymes of the pathway in pea embryos have now been identified and characterized. We present the picture that emerges and discuss how, in practical terms, the importance of these enzymes in regulation can be assessed.
Control of carbon partitioning in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Dickinson J Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer’s or baker’s yeast) is the bestunderstood eukaryote on this planet. There are many reasons why this is the case. Its importance in ‘traditional’ activities such as the brewing of beers, wine-making, the production of potable distilled spirits, and breadmaking means that much is known about its biochemistry and physiology. It is a favourite laboratory organism because it reproduces rapidly (which means that large amounts of material can be obtained quickly for experimentation and results can be gathered speedily). In addition, it is genetically well characterized and it is amenable to genetic manipulation. Indeed, many of the genetic manipulation methods that are available for eukaryotes were first developed in yeast, and some of the most recent of these techniques are still only possible with yeast. Researchers in many different areas regard it as a model eukaryote. It is also the organism of choice for many modern biotechnological purposes because, in addition to the advantages already mentioned, it is not pathogenic, does not produce toxins, is robust in industrial use, has widespread acceptance by the general public, and has a privileged position in law in many countries of the world.
Carbon and cofactor partitioning in oilseeds
Authors: Dennis David T , Blakeley Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fatty acid biosynthesis in plants occurs only in plastids (Ohlrogge et al. 1979). In the developing endosperm of castor seeds, the biosynthetic pathway from acetate to C18 oleic acid is located in colourless plastids termed leucoplasts (Zilkey and Canvin 1972). In other oilseeds, plastids are sometimes pigmented although the contribution of photosynthesis to fatty acid biosynthesis is probably limited (Thorne 1985).
Cellular regulation during calcification in Emiliania huxleyi
Authors: C. Brownlee , N. Nimer , Dong L F , Merrett M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evidence for the coordination of calcification and cellular metabolism in the coccolithophorid, Emiliania huxleyi, is reviewed. Experimental evidence strongly suggests that the carbon source for photosynthesis is CO2, while calcification uses HCO3as an external substrate. Calcification is dependent on photosynthesis both as a supply of energy and reducing power, and as a sink for CO2 and protons produced during the net calcification reaction. Calcification, on the other hand, can provide a source of CO2 for photosynthesis in the absence of any CO2 concentrating mechanism. Spatial separation of calcite formation and CO2 production occurs, with calcite formation occurring in the Golgi/coccolith vesicle. Measurements of intracellular pH and intracellular dissolved inorganic carbon indicate that significant CO2 production can occur in the cytosol. Calcification and photosynthesis appear to be under both thermodynamic and kinetic control. The opposing effects of calcification and photosynthesis on cytosolic pH invoke a likely role for pH in coordination of these processes.
Mechanisms of calcification: Emilianiahuxleyi as a model system
Authors: Jong E W De Vrind-De , Van Emburg P R , Vrind P M De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coccolithophorids are haptophytes which form calcified scales called coccoliths. Heterococcoliths consist of unit elements of an often complex shape and are formed intracellularly. Holococcoliths contain rhombohedral calcite crystals and are apparently formed extracellularly. We assume that similar mechanisms play a role in the nucleation and growth control of both heterococcoliths and holococcoliths. The formation of heterococcoliths in the species Emilianiahuxleyi is described as a model system. Coccoliths were observed with transmission electron microscopy. They were subjected to morphometric and crystallographic analysis and a model approach for the morphogenesis of coccoliths is briefly described. It is concluded that the majority of faces of the unit elements of coccoliths represent biologically inhibited faces instead of crystal faces of calcite. An acidic polysaccharide isolated from coccoliths is thought to play a role in crystal growth control. A similar function is attributed to the organic skins associated with the mineral elements of coccoliths of other coccolithophorid species.