bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mucin Macromolecules in Normal, Adenomatous, and Carcinomatous Colon: Evidence for the Neotransformation
Authors: Aksoy Nurten , Akinci O. Faruk 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: Mucins are high molecular‐weight glycoproteins having oligosaccharides attached to serine or threonine residues of the mucin core protein backbone by O‐glycosidic linkages. They are major components of mucus, covering the luminal surfaces of epithelial respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts, and responsible for its viscoelastic properties. The core proteins of mucins are encoded by different mucin genes. Aberrations in the cell surface carbohydrates including mucins have been regarded as a universal characteristic of the malignant transformation of cells. These alterations are considered to be relevant to the abnormal behaviour of cancer cells, such as altered cell adhesion or metastasis, and to the avoidance of immunological defence.image
Synthesis of Enzymatically Crosslinkable Peptide‐Poly(L‐lysine) Conjugate and Creation of Bio‐Inspired Hybrid Fibers
Authors: Tonegawa Hitomi , Kuboe Yoshiko , Amaike Masato , Nishida Ayako , Ohkawa Kousaku , Yamamoto Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: Poly(L‐lysine)s having an Nε‐substituted tetrapeptide, Lys‐Gly‐Tyr‐Gly, were synthesized by the coupling of the protected tetrapeptide active ester, Boc‐Lys(Z)‐Gly‐Tyr(Bzl)‐Gly (4‐hydroxyphenyl)dimethylsulfonium methylsulfate and Nε‐group of the poly(L‐lysine) side chain. The Nε‐substituted tetrapeptide functions as the substrate of tyrosinase and is responsible for the enzyme‐mediated interpolymer cross‐linking. The degree of Nε‐substitution (DS) was mostly controlled by changing the stoichiometry between the Nε‐amino groups of the parent poly(L‐lysine) and the protected tetrapeptide active ester. Two kinds of samples having DS values of 8.6 and 18 mol‐% were prepared. The resulting cationic Nε‐(Lys‐Gly‐Tyr‐Gly)‐poly(L‐lysine) (abbreviated as PLL(GYGK)) was spun into hybrid fibers with the anionic polysaccharide gellan via a polyionic complexation reaction at the interface between aqueous solutions of the two polymers. The mechanical strengths of the PLL(GYGK)‐gellan hybrid fibers were superior to those of the original poly(L‐lysine)‐gellan fibers. The mechanical strength of the hybrid fibers further increased upon the tyrosinase‐mediated cross‐linking reaction of the PLL(GYGK). This result indicates that the covalent cross‐bridge formation between the Nε‐substituted peptides significantly contributed to reinforcement of the hybrid fibers. The present study affords a new methodology for reinforcement inspired by a biological process.Reinforcement mechanism of the PLL(GYGK)‐gellan hybrid fiber.imageReinforcement mechanism of the PLL(GYGK)‐gellan hybrid fiber.
Mathematical Modeling of Homopolymerization on Supported Metallocene Catalysts
Authors: Alexiadis Alessio , Andes Cecily , Ferrari Daniela , Korber Frank , Hauschild Klaus , Bochmann Manfred , Fink Gerhard 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: In this paper, a mathematical model describing olefin polymerization with metallocene catalysts is presented. It is an improvement of a previous model, the “particle growth model” (PGM) proposed by, among others, one of the authors of the present work and derives from the so‐called “multigrane model” (MGM). The main differences between this work and others is a more sophisticated approach to fragmentation with respect to the MGM. Additionally, there is a more specific modeling for the unfragmented core with respect to the PGM. The numerical results obtained by the model are compared with experimental data. The results of this work allow to extend the PGM to catalysts with lower activity. The importance of those catalysts depends on the fact that high activity catalysts could bring, in some cases, too poor polymer morphology.Geometrical representation of the micro‐ and macroparticle.imageGeometrical representation of the micro‐ and macroparticle.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Mater. Eng. 5/2004
Authors: Eckelt John , Haase Tanja , Loske Stefan , Wolf Bernhard A. 
Published: May 2004

Cover: Scheme of the large scale fractionation technique CSF (continuous spin fractionation). The feed, consisting of a solution of the original polymer, is pressed through a spinning nozzle into a suitable extracting agent (EA). This liquid takes up the short chains and yields the sol fraction; the non‐extractable parts of the polymer become the gel fraction.Further details can be found in the Full Paper by J. Eckelt, T. Haase, S. Loske, and B. A. Wolf* on page 393.
Homopolymerization of ω‐Styryl‐Polystyrene Macromonomers in the Presence of CpTiF3/MAO
Authors: Lahitte Jean‐François , Kaminsky Walter , Stojkovic Olivera , Peruch Frédéric , Lutz Pierre J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: ω‐Styryl‐polystyrene macromonomers were synthesized by anionic induced deactivation reactions. Their homopolymerization in the presence of a fluorinated half‐sandwich metallocene catalyst (CpTiF3/MAO) was investigated. In spite of the intrinsic lower reactivity of these macromonomers with respect to the micromolecular monomer, coordination homopolymerization was possible. The influence of several experimental parameters on the polymerization yield and degree could be demonstrated. In most cases, under identical experimental conditions, higher polymerization yields and degrees were observed with respect to the CpTiCl3/MAO catalyst.The synthesis of p‐polystyryl‐substituted styrene derivatives by the homopolymerization of ω‐styryl‐polystyrene macromonomers in the presence of CpTiF3.magnified imageThe synthesis of p‐polystyryl‐substituted styrene derivatives by the homopolymerization of ω‐styryl‐polystyrene macromonomers in the presence of CpTiF3.
A Novel Synthetic Procedure for Stereoblock Poly(propylene) with a Living Polymerization System
Authors: Nishii Kei , Shiono Takeshi , Ikeda Tomiki 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: Propylene polymerization was conducted at 0 °C in heptane or chlorobenzene (CB) by an ansa‐fluorenylamidodimethyltitanium complex combined with dried, modified methylaluminoxane that had been treated by dilution with heptane and successively repeatedly vacuum dried to remove any free trialkylaluminiums. The post‐polymerizations testified that the living polymerization proceeded irrespective of the solvent used. The heptane system gave the syndiotactic poly(propylene)s (PPs), whereas the CB system gave almost atactic PPs. After the first polymerization in heptane had been completed, the same amounts of propylene and CB were added for the second polymerization. This procedure gave the syndiotactic‐atactic stereoblock PP with narrow molecular‐weight distributions.Structure of the ansa‐fluorenylamidodimethyltitanium complex and its application to the synthesis of syndiotactic‐atactic stereoblock poly(propylene)s reported here.magnified imageStructure of the ansa‐fluorenylamidodimethyltitanium complex and its application to the synthesis of syndiotactic‐atactic stereoblock poly(propylene)s reported here.
Morphology and Dynamics of Phase‐Separating Fluids with Viscosity Asymmetry
Authors: Luo Kaifu , Gronski Wolfram , Friedrich Christian 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: The effects of viscosity asymmetry of the components on morphology and dynamics of phase‐separating AB fluids are investigated numerically based on a modified Model H. For critical mixtures, in the early stage of phase separation the co‐continuous morphology with droplets of A in B and B in A is observed. In the late stage of phase separation, the viscosity asymmetry leads to morphological change from co‐continuous structure to completely dispersed structure where the less viscous component forms droplet. The pathway of this transformation is accompanied by the breakdown of balance of volume fraction between droplets with different viscosity. Domain growth is characterized by a crossover from a faster growth at intermediate time under the influence of hydrodynamics to Lifshitz–Slyozov behavior at late times. For off‐critical mixture, viscosity asymmetry only plays an important role for domain growth in the intermediate stage of phase separation and the domain growth depends on whether the more viscous phase is dispersed or continuous, and the late stage of domain growth follows Lifshitz–Slyozov power law independent of which phase is dispersed.Result for the evolution of phase‐separating domains for critical fluid mixtures $\bar \phi _A$ = 0.5 for t = 1 500 with viscosity asymmetry: ηA = 0.8, ηB = 0.2. A‐rich regions and B‐rich regions are represented by white and black, respectively.imageResult for the evolution of phase‐separating domains for critical fluid mixtures $\bar \phi _A$ = 0.5 for t = 1 500 with viscosity asymmetry: ηA = 0.8, ηB = 0.2. A‐rich regions and B‐rich regions are represented by white and black, respectively.
The Chain Stretching Effect on the Morphology and Rheological Properties of Phase‐Separating Polymer Blends Subjected to Simple Shear Flow
Authors: Luo Kaifu , Zhang Hongdong , Yang Yuliang 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: The spinodal decomposition of a binary mixture subjected to simple shear flow is investigated in the framework of the modified time‐dependent Ginzburg‐Landau (TDGL) equation with an external velocity term. The domain growth and related rheological properties of a binary mixture under shear flow are simulated in three dimensions by means of the cell dynamics scheme (CDS). The simulation results show that the domain growth is anistropic and depends on the terminal relaxation time of the polymer chain. It is found that lamellae‐like domains with the normal parallel to the velocity gradient direction are observed when the terminal relaxation time is long enough. This result has also been confirmed by carefully checking the scattering functions in different incident light directions and the evolution of the domain size in different directions. In addition, when the chain stretching effect is strong, the transients of the excess shear viscosity are much higher than the case without the chain stretching effect. The terminal relaxation time of the chain also has an important effect on the first and second normal stress differences.The time evolution of the morphology for the case with strong chain stretching effect.imageThe time evolution of the morphology for the case with strong chain stretching effect.
Effects of Nematic Ordering on the Relaxation Spectrum of a Polymer Network with Included rod‐like Particles: Mean‐Field Approximation
Authors: Gotlib Yuli Y. , Torchinskii Isaak A. , Toshchevikov Vladimir P. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: Equilibrium and local dynamic properties of ordered polymer networks with included rod‐like particles are considered using a simplified network model. Lagrange multipliers in the equations of motion of rigid rods are replaced by their averaged values. This approximation corresponds to modelling rod‐like particles by elastic Gaussian springs with mean‐square lengths independent of the orientational order. Nematic‐like interactions between network segments and rods are taken into account in terms of the Maier‐Saupe mean‐field approximation. Nematic ordering of rods induces network segments ordering and changes the relaxation spectrum of the network. The relaxation spectrum of the ordered network splits into two main branches for parallel and perpendicular components of chain segments with respect to the director. Relaxation times of a polymer network are calculated as functions of the wave number for the corresponding normal mode and of the order parameter taking into account both the dynamic factor (determined by friction effects) and the statistical factor (related to mean‐square fluctuations of segment projections). We compare the relaxation spectra of ordered unstretched polymer networks with fixed boundaries with those for polymer networks at free boundaries. A polymer network with free boundaries is stretched along the director. This produces additional fine structure of the two main branches in the relaxation spectrum.Cell of a three‐chain network model with included rods.imageCell of a three‐chain network model with included rods.
Conformational Aspects and Intramolecular Phase Separation of Alternating Copolymacromonomers: A Computer Simulation Study
Authors: de Jong Johan , ten Brinke Gerrit 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: Using the bond fluctuation model (BFM), simulations have been performed on molecular bottle brushes with two chemically different types of side chains. In the first part of this work, rigidity of the backbone is imposed. The influence of solvent quality and side chain length on the intramolecular phase separation of side chain material, leading to Janus cylinders, has been investigated and compared to theoretical predictions. In the second part of this work, the restriction of rigidity for the backbone is relaxed. In a poor solvent, the side chain material collapses into a globular state. Several globules containing each one type of side chain material are connected together by backbone material. When imposing different solvent conditions for both types of side chains, a bending of the backbone is found as predicted by theory and observed in very recent experiments.Comparison between typical snapshots in θ solvent. The side chain length is 25 beads. Dark and light coloured side chains repel each other.imageComparison between typical snapshots in θ solvent. The side chain length is 25 beads. Dark and light coloured side chains repel each other.
Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for parkinson's disease after successful pallidotomy: Clinical and electrophysiological observations
Authors: Kleiner‐Fisman Galit , Fisman David N. , Zamir Orit , Dostrovsky Jonathan O. , Sime Elspeth , Saint‐Cyr Jean A. , Lozano Andres M. , Lang Anthony E. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractUnilateral pallidotomy is an effective treatment for contralateral parkinsonism and dyskinesia, yet symptoms progress in many patients. Little is known about whether such patients obtain a useful response to subsequent bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS). Changes in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Motor and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scores, medication requirements, and dyskinesias were measured. Clinical outcomes were compared to patients with de novo STN DBS. Neuronal recordings were performed. STN DBS resulted in a significant reduction in UPDRS Motor scores (42.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 26.9–57.4; P = 0.03), comparable with de novo STN DBS surgery (41%; 95% CI, 26–46%; P < 0.001). There was also less change in dyskinesia duration and disability scores (P = 0.017, 0.005). There were no side‐to‐side differences clinically or in the STN neuronal firing rates and patterns. Bilateral STN DBS is safe and efficacious in improving motor symptoms in patients with prior pallidotomy. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Mutation analysis of two patients with hypokalemic periodic paralysis and suspected malignant hyperthermia
Authors: Marchant Clare L. , Ellis F. Richard , Halsall P. Jane , Hopkins Philip M. , Robinson Rachel L. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractHypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) and malignant hyperthermia (MH) are autosomal‐dominant genetically heterogeneous ion channelopathies. MH has been described in patients with HypoPP, suggesting a potential link between these disorders. However, a common genetic determinant has not been described. With the aim of corroborating this association, four candidate genes were screened in two independent HypoPP patients, one of whom was also diagnosed as MH‐susceptible and the other as MH‐normal by the in vitro contracture test (IVCT). An A>G change at nucleotide 7025 was detected in the RYR1 gene in the HypoPP/MH‐susceptible patient. Detection of the same mutation in three independent MH families suggested that 7025A>G represents a novel MH‐susceptibility allele and that MH and HypoPP occurred independently in the case presented. Conclusive evidence in support of the hypothesis that MH and HypoPP are allelic was therefore not obtained. Muscle Nerve 30: 114–117, 2004
Clinical comparison of muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibody‐positive and ‐negative myasthenic patients
Authors: Zhou Lan , McConville John , Chaudhry Vinay , Adams Robert N. , Skolasky Richard L. , Vincent Angela , Drachman Daniel B. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe assayed cryopreserved sera from 38 acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody‐negative patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) who were followed clinically for muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibodies and analyzed and compared their clinical characteristics. None of 13 sera from patients with purely ocular MG were positive. Sera from 10 of 25 patients (40%) with generalized MG were positive for MuSK antibodies. The age at onset of myasthenic symptoms was significantly earlier in MuSK antibody‐positive patients (P = 0.02). MuSK antibodies were present in AChR antibody‐negative patients of either gender, with virtually identical prevalence in women (41.2%) and men (37.5%). The distribution of weakness more commonly involved neck muscles in MuSK antibody‐positive patients, and limb muscles in MuSK antibody‐negative patients. Patients responded to immunosuppressive treatment regardless of whether MuSK antibody was present. We conclude that MuSK antibodies are present and diagnostically useful in a subset of myasthenic patients without AChR antibodies. Although the distribution of weakness differs somewhat depending on whether MuSK antibodies are present, responses to anticholinesterase and immunosuppressive treatments are similar. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 30: 55–60, 2004
Returns on Fundraising Expenditures in the Voluntary Sector
Authors: Sargeant Adrian , Kähler Jürgen 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThere has been much interest of late in the relative efficiency of various forms of fundraising activity. It is the purpose of this article to establish the typical returns that might be expected to accrue from a variety of fundraising methods. Based on a postal survey of the United Kingdom's top five hundred fundraising charities, this article presents the average returns for nine different forms of fundraising. The authors also examine whether differences in returns between charities can be explained by size or sector effects.
The Relationship Among Funding Sources for Art and History Museums
Authors: Hughes Patricia Nold , Luksetich William A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe decline and possible elimination of federal support of the arts in the United States is likely to have a major impact on museum finances. Using data from the 1989 Survey of Museums, we analyze the interactions among major categories of museum funding. The results indicate a strong, positive stimulus of federal funding on private contributions, with some possible displacement of state and local government contributions. The opportunity to generate funds from private sources shows some promise to offset the loss of funds from government sources.
The Impact of Devolution on Nonprofits
Authors: Alexander Jennifer 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe following article reviews the results of a multiphase study of nonprofit social service organizations serving children and youth in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of devolution and related efforts to introduce the new public management in the nonprofit sector. Study results strongly suggest that the capacity of community‐based and faith‐based organizations to adopt the business‐oriented approach required to meet the expectations of government contracts is profoundly limited by their financial and human resources and by the conflict that a market orientation can present to the nonprofit mission.
The Effective Grassroots Association II: Organizational Factors That Produce External Impact
Authors: Smith David Horton 
Published: May 2004

AbstractGrassroots associations are locally based, significantly autonomous, volunteer‐run, formal nonprofit groups that manifest significant voluntary altruism as a group. They use the associational form of organization and thus have an official membership of volunteers who perform all or nearly all of the work done in and by these nonprofits. This report reviews some of what is known about how grassroots associations achieve external impacts (impacts on their environment). The preceding issue of this journal (volume 9, issue 4) contains a similar review article for internal impact (impact on members). The method used is a comprehensive literature review.
The Role of Nonprofit Management Support Organizations in Sustaining Community Collaborations
Authors: Connor Joseph A. , Kadel‐Taras Stephanie , Vinokur‐Kaplan Diane 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis articles uses case studies to explore the theory that nonprofit management support organizations (MSOs) should consider taking on the role of convener and facilitator of community collaborations. They can do this work by facilitating planning and change and providing data to inform decisions about how to improve communities. In acting as a community support organization, their primary mission would be to build the capacity of all sectors to work together to solve social problems rather than simply to build the management capacity of individual nonprofit organizations.
Roles and Responsibilities of Community Nonprofit Boards
Authors: Inglis Sue , Alexander Ted , Weaver Liz 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn this study, roles and responsibilities associated with nonprofit boards of directors were supported by a framework inclusive of Strategic Activities, Operations, and Resource Planning roles. This framework can be valuable for paid staff and volunteers in understanding the broad scope of the work of nonprofit boards and practical applications such as agenda setting for board meetings and designing board training and development activities.
Resisting Invisibility
Authors: McClellan Amy , Rebello‐Rao Darlene , Wyszomirski Margaret J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractNonprofit arts organizations often struggle for visibility and survival. They may meet these challenges by adopting new marketing strategies, forming administrative alliances with other organizations, or creating programming that appeals to broader audiences. Though these tactics are indeed important, arts organizations must first develop a persistent presence in their communities. This article proposes five key ingredients of persistent presence for nonprofit arts organizations and suggests that persistent presence can be consciously constructed by an organization, by an artistic discipline, and by the larger arts community. The intent of this exploratory framework for persistent presence may guide arts administrators in their work and propel future research in this area.
The Role of the Economic Sector in the Provision of Care to Trusting Clients
Authors: Gelles Erna 
Published: May 2004

Abstract With implications for senior care as well as child care, this article compares for‐profit and nonprofit dependent‐care facilities in areas of service that are not readily visible to consumers. Findings gleaned from the child‐care industry indicate that nonprofit facilities provide a higher quality of service on professionally identified variables than do their for‐profit counterparts. For‐profit directors were more likely to implement cost efficiencies that were not immediately apparent to clients. Despite this, significantly more of the for‐profits were displeased with their financial situation than were their nonprofit counterparts. The study suggests that professional background and training of directors exercises an influence on management satisfaction and decisions, independent of sector.