bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consideration of soil properties in assessment of human health risk from exposure to arsenic-enriched soils
Authors: Datta Rupali , Sarkar Dibyendu 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Encroachment of residential development on agricultural lands in the United States where arsenical pesticides were extensively used prior to the 1990s has increased the potential for human exposure to arsenic (As), a group A carcinogen. Soil ingestion by children is a critical issue in assessing health risks from exposure to As-enriched soils. In the absence of a universal “soil model” on As bioavailability, many baseline risk assessment studies use the assumption that all (100%) As present in soil is bioavailable. However, As exists in many geochemical forms as dictated by soil chemical properties. Because As bioavailability is a function of soil speciation, using total soil arsenic values potentially overestimates human health risk, thereby increasing site cleanup expenses. A laboratory incubation study was conducted to estimate in vitro As bioavailability as a function of soil properties in four chemically variant soil types contaminated with sodium arsenite pesticide. Results demonstrate that As speciation in certain soils translates to significant lowering of As bioavailability and hence potential cancer risk.
Ecological risk assessment issues identified during the U.S. environmental protection agency's examination of risk assessment practices
Authors: Dearfield Kerry L. , Bender Edward S. , Kravitz Michael , Wentsel Randy , Slimak Michael W. , Farland William H. , Gilman Paul 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency examined its current risk-assessment principles and practices. As part of the examination, aspects of ecological risk-assessment practices were reviewed. Several issues related to ecological risk assessment were identified, including the use of organism-level versus population-level attributes to characterize risk, the possible opportunities associated with the increased use of probabilistic approaches for ecological risk assessment, and the notion of conservatism in estimating risks. The agency examination provides an understanding of current practices and is intended to begin a dialogue in which the risk assessment community can engage in addressing the identified issues to improve and enhance ecological risk assessment.
The future direction of ecological risk assessment in the united states: Reflecting on the U.S. environmental protection agency's “examination of risk assessment practices and principles”
Authors: DeMott Robert P. , Balaraman Anita , Sorensen Mary T. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
As part of an agency evaluation of the development of risk assessment tools, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) issued a staff paper in March 2004 describing the current state of practices and policies regarding risk assessment from the agency's perspective. The staff paper provided a rationale for the agency's positions regarding technical topics frequently the subject of comments or complaints. Considerations relevant to ecological risk assessment were included, primarily in a single chapter focused on this topic. This commentary highlights four technical issues important to the advancement of ecological risk assessment practice and discusses how some of the points raised by the U.S. EPA in the staff paper have significance to ecological risk assessors. Discussion regarding incorporating population- and community-level analysis into risk assessments and the apparent reluctance of the U.S. EPA to adopt advances in this area is provided. Also, continuing inconsistencies in the body weight scaling of toxicity values between human health and ecological risk assessment practices are discussed. Ideas for refining the calculation of exposure point concentrations for ecological receptors and the progression between screening steps and comprehensive risk assessment are also discussed.
Poly(dithienylethene‐alt‐1,4‐divinylenephenylene)s: Increasing the Molecular Weights in Diarylethene Photochromic Polymers
Authors: Bertarelli C. , Bianco A. , Boffa V. , Mirenda M. , Gallazzi M. C. , Zerbi G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThermally irreversible, photochromic dithienylethene‐alt‐dihexyloxyphenylenevinylene and dithienylethene‐alt‐didodecyloxyphenylenevinylene copolymers have been synthesized via the Horner and Wittig reactions, respectively. Both polymers are photochromic in solution and in the solid state. Electronic spectra show that the materials are highly conjugated in both states and the large π‐delocalization along the main chain when the diarylethene moiety is in the closed form gives a decrease of the ring‐opening quantum yield. The increase in molecular weight relative to other backbone dithienylethene polymers allows the preparation of good quality films without the use of supporting polymer matrices; this is an important achievement for the technological application of these photochromic materials.
Single and Multiple‐Step Dip‐Coating of Colloidal Maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3) Nanoparticles onto Si, Si3N4, and SiO2 Substrates
Authors: Yoon T.‐S. , Oh J. , Park S.‐H. , Kim V. , Jung B. G. , Min S.‐H. , Park J. , Hyeon T. , Kim K.‐B. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe adsorption behavior of colloidal maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3) nanoparticles, passivated by oleic acid and dispersed in octane solution, onto three different substrates (Si, Si3N4, and SiO2) is investigated. The average nanoparticle size is 10 nm, with a size variation (σ) less than 5 %. The adsorption of particles is strongly dependent on both the type of substrate and the particle concentration in solution. By a single‐dipping process, we have obtained a maximum coverage of 0.45 on a Si substrate, but much less on other substrates (0.19 on Si3N4 and 0.14 on SiO2). The particle coverage was drastically increased by the multiple‐adsorption process, where the process of dipping and drying was repeated multiple times. With this process, we can obtain a maximum particle coverage of about 0.76 on a Si substrate and 0.61 on a thermally grown SiO2 substrate.
New Huntington disease mutation arising from a paternal CAG34 allele showing somatic length variation in serially passaged lymphoblasts
Authors: Cannella Milena , Maglione Vittorio , Martino Tiziana , Simonelli Maria , Ragona Giuseppe , Squitieri Ferdinando 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe analysis of somatic CAG triplet variation in lymphoblastoid cell lines from subjects carrying alleles of intermediate length (IA33CAG and IA34CAG) in Huntington disease (HD) gene disclosed instability in the DNA of the person, from whom a new expansion mutation of 45 triplets originated. The triplet size increased after about 30 passages in cell cultures in lymphoblasts with the IA34 genotype. Lymphoblasts may provide an appropriate model for studying repeat instability in subjects with poly(CAG) repeat disorders. HD shows somatic, in addition to germ‐line instability, highlighting the propensity to somatic CAG variation in human cells even with repeat numbers under the expanded edge. Factors potentially cis acting with the mutation, other than those reported in this study (CCG polymorphic stretch, the deletion of the glutamic acid residue at position 2642 and the 4‐codon segment between CAG and CCG polymorphisms), should be searched for and analyzed. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Transformation of Cyclobutanone O‐Benzoyloximes to Nitriles via C—C Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Nishimura Takahiro , Nishiguchi Yoshiki , Maeda Yasunari , Uemura Sakae 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Synthesis Utilizing Circularly Polarized Light Mediated by the Photoequilibrium of Chiral Olefins in Conjunction with Asymmetric Autocatalysis.
Authors: Sato Itaru , Sugie Rie , Matsueda Yohei , Furumura Yuri , Soai Kenso 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1,1‐Dichloro‐2,2,2‐trihaloethyl Isocyanates and N‐(1‐Chloro‐2,2,2‐trihaloethylidene)urethanes in the Synthesis of 4‐Trihalomethyl‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Vovk M. V. , Bol'but A. V. , Lebed P. S. , Boiko V. I. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Derivatives of 3,4,5,6‐Tetrahydro‐6a,10b‐diazaindeno[1,2,3‐c,d]azulene.
Authors: Nazarenko K. G. , Shirokaya T. I. , Shvidenko K. V. , Tolmachev A. A. , Tolmachev A. I. , Il'chenko A. Ya. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Manganese(II) Complexes Coordinated by a New Derivative of Bipyridine: 9′‐[4,5‐Bis(methylthio)‐1,3‐dithiol‐2‐ylidene]‐4′,5′‐diazafluorene
Authors: Qin‐Yu Zhu  , Dai Jie , Jia Ding‐Xian , Cao Li‐Hui , Lin Hai‐Hong 
Published: November 2004

AbstractManganese(II) complexes with the ligand 9′‐[4,5‐bis(methylthio)‐1,3‐dithiol‐2‐ylidene]‐4′,5′‐diazafluorene (L) have been synthesized, and the single‐crystal structures of complexes [Mn(L)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2·(L)2·2C2H5OH·2CH3CN (1), [Mn(L)2Cl2]·1.5CH2Cl2 (2) and [Mn(L)2(NO3)2] (3) have been characterized. Complex 1 is trans‐coordinated with N···H−O and S···S contacts, while the other two complexes are cis‐coordinated with short π···π stacking. Solvent‐free powder samples were also obtained and these complexes showed catalytic activity in the decomposition of H2O2 in the presence of added imidazole; the perchlorate compound was the most effective. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Carbon‐Rich Ruthenium Complexes Containing Bis(allenylidene) and Mixed Alkynyl−Allenylidene Bridges
Authors: Rigaut Stéphane , Perruchon Johann , Guesmi Salaheddine , Fave Claire , Touchard Daniel , Dixneuf Pierre H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractComplexes cis‐[RuCl(dppe)2][X] (2a X = PF6, 2b X = CF3SO3) react with a variety of bis(propargylic) alcohols to selectively lead to mono‐trans‐[Cl(dppe)2Ru=C=C=C(R)−T−C(R)(OH)(C≡C−H)][X] (4) [R = H, Ph; T = m,p‐(C6H4), 2,5‐(thiophene), 5,5′‐(2,2′‐bithiophene), 5,5′′‐(2,2′:5′2′′‐terthiophene), −C≡C−] or bis(allenylidene) trans‐[Cl(dppe)2Ru=C=C=C(R)−T−(R)C=C=C=RuCl(dppe)2][X]2 (5) complexes. New dimetallic and trimetallic complexes containing mixed alkynyl−allenylidene bridges, trans‐[Cl(dppe)2Ru−C≡C−p‐(C6H4)−(Ph)C=C=C=RuCl(dppe)2][CF3SO3] (12) and trans‐[{Cl(dppe)2Ru−C≡C−p‐(C6H4)}2C=C=C=RuCl(dppe)2][CF3SO3] (17)}, were prepared by modification of the carbon‐rich ligand of acetylide precursors. UV/Vis and cyclic voltammetry studies show the influence of the unsaturated conjugated bridge on the electronic interaction between the redox centers, and the fine tuning of this property. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A New Mixed P,S‐Bidentate Ligand Featuring a λ4‐Phosphinine Anion and a Phosphanyl Sulfide Group − Synthesis, X‐ray Crystal Structures and Catalytic Properties of Its Chloro(cymene)ruthenium and Allylpalladium Complexes
Authors: Dochnahl Maximilian , Doux Marjolaine , Faillard Emilie , Ricard Louis , Le Floch Pascal 
Published: November 2004

Abstract1,3,2‐Diazaphosphinine (1) reacts successively with diphenylacetylene and diphenyl(1‐propynyl)phosphane sulfide to afford the P,S‐bidentate phosphinine 3. Reaction of nBuLi with 3 followed by complexation with [RuCl2(C10H14)]2 gave two diastereoisomers 5a,b. Variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy and ONIOM DFT calculations were carried out to rationalize their formation. Complexes 5a,b were used as catalysts in hydrogen‐transfer hydrogenation (TON up to 200). Reaction of MeLi with 3 followed by complexation with [PdCl2(η3‐C3H5)]2 yielded two diastereomers 7a,b, which were used as catalysts in the Suzuki−Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction of aryl bromides with pinacolborane to yield the corresponding arylboronic esters (TON up to 799000). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis and Redox Behavior of Wurster Blue Cyclophanes
Authors: Takemura Hiroyuki , Takehara Kô , Ata Masafumi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTwo cyclophanes composed of two p‐phenylenediamine (PPD) units connected by methylene chains of different lengths (1c, n = 3; 2c, n = 5) have been synthesized. The PPD unit of cyclophane 1c was oxidized by a two‐electron transfer process to give 1c2+ at the first oxidation potential. In contrast, 2c was oxidized by a one‐electron transfer process to give 2c+ and then 2c2+. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Mixed Acetate‐Glycerol Biosynthesis and Formation of Benzoate Directly from Shikimate in Streptomyces sp.
Authors: Hoffmann Luise , Grond Stephanie 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBiosynthetic studies of γ‐butyrolactones and 3‐furanylcarbonyl α‐L‐rhamnopyranosides reveal a new mixed biosynthetic pathway which provides different types of secondary metabolites. The new γ‐butyrolactone 1 is produced by Streptomyces sp. (strain GT 61150) together with (propenyl‐3‐furanyl)carbonyl α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (2). Their structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods. The biosynthesis of 1 and 2 was established by feeding 13C‐labelled acetate and glycerol to Streptomyces sp. and resulted in a complete labelling pattern of 1 and 2. Benzoyl α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (3) is a rare compound of the rhamnoside family and is produced by Streptomyces griseoviridis (strain Tü 3634). [1,7‐13C2]Shikimic acid was fed to prove the hypothesis that the benzoyl unit is derived directly from shikimate and not from the plant‐like pathway with phenylalanine as an intermediate. The results exemplify a novel bacterial benzoate biosynthesis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Dihalogenation of gem‐Aryl‐Disubstituted Methylenecyclopropanes by DEAD, DIAD/TiX4 or Free Halogen
Authors: Shao Li‐Xiong , Zhao Lin‐Jing , Shi Min 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe reaction of gem‐aryl‐disubstituted methylenecyclopropanes with TiX4/diethyl azodicarboxylate and TiX4/diisopropyl azodicarboxylate in 1,2‐dichloroethane gave the dihalogenated ring‐opened product, 2,4‐dihalobut‐1‐ene, in moderate‐to‐excellent yields under mild conditions. On the basis of the proposed Orton‐type mechanism, we found that this reaction can also be carried out with free halogens such as bromine or iodine to give the same products in good yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Biosynthesis and Stereochemistry of Phlegmacin‐Type Fungal Pigments
Authors: Müller Michael , Lamottke Kai , Steglich Wolfgang , Busemann Stefan , Reichert Matthias , Bringmann Gerhard , Spiteller Peter 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe absolute stereostructures of phlegmacins A1 (3a) and B1 (3b) were determined by biosynthetic studies, quantum chemical CD calculations, and NOE experiments. In Cortinarius odorifer these compounds are formed by regioselective oxidative dimerization of (R)‐torosachrysone (R‐2). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Approaches to the Preparation of 4‐Benzyloxy‐2‐(α,α,α‐D3)methylphenol, a Building Block for Labeled δ‐Tocopherol, and a New Synthesis ofR,R,R‐5‐D3‐α‐Tocopherol
Authors: Mazzini Francesco , Mandoli Alessandro , Salvadori Piero , Netscher Thomas , Rosenau Thomas 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDifferent routes are described for the synthesis of 4‐benzyloxy‐2‐D3‐phenol, a key building block in the preparation of D3‐δ‐tocopherol. Conditions for the improvement of Minami’s reduction are also given, allowing a straightforward route to the title compound and a new synthesis ofR,R,R‐5‐D3‐α‐tocopherol in good yields, starting from widely availableR,R,R‐α‐tocopherol. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Ten year radiation budget of the Earth: 1984–93
Authors: Hatzianastassiou N. , Matsoukas C. , Hatzidimitriou D. , Pavlakis C. , Drakakis M. , Vardavas I. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA 10 year (1984–93) climatology is given of the global distributions of net shortwave (SW), net longwave (LW) and net all‐wave radiation budget at both top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) and at the Earth's surface, on a mean monthly basis, computed with a radiative transfer model with input data for key atmospheric and surface parameters. The model input data were taken from complete and comprehensive global climatological data sets, such as the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research Global Reanalysis or the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder, among others. Seasonal and latitudinal variations and mean annual and mean hemispherical and global averages are given, based on model results computed for each month of the period from January 1984 to December 1993. At TOA, the net incoming SW radiation has larger latitudinal variation and range of values (0–400 W m−2) than the outgoing LW radiation (100–350 W m−2). At the surface, the net downward SW radiation has similar features to that at TOA, but with smaller magnitudes. The net upward LW radiation is quite different than at TOA, with a smaller seasonal and geographical variability than the surface net SW radiation. The global system of Earth–atmosphere is found to be net radiatively heated at TOA by 3 W m−2; the Earth's surface is net heated by 98 W m−2, mainly due to solar absorption equal to 147 W m−2, a value in agreement with surface‐based measurements. At TOA, there is a radiative energy surplus between 40 °S and 30 °N and a radiative loss poleward; however, at the surface the surplus regions extend from 70 °S to 70 °N. Globally, the atmosphere is found to absorb 27% of the incoming solar radiation at TOA, while it emits 79% of the outgoing terrestrial radiation. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Controlling the retention in capillary LC with solvents, temperature, and electric fields
Authors: Jandera Pavel , Blomberg Lars G. , Lundanes Elsa 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOnce a suitable stationary phase and column dimensions have been selected, the retention in liquid chromatography (LC) is traditionally adjusted by controlling the mobile phase composition. Solvent gradients enable achievement of good separation selectivity while decreasing the separation time as compared to isocratic elution. Capillary columns allow use of other programming parameters, i. e. temperature and applied electric fields, in addition to solvent gradient elution. This paper presents a review of programmed separation techniques in miniaturized LC, including retention modeling and method transfer from the conventional to micro‐ and capillary scales. The impact of miniaturized instrumentation on retention and the limitations of capillary LC are discussed. Special attention is focused on the gradient dwell volume effects, which are more important in micro‐LC techniques than in conventional analytical LC and may cause significant increase in the time of analysis, unless special instrumentation and (or) pre‐column flow‐splitting is used. The influence of temperature upon retention is also discussed, and applications where the temperature has been actively used for retention control in capillary LC are included together with the instrumentation utilized. Finally the possibilities of additional selectivity control by applying an electric field over a packed capillary LC column are discussed.
An experimental study of chromatographic dynamics in open and packed non‐cylindrical conduits
Authors: Rozing Gerard , van de Goor Tom , Yin Hongfeng , Killeen Kevin , Glatz Bernd , Kraiczek Karsten , Lauer Henk H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA systematic investigation of the influence of the perimeter shape of open and particle packed fused silica capillaries on chromatographic properties such as resistance to flow and dispersion of solutes propelled through these channels has been conducted. Verifications of these uncommon experiments with existing theoretical treatments are presented and the insights transferred to a novel polymer chip design with integrated facilities for complex separations. A comparison of the chromatographic performance of a real life proteomics sample on this chip with a capillary column of “similar” dimensions is presented.
Ultrafine Electrospun Polyamide‐6 Fibers: Effect of Solution Conditions on Morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Authors: Mit‐uppatham Chidchanok , Nithitanakul Manit , Supaphol Pitt 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSummary: In the present contribution, the electrostatic spinning or electrospinning technique was used to produce ultra‐fine polyamide‐6 (PA‐6) fibers. The effects of solution conditions on the morphological appearance and the average diameter of as‐spun fibers were investigated by optical scanning (OS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. It was shown that the solution properties (i.e. viscosity, surface tension and conductivity) were important factors characterizing the morphology of the fibers obtained. Among these three properties, solution viscosity was found to have the greatest effect. Solutions with high enough viscosities (viz. solutions at high concentrations) were necessary to produce fibers without beads. At a given concentration, fibers obtained from PA‐6 of higher molecular weights appeared to be larger in diameter, but it was observed that the average diameters of the fibers from PA‐6 of different molecular weights had a common relationship with the solution viscosities which could be approximated by an exponential growth equation. Raising the temperature of the solution during spinning resulted in the reduction of the fiber diameters with higher deposition rate, while mixing m‐cresol with formic acid to serve as a mixed solvent for PA‐6 caused the solutions to have higher viscosities which resulted in larger fiber diameters. Lastly, the addition of some inorganic salts resulted in an increase in the solution conductivity, which caused the fiber diameters to increase due to the large increase in the mass flow.Average diameter of as‐spun fibers plotted as a function of the viscosity of the solutions.magnified imageAverage diameter of as‐spun fibers plotted as a function of the viscosity of the solutions.
Disregarded use of herbal medical products and dietary supplements among surgical and medical patients as estimated by home inspection and interview
Authors: Glintborg Bente , Andersen Stig Ejdrup , Spang‐Hanssen Eva , Dalhoff Kim 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPurposeMore and more patients use herbal medical products (HMP) and dietary supplements (DS). Due to the possibility of drug interactions and side effects, it is important that physicians are aware of the use. The aim of the present cross sectional survey was to analyse the consumption of HMP and DS among patients recently discharged from two hospital departments.MethodsPatients were visited within 1 week after discharge and interviewed about their use of HMP and DS. Stored products were inspected and registered. Hospital files and discharge letters were examined to establish the frequency of registration.ResultsTotally, 83 surgical and 117 medical patients were included (n = 200), 139 patients (70%) were women. 53 patients (27%) stored no HMP or DS, whereas the home inventories of 147 patients (74%) comprised 343 products. 116 patients (58%) used HMP or DS daily and 25 patients (13%) used the products on demand. The most frequently used product was multivitamins (82 patients = 41%). Totally, 61% of the products were used on the patients' own initiative. In 3% of the used products, patients were aware of possible side effects. No patients were aware of possible drug interactions. Only 21% of the 211 HMP and DS used daily prior to admission were recorded in the hospital files.ConclusionsThe use of HMP and DS was frequent among surgical and medical patients. The use was often not recorded in the hospital files and patients' knowledge of possible side effects and drug‐interactions was minimal. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.