bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physician‐Prompting Statin Therapy Intervention Improves Outcomes in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Hilleman Daniel E. , Monaghan Michael S. , Ashby Catherine L. , Mashni Joyce E. , Woolley Kathleen , Amato Cecily M. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of a posthospital discharge intervention that prompted physicians to increase the use and effectiveness of statins (3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).Methods. Participants were 612 patients with CHD who were admitted to a coronary care unit. The control group (303 patients admitted from October 1–December 31, 1998) received no follow‐up intervention. The intervention group (309 patients admitted from January 1–March 31, 1999) had follow‐up letters sent or phone calls made to their primary care physicians with patient‐specific recommendations concerning assessment of lipid profiles and statin therapy. Over a 2‐year follow‐up period, assessment of lipid profiles, use of therapy, and adverse clinical outcomes were compared between the control and intervention groups.Results. At hospital discharge, there was no significant difference in the use of statins between the groups. At each reported follow‐up interval, the percentages of patients having lipid profiles measured, being treated with a statin, receiving titrated dosages of a statin, and achieving low‐density lipid (LDL) cholesterol goals set by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) were significantly greater in the intervention group compared with the control group (all p<0.05). At the end of the 2‐year follow‐up period, nearly three‐fourths (72%) of the intervention group were receiving a statin, compared with 43% of the control group. In addition, 55% of the intervention group achieved their NCEP LDL goal, compared with only 10% of the control group. Recurrent myocardial infarction, hospitalization for myocardial ischemia, coronary revascularization, and cardiovascular mortality were significantly reduced in the intervention group compared with the control group (all p<0.05).Conclusion. A relatively simple physician‐prompting intervention significantly increased assessment of lipid status, frequency of statin use, achievement of LDL treatment goals, and titration of lipid drug dosages. In addition, the improved use of statins significantly reduced adverse cardiovascular outcomes. This intervention tool should be more broadly applied in patient populations eligible to receive these agents.
Measurement of Protein Hydrophobicity
Authors: Nakai Shuryo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAmong numerous methods reported in the literature for analysis of protein hydrophobicty, the only methods of potential use for routine food analysis were chosen here. The most popular methods are probe spectrofluorometry using ANS, CPA, DPH, and Prodan. Additional methods selected were SDS binding, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, contact angle, and hydrophobic partition. All methods are relatively easy to conduct when need has arisen to confirm controversial data, such as those obtained by using probe spectrofluorometry. Advantages and disadvantages of different methods are compared. Importance of the relationships with functionality of proteins in food processing is emphasized because the true meaning of surface hydrophobicity of proteins is difficult to define.
Water Retention Properties of Solid Foods
Authors: Regenstein Joe M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWater holding capacity (WHC) has been traditionally measured using a wide variety of techniques, some of which measure very different aspects of water retention. Water uptake ability and expressible moisture measure two such different properties in a practical way that can be used in both industry and research. A third measurement, drip loss, can be applied to raw, cooked, frozen, and otherwise processed samples.
Detecting Enzyme Activity: A Case Study of Polygalacturonase
Authors: Kongruang Sasithorn , Penner Michael H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractChemical and physical approaches to monitoring enzyme activity are illustrated using polygalacturonase as the focus enzyme. Polygalacturonase is a depolymerase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4‐glycosidic linkages in linear homogalacturonan regions of pectic polymers. Activity measurements of this enzyme may be based on the generation of new product, such as the generation of reducing sugars, or changes in the rheological properties of the polymer that result as a consequence of catalysis. Two basic assay protocols, reducing sugar‐ and viscosity‐based assays, are presented here. Discussions of approaches to enzyme extraction and critical parameters for maintaining assay specificity are included.
Gas Chromatography/Olfactometry
Authors: Acree Terry E. , van Ruth Saskia 
Published: June 2004

AbstractVolatile odorants can be analyzed by gas chromatography/olfactometry (GC/O), a collection of techniques that range from simple modifications of GC equipment to elaborate commercial GC‐olfactometers and protocols. This unit describes the direct column sniffing, dilution analysis, and time intensity protocols most commonly used in the food industry.
Creep and Stress Relaxation: Step‐Change Experiments
Authors: Whittingstall Peter 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis article discusses the use of step‐change tests in rheometry of foods. A step change test allows for a material to be probed in its linear viscoelastic region, and beyond, where deformation is no longer reversible. This irreversible deformation behavior is of interest as it marks the onset of flow and can therefore shed light on the yield or failure of materials.
Analysis of Isoflavones in Soy Foods
Authors: Zhang Yu Chu , Schwartz Steven J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests that consumption of soybean products may have a significant impact upon health. The biological activity has been associated, in part, with the presence of isoflavones in soy. Analysis of these bioactive compounds in soybean products is an essential part of any research involving soy isoflavones. Various processing conditions produce soy products with a wide range of isoflavone content and composition. Recent studies demonstrated that the chemical forms and abundance of isoflavones in soy foods have a significant impact on their bioavailability and biological effects. It is thus very important to avoid altering the natural forms and abundance of the twelve soy isoflavones during extraction, identification, and quantification. In this unit, an attempt has been made to provide reliable protocols with the most commonly used analytical techniques for this purpose.
Fluidics
Authors: Stovel Richard 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe primary function of the fluidics of a flow cytometer is to deliver cells to the sensing area in a single file well aligned with the detectors. In a sorting instrument, the fluidics must also be capable of physically isolating those cells selected on the basis of measurements made by the instrument. The unit discusses primary and secondary fluidic functions, types of sensing area, types of sample delivery, potential problems affecting sample flow, and sorting.
Optical Filter Sets for Multiparameter Flow Cytometry
Authors: Waggoner Alan 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOne of the most important components of a fluorescence detection system, the optical filter set selects wavelengths of light for fluorophore excitation and fluorescent signal discrimination. Of the variety of optical devices available for wavelength selection, optical filters have gained wide acceptance because of their wavelength selectivity, ease of installation, and relative inexpensiveness. This unit discusses the properties, compositions, and uses of optical filters in flow cytometry. The information should allow investigators to select quality filters for modifying systems for new dyes and multicolor analyses.
High‐Speed Cell Sorting
Authors: Leary James F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA flow cytometer has the ability to analyze several thousand cells per second. This is particularly valuable for the detection of rare events. For many biological and clinical applications, cells must be isolated on the basis of multiple quantitative properties. This need is ideally met by the analytical power of flow cytometry, which provides the front‐end selection mechanism for cell sorting. In essence, cell sorting represents real‐time data classification coupled with actual physical isolation of cells with the properties of interest. This unit discusses the principles and practices of operating a cell sorter to maximize the sorting rate, including the trade‐offs between speed and resolution.
Principles of Gating
Authors: Wood James C. S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFew aspects of flow cytometry are common to every application. Gating principles is one. This unit provides an excellent overview as well as detailed conceptual material on how gating works, when certain types of gating should or should not be applied, and the advantages and disadvantages of various techniques. This unit should be required reading for every technician using a flow cytometer and every graduate student starting out in the area, and is an excellent refresher for those more advanced in the technology. It brings out the historical development of our understanding of gating applications as well as providing a high level of technical accuracy.
Light Scatter: Detection and Usage
Authors: Salzman Gary C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractLight scatter is one of the most basic of measurements made in flow cytometry. This unit presents a short commentary on what light scatter is and how it is measured. First, the author describes the basic principles of the scattering of light from small particles such as cells. This is followed by a discussion of methods for detecting scattered light in a flow cytometer. The unit ends with a brief survey showing how light scattering is used in a broad range of flow cytometry applications.
Time‐Resolved Fluorescence Measurements
Authors: Steinkamp John A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis unit provides a detailed review and technical discussion of the principles of time‐resolved fluorescence. The unique feature of this particular unit is that the principles are directly tied to the use of flow cytometry. There are a number of advantages in being able to discriminate between fluorochromes based upon their lifetimes as opposed to their emission wavelengths. One particularly good application is the determination of bound versus free molecules. The author covers both the theoretical and practical components of measuring fluorescence in the time domain. In addition, the unit provides a listing of the most common fluorescent dyes with comparative data of lifetime and excitation conditions.
Plug Flow Cytometry
Authors: Edwards Bruce S. , Sklar Larry A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAlthough flow cytometry has the powerful ability to rapidly screen large collections of cells, the technology has yet to be efficiently applied to large‐scale screening operations involving multiple discrete suspensions. High‐throughput flow cytometry would be beneficial to many areas of biological investigation, such as modern drug discovery, which involves testing of cellular targets against millions of potentially valuable compounds. The authors have developed a flow injection analysis approach to automated sample handling in which individual sample suspensions are sequentially inserted as plugs of precisely defined volumes into a flowing fluid which delivers them to the laser beam. The unit describes the basic elements and concepts of this plug flow system and discusses representative applications.
Dynamic Thermoregulation of the Sample in Flow Cytometry
Authors: Graves Steven W. , Habbersett Robert C. , Nolan John P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFine control of temperature is an important capability for any analytical platform. A circulating water bath has been the traditional means of maintaining constant temperature in the sample chamber of a flow cytometer, but this approach does not permit rapid changes in sample temperature. This unit explains the use of Peltier modules for regulation of sample temperature. The heat pumping generated by the passage of current through properly matched semiconductors, known as the Peltier effect, makes it possible for these thermoelectric modules to both heat and cool. The authors describe the construction of a Peltier module based thermoregulation unit in step‐by‐step detail and present a demonstration of flow cytometry measurements as a function of temperature.
Contrast Enhancement in Light Microscopy
Authors: Keller H. Ernst 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe optical microscope is a fundamental component of an image cytometry system. Electronic imaging has both greatly enhanced the capabilities of light microscopes and placed ever‐increasing demands on their optical performance. This unit covers the basic concepts of light microscopy, including Köhler illumination, resolution, contrast, and numerical aperture, and reviews the many types of instruments and techniques for contrast enhancement.
Optical Filtering Systems for Wavelength Selection in Light Microscopy
Authors: Waggoner Alan S. , Wachman Elliot S. , Farkas Daniel L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBecause of its sensitivity and specificity, fluorescence‐based detection is one of the foremost methods for microscopic imaging of biological tissues and cells. Dramatic improvements in filter system design and implementation coupled with development of an ever‐widening range of sensitive fluorescent dyes have made multicolor imaging a powerful tool for structural and functional analysis. This revised and expanded unit reviews some of the main principles and developments of optical filtering.
Microscope Alignment
Authors: Friedman Marc M. , Abramowitz Mortimer 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn order to obtain good images using any microscopic imaging modalities, it is necessary to understand the microscope thoroughly and set up properly. This unit should be required reading for all students and staff using a light microscope. It clearly defines the types of illumination used in microscopes and details the correct set up and operation.Keywords: light microscopes; Köhler illumination; microscope alignment.
Method for Visualizing Aerosol Contamination in Flow Sorters
Authors: Oberyszyn Andrew S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe routine operation of a flow cytometer generates aerosols, and most commercially available instrument are not designed to be 100% effective in their elimination. Aerosols are a concern for operators as well as for others in the facility because of the potential for exposure to contamination, especially during sorting of biohazardous samples. This unit describes a visual method for examining aerosol containment using a commercial resin that fluoresces under UV or black light illumination. The method is rapid, inexpensive, and simple. Results are immediate and potentially quantitative
Titering Antibodies
Authors: Stewart Carleton C. , Stewart Sigrid J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFlow cytometry using fluorochrome‐conjugated antibodies has emerged as a major approach to automated cellular identification. One of the most important issues in immunophenotyping is using the correct amount of antibody. This unit presents techniques for ascertaining the optimal titer for individual, dual, and multiple antibodies used for simultaneous phenotyping, stressing the importance of quality control in making batches of antibody for routine use. Keywords: flow cytometry; monoclonal antibodies; antibody titration; immunophenotyping.
Conjugation of Fluorochromes to Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Holmes Kevin L. , Lantz Larry M. , Russ Wesley 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDetection of cell surface molecules labeled by monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies conjugated to a fluorochrome is probably the most widely used application of flow cytometry. This unit contains protocols for tagging monoclonal antibodies with fluorescein, biotin, Texas Red, and phycobiliproteins. In addition, it provides a procedure for preparing a PE‐Texas Red tandem conjugate dye that can then be used for antibody conjugation. These protocols enable investigators to label antibodies of their choice with multiple fluorochromes and permit more combinations of antibodies for multicolor flow applications.Keywords: flow cytometry; monoclonal antibodies; fluorochromes; antibody labeling.
Cellular Function Probes
Authors: Johnson Iain D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis unit covers many of the fluorescent probes used in cell biology, such as green fluorescent protein, esterase and peptidase substrates, intracellular thiols, lipid probes, and probes for intracellular ions. It brings to light the chemical relationships between certain probes and relates these properties to their functional application. Correct use of these probes requires an understanding of how they are taken up and distributed within the cell and where appropriate, what factors will affect the fluorescence emission from the probe. This is particularly important for probes of pH and calcium flux.
Handling, Storage, and Preparation of Human Blood Cells
Authors: McCoy, Jr. J. Philip 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHuman peripheral blood samples are probably the most common specimens submitted for flow cytometric analysis. Handling and preparation will vary depending on the cell lineage to be examined and the type of assay. This unit presents protocols for separating white cells by lysing erythrocytes, isolating mononuclear cells by trilineage separation, and assorted methods for isolating or enriching specific cell populations, including monocytes, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, NK cells, stem cells, and platelets. Keywords: flow cytometry; human blood; leukocyte preparation; mononuclear blood cells; cell population enrichment; cell population isolation; cell population purification
Handling, Storage, and Preparation of Human Tissues
Authors: Dressler Lynn G. , Visscher Dan 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHuman tissue for flow cytometry must be prepared as an adequate single‐cell suspension. The appropriate methods for tissue collection, transport, storage, and dissociation depend on the cell parameters being measured and the localization of the markers. This unit includes a general method for collecting and transporting human tissue and preparing a tissue imprint. Protocols are supplied for tissue disaggregation by either mechanical or enzymatic means and for preparation of single‐cell suspensions of whole cells from fine‐needle aspirates, pleural effusions, abdominal fluids, or other body fluids. Other protocols detail preparation of intact nuclei from fresh, frozen, or paraffin‐embedded tissue. Support protocols cover fixation, cryospin preparation, cryopreservation, and removal of debris. Keywords: flow cytometry; human tissue; tissue imprint; single‐cell suspension preparation; tissue disaggregation; paraffin‐embedded tissue
Flow Analysis and Sorting of Plant Chromosomes
Authors: Doležel Jaroslav , Macas Jiří , Lucretti Sergio 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe use of flow cytometry for evaluation of plant chromosomes requires some specialized attention to preparation and instrumentation. This unit deals exclusively with plant cytogenetics and presents an outline of this area as well as methods for accumulation of cells in metaphase, preparation of chromosome suspensions, flow analysis and sorting of chromosomes, and processing of the sorted chromosomes. Each method is described in tremendous detail because in many aspects dealing with plant cells is quite different from dealing with mammalian cells. Supporting histograms are presented as well as a range of special hints on dealing with plant material and a discussion of the utility of sorted chromosomes for plant genome mapping.. Keywords: flow cytometry; plant chromosomes; cell cycle synchronization; chromosome isolation; chromosome sorting; physical gene mapping; chromosome‐specific DNA libraries
Immunophenotyping
Authors: Stewart C.C. , Stewart S.J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis unit presents basic techniques for immunophenotyping by flow cytometry, direct using a conjugated monoclonal antibody and indirect using an unconjugated primary antibody followed by a conjugated secondary antibody. Combinations of these methods are described for two‐, three‐, and four‐color staining. Analysis of data acquired from cells stained by these procedures is detailed. A procedure is given for the detection of the location of nonviable cells so that they can be gated out of the analysis.Keywords: flow cytometry; immunophenotyping; indirect staining; direct staining; multicolor staining; immunophenotypic analysis.
Enumeration of CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells
Authors: Sutherland D. Robert , Keeney Michael , Gratama Jan W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractCD34 is the first documented cell surface antigen whose expression within the hematopoetic system is restricted to stem and progenitor cells of all lineages. Transplantation of CD34+ cells has created a need for accurate and rapid assessment of CD34+ cell concentrations in peripheral blood as well as for the optimal timing of apheresis sessions to insure the harvest of sufficient CD34+ cells. However, accurate enumeration of these cells represents a rare‐event analysis, a demanding and somewhat complicated procedure. This comprehensive unit presents the clearest and most definitive methods yet available for CD34+ enumeration by flow cytometry, evaluates a number of commercially available procedures, and provides invaluable supporting information and detailed analysis which we believe is found in no other publication. All the possible problems are discussed and examples provided, allowing the clinical hematology lab to be certain that analysis of CD34+ cells is performed in an appropriate manner.
Immunophenotypic Analysis of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Ruiz‐Argüelles Alejandro , Pérez‐Romano Beatriz 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis unit on basic phenotyping describes two basic and two alternate protocols for the immunophenotypic identification and classification of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The presented protocols comply with consensus recommendations from professional organizations that regulate the clinical use of such assays. The authors discuss whole blood assay systems as well as enriched systems from several perspectives, including absolute number determination.Keywords: flow cytometry; peripheral blood; lymphocytes; immunophenotype; lymphocyte subsets
Immunophenotypic Analysis of Human Mast Cells by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Escribano Luis , Navalón Raquel , Núñez Rosa , Díaz Agustín Beatriz , Bravo Pilar 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe immunophenotypic identification and enumeration of human bone marrow mast cells represents a clear demonstration of the utility of flow cytometry for rare‐event analysis. The basic approach can be applied to a variety of specimens, including bone marrow, peripheral blood, ascitic fluid, and lymphoid tissue such as adenoids. Special emphasis is placed on markers with potential utility for distinguishing between normal, reactive, and pathological mast cells. From the clinical aspect, immunophenotypic analysis of mast cells may have great utility in supporting the diagnosis of tissue involvement in mastocytosis.