bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radial fast spin‐echo method for T2‐weighted imaging and T2 mapping of the liver
Authors: Altbach Maria I. , Outwater Eric K. , Trouard Theodore P. , Krupinski Elizabeth A. , Theilmann Rebecca J. , Stopeck Alison T. , Kono Mitsuko , Gmitro Arthur F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate a multishot radial fast‐spin echo (RAD‐FSE) method developed to improve the quality of abdominal T2‐weighted imaging as well as the characterization of focal liver lesions.Materials and MethodsThe RAD‐FSE sequence used in this work consisted of a preparatory period followed by a short echo train (ETL = 16). A novel radial k‐space trajectory was used to minimize streaking artifacts due to T2 variations and motion. Small diffusion gradients (b = 1.2 mm/s2) were used to improve flow suppression. The quality of images obtained with RAD‐FSE was compared to multishot 2DFT fast spin‐echo (2DFT‐FSE) and half‐Fourier acquisition single‐shot turbo‐spin‐echo (HASTE) images using data from 16 patients. A postprocessing algorithm was used to generate multiple high‐resolution images (at different effective TE values) as well as a T2 map from a single RAD‐FSE data set. The T2 maps were used to differentiate malignant from benign lesions for a set of 33 lesions ranging from 0.8–194 cm3.ResultsRAD‐FSE produces high‐resolution images of the liver in a breath‐hold without the motion artifacts of 2DFT‐FSE methods, and without the blurriness and loss of small lesion detectability of HASTE. The inclusion of diffusion weighting in RAD‐FSE decreases the signal from blood in hepatic vessels, which improves lesion visualization. The T2 values obtained by postprocessing a single RAD‐FSE data set can differentiate malignant from benign lesions. The mean T2 values obtained for malignancies, hemangiomas, and cysts are 108 ± 30 msec, 240 ± 14 msec, and 572 ± 334 msec, respectively.ConclusionThese results indicate that RAD‐FSE produces abdominal images of higher quality than 2DFT‐FSE and HASTE. In addition, lesions can be characterized using T2 maps generated from a single RAD‐FSE data set. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:179–189. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐performance liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric identification of the phototransformation products of tebuconazole on titanium dioxide
Authors: Calza Paola , Baudino Simone , Aigotti Riccardo , Baiocchi Claudio , Branca Paolo , Pelizzetti Ezio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTebuconazole is a widely used fungicide. The formation of by‐products on irradiated titanium dioxide as a photocatalyst was evaluated. Several species derived from tebuconazole degradation were identified and characterized by HPLC/MSn. A pattern of reactions accounting for the observed intermediates is proposed. Different parallel pathways are operating (and through these pathways the transformation of the molecule proceeds), leading to a wide range of intermediate compounds. All these molecules are more hydrophylic than tebuconazole. The main steps involved are (1) the hydroxylation of the molecule with the formation of three species having [M + H]+ 324; the hydroxylation occurs on the C‐1 carbon and on the aromatic ring in the two ortho‐positions; (2) the cleavage of a C—C bond with the release of the tert‐butyl moiety and the formation of a species having m/z 250; analogously to step 1, also on this species a further hydroxylation reaction occurs; (3) through the loss of the triazole moiety with the formation of a structure with m/z 257. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal use of phenotypic resistance testing to HIV‐1 protease inhibitors in patients developing HAART failure
Authors: Servais Jean , Plesséria Jean‐Marc , Lambert Christine , Fontaine Elodie , Robert Isabelle , Arendt Vic , Staub Thérèse , Schneider François , Hemmer Robert , Schmit Jean‐Claude 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn “in‐house” recombinant virus protease inhibitor susceptibility assay was carried out (median of 3 per patient) retrospectively in 26 patients failing HIV protease inhibitor based therapy at regular intervals to the initiation of the first protease inhibitor. Patients were treated with either indinavir (N = 6), ritonavir (N = 10), or saquinavir (N = 10) and two nucleoside analogues. Second line therapy was based on single or dual protease inhibitor regimens occasionally containing nelfinavir. Clinically relevant resistance cut‐offs associated with a poorer virological outcome from 6 months on and the clinical outcome from 3 months on were determined tentatively as 4‐ to 8‐fold resistance for indinavir and ritonavir and 2.5‐ to 8‐fold to saquinavir. In addition, the degree of cross‐resistance at the time of the change of protease inhibitor was associated with the response in viral load at 6 months to the second line therapy (P = 0.018). Cross‐resistance (>= 8‐fold) between ritonavir and indinavir was common (78 and 100%). Cross‐resistance between indinavir or ritonavir and saquinavir was less frequent (75 and 60% respectively) than the opposite (100%, P = 0.004). Cross‐resistance to nelfinavir was encountered more frequently (> 70%) than to amprenavir (9%). The magnitudes of resistance were correlated between each other. In summary, the protease inhibitor susceptibility carried out longitudinally appears to be an earlier prognostic marker than viral load in a context of cross‐resistance. The magnitude of resistance, as a marker of cross‐resistance, should be useful to guide second line therapy. J. Med Virol. 67:312–319, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative expression profiles of Trk receptors and Shc‐related phosphotyrosine adapters during retinal development: Potential roles of N‐Shc/ShcC in brain‐derived neurotrophic factor signal transduction and modulation
Authors: Nakazawa Toru , Nakano Itsuko , Sato Masahiro , Nakamura Takeshi , Tamai Makoto , Mori Nozomu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNeurotrophins (NTs) have multiple roles in retinal development and survival, which are mediated through their specific receptors and signaling molecules. An emerging family of adapter protein, Shc (Src homology and collagen)‐related molecules, i.e., Shc/ShcA, Sck/ShcB, and N‐Shc/ShcC, has been implicated in various phosphotyrosine signal transduction mechanisms, including that for NTs. To explore the potential role(s) of Shc‐related adapters in NT signaling in the retina, we compared the developmental changes of the mRNA expression of TrkA ‐B, and ‐C in the rat retina, on one hand and, on the other hand, studied which members of the Shc family were activated after brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) application in axotomized rat retinas. Early in development, both TrkA and ShcA were highly expressed, whereas, in late development to adulthood, TrkB/C and ShcB/C were highly expressed. In the mature retinal ganglion cell layer, the expression of ShcB/C and TrkB/C was evident. Immunoreactivity of ShcC was located in the retinal ganglion cells, amacrine cells, and inner plexiform layer. The response of ShcC following retinal axotomy was most profound with the administration of BDNF, and there was some response with neurotrophin‐3. These results indicate that ShcC could be a potential phosphotyrosine adapter among the Shc family members for BDNF signaling and function during retinal development and regeneration in vivo. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variant PC12 cell line that spontaneously differentiates and extends neuritic processes
Authors: Xiao Jingnan , Zhou Qiong , Liu Yuechueng 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells differentiate into neuronal‐like cells in response to treatment with neurotrophins. The cells have been extensively used for investigating neuronal differentiation and axonal growth. Here we report the isolation of a variant PC12 cell line, named PC12‐N1, which spontaneously differentiates and extends neuritic processes. The PC12‐N1 cells expressed many neuronal specific proteins, including the synaptosomal associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP‐25), synaptotagmin, and synaptobrevin (also known as VAMP). The cells also expressed neurofilament protein of 68 kDa, a marker for differentiated neurons. In addition to the spontaneous neurite outgrowth, the PC12‐N1 cells showed a marked increase in neurite outgrowth upon treatment with nerve grwoth factor (NGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and cyclic AMP (cAMP). The activation of mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases was examined by immunoblot analysis using phospho‐specific antibodies. No overactivation was observed with ERK1/2 or p38. However, the c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase JNK/SAPK was activated approximately 10‐fold over the parental PC12 cells. These results suggest that activation of JNK/SAPK may be involved in the spontaneous neurite extension in the PC12‐N1 cells. Moreover, the PC12‐N1 cells may be used as a model for investigating molecular signaling mechanisms underlying neuronal differentiation and axonal outgrowth. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethanol‐induced increase of sphingosine recycling for ganglioside biosynthesis: A study performed on cerebellar granule cells in culture
Authors: Ravasi Daniela , Ferraretto Anita , Omodeo‐salè Maria Fausta , Tettamanti Guido , Pitto Marina , Masserini Massimo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe effect of ethanol on ganglioside metabolism was assessed in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells. Cells were incubated in the presence of tritiated serine or galactose, and the synthesis of radioactive gangliosides was followed. The rate of de novo biosynthesis of gangliosides labeled in the oligosaccharide moiety (deriving from tritiated galactose) was not affected by the presence of ethanol. On the contrary, the biosynthesis of gangliosides labeled in the ceramide long chain base moiety (deriving from tritiated serine), dramatically decreased in the presence of alcohol. These results suggest that the gap between the extent of the biosynthesis of lipid and polar portions observed in the presence of ethanol, is filled by an increased recycling of sphingosine produced from ganglioside degradation. This hypothesis was confirmed by pulse‐chase experiments with GM1 ganglioside, tritiated in the sphingosine moiety, and following radiolabeled gangliosides deriving from its metabolic processing. In fact, the radioactivity carried by gangliosides whose labeling could derive exclusively (GD1b + GT1b) or partially (GD1a) from the recycling of catabolic radiolabeled sphingosine, dramatically increased in ethanol‐treated cells during the chase period. Taken together, these results suggest that ethanol increases ceramide sphingosine recycling for ganglioside biosynthesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for a role of the N‐terminal domain in subcellular localization of the neuronal connexin36 (Cx36)
Authors: Zoidl G. , Meier C. , Petrasch‐Parwez E. , Zoidl C. , Habbes H.‐W. , Kremer M. , Srinivas M. , Spray D.C. , Dermietzel R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe expression and functional properties of connexin36 (Cx36) have been investigated in two neuroblastoma cell lines (Neuro2A, RT4‐AC) and primary hippocampal neurons transfected with a Cx36‐enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression vector. Transfected cells express Cx36‐EGFP mRNA, and Cx36‐EGFP protein is localized in the perinuclear area and cell membrane. Upon differentiation of cell lines, Cx36‐EGFP protein was detectable in processes with both axonal and dendritic characteristics. Small gap junction plaques were found between adjacent cells, and electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that the electrical properties of these gap junctions were virtually indistinguishable from those reported for native Cx36. Mutagenesis of Cx36 led to the identification of a structural element that interferes with normal protein localization. In contrast, site directed mutagenesis of putative protein phosphorylation motifs did not alter subcellular localization. This excludes phosphorylation/dephosphorylation as a major regulatory step in Cx36 protein transport. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Syndecan‐3 and perlecan are differentially expressed by progenitors and mature oligodendrocytes and accumulate in the extracellular matrix
Authors: Winkler Susan , Stahl Richard C. , Carey David J. , Bansal Rashmi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOligodendrocyte progenitors originate in the subventricular zone, proliferate, migrate to their final destinations, differentiate, and interact with axons to produce multilamellar myelin sheaths. These processes are regulated by a variety of environmental signals, including growth factors, the extracellular matrix, and adhesion molecules. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are premier candidates as participants in this regulation by virtue of their structural diversity and their capacity to function as coreceptors for both growth factors and extracellular matrix molecules. Consistently with this, we have previously shown that oligodendrocyte progenitors are unable to proliferate in response to fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2) in the absence of sulfated heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Here we show that members of three families of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, syndecan, perlecan, and glypican, are developmentally and posttranscriptionally regulated during oligodendrocyte‐lineage progression: Syndecan‐3 is synthesized by oligodendrocyte progenitors (but not terminally differentiated oligodendrocytes) and is up‐regulated by FGF‐2; perlecan synthesis increases as oligodendrocytes undergo terminal differentiation; glypican‐1 is expressed by both progenitors and differentiated oligodendrocytes. Astrocytes express glypican‐1 and perlecan but not syndecan‐3. All three of these heparan sulfate proteoglycans are shed from the cell surface and bind to specific substrates. The developmentally regulated expression of these heparan sulfate proteoglycans is indicative of their participation in events involving growth factor receptors and the extracellular matrix that may regulate oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation, migration, and adhesion phenomena. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Examining the roles of job involvement and work centrality in predicting organizational citizenship behaviors and job performance
Authors: Diefendorff James M. , Brown Douglas J. , Kamin Allen M. , Lord Robert G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA recent meta‐analysis by Brown (1996) concluded that job involvement was unrelated to job performance. The present investigation proposed that the null findings reported in this meta‐analysis stem from the choice of performance criteria and the use of job involvement measures that are confounded with work centrality in the primary studies included in the meta‐analysis. The current study found that job involvement, when assessed with a recently published measure (Paullay et al., 1994), is a significant predictor of supervisor ratings of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) and in‐role performance, controlling for work centrality and other individual difference variables. Consistent with recent findings, there is evidence that sex moderates some of the job involvement and OCB relationships, with females having a stronger, positive relationship between these constructs than males. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of telework research: findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work
Authors: Bailey Diane E. , Kurland Nancy B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTelework has inspired research in disciplines ranging from transportation and urban planning to ethics, law, sociology, and organizational studies. In our review of this literature, we seek answers to three questions: who participates in telework, why they do, and what happens when they do? Who teleworks remains elusive, but research suggests that male professionals and female clerical workers predominate. Notably, work‐related factors like managers' willingness are most predictive of which employees will telework. Employees' motivations for teleworking are also unclear, as commonly perceived reasons such as commute reduction and family obligations do not appear instrumental. On the firms' side, managers' reluctance, forged by concerns about cost and control and bolstered by little perceived need, inhibits the creation of telework programmes. As for outcomes, little clear evidence exists that telework increases job satisfaction and productivity, as it is often asserted to do. We suggest three steps for future research may provide richer insights: consider group and organizational level impacts to understand who telework affects, reconsider why people telework, and emphasize theory‐building and links to existing organizational theories. We conclude with lessons learned from the telework literature that may be relevant to research on new work forms and workplaces. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solar correlates of Southern Hemisphere mid‐latitude climate variability
Authors: Thresher Ronald E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAtmospheric circulation in the southern mid‐latitudes is dominated by strong circum‐Antarctic zonal west winds (ZWW) over the latitude range of 35 to 60°S. These winds exhibit coherent seasonal and interannual variability, which has been related both to Antarctic (e.g. polar ice) and low‐latitude climate (e.g. El Niño–southern oscillation) parameters. Historical and recent studies suggest that, at its northern margins, variability in the ZWW also has a marked quasi‐decadal component. Analysis of sea‐level pressure and rainfall data for the Australian region, South Africa and South America confirms frequent indications of quasi‐decadal variability in parameters associated with the ZWW, which appears to be in phase around the hemisphere. This variation broadly correlates with the sunspot cycle, and specifically appears to reflect sunspot‐correlated, seasonally modulated shifts in the latitude range each year of the sub‐tropical ridge over eastern Australia. Sunspot‐correlated variability in the southern mid‐latitudes is likely to have substantial effects on temperate climate and ecology and is consistent with recent models of solar effects on upper atmospheric climate, though the mechanisms that link these to winds and rainfall at sea level remain obscure. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Regional streamflow trend detection with consideration of both temporal and spatial correlation
Authors: Yue Sheng , Wang Chun Y. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIt is known that serial correlation within time series at sites and cross‐correlation among sites in a specific region will influence the ability of statistical tests to assess the field significance of trends over the region. However, serial and/or cross‐correlation has been ignored in field trend‐analyses. This study attempts to develop a methodology that takes into account both serial and cross‐correlation in the assessment of the field significance of trends. The regional average Mann–Kendall (RAMK) statistic is used to represent the regional properties of trends at a regional scale. The null distribution of the RAMK statistic is derived on the basis that the joint probability distribution ofmindependent normal variables is also normally distributed. The variance of the RAMK statistic is then modified by serial and cross‐correlation. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by applying it to assess the field significance of trends in annual mean, annual maximum, and annual minimum daily streamflow from 1967 to 1996 in ten major homogeneous climate regions of Canada. The results indicate that the method developed provides more accurate assessment of the field significance of trends than that without consideration of serial and cross‐correlation.At the significance level of 0.10, annual mean daily flow increased significantly in the region of Yukon and northern BC mountains whereas it decreased significantly in the Pacific and the Prairie regions. Annual maximum daily flow decreased significantly across southern Canada, except in the Pacific region. Annual minimum daily flow decreased significantly in the Pacific region and in southeastern Canada, with the exception of the region of Great Lakes and St Lawrence river basin, whereas it increased significantly in the region of Yukon and northern BC mountains. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Geomorphology and style of plateau icefield deglaciation in fjord terrains: the example of Troms‐Finnmark, north Norway
Authors: Evans David J. A. , Rea Brice R. , Hansom James D. , Whalley W. Brian 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn spite of a widespread distribution, the way in which plateau icefields affect the glaciation and deglaciation of adjacent terrains is not particularly well‐known. This paper aims to identify how the deglaciation of the fjord and plateau terrain of north Norway has influenced the glacial geomorphology and relative sea‐level history of both local and adjacent areas and so serve as a model for interpreting similar areas along the continental margins of northwest Europe and elsewhere. The identification of moraines and their relationships with the Main shoreline of northern Norway allows the margins of the Øksfjordjøkelen, Svartfjelljøkelen and Langfjordjøkelen plateau icefields to be identified in the adjacent terrains. In locations where ice margins are uncertain, it is also possible to reconstruct ice limits by means of glacier models appropriately constrained by known local conditions and dates. Earlier glacier margins, characterised in north Norway by ice shelves floating in the local inlets of major fjords, also can be related to known regional shorelines. The distribution of high shoreline fragments, augmented by radiocarbon dates, helps show the extent to which inter‐island channels and outermost parts of fjords can become deglaciated relatively early in comparison with published maps of regional deglaciation. Plateau‐icefield‐centred glaciation became important sometime after 14 00014C yr BP and was characterised by glacier readvances up to, and in some locations beyond, earlier moraines and raised marine features. Although overlooked until recently, the identification of the influence of plateau icefields on local glaciation, and their interaction with local and regional marine limits, is of great importance in accurate palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of subcutaneous fat from dry‐cured Iberian hams as influenced by pig feeding
Authors: Timón María L , Martín Lourdes , Petrón María J , Jurado Ángela , García Carmen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe triacylglycerol and free fatty acid composition and volatile profile of subcutaneous fat of three batches of dry‐cured lberian hams from pigs fed in an extensive system based on acorn and pasture (‘montanera’: MONT) or in confinement with a control diet (FEED) or a 100 mg α‐tocopheryl acetate kg−1 enriched diet (VITE) were investigated. Triacylglycerol of subcutaneous fat of hams from pigs fed on acorn and pasture (MONT) was more unsaturated, with larger percentages of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, than triacylglycerol of subcutaneous fat of hams from pigs fed on concentrate feeds (FEED and VITE). However, the trend of oxidative processes was quite similar in the groups that contained antioxidants (‘montanera’ and α‐tocopherol supplementation); namely, the highest volatile contents were found in subcutaneous fat of hams from pigs fed on acorn and pasture, while α‐tocopherol supplementation gave rise to a different profile of volatile compounds in comparison with the control diet. Therefore antioxidant presence could contribute to a high intensity and quality of aroma of these hams.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry