bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Levels of Fundamentality in the Metaphysics of Physics
Authors: Crowther Karen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Within physics there are two ways of establishing the relative fundamentality of one theory compared to another, via two senses of reduction: ‘inter-level’ and ‘intra-level’. The former is standardly recognised as roughly correlating with the chain of ontological dependence (i.e., the phenomena described by theories of macro-physics are typically supposed to be ontologically dependent on the entities/behaviour described by theories of micro-physics), and thus has been of interest to naturalised metaphysics. The latter, though, has not been considered interesting for metaphysics, because it is not thought to correlate either with ontological dependence nor causal or dynamical dependence. I argue, however, that this is a mistake, and that actually the intra-level relation does reflect ontological dependence (in the same sense as the inter-level relation) and thus should not be neglected by metaphysics of physics. This argument further supports the assertion that the same notion of fundamentality underlies both the inter- and intra-level claims of fundamentality in physics, and that this notion of relative fundamentality in physics correlates with that of metaphysics.
A Dormitive Virtue Puzzle
Authors: Taylor Elanor 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In Molière’s comedy The Imaginary Invalid, a doctor “explains” that opium reliably induces sleep because it has a “dormitive virtue.” Molière intended this to be a satirical play on the use of opaque scholastic concepts in medicine, and since then the phrase “dormitive virtue” has become a byword for explanatory failure. However, contemporary work on the metaphysics of grounding and dispositions appears to permit explanations with a strikingly similar structure. This chapter explores competing verdicts on dormitive virtue explanation, using a model of explanation called “Contextualist Pluralist Non-Realist Backing,” or CPN Backing. The chapter shows that CPN Backing illuminates the puzzle about dormitive virtue explanation, shows what is required for a resolution, and makes sense of conflicting responses to this case.
Why Are There High-Level Regularities?
Authors: Bhogal Harjit 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Fodor famously asked the question of why there is anything except physics. Assuming physicalism, there is a sense in which physics is all there is. However, there are lots of non-physical regularities in the world—regularities of economics and biology and history and so on. Isn’t it surprising that such regularities arise from the blooming, buzzing, confusion of the microphysical level? I suggest an approach to the puzzle. The easy part of the approach involves arguing that properties are so abundant that there will always be higher-level regularities, if there are no restrictions on the properties involved. However, the high-level regularities we care about are formulated using only relatively natural, non-gerrymandered properties. Why is this the case? I approach this question by considering what makes for natural properties in the higher-level sciences. Is there something about high-level naturalness that implies that there will be regularities about those properties? Many accounts of higher-level naturalness imply that there is not. But some accounts reduce the notion of high-level naturalness to patterns of facts at the fundamental level. Such reductive accounts can be formulated so the existence of high-level regularities that are formulated using only natural properties flows directly from the account. This provides a kind of answer to the question about high-level regularities—they exist because of the nature of high-level naturalness. I illustrate this using a version of Loewer’s package deal account of naturalness and my own favored account of high-level naturalness.
Ingenuity in Natural Philosophy and Medicine
Authors: Garrod Raphaële 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores natural-philosophical and medical accounts of ingenuity Rabelais would have encountered as a medical student in Montpellier, then as a working physician and an editor for Gryphius in Lyon: those of Galen in medicine, those of Aristotle in faculty psychology. It tracks the Galenic meanings of the ingenium: intelligent design and artfulness in anatomy, idiosyncratic natures or temperaments and their cognitive expressions as wit in physiology. It then investigates their medieval Arabic and Renaissance Latin receptions in Avicenna edited by the physician Symphorien Champier, Rabelais’s contemporary, before turning to Melanchthon’s De anima edited by Gryphius, and to two of Melanchthon’s sources: Johannes Velcurio and Juan-Luis Vivès. This chapter discloses the sedimentation of a classical medical and philosophical doxa on ingenuity, but also its transformations and adaptations required for the cognitive operations at stake in embodied thinking to accommodate the philosophical and theological dogma of the immaterial, rational soul.
The Fuel of Engines
Authors: Garrod Raphaële 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In the encounter with Gaster, Rabelais roots the emergence of culture not in the human rational ability, but in ingenuity addressing the animal need for food. The whole of culture stems from Gaster’s ability to grow, bake, transport, preserve, and protect grain. This myth of cultural production does not forefront language, but ingenious, illiberal arts of making, from agriculture to architecture and mechanics. Its apparently providential logic is in fact purely ‘automatic’: wit responding swiftly to circumstances leads to catastrophic warfare. Gaster’s final magnetic invention, however, stops bullets and cannon balls and sends them back. Drawing on Galen’s body-economic model from On the Usefulness of Parts and his account of digestion in On the Natural Faculties, but also on his criticism of magnetism and on Renaissance philological debates about the magnet, Rabelais emblematizes in the gastric king inventing culture, war, and its suspension, the functional similarities between digestive and cognitive operations.
Childhood Onset Severe Neurological Impairment
Authors: Hauer Julie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Individuals with childhood onset severe neurological impairment (SNI) often thrive. Yet, the nature of having SNI means the desired level of health and quality of life may not be achieved or become insidiously then acutely lost. This book is focused on the intersection between what is intended yet may not be possible, involving uncertain decisions. Evidence-based and hypothesis-driven strategies are offered to improve health and complex symptoms. Equally important, a framework covers when and how to reflect when improvement is first harder to achieve. Communication strategies are integrated throughout and for specific problems. This information can reinforce and expand skills, as well as promote resiliency for individuals and teams, including both paediatric and adult clinicians. Included are innovative tools (ABCD tools in Chapters 1, 4, 5, and 6) and a framework for challenges (gauging diminishing benefit, factoring in parent perspective and all comorbid problems, in Chapter 2). This book also lends itself to research and quality improvement projects.
Introduction
Authors: Hauer Julie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides a framework for complex chronic problems without easy answers. Problems due to the impaired nervous system can often be improved yet not cured, and treatment benefit can be insidiously lost or never gained. Such problems require individual and system considerations, including communication, consistency, continuity, and a slower pace of care, aided with the ABCD tool (acute, bridge, chronic, direction). Delineating these phases avoids chronic problems being viewed solely as acute problems by new providers. To highlight an example covered, well-managed chronic problems that are triggered by an acute illness need bridge plans rather than a change to the chronic plan. This distinction can lessen polypharmacy and increasingly complex plans without added long-term benefit. The direction phase explicitly notes having or returning to a desired level versus decline. Monitoring direction shifts the focus from each acute event to what is being achieved with acute and chronic treatment phases of care, and requires accounting for the recovery time for monitoring direction and revisiting goals.
Chronic and acute-on-chronic pain and irritability/agitation
Authors: Hauer Julie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Recurrent irritability and pain are common in children with severe impairment of the central nervous system, occurring at a high frequency and severity in those with the greatest impairment. This chapter provides a comprehensive approach to the many inherent challenges. The framework starts by recognizing all sources of irritability, including altered emotional state, acute illness, drug toxicity, and pain. The mechanisms of pain generation (nociceptive, neuropathic) and sources for each are covered. The lack of diagnostic tests and criteria for neuropathic pain is addressed with a proposed screening tool and language strategies that assist parents in understanding this complex source of recurrent symptoms. Suggested language addresses other needs, including treatment that can improve though not eliminate neuropathic pain sources and the inherent emotions as a parent navigates chronic pain treatment that lacks cure. Management covered includes non-pharmacological, medications, breakthrough symptom care plans, when to assess for a new nociceptive source, and symptom management strategies as decline in health occurs.
Respiratory problems
Authors: Hauer Julie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Respiratory problems in children with severe neurological impairment (SNI) are a common reason for hospitalizations, source of worry and complex decision-making for parents, and cause of significant symptoms. Throughout much of the respiratory trajectory, many children with SNI thrive in between respiratory illnesses. Equally important, many are admitted to the hospital in the last 6 months of life with use of invasive interventions prior to death. This chapter reviews interventions for all children (dental), and those to consider routinely (airway clearance of mucus) versus those to not indicate as needed given the limitations of evidence and higher burden (tracheostomy). Information is framed in the context of a child’s comorbid problems that impact the outcome. Strategies for earlier symptom treatment integration, as acute-on-chronic respiratory exacerbations increase in frequency, are reviewed in detail. Decision-making strategies are covered for surgical interventions and long-term ventilation, including a distinction early in the course of a child’s medical condition versus slowly progressing later in life.
Altered baseline (temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, growth, puberty, sodium regulation)
Authors: Hauer Julie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Children with severe neurological impairment (SNI) commonly have alterations in heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, growth, puberty, and sodium regulation. This chapter reviews why this can occur and when it represents a deviation from normative data without risk for a child. The goal is to assist with risk tolerance decisions between clinicians and parents, with a distinction between system-level screening for acute risk in all children versus reflecting on a child’s unique circumstances when time allows. This process helps determine when to shift from a number as indicating a problem with risk until proven otherwise, versus a recurrent number that is the child’s tolerated baseline unless a new associated feature is observed. Specific topics include bradycardia, simplified management of chronic hypothermia, reflecting on sepsis risk after an event, growth attenuation, precocious puberty, osteoporosis, and simplified management of hyponatraemia. The goal is a balance between identifying risk and recognizing specific ‘normal abnormal’ circumstance for children with SNI. Language strategies are included.
‘Consumer Welfare’
Authors: von Moltke A.K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Contemporary antitrust has been all about consumer welfare. For many observers, this focus blinds the policy to the anxieties of suppliers like merchants on Amazon.com or Uber drivers. Only a paradigm shift, so the argument goes, can correct this apparent state of disenfranchisement. The problem with such accounts? They are both misguided and lacking. Misguided because demonstrably false; lacking because devoid of any normative analysis for casting the consumer welfare lodestar into oblivion. This chapter, accordingly, explores whether consumer welfare’s normativity can actually be called into question and where the plight of suppliers might fit in the narrative. ‘Consumer welfare’, it is argued, is a polymorphic ideal supported by debatable consequentialist ethics. While they do not offer an independent reason for discarding it, upstream concerns in the platform economy compound the paradigm’s potential normative flaws.
Despotism
Authors: von Moltke A.K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter deals with platform ‘despotism’. Certain platforms can indeed usefully be analogized to (quasi-)autocratic states whose benevolence is not a given. Can antitrust rationalize the ‘competition problem’ when such autocratic platforms take a despotic turn? This chapter argues that the answer is a qualified yes. From a consumer welfare perspective, claims of platform despotism put antitrust decision-makers in a tight, but usually not insurmountable, spot, although victimized suppliers on labour platforms like Uber do present a particularly tricky conundrum. Decision-makers will accordingly have to pick their (multi-sided) economic models carefully. By contrast, using a competitive process approach is both more honest and more encompassing. Fashioning a sound antitrust algorithm to ensure ‘free’ competition is no easy task, though. For this alternative paradigm not only turns antitrust into a more interdisciplinary and empirical enterprise; it also makes it overtly moralized.
Introduction
Authors: Nomer Nedim , Şahin Kaya 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This collection of papers is intended to provide a comprehensive survey of the history of political ideas in the Ottoman world from its dawn around 1300 to its downfall in the early twentieth century. These papers, both individually and collectively, shed light on the complex role that ideas have played in all aspects of Ottoman social and political life throughout the history of the Ottoman world, across time, space, social class, and ethnic and religious identity. This collection makes it clear that the Ottoman political regime was not a military dictatorship, but rather a particular kind of monarchical regime which variously sought to politically legitimize and ethically justify its rule in three continents with diverse populations over six centuries. We also find out that the Ottoman social and political world was not a self-enclosed civilization, as it had wide-ranging and multilayered interactions with its neighbors to its north, east, south, and west over extended periods of time. Hence, the Ottoman world had both similarities and differences with its neighbors, as well as with geographically and temporally distant polities.
Legitimizing the Sultanate
Authors: Nomer Nedim , Şahin Kaya 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter is an exploration into the nature and dynamics of the Ottoman political regime. It uses the reign of Süleyman (1520–1566) as a case study to illustrate our understanding of the sultanate as a notion that was constantly transformed and debated. This period is typically seen as the apogee of sultanic power. As a result, the evolving nature of the sultanate, and the critical approaches to sultanic rule, are not taken much into account. The chapter offers an alternative, more dynamic picture of the Ottoman political scene. It argues that the Ottoman polity, from its emergence around 1300 to its end in 1922, was governed by one single, distinctive political regime: the sultanate (saltanat in Ottoman Turkish). Contrary to its usual characterization as an arbitrary one-man rule, however, the chapter presents the sultanate as a complex ecosystem of interactions, which connected the sultan, the members of the political–military elite, and the subject population in myriad ways. Moreover, while the sultanate preserved its authority and coherence throughout six centuries, it was never the same from one sultan to another, or indeed during the reign of a single sultan. This was due to the nature of the sultanate, which was subject to constant discussion and transformation, indeed experimentation. The discussion focuses on documents produced around the palace, and on political treatises written by members of the Ottoman military–political elite, as these texts are windows into the minds and lives of some movers and shakers of the Ottoman political regime.
Regionalized Hybrid Courts
Authors: Baylis Elena 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
International collaboration in the first wave of hybrid courts followed a consistent pattern: the international partner in each instance was the United Nations (UN). The second wave of hybrid courts evinces a significant change in this configuration. For the first time, two of the three new hybrid courts have been structured as partnerships with regional organizations, the African Union (AU) and the European Union (EU). An additional proposed hybrid tribunal for South Sudan is also being developed as a regional partnership with the AU. From the perspective of the history of hybrid courts, this marks an abrupt change. However, this regional engagement in hybrid tribunals is an expression of a long-term trend towards the development of regional commitments to transitional justice and international criminal law (ICL). The EU and the AU, as well as other regional organizations, have supported various transitional justice endeavours. This chapter assesses the trend towards regional commitments to transitional justice and ICL and the theoretical arguments for regional transitional justice institutions. It then evaluates the engagement of regional actors in the Kosovo Specialist Chambers and Special Prosecutor’s Office (KSC), the Extraordinary African Chambers in the Courts of Senegal (EAC), and the proposed Hybrid Court for South Sudan (HCSS) in light of these trends and arguments.
Institutional Design and (Non)-Complementarity
Authors: Labuda Patryk I. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Hybrid tribunals sometimes operate alongside other judicial and non-judicial bodies with similar accountability functions. For instance, a hybrid tribunal can share jurisdictional powers with ordinary national courts, an international criminal tribunal, a truth commission, or other investigative and prosecutorial bodies. When the mandates of these different institutions overlap, relations should be regulated so as to minimize duplication of tasks, prevent unnecessary conflict, encourage cooperation to the extent possible, and maximize cross-fertilization. Drawing on examples from several conflict and post-conflict countries, this chapter explores how best to regulate relations between hybrid tribunals and other judicial and non-judicial institutions with overlapping jurisdictional claims. It will argue that, while the phrase ‘complementarity’ is sometimes invoked in institutional design scholarship, the International Criminal Court’s logic of apportioning jurisdiction is not a helpful way of thinking about regulating relations between hybrid tribunals and other judicial and non-judicial institutions.
Emerging Enforcement Practices of Hybrid Courts
Authors: Greer Philippa 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The enforcement of sentences is an indispensable component of any effective international criminal justice mechanism. The modern international criminal justice system utilizes imprisonment as its primary sanction, yet the issue of sentencing and the implementation of penalties has often been viewed as more of an afterthought, rather than a starting point, when such institutions are established. Hybrid criminal mechanisms, as well as the United Nations (UN) ad hoc tribunals and the International Criminal Court (ICC), enforce sentences by either employing a domestic solution directly in domestic prisons (a model of ‘local enforcement’), or by adopting an ad hoc cooperating states model, which utilizes existing prison facilities in third states, relying on the cooperation of those states. This chapter addresses the enforcement practices of several hybrid criminal mechanisms to date, evaluating their ability to function robustly and legitimately in this crucial area, as well as the ability of both local and decentralized models of enforcement to enable post-conflict societies to reconcile, strengthen, and address the root causes of prior conflict. It reflects upon broader questions related to legitimacy, accessibility, capacity building, strengthening of the domestic rule of law, and the synthetization and intersection of international and domestic legal regimes with respect to sentence enforcement.
‘Forced Marriage’
Authors: Grey Rosemary 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
When it comes to sexual and gender-based crimes, the two hybrids, the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) have played a key role in setting precedent. Specifically, both tribunals have broken new ground in recognizing ‘forced marriage’ as a crime against humanity: a precedent which has now been followed in two cases at the International Criminal Court (ICC). This chapter explores differing responses to the SCSL’s and ECCC’s precedents on ‘forced marriage’, seeking to show that this development is not as progressive as it may at first appear. Indeed, some commentators think that these courts have under-emphasized the distinction between ‘forced marriage’ and traditional marriage customs, and others think the opposite. The chapter then considers what these two hybrid tribunals have contributed to understandings of sexual violence during the Sierra Leone war and the Democratic Kampuchea period, respectively. It shows that both tribunals made significant progress is recognizing sexual and gender-based violence against women and girls, but neither tribunal sufficiently acknowledged evidence of sexual and gender-based violence experienced by men, boys, and non-binary people.