bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tree Nut Oils
Authors: Shahidi Fereidoon , Miraliakbari Homan 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Tree nut oils are primarily composed of triacylglycerols, but also contain diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols, free fatty acids, and other minor components, including natural antioxidants and fat‐soluble vitamins. The chemical composition of edible fats and oils largely determines their stability, quality, nutritional value, sensory properties, and potential health effects. Tree nuts, in many cases, provide rich sources of food lipids; up to 75% lipid on a weight basis. With a few exceptions, tree nut lipids exist as oils at room temperature. Generally, tree nuts are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, predominantly oleic acid, but contain much lower amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, predominantly linoleic acid and small amounts of saturated lipids. In many parts of the world, such as the Middle East and Asia, tree nuts are cultivated for use as oil crops and are important sources of energy and essential dietary nutrients as well as phytochemicals. Tree nut oils are also used as components of some skin moisturizers and cosmetic products.
Tree nuts, tree nut oils, and tree nut byproducts (defatted meals and hulls) are known to contain several bioactive and health‐promoting components. Epidemiological evidence indicates that the consumption of tree nuts may exert several cardioprotective effects, which are speculated to derive from their lipid component that includes unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, and tocols. Recent investigations have also shown that dietary consumption of tree nut oils may exert even more beneficial effects than consumption of whole tree nuts, possibly due to the replacement of dietary carbohydrate with unsaturated lipids or other components present in the oil extracts. Tree nut byproducts are used as sources of dietary protein and as health‐promoting phytochemicals such as natural antioxidants. This chapter summarizes the characteristics and potential health effects of several tree nut oils and their byproducts, including almond oil, hazelnut oil, pecan oil, walnut oil, pistachio oil, Brazil nut oil, pine nut oil, and macadamia nut oil, among others. Protein compositions of tree nut byproducts are also discussed collectively at the end of this chapter, with emphasis on the completeness of these proteins based on their amino acid compositions.
Vegetable Oils in Production of Polymers and Plastics
Authors: Narine Suresh S. , Kong Xiaohua 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPlastics are ubiquitous in our modern environment. In fact, plastic as a class of material is manufactured in greater abundance than both steel and paper. As the world arrives closer to the global realization of our dwindling fossil resources, however, the fact that plastics are produced mainly from petroleum derivatives has become a source of concern and efforts to utilize renewable feedstock sources. This communication provides a short introduction to the use of renewable feedstock for the production of polymers, and focuses on the use of triacylglycerol oils as feedstock for the production of polyurethanes and chemicals used as additives in other plastics.
Lipid Oxidation: Measurement Methods
Authors: Shahidi Fereidoon , Zhong Ying 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Numerous analytical methods are routinely used for measuring lipid oxidation in foods. However, there is no uniform and standard method for detecting all oxidative changes in all food systems. Therefore, it is necessary to select a proper and adequate method for a particular application. The available methods to monitor lipid oxidation in foods can be classified into five groups based on what they measure: the absorption of oxygen, the loss of initial substrates, the formation of free radicals, and the formation of primary and secondary oxidation products. A number of physical and chemical tests, including instrumental analyses, have been employed in laboratories and the industry for measurement of various lipid oxidation parameters. These include the weight‐gain and headspace oxygen uptake method for oxygen absorption: chromatographic analysis for changes in reactants; iodometric titration, ferric ion complexes, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method for peroxide value; spectrometry for conjugated dienes and trienes, 2‐thio‐barbituric acid (TBA) value,
p
‐anisidine value (
p
‐AnV), and carbonyl value; Rancimat and Oxidative Stability Instrument method for oil stability index; and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometric assay for free‐radical type and concentration. Other techniques based on different principles, such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), have also been used for measuring lipid oxidation. In addition, sensory tests provide subjective or objective evaluation of oxidative deterioration, depending on certain details.
Vegetable Oils as Lubricants, Hydraulic Fluids, and Inks
Authors: Erhan Sevim Z. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Environmental concerns over the use of petroleum‐based products in various industries, such as forestry, farming, mining, boating, and others, has led to increased interest in the use of environmentally friendly fluids. The beneficial aspects of vegetable oils as lubricants are mainly their biodegradability and nontoxicity, which are not exhibited by conventional mineral base oils. Further, vegetable oils have superior solubilizing power for contaminants and additive molecules compared with mineral base fluids.
Certain performance limitations of vegetable oil basestocks are poor oxidative stability due to bis‐allylic protons in the fatty acyl chain, deposit forming tendency, low‐temperature solidification, and low hydrolytic stability.
Current research efforts are directed toward improving the thermal and low‐temperature stability of vegetable oils by chemical modification, blending with functional fluids and additive response studies.
Vegetable Oils as Biodiesel
Authors: Reaney M. J. T. , Hertz P. B. , McCalley W. W. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBiodiesel is a renewable fuel that is usually narrowly defined as esters of lower alcohol and fatty acids, where the fatty acids are derived from vegetable oil, animal fat, or tallow. Biodiesel development was driven by the need to (1) increase security of energy supply for the transportation sector by having a renewable source at hand, (2) have an environmentally friendly fuel available for the diesel combustion engine, (3) reduce health risks, and (4) provide the customer with a reliable fuel at a reasonable cost‐benefit ratio. The production, quality, source materials, environmental benefits, and use of biodiesel are reviewed.
Cooking Oils, Salad Oils, and Dressings
Authors: Hill Steven E. , Krishnamurthy R. G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractLipids used in food products have been conventionally divided into two classes based on their consistency at about 25°C (72°F): (1) liquid oils and (2) solid and semisolid fats. Edible oils can be further divided by their general usage in food, as cooking oil or as salad oil. These types of oils can be characterized by a wide variety of measures that assess attributes such as quality, stability, and nutritional value. Cooking oils are in considerable demand for use in applications such as deep‐fat frying of many food products or in other uses where exposure to higher temperature is desired. However, salad oils are not generally used in applications where the oil is exposed to heat; rather this oil type finds application in foods that are shelf stable or refrigerated. One large food use of salad oils is for dressings. Oil‐based dressings are divided into two broad categories by their texture: spoonable dressings (salad dressings, mayonnaise) and pourable dressings.
Toxicity and Safety of Fats and Oils
Authors: Kitts David D. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe past two decades has produced an ever increasing awareness of the role of dietary fat in the etiology of different chronic diseases (e.g. diabetes, coronary heart disease and cancer). In addition, advances in food technology methods for preserving and processing food lipids for retained nutritional and sensory appeal has coincided with increased awareness concerning the safety of dietary fats and oil sources, as they relate to both the visible and non‐visible components of the total crude lipid fraction. Increased calorie consumed from fat sources not only provides consumer exposure to natural fat and oil components (e.g. fatty acids, sterols etc.), but also derived products of oxidation and hydrogenation and the presence of natural, environmental (pollutants) or intentional (e.g. additives) xenobiotics which co‐exist, or accumulate, in the crude lipid fraction. Thus, understanding the safety of dietary fats and oils requires not only an awareness of the elements of lipid chemistry of soluble constituents in the lipid phase, but also the associated reaction conditions that may convert them to toxic products. Moreover, by predicting a risk from the combined relative toxicity and the level of exposure to the organism will enable assessment of a hazard to exposure to these chemicals. In this chapter, a number of reactive and labile fat soluble constituents are assessed for safety and potential toxicity in regard to both initiating and propagating the cascade of events that may lead to a toxic end‐point measure. Endogenous (e.g. co‐oxidation reactions) as well as exposure to exogenous (e.g. photoxidation or presence of man made pollutants) xenobiotics are analyzed in respect to the potential for inducing adverse health effects.
Paints, Varnishes, and Related Products
Authors: Lin K. F. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The complex and diversified requirements of modern industry have to a large extent removed the manufacture of paints and varnishes from the category of an art to that of a science. In most plants, the manufacturing processes are now carried out under careful laboratory control and are freely modified or revised, whenever revision is indicated, in accordance with known scientific principles. As a result, the industry has been able to offer a succession of constantly improved products through periods of fluctuation in the availability of many important raw materials, pressures for solvent replacement to meet emerging air quality standards, and extensive pigment reformulation to replace mercury and lead to conform to new federal regulations on toxicity.
A most important development in the modern paint and varnish industry has been the introduction of synthetic resins as replacements for natural resins in the manufacture of varnishes and enamels. By using synthetic resins it has been possible to produce a variety of coatings that, in many cases, have important points of superiority over any of those compounded from natural resins. The synthetic vehicles are particularly distinguished by their hardness and durability and their high degree of resistance to the action of water, alkalies, and other chemical agents.
A Primer on Oils Processing Technology
Authors: Anderson Dan 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn the early days of oilseed production, functions were often far removed, and actions taken by one operation were done for optimization of its own performance with little consideration on impacts made on subsequent processes.Within the last few years, the emphasis has changed from stand‐alone operations toward the integrated manufacturing facility, producing a more complete range of value‐added products from the raw seed to the dinner table. During this transition, operations have become more dependent on each other, as the individual functions involved must now consider the impact of their actions on the total process. At the same time, the scope of knowledge each operation must have of other functions has expanded, and it is important that at least a basic understanding of the “big picture” be available to the decision maker. The purpose of this Chapter is to provide an overview of the typical processes and interrelations associated with a total integrated facility.
Environmental Impact and Waste Management
Authors: Boyer Michael J. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Oilseeds processing, refining and processing of vegetable oils, and further processing into oleochemicals, produces a variety of waste products. In no other industry is the proper handling of these wastes as dependent on the understanding and control of the processes. This article reviews major processes and facilities, particularly as they relate to waste generation and control. Wastes from a well‐run facility are first defined, followed by an analysis of those processes that are the largest potential waste generators. In addition, those factors are reviewed that affect process control as it relates to waste generation, followed by a review of current issues.
A final section addresses the fundamentals of wastewater treatment processes often employed in fats and oils and oilseeds processing. This article addresses air and solid waste aspects of the industries as well, but the primary focus is on wastewater.
Emulsifiers for the Food Industry
Authors: Stauffer Clyde E. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Surfactant is a coined word (from
surface active agent
) that is applied to molecules that migrate to interfaces between two physical phases and thus are more concentrated in the interfacial region than in the bulk solution phase. The key molecular characteristic of a surfactant is that it is amphiphilic in nature, with the lipophilic (or hydrophobic) part of the molecule preferring to be in a lipid (nonpolar) environment and the hydrophilic part preferring to be in an aqueous (polar) environment. If a surfactant is dissolved in one phase of an ordinary mixture of oil and water, some portion of the surfactant will concentrate at the oil–water interface, and at equilibrium the free energy of the interface (called interfacial or surface tension, γ) will be lower than in the absence of the surfactant. Putting mechanical energy into the system (e.g., by mixing) in a way that subdivides one phase will increase the total amount of interfacial area and energy; the lower the amount of interfacial free energy per unit area, the larger the amount of new interfacial area that can be created for a given amount of energy input. The subdivided phase is called the discontinuous phase, and the other phase is the continuous phase. Examples of surfactants are monoglyceride (nonionic), stearoyl lactylate (anionic), and lecithin (amphoteric).
Pyrazole functionalized organo‐ceramic hybrids for noble metal separations
Authors: Lee Jun S. , Tavlarides Lawrence L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA series of pyrazole‐functional adsorbents is synthesized by sol–gel processing technology and used to study the extraction characteristics for palladium, platinum, and gold chlorides from leaching solutions. An organosilicon compound, N‐(trimethoxysilylpropyl)‐pyrazole, is synthesized as the functional precursor for these adsorbents. Hydrothermal treatments for the gelled materials alter pore characteristics without chemical property changes. To study adsorptive extraction of Pd(II), Pt(IV), and Au(III) chlorides, the hydrothermally treated adsorbent is used. The experimental results show that this adsorbent has high Pd(II) uptake capacity (1.41 mmol/g), strong selectivity for Pd(II) chloride over Pt(IV) and Au(III) chlorides, and no reactivity for Cu(II) and Fe(II) in 2.0 M HCl solutions. The material also has sustainable stability over repeated metal loading and stripping in a short column. In addition to the experimental studies, the adsorption processes in batch and packed column systems are successfully modeled by using a pore diffusion model and presented. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Investigation of turbulent mixing in a confined planar‐jet reactor
Authors: Feng Hua , Olsen Michael G. , Liu Ying , Fox Rodney O. , Hill James C. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe velocity and concentration fields in a liquid‐phase confined planar‐jet reactor were measured using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser‐induced fluorescence (PLIF). Measurements were taken at downstream distances from the jet splitter plates of 0, 1, 4.5, 7.5, 12, and 15 jet widths for a Reynolds number of 50,000 based on the hydraulic diameter of the test section. The velocity and concentration field data were analyzed for such flow statistics as mean velocity, Reynolds stresses, turbulent kinetic energy, and scalar mean and variance. The turbulence dissipation rate was also estimated based on a large‐eddy PIV approach using the strain‐rate tensors computed from velocity fields and the subgrid scale (SGS) stress obtained from the Smagorinsky model. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, including a two‐layer k–ϵ turbulence model, gradient‐diffusion models, and a scalar dissipation rate model, were validated against experimental data collected from this facility. The experimental and computational results were found to be in good agreement. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Should chromosome breakage studies be performed in patients with VACTERL association?
Authors: Faivre Laurence , Portnoï Marie France , Pals Gerard , Stoppa‐Lyonnet Dominique , Le Merrer Martine , Thauvin‐Robinet Christel , Huet Frédéric , Mathew Christopher G. , Joenje Hans , Verloes Alain , Baumann Clarisse 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe VACTERL association is characterized as a non‐random pattern of defects including at least three of the following cardinal features: vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiovascular malformations, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal and limb anomalies, and is postulated to be a very heterogeneous disorder. These defects can also be seen as part of the Fanconi anemia (FA) spectrum. Although VACTERL with hydrocephaly has clearly been associated with FA, the indication for chromosome breakage studies is not clear in VACTERL without hydrocephaly. We report on three unrelated patients with the VACTERL phenotype and the confirmed diagnosis of FA. Together with the data of 13 similar cases extracted from a European genotype–phenotype correlation study for FA and those from the four reported cases of the literature, we show that (i) in a series of individuals proven to have FA, 5% (13/245) also have the VACTERL phenotype, (ii) all have radial ray anomalies and 12 of these 13 subjects show at least 1 other feature of FA (café au lait spots, growth retardation, microcephaly, dysmorphism), and (iii) the VACTERL phenotype appears to be over represented in the FA complementation groups D1, E, and F. Since the diagnosis of FA is important for genetic counseling and early therapeutic intervention in patients, we conclude that chromosomal breakage studies should be performed, not only in cases of VACTERL with hydrocephaly, but also in cases VACTERL with radial‐ray anomalies and especially if the individual has additional FA associated manifestations such as skin pigmentation abnormalities, growth retardation, microcephaly, or microphthalmia. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cryptic unbalanced translocation t(17;18)(p13.2;q22.3) identified by subtelomeric FISH and defined by array‐based comparative genomic hybridization in a patient with mental retardation and dysmorphic features
Authors: Hwang Kwei Shuai , Pearson Margaret A. , Stankiewicz Pawel , Lennon P. Alan , Cooper M. Lance , Wu Jessica , Ou Zhishuo , Cai Wei‐Wen , Patel Ankita , Cheung Sau Wai 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMolecular cytogenetics allows the identification of cryptic chromosome rearrangements, which is clinically useful in mentally retarded and/or dysmorphic individuals with normal results from conventional cytogenetics analysis. We report on a 3‐year‐old girl with mental retardation, growth deficiency, speech delay, and dysmorphic features including hypertelorism, upslanting palpebral fissures, midfacial hypoplasia, and posteriorly rotated ears. The G‐banding analysis showed a 46,XX,t(3;8)(q26.2;p21.1)mat karyotype. However, her clinical features were suggestive of the 18q syndrome. Subtelomeric FISH analysis revealed a der(18) translocated material from chromosome 17. Array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH) with subtelomeric BAC and PAC clones confirmed the abnormality and refined the breakpoints to 18q22.3‐qter and 17p13.2‐pter (deletion of 8.5 Mb and duplication of 3.9 Mb, respectively). This case demonstrates the diagnostic utility of combining conventional cytogenetics with molecular chromosome analyses for the identification of subtle chromosome abnormalities. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Etiology of reactive arthritis in Pan paniscus, P. troglodytes troglodytes, and P. troglodytes schweinfurthii
Authors: Rothschild Bruce M. , Rühli Frank J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe character of arthritis has not received the same attention in Pan paniscus as it has in P. troglodytes. Reactive arthritis (a form of spondyloarthropathy) in the latter has been considered to be either a sexually transmitted or an infectious‐agent diarrhea‐related disorder. The unique sexual promiscuity of P. paniscus enables us to distinguish between those hypotheses. The macerated skeletons of 139 adult P. paniscus, P. troglodytes troglodytes, and P. troglodytes schweinfurthii were macroscopically analyzed for osseous and articular pathologies. The sex of the animal was recorded at the time of acquisition. Twenty‐one percent of the P. paniscus, 28% of the P. t. troglodytes, and 27% of the P. t. schweinfurthii specimens had peripheral and central joint erosive disease characteristic of spondyloarthropathy. Subchondral pauciarticular distribution and reactive new bone clearly distinguish this disease from rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and direct bone/joint infection. The fact that P. paniscus and P. t. troglodytes were similar in terms of disease frequency makes the notion of sexual transmission unlikely. While the frequencies of spondyloarthropathy were indistinguishable among all species/subspecies studied, the patterns of joint involvement were disparate. The Pan paniscus and P. t. troglodytes home ranges are geographically separate. We assessed possible habitat factors (e.g., exposure to specific infectious agents of diarrhea) by comparing P. paniscus and P. t. troglodytes with P. t. schweinfurthii. The latter shared similar patterns and habitats (separated by the Congo River) with P. paniscus. The explanation offered for habitat‐specific patterns is differential bacterial exposure–most likely Shigella or Yersinia in P. paniscus and P. t. schweinfurthii. Am. J. Primatol. 66:219–231, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.