bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Heroic” medicine in neurology: A historical perspective
Authors: Sakalauskaitė‐Juodeikienė Eglė 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackground and purposeRepetitive bloodletting, promoting profuse diarrhoea and vomiting, the formation of artificial ulcers, and other aggressive treatment methods based on humoral theory and Brunonian medicine were used for patients with nervous system (NS) diseases until the end of the 19th century. These methods are also termed “heroic” medicine by modern medical historians.MethodsI analysed doctoral dissertations on the subject of NS diseases, clinical reports from 1806 to 1842 from the Vilnius University clinics, and other primary sources. This study was conducted in the vein of a historical–medical analysis and synthesis of primary sources, using comparative analysis, analogy, descriptive methods, and the method of retrospective diagnosis.ResultsCopious bloodletting, purgatives, leeches, cupping therapy, and other potentially harmful methods were frequently employed as habitual treatments for patients with NS diseases. Calomel was used as a purgative and an anti‐inflammatory drug, and acidum borussicum was prescribed for patients with hydrophobia. After analysing three clinical cases, I revealed how principles of desperate, “heroic” medicine were applied to treat severe NS diseases with the “strongest” drugs, described in the scientific literature of the time.ConclusionsMy work was not intended to judge or criticize historical treatment methods but to demonstrate on what contemporary scientific theories they were based. We should not rule out the idea that some aggressive treatment methods used nowadays, although they eradicate or reduce the burden of a NS disease, or even prolong patients' lives, may offer exceptional examples of 21st century “heroic” medicine for future generations.
Text classification based on PEGCN: Graph convolution classification using location information and edge features
Authors: Zhang Ruidong , Guo Zelin , Huan Hai 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe purpose of text classification is to label the text with known labels. In recent years, the method based on graph neural network (GNN) has achieved good results. However, the existing methods based on GNN only regard the text as the set of co‐occurring words, without considering the position information of each word in the statement. At the same time, the method mainly extracts the node features in the graph, and the edge features between the nodes are not used enough. To solve these problems, a new text classification method, graph convolutional network using positions and edges, is proposed. In the word embedding section, a positional encoding input representation is employed to enable the neural network to learn the relative positional information among words. Meanwhile, the dimension of the adjacency matrix is increased to extract the multi‐dimensional edge features. Through experiments on multiple text classification datasets, the proposed method is shown to be superior to the traditional text classification method, and has achieved a maximum improvement of more than 4%.
High‐throughput determination of grain size distributions by EBSD with low‐discrepancy sampling
Authors: Long Timothy J. H. , Holbrook William , Hufnagel Todd C. , Mueller Tim 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBecause microstructure plays an important role in the mechanical properties of structural materials, developing the capability to quantify microstructures rapidly is important to enabling high‐throughput screening of structural materials. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a common method for studying microstructures and extracting information such as grain size distributions (GSDs), but is not particularly fast and thus could be a bottleneck in high‐throughput systems. One approach to accelerating EBSD is to reduce the number of points that must be scanned. In this work, we describe an iterative method for reducing the number of scan points needed to measure GSDs using incremental low‐discrepancy sampling, including on‐the‐fly grain size calculations and a convergence test for the resulting GSD based on the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. We demonstrate this method on five real EBSD maps collected from magnesium AZ31B specimens and compare the effectiveness of sampling according to two different low discrepancy sequences, the Sobol and R2sequences, and random sampling. We find that R2sampling is able to produce GSDs that are statistically very similar to the GSDs of the full density grids using, on average, only 52% of the total scan points. For EBSD maps that contained monodisperse GSDs and over 1000 grains, R2sampling only required an average of 39% of the total EBSD points.
Peacemaking through the lens of participation: Revisiting the 2016 Colombian peace accord
Authors: Lara‐Rodríguez Juan Sebastián , Rodríguez‐Romero Carlos Alberto 
Published: November 2023

AbstractHow should we analyze democratic participation mechanisms created to end a civil war? This article examines participation in the design and ratification of Colombia's 2016 peace settlement. By analyzing theoretical participation approaches and reviewing official reports, proceedings, and formal rules engendered by the peacemaking, we consider the ways in which the stakeholders participated to formalize the agreement between the government and rebels in the Revolutionary Armed Forced of Colombia–People's Army. The case argues that inclusion does not necessarily mean control of civil society over the peacemaking process; the participation of the political society and insurgency groups is a precondition.
An emergent plant‐parasitic nematode in Brazil: Aphelenchoides besseyi. Current status and research perspectives
Authors: de Souza Victor Hugo Moura , Philadelphi Sophia Moracchioli , Galbieri Rafael , Sonawala Unnati , Eves‐van den Akker Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAphelenchoides besseyi is an emerging and yet overlooked plant parasite of many economically important crops, including cotton, soybean and common bean. It presents an economic risk to these crops in several countries, notably in Brazil. Although first reported infecting strawberries in the United States as early as 1942, it was only identified to be the causal agent of green stem and foliar retention (GSFR) disease in Brazil in 2017. Currently, there are no chemical nematicides registered in Brazil against A. besseyi, and no known sources of genetic resistance. Here, we review the biology of A. besseyi, its spread across Brazil, its relevance to the country's current and future agriculture and the limited control measures. We describe control measures that have been successfully used to manage infestations of other plant‐parasitic nematodes and could potentially be extended to use in the control of A. besseyi. We also review and discuss potential future control measures, such as RNA interference and genome editing, for the development of crops with enhanced resistance to A. besseyi.
REC protein family expansion by the emergence of a new signaling pathway
Authors: Garber Megan E. , Frank Vered , Kazakov Alexey E. , Incha Matthew R. , Nava Alberto A. , Zhang Hanqiao , Valencia Luis E. , Keasling Jay D. , Rajeev Lara , Mukhopadhyay Aindrila 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT

This report presents multi-genome evidence that REC protein family expansion occurs when the emergence of new pathways gives rise to functional discordance. Specificity between residues in REC domain containing response regulators with paired histidine kinases is under negative purifying selection, constrained by the presence of other bacterial two-component systems signaling cascades that share sequence and structural identity. Presuming that the two-component systems can evolve by neutral amino acid changes (neutral drift) when purifying evolutionary constraints are relaxed, how might the REC protein family expand by amino acid changes when these constraints remain intact? Using an unsupervised machine learning approach to observe the sequence landscape of REC domains across long phylogenetic distances, we find that within-gene recombination, a subcategory of gene conversion, switched the effector domain and, consequently, the regulatory context of a duplicated response regulator from transcriptional regulation by σ54 to that by σ70. We determined that the recombined response regulator diverged from its parent by episodic diversifying selection and neutral drift. Functional experiments of the parent of recombined response regulators in a model
Pseudomonas putida
KT2440 model system revealed that the parent and recombined response regulators sense and respond to different carboxylic acids. Finally, a residue-switching experiment using structural predictions and functional characterization suggests that the new residues in the recombined regulator could form a new interaction interface and mediate condition-specific phosphotransfer. Overall, our study finds that genetic perturbations can create conditions of functional discordance, whereby the REC protein family can evolve by episodic diversifying selection.

IMPORTANCE
We explore when and why large classes of proteins expand into new sequence space. We used an unsupervised machine learning approach to observe the sequence landscape of REC domains of bacterial response regulator proteins. We find that within-gene recombination can switch effector domains and, consequently, change the regulatory context of the duplicated protein.
Pilot study to test the safety, tolerability and feasibility of dulaglutide during a low-energy diet for weight loss and improved glycaemic control
Authors: Shand James Allan Douglas , Young Simon , Verster Francois , Peters Carl 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionDiabetes and obesity are significant public health concerns. Previous studies have demonstrated that low energy diets are effective in promoting weight loss and inducing diabetes remission. However, hunger is a potential barrier to adherence for such diets.Dulaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist used in diabetes treatment. Its use is associated with weight loss, partly through increased satiety. The use of dulaglutide may improve adherence to a low energy diet through a reduction in hunger. We undertook a pilot study to assess the safety, tolerability and feasibility of this combination in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes.Research design and methodsWe enrolled individuals with type 2 diabetes and obesity from a tertiary diabetes service in Auckland, New Zealand. Owing to their higher rates of diabetes and poorer diabetes-related health outcomes, we preferentially enrolled Māori and Pacific individuals.Participants underwent 2 weeks of dulaglutide run-in followed by 12 weeks of the combination of dulaglutide and low energy diet. The primary endpoints were the proportion of people successfully completing the dietary intervention and the rates and types of adverse events. Secondary outcomes were changes in weight, glycaemic control, quality of life and biochemical parameters.ResultsThe intervention was well tolerated. Mild side effects were common during the first 2 weeks of the intervention but generally improved over the study period. Eighty-nine per cent of participants completed the 12-week dietary intervention. Participants achieved an average weight loss of 9.5 kg and a mean reduction in haemoglobin A1cof 15.8 mmol/mol. Quality of life metrics were unchanged.ConclusionsWe conclude that the combination of dulaglutide and a low energy diet is a feasible and well-tolerated intervention for individuals with diabetes and increased body weight. Future studies could be performed assessing this combination against a low energy diet alone.Trial registration numberThis study was registered with the Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN1262200015279p).
Why do some people with stroke not receive the recommended 45 min of occupational therapy and physiotherapy after stroke? A qualitative study using focus groups
Authors: Clark Beth , Burridge Jane , Whitall Jill , Turk Ruth , Hughes Ann-Marie , Truman Juliette 
Published: November 2023

ObjectivesTo generate qualitative data on the views of Occupational Therapists and Physiotherapists about why people do not receive the Royal College of Physicians’ recommended minimum of 45 minutes (min) of daily therapy after stroke, in order to inform a Delphi study.DesignFocus group study.SettingStroke services in the South of England.ParticipantsA total of nine participants, in two groups, including therapists covering inpatient and Early Supported Discharge (ESD) services with awareness of the 45 min guideline.ResultsThematic analysis of focus group data identified five factors that influence the amount of therapy a person receives: The Person (with stroke), Individual Therapist, Stroke Multidisciplinary Team, the Organisation and the Guideline. Study findings suggest that the reasons why a person does not receive the therapy recommendation in inpatient and ESD services relate to either the suitability of the guideline for the person with stroke, or the ability of the service to deliver the guideline.ConclusionThis study provides evidence for possible reasons why some people do not receive a minimum of 45 minutes of therapy, 5 days per week, related to (1) the suitability of the guideline for people with stroke and (2) services’ ability to deliver this amount of intervention. These two factors are related; therapists decide who should receive therapy and how much in the context of (a) resource availability and (b) people’s need and the benefit they will experience. The study findings, combined with the findings from other studies, will be used to initiate a Delphi study, which will establish consensus among therapists regarding the reasons why some people do not receive the guideline amount of therapy.
Qualitative exploration of the constraints on mothers’ and pregnant women’s ability to turn available services into nutrition benefits in a low-resource urban setting, South Africa
Authors: Erzse Agnes , Desmond Chris , Hofman Karen , Barker Mary , Christofides Nicola Joan 
Published: November 2023

ObjectivesDespite free primary healthcare services and social protection system for mothers and children, significant nutrition inequalities occur across the globe, including in South Africa. This study aimed to explore what determines mothers’ ability to access and turn available services into nutrition benefits.DesignAn exploratory qualitative study was conducted including semistructured interviews with employees from community-based organisations and focus groups with pregnant women and mothers. Discussions focused on existing services perceived as important to nutrition, differences in mothers’ ability to benefit from these services, and the underlying unmet needs contributing to these disparities. Data were analysed thematically using a novel social needs framework developed for this study where social needs are defined as the requisites that can magnify (if unmet) or reduce (if met) variation in the degree to which individuals can benefit from existing services.SettingA resource-constrained urban township, Soweto in Johannesburg.ParticipantsThirty mothers of infants (<1 year old) and 21 pregnant women attending 5 primary healthcare facilities participated in 7 focus groups, and 18 interviews were conducted with employees from 10 community-based organisations.ResultsMothers identified social needs related to financial planning, personal income stability, appropriate and affordable housing, access to government services, social support and affordable healthier foods. The degree to which these needs were met determined mothers’ capabilities to benefit from eight services. These were clinic-based services including nutrition advice and social work support, social grants, food aid, community savings groups, poverty alleviation projects, skills training workshops, formal employment opportunities and crèches/school feeding schemes.ConclusionFindings demonstrate that while current social protection mechanisms and free health services are necessary, they are not sufficient to address nutrition inequalities. Women’s social needs must also be met to ensure that services are accessed and used to improve the nutrition of all mothers and their children.
Human responses in adolescents with oncological disease: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Guerreiro Gonçalo Miguel , Deodato Sérgio , Graça Daniela , Fernandes Catarina 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionThe classification of human responses to health conditions or life processes, assuming that human responses are the way that a person responds, referring to the individual’s experiences, feelings, perceptions, behaviours and physical reactions, can be an exercise that, although challenging, is central to nursing diagnoses and, consequently, to nursing practice. It is necessary to gather and organise the existing knowledge about the human responses in adolescents with cancer, starting from the moment of diagnosis, due to the specificities inherent to this stage of human development. A scoping review is an appropriate method to use in order to map the existing knowledge on human responses in adolescents with oncological diseases experienced since the diagnosis.Inclusion criteriaWill encompass all types of studies, including ‘grey literature’ that centres on human responses related to adolescents aged 10–19 years with oncological diseases. There will be no restrictions based on the type of cancer, disease stage or other contextual factors, whether in home or healthcare settings.Methods and analysisThe review will be conducted following the guidelines outlined by the Joanna Briggs Institute for scoping reviews. The search will encompass the following databases: CINAHL Complete (EBSCOhost), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (EBSCOhost), MEDLINE Complete (EBSCOhost), Nursing and Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive (EBSCOhost), Cochrane Clinical Answers (EBSCOhost Answers), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) and ‘grey literature’ sources accessible through the Scientific Open Access Repositories of Portugal (RCAAP). A three-step search strategy will be implemented. Titles and abstracts will undergo analysis by two independent reviewers. Articles selected for a full-text review will be organised. The results will be presented in tables and narratively summarised.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval and patient consent for publication are not necessary. Findings will be disseminated through publication in scientific journals and through conference presentations.Review registration numberEXUB4. Registration was made in the Open Science Framework (OSF).
Rates and risk factors for anastomotic leak following blunt trauma-associated bucket handle intestinal injuries: a multicenter study
Authors: Grossman Holly , Dhanasekara Chathurka Samudani , Shrestha Kripa , Marschke Brianna , Morris Erin , Richmond Robyn , Ko Ara , Tennakoon Lakshika , Campion Eric M , Wood Frank C , Brandt Maggie , Ng Grace , Regner Justin L , Keith Stacey L , McNutt Michelle K , Kregel Heather , Gandhi Rajesh R , Schroeppel Thomas J , Margulies Daniel R , Hashim Yassar M , Herrold Joseph , Goetz Mallory , Simpson LeRone , Doan Xuan-Lan , Dissanaike Sharmila 
Published: November 2023

ObjectivesThe risk factors for anastomotic leak (AL) after resection and primary anastomosis for traumatic bucket handle injury (BHI) have not been previously defined. This multicenter study was conducted to address this knowledge gap.MethodsThis is a multicenter retrospective study on small intestine and colonic BHIs from blunt trauma between 2010 and 2021. Baseline patient characteristics, risk factors, presence of shock and transfusion, operative details, and clinical outcomes were compared using R.ResultsData on 395 subjects were submitted by 12 trauma centers, of whom 33 (8.1%) patients developed AL. Baseline details were similar, except for a higher proportion of patients in the AL group who had medical comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity (60.6% vs. 37.3%, p=0.015). AL had higher rates of surgical site infections (13.4% vs. 5.3%, p=0.004) and organ space infections (65.2% vs. 11.7%, p<0.001), along with higher readmission and reoperation rates (48.4% vs. 9.1%, p<0.001, and 39.4% vs. 11.6%, p<0.001, respectively). There was no difference in intensive care unit length of stay or mortality (p>0.05). More patients with AL were discharged with an ostomy (69.7% vs. 7.3%, p<0.001), and the mean duration until ostomy reversal was 5.85±3 months (range 2–12.4 months). The risk of AL significantly increased when the initial operation was a damage control procedure, after adjusting for age, sex, injury severity, presence of one or more comorbidities, shock, transfusion of >6 units of packed red blood cells, and site of injury (adjusted RR=2.32 (1.13, 5.17)), none of which were independent risk factors in themselves.ConclusionDamage control surgery performed as the initial operation appears to double the risk of AL after intestinal BHI, even after controlling for other markers of injury severity.Level of evidenceIII.
Toward Commercialization of Mechanical Energy Harvester: Reusable Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Closed-Loop Mass Production of Recyclable Thermoplastic Fluoropolymer with Microstructures
Authors: Ra Yoonsang , Lee Jong Hyun , Bang Jiho , Lee Donghan , Kam Dongik , Cho Sumin , Jang Sunmin , Yoo Donghyeon , Kim Jong Woo , Cha Kyoung Je , Choi Dongwhi 
Published: November 2023

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been considered a promising energy harvester. However, the wear-induced limited lifetime of the surface structure on fluoropolymeric contact layers of the TENG has been a critical issue in its commercialization because surface structures on soft engineering materials play a key role in enhancing the generation of electricity in TENGs. After the surface structure on the polymeric contact layer is worn out, the layer is required to be replaced with a new one with intact surface structures to reenhance the degraded output performance of the TENG. Herein, injection molding-assisted mass production is applied to manufacture micro/nanoscale surface-structured perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA) contact layers, which exhibit easily replaceable but fully recyclable characteristics. The optimized production time is shorter than 1 min, and the unit cost under $1 of manufacturing surface-structured PFA contact layers is achieved. TENG with the fabricated PFA contact layer can generate over 620 V of voltage and up to 12.4 mW of power from solid-solid contact and separation when the contact area is

5

cm
×
5

cm

and the contact frequency is 10 Hz. The manufactured PFA contact layer can be facilely replaced with a new one before the end of its lifetime to maintain the electrical output of the TENG, and the postused one can be fully recycled via reprocessing as the material for injection molding. Consequently, a tile-floor-based TENG is proposed as a proof-of-concept demonstration to show environmentally friendly and closed-loop production of TENGs.