bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Action ethical dilemmas in surgery: an interview study of practicing surgeons
Authors: Torjuul Kirsti , Nordam Ann , Sørlie Venke 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to describe the kinds of ethical dilemmas surgeons face during practice.MethodsFive male and five female surgeons at a University hospital in Norway were interviewed as part of a comprehensive investigation into the narratives of physicians and nurses about ethically difficult situations in surgical units. The transcribed interview texts were subjected to a phenomenological-hermeneutic interpretation.ResultsNo gender differences were found in the kinds of ethical dilemmas identified among male and female surgeons. The main finding was that surgeons experienced ethical dilemmas in deciding the right treatment in different situations. The dilemmas included starting or withholding treatment, continuing or withdrawing treatment, overtreatment, respecting the patients and meeting patients' expectations. The main focus in the narratives was on ethical dilemmas concerning the patients' well-being, treatment and care. The surgeons narrated about whether they should act according to their own convictions or according to the opinions of principal colleagues or colleagues from other departments. Handling incompetent colleagues was also seen as an ethical dilemma. Prioritization of limited resources and following social laws and regulations represented ethical dilemmas when they contradicted what the surgeons considered was in the patients' best interests.ConclusionThe surgeons seemed confident in their professional role although the many ethical dilemmas they experienced in trying to meet the expectations of patients, colleagues and society also made them professionally and personally vulnerable.
Structural genomics of human proteins – target selection and generation of a public catalogue of expression clones
Authors: Büssow Konrad , Scheich Christoph , Sievert Volker , Harttig Ulrich , Schultz Jörg , Simon Bernd , Bork Peer , Lehrach Hans , Heinemann Udo 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
The availability of suitable recombinant protein is still a major bottleneck in protein structure analysis. The Protein Structure Factory, part of the international structural genomics initiative, targets human proteins for structure determination. It has implemented high throughput procedures for all steps from cloning to structure calculation. This article describes the selection of human target proteins for structure analysis, our high throughput cloning strategy, and the expression of human proteins in Escherichia coli host cells.

Results and Conclusion
Protein expression and sequence data of 1414 E. coli expression clones representing 537 different proteins are presented. 139 human proteins (18%) could be expressed and purified in soluble form and with the expected size. All E. coli expression clones are publicly available to facilitate further functional characterisation of this set of human proteins.
Lysis with Saponin improves detection of the response through CD203c and CD63 in the basophil activation test after crosslinking of the high affinity IgE receptor FcεRI
Authors: Hoffmann Hans Jürgen , Bøgebjerg Mette , Nielsen Lars Peter , Dahl Ronald 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
The basophil activation test (BAT), in which translocation of markers to the surface of blood basophils is measured in response to allergen by flow cytometry, is a rapid assay that is gaining popularity. Two markers are currently being evaluated for the BAT; CD63 and the lineage-specific CD203c. In a recent report, detection of CD203c after lysis with Saponin was shown to be superior to detection of CD63 after lysis with formic acid. We wanted to compare a) lysis with formic acid and lysis with Saponin, b) the response through CD203c and CD63, and c) the definition 10% activated cells above background with the probability binning metric T(χ) > 4, on sets of data generated with blood basophils stimulated with varying concentrations of anti-FcεRI antibody.

Methods
Blood from volunteers was incubated with serial logarithmic dilutions of anti-FcεRI and subsequently with antibodies to CD203c PE and CD63 FITC. Sets of samples set up in parallel were lysed with either Saponin based Whole Blood Lysing reagent or with formic acid based Immunoprep/Q-prep. Samples were acquired on a FACS Calibur, but were compensated and analysed offline. Responders were defined as persons who had 10% or more activated basophils above background, or a T(χ) > 4, for two consecutive dilutions of anti-FcεRI antibody.

Results
More basophils (median 1164 vs. median 397) and better discrimination of upregulated CD203c and CD63 amongst responders were obtained after lysis with Saponin than after lysis with formic acid. We suggest that CD203c may be a more sensitive marker for the BAT than CD63, as 6/11 responders were found with CD203c, compared with 3/11 with CD63. Most responders (7/11) were identified with probability binning.

Conclusion
A combination of lysis with Saponin and the markers CD203c and CD63 computed by probability binning may be the most sensitive method of detecting activation of basophils after stimulation through FcεRI.
Colocalization of endogenous TNF with a functional intracellular splice form of human TNF receptor type 2
Authors: Scherübl Christoph , Schneider-Brachert Wulf , Schütze Stephan , Hehlgans Thomas , Männel Daniela N 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackgroundTumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in a broad spectrum of inflammatory and immune responses including proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. The biological effects of TNF are mediated via two cell surface TNF receptors: p55TNFR (TNFR1; CD120a) and p75TNFR (TNFR2; CD120b). Soluble forms of these two receptors consisting of the extracellular domains are proteolytically cleaved from the membrane and act as inhibitors. A novel p75TNFR isoform generated by the use of an additional transcriptional start site has been described and was termed hicp75TNFR. We focused on the characterization of this new isoform as this protein may be involved in chronic inflammatory processes.MethodsCell lines were retroviraly transduced with hp75TNFR isoforms. Subcellular localization and colocalization studies with TNF were performed using fluorescence microscopy including exhaustive photon reassignment software, flow cytometry, and receptosome isolation by magnetic means. Biochemical properties of the hicp75TNFR were determined by affinity chromatography, ELISA, and western blot techniques.ResultsWe describe the localization and activation of a differentially spliced and mainly intracellularly expressed isoform of human p75TNFR, termed hicp75TNFR. Expression studies with hicp75TNFR cDNA in different cell types showed the resulting protein mostly retained in the trans-Golgi network and in endosomes and colocalizes with endogenous TNF. Surface expressed hicp75TNFR behaves like hp75TNFR demonstrating susceptibility for TACE-induced shedding and NFκB activation after TNF binding.ConclusionOur data demonstrate that intracellular hicp75TNFR is not accessible for exogenously provided TNF but colocalizes with endogenously produced TNF. These findings suggest a possible intracellular activation mechanism of hicp75TNFR by endogenous TNF. Subsequent NFκB activation might induce anti-apoptotic mechanisms to protect TNF-producing cells from cytotoxic effects of TNF. In addition, the intracellular and not TACE-accessible splice form of the hp75TNFR could serve as a pool of preformed, functional hp75TNFR.
Vasculature deprivation – induced osteonecrosis of the rat femoral head as a model for therapeutic trials
Authors: Bejar Jacob , Peled Eli , Boss Jochanan H 
Published: July 2005

AbstractExperimental OsteonecrosisThe authors' experience with experimentally produced femoral capital osteonecrosis in rats is reviewed: incising the periosteum at the base of the neck of the femur and cutting the ligamentum teres leads to coagulation necrosis of the epiphysis. The necrotic debris is substituted by fibrous tissue concomitantly with resorption of the dead soft and hard tissues by macrophages and osteoclasts, respectively. Progressively, the formerly necrotic epiphysis is repopulated by hematopoietic-fatty tissue, and replaced by architecturally abnormal and biomechanically weak bone. The femoral heads lose their smooth-surfaced hemispherical shape in the wake of the load transfer through the hip joint such that, together with regressive changes of the joint cartilage and inflammatory-hyperplastic changes of the articular membrane, an osteoarthritis-like disorder ensues.Therapeutic ChoicesDiverse therapeutic options are studied to satisfy the different opinions concerning the significance of diverse etiological and pathogenic mechanisms: 1. Exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. 2. Exposure to hyperbaric oxygen and non-weight bearing on the operated hip. 3. Medication with enoxaparin. 4. Reduction of intraosseous hypertension, putting to use a procedure aimed at core decompression, namely drilling a channel through the femoral head. 5. Medication with vascular endothelial growth factor with a view to accelerating revascularization. 6. Medication with zoledronic acid to decrease osteoclastic productivity such that the remodeling of the femoral head is slowed.Glucocorticoid-related osteonecrosisappears to be apoptosis-related, thus differing from the vessel-deprivation-induced tissue coagulation found in idiopathic osteonecrosis. The quantities of TNF-α, RANK-ligand and osteoprotegerin are raised in glucocorticoid-treated osteoblasts so that the differentiation of osteoclasts is blocked. Moreover, the osteoblasts and osteocytes of the femoral cortex mostly undergo apoptosis after a lengthy period of glucocorticoid medication.
Inhibition of Tat activity by the HEXIM1 protein
Authors: Fraldi Alessandro , Varrone Francesca , Napolitano Giuliana , Michels Annemieke A , Majello Barbara , Bensaude Olivier , Lania Luigi 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) composed by CDK9/CyclinT1 subunits is a dedicated co-factor of HIV transcriptional transactivator Tat protein. Transcription driven by the long terminal repeat (LTR) of HIV involves formation of a quaternary complex between P-TEFb, Tat and the TAR element. This recruitment is necessary to enhance the processivity of RNA Pol II from the HIV-1 5' LTR promoter. The activity of P-TEFb is regulated in vivo and in vitro by the HEXIM1/7SK snRNA ribonucleic-protein complex.

Results
Here we report that Tat transactivation is effectively inhibited by co-expression of HEXIM1 or its paralog HEXIM2. HEXIM1 expression specifically represses transcription mediated by the direct activation of P-TEFb through artificial recruitment of GAL4-CycT1. Using appropriate HEXIM1 mutants we determined that effective Tat-inhibition entails the 7SK snRNA basic recognition motif as well as the C-terminus region required for interaction with cyclin T1. Enhanced expression of HEXIM1 protein modestly affects P-TEFb activity, suggesting that HEXIM1-mediated repression of Tat activity is not due to a global inhibition of cellular transcription.

Conclusion
These results point to a pivotal role of P-TEFb for Tat's optimal transcription activity and suggest that cellular proteins that regulate P-TEFb activity might exert profound effects on Tat function in vivo.
Saline Systems: A research journal bridging gene systems and ecosystems
Authors: DasSarma Shiladitya 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Saline Systems addresses the publication needs of scientists conducting basic and applied research on coastal and inland saline environments and their flora and fauna. The journal covers research at all levels, from individual genes to whole genomes and entire ecosystems. Rapid progress in the molecular biology and microbial ecology of halotolerant and halophilic organisms and the sensitivity of many saline environments warrants an online journal with fast turnaround times. Many saline environments are threatened and the need for an Open Access journal to address the dissemination and sharing of knowledge on their conservation and management is compelling. Saline Systems provides an interdisciplinary forum for scientists working within all of the relevant fields.
A hundred years of Dunaliella research: 1905–2005
Authors: Oren Aharon 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A hundred years have passed since the description of the genus Dunaliella, the unicellular green alga which is responsible for most of the primary production in hypersaline environments worldwide. The present paper provides an historical survey of research on Dunaliella, from the early work in the 19th century to the thorough taxonomic studies by Teodoresco, Hamburger, Lerche and others from the beginnig of the 20th century onwards. It attempts to trace the origin of some of the most important breakthroughs that have contributed to our present understanding of this alga that plays such a key role in many hypersaline environments.
Effect of salinity stress on the life history variables of Branchipus schaefferi Fisher, 1834 (Crustacea: Anostraca)
Authors: Sarma SSS , Beladjal Lynda , Nandini S , Cerón-Martínez Gerardo , Tavera-Briseño Karina 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
Freshwater anostracans inhabit ephemeral water bodies in which as the water level decreases due to evaporation the salt concentration increases. Thus, for most anostracans salinity becomes the major stress factor.

Results
We tested five concentrations of NaCl (0 to 8 g/l) on the life table demography of Branchipus schaefferi fed Chlorella (alga). Age-specific survivorship curves of male and female B. schaefferi showed nearly a similar pattern in that increased salt concentration resulted in decreased survivorship. The age-specific reproduction (mx) of females showed several peaks of cyst production at 0 and 1 g/l salinity while in treatments containing salt at 4 or 8 g/l, there were fewer peaks. Average lifespan, life expectancy at birth, gross and net reproductive rates, generation time and the rate of population increase were all significantly influenced by the salt concentration in the medium. The highest value of net reproductive rate (970 cysts/female) was in treatments containing 0 g/l of salt, while the lowest was 13 cysts/female at 8 g/l. The rate of population increase (r) varied from 0.52 to 0.32 per day depending on the salt concentration in the medium.

Conclusion
The low survival and offspring production of B. schaefferi at higher salinity levels suggests that this species is unlikely to colonize inland saline water bodies. Therefore, the temporary ponds in which it is found, proper conservative measures must be taken to protect this species.
Intensional Concepts in Propositional Semantic Networks*
Authors: Maida Anthony S. , Shapiro Stuart C. 
Published: July 2005

An integrated statement is made concerning the semantic status of nodes in a propositional semantic network, claiming that such nodes represent only intensions. Within the network, the only reference to extensionality is via a mechanism to assert that two intensions have the same extension in same world. This framework is employed in three application problems to illustrate the nature of its solutions.The formalism used here utilizes only assertional information and no structural, or definitional, information. This restriction corresponds to many of the psychologically motivated network models. Some of the psychological implications of network processes called node merging and node splitting are discussed. Additionally, it is pointed out that both our networks and the psychologically based networks are prone to memory confusions about knowing unless augmented by domain‐specific inference processes, or by structural information.
Routine Computing Tasks: Planning as Understanding
Authors: Mannes Suzanne M. , Kintsch Walter 
Published: July 2005

A system called NETWORK is described which implements the construction‐integration model of Kintsch (1988) in a routine computing‐task domain. This system builds a plan of action on‐line for a given task from a set of plan elements. These plan elements are simple overlearned production rules that are put together by NETWORK to produce plans for novel tasks. This approach is contrasted with other types of planners as NETWORK is shown to plan solutions to a variety of tasks. Discussions focussing on the use of long‐term memory, case‐based reasoning, and planning and acting are presented.NETWORK takes as input a task description, uses this information to select related knowledge from its long‐term memory, and constructs a network representation of the task. This network is then integrated through a spreading‐activation procedure where irrelevant items in the network become deactivated, and things that appear related sustain each other's higher activation. Subsequently, a decision process chooses a plan element for firing, depending upon its level of activation with those more highly activated being considered for action first. When a plan element is found that can fire, its outcomes are added to the state of the world. The process repeats until a selection of plan elements is produced to complete the task.
The Role of Explanations and Plan Recognition in the Learning of Theatrical Scripts
Authors: Noice Helga 
Published: July 2005

It is generally assumed that a professional actor learns a role by committing the words to memory line by line or sentence by sentence. However, a pilot study indicated that this is not so. The research reported here is concerned with specifying the mental processes that professional actors employ in the course of learning theatrical scripts. Twenty‐eight professional actors and 28 novices were assigned either to a gist or a rote condition. The former was designed to reveal the strategies actually used by actors to learn lengthy texts. The latter was designed to require subjects to learn text by repetition with as little contribution from semantic analysis as possible with meaningful material. All subjects were given identical six‐page scenes from a realistic play. Two measures were used: elaborated recall and summarization. Analysis of elaborated recall protocols show that actors construct far more elaborations than novices, and that the great majority of these elaborations concern how the assigned character actively affects or is affected by another character. Results indicate that actors approach the learning of complex material by adopting the assigned character's perspective, and by actively asking questions in order to infer that character's plan.Summarization results indicate that actors and novices construct different mental representations of the same text. Actors were more likely to summarize the scene as an unfolding process rather than a fixed entity. Also, they tended to ignore the temporal ordering of the text, implying the operation of a plan structure during encoding and retrieval. Furthermore, both expertise and a strategy based on elaboration appeared to encourage the drawing of inferences. This is shown by an increase in the number of subjects (as a function either of strategy or expertise) who included the unstated but implied resolution of the scene in their summaries.
Catalytic Linear Grooving of Graphite Surface Layers by Pt, Ru, and PtRu Nanoparticles
Authors: Takasu Yoshio , Konishi Shunsuke , Miyoshi Ryo , Nukii Keisuke , Matsuse Takehiro , Sugimoto Wataru , Murakami Yasushi 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Platinum, Ru, and Pt0.5Ru0.5 nanoparticles prepared from respective metal complexes have been found to form grooves, i.e., nanochannels, on cleavage planes of HOPG at 900 °C under a gas mixture stream of hydrogen and nitrogen. The mutual orientation of these grooves observed by HRSEM and AFM was 30 or 60 degrees.
Improved Thermal Stability of LiCoO2 by Cyclotriphosphazene Additives in Lithium-ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Qing , Noguchi Hideyuki , Wang Hongyu , Yoshio Masaki , Otsuki Masashi , Ogino Takao 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Fluorinated cyclotriphosphazene is selected as a novel flame-retarding additive in the electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. The effect of the phosphazenes on the thermal stability of LiCoO2 cathode has been investigated by the thermal analyses on charged LiCoO2 electrodes in the presence of the electrolyte with or without the additives. Possible mechanism for the influence of the additive on the thermal stability of LiCoO2 has been proposed.
Synthetic Studies of Norzoanthamine. Preparation of the Diene-yne-diene Precursor of an ABC-ring Fragment
Authors: Irifune Taiji , Ohashi Tomohiro , Ichino Takao , Sakai Emi , Suenaga Kiyotake , Uemura Daisuke 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The diene-yne-diene precursor of the ABC-ring fragment of norzoanthamine, a bioactive alkaloid from the colonial zoanthid Zoanthus sp., was prepared.
Fabrication of Silver Probes for Localized Plasmon Excitation in Near-field Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Saito Yuika , Murakami Takashi , Inouye Yasushi , Kawata Satoshi 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
We present a new method for preparing a silver probe for tip-enhanced near-field Raman spectroscopy. In this method, the probe is coated with silver colloids by a simple chemical reaction known as a mirror reaction. Silver particles ≈40 nm in diameter, which is ideal for localized surface plasmon excitation in the visible wavelength range, are formed at the tip apex with high reproducibility. Futhermore, tip-enhanced Raman spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes were measured by using the probe.
Synthesis and Properties of Conjugated Copolymer Having Alternate Structure of Diphenylanthracene and Allene
Authors: Hiroki Kazuaki , Kijima Masashi 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A conjugated copolymer having an alternate structure of 9,10-diphenylanthracene and 1,3-diphenylallene was synthesized by the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction with 9,10-dibororanylanthracene and 1,3-bis(4-bromophenyl)-1,3-diphenylallene. The diphenylanthracene moiety worked as an absorptive and emissive center unit in the polymer. The twisted allene moiety not only controlled conjugation length of the polymer but also suppressed formation of excimers, which realized intense pure blue fluorescence with high quantum efficiency (Φf ≈ 1.0) in CHCl3 solution.
A modified technique to bypass the maxillary artery to supraclinoid internal carotid artery by using radial artery graft: an anatomical study
Authors: Arbağ Hamdi , Ustun Mehmet Erkan , Buyukmumcu Mustafa , Cicekcibasi Aynur Emine , Ulku Cagatay Han 
Published: July 2005

Objective: This study aims to examine the use of a radial artery graft for bypass of the maxillary artery (MA) to the supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) in treating ICA occlusions.Study design and setting: This method was carried out on five adult cadaver sides. The MA was reached 1–2 cm inferior to the crista infratemporalis, following a frontotemporal craniotomy and a zygomatic arch osteotomy. Extradurally 2–3 cm lateral to the foramen rotundum, a hole was drilled in the sphenoid bone with a 4 mm tipped drill. A radial artery graft was passed through the hole to the inside of the dura. Before giving the infraorbital artery branch, the MA was dissected from the surrounding tissue and transected. The proximal end of the graft was anastomosed end-to-end with the MA and the distal end of the graft end-to-side with the supraclinoid ICA.Results: The mean calibre of the MA was 2.6 ± 0.3 mm. The mean calibre of the proximal end of the radial artery graft was 2.5 ± 0.25 mm and the distal end was 2.35 ± 0.2 mm. The mean length of the radial artery graft was 4.0 ± 0.5cm.Conclusion: This study suggested that the cases with ICA occlusion, which require high blood flow, may be treated as an alternative to current bypass methods requiring long vein grafts.