bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of poly(benzobisthiazole)s derived from halogenated phthalic acid and isophthalic acid
Authors: Saxena Roli , Kandpal L. D. , Mathur G. N. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPoly(benzobisthiazole)s containing tetrafluorophenyl and bromophenyl moieties were synthesized via the polycondensation of 2,5‐diamino‐1,4‐benzenedithiol dihydrochloride with tetrafluorophthalic acid and 4‐bromoisophthalic acid under a nitrogen atmosphere. The polymers were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, spectroscopy (infrared and solid‐state 13C NMR), and thermal analysis, including differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability of the polymers was 490–515 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The synthesized polymers showed good solubility in organic solvents. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3959–3966, 2002
Morphological study on diffusion‐limited aggregates of poly(ethylene oxide) on alkali halides
Authors: Kurimoto Ryota , Kawaguchi Akiyoshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWhen poly(ethylene oxide) was crystallized on a fresh cleavage surface of alkali halides from solution in isoamyl acetate, diffusion‐limited‐aggregate dendrites were formed. Their patterns varied, depending on the kind of substrate on which the poly(ethylene oxide) crystallized: On a KCl substrate, rather ordered dendrites grew with fibrillar crystallites aligning roughly in the 〈110〉KCl direction, and coarse dendritic clusters formed on NaCl and KBr during the initial stage of their growth. The dendrites grew and matured to sheet the whole surface of alkali halides with a uniform thickness, and subsequently, tetragonal lamellae formed on it through the spiral growth mechanism or the primary nucleation process. Tetragonal lamellar crystals grew with their diagonals parallel to fibrillar crystallites of dendrites. Their orientation did not result from direct, epitaxial contact with the alkali halide substrate but depended on the fibrillar orientation of the underlying sheeted layer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2421–2430, 2002
Causes and consequences of rapid thermokarst development in permafrost or glacial terrain
Authors: Harris Stuart A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractComparison of the temperatures at 50 cm depth in Fox Lake, Yukon Territory, with those at 10 cm depth in the soil on an adjacent lithalsa indicates that water absorbs between five and seven times as much solar energy as the soil on an annual basis. This is partly due to the differences in thermal properties between ice, water, soil and rock, but is also due to the water being translucent, and absorbing solar energy through a much thicker layer. Movements of water also help in the process. In winter, the soil cools down to −16°C whereas the lake ice remains warmer than −3°C. This is the reason that a thaw pond, once formed, will go on enlarging in icy materials until it runs out of ground ice or intersects a drainage way. Since thermokarst can be initiated by a variety of different agencies, a single occurrence cannot be used as a proof of climatic change. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of recent frozen soil engineering in permafrost regions along Qinghai‐Tibet Highway, China
Authors: Qingbai Wu , Yongzhi Liu , Jianming Zhang , Changjiang Tong 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe nature of frozen soil research along the Qinghai‐Tibet Highway between 1993 and 2000 is systemically reviewed. Recent studies involve the engineering geology of frozen soil, the study of ground temperatures under the roadbed and the influence of the frozen soil environment, the engineering classification of frozen soils, and the use of geographical information systems. This research will materially assist in the construction of the Qinghai‐Tibet Railway. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation complicated by esophageal duplication cyst in a 6‐month‐old girl
Authors: Hasegawa Shunji , Koga Mayumi , Matsubara Tomoyo , Oga Atsunori , Furukawa Susumu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe report a case of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) complicated by an esophageal duplication cyst in a 6‐month‐old girl. The patient presented with recurrent pneumonia. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed two cystic lesions in the upper and lower lobes of the right lung. After cystectomy, histopathological investigation revealed that the lower cyst was a CCAM Type I, and the upper cyst was an esophageal duplication cyst.The coexistence of these complex anomalies supports the concept that the esophageal duplication cyst is one entity of a broad spectrum of developmental abnormalities caused by abnormal budding of the primitive foregut. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:398–401. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unusual case of stridor and wheeze in an infant: Tracheal bronchogenic cyst
Authors: Stewart Barbara , Cochran Amalia , Iglesia Kim , Speights V.O. , Ruff Tibor 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBronchogenic cysts are congenital anomalies that represent aberrant development of the foregut. Bronchogenic cysts in the mediastinum have been documented in both children and adults, but only one case of tracheal bronchogenic cyst in an infant was found in the literature. We report on a case of an infant with wheeze, stridor, and retractions, caused by a midtracheal bronchogenic cyst. This entity, with its unusual location, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of respiratory distress, cyanotic spells, wheezing, and stridor in infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:320–323. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Readmission with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection among graduates from a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: McCormick Jonathan , Tubman Richard 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe evaluated the incidence of readmission with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection among the graduates of a regional Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and characterized those who were rehospitalized. These data were used as a predictive tool to estimate the number of babies likely to suffer readmission with RSV for the year 2000 cohort. Using the published efficacies of palivizumab, the costs and benefits of protecting this cohort were assessed. Retrospective analysis of 2,507 NICU inpatient records from January 1, 1994–December 31, 1999 from the Royal Maternity Hospital, Belfast, were compared with data on positive RSV samples from 1,790 patients between January 1, 1995–December 31, 1999 from the Northern Ireland Regional Virus Laboratory.The analysis yielded 136 (7.6%) ex‐NICU patients among the positive RSV samples over this 5‐year period. Characteristic seasonal peaks of RSV infection with interseasonal variability were observed. Of those readmitted, 86.9% were hospitalized with RSV before their first birthday. A calculated readmission rate of 5.4% for all NICU graduates, and 6.4% for those ≤35 weeks, was found, leading to an expectation of 36 readmissions from the 668 NICU graduates in the year 2000 over the next 1–2 years, 20 of whom would be ≤35 weeks and 12 would be ≤32 weeks. A cost of £1.3 million would be required to protect the ≤35‐week year 2000 cohort and prevent 11 readmissions. This equals £120,000 per admission prevented, or 28.2 patients treated to prevent 1 readmission. A readmission rate of 6.4% may differ from other studies, as it represents analysis of a greater number of RSV seasons. Using economic arguments alone, the cost of routine administration of Palivizumab to ex‐NICU ≤35‐week infants is prohibitive. A selective practice of immunizing those with chronic lung disease with a background of extreme prematurity over the November to March RSV season may be more cost‐effective. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:262–266. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Objective monitoring of cough in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Hamutcu Refika , Francis Jackie , Karakoc Fazilet , Bush Andrew 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIncreased cough frequency is a common symptom associated with infective pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis (CF), but subjective assessment of cough is very unreliable. The aims of this study were: 1) to validate a modification of our previously described ambulatory cough recording device (LR 100); 2) to determine how accurately children with CF assess levels of cough; and 3) to assess the change in cough in children with CF when treated with intravenous antibiotics for a respiratory exacerbation, and whether the children themselves were able accurately to perceive any change.Fourteen CF children (aged 13.6 ± 2.6 years) were included in the study. All 14 children were simultaneously recorded with the LR 100 cough recorder and a conventional tape recorder during a chest physiotherapy session on the first or second day of admission for an infective exacerbation diagnosed by standard criteria. The difference between the two was an underestimate of 0.5 epoch/session by the tape recorder. Ten children were recorded on admission with the LR 100 cough recorder for a complete cycle (17 hr and 40 min), and we also assessed their day and night‐time cough with cough scores and visual analogue scores (VAS). In 8 of these children, the same assessments were repeated on discharge. There was no significant correlation between any of the admission or discharge cough scores, daytime or night‐time cough scores, and daytime or night‐time VAS scores, with the actual number of coughs recorded on the LR 100 cough recorder. For the 8 children who had cough monitoring on admission and on discharge, there was no significant improvement in daytime or night‐time cough scores or VAS on discharge, despite significant improvements in spirometry. There was also no significant improvement on daytime and night‐time cough counts with the cough monitor on discharge, and no significant correlation with changes in lung function. There were weak correlations only between change in daytime VAS scores and change in forced expired volume in 1 sec (r = −0.794, P = 0.019) and forced vital capacity (r = −0.723, P = 0.04).In conclusion, we describe a reliable and well‐tolerated method for obtaining cough counts objectively. The use of this objective method showed that CF children did not assess their cough frequency well. In addition, treatment of respiratory exacerbation improved neither subjective nor objective measures of cough in CF children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:331–335. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical detection of milk proteins in tracheal aspirates of ventilated infants: A pilot study
Authors: Miller Jamey , Colasurdo Giuseppe N. , Khan Amir M. , Jajoo Charu , Patel Tarak J. , Fan Leland L. , Elidemir Okan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this study, we evaluated immunocytochemical staining for milk proteins (α‐lactalbumin and β‐lactoglobulin) in tracheal aspirates of mechanically ventilated infants, and assessed whether this staining technique supported a clinical diagnosis of aspiration in infants receiving orogastric feedings. All newborns requiring mechanical ventilation in the neonatal intensive care unit of a major tertiary care hospital were potential subjects for this study. Tracheal aspirates were obtained prior to the introduction of enteral feeding and at various time points thereafter in newborns requiring mechanical ventilation. Cells were obtained and processed for immunocytochemical staining of α‐lactalbumin and β‐lactoglobulin.In total, 88 specimens recovered from 34 infants were adequate for staining. Alveolar macrophages recovered from most of the infants who were never fed (true negative controls) did not display immunoreactivity for milk proteins: 4/34 or 12% of infants' aspirates demonstrated presence of milk proteins before enteral feeding was commenced. Tracheal aspirates obtained from 12 infants after introduction of enteral feedings appeared to support clinical and radiological findings suggestive of aspiration events, with positive immunostaining on several occasions.These observations support our work in a murine model and demonstrate that immunocytochemical staining of tracheal aspirates for milk proteins may enhance the ability to diagnose pulmonary aspiration. Further studies are needed to define the clinical significance of our findings and the effects of single and repeated aspiration events on respiratory status. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:369–374. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of the 14‐3‐3 C‐terminal loop in ligand interaction
Authors: Truong Amy B. , Masters Shane C. , Yang Hongzhu , Fu Haian 
Published: October 2002

Abstract14‐3‐3 proteins are a family of conserved dimeric molecules that interact with a broad range of target proteins, most of which contain phosphoserine/threonine. The amphipathic groove of 14‐3‐3 is the main structural feature involved in mediating its associations. We have studied another domain of 14‐3‐3, the C‐terminal loop, to determine what role it plays in ligand interaction. A truncated form of 14‐3‐3ζ lacking this C‐terminal loop was generated and found to bind with higher affinity than the wild‐type 14‐3‐3ζ protein to the ligands Raf‐1 and Bad. Interestingly, the truncated 14‐3‐3ζ also showed increased association with the 14‐3‐3 binding‐deficient Bad/S136A mutant. Taken together, these data support a role for the C‐terminal loop as a general inhibitor of 14‐3‐3/ligand interactions. This may provide a mechanism by which inappropriate associations with 14‐3‐3 are prevented. Proteins 2002;49:321–325. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MULTIPROSPECTOR: An algorithm for the prediction of protein–protein interactions by multimeric threading
Authors: Lu Long , Lu Hui , Skolnick Jeffrey 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this postgenomic era, the ability to identify protein–protein interactions on a genomic scale is very important to assist in the assignment of physiological function. Because of the increasing number of solved structures involving protein complexes, the time is ripe to extend threading to the prediction of quaternary structure. In this spirit, a multimeric threading approach has been developed. The approach is comprised of two phases. In the first phase, traditional threading on a single chain is applied to generate a set of potential structures for the query sequences. In particular, we use our recently developed threading algorithm, PROSPECTOR. Then, for those proteins whose template structures are part of a known complex, we rethread on both partners in the complex and now include a protein–protein interfacial energy. To perform this analysis, a database of multimeric protein structures has been constructed, the necessary interfacial pairwise potentials have been derived, and a set of empirical indicators to identify true multimers based on the threading Z‐score and the magnitude of the interfacial energy have been established. The algorithm has been tested on a benchmark set comprised of 40 homodimers, 15 heterodimers, and 69 monomers that were scanned against a protein library of 2478 structures that comprise a representative set of structures in the Protein Data Bank. Of these, the method correctly recognized and assigned 36 homodimers, 15 heterodimers, and 65 monomers. This protocol was applied to identify partners and assign quaternary structures of proteins found in the yeast database of interacting proteins. Our multimeric threading algorithm correctly predicts 144 interacting proteins, compared to the 56 (26) cases assigned by PSI‐BLAST using a (less) permissive E‐value of 1 (0.01). Next, all possible pairs of yeast proteins have been examined. Predictions (n = 2865) of protein–protein interactions are made; 1138 of these 2865 interactions have counterparts in the Database of Interacting Proteins. In contrast, PSI‐BLAST made 1781 predictions, and 1215 have counterparts in DIP. An estimation of the false‐negative rate for yeast‐predicted interactions has also been provided. Thus, a promising approach to help assist in the assignment of protein–protein interactions on a genomic scale has been developed. Proteins 2002;49:350–364. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigating the ultrastructure of fibrous long spacing collagen by parallel atomic force and transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Lin Alvin C. , Goh M. Cynthia 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe ultrastructure of fibrous long spacing (FLS) collagen fibrils has been investigated by performing both atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on exactly the same area of FLS collagen fibril samples. These FLS collagen fibrils were formed in vitro from type I collagen and α1‐acid glycoprotein (AAG) solutions. On the basis of the correlated AFM and TEM images obtained before and after negative staining, the periodic dark bands observed in TEM images along the longitudinal axis of the FLS collagen fibril correspond directly to periodic protrusions seen by AFM. This observation is in agreement with the original surmise made by Gross, Highberger, and Schmitt (Gross J, Highberger JH, Schmitt FO, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1954;40:679‐688) that the major repeating dark bands of FLS collagen fibrils observed under TEM are thick relative to the interband region. Although these results do not refute the idea of negative stain penetration into gap regions proposed by Hodge and Petruska (Petruska JA, Hodge AJ. Aspects of protein structure. Ramachandran GN, editor. New York: Academic Press; 1963. p. 289–300), there is no need to invoke the presence of gap regions to explain the periodic dark bands observed in TEM images of FLS collagen fibrils. Proteins 2002;49:378–384. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molten globule of bovine α‐lactalbumin at neutral pH induced by heat, trifluoroethanol, and oleic acid: A comparative analysis by circular dichroism spectroscopy and limited proteolysis
Authors: Polverino de Laureto Patrizia , Frare Erica , Gottardo Rossella , Fontana Angelo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe calcium‐depleted form of α‐lactalbumin (α‐LA) at neutral pH can be induced to adopt a partly folded state or molten globule upon moderate heating, by dissolving the protein in aqueous TFE or by adding oleic acid. This last folding variant of the protein, named HAMLET, can induce apoptosis in tumor cells. The aim of the present work was to unravel from circular dichroism (CD) measurements and proteolysis experiments structural features of the molten globule of apo‐α‐LA at neutral pH. CD spectra revealed that the molten globule of apo‐α‐LA can be obtained upon mild heating at 45°C, as well as at room temperature in the presence of 15% TFE or by adding to the protein solution 7.5 equivalents of oleic acid. Under these various conditions the far‐ and near‐UV CD spectra of apo‐α‐LA are essentially identical to those of the most studied molten globule of α‐LA at pH 2.0 (A‐state). Proteolysis of the 123‐residue chain of apo‐α‐LA by proteinase K at 4°C occurs slowly as an all‐or‐none process leading to small peptides only. At 37°C, proteinase K preferentially cleaves apo‐α‐LA at peptide bonds Ser34‐Gly35, Gln39‐Ala40, Gln43‐Asn44, Phe53‐Gln54, and Asn56‐Asn57. All these peptide bonds are located at level of the β‐subdomain of the protein (chain region 34–57). Similar sites of preferential cleavage have been observed with the TFE‐ and oleic acid‐induced molten globule of apo‐α‐LA. A protein species given by the N‐terminal fragment 1–34 linked via the four disulfide bridges to the C‐terminal fragment 54–123 or 57–123 can be isolated from the proteolytic mixture. The results of this study indicate that the same molten globule state of apo‐α‐LA can be obtained at neutral pH under mildly denaturing conditions, as indicated by using a classical spectroscopic technique such as CD and a simple biochemical approach as limited proteolysis. We conclude that the molten globule of α‐LA maintains a native‐like tertiary fold characterized by a rather well‐structured α‐domain and a disordered chain region encompassing the β‐subdomain 34–57 of the protein. Proteins 2002;49:385–397. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Designability of protein structures: A lattice‐model study using the Miyazawa‐Jernigan matrix
Authors: Li Hao , Tang Chao , Wingreen Ned S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe study the designability of all compact 3 × 3 × 3 and 6 × 6 lattice‐protein structures using the Miyazawa–Jernigan (MJ) matrix. The designability of a structure is the number of sequences that design the structure, i.e., sequences that have that structure as their unique lowest‐energy state. Previous studies of hydrophobic‐polar (HP) models showed a wide distribution of structure designabilities. Recently, questions were raised concerning the use of a two‐letter (HP) code in such studies. Here, we calculate designabilities using all 20 amino acids, with empirically determined interaction potentials (MJ matrix) and compare with HP model results. We find good qualitative agreement between the two models. In particular, highly designable structures in the HP model are also highly designable in the MJ model—and vice versa—with the associated sequences having enhanced thermodynamic stability. Proteins 2002;49:403–412. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of melasma with Pycnogenol®
Authors: Ni Z. , Mu Y. , Gulati O. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMelasma (or chloasma) is a common disorder of cutaneous hyperpigmentation predominantly affecting sun‐exposed areas in women. The pathogenesis of melasma is not fully understood and treatments are frequently disappointing and often associated with side effects.Pycnogenol® is a standardized extract of the bark of the French maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), a well‐known, potent antioxidant. Studies in vitro show that Pycnogenol® is several times more powerful than vitamin E and vitamin C. In addition, it recycles vitamin C, regenerates vitamin E and increases the endogenous antioxidant enzyme system. Pycnogenol® protects against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Therefore its efficacy in the treatment of melasma was investigated.Thirty women with melasma completed a 30‐day clinical trial in which they took one 25 mg tablet of Pycnogenol® with meals three times daily, i.e. 75 mg Pycnogenol® per day. These patients were evaluated clinically by parameters such as the melasma area index, pigmentary intensity index and by routine blood and urine tests.After a 30‐day treatment, the average melasma area of the patients decreased by 25.86 ± 20.39 mm2 (p < 0.001) and the average pigmentary intensity decreased by 0.47 ± 0.51 unit (p < 0.001). The general effective rate was 80%. No side effect was observed. The results of the blood and urine test parameters at baseline and at day 30 were within the normal range. Moreover, several other associated symptoms such as fatigue, constipation, pains in the body and anxiety were also improved.To conclude, Pycnogenol® was shown to be therapeutically effective and safe in patients suffering from melasma. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Action of  Rubus coreanus extract on systemic and local anaphylaxis
Authors: Shin Tae‐Yong , Kim Sang‐Hyun , Lee Eun‐Soon , Eom Dong‐Ok , Kim Hyung‐Min 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe effect was investigated of the aqueous extract of Rubus coreanus Miq. (Rosaceae) fruits (RCAE) on systemic and local anaphylaxis. RCAE (0.01–1 g/kg) dose‐dependently inhibited systemic anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 in mice. RCAE (1 g/kg) also significantly inhibited local anaphylaxis activated by anti‐DNP IgE. Pretreatment with RCAE at the same concentration before systemic anaphylaxis reduced the plasma histamine levels in a dose‐dependent manner. RCAE (0.001–1 mg/mL) dose‐dependently inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti‐DNP IgE. The level of cAMP in RPMC, when RCAE was added, significantly increased, compared with that of the normal control. Moreover, RCAE (0.01–1 mg/mL) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti‐DNP IgE‐induced tumour necrosis factor‐α production from RPMC. These results indicate that RCAE may possess antianaphylactic action. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.