bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radon recording of Uttarkashi earthquake
Authors: Virk H. S. , Singh Baljinder 
Published: February 2004

Spatial and temporal distribution of radon is recorded in both soil‐gas and groundwater using two different techniques, viz. track etch method and emanometry. Radon recording stations have been set up at one site in Amritsar and four sites in the Kangra valley (Himachal Pradesh) under the Himalayan seismicity project. The track‐etch method gives integrated measurement of radon over a week or a fortnight whereas emanometry is used for daily recording of radon activity in soil‐gas and groundwater.The Uttarkashi earthquake (mb = 6.5, MS = 7.0) occurred on October 20, 1991 (Oct. 19 U.T.) in the Garhwal Himalayas (30.78°N, 78.77°E) about 330 km from our recording stations in the Kangra valley and about 450 km from Amritsar, respectively. Radon anomalies were recorded at all sites in Kangra valley and Amritsar about a week before the Uttarkashi earthquake, which clearly establishes that radon changes can be effective for forecasting some earthquakes.
Introduction to Special Section: Mechanisms and Consequences of Melt Segregation From Crustal Protoliths
Authors: Brown Michael , Rushmer Tracy , Sawyer Edward W. 
Published: February 2004

… much of petrological effort has been concentrated on attempts to discern, define and interpret regularly recurring patterns of igneous and metamorphic petrogenesis… I do not wish to deny the existence of discernable order in petrological phenomena… but… every geological event… is unique. If we concentrate too heavily on discernment of order and pattern, may we perhaps overlook or underrate the unique quality of each igneous or metamorphic episode? Possibly uniqueness may have as great significance as conformity to pattern when we attempt to fit the phenomena of petrology into the broad framework of geology.Francis J. TurnerPresidential Address to the Mineralogical Society of AmericaNovember 11, 1969
Tongues, bottles, and disconnected loops: The opening and closing of the interplanetary magnetic field
Authors: McComas David J. 
Published: February 2004

For years the field of Space Physics has had a problem, a really big problem for it occurs on the largest spatial scales in Space Physics ‐ across the entire region under the Sun's influence, the heliosphere. The problem is that the Sun appears to keep opening new magnetic fields into interplanetary space with no obvious way to close them back off again. This state of affairs, without some method for closing the open interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), would lead to an ever growing IMF magnitude in interplanetary space ‐ a catastrophe that is clearly not observed.Figure 1 displays a composite picture of the Sun's outermost atmosphere or corona from 30 June 1973. The outer portion was taken in ordinary white light from the ground during a solar eclipse. The superposed soft X‐ray image of the denser, near‐Sun corona was taken from Skylab on the same day. The structure evident in the images is a consequence of the solar magnetic field that permeates the corona; more and less populated magnetic fields are mapped out as density structures in these images. Coronal holes are low‐density regions where the magnetic fields open out into interplanetary space; a large coronal hole is displayed as the dark region near the top of Figure 1. In contrast, bright loop‐like structures indicate closed field regions on the Sun that contain high‐density plasma. The centers of helmet streamers (closed field loops overlaid by nearly radial high density streamer structures), such as those seen extending outwards to the left and right sides in Figure 1, map out to large reversals of the magnetic field or current sheets in interplanetary space. The solar wind flow from streamers is slower and higher density than it is from coronal holes [e.g., Borrini et al., 1981]. Coronagraph and soft X‐ray observations over the past several decades have shown that the solar corona is highly dynamic with open and closed regions evolving over time scales as short as minutes and as long as the 22‐year solar cycle.
Interstellar pickup ions: Not just theory anymore
Authors: Isenberg Philip A. 
Published: February 2004

Although the far‐flung Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft will not leave the heliosphere (the region of particles and fields emitted by the Sun) for at least another few quadrennia, an important component of the surrounding interstellar medium is already under study in the form of interstellar pickup ions. In the last four years, there have been great advances in the study of these particles, primarily motivated by the new observations from instruments on the Ulysses spacecraft. This article will review the exciting work on interstellar pickup ions which took place during the last quadrennium, concentrating on the efforts of the U.S. scientists and their collaborators.As the Sun moves through interstellar space, the heliospheric magnetic field prevents the ionized portion of the surrounding interstellar gas from entering the solar system, but the population of interstellar neutral atoms flows unimpeded through the essentially collisionless plasma. When these atoms travel close enough to the Sun, solar radiation (in the form of both photons and solar wind particles) acts to ionize them and the new ions must suddenly respond to the electromagnetic fields of the supersonic solar wind. In the reference frame moving with the solar wind, this response consists of an immediate gyration of the new ions about the magnetic field, followed by a rapid isotropization by ambient or self‐generated low‐frequency fluctuations in the plasma. This isotropization in the solar wind frame means that the ions are now convecting with the solar wind ‐ they have been “picked up”. Since the inflowing interstellar atoms move very slowly with respect to the Sun (20 – 25 km/s), they have supersonic speeds in the solar wind frame, and the isotropization of the ions in this frame results in a distinct energetic population of ions with origins in the interstellar medium.
Reply to “A note on evaluating VAN earthquake predictions,” by G‐Akis Tselentis and Nicos S. Melis
Authors: Varotsos P. , Lazaridou M. 
Published: February 2004

The intriguing suggestion by Tselentis and Melis [1996], that the tolerance limit in predicting the epicentral location should depend on earthquake magnitude, is discussed.Tselentis and Melis applied the procedure of Mulargia and Gasperini [1992] to an ideally perfect earthquake prediction method, which achieved to predict successfully all the seventeen earthquakes with Ms ≥ 5.3 that occurred within the area 36–41°N, 19–25°E during the three years period 1983–1985, and found that these ideal predictions can be ascribed to chance. Their application clearly demonstrates that the procedure of Mulargia and Gasperini [1992] is questionable. In this Reply we also give a precise example of statistics, which indicates how Mulargia and Gasperini's [1992] procedure strongly violates Poisson restrictions, and hence leads to unacceptable results.
Detailed structure of an oceanic normal fault: A multiscalar approach at DSDP/ODP site 504
Authors: Pezard P. A. , Ayadi M. , Revil A. , Bronner G. , Wilkens R. 
Published: February 2004

Seismic data, downhole measurements, images and core obtained at DSDP/ODP Site 504, in the eastern equatorial Pacific, reveal the presence of a normal fault about 500 m into basement. This north‐dipping structure is sub‐vertical in the sediment, and dips about 45° toward the ridge in the hole. Similar faults are expected from seismic data to cut this deep hole within the sheeted dikes and close to the base of the hole, where the drilling was abruptly terminated.The combined analysis of geophysical and geological data reveals a 300‐m‐thick fault zone, with modified physical and mineralogical properties. The fault was initially identified from a 4° step in magnetic field inclination at 800 mbsf, and the lowest values of electrical resistivity in basement. The fault also exhibits modified mechanical properties and a high open porosity fraction. While fracturing mapped from electrical images decreases slightly versus depth in basement, the fracture density increases with increasing depth within the fault zone. The basalt magnetic properties are strongly modified near the base of the fault zone (from 900 to 1050 mbsf), possibly in relation with early faulting and the circulation of high‐temperature fluids. To the contrary, present ruptures appear to be located near the top of the interval and suggest a propagation of the deformation toward the hanging wall with time.
Far‐field effects of Late Miocene subduction in the Eastern Carpathians: E‐W compression and inversion of structures in the Alpine‐Carpathian‐Pannonian region
Authors: Peresson Herwig , Decker Kurt 
Published: February 2004

Kinematic and paleostress data constrain a Late Miocene E‐W compressional event that affected the entire Alpine‐Carpathian‐Pannonian system after 9 Ma and prior to 5.3 Ma. The maximum horizontal compression directions obtained from 110 stations show a mean σ1 orientation of 083°. Deformation is mainly strike‐slip. E‐W directed compression followed Early to Middle Miocene upper plate extension in the Pannonian Basin which was caused by the retreating subduction boundary in the outer Carpathians. This compressional event terminated Early to Middle Miocene eastward lateral extrusion of the Eastern Alps and reverted strike‐slip faults which bounded earlier extruded wedges such as the Salzachtal‐Ennstal fault, the Periadriatic fault, the Mur‐Mürz‐Vienna Basin fault system, and strike‐slip faults in the Western Carpathians. E‐W compression caused the reorientation of the extension direction of the Alpine crustal stack. East‐directed tectonic unroofing of the metamorphic domes in the central Eastern Alps terminated between 9 and 6 Ma and Early to Middle Miocene orogen‐parallel E‐W extension switched to Late Miocene N‐S extension which parallels modern topographic slopes. In the Pannonian Basin the change from synrift extension to Late Miocene compression during the postrift phase caused the pronounced postrift subsidence by stress induced downward flexure of the loaded lithosphere.We relate Late Miocene E‐W compression to coeval late‐stage west‐ directed subduction of the European plate below the Eastern Carpathians. Slab pull of the subducted plate caused subduction roll back and upper plate extension of the Pannonian area up to the Middle Miocene. Subduction slowed down and ceased when up to 60‐km‐thick buoyant continental crust entered the subduction zone. During the short period of continued convergence E‐W ‐directed compressive stress was transmitted across the subduction boundary into the upper plate. Compressive stress was transferred through the uppermost brittle crust of the earlier extended Pannonian region into the Eastern Alps, up to 1400 km behind the subduction zone. E‐W compression terminated during the Pliocene when the Pliocene to recent NNW‐SSE compressive stress field was established in Central Europe.
Dissolved organic carbon of infiltration within the autogenic Karst Hydrosystem
Authors: Emblanch Christophe , Blavoux Bernard , Puig Jean‐Michel , Mudry Jacques 
Published: February 2004

This work aims at using the Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) as a tracer of infiltration in karstic aquifers with only diffuse recharge. Regular measurements of DOC have been carried out in three karstic systems located in South‐eastern France during an hydrogeological cycle. Considering that the DOC is mainly located in the soil, it might be used as a tracer of the infiltration. The behavior of the tracer considerably varies between the high and low flow periods.The low concentrations of DOC occur when the flow is mainly due to a long residence time of the water in the saturated zone, whereas the concentration of DOC increases with the contribution of recent waters during the flood period. So the DOC can be used as a tracer of the infiltration. A comparison between the magnesium and the DOC allows to demonstrate the ability of using the DOC as a tracer of the water residence time.
Retaking sleeping sickness control in Angola
Authors: Abel Paulo M. , Kiala Godi , Lôa Vanda , Behrend Markus , Musolf Jens , Fleischmann Hanne , Théophile Josénando , Krishna Sanjeev , Stich August 
Published: January 2004

SummaryAfrica is severely affected by a resurgence of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) at epidemic proportions. We report the results of the first 5 years of a HAT control programme in northern Angola run by the non‐governmental organization (NGO) ANGOTRIP. In the period between 1996 and 2001, 13 426 patients were screened for HAT. The mortality rate of patients in stage II who were treated with melarsoprol fell from 7.5% to 2.9%, possibly as a result of training and the standardization of treatment protocols. A total of 191 578 people in three provinces of Angola were screened for HAT. Vector control activities were initiated using Lancien traps. Our experiences reflect the connection between war and the increasing incidence of disease, but also demonstrate that HAT control is possible by dedicated NGOs in close cooperation with national institutions even under extremely difficult circumstances.
Adherence to the combination of sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine and artesunate in the Maheba refugee settlement, Zambia
Authors: Depoortere Evelyn , Guthmann Jean‐Paul , Sipilanyambe Naawa , Nkandu Esther , Fermon Florence , Balkan Suna , Legros Dominique 
Published: January 2004

SummaryArtemisinin‐based combination therapy (ACT) is one strategy recommended to increase cure rates in malaria and to contain resistance to Plasmodium falciparum. In the Maheba refugee settlement, children aged 5 years or younger with a confirmed diagnosis of uncomplicated falciparum malaria are treated with the combination of sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine (1 day) and artesunate (3 days). To measure treatment adherence, home visits were carried out the day after the last treatment dose. Patients who had any treatment dose left were considered certainly non‐adherent. Other patients’ classification was based on the answers to the questionnaire: patients whose caretakers stated the child had received the treatment regimen exactly as prescribed were considered probably adherent; all other patients were considered probably non‐adherent. Reasons for non‐adherence were assessed. We found 21.2% (95% CI [15.0–28.4]) of the patients to be certainly non‐adherent, 39.4% (95% CI [31.6–47.6]) probably non‐adherent, and 39.4% (95% CI [31.6–47.6]) probably adherent. Insufficient explanation by the dispenser was identified as an important reason for non‐adherence. When considering the use of ACT, the issue of patient adherence remains challenging. However, it should not be used as an argument against the introduction of ACT. For these treatment regimens to remain efficacious on a long‐term basis, specific and locally adapted strategies need to be implemented to ensure completion of the treatment.
Soluble transferrin receptor in Aboriginal children with a high prevalence of iron deficiency and infection
Authors: Ritchie B. , McNeil Y. , Brewster D. R. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryObjectives  Aboriginal children in tropical Australia have a high prevalence of both iron deficiency and acute infections, making it difficult to differentiate their relative contributions to anaemia. The aims of this study were to compare soluble transferrin receptor with ferritin in iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), and to examine how best to distinguish the effect of iron deficiency from infection on anaemia.Methods  We conducted a prospective study of 228 admissions to Royal Darwin Hospital in children from 6 to 60 months of age. Transferrin receptor concentrations were measured by a particle‐enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay and ferritin by a microparticle enzyme immunoassay.Results  On multiple regression, the best explanatory variables for haemoglobin differences (r2 = 33.7%, P < 0.001) were mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red cell distribution width (RDW) and C‐reactive protein (CRP); whereas transferrin receptor and ferritin were not significant (P > 0.4). Using ≥2 abnormal indices (MCV, RDW, blood film) + haemoglobin <110 g/l as the reference standard for IDA, transferrin receptor produced a higher area under the curve on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis than ferritin (0.79 vs. 0.64, P < 0.001) or the transferrin receptor–ferritin index (0.77). On logistic regression, the effect of acute infection (CRP) on haemoglobin was significant (P < 0.001) at cut‐offs of 105 and 110 g/l, but not at 100 g/l when only iron deficiency indicators (MCV, RDW, blood film) were significant.Conclusions  Transferrin receptor does not significantly improve the diagnosis of anaemia (iron deficiency vs. infection) over full blood count and CRP, but in settings with a high burden of infectious diseases and iron deficiency, it is a more reliable adjunctive measure of iron status than ferritin.
Does increased general schooling protect against HIV infection? A study in four African cities
Authors: Glynn Judith R. , Caraël Michel , Buvé Anne , Anagonou Séverin , Zekeng Léopold , Kahindo Maina , Musonda Rosemary ,   for the Study Group on Heterogeneity of HIV Epidemics in African Cities
Published: January 2004

SummaryBackground  The association between educational attainment and risk of HIV infection varies between populations and over time. Earlier studies in sub‐Saharan Africa have found that those with more education are at increased risk of HIV infection.Methods  We investigated the associations between general schooling and both HIV and herpes simplex‐2 (HSV‐2) infection using data from the multicentre study on factors determining the differential spread of HIV in four African cities. Cross‐sectional general population studies were conducted in 1997–1998 in Cotonou (Benin), Yaoundé (Cameroon), Kisumu (Kenya), and Ndola (Zambia), including about 2000 adults in each city.Results  There was no association between schooling and HIV infection in men or women in Kisumu or Ndola. Women in Yaoundé and men in Cotonou, with more schooling, were less likely to be HIV positive. These associations persisted after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Similar trends in men in Yaoundé and women in Cotonou were not statistically significant. Increased schooling was associated with significantly decreased risk of HSV‐2 infection in women in Kisumu and Ndola and men in Cotonou. In all the cities those with more education tended to report less risky sexual behaviour.Conclusions  There was no evidence of an increased risk of HIV infection associated with education as seen in earlier studies. In each city there was some evidence of lower HIV or HSV‐2 infection rates and less risky sexual behaviour associated with increased education levels. The most educated may be responding more readily to health education programmes. The challenge is to extend this to the rest of the population.
Lay diagnosis of causes of death for monitoring AIDS mortality in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Araya Tekebash , Reniers Georges , Schaap Ab , Kebede Derege , Kumie Abera , Nagelkerke Nico , Coutinho Roel , Sanders Eduard 
Published: January 2004

SummaryLay diagnoses of death collected at burial sites were validated against two ‘gold standards’: the hospital discharge diagnosis of causes of death obtained by a surveillance of hospital deaths (including autopsy results) and the physician review of verbal autopsies (VAs) that were carried out for a sample of cemetery records. The diagnostic indicators of the lay diagnoses were then used to provide estimates of the share of AIDS‐attribuTable mortality. The verbal autopsy results provide an independent estimate of the percentage of AIDS deaths. From a total of 21 274 burial records, 2546 hospital discharge diagnoses, 1480 outcomes of autopsies and 200 adult verbal autopsies were gathered over a period of 1 year starting from February 2001. Independent of the gold standard, lay diagnoses such as lung disease and cold have a specificity of about 90% and a combined sensitivity of about 55% in determining AIDS mortality. Without a significant loss in specificity, the sensitivity increases to 60–65% when diarrhoea, TB, herpes zoster and mental or nerve problem are included. We thus conclude that even in the presence of a reluctance to talk of HIV/AIDS, lay diagnosis of causes of death can be used for monitoring AIDS mortality. Lung disease and cold, in particular, have become well‐known euphemisms for AIDS in the community. The share of AIDS deaths in the adult population (20–54) is estimated at 68%, without noticeable differences between men and women. Our results confirm the high impact of HIV/AIDS on mortality as was estimated by epidemiological projections for Addis Ababa.
Die Wertigkeit der Melanomnachsorge  aus der Patientenperspektive
Authors: Nashan Dorothée , Kirschner Franz , Strittmatter Gerhard , Hirche Frank , Hensen Peter , Loquai Carmen , Mauch Cornelia 
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: In der ambulanten Melanomnachsorge ist in 20 % der Fälle mit einem Progreß der Erkrankung bei primär erscheinungsfreien Patienten zu rechnen. Eine für Betroffene beängstigend hohe Zahl. Auf Grund anstehender Modifikationen der Melanomnachsorge sollten die Ausführung und Wahrnehmung der Qualität der bisherigen Melanomnachsorge aus der Patientensicht untersucht werden. Patienten und Methodik: Es wurde eine systematische Stichprobenbefragung von 462 Patienten durchgeführt, die innerhalb der letzten vier Jahre die ambulante Melanomnachsorge in Köln und Münster frequentierten. Die Nachsorge wurde auf der Grundlage der 1994 von der Kommission malignes Melanom publizierten Empfehlungen durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Die Nachsorge wurde regelmäßig von den Patienten durchgeführt, vorrangig in Münster in der Klinik (62 %), in Köln alternierend in Kooperation mit niedergelassenen Hautärzten (53 %). Jeweils 70 % der Teilkollektive erhielten regelmäßige radiologische Untersuchungen und bejahten Eigenuntersuchungen. 14 % gaben einen Progreß ihrer Erkrankung an. Nur 15 % der Befragten gaben an, psychosoziale Unterstützung erfahren zu haben. Schlußfolgerungen: Die Befragung zeigt, daß die im neuen Nachsorgekonzept angedachte interdisziplinäre Nachsorge und Eigenuntersuchungen bereits die Akzeptanz der Patienten gefunden haben. Nach bisherigem Standard fühlten sich 90 % der Patienten durch die Nachsorge gesichert. Die psychosoziale Unterstützung muß stärker für die Patienten konkretisiert werden und neben sozialdienstlichen vermehrt auch psychologische Angebote beinhalten. Bei der Etablierung von Qualitätsstandards können systematische Patientenbefragungen eingesetzt werden, um stärker patientenorientiert zu handeln.
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. nodulare– Ein seltener Fußpilzerreger auf dem Vormarsch?
Authors: Brasch Jochen 
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Das Erregerspektrum von Dermatophytosen unterliegt ständigen Änderungen. Patienten/Methoden: Es werden 2 Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. nodulare‐Stämme mykologisch charakterisiert, die innerhalb der letzten 2 Jahren erstmalig in unserem Labor bei Patienten mit Tinea pedis isoliert wurden. Ergebnisse: Besondere Merkmale von Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. nodulare sind eine intensive gelb‐orange Thalluspigmentierung, eine starke Pigmentfreisetzung und die Ausbildung von Knotenorganen. Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. nodulare ist als anthropophile Variante von Trichophyton mentagrophytes ein Auslöser von Tinea und Onychomykose. Schlußfolgerungen: Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. nodulare wurde in Deutschland bisher kaum beobachtet und ist daher wenig bekannt. Eine erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit für diesen Dermatophyten erscheint jetzt jedoch notwendig, um seine möglicherweise zunehmende Verbreitung zu verfolgen.