bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The extracellular ATP receptor, cP2Y1, inhibits cartilage formation in micromass cultures of chick limb mesenchyme
Authors: Meyer Martin P. , Swann Karl , Burnstock Geoffrey , Clarke Jonathan D.W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have investigated the function of the G protein‐coupled receptor for extracellular ATP, chick P2Y1 (cP2Y1) during development of the chick limb. cP2Y1 is strongly expressed in undifferentiated limb mesenchyme cells but appears to be lost from cells as they differentiate, raising the possibility that the function of this receptor may be to inhibit cell differentiation. This pattern of expression was particularly striking surrounding areas of cartilage formation. We tested whether cP2Y1 was able to regulate cartilage formation by using an in‐vitro micromass model of chondrogenesis. Because limb cells in micromass culture lose expression of cP2Y1, we have used a gain‐of‐function approach to demonstrate that cP2Y1 expression can inhibit cartilage differentiation. We also demonstrate that early limb mesenchyme cells release ATP into the extracellular medium and have mechanisms to breakdown extracellular ATP. These results suggest that extracellular ATP, signaling through cP2Y1, can modulate the differentiation of limb mesenchyme cells in vitro, and the expression pattern of cP2Y1 suggests that this type of signaling could play a similar role in ovo. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early development of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
Authors: Hunter Ewan , Begbie Jo , Mason Ivor , Graham Anthony 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe cells of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN) are the proprioceptive sensory neurons that innervate the jaw muscles. Interestingly, their evolution is generally thought to have been concomitant with that of the jaws. They are also the first born neurons of the mesencephalon, and their axons pioneer some of the major tracts within the brain. The cells of the MTN are also paradoxical in being the only group of intramedullary primary sensory neurons in amniotes. However, we know little about the early development of these important neurons, and we have analysed this here. To study the earliest stages of MTN development, we have used a battery of neural crest markers to try and pinpoint the progenitors of the MTN. We find that, contrary to current perceptions, the progenitors of the MTN are not highlighted by these markers, suggesting that they are not neural crest derived. However, the cells of the MTN are marked by means of their expression of Brn‐3a. This gene labels cells that arise either side of the dorsal midline, extending rostrally from the isthmus across the roof of the mesencephalon. We have further demonstrated that the MTN develops under the influence of the Fgf‐8 secreted by the isthmus. Ectopic Fgf‐8 application promotes MTN development, whereas inhibiting Fgf‐8 function in vivo drastically affects MTN development. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in the cytologic distribution of heparin/heparan sulfate interacting protein/ribosomal protein L29 (HIP/RPL29) during in vivo and in vitro mouse mammary epithelial cell expression and differentiation
Authors: Kirn‐Safran Catherine B. , Julian Joanne , Fongemie Jennifer E. , Hoke David E. , Czymmek Kirk J.C. , Carson Daniel D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHIP/RPL29 is a small, highly basic, heparin/heparan sulfate interacting protein identical to ribosomal protein L29 and present in most adult epithelia. In the present study, we show that mouse HIP/RPL29 is ubiquitously present in adult mammary epithelia and is significantly increased during pregnancy and lactation. We observed for the first time that HIP/RPL29 intracellular expression and distribution varies, depending on the growth/differentiation state of the luminal epithelium. HIP/RPL29 was detected at low levels in mammary glands of virgin animals, increased markedly during lactation, and was lost again during involution. HIP/RPL29, preferentially found in the expanded cytoplasm of mature epithelial cells secreting milk, is present also in the nucleus of proliferating and differentiating ductal and alveolar elements. We used COMMA‐D cells as an in vitro model for mammary‐specific differentiation and examined similar intracellular redistribution of HIP/RPL29 associated with functional differentiation. However, no changes in HIP/RPL29 expression levels were detected in response to lactogenic hormones. Finally, the cellular distribution of HIP/RPL29 in both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments was confirmed by transfecting a normal mammary epithelial cell line, NMuMG, with a fusion protein of HIP/RPL29 and EGFP. Collectively, these data support the idea that HIP/RPL29 plays more than one role during adult mammary gland development. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eating attitudes in english secondary school students: Influences of ethnicity, gender, mood, and social class
Authors: Thomas Catherine L. , James Anthony C. , Bachmann Max O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the effects of ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic position, self‐esteem, and emotion on eating attitudes in adolescents.MethodQuestionnaire survey of 722 students in two English schools, using Eating Attitude Test‐26 (EAT), Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, and Angold vMood and Feeling instruments.ResultsEAT scores were significantly higher for Asians and Muslims and for mixed‐race subjects than for White or African Caribbean subjects (p = .003). Adjusted odds ratios for having a very high EAT score (>20) were 2.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–6.0) in Asians and Muslims and 2.9 (95% CI 1.3–18.6) in mixed‐race subjects, compared with White subjects. Having only one parent employed was also independently associated with a very high EAT score, compared with having both parents employed. Similar associations were found for a moderately high EAT score (>10) and for a combination of low self‐esteem and high EAT score. Low self‐esteem and depressed mood were independently associated with a high EAT score.DiscussionEthnicity, socioeconomic position, self‐esteem, and depression, but not gender, were independently associated with eating attitudes. Effects of cultural and socioeconomic stresses on eating disorders may be mediated through depressed mood and low self‐esteem. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 92–96, 2002.
Construction of dynamic fluctuation load model and simulation with AFC control of BTB interconnection
Authors: Michigami Tsutomu , Oishi Takaho 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAFC control of BTB active power flow, which is in phase with frequency deviations both in the Hokuriku AC power system and in the rest of the power system of central and western Japan, can effectively reduce frequency fluctuations. In the first section of this paper, test measurements of real large‐scale power system fluctuation loads are presented and a dynamic fluctuation load model is derived from a study of the test results. We then analyze the effectiveness of this AFC control in reducing frequency fluctuations in the two AC power systems by static and dynamic computational simulations, using our model in MATLAB. Our simulation analyses reveal that the effectiveness of frequency fluctuation reduction by AFC control on BTB active power depends on the capacity scale of the AC power system interconnected with the BTB system. We performed these computations for different states of the power systems, representing summer peak, winter peak, typical spring peak, and summer night conditions. We confirmed that frequency fluctuations can be significantly reduced in a smaller capacity power system by setting a larger AFC gain. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(4): 15–25, 2001
Stereotypes as justifications for prior intergroup discrimination: Studies of Scottish national stereotyping
Authors: Rutland Adam , Brown Rachel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo studies provide support for the group‐justification approach to stereotyping (Tajfel, 1981; Huici, 1984). This approach contends that stereotypes not only serve cognitive functions for individuals but also provide a means of justifying prior intergroup discrimination. Study 1 investigated whether the content of the Scottish ingroup stereotype changes due to the prior expression of intergroup discrimination. Scottish students were primed with either a ‘differentiation’ or a ‘fairness’ ingroup norm and completed two intergroup judgement tasks. Other Scottish students were primed only with a ‘differentiation’ ingroup norm, while a control group received no prime or judgement tasks. Only participants who experienced the ‘differentiation’ ingroup norm prime and the intergroup judgement tasks changed the content of their ingroup stereotype as an attempt to justify their discriminatory behaviour. Study 2 examined whether Scottish students would use both positive ingroup and negative outgroup stereotypes to rationalize intergroup discrimination. Students who experienced a ‘differentiation’ ingroup norm prime and intergroup judgement tasks showed the highest level of superior recall for positive ingroup and negative outgroup stereotype‐consistent words compared to stereotype‐neutral words. This finding suggests that the expression of intergroup discrimination activates the use of both positive ingroup and negative outgroup stereotypes. Together the findings of these two studies provide empirical support for the notion that stereotypes serve social as well as cognitive functions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutagens in human breast lipid and milk: the search for environmental agents that initiate breast cancer
Authors: Phillips David H. , Martin Francis L. , Williams J. Andrew , Wheat Luise M.C. , Nolan Lisa , Cole Kathleen J. , Grover Philip L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEpidemiological studies indicate the involvement of environmental factors in the etiology of breast cancer, but have not provided clear indications of the nature of the agents responsible. Several environmental carcinogens are known to induce mammary tumors in rodents, and the abundance of adipose tissue in the human breast suggests that the epithelial cells, from which breast tumors commonly arise, could be exposed to lipid‐soluble carcinogens sequestered by the adipose tissue. In this report we review our studies in which we have examined human mammary lipid, obtained from elective reduction mammoplasties from healthy donors, and human milk from healthy mothers, for the presence of components with genotoxic activity in several in vitro assays. A significant proportion of lipid extracts induced mutations in bacteria and micronuclei in mammalian cells. They also caused DNA damage, detected as single‐strand breaks in the alkaline single‐cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay, in both the MCL‐5 cell line and in primary cultures of human mammary epithelial cells. Genotoxic activity was also found in a significant proportion of extracts of human breast milk. Viable cells recovered from milk samples showed evidence of DNA damage and were susceptible to comet formation by genotoxic agents in vitro. Genotoxic activity was found to be less prevalent in milk samples from countries of lower breast cancer incidence (the Far East) compared with that in samples from the UK. The agents responsible for the activity in milk appear to be moderately polar lipophilic compounds and of low molecular weight. Identification of these agents and their sources may hold clues to the origins of breast cancer. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:143–149, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of mammary carcinogens in rodent bioassays
Authors: Bennett L. Michelle , Davis Barbara J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractResults from chemical carcinogenesis studies in rodents are useful to identify substances in our environment that may contribute to cancer development. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) was established in 1978 to coordinate research and testing of potential human carcinogens and to publish the Report on Carcinogens, which lists human carcinogens. The results for over 500 chemicals tested in the NTP 2‐year bioassays have been published in Technical Reports and include data for chemical, agent, or complex mixture exposures. The bioassays have identified 42 chemicals that induce tumors in the rodent mammary gland. The physical and chemical characteristics of the carcinogens vary, but epoxides (including chemicals metabolized to epoxides) and nitro‐containing compounds are well represented. The 9th Report on Carcinogens, issued in 2000, lists 21 of the 42 chemicals as human carcinogens including benzene, ethylene oxide, 1,3‐butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, C.I. basic red 9, and C.I. acid red 114. Ethylene oxide was associated with increased breast cancer risk in an epidemiologic study, whereas other listed chemicals, for which human data are available, display different target organ specificity. Bioassays other than those conducted by the NTP also provide information about rodent mammary gland carcinogens. Several carcinogen exposures are associated with breast tumor induction in both humans and rodents including radiation, diethylstilbestrol, and estrogens. These studies demonstrate that route, timing and frequency of exposure, and genetic factors contribute to the overall susceptibility to breast cancer development. More information is needed on the effects of chemicals to which humans are exposed and the manner by which they influence breast cancer risks. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:150–157, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micronuclei and chromatid buds are the result of related genotoxic events
Authors: Serrano‐García Luis , Montero‐Montoya Regina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChromatin buds (CHB), broken eggs, or budding cell nuclei are structures similar to micronuclei (MN) in shape, structure, and size, which are linked to the main nuclei of cells by a thread or stalks of chromatin. They have been observed in numerous cell types and there are reports of their existence relating them with MN or with genotoxic events. However, there is no systematic study reporting their frequency and no experiment has been done to ascertain whether they are really induced by genotoxins. Furthermore, they have been discarded as genotoxic events with the argument that they are not formed in dividing cells. Studies are presented here that indicate that CHB can be considered as genotoxic events and that their origin is comparable to that of MN. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to label proliferating lymphocytes, which were later identified by means of an immunohistochemical method, using the H2O2–DAB stain. The results show that CHB are consistently formed where MN are seen. CHB were induced by the clastogen mitomycin C (MMC) as well as by the aneuploidogen colcemid, with frequencies similar to MN in both cases, and to multinucleated cells in the case of colcemid. CHB occur in lymphocytes of smokers with frequencies similar to those of MN, and we found that the infection with Taenia solium metacestodes induced a comparable increase of both MN and CHB frequency in lymphocytes from pigs. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:38–45, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of average milk yield using ranked set sampling
Authors: Al‐Saleh Mohammad Fraiwan , Al‐Shrafat Khalaf 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWith the aim of investigating the effectiveness of ranked set sampling (RSS) technique for improving the sampling precision of estimating the average milk yield, a study is conducted on a field of (402) sheep in East Jordan. It appears that the relative saving of sampling units when using RSS with set size (3) is between 32% and 44% compared to simple random sampling (SRS). The precision of the estimator obtained using RSS with respect to that obtained using SRS is calculated for both perfect and visual ranking. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design energy input spectra for moderate‐seismicity regions
Authors: Benavent‐Climent A. , Pujades L. G. , López‐Almansa F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes energy input spectra applicable to seismic design of structures located in low‐to‐moderate‐seismicity regions. These spectra represent the load effect, in terms of input energy, of the most severe earthquake that the construction might encounter during its lifetime. The spectra have been derived through dynamic response analyses of over 100 ground motion records obtained from 48 earthquakes that have occurred in Spain. An empirical equation for estimating the energy input contributable to damage from the total input energy is also suggested. This equation takes into account both the damping and the degree of plastification of the structure. Finally, the proposed design energy input spectra are compared with the provisions of the current Spanish Seismic Code and with the response spectra of recent earthquakes that have occurred in Turkey and Taiwan. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of fluids in surface deformation caused by the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake in Taiwan
Authors: Jean Jiin‐Shuh , Liu Chuan‐Cheng , Jiang Wei‐Teh , Chow Jinder , Yu Ting‐To , Lin Ching‐Weei , Huang Shih‐Wei 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake significantly altered the landscape of central Taiwan. Surface deformation produced by the earthquake along the trace of the Chelungpu thrust can be classified into two styles: (1) uplift without significant surface rupture, and (2) uplift accompanied by surface rupture. Here we examine areas that exhibited the first style of deformation (e.g. Wufeng). Seismic stress at the time of the main shock may have been relieved by high pore‐fluid pressure in a 300‐m‐thick sand and gravel aquifer. Along the thrust fault, frictional heating of these sediments resulted in thermal expansion and an increase in pore‐fluid pressure. High pore‐fluid pressure damped seismic‐wave energy and enhanced intergranular slips of unconsolidated sandy and gravel sediments, which were possibly assisted by sulphuric acid corrosion, leading to a high sulphate content in the groundwater (c. 70 mg L−1). These changes permitted surface folding and terrace‐style uplifting to occur without significant rupture. In contrast, other areas in which the second style of deformation is dominant (e.g. Fengyuen‐Shihkang) have thin (0–10 m) sand and gravel deposits and lower concentrations of sulphate (c. 30 mg L−1) in groundwater. In these areas, sediments were heated but not sufficiently to produce significant thermal expansion and increase in pore‐fluid pressure; accumulation of stress in these locations led to rupture at the ground surface, with the formation of steep fault scarps. The areas exhibiting the first deformation style are characterized by the presence of high pore‐fluid pressure, frictional heat conduction, and possibly chemical corrosion related to sulphuric acid attack and formation of sulphate, in contrast to those involving significant uplift and surface rupture. The areal distribution of these two surface deformation styles suggests that the aforementioned fluid‐related subsurface processes may have altered the characteristics of sediments and caused diverse responses to the quake. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantiomeric distribution of some monoterpenes in the essential oils of some Salvia species
Authors: Demirci Betül , Tabanca Nurhayat , Başer K. Hüsnü Can 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe genus Salvia (Lamiaceae) is represented in Turkey by 89 species, of which 45 are endemic. The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from different Salvia spp. were analysed by GC–MS. Enantiomeric separation of some constituents in these oils were determined by MD‐GC–MS. α‐Pinene, β‐pinene, camphor, limonene, linalool and borneol, mainly contained in Salvia oils, were investigated for their enantiomeric distributions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical solution of incompressible flows by discrete singular convolution
Authors: Wan D. C. , Zhou Y. C. , Wei G. W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA discrete singular convolution (DSC) solver is developed for treating incompressible flows. Three different two‐dimensional benchmark problems, the Taylor problem, the driven cavity flow, and a periodic shear layer flow, are utilized to test the accuracy, to explore the reliability and to demonstrate the efficiency of the present approach. Solution of extremely high accuracy is attained in the analytically solvable Taylor problem. The results of treating the other problems are in excellent agreement with those in the literature. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of c‐space and p‐space particle tracing schemes on high‐performance computers: accuracy and performance
Authors: Schäfer F. , Breuer M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present paper presents a comparison of four different particle tracing schemes which were integrated into a parallel multiblock flow simulation program within the frame of a co‐visualization approach. One p‐space and three different c‐space particle tracing schemes are described in detail. With respect to application on high‐performance computers, parallelization and vectorization of the particle tracing schemes are discussed. The accuracy and the performance of the particle tracing schemes are analyzed extensively on the basis of several test cases. The accuracy with respect to an analytically prescribed and a numerically calculated velocity field is investigated, the latter in order to take the contribution of the flow solver's error to the overall error of the particle traces into account. Performance measurements on both scalar and vector computers are discussed. With respect to practical CFD applications and the required performance especially on vector computers, a newly developed, improved c‐space scheme is shown to be comparable to or better than the investigated p‐space scheme. According to accuracy the new c‐space scheme is considerably more advantageous than traditional c‐space methods. Finally, an application to a direct numerical simulation of a turbulent channel flow is presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transaction Costs and Market Quality: Open Outcry Versus Electronic Trading
Authors: Tse Yiuman , Zabotina Tatyana V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOn May 10, 1999, the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (LIFFE) transferred trading in the Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) 100 Index futures contracts from outcry to LIFFE CONNECT, its electronic trading system. We find lower spreads in the electronic market after the transition. However, the open outcry mechanism has higher market quality (or smaller variance of the pricing error) on the basis of Hasbrouck's (1993) model. Furthermore, employing the Hasbrouck (1991) model, we show that trades in the open outcry market have higher information content. Inventory control considerations also affect the electronic market more than the open outcry market. The overall results suggest that electronic trading should complement, but not replace, open outcry in futures markets. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21: 713–735, 2001
Interdependencies between agricultural commodity futures prices on the LIFFE
Authors: Dawson P. J. , White B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInterdependencies between commodity prices can arise from the impact of changing macroeconomic variables, from
complementarities or substitutabilities between commodities, or from common responses by speculators. Malliaris
and Urrutia (1996) found significant linkages between rollover prices of six related agricultural
commodities on the Chicago Board of Trade. This article examines interdependencies between futures prices for soft
commodities traded on the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE), calculated using
Clark indices. Results show that there are no interdependencies between any two prices; price discovery of
one contract provides no information about others. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:
269–280, 2002