bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conditions for regional public–private partnerships for sustainable development — Swedish perspectives
Authors: von Malmborg Fredrik 
Published: May 2003

AbstractBased on a study of public–private collaboration in partnerships for integrated environmental management and business development in two Swedish regions, this paper aims to elucidate the conditions for collaboration on sustainability issues amongst different local and regional actors. From interviews with local and regional public administration officers and with CEOs of several SMEs, it was found that public–private collaboration related to sustainable development does exist and takes place in many different ways. In common, however, local or regional authorities initiate them all, indicating an asymmetric interest in public–private partnerships. In relation to the interest asymmetry, which could also be seen as an expression of asymmetric power–dependence relations between SMEs and public authorities, with SMEs as the stronger part, a limited knowledge among SMEs about their role in larger contexts and different understandings of sustainable development among the regional actors, the major obstacle for public–private collaboration seems to be the limited confidence in local and regional authorities among SMEs. In all, there seems to be a need for further discussion in the regions and local communities on views of and potential ways towards sustainable development, which also includes the articulation of the roles of different actors. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Can policy learning really improve implementation? Evidence from Irish responses to the Water Framework Directive
Authors: Flynn Brendan , Kröger Laura 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis paper examines whether policy learning can improve implementation. Our question is whether such policy learning can plausibly be encouraged from the ‘top down’ and what constraints such a strategy might face. We examine how the relatively weak Irish environmental policy regime has coped with features of the recent Water Framework Directive (2000), that encouraged policy learning. We find these have already produced some policy learning, through greater formal and informal local and national networking. However, signs of policy learning through participation appear weak and too early to discern. Moreover, policy learning through participation appears limited due to the pattern of interest group power. Finally, we see little evidence of change in values, beliefs and preferences, which are confirmed here as slow to change. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
On‐column polymer‐imbedded graphite inlet electrode for capillary electrophoresis coupled on‐line with flow injection analysis in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) interface
Authors: Samskog Jenny , Bergström Sara K. , Jönsson Mats , Klett Oliver , Wetterhall Magnus , Markides Karin E. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA method for coupling an electrophoretic driven separation to a liquid flow, using conventional fused‐silica capillaries and a soft polymeric interface is presented. A novel design of the electrode providing high voltage to the electrophoretic separation was also developed. The electrode consisted of a conductive polyimide/graphite imbedded coating immobilized onto the capillary electrophoresis (CE) column inlet. This integrated electrode gave the same separation performance as a commonly used platinum electrode. The on‐column electrode also showed good electrochemical stability in chronoamperometric experiments. In addition, with this electrode design, the electrode position relative to the inlet end of the CE column will always be constant and well defined. The on‐line flow injection analysis (FIA)‐CE system was used with electrospray ionization (ESI)‐time of flight (TOF)‐mass spectrometry detection. The preparation of the PDMS (poly(dimethylsiloxane)) interface for FIA‐CE is described in detail and used for initial tests of the on‐column polymer‐imbedded graphite inlet electrode. In this interface, a pressure‐driven liquid flow, a make up CE electrolyte and a CE column inlet meet in a two‐level cross (95 μm ID) in the PDMS structure, enabling independent flow characterization.
Cycling gradient capillary electrophoresis: A low‐cost tool for high‐throughput analysis of genetic variations
Authors: Minarik Marek , Minarikova Lucie , Bjørheim Jens , Ekstrøm Per Olaf 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIn the present work, we introduce a new type of DNA variation detection. This method represents a transfer of melting gel technique onto multicapillary electrophoresis DNA sequencing instrument with further improvements to achieve maximum sample throughput while maintaining a high performance. The main improvement comes from application of cycling (revolving) temporal temperature gradient in place of a single‐sweep gradient, commonly used in similar gel‐based techniques. This improvement enables utilization of multiple‐injection technique, in which multiple samples are injected into the same capillary (or sets of capillaries) separated by predefined time intervals of partial electrophoresis. The periodic oscillation of the temperature results in identical separation conditions of all samples injected in such series. Using this novel approach, we demonstrate a dramatic increase in separation throughput by turning a standard commercial 96‐capillary array instrument into a semicontinuous flow mutation detection system capable to screen over 15 000 samples in 24 h of operation on a single 96‐capillary commercial instrument. This represents a 10‐fold increase in sample throughput over the current comparable technology.
Investigation of the mechanism of pH‐mediated stacking of anions for the analysis of physiological samples by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Arnett Stacy D. , Lunte Craig E. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractCapillary electrophoresis has been widely used for the analysis of physiological samples such as plasma and microdialysate. However, sample destacking can occur during the analysis of these high‐ionic strength samples, resulting in poor separation efficiency and reduced sensitivity. A technique termed pH‐mediated stacking of anions (base stacking) has previously been developed to analyze microdialysate samples and achieve on‐line preconcentration of analytes by following sample injection with an injection of sodium hydroxide. In this work, the mechanism of base stacking was investigated. Peak efficiency was shown to be a function of background electrolyte and sample ionic strength. Analytes representing several classes of compounds with a wide range of mobilities were used to study the effects of multiple parameters on sample stacking. The length of hydroxide injection required for stacking was shown to be dependent on analyte mobility and the type of amine background electrolyte used. Combinations of electrokinetic and hydrodynamic injections of sample and hydroxide were examined and it was concluded that although stacking could be achieved with several injection modes, electrokinetic injection of both sample and hydroxide was most effective for sample stacking. The mechanism of pH‐mediated stacking for each of these modes is presented.
A simple, rapid, and sensitive method for analysis of SYPRO Red labeled sodium dodecyl sulfate‐protein complexes by capillary electrophoresis with laser‐induced fluorescence
Authors: Chiu Tai‐Chia , Lin Yang‐Wei , Huang Chih‐Ching , Chrambach Andreas , Chang Huan‐Tsung 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWe describe a segmental filling method for the analysis of SYPRO Red labeled sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐proteins (SRSPs) by capillary electrophoresis‐laser induced fluorescence (CE‐LIF) with electroosmotic counterflow of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). It is shown that SDS and salt play a crucial role in determining the fluorescence intensity of the SRSP. Although the fluorimetric measurements reveal that the SRSPs fluoresce strongly in Tris‐borate (TB) buffer containing 0.1% SDS and high concentrations of NaCl (100 mM), these conditions are not appropriate to CE in view of Joule heating. To overcome that impediment, we applied a plug of 0.1% SDS (1/5 to 1/3 of the injection volume) prior to injection of samples (0.64 μL) prepared in TB buffer containing 50 mM NaCl and SYPRO Red. When using a background electrolyte of 0.6% PEO in TB buffer containing NaCl, electroosmotic counterflow of the analytes allows one to concentrate large sample volumes (up to 1/3 of effective capillary length) in 21 min, with detection of 0.35 and 0.10 nM for bovine serum albumin and casein, respectively. With a linear dynamic range from 10 nM to 5 μM, this method provides the capability of determining the concentration of casein in cow's milk as 0.45 ± 0.03 mM (n = 5).
Chiral analysis of amphetamine‐type stimulants using reversed‐polarity capillary electrophoresis/positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Iwata Yuko T. , Kanamori Tatsuyuki , Ohmae Yoshihito , Tsujikawa Kenji , Inoue Hiroyuki , Kishi Tohru 
Published: May 2003

AbstractReversed‐polarity (RP) capillary electrophoresis/positive ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CE‐ESI+ MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) were utilized for simultaneous chiral separation of nine amphetamine‐type stimulants (ATS) (dl‐norephedrine, dl‐norpseudoephedrine, dl‐ephedrine, dl‐pseudoephedrine, dl‐amphetamine, dl‐methamphetamine, dl‐methylenedioxyamphetamine, dl‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and dl‐methylenedioxyethylamphetamine). Using highly sulfated γ‐cyclodextrin (SU(XIII)‐γ‐CD) as a chiral selector, the nine ATS were completely separated within 50 min. The migrated ATS‐CD complex was dissociated at the ESI interface, and only ATS molecules went into the MS detector so that all 18 individual enantiomers were identified by their mass spectra. The detection limit of MS/MS was 10 times more sensitive than those for single MS. Seized d‐methamphetamine hydrochloride samples dissolved at high concentration (20 mg/mL) were analyzed. Impurities originating in the precursor such as l‐ephedrine and d‐pseudoephedrine were detected and identified by tandem mass spectra.
Application of extended distinct element method with lattice model to collapse analysis of RC bridges
Authors: Sun Limin , Zhou Cen , Qin Dong , Fan Lichu 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis paper proposes a simple lattice model for collapse analysis of RC bridges subjected to earthquakes by using the extended distinct element method (EDEM). In the model, a concrete element consists of lumped masses connected to one another by springs, and a reinforcement bar is represented by a discrete model or an integrated model. The proposed lattice model is simple but its parameters are reasonably defined. It has fewer element nodes and connecting springs, which will be of benefit by shortening the CPU time. The processes to determine the initial stiffness of concrete and steel springs, the parameters of the constitutive model and the fracture criteria for springs are described. A re‐contact spring model is also proposed to simulate the re‐contact of the concrete after fracture of springs; and a general grid searching method is used to decrease the CPU time for judging re‐contact after fracture. The lattice model is assessed by numerical simulations and experiments. As an application, a damaged single‐column pier subjected to the Kobe Earthquake in 1995 is analysed by EDEM with the proposed model. The simulation results indicate that the proposed model predicts well qualitatively the collapse process of RC bridges. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic response predictions of multi‐span steel bridges through pushover analysis
Authors: Zheng Yi , Usami Tsutomu , Ge Hanbin 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIn the new trend of seismic design methodology, the static pushover analysis is recommended for simple or regular structures whilst the time‐history analysis is recommended for complex structures. To this end, the applicable range of the pushover analysis has to be clarified. This study aims at investigating the applicability of pushover analysis to multi‐span continuous bridge systems with thin‐walled steel piers. The focus is concentrated on the response demand predictions in longitudinal or transverse directions. The pushover analysis procedure for such structures is firstly summarized and then parametric studies are carried out on bridges with different types of superstructure‐pier bearing connections. The considered parameters, such as piers' stiffness distribution and pier–0.5ptdeck stiffness ratio, are varied to cover both regular and irregular structures. Finally, the relation of the applicability of pushover analysis to different structural formats is demonstrated and a criterion based on the higher modal contribution is proposed to quantitatively specify the applicable range. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of yielding metallic and friction dampers for optimal seismic performance
Authors: Moreschi L. M. , Singh M. P. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis paper deals with the optimal design of yielding metallic dampers and friction dampers together as they both have similar design characteristics and parameters. Ample tests and analytical studies have confirmed the effectiveness of these energy dissipation devices for seismic response control and protection of building structures. Since these devices are strongly non‐linear with several parameters controlling their behaviour, their current design procedures are usually cumbersome and not optimal. In this paper, a methodology is presented to determine the optimal design parameters for the devices installed at different locations in a building for a desired performance objective. For a yielding metallic damper, the design parameters of interest are the device yield level, device stiffness, and brace stiffness. For a friction device, the parameters are the slip load level and brace stiffness. Since the devices and the structures installed with these devices behave in a highly non‐linearly manner, and thus must be evaluated by a step‐by‐step time history approach, the genetic algorithm is used to obtain the globally optimal solution. This optimal search approach allows an unusual flexibility in the choice of performance objectives. For demonstration purposes, several sets of numerical examples of optimal damper designs with different performance objectives are presented. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 3′‐1,2,4‐triazolo‐ and 3′‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoliminothymidines
Authors: Al‐Soud Yaseen A. , Al‐Masoudi Najim A. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractNew 5′‐acetyl‐3′‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoliminothymidines 11, 14 were prepared, via spontaneous rearrangments, by cycloaddition of 5′‐acetyl‐3′‐deoxy‐3′‐isothiocyanatothymidine 9 with 1‐aza‐2‐azoniaallene hexachloantimonates. Similary, 3′‐cyano analogue 19 was reacted with the same cumulenes to furnish 3′‐1,2,4‐triazolo‐thymidines 22, 24, and 26. Deblocking of the acylated products afforded the free nucleosides. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:298–303, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10146
Cycloaddition of nitrile oxides to substituted vinylphosphonates
Authors: Ye Yong , Xu Guo‐Yan , Zheng Yu , Liu Lun‐Zu 
Published: May 2003

AbstractCycloaddition of nitrile oxides to substituted vinylphosphonates was performed. A series of 4,5‐dihydroisoxazoles containing phosphonyl group were synthesized under very mild condition in excellent regiospecificity. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:309–311, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10149
Convenient synthesis of optically active α‐hydroxyphosphinic acids
Authors: Cai Juexiao , Zhou Zhenghong , Zhao Guofeng , Tang Chuchi 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe reaction of O‐menthyl phenylphosphonite 1 with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of Me3SiCl provided the O‐menthyl α‐hydroxyphosphinates 2. Acidic hydrolysis of 2 gave the corresponding α‐hydroxyphosphinic acids 3. The (+)‐enantiomer of 3a and 3b, adduct of benzaldehyde and 4‐methylbenzaldehyde respectively, were obtained via multiple recrystallization. The absolute configuration of (+)‐3a was determined as S by X‐ray crystallography. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:312–315, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10150
Reactivity of a 1,3,2‐diazaphosphinine toward propargyl‐phosphine derivatives and activated alkenes
Authors: Maigrot Nicole , Melaimi Mohand , Ricard Louis , Le Floch Pascal 
Published: May 2003

Abstract2,5‐Diphenylphosphole and diphenylphosphino derivatives 2, 3 of 1‐phenylpropargyl were prepared by reacting the corresponding diphenylphosphinolithium and 2,5‐diphospholyl lithium salts with (3‐bromo‐prop‐1‐ynyl)‐benzene in THF at low temperature. Sulfurization of these propargyl derivatives was then carried out with elemental sulfur in toluene at 90°C to yield the corresponding phosphole 8 and phosphino 9 derivatives. Reaction of 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,3,2‐diazaphosphinine 1 with the free phosphole derivative led to a mixture of diazaphosphinines 4 and 5 that were converted to the corresponding phosphinines 6 and 7 upon treatment with trimethylsilylacetylene in excess. Reaction of 1 with 1‐phenylpropargyl derivatives of diphenylphosphine 8 and phosphole 9 afforded 7,8‐dihydro‐1‐phospha‐2,6‐diazabarrelenes 10 and 11 having an exocyclic double bond. Formation of these compounds results from a (1,3)‐shift of a hydrogen atom from the methylene carbon atom to the bridge of the barrelene moiety. Depending on the nature of the phosphine group, the sulfur atom can also be displaced to the P atom of the barrelene moiety. The X‐ray structure of the phosphole derivative 10 was recorded. Three 6,7‐dihydro‐1‐phospha‐2,6‐diazabarrelenes bearing two (16) or one ester (17a,b), or one cyano group (18a,b) on the bridge were also synthesized through the reaction of 1 with ethyl acrylate, dimethyl fumarate, and acrylonitrile. The X‐ray structure of the cyano derivative 18a is also presented. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:326–333, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10152
Reactivity of pyridazin‐3(2H) thiones
Authors: Kandile N. G. , Zaky H. T. , Mohamed M. I. , Hamad Elgazwy Abdel‐Sattar S. 
Published: May 2003

Abstract4,6‐Disubstituted pyridazin‐3(2H) thiones 3a–f were prepared by thiation of 4,6‐disubstituted pyridazin‐3(2H)‐one 1a–f either with thiourea or phosphorus pentasulphide. The reactivity of 3a‐f towards nucleophilic and electrophilic species under different conditions was studied successively. The structure of the products was confirmed by NMR and mass spectral data. Mechanisms for their formation are also proposed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:334–341, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10157
3‐Methylthio‐pyrano[4,3‐c]pyrazol‐4(2H)‐ones from 3‐(bis‐methylthio)methylene‐2H‐pyran‐2,4‐diones and hydrazines
Authors: Li Yu‐Xin , Wang You‐Ming , Yang Xiao‐Ping , Wang Su‐Hua , Li Zheng‐Ming 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA useful synthesis of 3‐methylthio‐6‐methyl‐pyrano[4,3‐c]pyrazol‐4(2H)‐ones via 3‐(bis‐methylthio)methylene‐5,6‐dihydro‐6‐alkyl(aryl)‐2H‐pyran‐2,4‐dione with hydrazine as well as methyl and phenyl hydrazines is described and the mechanism of the formation is discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:342–344, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10158
Facile synthesis of 2‐alkylthio‐5‐phenylmethylene‐4H‐imidazol‐4‐ones
Authors: Sun Yong , Ding Ming‐Wu 
Published: May 2003

Abstract2‐Alkylthio‐5‐phenylmethylidene‐4H‐imidazol‐4‐ones 4 were synthesized by S‐alkylation of 2‐thioxo‐3‐alkyl(aryl)‐4‐imidazolidinones 3, which were obtained via cyclization of isothiocyanates 2 with aliphatic(aromatic) primary amines. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:348–351, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10160
Synthesis of N‐aryl S‐alkylthiocarbamates
Authors: Koketsu Mamoru , Kobayashi Chikashi , Ishihara Hideharu 
Published: May 2003

AbstractSeveral N‐aryl S‐alkylthiocarbamates were synthesized by reactions of isocyanates with LiAlHSH and then with alkyl halides. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:374–378, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10163
Cycloaddition of bis‐1,3‐dipolar reagents to 1,3‐diarylprop‐2‐en‐1‐ones
Authors: Padmavathi V. , Siva Jyothi G. , Sreedhar N. Y. , Venugopal Reddy K. , Ramana Reddy T. V. , Bhaskar Reddy D. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractBis pyrazolines and isoxazolines were prepared by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of benzene‐1,3/1,4‐dicarboxaldehyde dihydrazones and dioximes to 1,3‐diaryl‐prop‐2‐en‐1‐ones. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:379–383, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10169
An α‐hydrazinoalkylphosphonate as building block for novel N‐phosphonoalkylheterocycles
Authors: Li Zai‐Guo , Sun Hui‐Kai , Wang Qing‐Min , Huang Run‐Qiu 
Published: May 2003

Abstractα‐Hydrazinoalkylphosphonate 3 is a useful building block for the syntheses of novel N‐phosphonoalkylheterocycles. N‐phosphonoalkylpyrazoles 8 and 9 were prepared by the cyclization reaction of 3 with multifunctioned ethenes 5 and 6 in ethanol under reflux. N‐Phosphonoalkyltriazole 10 was synthesized from 3 with N‐dimethylthiomethylene benzoyl amide 4 in ethanol under reflux. The structures were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. At the same time, the preparation of 4 was investigated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:384–386, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10173
Alkylgermasesquioxide derivatives of tert‐butyl‐diacylhydrazines
Authors: Wang Qingmin , Huang Runqiu 
Published: May 2003

AbstractN‐tert‐Butyl‐N‐benzoylhydrazine was synthesized by a new method. Its condensation and the condensation of its N,N′‐isomer with 3‐(trichlorogermyl)propionyl chloride provided N‐tert‐butyl‐N′‐(3‐trichlorogermyl)propionyl‐N‐benzoylhydrazine or its N,N,N′‐isomer, respectively, in good yields. Subsequent hydrolysis of the trichlorogermyl compounds using saturated sodium carbonate yielded the corresponding germasesquioxide derivatives that have good solubility in organic solvents. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, IR, MS, and elemental analysis. The hydrolysis of organogermanium trichloride was studied, and the elimination of HGeCl3 was observed when the basicity was too high (pH > 10). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:293–297, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10174