bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A socio‐economic perspective on periodontal diseases: a systematic review
Authors: Klinge Björn , Norlund Anders 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjective: The aim of this systematic review was to ascertain whether socio‐economic conditions increase the risk of periodontal diseases.Methods: A MEDLINE search was conducted for the period 1965–April 2004. Only original articles were included; 47 studies remained for the final assessment. The studies were analysed regarding the outcome of the association between socio‐economic variables and periodontal disease, depending on the study design (cross‐sectional survey or longitudinal case–control) and whether smoking was included or not.Results: Twenty‐nine out of 36 studies with a cross‐sectional design were in favour of the association between socio‐economic factors and periodontal diseases. In the studies with a longitudinal or case–control design, there were five in favour of the association, and also six against. When smoking was included in the analysis of cross‐sectional studies, a significant association between socio‐economic variables and periodontal disease was found in 11 studies and no significance in another five studies. The corresponding figures for case–control studies showed four studies being significant, but also four studies showing no significance.Conclusion: Based on relevant study designs and including smoking in the analysis, the socio‐economic variables associated with periodontal diseases appear to be of less importance than smoking.
Cost–benefit, cost‐effectiveness and cost–utility analyses of periodontitis prevention
Authors: Braegger Urs 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjective: The aim of this paper was to determine whether there is evidence that periodontitis prevention is economically justified.Material and Methods: The characteristics of economic assessments such as cost–benefit, cost‐effectiveness and cost–utility analyses were first derived from the literature on health economy. A literature search was conducted using PubMed up to December 2004. Inclusion criteria required that economic analyses be based on scientific principles including a hypothesis, valid comparative groups as well as a cost/benefit, cost/effectiveness and cost/utility assessment.Results: Only 14 papers were located, which included, in the broadest sense, economic parameters. From these papers, three were systematic reviews, three were randomized controlled studies, four were controlled studies, one was a longitudinal cohort study and three papers were based on statistical modelling. Only one paper reported actual costs for periodontal and dental treatment. Extensive programmes aimed at prevention of periodontal disease in a general population group showed no economic benefit. Adjunctive genetic/and or microbiological testing likewise showed no economic benefit.Economic assessments and real costs are not generally available in the literature. Statistical modelling suggested that non‐surgical periodontal procedures are more economical compared with surgical interventions. The use of local delivery devices as an adjunct to Sc/RP showed no economic advantage.Conclusion: It is suggested that economic parameters as well as patient‐centred outcomes be included in clinical trials. These data are essential for the appropriate allocation of resources for preventive measures on an individual patient and population base.
Disease progression: identification of high‐risk groups and individuals for periodontitis
Authors: Heitz‐Mayfield L. J. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAims:While the role of bacteria in the initiation of periodontitis is primary, a range of host‐related factors influence the onset, clinical presentation and rate of progression of disease. The objectives of this review are (1) to present evidence for individual predictive factors associated with a patient's susceptibility to progression of periodontitis and (2) to describe the use of prognostic models aimed at identifying high‐risk groups and individuals in a clinical setting.Methods:Relevant publications in the English language were identified after Medline and PubMed database searches. Because of a paucity of longitudinal studies investigating factors including clinical, demographic, environmental, behavioural, psychosocial, genetic, systemic and microbiologic parameters to identify individuals at risk for disease progression, some association studies were also included in this review.Findings and Conclusions:Cigarette smoking is a strong predictor of progressive periodontitis, the effect of which is dose related. High levels of specific bacteria have been predictive of progressive periodontitis in some studies but not all. Diabetics with poor glycaemic control have an increased risk for progression of periodontitis. The evidence for the effect of a number of putative factors including interleukin‐1 genotype, osteoporosis and psychosocial factors is inconclusive and requires further investigation in prospective longitudinal studies. Specific and sensitive diagnostic tests for the identification of individuals susceptible to disease progression are not yet a reality. While factors assessed independently may not be valuable in predicting risk of future attachment loss, the combination of factors in a multifactorial model may be useful in identifying individuals at risk for disease progression. A number of multifactorial models for risk assessment, at a subject level have been developed but require validation in prospective longitudinal studies.
A systematic review of professional mechanical plaque removal for prevention of periodontal diseases
Authors: Needleman Ian , Suvan Jean , Moles David R. , Pimlott Jean 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAim: To investigate the effect of professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR) on the prevention of periodontal diseases.Methods: We searched for randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials and cohort studies from 1950 to October 2004. Screening and data abstraction were conducted independently and in duplicate. Critical appraisal of studies was based on objective criteria and evidence tables were constructed.Results: From 2179 titles and abstracts, 132 full‐text articles were screened and 32 studies were relevant. Evidence exists that PMPR in adults, particularly in combination with oral hygiene instruction (OHI), may be more effective than no treatment judged by surrogate measures. The evidence for a benefit of PMPR+OHI over OHI alone is less clear. The optimum frequency of PMPR has not been investigated although more frequent PMPR is associated with improved markers of health. The strength of evidence for these results ranges from weak to moderate due to risk of bias, inconsistent results, lack of appropriate statistics and small sample size.Conclusions: There appears to be little value in providing PMPR without OHI. In fact, repeated OHI might have a similar effect as PMPR. Some forms of PMPR might achieve greater patient satisfaction. There is little difference in beneficial or adverse effects of different methods of PMPR.
Aspects of adaptive host response in periodontitis
Authors: Berglundh Tord , Donati Mauro 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjective: To review host response in periodontitis with respect to cellular composition of lesions, T cell receptor (TCR) gene expression, cytokine profiles of T‐helper (Th) cells and autoimmune components.Material and methods: The studies included were confined to human material (biopsies, gingival crevicular fluid, blood from subjects with periodontitis).Results and conclusions: In periodontitis lesions, plasma cells are the most common cell type and represent about 50% of all cells, while B cells comprise about 18%. The proportion of B cells is larger than that of T cells and Th cells occur in larger numbers than T cytotoxic cells. Polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages are found in fractions of less than 5% of all cells. Lesions in aggressive and chronic forms of periodontitis exhibit similar cellular composition. Differences in disease severity, however, may reflect increases in plasma cell and B cell densities. B cells serve as important antigen‐presenting cells in periodontitis. The periodontitis lesion expresses a unique TCR gene repertoire that is different from that in blood. The role of superantigens in periodontitis is unclear. There are few studies using comparative designs and unbiased quantitative methods regarding Th‐1 and Th‐2 cells in periodontitis. The relative dominance of B cells and plasma cells in periodontitis lesions cannot entirely be explained by enhanced Th‐2 functions but maybe because of an imbalance between Th‐1 and Th‐2. Autoimmune reactions are evident in periodontitis lesions. The role of auto‐antibodies in the regulation of host response in periodontitis, however, needs to be clarified. Auto‐reactive B cells occur in larger proportions in subjects with periodontitis than in healthy controls.
Oral health‐related quality of life for 8–10‐year‐old children: an assessment of a new measure
Authors: Humphris Gerry , Freeman Ruth , Gibson Barry , Simpson Kirk , Whelton Helen 
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  Objectives:  The aim of the study was to assess the reliability and construct validity of the Child Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life for 8–10‐year‐olds (COHRQoL [8–10]) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and to test the measurement properties of latent variables believed to define the multidimensional construct of OHRQoL.Methods:  A convenience sample of 270, year 4 children from six schools was obtained. The administered questionnaire included the 25‐item COHRQoL [8–10] and the Coopersmith Self‐Esteem Inventory‐School Form. The analytical method was based upon CFA using maximum likelihood estimation. A second‐order factoring approach was applied to determine the extent that the latent variables tapped a single over‐arching domain of quality of life.Results:  Seven items were withdrawn for low endorsement and poor association with resultant factors. The COHRQoL [8–10] was confirmed to measure a single construct of three latent variables invariant to gender. Internal consistency of the three scales derived comprising a total of 18 retained items was acceptable. Associations with self‐esteem and with a single question on the extent that the mouth was a problem were confirmed and strengthened the construct validity of the COHRQoL [8–10] measure.Conclusions:  Reliability and construct validity were demonstrated for COHRQoL [8–10] and supported the scale for adoption as an epidemiological and scientific tool for group comparisons. CFA showed that the three constructs or latent variables underlying the overall COHRQoL ratings were discrete measures that can be reliably assessed in children. Further model testing with additional data will increase generalization of these findings.
Discrimination of functional capacity for oral hygiene in elderly Spanish people by the Barthel General Index
Authors: Ruiz‐Medina Pilar , Bravo Manuel , Gil‐Montoya José Antonio , Montero Javier 
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  Objectives:  To explore, among the institutionalized elderly in Spain, the association between functional dependence in manipulating aids used in oral self‐care (oral hygiene dependence) and general functional capacities, as measured by the Index of Activities of Daily Oral Hygiene (ADOH) and the Barthel Index (BI), respectively.Methods:  A cross‐sectional study was performed in 2002 on 390 Spanish residents of a residential home for the elderly aged, 65–101 years. All study subjects underwent a oral examination and their ADOH and BI scores assessed. The association between the index scores was studied and the discriminant capacity of BI for oral hygiene dependence was calculated.Results:  The mean number of decayed, missing, or filled permanent teeth (±SD) was 26.6 ± 7.3. The mean BI score was 68.31 (95% CI 64.35–72.27), and 172 individuals (44.1%; 95% CI 39.2–49.0%) were independent in all BI‐measured functions. The mean ADOH score was 2.43 (95% CI 2.11–2.75), and 238 individuals (61.0%; 95% CI 56.2–65.9%) were independent for oral hygiene, 39 (10.0%; 95% CI 7.2–13.4%) required assistance (assistive devices), and 113 (29.0%; 95% CI 24.5–33.5%) were completely dependent. The BI scores were significantly correlated with the ADOH scores (r = −0.80, P < 0.001). The BI showed a high discriminant capacity to identify the individuals who were dependent for oral hygiene in this population (area under the ROC curve ± SE = 0.929 ± 0.013). Using the optimal cut‐off point according to the Youden Index (<61), the sensitivity was 0.87 ± 0.03 and specificity 0.87 ± 0.02.Conclusion:  There is a close association between BI and ADOH in this population, which could be useful to identify elderly individuals who are dependent for oral hygiene.
Periodontal health and oral mucosal lesions as related to occupational exposure to acid mists
Authors: Vianna Maria Isabel Pereira , Santana Vilma Sousa , McKelvey Wendy 
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  Objectives:  The association between exposure to acid mists and periodontal changes and oral mucosal lesions was measured using data from an Oral Health Promotion Program in a large metal plant. The role of sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, and oral health behavior in relation to these outcomes was also examined.Methods:  This is a cross‐sectional study of 665 active male workers who volunteered to participate in the oral health program. A job exposure matrix was constructed with industrial hygienist scores and job titles to estimate years of exposure to acid mists. Oral health outcomes were identified during standardized dental examinations. Unconditional logistic regression models were utilized in the analysis.Results:  Duration of exposure to acid mists exposure was positively associated with oral mucosal lesions among workers without lip sealing. Only age, low salaries and oral hygiene‐related variables were associated with periodontal changes, and estimates varied according to lip sealing.Conclusions:  Results suggest that long‐term occupational exposure to acid mists is associated with oral mucosal lesions, and that absence of lip sealing may increase the intensity of exposure.
Diabetic embryopathy: Studies using a rat embryo culture system and an animal model
Authors: Akazawa Shoichi 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT  The mechanism of diabetic embryopathy was investigated using in vitro experiments in a rat embryo culture system and in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic pregnant rats. The energy metabolism in embryos during early organogenesis was characterized by a high rate of glucose utilization and lactic acid production (anaerobic glycolysis). Embryos uninterruptedly underwent glycolysis. When embryos were cultured with hypoglycemic serum, such embryos showed malformations in association with a significant reduction in glycolysis.In a diabetic environment, hyperglycemia caused an increased glucose flux into embryonic cells without a down‐regulation of GLUT1 and an increased metabolic overload on mitochondria, leading to an increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activation of the hexamine pathway, subsequently occurring with increased protein carbonylation and increased lipid peroxidation, also contributed to the increased generation of ROS. Hyperglycemia also caused a myo‐inositol deficiency with a competitive inhibition of ambient glucose, which might have been associated with a diminished phosphoinositide signal transduction. In the presence of low activity of the mitochondrial oxidative glucose metabolism, the ROS scavenging system in the embryo was not sufficiently developed. Diabetes further weakened the antioxidant system, especially, the enzyme for GSH synthesis, γ‐GCS, thereby reducing the GSH concentration. GSH depletion also disturbed prostaglandin biosynthesis. An increased formation of ROS in a diminished GSH‐dependent antioxidant system may, therefore, play an important role in the development of embryonic malformations in diabetes.
Population‐based case–control study of mebendazole in pregnant women for birth outcomes
Authors: Ács Nándor , Bánhidy Ferenc , Puhó Erzsébet , Czeizel Andrew E. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT  The objectives of the study was to check the embryotoxic‐teratogenic and fetotoxic effect of mebendazole (Vermox; Richter, Budapest, Hungary) treatment during pregnancy. Mebendazole use during pregnancy was evaluated in mothers of babies born with congenital abnormalities and in matched control mothers of babies born without congenital abnormalities in the population‐based data set of the Hungarian Case–Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities between 1980 and 1996.Of 22 843 women who had newborns or fetuses with congenital abnormalities, 14 were found to have been treated with mebendazole for intestinal nematoda infections/diseases during pregnancy (crude POR: 1.8 with 95% CI: 0.7–4.2). Of 38 151 women who had newborns without any defects (controls), the same number (14) were found to have been treated with mebendazole during pregnancy. Six different congenital abnormality groups were evaluated and a higher prevalence of mebendazole use in these mothers throughout pregnancy was not found. Gestational age and birth weight were analyzed in control infants born to mothers with or without mebendazole treatment.  The  mean  gestational  age  was  somewhat  longer  and mean birth weight was larger in newborn infants born to mothers with mebendazole treatment. Thus, treatment with mebendazole during pregnancy did not indicate a teratogenic and fetotoxic risk to the embryo or fetus, though the numbers of treated cases and controls in this study were limited.
Caspofungin Susceptibility Testing of Isolates from Patients with Esophageal Candidiasis or Invasive Candidiasis: Relationship of MIC to Treatment Outcome
Authors: Kartsonis Nicholas , Killar John , Mixson Lori , Hoe Chao-Min , Sable Carole , Bartizal Kenneth , Motyl Mary 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

The caspofungin clinical trial database offers an opportunity to assess susceptibility results for
Candida
pathogens obtained from patients with candidiasis and allows for correlations between efficacy outcomes and MICs.
Candida
isolates have been identified from patients enrolled in four studies of esophageal candidiasis and two studies of invasive candidiasis. The MICs of caspofungin for all baseline isolates were measured at a central laboratory using NCCLS criteria (document M-27A); MICs for caspofungin were defined as the lowest concentration inhibiting prominent growth at 24 h. MICs were then compared to clinical and microbiological outcomes across the two diseases. Susceptibility testing for caspofungin was performed on 515 unique baseline isolates of
Candida
spp. obtained from patients with esophageal candidiasis. MICs for caspofungin ranged from 0.008 to 4 μg/ml; the MIC
50
and MIC
90
were 0.5 and 1.0 μg/ml, respectively. Susceptibility testing was also performed on 231 unique baseline isolates of
Candida
spp. from patients with invasive candidiasis. The majority (∼96%) of MICs were between 0.125 and 2 μg/ml, with MIC
50
and MIC
90
for caspofungin being 0.5 and 2.0 μg/ml, respectively. Overall, caspofungin demonstrated potent in vitro activity against clinical isolates of
Candida
species. A relationship between MIC for caspofungin and treatment outcome was not seen for patients with either esophageal candidiasis or invasive candidiasis. Patients with isolates for which the MICs were highest (>2 μg/ml) had better outcomes than patients with isolates for which the MICs were lower (<1 μg/ml). Additionally, no correlation between MIC and outcome was identified for specific
Candida
species.
Delaying the Empiric Treatment of
Candida
Bloodstream Infection until Positive Blood Culture Results Are Obtained: a Potential Risk Factor for Hospital Mortality
Authors: Morrell Matthew , Fraser Victoria J. , Kollef Marin H. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Fungal bloodstream infections are associated with significant patient mortality and health care costs. Nevertheless, the relationship between a delay of the initial empiric antifungal treatment until blood culture results are known and the clinical outcome is not well established. A retrospective cohort analysis with automated patient medical records and the pharmacy database at Barnes-Jewish Hospital was conducted. One hundred fifty-seven patients with a
Candida
bloodstream infection were identified over a 4-year period (January 2001 through December 2004). Fifty (31.8%) patients died during hospitalization. One hundred thirty-four patients had empiric antifungal treatment begun after the results of fungal cultures were known. From the time that the first blood sample for culture that was positive was drawn, 9 (5.7%) patients received antifungal treatment within 12 h, 10 (6.4%) patients received antifungal treatment between 12 and 24 h, 86 (54.8%) patients received antifungal treatment between 24 and 48 h, and 52 (33.1%) patients received antifungal treatment after 48 h. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores (one-point increments) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18 to 1.31;
P
< 0.001), prior antibiotic treatment (AOR, 4.05; 95% CI, 2.14 to 7.65;
P
= 0.028), and administration of antifungal treatment 12 h after having the first positive blood sample for culture (AOR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.53 to 2.84;
P
= 0.018) as independent determinants of hospital mortality. Administration of empiric antifungal treatment 12 h after a positive blood sample for culture is drawn is common among patients with
Candida
bloodstream infections and is associated with greater hospital mortality. Delayed treatment of
Candida
bloodstream infections could be minimized by the development of more rapid diagnostic techniques for the identification of
Candida
bloodstream infections. Alternatively, increased use of empiric antifungal treatment in selected patients at high risk for fungal bloodstream infection could also reduce delays in treatment.
Inactivation of Sterol Δ
5,6
-Desaturase Attenuates Virulence in
Candida albicans
Authors: Chau Andrew S. , Gurnani Maya , Hawkinson Robyn , Laverdiere Michel , Cacciapuoti Anthony , McNicholas Paul M. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Two clinical
Candida albicans
isolates that exhibited high-level resistance to azoles and modest decreases in susceptibility to amphotericin B were cultured from unrelated patients. Both isolates harbored homozygous nonsense mutations in
ERG3
, which encodes an enzyme, sterol Δ
5,6
-desaturase, involved in ergosterol synthesis. Extraction and analysis of the sterols from both isolates confirmed the absence of sterol Δ
5,6
-desaturase activity. Although the loss of sterol Δ
5,6
-desaturase activity is known to confer resistance to azoles, this mechanism of resistance has rarely been seen in clinical isolates, suggesting that such mutants are at a competitive disadvantage. To test this hypothesis, the virulence of the
erg3
mutants was assayed by using a mouse systemic infection model. The mutants were significantly less virulent than the wild-type comparator strains. However, the kidney fungal burdens in mice infected with the
erg3
mutants were similar to those in mice infected with the wild-type strains. Similar results were obtained by using a laboratory-generated homozygous
erg3
deletion mutant (D. Sanglard et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47:2404-2412, 2003). Reintroduction of a wild-type
ERG3
allele into the homozygous deletion mutant restored virulence, ergosterol synthesis, and susceptibility to azoles, confirming that these phenotypic changes were solely due to the inactivation of Erg3p.