bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemically generated tungsten‐based active species as catalysts for metathesis‐related reactions: 2. Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of norbornene
Authors: Dereli Okan , Düz Bülent , Zümreoǧlu‐Karan Birgül , İmamoǧlu Yavuz 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe present work reports the application of the WCl6–e−–Al–CH2Cl2 catalyst system to the ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of norbornene. Analysis of the polynorbornene microstructure by means of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy indicates that the polymer contains a mainly cis stereoconfiguration of the double bonds (σc = 0.61) and a blocky distribution (rtrc > 1) of cis and trans double bonds (rtrc = 3.37). This catalytic system is reluctant to facilitate the competing addition reactions of cycloalkenes while proceeding with the polymerization reactions with good conversions and at short periods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: Bis[tri(o‐chlorobenzyl)tin(IV)] piperazinylbisdithiocarbamate
Authors: Yin Handong , Wang Chuanhua 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe centrosymmetric structure of (o‐C6H4CH2)3SnS2CN(CH2CH2)2NCS2Sn(CH2C6H4‐o)3 features chelating dithiocarbamate ligands, so that a trigonal bipyramidal C3S2 coordination geometry for tin results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: Bis[tri(o‐chlorobenzyl)tin(IV)] terephthalate
Authors: Yin Handong , Wang Chuanhua , Wang Yong 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe centrosymmetric structure of (o‐ClC6H4)3SnO2CC6H4CO2Sn(C6H4Cl‐o)3 features an unsymmetrically chelating carboxylate group, so that a distorted trigonal bipyramidal cis‐C3O2 coordination geometry for tin results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: Bis{µ‐[O‐cyclopentyl(4‐methoxyphenyl)dithiophosphonato]1κ:S,2κ:S‐[O‐cyclopentyl(4‐methoxyphenyl)dithiophosphonato]‐1κ2S,S′}dicadmium(II)
Authors: Karakus Mehmet , Yilmaz Hamza , Ozcan Yusuf , Ide Semra 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe centrosymmetric title compound, [Cd2{CH3OC6H4P(OC5H9)S2}4], features an eight‐membered [CdSPS]2 ring owing to the presence of bridging dithiolate ligands. Tetrahedral coordination geometries for cadmium are completed by chelating ligands. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Search for triorganotins along the Mar del Plata (Argentina) marine coast: finding of tributyltin in egg capsules of a snail Adelomelon brasiliana (Lamarck, 1822) population showing imposex effects
Authors: Goldberg Raquel N. , Averbuj A. , Cledón M. , Luzzatto D. , Sbarbati Nudelman N. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractCases of imposex were clearly identified in Adelomelon brasiliana living in the Mar del Plata (Argentina) coastal area; percentages as high as 50.0% were determined among the samples studied. These were the first reported cases of ocurrence of imposex in this type of gastropod. Since this is one of the known tributyltin (TBTs) effects, and no previous reports of determination of TBTs in gastropods eggs were found, methods were developed for the speciation and quantitative determination of organotins in A. brasiliana egg capsules. Determination of organotins in samples collected in the Mar del Plata area showed contents of tributyltin chloride (TBT) as high as 400 ng l−1 in water and 6.50 µg g−1 in sediments of areas of intensive boat traffic. The results showed the presence of TBT in the egg capsules of A. brasiliana at three different instars (range 0.264–1.86 µg per egg). As far as we know, this is the first report of the finding of TBT in gastropod egg capsules. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of organotin compounds on phosphatidylserine membranes
Authors: Teruel José A. , Ortiz Antonio , Aranda Francisco J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractOrganotin compounds are widely distributed toxicants. They are membrane‐active molecules with broad biological toxicity. We have studied the interaction of tributyltin and triphenyltin with phosphatidylserine model membranes using differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction techniques. Organotin compounds produced a broadening of the gel to the liquid‐crystalline phase transition of the phospholipid and a shifting of the phase transition temperature to lower values. Infrared spectroscopy experiments showed that tributyltin exerted a fluidizing effect on the apolar part of the bilayer, and that both tributyl‐ and triphenyltin interact with the interfacial region of the bilayer, making the carbonyl groups less accessible to water. As seen by X‐ray diffraction experiments, organotin compounds were unable to change the bilayer macroscopic organization of the phospholipid, but they were able to reduce the long‐range order of the multibilayer system and to disorder the packing of the phospholipid molecules. The observed interaction between organotin compounds and phosphatidylserine membranes promotes physical perturbations that could affect membrane function and may mediate some of their toxic effects. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: 1,3,5,7‐Tetraisopropyl‐2,4,6,8,9,10‐hexathia‐1,3,5,7‐tetrastanna‐adamantane
Authors: Wagner C. , Raschke C. , Merzweiler K. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe crystal structure of iPr4Sn4S6 consists of isolated molecules that contain an adamantane‐like Sn4S6 core. The tin atoms are coordinated nearly tetrahedrally, with Sn–S distances ranging from 2.397(1) to 2.411(1) Å. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lateral connectivity of a fragmented large river system: assessment on a macroscale by dragonfly surveys (Insecta: Odonata)
Authors: Chovanec Andreas , Waringer Johann , Raab Rainer , Laister Gerold 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
The ecological status of floodplain areas along the Austrian section of the Danube was assessed by an approach based on dragonfly surveys. Although this river section contains a relatively high portion of the river‐type‐specific alluvial floodplain areas, most of them are influenced by river regulation and damming.
A key element of the assessment procedure, which is oriented towards the new EC Water Framework Directive, is the Odonate Habitat Index.
Classification of ecological status is based on the comparison between the status quo and reference conditions derived from a historical situation minimally influenced by human activities.
Data from 408 sites from 14 investigation areas were used. Ten of the 14 areas were ranked in class II (‘good ecological status’) within the five‐tiered system, which is the level of ecological status targeted in the directive. One area corresponds to the reference condition (class I, ‘high ecological status’), and three areas do not meet the quality objective (class III, ‘moderate ecological status’). A total of 49 species were found along the whole section, which represents 82% of the river‐type‐specific reference list.
Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Colonization and use of pine wood versus native wood in New Zealand plantation forest streams: implications for riparian management
Authors: Collier K. J. , Smith B. J. , Halliday N. J. 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Riparian management is becomingly increasingly recognized as an important tool for reducing harvesting impacts on plantation forest streams. To provide information for a riparian management decision support system, this study investigated effects of riparian tree type (plantation Pinus radiata D. Don versus four native species) on the development of epixylic biofilms, and colonization and feeding by invertebrates on wood at two contrasting stream sites in the central North Island, New Zealand.
Electron micrographs revealed a diverse microflora colonizing all wood types, which generally had similar ergosterol concentrations, microbial activity and algal biomass after 1–2 years immersion.
Wood type (pine versus native) did not have a significant effect on densities of total invertebrates or dominant taxa. Percentage abundance of some dominant invertebrate groups differed between wood species, apparently in relation to surface complexity, but overall physical habitat differences appeared to override any effects of wood type on community composition.
The mass of fine particulate material produced by larvae of the conoesucid caddis fly, Pycnocentria funerea McLachlan, differed significantly among wood species, but this was not related to whether the wood was from native trees or plantation pine.
Overall, the results indicate that local variations in habitat heterogeneity and differences in wood surface texture were more important than wood type in influencing epixylic biofilm development, and utilization by invertebrates. Alien pine wood generally provided habitat conditions and trophic resources during initial decomposition that were within the range of variation of native wood species expected to colonize riparian planting set‐backs in northern New Zealand pine forests.
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dusky dolphin foraging habitat: overlap with aquaculture in New Zealand
Authors: Markowitz Tim M. , Harlin April D. , Würsig Bernd , McFadden Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Marine farms have the potential to affect dolphin foraging in the coastal environment, yet this issue has been largely omitted from aquaculture management models. Data on the subject are minimal. This study was conducted to examine potential overlap between dusky dolphin habitat use and New Zealand's growing green‐lipped mussel farming industry.
Data on dusky dolphin occurrence, distribution, abundance, and behaviour were collected from small vessels over five successive winters in the Marlborough Sounds, the centre of New Zealand's mussel farming industry.
Locations and movements of dolphin groups were recorded at 2 min intervals with a global positioning system receiver to examine the overlap of dusky dolphin use of coastal areas with existing and proposed marine farms. All cases of dolphins entering the boundaries of mussel farms and total time spent in farms were recorded. Over 8500 dolphin dorsal fin photographs were analysed to develop a catalogue of 421 marked individuals utilizing the area. All instances of dolphin feeding were noted, and focal group behaviour was recorded at 2 min intervals for groups observed ⩾1 h.
Within the Marlborough Sounds, dusky dolphins were most often encountered during the winter in Admiralty Bay, the area with the greatest density of proposed farming activity in the region. Mark‐recapture data indicate that more than 1000 dusky dolphins used Admiralty Bay over the course of the 5 year study, with an average of 220 individuals inhabiting the bay on any given week during the winters of 1998–2002. As many as 55% of individuals returned to Admiralty Bay in consecutive winters.
Overlap of dusky dolphin habitat use with proposed marine farms is high, and dolphins rarely used areas within the existing farms. If dusky dolphin distribution with respect to farms were random, an expected 18plusmn1;0.5 of 436 groups would be encountered in existing inner Admiralty Bay farms; however, no dolphin groups were first encountered in farms.
In 5 years, only eight of 621 dusky dolphin groups monitored in Admiralty Bay were observed to enter the boundaries of mussel farms at any point. Dolphins entering mussel farms moved rapidly up the lanes between rows of lines and floats. Dolphins were observed a total of 14.2 min inside farms versus 147.5 h outside of farms in Admiralty Bay. Correcting for area, dolphins were observed spending significantly less time per survey inside than outside of farms.
Most dusky dolphin groups in Admiralty Bay were observed feeding on small schooling fish, often associated with seabirds and/or fur seals. Movement and diving patterns indicate much foraging when not actively feeding.
Regular seasonal migration of dusky dolphins and frequent feeding associations with other apex predators make management of marine farming a wider socio‐economic and ecological issue.
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the limnology of Salda Lake, a large and deep soda lake in southwestern Turkey: future management proposals
Authors: Kazanci Nilgün , Girgin Sönmez , Dügel Muzaffer 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
The limnological characteristics of Salda Lake, a deep, soda and highly alkaline lake in the Lake District of southwestern Turkey, are presented.
Physical and chemical variables indicate that the lake is composed of hydrochemically different water layers formed by groundwater sources located on the floor of the lake.
Phytoplankton and zooplankton are characterized by a limited number of species and low dominance reflecting the extreme conditions of the lake.
Hydromagnesite stromatolites occur all around the lake margins.
The lake is threatened by falling water levels and organic pollution. Recommendations for the conservation of the lake are presented.
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of craniorachischisis in a Texas–Mexico border population
Authors: Johnson Kelly M.K. , Suarez Lucina , Felkner Marilyn M. , Hendricks Kate 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe most severe neural tube defect (NTD), craniorachischisis, is characterized by anencephaly confluent with spina bifida open from the cervical to the lumbar region. We describe the prevalence of craniorachischisis among the Texas–Mexico border population during the period 1993–1999.METHODSAn active surveillance system identified all clinically apparent NTD‐affected fetuses and infants born to mothers residing and delivering in any of the 14 Texas–Mexico border counties. Craniorachischisis cases included live‐born, stillborn, and therapeutic abortions.RESULTSA total of 16 craniorachischisis cases were identified for a total prevalence of 0.51 per 10,000 live births (Mexican American prevalence, 0.52 per 10,000) and a prevalence of 0.28 per 10,000 live births for cases of 20 weeks gestation or greater.CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of craniorachischisis was higher than that reported in Atlanta (0.1 per 10,000 live births), but much lower than that reported in Northern China (10.7 per 10,000 births). In this high NTD prevalence region, it is possible that a multiplicity of risk factors, mostly related to poverty, contribute to a high prevalence of craniorachischisis. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal lifestyle factors and risk for ventricular septal defects
Authors: Williams Laura J. , Correa Adolfo , Rasmussen Sonja 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies have shown that the prevalence of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) has increased significantly in the United States in the past 30 years. This increase has been primarily attributed to increased detection through echocardiography. However, little is known about the etiology of VSD. This study sought to evaluate the association between maternal lifestyle exposures and the risk for VSD in offspring.METHODSThe Atlanta Birth Defects Case–Control Study was used to identify 122 isolated simple VSD cases and 3029 control infants born during the period 1968 through 1980 in the metropolitan Atlanta area. Exposure data on alcohol, cigarette, and illicit drug use were obtained through standardized interviews with mothers and fathers. Associations between lifestyle factors and VSD were calculated using maternal self‐reports; associations were also calculated using paternal proxy‐reports of the mother's exposures.RESULTSMaternal self‐report of heavy alcohol consumption and paternal proxy‐report of the mothers' moderate alcohol consumption were associated with isolated simple VSD. A two‐fold increase in risk of isolated simple VSD was identified for maternal self‐ and paternal proxy‐reported cannabis use. Risk of isolated simple VSD increased with regular (three or more days per week) cannabis use for both maternal self‐ and paternal proxy‐report, although the association was significant only for maternal self‐report.CONCLUSIONSThis is the first study to identify an association between maternal marijuana use and VSD in offspring. Further studies are needed to elucidate this association. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin reduces myocardial hypoxia and vascular endothelial growth factor expression during chick embryo development
Authors: Ivnitski‐Steele Irena D. , Sanchez Andrea , Walker Mary K. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrevious research has demonstrated that 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) induces cardiomyocyte growth arrest, thinner ventricle walls, and reduced number and size of coronary arteries during chick embryogenesis. Coronary vascular development is believed to be mediated, in part, by myocardial oxygen gradients and a subsequent increase in hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A) expression. We investigated whether TCDD inhibition of coronary development was associated with altered myocardial oxygen status and reduced cardiac HIF‐1α and VEGF‐A.METHODSChick embryos were exposed to 15% or 20% O2 for 24 hr from incubation days 9–10 or were injected with control (corn oil) or 0.24 pmol TCDD/gm egg on day 0. On day 9, embryos were injected with control (0.9% NaCl) or EF5, a tissue hypoxia marker, and cardiac binding of EF5 was determined by immunohistochemistry on day 10. In addition, embryo hearts were analyzed for VEGF‐A mRNA by in situ hybridization and quantitative RT‐PCR, and for HIF‐1α mRNA by quantitative RT‐PCR.RESULTSCardiac binding of EF5 was significantly increased in embryos exposed to 15% O2, compared to embryos exposed to 20% O2. In contrast, TCDD‐exposed embryos exhibited significantly reduced binding of EF5 in the heart, compared to controls. Similarly, cardiac expression of HIF‐1α and VEGF‐A were increased following hypoxia and tended to be decreased following TCDD exposure.CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest that the myocardium may be a target of TCDD toxicity, resulting in reduced myocardial hypoxia, and HIF‐1α and VEGF‐A expression believed necessary for normal coronary development. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of two translocation breakpoints and identification of a negative regulatory element in patients with Rieger's syndrome
Authors: Trembath Dimitri G. , Semina Elena V. , Jones Douglas H. , Patil Shivanand R. , Qian Qining , Amendt Brad A. , Russo Andrew F. , Murray Jeffrey C. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDRieger's syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by eye, tooth, and umbilical anomalies. A gene responsible for Rieger's syndrome, PITX2, has previously been cloned using two patients with balanced translocations, t(4;16) and t(4;11), with breakpoints that lie near the gene, but which do not interrupt it.METHODSWe sequenced both breakpoint regions on chromosome 4 and screened this area for novel genes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to determine if PITX2 was still present on the 4:16 chromosome. Both the chromosome 16 and chromosome 11 breakpoints were cloned and sequenced using panhandle polymerase chain reaction (PHPCR). Transient transfection studies were performed to compare effects on a reporter gene between native chromosome 4 sequence and chromosome 11 sequence.RESULTSThe region surrounding PITX2 on chromosome 4 is rich in repetitive elements, but no novel genes were identified. FISH demonstrated that PITX2 was intact on the 4:16 translocation chromosome. The PHPCR experiments demonstrated that the translocated regions of chromosomes 16 and 11 were repeat‐rich, and transfection studies revealed a slight enhancer effect with the chromosome 4 sequence, and a strong silencer effect when the chromosome 11 sequence was present.CONCLUSIONSGiven the lack of any novel genes near either breakpoint, changes in potential regulatory elements may be the best model to explain the loss of PITX2 expression in these patients and hence the Rieger's syndrome phenotype. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of thalidomide on reproductive function and early embryonic development in male and female New Zealand white rabbits
Authors: Teo Steve K. , Denny Kevin H. , Stirling David I. , Thomas Steve D. , Morseth Sandra L. , Hoberman Alan M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBACKGROUND: The present work was performed to determine the effect of thalidomide exposure on reproductive function and early embryonic development. METHODS: Twenty‐five female New Zealand White rabbits were orally gavaged with 0, 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day thalidomide 14 days prior to mating through to gestation day 7 for a total of 22 days. Treated females were Caesarean‐sectioned approximately 29 days after the date of attempted mating. Following mating with treated females, male rabbits (25/dose) were gavaged with 0, 30, 150, or 500 mg/kg/day beginning 14 days prior to mating with a group of untreated females (25/dose). Doses were administered through mating until the day before sacrifice for a minimum of 56 days. Untreated females were Caesarean‐sectioned 29 days after the last attempted mating. Comprehensive necropsy and histopathology of the reproductive system were performed. RESULTS: Treated females had reduction in body weight gain during gestation. Mating and pregnancy parameters were unaffected by thalidomide. At 100 m/kg, litter averages for corpora lutea, implantations, litter sizes, does with viable fetuses and live fetuses decreased and the number of early resorptions, does with any resorptions, does with all conceptuses resorbed, and the percent resorbed conceptuses per litter increased. The number of early resorptions, the average number of early resorptions per litter, and the percent resorbed conceptuses per litter increased at 10 and 50 mg/kg. There were no thalidomide‐related external fetal malformations. Mating and fertility in male rabbits were unaffected by thalidomide. There was an increased incidence of flaccid testes at 150 and 500 mg/kg and of bilateral small testes in all treated groups. At 500 mg/kg, there was degeneration of the germinal epithelium of the testicles with an increase in multinucleated giant cells in seminiferous tubule and a loss of round and elongating spermatids. CONCLUSIONS: Thalidomide had no adverse effects on mating and fertility in male and female rabbits dosed up to 500 and 100 mg/kg/day, respectively, for 14 days prior to mating. After 56 day of dosing, histopathologic changes with no associated sperm abnormalities were observed in the testicles. Embryonic development NOAEL for treated females mated to untreated males was <10 mg/kg. Corresponding fertility NOAEL for treated males mated to untreated females was 500 mg/kg. Birth Defects Res B 71:1–16, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.