bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Multilevel Explanation to Downward Causation
Authors: Yates David 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The causal closure of the physical poses a familiar causal exclusion problem for the special sciences that stems from the idea that if closure is true, then fundamental physical properties do all the causal work involved in bringing about physical effects. In this paper it is argued that the strongest causal closure principle that is not ruled out by some simple physics in fact allows for a certain kind of downward causation, which in turn makes room for robust special science autonomy. The paper focuses on the case of vector composition, arguing that it involves irreducibly multilevel causation. To give a complete causal explanation of what goes on in cases that involve the effects of multiple forces, we need to appeal not only to the fundamental properties that generate those forces, but also to geometric properties that determine how multiple vectors compose. However, if all the causal work involved in such cases were due to fundamental physical properties, there would be a one-level explanation available. Hence it cannot be the case that fundamental physical properties do all the causal work. The extra causal work, it is suggested, comes from the fact that the causal powers bestowed by fundamental physical properties have irreducibly geometric manifestation conditions. The paper then defends the resulting form of downward causation as a solution to the problem of special science autonomy, and discusses two potential accounts of its source, in terms of the debate between kinematic and dynamic theories of the origins of spacetime symmetries.
From Analogies to Levels of Abstraction in Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Chirimuuta Mazviita 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The most widely known account of levels of explanation in neuroscience and cognitive science is due to Marr), who proposed a three-level framework for explanation of the visual system. Various philosophers have given interpretations of Marr’s framework. The purpose of this chapter is different: to show how the analogy with artifacts (i.e., systems engineered by humans) is foundational for the idea that complex neuro-cognitive systems are amenable to explanation at distinct levels; to show how this works as a simplifying strategy attractive to anti-reductionists; and to argue that the resulting explanations are imbued with an ‘all-too-human’ character. Section 1 surveys various proposals for carving the brain into levels, and describes how epistemic conceptions of levels of abstraction differ from metaphysical conceptions of levels of organisation. Section 2 examines the artifact analogies. The most salient source of analogy is of course the digital computer, but the chapter discusses how more general comparisons with processes of design and engineering also play a significant role. It shows how the analogies, and the subsequent notion of a distinct computational level, have engendered common ideas about how to safely abstract away from the complexity of concrete neural systems, yielding explanations of how neural processes give rise to cognitive functions. Section 3 raises worries about these explanations, due to neglected differences between human-made devices and biological organs. The chapter concludes with some general observations about how reductionist and anti-reductionist approaches to mind and brain stem from intuitions deriving from the human experience of making functional objects.
No Grounds for Effective Theories
Authors: McKenzie Kerry 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In recent years there has been an ‘explosion’ of work in metaphysics aimed at articulating ‘levels of reality’—a structural aspect of the world both suggested and investigated by the sciences. And in that context, the relation of grounding has emerged as the preferred relation with which to connect the levels. This paper argues that we cannot take grounding to be the relation that connects levels, insofar as those levels are described by effective quantum field theories. This is a problem for the grounding theorist, because effective field theory is taken to provide an explanation of why there seem to be levels in physics at all.
Persons, Property, and Liminal Spaces
Authors: Bashir Haroon 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter outlines the legal rulings within Islamic law pertaining to enslavement and emancipation and assesses attitudes towards slaves. Islamic law provides far more details regarding the conceptualization of slavery through the types of edicts and discussions prevalent within legal discourse. This chapter utilizes numerous legal manuals from the four schools of law as sources. It explores what was considered legitimate ‘enslavement’ and who could be enslaved according to Islamic law, as well as the various routes to emancipation through ‘emancipation contracts’, such as the Tadbīr, Istīlād, and Kitāba. It also addresses the extent to which slaves were ‘humanized’ within legal discourse.
Utopian Elements in Ottoman Literature
Authors: Sariyannis Marinos 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines utopian imagery in Ottoman culture as an indicator for political ideas circulating in different environments and periods. It focuses in two texts claiming to predict the future of the Ottoman state for the centuries or even millennia to come, Rumûz-ı künûz (“Treasures of ciphers”), composed in 1557 by İlyas b. İsa Saruhani (d. 1559), and the so-called Papasnâme (“The priest’s book”), or alternatively Bahrü’l-mükâşefe (“Sea of discovery”), written by Derviş Mehmed, a Christian priest turned Muslim, toward the end of the sixteenth century. Both texts (and especially the latter) contain descriptions of future reforms that reflect utopian ideas, and both testify for a strong thread of thought, longing for a society of abundance and equality of the faithful under a strong and unfettered ruler.
The Qizilbash Alternative
Authors: Arslan Hüseyin Ongan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter navigates the complex dynamics between the Qizilbash and the Ottoman Empire during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, with a focal point on the emergence of the Safavid Qizilbash State in 1501 under Sheikh Shāh Ismā’īl as a substantial rival political force. To establish a comprehensive historical context, the chapter begins by scrutinizing the political developments and religio-cultural dynamics that drove marginalized Muslims in Ottoman and post-Akkoyunlu territories to explore alternative avenues. It subsequently probes into how Ismā’īl, the sheikh of Safavid Sufi order, wielded his ruling authority, finding resonance among a significant portion of marginalized Muslims in West Asia. The chapter underscores integral facets of Shāh Ismā’īl’s authority, such as his role as the Murshid of the Safavid Sufi order, leveraging the oath-based relationship with his followers, and the inherited Sayyid status that enhanced his legitimacy with a unique charisma linked to Prophet Muhammad and Ali. Accounts, both European and Safavid, depict Ismā’īl as an exceptionally generous leader, offering better prospects to the marginalized. A meticulous analysis of Ismā’īl’s divan sheds light on Qizilbash political thinking, unveiling the nuanced perspective of the Safavid state’s founder, emphasizing allegiance, categorization of followers and adversaries, and his definitions of being a true Muslim. The conclusion highlights Ismā’īl’s strategic challenge to Ottoman legitimacy and the transformative impact of his religio-political ideas in millennial West Asia.
Ottoman Liberalism during the Liberal Age
Authors: Şiviloğlu Murat R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter aims to trace the evolution of the concept of hürriyet within the Ottoman political vocabulary during the nineteenth century. It explores the symbiosis between indigenous intellectual traditions and the broader currents of political theory. The analysis begins with an examination of Sâdık Rifat Pasha (d. 1857), widely credited with pioneering the use of the term hürriyet in its modern political connotation. The focus then shifts to the Young Ottomans, where the chapter emphasizes the internalization of the concept of liberty within Ottoman thought. Subsequently, the attention is directed to Hersekli Ârif Hikmet Bey (d. 1903), whose work, this chapter argues, offers critical insights into the plurality of perspectives that characterized discussions during this period. Overall, the chapter underlines the necessity of approaching the history of political thought as a grid of non-linear, interconnected narratives that transcend geographical boundaries.
Beyond Caliphate Internationalism
Authors: Aydın Cemil 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In the literature on political thought regarding the world order, the position of the non-European empires remains overlooked. This chapter examines the long nineteenth-century Ottomans visions of international order as a theme of Ottoman political thought. It focuses on Ottoman intellectual engagement and theories of the idea of civilization, sovereignty and international law, as well as ideas about caliphate, Europe and the Muslim world. The chapter argues that we should approach Ottoman writings about the Eastern question and civilized reforms, or Ottoman critiques of Europe’s hypocrisy in policies toward the East, as examples of Ottoman internationalism, that aimed to de-racialize the idea of universal norms of inter-imperial relations and global political order.
Dissent in International Criminal Justice and the Creation and Re-emergence of the Hybrid Court
Authors: Torrens Shannon Maree 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Various manifestations of dissent in international criminal justice are illustrated in the original establishment and now re-emergence of the hybrid court model. State responses to international criminal justice can be divided into three categories: support, acquiescence, and dissent. This chapter looks at the tension between these three viewpoints and modes of action on a historical continuum marking the trajectory of international criminal justice but also as comprising former and current conflicting views on international hybrid justice. The chapter discusses how dissenting responses can be defined, where they are illustrated, and what impact they have had on the work of international courts and tribunals, particularly modern hybrid courts. Whilst the International Criminal Court (ICC) commenced its work with general support, as time has progressed, there has been a shift from support to acquiescence and now finally open dissent. This chapter looks at how these developments and this dissent has inspired the re-emergence of hybrid justice and how the lessons learned from the ICC and earlier models of hybrid justice may assist these future justice responses. The chapter further analyses how the original dissent which created the earlier hybrid tribunals, namely the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), is distinct from the more recent dissent and discusses the reasons for this distinction. Through this, the notion of dissent is tied to the internal politics of post-conflict states and their open and veiled responses to hybrid justice.
Innovations in Hybrid Justice
Authors: Keppler Elise 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In recent years, a resurgence of hybrid war crimes courts has engendered innovations in this form of accountability mechanism. This chapter will evaluate the comparative strengths and challenges of two such mechanisms: the Special Criminal Court (SCC) in the Central African Republic (CAR), which is currently being established, and the proposed Hybrid Court for South Sudan (HCSS). The author has conducted research in South Sudan and the Central African Republic and was involved in ongoing advocacy to promote the operationalization of these courts. This chapter draws from these experiences to discuss the different approaches these courts are taking, or have intended to take, with respect to their creation, governance, staffing, and location. The potential implications of such differences for assuring their effective operations and positive impact are analysed.
Hybrid Tribunals as a Mechanism for Reparative Justice
Authors: Williams Sarah 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Earlier international and hybrid tribunals did not have a mandate, or the power, to award reparations to victims. Instead, any reparative potential arose from their trial proceedings. The constituent instruments of more recent tribunals include a reparations function. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) enables Chambers to order reparations to assist victims of crimes, while the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) and the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) may, and have, issued orders for reparations for victims of crimes. It has become common practice for the constituent instruments of hybrid tribunals to include a provision empowering the tribunal to determine and award appropriate reparations. However, the practice has been mixed in terms of successful awards, design, and implementation of appropriate reparations including the limited legal capacity of many institutions to award reparations that challenge underlying social, political, and economic structures. To be effective, reparations orders and projects usually require engagement and support from states to be feasible and effective; yet such support is often absent. This chapter explores the reparations mandate and experience of a number of international and hybrid tribunals, including the ICC and the ECCC, to assess whether, and if so under which conditions, a hybrid tribunal is a suitable mechanism for reparative justice. In particular, does the hybrid model offer better prospects of engaging states in reparative justice?
Malambo and Motive in the Second Movement of Ginastera’s Sonata para piano
Authors: Castro David 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Alberto Ginastera (1916–1983) is often described as an eclectic composer because his music includes everything from traditional tonality—including characteristically Argentine melodies and rhythms—through deeply chromatic post-tonality. In the second movement of his Sonata para piano (1952), a twelve-tone row functions audibly as the primary melody, but does so within Ginastera’s trademark malambo style, and even coexists with the “guitar chord.” Further, melodic motives are drawn from the row and are featured throughout the movement. These motives serve to fully integrate the modernist technique of serialism with the nationalistically Argentine features for which Ginastera is known. This analysis is meant to demonstrate not just the diversity of composers who worked with twelve-tone rows, but also the diversity of ways in which twelve-tone rows can serve as the basis of a composition.
Analytical Voices
Authors: Luong Vivian 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This essay serves as a model and an invitation for students to experiment with different tones and forms in their analytical writing. This approach to analysis references the transformative political potential of writing theorized by queer and BIPOC scholarship across music studies and the humanities (Crawley 2020; Hartman 2019; Maus 1995; Robinson 2020). Building on these perspectives, the essay suggests that experimentations with analytical writing can help us imagine and enact liberatory worlds otherwise. With this aim in mind, this essay presents ways of writing with Cathy Berberian’s recording of Luciano Berio’s Sequenza III for Female Voice (1965). Building on past scholarly responses to the piece as both unsettling and theoretically generative (Anhalt 1984; Dame 1998; Halfyard 2007), it generates an analysis of Berberian’s performance that reflects the author’s experiences of discomfort and awe—feelings that are often left out of an analysis. The essay concludes with prompts for students to generate experimental writing drawn from their own experiences with this piece and to contemplate the broader implications of their experiments.
Texture and Timing in the Score-Stop
Authors: Lopez Gerardo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The focus of this analytical essay is on the use of the score-stop technique in movie trailers, also known as the “sudden soundtrack stop” (TV Tropes), “music stop” (Film Editing Pro), or “stopdowns” (Lieu, 2020). As its name indicates, the score-stop technique is “the stopping of the music to undermine, highlight or draw attention to a particular line of dialogue, joke, or visual” (Film Editing Pro). The movie trailers discussed in this essay include Cruella (2021), CODA (2021), Kimi (2022), Prey (2022), and Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022). The analytical remarks and observations made in the essay focus on how textural cues, metrical context, and silence contribute to the making of a score-stop moment. From the perspective of a student, this essay models how one might answer the question “Wow, that one moment in the movie trailer sounded so cool! Why is that?”
The Philosopher and the Common Understanding
Authors: Anderson Abraham 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Manfred Kuehn has proposed that the Antinomy was inspired by Beattie’s reply to Hume on creation. Kuehn’s arguments are inconclusive, but he is right that Beattie’s attack on Hume played a part in inspiring the Antinomy. This emerges from Kant’s remarks on the philosopher and the common understanding. These foreshadow Kant’s criticism of Beattie in the Preface to the Prolegomena for failing to understand Hume’s question, the question that first interrupted Kant’s dogmatic slumber. This passage thereby connects the Antinomy with the interruption of Kant’s dogmatic slumber by David Hume, and gives us reason to think that the former grew out of the latter.
Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) Eradication
Authors: Ruiz-Tiben Ernesto , Eberhard Mark L. , Roy Sharon L. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes efforts by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 to generate global support for eradication of the nematode parasite Dracunculus medinensis (causing dracunculiasis, or Guinea worm disease). Initial interventions included health education, use of cloth filters, drilling of boreholes to provide safe drinking water, preventing patients with patent infections from contaminating water sources, and using temephos (Abate larvicide) to treat drinking water sources to reduce copepod populations. These interventions (each a barrier to transmission) have remained central to the program to date. The principles and practices of disease eradication have been applied in affected countries in Africa and Asia since 1981. The World Health Assembly passed resolutions in 1986 and 1991 calling for D. medinensis eradication. The roles of former US president Jimmy Carter and The Carter Center; national governments of affected countries; organizations that provided political, financial, and technical support; and thousands of eradication program staff, particularly village volunteers, program officers, and technical advisors, are noted. The global burden of dracunculiasis has been reduced from an estimate of 3.5 million human cases in 1986 to 14 human cases in 2023, and animal infections reduced from a peak of 2000 in 2019 to 882 in 2023. Insecurity precluding access to areas of endemic transmission, the riparian transmission of affected areas in the few remaining endemic countries, entrenched human behavior, and domestic animal infections remains problematic, but undoubtedly domestic animal infection is the most serious challenge facing efforts to stop transmission globally.
Malaria Elimination
Authors: Lindblade Kim A. , Mendis Kamini , Escribano Ferrer Blanca , Chimumbwa John , Steketee Richard W. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In the last two decades, there has been a revival of interest in eradicating malaria, which has been a public health and development goal for almost 70 years. For eradication to be achieved, individual areas and countries must reduce morbidity and mortality from malaria, interrupt transmission locally, and then maintain their areas malaria free even while malaria continues to spread in neighboring regions. As malaria transmission declines and the malaria burden decreases, there are changes in the geographical distribution and epidemiology of malaria that have programmatic implications, requiring programs to sharpen their focus to provide interventions in smaller, geographically defined areas and to put more effort into identifying and treating individual cases to interrupt transmission. Countries that achieve very low levels of transmission below 1 case per 1000 population per year may be within a decade of elimination, although the strength of the health system and proximity to areas with higher levels of transmission are likely to affect the time to elimination. Once malaria is eliminated, countries must protect their achievements by preventing re-establishment of transmission for as long as malaria continues to be transmitted elsewhere. Although malaria remains entrenched in many countries, most of which are found in sub-Saharan Africa, remarkable progress has been and continues to be made, with several African countries now setting national or subnational elimination goals. Malaria is a treatable and preventable disease, and with the commitment of national and global leadership, transmission can be interrupted, and global eradication remains an achievable vision.
Toward Confucian Republicanism I
Authors: Chan Elton 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 7 argues that Confucianism in the non-ideal era needs a new non-ideal theory capable of addressing the inherent failure of the traditional authoritarian model. Through the family resemblance approach, this chapter identifies and analyzes the key features of republicanism in the Western tradition, which in turn will can help Confucianism addresses its weaknesses in pursuit of the moral and political ideals. In return, the virtuous cultivation championed by Confucianism can provide crucial support for the healthy functioning of republican politics. If Confucians are to be relevant to the modern world, it will be beneficial to develop a hybrid political order of Confucian republicanism.
Civil Society
Authors: Chan Elton 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 10 completes the description of the Confucian republican political order by analyzing and explaining the role of civil society in a Confucian republic. This chapter draws from the Confucian political ideal of nonaction (wu-wei) as well as the traditional practice of the civil realm under non-ideal reality to demonstrate that civil society is a crucial component for materializing virtuous governance in the modern world. It is also argued that the modern practice of civil society, through drawing clearly the institutional and legal boundaries between the state and the society, can avoid the pitfalls of the traditional Confucian practice of the civil realm.
Who Can Say That They Belong?
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses belonging claims as the basis of challenges to national borders. These are claims based on being part of communities in a country. This approach is distinct from humanity claims, which arise when national borders inflict harms that no one human being should have to endure. Put differently, belonging claims are claims that insiders may be able to make persuasively based on their lives in a country. In the United States, belonging claims for noncitizens emerged in policy debates and in court cases in the last quarter of the twentieth century. This approach reflected a civil rights framework for recognizing the positions in society of noncitizens, including the undocumented. Challenges to national borders by invoking belonging claims have achieved significant success. But this approach remains incomplete, and even if its potential were fully tapped, it has inherent limits and political liabilities.