bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arterial supply of the soleus muscle: Anatomical study of fifty lower limbs
Authors: Raveendran S.S. , Kumaragama K.G.J.L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSoft tissue defects of the lower limb are a formidable challenge to the plastic surgeon but a soleus muscle flap often provides the solution. Various types of soleus muscle flap have been described, based mainly on the vascular supply. The arterial blood supply of the soleus muscle was studied in 50 cadaveric lower limbs. The blood vessels and their branches to the muscle were dissected. The distance of the origin of the perforators was measured from fixed bony landmarks. Branches of the popliteal artery trunk, the posterior tibial artery, and the peroneal artery supplied the soleus muscle. The number of branches to the soleus muscle from these main arteries were analyzed. The medial part of the muscle was supplied throughout its length by perforators arising from the posterior tibial artery. This constant feature makes the medial part of the muscle reliable as a proximally or distally based flap. The average distances of the lower perforators arising from the posterior tibial artery were 6.5 cm, 11.6 cm, and 16.8 cm from the medial malleolus. The branches of the peroneal artery were mostly distributed in the upper half of the muscle. These large pedicles allow a composite transfer of the soleus muscle with the fibula. Lower perforators were demonstrated to arise from the peroneal artery in 60% of the limbs but the scarcity of perforators in this region limits the clinical usefulness of an inferiorly based lateral hemisoleus flap. The study demonstrates the distribution of arteries entering the soleus muscle and how the information may be used in the design of soleus muscle flaps. The average numbers of the perforators arising from the vessels and their distribution have been highlighted. Clin. Anat. 16:248–252, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discrimination of bilateral differences in the loci of tactile stimulation is impaired in subjects with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Zia Shagufta , Cody Frederick W.J. , O'Boyle Donald J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe have compared the abilities of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), while on levodopa (L‐dopa), and control subjects to discriminate bilateral differences in the loci of tactile stimulation. On each trial, one of a subject's forearms served as the reference arm and the other as the test arm. The two forearms were supinated and placed side‐by‐side on a table‐top in front of the subject. Seven cutaneous test loci, 3 mm apart, were arrayed proximo‐distally on the flexor aspect of each forearm, with the fourth (central) serving as a reference point. On each trial, two punctate tactile stimuli (of intensity well above perceptual threshold) were applied simultaneously to 1) one of the seven test loci on the test forearm and 2) the reference (central) locus on the reference arm. Subjects, with eyes closed, stated which forearm (test or reference) was stimulated more distally. Estimates of the difference limen (DL, a measure of discriminatory threshold) and the point of subjective equality (PSE, the test locus perceived to correspond to the reference locus) were derived from psychophysical functions (ogives). For each subject, one arm was defined as ‘better’ and the other as ‘worse.’ Among PD patients, this definition was in terms of the relative severity of clinical motor signs (combined scores for bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor) of the two arms, whereas among controls it was according to relative DL magnitudes (sensory/perceptual performance). The mean DL of the patients significantly exceeded that of control subjects on both the ‘better’ and ‘worse’ arms as test side, but mean PSE values did not differ significantly between groups. Thus, our PD patients were impaired in discriminating bilateral differences in the locations of tactile stimulation, while perceiving normally the relative locations of the proximo‐distal centers of the two stimulus arrays. Clin. Anat. 16:241–247, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgically relevant structure on the ascending aorta
Authors: Morrison J.J. , Codispoti M. , Campanella C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe have examined the transverse vascularized ridge observed on the anterior surface of the intra‐pericardial aorta during cardiac surgery. The ridge was a consistent feature of 20 consecutive cardiac patients and 11 cadavers no more than 2 days post‐mortem. The aortic ridge was absent, however, in four of five embalmed cadavers additionally examined, probably due to the embalming process. Histological examination showed the ridge to be well vascularized, well innervated and composed of adipose tissue. This structure has surgical relevance as a possible source of post‐operative hemorrhage, sometimes necessitating re‐sternotomy. Clin. Anat. 16:253–255, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Giant intracavernous internal carotid artery aneurysm with fatal epistaxis
Authors: Haffajee M.R. , Naidoo S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe case history and autopsy findings of a 32‐year‐old male, who suffered a mild closed‐head injury and then had repeated epistaxis beginning 5 months later, is presented. The condition culminated in an episode of fatal epistaxis 1 year after the injury. At one time during the course of his work‐up, the etiology of his repeated epistaxis was thought to be a vascular nasopharyngeal neoplasm. The diagnosis of an intracavernous internal carotid artery aneurysm was made only at autopsy. The principles of management of traumatic intracavernous internal carotid artery aneurysm presenting with epistaxis are discussed. Clin. Anat. 16:277–281, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Teaching of anatomy in a problem‐based curriculum at the Arabian Gulf University: The new face of the museum
Authors: Ganguly Pallab K. , Chakravarty Manoj , Latif Nasir A. , Osman Mirghani , Abu‐Hijleh Marwan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe College of Medicine and Medical Sciences of the Arabian Gulf University has an undergraduate medical curriculum that uses problem‐based learning as the principal teaching strategy. Teaching of anatomy comes at various places in the curriculum, and the anatomy museum serves as an important resource and engages the students in self‐directed learning. Although the museum had sufficient resource materials, the emphasis on individualized instruction and self‐directed learning in anatomy has resulted in the need for an effective approach and a reorganization of the facilities in the museum. Thus, we recently rearranged the museum to create 42 modules or stations (learning carrels) focusing on specific organ systems for self‐study by students. Computer‐assisted programs, videocassettes, ultrasound, and structured living anatomy sessions in the clinical professional skills program facilitated such an arrangement. An increased utilization by the students was observed in the reorganized museum. Thus, the museum can play an effective role in the study of anatomy through problem‐based integrated learning modules. Clin. Anat. 16:256–261, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Olfactory ensheathing cells transplanted in lesioned spinal cord prevent loss of spinal cord parenchyma and promote functional recovery
Authors: Verdú Enrique , García‐Alías Guillermo , Forés Joaquim , López‐Vales Ruben , Navarro Xavier 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe studied the effects of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) transplanted in a photochemical spinal cord injury in adult rats. After dorsal laminectomy at T8 vertebra, subjacent spinal cord was bathed with rose Bengal for 10 min and illuminated with visible light by means of an optic fiber connected to a halogen lamp for 2.5 min at maximal intensity of 8 kLux. Eight injured rats received a suspension of OECs in DMEM, and another eight rats received DMEM alone. Locomotor ability scored by the BBB scale, pain sensibility by the plantar algesimetry test, and motor‐ and somatosensory‐evoked potentials by electrophysiological techniques were evaluated for 3 months postsurgery. Finally, all rats were perfused with paraformaldehyde and transverse sections from the spinal cord segment at the lesion site were immunostained against GFAP. Area of the preserved spinal cord parenchyma was measured from the GFAP‐immunolabeled cord sections. The BBB score and the amplitude of motor‐ and somatosensory‐evoked potentials were higher in OECs‐transplanted rats than in DMEM‐injected animals throughout follow‐up, whereas the withdrawal response to heat noxious stimulus was lower in OEC‐ than in DMEM‐injected rats. The area of preserved spinal cord was significantly larger in OECs‐transplanted rats than in DMEM‐injected animals. These results indicate that OECs promote functional and morphological preservation of the spinal cord after photochemical injury. GLIA 42:275–286, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alumina slurry formulation intender for spray‐dried powder production
Authors: Filiatre C , Bertrand G , Coddet C , Foissy A 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCeramic powders are used to produce coatings using plasma spray processes. The powder granules are required to have a spherical shape, a mean diameter around 40 µm and, moreover, different densities of the powder must be possible. Alumina powders are obtained by spray drying of concentrated aqueous suspensions of particles (slurries). The suspension must contain high solids loading, be stable during the process and have a relatively low viscosity. The aim of this study was to determine how the properties of aqueous alumina slurries influence the characteristics of granules produced by spray drying. The effects of pH and additives (dispersant and binder) on settling and rheological properties of the alumina slurries were investigated. The curves recorded followed the Casson model in the observed range of shear rate. The Casson yield stress values, τc, and the viscosity values, η were determined and used to evaluate particles interaction in the slurries. The dependence of the yield stress and viscosity was measured as a function of polyacrylate dispersant and binder concentration at pH 4 and 9. The corresponding powders have been characterized on a morphological basis.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Surface charge, effective charge and dispersion/aggregation properties of nanoparticles
Authors: Pochard Isabelle , Boisvert Jean‐Philippe , Persello Jacques , Foissy Alain 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA careful investigation of the relationship between surface properties and colloidal behaviour of nanometric particles in concentrated media has shed some light on the important parameters that must be controlled in order to improve the dispersion of mineral particles. Experimental methods such as rheology and osmometry reveal that the aggregation/dispersion process is not only a matter of electrostatics as stated by classical theories. In practice, the relationship between the surface charge and the state of dispersion is probably much less straightforward than generally assumed by the classical argument stating that the higher the surface charge, the higher the electrostatic repulsion between particles and the more dispersed the particles. Our results on model hematite and industrial TiO2 systems suggest that the state of dispersion is not always correlated to the magnitude of the surface charge, but seems to depend on the surface density of condensed monovalent counter‐ions. Accordingly, it is believed that the monovalent species present at the interface of mineral particles are deeply involved in the dispersion process of highly concentrated slurries. Much attention should be addressed to the presence of condensed species onto the surface and to their influence on the structure at the interface, in order to prepare better formulations involving (hydr)oxide particles in aqueous media.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Energetic yields in apatitic calcium phosphate compression: influence of the Ca/P molar ratio
Authors: Pontier Catherine , Viana Marylène , Champion Eric , Bernache‐Assollant Didier , Chulia Dominique 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe chemical nature of tricalcium phosphate used as compression excipient is not well defined. It can vary between β‐tricalcium phosphate (Ca/P molar ratio = 1.50) and hydroxyapatite (Ca/P molar ratio = 1.67). The present study deals with the compression properties of calcium phosphates with different Ca/P molar ratios (1.50, 1.63 and 1.67) and two trading excipients elaborated by different manufacturing processes: TRI‐TAB® (granulated powder) and TRI‐CAFOS S® (spray‐dried powder). The compression properties are analyzed in terms of energetic compression yields deduced from the compression and rupture cycles. The results show that the proportions of friction and elasticity during apatitic calcium phosphate compression are the same, whatever the chemical nature and the manufacturing process of the material. The only property that differs greatly is the conversion of the energy into cohesion. In comparison with trading excipients, the synthesized apatitic calcium phosphate materials exhibit higher cohesion properties: the product with a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.63 is the most cohesive, the apatitic tricalcium phosphate converts to a smaller extent the compression energy into cohesion, whereas hydroxyapatite displays a similar compression ability as TRI‐TAB and TRI‐CAFOS S. This study shows the importance of the chemical nature on the compression properties of apatitic calcium phosphates, and the need to rationalize the physical grade as well as the chemistry of the commercialized materials. The elaboration process does not seem to influence the efficiency of the cohesion acquisition, but affects the flowability.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Encapsulation of an organic phthalocyanine blue pigment into polystyrene latex particles using a miniemulsion polymerization process
Authors: Lelu S , Novat C , Graillat C , Guyot A , Bourgeat‐Lami E 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAqueous dispersions of polystyrene latexes encapsulating a copper phthalocyanine blue pigment were formulated using the miniemulsion polymerization technique. The organic pigment was first suspended into the monomer phase, and the resulting oily suspension was subsequently converted into stable miniemulsion droplets using various types and concentrations of hydrophobe (costabilizer). The pigmented monomer emulsions were finally polymerized using potassium persulfate as the initiator. It was shown that the organic pigment could stabilize the miniemulsion droplets, and be thus satisfactorily encapsulated without introducing any other compound in the formulation. In a subsequent approach, the stability of the miniemulsion droplets was improved by using either hexadecane, hexadecanol or a polystyrene prepolymer as the hydrophobe. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy measurements showed that the size and the morphology of the resulting pigmented polymer particles were greatly influenced by the presence of the costabilizer.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Hysteresis behaviour in temperature‐induced emulsion inversion
Authors: Márquez Laura , Graciaa Alain , Lachaise Jean , Salager Jean‐Louis , Zambrano Noelia 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEmulsion inversion produced by a change in temperature usually takes place reversibly, ie at the same temperature whatever the direction of change. The present study indicates previously unreported hysteresis in a transitional inversion driven by a temperature variation in a non‐ionic system containing Tween surfactant mixtures. In both directions of the temperature variation, a delay is exhibited with respect to the standard phase inversion temperature of the equilibrated system. The width of the hysteresis region depends on the rate of temperature change. This behaviour, which does not happen in the presence of alcohol, is attributed to the presence of liquid crystals.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
A rheological study of associating polymer–particle interactions in tricalcium silicate pastes
Authors: Rastoul Katy , Van Damme Henri , Lafuma Françoise , Lequeux François , Colombet Pierre , Mansoutre Sandrine , Pasquier Michel 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCement pastes are used in various conditions of fluidity. This leads to the necessary introduction of polymers in order to control the rheology and to stabilize the slurry against segregation. This work describes the influence of hydrophobically modified acrylate polyelectrolytes on the rheological behavior of a tricalcium silicate paste at a constant solid volume ratio Φ = 0.32.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
A novel criterion for studying the phase equilibria of non‐ionic surfactant–triglyceride oil–water systems
Authors: Van Hecke Elisabeth , Catté Marianne , Poprawski Jérôme , Aubry Jean‐Marie , Salager Jean‐Louis 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe formulation of macro‐ and microemulsions through the Hydrophilic Lipophilic Deviation (HLD) concept based on phase behaviour observations, has mostly been applied to mineral oils. The present research reports a similar approach using triglyceride‐based oils (seven vegetable oils and one pure triglyceride) and ethoxylated (nonylphenol and isotridecanol) surfactant systems. Formulation scans are carried out by varying the surfactant average degree of ethoxylation, eg the ethylene oxide number (EON), at 50 °C, 55 °C and 60 °C. Because these systems do not exhibit a Winsor III phase behaviour, the so‐called optimum formulation was detected for EON0.5, ie the EON value at which the surfactant partitions equally into the aqueous and the oil phases, which was found to coincide with the minimum stability of the emulsified systems. Experimental EON0.5 values ranged from 3.5 to 5.5 as temperature, oil nature and surfactant were altered.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel bolaamphiphiles with saccharidic polar headgroups: synthesis and supramolecular self‐assemblies
Authors: Benvegnu T , Lecollinet G , Guilbot J , Roussel M , Brard M , Plusquellec D 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTwo series of novel sugar‐based bolaamphiphiles characterized by a tetraether‐type aliphatic linker or a linker composed of a single polymethylene chain were synthesized. Evaluation of their self‐assembling properties was performed using optical microscopy, freeze fracture electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Unsymmetrical phosphate derivatives spontaneously formed thermostable monolayered vesicles, whereas neutral glycolipids including a cyclopentane ring in the middle of the bridging chain, exhibited unusual two by two monolayer associations. Bipolar surfactants possessing a single polymethylene bridging chain were found to self‐organize into bilayered or monolayered vesicles, disks or fibres depending on the symmetrical or unsymmetrical structure of the lipids, the bridging chain length, the nature of the polar groups and also the structure of the spacers.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Formulation of aqueous concentrated alumina suspensions. Influence of a disaccharide: trehalose
Authors: Pagnoux Cécile , Poeydemenge Frédéric , Baumard Jean‐François 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTrehalose, a disaccharide, is very well known to protect living cells efficiently from dehydration and has been tested in the formulation of aqueous alumina suspensions. It has been added into slurries stabilized with Tiron®, (HO)2C6H2(SO3Na)2, which permits a high state of dispersion by creating repulsive potential between particles. Trehalose added into such suspensions acts as a lubricant and enhances flowing properties of suspensions because of its strong interaction with water which breaks the hydrogen‐bonded network of the solvent. Trehalose addition is beneficial for carrying out shaping methods of alumina components by coagulation as it increases solid concentration in the suspension, which facilitates pouring the suspension into a mould. Unfortunately this addition hinders coagulation of particles.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Contribution of chitin derivatives to the modification of physicochemical properties of formulations
Authors: Desbrières J 
Published: March 2003

AbstractChitin was modified to obtain controlled amphiphilic polysaccharides which may be either cationic (chitosan) or anionic (carboxymethylchitin). The hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB, also called hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance) was modified with respect to different parameters (pH, degrees of substitution of ionic or alkyl groups) and the rheological and tensioactive properties of formulations based on these polymers have been studied. The presence of hydrophobic groups and interactions among themselves allow these polymers to act as thickening or gelling agents with an improved temperature stability. The surface activity of anionic carboxymethylchitins can be improved either by the addition of a cationic surfactant which plays the role of counterion by electrostatic interaction (forming a surfactant–polyelectrolyte complex, SPEC) or by N‐alkylation. The SPECs are found to be more efficient than alkyl derivatives because the necessary surfactant concentration to reach tensioactive properties is much lower than its critical micellar concentration in the pure solution.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Solubilization in some anionic/cationic surfactant binary systems
Authors: Cui Zhenggang , Canselier Jean Paul 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe solubilization behaviour of n‐heptane, toluene and octan‐1‐ol in anionic/cationic surfactant binary mixtures was studied. Triethanolammonium dodecylpolyoxyethylene sulfate (TADPS, containing ca 2 ethylene oxide units) was mixed with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr), dodecylpyridinium chloride (DPCl) or hexadecylpyridinium chloride (CPCl). The synergism for solubilization in those mixtures depended on the polarity of the solubilizate, involving its location in micelles. For n‐heptane (non‐polar), a practically positive synergistic effect was observed and the maximum additive concentration (MAC) in the TADPS/CTABr system was well predicted by Nishikido's ideal model. For toluene (slightly polarizable), solubilized both in the core and palisade layer of the micelle, a practically positive synergism was noticed. For octan‐1‐ol (amphipathic) usually solubilized in the palisade layer or forming mixed micelles with surfactants, however, a negative synergistic effect was observed and the partition coefficient between micellar and aqueous phases in the TADPS/CTABr system was well predicted by Treiner's non‐ideal model. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
A simple automated method of quantitative characterization of foam behaviour
Authors: Lunkenheimer Klaus , Malysa Kazimierz 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThere are various methods available to measure foam stability. However, their main drawback is that their results are hardly comparable because definite boundary conditions are missing. One particular disadvantage is that there is no method which is applicable to systems of very low (transient or ‘wet’ foams) as well as of very high (metastable or ‘dry’ foams) foam stability. Here, we put forward a novel automatic, pneumatic method that is applicable to both systems. Its principle relies on the measurement of the foam produced by dispersing a definite amount of gas in a definite volume of solution at constant gas velocity. Foam and draining solution are determined simultaneously. This method has advantages over all other methods in several respects such as: (1) it represents a simple and definite procedure under well‐defined boundary conditions, (2) it is generally applicable to all kinds of foam, and (3) it provides new standard parameters for the quantitative characterization of foamability and foam stability. The standard parameters can be related to the basic adsorption properties and the structure of the surfactant. The method's capability is demonstrated with three different non‐ionic and ionic surfactants belonging to the wet (n‐octanoic acid) and dry foam systems (n‐nonyl‐α‐D‐glucopyranoside and sodium dodecylsulfate). Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry