bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulverized Coal in Metallurgical Furnaces at High Altitudes
Authors: McIntyre Otis L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The following paper describes experiments with pulverized coal which led to the installation of apparatus for its use in the blast furnaces, reverberatories, and sintering machines of the Cerro de Pasco Copper Corporation at La Fundicion, Peru. Information is given of the method of determining the firing performance of pulverized coal; the behavior of the various mixtures; experiences with different air pressures; and the effects of ash. The experiments were conducted at an elevation of 14,000 ft. and this fact greatly adds to the value of the data presented, for heretofore but little attention has been paid to the effects of altitude upon the burning of pulverized coal.
Side-Cutting of Thread-Milling Hobs
Authors: Buckingham Earle 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
It has long been known that, due to the helix of a thread, the side-cutting action of a hob distorts the form of the thread on the work. In other words, the form of the tooth on the hob is not reproduced on the threaded part. The present paper is the result of a mathematical investigation of this subject and points out the corrections in the form of thread-milling hobs which can be readily made and also produce threads sufficiently correct as to form for all practical purposes.
The profile of the thread cut with a hob is a combination of two distinct curves. First, a small fillet is formed at the root of the thread which is the path of the outside corner of the hob. No correction in the form of the hob is possible to correct this point. Second, the larger part of the flank of the thread consists of a slightly curved profile which is formed by the overlapping paths of the infinite number of cutting points which form the cutting edge of the hob. Mathematically, a curved correction can be applied to the form of the hob which will correct this profile entirely. Practically, a straight-line correction can be applied which is almost exact, as the amount of the actual curvature on the flanks of the thread is seldom greater than one-tenth of a thousandth part of one inch. The greater the angle of helix of the thread, the greater the amount of correction necessary.
One very interesting fact is that the diameter of the hob has no effect on the form of the main part of the profile. The actual amount of side-cutting is more and the height of the fillet at the root of the thread is greater, as the diameter of the hob is increased, but the rest of the profile is unchanged.
This paper deals with both externally and internally threaded parts. The general conditions of side-cutting are identical in both cases. On a screw, however, the flanks of the hobbed thread will be convex, while in a nut they will be concave. Furthermore the height of the fillet at the root of the thread and the actual amount of side-cutting are relatively greater in a nut than on a screw.
The Constitution and Properties of Boiler Tubes
Authors: White Albert E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The investigation recorded in this paper was carried out because of defects which developed in tubes of the boilers at the Park Place Heating Plant of The Detroit Edison Company requiring replacement of the defective tubes and consequent shutting down of the boilers. Investigation was made of the question of water softening for the prevention of scale, changes in baffling for the better distribution of the heat in the boilers, and of the constitution and properties of the metal of the tubes. The paper relates mainly to the third part of the investigation.
The author believes that tube failures, aside from those due to imperfect heat transmission that is mainly the result of scale, are due to: (1) Tube brittleness resulting from absorption by the metal of hydrogen and usually attributable to faulty boiler-feedwater treatment; (2) blowholes or other imperfections in the metal; (3) recrystallization of the metal.
The paper goes into detail only on the last two causes, evidence regarding which is presented in the form of photomicrographs.
All of these conditions encountered lead the author to suggest that tubes with a carbon content of from 0.30 to 0.35 per cent would have better durability than tubes with a carbon content of from 0.08 to 0.18 per cent.
Distillation of Fuels as Applied to Coal and Lignite
Authors: Hood O. P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
There is a widespread feeling that the present methods of using coal are not wise, but exaggerated ideas are held as to the possibilities and value of coal distillation. The necessary investment is so large that the popular hope for cheap solid liquid or gaseous fuels produced by distillation processes is not likely to be realized. It is more likely that fuels will be produced whose special qualities will command a good price.
Low temperature distillation of coal has hardly reached the commercial stage, the most advanced experiment being the carbo coal process. Coal distillation will play an increasing part in supplying industrial and city gas and smokeless fuel for domestic heating.
In the lignite areas of the United States where there are large supplies of low grade fuel, distillation methods can be applied to lignite, obtaining gas, tar, ammonium sulphate, and a carbonized residue of excellent heating value.
Steam Formulas
Authors: Heck Robert C. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of the following paper is twofold: first, to make a comparison of the experimental data and the various formulations involved in determining the various steam formulas given; and secondly, to present a new set of equations derived by the writer in the course of the investigation.
The paper is divided into four parts. Part I defines quantities and symbols, states exact values of fundamental constants, shows the field of the two characteristic equations, and develops the general form of those equations. Starting from the simplest statement the development runs to complete algebraic form and definition of terms. Part I also contains a general view of the body of physical data in its several departments, a classification of formulations as to kind, and a chronological list of all the formulations that are to enter into subsequent comparisons.
Part II is concerned with the properties of saturated steam, that is, with the boundaries of the region of water-and-steam mixture. These consist of the liquid line on one side and the dry-steam or saturation line on the other, merging at the critical temperature. Over the range up to about 1000 lb. pressure the saturation curves are obtained by evaluating the general steam-gas or superheat equations. For the rest these boundaries are defined by empirical formulas which are set forth.
Part III deals with superheated steam and is the most important section of the paper, giving the two general equations and several sets of constants. These are found in Tables 1 and 2. The curve and data comparisons are of great interest in showing the high “state of the art” of steam formulation.
Part IV gives some account of the methods used in fixing the constants of the general equations, which are listed in the first part of the paper. It also contains matters for debate among specialists.
Self–Supporting Chimneys to Withstand Earthquake
Authors: Weymouth C. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The studies of the Japanese Imperial Investigation Committee on the nature of the stresses developed in chimneys in consequence of earthquakes are summarized by the author, who also examines the conclusions of the committee in the light of data on failures of chimneys secured from inspections of wrecks caused by the San Francisco earthquake of 1906. An advancement to the theory developed by Professor Omori, Chairman of the Japanese Committee, on the design of chimneys to withstand earthquakes, is then presented. This assumes that the chimney, instead of being looked upon as rigid, should be considered as a body oscillating about the center of percussion. Reference is made in the paper to the design of various chimneys where the theory outlined has been applied.
Recording ASH-PIT Loss From Chain-Grate Stokers
Authors: Bailey E. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper presents certain preliminary data obtained from a device recently developed to record the ash-pit loss from chain-grate stokers and thus enable firemen to effectively control this factor.
The device consists of a steel tube or bulb filled with nitrogen and connected through a capillary tube to a recorder consisting of a mercury U-tube, one leg of which is open to the atmosphere and carries a float to which the recorder pen is attached. It has been found that when this bulb is properly located near the rear of a chain-grate stoker, its temperature will respond definitely to changes in the amount of combustiable going to the ash pit and will vary in direct proportion to the heat thus lost.
Records of ash-pit loss, excess air, unburned gas, flue-gas temperature, and boiler rating make it possible to plot characteristic performance curves for stokers showing the losses due to unburned combustible, unburned gases and excess air, and to determine the proper amount of excess air to be maintained and also the most efficient capacity. These curves can be used to compare the relative efficiencies of different types of stokers, the suitability of different kinds of coal, and the effectiveness of the control by the fireman.
Boiler Tests With Pulverized Coal
Authors: Kreisinger Henry , Blizard John 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author presents a summary of the results obtained in an extended series of tests of a 468-hp. water-tube boiler fired with pulverized Illinois coal.
The results show that, contrary to the customary specification, it is not necessary to pulverize the coal to the extreme fineness of 85 per cent through a 200-mesh screen in order to get good combustion and good efficiency. This ability to burn coarser coal means increased capacity of the pulverizing mills and decreased cost of coal preparation.
The results also show that it is not necessary to dry coal to about 1 per cent moisture in order to burn it successfully in pulverized form, and it is stated that with most eastern coals drying is not at all necessary.
Good results can be obtained when the coal is burned at rates varying from ½ lb. to 2 lb. per cu. ft. of combustion space per hour, and the best results at a rate of 1 to 1½ lb.
Future Power Development in the Middle West
Authors: Place C. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author outlines a system in which it is proposed that the fairly efficient steam power plants in the 100-odd cities of over 25,000 population in the 14 middle-western states be interconnected, not by heavy high-voltage lines, but by lines running from each which will pick up the small-town and village load to the point where its next larger neighbor will take its share; hydroelectric plants are to be installed on the streams near the towns and villages, each with a small pondage; the steam stations are to carry the steady continuous load above the maximum stream flow, the hydroelectric plants automatically coming on to carry the peaks. On the off-peak period the hydroelectric plants will restore the pondage and carry local load. The quickness with which the latter can get on the line (12 to 30 seconds) will enable the steam stations always to work at maximum efficiency. The advantages of the system are pointed out in the paper, as well as the procedure necessary to bring about its development.
Stresses and Deformation in Flat Circular Cylinder Heads: A Mathematical Analysis
Authors: Fish Gilbert Dudley 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
An analysis covering homogeneous elastic disks, where form and loading are symmetrical with respect to all diameters, where the loading is a combination of fluid pressures and of forces acting normally on concentric circles, where the thickness is uniform, and where all strains are within limits of true elasticity. Formulas applicable to all cases considered in the paper are developed, and equations are given for the constants of integration involved in the mathematical analysis. Two typical cases of the application of the principles involved have been analyzed and the results presented diagramatically. To facilitate the computation of critical stresses and deflections in cases commonly occurring, simplified formulas are presented which may be solved by the use of charts from which certain terms are derived.
The Vertical Triple-Expansion Pumping Engine: A New Record Performance at Cleveland, Ohio
Authors: Quayle L. A. , Brown E. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Cleveland, Ohio’s, installations during the past sixty-five years make an interesting study of both the improvement which has been made in the economy of pumping engines, and the increase in energy available to the engine which has resulted from successive increases in steam pressure and temperature. These installations also cover the period of the introduction of stoker firing and the operating records show their effect on the overall economy.
In 1917 Cleveland’s new Division Avenue Pumping Station was put into service. The results of recent tests of the units of this station are given in detail in the present paper, as well as results of the official tests of all of the nine other vertical triple-expansion pumping engines in service in the Cleveland Water Works.
The authors’ investigation leads them to believe that the Division Avenue station contains at least one and possibly four engines whose duty record and thermal efficiency have never been equalled by any other steam-driven pumping engine, namely, 211,000,000 ft-lb. of work per 1000 lb. of steam used and 24.3 per cent thermal efficiency. They consider that the development which has led to such high efficiency in water-works steam pumping engines that require in general a maximum of not over 1500 hp., has been largely the result of the practice, instituted by water-works engineers, of making economy tests on all installations.
Economy in Textile Drying
Authors: Andrews B. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The following paper reviews the well-known facts of drying, pointing out —
1 The desirability of reducing the drying time in any drier at the expense of steam, or even labor, because of the preponderance of the overhead item.
2 That this increase in the rate of drying must usually be obtained by increased temperature of the material being dried, and decreased vapor tension of the air actually in contact with it.
3 That reduced labor costs, while usually a natural consequence of increased speed from the drier, can often be further reduced by combining the drier with other machinery into a range.
4 That steam consumption can be cut only by eliminating leakage, reducing radiation by insulation, and using the minumum amount of new air for removal of water.
5 Because cans meet all these conditions, they should be used in preference to all other types of driers wherever the nature of the product will permit.
Using Exhaust Energy in Reciprocating Engines
Authors: Stumpf J. , Trump C. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
There are a surprising number of cases where oil, gas or steam engines will show better economy than purchased power and electric motors, and this may be emphasized where the exhaust from steam engines is valuable for heating or process work. Any development which will improve the efficiency of reciprocating engines, and at the same time simplify their construction should be of interest.
Up to now, reciprocating engines have suffered from losses due to incomplete expansion. There has been a compromise between such losses and mechanical ones connected with the use of very large cylinders. Oil engines, multiple-expansion and uniflow steam engines are coming to use high ratios of expansion, and these are doing much to reduce exhaust losses. Many advantages may be gained, however, if the energy remaining in the exhaust at release can be converted into kinetic energy, and from that into partial vacuum in the cylinder. In double-acting uniflow steam engines, for instance, pistons and cylinders may be made smaller and shorter for a given load, the number of exhaust ports reduced, and a greater range of back pressures may be negotiated without extra clearance or exhaust valves. By attention to design of exhaust pipes and nozzles the performance and efficiency of such engines may be a good deal improved.
The theoretical problems are presented in this paper for discussion, and practical applications to either single-cylinder or multi-cylinder engines are suggested and illustrated.
Heat Losses From Bare and Covered Wrought-Iron Pipe at Temperatures Up to 800 Deg. Fahr.
Authors: Heilman R. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
High-temperature superheated steam running up to 800 deg. Fahr. and high-temperature chemical processes are being more and more widely used, and accordingly the question of heat losses from pipes under such temperature conditions is one of importance to the engineering profession.
This paper presents the findings of an experimental investigation conducted in the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research of the University of Pittsburgh. The losses from bare wrought-iron pipes have been measured for temperatures up to and including 800 deg. fahr. They have been studied carefully for pipes of various diameters, and empirical formulas are presented whereby the loss from pipes of any diameter may be readily calculated.
Report Upon Efficiency Tests of a 60,000-Kw. Cross-Compound Triple-Cylinder Steam Turbine
Authors: Reynolds Herbert B. , Hovey Walter F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The present paper contains the results of tests on the 60,000-kw. Westinghouse turbine installed at the 74th Street power station of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, New York City.
This turbine is of the cross-compound, triple-cylinder type, consisting of one high-pressure element and two low-pressure elements, each element driving a separate generator. The normal steam pressure at the throttle is 220 lb. abs. with a superheat of 150 deg. fahr. exhausting into a vacuum of 29 in. Hg. The speed of all three elements is 1,500 r.p.m.
The primary steam inlet takes care of all loads up to 40,000-kw. A secondary inlet which bypasses the first six stages cares for all loads up to 50,000-kw., after which a tertiary inlet which bypasses the first ten stages opens and increases the capacity to 60,000-kw. The generators are able to carry a maximum load of 70,000-kw. for two hours, this being effected through a hand-operated quaternary valve which bypasses four additional stages of the high-pressure turbine.
The lowest water rate obtained while operating the complete unit under normal conditions was 11.00 lb. per kw-hr., while the highest Rankine and thermal efficiencies obtained were 76.0 per cent and 25.1 per cent., respectively. With the high-pressure and one low-pressure turbine in service the lowest water rate was 11.25 lb. per kw-hr.
Results of tests of 30,000-kw. Westinghouse cross-compound turbines at the same station were presented before the Society in 1916 in a paper by H. G. Stott and W. S. Finlay, Jr., and of 30,000-kw. General Electric turbines of the straight Curtis impulse type in a paper read at the Spring Meeting, Chicago, May, 1921, by the senior author of the present paper.
The Development and Use of the Modern Chain Grate
Authors: Marsh T. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After discussing the need of progressive combustion of the several constituents in coal, and the variations in grate design to handle different coals, the author takes up the improvement of chain-grate practice as regards air-tightness, cooling, size of combustion space, etc. He shows how greater boiler capacity can be obtained by increasing grate size or by more intense natural or forced draft (0.50 to 0.60 in. for a combustion rate of 40 to 45 lb. per sq. ft. of grate per hour), but states that high and sudden overloads are best met by forced-draft chain grates burning 55 to 60 lb. bituminous coal per sq. ft. per hour, with air at 2 in. pressure distributed through compartments between the runs of chain. He describes such equipment, and states that 200 per cent of rating can be reached in 8 min., from a short-banked fire, or in 52 min. from a cold grate. The paper concludes with a table of results obtained in a number of stations equipped with chain grates.
Effect of Pulsations on Flow of Gases
Authors: Judd Horace , Pheley Donal B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The movement of gases and liquids when calculated by the existing hydraulic formulas presupposes a steady or continuous flow of the fluid. Anything which causes this flow to proceed in puffs, waves, or pulsations will result, by the action of metering devices, in errors often of great magnitude which generally do not admit of any adjustment, or of any definite knowledge of the amount of the error.
The present paper discusses work undertaken under the joint direction of the Engineering Experiment Station of the Ohio State University and the Research Sub-Committee on Fluid Meters of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, which had for its object (a) the study of the nature of the pulsation and (b) the discovery of some practical means of reducing or eliminating the pulsation or of compensating for its effects on the devices used for measuring fluid flow. The investigation was confined to the venturi meter, the orifice meter, the flange nozzle meter, and the pitot meter, using air flow from a small compressor discharging into a 3-in. line. It is believed, however, that the basic principles established by the experiments are fundamental for pulsating-flow conditions for gas, steam, and water as well as for air, and also for other sizes and kinds of installations.
The Degasification of Boiler Feedwater
Authors: McDermet J. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper deals with the fundamental laws governing the operation of a method of degasifying water fed to boilers and economizers by heating the water to a temperature of some 25 deg. fahr. above the temperature at which it is to be deaërated and then suddenly introducing this water into a chamber in which a vacuum is maintained by a condenser and an air exhauster in series. The successful operation of the process depends upon (a) the inevitable reduction of solubility of dissolved gases in the water with increase of temperature (b) the explosive boiling caused by the rapid injection of heated water into a zone of lower boiling temperature and (c) a method of control and agitation of the water subsequent to the explosive boiling in a reduced air tension. The paper discusses the problem of eliminating air from feedwater in different types of heaters.
Hydroelectric Possibilities of Quebec
Authors: Smith Julian C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The three watersheds of the province of Quebec have an available water-power of 5,250,000 kw. of continuous power, of which at present about 800,000 kw. have been developed and utilized, leaving available as commercial power about 4,500,000 kw. of continuous power, or 12,000,000 hp. at 50 per cent load factor. The load factor of the industries of the province range about as follows: paper mills, 65 to 75 per cent; carbide and electrochemical plants, 85 to 90 per cent; cement mills, 80 to 90 per cent; asbestos and mining industries, 45 per cent. At the present rate of increase in the use of electric power, the total available hydroelectric power in the province will be completely utilized within thirty years.