bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of robust estimating equations to the analysis of quantitative longitudinal data
Authors: Hu Mingxiu , Lachin John M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA model fit by general estimating equations (GEE) has been used extensively for the analysis of longitudinal data in medical studies. To some extent, GEE tries to minimize a quadratic form of the residuals, and therefore is not robust in the sense that it, like least squares estimates, is sensitive to heavy‐tailed distributions, contaminated distributions and extreme values. This paper describes the family of truncated robust estimating equations and its properties for the analysis of quantitative longitudinal data. Like GEE, the robust estimating equations aim to assess the covariate effects in the generalized linear model in the complete population of observations, but in a manner that is more robust to the influence of aberrant observations. A simulation study has been conducted to compare the finite‐sample performance of GEE and the robust estimating equations under a variety of error distributions and data structures. It shows that the parameter estimates based on GEE and the robust estimating equations are approximately unbiased and the type I errors of Wald tests do not tend to be inflated. GEE is slightly more efficient with pure normal data, but the efficiency of GEE declines much more quickly than the robust estimating equations when the data become contaminated or have heavy tails, which makes the robust estimating equations advantageous with non‐normal data. Both GEE and the robust estimating equations are applied to a longitudinal analysis of renal function in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). For this application, GEE seems to be sensitive to the working correlation specification in that different working correlation structures may lead to different conclusions about the effect of intensive diabetes treatment. On the other hand, the robust estimating equations consistently conclude that the treatment effect is highly significant no matter which working correlation structure is used. The DCCT Research Group also demonstrated a significant effect using a mixed‐effects longitudinal model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congruence between technology and compensation systems: implications for strategy implementation
Authors: Shaw Jason D. , Gupta Nina , Delery John E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the interactive relationship between the use of integrated manufacturing and compensation practices in predicting several aspects of plant performance in the concrete pipe industry. We predicted that compensation practices reinforcing collective effort, teamwork, and flexibility (team incentives and skill‐based pay) enhance the effectiveness of integrated manufacturing systems (total quality management and advanced manufacturing technology), while practices inhibiting cooperation and teamwork among employees (individual incentives and seniority‐based pay) impede it. Results provide moderate support for the congruence model across several measures of plant effectiveness (labor hours per ton, lost‐time accidents, perceptual performance, and customer satisfaction). Implications of the research are addressed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absorptive capacity, learning, and performance in international joint ventures
Authors: Lane Peter J. , Salk Jane E. , Lyles Marjorie A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes and tests a model of IJV learning and performance that segments absorptive capacity into the three components originally proposed by Cohen and Levinthal (1990). First, trust between an IJV's parents and the IJV's relative absorptive capacity with its foreign parent are suggested to influence its ability to understand new knowledge held by foreign parents. Second, an IJV's learning structures and processes are proposed to influence its ability to assimilate new knowledge from those parents. Third, the IJV's strategy and training competence are suggested to shape its ability to apply the assimilated knowledge. Revisiting the Hungarian IJVs studied by Lyles and Salk (1996) 3 years later, we find support for the knowledge understanding and application predictions, and partial support for the knowledge assimilation prediction. Unexpectedly, our results suggest that trust and management support from foreign parents are associated with IJV performance but not learning. Our model and results offer a new perspective on IJV learning and performance as well as initial insights into how those relationships change over time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knowledge spillover in corporate financing networks: embeddedness and the firm's debt performance
Authors: Uzzi Brian , Gillespie James J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBuilding on social embeddedness theory, we examine how the competencies and resources of one corporate actor in a network are transferred to another actor that uses them to enhance transactions with a third actor—a strategic process we dub ‘network transitivity.’ Focusing on the properties of network transitivity in the context of small‐firm corporate finance, we consider how embedded relations between a firm and its banks facilitate the firm's access to distinctive capabilities that enable it to strategically manage its trade‐credit financing relationships. We apply theory and original case‐study fieldwork to explore the types of resources and competencies available through bank–firm relationships and to derive hypotheses about how embedded bank–firm relationships affect the strategy of small‐ to medium‐sized firms. Using a separate large‐scale data set, we then test the generalizability of our hypotheses. Our qualitative analyses show that embedded bank–firm ties provide special governance arrangements that facilitate the firm's access to bank‐centered informational and capital resources, which uniquely enhance the firm's ability to manage trade credit. Consistent with our arguments, our statistical analyses show that small‐ to medium‐sized firms with embedded ties to their bankers were more likely to take lucrative early‐payment trade discounts and avoid costly late‐payment penalties than were similar firms that lacked embedded ties—suggesting that social embeddedness beneficially affects the financial performance of the firm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are organizations autopoietic? A call for new debate
Authors: Kay Robert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDiscussion and debate over the application of autopoiesis to social systems has been enthusiastic since Maturana and Varela's (1980) theory was translated from Spanish into English in the early 1980s. In this paper I will examine the debate so far, in order to propose a new ‘frame’ for discussion based upon the establishment of a working ontology for organizations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age differences in phosphodiesterase type‐IV and its functional response to dopamine D1 receptor modulation in the living brain: A PET study in conscious monkeys
Authors: Harada Norihiro , Nishiyama Shingo , Ohba Hiroyuki , Sato Kengo , Kakiuchi Takeharu , Tsukada Hideo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present study demonstrated the age‐related changes in the striatal dopamine D1 receptor binding and its related cAMP second‐messenger system in the living brains of conscious young (6.4 ± 1.8 years old) and aged (19.5 ± 3.3 years old) monkeys (Macaca mulatta) using positron emission tomography (PET). For quantitative analysis of D1 receptors, [11C]SCH23390 was used and phosphodiesterase type‐IV (PDE‐IV) activity, as an index of cAMP system, was estimated by two scans with R‐ and S‐[11C]rolipram. Significant age‐related decreases in D1 receptor binding were observed in the striatum and frontal cortex. Analysis of uptake of R‐ and S‐[11C]rolipram indicated age‐related decreases in PDE‐IV activity showing 22.0 and 25.2% decreases in the striatum and frontal cortex, respectively, while no significant changes were observed in the cerebellum. With systemic preadministration of the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 (0.2, 0.6, and 2 mg/kg), the PDE‐IV activities in the striatum and frontal cortex were dose‐dependently suppressed in both age groups. However, the degree of suppression by SCH23390 was more marked in young than in aged monkeys. These results demonstrate that the striatal cAMP second‐messenger system activity as well as its functional response to dopamine D1 antagonist showed age‐related impairment in the brain. Synapse 44:139–145, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do infants with major congenital anomalies have an excess of macrosomia?
Authors: Waller D.K. , Keddie A.M. , Canfield M.A. , Scheuerle A.E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundInfants that develop congenital anomalies may also have an excess prevalence of macrosomia (birth weight ≥4,000 g). This may indicate that abnormalities of glycemic control play a role in the etiology of birth defects. This study was undertaken to determine whether all infants with congenital anomalies have an excess of macrosomia and whether it is confined to specific types of anomalies.MethodsA case‐control study was conducted, comparing the birth weights of 8,226 infants with congenital anomalies ascertained by the Texas Birth Defects Monitoring Division with those of 965,965 infants without birth defects. Odds ratios were calculated to determine the association between birth weight and congenital anomalies, for 45 specific defects, and for all these defects combined.ResultsFor all 45 defects combined, a significant association occurred only in the highest birth weight category. Infants with congenital anomalies were more likely than infants without birth defects to have a birth weight ≥4,500 g (OR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.39–1.96). Infants born with ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, ventricular hypertrophy, or anomalies of the great vessels were 1.5–2.5 times more likely to weigh ≥4,000 g than were infants without birth defects. Based on small numbers, a stronger excess of macrosomia was observed for infants with encephalocele, holoprosencephaly, anomalies of the corpus callosum, preaxial polydactyly, and omphalocele.ConclusionsOur data suggest that infants with specific congenital anomalies are more likely to be macrosomic than are infants without an anomaly. If these findings are confirmed, associations between macrosomia and specific types of birth defects may help to identify birth defects that are caused by alterations in glycemic control. Teratology 64:311–317, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of the ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase (EROD) assay to mixtures of halogenated aromatic compounds
Authors: Petrulis John R. , Chen Guosheng , Benn Sally , LaMarre Jon , Bunce Nigel J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase (EROD) assay monitors the induction of the xenobiotic‐metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P‐450 (CYP) 1A1 and is a widely used biomarker for exposure of wildlife to substances that bind the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. In this work the induction of EROD activity by single compounds and binary mixtures in primary rat hepatocytes was compared with the predictions of a kinetic model involving mixtures of inducers. The inducing agents were also examined for their ability to activate the Ah receptor to its DNA‐binding form and for their ability to act as competitive inhibitors for CYP 1A1. Xenobiotics that failed to activate the Ah receptor did not induce EROD activity. Competitive inhibition for CYP 1A1 between the xenobiotic and 7‐ethoxyresorufin caused EROD activity to fall at high xenobiotic concentrations. Competition for a limited number of Ah receptor sites depressed the EROD activity of a strong inducer such as 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin at high concentrations of a weak inducer. Application of the kinetic model to the example of a mixture of low concentrations of dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and much higher concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls indicated that EROD assays often seriously underestimate the true potency of an environmental sample. Hence the EROD assay cannot be used for determining dioxin equivalent concentrations using the toxic equivalence factor approach. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 177–184, 2001
Tests for the toxicity assessment of cyanobacterial bloom samples
Authors: Tarczynska Małgorzata , Nalecz‐Jawecki Grzegorz , Romanowska‐Duda Zdzislawa , Sawicki Jozef , Beattie Keneth , Codd Geoff , Zalewski Maciej 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCyanobacterial (blue–green algal) blooms are one of the common consequences of the increasing eutrophication of surface waters. The production of cyanobacterial toxins and their presence in drinking and recreational waters represents a growing danger to human and animal health. Due to a lack of toxin standards and to resource limitations on the wide‐scale use of analytical methods (e.g., high‐performance liquid chromatography, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) in cyanobacterial toxin monitoring, it is necessary to assess and to develop additional methods for their detection and estimation. Microbiotests using invertebrates offer a possible approach for the inexpensive and straightforward detection and assessment of cyanobacterial bloom toxicity. Three microbiotests with: Thamnocephalus platyurus, Daphnia magna, and Spirostomum ambiguum were examined with bloom samples containing hepatotoxic microcystin‐LR and up to five additional microcystin variants. Two kinds of cyanobacterial bloom sample preparations were tested: crude extracts (CE) and purified extracts (PE). The highest toxicity was found when CE was used for microbiotests. The sensitivity of microorganisms decreased from S. ambiguum to T. platyurus and to D. magna. A statistically significant correlation was found between microcystin concentration and T. platyurus biotest, and between mouse bioassay and S. ambiguum results. Addition of Me2SO (1%, v/v) is a possible method to increase the sensitivity of the microorganisms for microcystin‐LR. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 383–390, 2001
Component selection for a compact micro‐XRF spectrometer
Authors: Bichlmeier S. , Janssens K. , Heckel J. , Gibson D. , Hoffmann P. , Ortner H. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe performances of a number of commercially available components which together can be employed to assemble a compact micro‐XRF spectrometer were compared. The purpose of such a spectrometer is to permit local, non‐destructive analysis of various materials; its compact nature will allow it to be used on‐site, i.e. at the location where the investigated objects/materials are present rather than in a laboratory. The performances of two polycapillary lenses (of different manufacture) and one monocapillary tube were compared in combination with a mini‐focus x‐ray tube with Mo anode. The use of an Si‐drift chamber and an Si PIN‐diode detector was investigated and the achievable minimum detection limits for trace elements in glass and silver matrices were determined. Finally, the effect of using mini‐focus tubes (with 250 µm focus) as opposed to the use of a more conventional x‐ray source (1 mm focus) on the obtained beam size was investigated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AFLP analysis of type strains and laboratory and industrial strains of Saccharomyces sensu stricto and its application to phenetic clustering
Authors: Azumi Masatoshi , Goto‐Yamamoto Nami 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUsing nine primer pairs, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was conducted to characterize industrial, laboratory and type strains of Saccharomyces sensu stricto. S. cerevisiae, S. bayanus, S. carlsbergensis and S. paradoxus had species‐specific AFLP profiles, with some variations among the strains. Nineteen wine, ale, bakery, whisky and laboratory strains of S. cerevisiae were differentiated by two primer pairs, while out of 19 strains of sake yeast, two groups consisting of two and eight strains were not differentiated using nine primer pairs. A phenogram of 41 strains of S. cerevisiae, two strains of S. bayanus, the type strain of S. pastorianus, three strains of S. carlsbergensis, one hybrid strain of S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus and the type strain of S. paradoxus was obtained by the unweighted pair group method, using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) based on the percentage of shared AFLP fragments of each sample pair. This phenogram demonstrated clear separations of S. cerevisiae, S. bayanus, S. carlsbergensis and S. paradoxus. However, S. pastorianus ATCC 12752T showed the highest percentages of shared fragments with the strains of S. bayanus, and formed a cluster with them. Except for the type strain of S. pastorianus, the percentages of shared fragments showed a similar tendency with reported data of DNA relatedness. The cluster of S. cerevisiae separated into three subclusters: one consisting of sake and shochu strains and a whisky strain; another consisting of bakery, wine, ale and whisky strains; and a third consisting of laboratory strains. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A nuclear‐encoded intein in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Butler Margaret I. , Goodwin Timothy J. D. , M. Poulter Russell T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have used comparative sequence analysis to identify an intein‐like sequence (protein splicing element) present in Cryptococcus neoformans, a fungal pathogen of humans. The sequence encoding this element is present in the C. neoformans PRP8 gene, as an in‐frame insertion relative to the PRP8 genes of other organisms. It contains sequences similar to those of the protein‐splicing domains of two previously described yeast inteins (in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida tropicalis), although it lacks any recognizable internal endonuclease domain. The Cryptococcus neoformans intein (Cne PRP8) is only the second to be found in a eukaryote nuclear genome; the previously described yeast inteins occur at the same site in the VMA gene homologues of S. cerevisiae and C. tropicalis. The host gene of the Cryptococcus intein, PRP8, encodes a highly conserved mRNA splicing protein found as part of the spliceosome. The Cne PRP8 intein may be a useful drug target in addressing the cryptococcal infections so prevalent in AIDS patients. The Cne PRP8 coding sequence and the flanking sequences of the Cryptococcus neoformans PRP8 gene have been assigned GenBank Accession No. AF349436. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling and Verification of PREMO Synchronisable Objects
Authors: Faconti G. P. , Massink M. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.
The PREMO standard, Presentation Environment for Multimedia Objects, is a major new standard under development within ISO/IEC. It addresses the creation of, presentation of, and interaction with all forms of information using single or multiple media. In this paper we give a formal LOTOS specification, amenable to automatic verification, of the PREMO synchronisable object, which is one of the central parts of the standard. Various design options are investigated by a combination of constraint oriented specification and model checking. This shows the usefulness of formal specification and automatic verification during the design phase of an international standard.
The CtCoq System: Design and Architecture
Authors: Bertot Yves 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.
The CtCoq user-interface is a graphical user-interface designed to be added to the Coq proof development system, acting as a broker between the human user and the logical engine. The principal design goal for CtCoq was to support large-scale proof development and we claim that this user-interface helps to increase the productivity of Coq users through powerful capabilities for elaborate mathematical notations, mouse interaction, and script management. In this paper, we review the user interface implementation to show how this design goal affects the capabilities provided by the system.
Interactive Proof Critics
Authors: Ireland Andrew , Jackson Michael , Reid Gordon 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.
The key to a successful proof often lies within the analysis of failed proof attempts. Motivated by this observation we have developed and evaluated an interface to an inductive theorem prover which supports a collaborative style of failure analysis. Our work builds upon an automatic proof patching mechanism and extends the capabilities of an existing theorem proving interface. Our approach is multi-disciplinary, we draw upon work from both the automated theorem proving and human computer interaction communities.
Proving as Editing HOL Tactics
Authors: Takahashi Koichi , Hagiya Masami 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.
We introduce an Emacs interface for writing HOL proof scripts in SML based on the Computing-as-Editing paradigm. Tactics in a proof script are considered as constraints, and the process of interactive theorem proving becomes that of solving constraints. In addition, constraint solving is subsumed by the process of editing a proof script. Tactics are executed while the script is being edited. The user does not have to pay attention to the status of the HOL prover. In our interface, the user can also enjoy proof-by-pointing. The result of proof-by-pointing is inserted as a tactic into a proof script. We expect that our interface will be widely used as an extension of the familiar HOL mode on Emacs.
ADL: An Activity Description Language for Real-Time Networks
Authors: Paynter Stephen , Armstrong Jim , Haveman Jan 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.

This paper introduces and motivates ADL, a new formal notation for the specification of the temporal and functional behaviour of concurrent processes. ADL is tailored to be directly compatible with the DORIS design method. It combines a graphical
Activity State-Machine
(ASM) notation and a model-based
Activity Functional Behaviour
(AFB) notation. The abstract syntax, and static and dynamic semantics for the ASM notation are given, the dynamic semantics being given proof-theoretically in many-sorted logic extended with the RTL ‘occurrence’ relation,
Θ
, and the ERTL ‘holding’ relation,
Φ
. ADL is used to specify a small network, and proofs are given of its timeliness and safety properties.