bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intestinal permeability in pigs during rotavirus infection
Authors: Vellenga Liebe , Egberts Herman J. A. , Wensing Theo , van Dijk Jaap E. , Mouwen Johan M. V. M. , Breukink Henk J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Macromolecular permeability of the small intestine was tested in four 3-week-old gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with porcine rotavirus strain RV277 (group A). Pigs were administered 126I-labeled polyvinylpyrrolidone (molecular weight [mol wt], 40,000) orally 1 day before and 2 and 24 hours after virus inoculation, and blood samples were obtained every 6 hours. Eight hours after rotavirus inoculation, pigs had watery diarrhea. Increased permeation of 125I-labeled polyvinylpyrrolidone was not observed after clinical signs of infection had developed. Serum total protein and urea nitrogen concentrations increased slightly at the end of the study, probably as a consequence of dehydration. Differences in blood glucose concentration were not seen. At 48 hours after viral inoculation, macromolecular permeability was tested morphologically by injecting horseradish peroxidase (mol wt, 40,000) into the jejunal lumen just distally to the ligamentum colicoduo-denale. After am incubation period of 20 minutes, small segments of jejunum were obtained for stereomicroscopic, histologic, and ultrastructural investigations. Moderate hyperregenerative villus atrophy was found. Ultrastructural changes of the villus epithelium were minor, and increased macromolecular permeation was not observed.
Evaluation of support bandaging during measurement of proximal sesamoidean ligament strain in horses by use of a mercury strain gauge
Authors: Keegan Kevin G. , Baker Gordon J. , Boero Michael J. , Pijanowski Gerry J. , Phillips Jim W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Liquid mercury strain gauges were implanted in the forelimb proximal sesamoidean ligaments (psl) of 8 adult horses. The gauges measured psl strain while horses were standing with or without external support. In 6 of the horses, the gauges also measured PSL strain in horses at a walk, with or without external support. Gauges were enclosed within sliding polypropylene tubes to prevent nonaxial deformation. Each gauge was placed in 1 arm of a low-resistance half-bridge circuit. To provide temperature compensation, a dummy gauge was placed in the adjacent arm of the bridge circuit and was implanted next to the active gauge in the surrounding fascial tissue.
External support included fiberglass cast support (cast), dorsal fetlock splint support (dfs), support wraps of 3 bandage materials (SW1, SW2, and SW3), and support wrap with caudal splint (SW4). The cast was applied, with the fetlock and foot in weightbearing position, from the proximal portion of the metacarpus distal to and including the foot. The dfs was applied by placing the cranial half of the fiberglass cast on the dorsal aspect of the instrumented limb. The SW1, SW2, and SW3 were applied in a figure-8 pattern around the fetlock, using 50% of the linear stretch capacity of the bandage material, with the horse standing squarely on all 4 limbs. The SW4 was applied identically to the other support wraps, with the exception of addition of a flexible caudal splint incorporated in the support wrap.
Mean maximal strain while standing (∈s) without external support for 8 horses was 6.0% (range, 3.8 to 7.5%). Mean maximal strain at a walk (∈s) without external support for 6 horses was 5.9% (range, 4.1 to 8.2%). Only cast and dfs significantly reduced ∈s. Cast support reduced ∈s to a mean ± SEM 1.4 ± 0.2%, 77% reduction in total strain (P <0.0001). Use of dfs reduced ∈s to a mean 4.2 ± 0.3%, 30% reduction in total strain (P < 0.0001). The SW1, SW2, and SW3 did not significantly reduce ∈s (power > 0.8, δ = 20%). Conclusions cannot be made for reduction of ∈s with SW4 (power < 0.8, δ = 20%) because of low sample size. Only cast and dfs significantly reduced ∈w. Cast support reduced ∈w to a mean 2.0 ± 0.3%, 67% reduction in total strain (P < 0.0001). The dfs reduced ∈w to a mean 4.4 ± 0.4%, 25% reduction in total strain (P < 0.008). The SW1, SW2, and SW3 did not significantly reduce ∈w (power > 0.8, ∂ = 20%). Conclusions cannot be made for reduction of ∈w with SW4 (power < 0.8, ∂ = 20%) because of low sample size.
Serodiagnosis of paratuberculosis in sheep by use of agar gel immunodiffusion
Authors: Shulaw W. P. , Bech-Nielsen S. , Rings D. M. , Getzy D. M. , Woodruff T. S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
An agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test was used over a 3-year period to examine 1,871 serum samples from sheep representing 5 Mycobacterium paratuberculosis — infected flocks and 4 flocks presumed to be uninfected. Of 1,032 sheep, 31 had positive agid test results (scoring 1 to 5), and 23 of these 31 were necropsied. Infection with M paratuberculosis was confirmed by 1 or more of the following findings: observation of typical lesions on histologic examination of sections of ileum or ileocecal lymph nodes, observation of clumps of acid-fast bacteria in mucosal smears of ileum, and isolation of the organism from feces or tissue. False-positive results on agid testing were not found in sheep from flocks known to have exposure to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Diarrhea in infected sheep was observed infrequently; chronic, severe weight loss was the most common sign observed. On histologic examination of tissues from 20 infected sheep, 16 (80%) had diffuse lesions of the ileum and 13 (65%) had acid-fast bacteria in areas of ileal inflammation; 4 had discrete granulomas and peripheral lymphocytic infiltrates in the ileum. Sheep with diffuse lesions tended to have higher mean scores on agid testing and examination for acid-fast bacteria, compared with those from sheep with more discrete lesions. Bacteriologic culture yielded M paratuberculosis from only 3 sheep with paratuberculosis. On the basis of results of this study, we suggest that the nature of the response to infection with M paratuberculosis may influence the results of diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis, and that agid testing may be useful to identify M paratuberculosis infection in sheep with chronic weight loss and in flock-screening programs.
Technique for long-term right dorsal colon fistulization in ponies
Authors: Wilkins Pamela A. , Lowe John E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Right dorsal colon fistulas, 2.5 cm in diameter, were created in 2 healthy ponies, using a 2-stage surgical procedure. The first stage consisted of resection of portions of the 16th and 17th ribs on the right side, followed by surgical creation of a 6- to 8-cm-diameter adhesion between the right dorsal colon and the body wall. Fistulas were created approximately 2 weeks after the first surgery by sharp dissection through the adhesion into the lumen of the colon. The fistulas have been satisfactorily maintained for > 2 years by de Pezzer catheters (45 F). Ponies with fistulas have been used for gastrointestinal experiments.
Cytokine production during endotoxin-induced mastitis in lactating dairy cows
Authors: Shuster Dale E. , Kehrli Marcus E. , Stevens Mark G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The role of interleukin-1 (il-1), interleukin-6 (il- 6), and tumor necrosis factor α during endotoxin-induced mastitis in cows was characterized. Six cows had 10 μg of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide infused into 1 mammary gland. Three other cows served as nontreated controls. Within 1.5 to 2.5 hours after infusion, endotoxin caused obvious edema of the mammary gland and increased serum albumin concentration in milk of infused glands 6 times. Milk somatic cell count began to increase 3 to 5 hours after infusion in all treated glands. At 7 hours after infusion, somatic cell counts were increased >10 times, compared with counts in milk from control cows. Pyrexia of >1 C developed in only 1 cow, but all treated cows had serum cortisol concentrations >50 ng/ml in response to endotoxin treatment. High concentrations of il-1 (10 to 600 U/ml) and il-6 (2 to 22 U/ml) were detected in milk of infused glands beginning 2.5 to 4 hours after infusion. Endotoxin did not induce detectable amounts of tumor necrosis factor activity in milk or serum. Swelling and mammary gland permeability changes preceded any detectable increase in il-1 and il-6 activity, indicating that these clinical signs of inflammation were not mediated by these cytokines. Systemic responses and the leukocytic influx into endotoxin-infused glands developed after or concurrently with initial increases in il-1 and il-6 activities in milk. These results suggested that il-1 and il-6 may have a role in mammary gland defenses and in the pathophysiologic changes during endotoxin-induced mastitis.
Isolation of feline eosinophils via peritoneal lavage
Authors: Moriello Karen A. , Young Karen M. , Cooley A. James 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Fourteen cats were inoculated orally with 1 of 2 infective doses of Toxocara canis to induce eosin-ophilia. Cats were subsequently challenge exposed twice via intraperitoneal injection with 1 of 2 Tcanis antigen preparations. Peritoneal lavage was performed 2 days after antigenic challenge exposure, and eosinophils in the peritoneal lavage fluid were quantified.
None of the cats developed clinical signs of disease after infection. All cats developed peripheral eosinophilia after infection. Significant (P < 0.05) difference in mean eosinophil count from the lavage fluid was observed between lavage 1 (prechallengc exposure) and lavages 2 and 3 (postchallcnge exposure) in both groups of cats. Significant difference in eosinophil count was not found between cats given different doses of eggs. After initial challenge exposure, significantly (P < 0.05) more eosinophils were obtained from cats given antigen preparation 2 (prep-2) than from those given antigen prep-1. This difference was no longer observed after the second challenge exposure with higher doses of either antigen prep-1 or prep-2. In cats given antigen prep-2, significant difference was not found between lavages 2 and 3. However, in cats given antigen prep-1, eosinophil count was significantly (P = 0.005) greater in fluid obtained from lavage 3, compared with eosinophil count from lavage 2. Mean ± SEM percentage of eosinophils in the fluid from lavage 3 in all cats was 70.8 ± 2.2%. Other cell types included macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells.
Gross postmortem findings were mild. One- to 3-mm nodular white foci of inflammation were observed on the serosal surfaces of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and omentum. Microscopic examination of tissues revealed pulmonary artery hypertrophy (n = 4), eosinophilic peribronchitis and perivasculitis (n = 10), mild granulomatous interstitial nephritis (n = 6), interstitial pancreatitis (n = 1), focal lymphocytic myocarditis (n = 1), focal eosinophilic granulomatous hepatitis (n = 1), and eosinophilic hyperplasia of bone marrow (n = 14).
Large numbers of eosinophils could be harvested from the peritoneal cavity of cats inoculated orally with 500 embryonated T canis eggs and subsequently challenge-exposed intraperitoneally with preparations of parasite antigens. After the second challenge exposure, at least 108 eosinophils could be harvested from each cat, yielding eosinophils in the quantity required to begin isolation of granule constituents.
Persistence of tissue cysts in edible tissues of cattle fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Thulliez Ph. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Four 1-year-old steers were each inoculated orally with 10,000 Toxoplasma gondii oocysts of the GT-1 strain and euthanatized on postinoculation days (pid) 350, 539, 1191, and 1201. Samples (500 g) of tongue, heart, semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles (roast), intercostal muscles (ribs), longismus muscles (tenderloin), brain, kidneys, liver, and small intestine were bioassayed for T gondii by feeding to cats and examination of cat feces for shedding of oocysts. Toxoplasma gondii was recovered by bioassays in cats from the 3 steers necropsied pid 350, 539, and 1191, but not from the steer euthanatized on pid 1201. Cats shed oocysts after ingesting tongue from 2 steers, heart from 3 steers, liver from 2 steers, and roast, ribs, brain, and intestines from 1 steer each. Toxoplasma gondii was not isolated from any of the other bovine tissues. In addition to tissues bioassayed in cats, homogenates of mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs, spinal cord, spleen, and eyes were bioassayed in mice for T gondii infection. Toxoplasma gondii was not recovered from the 135 mice inoculated with tissue from each of the 4 steers. All 4 inoculated steers developed high T gondii antibody titers (≥ 1:8,000) in the agglutination test, using formalin-fixed whole tachyzoites. In the steer euthanatized on pid 1201, agglutinating T gondii antibody titers decreased from 1:4,000 to 1:320 between 2 and 5 months after inoculation and to 1:20 by 19 months after inoculation.
Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage tumor necrosis factor-α synthesis by polymyxin B sulfate
Authors: Coyne C. P. , Fenivick Brad W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The antibiotic polymyxin B sulfate is a cationic polypeptide with a unique cyclical configuration and distinct cationic characteristics. In this investigation, polymyxin H was evaluated to determine its ability to prevent synthesis of lactic acid and tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α) by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated strain RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cell populations. In this context, gradient concentrations of polymyxin B were formulated in the presence of fixed concentrations of lipopolysaccharide fractions from Escherichia coli (B4:0111), E coli (J5), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Salmonella minnesota, and S typhimurium (Re). Quantitation of tnf-α was established by the application of a tissue culture-based biological assay system, using the WEHI 164 clone 13 indicator cell line. Investigations also included evaluation of the ability of gradient concentrations of lipopolysaccharide fractions from E coli (B4:0111), E coli Q5), K pneumoniae, P aeruginosa, S minnesota, and S typbimurium (Re) to form a complex with polymyxin B. This was established through application of high-performance thin-layer chromatography techniques. On the basis of the known molecular characteristics of lipopolysaccharide, its lipid A-core subfractions, and polymyxin B, these results imply that cytoprotective properties of polymyxin B are attributable to direct interaction and subsequent complex formation. More specifically, the mechanism by which polymyxin B exerts affinity for lipopolysaccharide fractions is proposed to occur through attractive ionic interactions established between the cationic diami-nobutyric acid residues of polymyxin B and the mono- or diphosphate group(s) of the lipid A-corc moiety. It is highly probable that this molecular phenomenon is accompanied by hydrophobic interactions established between the terminal methyloctanoyl or methylheptanoyl groups of polymyxin B and the saturated carbon chains of the lipid A-core subfraction of lipopolysaccharide fractions
Effect of deferoxamine-hydroxyethyl pentafraction starch on free, autogenous full-thickness skin grafts in dogs
Authors: Hosgood Giselle , Lewis Daniel D. , Hodgin E. Clay , Church Daniel F. , Lopez Mae K. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Free, autogenous, full-thickness skin grafting was performed on 10 dogs; 5 dogs were given an iron chelator, deferoxamine-10% hydroxyethyl pentafraction starch (DEF-HES; 50 mg/kg of body weight, IV), and 5 dogs were given 10% hydroxyethyl pcntafrac-tion starch (HES) in 0.9% saline solution (5 ml/kg, iv). The percentage of viable graft on day 10 was higher, but not significantly so, in DEF-HES-treated dogs (mean ± SD, 72.6 ± 24.8%; median 76.5%) than in HES-treated dogs (mean ± SD, 46.7 ± 34.3%; median, 48.8%). A trend for a positive correlation between the percentage of viable graft (on day 10) and the percentage of original graft area (on day 28) was observed in MES- and DEF-HES-treated dogs; this trend was significant in HES-treated dogs (P = 0.012). Both groups had significant positive correlation between percentage of viable graft on day 10 and percentage of haired skin on day 28 (HES, P = 0.000002; DEF-HES. P = 0.0148). A unique finding in DEF-HES treated dogs was the consistent observation of foamy macrophages in the dermis adjacent to the grafts, in deep subcutaneous tissue below the grafts, and in normal dermis.
Immunocytochemical localization of type A influenza virus nucleoprotein in chicken kidney, using freeze substitution technique for tissue fixation
Authors: Inpanbutr N. , Slemons R. D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Kidney tissues were removed from euthanatized mature White Leghorn chickens 4 days after IV inoculation with type A influenza virus. The kidney tissues were then fixed at −70 C, using a freeze substitution technique. Type A influenza virus nucleoprotein was readily detected in the nuclei and cytoplasm of the proximal and distal tubular epithelial cells by immunocytochemistry, and the sharpness of the immunomarker in the cells indicated minimal antigen migration during fixation and tissue section preparation. This tissue fixation technique also resulted in good preservation of cellular morphology. The freeze substitution technique of tissue fixation is an excellent alternative to cryostat-cut acetone-fixed tissue sections or conventional chemical fixation of paraffin-embedded tissues for in situ immunocytochemical localization of type A influenza virus nucleoprotein antigen.
Distribution of dopamine β-hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerves in healthy equine lungs
Authors: Sonea Ioana M. , Bowker Robert M. , Robinson N. Edward , Broadstone Richard V. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Immunohistochemical methods were used to determine the distribution of pulmonary nerves containing either an enzymatic marker of adrenergic nerves, dopamine β hydroxylase, or the putative neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y in 7 equids with healthy lungs. Nerves immunoreactive for these substances were found on airway smooth muscle in nearly all the samples of healthy equine lung examined. These nerves were generally more numerous in the larger airways but could be detected even in noncartilaginous bronchioles. Pulmonary and bronchial vessels also contained numerous immunoreactive nerves. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that dopamine β-hydroxylase- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerves may be involved in the regulation of airway and vascular diameter in equids.
External loads on the limbs of jumping horses at take-off and landing
Authors: Schamhardt Henk C. , Merkens Henk W. , Vogel Vera , Willekens Charlotte 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Using a force plate, ground reaction force (grf) patterns at take-off and landing between the hooves and the ground were recorded for all limbs of 5 Dutch Warmbloods jumping a 0.8-m vertical fence from the right-leading canter. Distribution of the grf and force impulses over the 4 limbs at take-off and landing were considerably different from those recorded at the normal canter. At take-off, the propulsory grf of the hind limbs were 3 to 5 times higher than at the normal canter, depending on the jumping technique of the horse. At landing, the propulsory grf were mainly increased in the trailing forelimb and in both hind limbs. The vertical grf amplitudes and force impulses were of similar magnitude to those at the canter, although increases up to 160% were found in the hind limbs of the horse with the worst jumping technique. The trailing forelimb carried the highest loads, up to twice the animal's body weight; grf amplitudes tended to increase when higher fences were used. However, the jumping technique of the horse may have more influence, because an easily jumping horse could clear a 1.3-m-high fence with similar loads on the limbs.
[3H]Ouabain binding in skeletal muscle from horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
Authors: Pickar Joel G. , Spier Sharon J. , Harrold Doris , Carlsen Richard C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Ouabain, a cardiac glycoside, binds to the Na+ K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+ pump) and prevents active transport of Na+ and K+ across cell membranes. We used [3H]ouabain to quantify the number and affinity of Na+ pumps in skeletal muscle from Quarter Horses with the muscular disorder hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (hypp). [3H]Ouabain-binding properties of gluteal muscle from clinically normal and affected horses were used to determine whether altered Na+ pump number or affinity could contribute to the pathologic features of muscle in affected horses. Foals and adult horses with hypp were compared with age-matched clinically normal horses. The number of [3H]ouabain-binding sites in adult gluteal muscle was not different between the 2 types of horses (85.7 ± 8.9 pmol of [3H]ouabain-binding sites/g [wet muscle weight] in horses with hypp vs 100.2 ± 8.8 pmol/g in clinically normal adult horses). Gluteal muscles in hypp-affected and clinically normal foals also contained a similar number of [3H]ouabain-binding sites (222.3 ± 21.0 pmol/g vs 225.3 ± 24.2 pmol/g, respectively). The affinity of these binding sites for ouabain was not different, between adults or foals, in clinically normal or affected horses. Our results indicate that membrane events underlying the periodic episodes of paralysis in horses with hypp are not attributable to quantitative changes in Na+ pump number or affinity. Our data cannot exclude the possibility that the specific activity of the Na+ pump is altered in muscle from hypp-affected horses.
Influence of an abrupt change in diet on antroduodenal myoelectric activity in lactating cattle
Authors: Madison John B. , Merritt A.M. , Rice Brett , Donovan G. A. , Lester Guy D. , Tran Thang 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of a change from a diet composed primarily of forage to a diet composed primarily of concentrate on abomasal antral and duodenal motility were assessed in 5 lactating Holstein cows. Antroduodenal motility was measured by use of 8 silver electrodes sutured to the abomasum and duodenum, and abomasal emptying was assessed by continuous measurement of intraduodenal pH. Both diets were fed to achieve a daily dry matter intake of 2.7 kg/100 kg of body weight. The abrupt change in diet did not alter antroduodenal myoelectric activity or abomasal emptying. Initiation of phase III of the migrating myoelectric complex in the proximal portion of the duodenum corresponded with a decrease in abomasal antral spiking activity and an increase in intraduodenal pH. Results suggest that a high concentrate diet alone does not adversely affect antroduodenal motility in adult dairy cattle.
Detection of passage and absorption of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescent antibody testing
Authors: Yokoyama Hideaki , Peralta Robert C. , Sendo Sadako , Ikemori Yutaka , Kodama Yoshikatsu 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Chicken egg yolk IgG can be absorbed and transferred as efficiently as colostral antibodies in the blood of neonatal pigs. Egg yolk IgG has a half-life of 1.85 days in newborn pig serum. This is shorter than the reported half-life (12 to 14 days) of homologous IgG in serum of pigs. Similar to colostral antibodies, egg yolk IgG absorption from intestine ceased at about 34 hours of age, after a logarithmic decrease in absorption rate from birth. Egg yolk IgG absorption inhibition time in the gastrointestinal tract took 1.73 hours to decrease by half. Egg yolk IgG was protective against experimentally induced diarrhea in pigs when it was administered at high dose, and multiple dosing was instituted. Adverse effects were not observed when chicken egg yolk IgG was administered orally to pigs.