bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrafiltration—Complexation in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Molinari Raffaele , Argurio Pietro 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

A process for removal of ions from wastewaters by using water soluble polymers such as polyetilenimine (PEI), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyacrylic acid sodium salt (PAASS) and poly(dimethylamine–co–epichlorohydrin–co–ethylenediamine) (PDEHED) as chelating agents and the Cu
2+
ion as model in combination with ultrafiltration membranes (PAUF process), is described.

The tests on the complexing agents, to establish the binding capacity and the best operating conditions of the process, showed that complexation conditions depend on pH: indeed, copper ion is complexed by PEI, PAA, PAASS and PDEHED at pHs higher than 6, 4.6, 4.6 and 8, respectively. The decomplexation reactions took place at pH < 3. Binding capacity was 0.333 mg Cu
2+
/mg polymer for PEI, PAA and PAASS. For the chelating agent PDEHED the ratio was 2. Ultrafiltration tests were realized at two transmembrane pressures (2 and 4 bar), by using five different membranes, to make a comparison of polymers and membranes performances, as flux and rejection. UF tests showed that the PAA polymer and the PAN membrane GKSS HV2/T can be used when the objective of the purification process is to decrease the metal concentration not lower than a certain value that is accepted for water reuse or fixed by law for water discharge. The polymer PDEHED is useful if the objective of wastewater treatment is to obtain a complete copper removal.

The described work shows: i) the importance to use optimal chemical conditions to obtain a maximum binding capacity of the polymer; ii) the role of different types of UF membranes in order to employ the PAUF process in metal ions removal from various types of wastewaters.
Aqueous Reactions of Specific Organic Compounds with Ozone
Authors: Duncan James B. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractOzone is an allotropic form of oxygen and exists as a pale‐blue gas (O3) with a pungent odor. It is very reactive chemically and decomposes without difficulty (2O3 → 3O2). Ozone is used forDisinfection and for taste and odor controlControl of excessive colorOxidation of iron and manganeseOxidation of organicsFlocculation aidDoes not form trihalomethanes (THMs)Ozone‐induced oxidations in aqueous environments can generally be described in the sequence of reactions; usually these reactions are highly selective and demonstrate slow kinetics, on the order of minutes. Part of the ozone will decompose before reaction with solutes leading to free radicals. Among the free radicals, the hydroxyl radical is one of the most reactive oxidants, which can easily oxidize all types of organic contaminants along with several inorganic solutes. Ozone is reactive with alkene and alkyne bonds and is strongly influenced by electron density at the site(s) of attack. Reactions of ozone with aromatics substituted with electron donor groups (OH, CH3, and NH2) are exacerbated. However, aromatics substituted with electron withdrawing groups (COOH and NO2) are retarded.
Water Hammer: Quantitative Causes and Effects
Authors: Ponnuswami Rathnavel 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Water hammer
can be defined as a transitory increase in pressure in a water system when there is a sudden change of direction or velocity of the water. Water hammer may also be known by names like shockwave effect or hydraulic shock.

If the velocity of water flowing in a pipe is suddenly checked, the energy given up by the water will be utilized in compressing the water itself. This pressure energy is transferred to the pipe wall and this leads to the setup of shock waves in the system. These shock waves travel backward (with a speed similar to the speed of sound), until encountering a solid obstacle (the valve), and crash into the obstacle back and forth repeatedly. This repeated crashing produces an undesirable sound and may lead to rupture of valves and pipes.
A
um
S
hinrikyo and the
A
leph
Authors: Sugishima Masaaki 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

The Aum Shinrikyo, which perpetrated the Tokyo sarin incident, pursued and attempted to deliver biological weapons on a number of occasions. Agents of primary interest were
Bacillus anthracis
and botulinum toxin. The Aum experience with these and other agents demonstrated the difficulties inherent in attaining a biological weapons capability, particularly in the successful acquisition of deadly pathogens or toxins and the development of effective means of delivery.
B
aader‐
M
einhof
G
ang
Authors: McAdams David 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In the 1980s, reports surfaced that the West German Red Army Faction, the second generation of the Baader‐Meinhof Gang, had sought to acquire biological weapons. Coinciding with these claims came reports in both German and French newspapers that French Police has raided a Paris RAF safe house in October, 1980, and discovered vials containing Clostridium botulinum (the bacteria for producing botulinum toxin,) and a basic biological laboratory. All further investigations into the incidents and those persons reportedly involved in the case have turned up nothing, which suggests that the incident was fabricated and never occurred.
Bioterrorist Attack, Stages, and Aftermath
Authors: Zilinskas Raymond A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A biological emergency essentially comprises three overlapping stages. In the preattack stage, a terrorist acts to acquire a biological weapon with the intent of using it against a target population in order to gain some perceived benefit. In the attack stage, the terrorist activates the deployed biological weapon. In the attack management stage, casualty presentation, triage, treatment, epidemiological and police investigation, and possibly quarantine occur. A detailed discussion of each stage is provided.
Botulinum Toxin
Authors: Arnon Stephen S. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Botulinum toxin is one of six Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Class A agents considered to be of primary concern to public health and national security. It is the most lethal natural substance known to man, and has been extensively pursued by both state and terrorist biological weapons programs. Both a toxoid and antitoxin exist, and efforts are underway to improve such preventive and therapeutic modalities. Rapid, ultrasensitive, and specific detection and diagnostic tests for botulinum toxin, now under development, are very much needed.
C
uba
Authors: Zilinskas Raymond A. , Rodriguez Silvana , Baker Michelle 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
This article is divided into two sections. The first considers Cuba's history of terrorist support and examines the United States' accusations regarding current terrorist relations. The U.S. concern is with Cuba's efforts to cultivate relations with Iran, Syria, and Libya, countries known to support terrorism. The second section reviews Cuba's biotechnological capability and how it might relate to the potential development of biological weapons. Cuba does posses powerful capability in biotechnology, which could lead to the preparation of biological weapons. Possibilities of this occurring are discussed.
Delivery Methodologies
Authors: Pilch Richard F. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe delivery of a biological agent is generally based on whether it is contagious, such as smallpox orYersinia pestis, or noncontagious such as botulinum toxin orBacillus anthracis. Contagious agents usually require comparatively low‐tech delivery systems that begin with a small group or individual infection. Noncontagious agents can be delivered using multiple methods, including injection, contaminated water, food, or beverages, or dissemination by aerosol. All of these methods are discussed.
Department of Homeland Security
Authors: Mitchell Jennifer 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe Department of Homeland Security (DHS), created following the attacks of September 11th, plays a significant role in protecting the U.S. from bioterrorism. Three directorates within DHS are charged with preventing attacks against America utilizing biological agents. Moreover, DHS recently implemented multiple initiatives aimed at thwarting an attack, including Project Bioshield, which provides biological agent countermeasures such as drugs and vaccines. It is the hope of DHS that with these initiatives, and cooperation with 22 federal, state, and local agencies, acts of bioterrorism can be prevented in the United States.
Detection of Biological Agents
Authors: Casagrande Rocco , Kosal Margaret E. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractEarly detection of a biological attack could enable the preparedness community to treat the exposed and protect the unexposed to significantly reduce the number and severity of casualties. Methods to detect a bioterrorist attack can either focus on the detection of clouds that could potentially be biological aerosols or rely on more sophisticated techniques that probe a given sample for particular biological agents, distinguishing harmful microbes from nonpathogenic ones. Alternatively, an early warning that a biological attack has occurred could be accomplished by monitoring patterns in such data as hospital records, tollbooth receipts, or animal deaths.
Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses
Authors: Berger Stephen A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Hemorrhagic fever viruses are categorized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as Class A biological agents, agents of primary concern in terms of both public health and national security. Hemorrhagic fevers cause severe morbidity and mortality, and treatment options are extremely limited. Former biological weapons programs of both the United States and Soviet Union are known to have investigated hemorrhagic fever viruses for offensive application, and the terrorist group Aum Shinrikyo is believed to have pursued the study of Ebola virus for its own weapons program. The biological weapons potential of and defense against the major hemorrhagic fever viruses are discussed.
Hizballah
Authors: Cranmer Skyler John 
Published: July 2005

AbstractHizballah means the Party of God. Its ideology is based on a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam. The group has an extensive governmental structure that consists of political, military/terrorist, economic, and humanitarian branches. Its primary state affiliation is with Iran. Iran carries much influence with the group. Hizballah receives financial aid, training, weapons, and explosives, and political and diplomatic support from Iran. The Lebanese government also considers Hizballah as important to its society and offers the group protection.Hisballah may have ties with other terrorist organizations. It is an active group that poses an immediate threat to Western entities in the Middle East (Israel in particular) and has global reach.
I
ran
Authors: Heath Benjamin D. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In 2002, President George W. Bush announced that he considered Iran, along with Iraq and North Korea as countries that threatened the global interests of the United States. He declared these three countries as the “Axis of Evil.” Iran was considered deserving of this designation because of its weapons of mass destruction programs and its support of terrorist groups. Some fear that Iran will combine its interests with other groups to uses their resources against their enemies. In order to understand the allegations and possibilities of terrorist use of biology, it is necessary to understand the difference between rhetoric and solid evidence. This article attempts to do this. Iran has traditionally maintained an advanced biotechnology program. Iran's official stance is that biological weapons is one of complete abhorrence. Iran has hosted mock inspections for future inspections and is a party to every relevant international arms control agreement. However there are still fears that Iran could arm such groups as Hizballah with biological weapons. There has been no evidence that Iran would transfer weapons to terrorist groups because such a transfer would eliminate control over the weapon. This article concludes that the threat Iran poses in the realm of bioterrorism remains negligible.
I
raq
Authors: Klein Robyn W. , Oppenheimer Andy 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
This article consists of two sections. The first considers Iraq's history of terrorist support and examines the current status of terrorism in postwar Iraq. Saddam Hussein's open and ambiguous ties to Mujahedun‐E‐Khalq, the Palestinian terror organizations, Ansar Al‐Islam, Al‐Qua'ida, and the Kurdistan Workers' Party are discussed. The second part of the article reviews Iraq's former offensive biological weapons program in order to ascertain what capabilities might have been made available to supported terrorist groups. To date, no evidence demonstrating that this type of transfer actually took place during Saddam Hussein's regime has been published.
J
oint
T
ask
F
orce
C
ivil
S
upport
Authors: Baker Michelle 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The Joint Task Force Support Civil Support (JTF‐CS) is a newly created standing unit designed to coordinate disaster management response with the Department of Defense and FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) now a part of the Department of Homeland Security. The JTF‐CS is positioned to play an integral role in supporting civilian forces by providing logistical and technical support following a biological, chemical, nuclear, radiological, or high yield explosive attack.
In order to fulfill its directive to provide a comprehensive and timely disaster managements JFS has developed a consequence management doctrine, performs training and exercises simulating emergency situations and identifies logistical requirements that must be met to complete its assignment. Although it has yet to demonstrate its full capabilities, training exercises have displayed the value of coordination and cooperation of civilian and military agencies when an incident occurs
L
awrence
L
ivermore
N
ational
L
aboratory
Authors: Fitch J. Patrick 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Chemical and Biological National Security Program provide science, technology, and integrated systems for chemical and biological security. Its approach is to develop field systems that dramatically improve the nation's capabilities to prevent, prepare for, detect, and respond to terrorist use of biological or chemical weapons. This article gives details on the Laboratory's programs.
Areas include decontamination, restoration, modeling and prediction, instrumentation, and applied science.
L
iberation
T
igers of
T
amil
E
elam
Authors: Abhayaratne Praveen 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) is widely recognized as one of the world's most ferocious terrorist organizations. The group is especially notorious for its ability to strike at will and its advanced military and organizational adaptability. The LTTE has functioned as a guerrilla force, terrorist organization, conventional army, political body, and governing authority. It has conducted the highest number of suicide attacks in the world and has claimed the lives of two heads of states and countless others. The LTTE claims to be the sole representative of the Tamil people in their struggle for independence from the Sinhalese‐dominated government in Sri Lanka. Although there are a few documented cases of LTTE's usage and threats to use biological and chemical agents, the group's current claim to be a legitimate governing authority makes it unlikely that they will pursue such weapons in the future.
L
ibya
Authors: Karch Michelle 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In 1969, Mu'ammar Al‐Qadhdhfi overthrew the monarchy of Libya and established a dictatorship. Libya then embraced a foreign policy of hostility towards the West and turned towards terrorist groups for assistance due in part to an ineffective conventional force and a much needed defense against Islamic militants and dissident groups opposed to the regime. Libya is currently one of the seven state sponsors of terrorism designated by the U.S. Department of State and is suspected of having an offensive biological program. In 2003, negotiations between American and British official resulted in the disclosure of the state's unconventional weapons capabilities, which included dual‐use biological research, development and production facilities, but no biological weapons per se
Marine Algal Toxins
Authors: Poli Mark A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMarine biotoxins should not be overlooked as potential agents of food bioterrorism. Because they occur naturally in fresh and otherwise wholesome seafood products, possess no visual or olfactory clues to their presence, and are impervious to typical cooking temperatures, they can be a difficult problem to identify. Toxic foodstuffs are easily acquired and, in theory, need only be inserted into the food supply at the desired location downstream of any regulatory testing. Six major seafood intoxication syndromes, along with their bioterrorism implications, are discussed in this entry.
Marine Corps Chemical and Biological Incident Response Force
Authors: Runyon Jennifer 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The mission of the Chemical Biological Incident Response Force (CBIRF) is to either forward‐deploy or respond to a credible threat of chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear terrorism, or a high‐yield explosive incident. The CBIRF is composed of an Initial Response Force (IRF) and a Follow‐on Force (FOF). The IRF maintains a 24‐hour readiness posture, and can deploy via ground transportation within one hour of notification and by air within four hours.
M
au‐
M
au
Authors:   Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database Staff
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Media reporting of bioterrorism has been mostly frenzied and inaccurate on account of lack of scientific understanding. Unlike bombs, microbes, used in biological attacks, are microscopic and silent and take time to act. In addition to consulting experts, news organizations should decide in advance of a crisis, to draw up a protocol or road map, spelling out how attacks should be covered and what questions or sensitivities should be considered before a story is printed. This alone can increase public awareness without spreading panic.
M
innesota
P
atriots
C
ouncil
Authors: Pate Jason 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In 1995, four Minnesota men were the first to be tried and convicted under the United States Anti‐terrorism Act of 1989. Douglas Baker, Leroy Wheeler, Dennis Henderson, and Richard Olrich acquired ricin as part of an alleged plot to kill local deputy sheriffs.
The four men were members of a radical tax‐protesting militia named the Minnesota Patriots Council
M
inutemen: Case Studies
Authors:   Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database Staff
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The 1960's right‐wing California militia group, the Minutemen, strived to defend the United Sates in what it believed to be inevitable communist takeover. Its founder, Robert DePugh, made numerous threats to use chemical and biological weapons to further their goals. The group apparently developed a plan to spread biological agents through the United States. This plan nor any of DePugh's weapons of mass destruction threats were ever pursued in any active sense.
N
orth
A
merican
M
ilitia
Authors:   Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database Staff
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In 1998, Randy Graham, of Springfield, Bradford Metcalf of Olivet, and Kenneth Carter of Battle Creek, Michigan, all members of the North American Militia, were implicated in a series of plots against government officials. Searches of their homes and belongings by law enforcement uncovered, in addition to conventional weapons, a tape for instructions on the preparation of ricin. The men were convicted on charges unrelated to biological weapons.
O
ffice
I
nternational
des
E
pizooties: World Organization for Animal Health
Authors: Woodford Michael 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The Office International des Epizooties (OIE) is an international governmental organization with 162 Member Countries. Its mission is: to inform governments on the existence of animal diseases, changes in distribution, and means of controlling them; to coordinate international research on animal disease surveillance and control; and to examine regulations with a view to harmonization among the member nations. The organization of OIE is discussed. The OIE is an observatory for animal health and a key mission is to inform veterinary services on the appearance and course of epizooties.
This article presents the list of classifications of disease as prepared by OIE. Information is classified by severity of effects. Working groups of the OIE review progress in their subject field and contribute to the organization of scientific meetings, seminars, workshops, and training course The OIE maintains permanent relationships with numerous organizations, for example, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Poupard James A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries play and important role in providing anti‐infective drugs, vaccines, and biologicals (products such as immunodilators interferons, and monoclonal antibodies). The biologicals are often produced in facilities similar to vaccine production lines since they are usually derived from tissue cultures or modified organisms. Research, development, and production programs initiated by the pharmaceutical industry will play a key role in providing new therapeutic agents for use against bioterrorist attacks. The industry will be an important element in determining future policies in regard to bioterrorism.
Psychological and Social Sequelae of Bioterrorism
Authors: Ackerman Gary 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBy definition, one of the core objectives of terrorism is to impact a broader population than the immediate victims of attack by causing fear, anxiety, and social disruption. Bioterrorism in particular encompasses several features that can serve to amplify these effects; indeed, this is one of the very reasons why terrorists might find this form of attack attractive. The psychological casualties of any terrorism incident involving unconventional weapons are also likely to outnumber the physical casualties, which could complicate response efforts. Even a small‐scale bioterrorist event with limited direct casualties will likely impact millions, as seen during the 2001 “anthrax mail attacks.” Therefore, one cannot overlook the psychological and social consequences of a bioterrorist event in any discussion about preparation or defense against bioterrorism.
Ricin and Abrin
Authors: Poli Mark A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractRicin and abrin are plant‐derived protein toxins that are potent inhibitors of cellular protein synthesis. Although never used as such, ricin was included in the biological weapons programs of several countries, including the United States, during the first half of the twentieth century. Both toxins are now causing concerns as potential agents of bioterrorism. The sources, toxicity, mechanisms of action, and detection of these toxins are briefly discussed.
RISE
: A Case Study
Authors: Carus W. Seth 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

In January 1972, the Chicago, Illinois police arrested two college students on the basis that the two were about to contaminate the Chicago water system with
Salmonella typhi
, the organism that causes typhoid fever. The two students, Steven Pera and Allen C. Schwander were students at Mayfair College. They had vague ecological concerns and this led them to organize a terror group which they called RISE.