bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Sensory Neurons
Authors: Armour J Andrew , Kember Guy C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The nervous system intrinsic to the heart contains all of the components necessary for information processing. That parasympathetic efferent postganglionic neurons are associated with the intrinsic cardiac nervous sys­ tem has been known for some time.22,63 Recently, afferent neurons,2,10,29A4 sympathetic efferent postganglionic neurons,25,86 and interconnecting local circuit neurons13,i4,37 have been identified within the intrinsic cardiac nervous system. As a matter of fact, it was the functional identification of the somata of afferent neurons within this system2 that permitted the development of the thesis that there is a little brain on the heart that modulates regional cardiodynamics on a beat-to-beat basis.10,63 Cardiac sensory nerve terminals (neurites) are associated with somata in ganglia located relatively distant from the heart, those in nodose and dorsal root ganglia.64,84 These neurons, plus those associated with sensory neurites in intrathoracic and cervical vessels, transduce the cardiac and intrathoracic vascular milieu to medullary (Chapter 6) and spinal cord (Chapter 5) neurons, respectively. Recent evidence indicates that afferent neuronal somata located in intrathoracic extracardiac ganglia are associated with sensory neurites in cardiac tissues and the adventitia of intrathoracic vessels.8,23 The latter population of afferent neurons transduces the cardiovascular milieu to cardiac postganglionic motor neurons in intrathoracic ganglia, doing so primarily via intrathoracic local circuit neurons.10 Each cardiac afferent neuron displays unique transduction capabilities so that the information they provide to second-order processing neurons within different levels of the cardiac neuronal axis varies. These in turn influence cardiac efferent neurons, some of which also receive indirect inputs via central neurons from afferent neurons with sen­sory neurites in extrathoracic tissues. The latter include the carotid arteries1,12 and skin of the extremities.
On Forgeries
Authors: Friedländer Max J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many of the principles which I have outlined when treating of copies apply also to forgeries, only that the intention to deceive causes an ethical discord to penetrate into the domain of aesthetics, and that a cunning, stealthy attitude of mind replaces the circumspectly and honestly plodding one of the copyist. In face of the disguise, the affectation and hypocrisy which defile art, the connoisseur becomes a criminologist.
“Asian Capitalism” and the Financial Crisis
Authors: Singh Ajit 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We saw the breakdown of the Berlin wall in 1989 and the massive shift away from central planning towards free market capitalist types of structures. Concur rent to that was the really quite dramatic, very strong growth in what appeared to be a competing capitalist-type system in Asia. And as a consequence of that, you had developments of types of structures which I believe at the end of the day were faulty, but you could not demonstrate that so long as growth was going at 10% a year.” Mr. Larry Summers, the former U.S. Treasury Under Secretary, puts the matter in slightly different terms.
History of Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Abrams Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The traditional litany on the history of the medical uses of electricity, beginning with the Roman use of electric fish to treat headaches (Harms, 1956; Sandford, 1966; Brandon, 1981), is simply beside the point; electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) evolved solely as a result of Ladislaus von Meduna’s original investigations on the effects of camphor-induced convulsions in schizophrenic patients. It is the chronology of the medical (and specifically, psychiatric) uses of convulsions that provides the appropriate historical perspective to his work.
This chapter draws extensively, and often without specific attribution, from the excellent historical reviews of the subject by Mowbray (1959), Sandford (1966), Fink (1979, 1984), Brandon (1981), Kalinowsky (1982, 1986), Endler (1988), and Endler and Persad (1988); from Cerletti’s (1950) personal recollections; from the English translations of the autobiography of Meduna (1985); from Accomero’s (1988) eyewitness account of the discovery of ECT; and from my own numerous conversations over 25 years and my published interview with Lothar Kalinowsky (Abrams, 1988a).
Dissenters and Mavericks
Authors: Sabin Margery 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dissenters and Mavericks ambitiously reinstates individual authors at the centre of its inquiry into the complex relationship between literature and history. Offering fresh and provocative interpretations of both well-known and unfamiliar texts, the book joins what is still a tentative movement to open postcolonial studies to the competing values traditionally associated with literary criticism, where the exceptional matters as much as the typical, and analysis seeks to identify the distinctive qualities of thought and language in particular writers. Without proposing an honour roll of heroic dissenters, Margery Sabin discloses the presence of more skeptical questioning and more variety of thought and expression in the record of writing in English about India than the prevailing categories of postcolonial analysis register. After an introduction that explores the tension in methods and values between so-called "discourse analysis" and literary criticism, Sabin proceeds to eight chapters about writers who achieve a measure of freedom from the orthodoxies and stereotypes of their diverse, historical moments. Sabin chooses materials from a variety of genres, including letters, political oratory, memoirs, novels, journalism, and travel writing. Many English voices circulate in the first half of the book: Horace Walpole and Edmund Burke in the eighteenth century, Wilkie Collins in the nineteenth, along with lesser-known colonial historians and administrators. Part two features the Indian writers Nirad Chaudhuri, V. S. Naipaul, and Pankaj Mishra, along with lesser-known journalists, novelists, and other Indian intellectuals. Dissenters and Mavericks reinvigorates the interdisciplinary study of literature, history, and politics through an approach to reading that allows the voices heard in writing a chance to talk back, to exert pressure on the presuppositions and preferences of a wide range of readers.
Macro Markets and Financial Security
Authors: Athanasoulis Stefano , Shiller Robert , van Wincoop Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Today, people have a rich set of investment options, ranging from low-risk money market instruments to high-risk growth stocks. They can choose to invest in mutual funds, hedge funds, and pension plans. They can hedge themselves with options and other derivatives while investing both at home and across the globe. Plenty of opportunities are available for diversifying their portfolios and avoiding excess exposure to sectoral or geographic risk. Nonetheless, there is good reason to believe that most people’s wealth is not well diversified. For example, although investors can diversify through equity markets, corporate profits account for less than 10 percent of national income. That figure suggests that about 90 percent of an average person’s income is sensitive to sectoral, occupational, and geographic uncertainty.
Law Without Justice
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If an innocent person is sent to prison or if a killer walks free, we are outraged. The legal system assures us, and we expect and demand, that it will seek to “do justice” in criminal cases. So why, for some cases, does the criminal law deliberately and routinely sacrifice justice? In this unflinching look at American criminal law, Paul Robinson and Michael Cahill demonstrate that cases with unjust outcomes are not always irregular or unpredictable. Rather, the criminal law sometimes chooses not to give defendants what they deserve: that is, unsatisfying results occur even when the system works as it is designed to work. The authors find that while some justice-sacrificing doctrines serve their intended purpose, many others do not, or could be replaced by other, better rules that would serve the purpose without abandoning a just result. With a panoramic view of the overlapping and often competing goals that our legal institutions must balance on a daily basis, Law without Justice challenges us to restore justice to the criminal justice system.
The Impacts of IDA Programs on Family Savings and Asset Holdings
Authors: Stegman Michael A , Faris Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter supplements the growing body of empirical analysis of the national individual development account (IDA) demonstration known as the American Dream Demonstration (ADD). The subject of the chapter is the financial impacts of ADD on the net savings and asset holdings of program participants. The methodological focus and unique contribution of this research lie in our efforts to answer the important counterfactual question of what ADD participants would have saved had they not joined an IDA program. Because it deals with a hypothesis, we cannot answer this question exclusively from program data and participant interviews. Until results of an IDA experiment become available, we must rely upon statistical analysis using a different counterfactual question.
The Universal Piggy Bank: Designing and Implementing a System of Savings Accounts for Children
Authors: Goldberg Fred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most challenging design issues relate to funding and distribution rules. With respect to funding, the choices are (a) a universal system funded through a 100-percent refundable tax credit (or direct government outlay) automatically provided to all eligible children, (b) a voluntary system funded through voluntary contributions encouraged by tax incentives, or (c) a hybrid system with both universal and voluntary features. Within the context of a voluntary system, a further fundamental design issue is the type(s) of tax incentives used to encourage contributions, for example, refundable or nonrefundable tax credits, tax deductible contributions, or elimination of taxes on accumulated earnings. In addition, under a voluntary system tax credit, deduction and contribution limits must be determined, and eligibility requirements must be established (e.g., the amount that could be contributed, the amount of credit or deduction associated with contributions, and whether benefits are phased out for upper-income taxpayers).
A Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This comprehensive text on the pharmacological, medical, and legal aspects of drug abuse has been thoroughly updated for the Fourth Edition, and a new chapter on club drugs added. The chapter on medical effects was completely rewritten to focus on infections that develop in i.v. drug abusers, and information on the international regulation of drug use was added to the chapter on drug abuse and the law. The book is written at a level appropriate for upper level undergraduate students, graduate or medical students, and drug counselors. All major drugs of abuse are covered: tobacco, opiods, central stimulants (including cocaine, amphetamine, and caffeine), alcohol and other sedatives marijuana, club drugs (MDMA, GHB, and ketamine), hallucinogens, and volatile solvents. For each type the authors discuss history and culture, the characteristic patterns of use, subjective and physiological effects, mechanisms of pharmacological action, and toxic effects. Epidemiological aspects are discussed as well as pharmacological treatment possibilities where applicable.
The 1919 Revolution
Authors: Manela Erez 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By March 1919, as Koreans rose in protest against Japanese rule, events were coming to a head in Egypt as well. With tensions rising in Europe and across the empire, the British authorities in Egypt grew increasingly anxious over the Wafd’s success in mobilizing the Egyptian public behind its program of resistance to British rule. It was time, they decided, to move forcefully against its leadership. On March 6, the commander of the British forces in Egypt, General Watson, summoned Zaghlul and several of his lieutenants for an interview and warned them to stop their campaign against the British presence in Egypt.
Boolean Combinations and Search Limitations
Authors: Mann Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Several techniques of searching can be used in multiple databases, and will enable you to be much more efficient in zeroing in quickly on the best sources. Among these techniques are Boolean combinations of terms, component word searching within controlled subject strings, word truncation, proximity searches, and limitations of sets by various specifications (language, date, geographic area code, document type). “Boolean” combinations derive their name from the British mathematician and logician George Boole (1815–1864); they refer to the capacities of most databases to combine multiple search elements within one inquiry. For example, a researcher interested in the topic “computer-assisted instructional techniques in the field of geography” was initially referred to the ERIC database, the largest index to journals and research reports in the field of education. This index has a list of controlled descriptor terms, somewhat analogous to the Library of Congress Subject Headings list used to standardize headings in book catalogs.
The Mirror Of The Gods
Authors: Bull Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the end of the 15th century, the remains of the ancient gods littered the landscape of Western Europe. Christianity had erased the religions of ancient Greece and Rome and most Europeans believed the destruction of classical art was God's judgment on the pagan deities. How, then, did European artists during the next three centuries create such monumental works as Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus and Raphael’s Parnassus? In The Mirror of the Gods, Malcolm Bull tells the revolutionary story of how the great artists of Western Europe—from Botticelli and Leonardo to Titian and Rubens—revived the gods of ancient Greece and Rome. Each chapter focuses on a different deity and sheds dazzling new light on such familiar figures as Venus, Hercules, and Bacchus. Bull draws on hundreds of illustrations to illuminate the ancient myths through the eyes of Renaissance and Baroque artists, not as they appear in classical literature. When the wealthy and powerful princes of Christian Europe began to identify with the pagan gods, myth became the artist’s medium for telling the story of his own time. The Mirror of the Gods is the fascinating and extraordinary story of how Renaissance artists combined mythological imagery and artistic virtuosity to change the course of western art. The Mirror of the Gods profoundly deepens our understanding of some of the greatest and most subversive artwork in European history. This delightfully told, lavishly illustrated, and extraordinary book amply rewards our ongoing fascination with classical myth and Renaissance art.
The Lees of Virginia
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are few American families that feature such a collection of characters, both heroic and ignoble, who have made such a mark on history as the Lees. In The Lees of Virginia, Paul Nagel chronicles seven generations of Lees, covering over two hundred years of accolades and scandals. We meet Thomas Lee, who dreamed of America as a continental empire, and his son, Arthur Lee, who created a political storm with his accusations against Benjamin Franklin. Arthur's cousin was Light-Horse Harry Lee, a controversial cavalry officer in the Revolutionary War, whose wild real estate speculation led to imprisonment for debt and finally self-exile in the Caribbean. One of Harry's sons, Henry Lee, further disgraced the family by seducing his sister-in-law and frittering away Stratford, the Lees' ancestral home. It was a third son, Robert E. Lee, who would become the family's redeeming figure, a brilliant tactician still revered for his lofty character and military success. In these and numerous other portraits, Nagel discloses how, from 1640 to 1870, a family spirit united the Lees, making them a force in Virginian and American affairs. This Bicentennial Edition, celebrating the birth of Robert E. Lee in 1807, features a new Preface by the author in which he discusses the ways in which family biographies can contribute to the ongoing debate about what constitutes "family values." Paul Nagel is a leading chronicler of families prominent in our history. His Descent from Glory, a masterful narrative account of four generations of Adamses, was hailed by Chicago Sun-Times as "a magnificent embarrassment of biographical riches." Now, in The Lees of Virginia, Nagel brings his skills to bear on another major American family, taking readers inside the great estates of the Old Dominion and the turbulent lives of the Lee men and women.
Introduction to the Economics of Financial Markets
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are many textbooks for business students that provide a systematic, introductory development of the economics of financial markets. However, there are as yet no introductory textbooks aimed at more easily daunted undergraduate liberal arts students. Introduction to the Economics of Financial Markets fills this gap by providing an extremely accessible introductory exposition of how economists analyze both how, and how well, financial markets organize the intertemporal allocation of scarce resources. The central theme is that the function of a system of financial markets is to enable consumers, investors, and managers of firms to effect mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges. James Bradfield uses the standard concept of economic efficiency (Pareto Optimality) to assess the efficacy of the financial markets. He presents an intuitive, and introductory, understanding of the primary theoretical and empirical models that economists use to analyze financial markets, and then uses these models to discuss implications for public policy. Students who use this text will acquire an understanding of the economics of financial markets that will enable them to read, with some sophistication, articles in the public press about financial markets and about public policy toward those markets. The book is addressed to undergraduate students in the liberal arts, but will also be useful for undergraduate and beginning graduate students in programs of business administration who want an understanding of how economists assess financial markets against the criteria of allocative and informational efficiency.
The Wealth of Wives
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
London became an international center for import and export trade in the late Middle Ages. The export of wool, the development of luxury crafts and the redistribution of goods from the continent made London one of the leading commercial cities of Europe. While capital for these ventures came from a variety of sources, the recirculation of wealth through London women was important in providing both material and social capital for the growth of London's economy. A shrewd Venetian visiting England around 1500 commented about the concentration of wealth and property in women's hands. He reported that London law divided a testator's property three ways allowing a third to the wife for her life use, a third for immediate inheritance of the heirs, and a third for burial and the benefit of the testator's soul. Women inherited equally with men and widows had custody of the wealth of minor children. In a society in which marriage was assumed to be a natural state for women, London women married and remarried. Their wealth followed them in their marriages and was it was administered by subsequent husbands. This study, based on extensive use of primary source materials, shows that London's economic growth was in part due to the substantial wealth that women transmitted through marriage. The Italian visitor observed that London men, unlike Venetians, did not seek to establish long patrilineages discouraging women to remarry, but instead preferred to recirculate wealth through women. London's social structure, therefore, was horizontal, spreading wealth among guilds rather than lineages. The liquidity of wealth was important to a growing commercial society and women brought not only wealth but social prestige and trade skills as well into their marriages. But marriage was not the only economic activity of women. London law permitted women to trade in their own right as femmes soles and a number of women, many of them immigrants from the countryside, served as wage laborers. But London's archives confirm women's chief economic impact was felt in the capital and skill they brought with them to marriages, rather than their profits as independent traders or wage labourers.
Introduction
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Women in London were in a unique position to have an impact on the city’s growing economy in the late Middle Ages. As London became a leading commercial city in Europe, women contributed to the household economy and the retail trade, but they also helped to provide the capital for London’s expansion in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as it became a leading commercial city in Europe. The city was a major participant in the international trade in raw wool to the weavers of Flanders and Italy and also established itself as a distribution center for goods such as wine, fine cloth imported from the Continent, and, increasingly, luxury items produced in London itself. Trade and merchant guilds gained in power, and—although revolts of the ordinary people occurred—London’s government became more oligarchic and more stable. Major officers, such as the mayor, were selected from among citizens who were members of the most powerful guilds. International trade, the presence of the royal government in Westminster, and crafts (particularly in the production of luxury items such as silk weaving and goldsmithing) fueled the city’s growing wealth. The Hundred Years’ War contributed to London’s importance, perhaps even providing silver and gold looted from France for the goldsmiths of the city to work and for wealthy Londoners to place in their homes. All of these economic and political roles Introduction involved men and seem to leave little role for women, but London’s laws were generous to women in terms of inheritance, dower, dowry, and wardship of their children and their inheritances. Women had access to courts to preserve their rights, and city officials oversaw the administration of laws regarding women, their children, and their property.