bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Allan William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been the thesis of this book that every play represents a distinct thematic and dramatic complex which merits individual attention. We have now considered the Andromache from many different angles, and I hope that a richer conception and a keener appreciation of this absorbing play have resulted. More boldly, I hope that some central areas of Euripidean study may now look a little different.
Rhetoric
Authors: Brittain Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two passages from Cicero confirm that Philo taught a technical form of rhetoric, both in Athens (from 91 BC), and in Rome (from 88 BC). Cicero testifies to the rhetorical teaching of the later period in the course of a preface on the style of Latin philosophical works at Tusculans 2. 9: Itaque mihi semper Peripateticorum Academiaeque consuetudo de omnibus rebus in contrarias partes disserendi non ob earn causam solum placuit, quod aliter non posset quid in quaque re veri simile esset inveniri, sed etiam quod esset ea maxima dicendi exercitatio; qua princeps usus est Aristoteles, deinde eum qui secuti sunt.
Hiketeia
Authors: Gould John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The working out of the anger of Achilles in the Iliad begins with a great scene of divine supplication in which Thetis prevails upon Zeus to change the course of things before Troy in order to restore honour to Achilles;1 it ends with another, human act in which Priam supplicates Achilles to abandon his vengeful treatment of the dead body of Hector and restore it for a ransom.2 The first half of the Odyssey hinges about another supplication scene of crucial significance, Odysseus’ supplication of Arete and Alkinoos on Scherie.
Dramatic Character and ‘Human Intelligibility’ in Greek Tragedy
Authors: Gould John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plays, we say, are about people, about people doing and saying things.1 What they say and do gives us access to the kind of people they are-their personalities, their individuality, their ‘character’. And we find people interesting. Simply, crudely put, this is the basis of what we call our interest in dramatic character. It is in her clear-sighted attention to this simple but central fact that Mrs Easterling’s essay on ‘Presentation of Character in Aeschylus’ is at its most effective.
Dionysus and the Hippy Convoy: Ritual, Myth, and Metaphor in the Cult of Dionysus
Authors: Gould John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dionysus is on the move. In one sense, of course-the sense which may provide an explanation, if not an excuse, for my original rather flippant title-he always has been: I shall come back to that. But in another, the last few decades have seen a major re-examination of the god, his myth and his cult and in consequence the whole image of Dionysus has sharpened and shifted considerably, even if in a characteristically multiform way. This is a good moment, then, to take stock of our present sense of the power of Dionysus and of the way, or better ways, in which that power was perceived and mediated through language, imagery and ritual.
Give and Take in Herodotus
Authors: Gould John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Vampire bats practice reciprocal altruism.’ I have that on the authority of a study by the socio-biologist Gerald Wilkinson, published in 1984. Herodotus, I feel, would not have been surprised. Vampire bats, Wilkinson tells us, ‘regularly regurgitate blood to each other ... in a reciprocal fashion such that each partner enjoys a net benefit from the exchange’: the gift of blood ensures that they do not starve to death. The trading of altruistic acts and the rules that govern it are the subject of this lecture.
Plato and Performance
Authors: Gould John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems undangerous to say that Plato has a problem with art and literature. Not only does he come back again and again to the central questions of the creative process, the nature of the created work of art and the quality of its audience’s response to the art-work, but what he has to say of these things both gives the impression, at least, of being self-contradictory and succeeds in leaving large issues of his meaning veiled in ambiguity. Moreover the extremity of the conclusions to which more than once his argument leads him is itself an index that these are not questions with which he engages in any wholly dispassionate mood of critical enquiry.
Myth, Memory, and the Chorus: ‘Tragic Rationality’
Authors: Gould John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite my title this paper is not a reply to Moses Finley’s classic paper of 1965.1 My concern here is with the deployment of myth in Greek tragedy: that is, with an aspect of the fictionality of tragic theatre. I shall use the deployment of myth in tragedy, and its variable use by both chorus and heroic characters, to try to illuminate the distinction between myth and logos which is the starting-point and focus of all our discussions in this volume.
Characterizing the Gauls
Authors: Williams J H C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greek science and Roman imperialism have emerged as significant themes for the understanding of the key texts on the geography of northern Italy from the period of the conquest and settlement in the second century BC contained in Polybius and Cato ‘s Origines. But what of the peoples who lived there? How were they imagined, and in what terms were they approached? Here too, differences between Roman and Greek ideas are apparent. What is common to both Cato and Polybius is that their remarks are not to be taken simply as representations of past realities, as they are often under stood to be by historians and archaeologists. If their words are to be used as evidence for how things really were, then some idea is needed of the conceptual tools with which these authors were working, and of their reasons for writing about foreign peoples in the first place.
Myth and History I: The Gallic Invasion of Italy
Authors: Williams J H C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both Polybius and Cato believed the Keltoi or Galli to be an invasive presence south of the Alps, whose origins lay elsewhere in the more or less ill-defined world of northern Europe. But it was not this in and of itself that distinguished them from the other peoples of Italy. Origin myths or foundation stories involving migration or colonization were also ascribed to various groups inhabiting peninsular Italy, and they were not without their problems of moral justification, even when the Romans themselves were concerned. That even, or especially, in their case there was considerable potential for tension bet, Yeen the moral primacy of authochthony as opposed to the legitimacy of rule by conquest is vividly suggested by Vergil ‘s Turnus and his violent, unrecon ciled, and unsettling death at the hands of Aeneas with which the Aeneid closes. Nevertheless, the poem as a whole is clear on the point that, though there may sometimes be unfortunate and even regrettable consequences for those who get in the way, Roman power is, and from the beginning always has been, divinely authorized. The presence or absence of divine sanction is the point that, whatever the attendant uncertainties, allowed a good invasion or colonial venture to be differentiated from a bad one; and it was to the latter category that the Gallic invasion of Italy belonged according to most extant narratives, but not all. For the accounts of Livy and Justin have a somewhat different angle on the problem, the nature and reasons for which will form the subject of the latter part of this chapter.
Technique and Technology
Authors: Armstrong Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literary studies cannot neglect the study of books, the physical objects through which literary texts are transmitted. Book form is especially relevant to the literature of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, which saw the crucial shift from manuscript to print in Western Europe. This book examines manuscripts and printed editions of three major French writers of this key period: Jean Molinet, Jean Lemaire de Belges and Jean Bouchet. Presentational features which influence the reading of poems, such as layout, illustration, anthologization and paratext, are analysed. The development of these features reflects a gradual change in the ways in which literary self-consciousness is manifested. In earlier texts, produced within an essentially manuscript culture, poets' creative investment in their work is exhibited primarily as formal virtuosity. As printing becomes dominant, such virtuosity tends to be rejected in favour of self-commentary and an apparently more personal discourse.
Introduction: Gender, Space, Reading Histories
Authors: Copeland Rita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Essay s in New Medieval Literatures 2 continue the critical conversations between medieval studies and the ‘project of the present’ begun in the first volume. Where this volume differs from the inaugural issue of New Medieval Literatures is in its shift to the Continent and in its further exemplification of work on earlier periods. NML has aimed from the outset to provide a venue for work in all literary cultures of medieval Europe and beyond. And so volume 2 features work on French literature and Continental and English Latin writing, and on literary and intellectual production of the eleventh through the thirteenth centuries. The essays move from the streets of Paris, London, and English market towns to English monasteries, idealized pas toral spaces, Christian-Jewish-Muslim Spain, Rome, and fourteenth century Oxford.
An Essay on Man and Harte’s An Essay on Reason: Title Pages and Implied Authorship
Authors: McLaverty James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Pope enjoyed marking his books with their author’s personality, using typography as a form of self-presentation, he also relished anonymous and pseudonymous publication. This was particularly the case with An Essay on Man, culminating in a curious period in the mid-173os when Pope seems to have thought of Walter Harte’s An Essay on Reason as his own poem, or at least as a companion to his Essay and a poem that might as well have been his own. Anonymity had already ensured an unbiased reception for An Essay on Man between February 1733 and January 1734, but in February 1735 Pope was able to use his skills as a publisher to present Harte’s poem so that it might be read as his own and reflect favourably on the piety and orthodoxy of An Essay on Man.
The Grand Old Ballad in Coleridge’s ‘Dejection’
Authors: Stafford Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Had Sotheby read no further than the first paragraph, he might well have concluded that Coleridge was supremely confident of his own abilities, not only as a translator, but also as a poet, a critic, and an Englishman. Nor would this have been an unreasonable assumption, given Coleridge's rapidly increas­ing list of publications, and the overt patriotism of some of his recent work.3 And yet, as the letter continues, the self­confidence of the opening gives way first to self-mockery, and then to confessions of depression and failure.
James Clarence Mangan and Percy Bysshe Shelley
Authors: Stafford Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of native poetry provided various challenges to late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century writers, depending partly on their own backgrounds, homes, and education. For Burns to command admiration for the 'simple strains' appar­ently flowing from 'the native feelings of his heart', he had to adopt a kind of Scottish dialect which could nevertheless incorporate elements of standard English and literary influences from south of the Border. Coleridge, on the other hand, being less firmly rooted in a particular area, expressed his restless modernity through admiration for traditional bards and ballad­makers, while simultaneously developing a sense of the funda­mental importance of internal rather than external resources. For both poets, as for many of their readers, an awareness of local origins and the peculiarities of certain regions was pro­nounced.
Poetry, Music, and the Sacred
Authors: Fuller David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I began university life as a music student, but I abandoned that because I found that writing counterpoint in the style of Palestrina and Bach, or writing harmony in the style of Haydn and Schumann, bore little relation to what I wanted to do-to participate in more intense and more varied ways in the beauty of works which obsessed me, and to find the fullest possible range of other music which might have the same exciting effects. So I gave up Music (as an academic subject) and took up English. The people who taught me (Francis Berry, and later William Empson) were wonderfully odd, and apparently led intellectual lives in which there was a harmonious inter change between the intellect and the other faculties. These people were not, as I naively assumed, the pattern of university life; and when I went to my second university I became conscious again of the gap between the experience of art and the modes of engaging with that experience. But I retained a haunting sense that this need not be so: the gap between aesthetic experience and its institutional study could, I continued to believe, be decreased.
The Metaphysics of Modernism Aesthetic Myth and the Myth of the Aesthetic
Authors: Bell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of myth in modern writers such as Eliot, Joyce, Lawrence, and Yeats has passed into the academic reception of the period in the now derided form of the 1950s ‘myth kitty’; and Marc Manganaro has acutely shown the line of transmission from Frazer, through Eliot, to Northrop Frye as the continuation of a mistaken ethnographic method. I In the world of Anglo-Saxon academic criticism myth has deserved its bad name, while on the larger stage of European thought it has come to be associated with sinister political movements as the Marxist critique in Adorno and Horkheimer’s Dialectic of Enlight-enment has won out over the efforts of Thomas Mann and Karl Kerenyi to maintain its progressive and humanistic potential.2 But this familiar story obscures the true significance of modernist myth making, and to that extent of the literature itself, for modernist myth has a liberal and progressive aspect as well as a nostalgic and con servative one. What has been obscured is its philosophical, and through that its critical, import even for the present. I will show this by noting first how some earlier Romantic aspirations towards a philosophical mythopoeia were unwittingly realized in British and American modernism.
The Cosmopolitan and the Rag-Picker in Expatriate Paris
Authors: Parsons Deborah L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shariben stock has pioneered the assertion of the significance for women’s modernist literature of the forgotten ‘left bank’, universalized by Ford Madox Ford in his ‘Preface’ to Jean Rhys’s The Left Bank and Other Stories as the marginal area of a city, remaking 1920s and 1930s Paris according to a female literary community. The problem with the ‘anticanonical’ approach is that it can lead to an equally oppositional and reductive analysis.1 Benstock focuses on the sapphitic female modernism of the largely expatriate community centred around the lesbian world of Natalie Barney, and the ‘female modernism’ she reconstructs is thus one of aesthetic and sexual experimentation within a mutually supportive group drawn together in the interior space of the salon. Rarely questioning the dynamics of place, her study thus seems to fix women into asserting urban independence and the rootlessness of exile, but from within the limits of certain social places in a confined part of the city.
Bawdy Virgins and Queer Puns
Authors: Bly Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I begin with the wish to laugh with the dead. There is something of a tradition in early modern scholarship of books that open with an expression of philosophic if necrophilic desires: to sleep with the dead, to talk with the dead.’ Hearing the laughter of the dead seems a simple concept. Early modern theatrical audiences undoubtedly laughed when Sampson threatened to cut off ‘the heads of the maids, or their maidenheads’. Surely they chortled when Flute as This be professed to have often kissed the hairy stones of Wall, given that ‘stones’ was a common pun on ‘balls’. Their wit, in Dryden’s prim phrase, ‘was not that of gentlemen’. We have little trouble hearing the echo of that laughter. Prince Hal pulls Falstaff’s pistol from its case; the pistol turns out to be a bottle of sack; twentieth century audiences howl with laughter. Cowardice and alcohol are as potent subjects for knockabout farce in 1998 as they were in 1598, when Shakespeare’s The History ofHenry IV appeared in the Stationers’ Register.
Charity and Citizenship
Authors: Richardson Angelique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charity had become pivotal in the question of national efficiency. The hereditarian position was clear and inflexible: no amount of charity in the world could undo biology. Malthus had sown the seeds for the eugenic line on charity at the close of the eighteenth century, pinpointing the ‘natural tendency of the labouring classes of society to increase beyond the demand for their labour, or the means of their adequate support’,5 and attacking the poor laws which he saw as creating the poor which they maintained, encouraging them to increase their numbers without increasing food for their support (97).
Poetical Recreations
Authors: King Kathryn R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The picture of Barker the poet that emerges from study of the fifty-odd items of verse published in Poetical Recreations (I688) is sharply at odds with the self-doubting, regretful, solitary, even bitter figure taking shape in recent accounts. Certainly some of the verse Barker wrote at St-Germain, the subject of an essay by Toni Bowers, can be read in support of the view that Barker experienced ‘confusion and disappointment’ over her sacrificial devotion to a rather austere poetic vocation.1 But by the time Barker composed this verse she was already developing her mythology of the female poet as Virtuous Outsider, a figure associated in the St-Germain poetry of the I 690s and even more in the late prose fictions with deprivation, neglect, and banishment.
Recasting the Plays: Homage, Adaptation, Parody
Authors: Lanier Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the more curious Shakes popphenomena of recent years has been the appearance of Shakespeare fan fiction. Fan fiction involves fans producing their own ‘unauthorized’ adaptations of favourite TV shows, movies, cartoons, and comic books and publishing them in alternative venues like websites and fanzines. Writers of fan fiction take the characters, settings, plot lines, and motifs from established genres and imagine otherwise forbidden relationships between characters, encounters between different series or fictional worlds (so called ‘crossover fan fiction’), or plot possibilities never explored in the originals..
Postscript
Authors: Taylor Georgina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the end of the war, the public sphere of modernist women writers was never again to regroup as a dynamic network. Though several individual writers produced interesting texts, the sense of a collective and co-operative endeavour was lost. In place of a public exchange of ideas, interactions between writers now took place within a much smaller arena oriented towards support and encouragement and rooted in private friendships rather than a more public interaction of contemporaries.
The Anatomy of Bigotry: Carlyle, Ruskin, Slavery, and a New Language of Race
Authors: Wood Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carlyle and Ruskin wrote repeatedly about slavery from a variety of perspectives. Within their slavery writings the competitive and acquisitive approach to the sufferings of the Atlantic slave took a number of new turns. For both Ruskin and Carlyle the plight of the labouring masses in Britain provided the central platform for comparative discussions of slavery. It is the desire to remove the slave and substitute the white industrial labourer that drives the thought of both men. Yet the expression of this desire could hardly have taken more divergent forms.
Coleridge’s ‘Hymn before Sun-rise’ and the Voice Not Heard
Authors: Esterhammer Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coleridge’s interest in a wide range of natural and social sciences, and his conviction that ‘nothing can be more absurd than [the] belief of the necessary opposition of poetry to science’ (TT, ii. 455 ), are amply illustrated by the chapters in this volume.
Coleridge’s Secret Ministry: Historical Reading and Editorial Theory
Authors: Everest Kelvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The historical context of Coleridge’s poetry has been neglected.’ That was the opening sentence of the introduction to Coleridge’s Secret Ministry.1 The sentence was written in September 1976, and I can still remember exactly where and when I wrote it. It was a hot morning, just before the start of the academic year, and I was in my office in the English department of St David’s University College, Lampeter, in rural west Wales. I was 2 5, married, and with a 4-year-old daughter.
Prologue
Authors: Swindells Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1832, the playwright, George Colman the Younger, also Examiner of Plays to the Lord Chamberlain at that time, was asked a telling question by a member of a parliamentary committee by whom he was being interviewed: Question: In the exercise of your censorship at the present moment, if the word reform should occur, you would strike it out?In reply, Colman declared: No; I should say, ‘I think you had better omit it; I advise you to do so for your own sakes, or you will have a hubbub.
Distressed Tenants And Rural Landscapes
Authors: Swindells Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has already become apparent, from studying some aspects of the factory movement and its drama, that there is more at work in the representation of the plight of industrial workers than an exclusive concern with the factory itself Part of what Richard Oastler and others who campaigned against the factory system and against enforced emigration were defending, as well as the rights of labourers and their children, was the English rural landscape and its charms.
St George for Ireland
Authors: McCabe Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About a month after Lord Grey’s arrival in Ireland, Sir William Pelham, then President of Munster, issued a proclamation requiring ‘every horsmane’ in the service of the crown ‘both Englishe and lrishe’ to display ‘two rede crosses, either of Silke or Cloth, the one to be fastened on the breste, the other on the backe’. On his first visit to the province in which he would finally take up residence, Spenser could have seen bands of ‘Redcross knights’ pricking across the plains of Desmond in pursuit of what the Lord Deputy regarded as the papal dragon.
Noble Britons, Savage Scyths
Authors: McCabe Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the purposes of the nation state, genealogy is largely the art of self invention. Ancestry underwrites ascendancy and the claim to an heroic past validates the quest for an imperial future. In the second book of The Faerie Queene Spenser provides his countrymen with a myth of origin, in the third he provides them with a myth of destiny and the two are inextricably linked. There is nothing unique in this. The perceived telos of history frequently promotes the adoption, or fabrication, of myths of ethnic origin which exercise authority precisely (and paradoxically) because they are ‘myths’ in Roland Barthes’s sense of the term, pseudo-historical fictions that facilitate contemporary policies and are stubbornly defended as historical truths for that very reason.