bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency of Epstein‐Barr virus‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the blood of Southern Chinese blood donors and nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients
Authors: Whitney Bruce M. , Chan Anthony T.C. , Rickinson Alan B. , Lee Steven P. , Lin C.K. , Johnson Philip J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractUndifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma is very common among Southern Chinese. While most patients have the disease detected and treated early, those who are diagnosed with advanced stages face a poor prognosis. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with latent Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV); it was suggested previously that a cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte (CTL)‐based therapy targeting EBV proteins may offer a possible new form of treatment for this disease. The most likely target of this treatment is latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2). To define further the preexisting level of anti‐EBV immunity in Chinese subjects, the frequency of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) responding to peptide epitopes was determined using an ELISPOT assay in 50 healthy control blood donors and in 26 patients newly diagnosed with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A total of 7 LMP2, 2 LMP1, 1 EBNA3A, and 1 EBNA3B epitopes were used in a HLA‐restricted manner. As reported previously for healthy virus carriers in western countries, it was found that in both groups the strongest responses were to epitopes in the EBNA proteins with weaker responses to the LMP epitopes. It was found that LMP2 epitopes were recognized in a greater percentage of both groups than previously reported, due most likely to the greater sensitivity of the ELISPOT method. However, patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma demonstrated a weaker response than that displayed by healthy control subjects to several epitopes. The results demonstrate that LMP2 epitopes are recognized widely in an HLA‐restricted manner in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and that immunotherapy to boost preexisting immunity to these epitopes may offer a viable method to treat such patients or to protect against recurrence. J. Med Virol. 67:359–363, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Viral determinants and host immune responses in the pathogenesis of HBV infection
Authors: Rapicetta Maria , Ferrari Carlo , Levrero Massimo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) is a virus that infects about 350,000,000 people worldwide with a clinical spectrum of acute hepatitis, the healthy carrier state, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The outcome of HBV infection is the result of complicated viral‐host interactions. As in other infections with non‐cythopatic viruses, the immune response is thought to play a crucial role in disease pathogenesis but there is increasing evidence that a variety of viral mechanisms, some depending on the function of virally encoded proteins, have a profound impact on the infected hepatocytes, the liver microenvironment, and host anti‐viral responses. Indeed, the virus has evolved multiple mechanisms to ensure its success in infecting a susceptible host. The essential aspects of the life cycle of HBV and the host immune response are reviewed and recent new developments in the molecular virology of HBV, including experimental animal models, in the role of accessory viral proteins in disease pathogenesis and HCC development and in the characterisation of the T cell response in the control of HBV infection, are highlighted. J. Med. Virol. 67:454–457, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone marrow transplantation in a child with Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome latently infected with acyclovir‐resistant (ACVr) herpes simplex virus type 1: Emergence of foscarnet‐resistant virus originating from the ACVr virus
Authors: Saijo Masayuki , Yasuda Yukiharu , Yabe Hiromasa , Kato Shunichi , Suzutani Tatsuo , De Clercq Erik , Niikura Masahiro , Maeda Akihiko , Kurane Ichiro , Morikawa Shigeru 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐matched unrelated bone marrow transplantation (BMT) was performed in a 13‐year‐old patient with the congenital immunodeficiency syndrome, Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome. The patient had a history of acyclovir (ACV)‐resistant (ACVr) herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) infections prior to BMT. After BMT, the skin lesions caused by HSV‐1 relapsed on the face and genito‐anal areas. Ganciclovir (GCV) therapy was initiated, but the mucocutaneous lesions worsened. An HSV‐1 isolate recovered from the lesions during this episode was resistant to both ACV and GCV. The ACVr isolate was confirmed to have the same mutation in the viral thymidine kinase (TK) gene as that of the previously isolated ACVr isolates from the patient. After treatment switch to foscarnet (PFA), there was a satisfactory remission but not a complete recovery. Although the mucocutaneous lesions improved, a PFA‐resistant (PFAr) HSV‐1 was isolated 1 month after the start of PFA therapy. The PFAr HSV‐1 isolate coded for the same mutation in the viral TK gene as the ACVr HSV‐1 isolates. Furthermore, the PFAr isolate also expressed a mutated viral DNA polymerase (DNA pol) with an amino acid (Gly) substitution for Val at position 715. This is the first report on the clinical course of a BMT‐associated ACVr HSV‐1 infection that subsequently developed resistance to foscarnet as well. J. Med. Virol. 68:99–104, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection and differentiation of Norwalk virus by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Tatsumi Masatoshi , Nakata Shuji , Sakai Yoshiyuki , Honma Shinjiro , Numata‐Kinoshita Kazuko , Chiba Shunzo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe have developed a reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (RT‐PCR–ELISA), using genetic cluster‐specific probes in a microtiter plate format, for the detection and differentiation of Norwalk virus (NV) in stool samples. The specificity of the RT‐PCR–ELISA was confirmed by testing 76 stool specimens and 15 tissue culture fluids derived from growths of unrelated viruses. The sensitivity of the RT‐PCR–ELISA was compared with conventional PCR and Southern hybridization by testing the four cDNA clones derived from the RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase region of the NV68 (NV/GI) virus and viruses in the NV/GII/P1B, the NV/GII/P2A, and the NV/GII/P2B cluster. This assay was as sensitive as the conventional RT‐PCR with Southern hybridization regardless of primer pairs and probes used in the experiments. However, the actual sensitivity of this method was higher when clinical stool samples were examined because this assay examines all the samples irrespective of the RT‐PCR results. The RT‐PCR–ELISA format is simple, time saving, and suitable for testing many samples. It should be reliable for large‐scale epidemiological studies of NV. J. Med. Virol. 68: 285–290, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of long‐range repulsive forces in organizing axonal neurofilament distributions: Evidence from mice deficient in myelin‐associated glycoprotein
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Yin Xinghua , Trapp Bruce D. , Paulaitis Michael E. , Hoh Jan H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWhen the axon of a motor neuron is sectioned and visualized by electron microscopy, a two‐dimensional distribution of neurofilaments (NFs) with nonrandom spacing is revealed; this ordered arrangement implies the presence of physical interactions between the NFs. To gain insight into the molecular basis of this organization, we characterized NF distributions from mouse sciatic nerve cross sections using two statistical mechanical measures: radial distribution functions and occupancy probability distributions. Our analysis shows that NF organization may be described in terms of effective pairwise interactions. In addition, we show that these statistical mechanical measures can detect differences in NF architecture between wild‐type and myelin‐associated glycoprotein null mutant mice. These differences are age dependent, with marked contrast between the NF distributions by 9 months of age. Finally, using Monte Carlo simulations, we compare the experimental results with predictions for models in which adjacent NFs interact through rigid cross bridges, deformable cross bridges, and long‐range repulsive forces. Among the models tested, a model in which the filaments interact through a long‐range repulsive force is most consistent with the results of our analysis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the myelin and oligodendrocyte progenitor marker sulfatide in neurons and astrocytes of adult rat brain
Authors: Pernber Zarah , Molander‐Melin Marie , Berthold Claes‐Henric , Hansson Elisabeth , Fredman Pam 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSulfatide is a myelin component of the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) and is used extensively to identify oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. We have explored sulfatide expression in CNS gray matter (cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus) and the PNS in adult rats using an anti‐sulfatide antibody (Sulph I) and confocal microscopy. Biochemical analyses revealed two Sulph I antigens, sulfatide and seminolipid; sulfatide was present at about five times higher concentration, and the affinity of Sulph I for sulfatide was 2.5 times higher than that for seminolipid. Thus sulfatide was considered the dominant antigen. We found Sulph I immunostaining, in addition to that in myelinated areas in subpopulations of astrocytes and neurons. Astrocyte Sulph I staining was localized to the cell bodies and in some cases also to the processes. In the cerebellum, some Sulph I‐positive astrocytes corresponded to Golgi epithelial cell bodies. We also found Sulph I staining in neuronal cell bodies, which in some neurons was clearly localized to the cytoplasm and in others to the nuclear membrane. Sulph I immunostaining in the PNS was located in the myelin sheath and paranodal end segments. These results demonstrate the expression of sulfatide in cell types other than oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, showing that sulfatide is not a selective marker for adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Moreover, these findings show that sulfatide is localized also to intracellular compartments and indicate that other roles of sulfatide in astrocytes and neurons, compared to myelin, might be considered. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androgen receptor messenger RNA and protein in adult rat sciatic nerve: Implications for site of androgen action
Authors: Jordan Cynthia L. , Price Richard H. , Handa Robert J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGonadal androgens exert a wide variety of effects on several neuromuscular systems, including controlling the developmental fate of motoneurons and neuromuscular synapses and promoting the growth of adult dendrites and axons. Paramount in understanding the molecular mechanisms behind androgen action is determining where androgen acts; does androgen act directly or indirectly on cells to change their fate and function? One step toward answering this question has been to determine which cells express androgen receptors (ARs). Motoneurons and skeletal muscles both have ARs and are, therefore, potential sites of androgen action. Recent evidence indicates that the sciatic nerve in rats also contains AR mRNA (Magnaghi et al. [1999] Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 70:36–44), although which cell type expresses ARs remains unanswered. In this study, we explored the question of which cell populations in the rat sciatic nerve express ARs. Using immunocytochemistry and reverse transcriptase‐PCR, we confirmed the presence of AR protein and mRNA in sciatic nerve from adult rats and found a sex difference, favoring males, in the number of cell nuclei immunopositive for AR. This difference was not due to a sex difference in the overall number of cell nuclei. We also found a difference favoring males in AR mRNA, evidence also suggesting that AR expression is higher in males than in females. Results from double‐immmunolabeling experiments in sciatic nerve from adult males suggest that, within the endoneurial compartment, endoneurial fibroblasts stain prominently for AR, with some endothelial cells also AR+. Although Schwann cells showed light AR immunostaining, this staining is apparently nonspecific. We conclude that cells within peripheral nerve have ARs and may, therefore, mediate some of the effects of androgens on neuromuscular systems. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Introduction to the brave new workplace: organizational behavior in the electronic age
Authors: Gephart Robert P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the nature and meaning of organizational behavior in the electronic age. I review objectives and questions addressed by the Special Issue on Brave New Workplace. Next, I review literature on new work, new workers and the new workplace which provides the context for the Special Issue and its contributions. Specifically, I review literature on features of ‘the new modernism’ in society. I relate macro level social trends and globalization to the political economy of workplace risks. Four themes which characterize new work and work settings are addressed: electronic work, self‐management, individualization of risks, and the inversion of the gender characteristics at work and home. Social implications of new work are explored, including implications which new work practices and new modernist institutions hold for the family, for gender relations and for communities. I conclude by discussing how papers in the current volume contribute to understanding key issues in the brave new workplace. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Telecommuting, professional isolation, and employee development in public and private organizations
Authors: Cooper Cecily D. , Kurland Nancy B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study employs a grounded theory methodology to compare the impact telecommuting has on public and private employees perceptions of professional isolation. It relied on 93 semi‐structured interviews with telecommuters, non‐telecommuters, and their respective supervisors in two high technology firms and two city governments. These organizations had active telecommuting programmes and a strong interest in making telecommuting a successful work option, providing an opportunity to investigate the challenges of telecommuting that existed even within friendly environments. The interviews demonstrated that professional isolation of telecommuters is inextricably linked to employee development activities (interpersonal networking, informal learning, and mentoring). The extent to which telecommuters experience professional isolation depends upon the extent to which these activities are valued in the workplace and the degree to which telecommuters miss these opportunities. Public respondents appeared to value these informal developmental activities less than private employees. Therefore, we stipulate that telecommuting is less likely to hinder the professional development of public sector employees than that of employees in the private sector. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boundaryless and traditional contingent employees: worlds apart
Authors: Marler Janet H. , Woodard Barringer Melissa , Milkovich George T. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe find support for distinguishing between two types of contingent workers: boundaryless and traditional. The existence of these two types helps explain the conflicting views about contingent work in the literature. Using hierarchical cluster and multivariate analysis on a national survey of 614, and a regional sample of 276 temporary employees, we also find that these two types exhibit different work attitudes and behaviors. What distinguishes boundaryless temporaries from others is their preference for temporary work and level of skill and experience. Results also show that the performance of traditional temporaries is more sensitive to attitudes than boundaryless temporaries. After controlling for level of work satisfaction, traditional temporaries reported higher task and contextual performance. We discuss the implications of these findings for theory development, organization practice and public policy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical assessment of the loose–tight leadership model: quantitative and qualitative analyses
Authors: Sagie Abraham , Zaidman Nurit , Amichai‐Hamburger Yair , Te'eni Dov , Schwartz David G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractUsing questionnaire and interview data, this study attempted to find out whether the organizational loose (participative) and tight (directive) practices are compatible with or contradict each other. Using the theoretical framework of Sagie's (1997) loose–tight leadership approach, our hypotheses concerned the effects of both practices on the employee's work‐related attitudes, and the mediating role of two variables, cognitive (information sharing) and motivational (exerting effort), in these effects. Data were analysed using two methodological approaches, quantitative and qualitative. Based on a quantitative analysis of the questionnaires given to 101 professional employees of a textile company, partial support was provided for the study hypotheses. A qualitative analysis of in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews with all the employees (n = 20) in one of the company divisions led to similar conclusions. Specifically, we found that although the loose and tight practices affected work attitudes, the interviewees attributed more impact to the tight practice. In addition, none of the study variables mediated the loose impact on attitudes, whereas information sharing (but not exerting effort) mediated the influence of tight practice. Finally, the qualitative analysis revealed a deeper insight into the nature of both leader practices and their possible integration in the decision‐making processes in organizations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 19th century climate chronology for the Kalahari region of central southern Africa derived from missionary correspondence
Authors: Nash David J. , Endfield Georgina H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractUnpublished materials written by missionaries based at London Missionary Society and Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society mission stations across the Kalahari region have been used as the primary source for the construction of a historical climatic chronology for central southern Africa for the period 1815–1900. Data from these unpublished documents were supplemented by analyses of published material written by various hunters and explorers (as well as missionaries) who travelled beyond the immediate areas of missionary activity. Key features of the climate chronology are the identification of six drought episodes and seven periods of above‐average rainfall which affected various parts of the region. Major dry periods occurred in 1820–27, 1831–35, 1844–51, 1857–65, 1877–86 and 1894–99, of which the droughts in 1844–51, 1857–65, 1884–86 and 1894–99 were the most widespread. Wetter periods are identified in 1816–17, 1829–30, 1851–52, 1863–64, 1874–75, 1889–91 and 1899–1900, with the most widely distributed wet conditions occurring in 1889–91. In order to ascertain the reliability of the chronology, the document‐derived climate sequence has been compared with available meteorological data for the study area (from Barkly West for the period 1883–1900) and shows good general agreement.The results of this study have been compared with historical climate chronologies for the former Cape Province of South Africa. This comparison reveals that large areas of the southern African subcontinent experienced dry conditions in 1826–27, 1832–35, 1848–1851, 1858–60, 1861–63, 1877–81, 1884–86 and 1894–99, with the dry phases of the early 1850s, 1858–60, 1861–63 and 1894–99 possibly extending beyond the northern border of present‐day Botswana. Wetter phases affected much of the subcontinent in 1829–30, 1851–52, 1863–64, 1874–75, 1889–91 and 1899–1900, with 1874–75 and 1889–91 associated with reports of flooding from central Botswana to the eastern Cape. The causal mechanisms of patterns of climatic variability are unclear, but 19th century drought periods in the Kalahari show a close coincidence with the timing of moderate to strong El Niño–southern oscillation events Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Non‐destructive method for the quantification of the average particle diameter of latex as water‐based emulsions by near‐infrared Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Ito Kazuhiro , Kato Tadaya , Ona Toshihiro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractVibrational spectroscopy is utilized to characterize compounds, but it has never been applied to quantitative morphological analysis of polymers in a mass. By using near‐infrared Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis, the average particle diameter of macroscopic size in water‐based latex emulsions was successfully quantified with correlation coefficients >0.95, both in calibration (known samples, n = 36) and in prediction (unknown samples, n = 11) against conventionally measured values obtained by the dynamic laser diffraction scattering method. This method is valid for samples of various monomer compositions together with various fluorescence and Rayleigh scattering intensities causing different background levels in the spectra. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering of 4,4′‐dicyanobiphenyl on gold and silver nanoparticle surfaces
Authors: Lee Chung‐ro , Bae Sung Jin , Gong Myoung‐seon , Kim Kwan , Joo Sang‐Woo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe adsorption behavior of 4,4′‐dicyanobiphenyl (DCBP) on Ag and Au nanoparticle surfaces was studied by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The absence of the ring CH band denoted a flat orientation of the biphenyl ring on Ag and Au. The red shift of the ν8a band indicated a direct ring π‐orbital interaction with the surfaces. The two benzene rings of DCBP appeared to lie on the same plane with a π‐type interaction upon adsorption on the surfaces. The ν(CN) bands were blue shifted in the Ag and Au SERS spectra by 2 and 22 cm−1, respectively from the ordinary Raman spectrum. The orientation of DCBP on the Ag and Au surfaces was analyzed by the relative enhancement factors of the vibrational bands based on the electromagnetic SERS selection rule. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.