bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cloning and expression of an antigenic domain of glycoprotein gE of pseudorabies virus in Escherichia coli and its use as antigen in diagnostic assays
Authors: Ro L. H. , Lai S. S. , Hwang W. L. , Chou H. H. , Huang J. N. , Chang E. L. , Yang H. L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Use of a combination of an effective gE gene-deleted pseudorabies virus (prv) vaccine with a companion diagnostic kit for prv glycoprotein gE has proven successful in several pseudorabies-eradication programs. To produce a large quantity of functional gE protein for development of a prv-gE diagnostic kit, an Escherichia coli expression system containing the distal region of the prv-gE gene of a prv strain CF was constructed. The expressed protein contained 134 amino adds of gE protein (amino acids 77-210) fused to a 19-amino acids tag containing 6 histidine residues. After induction, a truncated prv-gE polypeptide of 18-kd was expressed to about 20% of the total E coli proteins. Results of immunoblot analysis indicated that this E coli-produced prv-gE protein reacted specifically with serum from prv-hyperimmunized pigs and from field prv-infected pigs, but not with serum samples from specific-pathogen-free pigs or pigs inoculated with gE-deleted prv vaccine. These data indicate that, although the recombinant gE protein is produced in E coli, it still retains the antigenicity of the viral gE glycoprotein. Comparison between the recombinant gE protein, using immunoblot analysis with a commercial gE ELISA containing natural prv-gE protein, revealed comparable test performance. This finding indicated that recombinant gE protein produced by E coli can be used for development of a companion serologic assay for a prv-gE gene-deleted vaccine.
Effects of atipamezole and yohimbine on medetomidine-induced central nervous system depression and cardiorespiratory changes in lambs
Authors: Ko Jeff C.H. , McGrath Charles J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We compared the ability of 2 α2-adrenergic receptor antagonists, atipamezole and yohimbine, to reverse medetomidine-induced CNS depression and cardiorespiratory changes in lambs. Twenty lambs (7.8 ± 2.6 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatment groups (n = 5). Each lamb was given medetomidine (30 μg/kg of body weight, IV), followed in 15 minutes by IV administration of atipamezole (30 or 60 μg/kg), yohimbine (1 mg/kg), or 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution. Medetomidine caused lateral recumbency in 1 to 2 minutes in all treated lambs. Medetomidine significantly (P < 0.05) decreased heart rate at 5 and 10 minutes after its administration. Heart rate remained above 120 beats/min, and severe bradycardia (≤ 70 beats/min) and other arrhythmias did riot occur throughout the study. Medetomidine also induced tachypnea in all treated lambs. The tachypnea was abolished by atipamezole and yohimbine, but not by saline solution administration. The medetomidine-induced tachypnea did not significantly affect arterial pH and Paco2. Arterial oxygen tension was within acceptable range (Pao2, = 71 to 62 mm of Hg), but was lower than expected. Administration of atipamezole, yohimbine, or saline solution did not change Pao2, significantly. Lambs treated with 30 or 60 μg of atipa- mezole/kg were able to walk unassisted in 2.4 ± 0.4 and 2.3 ± 0.7 minutes, respectively, whereas yohimbine- and saline-treated lambs did not walk unassisted until 15.6 ± 2.7 and 73.0 ± 6.8 minutes later, respectively. Results of this study indicated that medetomidine is a potent CNS depressant in lambs. Atipamezole at dosage of 30 or 60 μg/kg was equally effective, and was more effective in antagonizing medetomidine-induced CNS depression than was yohimbine.
Effects of temperature and storage time on pin pull-out testing in harvested canine femurs
Authors: Huss Brian T. , Anderson Mark A. , Wagner-Mann Colette C. , Payne John T. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Effects of temperature and storage time on canine bone-transfixation pin specimens were tested by comparing pin pull-out forces. A total of 16 femurs from 8 mature dogs were tested. Five nonthreaded Steinmann pins were placed through both cortices in the diaphysis of each femur. The femurs were then sectioned transversely between each pin, with a bonepin specimen placed evenly into each of 5 groups prior to biomechanical testing. Four bone-pin specimen groups were stored at −20 or −70 C for 14 or 28 days, while 1 specimen group was immediately tested. Pull-out forces for frozen groups were compared with pull-out forces for the fresh group.
Using two-way anova, there was no statistical difference in mean axial-extraction forces among bonepin specimens in any of the tested groups. It is concluded that acute pin pull-out forces are not significantly affected by freezing temperature or time. However, specimens stored at −20 C for as few as 14 days had a trend for increased pull-out forces, compared with freshly harvested specimens. Therefore, the authors recommend storage of bone-pin specimens at −70 C when possible.
Clinical relevance of the microvasculature of the equine proximal sesamoid bone
Authors: Trumble Troy N. , Amoczky Steven P. , Stick John A. , Stickle Russ L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The blood supply to the proximal sesamoid bone of the equine forelimb was examined in 18 cadaver limbs from adult horses, using x-ray computed tomography and a tissue-clearing (Spalteholz) technique. Results of the study indicated that the proximal sesamoid bones were supplied by multiple branches of the medial and lateral palmar digital arteries, which entered the proximal half of the bones on their non-articular, abaxial surface. After entering the bone, the vessels traverse dorsally, axially, and distally, arborizing into several smaller branches that appear to supply the entire bone. The major branches of these vessels reside in bony canals, the orientation and distribution of which parallel the radiographic lucencies seen in horses with sesamoiditis and correspond to the configuration of apical fracture patterns.
Effects of vascular pedicle ligation on blood flow in canine semitendinosus muscle
Authors: Solano Mauricio , Purinton Paul T. , Chambers Jonathan N. , Munnell John F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Blood flow to the semitendinosus muscle was studied in 12 dogs after ligation of either the proximal or distal vascular pedicle and elevation of the muscle from its normal position. Using 15-μm-diameter radioactive microspheres, flow was measured at rest, 6 and 18 days after muscle elevation and pedicle ligation. Mean blood flow in the proximal region of the muscle 6 and 18 days after ligation of the caudal gluteal (proximal) pedicle was not significantly different from mean blood flow calculated in the middle and distal regions of the muscle. There was also no significant difference in mean blood flow among proximal, middle, and distal regions of the muscle, 6 and 18 days after ligation of the distal caudal femoral (distal) pedicle. There was significantly (P < 0.05) increased blood flow between group-A (ligation of caudal gluteal artery) and group-C (operated-control) muscles, 6 and 18 days after surgery. There was no loss of muscle fiber striations or nuclei, or presence of fibrous tissue that might have indicated ischemic necrosis in any of the experimental groups. These results indicate that the entire semitendinosus muscle can be sustained by the blood flow from either of its 2 vascular pedicles, which reinforces its potential as a muscle flap.
Mural blood flow distribution in the large colon of horses during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion
Authors: Moore Rustin M. , Hardy Joanne , Muir William W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Six horses were subjected to 3 hours of low-flow ischemia and 3 hours of reperfusion of the large colon. After induction of anesthesia, the large colon was exteriorized through a ventral midline celiotomy. Colonic blood flow was measured continuously, using Doppler ultrasonic flow probes placed on the colonic arteries supplying the dorsal and ventral colons and was allowed to stabilize for 15 to 30 minutes after instrumentation. Low-flow ischemia was induced by reducing colonic arterial blood flow to 20% of baseline (bl) flow. Colonic mucosal, seromuscular, and full-thickness blood flow were determined on a tissue-weight basis by injecting colored microspheres proximally into the colonic artery supplying the ventral colon. Reference blood samples were obtained at a known flow rate from the colonic artery and vein at a site more distal to the site of injection. Left ventral colon biopsy specimens were harvested at bl, 3 hours of ischemia, and 15 minutes of reperfusion. Blood and tissue samples were digested and filtered to collect the microspheres, and dimethylformamide was added to release the colored dyes. Dye concentration in blood and tissue samples was measured by use of spectrophotometry, and tissue-blood flow was calculated. Data were analyzed, using two-way anova for repeated measures; statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Doppler blood flow decreased to approximately 20% of BL, whereas microsphere blood flow ranged between 13.7 and 15.5% of bl at 3 hours of ischemia. Doppler-determined blood flow increased immediately on restoration of blood flow, reached 183% of bl at 15 minutes of reperfusion, and remained at or above bl throughout 3 hours of reperfusion. This reactive hyperemia was also detected, using the colored microspheres; blood flow increased to 242 and 327% of bl at 15 minutes of reperfusion in the mucosal and seromuscular layers, respectively. Mucosal blood flow was not different from seromuscular blood flow at any time, indicating relatively equal distribution of blood flow between these 2 layers. As determined from the venous reference samples, there was no evidence of arteriovenous anastomoses.
Effects of α2-adrenergic receptor agonist and antagonist drugs on cholinergic contraction in bovine tracheal smooth muscle in vitro
Authors: Manning Melanie M. , Broadstone Richard V. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Effects of α2-adrenergic receptor stimulation on the cholinergic contractile response of bovine tracheal smooth muscle were studied. To determine the presence and function of α2-adrenergic receptors on cholinergic nerves innervating bovine tracheal muscle, effects of 2 α2-adrenoceptor agonists and an antagonist were determined. Muscular contractions were elicited by either electrical field stimulation (efs) or exogenous acetylcholine (ach).
The contractile response to efs and exogenous ach was examined for each tissue. Electrical field stimulation of bovine tracheal smooth muscle caused contractions that were completely abolished by atropine, indicating the predominant excitatory innervation of bovine trachea is cholinergic. The α2-adrenoceptor agonists clonidine and medetomidine (10-6M to 10-4M) concentration-dependently inhibited the contractile response to efs but not the response to exogenous ach. Contractions induced by efs were significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited in clonidine (10-4M)-treated tissues at low frequencies (0.1 to 10 Hz), whereas medetomidine (10-4M, 10-4M) inhibited contractions at all frequencies (0.1 to 30 Hz). Inhibitory effects of the α2-adrenoceptor agonists clonidine and medetomidine were attenuated by the (α2-adrenoceptor antagonist tolazoline. The α2-agonists used in this study appear to cause prejunctional inhibition of cholinergic nerves, because the smooth muscle contractions elicited by efs, but not exogenous ach, were inhibited, compared with controls.
Pharmacokinetics of heparin and its pharmacodynamic effect on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity and coagulation in healthy horses
Authors: McCann M. E. , Watson T. D. G. , Boudinot F. D. , Moore J. N. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of iv administered sodium heparin and the pharmacodynamic effect of heparin on lipoprotein lipase (lpl) activity. Horses were allotted to 3 groups. Plasma samples were obtained from each horse before and at various times for 6 hours after heparin administration for determination of heparin concentration, lpl activity, and activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt). The disposition of heparin was dose dependent. The area under the plasma heparin concentration vs time curve (auc) increased more than proportionally with dose, indicating that heparin elimination was nonlinear. Total clearance of heparin was similar after the 40 and 80 IU/kg of body weight dosages, averaging 0.45 and 0.36 IU/kg/min, respectively. However, after administration of the 120 IU/kg dose, clearance was significantly less than that after the 40 IU/kg dose. The half-life of heparin averaged 53, 70, and 136 minutes after 40, 80, and 120 IU/kg, respectively, with significant differences observed between the low and high doses. In contrast to heparin, the area under the plasma concentration vs time curve for lpl activity increased less than proportionally with dose. Maximal lpl activity observed was independent of dose, averaging 4.8 μmol of free fatty acids/ml/h. The aptt was significantly prolonged for 120 minutes after administration of the 40 IU/kg dose. Correlation coefficients for lpl activity vs either plasma heparin concentration or aptt were less than 0.7, indicating that neither laboratory measure can be used to accurately predict plasma lpl activity.
Serologic studies in experimentally induced Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf infection in pigs
Authors: Srinand S. , Robinson R. A. , Collins J. E. , Nagaraja K. V. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Two indirect elisa containing outer membrane protein (omp) and lipopolysaccharide (lps) antigens from a field isolate of Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf developed and evaluated in experimentally infected and uninfected control pigs. Experimentally induced infection with S choleraesuis was successfully established in 10 pigs by oral inoculation with 108 organisms, and 3 pigs died of clinical salmonellosis at postinoculation (pi) weeks 1, 2, and 4. Swab specimens from tonsils, nostrils, and rectum of pigs were obtained for culture, and sera were evaluated at weekly intervals for 9 weeks after inoculation. The elisa containing omp and lps antigens with either anti-swine IgG or protein albumin-to-globulin ratio (antiglobulin) conjugates were standardized for serologic evaluation. All 4 elisa (2 omp and 2 lps) detected seroconversion by pi week 3 and had sensitivities and specificities of 97.8 and 88.8, 100 and 100, 95.6 and 88.8, and 93.3 and 72.5%, at their ideal cutoff points (negative mean optical density + 2 sd). There was excellent agreement between all 4 elisa systems as determined by kappa values. Cultures of fecal, tonsil, and nasal swab specimens were positive for S choleraesuis until the fourth week of infection. Fecal swab specimens from 1 pig were positive for S choleraesuis until pl week 7. Persistent infection after antemortem culture results were negative was detected by all 4 elisa, which indicated consistently high titers until the end of pi week 9. Conventional bacteriologic examination of intestines, mesenteric lymph nodes, bone marrow, lung, liver, spleen, and bile yielded positive results for S choleraesuis in the 3 pigs that died of clinical infection, whereas results were negative in the other 7 pigs infected by the end of pl week 9. Histologic examination of lung, liver, spleen, intestines, and mesenteric lymph nodes from the 3 pigs that died of S choleraesuis infection revealed severe ulceration and inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria and submucosa of the intestine, whereas minimal changes were observed in other organs.
Abortions, fetal death, and stillbirths in pregnant pygmy goats inoculated with tachyzoites of Neospora caninum
Authors: Lindsay D. S. , Rippey N. S. , Powe T. A. , Sartin E. A. , Dubey J. P. , Blagburn B. L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Neospora caninum-induced abortion is a major production problem in the dairy cattle industry in the United States and worldwide. Abortions attributable to naturally acquired N caninum infection also have been observed in pygmy goats. We studied experimentally induced infections with N caninum in pregnant pygmy does to determine whether abortions attributable to N caninum infection would occur after inoculation. Seven pregnant pygmy does (1 control doe and 6 inoculated with N caninum) were studied. The control doe remained clinically normal throughout the study and delivered 2 healthy kids. Abortion, fetal death, and stillbirths were observed in some pregnant does inoculated with N caninum. Two pregnant pygmy does inoculated with N caninum early in gestation (day 51) had fetuses that died and were aborted, or died and were reabsorbed. Neospora caninum tachyzoites and lesions were observed in the brain, spinal cord, and heart of aborted fetuses; parasites also were isolated from the placenta. Four additional pregnant pygmy does (2 inoculated at mid-gestation [day 85], and 2 at late gestation [day 127]) did not abort after inoculation. However, 1 doe inoculated during midgestation delivered a stillborn fetus that had died about 1 week prior to parturition. This kid was congenitally infected with N caninum. Neospora caninum was isolated from the placentas of all inoculated does examined. Neonatal neosporosis was not observed in live-born kids, nor were stages of N caninum isolated from any live-born kid. Does did not undergo abortion or have congenitally infected kids when they were rebred and evaluated for neosporosis.
Effect of glucocorticoids on serum osteocalcin concentration in horses
Authors: Geor Raymond , Hope Esther , Lauper Linda , Piela Suzanne , Klassen Joan , King Vicky , Murphy Michael 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effects of dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg of body weight; iv, im, and po) and methylprednisolone acetate (120 mg, given intra-articularly) on serum osteocalcin and cortisol concentrations were studied in 6 horses. Serum osteocalcin and cortisol concentrations were serially monitored after each treatment. A significant (P < 0.05) decrease in serum osteocalcin and cortisol concentrations was observed from 12 to 24 and 2 to 48 hours, respectively, after iv and im administrations of dexamethasone. Serum osteocalcin and cortisol concentrations were significantly decreased from 6 to 48 and 3 to 72 hours, respectively, after oral administration. In contrast, a change in serum osteocalcin concentration was not detected after intra-articular administration of methylprednisolone. Oral, iv, or im treatment with 0.2 mg of dexamethasone/kg caused a decrease in serum osteocalcin concentration in horses.
Vertical loading rates in clinically normal dogs at a trot
Authors: Budsberg Steven C. , Verstraete Mary C. , Brown John , Reece Lynn 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Present data describe the rates of vertical loading and unloading generated by clinically normal dogs in a trotting gait. Forward velocity was found to influence maximal rates of limb loading and unloading in forelimbs and hind limbs. The rates increased as the velocity of the dog/handler increased. The position of maximal limb loading during the stance phase was independent of velocity in the forelimbs, but in the hind limbs, as velocity increased, the position of maximal unloading occurred earlier in the stance phase.
Within velocity groups, the forelimbs had greater rates of vertical loading and unloading than did hind limbs. The position at which maximal loading occurred was earlier in the forelimbs than in the hind limbs. There was a difference in the position of maximal unloading between forelimbs and hind limbs, with the forelimbs unloading earlier in the stance phase. Difference between paired forelimbs or paired hind limbs was not found for any measurement within any group.
Calculation of loading and unloading rates provides another method of examining functional limb loading in dogs. This method of analysis can be adapted to any animal gaited across a force platform in which single limb strides can be recorded. Calculations can also be done in any axis of measurement. Data indicated loading and unloading rates to be consistent, and easily determined. Use of data generated from rates of limb loading can be classified into 2 areas: documentation of acceptance of load by the limb, and indirect measurement of functional stresses placed on bones of the appendicular skeleton.
Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitative measurement of serum amyloid A protein in horses
Authors: Satoh Megumi , Fujinaga Toru , Okumura Masahiro , Hagio Mitsuyoshi 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To measure the concentration of serum amyloid A (saa) protein in horses, a sensitive and highly reproducible sandwich (elisa) was established, using affinity purified saa antibody. Results of the elisa were found to have a high correlation (r = 0.95) with those of the single radial immunodiffusion test. Equine saa concentration was measured by use of this elisa. In clinically normal horses, the concentration of saa was high immediately after birth to 2 weeks of age. After that, saa concentration had periodic fluctuations in the range of approximately 10 to 30 μg/ml. Mean (± sd) concentrations of saa in foals (≤ 12 months old) and adult horses (≥ 18 months old) were 21.23 ± 12.20 and 14.93 ± 9.07 μg/ml, respectively. In mares during the perinatal period, saa concentration remained stable within the reference range before parturition. It increased quickly after delivery, and reached a peak value of 101.29 ± 98.82 μg/ml on postpartum day 3, then began to decrease, at postpartum week 2, to the reference range by the end of postpartum month 1. In horses with experimentally induced inflammation, saa concentration increased quickly and reached approximately four- to 40-fold increase over the pretreatment value on day 1 and remained high on days 2 to 6 after treatment. It then returned to the baseline value by 2 to 4 weeks in association with disappearance of local signs of inflammation. The saa concentration was high in most horses with clinical signs of inflammation. It was concluded from these data that this elisa is sensitive and reliable for measuring saa in horses.
Evaluation of multiple doses of 4 and 6% timolol, and timolol combined with 2% pilocarpine in clinically normal Beagles and Beagles with glaucoma
Authors: Gelatt Kirk N. , Larocca Robert D. , Gelatt Justina K. , Strubbe D. Todd , MacKay Edward O. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Topically applied 4% timolol, 4% timolol combined with 2% pilocarpine, 6% timolol, and 6% timolol combined with 2% pilocarpine were evaluated in clinically normal Beagles and Beagles with glaucoma. The drugs were instilled twice daily for 5 days. Changes in intraocular pressure (iop), pupil size, and heart rate were recorded on days 1, 3, and 5 at 0, 2, 5, and 8 hours, starting at 8:30 am. In clinically normal dogs, 4 and 6% topically administered timolol did not cause consistent reductions in iop; however, with addition of 2% pilocarpine, iop was consistently lower. In the Beagles with glaucoma, 4 and 6% timolol and, to a greater extent, 4 and 6% timolol combined with 2% pilocarpine lowered iop. The combinations lowered iop and reduced pupil size consistently. In all test groups, either 4 or 6% topically applied timolol caused approximately 10% decrease in mean heart rate.
Ocular squamous cell carcinoma in Simmental cattle in Zimbabwe
Authors: Den Otter Willem , Hill F. W. Graham , Klein Wim R. , Everse Linda A. , Ruitenberg E. Joost , Van der Ven Leo T. M. , Koten Jan Willem , Steerenberg Peter A. , Faber Joop A. J. , Rutten Victor P. M. G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In Zimbabwe, ocular squamous cell carcinoma (oscc) was frequently observed in 5 breeding herds of Simmental cattle, a Bos taurus breed originating from Switzerland. In these herds, initial signs of oscc were already noticeable in cattle about 3 years old. Gradually, oscc prevalence increased, and 36 to 53% of cattle over 7 years old had 1 or more tumors. More tumors developed in Simmental cattle with periorbital white skin than in cattle with periorbital pigmented skin. Other breeds of cattle (eg, Friesian) also are partly white-faced and live in Zimbabwe in a comparable environment; yet, oscc prevalence was lower in those breeds.