bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Comparative Element of Justice
Authors: McLeod Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a certain sort of case that is likely to seem puzzling when viewed from the perspective of justice. Suppose, for instance, that a student receives an A on her excellent paper, but then discovers that the professor gave everyone an A, regardless of merit. Or suppose that all the soldiers of a given platoon are guilty of the same offense—one that customarily calls for a night in the stockade—but that the commanding officer selects one of the soldiers at random and punishes him as an ‘example’ to the others. Imagine, finally, that all of us are hopeless sinners, but that God, on the Day of Judgment, arbitrarily admits some of us to heaven and condemns the rest of us to hell.
Effort and Imagination
Authors: Sher George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One familiar answer to the question ‘How much pay does a worker deserve’ is that this depends entirely on how hard he works. Those who offer this answer generally do so on the grounds that ( 1) the wage a worker deserves must depend on some factor that is entirely within his control, and (2) only a worker’s efforts, but not what he thereby achieves or produces, are entirely within his control. My aim in the current chapter is to show that premise (2) of this common argument presupposes an idealized and unrealistic picture of effort-that, by identifying effort exclusively with the exercise of will,(2) fails to do justice to the role of imagination in guiding the will.
Large-Scale Urban Development Projects, Urban Dynamics, and Social Polarization: A Methodological Reflection
Authors: Moulaert Frank , Rodríguez Arantxa , Swyngedouw Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 addressed the dialectics between local and global dimensions of UDPs, and argued that UDPs are not just local answers to distant, abstract, and global forces driven by disembodied flows of international finance and corporate capital or by free trade-based global governance dominated by networks of financial and economic elites. They are also specifically localized projects that mobilize assets available at various interlocked spatial scales with a view towards increasing the accumulation and profitability of locally embedded capitals. In an allegedly globalized economy and polity, capital still needs to be territorialized in order to pursue its profitability objectives.
Restructuring Cities: Miracles and Mirages in Urban Revitalization in Bilbao
Authors: Rodríguez Arantxa , Martinez Elena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After two decades of uninterrupted decline, metropolitan Bilbao is experiencing an extraordinary ‘urban renaissance’. The basis for this transformation has been the setting up during the 1990s of a myriad of initiatives and projects aimed at reorganizing the physical and socio-economic profile of the city and launching a process of revitalization. Urban policy has played a crucial role in this process, heavily supported by strategic investments in large transport and infrastructure projects that have paved the road to metropolitan regeneration. As a result, in less than a decade, Bilbao has jumped from being an archetype of a declining industrial city to become the new ‘Mecca of urbanism’ (Masboungi 2001), the flagship of which is the Guggenheim Museum.
Identify and difference
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alternations are vocalic (not phonetic) differences existing at the same time between forms judged to represent, at some level, a morphological unit. The size of this unit may vary, but excludes total morphological sameness. Various expressions are used within morphology: the same meaning, the same value, the same use, the same form. None of these expressions has any meaning, unless same meaning, value, use is understood in relation to one or several forms—and similarly the same form in relation to one or several meanings, values, or uses.
Note to the reader
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is perfectly clear to us that the great difficulty of our thesis (and unfortunately one which may keep distorting our remarks in some readers’ minds) comes from the very misconception which this short volume sets out to oppose. We have reached the point where we have convinced ourselves that linguistic phenomena, expressed in relation to a given period, are ipso facto representations of an the sign, but the sign that fundamentally guides thought (and thus in fact creates it, causing it in turn to create signs of its own, inevitably similar to those it received).
Sign and signification
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phonetically, or in the field of vocal figures, there is a clear-cut delimitation between the endless alteration of a figure, and the total effacement of a figure. Morphologically, or in the field of signs, it is quite impossible to distinguish between three terms: the presence of a sign, its degree of modification after a period of time, its destruction after a further period of time. Presence, absence, forms in succession: all have exactly the same value, i.e. at any moment each has a perfectly random, unpredictable value, which is the simple, ever-changing
result of its surroundings.
On the negativity of synonymy20
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sun, then, may appear to represent a perfectly positive, clear-cut, and specific idea, and so too may moon. However, when Diogenes says to Alexander ‘Get thee from my sun!’, nothing of sun remains in sun save in opposition to the idea of shadow; and this idea of shadow itself is nothing more than the cumulate negation of the ideas of light, darkest night, half-light, etc., associated with the negation of what is lit up compared to an area of darkness, etc.
Early Miscellaneous Notes (from the Engler edition)
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject may be a noun, or a pronoun, or an adjective or a number noun, as is immediately apparent. But it may also be a verb (infinitive); see below why the infinitive does not lose its characteristics as a verb. Predicate may also be any of these. Conjunction may be a ‘conjunction’ or an adverb. One can imagine a language in which an adjective used as subject would take a special form. This would have no impact on the overall logic.
Unde Exoriar (from the Orangery manuscripts)
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Misc. In every domain, before there can even be any question of a phenomenon, it is necessary to know across or between which objects the phenomenon takes place. Since a language system is a theatre of such remarkable phenomena, it has seemed sufficient to study these. Seldom has any question been asked about the elements that have given rise to such a phenomenon, or even about the nature of these.
The Basic Facts
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first part of this book, Homer was our constant companion. He was often spoken of as if readers already knew everything they needed to know about him and his poem. The present writer has been conscious that this cannot be the case for all those who are interested in Troy. However, anticipatory leaps in the story could not be avoided, since in the first part attention was directed primarily towards Troy, while Homer’s role was that of a backdrop and point of reference.
Homer’s Iliad and the Tale of Troy
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all the emphasis placed by researchers on the artistic dimension of the Iliad and its pre-eminence for the cultural history of Europe and especially for the development of European literature, Homer studies in the modern era have been unable to simply disregard the question of the subject matter of the poem. Material which inspired a poet to produce a work of such unique artistic quality cannot be regarded as insignificant. Where did it come from? It has seemed implausible to most that the poet should have completely invented it.
The Hymnic Genres
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our understanding of the Sumerian literary corpus is greatly hampered by the absence of any ancient tradition of explicit literary interpretation. We classify the corpus with the help of modern categories that post-date the works we are classifying by many centuries and belong to a different literary tradition. The compositions of this group are classified as hymns mainly on the thematic grounds that they are all basically poems praising a god.
Taste and Aspirations at Sub-Gentry Level
Authors: Hunneyball Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1698 Celia Fiennes’s travels took her to Norwich. In her journal she described the medieval walls and churches, and the numerous bustling mar kets, and then turned her attention to the local housing.
All their buildings are of an old form, mostly in deep poynts and much tileing, and their building timber and they playster on laths which they strike out into squares like broad free stone on the outside, which makes their fronts look pretty well, and some they build high and contract the roofes resembling the London houses, but none of brick except some few beyond the river which are built of some of the rich factors like the London buildings.
Introduction
Authors: Perras Arne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 17 December 1884 a strange caravan approached the Swahili coastal town of Bagamoyo. A fever—ridden young German, a historian by profession and a scholar of Schopenhauer, was returning from a brief visit to the hinterland. The man had to be carried in a hammock. At times he would wave his revolver about to drive his porters on. In his pocket, he kept twelve pieces of paper with a number of crosses on them. They were to be of crucial importance for the political future of East Africa. Thousands of miles further north, in the German capital of Berlin, the papers were recognized as legitimate treaties. It was claimed that with their signatures African leaders had ceded their territorial rights to the young traveller, Carl Peters. In February 1885 Kaiser Wilhelm I issued an imperial charter placing a territory of an estimated 140,000 square kilometres under German protection.
After Bismarck: The Heligoland—Zanzibar Agreement and its Consequences(1890—1891)
Authors: Perras Arne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Peters arrived at Bagamoyo on 16 July 1890, he realized that all his efforts to extend claims in East Africa had been in vain. Two weeks earlier the British and German governments had concluded the so—called Heligoland—Zanzibar Agreement, which was to settle their colonial disputes. Above all, it meant the final partition of East Africa. It fixed the borders of the British territory in the north and the German one in the south. Britain secured Witu, Uganda, a protectorate over Zanzibar, and the Stephenson Road between Lake Nyassa and Lake Tanganyika. In return, it ceded the island of Heligoland to the Reich. Finally, Britain committed itself to assisting the Germans in obtaining the coastal strip from the Sultan, who had not been granted a voice in the matter at all.
Peters’ s Disputed Legacy after 1945
Authors: Perras Arne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the collapse of Nazi rule, the Peters monument went on its final odyssey. It is not clear what exactly happened to the statue at the end of the war, but it surfaced again at a Bremen scrapyard in the late 1940s. It was then moved to the administrative district of Pinneberg (to which Heligoland then belonged) and its components were stored in various cellars. When one of the buildings was demolished, a few of the workers sold the torso to a local scrap dealer, who believed it to be part of a Hermann Goering monument. The illegal deal was exposed and the culprits were brought to court. The workers got away with a fine, but the scrap dealer was sentenced to a year in prison.
The Milling Industry about I300
Authors: Langdon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the start it is important to realize when considering the medieval milling industry around 1300, and especially its technological aspects, that it was already ancient. Watermills for grinding corn were known in Europe from Roman times, well over a thousand years before. In our time, when industries surrounding such technologies as the automobile, the aeroplane, the refrigerator, the television, and the computer (to name only a very few) have scarcely been in existence for a century and a sense of novelty still exists, it may seem paradoxcal if not illogical that medieval people would have considered a very long-established activity in the same way. Indeed, it could be argued that this supposed medieval enthusiasm for milling is simply a construct of overenthusiastic historians.
Collective Volumes
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Anon. Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, XII (Scottish History Society, 5th ser., 7). Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1994. 2. Sommer, Petr (ed.) Ruralia I (Pamatky archeologicke-supplementum). Prague: Institute of Archaeology, 1998. 340p. 3. Fridrich, Jan (ed.) Ruralia II (Pamatky archeologicke-supplementum, 11). Prague: Institute of Archaeology, 1998. 236p. 4. Klapste, Jan (ed.) Ruralia III (Pamatky archeologicke-supplementum, 14). Prague: Institute of Archaeology, 2000. 302p. 5. Anon. The sea in European history (Clioh’s Workshop, 1). Pisa: Edizioni Plus, 2001.
England 450–1066
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1115. Keynes, Simon. ‘Apocalypse then: England A.D. 1000’, A378, 247-70. 1116. Pelteret, David A.E. (ed.) Anglo-Saxon history: basic readings. New York: Garland, 2000. xxx, 450p. [Composite volume; all items previously pub lished: not itemised.] B.Historiography and Historical Methods See also [BJ: 491; [C]: 1005; [DJ: 1199, 1212, 1284; [F]: 2298; [HJ: 4752, 4811 1117. Banham, Debby; et al. ‘Bibliography for 2000’ [Anglo-Saxon studies]. Anglo-Saxon England, 30 (2001), 247-314. 1118. Barker, Katherine; Darvill, Timothy. ‘Introduction: landscape old and new’, A25, 1-8. 1119. Brown, Gary; et al. ‘A Middle-Saxon runic inscription from the National Portrait Gallery and an inscribed fossilised echinoid from Exeter Street, London’, Medieval Archaeology, 45 (2001), 203-210. 1120. Chaplais, Pierre. English diplomatic practice in the middle ages. London: Hambledon & London, 2002. 277p.
Ireland to c.1640
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
8839. Anon. Claregalway: parish history 750 years. Galway: Claregalway Historical and Cultural Society, 1999. v, 277p. 8840. Brady, Ciaran. The Hutchinson encyclopedia of Ireland: an A-Z guide to its people, places, history, and culture. Oxford: Helicon, 2000. ix, 390p. 8841. Canny, Nicholas P. Making Ireland British, 1580-1650. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. xv, 633p. 8842. Charles-Edwards, Thomas M. Early Christian Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. xix, 707p.
Empire To 1783
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
10336. Armitage, David; Braddick, Michael J. ‘Introduction’, A14, 1-7. 10337. Cavaliero, Roderick. Strangers in the land: the rise and decline of the British Indian empire. London: LB. Tauris, 2002. xvi, 280p. 10338. Elliott, J.H. ‘Afterword: Atlantic history: a circumnavigation’, A14, 233--49. 10339. Ellison, James. George Sandys: travel, colonialism and tolerance in the seventeenth century. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2002. xi, 286p. 10340. Fischer, Steven R. A history of the Pacific islands. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002. xxvii, 304p. 10341. Geiter, Mary K.; Speck, W.A. Colonial America: from Jamestown to Yorktown. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002. xi, 228p.
Empire And Commonwealth Post 1783
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
10555. Al-Rasheed, Madawi. A history of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. xvii, 255p. 10556. Bard, Solomon (ed.) Voices from the past: Hong Kong, 1842-1918. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2002. vii, 383p. 10557. Barr, William (ed.) Searching for Franklin: the land Arctic searching expedition 1855: James Anderson’s and James Stewart’s expedition via the Back River (Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, 3rd ser., 1). London: Hakluyt Society, 1999. xv, 292p.
Rituals and Disputing in Twelfth-Century Tuscany
Authors: M Chris Wi Kh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All societies are structured by daily rituals, our own included. Some rituals are policed by the political process (as with diplomatic or parliamentary protocol), some by the courts (as when breaches in traffic etiquette are seen as dangerous driving), some by the gossip network (infractions of dress codes, or of the rules for the buying of drinks), some by family tensions (whose tum is it to make the bed), some, the most personal, by simple existential unease (as when one unthinkingly brushes one’s teeth before, instead of after, washing one’s face).
Languages of Mainland South-East Asia
Authors: Bradley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am pleased to acknowledge the support of the UNESCO Endangered Languages programme and of the Australian Research Council (A59701122, A59803475, A00001357) and assistance from various institutions in China, especially the Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences; Thailand, especially Mahidol University; and France, especially the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Information from a number of colleagues is included here: 2000 China census figures from Colin Mackerras; information on Aslian from Geoffrey Benjamin; on various Mon-Khmer languages from Ilia Peiros, Suwilai Premsrirat, Theraphan Luangthongkum, and Gérard Diffloth; on languages of Burma from Denise Bernot; on Miao-Yao languages from Barbara Niederer; on Kristang from Alan Baxter; and on various Kadai and other languages of Vietnam from Jerry Edmondson. Of course, all remaining shortcomings and errors and any misunderstanding of information from others are my sole responsibility.
Siberia: Tungusic and Palaeosiberian
Authors: Tsumagari Toshiro , Kurebito Megumi , Endo Fubito 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the term “Siberia “ we refer to east Siberia and the Russian Far East, an area which has long been inhabited by both the Tungusic and the Palaeosiberian people. In order to cover the whole range of the Tungusic, a part of north China is also included in the following discussion. See Figure 20.1 for the geographical distribution of the languages concerned. Tungusic is a language family consisting of some ten genetically related tongues. Typologically, it is characterized by the general Altaic type with an almost exclusively suffixing agglutinative morphology.
Advancing with the Army
Authors: Ackroyd Marcus , Brockliss Laurence , Moss Michael , Retford Kate , Stevenson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Providing the first ever statistical study of a professional cohort in the era of the industrial revolution, this prosopographical study of some 450 surgeons who joined the army medical service during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, charts the background, education, military and civilian career, marriage, sons’ occupations, wealth at death, and broader social and cultural interests of the members of the cohort. It reveals the role that could be played by the nascent professions in this period in promoting rapid social mobility. The group of medical practitioners selected for this analysis did not come from affluent or professional families but profited from their years in the army to build up a solid and sometimes spectacular fortune, marry into the professions, and place their sons in professional careers. The study contributes to our understanding of Britishness in the period, since the majority of the cohort came from small-town and rural Scotland and Ireland but seldom found their wives in the native country and frequently settled in London and other English cities, where they often became pillars of the community.
The Army Medical Service
Authors: Ackroyd Marcus , Brockliss Laurence , Moss Michael , Retford Kate , Stevenson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the outbreak of the French wars, the army medical service was already 150 years old. From the inception of Parliament’s New Model Army in 1645, an embryonic medical corps was created to support it and ten years later its organization was stabilized with the decision that henceforth there was to be one surgeon and surgeon’s mate per regiment of foot and one surgeon per regiment of horse. At the same time, a small contingent of medical staff officers was established attached to the commander-in-chief, while overall supervision of the medical service was loosely placed in the hands of a troika comprising a physician, surgeon, and apothecary-general. Although Cromwell’s army of 30,000 men was completely disbanded at the Restoration fifteen years later, the small standing force that initially replaced it and the much bigger British army of the eighteenth century largely replicated its institutions. The army medical corps in 1793 therefore was still in essence the service of the Protectorate.
Professional Life outside the Service
Authors: Ackroyd Marcus , Brockliss Laurence , Moss Michael , Retford Kate , Stevenson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time of the battle of Leipzig in October 1813 the rank and file of the British army totalled over a quarter of a million men.1 With the coming of peace in the following year the government was anxious to demobilize the armed services as rapidly as possible to save money. The majority of officers were put on half-pay.2 As we saw in the previous chapter, medical officers were culled just as mercilessly as their combatant peers in the mess. Over the next few years two-thirds of the service would be placed on half-pay, many permanently.3 As a result, young or old, the discharged medical officers had to settle back into civilian life, sometimes after twenty years or more following the colours. How they fared in Civvy Street is the subject of the present chapter.
Knowledge, Context, and the Agent’s Point of View
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contextualism is relativism tamed. Relativism about truth is usually motivated by the idea of no-fault dis-agreement. Imagine two parties: one (she) says ‘P’; the other (he) says ‘Not P’.T Apparently, if P then ‘P’ is true and ‘Not P’ false, so she is right and he is wrong; if not P then ‘P’ is false and ‘Not P’ true, so he is right and she is wrong. In both cases, there is an asymmetry between the two parties. Since P or not P (by the law of excluded middle), there is indeed an asymmetry between them, one way or the other. Yet the two parties may strike a neutral observer as on a par, equally intelligent, informed, perceptive, and alert. Relativists about truth strive to dissolve the unpleasant asymmetry: ‘ “P” is true for her; “Not P” is true for him’.
Literalism and Contextualism: Some Varieties
Authors: Recanati François 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the dominant position in the philosophy of language, we may legitimately ascribe truth-conditional content to sentences, independently of the speech act which the sentence is used to perform. This position, which I call ‘literalism’, contrasts with another view, reminiscent of that held by ordinary language philosophers half a century ago. That other view, which I call ‘contextualism’, holds that speech acts are the primary bearers of content. Only in the context of a speech act does a sentence express a determinate content. Both literalism and contextualism come in many varieties. There are radical, and less radical, versions of both literalism and contextualism. Some intermediate positions are mixtures of literalism and contextualism.