bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fascial planes and compartments of the posterior abdomen: The perirenal and pararenal pathways
Authors: Lei Q. F. , Marks S. C. , Touliopoulos P. , Raptopoulos V. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOur objective was to describe the boundaries and sites of communication of the posterior peritoneal compartments in order to explain extensions of pathological processes in retroperitoneal areas. To this end we examined these distinct bilateral compartments [anterior (AP) and posterior (PP) pararenal and perirenal (P) spaces] in four bodies by CT scans, dissections, crosssections, latex injections, and light microscopy. Perirenal areas bilaterally were closed spaces which extended from the inferior surface of the diaphragm to the superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet) tapering superiorly and inferiorly in the shape of two cones with a common base at the midrenal area where they communicated across the median plane. The AP is a potential space on the right but contains the pancreas on the left. Each has shorter superior and inferior extensions than the corresponding PP space. Tough, often multilaminar, fasciae surrounded these spaces and limited the spread of injected latex except where vascular pathways permitted inter‐compartmental spread. Computer‐assisted 3‐D reconstructions showed that these spaces extended potentially from the diaphragm into the pelvis. These compartments and their fasciae help explain the predictable yet restricted clinical extensions of pancreatitis, renal infections, and aortic aneurysms in the posterior abdomen.
The profunda femoris artery: Variations and clinical applications
Authors: Chleborad William P. , Dawson David L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPercutaneous femoral artery cannulation can cause pseudoaneurysms. When this occurs, the puncture site is frequently in the profunda femoris artery (PFA) or femoral artery (FA) distal to the PFA origin, where anatomic relationships make hemostasis difficult to achieve. Two such complications prompted a study of the relations of this arterial complex to palpable landmarks. Four measurements were made on 101 cadaver extremities (61 males, 40 females; 45 left, 56 right). The measurements and results (mean ± S.D.) are: (1) horizontal distance from pubic tubercle (PT) to perpendicular extending inferiorly from anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), 9.44 ± 1.34 cm; (2) horizontal distance from PT to middle of FA, 5.15 ± 0.87 cm; (3) distance from inguinal ligament to origin of PFA, 5.31 ± 1.46 cm; (4) distance from level of PT to origin of PFA, 2.37 ± 1.40 cm. When males and females were compared, significant differences were found between means of measurements 3 and 4; likewise, the means for measurement 1 were significantly different between left and right sides. The PFA originated superior to the level of PT in only three extremities, but the distance was never more than 0.5 cm. These data indicate that (1) the FA is typically located about 5 cm lateral to PT, (2) the origin of PFA is usually inferior to the level of PT, and (3) the frequency of complications of percutaneous FA cannulation can be diminished by insertion of the needle or cannula 1 cm or more superior to the level of PT.
Morphology of nerve fibers regenerating through freeze‐thawed autogenous skeletal muscle grafts in rats
Authors: Gschmeissner S. E. , Gattuso J. M. , Glasby M. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the morphological appearances of long‐term nerve repair using freeze‐thawed, coaxially aligned autogenous skeletal muscle grafts in rats. The presence of minifascicles (compartmentation) within the muscle grafts confirms earlier reports of compartmentation whenever nerve regeneration occurs in a nonnerural environment. However, in contrast to the reports in the literature, there was no evidence of a loss of compartmentation at long intervals after nerve repair. It was found that a number of minifascicles became enclosed by a further proliferation of perineural cell to form distinct minifascicular groups. The term “midfascicle” is used to describe these larger perineural defined groups of minifascicles. The role of the perineurium is discussed.
Study of inter‐metacarpo‐phalangeal spaces
Authors: Jovanovic M. S. , Royer J. , Roy P. E. , Houde G. , Houde J. P. , Falardeau J. , Pusterla A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA study of the inter‐metacarpo‐phalangeal spaces on 20 human bodies was carried out to establish the existence of bursae at this level. Recent studies (Bossley and Cairney: J. Bone Joint Surg. [Br.], 62‐B:184–187, 1980; Midy et al.: Bull. Assoc. Anat., 70:37–41, 1986) suggest that such bursae are present at this level in the foot.Careful dissection and histologic studies revealed characteristics compatible with both of the following hypotheses: either these are bursae not previously described in anatomy texts, or these are virtual spaces limited by a cul‐de‐sac of the aponeuroses of the hand in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th spaces.Tissue analyses that could determine more specifically the nature of the limiting membrane of these spaces, as well as pathologic studies demonstrating the occurrence of common anomalies of bursae in these spaces, are required in order to unequivocally establish the nature of the inter‐metacarpo‐phalangeal spaces.
A course in gross anatomy, notes and comment, 1990
Authors: Cahill Donald R. , Dalley Arthur F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper documents and describes a contemporary course in gross anatomy, traditional in approach yet well‐suited to today's medical curriculum and practice. In so doing, it looks beyond the “course catalog” description of the curriculum into the complexities and rationale of the gross anatomical teaching program. The purpose and methods of the course, such as dissection of the entire body in a clinically‐relevant context, are examined. The value of the dissection process is discussed in terms of gaining anatomical knowledge, the team approach to learning and problem‐solving, and student‐faculty interactio at the dissection table. The significance of the dissection experience in terms of its often being the students' first encounter with death and serious pathology is recongnized and discussed in relationship to donor programs and the Convocation of Thanks. Comments on examination technique and stragety and examples of facilitating lectures and laboratory experinces are also included. In spite of its time‐tested rationale, we wonder if the continued quest for the grant dollar, the current penchant for computer‐aided instruction and curricular machinations, and—importantly—a dwindling supply of well‐trained anatomists, is relegating this type of gross anatomy course to the passing parade?
Partial hepatectomy in the mouse
Authors: Doerr R. J. , Castillo M. H. , Luchette F. A. , Caruana J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAs interest in the immunologic and energy substrate effect of partial hepatectomy has increased, a need for a reproducible model of hepatic resection has become necessary. The classic description for hepatectomy in small animals is the rat. In this report, we standardize the percentages of varying liver resection.C3H 8‐week‐old mice were subjected to 42% hepatectomy by removal of the right lobe and lateral aspect of the median lobe of the liver. Particular care was taken in ligation to avoid the gallbladder and to preserve the portal vein flow to the remaining lobes. The mortality rate for this procedure was 4%. Addition of the medial segment of the median lobe provided a 63% hepatectomy with 75% mortality. Using the operating microscope reduced this latter mortality to 17%.Important species differences exist between rat and mouse liver anatomy. The presence of the gallbladder in the mouse requires attention when employing mass ligature technique to avoid obstruction to the extrahepatic biliary tree. This can be safely and reproducibly accomplished if the hepatectomy is confined to the right lobe and lateral aspect of the median lobe. A more extensive hepatectomy in the mouse requires the operating microscope.
Does the direct lateral approach to the hip joint jeopardize the superior gluteal nerve?
Authors: Goodman S. B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this anatomical study was to determine the location and course of the superior gluteal nerve in relation to the superior pole of the greater trochanter and the surgical pathway for the direct lateral approach to the hip joint. Twenty adult cadaveric lower extremities in ten patients (five male and five female) were carefully dissected to identify the location of the superior gluteal nerve and its terminal branches. The most inferior branch of the superior gluteal nerve was variable, could be asymmetrical, and was located 3–6.5 cm above the superior tip of the greater trochanter. During the lateral approach to the hip, it is recommended that the proximal extension be limited to 3 cm above the most superior aspect of the greater trochanter.
Cartilage failure in osteoarthritis: Relevance of normal structure and function. A review
Authors: Stockwell R. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOsteoarthritis is a multifactorial condition of diverse etiology affecting synovial joints, in which the final common pathway is destruction and loss of articular cartilage (and changes in other joint structures), which normally protects the bone against compressive and shearing forces. Known causes of secondary osteoarthritis can be grouped into those that cause abnormal stresses and those that produce an abnormal cartilage. The resulting imbalance between tissue texture and mechanical environment may eventually lead to cartilage destruction.The histopathology of cartilage fibrillation is described and related to its normal structure, particularly collagen fibril orientation. Load carriage in normal cartilage involves an interaction between the fibril mesh, proteoglycan, and water. Possible defects in normal matrix organization may lead to failure of this mechanism and to structural breakdown of the cartilage. Biochemical changes in the matrix in early osteoarthritis, particularly in experimental models, are described. The initial change, before loss of proteoglycan or fibril breakage, is an increased water content. A similar change is seen in normal cartilage after brief exercise. There may be a mechanism common to both the normal reversible change (thus providing a means for adaption to changed stresses) and the pathological prolonged change.Chondrocyte metabolism and its modification in early degenerative change are described. Factors regulating metabolism include nutrition, growth factors and cytokines, ionic constitution of the matrix, and mechanical stimuli. Known causes of secondary osteoarthritis may act via these factors to cause changes in cell metabolism that play a part in the initiation and ongoing pathogenesis of cartilage failure.
Anatomical basis for celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery entrapment
Authors: Paz Zvia , Rak Yoel , Rosen Ada 
Published: February 2005

AbstractForty‐six cadaveric specimens were dissected in order to study the anatomical relations between the median arcuate ligament (MAL), the celiac ganglion, and the origin of both the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries.We found that in 40 cases (87.5%) both vessels were held together by the ganglionic mass, and in 90.6%, the celiac trunk was covered, either partially or completely, by the MAL. These data indicated that this is a normal occurrence. In 10% of the cases both vessels were covered by the MAL. These anatomical findings may possibly contribute to the understanding of the socalled “median arcuate ligament syndrome.”
Myocardial coverage of the coronary sinus and related veins
Authors: v. Lüdinghausen Michael , Ohmachi Nobuko , Boot Christine 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe incidence and distribution of landmarks relating to the coronary sinus (c.s.) were evaluated in 240 human hearts. Special attention was directed to the myocardial coat of the c.s., the distribution and pattern of the cardiac veins, and their dimensions. In all specimens the myocardial coat of the c.s. also covered the adjacent 2 to 11 mm of the great cardiac vein. In 15% of cases this myocardial layer was thickened in a sphincter‐like fashion, the edge of which was formed obliquely, in a crescent‐like manner, or diffusely without a sharp border.In 3% of the hearts the myocardial cover of the c.s. extended over the terminal 10 mm of the middle cardiac vein as a strong fiber cord. In 9%, single isolated belts of fibers fixated the terminal parts of the adjoining cardiac veins to the posterior wall of the left atrium, and in 8% two or three myocardial cords, embedded in the fatty tissue of the left coronary sulcus, did the same.Because the myocardial cover extended leftwards to variable distances over the c.s., the left edge of the myocardial covering cannot serve to define the beginning of the coronary sinus. The location of the ostial valve of the great cardiac vein (valve of Vieussens) was variable as well, being found on the average 2.5 mm proximal to the opening of the oblique vein of the left atrium. Moreover, the valve of the great cardiac vein was found in only 87% of cases; therefore it is inappropriate for defining the beginning of the coronary sinus. Finally, the dot‐like ostium of the oblique vein was most constant, and from the viewpoint of embryologic development, it is the logical landmark for determining the beginning of the coronary sinus, a necessary presupposition for cardiologic procedures like reperfusion of cardiac veins.
The anatomy of the clinical examination
Authors: McDonald S. W. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract“The Anatomy of the Clinical Examination” is a newly introduced component of the anatomical teaching of medical undergraduates at Glasgow University. It comes in the final term of the anatomy course and aims to lead students readily from the study of dissecting room cadavers to the examination of the living body. The organization of the course is explained; it is hoped that this course will be of interest to other anatomists involved in the training of medical students.
Peer teaching in gross anatomy at St. Louis University
Authors: Yeager Vernon L. , Young Paul A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe gross anatomy course at St. Louis University was designed to utilize peer teaching. Eight students are assigned to each cadaver and they work in teams of two, so that every student does one out of every four dissections. During one class period, the lecture for a unit is given to all class members, followed by a prosection demonstration to only the dissectors of that unit (one‐fourth of the class). At the beginning of the following class period, the dissectors give a prosection demonstration of their dissection to the other six student assigned to their cadaver. The lecture and prosection demonstrations for the next unit are given to the next team of dissectors as above. The students anonymously evaluate the course each year. Passing Part I of the National Board Examinations is required. For 12 years, the National Board Unit Examination of gross anatomy was given as the final examination for the course.The course is liked by the students, can be taught with a minimal number of faculty, utilizes only half the cadavers of a traditional course, has less contact hours than the national average, yet students do better than the national average on the anatomy part of the National Board Examination. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The dissecting room: Reactions of first year medical students
Authors: Evans E. J. , Fitzgibbon G. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractNo published studies on the reactions of British medical students to human dissection have been found. A class of 167 first year British preclinical students completed a questionnaire covering reactions to the dissecting room (DR) and other causes of stress for medical students, 6 Weeks after starting dissection.Five percent of students were very upset by the DR during the first few sessions while 36% were slightly upset, and 58% were unaffected. Six weeks later none were very upset and 78% were not at all upset by the DR. Those upset by the DR had higher stress levels by a standard measure than those not disturbed. Four percent of students had been so disturbed that their concentration was disrupted during the first DR session. The DR was a relatively unimportant cause of stress to students compared with work‐related stressors, such as too much work and exam anxiety. The majority of students felt themselves mentally prepared for the DR. About half had seen a dead body before and these students were signigicantly more likely to feel mentally prepared.Some students are, understandably, upset by their first experiences of the DR but most adapt fairly quickly. It appears that a small number continue to be seriously disturbed. The possiblity of using students'reactions to the DR as an educational exercise for their medical career could be explored further. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrasonographic morphology of the human preovulatory follicle wall prior to ovulation
Authors: Martinuk S. D. , Chizen D. R. , Pierson R. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMorphologic changes in the walls (stratum granulosa and theca interna and externa) of preovulatory follicles were studied in 15 clinically normal women. Ovulation was visualized in 11 of 15 (73%) women. Images were recorded using high‐resolution transvaginal ultrasonography. Mean follicular diameter immediately before ovulation was 20.7 ± 0.6 mm. Echoes representing the cumulus oophorus/oocyte complex were observed in 10 of 11 (91%) follicles for which ovulation was ascertained. Thickness of the deep internal wall increased (P < 0.02) beginning from 4 to 5 h before ovulation. The apical wall thinned (P < 0.0001) to nondetectable limits immediately before follicular rupture. Four women (27%) did not ovulate during the imaging period [34–41 h post‐human chorionic gonadotropin hCG]. The four follicles that did not ovulate remained of uniform thickness; stigma formation was not observed. The data supported the hypothesis that ultrasonographically detectable alterations in preovulatory follicles precede ovulation. Clinical applications include prediction of the potential for, and interval to, rupture of the preovulatory follicle and timing of ova retrieval in women undergoing ovarian stimulation for amelioration of infertility. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Review of the functional anatomy of the spinal ligaments and the lumbar erector spinae muscles
Authors: Aspden Richard M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA reassessment is presented of the functional anatomy of the spine and associated musculature. Recent detailed anatomical studies of the erector spinae muscle group have shown a complex organization which is not well explained by traditional models of the mechanical behavior of the spine. In an arch‐like model for the spine this complexity is required to control the curvature and the compressive thrust along the spine to ensure mechanical stability. This model also assigns a biomechanical function to the erector spinae muscles that is consistent with their anatomical description, unlike previous lever models. Implications are that posture, the many‐curved configuration of the spine adopted during maneuvers, is important when assessing spinal function and that the spine forms a dynamic structure in which all the muscles, ligaments, discs, and vertebrae must be considered synergistically. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formaldehyde and clinical anatomy: Safe use and regulatory concerns
Authors: Mercer Don O. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe use of formaldehyde and formalin in clinical anatomy procedures presents special concerns relating to personnel safety, environmental safety, and regulatory compliance. It is incumbent on all clinical anatomy practitioners to appreciate these concerns and use formaldehyde in a manner that assures safe practice, environmental stewardship, and regulatory compliance. It is only with these needs in mind that it will be assured that formalin will continue to be an acceptable preservation media, and continued, uninterrupted clinical anatomy study will be possible. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of the anterior spinal artery in pigs
Authors: Murray Michael J. , Bower Thomas C. , Carmichael Stephen W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe anatomy of the anterior spinal artery in pigs was studied to determine whether or not the artery was continuous, as it is humans, or discontinuous. Six porcine carcasses were embalmed, and 24 hr later injected with pigmented latex through the thoracic aorta. The spinal column was removed, and the spinal cord was dissected with analysis of the anterior spinal artery. In all cases, the artery was continuous, and perfused by 18 ± 3 medullary arteries. The pig would thus be suitable as a model for the study of human diseases in which the anatomy of the anterior spinal artery is a factor. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A history of the enumeration of the cranial nerves by European and British anatomists from the time of Galen to 1895, with comments on nomenclature
Authors: Shaw J. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe enumerations of the modern 12 pairs of cranial nerves by a number of anatomists are reviewed in a continuous historical perspective using original texts and modern translations. The history of the numeration of the nerves is traced from Galen's classification into seven pairs (second century A.D.), through to Willis' nine pairs (1664) and Soemmerring's 12 pairs (1778). Authors describing individual structures (e.g., trochlear and olfactory nerves) for the first time are particularly noted.The contributions made by medieval anatomists such as Achillini, Berengario da Carpi, and Massa are emphasized, as also are the political and religious constraints placed upon the practical activities of anatomists up until the 16th century. It is shown that although the classification of the nerves into 12 pairs was accepted after 1778 by European authors, British texts continued to classify them as nine pairs until the end of the 19th century. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The normal vermiform appendix at computed tomography: Visualization and anatomical location
Authors: Picken G. , Ellis H. , Dixon A. K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe prospectively studied the normal vermiform appendix in 100 patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis in order to assess its rate of visualization, isolate factors affecting its successful identification, and determine its most frequent position. Our standard CT protocols were followed, as dictated by the patient's clinical circumstances; this usually meant employing a 10 mm slice‐thickness at 15 or 20 mm intervals. The appendix was confidently identified in 27 of the 79 patients who had not undergone previous appendectomy. It was most commonly seen in a retroileal position. It had a mean maximum outer diameter of 5.7 mm (range 3–10 mm) and was most often seen as a thin‐walled, air‐filled tube. Its visualization was unaffected by the position of the cecal pole in a cranio‐caudal direction, the amount of intraabdominal fat, the type of radiographic contrast media administered, or the patient's sex. Computed tomography thus appears to be a useful, if limited, radiological method of examining the normal appendix. Our study suggests that, in vivo, the uninflamed appendix may not be most commonly situated in a retrocecal position, as reported in surgical and postmortem studies. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.