bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active mass driver system as the first application of active structural control
Authors: Ikeda Yoshiki , Sasaki Katsuyasu , Sakamoto Mitsuo , Kobori Takuji 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn active mass driver (AMD) system has been installed in a ten‐storey office building in Tokyo to suppress vibration in both one‐translational and the torsional directions under earthquake and wind loadings. This installation is the first application of active structural control in the civil engineering field. This paper describes the objective building and its dynamic properties, the composition and specification of the AMD system, the control strategy, the control purpose, and the system's effectiveness based on observation records. The control strategy has basically been introduced as an output feedback control law that is simplified from a state feedback control law in the linear quadratic regulator problem. The responses of both the structure and the AMD system have been recorded since 1989. A structure–controller interaction model is identified to simulate the earthquake observation records and to compare them with the analysed uncontrolled responses. An ARX model is fitted to each set of these observation records to evaluate the control effectiveness as equivalent damping ratios in the vibration modes. Both the simulation and the system identification confirm that the AMD system achieves the control purpose under earthquake excitations. The wind observation records also show high control effectiveness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of hybrid mass damper system applied to a 36‐storey high‐rise building
Authors: Nagashima Ichiro , Maseki Ryota , Asami Yutaka , Hirai Jun , Abiru Hisanori 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA recently developed hybrid mass damper (HMD) system and its application to a 36‐storey high‐rise building with a bi‐axial eccentricity, located in Tokyo, are presented. This new HMD system utilizes a gear‐type pendulum and a linear actuator. Here, the gear‐type pendulum is employed to make the natural period of the auxiliary mass comparatively long while minimizing the height of the device, and the linear actuator, on the other hand, ensures smooth and noiseless operation of the system. There are several special features in the control method as well; two HMD systems are applied to control the transverse‐torsional coupled vibration of the building, and also variable gain feedback (VGF) control technique has been developed to fully utilize the capacity of the HMD system from weaker to stronger external excitations.Free vibration tests as well as control of wind vibrations of the building induced by the Typhoon 9810 in 1998 were used to verify the performance of the control system. It was found that the maximum and the root‐mean‐square acceleration responses of the building were reduced to 63 per cent and 47 per cent of the corresponding uncontrolled accelerations. Finally, the control performance of the system was confirmed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response control performance of a hybrid mass damper applied to a tall building
Authors: Watakabe Morimasa , Tohdo Masanobu , Chiba Osamu , Izumi Nobuyuki , Ebisawa Hiromichi , Fujita Takafumi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA hybrid mass damper system with convertible active and passive modes using a hydraulic actuator (hereinafter referred to as APMD) has been installed to an actual slender tall building with an aspect ratio of eight constructed in Chiba prefecture. In this paper, simulation analysis, force vibration tests and observation of behaviours against moderate wind or some earthquake excitations were carried out to investigate the response control performance of the mass damper system. From the analysis, it was confirmed that on the active mode due to the vibration tests, the damping factors in the 1st mode were about 81–11 per cent, the satisfactory vibration control effect was obtained, and no spillover in the second mode occurred. The response values of the peak and the R.M.S. accelerations under the active mode due to the actual wind excitations were reduced to 1/4.5‐1/2.0 (average 1/3) in comparison with the responses in non‐controlled system. Through the results obtained by these investigations, it was concluded that the mass damper system was quite effective for the response control of the slender tall building to wind loads or earthquakes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A flume design for the study of slope length effects on runoff
Authors: Stomph T. J. , De Ridder N. , Van De Giesen N. C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRecent publications from field and simulation studies indicate that runoff per unit area decreases as the length of the slope being observed is increased. This scale effect has been observed and documented for slopes with a uniform infiltration capacity as well as for slopes along which infiltration capacity is variable. This paper presents the design and testing of a laboratory flume for the study of the processes that lead to this scale effect, particularly for the case of slopes covered with crops. The features of the flume include reliable experimental control of soil water content prior to rainfall, high intensity rainfall without erosion, uniform crop growth along the slope, and the option of varying the infiltration rate independently of rainfall and soil characteristics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Step–pool evolution in the Rio Cordon, northeastern Italy
Authors: Lenzi Mario A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe principle that formative events, punctuated by periods of evolution, recovery or temporary periods of steady‐state conditions, control the development of the step–pool morphology, has been applied to the evolution of the Rio Cordon stream bed. The Rio Cordon is a small catchment (5 km2) within the Dolomites wherein hydraulic parameters of floods and the coarse bedload are recorded. Detailed field surveys of the step–pool structures carried out before and after the September 1994 and October 1998 floods have served to illustrate the control on step–pool changes by these floods. Floods were grouped into two categories. The first includes ‘ordinary’ events which are characterized by peak discharges with a return time of one to five years (1·8–5·15 m3 s−1) and by an hourly bedload rate not exceeding 20 m3 h−1. The second refers to ‘exceptional’ events with a return time of 30–50 years. A flood of this latter type occurred on 14 September 1994, with a peak discharge of 10·4 m3 s−1 and average hourly bedload rate of 324 m3 h−1. Step–pool features were characterized primarily by a steepness parameter c = (H/Ls)/S. The evolution of the steepness parameter was measured in the field from 1992 to 1998. The results indicate that maximum resistance conditions are gradually reached at the end of a series of ordinary flood events. During this period, bed armouring dominate the sediment transport response. However, following an extraordinary flood and unlimited sediment supply conditions, the steepness factor can suddenly decrease as a result of sediment trapped in the pools and a lengthening of step spacing. The analogy of step spacing with antidune wavelength and the main destruction and transformation mechanism of the steps are also discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element simulations of fully non‐linear interaction between vertical cylinders and steep waves. Part 2: numerical results and validation
Authors: Ma Q. W. , Wu G. X. , Eatock Taylor R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn Ma, Wu, Eatock Taylor [Finite element simulation of fully non‐linear interaction between vertical cylinders and steep waves. Part 1: methodology and numerical procedure. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2001], designated Part 1 hereafter, we have developed the methodology and solution procedure for simulating the three‐dimensional interaction between fixed bodies and steep waves based on a finite element method (FEM). This paper provides extensive numerical results and validation. The effectiveness of the radiation condition is investigated by comparing the results from short and long tanks; the accuracy of the computed data is confirmed through comparison with analytical solutions. The adopted mathematical model is also validated by comparing the obtained numerical results with experimental data. Various test cases, including non‐linear bichromatic and irregular waves and the interactions between waves and one or two cylinders, are analysed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remedies for artificial diapycnal mixing in a σ co‐ordinated model of Tokyo Bay1
Authors: Kaneko Akinari 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFalse diapycnal mixing often occurs due to horizontal diffusion in the simulation of heat, salinity, or water quality in estuaries by using a σ co‐ordinated ocean model. The Princeton ocean model (POM) is used as a basic σ co‐ordinated model and is applied to Tokyo Bay. Only river discharges are introduced into the model as external forces. Two remedies recommended in the POM, Stelling's horizontal diffusion approximation, Huang's new diffusion formula, Song and Haidvogel's s co‐ordinates, and Smolarkiewicz advection scheme have all been examined for suppressing the false diapycnal mixing. The conclusions are that the simultaneous use of POM's remedy and Stelling's approximation and the simultaneous use of POM's remedy and s co‐ordinates are the most effective. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissipative mechanism in Godunov‐type schemes
Authors: Xu Kun , Li Zuowu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper concerns the dissipative mechanism in the shock capturing schemes, where exact or approximate Riemann solvers are used in the flux evaluation. More specifically, we are going to analyze the dissipation in the flux vector splitting (FVS) scheme and the Godunov method, from which some pathological phenomena from the FVS scheme and the Godunov method will be explained, such as the artificial dissipation and the shock instability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive mesh adjoint data assimilation method applied to free surface flows
Authors: Fang F. , Pain C. C. , Piggott M. D. , Gorman G. J. , Goddard A. J. H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we describe the construction of a three‐dimensional adaptive mesh data assimilation method for oceanographic/coastal applications, including a free surface. This is the first attempt at introducing a moving computational domain into an adjoint model with mesh adaptivity. We also provide insight into the feasibility and reliability of the adaptive mesh adjoint model. The use of differing adapting meshes for forward and adjoint problems is considered here, where each mesh is optimized with respect to the individual properties of each solution. The free surface test case considered is that of flow in a two‐dimensional vertical fluid slice. In this test case the sea surface elevation boundary conditions is optimized by assimilating sea surface height observations. The feasibility of an assimilation approach on adapting moving domains is demonstrated by comparison with a fixed mesh result. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical modelling of flow with heat transfer in petroleum reservoirs
Authors: Amara M. , Capatina D. , Denel B. , Terpolilli P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe model and analyse the single‐phase flow in a petroleum reservoir by taking into account a nonstandard energy equation. The numerical approximation is based on Raviart–Thomas mixed finite elements and a code is developed and validated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High order interpolation methods for semi‐Lagrangian models of mobile‐bed hydrodynamics on Cartesian grids with cut cells
Authors: Rosatti Giorgio , Chemotti Roberto , Bonaventura Luca 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHigh order approximation methods based on radial basis functions are applied to the extension of semi‐Lagrangian shallow water models to staggered Cartesian meshes with cut boundary cells. The accuracy and efficiency of the resulting semi‐Lagrangian method is demonstrated by test cases simulating open channel flow. The derivative reconstruction provided by radial basis function interpolators is also employed successfully in the discretization of sediment transport models for mobile bed river flow. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing trilobite biodiversity change in the Ordovician of the British Isles
Authors: McCormick Tim , Owen Alan W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Ordovician Period saw the most sustained, steep rise in marine biodiversity in the history of life on Earth and set the ecological pattern for the rest of the Palaeozoic Era. The long history of research, wide variety of depositional settings and juxtaposition of terranes with very different palaeobiogeographical histories makes the Ordovician of the British Isles an excellent laboratory in which to study this change. A database approach to analysis of trilobite biodiversity change is described using a simple compilation of stratigraphical ranges of 663 species of Avalonian trilobites, and a much more sophisticated information‐rich relational database based on the fundamental information of the fossil record–species at localities. The latter includes 2001 occurrence records of 617 trilobite species at 508 localities in the Welsh Basin. The first ever species‐level diversity curves for the whole Ordovician of an entire region are presented. Both databases reveal an overall increase in species‐ and genus‐level diversity through the Ordovician. Random resampling tests and environmental information are used to remove sampling effects from the Welsh Basin diversity curves. The main features of trilobite biodiversity change in Avalonia are the following: a late Arenig–early Llanvirn increase, during which time the highest species‐to‐genus ratios occur, is contemporaneous with a rise in global diversity and rifting of Avalonia from Gondwana; a late Abereiddian dip is followed by recovery during the Llandeilian–early Caradoc; decline during the late Caradoc–early Ashgill is at least partly attributable to lack of preserved rock and restriction of most of the preserved faunas to deep‐water environments. The greatest diversity occurs in the palaeoenvironmentally differentiated Rawtheyan and is followed by the diversity crash seen in the Hirnantian throughout the world. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How good is the fossil record of arthropods? An assessment using the stratigraphic congruence of cladograms
Authors: Wills Matthew A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA total of 179 published cladograms of arthropods was tested for their congruence with the palaeontological record. Congruence for data sets including 510 tetrapod and 157 fish trees was also calculated for comparison. Results provide support for the hypothesis that the fossil record of arthropods is less complete (at levels of stratigraphic and taxonomic resolution pertinent to most macroevolutionary studies) than the records of several other taxa. Differences in tree size, shape, balance and the distribution of first stratigraphic appearances (potential sources of bias) were controlled for by various randomization procedures. Most measures of congruence for arthropods were statistically poorer than those for other groups, even when the sample was divided into broad temporal bins. Many of the most robust and widely reproduced sister groupings of arthropods are attended by ghost ranges of many tens or hundreds of millions of years. Fossils of a number of presently very diverse and abundant arthropod groups are conspicuously absent from the record, despite many spectacular examples of the detailed preservation of others. There is probably no single reason for the apparently poor record of arthropods. Low preservation potential, small size of individuals, small numbers of individuals, and restricted palaeobiogeography almost certainly play a role in particular cases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
History of marine biodiversity
Authors: Sheehan Peter M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDuring the Phanerozoic, three steps of increasing diversity each had a unique Evolutionary Fauna (EF). During each EF, there were geologically long intervals of community stasis referred to as Ecological Evolutionary Units (EEUs). These intervals were characterized by communities composed of incumbent faunas that dominated particular habitats. Niches that were already occupied by incumbents were seldom invaded by new taxa, and the resilience of the incumbents to new competitors resulted in the long interval stasis.Most EEUs were terminated by extinction events that were caused by severe disruptions of the physical environment such as glaciations and extraterrestrial impacts. During mass extinctions many niches were vacated when incumbents were eliminated. Mass extinctions were followed by recovery intervals lasting on the order of 5 million years during which many surviving clades evolved adaptations which allowed them to move into vacated niches. New incumbents were established during these recovery intervals, and the next EEU began. In many ways, the recovery intervals resemble times when organisms invaded previously unoccupied ecospace, such as the emergence of life on land or the progressive filling of previously unoccupied habitats such as deep‐burrowing and high epifaunal tiers that were colonized during the Palaeozoic.The recognition of long intervals of ecological stasis and the importance of physical disruptions in clearing incumbents is forcing revision of the traditional evolutionary viewpoint. The idea that most evolutionary change was accomplished very gradually by competition between organisms and by becoming better adapted to a relatively stable environment is being replaced by a recognition that major morphological and synecological changes tend to occur very rapidly and at times when there are few established competitors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser debulking in malignant upper airway obstruction
Authors: Paleri Vinidh , Stafford Frank William , Sammut Mario S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackground.The conventional treatment for patients with upper airway obstruction secondary to malignancy is a tracheostomy. Although this effectively resolves the problem, a tracheostomy can be associated with complications and is irreversible in most patients. An alternative is to debulk part of the tumor causing airway obstruction to maintain the airway until the definitive procedure.Methods.The clinical course of 43 patients who underwent laser debulking for airway obstruction caused by laryngeal or hypopharyngeal malignancies was retrospectively studied. We present our technique of laser debulking and the efficacy of the procedure in avoiding a tracheostomy.Results.Fourteen patients who underwent this procedure received palliative treatment only. The number of debulking procedures per patient ranged from one to six, with a mean of 1.9 episodes. Although these patients had a higher comorbid burden, none were thought unsuitable for the procedure. A tracheostomy was avoided in 91% of patients. No laser‐related complications were encountered.Conclusions.Laser debulking is a viable alternative to tracheostomy in patients with malignant upper airway obstruction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 27: XXX–XXX, 2005
Time‐dependent involvement of the dorsal hippocampus in trace fear conditioning in mice
Authors: Misane Ilga , Tovote Philip , Meyer Michael , Spiess Joachim , Ögren Sven Ove , Stiedl Oliver 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHippocampal and amygdaloid neuroplasticity are important substrates for Pavlovian fear conditioning. The hippocampus has been implicated in trace fear conditioning. However, a systematic investigation of the significance of the trace interval has not yet been performed. Therefore, this study analyzed the time‐dependent involvement of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the dorsal hippocampus in one‐trial auditory trace fear conditioning in C57BL/6J mice. The NMDA receptor antagonist APV was injected bilaterally into the dorsal hippocampus 15 min before training. Mice were exposed to tone (conditioned stimulus [CS]) and footshock (unconditioned stimulus [US]) in the conditioning context without delay (0 s) or with CS‐US (trace) intervals of 1–45 s. Conditioned auditory fear was determined 24 h after training by the assessment of freezing and computerized evaluation of inactivity in a new context; 2 h later, context‐dependent memory was tested in the conditioning context. NMDA receptor blockade by APV markedly impaired conditioned auditory fear at trace intervals of 15 s and 30 s, but not at shorter trace intervals. A 45‐s trace interval prevented the formation of conditioned tone‐dependent fear. Context‐dependent memory was always impaired by APV treatment independent of the trace interval. The results indicate that the dorsal hippocampus and its NMDA receptors play an important role in auditory trace fear conditioning at trace intervals of 15–30‐s length. In contrast, NMDA receptors in the dorsal hippocampus are unequivocally involved in contextual fear conditioning independent of the trace interval. The results point at a time‐dependent role of the dorsal hippocampus in encoding of noncontingent explicit stimuli. Preprocessing of long CS‐US contingencies in the hippocampus appears to be important for the final information processing and execution of fear memories through amygdala circuits. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Fusion‐Isomeric Imidazopyridines and Their Evaluation as Inhibitors of syn‐ and anti‐Protonating Glycosidases
Authors: Mohal Narinder , Vasella Andrea 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe galacto‐ and gluco‐configured imidazopyridines 4 and 5 were synthesised as potential inhibitors of syn‐protonating β‐glycosidases. Methyl α‐D‐lyxopyranoside (9) was transformed into the 3,4‐anhydro‐β‐L‐riboside 16, which, upon treatment with Et2AlCN, gave the nitrile 17 (76–85%). Reaction of 17 with the dimethyl aluminate of aminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal led directly to the branched chain lyxo‐configured imidazole 27 (53%) that was hydrolysed to an equilibrating mixture of 4 and 28–30. Oxido reduction of 27 provided the arabino‐configured imidazole 42 (ca. 48% from 27). Hydrolysis of 42 led to the mixture 5/45 (63–90%). anti‐Protonating β‐galactosidases and β‐glucosidases (families 1 and 2) were only weakly inhibited by 4/28–30 and 5/45, respectively. Also the syn‐protonating cellulase (Cel7A) was weakly inhibited by the monosaccharide mimics 5/45, suggesting either that monosaccharide mimics are too small to inhibit Cel7A, or that fusion isomeric tetrahydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines are not a suitable scaffold for the inhibition of syn‐protonating glycosidases.
A New and Simply Available Class of Hydrosoluble Bioconjugates by Coupling Paclitaxel to Hyaluronic Acid through a 4‐Hydroxybutanoic Acid Derived Linker
Authors: Leonelli Francesca , La Bella Angela , Francescangeli Andrea , Joudioux Roberta , Capodilupo Agostina‐Lina , Quagliariello Marina , Migneco Luisa M. , Bettolo Rinaldo Marini , Crescenzi Vittorio , De Luca Gilda , Renier Davide 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA simple preparation of a new hydrosoluble paclitaxel bioconjugate 8, representing a new class of paclitaxel derivatives, is described. Bioconjugate 8 was obtained by coupling hyaluronic acid (2) to paclitaxel (1) by means of a 4‐hydroxybutanoic acid derived linker (Scheme 2).