bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verbrennungstechnik für den Umweltschutz
Authors: Hüning Werner , Reher Peter 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCombustion engineering for environmental protection. Use of combustion as a means of environmentally sound disposal of gaseous, liquid, and solid industrial production residues places new demands on combustion engineering, depending upon the properties of the residues. High temperature process engineering has the task of ensuring reliable disposal while satisfying legal requirements concerning the quality of combustion. Combustion engineering as a means of residue disposal raises many questions of a scientific and practical nature, which will all have to be answered.
Möglichkeiten zur Prozeßintegration bei destillativen Trennverfahren
Authors: Kaibel Gerd , Blaß Eckhart 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPossibilities of process integration in distillative separation processes. Distillation is the most important method of separation in the petroleum and chemical industries. About one quarter of the energy consumed in these sectors of industry is for distillation. This underscores the importance of improving distillation processes. Optimisation work on distillation processes has been in progress for a long time. Attention has recently been turned to the treatment of overall separation tasks which can be integrated into chemical engineering processes. To this end, the heuristic rules usually employed in the design of distillative separations have been further developed. Use of expert systems which transform these heuristic rules into separation proposals already appears feasible.
Wasserstoff‐Technik
Authors: Fischer Manfred 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHydrogen technology. Hydrogen is used today on a large scale as raw material in chemical engineering and in the long term has tremendous potential as one of the most important secondary energy carriers. Hydrogen is produced with fossil and nonfossil primary energy sources from fossil and nonfossil primary raw materials. As an almost pollution‐free secondary energy carrier, which is storable and transportable on a large scale, hydrogen can be used with nearly all energy utilization techniques fueled at present by natural gas, and products of petroleum and coal. Decisive influence on the introduction of hydrogen as energy carrier is exerted by the status and further development potential of hydrogen energy technology, cost of hydrogen production, and safety of a widespread use of hydrogen in the energy economy.
Dosiergenauigkeit bei der Stoffdosierung
Authors: Vetter Gerhard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAccuracy of dosage. Confusion sometimes surrounds the concept of dosage accuracy. For this reason, standard definitions and testing and calculation procedures are proposed for dosage accuracy, dosage error, and dosage constancy. Representation of the relationship between dosage error and dosage constancy within the area of tolerance of the dosage accuracy is new. Since the measurement of all error quantities is always bound to relate terms such as short‐term, long‐term, and momentary dosage error to a stated time base. This also facilitates a conceptually smooth transition to operating dosage errors observed in long‐term operation. It would be convenient if some standardization of the concepts, and possibly a set of rules, could be developed on this basis. Evaluation of measured results on comparing guarantees would then be conducted in relation to the accuracy of measurement.
Neue Konvertersysteme für die Methanol‐Synthese
Authors: Westerterp K. Roel , Kuczynski Michal , Bodewes Theo N. , Vrijland Maarten S. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNew converter systems for methanol synthesis. Far‐reaching energy savings in equilibrium reactions requires development not only of better catalysts but also processes with higher conversions in the reactor; wherever possible, so high that recirculation of residual gases is unnecessary. With this aim in mind, two new processes have been developed for methanol production and this paper represents the first report about the second of these processes. The two new reactor concepts are based on the gas/solid/solid‐trickling film reactor GSSTFR and the reactor with intermediate product removal RSIPR. In the case of the GSSTFR, the product formed at the catalyst is removed directly from the reactor with a solid adsorbent which moves down through the catalyst bed. Conversions of 100% are achieved in the simplest way – recirculation becomes unnecessary. Savings in investment costs, energy, and raw materials are discussed and compared with the Lurgi process. With the RISPR, high conversions are achieved by selective absorption of the methanol at the temperature of reaction. Tetraethylene glycoldimethylether, TEGDME, is selected as solvent for this purpose. A possible flow scheme is also shown for this process and savings are estimated. Possible savings are so promising that further development on a semi‐industrial scale is recommended.
Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen in der Prozeßanalysenmeßtechnik
Authors: Melzer Werner 
Published: December 2004

AbstractState of technology and trends in the process analyzer field. The use of process analyzers is of growing importance in the chemical industry. For demonstration purpose this publication first describes some applications of analyzers in various fields of chemical production, and then surveys commercially available process analyzers and peripheral equipment. Market gaps are indicated. Problems in relating to μ‐processor applications and electromagnetic interference are mentioned and trends in the process analyzer field are discussed.
SATU86 — Simulationsrahmen zur dynamischen Prozeßsimulation für den industriellen Einsatz
Authors: Scheiding Wolfgang , Hartmann H. Harald , Tönnishoff Patrik 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSimulation framework for dynamic process simulation for industrial purposes. After a brief treatment of the general requirements of simulation software, the article presents the simulation program SATU86 developed at Hoechst AG. SATU86 permits modular model construction, has a clear user surface and allows a wide range of simulations and identifications, with facilities of tabular and graphic output both during and after simulation. An example of a project serves to illustrate the essential characteristics of SATU86. Apart from development of calculational models in SATU86 the main uses are identification, simulation, and presentation of results.
Umweltschutz – eine ständige Herausforderung
Authors: Zlokarnik Marko 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEnvironmental protection ‐‐ a permanent challenge. Through the intensive investment activity of municipalities and of the chemical and related industries in the past twenty years it has been possible to greatly reduce the extent of environmental pollution which rose as a result of the rapid urban expansion and industrialisation of the 1950's and 60's. However, a more thorough protection of river and sea waters cannot be achieved merely through the further sophistication of waste‐water technologies. More importantly, every possibility for reducing the quantity and pollutant content of waste‐water must be fully exploited. Such possibilities lie in the recycling of processing water, in the integration of environmental protection into the process itself, as well as in the appropriate redesign and modification of the processes. The various fields of activity, especially those particularly rewarding to the process engineer are examined and numerous possible directions are offered. Six technical examples, which have been applied in practice, serve as illustration.
Schwelbrennverfahren zur thermischen Entsorgung von Müll und Klärschlamm
Authors: Vollhardt Frohmut , Lezenik Bernd 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCombined pyrolysis combustion plant for disposal of refuse and sewage sludge. The present article describes a novel, environmentally compatible process for the disposal of refuse. It features a combination of pyrolysis and high‐temperature combustion and utilizes well‐proven equipment. Thermal decomposition of refuse by pyrolysis precedes high‐temperature combustion leading to full energy utilization and resulting in optimum combustion and refuse disposal. The salient components of the process – the pyrolysing drum and the high‐temperature combustion – are explained in detail. The report draws upon the operational experience obtained with pyrolysis plants and special waste incineration plants already installed.
Membranverfahren zur Fraktionierung von Gemischen mit organischen Komponenten
Authors: Rautenbach Robert , Herion Christof , Janisch Ingo , Dahm Wolfgang 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMembrane processes for fractionating mixtures with organic components. The maximum demand that can be placed on development of processes for removal of contaminants from waste water and waste gases is that the separated substances can be recovered for use. In this context, membrane processes are attracting steadily increasing interest because the separated substances are changed neither chemically, nor biologically, nor thermally. Two examples, in which solvent mixtures are recovered from waste water and waste gases by means of reverse osmosis, pervaporation, and gas permeation, are cited to demonstrate the potential of the method. The examples, are preceded by a joint consideration of the three above‐mentioned membrane processes, which all use socalled pore‐free solution‐diffusion membranes. The limitations, which result from practical limits of the driving force and the respective resistances to transport are discussed in detail.
Pyrolyse von Biomasse
Authors: Kaminsky Walter 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPyrolysis of biomass. Alongside combustion and gasification the pyrolysis of biomass can be looked upon as an attractive alternative for the production of gas and oil. Special procedures using very short pyrolysis times lead to extensive (app. 80%) conversion of wood, for example, into organic liquids. Because of their very high heat‐ and mass‐transfer rates, fluidized bed processes are predestined for this purpose. Longer residence times at higher temperatures raise the overall gas yield and exert a positive effect on defunctionalization of the oil compounds. Apart from the production of charcoal, the pyrolysis of biomass has so far not been run economically, however. The situation will become quite different as soon as this method of disposal itself attracts major attention. In this respect, the pyrolysis of sewage sludge shows considerable promise as a thermal process, because heavy metals can hardly be eluted from the pyrolysis residue and in addition good fuel gases and useful oils are produced.
Gewinnung niedermolekularer organischer Verbindungen aus komplexen wäßrigen Gemischen durch Extraktion
Authors: Schügerl Karl , Degener Wolfgang 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRecovery of low‐molecular organic compounds from complex aqueous mixtures by extraction.This article considers the recovery of alcohols, aliphatic and aromatic carboxyl acids, amino acids, and penicillins from complex media as well as the separation of chemically similar compounds by extraction from complex mixtures.
Kermische Werkstoffe
Authors: Ratzel Wolf‐Ingo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCeramic materials of construction. New ceramic materials have extremely attractive potential properties and can be optimized within wide limits for specific applications. Predominant properties are pronounced hardness and resistance to wear, chemical resistance, as well as high‐temperature stability in use as structural ceramics and e. g. ionic conductivity for special applications as functional ceramics. Apart from reduction of the brittle fracture behaviour of industrial ceramics by materials modification, attention is focussed on efforts to obtain reproducible component quality and on know‐how transfer for appropriate design and associated joining techniques.
Wärmerohre in der industriellen Praxis
Authors: Paikert Paul 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHeat pipes in industrial practice. Heat exchangers based on single independent heat pipes have not often been used in chemical engineering processes, in spite of their numerous ad‐1 vantages. This may be because simple design rules are unavailable. After a short introduction into the working principles of heat pipes, some thermal calculation rules and design procedures are given based on dimensionless numbers for the various finned tube components of the heat pipes. A calculation example demonstrates how the design rules should be applied. Finally some practical applications illustrate the successful operation of heat pipes for the purpose of industrial heat recovery.
Die Chromatographie, eine zentrale Methode in der biotechnischen Aufarbeitung
Authors: Müller Peter , Brümmer Wolfgang 
Published: December 2004

AbstractChromatography, an essential method for downstream processing in biotechnology.More than ten years ago, largescale chromatography was established for isolation and purification of high molecular weight natural products, such as proteins and nucleic acids, from fermentation broths and extracts of animal and plant tissues. This was a result of the development of rigid, hydrophilic, and biocompatible polymers with large pore sizes. Compared to the precipitation methods previously used on a large scale, chromatography offers in particular the possibility of producing blood proteins and enzymes of higher purity on a technical scale and without pollution. The various chromatographic methods involve many separation possibilities with excellent selectivities. Progress in improving the chromatographic materials together with advanced equipment were the basis for present‐day importance of chromatography in biotechnology downstream processing.
Entwicklung petrochemischer Verfahren vom Laborversuch zur kommerziellen Anlage
Authors: Böckler Rüdiger , Cordes Günter , Smolen Heinrich 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDevelopment of a petrochemical process from laboratory scale tests to a commercial plant. A plant producing TAME (tertiary amyl methyl ether) and isoamylene serves as an example illustrating the development of a petrochemical process from laboratory scale tests to a commercial size plant. TAME is an anti‐knock compound used in unleaded gasoline, and isoamylene is a multi‐purpose specialty chemical. In an introduction, the laboratory and pilot plants at EC Erdoelchemie GmbH in Cologne, Germany are presented. Subsequently the main process engineering developments made through experience gained with a semicommercial demonstration plant are discussed. These include optimization of the reactors, design of a methanol extraction unit, and the separation of TAME and high purity isoamylene in specially designed distillation towers. The high degree of coordination during the experimental testing phase to match the requirements of the basic and detail engineering allowed the commercial plant to be started up without expensive modifications within 4 years. The resulting savings overcompensate the costs of the semicommercial plant.
Ungewöhnliche Zyklonabscheider
Authors: Schmidt Paul 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUnusual cyclone separators. Conventional cyclone separators are seldom suitable for dust cleaning of gases according to present standards. The reason is secondary flow within the body disturbing the process of separation based on elementary cyclone theory. This can be avoided by special design of the cyclone e. g. geometry of the separation chamber, the position of openings, flow guides within the cyclone, dimension and geometry of the bin, bleeding and bypass of the gas, switching of cyclones, and means for dust agglomeration.
Was leistet die statistische Thermodynamik für den Verfahrens‐Ingenieur?
Authors: Lucas Klaus 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWhat does statistical thermodynamics do for the chemical engineer? Statistical thermodynamics introduces molecular properties of a particular system into model equations for the thermodynamic functions of fluid mixtures. It thus contributes to the prediction, extrapolation or estimation of fluid properties, in particular phase and reaction equilibria, which are fundamental to numerous processes in thermochemical engineering. For systems of small, rigid molecules, as frequently encountered in natural gas and refrigeration applications, this method has reached a high level that is beginning to be introduced into industrial practice. For systems of complicated organic molecules, models from molecular thermodynamics have firmly established themselves in industrial applications.
Mehrstrom‐Wärmeaustauscher als gelötete Aluminium‐Plattenapparate – Stand des Wissens
Authors: Ringer Detlev 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMulti‐flow heat exchangers as soldered aluminium plate equipment – State of the art. Soldered aluminium plate heat exchangers are the most frequently used pieces of equipment for heat exchange between clean fluids in cryogenic and low temperature processes. Equipment of this type combines high flexibility in the flow arrangement, high heating surface densities (up to 1400 m2/m3), low pressure drops, and low production costs. This article provides a survey of the present state of the art of their manufacture and thermal dimensioning. In conclusion, new developments are treated.
Qualitätssicherung in der chemischen Produktion
Authors: Geibig Karl Friedrich , Furchert Michael 
Published: December 2004

AbstractQuality assurance in chemical production. Effective quality assurance is of crucial importance to a company. Particularly in view of the transition from classical productoriented to production‐oriented quality assurance and the associated change in customer/supplier relationship the above opening statement is more valid than ever. A prerequisite for successful quality assurance is a systematic and complete documentation of production. Only when this requirement is fulfilled SPC techniques can be successfully applied – special mention is made here of rule cards. Difficulties are expected to accompany the introduction of rule cards in the chemical industry. The article shows ways in which these difficulties can be minimized. In conclusion, the reader's attention is directed to the potential offered by observer and optimizer.
Elektrochemische Energiespeicherung
Authors: Allmendinger Thomas 
Published: December 2004

AbstractElectrochemical storage of energy. Besides energy density, performance density, and lifetime, the overall efficiency represents a very important criterion for electro‐chemical energy storage systems and influences the costs significantly. The system electrolyser – hydrogen storage – fuel cell exhibits an overall efficiency of about 1/3, half as much as an accumulator. On the other hand, it favours long term storage of energy. Organic liquids, especially methanol which can be synthesised by CO2 hydrogenation, seem to be the most promising mode of storing hydrogen. No optimal system is available yet for the short‐ or mid‐term storage of photovoltaic solar energy in buildings. Connection to the public mains will be the best approach. For special purposes like emergency power sources or load levelling systems the lead accumulator is still interesting. However, electrochemical storage systems exhibit the most promise for energy saving as mobile power sources such as improved accumulators or in the longer term as fuel cells, e. g. for electrically driven vehicles. Some relevant options are outlined.
Verfahrenstechnische Aspekte in der Galvanotechnik
Authors: Kreisel Rudolf 
Published: December 2004

AbstractProcess engineering aspects of electroplating. Process engineering is ubiquitous in electroplating, starting with the manufacture of chemicals required for pretreatment and metal deposition and extending to their use and disposal in electroplating plant. More than anything, enhanced environmental consciousness and new legislation now call for new treatment systems for solutions of chemicals which were formerly used only rarely, if at all. Processes commonly encountered in general chemical process engineering sometimes still have to be adapted to these new applications of regeneration and environmentally friendly treatment. This will ensure that electroplating retains its importance in the future.
Die Entwicklung der Destillationstechnik von ihren Anfängen bis zum Jahre 1800
Authors: Deibele Ludwig 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDevelopment of the technique of distillation from its beginnings up to the year 1800. Even today, distillation and rectification are still the most commonly used thermal separation methods employed for resolving mixtures of liquids into their individual components. Both techniques have a long history, and there is definite evidence for their use dating from the first century A. D. This development will be traced from its beginnings up to about 1800 and the major technological advances indicated. The overall time span is divided into five sections: antiquity up to 600 A. D; the Arabian epoch (800 to 1200); the Middle Ages (700 to 1400); late Middle Ages and Renaissance (1400 to 1600), Baroque and Enlightenment (1600 to 1800).
Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle
Authors: Neretnieks Ivars 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRepositories for nuclear wastes. Repositories for nuclear waste are planned in many countries. The repositories will be located in deep geologic formations. In several countries crystalline bedrocks are studied for siting repositories. In Canada, Switzerland and Sweden there are large rock laboratories where various experiments are underway. In Sweden the first civilian repository for low and intermediate waste is in operation. The safety of a repository depends primarily on the hydrology, water chemistry, and the transport processes. The development of the chemistry and the transport processes are to a large part known from other areas of chemistry and chemical engineering. There are, however, differences which depend to a large part on the complex geometry of the flow paths. These differences call for new investigation and computing methods. Questions and problems relating to radionuclide transport from and safety of a repository for nuclear waste are described.
Betriebsleitsysteme zur Rezepturverwaltung und Produktionsdatenverarbeitung
Authors: Kersting Franz‐Josef 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPlant control systems for administration of formulations and processing of production data. Hitherto, support from electronic data processing in a company was generally on the managerial level and benefitted the commercial/administrative tasks occurring there. On the other hand, automation of production has been accelerated by the increasing use of digital systems such as stored program systems, process controllers, electronic data acquisition devices, and laboratory automation and information management systems. However, there was a gap between the two which is now beginning to close since the introduction of plant control systems. The tasks of these systems lie in process‐proximate balance, quality assurance, production overviews, formulation procedures, and optimum plant control. The benefit of such plant management systems lies in the accessibility of up‐to‐date information to all qualified persons involved in plant management.