bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTS ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE ACTIVE AGENT OF MOSAIC DISEASE IN TOBACCO AND TOMATO PLANTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. 
Published: June 2004

The results of the attempts here described to cultivate the incitant of mosaic disease of tobacco and tomato plants give good reason to suppose that this has been accomplished. The agent in the tissues of affected plants induces the disease not infrequently in a dilution of 1:10,000 but only very rarely at a higher dilution. During its transference from tube to tube of the special medium used in the present study it underwent a dilution far beyond these effective limits—in one experiment to 4 x 10–16. Nevertheless, the material of the remote subplants proved effective in inducing the disease, which appeared as rapidly and in as active a form as if the undiluted inoculum had been employed. Material derived from plants in which mosaic developed as result of inoculation with the culture fluid induced the disease in yet other plants, and from these again the agent could be propagated in vitro, or transfers to other plants could be made.
In the course of the experiments a significant fact was noted; namely, that the agent present in remote subplants which can induce the disease was not readily filterable. The nature of the change thus indicated remains to be determined. No formed elements could at any time be distinguished in the medium.
The conclusion seems justified that the incitant of mosaic disease of tobacco and tomatoes is a living microbic body which can be cultivated in an artificial medium.
ON THE NATURE OF BACTERIAL ALLERGIES
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Mueller J. Howard 
Published: June 2004

1. There seems no further possibility of questioning the opinion that the development of tuberculin sensitiveness is definitely associated with the development of tissue reactions in the form of inflammatory processes; the mere development of antibodies on the injection of dissolved bacterial materials does not induce allergy.
2. Passive transfer of tuberculin allergy to guinea pigs may be accomplished by injections not only of the tissue extracts of the tuberculous foci of rabbits, but also of the sera of such rabbits, provided multiple, well developed, and not too advanced lesions are present in the rabbits furnishing them. The exact criteria by which such results can be regularly obtained have not yet been ascertained; our results in this respect, though definite, have been irregular and occasional. It is clear, moreover, that the capacity to convey such allergic hypersensitiveness has no relationship to the precipitating capacity of the serum for residue materials.
3. Just as the allergy-conveying power of the serum and its precipitating powers for residue are separable, so, also, the bacterial extracts representing the antigens for these reactions are separable, the residue material being particularly concerned in the specific precipitations with immune serum, the so called nucleoprotein being associated with allergic reactions in the tuberculous animals.
THE RESPIRATORY RESPONSE TO CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Davies H. Whitridge , Brow George R. , Binger Carl A. L. 
Published: June 2004

1. A technique for determining the respiratory response to carbon dioxide on the Peabody principle is described.
2. The relation between minute volume of total pulmonary ventilation and percentage of carbon dioxide in the inspired air can be expressed by a simple mathematical formula, viz. Y = K + abz, in which Y is the ventilation rate, X is the CO2 content of the inspired air, and K, a, and b are constants characteristic for the individual.
3. The respiratory response to carbon dioxide as expressed by the total pulmonary ventilation is slightly greater at high oxygen percentages (90 per cent ±) than at normal oxygen percentages in the inspired air.
4. Respiratory fatigue may consist of two elements—one nervous, manifesting itself in increased excitability of the center and a more marked response when the demand for pulmonary ventilation is small, the other muscular and involving an inability to respond when the demand for pulmonary ventilation is great.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ANAPHYLAXIS IN PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY
Authors: Mackenzie George M. ,   With the Assistance of Emily Frühbauer.
Published: June 2004

1. Intraperitoneal injections of killed and living broth cultures of a virulent pneumococcus produce in guinea pigs a high degree of active immunity and a serum with strong protective power.
2. Despite the protective power of such serum no agglutinins for the homologous organism and no precipitins for soluble derivatives were demonstrable.
3. Guinea pig immunity to pneumococcus infection produced by the method described is not attended by cutaneous allergy to derivatives of the pneumococcus used for immunization.
4. During the course of an artificially produced active immunity, anaphylaxis may at times be present and at times absent without any measurable effect upon the resistance of the animal to infection by intraperitoneal injection.
5. In the particular instance studied, the experiments indicate that anaphylaxis to pneumococcus protein has no important effect upon the resistance of the animal to infection. It appears to be a concomitant without any significant rôle in the immunity mechanism.
STUDIES ON OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Neill James M. , Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

1. The systems responsible for oxidation and reduction in the pneumococcus cell have been shown to consist of two components, the nature of which has been discussed.
2. The oxidizing and reducing power of active extracts of pneumococci is inactivated by exposure to air. This loss in activity is due to an inactivation of the thermolabile cellular component consequent on secondary reactions analogous to those which under similar conditions destroy the hemotoxin and enzymes in pneumococcus extracts.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN-TISSUES
Authors: Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

The acidity of the macrophage granules in which litmus comes to be stored during life is considerable. It has proved possible to stain these granules in vivo with some of the phthalein indicators and the results, had they been obtained under controlled conditions, would indicate a pH of 3.0 or less. The amount of acid material which may accumulate within the cells of animals stained with litmus is great, sufficient in the case of the elements of a peritoneal exudate for the acid reaction to prevail when they are gathered together and crushed. The material is derived, not from the dye, but from living elements responding characteristically to a stimulus far from unique. Such responses may well play a rôle in normal physiological activities and in the cellular defense against microorganisms.
Vital staining with litmus demonstrates anew that the intracellular reaction during life is independent of that of the body fluids. By means of color changes in the stored indicator one can distinguish sick as well as dead cells of certain sorts and follow their distribution and fate within the organism. There are data to suggest that with the aid of the indicator the normal period of survival of certain elements at least can be determined.
By the indicator method, of which the foregoing observations afford a crude illustration, much should be learnt in the future about body processes. The present paper is the second of a series upon the theme.
ON THE ANTIGENS OF RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer James 
Published: June 2004

Erythrocytes contain more than one substance responsible for the production of lysins and agglutinins.
By injections of alcoholic extracts of horse erythrocytes mixed with a foreign serum, hemolysins and agglutinins can be more readily obtained than by the same quantities of extract alone. The immune sera reacted on horse and donkey blood but not on the blood of other species.
The antibodies obtained differ from those prepared in the usual way with unchanged red blood corpuscles. The differences involve the ratio lysin: agglutinin, the specificity, the inhibition of hemolysis by alcoholic extracts, and the flocculation of these extracts.
Ordinary anti-horse sera give flocculation reactions with emulsions of alcoholic extracts of corpuscles but to a lesser degree and not so regularly as those produced by means of extracts.
The specific substances present in alcoholic blood extracts are probably not proteins. According to this view, species specificity in animals depends not alone on proteins but also on another group of substances.
ON BIMOLECULAR LAYERS OF LIPOIDS ON THE CHROMOCYTES OF THE BLOOD
Authors: Gorter E. , Grendel F. 
Published: June 2004

We have examined the blood of man and of the rabbit, dog, guinea pig, sheep, and goat. There exists a great difference in the size of the red blood cells of these animals, but the total surfaces of the chromocytes
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from 0.1 cc. blood do not show a similarly great divergence, because animals having very small cells (goat and sheep) have much greater quantities of these cells in their blood than animals with blood cells of larger dimensions (dog and rabbit).
We give all the results of our experiments, omitting only those in which we were unable to avoid losses in the procedure of evaporation of the acetone.
It is clear that all our results fit in well with the supposition that the chromocytes are covered by a layer of fatty substances that is two molecules thick.
THE INFLUENCE OF A LOW ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE ON THE ELECTROPHORESIS OF LYMPHOCYTES OF DIFFERENT AGES
Authors: Abramson Harold A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Small lymphocytes in serum at 37°C. migrate toward the anode under experimental conditions described.
2. The electromotive force of 0.8 volt per cm. under the same conditions produced a straight line velocity which approximated that reported by McCutcheon for spontaneous velocity after his preparation had been studied over 5 hours.
3. Keeping the lymphocytes on ice up to 30 hours did not produce an appreciable difference in velocity of straight line migration from that speed determined if the cells were studied immediately.
4. The possible relationships between the type and order of magnitude of the electromotive force passing between injured and normal tissues and the electromotive force used experimentally are briefly discussed.
STUDIES ON UROBILIN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
Authors: Elman Robert , McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

Methods are presented for the development of clear fluorescent solutions from urobilin-containing urine, feces, and bile obtained from the dog. Conversion of the urobilinogen to urobilin is accomplished during the procedures. Measurement of the urobilin content is effected by comparing its fluorescence at great dilution with a standard containing acriflavine, calibrated in turn against pure urobilin.
Means have been found to avoid the influence of the factors responsible in part for the inaccuracy of urobilin determinations. The method will quantitate exceedingly small amounts of urobilin and estimations on the same material agree within 10 per cent.
Though designed for experimental procedures on the dog, the methods would seem adapted for clinical uses as well.
STUDIES ON UROBILIN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Elman Robert 
Published: June 2004

Methods have been developed whereby animals can be totally, partially, and intermittently deprived of their bile, without infection of this secretion or of the duct system. In all the instances considered the bile remained sterile throughout the period of the experiment. With this aid we have studied urobilin physiology.
We have been able to show that the normal presence of urobilin in the bile and feces of dogs depends on the passage of bile pigment to the intestine, either through the normal channels, or by abnormal ones, as when it is fed by mouth. Complete loss of the bile from the body resulted in the total disappearance of urobilin and urobilinogen from the bile, feces, and urine. Rarely very faint traces remained in the feces, the origin of which has been discussed. Partial loss of the bile resulted in a corresponding reduction in the urobilin of the dejecta.
Feedings of sterile urobilin-free dog bile to intubated dogs losing all of their bile and having no urobilin in it, or in feces or urine, were followed by the appearance of the pigment in the hepatic bile secreted shortly thereafter. When the feedings were stopped the urobilin soon disappeared.
Total obstruction of the bile flow caused disappearance of the urobilin of the bile and stool. Later as the animals became heavily jaundiced the pigment appeared again in very small quantity in the feces. Autopsy at this time showed that the intestinal mucosa was deeply tinted with bilirubin some of which undoubtedly had passed into the lumen of the bowel and had there been changed to urobilin.
Employment of the "altercursive intubation," by which an intermittent diversion of the bile stream of animals from the intestine to a collecting apparatus could be effected, showed that while bile pigment still reached the intestine urobilin was present in the bile secreted by the liver but that almost at once after the bile had been diverted from the gut urobilin disappeared from it. In relation to this finding it was noticed that in animals from which merely a small fraction of the bile was collected, that from a single liver lobe, while the greater portion reached the intestine there was most urobilin in the bile at times when most bilirubin was entering the intestine.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION-REDUCTION OF HEMOGLOBIN AND METHEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Neill James M. 
Published: June 2004

The oxidation-reduction systems of anaerobic bacteria manifest their action upon the blood pigments by marked deoxygenation of oxyhemoglobin, prompt reduction of methemoglobin to hemoglobin, and to a less marked degree oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.
The action of sterile plant tissue upon oxyhemoglobin, hemoglobin, and methemoglobin has been studied. The oxidations and reductions of the blood pigments which are induced by sterile plant tissue are similar to the reactions which are brought about by pneumococci and by anaerobic bacteria.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION-REDUCTION OF HEMOGLOBIN AND METHEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Neill James M. 
Published: June 2004

Hemoglobin is oxidized to methemoglobin by products formed during the oxidation of a number of different substances. With some of these substances, both oxygen consumption and hemoglobin oxidation are accelerated by thermolabile constituents of pneumococci; with others of the easily oxidized substances, neither reaction seems to be influenced by the presence of the bacterial substances.
The same substances which in the presence of air induce the oxidation of hemoglobin bring about the reverse reaction if molecular oxygen is excluded.
BIOLOGY OF BACTERIUM LEPISEPTICUM
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Bacterium lepisepticum, Type D, inoculated in small amounts into meat extract broth, pH 7.4, under aerobic conditions failed to grow. Larger inoculations underwent a period of lag before the logarithmic growth phase began.
2. In this medium, dissociation of Microbe D to the variant G occurred readily.
3. A lowered oxygen tension in this broth resulted in growth of small numbers of Type D with no lag and great inhibition of the type dissociation process.
4. Similar optimum growth conditions were obtained by adding to extract broth, under aerobic conditions, autoclaved or unautoclaved rabbit blood in very small amounts, 0.0003 per cent, just sufficient to give a positive benzidine test.
A GROUP OF MICROORGANISMS TRANSMITTED HEREDITARILY IN TICKS AND APPARENTLY UNASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE
Authors: Cowdry E. V. 
Published: June 2004

1. Pleomorphic, bacterium-like, Gram-negative, intracellular microorganisms, which stained much less intensely with ordinary dyes than most bacteria were found in sixteen species of ticks comprising examples of the Argasidæ and the Ixodidæ.
2. In six of these species studied intensively slight differences in the microorganisms were detected, sufficient to permit identification of the vectors by microscopic examination of the microorganism alone.
3. No evidence was seen of injury to the tissues of the arachnid hosts of the microorganisms other than that incident to mechanical distention of the cells containing them.
4. The detection of the microorganisms in the eggs of ten species, in the unfed larvæ of eight species, and at nearly related stages throughout the life cycle of three others leads to the conclusion that they are transmitted hereditarily.
BLOOD SUGAR STUDIES
Authors: Zeckwer Isolde T. , Goodell Helen 
Published: June 2004

A rapid rise in the blood sugar level of rabbits was produced by intravenous injections of killed Bacillus proteus, Bacillus coli, and Bacillus paratyphosus B, which returned to nearly the previous level in a few hours time.
A less pronounced rise in blood sugar was produced by killed Bacillus paratyphosus A and Bacillus enteritidis.
BLOOD SUGAR STUDIES
Authors: Zeckwer Isolde T. , Goodell Helen 
Published: June 2004

1. During bacterial anaphylaxis there is a gradual rise in the blood sugar level, which attains an extremely high value at the time of death.
2. The curve of blood sugar is quite similar whether anaphylaxis is induced by organisms which affect the blood sugar in the unsensitized animal or by organisms which have no such effect.
3. No instances occurred in which there was not a marked hyperglycemia in anaphylaxis.
DRAINAGE OF THE THORACIC DUCT IN EXPERIMENTAL PERITONITIS
Authors: Steinberg Bernhard 
Published: June 2004

1. When care is taken to produce a peritonitis, which in itself is almost uniformly fatal, drainage of the thoracic duct in dogs has no favorable influence upon the course or result of the peritonitis.
2. Under the conditions of my experiments the thoracic duct did not serve in any important way as a drainage tract for bacterial contamination of the peritoneal cavity.
ON THE ANTIGENS OF RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer James 
Published: June 2004

1. Flocculation reactions of anti-erythrocyte sera on emulsions of alcoholic extract of blood are described.
2. The reactions are markedly species-specific.
3. Besides the homologous reactions certain others—"heterogenetic"" ones—have been observed, and in this way the existence of new examples of heterogenetic antibodies has been demonstrated.
4. Group-specific substances can be extracted from human erythrocytes with alcohol and demonstrated by flocculation with group-specific immune sera.
5. A conception of the structure of cellular antigens based upon the known facts, is presented.
LIPOIDS AS THE GROWTH-INHIBITING FACTOR IN SERUM
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Carrel Alexis 
Published: June 2004

The growth-inhibiting action of serum has been shown to be due largely to the lipoids.
Serum from which the lipoids have been removed is much less inhibiting to the growth of fibroblasts in vitro than is the original serum, and only slightly more inhibiting than Tyrode solution.
The lipoids extracted from the serum are toxic and more inhibiting to the growth of fibroblasts than the original serum.
Lipoids extracted from chicken brain, chicken liver, egg, and embryonic tissue have likewise an inhibiting action.
EFFECTS OF OBSCURE LESIONS ON ORGAN WEIGHTS OF APPARENTLY NORMAL RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M. 
Published: June 2004

A group of 350 normal rabbits was studied with reference to the occurrence of obscure lesions of various kinds and the probable or possible effect of such lesions or disease processes on organ weights. The results of the investigation are presented in the form of comparative tabulations.
It was found that so long as the animals remained in apparently good health the values obtained for organ weights of animals with lesions did not differ materially from those for animals that were entirely free from lesions. There were, however, slight deviations from the normal which appeared to be significant in that they suggested a functional response similar in character to the more marked changes in mass and mass relationships that occur in rabbits presenting clinical symptoms of disease due to the same causes.
THE FUNCTION OF MACROPHAGES IN LOCAL RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Nakahara Waro 
Published: June 2004

Coincident with the marked macrophage reaction induced in the peritoneal cavity by oil injection, there is an increased resistance of this location to bacterial infections. Animals so prepared dispose of Bacillus coli in a much shorter time than normal animals, and survive multiples of the fatal doses of staphylococci and pneumococi.
The amount of oil injected is in itself incapable of inhibiting bacterial growth, nor is cell-free exudate from an oil-injected animal potent in this regard. The macrophages in the exudate, on the other hand, actively phagocytize bacteria. These facts lead to the conclusion that the increased resistance is due primarily to the action of macrophages.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF HEARTWATER
Authors: Cowdry E. V. 
Published: June 2004

The evidence offered in the first of these studies indicative of a causative relationship between Rickettsia ruminantium and heartwater is supplemented by the following observations concerning the ticks which carry the disease.
When larvæ, which had taken no food since hatching, were allowed to feed upon cases of heartwater, they acquired Rickettsiœ which appeared to be identical with those in the tissues of animals suffering from heartwater, whereas control larvæ hatched from eggs deposited by the same female and fed on normal animals remained free of Rickettsiœ.
After larvæ presumably infective had moulted, the resultant nymphæ containing Rickettsiœ in their alimentary tracts, when fed upon susceptible animals produced in them typical attacks of heartwater, which the control nymphae, devoid of Rickettsiœ, failed to do. The tissues of animals thus infected were found upon histological examination to contain typical Rickettsioelig;.