bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Centered Parameterizations for Hierarchical Models and Data Augmentation
Authors: Papaspiliopoulos Omiros , Roberts Gareth O , Sköld Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we will compare centered and non-centered parameterizations for classes of hierarchical models. Our examples will include variance component models, random effect models, hidden Markov process models, and partially observed diffusion models. We will investigate the construction of noncentered methods by the use of state space expansion techniques, and will introduce methods for devising partially non-centered parameterizations, many of which are data-dependent.
Bayesian Modeling of Hospital Bed Occupancy Times using a Mixed Generalized Erlang Distribution
Authors: Lillo M Concepción , Ausín Rosa E , Wiper Fabrizio Ruggeri Michael P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we model the distribution of length of stay in hospital of geriatric patients. We assume that length of stay has a mixed generalized Erlang distribution and, given data from patients in a geriatric ward of a London hospital, reversible jump methods are used to estimate the predictive distribution of length of stay in hospital. We also address the problem of optimizing the number of beds in hospital with respect to average cost per unit of time where costs are based on lost demand, the number of unoccupied beds and the different types of patients in the hospital.
Intrinsic Estimation
Authors: Bernardo José M , Juárez Miguel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper, the problem of parametric point estimation is addressed from an objective Bayesian viewpoint. Arguing that pure statistical estimation may be appropriately described as a precise decision problem, where the loss function is a measure of the divergence between the assumed model and the estimated model, the information-based intrinsic discrepancy is proposed as an appropriate loss function. The intrinsic estimator is then defined as that minimizing the expected loss with respect to the appropriate reference posterior distribution. The resulting estimators are shown to have attractive invariance properties. As demonstrated with illustrative examples, the proposed theory either leads to new, arguably better estimators, or provides a new perspective on well-established solutions.
Modelling Gene Expression Data over Time: Curve Clustering with Informative Prior Distributions
Authors: Wakefield Jon C , Zhou Chuan , Self Steve G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of many microarray experiments is to discover genes that exhibit similar behavior, that is, co-express. A common approach to analysis is to apply generic clustering algorithms that produce a single cluster allocation for each gene. Such a strategy does not account for the experimental context, and provides no measure of the uncertainty in this classification. The model introduced in this paper is specifically tailored to the application in hand, so allowing the incorporation of prior information, and the probabilistic quantification of cluster membership. In this paper, we are interested in the situation in which the experiments are indexed by a variable that has a natural ordering such as time, temperature or dose level, and propose a four-stage hierarchical model for the analysis of such data. This model assumes that each gene follows one of a number of underlying trajectories, where the number may be assumed unknown, and the specific form of the trajectory depends on the experimental context. An initial filter based on a Bayes factor reduces the dimensionality of the data. The model is illustrated using two experiments carried out on yeast, one during sporulation, and another during cell-cycle. A summary measure that we emphasize is the posterior probability of co-expression which, in the context of our model, corresponds to the probability that two or more genes fall in the same group.
Applied Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Ockendon John , Howison Sam , Lacey Andrew , Movchan Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Partial differential equations are used in mathematical models of a huge range of real-world phenomena, from electromagnetism to financial markets. This new edition of Applied PDEs contains many new sections and exercises Including, American options, transform methods, free surface flows, linear elasticity and complex characteristics.
Brain energy metabolism and the physiological basis of the haemodynamic response
Authors: Gjedde Albert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under normal conditions the brain derives almost all of its energy from the oxidation of glucose: for this it needs a nearly constant supply of glucose and oxygen, delivered by the blood supply through a rich network of vessels. Although the brain accounts for only about 2 per cent of the total body mass, it consumes 20 per cent of the body’s glucose and oxygen, and receives 20 per cent of its blood supply. A remarkable feature of brain metabolism, fundamental to many functional imaging methods, is that blood flow and energy metabolism are tightly linked to local neuronal activity. This implies that maps of local glucose consumption, local oxygen consumption, or local blood flow each provide information on neuronal activity. A good understanding of the mechanisms responsible for regulating these processes is needed in order to interpret such functional imaging data.
Principles of nuclear magnetic resonance and MRI
Authors: Jezzard Peter , Clare Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has a long history dating back to the 1940s, when researchers at Harvard University and Stanford University simultaneously detected a resonance phenomenon in samples placed in a magnetic field (Bloch et al. 1946; Purcell et al. 1946). Edward Purcell at Harvard and Felix Bloch at Stanford later shared the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics for their joint discovery. Over subsequent decades the NMR phenomenon has found substantial use in chemistry departments as an analytical chemistry technique, able to resolve chemical species and to provide information on bond lengths and dynamics. Imaging using NMR was first demonstrated in the 1970s, and has since seen huge application in diagnostic radiology.
Preparing fMRI data for statistical analysis
Authors: Smith Stephen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter (along with Chapter 13) describes the various pre-processing steps necessary to take raw data from the scanner and prepare it for the ‘heart’ of fMRI analysis, namely statistical analysis (estimating where significant activation occurred, described in Chapter 14). These pre-processing steps take the raw MR data, convert it into images that actually look like brains, then reduce unwanted noise of various types, and precondition the data, in order to aid the later statistics. Later statistical analysis is often seen as the most ‘important’ part of £MRI analysis; however, without the pre-processing steps, the statistical analysis is, at best, greatly reduced in power, and at worst, rendered invalid.
Head motion and its correction
Authors: Brammer Mick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of fMRI data analysis is, in simple terms, to identify small, spatially localized changes in image intensity that accompany the performance of some experimental task. This is normally accomplished by collecting a series of images covering part or all of the brain at intervals of a few seconds and analysing the resulting time-series obtained at each voxel. The experimentally-associated intensity changes are frequently only a few per cent of the mean value at that spatial location and are embedded in a noisy signal contaminated by electronic and physiological effects. Head motion is one further and critically important confound. Very small movements of the head, on a scale of less than a millimetre, can be a major source of error in fMRI analysis if not identified and treated correctly-a problem drawn to the attention of workers in this area in 1994 by Hajnal et al. This problem can be particularly acute in areas lying close to a high-contrast boundary in the brain image, where movement-related changes in image intensity may be large. In analysing the image intensity at each voxel over a time series of brain volumes, we make the assumption that we are sampling an identical region of the brain at every point in an experiment.
FMRI: applications to cognitive neuroscience
Authors: Owen Adrian M , Epstein Russell , Johnsrude Ingrid S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Structural and functional imaging methods already have had an enormous impact on the way we assess human cognition in vivo. Detailed anatomical images, acquired through computerised tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can now be combined with functional information from positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), quantitative electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) to produce a cohesive picture of normal and abnormal brain function. In less than a decade, the combination of high resolution structural MRI and fMRI in particular has become perhaps the single most powerful general pair of tools available to neuropsychologists, cognitive neuroscientists, and many others in the wider neuroscientific community with an interest in understanding the relationship between brain and behaviour.
The Functional Organization of the Ventral Visual Pathway and its Relationship to object Recognition
Authors: Grill-Spector Kalanit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans recognize objects at an astonishing speed and with remarkable ease. However, the functional organization of the system that enables this remarkable human ability is not well understood. Here we examine whether the human ventral stream is organized more around stimulus content or recognition task. We scanned subjects while they performed one of two tasks: object detection (objects versus textures) or subordinate identification (e.g. pigeons versus birds). In order to limit success at recognition, pictures were presented briefly and then masked. For each subject we searched for cortical regions where activity was correlated with correct answers, separately for each category and task. Analysis by task revealed that, for each category, regions correlated with correct detection and correct identification were similar.
Audio-Visual Associative Learning Enhances Responses to Auditory Stimuli in Visual Cortex
Authors: Gonzalo Désirée , Büchel Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to test whether audio-visual learning is mediated by modulation in sensory cortices (i.e. visual or auditory cortex). During fMRI scanning, subjects were exposed to repeated presentations of three tones and three visual stimuli. In 50% of presentations, one tone was paired with a face, and another one with a moving noise pattern. The third sound was not paired with any visual stimulus and was the target in an incidental detection task. Over time, activation in extrastriate visual cortex (V4) and the fusiform face area (FFA) increased in response to the sound that predicted the face, but not in response to the other two sounds.
Grasses and Grassland Ecology
Authors: Gibson David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grasslands, in particular managed pastures and rangelands, are widespread, covering approximately 40% (52 million km2) of the Earth’s land surface. They are dominated by members of the Poaceae— the fourth largest plant family with over 7,500 species, and also the most widespread. Grasslands constitute a major biome on all continents except Antarctica and also represent the most important food crop on Earth with corn, wheat, maize, rice and millet accounting for the majority of our agricultural output. Grasses and Grassland Ecology provides an ecologically orientated introduction to this influential group of plants, summarizing the most recent scientific research in ecology and agriculture in the context of the older, classic literature. Ten chapters cover the morphology, anatomy, physiology and systematics of grasses, their population, community and ecosystem ecology, their global distribution, and the effects of disturbance and grassland management. This comprehensive and accessible textbook is suitable for graduate level students as well as professional researchers in the fields of plant ecology, rangeland science, crop science, and agriculture.
The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon , Richler Jennifer , Bisarya Dheraj , Gurunathan Nhishanth , Wheelwright Sally 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The weak central coherence hypothesis of Frith is one of the most prominent theories concerning the abnormal performance of individuals with autism on tasks that involve local and global processing. Individuals with autism often outperform matched no autistic individuals on tasks in which success depends upon processing of local features, and underperform on tasks that require global processing. We review those studies that have been unable to identify the locus of the mechanisms that may be responsible for weak central coherence effects and those that show that local processing is enhanced in autism but not at the expense of global processing. In the light of these studies, we propose that the mechanisms which can give rise to ‘weak central coherence’ effects may be perceptual.
Beyond measure
Authors: Baggott Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantum theory is one of the most important and successful theories of modern physical science. It has been estimated that its principles form the basis for about 30 per cent of the world's manufacturing economy. This is all the more remarkable because quantum theory is a theory that nobody understands. Baggott brings the reader up to date with the results of experimental tests of quantum non-locality and complementarity that have been successfully he also reviews the latest thinking on alternative interpretations - pilot waves, decoherence, consciousness, many worlds and God - and the frontiers of quantum cosmology, quantum gravity and potential applications of quantum entanglement in computing, cryptography and teleportation. Quantum theory emerges largely unscathed, only serving to reinforce the point that the theory remains the most powerful framework for explaining observations of the quantum world, but that its orthodox interpretation continues to offer little in the way of understanding in terms of underlying physical processes. Quantum theory remains a mysterious theoretical black top hat from which white rabbits continue to be pulled. Students are usually advised not to ask how this particular conjuring trick is done.
Plantation Forestry in the Tropics
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Development of planted forests in tropical and subtropical countries is accelerating to satisfy the ever-growing global demands for wood products. Indeed, it is expected that within 20 years half of all wood fibre in the world will be sourced from plantations, of which more than half are in the tropics and subtropics. As well as intensively-managed, industrial wood plantations, trees are increasingly being planted as part of farming systems, and to control erosion and rehabilitate degraded lands and forests. Active community involvement in tree planting as part of rural development is now widespread and welcome. This book provides an overview that sets plantation silviculture in the wider context of the development processes and their social, environmental and ecological impacts. For this new edition, the structure and approach of previous editions have been retained but every chapter has been comprehensively revised and updated. Two new chapters -‘clonal forestry’ and ‘ecological restoration’ have been added. The central theme remains the silviculture that underpins successful industrial planted forests. Overall the book provides an up-to-date account of silvicultural practices, some of the socio-economic essentials and the key role tree planting now plays in natural resource management and improving rural livelihoods in the tropics. Contemporary issues such as full stakeholder participation and sustainable management practices in planted forests are also addressed. This expanded third edition provides a comprehensive introduction to plantation forestry practices in the tropics as part of sustainable land use. Both the historical context and recent developments are presented so that students, professional foresters, development specialists, and all with an interest in tropical forest management will find this a valuable reference text.
Introduction
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plantation forestry in the tropics is a large subject. The aim of Chapter 1 is to indicate the scope of this title by defining and describing briefly for the purpose of this book, the tropics, the tropical environment, forest plantations, and tropical tree species. Most forest plantations are distinct from rain forest or savannah because their orderliness and uniformity show they are artificial. But more careful definition of ‘plantation’ or ‘planted forest’ is needed since much tree-planting is not done in regular blocks. Many trees are planted within exist-ing forest, that is, enrichment planting, or as single rows, that is, linear planting.
Convexity
Authors: Webster Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Convexity provides a wide-ranging introduction for final year undergraduates and graduate students. Convex sets and functions are studied in the Euclidean space IRn, thus allowing an exposition demanding only an elementary knowledge of analysis and linear algebra, and enabling concepts to be motivated through simple geometric examples. The fundemental ideas of convexity are natural and appealing, and does not have to travel far along its path, before meeting significant, aesthetically pleasing results. It develops geometric intuition, and is a showcase for displaying interconnections amongst different parts of mathematics, in addition to have ties with economics, science and engineering. Despite being an active research field, it abounds in unsolved problems having an instant intuitive appeal. One distinctive feature of the book is the diverse applications that it highlights: number theory, geometric extremum problems, combinatorial geometry, linear programming, game theory, polytopes, bodies of constant width, the gamma function, minimax approximation, and linear, classical and matrix inequalities. Several topics make their first appearance in a general introduction to convexity, while a few have not appeared outside research journals. The account has a self-contained treatment of volume, thus permitting a rigorous discussion of mixed volumes, is operimetry and Brunn-Minkowski theory. Full solutions to most of the 241 exercises are provided and detailed suggestions for further reading are given.
Algebraic Methods in Philosophical Logic
Authors: Dunn J Michael , Hardegree Gary M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This comprehensive text demonstrates how various notions of logic can be viewed as notions of universal algebra. It is aimed primarily for logisticians in mathematics, philosophy, computer science and linguistics with an interest in algebraic logic, but is also accessible to those from a non-logistics background. It is suitable for researchers, graduates and advanced undergraduates who have an introductory knowledge of algebraic logic providing more advanced concepts, as well as more theoretical aspects. The main theme is that standard algebraic results (representations) translate into standard logical results (completeness). Other themes involve identification of a class of algebras appropriate for classical and non-classical logic studies, including: gaggles, distributoids, partial- gaggles, and tonoids. An imporatant sub title is that logic is fundamentally information based, with its main elements being propositions, that can be understood as sets of information states. Logics are considered in various senses e.g. systems of theorems, consequence relations and, symmetric consequence relations.
An Atlas Of Graphs
Authors: Read Ronald C , Wilson Robin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Graph theory is a fast-developing discipline and has, over the past few decades, been seen to have important applications, particularly in operations research and in computer science. For this reason there is a need for a reference in the area, comprehensively cataloguing the properties of graphs and accessible to both graph theorists and other researchers. This book contains a wealth of information, including over 10000 diagrams and extensive tables of associated properties. It is the first book to present this information on such a scale, and as such will be an invaluable resource.
Sets: An Introduction
Authors: Potter Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This textbook provides a first course in set theory suitable for final year undergraduates of mathematics. The author develops the subject from first principles and presupposes little more than an elementary grounding in logic. Throughout much attention is paid to the historical and philosophical background which illuminates the subject's development. This book differs from most textbooks of set theory by providing a particularly elegant and intuitive approach based on Scott's formulation of standard set theory in which sets are built up stage by stage. This approach has the advantage of introducing the axioms of set theory in a natural way and shows how they come to take the form they do. The text covers all the basic tools of set theory; the natural numbers, cardinals, ordinals, and the axiom of choice in some detail. It also provides an account of the representation theory of lattices and how this is closely connected with various forms of the axiom of choice.
Groups and Geometry
Authors: Neumann Peter M , Stoy Gabrielle A , Thompson Edward C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Available for the first time in published form, Groups and Geometry contains the Oxford Mathematical Institute notes for undergraduates and first-year postgraduates, although guided by the Oxford syllabus much other material is also included. Symmetry is visable in all parts of mathematics, and in many other areas, and geometrical symmetry is the most visible of all. For this reason, groups and geometry are such close neighbours. Also included are a number of exercises that will be invaluable to any reader wishing to gain a fuller understanding of this area of mathematics.
On Frobenius groups of finite Morley rank I
Authors: Nesin Ali 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frobenius groups play an important role in the theory of permutation groups because a group is a Frobenius group if and only if it is a transitive and non-regular permutation group where only the identity element fixes two distinct points. For example if G is a Zassenhaus group (a doubly transitive group where only the identity element fixes three distinct points) which is not a sharply 2-transitive group, then a one-point stabilizer B of G is a Frobenius group. Since the subgroup B of a Zassenhaus group of finite Morley rank is known to be definable (Delahan and Nesin, in press), the results of this article and of the next one in this volume can be useful in the classification of Zassenhaus groups of finite Morley rank.
On Frobenius groups of finite Morley rank II
Authors: Epstein David , Nesin Ali 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a continuation of the previous article by Nesin in this volume. The reader is invited to read the introduction of that article. We shall adopt the same notation throughout.
In this article, we will first show that if T &lt; B is a Frobenius group of finite Morley rank where Tis finite, then Bis split as U × T (Theorem 3.1). Then we will deal with the minimal counterexamples to the following two conjectures.