bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilepsy and pregnancy
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you fall pregnant unexpectedly DON'T stop or reduce your anticonvulsants.
Tablet taking needs to work round early nausea and vomiting.
Make sure you have all the appropriate tests and scans of the baby.
If you have an unexpected seizure in pregnancy be certain that it is not 'eclampsia'.
Early miscarriage is common but no more so in women with epilepsy.
Late miscarriage needs investigating and possible preventative treatment.
At about 32 weeks decision needs to be made about method of delivery. Women with 'brittle' epilepsy may need an elective Caesarean section.
Co-operation between GP, epilepsy specialist, and obstetrician is vital.
Being a woman, having epilepsy: Harriet’s story
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This final chapter addresses the practicalities of being a woman with epilepsy. Being such a woman I know that it is not straightforward; many conflicting factors are always present.
I came to terms with epilepsy very quickly as I was only a child and didn’t really understand all the problems that epilepsy in an adult would bring. It was not until I considered writing this book, and after some research, that I became fully aware of the complexities of epilepsy and the effect it has on people’s lives. I am certainly still no expert. After 14 years of living a happy and fun-filled life with epilepsy I have accepted it as a part of who I am, no matter how irritating it can be. It does not stop me doing things I want to do and, apart from continually trying to find the correct drug and dose, and trying to keep up to date with current issues with epilepsy there is, at the bottom of it all, nothing I can do. Even though at times it can be very frightening and frustrating, I am a woman, I have epilepsy, and I live and enjoy my life. Here is my story so far.
Argentina
Authors: Fiuza Alejandro D , Gayol Pablo J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Argentina has a continental law system. There is no definition of receivables in the Argentine Civil Code (Civil Code). However, under the Civil Code system, a receivable could be defi ned as a right to receive an amount of money. While these receivables could be documented in negotiable instruments, they are generally not. In this chapter we will limit our analysis to those receivables which are not documented in negotiable instruments. There is no specific regulation in the Civil Code or in the Argentine Commercial Code (Commercial Code) for the assignment of credits as security. Generally, there are two manners of creating a security on credits: (i) pledge of the credit; or (ii) the assignment of the credit to a trust.
Belgium
Authors: Vermylen Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Belgian law does not provide for a defi nition of receivables. Traditionally, the concept of receivable is translated in Belgium as schuldvordering/ créance, which can be defi ned—using the defi nition of R Feltkamp—as the subjective right of a specifi c person, named the creditor, to claim, on the basis of a legal relationship that stems from the law or a voluntary legal act by another person, named the debtor, the performance of an obligation to give, to do or not to do, which is valuable in money, and for which, by non-performance, the creditor can enforce payment of the value of such obligation at law against the property of the debtor.
England
Authors: Parsons Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expression ‘receivables’ is often used in a loose sense in the same way as ‘book debts’. This is not entirely accurate, although it would be fair to describe book debts as forming a sub-set of the receivables owed to a company. It is perhaps unfortunate that the expression ‘book debts’ has never received much more than a somewhat circular defi nition by the English courts.
Luxembourg
Authors: Molitor Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Luxembourg law does not provide a special legal regime for receivables (créances commerciales). Furthermore, there are no known Luxembourg court decisions dealing with the exact meaning and the defi nition of receivables. Thus, receivables fall within the scope of the general rules relating to claims (créances). Security over receivables are, in particular, governed by articles 110 to 119 of the Luxembourg Commercial Code, as amended by a law of 21 December 1994 about the Commercial pledge, by articles 2073 to 2083 of the Luxembourg Civil Code and by the law of 5 August 2005 on Financial collateral arrangements.
Mexico
Authors: Perezalonso Pablo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under Mexican law there are several alternatives by means of which a security interest may be created on book debts and receivables. The alternatives have different legal implications, which will be discussed in this chapter. There are no legal restrictions that would make the taking of security in Mexico impracticable or impossible. There are, however, advantages and disadvantages on each alternative. Some of the methods are not as effective as others to provide the required level of protection for lenders, nor are suitable to all structures of lending transactions. Not all methods are available to all types of creditors as there are some alternatives that are reserved only to Mexican banks. The different methods of creating a security interest on book debts and receivables are established in two main statutes, the General Law of Negotiable Instruments and Credit Transactions (Ley General de Títulos y Operaciones de Crédito, the Negotiable Instruments Law) and the Credit Institutions Law (Ley de Instituciones de Crédito, the Banking Law).
Russian Federation
Authors: Stepanenko Elena , Ivanova Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Russian legal terminology the term ‘receivables’ is usually understood to mean ‘rights to claim’ arising from civil law obligations and belonging to a concrete creditor/assignor (the so-called ‘subjective right under an obligation’). Pursuant to Article 307 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (the Civil Code) an obligation represents a legal relationship where one party (the creditor) has the right to claim that the other party (the debtor) perform certain actions in favour of a creditor or a third party (eg transfer property or monetary funds, perform works, or render services) or abstain from taking prescribed actions. Article 128 of the Civil Code states that civil rights may be exercised only with respect to so-called property rights.
Wills and Tax Advice
Authors: Frost Martyn , Reed Penelope , Baxter Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas litigation over negligent will drafting seems to abound, there are few reported cases of claims against solicitors for negligence in tax advice. This may be because the non-testamentary transactions in which solicitors are instructed largely fall into one of three categories: It is a transaction that cannot attract a tax liability, so there can be no question of negligence in this respect.
Rest And Breaks
Authors: McLynn Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the different types of rest for which provision is made under the Working Time Regulations 1998 (WTR): rest breaks, daily rest and weekly rest. The particular categories of workers who are excluded from the entitlements to rest are outlined. The difficult issue of rest for on-call workers is discussed, as is the scope of the duty on an employer to enforce the taking of rest by workers. The chapter concludes by looking at record-keeping, enforcement, and the remedies for breach of a worker’s entitlement to rest.
Annual Leave
Authors: McLynn Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the right to take and be paid for annual leave. Many workers will have such rights under their contract with their employer, and these rights may be more favourable than the entitlements under the Working Time Regulations 1998 (WTR). The WTR rights, however, underpin every contract, and provide a minimum standard in relation to annual leave. In this chapter, the 5.6 weeks’ leave to which workers are entitled under the WTR is referred to as ‘statutory leave’. Any additional entitlement given to a worker under his contract is referred to as ‘contractual leave’. A worker is expressly permitted by the WTR to exercise whichever right is more favourable to him—statutory or contractual. Contractual terms which are more favourable to the worker than the WTR provisions would apply to all leave that was covered by the contract—both statutory and contractual.
“Consent” to Arbitral Jurisdiction: Disputes with Non-Signatories
Authors: Rau Alan Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a recent article, written for a symposium on the “reform” of the United States Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), I argued that the better course by far would be to leave the FAA completely alone. The point was not simply that courts are more likely than legislators to “get it right.” (Although, I believe, they are.) Nor, simply, that legislation is inevitably a clumsy and unwieldy tool, making even changes on the margin with a meat cleaver—nor that the missteps and mis-judgments of statutory revision may be expected to be particularly resistant to change. When we are faced with arbitration “reform,” both actual—in the form.
The Globalization of American Class Actions: International Enforcement of Class Action Arbitral Awards
Authors: Blumrosen Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of the enforceability of a United States class-wide arbitral award under the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (“New York Convention”)would have seemed like science fiction just a few years ago, but the rapid evolution of case-law on international class actions, and the Supreme Court’s decision in Green Tree Financial Corp. v. Bazzle,have placed the issue squarely before us. Indeed, it is likely to be only a matter of time before a litigant in a class action arbitration will seek enforcement of the award before a non-U.S. court.
Private Labels And Article 82 Ec
Authors: Galarza* Andres Font 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction (Section A) will expose Article 82 of the EC Treaty to the explicit but also implicit interests and perceptions of both EU competition enforcers and of the business community. This introduction intends to give a solid understanding to the reader of the interests at stake in the debate on the application of Article 82. The introduction aims to help the reader reach its own conclusions at the end of the chapter, beyond those hinted at by the author, regarding what role, if any, Article 82 should play in dealing with the phenomenon of private labels. The second part (Section B) will explore Article 82 and private labels from a business to consumer perspective as a pre-condition to the arguments in the third part. Indeed, the consumer is the ultimate subject of protection of the Treaty rule. This part will therefore raise a very intuitive point: whether—in the light of the consumer welfare imperative—the European Commission should ever enforce Article 82 to the private labels offers made by retailers with market power.
Private Labels, Dual Distribution, and Vertical Restraints—An Analysis of the Competitive Effects
Authors: Gilo David* 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how participation of a retailer in the supplier’s market via a private label and participation of a supplier in the retail market via dual distribution impacts on the anticompetitive effects of vertical restraints. The existence of a private label can impact on the anticompetitive effect of vertical restraints in two principle ways. On one hand, the private label often constitutes presence of the retailer in the supplier’s market, thereby creating horizontal com- petition between the retailer and the supplier in the supplier’s market. Restraints limiting the retailer’s operation of the private label, therefore, resemble horizontal restraints among competitors and deserve harsher antitrust treatment than purely vertical restraints. On the other hand, as this chapter shows, if a retailer and a supplier adopt vertical restraints that do not limit the retailer’s ability to operate his private label, the existence of the private label could actually weaken the anticompetitive effect of all vertical restraints but for exclusive distribution.
Private Labels, Product Variety, and Price Competition—Lessons from the German Grocery Sector
Authors: Olbrich Rainer , Grewe Gundula , Orenstrat* Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For several years now, a proliferation of private labels has been evident in European consumer goods retailing. A ‘hotbed’ for the proliferation of private labels has been created by the restriction on vertical price fixing under Article 81 EC. The prohibition of resale price maintenance has restricted the pricing policy tools available to manufacturers and has, in its wake, considerably broadened the range of pricing policy options for private labels. In particular in the food retailing sector for some considerable time now, private labels have been foreclosing com- petition and circumventing the price maintenance regulations simultaneously. Here, ‘price sceneries’, i.e. artificially-generated pricing comparisons for certain goods, are playing an ever increasing role.
United States Competition Law Policy—the Private Label Experience
Authors: Schmidt* Jeffrey , Calvani** Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Private label issues have been important across the US competition law land- scape. For example, the very prominent—and controversial—decision by the Court of Appeals in LePage’s Inc v 3M Co found that the bundled pricing of branded and private label products by a seller with market power in the branded segment constituted a violation of Section 2 of the Sherman Act. Nevertheless, most of the issues involving private label goods have arisen in the context of market definition incident to merger review and in cases involving alleged price discrimination under the Robinson-Patman Act. This paper focuses on private label issues in the context of both.
Welfare Objective and Enforcement Standard in Competition Law
Authors: Nazzini* Renato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dynamics of consumer goods markets in which own label and branded products compete with each other call into question some of the basic assumptions that underlie the analysis competition authorities and courts carry out when assessing the effects of conduct on competition. First, when assessing the effect of own label products on competition, the vertical dimension of the competitive relationships becomes as prominent as horizontal competition between branded product manufacturers or retailers. The market power of the retailer on the retailing market is only one piece of the jigsaw. Equally important is the retailer’s buyer power or upstream vertical market power. As a result of the exercise of the retailer’s buyer power, the manufacturer’s profits may be lower and the retailer’s profits higher than they would otherwise be. What are the implications for the competitive assessment? Should total surplus of the industry be assessed or should any exercise of buyer power only be relevant if it has an impact on consumer welfare? Should the law focus on economic effects at all or should it rather be concerned with the position of a particular supplier which may be unfairly treated by a powerful buyer?
Territoriality In Criminal Cartel Investigations
Authors: O’Kane Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The coordination of investigations and prosecutions in international cartel cases is the subject of this chapter. With criminalization of cartel conduct spreading across the world, there are increasing challenges in improving the mechanisms whereby states share information/evidence, discuss investigative issues and ensure that culpable individuals are fairly treated. This chapter analyses this subject by breaking it down into two main constituent elements, investigative assistance and prosecutorial strategy. The investigative assistance section deals with the ways in which states and agencies are able to share information and evidence in cartel investigations. The prosecutorial strategy section analyses how states are able to bring foreign defendants to justice and a study of how these powers may need to develop in the future.
Sources of Law
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the Soviet era, Marxist-Leninist legal doctrine conventionally distinguished between two meanings of ‘sources of law’. In their most ‘fundamental’ sense the ‘sources of law’ were said to be the socio-economic order of a particular society; it was that order which gave birth to and shaped the distinctive political, economic, and legal superstructure of a society. A socialist society, in this larger sense, formed and shaped the substance of its socialist law and legal system. In their technical meaning, which is the aspect treated in this chapter, the ‘sources of law’ are the rules or norms created, sanctioned, or recognized by the State or its agencies in a duly established manner.
Entrepreneurial Law
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal civil law jurisdictions in continental Europe have a Civil Code and a Trade or Commercial Code (France, Germany), creating what some have called a ‘dualism’ of private law. The Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire contained separate volumes devoted to civil and commercial regulation. In 1917–18 Soviet policy-makers had little opportunity to reflect on the role of civil and commercial law in a rapidly socializing economy. Some entertained naive assumptions about the rapid withering away of law and the legal system; however, the survival of the regime in the midst of civil strife and a hostile international community quickly took precedence over any grandiose transition to a new economic order. In the period of War Communism (1917–20) private entrepreneurship was discouraged, only during the NEP (1921–28) to be positively encouraged. It was during the 1920s that economic analytical techniques, such as input-output analysis, were developed as tools for comprehending inter-sectoral relationships in the economy, so essential for economic planning.
The Case of Malawi
Authors: Development Bank African 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the years, most developing countries have used external resources to finance development activities in sectors such as edu- cation, health, and infrastructure. In addition to grants, Malawi has relied on borrowing from multilateral institutions to supplement its domestic resources. In the 1990s, grants and external borrowing averaged 30 per cent of Malawi ‘s GDP and even peaked to half of its GDP in 1994. Over time, however, external borrowing became unsustainable due to a combination of low economic growth and structural changes that occurred during the structural adjustment period of the 1980s and 1990s. In spite of a narrow domestic resource base and shrinking exports, Malawi had an obligation to repay its external debt to various insti- tutions. In this context, the advent of debt relief was a welcome opportunity for Malawi. Resources from recent debt relief initiatives, such as the HIPC initiative and the MDRI, were to be channelled to priority areas in order to tackle poverty. To ensure maximum benefits from the HIPC initiative, all countries interested in pursuing the Initiative are required to formulate a country-driven Interim Poverty Reduction Paper (I-PRSP), and lay down macroeconomic policies in a Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF).
The Case of Senegal
Authors: Development Bank African 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the 2000–2005 period, Senegal recorded average annual real GDP growth of 4 per cent, a budgetary surplus to GDP of 1 per cent, a current account deficit (excluding official transfers) of 8 per cent of GDP, and an inflation rate of 2.3 per cent. However, the surge in oil prices since 2006 and its impact on the chemical and fishery sectors had a major negative effect on the country ‘s macroeconomic performance. Indeed, the GDP growth rate for 2006 was estimated at 2 per cent and the budgetary deficit at 3 per cent of GDP. Inflation rose to 5 per cent and the current account balance deficit (excluding transfers) to 9 per cent of GDP. Sustained high oil prices as well as high food prices illustrate the vulnerability of the Senegalese econ- omy to exogenous shocks. Following a debt sustainability analysis, Senegal became eligible for debt relief under the HIPC Initiative in June 2000, based on the criterion of present value of debt/fiscal revenue (310 per cent). Senegal reached the enhanced HIPC Initiative completion point in April 2004 and became eligible for Paris Club debt relief in June 2004. As at 31 December 2005, the country ‘s outstanding external public debt stood at CFAF 1944.1 billion (40 per cent of GDP). Following the entry into force of the MDRI in 2006, Senegal ‘s external public debt dropped significantly to CFAF 864.4 billion (18 per cent of GDP) by December 2006.1 Multilateral debt represented 56 per cent of external debt, compared with official bilateral debt at 43 per cent, and trade debt at 1 per cent.
Reconciliation
Authors: Hazan Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘reconciliation’ first appeared in the French language around 1350, before being borrowed by English. According to the French dictionary Petit Robert, reconciliation is used to refer to the action by which friendship is restored (between persons who have fallen out) (Petit Robert, 2006). The New World Dictionary’s definition of reconciliation is: (1) to restore to friendship; (2) to settle a feud; (3) to restore to harmony. However, the definition of reconciliation has gradually changed. It is no longer applied only in the field of individual relationships but is used increasingly for collective situations, especially where peoples or communities are involved in peacebuilding, or in the aftermath of internal or international conflict.
Tock-Tick: The Working of a Judicial Mind
Authors: Sachs Justice Albie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘ Every judgment I write is a lie.’ This was the opening sentence of a lecture I gave some years back to students at the University of Toronto. It disturbed the somnambulistic certainty that many of them possessed. Legal judgments, I sought to tell them, did not emerge from the dispassionate placing of logical propositions in rationally ordained sequence. Now, I can perhaps soften the statement a little: every judgment I write tells a lie against itself.
Epilogue and Thanks
Authors: Sachs Justice Albie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was 73 years old and quietly putting finishing touches to this manuscript while on long leave as a Ford Foundation Scholar in Residence, when I discovered I was a counter-revolutionary. Why? Because I was a member of the Constitutional Court. According to a senior official of the ANC the Court was part of a group of counter-revolutionary forces trying to stop the President of the ANC, Jacob Zuma, from becoming President of the country. Happily, a few weeks later in response to an outcry that followed the remarks, the official stated he had been quoted out of context, and the ANC re-affirmed its support for the Constitution and the independence of the judiciary. So I write this epilogue knowing that, for some months at least, I have not been a counter-revolutionary.