bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in linguapalatal contact patterns during therapy for velar fronting in a 10‐year‐old with Down's syndrome
Authors: Gibbon Fiona E. , McNeill Alison M. , Wood Sara E. , Watson Jocelynne M. M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBackground: Articulation errors in the speech of people with Down's syndrome are frequent and often resistant to speech therapy. This preliminary study investigates the use of electropalatography (EPG) to diagnose and treat abnormal articulation patterns associated with velar fronting in a 10‐year‐old girl. Aims: The study measured changes in the accuracy and stability of linguapalatal (tongue‐palate) contact patterns during a 14‐week course of visual feedback therapy using EPG. Therapy aimed to resolve a pattern of velar fronting whereby targets /k, g, &#45 / had alveolar placement [t, d, n]. Methods & Procedures: The participant was a girl (P) with Down's syndrome aged 10;11 years. P had a moderate‐severe speech disorder, which included velar fronting. Her speech was recorded with EPG on three occasions during a 14‐week course of therapy: first, before therapy; second, midway through therapy; and third, after therapy. Three analyses were conducted on the EPG data. The first used an EPG classification scheme that identified accuracy of placement for /t/ and /k/ targets. The second was a centre of gravity measure that detected whether P produced a significant difference between /t/ and /k/ targets. The third was a variability index that quantified the stability of contact patterns. Outcomes & Results: The results of the EPG classification showed that before therapy, /t/ and /k/ targets had identical alveolar placement, reflecting the process of velar fronting. The results after therapy showed that 87% of /k/ targets had accurate velar placement. The centre of gravity measure showed no difference in contact patterns for /t/ and /k/ before therapy, but a statistically significant difference at the second and third recordings. The variability index showed stable contact patterns before therapy for /t/ and /k/ targets, but both became highly unstable midway through therapy, with a return to stability at the third recording. We embed a discussion of P's increased articulation instability during therapy in a recent theoretical framework–dynamic systems–that attempts to account for the emergence of new behavioural forms. Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that EPG has potential as an effective diagnostic and therapy procedure for articulation errors in people with Down's syndrome. A major issue still to be addressed, however, is the extent to which others will benefit from this approach to intervention.
Article: Bullying risks of 11‐year‐old children with specific language impairment (SLI): Does school placement matter?
Authors: Knox Emma , Conti‐Ramsden Gina 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn addressing an issue rarely explored in research literature, the prevalence and severity of the risk of being bullied at school was measured in 100 children with specific language impairment (SLI). Participants attended a range of different educational placement types and these were compared for bullying risk. Furthermore, the risk encountered by children with SLI was compared with that of normally developing age‐matched peers. Each participant completed a questionnaire and it was found that 36% of participants with SLI considered themselves at risk of being bullied in school compared with only 12% of the normally developing cohort. No statistically significant difference was found between the risk experienced by participants with SLI attending mainstream education and that by participants attending special education placements. Possible explanations for the results are offered and the relevance of the findings in the context of optimizing the educational experience of children with SLI is highlighted.
Evaluation of speech in people with head and neck cancer: A Pilot Study
Authors: McKinstry A. , Perry A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBackground: A paucity of information exists on the effects of cancer on speech, with what little literature exists focussing on the effects of treatment. Baseline assessment of speech in head and neck cancer patients before treatment is important to distinguish accurately the effects of treatment from the effects of the cancer itself. Aims: This prospective study had four major foci: (1) to determine if speech intelligibility and motor speech functions of patients with head and neck cancer before treatment differed from the normal population; (2) to determine if impairments in speech intelligibility and motor speech functions were specific to the original site of cancer; (3) to determine which motor speech functions were most related to overall speech intelligibility; and (4) to determine whether there was a relationship between self‐report of speech intelligibility, motor speech functions and the clinical assessment thereof. This study aimed incidentally to determine whether the Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment is a practicable, valid and reliable tool for assessing speech functions in the head and neck cancer population. Methods & Procedures: Twenty participants, between 47 and 76 years of age and all newly diagnosed with a cancer of the head and neck, participated in the pilot study. In examining speech, participants completed a self‐report questionnaire pertaining to speech intelligibility and motor speech functions and were then assessed clinically using subscales of the Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment before the start of cancer treatment. The motor speech functions examined included: respiratory ability and functions of the lip, soft palate, larynx and tongue. Outcomes & Results: Results indicated that participants with head and neck cancer had a greater reduction in both speech intelligibility and in almost all aspects of speech when compared with the normal population. Results further demonstrated that the site of the cancer dictated the type of impairment experienced with respect to speech function. Not all motor speech characteristics correlated with overall speech intelligibility and, lastly, self‐report and clinical assessment were significantly correlated with respect to motor speech characteristics, but they differed slightly in the assessment of speech intelligibility. Conclusions: This pilot study has highlighted the critical importance of collecting baseline measures and reporting functional results according to the cancer site in future research. It has also shown the usefulness of the Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment as a practicable, valid and reliable protocol of motor speech assessment for the head and neck cancer population.
Design Considerations for Research on Analytical Procedures
Authors: Asare Stephen K. , Wright Arnold 
Published: September 2003

This article discusses research design considerations for conducting behavioral research on auditors' performance of analytical procedures (APs). With the trend in practice towards increasing reliance on APs, it is essential that auditors are proficient in completing such tests. Therefore, research to understand and improve auditors' performance of APs is important.Once an unexpected fluctuation is identified, APs involve three phases: generation of plausible hypotheses (likely causes); gathering evidence to examine plausible hypotheses; and identification of the most likely cause followed by appropriate follow‐up actions. Although prior research has focused on these phases in isolation, they are, in fact, interrelated. Important research design issues and trade‐offs for each of the phases of APs are discussed. For instance, in examining hypothesis generation there are choices as to the amount and nature of case background information, number of ratios or accounts to explain; ex‐post evaluation of the quality of the hypothesis set; and instructions on number of causes that account for the fluctuation. Significant considerations are identified for making informed decisions among design choices.
Incorporating Context into the Study of Judgment and Expertise in Public Accounting
Authors: Gibbins Michael 
Published: September 2003

This paper argues for context‐sensitive research in the public accounting setting and examines numerous issues that need to be addressed in doing such research. The issues include research objectives, theory, design and method.Context is significant in shaping auditors' expertise, and a major reason for studying public accountants' (usually auditors') judgment is that their judgment therefore differs from general human judgment or the judgment of other experts. Contextual factors such as incentives, time pressure, professional standards, decision aids and interpersonal relationships make the public accounting setting distinctive and interesting. Research that examines contextual influences on judgment is valuable in understanding this setting.Context‐sensitive research depends on theory about the context, as well as on careful pilot testing and other procedures to define and incorporate context. Field research using experiential questionnaires is one useful way to get at contextual variables and assess their effects on judgment. Using such questionnaires raises various questions about research design, participants and data analysis. This paper outlines answers to those questions as suggestions about creating high‐quality research.
The Rise and Fall of the Fact/Value Distinction
Authors: Davydova Irina , Sharrock Wes 
Published: September 2003

The paper addresses the problem of the conceptualisation of morality in sociology. The traditional sociological conception of morality was based upon the acceptance of a fact/value dichotomy, implying that sociology portrays the factual nature of morality, which thereby becomes equivalent to group conformity The opposition of fact and value was brought into question by trends of thought that followed from, respectively, Alfred Schutz and Ludwig Wittgenstein. The line from Schutz's ideas led towards their reformulation by Harold Garfinkel, who to large extent integrated the ‘moral’ with the ‘cognitive’. Wittgenstein's influence, through, especially Peter Winch, John W. Cook and Alfred Louch undercut the idea that sociological descriptions were themselves purely factual, rather than integrally evaluative. A third stream is represented by Alasdair MacIntyre and Charles Taylor, who adopt the idea that morality must be understood in its social and historical context, and explicitly reject the separation of fact and value in moral inquiry. The fact/value distinction is the source of chronic problems for the sociology of morality. Specifically, a sociological account of morality, that would define the correct understanding of the nature of morality – ie identify what substantive character and content is appropriate to it – is not possible. The disintegration of the fact/value dichotomy also means that the idea that the social context can itself be described independently of normative considerations is an illusion.
Moving to ‘Our’ Common Ground – a Critical Examination of Community Cohesion Discourse in Twenty-First Century Britain
Authors: McGhee Derek 
Published: September 2003

The paper focuses on the discourses, recommendations and programmes for facilitating community cohesion in the UK as recorded on the pages of an archive of documents such as: The Community Cohesion Review Team Report (2001), The Bradford District Race Review (2001) and The Local Government Association's Guidance on Community Cohesion (2002). These documents were commissioned in relation to the disturbances in the city of Bradford and in the towns of Oldham and Burnley in the north of England in the spring and summer of 2001. The facilitation of community cohesion, it shall be revealed in this paper, is a rather sociological enterprise involving the problematization and modification of the forms of sociation in communities and especially the structures of interaction between different communities. Community, civil society and social capital are central to this community cohesion discourse, and the towns of Oldham, Burnley and the city of Bradford are at the epicentre of this unfolding social project of attempting to alleviate disorder, disharmony and discord in these areas characterized by multi-ethnic, multi-faith and multi-cultural communities. However, despite the best of intentions, the process of community cohesion facilitation as read off the pages of this archive of documents will be presented here as being blighted by three inter-related factors; (1) the practical problems associated with attempting to formulate a public policy of community cohesion on the assumption that common principles and shared values can be founded in multi-ethnic, multi-faith and multi-cultural societies; (2) the relative de-emphasis of material deprivation and socio-economic marginalization in community cohesion facilitation programmes in favour of concentrating on inter-community relationships; and (3) with special reference to Bradford, the criminalization of young male British-Asian ‘rioters’ in the city is shown to be inconsistent with the rebuilding and re-orientation of social capital from defensive ‘bonding’ to inclusive ‘bridging’ in the judicial aftermath that is currently gripping this city.
‘Spatializing’ knowledge communities: towards a conceptualization of transnational innovation networks
Authors: Coe Neil M. , Bunnell Timothy G. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn this article we seek to move beyond existing conceptualizations of innovation systems in two key respects. First, we identify the need for a shift away from research that focuses on discrete scales as the locus for understanding innovation towards that which places more emphasis on network relationships operating between and across different scales. Second, we illustrate the need for approaches that recognize the significance of innovative networks that extend beyond firms and, in particular, those associated with the movement of knowledgeable individuals. By synthesizing recent insights from three literatures on ‘communities’ of varying kinds — namely communities of practice, knowledge communities and transnational communities — we propose a conceptualization of transnational innovation networks based around three overlapping and mutually constitutive domains. In addition to the much‐studied ‘corporate‐institutional’ domain, we also identify ‘social network’ and ‘hegemonic‐discursive’ domains that may be important components of transnational innovation networks operating across different localities.
Developing compliance and resistance: the state, transnational social movements and tribal peoples contesting India's Narmada project
Authors: Gandhi Ajay 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn this article I conceptualize a conflict over the Narmada damming project in central India by highlighting particular spatial fields and larger trajectories of political interaction. The Narmada project's maintenance and destabilization is evinced in a range of processes, including conflict over afforestation in tribal villages, protest narratives over resettlement in regional centres, and transnational lobbying of donor agencies. The interpenetration of social practices by different scales, and the mobility of discourses are emphasized. Further, I examine how organizational and social decisions such as implementing a rehabilitation programme, accepting state compensation and participating in public protest point to the contingent nature of power, revealing both complicity and disarticulation between involved parties. Descriptive points and commentary focus on the Indian riparian states implementing the project; the Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save the Narmada Movement); and affected adivasi (tribal) communities in the Narmada Valley.
An ethnographer in the global arena: globography perhaps?
Authors: Hendry Joy 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn this article Hendry addresses the difficulties and apparent contradictions of applying the qualitative rigour of the ethnographic research method to fieldwork carried out in a global context. While pursuing a discourse evidently shared by people indigenous to many different parts of the world, the author reflects on why she feels the work she is doing still draws on elements of the qualitative strength of the method first developed by her own discipline of social anthropology. This subject is now somewhat unfashionable for reasons precisely associated with the discourse she is following, namely a status inequality seen as implicit in the representation of ‘other’ peoples. In the article she argues against throwing the baby out with the bathwater, however, and seeks to demonstrate how the value the ethnographic method gleaned from social anthropology offers an important contribution to understanding local aspects of global issues.
The global clothing production system: commodity chains and business networks
Authors: Hassler Markus 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe global organization of the clothing industry has been the prime example of buyer‐driven commodity chains. However, previous empirical studies to substantiate Gereffi's assertion have been highly Western centric and predominantly based on the empirical evidence of American retailers and brand name companies. In this article I demonstrate that any clothing commodity chain has various influential factors, such as the national and global regulatory framework, the societal context of the leading firm, the fashion context of the products, as well as the actual brand ownership. Thus, the organization of clothing firms in the global economy can develop diverse intra‐sectoral commodity chain coordinations. Using a hypothetical clothing commodity chain as an example, I attempt to identify the individual commodity chains within which Indonesian clothing firms are embedded. Furthermore, I outline the ways in which Indonesian clothing firms were affected by the economic crisis of the late 1990s.
Cartographies of Cape Verdean transnationalism
Authors: Carling Jørgen 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn this article I explore the geographical structure of transnational practice by means of cartographic representations of statistical data. Using the case of Cape Verde, data on emigrant relatives, remittances, and migration aspirations are combined to produce a visual representation of a transnational social field. A second figure employs remittance statistics to show how the geography of transnational connections varies from island to island within the archipelago.
USABILITY ISSUES IN DEVELOPING TOOLS FOR THE GRID — AND HOW VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS CAN HELP
Authors: PANCAKE CHERRI M. 
Published: September 2003

Initial tools developed for grid administrators and users have built on the technology and representational techniques of large parallel systems. Like their predecessors, grid tools must cope with extreme variations in scale, rapidly evolving hardware and software environments, and the competing demands of operating systems and middleware. Computational grids present several unique challenges, however, that go well beyond the lessons we have learned from parallel and distributed tools: the volatile nature of grid resources, their extreme heterogeneity, and the lack of coordinated management. Because they define a new and unfamiliar computing environment, there is a significant human challenge as well. Grid users will be extremely diverse, including resource providers, resource managers, users of data and derived data products, etc., as well as application developers. The future usability of the grid will depend on how well grid tools can capture information on grid resources and synthesize a higher-level perspective that helps users make sense of this complex new environment. This article identifies the tool requirements that will have most impact on the usability. It then explores recent advances in information visualization, demonstrating that many of the techniques grid tools will need already exist in preliminary form. A series of examples illustrates how those techniques can be applied to portray grid landscapes (graphical representations of grid resources, activities, behavior, costs, etc.) in useful and meaningful ways.
Early decompressive craniectomy and duraplasty for refractory intracranial hypertension in children: results of a pilot study
Authors: Ruf Bettina , Heckmann Matthias , Schroth Ilona , Hügens-Penzel Monika , Reiss Irwin , Borkhardt Arndt , Gortner Ludwig , Jödicke Andreas 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Introduction
Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in childhood is associated with a high mortality and morbidity. Decompressive craniectomy has regained therapeutic interest during past years; however, treatment guidelines consider it a last resort treatment strategy for use only after failure of conservative therapy.

Patients
We report on the clinical course of six children treated with decompressive craniectomy after TBI at a pediatric intensive care unit. The standard protocol of intensive care treatment included continuous intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring, sedation and muscle relaxation, normothermia, mild hyperventilation and catecholamines to maintain an adequate cerebral perfusion pressure. Decompressive craniectomy including dura opening was initiated in cases of a sustained increase in ICP > 20 mmHg for > 30 min despite maximally intensified conservative therapy (optimized sedation and ventilation, barbiturates or mannitol).

Results
In all cases, the ICP normalized immediately after craniectomy. At discharge, three children were without disability, two children had a mild arm-focused hemiparesis (one with a verbal impairment), and one child had a spastic hemiparesis and verbal impairment. This spastic hemiparesis improved within 6 months follow-up (no motor deficit, increased muscle tone), and all others remained unchanged.

Conclusion
These observational pilot data indicate feasibility and efficacy of decompressive craniectomy in malignant ICP rise secondary to TBI. Further controlled trials are necessary to evaluate the indication and standardization of early decompressive craniectomy as a 'second tier' standard therapy in pediatric severe head injury.
Voluntary Medication Error Reporting Program in a Japanese National University Hospital
Authors: Furukawa Hiroyuki , Bunko Hisashi , Tsuchiya Fumito , Miyamoto Ken-ichi 
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND: In Japan, as in other countries, medical accidents arising from human error can seriously damage public confidence in medical services, as well as being intrinsically undesirable. OBJECTIVE: Errors voluntarily reported by the healthcare practitioners in our institution (Kanazawa University Hospital) were considered to assess the contributory factors by using the accumulated error database in the hospital information system. METHODS: Medical errors in our institution during the period from July 1, 2000, to June 30, 2002, were counted using the error reporting system database and were classified. RESULTS: The number of errors reported during the investigation period was 1378, of which 78% were reported by nursing staff. Medication errors involving administration of injectable or oral drugs to inpatients, dispensing, and prescription accounted for about 50% of that number. Among dispensing errors, 53% were detected by patients or their families and 36% by nurses. CONCLUSIONS: The best method of error prevention is to learn from previous errors. For this purpose, the error reporting program is effective. In patient safety management, it is important to take into account the potential risks of future errors, as well as to capture information about errors that have already happened. For safety management, adoption of appropriate information technology (e.g., implementation of a prescription order entry system) is effective in reducing medication errors. However, it is important to note that serious errors can also arise in computer-based systems.