bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Earth Charter and Global Ethics
Authors: Dower Nigel 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn what sense(s) is the Earth Charter a global ethic? The Earth Charter is a global ethic as a set of values and norms which can be supported from many worldviews rather than as a "set of values and norms plus a particular worldview"; and the Earth Charter is also a global ethic as an ethic which is widely shared across the world rather than as one which is universally shared by all. What kinds of resistance does promoting the Earth Charter meet? A number of intellectual positions are addressed, such as realism in international relations and the neoliberal paradigm. The Earth Charter thus raises many issues in global ethics as an intellectual enquiry, particularly if it is thought of as a tool to be used in the spirit of critical loyalty.
In Search of Global Law: The Significance of the Earth Charter
Authors: Bosselmann Klaus 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWestern legal traditions are anthropocentric in character and largely hostile to ecological principles. However, domestic and international environmental law show signs of an ecocentric orientation. In the search for a legal framework for ecologically sustainable development the Earth Charter marks an important step forward. Among its ground-breaking principles are ecologically defined concepts of sustainability, justice and rights.
The Earth Charter and the Debate On Biotechnology—the New Zealand Case
Authors: Taylor Prue 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis article examines the relevance of the Earth Charter to ethical debate on biotechnology. It uses the New Zealand Bioethics Council as a case study to demonstrate the positive contributions that the Charter could make to a nation's efforts to articulate ethical principles. It begins by examining the general tasks of the Council and demonstrates that the Charter is primarily useful as a fundamental source document and a critical tool for stimulating ethical dialogue. But its articulation of universal responsibility, together with its inspirational and educational nature, are also of significance. Moving from the general to the particular, the article applies one of the Charter's principles, "respect for all life", to the particular issue of transgenic animals. It is argued that this principle could help to fundamentally reframe debate on this issue.
Negotiating under the Cross: The Story of the Forty Day Siege of the Church of Nativity
Authors: Cristal Moty 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis article provides an insider's observation of negotiations with terrorists, in particular, the negotiation process carried out by Israel and armed Palestinians who were barricaded in the Church of Nativity in Bethlehem. By applying various negotiation methodologies, the author describes the challenges, strategies and methods used by the military Crisis Negotiation Unit to manage and resolve this international crisis, and draws general lessons for future negotiation situations developed within the modern counter-terrorism arena.
Negotiating with Terrorists: The Hostage Case
Authors: Faure Guy Olivier 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis article provides an overview of hostage negotiations, drawing upon historical cases and analyzing them from the perspective of negotiation theory. Various situational factors are studied, including the parties involved, hostage taker motivations and profiles, negotiator objectives and what is considered to be negotiable, the issue of legitimacy, and the negotiation context. The article also analyzes the dynamics of the negotiation process, addressing the different phases, hostage attitudes, information gathering, and the role of the media and public opinion. The intercultural and psychological dimensions of hostage negotiation are also addressed. The final section of the article considers end-game scenarios, and assessing the negotiation outcome of such complex and uncertain processes.
Testing the Role Effect in Terrorist Negotiations
Authors: Donohue William , Taylor Paul 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis article examines the effects of role on terrorists' use of power and affiliative strategies in negotiation as a function of terrorist ideology, incident type, and the outcome that is achieved. Data were scores on eight behavioral scales designed to reflect the dynamics of 186 terrorist negotiations, as reported in detailed chronological accounts. Results supported the hypothesized one-down effect with terrorists' use of power-oriented strategies complemented by authority's use of affiliation-oriented strategies. The extent to which terrorists used aggressive strategies was related to the resolution of the incident, with attenuated outcomes more likely for those using more aggressive strategies. These dynamics differed across incident type, with aerial hijackings involving more overt power strategies than barricade-siege incidents, which were more likely to involve bargaining for certain outcomes. Finally, terrorist ideology and the associated identity concerns magnified the one-down effect, with religious fundamentalists engaging in more violence and less compromising strategies than terrorists with other ideological backgrounds.
Eradication of B-CLL by autologous and allogeneic host nonreactive anti–third-party CTLs
Authors: Arditti Fabian D. , Aviner Shraga , Dekel Benjamin , Krauthgamer Rita , Gan Judith , Nagler Arnon , Tabilio Antonio , Martelli Massimo , Berrebi Alain , Reisner Yair 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Establishment of cell lines capable of killing leukemia cells, in the absence of alloreactivity against normal host cells, represents a most desirable goal in bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and cancer immunotherapy. By using a human → mouse chimeric model, we demonstrate that allogeneic anti-third-party cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) depleted of alloreactivity are endowed with a potent anti-B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) reactivity. Likewise, CTL preparations generated from autologous T cells of the same patients with B-CLL exhibited comparable leukemia eradication, suggesting that the reactivity of allogeneic anti-third-party CTLs is not mediated by residual antihost clones. This specificity was also exhibited in vitro, and annexin staining revealed that B-CLL killing is mediated by apoptosis. While the CTLs killing of third-party cells could be blocked by anti-CD3 antibody, the lysis of the B-CLL cells was not inhibited by this antibody, suggesting a T-cell receptor (TCR)-independent cytotoxicity. The role of cell contact leading to apoptosis of B-CLL cells is shown in transwell plates and by anti-lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1)-blocking antibody. Up-regulation of CD54 and the subsequent apoptosis of B-CLL cells depend on the initial LFA-1/ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) interaction. Taken together, these results suggest that allogeneic or autologous host nonreactive anti-third-party CTLs may represent a new therapeutic approach for patients with B-CLL. (Blood. 2005;105:3365-3371)
Two-phase culture in Diamond Blackfan anemia: localization of erythroid defect
Authors: Ohene-Abuakwa Yaw , Orfali Karen A. , Marius Carine , Ball Sarah E. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe erythroid defect in Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA) is known to be intrinsic to the stem cell, but its molecular pathophysiology remains obscure. Using a 2-phase liquid erythroid culture system, we have demonstrated a consistent defect in DBA, regardless of clinical severity, including 3 first-degree relatives with normal hemoglobin levels but increased erythrocyte adenosine deaminase activity. DBA cultures were indistinguishable from controls until the end of erythropoietin (Epo)–free phase 1, but failed to demonstrate the normal synchronized wave of erythroid expansion and terminal differentiation on exposure to Epo. Dexamethasone increased Epo sensitivity of erythroid progenitor cells, and enhanced erythroid expansion in phase 2 in both normal and DBA cultures. In DBA cultures treated with dexamethasone, Epo sensitivity was comparable to normal, but erythroid expansion remained subnormal. In clonogenic phase 2 cultures, the number of colonies did not significantly differ between normal cultures and DBA, in the presence or absence of dexamethasone, and at both low and high Epo concentrations. However, colonies were markedly smaller in DBA under all conditions. This suggests that the Epo-triggered onset of terminal maturation is intact in DBA, and the defect lies down-stream of the Epo receptor, influencing survival and/or proliferation of erythroid progenitors.
Prognostic and biologic significance of chromosomal imbalances assessed by comparative genomic hybridization in multiple myeloma
Authors: Gutiérrez Norma C. , García Juan L. , Hernández Jesús M. , Lumbreras Eva , Castellanos Mariana , Rasillo Ana , Mateo Gema , Hernández José M. , Pérez Sonia , Orfao Alberto , Miguel Jesús F. San 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Cytogenetic abnormalities, evaluated either by karyotype or by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), are considered the most important prognostic factor in multiple myeloma (MM). However, there is no information about the prognostic impact of genomic changes detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). We have analyzed the frequency and prognostic impact of genetic changes as detected by CGH and evaluated the relationship between these chromosomal imbalances and IGH translocation, analyzed by FISH, in 74 patients with newly diagnosed MM. Genomic changes were identified in 51 (69%) of the 74 MM patients. The most recurrent abnormalities among the cases with genomic changes were gains on chromosome regions 1q (45%), 5q (24%), 9q (24%), 11q (22%), 15q (22%), 3q (16%), and 7q (14%), while losses mainly involved chromosomes 13 (39%), 16q (18%), 6q (10%), and 8p (10%). Remarkably, the 6 patients with gains on 11q had IGH translocations. Multivariate analysis selected chromosomal losses, 11q gains, age, and type of treatment (conventional chemotherapy vs autologous transplantation) as independent parameters for predicting survival. Genomic losses retained the prognostic value irrespective of treatment approach. According to these results, losses of chromosomal material evaluated by CGH represent a powerful prognostic factor in MM patients. (Blood. 2004;104:2661-2666)
Intersensory Redundancy Enhances Memory in Bobwhite Quail Embryos
Authors: Lickliter Robert , Bahrick Lorraine E. , Honeycutt Hunter 
Published: July 2004

AbstractInformation presented concurrently and redundantly to 2 or more senses (intersensory redundancy) has been shown to recruit attention and promote perceptual learning of amodal stimulus properties in animal embryos and human infants. This study examined whether the facilitative effect of intersensory redundancy also extends to the domain of memory. We assessed bobwhite quail chicks' ability to remember and prefer an individual maternal call presented either unimodally or redundantly and synchronously with patterned light during the period prior to hatching. Embryos provided with unimodal auditory exposure failed to prefer the familiar call over a novel maternal call postnatally at 48 hr and 72 hr following exposure. In contrast, embryos provided with redundant, synchronous audiovisual stimulation significantly preferred the familiar call at 48 hr following exposure, but not at 72 hr. A second experiment provided chicks with a single 10‐min refamiliarization with the familiar call at either 48 hr or 72 hr following hatching. Chicks given only unimodal auditory exposure prior to hatching did not appear to benefit from this brief postnatal refamiliarization, showing no preference for the familiar call at either 72 or 96 hr. Chicks that received redundant audiovisual stimulation prenatally showed a significant preference for the familiar call (following the brief reexpo sure 24 hr earlier) at both 72 and 96 hr of age. These results are the first to demonstrate that redundantly specified information is remembered longer and reactivated more easily than the same information presented unimodally. These findings provide further evidence of the salience of intersensory redundancy in guiding selective attention and perceptual learning during early development.
Discrimination of Large and Small Numerosities by Human Infants
Authors: Lipton Jennifer S. , Spelke Elizabeth S. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSix experiments investigated infants' sensitivity to numerosity in auditory sequences. In prior studies (Lipton & Spelke, 2003), 6‐month‐old infants discriminated sequences of 8 versus 16 but not 8 versus 12 sounds, and 9‐month‐old infants discriminated 8 versus 12 but not 8 versus 10 sounds, when the continuous variables of rate, sound duration, and sequence duration were controlled. The current studies investigated whether infants' numerical discrimination is subject to the signature ratio limit of adults' numerosity discrimination. Four experiments at 6 and 9 months provided evidence for this signature limit, suggesting that common mechanisms underlie numerosity discrimination in infants and adults. In further experiments, infants failed to discriminate 2 versus 4 or 2 versus 3 sounds when tested under the same conditions as with large numbers. These findings accord with studies using visual‐spatial arrays (e.g., Clearfield & Mix, 1999) and suggest that separate systems underlie infants' representation of small and large numerosities.
The Role of Declarative Pointing in Developing a Theory of Mind
Authors: Camaioni Luigia , Perucchini Paola , Bellagamba Francesca , Colonnesi Cristina 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIt has been suggested that the child's capacity to represent and influence another person's attentional state about an object or event in triadic interactions (declarative communication) is an early manifestation of social understanding in the second year of life. This study tested the following predictions: First, in typically developing children declarative pointing emerges later than imperative pointing. Second, the capacity to use declarative pointing is linked to the understanding of other's intentions (i.e., to the capacity to reproduce other's intended acts after seeing failed attempts to perform these acts). The study was conducted in 2 phases. In the first phase, the parents of 133 typically developing infants completed the Questionnaire on Pointing Gesture, which allowed the identification of babies able to use pointing in familiar contexts. Of these children, 40 participated in the experiment and were tested on 2 tasks: a new task designed to elicit production and comprehension of imperative and declarative pointing, and a modified version of Meltzoff's (1995) task designed to assess understanding of others' intentions. Tasks were administered to each participant in 2 sessions carried out at 3‐month intervals. Children were 12 months old on average at the 1st session and 15 months old on average at the 2nd session. Results showed that children produced and understood declarative pointing later than imperative pointing. Furthermore, production of declarative pointing was clearly linked to understanding of others' intentions. No relation was found between production and comprehension of imperative pointing and intention understanding. Implications from the association between declarative pointing and inferring other's intentions are discussed.
Infant Side Biases and Familiarity‐Novelty Preferences During a Serial Paired‐Comparison Task
Authors: Fisher‐Thompson Donna , Peterson Julie A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe monitored changes in looking that emerged when 3‐ to 6‐month‐old infants were presented with 48 trials pairing familiar and novel faces. Graphic displays were used to identify changes in looking throughout the task. Many infants exhibited strong side biases produced by infants looking repeatedly in the same direction. Although an overall novelty preference was found for the group, individual infants exhibited brief novelty runs. Few infants began with a familiarity preference. We argue that variable looking patterns emerged during the task from competition between the infants' preference to look for something novel versus their tendency to look back to previous locations. Our data suggest that looking during paired‐comparison tasks is a dynamic process dependent on perceptual‐motor events happening during the task itself.
Functional Elements in Infants' Speech Processing: The Role of Determiners in the Syntactic Categorization of Lexical Elements
Authors: Höhle Barbara , Weissenborn Jürgen , Kiefer Dorothea , Schulz Antje , Schmitz Michaela 
Published: July 2004

AbstractHow do children determine the syntactic category of novel words? In this article we present the results of 2 experiments that investigated whether German children between 12 and 16 months of age can use distributional knowledge that determiners precede nouns and subject pronouns precede verbs to syntactically categorize adjacent novel words. Evidence from the head‐turn preference paradigm shows that, although 12‐ to 13‐month‐olds cannot do this, 14‐ to 16‐month‐olds are able to use a determiner to categorize a following novel word as a noun. In contrast, no categorization effect was found for a novel word following a subject pronoun. To understand this difference we analyzed adult child‐directed speech. This analysis showed that there are in fact stronger co‐occurrence relations between determiners and nouns than between subject pronouns and verbs. Thus, in German determiners may be more reliable cues to the syntactic category of an adjacent novel word than are subject pronouns. We propose that the capacity to syntactically categorize novel words, demonstrated here for the first time in children this young, mediates between the recognition of the specific morphosyntactic frame in which a novel word appears and the word‐to‐world mapping that is needed to build up a semantic representation for the novel word.
Developmental Changes in Infant Attention to Dynamic and Static Stimuli
Authors: Shaddy D. Jill , Colombo John 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis study examined 4‐ and 6‐month‐olds' responses to static or dynamic stimuli using behavioral and heart‐rate‐defmed measures of attention. Infants looked longest to dynamic stimuli with an audio track and least to a static stimulus that was mute. Overall, look duration declined with age to the different stimuli. The amount of time spent in sustained attention at 4 months, but not at 6 months, was related to stimulus discrimination. These results indicate that the decline in look duration typically observed during the middle of the 1st year for static stimuli does generalize to dynamic stimuli. The results further suggest that the amount of time spent in sustained attention during habituation may be an important indicator of processing in younger infants.
A Genomic Frontier in Bioinorganic Chemistry
Authors: Bertini Ivano , Rosato Antonio 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Genome sequencing projects are providing researchers with an unprecedented wealth of information. This information has the potential to make a deep impact on how experiments are planned and the physiology of living organisms is investigated. One field where the availability of genome sequence has not been thoroughly exploited yet is bioinorganic chemistry. The latter discipline deals with the interaction of biological molecules with inorganic compounds. In this review we give an overview of some aspects of the interplay of genome sequencing projects and bioinorganic chemistry.
Efficient Method for the Esterification of Carboxylic Acids with Alcohols Using Di-2-thienyl Carbonate Promoted by DMAP and Iodine
Authors: Oohashi Yoshiaki , Fukumoto Kentarou , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols by using an equimolar amount of di-2-thienyl carbonate (2-DTC) in the presence of a catalytic amount of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) followed by addition of an equimolar amount of iodine proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding esters and 2(5H)-thiophenone in good to high yields.
Rational Syntheses of Novel Linear Chain Rhodium(I)–Semiquinonato Complexes Using Redox Reaction of Rh4(CO)12 Cluster with o-Benzoquinone Derivatives
Authors: Mitsumi Minoru , Umebayashi Shunsuke , Ozawa Yoshiki , Tadokoro Makoto , Kawamura Haruki , Toriumi Koshiro 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Redox reactions of dodecacarbonyltetrarhodium(0), Rh4(CO)12, with 9,10-phenanthraquinone derivatives gave novel one-dimensional rhodium(I)–semiquinonato complexes. Two typical linear chain structures with direct Rh–Rh contacts were determined by X-ray crystal structure analyses of the compounds.
New Fluoride-selective Red Fluorescent Chemosensors Based on Perylene Derivatives
Authors: Ren Jun , Wang Qiaochun , Qu Dahui , Zhao Xueli , Tian He 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Two chemosensors based on perylene derivatives linked by urea were synthesized, and they show red color fluorescence and response to fluoride anion selectively with fluorescence quenching. The binding constants of these sensory systems to fluoride anion were high up to ≈105 M−1.
Biomimetic Synthesis of a Leaf-opening Factor, Potassium Isolespedezate, by Direct Formation of Enol-glycoside
Authors: Sugimoto Takanori , Ueda Minoru 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Potassium isolespedezate (1) is a leaf-opening factor controlling the nyctinastic leaf-movement of leguminous plants. We carried out bioorganic studies on nyctinasty by using synthetic probes designed on the structure of 1 and its galactose analog (2). However, 1 was synthesized via an indirect route because of the difficulty of direct formation of the enol-glycosidic linkage. More efficiency is desired for the preparation of 1 and 2 which are necessary for the synthesis of probe compounds. In this paper, we report the biomimetic synthesis of 1 containing direct formation of an enol-glucosidic linkage. This efficient route makes it possible to prepare 1 and 2 in large quantity.
Direct Electrochemical Fabrication of Metallic Nanopillar Array on Au Electrode Surface by the Template Technique
Authors: Wang Xia-Yan , Zhong Hui , Yuan Jin-Hua , Sheng Dong , Ma Xiang , Xu Jing-Juan , Chen Hong-Yuan 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
This letter presents a novel, simple approach for direct electrochemical fabrication of metallic (Au or Pt) nanopillar array on gold electrode surface, employing cysteamine as a molecular anchor and anodic aluminum oxide as template without any sputtered metal as electrical conductor. The nanopillar arrays were grew directly on the electrode surface, and the prepared nanopillar array electrodes were used directly and easily to the electrochemical application.
Synthesis and Application of Ruthenium(II) Tricarboxyterpyridyl Complex with a Nitrogen Chelete Ligand for Solar Cells Based on Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films
Authors: Yamaguchi Takeshi , Yanagida Masatoshi , Katoh Ryuzi , Sugihara Hideki , Arakawa Hironori 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The ethylenediamine Ru(II) tricarboxyterpyridine complex [Ru(tctpy)(en)(NCS)]Cl (1) was newly synthesized, and its photophysical and photovoltaic properties were characterized. Solar cells based on nanocrystalline TiO2 films sensitized with 1 exhibited efficient sensitization over the visible and near-infrared region. These solar cells generated a large short-circuit photocurrent of 17.7 mA cm−2 and an open-circuit potential of 0.68 V under simulated AM 1.5 solar irradiation (100 mW cm−2) with a solar energy conversion efficiency of 8.5%.