bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use and abuse of the cerebrospinal fluid IgG profile in the adult: A practical evaluation
Authors: Hershey Linda A. , Trotter John L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 150 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 190 patients with other neurological disorders were examined with a battery of tests (the IgG profile) to detect quantitative and qualitative abnormalities in CSF IgG. The CSF IgG profile consisted of an IgG/albumin (IgG/alb) ratio, an IgG index, and examination by agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) and isoelectric focusing (IF) to detect oligoclonal bands. The tests were compared for diagnostic accuracy, including false‐positive results.The IgG/alb ratio was less reliable in confirming the diagnosis of MS, but no significant difference in accuracy was found among the other three methods. IF tended to identify more possible and probable MS cases than did AGE but gave a higher rate of false‐positives. The IgG index and IgG synthesis rates showed no significant difference in their ability to identify MS patients. Steroid administration decreased the incidence of abnormal IgG/alb ratios and IgG indices, but not abnormal oligoclonal bands. Central nervous system (CNS) infections or immunological diseases involving the CNS produced a 28 to 40% incidence of abnormalities in the CSF. Neither the patient's age, sex, duration of illness, activity of disease, nor longitudinal course correlated with the CSF findings. A few (1%) control neurological patients had all components in the CSF IgG profile abnormal. For most routine clinical purposes the IgG index and AGE are sufficient for confirmation of diagnosis, and the IgG index was the best single test in our series.
Aluminum chloride induced neurofibrillary changes in the developing rabbit: A chronic animal model
Authors: Wisniewski Henryk M. , Sturman John A. , Shek Judy W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAluminum chloride injected into the brains of developing rabbits produced profound neurofibrillary changes in neurons of spinal cord and cerebrum similar to those produced in adult rabbits, along with a variety of clinical symptoms with the exception of seizures. Approximately half of the rabbits survived for more than three weeks, and many survived for several months. Many rabbits with large numbers of neurofibrillary changes had no clinical signs and symptoms. The dynamics and topography of the neurofibrillary changes induced by aluminum chloride are described over a period of several months. Many neurofibrillary tangles were seen in neurons of spinal cord and cerebrum up to 60 days after injection of aluminum chloride. There was no obvious correlation between the degree of neuroftbrillary changes and the severity of the clinical signs and symptoms. Animals examined at 85 and 100 days after injection of aluminum chloride had fewer neuronbrillary tangles or none at all, and apparently they had recovered from the neurofibrillary changes. This chronic animal model will allow better investigations of the biochemistry and pathology of neuronbrillary changes, and it will enable behavioral studies to be performed in animals with neuronbrillary changes.
Defective immunoreguktion in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Goust Jean M. , Hoffman Paul M. , Pryjma Juliusz , Hogan Edward L , Hugh Fudenberg H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractImbalances in T cell subpopulations have been reported in multiple sclerosis (MS). In the present study of 31 MS patients, the percentage of T cells with Fc receptors for IgG (TG) was found to be increased in patients with chronic progressive diseare, and another T cell subset binding to the Raji B lymphoid cell line was decreased. An inverse correlation (r = −0.675; >95% confidence limit) was found between these two subsets, suggesting that they vary inversely in MS. The mitogenic responses of MS mononuclear cells, isolated T cells, and recombined T and non‐T cells to the lectins phytohemagglutimn and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) did not differ from those of normal cells. However, more immunoglobulin (Ig)‐producing cells were generated in a PWM‐driven system with cells from MS patients than with cells from age‐matched controls (p < 0.05). Autologous recombination of separated T and non‐T cells did not significantly modify these results. T cells from MS patients added to B cells from normal controls exerted an effect that was related to their percentage of TG cells; that is, values above 15% were associated with a suppression of Ig production, whereas for TG values below 12%, a helper effect or no modification was observed. These results suggest that changes in T cell subsets in MS are related to changes in functional ability to modulate Ig production by normal B cells. However, MS B cells partly escape regulation by their own T cells, suggesting an associated B cell hyperactivity.
Serum gangliosides in cerebral astrocytoma
Authors: Lo Hsiao S. , Hogan Edward L. , Koontz Daniel A. , Dennis Traylor T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe serum concentration and composition of gangliosides were examined in 80 humans including 10 normal subjects. A significant increase was found in the total gangliosides of serum in 7 patients with cerebral astrocytomas. There was also an increased percentage of serum gangliosides with simpler structure, particularly GM3. The serum of patients with other intracranial tumors, including pituitary adenomas, ependymoma, teratoma, and metastases, did not show an increase in total ganglioside; however the pattern of simplification was found in these and in a few patients with extracranial tumors as well. The findings suggest that astrocytoma tumors shed sialoglycolipids into the circulation, and their assay may be useful in monitoring oncological therapy.
Neuroendocrinology and brain peptides
Authors: Cooper Paul E. , Martin Joseph B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo date about thirty peptides—low‐molecular‐weight, single‐chain amino acid compounds‐‐are known to be distributed widely in the central nervous system within selective neuronal pathways. These findings, combined with a large body of neuropharmacological, behavioral, and electrophysiological data, open new horizons in neurobiology, force a reexamination of old and accepted hypotheses, and hold important implications for the clinician.There is evidence that substance P. and the opioid peptides play a major role in the pain pathway, particularly at the level of the spinal cord. Available evidence also implicates vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the control of cerebral circulation, cholecystokinin in the regulation of appetite, and vasopressin and adrenocorticotropic hormone in memory. Many questions, however, remain. For most peptides there is little information on mechanisms of biosynthesis, release, interaction with receptors, and termination of biological effect. Another important question is the interaction of peptides with other neurotransmitters. The evidence that both “classic” neurotransmitters and peptides can be found in the same neuron necessitates reformulation of Dale's “one neuron, one neurotransmitter” hypothesis. It may be that a single cell, while containing different classes of neurotransmitter, will contain only one member of any particular class.It is not too early to speculate on the role of the numerous and diverse peptides in neuronal tissue and on the implications of peptide abnormalities in a variety of neurological diseases. The answers to these and other questions pose a fascinating challenge to neurobiologist and clinician alike.
Cerebellar dyssynergia in humans—A quantitative analysis
Authors: Miller Robert G. , Freund Hans‐J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPatients with cerebellar lesions and limb ataxia performed two types of continuous tracking tasks involving flexion and extension of the index finger. In both tasks, patients were provided cutaneous and proprioceptive cues, but visual feedback was given in the first task (visual tracking) and not in the second (arbitrarily termed proprioceptive tracking). Raw records and Fourier‐analyzed power spectra were compared with results in normal controls. Harmonic distortion was determined for each task.In all patients, as well as normal subjects, tracking performance was markedly improved and harmonic distortion substantially reduced during proprioceptive tracking. This surprising finding may result from a much shorter feedback loop for proprioceptive stimuli compared to visual stimuli. The tracking records, power spectra analysis, and determination of harmonic distortion provide both qualitative and quantitative data in patients with dyssynergia.
Remyelination following viral‐induced demyelination: Ferric ion—ferrocyanide staining of nodes of ranvier within the CNS
Authors: Weiner L. P. , Waxman S. G. , Stohlman S. A. , Kwan A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFerric ion‐ferrocyanide (Fe‐FeCN) staining was used to stain nodes of Ranvier in remyelinating central nervous system (CNS) axons following viral‐induced demyelination. As at normal nodes, Fe‐FeCN staining was observed on the cytoplasmic surface of the nodal axolemma of remyelinated fibers. These fibers were identified on the basis of inappropriately short internode lengths and thin myelin sheaths. Thus, newly formed nodes along remyelinated CNS axons recapitulate at least one normal nodal membrane property.
Plasma exchange in myasthenia gravis: Electrophysiological studies
Authors: Campbell William W. , Leshner Robert T. , Swift Thomas R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractElectrophysiological recordings of evoked muscle action potentials during repetitive stimulation were performed in four female patients undergoing plasmapheresis for myasthenia gravis. Studies were done immediately before and after each exchange and were repeated daily during a series of exchanges and at intervals thereafter. Electrophysiological improvement was seen but was delayed for at least seven days from the start of plasmapheresis therapy. No sudden and substantial improvements were encountered, though anti‐receptor antibody titers dropped precipitously. A reversible neuromuscular blocking effect of anti‐receptor antibody could not be demonstrated in these patients.
Isolated fear in complex partial status epilepticus
Authors: McLachlan R. S. , Blume W. T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAs part of her seizure disorder, a young woman with temporal lobe epilepsy had prolonged attacks of isolated fear associated electrographically with right temporal lobe status epilepticus. The attacks stopped after right temporal lobectomy. Fear by itself, a rare manifestation of complex partial seizures, probably occurs when the abnormal discharges are confined to the anterior temporal region.
The influence of immaturity on hypoxic‐ischemic brain damage in the rat
Authors: Rice John E. , Vannucci Robert C. , Brierley James B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBrain damage in the Levine preparation (unilateral common carotid artery ligation with hypoxia) consists of ischemic neuronal alterations in the ipsilateral forebrain. As the model has been restricted to adult animals, unilateral common carotid artery ligation was carried out in 7‐day‐postnatal rats. Four to 8 hours later the 25 pups were exposed to 8% oxygen at 37°C for 3.5 hours. Controls consisted of littermates subjected to carotid ligation without subsequent hypoxia, hypoxia without prior ligation, and neither ligation nor hypoxia. After hypoxia the animals were returned to their dams and appeared normal for up to 50 hours. All pups were then killed by perfusion‐fixation.Moderate to severe ischemic neuronal changes were seen in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex, striatum, and hippocampus in at least 90% of the animals and included infarction in 56% of the brains. Cortical damage was occasionally laminar but more often occurred in columns at right angles to the pial surface. Unlike adult animals, there was necrosis of white matter, greater ipsilaterally, originating in and spreading from myelinogenic foci. The evolution of ischemic cell change and the associated gliomesodermal reaction was more rapid than in the adult. In 22 additional pups subjected to carotid artery ligation and hypoxia, brains were analyzed for water content. Significant increases (0.6 to 3.3%) in water content of the ipsilateral hemispheres occurred in 11 of 22 brains (50%).Unilateral ischemia combined with hypoxia in developing rats therefore results in neuronal destruction in the same brain regions as in adult animals, but also causes necrosis of white matter. The incidence of increased water content was similar to that of overt infarction. Thus, as previously shown in the adult, brain edema is a consequence rather than a cause of major ischemic damage in the immature animal.
Periodic synchronous discharge and myoclonus in Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease: Diagnostic application of jerk‐locked averaging method
Authors: Shibasaki Hiroshi , Motomura Satoru , Yamashita Yoriaki , Shii Hiroaki , Kuroiwa Yoshigoro 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe technique of jerk‐locked averaging was applied to two patients with pathologically proved Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease. Patient 1, whose brain contained numerous kuru plaques and severe cerebral white matter degeneration, did not show any periodic synchronous discharges in spite of frequently repeated EEG recordings. The technique of jerk‐locked averaging, however, disclosed a negative sharp wave over the contralateral central area in close temporal association with myoclonus of an upper extremity. Patient 2 had classic periodic synchronous discharges on the EEG, and jerk‐locked averaging delineated a fixed relationship in time and space between the periodic discharge and the myoclonus.
Antidiuretic hormone levels in stroke patients
Authors: Joynt Robert J. , Feibel John H. , Sladek Celia M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSerum osmolality and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels were determined for 17 patients with cerebral infarction, 4 with subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 12 controls. The ADH levels were elevated significantly in the stroke patients. Hyponatremia was not observed. Stroke patients are at risk for developing electrolyte disturbances; thus, fluid intake and electrolyte levels should be closely observed.
Depth electroencephalography in selection of refractory epilepsy for surgery
Authors: Spencer Susan Soloway 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDepth electroencephalography (EEG) is sometimes used to evaluate medically refractory epileptic patients for surgical treatment. Surgical excision of well‐defined epileptogenic foci has been shown repeatedly to cause a substantial reduction of seizure frequency in 60 to 80% of these patients; however, because surgical success is no better at centers that employ depth EEG in patient evaluation, the procedure remains controversial. Review of the available literature shows that depth EEG results reported to date, when compared to scalp EEG results in 178 patients, could have enabled selection of 36% more patients for surgery by defining otherwise unidentifiable single epileptogenic foci. Furthermore, depth EEG could have prevented surgery in another 18% by demonstrating different or additional epileptogenic foci in patients otherwise thought to have a single discharging focus amenable to resection. Thus depth EEG had the potential to alter the surgical decision in more than 50% of patients reported. Centers that employ depth EEG may evaluate a different population of patients, which could account for their lack of increased surgical success.
Correlation of criteria used for localizing epileptic foci in patients considered for surgical therapy of epilepsy
Authors: Engel Jerome , Rausch Rebecca , Lieb Jeffrey P. , Kuhl David E. , Crandall Paul H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCriteria for anterior temporal lobectomy, performed on seven patients with partial complex seizures, were derived from a battery of fourteen presurgical tests. Seven tests were routine studies aimed at identifying a focus of epileptic excitability, while seven were designed to reveal areas of focal functional deficit. Conflicting information was frequently obtained from the tests of epileptic excitability, suggesting that it is probably inaccurate to view patients with partial complex seizures as having a single epileptogenic focus. Presurgical evaluation must therefore be aimed at identifying the focus most responsible for the patient's habitual seizures. Tests of focal functional deficit provided useful nonconflicting confirmatory information in each of the seven patients studied. The most reliable information was obtained from depth electrode implantation, and this procedure should be considered essential except when all evidence of surface‐recorded epileptic excitability, including ictal onset, and evidence of focal functional deficit agree.
Abnormal regulation of in vitro IgG production in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kelley Robert E. , Ellison George W. , Myers Lawrence W. , Goymerac Vincent , Larrick Susan B. , Kelley Carol C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA pokeweed mitogen‐stimulated IgG synthesis assay was used to evaluate T suppressor cell function in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained form multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Autochthonous cultures of fractionated and recombined MS B and T cells exhibited less suppression of IgG synthesis than similar cultures of PBL from control subjects. No difference occurred in the levels of suppression among MS patients grouped according to disease states. When allogenic cultures of MS B and normal T cells or normal B and MS T cells were compared to autochthonous cultures of control cells, no differences were observed. The results suggest that the lower levels of suppression observed in autologous MS cell cultures are not a result of T suppressor cell dysfunction alone.
GABA receptors are increased in brains of alcoholics
Authors: Tran Vinh T. , Snyder Solomon H. , Major Leslie F. , Hawley Rollin J. 
Published: January 2005

Abstractγ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor binding was increased in postmortem brain samples of chronic alcoholic patients compared to control patients. Numbers of binding sites were augmented in alcoholic brain, with no change in affinity. Muscarinic cholinergic and benzodiazepine receptors did not differ between controls and alcoholic brains, while a modest reduction in β‐adrenergic receptors may have been related to postmortem receptor changes. The results suggest that GABA ergic mechanisms might play a role in chronic alcoholism.
Alterations in creatine kinase in fresh muscle and cell cultures in duchenne dystrophy
Authors: Ionasescu R. , Kaeding L. , Feld R. , Witte D. , Cancilla P. , Stern L. Z. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCreatine kinase (CK) (total and isoenzymes) was measured in cultures obtained by dissociation and subsequent plating of cells from biopsied quadriceps muscle of 10 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and 20 controls. The total cellular CK and CK‐MM reached highest values around 21 days in both DMD and control cultures, suggesting that DMD cultures do not show delayed myoblast fusion. There was a significant decrease of total cellular CK in DMD cultures at all stages, but the maximum differences were noted for the peak values. The CK isoenzyme pattern in DMD cultures demonstrated a higher percentage of CK‐BB and CK‐MB and a lower percentage of CK‐MM than was observed in cultures from the controls. Addition of cytosine arabinoside after myoblast fusion to muscle cell cultures did not induce significant changes of CK isoenzyme pattern. There was no difference in the CK levels in culture medium from controls and DMD patients. The alterations of cellular CK were similar in fresh muscle and cell cultures from DMD patients.
Nerve cell fusion in a case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Authors: Paula‐Barbosa M. M. , Cruz Celso 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEvidence indicating cell membrane fusion among cells and their processes where subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus is present is shown in an ultrastructural study of a brain biopsy. Virus budding from plasma membrane was not seen. These rare findings reinforce the hypothesis of cell‐to‐cell transmission as the most likely mechanism of SSPE virus infection. The presence of fused membranes between cell processes and cell soma probably explains the rapid spread of this virus throughout the nervous system.
Cerebral blood flow following normavolemic hemodilution in patients with high hematocrit
Authors: Henriksen Leif , Paulson Olaf B. , Smith Ronald J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects on cerebral hemodynamics of venisection and a 4% albumin‐saline infusion were studied in six patients withhigh hematocrit (mean, 51.5%). Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured using the xenon 133 intracarotid injection method. Blood gases were measured in arterial and jugular venous blood. Rapid two‐stage hemodilution, which lowered mean hematocrit by 9 and 13%, resulted in CBF increases of 19 and 23%, respectively. Jugular venous partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen delivery capacity (CBF × arterial oxygen content) did not change significantly from baseline. The cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen increased slightly following stage 1 hemodilution but returned to baseline value following stage 2. The study lends no support to the concept that patients whose hematocrit is at the high end of the normal range have genealized cerebral hypoxia.
Cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in postoperative cerebral vasospasm and treatment with hypertensive therapy
Authors: Montgomery Erwin B. , Grubb Robert L. , Raichle Marcus E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 24‐year‐old woman developed subarachnoid hemorrhage from an aneurysm at the bifurcation of the right internal carotid artery. Following successful clipping of the aneurysm she developed a left hemiplegia associated with focal cerebral vasospasm, which markedly improved when systemic blood flow and oxygen utilization were significantly depressed in both cerebral hemispheres, while blood volume was significantly elevated only on the side with vasospasm. Oxygen extraction was significantly elevated in both hemispheres, indicating a generalized impairment in oxygen delivery to the brain.
Permanent axotomy, a model of axonal atrophy and secondary segmental demyelination and remyelination
Authors: Dyck Peter James , Lais Alfred C. , Karnes Jeannine L. , Sparks Margaret , Hunder Heidi , Low Phillip A. , Windebank Anthony J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPermanent axotomy in cats produced by hind limb ablation results in sequential pathological alterations of myelinated fibers of the proximal nerve stump. The changes are like those previously described for human uremic neuropathy and such system atrophies as Friedreich's ataxia; axonal atrophy → myelin wrinkling → nodal lengthening and internodal demyelination → remyelination.
The origins of short‐latency somatosensory evoked potentials in humans
Authors: Mauguière F. , Courjon J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractShort‐latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to median nerve stimulation were studied in three patients with well‐localized lesions of the lemniscal pathways. In two patients who had focal thalamic vascular lesions, the early scalp‐recorded P15 far‐field potential was unaltered while later SEP components were absent. In the third patient, operated on for astrocytoma of the dorsal medulla and right dorsal funiculus, the P15 potential was absent but the earlier negative potentials recorded from the neck persisted whichever side was stimulated. The data suggest a subthalamic origin for the scalp‐recorded P15 far‐field potential.