bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When 4D seismic is not applicable: Alternative monitoring scenarios for the Arab‐D reservoir in the Ghawar Field
Authors: Dasgupta Shiv N. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACTGhawar, the largest oilfield in the world, produces oil from the Upper Jurassic Arab‐D carbonate reservoir. The high rigidity of the limestone–dolomite reservoir rock matrix and the small contrast between the elastic properties of the pore fluids, i.e. oil and water, are responsible for the weak 4D seismic effect due to oil production. A feasibility study was recently completed to quantify the 4D seismic response of reservoir saturation changes as brine replaced oil. The study consisted of analysing reservoir rock physics, petro‐acoustic data and seismic modelling. A seismic model of flow simulation using fluid substitution concluded that time‐lapse surface seismic or conventional 4D seismic is unlikely to detect the floodfront within the repeatability of surface seismic measurements. Thus, an alternative approach to 4D seismic for reservoir fluid monitoring is proposed. Permanent seismic sensors could be installed in a borehole and on the surface for passive monitoring of microseismic activity from reservoir pore‐pressure perturbations. Reservoir production and injection operations create these pressure or stress perturbations. Reservoir heterogeneities affecting the fluid flow could be mapped by recording the distribution of epicentre locations of these microseisms or small earthquakes. The permanent borehole sensors could also record repeated offset vertical seismic profiling surveys using a surface source at a fixed location to ensure repeatability. The repeated vertical seismic profiling could image the change in reservoir properties with production.
4D signal enhancement using singular‐value decomposition: application to mapping oil–water contact movement across the Nelson Field
Authors: Reid Fiona J.L. , Bertrand Alexandre , McInally Alan T. , MacBeth Colin 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACTA new method for time‐lapse signal separation and enhancement using singular‐value decomposition is presented. Singular‐value decomposition is used to separate a 4D signal into its constituent parts: common geology, time‐lapse response and noise. Synthetic tests which demonstrate the advantages of the singular‐value decomposition technique over traditional differencing methods are also presented. This signal separation and enhancement technique is used to map out both the original and moved oil–water contacts across the Nelson Field. The singular‐value decomposition technique allows the oil–water contact to be mapped across regions which would have been missed using traditional differencing methods. In particular, areas toward the edges of the field are highlighted by the technique. The oil–water contact is observed to move upwards across the field, with the largest movements being associated, as anticipated, with natural production. The results obtained are broadly consistent with those predicted by the reservoir simulator model. Singular‐value decomposition is demonstrated to be a useful tool for enhancing the time‐lapse signal and for gaining confidence in areas where traditional differencing fails.
Antithetical effects of hemicellulase‐treated Agaricus blazei on the maturation of murine bone‐marrow‐derived dendritic cells
Authors: Kawamura Masaki , Kasai Hirotake , He Limin , Deng Xuewen , Yamashita Atsuya , Terunuma Hiroshi , Horiuchi Isao , Tanabe Fuminori , Ito Masahiko 
Published: February 2005

SummaryWe report the effects of hemicellulase‐treated Agaricus blazei (ABH) on the maturation of bone‐marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). ABH activated immature BMDCs, inducing up‐regulation of surface molecules, such as CD40, CD80 and major histocompatibility complex class I antigens, as well as inducing allogeneic T‐cell proliferation and T helper type 1 cell development. However, unlike lipopolysaccharide (LPS), ABH did not stimulate the BMDCs to produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) p40, tumour necrosis factor‐α, or IL‐1β. In addition, ABH suppressed LPS‐induced DC responses. Pretreatment of DCs with ABH markedly reduced the levels of LPS‐induced cytokine secretion, while only slightly decreasing up‐regulation of the surface molecules involved in maturation. ABH also had a significant impact on peptidoglycan‐induced or CpG oligodeoxynucleotide‐induced IL‐12p40 production in DCs. The inhibition of LPS‐induced responses was not associated with a cytotoxic effect of ABH nor with an anti‐inflammatory effect of IL‐10. However, ABH decreased NF‐κB‐induced reporter gene expression in LPS‐stimulated J774.1 cells. Interestingly, DCs preincubated with ABH and then stimulated with LPS augmented T helper type 1 responses in culture with allogeneic T cells as compared to LPS‐stimulated but non‐ABH‐pretreated DCs. These observations suggest that ABH regulates DC‐mediated responses.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signalling and T‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Mitchell Tracey J. , John Susan 
Published: February 2005

SummaryInteraction of cytokines with their cognate receptors leads to the activation of latent transcription factors – the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins – whose biological activities ultimately regulate many critical aspects of cell growth, survival and differentiation. Dysregulation of the JAK‐STAT pathway is frequently observed in many primary human tumours, reflecting the importance of this pathway in the maintenance of cellular integrity. Here we review the current progress in STAT structure and function, and the contribution of STAT signalling to the pathogenesis of T‐cell lymphomas.
Exposure to mercuric chloride during the induction phase and after the onset of collagen‐induced arthritis enhances immune/autoimmune responses and exacerbates the disease in DBA/1 mice
Authors: Hansson Monika , Djerbi Mounira , Rabbani Hodjattallah , Mellstedt Håkan , Gharibdoost Farhad , Hassan Moustapha , DePierre Joseph W. , Abedi‐Valugerdi Manuchehr 
Published: February 2005

SummaryIn susceptible mice, mercuric chloride induces a systemic autoimmune response that is characterized by elevated serum levels of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and immunoglobulin E (IgE), production of anti‐nucleolar antibodies (ANolAs) and the formation of renal IgG deposits. We have previously shown that mercury can also enhance immune/autoimmune responses in mouse strains genetically prone to develop spontaneous autoimmune disease. Here, we investigated whether mercury can enhance the severity of murine collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA), an inducible (acquired) autoimmune disease that cannot be induced by mercury itself. While mercury administered prior to the induction phase of CIA exerted little, if any, influence, administration of mercury during the induction phase and following onset aggravated the symptoms of this disease and increased the serum levels of IgE and IgG2a antibodies directed against collagen type II (CII). Furthermore, while animals injected with mercury alone exhibited a significant decrease in the ratio of the levels of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) to interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) mRNA in their spleens, this ratio was increased in mice with CIA, with or without administration of mercury. Finally, the production of anti‐nuclear antibodies, a hallmark of autoimmunity in response to mercury, was observed in all mice with CIA treated with this heavy metal. Our findings suggest that exposure to mercury during the development of CIA may influence immunological factors in such a way as to synergistically promote disease development.
Effects of a stroke rehabilitation education programme for nurses
Authors: Booth Joanne , Hillier Valerie F. , Waters Karen R. , Davidson Ian 
Published: February 2005

Aims.  This paper reports a study which aimed to explore the effects of education on the practice of nurses working in stroke rehabilitation units.Background.  It has been suggested that a key component of the success of stroke units in reducing mortality and disability is the contribution made by nurses, but debate continues around their specific role. Literature has concentrated on nurses’ perceptions of their role rather than their actual activities with patients. In studying the effects of education on nurses’ practice with stroke patients there is a need to identify what nurses actually do, rather than what they say they do.Methods.  A quasi‐experimental, non‐equivalent control group design was used to study two stroke rehabilitation units. Non‐participant observation was conducted during morning care sessions, focusing on styles of physical interaction. Base‐line observations were recorded in each unit, after which the staff in the intervention unit received 7 hours’ education, specifically focused on therapeutic handling in relation to morning care activities. Following this, postintervention observations were conducted and comparisons of interaction styles made between units.Results.  Twenty‐six staff and 37 patients took part in the study. Following the education, staff in the intervention unit showed a change in physical interaction style more in line with therapeutic practice, with the proportion of ‘doing for’ interventions reducing (45·4% vs. 33·2%; P < 0·05). The proportion of facilitatory interventions increased (3·9% vs. 6·1%) however, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0·098). The change in styles of practice was achieved with no increased demand on nurses’ time.Conclusion.  Education for nurses which aims to change styles of interaction with stroke patients can be effective. However, further research is required to identify the effect of nursing interventions on patient outcomes following stroke.
Self‐reported characteristics of women and men with intimate body piercings
Authors: Caliendo Carol , Armstrong Myrna L. , Roberts Alden E. 
Published: February 2005

Aim.  The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of a study exploring factors associated with female and male intimate body piercing, with particular emphasis on health issues.Background.  Nipple and genital piercings (intimate piercings) have become common types of body art. Scant medical and nursing literature is available, leading to little understanding of these body modifications by health care providers.Method.  A convenience sample of intimately pierced individuals (63 women and 83 men) from 29 states in the United States of America was surveyed via an author‐developed questionnaire. Questions focused on demographic characteristics, decision factors and health problems related to intimate piercings. Self‐reported characteristics were compared between female and male participants, and participants were compared demographically to United States general population.Results.  Participants reported wearing nipple piercings (43%), genital piercings (25%) and both types (32%). Respondents were significantly younger, less ethnically diverse, better educated, less likely to be married, more often homosexual or bisexual and they initiated sexual activity at a younger age than the US population. Deliberate, individual decisions for procurement of the intimate piercings were made. Average purchase consideration was at age 25 (nipple) and 27 (genital); average age to obtain the piercing was 27 (nipple) and 28 (genital) years. Purposes for obtaining the piercings included uniqueness, self‐expression and sexual expression. Most participants still liked their piercing (73–90%). Health concerns related to intimate piercings were described by both those with nipple piercings (66%) and with genital piercings (52%) and included site sensitivity, skin irritation, infection and change in urinary flow (male genital). Few STDs (3%) were reported and no HIV or hepatitis. Usually non‐medical advice was sought for problems – often from the body piercer.Conclusions.  Understanding client rationale is not a necessary prerequisite for providing quality patient care; however, awareness of purposes and decision‐making in intimate piercing can help nurses to be sensitive to client needs and plan appropriate health education.
The meaning for elders of receiving family care
Authors: Crist Janice D. 
Published: February 2005

Aims. This paper reports a study undertaken to broaden nurse clinicians’, policy‐makers’, and researchers’ understandings of what it means to elders to receive family care.Background. The number of older people receiving assistance at home will increase tremendously in coming decades in proportion to the rapidly increasing aged population. Seventy to 80% of the care received by elders is provided by family members. As more elders with fewer family carers are predicted, nursing's insight into the family care phenomenon becomes even more important. The literature contains reports of specific aspects of family care. Most results include reports of elders dreading giving up their independence in the context of Euro‐American United States society's highly valued cultural norm of independence. No studies have explored elders’ views of the meaning of receiving family care.Methods. Hermeneutic interpretive phenomenology was chosen, and a sample of nine elders (five women and four men) was interviewed. Participants were asked for descriptions of their day‐to‐day experiences of receiving family care in two to five interviews, and were observed interacting with their family carers in naturalistic settings.Findings. Elders living at home were found to incorporate help from family members comfortably into their lives. They viewed themselves as autonomous and able to maintain balance between autonomy and dependence on loved ones.Conclusions. Receiving family care may have positive meaning for elders, especially when the care is provided within the context of positive relationships with family carers. These findings are in contrast to previous reports. If validated in further research, they could be used to inform practice and policy in health care systems involved in collaborating with families to develop care arrangements for community‐living elders.
Evaluation of a reflective practice intervention to enhance family care
Authors: Peden‐McAlpine Cynthia , Tomlinson Patricia S. , Forneris Susan G. , Genck Gail , Meiers Sonja J. 
Published: February 2005

Aim.  This paper discusses the design, evaluation and outcomes of a reflective practice intervention (RPI) that taught paediatric critical care nurses how to incorporate a family intervention into their practice.Background.  The literature on reflective practice contains numerous descriptions of reflective practice and various frameworks on how to engage in reflective practice. Additionally, there has been wide debate about the benefits of and problems with the use of reflective practice. However, few empirical studies have been done to evaluate its effectiveness in changing nursing practice.Method.  Van Manen's phenomenological research approach was adapted for use in this study. This approach was consistent with the experiential nature of reflective practice. Interviews were conducted with eight staff nurse participants after the RPI to determine changes in family practice. Analysis of the interview text produced three essential themes.Findings.  Three interrelated themes describe change in the nurses’ experiences as a result of participating in the RPI: (1) acknowledging and re‐framing preconceived ideas about families, (2) recognizing the meaning of family stress and (3) beginning to incorporate the family into nursing care.Conclusions.  The RPI stimulated double loop learning that changed paediatric critical care nurses’ attitudes about family, enhanced their communication and ability to build trusting relationships with families and brought about a new appreciation of the uniqueness of family stress. There was a new integration of family care into the nurses’ practice as a result of the intervention.
Stages of change for physical activity among family caregivers
Authors: Tung Wei‐Chen , Gillett Patricia A. 
Published: February 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study exploring the factors that affect stages of change for regular physical activity in family caregivers in Taiwan.Background.  In Chinese society, family caregivers play a significant role in the treatment of mentally ill patients in home care because of Chinese cultural obligations. Prochaska and DiClemente's transtheoretical model suggests that individuals adopting physical activity behaviour move through five stages of change. Discovering the factors that affect the stages of change for physical activity of family caregivers of mentally ill patients could have a significant impact on the health of this population, as well as on the health of the patients for whom they care.Methods.  Family caregivers’ stages for regular physical activity were assessed using The Stages of Change for Regular Physical Activity Questionnaire. Demographic factors were measured using The Family Caregiver's Demographic Characteristic Questionnaire. Data were collected from 108 primary family caregivers of mentally ill patients receiving home care from a psychiatric hospital in southern Taiwan.Results.  Older caregivers were more likely to be in the action/maintenance stage compared with younger caregivers age [rs(108) = 0·24, P < 0·05]. Caregivers’ stages of change were significantly associated with caregivers’ relationship to the patient [χ2(6, n = 108) = 13·68, P = 0·03], and marital status [χ2(4, n = 108) =10·56, P = 0·03].Conclusions.  The findings on relationships between stage of change for physical activity, caregivers’ age, relationship to the patient, and marital status represent a first step in better understanding those who do and do not intend to engage in a regularly active lifestyle among family caregivers in Taiwan. This study reveals that cultural issues may play a critical role in physical activity behaviour among Taiwanese family caregivers and need to be further investigated.
Nursing attitudes towards acute mental health care: development of a measurement tool
Authors: Baker John A. , Richards David A. , Campbell Malcolm 
Published: February 2005

Aim.  This paper reports the development, piloting and validation of a tool to measure attitudes for use with nursing staff working in acute mental health care units.Background.  The quality of care provided for service users in acute mental health care has come under both scrutiny and severe criticism. The attitudes of staff working in these environments have been cited as a contributory factor in poor care. No measure of attitudes specific to acute mental health has been reported.Methods.  A 64‐question measure was constructed and distributed to a sample of qualified and unqualified nurses drawn from seven mental health care units in the North of England. Exploratory factor analysis and a number of other statistical tests were performed to validate the questionnaire.Results.  Preliminary analysis reduced the original 64 questions to 37. Five components were retained, accounting for 42% of the variance, and the five rotated factors were identified. The resultant ‘Attitudes Towards Acute Mental Health Scale’ (ATAMHS) achieved good internal reliability, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0·72.Conclusion.  The construction and validation of the ATAMHS measure will enable improved understanding of the attitudes of nursing staff working in acute mental health care settings to occur. This measure is available for use in a clinical area of nursing in which attitude change is of fundamental importance for future development of care.
Improving uptake and adherence in cardiac rehabilitation: literature review
Authors: Beswick Andrew D. , Rees Karen , West Robert R. , Taylor Fiona C. , Burke Margaret , Griebsch Ingolf , Taylor Rod S. , Victory Jackie , Brown Jacqueline , Ebrahim Shah 
Published: February 2005

Aims.  This paper presents a comprehensive systematic review of literature carried out to identify studies of interventions to improve uptake, adherence and professional compliance in cardiac rehabilitation.Background.  Guidelines recommend that cardiac rehabilitation should be offered to patients following acute myocardial infarction and revascularization. Uptake and adherence are low, particularly in women, older people, and socially deprived and ethnic minority patients. Although patient, service and professional barriers to rehabilitation uptake have been described, no attempt has been made to evaluate systematically interventions aimed at improving uptake and adherence in cardiac rehabilitation.Methods.  A comprehensive search strategy identified studies of cardiac rehabilitation, using the terms uptake, adherence and compliance. The search included grey literature, hand searching of specialist journals and conference abstracts. No language restriction was applied. Studies were summarized in three qualitative overviews and assessed by quality of evidence.Results.  From 3261 publications identified, 957 were acquired on the basis of title or abstract. Few studies were of sufficient quality to make specific recommendations. Six, 12 and five studies, respectively, provided adequate information on methods to improve uptake, adherence or professional compliance. A minority of studies were randomized controlled trials. Studies of motivational and self‐management strategies and use of lay volunteers showed some promise in improving rehabilitation uptake or lifestyle change. Nurse‐led coordination of care after hospital discharge may have a role in improving rehabilitation uptake. Limited information was provided on resource implications, and there was a lack of studies with under‐represented groups. The literature contained numerous suggested interventions which merit evaluation in appropriately designed studies.Conclusions.  Little research has been reported evaluating interventions to improve uptake, adherence and professional compliance in cardiac rehabilitation. A wide range of possible interventions was identified and further evaluations of methods are indicated.
Health ‘care’ interventions: making health inequalities worse, not better?
Authors: Hart Angie , Freeman Marnie 
Published: February 2005

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to present a model, the ‘Effect of the Professional Ego’, which provides a psychodynamically informed analytical framework for examining professional practice in arenas where issues of inequalities need to be addressed.Background.  There is a great deal of literature on the psychosocial aspects of inequalities in health care provision. However, the impact of intrapsychic and professional cultural elements has not been explored in this context. Moreover, the body of work which does explore these elements in relation to health care workers does not address how they might impact on health inequalities.Discussion.  Drawing on empirical work, we discuss ways in which intrapsychic and professional cultural elements feed into the dynamic between clients and health care professionals in a way which can subvert espoused, positive client health outcomes. Based on this discussion, we propose the Effect of the Professional Ego model, which identifies two main aspects of the professional ego – the grandiose self and self‐preservation – and how they influence the professional/client dynamic.Conclusion.  Systematic self‐reflection on the part of professionals would be a valuable contribution to the development of professional practice. This applies particularly to conceptualizing the links between the actions of service providers and the adverse health of clients.