bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of mantle viscosity heterogeneities on the development of secondary plumes in the upper mantle
Authors: Li Yang , Wang Yongming , Zhao Liang , Chen Ling , Huang Jinshui 
Published: October 2023

SUMMARY
Recent seismic observations have revealed diverse plume morphologies beneath hotspots that are characterized by multiple secondary plume branches with different sizes and temperatures. However, how the structures of these secondary plumes have developed and what controls the properties of these secondary plumes have not been well explored. Here, we performed 3-D numerical models to systematically investigate the effects of mantle viscosity structures and the strength of the 660-km phase change on the development of secondary plumes. We find that the characteristics of the secondary plumes, in terms of their numbers, excess temperatures and sizes, are controlled by the Clapeyron slope of the 660-km phase change (γ660), the properties of the low-viscosity layer beneath the mantle transition zone (viscosity reduction ratio, thickness, depth or phase change dependency of viscosity) and the presence of the weak asthenosphere. For γ660 between −2.0 and −3.0 MPa K−1, the weak layer viscosity reduction ratio plays a first-order role in controlling secondary plume properties, that is, a smaller viscosity reduction ratio results in more secondary plumes, higher plume excess temperature and larger plume size. The thickness and viscosity dependencies of the weak layer have a secondary effect on secondary plume properties. However, a relatively small γ660 (e.g. −1.0 MPa K−1) would result in a single secondary plume irrespective of the weak layer viscosity reduction ratio, the viscosity dependency, and whether with or without the weak asthenosphere. However, our models also show that the presence of the weak asthenosphere has a prominent influence in increasing the number of secondary plumes but reducing the size of the plumes. Our results provide new insight into plume dynamics and suggest that the diverse plume structures observed in the upper mantle likely reflect different mantle viscosity structures beneath the hotspots.
The Musical Work in Copyright Law
Authors: Rahmatian Andreas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Music is a special art form and a special object for copyright protection. In contrast to other, more static, forms of art, such as most of the visual arts, music is fashioned time and therefore constitutes change and movement; it also exists only in its performance. This article shows how copyright constructs a normative device, the ‘musical work’, to be able to protect this fleeting and transient art form. The article also discusses how music is analysed to ascertain which of its elements obtain copyright protection against infringement, and whether a ‘hearing test’ is an adequate method for establishing infringement.
Spanish Bare Interrogatives and Number
Authors: Alonso-Ovalle Luis , Rouillard Vincent 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dayal (1996) makes two predictions on the interaction of number and wh-phrases: (i) that questions with singular wh-phrases yield a uniqueness inference, and (ii) that questions with plural wh-phrases yield an antiuniqueness inference. Maldonado (2020) shows that Spanish bare wh-phrases do not conform to Dayal’s predictions. From this, she argues against a unified treatment of number across wh-expressions. Elliott et al. (2022) argue that a unified treatment of number can be maintained if bare wh-phrases are capable of ranging over generalized quantifiers. We weigh in on this discussion by arguing for an intermediate position: though independent evidence suggests that wh-phrases can range over generalized quantifiers, an assumption that we adopt for bare wh-phrases, the unified treatment of number presented in Elliott et al. (2022) faces challenges that can be avoided under Maldonado’s assumptions about number marking on bare wh-phrases.
Why Care About What There Is?
Authors: Korman Daniel Z 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There’s the question of what there is, and then there’s the question of what ultimately exists. Many contend that, once we have this distinction clearly in mind, we can see that there is no sensible debate to be had about whether there are such things as properties or tables or numbers, and that the only ontological question worth debating is whether such things are (in one or another sense) ultimate. I argue that this is a mistake. Taking debates about ordinary objects as a case study, I show that the arguments that animate these debates bear directly on the question of which objects there are and cannot plausibly be recast as arguments about what’s ultimate. I then address the objection that, because they are easily answerable, questions about what there is cannot be a proper subject of ontological debate.
On the formation of eccentric millisecond pulsars by accretion-induced collapse of massive white dwarfs
Authors: Wang D , Gong B P 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) are believed to be old neutron stars that have undergone spin-up by the accreting material from the donor. However, the discovery of eccentric MSPs (eMSPs) in the Galactic field challenges such a scenario of producing MSP–white dwarf systems only in a circular orbit. As the orbital periods and companion masses of these eMSPs are located in a narrow range, it is reasonable to postulate that they have the same origin. Although many models have been proposed to interpret the origin of eMSPs, the origin of the narrow range of the orbital period is still an open question. The accretion-induced collapse (AIC) of the oxygen–neon white dwarf is considered to be an important pathway to form MSPs, as it is expected to result in the formation of MSPs in a circular orbit due to tidal circularization. Here we revisited this scenario using binary population synthesis including the specific circularization calculation. Our results indicate that binaries with insufficient circularization in this scenario can evolve into eMSPs. The narrow initial binary parameters required by insufficient circularization can naturally account for the narrow range of the orbital period. Although the evolution of the white dwarf AIC process is not yet well understood, the characteristic of a narrow range in the orbital period of eMSPs can still set constraints on the physics of their evolution.
Exploring the Sun’s birth radius and the distribution of planet building blocks in the Milky Way galaxy: a multizone Galactic chemical evolution approach
Authors: Baba Junichi , Saitoh Takayuki R , Tsujimoto Takuji 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
We explore the influence of the Milky Way galaxy’s chemical evolution on the formation, structure, and habitability of the Solar system. Using a multizone Galactic chemical evolution (GCE) model, we successfully reproduce key observational constraints, including the age–metallicity ([Fe/H]) relation, metallicity distribution functions, abundance gradients, and [X/Fe] ratio trends for critical elements involved in planetary mineralogy, including C, O, Mg, and Si. Our GCE model suggests that the Sun formed in the inner Galactic disc, Rbirth,⊙ ≈ 5 kpc. We also combined a stoichiometric model with the GCE model to examine the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of planet building blocks within the Milky Way galaxy, revealing trends in the condensed mass fraction (fcond), iron-to-silicon mass fraction (firon), and water mass fraction (fwater) over time and towards the inner Galactic disc regions. Specifically, our model predicts a higher fcond in the protoplanetary disc within the inner regions of the Milky Way galaxy, as well as an increased firon and a decreased fwater in the inner regions. Based on these findings, we discuss the potential impact of the Sun’s birth location on the overall structure and habitability of the Solar system.
Denaturing Bacteria
Authors: Schneider Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the first half of the twentieth century, competing chemical firms sought to develop and control the use of bacteria through patents. Patentability requirements of novelty and invention demanded that applicants differentiate the bacteria used in their processes from prior art. But how to determine whether one bacteria was different from another for purposes of intellectual property law interacted with the developing theoretical ideas of bacterial variability and taxonomy as well as bacteriological practice. This chapter shows how microbiologists, inventors, patent examiners, and the courts struggled to identify bacteria which in turn raised questions such as whether bacteria were defined by their morphology or by their function, whether they could be considered plants, and whether they were defined by how or when they were isolated.
Intellectual Property’s Antecedent
Authors: Chapman Susannah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the past century, states have used a diversity of juridical methods to regulate the emergence and circulation of biological materials. These have included a number of different forms of intellectual property protection—such as plant patents, plant variety rights, and utility patents—but they have also entailed a diversity of other legal interventions intended to regulate the quality and circulation of plant germplasm within economically important agricultural markets. This chapter tracks the rise and fall of one such intervention within the British Empire—the implementation of a Seednut Storage Law in colonial Gambia—in order to explore the relationship between living materials and intellectual property law.
Some Outlandish Legal Tales
Authors: Hermitte Marie-Angèle 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the emergence of intellectual property protection for biological innovations in twentieth-century France. In doing so, the chapter highlights the struggles French law-makers had in ensuring that biological innovations were able to circulate as forms of intellectual property. More specifically, the chapter highlights the problems that plant breeders faced in translating the notion that their trade combines human creativity with the interplay of nature into a suitable legal form. The chapter retraces the historical process by which this legal form developed. In doing so, the chapter retraces the path that was followed in order to identify in the legal order the categories and concepts that best fitted the actual practices in agronomy. It ends by looking at how four decades later biological and technological breakthroughs undermined these new intellectual property laws.
Copyright, Nature, and Travel Narratives
Authors: Alexander Isabella 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Focusing on the genre of travel writing, this chapter explores the intersections between copyright and nature and their relationship with empire during the formative years of the modern statutory regime of copyright law. It takes a detailed look at the publication of the accounts of Captain James Cook’s Pacific voyages, and the ensuing legal disputes over copyright, as well as non-legal disputes over authorship. In doing so, the chapter observes the parallels between the ways in which travel narratives enable nature to be valued for its exploitable potential, and the ways in which copyright law allows nature to be ‘authored’ and thus appropriated as an object of copyright.
Scientific Activism and Intellectual Property
Authors: Berry Dominic J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns plant breeders at the Organic Research Centre and synthetic biologists based in Cambridge and Norwich developing the OpenPlant project. Despite their differences, both groups directly intervened in intellectual property norms concerning their practices. The Organic Research Centre won an exemption from intellectual property laws governing its seeds from the European Commission, allowing it to sell a variety which would not otherwise have been protected. OpenPlant developed its own version of a material transfer agreement. This chapter documents these efforts and unpacks their significance in light of the longer history of intellectual property in plants and biological science.
Creating New Values in Animals in the Era of Mendel’s Rediscovery
Authors: Matz Brendan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the years following the American Civil War, the problem of obtaining remunerative prices for skilled breeding work became acute, as deliberate misrepresentation of pedigrees increased. Breeders’ associations were created primarily to address the issue of fraud, and they succeeded to some degree in promoting higher prices for certified stock. Yet the prevalence of market fads and fluctuations eventually led to calls for more objective approaches to the selection of breeding animals. During the first decade and a half of the twentieth century, breeders began to advocate for evaluation based on the measurement and experimental testing of clearly defined performance characteristics. This chapter examines the rise of breeders’ associations and the shift to a performance ideal following 1900, paying close attention to the relationship between intellectual property and the market for purebred livestock.
Great King orCivilis Princeps?
Authors: Michels Christoph 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAntoninus Pius appears in our literary sources as an emperor who embodied the ideal of the civilis princeps, limiting pomp and ceremony and acting as a private citizen. However, there was still considerable distance between the emperor and his courtiers, particularly in the way in which they interacted on a daily basis. This becomes very clear in the letters of M. Cornelius Fronto. Although he was the teacher of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, he was not a member of Antoninus’ inner circle. Fronto’s correspondence with the emperor shows that he did not present himself as the emperor’s equal. Instead, he used effusive and flattering language to heighten the distance between himself and Antoninus. This shows that the atmosphere of the Roman imperial court was shaped just as much by the courtiers as it was by the emperor.
Changing the Guard
Authors: Rollinger Christian 
Published: October 2023

AbstractFrom the time of their creation under Augustus, a variety of guard units under the direct command of the emperors or his court officials acted in a number of roles ranging from military duties to ceremonial appearances in the service of representing imperial power. As with all bodyguard units throughout history, their ceremonial nature was reflected in their appearance during state ceremonies such as accession rituals or imperial funerals, but also in their (ceremonial) equipment and military (court) costume. This chapter shows the slow change in the role and nature of guard units, tracing this evolution from the ‘classical’ guard of the Principate, the Praetorians, to their replacements in the fourth and fifth centuries (the scholae palatinae and excubitores). As part of the pageantry of empire, guard units served to underscore and to represent visually imperial authority and dignity. The evolution of imperial guard units is demonstrated as progressing in step with the general evolution of the imperial court, not so much prefiguring as mirroring the development of new configurations of the court.
Cities, Palaces, and the Tetrarchic Imperial Courts
Authors: Jaeschke Verena , Davenport Caillan 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers the cities uses as principal residences by emperors during the Tetrarchic period (ad 284–324). These included Antioch (Antakya), Nicomedia (İzmit), Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica), Thessalonica (Thessaloniki), and Serdica (Sofia) in the eastern provinces and Mediolanum (Milan), Augusta Treverorum (Trier), and Aquileia (ancient name retained) in the western half of the empire. The cities were all equipped with infrastructure, such as palaces, circuses, and baths, which marked them out as suitable residences to house the emperor and his court. These transformations did not occur simultaneously, but over a period of some decades. The chapter considers the way in which the foundation of these principal residences, and the movement between them, shaped the court community during the Tetrarchic period.
Envisioning Audiences at the Roman Imperial Court
Authors: Davenport Caillan 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines how the emperor and his court were portrayed between the first and sixth centuries in accounts written by, or featuring, individuals who had audiences with the emperor, either as petitioners and ambassadors or as accused criminals committed to stand trial. These individuals were representatives of different religious, political, and cultural communities, or ‘interest groups’, including sophists, philosophers, the Greek community of Alexandria, Jews, and Christians. Despite their different time periods, genres, and cultural backgrounds, the narratives all share a common focus on the interaction between a representative of the interest group and the emperor at court, and the individual courtiers (women, slaves, officials) who help or hinder their encounter with the emperor. This shows that in the Roman world, the court was primarily envisioned in terms of people and personalities.
Arabic and the Case against Linearity in Historical Linguistics
Authors: Owens Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Interpretations of Arabic language history have been dominated by a linear conception beginning with its early transition from Semitic pre-history to pre-Islamic Arabic and then to the Classical language. Thereafter comes, “neo-Arabic,” in the history of western scholarship usually relegated to the status of dialectology. Expanding on A linguistic history of Arabic (OUP 2006/9), this book advocates a multiple pathways approach. Arabic has multifarious evidential sources: relations to other Semitic languages, epigraphic and papyrological traditions, a linguistically original classical Arabic linguistic tradition, a widely dispersed array of contemporary spoken varieties representing necessary components for reconstructing Arabic language history itself. These diverse sources meld to characterize a holistic but not necessarily linear Arabic language history. From a general linguistic perspective, Arabic in its wide geographical and chronological expanse provides fertile ground for a critical invocation of new perspectives and methodologies in historical linguistics: sociolinguistics, typology and grammaticalization theory, corpus linguistics, and attendant statistical treatment. This is demonstrated via more than 20 individual case studies covering over 1,500 years of documented and reconstructed history. An historical object more complex than traditional accounts emerges. Embedding the study in a wider comparative account, a comparison of the historical morphology of three languages documented over roughly the same period of interval time ca. ad 500–ad 2022, Icelandic, English, and Arabic is undertaken. Arabic contrasts with the linearity of English; it shares aspects of alinearity with Icelandic, but also contains within it elements of multilinearity spread across many individual historical speech communities.
Origins of the Debate Concerning Location of Cultural Objects
Authors: Gerstenblith Patty 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the origins of the three strands that developed at the turn of the nineteenth century and that underpin the removals of cultural objects and the debate as to whether they should be returned. These strands became intertwined to provide the rationales and contexts for removal of cultural objects and continue to form the basis of the contemporary questions of where cultural objects should be located. The chapter begins with an account of cultural looting during the Roman Empire and notes the focus on legitimate versus illegitimate takings during that period. Moving forward to the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, the chapter explains the development of the concept of a shared world heritage, the emergence of the rescue narrative and the concept of cultural patrimony, and the principle of restitution that was applied at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The chapter then describes how the Enlightenment and the development of ‘connoisseurship’ in evaluating cultural objects provided the groundwork for the modern encyclopedic museum. The chapter ends with a discussion of the emergence of archaeology and the scientific study of the past and how the extensive geographic reach of the umbrella of imperialism and colonialism laid the groundwork for the large-scale expropriations that took place throughout the nineteenth century.
Appropriation of Archaeological Heritage: Market Demand and Legal Responses
Authors: Gerstenblith Patty 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the particular issues of looting of archaeological sites, a phenomenon that became a significant factor in the middle of the twentieth century and continues today. It looks at the negative externalities and losses imposed on society, which increased as the application of scientific methodologies increased the knowledge that could be derived from proper excavation. The chapter begins with a consideration of the harms both to global society through the loss of knowledge caused by the destruction of archaeological context and to the communities and States of origin through loss of cultural and intellectual capital, damage to artefacts, the acceptance of fakes and forgeries, and finally the funding of armed conflict and other illegal activities. The chapter then turns to the legal responses to these issues starting with the historical approaches of the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century and spanning to contemporary laws that rely on State control and ownership of archaeological artefacts. The purpose of this legal regime is to discourage looting by imposing consequences on looters and all those involved in the market chain and to provide legal recourse for the return of illegally taken artefacts. The chapter includes an analysis of judicial decisions in market States that recognize foreign State ownership of archaeological artefacts, along with international conventions that together constitute the legal framework to protect archaeological heritage.
The Gambling Century
Authors: Eglin John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Gambling Century traces the role of commercial entrepreneurship in the expansion of certain forms of gaming, and the relationship of commercial gaming to the institutions of social and cultural exchange that emerged in seventeenth and eighteenth century Britain. It is concerned with the prototypes of casino gambling, games of chance played against a ‘house’ that derives profit from the mathematical edge it enjoys over long series of chance episodes. Rather than focus on the gambler as a character or an archetype, or on gamblers collectively, it shifts attention to those who enabled, facilitated, and profited from gaming. It is also concerned with the spaces that gaming occupied, and the way that these were configured or reconfigured in response to efforts either to regulate gaming or turn it into a reliable profit centre. Gaming as a commercial venture thrived in the institutions of social and cultural exchange that a generation of scholars associated with a ‘public sphere.’ The book accordingly follows gaming from the courtly to the commercial sector, from the Groom Porter’s lodge into coffeehouses and ‘ordinaries,’ then back into relative sequestration in private clubs and ’at-homes,’ all of which prefigure that quintessentially modern gambling space, the casino.