bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Knowledge is power,” Hermann Helmholtz told an audience of students, faculty, and university administrators in May 1862. The occasion was his election to the office of rector at the University of Heidelberg, a major university in the southern German state of Baden. For his inaugural ad dress, Helmholtz had chosen to speak on the relationship of the natural sciences to other branches of knowledge. Although intending to treat all branches equally, he ended up singing loudest the praises of the experimental sciences. Only they, he explained, permitted the control and manipulation of natural phenomena, allowing us to “exploit the powers of nature for our benefit and make them subservient to our will.”
Scientific Medicine: The Development of the Program
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 21 November 1843 Franz Freiherr von Stengel, a member of Baden’s ministry of interior responsible for educational affairs, announced that new talent was needed if the reputation of the medical faculty at the University of Heidelberg was to be saved. The professor of special pathology and therapy, Friedrich Christian Sebastian, had passed away in 1840, and several of the remaining five senior professors were close to the age of retirement. In addition, Tiedemann, who had once contributed so prominently to Heidelberg’s reputation, had been slowly withdrawing from university and scientific affairs. In 1835 he had handed over his courses in physiology and pathological anatomy to the Privatdozent Theodor Bischoff, and in 1837 had requested a leave of absence for a year and a half. The death of three children, serious eye problems, and repeated attacks on the university by the lower chamber of parliament had been largely responsible for this withdrawal, but, according to Bischoff, “the enormous stimulus that physiology received through the use of the microscope and through the ever expanding application of physics and chemistry” contributed as well. Tiedemann, already taxed by other problems, did not have the energy to keep abreast of the latest scientific developments.
Scientific Medicine at the University of Heidelberg-the 1840s
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Baden’s decision to hire Jacob Henle and Karl Pfeufer signified more than a commitment to improving the medical faculty; it also reflected a change in the kind of education the state wanted to support. As we saw in Chapter 2, the Baden government had begun to place greater emphasis, backed by increased funding, on practical training in the sciences, seeing this as important both for modernizing the economy and refining the critical faculties of the mind. The reforms of the 1830s were originally confined to the secondary and technical schools, exerting only a minor influence on the universities. But by the 1840s the institutions of higher learning could no longer remain isolated from the broader social and economic developments transforming society; in this decade the government began to direct its attention to changing the content and structure of university education as well.
The Triumph of the Ideology of the Practical-the 1850s
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the Vormarz period, the Baden government had been increasing its support of the natural sciences, convinced that the success of the modem state depended on an education in these subjects. A greater emphasis on the Realwissenschaften, the establishment of trade schools and non-classical secondary schools, and the expansion of the polytechnic institute had all marked an attempt by the government to increase society’s familiarity with the natural sciences and provide individuals with the knowledge and skills deemed necessary for rationalizing and improving the means of production. In this context the experimental sciences and laboratory training had grown steadily in importance. In the laboratory students were introduced to methods of analysis that permitted exact and critical investigation of the phenomena at hand. Mastery of this method promised, in addition, the ability to control and ultimately to manipulate natural forces. Faith in the power of this knowledge, already present in the Vormarz period, increased in the years following the revolution of 1848 as Germany entered a period of industrial and commercial prosperity. It was at this time as well, as the link between the production of scientific knowledge and economic growth was becoming more obvious, that the experimental sciences became firmly established in the German university system. In Baden, the government actively sought professors capable of directing research laboratories where students would be introduced to the methods of exact scientific investigation. Bunsen, Kirchhoff, and Helmholtz were all hired for this reason.
Saxophonists
Authors: Stokes W Royal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly two decades ago I spent an evening in Washington, D.C.’s, One Step Down, a jazz club ten blocks up Pennsylvania Avenue from the White House, where, a few years later, an amateur saxophonist would take up residence for the remainder of the century. On this particular evening, however, I sat enthralled by a professional saxophonist who, for these ears, has not many present-day peers on his instrument, the tenor.
An Introduction to the Languages of the World
Authors: Lyovin Anatole V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An Introduction to the Languages of the World is a text designed to introduce beginning linguistics students, who now typically come to their study with little background in languages, to the variety of the languages of the world. Lyovin begins by explaining the classification of languages, discussing not only genetic classification but typological and sociolinguistic classification as well. He follows this with an explication of the classification of writing systems. A chapter is then devoted to each of the world’s continents, with in-depth analyses of representative languages of Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and America. A separate chapter is devoted to pidgins and creoles. Each chapter includes student exercises and suggestions for further readings. “The author succeeds in covering a broad range of important and interesting information, and I am not aware of any other work that could serve as an all-round textbook for a course on The Languages of the World”. --Bernard Comrie, Linguistics, USC; author of The World’s Major Languages (OUP) “clearly exhibits the author’s very considerable erudition in several languages areas”. Joseph Grimes, Linguistics, Cornell
Socratic Method
Authors: Brickhouse Thomas C , Smith Nicholas D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One often hears of teachers employing the “Socratic Method.” This term refers to someone who teaches by asking his or her students leading questions—compelling them to think their way through to the correct understanding of the subject matter. The Socratic method of teaching is contrasted with lecturing, and is often regarded as superior to lecturing precisely because the students of Socratic teachers are required to think for themselves, rather than allowed to listen passively while their non-Socratic teacher simply tells them all they need to know. The Socratic method of teaching no doubt got its name because Socrates is always asking questions. The questions he asks are, moreover, always “leading” questions; we never see Socrates asking questions when he does not at least appear to have some answer already in mind.
Benevolence and Justice in Mill
Authors: Lyons David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mill regards justice as an important part of morality-perhaps its most important part-but he also acknowledges other moral requirements. Thus, he warns against “merging all morality in justice” by ignoring other moral obligations, such as those of “charity,” “generosity,” and “beneficence” (UT V, 15). Mill provides no general name for the moral obligations that fall outside the realm of justice. His few comments as well as his utilitarianism suggest the term “benevolence”; but we shall find this term misleading, and I shall use instead the neutral expression “nonjustice obligations.”
Transcendental Idealism
Authors: Van Cleve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The most important and difficult function of philosophy,” wrote Sir William Hamilton, is “to determine the shares to which the knowing subject and the object known may pretend in the total act of cognition.” This question looms as the great snowy mountain referred to above: how much of the world owes its existence or its character to the activity of human (or other) minds, and how much would be just as it is even in the absence of minds? On this question, philosophies run the gamut from pure idealisms that ascribe everything to the knowing subject to pure realisms that ascribe everything to the object known.
Necessity, Analyticity, and the A Priori
Authors: Van Cleve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the introduction to the Critique of Pure Reason Kant draws three important distinctions: a priori versus empirical, necessary versus contingent, and analytic versus synthetic. Although some philosophers lump them together, we should not assume at the outset that the three distinctions divide things up in the same way. Even if it should turn out that they do, each of the distinctions must be given its own explanation.
The ldeality of Space
Authors: Van Cleve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Incongruent counterparts are objects that are perfectly similar except for being mirror images of each other, such as left and right human hands. Kant was evidently the first major thinker to notice the philosophical significance of such objects. He called them “counterparts “ because they are alike in every intrinsic spatial respect,1 “incongruent “ because, despite their similarity, one could never be put in the place of the other. The left glove, as Kant points out, will not fit the right hand.
Eyes and Vision
Authors: Locket Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scorpions, compared to some other arthropods such as spiders and insects, cannot be regarded as highly visual animals in the sense of using image-forming eyes to their full potential. This is not to say that their eyes are useless: Fleissner and Fleissner (this volume) and their colleagues have shown that scorpion’s eyes are extremely sensitive to light, corresponding well to their nocturnal habits. Even where they are abundant, scorpions, with the exception of a few species (e.g., Pandinus) are seldom seen by day.
Ethical Obstacles to the Participation of Women in Biomedical Research
Authors: Merton Vanessa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biomedical research has failed to address the health needs of women. The eligibility criteria in many scientific protocols explicitly bar some or all women. Other, apparently gender-neutral criteria in clinical trials in fact operate to exclude women. Biomedical research has concentrated on the investigation of health problems as they affect men—not surprisingly, largely explored in male research subjects. Until quite recently, bioethical analysis has failed to recognize and analyze the ethical issues inherent in this situation.
This chapter scrutinizes the arguments that have been used to justify the exclusion of women from biomedical research. Bringing to bear a feminist critique, I suggest that those arguments fail to justify that exclusion.
The Myth of Property
Authors: Christman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Myth of Property is the first book-length study to focus directly on the variable and complex structure of ownership. It critically analyses what it means to own something, and it takes familiar debates about distributive justice and recasts them into discussions of the structure of ownership. The traditional notion of private property assumed by both defenders and opponents of that system is criticized and exposed as a “myth.” The book then puts forward a new theory of what it means to own something, one that will be important for any theory of distributive justice. This new approach more adequately reveals the disparate social and individual values that property ownership serves to promote. The study has importance for understanding the reform of capitalist and welfare state systems, as well as the institution of market economies in former socialist states, for the view developed here makes the traditional dichotomy between private ownership capitalism and public ownership socialism obsolete. This new approach to ownership also places egalitarian principles of distributive justice in a new light and challenges critics to clarify aspects of property ownership worth protecting against calls for greater equality. The book closes by showing how defenders of egalitarianism can make use of some of the ideas and values that traditionally made private property appear to be such a pervasive human institution.
Modularity and Permeability as Principles of Design
Authors: Kogut Bruce , Bowman Edward H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amid the burst of new thinking on how to design the firm, there is, surprisingly, a consistency in themes. In this final chapter, we develop twin ideas, those of modularity and permeability, that represent two of the most important new principles of design. Modularity is a structural design concept to increase flexibility and experimentation; permeability is a procedural principle to amplify the flow of information and the coordination of action across functional and ownership boundaries. In our discussion, we seek to develop the human side of the efforts to increase flexibility through a discussion of the challenges posed to notions of fairness, equity, and loyalty. We lay out, in conclusion, the implications for the design of corporate governance, lateral coordination, and the (declining) hierarchy of authority.
The question of organizing has been a cornerstone of the inherited wisdom regarding the explosive growth in the quality of life over the past few hundred years. In his treatise on the wealth of nations, Adam Smith begins with the division of labor. “It is the great multiplication of the productions of all the different arts,” he writes, “in consequence of the division of labor, which occasions, in a well-governed society, that universal opulence which extends itself to the lowest ranks of the people.” The sources of this wealth lie in the productivity gains due to specialization and automation of work.
Multiple Case in Kayardild: Anti-iconic Suffix Ordering and the Diachronic Filter
Authors: Evans Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kayardild is an Australian language belonging to the Tangkic group of non Pama-Nyungan languages, spoken on Bentinck Island in the southern Gulf of Carpentaria; only about twenty speakers remain. Other members of the group are Lardil, Yukulta, and Yangkaal, the latter two now extinct and the former with just a few very old speakers. As Figure 15.1 shows, the typological division into ergative and non-ergative languages cross-cuts the genetic classification. Yukulta is the most conservative Tangkic language, preserving ergative morphology found in proto-Tangkic; Lardil is typologically similar to Kayardild.
The Performative Voice
Authors: Brater Enoch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Lessness1 Beckett’s words would will themselves into being, if they only could find the right sound. Here a replication hysteria, if not a replication catastrophe, is aggressive and systemic, like some deft computer virus suddenly gone mad. Phrases like “I wrote that story” and “I read that book” don’t quite sum up the writer-reader relationship so persuasively set in motion. Based on a fidelity to the processive nature of sound and mood and language, “something” is indeed “taking its course. “2 Things are simultaneously “over” and “unover” (as in Ping), yet they repeat themselves over and over like letters in a genetic alphabet. Spare but eloquent, neither vague nor overdetermined, sentences are focused and rich in implications. Words hurtle past one another, collide, or try to avoid collision, gently, firmly, warily, or confidently. And consistent with this work’s deliberate ambiguity, each confrontation between language and sound resembles a struggle with some unknown force.
The Novel and the Globalization of Culture
Authors: Moses Michael Valdez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book analyses the emergence of the modern global novel, and the way it mirrors the underlying process of the globalization of culture. It focuses on Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge, Conrad's Lord Jim, Achebe's Things Fall Apart and No Longer At Ease, and Vargas Llosa's The War at the End of the World. In these works, a global narrative unfolds, as the forces of modernization tragically clash with the embattled defenders of traditional society.
Diglossia
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many speech communities two or more varieties of the same language are used by some speakers under different conditions. Perhaps the most familiar example is the standard language and regional dialect as used, say, in Italian or Persian, where many speakers speak their local dialect at home or among family or friends of the same dialect area but use the standard language in communicating with speakers of other dialects or on public occasions. There are, however, quite different examples of the use of two varieties of a language in the same speech community. In Baghdad the Christian Arabs speak a ‘Christian Arabic’ dialect when talking among themselves but speak the general Baghdad dialect, ‘Muslim Arabic’, when talking in a mixed group. In recent years there has been a renewed interest in studying the development and characteristics of standardized languages (see especially Kloss, 1952, with its valuable introduction on standardization in general), and it is in following this line of interest that the present study seeks to examine carefully one particular kind of standardization where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. The term ‘diglossia’ is introduced here, modeled on the French diglossie, which has been applied to this situation, since there seems to be no word in regular use for this in English; other languages of Europe generally use the word for ‘bilingualism’ in this special sense as well. (The terms ‘language’, ‘dialect’, and ‘variety’ are used here without precise definition. It is hoped that they occur sufficiently in accordance with established usage to be unambiguous for the present purpose.
Ricordanza (Memory)
Authors: Gordon Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HISTORICAL tradition has credited both Franz Liszt and Clara Schumann with being the first to play concerts from memory. Presumably it was part of the virtuoso’s stock-intrade to amaze the audience not only with physical gymnastics but also with intellectual prowess. It may have emerged, too, as virtuoso demands evolved more and more in the direction of using extreme ranges of the keyboard and larger, rapid skips, activities in which visual and spatial awareness could be helpful, thus tending to shift focus away from the score toward the keyboard. Whoever started the trend, since about the middle of the nineteenth century, much solo public performance has been by memory, and the practice is a well-rooted part of our musical culture.
Contemporary Challenge
Authors: Gordon Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AS teachers and performers, we are constantly being scolded for our unwillingness to get involved more deeplyin contemporary music. We are called anachronisms even when we weakly offer our teaching and playing of Bart6k or Prokofieff as evidence of activity in twentieth-century areas. The case for the plaintiff is unquestionably strong, and since it is presented forcefully and frequently, we seem not to recognize that there are some fallacies in it.
American Bandstand
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I don't make culture, I sell it Dick Clark once remarked. Indeed, the man who reigned as host of American Bandstand for nearly four decades may not have invented rock 'n' roll, but he sold it to the American public better than anyone before or since. Before Clark, rock 'n' roll was the step child of radio--which took to playing records as a cost-saving measure after television siphoned off radios most lucrative sponsors. But it was network television--and specifically Clarks Bandstand--that ultimately legitimized what was then viewed by most adults as vulgar, low-class music, broadcasting a sanitized vision of rock 'n' roll straight into Americas living rooms five afternoons a week. Here is the first book to tell the full story of what happened in front of--and behind--the cameras on Dick Clark's American Bandstand, providing both a history of this landmark show and of the changing styles of rock 'n' roll over four decades. Based on extensive interviews with music business figures, recording stars, and Clark himself, and featuring dozens of rare or never before published photographs, this is a riveting and uncensored account of a show that managed to survive countless revolutions in popular music. Jackson describes Bandstands humble beginnings in Philadelphias blue collar south side, the sex scandal that scuttled the first host of Bandstand and enabled Clark to launch his career, the glory days when an appearance on Bandstand was one of the most prized gigs in the music business and when teenagers lined up for blocks hoping to enter the studio, and memorable Bandstand appearances by rock 'n' roll royalty from Chubby Checker and Frankie Avalon, to Jerry Lee Lewis and Jefferson Airplane, to Pink Floyd and Madonna. Here as well is a candid look at the backstage financial maneuvering that allowed Clark to launch a video and entertainment empire worth nearly $200 million dollars today. Voted Most Likely To Sell The Brooklyn Bridge by his high school classmates, Clark emerges as a cunning business impresario determined to make millions. Readers learn how Clark decided which eager young singers would appear on the show, how he managed to survive a 1959 Congressional payola investigation that destroyed the careers of many other popular disc jockeys, how much money he earned from his personal financial investments in many of the songs played on Bandstand, and his importance to ABC in its fledgling days as a national television network. As entertaining as it is eye-opening, Dick Clark's American Bandstand will bring back a flood of memories to everyone who lived through that era. It will fascinate everyone interested in popular American culture or in rock 'n' roll history.
“True Knowledge and Wisdom”: On Orthodox Historiography
Authors: Bartal Israel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is customary to think that, for the past 170 years, those Jews who have written about history in general and about Jewish history in particular have done so in a clearly modern manner. “History” is taken to mean research in the spirit and style of historical writing as developed in Central and Western Europe. Indeed, it is considered axiomatic that Jewish historiography is a product of the Wissenschaft des Judentums of Central Europe, steeped in the influence of German philosophy and grounded in the legacy of the Haskalah, on the one hand, and of romanticism, on the other.