bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Sex In Public
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Penis. Challenging the appointment of Clarence Thomas to the United States Supreme Court on grounds of sexual harassment, star witness Anita Hill’s advisors couldn’t decide whether she should say “penis” in the ,United States Senate. Hill advisor Lloyd Cutler, white-haired and gravel-voiced Washington power broker, thought “penis” would offend the delicate decorum of the highest legislative body in the United States. Susan Deller Ross, feminist litigator, thought that if Anita Hill was going to accuse Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas of penis talk, the senators should hear it too. Ross prevailed.
Rediscovering Early World
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Every story of western culture starts somewhere in the ancient Near East: in Ath­ ens,Jerusalem, and the Roman Empire, pagan or Christian. Nowhere is this more real than in political thought, where every major theme—the state, personhood, citizenship, democracy-eventually can be traced to antiquity. Each ancient cul­ ture left behind a fragmented record of how law and custom governed sex between males and females, and it is from these fragments that the legal, religious, and philosophical underpinnings of contemporary society grew. Classical Greek and Roman society organized itself around natural hierarchies, of which the sexual preeminence of men over women was fundamental. For elite men of the citizenry, sexual relations had political dimensions, and it was accepted that a good society should be organized to provide the sexual liberty, variety, and sociability necessary for their human flourishing. By contrast, for those cast as natural subordinates such as women, children, and slaves, the principal sexual as well as political virtue was fidelity. Biblical and rabbinic Jewish writings reflect an effort to set Jews apart from pagans by expecting greater sexual discipline of the covenant people, yet Jews shared with their neighbors both a regard for the earthly joys of sex and a firm commitment to gender hierarchy. Later, the strands of earthy physicality inJudaism would come to distinguish it from Christianity.
American Beginnings
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Colonial America was a far more varied world than the familiar image of Pilgrims landing at Plymouth Rock. Even if we focus only on the European colonizers of the continent who would eventually found the United States, a comprehensive account of their American beginnings would include not only the Puritans of New England, but also English seekers ofland and profit in Virginia, Spanish settlements in those parts of Mexico that are now California, Texas, and the American Southwest, Quakers in Pennsylvania, and Dutch communities in New York.
Equal Freedom Versus Equal Commitment
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Victorianism”is more a symbol than a word. It serves as shorthand for a familiar description of an era, and also an unquestioned judgment of it. To invoke “Victorianism” is to speak the vocabulary of a libertine culture, part of the language we use to explain ourselves to ourselves. But like most symbols, “Victorian” simplifies the complicated history of nineteenth-century sexual politics, focusing on the movement known as “social purity” and, as we will see, not doing justice even to that piece of the story.
The Libertine Regime
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the 1970s, libertinism had evolved from an outlaw philosophy to a norm. After the Kinsey Report, the Model Penal Code, and the Supreme Court’s constitutional imprimatur, libertine sexual deregulation became the conventional wisdom with which any alternative would have to contend. As a regime of sexual governance, libertinism is answerable, like each of the prior regimes we have considered, to political judgment.
The Rules Of The Game
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Unsolved problems of a decaying paradigm often illuminate the way to the new. We argued in Chapter 11 that none of the contenders to replace the libertine regime satisfies the claims to autonomy and equality for at least half of the population. The contenders see deeply into the failings of the present order, yet remain selectively blind to defects in their own positions. Virtue revivalists see the perils of freedom but not the injustice of sexual dominance and subordination.Libertarians ignore the effects of unequal initial positions within their model of private ordering and unfettered freedom. Sociobiologists offer a disrespectful vision of sexual harmony that calls for females to be natural slaves. Liberals maintain an unstable and incoherent compromise oflibertinism in private and statism in public.
Tibetan Buddhism
Authors: Lopez Donald S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The influence of Buddhism on Tibet since its introduction in the seventh century has been profound, serving as a catalyst for developments in almost every facet of the Tibetan world: in art, with the development of the Tibetan painted scroll; in architecture, with the design of temples, monasteries, and stupas; in politics, with the institution of the Dalai Lama; in social structure, with a large segment of the male population becoming celibate monks; in language, with the creation of the Tibetan script for the purpose of translating Buddhist scriptures; in literature, with the composition of thousands of Buddhist texts in a vast variety of genres; and, of course, in religion. In this essay I will briefly outline the history of Buddhism in Tibet, before going on to discuss some of the fundamental doctrines of Tibetan Buddhism, doctrines reflected so vividly in the Jacques Marchais collections.It is important to understand at the outset that the majority of Tibetan Buddhist beliefs and doctrines are shared by Buddhists throughout Asia. Buddhism has both changed the cultures it has encountered and been changed by them, so that we speak of Indian Buddhism, Chinese Buddhism, Japanese Buddhism, and so on. Tibetan Buddhism is one of the major forms of Buddhism in Asia, with its influence extending far beyond the borders of Tibet, to the Kalmyk region of Russia near the Caspian Sea in the west, to Siberia in the north, to Mongolia, China, and Manchuria in the east, and to the Sherpa regions of Nepal in the south. This religious tradition is properly referred to as Tibetan Buddhism, rather than Lamaism, an anachronistic and pejorative term that mistakenly suggests that the religion of Tibet is not Buddhism. It is, therefore, perfectly acceptable to refer to the Mongols, for example, as Tibetan Buddhists, much as one might say that the Spanish are Roman Catholics.Buddhist thought, practice, and institutions were imported into Tibet beginning in the seventh century, most importantly from India. From that point, Buddhism in Tibet developed rapidly, with the early centuries marked by contacts with influential Buddhist
Introduction to Tibetan Art
Authors: Lipton Barbara 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most Tibetan art is religious art. The phrase “Tibetan art” encompasses not only art made in Tibet but also the art associated with Tibetan Buddhism. Indeed, some of the finest examples of Tibetan art come from Nepal, Kashmir, China, and Mongolia. The subjects of Tibetan art are typically buddhas, lamas, historic figures, and deities; mandalas, representing the dwelling place of the deities; stupas or reliquary monuments; and ritual and decorative objects for use in shrines or temples.Many Tibetans believe that the first paintings and statues of the Buddha were made during Shakyamuni Buddha’s lifetime in the sixth century B.C.E. in India. The Buddha himself was supposed to have blessed and consecrated those objects. One of these early statues, known as Jobo Rinpoche, said to represent Shakyamuni at the age of twelve, is presently in the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa and is considered the holiest image in Tibet. Another of the early statues, an Akshobhya Buddha the size of Shakyamuni at the age of eight, is now in the Ramoche Temple in Lhasa.
Catalogue Entries
Authors: Lipton Barbara , Ragnubs Nima Dorjee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Shakyamuni Buddha is sitting cross-legged on a lotus base with his right hand in the earth-touching position and his left hand in the meditation position holding a begging bowl. Three signs of his Buddhahood are prominent: the urna, or tuft of hair between his eyes; the ushnisha, or crown protrusion; and the elongated earlobes. His half-opened eyes are looking down in meditation. His neck has three folds, commonly seen as a sign of beauty in Chinese art. His waist is slim and his body perfectly proportioned. His monk’s robe covers both shoulders, is pleated above the waist, and falls in stiff folds. The borders have an intricate chased floral design. The eleven double lotus petals do not continue all around the base, and there is a graceful raised scroll design in the back. The base is closed.The following brief account of Shakyamuni’s life is a mixture of history and myth. According to the sutras, Tibetans count twelve main events in the life of Shakyamuni Buddha: (1) descending from Tushita Heaven; (2) entering his mother’s womb; (3) taking birth;The small prince was given the name of Siddhartha, “the one who fulfills [his father’s] wishes.” Astrological predictions were made that the boy would become either a great king or a great spiritual person who would renounce the world. The king desired that his son inherit the kingdom.
James Joyce Reframing The Political
Authors: Whittier-Ferguson John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although never so famous a promoter of self and projects as Pound or Eliot, James Joyce worked, sometimes openly, often deviously, throughout his career to establish contexts for the reading of his books and for the assessment of his life. He pursued his framings with increasing conviction and effect as he aged and as the shape and significance of his oeuvre came under what, by the end of the 1930s, must already have begun to seem endless scrutiny. His efforts at elaborating the ways in which he and his books were to be understood have been variously addressed but never sufficiently considered in the aggregate as parts of a lifelong attempt to summon a fit audience, to teach that audience how to read, and to place his art in precise relation to the surrounding and complexly included world. These efforts, which I collect under the commodious terms “apparatus” and “gloss,” manifest themselves in a wide range of forms. There are, for example, the carefully circulated schemata to Ulysses and analogous, though less fully systematized, cribs to the Wake. There are the guidebooks to Joyce’s work by, among others, Herbert Gorman (1924), Stuart Gilbert (1930), Frank Budgen (1934), and the fourteen contributors to Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress (1929), each of which bears witness to the attentions of its most interested reader. There is Herbert Gorman’s biography, James Joyce (1939), not simply authorized but in part actually authored by its subject.
Germany, the Latecomer
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In World War II I had occasion to study German industry from the view­ point of military bombing target selection, and after the war found myself caught up briefly in German economic reconstruction. German economic history, however, I first studied with any intensity in several months at the Institute for World Economy in Kiel in the autumn of 1971, which, following some seminars at the University of Edinburgh in January 1974, resulted in a two-part paper on “Germany’s Overtaking England, 1806- 1914” (1975 [1978]). Since those days my exposure to German historiography, apart from European financial history in general, has been limited. Hence I am conscious that what follows in this chapter misses out on the discoveries and controversies in German economic history of recent decades, and on that account, should be read with caution.
The Redeemer Race and the Angry Saxon: Race, Gender, and White People in Antebellum Black Ethnology
Authors: Bay Mia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the 1830s, Jefferson’s tentative suspicion that black people might be inferior to white people was emerging as one of America’s governing fictions-one of the “make believes” of government that Edmund Morgan talks about. Ironically, the fiction at the heart of the caste sys tem that emerged in this new nation’s industrializing democracy was nothing modern but an old “Phoenician thing,” described in Plato’s Republic more than two thousand years earlier. In a dialogue with his disciple Glaucon on how to create a great republic, the great philosopher Socrates argues that the creation of an ideal society might re quire an “audacious fiction.”
“What Shall We Do with the White People?” Whites in Post bellum Black Thought
Authors: Bay Mia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the winter of 1860,just as the debate over the place of black people in American society was reaching new heights among a divided white electorate, a black correspondent for the Anglo-African Magazine considered the question from the other side: “What shall we do with the white people?” asked William]. Wilson, a Brooklyn schoolteacher and civic leader who wrote under the pseudonym “Ethiop.” This “grave question” required consideration, Ethiop maintained, for white people in America were a “failure” of grand proportions. “Discontent and disaffection have marked [their] every footstep,” and not even their possession of almost the entire North American continent could bring them peace.
Reasoning and Legal Reasoning
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Does law have special forms of logic? Does it offer a distinctive form of reasoning? To both questions, the simplest answer is no. The forms of logic and reasoning in law are entirely familiar—the same forms as else-where.
But the simplest answer is too simple. Participants in law do reason with their own conventions, and they do create and face special constraints. Participants in law have their own vocabularies and their own tools. They are concerned above all with issues of legitimate authority; they attempt to allocate power to the right people. And because of the particular social roles that lawyers and judges occupy, they think, in a sense, in their own ways. It is for this reason that legal thinking is not economics, or politics, or philosophy.
lncompletely Theorized Agreements
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Incompletely theorized agreements play a pervasive role in law and society. It is quite rare for a person or group completely to theorize any subject, that is, to accept both a general theory and a series of steps connecting that theory to concrete conclusions. Thus we often have in law an incompletely theorized agreement on a general principle—incompletely theorized in the sense that people who accept the principle need not agree on what it entails in particular cases.
Understanding (and Misunderstanding) the Rule of Law
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thus far we have seen that legal systems try to resolve cases rather than choose between abstractions, and that for this reason participants in law try for low-level or mid-level justifications on which broad agreement is possible. In this light analogical reasoning is well-suited to the goals of the legal system in a pluralistic society. Analogical thinking also helps show how legal systems might make space for a process of thinking in which we do not have clear, general rules laid down in advance. This point complicates some familiar understandings of the rule of law.
Television: The Prize
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The annual May Day parade had always been an opportunity for the power elite to be displayed, ranged along the balcony of Lenin’s mausoleum to review the parade of Soviet citizens pledging loyalty to the Communist Party and its leader. Since the advent of television the Moscow parade had been relayed to all locales, with small windows in the coverage to bring in remote sites. State television hosts introduced their colleagues across the country, showing slices of look-alike parades from other major cities. Parades were public displays, a visual statement of massed political purpose and bonding, and, as in all Soviet rituals, public discourse was tightly controlled. In provincial towns, where the obligation to parade was accepted as a low-energy stroll in return for a day off, the exercise was lackluster and limp; but in Moscow, the country’s camera lens, the procession was crisper and more muscular. It was expected that, although the form might change with the times, respectful fealty to the reviewing stand would remain unchanged.
Soviet Television Rulers and Their Empire
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Monday, June 12, 1995, was Russian Independence Day, a day at the dacha or for tending to personal chores or watching television. There were no big parades or pageants; those had been done the month before when Russia celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the end of the war with Germany. On state television’s Channel One that evening a television program hosted by the bicontinental, bilingual Vladimir Pozner came on. Like the old shows he used to do in the Soviet Union and with Phil Donahue in the United States, Pozner chatted with people in the studio.
Viewers and Voters: The First Competitive Elections and the Rise of Alternative News
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For most of its history, the Soviet Union produced theatrical elections; the “electorate” performed its role of active supporter of the system and the leadership staged elaborate rituals with mandatory voting. Party activists roused the sick and truculent to go to the polls, and massive media attention was turned on the nominations, platforms, and near 100 percent turnout all across the country.
Television and Crisis: The End of Soviet Rule
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Almost from the beginning, Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms had been put o the test by the Baltic republics, for whom the goal of independence ad been submerged, but never effaced, by Soviet rule. A central component of sovereignty in the age of television is the capacity to convey one’s messages in one’s own words,1 and bureaucratically, the television of the Baltic republics, as all republic-level television, operated under the direction and control of Moscow. But as the tempo of separatism picked up, local television began to dislodge itself from its bonds.
The Design Of A Political Freedom Index
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There has been considerable controversy over whether political freedom is an integral part of human development. At a conceptual level, there should be no hesitation. The purpose of human development is to enlarge the range of people’s choices-and the most basic choice is the freedom to make a choice, rather than have someone else make it. As Paul Streeten points out in his thoughtful foreword: “Life expectancy and literacy could be quite high in a well-managed prison. Basic physical needs are well met in a zoo. ” Thus, freedom cannot be separated from human development. First, it is suggested that freedom is difficult to measure-and that freedom is so valuable that it should not be reduced to a number, as the very act of measurement will diminish it. Rather weak, this argument can apply to any measure-to the HDI or even to GNP. But professional enquiry must go on. Literature, beauty and art are judged and ranked. Why not freedom? Besides, most of the components of political freedom-multiparty systems, fair elections, freedom of the press, rule of law, instances of discrimination, arbitrary arrests or disappearances, violations of specific human rights-can be, and have been, documented through professional analysis and investigation.
A Framework For Sustainable Development
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The call for sustainable development is not simply a call for environmental protection. Instead, it implies a new concept of economic growth-one that provides fairness and opportunity for all the world’s people, not just a privileged few, without further destroying the world’s finite natural resources and carrying capacity.Sustainable development is a process in which economic, fiscal, trade, energy, agricultural, industrial and all other policies are designed to bring about development that is economically, socially and ecologically sustainable. This means that current consumption cannot be financed for long by incurring economic debts that others must repay. It also means that enough must be invested in the education and health of today’s generations to avoid creating a social debt for future generations. And it means that natural resources must be used in ways that do not create ecological debts by overexploiting the earth’s carrying and productive capacity. All postponed debts-whether economic, social or ecological-mortgage sustainability. Sustainable development is concerned with replicable models of material consumption, models that recognize the limitations of the environment. They do not treat the ecosphere as a free good, to be plundered at will by any nation or individual. They put a price on this space, reflecting its relative scarcity today and tomorrow. And concerned with sensible asset management, they treat ecological space as any other scarce asset.
Bretton Woods Institutions In Global Governance
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The birth of the Bretton Woods institutions in the 1940s was a direct response to the dismal experience of the 1920s and 1930s. Many of those surveying the wreckage of the global economic system in the dreary days of the Second World War-among them, John Maynard Keynes, the dominant economic thinker of that time-came to a simple conclusion. The world’s economic system needed honest referees. It could not be left to the mercy of unilateral action by governments or to the unregulated workings of international markets. It needed multilateral institutions of economic governance to lay down some mutually agreed rules for all nations on the conduct of their affairs. Thus emerged the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, or the World Bank) and, later, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
A New Global Vision
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is only appropriate to conclude this book with the global vision o often repeated by Barbara Ward. In 1966, in her book Spaceship Earth, Barbara wrote: “Our physical unity has gone far ahead of our moral unity.” That is one of those seminal statements characteristic of Barbara, who could summarize the dilemmas of an entire age in one simple, pithy sentence. It also is a theme that dominated her world of ideas and that was at the heart of her constant search for social equity, for human justice, for reduced gaps between the rich and the poor, for a planetary bargain for our planetary survival.