bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of Indomethacin after Intraruminal Administration to Sheep
Authors: Vinagre E. , Encinas T. , Ballesteros C. , Rodríguez C. , ázaro R. L. , Ros J. M. , Andrés Md San 
Published: March 2003

The pharmacokinetics of indomethacin (7 mg/kg) was determined in six adult sheep after intraruminal administration. The plasma concentration–time curves showed different patterns for each sheep, depending on the physiological state of the gastrointestinal tract, where absorption took place, and possible enterohepatic and saliva recycling.Indomethacin was irregularly and poorly absorbed from the rumen after intraruminal administration to sheep. Plasma concentrations barely rose to the lower therapeutic margin and mean bioavailability was 38.25 ± 15.98 %. The elimination phase was slow (β = 0.015 ± 0.010 h–1) and the half‐life was long (t1/2β = 56.52 ± 31.21 h). The mean residence time was 20.01 ± 6.92 h.
Glucose and Galactose Absorption after Ingestion of Milk Containing Hydrolysed Lactose in Calves with Diarrhoea
Authors: Gutzwiller A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTen calves which had contracted acute diarrhoea caused by rotavirus, coronavirus and Cryptosporidium were used to test the hypothesis that feeding lactose‐hydrolysed cow's milk instead of unprocessed cow's milk improves sugar absorption in diarrhoeic calves. The animals were rehydrated with an orally administered solution containing electrolytes and glucose. Thereafter the calves received one test meal of whole fresh cow's milk whose lactose had been hydrolysed by added lactase and one test meal of unprocessed cow's milk at an interval of 24 h in a cross‐over design trial. In comparison with unprocessed milk, the intake of milk containing hydrolysed lactose resulted in a slight decrease of mean breath hydrogen concentration (P= 0.18), but also a slight decrease of mean blood galactose concentration (P= 0.14). There was no treatment effect on mean plasma glucose concentration. Peak plasma glucose and blood galactose concentration tended to be delayed after the intake of lactose‐hydrolysed milk, which implies that gastric emptying was probably delayed. The results show that feeding milk which contains hydrolysed lactose does not significantly improve lactose utilization in calves that are suffering from benign infectious diarrhoea.
Ultrastructural and Molecular Changes in the Left and Right Ventricular Myocardium Associated with Ascites Syndrome in Broiler Chickens Raised at Low Altitude
Authors: Olkowski A. A. , Rathgeber B. M. , Sawicki G. , Classen H. L. 
Published: March 2003

The present study examines ultastructural and molecular changes in ventricular myocardium associated with ascites cases in fast‐growing broilers raised at low altitude. Extensive ultrastructural lesions were seen in the left and right ventricular myocardium of broilers with fulminant heart failure and ascites. Significant changes included lesions in the myofibril contractile apparatus, altered mitochondria, marked reduction in the myofibril component, and changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture. No lesions were observed in hearts of slow growing broilers, but mild to moderate changes (predominantly in the left ventriculum) were apparent in the hearts from some clinically normal, fast‐growing broilers.SDS‐PAGE profiles of washed myofibrils showed several distinctly different bands in preparations from left ventricular myocardium of ascitic birds. Western blot analysis of these samples revealed several fragments of myosin heavy chain, M‐protein, and titin. Based on gelatinolytic activity, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in the cytosolic fraction of ventricular myocardium homogenates were identified as MMP‐2. The relative activity of this enzyme appears to be considerably higher in preparations from broilers, particularly in the preparations from the left ventriculum of fast‐growing broilers, in comparison to leghorns or slow growing broilers. The nature and distribution of the changes in the heart indicate that chronic cardiomyopathic process in the left ventricular myocardium occurs during the development of ascites. It is postulated that progressive deterioration of the left heart pump function caused by initial lesions in the left ventricular myocardium is a significant factor in the development of pulmonary hypertension and the pathogenesis of ascites in broilers raised at low altitude.
Characteristics and Cholinergic Control of the ‘Minute Rhythm’ in Ovine Antrum, Small Bowel and Gallbladder
Authors: Romański K. W. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryEight adult conscious rams were used to characterize further the minute rhythm and to determine the role of cholinergic receptors in nervous control of this event. In chronic experiments, the myoelectrical and motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract and gallbladder were recorded. Physiological experiments were performed in fasted or non‐fasted rams before, during and after feeding, and the occurrence of minute rhythm during various phases of the migrating motor myoelectric complex was observed. The pattern occurred most frequently in the small intestine, where it exhibited mostly the propagating character. It was also detectable in the ileum. In the gallbladder, the minute rhythm arrived systematically and its character was irregular, propagating, retropropagating or stationary. In all episodes observed, it was well correlated with that in the small intestine. In the pyloric antrum, the minute rhythm was identified occasionally. During pharmacological experiments, 0.15 M NaCl or graded doses of hexamethonium, atropine and pirenzepine were administered intravenously during various phases of the migrating motor myoelectric complex, in fasted and non‐fasted animals, before and during feeding. The drugs inhibited the minute rhythm in the small bowel for a longer period than in the gallbladder. However, the smallest dose of pirenzepine (0.02 mg/kg) exerted a non‐significant effect both in the small intestine and in the gallbladder. It is concluded, that in normal conditions the minute rhythm occurs regularly in the entire small intestine and in the gallbladder. In the small intestine the pattern is organized more precisely. The minute rhythm is controlled by nicotinic receptors and by muscarinic receptor subtypes.
A Study on the Pathogenesis of Equine Sesamoiditis: The Effects of Experimental Occlusion of the Sesamoidean Artery
Authors: Cornelissen B. P. M. , Rijkenhuizen A. B. M. , Buma P . , Barneveld A . 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn this study the potential role of circulatory disturbances in the pathogenesis of sesamoiditis was investigated by studying the clinical and histological effects of experimental occlusion of the sesamoidean artery, which is the main nutrient artery of the proximal sesamoid bone (PSB). For this purpose, five adult Dutch Warmblood horses were used in which the sesamoidean artery was occluded with polyvinyl alcohol foam particles. Bone labelling was carried out with oxytetracycline and calcein. All animal were checked clinically three times a week and radiographically at days 14, 21, 28 and 35. At day 35 the animals were killed and the fetlock was dissected and macroscopically evaluated. The PSBs were isolated and radiographed and the soft tissues adjacent to the abaxial side of the PSBs were histologically examined [routine histology and for the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)]. The PSBs were divided into bony slices which were radiographed and evaluated histologically (routine, SP, CGRP, fluorescence). All horses showed a slight lameness that gradually diminished. Radiographically enlarged vascular channels were seen in only one horse. Histological data showed that on average 60% (range 37–89%) of the total area had been deprived of vascularization. In two horses an increase in the extent of the arterial network from the basal side of the PSB was seen. Only in the horse with the greatest extent of occlusion were bone necrosis and a reactively increased uptake of fluorochromes adjacent to the occluded arteries found. Bone density did not change. The distribution of neuropeptides in the surrounding soft tissues was not affected by the occlusion. From this study, it can be concluded that a large part of the arterial supply to the PSB can be interrupted without provoking histological and/or radiographic changes that are consistent with clinical sesamoiditis. Therefore, it seems very improbable that circulatory disturbances are a primary aetiopathogenic factor in the disease.
Effect of Medetomidine‐Butorphanol‐Ketamine Anaesthesia and Atipamezole on Heart and Respiratory Rate and Cloacal Temperature of Domestic Pigeons
Authors: Atalan G. , Uzun M. , Demirkan I. , Yildiz S. , Cenesiz M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the sedative‐ anaesthetic effects of a combination of medetomidine (M, 50 μg per pigeon), butorphanol (B, 50 μg per pigeon) and ketamine (K, 25 mg per pigeon) in domestic pigeons. Eight domestic pigeons (four male and four female, 8–15 months old) were used. The combination of Medetomidine and butorphanol injectable solutions were used to produce sedation. Ten minutes after M + B administration, K was injected. The anaesthetic effects of the drugs were reversed by administration of Atipamazole (AT) at 60 min after K administration. All drugs were injected into the pectoral muscles. The sedative‐anaesthetic effects of the M + B–K combination and, alterations in respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), electrocardiographic (ECG) findings and cloacal temperature (CT) were investigated before and 10 min after pre‐medication with M + B, at 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min during the onset of K anaesthesia and at 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min following the administration of AT. The HR and RRof pigeons decreased within 10 min following M + B administration and remained lower until 1st and 5 min of AT injection, respectively. In ECG, no significant alterations in P, Q, R and S‐values were observed, however, arhythmia was recorded for three pigeons, which returned to normal values following AT administration throughout the measurement. Cloacal temperature decreased gradually during the anaesthesia from 41.0 to 32.7 °C. The drug combination used in this study produced a satisfactory general anaesthesia for seven of the eight pigeons. All pigeons were unconscious within 5 min after K administration as indicated by disappearance of the palpebral and corneal reflexes and lack of reaction to the pain stimuli during the study. The effect of AT administration was observed within 10 min as all pigeons responded partly against stimuli and allreflexes. It is concluded that M + B–K anaesthesia in pigeons is a safe and reliable anaesthetic protocol for surgery.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Urinary Bladder in Normal, Fern Fed and Enzootic Bovine Haematuria‐affected Cattle
Authors: HOQUE M. , SOMVANSHI R. , SINGH G. R. , MOGHA I. V. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA total of 19 adult hill cattle of both sexes were subjected to trans‐rectal ultrasound scanning of urinary bladder to evaluate bladder wall thickness and the presence of space‐occupying lesions. The animals were divided into four groups. Eight apparently healthy hill cattle maintained under standard ration served as control (group I) and the remaining 11 animals were divided into three groups (II, III and IV). Group II animals (n = 8) were fed with different type of ferns which were further divided into subgroups II‐P, ‐D and ‐B and fed with Polystichum squarrosum (n = 2), Dryopteris juxtaposita (n = 2) and Pteridium aquilinum (n = 4) ferns, respectively. The one animal in group III was a natural case of enzootic bovine haematuria (EBH) and the two animals in group IV were natural cases of microscopic EBH fed with Polystichum squarrosum fern. In group I animals, the average bladder wall thickness was 1.45 mm. The delineation of the bladder wall was uniformly smooth and the echo pattern of the bladder was homogeneously black, which was suggestive of clear urine content. In group II (P, D and B) the average bladder wall thickness of the six animals was 1.87 mm and the sonographic features were within normal limit when compared with controls. In two of the animals of group II‐B, the bladder wall was apparently thick (4.36 mm) and there was no intraluminal mass except at one or two focal elevated points. Animals of groups III and IV showed the average bladder wall thickness of 4.86 mm and were characterized by the presence of irregular sessile masses extending into the bladder lumen. The homogenous anechoic area was reduced centrally due to the presence of a hypoechoic soft tissue mass all around the bladder wall. Post‐sonographic urinalysis, biopsy and necropsy of selected cases further confirmed the sonographic findings.
Clinico‐pathological Aspects of Canine Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Plasmacytomas
Authors: Cangul I. T. , Wijnen M. , Van Garderen E. , Van Den Ingh T. S. G. A. M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn this study the clinico‐pathological aspects of cutaneous and mucocutaneous plasmacytomas were investigated in 63 dogs (one dog with two tumours). The tumours were most commonly observed in the skin of the trunk and legs. Yorkshire Terrier (n = 8) was the most commonly affected breed and males were affected more commonly than females (36 versus 23, respectively). Plasmacytomas were histologically classified into mature, hyaline, cleaved, asynchronous, monomorphous blastic and polymorphous blastic cell types. Monomorphous blastic cell type was the most frequent type (n = 21), followed by cleaved (n = 19) and asynchronous (n = 11) cell types. Secondary amyloid depositions were observed in eight cases. Immunohistochemical staining showed monoclonal lambda light chain positivity in all cases. In the immunohistochemical staining for cyclin D1, which is a prognostic marker in human plasma cell tumours, moderate numbers of positive tumour cells were observed in only one case of (muco)cutaneous plasmacytoma. All other cases were negative or contained few positive tumour cells. On the other hand, high numbers of tumorous plasma cells reacted positively with cyclin D1 in three out of six cases of canine multiple myelomas. Prognosis of the (muco)cutaneous plasmacytomas was good, except in one dog which developed alymphoma afterwards. No significant correlations were observed between the cell type and the location of the tumour, presence of amyloid or prognosis.
Pathological Changes in the Reproductive Organs of Cows and Heifers Culled because of Infertility
Authors: KÜBAR H. , JALAKAS M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe reproductive organs of 20 Estonian Holstein Breed (EHF) cows and three heifers, culled because of infertility, were studied by palpation per rectum and ultrasonography. In addition, pathoanatomical and pathohistological studies were carried out after slaughtering. The pathohistological study revealed that small cysts often (12 animals) existed in culled cows, whose diameter was less than 2.5 cm. These cysts were frequently accompanied by changes in secondary and Graafi follicles, rete ovarii, ovarian stroma, and the endometrium. Three cows had follicular cysts in the ovaries, which were 25–35 mm in diameter. Two cows revealed luteal cysts in the ovaries; one of them had vaginal prolapse. Four animals (one heifer and three cows) manifested tumours or tumour‐like malformations: ovarian endosalpingiosis, germ and stromal cell tumour, oviductal myolipoma, and haemangiosarcoma in the uterine blood vessels. One heifer had been culled because of two abscesses in the vaginal wall close to the cervix and another had chronic endometritis.The research findings indicate that the most common cause of infertility in the culled cows was cystic degeneration in ovaries (85%), accompanied by pathological changes elsewhere in the reproductive organs. We claim that these changes are responsible for the low pregnancy rate after the treatment of ovarian cysts. The second most common reason was genital tumours (15%). In heifers, infertility is rare and its causes are heterogeneous.
Hepatitis in Growth Promoter Treated Cows
Authors: Groot M. J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryAdult female beef cattle found positive for stanozolol in the urine were investigated for liver pathology. In all the animals toxic hepatitis was found, including cholestasis, periportal fibrosis and inflammation, focal necrosis and blood filled lacunae. As no clinical data of the cows were available, apart from the history of illegal stanozolol abuse, it is not possible to attribute all changes to the illegal hormone treatment. Moreover, the cows have probably been treated with a cocktail, and apart from stanozolol more anabolic steroids may have been used. Management factors, viral and bacterial infections, former caesarean sections and especially feeding regime may also be responsible for the lesions described. Striking similarities with data from hepatotoxicity found in human body builders using similar agents, however, suggest a major role of stanozolol as causative agent.
Effects of Analgesia of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint and Navicular Bursa on Experimental Lameness Caused by Solar Pain in Horses
Authors: Sardari K. , Kazemi H. , Mohri M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIt has been hypothesized that pain originating from the dorsal margin of the sole of the hoof in horses can be attenuated by analgesia of either the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, or of the navicular bursa (NB). To test this hypothesis, an experimental lameness was induced in the toe region of the left forelimb in six adult horses. After this, both synovial structures were blocked and the effects on the lameness were semi‐quantitatively scored.Lameness was induced by creating pressure on the dorsal margin of the sole with the help of set‐screws that were screwed into a nut, welded to the inside of each branch of the shoe. Gaits were recorded on a videotape before and after application of the screws, and after application of either a local anaesthetic or saline into the DIP joint or NB. The gaits were independently evaluated by two blinded clinicians and scored. Lameness scores were high after application of the screws and remained high after the administration of saline, but decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after administration of the local anaesthetic. Analgesia of the DIP joint as well as the NB appeared to be able to desensitize a portion of the sole. It was concluded that pain arising from the toe region of the sole should not be excluded as a cause of lameness when lameness is attenuated by analgesia of the DIP joint, or of the NB.
Expression of Calbindin‐D9k Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Dairy Cattle
Authors: Yamagishi N. , Yukawa Y. A. , Ishiguro N. , Soeta S. , Lee I. H. , Oboshi K. , Yamada H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe calcium demands of pregnancy and lactation are known to up‐regulate expression of Calbindin‐D9k (CaBP‐9k) mRNA in the intestines. The gastrointestinal CaBP‐9k mRNA expressions has not been studied in dairy cows, which are bound to experience several pregnancies and lactation stages. In this study, the CaBP‐9k mRNA expression were examined in the gastrointestinal tract of Holstein dairy cattle by Northern blot analysis. Detectable expression of CaBP‐9k mRNA was localized in the proximal portion of the small intestines. These expressions were higher at the most proximal region of the duodenum and gradually decreased distally. The duodenal CaBP‐9k mRNA was detected in all dairy cattle from 0.4 to 83.4 months old, but was not detectable in foetuses. There were no significant correlations between the age and the levels of CaBP‐9k mRNA expression or between the plasma 1,25‐(OH)2D3 concentrations and the levels of CaBP‐9k mRNA expression.
Laboratory Changes Consistent with Feline Infectious Peritonitis in Cats from Multicat Environments
Authors: Paltrinieri S. , Comazzi S. , Spagnolo V. , Giordano A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe present study describes the prevalence of haematological and electrophoretic changes consistent with the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats without FIP living in six multicat environments with different prevalence of FIP and of other diseases. The results allow designing haematological and electrophoretic profiles typical of each group, most likely depending on the management and on the health status of the group rather than on the prevalence of FIP. In fact, many cats from the colonies with open management and frequent outbreaks of infectious diseases other than FIP had one or more haematological and/or electrophoretical changes consistent with FIP, compared with the reference ranges. In the case of non‐specific clinical signs such as fever or neurological signs because of diseases other than FIP, these cats would be erroneously considered as affected by FIP and euthanasized. The use of internal ranges designed on the basis of repeated samplings from non‐symptomatic cats allows avoiding these misinterpretations. Results from cats with symptoms consistent with FIP living in the same colonies were also compared with both the reference ranges and the internal ones: such a comparison demonstrated that the use of internal ranges rarely affected the possibility to correctly diagnose the disease in cats with symptoms suggestive of FIP.
Day‐to‐Day Variability in Glomerular Filtration Rate in Normal Dogs by Scintigraphic Technique
Authors: Kampa N. , Boström I. , Lord P. , Wennstrom U. , Öhagen P. , Maripuu E. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe sources of variability in variability of scintigraphic measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) have not been determined. The day to day variability of GFR was studied in 18 healthy beagle dogs. The renal uptake of99mTc‐diethylenetri‐aminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) of each dog was measured using a scintigraphic technique three times at intervals of 5–26 days. GFR was calculated from a regression equation relating uptake to plasma clearance, derived in our laboratory. The mean GFR was 3.97 ± 0.72 (SD) ml/min/kg with values from 2.66 to 5.67 ml/min/kg. Analysis of variance (anova) using a linear mixed model showed that most variability is a result of the dogs, less because of day to day variability and very little to the measurement variability. The repeatability coefficients for the day to day variability and measurement variability were 1.06 and 0.21 ml/min/kg respectively. The day to day variability can be caused by physiological homeostatic adjustments by the kidneys needed because of fluctuations in food and fluid intake, each dog's individual capacity to adjust, and to intrinsic errors in the measurement method. These results should be considered when using the scintigraphic method for clinical evaluation and research.
Isolation of Mycoplasma meleagridis from Free‐ranging Birds of Prey in Germany
Authors: Lierz M. , Schmidt R. , Brunnberg L. , Runge M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn this study tracheal swabs and air sac biopsies of 68 raptors of different species that were found injured or debilitated in Germany were investigated for the occurrence of mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma meleagridis, Mycoplasma falconis, Mycoplasma buteonis, Mycoplasma gypis and five mycoplasma isolates not identified so far could be isolated from 32 (47 %) birds. Mycoplasma meleagridis could be detected in five birds. These birds did not show clinical signs or histopathological alterations in air sac biopsies related to the infection.