bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXTERNAL VERSION IN THE RHESUS NEGATIVE WOMAN
Authors: Murray J. , Dewhurst C. J. , Archer G. D. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA study was made of 347 rhesus negative women with no antibodies who gave birth to a rhesus positive baby and were given 250 μg. of anti‐D gamma globulin within 48 hours of delivery; in 36 of the patients attempts at external version had been made during pregnancy. Four patients were found to have antibodies at six months or more after delivery and in none of them had external version been attempted. Thirteen patients in the external version group had a further rhesus positive baby without developing antibodies during pregnancy.
PLASMA β‐MELANOCYTE‐STIMULATING HORMONE LEVELS IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Thody A. J. , Plummer N. A. , Burton J. L. , Hytten F. E. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryPlasma β‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (β‐MSH) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 10 women during the last trimester of normal pregnancy and in 21 women 40 to 95 days after delivery. It is concluded that β‐MSH cannot account for the increased circulating melanocyte‐stimulating activity that has previously been found in pregnancy when bioassays were used.
MATERNAL SERUM SIALOMUCINS DURING AND AFTER NORMAL PREGNANCY
Authors: Good W. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThis report presents a detailed evaluation of the role of maternal serum sialomucins, determined as seromucoid, in normal pregnancy. These substances effectively block the maternal recognition of fetal antigens in first and possibly second, but not in third or subsequent pregnancies. They act not only at the fetomaternal interface itself, but also at trophoblast deported to the maternal vascular system. It is suggested that maternal sialomucins generate a polyelectrolyte hydrogel at trophoblastic surfaces, and that an immunologically non‐specific mechanism which depends on the establishment of stable hydration structures could account for the masking of fetal antigens. Attention is drawn to inverse relationships between serum sialomucin levels and thymolymphatic activity, both during and after pregnancy. These relationships suggest that maternal sensitization to fetal antigens normally occurs after the fourth puerperal week following the first pregnancy, and that a second pregnancy may be necessary to establish full maternal sensitization.
RUPTURE OF AN ENDOMETRIOTIC CYST IN LATE PREGNANCY
Authors: Anderson Mary , Edmond R. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA case of rupture of an endometriotic cyst in late pregnancy is reported. This is a rare problem giving rise to an acute abdomen with a clinical picture similar to abruptio placentae. Points in differential diagnosis and management are discussed normal ovary. There would seem to be no justification for immediate radical surgery in such cases.
EVALUATION OF LAPAROSCOPIC STERILIZATION USING A SPRING‐LOADED CLIP
Authors: Lieberman B. A. , Bostock J. F. , Anderson M. C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryLaparoscopic sterilization using a Hulka‐Clemens spring‐loaded clip has been evaluated. Application of the clip to the Fallopian tubes is easy and quick. It causes minimal discomfort and can be done under local anaesthesia. It therefore has a place in the field of population control. Only 3 mm. of Fallopian tube are altered by the clip and the chances of successful tubal reanastamosis or reimplantation is increased in the rare instance when required.
THE EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS LUMBAR EPIDURAL ANALGESIA UPON FETAL ACID‐BASE STATUS DURING THE SECOND STAGE OF LABOUR
Authors: Pearson James F. , Davies Paul 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe effect of continuous lumbar epidural analgesia on fetal acid‐base status in the second stage of labour was investigated. It was found that during the conventionally managed second stage of labour the mother and fetus became progressively acidotic. Although the administration of an epidural block with suppression of the bearing‐down reflex prevented the progressive maternal metabolic acidosis, a cumulative fetal metabolic acidosis was still observed. The possible causes of these findings are briefly discussed.
HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN LEVELS IN AMNIOTIC FLUID IN RHESUS ISOIMMUNIZATION
Authors: Niven P. A. R. , Ward R. H. T. , Chard T. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryHuman placental lactogen (HPL) levels were measured in the amniotic fluid of 56 patients with rhesus isoimmunization. The more severe the disease the higher were the levels attained and the earlier in pregnancy did the rise occur. Levels above 1μg./ml. at any stage of pregnancy suggested an unfavourable outcome for the fetus, while levels less than 0.7μg./ml. after the 28th week of pregnancy indicated a favourable outcome. There was no relationship between the concentration of HPL in amniotic fluid, and the volume of amniotic fluid and there was thus no need to correct HPL levels for amniotic fluid volume. It is concluded that HPL estimations in amniotic fluid are a useful adjunct to other tests in the management of rhesus isoimmunization.
PLASMA PROGESTERONE ESTIMATION IN INFERTILE WOMEN AND IN WOMEN UNDER TREATMENT WITH CLOMIPHENE AND CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: Radwanska Ewa , Swyer G. I. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryPlasma progesterone levels were measured by a competitive protein‐binding method in 170 infertile women, of whom 103 were menstruating and 67 were undergoing treatment for anovulatory conditions. The group of menstruating patients was divided into two sub‐groups according to the predominant aetiological factors discovered. Thirty‐three women with obvious non‐hormonal causes of infertility (tubal occlusion or infertile husbands) had mid‐luteal plasma progesterone levels (mean 15.8 ng./ml.) which were significantly higher than those of 70 women without such non‐hormonal factors (mean 11.3 ng./ml.). Forty‐two patients with plasma progesterone levels of less than 10 ng./ml. underwent treatment with HCG or clomiphene or clomiphene and HCG. All these forms of therapy resulted in an approximate two‐fold increase of plasma progesterone concentration, but the best results, in terms of frequency of conception, were obtained by the administration of clomiphene and HCG. In the group of anovulatory patients ovulation was believed to have been induced successfully by clomiphene, or clomiphene and HCG in 57 patients. By monitoring the response to treatment and adjusting the dose, “normal” ovulation, as reflected by plasma progesterone levels, was induced in most instances. Nine pregnancies occurred in 31 patients on clomiphene (45 cycles of treatment) and 16 pregnancies in 29 patients on clomiphene and HCG (60 cycles of treatment). Analysis of the conception cycles revealed that pregnancies occur, with rare exceptions, only during cycles with normal plasma progesterone levels. Defective ovulation and luteal insufficiency as detected by plasma progesterone determination probably play a significant role in infertility and can be corrected in many cases by the preovulatory stimulation of ovarian function.
LUTEINIZING HORMONE, OESTRADIOL, AND PROGESTERONE LEVELS IN THE SERUM OF MENSTRUATING THAI WOMEN
Authors: Saxena Badri N. , Dusitsin Nikorn , Poshyachinda Vichai , Smith Ian 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe levels in serum of luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone (P) and oestradiol (E2) during the menstrual cycle have been established in Caucasian women but not in Asian women. In a preliminary study, measurements were made of LH, P and E2 in aliquots of daily serum samples collected throughout the menstrual cycle in a selected group of six healthy Thai women. The patterns of LH, P and E2 in five subjects suggested ovulatory cycles and appeared to be similar to those observed by other investigators in Caucasian women. In two of our subjects, the progesterone levels during the follicular phase were found to be higher than those observed in Caucasian women which suggested either the presence of very marked inter‐cyclic variations for progesterone secretion or an abnormal progesterone metabolism. Our sixth subject with a “short luteal phase”, showed the levels and patterns of LH and P similar to those observed in five “normal” ovulatory cycles. However, the E2 levels were lower during the mid‐cycle and mid‐luteal phases.
SIMULTANEOUS INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF PROSTAGLANDIN E2 (PGE2) AND OXYTOCIN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INTRAUTERINE DEATH OF THE FETUS, MISSED ABORTION AND HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
Authors: Naismith W. C. M. K. , Barr Wallace 
Published: August 2005

SummaryProstaglandin E2 (PGE2) and oxytocin were given simultaneously by intravenous infusion to 28 patients with a missed abortion, 5 patients with a hydatidiform mole and 17 patients at or after 28 weeks gestation with intrauterine death (IUD) of the fetus. There were no failures of induction although a repeat infusion was necessary in 2 patients, and 20 of the 33 induced abortions were incomplete. The average induction to delivery interval for all cases was less than 10 hours. Pyrexia developed in one‐third of the patients. There were no other undesirable side effects.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MENOPAUSAL VASOMOTOR SYMPTOMS AND GONADOTROPHIN EXCRETION IN URINE AFTER OOPHORECTOMY
Authors: Aitken J. M. , Davidson A. , England P. , Govan A. D. T. , Hart D. M. , Kelly Anne , Lindsay R. , Moffatt Ann 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe prevalence of menopausal vasomotor symptoms was assessed in 190 women seen for the first time at various intervals after oophorectomy. Urinary gonadotrophin excretion was measured and the vasomotor symptoms were assessed in 119 patients who were seen again at least one year after being given prescriptions for two tablets daily of either 20 μg. of mestranol or placebo. The prevalence of symptoms decreased with the elapse of time after oophorectomy and showed a significant inverse correlation with urinary gonadotrophin excretion. Mestranol therapy caused a significant reduction in both the prevalence of symptoms and urinary gonadotrophin excretion. Therapeutic failures were usually the result of inadequate medication. It is suggested that menopausal vasomotor symptoms and gonadotrophin excess both reflect hypothalamic‐pituitary dysfunction and are not otherwise causally related.
SPINAL CORD INJURY OF THE FETUS DURING DELIVERY WITH KIELLAND'S FORCEPS
Authors: Pridmore B. R. , Hey E. N. , Aherne W. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA patient, whose membranes had been ruptured for 60 hours, was delivered at term by Kiellanďs forceps rotation under general anaesthesia of a baby with complete spinal paralysis below C.2. No amniotic fluid was seen during labour or delivery. Although there were no external signs of trauma to the cord or spine at autopsy, sections of the cord revealed interstitial haemorrhage with laceration and oedema at the level of C.2. This damage may have been caused by failure of the trunk to rotate with the head in the absence of amniotic fluid.
CALCIUM METABOLISM IN PREGNANCY AND IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Watney P. J. M. , Rudd B. T. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryVarious aspects of calcium metabolism were studied in Negro, Caucasian and Asian mothers and their infants. There was an increase in circulating parathyroid hormone in pregnancy and umbilical cord plasma levels were usually as high as those in maternal plasma at delivery indicating that parathyroid hormone crossed the placental barrier. This increase in circulating parathyroid hormone probably reflects calcium depletion of the mother by the fetus and was most marked in women whose diet had a low vitamin D, low calcium and high phytic acid phosphorus content. Transient neonatal hypocalcaemia was most common in the infants of Asian women, even when these were breast fed, and it was these women whose antenatal serum calcium, phosphorus and heat labile alkaline phosphatase values suggested that they had maximum parathyroid stimulation. Bakwin (1937) suggested that high circulating levels of parathyroid hormone cause hypoplasia of the fetal parathyroid glands with a fall of serum calcium in the neonatal period; our results support this theory.
THE FORMATION OF HL‐A ANTIBODIES IN PREGNANCY. THE ANTIGENICITY OF ABORTED AND TERM FETUSES
Authors: Burke Jeanne , Johansen Karl 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA total of 1201 maternal sera obtained before 20 weeks gestation were screened for lymphocytotoxic antibodies directed against HL‐A antigens. Their incidence was 10 per cent in primigravidae, 17 per cent in the second and 22 per cent in third or subsequent pregnancies. Among secundigravidae, strong antibodies were found more often in women having had one live birth (14 per cent), than in those having had only a single abortion (5.6 per cent). It was concluded that the antigenic stimulus from a pregnancy ending in abortion is very weak compared with that of one which goes to term. The relationships between antibody formation and habitual abortion and grande multiparity were explored inconclusively.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN CATGUT AND POLYGLYCOLIC ACID SUTURES IN EPISIOTOMY REPAIR
Authors: Livingstone E. , Simpson D. , Naismith W. C. M. K. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryEither catgut or polyglycolic acid sutures (“Dexon”) were randomly selected for the repair of episiotomies in 100 patients. Significantly less postpartum perineal pain and oedema occurred when polyglycolic acid sutures were used.
CONCENTRATIONS OF PROSTAGLANDIN F2α IN AMNIOTIC FLUID AND PLASMA IN SPONTANEOUS AND INDUCED LABOURS
Authors: Hillier Keith , Calder Andrew A. , Embrey M. P. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryConcentrations of prostaglandins Fα (PGF2α plus PGF1α) have been measured in terms of PGF2α equivalents by specific radioimmunossay in serial samples of amniotic fluid and peripheral plasma from five patients with spontaneous onset of labour, five induced by amniotomy followed by intravenous oxytocin and six by amniotomy followed by intravenous prostaglandin E2. The mean PGFα concentration in amniotic fluid at amniotomy in patients not in labour was 0.68±0.2 (S.D.) ng./ml. After three to four hours stimulation with oxytocin or PGE2, the concentration was 0.76±0.7 ng./ml. This value is significantly lower (p<0.05) than the concentration in the first amniotic fluid sample taken from patients in spontaneous labour (2.34±l.7) ng./ml., despite uterine activity being tocographically greater in the former patients. In patients labouring spontaneously a transient decline was noted in amniotic fluid PGFα from 2.5±l.6 at amniotomy to 0.79±0.6 ng./ml. in the subsequent sample. A rise in amniotic fluid PGFα concentrations was noted in all patients during the course of labour but the extent of the increase was variable reaching 0.8 to 30 ng./ml.; in four of six patients in whom amniotic fluid sampling was continued during the second stage a further rise in PGFα occurred.Peripheral plasma levels of PGFα did not increase during labour.
THE EFFECT UPON THE FETUS OF AN OXYTOCIN INFUSION IN THE ABSENCE OF UTERINE HYPERTONUS
Authors: Weaver Judith B. , Pearson James F. , Turnbull A. C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe effect of oxytocin administration by the Cardiff Infusion System upon fetal acid‐base balance and the continuous fetal heart rate pattern was measured in ten “Clinically Acceptable Ideal” multigravidae and ten controls. In the absence of uterine hypertonus oxytocin administration was not associated with evidence of fetal asphyxia during the first stage of labour.
ACTOMYOSIN CONTENT OF THE HUMAN PLACENTA
Authors: Michael Con 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe total soluble protein and the concentration of the contractile protein actomyosin were estimated in the human placenta at varying stages of gestation. As maturity and differentiation of the placenta occurred the proteins increased in concentration. The actomyosin was thought to be present in the smooth muscle fibres in the chorionic plate, and related to the placental vessel walls. The contractile property of the smooth muscle and the demonstration of contractile protein suggested that they play an active role in the dynamics of placental circulation.
THE VARIABILITY OF PLASMA OESTRADIOL CONCENTRATION IN LATE PREGNANCY
Authors: Chan Tanny , Klopper Arnold 
Published: August 2005

SummaryPlasma oestradiol concentration was measured daily in five normal subjects for five consecutive days during the third trimester of pregnancy. The overall co‐efficient of variation was 7.9 per cent for conjugated oestradiol, 7.2 per cent for the unconjugated steroid and 7.4 per cent for the total oestradiol. Single measurements were made in a further 30 women. Generally the conjugated and unconjugated steroid were present in equal amounts.
ADRENAL RESPONSE IN PREGNANCY TO LONG‐ACTING TETRACOSACTRIN
Authors: Johnstone F. D. , Campbell Stuart 
Published: August 2005

SummaryPlasma 11‐hydroxycorticosteroid (11‐OHCS) values were studied before and after an intramuscular injection of 1 mg. of long‐acting tetracosactrin in 8 patients in the second trimester of pregnancy, 9 patients in the third trimester, and 10 non‐pregnant control patients. Resting values in patients in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy were similar and were significantly higher than the values in non‐pregnant patients. At 6 hours and 10 hours after a tetracosactrin injection the increase in plasma 11‐OHCS values was significantly greater in pregnant patients than in controls. The shape of the response curve in pregnancy was different to that of the controls; in the non‐pregnant patients there was a steep rise at 3 hours with a plateau from 6 hours onwards while in the pregnant patients there was a peak between 6 and 10 hours with a more rapid subsequent decline. Plasma oestriol levels were not influenced by changes in plasma cortisol. The response of plasma 11‐OHCS levels to an injection of long‐acting tetracosactrin is considered to be a safe, simple and effective method of assessing adrenal function in pregnancy.
EFFECT OF DEXAMETHASONE ON SERUM LEVELS OF HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN DURING THE LAST TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Ylikokkala O. , Kauppila A. , Tuimala R. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTwelve mothers were given orally 1.0 mg. of dexamethasone four times daily for 6 to 12 days during the last trimester of pregnancy. Serial serum human placental lactogen (HPL) determinations were made by radioimmunoassay before and during the treatment. Dexamethasone did not change the HPL level.
IMMEDIATE POST‐TERMINATION INSERTION OF COPPER 7 AND DALKON SHIELD INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES
Authors: Newton John , Elias Julian , Johnson Anthony 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe Copper 7 or Dalkon shield standard size intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) were inserted immediately following vaginal suction termination of pregnancy. A total of 121 patients was randomly selected for each device. The insertion of an IUCD at the time of termination did not increase the incidence of immediate complications. During the subsequent 12 months patients fitted with an IUCD at the time of termination had the same incidence of menstrual upsets, pregnancies, expulsions or removals of the IUCD as patients fitted with an IUCD in the non‐pregnant state. There was no difference in the complication rates of the two devices used at the time of termination.
THE RELATION BETWEEN SIZE AND PATHOGENICITY OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS
Authors: Winston R. M. L. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryVaginal trichomoniasis was found in 7.6 per cent of women admitted to medical and surgical wards of a general hospital. Three‐quarters of the infected patients had small trichomonads (average diameter less than 16μ), and half of these reported vaginal discharge and sometimes irritation; most of them had marked inflammatory changes in desquamated vaginal squamous cells. Patients infected with large trichomonads (16μ or more) were asymptomatic. During culture in vitro of small trichomonad strains for up to 30 days, the organisms present tended to become progressively larger and giant forms appeared. With large trichomonad strains there was some decrease in size during the first three days, but thereafter changes in the cultures resembled those seen in cultures derived from small strains. After prolonged culture, size and morphology of organisms derived from small and large strains became identical. Patients with carcinoma in situ of the cervix and vaginal trichomoniasis tended to harbour small trichomonads.
INFLUENCE OF α‐MELANOCYTE‐STIMULATING HORMONE (α‐MSH), GROWTH HORMONE (GH) AND FETAL BRAIN EXTRACTS ON INTRAUTERINE GROWTH OF FETUS AND PLACENTA IN THE RAT
Authors: Honnebier W. J. , Swaab D. F. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn order to determine what factors of the fetal hypothalamo‐hypophysial system can stimulate fetal body and placental growth, various compounds were tested. Fetal brain extracts, α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) and growth hormone (GH) were injected directly into 19‐day‐old intact or brain‐aspirated rat fetuses. Fetal and placental weight were determined on day 21. In addition, the effects of the operation and injection procedure itself on fetal and placental weight were established.Increased placental weight was produced in brain‐aspirated fetuses by α‐MSH or GH, and in intact fetuses by GH and fetal brain extracts. Increased fetal weight was produced by α‐MSH in brain‐aspirated fetuses. These results suggest a possible role for GH and α‐MSH in placental growth, and for α‐MSH in fetal growth.
HUMAN SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION—IN UTERO INFLUENCES
Authors: Abramovich D. R. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryMeasurement of the plasma testosterone in fetuses of 12 to 18 weeks' gestation showed levels in the male fetus that were nine times those of the female but that the amounts in the male fetuses declined until at term there was no significant difference between the sexes. Maternal plasma levels rose during pregnancy but the fetal sex could not be ascertained from maternal levels. Preliminary evidence of steroid uptake by the fetal hypothalamus is presented. It is suggested that HCG is responsible for the differentiation of the male internal and external genitalia in the human because it seems to stimulate androgen production by the fetal testis.
THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS OESTROGEN INJECTIONS ON PLASMA HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN LEVELS
Authors: Niven P. A. R. , Buhi W. C. , Spellacy W. N. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryConjugated oestrogens (Premarin) or saline were injected intravenously into 45 women in late pregnancy, and plasma human placental lactogen (HPL) levels measured at frequent intervals for two hours thereafter. No significant changes were demonstrated in HPL levels. From these data it does not appear that oestrogens play a major role in the control of HPL secretion.
THE EFFECT OF FRUSEMIDE ON URIC ACID LEVELS IN MATERNAL BLOOD, FETAL BLOOD AND AMNIOTIC FLUID
Authors: Carswell W. , Semple P. F. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryConcurrent measurements of uric acid levels in maternal serum, fetal serum and amniotic fluid were made in 52 patients. The patients with pre‐eclampsia who were not on frusemide had higher uric acid levels in all fluids studied than did the untreated controls and frusemide increased the uric acid levels further in both types of patient. The potentially harmful effect on the fetus of high uric acid levels induced by frusemide should be considered. Raised levels of uric acid in amniotic fluid may invalidate the use of this measurement as an index of fetal maturity in patients who have pre‐eclampsia or who are on diuretics.