bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Curvature‐based internal structure analysis of pulmonary nodules using thoracic 3D CT images
Authors: Kawata Yoshiki , Niki Noboru , Ohmatsu Hironobu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn qualitative diagnosis for discrimination between malignant and benign pulmonary nodules, the features contributing to the morphologies of existing structures, such as the internal structure and peripheral characteristics of the nodules, pulmonary blood vessels and bronchi become important. In this paper, we will characterize the internal structure of pulmonary nodules in terms of 3D curvature by using thoracic 3D CT images, which present valuable information for qualitative diagnosis, and will describe a technique for distinguishing between benign and malignant nodules. The 3D curvature calculation uses the method of isointensity surfaces, and the image elements of the nodule interior are represented locally by CT values as well as by the shape index and curvedness obtained from the 3D curvature. From these histograms, benign and malignant nodules are globally characterized, allowing their discrimination. Results of screening by physicians, using the pulmonary nodules and the discrimination results obtained by the proposed technique, are compared by using ROC curves and the effectiveness of the proposed technique is shown. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(11): 9–19, 2001
Fault detection for IC board using histogram of thermography
Authors: Nishino Satoshi , Ohshima Kenji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a method for fault detection using the standard deviation of the histogram of the thermographic image of an entire board acquired by infrared camera. Another method proposed earlier by the authors requires as many measurements as the IC chips packed on the board; on the other hand, the new method reduces measurement effort by two orders of magnitude while maintaining the same level of accuracy. With this method applied to a high‐density VLSI board, fault detection becomes easier because the variation of the standard deviation in the case of a fault is accelerated by the influence of the faulty IC on neighbor chips and on the entire board. In addition, in terms of the efficiency index defined in terms of the number of measurements and the detection accuracy, the proposed method proves to outperform other techniques, thus offering accurate fault detection with small effort. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(11): 38–48, 2001
It is not how long it is, but how you make it long – waiting lines in a multi‐step service process
Authors: Fung K. K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAccurate signals are essential to ensure the integrity of the feedback mechanism in systems. But in a multi‐step service process such as a restaurant business, where the flow capacities of the service steps are not identical, visible signals may not indicate the true magnitude to which the system should respond. Specifically, the visible standing queue may not reflect the full length of the waiting line. And if potential customers cannot accurately judge the actual length of the waiting line, varying meal prices to regulate queue length would not be an effective feedback mechanism. Instead, queue length can be more effectively controlled by correctly identifying and widening the most binding bottleneck. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of carbon nitride coatings deposited by IR laser ablation in a remote nitrogen plasma atmosphere
Authors: Jama C. , Al khawwam A. , Loir A‐S. , Goudmand P. , Dessaux O. , Gengembre L. , Grimblot J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe reactive pulsed laser deposition technique was used to deposit carbon nitride (CNx) coatings on a silicon substrate. In this process, an infrared transversely excited atmospheric pressure CO2 laser ablation of a graphite target in a remote nitrogen plasma afterglow was used to provide simultaneously both carbon and nitrogen‐containing species. Evidence of different CN bonding configurations has been observed in the deposited coatings. For nitrogen pressures (P) of ≥700 Pa there is an increase in the contribution of sp2 carbon atoms that is associated with graphitization of the CNx coatings. For P increasing from zero to 100 Pa, the comparison between XPS core‐level and valence band spectra of the CNx coatings shows good correlation between the p‐derived states (C 2p electrons) of C–C π bonds in the valence band and the sp2 carbon atom concentration deduced from the C 1s spectra.The progressive positive contribution of nitrogen lone pair electrons to the valence band is consistent with the increase of the N–C sp3 contribution with P. The decrease in the sp2 carbon atom contribution is associated with the increase of the nitrogen concentration in the coatings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: II ISO 14237:2000—Surface chemical analysis—Secondary ion mass spectrometry—Determination of boron atomic concentration in silicon using uniformly doped materials
Authors: Homma Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis International Standard specifies a secondary ion mass spectrometric method for the determination of boron atomic concentration in single crystalline silicon using uniformly doped materials calibrated by a certified reference material implanted with boron. This method is applicable to uniformly doped boron in the concentration range 1 × 1016–1 × 1020 atoms cm−3. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual particle analysis for source apportionment of suspended particulate matter using electron probe microanalysis
Authors: Kim B. A. , Tomiyasu B. , Owari M. , Nihei Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSuspended particulate matter (SPM) has a complicated system of emission and transport, and a receptor model is required for apportioning the sources of SPM. We have developed a method for individual particle analysis as a method of source apportionment using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). In this method, elemental analysis of individual SPM particles is carried out using EPMA and the emission source of each is defined according to its x‐ray spectrum. When many particles are analysed, cluster analysis is used to classify particles based on the similarity of elemental composition. If this procedure were automated it could process data more rapidly, with little work required of an analyst. In this study, we examined different kinds of cluster analyses using the data obtained from real SPM samples to increase the reliability of cluster analysis as the method of data analysis for SPM source apportionment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The design and implementation of the Gecko NFS Web proxy
Authors: Baker Scott , Hartman John H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe World Wide Web uses a naming scheme (URLs), transfer protocol (HTTP), and cache algorithms that are different from traditional network file systems. This makes it impossible for unmodified Unix applications to access the Web; as a result, the Web is only accessible to special Web‐enabled applications. Gecko bridges the gap between Web‐enabled applications and conventional applications, allowing any unmodified Unix application to access the Web. We developed two prototypes of the Gecko system at the University of Arizona and incorporated the many lessons learned from the first into the second. Minimizing the amount of state was a key goal of the Gecko redesign and the second prototype uses a unique compression technique to reduce server state. Experiments performed on the prototype show that Gecko not only makes the Web accessible to unmodified applications, but does so at a performance that meets or exceeds that of HTTP. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enriching the model‐building phase of soft systems methodology
Authors: Bergvall‐Kåreborn Birgitta 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSoft Systems Methodology (SSM) has been criticized for its tendency to result in regulatory, rather than radical, agendas for change. It has also been argued that when stressing the difference between different Weltanschauungs SSM takes them at face value and does not investigate the similarities between them or seek an explanation for this in terms of the structure of society. The aim of the paper is to address these critical comments made towards SSM by incorporating a concept called qualifying function as a conceptual tool for modelling and design. The concept has the potential to help people in a particular problem situation to view the situation from new and different perspectives. It also has the potential to enrich the conceptual models by directing the transformation process. Finally, it provides an alternative technique for model validation by relating the root definition and the conceptual model closer together. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Image‐guided breast biopsy
Authors: King Tari A. , Fuhrman George M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractImage‐guided breast biopsy has become an attractive alternative to wire‐localized excisional biopsy to evaluate women with nonpalable abnormalities detected by breast imaging. We have organized a database from our institution that includes over 3,500 procedures. We have reviewed our institutional results and the literature pertaining to image‐guided breast biopsy. Discussed in this review are the indications and contraindications for image‐guided biopsy, common techniques employed, accuracy based on pathology, reimbursement issues, and the multidisciplinary approach used at our institution. The results of our review affirm our position that image‐guided breast biopsy is the preferred technique to evaluate women with nonpalpable breast imaging abnormalities. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:197–205, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Review of Some Rigorous Software Design and Analysis Tools
Authors: Sheldon Frederick , Xie Gaoyan , Pilskalns Orest , Zhou Zhihe 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe increasing maturity of formal methods cannot be attributed to only the formal notations and methodologies that are accessible to system designers. The development of powerful software tools that apply and facilitate the use of these notations and methodologies effectively has been crucial. In this paper, FREDERICK SHELDON, GAOYAN XIE, OREST PILSKALNS and ZHIHE ZHOU survey some well‐known software tools that have been deployed and used by both academic and industrial sections for rigorous design and analysis. The software tools are categorized by both the notations and methodologies, upon which they are based. We mainly discuss the tools' underlying formal methods, achievements and scope of applicability. We finish with the future trend of the development of such software tools. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A positron‐emitter labeled glycineB site antagonist, [11C]L‐703,717, preferentially binds to a cerebellar NMDA receptor subtype consisting of GluR ϵ3 subunit in vivo, but not in vitro
Authors: Haradahira Terushi , Okauchi Takashi , Maeda Jun , Zhang Ming‐Rong , Kida Takayo , Kawabe Kouichi , Mishina Masayoshi , Watanabe Yasuyoshi , Suzuki Kazutoshi , Suhara Tetsuya 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn previous studies, we have found that [11C]L‐703,717, a positron‐emitter labeled antagonist for the glycine‐binding site of NMDA receptors, only localizes in rodent cerebellum under in vivo conditions. In order to understand the unusual cerebellar localization, we have examined the binding of [11C]L‐703,717 to a cerebellar‐specific NMDA receptor subtype consisting of GLuRϵ3 subunit, by comparing its autoradiographic distributions between GluRϵ3‐deficient and wild‐type mice. Ex vivo [11C]L‐703,717 binding to wild‐type mice showed a highly specific localization of radioactivity in the cerebellum, whereas that to the GluRϵ3‐deficient mice showed no specific localization of radioactivity in any of the brain regions. In contrast to the ex vivo binding, in vitro [11C]L‐703,717 binding displayed a similar binding characteristic between GluRϵ3‐deficient and wild‐type mice with highly specific localizations in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Therefore, the present study clearly demonstrated that [11C]L‐703,717 preferentially binds to a cerebellar NMDA receptor subtype consisting of GluRϵ3 subunit in vivo, but not in vitro. Synapse 43:131–133, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reciprocal synaptic relationships between angiotensin II‐containing neurons and enkephalinergic neurons in the rat area postrema
Authors: Guan Jian‐Lian , Wang Qing‐Ping , Lu Shuang , Shioda Seiji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA preembedding double immunostaining technique was used to study synaptic relationships between angiotensin‐II‐like immunoreactive and enkephalin‐like immunoreactive neurons in the rat area postrema. The angiotensin‐II‐like immunoreactive neurons were detected by silver‐gold intensification of the DAB reaction results while the enkephalin‐like immunoreactive neurons were detected by simple ABC‐DAB reaction. The synaptic relationships were reciprocal between the two neurons. Most of the synapses found between these two neurons were the presynaptic enkephalin‐like immunoreactive axon terminals that made synapses on the angiotensin‐II‐like immunoreactive perikarya and dendrites. Both the axo‐somatic and axo‐dendritic synapses were symmetrical. However, although angiotensin‐II‐like immunoreactive axon terminals also made synapses on enkephalin‐like perikarya and dendrites, the axo‐somatic synapses were symmetrical, while the axo‐dendritic synapses were asymmetrical. The present results confirm the presence of angiotensin‐II‐like immunoreactive neurons in the area postrema and suggest that these angiotensinergic neurons in the area postrema may play a role in the regulation of blood pressure via coordinated synaptic interactions with enkephalinergic neurons. Synapse 41:112–117, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Learning and improvement in product innovation processes: Enabling behaviors
Authors: Gieskes Jose F.B. , Langenberg Ilse 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProduct Innovation is described as a continuous and cross‐functional process involving all stages in the product life cycle. This approach gives way to study product innovation processes from a continuous improvement and learning viewpoint. The Continuous Improvement in the global product MAnagement (CIMA) model describes learning and improvement within product innovation processes in terms of a number of interrelated variables: (improvement) performances, behaviors, and levers to stimulate learning and improvement, contingencies, and learning/innovation capabilities. At the Research & Development Department of THOMSON‐CSF SIGNAAL the model was used to assess its current practices with regard to learning and improvement in product innovation processes. The results validate efforts on current and past improvement actions and provide additional insight into the past, current, and future situation. Explicit use of levers that relate to the transfer of knowledge within the product innovation process, such as the formalization and explicit deployment of the emerging strategy, innovation process definition, project planning and control, and human resource management policies, will increase improvement and learning. The recommendations are used to enhance current CMM‐based improvement plans and expand implementation plans. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 4: 134–144, 2001
Probabilistic structural damage assessment and control based on energy approach
Authors: Wong K. K. F. , Wang Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes a probabilistic method for assessing the seismic damage to structures based on both plastic rotation and plastic energy. Four basic features of this method are: (1) the incorporation of the state space method and force analogy method in inelastic dynamic analysis; (2) the exact quantification of the overall plastic energy and individual plastic energy dissipated at each plastic hinge; (3) the definition of damage model with both the monotonic and cyclic damage extremes; and (4) the probabilistic expression of the structural damage indices. An example of a ten‐storey moment‐resisting steel frame is presented to demonstrate the practical application of the proposed procedure. Optimal linear control is applied to improve the structural performance. Responses and energies at selected plastic hinges arising from 28 earthquake ground motions are compared, and statistical characteristic values of these variables are computed. Finally, comparisons are made between the drift ratio and failure probability of the proposed local damage index. Results show that active control can reduce plastic rotation and plastic energy, therefore reducing the damage. In addition, this study shows that using the drift ratio alone is inadequate to predict damage on certain occasions, and the proposed damage index is a more rational measure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Possible prevention by abieslactone of development of diethylnitrosamine‐initiated GST‐P positive foci in the rat liver
Authors: Iwai Shuji , Wei Min , Morimura Keiichirou , Wanibuchi Hideki , Tanaka Reiko , Matsunaga Shunyo , Yoshitake Akira , Seki Shuichi , Fukushima Shoji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTriterpenoid compounds, isolated from plants of Abies genus (Pinceae), are known to exert anti‐tumor promotion activities in mouse skin carcinogenesis. In the present study, we investigated whether AVB‐1 and acid and acid methyl ester derivatives have inhibitory effects on rat hepatocarcinogenesis by using a liver medium‐term bioassay for carcinogens (Ito’s test), immunohistochemically assessing the numbers and areas per cm2 of preneoplastic lesions, glutathione S‐transferase placental form (GST‐P)‐positive foci. In experiment 1, 6‐week‐old male Fisher 344 rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg b.w.) and subjected to two‐thirds partial hepatectomy at week 3. From weeks 2 to 8, the compounds were given three times a week at a dose of 1 mg/kg b.w. by i.g. gavage and found to significantly decrease the number of GST‐P‐positive foci in the liver. In experiment 2, AVB‐1 was given three times a week at doses of 3, 1, or 0.3 mg/kg b.w. by i.g. gavage from weeks 2 to 8. All doses of AVB‐1 significantly decreased the numbers of GST‐P‐positive foci. Thus, our results suggest that AVB‐1 is a chemopreventive agent for rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:223–229, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The changing competitive landscape of retail banking in the e‐commerce age
Authors: Wright April 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Internet and e‐commerce have changed the competitive landscape of retail banking by eroding the
barriers to entry created by physical branch networks and by increasing the commoditization of banking products and
services. Retail banking was historically the domain of deposit‐taking retail banks, credit unions, and
building societies. These banks now face competition from Internet‐only banks, branded non‐financial
firms, multinationals such as universal bancassurers, and other specialist technology providers. This study
outlines strategies that traditional banks can use to reconfigure their value chains in order to survive in the new
competitive landscape. Strategies include outsourcing Internet technology (IT) functions, forming
alliances with technology providers and competitors, becoming a global player or a product manufacturer, and
focusing on niche markets. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using scanning electron microscopy for statistical characterization of the diameter and shape of airborne particles at an urban location
Authors: Franck Ulrich , Herbarth Olf 
Published: August 2002

AbstractParticles in the air are characterized not only by their effective diameters but by their shapes as well. In this study electron microscopy was used to provide detailed information about individual particles, including diameter and shape. Following image analysis, statistical methods were used to describe diameter and shape distribution. From using this technique for repeated measuring at a particular location an interesting finding was made: the diameter and shape factor distributions had a constant nature. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 98–104, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10037
Assessment of toxicity and mutagenicity in air particulate matter from an urban industrial area in the coast of the Rio de la Plata
Authors: Müller Andrea , Alzuet Pablo , Herbarth Olf , Ronco Alicia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChemical characterization and effects assessment of semivolatile organic compounds in organic extracts from air particulate matter from the region of the greater La Plata area was undertaken. Effects covered the study of mutagenicity with the Ames test (Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98 strains with metabolic activation by S9) and cytotoxicity using the Tetrahymena pyriformis test system (growth rate, cell volume, and cell respiration). Chemical analysis of organic extracts was done using gas chromatography. Results demonstrate the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the matrix, high mutagenicity, and cytotoxicity. A higher mutagenic activity detected with TA98 and TA100 strains is associated with an increment of total PAH and total five or six ring PAH content, respectively. Linked with it, a PAH dependent toxicity on Tetrahymena pyriformis has been observed. This cell system proved to be very sensitive. From the results obtained with the cell respiration assay with T. pyriformis it appears that uncoupling agents are present in the samples. The results of this study indicate that air particulate matter from the Rio de La Plata area contains significant genotoxic and cytotoxic activity probably due to the presence of PAHs. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 151–157, 2001
Silica sand as an artificial control sediment in a 20 day Neanthes arenaceodentata toxicity test
Authors: Mcdonald Blair G. , Haynes Patricia A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe use of artificial control sediments in toxicity tests offers several advantages over field‐collected control sediments, especially for laboratory‐cultured organisms such as Neanthes arenaceodentata. Ten side‐by‐side trials were conducted using a field‐collected sediment from West Beach, Whidbey Island, Washington State, USA and an artificial sediment composed of a silica quartz sand commonly used for masonry applications. After a 20‐d exposure to sediment and clean overlying seawater, a similar biological response (as measured by the final average individual dry weight of Neanthes) was observed. The average individual dry weight was 14.77±3.83 and 14.70±3.57 mg/worm for the artificial and field‐collected negative controls, respectively. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 172–176, 2001