bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CONDITIONS OF DIETARY HEPATIC INJURY (NECROSIS, CIRRHOSIS) IN RATS
Authors: György Paul , Goldblatt Harry 
Published: June 2004

Experimental dietary hepatic injury (diffuse or focal necrosis and cirrhosis in rats, with or without ascites and pleural and pericardial effusion) is determined by the dietary factors instrumental also in the production of fat infiltration of the liver and thus opposed to the lipotropic activity of casein. Accordingly, rats maintained on a diet low in casein with a moderately high or high content of fat and without choline regularly exhibited hepatic injury after between 100 and 150 days. Supplements of l-cystine had an aggravating effect on the production of cirrhosis of the liver, whereas a supplement of choline alone reduced the severity and the incidence of hepatic injury, although not decisively. The combined administration of l-cystine plus choline or of dl-methionine in adequate doses, however, proved to be highly effective in preventing injury to the liver.
These conclusions have been corroborated by the use of different modifications of the basal diet.
Rats with dietary hepatic injury exhibit, in sequence, changes that vary from diffuse necrosis resembling human acute or subacute yellow atrophy to advanced portal cirrhosis.
Diffuse necrotizing nephrosis was a frequent accompaniment of the hepatic injury. Cystine again, proved to be a factor which aggravated this condition.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION OF THE SULFONAMIDE DRUGS
Authors: Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

The following observations have been made which substantiate the theory that the sulfonamide drugs used in the treatment of bacterial infections exert their bacteriostatic effect by competing with the essential metabolite, p-amino-benzoic acid, for an important enzyme site on the bacterial cell.
1. p-Aminobenzoic acid was shown to nullify the bacteriostatic effect of all of the six sulfonamide compounds studied even though the drugs exhibited marked differences in chemical structure.
2. The bacteriostatic potency of each sulfonamide drug was found to be directly proportional to its ability to counteract the antibacteriostatic action of p-aminobenzoic acid.
3. In the case of each drug tested over a wide range of concentrations the minimum amount of p-aminobenzoic acid needed to prevent bacteriostasis was such that the ratio of p-aminobenzoic acid to drug was constant.
4. The linear relationship between p-aminobenzoic acid and drug was interpreted as indicating the competitive inhibition of an essential enzyme reaction by a substance chemically related to the substrate. This interpretation was supported by the fact that the equation derived on purely theoretical grounds relating drug and acid expressed the same linear relationship as that observed experimentally.
COPPER AND COBALT RELATED HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION IN EXPERIMENTAL ANEMIA
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Copper added to a standard diet often effects a moderate increase in hemoglobin production in anemia due to blood loss. The copper response is quite irregular in contrast to the iron response. In these dogs there is no lack of copper held in reserve stores (liver and spleen) so the reaction is not related to an actual deficiency of the element. An effect upon enzyme complexes related to globin and hemoglobin production is to be considered.
Cobalt under similar conditions causes no stimulus to hemoglobin production, rather an inhibitory effect when more than minimal doses are given. The claim that cobalt causes a polycythemia in dogs receives no support from our experiments.
LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS IN THE SYRIAN HAMSTER
Authors: Smadel J. E. , Wall M. J. 
Published: June 2004

The virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis produces an intense systemic infection in Syrian hamsters with few if any clinical and pathological signs of disease. Specific soluble antigen is demonstrable in the spleen of infected animals until about the 14th day when antisoluble substance antibodies make their appearance. Circulating virus disappears after the 4th week and neutralizing antibodies are present in serum in detectable amounts shortly thereafter; both types of antibody persist for at least several months.
The viruses of St. Louis encephalitis and lymphocytic choriomeningitis can be concurrently passed in series in the brains of hamsters. The resultant disease is indistinguishable from that caused by the virus of St. Louis encephalitis alone.
THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL VAPOR ON MICROORGANISMS SUSPENDED IN AIR. I
Authors: Robertson O. H. , Bigg Edward , Puck Theodore T. , Miller Benjamin F. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Elizabeth A. Appell
Published: June 2004

It has been found that propylene glycol vapor dispersed into the air of an enclosed space produces a marked and rapid bactericidal effect on microorganisms introduced into such an atmosphere in droplet form. Concentrations of 1 gm. of propylene glycol vapor in two to four million cc. of air produced immediate and complete sterilization of air into which pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci, H. influenzae, and other microorganisms as well as influenza virus had been sprayed. With lesser concentrations of propylene glycol, rapid and marked reduction in the number of air-borne bacteria occurred, but complete sterilization of the air required a certain interval of time. Pronounced effects on both pneumococci and hemolytic streptococci were observed when concentrations as low as 1 gm. of glycol to fifty million cc. of air were employed.
Numerous control tests showed that failure of the glycol-treated microorganisms to grow on the agar plates was due to actual death of the bacteria. The means by which propylene glycol vapor produces its effect on droplet-borne bacteria is discussed and data relating the bactericidal properties of propylene glycol in vitro to the lethal action of its vapor is presented.
Atmospheres containing propylene glycol vapor are invisible, odorless, and non-irritating. This glycol is essentially non-toxic when given orally and intravenously. Tests on possible deleterious effects of breathing propylene glycol containing atmospheres over long periods of time are being carried out.
STUDIES IN RODENT POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Sanders Murray , Jungeblut Claus W. 
Published: June 2004

1. The murine virus may be grown in embryonic mouse brain-serum ultrafiltrate cultures. The virus fails to grow in embryonic chick tissue cultures or in fertilized egg preparations.
2. Some relationship can be demonstrated between the amount of nervous tissue and the infectivity of the culture.
3. Optimum titers of virus potency (10–6) can be obtained by adjusting the pH of the growing culture at 7.3 to 7.6.
4. A simple pH inactivation curve for virus alone and for virus when actively growing in tissue culture has been obtained.
5. The rate of virus propagation, as determined by potency tests in mice, has been established for cultures which were seeded with large or small amounts of virus. The murine virus "grows" relatively fast. The optimum titer for a large inoculum was reached in 19 hours, for a small inoculum in 72 hours.
6. With extended subcultivation in vitro the cultured virus shows a loss of infectivity for mice by peripheral injection. However, potency as determined by intracerebral injection remains constant.
7. Mice surviving inoculation of culture virus by routes other than intracerebral acquire a relative resistance to reinfection with mouse passage virus.
8. The murine culture virus passes without difficulty through collodion membranes with an A.P.D. of 30 mµ. Its particle size may therefore be estimated as lying between 10 to 15 mµ.
9. On a basis of in vitro activity and cross infection, the murine culture virus is distinct from the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis.
10. Murine culture virus may be used as an interfering agent to block infection with poliomyelitis virus in monkeys. The interaction between the two viruses seems to be quantitatively limited. Such interference, with the present potency of culture virus, operates effectively only against comparatively small doses of monkey virus.
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES AS A CAUSE OF ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE IN RATS (WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE VITAMIN B2 COMPLEX)
Authors: Calder Royall M. 
Published: June 2004

The effects of dietary deficiencies on the blood pressure of rats were studied, with especial reference to vitamin B deficiencies. A deficiency of the entire vitamin B complex was followed by a slight fall in blood pressure. A deficiency of only thse heat-stable fractions was followed by a significant and persistent rise in pressure, which could be reversed by restoring these factors to the diet. Partial deficiencies were followed by a higher rise of blood pressure than were complete deficiencies, perhaps because of the debilitating effects of the latter.
Even an excessive intake of the heat-stable fractions of the vitamin B complex did not prevent entirely a rise of pressure if the diet was otherwise deficient. Under the latter conditions, the rise in pressure was slower and less marked than in those animals with a deficiency of the vitamin B2 complex only. It therefore appears that, while a deficiency of the vitamin B2 complex plays a dominant rôle in causing a rise of blood pressure in rats, other dietary factors as yet undefined are also involved. From analogy with other deficiency states, it is possible that thsese undefined nutritional factors cause their effects by interfering with absorption and utilization of the vitamin B2 complex.
SELECTIVE "STAINING" FOR ELECTRON MICROGRAPHY
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Anderson Thomas F. 
Published: June 2004

The physical basis of contrast and image formation in electron micrography is considered in relation to the possibility of recording selective chemical effects on cell components. A technology of selective microchemical analysis, equivalent to differential staining, is suggested as practicable in electron micrography.
Electron pictures of bacteria after exposure to salts of heavy metals have shown the bacterial inner protoplasm, but not the cell walls, to be selectively darkened; shrinkage, coagulation, or escape of protoplasm from the injured cells may result and be recorded in the electron micrographs.
Recording of the action of germicidal agents on individual bacterial cells is indicated as one promising field of application of microchemical analysis with the aid of the electron microscope.
RADIOACTIVE IRON ABSORPTION IN CLINICAL CONDITIONS: NORMAL, PREGNANCY, ANEMIA, AND HEMOCHROMATOSIS
Authors: Balfour W. M. , Hahn P. F. , Bale W. F. , Pommerenke W. T. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Radio iron is a tool which makes iron absorption studies quite accurate in dogs and reasonably satisfactory in human beings. This method is vastly superior to others previously used.
Normal human pregnancy without significant anemia may show active radio iron absorption—16 to 27 per cent of iron intake. The pregnant woman as a rule shows 2 to 10 times the normal absorption of radio iron.
Diseased states in which iron stores are known to be very abundant—pernicious anemia, hemochromatosis, familial icterus, and Mediterranean anemia —show very little absorption, probably less than normal. This is in spite of a severe anemia in all conditions except hemochromatosis.
Chronic infections in spite of anemia show no utilization of radio iron, whether it may be absorbed or not.
Leukemia shows little utilization of radio iron in red cells in spite of absorption (autopsy), probably because of white cells choking the red marrow.
Polycythemia shows very low values for iron absorption as do normal persons. Two pregnant women showed only normal iron absorption.
We believe that reserve stores of iron in the body, rather than anemia, control iron absorption. This control is exerted upon the gastro-intestinal mucosa which can refuse or accept iron under various conditions.
STUDIES IN RODENT POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Feiner Rose R. , Sanders Murray 
Published: June 2004

1. Murine SK poliomyelitis virus has been transferred from mouse to guinea pig with the establishment of a fixed strain of cavian passage virus.
2. The disease thus produced in guinea pigs is characterized by the occurrence of flaccid paralysis. Typical poliomyelitic lesions are found in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.
3. Guinea pigs are susceptible to infection with murine virus by the intracerebral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous route; cavian passage virus produces paralysis only upon intracerebral or intravenous injection. Neither virus paralyzes guinea pigs by feeding or nasal instillation.
4. The potency of the virus (murine or cavian) in guinea pigs is considerably lower than in mice and compares with the titer of the original SK strain in monkeys. In paralyzed guinea pigs the virus is found only in the central nervous system and not in extraneural sites, such as blood or abdominal viscera.
5. Attempts to cultivate cavian passage virus in tissue culture have yielded evidence of some in vitro propagation but no passage virus has as yet been obtained by this method.
6. Cross neutralization tests with cavian passage virus in guinea pigs and with murine virus in mice have established the serological identity of the two viruses. Inactivation of cavian passage virus in guinea pigs by poliomyelitis-convalescent monkey sera is irregular. Complete neutralization has been obtained with a concentrated poliomyelitis horse serum.
7. Resistance to reinfection with potent virus can be demonstrated in convalescent guinea pigs as well as in guinea pigs which have survived a symptomless infection with either murine or cavian virus. This immunity is demonstrable by the power of the serum of such animals to neutralize the virus in vitro and by the ability of nerve tissue to dispose in vivo of the infectious agent.
8. Cavian passage virus has a limited pathogenicity for rhesus monkeys. Of a total of 35 monkeys injected intracerebrally with guinea pig passage virus 26 failed to respond with any manifest symptoms of disease; 8 monkeys showed various signs of definite involvement of the central nervous system consisting of tremor, convulsions, facial palsy, and localized pareses; 1 monkey developed typical flaccid paralysis.
9. Following injection with cavian virus the virus may be recovered from the tissues of normal monkeys but not from the tissues of convalescent monkeys shortly after a paralyzing attack of poliomyelitis due to SK or Aycock virus.
10. Immunization of monkeys with early cavian passage virus by the subcutaneous route has given no clear-cut evidence of protection against intracerebral reinfection with SK poliomyelitis virus. Neither has there been any evidence of effective interference in monkeys injected intravenously with early cavian passage virus and intracerebrally with RMV poliomyelitis virus.
11. The bearing of the experimental data upon the epidemiology of the human disease is discussed.
THE PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL TYPE I PNEUMOCOCCIC PNEUMONIA IN THE MONKEY
Authors: Loosli Clayton G. 
Published: June 2004

The pathogenesis of lobar consolidation and microscopic pathology of induced Type I pneumococcic pneumonia in a series of fourteen monkeys, killed at close intervals of time after infection, have been studied. The inflammatory process which resulted in consolidation was primarily intraalveolar and intrabronchial. The pneumococci spread within the air spaces as a result of the dissemination of the infected edema fluid directly from alveolus to alveolus through the pores of Kohn and from bronchiole to bronchiole as a result of repeated aspiration during breathing. The pneumonic process within the air spaces developed and progressed independently of the reaction in the interstitial tissues. The organisms spread to the interstitial tissue secondarily from the alveolar spaces. Once in the interstitial tissues they appeared to be the important source of infection producing bacteremia but not important in the mechanism by which consolidation was produced.
The exudate cells came chiefly from the blood. The large mononuclear cells which replaced the polymorphonuclear leucocytes were derived principally from the hypertrophy and transformation of lymphocytes and monocytes into macrophages after they entered the exudate in the early stages of the disease. The part the local septal cells played as the source of the macrophages could not be accurately determined. The reaction of the septal cells appeared to be chiefly one of swelling without detachment and occasional proliferation to form binucleated attached cells. To follow the transformation of the hematogenous mononuclear cells into macrophages in the exudate, the inflammatory reaction must be examined at frequent intervals during the first 36 hours of the disease.
The similarity of the pathogenesis of lobar consolidation in human pneumonia to that observed in the experimentally induced disease in monkeys and dogs was discussed.
STUDIES ON THE NUTRITION OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
Authors: Hoagland Charles L. , Ward S. M. , Gilder Helena , Shank Robert E. 
Published: June 2004

The metabolic activity of H. influenzae can be followed quantitatively by measurement of the nitrite produced in a medium containing 0.2 per cent potassium or sodium nitrate.
When X-factor, or hemin, and other specific substances required for the optimum growth of H. influenzae, are present in excess, the nitrite produced by this organism is quantitatively related to the concentration of V-factor, or total coenzyme. This quantitative relationship has been demonstrated for five strains of H. influenzae.
It has been shown that various media, which in the past have been used for the determination of coenzyme by growth of H. influenzae, have in many instances been deficient in X-factor and that this substance rather than coenzyme has been the specific factor limiting growth.
When 0.5 per cent blood is added to a basal proteose-peptone medium the specific requirements for optimum growth and metabolic activity of H. influenzae, other than coenzyme, are met, and a large number of specific biocatalysts and nutritive substances added to this medium are without effect in stimulating further growth.
The foregoing studies have formed the basis for a quantitative method for the determination of total coenzyme in blood and tissue. This method is being described elsewhere.
HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION FACTORS IN THE HUMAN LIVER
Authors: Whipple G. H. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S. 
Published: June 2004

Human liver tissue has been assayed to determine the amount of hemoglobin production factors in normal and abnormal states. Standardized dogs made anemic by blood removal have been used in this biological assay. Normal animal liver as control is rated as 100 per cent.
Normal human liver tissue as compared with the normal animal control contains more of these hemoglobin production factors—a biological assay ratio of 120 to 160 per cent. Infections, acute and chronic, do not appear to modify these values, the concentration of hemoglobin-producing factors falling within the normal range.
Pernicious anemia and aplastic anemia both show large liver stores of hemoglobin-producing factors—a biological assay ratio of 200 to 240 per cent. Therapy in pernicious anemia reduces these liver stores as new red cells are formed.
Secondary anemia presents a low normal or subnormal liver store of hemoglobin-producing factors—an assay of 60 to 130 per cent.
Hemochromatosis, erythroblastic anemia, and hemolytic icterus in spite of large iron deposits in the liver usually show a biological assay which is normal or close to normal.
Polycythemia shows low reserve stores of hemoglobin-producing factors. Leukemias present a wide range of values discussed above.
Hypoproteinemia almost always is associated with low reserve stores of hemoglobin-producing factors in the liver—biological assays of 60 to 80 per cent. Hypoproteinemia means a depletion of body protein reserve stores including the labile protein liver reserves—a strong indication that the prehemoglobin material (or globin) is related to these liver stores.
Pregnancy, eclampsia, and lactation all may present subnormal liver stores of hemoglobin-producing factors. Exhaustion of protein stores lowers the barrier to infection and renders the liver very susceptible to many toxic substances.
It should not be difficult to correct hypoproteinemia under these conditions and thus relieve the patient of a real hazard.
A GENERALIZED VISCERAL DISEASE OF GUINEA PIGS, ASSOCIATED WITH INTRANUCLEAR INCLUSIONS
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Slanetz Charles A. 
Published: June 2004

A spontaneous generalized visceral disease of guinea pigs, characterized by the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies of the herpes type, is described.
The possible relation of this disease to the salivary gland virus infection of guinea pigs is discussed.
SIMULTANEOUS RENAL AND HEPATIC EXCRETION OF WATER, CYANOL, AND AZOFUCHSIN I IN RABBITS
Authors: Ehrich William E. 
Published: June 2004

1. The renal and hepatic excretion of water, cyanol, and azofuchsin I was studied in rabbits under various conditions. It was observed that under the conditions of our experiments the urine rate was independent of the bile rate, and vice versa. The renal excretion of these dyes also was independent of their hepatic excretion except in cases in which the liver was severely damaged. On the other hand, the hepatic excretion of these dyes depended also on their renal elimination.
2. The relationship between the renal and hepatic excretion of cyanol and azofuchsin I could be expressed in the form of hyperbolas.
3. In the use of dyes as a measure of renal function, no noteworthy error is introduced by their hepatic excretion except in cases in which the liver is severely damaged.
QUANTITATIVE ALTERATIONS IN THE HYPEREMIA RESPONSES TO LOCAL ISCHEMIA OF THE SMALLEST BLOOD VESSELS OF THE HUMAN SKIN FOLLOWING SYSTEMIC ANOXEMIA, HYPERCAPNIA, ACIDOSIS, AND ALKALOSIS
Authors: DiPalma Joseph R. 
Published: June 2004

The responsiveness of the smallest blood vessels of the human skin was measured in systemic anoxemia, hypercapnia, acidosis, and alkalosis. A method was used which measured quantitatively the reactive hyperemia produced by a standardized period of local ischemia of these fine vessels. By timing the clearing period of the threshold hyperemia response a direct indication of blood flow in these fine vessels was obtained. The following conclusions were reached concerning the responses of the smallest blood vessels of the skin.
1. Systemic anoxemia causes a decrease in sensitivity to local ischemia and a slowing of the blood flow.
2. Hypercapnia prevents the changes resulting from anoxemia.
3. These changes in the smallest blood vessels of the skin occur independently of changes in pulse rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate and depth.
4. With systemic acidosis there is a decrease in sensitivity to local ischemia and a slowing of blood flow. The exact opposite takes place in systemic alkalosis.
5. The view is advanced, after due consideration of the facts, that the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood, or something directly associated with it, is the most important factor determining the sensitivity of these vessels, rather than oxygen saturation or changes in blood pH.