bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Codeine Phosphate—Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome
Authors: Enomoto Masaru , Ochi Masahiro , Teramae Kayoko , Kamo Riei , Taguchi Shinichi , Yamane Takahisa 
Published: March 2004

OBJECTIVE To report a case of drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome related to codeine phosphate. CASE SUMMARY A 19-year-old Japanese man was prescribed codeine phosphate 10 mg 3 times daily and several other drugs for cold symptoms. About 20 days later, an erythematous, maculopapular rash appeared and progressed to erythroderma; a spiking fever also developed. He had splenomegaly and generalized lymphadenopathy on admission. Laboratory examinations showed atypical lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, and increased liver enzyme values. The platelet count slowly decreased after admission. The increased numbers of megakaryocytes in bone marrow and platelet-associated immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies in serum were compatible with a diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenic purpura. A significant increase in IgG antibodies to human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) and transient viremia were helpful in diagnosing hypersensitivity syndrome. The results of patch tests were positive for codeine phosphate. An objective causality assessment revealed that an adverse drug event was probable. DISCUSSION Codeine is an opioid analgesic. Severe adverse cutaneous reactions rarely occur. As of March 3, 2004, our case is, to our knowledge, the first report of hypersensitivity syndrome attributed to codeine phosphate. Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome is an acute, potentially life-threatening, idiosyncratic adverse reaction caused mainly by aromatic anticonvulsants. It is characterized by the triad of fever, skin rash, and internal organ involvement. Reactivation of HHV6 is involved in the pathogenesis of this syndrome and may have also caused the immune thrombocytopenic purpura in our patient. CONCLUSIONS Codeine phosphate may rarely be associated with hypersensitivity syndrome. Clinicians should be aware that the potentially fatal syndrome can be caused by various drugs.
Centile Charts I: New Method of Assessment for Univariate Reference Intervals
Authors: Koduah Martin , Iles Terence C , Nix Barry J 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBackground: We introduce a new criterion, the percentile inclusion probability, for comparing methods for calculating reference intervals. The criterion is compared with a previously published measure of reliability suggested by Linnet (Linnet K. Clin Chem 1987;33:381–6), the ratio of the width of the confidence interval for the percentile to that of the reference interval.Methods: Data were simulated from a range of theoretical statistical distributions representing the shapes of data sets encountered in clinical investigations. The two-stage transformation of the data to a gaussian distribution recommended by the IFCC was compared with a nonparametric approach.Results: The percentile inclusion probability criterion identified that the parametric approach is in some cases seriously affected by bias. Using different parametric models, we compared nonparametric and parametric methods for two sets of clinical data and showed that the parametric approach is susceptible to model choice.Conclusions: Sample sizes significantly greater than those currently recommended are required to establish reference intervals, regardless of whether parametric or nonparametric methods are used. Parametric methods are preferable when the data are truly gaussian, but are only marginally better than nonparametric methods when data transformation is needed to achieve a gaussian shape.
Direct Visualization of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Mutations in the Clinical Laboratory Setting
Authors: Strom Charles M , Clark David D , Hantash Feras M , Rea Larry , Anderson Ben , Maul Diana , Huang Donghui , Traul Donald , Chen Tubman Christina , Garcia Renee , Hess P Patrick , Wang Hong , Crossley Beryl , Woodruff Evelyn , Chen Rebecca , Killeen Myra , Sun Weimin , Beer Jonathan , Avens Heather , Polisky Barry , Jenison Robert D 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Background: The recommendation for population- based cystic fibrosis (CF) carrier screening by the American College of Medical Genetics for the 25 most prevalent mutations and 6 polymorphisms in the CF transmembrane regulatory gene has greatly increased clinical laboratory test volumes. We describe the development and technical validation of a DNA chip in a 96-well format to allow for high-throughput genotype analysis.
Methods: The CF Portrait™ chip contains an 8 × 8 array of capture probes and controls to detect all requisite alleles. Single-tube multiplex PCR with 15 biotin-labeled primer pairs was used to amplify sequences containing all single-nucleotide polymorphisms to be interrogated. Detection of a thin-film signal created by hybridization of multiplex PCR-amplified DNA to complementary capture probes was performed with an automated image analysis instrument, NucleoSight™. Allele classification, data formatting, and uploading to a laboratory information system were fully automated.
Results: The described platform correctly classified all mutations and polymorphisms and can screen ∼1300 patient samples in a 10-h shift. Final validation was performed by two separate 1000-sample comparisons with Roche CF Gold line probe strips and the Applera CF OLA, Ver 3.0. The CF Portrait Biochip made no errors during this validation, whereas the Applera assay made seven miscalls of the IVS-8 5T/7T/9T polymorphism
Conclusions: The CF Portrait platform is an automated, high-throughput, DNA chip-based assay capable of accurately classifying all CF mutations in the recommended screening panel, including the IVS-8 5T/7T/9T polymorphism.
Analytical and Clinical Evaluation of the Bayer ADVIA Centaur Automated B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Assay in Patients with Heart Failure: A Multisite Study
Authors: Wu Alan H B , Packer Milton , Smith Andrew , Bijou Rachel , Fink Daniel , Mair Johannes , Wallentin Lars , Johnston Nina , Feldcamp Carolyn S , Haverstick Doris M , Ahnadi Charaf E , Grant Andrew , Despres Normand , Bluestein Barry , Ghani Farooq 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Background: B-Type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is released from the left ventricle of the heart into the circulation in response to ventricular stretching and volume overload. Increased BNP concentrations are associated with heart failure (HF).
Methods: We evaluated the analytical and clinical performance of the Bayer ADVIA Centaur® BNP assay. Studies included precision, analytical correlation (against the Shionogi ShionoRIA™ and Biosite Triage® BNP assays), BNP results for blood collected in plastic tubes containing EDTA vs other collection tubes, high-dose hook effect, detection limits, and interferences. The clinical performance was tested on 2243 blood samples collected from 983 apparently healthy individuals, 538 patients with chronic disease but without HF (renal insufficiency, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and hypertension), and 722 patients with HF (New York Heart Association classes I-IV).
Results: The ADVIA Centaur assay had total imprecision (CV) of 3.4%, 2.9%, and 2.4% at BNP concentrations of 48, 461, and 1768 ng/L, respectively. The Passing–Bablok correlations to the ShionoRIA and Triage were as follows: ADVIA Centaur = 1.11(ShionoRIA) − 1.19 ng/L (r = 0.98); ADVIA Centaur = 0.78(Triage) + 5.89 ng/L (r = 0.92), respectively. Of the different blood collection tubes, only EDTA plastic tubes (with and without the barrier gel) were acceptable. The lower detection limit was 0.5 ng/L, and there were no interferences from common analytes, other neuropeptides, or unusual antibodies. BNP exhibited different reference intervals according to age and gender. BNP concentrations increased progressively as the severity of HF increased.
Conclusions: The ADVIA Centaur is the first commercially available BNP assay for use on an automated immunochemistry platform. This assay has good analytical and clinical performance characteristics for diagnosing HF.
Quantitative Real-Time PCR with Automated Sample Preparation for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Bone Marrow Transplant Patients
Authors: Hong Kyeong Man , Najjar Hazim , Hawley Mary , Press Richard D 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Background: In bone marrow and stem cell transplant patients, the widespread use of preemptive cytomegalovirus (CMV) antiviral therapy necessitates faster, more precise, and more sensitive quantitative laboratory methods for serial viral load monitoring.
Methods: We developed a novel CMV viral load assay using real-time PCR of plasma DNA prepared by an automated robotic workstation. Fluorescent hybridization probes directed at the glycoprotein B (gB) gene (or EcoRI D region) of CMV were used to detect and quantify PCR products. The β-globin gene was amplified in parallel to control for the efficiency of the extraction and PCR steps.
Results: The assay was linear (R = 0.999) from a lower detection limit of 125 copies/mL to 5 × 109 copies/mL with a PCR efficiency of 1.975 (gB) or 2.02 (EcoRI D). The viral loads determined by PCRs directed at these two different viral targets were no different (n = 53; R = 0.928). The interassay CV was 3.5%, and the intraassay CV was 1–4%. Compared with a commercially available quantitative competitive PCR assay (Roche MONITOR; R = 0.59), the mean CMV viral load by real-time PCR was 3.1 times higher (mean ratio; P = 0.002). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the real-time assay were 96% and 100%, respectively (n = 147), compared with 74% and 98% for a qualitative PCR assay (Roche AMPLICOR). On a subset of samples, the diagnostic sensitivity of viral culture was no greater than 50% (n = 44). Of 1115 clinical referral samples from 252 patients, 10% of the samples and 18% of the patients had low-level CMV viremia (median, 500 copies/mL). In this predominantly (85%) bone marrow transplant testing cohort, serial CMV viral load results were the predominant clinical trigger for the initiation, monitoring, and cessation of preemptive antiviral therapy.
Conclusions: The combination of automated DNA preparation and semiautomated real-time fluorescent PCR detection allows for a sensitive, precise, and accurate high-throughput assay of CMV viral load that can be used as the laboratory trigger for preemptive antiviral therapy.
Between-Method Variation in Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Test Results
Authors: Cole Laurence A , Sutton Jaime M , Higgins Trefor N , Cembrowski George S 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Background: Results on sera and calibrators vary 1.4- to 2.3-fold among commercial human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) assays. The relative contributions of calibrators, standards, hCG charge isoforms, and major structural variants to this variation have not been quantified.
Methods: Purified hCG was separated by isoelectric focusing into four fractions with pI ranges of 3–4, 4–5, 5–6, and 6–7. These four fractions together with pure hCG, hyperglycosylated hCG, hCG β-subunit (hCGb), nicked hCG, and hCGb core fragment (hCGbcf) were tested in nine commonly used commercial serum assays for hCG. The compositions of pure hCG preparations, standards, and commercial hCG preparations were determined by immunoassay.
Results: The three pure hCG preparations and the four hCG charge isoforms each showed parallel responses in the nine commercial hCG assays. Although wide variations were found in the detection of hCG structural variants by the nine assays (range for hyperglycosylated hCG, 468-1544 IU/L; for hCGb, 3187-5535 IU/L; for nicked hCG, 2736-4240 IU/L; and for hCGbcf, &lt;2–130 IU/L), this did not correlate with the between-method variation observed in results for the three pure hCG preparations. Commercial preparations of hCG and calibrators showed great variation in their content of hCG structural variants (from 34% to 100% intact hCG).
Conclusions: Intermethod differences in hCG results were not explained by changes in responses attributable to hCG charge isoforms or to hCG structural variants, but wide variation was observed in concentrations of hCG structural variants in calibrators and in detection of these structural variants. Differences in assay specificity and in composition of the calibrators are the most likely sources of between-method variation.
Partitioning of Nongaussian-Distributed Biochemical Reference Data into Subgroups
Authors: Lahti Ari , Hyltoft Petersen Per , Boyd James C , Rustad Pål , Laake Petter , Solberg Helge Erik 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBackground: The aim of this study was to develop new methods for partitioning biochemical reference data, covering in particular nongaussian distributions.Methods: We recently proposed partitioning criteria for gaussian distributions. These criteria relate to proportions of the subgroups outside each of the reference limits of the combined distribution (proportion criteria) and to distances between the subgroup distributions as correlates of these proportions (distance criteria). However, distance criteria do not seem to be ideal for nongaussian distributions because a generally valid relationship between proportions and distances cannot be established for these.Results: Proportion criteria appear preferable to distance criteria for two additional reasons: (a) The prevalences of the subgroup populations may have a considerable effect on stratification, but these are hard to account for by using distance criteria. Two methods to handle prevalences are described, the root method and the multiplication method. (b) Tied reference values, another complication of the partitioning problem, could also be hard to take care of using distance criteria. Some solutions to the problems caused by tied reference values are suggested.Conclusions: Partitioning of biochemical reference data should preferably be based on proportion criteria; this is particularly true for nongaussian distributions. Both of the described complications of the partitioning problem, the prevalences of the subgroups and tied reference values, are hard to deal with using distance criteria, but the proposed methods make it possible to account for them when proportion criteria are applied.
Osteoclast-Derived Serum Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase 5b in Albers-Schönberg Disease (Type II Autosomal Dominant Osteopetrosis)
Authors: Alatalo Sari L , Ivaska Kaisa K , Waguespack Steven G , Econs Michael J , Väänänen H Kalervo , Halleen Jussi M 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBackground: Albers-Schönberg disease, or autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type II (ADO2), is caused by ineffective osteoclastic bone resorption resulting from mutations in the chloride channel 7 (ClCN7) gene. Individuals with ADO2 have increased numbers of large ineffective osteoclasts in addition to increased serum total tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) activity.Methods: We investigated the serum activity of the osteoclast-derived 5b isoform of TRACP (TRACP 5b) and concentrations of the bone formation marker osteocalcin in clinically affected individuals, unaffected gene carriers, and healthy controls from 10 ADO2 families with known ClCN7 gene mutations. Bone fracture prevalence was studied in association with the serum markers.Results: Similar to total TRACP, TRACP 5b was significantly increased in clinically affected individuals compared with age-matched controls. TRACP 5b correlated significantly with total TRACP (r = 0.833; P &lt;0.001), suggesting that most of the TRACP in the serum of ADO2 patients is osteoclast-derived TRACP 5b. Osteocalcin was significantly increased in affected adults and slightly decreased in affected children. TRACP 5b and total TRACP were significantly increased in clinically affected individuals with severe fractures (P &lt;0.05).Conclusions: The results indicate that in ADO2, serum TRACP 5b reflects the number of osteoclasts and that the extremely high serum TRACP 5b activity is a specific indicator of the disease. Similar to total TRACP, TRACP 5b appears to be a potentially useful marker to stratify individuals with ClCN7 gene mutations into clinically affected and unaffected gene carriers. It may also have a prognostic value in the prediction of fractures in patients with a ClCN7 gene mutation.
CAN JAPANESE AID BE AN EFFECTIVE TOOL OF INFLUENCE? Case Studies of Cambodia and Burma
Authors: Oishi Mikio , Furuoka Fumitaka 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
This article investigates the emerging pattern of Japan's peacemaking in Southeast Asia, which is characterized by the heavy use of economic aid. Case studies of Cambodia and Burma suggest that Japan's strength lies in mediation between conflicting parties, not in promoting certain values such as human rights.
SINGAPORE AND ASEAN IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: The Case of Free Trade Agreements
Authors: Daquila Teofilo C. , Huy Le Huu 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Given the slow pace of global and regional trade liberalization initiatives, Singapore has forged free trade agreements for economic and strategic reasons. Other ASEAN countries and ASEAN itself have also become interested in establishing FTAs with countries outside the grouping. In the future, ASEAN could form an ASEAN or an East Asian Economic Community.
DOES PARTY ALLIANCE HAVE A DECISIVE EFFECT ON GUBERNATORIAL ELECTIONS IN JAPAN?
Authors: Hiromoto Masayuki 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the effect that party alliance has on gubernatorial elections in Japan. The results of the analysis reveal that party coalitions backing candidates are not the most important determinant of election victory and that the electorate's choice of candidates differs from the choice of political parties.
LAOS IN 2003: Counterrevolution Fails to Ignite
Authors: Thayer Carlyle A. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
In 2003, Laos became embattled from within by anti-communist resistance forces that launched a “revolution” to seize state power. The government responded with force and took measures to shore up its legitimacy. Economic prospects brightened. But adverse reporting on human rights delayed a trade bill before the U.S. Congress.
SOUTH KOREA IN 2003: A Question of Leadership?
Authors: Lee Hong Yung 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
In 2003, South Koreans focused attention on the political problems of newly elected President Roh. As elections set for early 2004 approached, the president, once above suspicion, faced the specter of financial scandal implicating at least his top aides. His party split, his labor policies generated unrest, and his political future became increasingly unclear.
NORTH KOREA IN 2003: Pendulum Swing between Crisis and Diplomacy
Authors: Park Kyung-Ae 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
The two most pressing problems that faced North Korea in 2003 were how to resist pressure on nuclear issues from the international community and how to cope with a crippled economy. For the former, North Korea demonstrated superficial flexibility by participating in multilateral talks but, in substance, persisting in its demands. For the latter, the country showed substantive flexibility by stepping up economic reform, recruiting young, reform-minded new faces into the leadership, and pushing for economic cooperation with the South.
RUSSIA AND THE CIS IN 2003: Regional Reconstruction
Authors: Buszynski Leszek 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Russia's position in Asia has been consolidating according to two developments. The first was the restructuring of Russia's presence in the former Soviet Union. Various new groupings have arisen that offer Russia alternatives to the Commonwealth of Independent States. The second was the expansion of Russia's role in the Asia Pacific region and the Korean peninsula, as energy supplier to China and Japan, and as an arms seller.
JAPAN IN 2003: Muddling Ahead?
Authors: Uriu Robert 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
The year 2003 was a study of contrasts for Japan. In the first half, news on the economic front was all bad. With Japan headed for a new period of recession, which would have been its third in the last 10 years, the already deep pessimism about the economy sank even lower. Prime Minister Koizumi was besieged by critics from all sides, but by the end of the year, the domestic situation had brightened. In foreign policy, Japan responded to crises on the Korean Peninsula and in Iraq by continuing to increase its military capabilities and roles. The decision to dispatch its military forces to a still unstable Iraq represents a potential watershed event for postwar Japan.
PAKISTAN IN 2003: Political Deadlock and Continuing Uncertainties
Authors: Talbot Ian 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
This article surveys three key areas. The first is the political deadlock over the Legal Framework Order. The second is international uncertainties, including Pakistan's uneasy peace process with India. Third, the article examines Pakistan's continuing economic uncertainties, despite the post-9/11 improvement in the external trading account.
SRI LANKA IN 2003: Seeking to Consolidate Peace
Authors: DeVotta Neil 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Bolstered by international support, Sri Lanka's government and separatist Tamil rebels continued evaluating ways to end two decades of ethnic carnage. The absence of conflict saw the economy improve and the rebels strengthen their capabilities. But peace talks over the contentious northeast were suspended, and the president initiated a constitutional crisis when she sought to undermine the government. This and other factors ensured that Sri Lanka in 2003 was far from consolidating peace.
BANGLADESH IN 2003: Vibrant Democracy or Destructive Politics?
Authors: Jahan Rounaq 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
The year 2003 saw a continuation of the confrontational politics that has plagued Bangladesh for decades. Partisanship continued to affect the functioning of government and civil society organizations. Controversy emerged over judicial appointments to the higher courts. The government's successes were marred by corruption and deteriorating law and order.
INDONESIA IN 2003: Terror's Aftermath
Authors: Kipp Rita Smith 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Several bombings that targeted international capital or the Indonesian government put a chill on tourism and foreign investment, but despite high-profile investigations and trials, doubts that these were home-grown acts of Islamic terrorism remain pervasive. Military action in Aceh, continuing corruption, and lack of progress on legal reform suggest to many that post-New Order reformasi has stalled.
THE PHILIPPINES IN 2003: Troubles, None of Them New
Authors: Montesano Michael J. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo announced her decision to run for reelection in 2004. The Philippines suffered a failed coup, divisive politics, and Communist and separatist insurgencies. Economic growth was sluggish, with large fiscal deficits and a deteriorating balance of payments. In foreign affairs, Manila continued its rapprochement with Washington.
Who invented the laser: An analysis of the early patents
Authors: MYERS ROBERT A. , DIXON RICHARD W. 
Published: March 2004

ABSTRACT:
The laser and the transistor are two of the most important inventions of the 20th century. Basic agreement exists that Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented the transistor. Inventorship priority over the laser has been contested. By mobilizing patent and patent-related sources, traditional scientific literature, published commentaries, interviews with several of the surviving principals, and the Townes papers in the Library of Congress, we are able to suggest an invention priority for the laser that we believe improves on previous scholarship. We conclude that there is no single inventor of the laser, but that the most fundamental U.S. contributions were made by Townes, Schawlow, and Bloembergen. We believe the logic used here for deciding invention priority, which includes a careful study of patent claims, may be useful in other cases where inventorship is of interest.