bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of a Single Gene
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some theoretical population geneticists have been reluctant to ascribe an important role to balancing selection in the maintenance of protein polymorphisms. Part of this reluctance is due to concern about genetic load. But much of it springs from the difficulty of knowing how a single polymorphism — buried deep in the metabolism of a liver, muscle, or leaf—could substantially contribute to variation in fitness. Many population geneticists have said that the only locus for which we have convincing evidence for balancing selection is the gene for sickle cell hemoglobin in humans, but this statement is no longer true.
Patterns of Variation Among Loci
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Population geneticists often assume that proteins constitute a random sample of the genome and that an electrophoretic survey of proteins can be used to estimate the level of genetic variation within a strain, a population, or a species. For some biologists, this assumption implies that genetic variation is either random or homogeneous across loci. However, the consistent patterns in the genetic variation help us understand the forces that act on proteins. This chapter summarizes consistent patterns of genetic variability observed at polymorphic enzyme loci and among groups of enzyme loci.
The Axis of Individual Heterozygosity: Empirical Data
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since biologists began to use protein polymorphisms to study variation in populations, they have accumulated data indicating that highly heterozygous individuals enjoy fitness advantages. At first, biologists viewed these data as curiosities, suggestive of strong selection within a life cycle but inconsistent with the convenient assumption of neutrality. Such observations are numerous, have a broad systematic base (Allendorf and Leary 1986; Mitton 1989,1993a,b; Mitton and Grant 1984; Zouros and Foltz 1987), and appear to be consistent with predictions from recent models in population genetics (Gillespie 1977; Gillespie and Langley 1974; Ginzburg 1979, 1983; Milkman 1978, 1982; Turelli and Ginzburg 1983; Wills 1978, 1981). A sampling of these data, biased by personal experience, follows.
Female Choice and Male Fitness
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sexual selection (Darwin 1871) may be defined as two forms of natural selection driven by the disparate sizes of male and female gametes and the consequent differential parental investment in offspring (Thornhill and Alcock 1983; Williams 1975; Williams and Mitton 1973). Females are usually the limiting sex in reproduction, for they invest more energy in each gamete and they supply the majority of the parental effort. Because males often commit only some tiny cells and the energy needed for courtship and copulation, they are usually cavalier in their engagement in sex. Because females lose a much greater investment in energy when an offspring is lost, they generally are coy. In the most common form of sexual selection, males compete with one another for access to females.
Patterns Among Species
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electrophoretic surveys of genetic variation of proteins provide estimates of the levels of genetic variability in a large number of plants (Brown 1979; Hamrick and Godt 1990; Hamrick, Linhart, and Mitton 1979) and animals (Nevo 1978; Nevo, Beiles, and Ben-Shlomo 1984; Powell 1975; Selander 1976). The percentage of loci polymorphic ranges from zero in elephant seals (Bonnell and Selander 1974) and cheetahs (O’Brien et al. 1983,1985) to 92% in quaking aspen (Cheliak and Dancik 1982) and 100% in the mussel Modiolus auriculatus (Nevo et al. 1984). One of the most enduring objectives of electrophoretic studies is to understand the forces that produce differences among species in genetic variability. This chapter briefly summarizes several theories and some data relevant to this objective.
Comments on Natural Selection
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I never intended this summary of evolutionary genetics to be comprehensive. I have focused primarily on enzyme polymorphisms and have gained some critical insights by comparing and contrasting the variation of enzyme polymorphisms with the variation of DNA sequences. Like all books, this one reflects the writer’s personal experiences and favored hypotheses. This book is mainly a summary of empirical data, and from this I want to emphasize several points.
“Domestic Differences”: Competing Narratives of Womanhood in the Murder Trial of Lucretia Chapman
Authors: Halttunen Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At twilight on 9 May 1831 a young stranger appeared at the home of William and Lucretia Chapman in Andalusia, Pennsylvania, to request lodgings for the night. Dirty, poorly dressed, and with a limited command of English, he identified himself as Lino Amalia Espos y Mina, son of the governor of California. William Chapman tried to send him to a nearby public house, but when Mina explained that he had been turned away for want of money, Lucretia Chapman urged that he be admitted to their home for the night. During the days that followed, Mina told his hosts that he was a man of wealth and distinction in Mexico, where his family owned gold and silver mines and a trunk full of diamonds. He had recently traveled to France with a companion, upon whose sudden death the authorities had confiscated a trunk containing over $30,000 of Mina’s own money, so he had borrowed money to travel to the United States to seek help from a friend named Casanova whom he had not yet located. Lucretia Chapman soon announced that Mina was to be a pupil at the Chapmans’ school, which specialized in speech training, and that she herself would spend three years teaching him English for the handsome fee of $6,000.
Narratives of the Female Body: The Greek Slave
Authors: Kasson Joy S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viewers of art objects in nidnineteenth-century America brought to their encounter with painting or sculpture a set of expectations very foreign to twentieth-century aesthetic values. The gulf had already opened in 1903, when Henry James looked back on the career of sculptor William Wetmore Story a half century earlier and commented that works of art in Story’s generation did not appeal to what he considered the aesthetic sense, but rather to “the sense of the romantic, the anecdotic, the supposedly historic, the explicitly pathetic. It was still the age in which an image had, before anything else, to tell a story.”1 The stories that art objects told their audiences sometimes affirmed and sometimes subverted their ostensible meaning. Some were poorly articulated and may be recovered only in indirect ways, while others were recorded in letters between artists and patrons, in descriptions of art objects that were published in newspapers and magazines, and in printed catalogues of art exhibitions. Imagining a past, present, and future as well as an emotional context for a fictional subject, audiences participated in the production of meaning and revealed many of their own assumptions. Fervent believers in the equivalence between words and images, they saw in art ob jects representations of the world as they understood it.
Aristotle: A Logic of Terms, a Rhetoric of Motives
Authors: Swearingen C Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle”s treatises on logic and rhetoric have had profound and indelible effects on Western language models, teaching, and use. I do not propose that Aristotle himself initiated or secured these effects. What was transmitted through the Aristotelian corpus synthesized and codified extant notions of language, arranged them into practical “arts” (technai) and theoretical “sciences” (epistemai), and proved particularly powerful in shaping those Western assumptions and theories regarding language that have come to be embod­ied in curricula.
Cicero: Defining the Value of Literacy
Authors: Swearingen C Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hence it is that, in the case of various kinds of knowledge, we find that what in former days occupied the energies of men of mature mental ability sinks to the level of information, exercises, and even pastimes, for children; and in this educational progress we can see the history of the world”s culture delineated in faint outline It is, that is to say, a synoptic index, like a skeleton with tickets stuck all over it, or like the rows of boxes kept shut and labelled in a grocer”s stall; and is as intelligible as either the one or the other.
Inscriptions of Self and the Erasure of Truth
Authors: Swearingen C Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A priestess refused to allow her son to speak in public; “for if,” said she, “you say what is just, men will hate you; if you say what is unjust, the gods will.” On the other hand, “you should speak in public; for if you say what is just, the gods will love you, if you say what is unjust, men will.” ... Men do not praise the same things in public and in secret; but in public chiefly praise what is just and beautiful, and in secret rather wish for what is expedient.
Introduction
Authors: Meinwald Constance C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato’s Parmenides today finds itself in a strange position: it is clearly an important work, but its import remains remarkably unclear. The difficulty of analyzing this text is due, in part, to its complicated structure. Within three frames we find the dialogue proper, itself consisting of two parts connected by a brief transitional section. The first part of the main dialogue is a series of rather brief exchanges enlivened by humor and some dramatic incident; the second part consists of almost thirty Stephanus pages of obscure and unadorned argument. These two parts are so strikingly different that there can be no question of their being coordinate episodes of the same kind. Yet when deciding what, exactly, the character of each part is and how they fit together to make up a whole, scholars still express doubt.
Relative Frequencies and ExchangeabiIity
Authors: Cooke Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter studies the relation between subjective probability and relative frequency. Not only is this essential for understanding subjective probability, it is also important for the Bayesian models for using expert opinion. In Theorem 6.3 we have seen how we expect to learn from experience, and in Theorem 6.4 how we expect to profit from observations. However, these theorems do not explain why we like to observe repeated events and like to use their relative frequencies as probabilities.
Two Experiments with Calibration and Entropy
Authors: Cooke Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses two experiments recently carried out at the Delft University of Technology. Both involve the measurement of calibration and entropy with experts. One experiment (Cooke, Mendel, and Thys, 1988) was designed in such a way that the performance of “experienced” and “inexperienced” experts could be compared poth on general knowledge items and on items relating to their common field of expertise. The experts were all mechanical engineers, and “expertise” in this test refers to technical expertise. The experiment used the quantile tests discussed in Chapter 8.
Combining Expert Opinions; Review of the Literature
Authors: Cooke Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews various models for combining expert opinion found in the literature, and motivates some of the choices underlying the models in the following three chapters. We assume that the combination results in a probability distribution for the “decision maker.” Three broad classes of models are discussed. The Bayesian models discussed in the second section all take their point of departure from Bayes’ theorem and require the decision maker to supply a prior probability. The first section is devoted to weighted combinations without prior distributions.
Applications
Authors: Cooke Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first section of this chapter reviews applications of the classical model, and discusses the variations and enhancements proposed in Chapter 12. The second section discusses Bayesian analyses of the data sets in the first section. This is possible because the Bayesian model in Chapter 13 is compatible with the continuous version of the classical model. The third section discusses a joint application of the psychological scaling model and the classical model. The supplement to this chapter contains extensive data from these applications.
Introduction
Authors: Lauffenburger Douglas A , Linderman Jennifer J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We intend for this book to build a bridge between cell biologists and engineers, over the ground that can be called quantitative cell biology or cellular bioengineering. Our aim is to communicate how insights can be gained into the relationship between receptor/ligand molecular properties and the cell functions they govern, by a judicious combination of cell biology experimentation and quantitative engineering models. At the heart of this combination is the use of molecular biology techniques to alter receptor and ligand properties so as both to test the validity of a model and exploit its predictive power.
Signal Transduction
Authors: Lauffenburger Douglas A , Linderman Jennifer J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 2-4, we examined models for receptor/ligand binding at the cell surface and for trafficking of receptors and ligands through the cell. In other words, we looked primarily at the state (free, bound, crosslinked) and location of the receptors. However, we did not examine the role of receptor state and location in the production of a cellular response. We tum now to this goal, as our ultimate aim is to predict cell behavioral responses that result from receptor/ligand binding. Receptors, depending on their state and location, act to transmit biochemical signals. The simple binding of ligand to a cell surface receptor in itself is not sufficient to produce, for example, cell migration or secretion; the receptor must somehow convey to the cell interior the information that a binding event has occurred. In most cases, there is incomplete knowledge concerning the intracellular events transforming receptor-mediated signals into cell behavioral responses. Tremendous efforts are currently underway in many laboratories to identify and characterize the intracellular mediators and kinetic pathways that lie between receptor binding and cell responses.
Two Concepts of Liberalism
Authors: Lomasky Loren E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What, then, are the basic rights that project pursuers possess? It has been argued that they amount to minimal demands on the forbearance of others, but is it exclusively forbearance that individuals can demand from one another as a matter of basic right or should claims to recipience of goods be acknowledged as well? A familiar way to phrase this distinction is as a contrast between “liberty” rights and “welfare” rights. Alternatively, rights are spoken of as “negative” (entailing noninterference with an activity) or “positive” (entailing the provision by some individual or institution of a valued item).
Plastic Years
Authors: Barnouw Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1945, as peace came, it was possible to discern an explosive set of circumstances. Electronic assembly lines, freed from production of electronic war matériel, were ready to turn out picture tubes and television sets. Consumers, long confronted by wartime shortages and rationing, had accumulated savings and were ready to buy. Manufacturers of many kinds, ready to switch from armaments back to consumer goods, were eager to advertise. The situation awaited a catalyst, a signal. It came with surprising suddenness.
Prime
Authors: Barnouw Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout 1953 stations made their debuts and were joined by co axial cable and radio relay. National networks took shape. Sponsors made their moves. Schedules expanded. Important stars made the plunge. Sets sold rapidly. Euphoria ruled in executive offices. The mass acceptance that David Sarnoff had so long predicted and which had been delayed by financial debacles, wars. technical problem, spectrum disputes Was finally taking place. The stop and-start period was finally over.
Compatibilism and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract Moral responsibility is a general term covering a wide range of specific contents such as approbation, indignation, pride, guilt, praise, blame, punishment, reward, and retribution, to name a few. The question of the appropriate grounds for the ascription of moral responsibility may be addressed by appeal to consequentialist or formalist grounds. In this chapter I consider the range of possible contents of “moral responsibility” and the grounds for its ascription while asking the following questions: (I) What sense of moral responsibility should compatibilists have in mind when they claim that determinism and moral responsibility are compatible? (2) On what grounds can compatibilists justifiably ascribe what¬ ever sense of moral responsibility they recognize in answer to (I)? After examining some well-known compatibilist answers to these questions, I argue that for the compatibilist who adopts the autonomy variable account of free will there is a plausible sense of moral responsibility available and reasonable grounds for its ascription.
General Introduction
Authors: Achinstein Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume discusses methodological issues generated by three historical episodes in nineteenth-century physics: the wave-particle debate about the nature of light, the development of James Clerk Maxwell’s first “particle” theory of gases, and J. J. Thomson’s discovery that cathode rays are particles, not waves. The book contains three parts, each devoted to one of these topics, beginning with an essay presenting the historical background of the episode and an introduction to the methodological issues to be treated. The chosen episodes have in common the idea that unobservable entities-either particles or waves-are postulated to explain a range of observed phenomena.
Introduction
Authors: Achinstein Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory that Newton is introducing in this query- known as either the particle, corpuscular, emission, or projectile theory-makes three fundamental assumptions: first, that light consists of material particles projected from luminous bodies; second, that these particles obey Newton’s three laws of motion; third, that they are subject to short-range forces of attraction and repulsion, although, unlike the case with gravitation, Newton supplies no special force law for light.
Newton’s Corpuscular Query and Experimental Philosophy
Authors: Achinstein Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most controversial part of Newton’s Opticks is the set of queries in Book III.Here Newton introduces numerous unproved hypotheses. This seems strikingly incompatible with his methodological views about empirical science or “experimental philosophy” (as he calls it), as well as with his actual practice in earlier parts of the Opticks and in the Principia. One such hypothesis on which I shall concentrate in what follows-is the subject of Query 29. It states that light consists of particles. More precisely, it asks the question: “Are not the Rays of Light very small Bodies emitted from Shining Substances?”‘ Following this question there is a substantial discussion of the particle theory.
Introduction
Authors: Achinstein Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So many of the properties of matter, especially when in the gaseous form, can be deduced from the hypothesis that their minute parts are in rapid motion, the velocity increasing with the temperature, that the precise nature of this motion becomes a subject of rational curiosity. Daniel Bernouilli, Herapath, Joule, Kr önig, Clausius, etc. have shewn that the relations between pressure, temperature, and density in a perfect gas can be explained by supposing the particles to move with uniform velocity in straight lines, striking against the sides of the containing vessel and thus producing pressure. (vol. I, p. 377)
Introduction
Authors: Achinstein Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discharge of electricity through gases is a phenomenon known since the eighteenth century. In a standard type of experiment, a glass tube filled with air, containing positive and negative electrodes, is used. When the pressure of the air in the tube is reduced to a few millimeters of mercury and a source of high potential is connected to the positive electrode, an electrical discharge fills the space between the electrodes with a pink or reddish glow. If the pressure is reduced to about 0.1 millimeters of mercury the appearance of the glow changes, as indicated in Figure 2.
On Moral Actions In General
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that we have carefully considered the understanding and the will as principles from which human actions derive that which allows them to be classed apart from the actions of beasts, the next step is to examine moral actions in general. For it is with the investigation of their rightness or wrongness that our discipline is chiefly concerned. Moral actions, therefore, are voluntary human actions regarded with the imputation of their effects in communal life. We call voluntary those actions that so depend upon the free causality of man’s will that without its determination (through acts of its own elicited by a previous knowledge of the understanding) they would not be done; that is, those actions which man has the faculty to do or not do.
That no one be hurt, And That Any Damage Done Be Repaired
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far we have set forth what the natural law enjoins a man to do with respect to himself, and how much license or partiality it allows him concerning the preservation of his own self and things.1 Now we must pass on to those precepts containing the duties that are to be performed toward other men. These we have divided above into absolute and hypothetical. In the class of absolute duties, which obligate all men apart from any antecedent human institution, we deservedly award the principal place to this: “Let no one hurt another; and if he has done some harm to another, let him repair it.” For this is the broadest duty of all, encompassing all men as such, and likewise the easiest, since it consists in the bare refraining from an action—except when desires that struggle against reason (among which the inordinate love of our own interest does not occupy the last place) must be subdued.
That All Men Be Considered Naturally Equal
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to that love which man has for his own life, body, and things, and because of which he cannot avoid repelling or fleeing everything tending to their destruction, we also find embedded in his mind a very delicate self-esteem. And if anyone detracts from this in any way, he is usually no less, but in fact often more upset than if some harm is done to his body or things. Although this esteem is heightened by various causes, its primary basis seems to be human nature itself. Indeed, the very word ‘man’ is thought to contain a certain dignity, and the ultimate as well as the most effective argument for deflecting others’ rude insults is taken to be: “Surely I am not a dog or a beast, but as much a man as you.”