bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Localization of trigeminal, spinal, and reticular neurons involved in the rat blink reflex
Authors: Zerari‐Mailly Fawzia , Dauvergne Céline , Buisseret Pierre , Buisseret‐Delmas Catherine 
Published: October 2003

AbstractElectrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve (SO) induces eyelid closure by activation of orbicularis oculi muscle motoneurons located in the facial motor nucleus (VII). Neurons involved in brainstem central pathways implicated in rat blink reflex were localized by analyzing c‐Fos protein expression after SO stimulation in conjunction with tracing experiments. A retrograde tracer (gold‐horseradish peroxidase [HRP]) was injected into the VII. The distribution patterns of activated c‐Fos‐immunoreactive neurons and of neurons exhibiting both c‐Fos immunoreactivity and gold‐HRP labeling were determined in the sensory trigeminal complex (STC), the cervical spinal cord (C1), and the pontomedullary reticular formation. Within the STC, c‐Fos immunoreactivity labeled neurons in the ipsilateral ventral part of the principal nucleus, the pars oralis and interpolaris, and bilaterally in the pars caudalis. Colocalization of gold‐HRP and c‐Fos immunoreactivity was observed in neurons of ventral pars caudalis layers I–IV and ventral pars interpolaris. In C1, SO stimulation revealed c‐Fos neurons in laminae I–V. After additional injections in VII, the double‐labeled c‐Fos/gold‐HRP neurons were concentrated in laminae IV and V. Although c‐Fos neurons were found throughout the pontomedullary reticular formation, most appeared rostrally around the motor trigeminal nucleus and in the ventral parvocellular reticular nucleus medial to the fiber bundles of the seventh nerve. Caudally, c‐Fos neurons were in the lateral portion of the dorsal medullary reticular field. In addition, these reticular areas contained double‐labeled neurons in electrically stimulated rats that had received gold‐HRP injections in the VII. The presence of double‐labeled neurons in the STC, C1, and the reticular formation implies that these neurons receive sensory information from eyelids and project to the VII. These double‐labeled neurons could then be involved in di‐ or trisynaptic pathways contributing to the blink reflex. J. Comp. Neurol. 467:173–184, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution and development of calretinin‐like immunoreactivity in the telencephalon of the brown trout, Salmo trutta fario
Authors: Castro Antonio , Becerra Manuela , Manso María Jesús , Anadón Ramón 
Published: October 2003

AbstractImmunocytochemical techniques were used to investigate the distribution of calretinin (CR) in the telencephalon of adult and developing brown trout (Salmo trutta fario L.). Previous immunoblotting analysis of trout brain extracts with a CR antibody revealed a single protein band of 29 kDa, similar to that observed in rat brain extracts. In the forebrain of adult trout, CR immunoreactivity was distributed in well‐defined cell groups, which allowed us to analyze the CR‐immunoreactive (ir) neuronal populations in terms of their respective regions of origin. Our results show that the CR‐ir populations of the dorsal and ventral telencephalon are differentially distributed along the rostrocaudal axis, indicating the existence of four main populations of pallial origin and several ventral (subpallial) populations. A highly specific pattern of innervation by CR‐ir fibers of different telencephalic regions was observed from alevins to adults. The first CR‐ir cell groups of the telencephalic hemispheres were observed in the ventral telencephalic area and preoptic region of 7–8‐mm embryos. In later embryos and in alevins, further CR‐ir cell groups appeared in the ventral and dorsal telencephalic areas, showing a dorsoventrally banded pattern at precommissural levels. Study of CR expression provided new criteria for understanding the organization of the telencephalon of trout, and hence of teleosts. J. Comp. Neurol. 467:254–269, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conserved and convergent organization in the optic lobes of insects and isopods, with reference to other crustacean taxa
Authors: Sinakevitch I. , Douglass J.K. , Scholtz G. , Loesel R. , Strausfeld N.J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe shared organization of three optic lobe neuropils—the lamina, medulla, and lobula—linked by chiasmata has been used to support arguments that insects and malacostracans are sister groups. However, in certain insects, the lobula is accompanied by a tectum‐like fourth neuropil, the lobula plate, characterized by wide‐field tangential neurons and linked to the medulla by uncrossed axons. The identification of a lobula plate in an isopod crustacean raises the question of whether the lobula plate of insects and isopods evolved convergently or are derived from a common ancestor. This question is here investigated by comparisons of insect and crustacean optic lobes. The basal branchiopod crustacean Triops has only two visual neuropils and no optic chiasma. This finding contrasts with the phyllocarid Nebalia pugettensis, a basal malacostracan whose lamina is linked by a chiasma to a medulla that is linked by a second chiasma to a retinotopic outswelling of the lateral protocerebrum, called the protolobula. In Nebalia, uncrossed axons from the medulla supply a minute fourth optic neuropil. Eumalacostracan crustaceans also possess two deep neuropils, one receiving crossed axons, the other uncrossed axons. However, in primitive insects, there is no separate fourth optic neuropil. Malacostracans and insects also differ in that the insect medulla comprises two nested neuropils separated by a layer of axons, called the Cuccati bundle. Comparisons suggest that neuroarchitectures of the lamina and medulla distal to the Cuccati bundle are equivalent to the eumalacostracan lamina and entire medulla. The occurrence of a second optic chiasma and protolobula are suggested to be synapomorphic for a malacostracan/insect clade. J. Comp. Neurol. 467:150–172, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Ta2O5 Using the TaI5 and O2 Precursor Combination
Authors: Sundqvist J. , Högberg H. , Hårsta A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThin films of tantalum oxide have been deposited on Si(100) substrates using atomic layer deposition (ALD) employing the TaI5 and O2 precursor combination. Growth was studied in the temperature region 400 to 700 °C. The resulting films were found to be iodine‐free above 450 °C, and consisted of the polycrystalline orthorhombic β‐Ta2O5 phase. The growth rate was found to be strongly dependent on the deposition temperature, reaching a maximum of 0.17 nm cycle–1 at 600 °C.
Growth and Properties of TiCl4‐Derived CVD Titanium Oxide Films at Different CO2/H2 Inputs
Authors: Kuo D.‐H. , Shueh C.‐N. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCrystalline titanium oxide films with a thickness of 0.09–0.55 μm were prepared at temperatures below 500 °C by CVD using a mixture of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen (H2) as reactants. Film thickness decreased with increasing substrate temperature and CO2/H2 input. Nanosized microstructure was obtained at high CO2/H2 input due to the growth retardation of reacted HO‐TiCl3* by the unreacted TiCl4 and CO2. That film composition, i.e., the O/Ti ratio, increased with temperature and the CO2/H2 input can be explained by growth kinetics. Unlike film thickness, internal film stress increased with increasing substrate temperature. Adhesion was controlled by compressive internal stress due to the weak bonding between film and substrate. Two growth mechanisms are proposed to explain the tensile and compressive stress states in films produced by CVD. The adsorption‐controlled reaction has a film in compressive stress that increases with an increase in temperature. On the other hand, thermally activated CVD produces a film in tensile stress that decreases with an increase in substrate temperature.
Substrate‐Independent Palladium Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Senkevich J.J. , Tang F. , Rogers D. , Drotar J.T. , Jezewski C. , Lanford W.A. , Wang G.‐C. , Lu T.‐M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA novel method is presented for the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of palladium on a tetrasulfide self‐assembled monolayer functionalized SiO2 surface. Additionally, a novel reducing agent (glyoxylic acid) was used to remove the organic ligands from the chemisorbed palladium(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate metallorganic. Glyoxylic acid is an effective reducing agent above 200 °C, which is not optimal for palladium but it is effective enough to show proof‐of‐concept and deposit a Pd “seed” layer. Palladium was also deposited on iridium at 80 °C and 130 °C via a hydrogen process or on the Pd seed layer at 80 °C. The 60 Å Pd film grown on the tetrasulfide self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) showed nearly random texture and higher carbon and fluorine contamination levels compared to the one grown on Ir. The 55 Å film grown on Ir at 80 °C is highly (111) textured with a grain size of ∼60 Å, as shown by reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED). The higher contamination levels of the Pd film deposited on the tetrasulfide SAM, as measured by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), is attributed to the high temperatures needed to deposit the Pd seed layer. The higher deposition temperatures cause more dissociation of the hfac ligand and a higher metallorganic desorption rate. These equate to less Pd being deposited and with higher contamination levels.
Pulsed Injection MOCVD of YSZ Thin Films onto Dense and Porous Substrates
Authors: Garcia G. , Caro J. , Santiso J. , Pardo J.A. , Figueras A. , Abrutis A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn this work, we describe the preparation of YSZ layers on dense and porous substrates using the pulsed injection metal–organic (MO) CVD technique. In this technique, the vapor phase is obtained by injecting micro‐droplets of a solution, consisting of the required amounts of Zr(tmhd)4 and Y(tmhd)3 precursors in monoglyme, into a heated evaporator. The droplet characteristics (volume, precursor concentration, and injection frequency) were studied in order to control the growth rate and the microstructure of the layers. The optimum deposition parameters needed to achieve dense film microstructure on dense substrates were determined. For these optimized experimental conditions, we evaluated the growth rate of the layers as a function of temperature. The activation energy in the kinetically limited regime was found to be 96 kJ mol–1. The structure of the layers was analyzed as a function of the film composition. A concentration of 11 mol‐% of yttria fully stabilizes the cubic phase. This process has been applied to the preparation of dense YSZ membranes on porous substrates in order to use the YSZ layer as a solid electrolyte (SE) in electrochemical devices such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), oxygen sensors, and generators. Dense YSZ layers were obtained on samples of porous alumina, and on YSZ‐Ni cermets. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) showed no cracks or voids along the grain boundaries, nor secondary phases due to chemical interaction with the substrate.
Theoretical Investigation of the Gas‐Phase Decomposition of Ga(N3)2Et as a Model for a Single‐Molecule GaN Precursor
Authors: Wolbank B. , Schmid R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDensity functional theory‐type calculations have been used to investigate possible decomposition pathways of the gallium azide Ga(N3)2Et, which served as a model for the working single‐molecule precursor Ga(N3)2[(CH2)3NMe2] (BAZIGA). Both kinetics and thermodynamics of radical and non‐radical reactions have been considered, focusing especially on the entropic effects at elevated temperatures. The β‐hydrogen elimination was found to be kinetically favored over the elimination of molecular nitrogen from the azide ligands. However, due to the strong entropic contributions that are able to compensate for bond energies, homolytic bond cleavage was calculated to be more facile than any non‐radical rearrangement reaction. A two‐step radical decomposition mechanism leading to the monoazide GaN3 (consistent with the available experimental results) is proposed.
Growth Per Cycle in Atomic Layer Deposition: A Theoretical Model
Authors: Puurunen R.L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAtomic layer deposition (ALD) is used in advanced applications where thin layers of materials with precise thickness down to the nanometer scale are needed. Growth of materials by ALD takes place through repeating the separate, saturating reactions of at least two gaseous reactants with a solid substrate. When surface saturation is systematically utilized, the growth obtained per ALD reaction cycle is a well‐defined quantity that depends on i) the reactants used, ii) the ALD processing temperature, and iii) sometimes the substrate material. A model is derived to describe the growth per cycle in ALD as a function of the chemistry of the growth when compounds are used as reactants. Two main types of chemisorption may occur: i) ligand exchange reaction of the MLn reactant with surface “a” groups, where ligands are removed from the surface as gaseous aL, and ii) dissociation or association, where all parts of the MLn reactant are attached to the surface. A simple mathematical model based on the mass balance of chemisorption relates the growth per cycle to the size of the MLn reactant and the chemisorption mechanisms involved. Steric hindrance of the ligands causes saturation of chemisorption if a limited number of bonding sites does not cause it. Because of the steric hindrance, the growth per cycle remains less than a monolayer. The applicability of the model is illustrated through several theoretical examples.
Antibodies against human cell receptors, CD36, CD41a, and CD62P crossreact with porcine platelets
Authors: Delgado Angel V. , Alexander Stefan L. , McManus Albert T. , Pusateri Anthony E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBackgroundA limitation in platelet study has been the availability of platelet function–specific membrane receptor antibodies for use in the various animal species that are currently used in the study of hemostasis and other phenomena.MethodsPlatelets were isolated from human and porcine blood. Resting and activated platelets were incubated with antibodies against the human cell surface receptors CD36 (clone CB38), CD41a (clone HIP8), CD62P (clone AK4), and CD63 (clone H5C6). Antibody titration and ligand blocking studies also were performed.ResultsBinding of anti‐CD41a and anti‐CD62P were similar for human and porcine platelets in percentage of platelets labeled and in number of receptors per cell. Binding of anti‐CD36 was similar between species, with fewer receptors present in porcine cells. Anti‐CD63 and anti‐CD107a did not bind specifically to porcine platelets.ConclusionThe anti‐CD36, anti‐CD41a, and anti‐CD62P antibodies studied crossreact with porcine platelets and will be useful in the investigation of platelet function in porcine models. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 56B:62–67, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Routine use of immunophenotype by flow cytometry in tissues with suspected hematological malignancies
Authors: Martínez Antoni , Aymerich Marta , Castillo Mireia , Colomer Dolors , Bellosillo Beatriz , Campo Elias , Villamor Neus 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBackgroundImmunophenotype is an essential parameter in the diagnosis of hematological malignancies. Flow cytometry (FCM) is used in the analysis of bone marrow or peripheral blood samples but is less frequently used in the evaluation of tissue biopsies with suspected hematological malignancies. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of FCM in the diagnosis of biopsies from patients with a suspected hematological disorder.MethodsA total of 422 consecutive biopsies were studied using standard morphology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and FCM. Results of FCM were obtained in less than 3 h and were interpreted independently from morphology and IHC.ResultsA strong correlation between malignant disease and abnormal pattern of FCM was observed (218 of 250) with the exception of Hodgkin disease (P < 0.001). Overall, negative predictive value was 0.52 and positive predictive value was 1. Light chain restriction was observed in 182 of 201 B‐cell lymphoma and in 0 of 142 non–B‐cell disorders by FCM. In contrast, light chain pattern could only be evaluated in 38 of 91 cases by IHC. FCM allowed a rapid diagnosis of infrequent or high‐grade malignancies such as histiocytic sarcoma or T‐lymphoblastic lymphoma. The addition of FCM in the routine study of tissue biopsies facilitates the diagnosis of double pathology in five (1%) patients.ConclusionsFCM is a fast and reliable methodology for phenotyping tissue samples, which easily detects infrequent hematological malignancies, disease‐specific phenotypes and clonality in B‐cell lymphomas. Moreover, the simultaneous recognition of different cell populations allows the diagnosis of composite cell lymphomas, or double pathologies. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 56B:8–15, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flow cytometry of GATA transcription factors
Authors: Miura Toshihiko , Yokoyama Hisayuki , Minegishi Naoko , Sasaki Takeshi , Kaku Mitsuo , Harigae Hideo 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBackgroundAlthough GATA‐1 and GATA‐2 have been shown to play an important role in hematopoiesis, the expression levels of these GATA proteins in the targeted cell population of clinical samples have not been studied. We applied flow cytometry (FCM) to examine the expression levels of these GATA proteins in the selected subpopulation in heterogeneous blood cells.MethodsCells were treated with a fixing solution and methanol followed by staining with specific antibodies to GATA proteins in a permeabilizing solution. Immunofluorescence microscopy and Northern blot analysis using GATA‐1 and GATA‐2 transfected cell lines and various leukemic cell lines were used to confirm the specificity of this method. Subsequently, the method was applied in two‐parameter studies combining GATA expression with surface marker expression in clinical samples.ResultsThe positive signals were specifically detected in transfected cells and leukemic cell lines by FCM in agreement with the results of Northern blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. The expression of these GATA factors in the targeted cell population was easily detectable by gating with lineage‐specific cell surface markers. When the expression of these GATA proteins was examined in glycophorin A‐positive cells in clinical samples, the level of GATA‐1 was markedly different among the samples.ConclusionsThis detection system is useful to evaluate the relative expression level of each GATA protein in the targeted cell population among heterogeneous cells, and the results suggest an aberrant expression of GATA factors in hematological diseases. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 56B:1–7, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automated red blood cell differential analysis on a multi‐angle light scatter/fluorescence hematology analyzer
Authors: Kim Young Ran , van't Oever Ronny , Landayan Marilou , Bearden James 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBackgroundMost hematology analyzers today are capable of performing white blood cell differential analysis but only limited red blood cell (RBC) differential parameters are available. Because of incomplete morphological information on RBC abnormalities, 5–10% of samples in hematology laboratories routinely undergo smear review. A more complete automated RBC differential capability is desired.MethodsAbbott CELL DYN 4000 analyzer was modified to perform three‐dimensional (3D) RBC differential analysis (RBC/diff) on cell‐by‐cell basis at 488 nm as well as at 633 nm. Immature RBCs and all nucleated cells are labeled with a fluorescent nuclear stain, prior to RBC/diff using light loss and forward scatter (FSC) signal or two FSC signals and a third side scatter signal, projecting the cytogram onto a precalibrated 3D surface containing grid lines of volume (V) and hemoglobin concentration (HC), to determine the V and HC of a cell. Abnormally shaped RBCs (AbnRBC) are quantitated by the distance of each event to the 3D surface. A total of 154 normal and 484 clinical samples with various hemoglobinopathies have been analyzed.ResultsThe 3D cytogram and the bivariate distribution of V and HC of individual event provided information to extract quantitative data on V, HC, schistocytes, and AbnRBC of mature and immature RBCs. The accuracy level of the 3D data is difficult to assess because of the semiquantitative nature of smear review, the only available reference method.ConclusionsThe 3D RBC cytograms provide a wealth of morphologic information useful for diagnosis and treatment of patients. With powerful computer programs available today, it is evident that the rate of smear review can be significantly reduced as a result. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 56B:43–54, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pan B‐cell markers are not redundant in analysis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Authors: Monaghan Sara A. , Peterson LoAnn C. , James Cathy , Marszalek Laura , Khoong Adela , Bachta Dina J. , Karpus William J. , Goolsby Charles L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBackgroundThe classic immunophenotype for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is CD19+, restricted dim surface expression of kappa or lambda light chain, CD5+, CD23+, dim CD20+, negative FMC7, and negative CD79b. However, the necessity of assaying for all 3 pan B‐cell markers (CD20, FMC7, and CD79b) by flow cytometry has not been definitively documented for CLL.MethodsQualitative patterns and semi‐quantitative assessment of staining intensity for CD20, FMC7 and CD79b were performed in 70 cases with a current or prior diagnosis of CLL or CLL with increased prolymphocytes leukemia (CLL/PL). The concurrent morphology in 66 of 70 specimens was classified as typical CLL in 53 cases, CLL/PL in 10 cases, and large cell lymphoma in 3 cases.ResultsForty percent of the cases varied from the characteristic immunophenotype by having moderate or bright staining of CD20 (36%), FMC7 (7%), and/or CD79b (18%). Discrepant qualitative staining patterns were found between FMC7 and CD20 (21%), CD20 and CD79b (15%), and CD79b and FMC7 (10%). Semiquantitative measurement of staining intensity showed little correlation between CD79b and CD20 or FMC7. Moderate correlation was seen between CD20 and FMC7. No correlation was observed between morphology and intensity of marker expression.ConclusionsVariable patterns and intensity of staining were seen for FMC7, CD20, and CD79b in this cohort of CLL samples. Dim or negative staining was most consistently seen for FMC7 (93% of specimens). Although FMC7 staining intensity was moderately correlated with CD20, CD79b intensity was poorly correlated with either CD20 or FMC7, and thus, may provide some independent information. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 56B:30–42, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.