bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex significantly influences transduction of murine liver by recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors through an androgen-dependent pathway
Authors: Davidoff Andrew M. , Ng Catherine Y. C. , Zhou Junfang , Spence Yunyu , Nathwani Amit C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA systematic evaluation of the influence of sex on transduction by recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV) indicated that transgene expression after liver-targeted delivery of vector particles was between 5- to 13-fold higher in male mice compared with female mice, irrespective of the proviral promoter or cDNA and mouse strain. Molecular analysis revealed that the rAAV genome was stably retained in male liver at levels that were 7-fold higher than those observed in females. Further, the sex difference in transduction was observed with AAV-2– and AAV-5–based vectors, which use distinct receptor complexes for infection. In concordance with the differences in AAV transduction, gel shift analysis with nuclear extracts derived from the liver of mice and humans revealed substantially higher binding of host nuclear protein to the rep-binding site (RBS) of AAV inverted terminal repeat (ITR) in males compared with females. Transduction efficiency and binding of nuclear protein to RBS was dramatically reduced in male mice by castration. In contrast, although oophorectomy did not significantly influence rAAV transduction, administration of 5α dihydrotestosterone, prior to gene transfer, increased stable hepatocyte gene transfer in females to levels observed in male mice, implying that androgens significantly influence hepatocyte gene transfer. Interestingly, sex did not have a significant effect on AAV gene transfer into nonhepatic tissue, indicating that there are distinct tissue- and sex-specific differences in the mechanisms responsible for efficient transduction with this vector. These results have significant implications for gene therapy of autosomal and acquired disorders affecting the liver.
Membrane cholesterol regulates LFA-1 function and lipid raft heterogeneity
Authors: Marwali Muhammad Reza , Rey-Ladino Jose , Dreolini Lisa , Shaw Douglas , Takei Fumio 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMany surface receptors and signaling molecules are thought to associate with unique membrane microdomains termed lipid rafts. We examined the involvement of lipid rafts in the activation of leukocyte function–associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). Depletion or sequestration of cholesterol with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) or filipin, respectively, strongly inhibited LFA-1–mediated adhesion of T-cell lines and primary T cells. This inhibition was reversed by cholesterol reconstitution. LFA-1 on T-cell lines was detected in cold Triton X-100–insoluble lipid rafts, which were disrupted by MCD or filipin treatment. However, no LFA-1 on primary T cells was detected in lipid rafts isolated by the same procedures, and these rafts were resistant to cholesterol depletion or sequestration. Association of LFA-1 with lipid rafts of primary T cells could be detected only when they were isolated with another nonionic detergent, Brij 35. Upon treatment with MCD, LFA-1 in Brij 35–insoluble lipid rafts partially shifted to nonraft fractions. T-cell lines were found to have a high level of cholesterol and a low level of ganglioside GM1, a common marker for lipid rafts, whereas primary T cells have a much lower level of cholesterol and a very high amount of GM1. Cross-linking of LFA-1 on primary T cells induced cocapping of cholesterol but not GM1. These results suggest that lipid rafts of T cells are heterogenous, and LFA-1 associates with a subset of lipid rafts containing a high level of cholesterol. This association seems to regulate LFA-1 functions, possibly by facilitating LFA-1 clustering. (Blood. 2003;102: 215-222)
Gene expression signatures in MLL-rearranged T-lineage and B-precursor acute leukemias: dominance of HOX dysregulation
Authors: Ferrando Adolfo A. , Armstrong Scott A. , Neuberg Donna S. , Sallan Stephen E. , Silverman Lewis B. , Korsmeyer Stanley J. , Look A. Thomas 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRearrangements of the MLL locus, located on human chromosome 11q23, are frequent in both infant and therapy-related leukemias. Gene expression analysis of MLL-rearranged B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemias (MLL B-ALLs) has identified these cases as a unique subtype of leukemia, characterized by the expression of genes associated with both lymphoid and myeloid hematopoietic lineages. Here we show that MLL fusions also generate a distinct genetic subtype of T-lineage ALL (MLL T-ALL), in which leukemic cells are characterized by an early arrest in thymocyte differentiation, with suggestive evidence of commitment to the γδ lineage. Interestingly, multiple genes linked to cell proliferation (eg, PCNA, MYC, CDK2, and POLA) were down-regulated in MLL-fusion samples, relative to those transformed by other T-ALL oncogenes (P &lt; .000 001, Fisher exact test). Overall, MLL T-ALL cases consistently demonstrated increased levels of expression of a subset of major HOX genes—HOXA9, HOXA10, and HOXC6—and the MEIS1 HOX coregulator (P &lt; .008, one-sided Wilcoxon test), a pattern of gene expression that was reiterated in MLL B-ALLs. However, expression of myeloid lineage genes, previously reported in MLL B-ALLs, was not identified in T-lineage cases with this abnormality, suggesting that myeloid gene dysregulation is dispensable in leukemic transformation mediated by MLL fusion proteins. Our findings implicate dysregulation of HOX gene family members as a dominant mechanism of leukemic transformation induced by chimeric MLL oncogenes. (Blood. 2003;102:262-268)
p190-B RhoGAP Regulates Mammary Ductal Morphogenesis
Authors: Chakravarty Geetika , Hadsell Darryl , Buitrago William , Settleman Jeffrey , Rosen Jeffrey M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPrevious studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that p190-B RhoGAP (p190-B) is differentially expressed in the Cap cells of terminal end buds (TEBs) and poorly differentiated rodent mammary tumors. Based on these observations we hypothesized that p190-B might play an essential role in invasion of the TEBs into the surrounding fat pad during ductal morphogenesis. To test this hypothesis, mammary development was studied in p190-B-deficient mice. A haploinsufficiency phenotype was observed in p190-B heterozygous mice as indicated by decreased number and rate of ductal outgrowth(s) at 3, 4, and 5 wk of age when compared with their wild-type littermates. This appeared to result from decreased proliferation in the Cap cells of the TEBs, a phenotype remarkably similar to that observed previously in IGF-I receptor null mammary epithelium. Furthermore, decreased expression of insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 were observed in TEBs of p190-B heterozygous mice. These findings are consistent with decreased IGF signaling observed previously in p190-B−/− mouse embryo fibroblasts. To further assess if this defect was cell autonomous or due to systemic endocrine effects, the mammary anlagen from p190-B+/+, p190-B+/−, and p190-B−/− mice was rescued by transplantation into the cleared fat pad of recipient Rag1−/− mice. Surprisingly, as opposed to 75–80% outgrowths observed using wild-type donor epithelium, only 40% of the heterozygous and none of the p190-B−/− epithelial transplants displayed any outgrowths. Together, these results suggest that p190-B regulates ductal morphogenesis, at least in part, by modulating the IGF signaling axis.
Enrollee Appeals of Preservice Coverage Denials at 2 Health Maintenance Organizations
Authors: Studdert David M. , Gresenz Carole Roan 
Published: March 2003

ContextCongress and state legislatures are considering patient bills of rights that seek to strengthen opportunities for patients to have denials of coverage reconsidered by their health plans. Little is publicly known about such appeals systems.ObjectiveTo improve understanding of the sources, types, and outcomes of conflicts between patients and managed care organizations over coverage of services.Design and SettingDescriptive study of information abstracted from 1774 preservice appeals out of a larger stratified random sample of 3519 appeals lodged between January 1998 and June 2000 at 2 large US health maintenance organizations.Main Outcome MeasuresClassification of preservice appeals according to whether they contested access to out-of-network care, the contractual limits of coverage, or the medical necessity of services; analysis of contractual coverage and medical necessity appeals by the services in dispute and out-of-network appeals by enrollees' reasons for seeking care; and comparison of the proportions of appeals won by enrollees across types of appeals and services.ResultsApproximately one third (36.9%) of preservice appeals involved medical necessity determinations, another third (36.6%) centered on the scope of contractually covered benefits, and most of the remainder (19.7%) involved out-of-network care. Enrollee wins were significantly more frequent among medical necessity appeals than out-of-network or contractual coverage appeals (52.2% vs 35.4% and 33.2%, respectively; P&amp;lt;.001). Appeals were concentrated among relatively few services and among therapies that are generally regarded as nonessential.ConclusionsA majority of preservice appeals disputed choice of provider or contractual coverage issues, rather than medical necessity. Medical necessity disputes proliferate not around life-saving treatments but in areas of societal uncertainty about the legitimate boundaries of insurance coverage. Greater transparency about the coverage status of specific services, through more precise contractual language and consumer education about benefits limitations, may help to avoid a large proportion of disputes in managed care.
Sex differences in genetic and environmental effects on aggression
Authors: Vierikko Elina , Pulkkinen Lea , Kaprio Jaakko , Viken Richard , Rose Richard J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic and environmental factors influencing teacher and parental rated aggression in boys and girls, asking whether the magnitude of these effects is similar across rater and sex. The study is part of an ongoing nationwide twin‐family study of behavioral development and health habits carried out in Finland. The sample consisted of 1651 twin pairs (264 monozygotic male, 300 monozygotic female, 292 dizygotic male, 278 dizygotic female, and 517 dizygotic opposite‐sex twin pairs), representing subsets of five 11‐ to 12‐year‐old twin cohorts (b. 1983–1987). The data were collected using the teacher and parental rating forms of the Multidimensional Peer Nomination Inventory. Structural equation models of sex‐limitation assessed sex differences in genetic and environmental influences on aggression. The results suggested significant genetic, common environmental, and specific environmental effects on aggression in both boys and girls, but the best fitting model differed depending on the informant. For both ratings, boys showed lower levels of heritability and higher levels of common environment than girls. In addition, the teacher rating data also suggested the presence of either sex‐specific common environmental effects or sex‐specific genetic effects. Support is provided also for sibling contrast effects, either at the behavioral level or as a rater bias. Aggr. Behav. 29:55–68, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Action/inaction regret as a function of severity of loss
Authors: Avni‐Babad Dinah 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTwo studies were conducted to examine whether people who experience severe losses tend to regret their failures to act more than people that experience less severe losses. Two time points were considered, after the event (short term), and a year later (long term). In Study 1, participants responded to scenarios depicting losses varying in degree of severity. As hypothesized, protagonists in the heavy loss cases were attributed with more regrets of omission (inaction) both in the short and in the long term. In the less severe loss scenarios, action regrets decreased significantly in the long term. In Study 2, one of the severe loss scenarios from Study 1 was presented with a less severe outcome. As expected, participants generated more inaction regrets in the severe loss version. Severity of loss influenced the preference for omission regrets in both studies for the short term and the long term. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The everyday production of knowledge: individual differences in epistemological understanding and juror‐reasoning skill
Authors: Weinstock Michael , Cronin Matthew A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study investigated the untested assumption that people's everyday reasoning reflects different understandings of the nature of knowledge and knowing. The epistemological stances of 180 prospective jurors were assessed with an interview that probed the nature and source of the discrepant knowledge claims of two historical accounts. The researchers derived global epistemological levels from these interviews. The jurors also heard trials and offered justifications for their verdict choices. The researchers assessed these justifications for whether subjects could use various reasoning skills successfully. Epistemological level, but not educational level, age, or gender, predicted juror‐reasoning skills and degree of certainty about verdict choice. Epistemological level, mediated by the juror‐reasoning skills, was a better predictor of general argument skill than certainty about verdict choice and the amount of evidence used in arguing for a verdict. The results indicate that epistemological understandings underlie specific juror‐reasoning skills and overall argument ability. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Children's memory of recurring events: is the first event always the best remembered?
Authors: Powell Martine B. , Thomson Donald M. , Ceci Stephen J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThree experiments were conducted to examine the effect of age (4–5 and 6–8 years) and retention interval on children's ability to remember separate occurrences of a repeated event that varied in terms of content (items, dialog, etc.) Experiment 1 explored children's ability to recall the first versus last occurrence of a series of six events, at either one week or six weeks delay. Experiments 2 and 3 explored children's ability to identify the position of items in terms of their order of presentation within the series across two retention intervals. Overall, the results revealed clear age differences in children's performance. In general, the 6‐ to 8‐year‐old children performed better on all tasks than the 4‐ to 5‐year‐old children. Further, the older children showed relatively good memory of the first and last items compared to the middle items, although the last items were more likely to be forgotten or misplaced in the sequencing tasks over time than the first items. For the younger children, the patterns of results were sometimes but not always consistent with that of the older children. The relevance and generalisability of these findings to the legal setting are discussed as well as directions for future research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Whose life is it anyway? Adoption of each other's autobiographical memories by twins
Authors: Ikier Simay , Tekcan Ali İ. , Gülgöz Sami , Küntay Aylin C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAnecdotal evidence suggests that twins may dispute ownership of autobiographical experiences. We investigated the frequency and characteristics of such disputed memories in comparison to memories with undisputed ownership. In the present study, monozygotic twins (MZ), dizygotic twins (DZ), and siblings were asked to remember disputed and non‐disputed memories. They also dated each memory and provided a rating on the following variables: level of imagery, detail, rehearsal, and importance. Results showed that disputed memories were more common among MZ twins than in DZ twins and siblings. The frequencies of undisputed memories were not different among the three groups. When compared to non‐disputed memories, disputed memories were more likely to come from events experienced during preschool years. We consider disputed memories as instances of false memories, at least partly influenced by social interactional processes, and event characteristics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐Dimensional Nanostructures: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
Authors: Xia Y. , Yang P. , Sun Y. , Wu Y. , Mayers B. , Gates B. , Yin Y. , Kim F. , Yan H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article provides a comprehensive review of current research activities that concentrate on one‐dimensional (1D) nanostructures—wires, rods, belts, and tubes—whose lateral dimensions fall anywhere in the range of 1 to 100 nm. We devote the most attention to 1D nanostructures that have been synthesized in relatively copious quantities using chemical methods. We begin this article with an overview of synthetic strategies that have been exploited to achieve 1D growth. We then elaborate on these approaches in the following four sections: i) anisotropic growth dictated by the crystallographic structure of a solid material; ii) anisotropic growth confined and directed by various templates; iii) anisotropic growth kinetically controlled by supersaturation or through the use of an appropriate capping reagent; and iv) new concepts not yet fully demonstrated, but with long‐term potential in generating 1D nanostructures. Following is a discussion of techniques for generating various types of important heterostructured nanowires. By the end of this article, we highlight a range of unique properties (e.g., thermal, mechanical, electronic, optoelectronic, optical, nonlinear optical, and field emission) associated with different types of 1D nanostructures. We also briefly discuss a number of methods potentially useful for assembling 1D nanostructures into functional devices based on crossbar junctions, and complex architectures such as 2D and 3D periodic lattices. We conclude this review with personal perspectives on the directions towards which future research on this new class of nanostructured materials might be directed.
Sol–Gel Electrophoretic Deposition for the Growth of Oxide Nanorods
Authors: Limmer S.J. , Cao G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBy combining sol–gel processing with electrophoretic deposition, we have developed a new method for the growth of oxide nanorods. Both single metal oxides (TiO2, SiO2) and complex oxides—BaTiO3, Sr2Nb2O7, and Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3—have been grown by this method. Uniformly sized nanorods 45–200 nm in diameter and 10 μm in length can be grown over large areas with near unidirectional alignment. The nanorods have the desired stoichiometric chemical composition and crystal structure, after firing to 500–700 °C for up to one hour.
Anisotropic Shape Control of Colloidal Inorganic Nanocrystals
Authors: Lee S.‐M. , Cho S.‐N. , Cheon J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe systematic shape control of colloidal nanocrystals including one‐dimensional (1D) nanorods remains a key issue in the “bottom–up” approach of nanoscience. Here, we examine the anisotropic structural evolution of various semiconductor nanocrystals and systematically elucidate the key growth parameters for their shape control. The crystalline phase of nucleating seeds and kinetic growth regimes controlled by changing growth parameters are crucial for the determination of the 1D nanocrystal geometry.
Template‐Fabricated Gold Nanowires and Nanotubes
Authors: Wirtz M. , Martin C.R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractGold nanowires and nanotubes are prepared via electroless deposition of Au onto the pore walls of a porous polymeric membrane. The pores in the support membrane act as a template for the nanostructures. The support is a commercially available nanoporous polycarbonate filter with cylindrical nanoscopic pores. We have shown that by controlling the Au deposition time, Au nanotubes (short deposition times) or nanowires (longer deposition times) can be prepared. The gold nanowires and nanotube membranes can be utilized for nanoelectrode ensembles, molecular filters and as chemical switches.
High serum transferrin receptor level in anemia of chronic disorders indicates coexistent iron deficiency
Authors: Das Gupta Amar , Abbi Alpana 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBlood transferrin receptor (TR) level is largely determined by the quantum of erythropoiesis and by intracellular iron content of the cells of the erythroid lineage. Hence, a high serum TR level has been found to be useful in distinguishing iron deficiency anemia (IDA) from anemia of chronic disorders (ACD). In order to examine its potential role in the diagnosis of concomitant iron deficiency in ACD, we determined serum TR levels in 130 cases of ACD, in 25 cases of IDA, and in 40 normal adults. As expected, all patients of IDA had significantly higher serum TR levels compared to the normal subjects (4.2–19.2 μg/dL vs. 1.3–3.0 μg/dL) (P < 0.002). In 11/25 cases of IDA, the total iron‐binding capacity (TIBC) was in the normal range although bone marrow iron store was absent and serum TR levels were high, thereby highlighting the superiority of TR level in the diagnosis of iron deficiency compared to TIBC. Although 54% (70/130) patients of ACD had normal or low serum TR levels (0.9–3.0 μg/dL) as expected, in 46% (60/130) of ACD patients, serum TR levels were high (3.2–11.0 μg/dL). Mean corpuscular volume, red cell distribution width, and transferrin saturation were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the latter group of patients compared to the former, and these parameters resembled those in IDA patients. Also, serum iron was lower and TIBC was higher in this group of ACD patients compared to those with normal or low serum TR. All these features point to an “IDA‐like” profile of ACD patients with high TR and support the possibility of co‐existent iron deficiency in this subgroup of ACD patients. In light of these observations it would be prudent to treat ACD patients with high serum TR levels with iron replacement therapy. Am. J. Hematol. 72:158–161, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of plasma exchange in methotrexate removal in a patient with osteosarcoma and acute renal insufficiency
Authors: Cecyn Karin Zattar , Lee Juno , Oguro Tsutomo , Petrilli Antônio Sérgio , Bordin José Orlando 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAcute renal failure induced by methotrexate (MTX) can be lethal because renal excretion of the drug can be delayed. Pre‐existing renal impairment, abstention, or underdosage of folinic acid and inadequate hydration facilitate toxicity. The prolonged high serum levels of MTX result in severe mucositis and pancytopenia, but strategies useful to accelerate MTX removal have not been universally accepted. We report a case of a 13‐year‐old girl with osteosarcoma who was treated with high‐dose MTX because of thoracic tumor recurrence. No side effects were observed after 2 cycles of high‐dose MTX; however, after the third cycle there was a delayed MTX elimination followed by clinical toxicity. Forty hours post‐MTX infusion the serum level of MTX was 5.39 × 10−4 mol/L. Treatment was based on symptomatic measures, such as maintenance of an abundant and alkaline diuresis and parenteral administration of folinic acid. Concomitantly, plasma exchange was employed to accelerate MTX removal and reduce its toxicity. After 24 days, she was discharged from the hospital, and her renal function recovered gradually. Am. J. Hematol. 72:209–211, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.