bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Nano-sized SEI Film Formed by Vinyl Acetate Additive for Li-ion Batteries
Authors: Yoshitake H , Abe K , Kitakura T , Gong J B , Lee Y S , Nakamura H , Yoshio M 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
The electrochemical performance of Li/graphite and LiCoO2/graphite cells were investigated in 1 M LiPF6 dissolved in propylene carbonate (PC) + dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (Vol. 1:2) alone and with 1 wt.% vinyl acetate (VA) additive in this study. Decomposition of solvents at graphite electrode could be remarkably suppressed by addition of the VA additive in the electrolyte, leading to the improvement of electrochemical performances of the cells. We found that the VA additive should give a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the surface of graphite electrode, which effectively suppressed the PC decomposition in the electrolyte.
Amperometric Detection of Oxidized and Reduced Glutathione at Anodically Pretreated Diamond Electrodes
Authors: Terashima Chiaki , Rao Tata N , Sarada Bulusu V , Fujishima Akira 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Anodically oxidized diamond electrodes have enabled direct oxidation of not only thiols but also disulfides such as oxidized glutathione. Coupled with LC separation after sample pretreatment, simultaneous determination of oxidized and reduced glutathione in rat whole blood was achieved at 1.50 V vs Ag/AgCl. The present method was comparable with enzymatic assay in real sample analysis.
Electrocatalytic Activation of Organosulfur Redox Reactions by Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Park Jong-Eun , Hatozaki Osamu , Oyama Noboru 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
The effect of Ag nanoparticles on the redox reactions of organosulfur compounds was investigated. Adding the nanoparticles to 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMcT)-polyaniline composites, redox activity of the composites was enhanced due to electrocatalytic activation of DMcT by the nanoparticles. It was expected that adsorption of DMcT to the nanoparticles would make a positive contribution to the electrocatalysis.
Theoretical Evaluation of the Reaction Intermediate Complex for an Asymmetric Reaction Using a Chiral Lithium Amide by the Molecular Mechanics (MM3) Calculations
Authors: Yoshida Takashi , Sakakibara Kazuhisa , Asami Masatoshi 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
The structures and conformational energies of the reaction intermediate complex for an asymmetric reaction, in which cyclohexene oxide is transformed to chiral (S)-2-cyclohexen-1-ol with high enantioselectivity by various chiral lithium amide in tetrahydrofuran (THF), were evaluated well by the extended Allinger’s MM3 force field calculations.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Aminocarbonylation of Aryl Halides Using Aldehydes as a Source of Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Morimoto Tsumoru , Fujioka Masahiko , Fuji Koji , Tsutsumi Ken , Kakiuchi Kiyomi 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
The reaction of N-Ts-(2-bromophenyl)alkylamines with aldehydes in the presence of a catalytic amount of a rhodium complex results in the intramolecular aminocarbonylation of the aryl halides to give five-, six-, and seven-membered benzolactams.
Iodide-induced Oscillations in BrO3−–Tyrosine–H2SO4 System
Authors: Li Hexing , Zhu Jian , Dai Yeping , Wang Qin 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
The KBO3–tyrosine(Tyr)–H2SO4 system gave rise to sustained uncatalyzed oscillations in a suitable concentration range. Under the case that the reactants’ concentrations were out of the oscillating range, initially adding iodide into the above system induced another kind of oscillations with much higher frequency and more oscillation cycles in comparison with the original uncatalyzed oscillations in the absence of iodide.
Significance of crustaceans in dwarfed faunas
Authors: Scott Harold William 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
A survey of literature on fossil anti living crustacea fails to uncover a single reported case of unquestioned dwarfing. The molt stages of crustacea introduce a factor that is not ordinarily involved in the study of other invertebrates. Ostracodes pass through 7-9 molt stages. lt is conceivable that a group of molts could be misinterpreted as "dwarfing." An investigation concerning dwarfing in trilobites failed to uncover any evidence which would indicate the existence of such a fauna. The crustaceans are normal in dwarfed faunas because they were free swimming forms and lived in that portion of the water which had a normal pH. Whereas, the dwarfed forms were bottom dwellers that lived in an environment where the pH was low and the H 2 S high.
Beeinflusst die Strukturgüte von Fließgewässern das Vorkommen von Makrophyten?
Authors: Passauer Barbara , Meilinger Petra , Melzer Arnulf , Schneider Susanne 
Published: January 2003

AbstractEine wichtige Rolle bei der integrierenden Bewertung von Fließgewässern spielt neben der Nährstoffsituation, die über die Makrophytenvegetation indiziert werden kann, die Gewässerstruktur. Die Frage nach möglicherweise bestehenden Zusammenhängen zwischen der Strukturgüte und der Makrophytenvegetation steht im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit. Im Sommer 2000 wurden in 135 Kartierabschnitten an Fließgewässern in Süddeutschland die Gewässerstruktur nach LAWA, die Makrophytenvegetation sowie ausgewählte Standortparameter kartiert. Da in Gewässern mit hoher struktureller Diversität höhere Artenzahlen zu erwarten sind als in solchen mit geringer Standortvielfalt, wurden die Artenzahlen der Makrophyten in den einzelnen Strukturgüteklassen verglichen. Bei Betrachtung aller Arten ließ sich kein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied in der Artenzahl mit sich verschlechternder Strukturgüte nachweisen. Während die Bryophyta eine signifikante Abnahme in der Artenzahl mit sich verringernder Strukturqualität zeigten, war eine leichte Zunahme bei den übrigen Lebensformgruppen erkennbar. Mit Hilfe einer Kanonischen Korrespondenzanalyse wurde die Beziehung des Parameters Gewässerstruktur zu den anderen Umweltfaktoren untersucht. Die strukturell hochwertigen Gewässer wiesen dabei eine meist hohe Fließgeschwindigkeit auf und waren stark beschattet. Diese Umweltbedingungen, die charakteristisch für die Gewässertypen höherer Lagen sind, wurden vorwiegend von den Bryophyta toleriert. Von den übrigen Lebensformgruppen bevorzugte Gewässertypen waren strukturell mehr oder weniger stark beeinträchtigt.Ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Artenzahl von Makrophyten und der Gewässerstrukturklasse ließ sich damit bei Betrachtung aller Gewässertypen nicht nachweisen, da typspezifische ökomorphologische Parameter die Unterschiede in den Artenzahlen maskieren. Diese Einflussfaktoren werden diskutiert. Für Gefäßpflanzen und Characeen können auch beeinträchtigte Gewässer gute Lebensbedingungen bieten. Von der Strukturgüteklasse kann daher nur bei einer Differenzierung nach Gewässertyp auf die Besiedlungsbedingungen für Makrophyten geschlossen werden.
Development of an interactive multimedia teaching package for a course on metalworking
Authors: Ong S. K. , Mannan M. A. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn this paper, the development of a comprehensive interactive and multimedia courseware for supplementing the teaching of the concepts and principles in the metallurgy of metalworking is presented. The objective was to create teaching materials that would be interactive, interesting, and useful for students to easily learn the concepts in this topic, so that the students would learn more effectively and enthusiastically. The course material developed involved a substantial amount of animations to illustrate the various metalworking principles, so as to effectively improve the learning of key concepts. In addition, quizzes were implemented to test the students understanding of the concepts. A few development tools were tested, and the final decision was to use mainly Macromedia Flash and Microsoft Front Page. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 10: 215–228, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com.); DOI 10.1002/cae.10021
Interactive web‐based training tool for CAD in a virtual environment
Authors: Ou Shih‐Ching , Sung Wen‐Tsai , Hsiao Sung‐Jung , Fan Kuo‐Chin 
Published: January 2003

AbstractInnovative products and reduced time‐to‐market are essential for competitiveness in the modern market. Consequently, it is very important for industry to apply new information technologies and training tools to support product development, production planning, and other product processes. Virtual reality is one of these enabling technologies. This investigation proposes a novel approach to enhance CAD training and design in a web‐based environment such as a Web browser or VR browser. Previous investigations successfully developed a CAD curriculum analysis and design, and also proposed the use of virtual reality modeling to improve training techniques. For this reason, this study designs a simple interactive web‐based training tool for CAD in a virtual environment, along with an integrated graphics real‐time system. Using OpenGL, the proposed system can run on different operating systems, such as Windows 2000, Windows 98, Windows 95, Windows NT, Linux and Macintosh. Owing to the increasing need for design and training CAD in network environments, drawing real‐time complex curves and surfaces in a network browser is an emerging technological trend. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 10: 182–193, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10024
Low cost vision system for an educational platform in artificial intelligence and robotics
Authors: Martin Juan F. , Chiang Luciano 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper presents a web‐cam based vision system for performing image processing in real time. It was implemented as part of an AI and Robotics educational platform designed to study collaborative moving robots in a dynamic environment. A color based image segmentation algorithm was developed with careful attention to algorithm efficiency, due to hardware limitations for the maximum frame rate. This led to a simple and cost‐effective vision system that is able to detect and identify several mobile robots through successive frames. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 10: 238–248, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10026
Stock exchange game model as an example for graduate level distance studies
Authors: Mockus Jonas 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper deals with the development of a Web‐based integrated system for distance graduate studies of theories of optimization, games, and markets, which is aimed to support core curriculum and to provide students with hands‐on experience on effective use of software tools. The main objective is to stimulate and develop creative abilities to work as independent researchers. This can be explained by detailed description of a typical example: the Stock Exchange Game Model (SEGM). That is the purpose of this paper. The web‐site http://mockus.org/optimum includes SEGM and accompanying models. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 10: 229–237, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10027
Dynamic strategy for teaching structural analysis
Authors: El‐Rimawi Jamal , El‐Hamalawi Ashraf 
Published: January 2003

AbstractImproving students' understanding of structural analysis within a limited time represents a challenge for both students and lecturers. As a result, emphasis is usually placed on either the analytical or conceptual aspect of the subject. This paper argues that, within the same time frame, the simultaneous development of both aspects could lead to a better understanding of the subject. The development and implementation of a computer program suitable for this purpose is described, and its application to the compatibility method is illustrated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 10: 194–203, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10028
A Process in Need Is a Process Indeed: Scalable Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Compounds for the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Ikunaka Masaya 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis report deals with enantioselective synthesis of viracept1(nelfinavir mesylate, AG 1343), a potent HIV protease inhibitor, and 3‐hydroxytetradecanoic acid3, a component of lipid A comprising lipopolysaccharide embedded in the cell surface of Gram‐negative bacteria, from both strategic and practical perspectives. As regards the synthesis of1, the synthetic approaches to its central intermediate2possessing the common structural motif of 1,4‐differentially substituted‐2‐amino‐3‐hydroxylbutane are mainly discussed with emphasis on the molecular symmetry that has helped streamline the synthetic strategy. In the discussion of the synthetic strategies to access a single enantiomer of3, the chiral methodologies that have been applied so far are assessed for industrial viability; the synthetic alternatives explored include resolution via diastereomeric salt formation, lipase‐catalyzed kinetic resolution, asymmetric synthesis, and chiral pool approaches.
Total Synthesis of the Antitumor Acetogenin Mosin B: Desymmetrization Approach to the Stereodivergent Synthesis of threo/trans/erythro‐Type Acetogenins
Authors: Maezaki Naoyoshi , Kojima Naoto , Sakamoto Atsunobu , Tominaga Hiroaki , Iwata Chuzo , Tanaka Tetsuaki , Monden Morito , Damdinsuren Bazarragchaa , Nakamori Shoji 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA total synthesis of the threo/trans/erythro‐type acetogenin mosin B and one of its diastereomers has been achieved. The carbon skeleton is assembled in a convergent fashion from two segments (a THF ring segment and a γ‐lactone segment) through the Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction. The THF ring segment was stereoselectively constructed by a stereodivergent synthesis starting from a common intermediate (4‐cyclohexene‐1,2‐diol) based on a desymmetrization strategy. The γ‐lactone segment was synthesized by coupling a triflate and a chiral α‐sulfenyl γ‐lactone. By virtue of these synthetic results, we suggest that the absolute configuration of natural mosin B is 1 a. Antiproliferative effects of 1 a and 1 b were also investigated.
Metal‐Free, Noncovalent Catalysis of Diels–Alder Reactions byNeutralHydrogen Bond Donors in Organic Solvents and in Water
Authors: Wittkopp Alexander , Schreiner Peter R. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe examined the catalytic activity of substituted thioureas in a series of Diels–Alder reactions and 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions. The kinetic data reveal that the observed accelerations in the relative rates are more dependent on the thiourea substituents than on the reactants or solvent. Although the catalytic effectiveness is the strongest in noncoordinating, nonpolar solvents, such as cyclohexane, it is also present in highly coordinating polar solvents, such as water. In 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions, the thiourea catalysts demonstrate only very moderate selectivity for reactions with inverse electron demand. Our experiments emphasize that both hydrophobic and polar interactions can co‐exist, making these catalysts active, even in highly coordinating solvents. This class of catalysts increases the reaction rates andendo‐selectivities of Diels–Alder reactions, in a similar manner to weak Lewis acids, without concomitant product inhibition.
Flexible but with a Defined Turn—Influence of the Template on the Binding Properties of Two‐Armed Receptors
Authors: Wennemers Helma , Nold Matthias C. , Conza Matteo M. , Kulicke Klaus J. , Neuburger Markus 
Published: January 2003

AbstractCombinatorial binding studies revealed that the di(trans‐4‐aminoproline)diketopiperazine is an ideal template for two‐armed receptors with highly selective binding properties towards peptides. It is not only superior to structurally very different diamines but also to the diastereomeric di(cis‐4‐aminoproline)diketopiperazine. These empiric results are rationalized by the analysis of the conformation of the diastereomeric diketopiperazines in the solid state, by X‐ray crystal structure analysis, as well as by NMR studies in solution: to observe highly selective binding, the template needs to be not only conformationally rigid but it must have a specific turn geometry. The combination of combinatorial binding studies, X‐ray crystal structure analysis, and NMR spectroscopy gave insight into why thetrans,trans‐diketopiperazine is a superior template compared to other diamines. Additionally, the results provide a guide for the rational design of two‐armed receptors with good binding properties towards peptidic guests.
Nitrogen Photofixation on Nanostructured Iron Titanate Films
Authors: Rusina Olga , Linnik Oksana , Eremenko Anna , Kisch Horst 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA nanostructured iron titanate thin film has been prepared by a sol–gel method from iron(III) chloride and titanium tetraisopropylate. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis and Mößbauer spectroscopy suggest the presence of a Fe2Ti2O7 phase, which was previously obtained as an intermediary phase upon heating ilmenite. In the presence of ethanol or humic acids and traces of oxygen, the novel film photocatalyzes the fixation of dinitrogen to ammonia (17 μM) and nitrate (45 μM). In the first observable reaction step, hydrazine is produced and then undergoes further photoreduction to ammonia. Oxidation of the latter by oxygen affords nitrate as the final product. Since the reaction occurs also in air and with visible light (λ>455 nm), and since the iron titanate phase may be formed by the weathering of ilmenite minerals, it may be a model for mutual nonenzymatic nitrogen fixation in nature.
A unique mushroom body substructure common to basal cockroaches and to termites
Authors: Farris Sarah M. , Strausfeld Nicholas J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe mushroom bodies of the cockroach Periplaneta americana are made up of intrinsic neurons (class I and class II Kenyon cells) with dendrites in a dorsal calyx and axons that bifurcate into medial and vertical lobes. Here, we describe a substructure of the cockroach mushroom bodies composed of a previously unrecognized class of Kenyon cells with distinct morphologies. The embryonically produced class III Kenyon cells form a separate accessory calyx below the calyx proper. The medial branches of class III Kenyon cell axons form the previously described “γ bulb,” whereas the vertical branches leave the vertical lobe to form a toroidal “lobelet” around the posterior surface. Taking advantage of the morphologically and immunochemically distinct nature of the lobelet, we have attempted to determine the distribution of this unique structure in other insects of the taxon Dictyoptera (cockroaches, mantises, and termites). Our data indicate that the lobelet is present only in basal cockroaches and in termites, supporting existing theories of a close phylogenetic relationship between these groups. Higher termites possess a duplicated lobe structure due to immense elaboration of the processes of class III Kenyon cells. The degree of complexity in the mushroom body lobes of termites agrees with current taxonomic arrangements of the Isoptera based on non‐neural morphological and DNA sequence analyses. It thus appears that the evolution of the Dictyoptera has been accompanied by increasing complexity of the mushroom bodies, achieved in part through the further specialization and elaboration of a subset of Kenyon cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:305–320, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased density of hippocampal kainate receptors but normal density of NMDA and AMPA receptors in a rat model of prenatal protein malnutrition
Authors: Fiacco Todd A. , Rosene Douglas L. , Galler Janina R. , Blatt Gene J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe postnatal development of excitatory amino acid receptor types including kainate, N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA), and α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) was assessed in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and adjacent neocortex in normal and prenatally protein malnourished rats ages 15, 30, 90, and 220 postnatal days by quantitative autoradiography. Tritiated ligands used to measure binding site density were 3[H]kainate, 3[H]MK‐801, and 3[H]AMPA, respectively. Kainate receptors showed statistically significant increases in binding density in stratum lucidum of CA3 (hippocampal mossy fiber zone) in 90‐ and 220‐day‐old malnourished rats compared with age‐ and sex‐matched controls but not in 15‐ or 30‐day‐old malnourished rats. Compared with previous anatomic studies, these results are mostly in agreement with a significantly decreased hippocampal mossy fiber plexus in 15‐, 90‐, and 220‐day‐old rats but not in 30‐day‐old rats. These results suggested that the increased density of postsynaptic kainate receptors located mainly on proximal apical dendrites of CA3 pyramidal cells may be compensatory to decreased glutamate release due to the reduction in mossy fiber plexus. In contrast, the density of putative NMDA and AMPA receptors quantified in prenatally malnourished rats was comparable to the density quantified in age‐ and sex‐matched control rats, as were all three receptor types in entorhinal cortex and adjacent neocortex. Thus, the selectivity of the compensation of 3[H]kainate‐labeled mossy fiber plexus in adult but not in early postnatal developing malnourished rats may help ensure continued breeding and survival of the species under otherwise adverse environmental conditions. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:350–360, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionate‐type glutamate receptor subunits (GluR2/3) along the ventral visual pathway in the monkey
Authors: Xu Lihua , Tanigawa Hisashi , Fujita Ichiro 
Published: January 2003

AbstractBy using immunohistochemical methods, we examined the distribution of cells expressing subunits of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)‐selective glutamate receptors (GluR2/3) in the cortical areas of the occipitotemporal pathway in monkeys. GluR2/3‐immunoreactive (‐ir) cells were primarily pyramidal cells; this category, however, also included large stellate cells in layer IVB of the striate cortex (V1) and fusiform cells in layer VI of all the areas examined. GluR2/3 immunoreactivity differed among the areas in laminar distribution and intensity. In V1, GluR2/3‐ir cells were identified mainly in layers II, III, IVB, and VI. The prestriate areas V2 and V4 and the inferior temporal areas TEO and TE contained GluR2/3‐ir cells in layers II, III, and VI. In the TE, GluR2/3‐ir cells were also abundant in layer V. In area 36 of the perirhinal cortex, neurons in layers II, III, V, and VI were labeled in a similar manner to the TE labeling, but with greater staining intensity and numbers, especially in layer V. Thus, GluR2/3 immunoreactivity increased rostrally along the pathway. Within V1 and V2, cells strongly stained for GluR2/3 formed clusters that colocalized with cytochrome oxidase (CO)‐rich regions. These distinct laminar and regional distribution patterns of GluR2/3 expression may contribute to the specific physiological properties of neurons within various visual areas and compartments. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:396–407, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.