bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communication between the femoropatellar and medial and lateral femorotibial joints in horses
Authors: Vacek John R. , Ford Troy S. , Honnas Clifford M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Communications between the femoropatellar, medial femorotibial, and lateral femorotibial joints were studied, using fresh equine cadaver specimens. A total of 90 specimens from 45 horses were used. Horses were randomly assigned to 3 groups with 15 horses/group. Each group was assigned an injection site (femoropatellar joint, medial femorotibial joint, or lateral femorotibial joint), and red latex was injected into the respective location of each joint in each group. Immediately after injection, the joints were flexed and extended 100 times. The stifles were frozen in slight flexion, then cut into 1-cm sagittal sections. The communications between the femoropatellar and medial and lateral femorotibial joints were determined.
None of the specimens in this study had communication between all 3 joint compartments. When the femoropatellar joint was injected, 18 of 30 joints (60%) communicated with the medial femorotibial joint, and 1 of 30 (3%) communicated with the lateral femorotibial joint. Injection of the medial femorotibial joint revealed 24 of 30 (80%) joints that communicated with the femoropatellar joint, and 1 of 30 (3%) that communicated with the lateral femorotibial joint. Injection of the lateral femorotibial joint resulted in communication with the femoropatellar joint in 1 of 30 (3%) joints. Communication did not exist between the medial and lateral femorotibial joints.
Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac morphologic and functional variables in double-muscled calves
Authors: Amory Helene , Kafidi Nacerridine , Lekeux Pierre 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We studied, by means of echocardiography in vivo, the cardiac consequences of the double-muscled character selection in beef cattle. Morphologic and functional echocardiographic variables were regularly estimated in 17 Friesian and 8 Belgian White and Blue calves during their growth. A total of 50 and 44 sets of data were collected in each group, respectively. Recordings were obtained, using 2-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography, and included measurements in long- and short-axis views of the heart.
Most of the diastolic measurements of the left ventricle were not significantly different between breeds when normalized for body weight. To the contrary, systolic measurements of left ventricular wall thickness and dimensions were significantly (P ≤ 0.001) lower and greater, respectively, in Belgian White and Blue calves than in Friesian calves. This was interpreted as a result of significantly (P ≤ 0.001) lower left ventricular systolic functional indices in Belgian White and Blue than in Friesian calves.
Echocardiographic evidence that the double-muscled selection in cattle induces alteration in morphologic variables of left ventricle was not found. However, results indicate that indices of left ventricular systolic function are lower in double-muscled calves than in calves with standard conformation.
Morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of blood cells from the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)
Authors: Alleman Arthur R. , Jacobson Elliott R. , Raskin Rose E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Morphologic and cytochemical staining characteristics of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) were evaluated, using blood smears prepared from 23 healthy tortoises of Kern County, Calif. Special emphasis was placed on differentiating features of the various leukocytes and thrombocytes. A variety of cytochemical stains, including benzidine peroxidase, Sudan black B, chloroacetate esterase, α-naphthyl butyrate esterase, acid phosphatase, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, periodic acid-Schiff, and toluidine blue were used. Heterophils had a characteristic, large, focal area of positive staining with chloroacetate esterase, α-naphthyl butyrate esterase, and acid phosphatase. Eosinophils stained diffusely positive with benzidine peroxidase, allowing differentiation of this leukocyte from heterophils. Thrombocytes stained focally positive with periodic acid-Schiff, allowing differentiation of these cells from lymphocytes, which stained uniformly negative. An intracytoplasmic body, commonly observed within erythrocytes, was considered ultrastructurally to represent a degenerate organelle.
Modulation, in vivo and in vitro, of surface expression of CD18 by bovine neutrophils
Authors: Gilbert Robert O. , Kim Carol A. , Yen Andrew 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A series of experiments was designed to elucidate some of the factors that may influence surface expression of CD18 by bovine neutrophils. Expression of CD18 was determined by immunofluorescence flow cytometry. Neutrophils recovered from the uterus of cows (n = 9) after intrauterine administration of sterile oyster glycogen solution expressed (mean ± sd) 123 ± 21% more CD18 than did circulating neutrophils recovered simultaneously from the same cows (P = 0.003). In 8 cows given 20 mg of dexamethasone im daily for 3 days, expression of CD 18 on blood neutrophils was 29.6 ± 8% less after treatment than before treatment (P = 0.0078).
Neutrophils from 12 cows or bulls exposed to phorbol myristate acetate in vitro increased expression of CD18 by 137 ± 37% (P = 0.0035). Likewise, exposure of neutrophils from 8 cattle to zymosan-activated bovine plasma increased CD18 exposure by 10.6 ± 3.8% (P = 0.029).
These findings indicate that expression of CD 18 by bovine neutrophils is a dynamic system, capable of responding to inflammatory stimuli. Inadvertent activation of neutrophils may be responsible for some of the variance in expression observed when examining large groups of cattle for CD18 expression by neutrophils. The ability of bovine neutrophils to respond rapidly to various stimuli by increasing surface expression of CD18 indicates that a pool of intracellular CD18 may be available for inclusion in the plasmalemma, as has been reported for human neutrophils.
Arterial blood gas tensions in healthy aged dogs
Authors: King Lesley G. , Anderson Jamie G. , Rhodes W. Harker , Hendricks Joan C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Twenty-four healthy dogs > 8 years old were recruited. In each instance, arterial blood gas tensions were analyzed. The alveolar-to-arterial oxygen gradient (P[a-a]o2) was calculated to assess adequacy of pulmonary gas exchange. Thoracic radiographs were evaluated to ensure lack of visible signs of pulmonary disease and that lung features were similar to those in aged dogs of previous reports. Unlike findings in aged human beings, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (Pao2) was not decreased in this group of aged dogs (mean ± sd, 102.9 ± 7.8 mm of Hg). Similarly, P[a-a]o2 also was not increased. The thoracic radiographic findings were consistent with those of previous reports of pulmonary changes in aged dogs. The extent of radiographic abnormalities and the Pao2 were not correlated.
Furosemide-induced electrolyte depletion associated with echinocytosis in horses
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Geor Raymond , Smith Clark M. , McClay Carolyn B. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Echinocytes have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of exertional diseases in horses. To evaluate the hypothesis that echinocytes are dehydrated erythrocytes, we decreased blood sodium and potassium concentrations in 4 horses by administering furosemide (1.0 mg/kg of body weight, q 12 h) for 2 days and we monitored cbc, serum and erythrocyte sodium and potassium concentrations, and echinocyte numbers. Serum sodium concentration decreased progressively over the 48 hours of furosemide administration, then returned to near baseline concentration at 168 hours. A statistically significant decrease (P < 0.05) in serum potassium concentration was observed at 24, 48, and 72 hours after initial furosemide administration, and remained less than the baseline value at the end of the study. Mean erythrocyte potassium concentration decreased rapidly and remained low at the end of the study. Minimal changes were observed in erythrocyte sodium concentration during the first 72 hours after furosemide administration, but the value was significantly (P < 0.05) increased at 168 hours. Type-I and type-II echinocyte numbers increased by 4 hours after furosemide administration and persisted throughout the study. Type-III echinocytes were not seen in baseline samples, but numbers increased only modestly after furosemide administration. Administration of epinephrine to well-hydrated horses increased echinocyte numbers only minimally, indicating that splenic contraction was not the likely cause for the furosemide-associated increase.
To determine whether the decrease in erythrocyte potassium concentration and increase in sodium concentration was caused by furosemide acting directly on the erythrocyte membrane, we quantified erythrocyte potassium and sodium concentrations before and after incubation with furosemide in vitro. Incubation of erythrocytes with furosemide failed to induce depletion of erythrocyte potassium concentration or to increase erythrocyte sodium concentration.
These data support the hypothesis that echinocytes are dehydrated cells and that these changes are induced by total body cation depletion.
Serum bile acid concentrations in clinically normal cattle: Comparison by type, age, and stage of lactation
Authors: Craig A. Morrie , Pearson Erwin G. , Rowe Kenneth 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Serum total bile acid concentrations were determined for various types and ages of cattle. There was extreme variability among all the cattle, but the variance was twice as large (0.50 vs 0.22 in logarithmic scale) for beef cattle than for dairy cattle. There was no significant difference in serum total bile acid concentrations between beef cattle and dairy cattle in midlactation. Values for calves < 6 weeks old and for 6-month-old heifers were significantly (P = < 0.05) lower than values for lactating dairy cows. The 5th to 95th percentile range of values (μmol/L) for beef cattle was 9 to 126; for lactating dairy cattle, 15 to 88; and for 6-month-old dairy heifers, 11 to 64.
Effects of Ostertagia ostertagi infection on secretion of metabolic hormones in calves
Authors: Xiao L. , Gibbs H. C. , Wallace C. R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of Ostertagia ostertagi infection on secretion of insulin, pancreatic glucagon, cortisol, gastrin, and pepsinogen were studied in calves inoculated with 100,000 (group 1) or 10,000 (group 2) O ostertagi infective larvae weekly for 14 weeks. Plasma insulin concentrations in both inoculated groups were lower than those in a noninfected (group 3) control group. The differences between group 1 and group 3 were significant (P < 0.05) at 2 and 12 weeks after initial inoculation. Plasma pancreatic glucagon and cortisol concentrations of groups 1 and 2 did not differ significantly from those of the control group, although plasma pancreatic glucagon concentration was consistently lower in group-1 calves from 4 weeks to the end of the study. Plasma pepsinogen and serum gastrin concentrations also increased significantly (P < 0.05) in both groups that received inoculations. We concluded that decreased plasma insulin concentrations are contributory to changes in postabsorptive protein metabolism, and that serum gastrin concentrations are more representative of the pathologic changes in the abomasum than are plasma pepsinogen concentrations.
Additive and synergistic pharmacologic inhibition of equine fibrinoligase (factor XIIIa*-like) biochemical activity
Authors: Coyne C. P. , Smith Joseph E. , Keeton Kerry 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A selected group of pharmaceutical compounds were evaluated for the ability to inhibit the biochemical activity of fibrinoligase (coagulation factor XIIIa*) in pooled equine plasma. Criteria for the pharmaceuticals selected were based on the mechanism of the transglutamination biochemical reaction mediated by coagulation factor XIIa*. These criteria were complemented by recognition of the molecular configuration and chemical composition of amino acid residue side chains involved in the process of covalent fibrin monomer polymerization (cross-linking, transglutamination) mediated by this enzyme. Each pharmaceutical was evaluated individually and in combination with other potential coagulation factor XIIIa* inhibitors in an effort to detect additive and synergistic phenomenon. In this context, pharmaceuticals with a carbonylamide (eg, cefuroxime, Girard's reagent-P, prolinamide) were applied in concert with compounds with a terminal amine (eg, d-arginine, l-lysine) functional group. In concept, this method theoretically served to competitively simulate glutamine and lysine amino acid residues within strands of fibrin monomer substrate involved in phase I (carbonylamide) and phase II (terminal amine) of the transglutamination reaction (covalent fibrin monomer cross-linking). Halogen-dinitro and ethylene compounds were also evaluated because of their reported ability to inactivate enzyme systems dependent on an intact sulfhydryl group located at their biochemically active site (eg, cystine amino acid residue). This group of pharmaceutical compounds failed to inhibit the biochemical activity mediated by coagulation factor XIIIa* in equine plasma.
Estrogen and progesterone receptor status of mammary carcinomas and correlation with clinical outcome in dogs
Authors: Sartin Eva A. , Barnes Stephen , Kwapien Robert P. , Wolfe Lauren G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Estrogen and progesterone receptors (er, pr) were measured in cytosol fractions from 18 primary canine mammary carcinomas by use of biochemical assays. One or both receptors were detected (> 10 fmol/mg of cytosol protein) in 11 tumors: 5 er and pr; 2 er only; 4 pr only. Mean cytoplasmic receptor concentrations (fmol/mg of cytosol protein) were 22.8 ± 2.9 (sem) for er and 51.0 ± 10.3 for pr in tumors containing er and pr, 28.8 ± 12.1 for er in tumors containing only er and 13.2 ± 1.5 for pr in tumors containing only pr. Estrogen or progesterone receptors or both were identified in 6 of 9 tubular adenocarcinomas, 4 of 5 papillary adenocarcinomas, and 1 of 1 squamous cell carcinoma. These receptors were not identified in solid carcinomas (n = 2) or a single spindle cell carcinoma. Although the number of cases was limited, survival times of dogs tended to be longest in those with tumors containing er alone or in combination with pr, intermediate in those with tumors containing only pr, and shortest in those with tumors without er or pr. A correlation was not apparent between receptor status and age, presence of ovaries, tumor size, or histologic classification of the tumor. In the analysis of this series, the extent of surgery (mastectomy of the involved gland vs unilateral or bilateral mastectomy) did not appear to influence the outcome of the disease, and metastasis to regional lymph nodes did not appear to be a reliable prognostic indicator.
Effects of anticoagulant and autoanalyzer on blood biochemical values of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta)
Authors: Bolten Alan B. , Jacobson Elliott R. , Bjorndal Karen A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We evaluated the effect of anticoagulant (lithium heparin, sodium heparin, or none) and type of autoanalyzer on selected blood biochemical values of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta). More differences were observed between the analytes in serum and those in the 2 types of plasma than were observed between the 2 types of plasma. Differences in electrolyte concentrations were not significant when plasma from sodium-heparinized blood was compared with plasma from lithium-heparinized blood. Serum is not recommended for reptilian studies because clot formation is unpredictable and because the time required for clotting may allow substantial changes in the chemical composition of the sample. For most determinants, values varied more between the 2 types of autoanalyzers than among the 3 anticoagulant treatments. These sources of variation must be considered when performing comparative studies.
Variability of α-tocopherol values associated with procurement, storage, and freezing of equine serum and plasma samples
Authors: Craig A. M. , Blythe L. L. , Rowe K. E. , Lassen E. D. , Barrington R. , Walker K. C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Recent evidence concerning the pathogenesis of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy indicated that low blood α-tocopherol values are a factor in the disease process. Variables that could be introduced by a veterinarian procuring, transporting, or storing samples were evaluated for effects on α-tocopherol concentration in equine blood. These variables included temperature; light; exposure to the rubber stopper of the evacuated blood collection tube; hemolysis; duration of freezing time, with and without nitrogen blanketing; and repeated freeze/thaw cycles. It was found that hemolysis caused the greatest change in high-performance liquid chromatography-measured serum α-tocopherol values, with mean decrease of 33% (P < 0.001). Lesser, but significant (P < 0.01) changes in serum α-tocopherol values were an approximate 10% decrease when refrigerated blood was left in contact with the red rubber stopper of the blood collection tube for 72 hours and an approximate 5% increase when blood was stored at 20 to 25 C (room temperature) for 72 hours. Repeated freeze/thaw cycles resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) 3% decrease in α-tocopherol values in heparinized plasma by the third thawing cycle. Freezer storage for a 3-month period without nitrogen blanketing resulted in slight (2%) decrease in mean serum α-tocopherol values, whereas values in serum stored for an identical period under nitrogen blanketing did not change. A significant (P < 0.001) mean decrease (10.3%) in α-tocopherol values was associated with freezer (− 16 C) storage of nitrogen blanketed serum for 6 months. Comparison of α-tocopherol values in serum vs heparinized plasma vs edta-treated plasma resulted in serum values being significantly (P < 0.001) higher (approx 4%) than values in either type of plasma. It was concluded that the optimal method for storing equine blood samples prior to α-tocopherol analysis is in an upright position in a refrigerator for up to 72 hours. If a longer period is needed prior to analysis, it is recommended that the serum or plasma be separated from blood, blanketed with nitrogen gas, and frozen in the smallest possible vial. The α-tocopherol in these samples should be stable at − 16 C for at least 3 months.
Studies of endotoxin-induced neutrophil migration in bovine teat tissues, using indium-111-labeled neutrophils and biopsies
Authors: Persson Karin , Sandgren Charlotte Hallén , Rodriguez-Martinez Heriberto 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Neutrophil migration through bovine teat tissues into the teat cistern, after endotoxin infusion into the teat cistern, was determined in vivo by 2 experimental procedures, indium-111 labeling of blood neutrophils, and obtaining multiple biopsy specimens from the teat cistern tissues. In both experiments, the number of leukocytes in the teat cistern flushing samples was continuously measured.
A lag phase of approximately 1 hour was required between endotoxin infusion into the teat cistern and the first observed neutrophil accumulation in the teat tissues. The rate of neutrophil accumulation in the teat tissues was highest between postinfusion (pi) hours 1 and 2, and the accumulation process ceased after pi hour 3. Neutrophils migrated toward the epithelium, and intraepithelial neutrophils were observed beginning approximately 2 hours after infusion, which coincided with the first influx of cells into the teat cistern. The cell influx into the teat cistern increased continuously up to pi hour 3, peaked between pi hours 3 and 5, and was close to preinfusion value at pi hour 22.
Use of indium-111-labeled neutrophils in the study of the inflammatory process provides a reliable noninvasive method to quantify cell migration in vivo. Use of biopsies allows quantification of the number of cells in different tissue areas, but has the disadvantage of being invasive. These 2 procedures complement each other, and could be of use in future studies of the local inflammatory process.
Histologic features of the carotid artery trifurcation in Thoroughbreds
Authors: Nakamura Takashi , Kiryu Keiji , Machida Noboru , Iwata Tsuyoshi , Oikawa Masa-aki , Kaneko Mikihiro 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The common, external, and internal carotid and occipital arteries were examined histologically at the trifurcation of the common carotid arteries in 13 Thoroughbred foals (0 to 30 days old) and 64 Thoroughbred adults (2 to 4 years old). Calcification in the media of the common carotid and external carotid arteries was observed in 3 of the 13 foals and in 30 of the 64 adult horses. Calcification resembled that seen in Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis in human beings, the cause of which is unknown.
Dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatotoxicosis in dogs as a model of progressive canine hepatic disease
Authors: Boothe D. M. , Jenkins W. L. , Green R. A. , Corrier D. E. , Cullen J. M. , Boothe H. W. , Weise D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A model of toxin-induced progressive hepatitis is described in Beagles. The toxin, dimethylnitrosamine, was administered orally to 18 Beagles; 6 dogs comprised a control group. Clinical signs and laboratory test results were monitored as disease progressed and were used to determine the end point of disease. Following euthanasia, histologic lesions were scored and used to derive a total severity score for each dog. Severity scores were then used to allot the 18 dogs to 3 groups of hepatic disease, defined as mild, moderate, or severe. Changes in clinical laboratory test results, including tests of hepatic function, and clinical signs indicative of liver disease were described chronologically for all dogs. Group means of clinical laboratory test results and quantifiable clinical signs (eg, weight loss and ascitic fluid accumulation) were compared. This model offers several advantages, compared with other experimental models of canine hepatic disease. These include hepatospecificity, similarity to natural disease (eg, the development of multiple extrahepatic portosystemic shunts), and the ability to titrate the disease to a desired end point. The major disadvantages of this model were the toxic nature of the drug to human beings and the variation in individual animal response to the toxin, which precludes preassignment of animals into groups.
Polypeptides associated with Pasteurella multocida infection in rabbits
Authors: Zimmerman Thomas E. , Deeb Barbara J. , DiGiacomo Ronald F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Polypeptides from whole cell preparations of Pasteurella multocida serotypes A: 12 and A:3 were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose paper. Antigens were detected by immunoblot analysis, using sera from 3 groups of rabbits. Sera were obtained from rabbits inoculated intranasally with P multocida serotype A: 12 or A:3, from rabbits maintained in a rabbitry with enzootic P multocida A: 12 infection, and from rabbits maintained in a rabbitry with enzootic P multocida A:3 infection. Immunoblot analyses of pre- and postinoculation sera from experimentally infected rabbits, using serotype A: 12 antigen, revealed 3 polypeptides with approximate molecular mass of 28, 30, and 37 kDa that consistently detected antibodies after P multocida-induced infection. Sera from rabbits naturally infected with either serotype, tested against serotype A: 12 and A:3 antigens, detected the same polypeptides in both serotypes. Thus, immunologic reactivity to these polypeptides may be useful for serologic detection of P multocida infection.