bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispersal of the ALDH2 mutant Mongoloid populations
Authors: Harada Shoji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of recent studies have indicated that individual and ethnic differences are seen in the manifestation of acute symptoms after alcohol intake (Ewing et al. 1974; Goedde and Agarwal 1986; Reed et al. 1976; Mizoi et al. 1979; Zeiner et al. 1979). Individual and ethnic differences are also associated with multiple forms of alcohol metabolizing enzymes (Von Wartburg eta/. 1965, Smith eta/. 1971, Harada eta/. 1980a,b, 1981; Goedde eta/. 1983). The first metabolite of ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is acetaldehyde, which is oxidized by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) into acetic acid. Among human ALDH isozymes, which consist of at least four different components, mitochondrial enzyme (ALDH2) contributes most to the oxidation of acetaldehyde because it has higher affinity to the substrate than the other isozymes. Our previous studies revealed that the catalytic deficiency of ALDH2 isozyme is responsible for facial flushing and other symptoms, such as tachycardia and headache. The enzyme deficiency per mits accumulation of a higher acetaldehyde level after alcohol intake and it is these high levels of acetaldehyde that are responsible for the unpleasant symp toms following alcohol ingestion (Harada et al. 1982). The deficiency of ALDH2 occurs primarily among peoples of Mongoloid origin (Harada eta/. 1980a, 1981; Goedde eta/. 1986, 1990; Harada 1989). Individuals deficient in ALDH2 refrain from excessive drinking of alcohol due to their averse reaction, thus ALDH2 defi ciency affords protection against alcoholism (Harada eta/. 1981). The latter may explain why alcoholism in Japanese and many other Mongoloid population is less common than among Caucasians.
The Mammoth Steppe and the origin of Mongoloids and their dispersal
Authors: Guthrie R Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I would like to proffer a new theory: that the complex of characters which we identify with Mongoloid peoples are the product of a special Holarctic biome, the Mammoth Steppe. And further, that this Mammoth Steppe environment is the key to understanding both the adaptive features of Mongoloids and much of their dispersal history. The roots go deep. The collision of the Indian Plate with the Asian Plate starting 40 million years ago created the Himalayas, building mountains higher than any the earth had known. This series of massive upward thrusts affected atmospheric circulation by blocking southern monsoonal air flow which normally moves northwestward from the Pacific.
This mountain building reached a crescendo in Pleistocene times (Molnar 1989). An almost permanent high pressure cell developed behind the Himalayas, resulting in a cold and arid climate. The flora and fauna which persisted in these conditions had some unusual aspects due to the combination of low latitude (30° to 45° North) but moderately high altitude (2000 to 5000 meters). The cold, dry grassland which developed behind the south face of the Himalayas (the Tibetan Plateau on the north to Mongolia) became the heartland of the Mammoth Steppe (Fig. 11.1), and, I propose, was also the evolutionary homeland of the Mongoloid peoples. During Pleistocene cycles of low solar input this grassy biome spread eastward across Europe to the Atlantic, northward to the Arctic Ocean onto the huge exposed continental shelf north of Asia, and eastward to North America via the exposed Bering land bridge.
Ethnographic analogy and migration to the western hemisphere
Authors: Kelly Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The western hemisphere was first occupied by Asians who crossed Beringia into Alaska. Linguistic, dental, and genetic data suggest three to four migrations (Turner 1992), possibly more. People were in North America by at least 11 500 years ago (Goebel eta/. 1991); perhaps earlier if dates from Bluefish Cave, Meadowcroft, Monte Verde, and other South American sites prove accurate. The lives of these first inhabitants have been reconstructed with a heavy reliance on ethnographic analogies to Arctic or Subarctic large game hunting cultures. Given the bias towards hunting in these models, a ‘generalized foraging model’, based largely on South African foragers, and which emphasizes small game and plant utilization, has been used more recently. Let me say immediately that ethnographic analogies are useful, and Paleoindians were undoubtedly similar to ethnographically known foragers in some ways. But models of past lifeways are linked to explanations of that past. A model of Paleoindian society must account not only for similarities between Paleoindians and modern foragers, but also for differences. Archaeological data suggest that the early occupants of the western hemisphere differed from modern foragers in ways that limit the usefulness of the broad brush of ethnographic analogy. Reconstructions of the Paleoindian lifeway must proceed hand-in-hand with a theoretical framework focusing on how unpopulated continents would be occupied by Homo sapiens sapiens.
A literature review of statistical methods for the analysis of general toxicology data
Authors: Shirley Eryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This review covers the analysis of standard general toxicology studies. The purpose of these studies is to test for possible toxic effects of drugs or other substances, such as agrochemicals. The studies are usually carried out on at least one rodent species and on either beagle dogs or monkeys. The decision as to whether to test a drug on humans or to introduce a substance into the environment will depend on the results of these studies. Previous acute toxicity studies on the same species will have been carried out in order to find non-lethal doses. In each study there are a control group of animals, receiving a zero dose of the compound under test, sometimes a second control group which does not receive either the compound or the vehicle used for dosing the animals, and a number of groups dosed at increasing levels of the test compound. Most commonly there are three such groups, whose dose levels are on an approximate logarithmic scale. Occasionally, there is also a positive control group dosed with a standard compound already in use and thought to be similar in effect to the test compound. This group is dosed at a level which is considered to be equivalent to one of the doses of the test compound. Often, the low-dose equivalent is chosen. It is expected that the highest-dose group of the test compound will demonstrate some signs of toxicity, but it is hoped that none of the other groups will. The lowest dose level is chosen to be relatively close to the expected human dose level, but with a safety margin. In dog and monkey studies the group sizes are small-often only three or four of each sex. Group sizes in rodent studies are much larger-at least ten of each sex-often with increased replication in the zero-dose control group.
On likelihood and Bayesian methods for interval estimation of the LD
Authors: Grieve Andrew P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The controversy surrounding the validity, and usefulness, of acute toxicity experiments in which interest centres on determining an estimate of the median lethal dose (LD50) reached a climax in the 1980s. On the one hand, animal rights groups questioned the biological relevance of such tests, quoting examples in which only insignificant information was able to be extracted. The scientific objections were generally supported by toxicologists (e.g. Zbinden and FluriRoversi 1981), while at the same time they emphasized the need to quantify the toxic potential of a chemical and simultaneously encouraged the development of procedures designed to limit the number of animals required to give an assessment of lethality.
Bayes Linear Strategies for Matching Hydrocarbon Reservoir History
Authors: Craig P S , Goldstein M , Seheult A H , Smith J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the oil industry, efficient management and prediction of hydrocarbon production depends crucially on having a good model of the reservoir. Approximate numerical solutions to the model are obtained using a “reservoir simulator”, which takes as input physical descriptions of the reservoir. It is important, therefore, to find settings of the input geology which result in a simulator run with outputs which match as closely as possible to the corresponding reservoir history. This process is termed history matching. Running the simulator with a given input geology may be very time-consuming. A large number of runs is therefore impractical. The natural way to approach the problem is to use the detailed prior knowledge of geologists and reservoir engineers to direct our search. This suggests some kind of Bayesian analysis. A full Bayesian approach is extremely difficult, due to the high dimensionality of the problem. Therefore, we discuss a Bayes linear approach for history matching, which formally incorporates the beliefs of the reservoir engineer, but which only requires a limited specification of aspects of second order beliefs. While we focus on history matching, the methodology that we describe is appropriate in general applications involving sequential design of computer experiments to solve high dimensional inverse problems.
Some New Tools for Dirichlet Priors
Authors: Diaconis P , Kemperman J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let a be a finite measure on the line. Let F be chosen from the Dirichlet prior D( a). Consider the random variable X = ∫ xF( dx). We show this has a density and give a formula for this in terms of a. This provides numerous examples for a theory of Cifarelli and Regazzini. We also give connections between this work, the Markov moment problem, and recent work of Kerov which gives an elegant way of choosing X given a. This paper gives examples and pointers to the literature.
Predictive Cross-Validation of Bayesian Meta-Analyses
Authors: Dumouchel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hierarchical Bayesian approach to meta-analysis considers three sources of variation among the outcomes of studies: readily observable differences in study designs or populations, unexplainable study-to-study variation, and sampling error within each study. The statistical model for the outcomes is a mixed model with two error terms. A fully Bayesian approach requires prior distributions for the coefficients and the two error variances; in the case of the between study variance, the usual nonintegrable reference priors do not work well and are not recommended. A general schema for applying the model to data and presenting the results is described. The particular focus of this article is the use of cross-validation to evaluate the fit of the Bayesian model to the data. Deleted residuals are defined by leaving each study out in turn and transforming its predictive distribution to normality. Plots of these residuals allow assessment of the model. In addition, leverage plots are defined that allow regression diagnostics for hierarchical meta-analysis.
Convergence of Markov Chain Monte Carlo Algorithms¹
Authors: Polson Nicholas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper explores convergence properties of Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms. These algorithms provide a simulation based strategy for sampling from high dimensional probability distributions. We describe techniques for analysing the convergence rate of the chain and show how this determines the running time of an algorithm. For log-concave distributions, a polynomial time running time bound of Frieze, Kannan and Polson (1993) for a local Metropolis algorithm is discussed. The running time depends on dimension, local curvature, sampling accuracy and starting distribution. For several examples, we illustrate how dimension and correlation structure affect the running time. For non-log-concave distributions, we propose the use of latent variables to speed up convergence. Implementation issues are described and limitations of relying on limit theorems to assess convergence are discussed. An analysis of the mean squared error of a delayed average estimator is given.
Accounting for Model Uncertainty in Survival Analysis Improves Predictive Performance¹
Authors: Rafi’Ery A E , Madigan D , Volinsky C T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Survival analysis is concerned with finding models to predict the survival of patients or to assess the efficacy of a clinical treatment. A key part of the model-building process is the selection of the predictor variables. It is standard to use a stepwise procedure guided by a series of significance tests to select a single model, and then to make inference conditionally on the selected model. However, this ignores model uncertainty, which can be substantial.
The Bigstep approach to flow management in stochastic processing networks
Authors: Harrison J Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flow management in stochastic networks may involve dynamic routing, dynamic input control, dynamic resource allocation, or combinations thereof. This paper describes a new and very general approach to flow management in which system status is reviewed at discrete points in time, a linear programming problem is solved at each such point, and the processing plan obtained from that linear program is implemented in open-loop fashion over the ensuing period. Discrete-review policies of the proposed type are motivated by heavy traffic theory for network control problems, in which the loads imposed on at least some processing resources are assumed to approach the capacities of those resources. Striving to construct a discrete-review policy that is asymptotically optimal in the heavy traffic limit, one must first formulate and analyze an approximating Brownian control problem, which typically is much simpler than the original processing network.
Limit theorems for workload input models
Authors: Kurtz Thomas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
General models for workload input into service systems are considered. Scaling limit theorems appropriate for the formulation of fluid and heavy traffic approximations for systems driven by these inputs are given. Under appropriate assumptions, it is shown that fractional Brownian motion can be obtained as the limiting workload input process. Motivation for these results comes from data on communication network traffic exhibiting scaling properties similar to those for fractional Brownian motion.
Analysing system behaviour on different time scales
Authors: Evans Suzanne P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Events in an integrated services telecommunications network occur on multiple time scales and careful analysis of time dependent behaviour is important to derive appropriate system descriptions at different levels. This paper analyses time dependent behaviour expressed in terms of the eigenstructure of a Markov generator. Identifying terms that are dominant on different time scales is not always straightforward and we discuss a number of technical conditions required to guarantee a separation of time scales. These conditions are shown to have implications for the appropriate representation of fast and slow time scale dynamics and for the sensitivity of these representations to errors in the model parameters.
Determinants of age-related memory loss
Authors: Parkin Alan J , Java Rosalind I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cognitive basis of age-related memory loss has become of increasing interest over the last ten years – not in the least, perhaps, because cognitive psychologists are themselves getting older and gaining first hand experience of the problem. The study of age-related memory loss can be characterized as one in which ‘generalist’ explanations have been sought. A generalist explanation, in this context, is one in which a specific deficit is explained as one consequence of a more general problem brought on by advancing years. Within the sphere of age-related memory loss there have been a number of generalist accounts (e.g. Hasher and Zacks 1988; Light 1991) and, in this chapter, we will focus on three: frontal lobe dysfunction, speed of processing, and fluid intelligence.
Feature binding, attention an object perception
Authors: Treisman Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seemingly effortless ability to perceive meaningful objects in an integrated scene actually depends on complex visual processes. The ‘binding problem’ concerns the way in which we select and integrate the separate features of objects in the correct combinations. Experiments suggest that attention plays a central role in solving this problem. Some neurological patients show a dramatic breakdown in the ability to see several objects; their deficits suggest a role for the parietal cortex in the binding process. However, indirect measures of priming and interference suggest that more information may be implicitly available than we can consciously access.
Cross-modal links in spatial attention
Authors: Driver Jon , Spence Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A great deal is now known about the effects of spatial attention within individual sensory modalities, especially for vision and audition. However, there has been little previous study of possible crossmodal links in attention. Here we review recent findings from our own experiments on this topic, which reveal extensive spatial links between the modalities. An irrelevant but salient event presented within touch, audition, or vision, can attract covert spatial attention in the other modalities (with the one exception that visual events do not attract auditory attention when saccades are prevented). By shifting receptors in one modality relative to another, the spatial coordinates of these crossmodal interactions can be examined. For instance, when a hand is placed in a new position, stimulation of it now draws visual attention to a correspondingly different location, although some aspects of attention do not spatially remap in this way. Crossmodal links are also evident in voluntary shifts of attention. When a person strongly expects a target in one modality (e.g. audition) to appear in a particular location, their judgements improve at that location not only for the expected modality but also for other modalities (e.g. vision), even if events in the latter modality are somewhat more likely elsewhere. Finally, some of our experiments suggest that information from different sensory modalities may be integrated preattentively, to produce the multimodal internal spatial representations in which attention can be directed. Such preattentive crossmodal integration can, in some cases, produce helpful illusions that increase the efficiency of selective attention in complex scenes.
Task-switching: positive and negative priming of task-set
Authors: Allport Alan , Wylie Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first half of this chapter provides a critical review of experiments on task-switching, with reference to the theoretical interpretation of behavioural ‘switch-costs’. Our review focusses on intrinsically competing pairs of tasks, such as object naming in either of two languages; competing arithmetic operations; and Stroop colour-naming vs. word-reading. We argue that the behavioural costs of switching between competing tasks of this kind result from components of the task-set for the preceding task(s), which can remain primed involuntarily (‘task-set inertia’).
The Role of Ion Channels and Neurotransmitter Receptors in Glial Cell Development
Authors: Gallo V , Ghiani C A , Yuan X 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expression of functional neurotransmitter receptors and voltage-dependent ion channels was once thought to be a unique property of neurons, and glial cells were considered to be isolated and silent cellular elements of the nervous system. Several years of electrophysiological, biochemical and molecular research have now challenged this dogma, and have provided a detailed characterization of the properties of membrane ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors in glia (Coles and Abbott, 1996; Giaume and McCarthy, 1996; Newman and Reichenbach, 1996; Ransom and Orkand, 1996; Sontheimer et al., 1996; Steinhauser and Gallo, 1996; Theodosis and MacVicar, 1996; Verkhratsky and Kettenmann, 1996). Furthermore, in view of recent physiological studies on synaptic transmission, we currently regard glial cells as being engaged continuously in cross-talk with neurons (Kriegler and Chiu, 1993; Chiu and Kriegler, 1994; Nedergaard, 1994; Parpura et al., 1994; Porter and McCarthy, 1996; Bergles and Jahr, 1997; Clark and Barbour, 1997; Linden, 1997; Araque et al., 1998; Robitaille, 1998).
Genetic analysis of gliogenesis in Drosophila
Authors: Granderath S , Klämbt C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neural circuits are made up of interconnecting neurons, and processing of information can be explained purely on the basis of neuronal properties. However, in all complex nervous systems, non-neuronal cells—the glial cells—also have to be considered. During the evolution of metazoans, the number of glial cells increases in relation to the complexity of the nervous system. In the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), glial cells even outnumber neuronal cells by a ratio of 10 to 1. In contrast, only 10% of the cells of the Drosophila nervous system are glia. Glial cells are found in the CNS as well as in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). In the following, we will focus on the development of the embryonic CNS glial cells of Drosophila, the determination and differentiation of which is best understood. Detailed descriptions of peripheral glial cells, and glial cells found in the adult nervous system, have been published (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1985; Winberg et al., 1992; Giangrande et al., 1993; Giangrande, 1995; Tix et al., 1997; Hartenstein et al.,1998).
Glial influences on axonal regeneration
Authors: Filbin M T , Qiu J , Cai D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been recognized since prehistory times that damage to the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) does not repair itself. However, it was not until early in the 20th century that Ramon y Cajal recorded the observation that while the CNS does not regenerate, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of adult mammals does (Ramon y Cajal, 1928). From his observations in vivo, Ramon y Cajal concluded that CNS axons did not regrow because of the presence of CNS-specific obstacles in their path. Since that time, a tremendous effort has been made to identify the characteristics of the PNS that allow regeneration, with the goal of converting the physiology of damaged CNS neurons to that of the PNS after injury, including regeneration and restored function. Unfortunately, this objective has not yet been achieved. However, enough has been elucidated about the differences between regeneration in the CNS and the PNS to begin to take steps toward encouraging regeneration in the adult CNS (Schwab and Bartholdi, 1996; Fawcett and Geller, 1998).
Host-plant selection: variation is the rule
Authors: Schoonhoven Louis M , Loon Joop J A van , Dicke Marcel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Variation is a basic characteristic of life. Obvious levels of variability are between species, families, orders, phyla, kingdoms, etc., but a surprisingly large variability also exists within species. This applies not least to host-plant choices in herbivores. The host-plant range of an insect species is not a fixed and unchangeable property.
Functional mapping with single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography
Authors: Heinz Andreas , Romero Berenice , Weinberger Daniel R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a brain imaging method that allows the measurement of cerebral blood flow and radioligand binding sites such as neuroreceptors and transporters (e.g. Celsis et al. 1981; Eckelman et al. 1985; Kung et al. 1990). In this chapter, we will give an overview of the history of SPECT, describe the method, and discuss some of its research and clinical applications.