bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction Landscape: Between Place and Space
Authors: Hirsch Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This Introduction and the essays that follow explore the concept of landscape from an anthropological perspective. Unlike ‘exchange’, ‘ritual’, ‘history’ and other concepts which have figured centrally in anthropological debates in recent years, landscape has received little overt anthropological treatment.1 In this respect landscape shares a similar status to the body in anthropology, that despite its ubiquity it has remained largely unproblematized: ‘the majority of researchers have in effect simply “bracketed” it as a black box and set it aside’ (Lock 1993: 133). Yet landscape has a submerged presence and significance in anthropological accounts in two related ways. ‘Landscape’ has been deployed, first, as a framing convention which informs the way the anthropologist brings his or her study into ‘view’ (i.e. from an ‘objective’ standpoint—the landscape of a particular people). Secondly, it has been used to refer to the meaning imputed by local people to their cultural and physical surroundings (i.e. how a particular landscape ‘looks’ to its inhabitants). The black box of landscape requires ‘opening’ and its contents themselves brought into view.
Landscapes of Liberation and Imprisonment: Towards an Anthropology of the Israeli Landscape
Authors: Selwyn Tom 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For several generations of lsraelis, ideas about landscape have supplied some of the most potent metaphors sustaining the will to establish and maintain the modern State of Israel. While, assuredly, these have helped to shape attitudes and policies towards the land itself, their scope has always been more extensive, and the purpose of the present chapter is to consider ideas about landscape in relation to those ideological processes associated with the construction and formation of national identity. Contemporary events in the region lend the exercise a particular political piquancy.
Introduction
Authors: Alexander Claire E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IN April 1989, The Face heralded the arrival of Soul II Soul as ‘The New Funki Face of Black Britain’. In the summer of that year, in the clubs in Oxford, and undoubtedly elsewhere in Britain, their music was playing, and young black men were moving on to the dance floor with a proprietorial air. Sky Magazine wrote, ‘This summer has seen the explosion of a new black pride. African pendants, Muslim headgear and militant rap lyrics can be seen and heard in all the trendiest British nightclubs’ (Sept. 1989).
Home
Authors: Alexander Claire E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Just before completing my fieldwork in London I decided, as a farewell gesture, to hold a goodbye party for those people I had been living and working with for the past months. The plan was to bring all my main informants together to thank them and wish them well before I disappeared back into ‘the country’ to write up my research. I consulted with Ricky, my flatmate, about the food and the music, and duly invited all ‘the boys’, together with Angelina, her brothers, and some of their friends.
Work
Authors: Alexander Claire E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IN an article for Guardian Woman (June 1991), ‘Flying Colours’, Juliet Alexander writes of ‘the widening gap between aspiring black women and black men’ in the employment sphere. The article is significant not only for its assertion of black female success in the labour market, and the divisions this has caused within the black community, but also for its contrasting representation of the position of black men. She writes: ‘As the real success story of the Thatcher drive to create a black middle class, she [the black woman] has blossomed, while her brother is a sadder statistic of miseducation, disaffection and recession’ (ibid.).
Patterns of Constitutional Evolution and Change in Eastern Europe
Authors: Preuss Ulrich k. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Constitutions are not all alike. They differ according to the tradition, physical, economic, and social conditions, world-view, culture, and historical experience of a people which gives itself a constitution. Despite this diversity of constitutions, it is justifiable to claim a universally valid concept of constitutionalism: a set of ideas and principles which form the common basis of the rich variety of constitutions. According to probably the most common place understanding, constitutionalism embraces essentially the idea of limited government.1 Although this meaning is undoubtedly an indispensable ingredient of constitutionalism, it does not fully grasp its principle. It would suggest that the constitution plays a purely negative and defensive role in the polity. In fact, if we are not willing to conceive of political power as an existential, unrationalized, and unfathomable fact of life which originates and persists prior to any kind of cultural rationalization, we must realize the constituent and constitutive role of the constitution for political power.
The Production of Children: House Cycles and Life Cycles
Authors: Carsten Janet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Villagers consider their houses incomplete unless there is at least one child living there. Houses are ‘lonely’ and ‘quiet’ without the noise of children. Adults delight in children’s company. In old age, couples whose children have grown up and moved away regularly take a young grandchild or niece or nephew to live with them. Just as houses are incomplete without children, so too are marriages. Relations between husbands and wives focus on their children. A couple whose marriage is childless will either divorce or will foster children.
Producing Similarity: Affinity and the Sharing of Grandchildren
Authors: Carsten Janet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Marriage in Langkawi is a process of incorporation. The rituals begin the transformation of affines into consanguines. Childbirth marks the achievement of this transformation. New sibling sets, by definition, signal the incorporation and blending of the different substances of their parents. Out of difference has come similarity. This chapter explores some of the implications of these ideas. It also shifts from the discussion of abstract principles to the tensions and difficulties of everyday life. The first half of the chapter concerns a dispute, which highlights by default the subject of the second half, the ties that bind affinal (and other) houses together.
Introduction
Authors: Baker David , Seawright David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As Andrew Gamble observes in his chapter in this book, few would doubt that Britain’s troubled relationship with the European Union has been one of the dominant and most divisive issues of modem British politics. Our title ‘Britain for and against Europe’ is a particularly apposite description of this relationship. The book primarily offers a research-based analysis of British elite attitudes towards Europe, including political parties, the civil service, trade unions, business, and the media. This analysis takes place at a time of what promises to be the most significant period in European history since the signing of the original Treaty of Rome. The book also includes a summary of Britain’s troubled relationship with Europe over the last forty-five years and includes a final chapter that surveys Britain in Europe from a recent European perspective.
Mortality in Europe from 1720 to 1914 Long-Term Trends and Changes in Patterns by Age and Sex
Authors: Vallin Jacques 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the eve of the First World War the demographic transition in Europe was far from complete and, in particular, the decline in mortality had a long way to go: indeed, it had hardly begun. However, though we are well aware of what has happened since that time, our knowledge of earlier developments is often vague, sometimes confused, and always incomplete. Regular reliable statistics on mortality only became available in Europe towards the end of the nineteenth century. Social scientists know that there is often a time-lag between the appearance of a particular phenomenon and the construction of instruments designed to measure it. In spite of the long history of burial registers this is also true of mortality, whose course altered radically between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is easily understandable that the historical demographers responsible for the organization of this volume are interested in an analysis of mortality over this extended period, when the conditions for demographic transition first appeared. But I would ask for sympathy for the difficulties faced by a demographer (who is not a historian) and who has been asked to provide a synthetic view based on very diverse material within a relatively short space, and for his frustration at having to omit the most recent period in which the decline of mortality was most pronounced, and for which there exists an abundance of statistical information to document the transition.
Tuberculosis and the Decline of Mortality in Sweden
Authors: Puranen Bi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the last two centuries mortality has fallen substantially in all European countries. More than two-thirds of this decline is due to a reduction in deaths from infectious diseases, of which tuberculosis was by far the most important. In this paper, we shall discuss the reasons for the decline in the importance of this disease. Has this change been caused by improvements in the standard of living, by medical interventions, or possibly by a change in virulence of the causative organism?There are many problems in tracing movements in the death rate from tuberculosis over time and in different countries, or in undertaking longitudinal studies within one country. However, this type of study is possible for Sweden over the last 200 years.
Developments in the Study of Cointegrated Economic Variables
Authors: Granger C W J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the least sophisticated level of economic theory lies the belief that certain pairs of economic variables should not diverge from each other by too great an extent, at least in the long-run. Thus, such variables may drift apart in the short-run or according to seasonal factors, but if they continue to be too far apart in the long-run, then economic forces, such as a market mechanism or government intervention, will begin to bring them together again. Examples of such variables are interest rates on assets of different maturities, prices of a commodity in different parts of the country, income and expenditure by local government and the value of sales and production costs of an industry. Other possible examples would be prices and wages, imports and exports, market prices of substitute commodities, money supply and prices and spot and future prices of a commodity. In some cases an economic theory involving equilibrium concepts might suggest close relations in the long-run, possibly with the addition of yet further variables. However, in each case the correctness of the beliefs about long-term relatedness is an empirical question. The idea underlying cointegration allows specification of models that capture part of such beliefs, at least for a particular type of variable that is frequently found to occur in macroeconomics. Since a concept such as the long-run is a dynamic one, the natural area for these ideas is that of time-series theory and analysis. It is thus necessary to start by introducing some relevant time series models.
Merging Short- and Long-Run Forecasts
Authors: Engle R F , Granger, C W J , Hallman J J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When forecasts of a series Yrmust be made for several horizons, it is a common practice to build different models to forecast different horizons. This paper shows how the information in the several models can be combined in an error-correction framework to yield a single set of forecasts which outperform those from the separate models. The notions of seasonal integration and cointegration are introduced. The methods are applied to forecasting monthly commercial electricity sales with some success. Also reported are results of some simulation experiments designed to evaluate their effectiveness.
The Trade Cycle
Authors: Targetti Ferdinando 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before Keynesian theory rose to pre-eminence, explanations of the trade cycle were based on monetary, technological, and entrepreneurial factors. In Schumpeterian theory growth took place through innovation; but innovation by entrepreneurs and their followers forced the economy first into an upswing and then into a downward movement until a new innovation set off another business cycle. Explanations of the business cycle were advanced in monetary terms by the ‘pre-Keynes Keynesians’ like Hawtrey, and by the economists of the Wicksellian school, for whom the cycle originated in the discrepancies between monetary and real magnitudes. The Austrian school held the trade cycle to be principally the outcome of a change in the relative prices of consumption goods and capital goods. (This extremely simplified taxonomy should not obscure the fact that many interpretations of the cycle belonged to more than one of these various lines of thought; they therefore must not be taken to be mutually exclusive.)
Cambridge and the Theories of Growth and the Distribution of Income
Authors: Targetti Ferdinando 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At that time Cambridge enjoyed the fortunate position of being both one of the most important cultural centres in the world and having a relatively small amount of inherited doctrinal baggage to contend with. Thus, during the forty years that followed, the university became the centre from which would emanate three innovative periods of high theory. The first of these seasons saw the development during the mid-I 920s of the theory of imperfect competition; the second saw the theory of income and employment as originally formulated during the early l 930s; and then the third, during the early 1950s, the theories of capital, growth, and distribution.
The Debate on Kaldor’s Theory of Distribution*
Authors: Targetti Ferdinando 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kaldor’s contribution to the post-Keynesian theory of distribution can be summed up in the following two relations, valid in situations of balanced steady growth: where P/Y represents the steady-state rate of profit, P/Y the share of profits in the national income, sp and sw the (constant) propensities to save out of profits and wages, K/Y the (constant in post-Keynesian models) capital/output ratio, and n=I/K the system’s steady-state rate of growth.
The International Monetary System, Managing an Economy in an Open Market, and the De-Industrialization of Britain
Authors: Targetti Ferdinando 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kaldor’s work on international monetary economics was deeply influenced by the need to find viable solutions for major problems. In his search for such solutions, his work ranged across a remarkably broad area of plans, proposals, and policies. The present chapter, addresses the following: his plan for reform of the international system and for managed devaluation; his proposals which acquired wide circulation through the work of the New Cambridge school; his recommendations for import controls and for reform of Common Market agricultural policy; and his criticisms of Thatcher’s economic policies. All these contributions, despite their varied and sometimes irreconcilable natures, had at least two features in common. First, they demonstrated that political intervention at the national and international level is even more urgently needed in an open economy than it is in a closed one.
The Political Economy of Controls: American Sugar
Authors: Krueger Anne O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In economic theory, it is relatively straightforward to analyse the impact of government controls over economic activity. Whether the control is over feed-grain prices in Egypt, the quantities of imports of individual items in India, price controls on ‘old’ oil, or the ‘voluntary’ reduction in the number of automobiles exported from Japan to the United States, several conclusions follow straightforwardly. First and foremost, those controls (and most others) at best achieve their objectives in a more costly manner than would alternative mechanisms. Second, the presumed beneficiaries of controls are often quite different from those (if any) actually benefiting. Third, the costs of controls seem to be largely ignored or misunderstood in political decision-making, at least in the first instance.
Introductory Survey
Authors: Tuomala Matti 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most advanced countries use progressive income tax as an important element of their tax and welfare systems: for a long time it has been widely accepted as one of the central features of modern capitalism. The issue of whether progressive income tax is desirable has again in recent years become the subject of lively debate in many countries. Strong statements have been made about the-negative incentive effects of high marginal tax rates, and many tax reform proposals have been based on the premiss that marginal tax rates at upper income levels are too high. It is clear that every argument about changes in the income tax schedule is to some extent an argument about the principle of progression itself.
Hayek on the Market Economy and the Limits of State Action
Authors: Gray* John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the work of F. A. Hayek we find the most systematic and comprehensive twentieth-century statement of the classical liberal conception of the role and limits of the State. As a classical liberal conception, Hayek’s account of the State and its relations with the market economy is to be contrasted, not only with social-democratic and liberal-interventionist perspectives, but also with conservative doctrines of the functions of the State. For Hayek, as for Kant, Adam Smith, and others in the classical liberal intellectual tradition, the functions of the State are strictly limited. They do not include the promotion of any specific moral ideal or the preservation of a particular culture (as they do for conservatives1) any more than they comprehend the socialist imposition on society of a preferred pattern of distribution of income or wealth. The chief task of the State is the protection and enhancement of individual freedom. It is because he believes that the market economy is an indispensable condition of individual freedom that Hayek, along with other contemporary classical liberals, sees the principal economic functions of the State as having to do with the maintenance and improvement of the institutions which sustain market processes. Hayek’s life-work has been the project of renewing the foundations and repairing the ramifications of this classical liberal conception of the State.
The Economic Functions of the Tax System
Authors: Kay* John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Why do governments raise taxes? When should they impose taxation, in preference to other instruments of economic intervention? At first sight, the answers to these questions appear obvious. The purpose of taxation is to raise revenue. But this answer, although correct in a limited sense, is evidently inadequate. The traditional role of government was to provide public goods, such as defence and police, and to obtain funds for the purpose with minimum fuss or cost. But this is now a minor part of total fiscal activity in all western economies. Much of government expenditure is now devoted to the provision to users, at prices well below cost, of services such as health and education which could be privately provided and which normally were privately provided before public expenditure achieved its present scale. Direct grants to individuals through social security expenditures form another major element of public budgeting. These three services alone—health, education, and social security—now account for over half of UK government spending. Most of the financial transactions of government now involve either taxing some activities to subsidize others, or taxing some people to subsidize others by means of redistribution among individuals or households. The traditional separation between revenue and expenditure, which remains characteristic of British budgetary procedures, dates from an era in which the activities of public authorities were very different in both scope and scale.
Public Ownership: Concepts and Applications
Authors: Mayer* Colin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The trend towards privatizing State-owned enterprises has become worldwide. Privatization is being actively discussed or promoted in Austria, France, Italy, Japan, and Spain amongst many other countries. In Britain, we have come to expect periods of nationalization to be followed by denationalization as political fashions alter. But even by British standards, the size and scope of recent transfers from public to private ownership have been unusual.
Introduction
Authors: Bevan David , Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem , Bigsten Arne , Horsnell Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Peasants form the vast majority of the poor in developing countries. Whether policies can be effective in alleviating poverty is therefore largely a question of the relation between peasants and governments. There are obviously numerous ways in which governments can (and do) affect peasants, either directly or indirectly. An exhaustive treatment is clearly impossible and in this book we are, in fact, highly selective. We focus on two East African countries, Kenya and Tanzania, in a particular period, 1975—83. This implies that we restrict attention to the channels of government influence on peasants which were most important in these countries and at that time. There are four such channels. One of these (the effect of trade, investment, and stabilization policies on the prices paid by peasants for non-agricultural goods) is treated in a companion volume, Controlled Open Economies (Bevan et al., 1989). The other three, producer pricing, the availability of non-agricultural consumer goods in rural areas, and the provision of public services, form the subject of the present book. The way the two East African governments affected peasants in these three areas is, we believe, of wider significance.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Bevan David , Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem , Bigsten Arne , Horsnell Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The descriptive account of farming in Kenya in 1974—82 in Chapter 2 made clear that this was a period in which peasants were exposed to very strong price volatility. Price changes were dominated by the coffee boom, consisting not only of the increase in coffee prices (and the associated rise in tea prices) but also of its indirect effects in the form of changes in prices of goods and factors. This Part does not aim to provide an analysis of the boom; nevertheless, the boom plays a central role. This is so not just because of the intrinsic interest of the impact of a commodity boom on peasant producers, but largely because in analysing the boom we encounter restrictions on both the static and the dynamic efficiency of resource allocation which are critical for the understanding of peasants’ behaviour as producers.