bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to Posttranslational Control by Ubiquitin-Dependent Proteolysis
Authors: Jackson Peter K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Posttranslational modification of proteins allows an expansion of the side-chain chemistry of the translationally encoded amino acids to widen the range of protein activities. The ability to reversibly modify proteins at specific times provides a flexible means for regulating protein function on a wide range of time scales. A selective list of post- translational modifications is provided in Table 129–1. To create this broad repertoire, a large number of protein-modifying enzymes and cofactors evolved to catalyze these additions, typically on specific consensus sites within target proteins. For a given posttranslational mechanism to function, both the trans-acting modifying enzymes and the cisacting sites of modification on protein targets must be intact. A wide range of human genetic diseases have already been found to involve deficiencies in both the modifying enzymes and their recognition sites on protein targets, and more examples are likely on the way. Among the most highly studied posttranslational mechanisms is the addition of the 76 amino acid protein ubiquitin to other proteins, a modification used (1) to tag proteins for proteolytic destruction by a pathway to be described here and (2) to more directly modify the activity of proteins, in many cases through the assembly of protein complexes on site of monoubiquitination or on assembled ubiquitin chains.
UBR1 and the N-end Rule Pathway and the Johanson–Blizzard Syndrome
Authors: Zenker Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Johanson–Blizzard syndrome (JBS; OMIM 243800) is an autosomal recessive condition comprising multiple congenital anomalies and frequent mental retardation. Its most constant features are nasal wing hypoplasia and congenital exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, which is most likely due to intrauterine-onset destruction of acinar cells. Additional features include short stature, oligodontia, deafness, scalp defects, hypothyroidism, imperforate anus, and genitourinary malformations. JBS results from homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations at UBR1, leading to a loss of function of the homonymous ubiquitin (Ub) ligase of the N-end rule pathway. JBS is the first and only human disorder of this system that is known so far. The N-end rule pathway represents a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed component of the Ub-proteasome system, which controls the levels of many intracellular proteins. The N-end rule relates the in vivo half-life of a protein to the identity of its N-terminal amino acid residue in that specific residues act as destabilizing signals (N-degrons). A large number of proteins are potential substrates of this pathway. The restricted organ involvement in JBS possibly re8ect “leaks” in the overlapping substrate spectra of the pathway’s Ub ligases UBR1 and UBR2, but the individual proteins whose increased levels or prolonged half-life are primarily involved in the pathogenesis of the manifestations of JBS are not yet known. There is emerging evidence that clinical variability of JBS is at least in part related to the genotype.
MMP2 and the Multicentric Osteolysis, Nodulosis, and Arthropathy (MONA) and Winchester Syndromes
Authors: Mosig Rebecca A , Dowling, Oonagh , Martignetti John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inherited osteolyses or “vanishing bone” syndromes are a group of rare skeletal disorders (Torg and Steel, 1968; Torg et al., 1969; Whyte et al., 1978; Fryns et al., 1980; Hemingway et al., 1983; Hardegger et al., 1985; Petit and Fryns, 1986; Raat et al., 1994; Brennan and Pauli, 2001) distinguished by their differing anatomical distribution, degrees of severity, inheritance pattern, and associated syndromic features (Hardegger et al., 1985; Petit and Fryns, 1986). Multicentric osteolysis with nodulosis and arthropathy [MONA, NAO, or Al Aqeel–Sewairi, syndrome (OMIM 605156)] is an autosomal recessive member of this group notable for the extent of carpal and tarsal osteolysis and interphalangeal joint erosions, facial dysmorphia, and the presence of 2brocollagenous nodules (Al Aqeel et al., 2000). The availability of three large and unrelated families with this syndrome originally permitted a positional cloning approach to identifythecausative gene. Agenome-wide search was performed for regions that were homozygous by descent and the disease gene was localized to 16q12-21. Molecular analysis of the candidate genes within this locus found that all MONA affected patients lacked MMP2 gelatinolytic activity and that this de2ciency was the result of inactivating mutations in the MMP2 gene (Martignetti et al., 2001). Since this original report, a number of additional individuals with vanishing bone disease and MMP2 mutations have been identi2ed, revealing the pan-ethnic nature of the disease. Most recently, novel findings suggest that Winchester syndrome (Zankl et al., 2005; Rouzier et al., 2006) and MONA may be allelic variants representing a spectrum of MMP2 deficiency disorders.
The Library of Congress
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patrick Magruder, the ailing Librarian of Congress, left Washington in late July 1814 on his physician’s advice to visit the Virginia hot springs in order to recover his health. Before leaving, he put J. T. Frost in charge. Frost, the congressional clerk who acted as assistant librarian, was aided by Samuel Burch, another clerk in the House of Representatives. Unaware of the impending crisis, Magruder did not tell Frost what to do in case of attack. He simply instructed him to air out the books according to regulation. For the sake of the Library of Congress, Magruder chose the worst possible time to take sick leave. Had he stayed in Washington to fulfill his official responsibilities, however, chances are he could have done little more to save the library from destruction than Frost and Burch were able to do.1
An Integrative Approach to Cancer Prevention
Authors: Greenlee Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An individual’s risk of developing cancer is determined in part by genetic predisposition and lifetime exposures. Information about these factors can be used to recommend an appropriate screening schedule. Conventional approaches to cancer prevention include behavioral modifications (such as dietary changes and physical activity), biological agents (such as antioxidants, multivitamins, minerals, hormone modulators, and anti-inflammatory agents), surgery, and vaccinations.
Diet and Cancer: Epidemiology and Prevention
Authors: Thomson Cynthia A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer is a chronic disease that occurs through multiple insults to cells and tissue; therefore, it is most likely to be prevented by repeated exposures to sufficient amounts of cancer-preventive nutrients and bioactive food component consumed throughout the lifespan. Cancer-preventive bioactive compounds are found predominantly in foods of plant origin and most have several biological activities associated with reduced cancer risk. Diet alters carcinogenesis through a variety of molecular and cellular pathways including immune modulation, methylation, antioxidation, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Mind-Body Medicine in Integrative Cancer Care
Authors: Rossman Martin l. , shrock dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A serious cancer diagnosis carries unique psychological challenges. A compassionate physician with an integrative perspective can be a key ally. The ubiquity of the placebo effect suggests that every communication between a doctor and patient is a mind-body interaction that can have effects as potent as a scalpel or cytotoxic agent. Professionals need to be aware of the power of their communications and use them skillfully. There are a wide range of mind-body approaches that allow professionals to help cancer patients, and allow patients to help themselves. They can be delivered as self-care tools, in groups, or in individual sessions.
Cancer: An Ayurvedic Perspective
Authors: Dhruva Anand , Nanal, Ramesh , Nanal Vilas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ayurveda originated in ancient India with knowledge being passed through the oral tradition from teacher to student. The Pancha Mahaabhootas are the five great elements—air, fire, water, space, and earth. The qualities of these five great elements exist in varying proportions in all life in the universe. The qualities represented in the Pancha Mahaabhoota are present in all people in varying proportions to create each person’s Prakruti or constitution. The Prakruti is defined in terms of the three Doshas: Vaata, Pitta, and Kapha. Vaata is a combination of air and space, Pitta is a combination of fire and water, and Kapha is a combination of earth and water.
Integrative Medicine in Symptom Management and Palliative Care
Authors: Bardia Aditya , Sood Amit , Barton, Debra l. , Loprinzi Charles L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies are widely used among cancer patients and some of them may be helpful in the management of cancer-related symptoms. Mind–body interventions, and other relaxation therapies, such as massage and music, appear to be bene!cial in alleviating cancer pain, improving mood symptoms and decreasing insomnia. Acupuncture therapy can reduce chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting and cancer-related pain, while aerobic exercise appears to reduce fatigue. Dietary supplements, including St. John’s wort and SAMe, appear to be helpful in treating depression, while capsaicin cream can reduce cancer pain and postsurgical neuropathic pain.
Truth and Truth Telling in Integrative Oncology
Authors: Surbone Antonella 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient–doctor relationship is a therapeutic alliance in which the two partners are bound by justice and trust in a mutual, goal- oriented relationship of help between one partner who is in need of expertise and care and another who can provide these. The patient–doctor relationship has an intrinsic asymmetry, which is increased by the vulnerability that the illness induces in the patient and by the power imbalance between the two partners. As a consequence, the relationship cannot be simply described in contractual terms, as it involves the dimensions of care and trust. The notion of individual autonomy is now replaced by that of relational autonomy, which takes into account our being embedded in a relational context that sustains us through our life, while creating reciprocal responsibilities.
A Patient’s Perspective
Authors: Shirmohamadi Manuchehr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes my experience in detection of cancer and my reactions to it; in information gathering and screening about cancer and its treatments; and in fighting the disease. It also contains some “advice” I learned from my experience for a better living. Most importantly, this chapter presents how cancer changed me. When I was invited to contribute to this book, I was honored and overwhelmed. While I had written technical reports and papers in my line of business—engineering, I had never written a story about myself. So, the thought of writing something nontechnical and, especially, about my own experience and feelings overwhelmed me. However, it took me only a short time to discover that I, as a cancer patient and survivor, have a lot to say and share about my condition, which I hope benefits others. Therefore, I decided to take on this challenge and provide my perspective.
Addiction and Mood Disorders
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One in three people with depression, and six out of ten people with bipolar disorder experience alcohol or drug abuse or dependency during their lifetime. Addiction and Mood Disorders: A Guide for Clients and Families is designed primarily to educate these individuals with dual disorders and their families about mood and addictive use disorders. It not only gives a message of hope, but also provides practical suggestions on ways to manage these disorders. The author provides guidelines and strategies for recovery from dual disorders based on, and adapted from various treatments that have proven effective for addiction, mood disorders, or both. This book is filled with case examples that show growth and positive change, as well as the difficulties many individuals struggling with a dual diagnosis face. Advocating a "recovery" model in which the affected individual takes responsibility for getting the most out of professional treatment and self-help programs, this book shows that being an active participant is the key to getting the most out of your recovery.
RA: Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Peter W H , Lieh-Mak F , Mak K Y , Fung Amy S M , Wong M C , Lam Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hong Kong, one of the last of the British Crown colonies, reverted to Chinese sovereignty in July 1997. For the duration of the study, however, Hong Kong had a British-appointed Governor, a civil service of predominantly Chinese origin but with an over representation of British in the top ranks, appointed members of the Executive Council, and a predominantly elected Legislative Council. Hong Kong consists of four relatively distinct geographic areas, namely Hong Kong Island, a group of outlying islands nearby, Kowloon peninsula, and parts of the New Territories adjoining Mainland China. Ninety-five percent of the population is Chinese and Cantonese speaking, with an ever-increasing number of residents speaking English as well. The literacy rate is over 90%.
Nobel Prizes: Lewis and Langmuir
Authors: Coffey Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After a long wait, the letter from Einstein finally arrived in the summer of 1926. Gilbert Lewis deciphered the neat German script, translating it to see what Einstein thought of his theories on the nature of radiation and time. It started out on a positive note: “Many thanks for your letter and your papers, which I read with great pleasure. The ideas you suggest in ‘The Nature of Light’ are the same as I have agonizingly turned over in my own mind without coming to a conclusion.
Semantics, Cross-Cultural Style
Authors: Machery Edouard , Mallon Ron , Nichols Shaun , Stich Stephen P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theories of meaning and reference have been at the heart of analytic philosophy since the beginning of the twentieth century. Two views, the descriptivist view of reference and the causal-historical view of reference, have dominated the field. The reference of names has been a key issue in this controversy. Despite numerous disagreements, philosophers agree that theories of reference for names have to be consistent with our intuitions regarding who or what the names refer to. Thus, the common wisdom in philosophy is that Kripke (1972/1980) has refuted the traditional descriptivist theories of reference by producing some famous stories which elicit intuitions that are inconsistent with these theories. In light of recent work in cultural psychology (Nisbett, Peng, Choi, & Norenzayan, 2001; Weinberg, Nichols, & Stich, 2001), we came to suspect that the intuitions that guide theorizing in this domain might well differ between members of East Asian and Western cultures. In this essay, we present evidence that probes closely modeled on Kripke’s stories elicit significantly different responses from East Asians (EAs) (Hong Kong undergraduates) and Westerners (Ws) (American undergraduates), and we discuss the significance of this finding for the philosophical pursuit of a theory of reference.
Is Incompatibilism Intuitive?
Authors: Nahmias Eddy , Morris Stephen G , Nadelhoffer Thomas , Turner Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Incompatibilists believe that the freedom associated with moral responsibility is impossible if determinism is true, and they often claim that this is the natural view to take given that it is purportedly supported by ordinary intuitions. In this essay, we challenge the claim that incompatibilism is intuitive to most laypersons, and we discuss the significance of this challenge to the free will debate. In doing so, we first argue that it is particularly important for incompatibilists that their view of free will is intuitive given that it is more metaphysically demanding than compatibilist alternatives (§1). We then suggest that determining whether incompatibilism is in fact intuitive calls for empirical testing of pretheoretical judgments about relevant cases (§2). We therefore carried out some empirical studies of our own, and the results put significant pressure on the claim that incompatibilism is intuitive to the majority of laypersons (§3). Having examined the relevant data, we consider several potential objections to our approach and show why they fail to get incompatibilists off the hook (§4). We conclude that while our preliminary data suggest that incompatibilism is not as intuitive as incompatibilists have traditionally assumed, more work should be done both to determine what ordinary intuitions about free will and moral responsibility actually are and to understand what role these intuitions should play in the free will debate.
Choral Repertoire
Authors: ShrockP Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Choral Repertoire is the definitive and comprehensive one-volume presentation of the canon of the Western choral tradition. Designed for practicing conductors and directors, students and teachers of choral music, amateur and professional singers, scholars, and interested vocal enthusiasts, it is an account of the complete choral output of the most significant composers of this genre throughout history. Organized by era (Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and Modern), Choral Repertoire covers general characteristics of each historical era; trends and styles unique to various countries; biographical sketches of over 500 composers; and performance annotations of more than 5,000 individual works. This book will be an essential guide to programming, a reference tool for program notes and other research, and, most importantly, a key resource for conductors, instructors, scholars, and students of choral music.
The Innate Mind
Authors: Carruthers Peter , Laurence Stephen , Stich Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the third volume of a three-volume set on The Innate Mind. The extent to which cognitive structures, processes, and contents are innate is one of the central questions concerning the nature of the mind, with important implications for debates throughout the human sciences. By bringing together the top nativist scholars in philosophy, psychology, and allied disciplines these volumes provide a comprehensive assessment of nativist thought and a definitive reference point for future nativist inquiry. The Innate Mind: Volume 3: Foundations and the Future, concerns a variety of foundational issues as well as questions about the direction of future nativist research. It addresses such questions as: What is innateness? Is it a confused notion? What is at stake in debates between nativists and empiricists? What is the relationship between genes and innateness? How do innate structures and learned information interact to produce adult forms of cognition, e.g. about number, and how does such learning take place? What innate abilities underlie the creative aspect of language, and of creative cognition generally? What are the innate foundations of human motivation, and of human moral cognition? In the course of their discussions, many of the contributors pose the question (whether explicitly or implicitly): Where next for nativist research? Together, these three volumes provide the most intensive and richly cross-disciplinary investigation of nativism ever undertaken. They point the way toward a synthesis of nativist work that promises to provide a powerful picture of our minds and their place in the natural order.
A Complex and Captivating Personality
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to those who knew him, Babinski’s appearance attracted particular attention and le[ no one indiUerent.1 Well over six feet tall, he had a sepulchral voice combined with a gentle expression, both accompanied by an unforgettable Slavic charm. As described by his friend Vaquez, “At the height of his powers, Babinski was a fine-looking man; his majestic presence, his glance, at the same time tender and piercing, made him one of the elite.”2 Léon Daudet, who usually wrote with a scathing pen, fired off none of the unpleasant comments he habitually used with the other pupils of Charcot: “His very tall height, his open face, his rapid look, piercing glance, his strong voice, his clear laughter made him likeable to all.”3
The Babinskis and Their Polish Roots
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the time of Joseph Babinski’s birth in 1857, Poland could boast but a mere shadow of its former glory. Following three successive partitions in the late eighteenth century, it was divided between Austria, Prussia, and Russia. As delimited in 1815 by the Treaty of Vienna, the Kingdom of Poland, also named “the Congress Kingdom,” comprised roughly three-quarters of the former Great Duchy of Warsaw and was ruled over by the Russian emperor. Cracow, where Joseph’s father was born, became a free city and enjoyed limited autonomy.
The Competitive Examinations
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Competitive examinations in both the university and hospital systems are a French peculiarity, the purpose of which is to select the “elites” based upon a series of di4cult and challenging tests, both written and oral. For medicine, they were institutionalized at the beginning of the nineteenth century under the First Empire, as part of Napoleon’s educational reforms. 9e externat, internat, and médicat examinations in Paris hospitals were defined by the statutes of the Health Service in 1804, while the agrégation dated from 1823. 9e open competition of the Paris Hospital system was completely independent from that of the University, and held under the authority of the Assistance Publique: in French medicine, they have the highest reputation and are the most sought after. After two years of medical school, a student may compete for the Externat; those who succeed are attached to a medical or surgical department where they walk the wards with senior physicians and can be assigned accomplish some simple tasks (dressing, punctures, therapeutic bleedings).
Diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Subramanian Indu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parkinsonism is a syndrome that presents with motor symptoms including tremor, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), rigidity, and postural instability. In general, to make a clinical diagnosis of parkinsonism the presence of at least two of four major signs is required: tremor at rest, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability.
The role of imaging in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Jennings Danna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive condition diagnosed by the cardinal clinical features of resting tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. While the diagnosis in many cases is easily recognized, the variability of disease presentation or an unclear response to therapy can make the diagnosis uncertain. Long-term clinicopathologic studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of PD demonstrate error rates of up to 24%. The diagnoses most commonly mistaken for PD are progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA).1–3 However, early in the course of PD the diagnoses most commonly mistaken for PD include essential tremor (ET), vascular parkinsonism, drug-induced parkinsonism, and Alzheimer’s disease.4,5