bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
H.324: Videotelephony and Multimedia for Circuit‐Switched and Wireless Networks*
Authors: Lindbergh Dave , Wimmer Bernhard 
Published: November 2003

AbstractITU‐T Recommendation H.324 is the international standard for video telephony and real‐time multimedia communication systems on low‐bitrate circuit switched networks. The use of H.324 on PSTN modems, ISDN, and wireless digital cellular networks is described. The methods used in H.324 for call setup, multiplexing (H.223), system control (H.245), channel aggregation (multilink, H.226), multipoint operation, error protection for wireless channels (H.324/M and 3G‐324M) and operation on ISDN (H.324/I) are explained. The required audio and video codecs and use of data channels are described.
Terrestrial Digital Television
Authors: Wu Yiyan 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
A Terrestrial Digital Television (TDT) system broadcasts video, audio, and ancillary data services over the VHF and UHF bands. It is a wide‐band digital point‐to‐multipoint transmission system providing multi‐media services to the general public. This article briefly describes Terrestrial Digital Television systems and standards, as well as the services they can provide. The pros and cons of the digital television system versus analog television system are also discussed.
Local Multipoint Distribution Services (LMDS)
Authors: Papazian Peter , Dalke Roger 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article describes Local Multipoint Distribution Services (LMDS), a broadband wireless access service. The band allocation and regulations established by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) are summarized, included the millimeter wave spectrum allocation for LMDS and interference and frequency coordination issues. Advantages and disadvantages of the millimeter wave band for broadband data transmission are presented. Propagation impairments due to rain and atmospheric attenuation are discussed analytically using current models. Measured data are used to predict area coverage, depolarization and attenuation due to vegetation, and multipath effects for the broadcast mode of transmission.
Bluetooth Radio System
Authors: Haartsen Jaap C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractRecently, a new universal radio interface was developed enabling electronic devices to connect and communicate via short‐range radio links. The Bluetooth radio technology is regarded as a complement and an extension to existing wireless technologies, addressing the short‐range and inter‐device connectivity. The technology allows the design of low‐power, small‐sized, and low‐cost radios that can be embedded in a wide range of consumer products.
Differentiated Services
Authors: Yeom Ikjun , Narasimha Reddy A. L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDifferentiated Services (Diffserv) architecture has been proposed to provide scalable service differentiation within a network. Diffserv architecture treats the edge of the network differently from the core of the network. Customer specific service profiles are maintained at the edge of the network. These profiles are used in marking packets differently as the packets enter the network. Within the core of the network, only packet markings are used for providing service differentiation. This chapter provides an overview of the proposed diffserv architecture and the mechanisms for enabling bandwidth and delay differentiation. Analytical and quantitative evaluation of the proposed techniques is provided to highlight the salient features of the diffserv architecture. Some of the ongoing research in this area is outlined.
Paging and Registration in Mobile Networks
Authors: Rose Christopher 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMobile units in a communication network vary their points of attachment over time. The resultant uncertainty in unit location must be resolved before information can be routed to the unit. Paging is a process whereby the system searches for the unit in likely locations. Registration is a process whereby the user registers its current location. Both require precious signaling bandwidth which leads to a variety of optimization problems. This article introduces the basic ideas behind paging and registration and also provides theoretical underpinnings along with citations to allow exploration of the topic in greater depth.
Interference Avoidance for Wireless Systems
Authors: Popescu Dimitrie C. , Rose Christopher 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBy definition, users of a multiple access communications system share the same medium, and such shared use leads to mutual interference. The usual methods for combating interference include channel assignment, power control and receiver signal processing. Interference avoidance is a recently developed tool which presupposes the existence ofagiletransceivers which can adapt their modulation and reception methods to suit the ambient environment. Thus interference avoidance, as implied by the name, seeks to place each user in that portion of the signal space where there is least interference. Greedy iterative application of this procedure optimizes various measures of multiple access performance including sum capacity and user capacity. As such, interference avoidance should be especially useful in unlicensed environments where no central control is assumed.
Multicast Algorithms
Authors: Fei Aiguo , Gerla Mario 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMulticast is a mechanism that can efficiently support multipoint or group communications. In this article, we focus on routing algorithms for multicast, i.e., how to construct a delivery structure to disseminate data for a communication group. We first discuss the concept of group communication and multicast, and then give an overview of multicast architecture in the Internet. After a brief introduction of the routing problem in a graph theory setting, we present the four major routing protocols and algorithms in the Internet, and one major more recent development to support scalable hierarchical Internetwide multicast.
Community Antenna Television (
CATV
) (Cable Television)
Authors: Freeman Roger 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

Community antenna television
(CATV) has evolved from a comparatively simple broadband one‐way distribution system of entertainment television to a two‐way broadband multiservice telecommunication system. It now is a major contender for last‐mile connectivity for 1 Mbps+Internet, two‐way POTS, data, and ATM as well as digital television services. This article gives basic historical background of cable television, showing its evolution into a highly sophisticated broadband telecommunication entity based on fiberoptic and coaxial cable transmission. Some of the impairments peculiar to this multichannel digital and analog system are described.
Internet Security
Authors: Yener Bülent 
Published: November 2003

AbstractInternet security aims to ensureConfidentiality, authentication, integrity, andnonreputiationof the “information” carried over a collection of interconnected, heterogeneous networks via messages. Although cryptography provides the building blocks, there is much to consider for Internet security. First, the network software is layered and hierarchical in which protocols at each layer interact with others at the same or adjacent layers. Insecurity of a protocol at any layer can be exploited to violate the system. Thus, security mechanisms must be carefully established at different layers of network architectures and at different network elements. Second, the software and hardware on the Internet is heterogeneous. Translating from one protocol suite to another or moving from one physical medium to another always comes with potential security risks. Finally, the Internet protocols are designed with objectives such as high throughput or low delay; however in many cases security requirements have trade offs with these performance goals. In this article we discuss various concerns on the Internet security and their remedies.
Statistical Multiplexing
Authors: Chandra Kavitha 
Published: November 2003

AbstractStatistical multiplexers play a central role in the design of high‐speed multiservice telecommunications networks. As network links reach capacities of terabits per second, the multiplexing of a large number variable rate voice, video and data sources on a common channel can achieve significant savings in the bandwidth consumed by each source. This resource sharing paradigm must be examined by considering the traffic characteristics, performance requirements and multiplexing system parameters. Traffic on broadband networks is characterized by complex features that include correlation over many time scales, significant dispersion about the mean rate, nonstationary variations in average rate and variance and in some cases deterministic fluctuations. These features render classical Poisson traffic based approaches to performance analysis inaccurate. This paper presents a overview of new traffic models and performance analysis techniques for statistical multiplexing systems. The application of renewal processes, Markov chains, time‐series models and self‐similar processes as traffic models are discussed. Analytic, computational and approximate performance analyses of statistical multiplexers are reviewed. The design of admission control algorithms for controlling statistical multiplexing performance using moment matching methods, fluid flow approximations, large‐deviation principles and effective bandwidth approximations are discussed.
Network Reliability and Fault Tolerance
Authors: Médard Muriel , Lumetta Steven S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article introduces fundamental concepts in fault tolerance and reliability as applied to networks, with a focus on high‐speed backbone networks. We first introduce basic terminology and elements necessary to fault tolerance, then describe the basic strategies for detecting and handling failures in networks. The discussion then builds on these basics to illustrate recovery schemes for high‐speed backbone networks. An examination of the relationship between network topologies and recovery strategies follows, beginning with rings and then covering more general mesh networks. We cover some basic techniques used in packet‐switched networks, and conclude with a discussion of local‐area network approaches to fault tolerance.
Millimeter Wave Propagation
Authors: Altshuler Edward E. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The propagation characteristics in the millimeter‐region of the electromagnetic spectrum are of particular interest because the waves have a strong interaction with atmospheric gases and particulates, which in turn limits the system performance. However, the availability of large bandwidths make these wavelengths attractive for high data rate communications. Furthermore, high gain, high resolution antennas of moderate size and lightweight, compact system components are indeed applicable for space vehicle instrumentation. The limitations imposed by the atmosphere on millimeter‐wave systems are reviewed. In general, atmospheric effects become more severe as the wavelength becomes shorter.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Authors: Korn Israel , Fonseka John P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractQuadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is a linear method of digital modulation in which M‐ary symbols are transmitted by varying the amplitudes of two carriers in quadrature or equivalently by varying both the amplitude and phase of a single carrier. QAM requires coherent detection and linear amplifiers. QAM has an excellent bandwidth efficiency (i.e., the ratio of bit rate to occupied bandwidth is high), a moderate energy efficiency (i.e., moderate values of energy‐to‐noise ratio per bit for a given bit error probability) and a high degree of complexity at the receiver because there is a need to track the amplitude, phase and frequency of the carrier as well as to track the symbol rate and sampling time. QAM is used mainly in modems over telephone lines but its application is growing in satellite communications, coaxial cables, line of sight microwave systems and mobile communications. In this paper we first review the principles of QAM and describe the transmitter and receiver with coherent detection. Next we compute the symbol and bit error probabilities of QAM in both Gaussian and fading channels with and without diversity assuming maximum ratio combining and Nakagami‐m fading. Finally, we present various methods of carrier and symbol synchronization (blind, decision directed, with pilot tone or clock, maximum likelihood) and compute the effect on standard deviation of phase, frequency and timing estimates.
Secure Ultrafast Data Communication and Processing Interfaced with Optical Storage
Authors: Javidi Bahram , Matoba Osamu 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA secure ultrafast data communication system interfaced with an encrypted optical storage system is presented. In the encrypted storage system, a large amount of data frames is stored in a holographic memory system, after each data frame to be stored is encoded by optical encryption techniques. These encrypted data readout from the storage can be sent to remote users with spatial‐temporal converters using ultrashort pulses via optical fibers. At the remote users, the retrieval of the original data can be achieved when the correct key is used in the decryption system. The operation for encryption and decryption together with data transmission using spatial‐temporal converters is described. Numerical analysis of the binary data transmission in the proposed system is also presented.
Network Traffic Management
Authors: Fahmy Sonia 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTraffic management aims at delivering a negotiated quality of service (QoS) to applications and at controlling congestion in a communication network. In order to accomplish these two goals, several building blocks can be used at traffic senders, receivers, core network routers, and edge routers at the entry and exit of a network domain. These components include routing based on given constraints, admission and policy control for new connections, resource reservation, packet scheduling, policing and shaping, buffer management and closed‐loop congestion control. This chapter defines these components, and discusses a number of case studies from Internet architectures.
Multimedia Networking
Authors: Bianco Andrea , Giordano Stefano , Lombardo Alfio 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMultimedia networks are defined as networks providing transport services for multimedia applications. To support the QoS performance requirements of applications, multimedia networks must implement distributed mechanisms for both traffic control and resource management. In this paper the most challenging algorithms introduced in the literature to efficiently support multimedia applications are presented without reference to a specific network architecture. Later on, network technologies to deal with QoS issues are described following a historical perspective; finally we address the solutions proposed in the Internet arena.
Waveform Coding
Authors: Karabulut Güneş , Yongaçoğlu Abbas 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Digital systems offer several advantages over their analog counterparts in terms of storage, processing, transmission and switching. Waveform coding is the process of representing analog signals in a digital form. In this chapter we first discuss the basic elements of digitization, namely the processes of sampling and quantization. Both scalar and vector quantization are discussed. We then present the major waveform coding techniques based on temporal and spectral processing. In the temporal coding techniques pulse code modulation, differential pulse code modulation and delta modulation are discussed. In the spectral coding techniques subband coding and transform coding are presented.
Network Security
Authors: Oppliger Rolf 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article introduces the open systems interconnection (OSI) security architecture and uses the corresponding terminology to elaborate on the state‐of‐the‐art and future perspectives of network security in general, and Internet security in particular. More specifically, the article looks into three areas that are particularly important for Internet security: access control, communication security, and intrusion detection and response. The last area is particularly important because the network security industry has shifted away from an industry that primarily focuses on the use of preventive security technologies to an industry that also takes into account the importance of detective and reactive security technologies.
Admission Control in Wired Networks
Authors: Papavassiliou Symeon , Yang Jie 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWith the continuous growth in traffic volume and the emergence of new services, the efficient admission control and utilization of the available network resources are required in order to meet the users' Quality of Service requirements. An admission control scheme consists of signaling messages and admission control units that perform the admission control algorithm or policy, with the objective of controlling the access of the users to the network and the allocation of the available network resources. In this article we provide an overview of the various admission control schemes and algorithms that range from resource‐based (model‐based and measurement‐based) to policy‐based admission control. We provide a detailed description of the admission control schemes and signaling procedures implemented in B‐ISDN networks that reflect the typical schemes of current connection‐oriented networks, as well as of the various schemes that can be applied in current and next generation Internet (including Intserv, Diffserv and MultiProtocol Label Switching) reflecting the tendency of future services and models.
Admission Control in Wireless Networks
Authors: Papavassiliou Symeon , Hou Jiongkuan , Ozer Sebnem 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Efficient admission control and resource management schemes are required in the emerging wireless network architectures in order to maximize the utilization efficiency of the limited radio resources, while meeting the Quality of Service requirements of mobile users. In wireless networks the admission control process refers to the problem of determining whether or not to accept a user in the system, as well as of assigning to each mobile user and base station, the appropriate transmission powers, physical channels and required bandwidth. In this article the various processes associated with the admission control for both circuit switched and packet switched wireless networks are discussed, and specific mechanisms and algorithms that can be used to implement these processes are introduced. In addition, in order to balance the tradeoffs of the new call blocking and handoff call blocking according to the users' and system's requirements, various handoff priority‐based mechanisms and their relation to admission control are discussed. Finally the role and operation of the admission control in the current and future wireless networking technologies is presented.
Data Compression
Authors: Kieffer John 
Published: November 2003

AbstractLossless compression systems and lossy compression systems are the two types of data compression systems. In a lossless compression system, a lossless code is designed to encode/decode source data in order to provide the user with perfect reconstruction of the data. An efficient lossless code is one for which the compression rate in code bits per data sample is minimized or nearly minimized. The four most commonly used classes of potentially efficient lossless codes are covered: Huffman codes, enumerative codes, arithmetic codes, and Lempel‐Ziv codes. In a lossy compression system, a lossy code is designed to encode/decode source data in order to provide the user with a reconstruction of the data that is perceptually equivalent to the original data. An efficient lossy code is one which provides an attractive tradeoff between the compression rate and the distortion between the reconstructed data and the original data. The four most commonly used classes of potentially efficient lossy codes are covered: scalar quantizer based codes, vector quantizer based codes, trellis based codes, and transform codes.
Transport Protocols for Optical Networks
Authors: Moors Tim 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBy surveying the field of end‐to‐end transport protocols for optical networks, this article covers the requirements of such protocols, and candidate protocols. Optical networks shift the switching emphasis from packet switching towards circuit switching, so they are more likely to preserve the sequence of transmitted information and use reservation‐based congestion control, than are their (opto)electronic counterparts. This affects how transport protocols provide error control, flow and congestion control, and state management. The article evaluates the suitability of TCP for use over optical networks, as well as more specialized protocols such as SSCOP and XTP. It concludes by surveying techniques for implementing protocols to match the high speeds of optical networks.
Multibeam Phased Arrays
Authors: Seed Randall G. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article discusses the basic principles, design and application of phased array antennas for communications. Specifically addressed, are the implementation of multiple simultaneous antenna beams, and adaptive dynamic antenna beam positioning. Basic mathematical representations are employed to describe the concepts and principles of multibeam phased array design and analysis. Numerical examples and graphical results are used to elucidate the formalized summary descriptions. Two examples of current, novel applications of multibeam phased arrays for communication are presented, which capture the fascinating utility and implications of this technology.
Wireless
MPEG
‐4 Videocommunications*
Authors: Budagavi Madhukar 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

In this article we provide an overview of wireless videocommunications and described the various international standards that have made it possible. We describe the
Simple Profile
of MPEG‐4 video compression standard which in addition to specifying the video compression scheme, also introduces several error resilience tools aimed at containing the effect of transmission errors in the video bit stream. In practice, video is usually transmitted along with speech, audio, multimedia data such as images and documents, and control signals to form a complete multimedia communication system. Hence we also provide an overview of the following multimedia communication systems standards that have been recommended by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for use over third generation wireless networks: 1. Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS) for multimedia messaging, 2. Real‐time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) for streaming, 3. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for videoconferencing over packet‐switched wireless networks, and 4. 3G.324 for videoconferencing over circuit‐switched wireless networks.
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
Authors: Van Heuven Pim , Van den Berghe Steven , De Turck Filip , Demeester Piet 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis section introduces MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) an alternative for regular IP forwarding and routing in IP networks. MPLS allows the setup of Label Switched Paths (LSPs) between IP routers to avoid the IP forwarding in the intermediate routers. This sections compares IP forwarding with MPLS forwarding. It gives an example of LSP setup. Then more details about the MPLS forwarding and signaling layers are given. The important MPLS signaling protocols: Label Distribution Protocol (LDP), Constraint‐Based LDP (CR‐LDP), RSVP extensions for LSP tunnels (RSVP‐TE) and carrying labels in BGP‐4 are described. Combing Quality of Service (QoS) (both integrated service and differentiated services) and MPLS is described. Finally, this section describes three important applications for MPLS: Traffic Engineering, Virtual Private Networks (VPN) and resilience.