bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ETIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF RAT-BITE FEVER
Authors: Kaneko Renjiro , Okuda Kikuzo 
Published: June 2004

Of the two postmortem examinations on rat-bite fever previously reported, the patient of Miura and Toriyama, a woman, aged 32 years, died on the 70th day after the onset of the disease. Anatomically there were no marked changes. Histological examinations were not made. Macroscopically, the following findings are reported: increase of cerebrospinal fluid, hyperemia of the meninges, inflammatory edema of the lungs, cloudy swelling of the liver, etc.
The other, Blake's case, was a woman of 67, who died 1 month after the bite of a rat. The anatomical findings were acute ulcerative endocarditis, subacute myocarditis, interstitial hepatitis, glomerular and interstitial nephritis. The suprarenals contained a large amount of perivascular fluid. There were infarcts in the spleen and kidney. In general, the organs were hyperemic; the lung showed hemorrhages and edema, Histologically, Blake found marked degeneration, necrosis, and infiltration in the cardiac muscles, infiltration of polynuclear cells, and increase in the interstices of the liver, also marked polynuclear infiltration of the shrunken kidney.
HEMOLYSINS OF VEGETABLE ORIGIN
Authors: Kritchevsky I. L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The sap of Cotyledon scheideckeri possesses hemolysins for the red corpuscles of different animals.
2. The hemolysins of vegetable sap can be bound by erythrocytes and cannot be separated.
3. A definite quantity of erythrocytes is able to extract from the sap only a part of the hemolysins it contains.
4. The quantity of hemolysins in the sap of different plants is subjected to the same fluctuations as that of bacterial agglutinins, precipitins, and hemagglutinins.
5. As the hemolysins are bound by erythrocytes, the hemolysis can take place not only at 37° but also at 15–16°.
6. The thermostability of the hemolysins varies from one individual plant to another.
7. In many cases the vegetable sap loses its hemolytic properties at a certain temperature and recovers them at a higher one.
8. The vegetable sap is unable to produce complete hemolysis of erythrocytes.
9. But the sap of many plants acquires the power to dissolve red corpuscles completely after I hour of heating at 134° and 144°.
10. Erythrocytes modified by Cotyledon sap cannot be dissolved completely even by distilled water.
11. The agglutination of the erythrocytes and their hemolysis are conditioned, probably, by different substances.
12. The hemolytic amboceptor and the hemolysin of Cotyledon scheideckeri can be bound with the same receptor of the erythrocytes.
STUDIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOXICITY IN INTESTINAL SECRETION
Authors: Davis David M. , Stone Harvey B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Intestinal secretion, collected by the method described in this paper, is non-toxic when fresh.
2. This secretion, when heated immediately to 90–95°C. and kept sterile, remains non-toxic.
3. This secretion, when not heated, remains non-toxic when kept under chloroform and toluene, even if incubated at 37°C.
4. This secretion, when not heated, but collected in a sterile flask, becomes toxic upon incubating 18 hours, producing symptoms like those of closed loop fluid.
5. The secretion, when treated with chloroform and toluene, and later incubated for 18 hours, after these preservatives have been removed by distillation at 60°C., does not produce lesions typical of closed loop fluid.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SERUM AND LYMPH FERMENTS AFTER FEEDING
Authors: Davis Benjamin F. , Petersen William F. 
Published: June 2004

In these experiments in which the lymph and serum ferments and antiferment have been studied separately, the changes that are found to occur are uniform and consistent. Possibly as a result of increased blood flow through the ferment-producing organs a moderate amount of protease is directly absorbed into the blood stream, but when intestinal digestion is actively under way this rapidly diminishes in extent. If any protease is absorbed during digestion from the gastrointestinal tract it is probably removed when it reaches the liver. The ereptase, or peptidase, is evidently absorbed directly from the intestinal tract and enters the circulation through the lymphatic channels.
The influence of the diet on the antiferment of the lymph is striking and accounts for the fluctuations observed in previous experiments. Following the milk meal the increase occurs gradually in the lymph in an amount that, when diluted in the blood stream, would be only nominal. When the fats of the milk were replaced by olive oil in large amounts it is surprising to find a decrease in the antiferment instead of an increase in titer, as might be expected in view of the nature of the antiferment. This result, however, is probably due to the fact that the antiferment lipoids of the serum and lymph may exist in both water and fat dispersion phases, but are active as antiferments only when in the former. If the amount of the fats of the serum is increased, as it is after the olive oil feeding, more of the antiferment will enter the fat phase and will as a result be rendered inactive. When the feeding included the sodium oleate, the anti-ferment was in consequence increased in both the serum and the lymph, some of the soap being apparently absorbed directly into the blood stream. It is possible that the titer of the antiferment may be altered, therefore, by means of selective feeding.
THE INTERRELATION OF THE SURVIVING HEART AND PANCREAS OF THE DOG IN SUGAR METABOLISM
Authors: Clark Admont H. 
Published: June 2004

When the pancreas of a dog is perfused aseptically with a Locke's solution containing dextrose in physiological concentrations, the optical rotation of the perfusate is diminished, but its reducing power is unaltered. This change also occurs if dextrose is added to a sugarfree pancreatic perfusate and the mixture incubated. These perfusates yield osazones with lower melting points than glucosazone, but when the perfusates are hydrolyzed with weak acid their optical, rotations and the melting points of their osazones are increased. These changes do not occur with levulose, or with an extract of the pancreas and dextrose. When the heart, spleen, or kidneys are perfused with dextrose solutions hydrolysis of the perfusates does not increase their optical rotation or power of reduction.
When a pancreatic perfusate containing dextrose is circulated through a living heart not only do the above changes take place but, in addition, the reducing properties of the perfusate are altered. Hydrolysis of such a perfusate increases its reducing power, its optical rotation, and the melting point of its osazone. A heart does not cause this effect either alone or when perfused together with the spleen or kidneys. Levulose perfused through the heart and pancreas is unchanged.
These phenomena are believed to be due to an enzyme or enzymes obtained from the perfused pancreas. The changes in optical rotation, in reduction, and in the osazones are accounted for by different degrees of dextrose condensation. While the living heart can destroy both dextrose and levulose to some extent, the experimental results suggest that the enzyme or enzymes derived from the perfused pancreas have a specific action on dextrose and are responsible for certain essential steps by which dextrose is prepared for normal utilization.
CARRIAGE OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS, WITH SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFECTION
Authors: Taylor Edward , Amoss Harold L. 
Published: June 2004

A family group containing four children of whom all showed in varying degree symptoms of poliomyelitis is described. The source of infection and periods of incubation have been followed. Two of the children were proven by inoculation tests to carry the virus of poliomyelitis in the nasopharynx. Of these, one was detected to be a carrier after recovering from a non-paralytic attack of the disease, and the other was discovered to be a carrier about 5 days before the initial symptoms, attended later by paralysis, appeared. The original case from which the three others took origin was fatal; the youngest child, after quite a severe onset, was treated with immune serum, and made a prompt and almost perfect recovery. The nasopharyngeal secretions of two of the cases, taken 1 month after the attack, proved incapable of neutralizing an active poliomyelitic virus.
The proposition is presented that every case of poliomyelitis develops from a carrier of the microbic cause, or virus, of poliomyelitis.
IDENTITY OF THE TOXINS OF DIFFERENT STRAINS OF BACILLUS WELCHII AND FACTORS INFLUENCING THEIR PRODUCTION IN VITRO
Authors: Bull Carroll G. , Pritchett Ida W. 
Published: June 2004

Twenty-two additional strains of Bacillus welchii have been collected from widely different sources and tested with regard to toxin production. Each strain produces a toxin which, on animal inoculation, gives rise to lesions comparable in every respect to those produced by the toxins previously reported on, and each toxin was neutralized by an immune (antitoxic) serum produced with one of the former toxins. The toxins obtained from the several individual strains varied in potency, the lethal dose ranging from 0.3 to 3 cc.
Experiments have been made to determine the influence of fresh muscle and glucose on toxin production and the relation of acidity to toxicity in the filtrates. It has been found that the addition of fresh muscle to the medium increases the potency of the toxin fivefold. Autoclaved muscle is without effect. Beef infusion broth containing 0.2 to 1 per cent glucose gives a more potent product than sugar-free broth, while when higher percentages are employed the toxin production is lowered. There is no direct relation between acidity and toxicity, the most acid products manifesting little or no toxic action. In every medium used for culture the potency of the filtrates rapidly diminished after 24 hours' incubation, while the acidity increased or remained constant. The exception to this rule has been pointed out.
The most active toxin is obtained by growing a virulent strain of the bacilli in a 0.2 or 0.3 per cent glucose broth to which fragments of fresh muscle have been added, and collecting the filtrate after from 18 to 24 hours' incubation.
A review of the literature on the pathogenic effects and toxic products of Bacillus welchii and on the results of immunization of animals with the bacilli or toxic products does not indicate that the exotoxic nature of Bacillus welchii had been previously determined or an antitoxic serum in the true sense produced.
The antitoxin for Bacillus welchii toxin can apparently be prepared from a single strain of the organism which yields under the conditions described a high titer of toxin, and this antitoxin can be employed to combat infection with or prevent infection by any strain whatever of the bacillus.
MORPHINE HYPERGLYCEMIA IN DOGS WITH EXPERIMENTAL PANCREATIC DEFICIENCY
Authors: Auer John , Kleiner Israel S. 
Published: June 2004

The subcutaneous injection of 1 or 2 mg. of morphine sulfate per kilo subcutaneously in dogs with a pancreatic deficiency, whose sugar tolerance is still good, produces a rise in the glycemia about four times greater than the same amount of morphine calls forth in normal dogs.
As dogs with a pancreatic deficiency due to coagulation or partial resection of the gland may legitimately be considered in a prediabetic state, the inference is warranted that the morphine test may be of value in detecting a weakened carbohydrate metabolism in the human subject. The test could easily and without danger be carried out with the micro methods now available for the quantitative determination of blood sugar.
The experimental facts described in this paper give additional corroboration to the view that the response of a normal and of a pathologically altered organism to the same drug in the same dosage may be quantitatively very different.
THERAPEUTIC EXPERIMENTS WITH ROSENOW'S ANTIPOLIOMYELITIC SERUM
Authors: Amoss Harold L. , Eberson Frederick 
Published: June 2004

Two series of experiments are described in which Rosenow's anti-poliomyelitic serum, so called, has been compared with the immune serum derived from monkeys which have convalesced or recovered from experimental poliomyelitis.
The experiments consisted in introducing an active virus of polio-myelitis into the blood and of injecting the two kinds of serum into the cerebrospinal meninges according to the method of Flexner and Amoss.
Under the conditions of the experiment, the control monkeys (a) receiving the virus intravenously alone do not develop paralysis, while those (b) receiving the virus intravenously and normal horse serum intraspinally develop paralysis. Moreover, the monkeys (c) receiving the virus intravenously and Rosenow's antipoliomyelitic serum intraspinally develop paralysis in the manner of those receiving normal horse serum intraspinally. The monkeys (d) which received the virus intravenously and the convalescent or immune monkey serum intraspinally alone did not develop paralysis.
The Rosenow serum acts in the manner of normal horse serum; it promotes the passage of the virus of poliomyelitis from the blood into the nervous organs, and it does not protect from infection.
We have found no evidence that Rosenow's serum under the conditions of the tests is effective therapeutically in monkeys or possesses antibodies of the same nature as those present in the blood of monkeys which have recovered from experimental poliomyelitis.
Since the antibodies in convalescent poliomyelitic serum in man and the monkey are identical, it follows that any antibodies present in the Rosenow horse serum do not conform to those occurring in human convalescent serum.
THE RELATION OF CIRCULATING ANTIBODIES TO SERUM DISEASE
Authors: Longcope Warfield T. , Rackemann Francis M. 
Published: June 2004

1. The injection of horse serum either in small or in large amounts in human beings is always followed sooner or later by the development of hypersensitiveness of the skin to subsequent injections of horse serum. For the development of this reaction serum disease is not essential.
2. The blood serum of most patients who suffer from an attack of serum disease following injections of horse serum shows anaphylactin and precipitin for horse serum.
3. Anaphylactin and precipitin cannot be demonstrated in the blood serum of patients treated with horse serum who do not later present symptoms of serum sickness.
4. The appearance of anaphylactin and precipitin precedes shortly recovery from the disease.
5. With the appearance in the serum of antibodies to horse serum in great concentration, the antigen rapidly diminishes or disappears.
6. It is probable that the extrusion of these antibodies into the circulation is the result and not the cause of serum sickness. Their presence serves to neutralize or destroy the antigen and thus determines the recovery from serum sickness.
A STUDY OF THE BLOOD PRESSURE BY THE METHOD OF GAERTNER, ESPECIALLY IN PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM FIBRILLATION OF THE AURICLES
Authors: Cohn Alfred E. , Lundsgaard Christen 
Published: June 2004

The function of the arteries as an elastic reservoir between the heart and the capillaries is reviewed. The appropriateness of selecting the exit from this reservoir as the point for estimating its effective pressure is shown. The technique for taking the pressure here by the method of Gaertner is described and its advantage and certain apparent disadvantages are indicated.
The technique of Gaertner is shown to be especially applicable to the study of the blood pressure in fibrillation of the auricles. The use of this technique has brought out a defect in the so called fractional method of taking the pressure in this condition; the brachial and digital curves cross.
Taking pressure of both brachial and digital arteries has shown that certain different types exist; first, that in which both central and peripheral pressures are stable; second, that in which the more central pressure is stable and the peripheral pressure fluctuates; and third, that in which both pressures fluctuate together.
FREE ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY CIRCULATING TOGETHER IN LARGE AMOUNTS (HEMAGGLUTININ AND AGGLUTINOGEN IN THE BLOOD OF TRANSFUSED RABBITS)
Authors: Rous Peyton , Robertson Oswald H. 
Published: June 2004

In rabbits transfused almost daily with the whole citrated blood of other rabbits, an extraordinary condition often develops, which manifests itself in an almost immediate clumping together of all the red cells in specimens of the shed blood. This clumping is due to one or more true agglutinins, of which the strength may be such as to cause clumping in a 1: 2,800 plasma dilution.
The agglutinating principle circulates with the corpuscles against which it is effective; but under ordinary circumstances intravascular clumping fails to occur because the union of antigen and antibody can take place only at a temperature several degrees below that of the body. If the temperature is sufficiently lowered, as when a tourniquet is applied to the rabbit's ear, intravascular clumping ensues. In defibrinated blood, gradually cooled, clumping is first noted as the temperature of 35°C. is approached; and at room temperature (22°) the corpuscles will often come together in a short time into a single, solid mass. At 0°C. the agglutination is still more marked. The reaction seems to be completely reversible, for when the blood is warmed again, the clumps break up and disappear at between 35° and 36°C. Cooling and warming with the resultant clumping and dissociation can be carried out many times on the same blood specimen without apparent change in the corpuscles or in the rapidity of the reaction. The response to temperature changes is extremely prompt.
Once it has been elicited, the agglutinating principle may persist for a long time after the transfusions are stopped, in one instance it was still strong 133 days after the last transfusion. During this period the plethora was succeeded by a severe anemia, which in turn was recovered from. In many rabbits no agglutinin develops, and a continuance of the transfusions will not elicit it. Indeed, when present it tends to disappear if the transfusions are persisted in.
In several of the animals in which the agglutinin was strongest, the plethora was suddenly succeeded by severe anemia, despite continued transfusions. The character of the temperature control of the agglutination, which somewhat resembles that of the hemolysin in paroxysmal hemoglobinuria, has led us to consider whether the blood destruction might not be due to accidental chilling of the animal. Efforts to induce a fall in the hemoglobin by placing the rabbit's ear in ice water have as yet been unsuccessful. Thus far no adequate search for an hemolysin has been made.
The object of the present paper has been to describe a condition in which large amounts of free antigen and antibody circulate together in the organism, and to demonstrate the factor which prevents their union, the results of which could easily be fatal. The causes of the condition will be dealt with in a subsequent communication.
A STUDY OF ACUTE MERCURIC CHLORIDE INTOXICATIONS IN THE DOG WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE KIDNEY INJURY
Authors: MacNider William deB. 
Published: June 2004

A study of the experiments comprising the first group of animals permits the deduction that these animals succumb to the acute poisoning as a result of the shock which the poison induces through its corrosive action in the stomach and intestine. The animals die before the mercury, acting as such during its elimination by the kidney, can induce an acute nephropathy and before the mercury, by inducing an acid intoxication, can lead to an acute kidney injury.
The remaining animals of the series, Groups II, III, and IV, have withstood the corrosive action of the poison. These animals have shown the same type of delayed intoxication from the poison. The intoxication, however, has varied in time of appearance, duration, and severity.
The animals classified as Group II have developed during the stage of improvement from the gastroenteritis a rapid and severe type of acid intoxication, have become rapidly anuric, and have died either in a state of air-hunger or in convulsions.
The animals of Group III, either during or after their recovery from the gastroenteritis, have developed a mild grade of acid intoxication. During the following days of the experiments the animals succeeded in reestablishing their normal acid-base equilibrium. All the animals of this group recovered.
The animals of Group IV have shown a recovery from the mercury enteritis. Following a period during which there was an attempt on the part of the animals to return to normal, as indicated by an increase in the alkali reserve of the blood and by an increased output of phenolsulfonephthalein and urine, the members of the group developed a delayed acid intoxication, and, like the animals of Group II, became anuric.
TOXICITY OF CERTAIN WIDELY USED ANTISEPTICS
Authors: Taylor Herbert D. , Austin J. Harold 
Published: June 2004

1. The substances injected intraperitoneally into mice and guinea pigs arranged in the order of their decreasing toxicity are: eucalyptol and brilliant green; mercurophen; mercuric chloride and chloramine-T; dichloramine-T and proflavine; hychlorite, Dakin's hypochlorite, Javelle water, and magnesium hypochlorite; iodine and phenol.
2. Now that Dakin's bland solvent, chlorcosane, is available as a vehicle for dichloramine-T, eucalyptol should probably be discarded for this purpose because of its much greater toxicity.
3. Inasmuch as experienced surgeons do not approve of the injection of solutions of iodine and phenol into closed cavities, it would seem advisable not to use any of the antiseptics here discussed in this manner inasmuch as all exhibit a greater toxicity for mice and guinea pigs than the two chemicals first named.
4. The method of testing toxicity of antiseptics by subcutaneous injection is not satisfactory because exudation and subsequent sloughing reduce the rate of absorption and make uncertain the amount finally absorbed.
ÆSTIVO-AUTUMNAL MALARIA. THE EXTRACELLULAR RELATION OF THE CRESCENTIC BODIES TO THE RED CORPUSCLE AND THEIR METHOD OF SECURING ATTACHMENT
Authors: Lawson Mary R. 
Published: June 2004

Æstivo-autumnal parasites, including the crescentic bodies, are always extracellular; that is, they are attached to the external surface of the red corpuscles.
Crescentic bodies attach themselves to the red corpuscles just as the younger parasites do, by encircling, with their cytoplasm, mounds of hemoglobin substance. These hemoglobin mounds may be seen protruding through various portions of the crescentic bodies, as well as at the periphery of the parasites. The base of the mounds is occasionally outlined by the chromatin or pigment granules.
The hemoglobin mounds protruding through the body proper of the crescentic bodies do not seem to alter the general outline of the parasites. The outline of the parasites may be traced through the transparent mounds.
Whenever attaching pseudopodia are observed they are seen to arise from the cytoplasm of the parasites and may be in the form of loops or strings.
When the crescents are attached they proceed to dissolve the hemoglobin to make it available for utilization, assimilating what is required for nutrition, the waste product being in the form of pigment granules.
After the hemoglobin mounds, to which the crescents are attached, have been decolorized by parasitic action, an appearance is obtained which has been described by most observers as vacuolization of the crescentic body. These observers believe the picture to be one of degeneration.
The decolorized mounds or vacuoles ("achromatic areas") seen in connection with malarial parasites correspond to the nutrition vacuoles of the common amebæ, and possibly the malarial parasite may, like these amebæ, secrete reserve food.