bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spinal pain
Authors: Shipley Michael , Renton Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Low back pain affects some 80–85 per cent of the population in the Western world at some time in their lives. The pain may be short-lived and mild, so many episodes go unreported to a medical practitioner. Help may come from a pharmacist, a physiotherapist, or an osteopath. Once spinal pain presents to a doctor, the outlook is less good. Although such episodes are often self-limiting, others may follow over subsequent years.
Imaging in systemic vasculitides
Authors: Rutgers Abraham , van der Werf Tsjip , Jan Boeve Willem , Kallenberg Cees G M , Tervaert Jan Willem Cohen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vasculitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of blood vessels. This can lead to microscopic as well as macroscopic damage to the vascular wall and ischaemic damage to the organs supplied by these vessels. Vessel wall aneurysm, stenosis, or occlusion with thrombosis can be macroscopic characteristics. Microscopically, there can be evidence of immune cell infiltration, intimal proliferation, fibrinoid necrosis, thrombus formation, and loss of vessel wall integrity leading to erythrocyte and fibrin extravasation. Clinical manifestations depend on the localization, magnitude, and type of vessels involved.
Diarrhea, malabsorption
Authors: Mercadante Sebastiano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diarrhea is an abnormal looseness of the stools (increased liquidity or decreased consistency), and occurs when the intestine does not complete the absorption of electrolytes and water from the luminal content. Diarrhea is usually accompanied by an abnormal increase in daily stool weight. Patients often have associated symptoms of abdominal pain, urge to defecate, perianal discomfort, and fecal incontinence (1).
Diarrhea is a common complication in the oncologic population, and occurs in 5%–10% of patients with advanced cancer (2–4). The consequences of diarrhea can be troublesome, and include loss of water, electrolytes, albumin, failure to reach nutritional goals, declining immune function, risk of bedsores, or systemic infection. Diarrhea also causes additional work for the nursing staff or family who have to prevent maceration and bedsores. Moreover, loss of comfort and dignity have to be considered (5).
Enteric fistulae
Authors: Gemlo Brett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enteric fistulae represent an especially difficult clinical challenge for clinicians caring for patients with malignant as well as benign disease, and result in significant morbidity and mortality (1). Patients with inflammatory bowel disease commonly present with enteroentero and enterocutaneous fistulae, and other patients who have suffered post-operative complications such as anastomotic leak or unrecognized enterotomies can fistulize and be challenging to manage, but are beyond the scope of this chapter. We will concentrate on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of fistulae in patients with underlying malignancies that have resulted in the development and perpetuation of those fistulae.
The principles of assessment
Authors: Bowden Reed , Jackson Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may come as a surprise to a young doctor entering general practice today to learn that well within living memory it was possible for a man—it was usually a man—to qualify as a doctor one day and start work in a practice the next day, alone and unsupervised. The only assessment beyond finals was the loyalty and affection, or otherwise, of his patients.
Renal failure as an immunodeficiency state
Authors: Vanholder R , Dhondt A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infection, however, remains the factor which affects the largest number of patients. Dysfunction of the host defence mechanisms has major clinical and socioeconomic implications. Life expectancy, hospitalization rate and duration, and treatment costs may all be adversely affected since the application of expensive and prolonged courses of antibiotics, vasopressors, haemodynamic monitoring, and ventilation may be necessary.
Hepatitis C in end-stage renal disease
Authors: Natov Svetlozar N , Pereira Brian J G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small spherical virus, 40-60 nm in size, with a lipid envelope and a single-stranded RNA. The virus exhibits structural and sequence homology with the Flavivirideae family—human flaviviruses and animal pestiviruses—and therefore is considered to be a member of this family. The viral genome containing approximately 9400 nucleotides is organized in a long reading frame coding for a 3000- amino-acid polyprotein bracketed at the ends by two non-coding regions (NCR) in 5’ and 3’ terminus (5’ NCR and 3’ NCR respectively). The 5’ end of the genome encodes the major structural proteins and is described as the structural region of the viral genome.
Management of renal disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Rao T K Sreepada 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expansion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection worldwide has led to an increase in the recognition of both the spectrum and the number of patients developing renal diseases. In HIV-infected patients, renal damage can result both as a direct consequence of viral-mediated glomerular/tubular/interstitial injury, and indirectly from the wide systemic derangements induced in the host by the virus, as well as from the therapeutic agents employed in their treatment. Furthermore, well-defined intrinsic primary renal diseases can also occur in patients with prior HIV infection. In addition, patients receiving renal replacement therapy may acquire HIV infection through various routes.
Living with Germs
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word germ is defined as ‘a microbe that causes disease’. The vast majority of microbes do not infect us at all: it is pathogens that make us ill. These include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, worms, and prions. Living with Germs not only looks at all of these in detail, but also at the defence mechanisms by which we come to terms with them, whether by eliminating them, stopping them from eliminating us, or simply learning to live with them. This is the first book to look at the subject of immunology in a relevant and approachable style. Using anecdotal and autobiographical material, John Playfair has produced a lively, well-written, and up-to-date look at immunology. Timely and topical, this will appeal to all those who want to know the facts behind the ‘germ’ scare stories.
Introduction: Living with Germs
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No – not living with Germans, as my French wife thought she heard me say when I told her I was planning this book! My topic was to be biological, not sociological.
However, when I came to think about it, the relationship between those two great but very different nations did remind me a little of the uneasy but mainly peaceful coexistence of the biological species with which our planet is crowded. The dogs that half-heartedly chase our two cats if they escape into the road, or the pigeons and squirrels that forage together in our local park, may not be the best of friends, but they don’t spend their entire time trying to kill each other. Except where you have two species directly competing for food or space, or when one of them is the other’s favourite meal, ‘live and let live’ seems to be Nature’s general rule.
The pathogens
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opinions still differ as to exactly how life on earth started, but there is clear fossil evidence that about 3.5 billion years ago, only 1 billion years after the earth itself was formed, single-celled organisms remarkably like today’s bacteria were already abundant – and they were certainly not parasites, because there was nothing larger around for them to be a parasite of! It was another 2 billion years before the appearance of the new type of cell required for the evolution of larger animals and plants. Strange and wonderful creatures have come and gone since – ammonites, trilobites, dinosaurs, the mammoth, the sabre-toothed tiger – but the bacteria are still there, so evidently the design of that single cell was a pretty good one.
Sharpening the focus: the new immune system
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomena of antibody formation, immunological memory, and the success of vaccines were well known before 1900, yet it was another half century before it was realized that they were all due to the properties of lymphocytes. Up to then the favourite theory was that lymphocytes were the ‘stem’ cells that gave rise to all the other blood cells – one of the classic wrong ideas of the twentieth century. It was not until the elegant experiments of James Gowans in Oxford (1959) that the lymphocyte took its rightful place as the cell of adaptive immunity.
Getting ill
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point the emphasis has been on pathogens – what they are like, how we try to combat them, how they fight back – but not much has been said about pathology. Some people might think of pathology purely in terms of post-mortems and the coroner’s inquest, but in reality it covers everything that makes you feel ill. Illness implies symptoms, which mean tissue damage or at least some loss of normal function somewhere, and that is pathology. A pathogen is by definition a parasite that induces pathology – makes you ill.
Immunodeficiency
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If there were people who had never thought much about immunodeficiency, or indeed about immunity at all, the AIDS epidemic must have opened their eyes. For immunologists, it was a nightmare come true. Here as we watched, fascinated and horrified, was the proof of all the things we had been teaching our rather bored students for years – that you needed T lymphocytes to control tuberculosis, that there were parasites that only became pathogenic when immunity failed, that one animal’s harmless parasite could be another’s deadly pathogen, that one infection could influence another, that vaccines were not always straightforward to make. It was all true!
Controlling pathogens
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are the only animals that have actively altered the balance between ourselves and our pathogens. Admittedly there are reports of chimpanzees eating the right parts of the right plants to get rid of their worm infections, but that is a far cry from draining swamps, building hospitals, designing vaccines, and synthesizing antibiotics. Nowadays, even when a totally new infectious disease appears, the experience and the techniques are in place to identify the pathogen and work out how best to control it – drugs, a vaccine, or simple public health measures. This may of course take time, but our overall success can be measured by human life expectancy – in the developed world, more than twice what it was a century and a half ago, when infectious disease accounted for about half of all deaths (the figure now is about 5%).
Introduction: Living with Germs
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Open almost any newspaper nowadays and you will probably be greeted by a headline about the imminent arrival of mutant killer bird flu, or the ever-rising toll from AIDS or tuberculosis, the spread of West Nile virus, the reappearance of polio or SARS, an outbreak of Lassa fever, the failure of yet another malaria vaccine, or a death in hospital from a superbug resistant to all antibiotics. You could be forgiven for concluding that our planet swarms with all kinds of germs and microbes invisible to the eye and that their one aim is to wipe us all out. The first conclusion is undoubtedly true, but fortunately the second is not, and this book is an attempt to explain why.
Getting ill
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point the emphasis has been on pathogens – what they are like, how we try to combat them, the mechanisms by which they fight back. Not much has been said about pathology itself, although when we have an infection this is what we notice. Some people might think of pathology purely in terms of post-mortems and the coroner’s inquest, but in reality it covers everything that makes you feel ill. Illness implies symptoms, which mean tissue damage or at least some loss of normal function somewhere, and that is pathology.
A look ahead
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One last analogy: the host-pathogen relationship can be seen as a vast historical drama acted out simultaneously at a variety of different speeds and levels. In the remote distance, parasites and their hosts adjust to each other over millions of years, gradually reaching a mutually tolerable balance. In centre stage, on a scale of months, a pandemic rages across continents, pursued by drugs and vaccines. And at the front, pathogens battle from day to day to avoid elimination by the immune system for long enough to spread to another host. The script of the drama is by no means finished – indeed we are in the very middle of a period when new episodes are being added faster than ever before.
How the Web was Born
Authors: Gillies Jamaes , Cailliau Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1994 a computer program called the Mosaic browser transformed the Internet from an academic tool into a telecommunications revolution. Now a household name, the World Wide Web is part of the modern communications landscape with tens of thousands of servers providing information to millions of users. Few people, however, realize that the Web was born at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, in Geneva, and that it was invented by an Englishman, Tim Berners-Lee. This new book, published in the Popular Science list in Oxford Paperbacks, tells how the idea for the Web came about at CERN, how it was developed, and how it was eventually handed over for free for the rest of the world to use. This is the first book-length account of the Web's development and it includes interview material with the key players in the story.
Homelessness in Historical Perspective
Authors: Caton Carol L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The situation of homelessness, with its physical and psychological challenges, has been endemic in the human family from the beginning of civilization. Often the result of natural disasters, war, and economic failure, homelessness has been experienced over the centuries by a great variety of people. However, the destitute, disabled, and antisocial have typically made up the core of those for whom homelessness has been a way of life. In preindustrial society, slaves and prostitutes were also among these outcast groups (Hotten, 1860; Ribton-Turner, 1887; Aydelotte, 1913; Smith, 1970; Pound, 1971; Grice, 1977). When the Industrial Revolution encouraged migration from rural to urban areas and across continents, the ranks of the homeless were swelled by seasonal laborers and migratory workers (Culver, 1933; Cross and Cross, 1937).
Homelessness and Mental Illness
Authors: Eagle Paula F , Caton Carol L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Homelessness is not a new phenomenon in the United States, where skid rows have often existed in major urban centers. However, over the past 20 years dramatic changes have occurred in the composition of the homeless population. Specifically, while the numbers of homeless have steadily increased, the numbers of homeless who are mentally ill have grown at a much higher rate. This situation has received a great deal of attention from the media, government officials, the public, and the medical profession, all expressing concern over the inhumane quality of life of these mentally ill people who have now become a painful and common sight in most American cities.
The Norman Yoke
Authors: Williams Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians, for good reason, mark the year 1763 as the beginning of the Revolutionary era in American history. The British American colonies, after a century and a half of conflicts and confrontations with scattered, under-armed, disease-decimated Indian tribes, had been unable to advance their territorial ambitions beyond the several eastern mountain ranges and larger tribal confederacies inland from the Atlantic seaboard. But in 1763, the British Empire concluded a long and rather expensive war to protect its North American imperial interests from rival French ambitions.
Abortion
Authors: Steinbock Bonnie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly two decades after the Supreme Court ruled in Roe v. Wade1 that a woman has a constitutional right to terminate her pregnancy, abortion remains one of the most divisive and emotionally charged issues in America. Pro-lifers march with posters of macerated fetuses; pro-choicers use a bloody coat hanger as their symbol of the days of illegal abortions. But behind the drama and the emotion are claims that can be subjected to philosophical scrutiny. Is the unborn a human being, with a right to life like any other human being, as pro lifers maintain? If it is, then very few abortions, if any, could be justified. For we do not generally think that it is morally permissible to kill children because they are unwanted or illegitimate or severely handicapped. On the other hand, if the fetus is not a child, but only part of the pregnant woman’s body, then restrictive abortion laws would be as difficult to justify in a pluralistic society as laws against contraception. For restrictive abortion laws impose enormous physical, emotional, and financial burdens on women. Even legal moralists, who hold that society has the right to enforce its moral beliefs through law, could not justify the imposition of such heavy burdens. Only the assumption that the unborn is a human being like any other, entitled to the law’s protection, could justify the prohibition of abortion. Thus, the moral status of the unborn is central to the abortion debate.
Methods of Assessment
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In practice, the growth of young children is usually judged by observing weight change. Weight gain over a defined period can be compared with average figures for children of that age. Even so, there are problems, since figures given by different authors vary to some extent and may be categorized as normal or average, minimum, or inadequate for varying periods of time, for example, 1, 2, or 3 months. One simplified list is given in Table 4-1.
Alternative Growth Monitoring Systems
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many variables, including those summarized earlier, need to be considered in selecting a growth monitoring system that seems likely to work in a particular area. For various reasons given shortly, the ideal system often is not feasible. Instead, as suggested by Voltaire at the beginning of this chapter, overemphasis on unreachable complexity ( “the best “) may so downgrade the idea of using the more limited activities that can be undertaken ( “the good “) that the latter may not be considered. At the same time, programs need to be reviewed and changed as circumstances improve or deteriorate, with a better comprehensive system as the objective.
Practical Considerations
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These need to be developed for each topic (module). They can be planned in detail, but always must remain flexible to allow as much opportunity as possible for discussion and feedback from students. They must include (1) the task of the trainer, (2) the teaching materials and equipment used, (3) the proposed activity by the trainer, (4) the proposed activity by the students, and (5) the trainer-student interaction. Appropriate sequences need to be considered for different topics.
Growth Monitoring System
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In such comparisons, statistical advice on sampling is essential and the areas selected must avoid the common faults of “pilot projects “ or “demonstration areas. “ These have unrealistic levels of funding, staffing, and personal support from enthusiastic initiators of the whole activity. Those evaluating should be thoroughly aware of the local situation but, if at all possible, should not be members of the team involved in making the changes being evaluated. In other words, the evaluators should be fully informed but independent.
Introduction: Reconceiving the City
Authors: Deutsch Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was August 1893, in Boston. Times were hard. In the crowded dwellings of the South End, the onset of one of the worst depressions in the country’s history would upset a precarious balancing act and tip many residents into poverty. Mrs. Scanlon was determined not to be one of them. On Wednesday, the twenty-third, Mrs. Scanlon buried her husband. By Saturday her thoughts turned to her own survival. She needed work so that she could keep her three children, and she needed child care so that she could work. She decided to look for a small tenement near a day nursery.1
Work or Worse: Desexualized Space, Domestic Service, and Class
Authors: Deutsch Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
working-class matrons struggled to create homes in relatively unvarying, if grim, conditions, middle-class and elite matrons found the sands shifting beneath their feet. They and their husbands worried over the ever-higher divorce rates. They became alarmed at the rising number of never-married women, some of them their own daughters, and outraged at abortionists.1 They wit-nessed with dismay the burgeoning lodging-house districts. Their college daughters, like Vida Scudder, seemed not only to be turning away from but turning on the Victorian home and all it had stood for. Even worse, so did the daughters of working-class matrons. Middle-class and elite matrons watched, frustrated, as both Yankee girls and immigrants’ daughters shunned domestic service for factory and shop work.
The Moral Geography of the Working Girl (and the New Woman)
Authors: Deutsch Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If I were you, “ Louise Bosworth told Grace Harvey in 1907, “some Sunday I would get up and have breakfast and cut out prayers and cut out church and cut out Sunday School and young people’s meeting and get out in the country for a good time.” Harvey, a resident at the YWCA, hesitated. She would like to, she said, but had no idea where to go or with whom. She did not want to go alone.
The Business of Women: Petty Entrepreneurs
Authors: Deutsch Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edith Guerrier’s utopian pottery venture had thrust her into the world of petty entrepreneurship. Like the heroine of Louisa May Alcott’s Work, set in Boston almost half a century earlier, she hoped to redesign business relations as human relations.1 Most businesswomen set their sights lower. They left the larger picture of commercial relations alone, but redesigned their own spaces. Well into the twentieth century, the majority of these women, like Guerrier, combined home and business. By doing so, they hoped to turn homes—associated with female economic dependence—into sites of not only social but economic autonomy.2 It was the ultimate individual claim of women for autonomous space in the city scene—not just a room of one’s own, but a business of one’s own.
An Easy, Agreeable Administration
Authors: Skemp Sheila L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“I have no doubt but that he will make as good a Governor as Husband: for he has good Principles and good Dispositions, and I think is not deficient in good Understanding.”-Benjamin Franklin to Jane Mecom, 1762.1 “I believe no governor was ever more affectionately received by all ranks of people. Even with those for whom I might have expected opposition I am on very good terms.”-William Franklin to William Strahan, 1763.