bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Models for Repeated Measurements
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This second edition of Models for Repeated Measurements has been comprehensively revised and updated, taking into account the huge amount of research that has been carried out in the subject in recent years. A wide variety of useful new models is now available, models that have revolutionized the analysis of such data. The second edition contains three new chapters on models for continuous non-normal data, on various design issues specific to repeated measurements, and on missing data and dropouts. Exercises have been added at the ends of most chapters, and the programming functions needed to carry out the analyses in the book are publicly available. Models for Repeated Measurements is an essential reference for research statisticians in agriculture, medicine, economics, and psychology, and for the many consulting statisticians who want an up-to-date expository account of this important topic. The book is organized into four parts. In the first part, the general context of repeated measurements is presented. The three basic types of response variables, continuous (normal), categorical and count, and duration, are introduced. There is a discussion of the ways in which such repeated observations are interdependent. The book also develops a framework for constructing suitable models, with the introduction of the necessary concepts of multivariate distributions and stochastic processes. In the following three parts, a large number of specific examples, including data tables, is presented to illustrate the models available. Each of these parts corresponds to one of the types of responses mentioned above. FROM REVIEWS OF THE FIRST EDITION . . . a timely book . . . useful both as a graduate text and as a consulting source. Statistical Methods in Medical Research.
Parasite community ecology and biodiversity
Authors: Roberts M G , Dobson A P , Arneberg P , Leo G A de , Krecek R C , Manfredi M T , Lanfranchi P , Zaffaroni E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wild-animal population is typically host to a whole community of parasites of different species. These parasite species may be sufficiently independent that their population dynamics can be investigated individually. In reality it would be more usual for multiple species to interact such that the presence of any one species may influence the presence and abundance of another, either directly through competition or indirectly through the host immune system. The interactions between parasite species in a community are fundamental in deter- mining the community structure, the viability of each species within the community, and the potential for new species to invade the community. Models of the interaction of parasites in a community have revealed fundamental determinants of com- munity structure, most notably the important role of RO, the basic reproduction number, for each species (Dobson 1985; Dobson and Roberts 1994; Roberts and Dobson 1995).
The second Lyapunov exponent
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter it will be shown that the classical paper by Paley & Ursell 1930 essentially contains a proof that the second Lyapunov exponent for the two-dimensional Jacobi-Perron algorithm is negative (Schweiger 1996). The only ingredient which was not available to them is the individual ergodic theorem and some facts about the ergodic theory of multidimensional continued fractions.
Periodic Jacobi–Perron algorithms
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we present some results on periodic Jacobi–Perron algorithms. The major motivation for Jacobi in inventing this algorithm for pairs of cubic numbers was to generalize the famous theorem of Lagrange on continued fractions to higher dimensions. Although Perron found out that the characteristic equation may be reducible for n ≥. 3 the following modified conjecture is still open.
Motivation and fundamental concepts
Authors: Krzanowski W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An experimenter, or statistician, faced with a multivariate data set will often feel overwhelmed by the sheer bulk of numbers it contains. An archaeologist will not think it excessive to measure twenty different variables on each skeleton that he or she inspects, neither will a physician think it unusual to obtain twenty different indicants (e.g. signs, symptoms, laboratory measurements) from each patient presented for diagnosis. Yet with only fifty such skeletons, or fifty such patients, both scientists will be confronted with 1000 numbers for inspection. At this stage, a second problem becomes apparent, namely that these are not 1000 separate (unrelated) numbers but that in examining them some allowance must be made for the fact that relationships exist between the twenty variables or indicants. These relationships (possibly complex ones) arise as a consequence of all variables being measured on each individual observed by the scientist, and this feature is indeed emphasized by writing the 1000 numbers in the form of a 50 × 20 data matrix. A scientist’s natural inclination when presented with a set of numbers is to scan them in the hope of detecting some interesting features or patterns in the data. The above discussion implies that any single number in the data matrix must be judged in relation to all the other numbers in the same row as well as the same column of the matrix, so that a simple visual inspection of the data matrix is unlikely to show up immediately any patterns that may exist in the numbers. The problems are exacerbated the more variables or individuals that are measured. Consequently, formal procedures are needed to help the scientist or statistician in this hunt for pattern, and it is with such procedures that we shall concern ourselves in this first part of the book.
Graphical methods for association or proximity matrices
Authors: Krzanowski W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 we considered graphical methods of representing either rows or columns of a matrix, where these rows and columns are linked to two sets of entities that are not formally related. These methods could be applied to any rectangular matrix satisfying this requirement, but were principally aimed at graphical representations of (n × p) data matrices. By contrast, in the present chapter we shall be concerned with matrices whose rows and columns are both linked to the same entities. Such matrices must also by definition be square, since the same number of entities indexes both rows and columns. Furthermore, since it is the same set of entities indexing rows and columns, then the elements of the matrix must represent relationships between pairs of entities in this set.
The two main types of matrices encountered in multivariate analysis that fall within the scope of this chapter, therefore, are correlation or covariance matrices between variables, and similarity or dissimilarity matrices between units. The former can be said to contain information on associations between variables, the latter to contain information on proximities between individuals.
Distribution theory
Authors: Krzanowski W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A p-dimensional vector random variable, or random vector, x is defined to be the vector x’ = (x 1 , x 2 , ••• , xp) whose elements xi are unidimensional random variables. As was indicated in Section 6.3, the rows of a typical data matrix can be viewed as independent realizations of such a random vector. As the majority of techniques to be discussed are appropriate for continuous numerical data, we shall restrict our attention in this chapter mainly to random vectors composed of continuous elements. By extension, an (m · p) random matrix Y is defined to be the matrix Y whose elements Y;; are unidimensional random variables.
Introduction
Authors: Budd C J , Sangwin C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you were to ask enthusiastic mathematicians whether or not they thought that mathematics was a golden thread in life's rich tapestry, then the chances are that they would say that it was the whole tapestry, together with most of the room in which it is displayed. Mathematics is amazing in its power and beauty and the way that it has applications in so many areas of human endeavour. Mathematics is also central to much of modern technology and its applications to this will become increasingly important in the new millennium. But mathematics is ever changing and growing, and it will only continue to develop and thrive if fresh minds and new ideas are applied to it. The need to stimulate young people to become interested in mathematics led to the creation of the Royal Institution Mathematics Masterclasses.
Regulation by a hormone: the insulin response
Authors: Helmreich Ernst J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The action of insulin has always fascinated biochemists and physicians. The study of insulin and of diabetes, the disease caused by lack of the hormone or by a lack of response to the hormone, is like a mirror, reflecting the advances of biochemistry and medicine. Using the βcells in the pancreas from animal sources, which were discovered by Langerhans in 1869, Banting and Best isolated insulin in 1921, and Abel crystallized it in 1928. In 1955 the primary sequence of insulin and in 1965 the crystal structure of the biologically active part of insulin which binds to the receptor were elucidated by Frederick Sanger and Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, respectively. In 1965, H. Zahn in Germany, N. Katsoyannis in the USA and Niu Ching-I in Wang’s laboratory in Shanghai independently synthesized insulin by chemical means. Today, human insulin is produced using bioengineered E. coli as a source. Donald Steiner discovered proinsulin in 1967, and elucidated the processing of pro-insulin, with the formation and the release of the insulin peptide C, in 1972 (Chapter 1). Moreover, the receptor for insulin was the first membrane-bound receptor to be identified (Pedro Cuatrecasas, 1968). But there is hardly any other problem in biological regulation in general, and endocrine regulation in particular, that has been so unyielding and intractable as that of the molecular mechanism of insulin action.
Historical perspective: past, present, and future
Authors: Zisman Amnon , deKernion Jean B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last 25 years the knowledge about renal and adrenal tumors has expanded dramatically. What was in the beginning of the century a pioneering surgical craft progressing as a reflection of general surgery has become a multidisciplinary component of the field of urological oncology. Patient care has been influenced by surgical innovations that have continued to evolve, and also by other accomplishments in biochemistry, imaging, immunology, endocrinology, genetics, and molecular biology. These influences set the course for the therapy of renal and adrenal tumors at the start of the third millennium.
Diagnosis and management of the incidental renal mass
Authors: Pantuck Allan J , Rauch Mitchell K , Zisman, Amnon , Belldegrum Arie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malignant tumors of the kidney comprise 2 per cent of cancer incidence and mortality in the US (Landis et al. 1998) with 31 200 new cases estimated to occur in the year 2000 causing approximately 11 900 deaths (Greenlee et al. 2000). In general, no distinction has been made in the past between parenchymal and pyelocalyceal tumors from an epidemiological standpoint, and little information is available to separate the two incidence rates. By conservative estimate, however, more than 80 per cent of these tumors will arise in the renal parenchyma (Devasa et al. 1990) and the vast majority will be adenocarcinomas (renal cell carcinomas). The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) at autopsy has been reported to be approximately 2 per cent (Hellsten et al. 1990).
Tumor vaccines
Authors: Freedland Stephen J , Zisman, Amnon , Belldegrun Arie S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of vaccines dates back thousands of years, but until recently vaccines were used primarily to prevent infectious diseases. With recent advances in cellular biology, molecular biology, and immunology there has been an interest in the use of vaccines not only to prevent infectious diseases, but also to treat a wide variety of human diseases. This has given hope that vaccines can be developed that will treat cancer.
Radiation therapy: basic sciences
Authors: Aronowitz Jesse , Hahn, Peter , Haas Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
X-rays were incorporated into the practice of medicine soon after Wilhelm Roentgen reported his discovery in December 1895. Within a year of Roentgen’ s report, physicians and dentists on both sides of the Atlantic began utilizing ‘ skiagraphy’ (diagnostic radiology) (Brecher and Brecher 1969), and literature appeared devoted to the new modality (Morton and Hammer 1896; Williams 1901). Roentgenotherapy soon followed. Within 5 years of Roentgen’ s discovery over 100 maladies were being treated by X-rays (Grubbe 1949, p. 111), and radiotherapy texts were published (Pusey and Caldwell 1903; Freund 1904). Dermatologists were among the first to appreciate the utility of X-rays and radiation therapy remained a pillar of dermatologic therapeutics for more than 50 years. Ionizing radiation was applied to inflammatory, infectious, as well as neoplastic conditions.
Adoptive immunotherapy of renal cell cancer
Authors: Chang Alfred E , Li Qiao , Jiang Guihua , Sayre, Donna M , Redman Bruce G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The passive transfer of immune lymphocytes into the tumor- bearing host or cancer patient is known as ‘ adoptive immunotherapy’ . The requirements for successful adoptive immunotherapy in animal models involve the ability to generate tumor-reactive cells in sufficient quantities to cause tumor rejection in vivo (Greenberg 1991; Chang and Shu 1992). Compared with other immunotherapeutic modalities, such as cytokines, vaccines, or antibodies, adoptive immunotherapy has been significantly more effective in mediating regression of advanced tumor burdens in animal models (Chou et al. 1988a; Rosenberg et al. 1986). The translation of animal studies to the clinical setting required the development of methods to culture lymphocytes in bulk quantities.
Palliative therapy of advanced renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Fosså Sophie D , Group the MRC Renal Cell Cancer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary goal of palliative cancer therapy in advanced (metastatic) renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is to relieve existing symptoms. Secondary aims are prevention of symptoms and prolongation of life. Adequate palliative treatment of a cancer patient requires that the physician, the patient, and the patient’ s relatives know and accept that cure is no longer the aim of therapy, but rather symptom relief and, eventually, prolongation of life.
Diagnostic tests of adrenal cortical and medullary function
Authors: Liu Zhenqi , Siragy, Helmy M , Carey Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The adrenal glands are paired retroperitoneal organs situated above the upper pole of each kidney and lying lateral to the twelfth thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae. The glands are composed of two distinct structural units. The cortex composes the outer layer and completely surrounds the centrally located medulla. The average weight of the gland in the adult is 4 g irrespective of sex (Studzinski et al. 1963).
Selection of patients with incidentally discovered adrenal masses for operation
Authors: Murai Masaru , Marumo Ken 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the early 1980s, incidentally discovered adrenal masses have become a common clinical problem as a result of the more wide- spread use of computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasonography (US). Although technical advances solve many clinical problems, they may also create new management dilemmas. In patients without a known extra-adrenal primary malignancy, the vast majority of these lesions are benign and non-hypersecretory. The challenge is to identify the rare hyperfunctioning or malignant adrenal tumor that should be removed while avoiding unnecessary testing and surgery in the majority of patients whose adrenal lesion is non-hyperfunctioning and benign.
Pheochromocytoma
Authors: McClellan M mnoeer, , Eisenhofer Grame , Pacak Karel , Linehan W Marston 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pheochromocytomas are catecholamine-producing tumors known for their unpredictable and catastrophic course of malignant hypertension. The term pheochromocytoma was first coined by Pick in 1912 to describe an adrenal medullary tumor that developed a black-brown coloration after staining with dichromate- containing fixatives, so-called chromaffin cells. Pheochromo- cytomas can occur anywhere in the sympathetic nervous system— from the glomus jugulare at the base of the skull to the urinary bladder. The majority of pheochromocytomas, however, occur in the adrenal glands.
Acute and chronic interstitial cryotherapy of the adrenal
Authors: Vaughan E Darracott , Ernest Sosa R , Perlmutter Aaron P , Schulsinger David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unilateral adrenalectomy is indicated for patients with large adrenal lesions or functional tumors. Various open surgical approaches have been utilized. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has now become an important surgical technique for the management of adrenal lesions (Takeda et al. 1994), including patients with primary aldosteronism (Conn’ s syndrome) or Cushing’ s adenoma, Cushing’ s disease, pheochromocytoma, and nonfunctioning tumors greater than 6 cm in size. Laparoscopy can be performed by transabdominal or retroperitoneal access. The advantage of laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the reduced postoperative discomfort, morbidity, and shorter hospital stay.
Historical background of early intervention in military settings
Authors: Weisceth Lars 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
History deals with the past and is seen by some as a thing of the past. A contemporary military medical historian has, however, stated that doctors of the current PTSD generation are going through the same learning process, as did their colleagues during World War I (WWI) (Shepard, 2000). He points out an apparently recurrent cycle in respect of the war neuroses: ‘At first denied, then exaggerated, then understood and finally forgotten’. This chapter sets out to delineate lessons that can be learned from past experiences by examining the changing conceptualizations of combat stress reaction (CSR) and how early intervention can help resolve these multifaceted reactions.
Haem iron: coupled redox reactions
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our knowledge of the biochemistry of iron porphyrins is probably more extensive than that of any other metal-factor unit: literally hundreds of proteins from different sources have been examined. The functional value of this cofactor is immediately seen by the diversity of its uses within biology (Table 13.1) and by the amounts of its proteins in a wide variety of cell types. The availability of the proteins has led to very detailed studies of them by chemists and biologists, but this book is not concerned with the detailed physical chemistry of the haem or its proteins.
Sulphur, Selenium, and Halogens: Redox Non-metals
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge of the early atmosphere of the planet and of the mineral elements that were present gives rise to the intuitive feeling that sulphur must have been a very important element from the very beginning of life especially at the low redox potentials which pervaded the anaerobic initial states.
Diverticular disease of the colon
Authors: Levitt Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the large intestine, a diverticulum is a kind of ‘blow-out’ of the intestinal wall. The thin inner lining of the wall bulges out through a tiny defect in the muscle layer creating what amounts to a ‘bubble’ on the outer surface of the colon. The individual diverticulum is a thin-walled sac or balloon that communicates with the main lumen of the colon.
Diverticular disease describes the occurrence of one or more diverticula of the large intestine. The rectum is never affected, only the colon. And within the colon, it is the sigmoid colon that is generally most severely involved. Hence we often hear this condition referred to as ‘sigmoid diverticular disease’.
Psychiatric Emergencies
Authors: Kelly Chris B , McClelland Roy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the majority of patients a diagnosis of cancer is both a major psycho logic event as well as a physical one. About one-third will experience some form of adjustment difficulty. As many as 80 percent of breast cancer patients report significant distress during initial treatment. Additional illness-related stresses are treatment with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and diagnosis of recurrence of the illness. Patient concerns are often multiple and particularly in situations where the illness has progressed, issues other than the cancer or symptom control may come to the fore. Heaven and Maguire reported commonest concerns among hospice patients to be loss of independence and issues surrounding the family. Concerns surrounding life expectancy and death are inevitably raised and issues of an existential nature are common and no less a basis for acute suffering than any of the physical aspects of the disease process or its management. A strong relationship has been found between the number and severity of unresolved concerns and the later development of anxiety or depressive disorder.
Pediatric Emergencies
Authors: Cohen Kenneth J , Helman Lee J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All of the oncologic emergencies detailed in this textbook can be seen in the pediatric set- ting. Often, establishing a diagnosis can be complicated by the age of the patient, the inability of the patient to articulate specific concerns, and the subtle presentation of many of these diagnoses in the pediatric patient. In addition, there are a number of diagnoses unique to the pediatric cancer patient that pose specific risks for oncologic emergencies. This chapter attempts to highlight the breadth of emergencies seen in the pediatric setting with particular emphasis on complications related to tumors predominantly seen in children. For the convenience of the reader, when possible this chapter follows the out- line of the book as a whole.
In the consulting room
Authors: Smith Sam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My first significant encounter with mental illness was during my student days working as a volunteer in a large mental hospital. Most of the patients with whom I came in contact had been there many, many years. Some seemed to suffer greatly, others not at all. Some appeared to be incarcerated in a mental space devoid of emotional life, endlessly wandering the long corridors in search of cigarette-ends, little if any vestige of former existence or personality remaining. All had at one time been ascribed a diagnosis which the attrition of time, the effects of institutionalization and long-term medication had rendered both indistinguishable and irrelevant. Certainly, whatever they suffered and felt seemed at some remove from the mental and emotional distress of the people I was to encounter later as a general practitioner. Such large institutions are now a thing of the past. Taken as a whole, however, mental illness remains a problem, not simply in terms of its diagnosis and treatment, but also in terms of how we conceptualize and seek to define it. Only recently I returned to this hospital to find it had been converted into up-market homes for the up-and-coming.