bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The speeches in Arrian's Indica and Anabasis
Authors: Hammond N. G. L. 
Published: November 2004

The evaluation of speeches in ancient histories by modern scholars is very varied. Tarn (p. 286) opened his discussion of ‘The speeches in Arrian’ with the following words:Speaking generally, one expects a speech in any ancient historian to be a fabrication, either composed by the historian himself or by a predecessor, or else some exercise from one of the schools or rhetoric which he had adopted.On the other hand, according to Fornara (p. 143), ‘the fact does not seem to have been sufficiently appreciated that the ancients unfailingly endorsed the convention that speeches must be reported accurately’. When Fornara made a generalization, he wrote as follows:The ancients had unanimously adopted the Thucydidean principle of honest reporting of the things that were said as well as the things that were done.
Three emendations in Columella
Authors: Winterbottom Michael 
Published: November 2004

I refer to the editions of the third book of Columella by S. Hedberg (Uppsala, 1968) and J. C. Dumont (Paris, 1993).… nullus tamen uel iniquissimus locus non maiorem quaestum reddet quam acceperit inpensam: siquidem, ut cultoris neglegentia sex milia seminum intereant, reliqua tamen decem milia tribus milibus nummorum libenter et cum lucro redemptorum erunt… 3.3.12–13
Athens and the Hellenistic kings (338–261b.c.): the language of the decrees
Authors: Kralli Ioanna 
Published: November 2004

It has been a widespread belief among historians of antiquity that Athens’ importance on the political scene declined rapidly after 338, and especially after 322; Athens, so it is assumed, succumbed to the will of Alexander and, later on, of his Diadochoi. Of course, it cannot be denied that Athens found itself in a very precarious and sometimes impossible position. Yet the attitudes of Athens towards one king or the other, as well as its status, vary considerably until 261, the end of the Chremonidean War against Antigonos Gonatas, king of Macedon.Certain aspects of the Athenian relationship with the various monarchs are reflected in the decrees of the assembly, passed in honour of royal officials, as well as in the decrees conferring the highest honours (proedriaof the games,sitesisin thePrytaneion, and a statue) upon Athenian citizens who belonged to a king's court. My purpose is to examine precisely the image that Athens projects through the above-mentioned decrees with regard to its relations with the various rulers and their officials; and these in relation to its perception of its own position on the military and political scene on different historical occasions.
Who practised love-magic in classical antiquity and in the late Roman world?
Authors: Dickie Mathew W. 
Published: November 2004

INTRODUCTIONVery soon after I began working on the identity of magic-workers in classical antiquity, I realized that it was necessary to come to terms with a thesis about depictions of erotic magic-working in Greek and Roman literature. It asserted that male writers engaged in a systematic misrepresentation of the realities of magic-working in portraying erotic magic as an exclusively female preserve; the reality was that men were the main participants in this form of magic-working. The thesis is based on the supposition that the truth about erotic magic and the people who performed it is to be found in the formularies or spell-books preserved in papyrus and indefixiones.These two sources of information are said to show us that erotic magic was performed by men and not by the women who are the persons depicted engaging in love-magic in literature. The scholar who first presented the thesis was the late John Winkler. A version of it is to be found in Fritz Graf's general account of Greek and Roman magic. There is agreement over what are taken to be the facts, but views diverge over their interpretation. Winkler appeals to the Freudian notion of denial and transference to offer an explanation not only of the discrepancy between life and literature, but of what he took to be the belief held by the young men who cast erotic spells that the girls who were the objects of their spells were as sexually eager as they were: men, when overwhelmed by sexual desire for unattainable women, through a process of denial transfer that feeling to women, whether old or young, whom they fondly imagine suffer the same intense sexual longings as themselves.
Developing teacher self-awareness: feedback and the use of video
Authors: Laycock John , Bunnag Piranya 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Video is often seen as a useful means of providing feedback to teachers in various kinds of training situation. This article looks at its role in the overall context of feedback, and then outlines its use in a programme with regular practical teaching of real classes, which resulted in the need for generalized viewing guides. Design considerations are outlined, and the guides actually devised are summarized. Experience indicated that the guides had a positive effect in increasing self-awareness, but that they cannot be used in isolation from other forms of feedback.
Preparing for interactive video
Authors: Allan Margaret S. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A comparison of the properties of the video cassette recorder (VCR) and the videodisc player points up the advantages for education of disc as a medium for the storage and playback of video signals. It is argued that some form of optical disc technology is very likely to come into language classrooms before the end of the 1990s and that it will be welcomed by those teachers who are currently attempting to use their VCRs as flexible resources in their language programmes. Different applications of interactive video in education and language study are described, with reference to recent examples.
Life Before Fodor and Frommer: Americans in Paris from Thomas Jefferson to John Quincy Adams
Authors: Chew William L. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Several thousand Americans, most of whom hailed from the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic states, and who travelled for business or combined business with tourism, visited France and Paris during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic era. A fairly representative group of some fifty travellers have left accounts of their stay, providing an insight into American attitudes towards France and the French, particularly as regards national stereotyping. Key parameters determining such stereotyping included Franco-American relations and domestic politics during the time of an individual's stay; Enlightened American notions of the virtuous Republic and its relation to gender issues; and American exceptionalist discourse. Travel conditions varied over the period, and were particularly difficult under the Directory, if somewhat less so under Napoleon. Americans were not seldom mistaken for Englishman and harassed in one fashion or another. The monuments and tourist attractions they chose to visit, however, were largely the same as those visited by their modern compatriots.
Modulation of the ligand binding properties of the transcription repressor NmrA by GATA‐containing DNA and site‐directed mutagenesis
Authors: Lamb Heather K. , Ren Jingshan , Park Alison , Johnson Christopher , Leslie Kris , Cocklin Simon , Thompson Paul , Mee Christopher , Cooper Alan , Stammers David K. , Hawkins Alastair R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNmrA is a negative transcription‐regulating protein that binds to the C‐terminal region of the GATA transcription‐activating protein AreA. The proposed molecular mechanism of action for NmrA is to inhibit AreA binding to its target promoters. In contrast to this proposal, we report that a C‐terminal fragment of AreA can bind individually to GATA‐containing DNA and NmrA and that in the presence of a mixture of GATA‐containing DNA and NmrA, the AreA fragment binds preferentially to the GATA‐containing DNA in vitro. These observations are consistent with NmrA acting by an indirect route, such as by controlling entry into the nucleus. Deletion of the final nine amino acids of a C‐terminal fragment of AreA does not affect NmrA binding. Wild‐type NmrA binds NAD+(P+) with much greater affinity than NAD(P)H, despite the lack of the consensus GXXGXXG dinucleotide‐binding motif. However, introducing the GXXGXXG sequence into the NmrA double mutant N12G/A18G causes an ∼13‐fold increase in the KDfor NAD+and a 2.3‐fold increase for NADP+. An H37W mutant in NmrA designed to increase the interaction with the adenine ring of NAD+has a decrease in KDof ∼4.5‐fold for NAD+and a marginal 24% increase for NADP+. The crystal structure of the N12G/A18G mutant protein shows changes in main chain position as well as repositioning of H37, which disrupts contacts with the adenine ring of NAD+, changes which are predicted to reduce the binding affinity for this dinucleotide. The substitutions E193Q/D195N or Q202E/F204Y in the C‐terminal domain of NmrA reduced the affinity for a C‐terminal fragment of AreA, implying that this region of the protein interacts with AreA.
Effects of Prior Polysaccharide Vaccination on Magnitude, Duration, and Quality of Immune Responses to and Safety Profile of a Meningococcal Serogroup C Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccination in Adults
Authors: Southern Jo , Deane Sarah , Ashton Lindsey , Borrow Ray , Goldblatt David , Andrews Nick , Balmer Paul , Morris Rhonwen , Kroll J. Simon , Miller Elizabeth 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTExtensive use of meningococcal AC polysaccharide (MACP) vaccines has raised concerns about induction of immunologic hyporesponsiveness to C polysaccharide. We investigated the immunogenicity and safety of a meningococcal C-tetanus conjugate (MCC-TT) vaccine in naïve adults and prior MACP vaccinees. Laboratory staff (n= 113) were recruited; 73 were naïve to meningococcal vaccination, and 40 had previously received ≥1 dose of MACP vaccine. Blood was taken prior to MCC-TT vaccination and 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months later. At each time point, proportions of subjects with serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) titers of ≥8 or ≥128 were similar (P> 0.46); >94% of subjects achieved titers of ≥128 at 1 month. However, the geometric mean titer (GMT) of SBA at 1 month was higher in the naïve (1,757; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1,102 to 2,803) than in the previously vaccinated (662; 95% CI, 363 to 1,207) group (P= 0.02), and similarly at 6 months (P< 0.001). Conversely, geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of serogroup C-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) were significantly higher in the previously vaccinated group pre-MCC-TT and at 1 week; the groups were similar at 1 month, and there was some evidence that the GMC for the previously vaccinated group was higher at 6 months. Qualitative differences in antibodies between groups were demonstrated by using the SBA/IgG ratio, though avidity measures were similar for the two groups throughout the study. MCC-TT was well tolerated, with similar safety profiles in the two groups. Pain in the arm and headache were the most frequently reported events following vaccination. The study shows that MCC-TT is safe and immunogenic in naïve and previously MACP-vaccinated adults, though the magnitude and persistence of postvaccination SBA responses in the latter group were lower.
Evaluation of a Diagnostic Algorithm Using Immunoglobulin M Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay To Differentiate Human West Nile Virus and St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Infections during the 2002 West Nile Virus Epidemic in the United States
Authors: Martin Denise A. , Noga Amanda , Kosoy Olga , Johnson Alison J. , Petersen Lyle R. , Lanciotti Robert S. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT
A diagnostic algorithm was developed to differentiate between human infections of West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) using positive-to-negative (P/N) ratios derived from the immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA). To validate this algorithm, we tested 1,418 serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from confirmed WNV and SLEV infections collected during the WNV epidemic of 2002 in the United States. WNV P/N-to-SLEV P/N ratios (W/S ratios) were calculated and used to identify the infecting virus. These results were compared to results from the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), which is currently the standard assay used to discriminate between closely related flavivirus infections. If the W/S ratio was ≥1, the predictive value positive (PNP) for WNV was 97.8%, where 95% of flavivirus cases were due to WNV infection and only 3.7% of specimens would require PRNT to differentiate WNV from SLEV infection. Use of the W/S ratio as part of the testing algorithm to interpret MAC-ELISA results generates reportable probable cases quickly, alleviating the need for PRNT in most instances.
Utility ofSchistosoma bovisAdult Worm Antigens for Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Electroimmunotransfer Blot Techniques
Authors: Pardo J. , Carranza C. , Turrientes M. C. , Pérez Arellano J. L. , López Vélez R. , Ramajo V. , Muro A. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTImmunodiagnostic methods based on the detection of antibodies continue to be the most effective and practical methods for the diagnosis of imported schistosomiasis.Schistosoma bovisis a species whose final natural hosts are bovines, ovines, caprines, and small wild ruminants. Different studies have demonstrated the analogies existing betweenS. bovisand otherSchistosomaspecies which affect humans. The objective of this work was to evaluate the utility ofS. bovisadult worm antigens (AWA) for the diagnosis of imported human schistosomiasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and electroimmunotransfer blotting (EITB) techniques. By detecting eggs, the ELISA forS. bovisAWA was able to definitively detect imported cases with a sensitivity of 94%. The specificity of the ELISA forS. bovisAWA was 97%. There were no differences between the results of theS. bovisAWA ELISA for patients infected withSchistosoma mansoniand those infected withSchistosoma haematobium. The EITB technique showed bands of 85, 37, and 20 kDa, which are characteristic of infections withSchistosomaspp. Specific bands to indicate infection by different species ofSchistosomahave not been detected. The combined use of the ELISA forS. bovisAWA and EITB increased the global sensitivity of the study to 97%. Our findings suggest that the ELISA forS. bovisAWA is a useful test for the immunodiagnosis of imported schistosomiasis and that EITB for detectingS. bovisAWA permits the confirmation of diagnosis when the ELISA forS. bovisAWA is positive.
Expression of Tocopherol-Associated Protein in Mast Cells
Authors: Ikeda Teruo , Murakami Masaru , Funaba Masayuki 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT
Tocopherol-associated protein (TAP) was expressed in mouse mast cells. TAP was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm, and the subcellular localization was not changed by α-tocopherol. The results suggest that the physiological role of TAP in mast cells is not regulation of tocopherol function but an as-yet-unidentified activity.
Material Flow and Ecological Restructuring in China
Authors: Liu Yi , Mol Arthur P. J. , Chen Jining 
Published: November 2004

SummaryEnvironmental problems are closely related to society' processing of materials through the entire economy. Because neither traditional environmental nor economic analytical methods can provide sufficient insight into the physical dimension of economies, this article presents an integrated methodology, combining a substance flow analysis (SFA) approach and an ecological restructuring analysis. This approach is applied to phosphorus (P) in China, one of the most rapidly growing industrializing economies, in order to better understand of the economy's material use and its change over time. A static national SFA model is developed with statistical data from 1996. By tracking the national economy's P flows from origins to destinations, the critical P flows with respect to environmental impacts are identified. Based on the regime of national P flows, this article analyzes the degree of ecological restructuring by dynamically describing the structural changes of related critical P flows over the last two decades with a set of ecological restructuring indicators (ERIs). Finally, some potential and desired changes are discussed, with the goal of ecologizing the national P flow regime; that is, reducing the ecological impact of the national P flow regime. The methodology of this article illustrates its applicability and value for presenting an overall insight into the physical dimensions of national economies.
Dependence of Intake Fraction on Release Location in a Multimedia Framework
Authors: MacLeod Matthew , Bennett Deborah H. , Perem Merike , Maddalena Randy L. , McKone Thomas E. , Mackay Don 
Published: November 2004

SummaryA defining feature of industrial ecology is the design of processes to minimize any disruption of the functioning of the natural ecosystem that supports life, including human beings. The extent of human exposure to anthropogenic contaminants in the environment is a complex function of the amount of chemical emitted, its physicochemical properties and reactivity, the nature of the environment, and the characteristics of the pathways for human exposure, such as inhalation, dermal contacts, and intake of food and water. For some chemicals, the location of emissions relative to areas of high population density or intense food production may also be an important factor. We explore the relative importance of these variables using the regionally segmented Berkeleyf‐Trent (BETR) North America contaminant fate model and data for food production patterns and population density for North America. The model is applied to fourfff contaminants emitted to air: benzene, carbon tetrachloride, benzo‐a‐pyrene, and 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo‐pff‐dioxin. The total continental intake fraction (iF), relating exposure quantity to emission quantity, is employed as a metric for assessing population exposure to these contaminants. Results show that the use of continentally averaged parameters for population density and food production provides an accurate estimate of the median of iF calculated for emissions in individual regions; however, iF can range from this median by up to 3 orders of magnitude, especially for chemicals transferred to humans through foods. The locations of population and food production relative to sources of chemicals are important variables that should be considered when assessing the possible human health impacts of chemical emissions as in life‐cycle assessment.
Identification and utilization of inter-species conserved (ISC) probesets on Affymetrix human GeneChip® platforms for the optimization of the assessment of expression patterns in non human primate (NHP) samples
Authors: Wang Zhining , Lewis Mark G , Nau Martin E , Arnold Alma , Vahey Maryanne T 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Background
While researchers have utilized versions of the Affymetrix human GeneChip® for the assessment of expression patterns in non human primate (NHP) samples, there has been no comprehensive sequence analysis study undertaken to demonstrate that the probe sequences designed to detect human transcripts are reliably hybridizing with their orthologs in NHP. By aligning probe sequences with expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in NHP, inter-species conserved (ISC) probesets, which have two or more probes complementary to ESTs in NHP, were identified on human GeneChip® platforms. The utility of human GeneChips® for the assessment of NHP expression patterns can be effectively evaluated by analyzing the hybridization behaviour of ISC probesets. Appropriate normalization methods were identified that further improve the reliability of human GeneChips® for interspecies (human vs NHP) comparisons.

Results
ISC probesets in each of the seven Affymetrix GeneChip® platforms (U133Plus2.0, U133A, U133B, U95Av2, U95B, Focus and HuGeneFL) were identified for both monkey and chimpanzee. Expression data was generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 12 human and 8 monkey (Indian origin Rhesus macaque) samples using the Focus GeneChip®. Analysis of both qualitative detection calls and quantitative signal intensities showed that intra-species reproducibility (human vs. human or monkey vs. monkey) was much higher than interspecies reproducibility (human vs. monkey). ISC probesets exhibited higher interspecies reproducibility than the overall expressed probesets. Importantly, appropriate normalization methods could be leveraged to greatly improve interspecies correlations. The correlation coefficients between human (average of 12 samples) and monkey (average of 8 Rhesus macaque samples) are 0.725, 0.821 and 0.893 for MAS5.0 (Microarray Suite version 5.0), dChip and RMA (Robust Multi-chip Average) normalization method, respectively.

Conclusion
It is feasible to use Affymetrix human GeneChip® platforms to assess the expression profiles of NHP for intra-species studies. Caution must be taken for interspecies studies since unsuitable probesets will result in spurious differentially regulated genes between human and NHP. RMA normalization method and ISC probesets are recommended for interspecies studies.
Functional characterization in Caenorhabditis elegans of transmembrane worm-human orthologs
Authors: Henricson Anna , Sonnhammer Erik LL , Baillie David L , Gomes Ana Vaz 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Background
The complete genome sequences for human and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans offer an opportunity to learn more about human gene function through functional characterization of orthologs in the worm. Based on a previous genome-wide analysis of worm-human orthologous transmembrane proteins, we selected seventeen genes to explore experimentally in C. elegans. These genes were selected on the basis that they all have high confidence candidate human orthologs and that their function is unknown. We first analyzed their phylogeny, membrane topology and domain organization. Then gene functions were studied experimentally in the worm by using RNA interference and transcriptional gfp reporter gene fusions.

Results
The experiments gave functional insights for twelve of the genes studied. For example, C36B1.12, the worm ortholog of three presenilin-like genes, was almost exclusively expressed in head neurons, suggesting an ancient conserved role important to neuronal function. We propose a new transmembrane topology for the presenilin-like protein family. sft-4, the worm ortholog of surfeit locus gene Surf-4, proved to be an essential gene required for development during the larval stages of the worm. R155.1, whose human ortholog is entirely uncharacterized, was implicated in body size control and other developmental processes.

Conclusions
By combining bioinformatics and C. elegans experiments on orthologs, we provide functional insights on twelve previously uncharacterized human genes.