bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anguish: ‘Severe Mental Pain’
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The right-winger who drove down the M6 from Blackpool following the 1980 Labour conference and who found himself thinking about what a new party might be called had, without having previously realized it, ‘resigned psychologically’ from the Labour party. He had taken no positive action, but an emotional tie had been broken. How many Labour MPs at the beginning of October 1980 were in a similar position, assuming already that sooner or later they would leave Labour and join some new political grouping? The short answer is: almost none. Probably the only ones who had already made the break in their own minds were the Jenkinsite MPs mentioned in Chapter 3, together with Richard Crawshaw, the moderate MP for Liverpool Toxteth. Few others, if any, had travelled that far—certainly not any of the Gang of Three. One reason was that the total rout of the right at Blackpool had come as a complete surprise as well as a shock, and it was going to take some time for its full implications to sink in. But a far more important reason was that most Labour MPs, however right wing, could hardly bring themselves to contemplate leaving the party they loved.
Born in Despair
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Gang of Three and their supporters felt they were being driven out of the party; but, as we saw in the last chapter, they were anxious, before making their final move, to.make sure that they could take as many Labour MPs as possible with them. For obvious reasons, they were also anxious to find out what a new party’s electoral prospects might be like. Would a breakaway group of the kind they were envisaging be committing electoral suicide? Or would it have some chance, however slight, of getting off the ground and winning at least a degree of electoral support?
Defectors and Loyalists
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thirteen ex-Labour MPs and one ex-Conservative were among the founders of the SDP in March 1981. Thirteen more ex-Labour members joined during the remainder of 1981, and two more came over in 1982, making a grand total of twenty-nine SDP MPs. As we shall see in Chapter 8, the spectacle of a steady progression of members of parliament out of the Labour party’s ranks and into those of the SDP was one of the major factors giving the new party its early momentum.
What Kind of Party, and Whose?
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The events that led twenty-eight Labour MPs to break with their party in 1981–2 were as dramatic as any that British domestic politics is likely to provide; they inflicted heavy damage on the Labour party and in the end destroyed the careers of some of Britain’s most promising politicians. That being so, a number of important questions need to be asked and answered—more explicitly than they have been so far. Why did the Gang of Four leave the Labour party? Why did they found a new party? What kind of party did they think their new party was going to be? There are also a number of intriguing ‘what-if?’ questions which it is at least worth attempting to answer.
The Golden Age: March–December 1981
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The SOP was launched in late March 19 81, and during most of its first year the party had quite astonishing momentum. Everything seemed to go right for it and wrong for its rivals. Success inspired favourable publicity; favourable publicity in turn inspired continuing success. The experience reminded one observer of a giant Saturn rocket lifting off from Cape Canaveral, another of the massive explosion of Mount St Helen’s in the American state of Washington that had taken place in the previous year. The whole British party system seemed to be tearing itself apart. Such momentum could not, of course, be sustained, and the let-down, when it came, was severe; but in the meantime all those involved with the SOP hugely enjoyed themselves.
Disappointment: June 1983
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the forging of the Alliance, it was a chastened SOP that Roy Jenkins led into 1983. The seats negotiations with the Liberals had reached a largely satisfactory conclusion, but electorally the Alliance was in the doldrums. The by-elections in the latter half of 1982 had not gone well, and the first Gallup poll of 1983 showed that only 22.5 per cent of the electorate thought they would vote Liberal or SDP at an early general election, leaving the Alliance well behind Labour and even further behind the Conservatives. The Conservatives’ commanding lead in all the polls made it look increasingly as though the next general election would come within a few months and not in 1984 as had previously been supposed. Conscious of the need to try to attract new publicity and raise morale, the Alliance organized a big rally in Central Hall, Westminster, towards the end of January. The fact that the press insisted on dubbing the rally an Alliance ‘relaunch’ was a measure of how far the two parties’ fortunes had fallen. Predictably, the rally attracted little attention.
Machinery, Members and Money
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In creating the party’s constitution the SDP’s leaders were constrained to some extent by personal differences and also by what the members would accept. In building the party organization they enjoyed a much freer hand. Overnight the launch produced nearly 50,000 members, an abundance of volunteers and £500,000 in the bank. There were no major financial backers to humour or established organizations to incorporate. The only existing organization on the ground was the Social Democratic Alliance, from which the SOP leadership warily kept its distance. With only a few active branches, the SDA was too weak to claim a reserved place in the SDP’s structure.
The Party of a New Class?
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have discussed whether the SDP was a new class of party. It is now time to consider a different question: whether it was the party of a new class. The formation of the SDP, one social historian wrote, was a ‘delighted act of self-recognition by a new class coming out and discovering its common identity’.1 But what new class? Answers at the time were not couched in terms of enduring economic or political intuests but in terms of life-style and culture (‘their homes are imitation farmhouses rather than miniature stately homes, with stripped pine rather than period furniture’, and so on). Social Democrats, it was alleged, usually without a shred of evidence, were trendy and ‘progressive’ professional people, the advance guard of the claret-drinking, chattering classes, whose native habitat, as is well known, was NW3.
The Owen Ascendancy II: 1985–1987
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The afterglow of the successful Torquay conference lingered on for several months. Between a quarter and a third of the electorate continued to tell the opinion polls that they would vote for the Alliance at an early election, and personal relations among the old Gang of Four, while still strained, gradually became less fraught and more businesslike. Moreover, despite the disagreements within the SDP that surfaced at Torquay and despite Owen’s apparent shift to the right, relations between the SDP and the Liberals improved and showed every sign of going on improving.
The SOP Disintegrates: 1987–1988
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Politicians are seldom at their best following election defeats. They are tired and disappointed and their thoughts almost inevitably turn to the question of who or what was to blame. The leaders of the Liberal—SOP Alliance—especially the leaders of the SDP—had additional reasons for despair on 12 June 1987. In the pale light of that summer morning, with television screens still flickering manically in the background, all their dreams of forming an Alliance government, of holding the balance of power, of replacing Labour as the main opposition to the Conservatives, even of gaining a significant number of seats in the House of Commons, were coldly revealed as having been only dreams. The great SDP project had failed. The could of British politics remained unbroken.
Who Was to Blame?
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One thing was clear by the time the Liberals and Social Democrats finally merged in March 1988 and became still clearer during the ensuing years. Whatever else the debate over merger and the subsequent negotiations had done, they had inflicted substantial damage on the cause of British centre-party politics. The farce of the dead parrot was merely the final episode in a process that had already gone badly wrong.
Making and Enforcing Regulatory Policy in the Single Market
Authors: Previdi Ernesto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The procedures required to ensure the correct and effective application of the regulatory framework that underpins the single market are difficult to understand. To do so requires an understanding of the unique and complex characteristics of the European Union’s (EU) regulatory framework. The following factors define its atypical character, which differs from the classic properties of national regulatory systems, whether they are centralized or federal.
A Pattern of Islands
Authors: Cliff A D , Haggett P , Smallman-Raynor M R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rest of the Ocean Island European staff consisted of a doctor employed by the company …, another doctor in charge of a government hospital at Tarawa, 250 miles to eastward; and four district officers scat tered singly, at distances ranging from three to five hundred miles away from us, scattered up and down the chain of the Gilbert and Ellice islands.
Island Populations: The Threshold Question
Authors: Cliff A D , Haggett P , Smallman-Raynor M R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spite of the fact that this problem of determining critical community size in terms of the relevant epidemiological parameters has now been around for more than 30 years there is still no satisfactory solution …. The concept of critical community size becomes extremely important in the context of global eradication projects….
Island Populations: The Virgin Soil Question
Authors: Cliff A D , Haggett P , Smallman-Raynor M R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Revd J. Williams, in his interesting work, says that the first intercourse between natives and Europeans, ‘is invariably attended with the introduction of fever, dysentery, or some other disease, which carries off numbers of people.  Again he affirms, ‘It is certainly a fact, which cannot be controverted, that most of the diseases which have raged in the islands during my residence there, have been introduced by ships; and what renders this fact remarkable is, that there might be no appearance of disease among the crew of the ship which conveyed this destructive importation.
The Changing Accessibility of Islands
Authors: Cliff A D , Haggett P , Smallman-Raynor M R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No man is an Iland, intire of it selfe; Every man is a peece of the Continent, A part of the maine.
Islands are part of a shrinking world. It was the isolation of islands, linked to their relatively small populations, which historically brought about the sepa ration of epidemics of infectious diseases in time and space. This characteristic of island epidemics contrasts with continental areas where large populations sustain multiple endemic infections which manifest themselves as overlapping waves of disease. But, over the 150-year period considered in this book, the geographical isolation of islands has been broken down by the profound changes in travel behaviour brought about by the transition from sail to steam in shipping, and from ship to air as principal carrier. In previous centuries, cir cumnavigation of the globe could take years; modern aircraft span the world in 24 hours. The slow and infrequent travel of previous generations meant that diseases spread only slowly between geographical areas, and quarantine of infection was relatively straightforward. The mass travel at the dawn of the twenty-first century, coupled with increased speed of transfer, implies that infection can be moved from one area to another before carriers are even aware that they are infectious.
Old chemical munitions and warfare agents: detoxification and degradation
Authors: Stock Thomas , Lohs Karlheinz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge about old chemical munitions and toxic armament wastes that remain from activities in the first half of the 20th century can be valuable to those involved in the investigation of contaminated areas and old compunction finds and in the redevelopment of sites previously used for the production, filling or storage of such munitions and agents. This chapter discusses the problems and risks of dealing with old munitions and toxic armament wastes. In addition, the chapter provides information on the detoxification of water and soil contaminated by these materials.
The history of chemical weapons in Poland
Authors: Witkiewicz Zygfryd , Szarski* Kazimierz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chemical warfare agents were used in Poland in World War I by the German Army against Russian troops. During World War II large-scale German manufacture of chemical weapons was carried out in Poland. Prior to World War II Poland conducted research on protection against chemical weapons and this work continued after the war. A number of chemical warfare agents were studied, and some of these were manufactured. However, the manufacture of chemical warfare agents in Poland was never sufficiently large to have military significance.
Chemical munitions in the Commonwealth of Independent States and the surrounding seas
Authors: Perera Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1987 the USSR announced it had stopped producing chemical weapons, and in 1989 it declared that its CW stockpile was 40 000 tonnes. Russia, the member of the Commonwealth of Independent States which assumed control of the Soviet CW stockpile, now faces the enormous task of destroying these stocks in accordance with the Chemical Weapons Convention. Responsibility for this and for all future planning rests with the Presidential Committee on Matters Pertaining to the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, which was set up in April 1992.
The destruction of old and obsolete chemical weapons: past experience
Authors: Sutherland Ronald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery, dismantling and safe destruction of chemical weapons has been a significant problem since the time of their first use in World War I. Until 1969 both agents and munitions were destroyed by methods now considered to be environmentally unsound. These included open-pit burning, land burial and ocean dumping, all of which are now no longer in use owing to a variety of environmental and safety legislation.
The technical challenge of dismantling and destroying old and abandoned chemical weapons
Authors: Guir Frederic 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The destruction of the existing chemical weapon stockpiles was one of the most difficult issues in the final stages of the negotiations on the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (the CWC). In hope of totally removing the CW threat an obligation was incorporated into the Convention (Article IV and Part IV(A) and (B) of the Verification Annex) to destroy all kinds of CW of whatever vintage, including so-called ‘old and abandoned’ chemical weapons.
UNSCOM’s experience with chemical warfare agents and munitions in Iraq
Authors: Manley Ron G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With its adoption of Resolution 687 (1991) of 3 April 1991 the United Nations Security Council established the terms and conditions for the formal cease-fire between Iraq and the Coalition of member states co-operating with Kuwait, thereby ending the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Part C of Resolution 687 addresses Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction (i.e., biological, chemical and nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150 km). It requires their identification, location and disposal and the establishment of a monitoring regime to ensure that Iraq does not reacquire these weapons.
The legal problems associated with sites contaminated by chemical warfare agents in Germany
Authors: Kurzidem Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general problem of contaminated sites and of sites contaminated by chemical warfare agents, in particular, has led to increased public interest and debate in recent years. After the reunification of Germany in 1990 and the subsequent reduction of military forces in Germany land was transferred from military to civil use, and it became apparent that there were environmental problems related to the former and current military use of land.
How to Think about Electoral Systems
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of choosing an electoral system splits into two; we saw in Chapter 1 that we have two distinct questions to answer. The first is this: (1) Given the preferences of the electors in a constituency between the candidates, (A) which of those candidates will best represent that constituency, and (B) what system will as often as possible bring about the election of such candidates? The second question is: (2)Given the preferences of the electors in the nation at largebetween the political parties, (A) what should be the distribution of seats within Parliament among those parties, and (B)what electoral system will as often as possible bring about sucha distribution? As indicated, each of our two questions (1) and (2) is a double question and splits in turn into two.
Systems Based on Criteria
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter, we considered an extension of Condorcet’s criterion for the most representative single candidate, using the notion of a candidate’s Copeland number, and also a new criterion, that proposed by Borda, either to supplement Condorcet’s criterion or its extension, or else for use as the sole criterion. There are three electoral systems corresponding to these three criteria; under each of them, when all vote sincerely, the victory will go to the candidate satisfying the chosen criterion.
The Alternative Vote
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What in Britain is usually called ‘the Alternative Vote’ is a system for electing to single-member constituencies. In Australia it is called ‘preferential voting’; but in this book we may refer to it by the abbreviation AV. It is an adaptation for a single ballot of an elimination system in which successive ballots are held, each requiring the electors to vote for just one candidate. If, in the first ballot, no candidate secures an absolute majority, the candidate obtaining the fewest votes is eliminated, and a second ballot held between the remainder. If still no candidate secures an absolute majority, the candidate obtaining the fewest votes in this ballot is now eliminated, and a third ballot is held; the ballots continue in this way until some candidate does obtain an absolute majority of the votes, when he is declared elected.
The Principles of Electoral Reform
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is always a danger in devoting the last chapter of a book to summarizing its whole argument, namely that readers who think their time too valuable to waste on reading the book from cover to cover will content themselves with skimming the final chapter, confident that no author can have anything to tell them that they cannot extract in this economical manner. Such readers usually only half-understand the little that they thus glance at. This chapter cannot serve as a substitute for reading the book; it is meant only as a reminder.
The Strategy of Coercive Diplon1acy: Refining Existing Theory to Post-Cold War Realities*
Authors: Jakobsen Peter Vlggo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the passing of the cold war the demand for international action against threats to international peace and security has increased sharply. The list of ongoing conflicts is depressingly long and despite a dramatic increase in United Nations operations the demand exceeds the supply by far. This situation is anything but new. Historically, the demand for international action to stop armed conflicts has always exceeded the supply because states have based their foreign policies on national interests rather than on considerations of international peace and law. What is new, however, is the fact that the problem of stopping armed conflict or violent repression of minorities occuring far away from home time and again is placed on the political agenda in the West.
Strategic Coercion, Democracy, and Free Markets in Latin America*
Authors: Hirst Monica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As US military and economic pre-eminence was imposed in Latin America, the United States consolidated its status as a hegemonic power in the region by utilizing unilateral coercive practices. Since the end of the Second World War, political and economic motives have led the USA to use different instruments of pressure to induce Latin American states to adjust and/or change their options in foreign and/or domestic policies. In the past these motives were connected either to cold war concerns or to unilateral political and economic incompatibilities. In all cases these practices have underlined the asymmetric power structure of inter-American relations, as well as the characterization of Latin America as a US sphere of influence.
South Asia: The Perils of Covert Coercion
Authors: Ali Syed 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The regional politics of post-colonial South Asia1 has often reflected the turbulence of domestic politics within the successor states.2 Both have been characterized by coercive elements, sometimes taken to their violent extreme. Coercion has been a key feature not only of interstate relations but also of the interaction between the states of the region and sub-state actors at one level and extraregional powers at another. The sub/protostate actors have resorted to strategic coercion not only against the central authority but also against other, perhaps rival, sub-state players.
Coercive Cadences: The Yugoslav War of Dissolution
Authors: Gow James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coercion was the primary characteristic of the Yugoslav War of Dissolution. This was as true for the Serbian forces which initiated the conflict, as it was for the other former Yugoslav parties to the conflict and those elements of the international community which became involved in its management. For all concerned the essence of the conflict was to secure strategic, tactical, and political objectives through the use of coercion, rather than through direct combat. For the former Yugoslav protagonists this meant the use of limited resources to achieve political and territorial aims, in the case of the Serbs especially, using the practice of ethnic cleansing (see below).
Forrns of the Democratic Developmental State Democratic Practices and Development Capacity
Authors: Leftwich Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few states in the developing world have been able to sustain even the most basic elements of democracy. Those which have been able to do so include Venezuela, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Botswana, Mauritius, Malaysia, Singapore, and India. Even so, many analysts balk at call¬ ing Singapore and Malaysia ‘democratic’ (Ahmad, 1989) and hence refer to them as only ‘partially democratic’ states (Potter 1997: 38).