bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HETEROGENIC SERUM, AGE, AND MULTIPLICATION OF FIBROBLASTS
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

The presence in a culture medium of heterogenic serum of various concentrations exerts a definite influence on the rate of multiplication of fibroblasts. Dog serum does not inhibit the growth of
See PDF for Structure
chicken fibroblasts markedly until its concentration reaches 15 per cent. Beyond this figure, each increase of the concentration brings about a rapid decrease in the rate of cell multiplication. When the concentration reaches from 30 to 45 per cent, no growth takes place. The inhibiting action of cat serum begins to manifest itself at a concentration of 25 per cent and prevents cell proliferation completely at a concentration of 55 and 60 per cent. The ratio,
See PDF for Equation
can be taken as expressing the action of the serum on fibroblast multiplication; that is, as the growth index of the serum.
See PDF for Structure
The inhibiting influence of heterogenic serum was found to vary in direct ratio to the age of the animal from which it was obtained. The rate of proliferation of chicken fibroblasts was studied comparatively in media containing varied concentrations of serum from young and old animals. For each concentration of serum, the rate of growth in the serum of the old animal was expressed in relation to the rate of growth in the serum of the young animal. When cat serum was used, the curve obtained in plotting this ratio in ordinates and the serum concentration in abscissæ showed a rapid increase in the inhibiting action of the old serum as soon as the concentration reached 30 per cent. The same tests were repeated with the serum from young and old dogs. The general results were identical, although
See PDF for Structure
the quantitative inhibiting action of both sera was greater than that of cat serum. It may be concluded that under the conditions of the experiments:
1. Heterogenicsera inhibit and prevent the growth of chicken fibroblasts when their concentration is made to vary within certain limits.
2. A relation exists between the rate of growth of chicken fibroblasts, the concentration of the heterogenic serum, and the age of the animal from which the serum is taken. Thus, the rate of proliferation of chicken fibroblasts expressed by the growth index of the serum can be used as a means for detecting certain changes brought about by age in a heterogenic serum.
STUDIES ON AGGLUTINATION WITH THE AID OF THE CENTRIFUGE. THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON ABSORPTION AND FLOCCULATION
Authors: Gates Frederick L. 
Published: June 2004

The flocculation of bacteria which have absorbed specific agglutinins may be mechanically effected by means of the centrifuge, with results that coincide with those obtained by the standard method of test. Specific serological differences between meningococci, for example, may be determined by the centrifuge method. The technique is described.
By the elimination of the inconstant time factor in the flocculation phase opportunity is given for a closer analysis of specific absorption, and of the influence of various conditions upon both phases of agglutination.
The velocity of the absorption reaction is a function of the temperature at which it occurs, and the acceleration with increasing temperature is of the order of chemical phenomena. The absorption reaction proceeds most rapidly near the temperature of antibody destruction. The injurious effect of high temperature is revealed first in the serum; the antigen-antibody complex is not less sensitive.
The flocculation phase is also promoted by higher temperature, but lags far behind absorption, and consumes most of the time required for spontaneous agglutination.
The presence of an excess of antibodies greatly accelerates absorption and flocculation. The absorption reaction, under such circumstances, is ordinarily completed within a relatively short time.
THE FREQUENCY OF BACILLUS INFLUENZÆ IN THE NOSE AND THROAT IN ACUTE LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Bacillus influenza is frequently found in association with lobar pneumonia.
2. In lobar pneumonia both Bacillus influenza and pneumococcus are frequently found in the nose.
3. The influenza bacilli found in the upper respiratory tract of cases of lobar pneumonia are of various types.
4. The exact significance of these findings is at the present time not clear.
THE EFFECT OF PULMONARY CONGESTION ON THE ON THE VENTILATION OF THE LUNGS
Authors: Drinker Cecil K. , Peabody Francis W. , Blumgart Herrmann L. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described for producing pulmonary congestion, together with what may be termed a differential spirometer method for studying lung ventilation.
2. The method utilized permits an approximately accurate prediction of degrees of pulmonary edema in the living animal, and suggests avenues of approach for the very difficult problems of pulmonary capillary pressure.
3. It is shown that intravascular blood can encroach markedly upon the pulmonary air space. Although the methods used in these animal experiments do not resemble vital capacity measurements in man, their result is so definite that their applicability to clinical conditions may be considered.
4. The similarity between the experiments described and certain conditions of cardiac decompensation, of which mitral stenosis is the best example, is pointed out.
DO SPECIES LACKING A GALL BLADDER POSSESS ITS FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENT?
Authors: McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

In a previous paper the point has been brought out that the influence of the gall bladder upon the bile differs entirely from that of the ducts, the one organ acting to concentrate the secretion markedly and the other to dilute it slightly. The question arises, in species lacking a gall bladder, whether the concentrating function of this organ will be found lodged in the ducts. To test the point, observations have been made upon the mouse and rat, since these animals though so nearly related have, the mouse, a gall bladder and the rat, none.
The normal bile was first studied. Both animals were found to secrete larger quantities than do cats and dogs, but less than the guinea pig and rabbit. Methods were worked out for the quantitation of the pigment which was used as the index to changes in concentration.
Bladder bile of the mouse was regularly found to be more concentrated than that collected from the common duct of the same animal. The bile collecting during stasis regularly showed a great increase in pigment content, such as in other species is brought about by the action of the gall bladder. In the rat, on the other hand, stasis bile never became more concentrated in pigment than the normal.
The gall bladder, then, is not only absent from the rat in form, but in one at least of its important functions. That its other obvious function—that of a reservoir—cannot be assumed in the rat by the ducts would seem to be indicated, not only by the small size of these channels, but by the recent observation of Mann that the tonus of the sphincter of Oddi is almost negligible in the rat, in contradistinction to animals which possess a gall bladder.
It is an interesting fact that the bile of the rat, which as has been said, undergoes no condensation of bulk after leaving the liver, contains on the average eight times as much pigment as does the liver bile of the mouse which is submitted to concentration. Whether it is correspondingly strong in substances useful for digestion, and therefore ab initio requires no concentration, is a matter upon which little can be said at present. However, in this connection the fact that the bulk of bile secreted per gram of liver weight is identical in both animals may be significant. Although this output is the same, the mouse liver when compared with the body weight (1 to 14.6) is relatively larger than that of the rat (1 to 21.7), so that the mouse secretes somewhat more bile per 100 gm. of body weight. This bile as it comes from the liver is but one-eighth as strong at least in pigment as rat bile, but the concentrating activity of the gall bladder is so great that the products yielded to the intestine may become not dissimilar.
SOURCES OF THE ANTIBODIES DEVELOPING AFTER REPEATED TRANSFUSION
Authors: Robertson Oswald H. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

The massive agglutination observable in the shed blood of transfused rabbits, and associated not infrequently with sudden marked blood destruction, has a practical significance in connection with the untoward results of repeated transfusion from donors originally compatible; and it has special theoretical interest because the clumping of the cells is apparently an autoagglutination. To determine the actual source of the antibodies has been the object of the present work.
The agglutination in its most marked form has been traced to isoantibodies elicited by the presence in the body of corpuscles originally found compatible; and the frequently associated, rapid blood destruction is doubtless of similar origin. Occasionally antibodies develop in the donor bloods during the period of transfusion, but they are so weak as to be negligible. There remain instances of what would seem to be true autoagglutination due to serum bodies induced by the transfusions as a by-product, so to speak, in the manufacture of isoagglutinins. The antigenic relationship between the red cells of different rabbits is so close that normal isoagglutinins became fixed in the cold upon their elaborator's own corpuscles.
Agglutinins exist within the red cells of rabbits—as has been claimed by Klein. They are readily demonstrable in watery extracts of the dried corpuscles. Whether similar agglutinins ever exist within human cells remains to be determined. We have not found them in the normal corpuscles.
ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION
Authors: Warren S. L. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Roentgen radiation of the thorax (abdomen shielded) in dogs, even with large doses (up to 512 milliampere minutes), gives no clinical evidence of intoxication. There may be a transient leucopenia and a slight rise in urinary nitrogen.
Roentgen radiation of the abdomen (thorax shielded) in dogs, with a dose of 350 milliampere minutes, will almost certainly cause a fatal intoxication. Smaller doses may be survived but usually with signs of gastrointestinal intoxication.
This lethal intoxication due to abdominal radiation presents a remarkably uniform clinical and anatomical picture. There is a latent period of 24 to 36 hours, during which the dog is perfectly normal clinically. The 2nd day usually shows the beginning of diarrhea and perhaps some vomitus. The 3rd and 4th days show progressive intoxication with increasing vomiting and bloody diarrhea until the dog becomes stuporous. Death is almost always on the 4th day.
Anatomically the only lesions of significance are to be found in the small intestine. The epithelium of the crypts and villi shows more or less complete necrosis, and this condition may involve almost all of the small intestine. The epithelium may vanish completely except for a few cells here and there which have escaped and are often found in mitosis, probably an effort at repair and regeneration.
We are forced to the conclusion that this remarkable injury of the epithelium of the small intestine is responsible for the various abnormal reactions and final lethal intoxication which follow a unit dose of Roentgen radiation over the abdomen of a normal dog. This sensitiveness of the intestinal epithelium to x-rays is not appreciated and should be given proper consideration in clinical work.
ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION
Authors: Warren S. L. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Roentgen radiation in lethal dosage, given over the abdomen of a normal dog, is followed by a physiological reaction of remarkable uniformity.
The first 24 hour period following the exposure is negative clinically and anatomically, but histologically we see frank changes in the bone marrow, spleen, lymph glands, and ovaries. There are definite nuclear changes with degeneration in the crypt epithelium of the small intestine.
The second 24 hour period shows slight clinical disturbances of gastrointestinal nature (vomitus and diarrhea). The mucosa of the small intestine shows scattered ecchymoses, but the histology of the small intestine is important. The necrosis of the crypt epithelium may be almost complete, while the epithelium of the villi remains practically intact. There are a little edema and invasion of wandering cells.
The third 24 hour period shows increasing clinical disturbance with vomiting and bloody diarrhea. Anatomically the small intestine from the edge of the pylorus to the rim of the ileocecal valve looks raw, red, and inflamed. The crypt and villous epithelium has in large part vanished, leaving a collapsed framework of the mucosa showing a little edema and invasion of wandering cells.
The 4th day marks the peak of the intoxication, and death usually takes place at this time, preceded by coma. Anatomically and histologically the picture is like that of the 3rd day. There is more evidence of mitosis and efforts of repair on the part of the intestinal epithelium.
The stomach is not concerned in this reaction, but the colon may show evidences of a slight injury. The colon is obviously much more resistant than is the small intestine.
We believe the evidence is conclusive that the injury done the epithelium of the small intestine is wholly responsible for the stormy clinical picture and fatal intoxication.
A STUDY OF RENAL FUNCTION IN ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION
Authors: McQuarrie Irvine , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Our experiments give no support to the current belief that an x-ray nephritis may be produced by direct or indirect action of the hard Roentgen rays.
Moderate doses of x-rays given repeatedly over considerable periods of time have no demonstrable influence on renal function or renal structure.
With x-ray exposures of the abdomen and shielding of the kidneys fatal intoxication may be produced without the slightest disturbance of kidney function as measured by the ability of the kidney to eliminate phenolphthalein and urea.
Large doses of the x-rays given directly over the kidney may cause a slight but distinct lowering of renal function which lasts for a period of a few days. We have been unable to recognize any corresponding histological change.
We feel that the usual therapeutic doses of the x-rays can be given over the kidneys without apprehension. The renal tissue is much more resistant to x-rays than is the epithelium of the small intestine.
HEMOLYSIS OF ERYTHROCYTES IN CONTACT WITH GLASS
Authors: Fenn Wallace O. 
Published: June 2004

1. Washed erythrocytes, in both acid and alkaline solutions, hemolyze more rapidly when allowed to settle out on a clean microscope slide than when kept in suspension.
2. This is also true on slides coated with paraffin, paraffin oil, or vaseline, and on mica surfaces.
3. The presence of as little as 0.1 per cent serum inhibits such contact hemolysis, particularly in alkaline solutions.
4. Contact hemolysis is most marked on slightly soiled glass, and may occur so rapidly with unfixed cells in a hemocytometer that accurate counts are rendered impossible.
5. Erythrocytes are more sticky than normally in acid solutions and less sticky in alkaline solutions.
6. The increased stickiness of erythrocytes in acid solutions and their larger size during contact hemolysis in acid media provide some experimental evidence for the view that contact hemolysis is to be correlated with an attempt on the part of the corpuscles, or some ingredient of the corpuscle, to spread on the glass after the manner of leucocytes and invertebrate blood cells.
THE CULTIVATION AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPIROCHÆTA OBERMEIERI (RECURRENTIS)
Authors: Kligler I. J. , Robertson O. H. 
Published: June 2004

A study of the growth requirements of Spirochœta obermeieri resulted in the perfection of a method which enabled us (1) to cultivate the organisms consistently from the blood of infected mice and rats, (2) to maintain the viability of cultures for periods of at least 3 to 7 weeks, and (3) to carry them on in successive subcultures by transplanting at intervals of 2 to 4 weeks. This method is essentially the same as the Noguchi technique for the cultivation of the Leptospira group, but emphasizes control of the physicochemical factors that act to limit and prevent growth and prescribes the conditions necessary to counteract the injurious influences. The main facts may be briefly summarized as follows:
(a) Ascitic fluid, horse or rabbit serum may be used as culture fluids.
(b) These fluids become progressively more alkaline on exposure to air.
(c) Uniformly successful results depend chiefly on the proper adjustment and stabilization of the reaction.
(d) A balanced reaction can be secured by adding 1.0 per cent peptone broth or egg albumin as buffer, and covering the culture with a layer of oil.
(e) The reaction limits for growth and survival are between pH 6.8 and 8.2, with the optimum at pH 7.2 to 7.4.
(f) Spirochœta obermeieri is a strict aerobe, consequently in order to permit adequate aeration, the oil layer should not exceed 1.5 cm. in height.
A THREE MONTHS OLD STRAIN OF EPITHELIUM
Authors: Fischer Albert 
Published: June 2004

1. A strain of pure epithelial cells was obtained from the part of the iris which adheres to the extirpated lens.
2. The optimum condition under which epithelial cells grow in vitro is on the free surface of the plasma clot under a film of embryonic tissue juice.
3. The epithelial cells did not dedifferentiate. Although the strain is 3 months old, they grow as a pavement membrane and have kept their epithelial characteristics.
HEMOLYTIC ACTION OF A STAPHYLOCOCCUS DUE TO A FAT-SPLITTING ENZYME
Authors: Orcutt Marion L. , Howe Paul E. 
Published: June 2004

A staphylococcus was isolated from milk which is hemolytic with horse blood only in the presence of fat. Similar results were obtained with two other strains of staphylococci.
The hemolysis is the result of the action of a fatty acid (or soap) upon the red blood cells. The fatty acid is formed by the action of a lipase elaborated by the staphylococcus.
The corpuscles of different animals show slight variations in the ease with which they are hemolyzed by the staphylococcus.
Attention is called to the desirability of testing for lipases in the study of staphylococci or of hemolysis.
THE RENAL ELIMINATION OF BILIRUBIN
Authors: Haessler Herbert , Rous Peyton , Broun G. O. 
Published: June 2004

The elimination of bile pigment during jaundice is, for practical purposes, unincreased by diuresis from water by mouth. Possibly, though, the flushing of the kidneys tends to lessen pigment accumulation within these organs and thus to diminish a serious potential source of trouble in long continued jaundice. Flood diuresis from intravenous injections of salt solution markedly increases the output of bile pigment. It is important to know the effect of variations in the urinary output on the elimination of bile salts, but methods for the purpose are not available at present.
The passage of bile pigment into the kidney cells during jaundice is attested by the presence in the freshly voided urine of desquamated renal elements specifically stained, stippled, or granulated with bilirubin. Pigmentation of this sort is readily to be distinguished from the indiscriminate staining of cellular debris that occurs in icteric urines on standing. It has clinical significance, furnishing direct evidence on the degree of renal change.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L. 
Published: June 2004

Cultivation of Bacterium pneumosintes in the collodion sac dialysate of a tissue medium produces an antigen suitable for serological tests.
Injection of dialysate cultures of Bacterium pneumosintes into rabbits results in the production of antibodies demonstrable by agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation, and phagocytic reactions.
Four strains of Bacterium pneumosintes, three from the first epidemic influenzal wave (1918–19) and one from the second (1920), show identical antigenic characters.
The blood serum of rabbits experimentally injected with the glycerolated active material of rabbit passages contains specific agglutinins for Bacterium pneumosintes, whereas normal rabbit serum does not.
MUTATION OF THE BACILLUS OF RABBIT SEPTICEMIA
Authors: De Kruif Paul H. 
Published: June 2004

Type G microbes, discovered in pure cultures of the rabbit septicemia bacillus, have been demonstrated to arise from the parent D form by mutation.
The D → G mutation takes place in broth cultures of pure-line strains of Microbe D, when these are kept for several days without transplant at 37°C., or at room temperature, or in the ice box.
The mutation is greatly inhibited by filtrates from 6 and 24 hour cultures of Microbe D, and to some extent by filtrates from 48 hour cultures.
The process of transformation takes place to a very slight extent or not at all in undiluted rabbit serum, but Type G colonies subcultured to this medium do not revert to the parent D form.
The D → G change is strongly inhibited in cultures made in simple beef infusion, or in 5 per cent rabbit serum-beef infusion.
Peptone would seem to be the constituent of plain broth which favors the process. In high concentrations of peptone, the mutation is rapid and may reach a degree of 90 per cent of the total organisms in 5 to 6 days.
A distinct maximum of the relative number of Type G colonies as compared to the parent Type D is observable in plain broth and in some concentrations of peptone, when these are kept at 37°C. for some days without transplant. Subsequent tests show the concentration of Type G microbes to diminish.
The change in acid agglutination optimum exhibited by the mutant G forms implies a distinct change in bacterial protoplasm and would seem to be one of the most fundamental mutations so far described.
A CUTANEOUS NEMATODE INFECTION IN MONKEYS
Authors: Swift Homer F. , Boots Ralph H. , Miller C. Philip 
Published: June 2004

A number of monkeys (Macacus rhesus) were found to be infected with a nematode which gave rise to several types of skin lesions, subcutaneous nodules, edema about the joints, and elongated serpiginous blisters of the palms and soles.
In the subcutaneous nodules were found larval forms of the nematode and possibly adult male forms.
The reaction about these worms consisted of proliferation of fixed cells, and invasion of eosinophils, with subsequent presence of giant cells, young blood vessels, and finally capsule formation; eventually the worms were killed, eliminated, and the nodule disappeared.
In the skin of the palms and soles the adult female worm burrowed in the epidermis, producing an elongated serpiginous blood blister that eventually became purulent. In this blister the worm laid her eggs; and by the bursting of the blister the eggs were discharged into the outer world and placed in a position to infect new hosts. The reaction in the epidermis was evidently not severe enough to interfere seriously with the health of the host or with the continuation of the egg-bearing period of the female parasite. This condition of almost perfect parasitism is an ideal one for the continuation of the life of this species of nematode. In so far as we are able to determine this is the first description of a nematode that lays its eggs in the epidermis.
The provisional name of the parasite is Trichosoma cutaneum, 1922.