bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Departure from Khiva—The Khan’s Brother—His rumoured intention of visiting St. Petersburg—Villages—Goryin—The Governor of Anca—Lord Northbrook—Herat—Lahore—Lucknow—Calcutta—Our Soldiers in India— The Cossacks—Indian Teas—The Amou Darya—Lager—Three Squadrons Picketed out in the open—The Telegram from H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge—Colonel Ivanoff—Misunderstanding between Major Wood and Colonel Ivanoff—Atmosphere of Central Asia, and the Colonel’s Memory—Letter to General Kolpakovsky—Dinner at Ivanoffs—Russia and England—Merve—If taken a Strong Fort would be built there—Roads to Merve—The Khivans are Quiet People—Court Martial upon the Turkomans—Borrowing to pay the Interest of former Loans—Troops at Petro- Alexandrovsk—Ivanoff would shortly receive his Promotion—The Russki Mir (Russian World}—Article on the large number of German Officers in the Russian Army—Marked antipathy to the Germans—The New Military System in a transitory state—Contempt expressed for Austria—The Ladies at Petro-Alexandrovsk.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We left the city by its eastern gate, and presently passed by a building constructed with some regard to taste, and surrounded by a number of large gardens, all separated from each other by low walls. The house belonged to the sovereign’s brother, who, it was said, had the intention of visiting St. Petersburg, so as personally to ask the Tzar to withdraw his troops from the Khan’s dominions.
The Meet—Bokharan and Kirghiz Sportsmen—The Country—The Chase— The Falcons—A Club-house—A Ball—The way of Dancing Quadrilles —Vaises—A Mazurka—Theatricals—Osbaldestone’s Feat—The Davenport Brothers’ Trick—The Khan’s Treasurer—An Envoy from the Ameer of Bokhara—”Whois the Khan in the Moon?”—A Russo-German Scientific Expedition—A Prussian Officer—Nazar and Ivanoff’s Servants—Captain Yanusheff—Shurahan.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following morning, after a hurried breakfast, an officer came and informed us that everything was ready for a start. I now mounted a little bay horse which, though hardly fourteen hands, danced about beneath me as if he had been carrying a feather-weight jockey for the Cambridgeshire. There were horses and men of all kinds and shapes, long-legged men on short-legged horses, and shortlegged men on giant Turkoman steeds. All the officers were in uniform, and some Bokharan and Kirghiz sportsmen, attired in crimson dressing-gowns, rode in the rear of our cavalcade.
After Yeats and Joyce
Authors: Corcoran Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Irish literature after Yeats and Joyce, from the 1920s onwards, includes texts which have been the subject of much contention. For a start how should Irish literature be defined: as works which have been written in Irish or as works written in Englsih by the Irish? It is a period in which ideas of Ireland--of people, community, and nation--have been both created and reflected, and in which conceptions of a distinct Irish identity have been articulated, defended, and challenged; a period which has its origins in a time of intense political turmoil. `after Yeats and Joyce' also suggests the immense influence of these two writers on the style, stances, and preoccupations of twentieth-century Irish literature. Neil Corcoran focuses his chapter on various themes such as `the Big House', the rural and provincial, with reference to authors from Kinsella and Beckett to William Trevor, Seamus Heaney, and Mary Lavin, providing a lucid and far-reaching introduction to modern Irish writing.
Introduction
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is one respect in which selecting samples of writing symptomatic of fascism in Italy is less problematic than for any other country. At least it is undeniable that a movement, a loose body of political myth (I have deliberately avoided the term ‘doctrine’), and in due course a party and a regime, arose in inter-war Italy referred to by supporters and opponents alike as ‘Fascismo’. (Italians write both ‘Fascismo’ and ‘fascismo’, though the adjective ‘fascista’ is never capitalized. I nevertheless capitalize both noun and adjective in the context of Mussolini’s movement, as explained above, p. 1.) As a result Part I is unencumbered by the problem of defining (generic) fascism which is implicit in Parts II, III, And V. Yet this simplifying factor is more than compensated for by a number of others peculiar to the Italian situation which complicate both exposition and analysis.
Fascism as an Opposition Movement
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first part of this section (Ai) opens with a flavour of the various brands of ultra-nationalism with their own project for the renewal ofltaly which came together in the interventionist campaign that helped generate support for the government’s decision to enter the war on the side of the Entente powers in May 1915. It samples the nationalism formulated by G. Papini and his entourage (notably Prezzolini and Corradini) ever since the founding of the periodicals ll Leonardo and La Voce, here expressed in the Futurist magazine Lacerba on the eve of the war (Text 1); revolutionary syndicalist thought in the manifesto of the main organization of interventionism, the Fascio rivoluzionario d’ azione internazionalista: the ‘international’ was soon dropped, but the term ‘Fascio’ became closely associated with the interventionist spirit (Text 2); Marinetti’s characteristic brand of political Futurism (Text 3), and Mussolini’s call for intervention published in the first issue of his newly founded n Popolo d’Italia, which went on to be the main daily newspaper of official Fascism (Text 4). The way these components of political myth converged on the idea of the war as the catalyst to national renewal and thereby prefigured Fascism is discussed in an important article by Adamson (1992).
revolutionary syndicalism, The War as a Proletarian Cause
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The war is today a tragic reality, one which we cannot watch as indifferent onlookers without betraying the very cause of the revolution, without denying our socialist principles which speak to the peoples in the name of civilization and freedom. Thus it is useful to ask if the most vital interests of the working class of various countries, if the cause of social revolution, are better served by the position of strict neutrality desired for Italy by the official Socialist Party, in full accord with clerical opinion, and working completely to the advantage of the German military, or whether they are not furthered instead by intervention to support those States’ which represent in Europe the cause ofliberty and peace: to support France which is the cradle of a hundred revolutions; England, safeguard of every political freedom; and Belgium, so generous and heroic.
Filippo t. marinetti, The War as the Catharsis of Italian Society
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since an illustrious past was crushing Italy and an infinitely more glorious future seethed in her breast, six years ago, under our all too voluptuous skies, Futurist energy was to be born, to organize itself, to be channelled, to find in usher motors, her vehicles of illumination and propagation. Italy, more than any other country, was in dire need of Futurism, because she was dying of pastism.3 The patient invented its own remedy. We happen to be its doctors. The remedy is valid for any country.
Roberto farinacci, The War as the Midwife of a New Italian People
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roberto Farinacci (1892-1945) had been the leader of Cremona's interventionist lobby and a front-line soldier in the war. One ofthe founding members of Fascism in March 1919, he then became the undisputed ras (leader) of the Cremona Fascio, whose squadristi he led in numerous punitive expeditions against "Bolsheviks' during the near civil war conditions of the biennio rosso (the "red two years' of 1919-20). An admirer of Nazism in the 1930s, he became the most vociferous advocate of anti-Semitic laws in 1938 and of rapprochement with Germany. Under the Salo Republic he ran Cremona for the Nazis, and was eventually shot by partisans while escaping to Switzerland. This passage is taken from his autobiography, published in 193], and records the intoxicating sense of national renewal experienced nearly two decades earlier.
Fascism’s Myth: The Nation
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We Fascists have no intention of coming to power by the tradesman’s entrance; we Fascists do not intend to turn ourbacks on the first recruits of our movement, such fearsome and ideal followers, for a miserable dish of ministerial pottage! [Prolonged and enthusiastic applause] Because we have a vision of the problem which could be called historical, in contrast to that other vision which could be called political and parliamentary. It is not a matter of assembling any old government, more dead than alive: it is aquestion of injecting into the liberal State-which has fulfilled tasks which were magnificent and which we will not forget-all the force of the new Italian generations which resulted from the war and our victory.
Benito Mussolini, The End of the Liberal Regime
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The disappearance in May 1924 of Giacomo Matteotti, refonnist socialist and the Chamber of Deputies’ most outspoken critic of the Fascists’ recent electoral success, was widely and correctly assumed to be the work of Fascist hard-liners, and plunged Mussolini’s premiership into crisis. The king’s inertia and the opposition’s insistence on using the legalistic tactic of boycotting parliament (the ‘Aventine Secession’) meant that the revolutionary faction within Fascism embodied in ex-squadristi such as Farinacci gained the confidence to demand that Mussolini take the initiative. This he .finally did in the speech to the
Giovanni gentile, ,Fascism as a Total Conception of Life
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We see two Italies before us: an old one and a new one: Italy of the past centuries which is our glory but it also a sad legacy which weighs on our shoulders and our spirits: let’s be frank, it is also our shame, a shame we want to expunge and make up for. It is precisely that great Italy which occupies such an important place in the history of the world. The only Italy, one might say, which is known, studied, and researched by all civilized peoples, and whose history is not a particular history, but an epoch in universal history: the Renaissance.[ ] The Italy of foreigners, and not of Italians.
Benito mussolini, Fascism as the Creator ofthe Third Italian Civilization
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do I say that it is only today that the people have a sense of victory? The political regime preceding ours, the liberal democratic [demoliberale] regime, ignored the masses. Later it no longer ignored them, but abandoned them to the mercies of others who whipped them up against the State.29 Now, when you see veterans marching two or three abreast, when you see the magnificent discipline within the Italian people, no longer moving through the streets like herds of sheep as they used to, but in tight formation, you realize that a profound transformation has come about in their hearts, you realize that the Italian people is about to enter the State, or has already become part ofit. Gentlemen, this is something to be proud of! After the war, who, by working with the raw materials of the war, on the passions, the triumphs, but also the disappointmentsof the war, succeeded in bringing this neglected people, grown hostile or indifferent, back into the fold of the State? Who? The Fascists, not liberalism, not socialism.
Augusto turati, The Leader as the Voice of the Reborn Race
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is always fascinating, even for non-academics, to observe the life of races, the tumultuous dramas which unfold in the life of peoples who appear as victorious conquerors on the stage of history and then suddenly plunge back into a state of obscurity and oblivion as if they were condemned to a wretched and inexorable fate. Occasionally one of these peoples suddenly rises up again: it desperately takes its stand once more on the shining shore; it ascends once more to join battle and achieve domination. The reasons for the resurrection?[... ] It seems as if each of these peoples has heard a superhuman voice which shouted out its orders.[... ] What miracle has been achieved? An idea. Which idea? The idea which in that moment represented the possibility of rebirth.
Achille starace, Going to the People
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Go to the people, to educate them, to raise them, to improve them physically and morally; to encourage them to love their land, their village, their family, their home; to impart the desire to know the true face of the Fatherland by travelling along its roads and pausing with fresh eyes to admire its infinite beauties, allowing them to know the mountains and seas, the impressive geographical features, varied and unchanging, which mark the limits of their country; to make them expert at swimming and climbing, and in the skills which may be necessary in a future war! To loosen their muscles in joyful and simple sporting contests, to familiarize them once more with the glorious and charming traditions of their people [gente], whether expressed in a colourful costume, the harmony of a song, or a religious procession which wends its way chanting psalms, or a churchyard watched over by a bell tower constantly ringing out its message to the faithful, or a simple country dance held on a threshing-floor freshly swept clean and decked with flags.
Benito mussolini, The Birth of a New Civilization
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have entered fully into a period which can be called the transition from one type of civilization to another. The ideologies of the nineteenth century are collapsing and find no one to defend them. Is it not symptomatic of this that there are socialists tired of the socialism which had been mummified by Marxist dogma? In the same way there are democrats who no longer want to have anything to do with democracy, and liberals who believe the demo-liberal phase of Western States is over. There are both negative and positive reasons for the decay and demise of demo-liberal civilization. The negative ones can be summed up as Capital’s evolution into an impersonal form, which was thus in a certain sense already socialized and ready to fall into the arms of the State; in the impotence of executive power, in the arrogance of parliaments, in the class mysticism and mythology of the proletariat. The last four years of crisis45 have accentuated the characteristics of the situation. But the new Fascist ideas, which are active in every nation in the world, would not have reached their present state of maturity without the impact of what I would call positive reasons. In order of time and importance the most significant of these has been the decennial celebrations of the Fascist Revolution.46 Millions of people in every country have finally seen and understood.
Benito mussolini, The Vital Need for Empire
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some reasons which have been put forward for the Italo--Ethiopian conflict by the Italian press to repudiate those alleged in the foreign press are of secondary importance on which it is unnecessary to dwell. That in Ethiopia slavery exists, that is the buying and selling of human beings, is admitted by the negus47 himself. That this trade takes atrocious forms is documented in a thousand reports, mostly carried out by the English, the latest being published in 1932.[... ] Another non-essential reason: race. Firstly Ethiopians still do not consider themselves Negroes but Semites.48 Secondly there are thousands of Negroes who fight as soldiers under the Italian flag and who have always fought magnificently for us and themselves. This can be said too of the Arabs, some of whom are organizing an ‘Arab youth of the Littorio’.
Benito mussolini, Blood-Brothers: Fascism and Nazism
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mussolini had first referred to a Rome-Berlin Axis in November 1936 and, by the time he visited Berlin in a display of solidarity, the co-operation agreed in foreign policy had already taken concrete form in the Fascist and Nazi intervention on the side ofFranco. The Axis was to have enormous consequences for Italy in the introduction of racial legislation in 1938, the ultimately unsustainable human and military cost of committing troops after 1940 to the Russian and North African fronts in the wake of the Nazis’ imperialist aggression, and the declaration of war on the United States in December 1941. These events were to lead eventually to Italy’s crushing defeat on all fronts and the transformation of much of its territory into a battleground for the Allies’ momentous onslaught against the Third Reich from July 1943 till April 1945.
Gioacchino volpe, The Introduction of Fascist Racial Policy
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This word [razza or ‘race’] had recurred for some time in the writings and speeches of many Fascists, including Mussolini, from which collections of quotations were assembled to demonstrate the complete consistency both of his thought and of Fascism. Actually race had been talked about more often than not in the sense of ‘people’ [popolo], ‘nation’ [nazione] or ‘nationality’ [stirye], with essentially moral characteristics. Now,52 however, efforts were made to identify the materialistic content of this concept and a group of academics, mostly physiologists, zoologists, and biologists, formulated the Italian doctrine of race, which had all the hallmarks of an official doctrine and was published in all the newspapers. In contrast to the racism of German Nazism and, although they have never theorized about it extensively, of the Anglo-Saxons, Italian racism, at least in its first formulation, did not talk about superior and inferior races, and did not establish a relationship between biological and moral values. But, like German Nazism, Italian racism immediately trained all its heavy artillery on the Jewish target. In doing so it did not forget the importance of explaining its appearance in terms of the new situation created by the Empire and the new needs of the Italian nation, now a great colonial power, and hence in close contact with coloured races, and bent on creating in citizens a keen awareness of their individuality, while keen to keep at bay the danger posed by the half-caste with all the political and moral disasters associated with him.
People of Italy! Run to your Arms!
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An hour marked by destiny is striking in the skies of our Fatherland. [Loud cheers] The hour of irrevocable decisions. The declaration of war has been sent [cheers, loud shouts of ‘War! War!’] to the ambassadors of Great Britain and France. We are entering the field ofbattle against the plutocratic and reactionary democracies of the West, who at every turn have impeded the march, and often threatened the very existence of the Italian people.
Carlo costamagna, The New Europe which will Arise from theAxis Victory
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
British power principally manifested itself as an attack on Roman civilization [romanita) and Catholicism, and hence it established itself as the intransigent defender of the state of political fragmentation into which the European continent had fallen since the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire [impero-chiesa], expending its energies negatively in the maintenance of territorial balance while the spirit of the British people wasted itself in equally negative rhetorical claims to constituting a ‘universal’ civilization.
The Fascist Republican Party, Fascism Reborn
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Constituent Assembly is convoked, a sovereign power of popular origin, to declare the decadence of the Monarchy, and solemnly condemn the treachery of the last king, to proclaim the Social Republic and nominate its Leader. The Republican Constituent assembly has the duty to guarantee to citizens, soldiers, workers, and taxpayers the right to exercise control and responsible criticism of the acts of the public administrations; every five years the citizen will be called upon to pronounce on the nomination of the Leader of the Republic.
Paul De Lagarde, The Need To Transcend Liberalism
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul de Lagarde (ne Botticher: 187r91) followed in the footsteps of the Grimm brothers by exploring the questions of German nationalism through an academic concern with philological and cultural issues. The main focus of his quest for a distinctive national identity was the corrosive effects of materialism and secularization and the corresponding need to create a German religious identity through a ‘German Christianity’. His German Writings, published between 1876 and 1881, made him one of the most famous critics of Bismarckian Germany, especially its liberalism and the allegedly harmfal influence of foreigners, particularlyJews (though his anti-Semitism remained ‘ethical’ rather than biological). He exerted considerable influence on the volkisch movement4 and his writings became part of the Nazi literary canon (see Stern 1961).
Stefan George, Planting The New Reich
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stefan George (1868-1933) was the centre of a circle of poets and aesthetes convinced that ‘spiritual Germany’ had to be rescued from the abyss of vulgarity and materialism into which it had fallen by a leader of exceptional visionary and creative powers, thus ushering in a ‘new Reich’. The writings of the Georgekreis fed the currents of cultural antiliberalism symptomatic of the Los-von-W eimar movement (seep. 94 above), and once the Nazis came to power they instituted a Stefan George Prize. However, their regime was too vulgarly demagogic for George’s aristocratic taste and he went into exile in Switzerland. The cryptic allusion to the flag bearing the ‘true symbol’ of the people is particularly intriguing since it was one of George’s circle, Alfred Schuler, who helped establish the swastika as a symbol of volkisch rebirth a decade before the Nazi movement was formed. Predictably, this poem was later included in IAngenbucher’s anthology of approved Nazi poetry (see Text 80).
Arthur Moeller Van Den Bruck The Eternal German Reich
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
German nationalism is the protagonist of the final Reich. This Reich is always promised. And it is a promise which is never fulfilled. It is the perfection which is only achieved in imperfection.[... ) German nationalism fights for the possible Reich. The German nationalist of this age is, as a German being, still a mystic, but as a political being he has become a sceptic. He knows that the realization of an idea is always being postponed; that, translated into reality, spirituality normally appears very human, and that means very political; and that nations can realize the idea with which they are charged only in so far as they assert themselves historically and prevail.
Edgar jung, The Organic Gennan Nation
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
because for us the highest value is irrefutable. If this transvaluation of all values also leads to material changes, then we may be called revolutionary as well. Our revolutionary cast of mind only applies, however, to the external aspects of the crumbling edifice of society. In truth we wish to put an end to the 400-year individualistic revolution of the West and usher in a creative age of conservation. The path to this goal is called a battle. Our justification is that the deepest will to conserve leads one to destroy. True value demands the destruction of what is the void of value.