bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diprosopus: A unique case and review of the literature
Authors: Wu June , Staffenberg David A. , Mulliken John B. , Shanske Alan L. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackgroundWe present a case of partial facial duplication in a male infant.MethodsThe clinical, radiological, and laboratory findings for this patient are described, followed by a review of the literature.ResultsCraniofacial duplication is a rare form of conjoined twinning and presents in a wide spectrum, from dicephalus to diprosopus to partial facial duplication. Many of these cases can be diagnosed prenatally. Prenatal assessment of our patient revealed only agenesis of the corpus callosum.ConclusionsThe pathogenesis is believed to involve duplication of the notochord. Where there are more severe associated anomalies, the prognosis is poor. Partial facial duplication, as in our case, is associated with fewer anomalies, and the prognosis is better. Symmetry and an excess of tissue, rather than deficiency, favor a positive result. Teratology 66:282–287, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dose and litter allocations in the design of teratological studies for detecting hormesis
Authors: Hunt Daniel 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackgroundHormesis is being recognized in the field of toxicology due to the stimulating effects of some toxic compounds at low exposure levels. Therefore, it is desirable that experimental designs for toxicological studies be flexible enough to aid in the detection of hormetic effects. Current designs may still not have enough power to do this.MethodsA simulation study was conducted to determine teratological study designs that would yield more power over standard designs in detecting hormesis. Developmental toxicity endpoints of interest are the number of dead/resorbed or malformed fetuses in a litter. The simulation designs mimic teratological experiments in terms of sample size and number of dose levels. Modified designs with even dose spacing at low levels and reallocated litters are investigated to determine the power of hormetic detection.ResultsDesigns with reallocated litters (with more litters at low exposure levels than at high levels) and even dose spacing have more power than those with equal litters per group and uneven dose spacing.ConclusionsThrough appropriate modifications of current experimental designs, such as reallocation of litters and even dose spacing, we can better detect hormetic effects. Teratology 66:309–314, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Timing of prenatal care initiation and risk of congenital malformations
Authors: Carmichael Suzan L. , Shaw Gary M. , Nelson Verne 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackgroundAlthough previous studies provide some evidence that timing of prenatal care initiation is associated with risks of congenital malformation, the issue has not previously been examined in depth. This study uses data from a large population‐based registry to explore the association of timing of prenatal care initiation with risks of selected congenital malformation phenotypes.MethodsData on cases were grouped according to four‐digit malformation codes of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD‐9). A randomly selected group of 10,000 nonmalformed deliveries served as the comparison group. Information on month of initiation of prenatal care (categorized as during months 1–3 of gestation, months 4–7, or after month 7) and other maternal characteristics were derived from vital statistics data.ResultsAmong the 176 four‐digit ICD groupings, 67 had an adjusted odds ratio for at least one of the two prenatal care categories that was either ≤ 0.67 or ≥ 1.50. Later prenatal care initiation was associated with risk ≥ 1.50 for most groups. Later care was associated with risk ≤ 0.67 for only two groups, and the effects were imprecise. Statistical interaction between parity and prenatal care was indicated for 13 groups (P < 0.10). Risks among women with no previous pregnancy tended to increase with later prenatal care initiation; risks among parous women tended to be somewhat weaker. In general, associations applied to a wide range of malformation groups.ConclusionsThis is the first large‐scale study of the association of timing of prenatal care initiation and congenital malformation risks. Further defining the phenomena that surround prenatal care as a marker may help clarify the etiologies of a variety of malformations. Teratology 66:326–330, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combination Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy for Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 93-10
Authors: DeAngelis Lisa M. , Seiferheld Wendy , Schold S. Clifford , Fisher Barbara , Schultz Christopher J. 
Published: December 2002

PURPOSE: Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) is an aggressive primary brain tumor. Cranial irradiation alone rarely results in long-term disease control or prolonged survival. We prospectively studied the use of combination chemotherapy plus cranial irradiation in newly diagnosed patients with PCNSL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 102 newly diagnosed, immunocompetent patients with PCNSL; 98 were assessable. Patients first received five cycles of methotrexate 2.5 g/m2, vincristine, procarbazine, and intraventricular methotrexate (12 mg). Whole-brain radiotherapy (RT) was administered to a total dose of 45 Gy and all patients received high-dose cytarabine after RT. RESULTS: Fifty-eight percent of patients with measurable disease had a complete response to preirradiation chemotherapy and 36% had a partial (> 50%) response, for a 94% response rate. Median progression-free survival was 24.0 months and overall survival was 36.9 months. Age was an important prognostic factor; median survival was 50.4 months in patients younger than 60 and only 21.8 months in those aged 60 or older (P < .001). Fifty-three percent of patients had grade 3 or 4 toxicity during induction chemotherapy, half of which was hematologic. However, 12 patients (15%) experienced severe delayed neurologic toxicity, eight of whom died. CONCLUSION: This is the first multicenter trial demonstrating improved survival with the combination of chemotherapy plus RT compared with previous reports of RT alone. A high-dose methotrexate-based regimen produced a high response rate before RT was administered. High-dose methotrexate combined with cranial irradiation is an effective therapeutic approach to PCNSL, but neurotoxicity is a delayed risk of this approach.
Randomized Phase III Study of Fludarabine Phosphate Versus Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, and Prednisone in Patients With Recurrent Low-Grade Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Previously Treated With an Alkylating Agent or Alkylator-Containing Regimen
Authors: Klasa Richard J. , Meyer Ralph M. , Shustik Chaim , Sawka Carol A. , Smith Anne , Guévin Raymond , Maksymiuk Andrew , Rubinger Morel , Samosh Martin , Laplante Suzanne , Grenier Jean-François 
Published: December 2002

PURPOSE: To compare in a phase III study the safety and efficacy of fludarabine to that of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP) in recurrent, low-grade, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma after previous response to systemic treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were randomized to fludarabine (25 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1 to 5, every 28 days) or CVP (cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2 and vincristine 1.2 mg/m2 both intravenously on day 1 and prednisone 40 mg/m2 orally on days 1 to 5, every 21 days). The primary outcome assessed was progression-free survival (PFS); secondary outcomes included treatment-free survival (TFS), overall survival (OS), treatment-related toxicity, and quality of life (QoL) according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer’s Quality of Life Questionnaire C-30 version 1.0 instrument. RESULTS: Ninety-one patients were randomized, 47 to fludarabine and 44 to CVP. There was no difference in response rates, with 64% (complete response [CR], 9%) for fludarabine versus 52% (CR, 7%) for CVP (P = .72). With a median follow-up of 42 months, median PFS (11 months v 9.1 months; P = .03) and TFS (15 months v 11 months; P = .02) were superior in patients receiving fludarabine. No difference in median overall survival was detected (57 months for fludarabine v 44 months for CVP; P = .95). Three patients receiving fludarabine died of treatment-related toxicity compared with none of the patients receiving CVP. Peripheral neuropathy and alopecia were more common with CVP. Patients receiving fludarabine had higher scores for social function (P = .008); no other differences in QoL were detected. CONCLUSION: In recurrent low-grade lymphoma, fludarabine improves PFS, TFS, and social function scores in comparison with CVP but does not improve OS.
Pyridine-containing Cholesterols as Versatile Gelators of Organic Solvents and the Subtle Influence of Ag(I) on the Gel Stability
Authors: Kawano Shin-ichiro , Fujita Norifumi , Bommel Kjeld J C van , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
New cholesterol-based gelators bearing a 4-, 3-, or 2-pyridyl group (1, 2, or 3, respectively) have been designed. Compound 1 gelled 16 of the 19 solvents tested, indicating that 1 acts as a very versatile gelator. The gelation ability of compound 2 was significantly improved by added AgOTf, owing to an Ag(I)-pyridine interaction. The findings indicate that the pyridyl group is very useful to impart new functions to organogel systems.
Synthesis of Tungsten Thienyl Complexes via C–H Bond Activation of Thiophenes
Authors: Sakaba Hiroyuki , Yumoto Takahiro , Watanabe Sanae , Kabuto Chizuko , Kabuto Kuninobu 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
The reactions of cis-Cp∗W(CO)2(MeCN)Me (1) with thiophene or 3-methylthiophene resulted in selective α-C–H bond activation to give cis-Cp∗W(CO)2(MeCN)R [R = 2-C4H3S (2a), 2-C4H2S-4-Me (2b)]. 2a reacted with 3-methylthiophene to afford thienyl exchange products 2b and thiophene in addition to decomposition products. Reversibility of the exchange reaction was shown by the reaction of 2b with thiophene.
Dendritic Antibody Supramolecules: Combination of IgM and IgG
Authors: Harada Akira , Yamaguchi Hiroyasu , Tsubouchi Kaori , Horita Eri 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
A novel antibody supramolecule was designed and prepared by using immunoglobulin M (IgM) as a core and chemically modified IgGs as branches. The dendritic supramolecules were composed by proteins with molecular weight of about 2 million and constructed by non-covalent bonds. They could bind antigens strongly with high specificity.
Stereospecific Construction of Chiral Quaternary Carbon Compounds from Chiral Secondary Alcohol Derivatives
Authors: Masaki Yukio , Arasaki Hideki , Iwata Masashi 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
Chiral tertiary dichloromethylcarbinol derivatives, prepared by stereospecific α C–H insertion reaction of dichlorocarbene with protected chiral secondary alcohols, were converted into intermediary α-chloroepoxides which gave stereospecifically chiral quaternary carbon compounds, α-aminoacids via α-azide-aldehydes and α-cyanoacetic acids through cyanation, respectively. The fashion generating the quaternary centers from dichloromethylcarbinols via α-chloroepoxides was proved to be quite different depending on the substrates: inversion of configuration of non-benzylic substrates and apparent retention with benzylic one.
A New Conjugated Polymer Chemosensor Functionalised with 2,6-Bis(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl)pyridine for Metal Ion Recognition
Authors: Yang Nam Choul , Jeong Jae Kyun , Suh Dong Hack 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
A new conjugated alternative copolymer based on 2,6-bis(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)pyridine and 9,9-dialkylfluorene in a main chain showed strong blue fluorescence with band maxima at 389 nm and 405 nm in the 1,2-dichloroethane solution and posessed sensitivity to various metal ions such as Ni2+ and Fe3+ as a fluorescence-mode chemosensor.
Effect of Calcium on the Catalysis of Nickel in the Production of Crystallized Carbon from Lignocresol for Electromagnetic Shielding
Authors: Wang Xiao-Shui , Okazaki Noriyasu , Suzuki Tsutomu , Funaoka Masamitsu 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
Char with turbostratic structure of carbon (T-component) that could afford a practical electromagnetic shielding capacity at 50–800 MHz was produced from lignocresol added with nickel and calcium by its carbonization at 900 °C, although the addition of nickel alone gave amorphous carbon. This lignin char exceeded the corresponding char obtained from acid-demineralized alkali lignin in the shielding capacity. The formation of T-component can be accounted for by the promotion action of calcium to prevent nickel catalyst from agglomeration.
A New Chiral Host, (5S-trans)-11b-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-2,3,5,6,11,11b-hexahydro-3-oxo-1H-indolizino[8,7-b]indole-5-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester: Complexation by a Helical Network
Authors: Irikawa Hajime , Morinaga Masanori , Kondo Mitsuru 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
The title l-tryptophan derivative was found to serve as a chiral host and the formation of a helical network with one-dimensional channel was shown by the X-ray analysis of its inclusion complex with (R)-s-butyl chloride.
A Short Synthesis of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate via 3-O-Selective Phosphorylation of a 3,4-Free Inositol Derivative
Authors: Han Fushe , Hayashi Minoru , Watanabe Yutaka 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate was conveniently synthesized via the regioselective phosphorylation of l-1,2-O-cyclohexylidene-5,6-di-O-(o-xylylene phosphoryl)-myo-inositol derived from 1,2-O-cyclohexylidene-3,4-O-(tetraisopropyldisiloxane-1,3-diyl)-myo-inositol.
Photodegradative Surfactants: Photolysis of p-Dodecylbenzyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Itoh Yoshihiro , Yamamoto Kenji , Shirai Hirofusa 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
Upon UV irradiation, a benzyl-containing cationic surfactant, p-dodecylbenzyltrimethylammonium bromide, has been converted to a nonsurfactant, which can be separated from the aqueous solution by coprecipitation with CaSO4.
Extensive somatosensory innervation in infants with obstetric brachial palsy
Authors: Colon A.J. , Vredeveld J.W. , Blaauw G. , Slooff A.C.J. , Richards R. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIn the pre‐operative screening of infants with obstetric brachial palsy (OBP), the results of routine electromyography are often overly optimistic when compared to the peri‐operative findings. This prompted us to include investigation of the sensory innervation of these infants using the N20 (the first cortical response to a peripheral stimulation) of the somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP). Three to seven months after birth, SSEP were recorded at the skull after stimulation of the thumb and middle finger in infants with obstetric rupture of the upper trunk or avulsion of roots C5, C6, or C7, and in whom no clinical improvement of motor function was observed in the biceps brachii and deltoid muscles. In most infants, a normal N20 could be evoked, indicating the existence of peripheral sensory pathways. From the thumb, these sensory pathways would necessarily bypass the upper trunk and dorsal roots of spinal nerves C5 and C6, and from the middle finger bypass the middle trunk and dorsal root C7, before extending into the dorsal column and projecting toward the thalamus and cerebral cortex. These data suggest that in infancy the segmental sensory innervation of the hand is more diverse than is described in most textbooks. Clin. Anat. 16:25–29, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical variations of the ten triangles around the cavernous sinus
Authors: Watanabe A. , Nagaseki Y. , Ohkubo S. , Ohhashi Y. , Horikoshi T. , Nishigaya K. , Nukui H. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe dimensions of the 10 triangles around the cavernous sinus were measured to define the anatomical characteristics of the triangles and to compare their consistency in shape and area. Twelve tissue blocks containing the bilateral cavernous sinuses and medial two‐thirds of the middle cranial fossae were obtained from Japanese adults at autopsy, fixed to a stereotactic frame, and examined with an operative microscope. The dimensions of each triangle were measured with calipers and compared, based on the same point and border. The anteromedial triangle and the superolateral (Parkinson's) triangle were more consistent in shape than the paramedial and oculomotor triangles, but the oculomotor triangle was larger in area than these other triangles. The posteromedial (Kawase's) triangle was more consistent in shape and larger than the anterolateral, lateral, and the posterolateral (Glasscock's) triangles. The anteromedial and superolateral (Parkinson's) triangles are important for the combined epi‐ and subdural approach to cavernous sinus lesions. The posteromedial (Kawase's) triangle is important for gaining access to the posterior cranial fossa from the middle cranial fossa. Clin. Anat. 16:9–14, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Profile of on‐line anatomy information resources: Design and instructional implications
Authors: Kim S. , Brinkley J.F. , Rosse C. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis study is based on a review of 40 on‐line anatomy web resources compiled from sites selected from our own searches as well as sites reviewed and published by an external group (Voiglio et al., 1999, Surg. Radiol. Anat. 21:65–68; Frasca et al., 2000, Surg. Radiol. Anat. 22:107–110). The purpose of our survey was to propose criteria by which anatomy educators could judge the characteristics of the currently available web‐based resources for incorporation into the courses they teach. Each site was reviewed and scored based on a survey matrix that included four main categories: 1) site background information, 2) content components, 3) interactivity features, and 4) user interface design components. The average score of the reviewed sites was 3.3 of the total possible score of 10, indicating the limited use of computer‐based design features by the majority of sites. We found, however, a number of programs in each of the survey categories that could serve as prototypes for designing future on‐line anatomy resources. From the survey we conclude that various design features are less important than the comprehensiveness, depth, and logical organization of content. We suggest that the content should be sufficient for supporting explicitly defined educational objectives, which should target specific end‐user populations. The majority of anatomy programs currently accessible on‐line fall short of these requirements. There is a need for a coordinated and synergistic effort to generate a comprehensive anatomical information resource that is of sufficient quality and depth to support higher levels of learning beyond the memorization of structure names. Such a resource is a prerequisite for meaningful on‐line anatomy education. Clin. Anat. 16:55–71, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The optimal timing of the transfer of hidden reserves in the German and Austrian tax systems
Authors: Frühwirth Manfred 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe lower‐of‐cost‐or‐market principle implies that assets may be sold above book value, by which hidden reserves are disclosed. To avoid taxation of these hidden reserves, in German‐speaking countries companies are allowed to transfer them to a newly purchased asset within a fixed time period. In this paper, the optimal timing of hidden reserves transfers is developed with special attention to the term structure of interest rates and interest rate risk, and using the replicating principle known from the field of finance. The paper presents one model under certainty and, as a generalization of this model, another model under interest rate risk. In both models, the criterion used for decision‐making is the value of the right to transfer, which can be interpreted as the initial cost of a replicating/hedging strategy for tax payments saved/incurred. In the model under certainty, the net present value concept is used to derive the value of the right to transfer. The procedure used in the model under interest rate risk is a combination of flexible planning and the no‐arbitrage approach common in derivatives pricing. It is shown that the right to transfer hidden reserves with flexible timing is equivalent to an American‐style exchange option. In addition, the impact of term‐structure volatility on the value of the right to transfer is analyzed. The technique presented in this paper can also be used to solve other timing problems resulting from trade‐offs between early and late tax payments/tax benefits. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation Monte Carlo methods in extended stochastic volatility models
Authors: Šimandl Miroslav , Soukup Tomáš 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA new technique for nonlinear state and parameter estimation of discrete time stochastic volatility models is developed. Algorithms of Gibbs sampler and simulation filters are used to construct a simulation tool that reflects both inherent model variability and parameter uncertainty. The proposed chain converges to equilibrium enabling the estimation of unobserved volatilities and unknown model parameter distributions. The estimation algorithm is illustrated using numerical examples. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mid‐latitude Asian circulation anomaly pattern in boreal summer and its connection with the Indian and East Asian summer monsoons
Authors: Wu Renguang 
Published: December 2002

AbstractUsing the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis for 1948–98, this study identifies a dominant pattern for the interannual variation of upper‐level winds over mid‐latitude Asia in boreal summer. This pattern, called the mid‐latitude Asian summer (MAS) pattern, features two anomalous anticyclones: one centred at 37.5° N, 65° E and the other at 42.5° N, 130° E. The MAS pattern significantly influences East Asian summer monsoon variability. In the positive phase of the MAS pattern, contrasting meridional wind anomalies between eastern China and Japan lead to above‐ and below‐normal summer rainfall in north China and south Japan respectively. The year‐to‐year change of the MAS pattern is related to that of the Indian summer rainfall, especially in central and northern India. Thus, the MAS pattern plays a role in connecting anomalous Indian heating with the East Asian summer monsoon variability.The East Asian anomalous anticyclone displays a southeastward shift after the late 1970s. This results in a similar change of anomalous summer rainfall regions in East Asia. The West Asian anomalous anticyclone moves northeastward after the late 1970s. The relation of the MAS pattern with the Indian summer rainfall experienced an obvious weakening in the late 1970s. As a result, the statistical relation between the Indian and north China summer rainfall becomes weak after the late 1970s. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Qualitative rainfall prediction models for central and southern Sudan using El Niño–southern oscillation and Indian Ocean sea surface temperature Indices
Authors: Osman Yassin Z. , Shamseldin Asaad Y. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIn this study, the influences of El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) on rainfall variability in the central and the southern regions of Sudan are investigated. The investigation is conducted using 49 years of data from 12 rainfall stations. The results show that the driest years are associated with warm ENSO and Indian Ocean SST conditions. In the two regions, the correlation of the annual rainfall with the Indian Ocean SST is found to be relatively higher than that with the ENSO SST, with the Indian Ocean SST having stronger influences in the central region. The multiple correlation results indicate that both of the ENSO and Indian Ocean SSTs explain about 34% of the annual rainfall variability in the central region and 21% in the southern region. Two types of qualitative rainfall prediction model are developed for each region. One type uses the ENSO SST as input and the other uses the Indian Ocean SST. The verification results show that the Indian Ocean SST model is better than the ENSO SST model. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.