bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF VOMITING PRODUCED BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS ENTEROTOXIN
Authors: Bayliss Milward 
Published: June 2004

The emetic action of staphylococcus enterotoxin was tested on young and adult cats under various experimental conditions with the following results:
1. No direct action on isolated intestinal strips was observed.
2. Emesis resulted following intravenous, intracardial, and intraperitoneal injections, but failed to appear subsequent to oral, subcutaneous, or intramuscular administration.
3. Emesis occurred following (a) celiac ganglionectomy, (b) gastrectomy, (c) spinal cord transection at T2 or caudad, and (d) unilateral vagotomy.
4. Mild retching movements and rarely emesis resulted subsequent to enterotoxin injection following (a) double vagotomy, (b) abdominal evisceration, and (c) spinal cord transection at C7.
5. Emesis never occurred following (a) destruction of the vomiting center, (b) injection of enterotoxin into the fourth ventricle over the vomiting center, and (c) transection of the central nervous system between the anterior border of the pons and the posterior border of the hypothalamus.
6. Morphine inhibited, ergotoxine inhibited or delayed, while atropine and pentobarbital had little or no effect on emesis due to enterotoxin injection.
These experiments indicate that the action of staphylococcus enterotoxin on peripheral sensory structures is of greater importance in the initiation of emesis than direct action of the enterotoxin on the vomiting center. The principal pathways of the afferent and efferent impulses are described.
THE BEHAVIOR OF RENAL BLOOD FLOW AFTER PARTIAL CONSTRICTION OF THE RENAL ARTERY
Authors: Schroeder Henry A. , Steele J. Murray 
Published: June 2004

1. Studies have been made of the behavior of renal blood flow after partial constriction of the renal artery in twenty-four dogs.
2. When reduction in renal blood flow is produced by partial constriction of the renal artery, a readjustment of flow in the direction of normal occurs within a few minutes, subsequent constriction being again followed by a return of flow toward normal until the artery is markedly constricted.
3. Renal blood flow after marked constriction of the artery becomes extremely susceptible to the vasoconstrictive action of small doses of adrenalin, and flow may cease with larger doses for a considerable period of time.
4. Arterial hypertension of significant degree may follow partial constriction of one renal artery during brief experiments when adrenalin in addition has been administered.
5. Further evidence is presented in favor of the concept that the renal circulation enjoys a control independent of systemic arterial pressure.
THE OCCURRENCE DURING ACUTE INFECTIONS OF A PROTEIN NOT NORMALLY PRESENT IN THE BLOOD
Authors: Abernethy Theodore J. , Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

The serum obtained from human beings and monkeys during the acute phase of diverse infections contains a protein which is precipitable by the C polysaccharide of pneumococcus. The distribution of this protein in acute phase serum has been studied, and the effect of calcium on the precipitation reaction with the C polysaccharide is described. Other distinctive features of this reaction are discussed.
1. When heated above 65°C., serum obtained from patients during certain acute infections loses the property of reacting in precipitation tests with the C polysaccharide of pneumococcus. The loss of activity under these conditions occurs at temperatures known to denature many proteins.
2. The reactive component in "acute phase" serum which precipitates with the C polysaccharide is tentatively regarded as a protein.
3. The reactive substance is associated with the albumin fraction of serum.
4. In the reaction between patients' serum and C polysaccharide, flocculation is conditioned by the presence of calcium ions.
5. The following distinctive features of the C-reaction are discussed with reference to known characteristics of antigen-antibody phenomena: (a) the occurrence of the reactive component in blood only during the acute stage of the infection; (b) the lack of specificity of the reaction with respect to the inciting cause of the disease; (c) the presence of the active substance in the albumin fraction of the serum; (d) the action of calcium in producing flocculation.
UTERINE ADENOMATA IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Greene Harry S. N. 
Published: June 2004

An investigation of uterine adenomata in the rabbit revealed an incidence of 16.7 per cent in the total female population over 2 years of age. However, the incidence varied widely in relation to age, breed, and genetic constitution and closely paralleled that of toxemia of pregnancy with reference to the same constitutional factors. In addition, all of the tumor bearing animals suffered attacks of this disease during their earlier breeding history. The facts suggest that the association of the two disorders occurred as a result of the liver damage incident to toxemia which impaired the function of this organ in relation to estrin inactivation and the concentration of this substance in the blood stream subsequently rose to a carcinogenic level.
A consideration of the disparity in the distribution of uterine growths in rabbits and women indicated that the absence of squamous epithelium in the cervix of the rabbit and the greater physiological activity of the endometrium of the fundus in this species were the determining factors.
QUANTITATIVE EXPERIMENTS WITH ANTIBODIES TO SPECIFIC PRECIPITATES. II
Authors: Treffers Henry P. , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: June 2004

1. Antisera have been produced in chickens with specific precipitates from Type II pneumococcus horse and rabbit antisera.
2. Specific precipitates from anti-Types I and II pneumococcus horse sera removed the same amount of antibody from the chicken anti-horse specific precipitate serum. Specific precipitates from horse antisera to diphtheria toxin and to crystalline egg albumin removed about one-half of the antibody.
3. Specific precipitates from anti-egg albumin, antipneumococcus C substance, and anti-Type II pneumococcus rabbit sera removed the same amount of antibody from the chicken anti-rabbit specific precipitate serum.
4. No antibody was removed from the chicken anti-horse specific precipitate serum by rabbit specific precipitates or from the chicken anti-rabbit specific precipitate serum by horse specific precipitates.
5. It is concluded that the antigenic specificities of antibodies from the horse and rabbit are not influenced by their particular antibody functions.
CONDITIONAL NEOPLASMS AND SUBTHRESHOLD NEOPLASTIC STATES
Authors: Rous Peyton , Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

The "warts" which tar elicits on rabbit skin (papillomas, carcinomatoids, frill horns) are true tumors, benign growths expressive of slight yet irreversible deviations of epidermal cells from the normal. The neoplastic condition gives the cells a superiority over their neighbors when both are submitted to the same encouraging influences, and then they proliferate into tumors. Their state entails such disabilities, though, that they are unable to maintain themselves under ordinary circumstances, and consequently growths composed of them disappear when no longer aided. Often the neoplastic cells resume the normal aspect and habit of life long before the tumor mass is gone; and they may persist as part of an apparently normal epidermis, retaining their neoplastic potentialities for months after all signs of the growth have disappeared. In these instances it can be made to appear again, sometimes repeatedly, by non-carcinogenic stimulation of the skin (wound healing, turpentining). There is reason however to suppose that in the end the tumor cells, unless helped, die or are cast off.
It is plain that the neoplastic state does not necessarily connote independence of behavior or success in tumor formation. On the contrary it may render cells unable to survive or endow them with powers which they can exert only under favoring conditions. This is the case with the cells composing the tar warts of rabbits. In the lack of such conditions the cells of these growths do not manifest themselves but remain in a subthreshold neoplastic state, whereas if aided they form neoplasms.
The deviations from the normal represented by the benign tar tumors of rabbits are slight and limited in character, but further deviations in larger variety may be superimposed upon them, with result in malignant tumors, growths possessed of a greater, though not always absolute, independence. Tar cancers usually come about in this way, by successive, step-like deviations from the normal, and so also do the cancers which derive from virus-induced papillomas as well as many human carcinomas. After cells have become cancerous they frequently undergo further changes, some apparently step-like in character, and all taking the direction of greater malignancy.
The hypotheses that tumors are due to somatic mutations and to viruses respectively are discussed in the light of these phenomena.
EXPERIMENTAL HYPOALBUMINEMIA
Authors: Elman Robert , Heifetz Carl J. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Harriet Wolf
Published: June 2004

1. Adult dogs maintained for 6 weeks upon a carrot-protein-deficient diet exhibited a progressive fall in the serum protein confined entirely to the albumin fraction. The degree of hypoalbuminemia was pronounced, i.e. a fall from 3.75 to 2.00 gm. per cent.
2. Parallel microscopic changes in the liver were observed which consisted of a gradual loss in the stainable cytoplasm producing extensive vacuolization. This vacuolization was not due to the accumulation of fat or of glycogen as shown by chemical analyses as well as by stained sections of the livers.
3. The histological changes in the livers were assumed to be due to a loss of protein inasmuch as there was a parallel fall in the protein content of the liver pari passu with the fall in the serum albumin of the blood. This assumption is made more probable by the fact that the water content of the liver increased as the protein content decreased.
4. Liver function, as measured by the excretion of iso-iodeikon, fell with the fall of the serum albumin thus indicating the production of hepatic insufficiency by the protein deficient diet.
5. These observations are discussed in relation to the question whether the liver is the site of formation or of storage of serum albumin. Certain other, particularly therapeutic, implications are also discussed, i.e. the importance of a high protein intake in patients with liver disease.
HETEROLOGOUS TRANSPLANTATION OF MAMMALIAN TUMORS
Authors: Greene Harry S. N. 
Published: June 2004

A series of experiments was undertaken in an attempt to transplant rabbit tumors to animals of alien species using the anterior chamber of the eye as an inoculation site. The uterine tumor H-31 and the breast tumors T-36 and B-240 were successfully transplanted to all the various animals tried, including guinea pigs, swine, goats, and sheep, and the H-31 and T-36 tumors were maintained by serial transfer in the two first species. On the other hand, all attempts to transfer the Brown-Pearce tumor to guinea pigs were unsuccessful.
The growth characteristics of the transplanted tumors were generally similar to those observed in the natural host, but noteworthy exceptions occurred. The tumors obtained a blood supply from the foreign host and invaded the periorbital tissues but did not metastasize. Histologically, the cellular morphology of the rabbit tumors was retained, but variations in parenchymal-stromal relations characterized the form of growth in different species.
A NEW GROWTH FACTOR REQUIRED BY CERTAIN HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Woolley D. W. 
Published: June 2004

A new factor essential for the growth of hemolytic streptococci of Lancefield's group A has been demonstrated. It has not been possible to identify this factor with any other known growth factor. The active substance occurred in liver as a water-soluble, alcohol-insoluble, non-dialyzable material. It could be rendered dialyzable by treatment in strong alcohol with HCl, but not by many less drastic procedures.
The most active concentrates prepared gave a maximal effect when approximately 10 gamma per cc. were added.
THE EFFECT OF A POLYSACCHARIDE-SPLITTING ENZYME ON STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION
Authors: Hirst George K. 
Published: June 2004

1. Confirming the observations of other experimenters, it has been found that group A hemolytic streptococci produce a capsule containing a polysaccharide which is similar to, if not identical with, certain high molecular weight sugars found in the mammalian body.
2. Leech extract possesses a powerful enzyme capable of splitting one of the linkages in this polysaccharide and of decapsulating group A and group C hemolytic streptococci in vitro and in vivo.
3. Mice and guinea pigs can be protected from intraperitoneal infection with a virulent group C streptococcus by the intraperitoneal administration of leech extract. In contrast there is little protective action of leech extract in mice infected with group A hemolytic streptococci.
4. The protective effect of leech extract against streptococcal group C infection is probably due to the removal of the capsule in vivo.
5. The capsule of mouse virulent group C streptococci plays a major rôle in the virulence of that microorganism, while the capsule of certain mouse virulent group A streptococci plays little, if any, rôle in virulence, at least when the infection is intraperitoneal in the mouse.
BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION AS INFLUENCED BY VARIOUS DEGREES OF HYPOPROTEINEMIA AND BY AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Madden S. C. , Turner A. P. , Rowe A. P. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding with return of the washed red blood cells (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal low protein diet. These dogs are clinically normal but their resistance to infection is distinctly below normal. Introduction of variables into this standardized existence gives information relative to plasma protein production.
Plasma protein production under these conditions with a plasma protein concentration of 3.5 to 4.2 gm. per cent is relatively constant. As the plasma protein concentration rises the plasma protein removed falls rapidly (Table 1). At 4.6 gm. per cent the protein removed is less than 50 per cent of the amount removed at a plasma protein level of 4.0 gm. per cent.
Cystine appears to be an important amino acid for plasma protein formation. This shows in Table 2 and is supported by data coming from published experiments.
These experiments related to the factors which control plasma protein production bear on the problems of shock, hemorrhage, and protein wastage and their treatment by plasma injections which hold the attention of surgeons and physiologists at the moment.
Again we would emphasize the fluidity of body protein including plasma protein—an ebb and flow between protein depots and plasma protein—a "dynamic equilibrium" of body protein. A discussion of the passage of large protein molecules through cell borders is submitted.
STUDIES ON INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

Influenza complement fixation tests designed for use with ferret serum are described. Complement-fixing antigens derived from influenza ferret lungs were unsatisfactory due to their low content of soluble antigen; those prepared from mouse lungs or developing chick embryo membranes proved to be better antigenically and were reliable when the various reagents in the test were properly adjusted to eliminate non-specific fixation of complement.
The results of cross complement fixation tests indicated that the soluble antigens of the PR8 and W.S. strains of influenza A virus were closely similar, if not identical. They indicated also that the soluble antigen of swine virus possessed components present in the antigens of the human strains of virus.
QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL STUDIES ON COMPLEMENT OR ALEXIN
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Weil Alfred J. , Treffers Henry P. 
Published: June 2004

1. The molecular quantities of hemolysin and complement combining component or components (C'1) involved in hemolysis have been calculated on the basis of new, quantitative, absolute methods of analysis.
2. Molecular combining ratios between antigen, antibody, and C'1 have been established.
3. The data are shown to be in accord with the theory of combination of multivalent antigen with multivalent antibody.
4. The fixation of complement by antigen-antibody combination is qualitatively and quantitatively accounted for on this basis.
NATURE OF NON-PARALYTIC AND TRANSITORY PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS IN RHESUS MONKEYS INOCULATED WITH HUMAN VIRUS
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Ward Robert 
Published: June 2004

1. The occurrence of non-paralytic poliomyelitis in monkeys inoculated with human or first passage virus was proved by histological examination of the nervous system and by isolation of the virus.
2. The non-paralytic infection was almost invariably associated with the destruction of an appreciable number of nerve cells in the spinal cord, and failure of the process to progress seemed to depend upon an equilibrium between the host and the virus, in which the latter occasionally persisted in an active state since it could produce the typical paralytic disease on passage to other monkeys.
3. While there were no reliable clinical or laboratory criteria, the diagnosis of non-paralytic poliomyelitis was made when the following changes were found in the spinal cord: (a) outfall of neurons confirmed by the presence of the reaction of degeneration in the nerve roots, and (b) foci of glial infiltration and perivascular cuffing in the gray matter.
4. Anterior horn cells showing diffuse chromatolysis and acidophilic, intranuclear inclusions were present 2 days after disappearance of paralysis of short duration, and nerve cells with marginated Nissl substance and eccentric nuclei were found side by side with obviously older lesions in monkeys with non-paralytic poliomyelitis. These cytologic changes were not present in monkeys sacrificed in still later stages of the disease.
5. The transitory character of the paralysis in some monkeys may depend in part on the fact that apparently normal function can be carried on with less than the normal number of nerve cells and in part on the probable, but not proved, possibility that not all nerve cells attacked by poliomyelitis virus are irreversibly damaged.
THE SWINE LUNGWORM AS A RESERVOIR AND INTERMEDIATE HOST FOR SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

1. The swine lungworm can serve as intermediate host in transmitting swine influenza virus to swine. The virus is present in a masked non-infective form in the lungworm, however, and, to induce infection, must be rendered active by the application of a provocative stimulus to the swine it infests. Multiple intramuscular injections of H. influenzae suis furnish a means of provoking infection. Swine influenza infections can be provoked in properly prepared swine during the autumn, winter, and spring, but not during the summer. The phenomenon, while not regularly reproducible, occurs in well over half the experiments conducted outside the refractory period of summer. No explanation for the failures is apparent.
2. The virus can persist in its lungworm intermediate host for at least 2 years.
3. Swine infected with swine influenza virus by way of the lungworm intermediate host exhibit a more pronounced pneumonia of the posterior lobes of the lung than do animals infected intranasally with virus. The situation of the worms providing the virus will account for this.
4. Occasional swine infested with lungworms carrying influenza virus fail to become clinically ill after provocation but instead become immune. In these it is believed that lungworms containing the virus are localized outside the respiratory tract at the time of provocation.
5. It is believed that the experiments described furnish an explanation for the findings recorded in the preceding paper, in which swine influenza virus infections were induced in apparently normal swine by multiple injections of H. influenzae suis.
6. In a single experiment swine lungworms failed to transmit hog cholera virus.
THE EFFECT OF THE VIRUS: HOST CELL RELATIONSHIP ON INFECTION WITH VACCINIA
Authors: Sprunt Douglas H. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described in which it is shown that, in addition to the amount of virus injected, the chance of a lesion also depends on the tissue mass (number of cells) exposed to the virus shortly after injection, and that the larger the number of host cells per virus particle the greater the probability of a lesion. This point has been shown by three types of experiments: (1) varying the size of the inoculum showed that the smaller sizes were relatively more effective than the larger ones; (2) localizing the virus by the estrogenic hormone decreased the chance of a lesion occurring; (3) spreading the virus over a larger area increased the probability of a lesion.
It is also shown that because the ratio of virus particles to host cells varies and because this ratio partly determines whether a lesion occurs, the number of particles of virus cannot be predicted by the use of the Poisson law of small numbers.
THE CAPACITY OF THE RENAL VASCULAR BED IN HYPERTENSION
Authors: Cox Alvin J. , Dock William 
Published: June 2004

By using kerosene and avoiding postmortem rigor one can obtain perfusion rates in kidneys nearly five times faster than those reported by observers who perfused kidneys immediately post mortem with saline solution, only half as viscous as kerosene.
The results obtained by kerosene perfusion indicate possible renal blood flow 50 to 100 per cent greater than that measured by Smith and his coworkers (7) in living men by diodrast clearance under normal conditions, and about as high as those observed in febrile subjects. Like the diodrast method, kerosene perfusion shows a striking decrease in renal vascular bed between early matuity (age 18 to 35) and senescence (45 to 60). This decrease is about 25 per cent.
Most kidneys from patients with hypertension without uremia have vascular beds in the normal range, but a few show great decreases in capacity for blood flow. This evidence is interpreted as another indication that renal arteriosclerosis is often a result, rarely a cause of hypertension. Significant occlusion of large renal arteries is rare.
Uremia due to amyloid may occur with no significant decrease in renal vascular bed, but the uremia of renal sclerosis, glomerulo- or pyelonephritis is associated with reduction of vascular bed to very low levels.
THE PREPARATION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SERUM PROTEIN COMPONENTS OF COMPLEMENT
Authors: Pillemer L. , Ecker E. E. , Oncley J. L. , Cohn E. J. 
Published: June 2004

1. Methods for the separation from guinea pig serum in highly purified form of three of the components of complement are described. These substances are the so called mid-piece, end-piece, and 4th component.
2. Mid-piece has been separated as a euglobulin, with an electrophoretic mobility of 2.9 x 10–5 in phosphate buffer of ionic strength 0.2 at pH 7.7, and with a sedimentation constant of 6.4 x 10–13 in potassium chloride of ionic strength 0.2.
3. End-piece and 4th component were found together in a euglobulin fraction of serum which contained 10.3 per cent carbohydrate and had an electrophoretic mobility of 4.2 x 10–5 in phosphate buffer of ionic strength 0.2 at pH 7.7.