bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coconut Oil
Authors: Canapi Elias C. , Agustin Yvonne T. V. , Moro Evangekube A. , Pedrosa Economico , Bendaño María Luz J. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In the tropics, the coconut palm is one of the most useful trees. As a perennial provider of food, beverage, shelter, animal feed, and feedstock for the oloechemical industries, the palm is reverently described as the Tree of Life, Tree of Heaven, and other metaphors by people of coconut‐producing countries. Coconut palms grow with a minimum of attention, but for commercial farms the trees must be tended and maintained in order to improve productivity.
This article gives information on the agronomy of coconut palms, propagation, and the varieties of coconut. The various parts of the fruit are the kernel, coconut water, testa (the brown layer between the kernel and the shell), shell, and husk. Copra is the dried kernel of coconuts. The conversion of kernel to copra is an essential step if the oil is to be drawn by the conventional mechanical extraction method. The dry process is the traditional method of extracting the oil. Feedstock in the wet process is the fresh kernel. Refining of crude fats and oils involves a series of steps for removal of impurities to make the product suitable for human consumption.
Coconut oil belongs to a unique group of vegetable oils called lauric oils. More than 90% of the fatty acids in coconut oil are saturated. Physical and chemical properties are detailed. Coconut products are used in edible products, medical and infant formulations, and nonfood products, such as soap. The fatty acids from coconut oil are used as a feedstock in the oleochemical industries. Storage of the product and some economic information are also discussed.
Oils from Herbs, Spices, and Fruit Seeds
Authors: Yu Liangli (Lucy) , Parry John W. , Zhou Kequan 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis chapter provides a review of selected edible fruit, spice, and herb seed oils for their fatty acid composition and other physicochemical properties. The seed oils are grouped according to their predominant or distinguishing fatty acids. These groups mainly include oils rich in α‐linolenic (18:3n‐3), γ‐linolenic (18:3n‐6), linoleic (18:2n‐6), or oleic (18:ln‐9) acids. A total of 36 seed oils are included.
Modification of Fats and Oils via Chemical and Enzymatic Methods
Authors: Senanayake S. P. J. Namal , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Hydrogenation, interesterification, fractionation, and blending are distinct processes that can be applied to modify the physical or chemical properties of fats and oils in order to improve their usefulness. These processes can be used alone or in combination with each other. By combining hydrogenation, fractionation, and interesterification with the simple blending of native and modified oils, it is possible to engineer a wide variety of fats and oils with characteristics suited to specific applications. Hydrogenation is used to convert liquid oils into products having different consistencies, melting points, and textures. On the other hand, interesterification produces changes in physical properties by rearrangement or redistribution of fatty acids within and among the TAGs of oils. Fractionation provides a means of producing fats and oils with sharply defined melting characteristics.
Dietary Fat Substitutes
Authors: Senanayake S. P. J. Namal , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFat substitues are becoming an important part of the American diet. Many Americans are looking for ways to enjoy their favorite foods while maintaining a low‐calorie diet. Food scientists are developing new food additives that will mimic the function of fats in foods while keeping the calorie contents of foods low. Dietary fat substitutes are food constituents able to replace, completely or partially, dietary fat in such a manner that certain physical and organoleptic properties of the food product involved are left unaltered as far as possible. There are two principal approaches to the replacement of dietary fat. The farst involves hydratable carbohydrates and proteins with the mouthfeel of fats. The second includes nonabsorbable synthetic substances with the physical properties and technical function of fat within foods.
Recovery of Oils and Fats from Oilseeds and Fatty Materials
Authors: Williams Maurice A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA summary of many methods for removing fats and oils from a variety of oilseeds and fatty materials, starting with some early methods and arriving at modern state‐of‐the‐art methods. The summary covers preparation, including cracking, flaking, cooking and drying, and extrusion preparation. Hydraulic crushing is covered and screw pressing, both prepressing and fullpressing. Many early and modern screw presses of different manufacture are described. Batch rendering systems for animal fats are described as well as the more efficient continuous systems for dry rendering and systems for slurry rendering using multiple effect evaporators. Digestive rendering is also discussed. Solvent extraction is described, starting with theories behind solvent extraction, various solvents used, early equipment, and state‐of‐the‐art modern extractors. Also discussed are solvent recovery from miscella, marc, and the air and water effluents from the extraction system. The chapter ends with methods for obtaining oil from olives and from palm fruit.
Marine Mammal Oils
Authors: Shahidi Fereidoon , Zhong Ying 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMarine oils are obtained from the flesh of fatty fish, liver of lean white fish, and blubber of marine mammals. Although lipids from marine fish have been used as food and medicine, traditional uses of blubber lipids of marine mammals were mostly industrially oriented, except for Innus and Eskimos. Marine mammal oils were lubricants or “train” oils as well as fuel and used for lighting. However, recent research findings on the importance of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA) in human health have opened new channels for their value‐added use in food and pharmaceutical industries. During the last three decades, it has been established that Greenland Eskimos living on their traditional diet have a lower incidence of coronary heart disease than do Danes living on a western‐style diet. It has been recognized that polyunsaturated fatty acids could be useful in controlling serum triacylglycerols, but the fatty acids provided by the food industry were often of the ω6 family.
Palm Oil
Authors: Basiron Yusof 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The rapid expansion in world production of palm oil over the last three decades has attracted the attention of the oils and fats industry. Many are interested to know how palm oil has been able to compete successfully to gain an increasing share of the international oils and fats markets. The increasing importance of palm oil has naturally led to a steady buildup of scientific, techinical, and trade data and information.
This chapter will provide the reader with an understanding of the role of the palm oil industry in the international oils and fats market, the technology involved in extracting and processing of the oil, and the various quality parameters useful in understanding the applications of palm oil products. Some of the common applications of palm oil in food and nonfood end products are described.
Rendering
Authors: Bimbo Anthony P. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The conversion of animal byproducts into useful edible and nonedible products has existed for a very long time. The rendering process recycles animal and poultry byproducts such as fat, bones, hide, offal, feathers, hoofs, horns, hair, and blood. In fact, byproducts represent from 37% to 50% of the live weight of the various meat animals and as much as 57% of the live weight of many fish species. The average annual production of red meat and poultry is 250 million tons, so the potential availability of raw material to produce byproducts could be 92.5–125 million tons per year. The major rendered animal byproducts, including fish, fall into two categories: proteins and fats. These products compete on the world commodity market, so their prices tend to rise and fall with supply and demand. Prices and availability also are affected by other situations, for example, the mad cow disease problem for rendered animal byproducts and the weather phenomenon, El Niño, for fish byproducts. The protein products are primarily used in the feeds of various livestock, including poultry, pigs, ruminants, pets, and fish. The fat and oil products find use in a variety of markets including the feeding industry, the technical or industrial market, and human foods. Fish oil has a unique set of fatty acids called omega 3's, which obtained US FDA GRAS (generally recognized as safe) acceptance in 1995 and in 2004 received approval to make a qualified health claim related to cardiovascular disease. Animal fats are beginning to find new technical uses in the oleoochemical area and use in bio‐fuels (as is) and in bio‐diesel products (conversion to methyl esters). As a result of ever changing environmental, social, health, and sustainability issues, the future of the industry will depend on the ability of the participants to adapt to these changes.
Fats and Oils in Bakery Products
Authors: Stauffer Clyde E. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Fats and oils have been important bakery ingredients for centuries. Indeed, “shortening” is a baker's term; fat in a bakery item “shortens” (tenderizes) the texture of the finished product. In bakery foods, shortenings impart tenderness, give a moister mouthfeel, contribute structure, lubricate, incorporate air, and transfer heat.

Properties of a fat or oil that determine its ability to carry out these functions are:

The ratio of solid to liquid phase.

The plasticity of a solid shortening.

The oxidative stability of the fat or oil.

Oil (or the oil fraction of a plastic shortening) in a baked food gives a tender bite, moist mouthfeel, and lubricity (the product clears more readily from the surfaces in the mouth). The solid portion of a shortening contributes to the structure of the dough and the final product, and entraps air bubbles during mixing.
Fish Oils
Authors: Ackman R. G. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
At one time “fish oils” were low‐cost industrial materials for the paint and linoleum industries. After World War II (WWII), these industries switched to chemicals and plastics, and therefore, much information in older books became obsolete by 1960.
Because of one of the earliest media‐stimulated public health panics in the late 1970s, that of the erucic acid (22:1) of rapeseed and mustard oils, alleged to damage hearts, food use of partially hydrogenated fish oils in that form petered out.
In a positive turn of fate, by 1980, the excellent cardiac health of the Eskimo population of Greenland, who had a high intake of dietary omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acids from seal and fish fats, were also noted in the media. In 1985, another positive media bombshell exploded when a long‐term study in Zutphen in the Netherlands showed that a large male population group had reduced their cardiovascular mortality rate by eating fish regularly.
By 1994, the United Kingdom had followed up on such reports and released an official government medical report recommending that people eat fish at least twice a week, one meal being of fatty fish. Belatedly the American Heart Association released a “Scientific Statement” in 2002, with a similar recommendation.
In this review, only fish “oils” can be considered. The fat in edible parts of fish ranges from about 16% down to 0.7%, the latter being almost exclusively the basic muscle phospholipids. These lipids are an excellent source of the highly unsaturated C20 and C22 omega‐3 fatty acids of medical interest, and the content of omega‐3 fatty acids is stable at roughly 0.5‐g/100‐g muscle. However, it is the muscle triacylglycerols that are variable for quantity and quality.
Predicting the composition of acidic, ionic liquids in contact with HCl gas
Authors: Angueira Ernesto J. , White Mark G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe acidic, chloroaluminate ionic liquid (IL) derived from the combination of 1‐ethyl‐3‐methyl‐1H‐imidazolium chloride (EMIM‐Cl) and aluminum chloride complex (AlCl3) in contact with HCl gas was modeled using the principles of equilibrium thermodynamics of chemically reacting systems as a means to understand better the reactivity of arene formylations in these IL's. The concentration of an HCl‐chloroaluminate species, ClHAl2Cl that has been characterized as a super acidic Brønsted species, increases with increasing HCl partial pressure. Another chloroaluminate species Al2Cl, which has been characterized as a strong Lewis acid, showed concentrations that decreased with increasing HCl gas phase partial pressures. The ultimate conversion of toluene to tolualdehyde could be correlated with the sum of the predicted molar amounts of ClHAl2Cl and Al2Cl, by assuming that each ClHAl2Cl combined with 1 tolualdehyde and each Al2Cl sequestered a single tolualdehyde molecule. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Cytologic, hormonal, and ultrasonographic correlates of the menstrual cycle of the New World monkey Cebus apella
Authors: Ortiz R.E. , Ortiz A.C. , Gajardo G. , Zepeda A.J. , Parraguez V.H. , Ortiz M.E. , Croxatto H.B. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFew reports on the reproductive physiology of Cebus apella have been published. In this study we characterized menstrual cycle events by means of vaginal cytology, ultrasonography (US), and hormonal measurements in serum during three consecutive cycles in 10 females, and assessed the probability that ovulation would occur in the same ovary in consecutive cycles in 18 females. The lengths and phases of the cycles were determined according to vaginal cytology. Taking the first day of endometrial bleeding as the first day of the cycle, the mean cycle length ± SEM was 19.5±0.4 days, with follicular and luteal phases lasting 8.2±0.2 and 11.3±0.4 days, respectively. The follicular phase included menstruation and the periovulatory period, which was characterized by the presence of a large number of superficial eosinophilic cells in the vaginal smear. The myometrium, endometrium, and ovaries were clearly distinguished on US examination. During each menstrual cycle a single follicle was recruited at random from either ovary. The follicle grew from 3 mm to a maximum diameter of 8–9 mm over the course of 8 days, in association with increasing estradiol (E2) serum levels (from 489±41 to 1600±92 pmol/L). At ovulation, the mean diameter of the dominant follicle usually decreased by >20%, 1 day after the maximum E2 level was reached. Ovulation was associated with an abrupt fall in E2, a decreased number of eosinophilic cells, the presence of leukocytes and intermediate cells in the vaginal smear, and a progressive increase in progesterone (P) levels that reached a maximum of 892±65 nmol/L on days 3–6 of the luteal phase. The menstrual cycle of Cebus apella differs in several temporal and quantitative aspects from that in humans and Old World primates, but it exhibits the same correlations between ovarian endocrine and morphologic parameters. Am. J. Primatol. 66:233–244, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparisons of food availability and group density of Japanese macaques in primary, naturally regenerated, and plantation forests
Authors: Hanya Goro , Zamma Koichiro , Hayaishi Shuhei , Yoshihiro Shinichi , Tsuriya Yosuke , Sugaya Shuji , Kanaoka Masahiro M. , Hayakawa Sachiko , Takahata Yukio 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe compared food availability and group density of Japanese macaques in Yakushima, southern Japan, among primary forest and two habitats that had been disturbed by logging and had different regeneration histories. The study was conducted in an undisturbed national park, forest that was logged 7–18 years ago and later naturally regenerated, and forest that was logged 19–27 years ago and later planted with Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) trees. The plantation forest was primarily composed of largeCryptomeria japonicatrees at low stand density, while the naturally regenerated forest was composed of many small trees. The total basal area and number of trees in the primary forest were comparable to those in the plantation forest. Annual fruit production was greatest in the naturally regenerated forest, intermediate in the primary forest, and negligible in the plantation forest. Herb availability was high in the naturally regenerated forest, but low in the primary and plantation forests. The group density of Japanese macaques was high in the naturally regenerated forest, intermediate in the primary forest, and low in the plantation forest. Since group size in the naturally regenerated forest was small, individual density was almost the same as in the primary forest. These results suggest that the effects of regeneration on macaques vary between the two habitats. The plantation forest consisted mostly ofCryptomeria japonica, which supplies only flowers as food in a limited season, and had a lower density of macaques. On the other hand, in the naturally regenerated forest, fruit production and herb availability were high (probably because of the enhanced light conditions after logging), and the density of macaques was as high as in the primary forest. Am. J. Primatol. 66:245–262, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delineation of the minimal commonly deleted segment and identification of candidate tumor‐suppressor genes in del(9q) acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Sweetser David A. , Peniket Andrew J. , Haaland Christina , Blomberg Adam A. , Zhang Yuntian , Zaidi Syed Tanweer , Dayyani Farshid , Zhao Zheng , Heerema Nyla A. , Boultwood Jacqueline , Dewald Gordon W. , Paietta Elisabeth , Slovak Marilyn L. , Willman Cheryl L. , Wainscoat James S. , Bernstein Irwin D. , Daly Sarah B. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDeletion of the long arm of chromosome 9, del(9q), is a recurring chromosomal aberration in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that is frequently associated with t(8;21). The critical gene products affected by del(9q) are unknown but likely cooperate with the AML1/ETO fusion gene created by t(8;21) in leukemogenesis. In 43 AML samples with del(9q), we used high‐density microsatellite markers to define the commonly deleted region (CDR) to less than 2.4 Mb. We found no homozygous loss at any locus tested. The CDR contains 7 known genes, FRMD3, UBQLN1, GKAP42, KIF27, HNRPK, SLC28A3, and NTRK2, and 4 novel genes, RASEF, C9orf103, C9orf64, and C9orf76. In addition, TLE1 and TLE4 are adjacent to the CDR. We performed a comprehensive mutational analysis of the coding regions of all these genes. No sequence variations absent in normal controls were seen in more than a single del(9q) AML sample. Expression of 7 of the 10 genes examined was significantly down‐regulated in del(19q)AML as compared with the CD34‐purified progenitors from normal individuals, a pattern distinct from that seen in AML samples with a normal karyotype. The results of our studies are consistent with a model of tumor suppression mediated by haploinsufficiency of critical genes in del(9q) AML. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and evaluation of ammonia‐treated collagen/chitosan matrices for liver tissue engineering
Authors: Wang Xiaohong , Yan Yongnian , Xiong Zhuo , Lin Feng , Wu Rendong , Zhang Renji , Lu Qingping 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTo further enhance the properties of existing collagen/chitosan scaffolds for liver tissue engineering, a very simple method was developed to form noncovalently linked mimic of the liver extracellular matrices. Collagen/chitosan mixtures in various proportions (i.e., 1:0, 3:2, 1:1, 2:3, and 0:1 v/v) were lyophilized or evaporated to form sponges or flat films before they were gelled using an aqueous 25% ammonia solution. The porosities of the obtained sponges were above 90% with various pore sizes. The highest mechanical strength (1.9 ± 0.7 MPa) and the lowest degradation time (65 ± 1.7 days) were achieved by the collagen/chitosan (1:1) matrices. Hepatocytes cultured on the collagen/chitosan (1:1) matrices exhibited relatively high glutamate‐oxaloacetate transaminase and glucose secretion functions 25 days postseeding. Nuclues of the hepatocytes were more elongated and arranged in certain directions on the 1:1 matrices. The cytocompatibility and enhanced biostability of our new ammonia‐treated collagen/chitosan matrices suggest that they could be used as scaffolds for liver tissue engineering. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Low‐intensity‐ultrasound–accelerated nerve regeneration using cell‐seeded poly(D,L‐lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid) conduits: An in vivo and in vitro study
Authors: Chang Chen‐Jung , Hsu Shan‐hui , Lin Fang‐tsun , Chang Han , Chang Chao‐Sheng 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of low intensity ultrasound on seeded Schwann cells within poly(DL‐lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) conduits by in vitro and in vivo trials for peripheral nerve regeneration. The possible differences in the ultrasonic effects when using biodegradable and nonbiodegradable materials as the conduits were also studied, using silicone rubber tubes as comparisons. In the in vitro study, seeded Schwann cells were cultured in serum deprivation culture medium that simulated the environment of mechanical trauma on injury nerve site. After 12, 24, and 48 h, only the PLGA conduit groups exposed to 0.05 W/cm2, 3 min/treatment of ultrasound exhibited decreased LDH release and increased MTT values compared to the sham groups. Based on the results of the in vitro experiment in LDH and MTT testing, the silicone conduits with seeded Schwann cells group was ignored in the in vivo study. The PLGA nerve conduits seeded with Schwann cells (9 × 103 cells) were implanted to 15‐mm right sciatic nerve defects in rats. Each conduit received 12 ultrasonic treatment sessions over 2 weeks after 1 day of rest. Ultrasound was applied as follows: frequency, 1MHz; intensity, 0.3 W/cm2 (SATP); treatment, 5 min/day. Implanted graft specimens were harvested for histological analysis at 8 weeks following surgery. PLGA groups (with and without Schwann cells) treated with pulsed ultrasonic stimulation were found to have significantly greater number and area of regenerated axons at the midconduit of implanted grafts, as compared to the sham groups. Ultrasonic stimulation on silicone groups was found to induce a mass of fibrous tissues that covered the nerve conduits and retarded axon regeneration. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005