bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reinventing Policing, Chicago Style
Authors: Skogan Wesley G , Hartnett Susan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book documents Chicago’s effort to develop a community policing strategy that works. Over time, the city’s CAPS program developed into one of the most substantial and closely watched experiments in 1990s policing. As we noted earlier, we followed the program from its inception through its implementation in five test districts and took advantage of the fact that the department’s prototyping process let us compare what happened in these districts with trends in areas where change had not yet occurred.
To Reclaim a Legacy
Authors: Sherwin Byron L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An ancient Jewish legend tells that when the Holy Temple in Jerusalem had been set ablaze by the enemy and its destruction was imminent, a group of priests climbed up to the roof and held the keys to the Temple aloft. Thereupon, a hand reached down from heaven to reclaim the keys for safekeeping.1 Centuries later, another conflagration began that ultimately would decimate the countless temples of stone, wood, and flesh that constituted the Jewish community of Poland. This time, however, no angelic hand reached down to reclaim the keys. They remained in the hands of the citizens of the lost Atlantis of the Polish-Jewish community that was consumed by a flood of fire. What was once the greatest Jewish community in the world is now little more than a memory, a fatly fading photo in the family album of the Jewish people.
Transmigrations of a Name
Authors: Sherwin Byron L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My omnipresent dybbuk obsessed me. There was much more to see than I had seen in Poland. There was more to know about what I had seen. Somehow, I felt rooted there, strangely at home in that strange land. I decided to find out why. I decided to search for the Makower Ruf. Perhaps recovery of my family’s past there, my genealogy, was a way of appeasing this demanding dybbuk.
Signs of Diaspora Diaspora of Signs
Authors: Gundaker Grey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Challenging monolithic approaches to culture and literacy, this book looks at the roots of African-American reading and writing from the perspective of vernacular activities and creolization. It shows that African-Americans, while readily mastering the conventions and canons of Euro-America, also drew on knowledge of their own to make an oppositional repertoire of signs and meanings. Distinct from conventional script literacy on the one hand, and oral culture on the other, these “creolized” vernacular practices include writing in charms, use of personal or nondecodable scripts, the strategic renunciation of reading and writing as communicative tools, and writing that is linked to divinaton, trance, and possession. Based on extensive ethnographic research in the Southeastern United States and the West Indies, Gundaker offers a complex portrait of the intersection of “outsider” conventions with “insider” knowledge and practice.
Poetical Odds And Addends
Authors: Brichto Herbert Chanan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The poetic address to Scripture, departing in so many ways from the regnant schools of biblical literary criticism, necessarily entails the argumentative and dis-putatious nature of our discussion of texts, narrative and structural. I employ the first two adjectives in the older sense of reasoning, deducing, arriving at conclu-sions, without the newer overtones of quarrel or altercation. Nevertheless putting forth an alternative approach to one that has taken the stance of an orthodoxy is what occasions the ubiquitous exposition of the assumptions and presuppositions (and their justification) of a method which, by reason of its relative novelty, will appear as a challenge at best and contentious at worst.
The Crisis In The Churches
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a time when already overworked clergy are being called upon by budget cutting politicians to do more for the poor, the sick, and the elderly, American churches are suffering persistent financial shortfalls. In fact, contrary to popular media images of millionaire televangelists, America’s churches are cutting back programs and staff, clergy salaries are stagnating, and many parishes are having trouble raising enough money to keep the church lit and heated on Sunday. Why are America’s churches in financial distress? Robert Wuthnow, a leading commentator on religious life in America, asserts that the steady drop in donations, volunteering, and personal involvement is a direct result of a spiritual crisis--a crisis caused in large part by the clergy’s failure to address the vital relationships between faith and money, work, stewardship, giving, and economic justice. In The Crisis in the Churches, Wuthnow offers a searching study of this financial crisis and of the spiritual vacuum that has silently grown worse during the past decade. To do this, he lets the churches speak for themselves, quoting extensively from interviews with clergy and laity in sixty Protestant and Catholic congregations throughout the U.S., and drawing from the texts of over 200 sermons, from church financial records, and a national survey. What emerges is that parishioners often feel the church does not care about what they do from Monday to Friday, offers no guidance in their most pressing day to day concerns, yet always seems to be asking for more money. Clergy, for their part, say they hesitate to talk about finances because they know “the money question” makes people uncomfortable. But failure to raise the subject often makes it necessary to cut the very programs and services that middle class parishioners desire and would support. Wuthnow argues that in order to survive, churches must find ways to minister to the economic concerns of their own middle class parishioners. Indeed, of every $1,000 received by churches, $900 comes from people who work in middle class occupations. Clearly, anything that motivates middle class members to become more involved will strengthen a church’s financial well being and capacity to serve its people. Although the situation is critical, Wuthnow finds much cause for hope. He points to ideas and programs that some churches have enacted to challenge their members to think differently about work and money and giving. Parishioners sometimes respond positively when clergy speak boldly and concretely about matters of faith and finance, and some churches have formed small groups whose members meet regularly to discuss issues of spirituality, work, personal finances, and stewardship. A serious and sympathetic examination of the crisis behind the stained glass, this thought-provoking volume will be highly valuable both practically and as moral support to clergy, parishioners, and anyone else concerned about restoring vitality and significance to American churches.
Ritual
Authors: Bell Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From handshakes and toasts to chant and genuflection, ritual pervades our social interactions and religious practices. Still, few of us could identify all of our daily and festal ritual behaviors, much less explain them to an outsider. Similarly, because of the variety of activities that qualify as ritual and their many contradictory yet, in many ways, equally legitimate interpretations, ritual seems to elude any systematic historical and comparative scrutiny. In this book, Catherine Bell offers a practical introduction to ritual practice and its study; she surveys the most influential theories of religion and ritual, the major categories of ritual activity, and the key debates that have shaped our understanding of ritualism. Bell refuses to nail down ritual with any one definition or understanding. Instead, her purpose is to reveal how definitions emerge and evolve and to help us become more familiar with the interplay of tradition, exigency, and self-expression that goes into constructing this complex social medium.
Crime Is Not the Problem
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Year after year, in poll after poll, crime tops the list of American anxieties. Indeed, crime is seen by many people as the number one problem in the United States, a threat to the quality of life unparalleled in any other developed country. Now two legal scholars, Franklin E. Zimring and Gordon Hawkins, have conducted intensive research on the question and have reached a startling conclusion--crime is not the problem. America's great problem, they argue, is lethal violence. In Crime is Not the Problem, Zimring and Hawkins revolutionize the way we think about crime and violence--by forcing us to distinguish between crime and violence. The authors reveal that when we compare the United States to other industrialized nations, in most categories of nonviolent crime (burglary, theft, and other property offenses), American crime rates are comparable--even lower, in some cases. Moreover, this general trend holds true when we compare specific cities of roughly the same size (New York and London, Los Angeles and Sydney). As the authors show, crimes like burglary and theft are a part of modern urban life worldwide. Only when it comes to lethal violence does the United States outpace other Western nations, with homicide rates many, many times greater. Equally interesting, the authors find that most killings in America are unconnected to criminal activity (that is, more murders stem from arguments than from break-ins or muggings). But if high property-crime rates don't kill innocent victims in other countries, why are the risks so much greater that victims will be killed or maimed in the United States? And what can be done to bring the death rate from American violence down to tolerable levels? To address these questions, the authors take a hard look at what is believed about the causes of lethal violence. Here, too, the conventional wisdom about the causes of violence is subject to revision. The impact of television and movie violence on rates of homicide is wildly over-rated, as Zimring and Hawkins demonstrate with data from Europe and Japan. By contrast, it is hard to overestimate the importance of guns--used in 70% of all killings--in the distinctively high rates of deadly violence in America. Reducing lethal violence required different tactics than fighting a general war on crime, the authors conclude. They argue that traditional law and order, tough on crime campaigns blur the distinctions between lethal violence and other offenses, they argue. Lawmakers need to craft a sophisticated response that specifically addresses death dealing mayhem. In Crime is Not the Problem, Zimring and Hawkins reshape the debate about crime in the United States, throwing sharp new light on old questions and suggesting new directions for public policy. By making the crucial distinction between lethal violence and crime in general, they clear the ground for a targeted, far more effective response to the real crisis in American society.
On Mass Media Effects
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mass communications are full of violence because they reflect the interests, values, and concerns of their audience. But do these communications increase the level of real-world violence in the United States as well as reflect it? There is widespread belief that they do. Eight out of ten American adults believe that media renditions of violence are themselves a problem, and the topic is considered important enough to have attracted the attention of Senator Robert Dole of Kansas in the early stages of campaigning for the presidency of the United States (Broder 1995). The issue of mass media effects on violence was one of the small number of topics that generated a full-blown task force investigation by the National Commission appointed by Lyndon Johnson in the late 1960s (U.S. National Commission 1969b:xi). And it has been the subject of recurrent research by behavioral scientists for decades.
Strategies of Prevention
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first section of this chapter introduces five contrasts that help to illuminate the special nature of loss prevention as a policy goal. The second part of the chapter discusses some necessary elements in a balanced agenda of loss reduction. The final part of this chapter discusses the relationship between social tolerance of the problem of lethal violence and the priority of violence as a social problem. We argue that the larger salience of lethal violence in recent years is, to some extent, evidence of salutary social developments.
Introduction and Summary of Results
Authors: Bergren Theodore A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sixth Ezra is a short, oracular Christian writing that is cast as the words of God mediated through an unnamed prophet. The main part of the work sets forth predictions of impending doom for the world at large and for certain specific sections of it, conveying this message with eschatological language and imagery. In this regard 6 Ezra is reminiscent of, and stands in the tradition of, Jewish and Christian prophetic writings of the Hebrew Bible and elsewhere that enunciate God’s threats and “woes” against humankind for their sinfulness and envisage imminent destruction on the earth as a result. Sixth Ezra is furthermore concerned to exhort a group of God’s “chosen” people to remain faithful and resist sin in order to escape the imminent calamities. In the first part of the work (15:1-4), God instructs the prophet to speak and write down the words of the prophecy, and reassures the prophet of the validity of the message.
The Social Gospel and Its Critics
Authors: Jenkins Thomas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Its leading theologian was Walter Rauschenbusch. The meaning of the social gospel was found in its name: salvation was social, not just for the individual but for society. This was what Jesus had meant by the kingdom of God. Not just a heavenly afterlife but a better life for everyone here and now. Jesus was a social reformer. What made him special was that he knew that reform came through the power of God. God was immanent in history and spread throughout humanity; thus he could drive history forward and bring people together. Indeed, this was the meaning of the incarnation. First manifest in Jesus, God could become manifest in all of humanity. Humanity integrated into a harmonious whole would be the final incarnation of God.
Speaking Law to Power: Occasions for Cause Lawyering
Authors: Abel Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under what circumstances does law check power? That it can do so at all reflects the fundamental contradiction of liberalism. Law is simultaneously rule and politics, ideal and reality, neutral and partisan, above the fray and in the midst of it. Most of the time law reflects, reproduces, and reinforces existing power inequalities. Anatole France’s now cliched observation perfectly captures the paradoxical effect of blind justice in an unjust society. More recently, Marc Galanter’s pathbreaking article elaborated the ways in which lawyers and courts routinely amplify the advantages of the “haves.” I have expressed similar skepticism in criticizing informal justice and legal aid. Here, however, I want to attend to the possibilities as well as the limitations of liberal legalism, the moments when law offers leverage to the relatively powerless as well as those when it is wielded, or trumped, by power. These are the occasions for cause lawyering.
The Struggle to Politicize Legal Practice: A Case Study of Left-Activist Lawyering in Seattle
Authors: Scheingold Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cause lawyering cuts against the grain of a widely accepted belief that law and lawyers are supposed to be apolitical agents for resolving society’s conflicts while somehow remaining unsullied by them. This commitment to autonomy is institutionalized in a variety of practices and understandings relating to the rule system, to courts and judges, and to the legal profession. With respect to the profession, for example Simon notes that, according to a core component of the “ideology of advocacy,” lawyers are supposed to be both partisan and neutral.1 They are expected to defend their clients in a vigorous and partisan manner while remaining neutral to their clients’ objectives, activities, and identities.
Cause Lawyering in the Third World
Authors: Ellmann Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay is a sketch of cause lawyering in the Third World. The picture I present is not meant to be definitive, and indeed it is hard to imagine how a definitive portrait could be drawn, for there may now be thousands of cause lawyers at work in the nations of the South. Instead, this essay grows out of interviews conducted in May, 1991 with representatives of twenty-two public interest law groups from eighteen countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The sample is not random, for all of these groups had been brought together at a conference on “Public Interest Law around the World,” organized under the auspices of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund and with the funding assistance of the Ford Foundation. Thus these are groups with contacts in the West, and with at least enough confidence in the legitimacy of an enterprise funded by the Ford Foundation to be prepared to participate in it. As we will see, these may be important limitations on the representativeness of this sample.
Attorneys for the People, Attorneys for the Land: The Emergence of Cause Lawyering in the Israeli-Occupied Territories
Authors: Bisharat George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the study of lawyering for social and political causes extends beyonds the familiar contexts of the United States and Western Europe, one of the principal concerns of researchers must be to define the institutional, political, cultural, market, and other conditions that facilitate or inhibit cause lawyering. To the extent that cause lawyering in the non-Western world differs from its counterpart phenome non in the West, one must also ask, in what degree do these same factors account for the specific complexion and trajectory that cause lawyering assumes in different Third World societies? This essay grapples with the above questions through an examination of the role of indigenous lawyers in defending and advancing the “Palestinian cause”— at the broadest level, the struggle to achieve Palestinian national self- determination— in the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip.
Religion Against the Self
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study, based on the author's fieldwork among rural Tamil villagers in South India, focuses on the ways in which people in this society interact with the supernatural beings who play such a large role in their personal and corporate lives. Isabelle Navokov looks at a spectrum of ritualized contexts in which the boundaries between the natural and spiritual worls are penetrated and communication takes place. Throughout, Nabokov's meticulous analysis sheds new light on this hiterto almost unkown domain - and entire range of fascinating phenomena basic to South Indian religion as it is really lived.
Of Women and Demons
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter and the next we explore a form of exorcism that, in sharp contrast to the countersorcery ritual, does seek to reintegrate participants with their former identities and milieus. What is peculiar to this ritual process is how it inhibits the kind of idiosyncratic exegeses we have just heard about. Far from enabling endless, private interpretations, it is prescriptive, even “totalizing, ” as Bruce Kapferer also characterizes Sinhalese exorcisms (1983), that is, it enforces a reality in which only one kind of consciousness and subjectivity is possible (1983: 5). The objective of this ritual is to “drive away ” (o.ttutal) demons known as peys. Now these malignant beings have a different ontological personality from that of the sorcery demons we have just met. Those supernaturals had proper names, clear-cut identities, and myths of origin that correlated with the careers and narratives of members of the great Hindu pantheon. But the category of pey that concerns us here represents the spirits of unknown, ordinary human beings who suffered unnatural or untimely deaths. Their inauspicious fates prevented any normative transit into the hereafter and stranded them in this world where they possess, or “catch ” (pi,ti), the living, most conspicuously young married women (also see Caplan 1989),l Throughout India anthropologists have noted the propensity for new brides to be afflicted by the untimely dead.2 Usually this sort of “ghost-possession ” (Freed and Freed 1993) is explained as a safe means for young wives to vent frustrations over their powerless role in their new families (Opler 1958; Freed and Freed 1964; Harper 1963; Kakar 1986; but see Skultans 1987).3 As Christopher Fuller writes, “Women’s possession episodes are ... culturally tolerated opportunities to complain about female inferiority and subordination within Indian society ” (1992: 233). From her research on the Mukkuvars, a Catholic fishing people in the southernmost Tamil district of Kanyakumari, Kalpana Ram also contends that demonic possession enables women to reinterpret “dominant ” symbolic constructs of the female body and sexuality, and to “challenge the daily discipline of living within the confines of respectable femininity ” (1991: 93).
Declaration
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the comadre was deploying her plan of attack against Jose Manuel, Leonardo burned with jealousy, with rage, and there was nothing that could console him in his despair, not even the promises of good results that his godfather and godmother made to him. All the poor boy could see before him was the detestable figure of his rival, ruining all his plans, scattering all his hopes. In the times when he was calm he sometimes absorbed himself in the imaginary contruction of magnificent castles-castles in the air, to be sure. But there were times when they seemed to him the most solid castles in the world.
Defeat
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those last words from the comadre had the effect of a thunderbolt on Dona Maria: The old woman squirmed on her bench, overcome by the greatest chagrin. “Well, comadre,” she exclaimed after the initial shock had subsided, “if this doesn’t beat the devil ... that’s why I follow the time-honored rule: Don’t trust anything that wears breeches. Hmm! This really makes me see red.” The comadre, seeing these good results, took full advantage of them to play her role better and replied, “Well, after all what could you expect from a person like that? ... a man who doesn’t open his mouth except to lie ... who’s got a tongue like Lucifer’s own? Anybody who trusts in him is just asking for a fall.”