bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sea‐surface conditions in northernmost Baffin Bay during the Holocene: palynological evidence
Authors: Levac Elisabeth , Vernal Anne De , Blake Jr Weston 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe analysis of cores collected in northernmost Baffin Bay, from within the area of the North Water Polynya, permits definition of a composite sedimentary sequence ca. 12 m thick spanning the last 10 000 14C yr, with only a few discontinuities. Palynological analyses were performed in order to reconstruct changes in surface water conditions and biogenic production. Transfer functions, using dinocyst assemblages, were applied to estimate sea‐surface temperature (SST) and salinity, as well as the seasonal duration of sea ice cover. At the base of the record, prior to 9300 14C yr BP, dinocysts and organic linings of benthic foraminifers are sparse, indicating harsh conditions and low productivity. After ca. 9300 14C yr BP, the increased concentration of benthic foraminifers (up to 103 linings cm−3) and dinocyst fluxes (102–103 cysts cm−2 yr−1) reveals high biological productivity related to open‐water conditions. The early to middle Holocene, from ca. 9000 to ca. 3600 14C yr BP, is marked by relatively high species diversity in dinocyst assemblages and the significant occurrence of autotrophic taxa such as Spiniferites elongatus, Pentapharsodinium dalei and Impagidinium pallidum. This assemblage suggests conditions at least as warm as at present. From ca. 6400 to ca. 3600 14C yr BP, transfer functions indicate warmer conditions than at present, with SST in August fluctuating up to 5.5°C. After 3600 14C yr BP, the dinocyst record suggests a trend of decreasing temperature toward modern values, marked by recurrent cooling events. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interglacial high‐tide coasts in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, southwest Britain: a comparison for the Ipswichian and Holocene
Authors: Allen J. R. L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Ipswichian high‐tide coast in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary at the time of the highest sea‐levels (5–10 m OD) was wave‐dominated almost everywhere. It is defined by raised beaches and inshore sand shoals, and only in comparatively long but narrow inlets (Somerset Levels) are estuarine conditions evident. The modern Holocene seaway is wave‐dominated at high tide only up to and including the inner Bristol Channel. A muddy upper shore typifies the large, tide‐dominated Severn Estuary to the east and northeast. The larger depth and width of the Ipswichian seaway may explain its greater wave‐dominance, but it is also possible that differences in the sediment regime also contribute to the contrast observed. With water levels continuing to rise, the Holocene seaway could reach Ipswichian depths within a few thousand years and evolve toward greater wave‐dominance. A secondary effect may be the transgression and substantial removal of the Holocene estuarine sequence associated with the Severn Estuary Levels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of cyanide in waste water by low‐resolution surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy on sol‐gel substrates
Authors: Premasiri W. R. , Clarke R. H. , Londhe S. , Womble M. E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe introduce the concept of low‐resolution surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for cyanide as a potentially highly useful, cost‐effective approach to detection and analysis for monitoring water contamination. We present high‐sensitivity, low‐resolution measurements of cyanide in water using a solid‐state gold sol–gel substrate. These data suggest a sensitivity limit for low‐resolution SERS detection of cyanide in water in the region of 10 ppb. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of microbial transglutaminase on the functional properties of megrim (Lepidorhombus boscii) skin gelatin
Authors: Gómez‐Guillén M Carmen , Sarabia Ana Isabel , Solas M Teresa , Montero Pilar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the effect of a microbial transglutaminase (TGase) on the gelling and viscoelastic properties of a gelatin from megrim (Lepidorhombus boscii) skins. Although TGase extended the setting time of fish gelatin, it was found that melting temperature, gel strength and viscosity in solution at 60 °C were considerably increased by the covalent cross‐linking action of the enzyme, as observed by SDS‐PAGE and SEM. Increasing concentrations of TGase increased the elasticity and cohesiveness of gelatin gels but reduced gel strength and hardness. Partial inactivation of the enzyme was achieved thermally without negatively affecting the properties of the gelatin; whether or not gelatin is thermoreversible depends essentially on the degree of enzyme inactivation.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of normal and branched chain volatile fatty acids during the fermentation process in the manufacture of fish sauce
Authors: Sanceda Norlita G , Suzuki Emiko , Kurata Tadao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe formation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in fish sauce was investigated. When fish were allowed to spoil prior to salting, very high concentrations of VFAs were produced. The increase was probably caused by microbial action. Addition of salt to spoiled fish seemed to inhibit microbial action, thus suppressing the formation of VFAs. The contents of short and long straight chain VFAs in aerobically fermented sauces were significantly higher than in anaerobically fermented sauces, suggesting that straight chain VFAs developed from fish fats. Certain branched VFAs were derived from the degradation of specific amino acids, such as isobutyric acid from valine and isovaleric acid from leucine. Alanine and isoleucine did not have a clear influence on the production of VFAs.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Interstitial MR lymphangiography for the detection of sentinel lymph nodes
Authors: Torchia Mark G. , Nason Richard , Danzinger Rudy , Lewis Jerome M. , Thliveris James A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe challenge for implementation of sentinel lymph node biopsy is to develop a reliable minimally invasive technique that identifies all possible sentinel nodes with high temporal and spatial resolution. This study evaluated the use of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent (USPIO) for preoperative sentinel node detection.MethodsAnesthetized pigs received interstitial or intradermal injections of ultra small superparamagnetic of iron oxide (USPIO) (0.2 or 5 mg Fe) in the L/R posterior tongue and stifles (knee) respectively. MRI was done before, during injection and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, and 48 hr after which isosulfan blue sentinel node mapping was done.ResultsIn the tongue, both doses of USPIO identified the sentinel node in the early images. No additional nodes were detected by MR at 24 or 48 hr. In the hind limb, sentinel nodes identified on the early MR images were also identified by the isosulfan blue. In both locations, the higher dose also identified secondary nodes some of which were also identified by the isosulfan blue. All sentinel nodes that were identified by USPIO on MRI were noted to be stained brown at the time of dissection.ConclusionsInterstitial MR lymphangiography is a useful technique for the detection of sentinel lymph nodes. This method provides excellent simultaneous temporal and spatial resolution, is minimally invasive, and can be performed preoperatively. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:151–156. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Co‐operatives in southern Spain: their development in the rural tourism sector in Andalucía
Authors: Barke Michael , Eden John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the characteristics of a number of recently established rural tourism co‐operatives in Andalucía, southern Spain against the background of the theory of co‐operatives as economic organisations. The origins and composition of the co‐operatives are examined, their local impact, their policies on employment and remuneration, and their internal management characteristics. Few of the businesses in the sample appear to possess the characteristics of the ‘ideal type’ of co‐operative identified in the literature. Although small‐scale, beneficial impacts may be identified within their localities, these appear to be no different to those associated with any small business organisation in the rural tourism sector. Furthermore, it is concluded that their prospects for developing genuine alternative forms of employment structures are not strong, partly owing to the circumstances of their foundation and partly because of the very nature of rural tourism itself, where extreme seasonality imposes a very specific labour regime. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpreting environmental degradation and development in the slums of Mumbai, India
Authors: Emmel N. D. , Soussan J. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLow‐income communities in the developing world lack essential services. The explanation for this is in the unplanned and illegal nature of these settlements. Such interpretations, this paper argues, fail to account for the dynamics of development within slums. Drawing upon the history of development of a slum in the extended suburbs of Mumbai and, in particular, the acquisition of water services in the slum, observations are made about the ways in which slum communities develop an organization to build their environment and acquire services. It is noted that in times of crises, such as eviction or disease epidemic, the geographical slum community develops collective organizations to tackle these crises. Invariably this is through community based organization. But it is also noted that geographical slums are not homogeneous. Some neighbourhoods within the slum have the organizational ability to negotiate for services in the slum and in the wider city, while others fail. This leads to accelerated development in some areas of the geographical slum and retarded development in others. There are vulnerable groups within a vulnerable community. It is also recognized that these dynamics of differential access to services are rarely recognized by sector providers. It is necessary for city authorities (and the donor agencies that support them) to develop strategies to include the most vulnerable groups who are, at present, most often excluded. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GIS‐based rapid assessment of erosion risk in a small catchment in the wet/dry tropics of Australia
Authors: Boggs G. , Devonport C. , Evans K. , Puig P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAssessing the impact of various land uses on catchment erosion processes commonly requires in‐depth research, monitoring and field data collection, as well as the implementation of sophisticated modelling techniques. This paper describes the evaluation of a geographic information system (GIS)‐based rapid erosion assessment method, which allows the user to quickly acquire and evaluate existing data to assist in the planning of more detailed monitoring and modelling programmes. The rapid erosion assessment method is based on a simplified version of the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), and allows the rapid parameterization of the model from widely available land unit and elevation datasets. The rapid erosion assessment method is evaluated through the investigation of the effects of elevation data resolution on erosion predictions and field data validation. The use of raster digital elevation model (DEM)‐derived data, as opposed to vector land unit relief data, was found to greatly improve the validity of the rapid erosion assessment method. Field validation of the approach, involving the comparison of predicted soil loss ratios with adjusted in‐stream sediment yields on a subcatchment basis, indicated that with decreasing data resolution, the results are increasingly overestimated for larger catchments and underestimated for smaller catchments. However, the rapid erosion assessment method proved to be a valuable tool that is highly useful as an initial step in the planning of more detailed erosion assessments. Copyright © 2001 Commonwealth of Australia.
Measurement of the surface temperature of the cornea during ArF excimer laser ablation by thermal radiometry with a 15‐nanosecond time response
Authors: Ishihara Miya , Arai Tsunenori , Sato Shunichi , Morimoto Yuji , Obara Minoru , Kikuchi Makoto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThe purpose of this work was to develop a temperature measurement system with a nanosecond time response to monitor the transient temperature of the corneal surface during laser refractive surgery.Materials and MethodsThermal radiation from the surface of the porcine cornea during ArF excimer laser irradiation was measured using a photovoltaic HgCdTe detector with a response bandwidth of 150 MHz.ResultsMaximum thermal radiation occurred at 31 ± 4 nanoseconds, which was longer than the time response of the measurement system. The temperature derived from the detected signal reached over 100°C at a fluence of 80 mJ/cm2, which was the ablation threshold, and reached 240°C at a fluence of 180 mJ/cm2.ConclusionThe present system of temperature measurement with a time response of 15.7 nanoseconds revealed that the transient surface temperature of the cornea during ablation is much higher than that previously reported. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:54–59, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation between near‐infrared Raman spectroscopy and the histopathological analysis of atherosclerosis in human coronary arteries
Authors: Silveira Landulfo , Sathaiah Sokki , Zângaro Renato A. , Pacheco Marcos T. T. , Chavantes Maria C. , Pasqualucci Carlos A. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesModern diagnostic methods such as near‐infrared Raman spectroscopy (NIRS) allow quantification and evaluation of human atherosclerotic lesions, which can be useful in diagnosing coronary artery disease. The objective of the present study is to obtain feasible diagnostic information to detect atheromatous plaque using NIRS combined with discriminant analysis.Study Design/Material and MethodsAn 830 nm Ti: sapphire laser pumped by an argon laser provides near‐infrared excitation. A spectrograph disperses light scattered from arterial tissue and a liquid‐nitrogen cooled CCD detects the Raman spectra. A total of 111 arterial fragments were scanned and Raman results were compared with histopathology. Principal components analysis (PCA) and Mahalanobis distance (m‐distance) were used to model an algorithm for tissue classification into three categories: non‐atherosclerotic (NA), non‐calcified (NC), and calcified (C) using Raman spectra. Spectra were randomly separated into training and prospective groups.ResultsIt has been found that, for the NA tissue, the algorithm has sensitivity of 84 and 78% and specificity of 91 and 93% for training and prospective groups, respectively. For the NC tissue the algorithm has sensitivity of 88 and 90% and specificity of 88 and 83%. For the C tissue both sensitivity and specificity were maximum, 100%.ConclusionsAn algorithm using PCA and discriminant analysis based on m‐distance has been developed and successfully applied to diagnose coronary artery disease by NIRS obtaining good sensitivity and specificity for each tissue category. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:290–297, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Residual heat deposition in dental enamel during IR laser ablation at 2.79, 2.94, 9.6, and 10.6 μm
Authors: Fried Daniel , Ragadio Jerome , Champion Allen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThe principal factor limiting the rate of laser ablation of dental hard tissue is the risk of excessive heat accumulation in the tooth. Excessive heat deposition or accumulation may result in unacceptable damage to the pulp. The objective of this study was to measure the residual heat deposition during the laser ablation of dental enamel at those IR laser wavelengths well suited for the removal of dental caries. Optimal laser ablation systems minimize the residual heat deposition in the tooth by efficiently transferring the deposited laser energy to kinetic and internal energy of ejected tissue components.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThe residual heat deposition in dental enamel was measured at laser wavelengths of 2.79, 2.94, 9.6, and 10.6 μm and pulse widths of 150 nsec −150 μsec using bovine block “calorimeters.” Water droplets were applied to the surface before ablation with 150 μsec Er:YAG laser pulses to determine the influence of an optically thick water layer on reducing heat deposition.ResultsThe residual heat was at a minimum for fluences well above the ablation threshold where measured values ranged from 25–70% depending on pulse duration and wavelength for the systems investigated. The lowest values of the residual heat were measured for short (< 20 μs) CO2 laser pulses at 9.6 μm and for Q‐switched erbium laser pulses at 2.79 and 2.94 μm. Droplets of water applied to the surface before ablation significantly reduced the residual heat deposition during ablation with 150 μsec Er:YAG laser pulses.ConclusionsResidual heat deposition can be markedly reduced by using CO2 laser pulses of less than 20 μsec duration and shorter Q‐switched Er:YAG and Er:YSGG laser pulses for enamel ablation. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:221–229, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of rhinophyma with Er:YAG Laser
Authors: Orenstein Arie , Haik Josef , Tamir Jeremy , Winkler Eyal , Frand Jacob , Zilinsky Isaac , Kaplan Haim 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveRhinophyma is a benign, disfiguring disorder of the nose which presents the end stage of acne rosacea, and can also occasionally result in nasal airway obstruction. We describe the first series of patients treated with Erbium laser.Study Design/Materials and MethodsSevere‐to‐moderate rhinophyma in six patients were treated at our institution between 1995 and 1996, using the Erbium:YAG (Erb:YAG) laser.ResultsAll patients achieved marked cosmetic improvement, with no complications. Post‐operative healing time was seven to fourteen days‐significantly shorter than similar other modalities.ConclusionsThe Erbium laser provides very accurate tissue ablation and allows the sculpturing of the hypertrophied areas, offering good cosmetic results, with a very short healing period as shown in our study. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:230–235, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene expression profile in BALB/c‐3T3 cells transformed with beryllium sulfate
Authors: Joseph Pius , Muchnok Timothy , Ong Tong‐man 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDifferential gene expression was studied to understand the potential molecular mechanism responsible for cell transformation and tumorigenesis induced by beryllium. Cell lines were derived from tumors developed in nude mice injected subcutaneously with BALB/c‐3T3 cells morphologically transformed with beryllium sulfate. Using the Atlas mouse 1.2 cDNA expression microarray, the expression profiles of 1176 genes, belonging to several different functional categories, were studied in the tumor cells as well as in the nontransformed control cells. Expression of 18 genes belonging to two functional groups was found to be consistently and reproducibly different (at least twofold) in the tumor cells compared with the control cells. The functional groups and the differentially expressed genes are as follows: The cancer‐related genes (nine genes) were the ets‐related transcription factor activated by ras, colony‐stimulating factor, A‐myb, sky, cot1, c‐fos, c‐jun, c‐myc, and R‐ras proto‐oncogenes. The DNA synthesis, repair, and recombination genes (nine genes) were the DNA replication licensing factor MCM4, the DNA replication licensing factor MCM5, the DNA mismatch repair gene PMS2, the DNA excision repair gene, the DNA mismatch repair gene MSH2, the ultraviolet excision repair gene Rad23 DNA ligase 1, Rad51, and Rad52. The differential gene expression profile was confirmed with reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for the differentially expressed genes. In general, expression of the cancer‐related genes was upregulated, while expression of genes involved in DNA synthesis, repair, and recombination was downregulated in the tumor cells compared with the control cells. Using c‐fos and c‐jun, two of the differentially expressed genes, as model genes, we have found that in the nontransformed BALB/c‐3T3 cells, the beryllium‐induced transcriptional activation of these genes was dependent on pathways of protein kinase C and mitogen‐activated protein kinase and independent of reactive oxygen species. These results indicate that beryllium‐induced cell transformation and tumorigenesis are accompanied by and are possibly a product of alterations in expression of genes related to cancer and to DNA synthesis, repair, and recombination. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrophoretic separations in PMMA capillaries with uniform and discontinuous buffers
Authors: Caslavska Jitka , Thormann Wolfgang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe basic phenomena occurring within polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA, Plexiglass) capillaries under the conditions of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), isotachophoresis (CITP), and isoelectric focusing (CIEF) have been explored in our laboratory and are compared to those characteristic for untreated fused‐silica (FS) capillaries. The origin of charge at the inner wall of the PMMA capillary is different compared to that of FS, this having a significant impact on the magnitude of the electroosmotic flow. While both column materials are characterized with a negative surface charge, electroosmosis in PMMA is considerably smaller over the entire pH range. Furthermore, electroosmosis in PMMA and FS is shown to follow different dependencies on the ionic strength (I). Using a set of experimentally determined values, the electroosmotic mobility (μEO) of a PMMA capillary is best described using the relationship μEO=a+b/√I. For a FS capillary, μEO follows the expression μEO=a+b log(I). A dynamic capillary electrophoresis simulation model comprising the determined pH and ionic strength dependent wall titration data as input for calculation of electroosmosis is shown to provide CZE and CITP electropherograms that qualitatively agree well with those obtained experimentally. In contrast to FS and glass, electroosmosis at any pH in PMMA is too weak to perform bidirectional (i.e., simultaneous cationic and anionic) CZE and CITP analyses with a detector placed toward the cathodic capillary end. Furthermore, the same is true for the performance of CIEF with electroosmotic zone displacement. Imposed flow is demonstrated to provide the required net buffer flow. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 13: 69–83, 2001
Focal pathological startle following pontine infarction
Authors: Watson Shaun R.D. , Colebatch James G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA 36‐year‐old male developed an acute right‐sided weakness due to left‐sided pontine infarction. Two months later, he first noticed sudden right elbow flexion in response to a loud unexpected noise. Detailed electrophysiological assessment was performed. A large, short‐latency (median 39 msec), synchronous electromyographic discharge occurred in the right biceps brachii electrodes following a 50‐msec, 120‐dB 1‐kHz tone burst, with habituation only with very short (30‐second) interstimulus intervals. Less synchronous activity at longer latencies was present both in a number of right‐sided arm muscles at rest and on the clinically unaffected side during a tonic voluntary contraction. We discuss possible underlying mechanisms and our reasons for considering this a focally enhanced startle response. Our report broadens the range of expression of acquired startle disorders. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.