bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International legal instruments and frameworks for invasive species
Authors: Poorter Maj De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The natural biogeographical barriers of oceans, mountains, rivers, and deserts provided the isolation in which species and ecosystems evolved. Increasingly, these barriers have lost their effectiveness as economic globalization has resulted in an exponential increase in the movement of organisms from one part of the world to another (Carlton 1999; McNeely et al. 2001). Increasing volumes of trade, travel, and tourism have led to more species than ever before being moved around the world, on land, in the air and sea.
Management of invasive fish
Authors: Ling Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current understanding of the biology of fish invasions and the development of statistical tools for their prevention lags well behind comparable knowledge for other taxonomic groups such as birds and plants (Veltman et al. 1996; Goodwin et al. 1999). A recent analysis of fish introductions in Europe (Garcia-Berthou et al. 2005) warns that the probability of introduced fish becoming established far exceeds that proposed for other taxonomic groups, such as the ‘tens’ rule of Williamson and Fitter (1996b).
Mirrors in the Brain—How Our Minds Share Actions and Emotions
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado , Anderson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emotions and actions are powerfully contagious; when we see someone laugh, cry, show disgust, or experience pain, in some sense, we share that emotion. When we see someone in distress, we share that distress. When we see a great actor, musician or sportsperson perform at the peak of their abilities, it can feel like we are experiencing just something of what they are experiencing. Yet only recently, with the discover of mirror neurons, has it become clear just how this powerful sharing of experience is realised within the human brain. This book provides, for the first time, a systematic overview of mirror neurons, written by the man who first discovered them. In the early 1990’s Giacomo Rizzolatti and his co-workers at the University of Parma discovered that some neurons had a surprising property. They responded not only when a subject performed a given action, but also when the subject oberved someone else performing that same action. These results had a deep impact on cognitive neuroscience, leading the neuroscientist VS Ramachandran to predict that ‘mirror neurons would do for psychology what DNA did for biology’. The unexpected properties of these neurons have not only attracted the attention of neuroscientists. Many sociologists, anthropologists, and even artists have been fascinated by mirror neurons. The director and playwright Peter Brook stated that mirror neurons throw new light on the mysterious link that is created each time actors take the stage and face their audience - the sight of a great actor performing activates in the brain of the observer the very same areas that are active in the performer - including both their actions and their emotions. Written in a highly accessible style, that conveys something of the excitement of this groundbreaking theory, Mirrors in the brain is the definitive account of one the major scientific discoveries of the past 50 years.
Nets, Trees, and Lies
Authors: Higgins Peter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of networks has taken everyone by surprise. So much of modern mathematics is about how one thing is related to another, or more widely, how objects within a collection are interrelated, and this idea is captured in the notion of a network. And networks are just what you would imagine them to be—they can be pictured as an array of dots on the page, called nodes or vertices, with some of the dots joined to others by lines that we call edges or arcs. These links could stand for physical connections by bridges, roads, or wires, or less tangible connections by radio signals, or abstract personal connections such as friendship or enmity, or even the ancestral relationships of a family tree. This book reveals something of the surprising and subtle nature of networks, or nets as they can sometimes be called. Like nets themselves, it does not have a linear structure but, as you read on, the overall picture will become progressively clearer and the many sides of the subject will begin to coalesce.
Establishment
Authors: Davis Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For an individual to successfully establish, defined as persisting long enough in the new environment to reproduce, it needs to accomplish four tasks. It needs to find an environment with abiotic conditions (e.g. temperature, salinity, moisture) it can tolerate. It needs to be able to access resources necessary for its maintenance, growth (if a juvenile or a species with indeterminate growth), and reproduction.
Evolution
Authors: Davis Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is frequently argued that one of the distinguishing features of invasions is that newly introduced species have experienced an evolutionary history separate from that of the long-termresi-dents (Cox 2004). While it is often true that the new species did not interact with the species in its new environment prior to its arrival, it may have shared an evolutionary history with species phylogenetically related to some of the native species, e.g. congeners. Even in instances where the phylogenetic interactions may be new, the newly introduce species may have interacted with ecologically similar species.
Multinomial and Poisson response data
Authors: Aitkin Murray , Francis Brian , Hinde John , Darnell Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dataset faults gives the number n of faults in 32 rolls of material of length l metres; the data come from Bissell (1972), and are reproduced in Table 5.1.
The number of faults is a non-negative integer, and is naturally modelled by the Poisson distribution, the standard model for count data.
Survival data
Authors: Aitkin Murray , Francis Brian , Hinde John , Darnell Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last 30 years there has been a rapid development of probability models and statistical analysis for technological and medical survival data. Many studies have been made of the length of life or of periods of remission of animal or human subjects being treated for serious diseases. These studies have used probability models for duration of life which originated in engineering reliability studies of the operating lifetimes of electrical and mechanical systems. We will use the terms ‘death’ and ‘failure’ interchangeably to represent the events and ‘survival time’ to represent the times to these events. In this chapter we give an account of the main probability models and their use in data analysis.
Random effect models
Authors: Aitkin Murray , Francis Brian , Hinde John , Darnell Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 5 we found overdispersion in the fabric fault data; the Poisson GLM did not fit or represent the data adequately. The failure of a generalized linear model to fit may be due to several causes. The distribution of Y may not be the specified exponential family member, or the regression model fitted may be mis-specified. A fruitful way of expressing the problem, which unifies these two possibilities,is through omitted variables from the regression model: the full model we have fitted is missing one or more important variables. If these have been recorded then they can be added to the model and fitted in the usual way (e.g. interactions). The common reality however, especially in survey or observational studies, is that we do not know what variables should have been recorded or measured to construct an adequate model.
Variance component models
Authors: Aitkin Murray , Francis Brian , Hinde John , Darnell Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider GLMs with shared random effects arising through variance component or repeated measures structure, for example, in two-stage sample designs, or longitudinal data. As we will see, the analysis of these models parallels closely that for overdispersion models, with slightly greater complexity in the EM algorithm. The range of possible models in this category is surprising.
Singular Filtering
Authors: Xiong Jie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we consider the filtering problem when the magnitude of the observation noise depends on the signal itself. Such a situation arises from many application problems, such as the stochastic volatility model in mathematical finance and the general filtering problem with the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process as the observation noise. Since the covariance matrix of the observation noises is completely observable by using the quadratic covariation process, the optimal filter becomes a probability measure supported on the surface (manifold) on which the covariance matrix of the observation noises is constant. Thus, the optimal filter is singular. In this chapter, we will demonstrate how to transform this singular filtering problem to the classical one that we studied in the previous chapters.
Farey Series And A Theorem of Minkowski
Authors: Hardy G H , Wright E . M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The definition and simplest properties of a Farey series. In this chapter we shall be concerned primarily with certain properties of the ‘positive rationals’ or ‘vulgar fractions’, such as 1 or 7 . Such a fraction may be regarded as a relation between two positive integers, and the theorems which we prove embody properties of the positive integers.
Development management issues
Authors: Anderson Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scorecard development process has now been covered, and the next steps are strategy setting, implementation, and use—all covered in the next module. For the moment though, some development management issues need to be highlighted, which are covered under the headings of: (i) scheduling, prioritisation, when there are multiple developments; and (ii) streamlining, means of speeding up the development and implementation process.
22.1 Scheduling
Many credit providers, especially banks, have a number of different portfolios where credit scoring is applied—cheque accounts, personal loans, credit cards, home loan and motor vehicle finance, small-business lending, and so on. They may also be using different types of scorecards for each—application, behavioural, attrition, etc. When scheduling scorecard developments, consideration should be given to:
Know your customer (KYC)
Authors: Anderson Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1957, Eliot Ness published his memoirs, which were presented both as a TV series (1959 to 1963, starring Robert Stack; and 1993/1994, starring Tom Amandes), and a movie (1987, starring Kevin Costner). This was The Untouchables, set during the 1930s prohibition, which told the story of a small band of Chicago policemen, whose primary nemesis was Al Capone— one of the most infamous gangsters of that era. Capone was finally indicted on tax evasion charges in 1931, and sentenced to 11 years in prison. The case was a precedent, because a hardened mobster, who was involved in practically every type of racketeering and organised crime possible during that era, was jailed for a crime that many consider acceptable.
Mycenaean Greek
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of our historical survey, c.1500 BC, we find two civilizations occupying a dominant position in the Aegean area. These have become known in modern times as the ‘Minoan’ civilization in Crete and the ‘Mycenaean’ in southern and central Greece. The non-Greek Minoan was the older of the two: the Mycenaeans were heavily influenced by Minoan culture, and Mycenaean civilization at its height was essentially a fusion of the Minoan and the native (‘Helladic’) culture of the Greek mainland. Between the sixteenth and the twelfth centuries BC, Mycenaean power and influence expanded at the expense of the Minoans, and the Mycenaeans seem to have taken control of Crete itself in the fifteenth century. Mycenaean power was at its height between 1400 and 1200, with the establishment of great palatial centres at Pylos, Mycenae, and Tiryns in the Peloponnese, and Thebes and Orchomenos in Boeotia. Mycenaean settlement is attested in the Cycladic Islands, the Dodecanese, and on the west coast of Asia Minor. There is also evidence for Mycenaean trading activity around the Mediterranean, with Cyprus and the Levant in particular, and with Sicily and southern Italy in the West.
Syllabification
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linear B signs denote a vowel (V) or consonant + vowel (CV). In a very few cases a sign denotes two consonants followed by a vowel (CCV), but in general consonant clusters have to be written either by inserting extra vowels, or by omitting consonants: Most syllables of the pattern CCV have to be written either
Vocabulary
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vocabulary of Mycenaean Greek is more or less the same mixture of Indo-European, substrate, and borrowed items that we find in later Greek. Myc. words with well-established IE origins include: Other words apparently lack IE cognates: Certain words ending in -(i)nthosand -(s)soshave traditionally been associated with the substrate language(s) of Greece, i.e. the language (which may or may not have been Indo-European) spoken by the inhabitants of Greece before the arrival of the ‘Greeks’ (§1.3 above). In addition, some words are clearly loans from Semitic or other neighbouring languages: As one would expect, some changes in meaning are detectable between the Mycenaean period and Homeric Greek:
The Alphabetic Period
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The passing of Mycenaean civilization was followed by a dramatic decline in population, disintegration of trading links, and in general a much poorer material culture. This transformation has been connected with movements of population in Greece in the centuries following the Mycenaean collapse. There were also far-reaching migrations from Greece to the coast of Asia Minor and the offshore islands during this period, no doubt triggered to some extent by unsettled conditions in Greece. The Greek settlers who occupied Lesbos and the most northerly part of Asia Minor called the region they inhabited ‘Aeolis’: these Aeolians seem to have migrated from Thessaly. To the south of Aeolis lay Ionia, which was settled for the most part by migrants from Attica; most of the central Aegean islands between Attica and Ionia were also settled by Ionic-speakers. The Asiatic coast south of Ionia, and the southern Aegean islands (Crete, Carpathos, Rhodes, and Cos) were occupied by Dorians from southern Greece.
Dialects: Traditional Classification
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern dialectology has added a fourth group to this trio, namely Arcado Cypriot. These regions were politically and culturally marginal in the classical period, which may explain the Greeks’ failure to integrate them properly into their ethnic and linguistic classification. Historical grammar: an overview of distinctive developments in Greek The schema provides a useful reference point for describing the dialects, so long as two related features of the classification are taken into account: (a)It is more or less inherited from the Greeks, and is therefore based on non-linguistic (cultural, political) as well as linguistic factors. (b) The grouping of the dialects is to a large extent historical, meaning that it indicates as much about the evolution of the dialects between the mid-second millennium ï&#x9d;¢ï&#x9d;£ and the end of the Dark Ages as it does about synchronic relations in the archaic and classical periods (cf. §8 above).
Morphology (general characteristics)
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Thematic and athematic inflection of vowel-stem verbs Vowel-stem (contract) verbs in Greek come from disparate sources but form a synchronically coherent pattern in the present, which is thematic in most dialects. Lesb., Thess. and ArcCyp. show a long- vowel athematic pattern: the history of these competing types is disputed.
Attic-Ionic
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attic-Ionic shares a range of ‘East Greek’ features with Mycenaean and Arcado-Cypriot (§8, §25): there are also, however, a number of isoglosses with West Greek, which may indicate a period of contact in the post-Mycenaean era. These include a common innovation in middle endings (-ταfor -τ, etc.), thematic conjugation of vowel-stem verbs (§24.1), and a general vocalization in aof the vocalic resonants (§10.3, 26.3). Differences between Attic and Ionic are relatively small: the separation must have started in the XI cent. with migrations across the Aegean from the Greek mainland (§15).
Literary Languages
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greek literary language forces us to recognize that no society uses the same linguistic variety in oral literary texts, in written texts (whether literary or not), and in verbal interaction (the normal spoken language). A strict division between poetry and prose, fundamental in modern western thinking, has had an unhelpful effect on the appreciation of the literary languages of Greece (including the koiné). The various genres of ancient literature were all written in koinai: there is no a priori reason to expect that a historian would attempt to write his prose in the local vernacular any more than a poet would do so. It has long been recognized that poets wrote in a dialect associated with the genre they were working in, rather than their native idiom: the prose genres too were marked by a characteristic (and ‘artificial’) mixture of dialect forms. This implies not that all writers working within a tradition use an identical idiom, but that they refer back to a common idiom which their own production both represents and expands.
Lyric Poetry: The Archaic Period (VII–early V cent. BC)
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘lyric’ often subsumes all the poetry which survives from the centuries following the introduction of alphabetic writing to Greece down to Pindar (518–c.445 BC). This classificatory imprecision is partly due to ancient vagueness on the subject, and partly to modern difficulties with the term lyric, and, in general, with ancient notions of genre. By way of shorthand lyric has been described as the poetry which follows epic, a characterization which needs to be treated with caution since it is not clear when Homeric and Hesiodic epic took their final form, and since other epic poetry (including the ‘Homeric Hymns’) continued to be composed. More- over, many of the disparate genres which constitute ‘lyric’ poetry must have been sung for centuries before the alphabetic period and the masters familiar to us from then. Lyric poetry was eclipsed (in Athens at any rate) by drama: if more non-dramatic poetry had survived from the V and IV cent. we would doubtless be able to see continuities between archaic and Hellenistic forms.
Greek Phonology in the Hellenistic Period.
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the orthography is frozen it is difficult to trace precisely the phonological changes that were undoubtedly taking place in the vernacular. We may speculate whether in the recitalof formal literary texts an archaizing pronunciation was adopted. There are spelling errors in less formal documents (inscriptions and papyri) which give an indication of the phonology of the writer. The development is usually (but not always) in the direction of modern Greek: since the modern Greek language is a continuation of just one of the many varieties which constituted the vernacular koiné, it is to be expected that some regional features are not continued in any known variety of the modern language.
Consonants
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1.Voiced stops β, δ, γbecome fricatives [v], [ә], [γ]. 2.Aspirated stops Ï†, θ, χ, become fricatives [f ], [θ], [x]. 3.The affricate/cluster ζbecomes a simple voiced fricative [z]. 4.The aspirate disappears (psilosis): §23.10. 5.Final -nbecomes weak or non-existent.
Minstrels and Masquers
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Yeats returned to London on November 12, he immediately joined Sturge Moore for a gathering at the Pye home in Limpsfield to discuss the progress of their theatrical project over the summer. He quickly discovered that the members of the Literary Theatre Club had been squabbling with Florence Farr: “Poor Mrs Emery is out of favour with all my psaltery people,” he wrote to Lady Gregory. “Dolmetsch I hear is angry because she takes money for lessens as he taught her for nothing. Sturge Moore is angry because she wont work & doesnt keep tune & he says his own pupils are better & Pixie Smith says I hear that Mrs Emery gossiped scandal about Mrs Dolmetsch” (CL3 253).
Thinking politically and thinking about politics: language, interpretation, and ideology
Authors: Freeden Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone engages in political thinking at some level or other, although at different degrees of sophistication, intensity, and frequency. We are all concerned with our relationship to authority, with notions of good social arrangements, with hierarchies of urgency and significance in deciding whether to support or resist public policies, with ways of asserting our will over others, and with the need to succeed or defend ourselves when faced with competing views in those areas. But political theory has not always been at its best in identifying, capturing, interpreting, and analysing those ubiquitous thought-practices. Now matters have begun to change. The field of studying political thought has opened up considerably over the past decade, and the methods employed in its pursuit have become more diversified.
The Moment of Close Up
Authors: Marcus Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was very glad to learn Close-Up is still remembered. There has never been anything like it since, alas, but I suppose that ‘s because it flowered at a time when the cinema itself was flowering, & that can happen (like first love) only once. ‘The admirable monthly publication Close Up ‘ In November 1930, The Architectural Review, a monthly journal which frequently included articles on film, ran a column entitled ‘Film Structure and the work of Close Up ‘. Its author wrote under the name of ‘Mercurius ‘, producing a regular film column at the end of the 1920s and into the early 1930s.
The reign of typicality in semantic memory
Authors: Patterson Karalyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper begins with a brief description of a theoretical framework for semantic memory, in which processing is inherently sensitive to the varying typicality of its representations. The approach is then elaborated with particular regard to evidence from semantic dementia, a disorder resulting in relatively selective deterioration of conceptual knowledge, in which cognitive performance reveals ubiquitous effects of typicality. This applies to frankly semantic tasks (like object naming), where typicality can be gauged by the extent to which an object or concept is characterized by shared features in its category.
Neural correlates of the contents of visual awareness in humans
Authors: Rees Geraint 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The immediacy and directness of our subjective visual experience belies the complexity of the neural mechanisms involved, which remain incompletely understood. This review focuses on how the subjective contents of human visual awareness are encoded in neural activity. Empirical evidence to date suggests that no single brain area is both necessary and sufficient for conscious- ness. Instead, necessary and sufficient conditions appear to involve both activation of a distributed representation of the visual scene in primary visual cortex and ventral visual areas, plus parietal and frontal activity.