bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Is (Un)Flavored? A Scoping Review of the Conceptualization of Flavored Cigarillos
Authors: Pike Moore Stephanie , Osborn Catherine , Suratkal Jessica , Vasu Pranav , Koopman Gonzalez Sarah , Trapl Erika 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Introduction
To identify how flavor is conceptualized with respect to cigarillos to illuminate areas of concordance and discordance and provide a pathway for the harmonization of tobacco flavor measurement.

Aims and Methods
Three methods were used to identify research measuring flavors respective to cigarillo products including: (1) querying research databases using key words “cigarillo,” “tobacco” and “flavor”/’flavour,’ (2) sub-sampling of the eligible literature with backward and forward reference searching, and (3) a bibliographic search of key experts. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts. Inclusion criteria required manuscripts to be available in English, published prior to 3/1/2022, be original and peer-reviewed, and include a measure of flavor pertaining to cigarillo products. A total of 163 manuscripts met these criteria and were subsequently evaluated.

Results
Cigarillo flavor determinations were made based on the presence of flavoring agents, sensory characteristics, marketing or package characteristics, pre-defined lists, the absence of any of these, and/or were undefined. Individual flavors and their related classifications were not altogether mutually exclusive due to differences in conceptualization which has evolved over time.

Conclusions
Flavor measures continue to evolve, likely in response to both tobacco control policies and industry shifts. There is a lack of standardization in flavor conceptualization that can be ameliorated through intentional integration of multiple forms of research such as identifying patterns of flavoring agents and/or marketing strategies that elicit a specific flavor profile. By doing this, we may more comprehensively evaluate the impact of flavors, their constituents, and related marketing strategies on broader population health.

Implications
There are discrepancies in the conceptualization of flavor in tobacco and nicotine products. The lack of standardized, definitive language limits our ability to comprehensively evaluate the population-level health impact of flavors in addition to our ability to effectively inform, implement, and enforce policies restricting flavors in tobacco and nicotine products.
Italian Venice, 1866–1920
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the latter half of the nineteenth century, Venice had to adjust to its new role as a provincial capital, as it confronted the issues of industrialization, urban development, unemployment, social unrest, and aesthetics. The shift of port facilities to the new Maritime Station on the Giudecca Canal better integrated shipping and railways and promoted heavy industry. All of this sparked new debates about modernization versus preservation. Tourism continued its growth although its epicenter shifted to the Lido beach resorts. Dire working and housing conditions for the working classes led to labor organizing and worker unrest with much of the reaction against modernization spearheaded by the Catholic Church. In the end, the momentous decision was made to develop heavy industry at Porto Marghera on the mainland and to focus the historical island city on tourism and culture.
Israelite Jerusalem (930 bce)
Authors: Magness Jodi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
After David’s conquest, Jerusalem became known as the “City of David.” David made the city the political capital of his kingdom (which some scholars argue was a small chiefdom), consisting of a coalition of the twelve Israelite tribes—the so-called United Kingdom. David also made Jerusalem the religious capital by transferring the Ark of the Covenant to the Temple Mount, a rocky outcrop that rises to the north of the southeastern hill. It was atop this natural high point that David’s son Solomon built the first temple to house the God of Israel and a new royal palace for himself.
Hasmonean Jerusalem (64 bce)
Authors: Magness Jodi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the mid-second century bce, the Jews gained independence from Greek rule and established a kingdom ruled by the Hasmonean family. Jerusalem became the capital of this kingdom, and, by 64 bce the city had reached its pre-586 bce size and population. Under the Hasmoneans, the city was increasingly integrated into the Hellenistic world but also became visibly more “Jewish.” Although the Roman annexation of the Hasmonean kingdom one year later—in 63 bce—marked a sharp historical break by ending Jewish independence, from an archaeological perspective, Jerusalem’s development by the Hasmoneans laid the groundwork for its continued growth under Herod the Great and his successors.
Milton in the Age of Twitter
Authors: Herman Peter C. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Carey’s The Essential ‘Paradise Lost’ straddles the line between adaptation and translation. To make Paradise Lost accessible to a new generation of readers who find it far too long, Carey edits the poem to about one-third the original length and inserts summaries. His project is thus analogous to adapting Shakespeare for children, which assumes that, while younger readers are incapable of understanding the complexities of Shakespeare’s language, plots, and themes, if we give them a taste, they will want to read the original later in life. But editing decisions are neither random nor neutral. As this chapter demonstrates, one of the essences of Paradise Lost is its presentation of interpretative uncertainties, but the result for much of what Carey considers ‘essential’ is to preserve the paradigm of Milton as a poet of certainty.
Paradise Lost for Hispanoamerica’s Youth
Authors: Murgia Mario 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Especially since the 1950s, Paradise Lost was distributed in Hispanoamerica mostly in illustrated prose versions deriving from Ibero-Spanish translations and containing either well-known pictorial works from Western Europe or illustrations by local artists. This popularizing, globalizing tendency gave way to a further localized manner of introducing Milton’s epic in Hispanoamerican contexts. As of the 1970s, simplified illustrated versions of Paradise Lost appeared in editorial series for children and young adults. Using Garneau’s notion of tradaptation, this chapter explores how Ecuador’s Rafael Díaz and Spain’s Manuel Vallvé in Mexico reconfigure Milton’s aim to ‘justify the ways of God to men’ for youth audiences and Hispanophone audiences. Díaz and Vallvé translate the discursive ethos of Paradise Lost into tonal and visual caricatures of actions and personages. The comic-like sketches by Nelson Jácome and Tarquino Mejía in Díaz’s book become veritable diegetic components of the text, while the (unattributed) drawings in Vallvé’s volume function as interpretive illustrations.
From Milton’s Paradise Lost to Blake’s Milton
Authors: Adnot Camille 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces Milton’s ambivalent light and dark images in Paradise Lost in William Blake’s illuminated book Milton: A Poem in Two Books and John Martin’s mezzotint illustrations to Paradise Lost. It starts with Blake’s visual transposition of Milton’s ‘dark materials’, focusing on clouded light as a symbol of blindness and sublime vision, before addressing the paradox of dark light. It then examines different nightscapes, which are generative of textual and visual ambiguities. Blake’s variations on light are then compared to Martin’s chiaroscuro effects. The artists’ respective engraving techniques are shown to offer different treatments of light and shadow. Through the medium change from the verbal to the visual, their engravings offer a milieu in which potent Miltonic images are able to resonate and are substantialized. The chapter concludes by recalling how prominent Paradise Lost was for Romantic artists, who found powerful inspiration in Milton’s poem.
An Olympic City at War
Authors: Pauschinger Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 highlights the complex Brazilian public security architecture and Brazil’s police history. It likewise investigates the historical roots of Rio’s urban conflict and presents the attempted changes in Rio’s public security politics in the run-up to the mega-events that greatly echo the vocabulary found in other cities around the globe, mantled around pacification, urban smartness, and resilience. The chapter shows consequently how the global mega-event philosophy was adapted to the city’s urban security management that is historically grounded in a vicious circle of attack and response in which Special Forces, equipped with armoured vehicles, assault rifles, and helicopters, invade communities, causing immediate reactions by drug traffickers, equally well equipped with heavy weaponry, claiming numerous victims among the local residents, the drug traffickers, and the police officers. Everyday life for the non-white and poor populations in these territories is commonly interrupted by the most violent forms of police controls, killings, and stigmatization.
The Permeable Fortress
Authors: Pauschinger Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 investigates how mega-event security has been concretely implemented in Rio de Janeiro. The chapter demonstrates how the fortress ambitions were established spatially and illustrate the strategy of occupying Rio with police and military forces, creating a fortress within a fortress. The chapter dives into the immediacy of the security perimeters around the Maracanã stadium and the Olympic Park, narrating through ethnographic accounts how security measures were implemented but provoked institutional conflicts, shortcomings, and new security risks. The most emblematic account in the chapter happened in the inner security perimeter around the Maracanã stadium while accompanying police officers during their long-hours shift to secure the enrolment of the World Cup. Another scene features an explorative walk in the Rio 2016 Olympic Park in which the security measures tremendously failed. Essentially, the chapter reveals how porous and permeable the fortress was throughout both events, producing novel conflicts and insecurities.
From Delegation to Prescription
Authors: Sharpe Jeremy K 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The proper allocation of interpretive authority between states and arbitral tribunals is central to current debates about investment treaty arbitration. States traditionally have given arbitrators broad latitude to interpret and apply international investment agreements. But as states gain greater experience with international investment arbitration, they are reclaiming interpretive authority from arbitrators as part of states’ broader reform efforts. To that end, states have devised at least four treaty-drafting techniques: interpretive guidelines, which tell tribunals how to interpret important treaty provisions, such as indirect expropriation, national treatment, and fair and equitable treatment; interpretive clarifications, which provide “greater certainty” on the meaning of investment protections in new treaties and interpretive gloss on existing treaties; interpretive indicators, which may tilt the interpretive balance toward the drafting states’ policy preferences, such as environmental protection; and interpretive markers, which record in the travaux préparatoires states’ preferred treaty interpretations. These drafting techniques can be enormously important. They may curtail arbitrators’ interpretive discretion, influence the interpretation of prior investment treaties, and even alter the outcome of arbitral cases. These techniques starkly illustrate the move from a traditional “delegation” model of IIAs to a more “prescriptive” model. Given their increasing use, these techniques are likely to affect the development of international investment law and arbitration for years to come.
The High-Water Mark of International Judicialization?
Authors: Alter Karen J 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The proliferation of international courts and tribunals was a post-Cold War phenomenon. Its timing coincided with rise of the neoliberal Washington Consensus, and with the idea that promoting human rights and democracy decreases violence and interstate war. Should we expect declining popular support for neoliberalism, globalization, and democracy, and the rise of nationalists leaders and powerful countries antagonistic to human rights and the rule of law to signal the end of the international adjudication era? This contribution will consider the forces that propelled the proliferation of international courts and international litigation, and the factors that contribute to judicializing politics, to explore what the current moment suggests for the future of international adjudication.
Babies in Groups
Authors: Bradley Ben S. , Selby Jane , Stapleton Matthew 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Babies in Groups examines the consequences for science, for childcare policy, and for adult psychotherapy, of findings that young babies capably enjoy participating in groups. The authors’ research on preverbal infants’ capacities for group-communication in all-baby trios and quartets opens up new ways of imagining human development as fundamentally group-based. Babies in Groups highlights the changes a group-based vision of infancy brings to early child education and care by documenting the transformative consequences of introducing group-based practices into a high-quality childcare service in rural Australia. The book also challenges the belief that one-to-one infant–adult ‘attachments’ ground human development. This belief unnecessarily narrows understanding of human potential, and slants scientific research. This examination culminates by showing how ignoring group contexts in many clinical traditions can distort descriptions of what happens in therapy, producing such unintended consequences as ‘mother-blaming’ for the problems an infant may experience as she or he grows up.
Babies in Threes
Authors: Bradley Ben S. , Selby Jane , Stapleton Matthew 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Babies in Threes details findings produced by new methods for recording and describing interactions in all-infant trios. These demonstrate that six- to eight-month-olds have capacities for group membership. The chapter uses a detailed analysis of one trio to show that babies can create their own new meanings in the course of infant-only group interactions. Babies in Threes shows how infants interact with more than one other person at once, combining a multiplicity of resources for multi-directional communication, including: both peripheral and focal vision; sound-making; sharing rhythms; complex combinations of facial expression; touch; gestures; orienting; and imitation. The chapter analyses one twelve-minute group interaction in detail, paying particular attention to a ‘rude sign’ flicked by one girl at another. This focal event prompts an examination of the potentials and limits of the interpretive processes whereby observers come to assign meanings to or understand the behaviours of infants and adults. All such understandings have specific cultural roots.
Making Visible Ordinary Groupness
Authors: Bradley Ben S. , Selby Jane , Stapleton Matthew 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Making Visible Ordinary Groupness documents what happens when a high quality childcare service adopts a group-based approach to early education. The chapter emphasizes how familiar it seems—if given the opportunity—that infants enjoy themselves together, play together, have emotional responses to each other and show awareness of the social complexity of which they are part. The chapter focuses first on how mealtimes are transformed by educators swapping stressful adult-infant spoon-feeding routines to a relaxed and naturally enjoyed time when infant highchairs are placed in circles of four or five, allowing for social time, for learning from and teaching each other, for curiosity about each other and for exploiting and subverting the routines established at the centre. The chapter describes vignettes illustrating group complexity, how infants can creatively work together, as well as illustrating group-facilitative roles for educators and alternative ways of managing infant distress. Conclusions focus on implications for policy.
Prisms and Multiplicities
Authors: Bradley Ben S. , Selby Jane , Stapleton Matthew 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Prisms and Multiplicities shows how ignoring group contexts in many traditions of psychotherapy can distort descriptions of what happens in therapy, with serious unintended consequences. For example, identifying mothers alone as the effective ‘environment’ for their babies, makes mothers the fulcrum of mental health and well-being, thus ignoring how such culturally bound childcare arrangements lead to ‘mother-blaming’ for the problems an infant may experience when growing up. The chapter shows how this narrowed vision ignores the workings of effective group-based therapies, sidelines the family dynamics which enfold infants, and denies infants’ subjective complexity. Such blindnesses suggest that the ‘attachment paradigm’ constitutes a self-validating community whose group dynamics render it oblivious to its own inadequacies. The strong resonance of attachment narratives in some professional circles invites analysis in terms of rhetoric, not science—as the chapter illustrates. We conclude by advocating approaches to assessment and therapy which honour the complexity of babies’ worlds.
Economic and Monetary Union and the Single Market: A Coming-of-Age Story?
Authors: Hinarejos Alicia 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The link between the EU’s single market and Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is a long-standing one: they were conceived of as complementary elements within the European economic constitution and supposed to enhance each other as two sides of the same coin—namely, the project of creating an economic union among the Member States. The relationship between the single market and EMU, however, has also changed over time, especially since the euro area crisis. The crisis highlighted the need for changes to make EMU more resilient; tools to effect change in this area—in the form of EU powers and their corresponding Treaty legal bases—were limited, and the single market ones were co-opted. As we shall see, this use is justified due to the complementary nature of the single market and certain aspects of EMU, but it has its drawbacks and, most importantly, limitations. The use of single market legal bases will continue in the future—perhaps changing, to some degree, the nature of the single market itself—and it is an essential condition of solving the problems of EMU, but not a sufficient one. This chapter will provide an overview of the tightening of the relationship between the single market and EMU in the aftermath of the euro area crisis, also showing its limitations. It will then discuss the need for EMU to grow in additional, different ways that do not rely on the legal bases of the single market, in order to ‘come of age’.
Sheep May Safely Graze
Authors: Gormley Laurence W 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This contribution traces Steve Weatherill’s intellectual journey with the internal market, and in particular the free movement of goods, as portrayed through many of his publications over the years. It uses the images of a shepherd, safely grazing sheep, and rulers governing well, portrayed in the Bach/Franck Cantata Schafe können sicher weiden (Sheep May Safely Graze). It follows Weatherill’s concerns, critical observations, and level of contentment in the light of judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union and various actions of the European Union legislative actors. It concludes that Weatherill is and has been a Good Shepherd, and that the internal market is in safe hands with him in that role.
The Relationship Between Free Movement of Persons and Fundamental Rights
Authors: Spaventa Eleanor 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the intersection between barriers to movement and fundamental rights which leads to the application, or not, of the Charter of Fundamental Rights (Charter) to acts of the Member States. Here, there are different strands of case law pulling in different directions, and this contribution identifies different approaches in the Court’s jurisprudence: in some categories of cases, fundamental rights are more readily applied (eg in cases relating to changes of names, extradition cases, Ruiz Zambrano cases, and deprivation of citizenship cases) whereas in other cases, including those concerning barriers to movement and access to welfare, fundamental rights are only relevant in some instances; this sometimes also depends on the way in which the preliminary question has been formulated. Furthermore, there seems to be a link between the fundamental right deemed to be relevant and the rationale of free movement in that particular case: not just any Charter right may be relied upon in any given case, but only those Charter rights which have the effect of reinforcing or facilitating the right to move.
No One is Bigger than the Game
Authors: Odudu Okeoghene 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The fact that salaries in some sectors of the economy are very much higher than in other sectors of the economy, but that the work carried out in the lower paid sectors might be thought of as more ‘valuable’, has prompted enquiry. What role does competition law play in creating salary disparities, legitimizing such disparities, or eliminating salary disparities? Using the example of athletes’ salaries this contribution explores the role that competition law has played, and continues to play, in the functioning of the market for athletic services. Competition law creates an environment in which athletes are able to bargain for an increased share of the revenue generated by sport. A question then is whether the ability of athletes to extract an increased share of the revenue generated by the game is somehow harmful. It has been argued that such salaries have an adverse impact on ‘competitive balance’ or otherwise destabilize a sport. The salary distribution hitherto examined is internal to the game and what has not yet been fully explored is whether a salary disparity between sectors is problematic. The contribution suggests that an issue to analyse is whether the disparity of wealth affects accessibility to the sector. It would need to be demonstrated that athletes’ salaries harm accessibility and that lower salaries would increase accessibility, rather than being consumed by others in the game.
Thinking with Spirits
Authors: Allen-Paisant Jason 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis introduction consists of a series of epigrammatic notes which outline the interlocking concerns of the book: poetry and spirit, poetry and modernity, spatializing poetry, spirit and epistemology, History and ancestrality, poetry and the life and afterlife of slavery. Spirit, here, is more than Hegel’s Geist, a sense of thought ‘unfolding itself out of itself, by itself’, since, as Aimé Césaire’s work shows, spirit transcends the concept of the individual. The author opens a sustained consideration of these connections through an engagement with Césaire’s work, and through an exploration of poetry as collaboration and exchange across time and across bodies. The introduction places a diverse range of thinkers into conversation with the work of Césaire: from Martin Buber and Nicolas Berdyaev to Santiago Castro Gómez, Rinaldo Walcott and Jack Halberstam.