bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional recovery following neurorrhaphy of the rat sciatic nerve by epineurial repair compared with tubulization
Authors: Meyer R. Scott , Abrams Reid A. , Botte Michael J. , Davey Joseph P. , Bodine‐Fowler Sue C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRecovery of motor function is often poor following transection injuries to peripheral nerves. The purpose of this study was to measure and compare functional recovery of the sciatic nerve in the rat following transection and neurorrhaphy with the use of a nerve guide tube and with traditional end‐to‐end epineurial repair. Muscle recovery was also evaluated following a crush injury, a model of an axonotmetic lesion. Recovery was assessed at 8, 16, and 32 weeks after injury by measuring the isometric contractile properties of the soleus muscle and at 8 and 16 weeks by measuring the conduction properties of the sciatic nerve. The mean conduction velocity of the sciatic nerve in the crush group and both transection groups was significantly slower than that of controls at both 8 and 16 weeks. Following a transection injury, the soleus became, significantly faster muscle as measured by time to peak twitch tension. By 32 weeks, the maximum isometric tension of the soleus muscle recovered to 90% that of the control group following a crush injury and to less than 70% following a trensection injury and repair. Recovery was better in the epineurial repair group than in the tube repair group at 8 weeks, but no difference was found between the groups at 16 or 32 weeks. These, results demonstrate that nerve guide tubes are a potential alternative to epineurial repair. The poor motor recovery following repair of transection injuries may be related to poor specificity of reinnervation.
Method of histomorphometric assessment of glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage
Authors: Shimizu Choji , Coutts Richard D. , Healey Robert M. , Kubo Toshikazu , Hirasawa Yasusuke , Amiel David 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA method of image analysis has been developed for use in the semiquantitative histomorphometric assessment of glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage stained with safranin O. The reliability of the methodology is reported along with its application to the assessment of articular cartilage in a model of osteoarthritis, i.e., transection of the anterior cruciate ligament in rabbits. With this system, specimens of normal and osteoarthritic articular cartilage were assessed histomorphometrically for the following parameters: total cartilage area, percentage of safranin O stained area, mean gray scale (average stain intensity), and gray scale index (the relative total amount of glycosaminoglycans). Reproducibility was established for 12 specimens of normal cartilage and found to have a SD of less than 8% of the mean for each parameter that was measured. Image analysis of osteoarthritic cartilage revealed each of the parameters, except for average stain intensity, to be significantly lower than that in control cartilage.
Changes in the expression of type‐X collagen in the fibrocartilage of rat Achilles tendon attachment during development
Authors: Fujioka Hiroyuki , Wang Gwo‐Jaw , Mizuno Kosaku , Balian Gary , Hurwitz Shepard R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis study histologically and immunohistochemically demonstrated developmental changes in cell morphology and expression of type‐X collagen in the attachment of the Achilles tendon to the calcaneus in the rat. Although the site of attachment in the mature rat showed a well organized, direct insertion that was composed of tendon, fibrocartilage, calcified fibrocartilage, and bone, this four‐zone structure was not observed in the immature 1‐week‐old rat. Formation of fibrocartilage was observed at 2 weeks, together with the hypertrophy of chondrocytes and the appearance of the secondary center of ossification. Type‐X collagen was not detected either in chondrocytes in the attachment area at 1 week or in hypertrophic chondrocytes at the attachment at 2 weeks. In the 3‐week‐old rat, the secondary center of ossification extended to the area of attachment and type‐X, collagen was detected both in cartilage spicules within the secondary center of ossification and in cells found at the attachment adjacent to the secondary center of ossification. A four‐zone structure had been established by 6 weeks and remained through 20 weeks. After 6 weeks, type‐X collagen was identified both in the attachment of the tendon and beneath the calcaneal fibrocartilage. Type‐X collagen is produced by cells in transitional zones between calcified and noncalcified tissue, such as the interface between articular cartilage and subchondral bone. In these areas, the expression of this protein persists through maturity and is not transient.
Sequential dynamics of monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 expression in herniated nucleus pulposus resorption
Authors: Haro Hirotaka , Komori Hiromichi , Okawa Atsushi , Murakami Shunichi , Muneta Takeshi , Shinomiya Kenichi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that the granulation tissues of herniated nucleus pulposus are composed of a marked infiltration of macrophages that strongly express monocyte chemotactic protein‐1. Monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 is a chemotactic cytokine that contributes to the activation and recruitment of macrophages. Relatively little is known about its role in the resorption process of herniated nucleus pulposus. To clarify the sequential dynamics of expression of monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 in the granulation tissues of herniated nucleus pulposus, we introduced a rat autologous transplantation model of nuclear materials onto its lumbar dura mater and performed immunohistological analysis and competitive polymerase chain reaction assay using the grafted samples. Immunohistological analysis demonstrated that the majority of infiltrating mononuclear cells expressed monocyte chemotactic protein‐1. Monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 mRNA was expressed in the first 3 weeks after the procedure and was significantly and maximally upregulated at 1 week. To determine whether human recombinant monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 facilitates the resorption process of herniated nucleus pulposus, we introduced another model of autologous transplantation, wherein the nuclear materials were grafted to the abdominal subcutaneous tissues and recombinant monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 was subsequently applied to these materials. When monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 was injected into the murine nucleus pulposus tissues, they reduced in size more rapidly than in the control group. These findings suggest that monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 plays an important role in the recruitment of macrophages in the early phase of the resorption process of herniated nucleus pulposus and that its application may physiologically facilitate the resorption process of the nucleus pulposus.
Orthotopic ossification of the spinal ligaments of zucker fatty rats: A possible animal model for ossification of the human posterior longitudinal ligament
Authors: Okano Toshihiro , Ishidou Yasuhiro , Kato Mitsuyasu , Imamura Takeshi , Yonemori Koji , Origuchi Nobuo , Matsunaga Shunji , Yoshida Hiroki , ten Dijke Peter , Sakou Takashi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOssification of the posterior longitudinal ligament is a human genetic disease in which pathological ectopic ossification of the spinal ligaments develops. This leads to myelopathy or radiculopathy due to compression of the spinal cord. In this study, we investigated the histological features of orthotopic ossification of the spinal ligaments of senile Zucker fatty rats. A remarkably high incidence of orthotopic ossification was observed mainly in the thoracic spinal ligaments as compared with controls. The histopathological findings were similar to those for ossification of the human posterior longitudinal ligament. Bone morphogenetic proteins and activins, which exert their effects by way of specific type‐I and type‐II serine/threonine kinase receptors, play important roles in the formation of bone and cartilage. In the spinal ligaments of Zucker fatty rats, bone morphogenetic protein receptors and activin receptors were immunohistochemically detected around the ossified foci in a manner similar to that previously shown for the ossified tissue from patients who had ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Thus, bone morphogenetic proteins and activin receptors might play important roles in orthotopic ossification of the spinal ligaments of Zucker fatty rats as well as in ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of humans. In addition, bone morphogenetic protein‐receptor‐IA was expressed in the nonossified ligament, suggesting that the spinal ligaments of the rats may have a predisposition to orthotopic ossification. In the controls, no expression of bone morphogenetic protein receptors or of activin receptors was observed. In conclusion, there is a great degree of similarity between orthotopic ossification of the spinal ligaments of Zucker fatty rats and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of humans. Thus, the rats provide a useful animal model for the study of ossification of the human posterior longitudinal ligament.
Evaluation of bovine‐derived bone protein with a natural coral carrier as a bone‐graft substitute in a canine segmental defect model
Authors: Sciadini Marcus F. , Dawson John M. , Johnson Kenneth D. , Sciadini M. F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe efficacy of a bone‐graft substitute (bovine‐derived bone protein in a carrier of natural coral) in the healing of a segmental defect of a weight‐bearing long bone was evaluated. Twenty dogs, divided into two groups, underwent bilateral radial osteotomies with creation of a 2.5 cm defect. On one side of each dog, the defect was filled with autogenous cancellous bone graft. Contralateral defects received, in a blinded randomized fashion, cylindrical implants consisting of natural coral (calcium carbonate) or calcium carbonate enhanced with a standard dose of bovine‐derived bone protein (3.0 mg/implant; 0.68 mg bone protein/cm3). The limbs were stabilized with external fixators, and all animals underwent monthly radiographs. They were killed at 12 (group 1) or 24 (group 2) weeks, and regenerated bone was Studied by biomechanical testing and histology. Radiographic union developed in all 20 radii with autogenous cancellous bone grafts and in all 10 of the radii with the composite implants. None of the radii with implants of calcium carbonate alone showed radiographic evidence of union. This represented a statistically significant difference between implant types. In addition, calcium carbonate implants both with and without bone protein demonstrated radiographic evidence of near total resorption of the radiodense carrier by 12 weeks. This resorption facilitated radiographic evaluation of healing. Mean values for. biomechanical parameters of radii with the composite implants exceeded those for the contralateral controls at 12 and 24 weeks; the difference was statistically significant at 12 weeks. Histology revealed scant residual calcium carbonate carrier at either time in the defects with calcium carbonate implants; however, a moderate amount was present in defects with the composite implants. In these specimens, the residual carrier was completely surrounded by newly formed bone that may have insulated the calcium carbonate from further degradation. The present study used a carrier of granular calcium carbonate reconstituted with bovine type‐I collagen to deliver an osteoinductive protein to the defect site. This carrier is of nonhuman origin (eliminating the risk of disease transmission or antigenicity) and resorbs rapidly. In this model, bovine‐derived bone protein in a natural coral carrier performed consistently better than the gold standard autogenous cancellous bone graft in terms of the amount of bone formation and strength of the healed defect. This may have implications for removal of hardware or resumption of weight‐bearing in certain clinical situations. These data also indicate that coralline calcium carbonate alone. represents a poor option as a bone‐graft substitute in this critical‐sized segmental defect model.
Zoledronate (CGP 42'446), a bisphosphonate, protects against metaphyseal intracortical defects in experimental inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Pysklywec Michael W. , Moran Erica L. , Bogoch Earl R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis study investigated zoledronate (CGP 42′446), a bisphosphonate, as a potential prophylactic and therapeutic agent against intracortical defects in metaphyseal bone in an experimental model of inflammatory arthritis. Inflammatory arthritis was induced in the right tibiofemoral joint of rabbits by the repeated injection of carrageenan. Three groups of animals were treated with the bisphosphonate daily, beginning at different points after the induction of arthritis. Cross sections of the right distal femoral metaphysis were prepared, and intracortical defects were examined by computerized image analysis. The percentage of total bone area with defects (the ratio of void area to total bone area) was greatly increased in the arthritic group compared with that in the normal group (p <0.001). In all groups treated with the bisphosphonate, there was a significantly lower percentage of total bone area with defects compared with that in the arthritic group (p <0.001). Treatment was likewise effective in reducing the zonal (anterior and posterior) predilection for the formation of defects observed in arthritis. Although inflammatory arthritis has a substantial effect in producing intracortical defects in metaphyseal bone, a bisphosphonate, zoledronate, was considerably effective in preventing these changes from occurring.
Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis of metal‐backed hemispherical cups without attached markers
Authors: Valstar E. R. , Spoor C. W. , Nelissen R. G. H. H. , Rozing P. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA method for the detection of micromotion of a metal‐backed hemispherical acctabular cup is presented and tested. Unlike in conventional roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis, the cup does not have to be marked with tantalum markers: the micromotion is calculated from the contours of the hemispherical part and the base circle of the cup. In this way two rotations (tilt and anteversion) and the translations along the three cardinal axes are obtained. In a phantom study, the maximum error in the position of the cup's centre was 0.04 mm. The mean error in the orientation of the cup was 0.41 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.28‐0.54°. The in vivo accuracy was tested by repeated measurement of 21 radiographs from seven patients. The upper bound of the 95% tolerance interval for the translations along the transversal, longitudinal, and sagittal axes was 0.09. 0.07. and 0.34 mm. respectively: for the rotation, this upper bound was 0.39°. These results show that the new method, in which the position and orientation of a metal‐backed hemispherical cup is calculated from its projected contours, is a simple and accurate alternative to attaching markers to the cup.
Cellular immune responses to orthopaedic implant materials following cemented total joint replacement
Authors: Wooley Paul H. , Petersen Steve , Song Zheng , Nasser Sam 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn vitro cellular immune responses to metallic and polymeric implant materials in particulate form were measured preoperatively in 185 patients. The patients were candidates for either primary total joint replacement (n = 65) or revision arthroplasty (n = 120). Proliferative cellular responses to polymethylmethacrylate‐ particles in patients with osteoarthritis at revision surgery for aseptic loosening were significantly higher than the responses of patients with osteoarthritis at either primary surgery or surgical revision for mechanical failure of the prosthesis or, sepsis. The responses to particles of cobalt‐chromium alloy at revision surgery were also higher than the responses at primary surgery. The responses were reevaluated in 32 patients after a minimum of 10 months following surgery to correlate individual changes in the biological responses with clinical progress. Reevaluation at early follow‐up of patients who had undergone primary surgery revealed significantly elevated proliferative responses and in vitro cytokine production in response to poly‐methylmethacrylate and cobalt‐chromium alloy particles compared with their preoperative responses. In contrast, the response at follow‐up to polymethylmethacrylate was significantly reduced in patients who had undergone revision surgery, and this reduction corresponded with a marked improvement in pain, joint motion, and function following revision surgery. These data suggest that specific cellular responses to polymethylmethacrylate or cobalt‐chromium alloy particles, or both, may be associated with loose or painful prostheses.
Functional evaluation of hip abductor muscles with use of magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Kumagai Masaru , Shiba Naoto , Higuchi Fujio , Nishimura Hiroshi , Inoue Akio 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe hip abductor muscles are considered important for gait and biomechanics of the hip joint; however, their specific function has not been defined precisely. The intensity of magnetic resonance imaging signals in skeletal muscle has been reported to increase immediately after exercise. Making use of this phenomenon, we evaluated the hip abductor muscles. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed after isometric exercise of the hip abductor in three positions (20° of abduction, neutral, and 20° of adduction). The abduction force of the hip was measured with a dynamometer, and electromyographic measurements were made simultaneously for the same hip positions. Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging was performed after one‐legged stance. As the hip was more adducted, the signal intensity increased on the scans. The values for muscle force, as evaluated with the dynamometer and integratedoelectromyography, also supported the results. The increase in signal intensity of the gluteus minimus at 20° of abduction and after one‐legged stance was significantly greater than that of the gluteus medius (p <0.0001 and p <0.0001, respectively). The results of this study indicate that the gluteus minimus muscle, along with the gluteus medius, plays an important role in hip abduction, gait, and stabilization of the pelvis.
Effects of in situ freezing and stress‐shielding on the ultrastructure of rabbit patellar tendons
Authors: Tsuchida Takamasa , Yasuda Kazunori , Kaneda Kiyoshi , Hayashi Kozaburo , Yamamoto Noritaka , Miyakawa Kiyoshi , Tanaka Kunio 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe effects of in situ freezing and the combination of in situ freezing and stress‐shielding on the microstructure and ultrastructure of the patellar tendon were studied with use of 20 mature rabbits. The patellar tendon was frozen in situ with liquid nitrogen to kill fibroblasts and then was completely released from stress by chronically pulling a stainless‐steel wire installed between the patella and the tibial tubercle, Microstructurally, the freezing treatment induced separation of collagen fiber bundles and fibroblast necrosis at 3 weeks, although the separation disappeared at 6 weeks. Ultrastructurally, small collagen fibrils with a diameter of less than 90 nm were predominant; at 6 weeks, the area occupied by collagen fibrils had decreased. In the frozen‐shielded tendon, numerous large spaces were observed in the matrix at 3 weeks. This treatment increased the number of fibrils with a diameter greater than 360 nm and decreased the number of collagen fibrils per unit of area and the area occupied by collagen fibrils at 3 weeks. This study demonstrated that in situ freezing and the combination of in situ freezing and stress‐shielding leads to a smaller volume of collagen fibrils per unit of cross section of the patellar tendon by mechanisms that remain to be defined.
In vivo gene transfer and overexpression of focal adhesion kinase (pp125 FAK) mediated by recombinant adenovirus‐induced tendon adhesion formation and epitenon cell change
Authors: Lou Jueren , Kubota Hideaki , Hotokezaka Shunsuke , Ludwig Fredrick J. , Manske Paul R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAdhesion formation is a frequent complication of tendon injury repair; however, little is known bout its mechanism. The intracellular focal adhesion kinase (FAK)‐related signaling pathway may be one of the mechanisms involved in the induction of tendon adhesions. The replication deficient adenovirus containing the FAK gene (pp125 FAK) was constructed and named Adv‐Fak. By in vitro transductions with the recombinant virus, overexpression of the FAK protein was documented in transduced cultured primary tendon cells. By in vivo direct injection of Adv‐FAK into the space between the tendon and tendon sheath of White Leghorn chickens, FAK gene transfer with overexpression of the FAK protein was detected by immunohistological staining. The morphology of these stained cells changed from the normal flat shape to cuboid. The group with overexpressed adenovirus‐mediated FAK had significant adhesion formation, as seen by increased work of flexion (118.197 ± 29.616), compared with the group with overexpressed adenovirus‐mediated β‐galactosidase (67.507 ± 36.066) (p <0.0393) and the group with adenovirus‐mediated FAK antisense gene transfer (60.357 ± 48.562) (p <0.0211). Histological examination of the samples from tendons with Adv‐FAK showed fibers between the tendon and tendon sheath; there were no fibers in the cavities of samples of injured tendons infected with Adv‐βgal. Moreover, at the application site of the former tendons, a thick fiber layer without epitenon cells was built up on the outer surface, whereas a thin fiber layer with clear epitenon cells was observed in the tendons to which Adv‐βgal was applied. Our results show that overexpression of FAK can induce tendon adhesion formation in vitrvo. This indicates that FAK and the FAK‐related signaling pathway may be involved in the process of tendon adhesion formation. Understanding the details of this process may help to prevent tendon adhesion and improve healing.
In vivo measurements show tensile axial strain in the proximal lateral aspect of the human femur
Authors: Aamodt A. , Lund‐Larsen J. , Eine J. , Andersen E. , Benum P. , Husby O. Schnell 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTwo conflicting theories exist concerning the stress pattern for the proximal lateral aspect of the human femur. According to the classic theory of Pauwels, a bending moment on the femur leads to compression medially and to tension laterally. The alternative theory is that muscle forces contribute to a moment‐free loading of the femur, with both the medial and lateral cortices subjected to compression. To examine these theories, we measured the strain at the external surface of the proximal lateral aspect of the femur of two female patients undergoing surgery for “snapping hip syndrome.” During the surgical procedure, a strain‐gauge rosette was bonded to the lateral aspect of the femur and the cortical strains were monitored while the patient performed a series of activities. In both patients, principle tensile strain increased significantly during one‐legged stance, walking, and stair climbing as compared with that during two‐legged stance. During each loading situation, the principal tensile strain was aligned within 22° to the longitudinal femoral axis. Dynamic strain measurements consistently revealed tensile axial strain at the lateral aspect of the femur during each activity. The present studv supports the classic bending theory of Pauwels and demonstrates that the proximal lateral aspect of the femur is subjected to tension during the stance phase of gait.