bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of inorganic ions using microfluidic devices
Authors: Evenhuis Christopher J. , Guijt Rosanne M. , Macka Miroslav , Haddad Paul R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe separation and detection of inorganic ions on microfluidic devices has received little attention since the ‘lab‐on‐a‐chip’ concept has revolutionised the field of electrokinetically driven analysis. This review presents a summary and discussion of the published literature on inorganic analysis using microfluidic devices and includes sections on electromigration separation methods, namely isotachophoresis (ITP), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and hyphenated ITP‐CE, together with a brief account of flow injection analysis. The review concludes with the authors' perspective on future directions for inorganic analysis on microfluidic devices.
A model of inflation targeting in an open economy
Authors: Levin Jay H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis paper develops a model of inflation targeting in a small open economy under floating exchange rates. The central bank follows a simple Taylor rule to achieve a target inflation rate, and the inflation process itself is determined by an expectations augmented Phillips curve mechanism. The behaviour of the exchange rate is governed by uncovered interest parity as a benchmark case, and both exchange rate expectations and inflationary expectations are assumed to be held with perfect foresight. Finally, the level of output in the economy varies gradually in response to excess demand in the goods sector. The paper analyses the effects of two shocks, a reduction in the central bank's target inflation rate and a sudden increase in aggregate demand. The effects of these shocks in a large country engaged in inflation targeting on the outside world follow from these results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monetary policy and exchange rate pass‐through
Authors: Gagnon Joseph E. , Ihrig Jane 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe pass‐through of exchange rate changes into domestic inflation appears to have declined in many countries since the 1980s. We develop a theoretical model that attributes the change in the rate of pass‐through to increased emphasis on inflation stabilization by many central banks. This hypothesis is tested on 20 industrial countries between 1971 and 2003. We find widespread evidence of a robust and statistically significant link between estimated rates of pass‐through and inflation variability. We also find evidence that observed monetary policy behaviour may be a factor in the declining rate of pass‐through. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on the yield of cloudy carrot juice and the effects of hydrocolloids on color and cloud stability during ambient storage
Authors: Qin Lan , Xu Shi‐ying , Zhang Wen‐bin 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe color and cloud stability of cloudy carrot juice were improved by enzymatic hydrolysis and addition of hydrocolloids. Cellulytic and pectolytic enzyme preparations were used to prepare the carrot juice and their optimum dosages were 1.6 g kg−1 and 0.035 g kg−1, respectively. Hydrocolloids including guar gum, pectin and flaxseed gum were each added to the carrot juice and assessed for their ability to stabilize the carrot juice. Pectin had no effect on the cloud stability of carrot juice. Guar gum and flaxseed gum stabilized the cloudy carrot juice owing to macromolecular steric repulsion, while flaxseed gum reduced the creaming of cloudy carrot juice owing to its emulsification. The color and β‐carotene content of carrot juice did not change during 6 months of storage. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
The phenolic constituents and free radical scavenging activities of Gynura formosana Kiamnra
Authors: Hou Wen‐Chi , Lin Rong‐Dih , Lee Tzong‐Huei , Huang Ying‐Hua , Hsu Feng‐Lin , Lee Mei‐Hsien 
Published: November 2004

AbstractGynura formosana Kiamnra (Compositae) is a herbal folk medicine that is a popular vegetable in Taiwan. The free‐radical scavenging activities of a 70% aqueous acetone extract from the herb G formosana were evaluated. Bioassay‐guided fractionation, column separation on Diaion, Toyopearl HW 40(C), Sephadex LH‐20 and MCI CHP20P, and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to isolate for the first time in G formosana four potent phenolics [caffeic acid (I), quercetin 3‐O‐rutinoside (II), kaempferol 3‐O‐rutinoside (III) and kaempferol 3‐O‐robinobioside (IV)]. The IC50 values of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity for compounds I–IV were 6.7, 7.7, 300.3 and 286.7 µM, respectively, and, for superoxide radical scavenging activity, they were 187.3, 25.8, 55.3 and 87.4 µM, respectively. Using a spin trapping electron spin resonance (ESR) method, caffeic acid (I) and quercetin 3‐O‐rutinoside (II) exhibited good hydroxyl radical activity. The free radical scavenging activity of G formosana phenolics may improve the economic value of this herb and assist in its development as a health food. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Transgenic corn seed for recombinant protein production: relevant aspects on the aqueous extraction of native components
Authors: Azzoni Adriano R , Farinas Cristiane S , Miranda Everson A 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPlants have been considered one of the most promising expression systems for the production of recombinant proteins. Foreseen advantages include high productivity, optimal processing and assembly, and the non‐propagation of human or animal pathogens. A few successful examples of commercial proteins produced in plants have been reported in the literature, such us β‐glucoronidase, avidin, hirudin and aprotinin. Although the purification scheme is always a challenge in downstream processing development, the extraction is the key point since the presence of impurities deleterious to the process efficiency and operational‐life span of the equipment is determined at this step. This work reports the effect of pH and ionic strength in the extraction of proteins, phenolic compounds, lipids and sugars from transgenic corn seed. The phenolic compounds, lipids and reducing sugars were not significantly affected by changes in the ionic strength of the extracting solutions in the range 0–300 mM NaCl and pH 6.3. However, at high pH value (pH 10.0), high solubilization of proteins, phenolic compounds and lipids was achieved, whereas reducing sugars were not significantly extracted at this condition. This work is complementary to the studies reported in a previous paper and contributes to the development of recombinant protein recovery and purification process from transgenic corn. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Rate constants for the reaction of halogenated alkylperoxyl radicals with iodide: influence of substituents, solvent polarity, and proton concentration
Authors: Štefanić Igor , Asmus Klaus‐Dieter , Bonifačić Marija 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis pulse radiolysis study deals with the reaction of iodide ions (I−) with a series of halogenated alkylperoxyl radicals in 2‐propanol–water mixtures. Under investigation were CF3OO·, CFCl2OO·, CCl3OO·, C2Cl5OO·, CHCl2OO· and CF3CHClOO·. Each of these peroxyl radicals oxidizes a total of three I− ions in a fast and practically simultaneous reaction sequence. An overall two‐electron step, involving a transient peroxyl–iodide adduct radical, results in the oxidation of two iodide ions to yield molecular I2 and the corresponding halogenated alkoxyl radical, R(Hal)O·. The latter is responsible for the oxidation of the third iodide to yield iodine atoms, I·. The overall second‐order rate constants for these multi‐electron oxidation processes were determined by following the formation kinetics of I3−/I2·−, the spectrophotometrically accessible forms of I2 and I· in I−‐containing solutions. These rate constants were determined as a function of pH, polarity of solvent mixtures and electronegativity of the substituents at the α‐C atom of the peroxyl radicals. They strongly depend on all these variables, with the actual numbers covering a range from 3 × 105 to 7.0 × 108 M−1 s−1. A good linear relationship is obtained between logk and the dielectric constant of the solvent mixture. Within a particular solvent mixture the rate constants depend strongly on the substituents at the alkylperoxyl moiety and correlate with Taft's inductive substituent constants σ*. The overall multi‐electron oxidation mechanism of alkylperoxyl radicals is discussed in the light of the new results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistik für Muggles — Das Ende der Ökonometrie als Geheimwissenschaft
Authors: Würthwein Ralph 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDie mathematische Statistik hat — nicht zuletzt durch Basel II, Solvency II und den Einsatz moderner Risikomanagement‐Verfahren — ihren Platz in der Ecke der Geheimwissenschaften verlassen und drängt sich immer mehr in den Blickpunkt der Praxis. Allerdings müssen Praktiker häufig statistische Methoden anwenden, ohne mit den entsprechenden mathematischen Hintergründen vertraut zu sein. Statistik ist jedoch nicht nur eine Sammlung von Formeln und methodischen Instrumentarien, sondern vor allem eine Denkweise, die auch ohne mathematische Vorkenntnisse nachvollzogen werden kann.
Natur— und Man‐made‐Risiken
Authors: Romeike Frank , Erben Roland Franz 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNach tagelangem Orkan mit mittleren Wellenhöhen von bis zu 16 Metern setzte der 261 Meter lange Frachter „München”︁ am 12. und 13. Dezember 1978 mehrere sehr schwache SOS‐Signale ab. Trotz einer der größten und langwierigsten internationalen Rettungsaktionen im Atlantik blieb das Schiff samt 28 Mann Besatzung bis heute verschollen. Gefunden wurden nur drei Bargen (Container), ein leeres, zerstörtes Rettungsboot, eine Seenot‐Funkboje sowie leere, teils ölverschmierte Rettungsinseln. Man vermutet, dass die damals als praktisch unsinkbar geltende und nach modernsten Gesichtspunkten ausgestattete „München”︁ das Opfer einer oder mehrerer Extremereignisse wurde (vermutet werden Monster‐Wellen, auch „Kaventsmänner”︁ oder „freak waves”︁ genannt, die eine Höhe von bis zu 35 Metern erreichen).
Measuring HIV vaccine efficacy
Authors: Hernández‐Suárez C. M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSome HIV vaccine candidates have a potential VEI (vaccine efficacy for infectiousness) type effect, which tends to reduce the viral load and may reduce infectiousness of an infected individual. In general, the efficacy of this kind of vaccine is very difficult to assess because it requires information on contacts of vaccinated infected individuals, and current methods to estimate VEI rely on the time elapsed between infections of an individual and his/her sexual partner, thus making infection of the sexual partner necessary to assess the efficacy. To avoid behavioural changes that may affect the estimates, HIV status is kept undisclosed to participants, which raises many ethical questions. Here we present a method that allows immediate notification of HIV status to both members of a couple, reducing the risk of infection when one of them has not been infected and allowing immediate medical treatment. The method allows for estimation of any VEI and VES (vaccine efficacy for susceptibility) effect, and it is robust to the most common situations found in these type of studies, namely: differential risk of participants, staggered enrollment and small sample sizes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methods for assessing the accuracy of PCR‐based tests: comparisons and extensions
Authors: Ou San‐San , Hughes James P. , Richardson Barbra A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) based tests are commonly used to diagnose various infections. Such tests are assumed to be highly ‘sensitive’, however, no consensus definition of, or method for estimating, sensitivity exists. Hughes and Totten proposed that sensitivity be defined as a function of the number of target DNA molecules in the sample with specificity corresponding to the case where there is no target DNA molecule present. They then developed parametric, non‐parametric and semi‐parametric models for estimating the sensitivity curve. In this paper a general model is proposed that yields their three models as special cases when specificity is assumed to be 1.0. We also extend the general model to incorporate covariates. Simulation studies are used to compare the different estimators. The methods are applied to data from a PCR‐based test for Mycoplasma genitalium. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoengineered Polymer Capsules: Tools for Detection, Controlled Delivery, and Site‐Specific Manipulation
Authors: Sukhorukov Gleb B. , Rogach Andrey L. , Zebli Bernd , Liedl Tim , Skirtach Andre G. , Köhler Karen , Antipov Alexei A. , Gaponik Nikolai , Susha Andrei S. , Winterhalter Mathias , Parak Wolfgang J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe present the concept of multifunctional nanoengineered polymer capsules and outline their applications as new drug delivery systems or supramolecular toolboxes containing, for example, enzymes capable of converting nontoxic prodrugs into toxic drugs at a designated location. Such functionalized nanocontainers offer a wide range of applications including enzymatic catalysis, controlled release, and directed drug delivery in medicine due to their multifunctionality. The unique advantage of capsules in comparison to other systems is that they can be functionalized or loaded simultaneously with the above‐mentioned components, thus permitting multifunctional processes in single cells.
State‐dependent sampling bias in insects: implications for monitoring western tarnished plant bugs
Authors: Zink Andrew G. , Rosenheim Jay A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractInsect populations vary in the proportion of individuals exhibiting a particular ‘state’ (e.g., developmental stage, sex, egg load, or nutritional status). Because an insect's developmental state often determines both its size and its behavior, it is likely that this will also affect the probability of being sampled. We propose that a comprehensive approach to pest management must consider the interaction between the structure of a pest population (i.e., the relative number of individuals in each state) and any state‐dependent sampling bias. To illustrate the usefulness of this method we sampled populations of the western tarnished pest bug, Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae), in cotton fields. Our sampling technique utilized large cages to measure the absolute densities of each L. hesperus stage and adult sex within a population. This technique allowed us to document a wide range of absolute stage structures and sex ratios across 10 L. hesperus populations in California. Using a combination of cage samples and sweep net samples, we quantified the state‐dependent sampling bias by calculating the efficiency of sweep sampling as a function of L. hesperus developmental stage and sex. We found that the efficiency of sweep nets increased steadily with each successive developmental stage (i.e., nymphal instar) of L. hesperus. We also found that sweep nets are slightly more efficient in capturing male vs. female L. hesperus adults. Since other studies have documented that the stage and sex of L. hesperus can affect feeding impact on cotton flower buds, our results suggest that accurate predictions of Lygus damage will need to incorporate stage and sex‐dependent sampling biases.
POWER, NATURE AND NEOLIBERALISM: THE POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF WATER IN CHILE
Authors: Budds Jessica 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTSince the 1990s, international water sector reforms have centred heavily on economic and market approaches. In regard to water resources management, tradable water rights have been promoted, often supported by the neoliberal model adopted in Chile. Chile's 1981 Water Code was reformed to comprise a system of water rights that could be freely traded with few restrictions. International financial institutions have embraced the Chilean model, claiming that it results in more efficient water use, and potentially fosters social and environmental benefits. However, in Chile the Water Code is deeply contested. It has been criticised for being too permissive and has produced a number of problems in practice. Moreover, attempts to modify it have become the focus of a lengthy polemic debate. This paper employs a political ecology perspective to explore the socio‐environmental outcomes of water management in Chile, drawing on a case study of agriculture in the semi‐arid Norte Chico. The case illustrates how large‐scale farmers exert greater control over water, while peasant farmers have increasingly less access. I argue that these outcomes are facilitated by the mode of water management implemented within the framework of the Water Code. Through this preliminary examination of social equity and the environmental aspects of water resources management in Chile, I suggest that the omission of these issues from the international debates on water rights markets is a cause for concern.
Papular elastolytic giant cell granuloma responding to hydroxychloroquine and quinacrine
Authors: Kelly Benjamin J. , Mrstik Megan E. , Ramos‐Caro Francisco A. , Iczkowski Kenneth A. 
Published: November 2004

A 75‐year‐old Caucasian male with papular elastolytic giant cell granuloma was treated successfully with hydroxychloroquine (200 mg p.o. bid for 4 months). Treatment had to be stopped because of early retinopathy. Treatment was started with quinacrine, which accomplished partial control.
Is human herpesvirus 7 the causative agent of pityriasis rosea? – a critical review
Authors: Chuh Antonio A. T. , Chan Henry H. L. , Zawar Vijay 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground  Conflicting results on the association of pityriasis rosea and human herpesvirus 7 infection have been reported by different investigators.Aim  To review the level of evidence for such an association.Methods  Medline was searched with unlimited data entry and 13 reports were retrieved. The data were analyzed for a causative association according to the criteria of Fredericks and Relman, which take into consideration latent infection and the reactivation of viruses characteristic of herpesviruses, and the roles of sequence‐based detection methods.Results  None of the criteria was substantiated by the findings of most investigators. Factors leading to the discrepancies of the results were discussed.Conclusion  There is currently insufficient evidence that human herpesvirus 7 infection is causally related to pityriasis rosea.
Insight into the pathogenesis of sporadic basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Holíková Zuzana , Massi Daniela , Lotti Torello , Hercogová Jana 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSporadic basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the commonest human cancer. Although its aggressiveness is low and metastatic potential negligible, the increasing incidence of the tumor in the Western world drives attention to its pathogenesis. In 1996, germ‐line mutations in the patched receptor of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway were described in the Gorlin–Goltz syndrome in association with multiple nevoid BCCs. Later, the aberrant activation of the Shh was identified in sporadic BCCs as well. Recently, the role of other tumor suppressors and DNA repair gene mutations and their relationship with UV radiation‐induced DNA damage have been elucidated.
Use of complementary and alternative medicines by children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Day AS , Whitten KE , Bohane TD 
Published: November 2004

Objectives:  The use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) appears increasingly prevalent in children and adolescents. Individuals with chronic illness may have patterns of greater usage. This questionnaire‐based study aimed to ascertain the frequency of use by a group of children with proven inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to consider the reasons for their use.Methods:  A questionnaire was sent by mail to the parents of patients currently attending a paediatric IBD clinic. Parents were asked to describe their child's usage of alternative and probiotic therapies and to comment on a number of aspects of such therapies.Results:  Forty‐six (77%) of 60 mailed questionnaires were returned. The mean age of the children was 10.9 (± 4.1) years and they were taking an average of 1.7 (± 0.8) prescribed medications. Thirty‐three (72%) of the children were said by their parents to be having CAM, with four having five or more such therapies (average 2.4 ± 1.3 agents per child). The most commonly used agents were probiotics (78%) and fish oils (56%). A minority (12%) of respondents reported that their child's CAM was very effective, although many (50%) noted partial benefits. The 13 children who had never used any CAM therapies (‘non‐users’) did not differ from the ‘users’ in terms of gender, age, disease or duration of disease. As expected, non‐users expressed greater concerns about use of CAM and described different attitudes towards such therapies.Conclusion:  Complementary and alternative medicines, especially probiotic therapies, frequently are administered to children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease. Often this appears to be due to parental frustration with managing their child's chronic illness. Practitioners caring for children and adolescents with IBD need to be aware that their patients may be using alternative therapies and adopt an open attitude in this situation.
Places and Spaces: The Role of Metonymy in Organizational Talk
Authors: Musson Gill , Tietze Susanne 
Published: November 2004

abstract Cultural meaning making as reflected in, and constituted by, organizational talk is an established field of interest in organizational analysis. However, the discursive mechanics of the process whereby this cultural meaning making is created and maintained are less well understood. The premise of this paper is that taken‐for‐granted assumptions embedded in organizational talk can be explored through the analysis of metonymy, a trope which is under explored in the linguistic turn in organization studies. This lack of focus on metonymy is, we believe, related to the fundamentally conventional nature of the trope in use, which expresses ideas, values and relationships that seem natural, normal and routine but which are culturally bound. We address this gap and carry out a metonymical analysis of organizational talk about physical places and spaces in one organization, to show how cultural norms and meanings are reflected, maintained, and potentially changed in these figures of speech. We show how metonymic chains based on buildings can reflect, reify and simplify the symbolic order of the organization, how these symbolic meanings can be transferred on to other inanimate objects and the constructions thereby spread, how people can be constructed within this symbolic chain, and how these metonymic chains can be invoked to potentially confirm, challenge or change the organizational order.