bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circe's Terrible Island of Change
Authors: Markson Elizabeth , Grevert Priscilla 
Published: May 2005

In old age, the relationship between physical incapacity and mental state is apparently circular; that is, degree of physiological degeneration both affects and reflects psychic state. This paper focuses on two questions: 1) To what extent do old people referred for psychiatric care differ from the general aged population in their own ratings of level of self-care? 2) To what extent do age, sex, and mental symptoms play a part in how old people referred for psychiatric care evaluate their physical activity level and health? Interviews with a sample of 140 old people referred for mental hospitalization suggest that they're neither homogeneous in their self-evaluations of health nor in ability to perform activities of daily living. There seem to be two elements that make up the pattern of self-evaluations by mentally ill old people. One of these is presence or absence of observable symptoms of mental illness. The second is the sex of the respondent. Men, regardless of mental state, feel themselves as independent more often than do women and are even more likely to stress independence when confronted by a female interviewer. The differences between men and women probably reflect sex role behavior persisting even after work and parental roles have been abandoned.
Alternatives to Drugs—A New Approach to Drug Education
Authors: Dohner V. Alton 
Published: May 2005

Drawing upon the principles of human behavior, this article suggests the positive use of alternatives to drug abuse as a basis for education and prevention of drug abuse. This will result in proper use of drugs for their intended purpose. The various tactics used for drug education are discussed. They include scare tactics, scientific approach, exploration of motives for drug abuse, and providing non-chemical alternatives for students. The author describes ten “realities” related to drug abuse which must be recognized. These become the basis for relevant and essential aspects of drug education which is focused on alternatives. The program description is soundly founded upon a mental health approach centered on such factors as 1) personal awareness, 2) interpersonal relations, 3) vocational skills, 4) a variety of personal experiences, and 5) social and political involvement. The author concludes that these “alternatives” require sincere, interested individuals who are willing to extend themselves in showing students “… something better.”
A Critique of Traditional Drug Education Programs
Authors: Mathews Walter M. 
Published: May 2005

The traditional approaches to drug education are characterized and classified into seven styles and grouped into two modes: Converting and Supporting. Directing, Preaching, Convincing and Scaring constitute the Converting Mode, while the Progressive, Counseling and Peer-Counseling styles make up the Supporting Mode. The author is critical of each style, to different degrees, but presents his model to allow administrators and drug educators to categorize their drug education programs into the modes and styles of the model, and to make a determination of where in the model they would like their efforts to be. The article reviews some studies which are critical to the factual approach to drug education and ends with a few suggestions.
Drug Education and the Law
Authors: Pertz Richard 
Published: May 2005

Drug education programs must account for the values of the students at whom such education is directed. Students' commitments to fairness, consistency, compassion, and reasonableness must be honored. The marijuana laws run counter to these commitments. Arguments about its harm are unsound, and rights to presumptive innocence, equal protection, and security from excessive punishment are compromised. Laws regarding heroin are still more destructive and unsupportable. Virtually all harms resulting from heroin use are a direct result of the existence and enforcement of the law. Society's laws run counter to students' values, making the role of the drug educator difficult if not impossible.
Effects of Pet and/or People Visits on Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Hendy Helen M. 
Published: May 2005

A previous study by the author supported the recently popular idea that live pet-visits increase desirable behaviors in nursing home residents such as smiling and alertness, but it also suggested that people-visits may be even more effective. The purpose of the present study was therefore to compare the effects of different visiting programs (people-alone, people-plus-pets, pets-alone and no visit) on the behaviors of nursing home residents (proximity, talking, smiling, ambulation, alertness). All three visiting programs of people-alone, people-plus-pets, and pets-alone increased the behaviors of smiling and alertness in comparison to control conditions in the nursing home lounge. Close proximity to the person-alone visitor was, however, associated with the greatest number of positive resident behaviors. Future research is suggested to examine the characteristics that make effective pet and person visitors for nursing home residents.
Are Aged Blacks Who Manifest Differences in Community Security Also Different in Coping Reactions?
Authors: Stretch John J. 
Published: May 2005

Seventy-two aged Blacks, equally divided between those residing in a high-rise public housing project and those living in the community awaiting admission were interviewed to test the theory that differences in community security would predict differences in coping reactions. Data on perceived community security and reported medical, social and mental coping reactions were collected, using a simply and directly worded, precoded, stimulus-response instrument developed by the author. Respondents were assigned to either a high or to a low community security group by two methods: first, they were assigned a place of residence; next, they were assigned according to their obtained community security score. Results in general supported the theory. Of the two empirical indicators of community security, however, larger differences in coping reaction scores were found in the high scoring and low scoring community security groups than in the high-rise and community groups.
Emergency Room Drug Abuse Treatment
Authors: Jacobs Phillip E. 
Published: May 2005

The Long Island Jewish Hillside Medical Center recently received a National Institute on Drug Abuse grant to better serve addicts/abusers in the emergency room. After six months addicts/abusers appear to be receiving better care. To understand the treatment of addicts/abusers in the emergency room it is necessary to understand that many emergency rooms are used as outpatient clinics and/or family doctors, and that overall many emergency rooms have seen their number of patient visits double in the past fifteen years. As a consequence of this rapid rise emergency room staff make judgements concerning patients' social worth and appropriateness for treatment and vary their delivery of service accordingly. Triage category and source of referral are two ways emergency room staff operationally define appropriateness. “Contract referrals” are more likely to be seen as appropriate in the emergency room, holding triage category and social worth constant. Contract referrals may even be seen as appropriate when clearly non-emergency triage categories are involved. Most addicts/abusers present at emergency rooms have non-emergent problems and are ranked low in terms of social worth. The improving care they received in this project may be related to the legitimacy bestowed upon them as a result of their contract status. As part of a governmentally funded project these patients may have in effect been defined as a new contract group. An important serendipitous outcome of governmentally funded emergency room drug abuse programs may be the change in perceived referral source for addicts/abusers presenting to the emergency room.
Education about Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs—A Challenge to Our Schools
Authors: Eiseman Seymour 
Published: May 2005

The author describes the most serious problem of drug abuse in the nation's schools. He attempts to describe the role of the school and its responsibility as a preventive agent or deterrent to youthful drug abuse. The epidemic proportions of drug abuse in our schools could be effectively diminished with the necessary ingredients for successful results. These ingredients should include such items as thought, inquiry, analysis, evaluation and decision-making. The writer further describes how health education classes with realistic and dynamic programs of instruction can also serve as effective deterrents to youthful drug abuse. He further describes a method in which the other disciplines that make up the instructional program of a school can reinforce the health and drug education program, thus building up a total educational thrust within the existing curriculum framework.
Hard Drug Usage: The Modern Insanity
Authors: Puretz Donald H. 
Published: May 2005

The recent entry of large numbers of non-slum dwellers, especially college youth, into the drug culture has engendered much interest in the subject. Estimates suggest that over one-fourth of college students may be smoking marijuana regularly, with substantial numbers “tripping” on LSD, getting high on amphetamines, and a not insignificant—and growing—number using heroin. Unfortunately, perhaps as an inevitable result of allowing law-enforcement personnel to pose as “experts” in the field, a substantial body of incomplete knowledge and utter mythologies has grown up surrounding drugs. Fortunately, acceptance of the expertise of these law enforcement personnel—often scientifically unqualified, usually possessing vested interests (even if only subconsciously)—is giving way to legitimate medical and scientific research. Hopefully these presumably objective researchers will enable society to undertake logical programs of treatment and prophylaxis based upon objective evidence.
A Study of the Self-Concept Evaluations of Alcoholics and Non-Alcoholics
Authors: Yakichuk Albert J. 
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in self-concept between alcoholic and non-alcoholic adults in each of the following areas: physical self, moral-ethical self, personal self, family self, social self, and self-criticism as measured by the Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS). The TSCS and the Self-Multi-Attitude Test were administered to forty-six alcoholics from the Rehabilitation Centre of the Alcoholism Commission and fifty-nine non-alcoholic employees from government corporations. The Self-Multi-Attitude Test was administered as an additional verification of the sample grouping. A t test was used to assess differences between means obtained by the alcoholics and non-alcoholics on each of the sub-tests of the TSCS. The findings of the study supported the hypotheses that there are significant differences between the means obtained by alcoholics and non-alcoholics on all the sub-tests of the TSCS, with the exception of the self-criticism sub-test.
Training of Paraprofessionals—Some Caveats
Authors: Dalali Isobel Day , Charuvastra V. , Schlesinger J. 
Published: May 2005

This paper discusses some of the dynamics inherent in the training process involving ex-addict paraprofessional counselors. Some issues discussed are the threat to self-esteem implied in the training process for ex-addict counselors. These include mistrust of their intuitive feelings, minimizing their street knowledge, and a possible resistance against imagined professional control. The issue of why train, from both the administrative as well as counselors' view, is extensively discussed and the point is made that training is at the heart of function. Techniques found effective in the training of ex-addict counselors are discussed at length, and a few cautions are examined for increased sensitivity and effectiveness.
“Hashish and Marijuana”—An Innovative, Interdisciplinary Drug Education Curricular Program for High Schools
Authors: Zoller Uri , Weiss Shoshana 
Published: May 2005

The interdisciplinary, chemically-oriented curricular unit “Hashish and Marijuana” is an attempt to cope effectively with the drug abuse problem among youngsters by means of an appropriate model to be implemented within the realm of natural sciences—social sciences interface at high schools. This preventive program in drug education which equally emphasizes the cognitive and the affective domains was developed at Haifa University in Israel and has already been field-tested on a pilot scale. Preliminary results indicate both significant (positive) change in the cognitive levels of knowledge about the “drug issue” as well as “positive” changes in the concerned attitudes of the target population. Significantly, the new curriculum was favorably accepted by both students and teachers. Based on these results, it is believed that our program is a viable educational vehicle in equipping secondary school students with the necessary intellectual “ammunition” and attitudinal “load” to cope successfully with the problem of drug abuse within their realism of constraints under a variety of life situations.
Psycho-Social Factors as Predictors of Success in a Work-Release Program
Authors: Brahen Leonard S. , Capone Thomas , Fitzpatrick Loretta 
Published: May 2005

This study was undertaken to investigate the predictive value of social and environmental historical factors as a determinant of the rehabilitative potential of an inmate as measured by his success in completing satisfactorily a Narcotic Antagonist Work-Release Program. The N.I.D.A. Psycho-Social Inventory1 taken from forty clients were objectively scored by category. The categories studied were general background (religion, education, etc.), family, work, criminal and drug history. Statistical correlation was sought by category with the subject's objective jail score reflecting success in the jail program. Means of jail scores of extreme groups (fifteen highest and fifteen lowest subjects) were compared with their category scores using the t-test. Only the work factor reached significance at a level of .05. Further analysis of the work factor showed that both of its components (length of employment and proximity to incarceration) were required to achieve significance.
Selective Exposure to Information about the Harmful Effects of Marijuana and Tranquilizers
Authors: Smart Reginald G. , Krakowski Mark 
Published: May 2005

Selective exposure to information about marijuana and tranquilizers by their respective users was tested. Variables included commitment to exposure, frequency of use, and degree of certainty about the effects of the drugs. Lists of magazine articles including titles on harmful and benign nature of marijuana and tranquilizers were distributed to 344 university students and 234 students and adults respectively. Subjects selected a ranking preference of given topics thinking they would be reading their prime chosen articles. A short questionnaire concerning the frequency of use, attitudes on harmfulness, dependency, and discouragement of the drug in question followed the rankings. Results of a two-factor analysis of variance (type of title and use or nonuse of marijuana or tranquilizers) for the rankings of the drug titles showed no evidence for selective exposure among marijuana or tranquilizer users.
The Calculation of Electric Field Gradients byab initioMethods, and Their Relationship to Experimental Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling Constants
Authors: Palmer Michael H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe electric field gradient, a 1‐electron operator, is discussed in relation to electronic structure calculations. For atoms which have spin$> 1/2$, this property leads to the spectroscopically important effect of nuclear quadrupole coupling. These second rank tensor elements are present in diverse spectral determinations, and yield important information concerning the electron distribution in the molecule under study. The nature of the phenomenon is discussed in relation to both atomic and molecular structure, and the results of many studies in vapour, liquid and solid state investigations are given.
Amines by Reduction
Authors: Cartolano Anthony R. , Vedage Gamini A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAmines are derivatives of ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogens is replaced with an alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclic group. When more than one hydrogen has been replaced, the substituents can either be the same or different. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of hydrogens that have been replaced. Many different types of nitrogen‐containing compounds can be reduced to amines. In practice, however, nitriles or nitro compounds are usually used because they are the most easily obtained starting materials. There are several commercial processes for reducing nitro or nitrile groups to amines. Most large volume aromatic and aliphatic amines are made by continuous high pressure catalytic hydrogenation. Nitro compounds can also be reduced in good yields with iron and hydrochloric acid in the Bèchamp process. Aromatic amines are usually made by hydrogenating the corresponding nitro compound, whereas the aliphatic amines generally start with the corresponding nitrile. In the Bèchamp process, nitro compounds are reduced to amines in the presence of iron and an acid. This is the oldest commercial process for preparing amines, and is still used in the dyestuff industry. The method of reducing aromatic nitro compounds with divalent sulfur is known as Zinin reduction. This reaction is carried out in a basic media using sulfides, polysulfides, or hydrosulfides as the reducing agent. Amines, nitro compounds, nitriles, and the various solvents and reagents used in the preparation of amines by reduction vary widely in the hazards they may pose. Some of these materials are acutely toxic by ingestion, inhalation, or absorption through the skin. Others are skin irritants or sensitizers. Still others, by chronic exposure, may cause damage to organs such as the liver or may be carcinogenic. No general rules can govern their safe use in all cases. Regulations governing the safe handling and shipping of amines are given in U.S. Department of Transportation publications. Specific information on safe handling and hazards can be found in the Material Safety Data Sheet for a given material.
Fluid Mechanics
Authors: Tavoularis Stavros 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFluid mechanics encompasses the description and prediction of the motion of fluids. The physical principles and associated mathematical equations that are the basis of theoretical study are presented and the types of approximations employed for the study of different flow phenomena are explained. Special flow configurations and phenomena discussed include internal flows, flows near solid walls, flows past immersed bodies, free shear flows, compressible flows, flow instability and secondary flows, flows through porous media, non‐Newtonian flows and two‐phase flows. Essentials of computational fluid dynamics and flow measurement instrumentation and techniques are also presented.
Hydroxycarboxylic Acids
Authors: Datta Rathin 
Published: May 2005

AbstractHydroxycarboxylic acids are an important group of chemicals, with several members that are commercially manufactured in large volumes and have a wide range of applications. Two α‐hydroxycarboxylic acids, lactic and glycolic, and a derivative of γ‐hydroxycarboxylic acid γ‐butyrolactone are discussed in detail because of their relative commercial importance, both current and future. General classes of reactions that these acids undergo are also discussed, with specific examples of those reactions that are or could become commercially important.Current manufacturing processes for lactic and glycolic acids and γ‐butyrolactone are briefly outlined, with estimates of the production volume and market size for various applications. For lactic acid production and manufacture of its derivatives for biodegradable polymers, new processes are emerging, and some of the recent patents and emerging technologies are highlighted. Some of the important uses of hydroxycarboxylic acids are related to environmentally friendly products and processes such as biodegradable plastics for consumer products and nontoxic and easily degradable solvents, cleaning agents, plasticizers, etc. The emergence of new technologies for efficient and economical manufacture of these chemicals, combined with these product opportunities, could make these hydroxycarboxylic acids very large‐volume chemicals of global commercial importance.
Hydrogen Chloride
Authors: Hisham Mohamed W. M. , Bommaraju Tilak V. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: May 2005

AbstractHydrogen chloride, a gas at ambient temperature and pressure, is very soluble in water. Hydrogen chloride can be produced by direct reaction of the elements, by reaction of metal chlorides and acids, and as a by‐product from many chemical manufacturing processes such as those for chlorinated hydrocarbons. Over 90% of the hydrogen chloride produced in the United States is as a by‐product from various chemical processes. HCl is produced as a by‐product in the manufacture of chlorofluorohydrocarbons, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, production of high surface area silica, and the manufacture of phosphoric acid and esters of phosphoric acid. Crude by‐product HCl is generally contaminated with impurities of the process. A wide variety of techniques are employed to treat the HCl streams to obtain either anhydrous HCl or hydrochloric acid. Technologies have been developed for burning or pyrolyzing waste organics and recovering the chlorine values as hydrogen chloride.Hydrogen chloride and its aqueous solution, muriatic acid, find application in many industries. In general, anhydrous HCl is consumed for its chlorine value, whereas aqueous hydrochloric acid is often utilized as a nonoxidizing acid, in metal‐cleaning operations, chemical manufacturing, petroleum well activation, and the production of food and synthetic rubber. Most of the HCl produced is consumed captively either in integrated operations, eg, chlorinated methane plants, or in separate HCl‐consuming operations at the same location.
Ocean Raw Materials
Authors: Cruickshank Michael J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractInorganic raw materials are defined as any mineral deposit found in the marine environment. The ocean is host to a variety and quantity of inorganic raw materials equaling or surpassing the resources of these materials available on land. The mineral resources include industrial minerals, mineral sands, phosphorites, metalliferous oxides, hydrothermal metalliferous sulfides, and dissolved minerals, as well as geothermal resources, gas hydrates precious corals, and some algae. The resources are classified as unconsolidated, consolidated, or fluid materials that are chemically enriched in certain elements and are found in or on the seabeds of the continental shelves and ocean basins. With few exceptions these materials are similar to traditional mineral deposits on land. A significant source of minerals for sustainable recovery in the future may be ocean waters, which include nearly all the known elements in some degree of solution. Commercialization of production of dissolved minerals from seawater is limited to freshwater, magnesium, magnesium compounds, salt, bromine, and heavy water, ie, deuterium oxide. There are four basic methods of mining solid minerals: scraping the surface, excavating a pit or trench, removal through a borehole in the form of a slurry or fluid, and tunneling into the deposit. An apparently significant advantage to recovery of mineral raw materials from the marine environment is the benign effects of these activities when compared to the recovery of the same materials from land.