bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytokine upregulation of surface antigens correlates to the priming of the neutrophil oxidative burst response
Authors: Wittmann S. , Rothe G. , Schmitz G. , Fröhlich D. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBackgroundNeutrophil activation is strongly related to organ dysfunction that occurs during systemic inflammatory responses. The aim of our study was to analyze the oxidative burst response in correlation to the up‐ and downregulation of N‐formyl‐L‐methionyl‐L‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (fMLP) receptors and the surface antigens CD11b, CD62L, and CD66b as potential surrogate markers of the degree of neutrophil priming for an increased oxidative burst response induced by proinflammatory cytokines.MethodsBlood was taken from healthy donors. Neutrophils were pretreated with cytokines (interleukin [IL]–1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor [GM‐CSF], and tumor necrosis factor α [TNFα]; 0.01–10 ng/ml) and stimulated with fMLP (100 nM) in vitro. Functional and phenotypical parameters were quantified flow cytometrically.ResultsThe oxidative burst response increased after priming with 0.1 ng/ml TNFα, 1 ng/ml GM‐CSF, or 10 ng/ml IL‐8. Upregulation of fMLP receptors, CD11b, and CD66b and downregulation of CD62L showed a close correlation to the oxidative burst response. Altered expression of these parameters partly reached significance at lower cytokine concentrations in comparison with the oxidative burst. IL‐1β and IL‐6 had no effect.ConclusionsOur results showed that the expression of phenotypical parameters closely correlates with functional parameters in human neutrophils. Thus an up‐ or downregulation of antigens such as CD11b or CD62L reflects cytokine‐induced functional changes. Cytometry Part A 57A:53–62, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discrimination of the Hoechst side population in mouse bone marrow with violet and near‐ultraviolet laser diodes
Authors: Telford William G. , Frolova Ella G. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBackgroundDiscrimination of stem cells with flow cytometric analysis of Hoechst 33342 efflux by the ABCG2 transporter (termed the Hoechst side population, or SP technique) is a valuable methodology for identifying bone marrow progenitors enriched with stem cells. Unfortunately, it requires a ultraviolet (UV) laser source, usually necessitating an expensive and maintenance‐intensive argon‐ or krypton‐ion gas laser on a large‐scale cell sorter. In this study, we evaluated the ability of recently available violet and near‐UV laser diodes to discriminate Hoechst SP on smaller cuvette‐based flow cytometers.MethodsViolet laser diodes (emitting at 408 and 401 nm) and a near‐UV laser diode (emitting at 370 nm) were mounted on a BD Biosciences LSR II and evaluated for their ability to discriminate Hoechst SP in murine bone marrow.ResultsThe violet laser diodes discriminated the Hoechst SP, but with poorer resolution than with the standard UV gas laser on a large‐scale cell sorter. The near‐UV laser diode, in contrast, gave excellent Hoechst SP resolution.ConclusionsThese evaluations indicated that near‐UV laser diodes give excellent Hoechst SP resolution on cuvette‐based instruments. As the next generation of cell sorters integrate cuvette‐based cell interrogation into conventional jet‐in‐air cell separation, these laser sources should become applicable for analysis and physical separation of Hoechst SP cells. Cytometry Part A 57A:45–52, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Double staining of Plasmodium falciparum nucleic acids with hydroethidine and thiazole orange for cell cycle stage analysis by flow cytometry
Authors: Jouin Helene , Daher Wassim , Khalife Jamal , Ricard Isabelle , Puijalon Odile Mercereau , Capron Monique , Dive Daniel 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBackgroundMicroarray analyses of stage‐specific gene expression of Plasmodium falciparum require purification of RNAs from highly synchronized cultures. To date, no reliable method to control the quality of synchronization of P. falciparum cultures is available.MethodsA double‐staining method using hydroethidine and thiazole orange for nucleic acid staining was carried out to compare by flow cytometric analysis the nucleic acid labeling of synchronized P. falciparum in cultures at different time points of the 48‐h intraerythrocytic cycle.ResultsWith this method, we determined the quality of culture synchronization in schizont and ring stages. Nucleic acid analysis, based on thiazole orange fluorescence, clearly showed that low levels of schizonts in ring cultures results in a high contamination of ring nucleic acids by schizonts. Conversely, nucleic acids from trophozoite or schizont cultures containing ring stages did not present a significant contamination by ring nucleic acids.ConclusionThe results demonstrated a very low nucleic acid content in the ring stage when compared with the high nucleic acid content of schizont‐stage parasites. The rapid and reliable flow cytometric strategy using hydroethidine‐ and thiazole orange‐stained parasite nucleic acids allows monitoring of the purity of the preparation, thus greatly improving the quality assessment of parasite cultures, a critical step to study gene expression patterns. Cytometry Part A 57A:34–38, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Traf6 is essential for murine tooth cusp morphogenesis
Authors: Ohazama Atsushi , Courtney Jo‐Maree , Tucker Abigail S. , Naito Asuka , Tanaka Sakae , Inoue Jun‐Ichiro , Sharpe Paul T. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractEctodermal appendages such as skin, hair, teeth, and sweat glands are affected in patients with hypohidrotic (anhydrotic) ectodermal dysplasia (HED). It has been established that mutations in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of molecules, i.e., ectodysplasin (EDA), EDA receptor (EDAR), and EDAR‐associated death domain (EDARADD; the intracellular adaptor for EDAR), are responsible for several forms of HED in humans and mice. We show here by in situ hybridisation that another TNF family (orphan) receptor, TROY (also known TAJ, TAJ‐α, TRADE, and TNFRSF19), is strongly coexpressed with Edar in the epithelial enamel knot signalling centres that are believe to regulate cuspal morphogenesis during murine tooth development. Traf6 is known to function as an intracellular adaptor protein for Troy and examination of Traf6 mutant mice revealed abnormalities in molar teeth that are similar but more severe than those produced by mutations in Eda signalling molecules. This finding suggests that, in additional to ectodysplasin, another TNF pathway involving Troy/Traf6 is involved in molar tooth cusp formation and identifies an essential role for a Traf in tooth development. Developmental Dynamics 229:131–135, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Significance of the cranial neural crest
Authors: Graham Anthony , Begbie Jo , McGonnell Imelda 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe cranial neural crest has long been viewed as being of particular significance. First, it has been held that the cranial neural crest has a morphogenetic role, acting to coordinate the development of the pharyngeal arches. By contrast, the trunk crest seems to play a more subservient role in terms of embryonic patterning. Second, the cranial crest not only generates neurons, glia, and melanocytes, but additionally forms skeletal derivatives (bones, cartilage, and teeth, as well as smooth muscle and connective tissue), and this potential was thought to be a unique feature of the cranial crest. Recently, however, several studies have suggested that the cranial neural crest may not be so influential in terms of patterning, nor so exceptional in the derivatives that it makes. It is now becoming clear that the morphogenesis of the pharyngeal arches is largely driven by the pharyngeal endoderm. Furthermore, it is now apparent that trunk neural crest cells have skeletal potential. However, it has now been demonstrated that a key role for the cranial neural crest streams is to organise the innervation of the hindbrain by the cranial sensory ganglia. Thus, in the past few years, our views of the significance of the cranial neural crest for head development have been altered. Developmental Dynamics 229:5–13, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Turning heads: Development of vertebrate branchiomotor neurons
Authors: Chandrasekhar Anand 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe cranial motor neurons innervate muscles that control eye, jaw, and facial movements of the vertebrate head and parasympathetic neurons that innervate certain glands and organs. These efferent neurons develop at characteristic locations in the brainstem, and their axons exit the neural tube in well‐defined trajectories to innervate target tissues. This review is focused on a subset of cranial motor neurons called the branchiomotor neurons, which innervate muscles derived from the branchial (pharyngeal) arches. First, the organization of the branchiomotor pathways in zebrafish, chick, and mouse embryos will be compared, and the underlying axon guidance mechanisms will be addressed. Next, the molecular mechanisms that generate branchiomotor neurons and specify their identities will be discussed. Finally, the caudally directed or tangential migration of facial branchiomotor neurons will be examined. Given the advances in the characterization and analysis of vertebrate genomes, we can expect rapid progress in elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of these vital neuronal networks. Developmental Dynamics 229:143–161, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Signal integration during development: Insights from the Drosophila eye
Authors: Voas Matthew G. , Rebay Ilaria 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe Drosophila eye is a highly ordered epithelial tissue composed of ∼750 subunits called ommatidia arranged in a reiterated hexagonal pattern. At higher resolution, observation of the constituent photoreceptors, cone cells, and pigment cells of the eye reveals a highly ordered mosaic of amazing regularity. This relatively simple organization belies the repeated requirement for spatially and temporally coordinated inputs from the Hedgehog (Hh), Wingless (Wg), Decapentaplegic (Dpp), JAK‐STAT, Notch, and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathways. This review will discuss how signaling inputs from the Notch and RTK pathways, superimposed on the developmental history of a cell, facilitate context‐specific and appropriate cell fate specification decisions in the developing fly eye. Lessons learned from investigating the combinatorial signal integration strategies underlying Drosophila eye development will likely reveal cell–cell communication paradigms relevant to many aspects of invertebrate and mammalian development. Developmental Dynamics 229:162–175, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative expression of Slug, RhoB, and HNK‐1 in the cranial neural crest of the early chicken embryo
Authors: Del Barrio Marta G. , Nieto M. Angela 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe neural crest constitutes a complex population of cells that originates at the edges of the neural plate of vertebrate embryos and gives rise to a high diversity of tissues and cell types. Molecular markers are very useful to identify cell populations, and in the case of the neural crest at early stages, many of them have been described. Here, we show a series of chicken embryos double labeled for several of the most commonly used crest markers that evidence the existence of different subpopulations. Slug is a very good marker for premigratory and early migratory cranial neural crest, RhoB labels delaminating cells and the very early migratory population, and the HNK‐1 epitope is acquired in the migratory crest cells at a distance from the neural tube, with a significant proportion of the Slug‐expressing migratory cells negative for HNK‐1. The existence of these crest subpopulations should be considered when analyzing both wild‐type embryos and the phenotype of experimentally manipulated chick embryos. Developmental Dynamics 229:136–139, 2004. © 2003 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Gene regulatory factors in pancreatic development
Authors: Jensen Jan 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe intensity of research on pancreatic development has increased markedly in the past 5 years, primarily for two reasons: we now know that the insulin‐producing β‐cells normally arise from an endodermally derived, pancreas‐specified precursor cell, and successful transplants of islet cells have been performed, relieving patients with type I diabetes of symptoms for extended periods after transplantation. Combining in vitro β‐cell formation from a pancreatic biopsy of a diabetic patient or from other stem‐cell sources followed by endocrine cell transplantation may be the most beneficial route for a future diabetes therapy. However, to achieve this, a thorough understanding of the genetic components regulating the development of β‐cells is required. The following review discusses our current understanding of the transcription factor networks necessary for pancreatic development and how several genetic interactions coming into play at the earliest stages of endodermal development gradually help to build the pancreatic organ. Developmental Dynamics 229:176–200, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MMP‐2 plays an essential role in producing epithelial‐mesenchymal transformations in the avian embryo
Authors: Duong Tuan D. , Erickson Carol A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractTo investigate the roles that matrix‐degrading proteases may have in development of the chicken embryo, we documented the expression pattern of matrix metalloprotease‐2 (MMP‐2, 72‐kDa type IV collagenase or gelatinase A) and perturbed its function in vitro and in vivo. MMP‐2 is expressed as neural crest cells detach from the neural epithelium during an epithelial‐mesenchymal transformation (EMT) but is rapidly extinguished as they disperse. It is also expressed in the sclerotome and in the dermis at the time that the EMT is initiated, and also as these cells migrate, and is down‐regulated once motility has ceased. These patterns suggest that MMP‐2 plays a role in cell motility during the EMT and during later morphogenesis. Inhibitors of MMPs, including BB‐94 and TIMP‐2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease‐2), prevent the EMT that generates neural crest cells, both in tissue culture and in vivo, but do not affect migration of the cells that have already detached from the neural tube. Similarly, knockdown of MMP‐2 expression in the dorsal neural tube using antisense morpholino oligos perturbs the EMT, but also does not affect migration of neural crest cells after they have detached from the neural tube. On the other hand, when somites in culture are treated with TIMP‐2, some mesenchymal cells are produced, suggesting that they undergo the EMT, but show greatly reduced migration through the collagen gel. MMP‐2 is also expressed in mesenchyme where tissue remodeling is in progress, such as in the developing feather germs, in the head mesenchyme, in the lateral plate mesoderm, and in the limb dermis, especially in the regions where tendons are developing. Comparisons of these expression patterns in multiple embryonic tissues suggest a probable role for MMP‐2 in the migration phase of the EMT, in addition to mesenchyme dispersion and tissue remodeling. Developmental Dynamics 229:42–53, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complementation of melanocyte development in SOX10 mutant neural crest using lineage‐directed gene transfer
Authors: Hou Ling , Loftus Stacie K. , Incao Arturo , Chen Amy , Pavan William J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAn in vitro gene complementation approach has been developed to dissect gene function and regulation in neural crest (NC) development and disease. The approach uses the avian RCAS virus to express genes in NC cells derived from transgenic mice expressing the RCAS receptor TVA, under the control of defined promoter elements. Constructs for creating TVA transgenic mice were developed using site‐specific recombination GATEWAY (GW), compatible vectors that can also be used to facilitate analysis of genomic fragments for transcriptional regulatory elements. By using these GW vectors to facilitate cloning, transgenic mouse lines were generated that express TVA in SOX10‐expressing NC stem cells under the control of the Pax3 promoter. The Pax3‐tv‐a transgene was bred onto a Sox10‐deficient background, and the feasibility of complementing genetic NC defects was demonstrated by infecting the Pax3‐tv‐a cells with an RCAS‐Sox10 expression virus, thereby rescuing melanocyte development of Sox10‐deficient NC cells. This system will be useful for assessing genetic hierarchies in NC development. Developmental Dynamics 229:54–62, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homocysteine inhibits cardiac neural crest cell formation and morphogenesis in vivo
Authors: Tierney Brent J. , Ho Trang , Reedy Mark V. , Brauer Philip R. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractElevated homocysteine increases the risk of neurocristopathies. Here, we determined whether elevating homocysteine altered the proliferation or number of chick neural crest cells that form between the midotic and third somite in vivo. Homocysteine increased the number of neural tube cells but decreased neural crest cell number. However, the sum total of cells was not different from controls. In controls, the 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine‐labeling index was higher in newly formed neural crest cells than in their progenitors, paralleling reports showing these progenitors must pass the restriction point before undergoing epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Homocysteine decreased the labeling index of newly formed neural crest cells, suggesting that it inhibited cell cycle progression of neural crest progenitors or the S‐phase entry of newly formed neural crest cells. Homocysteine also inhibited neural crest dispersal and decreased the distance they migrated from the neural tube. These results show neural crest morphogenesis is directly altered by elevated homocysteine in vivo. Developmental Dynamics 229:63–73, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural crest and the origin of ectomesenchyme: Neural fold heterogeneity suggests an alternative hypothesis
Authors: Weston James A. , Yoshida Hisahiro , Robinson Victoria , Nishikawa Satomi , T. Fraser Stuart , Nishikawa Shinichi 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe striking similarity between mesodermally derived fibroblasts and ectomesenchyme cells, which are thought to be derivatives of the neural crest, has long been a source of interest and controversy. In mice, the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the platelet‐derived growth factor receptor (PDGFRα) is expressed both by mesodermally derived mesenchymal cells and by ectomesenchyme. Whole‐mount immunostaining previously revealed that PDGFRα is present in the cephalic neural fold epithelium of early murine embryos (Takakura et al. [1997] J Histochem Cytochem 45:883–893). We now show that, within the neural fold, a sharp boundary exists between E‐cadherin–expressing non‐neural epithelium and the neural epithelium of the dorsal ridge. In addition, we found that cells coexpressing E‐cadherin and PDGFRα are present in the non‐neural epithelium of the neural folds. These observations raise the possibility that at least some PDGFRα+ ectomesenchyme originates from the lateral non‐neural domain of neural fold epithelium. This inference is consistent with previous reports (Nichols [ 1981] J Embryol Exp Morphol 64:105–120; Nichols [ 1986] Am J Anat 176:221–231) that mesenchymal cells emerge precociously from an epithelial neural fold domain resembling the primitive streak in the early embryonic epiblast. Therefore, we propose the name “metablast” for this non‐neural epithelial domain to indicate that it is the site of a delayed local delamination of mesenchyme similar to involution of mesoderm during gastrulation. We further propose the testable hypothesis that neural crest and ectomesenchyme are developmentally distinct progenitor populations and that at least some ectomesenchyme is metablast‐derived rather than neural crest‐derived tissue. Developmental Dynamics 229:118–130, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T‐box genes in early embryogenesis
Authors: Showell Chris , Binder Olav , Conlon Frank L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe T‐box gene family, encoding related DNA‐binding transcriptional regulators, plays an essential role in controlling many aspects of embryogenesis in a wide variety of organisms. The T‐box genes exhibit diverse patterns of spatial and temporal expression in the developing embryo, and both genetic and molecular embryological studies have demonstrated their importance in regulating cell fate decisions that establish the early body plan, and in later processes underlying organogenesis. Despite these studies, little is known of either the regulation of the T‐box genes or the identities of their transcriptional targets. The aim of this review is to examine the diverse yet conserved roles of several T‐box genes in regulating early patterning in chordates and to discuss possible mechanisms through which this functional diversity might arise. Developmental Dynamics 229:201–218, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative analysis of neural crest cell death, migration, and function during vertebrate embryogenesis
Authors: Kulesa Paul , Ellies Debra L. , Trainor Paul A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractCranial neural crest cells are a multipotent, migratory population that generates most of the cartilage, bone, connective tissue and peripheral nervous system in the vertebrate head. Proper neural crest cell patterning is essential for normal craniofacial morphogenesis and is highly conserved among vertebrates. Neural crest cell patterning is intimately connected to the early segmentation of the neural tube, such that neural crest cells migrate in discrete segregated streams. Recent advances in live embryo imaging have begun to reveal the complex behaviour of neural crest cells which involve intricate cell‐cell and cell‐environment interactions. Despite the overall similarity in neural crest cell migration between distinct vertebrates species there are important mechanistic differences. Apoptosis for example, is important for neural crest cell patterning in chick embryos but not in mouse, frog or fish embryos. In this paper we highlight the potential evolutionary significance of such interspecies differences in jaw development and evolution. Developmental Dynamics 229:14–29, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.