bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dimer structure of magainin 2 bound to phospholipid vesicles
Authors: Wakamatsu Kaori , Takeda Akemi , Tachi Tomoya , Matsuzaki Katsumi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMagainin 2 from African clawed frog Xenopus laevis is an antimicrobial peptide with broad spectra and action mechanisms considered to permeabilize bacterial membranes. CD, vibration, and solid‐state NMR spectroscopies indicate the peptide adopts an α‐helical conformation on binding to phospholipid bilayers, and its micelle‐bound conformation, being monomeric and α‐helical, is well detailed. We showed, however, that the peptide dimerizes on binding to phospholipid bilayers. This difference in the conformation and aggregation state between micelle‐ and bilayer‐bound states prompted us to analyze the conformation of an equipotent analog of magainin 2 (F5Y,F16W magainin 2) bound to phosphatidylcholine vesicles using transferred nuclear Overhauser enhancement (TRNOE) spectroscopy. While observed medium‐range TRNOE cross peaks were characteristic of α‐helix, many long‐range cross peaks were not compatible with the peptide's monomeric state. Simulated annealing calculations generated dimer structures indicating (1) two peptide molecules have a largely helical conformation in antiparallel orientation forming a short coiled‐coil structure, (2) residues 4–20 are well converged and residues 9–20 are in an α‐helical conformation, and (3) the interface of the two peptide molecules is formed by well‐defined side chains of hydrophobic residues. Finally, determined structures are compatible with numerous investigations examining magainin–phospholipid interactions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 64: 314–327, 2002
Screening of various glycosidases for the synthesis of octyl glucoside
Authors: Ducret Amélie , Trani Michael , Lortie Robert 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThirteen glycosidases of microbial origin and almond β‐glycosidase were assayed in octanol/DMF (80:20, v/v), using a combination of hydrolysis, transglycosylation, and condensation reactions, in order to assess their potential for the production of alkyl glucosides. The two mesophile enzymes were highly impaired by the organic media. Three of the 11 thermophile enzymes gave interesting results in the hydrolysis and transglycosylation reactions, but they were highly inhibited by glucose. This made their use in a condensation reaction less interesting than the use of almond β‐glucosidase, which has a lower activity but shows less inhibition by the glucose. © 2002 Government of Canada. Exclusive worldwide publication rights in this article have been transferred to John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechol Bioeng 77: 752–757, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10156
Biokinetics in acidogenesis of highly suspended organic wastewater by adenosine 5′ triphosphate analysis
Authors: Yu Youngseob , Hansen Conly L. , Hwang Seokhwan 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we pointed out the problems of using conventional volatile suspended solids (VSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) to evaluate biokinetic coefficients, especially for the treatment of highly suspended organic wastewater. We also introduced a novel approach to evaluate biokinetic coefficients by measurement of adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) of microorganisms. The concept of using ATP analysis in biokinetic evaluations with highly suspended wastewater was shown to be effective. This study also showed that the conventional VSS and COD methods were strongly affected by incoming suspended organics in the wastewater and by biokinetics of microorganisms. A cheese‐processing wastewater was used in evaluating the biokinetics of mesophilic acidogens. The concentration of COD and total suspended solids in the wastewater was 63.3 g/L and 12.4 g/L, respectively. The TSS was 23.6% of total solids concentration. A high ratio of VSS to total suspended solids of 96.7% indicated that most of the suspended particles were organic materials. Lactose and protein were the major organic components contributing COD in the wastewater, and a total of 94.2% of the COD in the wastewater was due to the presence of lactose and protein. Two different physiological conditions where the maximum rates of acetate and butyrate production occurred were tested. These were pH 7 (condition A for acetate production) and pH 7.3 (condition B for butyrate production) at 36.2°C, respectively. Based on the molecular structures of the major organic substances and microbial ATP analysis, the residual substrate and microbial concentrations were stoichiometrically converted to substrate COD (SuCOD) and microbial VSS (MVSS), respectively, using correlation coefficients reported previously. These SuCOD and MVSS were simultaneously used to evaluate the biokinetic coefficients using Monod‐based mathematical equations. The nonlinear least squares method with 95% confidence interval was used to evaluate biokinetic coefficients. The maximum microbial growth rate, μmax and half saturation coefficient, Ks, for conditions A and B were determined to be 9.9 ± 0.3 and 9.3 ± 1.0 day−1 and 134.0 ± 58.3 and 482.5 ± 156.5 mg SuCOD/L, respectively. The microbial yield coefficient, Y, and microbial decay rate coefficient, kd for conditions A and B were determined to be 0.29 ± 0.03 and 0.20 ± 0.05 mg MVSS/mg SuCOD, and 0.14 ± 0.05 and 0.25 ± 0.05 day−1, respectively. Specific substrate utilization rate at condition B was 43.8 ± 20.6 mg SuCOD/mg MVSS/day, which was 31% higher than that at condition A. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 147–156, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10164
Monitoring of temperature effects on animal cell metabolism in a packed bed process
Authors: Ducommun P. , Ruffieux P.‐A. , Kadouri A. , von Stockar U. , Marison I. W. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAnimal cell (Chinese Hamster Ovary) concentration was determined on‐line in a packed bed process using dielectric spectroscopy. This enabled the evaluation of the effect of temperature on specific metabolic rates during 3 months of continuous culture. The effect of low cultivation temperature on cell growth and metabolism was monitored, and the data were used for process development. At 37°C cells grew exponentially with a specific growth rate of 0.038 d−1 and specific glucose uptake and lactate production rates increased continually. Reduction of the temperature to 33.5°C resulted in a lowering of these metabolic rates while having no effect on cell proliferation. Subsequent reduction of the temperature to 32°C resulted in stabilization of the cell concentration at a high density (3.6 × 107 cell per mL of packed bed). In addition, the specific production rate of the protein of interest increased by a factor of 6 compared to the value at 37°C. During the stationary phase at 32°C, all other specific metabolic rates could be controlled to low and constant levels. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 838–842, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10185
Understanding viral partitioning in two‐phase aqueous nonionic micellar systems: 1. Role of attractive interactions between viruses and micelles
Authors: Kamei Daniel T. , Liu Chia‐li , Haase‐Pettingell Cameron , King Jonathan A. , Wang Daniel I. C. , Blankschtein Daniel 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe partitioning behavior of viruses in the two‐phase aqueous nonionic n‐decyl tetra(ethylene oxide) (C10E4) micellar system cannot be fully explained by considering solely the repulsive, steric, excluded‐volume interactions that operate between the viruses and the nonionic C10E4 micelles. Specifically, an excluded‐volume theory developed recently by our group is not able to quantitatively predict the observed viral partition coefficients, even though this theory is capable of providing reasonable quantitative predictions of protein partition coefficients. To shed light on the discrepancy between the theoretically predicted and the experimentally measured viral partition coefficients, a central assumption underlying the excluded‐volume theory that the viruses and the C10E4 micelles interact solely through repulsive, excluded‐volume interactions was challenged in this study. In particular, utilizing bacteriophage P22 as a model virus, a competitive inhibition test and a partitioning study of the capsids of bacteriophage P22 were conducted. Based on the results of these two experimental studies, it was concluded that any attractive interactions between the tailspikes of bacteriophage P22 and the C10E4 micelles are negligible. Another experimental study was carried out wherein the partition coefficients of the model viruses, bacteriophages P22 and T4, were measured at various temperatures, and compared with those previously obtained for bacteriophage ϕX174. This comparison also indicated that possible attractive, electromagnetic‐induced interactions between the bacteriophage particles and the C10E4 micelles cannot be invoked to rationalize the observed discrepancy between the theoretically predicted and the experimentally measured viral partition coefficients. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 190–202, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10193
Optimization of carbohydrate fatty acid ester synthesis in organic media by a lipase from Candida antarctica
Authors: Degn Peter , Zimmermann Wolfgang 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe effect of solvents and solvent mixtures on the synthesis of myristic acid esters of different carbohydrates with an immobilized lipase from C. antarctica was investigated. The rate of myristyl glucose synthesized by the enzyme was increased from 3.7 to 20.2 μmol min−1 g−1 by changing the solvent from pure tert‐butanol to a mixture of tert‐butanol:pyridine (55:45 v/v), by increasing the temperature from 45°C to 60°C, and by optimizing the relative amounts of glucose, myristic acid, and the enzyme preparation. Addition of more than 2% DMSO to the tert‐butanol:pyridine system resulted in a reduction of enzyme activity. Lowering the water content of the enzyme preparation below 0.85% (w/w) resulted in significant decreases in enzyme activity, while increasing the water content up to 2.17% (w/w) did not significantly affect the enzyme activity. The highest yields of myristyl glucose were obtained when an excess of unsolubilized glucose was present in the reaction system. In this case, all of the initially solubilized and a significant amount of the initially unsolubilized glucose was converted to the ester within 24 h of incubation, resulting in a myristyl glucose concentration of 34 mg/mL−1. Myristic acid esters of fructose (22.3 μmol min−1 g−1), α‐D‐methyl‐glucopyranoside (26.9 μmol min−1 g−1) and maltose (1.9 μmol min−1 g−1) could also be prepared using the tert‐butanol:pyridine solvent system. No synthesis activity was observed with maltotriose, cellobiose, sucrose, and lactose as substrate. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 483–491, 2001.
Biocatalysis of isomerization of 1,2‐benzisoxazole by bovine serum albumin in an organic solvent
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Chuan , Lemma‐Gray Patrizia 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe catalytic properties of bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been studied rather extensively. The protein has shown catalytic activities toward a variety of reactions in aqueous media. However, there appears to be no reports of reactions catalyzed exclusively in organic media. In this study, we report the catalytic property of BSA on the isomerization of 1,2‐benzisoxazole in an organic solvent. Kinetics were performed using a continuous flow system in a spectrophotometer at 330 nm. The catalysis showed a Michaelis‐Menten behavior with an estimated catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) of 8.77 M−1S−1. The influence of water content and inhibitors was also studied. The activity of BSA in acetonitrile is approximately 20% of that in water under similar conditions. Inhibition studies show that the active site may be the pyridoxal binding site involving Lys‐220. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 524–527, 2001.
Nano‐HPLC–mass spectrometry and MEKC for the analysis of oligosaccharides from human milk
Authors: Schmid Dietmar , Behnke Beate , Metzger Jörg , Kuhn Reinhard 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe separation of oligosaccharides derivatized with various esters of aminobenzoic acid by means of reversed‐phase nano‐HPLC (nHPLC) with on‐line ESI mass spectrometry and off‐line MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry as well as MEKC is described. For this purpose methyl, ethyl and butyl aminobenzoates and heptyloxyaniline were used as derivatization agents for homologous maltodextrins and oligosaccharides from human milk. Four different C18 stationary phases were tested for this purpose because the type of stationary phase was shown to have a dramatic effect on the performance of the separation. Optimal results were obtained using n‐butyl aminobenzoate as label and an encapsulated ODS stationary phase. The on‐line coupling of nHPLC to ESI MS allowed to separate and identify various oligosaccharides from human milk. This technique enabled the exact attribution of the molecular structure to a signal in the chromatogram. In a second approach oligosaccharides were separated by nHPLC and subsequently fractionated. The fractions were analyzed by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. The results obtained by this approach confirmed the ESI MS data. An analogous separation profile was obtained by using sodium dodecyl sulfate in MEKC, which proves that the retention mechanisms of both techniques are identical. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation of naturally occurring triterpenoidal saponins by capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Emara Samy , Mohamed Khaled M. , Masujima Tsutomu , Yamasaki Kazuo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA high‐performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) was successfully applied to the separation and quantitation of naturally occurring oleanene triterpenoidal saponins. The HPCE adapted to the separation of two pairs of disteriomeric saponins (1–2) or (3–4), obtained from Trifolium alexandrinum seeds, was based on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) in borate buffer with UV detection at 195 nm. An usual technique for isolation and group separation of saponins was developed as an appropriate purification step prior to determination of individual saponins by CZE. The separation parameters such as borate concentration, pH and applied voltage were varied in order to find the best compromise that complied with demands for high separation, short duration and sufficiently high detector response. The optimum running conditions were found to be 60 mM borate buffer, pH 10 and 12 kV. Under the alkaline borate electrolyte, no resolution was achieved for the saponins (1 and 3) or (2 and 4) in a single mixture, except when 20 mM β‐cyclodextrin was added to the running electrolyte. With the combined techniques of group separation, purification and CZE, a rapid and efficient method for the determination of naturally occurring diasteriomeric saponins is now available. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abbreviations used:

CD

Cyclodextrins.
Partnerships, management systems and the search for innovative regulation in the vehicle body shop industry
Authors: Gunningham Neil , Sinclair Darren 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis article examines innovative approaches to regulating the environmental performance of vehicle body shops, in the state of Victoria, Australia. Based on field research, this provides a useful opportunity to not only identify the limitations of the environmental management practices (including regulatory resistance, a lack of resources and cultural obstacles), but also the failure of conventional regulatory approaches to adequately address and overcome problematic characteristics typical of small and medium sized enterprises (numerous, geographically dispersed, environmentally unsophisticated and, collectively, a substantial source of pollution). Particular focus is given to cleaner production, partnerships and environmental management systems in improving environmental performance. We also consider the potential role of ‘regulatory surrogates’ as an adjunct to a mix of government regulatory initiatives. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Strategic inter‐organizational environmentalism in the US: A multi‐sectoral perspective of alternating eco‐policy roles
Authors: Starik Mark , Heuer Mark 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDuring the last several decades, numerous policies and programs intended to advance environmental goals have been formulated in the US by governmental bodies and implemented by businesses and nongovernmental organizations. This article forwards a multi‐sectoral perspective that business and nonprofit organizations have also been significantly involved in environmental policy and program formulation, as well as implementation, and that governments have also fulfilled the latter strategic role in US environmental policy. In this article, nine US environmental initiatives are described and categorized according to which of the three sectors' organizations were significant formulators of the programs and which were significant implementors. Implications for future research include investigation of other environmental dyadic program combinations in addition to those presented, extension of the present analysis beyond dyads into environmental policy networks, inclusion of the strategic environmental program evaluation stage to complement formulation and implementation and exploration of effectiveness variables in cross‐sectoral, inter‐organizational collaborations. Implications for educators and practitioners are also presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Current analysis of theTarasoffduty: an evolution towards the limitation of the duty to protect
Authors: Walcott Damon Muir , Cerundolo Pat , Beck James C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn 1976, theTarasoffcase established a new legal duty to protect third parties from a psychiatric patient's foreseeable violence. After theTarasoffcase, courts expanded the scope and role of a clinician's duty to protect, sometimes in novel ways. Later interpretations ofTarasoffbegan to limit significantly the situations in which a duty to protect would attach. RecentTarasoff‐type cases in which courts have rejected the clinician's duty to warn suggest thatTarasoffis declining in significance. The advent of state statutes that codify the establishment and discharge ofTarasoffduty have contributed to a further limitation of the duty to protect. Lastly, when faced with the management of dangerous patients, we advocate for a thorough, well documented assessment of risk of violence as the best means for addressing concern about potential legal liability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic risk: the new frontier for the duty to warn*
Authors: Petrila John 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMental health professionals usually think of the “duty to warn” in the context of mental illness. However, two state appellate courts have endorsed a duty to warn when children of a patient may be at risk genetically for acquiring the disease of their parents. In these cases, the courts held that a physician's legal obligations extended beyond his or her patient to the patient's children. This article discusses these cases, as well as issues regarding implementation of such a duty and the implications for the physician–patient relationship in a health care environment that will be dominated increasingly by genetics issues. The article concludes that it is premature to apply a duty to warn to the treatment of mental illness and to concerns regarding future criminal behavior. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
To warn and to control: two distinct legal obligations or variations of a single duty to protect?
Authors: Felthous Alan R. , Kachigian Claudia 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPrior to the Tarasoff decisions, jurisprudence pertaining to the duty to warn, or inform, to prevent violence to third persons, was separate from that pertaining to the duty to control to prevent such violence. The Tarasoff Principle consolidated preventive obligations in the face of foreseeable violence under a single “duty to protect.” Even as courts adopted divergent rules for establishing foreseeability, many held to a single duty to protect with warnings as one possibility for fulfilling this option. Particularly over the past decade, courts have again disengaged the duty to warn and the duty to control, each requiring different legal predicates to occur. In recent years, courts have upheld or rejected a duty to warn, upheld or rejected a duty to control; and several courts have, within a single opinion, articulated fundamental distinctions between these two separate protective duties. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved spreadsheet toolbox for simulating digital networks
Authors: El‐Hajj Ali , Kabalan Karim Y. , El‐Haj Mahmoud Samer 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper presents an improved toolbox for simulating digital logic networks using spreadsheets. This simulation uses advanced spreadsheet features such as: toolbars, menus, controls, graphics, and online help. Instead of writing lengthy formulas that are spread all around the worksheet, the user can draw a complete logical network by mere mouse clicks. This simulation can be applied to all types of combinational, sequential, synchronous, and asynchronous networks. Many examples are given for illustration. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 9: 78–86, 2001
Macrophages transfer [14C]‐labelled fatty acids to pancreatic islets in culture
Authors: Garcia J. R. , Curi R. , Martins E. F. , Carpinelli A. R. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMacrophages are able to produce, export, and transfer fatty acids to lymphocytes in culture. The purpose of this study was to examine if labelled fatty acids could be transferred from macrophages to pancreatic islets in co‐culture. We found that after 3 h of co‐culture the transfer of fatty acids to pancreatic islets was: arachidonic ≫ oleic > linoleic = palmitic. Substantial amounts of the transferred fatty acids were found in the phospholipid fraction; 87.6% for arachidonic, 59.9% for oleic, 53.1% for palmitic, and 36.9% for linoleic acids. The remaining radioactivity was distributed among the other lipid fractions analysed (namely polar lipids, cholesterol, fatty acids, triacylglycerol and cholesterol ester), varying with the fatty acid used. For linoleic acid, a significant proportion (63.1%) was almost equally distributed in these lipid fractions. Also, it was observed that transfer of fatty acids from macrophages to pancreatic islets is time‐dependent up to 24 h, being constant and linear with time for palmitic acid and remaining constant after 12 h for oleic acid. These results lead us to postulate that in addition to the serum, circulating monocytes may also be a source of fatty acids to pancreatic islets, mainly arachidonic acid. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.