bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is learned from experience in a probabilistic environment?
Authors: Edgell Stephen E. , Harbison J. Isaiah , Neace William P. , Nahinsky Irwin D. , Lajoie A. Scott 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThree experiments explored what is learned from experience in a probabilistic environment. The task was a simulated medical decision‐making task with each patient having one of two test results and one of two diseases. The test result was highly predictive of the disease for all participants. The base rate of the test result was varied between participants to produce different inverse conditional probabilities of the test result given the disease across conditions. Participants trained using feedback to predict a patient's disease from a test result showed the classic confusion of the inverse error, substituting the forward conditional probability for the inverse conditional probability when tested on it. Additional training on the base rate of the test result did little to improve performance. Training on the joint probabilities, however, produced good performance on either conditional probability. The pattern of results demonstrated that experience with the environment is not always sufficient for good performance. That natural sampling leads to good performance was not supported. Further, because participants not trained on joint probabilities did, however, know them but still committed the confusion of the inverse error, the hypothesis that having joint probabilities would facilitate performance was not supported. The pattern of results supported the conclusion that people learn all the necessary information from experience in a probabilistic environment, but depending upon what the experience was, it may interfere with their ability to recall to memory the appropriate sample set necessary for estimating or using the inverse conditional probability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the α‐helix to coil transition in polypeptides using network rigidity: Predicting heat and cold denaturation in mixed solvent conditions
Authors: Jacobs Donald J. , Wood Gregory G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThermodynamic stability in polypeptides is described using a novel Distance Constraint Model (DCM). Here, microscopic interactions are represented as constraints. A topological arrangement of constraints define a mechanical framework. Each constraint in the framework is associated with an enthalpic and entropic contribution. All accessible topological arrangements of distance constraints form an ensemble of mechanical frameworks, each representing a microstate of the polypeptide. A partition function is calculated exactly using a transfer matrix approach, where in many respects the DCM is similar to the Lifson–Roig model. The crucial difference is that the effect of network rigidity is explicitly calculated for each mechanical framework in the ensemble. Network rigidity is a mechanical interaction that provides a mechanism for long‐range molecular cooperativity and enables a proper treatment of the nonadditivity of a microscopic free energy decomposition. Accounting for (1) helix ↔ coil conformation changes along the backbone similar to the Lifson–Roig model, (2) i to i + 4 hydrogen‐bond formation ↔ breaking similar to the Zimm–Bragg model, and (3) structured ↔ unstructured solvent interaction (hydration effects), a six‐parameter DCM describes normal and inverted helix–coil transitions in polypeptides. Under suitable mixed solvent conditions heat and cold denaturation is predicted. Model parameters are fitted to experimental data showing different degrees of cold denaturation in monomeric polypeptides in aqueous hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) solution at various HFIP concentrations. By assuming a linear HFIP concentration dependence (up to 6% by mole fraction) on model parameters, all essential experimentally observed features are captured. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
D-dimer testing in patients with suspected acute thromboembolic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery
Authors: Acosta S , Nilsson T K , Björck M 
Published: June 2004

Abstract

Background
There is no accurate non-invasive method available for the diagnosis of acute thromboembolic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic properties of the fibrinolytic marker D-dimer.

Methods
From September 2000 to April 2003 consecutive patients aged over 50 years admitted to hospital with acute abdominal pain were studied. Patients with possible acute SMA occlusion at presentation had blood samples taken within 24 h of the onset of the pain for analysis of D-dimer, plasma fibrinogen, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time and antithrombin. The value of D-dimer testing to diagnose SMA occlusion was assessed by means of likelihood ratios.

Results
Nine of 101 patients included had acute SMA occlusion. The median D-dimer concentration was 1·6 (range 0·4–5·6) mg/l, which was higher than that in 25 patients with inflammatory disease (P = 0·007) or in 14 patients with intestinal obstruction (P = 0·005). The combination of a D-dimer level greater than 1·5 mg/l, atrial fibrillation and female sex resulted in a likelihood ratio for acute SMA occlusion of 17·5, whereas no patient with a D-dimer concentration of 0·3 mg/l or less had acute SMA occlusion.

Conclusion
D-dimer testing may be useful for the exclusion of patients with suspected acute SMA occlusion.
Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties of a Series of Novel Isophthalate‐Bridged Manganese(II) Polymers with Double‐Layer or Double‐Chain Structures
Authors: Ma Chengbing , Chen Changneng , Liu Qiutian , Chen Feng , Liao Daizheng , Li Licun , Sun Licheng 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFour isophthalate‐bridged manganese(II) coordination polymers, [Mn4(ip)4(H2O)2(Him)4]n (1), [Mn(ip)(Him)2]n (2), [Mn(ip)(dpe)]n·0.5ndpe·nH2O (3) and [Mn2(ip)2(bpy)2]n (4) [ip = isophthalate, Him = imidazole, bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine and dpe = (E)‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethene], have been rationally synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray structure determinations and magnetic studies. Both 1 and 3 are two‐dimensional (2D) double‐layer polymers. In 1, novel Mn4 entities are linked by ip ligands, while 3 is made of [Mn(ip)]n parallel double chains cross‐linked by the μ‐dpe ligands. Both 2 and 4 are one‐dimensional (1D) double‐chain polymers, where 2 is composed of [Mn(ip)]n parallel double chains capped by the Him ligands, while 4 is made of [Mn2(ip)2]n helical double chains capped by the chelating bpy ligands. Variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed weak antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between the adjacent MnII ions of the four coordination polymers. The data of 2−4 were fitted to the homonuclear alternating chain model to give magnetic coupling parameters of J1 = −0.71(4) to −1.01(3) cm−1 and J2 = −0.02(2) to −0.46(2) cm−1. In the case of 1, the fitting of magnetic data considering only the interactions within the Mn4 moiety led to J = −2.17(1) cm−1 and zJ′ = −0.01(5) cm−1, using a combination of a dimeric model and a mean molecular field approximation model. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
New Porous Lanthanide‐Organic Frameworks: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Lanthanide 2,6‐Naphthalenedicarboxylates
Authors: Zheng Xiangjun , Sun Changyan , Lu Shaozhe , Liao Fuhui , Gao Song , Jin Linpei 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThree porous, 3‐D coordination polymers [Pr4(NDC)6(H2O)6]·2H2O (1), [Eu4(NDC)6(H2O)5]·3H2O (2) and [Yb2(NDC)3(H2O)]·H2O (3) based on lanthanide 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylates (NDC) were synthesized by hydrothermal reactions of lanthanide chlorides with NDC and their properties were investigated. Polymers 1, 2 and 3 differ in the coordination environment of the LnIII ions. Their 3‐D networks are reminiscent of the shape of a compressed honeycomb, showing 1‐D open channels. The guest water molecules and coordinating water molecules are enclathrated in the channels. The photophysical properties of the Eu3+ complex were investigated by high‐resolution luminescence spectroscopy. The results indicate that there are four EuIII ion sites in complex 2, which is in accordance with the results of the single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. Thermogravimetric and variable‐temperature powder X‐ray diffraction analyses show that the porous frameworks of this series of complexes are relatively stable. The framework remained even when the guest molecules were lost and did not collapse until the temperature reached 430 °C. The magnetic properties of 2 were also investigated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, chromosome aberrations, and lung cancer
Authors: Harms Carsten , Salama Salama A. , Sierra‐Torres Carlos H. , Cajas‐Salazar Nohelia , Au William W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe have previously investigated the role of polymorphic chemical metabolizing genes in the susceptibility to the development of lung cancer using 110 primary lung cancer patients and 119 matched smoker controls [Cajas‐Salazar et al. [2003] Cancer Genet Cytogenet 145:97–102; Cajas‐Salazar et al. [2003] Int J Hyg Environ Health 206:473–483]. Together with data from the present study on DNA repair genes, we did not observe significant associations between any single variant genotype for several DNA‐repair and chemical‐metabolizing genes (XPD [or ERCC2], XRCC1, XRCC3, GSTM1, GSTT1, MPO, and mEH [or EPHX1]) and lung cancer. In the present study, we have further evaluated a nested group of 79 patients and 69 matched controls, and observed that increased chromosome aberrations (CAs) were associated with variant DNA‐repair genotypes among both the patient and the control groups, with a significant increase for individuals having the XPD Lys/Gln + Gln/Gln genotypes (P = 0.046). Patients often had significantly increased CAs compared with controls with the same DNA‐repair genotype and with similar cigarette smoking habits (≤40 pack‐years or >40 pack‐years). Analyses of interactions between the DNA‐repair and chemical‐metabolizing genes indicated that the most significant interactions were between the repair genotypes and the GSTM1/T1 null genotypes. Significant increases in CA from the interactions were often observed among patients with ≤40 pack‐years, but not among those with >40 pack‐years. Since some variant DNA‐repair genotypes have functional deficits for DNA repair [Au et al. [2003] Environ Health Persp 111:1843–1850], the association between variant DNA‐repair genotypes and increased CAs suggests a risk mechanism for the development of lung cancer, with the DNA‐repair genotypes interacting with variant chemical metabolizing genotypes to further increase the risk. The observation that patients had significantly increased CA frequencies compared with controls, irrespective of genotype, suggests that patients have additional factors that contribute to the development of lung cancer. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 44:74–82, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urinary protein fraction in healthy subjects using cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis followed by colloidal silver staining
Authors: Machii Ryoko , Kubota Ryo , Hiratsuka Nobuo , Sugimoto Kayo , Masudo Rie , Kurihara Yuriko , Kobayashi Shizuko , Shiba Kiyoko 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe previously reported a rapid and highly sensitive colloidal silver staining solution suitable for the cellulose acetate membrane. This method was useful for detecting even very small amounts of urinary protein. In the present study, we examined urinary protein fractions in healthy subjects, using cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis (CAE) with a highly sensitive colloidal silver staining, in an attempt to determine the clinical relevance of urinary protein fractions. Sixty unconcentrated spot urine specimens were analyzed by CAE and calculated by densitometry. All of the samples were separated into five fractions by CAE. The mean±1 SD of the percentage of five fractions was 28.37±8.51 in albumin, 4.30±4.19 in α1‐globulin, 14.41±6.14 in α2‐globulin, 19.45±7.10 in β‐globulin, and 33.46±8.24 in γ‐globulin. The albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio was 0.41±0.17. These six items and the concentrations of total protein, albumin, and β‐N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG) did not significantly differ between males and females. NAG is the marker of tubulointerstitial nephropathy. The results suggest that there are no gender‐dependent differences in the urinary protein fractions of healthy subjects. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 18:231–236, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stability of fat‐soluble and water‐soluble vitamins in artificially prepared, vitamin‐enriched, lyophilized serum
Authors: Ihara Hiroshi , Hashizume Naotaka , Matsubayashi Tadashi , Futaki Koichi , Yoshida Masayuki , Sagawa Naotoshi , Fujisaki Makoto , Mita Kazuo , Kadota Akira 
Published: June 2004

AbstractVitamin‐enriched, lyophilized serum (VES) was prepared for an inter‐laboratory study to compare vitamin assays. The VES contained water‐soluble vitamins (vitamin B1, vitamin B12, vitamin C, and folate), fat‐soluble vitamins (vitamin A and vitamin E), and cholesterol. We performed stability studies and determined vitamin concentrations and total cholesterol in VES stored at −20°C for 12 months. Our recovery of the water‐soluble vitamins in reconstituted VES was 70–142%, but we recovered only 33–45% of the fat‐soluble vitamins. Physicochemical properties, such as specific gravity and viscosity of the reconstituted VES did not affect manual or automated measurements of these vitamins. Vial‐to‐vial differences found for the VES were the same as the within‐day analytical variations. There was no evidence of degradation of vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B12, vitamin C, folate, and cholesterol over 12 months in VES stored at −20°C. Following deproteinization, vitamin C concentration was found to be lower than when not deproteinated. Vitamin E was less stable in VES, however, and the degradation during 12 months was lower than the between‐day analytical variation of the assay. Our VES is the first preparation of lyophilized control serum that contains water‐soluble and fat‐soluble vitamins. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 18:240–246, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectrophotometric determination of leukocytes in urine
Authors: Imren‐Eryilmaz Eda , Kuzu‐Karsilayan Huriye , Ogan Ayse 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA spectrophotometric method based on myeloperoxidase activity for the determination of leukocytes in urine is described. Red cells that may be found in urine samples were lysed by an ammonium chloride method. Leukocytes were then sedimented by centrifugation and lysed using Triton X‐100 (Sigma Chemicals Co., St. Louis, MO). Myeloperoxidase‐catalyzed oxidation of o‐dianisidine was carried out at 37°C, pH 7. The reaction was stopped with the addition of 2 M H2SO4, and a stable form of oxidized o‐dianisidine in acidic solution was obtained. Solid particles that may be found in urine samples were removed by centrifugation to avoid turbidity, and absorbance values of the supernatants were recorded at 400 nm. An Average number of leukocytes were noted per number of fields by microscopic examination and were related with the absorbance values of the supernatants at 400 nm. Pearson correlation (r) between our presented spectrophotometric analysis results and visual microscopic analysis was 0.877. Roche Combur 10‐test M strips (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) and Multistix 10 SG Bayer test strips (Bayer Diagnostics, UK) were 0.645 and 0.648, respectively (P<0.0001). J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 18:251–254, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response of the GABAergic and dopaminergic mesostriatal projections to the lesion of the contralateral dopaminergic mesostriatal pathway in the rat
Authors: González‐Hernández Tomás , Barroso‐Chinea Pedro , Rodríguez Manuel 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAlthough dopamine is the main neurotransmitter in the mesostriatal system, recent studies indicate the existence of two nigrostriatal GABAergic projections: one arising from neurons immunoreactive for GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67), and parvalbumin (PV) lying in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (nigrostriatal GABA cells) and the other arising from a subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons lying in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area, which under normal conditions, contains mRNA for GAD65 (one of the two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase), but which is not immunoreactive for GABA and GAD65 (nigrostriatal dopaminergic [DA]/GABA cells). With the aim of improving our knowledge about the interaction between the nigrostriatal system of both brain hemispheres, we have studied the response of these three components of the mesostriatal system (GABA, DA/GABA, and DA) to the lesion of the contralateral mesostriatal DA pathway, by using morphological and neurophysiological techniques. Our findings show that, in the side contralateral to the lesion, (1) the number of nigrostriatal GABA cells increases from 6% to 17% with respect to the total number of nigrostriatal cells, (2) the soma of DA/GABA cells becomes immunoreactive for GABA and GAD65, and (3) there is an increase in the firing rate and burst activity of DA‐neurons, except in those projecting to the striatum, which may be under the action of the GABA hyperactivity. Taken together, our results suggest that the GABAergic components of the mesostriatal projection play a regulatory role on the DA component, activated or upregulated after contralateral DA lesion and are probably addressed to restoring the functional symmetry in basal ganglia and to slowing down the contralateral progression of DA‐cell degeneration in Parkinson's disease. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Switching from ergot to nonergot dopamine agonists in Parkinson's disease: A clinical series and five‐drug dose conversion table
Authors: Grosset Katherine , Needleman Fiona , Macphee Graeme , Grosset Donald 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOf 99 patients on ergot‐derived dopamine agonists informed about possible long‐term side effects, switching to a nonergot was undertaken in 88 (89%). There were adverse events in 26%. After 11 months, 82% were on their switch agonist and 93% were on any agonist. Switching dopamine agonists is feasible in this population. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Occupational therapy in multiple system atrophy: A pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Jain Shilpa , Dawson Jill , Quinn Niall P. , Playford E. Diane 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThere is some evidence that rehabilitation therapies may be useful in progressive neurological conditions, but this usefulness has not been studied in multiple system atrophy (MSA) to date. The aim of this small pilot study was to identify the feasibility of a larger randomized controlled trial of occupational therapy and to report preliminary data on the impact of occupational therapy on disability, mood, and health‐related quality of life in patients with MSA. Patient groups were comparable for age, gender distribution, type of MSA, and severity. The active occupational therapy intervention group experienced a significant reduction of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (total score and Activities of Daily Living [ADL] section), and PDQ‐39 scores (total scores and ADL subsection). An occupational therapy program may improve functional abilities in patients with mild to moderate MSA. A larger multicenter study is needed. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Presence of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 gene mutation in a patient with apparently sporadic Parkinson's disease: Clinical implications
Authors: Shan Din‐E , Liu Ren‐Shyan , Sun Chen‐Ming , Lee Shwn‐Jen , Liao Kwong‐Kum , Soong Bing‐Wen 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAmong 242 patients with apparently sporadic Parkinson's disease, a 70‐year‐old man with a CAG repeat number of 37 in the SCA2 gene was identified. He has remained responsive to levodopa 14 years after onset and has had no overt signs suggesting cerebellar dysfunction. Although it is not possible to confirm if this patient has a de novo mutation of the SCA2 gene, this genetic defect seems to be contributing to his parkinsonian features and further supports the concept that apparently sporadic, late‐onset, levodopa‐responsive Parkinson's disease may have multiple causes. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Artificial boundary conditions for Petrovsky systems of second order in exterior domains and in other domains of conical type
Authors: Nazarov Sergueı A. , Specovius‐Neugebauer Maria 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe approximation of solutions to boundary value problems on unbounded domains by those on bounded domains is one of the main applications for artificial boundary conditions. Based on asymptotic analysis, here a new method is presented to construct local artificial boundary conditions for a very general class of elliptic problems where the main asymptotic term is not known explicitly. Existence and uniqueness of approximating solutions are proved together with asymptotically precise error estimates. One class of important examples includes boundary value problems for anisotropic elasticity and piezoelectricity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oseen coupling method for the exterior flow. Part II: Well‐posedness analysis
Authors: He Yinnian , Li Kaitai , Liu Kam‐Moon 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we recall the Oseen coupling method for solving the exterior unsteady Navier–Stokes equations with the non‐homogeneous boundary conditions. Moreover, we derive the coupling variational formulation of the Oseen coupling problem by using of the integral representations of the solution of the Oseen equations at an infinity domain. Finally, we provide some properties of the integral operators over the artificial boundary and the well‐posedness of the coupling variational formulation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On error estimator and p‐adaptivity in the generalized finite element method
Authors: Barros F. B. , Proença S. P. B. , de Barcellos C. S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper addresses the issue of a p‐adaptive version of the generalized finite element method (GFEM). The technique adopted here is the equilibrated element residual method, but presented under the GFEM approach, i.e., by taking into account the typical nodal enrichment scheme of the method. Such scheme consists of multiplying the partition of unity functions by a set of enrichment functions. These functions, in the case of the element residual method are monomials, and can be used to build the polynomial space, one degree higher than the one of the solution, in which the error functions is approximated. Global and local measures are defined and used as error estimator and indicators, respectively. The error indicators, calculated on the element patches that surrounds each node, are used to control a refinement procedure. Numerical examples in plane elasticity are presented, outlining in particular the effectivity index of the error estimator proposed. Finally, the ‐adaptive procedure is described and its good performance is illustrated by the last numerical example. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.