bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Logic Programming and a New Framework for Logic
Authors: Gillies Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to explore some consequences for the philosophy of logic of the development of the logic programming system PROLOG. These consequences, it will be argued, are of considerable importance. Although PROLOG developed from studies of classical predicate logic, it led to a new kind of logic, so-called non-monotonic logic. The logic of PROLOG is very far from being the first non-classical logic, but it is the first non-classical logic which has proved to be useful in some practical applications. This situation, as I will argue, strengthens the view that logic is empirical rather than a priori. PROLOG, moreover, introduces control into deductive logic and thus suggests a new framework in which logic is thought of, not merely as inference, but as inference + control. This framework will prove valuable in the next chapter, in which we shall consider the question of whether there can be an inductive logic, and, if so, what form that logic should take.
The Problem with Matter
Authors: Stoneham Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is usual for philosophers studying Berkeley to concentrate on the first two positions in Philonous’ list because Berkeley here has arguments, namely the inconceivability of an unconceived tree and that nothing is like an idea but an idea, which, if successful, would make the rest of the argument redundant. What these arguments suggest to the twenty-first-century philosopher who has read Kant and Wittgenstein is that Berkeley is trying to draw limits to what we can think, limits which would leave materialism as literally unthinkable.
Objects and Identity
Authors: Stoneham Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters we concluded that to be part of physical reality an idea had to be perceived by the senses. Sense perception is involuntary and thus not something God can undergo. In Chapter 6 we saw that there was a reason to change Berkeley’s criterion of sense perception from involuntariness to passivity, but God is essentially active (DHP2 213-14), so sense perception is still exclusive to finite minds. Thus an idea is real, as opposed to merely imagined, if, and only if, it is actually, but passively, perceived by a finite spirit.
Conclusion
Authors: Stoneham Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the most natural and most common response to Berkeley is that he went wrong somewhere in his account of perception, most readers of this book will, I expect, be inclined to immunize themselves from immaterialism by rejecting SMP. But we must not forget the potential side effects of this immunization programme. SMP is so attractive to Berkeley because it captures the very intuitive sense in which we think that sense perception is simple openness to the world.
Schools of Thought: From Aristotle to Augustine
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fourth century saw a shift in political power from the city-states of classical Greece to the kingdom of Macedonia to the north. In the same way, after the Athenians Socrates and Plato, the next great philosopher was a Macedonian. Aristotle was born, fifteen years after Socrates’ death, in the small colony of Stagira, on the peninsula of Chalcidice. He was the son of Nicomachus, court physician to King Amyntas, the grandfather of Alexander the Great. After the death of his father he migrated to Athens in 367, being then 17, and joined Plato’s Academy. He remained for twenty years as Plato’s pupil and colleague, and it can safely be said that on no other occasion in history was such intellectual power concentrated in a single institution.
Towards Human Rights
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic good of practical reasonableness {bonum prudentiae} summons one to treat the good of other people as a reason for action in one’s own practical deliberation and choosing. For: the direction the first practical principles give one’s deliberation is towards goods one can share in along with others, and it has no rational stopping-place short of a universal common good: the fulfilment of all human persons.
Introduction to the Politics
Authors: Kraut Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having examined Aristotle’s conception of well-being, virtue, and justice in the Nicomachean Ethics, we are now ready to follow the instructions he gives his audience in the final sentences of the Ethics (X.9 rr8rb12-23). We are about to bring to completion the ‘philosophy of human affairs’ (rr8rbr5) begun in the Ethics, by examining the work to which the Ethics is a prolegomenon. But before we enter the terrain of the Politics, we should raise some questions about its internal consistency and its principle of organization. Because Aristotle wrote voluminously about diverse topics over the course of his lifetime, it would not be surprising to find him modifying his positions, or perhaps even changing his mind quite radically about certain matters.
Politics III: Citizenship, Stability, and Obedience
Authors: Kraut Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Politics has a wealth of introductory material-which is a polite way of saying that the traditional arrangement of the treatise defers (perhaps for too long) the positive core and rich detail of Aristotle’s political theory.1 The topic of Book I is not the polis and its organization, but the household; by insisting that the individual and the household are secondary in importance to the city (I.2 r253a19), Aristotle conveys the point that this book is merely a prelude to political theory. Book II also serves as an introduction to later material: it tells us how others have stumbled in their thinking about the ideal constitution, and thus sets the stage for Aristotle’s own utopian ideas. Furthermore, as we have just seen in Chapter 9, the household continues to occupy Aristotle’s thoughts throughout much of Book II, for his discussion of Plato’s utopianism is, for the most part, an attempt to show that family and property are indispensable components of civic life.
French Style, and Inequality: Lavigne’s Sonatas
Authors: Rowland-Jones Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As J. R. Anthony says in his book on French Baroque Music (p. 320), the French sonata was an ‘ultramontane importation’ from Italy. According to Franc;ois Couperin, the first French sonatas (called ‘sonades’ by Couperin) were composed by him in about 1692, and were an outcome of his admiration for Corelli. Baroque ‘French style’ had been powerfully established by Lully and his contemporaries, and French composers cultivated the kinds of music associated with the glories of Louis XIV’s reign and with the rich musical life of the salons of Paris and their ‘concerts spirituels’. French involvement with Italian musical taste as it developed in the early eighteenth century at different levels of music, most especially through the Opera Comique (see Anthony, 152 ff.), was for some time rather ambivalent, particularly with regard to the sonata.
Articulation and Slurs: Herbert Murrill’s Sonata and Handel’s ‘Furioso’ (D Minor Sonata)
Authors: Rowland-Jones Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantz says of tonguing that it ‘is the means by which we give animation to the execution of the notes upon the flute ... it must animate the expression of the passions in pieces of every sort, whatever they may be: sublime or melancholy, gay or pleasing’ (p. 71). How much truer is this of the recorder with its unusually sensitive response to the articulations of normal speech arising from its low breath-pressure and its relaxed and natural lip position. Quantz adds that tonguing ‘so distinguishes one flute player from another that if a single piece is played in turn by several persons, the differences in their execution frequently make the work almost unrecognizable.’ Tonguing, like one’s way of speaking, is a very personal matter, as there is variation from one person to another in the shape of his upper jaw and palate, teeth positions (which dentistry may exacerbate), and the muscularity of the tongue, as well as differences arising from personality, native language, or accent. Moreover, different instruments-different by voicing and bore as well as by size-respond differently to ways of tonguing, though in itself each recorder is responsive to a wide variety of tonguing nuances.
Analysing Performance and Performing Analysis
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than anything else, I suppose, it was Wallace Berry’s book Musical Structure and Performance that marked the emergence of ‘analysis and performance’ as a recognized subdiscipline within music theory.1 Yet Berry’s book reads more like the summation than the opening-up of a field. It represents not so much a cross-disciplinary exercise—the attempt to forge a relationship between two fundamentally different activities—as an attempt to incorporate performance within the existing intellectual framework of theory. Berry’s very language locates the intersection of analysis and performance firmly on the theorist’s turf; his aim, says Berry, is to investigate ‘how … a structural relation exposed in analysis can be illuminated in the inflections of edifying performance’. In this way the direction is always from analysis to performance, and Berry reiterates this to the point that you almost wonder if, deep down, he really believes it. He refers to ‘the path from analysis to performance’, and elsewhere to ‘the path from analysis to interpretive decision’, he speaks of ‘the findings of analysis and consequent outlets in performance’, and of such findings being ‘in turn’ expressed in performance.
Other Musicologies: Exploring Issues and Confronting Practice in India
Authors: Qureshi Regula Burckhardt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ingenuously generic title of this chapter instantly and effectively invokes a complex problematic that has variously constrained Western music scholarship both outside and within the bounds of its own conventions. Aspects of this problematic are currently motivating critical initiatives in Western musicology. They are also challenging anew the explicitly other-oriented scholarship of ethnomusicology. A strong sense of engagement, linked to the current rethinking of Western intellectual foundations (to which this volume clearly contributes), characterizes these diverse initiatives for confronting, and juxtaposing, music scholarship and otherness.
Colour
Authors: Hemsley Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important aspects of singing, and one which seems to be more and more neglected, is the ability consciously and meaningfully to vary the colour of the voice; to cultivate not only voice but also modifications of voice; in fact, to cultivate those aspects most directly expressive of human feelings, most characteristic of solo singing in our best tradition. Singers are frequently exhorted to vary the colour, but are too often at a loss to know precisely what is meant, and how to set about it. Too often they attempt to do this either through ‘colouring ‘ the voice superficially by distorting words, or resorting to states of excessive personal excitement.
The Centred Passion
Authors: Holman Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Derek Holman was born in England, but has lived in Canada since 1965. He is an accomplished organist, with special experience and expertise in choral and church music. He has also composed much orchestral and chamber music, but the bulk of his output is vocal music, for which he displays a special understanding and affinity. His work shows the influence of the English Romantics, and also, as with so many of his and later generations, Stravinsky, Shostakovich, and Britten have left their mark. This song cycle is a happy discovery: beautifully crafted, with a real sweep to it and a deep identification with the voice as a physical means of expression as well as an instrument.
Time to the Old
Authors: Schuman William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This beautifully written short cycle by a distinguished US composer completely disproves any arguments that twelve-tone writing can impair lyricism and expressive freedom. One rarely finds such accurately heard use of the voice in silky-smooth lines that dip and soar and words that fall naturally. The music sits perfectly in the lyric soprano voice, but a warmvoiced tenor would find this an ideal vehicle, and flexible, light mezzos and baritones would also be at home.
First Frost, Op. 115
Authors: Wilson James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The work of the Dublin-based British composer James Wilson is a consistent source of pleasure. With unfaltering taste, a delicate wit, and unobtrusive technical expertise, he has evolved a flexible and confident musical language that is loosely tonal, yet with a free-ranging chromaticism. Some harmonic and rhythmic gestures are redolent of other English music, especially of Britten, yet his work has a distinctive style and exceptional emotional power. He is not afraid to portray passion, and his works leave a strong impression long after the performance.
Three Poems of Irina Ratushinskaya
Authors: McLeod John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The searing emotional power of the work of the young Russian poet Irina Ratushinskaya and her defiant optimism in the face of horrific experiences in a Soviet labour camp, have moved and inspired artists everywhere. Since her poems became known here, several composers have responded to their vivid and visceral immediacy: Brian Elias, for instance, has produced a fine orchestral song cycle. The striking and characterful music of the Scottish composer John McLeod is perfectly suited to these vibrant texts. Full of drama, contrast, and rhythmic drive, the three settings make a most satisfying and wellproportioned cycle, with the fiercely dynamic middle song the most ambitious in scope.
Interlude IV: More on Piano Textures
Authors: Pratt George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chorale harmonisations the directional flow of individual melodic lines is clearly visible. It is, too, in most of the textures created by several single-line instruments, though chords may be expanded upwards and downwards through a range much wider than that of the human voice, and chords are often extended in time, horizontally, by such devices as arpeggios and repeated broken chords. But it is in piano textures that the linear flow of parts can be most heavily disguised: the final resolution of a long scalar passage, or of arpeggios ranging widely over several octaves, may seem a long way from the expectations set up at the beginning of such figurations. The notation, too, is not easy to handle as so much material is contained within two staves. Even the draughtsmanship required for assembling notes in dense chords can be laborious and unwieldy.
Eye changes associated with Graves’ disease
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain eye changes are found in thyroid overactivity irrespective of its cause, but fortunately in most people with hyperthyroidism these are not too troublesome, although they can cause concern. Two distinct types of ophthalmic disorder may occur. One type is due to overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and may occur in hyperthyroidism, whatever its cause. The other type occurs only in Graves’ disease and may be present to some degree in up to half of people with this condition.
Multinodular goitre and the solitary nodule
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A multinodular goitre is likely to occur in a person who has had a problem with their thyroid gland for many years. However, a solitary nodule or lump in the thyroid gland may appear suddenly. A very small swelling or a lump in the neck may have been noticed and ignored previously, but then concern may rise if it suddenly increases in size or becomes painful.
Atlantic Republic
Authors: Giles Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atlantic Republic traces the legacy of the United States both as a place and as an idea in the work of English writers from 1776 to the present day. Seeing the disputes of the Reformation as a precursor to this transatlantic divide, it argues that America has operated since the Revolution as a focal point for various traditions of dissent within English culture. By ranging over writers from Richard Price and Susanna Rowson in the 1790s to Angela Carter and Salman Rushdie at the turn of the twenty-first century, the book argues that America haunts the English literary tradition as a parallel space where ideology and aesthetics are configured differently. Consequently, it suggests, many of the key episodes in British history-parliamentary reform in the 1830s, the imperial designs of the Victorian era, the twentieth-century conflict with fascism, the advance of globalization since 1980-have been shaped by implicit dialogues with American cultural models. Rather than simply reinforcing the benign myth of a ‘special relationship’, Paul Giles considers how various English writers over the past 200 years have engaged with America for various complicated reasons: its promise of political republicanism (Byron, Mary Shelley); its emphasis on religious disestablishment (Clough, Gissing); its prospect of pastoral regeneration (Ruxton, Lawrence); its vision of scientific futurism (Huxley, Ballard). The book also analyses the complex cultural relations between Britain and the United States around the time of the Second World War, suggesting that writers such as Wodehouse, Isherwood, and Auden understood the United States and Germany to offer alternative versions of the kind of technological modernity that appeared equally hostile to traditional forms of English culture. The book ends with a consideration of ways in which the canon of English literature might appear in a different light if seen from a transnational rather than a familiar national perspective.
John Selden
Authors: Toomer G J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides the first thorough treatment of the scholarship of John Selden, acknowledged as the most learned man of 17th-century England. All of his numerous published works, especially in the fields of history, law, and Hebraica, are critically examined and described in detail. The narrative also relates his writings to contemporary events, in the Civil War and the parliaments (including the Long Parliament) in which he played a prominent part, and to the work of other scholars in Europe (notably Scaliger and Grotius) and in Britain (including Camden and Ussher). Selden’s involvement with the Universities, the support of libraries, and the promotion of scholarship is discussed. The work will be an essential resource, not only for the life of a major figure of his time, but also for the intellectual history of 17th-century England in general.
Mare Clausum
Authors: Toomer G J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1609 there was published at Leiden a small treatise entitled Mare Liberum. Although anonymous, it was known to have been written by Hugo Grotius, who, at age 25, was already distinguished as a jurist and scholar not only in Holland, but throughout Europe. Its purpose was to assert the right of the Dutch to trade with the East Indies, against Portuguese claims to monopoly in commerce and navigation in those waters. However, Grotius incidentally (in chs. 1 and 8) enunciated the thesis that the ‘Law of Nations’ establishes the right of all to sail the seas and trade freely.
The Changing European Context of Economic and Monetary Union: ‘Deepening’, ‘Widening’, and Stability
Authors: Umbach Gaby , Wessels Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the outset, the idea of supranational monetary policymaking and the establishment of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) with the Maastricht Treaty was a project of highest political relevance. In addition to its economic rationale, EMU was perceived as a political project, a major step towards deeper European integration and eventual ‘political unity’ (Single European Act: Article 1; cf. Krgenau and Wetter 1994: 73). Like earlier milestones in European economic integration that formed ‘first steps’ (cf. Schuman 1950) in the evolution of the EU’s political system, the provisions of EMU were conceived as an instrument to smooth the way for a ‘political union’ (Bundesregierung 1991: 85) and the creation of ‘an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe’ (Preamble Treaty on European Union Nice/Lisbon). Hence, the creation of EMU followed essential elements of what is generally known as the ‘Monnet method’ (cf. Wessels and Faber 2007).
European States and the Euro Area: Clustering and Covariance in Patterns of Change
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the light of the preceding ‘country’ and thematic chapters, this chapter asks whether patterns can be identified in the effects that the Euro Area is having on European states, with respect to their institutional characteristics, policies, and politics. Its central argument focuses on the need to embed Europeanization research—on how European economic governance and policies, especially the euro, affect states and their activities—in a broader political economy analysis. This approach to analysing change incorporates the preferences of firms—how they respond to changing market circumstances, consequent on the euro, in turn altering the context of state action. The chapter focuses principally on Euro Area member states.
Introduction: Literacy, Medicine, and Gender
Authors: Green Monica H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June of 1410, a female surgeon, Perretta Petone, was brought before the royal tribunal of Paris on charges of unlicensed practice. Perretta never denied that she practised medicine. On the contrary, she proudly claimed that she had been trained by one of her relatives and several other practitioners in a small provincial town and that for the past eight years she had been practising in Paris, evidently with great success. Her patients themselves had demanded her release when she had first been imprisoned more than a year earlier. The intent of the corporation of surgeons that brought the charge, however, was to prove Perretta incompetent. And the key to their arguments was her literacy.
Sense and Insensibility Or Where Minimalism Meets Contextualism
Authors: Corazza Eros , Dokic Jérôme 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we understand it, semantic minimalism is the view that: (i) an utterance u of a (declarative) sentence S expresses a proposition p whose constituents must all be represented by elements of S; (ii) the structure of p reflects the logical form of S, and (iii) if S does not contain indexical expressions, u expresses p in a context-independent way. This last claim can be illustrated in considering:
Society, charity, and satire
Authors: Slater Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Martin Chuzzlewit was published in monthly parts from 31 December 1842 to 30 June 1844. Dickens thought it ‘in a hundred points immeasurably the best of my stories’ (Forster, 305), and declared that he felt his power more than ever before. And, indeed, this is the great transitional novel that leads from the dazzling farce and comedy of humours, the often powerfully effective melodrama and satirical episodes, the some- times startling grotesquerie and the picaresque pleasures of the early fiction to the complex, resonant, carefully planned and structured master- pieces of Dickens’s later years.
The Beagle voyage, 1831–1836
Authors: Desmond Adrian , Moore James , Browne Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henslow’s letter referred to a proposed two-year trip to ‘Terra del Fuego & home by the East Indies’, explaining that the position was ‘more as a companion than a mere collector’. Henslow had recommended Darwin, ‘not on the supposition of yr. being a finished Naturalist, but as amply qualified for collecting, observing, & noting any thing worthy to be noted in Natural His- tory’ (Correspondence, 1.128–9).