bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrauterine Infection with Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus on Alpine Communal Pastures in Switzerland
Authors: Braun U. , Schönmann M. , Ehrensperger F. , Hilbe M. , Strasser M. 
Published: March 2003

This study involved 13 calves, one to 50 days of age, born to first calf heifers that had been pastured on one of seven alpine communal pastures in the canton of St. Gallen during the summer of 1995. Of a total of 993 cattle pastured, 61 were pregnant heifers that were negative for bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) antigen and for BVD antibodies at the start of pasturing. Seroconversion occurred in 26 of these pregnant heifers during the pasture period. Blood samples and skin biopsy specimens of calves born to 13 of these were examined for BVD antigen by antigen‐ELISA and by an immunohistochemical technique, respectively. Blood samples were positive for BVD antigen in four calves, questionable in one calf, negative in seven and missing in one prematurely born calf. The four calves that were positive for BVD antigen in the blood were also positive in skin biopsies. Of the seven calves with a negative or missing blood test, six had positive and two had negative skin samples. Based on the combined results of blood and skin testing, 11 of 13 calves were positive for BVD antigen.Of the 11 infected calves, six were normal at birth, four were smaller than normal and one was premature and weak and was euthanized on humane grounds. Of the four small calves, two developed diarrhoea and died within the first month of life. The two calves that were negative for BVD antigen were clinically normal.The results of this study not only demonstrate the occurrence of in‐utero infection with BVD virus, but also stress the importance of alpine communal pasturing in the spread of BVD virus. Because the prevention of infection with BVD virus on communal pastures does not seem feasible, it is recommended that all calves born to cows from such pastures be tested for BVD antigen.
Effects of Dietary Substitution with Raw and Heat‐Treated Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) on Intestinal Transport and Pancreatic Enzymes in the Pig
Authors: Erlwanger K. H. , Unmack M. A. , Grøndahl M. L. , Pierzynowski S. G. , AalbeK B. , Dantzer V. , Skadhauge E. 
Published: March 2003

Tropical grain legumes represent potentially important feed for farm animals. However, diarrhoea and poor growth performance have been reported, due to the various anti‐nutritional factors they contain. This study addressed in particular whether dietary cowpea impaired the growth of pigs, whether the small intestinal Na+/d‐glucose coabsorptive transport capacity was decreased, whether the Cl− secretory capacity was increased, and, finally, whether these parameters were affected by heat treatment of cowpea.Pigs, 4 weeks old, were fed for 3 weeks with one of three diets: (i) standard soy, (ii) 75 % of soy substituted with raw cowpea, or (iii) 75 % of soy substituted with heat‐treated cowpea. The absorptive and secretory capacities of the jejunum and ileum were measured with the Ussing chamber technique. Weight gain, feed intake, pancreatic protein and enzyme concentrations and levels of the blood hormones glucagon and cholecystokinin were also measured.The Na+ transport capacity was measured as the increase in short‐circuit current (ISC) when
d‐glucose was added to the luminal side in the Ussing chambers. ISC was significantly higher in the jejunum from raw cowpea‐fed pigs than in the jejunum from standard soy‐fed pigs, with no difference between the two cowpea‐fed groups. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor theophylline was subsequently added bilaterally, and the increase in ISC indicated the cAMP‐dependent Cl− secretory capacity. In the jejunum this was significantly higher in raw and heat‐treated cowpea‐fed pigs than in standard soy‐fed pigs. In contrast, there were no differences in the ileal transport capacities. There were no differences in the pancreatic protein and trypsin concentrations or the blood hormones, but the raw cowpea‐fed pigs had significantly lower pancreatic amylase than standard soy‐fed pigs. Weight gain and feed intake were lowest in the cowpea‐fed groups, with no significant difference between the two groups.In conclusion, the hypothesis of impaired small intestinal absorption of d‐glucose and Na+ as causing malabsorption, and therefore impaired growth, during cowpea substitution in the feed may be firmly rejected. The increased Cl− secretory capacity, although moderate, may contribute to the higher incidence of post‐weaning diarrhoea in cowpea‐fed pigs, as observed in other studies. Additionally, the decreased food intake, feed conversion and weight gain were unaffected by heat treatment, further suggesting involvement of heat‐stable anti‐nutritional factors.
The Effect of Acute Restraint Stress on Regional Brain Neurotransmitter Levels in Stress‐Susceptible Pietrain Pigs
Authors: Piekarzewska A. B. , Rosochacki S. J. , Sender G. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryConcentrations of noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A), dopamine (DA), 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), the DA metabolites 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) and the main 5‐HT metabolite 5‐hydroxyindole‐3‐acetic acid (5‐HIAA) were measured using HPLC in 16 brain areas of control and immobilized Pietrain pigs. The animals were immobilized for 15, 30 and 60 min in the prone position. Control pigs showed patterns of regional distribution of brain monoamines similar to those described for rats, dogs and Duroc pigs. However, the absolute values of NA and A in the hypothalamus and preoptic area were much higher than those in rats and dogs, but similar to those in Duroc pigs. The concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites DOPAC and HVA were highest in the caudate nucleus, the nucleus accumbens, the olfactory tubercle and the ventral tegmental area. The distributions of serotonin and its metabolite 5‐HIAA were similar in all examined structures. DOPAC/DA and HVA/DA ratios were higher in the cornu ammonis, the hippocampus posterior and the raphe nuclei than in other structures, which suggests brain structure‐related differences in dopamine turnover. The greatest decreases in NA and A content were observed in the hypothalamus, the preoptic area and the olfactory tuberculum during the first 30 min of immobilization stress. 5‐HT turnover was increased in the raphe nuclei, while DA turnover was affected in the raphe nuclei, the septum, the substantia nigra and the olfactory tubercle. We suggest that acute immobilization stress caused differences in regional patterns of brain biogenic amines, thereby maintaining adequate transmitter levels during stress in stress‐susceptible pigs.
Histamine in Lambs with Abomasal Bloat, Haemorrhage and Ulcers
Authors: Vatn S. , Sjaastad Ø. V. , Ulvund M. J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe median concentration of histamine in abomasal fluid of lambs with abomasal haemorrhage and/or ulcers (group 2) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the concentrations in lambs presenting abomasal bloat (group 1) and in the healthy and the diseased controls. In group 2, there was also a strong correlation (R2 = 0.81) between the histamine concentrations in abomasal tissue and abomasal fluid, although the median value of histamine in the abomasal tissue was not statistically higher in this group than in the others. The urine of lambs in group 2 also had numerically higher median concentration of histamine than the other groups. Five out of eight tested strains of Lactobacillus spp. and one out of two strains of Clostridium sordellii, isolated from abomasal contents of lambs with abomasal disease, were strong producers of histamine. Bacterial production is one possible source for the increased histamine concentrations in lambs suffering from abomasal haemorrhage and/or ulcers.
Immunization of Pups with Maternally Derived Antibodies to Canine Parvovirus (CPV) Using a Modified‐Live Variant(CPV‐2b)
Authors: Pratelli A. , Cavalli A. , Normanno G. , De Palma M.G. , Pastorelli G. , Martella V. , Buonavoglia C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe results of vaccination trials carried out on pups with maternally derived antibodies (MDA) to canine parvovirus (CPV), using a modified‐live CPV‐2b variant vaccine (29‐97/40 strain), are reported. The vaccine was able to overcome the obstacle of MDA, and to elicit protective immunity in 100% of the pups whose antibody titres were 1:10–1:40, 83% of the pups with titres of 1:80, 57% of the pups with titres of 1:160, and even in 60% of the pups with antibody titres of 1:320.
Experiment to Determine Limits of Tolerance for Fumonisin B1 in Weaned Piglets
Authors: Zomborszky M. K. , Vetési F. , Repa I. , Kovács F. , Bata Á. , Horn P. , Tóth Á. , Romvári R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn Hungary almost 70 % of mould‐affected maize inspected since 1993 was found to be contaminated with fumonisin B1 (FB1) (mean 2.6–8.65 mg/kg; maximum 9.8–75.1 mg/kg), the degree of this contamination was found to increase from year to year ( Fazekas et al., 1997b). In this experiment, in order to define tolerance limit values, the effect of exposing weaned piglets to FB1 in low doses over a 4‐week period was examined. The experiment was performed with 20 weaned barrows of Danish Landrace breed. After a 5‐day adaptation period cultures of the fungus Fusarium moniliforme were mixed into the animals' feed in concentrations that resulted in a daily intake of fumonisin B1 of 0, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg feed. Feeding with the toxin was observed to exert no significant effect on body weight gain or feed consumption in the animals, no clinical signs were observed and no mortality traceable to toxic effects occurred. In computer tomography examinations performed in the second and fourth weeks mild and more severe pulmonary oedema was diagnosed in the experimental animals. The processes developing in the pulmonary parenchyma were corroborated by the mathematical and statistical evaluation procedures applied. The haematological parameters examined revealed no change attributable to toxic effects, while with respect to the biochemical parameters, an increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity dependent on dosage, indicating a pathological change in the liver, was ascertained in all three experimental groups. The free sphinganine to sphingosine ratio (SA/SO), which is regarded as the most sensitive bioindicator of fumonisin toxicosis, showed an increase proportionate to toxin concentration for all three dosages. Dissection revealed mild cases of pulmonary oedema in three of the animals given doses of 10 p.p.m. (n = 4), two mild and two severe cases in those exposed to 20 p.p.m. (n = 5), and severe cases in all five animals given 40 p.p.m. The oedema of non‐inflammatory origin was confirmed by histopathological examinations.The findings of this experiment which indicate that in this study FB1 administered in substantially lower concentrations than those reported in the literature resulted in severe pathological changes, point to the importance of studies involving even lower doses.
Effectiveness of Doxycycline in the Prevention of an Experimental Infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Pigs
Authors: Luque I. , Tarradas C. , Carrasco L. , Torroella E. , Artigas C. , Perea A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe effectiveness of medication with doxycycline in feed in the control of pleuropneumonia in pigs was tested using an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 aerosol challenge model. Two groups of 10 animals were used for the challenge, a ‘medicated group’ and an ‘unmedicated group’. A third group of four animals was used as a ‘control group’. Pigs from the medicated group were provided with feed containing 250 p.p.m. doxycycline (HIPRAMIX/DOXI) for 8 consecutive days and were challenged on the fifth day of treatment. No clinical signs were observed in pigs from the ‘control group’. Four animals from the ‘unmedicated group’ died within the first 48 h after challenge with clinical and lesional evidence of an acute form of pleuropneumonia. Clinical signs of animals surviving the first 48 h were progressively less severe and showed lesions similar to those described for subacute‐chronic forms of the disease. However, only one animal from the ‘medicated group’ showed clinical signs of a chronic form of pleuropneumonia. Reisolation of A. pleuropneumoniae was more evident from lung tissues of animals fed the doxycycline‐free feed (70 %), coinciding with the presence of both acute and subacute lesions. However, the micro‐organism could be reisolated from only one animal which belonged to the ‘medicated group’. It is concluded that the treatment of pigs with 250 p.p.m. doxycycline (HIPRAMIX/DOXI) prevents disease caused by A. pleuropneumoniae.
Kinetics of Antibody Production and Clinical Profiles of Calves Experimentally Infected with Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Barbuddhe S. B. , Malik S. V. S. , Gupta L. K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryClinical and serum antibody profiles were studied during oral Listeria monocytogenes infection of calves. No clinical signs, except for pyrexia with mild diarrhoea and staggering gait, were observed in the infected calves. Specific antibodies to listeriolysin O (LLO) appeared as early as day 8 of an oral infection and peaked by days 16–32 of infection. Antibodies to LLO were observed to persist over the period of 126 days observed in the study. LLO being a major virulence factor and capable of inducing a humoral response could therefore be used as an antigen for development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes infections in animals.
Characterization of Lesions Caused by a South American Virulent Isolate (‘Quillota’) of the Hog Cholera Virus
Authors: Quezada M. , Cayo L. , Carrasco L. , Islas A. , Lecocq C. , Gómez‐Villamandos J. C. , Sierra M. A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn this study, macroscopic and histopathological lesions produced by a virulent South American isolate (‘Quillota’) of hog cholera virus were studied. The virus was inoculated in doses of 105 TCID50 in each of 35 pigs of 20 kg live weight. The animals were slaughtered from 4 to 18 days post‐inoculation. The presence of virus antigens in lymphatic tissue was confirmed by both direct immunofluorescence and Avidin‐Biotin‐Peroxidase techniques in formalin‐embedded tissue samples. Histological sections were stained with haematoxylin‐eosin and Mallory's phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin methods. The ‘Quillota’ isolate used in this study caused a disease characterized by vascular lesions (splenic infarcts, haemorrhages in the lymph nodes and the urinary system and disseminated microthrombosis), and necrosis of lymphocytes, particularly in the B‐areas of the lymphoid organs, lesions that are characteristic of the acute form of the disease. Other lesions observed were a non‐purulent meningoencephalitis, the necrosis of the epithelial cells of tonsils, the presence of fibrin nets in the red pulp and a marked thickening of the alveolar septa.
Determination of Intracellular Concentrations of Free and Two Types of Liposome‐Encapsulated Enrofloxacin in Anatolian Shepherd Dog Monocytes
Authors: Baş A. L. , Şimşek A. , Çorlu M. , Yazar E. , Elmas M. , Deǧim Z. G. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn this study, it was evaluated the accumulation of free and two types of liposome‐encapsulated enrofloxacin (LEE) at the doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 μg/ml, which were clinically relevant concentrations into monocytes of healthy Anatolian shepherd dogs. Enrofloxacin was encapsulated with two different types of liposome in multilamellar large vesicles (MLV). Type A MLV composed of 15 mg egg phosphatidylcholine and 35 mg cholesterol, Type B MLV composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesterol and enrofloxacin, in a molar ratio of 1 : 1 : 1. The mean sizes of Type A and Type B liposome were found to be 7.65 and 4.27 μm, respectively. However, the mean encapsulation rate determined of Type A (13 ± 2%) was found lower than Type B liposome (44 ± 3%). The amounts of intracellular enrofloxacin concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Type B LEE accumulated significantly higher level into monocytes when compared to free drug or Type A liposome. This study showed that Type B LEE markedly concentrated within monocytes and may improve the antibacterial efficacy of the antibiotic.
Differentiation of Twelve Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotypes by Outer Membrane Lipoprotein Gene‐based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
Authors: Cho W.‐S. , Chae C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTwelve Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes were differentiated by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐amplified fragments from the outer membrane lipoprotein (omlA) gene. All 12 reference serotypes and 80 field isolates produced the expected 950‐base pair (bp) fragment of the omlA gene by PCR. Combining the RFLP patterns obtained with SfaNI, Bst71I, AluI, NciI, nine distinct patterns were observed in the 12 serotype reference strains. The PCR‐based RFLP analysis of omlA genes allows differentiation among the 12 serotypes, with the exception of group 1 (serotypes 1, 9 and 11), and group 2 (serotypes 2 and 8). When the PCR products from the 70 field isolates were subjected to RFLP analysis, 68 showed the same RFLP patterns as their respective serotype reference strain. Two isolates that could not be typed had the same RFLP patterns as those of serotype 5. These results suggest that PCR‐based RFLP analysis of the omlA genes may be of value in differentiating among 12 A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes.
An Outbreak of Lymphadenitis Associated with Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia in Omani Goats
Authors: Johnson E. H. , Al‐Busaidy R. , Hameed M. S. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a commonly isolated organism from human clinical specimens and is gaining significance as a pathogen in immunocompromised patients and nosocomial infections. In most cases it is difficult to establish the source of human infections. In veterinary medicine, S. maltophilia is not generally considered a primary pathogen. In the present study, we report the occurrence of 16 cases of caprine abscess from which S. maltophilia was isolated in pure culture from 15 animals. In six animals, the abscesses were confined to the pre‐scapular lymph nodes but in the remaining nine, the cutaneous abscesses were multiple and extended from the neck to the inguinal area. The possibility is suggested that goats in Oman, which often live in close proximity to humans, might potentially serve as a reservoir of infection.
The mode of seed formation in Allium senescens and two Korean Allium species
Authors: Kim B. J. , Kwon Y. C. , Kwack Y. H. , Lim M. S. , Park E. H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe genus Allium includes several important vegetable and ornamental species, and is an economically important crop. The objective of this study was to determine the mode of reproduction in A. senescens L. (2n=6x= 48) and two Allium species collected in Korea. Chromosome numbers of embryo sac mother cells (EMCs) at diplotene of meiosis were 2n = 48 and unreduced in A. senescens. However, normal sexual reproduction was observed at diplotene in both A. senescens var. minor (2n = 2x= 16) and A. nutans L. (2n=4x= 32). Parthenogenetic embryogenesis also occurred in A. senescens at high frequencies among the three Allium species. Antipodal embryos in A. nutans were formed in unpollinated flowers. Normal seeds were not formed in flowers of A. senescens that had been emasculated and kept in sealed conditions. However, normal seeds were formed in the flowers that were pollinated 2 days after anthesis. In conclusion, diplospory, parthenogenesis, and pseudogamy occur in A. senescens.
Analysis of embryo, endosperm, cytoplasmic and maternal effects for heterosis of protein and lysine content in indica hybrid rice
Authors: Shi C. H. , Zhu J. , Wu J. G. , Yang X. E. , Yu Y. G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe heterosis controlled by genetic main effects and genotype × environment (GE) interaction effects for protein content and lysine content traits of indica hybrid rice, Oryza sativa L., was studied by using a genetic model for quantitative traits of triploid endosperm. The experiment was conducted over 2 years in a factorial design that included nine cytoplasmic male‐sterile lines as females and five restorer lines as males. It was revealed that heterosis of protein content and lysine content were simultaneously controlled by genetic main effects and GE interaction effects. Maternal general heterosis and maternal interaction heterosis were observed. Embryo heterosis or cytoplasm heterosis for lysine content and endosperm heterosis for protein content were more important in general heterosis. Embryo interaction heterosis and cytoplasm interaction heterosis were more important for protein content, but endosperm heterosis was only important for lysine content in GE interaction heterosis. It was shown that some indica hybrid crosses had significant positive heterosis for protein content. Negative heterosis for lysine content was observed in most hybrid crosses.
Nectar secretion in winter oilseed rape, Brassica napus— quantitative and qualitative variability among 71 genotypes
Authors: Pierre J. , Mesquida J. , Marilleau R. , Pham‐Delègue M. H. , Renard M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe genotypic variability in nectar secretion among 71 genotypes of winter oilseed rapes was tested for floral nectar volume, sugar composition and concentration. Differences were found between seed quality genotypes: double low [99] oilseed rape varieties tended to secrete much more nectar than single low [0 +] and double high [++] varieties. Male‐sterile lines (Ogura CMS) secreted one‐half to one‐third the amount of their isogenic male‐fertile counterparts. Restored lines behaved as conventional rape varieties. On average, amounts of nectar were 2 μl/flower and ranged from 0.7 to 6 μl/flower. Among the genotypes under test, the male‐sterile lines were not the least productive. The analysis of (Samourai) winter oilseed rape showed that total sugar concentrations in nectar were highest at the beginning of the flowering period (30g/100 ml) and lowest towards the end (10g/100 ml). At a given date, total sugar contents in nectar of [0 +] varieties were significantly higher than those of [++] varieties and were due to higher fructose contents. Differences between genotypes within the same type also occurred, depending on the day of sampling. Oilseed rape nectar was confirmed to be predominantly composed of hexose (glucose and fructose). From the results of these investigations, it is concluded that the opportunity exists to select oilseed rape genotypes, including male‐sterile lines, that secrete sufficient amounts of nectar to attract honey‐bees to ensure pollination of male‐sterile lines for hybrid seed production.
High genetic diversity of Spanish common wheats as judged from gliadin alleles
Authors: Metakovsky E. V. , Gómez M. , Vázquez J. F. , Carrillo J. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractGliadin alleles were identified in 100 common wheat cultivars registered and/or grown in Spain during the last 40 years. A very high level of genetic polymorphism was found: in total, 103 allelic variants including one null‐allele were found at the six major Gli loci in the Spanish wheats studied. An average genetic diversity for these six loci was found to be higher (H=0.844) than in any group of wheat cultivars studied previously. Spanish wheats bred in Spain demonstrated even higher genetic diversity (H=0.868), probably because of the occurrence in this group of some landraces (local varieties) assumed to be strongly differentiated to fit local environments. The high level of genetic diversity of wheats grown in Spain was maintained by the introduction of distantly related wheat germplasm from different sources, especially from Italy and CIMMYT. A slight decrease of genetic diversity in recently registered cultivars might be caused by the excessive introduction of French wheats. Thirteen new alleles found in Spanish wheats were catalogued, including Gli‐D2w which encodes the first Gli‐D2‐controlledγ‐gliadin to be found.