bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Northern Europe: contexts of sexual life
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers the possible social and institutional contexts for male–male sex in Northern Europe. The Church was one example, furnishing a number of known cases. The evidence from schools and universities is, however, very limited. Seafaring yielded only a small tally of cases in both England and the Netherlands; known cases involving soldiers are also rare. Members of the nobility were seldom prosecuted. In late-17th-century France, the upper nobility were virtually beyond the reach of the law in such matters. Some were notorious sodomites, though the widely repeated story of their forming a secret ‘confraternity’ in the 1680s was probably fictitious. Accusations against monarchs, and especially against their favourites, were politically motivated; there is no clear evidence of sodomy in the case of either Henri III of France or James VI and I of Scotland and England.
Imperial Power, Provincial Government, and the Emergence of Roman Asia, 133 BCE-14 CE
Authors: Jordan Bradley 
Published: November 2023

AbstractWhat ambitions lay behind Roman provincial governance? How did these change over time and in response to local conditions? To what extent did local agents facilitate and contribute to the creation of imperial administrative institutions? The answers to these questions shape our understanding of how the Roman empire established and maintained hegemony within its provinces. This issue is particularly acute for the period during which the political apparatus of the Roman Republic was itself in crisis and flux—precisely the period in which many provinces first came under Roman control. This work takes up the challenge by focusing closely on the formation and evolution of the administrative institutions of the Roman empire through a case study of the province of Asia. Comparatively well excavated, Asia’s rich epigraphy lends itself to detailed study, while the region’s long history of autonomous civic diplomacy and engagement with a range of Roman actors provide important evidence for assessing the ways in which Roman empire and hegemony affected conditions on the ground in the province. Its unique history, moving from allied kingdom to regularly assigned provincia to a reconquered and reorganized territory, offers an insight into the complex mechanics of institutional formation during this crucial transition. From an investigation of the institutions which emerged in the province over a long first century (133 bce–14 ce), the book moves to consider the discursive power of official utterances of the Roman state, and the strategies employed by local actors to negotiate a favourable relationship with the empire.
Introduction
Authors: Jordan Bradley 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe Introduction introduces the core questions which underlie the work as a whole: (What ambitions lay behind Roman provincial governance? How did these change over time and in response to local conditions? To what extent did local agents facilitate and contribute to the creation of imperial administrative institutions?) and key academic debates. Starting from the edict on the calendar of Asia issued by Paullus Fabius Maximus in 9/8 bce, it lays out the frameworks and approach to institutional development taken in the work, defining core concepts including ‘power’ and ‘hegemony’. It closes by summarizing the content and argument of the subsequent chapters.
The Government of Asia during the Late Republic, 81–49 bce
Authors: Jordan Bradley 
Published: November 2023

AbstractChapter 2 analyses the development of Roman provincial government in Asia between the end of the First Mithridatic War and the outbreak of the civil wars between Caesar and Pompeius (c.85/84–50/49 bce). It begins with a detailed investigation of Sulla’s settlement of the province after Mithridates’ withdrawal and its implications, before analysing changes in taxation practices, monetary policy, and the treatment of free and stipendiary cities. Finally, it provides a detailed overview of the evidence for the conventus iuridici and the koinon of Asia. Overall, it argues that the Roman state, after Sulla, effectively extended the coercive and fiscal elements of its power in Asia in a novel and unique form, with existing institutions evolving to support the new situation.
Speaking to Roman Power
Authors: Jordan Bradley 
Published: November 2023

AbstractChapter 7 concerns the attempts of individual communities to establish new norms of behaviour and interaction with the Roman state and its representatives through diplomatic and personal contact. It argues that embassies in the period concerned were proactive, strategic, and targeted; almost exclusively undertaken by individual cities, not on a collective basis. It then shifts the perspective to the increasingly prevalent phenomenon of unofficial contacts between individual provincials and Romans, which undermined existing institutional vectors, arguing that as power was progressively monopolized at Rome, personal contacts came to play an increasingly important role in the grant of privileges to provincial communities and they responded by relying on private relationships over public ones.
Local Displays of Imperial Documents
Authors: Jordan Bradley 
Published: November 2023

AbstractChapter 8 analyses the display of Roman official documents in civic contexts in the province of Asia, arguing that the most plausible explanation of this phenomenon during the period of study is that local agents inscribed these documents for their own reasons: for example, to protect privileges granted by Roman actors, to demonstrate their loyalty to a Roman magistrate or the Roman state, or to honour individual locals for their service as connections to Rome. It emphasizes the interests and role of provincial bodies and individuals in such documents and underscores the importance of inscription in reinforcing the patterns and hierarchy of Roman power.
British Philanthropy in the Globalizing World
Authors: Allpress Roshan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1756 and 1840, philanthropy in the British world grew from a domain of small, associational committees, to a vast enterprise of philanthropic and humanitarian societies with global reach. This book traces how philanthropy emerged from intersecting family, religious, and commercial networks, how clusters of entrepreneurial and intellectual collaboration—such as the Clapham Sect—formed and operated within these networks, and how philanthropy expanded globally and developed a common formative culture through transnational projects and networks. It frames the growth of philanthropy as a series of experiments in effecting social change, from which emerged distinctive models of non-profit organization, increasingly interconnected networks, the idea of the ‘philanthropist’ as a vocation and identity, and a common intellectual framework for understanding the globalizing world centred on notions of ‘trust’. By contextualizing the worlds of key figures such as John and Henry Thornton, William Wilberforce, and Sir James Stephen, drawing together their inner lives, social networks, and global imaginations, British Philanthropy in the Globalizing World tells the story of how philanthropy developed as a movement, and how activist networks seeking social and cultural change operate in the modern world.
Conclusion
Authors: Allpress Roshan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
British philanthropy between the 1750s and 1830s was both an expansive movement with a global vision, and for many who participated, an intensely personal overlay of vocation, religious faith, and personal identity. Philanthropists were innovators in modern forms of non-profit organization, fundraising, public mobilization, and transnational engagement. During this period, philanthropy became a cultural tradition that derived its vitality from Evangelical convictions, developed influential intellectual reach, and innovated during periods of economic and globalizing change. The development of the movement is both the story of networks, organizational models, and associational activism, and of the inner lives of individuals and small communities such as the Clapham Sect.
Measuring Noise
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines various attempts engineers and technologists made to turn noise into measurable quantities in the 1910s–30s. Two approaches characterized these attempts. One was to gauge the subjective loudness of noise through an ear-balancing method that compared the measurable with an adjustable reference sound. The other was to measure the physical intensity of disturbance through automatic instruments. Several episodes in this metrological development are highlighted. They include American naval researchers’ early exploration of recording the effects of atmospheric statics on wireless communication, AT&T engineers’ development of the ear-balancing method and the 1-A Noise Meter for monitoring various telephone noise, the employment of the 1-A for gauging atmospheric noise in transoceanic radio links, AT&T’s introduction of an “objective” noise meter in the 1930s, German researchers’ exploration of measuring electronic noise, and the British Meteorological Office’s use of the oscillograph in monitoring the waveforms of atmospheric noise after World War I.
Brownian Motion and the Origin of Stochastic Processes
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While technologists and engineers in the early twentieth century tackled noise in sound reproduction through material manipulations and measurements, physicists and mathematicians developed a theory of noise as random fluctuations. In chapter 5, we trace the origin of this theory from the studies of Brownian motion, irregular movements of suspended particles in a fluid, in the 1900s. Albert Einstein in Bern introduced a statistical-mechanical formulation of Brownian motion as resulting from random molecular collisions and sought to solve its probability density function. Marian Smoluchowski in Lviv took a similar approach, albeit with a more visual characterization analogous to random walk and a broader connotation of fluctuations. Paul Langevin in Paris pictured Brownian motion as a stochastic force and focused on its dynamics. Louis Bachelier in Paris identified comparable fluctuations of stock market prices.
Spectrum of Random Noise
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines the theoretical explorations of noise in the design of radio and telephony in the 1920s–30s. Unlike physicists’ time-domain approach, engineers’ theories concentrated on the impacts of random noise on the performance of telecommunication systems, and plausible ways to reduce such impacts. To meet this goal, they treated noise as a bundle of single-frequency components. Sometimes an even simpler assumption of noise as a single sinusoid was staged. This “frequency-domain” approach to noise focusing on spectral analysis was related to the core technological architecture of telecommunication systems and the changing sensibilities that emphasized the “high fidelity” of sound reproduction in the early twentieth century. This chapter focuses on the work of engineering researchers, such as John Carson, at AT&T to explain why newly developed telecommunication systems including single-sideband amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) could or could not mitigate noise.
Introduction
Authors: Mayer Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Capitalism is a remarkable system for coordinating the activities of an economy without the intervention of a central coordinator. Markets and competition are critical to this. But markets have their failures and limitations. In response, governments are expected to intervene to correct those failures and regulate the conduct of the private sector where they arise. But governments also have their limitations and frequently fail in the face of increasingly powerful profit-motivated corporations. Underpinning this reliance on a combination of competitive markets and regulation is Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations. This established the conceptual basis for the economic benefits of freely functioning markets. The precursor to the Wealth of Nations was Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, which laid the moral foundations for a successfully functioning capitalist system. The importance of this is that the operation of economies depends extensively on relations of trust between individuals and organizations as well as formal contractual arrangements. However, in the drive to promote economic growth and prosperity, those moral foundations have been eroded to the point where financial value has come to dominate consideration of a broader range of values. This has been to the detriment of the functioning of both markets and societies and threatens our political as well economic systems. We need to put moral foundations back at the heart of capitalism to correct the damage capitalism has done in their absence to human, social, and natural world wellbeing.
Nomad Invasion
Authors: Lau Maximilian C. G. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses John’s most celebrated victory: his defeat of the nomads at the battle of Berroia in 1122, whose fame stretched to Norse sagas and was still celebrated over a century later. It opens by outlining the campaigns by the Rus that drove the nomads south, and how John prepared all winter for the confrontation to come. It then describes the events of Berroia from multiple sources to reconstruct a ‘face of battle’. From this focus, the chapter then describes the wider conflict of the settled peoples against the nomadic by all the polities around the Black Sea. The nature of the imperial border province of the Paristrion by the Danube has been debated by historians before, and this chapter will then outline how it was reorganized to accommodate nomadic peoples, rather than becoming some form of ‘no-mans land’. The chapter ends by noting the Venetian raids on Byzantine islands that were carried out in response to John’s cancelling of trading privileges, which would be the first warning sign that all was not well, despite an otherwise brilliant start to his reign.
The Great Eastern Campaign for Cilicia and Syria
Authors: Lau Maximilian C. G. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John’s 1136–9 campaign conquered Cilicia and parts of Syria, and is probably the most recorded events of his reign, as they are commented on by Latin, Syriac, Armenian, and Arabic writers in the east as well as receiving a great deal of coverage in court texts. Consequently, this campaign has also received more attention by historians. The background to this expedition is first outlined, such as the Antiochene proposal of marriage, the siege of Seleukeia, and John’s considerable diplomatic initiatives with the Papacy, the Normans, Germans, Italians, and even Fatimid Egypt. The Cilician background is also outlined before John’s conquest of this province is related, and problems with its chronology and course cleared up, taking note of ecclesiastical dimension as well. John’s subsequent arrival at Antioch and the agreement with the crusaders has long been debated by historians, and this chapter outlines this dispute and offers a new interpretation of the factors at work, which would spill over into the campaign and its resolution the following year. The importance of the autumn campaign back in Cilicia is then highlighted, as Ghazi’s heir, Mohammed, attempts to disrupt John’s plans, before the combined crusader-byzantine Syrian expedition is analysed. Described as both a huge success and a failure, the mixed legacy of this year is unpacked as events are dissected, and a new interpretation is again offered as to what John’s plans were for the region.
The Last Campaigns
Authors: Lau Maximilian C. G. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John’s last years continued to see major conquests, and John came very close to seeing further major designs fulfilled before his sudden death. John’s defence of his Anatolian borders was immediately followed by his finally putting down Gabras’ rebellion and reintegrating Trebizond in 1140. He then immediately struck inland in an attempted reconquest of northern Cappadocia, which led to troubles at the siege of Neakaesareia as John’s supply lines were stretched too thin, and he suffered further betrayal by his nephew. Though forced to withdraw, his combined further Italian diplomacy with a renewed expedition against Mas’ud with a successful campaign to reconquer Lake Pousgouse in 1142, taking advantage of the continuing Turkish civil war. Unfortunately, John’s co-emperor Alexios died during this campaign together with his son Andronikos, though John continued to campaign following a call for aid from Prince Raymond of Antioch. John returned east to finish what he had started in his great eastern campaign, and we will see in this chapter how the integration of Antioch, Edessa, and even Jerusalem was being negotiated when John suddenly died, leaving his son Manuel suddenly empowered to continue his designs.
Fortresses, the Provinces, and the Army
Authors: Lau Maximilian C. G. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines one of the central contradictions of John’s reign. On the one hand, John expanded and strengthened the empire he inherited, while on the other his capital would fall just over sixty years after he died. This chapter offers a new interpretation, highlighting that in the provinces John reconquered his regime was able to restore a resilient administration that would survive the fall of Constantinople and birth vibrant successor states. This chapter will open with a tour of the major fortifications John built in Anatolia, and what this tells us about how he was able to hold the lands he conquered. From there, we examine the evidence as to how these lands were administered, and the nature of provincial life in both texts and surviving ecclesiastical buildings. The final ingredient to his success was, however, an army that won more often than not due to organization, numbers, and professionalism, and so the last section of this chapter will analyse John’s military machine.
Asylum
Authors: Peers Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 describes and analyses the EU law on asylum, examining the rules on qualification for refugee or subsidiary protection status (and the benefits for those who qualify), temporary protection (including its application by the EU after the invasion of Ukraine), asylum procedures, reception conditions for asylum seekers (including issues of detention, access to employment, housing, and benefits), the Dublin system for allocating applications for asylum between Member States (including the Eurodac database), the EU Asylum Agency, and EU external relations in asylum, particularly the resettlement of refugees from non-EU countries. It includes discussion of the proposals to overhaul EU legislation in this area. It fully considers the extensive case law on this subject, covering issues such as the definition of persecution on various grounds in refugee law, subsidiary protection in civil wars, the grounds for and conditions of detention of asylum seekers, rules on appeals and admissibility of applications, and non-application of the Dublin system on human rights grounds.
Legal Migration
Authors: Peers Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 describes and analyses the EU law on legal migration, including admission for employment (for the highly skilled, intra-corporate transferees and seasonal workers, as well as a ‘single permit’ for non-EU workers generally), students, researchers, and trainees, family reunion, the acquisition of long-term residence, and the uniform EU residence permit, including proposals to amend some of these laws and the amendments to the ‘Blue Card’ law on highly skilled workers and the law on admission of students, trainees, and researchers. It includes a discussion of the links with EU free movement law (as regards the status of non-EU family members of EU citizens) and with EU external relations law (such as the status of UK citizens who moved to the UK before Brexit, as set out in the withdrawal agreement, and the EU association agreement with Turkey). It fully covers the case law in this area, for instance on non-EU family members and free movement law, family reunion, long-term residence rights, and equal treatment for non-EU workers.
Introduction
Authors: Peers Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This first chapter introduces Volume II’s main topics. This volume sets out and analyses both the institutional arrangements for EU cooperation and the substantive law which has been adopted (and to some extent, which is under discussion) in the fields of policing, criminal law, and civil cooperation. The chapter outlines the contents of the rest of the volume. The four fields covered here are united by a series of four common and closely connected themes. First, a central issue in EU policing and criminal law is the balance between protection of human rights and civil liberties and the State interests in public order and security. A second theme, now largely of historical importance following the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, is the complex and often controversial interaction and overlap between the supranational European Community legal order and the intergovernmental legal order of the EU’s ‘third pillar’ (as those legal orders were known before the Treaty of Lisbon came into force). The third theme is the continued dispute over the scope of the powers granted to the EU in the areas of policing, criminal, and civil cooperation law, because these issues are considered to be central to the sovereignty of each State, and because there has often been a great reluctance to amend the details of particular national laws. Finally, the fourth theme is the convoluted territorial scope of EU policing, criminal, and civil cooperation law, which has several elements.
Criminal Law
Authors: Peers Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyses the law on EU mutual recognition in criminal matters, in particular the European Arrest Warrant, pre-trial measures such as gathering evidence via the European Investigation Order and laws on electronic evidence, and post-trial measures such as the transfer of prisoners and the recognition of sentences, confiscation orders, and probation and parole decisions. It also examines the EU’s external relations in this area, including the continued cooperation with the UK post-Brexit in this field, and constraints imposed by EU law upon extradition to non-EU countries. It examines the human rights context of these issues and analyses the extensive case law, particularly on the European Arrest Warrant, the European Investigation Order, confiscation orders, and transfer of prisoners.
Energy Law and Infrastructure Dependencies
Authors: Boute Anatole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of Europe’s and Eurasia’s energy dependence on Russian-controlled gas pipelines provides important insights into the geopolitical dimension of energy and investment law. Pipeline networks are crucial for gas trade and supply security, and are also at the centre of the geopolitics of energy. The understanding of investments as an instrument of geopolitical power challenges the perception of foreign investments as a force of energy security under the liberal principles governing the international law of energy. This chapter aims to understand the role that EU energy law, and international energy investment agreements, played in establishing the dependencies on Russian pipelines that allowed for the weaponization of energy. More fundamentally, it builds on the literature on imperialism and international law to propose a critical reflection on the role of energy investment law in facilitating and entrenching dangerous infrastructure dependencies. Energy producers and capital-exporting states can make use of investment instruments to secure control over, and exclude foreign interference in, their sphere of influence.