bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PAS‐positive loops and networks as a prognostic indicator in cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: Thies Anka , Mangold Ulrich , Moll Ingrid , Schumacher Udo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecently, microvascular channels, as detected by PAS histochemistry, were positively correlated with poor prognosis in uveal malignant melanoma. Since uveal melanomas are not penetrated by lymphatic vessels, while cutaneous melanomas are, the question arises as to whether these loops and networks are also of prognostic relevance in cutaneous melanoma. Histochemically and immunohistochemically detected loops and networks in 100 cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma were correlated with the occurrence of metastasis in a 10‐year follow‐up study. To detect these patterns, the significance of various methods (PAS reaction with/without nuclear counterstain, anti‐laminin immunohistochemistry) was investigated. The presence of loops and networks was a highly significant prognostic marker (p<0.0001) for metastasis in cutaneous malignant melanoma. The presence of these patterns proved to have higher prognostic relevance for metastasis than Breslow's tumour thickness, especially for stage IB and stage IIA tumours (intermediate thickness/risk). PAS reaction without nuclear counterstain proved to be the best method to detect these patterns. Compared with the conventional staging of Breslow's tumour thickness, and especially so for stage IB and IIA melanomas, the determination of PAS‐positive loops and networks in cutaneous malignant melanoma provides additional prognostic information. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis for women aged 37 years and over: to have or not to have
Authors: Halliday Jane L. , Warren Rosemary , McDonald Geraldine , Liamputtong Rice Pranee , Bell Robin J. , Watson Lyndsey F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractForty percent of pregnant women aged 37 years and over do not have prenatal diagnosis despite being eligible for a free test. The present study aimed to determine how often, and which, untested women were making a choice about this, how many declined an offer and why. A questionnaire was given to untested women, aged 37 years and over, at no less than 24 weeks gestation. A total of 375 (81.5%) women declined, 72 (16%) were not offered a test and 13 presented too late antenatally. There was a three‐fold increased likelihood (OR 3.10 95% CI 1.44, 6.65) of no offer for urban non‐English speaking background women, compared with the reference group (metropolitan, English speaking). Unpartnered women were also significantly less likely to receive an offer (OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.19, 8.46). Risk to the baby was the main reason for declining. When offered non‐invasive prenatal screening, most decliners of prenatal diagnosis accepted, even those who declined because they were opposed to abortion. We estimate that overall 33% of older pregnant women were being offered and declining amniocentesis and/or chorion villus sampling (CVS). Only 6% were not offered a test, but this small proportion is over‐represented by minority groups who must be given equal opportunity to make this choice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Descriptive information about Down syndrome: a content analysis of serum screening leaflets
Authors: Bryant Louise D. , Murray Jenni , Green Josephine M. , Hewison Jenny , Sehmi Indera , Ellis Andy 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is recommended practice that prior to prenatal screening, women receive information about the condition(s) being tested for. The present study critically evaluated information about Down syndrome as contained in 80 leaflets provided to pregnant women in the UK prior to serum screening. First, a content analysis by information type was conducted to give an overall picture of the material provided. Second, the image of the condition as conveyed by the content was analysed and compared with a similar study of cystic fibrosis (CF) screening leaflets. The majority of information (89%) was of a medico‐clinical nature, with 11% addressing other issues associated with Down syndrome. The median number of sentences describing the condition was one, with 33% of the leaflets containing no descriptive information. Overall, a negative image of Down syndrome was conveyed by the leaflets, which contrasted with a more neutral image of CF in the comparison study. In order to facilitate informed choices, more attention should be paid to providing women with information about Down syndrome prior to serum screening. Such information needs to be more balanced in its construction, with thought given to the needs of the reader, and to the tone and the content of the message conveyed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular diagnosis of a novel heterozygous 268C→T (R90C) mutation in TGIF gene in a fetus with holoprosencephaly and premaxillary agenesis
Authors: Chen Chih‐Ping , Chern Schu‐Rern , Du Shin‐Hua , Wang Wayseen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report the sonographic diagnosis and molecular analysis of holoprosencephaly (HPE) and premaxillary agenesis in a second‐trimester fetus with a 46,XY karyotype. Mutational sequence analyses for the entire coding region and exon–intron boundaries of SHH, ZIC2, SIX3 and TGIF genes identified a novel heterozygous missense TGIF mutation 268C→T (CGC→TGC change) that predicts an Arg90Cys substitution in the homeodomain region of TGIF. The proband's parents did not carry the mutation. The present case is an example of the heterogeneous entity of the HPE spectrum and demonstrates that adjunctive molecular analyses of distinct human genes for HPE can reassure genetic counselling by elucidating the genetic pathogenesis, especially in cytogenetically normal fetuses affected with HPE. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of cri du chat (5p‐) syndrome in association with isolated moderate bilateral ventriculomegaly
Authors: Stefanou E.‐G. G. , Hanna G. , Foakes A. , Crocker M. , Fitchett M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA case of prenatally detected cri du chat syndrome (5p‐) is reported. Amniocentesis was performed following an abnormal ultrasound finding of isolated moderate bilateral ventriculomegaly. The karyotype showed a terminal deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5 including the critical region 5p15 for cri du chat syndrome. This was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Isolated mild ventriculomegaly may be a non‐specific marker for cri du chat syndrome. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pattern recognition in health insurance claims databases
Authors: Walker Alexander M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInformation in claims databases resides in data patterns rather than in data elements. Finding this information requires new terminology, a willingness to pose questions of form rather than specific hypotheses, and a quality control system that elevates the correctness of data relations above the validity of single facts. The language of claims data is a newspeak of CPT (Current Procedural Terminology), HCPCS (Health Care Financing Agency Common Procedure Coding System), ICD (International Classification of Disease), and NDC (National Drug Codes) for pharmaceutical codes. The techniques of pattern discovery are really ways of asking the data for classes of relations, and they vary in their reliance on external information. Sometimes, the question is entirely constrained by preceding factors. Other times we may recast the natural history of disease into a claims context and ask the data to give us the shape of disease evolution. We can use highly automated systems to evaluate the relations between prespecified factors, or empirical techniques to search out common relations that we have not specified in advance. Using massive data sets requires that quality control corresponds to the nature of the high‐level information that we derive from large databases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoinitiated cationic polymerization of epoxides
Authors: Decker Christian , Nguyen Thi Viet Trieu , Pham Thi Hong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDifunctional epoxy monomers have been polymerized cationically by UV irradiation in the presence of a triarylsulfonium photoinitiator. The curing process was followed quantitatively by monitoring the disappearance of the epoxy group by infrared spectroscopy and the insolubilization and hardening of the resin upon UV exposure. The addition of epoxidized soyabean oil (ESO) to an aromatic diepoxide was shown to accelerate the crosslinking reaction with formation of a tight polymer network. The photoinitiated copolymerization of ESO with a cycloaliphatic diepoxide proceeds extensively and leads within seconds to a fully cured insoluble material showing increased hardness, flexibility and scratch resistance. Interpenetrating polymer networks have been generated by a short UV‐irradiation of blends of acrylate and epoxy monomers.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
A 21.5% efficient Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin‐film concentrator solar cell
Authors: Ward J.S. , Ramanathan K. , Hasoon F.S. , Coutts T. J. , Keane J. , Contreras M.A. , Moriarty T. , Noufi R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells have been designed for operation under mildly concentrated sunlight. The absorber was deposited via a three‐stage evaporation process that has consistently yielded high‐performance one‐sun devices. The device structure reported here was modified by reducing the thickness of the CdS window/buffer layer to enhance the short‐circuit current at the expense of the open‐circuit voltage. Operation of the devices under optical enhancement leads to significant increases in the voltage and fill factor. At 14 suns, the open‐circuit voltage for this device was 736 mV, the fill factor was 80.5%, and the efficiency was 21.5%. This result represents the first report of a polycrystalline thin‐film solar cell with an efficiency in excess of 20%. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between perceived social support and maladjustment for students at risk
Authors: Demaray Michelle Kilpatrick , Malecki Christine Kerres 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between adolescents' (N = 125) perceived social support and self‐reported (mal)adjustment indicators in a sample of predominantly at risk: Hispanic students in an urban middle school. The instruments used to collect data were the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (Malecki, Demaray, & Elliott, 2000) and the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Self Report of Personality (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1998). Results indicated significant relationships in the expected direction between overall social support and clinical and school (mal)adjustment indicators. Parent and classmate support were most strongly related to clinical and interpersonal indicators whereas parent, teacher, and school support were related to school‐related indicators. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Good, bad, or in‐between: How does the daily behavior report card rate?
Authors: Chafouleas Sandra M. , Riley‐Tillman T. Chris , McDougal James L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOur purpose here was to define and review the daily behavior report card (DBRC) as a monitoring and/or intervention technique. We considered a measure of a DBRC to be if a specified behavior was rated at least daily, and that information was shared with someone other than the rater. In general, it has been suggested that DBRCs may be feasible, acceptable, effective in promoting a positive student, and a way to increase parent/teacher communication. In addition, DBRCs are highly adaptive in that they represent a broad array of both monitoring and intervention possibilities rather than having a single, scripted purpose. All of these characteristics make the DBRC appealing for use in applied settings. However, an extensive, methodologically sound literature base does not yet exist. Despite the appeal of using DBRCs, widespread endorsement cannot be made without caution. We conclude with implications for use in practice and highlight areas in need of further investigation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reducing problem behaviors on the playground: An investigation of the application of schoolwide positive behavior supports
Authors: Lewis Timothy J. , Powers Lisa J. , Kely Michele J. , Newcomer Lori L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn an effort to reduce problem behavior, it is recommended that schools develop a continuum of positive behavior support (PBS) that focuses on prevention/early intervention as well as individualized student support systems for those students who display chronic problem behaviors. While there is a large database to support the use of PBS practices at the individual student level, the knowledge base supporting prevention/early intervention strategies is characterized as emerging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of PBS prevention/early intervention strategies on the rate of problem behavior displayed by elementary school students during recess. Specifically, this study examined the effects of directly teaching playground‐related behaviors and the use of a group contingency to reinforce mastery in an elementary school. Results indicated that the intervention reduced the frequency of problem behavior across three recess periods. Results are discussed with respect to support of an emerging empirical database and implications for practice. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surveillance of school violence, injury, and disciplinary actions
Authors: Kingery Paul M. , Coggeshall Mark B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe safety of America's schools is a major issue. Yet, the magnitude of the problem cannot be accurately assessed because some of the data concerning incidents and disciplinary actions come from reporting systems that are seriously flawed. In this article we examine how data from student self‐report surveys and other sources can be used to assess the weaknesses in current school incident‐reporting systems and improve the validity of surveillance data on school violence. Particular attention is paid to assessing the validity of data from Gun‐Free Schools Act (GFSA) reports on the number of guns in schools in light of nationally representative student survey data. We also discuss the difficulties of obtaining accurate surveillance data and suggest changes in surveillance systems that could produce more valid estimates of violence and injury in our nation's schools. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluating risk for targeted violence in schools: Comparing risk assessment, threat assessment, and other approaches
Authors: Reddy Marisa , Borum Randy , Berglund John , Vossekuil Bryan , Fein Robert , Modzeleski William 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the wake of recent school shootings, fear over violence in schools has prompted increased requests for psychologists, educators, and law enforcement professionals to assist in preventing future school violence incidents. We attempt to lay a foundation for developing effective assessment and prevention approaches by first distinguishing planned school‐based attacks from other forms of school and youth violence. We then review the three assessment approaches that have been advocated and used in some jurisdictions (profiling, guided professional judgment, automated decision‐making) and demonstrate why they are inappropriate—and potentially harmful—in preventing planned school‐based attacks. We then describe the contours of the threat assessment approach, developed by the U.S. Secret Service to prevent assassinations, and examine its utility for responding to communications or behaviors of concern that students may present in school settings. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reactions of carbon dioxide radical anion with substituted benzenes
Authors: Rosso Janina A. , Bertolotti Sonia G. , Braun André M. , Mártire Daniel O. , Gonzalez Mónica C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report mechanistic studies on the reactivity of CO2
.− radicals towards substituted benzenes, XPh, with X = NO2, COOH, COH, CH3, H, Cl and HO. Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV, 172 nm) irradiation of aqueous solutions containing formate was used as a method of CO2
.− radical generation for the study of the reaction products, which were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and high‐performance liquid chromatography. The nature of some of the reaction intermediates was studied by laser flash photolysis of aqueous solutions of peroxodisulfate in the presence of formate. The observed products and intermediates of reaction are discussed and rationalized by a dual reactivity of the CO2
.− radical anion with substituted benzenes: a one‐electron reduction and radical addition to the aromatic ring. For substituted benzenes with X = NO2, COOH and COH, the observed products support an electron transfer from CO2
.− to the substrates as the primary reaction channel, while the reactions with toluene follow the channel of radical addition. Benzene and chlorobenzene react with CO2
.− by both routes, electron transfer and radical addition. Our experimental results indicate that H abstraction by the CO2
.− radical is negligible under the chosen experimental conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of soluble terpolymers from m‐phenylenediamine, o‐anisidine, and 2,3‐xylidine
Authors: Li Xin‐Gui , Duan Wei , Huang Mei‐Rong , Yang Yu‐Liang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA series of terpolymers were synthesized by the chemical oxidative polymerization of m‐phenylenediamine (MPD), o‐anisidine (AS), and 2,3‐xylidine (XY) in hydrochloride aqueous medium. The yield, intrinsic viscosity, and solubility of the terpolymers were studied by changing the MPD/AS/XY molar ratio from 100/0/0 to 53/39/8 to 0/100/0. It was discovered that the MPD/AS/XY terpolymers exhibit a higher polymerization yield and better solubility than MPD/AS and MPD/XY bipolymers having the same MPD molar content. The as‐prepared MPD/AS/XY terpolymer bases were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet–visible, 1H NMR, and high‐resolution solid‐state 13C NMR spectroscopies; wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction; and thermogravimetry. The results suggested that the oxidative polymerization from MPD, AS, and XY is exothermic, and the resulting terpolymers are more easily soluble in some organic solvents than MPD homopolymer. The copolymer obtained was a real terpolymer containing MPD, AS, and XY units, and the actual MPD/AS/XY molar ratio calculated by solid‐state 13C NMR spectra of the polymers is very close to the feed ratio, although the AS content calculated on the basis of the 1H NMR spectrum of the soluble part of the polymer is higher than the feed AS content. The terpolymers and MPD homopolymer exhibit a higher polymerization yield and much higher intrinsic viscosity and are more amorphous than the AS homopolymer. At a fixed MPD content of 70 mol %, the terpolymers exhibit an increased thermostability and activation energy of the major degradation in nitrogen and air with an increasing AS content. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3989–4000, 2001
One‐step synthesis of polycarbonates bearing pendant carboxyl groups by lipase‐catalyzed ring‐opening polymerization
Authors: Al‐Azemi Talal F. , Bisht Kirpal S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ring‐opening polymerization of a monomer containing a free carboxylic acid group is reported for the first time. The monomer, 5‐methyl‐5‐carboxyl‐1,3‐dioxan‐2‐one (MCC), was copolymerized with trimethylene carbonate (TMC) in an enzymatic ring‐opening polymerization conducted in bulk at 80 °C. The low‐melting TMC comonomer also solubilized the high‐melting MCC monomer, allowing for solvent‐free polymerizations. Six commercially available lipases were screened, and Candida antarctica lipase‐B (Novozym‐435) and Pseudomonas cepacia lipase were selected to catalyze the copolymerization because of their higher monomer conversions. Higher molecular weight polymers (weight‐average molecular weight = 7800–9200) were prepared when Novozym‐435 was used, with less MCC incorporated into the copolymer than used in the monomer feed. However, Pseudomonas cepacia lipase showed good agreement between the molar feed ratios and the molar composition, but the molecular weights (weight‐average molecular weight = 3600–4800) were lower than those obtained when Novozym‐435 was used. 13C NMR spectral data were used for microstructural analysis, which suggested the formation of random, linear, and pendant carboxylic acid groups containing polycarbonates with hydroxyl groups at both chain ends. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1267–1274, 2002
Synthesis and properties of new organosoluble and alternating aromatic poly(ester‐amide‐imide)s with pendant phosphorus groups
Authors: Liou Guey‐Sheng , Hsiao Sheng‐Huei 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNew phosphorus‐containing aromatic diesteramines, 1,4‐bis(4‐aminobenzoyloxy)‐2‐(6‐oxido‐6H‐dibenz〈c,e〉〈1,2〉oxaphosphorin‐6‐yl)naphthalene (p‐3) and 1,4‐bis(3‐aminobenzoyloxy)‐2‐(6‐oxido‐6H‐dibenz〈c,e〉〈1,2〉oxaphosphorin‐6‐yl)naphthalene (m‐3), were synthesized by the reaction of 2‐(6‐oxido‐6H‐dibenz〈c,e〉〈1,2〉oxaphosphorin‐6‐yl)‐1,4‐naphthalenediol with 4‐nitrobenzoyl chloride and 3‐nitrobenzoyl chloride, respectively, followed by catalytic reduction. Two series of phosphorus‐containing aromatic poly(ester‐amide‐imide)s with inherent viscosities of 0.94–2.00 and 0.41–0.56 dL/g were prepared via low‐temperature solution polycondensation from p‐3 and m‐3, respectively, with three imide ring‐preformed diacid chlorides. All the poly(ester‐amide‐imide)s were amorphous and readily soluble in many organic solvents such as N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP). Transparent, tough, and flexible films of these polymers were cast from DMAc or NMP solutions. Their casting films possessed a tensile strength range of 118–181 MPa, an elongation to break of 5–11%, and an initial modulus range of 2.41–4.46 GPa. They had useful levels of thermal stability associated with relatively high glass‐transition temperatures (264–286 °C) and 10% weight‐loss temperatures in excess of 450 °C in nitrogen or air. The limiting oxygen indices of these polymers were 41–46. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1786–1799, 2001
Cobalt‐mediated catalytic chain‐transfer polymerization (CCTP) in water and water/alcohol solution
Authors: Haddleton David M. , Depaquis Estelle , Kelly Elizabeth J. , Kukulj Dax , Morsley Stuart R. , Bon Stefan A. F. , Eason Michael D. , Steward Andrew G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article describes the use of cobalt‐mediated catalytic chain transfer in aqueous solution under fed conditions for the preparation of macromonomers of acidic, hydroxy, and zwitterionic functional monomers. Use of a batch reaction leads to hydrolysis of catalyst, a mixture of mechanisms and poor control of the reaction. A feed process is described that adds catalyst as a solution in monomer over the course of the reaction. The feed process is applied to a range of monomers of methacrylic acid (2), 2‐aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (3), 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (4), 2‐methacryloxyethyl phosphoryl choline (5), glycerol monomethyl methacrylate (6), and 3‐O‐methacryloyl‐1,2:5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐D‐glucofuranose (7). Use of the feed process for water‐soluble monomers in conjunction with 1 as a catalytic chain‐transfer agent gives high‐conversion, > 90%, water‐soluble macromonomers. The number‐average molecular mass (Mn was determined by integration of the 1H NMR spectrum comparing the vinylic end group with the remainder of the backbone. Pseudo‐Mayo plots were constructed by measuring the Mn at high conversion as a function of [monomer]/[catalyst] to give observed chain‐transfer constants of 1120, 958, and 1058 for 4, 6, and 2, respectively. All products were obtained as relatively high‐solid, homogeneous, low‐viscosity aqueous solutions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2378–2384, 2001