bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Holy Vine and Scattered Bread: Realized Eschatology in Didache 9.2, 4
Authors: Brewer J Brittain 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Several recent studies on the eschatology of the Didache have concluded that the Didache maintains an entirely futurist eschatology. Following David Aune’s work, this article argues that the Didache’s eschatology, when understood in terms of the eucharistic prayers, is better described in realized or inaugurated terms. The two particular prayers in question concern the holy vine of David and the bread scattered upon the mountain. Both of these images, when understood against the backdrop of Old Testament and Second Temple theology, carry significant eschatological motifs, suggesting that the Didache is not restricted by futurist or strictly millenarian concerns. Instead, the Didache shows evidence of being a document whose community maintained both a participatory and anticipatory relationship to the kingdom of God.
Country-Specific Screening, Prevalence, and Immunity Rates for Hepatitis B Infection in a Large US Safety-Net System
Authors: Zhou Kali , Sumethasorn Matt , Wong Christopher , Terrault Norah A 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Country- and region-specific estimates of hepatitis B virus (HBV) screening, prevalence, and immunity rates are provided for 202 868 adults from 174 unique countries in a large urban safety-net system. Of these, 41.8% (95% confidence interval, 41.5%–42.0%) were screened, with age-adjusted HBV prevalence of 0.9% (.9%–1.0%); 55.3% (54.9%–55.7%) had immunity testing, and 32.4% (31.9%–33.0%) were immune.
Outbreak of Diarrhea Caused by a Novel Cryptosporidium hominis Subtype During British Military Training in Kenya
Authors: Toriro Romeo , Pallett Scott , Woolley Stephen , Bennett Charlie , Hale Isra , Heylings Jennifer , Wilkins Daniel , Connelly Thomas , Muia Kennedy , Avery Patrick , Stuart Andrew , Morgan Laura , Davies Mark , Nevin William , Quantick Oliver , Robinson Guy , Elwin Kristin , Chalmers Rachel , Burns Daniel , Beeching Nicholas , Fletcher Thomas , O’Shea Matthew 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Background
We report clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features of a large diarrhea outbreak caused by a novel Cryptosporidium hominis subtype during British military training in Kenya between February and April 2022.

Methods
Data were collated from diarrhea cases, and fecal samples were analyzed on site using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) BioFire FilmArray. Water was tested using Colilert kits (IDEXX, UK). DNA was extracted from feces for molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium A135, Lib13, ssu rRNA, and gp60 genes.

Results
One hundred seventy-two of 1200 (14.3%) personnel at risk developed diarrhea over 69 days. One hundred six primary fecal samples were tested, and 63/106 (59.4%; 95% CI, 0.49%–0.69%) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. Thirty-eight had Cryptosporidium spp. alone, and 25 had Cryptosporidium spp. with ≥1 other pathogen. A further 27/106 (25.5%; 95% CI, 0.18%–0.35%) had non-Cryptosporidium pathogens only, and 16/106 (15.1%; 95% CI, 0.09%–0.23%) were negative. C. hominis was detected in 58/63 (92.1%) Cryptosporidium spp.–positive primary samples, but the others were not genotypable. Twenty-seven C. hominis specimens were subtypable; 1 was gp60 subtype IeA11G3T3, and 26 were an unusual subtype, ImA13G1 (GenBank accession OP699729), supporting epidemiological evidence suggesting a point source outbreak from contaminated swimming water. Diarrhea persisted for a mean (SD) of 7.6 (4.6) days in Cryptosporidium spp. cases compared with 2.3 (0.9) days in non-Cryptosporidium cases (P = .001).

Conclusions
Real-time multiplex PCR fecal testing was vital in managing this large cryptosporidiosis outbreak. The etiology of a rare C. hominis gp60 subtype emphasizes the need for more genotypic surveillance to identify widening host and geographic ranges of novel C. hominis subtypes.
The death of ‘traditional’ charivari and the invention of pot-banging in Spain,
c
.1960–2020
Authors: Kerry Matthew 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Banging together pots and pans has become established as a common protest technique in Spain and across the world. Pot-banging can be linked to charivari: a centuries-old, Europe-wide, nuptial practice that subjected a marrying couple to mocking moral critique, which was also adapted for political ends. This article, however, distinguishes between nuptial charivari (the cencerrada) and recent political pot-banging (the cacerolada). The former suffered a process decline and disappearance while the latter, separately, was imported into Spain from Latin America in the late 1980s. The lack of connection between the two is reflected in different terms, but can be further established through close attention to their respective staging, gendered nature, meaning and sound. The case of Spanish pot-banging sheds light on the fate of ‘traditions’ during the Transition from the Francoist dictatorship to democracy, particularly in terms of changing notions of individual rights, civility and gender relations, and has implications for how historians approach the history of collective action. Historians should pay greater attention to how techniques are transmitted and learned within and across borders. The history of modern protest is perhaps more disjointed than modernizing approaches suggest.
Mitigating modal noise in multimode circular fibres by optical agitation using a galvanometer
Authors: Ghosh Supriyo , Boonsri Chantira , Martin William , Jones Hugh R A , Choochalerm Piyamas , Usher Sarah , Yerolatsitis Stephanos , Wocial Thomas , Wright Thomas 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Modal noise appears due to the non-uniform and unstable distribution of light intensity among the finite number of modes in multimode fibres. It is an important limiting factor in measuring radial velocity precisely by fibre-fed high-resolution spectrographs. The problem can become particularly severe as the fibre’s core become smaller and the number of modes that can propagate reduces. Thus, mitigating modal noise in relatively small core fibres still remains a challenge. We present here a novel technique to suppress modal noise. Two movable mirrors in the form of a galvanometer re-image the mode-pattern of an input fibre to an output fibre. The mixing of modes coupled to the output fibre can be controlled by the movement of mirrors applying two sinusoidal signals through a voltage generator. We test the technique for four multimode circular fibres: 10 and 50 $\mu$m step-index, 50 $\mu$m graded-index, and a combination of 50 $\mu$m graded-index and 5:1 tapered fibres (GI50t). We present the results of mode suppression both in terms of the direct image of the output fibre and spectrum of white light obtained with the high-resolution spectrograph. We found that the galvanometer mitigated modal noise in all the tested fibres, but was most useful for smaller core fibres. However, there is a trade-off between the modal noise reduction and light-loss. The GI50t provides the best result with about 60 per cent mitigation of modal noise at a cost of about 5 per cent output light-loss. Our solution is easy to use and can be implemented in fibre-fed spectrographs.
Removing Barriers to Entry in Medicine: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Aqeel Fatima 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In 1992, Pakistan equalized admissions criteria for women and men applying to medical schools, causing a rapid increase in the female share of medical graduates. Using birth cohort variation, I find that equalizing admissions criteria increased employment among female doctors by 21 percentage points and among doctors overall by 9 percentage points, even though female doctors are less likely to be employed than male doctors. Earnings for male medical graduates increased as lower ability males were crowded out. The 1992 reform led to increased gender diversification in a wide range of medical specialties, but it also concentrated doctors in urban districts where women prefer to practice.
Autoimmune gastritis serological biomarkers in gastric cancer patients
Authors: Kriķe Petra , Appel Meret Sophia , Shums Zakera , Poļaka Inese , Kojalo Ilona , Rudzīte Dace , Tolmanis Ivars , Kiršners Arnis , Bogdanova Inga , Aleksandravica Ilona , Norman Gary L. , Leja Mārcis 
Published: January 2024

The role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer remains controversial. We studied antiparietal cell antibody (anti-PCA) and anti-intrinsic factor antibody (anti-IFA) levels and their associations with pepsinogen I/pepsinogen II levels in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma compared to a control group with mild or no atrophy of the stomach mucosa. Plasma levels of anti-PCA and anti-IFA were measured by ELISA (Inova Diagnostics Inc, San Diego, California, USA). The cutoff value for anti-PCA and anti-IFA positivity was ≥25 units. Altogether 214 patients (126 men, 88 women, median age 64.46, range: 35–86) with confirmed gastric adenocarcinoma and 214 control cases paired for age and sex were included in the study. Positive anti-PCA was present in 22 (10.3%) gastric cancer patients and controls (P ≥ 0.999); positive anti-IFA in 6 (2.8%) and 4 (1.9.%), P < 0.232, respectively.
We did not find significant differences in anti-PCA and anti-IFA positivity between gastric cancer patients and the control group; further investigation is required to better understand the potential involvement of autoimmune gastritis in the development of gastric cancer.
HIV-1 subtypes and latent reservoirs
Authors: Ranga Udaykumar , Panchapakesan Arun , Saini Chhavi 
Published: January 2024

Purpose of review
We explore the current status of research on HIV-1 subtype-specific variations and their impact on HIV-1 latency. We also briefly address the controversy surrounding the decision-making process governing the ON/OFF states of HIV-1 transcription, specifically focusing on the regulatory elements, the long terminal repeat (LTR), and Tat. Understanding the decision-making process is crucial for developing effective intervention strategies, such as the 'shock-and-kill’ approach, to reactivate latent HIV-1.

Recent findings
Attention has been drawn to subtype-specific transcription factor binding site (TFBS) variations and the possible impact of these variations on viral latency. Further, diverse subtype-specific assays have been developed to quantify the latent viral reservoirs. One interesting observation is the relatively larger latent reservoirs in HIV-1B infection than those of other viral subtypes, which needs rigorous validation. The emergence of LTR-variant viral strains in HIV-1C demonstrating significantly higher levels of latency reversal has been reported.

Summary
Despite persistent and substantial efforts, latent HIV-1 remains a formidable challenge to a functional cure. Determined and continued commitment is needed to understand the ON/OFF decision-making process of HIV-1 latency, develop rigorous assays for accurately quantifying the latent reservoirs, and identify potent latency-reversing agents and cocktails targeting multiple latency stages. The review emphasizes the importance of including diverse viral subtypes in future latency research.
Pharmacological approaches to promote cell death of latent HIV reservoirs
Authors: Pinzone Marilia Rita , Shan Liang 
Published: January 2024

Purpose of review
HIV requires lifelong antiviral treatment due to the persistence of a reservoir of latently infected cells. Multiple strategies have been pursued to promote the death of infected cells.

Recent findings
Several groups have focused on multipronged approaches to induce apoptosis of infected cells. One approach is to combine latency reversal agents with proapoptotic compounds and cytotoxic T cells to first reactivate and then clear infected cells. Other strategies include using natural killer cells or chimeric antigen receptor cells to decrease the size of the reservoir.
A novel strategy is to promote cell death by pyroptosis. This mechanism relies on the activation of the caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8 (CARD8) inflammasome by the HIV protease and can be potentiated by nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Summary
The achievement of a clinically significant reduction in the size of the reservoir will likely require a combination strategy since none of the approaches pursued so far has been successful on its own in clinical trials. This discrepancy between promising in vitro findings and modest in vivo results highlights the hurdles of identifying a universally effective strategy given the wide heterogeneity of the HIV reservoirs in terms of tissue location, capability to undergo latency reversal and susceptibility to cell death.
Targeting noncoding RNAs to reactivate or eliminate latent HIV reservoirs
Authors: Beliakova-Bethell Nadejda 
Published: January 2024

Purpose of review
Expression of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) is more tissue and cell type-specific than expression of protein-coding genes. Understanding the mechanisms of action of ncRNAs and their roles in HIV replication and latency may inform targets for the latent HIV reservoir reactivation or elimination with high specificity to CD4+ T cells latently infected with HIV.

Recent findings
While the number of studies in the field of ncRNAs and HIV is limited, evidence points to complex interactions between different ncRNAs, protein-coding RNAs, and proteins. Latency-reversing agents modulate the expression of ncRNAs, with some effects being inhibitory for HIV reactivation. An important limitation of basic research on the ncRNA mechanisms of action is the reliance on cell lines. Because of cell type specificity, it is uncertain whether the ncRNAs function similarly in primary cells.

Summary
Comprehensive functional screens to uncover all ncRNAs that regulate HIV expression and the detailed exploration of their mechanisms of action in relevant cell types are needed to identify promising targets for HIV reservoir clearance. Classes of ncRNAs as a whole rather than individual ncRNAs might represent an attractive target for reservoir elimination. Compound screens for latency reversal should factor in the complexity of their effects on ncRNAs.
Harnessing immune cells to eliminate HIV reservoirs
Authors: Grasberger Paula , Sondrini Abigail R. , Clayton Kiera L. 
Published: January 2024

Purpose of review
Despite decades of insights about how CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells contribute to natural control of infection, additional hurdles (mutational escape from cellular immunity, sequence diversity, and hard-to-access tissue reservoirs) will need to be overcome to develop a cure. In this review, we highlight recent findings of novel mechanisms of antiviral cellular immunity and discuss current strategies for therapeutic deisgn.

Recent findings
Of note are the apparent converging roles of viral antigen-specific MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells and NK cells, interleukin (IL)-15 biologics to boost cytotoxicity, and broadly neutralizing antibodies in their native form or as anitbody fragments to neutralize virus and engage cellular immunity, respectively. Finally, renewed interest in myeloid cells as relevant viral reservoirs is an encouraging sign for designing inclusive therapeutic strategies.

Summary
Several studies have shown promise in many preclinical models of disease, including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/SHIV infection in nonhuman primates and HIV infection in humanized mice. However, each model comes with its own limitations and may not fully predict human responses. We eagerly await the results of clinical trails assessing the efficacy of these strategies to achieve reductions in viral reservoirs, delay viral rebound, or ultimately elicit immune based control of infection without combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).
A review of racial disparities in ovarian cancer and clinical trials
Authors: Ali Maryam , Tewari Krishnansu S. 
Published: January 2024

Purpose of review
Ovarian cancer ranks fifth in mortality among women with cancer and accounts for more death compared to any other gynecological cancers. This review summarizes the most recent literature on disparities in ovarian cancer as well as within recent clinical trials.

Recent findings
Recent studies have identified a notable disparity in genetic testing utilization, disease stage at the time of diagnosis, and adherence to treatment guidelines between Black women and their White counterparts, ultimately leading to increased mortality rates among Black women from ovarian cancer. Additionally, there is an underreporting of race in clinical trials and those that do report race demonstrate significant racial disparities within trial participants with the majority of participants being White.

Summary
It is imperative that we address the significant racial disparities within ovarian cancer and clinical trials to establish a framework of equitable healthcare provision. Multiple determinants, such as implicit bias, provider mistrust, accessibility hurdles, and socioeconomic influences, appear to contribute to the current disparities faced by women of color. Further investigation is warranted, encompassing a deeper understanding of diverse patient perspectives and identifying barriers to receiving optimal care and participating in clinical trials.
Stakeholder Engagement to Identify Implementation Strategies to Overcome Barriers to Delivering Chronic Pain Treatments: A NIDILRR and VA TBI Model Systems Collaborative Project
Authors: Haun Jolie N. , Nakase-Richardson Risa , Cotner Bridget A. , Agtarap Stephanie D. , Martin Aaron M. , Tweed Amanda , Hanks Robin A. , Wittine Lara , Bergquist Thomas F. , Hoffman Jeanne M. 
Published: January 2024

Objective:
The purpose of this article is to illustrate the process of stakeholder-engaged intervention mapping approach to identify implementation strategies to overcome data-driven prioritized barriers to receiving chronic pain services for persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Setting:
Community.

Participants:
Healthcare providers (n = 63) with 2 or more years' experience treating persons with TBI, interviewed between October 2020 and November 2021 provided data for identification of barriers. TBI, chronic pain, and qualitative research subject matter experts (SMEs) participated in the mapping approach.

Design:
Participatory-based research design, using descriptive and intervention mapping approaches.

Results:
Four barriers to accessing chronic pain treatment by persons with TBI which emerged from provider interviews were prioritized for intervention mapping: cognitive deficits of patients (67%); patient comorbidities (63%); mental health and/or substance abuse issues (59%); and patient participation (62%). SMEs used prioritized barriers to develop 4 primary objectives and implementation strategies designed to: (1) engage consumers to validate and identify strategies; (2) tailor pain treatment and delivery to overcome barriers; (3) develop and disseminate guidelines and best practices when delivering care to persons with TBI to support spread; and (4) increase awareness, skills, and readiness of workforce to deliver pain treatment to persons with TBI. SMEs used an evidence-based approach to develop a mapping matrix of the prioritized barriers, implementation objectives, and aligned implementation strategies to impact change.

Conclusion:
Implementation science is needed to facilitate knowledge translation into practice for this complex population to overcome barriers to care. Implementation strategies to address barriers to accessing chronic pain care for individuals with TBI were chosen through a participatory approach to engaging SMEs to support these rehabilitation implementation efforts. Future work includes gathering input from individuals with TBI and chronic pain and to move the intervention (implementation) mapping matrix forward to inform future implementation research, policy, and practice.
Associations of Chronic Pain With Psychosocial Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury: A NIDILRR and VA TBI Model Systems Collaborative Project
Authors: Hanks Robin , Ketchum Jessica M. , Peckham Mackenzie , Sevigny Mitch , Sander Angelle M. , Martin Aaron M. , Agtarap Stephanie , Beaulieu Cynthia L. , Callender Librada , Hammond Flora M. , Lengenfelder Jean , Rabinowitz Amanda R. , Walker William C. , Hoffman Jeanne M. , Harrison-Felix Cynthia , Nakase-Richardson Risa 
Published: January 2024

Objective:
To examine the differences in participation, life satisfaction, and psychosocial outcomes among individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) endorsing current, past, or no chronic pain.

Setting:
Community.

Participants:
Three thousand eight hundred four TBI Model Systems participants 1 to 30 years of age postinjury classified into 1 of 3 groups based on their pain experience: current pain, past pain, no pain completed a Pain Survey at their usual follow-up appointment which on average was approximately 8 years postinjury.

Design:
Multisite, cross-sectional observational cohort study.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Sociodemographic and injury characteristics and psychosocial outcomes (ie, satisfaction with life, depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], sleep quality, community participation).

Results:
Persons with current chronic pain demonstrated higher scores on measures of PTSD, anxiety, and depression, and the lower scores on measures of sleep quality, community participation and satisfaction with life. Those with resolved past pain had mean scores for these outcomes that were all between the current and no chronic pain groups, but always closest to the no pain group. After adjusting for sociodemographic and function in multivariate analysis, having current chronic pain was associated with more negative psychosocial outcomes. The largest effect sizes (ES; in absolute value) were observed for the PTSD, depression, anxiety, and sleep quality measures (ES = 0.52-0.81) when comparing current pain to past or no pain, smaller ES were observed for life satisfaction (ES = 0.22-0.37) and out and about participation (ES = 0.16-0.18). When comparing past and no pain groups, adjusted ES were generally small for life satisfaction, PTSD, depression, anxiety, and sleep quality (ES = 0.10-0.23) and minimal for participation outcomes (ES = 0.02-0.06).

Conclusions:
Chronic pain is prevalent among individuals with TBI and is associated with poorer psychosocial outcomes, especially for PTSD, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance. The results from this study highlight the presence of modifiable comorbidities among those with chronic pain and TBI. Persons who experience persistent pain following TBI may be at greater risk for worse psychosocial outcomes.