bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE DECALCIFICATION, AS MODIFIED BY CALCIUM INTAKE: THE RELATION BETWEEN GENERALIZED OSTEOPOROSIS AND OSTITIS FIBROSA
Authors: Jaffe Henry L. , Bodansky Aaron , Chandler Joseph P. 
Published: June 2004

1. In all age groups the effects of ammonium chloride administration were found to be strikingly dependent upon the calcium intake.
2. Dogs receiving an adequate calcium diet and ammonium chloride showed less decalcification than those receiving a low calcium diet with or without ammonium chloride.
3. In the younger groups the added effect of ammonium chloride to calcium-low diet brought out more striking changes than a low calcium diet alone.
4. When the decalcification was less severe—in the oldest dogs on the low calcium diet with or without ammonium chloride, and in the younger dogs on an adequate calcium intake with ammonium chloride —generalized thinning of the bones without marrow fibrosis resulted (osteoporosis).
5. When the decalcification was rapid and severe—in the youngest dogs on low calcium diet, particularly with ammonium chloride— generalized decalcification and secondary marrow fibrosis resulted (ostitis fibrosa).
6. Generalized ostitis fibrosa is a rather inclusive term and may be applied to the histologic picture which results when clinical or experimental decalcification is rapid, and therefore leads to extensive marrow fibrosis.
7. The special underlying causes of the decalcification may incidentally contribute features to modify the generalized osteoporosis or ostitis fibrosa as in rickets and in von Recklinghausen's disease.
THE CELLULAR REACTIONS TO LIPOID FRACTIONS FROM ACID-FAST BACILLI
Authors: Smithburn Kenneth C. , Sabin Florence R. 
Published: June 2004

1. A comparative study has been made of the cellular reactions induced by phosphatides from five strains of acid-fast bacilli. Each of these reactions is characterized principally by epithelioid cells and giant cells.
2. The phosphatides are first phagocytized by young connective tissue cells or monocytes. The lipoid is then dispersed into fine particles with the formation of classical epithelioid cells.
3. A comparison has been made of the reactions induced by heat-killed and defatted tubercle bacilli with those induced by tuberculophosphatide.
4. Further studies have been made to determine whether or not the phosphatide causes sensitization to tuberculin. It does not do so.
5. The life cycle of the epithelioid cell has been observed in all its stages.
A STUDY OF THE DISSOCIATION OF THE RAWLINS STRAIN OF BACTERIUM TYPHOSUM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS USE IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTI-TYPHOID VACCINE
Authors: Grinnell Francis B. 
Published: June 2004

A study of the subcultures of the Rawlins strain of Bacterium typhosum used by twelve different laboratories for vaccine production showed that they all differed from recently isolated smooth strains in cultural characteristics, virulence and protective efficiency.
Eleven of these Rawlins cultures gave both the flagellar and the somatic type of agglutination in anti-smooth rabbit serum, and the one culture so tested produced both flagellar and somatic agglutinins when injected into rabbits and man.
Agglutination of neither the flagellar nor the somatic type can, therefore, be used as a test of the smoothness of a culture or as an index of immunity.
Since the Rawlins strain differs from the smooth phase of Bacterium typhosumin cultural characteristics and in virulence, and is much less efficient than smooth strains as a protective antigen; and since the selection and maintenance of smooth cultures suitable for vaccine production present no serious difficulty, it would seem but logical to substitute virulent, smooth cultures for the very old Rawlins strain, if we are to expect the maximum protection from antityphoid vaccination.
AUGMENTATION OF THE EXTRACARDIAC ANASTOMOSES OF THE CORONARY ARTERIES THROUGH PERICARDIAL ADHESIONS
Authors: Moritz Alan R. , Hudson Charles L. , Orgain Edward S. 
Published: June 2004

The examination of four hearts, with partial or complete obliteration of the pericardial sac by fibrous adhesions, after injection of the coronary arteries with a colloidal suspension of lamp black showed that the extracardiac anastomoses of the coronary arteries were increased owing to the presence of adhesions. In all four instances a particularly rich injection of the parietal pericardium was obtained and microscopic examination of the adhesions showed them to contain injected vessels, extending from epicardium to parietal pericardium. A microscopic study of cleared blocks (3 mm. in thickness) of myocardium and attached pericardial adhesions, showed the arborization and anastomosis of branches of the arteries of the parietal pericardium with those of the heart. This vascularization was not limited to the usual areas of subepicardial fat, but was seen in regions not ordinarily containing arterial branches. In no one of the four cases were the coronary arteries significantly diseased.
In one of the four cases, the normal sites of anastomoses between the cardiac and extracardiac vessels were destroyed by cutting away the great vessels entering and leaving the heart, as well as the peri- and intervascular reflections of parietal pericardium. Injection mass was found however, in the arteries of the parietal pericardium and the diaphragm, showing that it has passed directly through the adhesions from coronary to extracardiac vessels.
If the extracardiac anastomoses of the coronary arteries constitute a significant reserve for cardiac circulation, it would appear that this reserve would be augmented by the presence of pericardial adhesions. Direct communication between branches of the coronary arteries and the pericardial branches of the internal mammary arteries with free anastomosis with the anterior branches of the thoracic aorta is established over areas corresponding to the extent of the adhesions. Work is now in progress in this laboratory to study the functional significance of such an experimentally induced collateral circulation in experimental coronary occlusion.
ALLERGIC LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Fried B. M. 
Published: June 2004

The injection of small amounts (1 cc.) of horse serum into the lungs of normal rabbits produces a transient pneumonitis confined to the dorsal aspect of both lungs.
The injection of the same amount of horse serum into the lungs of rabbits that have been previously sensitized to the same serum causes in a high percentage of cases a lesion which is confined to one lung with the gross and microscopic features of lobar (fibrinous) pneumonia as seen in man.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS BETWEEN AGAR-AGAR AND SOME BACTERIAL ANTISERA
Authors: Zozaya José , Medina Luis 
Published: June 2004

1. As found by Sordelli and Mayer, agar adsorbed on bacteria produces agar-reacting antibodies in animals injected with these organisms.
2. False cross-agglutination and precipitin reactions can be produced in sera containing agar-reacting antibodies by organisms grown on agar. Zozaya's publication in this field (3) requires partial revision on this account.
3. There is suggestive immunological evidence of chemical similarity between the specifically reactive groups of agar-agar, and the C substance of the pneumococcus.
IMMUNITY REACTIONS OF HUMAN SUBJECTS TO STRAINS OF PNEUMOCOCCI OTHER THAN TYPES I, II AND III
Authors: Finland Maxwell , Sutliff W. D. 
Published: June 2004

1. A group of 72 human subjects were studied with respect to the immune reactions of their blood and sera to Types I, II and III pneumococci and to 4 other types (V, VI, VIII and IX) previously included in Group IV.
2. The same general relationships were observed for all of these types as were previously demonstrated for Types I, II and III. Each type was specific in relation to the bactericidal action of normal human blood and the protective action of normal human serum.
3. The frequency with which pneumococcidal action for any pair of types was present for both or absent for both in the same blood samples was slightly greater than that calculated from the frequencies with which each of the types was killed separately.
4. No closer correlation could be demonstrated between the reaction of the blood of these subjects to Types II and V or between Types III and VIII pneumococci, types related in their reaction with artificially prepared immune sera, than was observed between unrelated strains.
A CORRELATION BETWEEN THE HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES AND THE FATE OF LIVING TUBERCLE BACILLI IN THE ORGANS OF REINFECTED RABBITS
Authors: Lurie Max B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Immunity to reinfection is a function of the increased capacity of the mononuclear phagocytes to destroy tubercle bacilli and varies directly with the extent of the primary lesion; however it is rarely sufficient to annihilate completely the microorganism. This acquired immunity is superimposed on the natural resistance of a given organ.
2. In the presence of sufficient immunity, such as occurs with the persistence of an extensive primary lesion, small numbers of tubercle bacilli are destroyed by the mononuclear cells in situ without local or general infiltration of the tissues by polymorphonuclear or mononuclear leucocytes. Larger numbers of bacilli are destroyed within 24 hours by an accelerated formation of sharply localized nodules of mononuclear phagocytes. These progress no further and are absorbed or result in inconspicuous microscopic collections of epithelioid and giant cells.
3. In the presence of less immunity, such as occurs when the primary lesion has almost completely healed, the immediate inflammatory reaction is more intense and diffuse and persists longer. It results in a less rapid disappearance of the bacilli and in a more extensive formation of tubercles. These appear much earlier than in the normal animal and soon resolve.
4. Tubercle bacilli of reinfection may be destroyed even though the primary lesion in the lung and kidney is progressive. This is due to an unhindered extracellular multiplication of the bacilli in the caseous foci that undergo softening and excavation. Resistance may be overwhelmed by the spread of tremendous numbers of living bacilli from these foci through the bronchi or renal tubules, while the moderate numbers of reinfecting bacilli reaching the organs by way of the blood stream are destroyed.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF SPONTANEOUS CONJUNCTIVAL FOLLICULOSIS OF MONKEYS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Tyler Joseph R. 
Published: June 2004

Spontaneous folliculosis of Macacus rhesus monkeys—a type of follicular conjunctivitis associated with marked, local, inflammatory reactions—is apparently a disease sui generis, due to a specific infectious agent. It can be transmitted from monkey to monkey by means of subconjunctival injection of suspensions, and by conjunctival swabbing of the secretions, of affected tissues, or by contact of normal animals with folliculosis monkeys.
The agent causing folliculosis has failed in our hands to pass through Berkefeld and Seitz filters, even those of an unusual degree of permeability; and the lesions that it causes show no cellular inclusions suggestive of the action of a virus. The condition is due apparently to an organism of low grade pathogenicity. The essential histopathological structure corresponds to that of a folliculoma (16) which, while not identical with a granuloma, bears certain resemblances to the latter.
The studies here reported concern only one species of monkey, Macacus rhesus. Further investigations will be carried out on different species of Anthropoidea and other animals.
SOME EFFECTS OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACTS ON NITROGEN METABOLISM, WATER BALANCE, AND ENERGY METABOLISM
Authors: Gaebler Oliver H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Solutions of the globulin fraction of alkaline extracts of the anterior lobe of beef pituitary glands, when administered intraperitoneally or subcutaneously to dogs for 1 or 2 days, greatly increase the nitrogen balance. Urine nitrogen falls markedly, and at the same time blood non-protein nitrogen decreases, while the nitrogen of the feces remains the same.
2. The nitrogen gained may either be retained or lost again, indicating that it may be converted into reserve protein rather than into permanent structures. Sudden gains in weight which follow the injections are always lost again.
3. The effect of the extracts on protein catabolism is greatest when this is high, as in adult dogs having a negligible positive nitrogen balance, or a negative balance, while consuming a high protein diet adequate in calories.
4. Both the fall in nitrogen excretion, and the subsequent rise, when the latter occurs, are due to changes in urea excretion.
5. Other results of the brief treatments are: great increases in water intake and urine volume, marked thirst, slight rise in temperature, and a remarkable increase in heat production effected by oxidation of fat. Mature female dogs were used, and in one of these lactation occurred after some of the injections.
NUTRITIONAL ENCEPHALOMALACIA IN CHICKS
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Goettsch Marianne ,   With the Assistance of Anna Alexieff
Published: June 2004

1. Nutritional encephalomalacia may be induced in chicks up to the age of approximately 2 months. As the preliminary feeding period on a natural foods diet is increased, the percentage incidence of the disease becomes progressively less. The average time between institution of diet and appearance of the disease tends to diminish.
2. There is no correlation between growth and incidence of the disease.
3. White Leghorns, Barred Plymouth Rocks, Rhode Island Reds, and White Wyandottes are equally susceptible.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: June 2004

The experiments recorded above demonstrate that the systematic treatment of a horse with formalin- and phenol-killed Rickettsiae obtained from the Mexican virus by our X-ray rat technique induces the development of properties in the horse's serum which may be described as follows:
1. An original agglutinating potency for Proteus X-19 (Weil-Felix reaction) not exceeding dilutions of 1–40 was enhanced to a potency of 1–160 and, feebly, 1–320.
2. The horse's serum, after immunization, exerts distinct protective action against the Mexican virus, whether mixed with the virus before injection, administered 1 week or somewhat longer before the virus or given 24, 48 or 72 hours after infection with virus. Experiments of the last category have been most successful when the serum was given subcutaneously.
3. The serum of the immunized horse agglutinates the Weigl louse vaccines, containing Rickettsia prowazeki of the European disease in dilutions comparable in potency to the Weil-Felix reaction.
Since the serum described exerted protective effects when given 7 and 13 days before infection with the virus, there is some prospect of prophylactic usefulness on the part of this serum.
Since the serum also protected when subcutaneously administered 24, 48 and 72 hours after intraperitoneal infection of guinea pigs, and somewhat modified the disease even when given 96 hours after infection—that is 1 day before the control came down with a typical reaction—, it is at least logical to investigate its possible therapeutic value by early administration in the human disease of the New World or Mexican type. The time intervals governing the experiments of the last two categories in guinea pigs were of course dependent upon the balance between the amounts of virus and of serum used.
The failure of similar effects upon the European virus is not easily explained. This is especially difficult to understand in view of the unquestionable agglutinating potency of the serum for the Weigl vaccines. Whether this difficulty is purely a quantitative one, or depends upon other factors, can be determined only by further investigation.
THE MANNER OF REMOVAL OF PROTEINS FROM NORMAL JOINTS
Authors: Bauer Walter , Short Charles L. , Bennett Granville A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Data are presented showing that precipitin tests can be used for the detection of the proteins contained in egg white and horse serum in the blood stream and thoracic duct lymph following injection into the knee joints of normal dogs. The sera of rabbits immunized against the particular protein employed were used in doing the precipitin tests.
2. Egg white is removed only by way of the lymphatics, appearing more rapidly if the leg muscles are massaged. The removal is even greater from passively exercised joints.
3. Horse serum albumin is readily removed from a normal dog's knee joint by way of the lymphatics alone and with greater rapidity from a passively exercised joint. Horse serum globulin escapes from normal joints with great difficulty, if at all, and therefore does not readily gain entrance into the underlying lymphatic capillaries.
4. The molecular size of a protein readily gaining egress from a joint through the lymphatics is thus defined.
5. The relative sizes of the albumin and globulin molecules contained in horse serum are confirmed by in vivo experiments.
6. The lymphatic system is the essential apparatus for the removal of protein from joints, and any interference with this drainage should promote the formation of intraarticular effusion.
The data presented suggest that a simple clinical test for determining the efficiency of the lymphatics draining a single joint can be devised.
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF RENAL SECRETION. A STUDY BY THE EXTRAVITAL METHOD
Authors: Oliver Jean R. , Lund Edna Morris 
Published: June 2004

1. The secretion of neutral red reproduces those variations which are observed in the mitochondrial apparatus of the renal tubule cells of animals living under native conditions. The tubular absorptive processes concerned with water, salts and sugars do not produce these effects.
2. The changes in the mitochondria consist of both structural and constituent alterations. These have been shown to be not merely phenomena concomitant with secretion, but a determining factor in one part of this process; namely, in the concentration of the dye within the cell.
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF RENAL SECRETION. A STUDY BY THE EXTRAVITAL METHOD
Authors: Oliver Jean R. , Lund Edna Morris 
Published: June 2004

1. The elimination of neutral red by the renal epithelium is a composite process, consisting of a direct and an indirect secretion.
2. The mechanism controlling direct secretion is concerned with the permeability of the two cell membranes. These two membranes may be affected independently in the direction of either an increased or decreased permeability, with a corresponding increase or decrease in the elimination of the dye.
3. The mechanism controlling indirect secretion is concerned with the mitochondrial apparatus of the cell. By means of change in the form and constituent substance of its structures, the dye is concentrated within the cell and slowly eliminated.
4. Direct secretion, depending on the condition of sensitive membranes, is easily disturbed. Such disturbances account for the wide variations in the elimination of dye observed in the functioning of abnormal kidneys. Indirect secretion, depending on the simpler factor of the solubility of the dye in the protoplasmic constituents, continues even when the cells are severely damaged.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE OPSONIC AND TROPIC ACTION OF NORMAL AND IMMUNE SERA BASED ON EXPERIMENTS WITH THE PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Ward Hugh K. , Enders John F. 
Published: June 2004

1. In normal unheated human serum, virulent pneumococci may be prepared for phagocytosis by two separate antibodies, acting in conjunction with complement. One of these is the type-specific anticarbohydrate antibody reacting with the carbohydrate fraction of the pneumococcus. The other is probably also a type-specific antibody, but quite distinct from the former, and therefore must react with a different antigenic constituent of the bacterium.
2. In the normal human serum heated to 56°C., these two antibodies may, after prolonged contact with the organism, promote phagocytosis of the pneumococcus without the adjuvant action of complement.
3. Although these two antibodies are equally effective in the phagocytosis of 24 hour culture organisms by normal blood, the anticarbohydrate antibody tends to become the predominant factor as the pneumococci approach the state in which they exist in the animal body.
4. In so far as we have been able to show, the anticarbohydrate antibody is the only antibody in immune serum which can induce phagocytosis. This substance by itself is active in a phagocytic system, but just as in the normal serum, complement enhances its effect. The failure to demonstrate the presence in the immune serum of an antibody, distinct from the anticarbohydrate antibody, analogous to that found in the normal serum, may be due to the experimental difficulty of removing all the anticarbohydrate antibody from a concentrated immune serum.
5. Thus it is seen that a single well defined antibody (the anticarbohydrate antibody) may be responsible for the phagocytic action of normal unheated serum, normal heated serum, inactivated immune serum, and immune serum activated by complement. These facts appear to us to invalidate Neufeld's division of the phagocytic antibodies into (a) bacteriotropins (antibodies, the phagocytic titre of which is not raised by the addition of complement); (b) opsonic antibodies (antibodies, comparable to the lysins, which are only active in the presence of complement).
6. Complement alone is incapable of inducing phagocytosis of the pneumococcus. In the phagocytic process, it appears simply to increase the speed at which the reaction takes place. Its role may be compared to that of a catalyst in a chemical reaction.
7. On the basis of these findings, it is proposed that the term "tropin" be discarded as misleading and unnecessary, and that the term "opsonin" be retained to denote any heat-stable antibody which prepares bacteria for phagocytosis. Contrary to current usage, it would not suggest a combination of antibody with complement.
A SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN AND OTHER GROUPS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. 
Published: June 2004

1. All except two of 106 strains of hemolytic streptococci isolated from man, other animals, milk, and cheese have been classified into five groups, which bear a definite relationship to the sources of the cultures. These broad groups may be subdivided into specific types by methods discussed elsewhere. The specific group classification is made possible by employing two special reagents: (a) extracts prepared by treatment of the bacteria with hot hydrochloric acid, and (b) serum of animals immunized with formalinized cultures. This differentiation is not detected by the agglutination reaction. The grouping agrees with that described by other investigators on the basis of cultural and biochemical characteristics.
2. The group-specific substance present in strains of Group A has been identified chemically as carbohydrate in nature. The chemical composition of the specific substances upon which the specificity of the other groups depends has not been determined. It seems not unlikely, however, that all of them may belong in the general class of carbohydrates, each being chemically distinct and serologically specific in the individual groups.