bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction between real options and financial hedging: Fact or fiction in managerial decision‐making
Authors: Aabo Tom , Simkins Betty J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis empirical study of the exchange rate exposure management of Danish non‐financial companies shows that decisions on whether or not to financially hedge an exchange rate exposure is affected by the possibility to react to changes in exchange rates by undertaking various forms of real actions (exercising real options) such as to enter new markets, change suppliers, shift production, among others. The results show that the combined interaction of a firm's size, exports, and foreign subsidiaries, as well as the firm's managerial emphasis on flexibility, are important to real options usage. These findings are important to firms in other countries with open economies.
Live attenuated polio vaccine and the risk of intussusception
Authors: Jick Hershel , Vasilakis‐Scaramozza Catherine , Jick Susan S. 
Published: March 2005

Aims  Since suspicion has been raised that administration of an oral live attenuated rotavirus vaccine may increase the risk of intussusception in young children, there has been concern about the possible effects of oral polio vaccine. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between oral attenuated polio vaccine and intussusception in children below the age of 1 year.Methods  We conducted a nested case‐control analysis based on data from the General Practice Research Database which encompassed 133 children who developed documented intussusception during the first year of life and 515 controls.Results  The time from oral polio vaccine to the index date was similar in cases and controls. Relative risk estimates for intussusception ranged from 0.7 (95% CI 0.2, 2.1) for babies whose last oral polio vaccine was given 29‐35 days before their index date to 1.0 (95% CI 0.4, 2.3) for those whose last oral polio vaccine was given 15‐21 days before their index date (compared with babies vaccinated more than 43 days before their index date).Conclusions  There is no suggestion that oral polio vaccine increases the risk for intussusception.
The Representation of Jews and of Anti‐Semitism in Joseph Roth's Early Journalism
Authors: Horrocks David 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWithin the vast range of topics covered by Joseph Roth in his early journalism, portrayals of Jews and of anti‐Semitism are not especially prominent. However, they repay analysis as examples of how a writer, without revealing his own Jewish origins, chooses to represent such subjects. Whether reporting on currency speculators in Vienna, an orthodox Jewish community in Hungary, or poor Jewish refugees from the East in Berlin, Roth adopts similar strategies. Initially seeming to confirm widespread prejudices about ‘Ostjuden’, he eventually contrives to subvert them. Portraits of assimilated, middle‐class Jews are less frequent in Roth's work, but articles on Walter Rathenau and the financier Louis Hagen provide an interesting contrast in content, whilst also containing more complex political sub‐texts. Where anti‐Semitism is concerned, Roth proves to be a prescient critic of right‐wing ‘völkisch’ movements operating under the sign of the swastika. Here his main weapon is irony; his major strategy one of turning the anti‐Semites’ arguments back on themselves, thus reducing them to the absurd. Roth's campaign against anti‐Semitism is not, however, motivated by any merely partisan Jewish concern. Rather, as scathing articles on other forms of racial prejudice indicate, it is evidence of a consistent cosmopolitanism on his part.
Some Aspects of German‐Jewish Names
Authors: Livingstone Rodney 
Published: March 2005

abstractAshkenazi surnames present a bewildering picture, a hotchpotch derived from a variety of languages seemingly without rhyme or reason. But since names are a crucial part of a person's identity it is important to ascertain whether an underlying logic can be discovered. In fact, patterns may be discerned, beginning with the patronyms formed from traditional synagogue names. These were supplemented by the addition of profane names or kinnuyim, many of which refer back to key Biblical texts or the Zohar. By contrast, names based on professions tend to be translated into the different East European languages. Toponyms have become the focus of recent debate as social historians and genealogists explore the actual origins of what had all too readily been assumed to be place names. Name changes arise not just from movement between different countries, but are subject to more direct pressures, chief among them anti‐Semitic sentiment, both in Germany and in Anglophone countries.
Understanding mutualism when there is adaptation to the partner
Authors: DE MAZANCOURT CLAIRE , LOREAU MICHEL , DIECKMANN ULF 
Published: March 2005

SummaryA mutualism is a mutually beneficial interaction between individuals of two species. Here we show that the degree of benefit resulting from an interaction depends on whether adaptation within the mutualism is considered.A species’proximate responsemeasures the short‐term effect of addition or removal of the partner species, without allowing for any adaptation. We define aproximate mutualismas an interaction in which removal of each partner results in a decreased performance of the other, i.e. both species show a positive proximate response to the presence of the partner.A proximate mutualism might, however, only reflect evolved dependence (i.e. the species has lost its ability to perform well without the partner). Some authors therefore insist on an ultimate criterion, regardless of the use of proximate responses in almost all empirical studies.A species’ultimate responsemeasures the long‐term effect of adding or removing the partner species, thus allowing the focal species to adapt. In anultimate mutualismneither partner could ever have performed as well without the other. In other words, a mutualism is called ultimate if both species show a positive ultimate response to the presence of the partner. Despite the conceptual attractiveness of this definition, ultimate responses are difficult to measure, rendering its use operationally problematic.Mutualistic evolution, the evolution of a trait that is costly to the bearer but beneficial to its partner, is not, paradoxically, a necessary consequence of either proximate or ultimate mutualism. Another counterintuitive result is that even obligate mutualisms are not necessarily ultimate interactions.We conclude that the proximate response is the only workable criterion for mutualism. Our understanding of mutualism, however, requires further evaluation of how evolved dependence may be responsible for such responses.These concepts clarify the ongoing debate about whether plant–herbivore interactions can be considered as mutualistic.This is not a semantic case of hair splitting: naïve aspects in current views of mutualism need revision. In most, if not all, interactions now considered as mutualisms, some of the measured benefits are likely to result from evolved dependence, rather than what we would like to consider as ultimate benefits.
Spartina alterniflora genotype influences facilitation and suppression of high marsh species colonizing an early successional salt marsh
Authors: PROFFITT C. EDWARD , CHIASSON REBECCA L. , OWENS ALAINA B. , EDWARDS KEITH R. , TRAVIS STEVEN E. 
Published: March 2005

Summary

Genetically based phenotypic and ecotypic variation in a dominant plant species can influence ecological functions and patterns of recruitment by other species in plant communities. However, the nature and degree of importance of genotypic differences is poorly understood in most systems.
The dominant salt marsh species, Spartina alterniflora, is known to induce facilitative and competitive effects in different plant species, and the outcomes of interactions can be affected by nutrients and flooding stress. Clonal genotypes, which maintained their different plant architecture phenotypes throughout 31 months of a field experiment, underwent considerable genet‐specific senescence in their centres over the last 12 months.
Different clonal genotypes and different locations (robust edges vs. senescent centres) permitted significantly different levels of light penetration of the canopy (14.8–77.6%), thus establishing spatial heterogeneity for this important environmental factor.
S. alterniflora clonal genotype influenced the degree of suppression of the previously dominant Salicornia bigelovii as well as facilitation of recruitment and growth by other plant species. Aster subulatus and Atriplex patula performed better in Spartina clone centres, and experienced reduced growth in Salicornia‐dominated areas.
Four other high marsh species (Borrichia frutescens, Aster tenuifolius, Iva frutescens and Limonium carolinianum) colonized only into Spartina clones but not into the Salicornia‐dominated area.
These results suggest that differences in clone size, centre senescence, stem density, height, total stem length and biomass in different genotypes of a dominant marsh plant species can influence recruitment and growth of other plant species. The spatial pattern of habitat heterogeneity is, at least in part, dependent on the genotypic diversity, and possibly the genetic diversity, of such foundation species.
We hypothesize that as genotypic diversity increases in populations of a dominant plant species like S. alterniflora, the number and diversity of interactions with other species will increase as well.
Seedling recruitment in a hurricane‐driven tropical forest: light limitation, density‐dependence and the spatial distribution of parent trees
Authors: URIARTE MARÍA , CANHAM CHARLES D. , THOMPSON JILL , ZIMMERMAN JESS K. , BROKAW NICHOLAS 
Published: March 2005

Summary

We used inverse modelling to parameterize spatially‐explicit seedling recruitment functions for nine canopy tree species in the Luquillo Forest Dynamics Plot (LFDP), Puerto Rico. We modelled the observed spatial variation in seedling recruitment following Hurricane Georges as a function of the potential number of seedlings at a given location (based on local source trees and the potential contribution of parents from outside of the mapped area) and of light levels and density‐dependent mortality during establishment. We adopted the model comparison paradigm and compared the performance of increasingly complex models against a null model that assumes uniform seedling distribution across the plot.
Our data supported a model in which parents must reach a threshold size before any seedling production will occur. Once parents attain that size, the relationship between tree diameter and the number of seedlings produced is fairly flat for the majority of species. These results contradict previous analyses that simply assumed a linear relationship between biomass and seedling production and a uniform size threshold for seedling production across species.
The majority of species tested supported models that included at least one of a bath term (contribution from non‐local trees), conspecific density dependence and light availability after the hurricane. Density dependence shifted the mode of the effective dispersal kernel away from potential parent trees and significantly reduced the number of seedlings established near parent trees. Recruitment from non‐local sources accounted for 6–81% of observed seedling recruitment depending upon the tree species. Light availability appeared to divide species into three groups that showed more successful seedling establishment at low (< 5% of full sun), intermediate or high light levels (> 30% full sun).
Differences between individual species in the importance of local vs. bath recruitment and the intensity of density dependence suggest the existence of distinct recruitment syndromes that go beyond the traditional focus of tropical tree life histories. Understanding these syndromes will provide valuable insights into the spatial distribution of tropical tree species and the maintenance of tropical forest diversity.
Validity of 13C‐phenylalanine breath test to evaluate functional capacity of hepatocyte in patients with liver cirrhosis and acute hepatitis
Authors: Koeda N. , Iwai M. , Kato A. , Suzuki K. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryBackground : No definitive method for quantitative evaluation of hepatic function has as yet been established.Aim : To investigate whether the 13C‐phenylalanine breath test would be useful for the evaluation of hepatic function in patients with liver cirrhosis and acute hepatitis.Methods : l‐[1‐13C]‐phenylalanine was administered orally in a dose of 100 mg to 25 patients with liver cirrhosis, 22 patients with acute hepatitis and 10 healthy subjects. The relationships of the cumulative excretion with the 13C‐%dose/h, blood biochemical parameters and asialoscintigraphy were investigated.Results : In liver cirrhosis patients, the cumulative excretion showed correlations with hepatic function tests, asialoscintigraphy, clinical stage and portal hypertension. In acute hepatitis patients, the cumulative excretion showed correlations with hepatic function tests. There were positive correlations between the cumulative excretion and the 13C‐%dose/h at 20 min (Phe20) and 13C‐%dose/h at 30 min (Phe30) in liver cirrhosis and acute hepatitis patients. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that total bilirubin, total cholesterol and absence of varices were independent determinants of cumulative excretion in liver cirrhosis patients and prothrombin time in acute hepatitis patients.Conclusion : The 13C‐phenylalanine breath test may allow hepatic function to be evaluated non‐invasively in liver cirrhosis and acute hepatitis patients, and the Phe20 and Phe30 may be useful for determination of function at a single time‐point.
Anti‐Saccharomyces cerevisiae and perinuclear anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in coeliac disease before and after gluten‐free diet
Authors: Granito A. , Zauli D. , Muratori P. , Muratori L. , Grassi A. , Bortolotti R. , Petrolini N. , Veronesi L. , Gionchetti P. , Bianchi F. B. , Volta U. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryBackground : Anti‐Saccharomyces cerevisiae and perinuclear anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies are markers of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis respectively.Aim : To determine the prevalence of anti‐S. cerevisiae and perinuclear anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in a large series of coeliac disease patients before and after gluten free diet, and to correlate anti‐S. cerevisiae‐positivity with intestinal mucosal damage.Methods : One hundred and five consecutive coeliac disease patients and 141 controls (22 ulcerative colitis, 24 Crohn's disease, 30 primary sclerosing cholangitis, 15 postenteritis syndrome, 50 blood donors) were tested for anti‐S. cerevisiae by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and for perinuclear anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies by indirect immunofluorescence.Results : In coeliac disease anti‐S. cerevisiae (immunoglobulin G and/or immunoglobulin A) were slightly less frequent (59%) than in Crohn's disease (75%, P = 0.16) and significantly more frequent than in ulcerative colitis (27%), primary sclerosing cholangitis (30%), postenteritis syndrome (26%) and blood donors (4%) (P = 0.009, P = 0.0002, P = 0.025, P < 0.0001). No correlation was found between anti‐S. cerevisiae and degree of mucosal damage. Perinuclear anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies were detected only in one coeliac. After gluten free diet the disappearance of anti‐S. cerevisiae‐immunoglobulin A (93%) was more frequent than that of immunoglobulin G (17%, P = 0.0001); perinuclear anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies disappeared in the only coeliac positive at diagnosis.Conclusion : More than half of untreated coeliacs are anti‐S. cerevisiae‐positive irrespective of the severity of mucosal damage. Differently from immunoglobulin A, anti‐S. cerevisiae‐immunoglobulin G persisted in more than 80% after gluten free diet. The high prevalence of anti‐S. cerevisiae in coeliac disease suggests that they may be the effect of a non‐specific immune response in course of chronic small bowel disease.
Risk factors for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a community study
Authors: Mohammed I. , Nightingale P. , Trudgill N. J. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryAim:  To examine the prevalence of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease symptoms and potential risk factors among community subjects.Methods:  A questionnaire was sent to 4000 subjects, stratified by age, gender and ethnicity to be representative of the local population. Gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease symptoms were defined as at least weekly heartburn or acid regurgitation.Results:  2231 responded (59%), 691 refused to participate and seven were incomplete. 1533 (41%) were evaluable (637 male, mean age 51 years, range: 20–80). The prevalence of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease symptoms was 21%. Smoking, excess alcohol, irritable bowel syndrome, increasing body mass index, a family history of upper gastrointestinal disease, increasing Townsend deprivation index, anticholinergic drugs (all P < 0.0001), weight gain, antidepressant drugs, inhaled bronchodilators, no educational attainment (all P < 0.01), south Asian origin (P = 0.02) and manual work (P < 0.05) were associated with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease symptoms. Multivariate logistic regression revealed increasing body mass index, a family history of upper gastrointestinal disease, irritable bowel syndrome, south Asian origin (all P < 0.0001), smoking, excess alcohol, no educational attainment and anticholinergic drugs (all P < 0.01) were independently associated with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease symptoms.Conclusions:  Frequent gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease symptoms affect 21% of the population. Increasing body mass index, a family history of upper gastrointestinal disease, irritable bowel syndrome, south Asian origin, smoking, excess alcohol, social deprivation and anticholinergic drugs are independently associated with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease symptoms.
Novel missense mutations, GCC [Ala306]– > GTC [Val] and ACG [Thr318]– > CCG [Pro], in the CYP11B1 gene cause steroid 11β‐hydroxylase deficiency in the Chinese
Authors: Lee Hsien‐Hsiung , Won Ging‐Shing , Chao Hsiang‐Tai , Lee Yann‐Jinn , Chung Bon‐chu 
Published: March 2005

SummaryObjective  Steroid 11β‐hydroxylase (CYP11B1) deficiency, an autosomal recessive inherited disease, accounts for 5–8% of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). It is mainly caused by mutations of nucleotide substitutions in the coding region.Patients and Methods  The study reports on a 9‐year‐old Chinese boy who presented with a bone age of 16 years, an enlarged penis, an accelerated growth rate since early childhood and hypertension (160–170/100–110 mmHg) for 3 years. Because it shares 95% sequence homology with aldosterone synthetase (CYP11B2), we developed gene‐specific primers for differential PCR amplification of the CYP11B1 gene. The secondary PCR products of nine exons of the CYP11B1 gene were then subjected to single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and DNA sequencing. The serum hormone levels were also determined.Results  We found that the boy diagnosed with CAH due to 11β‐hydroxylase deficiency carried mutations of A306V (GCC– > GTC) and T318P (ACG– > CCG) in two respective chromosomes. The hormone assay showed that the 11‐deoxycortisol level was higher (667 nmol/l) than normal and was further increased after ACTH stimulation (1206 nmol/l).Conclusions  These two mutations have not previously been described in the CYP11B1 gene. The discovery of these two novel mutations increases our knowledge of CAH caused by 11β‐hydroxylase deficiency.
Effects of seed size, inbreeding and maternal sex on offspring fitness in gynodioecious Plantago coronopus
Authors: KOELEWIJN HANS PETER , VAN DAMME JOS M. M. 
Published: March 2005

Summary

Male steriles (MS) must have a fitness advantage relative to hermaphrodites (H) if they are to be maintained in gynodioecious species. We report experiments in which we disentangle the relative contributions of seed size, inbreeding and maternal sex to the fitness advantage of male steriles in Plantago coronopus L.
Seed size effects were observed throughout growth experiments in the glasshouse and were reflected in all biomass measurements. In the field, seed size effects resulted in a fourfold increase in standardized seed production per initial buried seed after 2 years between small (mean weight = 0.13 mg) and large (0.20 mg) seeds.
Inbreeding depression, calculated from seed to seed was δ = 0.37 after one generation of selfing and δ = 0.93 after the second generation of selfing. Regression of log(1 − δ) on inbreeding level suggested synergistic epistasis in fitness.
Even after taking into account the effects of seed size and inbreeding level, the offspring of a male sterile mother had a 16% advantage over a hermaphrodite, but this disappeared when the progeny sex ratio (the ratio of MS : H individuals among the offspring) was taken into account.
In the field, offspring of large seeds had both a higher overall incidence of flowering, and a higher probability of flowering in their first year, thus generating an extra cohort of individuals. The high inbreeding depression in fitness after two generations of selfing was also due to a very low incidence of flowering among the S2 individuals. Flowering probability therefore appears to be a critical trait in this system.
In the field, the contributions of seed size variation (15%) and inbreeding (9%) combine with 48% higher seed production to give a total fitness advantage of 70% of male steriles relative to hermaphrodites. This is probably sufficient for maintenance of gynodioecy under nuclear‐cytoplasmic inheritance of male sterility.
Both inbreeding effects (as a consequence of the sexual system) and pleiotropic effects (of the genes coding for male sterility) play a role in the maintenance of gynodioecy in this species, with an apparently greater role for the latter.