bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusions
Authors: FISHBANE MICHAEL 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter presents a synthesis of the studies in the preceding Chapters (10-12), focusing on a number of mystical tracts, particularly the book of Zohar — an heir of these prior layers of tradition and their transformation. The book of Zohar attempts to read and disclose the hidden myth in the words of the Torah and other passages of the sacred canon. Myth is considered an inward and spiritual reality of the divine being, is unsayable and unknowable on its own terms, and only becomes knowable and sayable in the terminology of Scripture.
The Impact of Active Leverage I: Making Political Systems More Competitive, 1994–8
Authors: Vachudova Milada Anna 
Published: April 2005

AbstractOnce the EU developed its active leverage, noncompliance with EU membership requirements became visible and costly for governments in candidate states. This chapter illustrates the effectiveness of the EU’s active leverage in compelling Hungary to moderate its foreign policy towards neighbouring states, and it explores the EU’s vigorous attempts to improve the treatment of ethnic minorities in Romania and Slovakia. The EU’s active leverage was usually ineffective in directly pressuring ruling elites in Romania, Bulgaria, and Slovakia to change key domestic policies. But the relationship between the EU and credible future members gradually changed the domestic balance of power in illiberal states against rent-seeking elites by making the political systems more competitive. It did so by working through society to change the information environment and the institutional environment to the advantage of more liberal political forces. This helped undermine the ‘democratic monopoly’ that had allowed rent-seeking elites to use ethnic nationalism and economic populism to win and maintain power. In states where no united, organized liberal opposition existed before 1989, the EU’s active leverage—in cooperation with other international actors and in synergy with domestic forces—helped to create one, shaping the more liberal political parties that took power in 1996 in Romania, in 1997 in Bulgaria and in 1998 in Romania.
Moral Scepticism 10
Authors: Shafer-Landau Russ 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPresents and tries to defuse some classic arguments for moral scepticism, and against the possibility of moral knowledge. Considers the regress argument, an argument from relevant alternatives, and a vicious circle argument, and tries to show why we can continue to justifiably believe moral claims even in the absence of a decisive means of undermining these sceptical arguments.
3 Naturalism Characterized
Authors: Rea Michael C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Argues that characterizing naturalism as a view rather than a research programme and inevitably portrays naturalism either as a self‐defeating thesis or as a view commitment to which would be inconsistent with the core dispositions of the tradition. Thus, the fairest and most plausible characterization of naturalism treats it as a research programme – in particular, a research programme wherein one treats the methods of science and those methods alone as basic sources of evidence.
Defining Buddhism
Authors: Brekke Torkel 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Anagarika Dharmapala was the most important reformer of Buddhism in Sri Lanka in the 19th century. He espoused a Protestant Buddhism that blurred the traditional roles of monk and layman. It advocated right of lay people to engage in the high soteriological religion, and to strive for nirvana. One of his foremost legacies is inventing the role of the Anagarika, the person between the order of monks and the laity.
Defining Jainism
Authors: Brekke Torkel 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Jainism in India began as a religious movement for individuals wishing to renounce society and strive towards release from the cycle of rebirth. Jain identity was a matter of membership in the community of religious renouncers who were followers of Mahavira. The sense of Jains as a unified community separate from the Hindus and Muslims first emerged in the 19th century, when organisations for the propagation of Jainism were established. One of the most important figures in Jainism was Vijaya Dharma Suri, who worked towards its revitalisation.
War, Responsibility, and Law Enforcement
Authors: Rodin David 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues that military action against an aggressive state may be justified as a form of law enforcement rather than self-defence. The establishment of something like a minimal universal state is needed for such a justification to be effective. It is also argued that the justification of any form of military action requires a moral explanation of why the soldiers against whom one fights are appropriate objects of violence.
Supervenience and Causation 4
Authors: Shafer-Landau Russ 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAddresses two outstanding worries about ethical non‐naturalism. The first, developed primarily by Simon Blackburn, is that this form of moral realism cannot provide an adequate account of the supervenience of the moral upon the non‐moral. The second, prompted by Gilbert Harman, is that moral facts lack any independent causal power, and so we have excellent reason to regard them as unreal.
The Johannine Corpus in the Early Church
Authors: Hill Charles E. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Traditionally associated with John the apostle (the Gospel of John, the three Letters of John and the Revelation of John) make up a major portion of the Christian New Testament and have had an immense influence both on Christianity and on Western culture. Yet the consensus of scholarship has long held that one member of this Johannine corpus, the Gospel of John, endured a long struggle before it was deemed acceptable to the mainstream of orthodox Christianity. This consensus maintains that the Fourth Gospel was accepted first and most enthusiastically by gnostic and other heterodox groups while suffering disregard or opposition by the orthodox until about the 180s, when Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons, ‘rescued’ it by showing how it could be used against the heretics. This study chronicles the rise of this ‘orthodox Johannophobia paradigm’ (OJP) in scholarship, then mounts a thorough investigation of the primary sources to ascertain its viability. The examination of all second-century sources, both orthodox and heterodox, both literary and material, places every aspect of this paradigm in jeopardy. The extent of John’s early use has been routinely underestimated, and its reception among the gnostic schools largely (and surprisingly) misunderstood. Considering the Fourth Gospel in the second-century context also forces us not only to view it alongside other Gospel literature, but also alongside other writings with which it was widely associated, namely, the Johannine Epistles and Apocalypse. The book concludes with a summary and reflections on the implications for our understanding of Johannine origins and history.
The Making of a Consensus
Authors: Hill Charles E. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Details how the consensus position on orthodox Johannophobia evolved and gained its hegemony in the academy. Beginning with views promulgated by the German scholar Walter Bauer in 1934 in his highly influential book, Rechtgläubigkeit und Ketzerei im ältesten Christentum, reviews the work of major Johannine and early Christian scholars to the end of the twentieth century. After a brief stalemate in the early 1960s, due to the work of F.-M. Braun, and despite other noteworthy dissenters (Hengel, Nagel), the notion that the gnostics warmly received John while the orthodox ignored or resisted it until about the time of Irenaeus, has gained a general acceptance.
John among the Orthodox, c. ad 170–200
Authors: Hill Charles E. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
As the period c. 170–200 is acknowledged by the proponents of the OJP to be the time in which the Fourth Gospel was quickly gaining acceptance among the orthodox (except in Rome), our study of the sources begins with this period. The 14 recognizably orthodox writers reviewed in this section indeed show this Gospel being used with ease and regularity and in an authoritative manner. It is linked with the three canonical Gospels and used as scripture by Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, and the Muratorian Fragment. But remarkably, while there were, as there were with other Christian writings, battles over interpretation, there are no signs that Irenaeus or anyone else was engaged in an effort to wrest this Gospel from heterodox groups, including the Valentinians, who might have had a monopoly on it. Moreover, John’s Gospel is disproportionately well attested in surviving papyri of the early period, and this is strikingly paralleled by the high representation of its scenes among the images adorning the earliest Christian catacombs in Rome, the very city that was, according to Bauer, the stronghold of orthodox Johannophobia.
John and ‘the Gnostics’
Authors: Hill Charles E. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Investigates the chief empirical basis for the OJP, the use of the Fourth Gospel among ‘gnostic’ and Valentinian authors and groups that can be plausibly dated to the second century. The works of individual teachers and surviving texts, including a number of texts from the Nag Hammadi library, are examined to determine not only their knowledge of the Fourth Gospel (along with the Johannine Letters and Apocalypse) but also the ways in which they used it. The most striking discovery of this study is that the Fourth Gospel was seen by many of these writers not chiefly as an ally but as a text, which simply had to be reckoned with, adapted, and sometimes contradicted. Surprisingly, the only Johannophobia of the period is found not in orthodox writers, but in heterodox works such as the Trimorphic Protennoia, the Second Apocalypse of James, the Apocryphon of James, the Acts of John, Gospel of Truth, and perhaps the Gospel of Thomas.
Coordination and Externalities in Macroeconomics
Authors: Bagliano Fabio-Cesare , Bertola Giuseppe 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFocusses on the macroeconomic effects of strategic interactions among optimizing agents in several contexts. Trading externalities are introduced in a non‐monetary economy and the possibility of multiple equilibria is discussed. A search model of money is then presented, which formalizes the use of money as a medium of exchange. Finally, a model of the labour market characterized by a process of search on the part of workers and firms is studied, and the dynamics of frictional unemployment, vacancies, and wages are discussed.
Prelude: The New Philosophy of Vision
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTraditional theories of perception treat sensation as an image projected from the state of sensory receptors; more recently, cognitive scientists have focussed on how it is the result of data extraction. There are philosophical problems about how to accommodate the new paradigm: notably how to describe perceptual content in such a way as to preserve the epistemic innocence and egocentric perspective of the perceiver. The way to address this problem is to look at how perception is instinctively used, in particular, how it is used in order to gain knowledge about the world.
The Sources of Sensory Similarity
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn the Cartesian paradigm, similarity of sensation is explained by the similarity of receptor state; it is shown that this is empirically mistaken. C. R. Gallistel has suggested that sensory similarity reflects topological proximity in a neural feature map; this sort of thesis explains why similarity with respect to a single parameter is invariant (see Ch. 4). The system constructs such maps because it needs to resolve imprecision in neural representations and to determine a precise response to the situations represented. Such internal origins of sensory similarity do not preclude realism. Sense features are physically specifiable; in addition, they serve some purpose in the organism by signalling similarities of functional relevance: thus, it is possible for an organism to be wrong about similarity.
Perceptual Specialization and the Definition of Colour
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBecause of perceptual specialization in different species of animals, colour cannot be defined in terms of either the physical properties that human colour vision captures or the sense experiences that it produces in humans. Thus, there is no ecologically characterized class of properties such that colour vision must consist (in whatsoever kind of organism it may occur) in the capture of some or all of the members of this class. Nor is there any subjectively characterized class of experiences such that colour vision must consist (in whatsoever kind of organism it may occur) of having some or all of these experiences.
The Semantic Theory of Colour Experience
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA standard philosophical approach to defining colour associates it with a ‘colour look‘ in standard circumstances. All extant plausible versions of this theory violate the condition that we should possess instinctive knowledge of colour. A more promising approach is a ‘semantic‘specification of the meaning of colour experiences, elaborated along the lines of Tarski=s semantic theory of truth: something is a particular colour if it really is the colour something looks to be when it presents the associated look. The semantic theory is elaborated by means of an analogy between sensory systems and measuring instruments. The proposal is that sensory systems provide measurements in an ‘auto-calibrated‘ scale: in terms, that is, of something like a re-identifiable pointer position that is not specified by reference to an independently defined scale.
Visual Reference
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe visual guidance of bodily motion is conducted by a system, here entitled ‘motion-guiding vision‘, that is separate from the system that furnishes us with visual qualia. The latter is called ‘descriptive vision‘. Vision scientists commonly hold that motion-guiding vision makes no contribution to sensory consciousness. Here it is argued that by giving us the wherewithal physically to make contact with external objects, motion-guiding vision supports perceptual demonstratives and accounts for the ‘feeling of presence‘ that distinguishes seen physical objects from those that are merely pictured or imagined. In this way, motion-guiding vision contributes to our experience of seeing something, though sensory qualia such as colour or shape cannot be traced to it. The visual representation of space is assembled from descriptive and motion-guiding vision.
Hegel as a Theologian of the Spirit
Authors: Hodgson Peter C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief survey of Hegel’s life and career, then examines the way that his speculative philosophy attempts to move through and beyond Kant’s critical philosophy to reestablish the possibility of knowing ultimate truth and reality. A logical deep structure underlies both thought and being, and it appears in a great diversity of shapes in the empirical world. Philosophy of religion is the culminating element of Hegel’s philosophical system, and he understood it to be a philosophical theology whose task is to know God and rethink the central theological doctrines in a more adequate conceptuality. For Hegel, ‘spirit’ designates the distinctive ontological quality of God as a living process of creating, communicating, and consummating.
Trinity: God as Absolute Spirit
Authors: Hodgson Peter C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The specifically Christian idea of God is as absolute spirit, which means that the divine life takes on a trinitarian structure: immediacy or self-identity, self-differentiation or positing of otherness, and self-return or consummation. This is the life-process of spirit itself. The Christian doctrine of the Trinity articulates this insight in representational language that introduces numbers (three-in-one) and persons (Father, Son, Holy Spirit). In Hegel’s speculative reconstruction, God is to be understood not as three persons but as infinite personality or subjectivity, which constitutes distinctions within itself but suspends these distinctions and remains in unity with itself. Life, love, and friendship all exhibit this dialectical structure. Traces and anticipations of the Trinity are to be found in everything and everywhere—an insight grasped by a heterodox tradition going back to Pythagoreans, Neoplatonists, Gnostics, and German mystics such as Boehme.
Creation, Humanity, and Evil
Authors: Hodgson Peter C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
God creates by ‘releasing’ the otherness that is intrinsic to the divine life into actual, independent existence, which is the world vis-à-vis God. The world divides into the realms of nature and finite spirit (humanity). God’s wisdom is at work in both realms, but a free and conscious relationship to God is possible only in the latter. Estrangement, self-securing, and evil are the condition of possibility of free relationships, and thus Hegel’s view of human nature takes on a tragic aspect, as is evident from his interpretation of the story of the fall in the book of Genesis. Whether his understanding of evil as the distortion of knowledge is sufficiently radical is a question with which the chapter ends.
Christ and Reconciliation
Authors: Hodgson Peter C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Hegel locates the focal point of reconciliation and redemption in the figure of Jesus Christ, in whom the unity of divine and human nature is believed to be definitively accomplished. He attempts to establish by philosophical arguments the possibility, necessity, and actuality of the incarnation of God in a single and specific human being. That Jesus of Nazareth is this person is a claim of faith, but it is a claim corroborated by the historical evidence of his life, teaching, and death. Viewed historically, his crucifixion is the death of a criminal; but viewed religiously, it is the death of God—a point on which Hegel places considerable emphasis since it is only by undergoing death (as the pinnacle of finitude) that God overcomes it. The resurrection of Christ symbolizes the triumph of highest love over deepest anguish and the transition from a single individual to the community of faith.
Private Values
Authors: Menezes Flavio M. , Monteiro Paulo K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents the Independent Private Values model, wherein bidders’ values for the object being auctioned off is a function of only their own types. The equilibrium bidding strategies and seller’s expected revenue in four distinct types of auctions (first- and second-price sealed-bid, English, and Dutch auctions) are computed. It is shown that bidders bid less than their valuations in the unique symmetric of a first-price auction, and bid their valuations in the unique symmetric equilibrium of the second-price auction.
Mineralocorticoid resistance
Authors: Geller David S. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe mineralocorticoid aldosterone plays a crucial role in regulation of volume and electrolyte homeostasis. In recent years there has been considerable progress in deciphering the role of aldosterone in human physiology by the study of monogenic disorders exhibiting mineralocorticoid resistance. Although these disorders are rare, the elucidation of their molecular basis has yielded many insights into aldosterone biology that are proving relevant to the care of patients with a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases. Recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of syndromes of mineralocorticoid resistance are reviewed with a view towards an improved understanding of the role of aldosterone in renal sodium transport and its relationship to cardiovascular disease.
Prevalence of hypopituitarism and growth hormone deficiency in adults long‐term after severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Leal‐Cerro Alfonso , Flores Juan M. , Rincon Marilo , Murillo Francisco , Pujol Mercedes , Garcia‐Pesquera Felipe , Dieguez Carlos , Casanueva Felipe F. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryObjective Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been associated with hypopituitarism and GH deficiency. However, TBI‐mediated hypopituitarism may be more frequent than previously thought. The present work, performed in patients with severe TBI at least 1 year before, had three aims: (i) to evaluate the prevalence of hypopituitarism, (ii) in particular to evaluate the prevalence of GH deficiency, and (iii) to compare three different tests of GH reserve in this cohort.Design and patients From a nonselected group of 249 patients admitted to our Clinical Centre for severe TBI over the last 5 years, 200 of them answered a custom made questionnaire of symptoms of hypopituitarism enclosed in the invitation letter to participate in the study. A total of 170 (99 men and 14 women), accepted to participate in the study (study cohort); 57 had normal questionnaires and were not further studied, 14 discontinued the study, and 99 attended the hospital for dynamic tests of pituitary hormone deficiencies. From these, 44 subjects with IGF‐I in the lower range were tested with GHRH+GHRP‐6; ITT; and glucagon tests of GH reserve, on three different occasions.Measurements Pituitary hormones plus IGF‐I and target gland hormones were analysed.Results With regard to the initial cohort of 170 subjects (100%), three (1·7%) showed diabetes insipidus; 10 (5·8%) TSH deficiency, 11 (6·4%) ACTH deficiency and 29 (17%) gonadotrophin deficiency. In 10 subjects (5·8%), GH deficiency was diagnosed by strict criteria. Finally, 15 (8·8%) showed combined deficit of several hormones.Conclusion After severe head trauma, gonadotrophin deficiency was the most common pituitary deficit. GH deficiency showed a prevalence similar to ACTH and TSH deficits, i.e. near 6% of the cohort. Taken together, 24·7% of the subjects studied showed any type of pituitary hormone deficiency.
Expression of growth hormone‐releasing hormone receptor splicing variants in human primary adrenocortical tumours
Authors: Freddi Simona , Arnaldi Giorgio , Fazioli Francesca , Scarpelli Marina , Appolloni Gloria , Mancini Tatiana , Kola Blerina , Bertagna Xavier , Mantero Franco , Collu Robert , Boscaro Marco 
Published: April 2005

SummaryObjective Several splice variants (SVs) of GHRH receptor (GHRH‐R) have been identified in various human cancers through which GHRH antagonists may exert their IGF‐II‐mediated antiproliferative action. Because the overexpression of the IGF‐II gene is a frequent feature of adrenal carcinoma, we searched for the presence of GHRH‐R SVs in these tumours.Methods and Results The expression of GHRH‐R SVs was assessed by nested PCR in 45 human adrenocortical tumours. We have amplified 720‐, 566‐ and 335‐bp PCR products only in carcinomas. Their sequence revealed three open reading frames, corresponding to SV1, SV2 and SV4 of GHRH‐R. SV2 was detected in five of 24 cancers examined, whereas the incidence of SV1 and SV4 was lower. Their simultaneous expression was observed in one carcinoma. No PCR products for SV3 or wild‐type GHRH‐R were found in carcinomas; mRNA for wild‐type GHRH‐R or SVs of GHRH‐R were not observed either in adenomas or in normal adrenal or in NCI‐H295R cells. Interestingly, all carcinomas which expressed SVs were also positive for the presence of GHRH mRNA.Conclusion This is the first time that the expression of splice variants of GHRH‐R has been demonstrated in human adrenal carcinoma. This study raises the possibility that splice variants might play a role in adrenal carcinogenesis and might offer the possibility for new therapeutic strategies at least in a subgroup of adrenal carcinomas.