bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In utero nicotine exposure causes persistent, gender‐dependant changes in locomotor activity and sensitivity to nicotine in C57Bl/6 mice
Authors: Pauly James R. , Sparks Jae A. , Hauser Kurt F. , Pauly Thomas H. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMaternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy can result in a wide variety of adverse fetal outcomes, ranging from preterm delivery and low birth weight, to sudden infant death syndrome. In addition, in utero tobacco smoke exposure is associated with delayed or impaired neuropsychological development. Although the causative agent in tobacco smoke that leads to these aberrations is not known, some studies have concluded that nicotine may play an important role. Many studies using animal models of prenatal nicotine exposure have supported the hypothesis that nicotine may directly and/or indirectly cause impairments in fetal and neonatal development. However, in many of the animal studies nicotine has been administered acutely to naive dams, which could lead to significant fetal hypoxia; some routes of drug administration are also very stressful to pregnant dams, and changes in stress hormones could also create an unfavorable fetal environment. In this study, pregnant mice were exposed to chronic nicotine via the drinking solution; locomotor activity and sensitivity to nicotine were evaluated in the offspring. We have previously shown that oral nicotine administration produces behavioral and physiological changes that resemble those seen following other routes of nicotine administration. Although oral nicotine exposure did not significantly alter any aspect of the pregnancy, dams drinking a nicotine‐containing solution consumed approximately 20% less volume, compared to saccharin controls. All animals were cross fostered to nicotine naı̈ve lactating dams, immediately after birth. On PN40 and PN60, male mice exposed to in utero nicotine demonstrated significant locomotor hyperactivity in an open filed arena. Although female animals did not show any signs of hyperactivity, they did have a significant attenuation of their hypothermic response to acute nicotine challenge. These results suggest that oral nicotine delivery to pregnant mice causes persistent, gender‐dependant changes in behavior and sensitivity to nicotine. This model may be very useful for future studies that try to more accurately define the windows of sensitivity for nicotine exposure and the possible underlying neurochemical mechanisms involved.
Enhanced concentration of COMP (cartilage oligomeric matrix protein) in osteochondral fractures from racing Thoroughbreds
Authors: Skiöldebrand E. , Heinegård D. , Eloranta M.‐L. , Nilsson G. , Dudhia J. , Sandgren B. , Ekman S. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to correlate the levels of COMP and aggrecan as indicators of tissue damage, in synovial fluid (sf) from carpal joints of acutely lame racehorses, with macroscopical lesions of articular cartilage (OA), osteochondral fractures and ligament tears found at arthroscopy.Sixty‐three lame horses [49 Standardbred trotters (STB) and 14 Thoroughbreds (TB)] in conventional training and racing that underwent arthroscopy of their middle carpal or radiocarpal joints were included in the study. Intact as well as fragmented COMP and aggrecan released into the synovial fluid were quantified by western blot analyses and ELISA. The expression of COMP in tissues was estimated by mRNA in situ hybridisation and protein immunolocalisation in cartilage and osteochondral fractures.The concentration of sf‐COMP was higher in TB with an osteochondral fracture than in STB with osteochondral fractures and TB and STB with OA. The chondrocytes in middle and deep zones of the articular cartilage of the osteochondral fragments (from a TB) expressed COMP mRNA, in contrast to the cartilage on the opposite side of the fracture where no expression was detected. In the synovial fluid from a joint (TB) with osteochondral fractures only intact COMP was present, whereas, fragmented COMP was more prominent in synovial fluid from a joint with OA. The concentration of sf‐aggrecan did not differ between the two breeds, or between different lesions. The increased concentration of sf‐COMP in TB with osteochondral fractures, but not in synovial fluid from equine joints with OA, is a novel finding. The results from this study indicate that elevated sf‐COMP concentration in the joints of Thoroughbreds may be a useful marker for carpal joint osteochondral fragments. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
School-milk intervention trial enhances growth and bone mineral accretion in Chinese girls aged 10–12 years in Beijing
Authors: DU Xueqin , Zhu Kun , Trube Angelika , Zhang Qian , Ma Guansheng , Hu Xiaoqi , Fraser David R. , Greenfield Heather 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA 2-year milk intervention trial was carried out with 757 girls, aged 10 years, from nine primary schools in Beijing (April 1999 – March 2001). Schools were randomised into three groups: group 1, 238 girls consumed a carton of 330 ml milk fortified with Ca on school days over the study period; group 2, 260 girls received the same quantity of milk additionally fortified with 5 or 8 μg cholecalciferol; group 3, 259 control girls. Anthropometric and bone mineralisation measurements, as well as dietary, health and physical-activity data, were collected at baseline and after 12 and 24 months of the trial. Over the 2-year period the consumption of this milk, with or without added cholecalciferol, led to significant increases in the changes in height (≥0·6%), sitting height (≥0·8%), body weight (≥2·9%), and (size-adjusted) total-body bone mineral content (≥1·2%) and bone mineral density (≥3·2%). Those subjects receiving additional cholecalciferol compared with those receiving the milk without added 25-hydoxycholecalciferol had significantly greater increases in the change in (size-adjusted) total-body bone mineral content (2·4v. 1·2%) and bone mineral density (5·5v. 3·2%). The milk fortified with cholecalciferol significantly improved vitamin D status at the end of the trial compared with the milk alone or control groups. It is concluded that an increase in milk consumption, e.g. by means of school milk programmes, would improve bone growth during adolescence, particularly when Ca intake and vitamin D status are low.
Accurate detection of aneuploidies in array CGH and gene expression microarray data
Authors: Myers Chad L. , Dunham Maitreya J. , Kung S. Y. , Troyanskaya Olga G. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Motivation: Chromosomal copy number changes (aneuploidies) are common in cell populations that undergo multiple cell divisions including yeast strains, cell lines and tumor cells. Identification of aneuploidies is critical in evolutionary studies, where changes in copy number serve an adaptive purpose, as well as in cancer studies, where amplifications and deletions of chromosomal regions have been identified as a major pathogenetic mechanism. Aneuploidies can be studied on whole-genome level using array CGH (a microarray-based method that measures the DNA content), but their presence also affects gene expression. In gene expression microarray analysis, identification of copy number changes is especially important in preventing aberrant biological conclusions based on spurious gene expression correlation or masked phenotypes that arise due to aneuploidies. Previously suggested approaches for aneuploidy detection from microarray data mostly focus on array CGH, address only whole-chromosome or whole-arm copy number changes, and rely on thresholds or other heuristics, making them unsuitable for fully automated general application to gene expression datasets. There is a need for a general and robust method for identification of aneuploidies of any size from both array CGH and gene expression microarray data.
Results: We present ChARM (Chromosomal Aberration Region Miner), a robust and accurate expectation–maximization based method for identification of segmental aneuploidies (partial chromosome changes) from gene expression and array CGH microarray data. Systematic evaluation of the algorithm on synthetic and biological data shows that the method is robust to noise, aneuploidal segment size and P-value cutoff. Using our approach, we identify known chromosomal changes and predict novel potential segmental aneuploidies in commonly used yeast deletion strains and in breast cancer. ChARM can be routinely used to identify aneuploidies in array CGH datasets and to screen gene expression data for aneuploidies or array biases. Our methodology is sensitive enough to detect statistically significant and biologically relevant aneuploidies even when expression or DNA content changes are subtle as in mixed populations of cells.
Availability: Code available by request from the authors and on Web supplement at http://function.cs.princeton.edu/ChARM/
Intratumoral Arteriovenous Shunting in Malignant Gliomas
Authors: Mariani Luigi , Schroth Gerhard , Wielepp Johannes P. , Haldemann Andreas , Seiler Rolf W. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
Intratumoral arteriovenous shunting in glioblastomas has been suspected but neither proven nor quantified.

METHODS
Using a previously described technique of selective intra-arterial intratumoral injection of 99mTc-labeled microparticles (macroaggregated albumin), we measured the amount of radioactivity, by cerebral and pulmonary scintigraphy, in seven patients with malignant gliomas (six with glioblastomas and one with an anaplastic oligodendroglioma). The pulmonary shunt index was calculated as a percentage from the pulmonary/pulmonary plus cerebral radioactivity ratio.

RESULTS
The results revealed a mean pulmonary shunt index of 67% (range, 47–89%), indicating that most of the microparticles injected into the tumor via the arterial route bypassed the tumor and reached the lungs. The measured arteriovenous shunting was greater when the injection was performed in an artery exclusively perfusing the tumor.

CONCLUSION
Important intratumoral arteriovenous shunting exists in glioblastomas. The potential consequences of this finding for intra-arterial treatment strategies are discussed.
Primary Intradural Classic Chondrosarcoma: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Bosma Jark Jan Daniël , Kirollos Ramez Wadie , Broome John , Eldridge Paul Richard 
Published: July 2004

Abstract

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE
The exact origin of rare intradural chondrosarcomas remains obscure. We present a case report of an intradural classic chondrosarcoma (a very rare subtype of chondrosarcoma in this location), with a review of the literature, in an attempt to clarify the histogenesis of these tumors.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
A 48-year-old man presented with a 12-month history of progressive right hemiparesis. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a left parietal space-occupying lesion.

INTERVENTION
The patient underwent an image-guided, left parietal parasagittal craniotomy. An extrinsic tumor, which seemed to arise from the dura, was macroscopically removed. There was no bone involvement. The histological examination revealed a Grade II classic chondrosarcoma with tumor infiltration into the dura. Adjuvant radiotherapy was administered.

CONCLUSION
Intradural chondrosarcomas are rare tumors, the majority of which are mesenchymal. Classic chondrosarcomas in this location are much rarer. Their histogenesis is uncertain. In this case, the origin seems to be from the dura. Because of the malignant potential of these tumors, radical extirpation whenever possible, followed by radiotherapy, is indicated.
Concepts and Methods in Chronic Thalamic Stimulation for Treatment of Tremor: Technique and Application
Authors: Krauss Joachim K. , Simpson Richard K. , Ondo William G. , Pohle Thomas , Burgunder Jean-Marc , Jankovic Joseph 
Published: July 2004

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To rationalize the technique and reduce the costs associated with chronic deep brain stimulation of the thalamus for treatment of refractory tremor.

METHODS
The efficacy and safety of a modification in surgical techniques was prospectively assessed in 94 patients with tremor. Bilateral electrodes were implanted in 29 patients, and 65 patients received unilateral implants. Forty-five patients had Parkinson's disease tremor, 42 patients had essential tremor, and 7 patients had kinetic tremors of different causes. In all instances, intraoperative stimulations to analyze the thresholds of intrinsic and extrinsic responses were performed directly with the implanted leads. The electrodes were repositioned until satisfactory results were achieved. The pulse generators were implanted directly after the first step in the same operative session. Patients were not subjected to interoperative test stimulation trials.

RESULTS
Postoperative improvement of tremor at a mean follow-up of 11.9 months was rated as excellent in 47 patients (50%), marked in 37 patients (39%), moderate in 8 patients (9%), and minor in 2 patients (2%). There was no persistent morbidity related to surgery. In patients with Parkinson's disease, the symptomatic improvement of tremor was rated as excellent in 51% of patients, marked in 36%, moderate in 11%, and minor in 2%. In patients with essential tremor, symptomatic outcome was classified as excellent in 57% of patients, marked in 36%, moderate in 5%, and minor in 2%. Six of the seven patients with kinetic tremor achieved marked symptomatic improvement, and one patient experienced moderate improvement. Forty patients experienced stimulation-related side effects. Side effects were mild in general, and they were reversible with a change in electrical parameters. They occurred more frequently in patients who had bilateral stimulation.

CONCLUSION
Excellent to marked improvement of tremor is achieved in the majority of patients with physiological target determination via implanted leads in thalamic deep brain stimulation. Interoperative test stimulation trials are unnecessary. Modifications in technique may help to reduce the costs of the related hospital stay.
Slit-ventricle Syndrome Secondary to Shunt-induced Suture Ossification
Authors: Albright A. Leland , Tyler-Kabara Elizabeth 
Published: July 2004

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To report five children with slit-ventricle syndrome who were found to have increased intracranial pressure despite functioning cerebrospinal fluid shunts.

METHODS
Computed tomographic scans demonstrated erosion of the inner table of the cranium and sclerosis of the cranial sutures, particularly the coronal suture. Magnetic resonance imaging scans demonstrated no cerebrospinal fluid over the convexities. The patients were treated with cranial expansion operations that included removal of the sclerotic sutures, which were examined histologically.

RESULTS
Postoperatively, symptoms resolved for all children. Sutures were abnormal and contained foci of cartilage and bone within abnormally arranged fibrous tissue.

CONCLUSION
We postulate that chronic overdrainage of cerebrospinal fluid via shunts dampens the normal cerebral pressure waves; growth of the calvarium is thus understimulated, and this leads to ossification of the sutures, which become unable to expand to allow normal brain growth. Shunt-induced craniostenosis should be considered for children with symptoms of slit-ventricle syndrome for whom shunts are functional but intracranial pressure is increased. Cranial expansion operations may be more appropriate treatments than subtemporal decompressions for such children, given the diffuseness of the suture pathological features.
Stereotactic Navigation for Placement of Pedicle Screws in the Thoracic Spine
Authors: Youkilis Andrew S. , Quint Douglas J. , McGillicuddy John E. , Papadopoulos Stephen M. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
Pedicle screw fixation in the lumbar spine has become the standard of care for various causes of spinal instability. However, because of the smaller size and more complex morphology of the thoracic pedicle, screw placement in the thoracic spine can be extremely challenging. In several published series, cortical violations have been reported in up to 50% of screws placed with standard fluoroscopic techniques. The goal of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of thoracic pedicle screw placement by use of image-guided techniques.

METHODS
During the past 4 years, 266 image-guided thoracic pedicle screws were placed in 65 patients at the University of Michigan Medical Center. Postoperative thin-cut computed tomographic scans were obtained in 52 of these patients who were available to enroll in the study. An impartial neuroradiologist evaluated 224 screws by use of a standardized grading scheme. All levels of the thoracic spine were included in the study.

RESULTS
Chart review revealed no incidence of neurological, cardiovascular, or pulmonary injury. Of the 224 screws reviewed, there were 19 cortical violations (8.5%). Eleven (4.9%) were Grade II (≤2 mm), and eight (3.6%) were Grade III (&gt;2 mm) violations. Only five screws (2.2%), however, were thought to exhibit unintentional, structurally significant violations. Statistical analysis revealed a significantly higher rate of cortical perforation in the midthoracic spine (T4–T8, 16.7%; T1–T4, 8.8%; and T9–T12, 5.6%).

CONCLUSION
The low rate of cortical perforations (8.5%) and structurally significant violations (2.2%) in this retrospective series compares favorably with previously published results that used anatomic landmarks and intraoperative fluoroscopy. This study provides further evidence that stereotactic placement of pedicle screws can be performed safely and effectively at all levels of the thoracic spine.
Spinal Cord Stimulation for Nonspecific Limb Pain versus Neuropathic Pain and Spontaneous versus Evoked Pain
Authors: Kim Seong H. , Tasker Ronald R. , Oh Michael Y. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To compare the outcome of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in patients with nonspecific limb pain versus patients with neuropathic pain syndromes and in patients with spontaneous versus evoked pain.

METHODS
A retrospective review of 122 patients accepted for treatment with SCS between January 1990 and December 1998 was conducted. All patients first underwent a trial of SCS with a monopolar epidural electrode. Seventy-four patients had a successful trial and underwent permanent implantation of the monopolar electrode used for the trial (19 patients), or a quadripolar electrode (53 patients), or a Resume quadripolar electrode via laminotomy (2 patients).

RESULTS
Of the 74 patients, 60.7% underwent implantation of a permanent device and were followed for an average of 3.9 years (range, 0.3–9 yr). Early failure (within 1 yr) occurred in 20.3% of patients, and late failure (after 1 yr) occurred in 33.8% of patients. Overall, 45.9% of patients were still receiving SCS at latest follow-up. Successful SCS (&gt;50% reduction in pain for 1 yr) occurred in 83.3% of patients with nonspecific leg pain, 89.5% of patients with limb pain associated with root injury, and 73.9% of patients with nerve neuropathic pain. SCS was less effective for the control of allodynia or hyperpathia than for spontaneous pain associated with neuropathic pain syndromes. Third-party involvement did not influence outcome. There was a lesser incidence of surgical revisions when quadripolar leads were used than with monopolar electrodes.

CONCLUSION
SCS is as effective for treating nonspecific limb pain as it is for treating neuropathic pain, including limb pain associated with root damage.
Clinical and Neurophysiological Observations after Superior Petrosal Vein Obstruction during Surgery of the Cerebellopontine Angle: Case Report
Authors: Strauss Christian , Neu Mandana , Bischoff Barbara , Romstöck Johann 
Published: July 2004

Abstract

IMPORTANCE
Preservation of venous drainage during surgery of the cerebellopontine angle has received little attention.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
We describe changes in brainstem auditory evoked potentials after temporary obstruction of the superior petrosal vein during surgical resection of a small meningioma at the petrous apex via a standard suboccipital-lateral approach. Temporary clipping of the petrosal vein resulted in deterioration of the brainstem auditory evoked potentials. The tumor was removed with preservation of the superior petrosal vein.

CONCLUSION
A transient postoperative cochlear nerve deficit emphasizes the importance of venous drainage and its preservation during surgery for small lesions of the cerebellopontine angle that do not distort normal anatomic structures.
New Technique for Application of Fibrin Sealant: Rubbing Method Devised to Prevent Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage from Dura Mater Sites Repaired with Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Surgical Membranes
Authors: Nakajima Satoshi , Fukuda Tadaharu , Hasue Masamichi , Sengoku Yuichi , Haraoka Jo , Uchida Takanori 
Published: July 2004

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
The effectiveness of a strong, pressure-tight method for fibrin sealant application was experimentally and clinically evaluated, using expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) surgical membranes.

METHODS
Two application methods were examined in two groups. For Group 1, 1 ml each of Solutions A and B was simply sprayed over the surface (spray method). For Group 2, a small amount of Solution A was rubbed into the sutured site and then Solutions A and B were sprayed over the surface (rubbing method). In the experimental study, a moment pressure elevation test and a continuous stepwise pressure elevation test were performed for both groups. The clinical study was conducted using 350 patients undergoing craniotomies. The ePTFE surgical membrane was used for 180 patients but not the other 170 patients.

RESULTS
In the experimental study, the bursting pressures were 51.4 ± 13.0 cm H2O for Group 1 and 129 ± 35.0 cm H2O for Group 2 in the moment pressure elevation test and 27.0 ± 6.7 cm H2O and 100 ± 31.9 cm H2O, respectively, in the continuous stepwise pressure elevation test. The sealing effect was significantly greater for Group 2 than for Group 1 in both tests (P &lt; 0.001). In the clinical study using ePTFE surgical membranes, the rubbing method significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage (1.4%), compared with the spray method (18.3%), when external decompression was not concomitantly used (P &lt; 0.01).

CONCLUSION
The sealing effect of fibrin sealant on cerebrospinal fluid leakage was significantly greater with the rubbing method than with the spray method. The strong sealing effect obtained with the rubbing method is thought to result from firm linkage between the ePTFE surgical membrane and the fibrin sealant and also from fibrin being formed even in needle holes and spaces in the sutured site.