bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the distribution and diversity in recent Hawaiian volcanic deposits of a putative carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large subunit gene
Authors: Dunfield Kari E. , King Gary M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA putative carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large subunit gene (BMS putative coxL) was amplified from genomic DNA extracts of four recent (42–300 year old) Hawaiian volcanic deposits by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequence databases derived from clone libraries constructed using PCR products were analysed phylogenetically and statistically. These analyses indicated that each of the deposits supported distinct BMS putative coxL gene assemblages. Statistical analyses also showed that the youngest deposit (42 years old) contained the least diverse sequences (P < 0.05), but that diversity did not vary significantly among three older deposits with ages from about 108–300 years. Although diversity indices did not vary among the older deposits, mismatch analyses suggested population structures increased in complexity with increasing deposit age. At each of the sites, most of the clone sequences appeared to originate from Proteobacteria not currently represented in culture or recognized as CO oxidizers.
Fungal manganese oxidation in a reduced soil
Authors: Thompson Ian A. , Huber Don M. , Guest Chris A. , Schulze Darrell G. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryManganese chemistry in soils is a function of complex, competing biotic and abiotic reactions. The role of soil‐borne fungi in mediating these reactions is poorly understood. The objective of this article is to document direct observation of fungal Mn oxidation in soil under near in situ conditions, and to isolate, describe and confirm the role of fungi in the observed Mn oxidation, and present a model to explain our observations. We incubated soil under different moisture contents in sample cells designed to allow us to use synchrotron microspectroscopic techniques to analyse areas as small as 38 × 40 µm2. Mn was redistributed and accumulated in distinct small circular shapes or in dendritic patterns near the air–soil interface when water‐saturated soil was incubated for ≥ 7 days. Mn oxidation did not occur at 3 or 52°C indicating that oxidation was caused by microbial activity. Mn‐oxidizing fungi were isolated from the sample cells and cultured on agar. Reinoculation of sterile soil with the Mn‐oxidizing isolates resulted in the formation of Mn oxides around fungal hyphae. A model to describe the distinct zonal distribution of Mn oxides in the sample cells is presented. We believe that our data are the first direct observation of Mn oxidation by soil‐inhabiting fungi under in situ conditions. Mn‐oxidizing fungi may play an underappreciated role in the cycling of Mn in soils.
Recombination within sympatric cryptic species of the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae
Authors: Bidochka Michael J. , Small Cherrie‐Lee N. , Spironello Michael 
Published: August 2005

Summary Metarhizium anisopliae is an insect pathogenic fungus with a worldwide distribution. It is being developed and used as a biocontrol agent against a wide range of insect pests but relatively little is known of the life history of this fungus. We tested hypotheses concerning reproductive isolation and recombination in a sample of heat‐active (ability to grow at 37°C) and cold‐active (ability to grow at 8°C) sympatrically occurring isolates of M. anisopliae from Ontario, Canada by assaying nucleotide sequence variation at six polymorphic loci: the internally transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat, and portions of calmodulin (CAL), chitin synthase (CHS), subtilisin‐like protease (PR1), neutral trehalase (NTL) and actin (ACT)‐encoding genes. The most parsimonious trees constructed showed a topology consistent with the heat‐active and cold‐active isolates as two monophyletic groups. We then applied Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR) to the genealogical trees and concluded that the transition from concordance among branches to incongruity among branches delimited two species of M. anisopliae within Ontario. The GCPSR of two species was supported by intraspecific incongruity within each species when tested using the Partition Homogeneity test, indicating recombination. The GCPSR of two species also corresponded to the heat‐active and cold‐active groups. As the groups are morphologically indistinguishable we applied the term ‘cryptic species’. Therefore, the sympatrically occurring heat‐active and cold‐active isolates represent different cryptic species with a history of recombination among isolates within each species.
Solution‐focused brief therapy with people with learning disabilities: a case study
Authors: Smith Ian C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryWhilst solution‐focused brief therapy (SFBT) has become a widely used form of psychotherapy in the UK, there is little published writing on its use in services for people with learning disabilities. This article briefly discusses SFBT's potential uses with this client group, and provides by way of illustration a case example of its application with a man with mild learning disabilities referred to a learning disability clinical psychology service for ‘anger management’.
Nutritional care of Danish medical inpatients – patients’ perspectives
Authors: Lassen Karin O. , Kruse Filip , Bjerrum Merete 
Published: August 2005

Many patients do not eat and drink sufficiently during hospitalization. Surveys have shown that 30–50% of the elderly patients are undernourished when hospitalized, and for the majority of these patients their protein and energy requirements are not met during hospitalization. Diseased people often experience reduced appetite, aversion against certain types of food or nausea, and these symptoms are part of the explanation for insufficient consumption of food and drinks. In order to locate other possible explanations, this study investigate medical inpatients’ experiences and satisfaction with the nutritional care.The patients included a total of 91 medical inpatients at two internal medical wards, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. Their average age was 72 ± 11 years. They were individually interviewed about the food service and the nutritional care upon discharge.Patient satisfaction with the meals was overall high (90%). About 80% found the meals to be very important, but they lacked information about the food service, and the patients–staff communication about the food service was poor. The results indicate that the nursing staff was exercising a ‘knowledge monopoly’ in relation to the food service. In conclusion, a majority of the patients did not perceive the nutritional care as part of the therapy and nursing care during their hospitalization.
A case of bilateral renal lymphosarcoma with secondary polycythaemia and paraneoplastic syndromes of hypoglycaemia and uveitis in an English Springer Spaniel
Authors: Snead E. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrimary renal lymphosarcoma in dogs has rarely been reported. Controversy exists whether it is a primary neoplasm of the kidney or a metastatic neoplasm. The case described is the first reported case of treatment with chemotherapy for a dog with renal lymphosarcoma.
Pancreatic mixed acinar‐endocrine carcinoma in a dog
Authors: Belshaw Z. , Bacon N. J. , Foale R. D. , Mannion P. M. , Reuter R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA 10.5‐year‐old crossbreed dog was presented with a history of hypoglycaemic episodes and elevated serum insulin concentration. A pancreatic mass was removed at surgery along with an enlarged draining lymph node. An unresectable hepatic nodule was also present. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the pancreatic and lymph node masses as functional mixed acinar‐endocrine carcinoma, previously unreported in domestic species. Persistent hypoglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia post‐operatively was highly suggestive of the hepatic mass being a functional metastasis. The dog was managed on prednisolone and remained asymptomatic 9 months post‐operatively. This tumour type has only been rarely reported in human patients and may highlight the need for more rigorous immunohistochemical staining of pancreatic masses in veterinary species to identify the prevalence of this tumour type.
An analysis of industrial–agricultural interactions: a case study in Pakistan
Authors: Henneberry Shida Rastegari , Khan Muhhamad Ehsan , Piewthongngam Kullapapruk 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper empirically analyzes the relationship between Pakistan's industrial and agricultural sectors. Pakistan was chosen because of its status of a semi‐industrialized country with heavy dependence on the agricultural sector. The relationship between cotton production and industrial growth is also evaluated due to the prominence of this crop in Pakistani agriculture. The results indicate that these sectors are complementary, yet industry tends to benefit more from agricultural growth than vice versa. The timing of this information is critical, as Pakistan's policy makers now face major agricultural policy reforms in their quest for continued industrial development.
Transmission of price shifts in the context of structural adjustment: An empirical analysis for staple food after the devaluation of the franc CFA in Ivory Coast
Authors: Jutting Johannes 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis article analyses price shifts after currency devaluation in the Ivory Coast using a time‐series modelling approach. Model results identify the liberalisation of the import‐rice sector as the key factor for the transmission of price effects. Fixation of the imported rice price as a social compensatory measure hindered the adjustment of prices in the first year after the devaluation. As soon as the price controls on imported rice were lifted, prices changed in favour of tradable goods. The findings in this paper hint at a possible trade‐off between the protection of vulnerable groups during the process of adjustment and the intended incentive effect.
The economics of coupled farm subsidies under costly and imperfect enforcement
Authors: Giannakas Konstantinos , Fulton Murray 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study relaxes the assumption of perfect and costless policy enforcement found in traditional agricultural policy analysis and introduces enforcement costs and cheating into the economic analysis of output subsidies. Policy design and implementation is modeled in this paper as a sequential game between the regulator who decides on the level of intervention, an enforcement agency that determines the level of policy enforcement, and the farmer who makes the production and cheating decisions. Analytical results show that farmer compliance is not the natural outcome of self‐interest and complete deterrence of cheating is not economically efficient. The analysis also shows that enforcement costs and cheating change the welfare effects of output subsidies, the efficiency of the policy instrument in redistributing income, the level of government intervention that transfers a given surplus to agricultural producers, the socially optimal income redistribution, and the social welfare from intervention.
Off‐farm work decisions on Dutch cash crop farms and the 1992 and Agenda 2000 CAP reforms
Authors: Woldehanna Tassew , Lansink Alfons Oude , Peerlings Jack 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA double hurdle model of off‐farm work participation and off‐farm labour income was derived and estimated consistent with a farm household model. It was found that rationing and unexpected transaction costs inhibit farm households from participating in off‐farm work. The 1992 and the Agenda 2000 CAP reforms are most likely to increase the off‐farm employment of arable farm households, but its full effect cannot be realised because of inhibitions to enter off‐farm activities. Household and farm characteristics have different impacts on off‐farm work participation and on the level of off‐farm labour income.
Policy instruments for sustainable land management: the case of highland smallholders in Ethiopia
Authors: Shiferaw Bekele , Holden Stein T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDegradation of land continues to pose a threat to future food production potential in many developing economies. Various approaches, mainly based on command‐and‐control policies, have been tried (with limited success) in the past to encourage adoption of erosion‐control practices by farm households. High transactions costs and negative distributional impacts on the welfare of the poor limit the usefulness of standards and taxes for soil and water conservation. One innovative approach is the use of interlinked contracts which create positive incentives for land conservation. This study analyses the social efficiency of such policies for erosion‐control in the Ethiopian highlands using a non‐separable farm household model. Incentive contracts linked with conservation seem to be promising approaches for sustainable resource use in poor rural economies. This may suggest that conservation programs should give greater consideration to better fine‐tuning and mix of policies that help achieve both economic and environmental objectives.
Modelling technical change in Italian agriculture: a latent variable approach
Authors: Esposti Roberto , Pierani Pierpaolo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper presents an alternative approach to the measurement of technical change. It is based on the latent variable level of technology that enters explicitly the input demand system and on a hypothesis about the innovation generating process. By adding measurement error equations, the behavioral system can be viewed as a Multiple Indicators/Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model. The parameter estimates are obtained with a maximum likelihood estimator which involves the implicit covariance matrix. The analysis refers to Italian agriculture and the results provide some evidence on the nature and level of technical change during the years 1961–1991.
Food crops, exports, and the short‐run policy response of agriculture in Africa
Authors: Lamb Russell L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe response of agriculture to changes in relative prices is an important factor in the success of structural adjustment programs in Africa. In this paper I estimate supply functions for total agricultural output, food crops and export crops in 14 African countries for the years 1975 to 1990. Food and export crops are substitutes in production in the short run. Total agricultural output responds negatively to increases in export prices and positively to increases in food prices. A plausible explanation is that as farmers shift resources to export crop production, food supply falls in the short run, while the increase in export supply may take several years to materialize. The exchange rate is significant in explaining both food and export crop production and aggregate agricultural supply, suggesting that the exchange rate is acting as a proxy for excluded macroeconomic variables or that changes in the exchange rate are not passed immediately through to prices.
Lithuania's food demand during economic transition
Authors: Hossain Ferdaus , Jensen Helen H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe linear approximate version of the almost ideal demand system (LA‐AIDS) model is estimated using data from the Lithuanian household budget survey (HBS) covering the period from July 1992 to December 1994. Price and real expenditure elasticities for 12 food groups were estimated based on the estimated coefficients of the model. Very little or nothing is known about the demand parameters of Lithuania and other former socialist countries, so the results are of intrinsic interest. Estimated expenditure elasticities were positive and statistically significant for all food groups, while all own‐price elasticities were negative and statistically significant, except for that of eggs which was insignificant. Results suggest that Lithuanian household consumption did respond to price and real income changes during their transition to a market‐oriented economy.
An analysis of short‐run response of export and domestic agriculture in sub‐Saharan Africa⋆
Authors: Aboagye Anthony Q. , Gunjal Kisan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractShort‐run responses of export and domestic shares of total agricultural output to changes in stocks of domestic savings (SAV), development assistance (ODA), private foreign commercial capital (PFX) and other variables is investigated. A profit function approach is used. Time series data for 19 sub‐Saharan African countries are pooled into three panels using similarities in changes in economic policy regime.Statistical evidence suggests that for the panel of countries that were undertaking liberalized economic reforms, the slope coefficients of some of the variables in the models have changed significantly between 1970–1980 and 1981–1993. For the 1981–1993 period, the impacts of ODA, PFX and SAV on export and domestic shares were different for this panel. The effect of increases in agricultural labor was different across the three panels. There is also evidence that productivity growth in the export agriculture sub‐sector is negative in all the groups.It is recommended that to halt the decline in export share of agricultural output in the group of countries that have undertaken substantial improvements in economic policy environment, efforts must be made to reduce the negative impact of domestic savings and agricultural labor, while at the same time working to reduce the bias of development assistance against food security.
Impact of cultured shrimp industry on wild shrimp fisheries: analysis of price determination mechanisms and market dynamics
Authors: Béné Christophe , Cadrenb Muriel , Lantz Frédéric 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCultured shrimp production has been growing dramatically on the world market over the last 15 years and some of the farm‐raised species are now considered as price‐indicators on the main market places. One may, therefore, expect the price of theses cultured shrimp to have an impact on the price formation of other species and especially on wild shrimp with which they compete. In this paper, the authors address this question in the case of the wild shrimp Penaeus subtilis exploited by the French Guyana fishery (South America) and competing on the French market with the cultured Thai shrimp ‘Back Tiger’. A series of econometric tests issued from the co‐integration theory is performed between the price series of the two products. These tests indicate that the two series are co‐integrated and that the black tiger market acts as a market leader for the French Guyana shrimp product. The authors then discuss the reasons of the current predominance of farm‐raised shrimp on wild‐caught product (and in particular the French Guyana shrimp) and identify the constraints that the French market demand induces on both producers and importers. In the light of this analysis, a commercial strategy that would mitigate the impact of the Thai shrimp on the French Guyana product is suggested.
Investment in site‐specific crop management under uncertainty: implications for nitrogen pollution control and environmental policy
Authors: Khanna Madhu , Isik Murat , Winter‐Nelson Alex 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper applies an option‐pricing model to analyze the impact of uncertainty about output prices and expectations of declining fixed costs on the optimal timing of investment in site‐specific crop management (SSCM). It also analyzes the extent to which the level of spatial variability in soil conditions can mitigate the value of waiting to invest in SSCM and influence the optimal timing of adoption and create a preference for custom hiring rather than owner purchase of equipment. Numerical simulations show that while the net present value (NPV) rule predicts that immediate adoption is profitable under most of the soil conditions considered here, recognition of the option value of investment indicates that it is preferable to delay investment in SSCM for at least 3 years unless average soil quality is high and the variability in soil quality and fertility is high. The use of the option value approach reveals that the value of waiting to invest in SSCM raises the cost‐share subsidy rates required to induce immediate adoption above the levels indicated by the NPV rule.
Controlling agricultural nonpoint water pollution: costs of implementing the Maryland Water Quality Improvement Act of 1998⋆
Authors: Parker Doug 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Maryland Water Quality Improvement Act of 1998 (WQIA) seeks to create environmental and other benefits to the Chesapeake Bay through reductions in nonpoint source nutrient pollution. This paper analyzes the economic impacts of the WQIA on agricultural users of nutrients (commercial fertilizers or animal manures) and on poultry growers in the state of Maryland. The net economic impacts to each of these groups are estimated along with some discussion of the distribution of the impacts. Recognition of the distribution of the impacts allows for the assessment of potential policies to address negative impacts. Additional sections of the WQIA are discussed in terms of their ability to shift the distribution of the impacts or to provide partial compensation to those most affected. The WQIA is the most restrictive agricultural nonpoint pollution control law in the US. While the WQIA only regulates nutrient use in the state of Maryland, other states, as well as the federal government, are watching how this law is implemented. Many states are considering similar laws. At the national level, the United States Department of Agriculture and the United States Environmental Protection Agency have issued draft guidelines that will control nutrients from animal operations in much the same way as the WQIA. Therefore, analyses of the economic impacts of the WQIA may be important in shaping policies in other states and at the national level.
Constrained conjunctive‐use for endogenously separable water markets: managing the Waihole–Waikane aqueduct
Authors: Smitha Rodney B.W. , Roumasset James 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn internal solution to an optimal control problem involving conjunctive‐use of surface and groundwater may be inapplicable if water is not sufficiently fungible across space and time. We provide a more general solution and apply it to the problem of allocating a limited amount of water from the Ko‘olau mountains to two Oahu water districts separated by those mountains. The solution involves initially allocating all of the mountain water to the district supplied by groundwater but eventually allocating all of the water to the district supplied by surface water. The conditions for an internal solution hold only in the intervening years when some mountain water is allocated to each district.
The importance of structure in linking games
Authors: Just Richard E. , Netanyahu Sinaia 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA common approach in modeling negotiations is to apply game theory to single issues. Recent work has suggested that the complexity of international negotiations can be better modeled by linking independent games. Successful linking is possible when the linked issues have compensating asymmetry of similar magnitude. An important result of linked games is that such games produce a greater feasible set of choices relative to the aggregated isolated games. In this paper, we demonstrate that achieving strict dominance of the linked game is not trivial and that results and implications depend on the structures of the isolated games.