Elevated bacterial endospores associated with thermogenic hydrocarbon seeps in deep sea sediments.
Authors: Rattray Jayne , Elizondo Gretta , Sloan Kathryn , Morrison Natasha , Fowler Martin , Gittins Daniel , Webb Jamie , Campbell D , MacDonald Adam , Hubert Casey 
Published: October 2023

Introduction and approach

Bacterial endospore distributions in marine sediments are influenced by geological conduits providing routes for subsurface to surface microbial dispersal. To examine this phenomenon in more detail, endospore abundance was determined by quantifying the biomarker 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (dipicolinic acid or DPA) in 16 deep sea sediment cores from hydrocarbon prospective areas in the NW Atlantic Ocean. DPA is specific to endospore-forming bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes and constitutes a significant percentage of endospore dry weight. DPA is therefore a potential biomarker for sediment dwelling endospores and geological conduits.
Piston cores (10), gravity cores (3) and box cores (3) were collected during two expeditions to the Scotian Slope in the NW Atlantic Ocean off the east coast of Canada aboard the CCGS Hudson in 2016 and 2018 (Campbell (2016), Campbell and Normandeau (2018), Campbell and MacDonald. (2016)). Sampling sites were 1970 to 2791 m water depth, with piston cores (n=3) ranging from 344 to 953 cmbsf and gravity cores (n=10) ranging from 43 to 739 cmbsf, box coring captured the top 25 cmbsf. To address the efficacy of DPA biomarker analysis as a tool for hydrocarbon seep location we established a modified Tb3+ chelation method (Lomstein and Jørgensen (2012), Rattray (2021)). Sediment samples were extracted using acid hydrolysis, chelated with Tb3+ and analysed using HPLC fluorescence, measuring at 270 nm emission and 545 nm excitation. DPA concentrations were converted to Endospore numbers were calculated using 2.24 fmol DPA per endospore (Fichtel 2007), a conversion factor routinely used in other studies (Braun 2017, Gittins 2022, Heuer 2020, Lomstein 2012, Rattray 2022, Wörmer 2019, Lomstein and Jørgensen 2012). DPA concentrations were compared with measurements of over 250 different gaseous and liquid hydrocarbon compounds used to assess for the presence of thermogenic hydrocarbons.

Results and discussion

Samples and locations were assessed as being thermogenic hydrocarbon gas positive (stations 16-41, 18-07) or thermogenic hydrocarbon negative based on the abundance of C1-C5 hydrocarbons in sediments sampled from the same cores. Station 18-14 contained hydrocarbons from biogenic origin. Station 18-06 is the only site with higher endospore abundance but that was determined to be hydrocarbon negative.
Deep water Scotian Slope sediment cores show high endospore abundance correlates with thermogenic hydrocarbon seeps (Fig. 1). Cores from locations lacking evidence for thermogenic hydrocarbons generally contained significantly lower endospore abundances, with the notable exception of site 18-06. This potential paleoenvironmental hydrocarbon seep site highlights the utility of a DPA proxy for potentially identifying ancient hydrocarbon seeps and investigating past geological systems. The association of high endospore abundances with thermogenic hydrocarbons and the quantity of gas expulsion points to an interesting new biological tool for understanding hydrocarbon seepage in the deep biosphere, based on DPA assays in marine sediments.