bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alias analysis method for object‐oriented programs using alias flow graphs
Authors: Ohata Fumiaki , Kondou Kazuhiro , Inoue Katsuro 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWhen a pair of expressions (or partial expressions) on a program text point to the same object (memory area), these expressions are said to be in an alias relation. These occur by indirect references etc. via a parameter passing with delivery, reference variable, pointer, etc. The existing alias analysis methods are insufficient in terms of reusability of analysis results, not allowing the reusability of object‐oriented programs in the alias analyses. Furthermore, although various proposals of alias analysis methods have been published in the past, practical tools have not yet been available. This study proposes an alias analysis method for object‐oriented programs that considers moduling and reutilization of alias analysis results. The Java alias analysis tool that realizes the proposed method can analyze a large‐scale program such as a class library attached to the JDK (Java Developer's Kit) in a practical time. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(4): 49–59, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1231
View space representation and viewpoint planning computation for automatic 3D object modeling
Authors: Morooka Ken'ichi , Zha Hongbin , Hasegawa Tsutomu 
Published: March 2004

AbstractViewpoint planning plays an important role in automatic 3D model generation. We have proposed an optimal viewpoint planning [9] for the purpose of model generation by merging images acquired from multiple viewpoints on a sphere that encircles object. This method uses a discretized approximate sphere which involves problems of sphere tessellation and of sphere representation. One must consider that the scanned surface of an object is projected onto a sphere, and that the computational cost increases directly with the number of images. However, there are no appropriate sphere representation methods available. This paper proposes a new representation method based on a 2D array, and develops a new viewpoint planning algorithm. The proposed system is verified by algorithmic analysis and experiments using a real modeling system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(4): 60–71, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1232
Toxicity of ammonia to three marine fish and three marine invertebrates
Authors: Boardman Gregory D. , Starbuck Steven M. , Hudgins Douglas B. , Li Xiayoun , Kuhn David D. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractLaboratory toxicity tests were performed to obtain more data on the toxicity of ammonia to saltwater organisms. The standards for in‐stream ammonia limits in marine environments presently are based on toxicity tests involving both freshwater and saltwater organisms. Acute tests (48 and 96 h) were performed at 20°C, and chronic tests (7 days) were performed at 25°C. Synthetic seawater and natural seawater from the Chesapeake Bay were used and compared. Included among the organisms tested were sheepshead minnow (14 days old), summer flounder (2 months old), Atlantic silverside (14 days old), mysid shrimp (less than 2 days old), ghost shrimp (10 days old), and quahog clam (9 months old). Based on these results, it seems the chronic criterion for ammonia in marine environments could be increased from 0.035 to 0.081 mg/L un‐ionized ammonia, which would, of course, increase the chronic limit for total ammonia under typical saltwater conditions by a factor of 2.31. No difference was observed in the toxicity of ammonia in natural water compared to synthetic water for both the summer flounder and Atlantic silverside. Furthermore, the Atlantic silverside became more sensitive to ammonia as the salinity was increased from 14 to 22 ppt, but exhibited no change in toxicity response from 22 to 30 ppt. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 134–142, 2004
TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks: a quantitative study
Authors: Anantharaman Vaidyanathan , Park Seung‐Jong , Sundaresan Karthikeyan , Sivakumar Raghupathy 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we study the performance of the transmission control protocol (TCP) over mobile ad‐hoc networks. We present a comprehensive set of simulation results and identify the key factors that impact TCP's performance over ad‐hoc networks. We use a variety of parameters including link failure detection latency, route computation latency, packet level route unavailability index, and flow level route unavailability index to capture the impact of mobility. We relate the impact of mobility on the different parameters to TCP's performance by studying the throughput, loss‐rate and retransmission timeout values at the TCP layer. We conclude from our results that existing approaches to improve TCP performance over mobile ad‐hoc networks have identified and hence focused only on a subset of the affecting factors. In the process, we identify a comprehensive set of factors influencing TCP performance. Finally, using the insights gained through the performance evaluations, we propose a framework calledAtraconsisting of three simple and easily implementable mechanisms at the MAC and routing layers to improve TCP's performance over ad‐hoc networks. We demonstrate thatAtraimproves on the throughput performance of a default protocol stack by 50%–100%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compositional Action System Refinement
Authors: Back R. J. R. , Wright J. von 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
We show how a parallel composition of action systems can be refined by refining the components separately, and checking non-interference against invariants and guarantee conditions, which are abstract and stable. The guarantee condition can be thought of as a very abstract specification of how a system affects the global state, and it allows us to show that an action system refinement is valid in a given environment, even if we do not know any of the details of that environment. The paper extends the traditional notion of action systems slightly, and it makes use of a generalisation of the attribute model for program variables.
Relational Concurrent Refinement
Authors: Derrick John , Boiten Eerke 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Refinement in a concurrent context, as typified by a process algebra, takes a number of different forms depending on what is considered observable. Observations record, for example, which events a system is prepared to accept or refuse. Concurrent refinement relations include trace refinement, failures–divergences refinement, readiness refinement and bisimulation. Refinement in a state-based language such as Z, on the other hand, is defined using a relational model in terms of the input–output behaviour of abstract programs. These refinements are normally verified by using two simulation rules which help make the verification tractable. This paper unifies these two standpoints by generalising the standard relational model to include additional observable aspects. These are chosen in such a way that they represent exactly the notions of observation embedded in the various concurrent refinement relations. As a consequence, simulation rules for the tractable verification of concurrent refinement can be derived. We develop such simulation rules for failures–divergences refinement and readiness refinement in particular, using an alternative relational model in the latter case.
The Variety of Variables in Automated Real-Time Refinement
Authors: Wildman Luke , Fidge Colin , Carrington David 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe refinement calculus is a well-established theory for deriving program code from specifications. Recent research has extended the theory to handle timing requirements, as well as functional ones, and we have developed an interactive programming tool based on these extensions. Through a number of case studies completed using the tool, this paper explains how the tool helps the programmer by supporting the many forms of variables needed in the theory. These include simple state variables as in the untimed calculus, trace variables that model the evolution of properties over time, auxiliary variables that exist only to support formal reasoning, subroutine parameters, and variables shared between parallel processes.
Lateral Pancreaticojejunostomy for Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: O’Neil Stephen J. , Aranha Gerard V. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractChronic pancreatitis is a progressive fibrosis of the pancreas that leads to loss of endocrine and exocrine function. The most common symptom in this disease is intractable pain. The etiology of pain in chronic pancreatitis is not clearly understood. However, many of these patients have dilated ducts consisting of saccular dilations and intervening constructions referred to as the “chain of lakes” phenomenon. These patients can be diagnosed with either endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or computed tomography (CT). These patients are best treated by the Partington Rochelle modification of the Puestow Procedure otherwise known as lateral pancreaticojejunostomy. Overall pain relief in published studies occurs in 50‐90% of patients. Another proposed advantage of the lateral pancreaticojejunostomy is preservation of endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function as long as the pancreas is not further damaged by alcohol.
Management of Biliary and Duodenal Complications of Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Vijungco Joseph D. , Prinz Richard A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBiliary stricture and duodenal obstruction have been increasingly recognized as complications of chronic pancreatitis. The anatomical relationship of the distal common bile duct and the duodenum with the head of the pancreas is the main factor for their involvement in chronic pancreatitis. In hospitalized patients with pancreatitis, the incidence of biliary stricture and duodenal obstruction is reported to be about 6% and 1.2%, respectively. For patients requiring an operation for chronic pancreatitis the incidence increases to 35% for biliary stricture and 12% for duodenal obstruction. Fibrosis around the distal common bile duct can cause stenosis with obstruction of bile flow. Clinically, the presentation of these patients ranges from being asymptomatic with elevated alkaline phosphatase or bilirubin, or both, to being septic with cholangitis. Jaundice, cholangitis, hyperbilirubinemia, and persistent elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase occur more frequently in patients with pancreatitis with a biliary stricture. A twofold elevation of alkaline phosphatase is a marker of possible common duct stenosis in patients with chronic pancreatitis. The incidence of both biliary cirrhosis and cholangitis in these patients is about 10%. ERCP reveals a characteristic long, smoothly tapered stricture of the intrapancreatic common bile duct. In duodenal obstruction, the factors that convert self‐limiting edema to chronic fibrosis and stricture formation are unknown, but ischemia superimposed on inflammation may be the major cause. These patients present with a prolonged history of nausea and vomiting. Barium studies typically show a long constricting lesion of the duodenum, and endoscopy reveals reactive inflammatory changes in a narrowed duodenum. Operation is indicated in patients with common bile duct strictures secondary to chronic pancreatitis when there is evidence of cholangitis, biliary cirrhosis, common duct stones, progression of stricture, elevation of alkaline phophatase and/or bilirubin for over a month, and an inability to rule out cancer. The operation of choice is either choledochoduodenostomy or choledochojejunostomy. A cholecystoenterostomy is less favored because of its higher failure rate (23%). Endoscopic stenting plays a role in patients who are unfit for surgery, but it is not recommended as definitive therapy. For duodenal obstruction, failure to resolve the obstruction with 1–2 weeks of conservative therapy is an indication for bypass. The operation of choice is a gastrojejunostomy. Not uncommonly, combined obstruction of the pancreatic duct, common bile duct, and duodenum will develop. Combined drainage procedures or resection are used to manage these problems.
Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of a Ribozyme Directed Against Hepatitis C Virus RNA Following Subcutaneous or Intravenous Administration in Mice
Authors: Lee Patrice A. , Blatt Lawrence M. , Blanchard Karin S. , Bouhana Karyn S. , Pavco Pamela A. , Bellon Laurent , Sandberg Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2004

A nuclease resistant ribozyme targeting the 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) at site 195 has been identified. To investigate the therapeutic utility of this ribozyme, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution with two labeled forms of this ribozyme. [32P]-labeled ribozyme was administered as a single subcutaneous (SC) or intravenous (IV) bolus at a dose of 10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg in C57Bl/6 mice. Regardless of route of administration, peak liver concentrations achieved were greater than the concentration necessary to inhibit HCV-IRES-luciferase expression in cell culture. The ribozyme was well absorbed after SC administration (89%) and had an elimination half-life of 23 minutes. To show intracellular localization of the ribozyme in target tissue, a tetramethyl rhodamine (TMR)-labeled ribozyme was administered as a single SC or IV bolus at a dose of 30 mg/kg in C57Bl/6 mice. Mice treated SC or IV with TMR-labeled ribozyme had positive fluorescence in the liver from 15 minutes to 48 hours after dosing. Definite positive fluorescence was still present at 72 hours in the mice dosed via the IV route. At early time points (15 and 30 minutes postinjection), nuclear and possibly cytoplasmic fluorescence was present in the hepatocytes, and sinusoidal fluorescence was intense. At the later time points, fluorescence became more punctate. Abundant staining was often present in Kupffer cells. This study confirms the retention of ribozyme in liver cells and supports the potential of an anti-HCV ribozyme as a therapeutic agent for treatment of chronic hepatitis C.
(Hepatology 2000;32:640-646.)
A Dose-Ranging Study of Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b and Ribavirin in Chronic Hepatitis C
Authors: Glue Paul , Rouzier-Panis Regine , Raffanel Claude , Sabo Ron , Gupta Samir K. , Salfi Margaret , Jacobs Shiela , Clement Robert P. 
Published: March 2004

The objectives of this study were to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of pegylated interferon alfa-2b (PEG-Intron) plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C. A total of 72 patients (35 men/37 women, age range 20-68 years) with clinically compensated chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) were enrolled into this open-label, randomized, active controlled study. Patients received either PEG-Intron 0.35, 0.7, or 1.4 μg/kg subcutaneously weekly for 24 weeks alone, or in combination with ribavirin 600, 800, or 1,000 to 1,200 mg orally daily. Patients were evaluated during treatment and after a 24-week follow-up period for safety and efficacy. Detailed pharmacokinetic assessments were performed at weeks 1 and 4. PEG-Intron alone produced expected dose-related reductions in white cells, neutrophils and platelets. Addition of ribavirin reduced hemoglobin levels in a dose-related manner, did not further reduce PEG-Intron-induced decreases in neutrophil or white cell count, and increased platelet counts. Neutrophil function tests (C5a and FMLP migration, killing curves) were unaltered. Reported adverse events (flu-like symptoms, asthenia) were qualitatively similar in all dose groups. Anti-HCV activity, as measured by loss of detectable serum HCV RNA (i.e. <100 copies/mL) at the end of treatment (week 24) and after 24 weeks of follow-up (week 48) showed dose-response trends for PEG-Intron. At each PEG-Intron dose level, anti-HCV activity was higher in patients coadministered ribavirin than in patients treated with PEG-Intron monotherapy. There was no evidence of pharmacokinetic interactions with either drug. We conclude that the safety and tolerability of combined PEG-Intron/ribavirin and PEG-Intron alone were comparable. Combined PEG-Intron/ribavirin showed dose-related synergistic anti-HCV effects, which were numerically superior to those obtained with PEG-Intron monotherapy.
(Hepatology 2000;32:647-653.)
Long-term complications of living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Renz John F. , Roberts John P. 
Published: March 2004

Key Points
1. Donor outcome after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is related to type of liver resection. Left lateral segmentectomy is used in pediatric cases and right lobectomy is used in adult cases.
2. Biliary complications occur in 5% to 10% of both pediatric and adult cases.
3. Three donors, 2 in pediatric LDLT and 1 in adult LDLT, have died. Estimated mortality is 0.13% for pediatric donation and 0.2% for adult donation.
4. Postoperative cholestasis occurs commonly in donors, but clinically relevant jaundice occurs in less than 5%.
5. Other donor morbidity may be related to incisional hernias, postoperative gastric dysfunction, and pain.
6. Donors report overall satisfaction with LDLT, and 88% believed that the role of LDLT should be increased.
7. All donors returned to predonation activities; 25% by 1 month, 75% by 3 months, 88% by 6 months, and 100% by 1 year.
Early detection and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Gores Gregory J. 
Published: March 2004

Key Points
1. The major identified risk factor for the development of cholangiocarcinoma in Western countries is primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).
2. The diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma in PSC requires a high index of suspicion because endoscopic brush cytology and/or biopsies and imaging studies are often negative for malignancy. Positron emission tomography is a promising imaging modality for the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma, even in patients with PSC.
3. A serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 value greater than 100 U/mL has a sensitivity and specificity for cholangiocarcinoma of approximately 75% and 80%, respectively.
4. Liver transplantation is a viable therapeutic option for selected patients with early-stage cholangiocarcinoma. Outcomes are optimized by using preoperative radiation and chemotherapy and ensuring the absence of metastases by an exploratory laparotomy.
Posttransplantation prevention and treatment of recurrent hepatitis C
Authors: Burroughs Andrew K. 
Published: March 2004

Key Points
1. Hepatitic C virus (HCV) viremia is universal after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for HCV cirrhosis.
2. At 5 years post-OLT, approximately 20% of patients have cirrhosis caused by recurrent hepatitis C.
3. Progression of disease is related to immunosuppression, immune response (CD4+ lymphocytes), HCV genotype, and HCV quasispecies homogeneity.
4. Whether a therapeutic strategy of pre-OLT or early (preemptive) antiviral therapy is better than treating a clinically important hepatitis and the duration of treatment are not known.
5. Monotherapy with recombinant interferon-α or ribavirin is not useful in the long term.
6. Combination therapy (interferon and ribavirin) has given better results, but long-term data are not available.
7. HCV recurrence will benefit from randomized studies.
Surgery and transplantation for hepatocellular cancer
Authors: Wall William J. , Marotta Paul J. 
Published: March 2004

Key Points
1. Curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) depends on early diagnosis.
2. The cure rate for operable HCC occurring in the absence of cirrhosis is only 10% to 25%.
3. Features of HCC in patients with cirrhosis that are associated with a 5-year survival rate of 75% after liver transplantation include (1) solitary tumor less than 5 cm; (2) 3 or fewer tumors, each less than 3 cm; and (3) absence of vascular invasion.
4. Advanced cirrhosis limits the widespread application of partial hepatectomy to patients with HCC.
5. Neoadjuvant therapy has not yet been proven to improve patient outcome for early-stage HCC that is promptly treated by transplantation.
Right-lobe living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Marcos Amadeo 
Published: March 2004

Key Points
1. Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is currently performed at about 30 centers in the United States.
2. Careful and critical evaluation of donor and recipient is required for optimal outcome.
3. Right lobe donation is preferred over left lobe donation in adult LDLT.
4. There has been 1 donor death (<0.3%) in the US experiences. Donor biliary complications occur in approximately 4% of the cases.
5. Recipient survival after adult LDLT in the United States is approximately 88%. Hepatic artery thrombosis occurs in 3% and biliary complications in 18%.
Increasing incidence and pretransplantation screening of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Everson Gregory T. 
Published: March 2004

Key Points
1. The incidence of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) in the United States and other traditionally “low-incidence” countries is increasing.
2. The rise in incidence of HCC is related to chronic hepatitis C.
3. Timely performance of liver transplantation is curative in patients with early-stage HCC.
4. Cirrhotic patients, especially those with viral hepatitis, should be screened for HCC.
5. The performance characteristics of current tests are suboptimal, but serial ultrasonography and alphafetaprotein are recommended.
6. Estimated medical charges related to screening and treatment suggest that $285,294 is required per “cured” case. Assuming that this cure is associated with a 75% to 85% chance for high-quality 10-year survival, the charges approximate $35,000 to $40,000/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). This cost-benefit analysis is nearly identical to published rates for breast cancer screening ($30,000/QALY).
Psychiatric Comorbidity in Treatment‐Seeking Alcoholics: The Role of Childhood Trauma and Perceived Parental Dysfunction
Authors: Langeland Willie , Draijer Nel , van den Brink Wim 
Published: March 2004

Abstract: Background: This study among treatment‐seeking alcoholics examined the relationship between childhood abuse (sexual abuse only [CSA], physical abuse only [CPA], or dual abuse [CDA]) and the presence of comorbid affective disorders, anxiety disorders, and suicide attempts, controlling for the potential confounding effects of other childhood adversities (early parental loss, witnessing domestic violence, parental alcoholism, and/or dysfunction) and adult assault histories.Method: We assessed 155 (33 females, 122 males) treatment‐seeking alcoholics using the European Addiction Severity Index, the Structured Trauma Interview, and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.Results: The severity of childhood abuse was associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicide attempts in females and with PTSD, social phobia, agoraphobia, and dysthymia in males. Among men, multiple logistic regression models showed that CPA and CDA were not independently associated with any of the examined comorbid disorders or with suicide attempts. However, CSA independently predicted comorbid social phobia, agoraphobia, and PTSD. For the presence of comorbid affective disorders (mainly major depression) and suicide attempts, maternal dysfunctioning was particularly important. CSA also independently contributed to the number of comorbid diagnoses. For females, small sample size precluded the use of multivariate analyses.Conclusion: Childhood abuse is an important factor in understanding clinical impairment in treated alcoholics, especially regarding comorbid phobic anxiety disorders, PTSD, and suicidality. These findings underline the importance of routine assessment of childhood trauma and possible trauma‐related disorders in individuals presenting to alcohol treatment services. More studies with bigger samples sizes of female alcohol‐dependent patients are needed.