bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, spectral properties, and thermal properties of homo‐ and copolymers of 3,5‐dimethylphenyl acrylate with glycidyl methacrylate and determination of reactivity ratios
Authors: Vijayanand P. S. , Arunprasath R. , Balaji R. , Nanjundan S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe new acrylic monomer, 3,5‐dimethylphenyl acrylate, was synthesized by reacting 3,5‐dimethylphenol dissolved in ethyl methyl ketone (EMK) with acryloyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine. The homopolymer and copolymers of different feed compositions of 3,5‐dimethylphenyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate were synthesized using free radical polymerization in ethyl methyl ketone solution at 70 ± 1°C using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. The copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and 13C‐NMR spectroscopic techniques. The molecular weight (M̄nand M̄w) and polydispersity index of the polymers were determined using gel permeation chromatograph. The glass transition temperatures of the polymers were determined by differential scanning calorimeter. Thermogravimetric analysis of the polymers was performed in air. The solubilities of the polymers were tested in various polar and nonpolar solvents. Copolymer compositions were determined using 1H‐NMR spectra. The monomer reactivity ratios were determined by the application of conventional linearization methods such as Fineman–Ross, Kelen–Tüdös, and extended Kelen–Tüdös. The peel strength of the leather adhesives prepared from the copolymers was also determined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2261–2270, 2002
Characterization of polyethylene/kaolin composites by polymerization filling with Cp2ZrCl2/MAO catalyst system
Authors: Wang Xin , Wu Qiye , Dong Jinyong , Hu Youliang , Qi Zongneng 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this work, the preparation and characterization of metallocene‐catalyzed polyethylene (PE)/kaolin composites were presented. The composites was prepared by the so‐called polymerization‐filling method in which the PE matrix was formed directly on the kaolin surface by ethylene polymerization with the prefixed Cp2ZrCl2/methylaluminoxane (MAO) catalyst system on the kaolin surface. SEM, FTIR, and DMA were carried out to characterize the composites. The experimental results showed the new composites had homogeneous distribution of kaolin particles in the PE matrix and strong interfacial interaction between the PE matrix and kaolin particles. At the molecular level, the interfacial interaction caused the decrease of the mobility of PE molecular chains. In addition rheological testing showed that the introduction of kaolin by polymerization filling could improve the rheological behavior of prepared composites. The relationship between the rheological behaviors and the interfacial conditions were discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2913–2921, 2002
Synthesis and gelation of fluoroalkyl end‐capped copolymers containing glucosyl segments: Application to new fluorinated conductive polymer electrolytes
Authors: Sawada Hideo , Murai Yuka , Kawase Tokuzo , Minami Toshiyuki , Kyokane Jun 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFluoroalkyl end‐capped copolymers containing glucosyl segments were prepared by the copolymerizations of fluoroalkanoyl peroxides with 2‐glucosyoxyethyl methacrylate (GEMA) and comonomers such as acrylic acid (ACA) and methacrylate monomer‐containing poly(oxyethylene) units (PME). Under the non‐cross‐linked conditions, fluoroalkyl end‐capped GEMA–ACA and GEMA–PME copolymers were found to cause a gelation in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), where the aggregations of end‐capped fluoroalkyl segments and the hydrogen‐bonding interaction between hydroxyl segments are involved in establishing a physical gel network, although the corresponding nonfluorinated GEMA copolymers could cause no gelation in DMSO. More interestingly, it was demonstrated that these fluorinated polymeric gelling electrolytes containing lithium salts exhibit a considerably high ionic conductivity of 10−3 S/cm level at room temperature. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2833–2838, 2002
Reinforcement of natural rubber
Authors: Bokobza Liliane , Rapoport Olivier 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this article, we report on recent investigations on filled natural rubber. These investigations include a mechanical characterization as well as a molecular analysis based on measurements of chain orientation. It is demonstrated that at intermediate strains, the increase in the moduli can be explained by the inclusion of rigid particles in the soft matrix and from molecular interactions between the rubber and the filler. These interactions can be evaluated by equilibrium swelling and by orientational measurements. With regard to the unfilled formulation, carbon black– and silanized‐filled natural rubber exhibit increases in the cross‐linking density ascribed to filler‐polymer links, whereas a large decrease in the orientational level, evidenced by birefringence and by infrared dichroism, is observed when silica is added without any coupling agent. Finally, two specific effects—the Payne and Mullins effects, both related to energy dissipation phenomena—are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2301–2316, 2002
Studies on the synthesis and optical properties of novel blue light‐emitting polymers containing phosphorus and oxadiazole structures
Authors: Sun Yih‐Min , Hung Albert Y. C. , Wang Chih‐Ta 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNovel phosphorus‐containing polymers with high‐electron‐affinity oxadiazole were synthesized and characterized by thermal analysis and spectroscopy (infrared, ultraviolet‐visible, photoluminescence, cyclic voltammetry) measurements. These new polymers can be used as blue electroluminescent materials and as electron‐transport layers in polymer light‐emitting diodes. In this study, aromatic polyethers containing electron‐transporting chromophores and emission chromophores were synthesized from 2,5‐bis‐(4‐fluoroaryl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole and 2‐(6‐oxido‐6H‐dibenz<c,e><1,2> oxaphosphorin‐6‐yl)‐1,4‐naphthalenediol (DOPO‐NBQ). The effects of reaction temperature and time on the formation of polyethers were investigated to obtain optimum conditions for polyether manufacturing. All the resulting polymers were thermally stable at <460 °C. The absorption peaks of these polymers were at 350–365 nm, whereas the photoluminescent peaks were at 460–481 nm. But, the intensity of polymer absorption decreased and a blue shift was observed in the photoluminescent spectra as the temperature increased. In addition, these polymers containing the electron‐transporting oxadiazole indeed showed extra reduction potentials in cyclic voltammetry measurements. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2367–2376, 2002
Studies on hyperbranched polyurethane by multidetector size exclusion chromatography
Authors: Hong Ling , Wang Xinling , Tang Xiaozhen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHyperbranched polyurethane (HP) and its linear analog (LPU) were studied by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), utilizing a combination of refractive index (RI), right angle light scattering (RALLS), and differential viscosity (DV) detectors. The relationships between retention volume (Ve), intrinsic viscosity (η), radius of gyration (Rg), and the molecular structure were investigated. It was shown that the hyperbranched polyurethane had lower Ve, η, and Rg than its linear analog when they had the same molecular weight. The branching parameter g and g′ were calculated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2445–2450, 2002
The properties of epoxy–imide resin cured by phosphorylated diamines containing different alkyl groups on phosphorus
Authors: Yeh Ching‐Fen , Wang Tsui‐Shuang , Cherng Jong‐Yuh , Kuo Jung‐Hua Steven , Shau Min‐Da 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCured networks of epoxy–imide resin cured with four types of phosphorylated diamine curing agents that contained different alkyl groups on phosphorus were studied. The structures of these novel phosphorus‐containing curing agents were confirmed by Mass, EA, IR, and 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectra characterization. The reactivities were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It is found that the reactivities were not affected by the types of alkyl groups in the curing agents. In thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), those polymers that were obtained through the curing reactions between epoxy–imide resin and four curing agents (BAMP, BAEP, BAPP, and BABP) also demonstrated excellent thermal properties as well as a high char yield. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 141–147, 2002
A structural–thermodynamic study of triphenylsilylcellulose
Authors: Bontea D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to report the characterization of a solution of triphenylsilylcellulose (TPSC) in terms of its rheologic properties by osmometry and viscometry to better understand processing parameters and conditions. This work is an extension of previous similar work on trimethylsilylcellulose (TMSC). TPSC was prepared in a medium of dimethylformamide (DMF) plus pyridine, under heterogeneous starting conditions and nitrogen atmosphere, by silylation of activated celluloses with triphenylchlorosilane at 115–120 °C. The isolated and purified ethers were characterized according to their polydispersities and their substitution degrees, by osmometry and viscometry in various solvents. The Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation coefficients were evaluated in 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, chloroform, and o‐xylene at 30 °C and in o‐xylene over the 30–70 °C temperature range. The values of 2.12–2.18 obtained for exponent “a” correlated with the very low values of pre‐exponential factor (of 10−12 order), indicating a high stiffness of the macromolecular chains. The viscous flow parameters for dilute solutions of TPSC in o‐xylene were determined in the temperature range 30–70 °C. The temperature dependence of the dynamic viscosity of the solutions obeys an Arrhenius‐type equation in which the apparent activation energy is linearly dependent on both the concentration and molecular weight of the solution. No significant dependence on concentration and molecular weight was found for the pre‐exponential factor. This behavior was attributed to the great stiffness of the macromolecular chains. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2875–2884, 2002
Preparation of epoxy blends with nanoparticles by acoustic levitation technique
Authors: Cao Youming , Xie Wenjun , Sun Jun , Wei Bingbo , Lin Shang'an 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThree types of blends consisting of nano‐Al2O3 particles, polyester, and epoxy resin were respectively prepared as suspended small balls in an acoustical levitator with a microgravity state. The microstructures of the blends were compared to those with identical composition prepared in a normal gravity field. The results showed that the nanoparticles was deposited at the bottom of blends, and the polyester possessed a sphere‐crystalline‐dispersed phase when the blends were prepared in the normal gravity field. However, the nanoparticles can be dispersed into epoxy resin at a nanoscale, and the polyester transformed to a highly dispersed amorphous phase when the blends were prepared by the acoustic levitation technique. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 84–89, 2002
Crystallization kinetics and crystalline morphology of poly(ethylene naphthalate) and poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐bibenzoate)
Authors: Hu Y. S. , Rogunova M. , Schiraldi D. A. , Hiltner A. , Baer E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCopolymers of ethylene glycol with 4,4′‐bibenzoic acid and terephthalic acid are known to crystallize rapidly to surprisingly high levels of crystallinity. To understand this unusual behavior, the isothermal crystallization of poly(ethylene bibenzoate‐co‐terephthalate) in the molar ratio 55:45 (PETBB55) was studied. Poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) was included in the study for comparison. The kinetics of isothermal crystallization from the melt and from the amorphous glass was determined using differential thermal analysis. The results were correlated with the crystalline morphology as observed with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Crystallization of PEN exhibited similar kinetics and spherulitic morphology regardless of whether it was cooled from the melt or heated from the glass to the crystallization temperature. The Avrami coefficient was close to 3 for heterogeneous nucleation with 3‐dimensional crystal growth. The copolymer PETBB55 crystallized much faster than did PEN and demonstrated different crystallization habits from the melt and from the glass. From the melt, PETBB55 crystallized in the “normal” way with spherulitic growth and an Avrami coefficient of 3. However, crystallization from the glass produced a granular crystalline morphology with an Avrami coefficient of 2. A quasi‐ordered melt state, close to liquid crystalline but lacking the order of a recognizable mesophase, was proposed to explain the unusual crystallization characteristics of PETBB55. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 98–115, 2002
High‐resolution solid‐state NMR and SEM study of the interaction behavior of poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate)/poly(vinyl acetate) blends
Authors: De Souza Cláudia M. G. , Tavares Maria Inês B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBinary blends formed by two types of ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate (EVA), which have different vinyl acetate contents, and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) were prepared in a Haake Rheocord 9000 plastograph. A series of samples were obtained varying the PVAc amount up to 50%. The studies were carried out employing solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The xenon‐129 (129Xe) and carbon‐13 (13C) NMR response together with the microscopy results showed that the systems are heterogeneous. Therefore, EVA with a higher vinyl acetate content presented some interaction between the polymer blend components. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 116–124, 2002
Preparation and characterization of nickel–polystyrene nanocomposite by ultrasound irradiation
Authors: Kumar R. Vijaya , Koltypin Yu. , Palchik O. , Gedanken A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWell‐dispersed nickel nanoparticles in polystyrene were obtained by a sonochemical method. The properties of the as‐prepared nanocomposite materials were characterized by XRD, TEM, EDAX, TGA, DSC, and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The nickel particles were 5 nm in diameter and were very well dispersed in the polystyrene. The magnetization measurements established that the as‐prepared nanocomposite materials are superparamagnetic due to their small size. The saturation magnetization (30.1 emu/g) and coercivity (5 Oe) of the materials were significantly smaller than were those of the bulk nickel, reflecting the nanoparticle nature. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 160–165, 2002
Characterization by thermal analysis of high density polyethylene/polypropylene blends with enhanced biodegradability
Authors: Contat‐Rodrigo L. , Ribes‐Greus A. , Imrie C. T. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBlends of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) with different biodegradable additives have been subjected to an outdoor soil burial test. The effect of the degradation process on the structural and morphological properties of the samples has been studied by thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic‐mechanical spectroscopy. The thermogravimetric results show that the additive is more affected by the degradation process than the polymeric matrix. Changes both in the crystalline morphology and the activation energies of the relaxation processes take place in different stages, and can be described using polynomial equations. These changes occur on different time scales depending on the additive used. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 174–185, 2002
The external electric field effects on the morphology of phase separation in a mixture of liquid crystal/flexible polymer
Authors: Hong Ke , Zhang Hongdong , Yang Yuliang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this article, the morphologies of phase separation in the mixtures of small molecular liquid crystal and flexible polymers with or without being subjected to the external electric field are preliminarily studied by polarized light microscope. It is found that the characteristic “Swiss cheese” morphology can always be observed for the case of zero field strength. For the case of 1.2 V/μm field strength, it is found that the external electric field make the binodal curves of the phase diagrams shift to higher temperature and the “Swiss cheese” morphology can never be observed. However, the domain growth rate is highly accelerated due to the fact that the electric field oriented liquid crystal phase excludes the polymer coils strongly. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 250–258, 2002
Transition metal‐catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization of stearyl methacrylate in the presence of carbon tetrabromide and a conventional radical initiator
Authors: Saikia Prakash J. , Goswami Aradhana , Baruah Shashi D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAtom transfer radical polymerization of stearyl methacrylate (SMA) was successfully carried out in N,N‐dimethylformamide using the carbon tetrabromide/Fe(III)/2,2′‐bipyridine initiator system in the presence of 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the source of the reducing agent to maintain the equilibrium between growing radicals and dormant species. The molecular weights of the resulting poly(stearyl methacrylate) (PSMA) increased with the conversion and the molecular weight distribution of PSMA was quite narrow. The rates of polymerization exhibit first‐order kinetics with respect to the monomer. A probable reaction mechanism for the polymerization system was postulated to explain the observed results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 386–394, 2002
Effect of the octadecyl acrylate concentration on the phase behavior of poly(octadecyl acrylate)/supercritical CO2 and C2H4 at high pressures
Authors: Byun Hun‐Soo , Choi Tae‐Hyun 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPressure–composition isotherms were measured for the CO2/octadecyl acrylate system at 45.0, 80.0, and 100.0°C and at pressures up to 307 bar. This system exhibited type I phase behavior with a continuous mixture‐critical curve. The solubility of octadecyl acrylate for the CO2/octadecyl acrylate system increased as the temperature increased at a constant pressure. The experimental results for the CO2/octadecyl acrylate system were modeled with the Peng–Robinson equation of state. A good fit of the data was obtained with the Peng–Robinson equation of state with one adjustable parameter for the CO2/octadecyl acrylate system. Experimental cloud‐point data for the poly(octadecyl acrylate)/CO2/octadecyl acrylate system were measured from 36 to 193°C and at pressures up to 2100 bar, and the added octadecyl acrylate concentrations were 11.9, 25.9, 28.0, 35.0, and 40.0 wt %. Poly(octadecyl acrylate) dissolved in pure CO2 up to 250°C and 2100 bar. Also, adding 45.0 wt % octadecyl acrylate to the poly(octadecyl acrylate)/CO2 solution significantly changed the phase behavior. This system changed the pressure–temperature slope of the phase‐behavior curves from an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) region to a lower critical solution temperature region as the octadecyl acrylate concentration increased. Cloud‐point data to 150°C and 750 bar were examined for poly(octadecyl acrylate)/C2H4/octadecyl acrylate mixtures at octadecyl acrylate concentrations of 0.0, 15.0, and 45.0 wt %. The cloud‐point curve of the poly(octadecyl acrylate)/C2H4 system was relatively flat at 730 bar between 41 and 150°C. The cloud‐point curves of 15.0 and 45.0 wt % octadecyl acrylate exhibited positive slopes extending to 35°C and approximately 180 bar. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 372–380, 2002
Transcrystallinity effects in high‐density polyethylene. I. Experimental observations in differential scanning calorimetry analysis
Authors: Billon N. , Henaff V. , Pelous E. , Haudin J. M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe crystallization of a high‐density polyethylene was analyzed with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. An intense transcrystallinity was observed at the contact between the polymer and the DSC pans. The modification of the crystallization kinetics induced by this phenomenon was studied as a function of cooling rate and sample thickness. We point out that most of the theoretical predictions of our previous model could be checked. The crystallization temperature was a function of the sample thickness and could be also correlated with the thickness of the transcrystalline zones. The shapes of the DSC traces were complex and correlated with the amount of trancrystallization. The usual interpretations of such DSC curves were not accurate. We conclude that specific experimental procedures must be proposed to understand and correctly use such measurements. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 725–733, 2002
Polymer‐based catalysts for toluene hydrogenation
Authors: Reyes Patricio , Borda Gloria , Rivas Bernabé L. , Cárdenas Galo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCrosslinked poly(4‐vinylpyridine‐co‐styrene) was synthesized by radical polymerization. Catalysts having 1 wt % Pd were obtained by impregnation of a copolymer, poly(4‐vinylpyridine‐co‐styrene) with a Pd colloidal dispersion. We modified metal particle sizes by changing the aging period of the colloidal dispersion, with the average size in the range of 2.5–4.3 nm. The most probable structure of the metal cluster attached to the polymers is described. X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and H2O2 titrations were used as characterization techniques. The H2 consumption during titration was extremely low, and the calculated metal dispersion was between 15 and 25 times lower than those estimated from TEM. This suggests that the Pd crystals were almost completely covered by the polymer. The vapor‐phase hydrogenation of toluene on resins supported Pd catalysts were studied. The catalysts in the hydrogenation of toluene exhibited low activity, and the obtention of significant selectivities to partial hydrogenation products (close to 60 mol %) was remarkable. The results are explained in terms of a significant decrease in the hydrogenation capacity due to the coverage of metal particles by the resin. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 381–385, 2002
Interpolymer associations between poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) in aqueous dilute solution
Authors: Ould M'Bareck Chamekh , Metayer Michel , Labbe Michel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article studied the compatibility of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMACl) in a dilute aqueous solution. At a total mixture concentration and a constant molecular weight of PDADMACl, it was found that interpolymer associations increase with the molecular weight and decrease with the degree of hydrolysis of the PVA sample (87–89 and 98–99%). From these results, it can be deduced that the compatibility of PVA and PDADMACl is due to specific intermolecular interactions that could be assigned mainly to electrostatic interactions between hydroxyl groups within PVA chains and ion atoms within PDADMACl. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 433–435, 2002