bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generalization
Authors: Kashiwa T , Ohnuki Y , Suzuki M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we generalize the previous path integral expression to a wider class of physical systems. To this end, we first discuss a change of variables in the path integral and the relationship to the operator formalism, and build up the polar coordinate path integral formula. Next we determine those cases where the p and q are confined within some restricted region, known as constrained systems, by applying the Faddeev-Senjanovic path integral formula to a sphere. Further we discuss quantum mechanics on a ring and the Aharonov-Bohm effect as the simplest examples of multiply connected space characterized by unshrinkable closed loops in configuration space. Also we make some comments on quantum mechanics for a more general manifold. In the next section the path integral for spin is de- rived with a newly introduced coherent state that also gives an alternative expression for the harmonic oscillator. Then, finally, cases where the WKB approximation happens to be exact are analysed.
Spin Phase Transition
Authors: Chikazumi Sōshin , Graham, Jr C D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metamagnetismis defined as a transition from an antiferromagnetic to a ferromagnetic spin arrangement by applying a magnetic field or by changing temperature.1 When a magnetic field is applied to an antiferromagnetic material with a small anisotropy, the spin axis flops to the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field, because susceptibility in this case, χ⊥is larger than that, χ‖ in the case with the spin axis parallel to the magnetic field (see Section 7.1). This phenomenon is calledspin-axis flopping.
Shell Model Interpretation Of Nuclear Masses
Authors: Zeldes N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes an intuitive physical way to understand the empirical trends of nuclear masses using the shell model. The nuclear ground state energy is the lowest eigenvalue of the hamiltonian matrix. In modern shell model calculations it is arrived at by a numerical diagonalization of a large matrix. On the other hand, by using general considerations and basic properties of the empirical effective interaction of the shell model, one can obtain a simple analytical expression describing the dependence of the ground state energy on nucleon numbers.
Nuclear Deformations
Authors: Nazarewicz W , Ragnarsson I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
n specific regions of the nuclear periodic chart, large quadrupole moments are observed and the low-lying excitations have a rotational character. These general features are understood if the nuclei in question are assumed to have a stable deformation, i.e. a non-spherical distribution of the nuclear matter. The need to introduce nuclear deformation becomes even more evident when considering the coexisting (isomeric) nuclear states and the fission process. While fission is a dynamical process, the nucleus can also be trapped in a long­lived very elongated state. Such superdeformed configurations were found experimentally in the actinides (fission isomers) and more recently in lighter nuclei such as the rare-earths (superdeformed high spin states).
Scattering properties and modelling of aggregating and gelling systems
Authors: Nicolai Taco , Durand, Dominique , Gimel Jean-Christophe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In physics, chemistry, biology and geology, there are many random processes in which small particles come together to form large complex structures called aggregates, clusters or floes. In some cases aggregating systems eventually form a gel which can be described in terms of percolationl, and gives new properties to the system, e.g. conductivity or elasticity. Study of these phenomena raises interest both from theoretical and practical points of view. Very often, the resulting structures are highly disordered but self-similar and can therefore be described in terms of fractal geometry In addition, the gel formation may involve a connectivity transition.
Monte Carlo Methods in Statistical Physics
Authors: Newman M E J , Barkema G T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides an introduction to Monte Carlo simulations in classical statistical physics and is aimed both at students beginning work in the field and at more experienced researchers who wish to learn more about Monte Carlo methods. The material covered includes methods for both equilibrium and out of equilibrium systems, and common algorithms like the Metropolis and heat-bath algorithms are discussed in detail, as well as more sophisticated ones such as continuous time Monte Carlo, cluster algorithms, multigrid methods, entropic sampling and simulated tempering. Data analysis techniques are also explained starting with straightforward measurement and error-estimation techniques and progressing to topics such as the single and multiple histogram methods and finite size scaling. The last few chapters of the book are devoted to implementation issues, including discussions of such topics as lattice representations, efficient implementation of data structures, multispin coding, parallelization of Monte Carlo algorithms, and random number generation. At the end of the book the authors give a number of example programs demonstrating the applications of these techniques to a variety of well-known models.
Kerr Effect and Surface Magnetism
Authors: Qiu Z Q , Bader S D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The investigation of magneto-optical effects is historically rooted in the early part of the nineteenth century when physicists started to search for relationships between various natural phenomena. Magneto-optical searches date back to 1812 when Domenico Morichini of Rome erroneously claimed that steel needles could be magnetized utilizing violet radiation in the solar spectrum. A null result was reported circa 1825, when Sir John Herschel examined the propagation of a beam of polarized light along the axis of a helix carrying an electric current. Then, in 1845, Michael Faraday reported his now famous magneto-optical experiments. He found that the polarization of a beam of light rotates while travelling in a magnetized medium. Let us humble ourselves by looking back at those times of great discovery.
Giant resonances and highly excited states
Authors: Fujita Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Giant Resonance (GR) is often observed as a broad structure in an excitation spectrum above the excitation energy Ex = 10MeV. It is a fundamental mode of nuclear excitation interpreted to be a high-frequency surface vibration of a nucleus if we assume a phenomenological liquid drop model of a nucleus. There, a naive picture of a GR is the one-phonon excitation on the surface of a viscous liquid drop consisting of nuclear matter. It should be noted that the excitation energies of Ex = 10−20 MeV correspond to oscillation frequencies of 1021 Hz, which are the fastest vibrations of a many-body quantum system. Since a number of nucleons participate in the vibration in phase, the GR has a collective nature. The degree of collectivity is denoted by the fraction of the total vibrational amplitude allowed for each mode, called the sum-rule limit value, is observed in a state.
Experimental Neutron Scattering
Authors: Willis B T M , Carlile C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first systematic experiments in neutron scattering were carried out in the late 1940s using fission reactors built for the nuclear power programme. Crystallographers were amongst the first to exploit the new technique, but they were soon followed by condensed matter physicists and chemists. Engineers and biologists are the most recent recruits to the club of neutron users. The aim of the book is to provide a broad survey of the experimental activities of all these users. There are many specialist monographs describing particular examples of the application of neutron scattering: fifteen of such monographs have been published already in the Oxford University Press series edited by S. Lovesey and E. Mitchell. However this book will appeal to newcomers to the field of neutron scattering, who may be intimidated by the bewildering array of instruments at central facilities (such as the Institut Laue Langevin in France, the ISIS Laboratory in the UK, or the PSI Laboratory in Switzerland), and who may be uncertain as to which instrument to use.
The Physics of Liquid Crystals
Authors: Gennes P G De , Prost J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This new edition of this classic text on condensed matter physics includes the great advances that have taken place since its first publication in 1974. New chapters describe the main types and properties of liquid crystals in terms of the new phases discovered since the middle of the 1970's, and advances in the understanding of local order and the nature of the isotropic to nematic transition. There is an extensive discussion of the symmetry, and macroscopic and dynamic properties of smectics and columnar phases, and their defects, illustrated with numerous descriptions of experimental arrangements. The final chapter is devoted to phase transitions in smectics, including the celebrated analogy between Smectic A and superconductors. Throughout the book there is an emphasis on order-of-magnitude considerations. Its topicality and breadth of coverage will ensure that The Physics of Liquid Crystals remains an indispensable guide for students and researchers alike.
Elements Of Rare Earth Magnetism
Authors: Jensen Jens , Mackintosh Allan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this introductory chapter is to describe in a synoptic way those features of rare earth magnetism which provide the foundation for the rest of the book. Since this material is presented in the form of a survey, it does not claim to be as systematic and complete as the later chapters. Consequently, it may be necessary for those who are unfamiliar with the rare earths and their magnetism to find further details in the original articles and reviews to which we shall refer, even though we have attempted to present a reasonably self-contained account. We shall also frequently refer forward to later sections for a more exhaustive treatment of some of the topics which are cursorily introduced here. We hope however that the information we have collected together will also provide a useful summary for those who have some familiarity with the subject.
Polymer solutions
Authors: Rubinstein Michael , Colby Ralph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, our understanding of ideal chain conformations (Chapter 2), real chain conformations (Chapter 3), and thermodynamics (Chapter 4) will be combined to describe the conformations of polymer solutions at all concentrations and temperatures. In this chapter, the focus is on semidilute and concentrated solutions that span the large range of concentrations between dilute solutions and melts.
Accumulating evidence to bring policy, practice, and research together
Authors: Oliver Sandy , Thomas James , Harden, Angela , Oakley Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1995, when evidence-based health policy and practice was well established in medicine and was making headway in nursing and various therapies (Evidence Based Medicine Working Group 1992; Rosenberg and Donald 1995; Bury and Mead 1998; Dicers et al. 1998), the Department of Health (England) commissioned the EPPI-Centre to develop methods and an infrastructure to transfer the approach to the area of health promotion. Building on earlier work funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) to establish a database of social interventions (Oakley and Fullerton 1996), initial outputs included systematic reviews, bibliographies of evidence, and training programmes, as well as work to establish what is now known as the Health Promotion and Public Health Field within the Cochrane Collaboration.
Alison Weightman and Edward Coyle
Authors: Wales Public Health in 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principality of Wales has a population of just under three million (Office of National Statistics 2003). It became a devolved administration of the United Kingdom in 1999 following the passing of the Government of Wales Act 1998 and the election of a National Assembly for Wales in 1999.Public health policy for Wales was set out by the Welsh Office in Better Health: Better Wales (Welsh Office 1998). Improving health was a core strategic theme of A Better Wales (National Assembly for Wales 2000), the strategic plan of the first National Assembly (1999–2003).
Smoking cessation: an evidence-based approach to tackling health inequalities
Authors: Killoran Amanda , Owen, Lesley , Bauld Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Socio-economic inequalities in smoking are one of the key reasons for the gap in life expectancy between rich and poor in England, with smoking habits known to be shaped by broader inequalities in living conditions. Among men, smoking accounts for over half the difference in risk of premature death between the social classes (Jarvis and Wardle 1999). The Government has set a target of reducing smoking prevalence in manual groups from 32 per cent in 1998 to 26 per cent in 2010, to ‘narrow the gap’ between manual and non-manual groups.
Shared economic beliefs
Authors: Lewis Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People have economic beliefs: individuals and families not only organize their personal finances in terms of the relative merits of spending and saving and when it is a good time to buy a motor car or put money away in the bank, but also in terms of macroeconomic policy, such as whether the government should be doing more to alleviate high unemployment levels and to reduce inflation. Economists are clearly experts about economics. And politicians choose between competing economic theories in their management of the economy. But economists and politicians can only do so much: in the end the economy is driven by how consumers choose, and how they choose is in part, and a very important part, influenced by consumers’ economic beliefs.The present chapter has an ambitious brief. First, shared or widespread economic beliefs are examined with recourse to attitude survey data. Here it is revealed, at least as far as contemporary evidence shows, that different cultures, at least among Western capitalist countries, have economic beliefs in common. The second section concentrates on differences between cultures, and also within cultures, that is, on the different beliefs of disparate income groups, social classes, and those sharing varying political affiliations. Two crucial questions are begged: the first is concerned with the explanation of shared economic beliefs and the levels of such explanations, e.g. micro or macro, economic, political, or psychological; and the second with methodology–how are these beliefs elicited and how are they to be examined.
The Frontal Lobes and Voluntary Action
Authors: Passingham Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richly illustrated with over 100 anatomical drawings, this book provides a functional view of the frontal lobes of the brain. Based on Passingham's work on monkeys and humans, the most modern techniques including PET imaging are discussed. It is the only book available to discuss the frontal cortex as a whole, and with an essential `flow diagram' of the operations of the frontal lobes, this book will be a valuable basis for future work and debate on the subject.
Definitions and concepts
Authors: Hutnik Nimmi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few would argue that there has been an unprecedented upsurge of ethnicity in the past two decades. In the United States, the 1960s saw the advent of the Civil Rights Movement, which has since gained credibility and achieved much in the way of rights for minority groups. In the early 1980s, Britain was rocked out of complacency by the Brixton riots. In India, recent attempts at secession by the Sikhs in the Punjab, the Gurkhas in Darjeeling, and the Mizos in the North East are witness to the fact that ethnicity is a powerful yet little understood motivating factor interwoven into the very fabric of everyday life. Certainly, the violence that is often consequent upon an awakening of ethnic identity, makes ethnicity no mean force to be reckoned with. Yet the concept is far more elusive than is immediately apparent.
Sociological perspectives on ethnic minority identity
Authors: Hutnik Nimmi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the physical characteristics, and/or the cultural traditions of an ethnic or racial minority were unacceptable to the dominant group in society, even a brief historical review reveals that attempts were often made either to eliminate the group altogether or so assimilate it into the dominant group. In the seventeenth century, Protestants in France were banished or driven into hiding if they continued to remain Protestant. In the same century, Christians in Japan were exterminated. So, too, a large number of the Aborigines in Tasmania. In South-East Asia, particularly Indonesia and Thailand, the Chinese trading minority was seen as a threat to national interests and were therefore violently driven out of the country or, as in Indonesia, forced to adopt most aspects of the culture. Perhaps the most dramatic example of an attempt to eliminate a group that was considered an unacceptable ethnic minority group, was Hitler’s mass extermination of the Jews under Nazi rule. Even as recently as the 1970s attempts at ejection continued: both Uganda and Kenya, perceiving the long-settled Indian traders to be a threat, physically ejected as many as they could and severely limited all spheres of activity to those who chose to remain. Thus, membership in an ethnic minority may carry with it farreaching social and political consequences. Certainly, its influence upon the individuals’ psyche may indeed be profound.
Music and social influence
Authors: Crozier W Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The enjoyment of music is essentially a social experience. Music contributes to many of the ceremonies that mark the significant events in people’s lives-weddings, funerals, bar-mitzvahs, parties, dances, church services, thanks giving, and state ceremonies of commemoration, coronations, and political rallies, with their fanfares and anthems. Dancing provides a useful example of the reciprocal relationship where music influences, and is influenced by, social behaviour. Chandler (1993) offers insight into group processes in his account of English morris dancing, a form of folk dancing that can be traced back to the fifteenth century. Each side [team of dancers] comprised a number of specialist roles, and the performance required the contribution of all its members working together. At the same time, the repertory of any group was highly dependent on the skills and knowledge of tunes of its individual players, and it changed as the membership changed. Thus, the activity of the group reflected processes of conformity and innovation.
The social in musical performance
Authors: Davidson Jane W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all present at a live performance of a repertoire piece from the Western art music canon, the communication and reception of the musical score is the central concern, but the composition, performance, and perception of the work are dependent on a number of complex social factors. There are sociocultural rules which dictate and give value to the composition and its performance (e.g. the use of particular scale systems; a model aesthetic; the size of an ensemble; and specifically defined inter-performer, inter-audience, and performer-audience behaviours). In addition, there are moment by moment issues of coordination, cooperation, and feedback to and from co performers and audience which occur during the performance. That is, there are overriding sociocultural factors which shape the processes and behaviours brought to the performance context, alongside more immediate factors related to direct human interaction.
Clinical and therapeutic uses of music
Authors: Bunt Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The clinical practice of music therapy straddles many disciplines. Every music therapist brings to the profession a unique blend of musical and personal skills and experiences, applied practically in the service of children and adults with wide-ranging physical and mental health care needs. Effective clinical practice also requires awareness of the relevant psychological and therapeutic processes and knowledge of the appropriate medical back ground. Many factors therefore combine together when a music therapist works with an individual or a group: science, art, and compassion all have their part to play in constructive music therapy practice.
Language and theory of mind: what are the developmental relationships?
Authors: De Villiers Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I will try to ground the claim, both theoretically and empirically, that false-belief reasoning requires a sophisticated command of syntax. One of the oldest philosophical questions asks whether one can have thinking without language, and if so, what are its limits? In the domain of theory of mind this question achieves new significance. Is this what distinguishes us from the rest of the animal kingdom? Is this what language is good for? And not just words, but syntax?
Language and understanding minds: connections in autism
Authors: Tager-Flusberg Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the key diagnostic features of autism includes ‘qualitative impairments in communication’ (APA 1994, p. 70). By definition, children with autism show delays and deficits in the acquisition of language, which range from the almost complete absence of functional communication, to adequate linguistic knowledge but with impairments in the use of that knowledge in conversation or other discourse contexts. Thus autism is considered by most researchers to involve primary impairments in pragmatic aspects of language, or in the ability to use language to communicate effectively in a range of social contexts (Lord and Paul 1997; Tager-Flusberg 1981, 1996; Wilkinson 1998). For the past decade these pragmatic impairments have come to be viewed as intimately linked to deficits in theory of mind, which are considered to be at the core of the disorder (Baron-Cohen 1988; Happé 1993; Tager-Flusberg 1993, 1997), and research on the relationships between pragmatics and theory of mind in autism has been highly productive. This view of autism has provided an important theoretical perspective on the nature of language functioning in autism because it is able to explain the unique and specific pattern of what is relatively spared and what is impaired in this population (Happ é 1994a; Tager-Flusberg 1997).
Parts and wholes, meaning and minds: central coherence and its relation to theory of mind
Authors: Happe Francesca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews research suggesting that people with autism show a detail-focused processing style, ‘weak central coherence’, and examines current evidence concerning the relation of this cognitive style to deficits in theory of mind. Kanner (1943) described, as a universal feature of autism, the ‘inability to experience wholes without full attention to the constituent parts’. How does this fragmented experience of the world relate to understanding other minds?
How can studies of the monkey brain help us understand ‘theory of mind’ and autism in humans?
Authors: Emery Nathan J , Perrett David I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first edition of Understanding other minds discussed the ability of human and non-human primates to read the mental states of others from non-verbal signals. This ability or ‘theory of mind’ is apparent in three-to four-year-old children and possibly some of the great apes (Tomasello and Call 1997; however, see Heyes 1998). Some authors have argued that a theory of mind is dependent on language (e.g. Sparrevohn and Howie 1995). If so, then no non-human primate has the capacity for a theory of mind.