bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimate of deaths attributable to passive smoking among UK adults: database analysis
Authors: Jamrozik Konrad 
Published: March 2005

AbstractObjective To estimate deaths from passive smoking in employees of the hospitality industry as well as in the general workforce and general population of the United Kingdom.Design Calculation, using the formula for population attributable proportion, of deaths likely to have been caused by passive smoking at home and at work in the UK according to occupation. Sensitivity analyses to examine impact of varying assumptions regarding prevalence and risks of exposure.Setting National UK databases of causes of death, employment, structure of households, and prevalences of active and passive smoking.Main outcome measures Estimates of deaths due to passive smoking according to age group (< 65 or ≥ 65) and site of exposure (domestic or workplace).Results Across the United Kingdom as a whole, passive smoking at work is likely to be responsible for the deaths of more than two employed people per working day (617 deaths per year), including 54 deaths in the hospitality industry each year. Each year passive smoking at home might account for another 2700 deaths in persons aged 20-64 years and 8000 deaths among people aged ≥ 65.Conclusion Exposure at work might contribute up to one fifth of all deaths from passive smoking in the general population aged 20-64 years, and up to half of such deaths among employees of the hospitality industry. Adoption of smoke free policies in all workplaces and reductions in the general prevalence of active smoking would lead to substantial reductions in these avoidable deaths.
UNIVERSAL SCALING BEHAVIOR OF NON-EQUILIBRIUM PHASE TRANSITIONS
Authors: LÜBECK SVEN 
Published: March 2005

Non-equilibrium critical phenomena have attracted a lot of research interest in the recent decades. Similar to equilibrium critical phenomena, the concept of universality remains the major tool to order the great variety of non-equilibrium phase transitions systematically. All systems belonging to a given universality class share the same set of critical exponents, and certain scaling functions become identical near the critical point. It is known that the scaling functions vary more widely between different universality classes than the exponents. Thus, universal scaling functions offer a sensitive and accurate test for a system's universality class. On the other hand, universal scaling functions demonstrate the robustness of a given universality class impressively. Unfortunately, most studies focus on the determination of the critical exponents, neglecting the universal scaling functions.In this work a particular class of non-equilibrium critical phenomena is considered, the so-called absorbing phase transitions. Absorbing phase transitions are expected to occur in physical, chemical as well as biological systems, and a detailed introduction is presented. The universal scaling behavior of two different universality classes is analyzed in detail, namely the directed percolation and the Manna universality class. Especially, directed percolation is the most common universality class of absorbing phase transitions. The presented picture gallery of universal scaling functions includes steady state, dynamical as well as finite size scaling functions. In particular, the effect of an external field conjugated to the order parameter is investigated. Incorporating the conjugated field, it is possible to determine the equation of state, the susceptibility, and to perform a modified finite-size scaling analysis appropriate for absorbing phase transitions. Focusing on these equations, the obtained results can be applied to other non-equilibrium continuous phase transitions observed in numerical simulations or experiments. Thus, we think that the presented picture gallery of universal scaling functions is valuable for future work.Additionally to the manifestation of universality classes, universal scaling functions are useful in order to check renormalization group results quantitatively. Since the renormalization group theory is the basis of our understanding of critical phenomena, it is of fundamental interest to examine the accuracy of the obtained results. Due to the continuing improvement of computer hardware, accurate numerical data have become available, resulting in a fruitful interplay between numerical investigations and renormalization group analyzes.
Elements of Nordic Practice 2001/2003: Norway
Authors: Fife Rolf Einar 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn update on Norwegian state practice for the period leading up to 2004 is provided in the following article. The purpose is to register certain salient features, as opposed to providing a systematic or comprehensive report. A particular emphasis is put on making more accessible legal materials which are mainly available in the Norwegian language. The report supplements descriptions of Norwegian state practice provided in recent years in this series.
The Historical Function of International Criminal Trials: Re-thinking International Criminal Law
Authors: Joyce Daniel 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe establishment of the International Criminal Court provides an opportunity to re-think international criminal law and procedure, and to develop a more coherent theory of international criminal justice. This article argues that increasingly the demands placed upon international criminal trials go beyond the process of securing convictions. There is an increasing expectation that such trials will contribute to broader processes of social recovery and reconciliation. Claims are also made for their having a pedagogical and documentary role. To this end, the author proposes the recognition of an historical function of international criminal trials. This is suggested as best forming part of the variety of policy rationales which underpin the processes of international criminal law. It is conceded that overemphasising the role of history could be dangerous and infringe upon the rights of the accused, but it is argued that underemphasising the role of theory and history is unsatisfactory. The article concludes that recognition of an historical function for international criminal trials involves tensions, but will provide a framework and rationale for a more narrative-based and victimfocused system of international criminal law which might provide an important discursive beginning for victims and affected communities, whilst balancing due process concerns.
Numerical Guidance Methods for Decision Support in Aviation Meteorological Forecasting
Authors: Jacobs A. J. M. , Maat N. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Numerical guidance methods for decision making support of aviation meteorological forecasters are presented. The methods have been developed to enhance the usefulness of numerical weather prediction (NWP) model data and local and upstream observations in the production of terminal aerodrome forecasts (TAFs) and trend-type forecasts (TRENDs) for airports. In this paper two newly developed methods are described and it is shown how they are used to derive numerical guidance products for aviation. The first is a combination of statistical and physical postprocessing of NWP model data and in situ observations. This method is used to derive forecasts for all aviation-related meteorological parameters at the airport. The second is a high-resolution wind transformation method, a technique used to derive local wind at airports from grid-box-averaged NWP model winds.
For operational use of the numerical guidance products encoding software is provided for automatic production of an alphanumeric TAF and TREND code. A graphical user interface with an integrated code editor enables the forecaster to modify the suggested automatic codes. For aviation, the most important parameters in the numerical guidance are visibility and cloud-base height. Both have been subjected to a statistical verification analysis, together with their automatically produced codes. The results in terms of skill score are compared to the skill of the forecasters’ TAF and TREND code. The statistical measures suggest that the guidance has the best skill at lead times of +4 h and more. For the short term, mainly trend-type forecasts, the persistence forecast based on recent observations is difficult to beat. Verification has also shown that the wind transformation method, which has been applied to generate 10-m winds at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, reduces the mean error in the (grid box averaged) NWP model wind significantly.
Among the potential benefits of these numerical guidance methods is increasing forecast accuracy. As a result, the related numerical guidance products and encoding software have been integrated in the operational environment for the production of TAFs and TRENDs.
Dual-Doppler Observations of Severe Tropical Storm Maggie 1999
Authors: Tai Sai-Choi , Ginn Edwin Wing-Lui , Lam Chiu-Ying 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Severe Tropical Storm Maggie crossed Hong Kong, China, in June 1999. The dual-Doppler winds of Maggie captured by the Hong Kong Observatory's (HKO) S-band Doppler weather radar array were studied. The tracks of Maggie's vorticity centers at 1–3-km levels were analyzed and compared with that at the surface as determined from the wind observations of automatic weather stations. The results indicated that the storm had a vertical tilt toward the west to northwest during the transit over Hong Kong. The tracks also deviated significantly from the deep-layer environmental steering flow. The southward movement and vertical tilt could be partly attributed to the easterly vertical shear in the ambient flow. But the terrain of Hong Kong could have also played a significant role in the lowest 1 km of the atmosphere. The tendency of the storm track to avoid mountains was well illustrated and may serve as a useful forecasting guidance indicator for tropical areas with significant terrain. Experimental runs of a nonhydrostatic model at 5-km resolution were able to simulate the broad west-southwestward movement of Maggie and the vertical tilt of the circulation near the center of the tropical cyclone as revealed by the dual-Doppler observations.
A Process-Oriented Methodology Toward Understanding the Organization of an Extensive Mesoscale Snowband: A Diagnostic Case Study of 4–5 December 1999
Authors: Moore James T. , Graves Charles E. , Ng Sam , Smith Jamie L. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A case study of a long, narrow band of heavy snowfall is presented that illustrates those processes that force and focus the precipitation in a unique linear fashion. System-relative flow on isentropic surfaces shows how the trough of warm air aloft (trowal) formed to the north-northwest of a weak synoptic-scale surface cyclone. To the north of the trowal, midtropospheric frontogenesis formed as the warm, moist, high-θe air in the trowal canyon became confluent with cold, dry air to the northwest of a closed midlevel circulation. Within the trowal airstream, isentropic uplsope is shown to contribute to vertical motion, while transverse to this flow, mesoscale lift is enhanced on the warm side of a frontogenetical zone in the presence of weak symmetric stability and conditional symmetric instability. Further, it is shown that a sloping zone of small positive to negative equivalent potential vorticity forms to the southeast of the midtropospheric system-relative closed circulation as low-θe air associated with the dry conveyor belt, seen in water vapor imagery, overruns warm, moist high-θe air associated with the warm conveyor belt. In this way cold season instability forms due to differential moisture advection on the warm side of the frontogenesis axis. Finally, a conceptual model is shown that encapsulates the key processes that contributed to the extensive, narrow band of heavy snow in the presence of a weak synoptic-scale surface cyclone.
Observations of a Severe, Left-Moving Supercell on 4 May 2003
Authors: Lindsey Daniel T. , Bunkers Matthew J. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A case study of a left-moving supercell with a rapid motion is presented to (i) elucidate differences in anvil orientations between left- and right-moving supercells and (ii) highlight the interaction of the left mover with a tornadic right mover. It is shown how anvil orientations, as viewed from satellite, may be used to assist in the identification of thunderstorms with differing motions and how this applies to splitting supercells. Additionally, the movement of the left mover into the forward flank of the right mover may have temporarily affected its tornadic circulation, as tornadoes occurred both before and after the merger, despite the structure of the right mover being interrupted during the merging process. Given the dearth of literature on thunderstorm mergers in general, and how mergers affect tornadic supercells in particular, this is an area that demands further research.
Operational Consensus Forecasts
Authors: Woodcock Frank , Engel Chermelle 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The objective consensus forecasting (OCF) system is an automated operational forecasting system that adapts to underlying numerical model upgrades within 30 days and generally outperforms direct model output (DMO) and model output statistics (MOS) forecasts. It employs routinely available DMO and MOS guidance combined after bias correction using a mean absolute error (MAE)-weighted average algorithm.
OCF generates twice-daily forecasts of screen-level temperature maxima and minima, ground-level temperature minima, evaporation, sunshine hours, and rainfall and its probability for day 0 to day 6 for up to 600 Australian sites.
Extensive real-time trials of temperature forecasts yielded MAEs at days 0–2 about 40% lower than those from its component MOS and DMO forecasts. MAEs were also lower at day 1 than matching official forecasts of maxima and minima by 8% and 10% and outperformed official forecasts at over 71% and 75% of sites, respectively. MAEs of weighted average consensus outperformed simple average forecasts by about 5%.
Improved Detection of Severe Storms Using Experimental Fine-Resolution WSR-88D Measurements
Authors: Brown Rodger A. , Flickinger Bradley A. , Forren Eddie , Schultz David M. , Sirmans Dale , Spencer Phillip L. , Wood Vincent T. , Ziegler Conrad L. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Doppler velocity and reflectivity measurements from Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radars provide important input to forecasters as they prepare to issue short-term severe storm and tornado warnings. Current-resolution data collected by the radars have an azimuthal spacing of 1.0° and range spacing of 1.0 km for reflectivity and 0.25 km for Doppler velocity and spectrum width. To test the feasibility of improving data resolution, National Severe Storms Laboratory’s test bed WSR-88D (KOUN) collected data in severe thunderstorms using 0.5°-azimuthal spacing and 0.25-km-range spacing, resulting in eight times the resolution for reflectivity and twice the resolution for Doppler velocity and spectrum width. Displays of current-resolution WSR-88D Doppler velocity and reflectivity signatures in severe storms were compared with displays showing finer-resolution signatures. At all ranges, fine-resolution data provided better depiction of severe storm characteristics. Eighty-five percent of mean rotational velocities derived from fine-resolution mesocyclone signatures were stronger than velocities derived from current-resolution signatures. Likewise, about 85% of Doppler velocity differences across tornado and tornadic vortex signatures were stronger than values derived from current-resolution data. In addition, low-altitude boundaries were more readily detected using fine-resolution reflectivity data. At ranges greater than 100 km, fine-resolution reflectivity displays revealed severe storm signatures, such as bounded weak echo regions and hook echoes, which were not readily apparent on current-resolution displays. Thus, the primary advantage of fine-resolution measurements over current-resolution measurements is the ability to detect stronger reflectivity and Doppler velocity signatures at greater ranges from a WSR-88D.
An Empirical Blowing Snow Forecast Technique for the Canadian Arctic and the Prairie Provinces
Authors: Baggaley David G. , Hanesiak John M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Blowing snow has a major impact on transportation and public safety. The goal of this study is to provide an operational technique for forecasting high-impact blowing snow on the Canadian arctic and the Prairie provinces using historical meteorological data. The focus is to provide some guidance as to the probability of reduced visibilities (e.g., less than 1 km) in blowing snow given a forecast wind speed and direction. The wind character associated with blowing snow was examined using a large database consisting of up to 40 yr of hourly observations at 15 locations in the Prairie provinces and at 17 locations in the arctic. Instances of blowing snow were divided into cases with and without concurrent falling snow. The latter group was subdivided by the time since the last snowfall in an attempt to account for aging processes of the snowpack. An empirical scheme was developed that could discriminate conditions that produce significantly reduced visibility in blowing snow using wind speed, air temperature, and time since last snowfall as predictors. This process was evaluated using actual hourly observations to compute the probability of detection, false alarm ratio, credibility, and critical success index. A critical success index as high as 66% was achieved. This technique can be used to give an objective first guess of the likelihood of high-impact blowing snow using common forecast parameters.
Evaluation of Real-Time High-Resolution MM5 Predictions over the Great Lakes Region
Authors: Zhong Shiyuan , In Hee-Jin , Bian Xindi , Charney Joseph , Heilman Warren , Potter Brian 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Real-time high-resolution mesoscale predictions using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) over the Great Lakes region are evaluated for the 2002/03 winter and 2003 summer seasons using surface and upper-air observations, with a focus on near-surface and boundary layer properties that are important for applications such as air quality and fire weather predictions.
The summer season predictions produce a cold bias in maximum daily temperature and a warm bias in minimum temperature that together lead to a good prediction of daily mean temperature but a smaller-than-observed diurnal temperature cycle. In winter, the predicted near-surface temperatures are lower both day and night, yielding good agreement with the observed amplitude of the diurnal temperature cycle but relatively large cold bias in daily mean temperature. The predicted temperatures in the boundary layer are also systematically lower than the observed temperatures in the two seasons. The cold bias is consistent with the wetter-than-observed lower atmosphere in the model prediction, which in turn can be attributed to an inadequate specification of soil moisture. In both seasons, the model produced substantially more precipitation in all categories, especially in the heavy precipitation category, and the overprediction is primarily associated with more widespread area coverage in the model prediction. The chances of producing a false precipitation forecast are substantially higher than missing an observed precipitation event. Small systematic errors are found in the predictions of low-level winds, but above the boundary layer, the predicted winds are predominantly from the west, while the observed winds are from the west-northwest. The model is able to capture the general development and evolution of the lake–land breezes in areas surrounding Lake Michigan during summer, although errors exist in the strengths of the breezes and the timing of their transition.
Predicted early morning inversions are slightly stronger than observed in winter and weaker than observed in summer. The weak summer morning inversion results in a rapid inversion breakup followed by an earlier growth of a mixed layer after sunrise. Despite the head start, the predicted mixed-layer heights in late afternoon are lower than those observed, suggesting that either the predicted surface sensible heat flux may be too low or the boundary layer flux divergence may be too high.
Decreasing horizontal grid spacing from 12 to 4 km results in little improvement in the predictions of near-surface and boundary layer properties except for precipitation, for which the model bias is significantly reduced by the increase in horizontal resolution. The cold and wet biases and errors in inversion strengths and mixed-layer development call for extra caution when using products from mesoscale forecasts in applications such as air pollution and fire weather prediction.
Tornadoes from Squall Lines and Bow Echoes. Part I: Climatological Distribution
Authors: Trapp Robert J. , Tessendorf Sarah A. , Godfrey Elaine Savageau , Brooks Harold E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to estimate the percentage of U.S. tornadoes that are spawned annually by squall lines and bow echoes, or quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs). This was achieved by examining radar reflectivity images for every tornado event recorded during 1998–2000 in the contiguous United States. Based on these images, the type of storm associated with each tornado was classified as cell, QLCS, or other.
Of the 3828 tornadoes in the database, 79% were produced by cells, 18% were produced by QLCSs, and the remaining 3% were produced by other storm types, primarily rainbands of landfallen tropical cyclones. Geographically, these percentages as well as those based on tornado days exhibited wide variations. For example, 50% of the tornado days in Indiana were associated with QLCSs.
In an examination of other tornado attributes, statistically more weak (F1) and fewer strong (F2–F3) tornadoes were associated with QLCSs than with cells. QLCS tornadoes were more probable during the winter months than were cells. And finally, QLCS tornadoes displayed a comparatively higher and statistically significant tendency to occur during the late night/early morning hours. Further analysis revealed a disproportional decrease in F0–F1 events during this time of day, which led the authors to propose that many (perhaps as many as 12% of the total) weak QLCSs tornadoes were not reported.
An Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis in Silicon Carbide Fiber-reinforced Magnesium Metal-Matrix Composite Beam having Rectangular Cross Section under Transverse Loading
Authors: Okumus Fuat 
Published: March 2005

In this work, an elastic-plastic stress analysis has been conducted for silicon carbide fiber-reinforced magnesium metal-matrix composite beam. The composite beam has a rectangular cross section. The beam is cantilevered and is loaded by a single force at its free end. In solution, the composite beam is assumed perfectly plastic to simplify the investigation. An analytical solution is presented for the elastic-plastic regions. In order to verify the analytical solution results were compared with the finite element method. A rectangular element with nine nodes has been chosen. A composite plate is meshed into 48 elements and 228 nodes with simply supported and in-plane loading conditions. Predictions of the stress distributions of the beam using finite elements were overall in good agreement with the analytical values. Stress distributions of the composite beam are calculated with respect to its fiber orientation. Orientation angles of the fiber are chosen as 0, 30, 45, 60, and 90. The plastic zone expands more at the upper side of the composite beam than at the lower side for 30, 45, and 60 orientation angles. Residual stress components of x and xy are also found in the section of the composite beam.