bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome‐wide scan for prostate cancer susceptibility genes in the Johns Hopkins hereditary prostate cancer families
Authors: Xu Jianfeng , Gillanders Elizabeth M. , Isaacs Sarah D. , Chang Bao‐li , Wiley Kathy E. , Zheng S. Lilly , Jones MaryPat , Gildea Derek , Riedesel Erica , Albertus Julie , Freas‐Lutz Diana , Markey Carol , Meyers Deborah A. , Walsh Patrick C. , Trent Jeffrey M. , Isaacs William B. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough the subject of intensive study, the genetic influences responsible for familial clustering of prostate cancer remain largely unidentified. Genome‐wide scans for linkage in prostate cancer families can be used to systematically search for genes capable of affecting risk for the disease.METHODSAll available family members from 188 families, each having at least three first‐degree relatives affected with prostate cancer, were genotyped at 406 markers distributed across the genome at average intervals of less than 10 cM. Genotype data was analyzed using primarily a non‐parametric, multipoint approach, although parametric analyses were performed as well.RESULTSThe strongest evidence for linkage was observed at D4S1615, at 4q21 (LOD of 2.8, P = 0.0002). Two other regions had LOD scores over 2.0: at 9q34 (marker D9S1826, LOD = 2.17, P = 0.0008) and at 2q23 (marker D2S151, LOD = 2.03, P = 0.001). An additional 12 regions had LOD scores over 1.0, including markers at 1q24‐25 and 7q22 having scores >1.6. Stratifying the linkage results by age of diagnosis indicated that the linkages to chromosomes 2 and 4 were strongest in families with early and late ages of diagnosis, respectively.CONCLUSIONSOur data implicate several new loci as harboring prostate cancer susceptibility genes, and provide confirmatory evidence of linkage at several loci identified previously in other genome‐wide scans, including the three regions (4q21, 9q34, and 2q23) with strongest evidence for prostate cancer linkage. These data also emphasize the need to combine linkage data from large numbers of prostate cancer families in efforts to effectively address the extensive heterogeneity that characterizes genetic aspects of this disease. Prostate 57: 320–325, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genome linkage screen for prostate cancer susceptibility loci: Results from the Mayo Clinic familial prostate cancer study
Authors: Cunningham Julie M. , McDonnell Shannon K. , Marks Angela , Hebbring Scott , Anderson Sarah A. , Peterson Brett J. , Slager Susan , French Amy , Blute Michael L. , Schaid Daniel J. , Thibodeau Stephen N. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractProstate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men and has long been recognized to occur in familial clusters. Brothers and sons of affected men have a twofold to threefold increased risk of developing prostate cancer. However, identification of genetic susceptibility loci for prostate cancer has been extremely difficult. Several putative loci identified by genetic linkage have been reported to exist on chromosomes 1 (HPC1, PCAP, and CAPB), X (HPCX), 17 (HPC2), and 20 (HPC20), with genes RNASEL (HPC1) and ELAC2 (HPC2) tentatively defined. In this study, we report our genome linkage scan in 160 prostate cancer families, using the ABI Prism Linkage Mapping Set Version 2 with 402 microsatellite markers. The most significant linkage was found for chromosome 20, with a recessive model heterogeneity LOD score (HLOD) of 4.77, and a model‐free LOD score (LOD − ZLR) of 3.46 for the entire group of pedigrees. Linkage for chromosome 20 was most prominent among families with a late age of diagnosis (average age at diagnosis ≥ 66 years; maximum LOD − ZLR = 2.82), with <5 affected family members (LOD − ZLR = 3.02), with presence of hereditary prostate cancer (LOD − ZLR = 2.81), or with no male‐to‐male transmission of disease (LOD − ZLR = 3.84). No other chromosome showed significant evidence for linkage. However, chromosomes 6 and X showed suggestive results, with maximum LOD − ZLR values of 1.38 and 1.36, respectively. Subset analyses suggest additional chromosomal regions worth further follow‐up. Prostate 57: 335–346, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defining regulatory elements in the human KAI1 (CD 82) metastasis suppressor gene
Authors: Gao Allen C. , Lou Wei , Dong Jin‐Tang , Barrett J. Carl , Danielpour David , Isaacs John T. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe human KAI1 metastasis suppressor gene encodes for a 267 amino acid plasma membrane glycoprotein, which has four transmembrane domains and one large and one small extracellular domain. Plasma membrane expression of KAI1 is downregulated during the progression of several cancers to a metastatic state, including prostate, lung, and pancreatic cancers. To elucidate the mechanisms for this downregulation, an understanding of its transcriptional regulation is critical. Therefore, a set of luciferase reporter gene plasmid constructs were generated containing various 5′ flanking regions to the transcription initiation site, with or without the first exon and a portion of the first intron of the KAI1 gene. These constructs were transfected into a series of normal and malignant prostate cell lines as well as fibroblasts and the resultant luciferase activities used to define the regulatory elements for expression of the KAI1 gene. Using this approach, the minimal KAI1 promoter was found to be 0.5 kb in size and contains two regions. The first region includes the 197 bp 5′ to the transcription initiation site and the second region includes the first exon and a portion of first intron (i.e., +1 to +351 bp). This combined region result in positively regulated strong, but not epithelial specific, luciferase expression. In addition to this minimal promoter element from −197 to +351 bp, there is a second regulatory element further upstream (i.e., −735 to −197 bp), which negatively regulates luciferase expression. Additional studies of Marreiros et al. (Gene 302:155, 2003) have documented that a third regulatory element even further 5′ (i.e., −922 to −846 bp) encodes an enhancer for the KAI1 gene. Prostate 57: 256–260, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of kinetic parameters in graphical analysis of PET imaging data
Authors: Ogden R. Todd 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPositron emission tomography (PET) imaging is a useful tool for quantifying various aspects of the distribution of neuroreceptors throughout the human brain in vivo. A typical analysis consists of applying a pharmacokinetic model to the data, estimating the parameters of the model using non‐linear least squares methods, then taking the appropriate function of estimated model parameters as a final estimate of the parameter(s) of interest. As an alternative for fitting these models, it has been shown previously that taking a particular transformation of the data results in two variables that have a linear relationship, and that the slope of this linear relationship is the parameter of primary interest. However, estimating the slope using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression results in a large negative bias. By rearranging the terms in the relationship, the problem may be reformed to allow direct application of standard estimation principles. Estimators resulting from this approach are shown via simulation to have better estimation properties as compared to the OLS estimators. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring explained variation in linear mixed effects models
Authors: Xu Ronghui 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe generalize the well‐knownR2measure for linear regression to linear mixed effects models. Our work was motivated by a cluster‐randomized study conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, to compare two different versions of informed consent document. We quantify the variation in the response that is explained by the covariates under the linear mixed model, and study three types of measures to estimate such quantities. The first type of measures make direct use of the estimated variances; the second type of measures use residual sums of squares in analogy to the linear regression; the third type of measures are based on the Kullback–Leibler information gain. All the measures can be easily obtained from software programs that fit linear mixed models. We study the performance of the measures through Monte Carlo simulations, and illustrate the usefulness of the measures on data sets. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The roles of birth inputs and outputs in predicting health, behaviour and test scores in early childhood
Authors: Li Kai , Poirier Dale J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe goal of this study is to address directly the predictive value of birth inputs and outputs, particularly birth weight, for measures of early childhood development in a simultaneous equations modelling framework. Strikingly, birth outputs have virtually no structural/causal effects on early childhood developmental outcomes, and only maternal smoking and drinking during pregnancy have some effects on child height. Not surprisingly, family child‐rearing environment has sizeable negative and positive effects on a behavioural problems index and a mathematics/reading test score, respectively, and a mildly surprising negative effect on child height. Despite little evidence of a structural/causal effect of birth weight on early childhood developmental outcomes, our results demonstrate that birth weight nonetheless has strong predictive effects on early childhood outcomes. Furthermore, these effects are largely invariant to whether family child‐rearing environment is taken into account. Family child‐rearing environment has both structural and predictive effects on early childhood outcomes, but they are largely orthogonal and in addition to the effects of birth weight. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nestedness of beliefs: Examining a prospective elementary teacher's belief system about science teaching and learning
Authors: Bryan Lynn A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis study, conducted from a constructivist perspective, examined the belief system of a prospective elementary teacher (Barbara) about science teaching and learning as she developed professional knowledge within the context of reflective science teacher education. From an analysis of interviews, observation, and written documents, I constructed a profile of Barbara's beliefs that consisted of three foundational and three dualistic beliefs. Her foundational beliefs concerned (a) the value of science and science teaching, (b) the nature of scientific concepts and goals of science instruction, and (c) control in the science classroom. Barbara held dualistic beliefs about (a) how children learn science, (b) the science students' role, and (c) the science teacher's role. Her dualistic beliefs formed two contradictory nests of beliefs. One nest, grounded in lifelong science learner experiences, reflected a didactic teaching orientation and predominantly guided her practice. The second nest, not well grounded in experience, embraced a hands‐on approach and predominantly guided her vision of practice. The findings accentuate the complexity and nestedness of teachers' belief systems and underscore the significance of identifying prospective teachers' beliefs, espoused and enacted, for designing teacher preparation programs. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 835–868, 2003
Emergence, flexibility, and stabilization of language in a physics classroom
Authors: Roth Wolff‐Michael , Duit Reinders 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLearning physics is a complex phenomenon. In this article, we use concepts from the theory of nonlinear systems to study the development of language in classroom science in an experimental unit on chaos theory in a German 10th‐grade physics classroom. In ongoing activity, the explanations students developed for phenomena emerged through interactive stabilization and material constraints on the interpretive flexibility of material (artifacts) and discursive representations (talk). Interpretive flexibility both enables novel understandings and differences between private and common public use of these representations. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 869–897, 2003
Supporting inquiry learning by promoting normative understanding of multivariable causality
Authors: Keselman Alla 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEarly adolescents may lack the cognitive and metacognitive skills necessary for effective inquiry learning. In particular, they are likely to have a nonnormative mental model of multivariable causality in which effects of individual variables are neither additive nor consistent. Described here is a software‐based intervention designed to facilitate students' metalevel and performance‐level inquiry skills by enhancing their understanding of multivariable causality. Relative to an exploration‐only group, sixth graders who practiced predicting an outcome (earthquake risk) based on multiple factors demonstrated increased attention to evidence, improved metalevel appreciation of effective strategies, and a trend toward consistent use of a controlled comparison strategy. Sixth graders who also received explicit instruction in making predictions based on multiple factors showed additional improvement in their ability to compare multiple instances as a basis for inferences and constructed the most accurate knowledge of the system. Gains were maintained in transfer tasks. The cognitive skills and metalevel understanding examined here are essential to inquiry learning. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 898–921, 2003
Integrating pharmacology topics in high school biology and chemistry classes improves performance
Authors: Schwartz‐Bloom Rochelle D. , Halpin Myra J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAlthough numerous programs have been developed for Grade Kindergarten through 12 science education, evaluation has been difficult owing to the inherent problems conducting controlled experiments in the typical classroom. Using a rigorous experimental design, we developed and tested a novel program containing a series of pharmacology modules (e.g., drug abuse) to help high school students learn basic principles in biology and chemistry. High school biology and chemistry teachers were recruited for the study and they attended a 1‐week workshop to learn how to integrate pharmacology into their teaching. Working with university pharmacology faculty, they also developed classroom activities. The following year, teachers field‐tested the pharmacology modules in their classrooms. Students in classrooms using the pharmacology topics scored significantly higher on a multiple choice test of basic biology and chemistry concepts compared with controls. Very large effect sizes (up to 1.27 standard deviations) were obtained when teachers used as many as four modules. In addition, biology students increased performance on chemistry questions and chemistry students increased performance on biology questions. Substantial gains in achievement may be made when high school students are taught science using topics that are interesting and relevant to their own lives. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 922–938, 2003
Vegetation greenness impacts on maximum and minimum temperatures in northeast Colorado
Authors: Hanamean J R , Pielke R A , Castro C L , Ojima D S , Reed B C , Gao Z 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe impact of vegetation on the microclimate has not been adequately considered in the analysis of temperature forecasting and modelling. To fill part of this gap, the following study was undertaken.A daily 850–700 mb layer mean temperature, computed from the National Center for Environmental Prediction‐National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP‐NCAR) reanalysis, and satellite‐derived greenness values, as defined by NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index), were correlated with surface maximum and minimum temperatures at six sites in northeast Colorado for the years 1989–98. The NDVI values, representing landscape greenness, act as a proxy for latent heat partitioning via transpiration. These sites encompass a wide array of environments, from irrigated‐urban to short‐grass prairie. The explained variance (r2 value) of surface maximum and minimum temperature by only the 850–700 mb layer mean temperature was subtracted from the corresponding explained variance by the 850–700 mb layer mean temperature and NDVI values. The subtraction shows that by including NDVI values in the analysis, the r2 values, and thus the degree of explanation of the surface temperatures, increase by a mean of 6% for the maxima and 8% for the minima over the period March–October. At most sites, there is a seasonal dependence in the explained variance of the maximum temperatures because of the seasonal cycle of plant growth and senescence. Between individual sites, the highest increase in explained variance occurred at the site with the least amount of anthropogenic influence. This work suggests the vegetation state needs to be included as a factor in surface temperature forecasting, numerical modeling, and climate change assessments. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
The use of a cloud resolving model in the development and evaluation of a probabilistic forecasting algorithm for convective gusts
Authors: Gray M E B 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA Cloud Resolving Model (CRM) is used to simulate the showery convective activity that occurred over the United Kingdom on 13 April 1999, which was notable for observations of strong gusts. Simulations based on radiosonde profiles from both Herstmonceux and Hemsby are shown to give good agreement with available observations for this case. In particular, there is good agreement with the observed cloud top heights, precipitation amount and type, and strength of convective gusts. An algorithm to predict the maximum convective gust strength is shown to be consistent with values measured from the model. Further analysis of the model gust strengths shows that they could be approximated to a Gaussian distribution and that the mean and standard deviation of the Gaussian can be related to the maximum gust strength and the mean wind. A simple algorithm for predicting the probability distribution of the gust strengths measured in the model gives reasonable qualitative agreement with the measured probabilities and it is suggested that this demonstrates the utility of the CRM in developing and evaluating probabilistic forecasting tools for convective weather. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Forcing, instability and equivalent potential vorticity in a Midwest USA convective snowstorm
Authors: Halcomb Christopher E , Market Patrick S 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis paper investigates a case of convective snow that was observed with an occluded‐type cyclone. Cross‐section and plan‐view analyses show that convection resulted from the release of elevated, potential instability by isentropic uplift associated with an easterly trowal airstream (a western extension of the warm conveyor belt) located between 700 and 850 hPa. Forcing for ascent was supplied by low‐level frontogenesis, as well as an intensifying 500hPa tropopause fold and its associated potential vorticity anomaly. The latter not only provided a source of very cold, dense air, but also was responsible for lower tropospheric cyclogenesis and subsequent trowal generation. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
System and chaos in English spelling: the case of the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative
Authors: ROLLINGS ANDREW 
Published: October 2003

This article explores the orthographic labyrinth surrounding the phoneme often spelt <sh>, and looks for a path or network of paths through it. The aim is to offer a microcosm of what is still lacking in the literature, namely a highly detailed and explanatory account of all spellings of all phonemes, in which the various factors that have affected spellings (and more interestingly their relationships with spoken forms) are granted their importance. The purpose of such a full account would be to facilitate better understanding of how the orthography functions, which should in turn be of interest to linguists and teachers.In accounting for the orthographic complexities concerning /∫/, reference is made to phonological matters such as palatalization and underlying forms, and also to general ones such as position in word, following phonemes and language of origin of loanwords. Rules are given, using formulaic notation, and exceptional spellings are listed and commented on.
Estimating breeding population size of the red‐crested pochard (Netta rufina) in the Camargue (southern France) taking into account detection probability: implications for conservation
Authors: Defos du Rau Pierre , Barbraud Christophe , Mondain‐Monval Jean‐Yves 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe red‐crested pochard (Netta rufina), a Eurasian diving duck, has seen its numbers declining and has received strong conservation concern. Data on population size and rate of decline are required to establish management plans, none of which is available for this species. Here we present the first population size estimate taking into account detection probability and habitat use in the Camargue, southern France. A non‐random sample of 33 lakes was used to estimate detection probability from point‐counts. Detectability was low, with only 57.5% of individual broods detected. A random sample of 37 lakes was then used to estimate brood densities. Adjusted densities (taking into account detection probability) were 0.1106 broods per ha of reedbed. Adjusted densities were extrapolated to the entire surface area of reedbeds in the Camargue estimated from a GIS to obtain abundance estimates of the brood population. A minimum estimate of 559 breeding pairs was obtained (95% confidence interval: 436–855). This estimate is much higher than previous ones (80–100 pairs for the Camargue, 250 pairs for France), and indicates strong underestimation of the population size when not taking into account detectability. Our results suggest that the red‐crested pochard may require a reassessment of its conservation status for France and Europe. They further suggest that taking detection probability into account in population estimates of other cryptic species, and notably those of conservation concern, may help clarify their conservation status and may even affect the setting of conservation priorities.
Coping and Quality of Life in relation to headache in Dutch schoolchildren
Authors: Bandell‐Hoekstra Inez E. N. G. , Abu‐Saad Huda Huijer , Passchier Jan , Frederiks Carla M. A. , Feron Frans J. M. , Knipschild Paul 
Published: October 2003

The aim of this study was to describe the Quality of Life and pain coping strategies of school children in relation to headache severity. We conducted a cross‐sectional study in 2815 children between the age of 9 and 17 years, who filled out Waters' Headache Questionnaire (WHQ), the Paediatric Pain Assessment Tool (PPAT), the Quality of Life Headache in Youth (QLH‐Y) questionnaire and the Pain Coping Questionnaire (PCQ) in the class‐room setting.Weekly headaches were reported by 22% of the sample. Low, medium, and high headache severity groups were constructed, based on headache frequency, duration and intensity criteria. Results show that children with the highest headache severity report the lowest Quality of Life in general and the lowest Quality of Health, as well as the most problems with regard to physical functioning, impact of headache on daily and leisure activities, physical symptoms other than headache, and social functioning at home. With regard to using pain coping strategies, children with the most severe headaches seek more social support, they internalize and externalize more, they use less behavioural and cognitive distraction techniques, and seek information less. © 2002 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.