bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern Medicine
Authors: Bremen Brian A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between Williams’s medical practice and his career as a writer has typically been described in the complementary terms Williams himself provides in his Autobiography: …As I say, often after I have gone into my office harassed by personal perplexities of whatever sort, fatigued physically and mentally, after two hours of intense application to the work, I came out at the finish completely rested (and I mean rested) ready to smile and to laugh as if the day were just starting. That is why as a writer I have never felt that medicine interfered with me but rather was my very food and drink, the very thing which made it possible for me to write. … Oh, I knew it wasn’t for the most part giving me anything very profound, but it was giving me terms, basic terms with which I could spell out matters as profound as I cared to think of.
Attitudes Toward History
Authors: Bremen Brian A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Williams’s constant attention to historically specific political actions in nearly all of his works—from his section on ‘‘Paterson—The Strike’’ in his first version of “The Wanderer: A Rococo Study” (1914) to his collaborative “translation” of Mao Tse-Tung’s “Spring in the Snow-Drenched Garden” (I960)1—indicates his abiding concern with the political and its integral position within his poetics. But Williams politics are no less complicated than his poetics, and they are intimately connected with what Williams’s sees as the role of the artist. Williams held a contentious relationship to the Left in both the thirties and the forties, and his opinions about Stalinist Russia and schemes of Social Credit often alienated him from its most vocal members.
Photographic Sensitivity
Authors: Tani Tadaaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spite of the current excitement and novely of magnetic, i.e., diskette, tape and 'solid-state' imaging techniques, photographic film still provides the highest resolution and most beautiful images of any imaging medium. This book systematically describes the theory and mechanisms of photographic sensitivity, with topics stressing the understanding the characteristics of silver halide photography. The topics include the structure and preparation of silver halide grains, physical properties of silver halides, mechanisms of latent image formation, spectral sensitization, chemical sensitization and stabilization, photograhic development, and the future prospect. This book is based on the author's knowledge, gained by 30 years' experience in the field. The audience ranges from chemists and physicists who work with silver halide imaging techniques, to those working in solid-state imaging, who need to compare their work with that of silver halide experts.
Standard Of Care
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using courtroom resolutions of real bioethical disputes as its focus, Standard of Care explores the fundamental value conflicts confronting medicine and society today. This case-based approach illuminates the value choices involved in modern medicine. The author urges health care professionals to go beyond the minimalist legal "standard of care" by promoting a vigorous, patient-centred medical ethics based on both respect for the human rights of individual patients and responsibility to society. If modern medicine is to enhance human life, a reconceptualization of law as the beginning of ethical discourse, rather than as an instrument to end it, is essential. Most of the papers in this book were originally published in the Hastings Center Report and other journals, but they have all been revised and updated for this volume. They are grouped in three broad sections: constitutional issues, private sector bioethics, and public sector bioethics. They deal with reproductive rights, dying and killing, AIDS, biotechnology and commerce, organ transplants and implants, and resource allocation. No other work provides such an incisive and readable survey of the major legal and ethical issues confronting American medicine.
Brave New Medicine: Restricting Doctor-Patient Conversations
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The century opened with George Bernard Shaw ‘s 1905 play about British physicians, The Doctor ‘s Dilemma. The dilemma then was to decide which of two patients to treat. In 1991 the U.S. Supreme Court created an end-of the-century dilemma by forcing U.S. physicians working in federally subsidized family planning clinics to choose between accepting federal funding and remaining silent about abortion or providing full information to their women patients and forgoing such funding. This dilemma is unprecedented in the United States, and by its decision, the U.S. Supreme Court radically departed from past precedents and almost enthusiastically rewrote basic legal and ethical rules implicit in the doctor-patient relationship. Under standing the legal justification for restricting physician conversations in federally funded clinics is formidable and involves a mixture of abortion politics, government-funded medical services, and our view of society ‘s obligations to the poor. Because this case portends a new rigidity and statism in the Supreme Court that may (contrary to current trends) make medical ethics much more important than medical law, it is fitting to use it to open our exploration of constitutional rights and bioethics at the millennium. ‘
Trend Surfing: The War on Drugs and Prisoners
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To a large extent the interpretation of the Constitution is an exercise in creating and defining America. There is a constant tension between government power and the rights of individual citizens in most areas involving bioethics, especially at the beginning and end of life. The Court often speaks to major social movements by recasting the Constitution in ways the Justices believe are good for the country. This is well illustrated in two cases decided in 1989 involving the use of illegal drugs and in a 1990 case involving the rights of prisoners.
She’s Going to Die: The Tragedy of Angela Carder
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his short story, “The Use of Force,” William Carlos Williams relates how a doctor (probably Williams himself) used extreme physical force to pry open the mouth of a recalcitrant child who, he suspected, had diphtheria that could only be diagnosed by viewing her throat. The little girl resists his coaxing, and when, with her fathers help, the doctor finally manages to jam the wooden tongue depressor between her teeth, the child opens her mouth just enough to crunch down on the blade to “reduce it to splinters.” The doctor becomes furious with the child, whose mouth is now bleeding and who is “screaming in wild hysterical shrieks.”
Faith (Healing), Hope, and Charity at the FDA: The Politics of AlDS Drug Trials
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AIDS forces us to confront our mortality, the limits of modern medicine, and the contours of our compassion.1 How we respond is a measure of our society, as well as a reflection of our values and priorities. As a fundamentally death-denying society, our response has been hampered by denial and shaped by faith that a technological fix will make the AIDS epidemic go away. Technology is our new religion, our “modern” way to deal with death. As novelist Don Delillo has one of his characters in White Noise put it to another who is worried about death: you can deny it, you can put your faith in religion, or you could put your faith in technology. It got you here, it can get you out. This is the whole point of technology. It creates an appetite for immortality on the one hand. It threatens universal extinction on the other It ‘s what we invented to conceal the terrible secret of our decaying bodies. But it ‘s also life, isn ‘t it? It prolongs life, it provides new organs for those that wear out. New devices, new techniques every day. Lasers, masers, ultrasound. Give yourself up to it.... They ‘ll insert you in a gleaming tube, irradiate your body with the basic stuff of the universe. Light, energy, dreams. God ‘s own goodness.
Health Law and Bioethics at the Millennium: Concluding Thoughts and a Proposal
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolution of stars is inexorable. From the form in which we currently view our own sun, it and similar stars eventually expand as their exterior cools to become red giants. When a red giant runs out of fuel, its exposed core will collapse to form first a degenerate white dwarf and eventually a dead black dwarf. Health law and bioethics as disciplines seem to be on an opposite trajectory: from black dwarfs to white dwarfs, they are on their way to becoming red giants. What is health law, how is it related to bio ethics, and why is the influence of both fields expanding exponentially? The search for an answer to these questions ends in our nation ‘s law schools.
Spies in the Great War: Eyes and Ears
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spies played their role in the Great War, just as they had in earlier wars. However, for the first time in war, technology was a major factor in gathering intelligence. Combatant nations had adopted radio as a major means of communication for diplomatic and military purposes. Intercepting enemy messages often started as the by-product of maintaining an tenna systems for the receipt of one’s own communications. It soon be came clear that the time and resources devoted to eavesdropping on the enemy were well worth it. At the same time, camera-equipped aircraft flew over enemy territory taking photographs.
Knowing the Enemy
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
World War II intelligence operations produced a flood of information from spies, communications intercepts, aerial photos, prisoner and deserter interrogations, and a wide range of open sources (including radio broadcasts, books, newspapers, and magazines). Much of that information, including data on potential targets and enemy military intentions and capabilities, was produced in direct support of military operations. But the wide variety of sources employed and the huge volume of information produced was also the result of the insatiable appetite of each nation’s intelligence apparatus for information about all facets of enemy and enemy-controlled societies.
Penetrations, Sunken Subs, and Sudden Death
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1970s saw no crises as serious as the Cuban missile crisis, no agent as valuable as Oleg Penkovskiy, no single technical advance quite so dramatic as the initial use of space for intelligence purposes. But the decade was marked by a number of notable events in the history of intelligence and a number of instances in which intelligence successes or failures helped shape world events.
The Making of A Composer: I
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At Seventeen, Amy Cheney Had achieved her first aim. She was established as a pianist in Boston with nothing but the highest public expectations for her continued artistic growth. Now she wished to have a composition teacher who would build on the work she had begun as a small child. Composition was as natural to her as playing the piano. She saw no reason why she could not pursue both.
Becoming Mistress of Her Craft
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There 1s A Tradition Of Composing for the Mass that goes back to the Renaissance, during which composers used the work to demonstrate their skills, to create the “master piece” that placed them in the company of master com posers. That tradition continued after the Reformation for both Catholic and Protestant composers, as epitomized by the great B-Minor Mass by Bach, a Lutheran. But Beach did not have to go outside of Boston to find a precedent: John Knowles Paine, also a Protestant, wrote a mass in 1865. His first large-scale work, it was composed while he was a student in Germany and almost as young as Beach was when she began hers.1 Paine’s Mass-like Beach’s- has impressed its hearers by its beauty, craftsmanship, and fine use of the orchestra. Amy Beach had a different and more difficult set of challenges than did Paine. Although she had the support and “incitement” of her husband to tackle a mass, it is also clear that she knew of no other woman who had written one. That so few are known to date is hardly a surprise considering the church’s his torical limitations on women’s activities in liturgical music.3 Thus Beach believed herself to be a pioneer in the genre.
Introduction
Authors: Joern Anthony , Keeler kathleen H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Preserving remaining North American grasslands requires a multi ability approach. In this book, we investigate three aspects of an admittedly larger problem: (1) how we as humans perceive grasslands; (2) the ecology of grasslands, in order to define the framework within which conservation and preservation efforts must operate; and (3) conservation issues. Additional sociological, economic, philosophical, and cultural considerations will provide important additional insights to preserving and managing grasslands, but are not included here. By restricting our focus to only three issues, we feel that we can provide a basic, but appropriate, understanding of grassland ecosystems for the prairie enthusiast. This provides an essential framework required for what we perceive to be necessary quick action. As humans, we are trapped by our own perceptions and experience of the world, and we act within these constraints. Our first concern in this book is to highlight this issue. We are not in a position to exploit such insights fully and then offer prescriptions for identifying the best approach to describe natural landscapes. However, we feel that it is important that both professionals and lay students think about this problem. These issues are not new. Language is now known to be more than just a vehicle for communication. Our choice of words and metaphors for describing things develops an atmosphere surrounding our subject that limits our intellectual opportunities to investigate the object (Lakoff and Johnson 1980; Hayakawa and Hayakawa 1990). Language often shapes our thinking modes as well as constrains the prescriptions that we offer to solve a problem. In the present context, for example, the phrase ‘‘balance of nature’’ provides a very different investigative framework for grassland study than does ‘‘struggle for existence’’ even though both are routinely used and accurate even complementary in their own way.
Perception and Revolution: The :Princess Casamassima and the Political Imagination
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only months before, Hyacinth Robinson had viewed the workers’ revolution and the utopian future it projected as goals to be approached with passionate optimism and a violent desire for confrontation. Now we find him in at least verbal agreement with one of the more obtuse and decadent members of the aristocracy: speaking of progress in a mild voice in which we hear no accent of blood, approving of patience and gentleness toward political change, even when this coincides (both comically and tragically) with the exploiter’s fondest wish. His smile in the dark acknowledges, wryly, the incongruity.
Love and the Individual: Romantic Rightness and Platonic Aspiration
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In February 1984, the Stanford Humanities Center held a conference in memory of Michelle Rosaldo, the distinguished anthropologist, who died tragically during her pioneering field work in the Philippines. Since much of her work had been devoted to the investigation of cultural differences in the understanding of the individual“especially as subject and object of various emotions“the conference organizers chose the theme: “Reconstructing Individualism.” The participants were to consider aspects of traditional Western conceptions of the individual and criticisms of that tradition, asking what new conception or conceptions might emerge from that critique. Since I had recently published a paper on the individual as object of love in Plato’s Symposium,’ I was asked to address the topic, “Love and the Individual.”
Size-structured Models and Assessment Methods
Authors: Quinn II Terrance J , Deriso Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently, much interest has developed in constructing population models based on length, weight, or size of individuals in the population. The reasons for this interest include the difficulty in obtaining accurate ages for a variety of fish species, the ready availability of length and size data, the desire to more accurately reflect the sampling distributions of the data collected, and the goal of integrating various sources of data collected from a fish population. Frequently, length data are the primary information available. Furthermore, population parameters such as mortality, gear selectivity, and maturity may be better related to size rather than to age. Finally, for some populations, it might be desirable to generalize age models to accommodate multiple classifications of an individual (age, length, weight, etc.).
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
NAACP officials hosted a black-tie dinner in the elegant ballroom of the Pennsylvania Hotel in New York City on Thursday evening, May 14, 1931, to honor James Weldon Johnson for his fourteen years of service. This affair, probably the most remarkable of its kind in the 1930s, included a diverse gathering of many of the most distinguished and talented persons from practically every professional community in America. The power of John-son’s personality and the range of his achievements were commemorated by those who came to honor him and were evidenced in the tributes they paid. In reviewing the tributes, I was particularly caught by the historian and literary critic Carl Van Daren’s praise of the guest of honor: “He [Johnson] is an alchemist-he transformed baser metals into gold” Johnson used his brilliance and blackness to reveal some of the most obscure expressions of black culture through literature. He elevated and brought those aspects of the Black Experience into American life and world culture.
Speech Given at State Industrial School for Negroes
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This speech was given at the State Industrial School for Negroes on September 16, 1915. Johnson optimistically believed that if African-Americans continued to work and fight, full citizenship would ultimately come. He noted that one of the ways to accomplish full citizenship was for blacks to perform the necessary responsibilities required for citizenship. Blacks, he indicated, should not make themselves a hollow copy of someone else, but develop their own qualities. This essay discusses the ultimate question of full citizenship or civil death for African-Americans.
A Message from Our Field Secretary
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I left New York on January 16 to organize branches in the principal cities of the South. I stopped at Baltimore and spoke at a meeting held by the branch in that city then went to Richmond. Up to the present date branches have been organized in Richmond and Norfolk, Va.; Raleigh, Durham, and Greensboro, N.C.; Atlanta, Athens, Savannah and Augusta, Ga.; Columbia and Charleston, S.C.; and Jacksonville, Fla. The response of the colored people in the South to this call shows the wisdom of the Association in taking this step to organize south of Washington. In every city that I have visited I have found the thinking men and women of our race alive to the situation and ready to take part in the work that must be done. They also realize that the condition which has been brought about by the movement of colored people from the South to the North gives the great opportunity that has come in the last forty years for a demand to be made for those things to which the Negro is rightly entitled. The branch of the Association which was formed in Atlanta has already taken action on the public school question in that city. A while ago the Board of Education cut off the eighth grade from all the colored public schools. It now proposes to cut off the seventh grade. This proposal is simultaneous with one to build a Junior High School for white children; so it looks as though the means to provide for this new High School for white children are to be secured by the further cutting down of the colored schools.
Three Achievements and Their Significance
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We came together this year in this Eighteenth Annual Conference after a year of what we might call a year of triumph, a year of victory. At our opening session on last Wednesday morning I rehearsed briefly to our delegates a general summary of the direction and of the processes which this organization has followed since its foundation. The organization began as an organization almost exclusively of agitation. When the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded, when it was organized, the fundamental citizenship rights of the Negro and the estimation in which the Negro was held by the general American public had reached the lowest point possible. In fact, America in general was not concerned about the Negro in America as a man and a citizen. It was concerned about him, perhaps, as a factor in labor or in politics, a negative factor, but was not very much interested in him otherwise. So the first job of this organization was the awakening, a quickening, a pricking, of the American conscience, of public opinion and we began with the only weapon which we had at hand and that weapon was intelligent and persistent agitation about the right and the wrong. We began to agitate about what was at that time and still is in a very large measure the great American crime, the great American disgrace and in some states the great American pastime-lynching. And we brought the cruel, naked, raw savage facts about lynching and began placing them before the American public and before the civilized world. The uncivilized world included a very large section of the American people themselves.
NAACP Testimonial Dinner Speech
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All things must come to an end. And now after this period of kind and beautiful things said about me by my friends at this table I must rise and, at least tacitly, admit that all that has been said is all and altogether true. While my friends were talking there was a possibility that you-and that I myself-might believe that what they said was not conditioned by the amenities of the occasion or tempered by affection. But now that I am called on to rise and respond, it seems to me that the spell must break. The entrance prepared for the protagonist of the play is beyond the powers of the poor actor.