bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Direction of Rabbinic Exegesis
Authors: Halivni David Weiss 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of rabbinic exegesis consists of biblical exegesis (as practiced by the rabbis of the Talmud) and talmudic exegesis (the way the rabbis of the Talmud interpreted the Mishnah and other authoritative rabbinic texts). Rabbinic biblical exegesis and talmudic exegesis overlap in time but are distinct in nature, each with its own momentum of change, each with its own course of development. Their constitutive parts display different modes of assumption, different inner creative forces. Yet both, over time, tended toward a greater preference for less interference with the actual wording of the text, a greater preference for peshat.
Introduction: A Comment on Methodology
Authors: Halivni David Weiss 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any attempt to outline precisely and systematically the governing principles of rabbinic theology must confront the reality of rabbinic texts which lend themselves neither to theological precision nor systematization. Though the rabbis of the Talmudic era did engage in theological speculation about such classical religious issues as the nature of God and the dynamic of revelation, and about such eminently Jewish concerns as the chosenness of the Jewish people and the essence of Torah, such speculation seems to be haphazardly sprinkled throughout rabbinic literature.
“Chate’u Yisrael” (“Israel Sinned”): A Proposed Resolution to the Conflict of Peshat and Derash
Authors: Halivni David Weiss 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we documented the rabbinic evidence in favor of a dichotomy between practical halakha and intellectual pursuit, observance and study. This differentiation of the spheres of normative behavior and critical exegesis was inspired by the instances in rabbinic literature of conflict between majority and minority positions, in which the former systemically holds sway in the realm of behavior while the latter may yet be granted a certain status of truth in the realm of the intellect. The lines of demarcation drawn between a majority view that is halakhically binding and a minority opinion that is intellectually sovereign served to delineate and illuminate the dichotomy between praxis and scholarship.
Introduction
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not until the advent of the rocket engine and the aircraft jet engine in the 1930s was flight in the transonic speed range (i.e. at speeds near that of sound waves) studied in detail. To be sure, the tip speed of rotating machinery and the speed of bullets had reached or even exceeded that speed. But the problems that arose in these concepts could be satisfactorily solved in an empirical way, without resort to theory. Only when the development of large-scale jet engines was begun did the difficulties of accelerating a flying object through the so-called sound barrier become apparent. Robert Goddard in the United States and Wernher von Braun in Germany became the early exponents in this new field by actively pursuing the development of reaction engines.
Damascene Ulama and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Syria
Authors: Commins David Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1830 and 1880 the ulama of Damascus suffered a decline in status and material fortunes. That decline came as an effect of the Ottoman Empire’s administrative reform movement and changes in cultural life. Political developments in the Ottoman Empire combined with social and economic change to further exacerbate the ulama’s sensitivity to decline. To comprehend their predicament requires an account of their place in Damascene society and the impact of political events and economic trends on Damascus.
The Social Roots of Salafism
Authors: Commins David Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the second half of the nineteenth century a social and cultural gap opened between Damascene ulama and both local notables and the imperial elite in Istanbul. At the same time, the ulama encountered the eclectic Islamic vision of al-Qadir al-Jazairi. His international status, huge wealth, and liberal views attracted a number of ulama who enjoyed his patronage and gradually coalesced into a distinct group. Because the Damascene religious reform movement emerged from Jazairis circle, a close examination of its members would disclose whether or not salafism represented the outlook and interests of a particular social group.
The Emergence of Salafism in Damascus: Early Vicissitudes, 1896-1904
Authors: Commins David Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Damascene ulama coped with the challenges posed by the new social and cultural order in various ways. Some wealthy ulama joined the emergent landholdingbureaucratic elite by acquiring rural landholdings and obtaining posts in the expanding bureaucracy. Those ulama who obtained choice religious posts adhered to established practices in jurisprudence and education. Middle ulama, who lacked the means to join either the urban elite or to secure high religious posts, had two motives to formulate a critique of more fortunate ulama. First, incumbent ulama stood between middle ulama and the greater influence afforded by higher posts. Second, middle ulama could hold the incumbents accountable for the general decline of the ulama’s status. Salafism, then, represented both a critique of official ulama’s practices and an assertion that the ulama should play a leading role in governing the empire.
Antisalafi Ulama’s Interpretations of Islam
Authors: Commins David Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the constitutional restoration of 1908 did not end the salafis’ difficulties with conservative ulama, it did change the political context of their rivalry. In the new balance of political forces, the salafis sided with the Committee of Union and Progress, the strongest constitutionalist party in Syria and the empire. Meanwhile, the conservative ulama remained loyal to Abdilll).amid and joined with anticonstitution notables to attack the salafis and thereby challenge the CUP. Antisalafi incidents that took place between July 1908 and April 1909 resulted in the defeat of the anticonstitution forces, and thereafter the conservative ulama could no longer persecute the salafis.
Introduction
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a rare and intriguing moment when a people decide that they are the instruments of history-making and race-building. It is common enough to think of oneself as part of some larger meaning in the sweep of history, a part of some grand design. But to presume to be an actor and creator in the special occurrence of a people’s birth (or rebirth) requires a singular self-consciousness. In the opening decades of the twentieth century, down into the first years of the Great Depression, black intellectuals in Harlem had just such a self-concept. These Harlemites were so convinced that they were evoking their people’s “Dusk of Dawn” that they believed that they marked a renaissance.
Harlem: Capital of the Black World
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What made Harlem special was not that it was bawdy and tended to epitomize the most sordid aspects of the Jazz Age. While that was true enough, so had numerous other “colored districts” of American cities. New York had similar black centers in earlier years. James Weldon Johnson recalled one such district on West 35th Street that thrived around the turn of the century. Ike Hines’s place, which Johnson described, had all of the qualities of the cabaret and “sporting life” that were later to characterize Harlem for many. Ike Hines’s had collected black musicians and entertainers, and they, in turn, attracted scores of white pleasure-seekers and white heirs of the minstrel tradition in search of material for their black faced theatrical acts. There seem always to have been “darktowns.” They were a bit spicy because of community indulgence. The respectable white citizenry sought pleasure in their brothels and cabarets. And their patronage shielded the extra-legal life of Negroes from police harassment. Harlem, before World War I and the years following, had all of these features. But the time and the circumstances of its creation made Harlem symbolize the Afro-American’s coming of age.
Introduction
Authors: Logan Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Americans both love and hate their government; trust and fear it. Traditionally, their political philosophy has been basically libertarian, though not consistently so. They believe in limiting the power of government in many ways, yet they also want to use government to pursue various special goals or interests. This ambivalence toward government is particularly evident in the area of criminal justice. Those earliest of American reformers, the founders, established a Constitution premised on a lack of faith in the benevolence and wisdom of governors. Shortly thereafter, another group of American reformers established a penitentiary system premised on faith in the redemption of sinners and in the benevolence and wisdom of at least some authorities whose job it would be to coercively save those sinners.
Private Prisons Today: A Descriptive Overview
Authors: Logan Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Private prison”is not a very precise term, though its general meaning is fairly clear. It refers to a place of confinement that is managed by a private company. “Prison”will be used broadly in this book to include any place of involuntary confinement within the justice system. This would include facilities of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (which is part of the Department of Justice) and juvenile justice facilities, but not places for involuntary civil confinement of the mentally ill. Within the current context, “prison”will be more or less synonymous with a “detention,”“confinement,”“correctional,”or “penal”facility.
Issues of Liability
Authors: Logan Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critics of privatization warn that governments will not escape liability by contracting the administration of their prisons, as some advocates supposedly claim. In contrast, some opponents of private prisons seem to imply that government can escape liability (through sovereign immunity) if only it stays away from contracting. Lawyer and privatization critic J. Michael Keating summarizes the liability picture as follows: From context, it is clear that Keating regards this legal vulnerability of private prisons as an argument against them, but it is not at all clear why this should be so.
Private Prisons and the Privatization of Punishment
Authors: Logan Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The future of privatization in one form or another in corrections seems fairly secure. Contracting of services and of nonsecure facilities is already a permanent feature of corrections. At this point, contracting for the management of secure facilities is still unfamiliar and controversial, but it gives every indication of gaining widespread acceptance. The forces behind its emergence are still in place and growing stronger. Crowding in existing prisons is increasing, along with judicial pressure to do something about it. The judicial solution-dosing institutions or capping them, and fining jurisdictions that do not respond to court orders--Only serves to increase population pressures at other institutions and financial pressures on government.
The New Indian Politics
Authors: Cornell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On December 28, 1890, a few miles west of the Badlands in South Dakota, a band of exhausted Sioux Indians, including a hundred or so warriors and some 250 women and children, surrendered to troops of the U.S. Seventh Cavalry and agreed to travel with them to the Indian agency at Pine Ridge. The joint party camped that night at Wounded Knee Creek, twenty miles from their destination. Surrounding the Indian tipis and tents were nearly five hundred soldiers and four pieces of Hotchkiss light artillery.
The Transformations of the Tribe
Authors: Cornell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Our power is gone and we are dying, for the power is not in us anymore.” Thus said Black Elk, the Oglala medicine man, to John Neihardt in 1931. And perhaps it was so. Black Elk had seen the dead and dying at Wounded Knee and had fought briefly there. He had witnessed in his own life the passage of the Sioux nations from freedom to dependency. In his youth the spirits of the Lakota had given him a magnificent vision, calling him to give aid and leadership to his people, and he felt he had failed in his appointed task. Yet his words of despair came at what, in retrospect, appears to have been a critical time, the start of a decade that would see some crucial developments in an extended Native American renaissance.
The Politics of lndianness
Authors: Cornell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Great cities,” wrote Robert Park in 1925, “have always been the melting-pots of races and of cultures.”1 In the crucible of city life, peoples are transformed. But the term “melting pot” is misleading. It suggests some-thing more than even Park seems to have intended. Cities have not so much destroyed groups as refashioned them. Feed groups-ethnic, racial, class-into an urban area, wait a while, and examine the result. Groups there will be, but they are likely to have changed. The bases of differentiation will be different; some will have disappeared; new ones will have emerged. The result will be no homogeneous mass, but a new collection of communities and peoples jockeying for advantage, position, status, and opportunity.
The Pro-Choice Movement
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the political fallout from the Supreme Court’s decision in Missouri v. Webster and the Court’s pending decisions in three more abortion cases, abortion rights promise to occupy centre stage in American politics for years to come. Funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation, this timely work analyses the development of the pro-choice movement over the last twenty-five years, providing crucial background to the current abortion rights debate.
Introduction
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conflict over abortion has a long history in American political life. The states were originally guided on the matter of abortion by British common law, which permitted abortion until “quickening,” the point about midway through pregnancy when the woman first perceives fetal movement. Although abortion before quickening was socially acceptable and there was no grass-roots anti-abortion movement before the twentieth century, there was a successful campaign to outlaw abortion in the nineteenth century that was initiated not by religious leaders—as might be expected—but by physicians. The physicians who led this campaign were “regular” doctors motivated in large part by their desire to regulate medicine and to drive out the “irregular” doctors who were most likely to perform abortions.
Collective Action Through Established Means
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The social movements of the 1960s are associated with confrontational direct action tactics. As we shall see in Chapter 4, the movement to legalize abortion was no exception; as the women’s movement spread, feminists took the abortion battle to the streets. But there was also another side to the movement. Much of the early activity on behalf of legal abortion consisted of teas held at churches to dis cuss change in the laws and endless trips to the state legislatures by middle-aged women with long volunteer “careers” (cf. Daniels, 1988). Despite the fact that the word “abortion” could barely be mentioned in public when the movement began, the movement did use conventional channels of influence from the start.
Single-Issue Politics
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tactics of the pro-choice movement had already become increasingly reactive in response to countermovement activities after the legalization of abortion in 1973. This trend continued in the post-Hyde period, but with some important changes. While movement organizations continued to engage in legislative lobbying and litigation, the political arena became the central battlefield of the abortion conflict. The pro-choice movement became increasingly involved in single issue political tactics and more narrowly focused on defending legal abortion than ever before. Countermovement victories dictated pro-choice responses, but they also enabled the movement to obtain far more resources than had been available in earlier periods of the abortion conflict. National pro-choice movement organizations had already started to become more professionalized in their leadership and formalized in structure, and the increased resources accelerated these organizational trends.
Further General Results in Quaternionic Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Adler Stephen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We next discuss certain general results in quaternionic quantum mechanics, which can be formulated independently of the detailed structure of the Hamiltonian H Our emphasis in this chapter will be on topics connected with symmetry generators. We introduce quaternion anti-self-adjoint space translation generators and use them to construct the momentum representation. Corresponding to these generators, we introduce several possible definitions for the self adjoint momentum operators and show that none of them possesses all the properties of the momentum in complex quantum mechanics. A closely analogous discussion is given for the rotation generators and angular momentum.
Quaternionic Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Adler Stephen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point our discussion of relativistic quaternionic wave equations has dealt with the first quantized case, in which the wave fields are quaternions in the right-acting algebra spanned by 1, i,j,k, with c-number-valued real components. We now turn to quaternionic quantum field theory, in which the wave fields are left-acting operators.
Introduction: The Paradox of Capitalism
Authors: Blumberg Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every few years the news media in this country discover a business crime wave. And when they do, they usually connect it to the trends of the times. In the 1980s, for example, business crime was blamed on such things as the swing of the generational pendulum from the social concerns of the 1960s to the personal concerns of the 1980s, the greed-is-good mentality fostered by the free-wheeling individualism of the Reagan administration, the moral example of corruption in high places in Washington, the merger mania in the corporate world that produced a speculative fever and created a kind of casino society, the bacchanalia of a long bull market on Wall Street, the unprecedented inflation in housing prices that separated wealth from work, and so on. In the past, business crime has been blamed on other transient events.
Selling It: The Seamy Side of the Marketplace
Authors: Blumberg Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adulteration of products is one of the most common deceptions practiced on the public. And for good reason. If the cardinal rule of capitalism is to buy cheap and sell dear, then it ‘s understandable why adulteration is so widespread; it allows the seller to alter one side of that equation in his favor and indeed buy cheaper than would otherwise be possible.
Obscene Language and the Development of Attic Comedy
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The plays of Aristophanes burst with jokes and buffoonery of all kinds: in the service of satire, abuse, parody, irony, and surrealistic absurdity are countless plays on words, comic distortions of proper names, ludicrous and extravagant compounds, constant shifting between different proprieties of diction, verbal surprises, equivocations, deceptions.
Introduction
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a commonplace in Greco-Roman antiquity that religion was women’s business, and it was not a compliment. Strabo of Pontus in Asia Minor said it most clearly: “Women [are] the chief founders of religion (tieisidaimonia) ... women . . . provoke men to the more attentive worship of the gods, to festivals and to supplications; and it is a rare thing for a man who lives by himself to be found addicted to these things;” As with all generalizations, Strabo’s could be qualified. Deisidaimonia (literally, “fear of the gods”) was neither the only term he used for human reverence for the divine, nor the most complimentaty. Not surprisingly, the stance he favored, eudaimonia, was far more typical of elite, educated men.2 Strabo knew that religion was hardly the sole domain of women, and so did every other ancient male author who wrote on the subject. In many quarters, from the Roman priestly colleges to the Jewish study house to Christian church councils, religion could be, and was, a male exercise. But the association of women with religion seemed so obvious that it called forth little explanation in-antiquity. Modem scholarship cannot be said to have done much better.
Women’s Religious Offices in Greco-Roman Paganism
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence for women’s religious leadership in pagan contexts has received short shrift, in part because it has been deemed the least relevant, if not irrelevant, for contemporary theological agendas.1 Yet women unquestionably held office in a wide range of pagan religions across the ancient world chronologically, geographically, and culturally.
Women’s Leadership and Offices in Christian Communities
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Greco-Roman period, virtually the only context for the discussion of women’s religious leadership is women’s Christian ministry. Aside from rabbinic discussions about why women cannot discharge cultic obligations for others,’ no ancient Jewish sources debate whether women can hold synagogue office. Perhaps not surprisingly, the subject never comes up in pagan literature either, where women’s right and ability to hold religious office is never in dispute.
Athenian Myths and Institutions
Authors: Tyrrell WM Blake , Brown Frieda S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book analyzes the relationships between Athenian myths and the institutions that informed them. In particular, it examines how myths encode thoughts on ritual, the code of warrior, marriage, and politics. Combining traditional historical and literary criticism with the approaches of anthropologists, feminist critics, and cultural historians, the authors study specific examples of the epic and tragedy as well as funeral orations and the Parthenon marbles-to illuminate the ways mythic media exploited the beliefs, concepts, and practices of fifth-century Athens, simultaneously exemplifying and shaping that culture.
Introduction: Myths as Words in Action
Authors: Tyrrell WM Blake , Brown Frieda S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of us formed our first impressions of Greek myths as children from the summaries and illustrated handbooks, movies, and cartoons that simplified and sanitized the doings of the gods and heroes. The stories were fun, and they impressed us as something uncomplicated, or frivolous. How, after all, could anyone take seriously such fantasy as Zeus’s turning himself into a bull or Kronos’ swallowing his children? In time, youthful skepticism was reinforced by the common opinion that myths are false and misleading.