bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viral Class 1 RNase III Involved in Suppression of RNA Silencing
Authors: Kreuze Jan F. , Savenkov Eugene I. , Cuellar Wilmer , Li Xiangdong , Valkonen Jari P. T. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-specific endonucleases belonging to RNase III classes 3 and 2 process dsRNA precursors to small interfering RNA (siRNA) or microRNA, respectively, thereby initiating and amplifying RNA silencing-based antiviral defense and gene regulation in eukaryotic cells. However, we now provide evidence that a class 1 RNase III is involved in suppression of RNA silencing. The single-stranded RNA genome of sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) encodes an RNase III (RNase3) homologous to putative class 1 RNase IIIs of unknown function in rice and
Arabidopsis
. We show that RNase3 has dsRNA-specific endonuclease activity that enhances the RNA-silencing suppression activity of another protein (p22) encoded by SPCSV. RNase3 and p22 coexpression reduced siRNA accumulation more efficiently than p22 alone in
Nicotiana benthamiana
leaves expressing a strong silencing inducer (i.e., dsRNA). RNase3 did not cause intracellular silencing suppression or reduce accumulation of siRNA in the absence of p22 or enhance silencing suppression activity of a protein encoded by a heterologous virus. No other known RNA virus encodes an RNase III or uses two independent proteins cooperatively for RNA silencing suppression.
Pseudorabies Virus Glycoprotein gD Contains a Functional Endocytosis Motif That Acts in Concert with an Endocytosis Motif in gB To Drive Internalization of Antibody-Antigen Complexes from the Surface of Infected Monocytes
Authors: Ficinska Jolanta , Van Minnebruggen Geert , Nauwynck Hans J. , Bienkowska-Szewczyk Krystyna , Favoreel Herman W. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTViral glycoproteins gB and gD of the swine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV), which is closely related to human herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus, are able to drive internalization of antibody-antigen complexes that may form at the cell surface of infected monocytes, thereby protecting these cells from efficient antibody-mediated lysis. We found earlier that gB relies on an endocytosis motif in its cytoplasmic domain for its function during this internalization process. Here, we report that the PRV gD protein also contains a functional endocytosis motif (YRLL) in its cytoplasmic domain that drives spontaneous endocytosis of gD from the cell surface early in infection and that acts in concert with the endocytosis motif in gB to contribute to efficient internalization of antibody-antigen complexes in PRV-infected monocytes.
Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Inhibits Hepatitis B Virus Replication In Vivo
Authors: Isogawa Masanori , Robek Michael D. , Furuichi Yoshihiro , Chisari Francis V. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTToll-like receptors (TLR) play a key role in innate immunity. To examine the ability of diverse TLRs to modulate hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication, HBV transgenic mice received a single intravenous injection of ligands specific for TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, and TLR9. All of the ligands except for TLR2 inhibited HBV replication in the liver noncytopathically within 24 h in a α/β interferon-dependent manner. The ability of these TLR ligands to induce antiviral cytokines at the site of HBV replication suggests that TLR activation could represent a powerful and novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
Genome Replication and Progeny Virion Production of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Mutants with Temperature-Sensitive Lesions in the Origin-Binding Protein
Authors: Schildgen Oliver , Gräper Sascha , Blümel Johannes , Matz Bertfried 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT
Genome replication of herpes simplex viruses (HSV) in cultured cells is thought to be started by the action of the virus-encoded origin-binding protein (OBP). In experiments using two HSV-1 mutants with temperature-sensitive lesions in the helicase domain of OBP, we demonstrated that this function is essential during the first 6 hours of the lytic cycle. Once DNA synthesis has started, this function is no longer required, suggesting that origin-driven initiation of viral DNA replication is a single event rather than a continuous process.
Incorporating Medium-Range Numerical Weather Model Output into the Ensemble Streamflow Prediction System of the National Weather Service
Authors: Werner Kevin , Brandon David , Clark Martyn , Gangopadhyay Subhrendu 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
This study introduces medium-range meteorological ensemble inputs of temperature and precipitation into the Ensemble Streamflow Prediction component of the National Weather Service River Forecast System (NWSRFS). The Climate Diagnostics Center (CDC) produced a reforecast archive of model forecast runs from a dynamically frozen version of the Medium-Range Forecast (MRF) model. This archive was used to derive statistical relationships between MRF variables and historical basin-average precipitation and temperatures. The latter are used to feed the Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) component of the NWSRFS. Two sets of ESP reforecasts were produced: A control run based on historically observed temperature and precipitation and an experimental run based on MRF-derived temperature and precipitation. This study found the MRF reforecasts to be generally superior to the control reforecasts, although there were situations when the downscaled MRF output actually degraded the forecast. Forecast improvements were most pronounced during the rising limb of the hydrograph—at this time accurate temperature forecasts improve predictions of the rate of snowmelt. Further improvements in streamflow forecasts at short forecast lead times may be possible by incorporating output from high-resolution regional atmospheric models into the NWSRFS.
The Diurnal Cycle of the Summertime Atmospheric Hydrologic Cycle over the Southwestern United States
Authors: Anderson Bruce T. , Kanamaru Hideki 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Diurnal variations in the climatological large-scale summertime hydrologic cycle over the southwestern United States are examined using surface and upper-air observations along with regional model output. Rainfall rates are greatest during the daytime, but the hydrologic balance that supports this rainfall changes as the day progresses. During the late morning and early afternoon, the area-averaged rainfall is balanced predominantly by evapotranspiration augmented by low-level moisture convergence; moisture from these two sources is redistributed via eddy diffusion, resulting in an overall moistening of the atmosphere and a divergence of moisture aloft. During the late afternoon, vertical redistribution via eddy diffusion weakens considerably, although precipitation continues at approximately the same rate because of drying aloft, which also supports continued large-scale divergence of moisture at these levels. This large-scale divergence aloft persists at all times of day, suggesting that for the domain as a whole, precipitation is dependent upon low-level moisture sources. At finer scales, these balances are modified principally by the presence of moisture convergence/divergence centered on the elevated regions of the domain, suggesting that local balances may be more complex than the area-average balances described here.
Evaluation of Reanalysis Soil Moisture Simulations Using Updated Chinese Soil Moisture Observations
Authors: Li Haibin , Robock Alan , Liu Suxia , Mo Xingguo , Viterbo Pedro 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Using 19 yr of Chinese soil moisture data from 1981 to 1999, the authors evaluate soil moisture in three reanalysis outputs: the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40); the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis 1 (R-1); and the NCEP–Department of Energy (DOE) reanalysis 2 (R-2) over China. R-2 shows improved interannual variability and better seasonal patterns of soil moisture than R-1 as the result of the incorporation of observed precipitation, but not for all stations. ERA-40 produces a better mean value of soil moisture for most Chinese stations and good interannual variability. Limited observations in the spring indicate a spring soil moisture peak for most of the stations. ERA-40 generally reproduced this event, while R-1 or R-2 generally did not capture this feature, either because the soil was already saturated or the deep soil layer was too thick and damped such a response. ERA-40 and R-1 have a temporal time scale comparable to observations, but R-2 has a memory of nearly 5 months for the growing season, about twice the temporal scale of the observations. The cold season tends to prolong soil moisture memory by about 3 months for R-2 and 1 month for ERA-40. The unrealistic long temporal scale of R-2 can be attributed to the deep layer of the land surface model, which is too thick and dominates the soil moisture variability. R-1 has the same land surface scheme as R-2, but shows a temporal scale close to observations, which is actually because of soil moisture nudging to a fixed climatology. This new long time series of observed soil moisture will prove valuable for other studies of climate change, remote sensing, and model evaluation.
Dominant Modes of Moisture Flux Anomalies over North America
Authors: Dominguez Francina , Kumar Praveen 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
This study investigates the principal modes of seasonal moisture flux transport over North America, analyzing their possible dependence on large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. It uses 23 yr (1979–2001) of 6-hourly data from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis I project. Complex empirical orthogonal function (complex-EOF) analysis is implemented on the vertically integrated and seasonally averaged moisture flux, to identify the dominant modes. For every season, the characteristic spatial pattern of the two most dominant modes is compared to the geopotential height anomaly field and precipitation anomaly field using correlation analysis.
The two dominant winter modes capture the variability in the moisture flux field associated with extreme precipitation events over the western coast of the United States. The first winter mode captures 52% of the variability of the season and is related to the strong ENSO events of 1982/83 and 1997/98 (El Niño) and 1989 (La Niña). The second winter mode captures anomalous high moisture flux over the southwest related to the east Pacific teleconnection pattern.
The intense moisture transport associated with high-precipitation events in the central United States (including the 1993 flood) is captured by summer mode 1, while the second mode of the summer season captures the moisture flux variability related to the 1983 and 1988 droughts. The results show that these summer flood and drought events are characterized by very different moisture flux anomalies and are not the positive and negative phases of a given mode.
The use of complex-EOF analysis captures extreme hydrologic events as characteristic modes of interannual variability and allows a better understanding of the atmospheric circulation patterns associated with these events.
The Effects of Low-Intensity Ultrasound on Medial Collateral Ligament Healing in the Rabbit Model
Authors: Sparrow Karen J. , Finucane Sheryl D. , Owen John R. , Wayne Jennifer S. 
Published: May 2005

Background Ruptured medial collateral ligaments are capable of healing over time, but biomechanical and biochemical properties remain inferior to normal tissue. Low-intensity ultrasound may improve healing. Hypothesis Medial collateral ligaments treated with ultrasound will demonstrate superior healing. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Twenty-one late-adolescent male rabbits underwent bilateral ligament transection. One ligament from each rabbit received ultrasound treatment every other day for 6 total treatments. Contralateral ligaments received sham treatments. After 3 or 6 weeks, ligaments were evaluated biomechanically and assayed for collagen concentration and the relative proportions of types I and III collagen. Results Areas of sonicated specimens were significantly larger (10.6% ± 4.90%) at 6 weeks. Ultimate load (39.5% ± 17.0%), ultimate displacement (24.5% ± 8.0%), and energy absorption (69.1% ± 22.0%) were significantly higher for sonicated specimens at 6 weeks. No significant biomechanical differences were observed at 3 weeks. The relative proportion of type I collagen was significantly higher in sonicated ligaments at 3 weeks (8.61% ± 4.0%) and 6 weeks (6.91% ± 3.0%). No significant differences in collagen concentration were observed at either 3 or 6 weeks. Conclusion Subtle improvement with ultrasound treatment may be apparent by 3 weeks after injury, suggested by increased proportion of type I collagen. Ultrasound appears to improve some structural properties and to modestly increase scar cross-sectional area and type I collagen present at 6 weeks after injury in this model. Clinical Relevance Ultrasound treatments after ligament injury may facilitate earlier return to activities and decrease risk of reinjury.
Effects of Radiofrequency Energy on Human Articular Cartilage
Authors: Caffey Sean , McPherson Edward , Moore Brian , Hedman Thomas , Vangsness C. Thomas 
Published: May 2005

Background Previous radiofrequency work has not rigidly controlled energy application to the articular cartilage, giving uncertain results published to date. Hypothesis At minimal settings, radiofrequency probes cause cell death in measurable areas when applied to human articular cartilage. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Simulating operating room conditions, 5 commercially available radiofrequency probes were attached to a customized jig to standardize a minimal contact pressure of each probe tip to 2.0 g. Keeping all variables the same, probes were placed on specific points of fresh grade II human cartilage with treatment times of 1 and 3 seconds at the manufacturer's recommended settings. Grade III cartilage was also tested with a treatment time of 3 seconds, and grade II cartilage was studied with the probe held 1 mm off the cartilage surface. Cartilage was blindly analyzed by confocal microscopy using a live/dead cell viability assay to determine the extent of cell death. Results Radiofrequency probes produced significant cellular death in the form of a half-circle into the cartilage to variable depths. For treatment times of 1 and 3 seconds, cell death measurements ranged from 404 to 539 μm and 1034 to 1283 μm, respectively. One probe failed to show any effect, with minimal evidence of cell death or cartilage smoothing. When probes were kept a 1.0-mm distance above the cartilage, no cell death or cartilage smoothing was noted. Radiofrequency treatment of grade III cartilage penetrated to the subchondral bone. There was no statistically significant difference between the damage caused by monopolar and bipolar probes when tested under these rigidly controlled conditions. Conclusion These results showed significant cellular death at these minimal conditions to the underlying chondrocytes with radiofrequency probes. Surgeons using this technology need to be aware of the power and dangerous potential these probes can have on articular cartilage.
Neuromuscular and Biomechanical Adaptations of Patients with Isolated Deficiency of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Fontboté Cristián A. , Sell Timothy C. , Laudner Kevin G. , Haemmerle Marcus , Allen Christina R. , Margheritini Fabrizio , Lephart Scott M. , Harner Christopher D. 
Published: May 2005

Background Functional adaptations of patients with posterior cruciate ligament deficiency (grade II) are largely unknown despite increased recognition of this injury. Hypothesis Posterior cruciate ligament-deficient subjects (grade II, 6- to 10-mm bilateral difference in posterior translation) will present with neuromuscular and biomechanical adaptations to overcome significant mechanical instability during gait and drop-landing tasks. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Bilateral comparisons were made among 10 posterior cruciate ligament-deficient subjects using radiographic, instrumented laxity, and range of motion examinations. Biomechanical and neuromuscular characteristics of the involved limb of the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient subjects were compared to their uninvolved limb and to 10 matched control subjects performing gait and drop-landing tasks. Results Radiographic (15.3 ± 2.9 to 5.6 ± 3.7 mm; P =. 008) and instrumented laxity (6.3 ± 2.0 to 1.4 ± 0.5 mm; P <. 001) examinations demonstrated significantly greater posterior displacement of the involved knee within the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient group. The posterior cruciate ligament-deficient group had a significantly decreased maximum knee valgus moment and greater vertical ground reaction force at midstance during gait compared to the control group. During vertical landings, the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient group demonstrated a significantly decreased vertical ground reaction force loading rate. All other analyses reported no significant differences within or between groups. Conclusion Posterior cruciate ligament-deficient subjects demonstrate minimal biomechanical and neuromuscular differences despite significant clinical laxity. Clinical Relevance The findings of this study indicate that individuals with grade II posterior cruciate ligament injuries are able to perform gait and drop-landing activities similar to a control group without surgical intervention.
Long-term Failure of Thermal Shrinkage for Laxity of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Halbrecht Jeffrey 
Published: May 2005

Background Appropriate treatment for anterior cruciate ligament laxity, owing to partial tears of the native ligament or lax reconstruction, is unclear. Studies suggest that a significant percentage of these untreated tears may progress to complete tears or the patient may develop additional injuries to the meniscus or articular cartilage. Shrinkage of the ligament or graft using thermal energy has been proposed as a solution for this problem. Purpose To evaluate the long-term results using thermal energy to shrink laxity of the anterior cruciate ligament. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Nineteen patients with partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (n = 14) or stretched anterior cruciate ligament grafts (n = 5) underwent thermal shrinkage treatment. Fourteen were available for follow-up at 1 and 5 years. At 1 year, there were 12 partial tears and 2 grafts available for evaluation. At 5 years, there were 10 partial tears and 4 grafts. Preoperative, postoperative, and intraoperative stability testing was performed using the KT-1000 arthrometer. Clinical results were evaluated using the Cincinnati and Lysholm scoring systems. Results Intraoperative shrinkage averaged 2.12 mm (17%, P <. 0001). At 1 year, 12 of the 14 patients remained stable (86%) with a negative Lachman test result and mean KT-1000 arthrometer maximum side-to-side score of 1.29 mm (P <. 001). The 2 failed shrinkages were partial tears of the native anterior cruciate ligament. For these 12 patients, Cincinnati scores improved from 53 to 89 (P <. 0001), and Lysholm scores improved from 55 to 89 (P <. 0003). At 5-year follow-up, 11 of 13 patients had gone on to complete failure (85%, P <. 002; 8/9 partial tears and 3/4 grafts). Conclusion Thermal shrinkage provides short-term benefit in the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament laxity but leads to catastrophic failure in the majority of patients at long-term follow-up. We can no longer recommend this procedure for the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament laxity.
Early Screw Fixation versus Casting in the Treatment of Acute Jones Fractures
Authors: Mologne Timothy S. , Lundeen Jeffrey M. , Clapper Mark F. , O’Brien Thomas J. 
Published: May 2005

Background There is considerable variability in the literature concerning the optimal treatment of acute Jones fractures. Hypothesis Early surgical fixation of acute Jones fractures will result in shorter times to union and return to athletics compared with cast treatment. Study Design Randomized controlled clinical trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods Eighteen patients were randomized to cast treatment, and 19 patients were randomized to screw fixation. Success of treatment and the times to union and return to sports were calculated for each patient. Results Mean follow-up was 25.3 months (range, 15-42 months). Eight of 18 (44%) in the cast group were considered treatment failures: 5 nonunions, 1 delayed union, and 2 refractures. One of 19 patients in the surgery group was considered a treatment failure. For the surgery group, the median times to union and return to sports were 7.5 and 8.0 weeks, respectively. For the cast group, the median times were 14.5 and 15.0 weeks, respectively. The Mann-Whitney test showed a statistically significant difference between the groups in both parameters, with P <. 001. Conclusion There is a high incidence (44%) of failure after cast treatment of acute Jones fractures. Early screw fixation results in quicker times to union and return to sports compared with cast treatment.
Mixed Mode Fracture Analysis of the Lap Shear Specimen Test Per ASTM D1002
Authors: Yeh Hsien-Yang , Tandjung Darmo 
Published: May 2005

ASTM D1002 is a standard test method used to evaluate the shear strength of adhesives. This method is popular due to the simplicity of the test, ease to replicate, and the consistency of the testing results. However, this test is also the most criticized one, as the results can be too misleading to be used as design criteria. Due to the material elastic mismatch and the eccentricity of the test setup, a mixed mode loading is introduced to the adhesive joint. This paper presents a detailed study on the behavior of the adhesive joint under the shear loading, tested by the ASTM D1002 method. The conventional fracture mechanics theory is utilized. A crack embedded in the adhesive joint specimens, including both the single thickness and the double thickness, are used for the analysis. The specimen is loaded on a tensile test machine until failure, and the load and displacement are recorded for each specimen. The result from the experiment is used as the data for the stress and fracture mechanics analysis. From the experimental results, it is seen that the specimen also experiences out-of-plane tensile stress. There is an indication that the final failure might be due to cleavage loading, for the double thickness. The eccentricity of the loading path cannot be eliminated completely. The results of the experiment and the effect of the mixed mode loading are studied in detail. This paper provides a better understanding of the behavior of adhesives under a mixed-mode fracture. This knowledge is beneficial to understand and design reliable adhesive bond joints.