bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OPEN-ENDED ARTIFICIAL EVOLUTION
Authors: STANDISH RUSSELL K. 
Published: June 2003

Of all the issues discussed at Alife VII: Looking Forward, Looking Backward, the issue of whether it was possible to create an artificial life system that exhibits open-ended evolution of novelty is by far the biggest. Of the 14 open problems settled on as a result of debate at the conference, some 6 are directly, or indirectly related to this issue. Most people equate open-ended evolution with complexity growth, although a priori these seem to be different things. In this paper I report on experiments to measure the complexity of Tierran organisms, and show the results for a size-neutral run of Tierra. In this run, no increase in organismal complexity was observed, although organism size did increase through the run. This result is discussed, offering some signposts on path to solving the issue of open ended evolution.
Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Anderson Frederick A. , Spencer Frederick A. 
Published: June 2003

Until the 1990s, venous thromboembolism (VTE) was viewed primarily as a complication of hospitalization for major surgery (or associated with the late stage of terminal illness). However, recent trials in patients hospitalized with a wide variety of acute medical illnesses have demonstrated a risk of VTE in medical patients comparable with that seen after major general surgery. In addition, epidemiologic studies have shown that between one quarter and one half of all clinically recognized symptomatic VTEs occur in individuals who are neither hospitalized nor recovering from a major illness. This expanding understanding of the population at risk challenges physicians to carefully examine risk factors for VTE to identify high-risk patients who could benefit from prophylaxis.
Factors sufficient by themselves to prompt physicians to consider VTE prophylaxis include major surgery, multiple trauma, hip fracture, or lower extremity paralysis because of spinal cord injury. Additional risk factors, such as previous VTE, increasing age, cardiac or respiratory failure, prolonged immobility, presence of central venous lines, estrogens, and a wide variety of inherited and acquired hematological conditions contribute to an increased risk for VTE. These predisposing factors are seldom sufficient by themselves to justify the use of prophylaxis. Nevertheless, individual risk factors, or combinations thereof, can have important implications for the type and duration of appropriate prophylaxis and should be carefully reviewed to assess the overall risk of VTE in each patient.
Publish and Perish?
Authors: Baumann Henrikke 
Published: June 2003

SummaryThe publishing of research has implications for the evaluation of research careers, research departments, and funding for research projects. Researchers' academic evaluation relies heavily on the status of the journals in which they publish. The inclusion of one's work in the Science Citation Index (SCI) and the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) is often used as an indicator of academic quality. This is unfortunate for many environmental researchers, as their journals are not represented in the SCI and SSCI. Two investigations were carried out to determine the reasons for this. The first investigation identified 352 existing environmental academic journals, classified into seven categories (and several subcategories). Of these, two categories were not represented in the SCI or SSCI: environmental systems analysis journals and corporate environmental management journals. The second survey investigated the publishing patterns of interdisciplinary research groups and the characteristics of the journals in which they publish. In spite of acceptable citation levels, interdisciplinary environmental journals are excluded from the SCI and SSCI. A major reason seems to be that citations of their articles are uncounted by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), the organization producing the SCI and SSCI, because citations mostly take place in a group of journals completely unrepresented in ISI's database.
Further Efforts to Clarify Industrial Ecology's Hidden Philosophy of Nature
Authors: Isenmann Ralf 
Published: June 2003

SummaryAs an emerging discipline, industrial ecology represents a promising interdisciplinary field that studies industrial systems and their fundamental linkage with nature. At the root of its scientific profile lies a refreshingly different perspective on nature as a model in comparison with other disciplines' orthodox understanding nature in terms of a “sack of resources” the “biophysical limit”“something outside”“surrounding” or just “environment”. In contrast to these phrases, industrial ecology's perspective indicates an important change in the interpretation of nature, from the interest in intervening in or preserving nature toward an orientation by nature, from the comprehension of nature as an object toward understanding nature as a model, and from exploiting natural resources toward learning from nature as, in part, an ideal. This characteristic perspective of industrial ecology is typically stated with an appealing natural ecosystem metaphor and based on an analogy between industrial systems and natural ecosystems. On the basis of initial efforts to conceptualize industrial ecology's underlying assumptions concerning nature, a philosophically focused analysis of nature as a model is presented. Industrial ecology's implicit philosophy of nature is thus uncovered and clarified. Finally, a set of arguments drawing on the philosophy of science and on Kantian epistemology and philosophical anthropology is provided to gain greater conceptual clarity and to contribute to laying a solid foundation for industrial ecology's stimulating role in achieving sustainability at large.
Traci
Authors: Bare Jane C. 
Published: June 2003

SummaryThe tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical and other environmental impacts (TRACI) is described along with its history, the research and methodologies it incorporates, and the insights it provides within individual impact categories.TRACI, a stand‐alone computer program developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, facilitates the characterization of environmental stressors that have potential effects, including ozone depletion, global warming, acidification, eutrophication, tropospheric ozone (smog) formation, ecotoxicity, human health criteria‐related effects, human health cancer effects, human health noncancer effects, fossil fuel depletion, and land‐use effects. TRACI was originally designed for use with life‐cycle assessment (LCA), but it is expected to find wider application in the future.To develop TRACI, impact categories were selected, available methodologies were reviewed, and categories were prioritized for further research. Impact categories were characterized at the midpoint level for reasons including a higher level of societal consensus concerning the certainties of modeling at this point in the cause‐effect chain. Research in the impact categories of acidification, smog formation, eutrophication, land use, human cancer, human noncancer, and human criteria pollutants was conducted to construct methodologies for representing potential effects in the United States. Probabilistic analyses allowed the determination of an appropriate level of sophistication and spatial resolution necessary for impact modeling for each category, yet the tool was designed to accommodate current variation in practice (e.g., site‐specific information is often not available). The methodologies underlying TRACI reflect state‐of‐the‐art developments and best‐available practice for life‐cycle impact assessment (LCIA) in the United States and are the focus of this article. TRACI's use and the impact of regionalization are illustrated with the example of concrete production in the northeastern United States.
Impact Characterization in the Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts
Authors: Norris Gregory A. 
Published: June 2003

SummaryThe tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical and other environmental impacts (TRACI) is a set of life‐cycle impact assessment (LCIA) characterization methods that has been developed by a series of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency research projects. TRACI facilitates the characterization of stressors that may have potential effects, including ozone depletion, global warming, acidification, eutrophication, tropospheric ozone (smog) formation, eco‐toxicity, human particulate effects, human carcinogenic effects, human non‐carcinogenic effects, fossil fuel depletion, and land‐use effects. This article describes the methodologies developed to address acidification, eutrophication, and smog. Each of these methods offers the ability to take account of differences in expected strength of impact as a function of pollution release location within North America. Specifically, the methods employ regionalized fate and transport modeling. The resulting factors differ regionally by up to more than an order of magnitude.
The Role of Voluntary Industry Standards in Environmental Supply‐Chain Management
Authors: Rosen Christine Meisner , Beckman Sara L. , Bercovitz Janet 
Published: June 2003

SummaryOur article uses a new institutional economics (NIE) framework to explore the role of voluntary industry standards in the development and implementation of environmental supplier‐management programs in the computer industry. We examine two different voluntary standards, one for the management of design for environment (DfE) in the semiconductor fabrication equipment sector and the other for assessing the implementation and use of environmental management systems throughout the computer industry supply chain. We compare and contrast the two standards to explain why the former was widely adopted and has helped integrate DfE into buyer‐supplier relations among adopters, whereas the latter failed to gain acceptance. In line with NIE logic, both standards aimed to lower transaction and customization costs by setting “rules of the game” for interfirm transactions that would help simplify and routinize novel environmental supply‐chain programs and activities. Their differential success can be elucidated in terms of how well each met the NIE criteria for remediableness and legitimacy. We conclude that voluntary standards have the potential to play an important role in promoting DfE in industrial supply chains. We further conclude that NIE provides a conceptual framework of great value to industrial ecologists who analyze how industry standards and other institutions help firms move toward more sustainable supply‐chain management practices.
An Engineering Approach to Plastic Recycling Based on Rheological Characterization
Authors: Kuswanti Christiana 
Published: June 2003

SummaryMillions of kilograms of virgin plastics are used annually to manufacture new products, yet only a small percentage of this material is recovered for reuse in new plastic products. Many companies hesitate to use regrind and postconsumer resins (PCRs) because of the extensive testing required to identify plausible uses and processing parameters. Although used polymers may be labeled by general type, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or polycarbonate, such labels do not provide adequate information to determine molding parameters. Because used polymers may be degraded or mislabeled, it is important to characterize the used polymer rather than track the original virgin polymer properties. Another major challenge to plastics recycling is that standard industry polymer databases do not contain information about regrind resins or PCRs. Such polymer databases not only provide selection assistance, but also are used with mold‐filling simulations to reduce the experimental time to determine molding parameters.First, we summarize the current plastics collection, identification, and separation processes. Then, we present an engineering approach for plastics recycling, based on rheological characterization. To characterize the plastic rheology, we measure the viscosity versus shear rate at various temperatures. In our proposed approach, we introduce a sequence of steps to obtain used‐plastic input data for mold‐filling simulations. Our goal is to reduce the amount of experimental testing needed to determine injection‐molding parameters for re‐grind resins or PCRs. We test our method by molding American Society of Testing and Materials test specimens and a thin‐wall application with high‐impact polystyrene from recycled printer and monitor housings. Our tests demonstrate that matching the viscosity versus shear rate curves of PCR and a virgin resin provides a proxy resin for input to mold‐filling simulation software to determine PCR molding parameters. We compare our new approach with other approaches to polymer recycling and discuss directions for future research.
Differential Convergence of Life‐Cycle Inventories toward Upstream Production Layers
Authors: Lenzen Manfred 
Published: June 2003

SummaryWe present an input‐output analysis of the life‐cycle labor, land, and greenhouse gas (GHG) requirements of alternative options for three case studies: investing money in a new vehicle versus in repairs of an existing vehicle (labor), passenger transport modes for a trip between Sydney and Melbourne (land use), and renewable electricity generation (GHG emissions). These case studies were chosen to demonstrate the possibility of rank crossovers in life‐cycle inventory (LCI) results as system boundaries are expanded and upstream production inputs are taken into account. They demonstrate that differential convergence can cause crossovers in the ranking of inventories for alternative functional units occurring at second‐and higher‐order upstream production layers. These production layers are often excluded in conventional process‐type life‐cycle assessment (LCA) by the delineation of a finite system boundary, leading to a systematic truncation error within the LCI. The exclusion of higher‐order upstream inputs can be responsible for ranking crossovers going unnoticed. In this case, an incomplete conventional process‐type LCA of two alternative options can result in preferences and recommendations to decision makers that are different from preferences and recommendations concluded from a complete hybrid input‐output‐based assessment. Therefore, the need to avoid misleading effects on the ranking of alternative functional units due to differential convergence supports the practice of hybrid input‐output‐based LCA techniques.
Pollution and Cost in the Coke‐Making Supply Chain in Shanxi Province, China
Authors: Kraines Steven 
Published: June 2003

SummaryAn integrated system trade‐off model has been developed to assess costs and pollution associated with transportation in the coke‐making supply chain in Shanxi Province, China. A transportation‐flow, cost‐minimization solver is combined with models for calculating coke‐making plant costs, estimating transportation costs from a geographic information system road and rail database, and aggregating coke‐making capacity among plants. Model outputs of economic cost, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, and transport distributions are visualized using an Internet‐based graphic user interface. Data for the model were collected on survey trips to Shanxi Province as well as from secondary references and proxies. The modularity and extensibility of the system trade‐off model facilitate introduction of new data sets in order to examine various planning scenarios.Scenarios of coke‐making plant aggregation, rail infrastructure improvement, and technology transfer were evaluated using the model. Costs and pollution emissions can be reduced by enlarging coke‐making plants near the rail stations and closing down other plants. Preferential minimization of transportation costs gives a lower total cost than simply minimizing plant costs. Therefore, policy makers should consider transportation costs when planning the reallocation of coke‐making capacity in Shanxi Province. Increasing rail‐transport capacity is less effective than aggregating plant capacity. On the other hand, transfer of low‐pollution truck technology results in a large emission reduction, however, reflecting the importance of truck transportation in the Shanxi Province coke‐making industry.
The Environmental Impact of Getting the News
Authors: Reichart Inge 
Published: June 2003

SummaryThe environmental impact associated with reading an on‐line and a printed newspaper is analyzed and compared with respective parts of a television (TV) broadcast. Two reference units were chosen for comparison to account for differences between media in presentation and consumption (reading or watching a news item) and consumption of the daily news as a whole. The environmental impact is assessed using life‐cycle assessment (LCA).Key drivers of the environmental impact for both electronic delivery systems are energy consumption and power generation. Not only do the manufacturing of the products and their use have an environmental impact, but so does the use of the necessary infrastructure, that is, energy consumption of the telephone network or data transfer via Internet. Printing of on‐line information also turned out to be important.In the case of the printed newspapers, energy consumption is again important, here for the manufacturing of pulp and paper. Complete printed newspapers (the form in which they are typically purchased) have a very high environmental burden relative to watching the TV news or reading on‐line news, even if the propensity to extend TV viewing is taken into consideration.
Experience with the Use of Substance Flow Analysis in Denmark
Authors: Hansen Erik 
Published: June 2003

SummarySubstance flow analysis (SFA) has been used by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency for more than two decades to identify sources of hazardous substance releases to the environment and to waste streams. More than 35 SFAs have been undertaken using a unified methodology. This article discusses key elements of the methodology and application of the results of the SFAs in Denmark, illustrated by examples. The use of repeated SFAs in the evolution of substance regulation is demonstrated for lead. A cadmium SFA illustrates the use of SFAs to monitor changes in consumption and release of a hazardous substance. Estimates of sources are presented for a number of toxic and resource‐intensive metals in solid waste incineration and sewage treatment. Most of the SFAs concern hazardous substances, but aluminum represents a case in which the resource perspective is an important element in a national SFA. The Danish SFA on brominated flame retardants illustrates some methodological problems with conducting national SFAs in a global economy in which the substances are mainly imported in finished products.
The Turiy Massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia: mineral chemistry of an ultramafic-alkaline-carbonatite intrusion
Authors: Dunworth E. A. , Bell K. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe Turiy Massif, on the southern coast of the Kola Peninsula, consists of five intrusive complexes containing a variety of carbonatites, phoscorites, melilitolites, ijolites and pyroxenites. Petrographic and mineralogical studies of the different rocks show that the samples are texturally heterogeneous. Minerals including apatite, garnet, magnetite, melilite, mica and pyroxene, show systematic variations in composition relating to the rock type in which they occur. Compositional similarities and/or distinct trends are seen in the mineral compositions within the each of the pyroxenite-melilitolite, and melteigite-ijolite rock series, indicating linked petrogenetic histories within each of the two series. The carbonatites from the northern complex may be related to nearby melilitolites, but the central complex carbonatites and phosocorites do not bear any mineralogical (or isotopic) similarities to any of the silicate rocks within the massif.
A two-stage process of native palladium formation at low temperatures: evidence from a palladian gold nugget (Gongo Soco iron ore mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil)
Authors: Raphael Cabral A. , Lehmann B. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractNative palladium is rare and occurs in oxidizing environments (hematite stability field) and consistently has very low contents of other metals. On the other hand, gold may contain significant amounts of alloyed palladium. A nugget of palladian gold, obtained from a specularite-rich auriferous vein (‘jacutinga’) of the Gongo Soco iron ore mine, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, allows the definition of a paragenetic sequence of native palladium formation. The cm-sized nugget is brecciated and consists of fragments of palladian gold [Au0.79Pd0.09Cu0.07Ag0.04Hg0.01] with inclusions of isomertieite [Pd11Sb2As2], cemented by kaolinite-hematite-palladian gold infill. The isomertieite inclusions are preferentially fractured and display various degrees of alteration to a Pd-O phase. Native palladium occurs as a crystallized component within the Pd-O phase, with microstructural and chemical features suggesting a desiccation process. It is proposed that native palladium forms by (1) oxidation of a pre-existent palladium mineral to a Pd-O phase, and (2) subsequent crystallization of native palladium from the Pd-O phase, by oxygen loss and dehydration. This process operates in a low-temperature hydrothermal or weathering environment and leads to strong fractionation of palladium and gold.
Ca-W metasomatism in high-grade matapelites: an example from scheelite mineralization in Kerala Khondalite Belt, southern India
Authors: Shabeer K. P. , Okudaira T. , Satish-Kumar M. , Binu-Lal S. S. , Hayasaka Y. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractScheelite mineralization in the granulite-facies supracrustal sequences of the Kerala Khondalite Belt, southern India is reported. The supracrustal sequences where the mineralization is found comprise granulite-grade metasediments which underwent metamorphism at ∼550 Ma. The mineralization is assumed to have formed by late-stage metasomatism that overprinted the regional metamorphism of the country rock (garnet-biotite gneiss) and occurs along a quartz vein that intrudes the regional foliation. The paragenetic data from the vein demonstrate unambiguously a separate cycle of hydrothermal activity, resulting in metasomatism and mineralization. Scheelite is found in both the altered host rock along the foliation plane and in the quartz vein. Fluid inclusions preserved in the vein suggest that the mineralizing fluids were saline-aqueous in composition, while those in the country rocks were predominantly CO2-rich. The mineral chemistry and bulk-rock chemical composition of the mineralized domain reveal the unusual enrichment of Ca in the mineralised zone with the depletion of K. We propose that fluid discharging from a crystallizing deep-seated magma, mixing with deep circulating Ca-bearing palaeo-groundwater gave rise to the deposition of scheelite. The scheelite mineralization and the quartz vein emplacement occurred after the Pan-African regional metamorphism.