bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Emergency Medical Text Processor, a System for Cleaning Chief Complaint Text Data
Authors: Travers Debbie A. , Haas Stephanie W. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract Objectives: Emergency Medical Text Processor (EMT‐P) version 1, a natural language processing system that cleans emergency department text (e.g., chst pn, chest pai), was developed to maximize extraction of standard terms (e.g., chest pain). The authors compared the number of standard terms extracted from raw chief complaint (CC) data with that for CC data cleaned with EMT‐P and evaluated the accuracy of EMT‐P. Methods: This cross‐sectional observation study included CC text entries for all emergency department visits to three tertiary care centers in 2001. Terms were extracted from CC entries before and after cleaning with EMT‐P. Descriptive statistics included number and percentage of all entries (tokens) and all unique entries (types) that matched a standard term from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). An expert panel rated the accuracy of the CC–UMLS term matches; inter‐rater reliability was measured with κ. Results: The authors collected 203,509 CC entry tokens, of which 63,946 were unique entry types. For the raw data, 89,337 tokens (44%) and 5,081 types (8%) matched a standard term. After EMT‐P cleaning, 168,050 tokens (83%) and 44,430 types (69%) matched a standard term. The expert panel reached consensus on 201 of the 222 CC–UMLS term matches reviewed (κ= 0.69–0.72). Ninety‐six percent of the 201 matches were rated equivalent or related. Thirty‐eight percent of the nonmatches were found to match UMLS concepts.Conclusions: EMT‐P version 1 is relatively accurate, and cleaning with EMT‐P improved the CC–UMLS term match rate over raw data. The authors identified areas for improvement in future EMT‐P versions and issues to be resolved in developing a standard CC terminology.
Using Online Analytical Processing to Manage Emergency Department Operations
Authors: Gordon Bradley D. , Asplin Brent R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe emergency department (ED) is a unique setting in which to explore and evaluate the utility of information technology to improve health care operations. A potentially useful software tool in managing this complex environment is online analytical processing (OLAP). An OLAP system has the ability to provide managers, providers, and researchers with the necessary information to make decisions quickly and effectively by allowing them to examine patterns and trends in operations and patient flow. OLAP software quickly summarizes and processes data acquired from a variety of data sources, including computerized ED tracking systems. It allows the user to form a comprehensive picture of the ED from both system‐wide and patient‐specific perspectives and to interactively view the data using an approach that meets his or her needs. This article describes OLAP software tools and provides examples of potential OLAP applications for care improvement projects, primarily from the perspective of the ED. While OLAP is clearly a helpful tool in the ED, it is far more useful when integrated into the larger continuum of health information systems across a hospital or health care delivery system.
Emergency Department Digital Radiology: Moving from Photos to Pixels
Authors: White Faber A. , Zwemer Frank L. , Beach Christopher , Westesson Per‐Lennart , Fairbanks Rollin J. , Scialdone Gary 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEmergency department (ED) patient care relies heavily on radiologic imaging. As advances in technologic innovation continue to present opportunities to streamline and simplify the delivery of care, emergency medicine (EM) practitioners face the challenge of transitioning from a system of primarily film‐based radiography to one that utilizes digitized images. The move to digital radiology can result in enhanced quality of patient care, reduction of errors, and increased ED efficiency; however, making this transition will necessarily involve changes in EM practice. As the technology evolves, digital radiology will gradually become ingrained into everyday practice because of these and other notable benefits; however, EM practitioners will need to overcome several challenges to make the transition smoothly and consider the potential impacts that this change will have on ED workflow. The authors discuss the benefits, challenges, and other operational considerations involved with the ED implementation of digital radiology and close by presenting guiding principles for current and future users. Despite the unresolved issues, digital radiology will mature as a technology and improve EM practice, making it one of the great information technology advances in EM.
Information Technology and Emergency Medical Care during Disasters
Authors: Chan Theodore C. , Killeen Jim , Griswold William , Lenert Leslie 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDisaster response to mass‐casualty incidents represents one of the greatest challenges to a community's emergency response system. Rescuers, field medical personnel, and regional emergency departments and hospitals must often provide care to large numbers of casualties in a setting of limited resources, inadequate communication, misinformation, damaged infrastructure, and great personal risk. Emergency care providers and incident managers attempt to procure and coordinate resources and personnel, often with inaccurate data regarding the true nature of the incident, needs, and ongoing response. In this chaotic environment, new technologies in communications, the Internet, computer miniaturization, and advanced “smart devices” have the potential to vastly improve the emergency medical response to such mass‐casualty incident disasters. In particular, next‐generation wireless Internet and geopositioning technologies may have the greatest impact on improving communications, information management, and overall disaster response and emergency medical care. These technologies have applications in terms of enhancing mass‐casualty field care, provider safety, field incident command, resource management, informatics support, and regional emergency department and hospital care of disaster victims.
Using Data from Hospital Information Systems to Improve Emergency Department Care
Authors: Husk Gregg , Waxman Daniel A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe ubiquity of computerized hospital information systems, and of inexpensive computing power, has led to an unprecedented opportunity to use electronic data for quality improvement projects and for research. Although hospitals and emergency departments vary widely in their degree of integration of information technology into clinical operations, most have computer systems that manage emergency department registration, admission–discharge–transfer information, billing, and laboratory and radiology data. These systems are designed for specific tasks, but contain a wealth of detail that can be used to educate staff and improve the quality of care emergency physicians offer their patients. In this article, the authors describe five such projects that they have performed and use these examples as a basis for discussion of some of the methods and logistical challenges of undertaking such projects.
Medical Informatics Standards Applicable to Emergency Department Information Systems: Making Sense of the Jumble
Authors: Coonan Kevin M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe adoption of medical informatics standards by emergency department information systems (EDISs) is not universal, despite obvious benefits. Clinicians and administrators looking to obtain an EDIS need to know exactly what the various standards can do for them and how the systems they depend on can be integrated and extended. In addition to the standard methods for systems to communicate (chiefly Health Level 7 [HL7]) and those required for submission of claims (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT]‐4, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD‐9‐CM], and X12N), there are several other available standards that are clinically useful and can greatly improve the ability to access and exchange patient information. Major advances in the Unified Medical Language System of the National Library of Medicine have made the patient medical record information standards (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine [SNOMED], Logical Observation Identifiers, Names, and Codes [LOINC], RxNorm) easily accessible. Detailed knowledge of the arcana associated with the technical aspects of the standards is not needed (or desired) by clinicians to use standards‐based systems. However, some knowledge about the commonly used standards is helpful in choosing an EDIS, interfacing the EDIS with the other hospital information systems, extending or upgrading systems, and adopting decision support technologies.
Brief cognitive therapy of nightmares and post‐traumatic ruminations in a man with a learning disability
Authors: Willner Paul 
Published: November 2004

Objectives: This is a case study of the treatment of two recurrent nightmares, one of which was accompanied by congruent post‐traumatic daytime ruminations, in a man with a mild to moderate learning disability.Method: Treatment was by a cognitive intervention in which the patient was taught new positive endings to his dream stories.Results: Both of the nightmares, as well as the post‐traumatic ruminations, responded to treatment, and gains were maintained at 12‐month follow‐up.Conclusions: Cognitive treatment of nightmares can be successful even in a patient with very limited intellectual abilities. The discussion considers the factors that may have been responsible for the success of the intervention in a man who would not be considered an obvious candidate for cognitive therapy.
Overgenerality of autobiographical memory in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Moses Aida , Culpin Victoria , Lowe Christine , McWilliam Chris 
Published: November 2004

Objectives: Overgenerality of autobiographical memory (ABM) is well documented in a range of clinical conditions, particularly in depressed and parasuicidal patients (e.g., Williams, 1996; Williams & Broadbent, 1986). This study extended the investigation to Alzheimer's disease (AD), and attempted to identify whether ABM overgenerality in the AD group is specifically expressed through an excess of categoric memories.Design: AD sufferers and control participants were compared on their ABM specificity in a cued‐recall task.Method: Ten AD patients and 10 controls, matched for age, gender and educational level, were administered an ABM specificity measure following their mental status assessment. A battery of neuropsychological tests provided an independent estimate of cognitive deficit severity in the following areas: long‐term memory, IQ, working memory, processing speed, and verbal fluency. A control for depression was also employed.Results: Compared to control participants, AD participants produced significantly fewer specific autobiographical memories. Additionally, the number of produced categoric overgeneral memories was significantly greater in the AD group in comparison with the controls.Conclusion: This study demonstrates the existence of ABM overgenerality in AD, manifested through an excess of categoric memories. Consistent with the mnemonic interlock theory (Williams, 1996), AD sufferers seem to lack cognitive resources to conduct a directed search for a specific memory, and stop at the categoric descriptions stage. This may contribute to lack of specificity in ABM retrieval.
The self‐report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Its psychometric properties in 8‐ to 13‐year‐old non‐clinical children
Authors: Muris Peter , Meesters Cor , Eijkelenboom Anneke , Vincken Manon 
Published: November 2004

Objective: To examine the reliability and validity of the self‐report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in relatively young children.Method: The SDQ was administered to a large sample of non‐clinical children (n = 1111) aged 8–13 years. In a subsample (n = 439), self‐report SDQ scores of children with and without behaviour problems were compared, and related to the teacher version of the SDQ, the Youth Self‐Report and the Teacher Report Form.Results: Although the reliability of the self‐report SDQ was somewhat less satisfactory in the younger children of our sample, most other psychometric properties were acceptable and comparable to those obtained in older youths.Conclusion: While the self‐report SDQ was designed for youths aged 11 years and above, the current data seem to suggest that the scale may provide useful information about psychopathological symptoms in children as young as 8 years old.
The role of overgeneral autobiographical memory in the development of adult depression following childhood trauma
Authors: Burnside Elizabeth , Startup Mike , Byatt Marie , Rollinson Lynn , Hill Jonathan 
Published: November 2004

Objective: Overgeneral autobiographical memory (AM) has been associated with episodes of clinical depression in adults and also with reported experience of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). This study investigated whether AM has a role in the development of adult depression in survivors of CSA and whether it is related to circumstances of CSA.Method: A community sample of women who reported a history of CSA (N = 41) completed the autobiographical memory test and were interviewed about any adult episodes of depression using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia — Lifetime.Results: Women who reported episodes of depression recalled fewer categoric memories in response to cue words than those who reported no episodes of depression. Correlations indicated that the number of categoric memories recalled for all cue words was associated with early abuse and greater duration of abuse.Conclusions: Relationships between AM and the age, and duration of abuse are consistent with previous findings of a relationship between CSA and AM. Categoric AM appears to serve as a defence against distressing memories. However, this suggestion needs to be tested with prospective studies showing whether AM recall style becomes more specific as a result of an episode of depression.
Thought‐shape fusion in eating disorders
Authors: Shafran Roz , Robinson Paul 
Published: November 2004

Objectives: The aims of the present study were (1) to examine the association between a cognitive distortion (‘thought‐shape fusion’) and eating disorder psychopathology and (2) to examine the degree of thought‐shape fusion in people with eating disorders and a non‐eating‐disorder control group.Design: Associations between thought‐shape fusion and eating disorder psychopathology were examined and the degree of thought‐shape fusion was compared between people with and without clinical eating disorders.Method: Forty‐two women with clinical eating disorders and a group of 42 age‐matched women with no self‐reported history of an eating disorder completed self‐report questionnaires to assess thought‐shape fusion, eating disorder symptoms, body checking and body avoidance, and depression.Results: Thought‐shape fusion was significantly associated with eating disorder psychopathology. The majority of the associations remained significant when controlling for levels of depression. Patients with eating disorders showed significantly more thought‐shape fusion than the non‐clinical controls.Conclusions: Thought‐shape fusion is a cognitive distortion associated with eating disorders. It may be a direct expression of the overevaluation of eating, shape and weight. It is recommended that thought‐shape fusion be tackled directly in cases where it is a barrier to changing the core psychopathology of eating disorders.
Managerial choice and performance in service management—a comparison of private sector organizations with further education colleges
Authors: Voss Chris , Tsikriktsis Nikos , Funk Benjamin , Yarrow David , Owen Jane 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe debate as to whether public sector organizations should emulate private sector managerial practices in light of contextual differences is long running. This paper reports the result of an empirical study comparing application of service management principles in one public sector area, further education (FE) colleges, with private sector service organizations. Although within our sample marked differences exist between the levels of service drivers and outcomes, our findings suggest that the same management model is applicable to both sectors. Based on a sample of 291 service organizations, we demonstrate that a managerial model, represented by the service profit chain, is valid in both our FE college and private sector sample. Specifically, progressive human resource management practices led to employee satisfaction, which in turn impacted both service quality and customer satisfaction in both the public and private organizations. The results indicate that the performance of FE colleges arose in part from the managerial choices made in adoption of practices, and that it is lack of employee focus that may be holding back performance. Relevant to both public and private sectors is that the research indicates that human resource factors have a stronger impact than quality procedures, on both service quality and customer satisfaction.
Foundational issues
Authors: PHILLIPS COLIN , LAU ELLEN 
Published: November 2004

Ray Jackendoff,Foundations of language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. xix+477.Ray Jackendoff is well qualified to talk about the trend towards increasing specialization and fragmentation of the science of language. For over 30 years he has been a prolific contributor to a number of different topics in syntax and semantics, and has also made notable contributions to other areas of cognitive science, including music, consciousness, spatial cognition, and psycholinguistics. It's hard to find many in the field who can match Jackendoff's breadth. Therefore, all linguists should be interested in Jackendoff's most recent book, Foundations of language, in which he lays out a series of objectives for the science of language, and describes some of the steps that he believes are needed in order to reintegrate theoretical linguistics with psycholinguistics and even computational neuroscience.
The Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder: predictors of 12-year outcome of dysthymic, panic and generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: TYRER PETER , SEIVEWRIGHT HELEN , JOHNSON TONY 
Published: November 2004

Background. Controlled prospective studies of the simultaneous long-term outcome of several mental disorders are rare. This study sought to determine if there were important differences between the outcome of anxiety and depressive disorders after 12 years and to examine their main predictors.Method. A cohort of 210 people seen in general practice psychiatric clinics with a DSM-III diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (71), panic disorder (74), or dysthymic disorder (65), including combined anxiety-depressive disorder (cothymia) (67) was followed up after 12 years. Interview assessments of symptoms, social functioning and outcome were made, the latter using a new scale, the Neurotic Disorder Outcome Scale. Seventeen baseline predictors were also examined.Results. Data were obtained from 201 (96%) patients, 17 of whom had died. Only 73 (36%) had no DSM diagnosis at the time of follow-up. Using univariate and stepwise multiple linear regression those with cothymia, personality disorder, recurrent episodes and greater baseline self-rated anxiety and depression ratings had a worse outcome than others; initial diagnosis did not contribute significantly to outcome and instability of diagnosis over time was much more common than consistency.Conclusion. Only two out of five people with the common neurotic disorders have a good outcome despite alleged advances in treatment. Those with greater mood symptoms and pre-morbid personality disorder have the least favourable outcome. It is suggested that greater attention be paid to the concurrent treatment of personality disorder and environmental factors rather than symptoms as these may be the real cause of apparent treatment resistance.
Cohabiting unions, repartnering and mental health
Authors: PEVALIN DAVID J. , ERMISCH JOHN 
Published: November 2004

Background. A considerable body of research has established that transitions out of marriage are generally deleterious for mental health and some have examined transitions out of cohabitation. In this study we depart from these established areas to investigate the effects of poor mental health on the duration and outcome of cohabitations and on the time to, and likelihood of, repartnering after both cohabitation and marriage.Method. Samples came from the British Household Panel Survey, 1991–2001. These were: (1) 447 cohabiting spells; (2) 5571 paired person-years during cohabitation; (3) 508 spells after cohabitation; (4) 1197 person-year observations within those spells; (5) 869 spells after marriage; and (6) 2736 person-year observations within those spells. Life tables, log-rank tests, multinomial logit and proportional hazard models were used. Mental health was measured by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire.Results. Poor mental health increased the risk of dissolving a cohabiting union for both men and women. Poor mental health reduced the risk of repartnering after a cohabiting union but had no effect on the risk of repartnering after a marriage. Other factors such as past marital status, age and parental status also had significant effects.Conclusions. This study provides evidence that poor mental health during a cohabiting union increases the chances of that union dissolving instead of turning into marriage and poorer mental health immediately after a transition out of a cohabiting union is associated with reduced chances of repartnering.
Perspective-taking deficits in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a prospective investigation
Authors: SCHIFFMAN JASON , LAM CECILIA W. , JIWATRAM TINA , EKSTROM MORTEN , SORENSEN HOLGER , MEDNICK SARNOFF 
Published: November 2004

Background. This study examined data from a Danish prospective longitudinal project in attempt to address the state/trait controversy regarding theory of mind deficits in schizophrenia. Deficits in perspective-taking – a component of theory of mind – were investigated prospectively among children who developed schizophrenia spectrum disorders as adults in comparison to children who did not develop schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Method. A total of 265 high risk and control subjects were studied in 1972. At the time of initial assessment, the Role-Taking Task (RTT) was administered. Two hundred and forty-two of these children were evaluated in 1992 during follow-up examinations. Sixteen developed schizophrenia, 10 developed a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, 70 had outcomes of other psychopathology, and 146 did not develop a mental illness.Results. Children who later developed schizophrenia or a schizophrenia spectrum disorder had lower RTT scores, controlling for verbal IQ and age, compared to those who did not develop any mental illness. Although in the expected direction, RTT scores for those with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were not significantly different from those who developed a non-psychotic disorder.Conclusions. Deficits in perspective-taking among children who later developed schizophrenia spectrum disorders suggest that a facet of theory of mind is impaired prior to development of schizophrenia. Our findings lend support to the hypothesis that theory of mind deficits in schizophrenia are trait markers of the disorder.