bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing incidence of non‐Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States
Authors: Clarke Christina A. , Glaser Sally L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe incidence of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has been rising in many regions and populations during the last few decades. Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program show that age‐adjusted rates of NHL increased through the 1980s but leveled off in the 1990s.METHODSTo determine whether the incidence of NHL stabilized in all population subgroups, particularly in age‐defined groups with distinctive risks of NHL, the authors investigated trends in NHL incidence among persons aged 0–14 years, 15–24 years, 25–34 years, 35–44 years, 45–54 years, 55–64 years, 65–74 years, and > 75 years by gender and race using 1973–1998 data from the SEER Program, which covered approximately 10% of the U.S. population. Joinpoint regression was used to assess changes in trends across the period.RESULTSNHL incidence trends changed significantly among males aged 25–54 years, in whom rates began to decrease (6–16% per year) in the middle to late 1990s, as well as among most whites aged ≥ 55 years, in whom rate increases slowed from 3–4% to 1–2% per year in the late 1980s. Incidence trends were steady in other groups, with uniform increases among whites aged 15–24 years (2–3% per year), women aged 25–54 years (1–6% per year), and blacks aged ≥ 55 years (2–4% per year). Although recent age specific incidence rates were generally higher in males compared with females and in whites compared with blacks, among males aged 25–54 years, rates were significantly higher in black males compared with white males.CONCLUSIONSThere have been changes in the demographic groups impacted by NHL. The trends for human immunodeficiency virus probably are related to recent decreases in NHL incidence among males aged 25–54 years. The rate change in the older white population is unexplained but represents both an alleviation of the burden of NHL in this population and a potential opportunity to generate hypotheses regarding risk factors for the development of NHL. Cancer 2002;94:2015–23. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10403
Multicenter trial of low‐dose paclitaxel in patients with advanced AIDS‐related Kaposi sarcoma
Authors: Tulpule Anil , Groopman Jerome , Saville M. Wayne , Harrington William , Friedman‐Kien Alvin , Espina Byron M. , Garces Carlos , Mantelle Lily , Mettinger Karl , Scadden David T. , Gill Parkash S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTreatment options are limited for patients with advanced acquired immunodeficieny syndrome (AIDS)‐related Kaposi sarcoma (AIDS‐KS) whose disease has progressed after receiving therapy with liposomal anthracyclines or combination chemotherapy with doxorubicin (Adriamycin), bleomycin, and vincristine (ABV). This study was performed to assess the safety and efficacy of a novel dose and schedule of paclitaxel in patients with AIDS‐KS who failed to respond to previous systemic chemotherapy.METHODSThis was an open‐label, multicenter Phase II study. Eligible patients had advanced AIDS‐KS consisting of at least 25 mucocutaneous lesions, visceral disease, or lymphedema, and had failed to respond to at least one previous systemic chemotherapy regimen. Patients were treated with paclitaxel at a dose of 100 mg/m2given intravenously over 3 hours, every 2 weeks. Primary efficacy end points were tumor response, time to progression, time to treatment failure, and survival. Quality of life and adverse events were evaluated using the Symptom Distress Scale (SDS) and the World Health Organization Toxicity Criteria, respectively.RESULTSOne hundred and seven male patients with advanced AIDS‐KS were enrolled from nine participating sites. The median entry CD4+ lymphocyte count was 41/mm3(range 0–1139). Previous treatment regimens included ABV in 52, liposomal daunorubicin in 49, and liposomal doxorubicin in 40 patients. Forty‐one patients (38%) received two or more previous chemotherapy regimens. Protease inhibitor use during the study was reported by 82 (77%) patients overall; 47 patients (44%) were receiving a protease inhibitor before study entry. Complete or partial response was documented in 60 patients (56%). The median duration of response was 8.9 months. Major response rate was similar when comparing patients not on a protease inhibitor at the time of response (59%) with patients on a protease inhibitor at time of response (54%). However, protease inhibitor use had a significant impact on survival (P= 0.04). Grade 4 neutropenia was reported in 35% of patients; other life‐threatening side effects were uncommon. Significant improvements were seen in the total quality of life scores measured by the SDS, including significant improvement in KS‐related symptoms such as facial disease, tumor‐associated edema, and pulmonary involvement.CONCLUSIONPaclitaxel given every 2 weeks induces major tumor regression in the majority of patients with advanced KS who failed to respond to previous systemic chemotherapy. Paclitaxel is associated with significant improvement in quality of life with acceptable toxicity and should be considered as an effective treatment option for patients with advanced KS. Cancer 2002;95:147–54. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10634
Development of the motor nervous system in ascidians
Authors: Zaniolo Giovanna , Lane Nancy J. , Burighel Paolo , Manni Lucia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe motor nervous system of adult ascidians consists of neurons forming the cerebral ganglion from which axons run out directly to the effectors, i.e., muscular and ciliary cells. In this study, we analyzed the development of the motor fibers, correlating this with organ differentiation during asexual reproduction in Botryllus schlosseri. We used a staining method for acetylcholinesterase, whose reaction product is visible with both light and electron microscopy and which labels entire nerves, including their thin terminals, making them identifiable between tissues. While the cerebral ganglion is forming, the axons elongate and follow stereotypical pathways to reach the smooth muscle cells of the body, the striated muscle of the heart, and the ciliated cells of the branchial stigmata and the gut. A strict temporal relation links the development of the local neural network with its target organ, which is approached by nerves before the effector cells are fully differentiated. This process occurs for oral and cloacal siphons, branchial basket, gut, and heart. Axons grow through the extracellular matrix and arrive at their targets from different directions. In some cases, the blood sinuses constitute the favorite roads for growing axons, which seem to be guided by a mechanism involving contact guidance or stereotropism. The pattern of innervation undergoes dynamic rearrangements and a marked process of elimination of axons, when the last stages of blastogenesis occur. The final pattern of motor innervation seems to be regulated by axon withdrawal, rather than apoptosis of motor neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:124–135, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nucleus retroambiguus projections to the periaqueductal gray in the cat
Authors: Klop Esther‐Marije , Mouton Leonora J. , Holstege Gert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) of the caudal medulla is a relay nucleus by which neurons of the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) reach motoneurons of pharynx, larynx, soft palate, intercostal and abdominal muscles, and several muscles of the hindlimbs. These PAG‐NRA‐motoneuronal projections are thought to play a role in survival behaviors, such as vocalization and mating behavior. In the present combined antero‐ and retrograde tracing study in the cat, we sought to determine whether the NRA, apart from the neurons projecting to motoneurons, also contains cells projecting back to the PAG. After injections of WGA‐HRP in the caudal and intermediate PAG, labeled neurons were observed in the NRA, with a slight contralateral preponderance. In contrast, after injections in the rostral PAG or adjacent deep tectal layers, no or very few labeled neurons were present in the NRA. After injection of [3H]leucine in the NRA, anterograde labeling was present in the most caudal ventrolateral and dorsolateral PAG, and slightly more rostrally in the lateral PAG, mainly contralaterally. When the [3H]leucine injection site extended medially into the medullary lateral tegmental field, labeling was found in most parts of the PAG as well as in the adjoining deep tectal layers. No labeled fibers were found in the dorsolateral PAG, and only a few were found in the rostral PAG. Because the termination pattern of the NRA fibers in the PAG overlaps with that of the sacral cord projections to the PAG, it is suggested that the NRA‐PAG projections play a role in the control of motor functions related to mating behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:47–58, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of cholinergic terminals around rat spinal motor neurons and their potential relationship to developmental cell death
Authors: Wetts Richard , Vaughn James E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNeuron death seems to be regulated mainly by postsynaptic target cells. In chicks, nicotinic antagonists such as alpha‐bungarotoxin (αBT) can prevent normal cell death of somatic motor neurons (SMNs). For this effect, however, αBT could be acting at peripheral neuromuscular junctions and/or central cholinergic synapses. To investigate this issue, we first studied the development of cholinergic terminals in the rat spinal cord by using vesicular acetylcholine transporter immunocytochemistry. Labeled terminals were seen in the ventral horn as early as embryonic day 15 (E15), the beginning of the cell death period. Thus, central cholinergic synapses form at the correct time and place to be able to influence SMN death. We next added αBT to organotypic, spinal slice cultures made at E15. After 5 days in vitro, the number of SMNs in treated cultures was substantially greater than in control cultures, indicating that αBT can reduce SMN cell death in rats as it does in chicks. Moreover, peripheral target removal led to extensive loss of SMNs, and such a loss occurred even in the presence of αBT, indicating the necessity of peripheral target for the αBT effect. Finally, to determine whether central cholinergic terminals also may be involved in SMN death, we delayed the αBT treatment until after central cholinergic terminals had disappeared from the slice cultures. The increased number of surviving SMNs, even in the absence of central terminals, argued that αBT acts at peripheral, not central, cholinergic synapses to rescue SMNs from developmental cell death. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:171–183, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereologic description of the changing expression of constitutive nitric oxide synthase and heme oxygenase in the enteric plexuses of the pig small intestine during development
Authors: van Ginneken Christa , van Meir Frans , Sys Stanislas , Weyns André 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe similarities between heme oxygenase‐2 (HO‐2) and nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the transient expression of nNOS during development led us to investigate whether both systems are similarly affected by changes that occur during development and by regional differences along the small intestine. By combining NADPH diaphorase histochemistry and HO‐2 immunohistochemistry on whole‐mount preparations and by using stereologic methods, a qualitative and quantitative description of HO‐2 and nNOS expression was obtained. Examinations were carried out on the small intestine of fetal, 1–2‐day and 5–6‐week‐old pigs. In all age groups, three enteric plexuses were distinguished. The presence of HO‐2‐immunoreactive (HO‐2‐IR) and NADPH diaphorase‐positive neurons corresponded to earlier morphological and physiological reports. Nevertheless, the total number of nitrergic neurons remained constant or decreased in the enteric plexuses, whereas the total number of HO‐2‐IR neurons displayed an overall increase. Changing concentrations of glucocorticoids, target‐derived signals, presynaptic input, and an effect of HO‐2 activity on nNOS synthesis are likely to play roles in the observed developmental changes. The numerical density of HO‐2‐IR neurons remained relatively constant along the intestinal tract; in contrast, the nitrergic neurons were most numerous in the inner submucous and myenteric plexus in the duodenum and ileum, respectively. It is believed that the duodenal nitrergic neurons in the inner submucous plexus could be involved in the regulation of duodenal secretion processes, whereas the region‐dependent density in the myenteric plexus possibly forms the morphological basis for a regionally different participation of NO in the relaxation of the small intestine. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:118–128, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defining classes of spinal interneuron and their axonal projections in hatchling Xenopus laevis tadpoles
Authors: Li W.‐C. , Perrins R. , Soffe S.R. , Yoshida M. , Walford A. , Roberts Alan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNeurobiotin was injected into individual spinal interneurons in the Xenopus tadpole to discern their anatomical features and complete axonal projection patterns. Four classes of interneuron are described, with names defining their primary axon projection: Dorsolateral ascending and commissural interneurons are predominantly multipolar cells with somata and dendrites exclusively in the dorsal half of the spinal cord. Ascending interneurons have unipolar somata located in the dorsal half, but their main dendrites are located in the ventral half of the spinal cord. Descending interneurons show bigger variance in their anatomy, but the majority are unipolar, and they all have a descending primary axon. Dorsolateral commissural interneurons are clearly defined using established criteria, but the others are not, so cluster analysis was used. Clear discriminations can be made, and criteria are established to characterize the three classes of interneuron with ipsilateral axonal projections. With identifying criteria established, the distribution and axonal projection patterns of the four classes of interneuron are described. By using data from γ‐aminobutyric acid immunocytochemistry, the distribution of the population of ascending interneurons is defined. Together with the results from the axonal projection data, this allows the ascending interneuron axon distribution along the spinal cord to be estimated. By making simple assumptions and using existing information about the soma distributions of the other interneurons, estimates of their axon distributions are made. The possible functional roles of the four interneuron classes are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:248–265, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic expression of pituitary adenylyl cyclase‐activating polypeptide and its selective type I receptor gene in the frog Xenopus laevis neural tube
Authors: Hu Zhongting , Lelievre Vincent , Rodriguez Williams I. , Tam Jimmy , Cheng Jennifer W. , Cohen‐Cory Susanna , Waschek James A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe genes encoding pituitary adenylyl cyclase‐activating peptide (PACAP) and its selective type I receptor (PAC1) are expressed in the embryonic mouse neural tube, where they may be involved in neurogenesis and neural tube development. We examined here the early expression and potential actions of PACAP and PAC1 in the vertebrate developmental model Xenopus laevis. PACAP and PAC1 mRNAs were first detected by RT‐PCR in stage 16–18 embryos (18 hours after fertilization). Two distinct PACAP precursor mRNAs were identified. One encoded both growth hormone‐releasing hormone and PACAP, whereas the other encoded only full‐length PACAP. Unlike that in the adult, the latter represented the predominant embryonic PACAP mRNA species. In situ hybridization revealed that PACAP and PAC1 mRNAs were restricted to neural cells. PAC1 gene expression was observed mainly in the ventricular zone in the ventral parts of the prosencephalon, mensencephalon, rhombencephalon, and anterior spinal cord. In contrast, PACAP mRNA was localized exclusively in postmitotic cells in the dorsolateral parts of the rhombencephalon and entire spinal cord. Most PACAP mRNA‐containing cells were characterized as Rohon‐Beard neurons. Exposure of early embryos to UV irradiation, which ventralizes embryos and inhibits neural induction, reduced the expression of PACAP and PAC1 genes. These results suggest that PACAP may be involved in the early development of the embryonic Xenopus neural tube. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:266–275, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transmission conditions with constraints in finite element domain decomposition methods for flow problems
Authors: Houzeaux G. , Codina R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis work presents a conservative scheme for iteration‐by‐subdomain domain decomposition (DD) strategies applied to the finite element solution of flow problems. The DD algorithm is based on the iterative update of the boundary conditions on the interfaces between the subregions, the so‐called transmission conditions. The transmission conditions involve the essential and natural boundary conditions of the weak form of the problem, and should ensure strong continuity of the velocity and weak continuity of the traction. As a first approach, the transmission conditions are interpolated using the classical Lagrange interpolation functions. Conservation problems might arise when two adjacent subdomains have a sensibly different mesh spacing. In order to conserve any desired quantity of interest, an interface constraining is introduced: continuity of the transmission conditions are constrained under a scalar conservation equation. An example of mass conservation illustrates the algorithm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel approach to Burgers' equation
Authors: Xu Mingtian , Duan Qi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new method is presented for the numerical solution of Burgers' equation. In this method, the Green's function of the linear heat conduction equation is employed to convert Burgers' equation to the corresponding integration equation system with respect to the time variable. Then the solution of this integration system is obtained by a numerical method. The computed results show that this method can deal with a wide range of Reynolds number and in the moderate Reynolds number case, even with the comparatively larger time step, good accuracy can be achieved. Furthermore, this method does not require spatial discretization. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An accurate integral‐based scheme for advection–diffusion equation
Authors: Tsai Tung‐Lin , Yang Jinn‐Chuang , Huang Liang‐Hsiung 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes an accurate integral‐based scheme for solving the advection–diffusion equation. In the proposed scheme the advection–diffusion equation is integrated over a computational element using the quadratic polynomial interpolation function. Then elements are connected by the continuity of first derivative at boundary points of adjacent elements. The proposed scheme is unconditionally stable and results in a tridiagonal system of equations which can be solved efficiently by the Thomas algorithm. Using the method of fractional steps, the proposed scheme can be extended straightforwardly from one‐dimensional to multi‐dimensional problems without much difficulty and complication. To investigate the computational performances of the proposed scheme five numerical examples are considered: (i) dispersion of Gaussian concentration distribution in one‐dimensional uniform flow; (ii) one‐dimensional viscous Burgers equation; (iii) pure advection of Gaussian concentration distribution in two‐dimensional uniform flow; (iv) pure advection of Gaussian concentration distribution in two‐dimensional rigid‐body rotating flow; and (v) three‐dimensional diffusion in a shear flow. In comparison not only with the QUICKEST scheme, the fully time‐centred implicit QUICK scheme and the fully time‐centred implicit TCSD scheme for one‐dimensional problem but also with the ADI‐QUICK scheme, the ADI‐TCSD scheme and the MOSQUITO scheme for two‐dimensional problems, the proposed scheme shows convincing computational performances. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boundary element analysis of assembled plate structures
Authors: Dirgantara T. , Aliabadi M. H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents an application of the boundary element method to the analysis of plate structures subjected to arbitrary loadings. Using a multi‐region technique to assemble plate structures, boundary element formulation for a shear deformable plate bending are coupled with the formulation for plane stress elasticity. Additional equations required to solve the problem are obtained by imposing the compatibility and equilibrium conditions along interface edges. Several examples with different configurations and loadings are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High accuracy stable numerical solution of 1D microscale heat transport equation
Authors: Zhang Jun , Zhao Jennifer J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe investigate the use of a fourth‐order compact finite difference scheme for solving a one‐dimensional heat transport equation at the microscale.The fourth‐order compact scheme is used with a Crank–Nicholson type integrator by introducing an intermediate function for the heat transport equation. The new scheme is proved to be unconditionally stable with respect to initial values. Numerical experiments are conducted to compare the new scheme with the existing scheme based on second‐order spatial discretization. It is shown that the new scheme is computationally more efficient and more accurate than the second‐order scheme. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On operator splitting approach for parallel multi‐frontal FE flow computation in a multiply dilated vessel
Authors: Rathish Kumar B. V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA parallel multi‐frontal method for solving the linear system of equations arising in the finite element computation of incompressible flow problems under operator splitting approach for UVP formulation of Navier–Stokes equations with equal order interpolation has been described. Following the domain decomposition strategy, the parallel scheme has been successfully implemented in analysing the steady flow in a multiply dilated vessel. The effect of the Schur complement problem size on the speed‐up factor has been tested. Plots depicting the flow field and the Wall Shear Stress (WSS) on the dilated vessel wall have been presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approximation to the interface velocity in phase change front tracking
Authors: Zhao P. H. , Heinrich J. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNumerical models for front tracking in the sharp interface limit must calculate the interface velocity by means of a differentiation of the temperature field on both sides of the interface, the resulting velocity shows an oscillatory error that introduces noise in the solution. In unstable solidification problems, the noise can actually change the resulting solution. In this work, we look at the effect of the noise in the solution of dendritic solidification in an undercooled melt and analyse ways to control it. We conclude that at this point, we cannot suppress the noise and that methods to reduce it can actually lead to different solutions to the same problem. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.