bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-exposure prophylaxis, STI testing and factors associated with follow-up attendance: a review of 4159 cases of acute post-sexual assault medical care
Authors: Kane Daniel , Holmes Andrea , Eogan Maeve 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundSexual assault (SA) is a prevalent issue with enduring consequences. Post-SA medical care mainly focuses on injuries, sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention and detection, as well as preventing unwanted pregnancies. Swift access to post-SA medical care is vital with sexual assault treatment units (SATUs) streamlining this care. The primary aim of our study is to report on post-SA care provided at the national SATU network in Ireland with a secondary aim of analysing factors associated with follow-up attendance for STI testing.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study of all acute attendances (<7 days from incident) at the national SATU network between 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2022.ResultsA total of 4159 acute cases presented during the study period. Emergency contraception (EC) was administered to 53.8% (n=1899/3529) of cases, while postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for chlamydia was given in 75.1% (n=3124/4159) and for HIV in 11.0% (n=304/3387). Hepatitis B vaccination was initiated in 53.7% (n=2233/4159) of cases. 1.4% (n=59/4159) of the attendees were referred to an emergency department for the treatment of injuries. Follow-up appointments were scheduled for 75.8% (3151/4159) of acute cases. 71.6% (n=2257/3151) attended follow-up.Certain factors were found to correlate with a higher likelihood of attending follow-up appointments: adolescents (p<0.0001), concern about drug-facilitated SA (DFSA) (p=0.01), no consumption of recreational drugs before the incident (p<0.0001), alcohol consumption prior to the incident (p=0.01), and not reporting the crime to the police (p<0.001). However, gender (p=0.06) and the presence of injury at time of primary attendance (p=0.97) were not predictive of likelihood of follow-up attendance.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that EC, chlamydia PEP, HIV PEP and hepatitis B vaccination were all administered at SATU. A small proportion of attenders required emergency injury care. Factors influencing attendance at follow-up include age, drug use, alcohol use and police involvement, highlighting the need for tailored patient-centred support.
Flavor-dependent U(1) extension inspired by lepton, baryon and color numbers
Authors: Van Loi Duong , Van Dong Phung 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThere is no reason why the gauge symmetry extension is family universal as in the standard model and the most well-motivated models, e.g. left-right symmetry and grand unification. Hence, we propose a simplest extension of the standard model – a flavor-dependent U(1) gauge symmetry – and find the new physics insight. For this aim, the U(1) charge, called X, is expressed as $$X=x B+y L$$

X
=
x
B
+
y
L

in which x and y are free parameters as functions of flavor index, e.g. for a flavor i they take $$x_i$$

x
i

and $$y_i$$

y
i

respectively, where B and L denote normal baryon and lepton numbers. Imposing a relation involved by the color number 3, i.e. $$-x_{1,2,\ldots ,n}=x_{n+1,n+2,\ldots ,n+m}=3y_{1,2,\ldots ,n+m}\equiv 3z$$

-

x

1
,
2
,
…
,
n

=

x

n
+
1
,
n
+
2
,
…
,
n
+
m

=
3

y

1
,
2
,
…
,
n
+
m

≡
3
z

, for arbitrarily nonzero z, we achieve a novel U(1) theory with implied X-charge. This theory not only explains the origin of the number of observed fermion families but also offers a possible solution for both neutrino mass and dark matter, which differs from $$B-L$$

B
-
L

extension. Two typical models based on this idea are examined, yielding interesting results for flavor-changing neutral currents and particle colliders, besides those of neutrino mass and dark matter.
Entanglement and Bell inequalities violation in $$H\rightarrow ZZ$$ with anomalous coupling
Authors: Bernal Alexander , Caban Paweł , Rembieliński Jakub 
Published: November 2023

AbstractWe discuss entanglement and violation of Bell-type inequalities for a system of twoZbosons produced in Higgs decays. We take into account beyond the Standard Model (anomalous) coupling betweenHand daughter bosons but we limit ourselves to an overall scalarZZstate (we exclude the possibility thatHcontains a pseudo-scalar component). In particular we consider the case when eachZdecays further into fermion-antifermion pair. We find that theZZstate is entangled and violates the CGLMP inequality for all values of the (anomalous) coupling constant. We also discuss the impact of a background on these results. The methods we develop are completely general, since they can be extrapolated to any scalar particle decaying into two spin-1 particles of different masses. Moreover, the violation of the CGLMP inequality in the final state is theoretically ensured for any value of the couplings.
In the Quest for Scale-optimal Mappings
Authors: Garanzha Vladimir , Kaporin Igor , Kudryavtseva Liudmila , Protais Francois , Sokolov Dmitry 
Published: November 2023

Optimal mapping is one of the longest-standing problems in computational mathematics. It is natural to measure the relative curve length error under map to assess its quality. The maximum of such error is called the quasi-isometry constant, and its minimization is a nontrivial max-norm optimization problem. We present a physics-based
quasi-isometric stiffening (QIS)
algorithm for the max-norm minimization of hyperelastic distortion.

QIS perfectly equidistributes distortion over the entire domain for the ground-truth test (unit hemisphere flattening) and, when it is not possible, tends to create zones where all cells have the same distortion. Such zones correspond to fragments of elastic material that became rigid under stiffening, reaching the deformation limit. As such, maps built by QIS are related to the de Boor equidistribution principle, which asks for an integral of a certain error indicator function to be the same over each mesh cell.
Under certain assumptions on the minimization toolbox, we prove that our method can build, in a finite number of steps, a deformation whose maximum distortion is arbitrarily close to the (unknown) minimum. We performed extensive testing: on more than 10,000 domains QIS was reliably better than the competing methods. In summary, we reliably build 2D and 3D mesh deformations with the smallest known distortion estimates for very stiff problems.
Heavy Metal Residue (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in Hen Eggs after Applying Different Cooking Methods
Authors: Hoseini Hedayat , Mohammadi-Nasrabadi Fatemeh , Abedi Abdolsamad , Rostami Negar , Bazzaz Sara , Esfarjani Fatemeh 
Published: November 2023

As a nutritious food, eggs are capable of accumulating heavy metals and are a good indicator of environmental contamination. This study is aimed at determining the levels of heavy metal residues (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in hen eggs after applying different cooking methods. In an experimentally designed study, forty-four hen egg samples were selected from 22 best-selling brands of supermarkets in Tehran and categorized into one of four groups (raw, dry-frying, and boiling with and without eggshells). The levels of heavy metal residues were analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The average levels of heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in raw samples were 0.307, 1.654, 0.121, and 6.5 (μg.kg-1), respectively. After applying cooking methods, the residue of two heavy metals in boiling without eggshells (As:

0.228
±
0.197

; Cd:

1.985
±
0.037

) was lower than boiling with eggshells (As:

0.457
±
0.918

; Cd:

2.11
±
0.223

μg.kg-1), while the dry-frying method had the lowest level of heavy metal residue (As:

0.222
±
0.109

; Cd:

1.54
±
0.223

) (

p
<
0.05

) and could be identified as efficient in reducing the amount of these heavy metals. In addition, different cooking methods did not make a significant difference in other heavy metal residues (Hg and Pb). To explain this reduction, two hypotheses can be proposed to explain the reduction of heavy metals after applying different cooking methods. First, the eggshell is permeable; the second is the association of heavy metals bonding with sulfur groups and weight loss due to evaporation. All heavy metal residues were found to be within acceptable permissible thresholds. Therefore, policymakers should protect the health of the population by continuously monitoring heavy metals in foods and prioritizing education and research on how to reduce them in the food chain.
Comparing Breast Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Use of Chemoprevention and Statins among Women with High-risk Breast Lesions
Authors: Lawal Kehinde O. , Nilan Luisa , Amenta Jacquelyn , McGuinness Julia E. , Kukafka Rita , Crew Katherine D. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Breast cancer chemoprevention with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) or aromatase inhibitors (AI) remains underutilized among high-risk women. A potential barrier to chemoprevention is competing comorbidities such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), due to concern for additional medication side effects. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among women with atypical hyperplasia (AH) or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), an important target population for chemoprevention. We compared risks for breast cancer and ASCVD, as well as use of SERMs/AIs versus statins among high-risk women (defined as a 5-year invasive breast cancer risk ≥1.67% and 10-year ASCVD risk ≥7.5%, respectively). We used clinical data extracted from the electronic health record to calculate breast cancer risk according to the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium model and ASCVD risk according to the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association risk calculator. Among 298 evaluable women, mean age was 58.2 years (SD, 8.34), with 33% non-Hispanic White, 41% Hispanic, 9% non-Hispanic Black, 6% Asian, and 11% other/unknown race/ethnicity. About 98% of women met high-risk criteria for breast cancer, whereas 30% were high-risk for ASCVD. Mean 10-year risk of breast cancer was higher than mean 10-year risk of ASCVD (9.14% vs. 6.69%; P &lt; 0.001). Among women who met high-risk criteria for both diseases, use of statins was higher compared with SERMs/AIs (58% vs. 21%; P &lt; 0.001). Among women with AH or LCIS, statin use was higher compared with breast cancer chemoprevention among eligible women, despite having a higher mean risk of breast cancer than ASCVD.

Prevention Relevance:
Among women with high-risk breast lesions, mean absolute risk of breast cancer was higher compared with cardiovascular disease; however, statin use was significantly higher than chemoprevention. To address underutilization of breast cancer chemoprevention, these drugs should be placed in the context of medications used to prevent other chronic diseases.
2024 Recommendations for Validation of Noninvasive Arterial Pulse Wave Velocity Measurement Devices
Authors: Spronck Bart , Terentes-Printzios Dimitrios , Avolio Alberto P. , Boutouyrie Pierre , Guala Andrea , Jerončić Ana , Laurent Stéphane , Barbosa Eduardo C.D. , Baulmann Johannes , Chen Chen-Huan , Chirinos Julio A. , Daskalopoulou Stella S. , Hughes Alun D. , Mahmud Azra , Mayer Christopher C. , Park Jeong Bae , Pierce Gary L. , Schutte Aletta E. , Urbina Elaine M. , Wilkinson Ian B. , Segers Patrick , Sharman James E. , Tan Isabella , Vlachopoulos Charalambos , Weber Thomas , Bianchini Elisabetta , Bruno Rosa Maria ,   on behalf of the Association for Research into Arterial Structure and Physiology (ARTERY), the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Large Arteries, European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action VascAgeNet, North American Artery Society, ARTERY LATAM, Pulse of Asia, and Society for Arterial Stiffness—Germany-Austria-Switzerland (DeGAG)
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND:
Arterial stiffness, as measured by arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV), is an established biomarker for cardiovascular risk and target-organ damage in individuals with hypertension. With the emergence of new devices for assessing PWV, it has become evident that some of these devices yield results that display significant discrepancies compared with previous devices. This discrepancy underscores the importance of comprehensive validation procedures and the need for international recommendations.

METHODS:
A stepwise approach utilizing the modified Delphi technique, with the involvement of key scientific societies dedicated to arterial stiffness research worldwide, was adopted to formulate, through a multidisciplinary vision, a shared approach to the validation of noninvasive arterial PWV measurement devices.

RESULTS:
A set of recommendations has been developed, which aim to provide guidance to clinicians, researchers, and device manufacturers regarding the validation of new PWV measurement devices. The intention behind these recommendations is to ensure that the validation process can be conducted in a rigorous and consistent manner and to promote standardization and harmonization among PWV devices, thereby facilitating their widespread adoption in clinical practice.

CONCLUSIONS:
It is hoped that these recommendations will encourage both users and developers of PWV measurement devices to critically evaluate and validate their technologies, ultimately leading to improved consistency and comparability of results. This, in turn, will enhance the clinical utility of PWV as a valuable tool for assessing arterial stiffness and informing cardiovascular risk stratification and management in individuals with hypertension.
In-Context Retrieval-Augmented Language Models
Authors: Ram Ori , Levine Yoav , Dalmedigos Itay , Muhlgay Dor , Shashua Amnon , Leyton-Brown Kevin , Shoham Yoav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Retrieval-Augmented Language Modeling (RALM) methods, which condition a language model (LM) on relevant documents from a grounding corpus during generation, were shown to significantly improve language modeling performance. In addition, they can mitigate the problem of factually inaccurate text generation and provide natural source attribution mechanism. Existing RALM approaches focus on modifying the LM architecture in order to facilitate the incorporation of external information, significantly complicating deployment. This paper considers a simple alternative, which we dub In-Context RALM: leaving the LM architecture unchanged and prepending grounding documents to the input, without any further training of the LM. We show that In-Context RALM that builds on off-the-shelf general purpose retrievers provides surprisingly large LM gains across model sizes and diverse corpora. We also demonstrate that the document retrieval and ranking mechanism can be specialized to the RALM setting to further boost performance. We conclude that In-Context RALM has considerable potential to increase the prevalence of LM grounding, particularly in settings where a pretrained LM must be used without modification or even via API access.1
5. Information and Engineering
Authors: Ingram David 
Published: November 2023

Engineering is positioned at the interface of science and society. In health care, it connects the creators, commissioners and users of information systems, shaping and navigating pathways leading to success or failure in supporting the quality and improvement of services. This chapter celebrates engineers, with stories of their focus, skill and dogged persistence. I draw first on Samuel Smiles (1812–1904) and his 1881 book, Men of Invention and Industry, a wonderful account of engineering innovation through the English Industrial Revolution, to draw parallels with innovation in the information revolution of our age.
The chapter associates the kinds and groupings of data that are captured, processed, stored and retrieved with the devices and systems employed to do this. It describes how these have evolved, from the remote village life of my childhood, through school and university days, to my desktop today, in my now global village life, and the Cloud of computational resource that it immediately connects me with. It highlights how characteristics and limitations of devices and evolving computer programming paradigms have channelled both theoretical and practical developments, and determined their usefulness. It connects the discussion of models and simulations in the preceding chapter with data models, information models and knowledge models of today.
The chapter tracks the parallel evolution of software and algorithm, from early empirical methods closely aligned to the underlying machinery of the computer, to programming languages based on theory of data and algorithm, tuned to different domains of application, seeking tractable solutions for the computational challenges they pose. It concludes with a discussion of the standardization of computer systems and methods and the transformational infrastructure of the Internet and World Wide Web. The closing reflection, which concludes Part One of the book and sets the scene for Part Two and Part Three, looks towards a new interface of science and society, as the anarchic transition through the Information Age leads into a reinvention of health care supported by care information systems construed and sustained as a public utility.
8½. Halfway Houses towards openCare
Authors: Ingram David 
Published: November 2023

This half chapter introduces missions and movements that have evolved from adventure of ideas, through anarchy of transition, into central components of programmes for reform of health care services, now extending across the world, at scale. It is not a pitch for their adoption or a comparison with other endeavours. It is an eyewitness account of how they came to be, and a perspective that has unfolded alongside of what the future might be created to look like. It is these aspects that seem important to record, so that progress can continue to be made.
The principal story told is of a mission to help bring coherence to electronic care records. This is the story of GEHR and openEHR—persisting along a thirty-year stretch of my songline. Its survival and continuity have rested on the enduring commitment of its pioneers and a growing, vibrant, humanly variegated (and sometimes quarrelsome!) community of creative and determined participants. It has had stalwart friends and supporters but, until quite recently, enjoyed almost negligible public funding. It is an iterative and incremental story of implementation that has embraced new perspective, approach and delivery of digital care records. I have described the three top priorities of openEHR as implementation, implementation and implementation. Only by enacting such vision can one learn how to do it. As Robert Oppenheimer wrote in his immediate post-war Reith Lectures, which I referenced in the book’s Introduction, in attempting such a mission we discover who we are. The second story, told in less detail and combining with the profile of its founding pioneer, Bill Aylward, in Chapter Eight, is of OpenEyes. This initiative has evolved and disseminated a state-of-the-art open-source eye care record, now supporting around fifty percent of ophthalmology services in the UK. It has been made possible by a public sector-led collaboration of clinicians, NHS Trusts and companies.
Care records are concerned with capturing the ‘Who did what, when, where, how and why?’ in support of the health care of individual citizens. This half chapter seeks to encompass these same attributes. It is a story of the creation of halfway houses that have been instantiated today, along a path creating common ground on which the future care information utility can grow in the coming decades. The mission to imagine, create and sustain this coherent, citizen-centred, well-governed and trusted resource will be central to future health care, as the world turns upside down in transition from Industrial Age to Information Society.
If trillion-dollar funding streams had been utilized differently, the kinds of mission described here might have saved the world much money, heartache and lost opportunity. Enacted faithfully and well, positioned at the centre of the care information utility that they can now help to create and sustain, such missions will contribute shared common ground that enables the world of health care to become a more caring, equitable and sustainable place.
Self-Supervised Cloud Classification
Authors: Geiss Andrew , Christensen Matthew W. , Varble Adam C. , Yuan Tianle , Song Hua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Low-level marine clouds play a pivotal role in Earth’s weather and climate through their interactions with radiation, heat and moisture transport, and the hydrological cycle. These interactions depend on a range of dynamical and microphysical processes that result in a broad diversity of cloud types and spatial structures, and a comprehensive understanding of cloud morphology is critical for continued improvement of our atmospheric modeling and prediction capabilities moving forward. Deep learning has recently accelerated our ability to study clouds using satellite remote sensing, and machine learning classifiers have enabled detailed studies of cloud morphology. A major limitation of deep learning approaches to this problem, however, is the large number of hand-labeled samples that are required for training. This work applies a recently developed self-supervised learning scheme to train a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to map marine cloud imagery to vector embeddings that capture information about mesoscale cloud morphology and can be used for satellite image classification. The model is evaluated against existing cloud classification datasets and several use cases are demonstrated, including training cloud classifiers with very few labeled samples, interrogation of the CNN’s learned internal feature representations, cross-instrument application, and resilience against sensor calibration drift and changing scene brightness. The self-supervised approach learns meaningful internal representations of cloud structures and achieves comparable classification accuracy to supervised deep learning methods without the expense of creating large hand-annotated training datasets.

Significance Statement
Marine clouds heavily influence Earth’s weather and climate, and improved understanding of marine clouds is required to improve our atmospheric modeling capabilities and physical understanding of the atmosphere. Recently, deep learning has emerged as a powerful research tool that can be used to identify and study specific marine cloud types in the vast number of images collected by Earth-observing satellites. While powerful, these approaches require hand-labeling of training data, which is prohibitively time intensive. This study evaluates a recently developed self-supervised deep learning method that does not require human-labeled training data for processing images of clouds. We show that the trained algorithm performs competitively with algorithms trained on hand-labeled data for image classification tasks. We also discuss potential downstream uses and demonstrate some exciting features of the approach including application to multiple satellite instruments, resilience against changing image brightness, and its learned internal representations of cloud types. The self-supervised technique removes one of the major hurdles for applying deep learning to very large atmospheric datasets.