bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laminin chains in rat and human peripheral nerve: Distribution and regulation during development and after axonal injury
Authors: Wallquist Wilhelm , Patarroyo Manuel , Thams Sebastian , Carlstedt Thomas , Stark Birgit , Cullheim Staffan , Hammarberg Henrik 
Published: November 2002

AbstractDuring nerve growth, axons are dependent upon contact with matrix components, such as laminins, for elongation, guidance, and trophic support. Semiquantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to identify laminin chains in normal peripheral nerves, during postnatal development, after sciatic nerve transection (SNT), and after sciatic nerve crush (SNC). Laminin α2, α4, β1, β2, and γ1 chain mRNAs were all expressed at high levels in newborn rat sciatic nerves with declining levels during later developmental stages. At the adult stage, no laminin chain mRNA was detectable. Of interest, the mRNA levels for α4 chain declined faster than those for α2. After SNT, laminin α2, α4, β1, and γ1 mRNA levels were up‐regulated at the site of the injury, with the most profound reaction in the proximal nerve stump. Laminin α2 and α4 chains differed in that the mRNA levels of α4 were up‐regulated earlier and declined quicker, whereas α2 had a later onset, with high levels remaining even after 6 weeks. After SNC, there was an initial up‐regulation of the same laminin chain mRNAs as after SNT in the nerve, however, less intense, and at 6 weeks after SNC, all laminin mRNA levels studied had returned to normal. IHC of adult human normal and transected peripheral nerves stained positive for laminin α2, α4, β1, and γ1 chains in close relation to neurofilament labeled axons. Laminin α3, α4, α5, β1, β2, and γ1 chains were found in blood vessel‐like structures and α3, α4, α5, β2, and γ1 in the perineurium. These results and a previously published description of integrin regulation in spinal motoneurons suggest that both laminin‐2 (α2β1γ1) and laminin‐8 (α4β1γ1) are important for the postnatal nerve development and axonal regeneration after injury and that laminin‐8 may have important functions especially early postnatally and early after adult nerve lesion. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:284–293, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of the feedback pathway from striate cortex (V1) to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus)
Authors: Ichida Jennifer M. , Casagrande Vivien A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe function of the corticogeniculate feedback pathway from the striate cortex (V1) to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in primates is not well understood. Insight into possible function can be gained by studying the morphology and projection patterns of corticogeniculate axons in the LGN. The goal of this research was to examine how corticogeniculate axons innervate the functionally specific (e.g., parvocellular [P], magnocellular [M], and koniocellular [K]) and eye‐specific layers of the LGN. Pressure injections of biotinylated dextran were made into owl monkey V1, and the resulting labeled axons were reconstructed through serial sections of the LGN. All of the corticogeniculate axons, regardless of termination pattern, were thin with boutons en passant or at the ends of small stalks, as described in cats. Axons were found in all layers of the LGN, and two main patterns of innervation were observed. In the first pattern, axons terminated in individual M or P LGN layers. In the second pattern of innervation, axons terminated in pairs of functionally matched layers. Examples of this type were seen within pairs of M, P, or K layers. In most cases, both classes of axons contain arbors focused within the P or M layers but also had collateral side branches in neighboring K layers. Unlike corticogeniculate axons seen in the cat, corticogeniculate axons in the owl monkey maintained topographic innervation in the LGN layers that was consistent with receptive field sizes represented in V1. The patterns of layer projections along with the retinotopic match of corticogeniculate axons within the LGN suggest that in primates V1 can modulate activity in the LGN through functionally specific projections in a more tightly tuned retinotopic fashion than previously believed. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:272–283, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor and chronic electrical stimulation prevent VIII cranial nerve degeneration following denervation
Authors: Kanzaki Sho , Stöver Timo , Kawamoto Kohei , Prieskorn Diane M. , Altschuler Richard A. , Miller Josef M. , Raphael Yehoash 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAs with other cranial nerves and many CNS neurons, primary auditory neurons degenerate as a consequence of loss of input from their target cells, the inner hair cells (IHCs). Electrical stimulation (ES) of spiral ganglion cells (SGCs) has been shown to enhance their survival. Glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has also been shown to increase survival of SGCs following IHC loss. In this study, the combined effects of the GDNF transgene delivered by adenoviral vectors (Ad‐GDNF) and ES were tested on SGCs after first eliminating the IHCs. Animal groups received Ad‐GDNF or ES or both. Ad‐GDNF was inoculated into the cochlea of guinea pigs after deafening, to overexpress human GDNF. ES‐treated animals were implanted with a cochlear implant electrode and chronically stimulated. A third group of animals received both Ad‐GDNF and ES (GDNF/ES). Electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses were recorded from ES‐treated animals at the start and end of the stimulation period. Animals were sacrificed 43 days after deafening and their ears prepared for evaluation of IHC survival and SGC counts. Treated ears exhibited significantly greater SGC survival than nontreated ears. The GDNF/ES combination provided significantly better preservation of SGC density than either treatment alone. Insofar as ES parameters were optimized for maximal protection (saturated effect), the further augmentation of the protection by GDNF suggests that the mechanisms of GDNF‐ and ES‐mediated SGC protection are, at least in part, independent. We suggest that GDNF/ES combined treatment in cochlear implant recipients will improve auditory perception. These findings may have implications for the prevention and treatment of other neurodegenerative processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:350–360, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental management in large‐scale building projects—learning from Hammarby Sjöstad
Authors: Johansson Rolf , Svane Örjan 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn an old industrial and harbour area of Stockholm, a new city for 30 000 people will be built in the next ten years. The Hammarby Sjöstad project is unique in its size and municipal organization as well as in its ambitious environmental objectives. In a case study based on interviews and document analysis, the environmental management process of this project is researched. The City of Stockholm will follow up the compliance with set goals; our study is a qualitative one focusing on the management process. We develop concepts and models as an aid for municipal management of future construction projects. Many factors outside the formal ones are considered important. Data is structured chronologically as events and from a stakeholder perspective, including the City, the developers and the contractors. The main focus is, however, on the City's Project Management Team. Collected data is furthermore analysed with the aid of key concepts, derived from organization theory, planning and construction practice and as suggested by the data. Preliminary results indicate that the continued study of informal means of control is just as important as that of the formal ones, and that identifying key situations and tools for environmental management should be in focus for the rest of the research study. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Scoring corporate environmental and sustainability reports using GRI 2000, ISO 14031 and other criteria
Authors: Morhardt J. Emil , Baird Sarah , Freeman Kelly 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the extent to which current voluntary corporate environmental reports meet the requirements of two new sets of guidelines: (i) the Global Reporting Initiative GRI 2000 sustainability reporting guidelines and (ii) the ISO 14031 environmental performance evaluation standard. We converted them to comprehensiveness scoring systems then used them along with three existing comprehensiveness scoring systems to evaluate the 1999 reports of 40 of the largest global industrial companies. Many of the reports scored highly with the existing systems, but the GRI and ISO guidelines are much more detailed and comprehensive, and resulted in much lower scores. In particular, the economic and social topics that make up 42% of the potential GRI score and the environmental condition indicators that make up 22% of the ISO 14031 score were minimally addressed in all of the companies' environmental reports. Current reporting practices of the companies whose reports we examined here are well below the standards reflected in the GRI and ISO 14031 guidelines, even when the reports scored well with existing report scoring systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Using the Australian Business Excellence Framework to achieve sustainable business excellence
Authors: Khoo Hsien Hui , Tan Kay Chuan 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis article demonstrates how the Australian Business Excellence Framework can be used to support sustainable organizational development and success. The objective of the study is to identify the challenges and efforts required for an organization to be fully engaged in corporate social responsibility and sustainable business practices. A case study is used to suggest how the required efforts can be implemented. The case study involves a smelter company in the process of making a ‘shift’ from unsustainable to more sustainable operations, by implementing a new policy. The new policy will affect all aspects of the company—its people, the management of processes and information and, above all, top management's commitment in leading the transformation. An overview of the stages involved in transforming the company is preparation, transformation, implementation and sustainable business results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Challenges in modelling stochasticity in wind
Authors: Kestens Elke , Teugels Jef L. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis article is an attempt to summarize some of the existing problems in stochastic aspects of wind. Different types of wind are listed with their specific properties. For most of them no statistical model or stochastic process has been constructed as yet. At the same time, existing problems with data are very diverse and possible improvements are proposed. For example, the quality of wind speed and wind direction data might be upgraded by a careful inclusion of measurable covariates while developing models. Other problems are dealing with extreme winds that can hardly be measured accurately. In this connection, interesting and important questions for insurance companies and for construction engineers can be tackled by applying extreme value theory. This incomplete overview hopes to encourage stochasticians to put more interest in wind problems. At the same time it is hoped that meteorologists will help them with high quality data, needed in the verification of the offered models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of population size for additive–multiplicative models based on continuous‐time recapture experiments
Authors: Wang Yan , Yip Paul S. F. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAn additive–multiplicative model and a Horvitz–Thompson‐type estimator are proposed to estimate the unknown population size in a continuous‐time recapture experiment. The proposed inference about the model parameters of the capture intensity is similar to that of Lin and Ying (1995). However, the population size in a recapture experiment is not known and a modification is needed. Simulation results are given to assess the properties of the proposed estimators and the associated inference procedures. A set of recapture data for deer mice is presented to demonstrate the performance of the estimating procedure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flexible discriminant techniques for forecasting clear‐air turbulence
Authors: Tebaldi Claudia , Nychka Doug , Brown Barbara G. , Sharman Robert 
Published: November 2002

AbstractForecasting aircraft (clear‐air) turbulence is currently based on a system of observations by pilots combined with a mostly subjective evaluation of turbulence indices derived from numerical weather prediction models. We address the issue of improving the forecasting capability of the single indices by combining them in a nonparametric multidimensional regression model, and applying discriminant analysis to the resulting predicted values. Thus we enhance the predictive skills of the indices considered in isolation and provide a more robust algorithm. We adopt the paradigm of flexible discriminant analysis (FDA), and use multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) and neural networks (NN) in the regression stage. The data for this case study covers the period 12–15 March 1999, for the United States. Results of the analyses suggest that our statistical approach improves upon current practice to the point that it holds promise for operational forecasts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of vertical seismic response for a large‐scale beam‐supported aqueduct
Authors: Li Yuchun , Lou Menglin , Pan Danguan 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBy the theories of potential flow and structural vibration, the formulae for evaluating the ‘wet’ (with water) frequencies and mode shapes of the beam‐supported aqueduct are derived through a simplified fluid‐structure interaction analysis. The time‐history formulae of structural responses to the vertical seismic excitation are obtained. Applying the response‐spectrum principle, the equivalent vertical earthquake load exerted on the beam and the corresponding effects are also derived. Several illustrative examples are conducted. The analytical results show that: (i) The ‘wet’ frequencies of the structure are lower than the corresponding ‘dry’ (without water) frequencies due to the participating water mass, but the ‘wet’ mode shapes are identical to the corresponding ‘dry’ ones. (ii) The water mass plays an important role in the vertical seismic response, which varies with the different geological sites. For the different seismic inputs, the deeper the water is, the greater are the structural responses. (iii) The vertical seismic effects on the beam are generally not too small to be neglected and should be considered in the structural designs of a beam‐supported aqueduct. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ambient vibration studies for system identification of tall buildings
Authors: Brownjohn J. M. W. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe performance of a building under wind and seismic loads depends on stiffness and mass distribution, and may be estimated using finite element codes. Experience has, however, shown that such finite element models often fail to predict accurately the fundamental natural frequencies. Usually the frequencies will be underestimated, that is the building will turn out to be stiffer than anticipated, meaning the design would usually be conservative. On the other hand, effects like torsional eccentricity and foundation compliance may not be correctly modelled, which could be less desirable. A full understanding of linear performance under lateral loads can be obtained through experimental evaluation of the vibration modes. Traditionally only a limited range of modal analysis procedures and software has been applied to civil applications and the ‘special case’ where no input forces can be measured has been the usual situation for large civil structures. Recent developments in system identification, which is the set of procedures to build mathematical models of the dynamic structural systems based on measured data, have added significantly to the potential of ambient vibration or ‘output only’ testing. The aim of the research reported here has been to apply and evaluate the procedures on typical buildings. The procedures are briefly explained and two experimental programmes are then described; a long‐term tremor monitoring exercise on a 280m office tower and an ambient vibration survey of a smaller office block. The different forms of response data are examined to study the performance of the analysis procedures and expose benefits and limitations in their use. There is a growing interest in output‐only modal analysis procedures in civil engineering. The experience reported in this paper has shown that quick and reliable estimation of mode shapes and frequencies can be obtained, even with small amounts of data. Judgement of modal participation and damping ratios requires more detailed study yet the results are at least as convincing as existing and relatively limited frequency domain methods. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2D dynamic response of unlined and lined tunnels in poroelastic soil to harmonic body waves
Authors: Kattis S. E. , Beskos D. E. , Cheng A. H. D. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe problem of harmonic wave diffraction by tunnels in an infinite poroelastic saturated soil obeying Biot's theory is studied numerically under conditions of plane strain and the effect of poroelasticity on the response is assessed through some parametric studies. The method is based on the theory of Mei and Foda, which considers the total field to be approximated by the superposition of an elastodynamic problem with modified elastic constants and mass density for the whole domain and a diffusion problem for the pore fluid pressure confined to a boundary layer at the free boundaries. Both problems are solved numerically by the boundary element method in the frequency domain. Results dealing with the response of a circular tunnel with and without an elastic concrete liner in an infinite poroelastic medium to incident harmonic P and SV plane waves are provided and compared against analytical ones as well as to those corresponding to linear elastic soil behaviour. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the spatial variability of channel morphology
Authors: Moody John A. , Troutman Brent M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe spatial variability of two fundamental morphological variables is investigated for rivers having a wide range of discharge (five orders of magnitude). The variables, water‐surface width and average depth, were measured at 58 to 888 equally spaced cross‐sections in channel links (river reaches between major tributaries). These measurements provide data to characterize the two‐dimensional structure of a channel link which is the fundamental unit of a channel network.The morphological variables have nearly log‐normal probability distributions. A general relation was determined which relates the means of the log‐transformed variables to the logarithm of discharge similar to previously published downstream hydraulic geometry relations. The spatial variability of the variables is described by two properties: (1) the coefficient of variation which was nearly constant (0·13–0·42) over a wide range of discharge; and (2) the integral length scale in the downstream direction which was approximately equal to one to two mean channel widths. The joint probability distribution of the morphological variables in the downstream direction was modelled as a first‐order, bivariate autoregressive process. This model accounted for up to 76 per cent of the total variance. The two‐dimensional morphological variables can be scaled such that the channel width–depth process is independent of discharge. The scaling properties will be valuable to modellers of both basin and channel dynamics. Published in 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of road building on gully erosion risk: a case study from the Northern Ethiopian Highlands
Authors: Nyssen Jan , Poesen Jean , Moeyersons Jan , Luyten Edith , Veyret‐Picot Maude , Deckers Jozef , Haile Mitiku , Govers Gerard 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAlthough obvious in the field, the impact of road building on hydrology and gullying in Ethiopia has rarely been analysed. This study investigates how road building in the Ethiopian Highlands affects the gully erosion risk. The road between Makalle and Adwa in the highlands of Tigray (northern Ethiopia), built in 1993–1994, caused gullying at most of the culverts and other road drains. While damage by runoff to the road itself remains limited, off‐site effects are very important. Since the building of the road, nine new gullies were created immediately downslope of the studied road segment (6·5 km long) and seven other gullies at a distance between 100 and 500 m more downslope. The road induces a concentration of surface runoff, a diversion of concentrated runoff to other catchments, and an increase in catchment size, which are the main causes for gully development after road building. Topographic thresholds for gully formation are determined in terms of slope gradient of the soil surface at the gully head and catchment area. The influence of road building on both the variation of these thresholds and the modification of the drainage pattern is analysed. The slope gradient of the soil surface at the gully heads which were induced by the road varies between 0·06 and 0·42 m m−1 (average 0·15 m m−1), whereas gully heads without influence of the road have slope gradients between 0·09 and 0·52 m m−1 (average 0·25 m m−1). Road building disturbed the equilibrium in the study area but the lowering of topographic threshold values for gullying is not statistically significant. Increased gully erosion after road building has caused the loss of fertile soil and crop yield, a decrease of land holding size, and the creation of obstacles for tillage operations. Hence roads should be designed in a way that keeps runoff interception, concentration and deviation minimal. Techniques must be used to spread concentrated runoff in space and time and to increase its infiltration instead of directing it straight onto unprotected slopes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An integrated hydrological model for rain‐induced landslide prediction
Authors: Wilkinson P. L. , Anderson M. G. , Lloyd D. M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis paper describes an extension to the Combined Hydrology And Stability Model (CHASM) to fully include the effects of vegetation and slope plan topography on slope stability. The resultant physically based numerical model is designed to be applied to site‐specific slopes in which a detailed assessment of unsaturated and saturated hydrology is required in relation to vegetation, topography and slope stability. Applications are made to the Hawke's Bay region in New Zealand where shallow‐seated instability is strongly associated with spatial and temporal trends in vegetation cover types, and the Mid‐Levels region in Hong Kong, an area subject to a variety of landslide mechanisms, some of which may be subject to strong topographic control. An improved understanding of process mechanism, afforded by the model, is critical for reliable and appropriate design of slope stabilization and remedial measures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the shape and migration speed of a proto‐dune
Authors: Momiji Hiroshi , Nishimori Hiraku , Bishop Steven R. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe shape and migration speed of a proto‐dune are mathematically discussed. The migration speed of a low dune is shown to be inversely proportional to its wind‐directional length. Proto‐dunes, whose wind‐directional lengths are about 10 m, are expected to migrate at finite speeds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.