bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recall of an oral health education programme by nursing personnel in special housing facilities for the elderly
Authors: Paulsson Gun , Söderfeldt Björn , Fridlund Bengt , Nederfors Tommy 
Published: January 2004

AbstractObjectives: To investigate the recall of oral health knowledge and confidence by nursing personnel in special housing facilities for the elderly, three years after an education programme.Design: A cross sectional design using a questionnaire.Sample: All nursing personnel, a total of 2,901 subjects, in five municipalities in south‐western Sweden; of whom 950 had attended the programme. The response rate was 67% (1930 subjects).Intervention: An oral health education programme consisting of four one‐hour lessons.Results: The oral health education programme still had an effect on the participants' attitudes towards oral health three years later. When comparing the trained group (OHEP+) which attended the programme with those who did not have training (OHEP‐), the perceived ability, opportunity and the knowledge of oral health were significantly better in the former group, p<0.01 Eurther, within the OHEP‐ group who did not attend the programme there was a significant difference in the perceived ability, opportunity and the knowledge of oral health between those with a higher level of health care education, p<0.01.Conclusions: The effect of an oral health education programme on the participants' attitudes towards oral health persists at least for three years. The data indicate that trainees with a low level of health care education benefit most.
Age and medication are significant risk factors for xerostomia in an English population, attending general dental practice
Authors: Field EA , Fear S , Higham SM , Ireland RS , Rostron J , Willetts RM , Longman LP 
Published: January 2004

AbstractObjective: To study the prevalence of xerostomia in an English population, attending general dental practice and relate it to age. medication and gender.Design Study: Cross‐sectional.Setting: Five General Dental Practices in Merseyside, North of England.Subjects: 1,103 adult patients attending for routine dental care. Intervention: Questionnaire administered by dentists.Main Outcome Measures: Age, gender, systemic medication, reported oral dryness.Results: 1,103 patients (654 females) were recruited, of whom 427 (39%) were aged 60 years or older, 26% of patients reported taking medication. The overall prevalence of xerostomia was 12.7% (males‐10.3%, females 14.4%). Age. medication and female gender were found to be significant risk factors for xerostomia, using logistic regression analysis.Conclusions: The prevalence of xerostomia (12.7%) in an English population was lower than reported in previous North American and Swedish studies. Medication was a significant risk factor for xerostomia and a better predictor of risk status, than either age or gender.
Assessing the difference between sociodental and normative approaches to assessing prosthetic dental treatment needs in dentate older people
Authors: Srisilapanan P. , Sheiham A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractObjective: To illustrate differences in assessed need using normative and sociodental approaches to assess prosthetic treatment needs of dentate older people.Design: A cross‐sectional study using non‐random sample.Setting: Metropolitan area of Chiang Mai, Thailand.Subjects: 707 older individuals, 549 of the total sample were dentate, living independently, aged 60 to 74 years.Results: The dentate population examined consisted of 289 classified as ‘normal health’ and 44 with a nutritional problem. Of the total population, 60% (333) had a normative need for partial dentures. Excluding the 44 with a nutritional problem, 50% (146) of the NTM group had ‘impact‐related treatment need’ and of the latter 146, 69% (102) had a high propensity for health behaviour. 41% of the 102 who had ‘impact‐related’ and ‘propensity related treatment need’ had ‘accessible treatment need’. That is 14.5 per 100 of those with normative need. The gap between normative and ‘accessible need’ was greater among those with ‘general health related treatment need’ due to underweight. Of the 44 with a NTM and had a health problem, 45% (20) had a “propensity related treatment need”. 40% of the group with a ‘propensity related treatment need’ had ‘accessible treatment need’. Overall of the 44 older people with a normative need for a prosthesis and who had a health problem, only 2.4% had ‘accessible treatment need’ mainly due to lack of finance. If the treatment were subsidised then 45% of those with ‘propensity related treatment need’ would be eligible for treatment.Conclusion: Large differences of estimated treatment need were found between a socio‐dental and a normative approach to assess prosthetic dental treatment needs of older Thai people.
Influence of psychological factors on the acceptance of complete dentures
Authors: Al Quran F , Clifford T , Cooper C , Lamey P‐J 
Published: January 2004

AbstractObjectives: To assess the influence of psychological factors on the acceptance of complete dentures in a population wearing dentures judged to be clinically satisfactory.Design: Subjects were asked to complete personality profiles and also to rate their dentures using a denture satisfaction questionnaire.Setting: The survey was conducted in the prosthetics clinic of a teaching hospital.Subjects: Patients were selected from those who had new complete dentures constructed in the department within the previous two years. Intervention and main outcome measures: The personality inventory was a self‐administered questionnaire comprising 240 items covering the five domains of personality. Denture satisfaction was scored on a nine item scale with four Likert type responses to each.Results: A group of 16% consistently complained about their dentures. Statistical analysis showed that personality factors especially Neuroticism had a significant relationship with denture satisfaction.Conclusion: Psychological factors significantly influence denture satisfaction and profiles may provide useful in predicting potential difficult denture wearers.
Developing a schedule of normative denture treatment need
Authors: McNaugher Gillian A , Benington Ian C , Freeman Ruth 
Published: January 2004

AbstractObjectives: The aim of the study is to assess the reliability and validity of a schedule to determine the normative denture treatment needs of older people.Design: The design used assessed inter‐examiner reliability (criterion validity), test‐retest reliability, and content and face validity of the schedule.Setting: The inter‐examiner reliability study took place in a Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, the remainder of the work took place in a community setting.Results: The results showed that the schedule in terms of an index performed well with reasonable inter‐examiner and test‐retest reliability. Difficulties however were encountered with regard to subjective judgements about denture quality and design; consequently, there was modest inter‐examiner agreement for stability, retention, and occlusal balance.Conclusions: The findings from this preliminary work suggest that the schedule may be useful in the assessment of normative denture treatment need in a community setting. Nevertheless more work will be required to obtain further information on the validity of this new assessment measure.
Assessing expressed need and satisfaction in complete denture wearers
Authors: McNaugher Gillian A , Benington Ian C , Freeman Ruth 
Published: January 2004

AbstractObjectives: The need to assess both lay and professional views of oral health is believed to be at the centre of success when providing dental health care for older patients. Self‐perceived physical (oral) health and perceptions of psychosocial functioning must be included if expressed need is to be assessed. The aim of this work was to construct an expressed need schedule and to assess the ability of this assessment to predict older community‐based patients' satisfaction with complete dentures.Design: Survey of 260 people aged 65 years and over.Setting: Community setting.Main outcome measures: The participants were interviewed using a 55 item modified version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) to assess their psychological, social and perceptions of their oral health. All participants were subjected to an oral examination.Results: The results showed that complete denture wearers compared had greater experience of difficulties associated with oral health and psychological functioning. Factor analysis allowed the identification of three dimensions associated with psychological, social and self‐perceived physical (oral) health. When these factors were regressed with normative denture treatment need against satisfaction with complete dentures, satisfaction was characterised by high self‐perceived physical (oral) health, low social health problems and no identifiable normative need.Conclusion: This work supports the inclusion of self‐perceived physical (oral) health and psychosocial health (expressed need) questions in a schedule when predicting satisfaction with complete dentures.
Dramatic Effects of 2-Bromo-5,6-Dichloro-1-β-
d
-Ribofuranosyl Benzimidazole Riboside on the Genome Structure, Packaging, and Egress of Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Nixon Daniel E. , McVoy Michael A. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

The halogenated benzimidazoles BDCRB (2-bromo-5,6-dichloro-1-β-
d
-riborfuranosyl benzimidazole riboside) and TCRB (2,5,6-trichloro-1-β-
d
-riborfuranosyl benzimidazole riboside) were the first compounds shown to inhibit cleavage and packaging of herpesvirus genomes. Both inhibit the formation of unit length human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genomes by a poorly understood mechanism (M. R. Underwood et al., J. Virol. 72:717-715, 1998; P. M. Krosky et al., J. Virol. 72:4721-4728, 1998). Because the simple genome structure of guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) provides a useful model for the study of herpesvirus DNA packaging, we investigated the effects of BDCRB on GPCMV. GPCMV proved to be sensitive to BDCRB (50% inhibitory concentration = 4.7 μM), although somewhat less so than HCMV. In striking contrast to HCMV, however, a dose of BDCRB sufficient to reduce GPCMV titers by 3 logs (50 μM) had no effect on the quantity of GPCMV genomic DNA that was formed in infected cells. Electron microscopy revealed that this DNA was in fact packaged within intranuclear capsids, but these capsids failed to egress from the nucleus and failed to protect the DNA from nuclease digestion. The terminal structure of genomes formed in the presence of BDCRB was also altered. Genomes with ends lacking a terminal repeat at the right end, which normally exist in an equimolar ratio with those having one copy of the repeat at the right end, were selectively eliminated by BDCRB treatment. At the left end, BDCRB treatment appeared to induce heterogeneous truncations such that 2.7 to 4.9 kb of left-end-terminal sequences were missing. These findings suggest that BDCRB induces premature cleavage events that result in truncated genomes packaged within capsids that are permeable to nuclease. Based on these and other observations, we propose a model for duplication of herpesvirus terminal repeats during the cleavage and packaging process that is similar to one proposed for bacteriophage T7 (Y. B. Chung, C. Nardone, and D. C. Hinkle, J. Mol. Biol. 216:939-948, 1990).
Active Akt and Functional p53 Modulate Apoptosis in Abelson Virus-Transformed Pre-B Cells
Authors: Gong Li , Unnikrishnan Indira , Raghavan Anuradha , Parmar Kalindi , Rosenberg Naomi 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTSuppression of apoptosis is an important feature of the Abelson murine leukemia virus (Ab-MLV) transformation process. During multistep transformation, Ab-MLV-infected pre-B cells undergo p53-dependent apoptosis during the crisis phase of transformation. Even once cells are fully transformed, an active v-Abl protein tyrosine kinase is required to suppress apoptosis because cells transformed by temperature-sensitive (ts) kinase mutants undergo rapid apoptosis after a shift to the nonpermissive temperature. However, inactivation of the v-Abl protein by a temperature shift interrupts signals transmitted via multiple pathways, making it difficult to identify those that are critically important for the suppression of apoptosis. To begin to dissect these pathways, we tested the ability of an SH2 domain Ab-MLV mutant, P120/R273K, to rescue aspects of thetsphenotype of pre-B cells transformed by the conditional kinase domain mutant. The P120/R273K mutant suppressed apoptosis at the nonpermissive temperature, a phenotype correlated with its ability to activate Akt. Apoptosis also was suppressed at the nonpermissive temperature by constitutively active Akt and inp53-null pre-B cells transformed with thetskinase domain mutant. These data indicate that an intact Src homology 2 (SH2) domain is not critical for apoptosis suppression and suggest that signals transmitted through Akt and p53 play an important role in the response.
Conservation of a Stepwise, Energy-Sensitive Pathway Involving HP68 for Assembly of Primate Lentivirus Capsids in Cells
Authors: Dooher Julia E. , Lingappa Jaisri R. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT
Previously we have described a stepwise, energy-dependent pathway for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid assembly in a cell-free system. In this pathway, Gag polypeptides utilize the cellular factor HP68 and assemble into immature capsids by way of assembly intermediates that have defined biochemical characteristics. Here we address whether this pathway is universally conserved among primate lentiviruses and can be observed in mammalian cells. We demonstrate that HIV-2 Gag associates with human HP68 in a cell-free system and that Gag proteins of HIV-2, simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239, and SIVagm associate with endogenous HP68 in primate cells, as is seen for HIV-1. Analysis of primate cells expressing lentivirus Gag proteins revealed Gag-containing complexes with the same sedimentation values as seen for previously described HIV-1 assembly intermediates in the cell-free system (10S, 80-150S, and 500S). These complexes fit criteria for assembly intermediates as judged by energy sensitivity, pattern of HP68 association, and the failure of specific complexes to be formed by assembly-incompetent Gag mutants. We also demonstrate that virus-like particles released from cells do not appear to contain HP68, suggesting that HP68 is released from Gag upon completion of capsid assembly in cells, as was observed previously in the cell-free system. Together these findings support a model in which all primate lentivirus capsids assemble by a conserved pathway of HP68-containing, energy-dependent assembly intermediates that have specific biochemical features.
High Physiological Levels of LMP1 Result in Phosphorylation of eIF2α in Epstein-Barr Virus-Infected Cells
Authors: Lam Ngan , Sandberg Mark L. , Sugden Bill 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

LMP1 is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded membrane protein essential for the proliferation of EBV-infected lymphoblasts (E. Kilger, A. Kieser, M. Baumann, and W. Hammerschmidt, EMBO J.
17:
1700-1709, 1998). LMP1 also inhibits gene expression and induces cytostasis in transfected cells when it is expressed at levels as little as twofold higher than the average for EBV-positive lymphoblasts (M. Sandberg, A. Kaykas, and B. Sugden, J. Virol.
74:
9755-9761, 2000; A. Kaykas and B. Sugden, Oncogene
19:
1400-1410, 2000). We have found that in three different clones of EBV-infected lymphoblasts the levels of expression of LMP1 in individual cells in each clone ranged over 100-fold. This difference is due to a difference in levels of the LMP1 transcript. In these clones, cells expressing high levels of LMP1 incorporated less BrdU. We also found that induction of expression of LMP1 or of a derivative of LMP1 with its transmembrane domain fused to green fluorescent protein instead of its carboxy-terminal signaling domain resulted in phosphorylation of eIF2α in EBV-negative Burkitt's lymphoma cells. This induction of phosphorylation of eIF2α was also detected in EBV-infected lymphoblasts, in which high levels of LMP1 correlated with high levels of phosphorylation of eIF2α. Our results indicate that inhibition of gene expression and of cell proliferation by LMP1 occurs normally in EBV-infected cells.
Selective Induction of Th2-Attracting Chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 in Human B Cells by Latent Membrane Protein 1 of Epstein-Barr Virus
Authors: Nakayama Takashi , Hieshima Kunio , Nagakubo Daisuke , Sato Emiko , Nakayama Masahiro , Kawa Keisei , Yoshie Osamu 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTChemokines are likely to play important roles in the pathophysiology of diseases associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Here, we have analyzed the repertoire of chemokines expressed by EBV-infected B cells. EBV infection of B cells induced expression of TARC/CCL17 and MDC/CCL22, which are known to attract Th2 cells and regulatory T cells via CCR4, and also upregulated constitutive expression of MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, and RANTES/CCL5, which are known to attract Th1 cells and cytotoxic T cells via CCR5. Accordingly, EBV-immortalized B cells secreted these chemokines, especially CCL3, CCL4, and CCL22, in large quantities. EBV infection or stable expression of LMP1 also induced CCL17 and CCL22 in a B-cell line, BJAB. The inhibitors of the TRAF/NF-κB pathway (BAY11-7082) and the p38/ATF2 pathway (SB202190) selectively suppressed the expression of CCL17 and CCL22 in EBV-immortalized B cells and BJAB-LMP1. Consistently, transient-transfection assays using CCL22 promoter-reporter constructs demonstrated that two NF-κB sites and a single AP-1 site were involved in the activation of the CCL22 promoter by LMP1. Finally, serum CCL22 levels were significantly elevated in infectious mononucleosis. Collectively, LMP1 induces CCL17 and CCL22 in EBV-infected B cells via activation of NF-κB and probably ATF2. Production of CCL17 and CCL22, which attract Th2 and regulatory T cells, may help EBV-infected B cells evade immune surveillance by Th1 cells. However, the concomitant production of CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 by EBV-infected B cells may eventually attract Th1 cells and cytotoxic T cells, leading to elimination of EBV-infected B cells at latency III and to selection of those with limited expression of latent genes.
The Herpes Simplex Virus ICP0 RING Finger Domain Inhibits IRF3- and IRF7-Mediated Activation of Interferon-Stimulated Genes
Authors: Lin Rongtuan , Noyce Ryan S. , Collins Susan E. , Everett Roger D. , Mossman Karen L. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTVirus infection induces a rapid cellular response in cells characterized by the induction of interferon. While interferon itself does not induce an antiviral response, it activates a number of interferon-stimulated genes that collectively function to inhibit virus replication and spread. Previously, we and others reported that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) induces an interferon -independent antiviral response in the absence of virus replication. Here, we report that the HSV-1 proteins ICP0 and vhs function in concert to disable the host antiviral response. In particular, we show that ICP0 blocks interferon regulatory factor IRF3- and IRF7-mediated activation of interferon-stimulated genes and that the RING finger domain of ICP0 is essential for this activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HSV-1 modifies the IRF3 pathway in a manner different from that of the small RNA viruses most commonly studied.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Associates with Lipid Rafts To Downmodulate Cell Surface CD4 and Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Expression and To Increase Viral Infectivity
Authors: Alexander Melissa , Bor Yeou-cherng , Ravichandran Kodimangalam S. , Hammarskjöld Marie-Louise , Rekosh David 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT
Lipid rafts are membrane microdomains that are functionally distinct from other membrane regions. We have shown that 10% of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef expressed in SupT1 cells is present in lipid rafts and that this represents virtually all of the membrane-associated Nef. To determine whether raft targeting, rather than simply membrane localization, has functional significance, we created a Nef fusion protein (LAT-Nef) containing the N-terminal 35 amino acids from LAT, a protein that is exclusively localized to rafts. Greater than 90% of the LAT-Nef protein was found in the raft fraction. In contrast, a mutated form, lacking two cysteine palmitoylation sites, showed less than 5% raft localization. Both proteins were equally expressed and targeted nearly exclusively to membranes. The LAT-Nef protein was more efficient than its nonraft mutant counterpart at downmodulating both cell surface CD4 and class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression, as well as in enhancing first-round infectivity and being incorporated into virus particles. This demonstrates that targeting of Nef to lipid rafts is mechanistically important for all of these functions. Compared to wild-type Nef, LAT-Nef downmodulated class I MHC nearly as effectively as the wild-type Nef protein, but was only about 60% as effective for CD4 downmodulation and 30% as effective for infectivity enhancement. Since the LAT-Nef protein was found entirely in rafts while the wild-type Nef protein was distributed 10% in rafts and 90% in the soluble fraction, our results suggest that class I MHC downmodulation by Nef may be performed exclusively by raft-bound Nef. In contrast, CD4 downmodulation and infectivity enhancement may require a non-membrane-bound Nef component as well as the membrane-bound form.
Latent Membrane Protein 2A Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-β1-Induced Apoptosis through the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway
Authors: Fukuda Makoto , Longnecker Richard 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTLatent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) blocks B-cell receptor signal transduction in vitro by binding the Syk and Lyn protein tyrosine kinases. As well as blocking B-cell signal transduction, LMP2A has been shown to activate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt pathway, which acts as a survival signal in both B cells and epithelial cells. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays important roles in regulating cell growth and differentiation in many biological systems. The loss of the growth-inhibitory response to the TGF-β1 signal is found in many cancers and is widely thought to promote tumor development. In this study, we found that LMP2A induced the phosphorylation of Akt (serine 473) in Burkitt's lymphoma cell line Ramos and in gastric carcinoma cell line HSC-39 and partially enhanced cell viability following TGF-β1 treatment. In addition, LMP2A partially inhibited TGF-β1-induced DNA fragmentation and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). In the presence of LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3-K, the LMP2A-mediated inhibitory effects on TGF-β1-induced DNA fragmentation and cleavage of PARP were alleviated. Furthermore, LMP2A did not alter the levels of expression of type I and type II TGF-β1 receptors. Taken together, these results suggest that LMP2A may inhibit TGF-β1-mediated apoptosis through activation of the PI3-K/Akt pathway.