bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restoration Efforts for Plant and Bird Communities in Tallgrass Prairies Using Prescribed Burning and Mowing
Authors: Van Dyke Fred , Van Kley Sarah E. , Page Christy E. , Van Beek Jodi G. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract Recent losses and fragmentation of tallgrass prairie habitat to agriculture and urban development have led to corresponding declines in diversity and abundance of plants and birds associated with such habitat. Mowing and burning are alternative management strategies for restoring and rejuvenating prairies in fragmented landscapes, but their specific, comparative effects are the subjects of ongoing evaluation. We compared the responses of plant and bird communities on four sets of mowed, burned, and untreated sites of small (3–10 ha), fragmented tallgrass prairies at the DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge (DNWR), Iowa, U.S.A., during May–July in 1998 and 1999. Species richness and diversity of plants, resident grassland birds, and communities of birds associated with grassland edges (edge species) were independent of treatment. Although not affecting species richness and diversity in plant communities, mowed sites ranked lower in total plant coverage and total forb coverage than burned sites or untreated sites. In contrast, untreated sites had more coverage by shrubs, suggesting that mowing and burning did retard shrub encroachment. Overall, abundance and diversity of plants and birds were generally insensitive to management strategies. Small, fragmented sites of rare habitat may not respond in the short term to management treatments and may not be capable of supporting highly diverse communities, no matter how intensively manipulated. It is more probable that diversity of native prairie communities can be enhanced and restored only through long‐term efforts, acquisition of large land units capable of supporting stable populations, and deliberate reintroduction of species of high conservation value.
Influence of Mycorrhizal Inoculation, Inundation Period, Salinity, and Phosphorus Availability on the Growth of Two Salt Marsh Grasses, Spartina alterniflora Lois. and Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth., in Nursery Systems
Authors: McHugh J. Murray , Dighton John 
Published: November 2004

Abstract Restoration of salt marsh ecosystems is an important concern in the eastern United States to mitigate damage caused by industrial development. Little attention has been directed to the mycorrhizal influence on plantings of salt marsh species to stabilize estuarine sediments and establish cover. In our study, seedlings of two salt marsh grasses, Spartina alterniflora and Spartina cynosuroides, were grown in soil with a commercial, mixed species inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plants were grown in experimental “ebb and flow” boxes, simulating three levels of tidal inundation, to which two levels of applied phosphorus (P) and two levels of salinity were imposed. After 2.5 months, S. alterniflora was poorly colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizae, developing only fungal hyphae and no arbuscules, but S. cynosuroides became moderately colonized. Mycorrhizal inoculation marginally improved growth and P and nitrogen (N) content of both plant species at low levels of P supply but significantly increased tillering in both plant species. This factor could be beneficial in enhancing ground cover during restoration procedures. Greater P availability increased the mycorrhizal status of S. cynosuroides and improved P nutrition of both plant species, despite a reduction in the root‐to‐shoot ratio. Increasing salinity reduced mycorrhizal colonization of S. alterniflora but not of S. cynosuroides. Growth and nutrient content of S. alterniflora was improved at higher levels of salinity, but only increased nutrient content in S. cynosuroides. Increased duration of tidal inundation decreased plant growth in both species, but tissue P and N concentrations were highest with the longest time of inundation in both species.
Effects of the Third (Aqueous) Extract of Ginseng on the Cardiovascular Dynamics of Dogs During Halothane Anesthesia
Authors: CLIFFORD DONALD H. , LEE DO CHIL , KIM CHONG YUL , LEE MYUNG O. 
Published: November 2004

An electromagnetic flowmeter probe was chronically implanted around the ascending aorta in a group of dogs. Subsequently, ten dogs were lightly anesthetized with halothane (0.75%), and a third (aqueous) extract of ginseng (40 mg/kg) was administered intravenously. Five dogs were anesthesized without the administration of ginseng. Eleven cardiovascular variables including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, pH, PaCO2, PaO2, and base deficit were compared. The cardiac output, stroke volume, and central venous pressure were decreased significantly, while total peripheral resistance was increased significantly following ginseng.
The Effect of Acupuncture on Low Back Pain
Authors: Kim K. C. , Yount R. A. 
Published: November 2004

Unknown etiology of low back pain by acupuncture in four groups: Group I (no surgery); Group II (one laminectomy); Group III (more than one laminectomy with or without spinal fusion) and Group IV (one or more than one laminectomy with severance of nerve between central nerve system and peripheral nerve). Twenty patients in each group, except ten in Group IV, were treated twice a week for six week. Functional improvement and decreased sensitivity to weather was significant. Results were evaluated into four classes: Class 3 (no pain, no drugs, no functional disability); Class 2 (pain, no drugs; no functional disability); Class 1 (pain with drug less one-half than it was before treatment; improvement of functional disability) and Class 0 (no effect on pain; durg and functional disability). Completely well (Class 3) patients in Groups I, II, III and IV were 50% 35%, 30% and 20%, respectively. Their prognosis was followed up to 2 months. Reduction of drugs (aspirin preparation, synthetic analgesics, narcotics, tranquilizers, and muscle relaxants) intake, pain and functional improvement was observed. Overall drug reduction after treatment was 85.6%, 75% 61.6% and 53.2% in Group I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Mean reduction of each individual drug; aspirin-69%, synthetic analgesic–67.7%, narcotic–72.2%, tranquilizers–75.2%, and muscle relaxants–60%, were observed.
The History and Sociology of the Scientific Study of Acupuncture
Authors: Davis Devra Lee 
Published: November 2004

Although known to the medical community in some form since the 19th century, acupuncture is only recently receiving concerted researh attention from the conventional medical and scientific community. The overall amount of scientific acupuncture research has doubled since the mid 1960's. Employing the approaches of the science, history, sociology and social relations of science, this article explores factors which explain why the present time is conducive to acupuncture research by the scientific and medical community. Perhaps this study of scientific acupuncture research will provide the basis for a later theory of scientific development.
A Summary of Research Concerning the Effects of Acupuncture
Authors: O'Connor John , Bensky Dan 
Published: November 2004

Translators' Introduction: The following is a translation of a section from the book Acupuncture by the Shanghai College of Traditional Medicine. It is a systematic survey of acupuncture research findings in China, into a clinical guide, so that in many cases the method of needling, the period of treatment, a thorough listing of all loci used in each experiment and a quantiative measurement of the resutls are not specified. Presumbably, these details can be found in the various sources cited throughout the article and listed at the end, sources which, unfortunately, are unavailable to us in Hong Kong and Macao and quite likely in other places outside China at the preset time. Despite these limitations, however, the results are clear; acupuncture has a far more varied effect on the body than simple analgesia and anesthesia. Very little of the text has been edited. Some unclear points or redundancies were omitted and a few points of clarification added. Throughout we have relied on the Chinese Pinyin system in Romanizing names and places.
Effect of Glycyrrhizin on Stability of Lysosomes in the Rat Arterial Wall
Authors: Shiki Yasuko , Ishikawa Yo , Shirai Kohji , Saito Yasushi , Yoshida Sho 
Published: November 2004

Studies were made on the effect of phospholiase A2 on the stability of arterial wall lysosomes, and the influence of glycyrrhizin on this effect. Lysosomal phospholipase A2 activity was found to be increased in the aorta of hypercholesterolemic rats. Treatment of the lysosomal fraction of the arterial wall with venom phospholipase A2 resulted in release of acid phosphatase, and addition of glycyrrhizin (0.1mM) inhibited this release. Lysosomal phospholipase A2 in the arterial wall was also inhibited dose-independently by glycyrrhizin. These results suggest that lysis of lysosomes was due to increase in phospholipase 2 activity, and that glycyrrhizin stabilized the lysosomes by inhibiting phospholipase 2 activity.
Learning to See Biological Motion: Brain Activity Parallels Behavior
Authors: Grossman Emily D. , Blake Randolph , Kim Chai-Youn 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Individuals improve with practice on a variety of perceptual tasks, presumably reflecting plasticity in underlying neural mechanisms. We trained observers to discriminate biological motion from scrambled (nonbiological) motion and examined whether the resulting improvement in perceptual performance was accompanied by changes in activation within the posterior superior temporal sulcus and the fusiform “face area,” brain areas involved in perception of biological events. With daily practice, initially naive observers became more proficient at discriminating biological from scrambled animations embedded in an array of dynamic “noise” dots, with the extent of improvement varying among observers. Learning generalized to animations never seen before, indicating that observers had not simply memorized specific exemplars. In the same observers, neural activity prior to and following training was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neural activity within the posterior superior temporal sulcus and the fusiform “face area” reflected the participants' learning: BOLD signals were significantly larger after training in response both to animations experienced during training and to novel animations. The degree of learning was positively correlated with the amplitude changes in BOLD signals.
Brain Activity during Episodic Retrieval of Autobiographical and Laboratory Events: An fMRI Study using a Novel Photo Paradigm
Authors: Cabeza Roberto , Prince Steve E. , Daselaar Sander M. , Greenberg Daniel L. , Budde Matthew , Dolcos Florin , LaBar Kevin S. , Rubin David C. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies of episodic memory retrieval generally measure brain activity while participants remember items encountered in the laboratory (“controlled laboratory condition”) or events from their own life (“open autobiographical condition”). Differences in activation between these conditions may reflect differences in retrieval processes, memory remoteness, emotional content, retrieval success, self-referential processing, visual/spatial memory, and recollection. To clarify the nature of these differences, a functional MRI study was conducted using a novel “photo paradigm,” which allows greater control over the autobiographical condition, including a measure of retrieval accuracy. Undergraduate students took photos in specified campus locations (“controlled autobiographical condition”), viewed in the laboratory similar photos taken by other participants (controlled laboratory condition), and were then scanned while recognizing the two kinds of photos. Both conditions activated a common episodic memory network that included medial temporal and prefrontal regions. Compared with the controlled laboratory condition, the controlled autobiographical condition elicited greater activity in regions associated with self-referential processing (medial prefrontal cortex), visual/ spatial memory (visual and parahippocampal regions), and recollection (hippocampus). The photo paradigm provides a way of investigating the functional neuroanatomy of real-life episodic memory under rigorous experimental control.
The Functional Neuroanatomy of Episodic and Semantic Autobiographical Remembering: A Prospective Functional MRI Study
Authors: Levine Brian , Turner Gary R. , Tisserand Danielle , Hevenor Stephanie J. , Graham Simon J. , McIntosh Anthony R. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Autobiographical memory comprises episodic and semantic components mediated by dissociable states of consciousness, one promoting the experience of the self at a specific moment in the past, and the other involving self-knowledge that does not require “mental time travel.” These components can be difficult to dissociate using retrospective autobiographical stimuli collection. In this study, we manipulated the episodic/semantic distinction within prospectively collected autobiographical stimuli. Over several months, participants made recordings documenting specific episodes, repeated episodes, and world knowledge. These recordings were later played back to participants during scanning with functional MRI. The results indicated overlapping but distinct patterns of brain activity corresponding to episodic and semantic autobiographical memory. Both episodic and semantic autobiographical memory engaged the left anteromedial prefrontal cortex associated with self-reference, but the episodic condition did so to a greater degree. The episodic condition uniquely engaged the medial temporal, posterior cingulate, and diencephalic regions associated with remote memory recovery. Whereas the episodic condition engaged the right temporo-parietal cortex involved in reconstruction of spatial context and attentional orienting, the semantic condition engaged the left temporo-parietal and parieto-frontal systems involved in egocentric spatial processing and top-down attentional control. Episodic recollection was also associated with suppression of emotional paralimbic regions. These findings support a functional neuroanatomical dissociation between episodic and semantic autobiographical memory, providing concordance to amnesic syndromes with disproportionate impairment in one of these two forms of autobiographical memory.
The Role of High Spatial Frequencies in Hemispheric Processing of Categorical and Coordinate Spatial Relations
Authors: Okubo Matia , Michimata Chikashi 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Right-handed participants performed categorical and coordinate spatial relation tasks on stimuli presented either to the left visual field-right hemisphere (LVF-RH) or to the right visual field-left hemisphere (RVF-LH). The stimuli were either unfiltered or low-pass filtered (i.e., devoid of high spatial frequency content). Consistent with previous studies, the unfiltered condition produced a significant RVF-LH advantage for the categorical task and an LVF-RH advantage for the coordinate task. Low-pass filtering eliminated this Task × Visual Field interaction; thus, the RVF-LH advantage disappeared for the categorical task. The present results suggest that processing of high spatial frequency contributes to the left hemispheric advantage for categorical spatial processing.
Blockade of PSGL-1 attenuates CD14+ monocytic cell recruitment in intestinal mucosa and ameliorates ileitis in SAMP1/Yit mice
Authors: Inoue Takuya , Tsuzuki Yoshikazu , Matsuzaki Koji , Matsunaga Hisayuki , Miyazaki Junichi , Hokari Ryota , Okada Yoshikiyo , Kawaguchi Atsushi , Nagao Shigeaki , Itoh Kazuro , Matsumoto Satoshi , Miura Soichiro 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) is not known. However, monocytes and macrophages are thought to play important roles in the development of mucosal inflammation. Therefore, in this study, we examined the role of monocyte-endothelial cell interactions in senescence-accelerated mouse P1 (SAMP1)/Yit mice, a murine model of spontaneous ileitis. Fluorescence-labeled CD14+ monocytic cells isolated from the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of AKR/J (control) mice were injected into the tail veins of recipient (AKR/J and SAMP1/Yit) mice, and migration in the postcapillary venules (PCV) of Peyer's patches, submucosal venules, and villus microvessels of the terminal ileum was monitored by using an intravital microscope. Rolling and adhesion of CD14+ monocytic cells in the PCV of Peyer's patches and microvessels of the terminal ileum were increased in SAMP1/Yit mice. An imunohistochemical study showed increased expression of P-selectin glycoprotein-1 (PSGL-1), P-selectin, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in the terminal ileum of SAMP1/Yit mice. Antibodies against these three adhesion molecules significantly inhibited adhesion of CD14+ monocytic cells to the PCV of Peyer's patches and microvessels of the terminal ileum, treatment with an anti-PSGL-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) showing the strongest suppressive effect. Anti-PSGL-1 mAb also attenuated T cell adhesion in microvessels of intestinal mucosa. In addition, periodical administration of an anti-PSGL-1 mAb for 7 weeks significantly ameliorated ileitis of SAMP1/Yit mice. The results suggest that PSGL-1-P-selectin interaction plays an important role in monocyte-endothelial cell interactions and the development of ileitis in a murine model of CD and that the blockade of this adhesion molecule may be a novel strategy for treating CD.
Impact of LL-37 on anti-infective immunity
Authors: Bowdish Dawn M E , Davidson Donald J , Lau Y Elaine , Lee Ken , Scott Monisha G , Hancock Robert E W 
Published: November 2004

AbstractHost defense peptides (often called cationic antimicrobial peptides) have pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions. The human host defense peptide LL-37 is up-regulated at sites of infection and has little or no antimicrobial activity in tissue-culture media but under the same conditions, demonstrates immunomodulatory effects on epithelial cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DC). These effects include the induction of chemokine production in a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent manner in epithelial cell lines and monocytes and profound alterations of DC differentiation, resulting in the capacity to enhance a T helper cell type 1 response. Although the exact mechanisms of interaction between LL-37 and these cell types have not been elucidated, there is evidence for specific (i.e., receptor-mediated) and nonspecific interactions. The relative significance of the direct antimicrobial activities and immunomodulatory properties of LL-37 and other cationic host defense peptides in host defense remains unresolved. To demonstrate that antimicrobial activity was not necessarily required for protection in vivo, model peptides were synthesized and tested for antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. A peptide with no antimicrobial activity was found to be protective in animal models of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella infection, implying that a host defense peptide can protect by exerting immunomodulatory properties.
Family history of primary movement disorders as a predictor for neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms
Authors: Lencer Rebekka , Eismann Gunnar , Kasten Meike , Kabakci Kemal , Geithe Verena , Grimm Jenny , Klein Christine 
Published: November 2004

BackgroundA genetic susceptibility to extrapyramidal symptoms caused by treatment with neuroleptic medication has been suggested.AimsTo identify predictor variables for neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms, particularly considering family history of primary movement disorders.MethodWe investigated 100 in-patients receiving a stable neuroleptic medication with regard to occurrence of extrapyramidal symptoms, drug history and detailed family history of primary movement disorders.ResultsStep-wise logistic regression analysis revealed that a positive family history was a significant predictor for lifetime prevalence of extrapyramidal symptoms, including reported and currently observed symptoms. The duration of exposure to neuroleptic medication and age were further predictors.ConclusionsOur findings underline the notion of genetic susceptibility for secondary extrapyramidal symptoms and suggest possible shared genetic factors in primary and secondary movement disorders as well as psychotic disorders.
Efficacy of olanzapine combined with valproate or lithium in the treatment of dysphoric mania
Authors: Baker Robert W. , Brown Eileen , Akiskal Hagop S. , Calabrese Joseph R. , Ketter Terence A. , Schuh Leslie M. , Trzepacz Paula T. , Watkin John G. , Tohen Mauricio 
Published: November 2004

BackgroundFew controlled studies examine the treatment of depressive features in mania.AimsTo evaluate the efficacy of olanzapine, in combination with lithium or valproate, for treating depressive symptoms associated with mania.MethodSecondary analysis of a 6-week, double-blind, randomised study of olanzapine (5–20 mg/day) or placebo combined with ongoing valproate or lithium open treatment for 344 patients in mixed or manic episodes. This analysis focused on a dysphoric subgroup with baseline Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) total scores of 20 or over contrasted with non-dysphoric patients.ResultsIn the dysphoric subgroup (n=85) mean HRSD total score improvement was significantly greater in olanzapine co-therapy patients than in those receiving placebo plus lithium or valproate (P<0.001). Substantial contributors to this superiority included the HRSD Maier sub-scale (P=0.013) and the suicide item (P=0.001). Total Young Mania Rating Scale improvement was also superior with olanzapine co-therapy.ConclusionsIn patients with acute dysphoric mania, addition of olanzapine to ongoing lithium or valproate monotherapy significantly improved depressive symptom, mania and suicidality ratings.
Diagnostic Accuracy of the Palliative Prognostic Score in Hospitalized Patients With Advanced Cancer
Authors: Glare Paul A. , Eychmueller Steffen , McMahon Patrick 
Published: November 2004

Purpose To evaluate the predictive accuracy of the Palliative Prognostic (PaP) score in patients with advanced cancer under the care of an oncologist. Patients and Methods The PaP score was calculated in 100 consecutive patients with advanced cancer hospitalized under the care of a medical or radiation oncologist at a university teaching hospital in Australia. The attending oncologist predicted the survival duration for the purpose of the scoring. The positive predictive value of the PaP score was evaluated. Survival analysis was performed to compare the survival of the three prognostic groups. Results Assessable survival data were available for 98 patients. The overall median survival was 12 weeks (interquartile range, 7 to 25 weeks). The PaP score divided the heterogeneous patient sample into three isoprognostic groups related to the chance of surviving 1 month, with 64 patients in group A (> 70% chance), 32 patients in group B (30% to 70% chance), and four patients in group C (< 30% chance). The estimated median survival of the three groups was 17 weeks (95% CI, 12 to 26 weeks), 7 weeks (95% CI, 4 to 12 weeks), and less than 1 week (95% CI, < 1 to 3 weeks), respectively. These survival differences were highly significant (log-rank test of trend, χ12 = 25.65; P < .0001). The 1-month survival of the groups was 97%, 59%, and 25%, respectively. Conclusion When oncologists' survival estimates are used, the PaP score is able to identify accurately three isoprognostic patient groups, irrespective of the cancer type. The PaP score may help reduce the uncertainty of formulating a prognosis in patients with advanced cancer.