bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Southern Marquesan Transformations
Authors: Thomas Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On most Polynesian islands, some localities saw much more interaction with Europeans than others. The unevenness of contact and the uneven development of trading has, of course, been a very widespread feature of contacts between global or regional economies and tribal or peripheral groups throughout history. This irregularity has systematically influenced relations of asymmetry or inequality within the peripheral regions: some times an existing hierarchy of places has collapsed; at other times European contact has led to a strengthening of exchange relations or the creation of asymmetry among groups of previously equivalent status. Such developments are not merely outcomes of imperialism, but rather reflect the prior properties of the indigenous regional system. The history discussed here is thus partly an expression of the characteristics of the Marquesan polity described earlier.
Crises and Social Transformations
Authors: Thomas Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that Marquesan social relations periodically engendered political crises leading to the rejection of ‘akatia or chiefs. In a longer-term systemic sense, these events were connected with more severe and profound crises known to Marquesans—periods of famine (oke or one). Pierre Chaulet listed over twenty plant foods which were resorted to during these periods; most were toxic and had to be leached and cooked extensively before they could be eaten. One of these was putahutahu, the trunk of a banana tree
DENG and Aiwel: Elements of the Prophetic Idiom and Definition of the Moral Community
Authors: Johnson Douglas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will examine the broader Nilotic heritage, on which the Nuer have drawn, in order to trace changes in expectation (if not meaning) as the prophetic idiom developed out of the experience of the nineteenth century. We will want to identify those aspects of spiritual activity and power on which the prophets based their own authority, and which acted as precedents for prophetic activity.
Caste and Kinship in a Newar Village
Authors: Ishii Hiroshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the studies of Fürer-Haimendorf (1956), Nepali (1965), and Rosser (1966), it is well known that the fundamental elements of Newar society are caste, socio-religious organizations called guthi based on a system of rotation, patrilineal kinship, and the joint family. It is further characterized by the coexistence of Hinduism and Buddhism, and by the importance of residence, seniority, and a high degree of conformity (including that towards caste ideology). Though tolerance of inter-caste marriages and consequent upward mobility are emphasized by Fürer-Haimendorf(1956: 33—6) and Rosser (1966: 90—104), a serious doubt has been raised as to their general applicability by Quigley (1986; forthcoming; Ch. 3 above).
The Social Organization of Rājopādhyaya Brāhmans
Authors: Toffin Gérard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rājopadhyaya Brāhmar.is (or Dyabhāju) are the domestic priests of high-caste Hindu Newars of the Valley of Kathmandu. This means that principally they are the priests of the vast cluster of status groups known collectively as Śrestha, the great majority of whom are traders, shopkeepers, or civil sen·ants by profession.
The Kabyle and the French: Occidentalism in Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice
Authors: Reed-Danahay Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The division of labour between those who study the West and those who study the Rest is rarely so strikingly found to reside within the work of a single person as it does in the case of Pierre Bourdieu. Bourdieu has done ethnographic research among the K abyle peoples of Algeria, but has also contributed to the sociological analysis of Western Europe (most notably, by studying those renowned producers of High Culture-the French bourgeoisie). For several decades, Bourdieu has been developing an influential theory of the relationship between culture and power, through an examination of cultural practices and ’common-sense’ understandings of the world.
The Theory of the Art Nexus
Authors: Gell Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To construct such a theory it is first of all necessary to define certain theoretical entities (terms) and relations. Just now, I suggested that such a theory would ‘look like’ familiar anthropological theories, such as the theory of exchange, or the theory of kinship, but that it would replace some of the terms of such theories with ‘art objects’.However, this raises immediate difficulties, in that ‘art objects’, ‘works of art’, or ‘artworks’ may form a readily identifiable class of objects in some art systems, but this is hardly true of all of them, especially not in anthropological contexts. In effect, if we make ‘the ,work of art’ the corner-stone of the anthropological theory of art, the theory itself becomes instantly otiose, for reasons which have already been alluded to.
The Origination of the Index
Authors: Gell Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fact that I have chosen to employ a single graphic symbol, an arrow, could be taken to imply that ‘agency’ has some quintessential, generic form, of which the various types of agency so far mentioned are species. This inference would be incorrect; the agency arrow implies no particular kind of agency, only the polarity of agent/patient relations. I set no limit , whatsoever to the type of ‘action’ involved. Sometimes this action is psychological; for example, the ‘action’ of an index in impressing a spectator with its technical excellence, or arousing the spectator erotically; while at other times the action may be physical, as happens, for instance, if the index is a holy icon which cures the rheumatism of the one who kisses it, rather than merely looks at it.
A Theology of Interdiction
Authors: Laidlaw James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Jain temples, in addition to idols of the Tirthankars and other great Jain saints of the past such as the Guru Devs, there are several other kinds of sacred representations. There are usually a few of the many named gods and goddesses who are devotees and protectors of the Tirthankars, known respectively as yakshas and yakshis (also as shasan devs and shasan devis). Like those of many of the high gods in the Hindu pantheon, these are anthropomorphic statues, sometimes with animal heads and many arms. The goddesses, especially, are popular figures in Jain temples. Today the most commonly found, in the form of small statues which, like those in Vaishnava Hindu temples, are dressed in gowns of sequinned and gilded cloth, are the patronesses respectively of the first and twenty-third Jinas, the goddesses Cakeshvari and Padmavati.
Social Dimensions of Jain Identity
Authors: Laidlaw James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just outside the city wall in Jaipur is a Muslim neighbourhood. It is immediately apparent as such: people dress differently, the shop signs are in Urdu, and, more important from the Jain point of view, there are several butchers’ shops and the road is often partially blocked by sheep. Often I had cause to go through this area with a Jain friend, usually on a rickshaw, and whoever it was would mark the passage in some way or other: by putting a handkerchief to their nose, or by remarking on the impending fate of the animals. On one occasion my companion, a devoutly religious young man, suddenly asked the driver to stop and scurried over towards one of the shops. I waited, perplexed. After a few minutes he returned, climbed in, and told the driver to go on. Obviously pleased with himself, he waited for me to ask what he had been doing and then explained that today was a Hindu religious holiday, one of a number of days in the year when the government requires butchers’ shops to remain closed. He had spotted one that looked open, and had gone to check. ‘They pull their shutters almost down, hoping no one will notice,’ he said. ‘Tomorrow I shall report them.’ I congratulated him on his vigilance and he offered to give me a list of the days on which this ban operated, so that I could do the same. I must have looked horrified, for he added, ‘Yes, I suppose you’re right. The police would never listen to you.’
Acts Which Are Not
Authors: Laidlaw James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter I described how and why the adoption of the five anuvrat vows plays such a limited role in Jain religious life. I tried to specify just what that place is, and why the vows’ being limited to a very few people is central to their meaning and import. The simple fact that so few people take them has of course been noticed by authors who nevertheless offer these vows as a summary of lay Jainism.
Constitutional Monarchy: The Prerogative Powers
Authors: Blake Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A constitutional monarchy is one where the head of state is a hereditary figure who reigns but does not rule. It is a peculiarly British invention. Or rather a peculiarly British development, since there is no particular moment when it was invented. It is not like the American presidency, whose origins can be precisely dated; this is true, too, of successive French, German, and Italian presidencies, and also of the Spanish monarchy as re-created after the death of General Franco. There is a definite time when they came into being and a written constitution defining their role.
Geoffrey Marshall and Public Law: The Early Years
Authors: Griffith John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1957 and 1981, Geoffrey Marshall on my count contributed over fifty separate pieces to Public Law, as assistant editor. Mostly these were short articles in the Comment section and book reviews. Their range was considerable and included police powers, working of Parliament, official secrets, maladministration, the Commonwealth constitutions, the judiciary, and broad jurisprudential questions. Their value in keeping the quarterly alive and well was immense, especially during the later years of my editorship (1956–81).
The Origins of Vowel Systems
Authors: Boer Bart de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book addresses the question of how the properties of human vowel systems can be explained. Though it is found that vowel systems of human languages are optimal for communicative purposes, it is not clear who is doing the optimization. If children learn a language, they learn to produce sounds that are as close as possible to those used by their parents and peers. The hypothesis is put forward that the optimization is the result of self-organization in a population of language users. Self-organization is the emergence of order on a global scale in a system where there are only local interactions. It is a phenomenon that appears in many natural systems from purely physical ones, such as crystals, to systems composed of living organisms, such as colonies of insects. Recent developments in linguistics indicate that self-organization might also play an important role in language. The theory is put to the test by implementing it as a computer model. This computer model simulates the interaction in a population of artificial 'agents' that can each produce and perceive vowels in a human-like way. The vowel systems that emerge from the computer simulations closely resemble human vowel systems. It is also shown that many simple variations on the basic system can be investigated, thus providing valuable insight into the dynamics of systems of speech sounds. The ultimate aim of the book is to provide insight into how language has evolved. It turns out that the mechanism of self-organization can make it easier to explain the evolution of language, since it provides an alternative mechanism for the emergence of certain linguistic structures.
Universal Tendencies of Human Sound Systems
Authors: Boer Bart de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most human languages use sound as their primary medium for conveying meaning. Only sign languages use vision, and although sign languages are as complex and interesting as spoken languages, this book will focus on the properties of speech sounds. There are different ways of studying the sounds used in human languages. The field of science that studies the physical properties is called phonetics. Phonetics is ideally concerned with properties of speech sounds that are objectively measurable. These properties can be either acoustic (studied in the subfield of acoustic phonetics) or articulatory (studied in the subfield of articulatory phonetics). In order to write down the sounds they observe, phoneticians use the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). To show that the symbols represent physically measurable signals or actions, they are always placed between square brackets [ ].
Self-Organization
Authors: Boer Bart de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Self-organization, as the term is used in this book, is the emergence of order on a large scale in a system through interactions that are only on a local scale. Through its use by many different researchers in many different fields, and through the fact that there is no precise mathematical definition of the term, self-organization has become a rather illunderstood concept. The term (Nicolis and Prigogine 1977) might even have a slightly negative connotation for some researchers, not least because the notion of selforganization has been taken over by a number of followers of the New Age Movement (a book by the founder of the study of self-organization, Prigogine, and the philosopher Stengers (1988) has been published by a New Age publisher). That this has happened has to do with the fact that self-organization implies in a sense that ‘the total is larger than the sum of its parts: but the New Age understanding of this concept is no more sophisticated than its understanding of the concept of particle-wave duality it has so eagerly adopted from quantum physics. In fact, self-organization is a phenomenon that occurs when a system’s global behaviour depends not only on the behaviour of the constituent parts, but also on the interactions between these parts. Many natural systems are of this kind and in fact self-organization occurs in many different systems in nature. In physics, an example is the regular convection cells that emerge in so-called Rayleigh-Benard convection. In this type of convection, a thin layer of fluid is heated from below. As the hot liquid below is less dense than the colder liquid above, it starts to rise, but it is hampered by the viscosity of the fluid. If the temperature gradient is small, the fluid stays motionless, and heat is transferred through thermal conductance. Once the gradient becomes large enough, the fluid starts to move. However, the movement is not random; a number of regular cells appear, arranged in a hexagonal grid.
Implications for Other Parts of Language
Authors: Boer Bart de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main contribution of the work described in this book has been to show that vowel systems with the same universal tendencies as human vowel systems can emerge as the result of self-organization in a population of agents. The agents do not have an innate disposition towards learning and using certain vowel systems, nor do they explicitly optimize their vowel systems. Rather, the universal tendencies seem to be an unavoidable outcome of the articulatory and perceptual constraints of the agents as well as their participation in numerous repeated interactions in which they have only limited information and in which errors can occur. Even if the parameters of the system, or the rules of the game, are slightly changed (for more details see de Boer 1999), the same kinds of vowel systems emerge. From a dynamic systems perspective these results can be explained as follows. The perception, production, and learning of the individual agents, together with their interactions, form a complex dynamic system. This system shows self-organization in the sense described in Chapter 3. In such a system there are attractors, that is, a limited (but usually not extremely small) number of states to which the system will tend to evolve over time. The dynamics of the system cause certain configurations of vowels to be stronger attractors than others. An attractor is stronger if there are more initial states from which the system will evolve towards it. Therefore, starting from an initial random configuration, the system will tend to evolve most often towards the strongest attractors.
What is Sentential Complementation?
Authors: Deutscher Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The elementary question, ‘what is complementation?’, may seem a strange way to start this study. Sentential complements, as is well known, are clauses embedded as subjects or objects of verbs, like the italicized clause in the sentence ‘he believes that the world is round’. A closer look, however, will quickly reveal that the issue is much less simple than it may appear at first sight. Although the aim of this study is not a theoretical examination of the nature of complementation, even the practical concerns of a diachronic study soon lead to serious difficulties. In the following sections, therefore, I highlight the main problems with the traditional concept of sentential complementation, and suggest how they can be resolved.
The Functional Domain of Complementation in Babylonian
Authors: Deutscher Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study makes a strict division between structural change (in Part II), and functional change (in this Part). Part II followed the emergence of new structures: finite complements and the quotative construction. This Part examines functional replacement: the changes in the functional roles of different structures. The following three chapters trace the changes in the relative roles of the various structures in the FDC throughout the historical period. Chapter 7 will examine the structures used with knowledge, perception, and speech verbs; chapter 8 will describe verbs of manipulation and modality; and chapter 9 will describe the structures used in the ‘wh-functional domain’. This chapter offers a brief introduction to the Functional Domain of Complementation in Babylonian. It surveys first the range of verbs in the FDC (§6.1), and the range of structures used with them (§6.2). Section 6.3 then explains the difference between subordinate and independent clauses in Babylonian. Finally, section 6.4 examines briefly the relation between syntax and semantics in the choice of structures in the FDC.
How heavy is the vacuum?
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eighth number of the cosmos, the cosmological constant, A (lambda), was introduced by Einstein in 1917 in order to permit a static model of the universe. The idea is that a repulsive force, whose strength increases with distance, operates on the cosmological scale and prevents the universe from falling together under gravity. Recall (p. 25) that Newton, in his discussions with Richard Bentley, could not decide what the fate of a uniform, smooth, infinite universe would be, and argued that as the matter would not know which way to fall it would remain in its place. Quite apart from the question of the stability of such an infinite, static Newtonian universe, the issue is settled in Einstein’s general theory of relativity. An infinite, uniform universe could not be static without the addition of the cosmological repulsion.
How do galaxies form?
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen how the shape of the distribution, or spectrum, of primordial density fluctuations over a wide range of scales is a powerful probe of the cosmological scenario and of the nature of the dark matter in the universe. However, even if we knew the form of this spectrum exactly we would still not know how galaxies form and evolve because this depends on the detailed physics of the formation of stars, how they interact with the surrounding interstellar gas, and how they lose mass at the end of their lives.
Introduction
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 2000, about the time that the manuscript for this book was being completed, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, part of the US National Institutes of Health, launched the largest explicit molecular project of all time, aiming to solve the three-dimensional structures of 10 000 proteins. The goal is to do this not for just any 10 000 proteins, but to select ones that would represent identifiable protein families, each family representing a group with similar physiological function and/or gene similarities—proteins expected to be sufficiently closely related so that knowledge of one structure can be expected to allow pre- diction of structures for other members of a family on the basis of much less information than rigorous atom-by-atom measurements. The project is known as the ‘structural genomics initiative’. The work is to be split among seven regionally based research groups. The cost to the institute over the first five years will be $150 000 000 (£100 000 000).
The Peptide Bond
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1900 it was understood that protein molecules are mainly built up from amino acids and most of the constituent amino acids had been identified—a huge change in the frame of reference compared to 1840, the year of Mulder’s elemental analyses, when only glycine and leucine had been known. The rest had gradually appeared over the years, isolated from protein hydrolysates and chemically characterized. Emil Fischer, one of the two principal figures in this chapter, himself added two to the list, namely proline and valine, first isolated in his laboratory in 1901. One could not know at the time what the ultimate total would be, but in fact only three remained to be discovered—five if we count asparagine and glutamine. Actual dates are given in Table 3.1.
Electricity and biological signals
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first part of the chapter is intended to give the reader an introduction sufficient to understand the electronics and signal processing sections.BasicrulesOhm’s law states that the current (I) measured in amperes flowing through a conductor of resistance (R) measured in ohms (D) is proportional to the electro-motive force (voltage, V) measured in volts. For a constant voltage, V = IR.
Vaporization and vaporizers
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A liquid can be thought of as incompressible; at a molecular level it is because the molecules are so close together that very little further approximation of them is possible. If these molecules are given sufficient energy in the form of heat, they acquire more kinetic energy as shown by an increase in temperature. The molecules near the surface of the liquid are thus able to loosen themselves from the attractive forces of neighbouring molecules and leave the liquid surface with their excess kinetic energy.
Ultrasound and Doppler
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ultrasound has many uses in the areas of medicine associated with anesthesia. It is used for imaging, therapy and, together with the Doppler effect, for measurement of flow velocity. Real-time information can be obtained with ease and with the low energies used, diagnostic equipment exposures are not thought to be a safety issue, either for the operator or the patient. The discussion that follows is concerned only with medical ultrasound.
Blood gas analysis
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A blood gas machine has electrodes to measure pH, pCO2, and pO2 and often measures Hb and some bio-chemistry as well (King and Campbell 2000). Derived values from such a device include O2 saturation, O2 content, bicarbonate, base excess, and total CO2.pO2 electrodeThis is the Clarke electrode described in the previous section on gas analysers and is therefore suitable for both respiratory and blood O2 analysis.