bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Critique of Priorities for Health and Personal Social Services in England
Authors:   Radical Statistics Health Group
Published: May 2005

Priorities for Health and Personal Social Services in England was prepared by the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) as a basis for consultation about its intended policies during the period 1975–1976 to 1979–1980. The decision of the DHSS to engage in consultation with interested parties is, of course, to be welcomed. However, the Priorities document leaves much to be desired both in terms of the quality and quantity of information provided and in its treatment of the pressing issues affecting the health and personal social services. Many of the areas labeled as priorities show no increase in the proportion of the budget devoted to them; some, in fact, show a definite reduction. Other so-called “growth areas” show such low rates of expansion that they will barely keep pace with the needs of the increasing number of elderly in the population. Many Area Health Authorities are reducing services in acute specialties, despite long waiting lists and the fact that over 80 percent of admissions of elderly patients are to acute wards. Thus, such cuts are likely to increase even further the demand for geriatric facilities. Many of the areas designated for expansion by the DHSS are largely under the financial control of local government, which is in many cases reducing these services. The most rapid rise in expenditure will be on pharmaceuticals. This will account for the largest increase within the primary care system, leaving little room for any improvements in the service. In an associated document, Prevention and Health: Everybody's Business, the DHSS attempts to demonstrate that specific preventive measures have been the most important factors in major changes of disease patterns and ignores the importance of secular changes. There is no discussion of the relationship between social structure and both disease and delivery of care; instead, the focus is on individuals changing their life-style as a result of being provided with the appropriate information. There is already evidence that this approach yields poor results and that alternative strategies are needed. Unfortunately, the DHSS seems unable to provide leadership for their development. These two documents give little hope that genuinely new initiatives will come from the DHSS. Whatever the initial intentions behind their publication, it now seems unlikely that “consultation” will prove to be anything more than a smokescreen behind which cutbacks in services can occur. True consultation implies availability of accurate information about the health and personal social services, together with a program of public education far more comprehensive than that which is currently envisaged.
Interactive Television Experiment in Reston, Virginia
Authors: Volk John L. 
Published: May 2005

For the past two years, the MITRE Corporation has been demonstrating an interactive television system in Reston, Virginia. This system allows homes in Reston to interact with a computer at the MITRE Corporation eleven miles from the city. The computer manages the acquisition of a variety of data on call from any of the homes in Reston, including games, financial news, educational materials, and a few dozen other services that demonstrate the potential of this new medium. The demonstration also enables home users to utilize the minicomputers as calculating machines, using home keyboards similar to those used on currently popular fifty dollar hand calculators. This is the only true interactive system operating today in the sense that personal services are provided to individual homes, rather than simply providing a response mechanism in the home to a program which is publicly broadcasted. This paper will describe the Reston demonstration. It will show how the system is put together, what the results have been to date, and what the plans are for the future.
Depression, Medical Illness, and Interleukin-1β in Older Cardiac Patients
Authors: Lyness Jeffrey M. , Moynihan Jan A. , Williford Daniel J. , Cox Christopher , Caine Eric D. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: A model has been proposed in which atherosclerosis contributes to depression in later life by the effects of cytokines on central monoamine systems. We collected pilot data to test the hypothesis that interleukin-1 (IL-1) is associated with depression in a cardiac patient group. Method: Thirty-seven subjects completed research evaluations that included depression diagnosis (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R), depressive symptom severity (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression), medical illness burden (Cumulative Illness Rating Scale), and serum IL-1 level measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Serum IL-1 level was not significantly associated with depressive symptom severity or depression diagnosis, whether or not controlled for medical illness burden, age, and gender. IL-1 level was significantly correlated with medical illness burden. Conclusions: We did not confirm our study hypothesis. The correlation of IL-1 level with medical illness burden likely reflects its release as part of the “sickness response” in a wide variety of disease states. Further research using a larger sample size and a non-cardiac comparison group is warranted.
Gender Hierarchies in the Health Labor Force
Authors: Butter Irene H. , Carpenter Eugenia S. , Kay Bonnie J. , Simmons Ruth S. 
Published: May 2005

Rapid growth and increasing diversity characterize trends of the U.S. health labor force in recent decades. While these trends have promoted change on many different fronts of the health system, hierarchical organization of the health work force remains intact. Workers continue to be stratified by class and race. Superimposed on both strata is a structure that segregates jobs by gender, between and within health occupations. While female health workers outnumber males by three to one, they remain clustered in jobs and occupations lower in pay, less prestigious, and less autonomous than those of their male counterparts. What has prevented women from improving their economic and leadership status as health workers? Is work performed by men of higher prestige because men perform it? Would curative and technical fields have less status if dominated by women? Would health promotion be funded more generously if most health educators were men? In this article, two analytical constructs are presented to take a closer look at occupational categories, selected structural characteristics, differential rewards, and their relationship to gender segregation. Taken together, they demonstrate how women always cluster at the bottom and men at the top, no matter which dimension is chosen.
The Research Proposal by an Academic Institution
Authors: Mattice Douglas A. 
Published: May 2005

The proposal is an essential step in securing financial support for a research project. Sponsoring sources, government agencies, and private funding groups use the research proposal to determine the merit of the proposed work, the competency of the investigator, and the reasonableness of the estimated cost. Because research is usually considered essential for a well rounded graduate program and because funds to support research projects at an academic institution often account for a significant portion of its total annual budget, the importance of proposal writing in the academic community is clear. The material presented herein is intended to provide a synopsis of the salient features of a research proposal generated by an academic institution.
Caring for Depressed and Suicidal Older Patients: A Survey of Physicians and Nurse Practitioners
Authors: Adamek Margaret E. , Kaplan Mark S. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This study sought to describe patterns of mental health care for depressed and suicidal geriatric patients by primary care physicians (MDs) and nurse practitioners (NPs). Methods: A probability sample of 300 Illinois MDs from the AMA Physician Masterfile and a national sample of 595 NPs from the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners were surveyed. Sixty-three percent of MDs and 61 percent of NPs responded regarding their approaches to assessing, treating, and referring older adult patients who were depressed or suicidal. Respondents rated their confidence in assessing and treating depression and suicidality and identified barriers to mental health treatment in a primary care setting. Results: Both similarities and differences were found among MDs and NPs in their patterns of managing depressed and suicidal older adults. NPs used more varied approaches in assessing, treating, and referring their geriatric patients with mental health problems. MDs relied more heavily on psychotropic medications for the treatment of depression and on psychiatrists when referring suicidal older patients. NPs were more likely than MDs to note lack of training and referral resources as barriers to treating depression of older patients. NPs rated their training in geriatric mental health more favorably than MDs. Conclusions: In terms of assessment of depression, preferred treatment approaches, the use of referral resources, and perceived barriers to mental health care, there appears to be a greater orientation towards a psychosocial approach among NPs. Primary care MDs and NPs often have different perspectives that in combination could enhance the mental health care of geriatric patients.
Report on Educational Technology
Authors: Braun Ludwig 
Published: May 2005

This paper reports on a state-of-the-art conference held at the New York Institute of Technology on April 24 and 25,1983. The objective of the conference was to clarify the issues relating to applications of technology to education. Conferees identified six major technologies having great potential for education in mathematics, science, and technology: computers; educational television; videotex, databases, and computer-based telecommunications; video discs; intelligent video discs; and robotics. In addition, the conferees suggested exploration of combinations of these technologies and vigilant attention to new technologies as they emerge to identify educational applications. The report also includes discussion of the evidences of effectiveness of educational technology, quality of courseware, and twenty-eight recommendations. These recommendations are action suggestions that are being forwarded to the National Science Foundation's Commission for Precollege Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology for inclusion in their report.
Minorities in Engineering: Pre-College Motivation and Preparation
Authors: Staff  
Published: May 2005

Because minorities hold a disproportionately low number of jobs in engineering and related professions, a program to attract and prepare more minority high school students for these fields has been developed and tested nationwide. New supplementary curriculum materials that apply practical life-experience situations of our technological society to basic mathematics, science, communications and guidance principles are provided. By using these materials, it is hoped that students will see the nature of modern technology and engineering and the strong interrelationship between technology and the quality of life for individuals. Since the positive attitude and influence of teachers, parents, and community members are necessary for the implementation of the minorities-in-engineering program, special activities, audio-visual aids, and workshops have been designed to interest and motivate teachers, administrators, parents, and community and industrial organizations for use on a regional basis.
A Supplemental Interview for Forms of “Affective Spectrum Disorder”
Authors: Pope Harrison G. , Hudson James I. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Recent evidence suggests that a number of psychiatric and medical conditions may be members or candidate members of a larger family of conditions, which we have termed “affective spectrum disorder (ASD).” In order to facilitate further research into this concept, we drafted seven interview modules, using the format of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID), designed to diagnose the following psychiatric and medical disorders: irritable bowel syndrome, narcolepsy, Tourette's disorder, migraine, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and kleptomania. Method: Published operational diagnostic criteria for these seven disorders were sought in the literature. Questions in SCID format were then drafted in accordance with these operational criteria. Draft modules were then sent to experts familiar with each of the disorders and suggestions and revisions from these experts incorporated into the final modules. Results: The complete supplemental interview is presented with this report. Preliminary experience with this interview in more than 100 patients tentatively suggests that it is reliable for diagnosing the disorders in question; however, a formal test-retest reliability assessment is still required. Conclusions: It is hoped that this supplemental interview, used in conjunction with the SCID, will be helpful in further studies of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of these possible forms of affective spectrum disorder.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Severe Psychiatric Side Effects
Authors: Browning Charles H. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are used extensively in the treatment of pain. This study explored the possibility that psychiatric side effects may be both more frequent and more severe than thought previously. Method: Four psychiatric outpatients, three with affective disorders and one with schizophrenia, were treated with NSAIDS for a complaint of pain. The NSAIDs were withdrawn, then restarted for three patients, and then withdrawn again one or more times. The patients were evaluated while on and off NSAIDs. Results: All four patients developed moderate to severe depression and one became severely paranoid while on NSAIDs initially. When the NSAID was withdrawn there was remission of the depressive symptoms and in one case the accompanying paranoia. The depressive symptoms were reproduced when the NSAID was restarted in five instances (involving only 3 of the patients) and remitted when the NSAID was discontinued. One of these three patients also became paranoid in two instances. The paranoia remitted when the NSAID was discontinued. Conclusions: These findings suggest that NSAIDs can induce or exacerbate reproducible symptoms (depression, paranoia) in patients with either affective disorder or schizophrenia. These adverse effects may be more severe and frequent than thought previously. NSAID-treated patients should be studied for NSAID-induced psychiatric side effects.
Denial in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: The Consulting Psychiatrist's Dilemma
Authors: Feldman Marc D. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The purpose of this review, which also includes the report of a new case, is to discuss the pervasive denial of responsibility among individuals who have engaged in Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) behavior. In MSBP, a caretaker (almost always the mother) fabricates or induces illness in her child; she then presents the child for medical treatment, disclaiming knowledge of the etiology of the illness. Method: Literature searches of several computer databases were performed, and ninety-two citations dealing with MSBP, culled from medical, legal, and lay publications, were examined for descriptions of caretakers' responses to being confronted with the allegation of MSBP. Thirty-four citations contained relevant material, which was combined with observations from cases in which the author has served as a consultant. Results: Caretakers engaging in MSBP consistently deny any role in the dissimulation, even when confronted with compelling evidence. This denial complicates management, though intervention must focus on ensuring the safety of the child regardless of the caregiver's response. Conclusions: Techniques sometimes advocated in factitious disorders in general may be useful in stopping the abusive behavior; however, no consistently effective strategy for overcoming denial in MSBP has yet been described.
Psychiatric Assessment of Candidates for Bone Marrow Transplantation: A Psychodynamically-Oriented Approach
Authors: Hoffman Lawrence H. , Szkrumelak Nadia , Sullivan Arthur K. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To seek possible relationships between psychological factors and survival after an intensive medical therapy, using bone marrow transplantation as a model. Method: Candidates for bone marrow transplantation underwent two to three psychodynamically-oriented psychiatric interviews that explored family functioning (“ F”), individual psychological maturity (“ I”), and the capacity to form and communicate a mature psychological construct of the transplant (“ T”) process. The results were recorded in a semi-quantitative manner, assigning a possible score of 1 to 3 for each parameter, for a possible total of 3 to 9 (the “ F.I.T.” assessment). Survival after the transplant was analyzed retrospectively in relation to the F.I.T. assessment. Results: In a series of 112 candidates interviewed prior to transplant, those with the lowest F.I.T. assessment tended not to survive as long. By one year, 95 percent of individuals assigned the lowest score (F.I.T. = 3) had died, whereas 96 percent of those assigned the highest scores (F.I.T. = 7–9) remained alive. The strongest predictors were the “ I” and “ T” parameters. Conclusion: This approach to assessment of candidates for bone marrow transplantation may identify individuals who require added supportive measures, both medical and psychological. Furthermore, the results suggest possible leads in the search for how psychological factors might influence the physiologic response to a toxic stress.
The First Textbook on Technical Writing
Authors: Schmelzer Richard W. 
Published: May 2005

Richard W. Schmelzer, the author of this article on the first textbook written for technical writing classes, knows his subject from firsthand experience. He was one of the first teachers assigning The Preparation of Reports to future engineers. In this paper he pays tribute to Dr. Ray Palmer Baker, an early authority on modern technical communication and the author of The Preparation of Reports.
Male Sexual Side Effects Associated with Antidepressants: A Descriptive Clinical Study of 32 Patients
Authors: Hsu Jeffrey H. , Shen Winston W. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This is a retrospective study to add to the existing body of clinical information regarding male sexual side effects associated with antidepressants. From the chart review, thirty-four out of eighty male patients were identified to have reported loss of libido, erectile difficulty, anorgasmia, and delayed ejaculation while receiving pharmacotherapy of selective serotonin reuptake blockers (fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline); tricyclic antidepressants (nortriptyline, imipramine, amitriptyline, desipramine, and clomipramine); and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (phenelzine). Method: The authors also discussed the management of these sexual side effects by waiting for spontaneous remission, reducing the dosage level, and substituting the offending drug with other antidepressants. Results: This article underscores the underreported nature of antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction, the high incidence of SSRI-associated sexual side effects, equal potentials in causing sexual side effects among the three SSRI's, the low incidence rate of sexual adverse effects from bupropion, and the minimal need to add an antidote if the side effects are to be managed systematically. Conclusions: Finally, male sexual side effects can occur randomly and involve any sexual phase randomly, and the treatment approaches are similar, regardless of the types of sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressants.
Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Cognitive Impairment in Community-Dwelling Black Older Adults
Authors: Harwood Dylan G. , Barker Warren W. , Ownby Raymond L. , Mullan Michael , Duara Ranjan 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The relationship between the epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene ( APOE-ε4) located on chromosome 19 and Alzheimer's disease is well documented among Caucasian populations. However, the findings of research addressing the link between APOE polymorphism and neurocognitive functioning in populations of African origin from around the world have been equivocal. Therefore, the current study explored the relation of APOE-ε4 with cognitive impairment in a sample of community-dwelling English-speaking elderly blacks. Methods: All participants ( N = 57) were recruited consecutively from a community memory-screening program at a University affiliated Memory Disorders Clinic and evaluated using standardized assessment procedures. Cognitive impairment was classified according to an age and education adjusted Mini-Mental State Exam score of less than 24 as well as poorer functioning on a measure of delayed verbal memory. Results: Increased risk for global cognitive dysfunction (OR = 9.5, 95 percent CI = 2.3–55.3, p = .004) and poorer verbal recall performance (β = −.36, p = .006) were linked with the APOE ε4 allele after controlling for the potentially confounding effects of age, education, and gender. Conclusions: This investigation supports the role of APOE polymorphism in determining neurocognitive impairment among black elders residing in the community.
AIDS-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behavioral Intentions of Adolescents in Trinidad: A Pilot Study
Authors: Modeste Naomi N. , Francis Claudette , Matshazi Dumiso 
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to describe AIDS knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral intentions among adolescents attending high school in the Republic of Trinidad, a Caribbean island. This information will be useful in planning and implementing appropriate AIDS education and prevention programs. A structured questionnaire consisting of five sections was administered to fifty-one randomly selected students aged thirteen to eighteen years and studying in forms III, IV, and V (equivalent to the last three grades of U.S. high school) in three high schools. Ninety-six percent of respondents knew the cause of AIDS and mode of transmission, but 26 percent felt that they could get AIDS from insect bites. Student knowledge did not correlate with behavior intentions, but there was a high correlation with perception of risk and their intention to use condom or abstain from sexual practice. There appears to be some association between level of education and likelihood of safe sexual practices ( p = .06). There was a significant ( p < .05) relationship between students attending all girls school and behavior intentions. There was also a significant relationship ( p < .05) between knowledge level and newspapers or magazines as the sources of knowledge.
A Survey to Determine the Effectiveness of a Communication Skills Course for Trade and Industrial Graduates of a Technical Vocational School
Authors: Walde Everett E. 
Published: May 2005

In order to meet the requirements of business and industry in the Communication Skills area, 221 questionnaires were sent out from the District One Technical Vocational School at Eau Claire, Wisconsin. These questionnaires were designed to elicit information from both employers and employees pertaining to the following points: 1) how much of their work required oral or written performance, 2) how many employers required additional training in the communication area, and 3) how the instructional aspect of the course could be changed to better prepare the employee for future work. The results of the survey revealed that over 50% of both groups suggested that more oral and written practice be given to the students at technical-vocational schools.