bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emil du Bois-Reymond as a Scientific and Literary Creator
Authors: Lab Mullers 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emil du Bois-Reymond, who worked with Müller from 1840 until 1858, wrote the official story of his mentor’s life. When Müller died in April 1858, the Academy of Sciences asked him to deliver a memorial address, and he spent over a year revising his talk into a substantial biography. In this account, du Bois-Reymond depicted Müller’s work so as to promote his own scientific views.1 Like Schwann, he believed that physical laws could explain life functions, which should be investigated through rigorous quantitative experiments. Consequently, du BoisReymond portrayed Müller as a scientist who inspired experimental physiology but failed to practice it himself (at least, after 1840), losing himself in useless speculation about how life force realized itself in a grand plan. For du Bois-Reymond, science meant action: creative, innovative adaptations of technology to investigate physiological phenomena.
Rudolf Virchow’s Scientific Politics
Authors: Lab Mullers 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rudolf Virchow differs from all of Müller’s other students discussed in this book in that he studied medicine because he wanted to practice it. For the others, a medical degree offered a way to learn science, but clinical practice was an undesirable fallback. Although Virchow became as renowned a scientist as any of the others, he grounded his work in practical medicine. His clinical outlook affected his experiences with Müller and the way that he represented his teacher for posterity.
Developmental and Hereditary Optic Nerve Disorders
Authors: Kline Lanning B , Eng, Eugene H , Siatkowski R Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although a large body of literature deals with developmental anomalies of the optic nerve, the ophthalmologist encounters only a few in routine clinical practice. This chapter discusses these developmental disorders and the more common forms of hereditary optic nerve disease. At times, optic disc anomalies may mimic an acquired optic neuropathy. Prompt recognition of developmental and hereditary disorders of the optic nerve eliminates unnecessary patient evaluation.
The End of Prescribing; Why Prescription Writing Is Irrational
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 9 we discussed the foolishness of the note from the doctor. Yet, doctors write notes for their patients constantly. The law requires it for patients who want to get any of thousands of drugs. These drugs sometimes are called “legend”; drugs. Even more outrageously, some manufacturers call them “ethical”; drugs. The form the doctor signs is called a prescription.1 It is a note to a pharmacist that is actually a legal document, an authorization for the pharmacist to dispense to the patient a drug that is otherwise, by federal law, illegal to possess. How did we get ourselves in the absurd position that mature adults in a free country cannot possess beneficial drugs for their own use unless they can find some physician someplace who will write them a note? The physician who writes the note need not know the patient. He or she need not even have met the patient. He can prescribe over the telephone. In order to decide that the person desiring the medication is worthy of it, logic tells us that the physician ought to determine that the drug is good for the patient—that it is reasonably likely to do more good than harm. But, as we have been discovering, figuring out that a treatment will be beneficial for the patient is much harder than practitioners of modern medicine ever imagined. To prescribe a medication, the physician really should determine that it is the best available treatment—the drug of choice. This, however, is exactly what physicians cannot be expected to know about their patients.
Beyond Prettiness: Death, Disease, and Being Fat
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The guidelines for so-called ideal weight were prepared by the National Institutes of Health. They don’t claim to be concerned about prettiness. They need to have health-related reasons for considering fat people overweight and superskinny people sick. They believe that being overweight is bad for your health and that when something is bad for your health it is bad for you. Hence, the other two reasons people might be concerned about weight— mortality and morbidity, that is, death and poor health.
Health Insurance: The Case for Multiple Lists
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The claim is that, in the era of the new medicine, justice will require not only that health insurance be universal, but that different insurance packages will offer different services. Consumers of health insurance will have to be able to pick the package that includes the best mix of services for them. They may pick high-tech medical services rich with organ transplants and artificial organs, but correspondingly light on some other services—perhaps psychological counseling or nursing care. Or they may pick a plan with hospice services, but no experimental cancer chemotherapy. The project for this chapter is to make the moral case for this arrangement, the case that, rather than being unfair because the lists are different, such multiple lists are a moral necessity for a system to be equitable.
Why Hospice Care Should Not Be a Part of Ideal Health Care: I The History of the Hospice
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One important development in health care in the past few decades is the emergence of the hospice as an approach to caring for people with critical and terminal illness. Although it might seem odd, I want to suggest that the hospice should not be part of ideal health care. In this and the next chapter I will try to show why a hospice does not fit as part of postmodern medicine.
Clinical Practice Guidelines and Why They Are Wrong
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As long as benefits and harms were assumed to be objective and knowable by clinicians independent of individual patient values, people believed that competent clinicians drawing on competent medical science could determine how much good each medical treatment would produce for each patient. Of course, not all outcomes were guaranteed, but based on probabilities, clinicians thought they could predict the likely outcome for each patient and, based on this calculation, decide what was best for the patient.
Prescriptions for the Mind
Authors: Paris Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The practice of psychiatry has undergone great changes in recent years. In this book, Joel Paris, MD, a veteran psychiatrist, provides a fluently written and accessible "state-of-the-field" assessment. Himself a clinician, researcher, and teacher, Paris focuses on the most striking change within the field - the diverging roles of psychopharmacology and psychotherapy in contemporary practice. Where once psychiatrists were trained in Freudian psychoanalysis - which involved, more than anything else, talking - current pressures in mental health practice, including those imposed by managed care, are leading psychiatrists to treat more and more of their patients exclusively with medication, which is cheaper and faster. At the same time, psychotherapy is increasingly not being taught to new psychiatrists-in-training, even though, as Paris reveals, there is scientific evidence that both talk therapies and medication can play an important role in the treatment of mental illness. These developments are occuring against a backdrop of exploding research in the genetics and neurobiology of mental illness that will continue to drive the field. Paris ends by contemplating how going forward psychiatry can best respond to all these forces and proposes a team-based approach to mental health care. The book will appeal both to specialists and nonspecialists, particularly psychiatric residents and fellows, medical students considering specialization in psychiatry, clinical psychologists, social workers, and general readers, especially consumers of mental health services.
The Ethics of Surgery as a Business
Authors: Jones James W , McCullough Laurence B , Richman Bruce W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Somehow, calling medicine a business strikes a wrong chord, one that might even suggest a pejorative association. “Profession” seems at first more appropriate, implying that physicians are specially educated and reliably conform to ethical standards of behavior. But don’t we apply these terms to the oldest profession, or to “professional” athletes? Perhaps medicine can better be thought of as a calling, a calling to a well-compensated secular priesthood of health.
Challenges to Medical Professionalism: Assaults From Within and Without
Authors: Jones James W , McCullough Laurence B , Richman Bruce W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physicians confront challenges to their medical professionalism almost daily, emerging from inside and outside the medical establishment. Physicians’ ethically effective reactions to these assaults obligate them to understand the nature of professional responsibility. Many physicians believe that the concept of medicine as a profession was first introduced to Western culture by the authors of the Hippocratic Oath and its accompanying texts. This belief is complemented by the comforting assumption that the ideals of medical professionalism have reached contemporary physicians in an uninterrupted tradition of more than two millennia. These associated beliefs have become ritualized in the nearly universal adoption of some version of the Hippocratic Oath at medical school graduations and, more recently, at “white coat” ceremonies, where first-year medical students are solemnly inducted into their professional apprenticeship.
Cathedrals of Science : The Personalities and Rivalries That Made Modern Chemistry
Authors: Coffey Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Cathedrals of Science, Patrick Coffey describes how chemistry got its modern footing-how thirteen brilliant men and one woman struggled with the laws of the universe and with each other. They wanted to discover how the world worked, but they also wanted credit for making those discoveries, and their personalities often affected how that credit was assigned. Gilbert Lewis, for example, could be reclusive and resentful, and his enmity with Walther Nernst may have cost him the Nobel Prize; Irving Langmuir, gregarious and charming, “rediscovered” Lewis’s theory of the chemical bond and received much of the credit for it. Langmuir’s personality smoothed his path to the Nobel Prize over Lewis. Coffey deals with moral and societal issues as well. These same scientists were the first to be seen by their countries as military assets. Fritz Haber, dubbed the “father of chemical warfare,” pioneered the use of poison gas in World War I-vividly described-and Glenn Seaborg and Harold Urey were leaders in World War II’s Manhattan Project; Urey and Linus Pauling worked for nuclear disarmament after the war. Science was not always fair, and many were excluded. The Nazis pushed Jewish scientists like Haber from their posts in the 1930s. Anti-Semitism was also a force in American chemistry, and few women were allowed in; Pauling, for example, used his influence to cut off the funding and block the publications of his rival, Dorothy Wrinch. Cathedrals of Science paints a colorful portrait of the building of modern chemistry from the late 19th to the mid-20th century.
Physical Chemistry in America: Lewis and Langmuir
Authors: Coffey Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the July 1908 meeting of the American Chemical Society in New Haven, Connecticut, two American physical chemists met for the first time. Both were in early stages of their careers: Gilbert Lewis was thirty-three, and Irving Langmuir was twenty-seven. Lewis was already established at MIT’s Research Laboratory for Physical Chemistry. His boss, Arthur Noyes, was serving as MIT’s acting president, and Lewis had been named temporary director of the laboratory. Although Lewis was now doing well at MIT, he had had a difficult start as an instructor at Harvard, a position he had disliked so much that he had abruptly left for a government job in the Philippines. In 1908, Langmuir was still stuck in a low-level teaching position at Stevens Institute of Technology, a Hoboken, New Jersey, engineering school. Both Langmuir and Lewis were veterans of Walther Nernst’s laboratory in Germany. Neither had liked Nernst much, and they almost certainly traded stories about his behavior.
Pathological Science : Langmuir
Authors: Coffey Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 25 January 1950, Irving Langmuir presented a paper to the American Meteorological Society that his diary called the “most important that I have ever given.” He stood before the U.S. experts on weather and climate and claimed that one person, releasing a small amount of silver nitrate once a week in New Mexico, had changed the weather patterns of the entire United States. His evidence was that the rains had followed the same periodicity as the silver nitrate release. Langmuir’s claims were unconvincing to many in his audience, who thought that he had fallen into the kind of trap he had described many times with regard to the work of others, “where there is no dishonesty involved, but where people are tricked into false results by a lack of understanding about what human beings can do to themselves in the way of being led astray by subjective effects, wishful thinking, or threshold interactions.” The meteorologists may not have known his term for this sort of research, but if they had, they might have used it in the discussion period after his talk—”pathological science.”
Scales And Tones 1957–8
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Davis returned home to the US five days before Christmas, and the quintet I 83 was quickly reconvened. Miles had a fondness for the holiday season, and he liked to be in or near his home town at that time of year, so the group had an engagement in Chicago in late December. Before any further recording was done, though, the line-up changed again: John Coltrane returned to the fold.
I’m Going Out To Hear Miles 1959–62
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Davis spent the rest of l959 with his working situation in a state of flux. The legal difficulties connected with the arrest were one problem. Another was the personnel of the sextet. Cannonball Adderley finally left at the end of September: Davis offered him the formidable sum of a guaranteed $20,000 a year to stay, but the altoist was set on going out on his own, and enlisted his brother Nat as his fellow front-line musician. In fact, Nat had been deputizing for Miles while the sextet finished its stint at Birdland in August. ‘I played just over a week and, at the end, Miles telephoned. In that raspy voice of his, he asked,”How much you want me to pay you?” I told him I don’t charge because I was happy to do that. But Miles insisted: “How much money should I pay you?” I said $100 a day, because it was a great band and a thrill to be out there. There was a pause and he said, “You ain’t worth that,” and hung up. I never did get paid.’
A Fine Madness 1966–7
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The next Davis record eventually emerged under the name Miles Smiles [1], with a threadbare cover design of a beaming Davis boxed in under the title. BAny listener searching for logic or consistency in the quintet’s development would have been surprised by the compositions chosen. There were three new originals by Shorter and one by Davis, but there were also two tunes contributed by a pair of saxophonists: Eddie Harris’s catchy ‘Freedom Jazz Dance’ and a piece by Jimmy Heath, ‘Gingerbread Boy’, which would become a staple number called on by groups looking for a useful bebop theme to jam on.
Dark, Dark 1970–75
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A sit turned out, the 1970s would probably be the bleakest decade of Davis’s life. In the early part of it, though, he was concerned mainly to work and record music and otherwise establish himself with a new audience which was remote from the admirers he had built up over many years. Jazz had become a dirty word to him, one which spoke of exploitation and the plantation mentality that he had come to despise in his business. As he looked around, he saw more reason than ever to align himself with black currents in popular music that looked and sounded far more relevant to contemporary American life than anything jazz had to offer. Jimi Hendrix was by now a veteran of his milieu, but still a vitally relevant figure, and an instrumental virtuoso who was a plausible counterpart to Davis himself. Another veteran, James Brown, was making the hardest and funkiest music of his career. A newer figure, Sly Stone, had emerged and was creating music which was a dramatic bridge between black pop and a darker, more radical music. Davis was most likely in two minds about the way the wind was blowing: pleased that black musicians were gaining ground and credibility, but concerned that he might not be a part of it too unless he acclimatized himself quickly.
Tais-Toi Some Of This! 1975–85
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After thevisit to Japan early in 1975, Davis returned to the US and carried on working. On some gigs, the band went out as a support act to Herbie Hancock, which must have been a humiliation for Davis. His former sideman had been enjoying much success with his band Headhunters, which mixed cheerful funk with jazz improvisation in a way which would have been mystifying to Miles. By the summer, Davis was becoming obliged to cancel gigs because of a further decline in his health, and by the end of the year a scheduled hip replacement operation was becoming a desperate necessity: but he then contracted pneumonia, which aggravated all his other health problems. There had been a few further studio sessions, but nothing had come out of them. Finally, the hip surgery took place right at the end of the year, and he began to recuperate, partly under the eye of Cicely Tyson, the one woman who maintained an occasional presence in his life. Instead of starting a period of recovery, though, Davis almost fell into a tailspin. As he put it in his autobiography: ‘I just took a lot of cocaine and fucked all the women I could get into my house:
White, Yellow, Orange, Red … 1985–8
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Davis was enjoying his new stardom, which was taking him far beyond his old jazz audience, even if he wasn’t really selling records or concert tickets - at least, not the way the stars of the pop world he longed to be a part of were. His business affairs were a mess, but that never stopped him spending money or affecting the most extraordinary extravagance. He had had a decent manager, Mark Rothbaum, for some time, but in 1983 he had switched to being represented by Lester and Jerry Blank, a team which Cicely had recommended to him. The arrangement seems to have been an unhappy alliance, and soon enough Davis had to extricate himself from it, but it ended up costing him so much money that his beloved brownstone on 77th Street was sold to help get him out of debt. He then switched to new management, David Franklin, who would negotiate what turned out to be the biggest change in his renewed career.
Time and chance punctuality and the coin toss
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The train arrived at 6:34 on the dot.” In other words, the train arrived punctually, at a precisely predicted point in time—the appointed time. Time viewed as a continuum is the analogue of the geometer’s one-dimensional line, an infinite and straight succession of points. (Strictly speaking, a point has no dimensions at all; but mathematicians care-fully distinguish between a half-line, i.e., a point plus all points on the line to one side of it, and a ray, which is the same thing as a half-line except without an initial endpoint.) Yet we have been conditioned to think of time elapsing in a succession of discrete ticks; to speak of a point in time in this latter sense would have been unthinkable prior to the invention of accurate enough clocks to tell not just the hour but the minute as well. It is presumably to the dot at which the minute hand stops on the face of a clock or watch that on the dot refers.
For short Mr., Sr., et al.
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Q. What do Mr. Natural, Dr. Doolittle, Mrs. Malaprop, Ms. Airy-chord, Capt. Dandelion, Sen. Dreckslinger, Sr. Dymphna-Joseph, Prof. Mamamouchi, Fr. Feeley, and the Rev. Byron Frimstone have in common? A: The fact that each has an abbreviated title, followed (at least in America) by a period. In this abbreviations differ from acronyms, which generally lose their dots as soon as people start pronouncing them as though they were words in their own right: The North American Treaty Organization, initially N.A.T.O., increasingly gets referred to as “nate-oh” until poof! the periods vanish, and NATO it is.
Dot Dot Dot: ellipses, lacunae, and missing links
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Nine tailors make a man . . .” and three dots make an ellipsis. The urge to leave some of the story out is probably as old as storytelling itself. More recent is the feeling that we should at least leave evidence that something is missing. Suetonius relates that the emperor Claudius, when approached by a man in hopes of getting the black mark against his friend’s name removed from the Censor’s rolls, granted the request saying, “But I want the erasure to show.”
Ninety-Eight Point Six: Decimals And Determinings
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cover of Martin Mull’s record album Normal shows the singer-songwriter’s face with a thermometer stuck in his mouth; the mercury in the thermometer is just at the 3/5 notch on the scale between “98” and “99.” Outside the United States, this joke only works in Liberia and Burma (a.k.a. Myanmar); everybody else is on the metric system, perhaps the most far-reaching change wrought by the French Revolution, which replaced its cumbersome hodgepodge of standard measures with an ordered, rational, and ruthlessly decimal one. If the decimal point had not existed before, it would have been necessary to invent it in 1799, when the metric standard—metros is Greek for ‘measure, mean’—was officially adopted by the French government. Napoléon Bonaparte’s assumption of power in the coup of November 9–10 that year guaranteed that the new system, already in use and proving its manifest utility, now had the political clout of a dictator behind it.