bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identity Patterns among Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union in Israel: Assimilation vs. Ethnic Formation
Authors: Al‐Haj Majid 
Published: March 2003

This paper deals with identity patterns among the 1990s immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU) in Israel. It presents the complex set of identity types among immigrants in the context of their cultural and socio‐demographic characteristics and their dynamic relationships with the Israeli host society.The findings show that immigrants from the FSU in Israel form a distinct ethnic group within the Israeli social and cultural fabric. This is reflected in their closed social networks, ethnic information sources, strong desire to maintain ethnic‐cultural continuity, and the fact that the ethnic component (Jew from the FSU or immigrant from the FSU) is central for self‐identification. However, ethnic formation among these immigrants is not a reactive‐oriented identity, which is mainly generated by alienation from the host society, it is rather an instrumentalized ethnicity, which is the outcome of ethnic‐cultural pride and pragmatic considerations.
Best Practice Options: Mali
Authors: Martin Philip , Martin Susan , Weil Patrick 
Published: March 2003

Mali, a poor country that embraced democracy in 1991, is considered a democratic role model for francophone Africa. It is grappling with several migration issues, including well–established networks that move thousands of Malians abroad, often with false documents, for $2,000 to $3,000; the dependence of the Kayes region, with 1.5 million residents, on emigration, particularly the remittances sent by its workers abroad; and the migration of Mali and Burkina Faso children to work on cocoa and coffee plantations in Côte d’Ivoire and other neighbouring countries.Mali is generally considered among the poorest five countries around the world, but is also considered one of the most promising democracies in West Africa (Helderman, 2002). The site visit revealed that the Kayes region of Mali is extraordinarily dependent on remittances, which have improved the lives of residents, and added schools and clinics, but do not seem to have led to the establishment of large numbers of businesses that promise stay–at–home development; that the Mali government seems open to co–development, cooperates with assisted return programmes for unauthorized Malians in France, and works with international organizations to attract educated Malians back to Mali; and that Mali is open to donor suggestions for economic development so that most residents will not have to depend agriculture and cattle raising in a water–scarce region. However, there was little evidence that Mali and its donors have found the country’s comparative advantage for sustained economic growth.
Die Übertragung westdeutscher Institutionen auf die ostdeutsche Wirklichkeit – Ein erfolgversprechendes Zusammenspiel? Kommunale Finanzausgleichssysteme im sozioökonomischen Kontext
Authors: Birke Anja 
Published: March 2003

Abstract In spite of its long history, reform of financial equalization at local government level has not brought the necessary improvements in efficiency. Therefore, it is surprising that the criticized West German system was transferred almost unchanged to the East German Laender in the course of reunification. Obviously the politicians were in conflict between testing new promising alternatives and preserving the calculable institutional structure. Therefore, this paper compares the financial equalization law of two Laender (Baden-Wuerttemberg and Saxony) in order to research its suitability under different socio-economic conditions. In the analysis we can clearly show the impact of socio-economic characteristics on the carrying ability of institutions, so any transferability of local financial equalization systems has to be rejected.
Liliput oder Leviathan? Der Staat in der globalisierten Wirtschaft
Authors: Frey Bruno S. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Globalization is often seen to result in a smaller (Lilliput) or larger (Leviathan) state. But future public activity will be more flexible. People have multiple identities. They can be citizens of sub- and supra-national jurisdictions, semi- and non-governmental organizations and private units, even profit-oriented firms. Such attachment may be temporary, multiple or partial. To actively choose strengthens loyalty and identification, which raises the willingness to pay for publicly supplied services (in the sense of quasi-voluntary taxation). On the supply side, Functional, Overlapping and Competing Jurisdictions (FOCJ) will develop. Such flexibility of future European integration will make it successful.
Effects of task difficulty and time‐on‐task on mental workload
Authors: Haga Shigeru , Shinoda Haruo , Kokubun Mitsuteru 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Twelve subjects performed a tracking task and a memory search task simultaneously on a computer screen. The dual task continued for approximately 10 min and was repeated three times, interrupted by a short break for subjective ratings: the NASA Task Load Index (NASA‐TLX) and the Check List of Mental Condition. Event related potentials (ERP) evoked by the presentation of memory task stimuli were also recorded. All the subjects participated in three experimental sessions, which varied in difficulty of tracking task. Results demonstrated that the NASA‐TLX and ERP were sensitive only to the change in task difficulty and were not affected by time‐on‐task or interaction between task difficulty and time‐on‐task.
Why are four eyes better than two? Effects of collaboration on the detection of errors in proofreading
Authors: Nihei Yoshiaki , Terashima Masayoshi , Suzuki Ikuo , Morikawa Shinichi 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:We investigated why collaboration has positive effects on performance in detecting errors. Forty‐eight undergraduate students worked on a proofreading task individually or in pairs. In the first group, 16 subjects performed the task individually (the individual group). In a second group, 16 pairs of subjects performed the task in dyads, discussing the errors detected (the collaborating group). The results show that the individual group detected significantly more “contextual errors,” which are found by tracking the context of a passage, than “surface errors,” which are based on the meaning of a word. In contrast, the collaborating group detected significantly more surface errors than contextual errors. The surface error detection rate of the dyads was high enough that it could not be explained by a simple interpretation such as two additional eyes found errors missed by the first two eyes. The results indicate that proofreading in dyads is beneficial because it enables the subjects to free themselves from a default style of reading. Moreover, for the collaborating group, the rate of error detection tended to increase in the latter half of the work, suggesting that interaction between the two individuals gave them an opportunity to learn about the task by cognitive restructuring.
Women in Art: The Last Taboo
Authors: Hopper Gill 
Published: March 2003

The intention of this paper is to explore traditions and current trends in art with particular reference to the depiction of female experiences such as pregnancy, abortion, birth and motherhood. The inclusion and exclusion of such images in art history over time and across societies reflects prevailing attitudes, whilst affirming various stereotypical and gendered constructions developed and sustained within those societies. These constructions in turn relate to criteria defined by class, access to education and notions of femininity.Work by artists which feature aspects of these experiences (particularly childbirth), is considered taboo by many in a Western society which continues to render the essentially female experience as private, invisible and stigmitised and confuses the natural with the sexual.The work of undergraduate art students, inspired by the artwork of women artists who make explicit or are influenced by essentially female experiences, is discussed and attempts made to connect their work to the issues outlined.
Twins as a natural experiment to study the causes of mild language delay: I: Design; twin–singleton differences in language, and obstetric risks
Authors: Rutter Michael , Thorpe Karen , Greenwood Rosemary , Northstone Kate , Golding Jean 
Published: March 2003

Background: Twins tend to lag behind singletons in their language development, but the causes were unknown. The possibilities suggested include obstetric complications, twin‐specific features, and postnatal differences in family interaction. The present study was designed to pit these alternatives against one another as possible causal influences.Method: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) was used to identify the 116 twin pairs (of whom 96 participated) and 114 pairs of singletons (of whom 98 participated) whose ages were no more than 30 months apart. The McArthur Communicative Development Inventory was completed at 20 months, and the Pre‐School Language Scales (PLS‐3), and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities at 36 months. Obstetric and perinatal complications were assessed on the basis of detailed systematic parental reports, together with a systematic coded abstraction of all medical records dealing with pregnancy and the neonatal period. Family background details were assessed from parental reports, and the primary carer's verbal functioning was assessed by the Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale. Congenital anomalies were assessed using the method of Waldrop and Halverson.Results: The language of twins was 1.7 months below that of singletons at 20 months and 3.1 months at 3 years. The verbal cognitive score of twins was about half a standard deviation lower than that of singletons. The twin–singleton differences in language level were found to be unassociated with obstetric/perinatal features as assessed from both parental reports and medical records, to birthweight or gestation, to birthweight discrepancy within the twin pair, or to congenital anomalies.Conclusions: It is concluded that obstetric/perinatal features do not account for the slower language development in twins as compared with singletons, within a sample born after at least 33 weeks gestation.
Predictors of self‐reported problem behaviours in Turkish immigrant and Dutch adolescents in the Netherlands
Authors: Murad Sarwa Darwish , Joung Inez M.A. , van Lenthe Frank J. , Bengi‐Arslan Leyla , Crijnen Alfons A.M. 
Published: March 2003

Background: Although many studies have compared psychopathology in different cultures, not much is known about factors that contribute to the observed differences.Methods: We compared self‐reported emotional and behavioural problems in 363 Turkish immigrant and 1098 Dutch adolescents in the Netherlands and we evaluated the contribution of adolescent, parent, family and stress‐related factors to the observed ethnic differences. Data were drawn from the Dutch version of the Youth Self‐Report (YSR), as well as from Dutch and Turkish parental questionnaires.Results: Turkish girls scored higher on four of the eight YSR syndrome‐scales, on the Internalising broadband scale and on total problems than Dutch girls. Turkish boys scored higher on three syndrome scales and on the Internalising scale, but scored less on Delinquent Behaviour than their Dutch peers. Ethnic differences for both sexes were most pronounced on the Withdrawn and Anxious/Depressed scales. Socio‐economic measures, in particular education of the parents, contributed most to the explanation of ethnic differences on the Somatic Complaints scale for girls and Social Problem and Internalising scales for boys. On most scales, however, ethnic differences could not be explained by other factors. The distribution of some factors appeared to be more favourable (i.e., less frequent) for Turkish than for Dutch youths, such as referral of family members to mental health services.Conclusions: Low educational levels of the parents play an important, yet not an exclusive role in explaining cross‐cultural differences in emotional and behavioural problems in adolescents. In particular, differences in Withdrawn and Anxious/ Depressed behaviour could not be explained by non‐cultural factors. This study offers starting‐points for future research on cultural‐specific predictors of psychopathology in immigrants.
Socioeconomic status and hemodynamic recovery from mental stress
Authors: Steptoe Andrew , Willemsen Gonneke , Kunz‐Ebrecht Sabine R. , Owen Natalie 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe assessed the changes in cardiac index and total peripheral resistance underlying blood pressure reactions and recovery from acute mental stress, in relation to socioeconomic status. A sample of 200 men and women aged 47–59 years was divided on the basis of occupation into higher, intermediate, and lower socioeconomic status groups. Blood pressure was monitored using the Portapres, and hemodynamic measures were derived by Modelflow processing of the arterial pressure waveform. Blood pressure increases during two stressful behavioral tasks were sustained by increases in cardiac index and total peripheral resistance. During the 45‐min posttask recovery period, cardiac index fell below baseline levels, whereas peripheral resistance remained elevated. Peripheral resistance changes during recovery varied with socioeconomic status and blood pressure stress reactivity, with particularly high levels in reactive low status participants. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that disturbances of stress‐related autonomic processes are relevant to the social gradient in cardiovascular disease risk.
Effects of intention load and background context on prospective remembering: An event‐related brain potential study
Authors: West Robert , Wymbs Nicholas , Jakubek Kristin , Herndon Ryan W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractProspective remembering reflects the ability to realize intentions that must be delayed over some period of time. Recent evidence indicates that distinct modulations of the event‐related brain potentials may be associated with the detection of a prospective memory cue (N300) and the recovery of an intention from memory (LPC, slow wave). The present experiments examined the degree to which these modulations were influenced by task manipulations that were expected to differentially influence cue detection and memory‐related processes. Varying the number of intentions modulated the amplitude of a slow wave that may reflect memory‐related processes. In contrast, varying the distinctiveness of the cues modulated the N300 and the early portion of the LPC indicating that this manipulation primarily influenced detection and categorization processes. These findings indicate that the N300, LPC and slow wave reflect functionally distinct processes associated with prospective memory.
The Metamorphoses of Agrarian Capitalism
Authors: Banaji Jairus 
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:Daniel Thorner (ed.), Ecological and Agrarian Regions of South Asia circa 1930Daniel Thorner’s agrarian atlas of India, fully prepared for the press by 1965, was belatedly published two decades later thanks to the untiring efforts of Alice Thorner. The heart of the atlas consists of a series of descriptions written by the historian Chen Han‐seng to illustrate his division of the subcontinent into 21 agrarian regions. The review begins by describing Chen’s regionalization and conveying some sense of the quality of his descriptions of individual regions. It then raises analytical issues related to Chen’s understanding of agrarian capitalism and his reluctance to characterize developments in the late colonial countryside in terms of the growth of capitalism. The conclusion contrasts two conceptions of agrarian capitalism, rejecting the idea of a historical prototype.
Estimating the Probability of Informed Trading
Authors: Nyholm Ken 
Published: March 2003

AbstractUsing a new empirical model, I estimate the probability of trades being generated by privately informed traders. Inference is drawn on a trade‐by‐trade basis using data samples from the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The modeling setup facilitates in‐depth analysis of the estimated probability of informed trading at the intraday level and for stocks with different levels of trading activity. The most important empirical results are: (a) the intradaily pattern of the inferred probability of informed trading is highly correlated with the intradaily pattern of observed quoted spreads, (b) differences in the magnitude of quoted spreads across volume categories are not exclusively related to differences in the level of informed trading, and (c) private information is incorporated faster in the quotes for high‐volume stocks than in the quotes for low‐volume stocks.
Forecasting Medical Net Discount Rates
Authors: Ewing Bradley T. , Piette Michael J. , Payne James E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDetermining the present value of future medical costs is an important issue for a variety of public and private entities. This article examines the time‐series properties of medical net discount rates and considers the implications for forecasting. The article provides evidence that the standard autoregressive moving average forecasting model may be improved by modeling the time‐varying volatility characteristics of the medical net discount rates.
Continuous Trading or Call Auctions: Revealed Preferences of Investors at the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
Authors: Kalay Avner , Wei Li , Wohl Avi 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTWe use the move of Israeli stocks from call auction trading to continuous trading to show that investors have a preference for stocks that trade continuously. When large stocks move from call auction to continuous trading, the small stocks that still trade by call auction experience a significant loss in volume relative to the overall market volume. As small stocks move to continuous trading, they experience an increase in volume and positive abnormal returns because of the associated increase in liquidity. Overall, though, a move to continuous trading increases the volume of large stocks relative to small stocks.
Transcriptional Suppression of In Vitro-Integrated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Does Not Correlate with Proviral DNA Methylation
Authors: Pion Marjorie , Jordan Albert , Biancotto Angelique , Dequiedt Franck , Gondois-Rey Françoise , Rondeau Sophie , Vigne Robert , Hejnar Jiri , Verdin Eric , Hirsch Ivan 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTPersistence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) constitutes a major obstacle in the control of HIV-1 infection. Here we investigated whether the CpG methylation of the HIV-1 promoter can directly influence the expression of the HIV-1 genome and thereby contribute to the persistence and latency of HIV-1. The levels of CpG methylation in the promoter of HIV-1 were studied after bisulfite-induced modification of DNA in five Jurkat clonal cell lines transduced by an HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-driven retroviral vector and expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) and in primary resting memory T cells challenged with HIV-1 or with an HIV-1-derived retroviral vector. Basal HIV-1 promoter activities were low or undetectable in three tested HIV-1 LTR-GFP clones, one of which encoded the Tat protein, and they reached medium or high levels in two other clones. The CpG dinucleotide that occurred in a latently infected clonal cell line 240 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start remained methylated after reactivation of HIV-1 transcription with 10 nM phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. In two clones showing a medium promoter activity and in resting memory T cells, the HIV-1 LTR was generally not methylated. Our results show that the methylation profiles of the HIV-1 LTR, including those present in latently infected cells, are low and do not correlate with the transcriptional activity. We suggest that, in a noncloned cellular population in which the HIV-1 proviruses are randomly integrated in the human genome, HIV-1 latency is imperfectly controlled by CpG methylation and is inherently accompanied by residual replication.
Engineering the Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus Genome as an Expression Vector Inducing Lactogenic Immunity
Authors: Sola Isabel , Alonso Sara , Zúñiga Sonia , Balasch Mónica , Plana-Durán Juan , Enjuanes Luis 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT

The genome of the coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) has been engineered as an expression vector with an infectious cDNA. The vector led to the efficient (>40 μg/10
6
cells) and stable (>20 passages) expression of a heterologous gene (green fluorescent protein [GFP]), driven by the transcription-regulating sequences (TRS) of open reading frame (ORF) 3a inserted in the site previously occupied by the nonessential ORFs 3a and 3b. Expression levels driven by this TRS were higher than those of an expression cassette under the control of regulating sequences engineered with the N gene TRS. The recombinant TGEV including the GFP gene was still enteropathogenic, albeit with a 10- to 10
2
-fold reduction in enteric tissue growth. Interestingly, a specific lactogenic immune response against the heterologous protein has been elicited in sows and their progeny. The engineering of an additional insertion site for the heterologous gene between viral genes N and 7 led to instability and to a new genetic organization of the 3′ end of the recombinant viruses. As a consequence, a major species of subgenomic mRNA was generated from a TRS with the noncanonical core sequence 5′-CUAAAA-3′. Extension of the complementarity between the TRS and sequences at the 3′ end of the viral leader was associated with transcriptional activation of noncanonical core sequences. The engineered vector led to expression levels as high as those of well-established vectors and seems very promising for the development of vaccines and, possibly, for gene therapy.
The origin of X‐ray flux from the galactic ridge
Authors: Dogiel V.A. , Masai K. , Inoue H. , Schönfelder V. , Strong A.W. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWe analyze the origin of the Ridge X‐ray emission, which remains unknown. We show that the high energy output necessary to produce the X‐ray flux, the multi‐temperature spectrum of the X‐ray emission and suprathermal broadening of the X‐ray lines can naturally be explained if emission is produced in regions of particle acceleration.
The stellar content of medium and high sensitivity X‐ray surveys
Authors: Guillout P. , Motch C. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractSynthesis stellar X‐ray population models are powerful tools to predict and analyze the stellar content of X‐ray surveys. Conversely X‐ray observations can help to better constrain model parameters ill‐defined from observations at other wavelength. In this paper, we first discuss the similarities and differences expected in the stellar content of low‐medium (ROSAT) and high (XMM‐Newton) sensitivity surveys as a function of galactic latitude. We also demonstrate how useful ROSAT and XMM pointings are to study young local features in the solar neighborhood. Finally we present ongoing work on synthetic X‐ray luminosity functions in the ROSAT and XMM energy bands which aim at improving the modeling of the decay of X‐ray activity with age and mass within stellar X‐ray population model.