bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of tissue mobilization and stage of lactation on energy partitioning in lactating sows: an analysis of commercial data
Authors: Gasa Josep , Capalbo S. , Ellis Jennifer , Sola David , France James 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe objective of this paper was to investigate how the predicted level of body energy mobilized and the stage of lactation affects performance and energy partitioning in lactating sows kept under commercial conditions. Seventy-seven lactating sows from three consecutive batches were weaned at 28 d and all measures were taken over the first 20 d. Total feed consumption was measured and sows’ live weight was registered when entering the lactation facilities and at 21 d of lactation. Blood samples were collected at farrowing and once a week thereafter. Net energy (NE) mobilization or loss was calculated by difference using the general NRC equation for ME partitioning. Compared to low mobilizers (low NE loss values), high mobilizing sows had lower feed intake and higher loss of live weight, body fat and body protein. High mobilizers also weaned more piglets and had heavier litters than low mobilizers. Energy mobilization (NE loss) was higher from day 1 to 10 of lactation compared to day 11 to 20, and the difference in mobilized energy between high and low mobilizing sows was also higher in the first than in the second half of lactation. Body weight and back fat thickness losses were significantly correlated with NE loss. A more accurate prediction of the changes in live weight or back fat thickness over lactation should help better predict total amount of energy mobilized, and more research is needed to assess the relative contribution of lean and fat to mobilized tissue.
Distinct neurofunctional alterations during motivational and hedonic processing of natural and monetary rewards in depression – a neuroimaging meta-analysis
Authors: Bore Mercy Chepngetich , Liu Xiqin , Gan Xianyang , Wang Lan , Xu Ting , Ferraro Stefania , Li Liyuan , Zhou Bo , Zhang Jie , Vatansever Deniz , Biswal Bharat , Klugah-Brown Benjamin , Becker Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

AbstractReward processing dysfunctions are considered a candidate mechanism underlying anhedonia and apathy in depression. Neuroimaging studies have documented that neurofunctional alterations in mesocorticolimbic circuits may neurally mediate these dysfunctions. However, common and distinct neurofunctional alterations during motivational and hedonic evaluation of monetary and natural rewards in depression have not been systematically examined. Here, we capitalized on pre-registered neuroimaging meta-analyses to (1) establish general reward-related neural alterations in depression, (2) determine common and distinct alterations during the receipt and anticipation of monetary v. natural rewards, and, (3) characterize the differences on the behavioral, network, and molecular level. The pre-registered meta-analysis (https://osf.io/ay3r9) included 633 depressed patients and 644 healthy controls and revealed generally decreased subgenual anterior cingulate cortex and striatal reactivity toward rewards in depression. Subsequent comparative analyses indicated that monetary rewards led to decreased hedonic reactivity in the right ventral caudate while natural rewards led to decreased reactivity in the bilateral putamen in depressed individuals. These regions exhibited distinguishable profiles on the behavioral, network, and molecular level. Further analyses demonstrated that the right thalamus and left putamen showed decreased activation during the anticipation of monetary reward. The present results indicate that distinguishable neurofunctional alterations may neurally mediate reward-processing alterations in depression, in particular, with respect to monetary and natural rewards. Given that natural rewards prevail in everyday life, our findings suggest that reward-type specific interventions are warranted and challenge the generalizability of experimental tasks employing monetary incentives to capture reward dysregulations in everyday life.
Estimating the ‘Missing’ Houses of Silchester
Authors: Ortman Scott , Hanson John 
Published: November 2023

AbstractEstimating the numbers of residences, and thus the residential densities and populations, of ancient settlements remains a significant problem. This is true even for ‘greenfield’ sites due to the differential visibility of structures made of different materials in aerial and geophysical surveys. In this paper, we take advantage of statistical relationships among elements of the built environments of Roman cities in Britannia and more broadly across the Empire, to estimate the total number of buildings, total population and population density of Silchester. The results indicate that the current site plan dramatically under-represents these values. We also consider the implications of our results for broader discussions of urbanism in Britannia.
AN EARLY CONSUMER REVOLUTION IN HISPANIC AMERICA? CONSUMPTION OF ASIAN GOODS BY THE COMMONERS IN 18TH-CENTURY MEXICO
Authors: Dobado Rafael , de Pinedo Nadia Fernández 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACTWas there an early consumer revolution in Hispanic America? This article presents varied evidence supporting an affirmative answer to this question, especially regarding the case of New Spain. The inauguration of the Manilla Galleon trade route across the Pacific Ocean in 1565 was decisive in this respect. It made it possible that Asian goods (more or less finished silk and cotton textiles, porcelain, lacquerware, ivory religious images, furniture and spices, mainly) experienced an early diffusion throughout New Spain after arriving in Acapulco. This innovation in consumption patterns was adopted first by the elites, not much later, by the intermediate classes and, rather soon than not, by the commoners. Primary (i.e. Avalúos of the galleons' cargo) and secondary sources permit quantitatively exploring the possibilities of consumption of Asian goods by unprivileged segments of New Spain's population. We find that a non-negligible number of those goods were accessible to Mexico City labourers. Thus, it may be inferred that upper segments of society accessed it earlier and more easily. Therefore, New Spain should be included in any global narrative of the changes in consumption during the Early Modern Era.
‘The night before beg'd ye queens's pardon and his brother's’: the apostrophe in the history of English
Authors: CALLE-MARTÍN JAVIER , PACHECO-FRANCO MARTA 
Published: November 2023

The apostrophe was introduced into the English orthographic system by the mid sixteenth century as a printer's mark especially designed ‘for the eye rather than for the ear’ (Sklar 1976: 175; Little 1986: 15). Whereas the uses of the apostrophe today are limited to the Saxon genitive construction (the woman's book), to verbal contractions (you'll ‘you will’ or you're ‘you are’) and to other formulaic expressions (o'clock), its early uses also included other cases of elision and some abbreviated words (Parkes 1992: 55‒6; Beal 2010a: 58). Among this plethora of uses, perhaps one of the most distinctive functions of this symbol is the indication of the genitive construction, which has no full form in Present-day English after the progressive extinction of the genitive case affix. Such a development could have also happened in the regular past morpheme, but its outcome differed, as it continues to be spelled out today.The present article is then concerned with the standardisation of the apostrophe in the English orthographic system in the period 1600–1900 and pursues the following objectives: (a) to study the use and omission of the apostrophe in the expression of the past tense, the genitive case and the nominative plural in the period; (b) to assess the relationship between the three uses and their likely connections; and (c) to evaluate the likely participation of grammarians in the adoption and the rejection of each of these phenomena in English. The source of evidence for this corpus-based study comes from A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers (ARCHER 3.2, Denison & Yáñez-Bouza 2013), sampling language use in different genres and text types in the historical period 1700–1900. Additionally, the Early English Books Online corpus (EEBO, Davies 2017) has also been used as material to investigate the early uses of the possessive apostrophe in the late sixteenth century. A preliminary data analysis confirms the second half of the seventeenth century as the period that saw the definite rise of the genitive apostrophe in English, refuting the early assumptions which considered it to be an eighteenth-century development (Crystal 1995: 68; Lukač 2014: 3). The results also suggest that this phenomenon was to some extent associated with the decline of the apostrophe in other environments, more particularly in the expression of the regular past tense forms. Moreover, there seems to be no indication that standardisation emerged from linguistic prescription; instead, grammars seem to have been shaped after use.
Investigating electromagnetic scattering characteristics based on a nonlinear sea surface
Authors: Liu Xunchao , Miao Hongli , Chen Jiajie 
Published: November 2023

AbstractEstablishing a precise electromagnetic scattering model of surfaces is of great significance for comprehending the underlying mechanics of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging. To describe surface electromagnetic scattering more comprehensively, this paper established a nonlinear integral equation model with the Creamer model and bispectrum (IEM-C). Based on the IEM-C model, the effect of parameters, such as radar wave incidence angle, wind speed and direction of sea surfaces, and different polarization modes on the backscattering coefficients of C-band radar waves, was systematically evaluated. The results show that the IEM-C model can characterize both the vertical nonlinear features due to wave interactions and the horizontal nonlinear features due to the wind direction. The sensitivity of the sea surface backscattering coefficient in the IEM-C model to nonlinear effects varies with different incident angles. At the incident angle of 30°, the IEM-C model exhibits the most significant nonlinear effects. The nonlinear effects of the IEM-C model vary under different wind speeds. By comparing with the measured data, it is proved that the IEM-C model is closer to the real sea surface scattering situation than the IEM model.
A Squire Index Update: Stability and Change in Legislative Professionalization, 1979–2021
Authors: Squire Peverill 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe Squire Index measuring the professionalization levels of American state legislatures was created three decades ago. In this note, I explain how the 2021 update was compiled. I then document the index’s stability over the years for which it has been measured, present alternative measures to explore a problematic aspect of the index, and finally examine how each of the index’s three components has moved relative to Congress between 1979 and 2021.
Direct Sampling for Spatially Variable Extreme Event Generation in Resampling‐Based Stochastic Weather Generators
Authors: Guevara Jorge , Garcia Maria , Avegliano Priscilla , Lima Debora , Queiroz Dilermando , Macedo Maysa , Tizzei Leonardo , Szwarcman Daniela , Zadrozny Bianca , Watson Campbell , Jones Anne 
Published: November 2023

AbstractResampling‐based weather generators simulate new time series of weather variables by reordering the observed values such that the statistics of the simulated data are consistent with the observed ones. These generators are fully data‐driven, easy to implement, and capable of reproducing the dynamics among weather variables. However, although the simulated time series is new, the weather fields produced at arbitrary time steps are replicas of those found in observations, limiting the spatial variability of simulations and preventing the generation of extreme weather fields beyond the range of observed values. To address these limitations, we propose the integration of the Direct Sampling algorithm—a data‐driven method for producing simulations—into resampling‐based weather generators. By incorporating Direct Sampling as a post‐processing step on the outputs of the weather generator, we enhance the spatial variability of the generated weather fields and enable the generation of extreme weather fields. We introduce an approach for generating out‐of‐sample extreme weather fields using Direct Sampling. This method involves utilizing a set of control points in conjunction with Direct Sampling, where the values of these control points are informed by return period analysis. The proposed approach is validated using precipitation, temperature, and cloud cover weather fields in a region of northwest India. The experimental results confirm that Direct Sampling enhances the spatial variability of the weather fields and facilitates the generation of out‐of‐sample precipitation fields that accurately adhere to the spatial statistics provided by return precipitation level maps, as well as the observed precipitation weather field employed in the analysis.
Nonstationarity in High and Low‐Temperature Extremes: Insights From a Global Observational Data Set by Merging Extreme‐Value Methods
Authors: Nerantzaki Sofia D. , Papalexiou Simon Michael , Rajulapati Chandra Rupa , Clark Martyn P. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractWe merge classical extreme value methods to extract high (high temperatures (HT)) and low (low temperatures (LT)) temperatures and form time series having at least one extreme value per year. Observed daily maximum and minimum temperature records are used from 4,797 quality‐controlled, global, surface stations over 1970–2019. We assess changes in the magnitude and frequency of extreme temperatures by introducing and applying novel methods that exploit the definition of stationarity. Analysis shows significant increasing (40.6% of the stations) and decreasing (41.1%) trends in the frequency of high and LT, respectively, and increasing trends in both high‐ and low‐temperature values (35.6% and 49.7%). Globally, HT and LT frequencies are increasing and decreasing, respectively, by 0.9% and 1.1% per year, relative to the expected frequencies under the assumption of stationarity. The global mean annual HT and LT magnitudes are increasing by 0.004 and 0.016°C/year compared to the expected ones under stationarity. The results indicate that the assumption of stationarity fails to explain the observed changes. The proposed methods are an alternative approach to classical extreme value methods and a useful tool to reveal changes in extremes in the era of earth‐system change.
Spatiotemporal Groundwater Storage Dynamics and Aquifer Mechanical Properties in the Santa Clara Valley Inferred From InSAR Deformation Over 2017–2022
Authors: Ghobadi‐Far Khosro , Werth Susanna , Shirzaei Manoochehr , Bürgmann Roland 
Published: November 2023

AbstractWe used Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)‐derived vertical land motion (VLM) timeseries during 2017–2022 to examine the compounding impacts of natural and anthropogenic processes on groundwater dynamics in the Santa Clara Valley (SCV). VLM strongly correlates (>0.75) with groundwater level in both unconfined and confined aquifers. We show that VLM in SCV is mainly driven by groundwater dynamics in deep aquifer layers below 120 m. Our results show that during the most recent drought from March 2019 to November 2021, Santa Clara County subsided up to 30 mm due to groundwater depletion, three times as large as average seasonal amplitude of VLM. Owing to the managed aquifer recharge, the region has been able to avoid unrecoverable land subsidence. We utilize InSAR data to calibrate storage coefficient and lag time related to delayed response of clay interbeds to groundwater level changes, which further serves to estimate groundwater volume loss in confined aquifer units during drought.
Connecting the SST Pattern Problem and the Hot Model Problem
Authors: Rugenstein Maria , Dhame Shreya , Olonscheck Dirk , Wills Robert Jnglin , Watanabe Masahiro , Seager Richard 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn the equatorial and subtropical east Pacific Ocean, strong ocean‐atmosphere coupling results in large‐amplitude interannual variability. Recent literature debates whether climate models reproduce observed short and long‐term surface temperature trends in this region. We reconcile the debate by reevaluating a large range of trends in initial condition ensembles of 15 climate models. We confirm that models fail to reproduce long‐term trends, but also find that many models do not reproduce the observed decadal‐scale swings in the East to West gradient of the equatorial Pacific. Models with high climate sensitivity are less likely to reproduce observed decadal‐scale swings than models with a modest climate sensitivity, possibly due to an incorrect balance of cloud feedbacks driven by changing inversion strength versus surface warming. Our findings suggest that two not well understood problems of the current generation of climate models are connected and we highlight the need to increase understanding of decadal‐scale variability.
Reducing Winter Precipitation Biases Over the Western Tibetan Plateau in the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) With a Revised Parameterization of Orographic Gravity Wave Drag
Authors: Xu Xin , Ji Yuzhi , Zhou Xu , Yang Kun , Lu Yixiong , Zhang Rongrong , Yang Ben , Tang Jianping , Wang Yuan 
Published: November 2023

AbstractClimate models often overestimate the precipitation in western Tibetan Plateau (TP) during winter, due to their poor ability in representing the orographic drag of unresolved complex terrain. In this study, the parameterization scheme of orographic gravity wave drag (OGWD) in the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) is revised to account for the nonhydrostatic effects (NHE) on the surface momentum flux of vertically‐propagating orographic gravity waves (OGWs). The effect of revised OGWD scheme on the simulation of winter precipitation over the TP is examined using parallel numerical experiments with the original and revised schemes, respectively. The results show that the revised scheme can effectively alleviate the precipitation biases in western TP by improving the atmospheric circulation and water vapor transport (WVT). The NHE reduces the surface wave momentum flux of OGWs which results in weaker zonal OGWD in the mid‐low troposphere and thus stronger westerlies over the TP, reducing the easterly biases in the experiment with the original OGWD scheme. The weakened zonal OGWD promotes a plateau‐scale cyclonic circulation to the north of the TP, which suppresses the northern branch of the bifurcated westerlies detouring the TP. According to quantitative analysis, the WVT into the western TP and surrounding areas by upstream westerlies is notably reduced by the northeasterlies of the cyclonic circulation, which eventually leads to the decrease of precipitation in this region.
Shipboard Observations of Aerosol Chemical Properties Over the Western Pacific Ocean in Winter 2018
Authors: Ma Yining , Ma Yongjing , Zhang Xiangguang , Wu Fangkun , Liu Quan , Wu Xiaoyan , Lyu Yilong , Jiang Jiawei , Zhao Dandan , Ren Xinbing , Li Zhi , Jia Xin , Li Mengchao , Yao Jingyu , Gao Zhongming , Hai Shangfei , Xin Jinyuan 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBased on a shipboard observation conducted in winter 2018, we reported the aerosol chemical properties and their differences in offshore and remote oceans over the Western Pacific Ocean (WPO). It's found that the chemical compositions over the WPO have significant spatial heterogeneity due to the influences of regional transport of anthropogenic aerosols and long‐path transport of dust aerosols. The average concentration of water soluble ions during the whole sampling period followed Cl− > OC > Na+ > > > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > EC > K+ > . Crustal elements of Ca (980.41 ng/m3), Na (971.55 ng/m3), and Al (781.16 ng/m3) were uniformly distributed in offshore area, but high proportion of Na elements dominated in remote regions. The total concentration of heavy metals including Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb and others originating from anthropogenic sources were 208 ng/m3 along the coastal region, about 10 times higher than that of 20.2 ng/m3 in the offshore and remote seas. For the reconstructed components, we found an increase of sea‐salt aerosol ranged from 3% to 72%, and a decrease of black carbon, organic matter and secondary inorganic salts, indicating a transformation from anthropogenic influence to marine environment. The rapidly increased secondary organic matter during dust event revealed that the transport of dust serves as catalysts to promote multi‐phase reactions. Cl− photochemical reaction rate in offshore area was mainly affected by sulfate from anthropogenic emissions, with an average chlorine loss rate of 18%, whereas it was inverse Cl− excess in the remote oceans.
Formation and Quasi‐Periodic Variation of Equatorial Jet Caused by Planetary‐Scale Waves in the Venusian Lower Cloud Layer
Authors: Takagi Masahiro , Ando Hiroki , Imai Masataka , Sugimoto Norihiko , Matsuda Yoshihisa 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe equatorial jet in the Venusian lower cloud layer (47–55 km altitudes) and its quasi‐periodic variation are found in a general circulation model (GCM). The equatorial jet is produced by the 5.8‐day wave and destroyed by the 7‐day wave, and its quasi‐periodic variation with a timescale of about 280 days is caused by the alternating development of these waves in the GCM. The 5.8‐day wave, which is excited by the Rossby‐Kelvin instability, produces the equatorward angular momentum (AM) flux, and accelerates the zonal‐mean zonal wind in the equatorial region. The 7‐day wave, newly found in the present study, is a planetary‐scale wave antisymmetric about the equator, although it has not yet been observed. It is excited by the coupling among the lower‐altitude equatorial Rossby mode, the mid‐latitude Rossby mode, and the high‐latitude Rossby mode. In the growth period, the 7‐day wave produces the poleward (equatorward) AM flux around the equatorward (poleward) critical latitude. As a result, the zonal‐mean zonal wind is decelerated (accelerated) in the equatorial region and high latitudes (mid‐latitudes). In the regrowth period, the lower‐altitude equatorial Rossby mode disappears due to the disappearance of the equatorial jet, but the high‐latitude Rossby mode is still enhanced by the coupling with the mid‐latitude Rossby mode. These results could provide a possible explanation of the equatorial jet inferred from the recent Akatsuki observation, although it should be investigated by further observations.