bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rise of Female Authority in the Novel
Authors: Armstrong Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter will consider the domestic novel as the agent and product of a cultural change that attached gender to certain kinds of writing. Female writing-writing that was considered appropriate for or could be written by women-in fact designated itself as feminine, which meant that other writing, by implication, was understood as male. But female writing was not only responsible for the gendering of discourse; it was also responsible for representing sexual relations as something entirely removed from politics. As such, gender provided the true basis of human identity.
The Rise of the Novel
Authors: Armstrong Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the mid-eighteenth century, new forms of writing were contending with those that had long dominated English thinking, each claiming the right to declare what features made a woman most desirable. The sheer volume of print already devoted to the project of redefining the female indicates that by that time a massive ideological struggle was underway. But in addition to conduct books, ladies magazines, and such newspapers as the Tatler, whose title was supposedly coined out of deference to its female readership, some authors created their idea of womankind out of the most unpromising material of all, namely, the novel.
Art in Zionist Popular Culture and Jewish National Self-Consciousness, 1897-1914
Authors: Berkowitz Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first generation of European Zionists waved flags, sang songs, hung portraits of their leaders, sent picture postcards to their families and friends and pasted Jewish National Fund (JNF) stamps on their correspondence. These were conscious forms of identification with, and participation in, the Zionist movement. Yet such phenomena have only occasionally been the concern of historians of Zionism. In particular, there has been little investigation of the visual imagery that summarized, transmitted and symbolized the Zionist project. The images appropriated or created by the early Zionist movement are usually taken as assumptions that need not be qualified or studied. This attests to the ultimate success of these symbols, but it leaves an important gap in the historical comprehension of Zionism.
Thomas Mann’s Attitudes Toward Jews and Judaism: An Investigation of Biography and Oeuvre
Authors: Hoelzel Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thomas Mann (1875-1955), one of Germany’s finest novelists, ranks securely among the giants of twentieth-century literature. However, Mann’s significance extends much beyond his fiction. As an intellectual whose career traversed seven fateful decades of German history and culminated in American and Swiss exile during a cataclysmic war and its controversy-filled aftermath, Mann, unlike such men as Rainer Maria Rilke or Hermann Hesse, never chose to stand aloof from the hurly-burly of his time. On the contrary, Mann’s intimate engagement with his socio-political environment—from Wilhelminian imperialism to Weimar republicanism, from Nazi dictatorship to the Rooseveltian New Deal, from McCarthy paranoia to European reconstruction—constitutes a distinctive dimension of his legacy. By the time Mann was living in the United States, journalists seeking an interview often had to specify whether their interest was literary or political. In one of his letters, written on the eve of the Second World War, Mann defended his indefatigable public crusade against Nazi tyranny by quoting Goethe, “What now counts is how much one weighs on the scale of humanity; everything else is insignificant.”1
The Rival Systemsof Hamilton and Jefferson
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This one of the more remarkable features of the party rivalry of the 1790s that it seems not to have been anticipated by its great leaders on either side. Hamilton and Jefferson had never met; their backgrounds were vastly different. But both had rendered important service to their country in securing independence from Great Britain, and there is no evidence that either man anticipated any particular problems in working with the other as the two leading members of Washington’s cabinet.
The Significanceof the Mississippi Valley
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The immediate significance of the Louisiana purchase was that it finally resolved the issue of the control of the Mississippi valley and, in particular, of the great river that formed the West’s major avenue of communication with the outside world. From the time independence and union were achieved, the security and prosperity of the United States had been seen as inseparable from the right to navigate the Mississippi, for without this the loyalty of the “men of the western waters” would, it was thought, have been 6reatly weakened.
The Anglo-American Dispute: Neutral Rights and Impressment
Authors: Hendrickson Robert W Tucker David C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The dispute with England on which the administration now embarked centered on two points. One arose from the British practice of impressing seamen from American merchant vessels; the other, Britain’s growing restrictions on American trade. Both would bedevil Anglo-American relations until the United States attempted, in the War of 1812, to settle them by force of arms. Even then, the war between Britain and the United States did not yield a meeting of the minds between the two sides, and neither issue was mentioned in the Treaty of Ghent, which brought that conflict to an end. They died away only with the defeat of Napoleon and the end of the hurricane that had swept over the world for nearly a quarter of a century.
Neutral Rights versus the Balance of Power
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The maritime issues dividing the United States and Great Britain were often seen then, and are frequently seen now, apart from the course and stake of the European war. Yet the outcome of this conflict, which was of unprecedented scope and violence, was of great importance for the future of American security. Had Napoleon been victorious and actually reduced Britain to termsas Jefferson thought likely-the security of the United States would have been gravely endangered. Jefferson understood, in some dim way, the dangers of his chosen course, but he thought that the immediate perils presented by England were of far greater moment than the future hypothetical dangers represented by France.
The Role of a Democratic Foreign Policy
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The jefferson legacy in foreign policy has always been identified with a distinctive conception of the role that external affairs ought to play in the American scheme of things. In this view, the purposes and objectives of foreign policy may be properly understood only as a means to the end of protecting and promoting individual freedom and well-being. No end of foreign policy can be morally autonomous, self-justifying, an end in itself. Instead, all the ends of foreign policy must be seen as means to the ends of society, which are in turn ultimately the ends of individuals.
Jefferson and Liberty: Exemplar or Crusader?
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of the nation’s enduring traditions that Jefferson so influenced, none is more striking in its significance than the deeply ingrained inwardness of national feeling that marks to this day the American outlook. Foreign observers have always been impressed by this trait, which they have not hesitated to identify with the parochialism of Americans.
Domino Beliefs and Strategic Behavior
Authors: Jervis Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have had a very careful study of the situation made by our intelligence community, by the State Department officials, by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and they are unanimous to the effect that if Quemoy were lost either through assault or surrender ⃛ this would probably bring about a government [on Formosa] which would eventually advocate union with Communist China; that if this occurred it would seriously jeopardize the anti-Communist barrier, including Japan, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of China, the Republic of the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam; that other governments in Southeast Asia such as those of lndonesia, Malaya, Cambodia, Laos, and Burma would probably come fully under communist influence; that Japan …would probably fall within the Sino-Soviet orbit, and Australia and New Zealand would become strategically isolated. (Letter from President Dwight D. Eisenhower to Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, September 4, 1958.)
Gene Expression During Male Germ Cell Development
Authors: Hecht Norman B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The spermatozoon, a genetically quiescent, hydrodynamically shaped, and self-propelled cell, is a marvel of differentiation. To produce a spermatozoon, a testicular stem cell enters a differentiative pathway that ensures both genetic diversity of each gamete and a reduction in chromosome number to a haploid level. Major cytological and structural changes occur as the male germ cell passes through meiosis and spermiogenesis enroute to the creation of the uniquely shaped spermatozoon. The cellular changes during spermatogenesis are likely controlled by many of the common regulatory mechanisms for differentiating somatic eukaryotic cells and thus provide an excellent system to study general transcriptional and translational regulatory mechanisms of mammalian cells. In addition, the many unique testicular isozymes and structural proteins suggest that the testis should be an excellent source of organ or cell-specific factors that modulate gene expression.
Foreign Banks and Foreign Investment in the United States
Authors: Wilkins Mira 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
America in 1914 was a debtor nation in international accounts, owing more money abroad than was owed to it. Long-term foreign investment in the United States on the eve of World War I totaled in excess of $7 billion. The United States had the largest foreign obligations of any country in the world. The foreign investment in the United States, which had mounted from 1870 to 1914, contributed to making the American economy the wealthiest in the world.
Cables and Radio in World War I
Authors: Headrick Daniel R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whenever victory or defeat in war has hinged on information, the channels of communication have been as valuable as fleets and armies. In that great twentieth-century invention, the total war, every piece of information has represented a danger and an opportunity. What would have been news in peacetime was now either a secret or a propaganda item. Business communications became contraband. Personal letters were suspected of being tools of espionage. And the telecommunications channels, with their ability to carry vital information fast enough to affect the outcome of a battle in progress, turned into weapons.
Technological V pheavals and Commercial Rivalries, 1924–1939
Authors: Headrick Daniel R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the mid-l 920s, cables and radio had reached a rough equilibrium. High-powered radio stations, though costly, were less expensive than laying new intercontinental cables; however, the demand for long-distance telegraphy was growing so fast that radio stations could be built all over the world without threatening the profitability and political value of cables. The distribution of cables among the different companies and nations as of 1923 is shown in Tables 11.1 to 11.3 and in Figure 6. Table 11.4 shows the changes that occurred between 1892 and 1923, based on the figures from Tables 3.2 to 3.4 (for 1892) and 11.1 to 11.3 (for 1923).
The Changing of the Guard
Authors: Headrick Daniel R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Behind the scenes and overshadowed by the clash of warfare, the struggle for control of global communications continued between the United States and Great Britain. This was nothing new, for it had been going on for a quarter-century. American communications experts had long felt that America’s means of communication were not proportional to the size, wealth, and importance of the nation, and that Britain was an obstacle to their “natural” growth. British experts, meanwhile, believed their country’s network was necessary to defend its global responsibilities.
Some Fallacies and Misconceptions
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The recurring national issue of how evolution is (or is not) treated in high school biology texts surfaced once again in California in late 1989 and prompted two revealing letters to the editor published shortly before Christmas in The New York Times. The letters are particularly interesting, not so much for what they say, but because of the academic credentials of the authors. One was written by a physician and postdoctoral scientist at an Ivy League university; the second by a professor of sociology at a prominent New York institution. Together they dust off several familiar shibboleths: the theory of evolution does not qualify for classification as fact; evolution deals with history, so it is not subject to investigation by experimentation, and is therefore not proper science; the fossil record fails to support the existence of evolution because it does not reveal every conceivable intermediate form that ever lived; the phrase “survival of the fittest” is a tautology and therefore untestable; evolution above the species level has never been demonstrated in the laboratory; and “not everyone believes in evolution,” documented by reference to an “authority” of like mind.
Industrial Restructuring and Human Resource Preparedness in Unionized Settings
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Human resource preparedness and development policies have become a major issue in U.S. collective bargaining. Under pressure from rapid corporate and workplace reorganization, labor and management are taking novel steps to adjust and prepare the workforce. This chapter analyzes current approaches and examines the policies issues posed by new endeavors. To understand the limits and potentials of new programs, the traditional approaches to workforce preparedness in U.S. industrial relations are reviewed and the enormous changes under way in this area are examined. The evidence suggests that labor and management are experimenting with a new system of industrial relations, one that shifts activity away from traditional collective bargaining and toward the strategic and workplace levels. This transformation in industrial relations, along with extensive industrial restructuring, provides the impetus and context for current preparedness and adjustment policies.
The Two-Tiered Workforce in U.S. Corporations
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Firms in the United States, particularly in the large enterprise sector, have undergone profound changes in the last decade as a result of downsizing, mergers and acquisitions, and the need to stay competitive in an increasingly global economy. For example, Fortune 500 companies reduced their workforces by 3.1 million between the beginning of 1980 and the end of 1987, going from an aggregate of 16.2 million employees to 13.1 million.1This type of labor market turbulence has prompted many companies to rethink their staffing attitudes and practices. The traditional attitude of a firm toward its white-collar workforce called for permanent, or at least relatively secure, employment with some notion of career advancement. Yet current staffing practices challenge that attitude. Many companies now think of their personnel in the same manner as they do their inventories, striving for a just in-time staffing strategy to parallel their just-in-time inventory systems.
Restructuring Managerial and Professional Work in Large Corporations
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Managers and professionals working for major U.S. corporations enjoyed a prolonged period of company growth and employment security from the 1950s through the early 1970s. The pressures for individual performance were intense, to be sure, as chronicled in David Riesman’s The Lonely Crowdand William H. Whyte’s The Organization Man.Still, there was an implicit quid pro quofor the long work week and personal sacrifice: a sense of entitlement to a good job as long as it was wanted. Because many companies had steadily expanded, managers and professionals had often come to expect continuous salary growth, regular career promotions, and lifelong company employment.
Business Restructuring and Strategic Human Resource Development
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In its simplest terms, being strategicin the human resource area means (I) setting long- and intermediate-term people-management objectives that support organizational goals and (2) deciding on comprehensive programs that will achieve those objectives. In an organization with surplus people in manufacturing and a shortage in sales, for example, a strategic approach would be to set a specific objective for sales performance or market share and then develop a human resource program to get an effective sales force. One promising strategic method for creating this sales staff would be to transfer excess manufacturing employees to the sales department.
Public Debates Over Eastern Jews
Authors: Wertheimer Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The multifaceted questions raised by Jewish migrants from Eastern Europe attracted considerable public attention throughout the history of the Second Empire. Given the dimensions of this mass migration and the attendant problems it created, it is understandable that German political and government leaders should have devoted attention to East European Jews: after all, no sovereign state can permit the unregulated movement of tens and even hundreds of thousands of foreigners across its national frontiers; and no responsible government can ignore the presence of migrants who seek to do business, acquire an education, or find permanent haven within its territory. But as public debates unfolded, it became clear that the objective issues raised by Jewish migrants were confused with a variety of subjective German fears and concerns. To begin with, the thinking of responsible officials was colored by stereotypical perceptions of Eastern Jews: government officials viewed such Jews through the prism of prejudice and bigotry, thereby reducing chances for a thoughtful and dispassionate resolution to the problems posed by Jewish migrants. Second, it proved virtually impossible in public discussions to separate the question of Jewish migration from Germany’s broader “Jewish Problem”; debates over Eastern Jews invariably deteriorated into freewheeling anti Semitic attacks upon all Jews.
Organizational Activities
Authors: Wertheimer Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In addition to their fears that Eastern Jews constituted a demographic and economic threat, opponents of Jewish immigration also perceived the newcomers as a politically subversive element. Let us recall the public warning uttered by Germany’s chancellor in 1905, portraying immigrant Jews as “Schnorrers and conspirators.” The immigrants, it was often alleged, formed a cohesive population within the Reich that supported radical political causes. In order to evaluate these allegations, the following chapter will survey the organizational activities of Eastern Jews in the Reich both for the purposes of identifying their political allegiances, as well as to map the contours of their formal social networks.
Social and Cultural Tensions
Authors: Wertheimer Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
According to many scholarly and popular accounts, the disdainful treatment of immigrant Jews during the voting rights controversy typefied the attitudes of German Jewry as a whole toward their coreligionists from the East. German Jews, it is often claimed, “looked down on the Jews of Eastern Europe,” stereotyping them as Schnorrers, “wild men from the uncivilized East,” unkempt primitives, and superstitious religious fanatics. Only rarely did they deign to mingle with refugees or immigrants, and on such occasions they acted out of duty rather than genuine concern for needy fellow Jews.
Authorization Through Creativity
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For Many Centuries women asserted their right to expression, their right to creativity, despite all constraints which thwarted and denied their talents. Female writers variously adapted to gender constraints, circumvented them or openly attacked them. Most of them found it quite impossible to ignore them. Yet there were women whose self­ authorization was based solely on their confidence in their own creativity and who empowered themselves as writers and thinkers. Such women recognized that they had talent which enabled them to write and with their writings affect others. Acceptance of that talent as a gift of an almost mysterious nature enabled such women to disre­ gard patriarchal constraints, gender-defined roles and the constant barrage of discouragement every intellectually active woman faced.
Female Clusters, Female Networks, Social Spaces
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Long And Slow Advance of women intellectuals toward group consciousness and toward a liberating analysis of their situation proceeded in a spasmodic, uneven, and often repetitious manner. Marginalized from the male tradition and largely deprived of knowledge of a female tradition, individual women had to think their way out of patriarchal gender definitions and their constraining impact as though each of them were a lonely Robinson Crusoe on a desert island, reinventing civilization. Not for them the systematic story of progress, the methodical building of thesis, antithesis and synthesis by which succeeding generations of male thinkers grew taller by standing “on the shoulders of giants,” each making his small or larger contribution to building a common heritage. As we have seen, women’ s creations sank soundlessly into the sea, leaving barely a ripple, and succeeding generations of women were left to cover the same ground others had already covered before them.
Do We Really Need All These Immigrants?
Authors: Simon Julian L , Simon Rita James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Immigration is a major issue for the 1990s. The Immigration Act of 1990 increased the flow of immigration and altered its composition. It also set up an oversight committee to observe the bill’s effects, which foreshadows further action. Although the passions, arguments, and public opinion about immigration are basically the same as they have always been, the economics of immigration are better understood now than before. Whether this will matter, however, is another question.