bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular cytogenetics of renal cell tumors
Authors: Kovacs Gyula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diagnostic and classification systems at any time reflect our technical abilities in the analysis of tumors and our actual theories on tumor development. For many years, renal cell tumors (RCT) were divided into clear and granular cell types on the basis of their cytoplasmic staining characteristics. Bannasch et al. (1974) worked out a cytomorphologically oriented classification of experimental kidney tumors of the rat, which later was ‘ translated’ for human kidney cancers (Thoenes et al. 1989). RCT were then divided into clear, chromophilic, chromophobe, and oncocytic as well as spindle cell type. Rarely occurring tumors such as collecting duct carcinoma (CDC), renal medullary carcinoma (RMC), and metanephric adenoma (MA) have been recognized in recent years (Jones et al. 1995; Fleming and Lewi 1986; Jones et al. 1995).
Angiogenesis in renal cell carcinomas
Authors: Wieder Jeff A , Belldegrun Arie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Angiogenesis is the formation of new capillaries by outgrowth of endothelial cells from pre-existing blood vessels. The role of angiogenesis in tumor growth and metastasis was first described by Folkman and co-workers (Folkman 1971, 1972; Folkman et al. 1971). They demonstrated that a tumor can grow up to 1.75 mm when it obtains nutrients only by diffusion. Growth beyond this size requires angiogenesis (Folkman 1972). They concluded that tumors need new blood vessels to supply nutrients for growth and spread. Folkman suggested that cancer could be treated by inhibiting angiogenesis (Folkman 1971, 1972; Folkman et al. 1971). Tumors that are highly vascular, such as renal cell carcinoma (RCC), appear to be fertile targets for this type of therapy. Modern research seeks to elucidate the role of angiogenesis in the biology and treatment of kidney cancer.
Spontaneous regression and the natural history of renal cell cancer
Authors: Oliver R T D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now more than 30 years since Everson and Cole (1966) reviewed the occurrence of spontaneous regression of cancer in the world literature. They were the first to draw attention to the fact that renal cell cancer had nearly the highest frequency among such events. It is now 22 years since I first became interested in this phenomenon. This interest developed because of the untoward experience I had with the first renal cancer patient I treated using chemotherapy. He had had a single lung metastasis for nearly 10 years, which had been slowly growing and was beginning to become symptomatic. Three weeks after a single dose of cyclophosphamide he had widespread multiple lung metastases and was dead within 6 weeks.
Interferon for ronclavllcarcinoma
Authors: Godley Lucy A , Vogelzang Nicholas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer has remained a challenge for clinicians despite the many chemotherapy agents that are now available. Renal cell cancer is highly resistant to traditional cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs, and few are useful in the management of metastatic disease. An approach utilizing immunological agents, especially interleukin-2 and interferon alpha, along with selected chemotherapeutic agents has proven to be the most effective, with response rates averaging about 20 per cent. This chapter will review the use of chemotherapy, hormonal agents, and combination regimens that include immunotherapy to treat advanced renal cell cancer.
merely long- term stabilization of disease (Stadler et al. 1999).
Imaging of adrenal masses
Authors: Teeger Susan , Papanicolaou Nicholas , Vaughan E Darracott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adrenal masses are relatively common, and have been reported to occur in about 9 per cent of post mortem examinations (Hedeland et al. 1968). Detection of adrenal masses has increased substantially since the advent of cross-sectional imaging techniques and especially computerized tomography (CT). One of the most common problems that one faces in daily practice is the discovery of an incidental adrenal mass. Most incidentally detected adrenal masses are nonfunctioning adenomas; however, they need to be distinguished from primary or secondary malignant lesions (Reed Dunnick et al. 1996). Even in patients with a documented malignancy elsewhere, only approximately 50 per cent (Katz and Shirkhoda 1985) or fewer (Oliver et al. 1984) of adrenal lesions are proved to represent metastases at pathology.
Laparoscopic versus open adrenalectomy
Authors: Meraney Anoop M , Gill Inderbir S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rapid advances in adrenal surgery have occurred during the last decade. Increased utilization of minimally invasive surgical techniques has led to several centers worldwide adopting laparoscopic adrenalectomy as the standard of care. Since its initial description by Gagner and colleagues (1992), laparoscopic adrenalectomy has evolved rapidly and can now be performed employing varied approaches, each with their own technical nuances.
Cognitive behaviour therapy of acute stress disorder
Authors: Bryant Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important development in the early intervention of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurred when the diagnosis of acute stress disorder (ASD) was introduced in 1994 in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders [DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994]. This new diagnosis was important, because its aim was to identify people in the initial month after a trauma that would subsequently develop long-term PTSD. Implicit in this goal was the expectation that successful identification of people at risk of PTSD would receive early intervention to prevent chronic PTSD. This chapter reviews the evidence for the utility of ASD diagnosis as a predictor of subsequent PTSD, critiques the evidence for cognitive behaviour therapy of ASD, and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of early intervention with cognitive behaviour therapy.
The Lincolnshire Joint Emergency Services Initiative: an early intervention protocol for emergency services staff
Authors: Avery Anna , King Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The First European Conference on Traumatic Stress held in Lincoln, England in 1988 highlighted the impact disasters can have on rescue personnel, as well as primary victims. A major achieve ment of this scientific meeting was to foster an appreciation that both these groups, as well as those described by Figley (1995) as being at risk for secondary ‘vicarious reasons’, should be studied and understood as part of the endeavours of modem psychotraumatology.
Training programmes for building competence in early intervention skills
Authors: Ruzek Josef I , Cordova Matthew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each disaster requires emergency response specifically for its survivors. Early interventions that seek to prevent or minimize psychosocial and mental health consequences of exposure to potentially traumatic events do so by promoting resilience and coping. This chapter offers a plan for training groups of helpers to integrate this perspective into early interventions following trauma. Three vignettes are used to exemplify the training processes and interventions that may follow from this new competency.
Neoplasms
Authors: Peterson Kendra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although most malignant tumors that affect the nervous system are currently not curable, aggressive multimodality therapies are employed in many instances in an effort to prolong life, and to maintain function and quality of life for as long as possible. Skillful management of a patient with nervous system malignancy includes careful diagnosis and rendering of appropriate treatments; careful attention to symptom management must also be the goal throughout the course of the illness and at the end of life. In addition, the patient must be supported through the transition from hope for cure or prolonged survival, to the acceptance of the terminal illness. Inherent in malignancies that affect the nervous system are changes in cognitive ability, personality, physical function, autonomy, and family and community roles. Family members and other caregivers are profoundly affected by the illness and themselves need support, education, and care. Although the focus of this discussion is the care of patients with incurable, progressive, and malignant nervous system tumors, the remarks are largely applicable to the care of many patients with less malignant tumors and at earlier stages of illness as well.
Diseases of Motor Nerves
Authors: Meadway Jeanette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Motor neuron disease (MND)/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive disease with no curative treatment and a prognosis of three or four years for most people. Thus, the care of patients with MND/ALS requires a palliative care approach from the time of diagnosis, with the involvement of the wider multidisciplinary team. It is essential to consider all the aspects of the patient and family’s care, including the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual. As the disease progresses, the management of the various symptoms, including dysphagia, dyspnea, dysarthria, pain, and drooling, becomes increasingly important, to maintain the person’s quality of life. The support of the person with MND/ ALS and their family and carers is essential, as fears and concerns may develop as the disease progresses. There are often fears of a distressing death but, with this approach to care, actively managing and anticipating the potential problems, the majority of patients are able to die peacefully, with their symptoms controlled.
Persistent Vegetative State
Authors: Rudolf Topper , Wilhelm Nacimientq 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘persistent vegetative state’ was coined in 1972 and has since been used to describe patients who respond to stimulation only in a reflex way but show no signs of awareness. Diagnosis is made by repeated clinical examination. The two most common causes of the vegetative state (VS) are trauma and cerebral hypoxia following cardiopulmonary arrest. The prognosis for patients in the VS depends on the time a patient has remained unresponsive. Overall, only 15 % of patients regain consciousness. Although neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies have some prognostic value, there are no reliable prognostic markers which are able to predict the clinical outcome of patients in the VS. At present there is no medical treatment of proven efficacy in promoting clinical recovery in these patients. Good palliative care is the mainstay of therapy in VS patients. Additionally, the therapeutic concept of sensory stimulation has gained some popularity in the treatment of VS patients and is widely used in neurorehabilitation units.
Neurological Emergencies
Authors: Hardy Janet , Martin Donal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spinal cord compression (SCC) has the potential to impair, suddenly and drastically, the quality of life, not only of a patient but also their relatives and/or carers. The devastating effects of SCC and the speed at which irreversible neurological damage occurs defines this condition as a true oncological emergency. The outcome of treatment, as measured by the degree of residual neurological impairment, is dependent on the time from first development of symptoms to the start of treatment. In many instances, patients are left with marked impairment in performance status and neurological function. This has profound implications for palliative care services that are often called upon to provide the ongoing care for these patients. Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) is a common complication of both metastatic and primary brain disease. It is characterized by specific clinical features and can present as an oncological emergency because of the risk of seizures and loss of consciousness. The symptoms are often difficult to manage in the absence of any specific treatment of the underlying condition and can present a major challenge to those providing the palliative care of these patients.
Food and Hydration
Authors: Defanti Carlo A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While most patients with neurological disease will have functional gastrointestinal tracts, they will often have difficulty in taking food and fluids by mouth. This may be because of an impaired ability to swallow or because of a lack of desire to eat. The provision of food and fluids may be essential to maintain life in some patients. In the other extreme, the continued delivery of food and fluids may be inappropriate or even deleterious in those patients with very advanced stage disease. The issue of nutrition in patients with neurological disease is fraught with moral and ethical dilemmas. The involvement of a multiprofessional team is crucial to ensure best practice and optimum patient care. Every case must be treated on an individual basis and the patient and his/her family must be involved in all decision-making processes.
Physician-assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
Authors: Foley Alan Carver Kathleen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physician-assisted suicide (PAS) and euthanasia are now legal in the Netherlands and in Belgium; PAS is legal in one state, Oregon, in the United States. Although guidelines for PAS/euthanasia have been developed, they are not consistently followed. Health-care professionals’ attitudes, behaviors, and knowledge influence their willingness to provide PAS/euthanasia. Such professionals lack adequate training in pain and symptom management, psychological assessment and treatment, communication skills, and ethical guidelines. Broad educational initiatives in palliative care are necessary to enable healthcare professionals to care for patients who request assistance in death, providing them with competent, compassionate care.
General introduction
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In effect, we believe that the understanding of the chemistry of life has been seriously hampered by the ways in which chemists have looked upon living organisms. At first, this study was conducted very largely by (bio-)organic chemists who made remarkable discoveries concerning the small molecules which go to make biological substrates (sugars, amino-acids, fatty substances and so on, and then the polymers) proteins, polysaccharides, and finally reaching the genetic material, DNA and RNA.
Kinetic considerations of chemical reactions, catalysis, and control
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 1 to 3 we have described the chemical elements of life, the principles behind their chemical speciation, and the observed compartmentalization of biological systems. Now, in their special places, the elements are used in a functional sense, e.g. to provide structure and to assist chemical transformation.
The functional value of the chemical elements in biological systems
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major aim of this book is to describe the requirements by any living system for a series of chemical elements and the functional value they have within organisms. We can do this in two different but complementary ways, showing what each element, taken separately, does in living organisms on the one hand, and illustrating, on the other hand, how the whole of cellular activity is based upon the cooperative functioning of these many elements.
Sodium, Potassium, and Chlorine: Osmotic Control, Electrolytic Equilibria, and Currents
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are large amounts of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions in sea waters but not very much in fresh waters, yet life abounds in both media and to a very good approximation it holds the internal free ion concentrations of these elements constant, not only in cells but also in the circulating fluids of higher organisms (Table 8.1). Even small deviations from normal levels in man are recognized as symptoms of malfunction or disease. (Common salt is not to be despised within organisms.)
Molybdenum, Tungsten, Vanadium and Chromium
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall describe the biological chemistry of the metals molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium, and mention the possible involvement in organisms of chromium. There is some stress in the chapter on the relationship of Group 6 elements (see Aside) with the non-metal elements of Group 16, i.e. with sulphur and selenium.
Practice building—the need for excellence in treatment
Authors: Trevor Burke F J , Freeman Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many aspects of dental practice contribute to overall patient satisfaction. This may include comfortable surroundings and helpful, efficient staff, but these will count for nought if the treatment which is provided is not of a good standard. Excellence in treatment therefore is central. This may be considered to include correct diagnosis and treatment planning, health promotion, prevention rather than intervention, and, where intervention is indicated, the use of minimally invasive (MI) treatment techniques. It also includes the efficient diagnosis and treatment of dental emergencies, knowing when and whom to refer, and the ability of the clinician to manage the increasing number of patients with special needs. This chapter includes sections on treatment planning, oral health promotion and prevention, MI techniques, dental emergencies, the management of patients with special needs, the evidencebased concept for treatment and clinical governance.
Replication, repair, and recombination of mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Spelbrink Johannes N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Faithful copying and maintenance of the mitochondrial genome is fundamental to aerobic metabolism and therefore life. Many of the factors involved in mitochondrial DNA metabolism are unknown, or poorly characterized and even the basic mechanism of mitochondrial DNA replication is not well understood. Nevertheless, considerable progress has been made in recent years and this is undoubtedly a field that will benefit enormously from the characterization of the human genome sequence. Current knowledge of the machinery of mtDNA replication is discussed together with a review of the often-contentious areas of repair and recombination. Other topics covered here include the organization and segregation of mtDNA, and auxiliary requirements for mtDNA maintenance, notably nucleotide metabolism.
Oxidative phosphorylation: an overview
Authors: WikstrÖm Mårten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles characteristic of all eukaryotic cells. They are the sole site of oxidative phosphorylation, a process where free energy from aerobic cell respiration is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the major energy currency of the cell. In aerobic cells oxidative phosphorylation is the major mechanism of ATP formation and is hence of key importance for their survival. There is compelling evidence for the view that mitochondria evolved from aerobic bacteria in an endosymbiotic process some 2–3 billion years ago.1,2 Larger anaerobic cells engulfed the aerobic bacteria, followed over time by sequential transfer of most of their genes to the developing nucleus of the host cell.
The curtain rises on the final act
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1758, Carl von Linné gave our own species the scientific name of Homo sapiens—wise humans—and almost all evolutionary biologists agree that we have lived most of our history on the African savannah. Living in the shadow of acacia trees and congregating around receding water-holes underneath the African sun, those species that included the direct ancestors of modern humans also originated, evolved, and perished. First, Homo erectus—upright humans—and then later our own species, Homo sapiens, spread out of Africa in waves across the habitable reaches of the globe. Today’s six thousand million people, a number that increases by almost 90 million each year, are the result of the last of these waves.
Pillars of the earth
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus writes the famous Swedish adventurer Charles John Anders son in 1861 in his book entitled ‘The Okavango River’. During the 1850s, this remarkable man travelled in the area now known as Namibia and Botswana, and his book is a virtual gold mine, especially for those who appreciate gruesome hunting tales of wounded animals.
Introduction
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We will all be asked to teach at some time in our professional lives. If asked to imagine teaching in the medical setting, most of us would think of a large lecture or bedside clinical teaching. However, in the last two decades both medicine and teaching have moved on. Higher patient turnover and the introduction of day surgery have reduced the numbers of patients available for students to clerk in hospitals and increased the amount of teaching done in the community.
Basic teaching skills
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once you have prepared your session and made a teaching plan you are ready to teach. Most of your preparation will have focused on the content of what you plan to teach, and the teaching methods you will use. However, to deliver a good teaching session you need to get both the content and the process of teaching right. Just as you can learn to plan the content of a session, so you can learn the basic teaching skills used by all teachers. These skills can be thought of as a ‘toolkit’.
Developing as a teacher
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To have read this far in the book you will already be a motivated and dedicated teacher, who is keen to deliver a good quality product. Hopefully this book will have equipped you with some of the tools to teach more effectively and efficiently. In this chapter we will explore things a little more and look at the possible pathways and opportunities to develop your skills further.
Some properties of the body clock
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even though the role of the body clock as the internal cause of a rhythm can be investigated by performing a constant routine, this routine lasts only for 24 hours or so, and so enables us to assess the effects of the clock over the course of one cycle only. We need to study the clock for much longer periods of time to assess its ability to keep time, for example. Experiments in which volunteers have been deprived of sleep are fairly common and have been used to establish how an individual’s physiology, physical performance, and, particularly, mood and mental performance, respond to sleep loss. From the present view- point, such experiments are of very limited use since subjects have continued to be exposed to the alternation of day and night and to other rhythmic inputs.