bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet‐B radiation
Authors: Grant William B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThere are large geographic gradients in mortality rates for a number of cancers in the U.S. (e.g., rates are approximately twice as high in the northeast compared with the southwest). Risk factors such as diet fail to explain this variation. Previous studies have demonstrated that the geographic distributions for five types of cancer are related inversely to solar radiation. The purpose of the current study was to determine how many types of cancer are affected by solar radiation and how many premature deaths from cancer occur due to insufficient ultraviolet (UV)‐B radiation.METHODSUV‐B data for July 1992 and cancer mortality rates in the U.S. for between 1970–1994 were analyzed in an ecologic study.RESULTSThe findings of the current study confirm previous results that solar UV‐B radiation is associated with reduced risk of cancer of the breast, colon, ovary, and prostate as well as non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. Eight additional malignancies were found to exhibit an inverse correlation between mortality rates and UV‐B radiation: bladder, esophageal, kidney, lung, pancreatic, rectal, stomach, and corpus uteri. The annual number of premature deaths from cancer due to lower UV‐B exposures was 21,700 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 20,400–23,400) for white Americans, 1400 (95% CI, 1100–1600) for black Americans, and 500 (95% CI, 400–600) for Asian Americans and other minorities.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study demonstrate that much of the geographic variation in cancer mortality rates in the U.S. can be attributed to variations in solar UV‐B radiation exposure. Thus, many lives could be extended through increased careful exposure to solar UV‐B radiation and more safely, vitamin D3 supplementation, especially in nonsummer months. Cancer 2002;94:1867–75. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10427
The role of diet and specific micronutrients in the etiology of oral carcinoma
Authors: Petridou Eleni , Zavras Athanasios I. , Lefatzis Dimitrios , Dessypris Nick , Laskaris George , Dokianakis George , Segas John , Douglas Chester W. , Diehl Scott R. , Trichopoulos Dimitrios 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDCarcinoma of the oral cavity is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Tobacco smoking and the consumption of alcoholic beverages are significant risk factors but to the authors' knowledge the role of nutrition is not adequately understood. The authors undertook an epidemiologic study of oral carcinoma occurring in Greece, where tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are common but the incidence of the disease is among the lowest reported in Europe.METHODSOne hundred six patients with histologically confirmed incident oral carcinoma and an equal number of control subjects matched for age and gender were studied. Dietary information was assessed through a validated extensive food frequency questionnaire and the data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression.RESULTSAfter adjustment for energy intake, tobacco smoking, and alcohol consumption, there was evidence that the consumption of cereals, fruits, dairy products, and added lipids (which in Greece are represented mostly by olive oil) was found to be associated inversely with the risk of oral carcinoma. Only with respect to meat and meat products was there adequate evidence of a positive association with the risk of oral carcinoma. Among the micronutrients studied, riboflavin, magnesium, and iron appeared to be correlated inversely with the disease.CONCLUSIONSFruits, cereals, dairy products, and olive oil appear to convey protection against oral carcinoma and their effects may be mediated through higher intakes of riboflavin, iron, and magnesium. The low incidence of oral carcinoma reported in Greece may be explained in part by the higher consumption of the food groups and micronutrients that appear to protect against the disease. Cancer 2002;94:2981–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10560
Expression pattern of αCaMKII in the mouse main olfactory bulb
Authors: Zou Dong‐Jing , Greer Charles A. , Firestein Stuart 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMultifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is highly enriched at synapses and has been implicated in regulating the formation and function of several sensory systems, including the visual and the somatosensory systems. Although there is evidence for CaMKII expression in the olfactory system, the cellular localization of CaMKII has not been well studied and its function remains unknown. In this study, we examined the normal expression patterns of the predominant αCaMKII in the mouse main olfactory bulb. We showed that αCaMKII expression levels were high in the olfactory bulb and were developmentally regulated. Immunoreactivity to αCaMKII was heavy in the external plexiform layer and the granule cell layer but minimal in the olfactory nerve layer and the glomerular layer. At the cellular level, αCaMKII was selectively expressed in the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic granule cells but not in the GABAergic periglomerular cells. Unexpectedly, αCaMKII was not detected in the glutamatergic mitral/tufted cells. At the ultrastructural level, αCaMKII immunoreactivity was positive in granule cell spines and dendrites, but negative in mitral/tufted cell dendrites. In contrast, in the piriform cortex, as in the majority of cortical regions, αCaMKII was expressed in the glutamatergic neurons but not in the GABAergic neurons. Our results set the stage for ongoing investigations of the roles of CaMKII in the formation and function of the olfactory system. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:226–236, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular and subcellular distribution of NMDA receptor subunit NR2b in the retina
Authors: Pourcho Roberta G. , Qin Pu , Goebel Dennis J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractImmunocytochemical studies showed the presence of staining for the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐R2B glutamate receptor subunit at multiple sites in the cat retina. Reaction product in photoreceptor cells was localized at the inner/outer segment junction and in the axon terminals. Staining within the inner retina was limited to ganglion cells and their dendrites ramifying throughout the inner plexiform layer. These cells were seen to receive synaptic input from cone bipolar cells in both sublaminae. As with other glutamate receptor subunits, this immunoreactivity was typically confined to a single postsynaptic element at a cone bipolar dyad complex. Immunocytochemical localization of the NMDA‐R1 subunit, considered to be an essential component of functional receptors, showed a widespread distribution across the retina including all the sites where NMDA‐R2B staining was seen. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis were used to confirm the presence of the NR2B receptor protein and its association with the NR1 subunit in both proximal and distal retinal layers. The findings suggest that NMDA‐R2B subunits are positioned for multiple functions within the retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:75–85, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin‐6, and their receptors are expressed transiently in the olfactory mucosa after target ablation
Authors: Nan Bicheng , Getchell Marilyn L. , Partin James V. , Getchell Thomas V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRemoval of the synaptic targets of olfactory receptor neurons by olfactory bulb ablation results in apoptosis of olfactory receptor neurons and up‐regulation of proliferation of their progenitors. This study focuses on the expression of the neuropoietic cytokines leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and its receptor (LIFR) and interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and its receptor (IL‐6R) in intercellular signaling pathways in the olfactory mucosa after target ablation. Olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) resulted in several transient, early‐onset, temporally integrated events that were detected immunohistochemically. Macrophages infiltrated the olfactory epithelium (OE) by 16 hours post‐OBX. LIF expression was up‐regulated transiently at 2 days post‐OBX, when up‐regulated expression of LIFR also was detected on globose basal cells (GBCs), a subpopulation of which are immediate progenitors of olfactory receptor neurons. GBC proliferation peaked at 3–4 days post‐OBX. In the olfactory nerve (ON), LIF‐positive and IL‐6‐positive macrophage infiltration was followed by the transient up‐regulation of expression of LIFR, IL‐6, and IL‐6R in ensheathing cells by 3 days post‐OBX. The mRNAs for LIF/LIFR, IL‐6/IL‐6R, and their common signal‐transduction molecule, gp130, in olfactory‐nasal mucosa from control mice and from 3‐day post‐OBX mice were detected with reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Analysis of Northern blot and relative quantitative RT‐PCR demonstrated similar temporal patterns of changes in relative mRNA levels for both LIF and IL‐6, which were up‐regulated by 16 hours post‐OBX and peaked at 2–3 days post‐OBX. These data indicate that LIF from infiltrating macrophages acts as a mitogen for GBCs and that LIF from infiltrating macrophages and IL‐6 from infiltrating macrophages and ensheathing cells act as repair factors in the ON. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:60–77, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective localization of high concentrations of F‐actin in subpopulations of dendritic spines in rat central nervous system: A three‐dimensional electron microscopic study
Authors: Capani Francisco , Martone Maryann E. , Deerinck Thomas J. , Ellisman Mark H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDendritic spines differ considerably in their size, shape, and internal organization between brain regions. We examined the actin cytoskeleton in dendritic spines in hippocampus (areas CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus), neostriatum, and cerebellum at both light and electron microscopic levels by using a novel high‐resolution photoconversion method based in the high affinity of phalloidin for filamentous (F)‐actin. In all brain regions, labeling was strongest in the heads of dendritic spines, diminishing in the spine neck. The number of labeled spines varied by region. Compared with the cerebellar molecular layer and area CA3, where nearly every dendritic spine was labeled, less than half the spines were labeled in CA1, dentate gyrus, and neostriatum. Serial section reconstructions of spines in these areas indicated that phalloidin labeling was restricted to the largest and most morphologically diverse dendritic spines. The resolution of the photoconversion technique allowed us to examine the localization and organization of actin filaments in the spine. The most intense staining for actin was found in the postsynaptic density and associated with the spines internal membrane system. In mushroom‐shaped spines, F‐actin staining was particularly strong between the lamellae of the spine apparatus. Three‐dimensional reconstruction of labeled spines by using electron tomography showed that the labeled dense material was in continuity with the postsynaptic density. These results highlight differences in the actin cytoskeleton between different spine populations and provide novel information on the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in vivo. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:156–170, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and response patterns of olfactory interneurons in the honeybee, Apis mellifera
Authors: Abel Regina , Rybak Jürgen , Menzel Randolf 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo analyze morphologic and physiological properties of olfactory interneurons in the honeybee, Apis mellifera, antennal lobe (AL) neurons were intracellularly recorded and subsequently labeled with Neurobiotin. Additional focal injections were carried out with cobalt hexamine chloride and dextran fluorescent markers. Olfactory interneurons (projection neurons, PNs) project by means of five tracts, the lateral, the median, and three mediolateral antennocerebral tracts (l‐, m‐, and ml‐ACT, respectively) to the mushroom bodies (MBs) and the protocerebral lobe (PL) of the ipsilateral protocerebrum. Uniglomerular PNs of the m‐ and l‐ACT receiving input from a single glomerulus of the AL also arborize in different regions of the AL. The vast majority of l‐ACT innervate the T1 region, whereas m‐ACT neurons arborize exclusively in the T2, T3, and T4 regions (T1‐4 : AL projection area of sensory cells from the antennae). In the calyces of the MB, uniglomerular PNs form varicosities in the basal ring and the lip region. Individual neurons of both types exhibit unequal innervation within and between the two calyces. In addition, m‐ACT fibers ramify more densely within the lip neuropil and show a higher incidence of spine‐like processes than l‐ACTs. In the PL, l‐ACTs arborize exclusively within the lateral horn, whereas some m‐ACT neurons innervate a broader region. Multiglomerular neurons of the ml‐ACT leave the AL by means of three subtracts (ml‐ACT 1–3). Two different types can be distinguished according to their protocerebral target areas: ml‐ACTs projecting to the lateral PL (LPL) and to the neuropil around the α‐lobe (tracts 2 and 3) and neurons projecting only to the LPL (tract 1). Intracellular recordings indicate that both l‐ and m‐ACT neurons respond to general odors but with different response properties, indicating that odor information is processed in parallel pathways with different functional characteristics. Just like m‐ACT neurons, ml‐ACT neurons respond to odors with complex activity patterns. Bilateral interneurons, originating in the suboesophageal ganglion, connect glomeruli of both AL, and send an axon through the m‐ACT in each hemisphere of the brain, terminating in the lip region of the calyces. These neurons respond to contact chemical stimuli. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:363–383, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural localization of G‐proteins and the channel protein TRP2 to microvilli of rat vomeronasal receptor cells
Authors: Menco Bert Ph. M. , Carr Virginia McM. , Ezeh Patrick I. , Liman Emily R. , Yankova Maya P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMicrovilli of vomeronasal organ (VNO) sensory epithelium receptor cells project into the VNO lumen. This lumen is continuous with the outside environment. Therefore, the microvilli are believed to be the subcellular sites of VNO receptor cells that interact with incoming VNO‐targeted odors, including pheromones. Candidate molecules, which are implicated in VNO signaling cascades, are shown to be present in VNO receptor cells. However, ultrastructural evidence that such molecules are localized within the microvilli is sparse. The present study provides firm evidence that immunoreactivity for several candidate VNO signaling molecules, notably the G‐protein subunits Giα2 and Goα, and the transient receptor potential channel 2 (TRP2), is localized prominently and selectively in VNO receptor cell microvilli. Although Giα2 and Goα are localized separately in the microvilli of two cell types that are otherwise indistinguishable in their apical and microvillar morphology, the microvilli of both cell types are TRP2(+). VNO topographical distinctions were also apparent. Centrally within the VNO sensory epithelium, the numbers of receptor cells with Giα2(+) and Goα(+) microvilli were equal. However, near the sensory/non‐sensory border, cells with Giα2(+) microvilli predominated. Scattered ciliated cells in this transition zone resembled neither VNO nor main olfactory organ (MO) receptor cells and may represent the same ciliated cells as those found in the non‐sensory part of the VNO. Thus, this study shows that, analogous to the cilia of MO receptor cells, microvilli of VNO receptor cells are enriched selectively in proteins involved putatively in signal transduction. This provides important support for the role of these molecules in VNO signaling. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:468–489, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axonal secretion of reelin by cajal‐retzius cells: Evidence from comparison of normal and RelnOrl mutant mice
Authors: Derer Paul , Derer Michèle , Goffinet André 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel secretory pathway has been identified in the study of mice homozygous for the RelnOrl mutation, a line characterised by the defective secretion of the large extracellular matrix glycoprotein Reelin. By using both light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemical studies for Reelin in these mutants identified morphological changes in their Cajal‐Retzius cells (CR cells). The CR cells of the mutant displayed the characteristic features of bipolar, tangentially elongated neurons with a dendritic proximal pole and an axonal cone at the opposite end of the soma. At either pole, cisterns of prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) were found to be rich in Reelin. However, the Reelin‐positive RER cisterns of the axonal cones were hugely dilated in homozygous RelnOrl mice as compared with their wild type counterparts. CR cell axons displayed beads throughout their length, each contained a smooth spheroidal cistern filled with Reelin‐immunoreactive fibrillar material, and were increased in number and size in RelnOrl mice. RER phenotype was rescued in the RelnAlb2 mice, a mutation in which no Reelin protein is produced. We propose that the RER dilations viewed in the RelnOrl mutation are due to the accumulation of the defective Reelin protein, and the large axonal beads in RelnOrl mice reflect the accumulation of truncated Reelin as the result of defects in its secretion. These observations point to an original, hitherto unrecognised, mechanism of secretion by bulk transport in smooth cisterns from the axonal cone into the axon, followed by secretion in the cortical marginal zone from the axonal cisterns that we have named axonal reelin reservoirs. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:136–143, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transsexual limb transplants in fiddler crabs and expression of novel sensory capabilities
Authors: Weissburg Marc J. , Derby Charles D. , Johnson Omar , Mcalvin Brian , Moffett James M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe used transsexual limb transplants in fiddler crabs to examine how peripheral sensory structures interact with the central nervous system (CNS) to produce a sexually dimorphic behavior. Female and male chemosensory feeding claws were transplanted onto male hosts in place of nonfeeding, nonchemosensory claws. Successfully transplanted claws retain donor morphologies and contain chemosensory neurons. Neurons in successfully transplanted female feeding claws express the enhanced sensitivity to chemical cues seen in female, but not male, neurons in claws of normal animals. When chemically stimulated, the transplanted claws evoke feeding behavior not observed in normal males, even though the sensory neurons in the transplanted limb project to the host's sexually dimorphic neuropil not known to receive chemosensory input. Behavioral sensitivity is directly related to the sensitivity of peripheral neurons in the transplanted feeding claw. Thus, the interactions between peripheral neurons and their targets may restructure the CNS so that novel sensory capabilities are expressed, and this can produce sexually dimorphic behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:311–320, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The conformal plate buckling equation
Authors: Chanillo Sagun , Kiessling Michael K.‐H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe linear equation Δ2u = 1 for the infinitesimal buckling under uniform unit load of a thin elastic plate over ℝ2 has the particularly interesting nonlinear generalization Δg2u = 1, where Δg = e−2u Δ is the Laplace‐Beltrami operator for the metric g = e2ug0, with g0 the standard Euclidean metric on ℝ2. This conformal elliptic PDE of fourth order is equivalent to the nonlinear system of elliptic PDEs of second order Δu(x)+Kg(x) exp(2u(x)) = 0 and Δ Kg(x) + exp(2u(x)) = 0, with x ∈ ℝ2, describing a conformally flat surface with a Gauss curvature function Kg that is generated self‐consistently through the metric's conformal factor. We study this conformal plate buckling equation under the hypotheses of finite integral curvature ∫ Kg exp(2u)dx = κ, finite area ∫ exp(2u)dx = α, and the mild compactness condition K+ ∈ L1(B1(y)), uniformly w.r.t. y ∈ ℝ2. We show that asymptotically for |x|→∞ all solutions behave like u(x) = −(κ/2π)ln |x| + C + o(1) and K(x) = −(α/2π) ln|x| + C + o(1), with κ ∈ (2π, 4π) and
$\alpha = \sqrt{2\kappa(4\pi - \kappa)}$. We also show that for each κ ∈ (2π, 4π) there exists a K* and a radially symmetric solution pair u, K, satisfying K(u) = κ and maxK = K*, which is unique modulo translation of the origin, and scaling of x coupled with a translation of u. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Redistribution strategies for portable parallel FFT: a case study
Authors: Dubey Anshu , Tessera Daniele 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe best approach to parallelize multidimensional FFT algorithms has long been under debate. Distributed transposes are widely used, but they also vary in communication policies and hence performance. In this work we analyze the impact of different redistribution strategies on the performance of parallel FFT, on various machine architectures. We found that some redistribution strategies were consistently superior, while some others were unexpectedly inferior. An in‐depth investigation into the reasons for this behavior is included in this work. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compensation methods to support cooperative applications: A case study in automated verification of schema requirements for an advanced transaction model
Authors: Spelt David , Even Susan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCompensation plays an important role in advanced transaction models, cooperative work and workflow systems. A schema designer is typically required to supply for each transaction$T$another transaction$T^{-1}$to semantically undo the effects of$T$. Little attention has been paid to the verification of the desirable properties of such operations, however. This paper demonstrates the use of a higher‐order logic theorem prover for verifying that compensating transactions return a database to its original state. It is shown how an OODB schema is translated to the language of the theorem prover so that proofs can be performed on the compensating transactions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How neutral networks influence evolvability
Authors: Ebner Marc , Shackleton Mark , Shipman Rob 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEvolutionary algorithms apply the process of variation, reproduction, and selection to look for an individual capable of solving the task at hand. In order to improve the evolvability of a population we propose to copy important characteristics of nature's search space. Desired characteristics for a genotype–phenotype mapping are described and several highly redundant genotype–phenotype mappings are analyzed in the context of a population‐based search. We show that evolvability, defined as the ability of random variations to sometimes produce improvement, is influenced by the existence of neutral networks in genotype space. Redundant mappings allow the population to spread along the network of neutral mutations and the population is quickly able to recover after a change has occurred. The extent of the neutral networks affects the interconnectivity of the search space and thereby affects evolvability. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.