bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Antiquity to the Enlightenment
Authors: Goehr Lydia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not implausible to view the history of Western music as a struggle on the part of musicians to have their practice regarded as a bona fide part of whatever at a given time counted as good, serious, or civilized living. From the earliest times, theorists have distinguished respectable and valuable activities from ones judged merely entertaining and pleasurable. Usually the distinction has forced a division between what we now label elite and popular values. John Calvin was just one of many to apply the distinction directly to music. He decreed in his Geneva Psalter of 1543 that songs must have ‘weight and majesty’ and not be ‘light and frivolous’, for there is ‘a great difference between the music one makes to entertain men at table and in their homes, and the psalms which are sung in the Church in the presence of God’.2 Whatever material changes in musical and political hegemonies have taken place, in whatever terms the basic distinction between respectable and unrespectable music has been expressed, the distinction has never for a moment been discarded.
10. Countess Greffulhe as Entrepreneur Negotiating Class, Gender, and Nation
Authors: Pasler Jann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Countess Elisabeth Greffulhe, immortalized by Marcel Proust as the Duchess de Guarantees, was arguably the most important patron of modern music in the early twentieth century. The principal form of her patronage, however, was not salon concerts or artistic commissions but rather entrepreneurship. Even if she was a woman of the aristocracy, born the Belgian Princess de Caraman-Chimay, she emerged from the private domain to undertake, organize, and manage public concerts.
The Political Economy of Composition in the American University, 1965–1985
Authors: Pasler Jann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no more significant determinant of the cultural musical life of our country, no more significant indication of the cultural re- orientation of music in this country, and its new intellectual status, than the fact that a great majority of American composers are university-trained and are university teachers. Now this makes our life a very different life from that of our European counterparts.
Three Case Studies
Authors: Cooley Timothy J , Meizel, Katharine , Syed Nasir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we ask how changing technologies of communication and information dissemination reshape our understanding of fieldwork in theory and practice. As Timothy Rice reminds us in this volume, the “field” in which we work is a metaphor. There is no “there” to which we must go. Maybe some of our metaphorical fieldwork is better done at home in front of our computers, watching a television program, listening to a radio broadcast, and so forth—all technologies that can be included in research methods we include under the rubric “virtual fieldwork.” With three independently authored case studies from three very different projects, we demonstrate the varying ways virtual fieldwork is redefining ethnographic method.
Fieldwork at Home European and Asian Perspectives
Authors: Stock Jonathan P J , Chiener Chou 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many ethnomusicologists, possibly the majority worldwide, carry out fieldwork in their home societies. This chapter focuses on the experiences of two such field-workers, one from England and one from Taiwan. As partners, we have carried out much of our fieldwork together in recent years, comparing findings and sharing interpretations, each of us casting a shadow across the other’s fields of inquiry, a point we return to at the end of this chapter. Jonathan Stock undertook the writing-up, so his work is described in the first person and Chou Chiener’s in the third person, but this is very much a joint account.
Theories Forged in the Crucible of ActionThe Joys, Dangers, and Potentials of Advocacy and Fieldwork
Authors: Seeger Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Along with the fishhooks, fish line, ceramic beads, writing implements, “field” banjo and guitar, recording tapes, batteries, and memories of Claude Le´vi-Strauss’s Tristes Tropiques that my wife and I took with us to study the cosmology, social organization, and music of the Suya´ Indians in Mato Grosso, Brazil, thirty-five years ago, I carried a conviction that knowledge should be used for practical purposes, as well as to produce more knowledge. This position was reinforced by my fieldwork experiences. I have spent large parts of my professional career doing a combination of what might be called “applied” and “theoretical” ethnomusicology. I believe the two strengthen one another. Combining them can also profoundly affect the nature of our field research and experience, sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse.
Beckett and Paul Auster: Fathers and Sons and the Creativity of Misreading
Authors: Campbell Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morton Feldman Once declared: “I never liked anyone else’s approach to Beckett” (qtd. in Albright 149). This statement makes a good starting point for my exploration of Paul Auster’s creative misreading of Samuel Beckett, whose presence can be strongly sensed in the American writer’s work. In this essay I focus both on the ties binding Auster to the literary father who influenced his development as a writer and on the family bonds, especially the bond (or, more pertinently, the lack of one) between father and son that both writers explore with poetic intensity.
Headache: Epidemiology and Impact
Authors: Lipton Richard B , Bigal Marcelo E , Hamelsky, Sandra , Scher Ann I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recurrent headache disorders impose a substantial burden on individual headache sufferers, on their families, and on society (Stovner, 2007). As noted in Chapter 3, headache disorders are divided into secondary disorders, attributable to an underlying condition, and primary disorders, such as migraine, trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, and tension type headache, where there is no underlying cause. The epidemiology of secondary headache is largely determined by the epidemiology of the underlying cause. Therefore, in this chapter, we will focus on the epidemiology of primary headache disorders. Epidemiology is the study of diseases, their risk factors, causes, natural history, and burden in the population. While epidemiologic studies are often population-based, this is particularly important for headache because the disorder is so often underascertained in the health care system.
The Poetry of Sappho
Authors: Powell Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, thousands of years after her birth, in lands remote from her native island of Lesbos and in languages that did not exist when she wrote her poetry in Aeolic Greek, Sappho remains an important name among lovers of poetry and poets alike,. Celebrated throughout antiquity as the supreme Greek poet of love and of the personal lyric, noted especially for her limpid fusion of formal poise, lucid insight, and incandescent passion, today her poetry is also prized for its uniquely vivid participation in a living paganism. Collected in an edition of nine scrolls by scholars in the second century BC, Sappho's poetry largely disappeared when the Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople in 1204. All that remained was one poem and a handful of quoted passages . A century ago papyrus fragments recovered in Egypt added a half dozen important texts to Sappho's surviving works. In 2004 a new complete poem was deciphered and published. By far the most significant discovery in a hundred years, it offers a new and tellingly different example of Sappho's poetic art and reveals another side of the poet, thinking about aging and about the transmission of culture from one generation to the next. Jim Powell's translations represent a unique combination of poetic mastery in English verse and a deep schlolarly engagement with Sappho's ancient Greek. They are incomparably faithful to the literal sense of the Greek poems and, simultaneously, to their forms, preserving the original meters and stanzas while exactly replicating the dramatic action of their sequences of disclosure and the passionate momentum of their sentences. Powell's translations have often been anthologized and selected for use in textbooks, winning recognition among discerning readers as far the best versions in English.
Dharmakīrti and Dharmottara on the Intentionality of Perception: Selections from Nyāyabindu (An Epitome of Philosophy)
Authors: Arnold Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dignāga (c. 480–540 C.E.) and his influential successor Dharmakīrti (c. 600– 660 C.E.) were taken by most Indian philosophers as commonly exemplifying a spartan epistemology. On this view, perception (pratyak a) and inference (anumā na) are the only two pramā as (“reliable warrants” or, we might say, “doxastic practices”). These have as their respective objects the only two kinds of things that could finally exist: unique particulars (svalak a as), and a range of abstractions (sāmā nyalak a a) that includes such things as complex wholes and universals.
The Presencing of Truth Dōgen’s Genjōkōan
Authors: Davis Bret W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dōgen Kigen (1200–1253), founder of the Sōtō school of Japanese Zen Buddhism, is widely recognized as one of the most original and profound thinkers in the Buddhist tradition. The text translated here, Genjō kō an, is the core fascicle of his major work Shō bō genzō (Treasury of the True Dharma Eye).It is the “treasury of the true Dharma eye” that śākyamuni Buddha is said to have transmitted to his successor, Mahākāshyapa, by silently holding up a flower. This event is held to mark the beginning of the Zen tradition, which is characterized by Bodhidharma as “a special transmission outside the scriptures; not depending on words and letters; directly pointing to the human mind; seeing into one’s nature and becoming a Buddha.” Like Bodhidharma, who is said to have sat in meditation for nine years after bringing Zen (Chin. Chan) from India to China, Dōgen, too, placed great emphasis on the silent practice of “just sitting” (shikantaza).
Theravāda Texts on Ethics
Authors: Harvey Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The selections translated here, from the Pali canon of the Theravāda school, and supplemented by some commentarial passages, are a series of discussions of action (Pali kamma, Skt. karma) and its moral assessment. They provide a set of complementary principles of ethics. Summarizing the features discussed here, Theravāda Buddhism sees an action as reprehensible if one would not like it inflicted on oneself, and as expressing a volition that is rooted in greed, hatred, or delusion, which three states are sustained by unwise attention. A reprehensible action is akusala: it is “unwholesome/ unhealthy” in being affected by greed or other mental defilements, and “unskillful” in not being produced by wisdom. It is censurable by the wise, and generally blameworthy, as it brings harm such as that wrought by killing and stealing, and also brings affliction to others, oneself, or both. It has painful karmic consequences in this life, the next, and subsequent ones. It leads to further unwholesome states of mind, and it obstructs wisdom and leads away from nirvana. Praiseworthy actions have the opposite qualities.
Wind Talk for Woodwinds
Authors: Ely Mark C , Van Deuren Amy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wind Talk for Woodwinds provides instrumental music teachers, practitioners, and students with a handy, easy-to-use pedagogical resource for woodwind instruments found in school instrumental programs. With thorough coverage of the most common woodwind instruments - flute, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, and bassoon - the book offers the most topical and information necessary for effective teaching. This includes terminology, topics, and concepts associated with each specific instrument, along with teaching suggestions that can be applied in the classroom. Be sure to look to the back of the book for a “Practical Tips” section, which discusses common technical faults and corrections, common problems with sound (as well as their causes and solutions to them), fingering charts, literature lists (study materials, method books, and solos), as well as a list of additional resources relevant to teaching woodwind instruments (articles, websites, audio recordings). Without question, Wind Talk for Woodwinds stands alone as an invaluable resource for woodwinds!
Clarinet
Authors: Ely Mark C , Van Deuren Amy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acoustical Properties: The acoustical and physical tonal characteristics of an instrument that affect its sound quality. The clarinet is cylindrical, made of wood (sometimes plastic or metal), and has a key design similar to other wood-wind instruments. Tone is produced by the vibration of a single reed attached to a mouthpiece. These design characteristics result in a sound that accentuates odd partials (1, 3, 5, and so on). For this reason, the clarinet overblows the twelfith rather than the octave when the register key is depressed. For example, the Fingering that produces a middle C-natural (T, 1-2-3) without the register key will produce a G-natural above the staff when the register key is depressed. Only the First (fundamental) and third partials (the clarinet only produces the odd partials in the harmonic series) are used for the majority of the normal playing range. See also Acoustical Basics, page 3; Construction and Design, page 211; Harmonics, page 32 Key Questions A: Acoustically, both the clarinet and the saxophone are tubes closed at one end (i.e., the mouthpiece end) and open at the other end (i.e., the bell). However, the clarinet is generally cylindrically shaped and the saxophone is conically shaped. Predominantly, it is this design difference that affects partial strength, and ultimately, instrument timbre. The result of this design difference is that the saxophone produces the second partial (an octave)when overblown, whereas the clarinet produces the third partial (a twelfith) when overblown.
William Osler
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Osler was born in a parsonage in backwoods Canada on July 12, 1849. In a life lasting seventy years, he practiced, taught, and wrote about medicine at Canada’s McGill University, America’s Johns Hopkins University, and finally as Regius Professor at Oxford. At the time of his death in England in 1919, many considered him to be the greatest doctor in the world. Osler, who was a brilliant, innovative teacher and a scholar of the natural history of disease, revolutionised the art of practicing medicine at the bedside of his patients. He was idolised by two generations of medical students and practitioners for whom he came to personify the ideal doctor. But much more than a physician, Osler was a supremely intelligent humanist. In both his writings and his personal life, and through the prism of the tragedy of the Great War, he embodied the art of living. It was perhaps his legendary compassion that elevated his healing talents to an art form and attracted to his private practice students, colleagues, poets (Walt Whitman for example) politicians, royalty, and nameless ordinary people with extraordinary conditions. William Osler’s life lucidly illuminates the times in which he lived. Indeed, this is a book not only about the evolution of modern medicine, the training of doctors, holism in medical thought, and the doctor-patient relationship, but also about humanism, Victorianism, the Great War, and much else. Meticulously researched, drawing on many new sources and offering new interpretations, William Osler: A Life in Medicine brings to life both a fascinating man and the formative age of twentieth-century medicine. It is a classic biography of a classic life, both authoritative and highly readable.
We All Worship Him
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eighteen students, including three women, registered at the School of Medicine at Johns Hopkins in its first year, 1893–4. One man’s mother allowed him to attend only after Dr Osler had assured her that it would be a very, very good school. That was a bold commitment. The school did not have an auspicious beginning. In many ways, it was a disorganized mess. The professors, most of whom were inexperienced as pedagogues, appeared to care little for teaching and little for the students. Male professors and students cared little for the female students, except as prospective brides. And the most experienced teacher, Osler, had little to do with the students until they entered their third year in the autumn of 1895.
At that time, and for the rest of his Hopkins career, Osler became virtually everyone’s favorite professor. He could not have helped standing out by comparison with his Hopkins colleagues. But he would have shone in any faculty by the force of what everyone around him saw as a remarkable, charismatic personality.
The Great American Doctor
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Osler’s first private patient in Baltimore was an important elderly gentleman, a Hopkins trustee perhaps. Osler thought he felt a pelvic tumor, diagnosed it as an inoperable sarcoma, ‘and in as gentle a way as I could, told his wife, and advised that a surgeon see the case.’ The surgeon came the next day, drained the patient’s distended bladder with a catheter, and thus disposed of the ‘tumor.’ Osler used the embarrassment as an object lesson in his teaching.
Otherwise, his private practice flourished. Consultations grew steadily in Baltimore until by the mid-90s he was seeing all the private patients he could handle and had to turn down an increasing number of requests (including, it is said, a man who then came back and read the Hippocratic Oath on his doorstep). He was consulting physician to the huge extended Osler family, to all his old friends back in Canada, to the students, nurses, doctors and their relatives at Hopkins, to the elite of Baltimore, to congressmen and several denizens of the White House, and to cases that interested him up and down the eastern seaboard and as far west as Wisconsin and Iowa.
Leaving America
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
February 7, 1904. The business district of Baltimore is ablaze, a terrible fire completely out of control. A strong south wind drives the flames towards the fashionable residential district where the OslerIs live. From their dining-room windows, they can see the fires lighting up the early evening sky. Having trouble with his equanimity, Osler smokes more than usual and twiddles nervously with his watch chain. He goes over to 3 West Franklin and brings back Harvey Cushing’s baby and young wife Kate. Cushing and the other latchkeyers are out of town, but Halsted joins the group. A policeman comes and tells them to prepare to evacuate, as one of the nearby blocks will soon be blown up to try to stop the fire. Grace has hired a wagon to stand by, and supervises the packing of the most precious books, silver, clothes, linen, and china. The servants prepare a final oyster supper as burning brands begin to fall on nearby roofs. Revere is awakened and dressed.
All the Youth and Glory of the Country
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oslers had paid little attention to assassinations in the Balkans, ultimatums, mobilizations, and declarations of war by Austria, Russia, and Germany. It hardly seemed possible that Britain would be sucked in. Then German troops began marching across Belgium, violating the country’s guaranteed neutrality. Suddenly, incredibly, on Tuesday, August 4, 1914, the British Empire went to war.
Grace and Revere were literally at sea, heading for Canada aboard the Calgarian. Willy found himself stranded at Colonsay off the west coast of Scotland because all the telegraph lines and trains had been commandeered for military purposes. He could not get south until the end of the week. In London he met up with his brother Edmund, who was already engaged in war finance, and he spent the early days of August helping organize Canadian offers of medical help and doing what he could to contact friends, including William Welch, who were scrambling to leave the continent. A nephew of Grace’s who slipped across the Channel to England found himself promptly arrested as a German spy; Osler arranged his release.
Fraud
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the decades after William Penn returned to England the Conestoga Indians continued to meet regularly with the government of Pennsylvania. In June 1717 Lieutenant Governor William Keith and his Council met to discuss “an account of some Disturbance amongst the Indians” on Conestoga Manor. The Conestogas’ leader, Civility, had sent a message to Keith with some other Indian leaders, asking him “to come to them without Delay, to consult with them about affairs of Great Importance.” Keith agreed to visit Conestoga on July 17 and sent “a belt of Wampum as a Token of friendship & Confirmacon of this message.” James Logan and the Council agreed that presents “to the value of Twenty pounds should be provided.” What the Conestogas wanted most was reassurance that their bond with Onas was intact. Keith and Logan came to Conestoga as promised in July, met with the “Chiefs & others of the Conestogoe or Mingoe Indians, the Delawares, the Shawnois & Gunawoise [Conoy],” and reiterated the government’s commitment to protect them.
Please Please Me
Authors: Thompson Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sixties British rock and pop changed music history. While American popular music dominated the record industry in the late fifties and early sixties, the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Kinks, the Who, and numerous other groups soon invaded the world at large and put Britain at the center of the modern musical map. Please Please Me offers an insider’s view of the British pop-music recording industry during the seminal period of 1956 to 1968, based on personal recollections, contemporary accounts, and all relevant data that situate this scene in the economic, political, and social context of postwar Britain. Author Gordon Thompson weaves issues of class, age, professional status, gender, and ethnicity into his narrative, beginning with the rise of British beat groups and the emergence of teenagers as consumers in postwar Britain, and moving into the competition between performers and the recording industry for control over the music. He interviews session musicians who recorded anonymously with the Beatles, Hermans Hermits, and the Kinks, professional musicians who toured with British bands promoting records or providing dance music, songwriters, music directors, and producers and engineers who worked with the best-known performers of the era. The consequences of World War Two for pop music in the late fifties and early sixties form the backdrop for discussion of recording equipment, musical instruments, and new jet-age transportation, all contributors to the rise of British pop-music alongside the personalities that more famously made entertainment news. And these famous personalities traverse the pages of Please Please Me as well: performing songwriters John Carter and Ken Lewis, Lennon and McCartney, Jagger and Richards, Ray Davies, and Pete Townshend took center stage while the production teams and session musicians created the art of recording behind the doors of Londons studios. Drawing his interpretation of the processes at work during this musical revolution into a wider context, Thompson unravels the musical change and innovation of the time with an eye on understanding what traces individuals leave in the musical and recording process. Opening up important new historical and musical understandings in a repertoire that is at the core of rock music’s history, Please Please Me will appeal to all students, scholars, and fans of popular music.