bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aiding food security and sustainability efforts through graph neural network-based consumer food ingredient detection and substitution
Authors: Foster Jack , Brintrup Alexandra 
Published: November 2023

AbstractUnderstanding precisely what is in food products is not always straightforward due to food fraud, differing labelling regulations, naming inconsistencies and the hierarchical nature of ingredients. Despite this, the need to detect and substitute ingredients in consumer food products is far-reaching. The cultivation and production of many ingredients is unsustainable, and can lead to widespread deforestation and biodiversity loss. Understanding the presence and replaceability of these ingredients is an important step in reducing their use. Furthermore, certain ingredients are critical to consumer food products, and identifying these ingredients and evaluating supply-chain resilience in the event of losing access to them is vital for food security analysis. To address these issues, we first present a novel machine learning approach for detecting the presence of unlabelled ingredients. We then characterise the unsolved problem of proposing viable food substitutions as a directed link prediction task and solve it with a graph neural network (GNN).
Lebanese EMI instructors’ role identity and teaching practices
Authors: Abouzeid Reema , Liardét Cassi , Khachan Victor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
English-medium instruction (EMI) typically requires disciplinary instructors to deliver content in a language
other than their students’ and their own first language. While this practice is growing alongside related approaches (e.g., content and
language integrated learning) EMI is distinct in that the primary objective is teaching the disciplinary content, with English
merely playing an instrumental role. This has implications for how lecturers view their role in EMI classrooms and how this is
enacted through their teaching and marking practices. The present study examines instructors’ beliefs about EMI instruction in a
context where EMI has long been adopted but only minimally researched: Lebanon. Sixty-three instructors from two Lebanese
universities were surveyed about their experiences teaching EMI, their views about the role of language, and their marking
practices. Eight instructors were further interviewed to elaborate on these responses. Findings reveal that the majority of the
surveyed instructors recognise that teaching English is at least part of their role as content instructors whereas the interviewed
instructors distanced themselves from this dual-focused responsibility, despite reporting several examples of teaching English
alongside the content. These findings highlight the ambiguity around instructors’ role(s) in EMI classrooms and raises the need
for greater definition and clarity to ensure that EMI’s full potential is reached.
Citrus Huanglongbing (Greening) Disease
Authors: Boa Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Huanglongbing disease (HLB), also known as citrus greening disease, is the most important and damaging disease of citrus fruits worldwide. The disease is caused by three closely related bacteria belonging to the genus
Candidatus Liberibacter
. The bacteria are spread over short distances by sucking insects known as psyllids and by the movement of infected (yet often undetected) planting material between countries and continents. Citrus is a general category of fruits which includes oranges, lemons, grapefruits and tangerines. All types are susceptible to infection and researchers have yet to develop resistant or tolerant varieties. The leading growers of citrus fruits are China, Brazil and India, which collectively produced 75 million tonnes in 2021. All three are affected by the disease; in total around 65 countries have confirmed the disease. HLB is not present in Europe, where Spain and Italy are leading citrus producers. Climate change poses a significant threat to the expansion of the disease. The arrival of HLB in the USA in the early 2000s, at around the same time as Brazil, marked a significant stage in the continuing battle to manage the disease. The USA is a major producer of citrus fruits, which was primarily from Florida before the arrival of HLB. Research efforts were intensified and over $100 million was allocated in the USA from 2007 to 2016 to develop effective ways to reduce damaging losses. Despite major advances in knowledge of the pathogen and insect vector, and how they interact with citrus hosts, it is clear that much more needs to be done to achieve long-lasting success in managing a challenging disease.

Information
© The Author 2023
Home care in Europe: background and aims
Authors: Jamieson Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book forms part of a major study into care delivery systems in Europe, known as ‘Age Care Research Europe’. The study has been funded by the European Community as a concerted action programme, in which research teams from nine countries have participated: Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, and the UK. The study resulted from a research proposal and a research design formulated by Professor Illsley of the UK (who subsequently became Project Leader) and Dr Robert van Zonneveld of the Netherlands. The design is described in some detail elsewhere (Illsley 1987) and will only be briefly summarized here. From earlier discussions with policy makers and research workers, Illsley and van Zonneveld were aware that all countries were encountering difficulties in adapting the pattern of services and the distribution of resources to meet the increased demand on health and social services in a period of limited growth, and in the face of resistance from other service sectors.
The home-help service in England and Wales
Authors: Lawson Robin , Davies, Bleddyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Services for elderly people have come under increasing scrutiny in the UK in the 1980s because of the increasing numbers of frail elderly people in the population, constraints on resources, and the national policy of caring for vulnerable people in their own homes for as long as possible. If the home-help/care service is to be the cornerstone of community care, as the Social Services Inspectorate (SSI) (1988) proposed, a number of changes will be required, including the provision of more personal care, more flexible provision, and co-ordination with other services both within and outside social services departments (SSI 1987, 1988).
Home-care services in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Dieck Margret , Garms-Homolová Vjenka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within today's health services, this hierarchy of services is abundantly clear. Thus, as far as health insurance coverage is concerned, only the need of specialized nursing allows for provision of basic nursing as well as home help, if required. This is because nursing services at home are defined as adjuncts to medical treatment within health insurance, i.e., within the service system that offers either services in kind or full-cost insurance coverage for those deemed ill. Nursing services alone are not provided by health insurance but only if medical treatment is needed. However, within the means-tested, social welfare system, nursing services and home help can be provided to frail elderly people, even if they are not undergoing medical treatment.
The prevention of infections
Authors: Southgate Lesley , Lockie Cameron , Heard Shelley , Wood Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infectious diseases are still a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the modern developed world. The changing picture is complicated by frequent international travel for business and pleasure and population movements a people seek better conditions for themselves and their families. The advent of antibiotics and good public health practice (Appendix I) have had a major impact but their use is only a part of the approach which should be adopted in general practice where most infections present and are managed. In this chapter the strategies of health education, immunization, and prophylaxis are examined with practical suggestions to enable the primary health care team to maximize their impact on the incidence of infection.
The investigation of infection
Authors: Southgate Lesley , Lockie Cameron , Heard Shelley , Wood Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infection, potentially one of the most serious and life-threatening of presen tations, is also a common complaint resulting in significant morbidity and loss of productivity. The general practitioner must, therefore, on the one hand recognize and manage infections such as meningitis or septicaemia which present acutely and often dramatically and on the other, cope with less serious complaints related to sore throats, ear infections, chest problems, urinary tract infections, and pelvic infections. One of the important tash of general practice is to assess the severity of the complaint and decide which merit investigation, referral or treatment. In the context of a cash-limited health service, resources must be well used and each clinician should develop clear ideas about the criteria for investigation and referral.
Infections of the lower respiratory tract
Authors: Southgate Lesley , Lockie Cameron , Heard Shelley , Wood Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with common and important lower re piratory tract infections {LRTis) which principally manifest beyond the trachea and discusses their epi demiology, aetiology, clinical features, investigation, and management. Although GPs play a major part in dealing with these problems, one of their most important roles is to encourage patients to stop smoking thereby substantially reducing the impact of these infections on individuals and families.
Skin and soft tissue infections
Authors: Southgate Lesley , Lockie Cameron , Heard Shelley , Wood Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Skin and soft tissue infections are caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, and fungi and are commonly seen in general practice. The average GP will see about 30 new cases per 1000 patients in any year. Patients also present with infestations some of which are secondarily infected. Many patients present directly to, or are followed up, by the practice nurse. The diagnosis and management of these conditions should form part of multidisciplinary continuing education and a practice clinical meeting on the subject would present an ideal opportunity to invite the local microbiologist and infection control nurse.
The infected patient
Authors: Mehtar Shaheen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All specimens for bacteriological examination should be fresh and sent in sterile containers to the Microbiology Department as soon as possible after collection. The results of bacteriological examination depend on the quality of the specimen. If specimens are taken in non-sterile containers, or after antibiotic therapy has been started, the results may be inaccurate and/or inconclusive. A specimen collection system exists in most hospitals and usually takes place twice a day. It is often worthwhile taking urgent specimens directly to the laboratory and speaking to the laboratory staff.
Introduction and summary
Authors: Banta H David , Luce Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of technology assessment has developed as an aid to policy-making with regard to technology (35,492). Technology is applied knowledge. It is this applied knowledge that allows prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease and rehabilitation from its consequences. The goal of health care is a healthier population. Health care technology assessment is also aimed at this overall goal. Thus, the main purpose of health care technology assessment is to help ensure that medical technologies are safe, efficacious, and appropriately used.
Historical perspective on technology in health care
Authors: Banta H David , Luce Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically speaking, the health care system has had little effective technology. The health care system was not designed to provide effective technology to sick people. The system instead provided care to people with problems. Gradually, effective technology did begin to enter practice, but even today many possibly ineffective practices remain common. This chapter will consider some of the historical forces that led to the present situation. Although the history of evaluation and assessment is relatively short, it too will be presented.
The adoption of health care technology
Authors: Banta H David , Luce Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Figure 3 illustrates the processes of development and diffusion by the well-known sigmoid curve. This curve relates the percentage of potential to actual adopters. This curve does not convey the dynamism of the diffusion process, and thus may not give sufficient insights into diffusion itself. It is particularly useful, however, in visualizing the policy framework affecting technology. Policies have been developed that deal with several stages in the life cycle of any health care technology.
Assessing social implications of health care technology
Authors: Banta H David , Luce Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The social implications of a new or existing health care technology can be the most challenging and difficult aspects of evaluation. Any decision to develop or use a health care technology inevitably rests on value judgements. Social and cultural factors are completely intertwined in questions concerning the place of technology in health care. At the same time, the methods for assessing social implications of health care technology are relatively undeveloped and few mechanisms exist to take action based on the results of such evaluations. Society does not seem to have enough confidence in social scientists and others dealing with social issues 10 insure that results of this type of assessment are used in policy-making.
Assuring the quality of health care
Authors: Banta H David , Luce Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quality of medical and health care is becoming an increasingly visible public issue in a number of countries (17,425,428,469,475,553,642,618). While the overall results of advances in health care seem relatively clear, there is considerable evidence that optimal care is not being given, based on available studies. This book focuses on technology assessment and the information it provides on benefits, risks, costs, and social implications of health care technology. Focusing on technology assessment has a risk; the risk is implying that examining a situation is enough. In fact, information from assessment must be used. One of the most important purposes of technology assessment is to improve quality of health care (296,428).
The assessment of medical lmaging
Authors: Banta H David , Luce Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diagnostic imaging has been subjected to intense scrutiny since the introduction of the CT scanner in 1972. At that time, relatively few assessments of diagnostic imaging had been done aside from assessments related to safety, especially in minimizing doses of ionizing radiation. Assessing diagnostic imaging was also seen as difficult from the beginning, because the impact of an image on health cannot be direct. The diagnosis must change therapy, and the therapy must be effective.
Picture archiving and communications systems (PACS): an example of the computer revolution
Authors: Banta H David , Luce Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The experience with technology assessment in medical informatics is quite limited, but interest is growing (345). Informatics groups such as the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) frequently hold sessions on this subject (344). In 1990, a conference was held in Montpellier. France, on the subject of ‘medical technology assessment, with special emphasis on informatics applied to medicine and health’ (245).
Health care technology in Sweden
Authors: Werkö Lars 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sweden has a population of about eight million people. Largely urban and highly industrialized, Sweden has one of the world’s highest per capita incomes. The country’s economy is a mixture of capitalism and socialism. Sweden has a government-owned and operated health care system. The system is highly regionalized, with four levels: health centres, district hospitals, central general hospitals, and regional hospitals (274).
Assessment of health care technology in The Netherlands
Authors: Rigter Henk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Technology assessment in The Netherlands is based on decision cycles, which have in common four major steps (see Chapter 6): (I) identifying and selecting the existing and emerging technologie that need to be addressed; (2) collecting the necessary information; (3) decision-making; and (4) providing follow-up by disseminating the results and monitoring what happens with the technology in practice. These steps will return later in this chapter in the discussion of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and other health care technologies.
Medical technology assessment the USA 1
Authors: Banta H David , Luce Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The USA has an open, private health care system that does not do well at controlling technological change (587). None the less, the system is innovative and dynamic. Because of the lack of controls on technology, this chapter will concentrate on technology assessment programmes. Today a number of organizations in government and the private sector have assumed responsibilities for assessing health care technologies in the USA. As a rule, these organizations have been created over time as a response to the perceived needs of society.
Alcohol
Authors: Anderson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is evidence for a dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of liver cirrhosis, cancers of the oropharynx, larynx, oesophagus, rectum (beer only), liver, and female breast, and violent death, but the relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease is more complex. It is now recognized that alcohol may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), despite its adverse effect on blood pressure and the association with an increased risk of stroke.
Individual interventions and behaviour change
Authors: Schofield Theo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essential final step in any programme to prevent cardiovascular disease is for people to change their behaviour. This may be by adopting healthier habits and life-styles, reducing their known risk factors or adhering to any therapy that is advised. Unless behaviour changes, nothing will change. This chapter is therefore concerned with the ways that people change their behaviour and the methods that can be used to help them to do so.
Issues in measurement: Smoking
Authors: Fowler Godfrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Measurement of tobacco consumption relies heavily on self-reported information. Such information includes the number and type of manufactured cigarettes or cigars smoked daily, or the amount of ‘roll your own’ cigarette tobacco, or of pipe tobacco used. There is no reliable way of validating this self-reported information and it is generally felt that people underestimate the amount they smoke. Blood nicotine (or cotinine) levels vary widely and are not simply related to the amount smoked but to the way smoking is carried out as well as to quantity. Various questionnaires are available to measure tobacco consumption and an example is provided in Table 19.1.
Basic pattern of notes
Authors: Guly H R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The time a patient waits to be seen or waits on a trolley before admission is a measure of quality of care and it should be possible to identify these times for each patient. Accurate times are clearly important if a patient makes a complaint of having to wait an excessive length of time. Timings are also important for audit, planning, and the generation of statistics. Accurate waiting time statistics are becoming essential to satisfy the purchasers of A& E services, that agreed standards are being achieved.
Examination
Authors: Guly H R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many branches of medicine physical examination of a patient may concentrate on the symptomatic area but will involve an examination of the whole body. InA& E, examination will usually be more restricted and the aim of this book is to state what examination should be performed for each part of the body. One of the important reasons for junior doctors working in A& E is to learn and practice the skills of examination of the musculoskeletal system and to learn to differentiate the normal from the pathological at all ages.
Non-traumatic problems
Authors: Guly H R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients with acute musculoskeletal pains commonly present to the A& E department as do patients with less acute problems. It is not the function of this book to give advice on whether these patients should be seen or treated in an emergency department but if they are seen (even if referred back to their general practitioner for treatment) it is important that their problems are assessed and documented properly.
Computers and genetic diseases
Authors: Elmslie Frances V , Winter Robin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computers have become essential tools in the day-to-day life of the clinical geneticist. Research into genetic disorders has expanded rapidly in the last few years and it has become impossible to keep up to date with new genetic information without the aid of centralized databases. In addition, the calculations involved in mapping and isolating genes are complex and require the aid of a computer. As more diseases are tackled so the computer scientists have risen to the challenge of producing an increasing range of software capable of analysing these problems. In this chapter we will give a broad overview of the ways in which computers are used, together with specific examples of recent, successful applications of the programs described.
Familial and genetic aspects of primary vesicoureteric reflux
Authors: Bailel Ross R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reflux nephropathy is the cause of about 10% of all cases of end-stage renal failure, and up to 50% of those presenting in childhood (Disney 1991; Bailey 1992; Bailey et al. 1993, 1994). Reflux nephropathy is therefore comparable in frequency to autosomal dominant adult polycystic kidney disease as a cause of end-stage renal failure. Reflux nephropathy is associated with the severer degrees of primary vesicoureteric reflux (Bailey 1973, 1992; Bailey et al. 1993). The latter is due to a congenital anomaly (McGovern et al. 1960; Hutch 1961), which in some instances is familial and inherited. This chapter will review the familial and genetic data so far reported in patients with primary vesicoureteric reflux or reflux nephropathy.
Congenital nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Gubler Marie-Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘congenital nephrotic syndrome’ (CNS) is used to designate nephrotic syndrome (NS) which is present at birth or, by extension, detected within the first three months oflife, whereas ‘infantile nephrotic syndrome’ applies to NS of later onset, up to one year of age. Most have a genetic basis and a poor outcome. The best example of CNS was initially observed and described in Finland by Hallman and Hjelt (1959) and is now called congenital nephrotic syndrome of Finnish type.