bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digestibility of a high‐fiber biscuit‐based diet by black and white colobus (Colobus guereza)
Authors: Watkins B. E. , Ullrey D. E. , Whetter P. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe acceptability and digestibility of a high‐fiber biscuit‐based diet was investigated using two adult male Colobus guereza animals. Although the animals were initially reluctant to accept the biscuit, it was eventually readily consumed. Apparent digestion coefficients for the diet (average composition, dry matter basis: 16% crude protein, 25% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 9.5% acid detergent fiber (ADF), 1.2% acid lignin) determined by total fecal collection were 0.871 for dry matter, 0.813 for NDF, 0.693 for ADF, and 0.208 for acid lignin. Fiber digestive capabilities in C. guereza generally exceeded those reported in ruminant species based on predictive equations. Use of acid lignin and Cr2O3 as markers underestimated dry matter digestibility by 3.9 and 6.0%, respectively.
Reproductive biology of Sykes and blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis)
Authors: Else James G. , Eley Robert M. , Suleman Mbaruk A. , Lequin Rudolf M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThirty‐five live births were recorded over a 5‐year period from three subspecies of the mitis (Sykes and blue) monkey (Cercopithecus mitis) maintained outdoors in single‐male harem breeding groups. There was no indication of birth seasonality. Females of one subspecies, C. m. kolbi, were individually caged, and basic reproductive parameters were monitored. A menstrual cycle length of 31.9 ± 6.0 days was recorded, and there were a large number of irregular cycles. Within individuals, mean progesterone and estrogen concentrations during the luteal phase of the cycle ranged from 5.5 to 10.7 nmol/liter and from 542 to 829 pmol/liter, respectively. Attempts at timed matings were unsuccessful. It is concluded that the mitis monkey is slow to adapt reproductively to captivity and is, therefore, not especially well‐suited for routine reproductive studies. However, it may prove valuable to elucidate some of the more complex factors controlling guenon reproduction.
Social facilitation of agonistic responses to strangers in pairs of saddle back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis)
Authors: Epple Gisela , Alveario Mary‐Catherine 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effect of the presence of a familiar social partner on the interactions of saddle back tamarins with unfamiliar conspecifics was studied. Fifteen adult male‐female pairs, of which six were composed of a castrated male and an intact female, served as subjects. All subject pairs were given two social encounters during which both mates met a strange male and two encounters during which they met a strange female. In addition, all subjects were given four encounters during which they met the same strangers while their own pair mates were absent. As a group, the subjects showed higher intensities of injurious aggression and of agonistic displays when they met strangers in the presence of their own pair mates. Females and castrated males, as subgroups, showed significant increases in most agonistic responses when they met strangers in the presence of their pair mates. Intact males, however, did not.
Age changes in affinitive behaviors of baboons
Authors: Bramblett Claud A. , Coelho Anthony M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe behavioral development of 96 baboons was systematically recorded from birth to 84 months of age. Eight behaviors were selected as criteria for examining the effects of early rearing experiences (mother‐peer vs peer‐peer), gender, age, and cohort as possible sources of variance in the development of affinitive behaviors of this species. Stepwise multiple regression was used to analyze the data and provide quantitative descriptions of the relationships between the selected independent variables and the rates of social behavior during maturation. Among the behaviors studied, three types of developmental patterns were identified. Embrace and groom shared the first developmental pattern; muzzle‐body and muzzle‐muzzle, the second; and contact, hold, huddle, touch, the third. Gender differences were evident in only the first behavior pattern group. Age was a strong predictor of behavioral performance rate in all but huddle. Cohort, or the combined effects of age, body size, and temporal peer grouping, was an important predictive factor in all but contact and muzzle‐muzzle behavior. Early rearing experiences did not produce any significant differences in performance of the affinitive behaviors studied. It is suggested that genetic control of maturation shapes the development of these behaviors in baboons, regardless of subtle environmental experiences.
Serum levels of gonadotropins and gonadal steroids, including testosterone, during the menstrual cycle of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Nadler Ronald D. , Graham Charles E. , Gosselin Robert E. , Collins Delwood C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to expand the data on menstrual cycle serum hormone patterns in female common chimpanzees, both in terms of the number of cycles analyzed and by the addition of data on testosterone levels. Samples were obtained from 11 unanesthetized animals trained for conscious blood withdrawal. LH, FSH, 17β‐estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), and testosterone (T) were measured by radioimmunoassay, genital swelling was recorded, and menstrual blood was noted. Concurrent midcycle elevations in LH and FSH and luteal phase elevations in progesterone suggested that the cycles were ovulatory. Detumescence of genital swelling occurred about 3 days after the midcycle LH peak, 1 day after the luteal phase nadir in E2, and 1 day after P levels exceeded 5 ng/ml. These relationships provide further support for the use of genital swelling in monitoring progress of the menstrual cycle. The hormone patterns in the chimpanzees closely resembled those of the human females, but E2 and T levels were higher. The levels of E2 and T were higher and the midcycle elevation in T was broader in the chimpanzee than in gorillas and orangutans. This is of interest because E2 and T are implicated in the regulation of mating, and chimpanzees mate over a greater portion of the cycle than the other apes. These data indicate the need for further study of hormonal contributions to the different patterns of mating in the great apes. They also support the use of the female common chimpanzee as a model for the human female in endocrine studies of the menstrual cycle.
Subspecific divergence in a loud call of the ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata)
Authors: Macedonia Joseph M. , Taylor Linda L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA loud call of the ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata) was analyzed for subspecific and gender differences according to four variables: pulse rate, median pulse duration, median high frequency, and median low frequency. These vocalizations of black‐and‐white and red ruffed lemurs and one hybrid ruffed lemur were recorded at the Duke University Primate Center (Durham, NC). Significant differences were found between subspecies but not between the sexes. Quantitative differences in this loud call of ruffed lemur subspecies indicate that these prosimians exhibit subspeciation trends similar to anthropoid primates for which comparable data exist. Preliminary data are presented that support the hypothesis that the vocalization functions as a terrestrial predator alarm call.
Space or novelty?: Effects of altered cage size on Galago behavior
Authors: Nash Leanne T. , Chilton Shawn‐Marie 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe influences of cage size and novelty on the behavior of Galago senegalensis braccatus were examined in two captive groups (five adults and one immature per group) having similarly furnished but unequally sized cages. One group experienced expansion, and the other experienced contraction of space. Each group experienced the novelty of a new cage and return to its old cage. Exploration, nonsocial activity, and social sniffing behaviors were most frequent in both groups during the novelty phase independent of cage size. These behaviors remained elevated after return to the original cage. This pattern indicated that novelty, not space, was responsible for these behavioral changes. The increase in social sniffing indicated that group members may use olfactory cues to recognize each other, expecially when the setting is novel. In both groups, frequencies of displacements and chases were highest in the smaller space. Group differences in behavior prior to cage change also influenced a group's response to change.
Intraspecific chromosome variation inCebus apella(cebidae, platyrrhini): The chromosomes of the yellow breasted capuchinCebus apella xanthosternoswied, 1820
Authors: Seuénez Héctor N. , Armada Jorge L. , Freitas Lucy , Silva Roberto Rocha E , Pissinatti Alcides , Coimbra‐Filho Adelmar 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChromosome studies in six wild‐caught specimens ofCebus apella xanthosternosshowed a distinctive chromosome pair number 11 that made it possible to distinguish this subspecies from otherCebus apella. The characteristic chromosome pair had intercalar heterochromatin unlike the “standard” chromosome type ofCebus apellaand other species of the same genus, in which this chromosome pair shows a large, terminal, heterochromatic block. A comparison at the chromosomal level between differentCebus apellapopulations suggests that chromosome 11 inCebus apella xanthosternosis a derived chromosome that has probably become fixed in this subspecies, either by selection or by drift in a small isolated population.
The detection of ovulation and early pregnancy in the baboon by direct measurement of conjugated steroids in urine
Authors: Hodges J. K. , Tarara R. , Hearn J. P. , Else J. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe pattern of excretion of urinary steroid metabolites in the olive baboon (Papio anubis) was examined during the menstrual cycle and in conception cycles in which embryos were surgically removed at intervals between day 11 and day 21 (day 0 = day of preovulatory estrogen peak). Conjugated estrone and pregnanediol‐3α‐glucuronide were measured in overnight urine samples by direct, nonextraction assays, and the levels were indexed by creatinine. Results showed that measurement of urinary conjugated estrone reflected preovulatory estrogen output and that pregnanediol‐3α‐glucuronide was an abundant urinary metabolite of progesterone. There was a defined postovulatory increase in the excretion of conjugated estrone during conception cycles in eight of ten animals. The timing of the increase ranged between day 13 and day 19 and was related to the appearance of elevated levels of urinary gonadotrophin. In four animals, increased estrogen excretion was first detected after the day of embryo removal, but this was most likely a response to chorionic gonadotrophin secreted before surgery. The findings demonstrate that measurement of conjugated estrone offers a rapid and practical approach for monitoring ovulation and implantation in the baboon by a single assay technique.
Population structure of Aotus nancymai (Cebidae: Primates) in Peruvian Amazon lowland forest
Authors: Aquino Rolando , Encarnación Filomeno 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWild groups of Aotus nancymai were trapped at three sites in the Peruvian Amazon lowland forest in order to study their social structure. Data on population density, group size, sex and age composition, social organization, and population structure were analyzed and are presented here.
Diet and habitat preference ofMandrillus sphinxin gabon: Implications of foraging strategy
Authors: Lahm Sally A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn ecological study of the mandrill was conducted in northeastern and central Gabon from November 1982 to October 1983. The purpose of the study was to gather basic ecological data on the mandrill as a foundation for a future long‐term study of this species. Data were collected by direct observation, by collecting evidence left along fresh trails, and by fecal and stomach content analyses. Fruits constituted the mandrill's major dietary item, supplemented by various plant parts and numerous insect species. Small vertebrates were also occasionally consumed. Mandrills fed primarily on the forest floor but also climbed trees to obtain food, probably on a more frequent basis than do thePapiospecies. The majority of mandrill sightings and identified foods were attributed to primary forest, but foraging also occurred in secondary, riparian, and inundated forests. The patchy distribution and seasonal fluctuation of fruiting trees in the rainforests of Gabon may influence mandrill home range usage. The electric feeding behavior and large home ranges estimated for mandrill groups suggest that this species may play an important role in seed dispersal. Interspecific competition for food sources may be mitigated by species' preferences for different fruit parts. The mandrill is able to utilize foods in both arboreal and terrestrial ecological niches.
Comparison of infant care in family groups of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and the cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)
Authors: Tardif Suzete D. , Carson Robert L. , Gangaware Barbara L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe involvement of parents and siblings in infant care in similarly composed groups of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) was compared during the infants' first 8 weeks of life. The results indicate an earlier infant independence in C. jacchus than in S. oedipus due primarily to a more frequent rejection of carried infants in C. jacchus. There was no species difference in extent of maternal involvment in carrying infants. However, S. oedipus fathers carried infants significantly more often during weeks 5–8 than did C. jacchus fathers. Siblings were generally more involved in infant care at an earlier infant age in C. jacchus than in S. oedipus.
Starting from scratch: A first look at a “displacement activity” in group‐living rhesus monkeys
Authors: Diezinger F. , Anderson J. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData on scratching behavior were collected from a group of rhesus monkeys living in spacious surroundings. Juveniles scratched more often than adults. Adults scratched most often in social contexts and in close temporal association with a change of behavior. Subjects of intermediate dominance rank, in particular, scratched around the time of a behavioral change, and these subjects were the only ones to show increased scratching during tests involving restricted access to food (thwarting or frustration). The outer thighs, lower back, and sides were the sites scratched most frequently, not necessarily matching sites reported to be preferred for self‐grooming. Scratching in monkeys has certain characteristics in common with some well‐studied displacement activities in other species, and it possibly also serves as a signal that the individual is preparing to change behavior.
Biochemical and hormonal correlates of dominance and social behavior in all‐male groups of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Steklis Horst D. , Raleigh Michael J. , Kling Arthur S. , Tachiki Ken 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examined the relationship between dominance rank and several physiological and behavioral measures in stable, captive, all‐male squirrel monkey groups. Four groups, each containing three males, were observed for 12 weeks during the breeding season. Relative dominance ranking among males in each group was based on the direction of agonistic behaviors displayed. For each subject, whole blood serotonin (WBS), plasma testosterone (T), and cortisol (C) were sampled 4 to 6 times over the course of the study. Samples were separated by 1‐ to 2‐week intervals. Each group had a stable linear dominance hierarchy. WBS had small intraanimal variance and was positively related to dominance rank. In contrast, T and C were highly variable within subjects and were unrelated to dominance rank. Among alpha males, concentrations of T and C were positively correlated, and WBS and C were negatively correlated. The effect of dominance rank on the relationship between within‐animal fluctuations in WBS, T, and C and behavior was also assessed. In dominant, but not subordinate subjects, intraanimal fluctuations in WBS correlated with agonistic behavior initiated, and fluctuations in C and T correlated with huddling. In beta and gamma males, C was related to agonism received, and in gamma males to food stealing received. Dominance status also affected endocrine response to the stress of capture but not the rate of sneezing. Sneezing was positively correlated with T concentrations irrespective of dominance rank. These results extend the association between WBS and dominance rank previously reported in Old World monkeys to a New World monkey species, support previous suggestions that mean T and C titers are not reflective of dominance rank in well‐established groups, and indicate that dominance rank affects adrenocortical response to the stress associated with capture and anesthesia.
Reproductive cycles in Tarsius bancanus
Authors: Wright Patricia C. , Izard M. Kay , Simons Elwyn L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe reproductive condition of three pairs of Bornean tarsiers (Tarsius bancanus) was documented for 16 months. Each pair was housed separately under a constant photoperiod (L:D = 11.5:12.5) similar to that in their native habitat. Reproductive cycles of females were monitored visually for 6 months and were then monitored with vaginal smears and measurements of external genitalia for an additional 10 months. Progressive proliferation and cornification of vaginal epithelial cells during proestrus and estrus was accompanied by an enlargement of the external genitalia. Cycle lengths averaged 24.0 ± 3.2 days. The external genitalia were swollen each cycle for a period of 6–9 days. Copulations occurred on the 1st day of estrus, which lasted 1–3 days. No menstruation was observed. There was no evidence of seasonality of estrous cycles with this photoperiod. Testicular measurements of males showed no overt seasonal changes. There was variation in testicular size, and one male copulated at a range of testicular sizes. The data indicate that T. bancanus has estrous cycles similar to those of prosimian primates and some New World monkeys and that these cycles occur throughout the year under constant photoperiodic conditions.
Endocrine and behavioral correlates of drought in wild olive baboons (Papio anubis)
Authors: Sapolsky Robert M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAs part of a long‐term study in behavioral endocrinology, wild olive baboons (Papio anubis) living in the Serengeti ecosystem of East Africa have been under study since 1978. The present report documents behavioral and endocrine changes associated with the severe drought of 1984. During this time, the annual rainy season failed and grassland biomass was severely reduced in the Serengeti. Baboons were able to maintain body weight but spent significantly more time foraging for food. In four prior years of study, basal testosterone concentrations were remarkably stable in adult and subadult males. In contrast, during the drought, there was a highly significant 60% decline in basal concentrations of the steroid. This testicular suppression was apparent in males of all ranks (by approach‐avoidance criteria). Prior studies with this population, which examined the role of acute and chronic stressors in similarly suppressing testosterone concentrations, suggested that the present instance was in response to the stress of the drought. The drought was also associated with significant reductions in the rates of escalated aggression among males. However, the distribution of fights between high‐ranking males, between low‐ranking males, and between high‐ and low‐ranking males did not change from prior years, nor was the dominance hierarchy inordinately unstable during this time. These findings agree with previous evidence that indicates that suppressed testosterone concentrations in males can be associated with lower rates of aggressive behaviors but that the steroid plays a predominantly facilitative rather than activational role. Finally, rates of approach‐avoidance interactions and of male sexual behaviors were unchanged during the drought. These findings agree with an endocrine literature that indicates that reproductive behavior or physiology in primates is rarely disrupted by suppression of testosterone concentrations of the magnitude of the present case.
Social responding to mirrors in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): Effects of changing mirror location
Authors: Suarez Susan D. , Gallup Gordon G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with a lifetime of continuous exposure to mirrors showed a dramatic and reliable reinstatement of social behavior directed toward the mirror when it was simply moved to a new location. These data are discussed in the context of repeated failures to find self‐recognition in monkeys and several recent claims that a cessation of social behavior directed toward mirrors can be used as evidence for the beginning of self‐recognition in nonhuman primates.
Territorial shift in the yellow‐handed titi monkey (Callicebus torquatus)
Authors: Easley Stephen Phillip , Kinzey Warren G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this study, the ranging pattern of a single group of monogamous and territorial Callicebus torquatus was recorded over a 7‐year period from 1974 to 1980. Data on ranging pattern were recorded by direct observation; daily movement patterns were plotted on an accurate, scaled map of the territory. Data were obtained during 1–3‐month studies each year from 1974 to 1978 and in 1980, as well as during a 12‐month study in 1979‐1980. These studies show that the exclusive territory maintained by the group was not spatially stable over the 7‐year period. The group gradually moved its territory to the northeast, to the extent that the territory used in 1980 was completely noncoincident with the territory used in 1974 by the same group. Analysis of the ranging pattern from the 12‐month study indicates that the group did not exhibit seasonal preferences for different parts of its range. Seasonal ranging patterns, therefore, are not likely to account for the observed territorial shift. It is suggested that territorial shifting may be related to the need for monogamous groups to find new territories for their offspring.
Secondary sex ratios by maternal rank, parity, and age in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Small Meredith F. , Hrdy Sarah Blaffer 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnalysis of 645 conceptions by captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with known reproductive histories indicated that maternal age and parity had little effect on the sex of progeny. There was, however, a slight indication that high‐ranking females produced a higher proportion of daughters and relatively fewer sons than did low‐ranking females. These results provide only weak support for the “advantaged daughter” hypothesis suggested by three previous studies of cercopithecine monkeys, and therefore they further confound the conflicting results for macaques and baboons in general.