bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mating systems and reproductive success
Authors: Sutherland William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I will consider how ideal free theory can be used to consider mating systems and especially lekking behaviour. Leks are communal mating grounds in which males display and females visit to mate, gaining no resources from attending the lek—see Wiley (1991) for a review. The approaches used here are similar to those used in previous chapters, but I will restate some of the basic concepts described in previous chapters within a framework of mating systems. I will sketch out some of the ways in which mating systems can be studied using the ideal free distribution and describe lek mating in more detail.
Applied problems
Authors: Sutherland William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have explained in general terms how the distribution of consumers in relation to the food population can be understood. Although this approach can be used for examining the general principles applying to any species, the details of the natural history will influence the outcome. Of particular importance is unravelling the factors affecting habitat preferences. The two aims of this chapter are firstly to describe how to develop models of a given species in a given area and secondly to show how these models can be used to tackle applied problems. The actual problems involve the two following predictions: the consequences of increases in the number of competitors and changes in habitat management on the species of conservation interest; and the extent of future agricultural loss resulting from species whose populations are increasing.
Predation and human disturbance
Authors: Sutherland William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consumers may themselves be attacked and eaten by predators. Not only may this reduce the numbers of consumers but it may also cause them to change their choice of patches which may have consequences for the size of a population that could be sustained in a site. In this chapter I will describe the evidence for a trade-off between resource abundance and predation risk and will suggest a way of considering the consequences of this for the population that can be sustained in a site.
Modelling techniques
Authors: Sutherland William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to outline the basic approaches behind the models described in the previous chapters. There is not the space to describe every model in detail but my hope is that this chapter will make it reasonably clear how these models were created and assist anyone wanting to produce further models. The models used in this book were all programmed in Pascal and are not complex. All the models have a similar basic structure. In each case there are patches that differ in resource density and consumers distribute themselves between these patches in response to the gains available from each. These models are based on the ideal free distribution and so the assumption is that no individual can obtain higher rewards by moving elsewhere. Thus the evolutionarily stable strategy is that, for each phenotype, the gains are equal in all the patches occupied. If the gain is higher in one patch then the theoretical expectation is that individuals will move there until either the increased negative feedback from interference and depletion balances the discrepancy or all members of that phenotype have moved.
Summary
Authors: Sutherland William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this book has been to show how simple models based on the decisions individuals make can be used to describe phenomena such as the distribution within and between sites, population abundance, and migration. It is then possible to use these models to explore conservation issues such as the consequences of habitat loss or changes in habitat management. Population ecology has usually been based upon empirical relationships. This has the disadvantage that if the environment changes it is necessary to redetermine these relationships. Behavioural models based upon optimization and game theory can be derived from the principles of natural selection. Deriving population models from behaviour thus gives the opportunity to consider population ecology from first principles.
Sex ratio and egg size manipulation
Authors: Simmons Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will look at the ability of harriers and other raptors to manipulate the number of sons and daughters they produce (sex ratio manipulation) and determine whether harriers can adaptively change the size of the eggs they lay. Both are relatively controversial topics because there is presently no known mechanism for females to alter the sex ratio of their eggs-but growing evidence that they can do so—and little experimental evidence that birds can adaptively change the size of the eggs they produce in relation to changing environmental conditions.
Synthesis
Authors: Simmons Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this book has been twofold: to review current and new research on the evolution and ecology of the world’s harriers, and to provide a behavioural ecologist’s perspective on old questions about raptors, and harriers in particular. The behavioural ecologist is generally programmed to ask the most difficult question, which is why?— why do organisms behave as they do, why have some traits been favoured over others, and so on. To even begin to answer the ‘why’ question for any behaviour or ecological trait one cannot be content with observing and recording; it also requires perturbing an organism’s behaviour in some non-obtrusive way to test its ability to respond to unusual circumstances. The cleverly crafted experiment not only creates endless possibilities for creative thinking on the part of the researcher, it also has the potential to solve numerous puzzles that have not yielded their secrets to the patient observer, even in a lifetime’s work. While I have not been very creative in this regard—the experiments reported here are often carbon copies of ones that have been tried in temperate zones—the difference lies in the fact that they have been used on species in southern climes where experimentation is much rarer and where they can provide insights into questions (on clutch size, for example) that have only been tackled from the north, down.
Introduction
Authors: Gilbert Oliver L , Anderson Penny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is necessary to start by considering the ethics of habitat creation. Habitat creation is regarded in certain areas as a universal remedy for mitigating adverse human impacts on the environment. However, this view is counteracted by some nature conservationists who consider that ‘faking nature’ is largely ineffectual and to be discouraged. A well-publicized example, where the arguments for both sides were given wide exposure, involved Oxleas Wood in south London. This large, ancient oak wood lay on the proposed route of a major road that would have cut the wood in half and resulted in the destruction of 8.3 ha of high forest. The Department of Transport, which was sponsoring the road, offered, in mitigation, to plant 10.2ha of new trees on farmland adjacent to the wood. The Department of Transport suggested that this ‘exchange land’ would more than make up for the lost woodland.
Promoting natural succession
Authors: Gilbert Oliver L , Anderson Penny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the approach to habitat creation that, where it is appropriate, appeals most strongly to ecologists. In its purest form it entails leaving the site to nature, so that a secondary succession can develop, which involves local plants and animals colonizing by natural dispersal methods. Some control may be exerted over the course succession takes through mowing or grazing, to arrest the development of woodland, but the exact outcome is not known in terms of eventual species composition, structure of the vegetation, or time scale. Not all sites are suitable for such an open-ended approach to design, but increasingly succession is being employed on parts of sites where recreation and wildlife conservation are the proposed end use. As this is a relatively recent approach, many of the mature examples are the product of neglect or failure of the planning system, which has, for example, allowed sites where mineral extraction took place to escape restoration work. A recent questionnaire to mineral planning authorities (Mills et al. 1995) revealed a trend in favour of natural colonization as a method of establishing ecological interest, so it is starting to be used as a positive technique.
Grasslands
Authors: Gilbert Oliver L , Anderson Penny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than any other community type, grasslands illustrate the difference between ‘designer’ and ‘political’ habitat creation. Much of the substantial wild flower grassland establishment, especially in urban areas, might be classed as ‘political’, in that it is all about stimulating a public interest in and appreciation of wildlife (Baines 1989). In contrast are the schemes where ecological design takes precedence in an effort to expand the dwindling resource of flower-rich grassland, although on some sites attempts are made to combine these objectives. There are examples where each has succeeded in its chosen objectives and, equally, where many have failed.
The significance of the early cleavage pattern for the reconstruction of gastropod phylogeny
Authors: Jo A M , Biggelaar Van Den 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper a two-sided working hypothesis is proposed for the phylogenetic classification of gastropod species. On the one hand this hypothesis says that the characteristics of the early cleavage pattern of a species are a principal key for its classification. On the other hand it says that the early cleavage pattern of a species is a marker for its position in a phylogenetic system. This hypothesis assumes that gastropod phylogeny from ancestral to more advanced forms is associated with gradual changes of the cleavage pattern.
Anatomy And Affinities Of Lepetid Limpets (Patellogastropoda = Docoglossa)
Authors: Angerer Georg , Haszprunar Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The anatomy of the patellogastropod (docoglossan) family Lepetidae is still very poorly known. The only anatomical information is the short account by Pelseneer (1899), and current taxonomy of lepetid species and genera is based solely on conchological and radular characters (Moskalev, 1977; Okutani, 1987). The systematic position of the family is still doubtful, although a classification within the Acmaeoidea is likely (Lindberg, 1988). The lepetids share a very similar external morphology (limpets) and ecology (most species are detritivores in deep waters) with the extant Monoplacophora (Neopilinidae). Therefore detailed studies should reveal distinct similarities with these “living fossils” as well as distinct differences due to the bauplan constraints of the respective classes (Gastropoda versus Monoplacophora).
Contrasting developmental strategies and speciation in n.e. Atlantic prosobranchs: a preliminary analysis
Authors: Oliverio Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any major evolutionary phenomenon, such as the origin of a new group or the radiation of a clade, has speciation as key event. Speciation has long been approached under the twofold perspective of the geographic ambit, and the mechanism of reproductive isolation underlying it. Presently, interest is growing into aspects related to adaptation. The life histories of the organisms involved play important role in the understanding of the speciation mechanisms. Marine prosobranchs have adopted several developmental modalities that can well be interpreted as adaptive strategies (Jablonski and Lutz, 1983; Strathmann, 1978a, 1978b, 1985). Particularly, the so-called ‘higher prosobranchs’ developed a planktotrophic larval stage as an important evolutionary novelty that greatly contributed to the success of caenogastropods (Haszprunar, 1988b).
Suprageneric Phylogeny In Scaphopoda
Authors: Steiner Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scaphopoda are considered one of the lesser classes of the molluscan phylum and the most uniform class among the Conchifera. Rough estimates of the number of recent scaphopods suggest between 500 and 600 species (Steiner, unpublished), and according to Pilsbry and Sharp (1897) 300 to 400 are known to be extinct. These species form 40 generic and subgeneric groups in 10 families (Steiner, 1992b). The two ordinal taxa Dentaliida and Gadilida are familiar to most malacologists and widely accepted (Emerson, 1979), and recently, two suborders within the Gadilida have been established (Steiner, 1992b).
Introduction to the herons
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Herons are recognized the world over. Their distinctive sleek figure, emphasized by their long legs and neck, standing erect against a wetland backdrop or perched in a tree at sunset, is a well-appreciated sight. Worldwide they are known for their tolerance of humans and, for many species, adoption of the human landscape. These birds are called by many vernacular names, some aligned with their taxonomy such as herons, egrets, or bitterns. Other names reflect a more local perspective, such as quawk or shitepoke.
Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other names: Blue Crane, Blue Heron, Great Blue, Great White Heron (white birds), Würde mann’s Heron (dark-white intermediate), Blue Gaulin, Arsnicker in English; Garza Azulada, Garza Azul Mayor, Garzón, Garzón Azul, Garzón Cenizo, Garzón Azulado, Garcilote, Garcilote Ceniciento, Garzón Blanco (white birds) in Spanish; Grand héron, Krabye nwa, lajirond, Crabier bleu, Crabier radar, Crabier noir in French, Haiti; Amerikaanse blauwe reiger in Dutch; Kanadareiher in German.
Sumatran Heron Ardea sumatrana
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a species that apparently is adversely affected by human disturbance, as evidenced by its occurrence primarily in remote forests. Human traffic and movement of domestic animals cause disturbances in the forest. In addition, birds are likely at risk from hunting of all sorts. Local people kill birds at the nest, obtaining them using long bamboo poles. It is likely that hunting has been a principal cause of loss of individuals. The species is endangered (Kushlan and Hafner 2000, IUCN 2003).
Cattle Egret Ardea ibis
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Purple Heron is a bird adapted to and dependent on a very specific habitat—dense reed beds. Its long toes, short tarsus, thin body and head, and long bill can be seen as adaptations for living in this habitat (Boev 1988a). It feeds by solitarily waiting patiently for prey or by Walking slowly over and through the reeds. It is also a diet specialist and is among the most morphologically specialized of European herons for fish eating (Boev 1989). Together, these characteristics indicate that it has among the narrowest of ecological niches of the typical herons.
Eastern Reef-Heron Egretta sacra
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The species is vulnerable (IUCN 2003). It was upgraded from Endangered in 1994 owing to the discovery of Korean and Chinese colonies and the Philippine wintering grounds. But with fewer than 3400 birds and its habitat under immediate threat, it truly remains a heron of great concern. It is protected or listed in Russia, South Korea, China including Taiwan. An immediate conservation action plan for this heron is needed. All major colony sites, their intertidal feeding sites, and important wintering sites need to be protected, but especially the sites in North and South Korea, China, and the Philippines.
Striated Heron Butorides striata
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other names: Little Heron, Green-backed Heron, Little Green Heron, Red Heron, Mangrove Heron, Red Mangrove Heron, Red Mangrove Bittern, Johnny Mangrove, Mangrove Jack, Thick-billed Heron, Galapagos Heron, Lava Heron in English; Garcita Verde in Spanish; Socozinho in Portuguese; Heron vert in French; Streifenreiher in German; Mangrovereiger in Dutch; 1,:,&gt;“b 8”8” in Russian; Kokokan laut in Indonesian; Bakaw in Pilipino, Bakaw Itim in Tagalog (Philippines); Sasagoi in Japanese Lü lu in Chinese.
Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Yellow-crowned Night-Heron is an intriguing species, in that it shows the most specialized development among crab-eating herons. Its stout, strong bill is used for catching and handling these hard-bodied and somewhat threatening prey.That the bill is geo- graphically variable is thought to be an evolutionary response to the size of prey. Island populations eat relatively large prey, such as land crabs. Other populations eat smaller and softer prey, such as inland cray-fish.
Rufous Night-Heron Nycticorax caledonicus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
close proximity to humans. It has three separate lines of food: fish, insects, and frogs, which can vary in importance depending on their availability. It is a species that takes advantage of a varied and change- able array of food—a food generalist. The Black- crowned Night-Heron is adaptable not only in food and nesting, but in its travels. A strong dis- persal tendency brings it to places outside the nesting range, which can ensure colonization of likely locations.
South American Bittern Botaurus pinnatus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
within a season are all very unusual among herons. This is a species that could reveal new elements of heron behaviour. Range-wide, year-round surveys of its annual occupancy of potentially suitable habitat need to be carried out to provide the basis for a conservation strategy. The situation is much like that in the Japanese Night- Heron. So little is known of this heron that much of its basic biology is speculative and it is not certain what constitutes the essential characteristics of a nocturnal low- to mid-elevation wet forest heron.
Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
important information to clarify its continent-wide movements. Seasonal, individual, sexual, and developmental changes in soft-part colours are poorly understood. Additional study is needed to assess these individual differences. The Dwarf Bittern is a forest bittern, and one that appears to be to take advantage of ephemeral food supplies. One such habitat is seasonally flooded pans, which dry out in the dry season. When the rains come, birds find the pans. The bitterns build their nest and lay the clutch quickly, have a short incubation period, perhaps synchronous hatching, and chicks develop quickly and soon leave the nest.
Bare-throated Tiger-Heron Tigrisoma mexicanum
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other names: Cabanis Tiger Heron, Mexican Tiger Heron, Mexican Tiger Bittern in English; Avetigre Mejicana, Garza Tigre, Garza-tigre Gorjinuda, Garza-tigre Cuellinuda in Spanish; Onoré du Mexique in French; Nacktkehlreiher in German. Tigrisoma mexicanum Swainson, 1834. In Mur- ray’s Encyclopedia of Geography, p. 1388: Read del Monte (Hidalgo), Mexico. The Bare-throated Tiger-Heron is a medium, cryp- tically coloured heron, with a green face and throat.
Boat-billed Heron Cochlearius cochlearius
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any information on its biology would be valuable. Surveys need to be undertaken to determine the distribution and density of the species within its habitat and its habitat requirements. Studies are needed on its status and distribution, its basic boil ogy and ecology in order to understand its conservation needs. The White-crested Tiger-Heron is a stream-side heron of the African tropical rain forest. It uses various aquatic habitats, including small streams or swamps within the forest, gallery forests along rivers, and mangrove-lined streams on the coast.
Introduction
Authors: Cartledge Bryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 3 May 1995, the eve of the fiftieth anniversary of VE Day, some two hundred people gathered in the magnificent gardens of St Hugh’s College, Oxford, to enjoy tea, sunshine, and the music of the band of the Light Infantry. Among them were 35 elderly men who, although coming from widely differing social and occupational backgrounds, had a great deal in common. They were all veterans of World War II; they had all sustained serious head injuries while on active service; they had all been treated in the St Hugh’s Military Hospital whose hutments had covered the gardens during and until shortly after the war; and they had all benefited from continuous contact, over half a century, with the Head Injury Advice Bureau which Professor Ritchie Russell, the eminent neurologist, had established in Oxford before the war ended. The occasion was a reunion of comrades in arms who had successfully overcome a common misfortune; and also marked the formal deposit in the St Hugh’s College Library of the invaluable medical records which Ritchie Russell’s Bureau had assembled over the years. It was the latest episode in a remarkable Oxford story which has direct relevance to the themes of these Linacre Lectures on ‘Mind, Brain, and the Environment’.
Meeting of Minds: the Import of Family and Society
Authors: Clare Anthony W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Anthony Clare took his medical degree at University Col lege, Dublin and undertook his psychiatric training at St Patrick’s Hospital in the same city. He was appointed Psychiatric Registrar at the Maudsley Hospital, London in 1970 and became Senior Registrar three years later. He then moved to the Institute of Psychiatry to undertake research and was appointed Senior Lecturer there in 1980. In 1983, he became Professor and Head of the Department of Psychological Medicine at St Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School; six years later, he returned to his native Dublin to take up his present posts of Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Trinity College and Medical Director of St Patrick’s Hospital. Since 1980, Professor Clare has been a regular broadcaster on radio and television: his two radio series In the Psychiatrist’s Chair and All in the Mind have become media classics. He has also published extensively and his book Psychiatry and Dissent (1976) has achieved classic status. Professor Clare played a prominent part in Ireland’s national debate about the reform of laws on divorce.Our ideas about the brain and the mind reflect the science and the politics of the era in which we live. The very cytoarchitectonics of the cerebral cortex are sculpted by inputs from the social environment because socialization shapes the essential human attributes of our species. In practice, most of us, save perhaps the most incorrigibly reductive, conceptualize human life, our own and that of others, in terms of an interaction between the extraordinary organic computer that is the human brain and the equally complex, multifaceted organism that we term society.