bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
7‐Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanning in Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease: Improving Visualization of the Dorsolateral Subthalamic Nucleus
Authors: Verlaat Lisa , Rijks Niels , Dilai José , Admiraal Marjolein , Beudel Martijn , de Bie Rob M.A. , van der Zwaag Wietske , Schuurman Rick , van den Munckhof Pepijn , Bot Maarten 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackgroundIdentifying the dorsolateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) can be challenging due to the size and double‐oblique orientation. Since 2015 we implemented 7‐Tesla T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging (7 T T2) for improving visualization and targeting of the dorsolateral STN. We describe the changes in surgical planning and outcome since implementation of 7 T T2 for DBS in PD.MethodsBy comparing two cohorts of STN DBS patients in different time periods we evaluated the influence of 7 T T2 on STN target planning, the number of microelectrode recording (MER) trajectories, length of STN activity and the postoperative motor (UPDRS) improvement.ResultsFrom February 2007 to January 2014, 1.5 and 3‐Tesla T2 guided STN DBS with 3 MER channels was performed in 76 PD patients. Average length of recorded STN activity in the definite electrode trajectory was 3.9 ± 1.5 mm. From January 2015 to January 2022 7 T T2 and MER‐guided STN DBS was performed in 182 PD patients. Average length of recorded STN activity in the definite electrode trajectory was 5.1 ± 1.3 mm and used MER channels decreased from 3 to 1. Average UPDRS improvement was comparable.ConclusionImplementation of 7 T T2 for STN DBS enabled a refinement in targeting. Combining classical DBS targeting with dorsolateral STN alignment may be used to determine the optimal trajectory. The improvement in dorsolateral STN visualization can be used for further target refinements, for example adding probabilistic subthalamic connectivity, to enhance clinical outcome of STN DBS.
Increased Readiness for Water Splitting: NiO‐Induced Weakening of Bonds in Water Molecules as Possible Cause of Ultra‐Low Oxygen Evolution Potential
Authors: Bookholt Tom , Qin Xian , Lilli Bettina , Enke Dirk , Huck Marten , Balkenhohl Danni , Rüwe Klara , Brune Julia , Klare Johann P. , Küpper Karsten , Schuster Anja , Bergjan Jenrik , Steinhart Martin , Gröger Harald , Daum Diemo , Schäfer Helmut 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe development of non‐precious metal‐based electrodes that actively and stably support the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water electrolysis systems remains a challenge, especially at low pH levels. The recently published study has conclusively shown that the addition of haematite to H2SO4 is a highly effective method of significantly reducing oxygen evolution overpotential and extending anode life. The far superior result is achieved by concentrating oxygen evolution centres on the oxide particles rather than on the electrode. However, unsatisfactory Faradaic efficiencies of the OER and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) parts as well as the required high haematite load impede applicability and upscaling of this process. Here it is shown that the same performance is achieved with three times less metal oxide powder if NiO/H2SO4 suspensions are used along with stainless steel anodes. The reason for the enormous improvement in OER performance by adding NiO to the electrolyte is the weakening of the intramolecular O─H bond in the water molecules, which is under the direct influence of the nickel oxide suspended in the electrolyte. The manipulation of bonds in water molecules to increase the tendency of the water to split is a ground‐breaking development, as shown in this first example.
Low‐Temperature and Fast‐Charge Sodium Metal Batteries
Authors: Yu Dandan , Wang Zhenya , Yang Jiacheng , Wang Yingyu , Li Yuting , Zhu Qiaonan , Tu Xinman , Chen Dezhi , Liang Junfei , Khalilov Umedjon , Wang Hua 
Published: February 2024

AbstractLow‐temperature operation of sodium metal batteries (SMBs) at the high rate faces challenges of unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), Na dendrite growth, and sluggish Na+ transfer kinetics, causing a largely capacity curtailment. Herein, low‐temperature and fast‐charge SMBs are successfully constructed by synergetic design of the electrolyte and electrode. The optimized weak‐solvation dual‐salt electrolyte enables high Na plating/stripping reversibility and the formation of NaF‐rich SEI layer to stabilize sodium metal. Moreover, an integrated copper sulfide electrode is in situ fabricated by directly chemical sulfuration of copper current collector with micro‐sized sulfur particles, which significantly improves the electronic conductivity and Na+ diffusion, knocking down the kinetic barriers. Consequently, this SMB achieves the reversible capacity of 202.8 mAh g−1 at −20 °C and 1 C (1 C = 558 mA g−1). Even at −40 °C, a high capacity of 230.0 mAh g−1 can still be delivered at 0.2 C. This study is encouraging for further exploration of cryogenic alkali metal batteries, and enriches the electrode material for low‐temperature energy storage.
Rapid Conversion from Alloy Nanoparticles to Oxide Nanowires: Strain Wave‐Driven Ru‐O‐Mn Collaborative Catalysis for Durable Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Xiao Mingyue , Liu Jingjun , Li Rongchao , Sun Yanhui , Liu Feng , Gan Jun , Gao Shixin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractMetal‐doped ruthenium oxides with low prices have gained widespread attention due to their editable compositions, distorted structures, and diverse morphologies for electrocatalysis. However, the mainstream challenge lies in breaking the so‐called seesaw relationship between activity and stability during acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, strain wave‐featured Mn‐RuO2 nanowires (NWs) with asymmetric Ru‐O‐Mn bonds are first fabricated by thermally driven rapid solid phase conversion from RuMn alloy nanoparticles (NPs) at moderate temperature (450 °C). In 0.5 M H2SO4, the resultant NWs display a surprisingly ultralow overpotential of 168 mV at 10 mA cm–2 and run at a stable cell voltage (1.67 V) for 150 h at 50 mA cm–2 in PEMWE, far exceeding IrO2||Pt/C assemble. The simultaneous enhancement of both activity and stability stems from the presence of dense strain waves composed of alternating compressive and tensile ones in the distorted NWs, which collaboratively activate the Ru‐O‐Mn sites for faster OER. More importantly, the atomic strain waves trigger dynamic Ru‐O‐Mn regeneration via the refilling of oxygen vacancies by oxyanions adsorbed on adjacent Mn and Ru sites, achieving long‐term stability. This work opens a door to designing non‐precious metal‐assisted ruthenium oxides with unique strains for practical application in commercial PEMWE.
Afterword
Authors: Agrusti Gabriella , Hardy Pip 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe United Nations estimates that all over the world, 147 million children have missed more than half of their in-class instruction over the past 2 years due to school closures caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. This means of course a significant loss of future earnings across their lifetimes. In addition, after schools reopened, only 20% of countries implemented measures to foster mental health and provide psychosocial support for students. School absenteeism rose to unprecedented level.
Promoting Learning Inclusion Through the Global Network of Learning Cities and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Authors: Pagkratis Konstantinos , Dobson Stephen 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter seeks to understand how global policies of learning are translated into initiatives that promote learning inclusion in local communities and their institutions; these, in turn, lead to increased social belonging and amplification of voice in the (digital) age in which we live, along with health and well-being that are pivotal in supporting and experiencing life as enjoyable and life- enhancing across the lifespan. The case explored is that of UNESCO’s Global Network of Learning Cities and how this contributes to a number of SDGs: no. 4 on Quality Education and no. 3 on Good Health and Well-being and how they both can be usefully conceived as a shared platform for the other SDGs, such as SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities, with the goal of making human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
Fostering Social Inclusion of People in Situations of Vulnerability: Experiences from the Italian and Portuguese Contexts
Authors: Damiani Valeria , Coimbra Susana , Costa Ana Luísa 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter builds upon the findings of two multiplier events carried out in Italy and Portugal. They involved education professionals such as teachers, educators and other experts working with adults in situations of vulnerability (migrants, refugees and people at risk of poverty or social exclusion). The goal of the chapter is to analyse challenges and obstacles for professionals in promoting social inclusion for the selected target groups and to present best practices with a focus on digital technologies. The last section explores teachers’ and professionals’ training needs and the supporting actions for their continuing professional development at a local and national level.
Prediction of debris flow initiation points using high resolution DEM and GIS analysis in South Korea
Authors: Kim Tae-Yun , Yun Hong-Sik , Kwak Sang-Woo 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis study presents a GIS analysis model that utilizes high-resolution Digital Elevation Map data to predict the initiation points of debris flow through the overlap of slope stability analysis techniques and rainfall flow analysis. The debris flow that occurred on Mount Woomyun in Seoul, South Korea in 2011 was selected as the case study for comparing and analyzing the prediction model against the actual case. In South Korea, occurrences of debris flow mostly happen during the summer monsoon season. When a substantial amount of rainfall accumulates and heavy rainfall events occur, the pore water pressure within slopes reaches saturation. Consequently, flow is initiated along “temporary streams.” In this study, areas with a combination of low slope stability and abrupt changes in velocity vectors were assumed to have the highest probability of debris flow occurrence due to the overlapping of these factors. The research model was conducted under this assumption. To evaluate the performance of the model, 3D coordinates of the model’s result point, and actual occurrence points were obtained, and a Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to compare them. With these results, R2 values of X = 0.9147, Y = 0.8625, and H = 0.8942 were obtained. These high R2 indicate a strong correlation between the model’s predictions and actual occurrences.
Dip effect on the orientation of rock failure plane under combined compression–shear loading
Authors: Sun Lijun , Li Pengcheng , Luo Binyu , Liu Xiaoyun , Huang Tengda , Su Yuan 
Published: February 2024

AbstractShear failure often occurs in engineering rock mass (such as inclined pillar) in gently inclined strata. Prediction and characterization the orientation of shear failure plane is the foundation of rock mass engineering reinforcement. In this paper, sandstone samples are used to perform uniaxial and shear tests to obtain the basic mechanical parameters. Then, by employing the numerical method, the combined compression–shear loading tests were carried out for inclined specimens varied from 0° to 25° at an interval of 5°, to obtain the dip effect on the orientation of rock failure plane. The results show that the failure plane of rock changes with the change of dip angle of rock sample. Based on the Mohr–Coulomb criterion, the ultimate stress state of rock was characterized under combined compression–shear loading. The ultimate strength of rock is equal to the ratio of the stress circle radius of rock under combined compression–shear condition to the stress circle radius of rock under uniaxial compression condition, multiplied by the uniaxial compressive strength. The fracture angle of rock was defined under combined compression–shear loading. A theoretical model was developed for predicting the fracture angle. The developed model could be characterized by internal friction angle, dip angle of rock sample and Poisson's ratio. Finally, the numerical results of the fracture angle were analyzed, which are consistent with the predicted results of the model. The investigation shows that the rock fracture angle has a dip effect, which decreases with the increase of the inclination angle of the sample. The research results provide a new means to identify the potential failure plane of engineering rock mass, and lay a theoretical foundation for calculating the orientation of rock fracture plane.
The Recognition of Governments
Authors: Pavlopoulos Niko 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the law on the recognition by states of governments. It first provides important clarifications on the meanings of recognition; the possibility of recognition in different capacities; and the range of practice concerning recognition of governments, which includes recognition, non-recognition, and denial of governmental status. It then discusses the modes of recognition and denial of governmental status in general before looking more closely at particular types of acts. Next, the chapter examines the extent to which different international legal rules restrict the legality of practice concerning recognition of governments. Among other rules, this includes the prohibition on intervention and the obligation of non-recognition in relation to breaches of peremptory norms. Finally, this chapter discusses the significance of recognition and denial of governmental status in relation to the international legal criteria for and identification of a state’s government.
Conclusion
Authors: Pavlopoulos Niko 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
After briefly recalling the apparent obstacles and limitations that have materialized in relation to the ascertainment of the international legal regulation of governmental status, this chapter provides four main conclusions from the book. The first relates to the significance of the presumption against limitations on state sovereignty, specific aspects of which have explanatory, analytical, and substantive value in relation to the international legal framework concerning the identity of the governments of states. The second concerns the objective existence and distinctive representative capacity of a state’s government, including the nuances that exist in relation to representation in the context of international organizations. The third pertains to the limited relevance that democratic representativity and respect for international law have for the enjoyment of governmental status, although such factors may nevertheless impact the ability of a government to represent the state in the work of certain international organizations. The fourth concerns the customary international legal framework for the identification of a state’s government, including the substantive and conceptual significance of ‘constitutionality’ in this regard.
Introduction
Authors: Applebaum Allison J. , Breitbart William S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The introduction begins with a background on who cancer caregivers are and the ways in which their caregiving responsibilities impact their lives. Data from the 2020 report from the National Alliance for Caregiving is presented to contextualize the experiences of this particularly distressed group of caregivers. The introduction then provides an overview of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy (MCP), the intervention upon which Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Cancer Caregivers (MCP-C) is based. It includes a description of how the approach was adapted to address the specific needs of family caregivers, and provides a summary of research on the efficacy of MCP-C to date.
Treatment Overview
Authors: Applebaum Allison J. , Breitbart William S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The ultimate goal of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Cancer Caregivers (MCP-C) is to assist caregivers to connect to a sense of meaning and purpose, despite the challenges they face as a result of caregiving. This is accomplished through a discussion of various sources of meaning in life—historical, attitudinal, creative, experiential—that can become resources for caregivers to draw on when the challenges of caregiving become great. These sources of meaning are explored across seven sessions that include didactic components and experiential exercises. This treatment overview describes the overall structure of the MCP-C manual and provides guidance for how to best deliver MCP-C in a manner that is flexible and addresses the unique needs of caregivers seeking support.
Herodian Jerusalem (March 70 ce)
Authors: Magness Jodi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Perhaps no event in Jerusalem’s long history has been more momentous than the destruction of the second temple in 70 ce—a trauma reportedly forecast by Jesus and mourned by Jews ever since. At the time of its destruction, Jerusalem was largely the product of Herod the Great’s building program, which included the reconstruction of the temple and the expansion of the Temple Mount. This is the city in which Jesus spent his final days, and where his body was laid to rest after he was crucified. Seventy years after Herod’s death in 4 bce, Jewish dissatisfaction with Roman maladministration erupted when the First Jewish Revolt broke out. The revolt ended when Jerusalem fell to the Romans after a long and bloody siege which culminated with the destruction of the second temple.
Byzantine Jerusalem (633 ce)
Authors: Magness Jodi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the decades and centuries following Constantine’s legalization of Christianity (313 ce), Jerusalem was transformed as it was elevated to the status of a Patriarchate—one of only five in the Roman Empire. Pilgrims poured into the city to visit holy sites associated with Jesus and the Bible, monks and nuns took up residence, and wealthy benefactors funded the construction of churches and monasteries. Constantine himself established the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, which enshrined the hill of Golgotha (Calvary) and a rock-cut tomb venerated as the spot where Jesus’ body had been laid to rest. By the sixth century, the city had expanded to the south, where the emperor Justinian built a huge basilical church dedicated to Mary, the Theotokos (mother of God).
Early Islamic Jerusalem (800 ce)
Authors: Magness Jodi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Between 634–638 ce, Jerusalem surrendered peacefully to the Muslims. Although Christians and Jews continued to reside in the city, by 800 ce it was filled with Muslim monuments including the Dome of the Rock, which enshrines the Foundation Stone on al-haram al-sharif (the Noble or Sacred Enclosure, as Muslims call the Temple Mount), and the adjacent congregational hall for prayer and worship (al-Aqsa Mosque). Surrounding the Haram the early Islamic rulers constructed richly decorated palatial and administrative buildings. In the year 800, Jerusalem was under the rule of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid. Charlemagne, with whom he had close ties, funded the construction of a number of buildings in Jerusalem, including a church dedicated to Mary near the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.
Securing and Policing Sport Mega-Events
Authors: Pauschinger Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 brings the reader closer to the political importance of globalized mega-event security. Contemporary sport mega-events are much more than sports. The tremendous effects on host nations have sparked global protest and ever fewer citizens approve of the ways in which these events are organized. Chapter 1 illustrates therefore how in the aftermath of 9/11 and the ongoing ‘war on terror’, security has become one of the most important aspects of mega-event organization. Promises of positive security legacies are used to produce Olympic spaces of exception, within which legislation is adapted to the keenest imaginations of security officials in order to implement surveillance practices and the militarization of public space. It also looks at how Olympic security is a mirror of contemporary security politics and security as such has become a spectacle in its own right and securing the Olympics resembles preparing to fight a modern war.
Security of Camouflage
Authors: Pauschinger Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 develops the notion of the security of camouflage that made specific aspects of security visible and, simultaneously, produced insecurity to make intentionally invisible the city’s public security drama. The chapter here advances how the Foucauldian triangle of security governance is best understood when considering the act of camouflaging as the modus operandi of mega-event politics. While the mega-event security spectacle made specific aspects of security visible, it simultaneously produced insecurity and attempted to make invisible the bloody realities of the city’s public security drama. Therefore, the analysis concludes that both the mega-event security and the politics of public security in Rio de Janeiro make use of a security of camouflage to hide the realities of insecurity that shape the complexities of the lived experiences of police officers and marginalized populations.
A Multitude, in Celebration of David D Caron
Authors: Brower Charles N , Donoghue Joan E , Murphy Cian C , Payne Cymie R , Shirlow Esmé R 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the volume by placing the chapters in the volume into conversation with the work of David Caron. The introduction highlights international dispute resolution, environmental law, and the law of the sea as key fields upon which Caron’s work focused, and considers the values which animated that work. Beginning with lessons from the history of dispute settlement, the introduction explores how Caron’s work—and the chapters in this volume—use the history of international dispute settlement in order to identify cross-cutting themes and lessons for its future. It then canvasses Caron’s work on the institutions and actors relevant to international dispute settlement to explore the role of politics and of various assorted stakeholders—including international courts and tribunals, adjudicators, their secretariats and research assistances, states, the UN General Assembly and Security Council, and the public—in the development and practice of law in this field. The introduction next turns to key issues of procedural and substantive law that animated the work of Caron, including highlighting the connections between legal procedures and substantive rules and principles with the legitimacy and effectiveness of international courts and tribunals and their capacity to achieve their stated goals and functions. The introduction concludes by looking to the future, considering possible future trajectories for international dispute settlement, and highlighting the insights that Caron’s work—and the work of contributors to this volume—may offer to ensure that international law and its institutions remain appropriated adapted to respond flexibly, effectively, and legitimately to as-yet uncontemplated future developments.