bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Jha Vyoma 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Weaving together all the chapters, the conclusion emphasizes the book’s overall arguments, intentions, and contributions. This book presents an in-depth account of the treaty-making process to argue that the International Solar Alliance (ISA) marks an innovation in the structure of international organizations. The ISA is best described as ‘soft law in a hard shell’: that is, it uses the legal infrastructure of a treaty while relying on the social structure of participating actors for its future implementation. The lessons from unpacking the creation of the new international organization are twofold: first, India’s clear desire and intent to lead on issues of climate change; and second, a ‘flexible multilateralism’, where new institutions are stemming from the interests of the developing world but rest on the faculties and capabilities of non-state actors for future implementation.
Latinization, Citizenship, and the Epigraphic Habit
Authors: Lloris Francisco BeltrÁn 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the process of Latinization in the Roman West focusing on two main points: first, the role of Latin and Palaeoeuropean epigraphic sources in understanding this linguistic and cultural change, and, second, its connection during the Principate with the spread of Roman citizenship through the foundation of colonies and the grant of the status of Roman and Latin municipia to western communities. The Latinization of the Roman West in the very Late Republic and the Principate can be linked to the combination of the spread of Roman citizen communities and the growth of the Latin written culture, including Roman epigraphic culture—that is, the development of inscriptions as a social medium, which is a prominent feature of the Roman West during the Principate.
Cities, Epigraphies, and Latinization
Authors: Houten Pieter 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter studies the role cities on the Iberian Peninsula played in the spatial diffusion of Latin within the peninsula using models from geo-linguistics. By combining the geo-linguistic models of contagious and hierarchical diffusion with the gravity model, the different factors that aided in the uptake and spread of Latin within cities and from there into the wider regions are illustrated. Epigraphic and numismatic evidence shows the shift from Palaeohispanic, Greek and Phoenicio-Punic languages to Latin within urban contexts. The organization of the Roman Empire into a wide urban network aided in the spread of Latin in the Roman West. The chapter investigates the local elite in the cities and their attitudes towards Latin as the language of the new power. In combination with the model of contact-induced social stratification, we can understand how the uptake of Latin by the elite spread to other social groups.
Mapping Initiatives Opposing Populist Parties in Europe
Authors: Bourne Angela K. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2, Mapping Initiatives Opposing Populist Parties in Europe presents a typology for classifying responses to populist parties, or initiatives opposing populist parties (IoPPs). Drawing on but extending existing classificatory frameworks drawn from the literature on militant democracy and democratic defence, it classifies IoPPs along two dimensions. First, it classifies IoPPs according to the type of political actor that initiates a response against populist parties (public authorities, political parties, and civil society actors). The second classificatory criterion is whether the modes of engagement employed by these different types of actor are ‘tolerant’ or ‘intolerant’. Intolerant IoPPs are ‘rights restrictions’ by public authorities, ‘ostracism’ by political parties, and ‘coercive confrontation’ by civil society actors. Tolerant IoPPs are ‘ordinary legal controls and pedagogy’ by public authorities, ‘forbearance’ by political parties, and ‘adversarialism’ by civil society actors.
The History of the Letter
Authors: Baines Robert 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
One of the Wake’s central concerns is the subject of history. When it explores that subject, it usually does so through its principal philosopher of history, Vico. The novel’s fullest engagement with his ideas occurs within book one’s analysis of a mysterious letter. By examining a section of that analysis, this chapter shows how Joyce drew upon Vico’s notion that history follows fixed ideal cycles to create both the Wake’s own cycles and its enormous thunderwords. At the same time, the chapter also demonstrates that, in emphasizing the fluidity of language, Joyce calls into question the notion that the ideal can ever be fixed. The significance of this account of Joyce’s relationship to Vico is that it challenges the widely held idea that Joyce was a disciple of Vico.
Seeing through Balkelly
Authors: Baines Robert 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Joyce engages with the Irish intellectual tradition in book four through the encounter between Paddrock and Archdruid Balkelly. These characters represent Ireland’s patron saint, St. Patrick, and Ireland’s greatest philosopher, George Berkeley. This chapter focuses on the character of Balkelly and considers how his ideas relate to those of Berkeley. What it demonstrates is that, while there is some overlap between the ideas of the two, the philosophies of Balkelly and Berkeley are in most key respects quite different. Berkeley would not have subscribed to Balkelly’s grand claims regarding his ability to perceive the Kantian thing in itself. The connection between Balkelly and Berkeley matters because it shows that Joyce’s relationship to philosophy was reciprocal. While he was influenced by a number of philosophers, he also often imposed himself upon particular thinkers by reimagining them in his works.
Flax
Authors: Taylor Colleen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Using James Gibson’s concept of affordance, this chapter shows how the eighteenth century’s paternalistic reformulation of Anglo-Irish relations originated in and disseminated through the material process of altering the flax plant into fine, white thread. Female flax dressers and spinners came to be portrayed, like flax itself, as a natural, colonial resource that could be incorporated into the linen industry’s imperial mechanism. However, a new materialist reading of beetling, scutching, and bleaching reveals that flax did not always align with this domesticated ideal. In William Hincks’s plates on the linen industry and Owenson’s The Wild Irish Girl (1806), the material subtext of violence intimates Irish women’s active resistance to industrial control. Likewise, the damaging process of bleaching flax affirms the way in which English marketing of white linen correlated to a congealing racism of English ethnic superiority, as seen in Cottage Dialogues (1811), Sketches of Irish Character (1829), and more subversively in Ellen Taylor’s laboring-class poetry.
Mud
Authors: Taylor Colleen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter uses new materialism and posthumanism to challenge the mud cabin stereotype, reviewing what comforts and affordances mud cabin living offered the dispossessed Irish tenant, rather than what it did not. Eighteenth-century English writing, especially Arthur Young’s Tour in Ireland (1780), used mud to insinuate a lack of subjectivity and intelligence in the Irish people while vindicating the British mission of civilizing Ireland by literally ‘cleaning up’ private, mud cabin life. However, mud cabins were a space of creative human–nonhuman collaboration. The material fact of mud’s vibrant mutuality and symbiosis with Irish tenant life demands a new reading of native characters in fiction, whose mud cabin living can now be read to hold subversive, anti-imperial narratives. In Maria Edgeworth’s Ennui (1809), Ellinor’s mud cabin constructs Ellinor herself as a deep, subversive, and unreadable character, whose true national intentions are hidden from the reader, much like the interior of her cabin is kept out of view.
The social upheavals of a war-torn society
Authors: Baczko Adam 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe Afghan civil war stirred up private conflicts that laid bare the place of the state in settling disputes and regulating social relations. When the United States intervened militarily in 2001, the twenty-three-year civil war had created deep legal uncertainty. The succession of different authorities from the judicial system of Daoud Khan’s Afghan Republic to that of the Communist regime in 1978, the various mujahideen factions, and the Taliban shook social structures deeply. It put in play social hierarchies, property, and gender relations, especially as the belligerents instrumentalized them. In the 1980s, Marxist parties, like the Islamist parties, espoused a revolutionary agenda to rebuild society on a new footing. The programme of the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) called for the recognition of minorities, land redistribution, and gender equality. These reforms, only partially implemented by the time the state’s authority over a large swath of territory evaporated, stirred up private disputes involving multiple and contradictory demands for social, economic, and political rights. Interpersonal disputes centring on property and gender relationships proliferated. They took on an ethnico-confessional colouration as the parties to these disputes mobilized their respective affiliations in the conflict. Insurgency commanders also stoked these conflicts, using them to impose their authority locally, to grab resources, and to enforce their vision of social relations.
A bureaucratic system
Authors: Baczko Adam 
Published: December 2023

AbstractEstablishing a judicial system was part of the Taliban’s strategy of regaining power through armed struggle. From their Pakistani sanctuary, the leaders posed as a legitimate authority that alone was capable of restoring the rule of law, uniting Afghan society, and thus bringing an end to the civil war. In words and deeds, they not only regarded themselves as an ‘armed opposition’, as the Kabul regime and the Western armed forces characterized them, but also claimed legal continuity with the Islamic Emirate of the 1990s. However, in rebuilding their judicial institutions, the Taliban now adapted them to the conditions of war and clandestinity. Structuring the Taliban judicial system required formalizing decision-making processes. The first judges were often appointed in response to local demands, but by the late 2000s the Taliban operated a bureaucratic and centralized system. Inserting judges into the jurisdictional hierarchy required the creation of processes to appoint them and formalize their position and relationship with the Taliban institutions and the court users. Two mechanisms ensured that judges followed procedures: close supervision by Taliban leaders, and regular rotation to guarantee their impartiality. However, operations by Western armed forces hampered centralization of the judicial system by disrupting the Taliban administration. Senior movement officials at times would also interfere in decision-making processes and prioritize strategic issues over procedural compliance. While such interventions appeared to be infrequent, they were reminders of the movement’s political objectives coming first and of the constant tension between immediate needs and the advantage of having a legitimate judicial system.
Introduction
Authors: Shankar Pratyush 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the key theoretical concepts that have been used in the book. It has discussions on challenges faced in using different methods of research along with a useful literature survey of existing sources. The various urban form determinants are discussed in this chapter along with the role they play in shaping of settlements. The role played by geographical conditions or other physical contingencies like climate and material is summarized in this chapter along with other factors such as markets or larger political intentions. It also provides a summary of various literatures on larger questions of historical development of Indian cities. This survey is more broad in its intentions and highlights text covering economic, political, cultural, and form based urban history of Indian cities. The chapter also discusses the various approaches that the scholars have used in the past, to decipher the urban history of cities in India.
Cities of Aravalli’s and Deserts
Authors: Shankar Pratyush 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The unique geography of the westernmost part of the India of Desert and dry hills of Aravalli’s did not allow a strong agricultural surplus economy to emerge. But the communities here developed strong trade practices with networks within the region and throughout the country and beyond. Urbanization in the region can be better understood by correlating it with rise of trade and commerce wherein the whole city worked as a market. The cities in this region are also located on dry sloping terrain. The negotiation with these conditions and strategies to trap surface water for various water structures was another remarkable feature in these cities
Trading Cities of Gujarat Region
Authors: Shankar Pratyush 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Gujarat region in the western most part of the Indian sub-continent has been a natural place of trade and commerce. Cities of Ahmedabad, Patan, and Surat have been discussed in this chapter. All these cities are marked by a very strong merchant class for whom the stability and upkeep of the city was of prime importance. These cities also enjoyed long periods of stability as they were away from the volatile politics that plagued northern parts of the country. This stability and interest of merchant class in the city led to two major changes in the city; one was development of very strong market spaces and the second was community structures that were result of acts of piety of the merchants. Whereas these cities did manage to create strong mercantile culture and its associated spaces, it still was handicapped by strongly segregated inward-looking housing based on caste and religion. This never really allowed the cities to create a strong public realm. Surat on the other hand was historically cosmopolitan, and afforded spaces for all communities in different parts of the city.
Cities in the Himalayas
Authors: Shankar Pratyush 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Himalayan region has been a site of urbanization for hundreds of years. However here the capital cities of small kingdoms present some very interesting patterns especially as related to creation of a very legible city centre in the heart of the city. This city centre which was usually adjacent to the palace and other institutional structures had a strong public place character to them. Even though the state was essentially feudal, these public spaces in the heart of the city led to creation of a public life and allowed communities to mix and thereby integrate together as an urban community. The other distinct feature of the Himalayan cities was the presence of markets, which were an important element, that connected them with the world far beyond. The market street in Leh amongst is a good example of a historic urban setting that was central to the identity of the city.
Gendered Publics
Authors: Medhi Hemjyoti 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This is a first of its kind comprehensive appraisal of the relatively unexplored but highly impactful women’s association, the Assam Mahila Samiti (1926 cont.) which led one of the most remarkable women’s movements in colonial India; Sucheta Kripalani praised it as the ‘largest democratic women’s association in India’ in 1949. Central to the Assam Mahila Samiti story is its founding Secretary, the firebrand feminist Chandraprava Saikiani (1901–72), who while being an unwed mother and belonging to a lower caste, was a celebrated writer, mobilizer, and publisher. The book traverses these individual and collective journeys from the 1920s to the 1950s, and explores how women’s movements evolve in conversation/contestation with both traditional spaces such as naam kirtan and contemporary ones of tribal-caste associations, anti-colonial movements, and international ideological paradigms such as the Bolshevik revolution. The book also plots through specific examples, such as the controversy surrounding the Samiti’s serving of a legal notice to a groom in 1934 to stop a child marriage, to argue that gender may not function merely as constitutive of the public, but women’s collectives may shape, transform, and orchestrate a veritable gendered public, resistant to both native patriarchy and sometimes to colonial authority. The study makes crucial methodological intervention through an interdisciplinary approach by constantly juxtaposing print sources with handwritten minutes of early mahila samiti meetings, performative spaces such as women’s singing of naam kirtan and women’s weaving, and women’s memory (recorded as part of a digital archive of the mahila samitis in Assam).
The Making of the Aideo: Construction of Gender
Authors: Medhi Hemjyoti 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1, ‘The Making of the Aideo: Construction of Gender’, explores the Asamiya print culture and the colonial archive of late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to trace the construction of the aideo (a respectable woman, an ideal Asamiya woman). It argues that the aideo in print was invested with a unique Asamiya identity which sought to demarcate her from the Bengali bhadramahila, the Kirata and the parbatia (tribal and hill) woman, and the coolioni (female coolie). Thus, the print model of the aideo functions as a hegemonic caste Hindu inscription and denies a long and shared history of practices such as clothing that bind her to the so-called others. This chapter plots the dominant construct of the aideo against alternative modes of being and becoming women as conceptualized by progressive male public figures such as Jyotiprasad Agarwala (1903–51) and by the mahila samiti members themselves. The aideo, thus, serves as one of the key pointers to map the diverse range of women’s entry into the public, especially through the formation of mahila samitis in early twentieth-century Assam.
Guided Discovery for Depression and Suicide
Authors: Weishaar Marjorie E. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3, “Guided Discovery for Depression and Suicide,” addresses therapy with people who experience depression and/or contemplate suicide. These clients are often more passive in therapy, give evidence of highly negative and dichotomous thinking, express frequent hopelessness, and are prone to rumination and relapse. Through in-depth therapist–client dialogues, readers learn how guided discovery methods can be used to engage even highly skeptical or ruminative clients in collaborative therapy approaches. Use of safety plans and strategies for reducing hopelessness are illustrated. Throughout this chapter, helpful Socratic questions are highlighted to help therapists identify and understand beliefs and other factors that interfere with therapy progress. When Socratic dialogue and other methods of guided discovery are used within a structured therapy format, it helps depressed and suicidal clients arrive at their own conclusions to promote a sense of capability and hopefulness. Learning what activities boost mood, acquiring skills for identifying and testing negative beliefs, and practicing problem-solving strategies form a foundation for future relapse management.
The Voices of the Consul
Authors: Krostenko Brian A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This book probes the ideology of de lege agraria I and II, Cicero’s first two speeches as consul, delivered to the senate and the people respectively. The book propounds and applies a model of applied discourse analysis to draw out the implicit ideology of the speeches. Thus analyzed, the speeches reveal distinctive visions of dignitas and libertas, cardinal values of each audience. Those visions make clear Cicero’s artful self-fashioning, negotiating the complex cross-currents of late Republican politics, and they make clear as well the depth of his rhetorical art, which draws constantly upon unnamed points of reference, the physical environment, and varied social roles to situate his claims within the psychic imaginary of his audiences. The book thus makes it possible to see that apparent screeds against an agrarian law are thoroughgoing political manifestos—appropriate for the first speeches of a consul.
Anxiety and Responsibility
Authors: Krostenko Brian A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter compares two passages (LA 1.8–9, 2.45–6) that imagine abuses of the land commissioners abroad. The identical structure of the passages allows close comparison, which shows how Cicero gives each audience a different view on the abuse: the senate are “up high,” amid the mechanisms of power and the people “down low,” near the suffering. These are not “natural” social positions but deliberate repositionings. The view “from above” is a reminder that innovations can disrupt the competitive balance of the elite—a counter to the opportunism (or indifference) of (some of) the senate. A troubling tableau, only visible from “down low,” is a reminder of how sovereignty can be misused—a counter to the materialism of the people, eager, in hard times, to authorize a land bill for its own succor. Both repositionings gain their strength from allusions to provincial governors, a notoriously abused office.
Responsibility and Anxiety
Authors: Krostenko Brian A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter compares two passages that depict an auction of Italian and Sicilian properties under the law (LA 1.3–4, 2.46–9) and which develop the image of the auction in very different ways. The popular version accents procedure: Cicero turns the lists of properties to be sold into a script that dramatically recalls the bonorum venditio, the forced liquidation of a debtor’s assets. The auction thus becomes a tableau of the power of the law—and a prompt to cautious lawcraft. The senate version accents morality: Cicero there concentrates on the figure of the wastrel in a way that recalls legal remedies that could be taken by a family against a spendthrift member in its ranks, which Rullus implicitly becomes. The idea is accompanied by images that cast Rullus’s bill as a transgression of shared norms. Before the senate the auction thus becomes a prompt to collective responsibility.
Ideologies of Identity
Authors: Krostenko Brian A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the personae of Cicero and Rullus. Cicero, recounting the details of his own election, redraws the significance of cardinal political terms—nobilis, popularis, otium—so as to make himself the true embodiment of the people’s will. That political manifesto also allows Cicero to turn the unusual electoral mechanism for the land commission into proof that Rullus, the tribune who proposed the bill, is Cicero’s opposite, a schemer interested in his own profit and a would-be tyrant interested in his own power—nobilis in the bad sense, one might say, not only a counterpoint to Cicero but a contradiction in an officer who was supposed to have the people’s interests at heart. The polarity thus developed between tribune and consul is also used to locate Pompey in the political world: the tribune fears him, and he is a principled populist like the consul himself.