bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of the post-hepatic septum on breathing during locomotion inTupinambis merianae(Reptilia: Teiidae)
Authors: Klein Wilfried , Andrade Denis V. , Abe Augusto S. , Perry Steven F. 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARYTupinambis merianae increased minute ventilation by increasing both tidal volume and breathing frequency during sustained locomotion at 0.17 m s-1. Animals in which the post-hepatic septum (PHS) had been surgically removed were not able to increase tidal volume during locomotion. Tegus without PHS compensated, in part, by increasing breathing frequency above the levels observed for tegus with intact PHS, but minute ventilation remained less than in the control animals. The rate of oxygen consumption and the air convection requirement, however, were not significantly different between animals with and without PHS, nor at the tested speeds was endurance affected by the removal of the PHS. These data suggest that the PHS facilitates ventilation by acting as a mechanical barrier, preventing the viscera from moving cranially during physical exertion.
Neurotrophin 4/5 is required for the normal development of the slow muscle fiber phenotype in the rat soleus
Authors: Carrasco Dario I. , English Arthur W. 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARY
During normal postnatal development, rat soleus (SOL) muscle fibers undergo a dramatic fast-to-slow myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform transformation. We exploited this phenomenon to evaluate the role of neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4/5) in the regulation of muscle fiber phenotype. Intramuscular injections of recombinant NT-4/5 into the SOL muscle of rat neonates significantly accelerated the normal fast-to-slow MyHC isoform transformation. Sequestration of endogenous NT-4/5 with TrkB–IgG prevented this transformation from occurring. Administration of the other TrkB ligand, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), did not affect the normal course of the MyHC isoform transformation in this muscle, indicating that the observed effect is NT-4/5 specific. Botulinum toxin blockade of synaptic transmission significantly disrupted the normal fast-to-slow MyHC isoform switch. Because administration of NT-4/5 to paralyzed muscles failed to restore the normal course of this MyHC transformation, we believe that the effect of NT-4/5 is not directly on the muscle fibers but that it probably activates or forms a type of retrograde signal to motoneurons. The developmental upregulation of NT-4/5 mRNA in rat SOL muscle fibers occurred earlier than the upregulation of MyHC I/b mRNA associated with muscle fiber transformation. This timing is consistent with the idea that NT-4/5 is involved in early events that lead to the upregulation of the slow MyHC isoform in this muscle.
The representation of conspecific sounds in the auditory brainstem of teleost fishes
Authors: Wysocki Lidia Eva , Ladich Friedrich 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARY
Temporal patterns of sounds are thought to be the most important carriers of acoustic information in teleost fishes. In order to investigate how conspecific sounds are processed by the auditory system, auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) elicited by conspecific sounds were recorded in five species of teleosts. In the catfishes Platydoras costatus and Pimelodus pictus, the loach Botia modesta and the labyrinth fish Trichopsis vittata, all of which are hearing specialists, each pulse within the sounds elicited a separate brainwave that closely followed the temporal structure. The ABRs of P. costatus and B. modestaalso represent amplitude patterns of conspecific sounds. By contrast, ABRs of the sunfish Lepomis gibbosus, a hearing non-specialist, consisted of long series of waves that could not be attributed to specific sound pulses. A more detailed analysis, however, indicated that each stimulus pulse contributed to the compound ABR waveform. Spectral analysis of low-pitched drumming sounds of P. pictus and corresponding ABRs showed peaks in the ABR spectra at the harmonics of the sound. Our results indicate that,besides temporal patterns, amplitude fluctuations and the frequency content of sounds can be represented in the auditory system and help the fish to extract important information for acoustic communication.
Increase of internal ion concentration triggers trehalose synthesis associated with cryptobiosis in larvae of Polypedilum vanderplanki
Authors: Watanabe Masahiko , Kikawada Takahiro , Okuda Takashi 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARY
Larvae of an African chironomid, Polypedilum vanderplanki, which live in temporal rock pools, are completely dehydrated when the pools dry up and undergo anhydrobiosis until the next rain comes. During the dehydration process, larvae accumulate large amounts of trehalose, which provides effective protection against desiccation because of its high capacity for water replacement and vitrification. As the occurrence of rapid trehalose synthesis coincides with loss of body water, changes of osmolarity in the body are thought to be a cue for trehalose synthesis. Indeed, exposure to high salinity triggers rapid and efficient accumulation of trehalose even without desiccation treatment. As this rapid production occurs mainly in high concentrations of salt solutions, we conclude that an increase in internal ion concentration triggers trehalose synthesis associated with cryptobiosis in this species.
Functional characterization of a glutamate/aspartate transporter from the mosquitoAedes aegypti
Authors: Umesh Anita , Cohen Bruce N. , Ross Linda S. , Gill Sarjeet S. 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARYGlutamate elicits a variety of effects in insects, including inhibitory and excitatory signals at both neuromuscular junctions and brain. Insect glutamatergic neurotransmission has been studied in great depth especially from the standpoint of the receptor-mediated effects, but the molecular mechanisms involved in the termination of the numerous glutamatergic signals have only recently begun to receive attention. In vertebrates, glutamatergic signals are terminated by Na+/K+-dependent high-affinity excitatory amino acid transporters (EAAT), which have been cloned and characterized extensively. Cloning and characterization of a few insect homologues have followed, but functional information for these homologues is still limited. Here we report a study conducted on a cloned mosquito EAAT homologue isolated from the vector of the dengue virus, Aedes aegypti. The deduced amino acid sequence of the protein, AeaEAAT,exhibits 40–50% identity with mammalian EAATs, and 45–50% identity to other insect EAATs characterized thus far. It transports l-glutamate as well as l- and d-aspartate with high affinity in the micromolar range, and demonstrates a substrate-elicited anion conductance when heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, as found with mammalian homologues. Analysis of the spatial distribution of the protein demonstrates high expression levels in the adult thorax, which is mostly observed in the thoracic ganglia. Together, the work presented here provides a thorough examination of the role played by glutamate transport in Ae. aegypti.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Fluorine-Doped SrTiO3 and Its Photo-oxidation Properties
Authors: Wang Jinshu , Yin Shu , Zhang Qiwu , Saito Fumio , Sato Tsugio 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
Fluorine-doped SrTiO3 powder was prepared by mechanochemical reaction and its photocatalysis has been studied in this paper. The photocatalytic experimental results show that the photocatalytic activity for nitrogen monoxide oxidation of SrTiO3 can be improved by fluorine doping in both visible light and near ultraviolet light range. The photocatalytic activities of SrTiO3 are ca. two and three times larger than those of pure SrTiO3 under the irradiation of wavelength longer than 510 nm and 400 nm.
Acid-doping to Tropone-containing Conjugated Polymer
Authors: Takagi Koji , Mori Kousuke , Kinoshita Takatoshi , Kunisada Hideo , Yuki Yasuo 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
The acid-doping to the tropone-containing conjugated polymer (TCP) was demonstrated. The color of the chloroform solution of TCP changed from orange to dark red by the addition of trifluoroacetic acid, while no color change was observed in the experiment using the low molecular weight model compound. The fluorescence from TCP was completely quenched with the excess amount of a protic acid. The quasi-reversible protonation-deprotonation cycle was confirmed when triethylamine was dropped into the proton-doped TCP.
Analysing process in healthcare: the methodological and theoretical challenges
Authors: Calnan Michael , Ferlie Ewan 
Published: May 2003

English
There has been a growing demand for analysis of healthcare process as it has become increasingly recognised that patients, professionals and managers tend to value aspects of process as much as healthcare outcomes. The articles in this special section of Policy & Politics aim to consider the methodological and theoretical challenges involved in exploring the questions addressed in process analysis and process evaluation. This introductory article provides an overview of the general questions that need to be explored and how the articles inform these questions. These general questions are organised around the following five analytical themes: theory building and process analysis; interface with policy and practice; epistemiological and methodological rigour and transparency; the analysis of context; and the need for greater external validity and cumulation.
Association of Glutamate Infusion With Risk of Acute Kidney Injury After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: Holm Jonas , Vanky Farkas , Svedjeholm Rolf 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceAcute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and measures to prevent AKI have had limited success. Glutamate has been reported to enhance natural postischemic recovery of the heart, but not among animals and humans with diabetes.ObjectiveTo summarize pooled results from the GLUTAMICS (Glutamate for Metabolic Intervention in Coronary Surgery) trials regarding the effect of glutamate on postoperative AKI among patients without diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsData on a total of 791 patients without diabetes from 2 prospective, randomized, double-blind multicenter trials performed at 5 cardiac surgery centers in Sweden between October 4, 2005, and November 12, 2009, and between November 15, 2015, and September 30, 2020, were pooled. Patients had acute coronary syndrome, left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.30 or less, or a European System for Cardiac Risk Evaluation II score of 3.0 or more and underwent CABG with or without additional valve procedure. Statistical analysis was performed from May to November 2023.InterventionsIntravenous infusion of 0.125-M l-glutamic acid or saline at 1.65 mL/kg/h for 2 hours during reperfusion, after which the infusion rate was halved and an additional 50 mL was given.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary end point was AKI, defined as postoperative increase of plasma creatinine of 50% or more, corresponding to the Risk stage or higher in the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-Stage kidney disease (RIFLE) criteria.ResultsA total of 791 patients without diabetes (391 who received glutamate [mean (SD) age, 69.3 (9.1) years; 62 women (15.9%)] and 400 controls [mean (SD) age, 69.6 (9.5) years; 73 women (18.3%)]) were randomized. Baseline data did not differ between groups. Glutamate was associated with a significantly lower risk of AKI (relative risk, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.29-0.83]). Dialysis was required for 2 patients in the glutamate group and 5 patients in the control group. In multivariable analysis, glutamate remained significantly associated with a protective effect against AKI (odds ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.26-0.86]). In the glutamate and control groups, the rate of postoperative mortality at 30 days or less was 0.5% (2 of 391) vs 1.0% (4 of 400), and the rate of stroke at 24 hours or less was 0.8% (3 of 391) vs 1.8% (7 of 400).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this pooled analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials, infusion of glutamate was associated with a markedly lower risk of AKI after CABG among patients without diabetes. The findings are exploratory and need to be confirmed in prospective trials.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT00489827 and NCT02592824
In Utero Exposure to Maternal COVID-19 Vaccination and Offspring Neurodevelopment at 12 and 18 Months
Authors: Jaswa Eleni G. , Cedars Marcelle I. , Lindquist Karla J. , Bishop Somer L. , Kim Young-Shin , Kaing Amy , Prahl Mary , Gaw Stephanie L. , Corley Jamie , Hoskin Elena , Cho Yoon Jae , Rogers Elizabeth , Huddleston Heather G. 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceUptake of COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant individuals was hampered by safety concerns around potential risks to unborn children. Data clarifying early neurodevelopmental outcomes of offspring exposed to COVID-19 vaccination in utero are lacking.ObjectiveTo determine whether in utero exposure to maternal COVID-19 vaccination was associated with differences in scores on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, third edition (ASQ-3), at 12 and 18 months of age.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective cohort study, Assessing the Safety of Pregnancy During the Coronavirus Pandemic (ASPIRE), enrolled pregnant participants from May 2020 to August 2021; follow-up of children from these pregnancies is ongoing. Participants, which included pregnant individuals and their offspring from all 50 states, self-enrolled online. Study activities were performed remotely.ExposureIn utero exposure of the fetus to maternal COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy was compared with those unexposed.Main Outcomes and MeasuresNeurodevelopmental scores on validated ASQ-3, completed by birth mothers at 12 and 18 months. A score below the established cutoff in any of 5 subdomains (communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, social skills) constituted an abnormal screen for developmental delay.ResultsA total of 2487 pregnant individuals (mean [SD] age, 33.3 [4.2] years) enrolled at less than 10 weeks’ gestation and completed research activities, yielding a total of 2261 and 1940 infants aged 12 and 18 months, respectively, with neurodevelopmental assessments. In crude analyses, 471 of 1541 exposed infants (30.6%) screened abnormally for developmental delay at 12 months vs 203 of 720 unexposed infants (28.2%; χ2 = 1.32; P = .25); the corresponding prevalences at 18 months were 262 of 1301 (20.1%) vs 148 of 639 (23.2%), respectively (χ2 = 2.35; P = .13). In multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression models adjusting for maternal age, race, ethnicity, education, income, maternal depression, and anxiety, no difference in risk for abnormal ASQ-3 screens was observed at either time point (12 months: adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.14; 95% CI, 0.97-1.33; 18 months: aRR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.72-1.07). Further adjustment for preterm birth and infant sex did not affect results (12 months: aRR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.98-1.36; 18 months: aRR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.71-1.07).Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this cohort study suggest that COVID-19 vaccination was safe during pregnancy from the perspective of infant neurodevelopment to 18 months of age. Additional longer-term research should be conducted to corroborate these findings and buttress clinical guidance with a strong evidence base.
Predicting disability and mortality in CV2/CRMP5‐IgG associated paraneoplastic neurologic disorders
Authors: Uysal Sanem P. , Li Yadi , Thompson Nicolas R. , Milinovich Alex , Abbatemarco Justin R. , Cohen Jeffrey A. , Conway Devon S. , Ontaneda Daniel , Morren John A. , Kunchok Amy 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to investigate the prognostic factors associated with clinical outcomes in CV2/Collapsin response‐mediator protein 5 (CRMP5)‐IgG paraneoplastic neurologic disorders (PND).MethodsThis is a retrospective study of patients with CV2/CRMP5‐IgG PND evaluated between 2002–2022. We examined the association of clinical variables (including age, clinical phenotype [autoimmune encephalopathy, myelopathy, polyneuropathy/radiculopathy, MG, cerebellar ataxia, chorea, optic neuropathy], cancer) with three clinical outcomes (wheelchair dependence, modified Rankin Scale [mRS], mortality) using univariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards modeling. Kaplan–Meier estimates were used to determine the probability of survival.ResultsTwenty‐seven patients (56% female) with CV2/CRMP5‐IgG PND were identified with a median follow‐up of 54 months (IQR = 11–102). An underlying tumor was identified in 15 patients (56%) including small cell lung cancer (SCLC) (8, [53%]), thymoma (4, [27%]), and other histologies (3, [20%]). At last follow‐up, 10 patients (37%) needed a wheelchair for mobility and this outcome was associated with myelopathy (HR = 7.57, 95% CI = 1.87–30.64, P = 0.005). Moderate–severe mRS = 3–5 was associated with CNS involvement (encephalopathy, myelopathy, or cerebellar ataxia) (OR = 7.00, 95% CI = 1.18–41.36, P = 0.032). The probability of survival 4 years after symptom onset was 66%. Among cancer subtypes, SCLC (HR = 18.18, 95% CI = 3.55–93.04, P < 0.001) was significantly associated with mortality, while thymoma was not.InterpretationIn this retrospective longitudinal study of CV2/CRMP5‐IgG PND, patients with CNS involvement, particularly myelopathy, had higher probability of disability. SCLC was the main determinant of survival in this population.
Tracking control design for cyber‐physical systems with disturbances and input delays: An interval type‐2 fuzzy approach
Authors: Sakthivel R. , Anusuya S. , Kong F. , Chen Wenbin 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe underlying intention of this work is to devise a tracking control protocol for the nonlinear cyber‐physical systems that are prone to external disturbances, time‐varying input delays and deception attacks. To be more precise, the modified repetitive tracking controller is formulated for ensuring the asymptotic tracking outcomes of the assayed system with the aim of addressing the impacts caused by external disturbances as well as input time‐varying delays. First of all, the nonlinearities of the investigated cyber‐physical systems are efficaciously approximated by the interval type‐2 fuzzy model approach. Further, the predictor technique is utilized in this study to mitigate the influence of input delays and specifically, the extended Smith predictor approach is employed. That is, the transfer function is inserted into the conventional Smith predictor's main feedback channel. In parallel, the active disturbance rejection technique is executed to reject and estimate the external disturbance impacts on the assayed system. Notably, the improved equivalent‐input‐disturbance estimator approach is tied up and more precisely, the estimated disturbances obtained from the afore‐said estimator are incorporated into the proposed controller. Whilst the deception attacks are characterized as a stochastic distributed random variable that are governed by the Bernoulli distribution. With all of this as a backdrop, the appropriate delay‐dependent constraints are expressed in the context of linear matrix inequalities by employing the Lyapunov stability theory. In line with the predetermined criteria, the relations for computing the required gain matrices are also formulated. Ultimately, the simulation analysis is carried out using two distinct numerical examples to confirm the importance of the proposed control mechanism from the perspective of theory as well as practice.
Ensemble average of enhanced generalized envelope spectrum for fault detection of rolling element bearings
Authors: Zhu Danchen , Liu Yinan , Zhu Qunwei 
Published: January 2024

SummarySince bearing defects usually occur which threaten the stable operation of the machinery, bearing fault detection is of great importance. However, the bearing fault signals inevitably exhibit strong interference components due to the complex structures of the real equipment, which leads to difficulty in fault feature detection. To address the problem, a fault diagnosis method based on the ensemble average of enhanced generalized envelope spectrum (EAEGES) was constructed. First, to suppress the irrelevant components, the optimal analysis frequency band was determined based on the variable frequency band division criteria. Second, the optimal signal was divided into numerous sub‐signals, the EAEGES was established based on the principles of the generalized envelope spectrum to strengthen the capability in detecting bearing fault features, while the improved pulse extraction operator was utilized as the target. Finally, abundant fault information can be distinguished in the feature map acquired using the proposed technique. This technique shows high effectiveness in extracting the defect signatures of the rolling element bearing, which is demonstrated using the simulation and experimental signals and can be applied to real applications.
Giant Emission Enhancement from Hybrid Manganese Bromide Via Pressure‐Induced Band‐Edge Carrier Reconfiguration
Authors: Li Zhi‐Gang , Li Kai , Gao Fei‐Fei , Chen Yong‐Qiang , Li Wei , Bu Xian‐He 
Published: January 2024

AbstractPressure‐induced emission enhancement (PIEE) is a novel phenomenon in contrast to conventional pressure‐induced emission quenching, and has attracted considerable attention owing to the potential application of materials with this effect as optical pressure‐sensing devices. The urgent need and significant significance lie in the design and exploration of systems that possess high‐efficiency PIEE. Here, a large PIEE in a novel zero‐dimensional (0D) hybrid manganese bromide is realized, (BPPH)2MnBr4·1.5CH3CN [BPPH+ = bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium]. The experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that such emission enhancement is primarily attributed to the pressure‐induced reconfiguration of electronic band alignment and resultant redistribution of band‐edge excitons. Under compression, the electronic bandgap of (MnBr4)2− experiences a more rapid reduction compared to that of the organic cations. Consequently, this leads to the gradual closure of the charge transfer pathway from (MnBr4)2− to BPPH+. This progression results in a higher retention of excitons on (MnBr4)2−, amplifying the efficiency of Mn2+ d–d transitions, and leading to a substantial enhancement in emission. This study not only offers fresh insights into the behavior of carrier dynamics induced by pressure in hybrid manganese halides but also presents a promising avenue for the advancement of PIEE systems.