bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Opinion: A Powerful Predictor of U.S. Defense Spending
Authors: Higgs Robert , Kilduff Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many analysts have tried to explain variations in U.S. defense spending. In a survey article, Robert E. Looney and Stephen L. Mehay (1990) listed nine types of variables believed to have had an influence. They also noted (p. 13) that “single theories have not been particularly accurate in ... accounting for past spending patterns.” Their own econometric contribution, like those of many other analysts, proceeded on the assumption that domestic economic conditions and the Soviet threat were the important variables explaining changes in military spending. They remarked (p. 33) that several other possible causal factors, including public opinion, are not subject to empirical testing because of deficiencies in the data. Notwithstanding Looney and Mehay’s observations, many empirical studies in political science have assessed the connection between public opinion and defense spending.1 Although the political scientists who have studied public opinion have usually concluded that it has played a part in determining the size of the defense budget, they have not defined the public opinion variable operationally in a manner that exploits all of the information contained in the responses to public opinion surveys. Some analysts have used as an operational variable eitherthe percentage of poll respondents favoring increased defense spending or the percentage favoring decreased defense spending (Kriesberg and Klein, 1980; Russett, 1989; Russett, 1990). Others have lost much of the information contained in the survey responses by transforming them into dichotomous variables (Ostrom, 1978; Ostrom and Marra, 1986).
Introduction
Authors: Migeon Barbara R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word mosaic, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a form or work of art in which pictures are produced by joining together minute pieces of glass, stone, and other materials of different colors. Biologists use the word to describe the hybrids, or chimeras, that result from mixing one embryo with another, or cells of one species with another, referring to the composite nature of such organ- isms. Mosaicism may also result from the abnormal behavior of chromosomes during cell division in the fetus, such that some cells receive an extra chromo- some, or lose a chromosome. In this case, both kinds of cells—the normal ones and the abnormal ones—intermingle during fetal development. Yet, not all mosaicism is the result of manipulation or accident, because a form of mosaicism is part of the developmental program for females of our species.
Experimental Models for X Inactivation Studies
Authors: Migeon Barbara R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You may wonder how one learns about X inactivation, because it occurs very early in development when the embryo is implanting itself into its niche in the uterus. Direct observations of the embryo are usually precluded at this time simply because of inaccessibility. Even the mouse embryo is burrowed into the uterus—out of sight during the critical window of development when X inactivation occurs. The experimental models that have provided alternatives to direct observation include genetic mutations that interfere with dosage compensation, cultured cells and clones that carry these mutations, mouse–human cell hybrids, embryonic stem cells, and transgenic mice. What I have learned is that progress in scientific discovery depends to a large extent on developments in technology that enable us to ask the important questions.
Alternative Perspectives
Authors: Heinzerling Lisa , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 2, we explored the economic approach to allocating risks to human health and life in considering the appropriateness of some ways in which the government—including both courts and legislatures—can displace or alter private agreements. In this chapter, we examine two important challenges to the economic perspective: the idea of market-inalienability and the reality of unequal bargaining power.
Political Approaches to Choices among Regulatory Institutions
Authors: Heinzerling Lisa , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 5, we considered the question of how to choose among regulatory institutions. There, we framed our discussion from the perspective of a disinterested social scientist, attempting to determine what choices among institutions would best serve the public interest. We saw that the problems of access bias and process bias, described by Gillette and Krier, and the distributional alignments, discussed by Komesar, may have implications for one’s choice of institutional arrangements. In the discussion of Mendeloff’s “positive” argument in chapter 9, we saw that large firms, threatened with concentrated regulatory costs, are likely to challenge strict regulation, thus contributing to the “over- regulation produces underregulation” paradox Mendeloff identifies.
Australian innovation in regulating aggressive tax planning
Authors: Braithwaite John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are important ways in which Australian regulation of aggressive tax planning is more innovative than US approaches, other ways in which it is less sophisticated and other respects still in which both Australian and US policies are less effective than they could be. Corporate tax collections in Australia have climbed substantially as a proportion of GDP over the past two decades even though tax rates have fallen. Referring to this, Australian Commissioner Michael Carmody, in evidence before the Senate Economic References Committee of 9 February 2000, said, “it is fair to conclude that this reflects, at least in some part, compliance improvement following from our strategies”. The ways in which this indeed might be fair relate to some shifts to a responsive regulatory strategy within a sophisticated web of controls that includes strategic use of Australia’s general anti-avoidance provision, the work of the ATO Promoters Taskforce, the High Wealth Individuals Taskforce and meta risk management strategies.
Evolutionary Theory and the Social Psychology of Human Cooperation
Authors: Henrich Natalie , Henrich Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All around us we see people contributing to the welfare of others, even when it is not convenient and may be costly in terms of time or money, or may aVect their personal or professional relationships. In fact, we see so much of this sort of altruism in daily life that we usually don ‘t notice it or stop to question why people are bothering to help others, or how such seemingly ubiquitous generosity might be explained.
The ChaldeansHistory and the Community Today
Authors: Henrich Natalie , Henrich Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many Chaldeans, without much prompting other than a general query about being Chaldean, will spontaneously tell you that they are the source of civilization, the progenitors of the world ’s three great religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), speakers of the language of Christ (Aramaic), and even the inven- tors of beer. Chaldeans identify themselves as a group with shared norms, beliefs, history, and nationality. To outsiders, Chaldeans are generally charac- terized as Catholics from Iraq, although this is an oversimplification. Chaldeans share many Middle Eastern cultural traits yet remain distinct and separate from other Middle Eastern groups because of their non-Islamic faith and their deep historical roots that stretch back into pre-Islamic and pre-Christian times. Although Catholicism is a defining characteristic of the Chaldeans, they are a cultural and ethnic group rather than a purely religious group (although religion is part of the ethnic package). This point was highlighted by the community ’s movement to have “Chaldean” added as an ethnicity option on the 2000 U.S. census; no religious information can be collected in the census, but ethnic information is allowed. Nonetheless, Catholicism plays a major role in the lives of Chaldeans.
The Right of Free Speech, with a Comment on Profiling
Authors: Posner Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In motivation and character, terrorism is almost always political in a broad sense that includes religious aims, rather than being purely personal or commercial. Often it is a wing or extension of a political movement not itself violent, or is related to such a movement in some looser but still significant way. There are Muslim clergy who preach holy war and commend suicide bombing but do not themselves participate in or assist terrorist activities, although their inflammatory rhetoric may encourage such activities. They do not recruit terrorists but their rhetoric may make it easier for terrorists to recruit young men and women from among the imams’ followers. Constitutional law as currently configured draws the line between incitement and advocacy. (Needless to say, it is not a distinction found in the constitutional text itself.) Incitement is a direct invitation to commit specific criminal acts in the immediate future and is punishable. Advocacy includes preaching the desirability of violent or otherwise criminal acts but without actually urging their commission forthwith, and is not punishable.
Troublesome Property: The Many Forms of Slave Resistance
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just three weeks before the Amistad Africans returned to Africa, the American ship Creole sailed out of Hampton Roads, Virginia, bound for New Orleans with one hundred thirty-five slaves aboard. As the vessel approached the British Bahamas, nineteen slaves, led by Virginia slave Madison Washington, staged a rebellion. The rebels killed a slave trader whose gun had misfired, wounded the captain, and took over the ship. They forced the crew to put into port at Nassau, where British authorities captured them. The British imprisoned the nineteen who had taken over the ship, and the American consul demanded that they be returned to the United States for trial. Black Bahamians, however, had other ideas. Fifty boats filled with local residents sailed to the Creole, surrounded it to prevent it from leaving port, and then threatened to free the slaves by force if necessary. The authorities succumbed to public pressure and released all of the slaves.1
Roads Closed
Authors: Bouton Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Something strange happened in the Pennsylvania countryside in the years following the federal Constitutional Convention of 1787: large numbers of farmers closed the main roads that led in and out of their communities. During an eight-year period, dating from the fall of 1787 through the fall of 1795, rural Pennsylvanians obstructed roads at least sixty-two times. The road closings were not confined to any particular county or region. The closings were more frequent in the central and frontier counties, but barriers also appeared in roads just twenty-five miles outside Philadelphia.1 The obstructions were formidable. Throughout Pennsylvania, people constructed six-foot-high fences that stretched fifty feet across the highway. Some people felled trees across roads or hauled timber into log piles that sometimes measured thirty feet wide and forty feet long. Others blocked roads with heavy stones, decaying logs, and scrub brush. More often, they dug eight-foot-wide and five-foot-deep ditches in the road, imposing enough to halt any wagon or coach. One group in the southeastern county of Chester shoveled enough dirt out of the main highway to Philadelphia to create an impassable crater measuring fifty feet in circumference and seven feet deep.
Our Undemocratic Constitution
Authors: Levinson Sanford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Constitution is one of the most revered documents in American politics. Yet this is a document that regularly places in the White House candidates who did not in fact get a majority of the popular vote. It gives Wyoming the same number of votes as California, which has seventy times the population of the Cowboy State. And it offers the President the power to overrule both houses of Congress on legislation he disagrees with on political grounds. Is this a recipe for a republic that reflects the needs and wants of today's Americans? Taking a hard look at our much-venerated Constitution, Sanford Levinson here argues that too many of its provisions promote either unjust or ineffective government. Under the existing blueprint, we can neither rid ourselves of incompetent presidents nor assure continuity of government following catastrophic attacks. Less important, perhaps, but certainly problematic, is the appointment of Supreme Court judges for life. Adding insult to injury, the United States Constitution is the most difficult to amend or update of any constitution currently existing in the world today. Democratic debate leaves few stones unturned, but we tend to take our basic constitutional structures for granted. Levinson boldly challenges the American people to undertake a long overdue public discussion on how they might best reform this most hallowed document and construct a constitution adequate to our democratic values.
Coercive Interrogation
Authors: Posner Eric A , vermeule Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coercive interrogation is now a live subject, thanks to 9/11 and to recent controversies about the use of coercive interrogation by the executive branch and by American allies. At one time, coercive interrogation played a role only in philosophical disputes about consequentialism, in which scholars asserted or denied that the police could coercively interrogate an individual in order to extract the location of a ticking nuclear bomb. None of the participants in those debates seriously considered the possibility that coercive interrogation could be justified except in extreme circumstances never likely to be met. Today, U.S. officials appear to engage in coercive interrogation or something very similar to it; so do other Western governments; and the possibility that coercive interrogation may be justified in nonremote circumstances has entered mainstream debate. The task for legal scholars at this point is to understand how this practice fits into legal norms and traditions and how it ought to be regulated.
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in Hungary
Authors: Straub Dániel , Sepsey Balázs , Kinstellar Andrékó , Iroda Ügyvédi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Hungary, public takeovers and changes of control are regulated by the—many times amended—Act CXX of 2001 on the capital markets. The Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 21, 2004, on takeover bids (the Takeover Directive or the Directive) has been implemented as of May 20, 2006 (though the Hungarian implementing provisions have been amended since that date, most recently as of December 1, 2007) The following are the important legislative changes made by Hungary: Note that the previous takeover rules were already considerably detailed and generally in compliance with the Directive; There are new rules on conflict of laws in a takeover situation; Breakthrough became more difficult; Frustrating actions of the target company are regulated in a more detailed and clearer fashion, with the effect that target companies now have generally more leeway to frustrate the takeover.
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in the Netherlands
Authors: Sijnja Henk Arnold , Vreede William de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Netherlands, the European Union (EU) Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 21, 2004 on takeover bids (the Takeover Directive or the Directive) is implemented in Chapter 5.5 of the Financial Supervision Act (Wet op het financieel toezicht) and in the Public Takeover Bids Decree (Besluit Openbare Biedingen Wft or the Takeover Decree). Certain exemptions from the public bid rules are included in the Exemption Regulation (Vrijstellingsregeling Wft or the Exemption Regulation) and in the Exemption Decree on Takeover Bids (Vrijstellingsbesluit overnamebiedingen Wft or the Exemption Decree). The provisions of the Takeover Directive relating to protective measures and special squeeze-out and sellout rights following a bid are included in Title 8 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code (Boek 2 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek).
Honor in Literary Perspective
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paradox, irony, and guilt have been three current words used by historians to describe white Southern life before the Civil War. They are popular terms because it is hard for us to believe that Southerners ever meant what they said of themselves. How could they so glibly reconcile slaveholding with pretensions to virtue? We prefer to assume that their defenses were either lies or self-delusions. If neither of these alternatives meets the complexities of the circumstances, then their mental gymnastics and their habits may be characterized as unintended paradox-a discrepancy between boasted ideals of freedom and a contrary assumption that those values could forever rest upon the enslavement of blacks.1 Apart from a few lonely dissenters, Southern whites believed (as most people do) that they conducted their lives by the highest ethical standards. They thought that they had made peace with God’s natural order. Above all else, white Southerners adhered to a moral code that may be summarized as the rule of honor. Today we would not define as an ethical scheme a code of morality that could legitimate injustice-racial or class. Yet so it was defined in the Old South. The sources of that ethic lay deep in mythology, literature, history, and civilization. It long preceded the slave system in America.
Primal Honor: Valor, Blood, and Bonding
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like Major Molineux’s ordeal, popular concepts of honor grew out of traditions stretching back to far-distant times, to early modern England and even earlier. Southerners were children of the Reformation and humanistic learning no less than other Americans. Like Northerners, they perceived themselves as Protestant in thought, custom, and faith. No other God but the true God ruled their forests and lives. They had a sense of oneness with ancient values both Old Testament and classical-concepts that still had pertinence in lives of hardship and inequity. “Honor thy Father and Mother,” an eye for an eye, the subordination of Eve’s daughters to Adam’s sons, the shamelessness of Jezebel, the hard vengeance of Jae!, the Abrahamic sacrifice of Isaac, the expulsion of Ham, the anointing of David-these and countless other stories, maxims, and rites had a depth of meaning they no longer sustain. Just as some Southerners were religious and others indifferent, so too some whites believed in honor and shame as the biblical stories presented them, whereas others took the ethic lightly. Yet, as evinced in biblical, classical, and popular lore, honor was for all hard law, but inescapable. As the ancient Romans put it, dura lex, sed lex.
Gentility
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Honor in the Old South applied to all white classes, though with manifestations appropriate to each ranking. Few could escape it al together. Gentility, on the other hand, was a more specialized, re fined form of honor, in which moral uprightness was coupled with high social position. Such a joining of rank with acquired virtue was vulnerable to all sorts of confusions and self-doubts. As Kenneth S. Lynn has observed, the seventeenth-century Virginia planter was never wholly sure that he was truly a gentleman, at least by the standards of London, the society to which he looked for approval. Often enough the American colonial visiting England met open contempt, and the ridicule rankled. Gentility, most especially its English form, involved mastery of quite subtle marks of status-the proper accent, the right choice of words and conversational topics, the appropriate attire, an acquaintance with various kinds of social proprieties and other rules not easy to follow with aplomb. The mimicking of English customs, styles of architecture, furnishings, and portrait hangings was, for wealthy men like William Byrd II, a way to demonstrate to themselves and others that gentility had been achieved.
Status, Law, and Sexual Misconduct
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In reply to Yankee criticism, Southern proslavery apologists claimed that their region was far from being the Sodom the abolitionists depicted. In 1844, James Henry Hammond boasted that “there are fewer cases of divorce, separation, crim[inal] con[versation], seduction, rape and bastardy, than among any other five millions of people on the civilized earth.” Hammond exaggerated. Low rates of divorce, separation, and “criminal conversation” proved nothing about the stability or morality of married life. The compilation only revealed the capacity of ethics and custom to compel men and women to endure misery or find remedies outside the law. Bastardy, for example, has not been examined as a regional phenomenon. Doubtless the problem abated with the spread of preachers and religious attitudes, but legislative bills to legitimize bastards and petitions demanding stricter penalties against marital irregularity did reach the Southern legislatures. Rape constituted only one-half of one percent of all arraignments in antebellum South Carolina, according to a recent estimate.
Government by Newspaper
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Randolph Hearst was a formidable force in American life, an awesome power to be reckoned with both in the business and political worlds, a man with a remarkable capacity for reinventing himself no matter how devastating the setbacks. Without question, he was the fore most news media mogul in the United States and throughout the world. During the two decades after 1890 he had enlarged his newspaper empire to include eight publications in five of the largest cities in the United States (New York, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Francisco), totaling more than 4 million readers, far outdistancing his competitors in circulation and advertising as well as self-promotion. As early as 1902 he had also ventured into the magazine arena; after purchasing Cosmopolitan in 1905, he again proved his marketing wizardry by rapidly attaining a loyal audience of 750,000 readers and a multitude of indulgent advertisers. Hearst was thus girding himself to become even more dominant in the journalistic world through expansion, either by enticing buyouts of poorly run businesses or by engaging in cutthroat competition against rivals.
The Most Hated Man in America
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spring of 1913 dawned auspiciously for Democrats, halcyon days indeed for those advocates of progressivism. For the first time in six teen years they had a man in the White House, a dynamic leader who advocated policies of economic reform. In 1912 American voters elected Woodrow Wilson, who championed a progressive program tided the New Freedom, one that was intent upon destroying monopoly and privilege, encouraging competition, and thereby unleashing the potential energies of American business in the marketplace. Democrats also gained control of both houses of Congress and were relatively united. But most importantly Woodrow Wilson possessed qualities of leadership that elicited, indeed commanded, their support. Although a stern, somewhat foreboding intellectual in appearance and manner, he was a compelling speaker, an eloquent spellbinder who “lifted men out of themselves” by picturing, through words and ideas, a better world of tomorrow. His concept of effective presidential leadership, influenced by the British parliamentary system of strong executive authority, set him apart as a” national voice;’ as a moral spokesman for “righteousness and justice” in behalf of the average American.