bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Naloxone on Deficits after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Bell B.A. , Miller J.D. , Neto N.G.F. , O'Neill P. , Laughton L.M. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The opiate antagonist naloxone was suggested for the amelioration of cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) following the 1981 report of clinical improvement of ischemic deficits in 2 patients. The deficit in 1 patient was exacrebated by morphine, suggesting that analgesics acting on opiate receptors should be avoided after SAH, and this would include codeine phosphate and dihydrocodeine, both widely used for post-SAH headache. We studied 21 consecutive patients with aneurysmal SAH whose condition was worse than Grade 1 on the Hunt and Hess scale. A single observer graded them to avoid interobserver error, and they were also given a score on the Glasgow coma scale. Each patient was then given an intravenous injection of 0.9% saline as placebo or 0.4 mg (7 patients) or 2.0 mg (14 patients) of naloxone. Five minutes later, the same observer regraded the patient. After 30 minutes, a second injection of placebo or naloxone was given, and the patient was regraded a third time. Each patient received placebo in one injection and naloxone in the other, but the order was randomized and unknown to the observer. There was no beneficial effect of 0.4 mg of naloxone after aneurysmal SAH, and we did not find an elevated level of the endogenous opiate B-endorphin in the cerebrospinal fluid in the majority (6 of 8 of the patients in whom it was assayed). Five of the patients given 2.0 mg of naloxone did improve transiently, and none deteriorated after the drug, suggesting that naloxone in a high dose may have a place in the management of some post-SAH deficits. The lack of improvement after 0.4 mg of naloxone, which would adequately reverse codeine phosphate and dihydrocodeine, suggests no rationale for restricting normal doses of these drugs for post-SAH analgesia.
Improvement in the Retinal Circulation after Superficial Temporal to Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass
Authors: Standefer Michael , Little John R. , Tomsak Robert , Furlan Anthony J. , Zegarra Hernando , Williams George 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The retinal circulation of 35 patients (age, 30 to 71 years) with symptomatic internal carotid occlusion (22 cases) or severe inaccessible stenosis (13 cases) was studied both before and after superficial temporal to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass surgery using ophthalmodynamometry (ODM) and intravenous fundus fluorescein angiography (IVFA). Ninety-four per cent of the patients were found preoperatively to have funduscopic findings or symptoms indicative of ocular ischemia. ODM values were abnormal preoperatively in 32 of 35 patients (91%), and improvement in ODM values for the ipsilateral eye was noted postoperatively in 25 patients (71%). ODM values obtained during the early (&lt;3 months) and late (&gt;3 months) postoperative periods were significantly improved when compared to the preoperative values. IVFA values were abnormal in 25 of 29 patients (86%) preoperatively, and significant improvement was noted in 22 of 25 patients (88%) postoperatively. Preoperative patients with normal fundus examinations (10 cases) had significantly better values for IVFA and ODM than patients with venous stasis retinopathy. The findings of the study showed that STA-MCA anastomosis is beneficial in treating retinal ischemia secondary to ipsilateral severe inaccessible carotid artery stenosis or occlusion.
Cervical Diastematomyelia: A Case Report with Operative Management
Authors: Kuchner Eugene F. , Anand Azad K. , Kaufman Barry M. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
A case of midcervical diastematomyelia presenting as acute traumatic hemiplegia in an adult is discussed, with emphasis upon features reflecting this particular location. Advantages of metrizamide computed tomographic imaging in the diagnosis of this entity are presented, and a method of operative management is outlined. (Neurosurgery 16: 538-542, 1985)
Three Phases of Cerebral Arteriopathy in Meningitis: Vasospasm and Vasodilatation Followed by Organic Stenosis
Authors: Yamashima Tetsumori , Kashihara Kengo , Ikeda Kiyonobu , Kubota Toshihiko , Yamamoto Shinjiro 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
A systematic radiological and pathological study of the cerebral arteries was made in an autopsy case of meningitis associated with three phases of cerebral arteriopathy. The latter consisted of vasospasm, vasodilatation, and organic stenosis. A marked change in the caliber of the cerebral arteries was demonstrated 3 times. Vasospasm, the stimulus phenomenon, was produced by the surrounding purulent material. Vasodilatation, the paralytic phenomenon, was presumably due to decreased contractile energy in association with myonecrosis. Organic stenosis, the repair process, was due to the organization of subendothelial edema with resultant intimal thickening. Evidence of increased endothelial permeability, subendothelial proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and necrosis of the latter in the media is presented in both light and electron micrographs.
Acremonium kiliense Osteomyelitis of the Calvarium
Authors: Brabender Wayne , Ketcherside Joseph , Hodges Glenn R. , Rengachary Setti , Barnes William G. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
A 35-year-old man with osteomyelitis of the calvarium, from which Acremonium kiliense was consistently isolated, was successfully treated with amphotericin-B and ketoconazole in addition to craniectomy. Subsequent acrylic cranioplasty produced a good cosmetic result.
Communicating Triventricular Hydrocephalus and Its Treatment with a Lumboperitoneal Shunt
Authors: Aoki Nobuhiko , Mizutani Hiroshi 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
With computed tomography, triventricular hydrocephalus shows enlargement of the 3rd and both lateral ventricles with a nearly normal size 4th ventricle. Triventricular hydrocephalus has been described as noncommunicating because of aqueductal stenosis or obstruction. The authors, however, have encountered three patients whose computed tomographic (CT) images were those of triventricular hydrocephalus despite a patent aqueduct. This condition may be suitably referred to as communicating triventricular hydrocephalus because in all cases metrizamide CT cisternography demonstrated the communication between the spinal subarachnoid space and both lateral ventricles. The authors discuss its treatment with a lumboperitoneal shunt.
Surgical Management of Intracerebral Hematomas
Authors: Tsementzis S.A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Traditional and recent developments in the management of spontaneous intracranial hematomas are reviewed. A comprehensive account of the epidemiological characteristics worldwide with an etiological analysis including prevention and prophylaxis introduce the size and clinical significance of this neurological problem. The usefulness and limitations of the available diagnostic methods are described. Most of the emphasis, however, is placed on the management and medicosurgical treatment of intracranial hematomas in correlation with their clinical presentation and localization.
Dynamic Computed Tomography: Intracranial Applications
Authors: Wasenko John J. , Cacayorin Edwin D. , Petro George R. , Salibi Naman A. , Hodge Charles H. , Modesti Luciano M. , King Robert B. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Rapid sequential computed tomography of the brain after the bolus injection of contrast material provides invaluable information as to the characteristic blood flow of intracranial lesions in a noninvasive manner. Plotted dynamic curves permit accurate diagnosis of particularly difficult cases of infarcts and neoplasms. Dynamic computed tomographic (CT) scanning has become a part of the CT work-up for infarcts, which has allowed their earlier demonstration, detected as areas of hypoperfusion not clearly evident on an initial conventional CT study. Quantitative assessment of vasogenic edema and hypoperfusion are helpful in establishing the diagnosis of infarction and neoplasia. Orbital and parasellar neoplasms can be distinguished accurately from vascular lesions. Dynamic CT studies complemented conventional film screen arteriography in the evaluation of three cases of intracavernous internal carotid artery aneurysm, defining thrombus formation and wall thickness and thus influencing the therapeutic approach. In addition, this modality is useful in differentiating jugular fossa neoplasm from vascular malformation. This review elaborates on the technique involved in dynamic CT scanning and the subsequent results.
Test‐Retest Reliability of Adolescents’ Self‐Report of Substance Use
Authors: Levy Sharon , Sherritt Lon , Harris Sion Kim , Gates Elizabeth C. , Holder David W. , Kulig John W. , Knight John R. 
Published: August 2004

Background: Adolescent substance abuse is a serious problem for which effective interventions are needed. To conduct trials of new therapies, investigators need reliable means of identifying potential participants and of measuring outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine the 1‐week test‐retest reliability of the CRAFFT screening test and of the timeline follow‐back (TLFB) calendar method for measuring alcohol, cannabis, and other drug use.Methods: Ninety‐three 12‐ to 18‐year‐old patients presenting for routine medical care to three urban adolescent clinics were administered the CRAFFT screen in both lifetime and past‐year versions and a 90‐day TLFB. Both measures were completed on the day of the clinic visit and again 1 week later. We computed κ coefficients and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the CRAFFT and computed the ICC separately for TLFB self‐reports of alcohol and cannabis.Results: For the CRAFFT, κ for individual items ranged from 0.31 to 0.86, and the ICC was 0.93 (95% confidence interval, 0.90–0.95). However, the total score of the lifetime CRAFFT at time 2 was significantly lower than at time 1; there was no difference in time 1 and time 2 total scores for the past‐year version. The ICCs for past‐90‐days TLFB variables were as follows: drinking days, 0.92; drinks per occasion, 0.87; cannabis days, 0.83; and joints per occasion, 0.76. Past‐30‐day and past‐60‐day intervals compared favorably to past‐90‐day intervals.Conclusions: The CRAFFT screen is a reliable means of screening adolescents for substance abuse, although we recommend using the past‐year version. The TLFB is a reliable method of quantifying adolescents’ alcohol and cannabis use at intervals of 30, 60, or 90 days.
Antenatal Risk Factors Associated With Postpartum Comorbid Alcohol Use and Depressive Symptomatology
Authors: Homish Gregory G. , Cornelius Jack R. , Richardson Gale A. , Day Nancy L. 
Published: August 2004

Background: High rates of comorbid depression and alcohol use disorders have been reported in epidemiological studies; little work has considered comorbidity in women during the perinatal period. The goal of this work was to identify prenatal factors (at each trimester) that predicted postpartum comorbid depressive symptoms and alcohol use in women.Methods: The data are from an ongoing longitudinal study of pregnancy outcome that is now in its 16th year of follow‐up. The first four assessments were used in this study (fourth and seventh prenatal months, delivery, and 8 months after delivery; n= 595). Prenatal variables in five domains (psychological, substance use, social, obstetrical, and demographic) were considered in analyses to predict postpartum comorbid depressive symptoms and alcohol use in women.Results: At each trimester, higher rates of depressive symptoms, binge drinking (four or more drinks per occasion), and tobacco use were significantly associated with comorbidity at the eighth postpartum month. Third‐trimester anxiety was also significantly associated with postpartum comorbidity. Prenatal social support, obstetrical complications, and demographic factors were not related to an increased risk for postpartum comorbidity.Conclusions: Women with more depressive symptoms, who binge‐drink, or who smoke cigarettes at any time during their pregnancies are at risk for postpartum comorbidity. Women should be screened for depressive symptoms and substance use, and treatment should be initiated when women exhibit the risk factors described.
Nitric Oxide Synthesis Inhibition Attenuates Conditioned Reinstatement of Ethanol‐Seeking, but Not the Primary Reinforcing Effects of Ethanol
Authors: Liu Xiu , Weiss Friedbert 
Published: August 2004

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) signaling has been implicated in regulating aspects of the reinforcing and addictive actions of cocaine. These experiments were designed to examine whether NO‐dependent neurotransmission also participates in mediating the addictive actions of another drug of abuse, ethanol, with emphasis on both the primary reinforcing effects of ethanol and the incentive motivational effects of ethanol‐related contextual stimuli.Methods: Male Wistar rats were operantly trained to orally self‐administer 10% (w/v) ethanol in daily 30‐min sessions and to associate distinct discriminative stimuli with the availability of ethanol (S+) versus nonreward (S−). Rats were treated with the NO synthase inhibitor NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME; 0, 10, or 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally) 30 min before self‐administration tests that were conducted after establishment of stable levels of daily ethanol intake and conditioned reinstatement tests that were performed after extinction of ethanol‐maintained operant responding.Results: l‐NAME did not alter the primary reinforcing effects of ethanol in self‐administration tests. In contrast, l‐NAME dose‐dependently attenuated the recovery of extinguished responding induced by the ethanol S+ in the absence of ethanol availability during reinstatement tests.Conclusions: These results suggest that the NO system does not play a role in behavior reinforced directly by ethanol. However, the results implicate NO‐dependent neurotransmission in alcohol‐seeking responses elicited by drug‐related contextual stimuli.
Immediate Acceptance of Ethanol in Infant Rats: Ontogenetic Differences With Moderate but Not High Ethanol Concentration
Authors: Truxell Eric , Spear Norman E. 
Published: August 2004

Background: During the preweanling period, infant rats consume large quantities of ethanol without initiating procedures. Ethanol intake during this period has seemed to be age related, with peak consumption occurring near the end of the second postnatal week, on postnatal day (P)12, but only a narrow range of conditions has been tested.Methods: Independent ingestion of ethanol was measured at each of two ages, P12 and P18, with systematic variation in ethanol concentration, duration of exposure, and mode of fluid presentation. Ethanol ingestion was measured in terms of percentage body weight gain, grams of absolute ethanol ingested per unit body weight, and blood ethanol concentration.Results: Ingestion of 30% ethanol during a 40‐min period led to blood ethanol concentrations approaching 300 mg/100 ml at both P12 and P18. For ethanol concentrations of 10 or 20%, ingestion at P12 was greater than at P18. When ethanol was available from ethanol‐soaked Kimwipe on the floor, ethanol intake transdermally or by inhalation was apparent but accounted for less than half of the overall ethanol intake. It was clear that for older infants, which are susceptible to ethanol's diuretic effects and are much more likely to self‐void than those at P12, measurement of intake by percentage body weight gain can underestimate ethanol ingestion.Conclusions: The infant rat ingests extraordinarily high levels of ethanol, in concentrations as high as 30%, without initiation procedures. Acceptance of ethanol by infants on first exposure contrasts with the conventional rejection of these concentrations by adults. It is unclear why younger infants (P12) consume more 10 and 20% ethanol than older (P18) infants. These and other differences in ethanol intake between infants and older animals may be due initially to the relative ontogeny of receptors for bitter and sweet taste and subsequently to other factors.
The Genetics of Alcohol Intake and of Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Whitfield John B. , Zhu Gu , Madden Pamela A. , Neale Michael C. , Heath Andrew C. , Martin Nicholas G. 
Published: August 2004

Background: Because alcohol has multiple dose‐dependent consequences, it is important to understand the causes of individual variation in the amount of alcohol used. The aims of this study were to assess the long‐term repeatability and genetic or environmental causes of variation in alcohol intake and to estimate the degree of overlap with causes of susceptibility to alcohol dependence.Methods: Data were used from three studies conducted between 1980 and 1995 on volunteer adult male and female Australian twin subjects. In each study, alcohol intake was reported both as quantity × frequency and as past‐week data. Repeatability was calculated as correlations between occasions and between measures, and the effects of genes and environment were estimated by multivariate model fitting to the twin pair repeated measures of alcohol use. Relationships between mean alcohol use and the lifetime history of DSM‐III‐R alcohol dependence were tested by bivariate model fitting.Results: Repeatability of the alcohol intake measures was between 0.54 and 0.85, with the highest repeatability between measures within study and the lowest repeatability between the first and last studies. Reported alcohol consumption was mainly affected by genetic factors affecting all times of study and by nonshared environmental factors (including measurement error) unique to each time of study. Genes that affect alcohol intake do affect alcohol dependence, but genetic effects unique to dependence are also significant; environmental effects are largely unique to either intake and dependence.Conclusions: Nearly all the repeatable component of variation in alcohol intake is due to genetic effects. Genes affecting intake also affect dependence risk, but there are other genes that affect dependence alone. Studies aiming to identify genes that affect alcohol use disorders need to test loci and candidate genes against both phenotypes.
Modulation of Hypothalamic β‐Endorphin—Regulated Expression of Natural Killer Cell Cytolytic Activity Regulatory Factors by Ethanol in Male Fischer‐344 Rats
Authors: Dokur Madhavi , Boyadjieva Nadka I. , Advis Juan P. , Sarkar Dipak K. 
Published: August 2004

Background: We have previously shown that ethanol administration suppresses natural killer (NK) cell cytolytic activity, partly by decreasing the action of hypothalamic β‐endorphin (β‐EP) on the spleens of male Fischer‐344 rats. This study was conducted to examine the effects of ethanol and central administration of β‐EP on perforin, granzyme B, and the cytokine interferon (IFN)‐γ—factors that modulate NK cell cytolytic activity—to understand the mechanism involved in ethanol's suppression of NK cell activity.Methods: A group of male Fischer‐344 rats were fed an ethanol‐containing diet (8.7% v/v), and a control group was pair‐fed an isocaloric diet. At the end of 2 weeks, both groups were infused with β‐EP 100 ng/hr into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus for 18 hr, and spleen tissues were immediately removed for analysis of perforin, granzyme B, and IFN‐γ messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. The mRNA levels of perforin, granzyme B, and IFN‐γ were evaluated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and the protein levels of perforin and granzyme B were analyzed by Western blot.Results: Paraventricular nucleus administration of β‐EP increased the mRNA and protein expression of granzyme B and mRNA expression of IFN‐γ in pair‐fed animals. Ethanol significantly reduced both basal and β‐EP–induced levels of granzyme B and IFN‐γ.Conclusions: These data suggest that chronic ethanol consumption suppresses β‐EP–induced NK cytolytic activity, granzyme B, and IFN‐γ in male Fischer‐344 rats.
On Sensitivity, Specificity, and the Influence of Various Parameters on Ethyl Glucuronide Levels in Urine—Results From the WHO/ISBRA Study
Authors: Wurst Friedrich Martin , Wiesbeck Gerhard A. , Metzger Jörg W. , Weinmann Wolfgang , Graf Marc ,   the WHO/ISBRA Study on Biological State and Trait Markers of Alcohol Use and Dependence
Published: August 2004

Background: Ethyl glucuronide (EtG), a direct ethanol metabolite, seems to meet the need for a sensitive and specific marker for monitoring recent alcohol consumption in different settings. Our aim was to study sensitivity, specificity, and the influence of various parameters on EtG levels in urine.Patients and Methods: Urine samples for a total of 453 patients (373 male, 80 female) were statistically analyzed. The mean age was 37.1 years (median 36, SD 12.59), body mass index was 24.7, total ethanol consumed last month was 1817.66 g (each median), and 80 patients reported cannabis use within the last 30 days. Determination of EtG was performed with a liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method with deuterium‐labeled EtG as internal standard.Results: For EtG in urine, a good correlation was found with other state markers and days of sobriety. In a regression analysis, age, gender, marijuana use, kidney disease, and total grams of ethanol consumed last month were the variables that significantly influenced EtG levels in contrast to race, smoking, body mass index, cirrhosis of liver, age began drinking regularly, packs of cigarettes smoked last month, and total body water. Furthermore, in a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to distinguish between nondrinkers and individuals sober >4 days versus individuals drinking in the recent 4 days, area under the curve was 0.834. At a cutoff of 0.145 mg/liter, sensitivity was 83.5% and specificity 68.3%. A receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated for lifetime alcohol abuse or dependence against those who had never been abusers or dependent. In this case, subjects were either never dependent or lifetime dependent, but those currently dependent were excluded. The resulting area under the curve was 0.694. At a cutoff of 0.145 mg/liter, sensitivity was 73.8% and specificity 60.3%. For those with a self‐reported sobriety of less than 24 hr, the area under the curve was 0.899, sensitivity was 90.8%, and specificity was 76.5% at a cutoff of 0.435 mg/liter when we calculated nondrinkers and light drinkers against heavy drinkers and drinkers needing treatment. Cannabis‐using patients showed significant differences with regard to almost all state markers when compared with nonconsuming subjects.Conclusions: Age, gender, marijuana use, kidney disease, and total grams of ethanol consumed last month should be taken into consideration when interpreting results of EtG in urine. Sensitivity and specificity seem promising. Cannabis use can be regarded as an indicator for other serious mental problems in alcohol‐using subjects.