bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GELATIN—ITS USEFULNESS AND TOXICITY
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Miller L. L. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Gelatin given by vein to doubly depleted dogs (anemic and hypoproteinemic) gives no immediate toxic response, no anaphylactoid reactions, and may contribute something to the building of new hemoglobin and plasma protein.
Gelatin given by vein during 1 to 2 weeks (total 3 to 17 gm. per kilo) usually causes serious disturbances—inhibition of blood protein production, signs of intoxication, much weight loss, and even death.
Gelatin given by vein for 2 to 3 days (total 1 to 3 gm. per kilo) may not cause any recognizable abnormalities, but dogs vary greatly in their response to gelatin by vein. Some dogs may tolerate a total of 7 gm. per kilo without significant disturbance and other dogs may be seriously intoxicated by 2 to 3 gm. per kilo. No one can predict which animal will be least tolerant.
Some experiments with gelatin by vein for 2 to 3 days (total gelatin 1 to 2 gm. per kilo) given with and followed by amino acids or casein digests do show absence of intoxication and ample production of new hemoglobin and plasma protein during the weeks following the injection of gelatin. This may suggest possible usefulness of gelatin with amino acids or casein digests in acute emergencies (shock, hemorrhage).
These doubly depleted dogs are very susceptible to various injurious agents as compared to normal dogs. They may serve as sensitive testing machines for evaluating plasma substitutes.
Where the gelatin by vein inflicts its damage is not clear and there is little if any significant histological evidence but the disturbance of blood protein production implicates the liver.
Gelatin of smaller molecular weight (degraded by autoclaving) is no less toxic than the standard gelatin.
Gelatin by mouth may contribute to but cannot alone support the production of new hemoglobin and plasma protein.
Gelatin by vein has definite limitations in dogs and, by implication, when used in human cases the amount given should be very carefully watched.
INDUCED RESISTANCE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Schlesinger R. Walter , Olitsky Peter K. , Morgan Isabel M. 
Published: June 2004

Although vaccination of guinea pigs with formalin-inactivated Western equine encephalomyelitis virus rendered them specifically immune to an intracerebral challenge dose of 1,000 M.L.D. of Western virus, it failed to protect their central nervous system against the initial effects of the virus: the intracerebral challenge dose was followed by an abortive infection of 20 to 30 hours' duration characterized by fever and histopathological changes which simulated the response at that early stage of non-vaccinated control animals.
During the abortive infection of immune animals, virus could occasionally be demonstrated in their brains; indeed, it was detected with about the same frequency it was isolated from brains of similarly inoculated, non-immune guinea pigs during corresponding early phases of the infection. About one week after the abortive infection there was found a marked transitory accumulation of specific neutralizing antibody in the brain tissue.
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equalled at this time 1:1 to 1:10 instead of the value of about 1:300 found under physiological conditions.
Guinea pigs which had recovered from an abortive infection with Western virus were resistant for a limited period of time to the effects of intracerebral inoculations of the immunologically distinct viruses of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis or vesicular stomatitis.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF TUMORS OF THE LIVER PRODUCED BY BUTTER YELLOW
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

A conspicuous feature of the cirrhosis that is produced by butter yellow is the new formation of bile ducts that sprout from ducts of the larger portal spaces and penetrate between "portal units" to anastomose with liver cell columns at the periphery of these units.
Hyperplasia of the liver may occur with butter yellow administration in the absence of cirrhosis or other change associated with widespread destruction of liver tissue; it occurs as diffuse or focal lesions and affects both parenchymal cells and newly formed ducts.
Focal hyperplasia is a precursor of trabecular and adenomatous hepatomas which arise as multiple tumors.
Butter yellow causes localized cystic dilatation of newly formed bile ducts unaccompanied by acute or chronic inflammation and liver cells adjacent to them may undergo hyperplasia.
Cystic ducts by proliferation of their epithelium may form cyst-adenomas.
Butter yellow causes newly formed ducts to undergo dilatation, and with acute inflammation and fibrosis to produce circumscribed macroscopically recognizable lesions (cholangiofibrosis).
Cholangiofibrosis is the precursor of tumors that reproduce the histological characters of small bile ducts (cholangiomas), and often proceed to the formation of scirrhous carcinoma.
Hepatomas, cyst-adenomas, and cholangiomas may become malignant with formation of metastases in which the characteristics of the parent tumor are reproduced.
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION OF TOXIN OF CLOSTRIDIUM SEPTICUM
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Margaret T. Spencer
Published: June 2004

A medium consisting of a complete acid hydrolysate of casein supplemented with cystine, tryptophan, growth accessory factors, glucose, and inorganic salts, has been developed for the cultivation of Clostridium septicum. Toxin equivalent to 400 to 700 L.D50 per ml. has been obtained regularly in this medium. The principal factors found to affect the yield of toxin are:—
(a) Phase of strain employed: Cultures of Cl. septicum may contain a number of variants. Some of these may be characterized by their colonial morphology on blood agar as: (1) rough, non-hemolytic colonies; (2) smooth, non-hemolytic colonies; (3) smooth, hemolytic colonies. Of these three variants, only the last produces toxin.
(b) Quantity of growth and length of time cultures were incubated: The toxin and hemolysin content of cultures increases as the bacterial population increases, reaching a maximum value when the number of bacteria is at a maximum, or shortly thereafter. Upon further incubation, the toxin and hemolysin content decreases.
(c) Presence of a hemolysin-inactivating factor: A substance, possibly lipid, and present in cooked meat, is capable of inactivating hemolysin produced in casein hydrolysate medium and can account for the absence of hemolysin from cultures grown in cooked-meat broth.
PLASMA PROTEIN METABOLISM—NORMAL AND ASSOCIATED WITH SHOCK
Authors: Fink R. M. , Enns T. , Kimball C. P. , Silberstein H. E. , Bale W. F. , Madden S. C. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Labeled plasma proteins are produced by administering to dogs the amino acid lysine synthesized with heavy nitrogen. Such labeled proteins are apparently indistinguishable biologically from proteins of normal isotope concentration.
Labeled plasma proteins, as plasma, injected into normal dogs pass out of the blood stream at an initially rapid but constantly decreasing non-logarithmic rate. This outflow is balanced by a simultaneous inflow of plasma proteins from the tissues. Fifty per cent of the labeled protein is out of the blood stream in about 24 hours; 75 per cent in about 6 days.
Shock due to trauma of intestine or leg shows a dilution curve of labeled plasma protein not unlike that of the normal dog. If anything, dilution appears a little less rapid in shock. Since the usual shrinkage of plasma volume and plasma protein mass is present in these shocked dogs, these data are compatible with a decreased inflow of protein into the plasma during shock.
Methods are described which are suitable for the use of heavy nitrogen incorporated in the epsilon group of lysine and its subsequent analysis in body fluids.
These data may indicate that the plasma proteins are normally in constant and rapid exchange with a mobile pool of body protein.
ADJUVANTS IN IMMUNIZATION WITH INFLUENZA VIRUS VACCINES
Authors: Friedewald William F. 
Published: June 2004

Subcutaneous inoculation, of PR8 allantoic fluid, or watery suspensions of the virus obtained from allantoic fluid by high-speed centrifugation or by elution after adsorption on red cells induced serum antibodies in experimental animals, which reached the highest levels within 2 weeks after inoculation and were gradually lost thereafter. The addition of killed acid-fast bacteria (Myco. tuberculosis or butyricum), paraffin oil, and a proprietary adsorption base (Falba) to form a stable water-in-oil emulsion of influenza virus suspensions greatly enhanced and maintained immunity and antibody response to the virus. These adjuvants provided a much more effective method of increasing antibody production to the virus than the use of concentrated preparations of virus alone.
Paraffin oil and Falba without the acid-fast bacilli were less effective as adjuvants, although the antibody levels induced were higher than those produced by watery suspensions of the virus and were maintained at a constant level for at least 6 months. Myco. butyricum appeared to be more effective in producing antibodies against the virus than the tubercle bacilli in the emulsions of paraffin oil and Falba. Immunization with these adjuvants and suspensions of influenza virus obtained from allantoic fluid induced antibodies not only against the virus but against antigenic material contained in normal allantoic fluid, although the latter titers were considerably lower.
A suspension of influenza virus (sedimented by high-speed centrifugation) and Myco. butyricum in sesame oil induced about four times as much antibody as when the virus was suspended in saline, in sesame oil alone, or in combination with typhoid bacilli.
BIOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PREPARATIONS OF PR8 INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Lauffer Max A. , Stanley W. M. 
Published: June 2004

The biophysical properties of several preparations of PR8 influenza virus have been studied. Electron micrographs showed slightly irregular, circular particles with an average diameter of 115 mµ and a standard deviation of the distribution of diameters of 15 per cent. The specific volume was determined with a pycnometer to be 0.79. The sedimentation rate was found to vary inversely with the concentration of virus. The extrapolated value for one preparation was 722 Svedberg units and the value for another preparation was 658 units. Sedimentation studies in sucrose solutions of varying densities showed a non-linear dependence of sedimentation rate upon solvent density, indicating that the density in solution increases with increasing sugar concentration. The virus particles floated in a sugar solution with a density of 1.18. The density in the absence of sucrose was estimated to be about 1.1. The virus was shown not to lose infectivity very rapidly in sucrose solutions. The spreading of the boundary during sedimentation was shown to be represented by a standard deviation of the sedimentation rate equal to 8 per cent of the mean. This corresponds to a distribution of diameters with a standard deviation of 4 per cent of the mean. A more slowly sedimenting component was observed with the ultracentrifuge in the highest concentrations of several of the preparations. The intrinsic viscosities, calculated on the basis of concentrations expressed as grams per cubic centimeter, of several highly purified preparations were determined to be between 11.3 and 16.5. The variation of sedimentation rate with concentration was shown to be due entirely to the variation of solution viscosity with concentration. The viscosity of the virus preparations can be explained as being due in great part to the presence of the slower sedimenting contaminating components which possess a very high intrinsic viscosity.
The average particle diameter of the anhydrous PR8 virus particle was calculated from sedimentation and specific volume data to be about 80 mµ. The discrepancy between this value and that obtained from the electron micrographs, the greater size distribution from the electron micrographs, the slight irregularities in some of the particles as observed in the electron micrographs, the behavior of the sedimentation process in sucrose solutions of different densities, and the inactivation of the virus by withdrawal of electrolytes can all be explained in a straightforward manner if it is assumed that the virus particles in solution contain, in addition to the constituents shown by chemical analysis, about 60 per cent by weight of water. It is estimated that such hydrated virus particles are about 100 mµ in diameter.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Miller C. Phillip , Kaiser Hilda , Foster Alice Z. 
Published: June 2004

1. The quantitative method for the estimation of agglutinins has been applied to antimeningococcal horse, rabbit, and chicken sera and to the sera of humans convalescing from meningococcus meningitis. The type-specific and group-specific agglutinin N can be measured, using homologous and heterologous suspensions of meningococci.
2. Type I horse, rabbit, and chicken antimeningococcal sera contain considerable amounts of antibody which cannot be removed either by Type II meningococcus suspension or by preparations of the Type I specific polysaccharide. This residual type-specific antibody has marked potency in protecting mice against subsequent infection with meningococci.
3. Most human convalescent sera contain group-specific antibody. Small amounts of protective antibody and of antipolysaccharide are also formed.
4. Type I antisera absorbed with Type I polysaccharide and with Type II meningococci could be used as a guide in the purification of this new antigen.
IMMUNOLOGIC RELATIONSHIP OF DONOVANIA GRANULOMATIS TO GRANULOMA INGUINALE
Authors: Anderson Katherine , Goodpasture E. W. , DeMonbreun W. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. A washed bacterial suspension of Donovan microorganisms cultivated in the yolk of chick embryos was used as an antigen in intracutaneous tests in 6 cases of granuloma inguinale in the active stage of the disease. These injections were responded to by an extensive erythematous and edematous reaction that reached its height in 24 hours and disappeared within 48 hours later. Four control cases without granuloma inguinale did not react to the injection to any greater extent than would be expected from the slight trauma incident to them. The skin of the reacting patients responded in a similar manner but to a lesser extent to a filtrate of infected yolk. Simultaneous control injections of filtered normal yolk demonstrated that sensitivity to normal yolk was not responsible for the reactions.
2. A mucoid material present in infected yolk, soluble in N/100 NaOH, and precipitable by N/100 HCl was recovered and purified by repeated acid precipitation, extraction with ether, washing in distilled water, and dissolution in N/100 NaOH. We regard this material to be of capsular origin.
3. The presumptive capsular material injected intradermally elicited a somewhat different and milder reaction in patients with active granuloma inguinale, but we regard it as specific.
4. The "capsularrdquo; material in suitable dilution elicited distinct precipitation reactions when mixed with the serum from 18 of 19 cases of active granuloma inguinale. Serum from 1 active case showed no precipitation. Sixty-four serums, including 6 from lymphopathia venereum patients and 18 from Wassermann- or Kahn-positive patients, and 1 from an early chancroid failed to precipitate. Two serums from a total of 66 used as controls showed a precipitate in the presence of the capsular material. These patients gave no history or evidence of granuloma inguinale.
5. The "capsular" material fixed complement in the presence of serum from patients with granuloma inguinale. Serum from 12 of 15 cases of granuloma inguinale demonstrated complement fixation. Three failed to fix complement. Of 19 control serums 18 failed to fix complement in the presence of the capsular material and 1 fixed only a very slight amount of complement. None of these serums nor the capsular material itself was anticomplementary.
6. The high proportion of precipitation and complement fixation reactions obtained from patients with active granuloma inguinale is indicative of a specific immunological relationship of the Donovan microorganism cultivated in embryonic yolk to the disease, granuloma inguinale.
7. We suggest that one or all of these methods might be so standardized as to be of distinct diagnostic value.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF ISOLATED MITOCHONDRIA
Authors: Claude Albert , Fullam Ernest F. 
Published: June 2004

1. The present paper constitutes a preliminary study of the morphology of mitochondria by means of electron microscopy.
2. The mitochondria that were the subject of this investigation were obtained from a lymphosarcoma of the rat. They were separated from the other components of the leukemic cells by a method of differential centrifugation, and thus made available for direct examination in the electron microscope.
3. In the purified form the mitochondria appeared as spherical bodies, the majority of them varying in size approximately from 0.6 to 1.3 µ in diameter.
4. Certain aspects of mitochondria in the electron microscope suggest that these elements are surrounded by a differentiated membrane. In some cases the limiting membrane seemed to be responsible for maintaining the general shape of the mitochondria, even when most of the mitochondrial substance had been lost.
5. By means of the electron microscope, it is possible to distinguish small elements, 80 to 100 mµ in diameter, within the body of certain mitochondria. Further work is suggested to establish whether these small granules are normal constituents of mitochondria, and what relation may exist between them and ordinary microsomes.
6. The nature of mitochondria as morphological units is discussed. Present evidence indicates that mitochondria constitute definite physical entities which can persist in the absence of the cytoplasm.
THE RÔLE OF THE LYMPHOCYTE IN ANTIBODY FORMATION
Authors: Harris T. N. , Grimm E. , Mertens E. , Ehrich W. E. 
Published: June 2004

Following the injection of typhoid antigen or sheep erythrocytes into the pad of the rabbit's hind foot, lymph from the efferent lymphatic of the popliteal lymph node was collected and analyzed for antibody content.
On separating the lymphocytes from the lymph plasma, it was found that the antibody titer of the cell extract was substantially and consistently higher than that of the surrounding fluid. This difference was greatest at the time of greatest rate of increase of antibody titer in the whole lymph, rather than when the antibody titer of the lymph plasma was highest.
These results can only be interpreted to mean that the lymphocytes either produce antibodies or take them up from the lymph plasma. Incubation in vitro of lymphocytes containing one species of antibody with lymph plasma containing another showed that antibodies pass from the cells to the supernatant lymph fluid to reach approximate equilibrium; acquisition of antibody from supernatant lymph fluid was not observed. Similar results were obtained when normal lymphocytes were allowed to incubate in vivo in their own lymph fluid to which antibodies had been added. It was again found that antibodies were not absorbed or adsorbed by lymphocytes. These results seem to indicate that lymphocytes are instrumental in the formation of antibodies.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SITES OF REMOVAL OF BACTERIA FROM THE BLOOD IN PATIENTS WITH BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS
Authors: Beeson Paul B. , Brannon Emmett S. , Warren James V. 
Published: June 2004

In 6 patients with bacterial endocarditis studies were made of the bacterial content of arterial and venous blood. Paired samples were collected, approximately simultaneously, from two different locations in the circulatory system, and colony counts were determined. As many as 48 specimens were taken for culture during a single period of study. Venous blood was drawn not only from different locations in the extremities, but also from the superior and inferior venae cavae, the right auricle, and the hepatic and renal veins.
As would be expected, colony counts were highest in arterial blood.
Blood from the antecubital veins gave colony counts only slightly lower than arterial blood. In the femoral veins, on the other hand, there were appreciably fewer organisms. This difference is attributed to the type of tissues drained by the two veins.
Colony counts in blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae were also lower than arterial counts, the ratio being comparable to that found in femoral vein blood.
In the renal veins colony counts were only slightly below the arterial level indicating that few organisms are removed from the blood during passage through the kidneys.
The greatest reduction in bacterial content was found in hepatic vein blood. In 3 of the 6 subjects this reduction amounted to more than 95 per cent, and in all subjects the difference was very considerable.
Mixed venous blood in the right auricle of the heart gave colony counts which were usually one-half to two-thirds as high as in corresponding samples of arterial blood.
An interesting finding in these studies was a remarkable constancy of the bacterial content of arterial blood, during periods of 1 or 2 hours. Despite the fact that a considerable portion of the bacteria which leave the heart in arterial blood appear to be removed during a single circuit of the body, the number of bacteria in successive samples of arterial blood shows little change. This indicates that in bacterial endocarditis organisms are discharged into the blood from the endocardial vegetations at a comparatively even rate, rather than in a haphazard fashion as a result of the breaking off of infected particles.
ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS OF THE BRAIN IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Wood Harland G. , Rusoff Irving I. , Reiner John M. 
Published: June 2004

The rate of anaerobic glycolysis of brain tissue was compared for normal animals and animals with experimentally induced poliomyelitis, using two different strains of mice and two different procedures. The report of interference of poliomyelitis with anaerobic glycolysis of brain was not confirmed. In one series there was a small increase and in the other series a small decrease in the brain QCOCO2N2 calculated for infected animals as compared to normal animals. When the calculations were made on the basis of wet weight of brain there was no difference in glycolysis.
It is considered that the methods so far used for study of the enzymes may be inadequate, and that no decision is as yet possible on the effect of poliomyelitis on anaerobic glycolysis.