bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A randomized, double‐blind trial of the efficacy and safety of 10 or 20 mg rabeprazole compared with 20 mg omeprazole in the maintenance of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease over 5 years
Authors: Thjodleifsson B. , Rindi G. , Fiocca R. , Humphries T. J. , Morocutti A. , Miller N. , Bardhan K. D. ,   FOR THE EUROPEAN RABEPRAZOLE STUDY GROUP
Published: March 2003

SummaryBackground : Gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease has a chronic course, and often requires long‐term treatment. Proton pump inhibitors are the treatment of choice for both acute and maintenance treatment, but little is known from randomized controlled trials of their effects beyond 1 year.Aim : To compare the efficacy and safety of two doses of rabeprazole with 20 mg omeprazole in the maintenance treatment of erosive gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease over 5 years.Methods : Two hundred and forty‐three patients who had previously responded to acute treatment for erosive gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease were prospectively randomized to receive 5 years of treatment with rabeprazole (10 or 20 mg daily) or omeprazole (20 mg daily). The primary outcome measure was endoscopically confirmed relapse of erosive gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease.Results : One hundred and twenty‐three patients (51%) completed all 5 years of the study, with similar completion rates in the three groups. Relapses occurred in nine of 78 (11.5%), eight of 82 (9.8%) and 11 of 83 (13.3%) patients in the rabeprazole 20 mg, rabeprazole 10 mg and omeprazole 20 mg groups, respectively. Gastric biopsy showed no evidence of any harmful effects. All treatments were well tolerated.Conclusions : Rabeprazole 10 mg, rabeprazole 20 mg and omeprazole 20 mg all had similar efficacy in the maintenance treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease. All three were safe and well tolerated during 5 years of treatment.
Comparative pharmacokinetics and safety of lansoprazole oral capsules and orally disintegrating tablets in healthy subjects
Authors: Freston J. W. , Chiu Y.‐L. , Mulford D. J. , Ballard II E. D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryBackground : Many individuals with acid‐related gastrointestinal disorders have difficulty in swallowing oral agents.Aim : To compare the bio‐availability of a single dose of lansoprazole orally disintegrating tablet with that of an intact capsule.Methods : One hundred and twenty healthy subjects participated in two prospective, Phase I, open‐label, two‐period cross‐over studies to receive lansoprazole, 15 mg or 30 mg. Within each study, subjects were randomized into two parallel cohorts consisting of 30 subjects per regimen, dispensed in opposing sequence over two periods separated by a 7‐day washout period. Blood samples were collected on day 1 of both periods to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters.Results : Tmax occurred at 1.8 and 2.0 h with the 15‐mg and 30‐mg tablets, respectively. Dose proportional increases in Cmax, AUCt and AUC∞ were observed in the 15‐mg and 30‐mg groups. The terminal elimination half‐lives (t1/2) were identical in both dose groups (1.18 h). Lansoprazole administered as the orally disintegrating tablet was bio‐equivalent to the intact capsule formulation with respect to Cmax, AUCt and AUC∞.Conclusions : Lansoprazole orally disintegrating tablets, 15 mg and 30 mg, are bio‐equivalent to the respective dose administered as the intact capsule. This novel dosage formulation represents an option for patients who have difficulty in swallowing oral agents.
Training in airway management
Authors: Stringer K. R. , Bajenov S. , Yentis S. M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryManagement of the airway is central to the practice of anaesthesia, yet trainees frequently feel poorly trained in this area. A large range of skills needs to be acquired, but there are often problems providing training on live patients. We review the different modalities available for training and assessment in airway management.
Spinal anaesthesia for inguinal herniotomy in preterm infants sedated with nitrous oxide: a comparison of lumbar puncture in the lateral or sitting position
Authors: Vilà R. , Lloret J. , Munar F. , Vinzo J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThis study compares spinal anaesthesia for inguinal herniotomy in preterm infants in the lateral or sitting position. Thirty patients were randomly divided into two equal groups. One hour before spinal anaesthesia, a eutetic mixture of local anaesthetic cream was applied to the lower lumbar spine. Sedation with nitrous oxide 50% in oxygen was given to all patients before and during induction of spinal anaesthesia, and throughout surgery. Lumbar punctures were performed at the L4−5 interspace using a 2.5 cm 22 G needle. Isobaric bupivacaine 0.5% with epinephrine 1 : 200 000 at a bupivacaine dose of 1 mg.kg−1 was injected in the lateral or sitting position. Measurements included heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, maximum sensory block height and duration of motor block and analgesia. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in any measured parameters. Median [range] maximum block height was T5[T4−T7] in the lateral group and T5[T4−T5] in the sitting group. The median [range] duration of motor blockade was 67 [50–85] min in the lateral group and 63 [50–80] min in the sitting group. Our results indicate that in preterm infants sedated with nitrous oxide, spinal anaesthesia for inguinal herniotomy performed with isobaric bupivacaine 0.5% at a dose 1.0 mg.kg−1 in the lateral or sitting position is equally effective and is associated with minimal side effects.
Minimum work, fault activity and the growth of critical wedges in fold and thrust belts
Authors: Hardy Stuart , Duncan Chris , Masek Jeff , Brown Dennis 
Published: March 2003

Many studies of critical wedges treat the interior of the wedge as continuous and do not address the manner in which it grows from the undeformed state to a typical imbricate wedge. In this paper we present a 2D kinematic–mechanical model which attempts to explain the development of a critical wedge in a fold and thrust belt in terms of both gravitational and frictional work. In the undeformed model a series of thrust faults are defined which have the potential to take up an external displacement. The active fault at a given time is that which minimizes gravitational and frictional work as a result of displacement. Displacement on the active fault causes a change in topography and deformation of other faults which may favour an alternative fault at the next time step. The model is a mixed Lagrangian–Eulerian scheme in which the upper surface, in addition to being deformed, is also subject to erosion, transport and sedimentation.The model predicts propagation of thrust fault activity towards the foreland through time as a result of increasing topographic (gravitational) loads and frictional work on deformed hinterland faults. As the zone of fault activity progresses through the developing critical wedge several faults are active over time‐scales of ≈1 Myr. However, a simple chronology or sequence of fault activity cannot be assumed as out‐of‐sequence thrusting occurs during this overall foreland propagation. The detailed spatial and temporal activity of faults is complex and reflects the interaction between the development of topography, the contrast between basal (décollement) and internal coefficients of friction and the effects of erosion and sedimentation. In particular, rates of erosion and sedimentation are found to be important controls on fault activity both spatially and temporally. Erosion, by locally removing topography above a fault, reduces gravitational and frictional work enabling continued fault activity or reactivation. Sedimentation, conversely, acts to increase gravitational and frictional work on a fault, and therefore has the potential to blanket faults and render them inactive. Model results illustrate the complex feedbacks that can exist between tectonic and surficial mass transport processes.
Gravity anomalies, subsidence history and the tectonic evolution of the Malay and Penyu Basins (offshore Peninsular Malaysia)
Authors: Madon* Mazlan B. , Watts  
Published: March 2003

The tectonic subsidence and gravity anomalies in the Malay and Penyu Basins, offshore Peninsular Malaysia, were analysed to determine the isostatic compensation mechanism in order to investigate their origin. These continental extensional basins contain up to 14 km of sediment fill which implies that the crust had been thinned significantly during basin development. Our results suggest, however, that the tectonic subsidence in the basins cannot be explained simply by crustal thinning and Airy isostatic compensation.The Malay and Penyu Basins are characterized by broad negative free‐air gravity anomalies of between −20 and −30 mGal. To determine the cause of the anomaly, we modelled four gravity profiles across the basins using a method that combines two‐dimensional flexural backstripping and gravity modelling techniques. We assumed a model of uniform lithospheric stretching and Airy isostasy in the analysis of tectonic subsidence. Our study shows that the basins are probably underlain by relatively thinned crust, indicating that some form of crustal stretching was involved. To explain the observed gravity anomalies, however, the Moho depth that we calculated based on the free‐air gravity data is about 25% deeper than the Moho predicted by assuming Airy isostasy (Backstrip Moho). This suggests that the Airy model overestimates the compensation and that the basins are probably undercompensated isostatically. In other words, there is an extra amount of tectonic subsidence that is not compensated by crustal thinning, which has resulted in the discrepancy between the gravity‐derived Moho and the Backstrip Moho. We attribute this uncompensated or anomalous tectonic subsidence to thin‐skinned crustal extension that did not involve the mantle lithosphere. The Malay and Penyu Basins are interpreted therefore as basins that formed by a combination of whole‐lithosphere stretching and thin‐skinned crustal extension.
Reciprocal flexural behaviour and contrasting stratigraphies: a new basin development model for the Karoo retroarc foreland system, South Africa
Authors: Catuneanu  , Hancox  , Rubidge  
Published: March 2003

The main Karoo Basin of South Africa is a Late Carboniferous–Middle Jurassic retroarc foreland fill, developed in front of the Cape Fold Belt (CFB) in relation to subduction of the palaeo‐Pacific plate underneath the Gondwana plate. The Karoo sedimentary fill corresponds to a first‐order sequence, with the basal and top contacts marking profound changes in the tectonic setting, i.e. from extensional to foreland and from foreland to extensional, respectively.Sedimentation within the Karoo Foreland Basin was closely controlled by orogenic cycles of loading and unloading in the CFB. During orogenic loading, episodes of subsidence and increase in accommodation adjacent to the orogen correlate to episodes of uplift and decrease in accommodation away from the thrust‐fold belt. During orogenic unloading the reverse occurred. As a consequence, the depocentre of the Karoo Basin alternated between the proximal region, during orogenic loading, and the distal region, during orogenic unloading. Orogenic loading dominated during the Late Carboniferous–Middle Triassic interval, leading to the accumulation of thick foredeep sequences with much thinner forebulge correlatives. The Late Triassic–Middle Jurassic interval was dominated by orogenic unloading, with deposition taking place in the distal region of the foreland system and coeval bypass and reworking of the older foredeep sequences.The out of phase history of base‐level changes generated contrasting stratigraphies between the proximal and distal regions of the foreland system separated by a stratigraphic hinge line. The patterns of hinge line migration show the flexural peripheral bulge advancing towards the craton during the Late Carboniferous–Permian interval in response to the progradation of the orogenic front. The orogenward migration of the foreland system recorded during the Triassic–Middle Jurassic may be attributed to piggyback thrusting accompanied by a retrogradation of the centre of weight within the orogenic belt during orogenic loading (Early Middle Triassic) or to the retrogradation of the orogenic load through the erosion of the orogenic front during times of orogenic unloading (Late Triassic–Middle Jurassic).
Neogene tectonics and basin fill patterns in the Hellenic outer‐arc (Crete, Greece)
Authors: Ten Veen  , Postma  
Published: March 2003

Six time‐slice reconstructions in the form of palaeogeographical maps show the large‐scale tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the Hellenic outer‐arc basins in central and eastern Crete for the middle and late Miocene. The reconstructions are based on extensive field mapping and a detailed chronostratigraphy.Latest compressional features related to subduction and associated crustal thickening are poorly dated and assigned a middle Miocene age. These are possibly contemporaneous with widespread occurrence of breccia deposits all over Crete. The precise date for the onset of extension, possibly controlled by the roll‐back of the subsiding African lithosphere, remains at this point a discussion. We present circumstantial evidence to place the beginning of the roll back in the middle Miocene, during the accumulation of an arc‐parallel, westward‐draining fluvial complex. The continental succession is transgressed steadily until it is interrupted by an important tectonic event at the boundary of the middle and late Miocene (normally seen as the onset of slab roll‐back). In the earliest late Miocene a few large‐sized fault blocks along arc‐parallel normal faults subsided rapidly causing a deepening of the half‐graben basins up to approximately 900 m. About 1 Myr later, a new N020E and N100E fault system developed fragmenting the existing half‐grabens into orthogonal horst and graben structure. The development of the new fault system caused original continental regions to subside and original deep basins to emerge, which is not easy to reconcile with roll back controlled extensional processes alone. Underplating and inherited basement structure may have played here an additional role, although evidence for firm conclusions is lacking. In late Miocene times (late Tortonian, ≈7.2 Ma), the extensional outer arc basins become deformed by N075E‐orientated strike‐slip. The new tectonic regime begins with strong uplift along existing N100E fault zones, which developed about E–W‐striking topographical highs (e.g. Central Iraklion Ridge and Anatoli anticline) in about 0.4 Myr. The strong uplift is contemporaneous with abundant landsliding observed along an important N075E fault zone crossing eastern Crete and with renewed volcanic activity of the arc. The origin of the ridges may be due to active folding related to the sinistral slip.
Ebro Basin continental sedimentation associated with late compressional Pyrenean tectonics(north‐eastern Iberia): controls on basin margin fans and fluvial systems
Authors: Arenas C. , Millán H. , Pardo G. , Pocoví A. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT This contribution deals with the External Sierras and a part of the foreland Ebro Basin related to the southern Pyrenean thrust front. The structure of the External Sierras consists of a south‐verging thrust system developed from middle Eocene to early Miocene times. Since the end of the early Oligocene, a regional‐scale detachment anticline (the Santo Domingo anticline) developed, folding the original thrust system and creating new thrust units.The molassic fill in this part of the Ebro Basin (Uncastillo Formation) mainly corresponds to an extensive, composite distributary fluvial system, termed the Luna system, which drained the uplifted Gavarnie Unit to the north. Small, marginal alluvial fans originated along the External Sierras and coalesced in the proximal‐middle portions of the Luna system.Three tecto‐sedimentary units (TSU), late Oligocene to early Miocene in age, comprise the Uncastillo Formation. Lateral relationships and areal distribution of lithofacies through time have been used to establish sedimentary models for the marginal alluvial fans and the Luna fluvial system. Their sedimentary evolution was controlled by tectonics affecting the drainage basins, and based on mapping and stratigraphic relationships of the TSU, the temporal succession of the marginal alluvial fans and their relationships with each thrust system in the south Pyrenean front can be shown. Alluvial fan formation evolved through time from west to east, in accord with the progressive eastward growth of the Santo Domingo anticline as a conical fold.The fluvial network of the Luna system appears to have been mainly radial, but near the basin margin its architecture was influenced by the syndepositional Fuencalderas and Uncastillo anticlines developed within the Ebro Basin. These low‐amplitude folds originated by layer‐parallel shearing caused by rotation of the southern flank of the Santo Domingo anticline. Progressive uplift of these anticlines constrained part of the fluvial discharge to synclinal areas parallel to the basin margin; these areas where characterized by meandering sandy channels. At the peripheral tips of the anticlines the channel system flowed basinward.
Quantitative analogue flume‐model study of river–shelf systems: principles and verification exemplified by the Late Quaternary Colorado river–delta evolution
Authors: Van Heijst M. W. I. M. , Postma G. , Meijer X. D. , Snow J. N. , Anderson J. B. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT Physical modelling of clastic sedimentary systems over geological time spans has to resort to analogue modelling since full scaling cannot be achieved within the spatial and temporal restrictions that are imposed by a laboratory set‐up. Such analogue models are suitable for systematic investigation of a sedimentary system's sensitivity to allocyclic changes by isolating governing parameters. Until now, analogue models of landscape evolution were mainly qualitative in nature. In this paper, we present a quantitative approach. The quantitative experimental results are verified and discussed by comparison with high‐resolution data from the Colorado river–shelf system of the Texas shelf that we used as a prototype.The model's dimensions are proportionally scaled to the prototype, except for a vertical exaggeration. Time is scaled using a Basin Response factor to maintain a similar ratio between the period of change and the system's equilibrium time for model and prototype. A Basin Fill factor was used to compare the ratio between the time‐averaged sedimentation rate and the rate of change in accommodation space of model and prototype. The flume‐model results are in the form of sediment budgets that are related to shelf cannibalism and fluvial supply, which are compared with the ancestral Colorado river–delta evolution of the last 40 kyr.Model and prototype have similarities in delta evolution in response to one cycle of sea‐level change. With sea‐level change as the isolated variable, the flume model generates a significant supply pulse caused by headward erosion of the shelf in response to the sea‐level fall. This pulse adds to the yield of the hinterland. The supply induced by sea‐level change persists during the early rise, although its rate declines. A similar trend is observed on the east Texas shelf. We argue that shelfal and fluvial degradation cycles induced by sea‐level changes can significantly influence the timing and amount of sediment supply to basins and must therefore be taken into consideration.
The physical scale modelling of braided alluvial architecture and estimation of subsurface permeability
Authors: Moreton D. J. , Ashworth P. J. , Best J. L. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe quantitative modelling of fluvial reservoirs, especially in the stages of enhanced oil recovery, requires detailed three‐dimensional data at both the scale of the channel belt and within‐channel. Although studies from core, analogue outcrop and modern environments may partially meet these needs, they often cannot provide detail on the smaller‐scale (i.e. channel‐scale) heterogeneity, frequently suffer from limited three‐dimensional exposure and cannot be used to examine the influence of different variables on the process–deposit relationship. Physical modelling offers a complementary technique that can address many of these quantitative requirements and holds great future potential for integration with reservoir modelling. Physical modelling provides the potential to upscale results and derive reservoir information on three‐dimensional facies geometry, connectivity and permeability.This paper describes the development and use of physical modelling, which employs generic Froude‐scaling principles, in an experimental basin that permits aggradation in order to model the morphology and subsurface depositional stratigraphy of coarse‐grained braided rivers. An example is presented of a 1:50 scale model based on the braided Ashburton River, Canterbury Plains, New Zealand and the adjacent late Quaternary braided alluvium exposed in the coastal cliffs. Critically, a full, bimodal grain size distribution (20% sand and 80% gravel) was used to replicate the prototype, which allows the realistic reproduction of the surface morphology and importantly permits grain size sorting during deposition. Uncertainties associated with the compression of time, sediment mass balance and the hydrodynamics of the finest particle sizes do not appear to affect the reproducibility of stratigraphy between experimental and natural environments.Sectioning of the preserved sedimentary sequence in the physical model allows quantification of the geometry, shape, spatial distribution and internal sedimentary structure of the coarse‐ and fine‐grained facies. A six‐fold facies scheme is proposed for the model braided alluvium and a direct link is established between the grain size distribution and facies type: this allows permeability to be estimated for each facies, which can be mapped onto two‐dimensional vertical cross‐sections of the preserved stratigraphy. Results demonstrate the dominance of four facies based on permeability that range over three orders of magnitude in hydraulic conductivity. Quantification of such variability, and linkage to both vertical proportion curves for facies distribution and connectivity presents significant advantages over other methodologies and offers great potential for the modelling of heterogeneous braided river sediments at the within channel‐belt scale. This paper outlines how physical models may be used to develop high‐resolution, geologically‐accurate, object‐based reservoir simulation models.