bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vitamins in Spanish food patterns: The eVe Study
Authors: Aranceta Javier , Serra-Majem Lluís , Pérez-Rodrigo Carmen , Llopis Juan , Mataix José , Ribas Lourdes , Tojo Rafael , Tur Josep A 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:To describe vitamin intakes in Spanish food patterns, identify groups at risk for inadequacy and determine conditioning factors that may influence this situation.Design:Pooled-analysis of eight cross-sectional regional nutrition surveys.Subjects:Ten thousand two hundred and eight free-living subjects (4728 men, 5480 women) aged 25–60 years. Respondents of population nutritional surveys carried out in eight Spanish regions (Alicante, Andalucía, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Catalunya, Galicia, Madrid and Basque Country) from 1990 to 1998. The samples were pooled together and weighted to build a national random sample.Methods:Dietary assessment by means of repeated 24-hour recall using photograph models to estimate portion size. Adjusted data for intra-individual variation were used to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intake. A Diet Quality Score (DQS) was computed considering the risk for inadequate intake for folate, vitamin C, vitamin A and vitamin E. DQS scores vary between 0 (good) and 4 (very poor). Influence of lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity) was considered as well.Results:Inadequate intakes (<⅔ Recommended Dietary Intake) were estimated in more than 10% of the sample for riboflavin (in men), folate (in women), vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E. More than 35% of the sample had diets classified as poor quality or very poor quality. Factors identified to have an influence on a poor-quality diet were old age, low education level and low socio-economical level. A sedentary lifestyle, smoking, usual consumption of alcohol and being overweight were conditioning factors for a poor-quality diet as well.Conclusion:Results from The eVe Study suggest that a high proportion of the Spanish population has inadequate intakes for at least one nutrient and nearly 50% should adjust their usual food pattern towards a more nutrient-dense, healthier diet.
Vitamin status in different groups of the Spanish population: a meta-analysis of national studies performed between 1990 and 1999
Authors: Ortega RM , Mena MC , Faci M , Santana JF , Serra-Majem L 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:Studies performed on the nutritional status of the Spanish population have been very heterogeneous with respect to methodology, sample size, geographical location, socio-economic level and health status of the subjects involved. In order to gain an overall view of the state of knowledge in this area, a meta-analysis was performed on the results of all such studies undertaken in Spain between 1990 and 1999.Results:The dietetic data reviewed showed mean intakes similar to those recommended. The results obtained for the biochemical parameters analysed were within normal limits. However, results for some vitamins were very close to the lower established limits for the reference intervals (recommended intakes or blood levels), meaning that a variable percentage of subjects show values lower than those recommended. The percentage of subjects with intakes below those recommended for niacin, vitamin B12 and C was small. The percentage of inadequate intakes of thiamine and riboflavin was small as well. However, for all other vitamins, especially D and E, the number of people with intakes below recommended was rather high, particularly so in some studies. At blood level, deficiencies of vitamins B12, A and E were infrequent. However, for all other vitamins, prevalence of deficiency varied within a wide range. With respect to vitamins D, B1, B2 and B6, over 50% of the population showed inadequate levels.Conclusions:The methodologies used in the studies included in this review were very varied and the knowledge gained is still incomplete. Despite the average Spanish diet often being regarded as satisfactory, this review and other studies show the situation can be improved.
Fortified foods. Criteria for vitamin supplementation in Spain
Authors: Serra-Majem Lluís , Ortega Rosa , Aranceta Javier , Entrala Alfredo , Gil Angel 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:To review and analyse criteria for vitamin supplementation and fortification in Spain.Design:Systematic review of scientific literature and simulation analysis of food fortification.Methods:A simulation analysis using a fortified beverage was performed in a random sample of 2855 children aged 2 to 24 years in Spain.Results:High-risk groups for vitamin supplementation and fortification in Spain are highlighted, and target vitamins considered have been: folic acid, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin D and vitamin B12 (particularly in the elderly). A beverage fortified with vitamins C, A, B1 and B6 may contribute to improving the intake of all of these vitamins with the exception of vitamin A, since the Recommended Nutrient Intake is already covered with current consumption.Conclusions:A detailed knowledge of nutritional status helps to ensure the rationale and follow up of nutrient supplementation and fortification.
Early nutrition and risk of disease in the adult
Authors: Caballero Benjamin 
Published: February 2003

Abstract:The differentiation of key metabolic systems that occurs during intrauterine life is greatly influenced by environmental nutritional conditions, which in turn are related to maternal nutritional status. In postnatal life, childhood exposure to slow-acting environmental factors, primarily through the diet, will begin to condition adult susceptibility to diseases. Examples of these dietary factors are intake of saturated fat, sodium, calcium, etc. For example, bone calcium accumulation during childhood and adolescence will be a major determinant of risk of osteoporosis later in life. Similarly, a high intake of saturated fat during childhood may promote the process of atherosclerosis in persons with genetic susceptibility, thus accelerating the clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease in adult life.These findings, although still not completely clarified, constitute a significant opportunity for preventive intervention. While preventive intervention in adult life may reduce risk, this is usually difficult and results are often limited. One example would be obesity. In contrast, interventions early in life, aimed at reducing these early risk factors, could potentially result in major reductions in the incidence of several diseases of adults.
School health services and community nutrition: a historical perspective
Authors: Rezola Juan Gondra , Santolaya Javier , Orduna Javier , Dehesa Francisco 
Published: February 2003

Abstract:The Bilbao School Health Service was created at the beginning of the century with the aim of preventing transmittable diseases among children as well as improving nutrition. At that time such services were established in many other countries. Since then, according to evolving societal changes and emerging needs, the Service has reoriented its scope and structure towards the Health Promotion scheme.Current tasks include health screening examinations and hygiene surveillance as well as preventive and health education programmes.
School meals in Catalonia: surveillance and quality control
Authors: Roset M Asunción , Gonzalvo Blanca 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe Education Council of the Catalonian government drew up a programme to improve the quality control of school canteens in Catalonia. The objectives of this programme were to contribute to developing healthier eating habits in school children through school canteens and to improve school canteen services considering other aspects such as service, operation, management, end-users, frontline staff and supervisors of menu planning.This paper deals with two programme components aiming at introducing Nutrition in the school syllabus and school menu assessment. Various departments, organisations and associations were involved in programme development and implementation.Initial analysis was based on information collected from formal administrative reports completed by a survey on 100 primary schools. From this preliminary analysis it was concluded that problem identification needs to be completed by an understanding of underlying reasons in order to design adequate solutions and guarantee implementation.
Breast-feeding in Spain
Authors: de la Torre MJ Lozano , Martín-Calama J , Hernandez-Aguilar MT 
Published: February 2003

AbstractHuman milk is the best way to nurture the human infant. By breast-feeding their babies, mothers provide them with the best opportunities to wholly develop their potential, while protecting the infants and themselves from a whole range of diseases in the near future and in the years to come.Even though these benefits are widely known and there is ample scientific evidence on the topic, it seems from published data that Spanish women are not breast-feeding their babies as much and for as long as they should. Less than 90% start breast-feeding, at 1 month there is already an attrition of 30%, at 3 months more than half of the infants are taking artificial milk and by 6 months only 10% continue to breast-feed their infants.Low birth weight, Caesarean section and low study level are among the more significant factors that negatively affect breast-feeding.There is still work to do to improve this situation. Promotion of breast-feeding among the general population, mothers and health professionals is needed.
Breast-feeding in Europe – rationale and prevalence, challenges and possibilities for promotion
Authors: Yngve Agneta , Kylberg Elisabeth , Sjöström Michael 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe status reports and other information collected showed that interpretation of the data on breast-feeding prevalence and duration collected at national or regional level within European countries is difficult, since this information is not collected in every country or it is gathered under different criteria. However, there seem to be vast differences in prevalence of breast-fed children and breast-feeding duration between European countries and possibly within countries. There is a need to establish monitoring systems enabling comparability of data between countries. Assessing determinants for breast-feeding is required as well. There are a number of important consensus documents supporting breast-feeding action. These documents are related to either one or more of the following categories: health benefits of breastfeeding; recommendations regarding breast-feeding duration and exclusiveness; providing guidance on breast-feeding promotion. Current recommendation is exclusive breast-feeding for 6 months.
Dietary guidelines for the breast-feeding woman
Authors: Cervera Pilar , Ngo Joy 
Published: February 2003

AbstractSociodemographic and economic changes in Spain have played a role in the choice of infant feeding as more and more women enter the workforce. Nevertheless, the prevalence of breast-fed-only infants at 6 weeks remains fairly high, at 65.5% in 1999, although there is a sharp decline by 3 and 6 months postpartum. Achieving adequate nutritional status for lactation principally begins during pregnancy, as this constitutes the biological stage for accumulating nutrient stores. The benefits of breast-feeding for the mother and infant are presented, along with nutrition and dietary guidelines for the nursing woman. Apart from dietary considerations, special attention should be paid to encouraging a positive attitude and environment for breast-feeding success.
Preventive nutritional supplementation throughout the reproductive life cycle
Authors: Fernández-Ballart Joan , Murphy Michelle M 
Published: February 2003

AbstractCurrent interest in preventive nutritional supplementation strategies during the reproductive cycle in developed countries focuses mainly on iron and folic acid. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anaemia. Inadequate iron nutrition is mainly a problem in developing countries but it also seems to affect a large proportion of pregnant women in the industrialised world. There is no chance for diet modification alone to meet iron requirements during pregnancy. However, dietary advice must be provided to increase iron intake and iron bioavailability. The best choice is prescribed supplementation adapted to the individual's needs.Folic Acid supplementation during the periconceptional period reduces the occurrence and recurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs). According to the updated edition of American Dietary Reference Intakes, recommended dietary allowance for folate for women of childbearing age varies throughout the reproductive cycle from 400 μg day−1 of dietary folate equivalents (DFEs) for non-pregnant women, to 600 μg day−1 DFEs for pregnant women and 500 μg day−1 DFEs in lactating women. Increasing dietary folate, fortifying staple foods with folic acid or use of folic acid supplements can increase folate intake.
Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) intake assessment and possible biomarkers of CLA intake in young women
Authors: Fremann Dorothee , Linseisen Jakob , Wolfram Günther 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:The habitual intake of the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer C18:2 c9t11 (rumenic acid, RA) was assessed and compared with plasma biomarkers.Design:The newly developed food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) comprised 46 food items and was validated by means of a 7-day estimated record (7-d ER). Additionally, the dietary intake results of the FFQ, 7-d ER, the last day (1-d ER) and the last two days (2-d ER) before blood sampling of the 7-d ER were compared to the content of C18:2 c9t11 in plasma phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG) as possible biomarkers.Setting:Metabolic unit of a university institute.Subjects:Fifty-seven students completed both dietary instruments. From all participants fasting blood samples were taken.Results:Mean daily intake of rumenic acid was 246 mg day−1and 323 mg day−1as measured by the FFQ and the 7-d-ER, respectively. The degree of correspondence between both assessment methods was acceptable; this is indicated by a total kappa value of κ = 0.31 (P< 0.01) and a Pearson correlation coefficient ofr= 0.46 (P< 0.01). Rumenic acid content in plasma triglycerides was twice as high as found in phospholipids. The correlation between the intake results gained with the 7-d ER and the plasma PL contents of C18:2 c9t11 was statistically significant; this was also true for the C18:2 c9t11 values in plasma TG compared with the intake results of one or two days before blood sampling.Conclusions:Regarding RA intake, the FFQ data revealed an acceptable degree of correspondence with the 7-d ER data but failed to show significant correlations to the potential biomarkers. However, with respect to the results of the 7-d ER, the RA content in plasma PL and TG are possible biomarkers of short-term and medium-term intake, respectively.
The cognitive contexts of beliefs about the healthiness of meat
Authors: Lea Emma , Worsley Anthony 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:The overall aim of this study was to examine a variety of belief and demographic factors that are associated with the perception that meat is intrinsically unhealthy.Design:State-wide survey (written questionnaire) that included questions on meat and nutrition beliefs, perceived barriers and benefits of vegetarian diets, personal values, number of vegetarian friends and family members, and use and trust of health/nutrition/food information sources.Setting:South Australia.Subjects:Six hundred and one randomly selected South Australians and 106 non-randomly selected vegetarians and semi-vegetarians.Results:For all respondents considered as a group, the most important predictors of the belief that meat is intrinsically unhealthy were the perceived benefits of vegetarian diets (all positive predictors). These included: (1) the perceived links between vegetarianism, peace and increased contentment; (2) animal welfare and environmental benefits; and (3) health benefits. There were differences between different dietary groups however. For non-vegetarians, social concerns about vegetarianism (positive) were most important, followed by health and non-health benefits (positive) of vegetarianism. Red meat appreciation was the strongest (positive) predictor for vegetarians, with health benefits of vegetarianism (positive) and education (negative predictor) also important.Conclusions:The implications of the findings for health and other issues are discussed. Judgements about the healthiness of meat are likely to be related to moral and environmental beliefs and, for non-vegetarians, to social concerns about vegetarianism, in addition to health beliefs. These need to be considered if any attempts are made to influence meat consumption.
Food and nutrient intakes of a population sample of 3-year-old children in the South West of England in 1996
Authors: Emmett Pauline , Rogers Imogen , Symes Carol ,   ALSPAC Study Team
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:To investigate food and nutrient intakes in 3-year-old children.Subjects:Eight hundred and sixty-three children resident in South West England (69% of those invited at this age), a randomly selected sub-sample of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC).Methods:Diet was assessed using a 3-day descriptive food record. Food and nutrient intakes were compared with intakes at 18 months in the same children, with intakes in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of pre-school children, and with dietary reference values (DRVs).Results:Intakes of energy and most nutrients had increased between 18 and 43 months. The macronutrient content of the diet had also changed, the percentage of energy from starch rose from 21 to 23% and from non-milk extrinsic (NME) sugar from 12 to 16%, while the polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio increased from 0.26 to 0.33. When compared with the NDNS, intakes of energy and all nutrients were higher with the exception of NME sugar. Energy intakes were below the estimated average requirements. Mean intakes of iron and vitamin D were below the Reference Nutrient Intake. Fewer children were eating beef at 43 months than at 18 months. Total daily meat consumption was lower than in the NDNS. The proportion of children consuming any vegetables dropped between 18 and 43 months, although fruit eating remained constant.Conclusions:The diets of 3-year-olds in this study were adequate in most nutrients. Our results suggest that energy requirements of pre-school children in the 1990s are less than the DRV. Nutrient and food intakes changed between 18 and 43 months. Children were eating less meat than their counterparts in the NDNS.
Mortality in British vegetarians
Authors: Appleby Paul N , Key Timothy J , Thorogood Margaret , Burr Michael L , Mann Jim 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:To compare the mortality of British vegetarians and non-vegetarians.Design:Analysis of original data from two prospective studies each including a large proportion of vegetarians – the Oxford Vegetarian Study and the Health Food Shoppers Study. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) compared with the population of England and Wales were calculated from deaths before age 90 for vegetarians and non-vegetarians in each study. Death rate ratios (DRRs) for vegetarians compared with non-vegetarians within each study were calculated for each of 14 major causes of death.Setting:UK.Subjects:Twenty-one thousand men and women aged 16–89 years at recruitment, including more than 8000 vegetarians.Results:SMRs for all causes of death were significantly below the reference level of 100 in both studies: 52 (95% confidence interval (CI) 49–56) based on 1131 deaths in the Oxford Vegetarian Study and 59 (57–61) based on 2346 deaths in the Health Food Shoppers Study. For all causes of death, the DRR for vegetarians compared with non-vegetarians was close to one in both studies: 1.01 (95% CI 0.89–1.14) in the Oxford Vegetarian Study, 1.03 (0.95–1.13) in the Health Food Shoppers Study.Conclusions:British vegetarians have low mortality compared with the general population. Their death rates are similar to those of comparable non-vegetarians, suggesting that much of this benefit may be attributed to non-dietary lifestyle factors such as a low prevalence of smoking and a generally high socio-economic status, or to aspects of the diet other than the avoidance of meat and fish.
Nutritional advice to increase soluble fibre intake does not change plasma folate or homocysteine in men with angina: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Ashfield-Watt Pauline AL , Clark Zoë E , Breay Pat , Zotos Paul C , Cale Sara B , Burr Michael L , McDowell Ian FW 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:To study the effect of advice to increase dietary soluble fibre, including fruit and vegetables, on plasma folate and homocysteine in men with angina.Design:Data were collected on a subset of subjects from the Diet and Angina Randomised Trial (DART II). In a randomised (2 × 2) factorial design, subjects received advice on either, neither or both interventions to: (1) increase soluble fibre intake to 8.0 g day−1(fruit, vegetables and oats); (2) increase oily fish intake to 2 portions week−1. Those who received soluble fibre advice were compared with those who did not. Subjects were genotyped for C677T variant 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR).Setting/subjects:Seven hundred and fifty-three male angina patients were recruited from general practice.Results:Plasma homocysteine concentrations were at the upper end of the normal range (median 11.5, 25% 9.4, 75% 14.0 μmol l−1). Baseline intake of fruit and vegetables was positively correlated with plasma folate (rs= 0.29,P< 0.01). Smokers had lower intakes of fruit and vegetables, lower plasma folate and higher homocysteine (allP< 0.01). Homozygotes for variant MTHFR had higher homocysteine concentrations at low plasma folate (P< 0.01). Reported intakes of fruit and vegetables and estimated dietary folate increased in the intervention group (ca.+75 g day−1,P< 0.01 andca.+20 g day−1,P< 0.05, respectively). However, neither plasma folate (baseline/follow-up 4.5 vs. 4.4 μg l−1,P= 0.40) nor homocysteine (baseline/follow-up 11.7 vs. 11.7 μmol l−1,P= 0.31) changed.Conclusions:Plasma homocysteine, a cardiovascular risk factor, is influenced by MTHFR genotype, plasma folate and smoking status. Dietary advice successfully led to changes in fruit and vegetable intake, but not to changes in plasma folate or homocysteine, possibly because the fruits and vegetables that were chosen were not those richest in folate.