bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative measurement of cutaneous perception in diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Vinik Aaron I. , Suwanwalaikorn Sompongse , Stansberry Kevin B. , Holland Marie T. , McNitt Patricia M. , Colen Lawrence E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo determine the diagnostic value of various cutaneous sensory modalities in diabetic neuropathy, we studied cutaneous perception at the dominant hallux of 113 subjects (32 normal healthy controls and 81 diabetic subjects). The cutaneous sensory perception tests included warm and cold thermal perception, vibration, touch‐pressure sensation, and current perception testing (CPT). The sensitivity of each modality when specificity is held greater than 90% was as follows: warm = 78%, cold = 77%, vibration = 88%, tactile‐pressure = 77%, 5‐Hz CPT = 52%, 250‐Hz CPT = 48%, and 2000‐Hz CPT = 56%. Combination thermal and vibratory gave optimum sensitivity (92–95%) and specificity (77–86%). We conclude that vibratory and thermal testing should be the primary screening tests for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Other modalities may be of use only in specific situations. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Homonymous and heteronymous monosynaptic reflexes in biceps brachii
Authors: Miller Thomas A. , Mogyoros Ilona , Burke David 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUsing poststimulus time histograms, it has been reported that stimulation of the median nerve at the elbow produces a monosynaptic EPSP in voluntarily active single motoneurons of the human biceps brachii. The present study was undertaken to: (i) determine whether such stimulation could evoke a reproducible reflex response in biceps brachii; and (ii) establish the optimal conditions for eliciting the reflex under clinical conditions. Twelve normal subjects were studied. No reflex response was recordable when biceps brachii was relaxed. A reflex response with a mean latency of 14.0 ms (±0.96 ms) could be recorded during a background voluntary contraction. The response was small (0.5–4.5% of the maximal M wave) but symmetrical, and could be obtained in all subjects. The responsible afferents appear to be rapidly conducting fibers from forearm flexor muscles and the latencies of the response were consistent with a monosynaptic reflex. Reflex amplitude increased with stimulus intensity and contraction strength. Stimulus rate did not affect amplitude significantly. It is concluded that a reproducible heteronymous monosynaptic reflex can be recorded from the contracting biceps brachii on stimulation of the median nerve at the elbow. Although smaller than the homonymous H reflex evoked by stimulation at Erb's point, it was technically easier to demonstrate that the EMG potential was of reflex origin (rather than part of an M wave). These reflexes should be of value in the assessment of the C‐5/C‐6 segments and the upper trunk of the brachial plexus. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a multifactorial disease
Authors: Eisen Andrew 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is probably biphasic. An initial trigger(s) is followed by a terminal cascade coinciding with the onset of neurological deficits. The terminal cascade involves interactive multifactorial pathogenic mechanisms. Aging must play a crucial role leading to multiple defective or degraded gene products accumulating with progressing years. This in turn leads to failure of receptor integrity and resulting excitotoxicity, free radical accumulation, failure of neurotrophism, and possibly immunological disturbances. These events are predated by months or years by a trigger which is also likely to be multifactorial and cumulative. Evidence suggests that environmental factors may be important triggers. Failure of specific glutamate transporters and calcium binding proteins may account for selective vulnerability of the corticomotoneuronal system. It is postulated that in ALS the primary target cell is the corticomotoneuron or the local circuit interneurons which modulate its activity. Glia cells may play an important role in the demise of the corticomotoneuronal cell. The disordered corticomotoneuron induces excessive excitatory transmitter (glutamate?) release at the corticomotoneuronal–spinal‐motoneuronal synapse resulting in the subsequent demise of this neuron. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with autosomal dominant inheritance: A clinical and genetic entity of mitochondrial diseases
Authors: Kawai Hisaomi , Akaike Masashi , Yokoi Kenji , Nishida Yoshihiko , Kunishige Makoto , Mine Hideki , Saito Shiro 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe report a Japanese family with chronic progressive external ophthal‐moplegia (CPEO) with autosomal dominant inheritance, and review 54 reported CPEO patients in seven families (including the present family) with autosomal dominant inheritance and mtDNA deletions in the skeletal muscle. Mean age at onset in the CPEO was 26 years, which is older than that in published solitary cases. In addition to blepharoptosis and external ophthalmoplegia, proximal muscle atrophy and weakness were found in 62%, hearing loss in 25%, and ataxia in 17% of the patients. Retinal degeneration was not found, and cardiac involvement was very rare. mtDNA deletions in the muscle were multiple and large scale, and all such deletions were located in the non–D‐loop region. Autosomal dominant CPEO has unique clinical features which differ from those of solitary CPEO, and is associated with multiple large‐scale mtDNA deletions. Thus, autosomal dominant CPEO can be considered a clinical and genetic entity of mitochondrial diseases. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Detection of HTLV‐I provirus by in situ polymerase chain reaction in mononuclear inflammatory cells in skeletal muscle of viral carriers with polymyositis
Authors: Higuchi I. , Hashimoto K. , Kashio N. , Izumo S. , Inose M. , Izumi K. , Ohkubo R. , Nakagawa M. , Arimura K. , Osame M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe tested for HTLV‐I proviral DNA in skeletal muscle from patients with polymyositis infected with HTLV‐I using the in situ polymerase chain reaction. We found the HTLV‐I provirus in some of the CD4‐positive cells in HTLV‐I‐positive polymyositis cases but not in HTLV‐I‐negative polymyositis ones. We could not detect HTLV‐I within the muscle fibers. We suggest that HTLV‐I‐associated polymyositis is not due to direct, persistent infection of the muscle fiber by the virus, but to a T‐cell‐mediated immunological process triggered by the HTLV‐I‐infected cells. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Amyloidosis causing a progressive myopathy
Authors: Nadkarni Nitin , Freimer Miriam , Mendell Jerry R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 62‐year‐old woman developed profound weakness secondary to a progressive myopathy associated with primary systemic amyloidosis. The characteristic apple‐green birefringent amyloid deposits were demonstrated surrounding individual muscle fibers in Congo red stained sections. Electron microscopy demonstrated amyloid filaments in close apposition to muscle fibers exhibiting excessive corrugations of the sarcolemmal membrane. The pathological features of progressive amyloid myopathy associated with primary systemic amyloidosis are distinct from the intracellular amyloid deposits characteristic of sporadic inclusion body myositis and inherited inclusion body myopathy. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Age‐related differences in regeneration of dystrophic (mdx) and normal muscle in the mouse
Authors: Pastoret Christian , Sebille Alain 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe mdx mouse, a genetic homologue of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), has been attributed with a greater regenerative capacity of its skeletal muscles. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that muscles of mdx mice regenerate better than those of nondystrophic animals. We studied muscle regeneration resulting from a denervation‐devascularization injury (DD) of extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) at 3 weeks and 2 months in mdx and wild‐type (C57BL/10) mice. Histological and morphometrical studies of muscle regeneration were made from 3 to 180 days later. When DD was performed in 3‐week‐old C57BL/10 mice, the percentages of nonperipheral nuclei in regenerated fibers decreased progressively over 3 months. This decrease did not occur in animals where DDs were performed at 2months, suggesting that two different populations of muscle precursor cells are mobilized in muscle regenration in mice at these two ages. Moreover, mdx EDL muscle regenerated similarly to the controls for up to 60 postoperative days, as shown by distribution of mean diameters and percentage of nonperipheral nuclei of muscle fibers. After 60 postoperative days, necrosis/regeneration characteristics of mdx muscles recurred, suggesting that mdx‐regenerated muscle fibers remain susceptible to degeneration.© 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
X‐Linked recessive bulbospinal neuronopathy: Clinical phenotypes and cag repeat size in androgen receptor gene
Authors: Shimada Noriko , Sobue Gen , Doyu Manabu , Yamamoto Koji , Yasuda Takeshi , Mukai Eiichiro , Kachi Teruhiko , Mitsuma Terunori 
Published: January 2005

AbstractClinical phenotypes and the CAG repeat size of the androgen receptor gene were assessed in 95 Japanese patients with X‐linked recessive bulbospinal neuronopathy. There was an age‐ and duration‐dependent deterioration of muscle strength, ADL scores, and plasma creatine kinase levels. However, there was no correlation between the presence or absence of gynecomastia or diabetes mellitus and the age at onset or duration of illness. Correlations were present between the CAG repeat size and the age at onset (P < 0.0001) as well as the presence or absence of gynecomastea (P < 0.05). Muscular weakness and ADL scores were also correlated with the CAG repeat size only when they were adjusted by the age at examination not by the duration of illness. These findings suggest that CAG repeat size is one of the determinant factors of disease progression. However, extensive variation in phenotypic severity in patients with the same size of CAG repeat was present even among the siblings, suggesting that other factors than CAG repeat size influence the phenotypic manifestation. The average gain of CAG repeat size expansion was a 1.4 repeat in paternal transmission which was more unstable than that in maternal transmission, but the magnitude of the expansion in paternal transmission was much smaller than is presently known for other diseases in which CAG repeat expansion is the responsible gene defect. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Facilitation of motor evoked potentials: Timing of jendrassik maneuver effects
Authors: Péréon Yann , Genet Robert , Guihéneuc Pierre 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRemote voluntary contraction, such as the classical Jendrassik maneuver (JM), is a procedure routinely used to increase the amplitude of tendon reflexes in the lower limb. In 8 healthy subjects we studied the effects of JM on the motor evoked potentials (MEP) recorded from tibialis anterior muscle, produced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (stimulus output of 5–10% over motor threshold). In this study, JM consisted here of a bilateral violent handgrip, preceding magnetic stimulation from 100 to 50 ms (steps of 100 ms). Compared to the control test, latencies remained unchanged. MEP amplitudes were greatly enhanced with a JM test interval from 200 to 400 ms (170% of control amplitude at 300 ms). We also studied 6 patients with severe alterations of MEPs from tibialis anterior muscle. In each case, JM preceding magnetic stimulation (stimulus output 100%) from 300 ms induced reappearance of response or marked enhancement of amplitude, allowing calculation of central conduction time. Such a technique, which is easy to perform, may be useful in clinical practice to calculate central motor conduction time, where it would otherwise be difficult or impossible. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diphtheritic neuropathy
Authors: Cléange Alain , Meyrignac Christian , Roualdes Brigitte , Degos Jean‐Denis , Gherardi Romain K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 29‐year‐old Haitian man had a sore throat with a marked tonsillar exudate followed by the onset of increasingly blurred vision with swallowing difficulties and, then, a diffuse acute demyelinating neuropathy. Cerebrospinal fluid showed moderate pleiocytosis and elevated protein content. Serological testing for diphtheria, but not for tetanus and poliomyelitis, was markedly positive. Other tests including HIV1 and 2, HTLV1 and Lyme disease were negative. Diphtheritic neuropathy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of Guillain–Barré syndrome in nonvaccinated patients. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Changes in protein, electrolyte, and water metabolism caused by prolonged spreading cortical depression in rats
Authors: Křivánek Jiří 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRepeated application of 25% KCl on the cerebral cortex for 5 hours led to a decrease of protein content (referred to both dry weight and DNA content). Incorporation of 14C‐leucine into the cortical protein was inhibited by 33%. Six hours after KCl had been removed the normal incorporation rate was found. The potassium and water content of the KCl treated cortex increased. Similar though less marked changes were found in the subcortex, while the values of these substances in the contralateral cortex remained unchanged. The potassium level was found to recover in 24 hours. Much of the change in water content also occurred in 24 hours with recovery to control values in about 13 days.
Effects of micro‐iontophoretic administration of magnesium and calcium on neurones in the central nervous system of cats
Authors: Kato G. , Somjen G. G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCa2+ and Mg2+ released from five‐barrelled micropipettes by currents of 5 to 80 nA caused a deceleration of the firing rate of neurones discharging spontaneously, or excited by the simulataneous administration of glutamate or acetylcholine, in the cerebral cortex, cuneate nucleus and spinal cord. Excitation of cells in the cuneate nucleus, caused by stimulation of sense organs, was also suppressed by Ca2+ and Mg2+. Synaptic transmission of volleys, evoked by electrical stimulation, from thalamus to cortical cells, from superficial radial nerve to cells in the cuneate nucleus, and from ventral root via recurrent collaterals to Renshaw cells, was partially or completely blocked by Ca2+ and Mg2+ (60 to 200 nA). When given together, the depressant effect of the two ions summed. There was no evidence of enhanced synpatic transmission under the influence of Ca2+. It is concluded that in the central nervous system a small elevation of the concentration of Ca2+ or of Mg2+ has a powerful postsynaptic depressant effect.
Effects of frontal brain electroshock stimulation on eeg activity and memory in rats: Relationship to ECS‐produced retrograde amnesia
Authors: Zornetzer Steven , McGaugh James L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractElectroencephalographic changes occurring in rat brain following frontal cortex stimulation in non‐lesioned rats and in rats with bilateral lesions in the region of amygdala were investigated in Experiment I. Seizure duration and EEG spike frequency varied systematically with current level. The amnesic effects of conventional ECS and frontal cortex stimulation were studied in Experiment II. Both treatments were highly effective in producing retrograde amnesia for an inhibitory avoidance response. The findings are interpreted as suggesting that the effectiveness of ECS in producing RA varies with the amount of current reaching the brain.
Effect of guanidine on the squid giant synapse
Authors: Kusano Kiyoshi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEffects of guanidine on pre‐ and postsynaptic activities in the untreated or tetrodotoxin‐treated squid giant synapses were examined by externally perfusing with various concentrations (423 mM, 42 mM, 21 mM, and 4.2 mM), or by iontophoretic injection of guanidine into the presynaptic terminal. In 423 mM guanidine (Na‐free), the pre‐ and postsynaptic spikes together with PSP were completely abolished. In concentrations of 42 mM or lower of guanidine media the following changes related to the concentration used were observed: reduction of delayed rectification of both axon membranes without significant alteration of resting membrane resistances; a few millivolts decrease in the resting membrane potentials; small decrease in amplitude of pre‐ and post‐synaptic spikes without marked increase of spike duration; enhancement of synaptic activity as manifested by increases in the amplitude and duration of the PSP. Iontophoretically injected guanidine also reduced delayed rectification of the presynaptic membrane. Input‐output relation was modified in a way similar to externally applied guanidine and an “Off‐PSP” was demonstrated shortly after application of an inside positive presynaptic polarization. Thus, a comparison of the augmentation of synaptic transmission by the extracellular and intracellularly applied guanidine demonstrates that the primary effect is at the presynaptic terminal.
Electrophysiological correlates of the response decrement produced by mechanical stimuli in the protozoan, Stentor coeruleus
Authors: Wood David C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe response pattern of Stentor coeruleus has been studied using repetitive mechanical stimuli which were applied to a limited body surface. The decrement in the probability of response was found to parallel that previously reported when more gross mechanical stimuli were employed. This result justified the employment of such localized stimuli in the determination of electrophysiological correlates of the response decrement.Electrophysiological records show a decrease in the amplitude of the prepotential and an increase in the latency of the response during the course of repetitive stimulation. After considering possible complications resultant from changes in the amplitude of the diphasic potential and the relation of the stimulus probe to the animal, it was concluded that the potential changes noted do, in fact, indicate a change in receptor function is associated with the response decrement. This result was predicted on the basis of previously reported behavioral data.
Effects of halothane and colchicine on microtubules and electrical activity of rabbit vagus nerves
Authors: Hinkley Robert E. , Green Louis S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRabbit vagus nerves were treated in vitro with colchicine and halothane, an anesthetic, and the electrical activity monitored. The number of microtubules per square micron of axonal area was measured for each treatment directly from electron micrographs with the aid of a planimeter. Colchicine (10 mM) significantly reduced the number of microtubules per square micron of axonal area from 40 to 16 and had little effect on the electrical activity. Halothane (3 and 10 mM) significantly increased the number of microtubules from 40 to about 55 per square micron of axonal area and blocked the ability of the nerve to propagate impulses within 25 and 10 min, respectively.
Inhibitors of protein synthesis involved in memory disruption: A study of their effects on sympathetic ganglion isolated in vitro
Authors: Paggi Paola , Toschi Giovanni 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of puromycin, puromycin‐aminonucleoside, cycloheximide and acetoxycycloheximide has been tested on the function of the superior cervical ganglion of rat, by recording the postganglionic response evoked by preganglionic stimulation. All the compounds examined exerted a depressant effect, which was prompt and reversible with puromycin and its aminonucleoside, but slow and irreversible with the glutarimides. A correlation of these effects with inhibition of protein synthesis has been examined. The relevance of these findings for experiments on memory disruption reported in the literature is discussed.
Influx of glutamic acid in peripheral nerve. Energy, ionic, and pH dependence
Authors: Wheeler Darrell D. , Boyarsky L. L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe energy, ionic, and pH dependence of the influx of labelled L‐glutamic acid has been studied in frog sciatic nerve
The addition of 10−2 M D‐glucose to the incubation medium was found to inhibit the total influx of glutamic acid from a 10−6 M solution by about 40%.
The rate of influx was found to be sensitive to the temperature of the bathing medium. Influx was found to increase with temperature in a linear manner from 10°C to 34°C; above 34°C, the rate of influx dropped with increased temperature.
At room temperature, the effect of metabolic inhibitors on total influx ranged from 18% inhibition with aresenate to 62% with DNP. Increasing the incubation temperature to 34°C increased the percentage inhibition, a maximum inhibition of 86% occurring with DNP.
The cardiac glycoside ouabain (10−3 M) slightly inhibited influx (15%).
Reduction of the sodium concentration to 2.3 mM resulted in an 82% decrease in total influx. Omission of potassium or a tenfold increase in potassium concentration had no significant effect on influx. Omission of calcium resulted in a slight stimulation of uptake (16%); a tenfold increase in calcium concentration was slightly inhibitory (15%).
No relation was found between influx and the pH of the incubation medium. Lowering the pH to 5.4 or raising it to 9.4 had no significant effect on influx.
It is concluded that L‐glutamic acid influx in frog sciatic nerve is probably associated with an energy‐dependent process.
Development of rapid axonal flow in the chick embryo
Authors: Bondy Stephan C. , Madsen Carol Jean 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of axonal transport in the optic nerve of the developing chick has been investigated. Following monocular injection of radioactive fucose and proline, the specific activity of protein from paired optic lobes was determined in chick embryos and new‐hatched chicks. In addition, the magnitude of the acid soluble precursor pool within lobes was assayed. The specific activity of protein in the optic lobe contralateral to (and innervated by) the injected eye relative to that of protein within the corresponding ipsilateral lobe (not innervated by the injected eye) was used as an index of axonal flow. In embryonic chicks from 8–12 days of age, four hours after injection of 3H‐fucase into a single eye, this ratio was somewhat above unity. In the 13‐day incubated embryo the ratio rose abruptly to over 10, and remained high throughout the period studied (up to one day after hatch). No similar sharp rise was found for the corresponding ratio for acid soluble radioactivity which remained under 2 in all ages of chicks examined. Parallel experiments with 14C‐proline resulted in a smaller and more gradual development of asymmetry of specific activity of protein from paired optic lobes.These data suggest that, at the 13th day of incubation, specialized mechanisms develop for the rapid distal transport of glycoprotein synthesized within the retinal ganglion cells to terminations in the optic tectum. This phenomenon follows the major development of cerebral oxidative metabolism, but precedes the appearance of spontaneous or evoked potentials within the chick brain.
Characteristics and a model for fast axoplasmic transport in nerve
Authors: Ochs Sidney 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFast axoplasmic transport at a characteristic rate close to 400 mm/day is seen in a variety of different mammalian species. Particulates, proteins, polypeptide, and free amino acids are all carried down the fibers at the same rate. An hypothesis to account for such a heterogeneous transport is based on the sliding filament theory of muscle. In the neuron, a “transport filament” is synthesized in the cell body and to it the various transported species are bound. The transporting filament moves down the nerve by means of cross‐bridges. In analogy to muscle where ATP is required to supply the energy required for the cross‐bridges, fast axoplasmic transport in the nerve fiber also has been found to depend on oxidative metabolism supplying ATP.