bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treating the Disease, the Body, or the Patient
Authors: Cassell Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IDEAS ABOUT CAUSE lead inevitably to considerations of intervention. Classically, doctors searched for the specific cause of each disease to find a cure, seeking something that would remove the cause and thereby remove the disease. Treatments have been developed that intervene at some point in the process of disease. Even when antibiotics are the treatment, things are rarely as direct as one might at first assume. Characteristics of the patient, social factors, or even the political or economic setting in which an illness occurs may modify treatment.
The Doctor and the Patient
Authors: Cassell Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN THE PRECEDING chapters I have emphasized the difficulties that arise in the care of sick persons when medicine’s exclusive focus is on diseases. Many have said that the solution is to train doctors to have more concern for the sick person. Two generations of attempts from within the profession of medicine to accomplish this goal have had remarkably little effect. One reason for this failure-surprising in view of the amount of time, effort, and thought expended-is that sick persons, is another way of stating that in the intellectual basis of modern medicine, patients and their diseases are not logically a part of disease-oriented medicine.
Fundamentals of Genetic Epidemiology
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fundamentals of Genetic Epidemiology meets the need for a sophisticated approach to the investigation of the causes of complex chronic diseases. This integrated text describes the principles, methods, and approaches of epidemiology and genetics in the study of disease etiology. It provides an historical overview of genetics and epidemiology and their gradual rapprochement, describing the fundamental research strategies of genetic epidemiology including population and family studies. The authors also illustrate the increasing importance of genetic epidemiology in its application to preventive medicine, public health surveillance and the emerging ethical issues regarding the use of genetic information in society.
Heritability
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After documenting familial aggregation for a trait or disease, and showing that this aggregation cannot be explained completely by environmental risk factors, the next logical step is to ask how much of the familial aggregation can be attributed to genetic causes. Heritability is typically used to answer this question because it is defined as the proportion of variation directly attributable to genetic differences among individuals relative to the total variation in a population (which includes variation due to both genetic and nongenetic factors).
The Russian Research Center, 1: Informing and Surveillance
Authors: Diamond Sigmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Obvious Reasons, the interests of the intelligence agencies —the CIA and the State Department, in addition to the FBI —and those of Harvard were most likely to intersect at the Russian Research Center —and they did. Each side of the relationship provided opportunities for the other, and also risks. For the agencies, there was the chance to obtain information and trained personnel and, if the matter were handled with discretion, to influence the direction of scholarly research. But there was also the danger that the center would attract security risks and other unsavory characters.
Henry Kissinger and William Yandell Elliott: Mail-tampering, etc.,
Authors: Diamond Sigmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Did Not request the FBI document concerning Henry Kissinger that I am about to discuss. I did not know it existed. It simply showed up in a large collection of Harvard materials. Nor do I know why the FBI left Kissinger’s name undeleted. Serendipitously, the document suggests much about Kissinger and about the activities in the secret intelligence services of so many leading political and academic figures early in their careers.
The Contemporary Scene
Authors: Royal Stokes W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All of the main styles and formats of jazz discussed up to this point in these pages were still, in 1990, being heard live and being recorded. In some cases the style was being re-created while, separately, a long-established format was serving as a vehicle for evolving forms of the jazz idiom. For example, the big-band format was still being utilized along the lines of the Swing Era units and the 1940s bebop big bands while at the same time serving the needs of current avant-garde expression. The same could be said of, to cite another prominent example, the bebop combo approach, which some of the pioneers in that form of expression were still playing more or less as they were over four decades ago, while younger musicians of that inclination were creating an approach dubbed “neo-bop” that has embraced “free” elements introduced in the 1960s, ’70s, and ’80s.
Ellington on Washington, D.C. (1973)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of the fact that no one else but my sister Ruth had a mother as great and as beautiful as mine, it is difficult to put into understandable words an accurate description of my mother, Daisy. My cousins called her Aunt Daisy, and that became the name by which everyone knew her. She called my father, Edd, although he was really James Edward Ellington. The kids in the family called him Uncle Ed, but to his closest friends and cronies he was always J.E.
Ellington: Program Note for “A Concert of Sacred Music” (1965)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this world we presume many ambitions. We make many observations such as (a) everyone’s aloneness (there really are no categories, you know. Everyone is so alone-the basic, essential state of humankind); (b) the paradox that is communication-the built-in answer to that feeling of aloneness.
Gunther Schuller: “Ellington in the Pantheon” (1974)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
strated a rare ability to explain the inner workings of Ellington’s compositions. The authority behind Schuller’s commentary derives from several sources: his insights as a composer and arranger; his practical experience as a performer and conductor, both in the classical and jazz fields; his clarity as a writer; and, not least, his expertise as a transcriber which allows him to comment directly on Ellington’s musical language.
Gunther Schuller: “The Case for Ellington’s Music as Living Repertory” (1974)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is it possible-and is it right-that Ellington’s music should be relegated to perpetuation solely by mechanical reproductive means? Is this remarkable musical output not to survive in live performances or perhaps only in trans mutations and improvisations by others, based on the Duke’s tunes? Since Ellington’s death, the factions have formed, in most cases rigidly affirming previously conceived notions. And curiously, much of the argumen tation directly or indirectly opposes the perpetuation of his music as a living repertory.
Border Women
Authors: Anderson Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Recent Decades, Chicanas have challenged and redefined their labor force and family status, entering wage work, improving their educational levels, and shifting their roles and responsibilities within families. Inevitably, their challenges have been selective—contingent on the centrality, visibility, and tractability of the problems confronted; the resources available (on an individual and social level) to resolve them; and the costs of change. As a result, the process of transformation has been gradual, uneven, and sometimes contradictory. As occupants of various borderlands—between nations and cultures as well as between past and future—they have shaped and experienced changes in a global context.
Shifts in the Mexican American gender system have been part of a larger transformation in gender relations as changes in basic institutions and in the circumstances of women’s lives in postwar America have placed conventional assumptions regarding women’s roles and rights under great strain. In the last few decades, women have entered the labor force in increasing numbers, have organized to improve the circumstances of their lives in all areas, and have substantially revised their values with regard to family, reproduction, sexuality, work, and their place in public life.
Weimar Sex Reform in Exile
Authors: Grossmann Atina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Weimar sex reform movement ended in 1933 but the history of Weimar sex reformers did not. This chapter cannot tell whole story, for the recorded history of sex reform splinters and fades as the movement was destroyed. It does follow the life histories of some key figures in the Weimar movement, both women and men, those sho went East as well as West. Their stories are pieced together from published or unpublished memoirs or fragments of memoirs, and interviews; for the most part they offer a picture of ocntinued commitment ot social health projects but also of prodound disruption and marginalization that contrasts sharply with the sense of efficacy and possibility that these activists had experienced during the crisis-ridden Weimar years.
The Intellectual Bases of Bioethics
Authors: Engelhardt H Tristram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral controversies appear irresolvable. Some moral controversies can surely be shown to have been conceptual confusions or misunderstandings of crucial facts about the world. Such can be dispelled by conceptual clarification and analysis or the provision of more accurate information. Established orthodoxies and norms of political correctness may suppress evidence of some controversies. But the old questions seem perennial. This is nowhere more true than in bioethics where the issues at stake bear on matters of life and death. Plato and Aristotle discussed the morality of abortion and infanticide. Plato explored the issue of the allocation of resources to health care and informed consent. We are left with similar questions, if not the same questions.
Introduction
Authors: Zonderman David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is based on a series of simple, yet vital, questions in American labor his tory: what did the first American factory workers think about the origins of the industrial system? What did these men and women have to say, in their own words, about their experiences as technological pioneers? What was it like to be part of that first wave of workers moving from farms to factories? Did the perceptions and actions of the first operatives, at the cutting edge of a massive economic change that would spread across the nation over the nineteenth century, shape the attitudes of industrial workers in succeeding generations? In seeking to answer these basic questions, I have conducted an intensive and extensive analysis of the working lives of factory operatives in antebellum New England.
Rules, Schools, and Prisons: Workers and Factory Regulations
Authors: Zonderman David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antebellum factory regulations were the means by which manufacturers tried to reconcile their progressive ideas about new technology and increased productivity with their conservative ideas about social hierarchy and order. Owners were trying to promote industrial work habits while controlling any social excesses among the new industrial workers-thereby creating change and trying to control its repercussions at the same time. Factory rules were used to mold the industrial labor force into an efficient unit of production that would follow the traditional guide lines of deference, obedience, and virtue, as well as the modern requirements of punctuality, precision, and sobriety. Workers were told to follow a set of work rules and moral standards that would both prepare them to succeed in the new industrial order and still keep them in a subservient and docile position as hired labor.
Black Liberation
Authors: Fredrickson George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When George M. Fredrickson published White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History, he met universal acclaim. David Brion Davis, writing in The New York Times Book Review, called it “one of the most brilliant and successful studies in comparative history ever written.” The book was honored with the Ralph Waldo Emerson Prize, the Merle Curti Award, and a jury nomination for the Pulitzer Prize. Now comes the sequel to that acclaimed work. In Black Liberation, George Fredrickson offers a fascinating account of how blacks in the United States and South Africa came to grips with the challenge of white supremacy. He reveals a rich history--not merely of parallel developments, but of an intricate, transatlantic web of influences and cross-fertilization. He begins with early moments of hope in both countries--Reconstruction in the United States, and the liberal colonialism of British Cape Colony--when the promise of suffrage led educated black elites to fight for color-blind equality. A rising tide of racism and discrimination at the turn of the century, however, blunted their hopes and encouraged nationalist movements in both countries. Fredrickson teases out the connections between movements and nations, examining the transatlantic appeal of black religious nationalism (known as Ethio pianism), and the pan-Africanism of Du Bois and Garvey. He brings to vivid life the decades of struggle, organizing, and debate, as blacks in the United States looked to Africa for identity and South Africans looked to America for new ideas and hope. The book traces the rise of Communist influence in black movements in the two nations in the 1920s and ‘30s, and the adoption of Gandhian nonviolent protest after World War II. The story of India’s struggle, however, was not to be repeated in either America or South Africa: in one nation, nonviolence revealed its limitations, encouraging splits in the civil rights movement; in the other, it failed, fostering an armed struggle against white supremacy. Fredrickson brings the story up through the present, exploring the divergence between African-American identity politics and the nonracialism that has triumphed in South Africa. In a career spanning thirty years, George Fredrickson has won recognition as the leading scholar of the struggle over racial domination in the United States and South Africa. In Black Liberation, he provides the essential companion volume to his award-winning White Supremacy, telling the story of how blacks fought back on both sides of the Atlantic.
Realism and National Industry Courtship in the Gilded Age
Authors: Pinson Jon W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The intensified sectional division that ended eventually in the Civil War provides more than a convenient point of division in the cultural history of the United States. By resolving the important moral and economic issues surrounding slavery, this conflict also settled certain basic matters of federal authority, and in so doing caused a reassessment in all other spheres of life. Americans increasingly came to regard themselves as constituents of a larger nation rather than residents of localities. The new national identity did not emerge without travail, and some writers view the period following the war as tragic.1 At the very least, extraordinary turbulence marked these decades, but out of what Robert Wiebe calls “the search for order”2 came the institutions and customs of twentieth-century America. The process was as influential on the industry of popular song as it was on heavy manufacturing, transportation, communication, and government.
Forestalling the ‘‘Popular Clamor”: Centrism, Class Tension, and the First Federal Income Tax Laws, 1861-1872
Authors: Stanley Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, John Sherman was arguably the most powerful man in Congress in the spring of 1870. Charged with the formulation of national fiscal policy in the wake of the unprecedented tensions and opportunities set loose by the crisis of the Civil War, his committee, together with the House Ways and Means Committee headed by fellow Ohio Republican Robert C. Schenck, directed the application of federal power in the critical and intimately related fields of appropriation, taxation, currency, and the financing of the newly massive public debt. By that spring, the Congress’s imaginative and determined manipulation of the tax system in particular had resulted in its extension into new fields, in the interest of powerful constituencies, in the service of a very traditional and widely shared commitment to promote not only war and debt finance but also the magnificent productive economic forces glimpsed in the 1850s.
The Elizabethan Challenges
Authors: Solt Leo F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two important challenges to the early Elizabethan settlement of religion threatened its existence during the course of the next three decades. “On the left hand with superstitious blindness,” as Robert Cecil wrote later, there were the illegal activities of some English Catholics to restore the ancient faith under papal supremacy either by force of arms from without or by religious conversion from within. “On the right with unadvised zeal,” he added, were the constitutional attempts of moderate and radical Puritans to purify the liturgy, but more especially, to reform the administrative structure of the Church either through Parliament or from within the Church itself.
Some Women’s Culture and Other Women ‘s Needs: Motivations, Maternalism, and the Language of Gratitude
Authors: Pascoe Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In November of 1927, sixteen-year-old Chin Leen decided to take a chance. A rescue party of home mission women had approached her as she sat alone in a car in Reno, Nevada, waiting for her husband, Frank Wong. The missionaries told Chin Leen that her wealthy forty-year-old husband didn’t love her, that he had only married her to smuggle her into the country and sell her into prostitution. Chin Leen didn’t believe them, but she had not been happy with Frank Wong. Without informing him, she stepped into the car driven by mission women and went with them to the Chinese Mission Home in San Francisco.
Homes Outside the Rescue Homes
Authors: Pascoe Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Saturday, April 13, 1878, several home mission women at tended a wedding in San Jose, California. The bride, Ah Fah, had resided in the San Francisco Chinese Mission Home for two years. She was employed as a domestic servant; her groom, Ng Noy, was a Chinese Christian who worked in a nearby household. The white women could not understand the words of the ceremony, which was conducted in Chinese by a Presbyterian missionary. They were, however, convinced that this “organization of a home on Christian principles” was “the first step upwards from heathenism to civilization.” One of the white guests wrote a lengthy account of the event for a Christian newspaper.
The Psychological Foundations of Culture
Authors: Tooby John , Cosmides Leda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disciplines such as astronomy, chemistry, physics, geology, and biology have developed a robust combination of logical coherence, causal description, explanatory power, and testability, and have become examples of how reliable and deeply satisfying human knowledge can become. Their extraordinary florescence throughout this century has resulted in far more than just individual progress within each field. These disciplines are becoming integrated into an increasingly seamless system of interconnected knowledge and remain nominally separated more out of educational convenience and institutional inertia than because of any genuine ruptures in the underlying unity of the achieved knowledge. In fact, this development is only an acceleration of the process of conceptual unification that has been building in science since the Renaissance. For example, Galileo and Newton broke down the then rigid (and now forgotten) division between the celestial and the terrestrial-two domains that formerly had been considered metaphysically separate-showing that the same processes and principles applied to both. Lyell broke down the distinction between the static present and the formative past, between the creative processes operating in the present and the geological processes that had operated across deep time to sculpt the earth. Maxwell uncovered the elegant principles that unified the many disparate electrical and magnetic phenomena into a single system.
Mate Preference Mechanisms: Consequences for Partner Choice and lntrasexual Competition
Authors: Buss David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few things are more obvious than the fact that human behavior is selective and preferential. Foods rich in fat and sugar are preferred over those that are bitter or sour. Preferential avoidance of heights, snakes, darkness, and spiders-environmental hazards in human evolutionary history-are learned more readily than are fears of environmentally novel hazards such as cars or guns. Habitats offering resources and protection simultaneously, to take another example, are preferred over those lacking these attributes (Kaplan, this volume; Orians, 1980, Orians & Heerwagen, this volume). Perhaps nowhere are preferences more apparent than in human mating decisions. Nowhere do individuals prefer to mate with all members of the opposite sex equally (Buss, 1989a; Symons, 1979).
Introduction
Authors: Murray John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The persistent donnee of Arctic-American literature is wild nature, and for good reason: the environment is a controlling reality at higher latitudes as it is not elsewhere. Here is a polar land that is sustained by as little as one-fourth of the sunlight available at the equator, that is completely or almost wholly dark for up to three months of the year, and that endures periods of prolonged cold unsurpassed in the hemisphere. Some interior locations receive less precipitation than continental deserts. Several of the southeastern islands of Alaska, on the other hand, absorb more annual rainfall than the Amazon.
The Sea Cow
Authors: Steller Georg Wilhelm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The German naturalist Georg Wilhelm Steller (1709-1746) accompanied Vitus Jonassen Bering, a Dane in the Russian naval service, on the latter’s historic 1741-1742 expedition to discover the northwestern coast of America. Steller’s journal, published posthumously, records the perils of eighteenth century sea travel-thirty-two of the original seventy-eight crewmen died, including Bering, and forty-six spent the winter of 1741-1742 shipwrecked on a barren island in what was later named the Bering Sea.
The Bering Straits
Authors: Cook James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Cook (1728-1779) was born the son of a farm laborer and worked his way up through the British naval ranks from common seaman to Ship’s Captain. In
1768 he was given command of the Endeavor and subsequently con ducted an historic three-year exploration of the Pacific. On August 19, 1771, he was promoted from lieutenant to commander and entrusted with the command of the Resolution, a 460-ton vessel. Cook was promoted to full captain in 1775 and departed from England on July 12, 1776, for another expedition to the Pacific aboard the Endeavor. Two years later, in 1778, Cook explored the Alaskan coast and in September sailed north of 63° north latitude into the Bering Straits, a feat recorded here.