bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of magnitude and availability of a non‐drug reinforcer on preference for a drug reinforcer
Authors: Zacny J. P. , Divane W. T. , de Wit H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis study examined choice of beer over an alternative, non‐drug reinforcer (food or money), under conditions where the magnitude and availability of the non‐drug reinforcer was varied. Normal volunteers participated in three sessions consisting of a computerized choice task followed by a period of relaxation and consumption of earned reinforcers. The computer task consisted of a concurrent choice schedule in which the availability of the non‐drug reinforcer was varied across ‘trials’ from random ratio 1.3 to 16 (probability of reinforcement: 75 per cent to 6 per cent). Across the three sessions the magnitude of the non‐drug reinforcer was varied (i.e. small, medium, large). The magnitude and availability of beer remained constant across trials at a random ratio 4 (probability of reinforcement: 25 per cent). Two experiments were conducted, one in which food was the alternative reinforcer (Experiment I) and one in which money was the alternative reinforcer (Experiment II). In both experiments, decreasing the response requirement for the non‐drug reinforcer within the sessions resulted in an orderly decrease in the amount of responding to obtain alcohol. In Experiment I, changes in the magnitude of the food reinforcer did not change responding for beer. In Experiment II, however, responding for beer decreased when the magnitude of the alternative monetary reinforcer was increased. Thus, changes in the magnitude of an alternative reinforcer may have differential effects on responding for a drug reinforcer, depending on the nature of the alternative reinforcer.
5HT‐2 receptor and fluvoxamine effect in obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: Erzegovesi Stefano , Ronchi Paolo , Smeraldi Enrico 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe aim of the study was to test the role of the 5HT‐2 receptor in the antiobsessional effect of 5HT uptake inhibitors. For this purpose we designed a double blind controlled clinical trial, in which ritanserin (a specific 5HT‐2 receptor antagonist) or placebo were administered to a sample of 10 patients affected by Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), symptomatologically stabilized during fluvoxamine monotherapy. In order to quantify OCD symptom severity we used the Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y‐BOCS), administered weekly for the 14 days of the study. One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), performed on Y‐BOCS total scores, showed a significant difference between the two treatment groups. The difference between ritanserin and placebo effect seemed to be related either to the slight worsening of the ritanserin group, or to the improvement in the placebo one. These results suggest that 5HT‐2 receptor may be involved in the antiobsessional effect of fluvoxamine.
Testing the effects of the imidazopyridine zolpidem on memory: An ecologically valid approach
Authors: Jackson J. L. , Louwerens J. W. , Cnossen F. , de Jong H. T. P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe present study explores whether memory impairments are found on the morning following intake of the hypnotic zolpidem which is a member of a new pharmaceutical class, the imidazopyridines. The procedure used is novel: it involves testing subjects in their own homes via the telephone. A previous study using this technique found significant deficits in performance on the morning following intake of the benzodiazepines, flunitrazepam and midazolam, on tasks which load heavily on both the speed and capacity aspects of the human information processing system. Using the same tests, results from the present study fail to find any significant effects on the morning following zolpidem intake.
Rapid lithiumization in acute manic patients
Authors: Moscovich D. G. , Shapira B. , Lerer B. , Belmaker R. H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNine patients with acute mania were treated with high‐dose lithium therapy and daily blood level monitoring for the first 3 days of treatment. Rapid reduction in psychopathology was seen. It is possible that the delay of 7–10 days in clinical response to usual lithium treatment may be partially pharmacokinetic, and that high‐dose lithium loading at the onset of treatment of mania may reduce the need for neuroleptic co‐treatment.
Comparison of clomipramine, alprazolam and placebo in the treatment of obsessive—compulsive disorder
Authors: Stein D. J. , Hollander E. , Mullen L. S. , Decaria C. M. , Liebowitz M. R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractForty‐four patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) were entered into a double‐blind randomly assigned treatment protocol with clomipramine (CMI) or placebo. In addition, alprazolam was administered to 14 OCD patients in a separate open‐treatment study. The response rate of patients completing treatment was 50 per cent with CMI, 19 per cent with placebo, and 18 per cent with alprazolam. Self‐ratings of obsessive–compulsive symptoms in intent to treat and completer samples demonstrated a significantly greater benefit with CMI than with alprazolam. Ratings of depression and clinician ratings of obsessionality in both intent‐to‐treat and completer samples did not, however, indicate differences between the treatment groups.
Effects of mood‐stabilizing drugs on the peripheral serotonin transporter
Authors: Marazziti D. , Rotondo A. , Lenzi A. , Presta S. , Silvestri S. , Cassano G. B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe studied the effect of lithium (L), carbamazepine (CBZ), valproic acid (VA), verapamil (VP) and nifedipine (NF) on the specific binding of 3H‐imipramine (3H‐IMI) to platelet membranes, as compared with clomipramine (CLO). The results showed that VP, NF and CLO exerted a concentration‐dependent inhibition on the IMI binding; CLO had the most potent inhibitory effect. No effect was observed with L. CBZ or VA. These results suggest that while VP and NF interact with the 5‐HT transporter complex, L, CBZ and VA do not. Therefore, their effective (or suggested) mood‐stabilizing effects are likely to be related to different mechanisms.
Stress and arousal rhythms in cigarette smokers, deprived smokers, and non‐smokers
Authors: Parrott A. C. , Joyce C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFeelings of stress and arousal were assessed in sedative smokers (N = 26), stimulant smokers (N = 14), nicotinedeprived smokers (N = 14), and non‐smokers (N = 22). The self‐rating questionnaire was completed every 2 hours, from waking until late evening. Feelings of anxiety/stress decreased over the day in non‐smokers, and both groups of smokers, but increased in deprived smokers (group × time interactions: p < 0.001). This demonstrates the anxiogenic effects of nicotine deprivation, and confirms that one major reason for smoking is to avoid the deleterious effects of nicotine deprivation. While average daily stress levels did not differ significantly between smokers and non‐smokers, both groups of smokers started the day with higher stress than non‐smokers, but ended the day with slightly lower stress (group × time interactions: p < 0.001). Thus the gradual accumulation of nicotine does have anxiolytic effects. The arousal findings were complex, with different circadian patterns found across all four groups.
Prolactin response to zotepine in schizophrenic patients
Authors: Otani Koichi , Kondo Tsuyoshi , Ishida Masayuki , Sasa Hiroshi , Higuchi Hisashi , Kaneko Sunao , Fukushima Yutaka 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe prolactin response to an antipsychotic drug zotepine, which has both antidopaminergic and antiserotonergic effects, was studied in 24 inpatients suffering from schizophrenia. The daily dose was 100 mg in the first week, and 200 mg for the next three weeks. The mean serum concentrations of prolactin at the daily dose of 200 mg, but not 100 mg, were significantly higher than that before treatment. The δ prolactin (the change from the pretreatment concentration) was significantly correlated with zotepine concentrations at each week. At low zotepine concentrations, patients with high pre‐treatment prolactin concentrations showed negative δ prolactin. The present study thus suggests that at high concentrations zotepine shows predominantly antidopaminergic effects, while at low concentrations its antiserotonergic effects are predominant and/or it acts as a dopamine agonist.
A double blind comparison of the effects of fluoxetine and amitriptyline on cognitive function in elderly depressed patients
Authors: Fairweather D. B. , Kerr J. S. , Harrison D. A. , Moon C. A. , Hindmarch I. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSixty‐six elderly depressed patients received fluoxetine 20 mg (FLU) or amitriptyline 75 mg (AMI) for 42 days in a double blind parallel group study. Each week, subjects completed a test battery which is sensitive to the residual effects of psychoactive drugs. The results show that FLU and AMI were equally effective in relieving depression. However, the psychometric test battery showed that, compared to FLU, AMI, as expected, produced impairments in cognitive function and psychomotor performance. The relative impairment of cognitive and psychomotor skills following the tricyclic AMI and the lack of such activity after administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibition, FLU are important considerations when prescribing antidepressants, especially when the safety and well being of ambulant patients is essential.
Inositol 6 g daily may be effective in depression but not in schizophrenia
Authors: Levine Joseph , Gonsalves Mirtha , Babur Izak , Stier Shaul , Elizur Avner , Kofman Ora , Belmaker R. H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractInositol is an important precursor for second messenger synthesis and has been reported to be reduced by lithium treatment in rat brain and in human CSF in depression. An open trial of 6 g/day in 11 depressed patients resistant to previous treatment led to major improvement in nine patients. The enzyme synthesizing inositol has been reported to be elevated in schizophrenia, suggesting an attempted compensation for possible inositol deficiency. A controlled double‐blind crossover trial in 10 chronic schizophrenic patients of 6 g/day of inositol for 30 days did not reveal any benefit.
Iodine‐induced delirium
Authors: Hara T. , Sato T. , Takeichi M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA case of delirium that was believed to have been caused by disinfectant iodoform is reported. The delirium began on the seventh day following filling with iodoform gauze, and approximately one month later, the patient entered a semi‐comatose state. The patient began to recover roughly seven days after filling was discontinued. At that time, there were indications that the serum‐iodine levels was five times higher than normal. From the above, it is believed that the case of the delirium was the iodine absorbed from the filling gauze.
Caffeine and automaticity in encoding prelexical tasks: Theory and some data
Authors: Loke Wing Hong 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe present study examined the integration of the automaticity theory and Yerkes‐Dodson law using a three‐factor design‐Automaticity (automatic and nonautomatic behaviors), Drug (caffeine‐high arousal and placebo‐low arousal), and Task Difficulty (low and high levels of difficulty). A specific significant three‐way interaction was predicted; that is, caffeine facilitates low difficity nonautomatic performance relative to placebo but decreases high difficulty nonautomatic performance relative to placebo, and caffeine does not affect automatic performance across levels of task difficulty relative to placebo. Three variations of the automatic/nonautomatic distinctions were used to examine its effects on the encoding and prelexical paradigm of information processing, thereby permitting a comparison of the predicted three‐way interaction. The tasks were frequency monitoring (automatic)/free recall (nonautomatic) task in Experiment 1, and a variant (of task in Exp. 1) in Experiment 2 and an alternate task (vs tasks in Exps. 1 and 2) in Experiment 3. The results of Exp. 1 showed instances of the three‐way interaction and thus, provides support for the proposed integration of the theory of automaticity and Yerkes‐Dodson law. Overall, the results of the three experiments agreed with past findings. That, automatic performance is unaffected by empirical manipulation such as drugs and nonautomatic performance is affected by the manipulation of arousal (caffeine) in Exps. 1 and 2 and task demands (difficulty) in Exps. 2 and 3. Automatic performance, however, is not insensitive to all manipulations; Exps. 1 and 3 showed that task demands (difficulty) significantly affected it. So, there is more than one form of automaticity. In sum, the present study showed a method of comparing various forms of automaticity within a single experiment and using a pharmacological agent (drug) to test concepts of automaticity and other mechanisms of information processing.
Subjective and psychomotor effects of bolus doses of nitrous oxide in humans
Authors: Dohrn Cathleen S. , Lichtor J. Lance , Coalson Dennis W. , Flemming David , Zacny James P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNitrous oxide, commonly used in medical settings for its anxiolytic, analgesic, and anesthetic effects, is also used recreationally. One method of using this agent recreationally is to inhale a pure bolus of nitrous oxide (N2 O) one or more times in succession. The effects of such an inhalation mode (i.e. brief inhalation of higher concentrations of N2 O) have not been adequately characterized. The present experiment examined the subjective and psychomotor effects of short duration (or bolus) administrations of a range of concentrations of N2O in healthy volunteers. We used a prospective, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, crossover design in which N2O was administered to subjects for 45 s in concentrations of O (oxygen‐placebo), 20, 40, and 80 per cent. A number2 of subjective effects, including increased VAS ratings of ‘high,’ ‘tingling,’ ‘stimulated,’ and ‘confused’ and increased ‘euphoria’ and ‘psychedelic effects’ scores on an Inhalant Drug Effects post‐session questionnaire were found with higher concentrations of N2O (i.e. 40 per cent and 80 per cent). Subjective effects were short‐lived and had usually dissipated within several minutes of inhalation. Psychomotor performance did not differ between the first time that we measured it postinhalation (2.5 min) and pre‐inhalation (baseline), but the self‐reported time course of effects of N2O suggested that we tested post‐inhalation psychomotor performance when effects were subsiding (i.e. not when they were at their peak). We conclude that bolus concentrations of N2O produce a range of subjective effects which is consistent with its recreational use (abuse).
Repeated administration of buspirone: Absence of pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic interaction with triazolam
Authors: Boulenger Jean‐Philippe , Gram Lars F. , Jolicoeur Françlois B. , Zarifian Edouard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe present study was designed to evaluate possible pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between buspirone administered repeatedly and triazolam given acutely. Ten healthy male volunteers participated in the study and received 0.25 mg of triazolam orally after a one‐week pretreatment with either placebo or buspirone 5 mg t.i.d. The study design was double‐blind and crossover, the subjects receiving two times triazolam after the random administration of buspirone or placebo, each treatment period being separated by a washout period of 1 week. Plasma triazolam concentrations were measured by a radio‐receptor assay using 3H‐flunitrazepam as radioligand. Psychomotor effects of triazolam were measured through subjective self rating scales and various cognitive tests exploring concentration, memory and psychomotor skills.Overall, the results of the study failed to demonstrate any significant difference in triazolam subjective or objective effects as well as in triazolam plasma concentrations after a one‐week pretreatment with either placebo or buspirone 15 mg daily. They do suggest that clinically relevant interactions are unlikely to appear when buspirone at moderate dosage is co‐prescribed with acute doses of triazolam, though these data do not exclude the possibility of pharmacokinetic interactions between the two drugs. Finally our data also suggest the need for more specific studies in order to demonstrate a possible improvement of psychomotor functions after buspirone administration.
A study of the therapeutic spectrum of a fixed‐dose of zotepine and its relationship with serum concentrations of the drug
Authors: Kondo Tsuyoshi , Otani Koichi , Ishida Masayuki , Mihara Kazuo , Tanaka Osamu , Kaneko Sunao , Fukushima Yutaka 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe therapeutic spectrum of zotepine, an antipsychotic drug, and its relationship with serum concentrations of the drug were investigated by a fixed‐dose study (100 mg/day in the first week, and 200 mg/day for the next 3 weeks) in 20 schizophrenic in‐patients. The mean percentages of symptom reduction in total Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and three subgroups were 63.4 per cent for total, 64.4 per cent for positive symptoms, 41.8 per cent for negative symptoms and 74.2 per cent for anxiety‐depression respectively. Total, positive and negative symptoms were significantly reduced after 2 weeks (p < 0.01), while a significant reduction in anxiety‐depression symptoms was already found after 1 week (p < 0.01). There were significant differences in the values of percentage improvement in total and positive symptoms after 2 weeks (p < 0.05) and negative symptoms after 1 week (p < 0.05) between responders (more than 50 per cent reduction in total BPRS scores at the end of the study) and nonresponders. In 18 patients (90 per cent), the clinical response at 2 weeks corresponded well to the final outcome. No definite relationship was found between serum zotepine concentrations and the clinical efficacy.
Psychomotor performance of patients on maintenance lithium therapy
Authors: Jauhar P. , McClure I. , Hillary C. , Watson A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLithium has changed the natural history of affective disorder, resulting in the majority of patients functioning in the community with no overt impairment in their emotional or social functioning. This study evaluated the psychomotor performance of a sample of patients stabilised on lithium, using a battery of computerised psychomotor tests. These tests reinforced previous concern regarding impairment of psychomotor functioning, parimarily reaction times, in patients on long term lithium.
Placebo‐Controlled trial of paroxetine in depressive illness
Authors: Edwards J. Guy , Goldie Ann 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial was carried out to assess the effectiveness, tolerance and unwanted effects of paroxetine in the treatment of depressive illness. Forty‐one patients referred to a psychiatric unit in a general hospital were included in the study. Treatment lasted for six weeks. The main outcome measures were changes in scores on the Hamilton rating scale for depression and Leeds self‐assessment of ‘Depression Specific’ scale. Statistically significant improvements occurred in both treatment groups, while the end‐point differences in scores show significant advantages of paroxetine over placebo.
Modelling drug actions on electrophysiologic effects produced by EEG modulated potentials
Authors: Pagel J. F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDrugs producing CNS behavioural effects induce consistent changes in EEG frequency modulated electrical fields. Current models which use spike potential theories of neural conduction to explain EEG frequency changes and effects have limitations and are not consistent with some experimental data. An electrophysiologic framework exists at the neuronal membrane capable of responding to extracellular electrical fields to produce changes in cellular ion concentrations and result in ATP production. Models based on active EEG effects can be utilized to explain correlations between drug behavioural effects and spatial and frequency characteristics of the EEG. Such modelling is consistent with data derived from PET scanning of the CNS, and suggests that topographic mapping of physiologic variations in EEG frequencies may be increasingly useful in the evaluation of CNS pathology.
Influence of lornoxicam a new non‐steroidal antiinflammatory drug on lithium pharmacokinetics
Authors: Ravic M. , Salas‐Herrera I. , Johnston A. , Turner P. , Foley K. , Rosenow D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of lithium carbonate have been studied in 12 normal young volunteers when given alone and in combination with lornoxicam, a novel non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug. Peak and 12‐h lithium concentrations were significantly higher when both drugs were given together than when lithium was given alone. Caution should be exercised if and when the drugs are co‐prescribed.
5HT‐3 receptor blockade in nicotine withdrawal: Study with BRL 46470A
Authors: Park S. B. G. , Smith A. P. , Cowen P. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSixteen healthy male volunteers who smoked at least 20 cigarettes a day and satisfied DSM‐IIIR criteria for nicotine dependence were recruited to investigate the possible effects of a selective 5HT‐3 receptor antagonist (BRL 46470A) on acute nicotine withdrawal. The study was of a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, four‐way crossover design using two doses of BRL 46470A (0.1 and 10 μg) and one dose of lorazepam (1 mg). Outcome measures included visual analogue ratings for nicotine withdrawal and a battery of psychological performance tests. Except for an effect of BRL 46470A (0.1 μg) to decrease subjective rating of confusion, none of the drug treatments attenuated subjective measures of nicotine withdrawal. Lorazepam significantly impaired performance on all three tests of neuropsychological function, but BRL 46470A was without effect on these measures.
Antidepressants and mania: To stop or not to stop?
Authors: Allen Danny , Horvath Rob , Nutt David 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe clinical problem of whether to stop antidepressants when patients develop mania is looked at in the light of existing practice and advice both in the UK and in the USA. It is concluded that practice is based more on an empirical than a scientific basis. The literature on the subject is reviewed with especial reference to the questions of whether antidepressants actually cause mania, whether they interfere with the treatment of mania, whether discontinuing them stops mania and whether withdrawal of antidepressants causes mania. Finally a case notes study conducted by one of the authors is summarized and recommendations for further research are made.
Application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment of drug‐resistant major depression—a report of two cases
Authors: Höflich G. , Kasper S. , Hufnagel A. , Ruhrmann S. , Möller H.‐J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe report the cases of two drug‐resistant major depressed psychotic patients, who were treated with 10 sessions of transcranial magnetic stimulations (TMS) and afterwards with 10 sessions of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) without changing the concomitant neuroleptic and antidepressive medication. TMS did not exert a therapeutic effect in one patient and only a slight one in the other. However, there was a clear beneficial effect for ECT in the patient not responding to TMS and a slight therapeutic effect in the other. In summary, there was no clear‐cut evidence for effectiveness of TMS as a treatment for patients with psychotic, therapy resistant depression. However, since there was a slight therapeutic effect of TMS in one patient it seems worthwhile to explore its therapeutic efficacy in a larger group of depressed patients.