bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family level inbreeding depression and the evolution of plant mating systems
Authors: Kelly John K. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryVariation in the magnitude of inbreeding depression (ID) among families may have important consequences for mating system evolution. Experimental studies have shown that such variation is a common feature of natural plant populations. Unfortunately, the genetic and evolutionary significance of family level estimates remains obscure. Almost any kind of genetic variation will generate differences in ID among families, and as a consequence, a non‐zero variance in family level ID is not sufficient to distinguish genetic architectures with wholly different implications for mating system evolution. Quantitative genetic methods provide a means to extract more information from ID experiments. Estimates of quantitative genetic variance components directly inform questions about the genetic basis of ID and should ultimately allow tests of alternative theories of mating system evolution.
Early‐ and late‐onset startle modulation in unipolar depression
Authors: Dichter Gabriel S. , Tomarken Andrew J. , Shelton Richard C. , Sutton Steven K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn two experimental sessions, we assessed early‐ and late‐onset acoustic startle eyeblink modulation and subjective ratings of emotional pictures by nondepressed participants and by unipolar depressed participants. Depressed participants were assessed before and after treatment with the antidepressant medication Bupropion SR. Both depressed and nondepressed participants exhibited arousal‐dependent startle modulation to early probes occurring 300 ms after picture onset. Nondepressed participants demonstrated the expected valence‐dependent startle modulation to late probes (3,500–4,500 ms post‐onset). In contrast, the late‐probe blink magnitudes of depressed patients were unrelated to picture valence. This pattern of group differences was not moderated by treatment. There were no between‐group differences in self‐report ratings to pictures. These results suggest that depression may be characterized by anomalous responses to affective stimuli and that startle modulation can be a more sensitive index of affective response deficits linked to depression than self‐report measures.
Looking for faces: Attention modulates early occipitotemporal object processing
Authors: Lueschow Andreas , Sander Tilmann , Boehm Stephan G. , Nolte Guido , Trahms Lutz , Curio Gabriel 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLooking for somebody's face in a crowd is one of the most important examples of visual search. For this goal, attention has to be directed to a well‐defined perceptual category. When this categorically selective process starts is, however, still unknown. To this end, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) recorded over right human occipitotemporal cortex to investigate the time course of attentional modulation of perceptual processes elicited by faces and by houses. The first face‐distinctive MEG response was observed at 160–170 ms (M170). Nevertheless, attention did not start to modulate face processing before 190 ms. The first house‐distinctive MEG activity was also found around 160–170 ms. However, house processing was not modulated by attention before 280 ms (90 ms later than face processing). Further analysis revealed that the attentional modulation of face processing is not due to later, for example, back‐propagated activation of the M170 generator. Rather, subsequent stages of occipitotemporal object processing were modulated in a category‐specific manner and with preferential access to face processing.
Autocrine and Paracrine Regulation of Melanocytes in Human Skin and in Pigmentary Disorders
Authors: Imokawa Genji 
Published: December 2004

Recently melanogenic paracrine or autocrine cytokine networks have been discovered in vitro between melanocytes and other types of skin cells. These include endothelin (ET)‐1, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, membrane‐type stem cell factor (SCF) and growth‐related oncogene‐α for interactions between keratinocytes and melanocytes, and hepatocyte growth factor and soluble type SCF for interactions between fibroblasts and melanocytes. These networks are also associated with corresponding receptors expressed on melanocytes, including ET B receptor and the SCF receptor, c‐KIT. Consistent with in vitro findings on the melanogenic paracrine or autocrine cytokine networks, we have found that the up‐ or down‐regulation of such networks is intrinsically involved in vivo in the stimulation of melanocyte functions in several epidermal hyper‐ or hypo‐pigmentary disorders. These are ET‐1/ET B receptor as well as membrane type SCF/c‐KIT for ultraviolet B‐melanosis, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor for ultraviolet A‐melanosis, ET‐1/ET B receptor as well as membrane type SCF for lentigo senilis, growth related oncogene‐α for Riehl's melanosis, sphingosylphosphorylcholine for hyperpigmentation in atopic dermatitis, ET‐1 for seborrhoeic keratosis, soluble type SCF as well as hepatocyte growth factor for dermatofibroma and café‐au‐lait macules, and c‐KIT for vitiligo vulgaris. These unveiled regulatory mechanisms involved in the abnormal up‐ or down‐regulated levels of lesional melanocyte function provide new insights into therapeutic tools utilizing blockage of responsible cytokine networks.
Prognostic relevance of extensive necrosis in renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Foria V , Surendra T , Poller D N 
Published: December 2004

Aims:Evidence suggests that the presence of tumour necrosis is an adverse prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, it has also been shown that tumour regression, a microscopic feature associated with necrosis, may be a favourable short term prognostic factor in RCC.Methods:Pathology reports of 253 RCCs from 1992 to 2001 were reviewed, and identified 37 tumours with substantial macroscopic or microscopic necrosis. Microscopic pathology, TNM 1997 tumour stage, and clinical follow up were reviewed and correlated with pathological findings. Three cases were rejected because two were diagnosed at necropsy, and a third was the result of renal arterial embolisation.Results:Twenty of the 34 cases showed <50% necrosis, 10 showed 50–94% tumour necrosis, and four showed >95% tumour necrosis. Follow up data were unavailable in three cases. Nine of the remaining 31 tumours progressed; six were group 3 tumours showing <50% necrosis, three were group 2 tumours showing 50–94% necrosis, and none was a group 1 tumour showing >95% necrosis.Conclusions:Extensive necrosis (>95% necrosis) is rare in RCC, accounting for only 1.6% of those diagnosed during eight years in this unselected hospital series. The microscopic pattern of necrosis was typical, requiring extensive tumour sampling for definitive tumour diagnosis. Although there were only four patients with extensive necrosis, none developed recurrent or metastatic carcinoma, or died from RCC. Although extensive (>95%) necrosis may imply better short term prognosis after adjusting for tumour pathological TNM stage, it is probably not a prognostic variable in RCC.
THE STABLE AND THE REAL RANK OF ${\mathcal Z}$-ABSORBING C*-ALGEBRAS
Authors: RØRDAM MIKAEL 
Published: December 2004

Suppose that A is a C*-algebra for which [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the Jiang–Su algebra: a unital, simple, stably finite, separable, nuclear, infinite-dimensional C*-algebra with the same Elliott invariant as the complex numbers. We show that:(i) The Cuntz semigroup W(A) of equivalence classes of positive elements in matrix algebras over A is almost unperforated.(ii) If A is exact, then A is purely infinite if and only if A is traceless.(iii) If A is separable and nuclear, then [Formula: see text] if and only if A is traceless.(iv) If A is simple and unital, then the stable rank of A is one if and only if A is finite.We also characterize when A is of real rank zero.
Genetic Variation and Management of Striped Bass Populations in the Coastal Rivers of South Carolina
Authors: Bulak James S. , Thomason Christopher S. , Han Kaiping , Ely Bert 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The coastal rivers of South Carolina possess reproducing populations of striped bass Morone saxatilis. Historically, all of these populations have been augmented with hatchery stocks from the Santee–Cooper drainage. Concern has been expressed that locally adapted, reproductively isolated populations may exist in these coastal rivers. Thus, the objective of this effort was to assess the distinctiveness of reproducing striped bass populations in these coastal rivers. Tagging studies indicated that the interriver movement of striped bass was minimal. A population estimate of 406 striped bass longer than 30 cm was obtained for the Combahee River, suggesting a relatively small breeding population. Genetic assays at three nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphism sites showed highly significant allele frequency differences among seven coastal rivers, suggesting reproductive isolation. Partially or fully isolated populations can develop beneficial adaptations to local environmental conditions. Thus, we recommend the use of endemic stock to augment striped bass populations in the coastal rivers of South Carolina.
Movement and Spawner Distribution of Hatchery Fall Chinook Salmon Adults Acclimated and Released as Yearlings at Three Locations in the Snake River Basin
Authors: Garcia Aaron P. , Connor William P. , Milks Deborah J. , Rocklage Stephen J. , Steinhorst R. Kirk 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
As part of the supplementation program for fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Snake River basin, yearlings from Lyons Ferry Hatchery were released at acclimation facilities stationed along the lower Clearwater River and the lower and upper reaches of the Snake River. The distance required for migration out of the release reach was greatest for juveniles released in the lower Clearwater River. The distance required for migration out of the release river was greatest for juveniles released in the upper Snake River. We captured and radio-tagged returning adults at Lower Granite Dam (the last dam encountered prior to entering the release reaches), monitored adult movements, and assessed the performance of acclimation facilities in terms of their ability to distribute adults to their corresponding release reaches. Adults from the lower Clearwater River acclimation group had the lowest frequency of movement, the most restricted spatial movement, and the highest observed rate of spawning in the intended reach. The upper Snake River acclimation facility distributed spawners to the intended river at the highest rate observed. Though differences in water flow and temperature during immigration were possible explanations for these findings, acclimation facility location provided the most plausible explanation. We conclude that acclimation facility location can affect prespawning movement and the spawning distribution of hatchery fall Chinook salmon in the Snake River basin.
Fish Health Assessment Index Study of Four Reservoirs in West-Central Georgia
Authors: Schleiger Steve L. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
I investigated differences in a modified fish health assessment index (FHAI) among reservoirs, sections of reservoir (lower, middle, and upper), periods (summer 2000, winter 2001, summer 2001, and winter 2002), and species (bluegill Lepomis machrochirus and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides) in four west-central Georgia Piedmont reservoirs to explore the feasibility of adapting the FHAI in Georgia as an addendum to agency-standardized sampling protocols for identifying problem reservoirs and problem areas in reservoirs. Mean fish health varied significantly over time across reservoirs, sections of reservoirs, and species. Lakewide sampling was necessary to adequately characterize overall reservoir health. Fish health of both species responded similarly to poorer areas; however, fewer bluegills than largemouth bass per sample achieved the same level of precision. The collection of 45 fish lakewide of each species per sampling period yielded a precision level approaching 20–25% of the true fish health mean for largemouth bass and 15– 20% for bluegills; these precision levels had a 1 in 20 chance of being incorrect. Largemouth bass fish health in the upper section of West Point Reservoir was significantly poorer than that in all other reservoirs studied. The top six metrics that correlated most to fish health scores were nearly the same for both species (abnormal kidneys, livers, pseudobranchs, gills, thymuses, and spleens for largemouth bass and pseudobranchs, kidneys, spleens, livers, thymuses, and eyes for bluegills). Period-to-period variability precludes same-site comparisons over time; however, the FHAI appears to be useful in identifying consistently poorer areas in need of further study.
Evaluation of a Gastric Lavage Method for Use on Largemouth Bass
Authors: Hakala James P. , Johnson Frank D. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The efficiency and delayed mortality caused by a new gastric lavage device was evaluated for use on largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. A 12-V electric pump was specially fitted to flush stomach contents from largemouth bass larger than 200 mm. The device was easily operated by a single person and removed more than 90% of stomach contents. The lavage technique caused no immediate mortality of largemouth bass. Delayed (7-d) mortality of largemouth bass undergoing gastric lavage was not significantly different from that of controls. Further, mortality did not vary significantly with body length. Overall, the technique appears to be a viable method for rapidly collecting stomach contents from a broad size range of largemouth bass while causing minimal initial and delayed mortality.
The Influence of Hook Type, Angler Experience, and Fish Size on Injury Rates and the Duration of Capture in an Alaskan Catch-and-Release Rainbow Trout Fishery
Authors: Meka Julie M. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Owing to concerns about the high incidence of past hooking injuries in Alagnak River rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, fish were captured with spin- and fly-fishing gear with barbed and barbless circle and “J” hooks to determine gear types contributing to injury. Landing and hook removal times were measured for a portion of fish captured, and the anatomical hooking location, hooking scar locations, bleeding intensity, angler experience, and fish size were recorded for all captured fish. Approximately 62% of fish captured experienced at least one new hooking injury, and 29% of fish had at least one past hooking injury. Small fish sustained higher new injury and bleeding rates, but large fish had higher past injury rates. Injury rates were higher for barbed J hooks, barbed J hooks took longer to remove, and fish caught by spin-fishing were injured more frequently than fish caught by fly-fishing. Fewer fly-fishing-caught fish were injured using circle hooks, and circle hooks tended to hook fish in only one location, generally in the jaw. Barbed J hooks were more efficient at landing fish, and J hooks were more efficient at landing fish than circle hooks. Novice anglers injured proportionally more fish than experienced anglers, primarily during hook removal. Landing time was positively correlated with fish size, and experienced anglers took longer to land fish than novices because they captured larger fish. These results suggest that a reduction in hooking injuries may be achieved by using circle hooks as an alternative to J hooks and barbless J hooks to reduce injury and handling time, yet catch efficiency for both methods would be reduced. Although fish captured with barbless J hooks and circle hooks had fewer injuries, it is important to note that each hook type also caused significant injury, and angler education is recommended to promote proper hook removal techniques.
Feasibility of Dual-Marking Age-0 Chinook Salmon for Mark–Recapture Studies
Authors: Gaines Phillip C. , Martin Craig D. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
We investigated the short-term mortality associated with the application of a dual mark on juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha used in mark–recapture trials. Treatment groups were either spray-dyed with fluorescent pigments, stained with Bismarck brown, or marked with both. Acute mortality was greater for the spray-dyed–Bismarck brown combination (0.48%) and the spray-dyed (0.13%) treatment groups than for the Bismarck brown or control groups. Daily mortality was less than 0.15% for marked treatment groups for 3 d after marking. Cumulative mortality was greatest for the spray-dyed (0.93%) and the spray-dyed– Bismarck brown (0.84%) groups. Significant differences in mortality were not detected among groups (P = 0.063) or within groups on a temporal scale (P = 0.124). Recognition of fluorescent pigments was 100% during the study. Bismarck brown staining did not obscure the fluorescent pigments, which were easily differentiated among colors. We conclude that our dual-marking technique provides researchers with a feasible method to differentially mass-mark fish with minimal mortality. Moreover, mark recognition is greatly enhanced.
Networks composed of rigid rod polymers
Authors: Ballauff Matthias 
Published: December 2004

Rubber elasticity in macromolecules on which the tire industry (for example) relies is the result of the arrangement of the polymer chains as shown in the figure, crosslinked, and connected by flexible hinges. In two recent publications a theory describing this elasticity has been proposed. Mutthius Bullauff reviews this new work and will, in the future, run a regular column in ADVANCED MATERIALS on polymer related topics. magnified image
Electrocatalytic Hydride‐Forming Compounds for rechargeable batteries
Authors: Notten Peter H. L. , Einerhand Robert E. F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA New class of highly electroactive hydride‐forming compounds is described as well as simple metallurgical methods for producing these materials. The new type of metal alloys consist of two different crystallographic phases. The bulk phase is responsible for hydrogen storage and is formed by the stable multicomponent “standard alloy” of the AB5 type. The second phase homogeneously decorates the surface of the bulk phase and ensures a high electrocatalytic activity. In composing this second phase no precious metals are required, but carefully selected combinations of transition metals can be used. Very high overall exchange currents and discharge efficiencies are obtained, even at low temperature. Cycle life and storage capacities are comparable with the values found for the standard alloy. Substituting small amounts of B‐metals with highly electrocatalytic elements was also found to be effective in improving the electroactivity of AB5 compounds. However, a drawback of this method is that significant improvements are obtained only when precious metals are incorporated. Double‐phase materials must therefore be considered as more serious candidates for use in future nickel/metal‐hydride batteries with high charge/discharge capability.
Nanocrystalline Materials for video recorder heads
Authors: De Wit Hendrik Jan , Witmer Cor H. M. , Dirne Frank W. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn present video recorders the magnetic materials of the record/playback head is usually a crystalline ferrite. These materials are, however, not so suitable, when substantially finer details on the magnetic tape are required, e.g. for high‐definition television (HDTV) recording. The search for an alternative has resulted in a new type of magnetic material: multilayers in which crystalline iron layers of about 10 nm thickness are alternated with even thinner amorphous iron‐alloy layers. These ‘nanocrystalline’ materials combine a high saturation magnetization with a high permeability in the MHz frequency range, allowing video recording at much increased information densities.
Butyltin speciation in sediments and biological samples by hydride generation gas chromatography quartz furnace atomic absorption spectrometry; a study of acid leaching procedures and hydride generation
Authors: Desauziers V , Leguille F , Lavigne R , Astruc M , Pinel R 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe efficiency of the extraction of butyltin compounds from sediments and biological matter by acid leaching procedures has been evaluated on real samples using the hydride generation gas chromatography quartz furnace atomic absorption (GC AA) speciation method. The most efficient method uses cold pure acetic acid over a period of four hours. Hydride generation using sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH4) is dependent on matrix composition and care must be taken to adapt the amount of reactant to the organic content of the sample.
Adsorption and desorption of tributyltin in sediments of San Diego Bay and Pearl Harbor
Authors: Kram Mark L , Stang Peter M , Seligman Peter F 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAdsorption and desorption of butyltin compounds from sediment under simulated estuarine conditions depends upon the characteristics of the sediment including grain size distribution, percentage of organic carbon, clay mineralogy and aqueous butyltin concentration in the overlying water column. Sediments from Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, USA, primarily consisting of calcium carbonate mud and 18–28% organic carbon by weight, have generally abundant adsorption sites and display tributyltin partition coefficients (Kp) ranging from 1000 to 5000 μg kg−1 per μdm−3. Adsorption and desorption of butyltin from San Diego Bay, California, USA, sediments is linearly dependent upon the characteristics of each sediment and the range in Kp values is from approximately 20 to 2500 μg kg−1 per μg dm−3. Sandy, low‐organic carbon sediments have low Kp while fine‐grained, relatively organic‐rich sediments have high Kp values. Similarly, samples containing significant amounts of high cation exchange capacity (CEC) clay minerals have relatively higher adsorption potentials than those consisting of low CEC minerals.
Organotin compounds as energy‐potentiated uncouplers of rat liver mitochondria
Authors: Connerton Ian F , Griffiths David E 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTriorganotins will titrate membrane potential (Δψ) and the accompanying pH gradient (ΔpH) in estimates of protonmotive force (Δp) in isolated rat liver mitochondria in an apparent concentrationdependent manner and in minimal halide media (5 μmol dm−3). Under these conditions the concentrations of organotin required to produce a drop of 80–120mV in Δp approach or are in excess of those required to inhibit ATP‐synthase activity, which are at least three‐fold greater than those which inhibit ATP hydrolytic activity. The addition of exogenous chloride ion did not appreciably alter the steady‐state or rate estimates of triorganotin‐mediated membrane potential (Δψ) depolarization. The evidence indicates that triorganotins possess an uncoupling effect which is independent of halide/hydroxyl exchange or direct inhibition of the ATPase complex. The activity of various triorganotins may be best understood according to their abilities to uncouple or directly inhibit oxidative phosphorylation at the enzymic level, in the absence of halide/hydroxyl exchange.
Preparation of rhodium–phyllosilicate catalysts without leaching in liquid‐phase 1‐hexene hydrogenation
Authors: Herrero Juana , Blanco Carmen , Oro Luis A 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRhodium catalysts have been prepared on palygorskite and montmorillonite (clay) supports by reduction with hydrogen (1 atmosphere) at room temperature of a cationic organometallic rhodium compound anchored to the support. The activity of these catalysts for the hydrogenation of liquid‐phase 1‐hexene remains constant with increase of prehydrogenation time and with re‐use for several runs. No rhodium leaching is observed.