bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Place of Concepts in the History of Mentalites: The Handbuch of French Political and Social Concepts
Authors: Richter Melvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Handbuch, or Handbook of Political and Social Concepts in France, 1680-1820, is being edited by Rolf Reichardt, Reinhart Koselleck’s former Assitent and still occasionally his collaborator. After describing the Hand buch’s project, I shall compare its program and practice to those of the GG, and supply critical accounts of representative articles in the Handbuch. This will prepare the way for a chapter comparing both works in German to analogous treatments of political language by J. G. A. Pocock and Quentin Skinner. There methodological as well as substantive issues will be considered, for example: What is the nature and extent of the linguistic and semantic con texts requisite to any account of thought which, in Skinner’s phrase, claims to be “strictly historical?”
The Pine Birds
Authors: Lanner Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High On The Continental Divide, Where it winds across western Wyoming, is a mosaic of subalpine meadows and forests I have visited in every month of the year. Despite the seasonal changes in the weather, the landscape, and the vegetation, one thing remains constant: I can always depend on being greeted by the guttural “kra-a-a-k” of faraway nut crackers calling from unseen treetops. Soon one or two birds, or more, will inspect me, remind me whose mountain this is, and rapidly depart on quick pulsed beats of white-tipped black wings. These nutcrackers are of the species Nucifraga columbiana, Clark’s Nutcracker, native to the western United States and Canada, but I have heard Siberian Nutcrackers in a Finnish pine forest and European Nutcrackers in the French and Swiss Alps emit identical cries. This “corvid squawk,” as Stephen Vander Wall has called it, one of several nutcracker calls, is not far removed from the shriller calls of jays and magpies, or the deeper ones of crows and ravens, all of which are shaped by subtle differences in size or conformation of syrinx, bronchial rings, tympanic membrane, and related anatomic determinants of voice production among members of a family.
Pine Nuts and People
Authors: Lanner Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Fall Of 1983 American Forest entomologist William Mattson was riding the Trans-Siberian Railway between Irkutsk and Moscow. Despite his fancied familiarity with Russian custom, he was astonished to see his fellow passengers reach into their bags or pockets, extract egg-shaped pine cones, and shuck the scales one by one as they threw the nuts into eager mouths. The train’s conductor came down the aisle, reached into a cloth sack, and distributed pine nuts to passengers who wished a snack with their tea. As a biologist, Mattson should not have been so taken by surprise.
The Science of Mind
Authors: Dodwell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far I have sketched the established disciplines of cognitive science, in brief outline only, to give the flavor of their separate claims to the understanding of mind. Each has its distinctive approach, but with a good deal of mutual borrowing and interaction. Together they have converged on what can be termed the Standard Model of Mind in cognitive science, or the standard model, as we have called it. We can characterize the convergence on that model in terms of its most basic features, ones that are accepted pretty well without question in the cognitive science community as being both necessary and sufficient for an understanding of mind. We might even call them axioms of cognitive science, given their dominating place in the thinking of cognitive scientists.
New Perspectives on Representation and Reality
Authors: Dodwell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How does all this jibe with modem theories of cognition? Despite the great variety of research techniques, levels of study, and explanatory ideas, as expressed in table 5.1, there is a striking and apparently anomalous characteristic of most cognitive theorists, especially those who initiate major “schools.” They tend toward profound commitment to a single particular conception of the nature of their field. Perhaps some minor variance is allowed, but still there is only one central way to approach the important questions, one valid principle of explanation. Indeed, that principle is what makes the theory unique. Theories of perception, in other words, like most other theories in cognitive science, always have a strong metaphysical message to convey. Köhler in Gestalt psychology, Hebb, Gibson, and Marr in their perceptual theories, all insisted that everything, but everything, is to be classified and explained in terms of a single overriding principle.
This single-mindedness seems truly remarkable once we have recognized that the study of perception, and perception itself, are intrinsically multifaceted and varied. The unswerving dedication to a single principle of explanation of its major theorists seems to belie the very nature of their subject. Or does it? Let us consider in more detail the views of one of the century’s most influential theorists, James J. Gibson. As stated in chapter 2, Gibson was a fiercely “antiphysiological” theorist who swam against the very strong current of orthodox opinion, then as now, basically the standard model.
The Sacred River
Authors: Dodwell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who would deny the marvelous sonority of the language, the poetic inspiration, that informs these lines, even if—as seems likely—they were composed under the influence of opium? So he wrote on, for some 50 more lines, until “a man from Porlock” (a nearby village) arrived “to settle some business,” breaking the reverie, which was thus lost forever. We are reminded of Emerson’s essay “The Oversoul,” where he depicts the mind, man himself, as the stream whose source is unknown:
The philosophy of six thousand years has not searched the chambers and magazines of the soul. In its experiments there has always remained, in the last analysis, a residuum it could not resolve. Man is a stream whose source is hidden. The most exact calculator has no prescience that somewhat incalculable may not balk the very next moment.
Statement of the Problem and Survey of the Solutions
Authors: Vogel Joseph Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 1986 is a turning point in the mass-extinction crisis, not because the crisis was finally contained, but because the crisis was finally publicized. In September 1986, a conference of over 1,000 participants was held in Washington, D.C., under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academy of Sciences. The organizers made no bones about the unscientific intentions of the scientific meeting; the National Forum on Bio Diversity was meant to be a media event, and it was indeed a media event. Not only did every major American newspaper cover the story, but journalists reserved the rain forest for feature stories in future issues.
Analogy Becomes Application: Property Rights Mean Privatization
Authors: Vogel Joseph Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foreign languages are tricky. Quite often, identical words have virtually identical meanings (e.g., “organisation” in both French and British English). Such words are called cognates, and they facilitate the learning of a foreign language. However, not all identical words are cognates. Many identical words can mean something slightly different to something completely different and, on occasion, even something obscene. French teachers call such words fauxamis, or “false friends.” Faux amis happen not only across languages, but also within the same language. Take, for example, the word “football.” Football in the United Kingdom is not the football of the United States, which is not the football of Australia. As a faux ami, the word “football” is insidious because the meanings lie in a gray area. All the footballs are related: all are played with feet and balls, but, nevertheless, all are quite distinct; an American would distinguish them respectively as soccer, football, and Aussie-rules football. It is far easier for an American and an Australian to confound the meaning of a word like “football” than to confound the meaning of a word that, by its context, clearly means something different.
Illustrating The Problem And The Property-Rights Solution
Authors: Vogel Joseph Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theory is abstract, and abstractions, by their nature, are difficult to comprehend. Many astute readers will not have the patience to keep track of the definitions and acronyms, plod through the sequence of steps, and deduce the solution. For many, privatization may still seem too abstract to work. As an economist engaged in the enterprise of rhetoric, my job is to persuade multiple audiences that the solution is workable. In other words, I must persuade the readership that privatization does not teeter on abstractions; privatization is both simple and practical. Indeed, it is so simple that the essence of the argument can even be communicated through illustration. There are many reasons for illustrating both the problem and the property­ rights solution. The first is that good illustrations are universally recognizable, while words are not. Many people living in the remote tropics can barely read or write. Inasmuch as these same people are the most affected by any conservation policy, they should know the basic mechanism of the policy and have some say in its design and implementation. This is not just some lofty democratic principle that I espouse (although I do); it is a deductive consequence of the property-rights approach. A policy that poor people see as one in their own best interest will entail the lowest transaction costs in policing, whereas a policy that poor people do not see as in their interest will be frustrated whenever the poor enjoy some de facto property right over the resource allocated by the policy. To discover the most efficient policy, technocrats in the North would do well to speak and listen to the poor of the South. Ideally, an array of policies should be floated among the poor and the illiterate.
Politics
Authors: Vogel Joseph Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Exclusion of nonpaying users cannot be divorced from finance, and finance cannot be divorced from contracts, and contracts cannot be divorced from the law. Therefore, to talk about the exclusion of nonpaying users, one must also talk about the law. The laws of interest are those governing patents, copyrights, semiconductors, trademarks, and trade secrets. These are the laws that define intellectual-property rights. These rights, in turn, set the parameters for contracts between creators and users of intellectual property. Because the laws protecting intellectual property are drafted by politicians, exclusion ultimately cannot be divorced from politics.
Finance
Authors: Vogel Joseph Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once nonpaying users are excluded from the genetic-information commons, several obvious questions emerge regarding contracts and finance. First, how will the genesteaders be remunerated in the interim between staking out the genestead and receiving the first royalty payments? Second, how will the countries of the South guarantee long-term ownership over their patrimony? Third, why will privatization be in the interest of the landed class as well as the landless class? Fourth, how will financiers of genesteads monitor their investment? And fifth, who will finance the gargantuan database needed to identify the claimants? Each of these questions is complex and, upon scru­ tiny, invites simpler and more specific questions.
Final Payments: Greenhouse-Gas Abatement
Authors: Vogel Joseph Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a psychological phenomenon known as cognitive dissonance. It is a mental process by which one chooses only those facts that confirm prior beliefs. In other words, one filters the evidence and discards that which would force a revision of prior beliefs. Cognitive dissonance would explain why, say, the French Communist party is still as committed as ever even after the failed Soviet coup of August 1991. The party members simply discard the evidence and deny the rational inference—communism fails as a political system. Economists are now suffering the same syndrome when it comes to greenhouse gas. They are discarding the evidence of global warming because it may force a revision of their prior beliefs. The result has been an almost total silence. This silence is not because the greenhouse effect is something new and exotic; it has been known for at least a century, heavily discussed during the past 30 years, and elaborately modeled over the past 10 years. The silence is because of cognitive dissonance.
Anomia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disordered word finding (anomia) easily ranks as the most common language impairment. Everyone complains from time to time that they are unable to find the appropriate name and this normal problem can be greatly magnified by brain injury. Word-finding deficits are noted and complained about by patients with structural damage to any cerebral area in either hemisphere. Virtually every aphasic patient suffers some degree of naming disturbance; however, the characteris tics of the word-finding problem can vary considerably in the different aphasia syndromes. These differences represent a potentially valuable guide in the diagnosis and therapy of aphasia and can be a useful tool for linguistic investigation.
It is important to bear in mind that anomia is a term with a double meaning in aphasiology. In one usage, the term is synonymous with naming disorder; in this broad sense all aphasic patients are anomic. Schuell, Jenkins, and Carroll (1962) found anomia to be the most prevalent general factor in aphasic disorders, and naming difficulties are the most permanent residual deficit in chronic aphasics. When used in the broad sense of a word-finding disorder (e.g., decreased performance on a confrontation naming task), anomia is not of localizing value (Benson and Geschwind, 1976, 1985). In attempts to be more specific, some aphasiologists limit use of the term to those patients whose word-finding difficulty leads to circumlocutions and/or verbal paraphasias as observed in some patients with fluent aphasia.
Speech Disorders
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speech and language can be separated both by definition and by assessment, at least technically. In the terminology defined in Chapter 1, speech disorders are not included as aspects of aphasia. For the clinician, however, language disorders and speech disorders are superficially similar and so often coexist that a working knowledge of both is needed. In addition, some speech disorders mimic the ver bal output of aphasics to a sufficient degree that an ability to separate the two becomes essential. In this chapter, a number of the more common speech disorders will be described, with particular emphasis on those likely to co-occur with aphasia. Table 16.1 outlines the disorders that will be discussed.
Strictly speaking, mutism does not co-occur with aphasia. Aphasics must produce some verbal sounds; without them, it is impossible to determine that an individual has a disorder of language. Certain types of mutism, however, do occur in the early stages of brain damage that causes aphasia; other types of mutism should be considered for differential diagnosis.
Associated Neurologic and Behavioral Problems
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most approaches to aphasia focus on disordered language and rarely take into account complicating behaviors. In actuality, aphasia almost never occurs as an isolated finding. Language functions are performed by consortiums of cells located in many sites scattered across the dominant (usually left) hemisphere that are further influenced by connections with nondominant-hemisphere neuronal networks. Brain damage of sufficient scope to produce a disorder of language is almost bound to interfere with circuitry needed for other behavioral functions that operate in or through the same cerebral areas. Almost every patient with aphasia will have additional neurologic or behavioral problems that complicate the aphasia picture.
The neurologic and behavioral complications of aphasia are incompletely understood and behavioral complications that often go unrecognized interfere with both the diagnosis and the treatment of aphasia. Recognition of the behavioral complications is essential for understanding and treating language disorder. Fortunately, in the past decade the fields of behavioral neurology and neuropsychia try have grown rapidly. Professionals with expertise in both the neurologic and the behavioral complications that accompany aphasia can be found at many medical centers. A multidisciplinary approach utilizing the expertise of neurologists, language therapists, and specialists in neurorehabilitation provides the most effective treatment for the aphasic patient.
1972: The President vs. The Prophet
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June 1971, the political deck appeared stacked against Richard Nixon’s reelection. The economy was flagging; the war in Vietnam that he had promised to end persisted; and only 48% of the American public approved of his handling of the presidency. The pundits pegged Maine’s Senator Edmund Muskie as Nixon’s likely opponent in the general election of 1972.
Two factors catapulted Muskie into the position of front-runner for the Democratic nomination. First, as Humphrey’s running mate in 1968 Muskie had gained favorable national exposure. Indeed, Humphrey’s campaign had spent part of its advertising budget trumpeting the presidential potential of the person they hoped in January 1969 would be a heartbeat away from the presidency. Additionally. in a back-to-back presentation with Richard Nixon on the off-year election eve 1970 Muskie appeared the less partisan, more statesmanlike of the two. How Richard Nixon came to be upstaged by Edmund Muskie is a story in misplaced staff enthusiasm.
1976: Integrity, Incumbency, and the Impact of Watergate
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the many assumptions shattered by Watergate were the notions that the president does not lie and that, unlike members of Congress, who represent special constituencies, the president represents all the people. For both the Republican and Democratic contenders in 1976, and for their advertising teams, the shattering of these assumptions seemed to suggest that 1976 could not be run simply as a typical campaign in which the candidates appealed to the voters’ traditional party loyalties and campaigned on the position on the issues that each party took. Rather, in a year in which it was widely perceived that the honesty of a presidential candidate and his commitment to constitutional government were on the line, campaign advertising had to find a way to communicate the trust­ worthiness of the candidates.
1988: The Pit and the Paradise
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seamless continuity of the Republican’s 1988 campaign with the campaign that ushered in the second Reagan term has been missed in the pundits’ autopsies. In 1984, one Republican ad speculated about whether the bear (the U.S.S. R.) was real and urged peace through strength until we were sure; in 1988, a Republican ad showed Vice-President Bush approaching Gorbachev as the announcer noted “Somebody is going to find out if he (Gorbachev] is real.” In 1984, the Republican campaign created a new national anthem, Lee Greenwood’s “I’m Proud to be an American,” a song whose country flavor bespoke the Republican’s South­ ern strategy. In 1988, that song pervaded the sound track of the emotion­ ally charged, flag-filled collage of patriotic scenes that made up the Bush election eve program. Segments from 1984 “Morning in America” ads even found their way into the Bush convention film and election eve program.
There were other similarities as well. The Norman Rockwellian images of the 1984 “Morning in America” ads recaptured a mythic past of small towns and lush farms, inviting us to linger in the world of childhood none experienced but many wished for. In 1984, fact and fiction were blurred into a netherworld.
Adaptive Optics Performance Analysis and Optimization
Authors: Hardy John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on adaptive optics contains many different approaches to the design of wavefront compensation systems. This situation is typical of a rapidly evolving technology. Each new idea is tested and evaluated over a period of time; eventually, the technology matures and crystallizes into well-defined components and system configurations. Adaptive optics is far from reaching that state of maturity. New ideas on wavefront sensing, wavefront correction, and control systems are being formulated and tested. However, all systems are constrained by the same basic principles, and a systematic design procedure may be followed, whatever the state of the technology.
Astronomical Adaptive Optics Programs
Authors: Hardy John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter contains a capsule summary of the organization, goals, and achievements of the major research programs in astronomical adaptive optics around the world, as they existed at the end of 1997. Most of these efforts are associated with specific telescopes. The technology and applications of adaptive optics are rapidly changing, so the summaries presented here should be regarded as a starting point for further investigation. Most organizations have sites on the World Wide Web, from which the latest information may be obtained. In the final sections of this chapter, current trends in adaptive optics are summarized and prospects for the future are discussed. Some perspective on the current activity in adaptive optics can be obtained by considering its relation to the present boom in telescope building, which is certainly the biggest in history. This activity comes after a long period of stagnation, from about 1950 to 1980, in which telescope technology reached a plateau, with maximum apertures of about 5 m. This is the largest practical diameter for conventional “stiff’ mirrors made of glass, which have a diameter-to-thickness ratio of between 6:1 and 8:1. Above this size, the weight increases so rapidly that the sag due to gravity becomes unacceptable. During this period, the main advances came from better detectors: notably solid-state detectors, such as charge-coupled devices (CCDs), with high efficiency and broad spectral range.
The Relationship of Neuropsychological Functioning to Health-Related Quality of Life in Systemic Medical Disease: The Example of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Mcsweeny A John , Labuhn Karen T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term “quality of life” has enjoyed colloquial use in several human service and health-related fields for some time, yet its use as a scientific concept is relatively recent. There has been a recent upsurge of interest in quality of life, and psychosocial factors in general, in the biomedical fields. A major conceptual impetus to the scientific application of psychosocial concepts in health care was provided by George Engel’s (1980) paper on the biopsychosocial model of medicine. Using a systems theory framework, Engel argued that the inclusion of psychosocial information in the formulation of medical concepts, research, and patient care serves to make medicine a more scientific enterprise, when compared to more narrow biomedical models or to nonscientific “holistic” models.