bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathways to care: help seeking behaviour in first episode psychosis
Authors: Addington J. , Van Mastrigt S. , Hutchinson J. , Addington D. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  To determine the number of attempts it took before patients with a first episode of psychosis received adequate help, the signs or symptoms that led them to seek help and the people from whom they attempted to seek help.Method:  Subjects were 86 individuals with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, mainly schizophrenia, who were attending a comprehensive program for early psychosis treatment.Results:  Help‐seeking attempts began in the prodromal phase of the illness and continued into the psychotic phase. Concerning behaviours ranged from more general symptoms to psychotic symptoms. A range of contacts were made early on but emergency services were most often the contact that helped individuals obtain appropriate treatment for psychosis.Conclusion:  Improved public education and gatekeeper education might reduce the time required for individuals developing a psychosis to receive timely and adequate care.
Markers for depression in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Leentjens A. F. G. , Lousberg R. , Verhey F. R. J. 
Published: March 2003

Leentjens AFG, Lousberg R, Verhey FRJ. Markers for depression in Parkinson's disease. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002: 106: 196–201. © Blackwell Munksgaard 2002. Objective: To assess whether general risk factors for depression are also markers of depression in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and to identify additional disease‐specific markers. Method: A two‐step logistic regression was performed on data from 161 consecutively referred PD patients, 40 of whom suffered from major depressive disorder. A first logistic model was created with five general risk factors for depression. Next, five potential disease‐specific markers were added to see whether this would improve the model. Results: The logistic model of general risk factors for depression also predicted depression in PD patients. A family history of depression was the most important marker. `Right‐sided onset' was the only disease‐specific marker that improved the model. Conclusion: Established risk factors for depression in the general population are also markers of depression in PD. The importance of correcting for general risk factors for depression in the search for disease‐specific risk factors is stressed.
Gender differences in depression risk and coping factors in a clinical sample
Authors: Wilhelm K. , Roy K. , Mitchell P. , Brownhill S. , Parker G. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To examine gender differences in depression risk and coping factors in a clinical sample of patients with a diagnosis of DSM‐IV major depression. Method: Patients were assessed for substance use and abuse, family history of psychiatric disorder, interpersonal depressogenic factors and lifetime history of anxiety disorders. Trait anxiety, coping styles when depressed, parental bonding, marital features and personality style were also measured. Patients were reassessed at 12‐month follow‐up. Results: There were few gender differences in experience of depression (either in duration, type or severity prior to treatment) in a group with established episodes of major depression but women reported more emotional arousability when depressed. Women reported higher rates of dysfunctional parenting and childhood sexual abuse, and rated their partners as less caring and as more likely to be a depressogenic stressor. Men were more likely to have a generalized anxiety disorder at assessment, to use recreational drugs prior to presentation. Men were rated as having a more rigid personality style and `Cluster A' personality traits both at assessment and follow‐up. Conclusion: There were few gender differences in severity or course of established episodes of major depression. Gender differences were related to levels of arousal, anxiety disorders, and repertoires for dealing with depression, rather than depressive symptoms per se.
Differential diagnosis of depressed mood in patients with schizophrenia: a diagnostic algorithm based on a review
Authors: Hausmann A. , Fleischhacker W. W. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To review the available literature on depressive symptomatology in schizophrenia in order to establish a diagnostic algorithm of depressive syndromes in schizophrenia. Method: A literature search was performed using PubMed and Medline. Additional information was gained by cross‐referencing from papers found in the database. Data from controlled studies as well as supplementary information from review articles and psychiatric manuals pertinent to the topic were used. Depressive symptoms were classified with respect to their temporal relationship to acute psychotic symptoms before the background of nosological entities as operationalized by Diagnostic Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV). Results: Depression is a common and devastating comorbid syndrome in patients suffering from schizophrenic disorder. The paper summarizes the relevant diagnostic steps to guide the clinician towards therapeutic interventions, which differ depending on the nature of the depressive syndrome. Conclusion: Differentiating depressives states in schizophrenia has consequences in terms of choosing therapeutic strategies. An algorithm which leads the practitioner to a reliable diagnosis and in consequence to a valid therapy is presented.
Schizophrenia in homeless persons: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Folsom D. , Jeste D. V. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: This article systematically reviews studies of prevalence of schizophrenia in homeless persons. Method: Medline and PsychInfo were searched using the key words: homeless person, mental illness, psychosis, and schizophrenia. The bibliographies of identified articles were also reviewed. Results: Study designs varied considerably. The rate of schizophrenia in homeless persons reported in the 33 published reports, representing eight different countries, ranged from 2 to 45%. In the 10 methodologically superior studies, the prevalence range was 4–16% and the weighted average prevalence was 11%. In addition, rates were higher in younger persons, women and the chronically homeless. Slightly less than half of the homeless persons with schizophrenia were not currently receiving treatment. Conclusion: Schizophrenia is much more prevalent among homeless persons than in the population at large. Future research should focus on better ways of meeting the mental health care needs of homeless people with schizophrenia.
The impact of professional and social network support on the burden of families of patients with schizophrenia in Italy
Authors: Magliano L. , Marasco C. , Fiorillo A. , Malangone C. , Guarneri M. , Maj M. ,   the Working Group of the Italian National Study on Families of Persons with Schizophrenia
Published: March 2003

Objective:  (a) To explore burden related to caregiving and support received from professionals and social network in relatives of patients with schizophrenia in Northern, Central and Southern Italy; and (b) to test whether a higher level of family burden is associated with a lower level of professional and social network support.Method:  Seven hundred and nine patients with schizophrenia and their key‐relatives were consecutively recruited in 30 Italian mental health departments. Data were collected on: (a) patients' clinical status and levels of disability; (b) relatives' burden, social and professional support; (c) interventions received by patients and their families.Results:  Family burden was found lower in Northern Italy. However, after controlling for psychosocial interventions, differences in family burden among the three geographical areas disappeared. Family burden was associated with patients' levels of disability and manic/hostility symptoms, and with professional and social network support received by the family.Conclusion:  Professional and social network support represent crucial resources to reduce family burden in schizophrenia.
Major depressive disorder in Parkinson's disease: a register‐based study
Authors: Nilsson Flemming M. , Kessing Lars V. , Sørensen Tine M. , Andersen Per K. , Bolwig Tom G. 
Published: March 2003

Nilsson FM, Kessing LV, Sørensen TM, Andersen PK, Bolwig TG. Major depressive disorder in Parkinson's disease: a register‐based study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002: 106: 202–211. © Blackwell Munksgaard 2002. Objective: To investigate whether patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were at an increased risk of developing major depression compared with patients having other medical illnesses with a comparable degree of disability. Method: Case register linkage study of Danish Psychiatric Central Register (DPCR)and Danish National Hospital Register (DNHR). Three study cohorts were identified: all patients with PD, osteoarthritis, and diabetes. The rate of discharge diagnosis of depression on re‐admission was estimated using competing risks models in survival analyses. The rates for patients with PD were compared with those of patients with osteoarthritis, and diabetes. Results: The study sample identified 211 245 patients in the hospital registers with one of the index diagnoses. An increased incidence of developing depression was found for women and men throughout their lifetime when this incidence was compared with the control groups. Conclusion: The findings support the hypothesis that depression in patients with PD is a consequence of brain dysfunction.
The relationship between post‐traumatic symptoms and life in exile in a clinical group of refugees from the former Yugoslavia
Authors: Kivling‐Bodén G. , Sundbom E. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To investigate the association between life situation factors and post‐traumatic symptoms among refugees from the former Yugoslavia. Method: Twenty‐six refugees from the former Yugoslavia were examined by the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire during psychiatric treatment, and 3 years later. At follow‐up they also answered a questionnaire regarding their life situations. Results: A higher post‐traumatic symptom level at follow‐up was associated with a pattern of negative living conditions such as open unemployment, social isolation, and a high dependence on social welfare. Gender differences were found regarding the factors most related to symptom severity. Conclusion: The results indicate that a main problem in this patient group may be how to break vicious circles of high symptom levels and a poor life situation which suggests a need for integrated rehabilitation efforts.
Hydrophobia as a rare presentation of Cotard's syndrome: a case report
Authors: Nejad A. G. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To discuss a case of Cotard's syndrome in a 65‐year‐old male patient who refused to eat and drink. Method: A single case is presented. Results: The patient was especially sensitive to water and showed panic reactions when he was offered a glass of water. These symptoms began when he deluded himself to believe that his stomach shrunk. Diagnosis was major depressive disorder with psychotic feature based on DSM‐IV. Conclusion: Hydrophobia as a symptom of Cotard's syndrome was not reported before. This symptom is often known as evidence of rabies but may be seen in Cotard's syndrome.
Test–retest reliability of self‐reported age at onset of selected psychiatric diagnoses in general health care
Authors: Barkow Katrin , Heun Reinhard , Üstün T. Bedirhan , Gänsicke Michael , Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich , Maier Wolfgang 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To investigate reliability of self‐reported age at onset of frequent mental disorders and its association with patient and disorder characteristics. Method: A total of 1031 primary care patients with at least one lifetime psychiatric diagnosis were asked to report age at onset of their disorders at baseline and after 1 year. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for age at onset information were calculated for individual disorders. Results: ICC were high and lay between 0.6790 (generalized anxiety disorder) and 0.7977 (dysthymia). Factors associated with reliability are different for different disorders: gender for depressive episodes, gross national product per year per inhabitant for dysthymia, age for pain disorder, years of formal education for dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, and agoraphobia, and number of lifetime diagnoses for depression and agoraphobia. Conclusion: Self‐reported age at onset is reliable. Further research on factors associated with reliability should focus on interview conditions and subject parameters during interview.
Childhood maltreatment and personality disorders in adult patients with binge eating disorder
Authors: Grilo C. M. , Masheb R. M. 
Published: March 2003

Grilo CM, Masheb RM. Childhood maltreatment and personality disorders in adult patients with binge eating disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002: 106: 183–188. © Blackwell Munksgaard 2002. Objective: To examine the association between retrospective reports of different types of childhood maltreatment and current personality disorders (PDs) in patients with binge eating disorder (BED). Method: A total of 116 consecutive out‐patients with DSM‐IV BED were assessed with diagnostic interviews and completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire to assess childhood maltreatment in five domains (emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect). Results: Eighty‐two percent of patients reported some form of childhood maltreatment and 30% met criteria for at least one PD. Emotional abuse was significantly associated with cluster C PD overall and specifically with avoidant PD. Conclusion: Reports of emotional abuse – but not other forms of maltreatment – were associated with greater likelihood of a PDs in patients with BED.
Out‐patient behaviour therapy in alcoholism: treatment outcome after 2 years
Authors: Burtscheidt W. , Wölwer W. , Schwarz R. , Strauss W. , Gaebel W. 
Published: March 2003

Burtscheidt W, Wölwer W, Schwarz R, Strauss W, Gaebel W. Out‐patient behaviour therapy in alcoholism: treatment outcome after 2 years. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002: 106: 227–232. © Blackwell Munksgaard 2002. Objective: The main aim of the study was the evaluation of out‐patient behavioural approaches in alcohol dependence. Additionally, the persistence of treatment effects and the impact of psychiatric comorbidity in long‐term follow‐up was examined. Method: A total of 120 patients were randomly assigned to non‐specific supportive therapy or to two different behavioural therapy programmes (coping skills training and cognitive therapy) each comprising 26 weekly sessions; the follow‐up period lasted 2 years. Results: Patients undergoing behavioural therapy showed a consistent trend towards higher abstinence rates; significant differences between the two behavioural strategies could not be established. Moreover, the results indicate a reduced ability of cognitive impaired patients to cope with short‐time abstinence violations and at a reduced benefit from behavioural techniques for patients with severe personality disorders. Conclusion: Behavioural treatment yielded long‐lasting effects and met high acceptance; yet, still in need of improvement is the development of specific programmes for high‐risk patients.
Financial loss and suicidal ideation in a rural community sample
Authors: Turvey C. , Stromquist A. , Kelly K. , Zwerling C. , Merchant J. 
Published: March 2003

Turvey C, Stromquist A, Kelly K, Zwerling C, Merchant J. Financial loss and suicidal ideation in a rural community sample. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002: 106: 373–380. © Blackwell Munksgaard 2002. Objective: To examine the prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation in a community‐based rural sample. Method: The sample was a random sample of people living in a single county in Iowa. Participants aged 18 or older (n=1617) were asked about suicidal ideation in the past year as well as mood, alcohol use, social support, and stressful life events. Results: About 8.2% of the sample reported suicidal ideation. Depressive symptoms, problems resulting from alcohol use, infrequent social contact and financial loss characterized the suicidal group. Conclusion: Depressive symptoms were the strongest correlate of suicidal ideation in this rural sample. In the multivariate analysis, financial loss rather than low income remained a significant correlate of suicidal ideation after controlling for depression. This suggests that change in financial status rather than chronic poverty poses a risk for suicidal ideation.
Threshold 2: the reliability, validity and sensitivity to change of the Threshold Assessment Grid (TAG)
Authors: Slade M. , Cahill S. , Kelsey W. , Powell R. , Strathdee G. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Threshold Assessment Grid (TAG), a new assessment of the severity of mental health problems.Method:  A total of 605 patients were recruited from 10 mental health adult and elderly services in London, UK. TAG ratings and other standardized definitions of severe mental illness were completed by referrers. TAG, Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Camberwell Assessment of Need Short Appraisal Schedule (CANSAS) and Health of the Nation Outcome Scale (HoNOS) ratings were completed by mental health service staff. Construct validation on extreme groups was investigated.Results:  Construct and concurrent validity were good. Referrer TAG scores predicted mental health team view of referral suitability, but not whether assessments were offered. Test–retest reliability was good, interrater reliability ranged from good to poor in different domains (but adequate for total TAG score), internal consistency was appropriate. Sensitivity to change requires further investigation.Conclusion:  The TAG can be recommended for use by all agencies when making referrals to mental health services.
Examining the utility of a temperament model for modelling non‐melancholic depression
Authors: Parker G. , Roy K. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: Depression is currently modelled dimensionally, along severity, duration and recurrency dimensions. An alternative model allows dimensional expressions of temperament and personality to influence risk to onset as well as persistence. Here, we examine the utility of a temperament model. Method: A questionnaire assessing temperament dimensions and a number of depression variables was administered to a large routine general practice sample and with the temperament measure also completed by a small clinical sample. Results: `Anxious worrying' and `irritable' dimensions were identified as internalizing and externalizing expressions of a trait anxiety dimension, three other `temperament' dimensions (i.e. `introversion', `self‐centred' and `obsessive') were refined, while a `self‐blame' dimension intruded into the factor analytic solution. High scores on the `anxious worrying' dimension were associated with all depression parameters. The `irritable', `introversion' and `self‐blame' dimensions were less clearly linked with depression variables, while higher scores on the `self‐centred' and `obsessional' dimensions did not appear to increase the chance of depression onset, persistence or recourse to treatment. Conclusion: A temperament‐based approach appears to have some conceptual utility in modelling depression, and particularly, the non‐melancholic disorders. It is likely, however, to require complementing with refined at‐risk personality dimensions.
Induction of mania and cycle acceleration in bipolar disorder: effect of different classes of antidepressant
Authors: Joffe R. T. , MacQueen G. M. , Marriott M. , Robb J. , Begin H. , Young L. T. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To assess the effect of different antidepressants on induction of mania and cycle acceleration, commonly accepted unwanted effects of antidepressant treatment for acute bipolar depression. There is, however, the suggestion that certain classes of antidepressants may be less likely than others to cause these unwanted effects. Method: We conducted a prospective, open, naturalistic, life charting study to assess the occurrence of onset of mania and cycle acceleration attributable to two antidepressant classes: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and bupropion. Results: No difference was found between the two drug classes for either antidepressant‐induced mania or cycle acceleration. Antidepressant‐induced mania was much more likely to occur in bipolar I rather than bipolar II patients. The overall occurrence of induction of mania and cycle acceleration was low across antidepressant classes. Conclusion: These findings suggest that there is probably no difference in the risk of antidepressant‐induced mania or cycle acceleration across commonly used classes of antidepressants for the treatment of bipolar depression.
Relationship between perfectionism, personality disorders and agoraphobia in patients with panic disorder
Authors: Iketani T. , Kiriike N. , Stein M. B. , Nagao K. , Nagata T. , Minamikawa N. , Shidao A. , Fukuhara H. 
Published: March 2003

Iketani T, Kiriike N, Stein MB, Nagao K, Nagata T, Minamikawa N, Shidao A, Fukuhara H. Relationship between perfectionism, personality disorders, and agoraphobia in patients with panic disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002: 106: 171–178. © Blackwell Munksgaard 2002. Objective: In earlier reports, we found that perfectionism might be involved in the development and/or maintenance of agoraphobia in panic disorder. The present report extends this work by examining the relationship between perfectionism and comorbidity with personality disorders in panic disorder patients with agoraphobia (PDA) and those without agoraphobia (PD). Method: We examined comorbidity of personality disorders by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III‐R Personality Disorders (SCID‐II) and assessed perfectionism using multidimensional perfectionism scale in 56 PDA and 42 PD patients. Results: The PDA group met criteria for at least one personality disorder significantly more often than the PD group. With stepwise regression analyses, avoidant and obsessive–compulsive personality disorders emerged as significant indicators of perfectionism in patients with panic disorder. Conclusion: These findings suggest that perfectionism in panic disorder patients may be more common in those with comorbid personality disorders, and may be an important target for preventive and therapeutic efforts.
Depression in postpartum and non‐postpartum women: prevalence and risk factors
Authors: Eberhard‐Gran M. , Eskild A. , Tambs K. , Samuelsen S. O. , Opjordsmoen S. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of depression in postpartum women as compared with non‐postpartum women, and to identify risk factors of depression in both groups.Method:  A population based questionnaire study was performed among women 18–40 years in two municipalities in Norway in 1998–1999. A total of 2730 women were included, of whom 416 were in the postpartum period.Results:  The prevalence of depression was higher in non‐postpartum as compared with postpartum women. High scores on the life event scale, a history of depression and a poor relationship to the partner were associated with depression in both postpartum and non‐postpartum women. When controlling for the identified risk factors of depression the odds‐ratio for depression in the postpartum period was 1.6 (95% CI: 1.0–2.6).Conclusion:  The risk for depression was increased in the postpartum period, when controlling for the uneven distribution of risk factors.