bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinship, Clans, and History
Authors: Sneath David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Notions of kinship, and the obligations they imply, provide basic models for close social relations, both within the household, and beyond it. Longestablished networks are the basis of most social interaction beyond the household, and are relied upon to provide support and assistance in times of need. The idiom of kinship may be used to describe the members of an individual’s network. The term ah duu means’ brothers and sisters’ but can be applied to friends as well as relations (hamaatan). Kinship is traced bilaterally and networks usually include patrilateral, matrilateral, and affinal kin. The closest bonds are generally found between members of a minimal lineage of around three generations in depth (particularly if they live near each other). Beyond this, however, the incidence and importance of clans and lineages differs between different Mongolian groups. Clans are prominent in Hulun Buir among the Barga and Buryat groups, in Hinggan, Jirem, and Juu Ud leagues, among the Mongoljin and Turned Mongolians of Liaoning, the Chahar and the more western Mongol groups-the Turned, Ordos, Bayan Nuur, and Alasha Mongolians. In contrast, the Shilingol Mongolians, including the Sunid, Ujumchin, and Abaga (like most of the Halh Mongolians of’ Outer’ Mongolia) recognize the noble Borjigin clan, but apart from this have relatively little by way of widely extended kinship structures.1 The most widely used Mongolian term for the clan is obug but in Hulun Buir clans are known by the Manchu term hala, and in some areas they were traditionally known as yasan (which means bone), or aimag (a word that can be used used to mean tribe, but is mainly used to mean a large administrative district).
The Development and Delivery of Welfare in Japan
Authors: Goodman Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a popular and widely disseminated version of the development of social welfare in Japan that begins with the actions, in the sixth century AD, of Shoōtoku Taishi (574–622) (see e.g. Amenomori, 1977; JNC–ICSW, 1990; Koōseishoō Jidoōkateikyoku, 1998;Nagashima, 1996;Nomoto, 1998;Yamaoka, 1998). Shoōtoku, Japan’s first great state policy-maker, is the man widely credited with bringing Buddhism to Japan, and Buddhism is seen to have been the driving force behind most of the early welfare activities in Japan, including the establishment of the first welfare institute, Shika-no-In, in the compound of Shitennoōji Temple in Naniwa (present-day Osaka) in AD 591.
The Delivery and Development of Child Protection in Japan
Authors: Goodman Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every year, in Japan as in every other advanced industrial society, a small proportion of children come into the care of the state because their parents either cannot or will not look after them to a level which society, in the form of the state, expects. In the case of Japan, the state is represented by the Children and Families Bureau which in 1964 emerged from the Children’s Bureau which had been set up in 1946 within the Ministry of Health and Welfare (Koōseishoō).
Kinship and Marriage
Authors: Forth Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Partly employed as a kin term for siblings, ka’e ari, a pairing of the terms for ‘elder’ and ‘younger’ or ‘senior’ and ‘junior’, is of considerable analytical import. The expression obviously comprises categories articulated by an asymmetric contrast based on relative age or some other kind of temporal precedence. Yet, especially in reference to groups or collectivities, Keo further apply ka’e ari to a variety of social relationships characterized by reciprocity and mutual assistance. Consistent with their recognized equality or symmetry, parties involved in these relationships (for example, members of groups that regularly assist one another in ritual) are not distinguishable respectively as ‘senior’ (ka’e) and ‘junior’ (an).
Metaphors of Social Process: Origination, Derivation, and Incorporation
Authors: Forth Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social relations discussed in previous chapters are informed by several complementary or mutually reinforcing metaphors. After exploring these in turn, I consider how the relations they articulate bear on incorporation and the standing of individuals within social groups. For students of Indonesia and other Austronesian-speaking societies, these metaphorical themes may appear all too familiar. Yet to obtain a fuller understanding of western Keo society, and to explore how they illuminate a more widespread symbolism, it is necessary to review the Keo variants in some detail.
The Two Villages of Pajo Mala
Authors: Forth Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About a kilometre seaward of Kuyu Wulu, one comes to another double settlement, just off the modern road that leads to the coast. In its entirety, the settlement is now known as Pajo Mala and, like Pau Lundu, described in the last chapter, is often spoken of as a single village. Originally, however, the name Pajo Mala designated only the older of the two components, the more seaward of the two villages currently distinguished as Pajo Mala Nua Au (‘Lower Pajo Mala’) or, more often, simply as Pajo Au (‘Lower Pajo’). Accordingly, Keo call the landward village Pajo Wawo (‘Upper Pajo’), or Pajo Mala Nua Wawo (‘Upper Pajo Mala’).
The Tonal System
Authors: Odden David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the tonal system of Kimatuumbi, which is complicated in two ways. First, distinct constraints govern lexically unpredictable tone versus predictable tone in verbs, deverbal nouns, and deverbal adjectives. The tone system is thus composed of two partially intersecting subsystems. Second, at the underlying level only a single syllable in a morpheme is allowed to have an H-tone, but on the surface H seems to appear anywhere, subject to few constraints. This is the consequence of rules copying, adding, shifting, and deleting tones in various environments. In terms of a typology of tone, Kimatuumbi acts like an accentual or restricted tone system. Other well-known examples of accentual-type Bantu tone systems are Tonga (Goldsmith, 1984), Haya (Hyman and Byarushengo, 1984), Ciruri (Massamba, 1984) and Luganda (Hyman, 1982). In lacking lexical tones in verbs, Kimatuumbi is similar to Safwa, Kinga, Makua, and Kikuria. The tonal structure of the P-zone language Makua is discussed extensively in Cheng and Kisseberth (1979; 1980; 1981). See Odden (1989) for general discussion of these ‘predictable tone’ systems. In the first section we explore the lexical tone system, and in the second section we investigate the predictable tone system. A recurrent theme is that L-tones never enter into the picture directly-it is most convenient to specify where H-tones are assigned, leaving all other moras unspecified for tone until the end of the phonology, where they are assigned a phonetic L-tone.
Rule Interaction
Authors: Odden David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This final chapter takes up the question of rule interaction and domains. Problems uncovered here force rejection of the claim in Lexical Phonology that syntax is ordered after the lexical phonological component. Therefore a more traditional view of syntax ˜ lexicon interaction is adopted, which orders syntax before lexical phonology, thereby allowing lexical rules to have access to information contained in neighbouring words. This chapter provides empirical motivation for the claim that lexical rules have access to the output of syntax. It will be shown that certain sandhi rules are lexical, since they are either provably cyclic or else precede rules which are cyclic. One such rule is Shortening (6.1.1), which applies to the head of a phrase and for that reason must refer to the output of syntax; but this rule is also ordered between applications of Glide Formation at Levels 1 and 2.
Introduction
Authors: Mateus Maria Helena , d’Andrade Ernesto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this book is to describe the phonological system of Portuguese and to discuss its functioning in the light of recent phonological theories. Chapters 1 and 2 are introductory: they describe some of the phonetic, phonological and morpho logical characteristics of European Portuguese (henceforth EP), where relevant including data from Brazilian Portuguese (henceforth BP). Chapter 2 also deals with theoretical aspects such as feature geometry and underspecification. Some of this material will be further discussed in later chapters. From Chapter 3 onwards, the analyses are based on autosegmental theory, and Portuguese phonological processes, both segmental and prosodic, are set out in terms of a multilinear structural organization. The discussion of nasalization, phonological and morphological processes, syllable and stress presupposes such a theoretical framework. All the models we use are from the same theoretical background and have been chosen for their explanatory power.
Portuguese Morphology: Derivation
Authors: Mateus Maria Helena , d’Andrade Ernesto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous section we presented the internal structure of verbs and non-verbs in Portuguese in respect to the inflectional suffixes and class markers. Besides these suffixes, words can also include derivational affixes. In order to decompose the base-form of the word into its internal constituents, it is necessary to state which constituents can be considered to be the base of word-formation. As we will see in 5.1.2, there are several arguments showing that, in Portuguese, words (inflected forms), roots and stems can be chosen by derivational suffixes to provide the base of word-formation. In this sense, Villalva (1994a: 120) proposes the following Condition upon the base: ‘All word-formation processes operate upon bases that are lexical variables.’2 Word-formation processes seem to be language-specific and even in a particular language they may vary.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the second of two volumes of essays in commemoration of Alan Turing. Unlike the first volume Machines and Thought, the present collection does not specifically address Turing’s classic contributions to the understanding of mind and computation. Instead, we here celebrate Turing’s intellectual legacy: the continuing attempt to display the precise relationship between the scientific image of mind (given, we are assuming, in broadly computational terms) and our common-sense picture of ourselves as grasping concepts, acting for reasons, and possessed of a rich, subjective mental life. The space of possible relations between these two images of the mind (which Wilfrid Sellars termed the Manifest Image and die Scientific Image) is large and surprisingly complex. It is especially complex relative to certain philosophical projects which pursue the possible impact of new scientific images of mind upon our assessment of the folk framework as a means of properly describing and explaining intelligent behaviours. Roughly speaking, we may discern three major positions as regards the (putative) inner analogues of the class of constructs deployed in daily, common-sense mentalistic talk.
Altered States and Virtual Beliefs
Authors: Oberlander Jon , Dayan Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functionalism derives its explanatory force from its firm grounding in the certainties of Turing machines (TMs) and their practical approximations, the von Neumann machines (vNMs). One branch of cognitive psychology, and its philosophical stablemate, has taken this doctrine seriously, and coupled it with some of the basic notions of folk psychology such as beliefs, desires, hopes, etc. Most of the theories are wedded rather firmly to these architectures, with all their connotations of logicality. They therefore face problems explaining the apparent illogicality and obvious tractability of human cognition. In desperation, some functionalists, whilst naturally retaining the Turing metaphor at the heart of their theories, have been forced to abandon these folk psychological constructs. The switch is either to instrumentalism, proposing that these constructs are not causal in producing behaviour but are still useful for explaining or predicting it [4], or else to a more radical position, holding that they are not even satisfactory for that [23]. Connectionism, for all its many faults, gives the first hint that something may be wrong with this retreat. It demonstrates that, despite essential computational equivalence, the strict analogy with TMs that has survived into vNMs is not the only way of conceiving of the functional mechanisms of thought. Furthermore, on broadening the range of possible mechanisms, it becomes apparent that too simplistic a notion of human competence is potentially dangerous. Unfortunately, connectionism seems rather remote architecturally and representationally from high-level psychological entities, so some independent motivation behind alternative functional mechanisms is required.
The Relation between Philosophical and Psychological Theories of Concepts
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What should be the relation between our philosophical and our psychological theories of concepts? I will be outlining an answer to this question, and tracing out some of its consequences. It is impossible to answer the question without taking a stand on some fundamental issues about the nature of content, meaning, and understanding. The answer I will be giving also suggests an agenda for psychological and computational studies.
Conclusion
Authors: Tabouret-Keller Andree 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our book owes its qualities first of all to the fact that it stems from the collaboration of the participants in the four biennial Workshops of the IGLSVL. We have drawn on the personal observations and direct field experience of each member of IGLSVL, often in their own community, shared and discussed in our sessions. It is a book of first-hand experience, of concern for and thought about the values of vernacular literacy, its difficulties and its advantages. Our inside view contrasts with that of most official reports from international institutions such as UN or Unesco, or with humanitarian reports from religious or aid foundations or other sources. We have tried to base our work on in-depth reports and to look at literacy from a viewpoint other than a Western one.
Change and Aristotle’s Theological Argument
Authors: Ackrill J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s general metaphysics starts from nature, seeking its causes and principles: matter, form, essence, and so on. His theology also starts from the world of change. The steps in his main argument for the existence of an unmoved mover are reasonably clear (although exactly where and how it fails can be disputed): there is change, and change (like time) is necessarily eternal; to guarantee that necessary eternality, there must be one eternal movement, and its cause (final cause) must itself be an eternal unchanging mover. This line of thought is expounded at length in Physics VIII (and resumed in MetaphysicsΛ ) as a deductive argument, and commentators are not wrong to refer to it as a ‘proof’ or ‘demonstration’ of the existence of an unmoved mover-which turns out to be Aristotle’s god. In his theology, therefore, the existence of change provides not just the starting-point and subjectmatter for investigation, but the first premiss of a proof-of the proof. There is, of course, much else in the discussion in Metaphysics Λ, especially on the nature and activity of god; but in what follows I shall be concerned only with the argument summarized above, and I shall feel free to refer to it as Aristotle’s theological argument.
Introduction
Authors: Miller Jim , Weinert Regina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the topic of this book? The answer ‘spontaneous spoken language and written language’ is brief but unhelpful, because the major topic encompasses a number of independent but interlocking themes. The descriptive and analytical chapters are devoted to the syntactic structure of clauses and phrases in spontaneous speech and to the grammatical devices that play a central role in the organization of spontaneous spoken discourse. Excluded from direct investigation are the central phenomena of intonation, rhythm, voice quality, and non-verbal communication.
Focus Constructions
Authors: Miller Jim , Weinert Regina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 2, 3, and 4 we have examined the differences between spoken and written languages with respect to clauses and noun phrases. In both spontaneous speech and in written language, clauses are organized into larger chunks. In writing, clauses are first combined into sentences and sentences are then put together into texts. In spontaneous speech speakers combine clauses into larger units but, as argued in Chapter 2, it is not fruitful to analyse spontaneous speech in terms of sentences. Writers produce letters, novels, business and legal documents, textbooks, and so on. They typically have time to plan the written text and are able to set it down on paper or computer screen without competition from other writers wishing to make their contribution to the text. When producing spontaneous speech, however, speakers typically cooperate and take turns, especially in conversation and task-related dialogue such as the Map Task data. Both spoken and written texts have devices for organizing the presentation of information; to produce a successful text both speakers and writers have to employ appropriate ways of introducing new information, reintroducing information at a later stage in a text, contrasting one piece of information with another, and concentrating the listener’s or reader’s attention on the information that is central to the exposition at any given point.
Written Language, First Language Acquisition, and Education
Authors: Miller Jim , Weinert Regina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the light of the demonstration in Chapters 2–6 that spoken language differs from written language in syntax and discourse organization, we turn now to the major topic of language acquisition. In addition to the differences in syntax and discourse organization, the key facts in the discussion are that, whatever their native language, children learn spoken language before they learn written language, they learn spoken language in context, and the learning of written language is very different from the acquisition/learning of spoken language.
Epilogue
Authors: Miller Jim , Weinert Regina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our exploration of spoken and written language has covered a number of different areas within linguistics and associated disciplines. The details presented in Chapters 2-6 demonstrate that spontaneous spoken language has its own regular characteristics of grammar and discourse organization; not just English but other languages. Certain topics, such as LIKE and WH constructions, are discussed in detail in order to overcome possible reluctance to accept that spontaneous spoken language has regular patterns of syntax and discourse organization. The details and the analytical problems are interesting in themselves, and clearly have implications for theories of constituent structure in spontaneous speech.
Bradley’s Theory of Truth
Authors: Walker Ralph C S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bradley’s views on truth are puzzling. He is often said to be a coherence theorist; but some of his remarks make him look like a correspondence theorist; and recently a case has been made out for thinking he holds an identity theory, whereby ‘the truth of a judgement consists in the identity of the judgement’s content with a fact’.1 Things are not helped when we find Bradley equating truth with the whole of reality, in a manner that feels distinctly alien to us; or when we see that he is firmly committed to holding that, strictly, truth as we ordinarily understand it is not possible at all.
The Wrong Side of History: Relations, the Decline of British Idealism, and the Origins of Analytic Philosophy
Authors: Candlish Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even to philosophers with no special interest in the monistic idealism which so marked British philosophy in the late nineteenth century and beyond, it is perhaps no longer news that the picture of those idealists bequeathed to us by Moore and Russell stands in need of correction. But how distorted is that picture, and what should take its place? I doubt that there would be much agreement even among specialists on any detailed answer to these questions: there are still confusing factors at work. Many of these belong to that Moore-Russell legacy, such as the effect of their presenting the idiosyncratic Bradley as representative of so-called Hegelians in general. This effect can take two forms. What is rightly attributed to Bradley, we may wrongly attribute to other idealists.
Consonant–Vowel Interactions
Authors: Vaux Bert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I return to the question of place features for vowels and consonants, with the goal of developing a better understanding of the mechanisms by which place features of consonants and vowels interact. Since this topic has already received a great deal of attention in Chapter 1, I limit myself here to four cases of consonant–vowel interactions found in various Armenian dialects. Perhaps the most interesting such case is the phenomenon of Adjarian’s Law, which involves interactions between consonant voicing and vocalic backness. I suggest that this superficially surprising phenomenon results from the interaction of consonantal and vocalic ATR values. I then consider interactions between vowels and uvular consonants, which also involve the activity of individual features shared by consonants and vowels. Finally, I tum to interactions between vowels and nasal and coronal consonants, which do not appear to involve simple feature interactions of the types considered in the previous two sections. I ultimately conclude that RRT, though capable of accounting for many types of consonant-vowel interactions in a straightforward manner, is (like other theories) forced to assume a number of equivalencies between consonantal and vocalic features. In the case of nasal interactions, I suggest that the feature [+nasal] can be interpreted as [+high] in vocalic contexts. Coronal-back interactions, on the other hand, appear to involve an equivalency relationship between coronality in consonants and [-back] in vowels (see Calabrese, 1992).
Respect for the Competent Child
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the development of constrained parental autonomy as a decision-making model for children in intimate families, I made the assumption that all children are incompetent and that parents should be the sole decision makers regarding their child’s health care decisions. I want to consider two objections which support giving children a greater role in the decision-making process. The first objection is based on competency and its relationship to autonomy in health care decision making.
Segments: Inventory And Feature Specifications
Authors: Kristoffersen Gjert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter an analysis of the vowel and consonant segments of UEN will be proposed. The subject of Section 2.1 is the phonetic properties of the segment inventory. Section 2.2 presents the phonological model in terms of the features and feature organization that will be used. Finally, Section 2.3 contains a phonological analysis of the segments and segment classes discussed in Section 2.1. In this section, the main stress will be put on features that are uncommon with respect to other languages. Features that Norwegian has in common with most other Germanic languages will not be commented on in detail.