bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Corporate IT Function in the Federal IT Organization
Authors: Hodgkinson Stephen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The organization, or reorganization, of IT activities is a perennial item on the agendas of the CIOs of large companies as they seek to ensure that their IT functions are aligned with an ever-changing business and technology environment. Consider these examples: —The furniture group Silentnight created a new IT organization in 1990. Previously, each of the group’s subsidiaries had an autonomous IT function, with no standardization or co-ordination of effort across the group. Management recognized that this approach failed to realize economies of scale and synergies between subsidiaries that were fundamentally quite similar—and led to much re-invention of the wheel and wasted effort. A central IT management group was created, tasked with formulating group-wide IT policy, standardization of IT purchasing, and the development of common core business systems.
Project Management: Lessons From IT and Non-IT Projects
Authors: Morris Peter W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information technology projects have a notorious reputation, in many respects justly deserved. Information technology touches us all, increasingly. We are seduced with the benefits that IT will bring but are often disappointed with delays in implementation, with costs which exceed budgets, and with poor operating performance. The record of some large information technology projects has been very bad and the consequences to the businesses which have come to rely on information processing for their operations can be enormously damaging. Why do information technology projects have this poor reputation? Is it that IT projects are inevitably more difficult to manage? Or is it that those working on IT projects are in some primitive state of ignorance of the benefits that project management can bring them? The answer ought not to be the latter. It is often not recognized in fact that information technology was one of the pioneering industries in the development of project management and has remained at the forefront of the discipline throughout the years since its development.
The Project Champion
Authors: Beath Cynthia Mathis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on strategic uses of information technology (IT) suggests that a very important, if not the most important, antecedent to a successful implementation of a strategic information system is a ‘champion’ for the new system (Runge 1985; Lockett 1987; Vitale and Ives 1988). We consider IT champions to be managers at fairly high levels of the organization who take on the responsibility for shepherding an IT innovation project through the development process. Champions are more than leaders and they are different from sponsors. Sponsors have the funds and authority to accomplish their goals (Vitale and Ives 1988). Champions, on the other hand, bring about change in their organizations in spite of having less than the requisite authority or resources. They push, they overcome resistance to change, they remove impediments to progress. In the end, they are usually seen as having been necessary to the success of the project, but the methods by which they achieve success sometimes run roughshod over organizational norms.
The Hybrid Manager
Authors: Skyrme David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The challenges facing organizations in the l 990s require the skills of a special kind of manager—the hybrid manager. A hybrid manager is someone who blends the skills of information management and business management. Although the need for such people has been recognized for several years, the topic has only recently come into vogue. This is due to the growing evidence that hybrid managers can make a significant contribution to an organization’s success. This chapter starts with background on the concept of hybrid managers and why they are needed. Their contribution in different areas of information management activity is then described. This is followed by a discussion of the competences that they require and how they can be developed. Finally, a framework is offered which puts hybrids in their wider organizational context and helps identify factors for performance improvement.
The Myth of Discretion
Authors: Baumgartner M P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the traditional view, legal officials who exercise discretion in the performance of their duties act ‘according to the dictates of their own judgment and conscience, uncontrolled by the judgment and conscience of others’ (H. C. Black 1968: 553). As individuals, they consider the unique features of the cases they handle and choose responses that reflect the special circumstances they encounter as well as their distinctive characters and inclinations. The result is a flexible justice in which outcomes are tailored case by case, but also one in which a significant measure of unpredictability prevails. In following their own sense of what is best in each instance, officials often treat technically similar cases in dissimilar ways.
Supergrasses
Authors: Greer Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first half of the 1980s a succession of high profile and deeply controversial trials took place in Northern Ireland on the evidence of `supergrasses' from loyalist and republican paramilitary organisations prepared to betray large numbers of their former alleged confederates in return for immunity from prosecution or lenient sentences and new identities outside Northern Ireland. This, the first thoroughly-researched book-length study of this process, not only carefully documents the central trials - some of which were larger than any other criminal proceedings in the UK or Ireland - but also opens a rare window on the highly secret world of the terrorist groups concerned. The origins of the supergrass system are traced through the complex web of intelligence gathering and counter-terrorist policy in Northern Ireland, and the broader criminal justice and criminological issues are fully explored. The author also compares and contrasts the failure of the supergrass experiment in Northern Ireland with its much more successful counterparts in England, the United States, Italy and Germany, and considers why France and Spain chose not to go down the supergrass path. The publication of this book could hardly be more timely. Northern Ireland is once again at the top of the political agenda in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and the recent ceasefires have ensured that the Troubles are the focus of renewed international attention. The need for strong due process rights in the criminal justice system as part of an overall settlement of the Ulster conflict is firmly underlined, and the study adds further support to the case for more effective mechanisms of public accountability over policing and intelligence-gathering in liberal democracies generally.
Suing Judges: A Study of Judicial Immunity
Authors: Olowofoyeku Abimbola A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Judicial errors, deliberate or otherwise, often cause damage to litigants. Sometimes the damage suffered by the litigant is irreversible. In England and many other common law countries the injured person will normally have no redress because of the privilege of immunity from suit enjoyed by judges. This result also normally follows when the complaint is against the actions of someone acting in a quasi-judicial capacity. The situation then raises a number of questions, including questions about civil rights, the redress of wrongs, and the whole foundation of judicial independence. As more people resort to the courts and other judicial tribunals for the resolution of their disputes the question of the proper approach to injurious judicial errors becomes more important, especially since every participant in judicial proceedings is a potential victim. This book presents an in-depth study of the substantive, procedural and theoretical issues that arise when a judge is to be sued. The material is drawn mainly from English and American Federal case law. The study however also incorporates some Canadian, Australian and New Zealand case law.
The Rights of Peoples (In Particular Indigenous Peoples)
Authors: Falk Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the earliest tensions in classical international law is between the territorial sovereignty of governments and the status of individuals and groups as beneficiaries of human rights. As the emphasis on natural law rights was superseded by the mid-nineteenth century by a stress upon the consent of governments, the tension tended to be resolved in favour of the State. To some extent, the growth of an international human rights law in recent decades has challenged this deference to governmental supremacy. Since World War II there has been a steady growth of legal standards applicable to governmental conduct toward its own permanent residents, whether citizens or not, and a clamour by human rights organizations and by an array of international organs for their implementation.
The Kenyan Bill of Rights: Theory and Practice
Authors: Ghai Yash 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I propose to examine the provisions of the Bill of Rights in the Kenyan Constitution and to assess its impact on policy and practice of the Government and other public authorities. The aim is to see how far the Bill has been instrumental in securing the rights and freedoms guaranteed under it. My conclusion is that the Bill has had almost no impact on the constitutional, legal and administrative systems. I then offer an explanation for the ineffectiveness of the Bill in terms of the specifics of the Bill as well as the political economy of the Kenyan state. I conclude by examining, through this review of the Kenyan experience, the role of formal legal and constitutional provisions in securing fundamental rights and freedoms in post-colonial African states.
Wills, Inheritance, And Families
Authors: Finch Janet , Hayes Lynn , Mason Jennifer , Masson Judith , Wallis Lorraine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Issue of how assets are distributed after death is of increasing significance for larger numbers of people. In this original and path-breaking study, the authors examine the principle means through which people plan to dispose of their assets after death: by the use of wills. By offering an empirical study of 800 English wills, the book identifies significant patterns of bequeathing among a cross-section of the population, and not just among those sections of society who enjoy substantial wealth. This leads us to focus upon what wills tell us about the family and kin relationships, and upon how people transmit their assets across generations: to their families and to institutions and organizations.
Can Prisons Be Legitimate?
Authors: Sparks* Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper seeks to follow some of the twists and turns of recent penal discourse, especially those official rhetorics which support the marketization of the system as a principal means of addressing its problems. I contend that there is a deeply vexed, but generally unarticulated, problem that haunts most discussions of prisons, prison disorders, and other aspects of penal politics, whether these spring from ‘official’ or ‘radical’ perspectives. This is what has long been known to sociologists and political theorists as the problem of legitimacy. It is a problem whose practical, theoretical, and normative dimensions need to be much more carefully and patiently examined than is currently usual in penal debates. I want to suggest that in pausing to consider the problem of legitimacy directly, rather than obliquely and implicitly as is more often done, we may be able to organize and attain a critical point of purchase upon a number of otherwise confusing and apparently discrete recent developments.
The Philosophy and Politics of Punishment and Sentencing
Authors: Bottoms Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preliminary information brochure for the Colston International Sentencing Symposium set out very succinctly some key features of the context in which the Symposium was held: All of the factors listed in this quotation have been influential, to a greater or lesser extent, in most Western countries at some point during the last three decades. However, as the various national case-studies prepared for the Colston Symposium very well illustrate, the details of the response, in terms of sentencing policy, have been quite varied.
Privacy
Authors: Michael James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although ‘privacy’ may be a value common to most societies (making allowances for the very different kinds of activity and information it is attached to), its recognition as an enforceable right in various legal systems has been relatively recent. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Bill of Rights in the Constitution of the United States both have fairly specific declarations of the right to freedom of expression, but no equivalent general statement of the right to privacy. In cultural terms, privacy has been defined as the desire of individuals for solitude, intimacy, anonymity, and reserve. As a description of private-law rights (not necessarily limited to the United States) the formulation by Dean Prosser of privacy into four torts of intrusion, presenting an individual in a ‘false light’, disclosure of embarrassing private facts, and appropriation of a name or likeness is useful. An important distinction must be made between such private-law rights of privacy between persons (and against, although not on behalf of legal persons, on the sometimes controversial assumption that privacy is a right of human personality and not one enjoyed by legal persons such as companies), and fundamental rights of privacy against the state.
The Rights of Minorities
Authors: Thornberry Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Minority rights in international law have re-emerged as a category right in the context of a broadly universalist scheme of rights for all human beings. The immediate post-war antipathy to minority rights, generated in part by the experience of the League of Nations, led to the omission of specific minority rights from the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The UN General Assembly considered nevertheless that the Organization ‘cannot remain indifferent to the fate of minorities’ which suggested that the case for a category of minority rights had not fallen out of consideration. The Commission on Human Rights established a Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities at its first session.
In Restraint of Tort
Authors: Stapleton Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One approach to the task implied by the daunting title of this seminar is to try to prophesy in which areas tort liability will contract or atrophy and in which areas it may develop substantially. Another strategy, and the one which commends itself to me, is to examine some of the analytical processes by which liability issues are now handled with a view to suggesting how they may be improved so that real concerns already imbedded in the law may be made manifest and outcomes may be made less anomalous than at present. An attempt is also made to tease out some of these concerns although a full exposition of them must be left to another time.
Rights of Custody
Authors: Beaumont Paul R , Mceleavy Peter E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If one starts from the premiss that wrongfully removed or retained children should ordinarily be returned to the place of their habitual residence, one must first determine how to qualify what constitutes a wrongful removal or retention. This is set out in Article 3, which states that a removal or retention will be considered wrongful where it is in breach of actually exercised custody rights:The drafters and subsequently judicial and administrative authorities have sought to avoid potential lacunae by seeking to give a wide interpretation to custody rights.1 However, ‘success’ is not merely limited to ensuring that all children subject to a unilateral removal or retention fall within the terms of the Hague Convention. Rather, in any abduction case there are competing claims: those of the abductor, the left-behind custodian, the child, and potentially the claims of other individuals involved in the upbringing of the child.
The Necessity of a Unitary Law of Tracing
Authors: Birks Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an important recent judgment, Millett LJ urged that nothing be done to exacerbate the continuing duality of our tracing rules. Although there was in his view ‘no merit in having distinct and differing tracing rules at law and in equity’, he thought that it was probably inevitable that some differences would persist. The best we could hope for, therefore, was that the differences be kept to an absolute minimum. This essay suggests, more optimistically, that we must recognize that there is only one tracing regime and that this can be done without much difficulty and without legislative intervention.
Social and Economic Rights
Authors: Villiers Bertus De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inclusion and protection of social and economic rights in a Bill of Rights is one of the main issues in dispute not only in South Africa but also in a range of other countries. In the South African debate there has been growing consensus since the early 1990s that a justiciable Bill of Rights should be included in a new Constitution. It has, however, not been that easy to reach agreement on the contents of such a Bill of Rights. It is especially with regard to social and economic rights that major differences have arisen between the various parties. The contents of the Bill of Rights with regard to social and economic rights as put forward by these parties depended on their respective philosophical approaches to the role of the state in a future dispensation. Those parties that advocated limited state powers were largely opposed to the inclusion of wide-ranging social and economic rights, while those in favour of extensive state powers supported the inclusion of such rights in the Constitution.
The Constitution After Scott
Authors: Tomkins Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a thorough and authoritative account of the constitutional implications of the Scott report. It is the only book-length treatment of this pivotal Report. The Scott report was established by John Major in 1992 to look into British government policy during the 1980s with regard to trade (including the arms trade) with Iraq and to establish whether the Government had lied to Parliament about its policy. Scott also investigated a number of high-profile and controversial criminal prosecutions which the government brought against several companies that were accused of illegally exporting "defence equipment" to Iraq. All of these cases failed. This book does more than merely relate the Scott story. It offers a full analysis of what the report means for the future of constitutional government, and constitutional reform, in Britain. Issues of lying to Parliament and ministerial responsibility; of the regulation and control of the civil service; and of open government and freedom of information are all reappraised in the light of Scott's discoveries. Central questions of secret intelligence and troublesome "public interest immunity certificates" are also considered. Unusually for a political scandal, Scott was not an exclusively national affair affecting only one country. There was a little-known equivalent to the Scott inquiry in the USA, and the lessons of the US experience are also discussed here - for the first time in Britain.
Rescuing Business
Authors: Carruthers Bruce G , Halliday Terence C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corporate bankruptcy is a defining characteristic of the market economy. It encapsulates the fundamental conflicts between capital and labour, owners and managers, debtors and creditors, the state and the market. Yet, with one or two notable exceptions, the political and social dynamics of bankruptcy law and practice have been overlooked by serious socio-legal scholars. This book remedies that neglect. Adopting an approach that compares English and American law, the authors identify the underlying political forces that established corporate bankruptcy law on both sides of the Atlantic. The book demonstrates how, by a recursive loop of professional self-interest, corporate insovency regulation is the creation of the lawyers who interpret and administer it. This book will be welcomed as an important sociological study and advances our understanding of how substantive law results from conflicts among the professionals who help to create it.
Policing as Social Discipline
Authors: Choongh Satnam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book challenges the traditional idea that policing is the first stage in a criminal justice process, in which the police use their powers of criminal investigation to feed cases into the legal process for authoritative legal resolution. The author argues that the political space allowed to the police on the streets and in the police station allows them to pursue a different agenda of social discipline, targeted at certain sections of the community. This alternative perspective provides new sociological insights into the use of police powers in modern society. The book examines the fairness of police processes by using empirical data to analyse the impact that such powers have on the lives of those who regularly become the objects of police attention.
Duty of Care Factors: a Selection from the Judicial Menus
Authors: Stapleton Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the many great qualities of John Fleming’s masterpiece, The Law of Torts, is its ability to unmask the apparently formulaic reasoning of judges and reveal the real concerns motivating judgment in this notoriously open-textured field, once aptly described as law’s most patent experiment in ‘applied morality’.
Rylands v Fletcher, Negligence, and Strict Liability
Authors: Schwartz Gary T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For twenty-eight years John Fleming and I were colleagues within the University of California. He, however, was at the University’s Berkeley campus, 500 miles north of the Los Angeles campus where I teach. Despite this distance, over the years the support I received from John was very important to me, and very gratifying. (John, about a generation ahead of me, was already a scholar of international renown when I began at UCLA.) John’s death in September 1997 has impoverished the University, just as it has impoverished the academy of tort scholars worldwide.
The Smoking War and the Role of Tort law
Authors: Sugarman Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the forty years between the first edition of Fleming on Torts and the completion of the ninth edition, products liability law has come of age. In country after country, the number of product liability cases has grown enormously. The quantity of academic writing about product liability has exploded. The law now provides compensation for injuries in ways that would have astounded torts scholars in the 1950s. Doctrinally, ‘strict liability’ for product injuries is said to have taken over centre stage, at least in the United States.