bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body composition by bioelectric impedance and densitometry in black women
Authors: Sparling P. B. , Millard‐Stafford M. , Rosskopf L. B. , Dicarlo L. J. , Hinson B. T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLimited body composition data are available on the adult black population, particularly women. This study examined the accuracy of bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) in predicting hydrostatically measured percentage body fat (% fat) in 98 physically active, eumenorrheic black females. BIA values were also compared to a standard anthropometric method using seven skinfolds. Whole‐body bioresistance (R) was obtained using an RJL Instrument Model BIA‐101. Fat‐free mass (FFM) was predicted from the equation of Lukaski et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 60:1327–1332, 1986). Body density was measured by hydrostatic weighing (HW) with residual lung volume determined simultaneously. Percent fat was calculated using the Siri (Techniques for Measuring Body Composition, Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, pp. 223–244, 1961) equation. Compared to HW, BIA significantly underestimated mean FFM (42.8 kg vs. 47.0 kg) and overestimated mean % fat (30.2% vs. 23.4%). Conversely, prediction of % fat and FFM from the sum of seven skinfolds were similar to the criterion values from HW (22.7% vs. 23.4%; 47.4 kg vs. 47.0 kg). Although standard errors of the estimate (SEEs) were similar for BIA (±4.0%) and skinfold (±3.5%) methods, the systematic overestimation of % fat with BIA resulted in only 27 out of 98 black women (28%) having a predicted % fat value within ±4 percentage points of the criterion % fat. In a group of white women (n = 116), % fat values (mean ± SD) were similar between BIA and HW (25.6% ± 6.5 vs. 24.3 ± 5.6). An explanation for this observed racial difference is not readily discernible. Probable variables that may contribute to the higher whole body resistance values for black women include racial differences in skin resistance, body shape and proportions, and relative bone and muscle mass. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Family resemblance for Preece‐Baines growth curve parameters in the fels longitudinal growth study
Authors: Byard Pamela J. , Guo Shumei , Roche Alex F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Preece‐Baines Model 1 (PB1) nonlinear regression equation was fit to serial stature measurements from 456 participants in the Fels Longitudinal Growth Study. The resulting model parameters and derived biological parameters, such as age, stature, and velocity at take‐off (TO) and peak velocity (PV) are analyzed for family resemblance in 228 nuclear families through estimation of familial correlations and path coefficients. Significant family resemblance was found for all of the growth parameters. Transmissibility estimates ranged from 41%–71%, suggesting that some of the factors controlling the timing and shape of the adolescent growth spurt are transmitted from parent to child. Significant gender effects were found in sibling resemblance, with brother‐brother pairs more similar than other pairs for age at TO and PV and sister‐sister pairs more alike for stature at TO and PV and for velocity at PV. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between mother's age and health care received by the firstborn child
Authors: Mascie‐Taylor C. G. Nicholas , Kaplan Bernice A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData from a British national study of all children born in one week of 1958 were used to test whether there was any relationship between the age of the mother at the time of the birth of her first child and the health care received by the child up to 7 years of age. This relationship was tested before and after statistically removing the effects of several potentially confounding social factors (social class, education level, and housing facilities), which were thought to associate with maternal age. The results indicated that maternal age effects were significant for attendance at infant and toddler clinics, but generally less important than social factors for immunization acceptances. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of growth models in the analysis of pathological growth data: The case of hypophosphatemic vitamin D‐resistant rickets
Authors: Hauspie Roland C. , Steendijk Robert 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGrowth in height of 16 patients suffering from hypophosphatemic vitamin D‐resistant rickets (HR) was analyzed by means of three nonlinear growth models: the Preece Baines function, the JPPS model, and the triple logistic function. The data were purely longitudinal, covering age ranges from childhood to adulthood, with an average of 3 measurements per year. All three models proved to fit the growth pattern of HR patients with the same degree of accuracy as they do for healthy children, indicating that, despite their small height‐for‐age and their disproportionately short stature, these patients had a quite normal overall shape of their growth pattern. The JPPS model was particularly appropriate to describe the individual growth pattern of these patients, since the fit of this model was quite robust towards the choice of starting values for the numerical least‐squares technique, and the model estimated biological variables in a fairly unbiased way. Analysis of the residuals suggested that in 5 of the 16 patients there was evidence of short‐term variations in growth rate (mini‐spurts), such as have been described in healthy children. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell‐mediated immunocompetence among nomadic Turkana children
Authors: Shell‐Duncan Bettina 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCell‐mediated immune function is readily impaired by nutritional and disease stress, while depressed cellular immunity, in turn, increases an individual's susceptibility to infection. The measurement of cellular immunity through delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) testing can provide important prognostic information, including the prediction of future health and survival, and can easily be performed in nonclinical settings. In a sample of 64 nomadic Turkana children, DTH response was measured seasonally by the simultaneous application of five standardized recall antigens and a glycerin control (Multiest CMI®). Reactivity, measured by mm of induration, varied substantially by antigen, with tuberculin eliciting the strongest response. However, the majority of children (56.2%) were nonreactive to all administered test antigens, indicating a level of anergy significantly higher than that found in U.S. and Peruvian juvenile populations. DTH response did not vary by sex or age of the subject. In addition, immunocompetence did not fluctuate seasonally. These results suggest that the level of immunosuppression found among Turkana children is extremely high, and may be an important determinant of the high rates of morbidity and mortality found in this population. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cohort effects: A possible limitation to the interpretation of longitudinal studies
Authors: Labarre Robert , Lavallée H. , Shephard Roy. J. , Jéquier J.‐C. , Rajic M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe possible limitation that cohort effects could impose upon the interpretation of longitudinal research has been examined, taking data on the standing height and the maximal oxygen intake of 546 primary school students participating in the Trois Rivières mixed‐longitudinal study of enhanced physical education programs (295 experimental and 251 control subjects of both sexes). Over the short period of the study (maximum intercohort time span of 4 years), no significant differences in standing height were observed. In the larger urban community of Trois Rivières (population about 100,000), where the program of additional physical education was very successful in augmenting the maximal oxygen intake of the experimental students, a statistically significant intercohort difference of aerobic power developed among control students over the span of 3–4 years. However, in Pont Rouge (population about 5,000), where the added physical education had a smaller impact upon the maximal oxygen intake of the experimental students, there were no significant intercohort differences. Among possible explanations of the intercohort difference seen in Trois Rivières, the most likely seems an indirect effect of the experimental physical education program upon the patterns of habitual physical activity in the control population. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Raymond Pearl memorial lecture, 1992: Ethnicity and disease—more than familiality
Authors: Schull William J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIt has long been recognized that the prevalence of many, possibly most diseases differs among different ethnic groups, and it is further known that cultural differences among people affect the acceptability of measures to prevent or ameliorate a given disease process. Major public health challenges of our time are the delineation and understanding of how these differences in prevalence arise, and the fashioning of acceptable and effective intervention strategies. The web of causation is undoubtedly complex and in the unraveling there will be a need to examine new paradigms, new models of how genes and environments interact in the evolution of disease. These models must recognize the levels within the disease process where interactions can occur. This will demand a holistic rather than the reductionist approach that has obtained in the past. However, there are promising developments at the molecular and cellular levels, and the methods of data analysis grow progressively more sophisticated. This presentation briefly describes the methods of and problems confronted by genetic epidemiology in the context of studies of ethnic differences in disease. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diabetes mellitus among native Americans in Canada and the United States: An epidemiological review
Authors: Young T. Kue 
Published: June 2005

AbstractConsiderable ethnic variation in the prevalence of non–insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is recognized around the world and provides an interesting case study in the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in disease causation and distribution. Over the past one half century, numerous studies have shown that Native Americans, with some exceptions such as Arctic Eskimos and subarctic Athapaskan Indians, are generally a high risk group for NIDDM. There are, however, regional differences, reflecting the differential effects of genetic susceptibility, level of acculturation, and the contributions of specific risk factors such as physical activity, diet, and obesity. This paper reviews the extensive epidemiological, clinical, and anthropological literature on NIDDM among Native Americans in Canada and the United States. It discusses the extent and magnitude of the problem, etiology and risk factors, the public health impact of its serious complications, strategies for prevention and control, and current attempts to explain the prominence of this metabolic disorder among the indigenous inhabitants of the New World. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidemiology of early cardiovascular disease: Observations from the Bogalusa heart study
Authors: Webber Larry S. , Srinivasan Sathanur R. , Berenson Gerald S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCardiovascular risk factors associated with underlying coronary artery and hypertensive disease develop during childhood. Race‐ and sex‐specific observations from childhood to young adulthood provide clues to the clinical presentation of cardiovascular disease risk later in life. Of particular interest are observations on distributions of levels, tracking, and determinants of lipoproteins and blood pressure, and the impact of obesity on cardiovascular risk during transition periods of growth and maturation. Mean levels of serum lipids and lipoproteins reach adult levels by 2 years of age. After a slight decline during puberty, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) rises rapidly in young adulthood while high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) declines during adolescence to reach adult levels, particularly for White males. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures tend to increase with growth until adult stature is reached with somewhat higher levels seen in Blacks. Significant consistency in ranks over time (tracking) is noted. The single best predictor of young adult levels is the level during childhood. Obesity and lifestyles influence lipoprotein levels early in life with risk factor variables clustering just as in adults. Autopsy studies reveal a significant relation of coronary artery lesions to adverse lipoprotein profiles, blood pressure and obesity, especially in males, underlying the importance of multiple risk factors. These observations emphasize the need for developing preventive approaches to adult cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of bone mineral content and bone mineral density between dominant and nondominant limbs in children 8–16 years of age
Authors: Faulkner R. A. , Houston C. S. , Bailey D. A. , Drinkwater D. T. , McKay H. A. , Wilkinson A. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and bone free lean tissue (BFLT) of dominant limbs were compared to nondominant values in girls and boys 8–16 years of age (girls, n = 124; boys, n = 110). Results showed that BMC, BMD, and BFLT of the dominant arm was significantly greater than of the nondominant arm (P < .01). The differences were found for both boys and girls and across all age groups except for 8 to 9‐year‐old boys for BMC. There were no differences in BMC or BMD in the legs, but the dominant leg had significantly greater BFLT than the nondominant leg (P < .01). The greater BMC and BMD values of the dominant arm are likely a result of greater mechanical loading (resulting from normal daily activities) of the dominant arm; this speculation is supported by the greater muscularity in the dominant arm. In the legs it is likely that weight bearing and not bias muscular activity is more important in determining bone mineral status. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Examination of the skinfold compressibility and skinfold thickness relationship
Authors: Ward Richard , Anderson Gregory 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examined the relationship between skinfold compressibility and skinfold thickness while proposing a 3‐caliper technique for the estimation of uncompressed skinfold thickness. Skinfold and ultrasound measurements of skin‐plus‐adipose tissue were made at seven sites on 15 females (mean age 22.0 yr) and 13 males (mean age 23.2 yr.) The estimated uncompressed thickness (ZT) determined with the 3‐caliper technique correlated well with ultrasound‐determined thickness (UT), with the 3‐caliper technique offering a valid, simple and inexpensive method of estimating uncompressed skinfold thickness. Using linear regression analyses, skinfold compressibility varied with skinfold thickness. Using a compression percentage [C(Z/10)], both UT and ZT exhibited positive slopes with tissue compressibility. The concept of absolute thickness change (TD) from uncompressed (ZT) to compressed (H10) thickness values was adopted for use in covariance analysis in the assessment of gender and site differences in skinfold compressibility and was compared to results of traditional compression percentage analysis of variance. In a second sample of 40 males (mean age 25.7 yr) and 30 females (mean age 25.0 yr), a significant site difference was found using compression percentage ANOVA which was not present using the TD ANCOVA. This difference in results may be due to the fact that compression percentage is linearly related to thickness even though it is included as the denominator in the calculation of compression percentage. It was concluded that the TD covariance method should be used in preference to the compression percentage ANOVA when evaluating skinfold compressibility differences in gender, age and site of measurement. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The practice of terminal abstinence in Nigeria and Cameroon
Authors: Leidy Lynnette E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWorld Fertility Survey (WFS) data from Nigeria and Cameroon are used to examine the practice of permanent sexual abstinence in relation to menopause status to test the assumption that terminal abstinence may represent a “cultural menopause.” Terminal abstinence is also examined in relation to cumulative fertility to determine if the cultural practice of abstinence at the biological end of reproductive life affects lifetime fertility. Among married, not pregnant women ages 31–49, the frequency of terminal abstinence is 4.3% in Nigeria and 4.6% in Cameroon. The frequency of terminal abstinence increases with age. Using probit analysis, the median age at menopause precedes the median age at terminal abstinence. Chi‐square tests indicate significant relationships between terminal abstinence and menopausal status, although the relationships are country specific. Women in Nigeria who report terminal abstinence are more likely to be pre‐menopausal, while in Cameroon terminally abstinent women are more likely to be post‐menopausal. ANOVA and t‐tests demonstrate no significant relationship between terminal abstinence and cumulative fertility, although there are significant relationship between terminal abstinence and number of miscarriages, religion, education (in Cameroon), and having grandchildren through sons (in Nigeria). The timing of terminal abstinence is considered in relation to various time scales: chronological age, family stage, and reproductive stage. In Nigeria the scale of family stage appears to be important in determining the timing of terminal abstinence, while in Cameroon the scale is more likely to be gynecological. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
D1S80 polymorphism, including a new variant, in a population sample from Barcelona (Spain) using polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Gené Manel , Moreno Pasqual , Huguet Emili , Corbella Jacint , Mezquita Jovita 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAllele and genotype frequencies for the D1S80 (MCT118) locus have been determined in a population sample from Barcelona (Spain) using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and nonradioactive detection. In a total of 216 unrelated individuals, 24 alleles (23 common and 1 rare variant) and 67 genotypes (64 common and 3 variants) were observed. The 216 individuals came from 162 blood samples taken for paternity studies, 16 bloodstains from forensic cases, and 38 root hairs from normal individuals. The D1S80 locus demonstrated a heterozygosity of 0.7916, and a power of discrimination of 0.9731. The distribution of genotypes is in agreement with expected values according to the Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. Additionally, the population from Barcelona differs, significantly, from the Finnish population and also, but with lower differences, from a U.S.A. Caucasian population. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal effects on salivary testosterone levels among lese males of the Ituri Forest, Zaire
Authors: Bentley Gillian R. , Harrigan Alisa M. , Campbell Benjamin , Ellison Peter T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSalivary testosterone levels were measured in 33 Lese horticulturalist men in June and August 1989 in order to examine the effects of improved nutritional status on testicular function. The Lese experience an annual hunger season from March through June that varies in impact from year to year, and was particularly severe in 1989. Even before annual weight losses, the Lese are at the low end of the desirable range and are below the desirable population mean for the body mass index. Despite significant weight gain in August, both morning and evening testosterone levels declined, perhaps reflecting a lagged recovery period undetected in the 3‐month interval of the study. Lese mean salivary testosterone levels are lower, in general, than average levels in healthy Western controls. Lese males, however, exhibit similar, albeit suppressed, diurnal variation compared to healthy Western males and comparable age‐related decline in free testosterone levels. Chronic undernourishment and poor dietary composition are probably responsible for lower testosterone levels among the Lese and a lack of recovery in testosterone production following nutritional improvement. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic analysis of chest dimensions in a high altitude Tibetan population from upper Chumik, Nepal
Authors: Williams‐Blangero S. , Blangero J. , Beall C. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStudies of high altitude Andean natives generally report large chest dimensions relative to sea level groups, while results from studies of Himalayan populations are not consistent. One hypothesis is that this may represent different adaptive patterns in the two geographic areas. The purpose of this study is to explore the determinants of chest dimensions by assessing the genetic components of variation in chest width and chest depth in a Tibetan population resident at 3250–3560 m in Upper Chumik, Nepal. Data were available for 608 individuals (298 males, 310 females) aged 2–79 years; 471 individuals could be assigned to 134 pedigrees containing between 2 and 10 people with data. The remaining 137 individuals were treated as independents. A maximum likelihood variance decomposition method was used to assess the genetic components of each trait. Growth in chest width and depth was modeled as a linear function of age until an asymptote, at which growth was considered to reach a plateau. Both chest width and chest depth were moderately heritable (h = 0.50 ± 0.10, h = 0.49 ± 0.08). There was a significant genetic correlation (0.43 ± 0.13) between chest width and depth, suggesting that some genes have pleiotropic effects on both traits. The observed significant genetic components of these morphological traits indicate that there is potential in this population for genetic adaptation of chest dimensions to the high altitude environment. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethnicity and human biology
Authors: Pollitzer William S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStanley Garn's book, Human Races (1965), captured the essence of the new genetic concept of ethnic groups as populations which share the same gene pool, shaped by natural selection. Since then new genetic traits, especially DNA polymorphisms, have been employed to build upon his vision. They have proven useful in the forensic sciences, medicine, and the human biology of adaptation, migration, evolution, and phylogeny. Some diseases like sickle cell anemia are controlled by single genes concentrated in a large ethnic group; their alleles are valuable for understanding human biology. Other conditions with a marked genetic component, such as diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis, predominate in certain ethnic groups. The new molecular biology tends to support the migration of farmers from west Asia into Europe in the Neolithic, the isolation of the Basques, and the early entrance of people into the New World. Some DNA data also favor the debatable hypothesis of the development of humanity in Africa and its subsequent dispersal. In many cases linguistic distance parallels genetic distance as language tends to influence gene flow. Apolipoproteins, with alleles unique to one major population group, are useful markers of admixture as well as significant for cardiovascular health. The Gullah‐speaking Black people of coastal Carolina are distinctive and close to African ancestors in language, culture, and biology, including genetic markers. Modern research confirms that race (by any name) is quantitative rather than qualitative, relative rather than absolute, and dynamic rather than static. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.