bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Golgi analysis of the primate globus pallidus. II. Quantitative morphology and spatial orientation of dendritic arborizations
Authors: Yelnik Jérôme , Percheron Gérard , François Chantal 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe morphology of pallidal neurons was analyzed quantitatively in Golgi‐impregnated brains of men and macaques (Macaca irus). Selected neurons were drawn with a camera lucida and reconstructed from serial sections. Dendritic arborizations were analyzed in three dimensions using a video computer microscope (Yelnik et al., 1981). Morphological (topological and metrical) parameters were computed, and the overall geometry of arborizations was studied in three dimensions with the aid of principal component analysis (Yelnik et al., 1983). Statistical tests were used in order to compare human with simian large neurons and the lateral with the medial pallidum. All neurons were found to belong to a single neuronal population. Particular neurites may be added randomly onto pallidal dendrites, mainly in the lateral pallidum. Large pallidal neurons are characterized by sparsely branched dendritic arborizations (4 stems, 13 tips) with thick, smooth, and long dendrites (longest dendrite = 1,000 μm, total dendritic length = 7,600 μm). All arborizations are discoidal in shape with mean dimensions of 1,500 × 1,000 × 250 μm. Pallidal discs are always parallel to the lateral border of each pallidal nucleus and thus perpendicular to striatal axons to which they present their greatest extent. They may be traversed by a large number of these axons. The existence of other pallidal neuronal groups, “intermediate” and “local circuit” neurons, identified in their fine morphological features by François et al. (1984), was confirmed quantitatively in the present study.
A Golgi analysis of the primate globus pallidus. III. Spatial organization of the striato‐pallidal complex
Authors: Percheron Gérard , Yelnik Jérôme , François Chantal 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn atlas of transverse sections of the globus pallidus and striatum was established in macaque with reference to ventricular coordinates. The three‐dimensional geometry of the striato‐pallidal complex was investigated by means of sagittal and horizontal reconstructions. Both a personal case studied with autoradiography and data from literature were used to analyze the distribution of cortical axons into the striatum. One may distinguish two striatal territories: one, somatotopically arranged, sensorimotor territory extending over the major part of the putamen; and the other, an associative territory, comprising the caudate nucleus and antero‐medial and postero‐inferior parts of the putamen. The striato‐pallido‐nigral bundle was studied using Golgi, Perls, and Fink‐Heimer techniques. The bundle is described in four parts: prepallidal (subdivided into caudato‐pallidal and putamino‐pallidal subparts), transpallidal, pallido‐nigral, and nigral. The tracing of the limit between the caudate (associative) and putaminal (essentially sensorimotor) territories shows that the two components are of roughly the same size in the pallidum. The data were compared with geometry and orientation of the dendritic arborizatons of large pallidal neurons analyzed in Yelnik et al. (1984). Each pallidal dendritic disc is able to receive axons from a wide region of the striatum. This leads to a convergence on pallidal neurons of striatal axons from different striatal somatotopic strips and from the sensorimotor and associative territories. This is an indication that the globus pallidus may have an integrative role.
Immunoelectron‐microscopic study on the fine structure of substance‐P‐containing fibers in the taste buds of the rat
Authors: Yamasaki Hiroshi , Kubota Yoshiyuki , Takagi Hiroshi , Tohyama Masaya 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe fine structure of substance‐P‐like immunoreactive [SPI] fibers in the taste buds of the circumvallate papillae of the rat tongue was investigated by means of electron microscopy using the unlabeled antibody‐enzyme method.Outside the epithelium, SPI and non‐SPI fibers are surrounded by the cytoplasm of Schwann cells. When the SPI fibers enter the epithelium, they immediately lose this cytoplasmic sheath and begin to traverse the taste buds. Though passing through the taste buds, no profiles suggesting clear synaptic contact between SPI fibers and underlying cells are identified. SPI terminals are filled with small synaptic vesicles and contain a few mitochondria. No SPI‐positive structures are found in nerve endings that make synaptic contact with type III cells, the gustatory receptor cells.
Localizing spinal‐cord‐projecting neurons in adult albino rats
Authors: Leong Seng Kee , Shieh Jeng Yung , Wong Wai Chow 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFollowing horseradish peroxidase injection into the cervical and lumbosacral cords of adult albino rats, labeled neurons were seen in the first cervical segment, brain stem, and cerebellar and diencephalic nuclei. A new pathway, the faciospinal projection, originating in the medial portion of the rostral part of the facial nucleus, was traced. Another new pathway, the olivospinal pathway, is probably also present. Our results for neurons projecting to the spinal cord (spinal‐projecting neurons) from the nucleus ambiuus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, superior vestibular nucleus and nucleus f, nucelus Darshevch, nucleus Rolleri, nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, and nucleus of the posterior commissure have been reported before in other mammals but not in rats. Projections from the following regions are in general agreement with previous results in rats, but show significant topographical differences: the first cervical segment; nuclei gracilis, cuneatus, and cuneatus lateralis; the midline and lateral reticular nuclear complex; the trigeminal nuclear complex (spinal, principal, and mesencephalic); nucleus of the tractus solitarius; the medial, lateral, and descending vestibular nuclei, nuclei coeruleus and subcoeruleus; superior colliculus; interstitial nucleus of Cajal, and the deep cerebellar nuclei. The distribution of labeled neurons in the nucleus parabrachialis, nucleus tegmentolaterodorsalis, nucleus Kölliker‐Fuse, nucleus Edinger‐Westphal, and the hypothalamic nuclear complex confirmed that of previous reports in rats.With the exception of a few nuclear groups which project primarily to either lumbosacral (e.g., the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus) or cervical segments (e.g., the facial motor nucleus and the superior colliculus) most of the other nuclear groups project to both the lumbar and cervical levels. There is no distinct somatotopy in the neuronal groups projecting to both cervical and lumbosacral levels.With only a few exceptions (e.g., the superior vestibular nucleus) most of the spinal‐projecting neurons are bilaterally distributed, some with contralateral and others with ipsilateral predominance.
The organization of motoneurons in the turtle lumbar spinal cord
Authors: Ruigrok T. J. H. , Crowe A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of motoneurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans was studied by using the technique of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. A total of 19 different hindlimb muscles were injected with varying amounts of horseradish peroxidase. The resulting distribution of labeled motoneurons was studied in both longitudinal and transverse sections of spinal cord.Motoneurons innervating a particular hindlimb muscle are clustered in longitudinally arranged motorpools. Motorpools of different muscles can show considerable overlap in both the rostrocaudal and transverse planes. The distribution of the various motorpools demonstrates a somatotopic organization of motoneurons within the lumbar spinal cord. Motoneurons innervating more distally positioned muscles are generally found in the more caudal segments, while motoneurons supplying proximal muscles are distributed throughout almost the whole lumbosacral intumescence. Motoneurons innervating anterodorsally positioned muscles are found in the ventrolateral part of area IX in the ventral horn, while more dorsomedially positioned motoneurons innervate the posteroventral muscles. These features are consistent with observations in other tetrapods, although the somatotopic representation of motoneurons is more evident in higher vertebrates such as chicken and cat.The observed motorpool distribution is discussed in relation to the presumed ontogeny of the spinal cord and hindlimb muscles and also in relation to the functions of the investigated muscles.
Cortical connections of the middle temporal visual area (MT) and the superior temporal cortex in owl monkeys
Authors: Weller Rosalyn E. , Wall John T. , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe connections of the middle temporal visual area (MT) and an adjoining superior temporal visual region (ST) were investigated with injections of 3H‐proline and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in adult owl monkeys. Injections in MT revealed an extensive pattern of intrinsic connections that appeared to be organized in a series of bands across MT. MT was found to project ipsilaterally to an array of visual areas including the first (V I) and second (V II) visual areas, the dorsolateral visual area (DL), and the dorsomedial visual area (DM). When injection sites and projection zones were related to previously described retinotopic maps, it was apparent that the projections of MT to these fields were largely homotopic. Other projections were to posterior parietal cortex, the dorsointermediate visual area (DI), the ventral visual area (V), and possibly the medial visual area (M). In addition, dense projections to cortex on the rostral border of MT were used to define a new subdivision of visual cortex, the superior temporal visual region (ST), as the major projection zone of MT. Callosal connections of MT were mainly to MT, with some terminations in DL and ST.Injections of 3H‐proline into ST revealed a diffuse projection to largely layer I of MT, and dense projections to posterior parietal cortex, cortex in more rostral parts of the superior temporal sulcus, ventromedial inferior temporal cortex, and the region of the frontal eye fields. Callosal projections were largely to ST cortex of the other cerebral hemisphere.The results place MT and V II in distinctly different processing chains. While both MT and V II receive the major cortical outputs of V I, V II relays to DL and DL relays to subdivisions of inferior temporal cortex. In contrast, the most significant cortical target of MT appears to be to ST, which relays to posterior parietal cortex and other targets.
Projections to the frontal cortex from the posterior parietal region in the rhesus monkey
Authors: Petrides M. , Pandya D. N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe projections to the frontal cortex from the various subdivisions of the posterior parietal region in the rhesus monkey were studied by means of autoradiographic technique. The rostral superior parietal lobule (area PE) projects to the dorsal areas 4 and 6 on the lateral surface of the frontal lobe as well as to the supplementary motor area (MII) on its medial surface. The caudal area PE sends its connections to dorsal area 6 and MII. The projections from the media parietal cortex (areas PEc and PGm) are similar to those of the superior parietal lobule but they tend to concentrate in the more rostral part of dorsal area 6, MII, and in the cingulate gyrus (area 24). The most caudal part of the medial parietal cortex also projects to area 8. The anteriormost part of the inferior parietal lobule (area PF) projects to the ventral area 6, including the caudal bank of the lower branch of the arcuate sulcus, to the ventral area 46 below the sulcus principalis, and to the frontal and pericentral opercular cortex. The middle inferior parietal lobule (areas PFG and PG) projects to the ventral part of area 46 and area 8, whilst the posteriormost inferior parietal lobule (caudal PG and area Opt) is connected with both dorsal and ventral area 46, dorsal area 8, as well as the anteriormost dorsal area 6, and the cingulate gyrus (area 24).
Serotoninergic axonal contacts on identified cat spinal dorsal horn neurons and their correlation with nucleus raphe magnus stimulation
Authors: Miletic V. , Hoffert M. J. , Ruda M. A. , Dubner Ronald , Shigenaga Y. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study examined the distribution of serotoninergic (5‐HT) immunoreactive axonal contacts on spinal laminae I and II neurons by combining the intracellular horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method with immunocytochemistry. In addition, the 5‐HT distribution was correlated with effects produced by electrical stimulation within the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM). Responses of lamina I neurons and lamina II stalked cells to noxious stimulation were markedly suppressed during NRM stimulation. In contrast, responses of nociceptive lamina IIa islet or non‐nociceptive lamina IIb islet cells remained unchanged during nucleus raphe magnus stimulation. These inhibitory influences were positively correlated with the distribution of 5‐HT immunoreactive contacts on these neurons. Nociceptive lamina I neurons and lamina II stalked cells received a significantly greater number of contacts (average of 74 and 63, respectively) than either nociceptive lamina IIa islet or non‐nociceptive lamina lib islet cells (average of 25 and eight contacts, respectively). Irrespective of cell type, most 5‐HT contacts occurred on dendritic shafts rather than spines. These data reveal a differential distribution of 5‐HT contacts on neurons in spinal laminae I and II, and indicate that at least a portion of the NRM modulation of dorsal horn neuronal activity is serotoninergic and concentrated on the dendritic shafts of nociceptive lamina I neurons and lamina II stalked cells.
A monoclonal antibody against neurofilament protein specifically labels a subpopulation of rat sensory neurones
Authors: Lawson S. N. , Harper A. A. , Harper E. I. , Garson J. A. , Anderton B. H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA monoclonal antibody (RT97) against neurofilament protein specifically and exclusively labelled n subpopulation of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. For seven ganglia (L4 and T13) studied quantitatively the frequency distribution histograms of the size of labelled cells could be fitted by a single normal distribution whose parameters were extremely close to those of the normally distributed large light cell population in that ganglion. On this basis and on the basis of a statistical analysis of the results it was suggested that this antibody can be used as a much needed specific label for the large light population of neurons in rat DRGs. The small dark neuron population was not labelled by this antibody. In one ganglion the subjective analysis of whether each neuron was labelled or not was directly compared with microdensitometric measurements of reaction product intensity. This analysis supported the above conclusion, and furthermore no subdivisions of the labelled population were apparent on the basis of neuronal size plotted against intensity of the reaction product.Other neuronal cell bodies strongly labelled by this antibody were found in association with small unlabelled neurones not only in DRGs, but also in the trigeminal ganglion, the vagal ganglia, and the mesencephalic V nucleus, all of which are made up of primary afferent neurones and all of which are completely or partially derived from the neural crest.Sympathetic and central nervous system neuronal cell bodies were unlabelled or occasionally very lightly labelled although immunoreactive fibers abound in the central nervous system.
Peripheral configuration and central projections of the lateral line system in Astronotus ocellatus (cichlidae): A nonelectroreceptive teleost
Authors: Meredith Gloria E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe lateral line system of Astronotus ocellatus comprises one trunk canal, one tail canal, and three head canals. The sensory receptors on the head are innervated by rami of the dorsal anterior, ventral anterior, and posterior lateral line nerves, and those along the trunk and tail by rami of the posterior lateral line nerve. The peripheral configuration of lateral line canals and nerves was examined in whole mount preparations, the central connections of restricted groups of endorgans studied using HRP and degeneration methods, and the neuronal morphology and cytoarchitecture of the lateralis region invetitigated with Nissl, silver, and Golgi methods.Neurons of the lateralis cell column are diffusely arrayed and of variable morphology. They are oriented primarily in the transverse plane and, with the exception of a dorsal lamina of large multipolar cells, are not organized into zones.Lateralis fibers bifurcate on entering the brainstem, course in lateral tracts, and give off medially directed collaterals to terminate in the ipsilateral nucleus medialis and nucleus caudalis. In addition, fibers terminate in the eminentia granularis of the cerebellum, but only fibers supplying endorgans in the head canals penetrate the granule cell zone of the cerebellar corpus.Fibers supplying sense organs in adjacent canals overlap in their central endings, whereas fibers of distantly separated receptors do not overlap. The rami supplying trunk and tail canal organs do not project as far rostrally in the central neuropil as do the other rami. Endings of posterior lateral line fibers lie dorsal to those of the anterior lateral line nerves, and some lateralis fibers terminate within the confines of the magnocellular, descending, and posterior nuclei of the octavus column. Although there is spatial order to the lateralis projections, there is no clear somatotopic organization in the lateralis region.
Cortical projections to the paramedian tegmental and basilar pons in the monkey
Authors: Leichnetz G. R. , Smith D. J. , Spencer R. F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe efferent connections of the cerebral cortex to paramedial tegmental and basilar pons were studied in the monkey by using the retrograde and orthograde capabilities of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. Six capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) received transcannular pontine HRP gel implants to retrogradely label the cells of origin of corticopontine projections. Four additional capuchin monkeys, one rhesus (Macaca mulatta), and one cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) monkey, received HRP gel implants in premotor (area 6), frontal eye field (FEF, area 8), superior (area 5), and inferior (area 7) parietal lobules to orthogradely label the course and termination of corticopontine projections, and thus to confirm the retrograde studies. The brains were processed according to the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) protocol of Mesulam ('78) and studied with darkfield microscopy. Premotor (area 6) frontal cortex and FEF (area 8) were found to be the main sources of cortical inputs to the ipsilateral paramedian basilar pons, whereas FEF, dorsal prefrontal convexity, and dorsal medial prefrontal (granular frontal association) cortex, were the main sources of bilateral projections to the paramedian pontine tegmentum. The medial portion of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), considered to be a tegmental extension of the basilar pontine gray, also received its principal cortical input from the frontal lobe. Parietal cortex, on the other hand, was observed to project to lateral NRTP and lateral basilar pons. Although the possibility exists of convergence of frontal and parietal eye field efferents in the NRTP, the frontal eye field and prefrontal cortex appear to be the principal source of cortical projections to the paramedian pontine tegmentum, which contains the physiologically defined PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation), an important preoculomotor center. The results are discussed primarily with regard to their significance for potential cortical influence on the oculomotor system.
Isofrequency labelling revealed by a combined [14C]‐2‐deoxyglucose, electrophysiological, and horseradish peroxidase study of the inferior colliculus of the cat
Authors: Servière Jacques , Webster William R. , Calford Michael B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTonotopic sequences of single units were recorded in the central nucleus (ICC) of the inferior colliculus of cats. The sites of units with a particular characteristic frequency (CF) were marked histologically. After injection with [14C]‐2‐deoxyglucose (2‐DG), each animal was stimulated with tone bursts, which corresponded to the CFs of the selected units. The position of a selected unit was found to correspond with the position of a band of discrete 2‐DG labelling. In some animals, multiple penetrations revealed that more than one unit with the same CF was located on the same band, indicating that the 2‐DG bands represent isofrequency contours. Single units were recorded in the pars lateralis (LV) of the medial geniculate body of cats and areas of consistent CF were found, which contained the same frequencies as some of those employed with 2‐DG. Horseradish peroxidase(HRP) Was Ejected into these selected areas and labelled cells were identified in ICC after retrograde transport. The labelled cells were found to lie in a band which had a similar orientation to the 2‐DG bands produced by the same frequencies. Both sets of data indicate that ICC is organized into three‐dimensional isofrequency sheets, the orientation of which do not match the concentric model of frequency organization inferred from some Golgi studies. The isofrequency sheets slope from medial to lateral throughout ICC with high‐frequency contours found more medially and caudally and low‐frequency contours more laterally and rostrally.The organization of the isofrequency contours is largely in agreement with a recent Golgi model of the laminations in ICC put forward by Oliver and Morest ('84). The 2‐DG contours do not agree with the orientation of laminae in the lateral part of ICC as described by this model. The 2‐DG contours also extend further into the dorsal cortex than previous degeneration evidence would suggest.The functional isofrequency contours are often quite narrow and could represent two or three overlapping cellular laminae. The results show clearly that there is only one tonotopic organization extending throughout ICC and the dorsal cortex.