bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human resource issues in cellular manufacturing: A sociotechnical analysis
Authors: Huber Vandra L. , Brown Karen A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMost research on cellular manufacturing (CM) has focused on the technical issues involved in converting functionally segregated operations into integrated multifunctional cells. Examples of these technical issues include classification methods, physical arrangements, methods for reducing set‐up time, and design of work flow sequence. By comparison, research on the human or social side of CM has been notably lacking. With the exception of anecdotal descriptions of CM concerns (Fazakerley (1974, 1976)), only two empirical studies have attempted to systematically pinpoint the nature of human resource issues in these settings (Brown and Mitchell (1991); Huber and Hyer (1985)). Consequently, the social system factors that support CM success are not well understood.Based on sociotechnical systems (STS) theories, it is suggested that a complementary match between technical and social systems is needed to ensure optimization of CM implementations. One avenue for effecting social system change in response to technical innovations is through an organization's human resource system. Planning, job analysis, selection, training, reward structures, and employee relations practices may make a difference in the relative success of a CM conversion, and also may influence employee attitudes and quality of work life. These human resource practices provide support for attaining Cherns' (1978) nine STS principles—compatibility, minimal critical specification, the sociotechnical criterion, information flow, multifunctioning, boundary location, support congruence, human values, and incompletion. The integration of human resource management practices and STS theories provides implementation guidelines and also helps to reveal areas where research is needed.Longitudinal and cross‐sectional field studies will be the methodologies of choice for assessing human resource issues in CM settings. For example, descriptive studies may assess job satisfaction, pay satisfaction, job content, or perceptions of performance obstacles. Of equal importance will be research which tests the effectiveness of various human resource practices (e.g., realistic job previews, training. team incentive systems) in CM settings. Dependent variables for these studies may include economic measures such as throughput time, quality, inventory levels, and employee turnover rates, as well as measures of employee attitudes and the time required for full CM implementation. Field research will improve our understanding of the human resource practices which are most likely to enhance CM implementations, and also will further our understanding of STS relationships.
Factory focus: Segmenting markets from an operations perspective
Authors: Berry William L. , Klompmaker Jay E. , Bozarth Cecil C. , Hill Terence J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMarket segmentation techniques are routinely used by marketers to divide markets into groups of customers showing similar buying behavior. This paper addresses the role of market differences as they affect the development of an appropriate operations strategy, specifically factory focus. It discusses the problem of segmenting markets with regard to operations capabilities, and the application of cluster analysis to market segmentation using operations variables.We report on field research conducted to test this approach using actual operating data. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using market segmentation analysis to characterize the market served by a company in terms of the requirements placed on operations. We believe it is critical that marketing and operations managers understand and be able to relate to the different views of a market taken by the two functions. Different perspectives on market requirements, and an awareness of the capabilities required by the firm to support these requirements, are important preconditions for the development of coherent strategic plans for a company.
Design strategy and its interface with manufacturing and marketing: A conceptual framework
Authors: Fitzsimmons James A. , Kouvelis Panagiotis , Mallick Debasish N. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract“Product design is a strategic activity, by intention or by default” (Whitney (1988)). An organization has to compete to ensure its survival and the dimensions of competition are cost, quality, reliability, flexibility, service, and speed of delivery. Major commitments to these dimensions are usually made during the design stage of the product. Unfortunately, we observe in most organizations a widening gap between design and other business functions (Meikle (1989)). This article attempts to bridge this gap by: (1) defining “design” as a strategic activity to facilitate its participation in the corporate debate, and; (2) presenting a conceptual framework which integrates design with manufacturing and marketing as equal partners to support the overall corporate mission.In this article we examine the strategic nature of design. We define “design” and “design strategy” in a language that is familiar to business and present a conceptual framework that can be used to plan, implement, and control design activities strategically.According to this framework all dimensions of competition can be expressed by two basic design variables, complexity and innovation. The design strategy formulation process consists of two stages. In stage one we position a design using complexity and innovation levels to identify threats and opportunities, to evaluate consistency of design strategies, and to obtain an aggregate measure of effort required to support a design strategy. In stage two we use the strategic insight gained in stage one to select an appropriate infrastructure to support our design objectives.The framework presented in this article extends the manufacturing strategy framework by Hill (1989) to provide an effective interface between design, manufacturing, and marketing functions. We have used the dimensions of competition as the integrating force.This article also provides a foundation on which future empirical and analytical research can be based. It emphasizes the need for strategic management of design activity instead of relegating design to a traditional reactive role. In this respect the framework is a significant step towards reducing the existing gap between design and the other business functions, and can help corporate strategists use design as a competitive weapon.
Setup cost reduction in the dynamic lot‐size model
Authors: Mekler Victoria A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecently, one primary focus of Operations Management has turned to setup reduction because of the growth of Just‐in‐Time(JIT) manufacturing. Porteus [1] and Billington [2] have developed optimal policies for calculating investment in setup reduction and lot‐size in the EOQ model when setup cost is some function of investment. Zangwill [3] has examined the effects of incremental setup cost reductions in the multi‐factility dynamic demand environment on costs and zeroinventory facilities. His focus is on obtaining zero‐inventory facilities and maximizing savings from lower setup costs without including the cost of such an event.As an extension of these developments, we model the Wagner‐Whitin problem with a one‐time oportunity to invest in setup reduction. Setup cost is treated as a policy variable and defined as a function of the decision variable representing the annual amortized investment in setup cost reduction. We use an exponential setup reduction function, but speculate that the results also hold for other functions as well. In contrast to Zangwill, we take a direct approach by explicitly finding the optimal investment in setup cost reduction while generating an optimal lot‐sizing schedule. Solving a model that incorporates the trade‐off between investment and savings results in more realistic solutions. We use a golden section search and the Wagner‐Whitin algorithm to obtain solutions for lot‐size, setup cost, and the investment in setup reduction. This model is also formulated as a network to better illustrate the interaction between the decision variables. The network formulation can also be exploited to solve the problem with linear programming or network techniques.Finally, we state and prove two theorems that hold for all setup reduction models whether they assume constant or dynamic demand. The first theorem asserts that optimal values for setupt cost and lot‐sizes stay fixed over a particular range of holding costs. The second theorem states that the optimal setup cost is independent of initial setup cost.
The relative significance of forecast errors in multistage manufacturing
Authors: Ritzman Larry P. , King Barry E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIt is intuitive that controlling forecast errors should result in better customer service and lower inventories. But forecast errors come from various sources. Multistage manufacturing experiences supply and lead‐time uncertainties as well as demand uncertainties, and manufacturing has more than one lever to pull when addressing these uncertainties. The relationship of forecast errors to manufacturing performance is not clear. Furthermore, the pursuit of forecast accuracy may not be the best use of managerial resources. In this study, using a many‐factored manufacturing simulation, we examine two components of forecast errors, the mix of special and standard products, lot‐sizing, and buffering policies as they affect inventories and customer service. Although most conclusions are situation dependent, reducing forecast bias is shown to be much preferred to reducing forecast variability, bias management is more important to on‐time delivery than to inventory reduction, and the value of such reductions is particularly important in situations where there are large lot‐sizes and small buffers.
The effects of environmental factors on the design of master production scheduling systems
Authors: Lin Neng‐Pai , Krajewski Lee , Leong G.Keong , Benton W.C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn uncertain environments, firms often use a rolling schedule to implement a master production schedule (MPS). The rolling schedule involves replanning the MPS periodically and freezing a portion of the MPS in each planning cycle. Two important decisions which have a significant impact on the cost performance of a rolling schedule are the choice of a replanning interval (R), which determines the replanning frequency of the MPS, and the selection of a frozen interval (F), which represents the number of periods the MPS is frozen in each planning cycle. The determination of the appropriate F and R values has been an important research issue, especially in an uncertain environment.This paper examines the effects of environmental factors such as cost structure, bill of material (BOM) structure, cumulative lead time, magnitude of MPS change costs, and the magnitude of forecast error on the choice of F and R for a single end item in an uncertain environment where a rolling schedule is used. Results of our investigation show that the choice of F affects total system costs per period (TC) but the effects of the choice of R on TC is situational. In addition, the analysis indicates that the magnitude of the MPS change costs, the BOM structure, and the cumulative lead time of the product are important considerations in the design of MPS systems. Results also show that the magnitude of the forecast errors and the cost structure play relatively minor roles in the choice of F and R. We also show that even when MPS change costs are high, greater freeze intervals and more frequent replanning may be cost effective.
Fringe phenotypes in autism: a review of clinical, biochemical and cognitive studies
Authors: Goussé Véronique , Plumet Marie-Hélène , Chabane Nadia , Mouren-Siméoni Marie-Christine , Ferradian Nathalie , Leboyer Marion 
Published: October 2002

SummaryProgress in identifying the genetic vulnerability factors in autism requires correct identification of the inherited phenotype(s). This can be achieved not only by the accurate description of the affected subject but also by the identification of vulnerability traits in non-affected relatives of autistic probands. This review will focus on this last strategy and principally on clinical, biochemical and cognitive traits.
The Rat Glomerular Filtration Barrier Does Not Show Negative Charge Selectivity
Authors: SCHAEFFER RICHARD C. , GRATRIX MAX L. , MUCHA DAVID R. , CARBAJAL JOSÉ M. 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTObjective: To characterize the effects of size, shape, and negative charge on the transport of macromolecules across the glomerular capillary wall by using the sieving curves (fractional clearance vs. solute molecular radii) of fluorescent polydispersed polysaccharide tracers.Methods: Glomerular fractional clearances (FC) were measured with fluorescent neutral [isoelectric point (pI) = 7.3 ± 0.2] and negatively charged (pI = 3.5 ± 0.4) dextrans (DEX) in comparison with negatively charged (pI = 4.8 ± 0.3) hydroxy ethyl starch (HES) and (pI = 4.6 ± 0.1) bovine serum albumin (BSA) in Sprague‐Dawley and Fischer 344/Brown Norway rats. FCs (n= 53) were measured by using the urinary clearance of 14C‐inulin to determine the glomerular filtration rate. The relative uptake of each fluorescent probe by endothelial and renal proximal tubule epithelial (LLC‐PK1) cells, in vitro, was measured microscopically by using a cooled (−25 °C) CCD camera.Results: The sieving curves for randomly coiled neutral and negatively charged DEX probes were identical. These FC values were 6‐fold greater than those for HES and 200‐fold above similarly sized fluorescent BSA. The polysaccharide probes did not show significant binding to serum proteins. The uptake of BSA by LLC‐PK1 cells was 20‐ to 100‐fold greater than that for neutral or negatively charged macromolecules.Conclusions: These findings indicate that the rat glomerular filtration barrier restricts the transport of polysaccharide macromolecules as a function of their size and configuration but not negative charge.
CO2-Triggered Chloride Release from Guard Cells in Intact Fava Bean Leaves. Kinetics of the Onset of Stomatal Closure
Authors: Hanstein Stefan M. , Felle Hubert H. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
The influence of CO2 on Cl− release from guard cells was investigated within the intact leaf by monitoring the Cl− activity in the apoplastic fluid of guard cells with a Cl−-sensitive microelectrode. In illuminated leaves adapted to a CO2 concentration within the cuvette of 350 μL L−1, an increase of 250 μL L−1CO2 triggered a transient rise in the apoplastic Cl− activity from 3 to 14 mm within 10 min. This Cl− response was similar to the Cl−efflux evoked by turning off the light, when the substomatal CO2 was kept constant (CO2 clamp). Without CO2 clamp, substomatal CO2 increased by 120 μL L−1 upon “light off.” The response to an increase in CO2 within the cuvette from 250 to 500 μL L−1 in dark-adapted leaves was equivalent to the response to an increase from 350 to 600 μL L−1 in the light. No Cl− efflux was triggered by 2-min CO2 pulses (150–800 μL L−1). After a switch from 350 μL L−1 to CO2-free cuvette air, the guard cells were less sensitive to a rise in CO2 and to light off, but the sensitivity to both stimuli partially recovered. Changes in CO2 also caused changes of the guard cell apoplastic voltage, which were generally faster than the observed Cl−responses, and which also promptly occurred when CO2 did not initiate Cl− efflux. The comparatively slow activation of Cl− efflux by CO2 indicates that an intermediate effector derived from CO2 has to accumulate to fully activate plasma membrane anion channels of guard cells.
Phase-Specific Circadian Clock Regulatory Elements in Arabidopsis
Authors: Michael Todd P. , McClung C. Robertson 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
We have defined a minimal Arabidopsis CATALASE 3(CAT3) promoter sufficient to drive evening-specific circadian transcription of a LUCIFERASE reporter gene. Deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis reveal a circadian response element, the evening element (EE: AAAATATCT), that is necessary for evening-specific transcription. The EE differs only by a single base pair from the CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1-binding site (CBS: AAAAAATCT), which is important for morning-specific transcription. We tested the hypothesis that the EE and the CBS specify circadian phase by site-directed mutagenesis to convert theCAT3 EE into a CBS. Changing the CAT3 EE to a CBS changes the phase of peak transcription from the evening to the morning in continuous dark and in light-dark cycles, consistent with the specification of phase by the single base pair that distinguishes these elements. However, rhythmicity of the CBS-containing CAT3 promoter is dramatically compromised in continuous light. Thus, we conclude that additional information normally provided in the context of a morning-specific promoter is necessary for full circadian activity of the CBS.
Down-Regulation ofTM29, a TomatoSEPALLATAHomolog, Causes Parthenocarpic Fruit Development and Floral Reversion
Authors: Ampomah-Dwamena Charles , Morris Bret A. , Sutherland Paul , Veit Bruce , Yao Jia-Long 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe have characterized the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) MADS box gene TM29 that shared a high amino acid sequence homology to the ArabidopsisSEP1, 2, and 3(SEPALLATA1, 2, and 3) genes. TM29 showed similar expression profiles toSEP1, with accumulation of mRNA in the primordia of all four whorls of floral organs. In addition, TM29 mRNA was detected in inflorescence and vegetative meristems. To understandTM29 function, we produced transgenic tomato plants in which TM29 expression was down-regulated by either cosuppression or antisense techniques. These transgenic plants produced aberrant flowers with morphogenetic alterations in the organs of the inner three whorls. Petals and stamens were green rather than yellow, suggesting a partial conversion to a sepalloid identity. Stamens and ovaries were infertile, with the later developing into parthenocarpic fruit. Ectopic shoots with partially developed leaves and secondary flowers emerged from the fruit. These shoots resembled the primary transgenic flowers and continued to produce parthenocarpic fruit and additional ectopic shoots. Based on the temporal and spatial expression pattern and transgenic phenotypes, we propose that TM29functions in floral organ development, fruit development, and maintenance of floral meristem identity in tomato.
Two Distinct Jacalin-Related Lectins with a Different Specificity and Subcellular Location Are Major Vegetative Storage Proteins in the Bark of the Black Mulberry Tree
Authors: Van Damme Els J.M. , Hause Bettina , Hu Jialiang , Barre Annick , Rougé Pierre , Proost Paul , Peumans Willy J. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Using a combination of protein isolation/characterization and molecular cloning, we have demonstrated that the bark of the black mulberry tree (Morus nigra) accumulates large quantities of a galactose-specific (MornigaG) and a mannose (Man)-specific (MornigaM) jacalin-related lectin. MornigaG resembles jacalin with respect to its molecular structure, specificity, and co- and posttranslational processing indicating that it follows the secretory pathway and eventually accumulates in the vacuolar compartment. In contrast, MornigaM represents a novel type of highly active Man-specific jacalin-related lectin that is synthesized without signal peptide or other vacuolar targeting sequences, and accordingly, accumulates in the cytoplasm. The isolation and cloning, and immunocytochemical localization of MornigaG and MornigaM not only demonstrates that jacalin-related lectins act as vegetative storage proteins in bark, but also allows a detailed comparison of a vacuolar galactose-specific and a cytoplasmic Man-specific jacalin-related lectin from a single species. Moreover, the identification of MornigaM provides the first evidence, to our knowledge, that bark cells accumulate large quantities of a cytoplasmic storage protein. In addition, due to its high activity, abundance, and ease of preparation, MornigaM is of great potential value for practical applications as a tool and bioactive protein in biological and biomedical research.
The Abundant Class III Chitinase Homolog in Young Developing Banana Fruits Behaves as a Transient Vegetative Storage Protein and Most Probably Serves as an Important Supply of Amino Acids for the Synthesis of Ripening-Associated Proteins
Authors: Peumans Willy J. , Proost Paul , Swennen Rony L. , Van Damme Els J.M. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Analyses of the protein content and composition revealed dramatic changes in gene expression during in situ banana (Musa spp.) fruit formation/ripening. The total banana protein content rapidly increases during the first 60 to 70 d, but remains constant for the rest of fruit formation/ripening. During the phase of rapid protein accumulation, an inactive homolog of class III chitinases accounts for up to 40% (w/v) of the total protein. Concomitant with the arrest of net protein accumulation, the chitinase-related protein (CRP) progressively decreases and several novel proteins appear in the electropherograms. Hence, CRP behaves as a fruit-specific vegetative storage protein that accumulates during early fruit formation and serves as a source of amino acids for the synthesis of ripening-associated proteins. Analyses of individual proteins revealed that a thaumatin-like protein, a β-1,3-glucanase, a class I chitinase, and a mannose-binding lectin are the most abundant ripening-associated proteins. Because during the ripening of prematurely harvested bananas, similar changes take place as in the in situ ripening bananas, CRP present in immature fruits is a sufficient source of amino acids for a quasi-normal synthesis of ripening-associated proteins. However, it is evident that the conversion of CRP in ripening-associated proteins takes place at an accelerated rate, especially when climacteric ripening is induced by ethylene. The present report also includes a discussion of the accumulation of the major banana allergens and the identification of suitable promoters for the production of vaccines in transgenic bananas.
Photorespiratory NH4 + Production in Leaves of Wild-Type and Glutamine Synthetase 2 Antisense Oilseed Rape
Authors: Husted Søren , Mattsson Marie , Möllers Christian , Wallbraun Michael , Schjoerring Jan K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractExposure of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) plants to increasing leaf temperatures between 15°C and 25°C increased photorespiratory NH4 + production from 0.7 to 3.5 μmol m−2 s−1. Despite the 5-fold increase in the rate of NH4 + production, the NH4 + concentration in root and leaf tissue water and xylem sap dropped significantly, whereas that in the leaf apoplastic fluid remained constant. The in vitro activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) in both leaves and roots also increased with temperature and in all cases substantially exceeded the observed rates of photorespiratory NH4 + production. The surplus of GS in oilseed rape plants was confirmed using GS2 antisense plants with 50% to 75% lower in vitro leaf GS activity than in the wild type. Despite the substantial reduction in GS activity, there was no tendency for antisense plants to have higher tissue NH4 + concentrations than wild-type plants and no overall correlation between GS activity and tissue NH4 + concentration was observed. Antisense plants exposed to leaf temperatures increasing from 14°C to 27°C or to a trifold increase in the O2 to CO2 ratio did not show any change in steady-state leaf tissue NH4 + concentration or in NH3emission to the atmosphere. The antisense plants also had similar leaf tissue concentrations of glutamine, glycine, and serine as the wild type, whereas glutamate increased by 38%. It is concluded that photorespiration does not control tissue or apoplastic levels of NH4 + in oilseed rape leaves and, as a consequence, that photorespiration does not exert a direct control on leaf atmosphere NH3 fluxes.