bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significance of solitary mediastinal shadow in patients with previous malignancy
Authors: Krausz Michael M. , Biran Shoshana , Weg Oscar , Romanoff Henry 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFour patients are described with primary extrathoracic malignant tumors and a mediastinal shadow on chest x‐ray, which proved to be a benign cyst at exploratory thoracotomy. The need for thorough investigation and exploration in order to obtain histological diagnosis of the mediastinal lesion is stressed. The correct staging of the primary tumor and the institution of appropriate treatment may alter the survival of patients with this specific association.
From home to street: Understanding young people's transitions into homelessness
Authors: Hyde Justeen 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper explores why young people leave home and become homeless. Drawing on life history interviews conducted with 50 homeless youth in Los Angeles, explanations provided by participants for becoming homelessness and how they understand their experiences are presented. In professional discourses, homeless young people are often portrayed as victims of physical abuse and emotional neglect. Although participants’ narratives reveal that abuse and neglect play a central role in their decisions to leave home, many maintain a sense of agency in the recounting of how they became homeless. The importance of service providers recognizing young people's agency is discussed.
Association between dopamine receptor D3 gene BalI polymorphism and cognitive impulsiveness in alcohol-dependent men
Authors: Limosin F. , Romo L. , Batel P. , Adès J. , Boni C. , Gorwood Ph. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe gene coding for the dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3) is considered as a major candidate gene in various addictive disorders. Association studies in alcohol-dependence for this gene are nevertheless controversial. We made the hypothesis that phenotypical heterogeneity of alcohol-dependence (i.e. the DRD3 gene is a vulnerability gene in a specific subgroup of patients only) could explain these spurious findings, focusing on a core dimension of addictive disorders, namely impulsiveness. In our sample of 108 French alcohol-dependent patients, patients above the median value for cognitive impulsiveness (one of the three dimensions of the Barratt scale) were more frequently heterozygous than both alcohol-dependent patients with lower impulsiveness (OR = 2.51, P = 0.019) and than 71 healthy controls (OR = 2.32, P = 0.025). Age at interview, antisocial personality disorder, other comorbid addictive disorder, age at onset of alcohol-dependence, and lifetime mood disorders did not constitute confusing intermediate factors.
Perceptual classification of chromatic modulation
Authors: BOUET ROMAIN , KNOBLAUCH KENNETH 
Published: April 2005

(article appeared in Visual Neuroscience (2004), 21,
283–289Due to a production error, the second author affiliation is
incorrectly cited. It should have read as follows:INSERM U371, Cerveau et Vision, IFR 19, Institut
Fédératif des Neurosciences, Université Claude
Bernard Lyon I, Bron France
Identification of a novel cis‐acting element conferring sulfur deficiency response in Arabidopsis roots
Authors: Maruyama‐Nakashita Akiko , Nakamura Yumiko , Watanabe‐Takahashi Akiko , Inoue Eri , Yamaya Tomoyuki , Takahashi Hideki 
Published: April 2005

Summary SULTR1;1 high‐affinity sulfate transporter is highly regulated in the epidermis and cortex of Arabidopsis roots responding to sulfur deficiency (−S). We identified a novel cis‐acting element involved in the −S‐inducible expression of sulfur‐responsive genes in Arabidopsis. The promoter region of SULTR1;1 was dissected for deletion and gain‐of‐function analysis using luciferase (LUC) reporter gene in transgenic Arabidopsis. The 16‐bp sulfur‐responsive element (SURE) from −2777 to −2762 of SULTR1;1 promoter was sufficient and necessary for the −S‐responsive expression, which was reversed when supplied with cysteine and glutathione (GSH). The SURE sequence contained an auxin response factor (ARF) binding sequence (GAGACA). However, SURE was not responsive to naphthalene acetic acid, indicating its specific function in the sulfur response. The base substitution analysis indicated the significance of a 5‐bp sequence (GAGAC) within the conserved ARF binding site as a core element for the −S response. Microarray analysis of early −S response in Arabidopsis roots indicated the presence of SURE core sequences in the promoter regions of −S‐inducible genes on a full genome GeneChip array. It is suggested that SURE core sequences may commonly regulate the expression of a gene set required for adaptation to the −S environment.
A secreted lipase of Fusarium graminearum is a virulence factor required for infection of cereals
Authors: Voigt Christian A. , Schäfer Wilhelm , Salomon Siegfried 
Published: April 2005

Summary Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of the Fusarium head blight (FHB) and a destructive pathogen of cereals accounting for high grain yield losses especially on wheat and maize. Like other fungal pathogens, F. graminearum secretes various extracellular enzymes, which are hypothesized to be involved in host infection. Extracellular lipolytic activity of F. graminearum was strongly induced in culture by wheat germ oil; this allowed us to isolate, clone, and characterize a gene (FGL1) encoding a secreted lipase. Expression analysis indicated that FGL1 is induced by lipid‐containing substrates and repressed by glucose. In planta, FGL1 transcription was detected 1 day post‐infection of wheat spikes. The function of the FGL1 gene product was verified by specifically demonstrating lipase activity after expression in a heterologous host. Ebelactone B, a known lipase inhibitor, repressed the lipolytic activity of the enzyme. Disease severity was strongly reduced when wild‐type conidia were supplemented with ebelactone B. Transformation‐mediated disruption of FGL1 led to reduced extracellular lipolytic activity in culture and to reduced virulence to both wheat and maize.
Japanese morning glory dusky mutants displaying reddish‐brown or purplish‐gray flowers are deficient in a novel glycosylation enzyme for anthocyanin biosynthesis, UDP‐glucose:anthocyanidin 3‐O‐glucoside‐2′′‐O‐glucosyltransferase, due to 4‐bp insertions in the gene
Authors: Morita Yasumasa , Hoshino Atsushi , Kikuchi Yasumasa , Okuhara Hiroaki , Ono Eiichiro , Tanaka Yoshikazu , Fukui Yuko , Saito Norio , Nitasaka Eiji , Noguchi Hiroshi , Iida Shigeru 
Published: April 2005

SummaryBright blue or red flowers in the Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil) contain anthocyanidin 3‐O‐sophoroside derivatives, whereas the reddish‐brown or purplish‐gray petals in its dusky mutants accumulate anthocyanidin 3‐O‐glucoside derivatives. The Dusky gene was found to encode a novel glucosyltransferase, UDP‐glucose:anthocyanidin 3‐O‐glucoside‐2′′‐O‐glucosyltransferase (3GGT), which mediates the glucosylation of anthocyanidin 3‐O‐glucosides to yield anthocyanidin 3‐O‐sophorosides. Ipomoea nil carries one copy of the 3GGT gene that contains no intron and produces 1.6‐kbp transcripts mainly in the petals and tubes of flower buds at around 24 h before flower opening. The gene products of both In3GGT in I. nil and Ip3GGT in the common morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea) comprise 459 amino acids and showed a close relationship to the petunia UDP‐rhamnose:anthocyanidin 3‐O‐glucoside‐6′′‐O‐rhamnosyltransferase (3RT), which controls the addition of a rhamnose molecule to anthocyanidin 3‐O‐glucosides for conversion into anthocyanidin 3‐O‐rutinosides. All of the 30 dusky mutants tested were found to carry the 4‐bp insertion mutations GGAT or CGAT at an identical position near the 3′ end of the gene, and the insertions caused frameshift mutations. The expected 3GGT enzymatic activities were found in the crude extracts of Escherichia coli, in which the 3GGT cDNA of I. nil or I. purpurea was expressed, while no such activity was detected in the extracts expressed with the dusky mutant cDNAs containing 4‐bp insertions. Moreover, the introduced Ip3GGT cDNA efficiently produced 3GGT that converted cyanidin 3‐O‐glucoside into cyanidin 3‐O‐sophoroside in transgenic petunia plants.
Recent Books in Barth Studies
Authors: Collins Winn Christian T. 
Published: April 2005

Books reviewed: Barth on the Descent into Hell: God, Atonement and the Christian Life, David Lauber, Ashgate 2004 (0‐7546‐3341‐1), pp. vii + 186, Hb £40 Ecclesial Mediation in Karl Barth, John Yocum, Ashgate 2004 (0‐7546‐3322‐5), pp. vii + 200, Hb £45 For the Sake of the World: Karl Barth and the Future of Ecclesial Theology, George Hunsinger (ed.), Eerdmans 2004 (0‐8028‐2699‐7), pp. vi + 214, Pb £24.99 The Ascension in Karl Barth, Andrew Burgess, Ashgate 2004 (0‐7546‐3874‐X), pp. viii + 209, Hb £47.50
Loss of Genetic Diversity from Managed Populations: Interacting Effects of Drift, Mutation, Immigration, Selection, and Population Subdivision
Authors: LACY ROBERT C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract: A computer simulation program was used to examine interacting effects of genetic drift, mutation, immigration from outside populations, directional and balancing selection, and population subdivision on the loss of genetic variability from small, managed populations. Stochastic ewnts were simulated with a pseudo‐random number generator, and the genetic variation (expected heterozygosity) witbin and between populations was monitored in 25 populations for 100 generations.Genetic drift was the overriding factor controling the loss of genetic variation Mutation has no noticeable effect on populations of the size typically managed in zoos and nature preserves Immigration from a large source population can strikingly slow, halt, or even reverse the loss of genetic variation, even with only one or a few migrants per generation. Unless selection is stronger than commonly observed in natural populations, it is inefficient in countering drift when population sizes are on the order of 100 or fewer. Subdivided populations rapidly lose variability from within each sub‐population but retain variation across the subpopulations better than does a panmictic population.These results suggest that population managers should be concerned with the variation‐depleting effects of genetic drift, perhaps almost to the exclusion of consideration of selection and mutation Drift can be countered by the introduction of vety occasional immigrants or, less effectively, by division of the managed population into smaller breeding groups that interchange enough migrants to prevent unacceptably deleterious inbreeding within each subpopulation
Deforestation and International Economic Development Projects in Brazilian Amazonia*
Authors: FEARNSIDE PHILIP M. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract: International economic development projects speed deforestation in Brazil's Amazon region. Highways financed by these projects form a key link in a positive feedback relationship between deforestation and population migration. Roads facilitate entry of settlers whose land claims (established by deforestation) justify building more roads. Deforestation is explosive in Rondôniq site of the World Bank‐financed POLONOROESTE project. Increased deforestation is likely in Acre, where highway improvement financed by the Interamerican Development Bank is under way, and (if funded) in the Grande Carajás agricultural program area. Deforested areas are usually converted to low‐diversity cattle pasture to secure land claims at minimal cost. Pasture also facilitates obtaining land titles. Profits from land sales are enhanced by road improvements and by titling. Government and development project efforts to encourage nonpasture uses are unlikely to be effective in the absence of reforms limiting the profitability of land speculation.Economic development projects in Brazilian Amazonia share many common patterns that lead to heavy impact on the region's natural ecosystems. High‐level decisions make the projects iwevmible before environmental and land capability studies are made–or even in spite of negative indications that are already known. Previous commitments to preserving natural habitats and tribal areas are frequently reneged. Environmental measures are often mere symbolic actions serving only to tranquilize public concern during the key period when the development is not yet a fait accompli. Projects in Amazonia are often undertaken to alleviate social problems outside the region, especially by absorbing migrants who leave southern and northeastern Brazil because of population growth, agricultural transformation, and land tenure concentration. If they are to be effective, measures addressing these problems must be applied directly in the migrant source areas. Financing Brazil's agrarian reform efforts in these areas represents a major opportunity for international lending agencies to help slow Amazonian deforestation.
Redefining Development Priorities: Genetic Diversitv and Agroecodevelopment
Authors: DAHLBERG KENNETH A. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract: Recent research on genetic and biological diversity suggests that they underlie, and are the source of renewable resources—which are themselves more fundamental than nonrenewable resources. However, recognition of this is hindered by various Western cultural and analytic biases that have generally led to the neglect of informal and natural systems. Signifcant implications flow from this recognition.Analysis and models at the global level—as well as their resource, environmental, and population components—will need to be considerably broadened to in clude the fundamental role of genetic and biological diversity. When this is done, the “limits to growth” debate takes on greater urgency, and the focus shifts. Agriculture is then seen as the key interface between natural and social systems. In addition, the whole notion that Third World countries should model their societies along current industrial lines is fundamentally challenged.At the national level, both industrial and developing countries will need to give priority to developing regenerative rural and agricultural systems To do this, industrial countries will need to move toward “food systems” approaches, while developing countries will need to conserve and build upon existing agroecosystems. This will require new development theories and practices that are more contextual and recognize the nonneutrality of Western technologies and economic theories.Finally, the larger threats posed by modern industrial society to the maintenance or creation of more sustainable and regenerative systems need to be included in any analysis. These include both the threat of nuclear war and the larger “war against nature” in which modem industrial society is engaged New concepts of “national security” are suggested along with corresponding shifts in national priorities.
Estimates of Lethal Equivalents and the Cost of Inbreeding in Mammals
Authors: RALLS KATHERINE , BALLOU JONATHAN D. , TEMPLETON ALAN 
Published: April 2005

Abstract: The costs of inbreeding in natural populations of mammals are unknown despite their theoretical importance in genetic and sociobiological models and practical applications in conservation biology. A major cost of inbreeding is the reduced survival of inbred young. We estimate this cost from the regression of juvenile survival on the inbreeding coefficient using pedigrees of 40 captive mammalian populations belonging to 38 species.The number of lethal equivalents ranged from –1.4 to 30.3, with a mean of 4.6 and a median of 3.1. There was no significant difference between populations founded with wild‐caught individuals, a mixture of wild‐caught and captive‐born individuals, and individuals of unknown origin. The average cost of a parent‐offspring or full sibling mating was 0.33, that is, mortality was 33% higher in offspring of such matings than in offspring of unrelated parents. This is likely to be an underestimate.
Restoring Island Ecosystems: The Potential of Parasites to Control Introduced Mammals
Authors: DOBSON A. P. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract:Introduced mammals such as rats, goats, dogs, and cats present a major threat to the endemic fauna and flora of many oceanic islands. Available empirical evidence suggests that small founding populations that colonize islands only carry a limited subset of the parasite fauna found in mainland or continental populations. Consequently, island populations of these introduced mammals harbor relatively depauperate parasite communities. The high population densities and low genetic variability of the introduced mammal populations on islands may render them vulnerable to invasion and potential control by introduced, host‐specific parasites. Several theoretical and empirical studies suggest that either a parasitic nematode or a virus of low to intermediate pathogenicity might be used as a control agent for rats, goats and other introduced species. The removal or control of these introduced mammals may allow previously endangered populations and habitats to recover.
Disease and Endangered Species: The Black‐footed Ferret as a Recent Example
Authors: THORNE E. TOM , WILLIAMS ELIZABETH S. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract:Diseases may play major roles in the conservation of endangered species. Although the threat of disease received extensive consideration and influenced research and management activities governing the endangered black‐footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) in Wyoming, a canine distemper epizootic in 1985 severely affected a captive breeding program and led to extirpation of the species from the wild. This recent example of the catastrophic effect of epizootic disease in an endangered species is described in an historical context. In addition, examples are given of disease further endangering other rare species, including Mauritius pink pigeon, Père David's deer, cranes, maned wolves, native Hawaiian birak, cheetahs, and others.
Reconstructed Dynamics of Rapid Extinctions of Chaparral‐Requiring Birds in Urban Habitat Islands
Authors: SOULÉ MICHAEL E. , BOLGER DOUGLAS T. , ALBERTS ALLISON C. , WRIGHTS JOHN , SORICE MARINA , HILL SCOTT 
Published: April 2005

Abstract:The distribution of native, chaparral‐requiring bird species was determined for 37 isolated fragments of canyon habitat ranging in size from 0.4 to 104 hectares in coastal, urban San Diego County, California The area of chaparral habitat and canyon age (time since isolation of the habitat fragment) explains most of the variation in the number of chaparral‐requiring bird species. In addition, the distribution of native predators may influence species number. There is statistical evidence that coyotes control the populations of smaller predators such as foxes and domestic cats. The absence of coyotes may lead to higher levels of predation by a process of mesopredator release. The distance of canyons from other patches of chaparral habitat does not add significantly to the explained variance in chaparral‐requiring species number–probably because of the virtual inability of most chaparral‐requiring species to disperse through developed areas and nonscrub habitats. These results and other lines of evidence suggest that chaparral‐requiring birds in isolated canyons have very high rates of extinction, in part because of their low vagility. The best predictors of vulnerability of the individual species are their abundances (densities) in undisturbed habitat and their body sizes; together these two variables account for 95 percent of the variation in canyon occupancy. A hypothesis is proposed to account for the similarity between the steep slopes of species‐area curves for chaparral‐requiring birds and the slopes for some forest birds on small islands or in habitat fragments. The provision of corridors appears to be the most effective design and planning feature for preventing the elimination of chaparral‐requiring species in a fragmented landscape.
An Experimental Analysis of Patch Size, Habitat Subdivision, and Extinction in a Marine Intertidal Snail
Authors: QUINN JAMES F. , WOLIN CAROLE L. , JUDGE MICHAEL L. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract:Both local and regional extinction processes are central to the population biology of spatially structured populations They are also of critical importance in the management of threatened species and the design of nature reserves We conducted a field experiment to examine the effects of patch size and degree of overall population fragmentation on extinction rates of the marine snail, Nucella emarginata. An equal area (1 m2) was subdivided to different degrees One plate of 1 m2, two of 1/2 m2, four of 1/4 m2, eight of 1/.8 m2, sixteen of 1/16 m2, thirty‐two of 1/32 m2, and sixty four of 1/64 m2, were positioned randomly within an 11 × 12 grid (minimum distance between plates of 3 m) above a sandflat in Bodega Harbor, California Plates were colonized with equal densities (128/ m2) of Nucella. There is no evidence for a distinct threshold size for population persistence. This pattern is compatible with models of extinction based on environmental stochasticity, but not with those incorporating pure demographic stochasticity. The observed variability in death rates was also significantly greater than that predicted under models of demographic stochasticity.The effect of fragmentation (the degree of subdivision of the same total area) on extinction rates was inconclusive. After two years of observation none of the degree of subdivision (plate size) treatments has had extinctions on all plates
Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Ocean: Biological Invasions and Implications for Conservation of Near‐Shore Environments
Authors: CARLTON JAMES T. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract:Human activities, primarily the global movement of organisms associated with ocean‐going vessels and with commercial fishery products, have lead to the redistribution of a vast number of marine organisms over the past five centuries. Most biological surveys postdated these transport events, so the distribution of many of these now cosmopolitan species has been interpreted as the result of natural processes, leading to underestimates of the role of humans in altering patterns of natural diversity and distribution of marine organisms along the coastal margins of the world Perceptions of the natural state of some systems versus their recent ecological alteration are illustrated by the National Estuarine Reserve Research System, within which many “natural” sanctuaries have been highly altered by exotic species The modern scale and rate of new human‐mediated invasions in the ocean are difficult to recognize due to the lack of communication among scientists working with different groups of organisms, different habitats, and different regions. Available evidence suggests that introductions continue unabated on a large scale throughout the world Despite the existence since 1973 of a number of international conventions to control the movement of exotic marine organisms adequate control still occurs largely at the regional and local levels.