bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motor vehicle crashes and abnormal driving behaviours in patients with dementia in Mendoza, Argentina
Authors: Zuin D. , Ortiz H. , Boromei D. , Lopez O. L. 
Published: March 2003

Studies conducted in industrialized countries have shown that elderly demented subjects have increased risk of car accidents. However, there is no information about the effect of dementia on driving habits in non‐industrialized countries.The number of motor vehicle crashes (MVC) and abnormal driving behaviours (ADB) (e.g. not recognizing traffic lights, driving in the middle of the road, etc.) were assessed with a semi‐structured interview in 56 demented subjects and 31 elderly controls, all of whom were active drivers, at the Regional Registry of Dementia in Mendoza. Detailed neurological, psychiatric and neuropsychological examinations were also conducted on each subject.The presence of dementia and sex (male) predicted ADB, MVC and number of MVC (two or more). Among demented patients, ADB and MVC were associated with sex (male) and number of MVC was associated with sex (male) and Blessed Dementia Rating Scale for activities of daily living scores. Neither ADB, MCV, or number of MVC were associated with education level, or with cognitive or psychiatric measures.These findings showed that in developing countries, dementia has a significant contribution to MVC and ADB, as occurs in industrialized nations. Consequently, legislation to curb the risk of accidents caused by demented patients should be implemented. Furthermore, physicians must encourage demented patients (or their families) to discontinue driving, even those with mild dementia syndrome.
Migraine and Menstruation: A Pilot Study
Authors: MacGregor EA , Chia H , Vohrah RC , Wilkinson M 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To define the term “menstrual” migraine and to determine the prevalence of “menstrual” migraine in women attending the City of London Migraine Clinic. Design: Women attending the clinic were asked to keep a record of their migraine attacks and menstrual periods for at least 3 complete menstrual cycles. Results: Fifty-five women completed the study. “Menstrual” migraine was defined as “migraine attacks which occur regularly on or between days -2 to +3 of the menstrual cycle and at no other time”. Using this criterion, 4 (7.2%) of the women in our population had “menstrual” migraine. All 4 women had migraine without aura. A further 19 (34.5%) had an increased number of attacks at the time of menstruation in addition to attacks at other times of the cycle. Eighteen (32.7%) had attacks occurring throughout the cycle but with no increase in number at the time of menstruation. Fourteen (25.5%) had no attacks within the defined period during the 3 cycles studied. Discussion: A small percentage of women have attacks only occurring at the time of menstruation, which can he defined as true “menstrual” migraine. This group is most likely to respond to hormonal treatment. The group of 34.5% who have an increased number of attacks at the time of menstruation in addition to attacks at other times of the month could be defined as having “menstrually related” migraine and might well respond to hormonal therapy. The 32.7% who have attacks throughout the menstrual cycle without an increase at menstruation are unlikely to respond to hormonal therapy. The 25.5% who do not have attacks related to menstruation almost certainly will not respond to hormonal therapy.
Pain Thresholds and Tenderness in Neck and Head Following Acute Whiplash Injury: A Prospective Study
Authors: Kasch H , Stengaard-Pedersen K , Arendt-Nielsen L , Staehelin Jensen T 
Published: March 2003

Objective of the investigation: In a 6-month prospective study of 141 consecutive acute whiplash-injured participants, and 40 acute, ankle-injured controls, pain and tenderness in the neck/head, and at a distant control site, were measured. Basic procedures: Muscle palpation and pressure algometry in five head/neck muscle-pairs were performed after 1 week and 1, 3 and 6 months after injury. Algometry was performed at a distant control site. Main findings: Whiplash-injured patients had lowered pressure-pain-detection thresholds and higher palpation-score initially in the neck/head, but the groups were similar after 6 months, and the control site was not sensitized. Principal conclusion: Focal, but not generalized, sensitization to musculoskeletal structure is present until 3 months, but not 6 months, after whiplash injury, and probably does not play a major role in the development of late whiplash syndrome. Pressure algometry and palpation are useful clinical tools in the evaluation of neck and jaw pain in acute whiplash injury.
Quality of Life in Adolescents with Chronic Pain in the Head or at Other Locations
Authors: Hunfeld JAM , Passchier J , Perquin CW , Hazebroek-Kampschreur AAJM , van Suijlekom-Smit LWA , van der Wouden JC 
Published: March 2003

The differences in quality of life and school absence were studied in one hundred adolescents from the open population who had reported chronic headache or chronic, physically unexplained, pain at other locations. The adolescents kept a 3-week diary about their pain and completed a quality of life questionnaire. Of all chronic pain sufferers in this study, it was the adolescents with headache who showed the least frequent pain, but they reported the poorest quality of life and the largest school absence due to their pain. Adolescents with headache or adolescents with back pain showed the highest negative correlations between pain parameters and quality of life. Headache sufferers showed highly negative relationships between pain parameters and most quality of life domains (median r = -0.46), and only in headache sufferers did this involve both intensity and frequency of pain. Qualitative studies are needed to reveal the background to these differences.
Central 5-Ht Receptor Hypersensitivity in Migraine Without Aura
Authors: Cassidy EM , Tomkins E , Dinan T , Hardiman O , O'Keane V 
Published: March 2003

Serotonin has long been implicated as a key neurotransmitter in migraine. There is a dearth of research specifically examining 5-HT1A receptor sensitivity in migraine despite the importance of this receptor in regulating central serotonergic tone. In this study we examined the hypothesis that migraine without aura is associated with hypersensitivity of central 5-HT1A receptors, using a 5-HT1A neuroendocrine challenge drug and comparing serum prolactin responses between a test group with migraine and a matched group of healthy controls. Twelve female subjects fulfilling International Headache Society (IHS) criteria for migraine without aura were evaluated. Following an overnight fast, subjects presented for testing at 9am. An intravenous canula was inserted and serum prolactin was assessed at baseline and every 30 min for 3 h following a single dose of 30 mg oral buspirone, a 5-HT1A-receptor agonist. Subjects were assessed during the first 5 days of the menstrual cycle. No subjects were taking psychotropic medication or migraine prophylactic treatment. Patients with current or previous psychiatric disorder, daily headache or analgesic overuse were excluded. 16 healthy female volunteers matched for age and menstrual status were also evaluated and served as controls. There was no difference in baseline prolactin between groups. There was a significant rise in prolactin following buspirone in both groups. Subjects with migraine had a significantly increased prolactin response to buspirone (delta max) compared to controls ( P < 0.001). This study supports the hypothesis that migraine without aura is associated with a relative hypersensitivity of central 5-HT1A receptors. This is of relevance given the role of the 5-HT1A receptor in controlling raphe 5-HT tone and in the possible association between migraine and anxiety and depression.
Interviewing witnesses with learning disabilities for legal purposes
Authors: Milne Rebecca , Bull Ray 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe present paper gives an overview of the research literature examining how best to obtain the maximum quality and quantity of information from people with learning disabilities (LDs) in a non‐biasing manner. First, the authors outline the research concerning the memory performance of people with LDs and then they go on to describe the specific strategies which have been recommended for use with this group. The relative merits of different types of questions are examined. It is argued that the main difficulty in interviewing people with LDs concerns errors of omission and that research should find ways to enhance recall, especially since detail is the currency of both the criminal and civil justice systems. One such method that has been found to gain greater recall is the cognitive interview. The paper finishes by briefly describing this technique and its efficacy for use with vulnerable groups.
Motivating learning disabled offenders with alcohol‐related problems: a pilot study
Authors: Mendel Elizabeth , Hipkins Jane 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe present study aimed to apply motivational interviewing techniques in assisting clients with learning disabilities through the Stages of Change (Prochaska & Diclemente 1986). Motivational interviewing and the stages of change model have been effectively applied to alcohol problems. However, this approach has not been applied to people with learning disabilities. Particularly within a forensic service, there is a need to develop group treatments for people with alcohol‐related offences as current alcohol education programmes do not necessarily lead to changes in attitudes and behaviour. This involved interactive teaching methods adapted for people with mild learning disabilities. The group met for 1 h over three sessions and staff training was provided. A variety of measures (pre and post group) demonstrated increases in clients' motivation, self‐efficacy and determination to change their drinking behaviour. Recommendations were made to develop the group further.
Using music to develop peer interaction: an examination of the response of two subjects with a learning disability
Authors: Hooper Jeff 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe paper examines the response of two subjects who attended a programme of music activity therapy in which the music activities encouraged peer interaction. Music activity therapy was compared with a control condition (i.e. ball and target games). Both treatment conditions increased the level of positive interaction. The absence of negative interaction was also significant. The results affirmed the value of nonverbal interventions in encouraging interaction, and offered insights into the relationship between the two subjects.
Discussing the menopause with women with learning disabilities
Authors: McCarthy Michelle , Millard Lorraine 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTraditionally, little attention has been paid to the menopause as it affects women with learning disabilities. Consequently, older women with learning disabilities have rarely been adequately prepared for, or supported through, what for most women is a significant ‘change of life’. None of the existing literature focuses on the women's perspectives, but rather, looks at menopause from a medical angle, in particular focusing on the timing of onset. The research study described in the present paper is an attempt to gain some insights into the ways in which women with learning disabilities perceive the menopause. The main informants were women with learning disabilities themselves, but also general practitioners, staff in learning disability services and parents who still cared for their middle‐aged daughters at home. The research project also involved the non‐disabled researchers working alongside two groups of women with learning disabilities, who acted as advisors and consultants to the project, and who were paid for their time.
Mechanisms of fluid flow and fluid–rock interaction in fossil metamorphic hydrothermal systems inferred from vein–wallrock patterns, geometry and microstructure
Authors: Oliver Nicholas H. S. , Bons Paul D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractComparison of mass transfer patterns, geometry and microstructures developed within and around veins allows the interpretation of processes of fluid flow during deformation, metamorphism and mineralization. A classification of vein types based on the degree of interaction with wallrock (using petrological, geochemical or isotopic indicators) can be used to identify a range of processes, from closed system behaviour in which the vein mass is derived from local wallrock, through to open system behaviour in which the vein mass is derived externally. Microstructural characteristics, such as wallrock selvages, multiple growth events recorded by vein seams and vein crystal morphology, also help to constrain mass transfer patterns during vein formation. We present a range of processes for vein formation, including: (i) the formation of closed system fibrous veins by dissolution–precipitation creep, including varieties in which tensile failure is not required; (ii) pressure‐ or kinetically dependent closed system segregation veins in which transfer of soluble components from wallrock to vein leaves behind a residual selvage; (iii) similar vein–selvage patterning, but with mass imbalances between vein and wallrock requiring fluid advection through both interconnected fracture networks and in the surrounding permeable rock; and (iv) the proposed formation of veins by fluid ascent in mobile hydrofractures, in which isotopic or chemical disequilibrium within and around the vein suggests that the crack and fluid within it moved essentially as one. The postulate of rapid fluid and mass transfer via such mobile hydrofractures has implications for the release of volatiles from metamorphic terrains. Also, consideration of a broad range of possible vein‐forming mechanisms is highly desirable when dealing with mineral deposits found in deformed, metamorphosed rocks, because closed system veining may produce patterns that, if erroneously recognized as being open systems, could lead to false interpretations of the role of tectonic fracturing in ore genesis.
The significance of pockmarks to understanding fluid flow processes and geohazards
Authors: Hovland M. , Gardner J. V. , Judd A. G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractUnderwater gas and liquid escape from the seafloor has long been treated as a mere curiosity. It was only after the advent of the side‐scan sonar and the subsequent discovery of pockmarks that the scale of fluid escape and the moon‐like terrain on parts of the ocean floor became generally known. Today, pockmarks ranging in size from the ‘unit pockmark’ (1–10 m wide, < 0.6 m deep) to the normal pockmark (10–700 m wide, up to 45 m deep) are known to occur in most seas, oceans, lakes and in many diverse geological settings.In addition to indicating areas of the seabed that are ‘hydraulically active’, pockmarks are known to occur on continental slopes with gas hydrates and in association with slides and slumps. However, possibly their potentially greatest significance is as an indicator of deep fluid pressure build‐up prior to earthquakes. Whereas only a few locations containing active (bubbling) pockmarks are known, those that become active a few days prior to major earthquakes may be important precursors that have been overlooked.Pockmark fields and individual pockmarks need to be instrumented with temperature and pressure sensors, and monitoring should continue over years. The scale of such research calls for a multinational project in several pockmark fields in various geological settings.
Fluid flow and stability of the US continental slope offshore New Jersey from the Pleistocene to the present
Authors: Dugan B. , Flemings P. B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe predict that portions of the New Jersey continental slope were unstable approximately 0.5 million years ago. This instability was caused by rapid sediment loading during a Pleistocene sea‐level lowstand and by flow focusing in underlying, permeable Miocene strata. The simulated instability is consistent with soft‐sediment deformation and small slumps in Pleistocene strata of the Hudson Apron. Stability of the New Jersey margin has increased since 0.3 Ma because sedimentation rate has decreased. Today, the modelled factor of safety (FS) for the upper slope is approximately 1.5 whereas in the lower slope it exceeds 3. We predict that sedimentation rate is a dominant factor on slope stability. When rapid and asymmetric loading of a highly permeable sedimentary layer occurs, the location of instability can shift seaward to regions where sedimentation rates are low. Stability calculations use pressures and effective stresses predicted by a coupled sedimentation‐fluid flow model. This hydrodynamic analysis demonstrates how the interplay of sedimentation and fluid migration affects the distribution, timing, and size of sedimentary failures.
Palaeomagnetic dating of fluid‐flow events in dolomitized rocks along the Highland Boundary Fault, central Scotland
Authors: Elmore R. D. , Parnell J. , Engel M. H. , Baron M. , Woods S. , Abraham M. , Davidson M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPalaeomagnetic and geochemical studies of Cambrian–Ordovician serpentinite in the Highland Border Complex (HBC), a tectonic terrane along the Highland Boundary Fault (HBF) in Scotland, indicate that the HBF was a conduit for fluids in the Carboniferous–Permian. The fluids caused dolomitization, silicification, and haematite authigenesis. Both red dolomitized serpentinite and relatively unaltered serpentinite were sampled at multiple localities. The unaltered serpentinite contains a poorly defined magnetization with westerly declinations that resides in magnetite and has a pole which plots well off the apparent polar wander path. Most specimens of the red dolomitized serpentinite contain a magnetization with southerly declinations and negative inclinations that resides in haematite. A regional fold test suggests that this magnetization post‐dates tilting and the pole positions for the different locations fall on the Carboniferous to Permian part of the apparent polar wander path. In some specimens of red dolomitized serpentinite, alternating field (AF) demagnetization prior to thermal treatment removes a component with a similar direction. Dolomitized basement rocks along the fault contain a similar although apparently slightly older magnetization. Fluid inclusion and geochemical studies indicate that the fluids were hydrothermal in origin (110–240°C) and had a range of sources. The Carboniferous–Permian magnetization in haematite is interpreted as a chemical remanent magnetization that formed when warm fluids moved along the fault zone and caused haematite authigenesis. The component removed by AF treatment is interpreted as a thermal resetting of primary magnetite by the fluids. The variability of the palaeomagnetic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope results suggests that there were probably multiple flow events that caused the alteration. The origin of the fluids could be related to the intrusion of late Carboniferous dikes in central Scotland and/or to reactivation of the HBF in the Carboniferous–Permian.
Perceived temperature effects on microwave heated meals and meal components
Authors: Ryynänen Suvi , Tuorila Hely , Hyvönen Lea 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of serving temperature on the pleasantness of microwave heated ready meals and meal components. Serving temperature clearly affected sensory attributes and the pleasantness of the meal components. However, while instrumental measurements had indicated large differences in temperatures between two microwave heated ready meals with different arrangement of meal components, the consumer panel perceived only small differences in some sensory attributes. Regardless of temperature differences, the overall pleasantness of the two microwave heated meals was judged to be similar. We concluded that serving temperature is critical for the pleasantness of food but, to the extent that it varied in microwave heating, it did not have a major impact on the overall pleasantness of the meal. Possibly in long‐term use, very uneven temperature distribution may become a nuisance and therefore, the arrangement of meal components with a more uniform temperature distribution is recommended.
Geographic gradients in body size: a clarification of Bergmann's rule
Authors: Blackburn Tim M. , Gaston Kevin J. , Loder Natasha 
Published: March 2003

Summary1997 marked the sesquicentenary of the publication by Carl Bergmann of the observation that, in general, large‐bodied animal species tend to live further north than their small‐bodied relatives. This has been dubbed Bergmann's rule in his honour. However, more than 150 years on, we appear to be little closer to a general understanding of the rule, or even to any consensus as to whether it exists. This is due in large part to confusion about the taxonomic level at which the rule is considered to operate, and to the conflation of pattern and mechanism. In this paper, we attempt to resolve this confusion by highlighting its sources, and by providing a definition of Bergmann's rule that is practical and useful, yet that retains the essential features of its original formulation. We conclude by briefly reviewing the mechanisms proposed to explain Bergmann's rule as we define it.
Ants that associate with Lycaeninae butterfly larvae: diversity, ecology and biogeography
Authors: Fiedler Konrad 
Published: March 2003

Abstract.Field data on associations of butterfly larvae with ants were collated for 435 species of the subfamily Lycaeninae to analyse patterns in the identity, diversity and ecology of attendant ants. Worldwide, members of at least fifty‐three ant genera from six subfamilies associate with Lycaeninae larvae. All these ant genera also forage for other liquid carbohydrate food sources. Species of Crematogaster and Camponotus constitute by far the most important ant associates of Lycaeninae larvae. Diversity of butterfly–ant associations, as measured by Hurlbert rarefaction, is highest in the Oriental, Australian and Nearctic faunal regions, and lower in Africa and the Palaearctic. The Neotropical region could not be assessed separately due to paucity of data. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the number of Lycaeninae species associated with a particular ant genus in a facultatively mutualistic manner is largely determined by the ecological prevalence and geographical distribution, but does not correlate with species richness, of an ant genus. This opportunism is suggested to be the key variable supporting the geographically and taxonomically widespread occurrence of ant–caterpillar mutualism in the Lycaeninae. Obligate interactions are much more specific and almost exclusively involve ecologically dominant ants with long‐lived colonies. Neither species richness nor geographical distribution of an ant genus are significant predictors. In such associations, the role of ants shifts from visitors to hosts, and patterns of host use and specificity resemble those known from inquiline ant guests.