bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Maschinerie der Apoptose: Chronik eines angekündigten Todes
Authors: Höffeler Fritz 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDas Kernelement der Apoptose‐Maschinerie besteht aus drei funktionell unterschiedlichen Komponenten: der regulatorisch wirkenden Bcl‐2‐Familie, den integrierenden Mitochondrien (genauer: den aus Mitochondrien freigesetzten Proteinen) und den ausführenden Caspasen. Diese drei Faktoren sind über verzweigte Reaktionsketten miteinander verbunden und vereinen den über aktivierte Todesrezeptoren ausgelösten extrinsischen mit dem durch zellinterne Signale ausgelösten intrinsischen Reaktionsweg. Über beide Wege wird die Autoaktivierung von Initiator‐Caspasen initiiert. Erst von diesem Ereignis an ist die Apoptose irreversibel. Ein Arsenal aus verschiedenen Regulatorproteinen, einschließlich der Bcl‐2‐Familie, entscheidet über die Höhe der Schwelle, die bis zur Auslösung dieser Initialzündung überschritten werden muss. Die für jeden Zelltyp charakteristische Apoptose‐Sensibilität wird im Laufe einer Tumorgenese über die Expressionssteigerung bestimmter antiapoptotischer Regulatorproteine drastisch verringert. Die genaue Kenntnis der an der Apoptose beteiligten Reaktionspartner und ‐wege wird der Krebsforschung Ansätze für neue Therapiekonzepte bieten.
Buchweizen — die vergessene Kulturpflanze: Funktionelles Lebensmittel
Authors: Zeller F. J. , Hsam S. L. K. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDer Buchweizen aus der Familie der Knöterichgewächse war im Späten Mittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit in Deutschland ein wichtiges Lebensmittel. Seit der Einführung der Kartoffel und der Zunahme der Getreidefläche wurde er jedoch immer seltener angebaut. Aufgrund hoher Gehalte essenzieller Aminosäuren ist die biologische Wertigkeit seines Samenproteins einzigartig unter den Kulturpflanzen. Sekundäre Inhaltsstoffe machen den Buchweizen zu einem funktionellen Lebensmittel, das für die Gesundheit des Menschen von großem Nutzen ist. Durch die Übertragung eines Gens für homostyle Blütenform und eines weiteren Gens für determinierten Wuchs in kultivierte Formen lässt sich nicht nur ein Pflanzentyp mit neuer Wuchs‐ und Blütenform herstellen, sondern auch der Ertrag deutlich erhöhen. Damit kann der Landwirtschaft eine alternative Fruchtart und der Lebensmitteltechnologie ein Grundstoff für neuartige Produkte zur Verfügung gestellt werden.
Die Grube Messel: Säugetiere am Beginn ihrer großen Karriere
Authors: Storch Gerhard 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDie Fossillagerstätte Grube Messel trägt wesentlich zu einem besseren Verständnis der frühen Entfaltung des modernen Tier‐ und Pflanzenlebens auf der Erde bei. Die mitteleozänen, etwa 50 Millionen Jahre alten Ölschiefer der Grube Messel haben eine reiche Fauna und Flora in einzigartiger Erhaltung geliefert. Hier bietet sich die Möglichkeit, ein Ökosystem aus einer Zeit zu rekonstruieren, als im heutigen Mitteleuropa tropisch‐subtropische Klimaverhältnisse herrschten und ein dramatischer Faunenumbruch das moderne Säugerleben auf der Erde eingeleitet hatte. Es war die Zeit eines Optimums in der bewegten Klimageschichte des Känozoikums, denn es herrschte ein globales Treibhausklima. Direkte Landbrücken über den Nordatlantik und das Tethysmeer im Zeitraum der Paleozän‐Eozän‐Wende dienten interkontinentalen Faunenaustauschen. Sie legten auch den Grundstock der Messeler Fauna. Wirbeltiere aus der Grube Messel wirken vielfach exotisch und können außergewöhnliche, ja bizarr anmutende Spezialisationen aufweisen.
Coregonen: Galapagos in Mitteleuropa
Authors: Freyhof Jörg , Schulz Michael 
Published: January 2004

AbstractHeimische Wirbeltiere gelten als gut erforscht und ausreichend beschrieben. Dennoch werden immer wieder neue Arten gefunden oder bekannte Populationen als eigenständige Arten abgetrennt. Wie viele unbekannte Tiere es wohl noch zwischen den Gipfeln unserer Berge und den Tiefen unserer Seen gibt? In einem See in Brandenburg wurde jetzt jedenfalls ein Rätsel gelöst — und ein kleiner Fisch nach einem berühmten Schriftsteller benannt.
Liebe im warmen Blumenbett
Authors: Wendler Silke 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAronstabähnliche Pflanzen aus Südamerika bieten ihren Bestäubern keinen Nektar als Belohnung für den Pollentransport, sondern einen warmen Übernachtungsplatz. Damit machen sich die Pflanzen eine „Versorgungslücke”︁ bei den Insekten zu Nutze: Um die für bestimmte Aktivitäten notwendige Körpertemperatur zu bekommen, können Insekten Wärme durch Stoffwechselenergie erzeugen — oder sich an einem Ort mit höherer Temperatur aufwärmen.
Bienenvölker: Männer ohne Väter, Frauen ohne Kinder
Authors: Kronberg Inge 
Published: January 2004

AbstractSchon im Jahre 1845 stellte der Bienenforscher J. Dzierzon fest, dass weibliche Honigbienen (Apis mellifera) aus befruchteten Eiern, männliche aus unbefruchteten Eiern schlüpfen. Ob sich aus den weiblichen Eiern Arbeiterinnen oder Königinnen entwickeln, hängt von der Ernährung der Larven ab; ob Arbeiterinnen als Stockbienen oder Sammelbienen arbeiten, wird von ihrem Alter und sozialen Bedingungen beeinflusst. Morphologie und Verhalten der Honigbiene werden also in komplexer Weise von Genom und Umwelt gesteuert.
Zwergmutanten versprechen höhere Erträge für Mais und Hirse
Authors: Brennicke Axel 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDie „Grüne Revolution”︁ vor 50 Jahren brachte beeindruckende Ergebnisse aus der ersten zielgerichteten genetischen Kreuzungsstrategie der Geschichte: die neuen Sorten von Weizen und Reis verdoppelten teilweise den Ertrag pro Hektar. Die Analysen von Mais und Hirse klärten jetzt die molekulare Grundlage einer ähnlichen Mutation auf, so dass auch von diesen Pflanzen ertragreichere Sorten gezüchtet werden können.
BIUZ im Internet
Authors: Lauinger Simone 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWer bei der Internet‐Recherche www.biuz.de eingibt, landet automatisch auf den Internetseiten von Wiley Interscience: Das ist ein Online‐Dienst des Verlagshauses John Wiley & Sons, der seinen Nutzern Fachliteratur aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik, Medizin und anderen Spezialgebieten zur Recherche bietet. Seit dem Start 1999 wurden die Inhalte stetig erweitert, so dass Sie derzeit auf 468 Zeitschriften, 562 Online‐Bücher, 33 Nachschlagewerke sowie verschiedene Datenbanken und die Laborhandbücher Current Protocols zugreifen können.Wiley InterScience wird von über 13 Millionen Menschen in 87 Ländern genutzt. In Wiley Interscience finden Sie die BIUZ — und noch viel mehr.
Fremdgehen verschafft Überlebensvorteile
Authors: Irsch Wilhelm 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDer Einzug molekularer Vaterschaftstests in die Laboratorien lässt auch die Fortpflanzungsbiologie von Gefiederten in neuem Licht erscheinen. Vögel nehmen es demnach mit der Treue nicht immer sehr genau. Gerade bei sozial monogam lebenden Singvögeln ist das „Fremdgehen”︁ — im Fachjargon „außerpaarliche Kopulation”︁ genannt — eher Regel als Ausnahme.
It's not the race I signed up for, but it's the race I'm in: The role of community college presidents
Authors: Wenrich J. William , Reid Betheny L. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA shift in the fundraising landscape has prompted community college presidents to take a more proactive approach to winning the hearts and dollars of potential donors. This chapter focuses on how college presidents and foundation CEOs can work together to gain support from funding sources.
Feels like the third wave: The rise of fundraising in the community college
Authors: Milliron Mark David , de los Santos Gerardo E. , Browning Boo 
Published: January 2004

AbstractNot so long ago, the word “fundraising” scarcely made an appearance in the community college lexicon. Along came worldwide social, technological, and economic upheavals. Welcome to the future and the new realities of community college advancement.
Peak alignment using reduced set mapping
Authors: Torgrip Ralf J. O. , Åberg Magnus , Karlberg Bo , Jacobsson Sven P. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis paper presents an algorithm and method for peak alignment or spectral synchronization of first‐ order data with pronounced differences between baseline and signals of interest, e.g. data typically acquired by NMR, MS, GC, LC and CE. The method preserves the shapes of peaks, merely altering their positions on the x‐axis of the data set. The method involves coarse discrimination between baseline and peaks, generation of a sparse vector or a list representing peak maximum positions, and analysis of the vector or list for shift parameters using breadth first search or dynamic programming. The method can align peaks up to the spectral resolution of the acquiring instrument without restrictions on the number of peaks that are to be shifted. Furthermore, the speed and moderate number of meta‐parameters of the algorithm make the method suitable for on‐line implementation. Real 1H NMR and GC data are used to illustrate the method's performance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpolative biplots applied to principal component analysis and canonical correlation analysis
Authors: Alves M. Rui , Oliveira M. Beatriz 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe multivariate statistical analysis of cis and trans isomers of fatty acid profiles of eight margarine brands obtained by HRGC/FID/capillary column was carried out based on biplots applied to principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA). It is shown that while predictive biplots are the best choice for interpretation purposes, interpolative biplots are very useful for classification of new observations that were not used for the construction of the principal component or canonical dimension axes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalization of rank reduction problems with Wedderburn's formula
Authors: Ferré Joan , Faber Nicolaas (Klaas) M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn first‐ and second‐order calibration methods based on spectroscopic data, the calculation of the space spanned by the spectra of the interferences has been an important research subject for, among many other applications, calculating the net analyte signal and obtaining figures of merit. Recently, many different calculation methods have been introduced. We show that the calculation of this space can be interpreted from a unified point of view, namely from the rank‐one downdating Wedderburn formula. This formula enables one to better understand the properties of the calculation methods currently available. A number of recently introduced signal‐preprocessing methods also fit into the proposed framework. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing the implementation of the PARAFAC method for near‐real time calibration of excitation–emission fluorescence analysis
Authors: Nahorniak Michelle L. , Booksh Karl S. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA field‐portable, single‐exposure excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorometer is used in conjunction with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) for sub‐ppb polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) determinations in the presence of spectral interferents. Several strategies for bringing multiway calibration methods such as PARAFAC into the field were explored. It was shown that automated methods of PARAFAC model selection can be as effective as manual selection. In addition, it was found that there is not always a single best model to employ for prediction. Second, the effect that reducing data density by systematically decreasing calibration set size and spectral resolution has on PARAFAC speed and prediction accuracy was investigated. By decreasing data density, the computational intensity of the PARAFAC algorithm can be reduced to increase the plausibility of on‐the‐fly data analysis. It was found that reducing eight sample PAH calibration sets to two or three calibration standards significantly decreased computation intensity yet generated adequate predictions. It was also found that spectral resolution can be decreased to reach an optimal compromise between calibration accuracy and analysis speed while minimizing instrumental requirements. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Informational acquisition and cognitive models
Authors: Leve Robert M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractLife forms must organize information into cognitive models reflecting the outside environment, and in a complex and changing environment a life form must constantly select and organize this mass of information to avoid slipping into a chaotic cognitive state. The task of developing and maintaining adaptive cognitive models can be understood through two processes, crucial to regulating the interconnections between environmental elements. The inclusion and exclusion of information follows a process designated by P and the process by which cognitive models change is designated by K. Higher order concepts are created by reducing the interconnections between elements to a minimal number to avoid cognitive chaos. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 9:31–37, 2004
Loss of a small region around the PTEN locus is a major chromosome 10 alteration in prostate cancer xenografts and cell lines
Authors: Hermans Karin G. , van Alewijk Dirk C. , Veltman Joris A. , van Weerden Wytske , van Kessel Ad Geurts , Trapman Jan 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWe examined 11 prostate cancer xenografts and 4 cell lines for chromosome 10 alterations. Conventional comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and array‐based CGH revealed a pattern of loss of distal 10p, gain of proximal 10p and 10q, and loss of distal 10q. In addition, array CGH identified 2 high‐level amplifications in the cell line PC3, homozygous deletions of PTEN in PC3 and in the xenografts PCEW, PC133, and PC324, and small single‐ or double‐copy deletions around PTEN in PCEW, PC82, PC324, PC346, and LNCaP. Allelotype analysis confirmed all 10p losses, 5 of 6 large 10q losses, the homozygous deletions, and the small regions of one copy loss. MXI1, DMBT1, and KLF6 were excluded as important tumor‐suppressor genes. The sizes of homozygous deletions around PTEN ranged from 1.2 Mbp (PC133) to <30 kbp (PTEN exon 5 in PC295). The regions of small single‐ or double‐copy loss around PTEN were all less than 4.5 Mbp. The loss of 1 or 2 copies of PTEN was always accompanied by loss of the distal flanking gene FLJ11218 and, in most cases, by loss of the proximal flanking genes MINPP1, PAPSS2, and FLJ14600. Furthermore, differential expression was detected for FLJ11218 and PAPSS2. Complete deletion or inactivating mutation of PAPSS2 was found in at least 3 samples. In addition to 4 homozygous deletions, 1 missense mutation was detected in FLJ11218. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that loss of a small region around PTEN is the major chromosome 10 alteration in prostate cancer xenografts and cell lines. In some of the samples, PTEN inactivation was accompanied by loss of 1 MINPP1 allele, loss of 1 copy, mutation, or low expression of PAPSS2, and most frequently by loss of 1 or 2 copies or low expression of FLJ11218. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High frequency of CDKN2A alterations in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from a high‐risk Chinese population
Authors: Hu Nan , Wang Chaoyu , Su Hua , Li Wen‐Jun , Emmert‐Buck Michael R. , Li Guang , Roth Mark J. , Tang Ze‐Zhong , Lu Ning , Giffen Carol , Albert Paul S. , Taylor Philip R. , Goldstein Alisa M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBecause previous studies have shown that loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is common on chromosome arm 9p in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and that genetic alterations in CDKN2A and CDKN2B on 9p are also common, we sought to determine whether LOH and these genetic alterations are related. We performed LOH studies on chromosome bands 9p21–p22 and searched for genetic alterations of CDKN2A and CDKN2B in 56 ESCCs from a high‐risk Chinese population. Seventy‐three percent of patients were found to have LOH at one or more loci on chromosome bands 9p21–p22, and LOH occurred more frequently in patients with a family history of upper gastrointestinal cancer than in those with a negative family history (P = 0.01, global permutation test). CDKN2A mutations (point mutations, deletions, insertions) were observed in 25% (14 of 56) of cases, and the LOH pattern was significantly different for individuals with and without a CDKN2A mutation (P = 0.01, global test). Three new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 2 previously reported SNPs were identified in this group of patients. Intragenic allelic loss at polymorphic sites in CDKN2A was detected in 32% (18 of 56) of patients. Seven of the 56 (13%) cases exhibited what is considered classic evidence (n = 4) or showed potential evidence (n = 3) of biallelic inactivation. Only one alteration was observed in CDKN2B, G171A in the 5′ untranslated region. Both mutation and intragenic allelic loss in CDKN2A appear to play a role in the development of ESCC. ©2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RAS, FLT3, and TP53 mutations in therapy‐related myeloid malignancies with abnormalities of chromosomes 5 and 7
Authors: Side Lucy E. , Curtiss Nicole P. , Teel Kathryn , Kratz Christian , Wang Pauline W. , Larson Richard A. , Le Beau Michelle M. , Shannon Kevin M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractOncogenic mutations in the KRAS2, NRAS, or FLT3 gene are detected in more than 50% of patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML). RAS mutations are also prevalent in de novo myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), especially chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. However, few studies have examined these genetic lesions in therapy‐related myeloid malignancies. Monosomy 7/del(7q) and monosomy 5/del(5q) represent the most common cytogenetic abnormalities in therapy‐related MDS and AML (t‐MDS/t‐AML) and are strongly associated with prior exposure to alkylating agents. Mutational analysis of bone marrow specimens from a well‐characterized cohort of 26 t‐MDS/t‐AML patients with abnormalities of chromosomes 5 and/or 7 revealed 3 with RAS mutations. Further analyses of 23 of these cases uncovered one FLT3 internal tandem duplication and five TP53 mutations. The four patients with RAS or FLT3 mutations had monosomy 7, including one with abnormalities of chromosomes 5 and 7. One specimen demonstrated mutations in both KRAS2 and TP53. RAS and FLT3 mutations, which are thought to stimulate the proliferation of leukemia cells, appear to be less common in t‐MDS/t‐AML than in de novo AML, whereas TP53 mutations are more frequent. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Germ‐line mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 in the normal breast are associated with altered expression of estrogen‐responsive proteins and the predominance of progesterone receptor A
Authors: Mote Patricia A. , Leary Jennifer A. , Avery Kelly A. , Sandelin Kerstin , Chenevix‐Trench Georgia , Kirk Judy A. , Clarke Christine L. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are responsible for a large proportion of familial breast and ovarian cancer, yet little is known of how disruptions in the functions of the proteins these genes encode increased cancer risk preferentially in hormone‐dependent tissue. There is no information on whether a germ‐line mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 causes disruptions in hormone‐signaling pathways in the normal breast. In this study markers of hormone responsiveness were measured in prophylactically removed normal breast tissue (n = 31) in women bearing a germ‐line pathogenic mutation in one of the BRCA genes. The estrogen receptor (ER) and proteins associated with ER action in hormone‐sensitive tissues, namely, PS2 and the progesterone receptor (PR), were detected immunohistochemically. ER expression was not different in BRCA mutation carriers than in noncarriers, but there was a reduction in PS2 expression. PR expression was also reduced, and there was a striking lack of expression of the PRB isoform, which resulted in cases with PRA‐only expression in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. The alterations in PS2 and PR expression were similar in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers, demonstrating that although these proteins are structurally and functionally distinct, there is overlap in their interaction with hormone‐signaling pathways. This study provides evidence for altered cell function arising from loss of function of one BRCA allele in the normal breast, leading to PS2 loss, preferential PRB loss, and expression of PRA alone. In breast cancer development, PRA overexpression becomes evident in premalignant lesions and is associated with features of poor prognosis in invasive disease and altered cell function in vitro. The results of this study suggest that heterozygosity for a germ‐line mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 results in development of PRA predominance. This is likely to lead to changes in progesterone signaling in hormone‐dependent tissues, which may be a factor in the increased risk of cancer in these tissues in women with germ‐line BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of genetic patterns in different tumor areas of intermediate‐grade prostatic adenocarcinomas by high‐resolution genomic array analysis
Authors: van Dekken Herman , Paris Pamela L. , Albertson Donna G. , Alers Janneke C. , Andaya Armann , Kowbel David , van der Kwast Theodorus H. , Pinkel Daniel , Schröder Fritz H. , Vissers Kees J. , Wildhagen Mark F. , Collins Colin 
Published: January 2004

AbstractProstate cancer is known for its highly heterogeneous histological appearance. Data concerning the cytogenetic content of areas with different histology are sparse. We have genetically evaluated 10 prostatic adenocarcinomas with intermediate histopathological grades (Gleason score 7) that showed two distinctive growth patterns with different pathologies, that is, Gleason grades 3 and 4 (G3 and G4). The G3 and G4 tumor specimens were taken from spatially separated regions within the cancer mass. Array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was performed to obtain genotypes from the 10 pairs of G3 and G4 cancer areas. The cancer DNAs were retrieved from formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissues allowing optimal recognition and selection of target cells. A genome‐wide 2,400‐element BAC array that provided high‐resolution detection of both deletions and amplifications was used. In the 20 G3 and G4 areas, 252 genomic aberrations (88 gains, 164 deletions) were noted, of which 86 were concurrent in G3 and G4 areas (34% overlap). Ninety‐five of the 252 alterations were defined by a single BAC clone (54 gains, 41 deletions). Overlapping changes were more frequent for deletions (46%) than for gains (13%). Frequent coinciding deletions (≥ 20% of tumors) were seen on 8p (60%), 6q (30%), 1p (20%), 2q (20%), proximal 8q (20%), 10q (20%), 13q (20%), 16q (20%), and 18q (20%). A frequent overlapping gain (≥ 20% of tumors) was detected on distal 13q (20%). The patterns of imbalance could be found to coincide in the G3 and G4 areas of the majority of cancers. Array‐based CGH can be used as a tool for the evaluation of genetic patterns in prostate cancer. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045–2257/suppmat/index.html © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.