bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of mortality for dementia in a developing country: the Yoruba in Nigeria
Authors: Perkins Anthony J. , Hui Siu L. , Ogunniyi Adesola , Gureje Oyewusi , Baiyewu Olusegun , Unverzagt Frederick W. , Gao Sujuan , Hall Kathleen S. , Musick Beverly S. , Hendrie Hugh C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundLimited data exist on the impact of dementia in developing nations, including its association with mortality.ObjectiveThe purpose of this paper is to assess the relationship between dementia and five‐year mortality on a community dwelling elderly Yoruba population in the developing country of Nigeria and to compare those results with those from an elderly African–American community in Indianapolis.MethodsA two‐phase design was used to ascertain dementia status in two sites. In the first phase, the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSI‐D) was administered. In the second phase, subjects were sampled for the clinical assessment according to their CSI‐D performance category. Proportional hazards regression was used to assess the relationship between mortality and cognitive status at both sites after adjusting for demographics and chronic disease conditions.ResultsFor the entire screened population, poor and intermediate performance on the CSI‐D is associated with increased mortality at both sites; however the effect of CSI‐D performance did not significantly differ between the two sites. For the clinically assessed sample, dementia was significantly associated with increased mortality at both sites (Ibadan RR = 2.83, Indianapolis RR = 2.05), but the effect was not significantly different across the two sites.ConclusionDementia resulted in an increased risk of mortality for Yoruba of a magnitude similar to African–Americans suggesting that the impact of dementia on mortality risk may be similar for developing and developed countries. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of palatal prosthodontic intervention on communication performance of patients' maxillectomy defects: A multilevel outcome study
Authors: Sullivan Marsha , Gaebler Carol , Beukelman David , Mahanna Gordon , Marshall Julie , Lydiatt Daniel , Lydiatt William M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundObturators have been developed for surgical defects caused by cancer of the maxillary sinus and alveolar ridge. Outcome research is necessary to develop evidence‐based practice guidelines.MethodsThirty‐two consecutively treated maxillectomy patients seen in the Facial Prosthetics Clinic at UNMC from 1994 through 1996 had their defects obturated for 1 month when speech intelligibility, speaking rate, nasality, and communication effectiveness were measured.ResultsWith the obturator removed, mean speech intelligibility was 61%, speaking rate was 138 words per minute, and nasality was rated as 5.8 on a 0–7 point scale. With the obturator inserted, mean speech intelligibility was 94%, speaking rate was 164 words per minute, and nasality was rated as 1.6. The mean self‐perception of communication effectiveness was 75% of what it was before the diagnosis of cancer.ConclusionsObturation is an effective intervention for defects of the maxillary sinus and alveolar ridge on speech performance. Variations in effectiveness were noted based on site of defect and patient satisfaction with the intervention. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 530–538, 2002
The addition of mood and anxiety domains to the University of Washington quality of life scale
Authors: Rogers Simon N. , Gwanne Suzanne , Lowe Derek , Humphris Gerry , Yueh Beven , Weymuller Ernest A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundThere are numerous head and neck specific quality of life questionnaires, each having its own merits and disadvantages. The University of Washington questionnaire has been widely used and is notable by the inclusion of a shoulder dysfunction domain, domain importance ratings, and patient free text. It is short, simple to process, and provides clinically relevant information. However, it has lacked any psychological dimension of quality of life. The aim of this study was to report the inclusion of two psychological domains (mood, anxiety) to the most recent refinement of the questionnaire (version 3).MethodA cross‐sectional survey was performed in April 2000. Questionnaires were sent to 183 patients alive and disease free after surgery for oral and oro‐pharyngeal malignancy. Replies were received from 145 patients (79% response rate).ResultsThe new domains (mood and anxiety) correlated significantly with the emotional functioning domains from the EORTC C30 and with the pain and appearance domains of UW‐QOL. There were also significant correlations between the “global quality of life” item and the two new domains. Mood (p = .005) and anxiety (p < .001) scores were associated with patient age but with no other clinicodemographic variable.ConclusionThe addition of mood and anxiety domains makes the UW‐QOL version 4 a single broad measure suitable for effective health‐related quality of life evaluation in the routine clinical setting. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 521–529, 2002
Assessment of the future resources and needs for hospitalization in Hong Kong SAR
Authors: Yip Paul S. F. , Law C. K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectives:To study the ‘compression of morbidity’ theory in the Hong Kong SAR by analysing the age and gender‐specific hospitalization rates and the expected length of stay per patient for the period 1996–2000. ‘Compression of morbidity’ refers to the hypothesis that medical progress will reduce the duration of morbidity during life more significantly than increasing morbidity by extending life.Design:This is a retrospective study based on hospital admissions data from the Hospital Authority of Hong Kong which covers 93% of the patient population.Setting:Age and gender‐specific hospitalization rates, expected length of stay and hospitalization needs for each specific age group in Hong Kong from 1996 to 2000, are estimated.Main results:There is no empirical support for compression theory; and there is no significant change in the hospital admission rates for the period 1996–2000. The total number of patient days is expected to increase by 80% because of the ageing effect alone. It is projected that the geriatric service will account for more than 60% of the hospital patient days utilization in 2029. The elderly dependency ratio will increase and the social burden for the next generation will be increased, as the working populations size continues to decrease due to low fertility in the Hong Kong SAR.Conclusion:The health care burden on the government is large and increasing. It is therefore essential to make plans to deal with the ageing population, which is predicted to be at its highest in 2020. The rising effect of public expectations on hospital services exerts further pressure on demand. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of interception losses in a broadleaved native forest and aPseudotsuga menziesii(Douglas fir) plantation in the Andes Mountains of southern Chile
Authors: Iroumé A. , Huber A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFor a 26 month period, between 1 February 1998 and 31 March 2000, total precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and interception losses were measured for two different forest covers, one a managed broadleaved native forest and the other aPseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir) plantation. Regressions between throughfall and stemflow and total precipitation (P) for individual storms and forest covers were computed and also for values of interception losses (expressed as a percentage ofP) andPfor each forest cover and period of development of the forest vegetation. Results obtained demonstrate the importance of forest canopies in rainfall distribution processes and for the availability of water resources. Also, that these forests generate particular interception patterns not strongly associated with the variation in crown cover throughout the year. These patterns are more closely related to the characteristics of rainfall and meteorological conditions during the growing and dormant periods. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using geographical information systems and aerial photographs to determine water levels during floods
Authors: Puech Christian , Raclot Damien 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo map water levels related to large floods, we propose using geographical information systems to manage the vast amount of information extracted from aerial photographs. Our approach is divided into three parts: (1) segmentation of the flood plain into sectors with acceptable mean water depth, based on geographical limits and size criteria; (2) determination of minimum and maximum depths for each sector, based on the potential emergence of natural objects (vegetation, dikes, etc.); (3) improvement of water depth assessment, using all observed hydraulic connections between sectors (cracked dikes, flows, etc.). This advance is made possible by solving a constraint system linking the different estimated water levels. This method was applied to the November 1994 flood involving the Hérault River (France), using aerial photographs taken 10 h after the flood peak. Results indicate an accurate estimation of water levels, and illustrate the lateral dynamic behaviour of the flood (1 m of difference in levels between centre and edges of plain), and the impact of dikes on water levels. These results were obtained without using either general hydraulic equations or local head loss coefficients. The great quantity of fuzzy information made up for its poor quality. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of roughness distribution on evaporation processes over non‐homogeneous sand surfaces: a wind tunnel investigation
Authors: Sugita Fumi , Kishii Tokuo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA series of wind tunnel experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of surface roughness distribution on evaporation processes. In particular, the relationship between non‐homogeneous roughness distribution parameters and effective roughness parameters, which are often required to estimate the evaporation rate over a heterogeneous area, were examined closely. A number of sand ridges having various distributions were placed perpendicular to the main wind direction on a 3 m long lysimeter (1 m in width and 0·6 m in depth) filled with fine sand. The groundwater table in the lysimeter was maintained at a constant level ranging from 0·1 to 0·55 m below the surface. The lysimeter was fitted to the wind tunnel, in which incoming airflow was controlled to have a constant velocity, temperature, and humidity. An internal boundary layer was formed on the sand surface and the mean profiles of wind velocity, humidity, and temperature were observed within this layer. In total, 99 profiles over 33 different surfaces were obtained. The roughness parameters for each surface were evaluated by fitting the mean profile equations to the observed profiles. The following effects of roughness distribution on evaporation and the effective roughness parameters were found. (1) An increase in standard deviation of the roughness distribution, which is the variation in obstacle intervals, caused an increase in the evaporation rate when the average roughness spacing was constant and relatively large. (2) The interrelationships among effective roughness zm, zv, and zh can be described by the same function that describes that of homogeneous surfaces. (3) Evaporation from rough surfaces was more sensitive to the depth of groundwater than that from the smooth surface within our experimental conditions, because the rough surfaces allow soil water over a broader range of depth to reach the surface. The first two results suggest that the effective roughness parameters are a function of the average and perturbation of roughness distribution on the surface and that the effective zv and zh values can be estimated from effective zm value. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity of land surface processes to frozen soil permeability and surface water storage
Authors: Takata Kumiko 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe sensitivity of land surface processes to frozen soil permeability and surface water storage is examined, using a one‐dimensional land surface model that can be implemented in a climate model. The atmospheric conditions are specified at three stations in frozen ground regions of Russia. Soil moisture has its maximum in spring and minimum in summer, which corresponds with the observations. By taking the frozen soil permeability into consideration, both the wet zone above the thaw front in spring and the water uptake towards the freezing front in winter can be reproduced by the model. The surface depression storage increases the soil moisture in spring by holding snowmelt water and in summer after rainfall, which induces changes in the annual heat and water budget. The annual evaporation is reduced by the frozen soil permeability and it is enhanced by the surface storage. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of TOPLATS‐based discharge predictions through assimilation of ERS‐based remotely sensed soil moisture values
Authors: Pauwels Valentijn R. N. , Hoeben Rudi , Verhoest Niko E. C. , De Troch François P. , Troch Peter A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the possibility to improve discharge predictions from a lumped hydrological model through assimilation of remotely sensed soil moisture values. Therefore, an algorithm to estimate surface soil moisture values through active microwave remote sensing is developed, bypassing the need to collectin situground parameters. The algorithm to estimate soil moisture by use of radar data combines a physically based and an empirical back‐scatter model. This method estimates effective soil roughness parameters, and good estimates of surface soil moisture are provided for bare soils. These remotely sensed soil moisture values over bare soils are then assimilated into a hydrological model using the statistical correction method. The results suggest that it is possible to determine soil moisture values over bare soils from remote sensing observations without the need to collect ground truth data, and that there is potential to improve model‐based discharge predictions through assimilation of these remotely sensed soil moisture values. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of preferential flow and groundwater discharge to Shingobee Lake, Minnesota, USA
Authors: Kishel Hans F. , Gerla Philip J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSmall‐scale heterogeneities and large changes in hydraulic gradient over short distances can create preferential groundwater flow paths that discharge to lakes. A 170 m2 grid within an area of springs and seeps along the shore of Shingobee Lake, Minnesota, was intensively instrumented to characterize groundwater‐lake interaction within underlying organic‐rich soil and sandy glacial sediments. Seepage meters in the lake and piezometer nests, installed at depths of 0·5 and 1·0 m below the ground surface and lakebed, were used to estimate groundwater flow. Statistical analysis of hydraulic conductivity estimated from slug tests indicated a range from 21 to 4·8 × 10−3 m day−1 and small spatial correlation. Although hydraulic gradients are overall upward and toward the lake, surface water that flows onto an area about 2 m onshore results in downward flow and localized recharge. Most flow occurred within 3 m of the shore through more permeable pathways. Seepage meter and Darcy law estimates of groundwater discharge agreed well within error limits. In the small area examined, discharge decreases irregularly with distance into the lake, indicating that sediment heterogeneity plays an important role in the distribution of groundwater discharge. Temperature gradients showed some relationship to discharge, but neither temperature profiles nor specific electrical conductance could provide a more convenient method to map groundwater–lake interaction. These results suggest that site‐specific data may be needed to evaluate local water budget and to protect the water quality and quantity of discharge‐dominated lakes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simplified modelling of areal average infiltration at the hillslope scale
Authors: Corradini Corrado , Govindaraju Rao S. , Morbidelli Renato 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo models for estimating expected areal‐average infiltration rate, Ī, at the hillslope scale are presented. The first relies upon the condition of a negligible infiltration of surface water running downslope (run‐on process) into a previous heterogeneous soil. It is an adapted version of an earlier semi‐analytical model. The second incorporates the run‐on process and is based on a lumped approach that uses an effective saturated hydraulic conductivity. This latter was parameterized in terms of the main characteristics of rainfall and soil. Both the models were tested by comparison with the results carried out by Monte‐Carlo simulations over different soil types. It was found that the first model simulated Ī with maximum errors in magnitude typically less than 10%. The second model provided similar errors in the total volume of overland flow, and the rising limb of the hydrograph experienced a distortion. Lastly, satisfactory results were obtained by comparing the model without run‐on with an empirical approach particularly accurate for fine‐textured soils. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential gene expression in breast cancer cell lines and stroma–tumor differences in microdissected breast cancer biopsies revealed by display array analysis
Authors: Mellick Albert S. , Day Chris J. , Weinstein Stephen R. , Griffiths Lyn R. , Morrison Nigel A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo examine gene‐expression patterning in late‐stage breast cancer biopsies, we used a microdissection technique to separate tumor from the surrounding breast tissue or stroma. A DD‐PCR protocol was then used to amplify expressed products, which were resolved using PAGE and used as probe to hybridize with representative human arrays and cDNA libraries. The probe derived from the tumor–stroma comparison was hybridized with a gene array and an arrayed cDNA library derived from a GCT of bone; 21 known genes or expressed sequence tags were detected, of which 17 showed differential expression. These included factors associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (vimentin), the cargo selection protein (TIP47) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3). Northern blot analysis was used to confirm those genes also expressed by representative breast cancer cell lines. Notably, 6 genes of unknown function were restricted to tumor while the majority of stroma‐associated genes were known. When applied to transformed breast cancer cell lines (MDA‐MB‐435 and T47D) that are known to have different metastatic potential, DD array analysis revealed a further 20 genes; 17 of these genes showed differential expression. Use of microdissection and the DD‐PCR array protocol allowed us to identify factors whose localized expression within the breast may play a role in abnormal breast development or breast carcinogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of PTEN expression on the outcome of hepatitis C virus‐positive cirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma patients: Possible relationship with COX II and inducible nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Atiqur , Kyriazanos Ioannis D. , Ono Takashi , Yamanoi Akira , Kohno Hitoshi , Tsuchiya Mikako , Nagasue Naofumi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPTEN, a novel tumor suppressor, functions as a regulator of both cell cycle progression and apoptosis. PTEN gene is frequently mutated or deleted in several malignancies including human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The clinical significance and prognostic value of PTEN expression in HCC or in the surrounding non‐cancerous parenchyma remain obscure. Using immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the PTEN protein expression in 46 tissue sections collected from surgically resected hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐positive cirrhotic HCC patients. Although the surrounding normal liver tissue was strongly expressing PTEN in 42 cases (91.3%), the immunostaining intensity was low in 29 (63.1%) and high in 17 (36.9%) of the HCCs. Additionally a significant positive correlation was identified between low PTEN expression in the HCC and increased expression of iNOS and COX II in the surrounding liver. The overall survival was significantly longer for the HCC‐patients with high PTEN expression than patients with low PTEN expression. Univariate analysis revealed PTEN expression as an independent prognostic factor for patients survival. By Western blot analysis we also found that the Akt/PKB signaling, which is negatively regulated by PTEN, was upregulated in the HCCs in comparison to its expression in the surrounding liver tissue. These results demonstrate that downregulation of PTEN in the tumor is an important step in HCV‐positive cirrhotic hepatocarcinogenesis and might result in concomitant upregulation of iNOS and COX II in the surrounding liver in favor of tumor promotion. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peripheral lymph node stromal cells can promote growth and tumorigenicity of breast carcinoma cells through the release of IGF‐I and EGF
Authors: LeBedis Christina , Chen Keguan , Fallavollita Lucia , Boutros Tarek , Brodt Pnina 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe regional lymph nodes draining primary breast carcinomas are generally the first site to be invaded by disseminating tumor cells. The extent of lymph node involvement remains the most reliable indicator for staging and prognosis of breast cancer. We have investigated host–tumor interactions between breast carcinoma cells and the lymph node stroma, which may control the outcome of lymph node infiltration. In a previous study, we identified integrin‐mediated cell adhesion as a correlate of the metastatic potential of human and rat carcinoma cells. Our present objective was to determine whether lymphatic stromal cells can affect cancer cell growth through the elaboration of growth‐modulating factors. Two lymphatic stromal cell lines, ST‐A4 and ST‐B12, were established from normal rat lymph node stromal cell cultures. SFM conditioned by these cells increased the proliferation of human (Hs578T and MCF‐7) and rat (TMT‐081) breast carcinoma cells by up to 7‐fold and augmented their ability to form colonies in semisolid agar by up to 41‐fold. This effect was specific as normal, diploid human breast epithelial cells (Hs578Bst), a nontumorigenic, immortalized human breast epithelial cell line (MCF‐10A) and a nonmetastatic rat mammary carcinoma cell line (MT‐W9B) had either no or reduced responses. RT‐PCR analysis revealed that both lymph node stromal cell lines expressed mRNA transcripts for multiple growth factors, including IGF‐I, EGF, HGF and PDGF‐α, and produced detectable levels of IGF‐I, EGF and PDGF‐α, as assessed by Western blotting. Antibody‐mediated depletion assays identified IGF‐I and EGF as the major mitogenic factors in the CM. The identification of these cells raises the possibility that the lymph node microenvironment may contribute actively to the process of cancer cell dissemination. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.