bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of the Scalp‐Recorded Ictal EEG in Childhood Epilepsy
Authors: Yoshinaga Harumi , Hattori Junri , Ohta Hodaka , Asano Takashi , Ogino Tatsuya , Kobayashi Katsuhiro , Oka Eiji 
Published: March 2003

Summary:  Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of the scalp‐recorded ictal EEGs in diagnosing childhood epilepsy.Methods: We analyzed the ictal EEGs of 259 seizures in 183 patients who visited the department of child neurology, Okayama University Medical School, during the past 6 years.Results: We divided all seizures into the following four categories, according to the diagnostic usefulness of ictal EEGs in determining the seizure type: 1. (a) Ictal EEGs confirmed the diagnosis of the seizure type based on seizure symptoms (101 seizures); (b) Ictal EEGs aided in the classification of the seizure type based on the seizure symptoms (101 seizures); (c) Ictal EEGs corrected errors in the classification (37 seizures); and (d) Ictal EEGs revealed previously unreported/undocumented seizure type (20 seizures). 2. Of the 37 misdiagnosed seizures (group C), 11 were nonepileptic seizures misdiagnosed as epileptic seizures, eight were complex partial seizures (CPS) misdiagnosed as the other seizure types, and 10 were other seizure types misdiagnosed as CPSs. 3. Of the 20 previously unreported/undocumented seizures (group D), nine were myoclonic seizures, five were absence seizures, five were CPS, and one was tonic spasms. 4. Seventy‐two patients had CPS. Among them, 11 patients showed no epileptic spikes in their interictal EEG recordings. Therefore, ictal recordings confirmed the diagnosis of epilepsy.Conclusions: Ictal EEG recording is a very useful diagnostic tool not only for determining seizure types, but also for uncovering the existence of the unsuspected seizure types. It supplies the physician with useful information for the classification and the treatment of epilepsy. In particular, ictal EEGs are useful in diagnosing patients with CPS.
The Localizing Yield of Sphenoidal and Anterior Temporal Electrodes in Ictal Recordings: A Comparison Study
Authors: Kanner Andres M. , Parra Jaime , Gil‐Nagel Antonio , Soto Arnoldo , Leurgans Sue , Iriarte Jorge , DeToledo‐Morrell Leyla , Palac Susan 
Published: March 2003

Summary:  Purpose: To compare the localizing yield of sphenoidal electrodes placed under fluoroscopic guidance (SEs) and anterior temporal electrodes (ATEs) in ictal recordings from a group of patients with seizure disorders of anterior temporal origin.Methods: We compared ictal recordings of 156 seizures obtained with SEs and ATEs from 40 consecutive patients with seizures of anterior temporal origin. Four electroencephalographers reviewed ictal recordings independently and blind to the patients' identity, presurgical data, and inclusion of ATEs or SEs. Outcome variables included (a) number of correctly localized seizures with SE and ATE recordings by at least three raters; (b) number of ictal foci in which all seizures were localized only with SEs; and (c) number of seizures in which SEs identified the ictal onset ≥5 s earlier than ATEs.Results: Interrater agreement among the four raters was significantly greater with SE than with ATE recordings (p < 0.0001). The number of seizures correctly localized was significantly greater with SEs (n = 144) than with ATEs (n = 99; p < 0.0001). All the seizures [n = 36 (23%)] originating from 14 ictal foci (29%) in 11 patients (27.5%) were localized only with SEs. Finally, the ictal onset was detected at SEs ≥5 s earlier than at ATEs in 67 (43%) seizures originating from 33 (69%) foci in 30 (75%) patients.Conclusions: SEs improve interrater agreement in the localization of seizures of anterior temporal origin, and in about one fourth of patients, SEs add ictal data not identified by ATEs.
Superiority of HMPAO Ictal SPECT to ECD Ictal SPECT in Localizing the Epileptogenic Zone
Authors: Lee Dong Soo , Lee Sang Kun , Kim Yu Kyeong , Lee Jae Sung , Cheon Gi Jeong , Kang Keon Wook , Kim Eun Sil , Chung June‐Key , Lee Myung Chul 
Published: March 2003

Summary:  Purpose: We examined diagnostic performances of Tc‐99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (HMPAO) and Tc‐99m electron capture detection (ECD) ictal single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to localize the epileptogenic zones in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and neocortical epilepsy (NE).Methods: Epileptogenic zones were identified by invasive EEG or surgical outcome. Ictal SPECT was performed with stabilized Tc‐99m HMPAO (TLE, 17; NE, 23) and with Tc‐99m ECD (TLE, 7; NE, 7). Single‐blind visual interpretation was used to localize the epileptogenic zones. Asymmetric index was calculated. Subtraction ictal SPECT was coregistered to a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) template.Results: In TLE, the sensitivity of Tc‐99m HMPAO SPECT was 82% (14 of 17) and that of Tc‐99m ECD SPECT was 71% (five of seven). The asymmetric index (AI; 25 ± 10) of Tc‐99m HMPAO SPECT was larger (p = 0.05) than the AI (13 ± 13) of Tc‐99m ECD SPECT in patients with TLE. In NE, the sensitivity of Tc‐99m HMPAO SPECT was 70% (16 of 23), but that of Tc‐99m ECD SPECT was 29% (two of seven). The AI (15 ± 10) of Tc‐99m HMPAO SPECT was significantly larger (p = 0.02) than the AI (4.8 ± 6) of Tc‐99m ECD SPECT in patients with NE. Subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered to MRI supported the visual assessment.Conclusions: We concluded that the sensitivity of Tc‐99m ECD ictal SPECT is similar to that of Tc‐99m HMPAO ictal SPECT in TLE; however, ictal hyperperfusion was higher with the Tc‐99m HMPAO SPECT. In patients with NE, Tc‐99m HMPAO ictal SPECT also was superior to Tc‐99m ECD ictal SPECT in sensitivity and degree of hyperperfusion.
Epilepsy Patients Treated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy Exhibit Compromised Ocular Perfusion Characteristics
Authors: Hilton Emma J. Roff , Hosking Sarah L. , Betts Tim 
Published: March 2003

Summary:  Purpose: Reduced cerebral blood flow and decreased cerebral glucose metabolism have been identified in patients with epilepsy treated with antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ocular haemodynamics are similarly reduced in patients with epilepsy treated with AEDs.Methods: Scanning laser Doppler flowmetry was used to measure retinal capillary microvascular flow, volume, and velocity in the temporal neuroretinal rim of 14 patients diagnosed with epilepsy (mean age, 42.0 ± 0.9 years). These values were compared with those of an age‐ and gender‐matched normal subject group (n = 14; mean age, 41.7 ± 0.3 years). Student's unpaired two‐tailed t tests were used to compare ocular blood‐flow parameters between the epilepsy and normal subject groups (p < 0.05; Bonferroni corrected).Results: A significant reduction in retinal blood volume (p = 0.001), flow (p = 0.003), and velocity (p = 0.001) was observed in the epilepsy group (13.52 ± 3.75 AU, 219.14 ± 76.61 AU, and 0.77 ± 0.269 AU, respectively) compared with the normal subject group (19.02 ± 5.11 AU, 344.03 ± 93.03 AU, and 1.17 ± 0.301 AU, respectively). Overall, the percentage mean difference between the epilepsy and normal groups was 36.31% for flow, 28.92% for volume, and 34.19% for velocity.Conclusions: Patients with epilepsy exhibit reduced neuroretinal capillary blood flow, volume, and velocity compared with normal subjects. A reduction in ocular perfusion may have implications for visual function in people with epilepsy.
Cardiovascular Regulation through Hypothalamic GABAA Receptors in a Genetic Absence Epilepsy Model in Rat
Authors: Aker Rezzan Gülhan , Onat Filiz Yılmaz 
Published: March 2003

Summary:  Purpose: γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a vital role in both central cardiovascular homeostasis and pathogenesis of epilepsy. Epilepsy affects autonomic nervous system functions. In this study, we aimed to clarify the role of GABAA receptors in hypothalamic cardiovascular regulation in a genetically determined animal model of absence epilepsy.Methods: Nonepileptic Wistar rats and genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) were instrumented with a guide cannula for drug injection and extradural electrodes for EEG recording. After a recovery period, iliac arterial catheters were inserted for direct measurement of mean arterial pressure and heart rate. Bicuculline, a GABAA‐receptor antagonist, was injected into the dorsomedial (DMH) or posterior (PH) hypothalamic nuclei of nonepileptic control rats or GAERS. Blood pressure, heart rate, and EEG recordings were performed in conscious unrestrained animals.Results: Bicuculline injections into the hypothalamus produced increases in blood pressure and heart rate of both control rats and GAERS. The DMH group of GAERS showed a twofold increase in the blood pressure and the heart rate compared with those of control rats. Pressor responses to bicuculline, when microinjected into the PH, were similar in the nonepileptic animals and GAERS. Conversely, the amplitude of tachycardic responses to the administration of bicuculline into the PH was significantly higher in GAERS compared with those of control rats.Conclusions: The bicuculline‐induced increases in blood pressure and heart rate were more prominent when given in the DMH of GAERS. These results indicate an increased GABAA receptor–mediated cardiovascular response through the DMH in conscious rats with absence epilepsy.
The Effect of Age on Rate of Functional Recovery after Intracarotid Amobarbital Injection
Authors: Segal Jessica B. , Moo Lauren R. , Hart John 
Published: March 2003

Summary:  Purpose: The duration of the drug effect during the intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) is an important factor when considering the prioritization of behavioral testing during the IAP. Previous studies of thiopental, a barbiturate similar to sodium amobarbital, found that age and gender significantly affect the dose required to induce anesthesia, such that younger patients require higher dosage.Methods: A total of 55 patients who underwent the IAP procedure at Johns Hopkins Hospital were included in the study (110 hemispheric injections). The patient group included 30 female and 25 male patients, ranging in age from 11 to 50 years. To determine if a higher dose of sodium amobarbital was needed for younger patients during the IAP, we analyzed the time to return to preinjection EEG baseline status and time to return to 5/5 strength as a function of patient age and gender.Results: We found that younger patients (11–20 years old) returned to preinjection baseline EEG status and full (5/5) strength faster than older patients. No gender difference was found.Conclusions: The sodium amobarbital effect during IAP dissipates faster in young patients. Consideration of this difference in rate of recovery in 11‐to 20‐year‐old patients has important clinical implications in terms of prioritizing behavioral testing.
The Neurodevelopmental Impact of Childhood‐onset Temporal Lobe Epilepsy on Brain Structure and Function
Authors: Hermann Bruce , Seidenberg Michael , Bell Brian , Rutecki Paul , Sheth Raj , Ruggles Kevin , Wendt Gary , O'Leary Daniel , Magnotta Vincent 
Published: March 2003

Summary:  Purpose: To characterize the neurodevelopmental correlates of childhood‐onset temporal lobe epilepsy on brain structure and cognition compared with late‐onset chronic temporal lobe epilepsy and healthy controls.Methods: Healthy controls (n = 62) and patients with early (n = 37) versus late (n = 16) age at onset of temporal lobe epilepsy were compared with high‐resolution quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetrics and comprehensive neuropsychological assessment.Results: Patients with childhood‐onset temporal lobe epilepsy (mean onset age, 7.8 years) exhibited widespread compromise in neuropsychological performance and substantial reduction in brain tissue volumes extending to extratemporal regions compared with healthy controls and late‐onset temporal lobe epilepsy patients (mean onset age, 23.3 years). Most evident was reduced total white‐matter volume among the childhood‐onset patients. Reduction in brain tissue volume, especially total white‐matter volume, was associated with significantly poorer cognitive status, attesting to the clinical significance of the volumetric abnormalities.Conclusions: Childhood‐onset temporal lobe epilepsy appears to be associated with an adverse neurodevelopmental impact on brain structure and cognition that appears generalized in nature and especially evident in white‐matter tissue volume.
A Short‐echo‐time Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging Study of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Simister Robert J. , Woermann Friedrich G. , McLean Mary A. , Bartlett Philippa A. , Barker Gareth J. , Duncan John S. 
Published: March 2003

Summary:  Purpose: We used short‐echo‐time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI) to study metabolite concentration variation through the temporal lobe in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with and without abnormal MRI.Methods: MRSI was performed at TE = 30 ms to study 10 control subjects, 10 patients with TLE and unilateral hippocampal sclerosis, and 10 patients with TLE and unremarkable MRI (MRI negative). We measured the concentrations of N‐acetyl aspartate +N‐acetyl aspartyl‐glutamate (NAAt), creatine (Cr), choline (Cho), glutamate + glutamine (Glx), and myoinositol, in the anterior, middle, and posterior medial temporal lobe (MTL), and in the posterior lateral temporal lobe. Segmented volumetric T1‐weighted MRIs gave the tissue composition of each MRSI voxel. Normal ranges were defined as the control mean ± 3 SD.Results: In the hippocampal sclerosis group, seven of 10 had abnormally low NAAt in the ipsilateral anterior MTL. In the MRI‐negative group, four of 10 had low NAAt in the middle MTL voxel ipsilateral to seizure onset. Metabolite ratios were less sensitive to abnormality than was the NAAt concentration. Group analysis showed low NAAt, Cr, and Cho in the anterior MTL in hippocampal sclerosis. Glx was elevated in the anterior voxel contralateral to seizure onset in the MRI‐negative group. Metabolite concentrations were influenced by voxel position and tissue composition.Conclusions: (a) Low NAAt, Cr, and Cho were features of the anterior sclerotic hippocampus, whereas low NAAt was observed in the MRI‐negative group in the middle MTL region. The posterior temporal lobe regions were not associated with significant metabolite abnormality; (b) The two patient groups demonstrated different metabolite profiles across the temporal lobe, with elevated Glx a feature of the MRI‐negative group; and (c) Voxel tissue composition and position influenced obtained metabolite concentrations.
Socioeconomic Prognosis after a Newly Diagnosed Unprovoked Epileptic Seizure in Adults: A Population‐based Case–Control Study
Authors: Lindsten Hans , Stenlund Hans , Edlund Curt , Forsgren Lars 
Published: March 2003

Summary:   Purpose: To investigate the socioeconomic prognosis after a newly diagnosed unprovoked epileptic seizure in adults.Methods: Sixty‐three patients 17 years or older with a newly diagnosed unprovoked epileptic seizure from 1985 through 1987 and 107 sex‐ and age‐ matched controls were followed up for 10 years to 1996. Studied variables were income, source of income, sickness periods, incapacity rate, diagnosis‐specific incapacity rate, vocational status, and education.Results: Relative growth of income was similar between patients and controls during follow‐up. Patients had lower income than did controls 2 years before seizure onset and during the entire follow‐up. This was related to higher morbidity among patients, as measured by sickness periods and incapacity rate. Employment rates did not evolve negatively among patients after seizure onset and were close to employment rates of controls during follow‐up time. There was no difference between patients and controls regarding education.Conclusions: After a newly diagnosed unprovoked epileptic seizure in adults, no negative development regarding employment and education occurs. Income development is positive unless refractory seizures evolve. However, income is lower among patients with epilepsy than among controls, and this difference can be related to overall morbidity.
Gabapentin Increases the Hyperpolarization‐activated Cation Current Ih in Rat CA1 Pyramidal Cells
Authors: Surges Rainer , Freiman Thomas M. , Feuerstein Thomas J. 
Published: March 2003

Summary:  Purpose: Gabapentin (GBP) is a commonly used drug in the treatment of partial seizures, but its mode of action is still unclear. The genesis of seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy is thought to be crucially influenced by intrinsic membrane properties. Because the Ih substantially contributes to the intrinsic membrane properties of neurons, the effects of GBP on the Ih were investigated in CA1 pyramidal cells of rat hippocampus.Methods: CA1 pyramidal cells in hippocampal slices were examined by using the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique.Results: GBP increased the Ih amplitude in a concentration‐dependent manner mainly by increasing the conductance, without significant changes in the activation properties or in the time course of Ih. The effects ranged from ∼20% at 50 μM, ∼25% at 75 μM, to ∼35% at 100 μM GBP (at –110 mV). In the presence of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), the effects of GBP on Ih were similar to those obtained in the absence of cAMP.Conclusions: These results suggest that GBP increases the Ih through a cAMP‐independent mechanism. Because the applied GBP concentrations were in a clinically relevant range, the observed effect may contribute to the anticonvulsant action of GBP in partial seizures and may represent a new concept of how this anticonvulsant drug works.
Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Epilepsy: Some Transcultural Issues
Authors: Trimble Michael R. , Krishnamoorthy E. S. 
Published: March 2003

Summary:  Purpose: To review transcultural perspectives in the neuropsychiatry of epilepsy.Methods: Systematic literature searches of standard databases, cross‐referencing, chapters, and opionion leader articles.Results: Articles from the Indian subcontinent, Africa, and Japan were identified and are reviewed herein. The spectrum of psychopathology in epilepsy is rather similar across cultures. However, psychopathology specific to epilepsy, the interictal behavioural syndrome of Geschwind, for example, has not been well studied outside the Western world. Discussion: There is a need for well‐designed epidemiological studies of neuropsychiatric disorders in epilepsy. These should use harmonised protocols and outcome measures. Special attention should be paid to the impact of aetiology on psychiatric co‐morbidity and disablement.
Adverse ffects of covert iridovirus infection on life history and demographic parameters ofAedes aegypti
Authors: Marina Carlos F. , Ibarra Jorge E. , Arredondo‐Jiménez Juan I. , Fernández‐Salas Ildefonso , Liedo Pablo , Williams Trevor 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSublethal viral infections can cause changes in the body size and demography of insect vectors, with important consequences for population dynamics and the probability that individual mosquitoes will transmit disease. This study examined the effects of covert (sublethal) infection byInvertebrate iridescent virus 6(IIV‐6) on the demography of femaleAedes aegyptiand the relationship between key life history parameters in covertly infected female insects compared with healthy (control) insects or non‐infected mosquitoes that had survived exposure to virus inoculum without becoming infected. Of the female mosquitoes that emerged following exposure to virus inoculum and were offered blood meals, 29% (43/150) proved positive for covert IIV‐6 infection. The net reproductive rate (R0) of covertly infected females was 50% lower for infected females compared to control mosquitoes, whereas non‐infected exposed females had an R0approximately 15% lower than that of controls. Reproduction caused a significant decrease of about 13 days in mosquito longevity compared to females that did not reproduce (P < 0.001). Infected females lived 5–8 days less than non‐infected exposed females or controls, respectively (P = 0.028). Infected females and non‐infected exposed females both had significantly shorter wings than control insects (P < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between wing length and longevity in covertly infected female mosquitoes but not in control or non‐infected exposed mosquitoes. Longer lived females produced more eggs in all treatments. There were no significant correlations between body size and fecundity or the production of offspring. There was also no correlation between fecundity and fertility, suggesting that sperm inactivation was a more likely cause of decreased fertility in older mosquitoes than sperm depletion. We conclude that covert infection by iridescent virus is likely to reduce the vectorial capacity of this mosquito.
Wie entsteht ein Ekzem?
Authors: Trautmann Axel , Disch Rainer , Bröcker Eva‐B. , Akdis Cezmi A. , Gillitzer Reinhard 
Published: March 2003

ZusammenfassungNeue Erkenntnisse über T‐Lymphozyten, Keratinozyten und deren Interaktion führen zu einem besseren funktionellen Verständnis der ekzematösen Entzündung und können sowohl das klinische wie auch das histologische Bild des Ekzems plausibel erklären. Neben aktivierten Endothelzellen und Adhäsionsmolekülen steuert ein komplexes Zusammenspiel verschiedener Chemokine die Rekrutierung der T‐Lymphozyten aus den Blutgefäßen und die Migration in die Dermis und Epidermis. Die T‐Lymphozyten schädigen die Epidermis durch proinflammatorische Zytokine und können über „Killermoleküle” den apoptotischen Zelltod einzelner Keratinozyten verursachen. Es kommt zur Degradierung von Adhäsionsmolekülen auf Keratinozyten und damit zur Auflösung des epidermalen Zellverbandes (Spongiose). Die Keratinozyten aktivieren daraufhin Reparaturmechanismen, die beim chronischen Ekzem Akanthose und Parakeratose zur Folge haben.
Transfer prices and the structure of intra‐firm trade
Authors: Madan Vibhas 
Published: March 2003

In this paper the structure of intra‐firm trade within the context of transfer price manipulation by a multinational firm is endogenized. ‘High’ and ‘low’ values of host‐country tax rates give rise to intra‐firm trade in final goods and intermediate inputs, and ‘intermediate’ values of the tax rate are associated with intra‐firm trade in either the intermediate inputs or the final goods only. Higher tariffs and stricter local content restrictions bias intra‐firm trade towards intermediate‐good trade and final‐good trade, respectively. In the presence of endogenous transfer prices host‐country sales may increase if the multinational faces stricter trade restrictions and higher host‐country tax rates. JEL Classification: F23, F12 Prix de cession interne et structure du commerce itnra‐firme. Ce mémoire endogénéise la structure du commerce intra‐firme dans le contexte d'un modèle qui permet la manipulation du prix de cession interne par une firme plurinationale. Des taux de taxation hauts et bas par le pays hôte entraînent un commerce international intra‐firme tant dans les biens finaux que dans les intrants intermédiaires; des taux moyens de taxation sont associés à un commere intra‐firme soit dans les intrants intermédiaires, soit dans les biens finaux mais pas dans les deux. Des droits de douane élevés et des restrictions sur le contenu intérieur plus importantes créent des distorsions en faveur du commerce intra‐firme dans les biens intermédiaires et dans les biens finaux respectivement. Quand il existe des prix de cession interne endogènes, les ventes de la firme nationale peuvent s'accroître si la firme plurinationale fait face à des restrictions au commerce plus importantes et à des taux de taxation plus élevés de la part du pays hôte.