bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wavefront Reconstruction and Control Systems
Authors: Hardy John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The control system is the vital link between the wave front sensor and the wavefront corrector in all adaptive optics systems. Its function is to convert the wavefront measurements made by the sensor into a set of commands that are applied to the wavefront corrector to satisfy a suitable performance criterion, such as minimizing the residual wavefront error. The main functions in a typical adaptive optics control loop are shown in figure 8.1. The wavefront sensor generates an array of wavefront slope or curvature measurements that are first reconstructed spatially into a continuous two-dimensional representation of the wavefront error. The wavefront predictor minimizes temporal noise by smoothing the data in time and makes the best estimate of the wavefront error for the next correction cycle. The commands to be applied to the wavefront corrector are then computed, taking into account the spatial and temporal characteristics of the wavefront disturbances and the correction system.
The Iowa-Benton School Of Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Tranel Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Iowa-Benton (I-B) school of neuropsychological assessment dates back more than four decades. In 1950, Arthur Benton set up a small neuropsychology unit at the invitation of Dr. Adolph Sahs, who was the Head of the Department of Neurology at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (UIHC). Benton’s service was placed in the Department of Neurology, where it has remained until the current day, and this close affiliation with neurology has been an important influence in the development of the Iowa approach. In the initial arrangement, Benton agreed to evaluate patients referred by either Dr. Sahs or Dr. Russell Meyers, who was the Chair of the Division of Neurosurgery at UIHC. In return, Benton and his students were permitted to use case material from neurology and neurosurgery for research purposes.
Neuropsychological Consequences of Drug Abuse
Authors: Carlin Alberts. , O’malley Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuropsychological consequences of drug abuse continue to be of considerable importance in neuropsychiatric populations. Many patients consume licit or illicit psychoactive substances in prescribed or uncontrolled ways. This chapter reviews the evidence of various relationships between drug consumption and behavior, with particular reference to the long-term neurobehavioral impact of drug abuse. It is commonly assumed that the abuse of most psychoactive substances results in neuropsychological deficit. Whether this attitude reflects a sense of moral retribution or the belief that repeated trips across the blood-brain barrier must exact their toll is an open question. Certainly, most psychoactive drugs affect neuropsychological functioning acutely. The acute effects can be studied in a straightforward way by administering the drug under study in known dosage to subjects and then comparing either pre-post or drug-placebo performance.
Prologue
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider a string of three masses, m1, m2, and m3. The mass mi is connected to the mass m 3 by a spring of stiffness kij. Theleft and right ends of the string are attached to “walls” (m0 = ∞, m4 = ∞) via springs of stiffnesses k01 and k34, respectively. Let x i denote the position of the mass mi relative to its equilibrium position and let Fi denote the external force applied to m i. Such a system is said to be positive real. This is a corollary of the colocation property together with the fact that the mechanical system could only dissipate energy. Many distributed parameters systems, provided they be dissipative with their rate sensors colocated with the force actuators, satisfy that property, so that through the simple spring-mass-dashpot example a large class of systems is invoked.
Cartesian Product Of Many Uncertainties
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters, we have decomposed the space of uncertainty D × Ω as a whole, ignoring the fact that it is, actually, the topological product of two spaces, namely D and Ω. In this section, we investigate what can be gained by exploiting the Cartesian product structure of the generalized domain of uncertainty. It should be intuitively clear that the higher the dimension of a space, the more difficult it is to triangulate. Therefore, the natural question is whether, given a triangulation of D and a triangulation of Ω, we can construct a triangulation of D × Ω. This question is not trivial, because the Cartesian product of two simplexes is, unfortunately, not a simplex. Inspiring ourselves from the low-dimensional example of a 2-simplex topologically multiplied by a line segment, the Cartesian product of two simplexes is called prism. The crux of the matter is that a prism of arbitrary dimension can be decomposed into simplexes by a simple combinatorial rule, without the need to “visualize” the situation. This yields the so-called prismatic decomposition of D × Ω, constructed from simplicial decompositions of D and Ω, that will be very useful at several different places.
Game Of Hex Algorithm
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we introduce a tic-tac-toe game, called game of Hex, that is played on a board consisting of a gapless assembly of regular hexagons. The purpose of this “fun chapter” is twofold: First, we establish the combinatorial equivalence between the (dual of the) Hex board and the Q and prismatic triangulations introduced earlier. Next, and most importantly, the strategy for finding a winning path, developed in the highly “visual” environment of the Hex game, reveals the fundamental combinatorial algorithm that underlies the “simplicial algorithms” for finding the crossover. It is hoped that the game of Hex will provide the reader with a visual aid to understand the simplicial algorithms on Q-triangulation, to come in the next chapter.
Simplicial Algorithms Over Labeled Uncertainty Space
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is in the same spirit as the computational geometry algorithm for searching the crossover, as developed in Chapter 6. Both chapters share in common the concept of polyhedral dissection of the space of uncertainty and the idea of approximating the crossover with an assembly of simplexes. However, contrary to Chapter 6, the approach developed in the present chapter is meant to be approximative, with a bit of heuristics, but has the definite advantage of obviating the need for the rather formidable apparatus of Delaunay triangulation, point location, and simplicial approximation.
Obstruction To Extending The Nyquist Map
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It should be intuitively clear at this stage that Kharitonov’s theorem and the “edge test” can be reformulated within the setup of obstruction theory: We perform a test on a low-dimensional skeleton of the uncertainty space and, if the test passes, there are no further obstructions to extending the Nyquist to the entire uncertainty space and the system is robustly stable. Gleaning on this insight, it should be clear that obstruction theory provides the conceptual framework to dispose of such issues as to when, why and how a test on a low-dimensional subset of uncertainty is enough to guarantee robust stability.
Homotopy Classification Of Nyquist Maps
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since we have removed 0 + jO from the complex plane, the Nyquist map D × Ω (ℂ \ {0 + j0}, if it exists, could have a nontrivial homotopy class. The set of all possible homotopy classes of all such maps depends essentially on D. This chapter addresses the question as to what homotopy classes can be expected for a given uncertainty space. In case of such uncontractible uncertainty spaces as toris—multichannel phase margin problems—the set of all homotopy classes is quite large. The next question is to determine which of these homotopy classes yield closed-loop stability. Finally, given an uncertainty structure D, it is shown how the loop function L(s) induces a homotopy class of the map.
Affective Influences in Depression: Conceptual Issues, Cognitive Consequences, and Multiple Mechanisms
Authors: Scott Walter D , Ingram Rick E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two facts about depression that are inescapable. The first is that depression is an extremely widespread problem. In a large-scale project that interviewed approximately 19,000 people in five U.S. cities, the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study found a lifetime prevalence rate of 6.3% and a 1-year prevalence rate of 3.7% for major depressive disorder (Weissman, Bruce, Leaf, Florio, & Holzer, 1991). In the same study, almost 30% of those assessed reported significant symptoms of depression. Projecting from these figures, then, literally millions of people in the United States suffer from substantial depressive symptoms.
Emotional Expression and Experience: A Psychosocial Perspective on Schizophrenia
Authors: Flack William F , Laird James D , Cavallaro, Lorraine A , Miller Daniel R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Basic research on emotion and clinical investigations of emotion in the various psychopathologies have proceeded largely independently of one another. In this chapter, we describe a program of research in which ideas and methods developed by academic social psychologists to study emotions are employed to investigate the problem posed by discrepancies between emotional behavioral expression and subjective experience of emotion in schizophrenia. We begin by summarizing our concepts of emotion and of schizophrenia, then review briefly the work that has been conducted on expressive behaviors and subjective emotional experiences of normals and of people diagnosed as schizophrenic. Finally, we describe how our perspectives on schizophrenia and on emotion might be linked up in a single theory.
Free Streamline Flows
Authors: Brennen Christopher E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we briefly survey the extensive literature on fully developed cavity flows and the methods used for their solution. The terms “ free streamline flow” or “free surface flow” are used for those situations that involve a “free” surface whose location is initially unknown and must be found as a part of the solution. In the context of some of the multiphase flow literature, they would be referred to as separated flows. In the introduction to Chapter 6 we described the two asymptotic states of a multiphase flow, homogeneous and separated flow. Chapter 6 described some of the homogeneous flow methods and their application to cavitating flows; this chapter presents the other approach. However, we shall not use the term separated flow in this context because of the obvious confusion with the accepted, fluid mechanical use of the term.
The Function and Patterning of Interruptions in Conversation
Authors: Aries Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Men and women convey information about who they are, their intentions, and their relative positions through the way they speak. Gender differences in the use of language have drawn the attention of many researchers in linguistics, sociolinguistics, communication studies, and psychology. Interruptions, a speech form commonly viewed as a mechanism of power and dominance in conversation, have been of particular interest to the research community. Many researchers believe that interruptions provide a behavioral measure of dominance in everyday social experience because they involve a violation of the current speaker’s right to speak, are used to usurp that person’s tum, and are used to control the topic of conversation. Interruptions thus provide a measure that we can use to determine whether the greater power and dominance of men in society is reflected in ordinary face-to-face interaction between men and women. The Research Findings Interest in gender differences in interruptions was sparked by research by Don Zimmerman and Candace West, a study that has now been widely cited. Zimmerman and West recorded 31 segments of conversation in public places such as coffee shops and drugstores. Twenty of those conversations took place between samesex pairs-10 male pairs and 10 female pairs-and the remaining 11 conversations took place between mixed-sex pairs. All conversants were between the ages of 20 and 35.
Gender Stereotypes and the Perception and Evaluation of Participants in Interaction
Authors: Aries Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many psychologists have argued that the locus of gender differences is in the eye of the beholder.1 We immediately recognize each participant in conversational interaction as a male or a female. To the extent that we hold stereotyped beliefs about men and women, these beliefs can lead us to form different expectations about what male and female participants are like and how they will behave. In this chapter I examine the nature of gender stereotypes and their influence on our perception, evaluation, and response toward participants in interaction. I look at the extent to which we bend our perceptions in the direction of sex role stereotypes and perceive gender differences that may not even be present. I also examine the way gender stereotypes cause us to evaluate males and females differently or to respond to them differently, even when their behavior is identical. To begin, we need to know what is meant by a stereotype. A stereotype is a set of beliefs about the characteristics presumed to be typical of members of a group. Stereotypes distinguish one group from another-for example, men from women, or blacks from whites. Stereotypes can be positive or negative, accurate or inaccurate. To the extent that they are accurate, stereotypes provide information that is useful in forming expectations to help guide behavior.
Conclusions, Explanations, and Implications
Authors: Aries Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The research reviewed in this book could be used to make a strong case for differences between the interaction styles of men and women. The same general findings emerge across many different subject populations, settings, and research methodologies. Men show a greater task orientation in groups, women a greater social-emotional orientation; men emerge more often as leaders in initially leaderless groups; men interrupt more; women pay more attention to the face needs of their conversational partners; women talk more personally with their close friends. People have drawn on this research evidence to popularize the view that men and women think differently, interpret the world differently, and interact differently. These ideas have had widespread appeal. Many people feel these depictions of men and women capture their own experience; the research findings mirror gender differences they see in their daily lives. I have argued, on the other hand, that the research evidence on gender and conversational interaction permits multiple interpretations-that the “facts” do not yield a single “truth.” I have gone back through the research literature to demonstrate that the data reveal the similarities between men and women to be far greater than the differences, and that knowledge of a person’s gender will give us little ability to accurately predict how a person will behave in many situations. Let me review the questions that have been raised throughout this book-questions that have been raised in scholarly journals and articles by feminist researchers over the past two decades but that have not had a major impact on popular conceptions about men and women.
In the Beginning
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the beginning of God’s creation of the heaven and the earth: the earth was without form and void, dark ness was on the face of the deep, and a wind from God vibrated over the surface of the waters. And God said, let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness ... And God said, Let the waters swarm abundantly with moving creatures that have life.
Nitric OxideA Simple Molecule with Complex Biologic Functions
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In view of the fact that the properties of EDRF released from endothelial cells of the rabbit aorta by acetylcholine are, in many respects, similar to those of NO. generated in acidified nitrite solutions, it is pro posed that EDRF is NO.. While production of free radicals, including 02.- and HO., has generally been associated with cytotoxicity, the recognition that nitric oxide (NO) controls a myriad of important physiological activities, including the regulation of vascular tone (Furchgott, 1988; lgnarro, et al., 1988; Ma, et al., 1993), ushered in a new era in free radical research. Undeniably, NO. represents a novel class of transient messengers, as this free radical augments cell-cell communications and governs many intracellular events (Moncada and Higgs, 1991; Snyder, 1992; Forstermann, et al., 1994, 1995; Huang, et al., 1993, 1994, 1995; Rubbo, et al., 1996; Lander, 1997). Besides these critical homeostatic functions, NO. appears to be an integral part of host immune response, particularly effective against a number of intracellular pathogens (Nathan and Hibbs, 1991; De Groote and Fang, 1995; MacMicking, et al., 1995; Wei, et al., 1995). These and similar findings have had a profound influence on what would otherwise be a narrow view of free radicals in biology.
Kinetics of Spin Trapping Free Radicals
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Failure to observed a spin adduct does not prove the absence of radicals. It may simply reflect low rates of trapping or the formation of a short-lived spin adduct. The detection of free radicals, generated from either purified enzyme preparations, isolated cell suspensions, or animal models, is dependent upon the ability of the nitrone, the nitrosoalkane, or the ferro-chelate to compete favorably for the free radical with other biologic targets. The efficiency of spin trapping, most often the limiting factor in the identification of specific free radicals, is, therefore, reflected in the differing rate constants for a variety of similar, yet diverse, reactions (Ingold, 1973; Marriott, et al., 1980). Although, at first glance, the number and complexity of potential interactions may appear to be overwhelming, one should not be deterred by the effort required to obtain reliable estimates of specific rate con stants. The scope of the problem can be illustrated by considering the following example.
Assessing Relatedness and Evolutionary Divergence: Why the Genetic Evidence Alone Is Insufficient
Authors: Nichols Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern molecular genetics provides such large quantities of precise data that there is a tendency to overlook its limitations. Certainly genetic studies can provide much evidence that is pertinent to conservation biology, including indications of past fluctuations in population size, the extent of gene flow between populations, and relatedness within populations. Part of my purpose here is to show that this genetic evidence can only be interpreted in conjunction with an understanding of a species’ biology, and hence to exhort conservation geneticists to make full use of their knowledge rather than to rely on the genetic information alone.
Molecular Genetics and the Conservation of Salmonid Biodiversity: Oncorhynchus at the Edge of Their Range
Authors: Nielsen Jennifer L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with many extant vertebrates, the evolutionary history of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) is complex and includes many periods of extinctions and radiations. This is especially true for the Oncorhynchus complex, where fossil records are scarce and current taxonomy is confused by extensive morphological, life history, and ecological variation (Behnke, 1992). The ancestral tetraploidy state of much of the salmonid genome, with the presence of many duplicate genes (Allendorf and Waples, 1996), further complicates the resolution of genetic relatedness, population structure, and local adaptation.
The Celestial Sphere
Authors: Evans James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To a naive observer it is by no means obvious that the sky has the shape of a dome or hemisphere. Indeed, the Egyptians in their art often represented the sky by the sky goddess, Nut, arched over the land, often, though not always, with her back flattened (see fig. 2.1). And the Egyptian hieroglyph for sky (|r~x|) is reminiscent of the flat roof of a long, low building.1 Although the stars themselves suggest no particular shape for the heaven, their motions do suggest a sphere: the Moon, stars, and planets are seen moving on parallel circles, climbing up together from the eastern horizon, crossing the sky, and going down together in the west. Even more suggestive are the circumpolar stars, which can be seen all night long, moving in circles about the celestial pole. Ptolemy pointed to exactly these facts of observation in trying to explain how his remote predecessors had come to the idea of a spherical heaven.2
Solar Theory
Authors: Evans James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A solar theory is a mathematical system that can be used to calculate the position of the Sun in the zodiac at any desired date. Mastery of the solar theory is a prerequisite for any serious study of the history of astronomy. In the first place, the motion of the Sun is much simpler than that of either the Moon or the planets, yet it involves many of the same features. The solar theory therefore serves as an excellent introduction to problems and techniques that are encountered in the planetary theory. Second, the solar theory is the foundation on which the whole of positional astronomy must be constructed. It is not possible to measure the position of any other celestial body until one has a working theory of the Sun, as Ptolemy himself says in the introduction to the third book of the Almagest.
Latah: The Paradigmatic Startle-Matching Syndrome
Authors: Simons Ronald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The best known of the culturally labeled and elaborated versions of the startle-matching syndrome is the one found in Malaysia and Indonesia, where it is called latah.1 The origin of this term is not known; although a number of etymologies have been suggested, none are convincing. Latah is often said to be the Malay word for “nervous” or “ticklish” (e.g., Adams, 1951; Gimlette, 1939), but “jumpy” would be closer, though still not exactly equivalent.
Explaining Latah: The Importance of Descriptive Detail
Authors: Simons Ronald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most early descriptions of latah in the Western scientific and popular literatures were written by colonial administrators and medical officers. Resident in Malaysia and interacting daily with Malays in many settings, their opportunities for observation were extensive. They were not, however, unbiased observers. As Little wood and Lipsedge (1989) have pointed out, accounts of culture-bound syndromes such as latah were used, often intentionally, to help justify the domination by a colonial power of a colonized people.