bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Becoming a Sectarian: Motivation and Commitment
Authors: Wilson Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the period of their emergence and growth, sects are generally discussed in terms of opprobrium, perhaps because most of those who have written about them have been people not only of other theological persuasions, but often people with vested professional interests in sustaining their own theology against that of others, or, occasionally, they have been men of decidedly rationalistic temper, eager to condemn all religion by reference to what they take to be the latest and most patent religious outrage to common sense. By the time a sect becomes a historical phenomenon it is likely that those still interested in it will discuss it with a measure of detached objectivity: for contemporary sects, only sociologists are likely to espouse the same canons of ethical neutrality and objectivity that are, perhaps so much more easily, endorsed by historians in their treatment of things past.
Factors in the Failure of New Religious Movements
Authors: Wilson Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The application of the concepts of failure and success to religion is a problematic exercise. Since religion is a matter of faith, its goals might be expressed in transcendental or metaphysical terms. Such goals are regularly represented as supramundane. What, it might be asked, does it profit a religious movement if it ‘shall gain the whole world and lose [its] own soul’? The attainment of Nirvana by all the world's Theravada Buddhists, and hence the extinction of Buddhism, could be seen as success. Just as the Christian Church exists for men in this world, so does Buddhism, its doctrines and organization. In Buddhism, as in Christianity, ultimate success comes when the world passes away. Christian religion is for man under the relative natural law, in the period between the fall and the resurrection: it is a social phenomenon with transcendent goals.
The Politics of Explanation and Justification
Authors: Waddington P A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inner-city riots of the early 1980s produced a sea change in public-order policing. Once the missiles began to fly, the traditional bobby was replaced by the riot police, clad in protective clothing and protected by shields. In reserve there were now stocks of CS agent and plastic baton rounds. These developments in riot control tactics and technology are condemned by their critics as not only failing to address the ‘real problems’ but also obstructing the solution of these problems. Some police officers, local residents whose property has been destroyed by arson, and not a few observers of the riots might have thought that the missiles that have been thrown, and the arson, rape, and murder committed, were the ‘real problem’. Not so, say the critics:1 the ‘real problems’ are the social conditions that cause riots to occur in the first instance. These are left untouched by riot control technology.2
Introduction
Authors: Halsey A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE British senior common room today presents a spectacle more interesting than joyful. My purpose in this book is to trace some major trends in the behaviour and opinion of university and polytechnic staff—what Harold Perkin aptly dubbed ‘the key profession’ (Perkin 1969)—and to examine the fortunes of the institutions of higher education from the exuberant innocence of the Robbins expansion plan through the anxious disillusion of the 1970s to the renewed expansionist declarations of the Secretaries of State for Education (Mr Baker and Mr Macgregor) in the late 1980s and the competitive resolve of the new Secretary of State, Kenneth Clarke, and his Labour shadow Jack Straw, to put education at the top of the political agenda in the 1990s.
A Successful Academic Career
Authors: Halsey A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WE saw in Chapters 3 and 6 that career patterns for academics are entwined in an evolving hierarchy of institutions, with Oxford and Cambridge exerting a disproportionate influence at both the point of entry and as the preferred occupational destination. The ancient colleges are both prominent feeder institutions and also the refuge of an alternative to the chair at another university or a similar high position in a polytechnic. Thus the professorship in Britain is not unequivocally the zenith of an academic career, and there are in any case other high positions in institutions of higher education. The vice-chancellors, polytechnic directors, and heads of colleges often have relatively highly distinguished academic backgrounds. Nevertheless the chair is conventionally, and for the majority, the highest object of vocational ambition. We can therefore enquire into the conditions for success. What enables men and women to negotiate successful passage to this high point of an academic career?
Women And Men
Authors: Halsey A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE participation of women in higher education is patchy, passionate, and peculiar because we are living through a period in which vigorous reforms are taking place with a view to establishing fair or equal chances in what remains, despite many slights and denials, one of the most attractive careers for women in paid employment in modern society. In one sense the establishment of an equal position for women in teaching is relatively easy in that such posts are culturally assimilable to the traditional ‘caring’ role of women in the domestic economy. Leonora Davidoff and Catherine Hall have written a beautifully detailed portrait of the role of the bourgeois wife in keeping her husband ‘on stage’ in a business career from behind the screen in the family home (Davidoff and Hall 1987). Historically, an educational career was one of the obvious paths out of domesticity into professional life for Victorian women. Marriage was, of course, the culturally favoured career. The nurse and the governess were relatively respectable alternative positions in society, while actresses, courtesans, and prostitutes were ancient but more or less scandalous, ‘deviant’ cultural figures.
Theology in a (Social) Scientific Culture
Authors: Martin David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us suppose that sociology is indeed part of what is called scientific culture. As we shall see there are some complexities in making that supposition, certainly as regards the strictly scientific nature of some kinds of sociological work. But for the moment we need only hold that there is a long tradition of controlled thinking about social phenomena which aims at un covering what elements coexist with what other elements and what pre-conditions lead to what consequences.
Nature: Human, Social, Divine
Authors: Martin David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nobody should expect that any particular, discrete sector of human enquiry will stumble upon the stealthy marks of an elusive Deity and finally track Him to his lair. God is not a variety of Abominable Snowman, whose existence has been long hinted at in myth and story, but whose footsteps we now urgently follow, almost expecting to see Him face to face. Not even by peering backward to the Big Bang and the first crucial moments of the universe do we expect to go one stage further and descry the lineaments of the Creator.
The Sociological Mode and the Theological Vocabulary
Authors: Martin David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is theology? It is an attempt to make intellectual sense of a way of life. This does not mean that theology tries to provide the inner rationale for the life-style of a stockbroker or a computer technician, or attempts to explain why we should be in a society whose way of life generates brokers and technicians. Those two tasks belong respectively to descriptive and to analytic sociology. It means rather that human existence characteristically engenders ways of living and feeling which try to make comprehensive sense of the human environment and situation. Theology is one of the intellectual disciplines which articulates that comprehensive sense.
Lawfulness in Sociology: A Response to Mary Hesse
Authors: Martin David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In what follows I want to draw out, elucidate, and map the mental pathways of social science, and to do so through an encounter with just one characteristic problem. The larger aim of that encounter is to enquire what kind of lawfulness may be expected to reside in the subject-matter of social science, or alternatively to enquire what kinds of lawfulness that subject matter properly permits us to impose. Clearly the social scientist engages in a specific form of questioning of social materials, putting them under pressure to elicit a yield or a return. What is the nature of that return and is it ‘lawful’?
Solidarity and Schism
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents a critical comparison and evaluation of the assumptions underlying explanations of social order and conflict which are to be found in the work of Durkheim and Marx, and of their most important followers. Its major theme is that, although the two bodies of theory rest on fundamentally opposed ideas of social structure and social action, both have to draw on auxiliary hypotheses which are to a high degree complementary - the residual categories of the one theory proving to be those that are analytically central to the other. This is most evident when Durkheimian theory seeks to account for social disorder, and Marxist theory for its absence. This challenging argument is developed in detail, by reference to a wide range of empirical research, and points the way to new ways of thinking about how societies alternate between the poles of solidarity and schism.
Anomic Declassification
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major problem presented by Durkheim’s account of declassification is that of determining the kind of disorder it entails. It is clear that once the social classification is disturbed its regulatory influence cannot immediately be re-established. ‘The moral reeducation of individuals must be recommenced, but they cannot be readjusted instanteously to their new circumstances,’ and ‘time is required for the public conscience to reclassify men and things’. The state of declassification is some sort of interregnum: one classification has broken down, but a new one will be, has to be, institutionalized. The crucial question then concerns the form of disorder during this interregnum.
Revolutionary Polarization
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That polarization of the moral community of the church which for Durkheim had to be the utter negation of a society has always been of central importance for Marxist theory and practice, and there is a clear sense in which the ideological class division of society into ‘two great hostile camps’ represents the antithesis of solidarity as consensus on ultimate values and beliefs. In a state of revolutionary class conflict, inter-class antagonism is inversely related to intra-class solidarity, and both attain their extreme limits when they partake of ‘religious’ phenomena in Durkheimian terms; that is, when classes are coextensive with churches and when their mutual relationship is one of schism. Parsons makes the point nicely when he writes that ‘Marx saw only two antagonistic systems of mechanical solidarity, one for each of the two principal classes in his capitalistic system’.
Contradiction and Anti-System
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Durkheim and normative functionalism generally, the status system is of strategic importance, since it is the social mechanism by which the ends or interests of individuals and groups are hierarchically integrated by reference to ultimate values and beliefs. For Durkheim at least the social classification includes not only moral standards defining the differential worth of social functions but also legal norms such as those of property and contract which regulate and legitimate the ‘distribution of men and things’. Status is therefore directly implicated in the power structure of a society and is not simply a purely normative, ideational representation of it. Only in a superficial sense can status be equated with a hierarchy of honour or prestige based on values about which there is more or less consensus.
Material and Moral Impoverishment
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To begin with the ‘economic’ theory, the most basic question about the material impoverishment of the working class concerns the concept of action that links this condition with working-class revolt. As De Man puts it, ‘Of what use is it to prove that economic crises have assumed other forms than those foreseen by Marx? What matters to us is whether there really is, as Marx believed, a necessary connection between economic crises and the social revolution. ‘1 Impoverishment is, of course, only one aspect of this connection. The other is the way in which recurrent crises that plunge the proletariat into poverty also provide the conditions of the self-education of the class.
The Problem Of Class Action
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first major conclusion to be drawn from the foregoing discussion of the three versions of the Marxist theory of ideology is that they all, albeit in different ways, lead to explanations of working-class passivity which are of a far too general scope. In some form or other, ideological factors are attributed such a pervasive influence in the prevention of proletarian revolution that the whole discourse totters on the brink of circularity.
The Adoption of RENEW
Authors: Hornsby-Smith Michael P , Fulton John , Norris Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we proposed a model of spiritualities in terms of two dimensions: organizational structure and cultural type. In this and the following chapter we will be concerned chiefly with the first of these dimensions: the nature of the organizational frame work in the research diocese within which the decision to adopt the RENEW programme was taken and implemented. Our concern is a sociological one. We aim to describe the process by which the decision was taken to adopt RENEW and the mechanisms and strategies employed by the religious leaders and initiators in the diocese to persuade the mass of priests and lay people in all the parishes in the diocese to accept their recommendation and to mobilize them, with more or less enthusiasm or reluctance, to participate in the three year undertaking; to identify the dominant ideologies implicit in the RENEW programme and expressed by its advocates and the diocesan leadership in order to legitimate its promotion; and to offer a sociological interpretation of the processes involved.
The Politics of Spirituality
Authors: Hornsby-Smith Michael P , Fulton John , Norris Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study of the process by which RENEW came to be adopted, implemented, and followed up in the Diocese of Downlands arose as a piece of opportunistic research. We, as Roman Catholic sociologists in the diocese, felt that it was such an important pastoral initiative in Britain that it ought to be the subject of serious investigation. It would consume a very large proportion of the diocesan resources, staff, and both clerical and lay energies over a period of several years, and we seemed to be best placed to undertake such a study.
Economic Convergence: A Tale of Six Cities
Authors: Marsh Catherine , Vogler Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws mainly on sources of data outside the Social Change and Economic Life Initiative (SCELI), in order to provide a profile of the history of the occupational structure in the six labour markets. In the first half, a thumbnail sketch is given of the employment traditions in the six areas from their first industrialization up to 1971, showing how the areas industrialized in very different periods and in very different ways. The second half presents the more recent industrial histories of these locations, drawing on data from the Census of Employment in 1971 and 1981, as well as information about unemployment compiled by local Department of Employment Jobcentres.
School History and School Effectiveness in Scotland
Authors: Mcpherson Andrew , Willms J Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sociology and social policy have commonly framed the problem of school effectiveness as follows: can public education be provided in ways that mitigate social disadvantages which themselves have educational causes and consequences (Halsey, Floud, and Anderson 1961; Karabel and Halsey 1977; Halsey, Heath, and Ridge 1980)? Our chapter discusses two contrasting approaches to this question and applies them to secondary schooling in twentieth-century Scotland.
Women’s Studies: Theory or Practice?
Authors: Oakley Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief case-study which signals several of its key themes, most importantly the rupture between personal and socially organized experience out of which the impetus to feminism (both in and outside sociology) is born (D. E. Smith 1979). The reasons for including the case-study are twofold. First, the subject-matter of women’s studies draws attention to fundamental flaws in conventional ways of building, and presenting, knowledge about the world, and suggests alternative ways of proceeding. Secondly, this volume itself has a dual purpose, being intended both as a contribution to discourse around the theme of relations between academia and social policy, and as a personal tribute to A. H. Halsey, whose own work has been very much occupied with this question.
The Aberdeen Offshore Oil Industry: Core and Periphery
Authors: Gasteen Anne , Sewell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last decade several commentators have pointed to profound changes in the nature of product markets, which are taking place on an international scale. There has been a movement away from the supply of mass markets and price competition to the development of market niches and non-price competition (Hayes and Wheelwright 1984; Schonberger 1982) and a complementary shift from mass-production techniques to batch (small-scale) production (Piore and Sabel 1984).
Towards a Phenomenology of Skill
Authors: Francis Brian , Penn Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we can see from the Introduction to this volume, there is considerable debate amongst social scientists about the concept of skill. Labour economists generally see skill as a property of an individual, made up of various combinations of education, training, and competence (Phillips and Taylor, 1980). Industrial sociologists, on the other hand, have normally regarded skill as an aspect of jobs themselves, derived from the imperatives of industrial and technological organization, without giving much attention to the relation between the skill of jobs and the skill of people (Braverman, 1974; Martin, 1988). This issue is examined further by Rose in the next chapter. Social historians have focused predominantly on the skilled divide within the manual working class and particularly on the role of apprenticed crafts-men in the development of trade unionism (Turner, 1962; More, 1980; and Penn, 1985). There is, therefore, no shared conception of skill amongst social scientists. The concept is both multi-valent and complex. The present chapter took this situation as its starting-point in an attempt to probe the phenomenology of skill.
Skill and Samuel Smiles: Changing the British Work Ethic
Authors: Rose Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how skill and occupation affect the work ethic. The evidence presented suggests that the work ethic is not declining because of social change, as many observers have claimed, but rather that the strength of the work ethic reflects skill levels, and rises amongst groups that attain higher skill. It may therefore be possible to strengthen the work ethic by improving skills training amongst the less skilled. As in other chapters in this book the findings will be analysed in the light of previous research in the sociology of work and neighbouring fields of study. Previous research and debate on the work ethic, however, and the relevance of this research to skill issues, are perhaps less well known than the other problematics discussed in this book. Some of this earlier work will therefore be briefly examined in the first section of this chapter. (A full review can be found in Rose, 1988a.) The discussion will also refer to some problems and con troversies in social and economic policy in the 1980s in Britain.
Practising Nichiren’s Buddhism
Authors: Wilson Bryan , Dobbelaere Karel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE core activity for Sōka Gakkai members and for Nichiren’s Buddhism is, as members refer to it, ‘practising’. They more readily refer to someone as having started to practise, or as having ‘stopped practising’, than as having become, or ceased to be, a member. Practising is vital to the movement, and, as we have seen, it is normally undertaken as a household or as a purely individual activity. Whilst members appreciate the occasions of group practice at their various meetings, it is individual practice, morning and evening, which is, above all, the basic, staple activity.
Japanese Companyism and the End of the Cold War*
Authors: Hiroji Baba 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social scientists cannot experiment to test their theories. Nevertheless, society spontaneously provides continuously repeating experiments through the process of change. At times gradual change provokes sudden transformation of social structures and challenges prevailing views of society. Social scientists can use such instances of social change to test and refine their theories. Change is becoming ever more rapid and complex, forcing us to continuously review our theories.
The Internationalization of the Japanese Firm: Japanese Working Practices and Indigenous Asian Workplaces*
Authors: Kazuo Koike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theme of this chapter is the internationalization of the Japanese firm. The particular issue of inquiry here is the extent to which the working prac¬tices of Japanese firms are transferable to workplaces in other Asian coun¬ tries, or whether a basic modification of practices is essential. There are two significant reasons why this issue, which may at first appear to be mundane, can be viewed as the main qualitative appearance of internationalization.
The Feminization of the Labour Market*
Authors: Mari Osawa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay, I would like to articulate the following ideas: (1) Japan’s extremely high economic growth springs out of the society’s distinctive ‘corporate¬ centred nature’ (kigyo chushin shakai); and (2) the most fundamental and vital element of this corporate-centred society is a patriarchal system that controls women’s labour both in the workplace and in the home.
Facts and Figures: A Profile of Religion in Modern Europe
Authors: Davie Grace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BROADLY speaking this chapter falls into two sections. The first examines the characteristics of religious life in Western Europe taken as a whole. In other words, it concentrates on what Europe has in common, not least its shared religious heritage. The second section adopts a rather different focus. It looks at the way in which such common patterns have been differently refracted across a variety of European nations. A whole range of factors comes into play in this section, the differing combinations of which account for the religious diversities of Western Europe rather than its unity.