bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tragfähigkeit dreiseitig eingespannter Rechteckplatten mit einem freien Rand unter Randbelastung
Authors: Herzog Max 
Published: August 2004

AbstractEs wird die Berechnung der Tragfähigkeit dreiseitig eingespannter Rechteckplatten mit einem freien Rand unter einer Randstreckenlast und unter einer Randeinzellast mit dem Fließgelenkverfahren gezeigt und anhand eines Zahlenbeispiels mit der bisher üblichen “elastischen” Berechnung verglichen.
Stahlbetonträger mit zweiachsiger Querkraftbeanspruchung
Authors: Mark Peter 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFür die Schubbemessung von Stahlbetonträgern mit zweiachsiger Querkraftbeanspruchung werden räumliche Fachwerkmodelle entwickelt. Dazu wird der Vektor der resultierenden Querkraft in Einzelanteile aufgeteilt und damit die schräge Betondruckstrebe in Einzelstreben aufgelöst. Die Modelle gelten für Stahlbetonträger mit Rechteckquerschnitt und bestehen aus Zugstreben von Bügeln und Längsstäben, allgemein räumlichen Betondruckstreben sowie aussteifenden Druckstreben in Bügelebene. Sie werden an Experimenten qualitativ verifiziert und zur Ableitung von Bemessungsdiagrammen für die Bügelbemessung erweitert. Ein Beispiel zeigt die praktische Anwendung der Diagramme.
Mammographic tumor features can predict long‐term outcomes reliably in women with 1–14‐mm invasive breast carcinoma
Authors: Tabar Laszlo , Tony Chen Hsiu‐Hsi , Amy Yen M. F. , Tot Tibor , Tung Tao‐Hsin , Chen Li‐Sheng , Chiu Yueh‐Hsia , Duffy Stephen W. , Smith Robert A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe radiologic images of 1–14‐mm invasive breast carcinomas can be classified into 5 separate categories. The use of these mammographic indicators to predict patient outcome has important prognostic and therapeutic implications.METHODSTo verify the results of previous studies conducted with smaller numbers of patients, the authors studied the 24‐year survival of 714 women with 1–14‐mm invasive breast carcinoma according to mammographic prognostic factors. The association of mammographic features with lymph node status, histologic malignancy grade, and 24‐year survival in 714 women with invasive breast carcinomas that measured 1–14 mm also was evaluated. Adjustments were made for tumor characteristics and treatment factors in the survival analysis.RESULTSThe most common mammographic feature was a stellate lesion with no associated calcifications (420 women; 59%). Patients with stellate lesions had excellent long‐term survival (95%). Casting‐type calcifications were observed in 52 women (7%) and were associated significantly with a positive lymph node status (odds ratio [OR], 3.29; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.41–7.67), poorer histologic grade (OR, 7.04; 95% CI, 3.77–13.16), and an increased risk of death from breast carcinoma (HR, 9.19; 95% CI, 4.18–20.17). Except for women who had tumors with associated casting‐type calcifications, all other women with tumors < 10 mm in size had excellent survival regardless of lymph node status, histologic grade, or treatment. For women who had casting‐type calcifications, survival was poorer even in the group with tumors that measured 1–9 mm (72% at 20 years). For women with 10–14‐mm tumors, the 20‐year survival rate was 52% for those who had casting calcifications and 86–100% those for those who had other mammographic features.CONCLUSIONSThe subgroup of women who had small invasive breast carcinomas accompanied by casting‐type calcifications had an unexpectedly poor prognosis for this tumor‐size category. The process of neoductgenesis offers a possible explanation for the unexpectedly poor outcome. There is a need to develop treatment protocols for this group and to reevaluate the present TNM classification system for mammographically detected 1–14‐mm breast carcinomas. After excluding women who had tumors associated with casting‐type calcifications, the remaining women had an extremely good prognosis when they were treated with surgery alone. Due to their already excellent survival, adjuvant therapeutic regimens are unlikely to offer further benefit for these patients. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Hydrodynamic and Kinetic Modelling of Dust Free and Dusty Radio‐Frequency Discharges
Authors: Goedheer W. J. , Akdim M. R. , Chutov Yu. I. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn this paper hydrodynamic and kinetic approaches to model low pressure capacitively coupled radio‐frequency discharges are discussed. In particular approaches and results for power modulated discharges in a mixture of silane and hydrogen and for discharges containing a considerable amount of dust particles will be presented. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurements of Electron‐Impact Excitation Cross Sections out of the Ground and Metastable Levels of Rare Gases with Applications to Low‐Temperature Plasmas
Authors: Lin Chun C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMethods for measuring cross sections for electron‐impact excitation into the 2p levels (Paschen's notation) out of the metastable levels of argon are described. The results of the cross sections and their relation to the corresponding cross sections for excitation out of the ground state are explained by a multi‐pole field model. Applications to plasma diagnostics are discussed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasma Processing of Materials at the Atomic Scale
Authors: Braithwaite N. St. J. , Matsuura T. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPlasma etching is finding new applications beyond the microelectronics industry. There are new challenges in the devising and controlling of plasma‐surface interactions. Atomic monolayers offer opportunities for passivation and etching. Maintaining appropriate plasma conditions to exploit such opportunities requires ‘intelligent’ strategies for the control of processing plasmas. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Direct Monte Carlo Methods in Nonequilibrium Kinetics
Authors: Bruno D. , Capitelli M. , Longo S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn this paper we review our work in the field of simulation of nonequilibrium molecular flows by means of the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method. The DSMC method is introduced and its peculiar features with respect to nonequilibrium modeling are discussed. Successful application of the method has been demonstrated for different situations where limitations and results will be presented. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High Density Cascaded Arc Produced Plasma Expanding in a Low Pressure Region
Authors: Dahiya R. P. , Kumari N. , Veremiyenko V. P. , van Rooij G. J. , de Groot B. , Goedheer W. J. , Kruijtzer G. L. , Wolff J. C. , Lopes Cardozo N. J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractExperimental measurements made in thermal expanding argon, nitrogen and hydrogen plasmas with particular reference to molecular kinetics, surface nitriding and intense flux in magnetic field are discussed. The plasma is generated in a cascaded arc source. In the presence of molecular species (H2 / N2) dissociative recombination reactions involving rovibrationally excited molecules contribute to a rapid decay of the plasma species, especially for hydrogen system. A combination of nitrogen and hydrogen plasma gives an efficient plasma nitriding process, which has been applied for case hardening of machinery components. In another setup a strong axial magnetic field (0.4 ‐ 1.6 T) contains and substantially prolongs the plasma beam in the chamber. In the presence of the magnetic field, an additional current drawn through the plasma beam using a biased substrate and a ring creates dense low temperature plasma giving a new unexplored plasma regime. The plasma kinetics are modified in this regime from the recombining to the ionising mode. When the additional current in the argon plasma beam exceeds 30 A, its light emission is predominantly in the blue region. With the additional current and magnetic field, the emission intensity of Hβ and other lines arising from higher energy levels in the hydrogen Balmer series is enhanced. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The role of flow cytometric immunophenotyping in improving the diagnostic accuracy in referred fine‐needle aspiration specimens
Authors: Sigstad Eva , Dong Hiep Phuc , Davidson Ben , Berner Aasmund , Tierens Anne , Risberg Björn 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFlow cytometric (FCM) immunophenotyping has an important role in the diagnostic work up of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) specimens obtained from lymphoid lesions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of this method with respect to referred FNA specimens. One hundred and two FNA specimens referred to our laboratory for FCM analysis during the last 3 years were studied. Specimens were sent, accompanied by cytological smears, from 11 distant hospitals by ordinary mail. The evaluation of potential B‐cell monoclonality, the main diagnostic issue to be resolved using FCM, was possible in 86 of these 102 cases. The remaining 16 samples could not be analyzed or adequately interpreted because of sparse or necrotic material. A monoclonal B‐cell population was found in 17/86 satisfactory cases, of which 16 were histologically confirmed. Eight cases contained cells positive for the epithelial marker Ber‐EP4 and were diagnosed accordingly as carcinomas. FCM analysis of specimens obtained with a clinical question of Hodgkin lymphoma or T‐cell lymphomas did not yield definitive data. The time lapse between sampling and analysis (12–84 hr) did not affect the results. This probably was due to the fact that all aspirates were taken in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) cell medium, supplemented with 50% fetal calf serum. In conclusion, this retrospective study establishes that it is possible, in the majority of cases, to refer FNA material for FCM immunophenotyping by mail, and that results regarding B‐cell clonality in the case of small‐cell lymphomas are reliable also after a transportation period of 3–4 days. Carcinoma may be similarly diagnosed and a diagnosis of lymphoma may be excluded in reactive proliferations. Cases with only a few atypical cells or specimens from patients suspected of having Hodgkin lymphoma or T‐cell lymphomas are not suitable for analysis by FCM. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:159–163. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Public and private pharmaceutical spending as determinants of health outcomes in Canada
Authors: Crémieux Pierre‐Yves , Meilleur Marie‐Claude , Ouellette Pierre , Petit Patrick , Zelder Martin , Potvin Ken 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAn Erratum has been published for this article in Health Economics; 14(2): 117 (2005).Canadian per capita drug expenditures increased markedly in recent years and have become center stage in the debate on health care cost containment. To inform public policy, these costs must be compared with the benefits provided by these drugs. This paper measures the statistical relationship between drug spending in Canadian provinces and overall health outcomes. The analysis relies on more homogenous data and includes a more complete set of controls for confounding factors than previous studies. Results show a strong statistical relationship between drug spending and health outcomes, especially for infant mortality and life expectancy at 65. This relationship is almost always stronger for private drug spending than for public drug spending. The analysis further indicates that substantially better health outcomes are observed in provinces where higher drug spending occurs. Simulations show that if all provinces increased per capita drug spending to the levels observed in the two provinces with the highest spending level, an average of 584 fewer infant deaths per year and over 6 months of increased life expectancy at birth would result. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of practice budgets on patient waiting times: allowing for selection bias
Authors: Dusheiko Mark , Gravelle Hugh , Jacobs Rowena 
Published: August 2004

AbstractUnder the UK fundholding scheme, general practices could elect to hold a budget to meet the costs of some types of elective surgery (chargeable admissions) for their patients. It was alleged that patients of fundholding practices had shorter waits for elective surgery than the patients of non‐fundholders. Comparison of waiting times between fundholding and non‐fundholding practices are potentially confounded by selection bias as fundholding was voluntary. We estimate the effect of a practice's fundholding status on the waiting times of its patients using both cross‐sectional methods (OLS, propensity score, instrumental variables, Heckman selection correction and Heckman heterogenous effects estimators) and difference in differences methodologies to correct for selection bias. The estimated effect of fundholding status was to significantly reduce the waiting times for chargeable admissions of the patients of fundholders by 4.1–6.6% (or 4–7 days) with the instrumental variables and Heckman selection correction estimators yielding the highest estimates. We also find that patients of fundholding practices had shorter waits (by 3.7% or 2 days) for non‐chargeable elective admissions, suggesting that fundholders were able to obtain shorter waits for all types of elective admissions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crowding in extremophiles: linkage between solvation and weak protein–protein interactions, stability and dynamics, provides insight into molecular adaptation
Authors: Ebel Christine , Zaccai Giuseppe 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe study of the molecular adaptation of microorganisms to extreme environments (solvent, temperature, etc.) has provided tools to investigate the complex relationships between protein–solvent and protein–protein interactions, protein stability and protein dynamics, and how they are modulated by the crowded environment of the cell. We have evaluated protein–solvent and protein–protein interactions by solution experiments (analytical ultracentrifugation, small angle neutron and X‐ray scattering, density) and crystallography, and protein dynamics by energy resolved neutron scattering. This review concerns work from our laboratory on (i) proteins from extreme halophilic Archaea, and (ii) psychrophile, mesophile, thermophile and hyperthermophile bacterial cells. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of macromolecular crowding on protein aggregation and amyloid fibril formation
Authors: Munishkina Larissa A. , Cooper Elisa M. , Uversky Vladimir N. , Fink Anthony L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMacromolecular crowding is expected to have several significant effects on protein aggregation; the major effects will be those due to excluded volume and increased viscosity. In this report we summarize data demonstrating that macromolecular crowding may lead to a dramatic acceleration in the rate of protein aggregation and formation of amyloid fibrils, using the protein α‐synuclein. The aggregation of α‐synuclein has been implicated as a critical factor in development of Parkinson's disease. Various types of polymers, from neutral polyethylene glycols and polysaccharides (Ficolls, dextrans) to inert proteins, are shown to accelerate α‐synuclein fibrillation. The stimulation of fibrillation increases with increasing length of polymer, as well as increasing polymer concentration. At lower polymer concentrations (typically up to ∼100 mg/ml) the major effect is ascribed to excluded volume, whereas at higher polymer concentrations evidence of opposing viscosity effects become apparent. Pesticides and metals, which are linked to increased risk of Parkinson's disease by epidemiological studies, are shown to accelerate α‐synuclein fibrillation under conditions of molecular crowding. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of time‐resolved resonance energy transfer measurements in studies of the molecular crowding effect
Authors: Ittah Varda , Kahana Edith , Amir Dan , Haas Elisha 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe native structures of many globular proteins are only weakly stabilized and form in solution ensembles of multiple conformers. The energy differences between the conformers are assumed to be small. This is the case of flexible multidomain proteins where domain motions were observed. High concentrations of inert macrosolute, which create a crowded or confined environment, can cause shifts of the distribution of the conformers of such proteins towards the more compact structures. This effect may also promote compact structures in partially folded proteins. Time‐resolved dynamic non‐radiative excitation energy transfer (tr‐RET) is suitable for detection of either subtle or major changes in distributions of intramolecular distances in protein molecules in solutions. Two experiments were performed which demonstrated the applicability of tr‐RET for detection of the effect of macrosolutes on the conformational ensembles of flexible states of protein molecules. The distribution of distances between residues 203 and 169 in the CORE domain of E. coli adenylate kinase (AK) in the denatured state was determined in the presence of high concentrations of dextran 40. A significant shift of the mean of the distribution was observed without reduction of its width. This was interpreted as a shift to compact structure without change of the degree of disorder of the chain. In a second experiment the distribution of the distance between residues 55 and 169 in AK, which spans the cleft between the CORE and the AMPbind domains, was monitored. No clear effect of high concentrations of dextran 40 was found. These experiments show the strength of the application of tr‐RET in investigation of changes in the sub‐states of flexible conformations of globular protein. Networks of pairs of labeled sites can be prepared and tr‐RET experiments can be performed in order to search for the segments of the protein molecules, which respond to the presence of inert macromolecules in their environment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A potential role for isothermal calorimetry in studies of the effects of thermodynamic non‐ideality in enzyme‐catalyzed reactions
Authors: Lonhienne Thierry G. A. , Winzor Donald J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAttention is drawn to the feasibility of using isothermal calorimetry for the characterization of enzyme reactions under conditions bearing greater relevance to the crowded biological environment, where kinetic parameters are likely to differ significantly from those obtained by classical enzyme kinetic studies in dilute solution. An outline of the application of isothermal calorimetry to the determination of enzyme kinetic parameters is followed by considerations of the nature and consequences of crowding effects in enzyme catalysis. Some of those effects of thermodynamic non‐ideality are then illustrated by means of experimental results from calorimetric studies of the effect of molecular crowding on the kinetics of catalysis by rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase. This review concludes with a discussion of the potential of isothermal calorimetry for the experimental determination of kinetic parameters for enzymes either in biological environments or at least in media that should provide reasonable approximations of the crowded conditions encountered in vivo. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular crowding reduces to a similar extent the diffusion of small solutes and macromolecules: measurement by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Dauty Emmanuel , Verkman A. S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAqueous environments in living cells are crowded, with up to >50 wt% small and macromolecule‐size solutes. We investigated quantitatively one important consequence of molecular crowding—reduced diffusion of biologically important solutes. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) was used to measure the diffusion of a series of fluorescent small solutes and macromolecules. In water, diffusion coefficients (D) were (in cm2/s × 10−8): rhodamine green (270), albumin (52), dextrans (75, 10 kDa; 10, 500 kDa), double‐stranded DNAs (96, 20 bp; 10, 1 kb; 3.4, 4.5 kb) and polystyrene nanospheres (5.4, 20 nm diameter; 2.3, 100 nm). Aqueous‐phase diffusion (Dw) in solutions crowded with Ficoll‐70 (0–60 wt%) was reduced by up to 650‐fold in an exponential manner: Dw = D exp (‐[C]/[C]exp), where [C]exp is the concentration (in wt%) of crowding agent reducing D by 63%. FCS data for all solutes and Ficoll‐70 concentrations fitted well to a model of single‐component, simple (non‐anomalous) diffusion. Interestingly [C]exp were nearly identical (11±2 wt%, SD) for diffusion of the very different types of macromolecules in Ficoll‐70 solutions. However, [C]exp was dependent on the nature of the crowding agent: for example, [C]exp for diffusion of rhodamine green was 30 wt% for glycerol and 16 wt% for 500 kDa dextran. Our results indicate that molecular crowding can greatly reduce aqueous‐phase diffusion of biologically important macromolecules, and demonstrate a previously unrecognized insensitivity of crowding effects on the size and characteristics of the diffusing species. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sprout inhibition of potatoes with soft‐electron (low‐energy electron beams)
Authors: Todoriki Setsuko , Hayashi Toru 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe surfaces of potatoes were irradiated with electrons of different energy levels, and the effects on sprouting were investigated. Electrons at 270 keV or higher effectively inhibited sprouting of four cultivars of potatoes, cvs Danshaku, Hokkaikogane, Toyoshiro and May Queen, even after storage at 23 °C for 4 months. Sugar contents in tubers treated with 270‐keV electrons were lower after storage for 3 months than their levels before electron treatment. The levels of glucose, fructose and sucrose were significantly lower in the tubers treated with 270‐keV electrons than in low temperature (5 °C)‐stored tubers. The results indicate the potential of low energy electron treatment for the shelf‐life extension of potatoes as an alternative to treatments with gamma‐rays or chemicals. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Quality characteristics of a non‐fermented dry‐cured sausage formulated with lemon albedo
Authors: Aleson‐Carbonell Luis , Fernández‐López Juana , Sendra Esther , Sayas‐Barberá Estrella , Pérez‐Alvarez Jose A 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDry‐cured sausages were treated with two types of dehydrated lemon albedo (raw and cooked) at five concentrations (0–100 g kg−1 in 25 g kg−1 increments). Several physical and chemical analyses were made during the drying stage, and compositional, textural and sensory analyses were conducted on the finished products. The addition of albedo improved the nutritional properties as a result of fibre addition and may have beneficial effects due to the presence of active biocompounds as evidenced by a decrease in residual nitrite levels and delayed oxidation (based on TBARS values). The sensory properties of samples that resembled the control sausages were those that contained up to 50 g kg−1 dehydrated raw albedo and 75 g kg−1 dehydrated cooked albedo. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Back Cover: Macromol. Biosci. 9/2004
Authors: Lim Hyun‐A. , Raku Takao , Tokiwa Yutaka 
Published: August 2004

Back Cover: The cover illustrates the finding that mammalian enzymes, including α‐chymotrypsin, elastase and trypsin occurring in pancreas, and subtilisin, as microbial enzyme, are able to degrade poly(L‐lactide) (PLA). The PLA is biocompatible and useful to human body. Environmental applications and biomedical materials made of PLA, such as sutures, bone fracture fixation devices and drug delivery microcapsules are degraded by these enzymes.Further details can be found in the Full Paper by H.‐A. Lim, T. Raku, and Y. Tokiwa* on page 875.