bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction and Evolutionary Biology
Authors: Macdonald Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the demands for the reduction of biology to physics and chemistry seem to have receded into the past, it may appear as though producing new arguments to the same effect is a waste of energy. However, recent arguments against the reductionist claim seem to be misguided; either they settle on weak nonreduction, by which is meant empirical or pragmatic nonreducibility allied to a claim of ‘in principle’ reducibility, or if they go for ‘in principle’ non-reducibility their arguments fail to hit the intended target. My diagnosis of this state of affairs is that since supervenience has been seen to be compatible with token-token identity, simply asserting that a supervenience relation holds between the special sciences and physics has come to be seen as an easy materialist option. In what follows l will be repeating, briefly, some suggestions why this assertion is unsatisfactory before proceeding to argue that the reason behind the autonomy of biology is that it uses functional explanation. It is, however, only on a certain construal of functional explanation that the conclusion emerges in a way that is consonant with the criticisms of pragmatic non-reducibility, so that construal will be defended before it is shown why it leads to the non-reductionist conclusion. In doing this the distinctive explanatory work done by functional explanation should become apparent.
The Limitations of Pluralism
Authors: Cussins Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of philosophy is motivated by an apparent conflict between the world as it is given in experience and the world as it is given in the physical sciences. Experience presents the world as coloured but a physicist's atoms have no colour. We perceive the world as beautiful or ugly, sweet or salty, happy or sad, brave or cowardly, intelligent or stupid; yet none of these properties figure in the world of the physical sciences. In the scientific world-view, the universe is an arrangement of atoms in a four-dimensional void, where the properties of sentience have no place.
Language Contact and Change
Authors: Silva-Corvalan Carmen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Languages in a situation of contact, whether they are receding or being maintained by their speakers, are characterized by constant and rapid change. Thus they provide a testing ground for hypotheses about processes of linguistic change. In this original study of an intergenerational sample of Spanish-English bilinguals in Los Angeles County, Carmen Silva-Corvalán explores in depth the linguistic, cognitive, and social processes underlying language maintenance, as well as changes characteristic of language shift and loss, bringing together analytical techniques employed in sociolinguistics, functional syntax, and discourse analysis.
Virtual Particles and the Interpretation of Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Weingard Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ‘Do Virtual Particles Exist’, I argued that virtual particles do not, in fact, exist. I review that argument in section I of this paper. Then in section II I present the argument from a different point of view, emphasizing the role of the propagator, and in section III I look at the connection between the Fayddeev-Popov ghost fields and the problem of virtual particles.
Ruling Passions
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simon Blackburn puts forward a compelling original philosophy of human motivation and morality. He maintains that we cannot get clear about ethics until we get clear about human nature. So these are the sorts of questions he addresses: Why do we behave as we do? Can we improve? Is our ethics at war with our passions, or is it an upshot of those passions? Blackburn seeks the answers in an exploration of guilt, shame, disgust, and other moral emotions; he draws also on game theory and cognitive science in his account of the structures of human motivation. Many philosophers have wanted a naturalistic ethics--a theory that integrates our understanding of human morality with the rest of our understanding of the world we live in. What is special about Blackburn's naturalistic ethics is that it does not debunk the ethical by reducing it to the non-ethical. At the same time he banishes the spectres of scepticism and relativism that have haunted recent moral philosophy. Ruling Passions sets ethics in the context of human nature: it offers a solution to the puzzle of how ethics can maintain its authority even though it is rooted in the very emotions and motivations that it exists to control.
Essays on Religion and Education
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
R. M. Hare is one of the most widely discussed of today's moral philosophers. In this volume he has collected his most important essays in the related fields of religion and education, some newly published and others now inaccessible. The book starts with an exposition of his ideas on the meaning of religious language. There follow several essays, theoretical and practical, on the relations between religion and morality, which have deep implications for moral education. The central question addressed in the rest of the volume is how children can be educated to think for themselves, freely but rationally, about moral questions, and the effects on society of failure to achieve this. Professor Hare argues that those who want to dispense with morality are in effect resigning from a vital educational task. Attitudes to euthanasia and to equality of educational opportunity are taken as examples of how our thinking can go wrong.
Duties to Oneself, Motivational Internalism, and Self-Deception in Kant’s Ethics
Authors: Potter Nelson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In both his works on moral philosophy that deal with applications of the Categorical Imperative, Kant makes it clear that he believes there are duties to oneself (DOS). In the earlier of these two works, the Groundwork, we learn very little about the underlying rationale for such duties, though they are referred to; but, so far as the Groundwork is concerned, it might seem that Kant had simply taken over a traditional classification of duties without much of a rationale for doing so. In contrast, in Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals, in the second part, the Tugendlehre, there is a much fuller discussion of duties to oneself, and the account given of them has been made part of a larger theory of inner, specifically ethical duties. The present chapter will be devoted primarily to achieving better understanding of the Kantian doctrine of DOS from this later work.
Reply to Dennett
Authors: Smith Brian Cantwell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me start by thanking Dennett for two things. First, I’m grateful for the effort he has put into understanding this project-a project, I admit, that can seem a little like a fire hydrant: the content comes out in lots of different sprays. I learned from his comments, and that’s great. Second, I want to thank him for mentioning the issue he identified as number r2: domestication of the ‘middle ground’ opened up by all sorts of traditionally dichotomous theoretical distinctions. That focus on the textured intermediate territory, rather than on limit cases, is very important to me. I think of it as the philosopher’s analog of in vivo rather than in vitro analysis. In my experience, people who don’t appreciate the importance of this kind of middle-ground stance find it hard to hang on to, especially at first. It is a well-entrenched intellectual habit (especially in analytic philosophy) to think that theoretical rigor demands ‘clear and distinct’ ideas, even clear and distinct cases.
The Interrogative Construction: (Re)constructing Early Cantonese Grammar
Authors: Cheung Hung-Nin Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This analysis studies the formation of the interrogative construction in early Cantonese. Specifically, it examines the use of yes/no questions in twelve sets of language teaching materials compiled between 1828 and 1963. I identify six types of A-not-A questions and describe the pattern and pace in which each type evolves in the language. I argue that all types of yes/no questions are structurally derived from the basic pattern of juxtaposing the positive and the negative verb phrases. While early Cantonese displayed an exclusive use of forward deletion to generate VP-mh and VP+ mh-V, it was during the 1930s that the process began to reverse its direction, yielding instead V-mh-VP. The analysis also reviews, in relation to this process, the significance of the ma-question and the behaviour of disyllabic verbs.
Semantics and Syntax of Verbal and Adjectival Reduplication in Mandarin and Taiwanese Southern Min
Authors: Tsao Feng-Fu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In both Mandarin and Taiwanese Southern Min, verbal and adjectival reduplication are found. As may be expected between related languages, there are uses involving reduplication that they have in common while there are functions that each possesses uniquely. In what follows, an attempt is made to delineate these similarities and differences and to show, to the extent possible, how these different uses have evolved from a shared core meaning in reduplication. But before we proceed, a few words about each language are in order. The Mandarin examples are mostly drawn from the variety that is commonly spoken in Taiwan. Those who speak it as a native language are estimated to be around three million while an estimated fifteen million people learn it as a second lan guage. Conversely, Taiwanese
Solid state structure of block copolymers
Authors: Hamley Ian W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘solid state structure’ in this chapter refers largely to the morphology of semicrystalline block copolymers below the melting temperature of the crystallizable block. Mention is also briefly made of the structure below the glass transition temperature of block copolymers containing a glassy component. However, vitrification generally leads to trapping of the melt morphology and therefore there is little distinct thermodynamics in the phase behaviour of block copolymers in the glassy state compared to the melt. Because the work on semicrystalline diblocks is rather sparse it has not yet been reviewed. This chapter is thus a summary of work to date in an area in which there is a continued high level of activity.
Phosphorus methods in nucleotide chemistry
Authors: Williams David M , Harris Vicki H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are currently many reagents available for the chemical synthesis of nucleotides via phosphorylation of nucleosides. Although much of the early chemistry in this area was based on the use of relatively unstable phosphorus(V) intermediates, there are now reliable methods in common usage, which employ both phosphorus(V) and the more reactive phosphorus(III) intermediates. The main impetus for the development of nucleotide chemistry in recent years has been the desire for the preparation of the 5’-triphosphates of nucleoside analogues containing both modified bases and modified sugars. It is not possible to cover all the practical aspects of nucleotide chemistry in a single chapter, so we have endeavoured to present general protocols describing the chemistry involved for the preparation of 2’-deoxyribonucleotides and have indicted the variations in these protocols for specific cases. Many of the protocols are also suitable for ribonucleotide synthesis, and readers are recommended to consult the referenced texts pertaining to these in this latter instance. We have also included the syntheses of several phosphate analogues of nucleosides, which have applications from increased chemical and/or enzymatic stability, to uses in studying stereochemical and other aspects of enzyme mechanisms. Practical methods for the synthesis of oligonucleotides comprising DNA, RNA or containing modified phosphate diester linkages have been adequately described previously in this seriesand the current chapter is intended to complement this information by concentrating on methods for the synthesis of simple nucleotides.
Inverse Problems in Heat Transfer
Authors: Beck J V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding of many physical phenomena in heat transfer requires both mathematical modelling and experimentation. A bridge between these is the study of inverse problems which can be classified as parameter or function estimation. Parameter estimation with actual data is emphasized for the determination of some thermal properties in solids. For this typical data, the number of parameters need not be large and the Gauss-Newton minimization method has advantages because it utilizes the individual sensitivity coefficients. These coefficients are used in the sequential estimation of the parameters, determination of confidence regions and design of optimal experiments.
Mixed Convection over a Horizontal Surface Embedded in a Porous Medium
Authors: Lesnic D , Pop I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The steady mixed convection boundary-layer flow above a heated or below a cooled horizontal surface embedded in a porous medium is considered, for constant wall temperature. The problem is reduced to a pair of coupled partial differential equations for the temperature and the stream function. Numerical and asymptotic solutions are obtained for a wide range of values of x, the coordinate along the plate. Results for the velocity and skin friction profiles on the plate and in the convective fluid are presented. Comparing the finite-difference solution with the series expansion solutions illustrates the accuracy of the numerical solution.
The Biology of Soft Shores and Estuaries
Authors: Little Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no up-to-date book on estuarine biology, and nothing at all that deals with marine soft shores as well as estuarine ones. This latest addition to the Biology of Habitats series corrects this omission and will complement The biology of rocky shores, by the same author. This book focuses on marine and estuarine soft sediments as complex and essential habitats for an astonishing variety of animals and plants whose lifestyles are intimately bound up with sediment structure. It discusses sediments as habitats first, then takes in turn the ecosystems found on sandy shores, mudflats and seagrass beds, salt marshes and mangrove swamps, and life below the tidemarks. Adaptations of the organisms are fully described, and each chapter ends with a section on techniques. Later chapters discuss estuarine and lagoonal habitats, both of which contain primarily soft sediments, but add further complicating characteristics to those found in the sea. A discussion of estuarine food webs emphasizes the ways in which organisms interact. The book ends with a discussion of the ways in which marine and estuarine soft sediments have been abused by man, and some of the opportunities that have been taken to counteract these abuses.
Ecology of wildlife diseases
Authors: Hudson P J , Rizzoli A P , Grenfell B T , Heesterbeek J A P , Dobson A P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The majority of living organisms are parasitic in one form or another, be they a virus invading a sea coral, a tapeworm within the guts of your dog, a cuckoo chick in a reed warbler’s nest or a lion stealing a hyaena’s kill on the African plain. The parasites are intimately linked with their host in a trophic interaction that has fascinating implications for both parasite and host. Most of the more traditional parasite species interact with their hosts at a range of organizational scales that stretches from the miniscule-the molecular battle between the host’s immune response and the evading action of the parasite-through to the extensive-the structuring of communities and a driving force in the evolution of biodiversity and sex.
Green Chemistry
Authors: Anastas Paul T , Warner John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book aims to introduce the reader to the design, development, and evaluation processes of new Green Chemistry methodologies. A comprehensive introductory text, it takes a broad view of the subject and integrates a wide variety of topics. Topics covered include: alternative feedstocks, environmentally benign synthetic methodologies, designing safer chemical products, new reaction conditions, alternative solvents and catalyst development, and the use of biosynthesis and biomimetic principles. The reader is introduced to the new evaluation process that encompasses the health and environmental impact of a synthetic pathway from choice of starting materials through to target molecule. Throughout the text, comparisons and contrasts with classical methodologies are offered as illustrative examples. This accessible text is aimed at all those involved with the design, manufacture, use and disposal of chemicals and their products - especially synthetic chemicals at the graduate and professional level, process development chemists and environmental scientists. From reviews of the hardback: ‘An excellent introduction into the fast growing field and the fascinating science of green chemistry.... Should be consulted by anyone who wants to know about environmentally benign chemistry and, especially, by scientists who contemplate adopting its principles in their own research or teaching efforts.’ Science
What is green chemistry?
Authors: Anastas Paul T , Warner John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Green chemistry, environmentally benign chemical synthesis, alter­ native synthetic pathways for pollution prevention, benign by design: these phrases all essentially describe the same concept.
Green chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products.
Green chemistry is not complicated although it is often elegant. It holds as its goal nothing less then perfection, while recognizing that all of the advances and innovations towards this goal will contain some discrete risk. It is through these continual incremental improvements that the objectives of green chemistry will be realized. Chemists have always striven for efficiency in their synthetic methodologies. To be able to conduct a transformation or construct a pathway to a molecule effectively and reliably was fundamental to the art of the synthetic chemist. Efficiency is important, not only as a measure of the quality of a synthetic method, but also as a practical and economic consideration as well. Economic considerations have played a major role in designing syntheses that use the most available and/or lowest cost feedstock.
Mathematics Galore!
Authors: Budd C J , Sangwin C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a series of self-contained workshops in mathematics which aim to enthuse and inspire young people, their parents and teachers with the joy and excitement of modern mathematics. Written in an informal style, each chapter describes how novel mathematical ideas relate directly to real life. The chapters contain both a description of the mathematics and its applications together with problem sheets, their solutions and ideas for further work, project and field trips. Topics include; mazes, folk dancing, sundials, magic, castles, codes, number systems, and slide rules. This book will be accessible to young people from age thirteen upwards and yet contains material which should stretch the brightest students.
Partial adrenalectomy: indications and technique
Authors: Pavlovich Christian P , Walther McClellan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experience with organ-sparing techniques is growing as familial forms of adrenal tumors are increasingly recognized and the detrimental impact of bilateral adrenalectomy on quality of life is appreciated. Partial adrenalectomy has found specific applications in the setting of certain bilateral or hereditary adrenal tumors and in patients with tumors in a solitary adrenal gland. Partial adrenalectomy is feasible for adrenocortical or medullary lesions, and can be performed laparoscopically or in conventional open fashion.
Mapping the multidimensional picture of acute responses to traumatic stress
Authors: Shalev Arieh Y , Ursano Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent years have seen a growing interest in the immediate responses evoked by traumatic stress ors. This renewed interest has several sources, not the least of which is the desire to prevent the occurrence of prolonged stress disorders among survivors. Accordingly, the mapping of the early responses to traumatic events has recently focused on the challenge of identifying risk factors for developing prolonged stress disorders and, in particular, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; for review see Brewin et al., 2000). Early therapeutic interventions have equally been evaluated and sanctioned by their preventive long-term effects (Wessely et al., 2000).
The Biological Chemistry of the Elements
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty inorganic elements, mostly metal ions, are consistently found in living systems and are essential for living systems to function correctly. The aim of this text is to discuss, describe, and explain the functional relevance of those elements: the reasons for their selection; the processes of their uptake, transport and final localization in cells; the regulation of these processes; and the interactive network of their reactions that connects the in vivo inorganic elements to the environment and to the genome. The first seven chapters describe the physical, chemical, and biological principles of the involvement of the elements in cellular activity, stressing how inorganic and organic chemicals react differently together in different compartments. The next twelve chapters describe the uses of the individual essential inoranic elements and a section on the genetic control of each element is included. The final chapter discusses how the interaction of genes, proteins, small molecules, and inorganic elements plays an important role in evolution and the speciation of organisms. The second edition of 'The Biological Chemistry of The Elements' has been thoroughly revised in content and style. The main additions to the first edition concern the discussion of the links to the genome of the uptake and transfer of inorganic elements and the regulation of homeostasis, the functional co-operative activities of the elements, the interaction with the environment, and the evolution of usage. Recent structural and mechanistic knowledge of many biomolecules and organelles are also included. Like the higly praised first edition, this text will be the bible of bioinorganic chemistry.
Metabolic Emergencies
Authors: Hussein Mohamed , Cullen Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hypercalcemia associated with malignancy is the most common cause of hypercalcemia seen in hospitalized patients and one of the most common metabolic complications of malignancies. Twenty to forty percent of all patients with cancer will develop hypercalcemia in the course of disease. The likelihood of hypercalcemia in patients with malignant disease is influenced by the duration of the disease, site of malignancy and the presence or absence of metastases. It varies among different types of tumors. Among solid tumors, breast cancer, lung and head and neck are the most often complicated by hypercalcemia. Among hematologic disorders multiple myeloma and lymphoma are the most often associated with hypercalcemia. Tumor-induced hypercalcemia is associated with a poor prognosis irrespective of the response of serum calcium to treatment.