bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who fights in ethnic conflicts and how?
Authors: Wolff Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the beginning of a report by Human Rights Watch, dated October 2000. it further details a litany of human rights abuses committed by Russian troops in chechnya, including mass arrests and arbitrary detention, torture and abuse, and ‘disappearances’. Such ‘counter-insurgency’ measures are not the only forms of gross human rights violations committed by the Russian government against Chechen civilians. The village of Alkhan-Yurt and the treatment of its population exemplified in many ways the plight of civilians caught between insurgents and government troops in the secessionist province.
Managing and settling ethnic conflicts
Authors: Wolff Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1998, Ulster Unionist leader David Trimble and the leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) in Northern Ireland, John Hurne, were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their ultimately successful efforts to find a peaceful settlement to the conflict in Northern Ireland. Upon hearing news of the award, Trimble noted that he hoped this was not a premature decision. To many this may have seemed a surprising, and somewhat ungrateful, response, but in the light of Northern Ireland’s history, in which peace deals had been made before and broken down, a more generous interpretation of his comments would be that Trimble was merely cautious about the long-term prospects of peace in the region.
Post-conflict reconstruction
Authors: Wolff Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once a peace agreement has been signed, interrelationships of conflict parties, their domestic supporters and external sponsors, as well as international mediators, move into a qualitatively new stage. This is usually described as post-conflict reconstruction or post conflict peace building. Despite its widespread use, the label ‘post-conflict’ is in many ways misleading. As we have seen in Chapter 5, peace agreements do not resolve conflicts—at best they provide a framework in which conflicting goals can be accommodated and pursued by means other than political violence, and in which compromises are negotiated and become acceptable because bargaining becomes part of a mutually beneficial political process. Take the example of the Northern Ireland conflict.
The future of ethnic conflict
Authors: Wolff Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethnic conflict is not a recent phenomenon and has regional and global implications beyond the countries in which it originates. There is no evidence that this will change in the foreseeable future. Nor is there any evidence that the ethnic conflicts that will undoubtedly occur in the future will be less devastating than those of the past, or that they will be prevented. Forecasting future trends with any reasonable degree of precision seems a futile exercise.
Death of the Third Republic
Authors: Diamond Hanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Initially, as the French government took to the road, the immediate turn of events, though dramatic and serious, seemed to fit with previous history and many of its members were comforted by the thought that their departure from the capital was not unprecedented. However, in the absence of any defence, Hitler’ s Wehrmacht remained unopposed and was able to forge its way ever southward. After a couple of days, Touraine no longer seemed a safe enough distance from the threat of direct German attack, so the administration moved on, making its way to the city of Bordeaux which, like Tours, had historically acted as its wartime host. Here, amidst chaos and confusion, the ministers were forced to choose which path to pursue. The alternatives centred around whether to carry on the fighting or not, decisions which were to have an important bearing on France’ s future role in the war. Faced with these stark choices, disagreements in the cabinet led the government to tear itself apart in a process which was eventually to undermine and destroy the Third Republic in votes taken on 10 July 1940.
Terrors of the Table
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Terrors of the Table is an absorbing account of the struggle to find the necessary ingredients of a healthy diet, and the fads and quackery that have always waylaid the unwary and the foolish when it comes to the matter of food and health. Walter Gratzer tells the tale of nutrition’s heroes, heroines and charlatans with characteristic crispness and verve. We find an array of colourful personalities, from the distinguished but quarrelsome Liebig, to the enterprising Lydia Pinkham. But we also find the slow recognition that the lack of vital ingredients can cause terrible illnesses – scurvy, rickets, beriberi. These diseases stalked the poor in the West even into the 20th century, and scandalously remain in poorer parts of the world today. The narrative stretches from classical times to the modern day and gives a valuable historical perspective to our current understanding. It also highlights some of the problems faced by the developed world regarding health today – in particular diabetes and obesity. And despite our far greater understanding of what our body needs, there are still many who would fall for fads and fancy diets – some dangerous, others just daft. Of course, the story of nutrition does not end there. We have discovered the key vitamins and minerals our body needs, but research continues on the connections between diet, health and disease. The body’s biochemistry is complex, and there are no easy answers, no magic formula, that applies to all individuals. The safest and most rational course would seem to be a sensible, moderate, and varied diet, not forgetting that ‘a little of what you fancy does you good’.
The New Millennium: Profits and the Higher Quackery
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An Eastern European proverb has it that a man with food may have many problems, but a man without food has only one. Famines are still common in the modern world, whether through drought, erosion, or war, but in the countries of the prosperous North malnutrition is self-imposed. It has even, here and there, increased in recent decades. In the United States, in Britain, and to a varying extent in other countries of the North this is a consequence of the ubiquity of processed foods. In Britain it is estimated that some 70% or more of the food consumed is processed. The proportion is greatest by far in the diet of the poorest section of the population.
Introduction
Authors: Tunstall Kate E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There can be few issues in the United Kingdom and else- where that are in greater need of intelligent and humane analysis than those relating to the ‘strangers’ case’. The quotation from Sir Thomas More, which serves as an epigraph to this book, has particularly powerful resonances today. Set on May Day 1517, when London witnessed anti-immigrant riots, we hear the broker, Lincoln, and an unnamed apprentice protesting that the King of England has been too merciful to the strangers. Their words bring to mind the complaints constantly voiced by the British tabloid press and by increasingly large numbers of politicians that the UK is a ‘soft touch’ for asylum-seekers and economic migrants.
Snoring, gasping, and jumping
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Wesley Hardin, the notorious gunfighter of the American Wild West, is said to have been so annoyed by the snoring of a fellow hotel guest that he went into the room and shot the hapless man dead. This is rather an extreme method of curing snoring, but the volume of some people’s snoring can exceed 90 decibels (dB), louder than a road drill. No wonder that spouses are driven to sleep elsewhere.
Everyone snores to some extent. It centres on the upper airway at the back of the throat, called the ‘oropharynx’, which is a tube lined by various muscles, including those of the soft palate and tongue. Sleep causes these muscles to relax, so that the oropharynx sags inwards with the suction of breath when we breathe in. Normally, we sleep with the mouth shut, which clamps the tongue to the roof of the mouth, thus stopping the tongue slipping back and further obstructing the throat.
Children
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wide natural variations are found in the amount of daily sleep taken by children of all ages. Take any 25 healthy newborn babies; although the average daily sleep for the group will be about 16 hours, one of them will naturally sleep about 10 hours a day, and another 19 hours—that is, one will sleep about twice the length of another. Parents of these shorter sleepers may while away the extra hours needed to entertain their progeny believing that short sleep is a sign of a higher IQ. Alas, there is no evidence to support this notion. By about 6 months of age, daily sleep would have dropped to about 14 hours, with about 11 of these at night and the rest as naps in the day.
I sleep, therefore I am
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The horizons for sleep research are still remote and, unlike this book, the journey through sleep is far from over for science. So where next with sleep? Certainly in the coming years we are likely to learn much more about how the brain controls sleep—from genetics, on the one hand, and from refinements in brain imaging technology, on the other, which will allow us to watch the living brain with increasing precision, to the level of microscopic activities of individual cells. We may find that there is more than a mere handful of genes influencing sleep—hundreds, maybe even thousands. But it is like dismantling an engine, right down to the last nut and bolt, and looking at the vast array of bits and pieces.
chapter VII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the evening I called upon an Armenian Bishop. He lived in a quaint old-fashioned house in the Christian quarter of the town, the Turks and Armenians inhabiting different dis-
tricts in Ismid, as in many other Turkish cities. Refreshments were now brought in on a silver tray, and several kinds of jam handed round in little silver dishes. The guest taking a spoonful of jam is expected to swallow it, he then drinks a glass of water. This is an economical refreshment, a very little jam goes a long way in the entertainment.
“How do you like it?” said one of the party.
“Very good,” I replied, at the same time having that sort of feeling in my mouth which carried my memory back to boyish days, and to the grey powders which my old nurse used to administer, “very good.”
chapter IX
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT was quite dark when we reached Nalihan, a village with about 400 houses, and situated in a corn-growing district. I halted at the house of the Caimacan. He at once invited me to take up my abode there for the night. Presently several visitors appeared-Armenians, Turks, and Circassians-all eager to question the new arrival. I was seated in the place of honour, on a rug near the fire; the Caimacan, who was enveloped in a fur-lined dressing-gown, sat next me. The rest of the company took precedence according to the amount of this world’s goods which each one possessed-the man who had 100 cows being seated next to the governor, and the humble possessor of a mule or a few sheep squatting humbly by the door.
chapter XV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WE rode across a low ridge of mountains, rocks which looked like iron ore lying about in all directions, and presently arrived at the Kizil Ermak, a broad and rapid stream which runs into the Black Sea, about fifty miles S.E. of Sinope. The distance across the river was at least one hundred yards, the left bank being very precipitous. The depth of the water, owing to the recent rains, was not less than seven feet. There is no bridge in the neighbourhood, the nearest being twentyfour miles higher up the river; I was curious to learn how we
should reach the other shore. The guide soon solved the problem. Riding about half a mile along the bank, he put two fingers in his mouth and whistled. In a few minutes the sound was answered from the opposite side of the river. Six men appeared in sight. Descending the bank, they dragged a triangular-shaped barge from some rushes, and, getting into it, began to pull with all their might in our direction. The current was very swift, the starting-point was nearly half a mile beyond us; but notwithstanding this, the oarsmen overshot their mark. We had to lead our horses some little distance before we reached the boat.
chapter XVI
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ON the track once more; and now we came to a large stone, in the middle of the path. This marked the resting-place of a victim to the recent famine. The poor fellow had fallen down from exhaustion, and had died on this spot. It was too much trouble for the survivors to move his corpse, they had made a hole and buried him where he lay.
My grey horse, which Osman was riding, still went very lame; so I limited our march to six hours, and stopped at the little village of Daili. Here there were only fifteen houses. Many camels and herds of cattle were grazing in the neighbourhood, and the ground appeared to have been cultivated for a considerable distance. On this occasion the fortune of travellers gave us better quarters. The house in which we were lodged was clean. A raised dais of wood was set apart for the servants. Mattresses with cushions were reserved for the proprietor and his guests.
chapter XXX
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SNOW fell heavily during the night. The next morning our path was covered to a depth of quite two feet. In the valley it was as much as our horses could do to force a passage onward; but, as we ascended a mountain path, the snow, though deep, was in a frozen state, and afforded a firm foothold.
The scenery was very picturesque as we gradually climbed the steep. The bushes and pine-trees which studded the mountain’s sides were wreathed in flossy snow; crags of all shapes and colours glinted out above the pale white carpet. A thick veil of azure clouds hung on the peaks of the distant hills; then, gradually dispersed by the rising sun, it broke up into a hundred different forms, and, ascending higher in the sky, opened out other mountains to our vision. Layer upon layer of seemingly ever-ascending ranges barred the way in front. They sparkled beneath the rays of the golden orb. They flashed and glittered like the billows of the mighty deep. My eyeballs acted and felt as if they would burst beneath the glare. The village at our feet disappeared in the distance; shrubs and such-like traces of vegetation were now no longer to be seen. We had arrived in the midst of what seemed to be a vast white ocean. The intensity of the light created a kind of mirage along the surface. The various crests and ranges seemed to rise and fall. They became more wave-like than before. Not a living thing was in sight save
chapter XXXIII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MY host now called out in a loud voice, “Atech!” (fire!) “I want to show you my Russian servant,” he remarked. The
door opened. A man of about fifty years of age, with an unmistakable Calmuck cast of countenance, brought a piece of live charcoal, between a pair of iron tongs, and placed it in the bowl of my host’s chibouk; then, retiring to the end of the room, and crossing his arms, he awaited a fresh order.
chapter XXXV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I WAS beginning to be a little alarmed about the health of my servant Radford. So far he had not been ill, and had resisted the fatigue of wading through deep snow, of bad sleeping accommodation and indifferent fare. He had complained of a pain in his heart, during our march that morning, and had not been able to walk up-hill save at a very slow rate. On arriving at the farmer’s house, he had lain down in a corner, and, according to Mohammed, was very ill. I went to him, and, feeling his pulse, found that it intermitted. He was feverish, and complained of a pain in the head.
“Would he be able to march the following day?” “He thought he should.”
I was exceedingly doubtful about it; and, leaving word with Mohammed to call me, should his fellow-servant be taken worse in the night, I lay down by the side of our horses and tried to go to sleep.
chapter XLI
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT was bitterly cold as we gradually climbed the mountains which lie between Erzingan and Erzeroum, and after a nine hours’ march we halted for the night at a little village called Delan. There were only twelve mud hovels. The three hundred Kurds stowed themselves away as best they could. I was fortunate enough to obtain a resting-place in a stable. My horses were packed together as closely as possible on one side of the building. There was just room for my followers and myself on the other.
The inhabitants of this little hamlet were Kurds, and the people did their best to make the newly-arrived soldiers comfortable. The latter were all fed at the expense of the villagers; each inhabitant giving as much bread as he could spare towards the rations of his countrymen. So far as I could learn, none of the soldiers had any money with them, and it was a five days’ march to Erzeroum. But they evidently had solved the problem of how to get on without money; a week later I saw them arrive at their destination, and, with the exception of a few men laid up with frost-bite, they were not much the worse for their journey.
chapter XLII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AN Armenian, the Pacha’s interpreter, now entered the room. Presently he observed that the Russian Consul at Erzeroum had just received a telegram.
“He read it to me himself,” said the Armenian. “He wants its contents to be made known to you. It is from the Russian Authorities in the Caucasus, and has come via Batoum. It runs as follows: ‘Two months ago, an Englishman, a certain Captain Burnaby, left Constantinople with the object of travelling in Asia Minor. He is a desperate enemy (un ennemi acharne) of Russia. We have lost all traces of him since his departure from Stamboul. We believe that the real object of his journey is to pass the frontier, and enter Russia. Do your best, sir, to discover the whereabouts of this aforesaid Captain. Find means to inform him that in the event of his entering our territory, he will be immediately expelled.’”
chapter XLIV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ERZEROUM was certainly the land of rumours, or, to use a slang expression, “shaves.” Shortly after returning to my
quarters, the Pacha called and said that he had received a telegram to the effect that England, Germany, and Turkey were to be allies in the coming struggle.
“Do you believe it?” I inquired.
“Well,” replied the Pacha, “the Germans, it is said, do not like the Russians, and Russia is believed to be an ally of France.”
“If Germany does not fight France soon,” observed another Turk, “France will be too strong for Germany.”
“That is what I think,” said the Pacha: “Germany sees the nation that she has beaten making every effort to become strong, so as to revenge herself for her defeat. Bismarck will not be likely to await that event.”
A Turkish engineer officer now entered the room. He informed us that a telegram had arrived to say that the English Parliament had been opened.
chapter XLIX
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ON the morrow we were up before daybreak, and not only ourselves, but almost all the male inhabitants of the village. They had turned out, some on horseback and others with spades and shovels, to try and force a passage through the snow. In addition to these men there were two caravans, comprising between them over 200 camels, and accompanied by fifty Persians. It was very cold. The lieutenant was doubtful whether we should succeed in clearing a way before us. According to the Kurd, there were still six feet of snow in many places along the track.
chapter L
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WE met with some Armenian lads riding calves, and driving others before them, the driven animals carrying packsaddles, which were laden with sacks of corn. The Christians in this district make use of their cattle as beasts of burden. It is not at all an uncommon sight to see Armenians, man and wife, riding to market on cows and oxen. Buffaloes are much in request with the inhabitants on account of the great strength of these animals. Some of the richer Christians possess from twenty to thirty buffaloes, two of which are considered a fair price for a girl-it being the custom of the was brought up at Bayazid, and afterwards became Caimacan at Toprak Kale. He had lost his life in the affray with the Circassians, which has already been mentioned in this work.
chapter LVII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I WAS not sorry to reach Kotoor. The track had been very bad for the last half of our journey. An eleven hours’ march made under such circumstances is tiring for man as well as beast. There is a quarantine station in the town. The medical officer in charge has to examine all people travelling from Persia to Turkey by this route. This is done to prevent persons suffering from cholera or plague spreading these maladies throughout the Sultan’s dominions.
chapter LIX
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I NOW walked to an extempore market which the Armenians are making use of until the old one is reconstructed. With the exception of quantities of rough silk brought from Persia, raw cotton, and carbonate of soda, which had been taken from the lake, there was literally nothing to see. It was said that there were 20,000 inhabitants in the town; I am inclined to believe that the number has been exagger- water were reflected in the sky. Presently we crossed a little stream known as the Mahmod Tchai, and after a short march halted at Gull-a small village with thirty houses, half belonging to Armenians, half to Mohammedans.
chapter LXVIII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I NOW learnt that corn is dear in this district, costing two piastres and a half the oke. It is chiefly brought here from the neighbourhood of Ardahan, the difficulty of transport adding enormously to the price. Indian corn is grown in the vicinity of Livana, but it is not easy to procure barley. This last, however, is not so much required, as there are hardly any horses in the neighbourhood. Just above Miradet lie the ruins of an old bridge. At this time of the year, the only way to cross the river is in the cayeks of the peasants. I was informed that in the summer months a horseman could ford the Tschoroch in some places near the village. According to the Mudir, there are iron-mines in the neighbourhood, but the inhabitants did not work them.
With the Sitwells, 1923–9
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The poignant numbers of Façaderecall that it is a work dating from a time when the world was in a period of violent and sudden change, an old order giving place to new. This was the age, in musical England, that rejected Elgar, not yet being able to hear in his music the sound of the ebbing sea. For a symbolic image of a relevant aspect of this period one may return to those soirees presided over by Frank Schuster which tried after 1918 to pretend that only four years by the calendar separated them from 1914.