bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accounting for Flexibility and Efficiency: A Field Study of Management Control Systems in a Restaurant Chain*
Authors: AHRENS THOMAS , CHAPMAN CHRISTOPHER S. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWhile some field studies have suggested that management control systems can be used simultaneously to make organizations more efficient and more flexible, the contingency literature has found it difficult to address this issue in the absence of a clear and comprehensive typology for analyzing more processual uses of management control systems. This paper distinguishes between enabling and coercive (Adler and Borys 1996) uses of management control systems. Coercive use refers to the stereotypical top‐down control approach that emphasizes centralization and preplanning. In contrast, enabling use seeks to put employees in a position to deal directly with the inevitable contingencies in their work. The design principles that underlie the enabling use of management control systems are repair, internal transparency, global transparency, and flexibility. Through a detailed analysis of a single‐case field study carried out over a two‐year period, we illustrate how management pursued the objectives of efficiency and flexibility by using management control systems in enabling ways. We suggest that the four design principles of enabling use can facilitate field studies of management control systems, but that they can also be used to define an enabling typology for contingency researchers to analyze the ways in which organizations simultaneously pursue efficiency and flexibility through their management control systems.
Mutation in the STR Locus D21S11 of Father Causing Allele Mismatch in the Child
Authors: Thangaraj K , Reddy AD , Singh L 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
We analyzed a case of paternity dispute with 15 autosomal STR loci and found a mismatch in one of the alleles of the locus D21S11 in the child. The composition of the alleles of this locus in the mother, suspicious father, and child were 29/32, 29/29, and 29/30, respectively. The combined paternity index (2.4×1010) and paternity probability (0.9999) suggest that the suspicious father is the biological father of the child. Further analysis of 6 Y chromosome STR loci revealed matching of all the Y chromosomal alleles of the child with that of the suspicious father. Since there was a perfect match of all the paternal alleles inherited (15 autosomal and 6 Y chromosomal) in the child with that of the suspicious father except the allele D21S11, it is suggested that this might be a case of mutation. Cloning and sequencing of all the alleles of the locus D21S11 of the suspicious father, mother, and the child helped in determining that the suspicious father contributed the mutated allele.
Assignment of Paternity in a Judicial Dispute Between Two Neighbor Holstein Dairy Farmers
Authors: Lirón JP , Ripoli MV , García PP , Giovambattista G 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
DNA profiling was used as evidence to assign paternity in a dispute between two neighbors in a judicial case of undue appropriation of cattle offspring from five alleged Holstein sires. Five offspring were genotyped using ten genetic markers (nine microsatellites and the BOLA-DRB3 locus). The computer program CERVUS was used to estimate the LOD score values and the confidence of paternity assignments. The results presented here show that three out of five paternity cases were assigned at 95% of confidence to a single sire with a LOD score ranging from 2.53 to 3.55. A fourth male was assigned using its Δ value. Finally, all alleged sires were excluded from the paternity of the fifth offspring, probably due to the existence of an non-sampled male in the studied population.We concluded that the likelihood-based approach, included into CERVUS program, was a powerful tool in cattle kinship analysis when dealing with judicial dispute particularly when the dam's genotype was absent, allowing the assignments of paternity at 95% level of confidence in situations usually used by dairy and beef cattle producers in Argentine (e.g., multi-sire pasture mating).
Sudden Unexpected Death Due to a Brainstem Glioma in an Adult
Authors: Dolinak D , Matshes E , Waghray R 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Sudden death due to undiagnosed central nervous system tumors is an uncommon, but well-described occurrence. Most of the tumors in these circumstances are supratentorial and occur in a wide spectrum of ages. Brainstem tumors are more rare and occur predominantly in the pediatric and adolescent populations. We present the case of a 48-year-old man who died suddenly and unexpectedly of a brainstem glioma. This case is unusual because of his age and the paucity of antecedent symptoms.
An Example of the Use of Forensic Palynology in Assessing an Alibi
Authors: Mildenhall DC 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
A man was found shot in the back on Mount Holdsworth in the Tararua Ranges north of Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand. Police investigations pinpointed one individual who had been seen in the area, knew, and had the means and motive to kill the victim. His alibi was that an eyewitness was mistaken as he never had been in the area and the jacket he was reported to have been wearing had been purchased in The Netherlands and brought to Wellington, where it never had left the city. Furthermore the distinctive board shorts that he was reported to have been wearing had been purchased in a small coastal New Zealand town after the victim had been murdered. Pollen of Nothofagus menziesii, a mountain plant, on the clothing suggested that the alibi was untrue and that the clothing had been in mountains in the vicinity of Mount Holdsworth or a similar mountain scene where Nothofagus menziesii was growing.
The Identification of 2-Phenoxyethanol in Ballpoint Inks Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry—Relevance to Ink Dating
Authors: LaPorte GM , Wilson JD , Cantu AA , Mancke SA , Fortunato SL 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Developing and implementing a generally accepted procedure for the dating of ink found on documents using dynamic approaches has been a very formidable undertaking by forensic document examiners. 2-Phenoxyethanol (PE), a common volatile organic compound found in ballpoint inks, has been recognized for over a decade as a solvent that evaporates as ink ages. More recently, investigations have focused on the solvent loss ratio of PE prior to and after heating. To determine how often PE occurs in ink formulations, the authors analyzed 633 ballpoint inks utilizing a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. 2-Phenoxyethanol was identified in 85% (237/279) and 83% (293/354) of black and blue inks, respectively.
The Distribution of Sevoflurane in a Sevoflurane Induced Death
Authors: Burrows DL , Nicolaides A , Stephens GC , Ferslew KE 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The distribution of sevoflurane (fluoromethyl 2,2,2,-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl) ethyl ether) in blood, urine, liver, kidney, vitreous humor, and tracheal aspirate is presented from a subject with a sevoflurane induced death. Sevoflurane is a nonflammable general anesthetic administered by inhalation of vaporized liquid. Although general inhalation anesthetics have the potential to be fatal if not properly administered, the incidence of abuse is minute in comparison to other illicit drugs (1). Currently, there are no citations in the literature defining the body distribution of sevoflurane in a sevoflurane induced death. The decedent was found lying in a bed with an oxygen mask containing a gauze pad secured to his face. Three empty bottles and one partially full bottle of Ultane™ (sevoflurane) were found with the body in addition to two pill boxes containing a variety of prescription and non-prescription drugs. Serum, urine and gastric contents from the deceased were screened for numerous drugs and metabolites using a combination of thin layer chromatographic, colorimetric and immunoassay techniques. Analysis of biological specimens from the deceased revealed the presence of: amphetamine, caffeine, pseudoephedrine, nicotine, nicotine metabolite, and valproic acid. Sevoflurane concentrations were determined by headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and revealed concentrations of 26.2 μg/mL in the blood, 105 μg/mL in the urine, 31.9 μg/mL in the tracheal aspirate, 86.7 μg/mL in the vitreous humor, 30.8 mg/kg in the liver, and 12.8 mg/kg in the kidney. The decedent had pathologies consistent with respiratory suppression including pulmonary atelectasis, pulmonary edema, and neck vein distention. The official cause of death was respiratory suppression by sevoflurane and the manner of death was unclear.
Death by Chainsaw: Fatal Kickback Injuries to the Neck
Authors: Koehler SA , Luckasevic TM , Rozin L , Shakir A , Ladham S , Omalu B , Dominick J , Wecht CH 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Each year over 3 million new chainsaws are sold in the United States. The operation of these newer saws combined with the millions of older chainsaws in circulation results in over 28,000 chainsaw-related injures annually. The majority of the injuries involve the hands and lower extremities with less than 10% involving injuries to the head and neck regions. Deaths while operating a chainsaw are extremely rare. The most common hazards associated with chainsaws are injuries caused by kickback, pushback, and pull-in. Kickback is the most common and poses the greatest hazard. Kickback occurs when the rotating chain is stopped suddenly by contact with a more solid area throwing the saw rapidly backward toward the operator. The cause of most injuries can be traced to improper use of the saw or poor judgment on part of the operator. We present two fatal chainsaw deaths; one with an older style saw, and the other with a modern type. In both cases the victims died from fatal injuries received to the neck region from a chainsaw kickback. The first case involved a 49-year-old white male operating an older style chainsaw with limited safety features. The second case involved a 38-year old white male who was operating a newer model chainsaw equipped with a low kickback chain in an unsafe manner.
Crime Scene Ethics: Souvenirs, Teaching Material, and Artifacts
Authors: Rogers TL 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Police and forensic specialists are ethically obliged to preserve the integrity of their investigations and their agencies' reputations. The American Academy of Forensic Sciences and the Canadian Society of Forensic Science provide no guidelines for crime scene ethics, or the retention of items from former crime scenes. Guidelines are necessary to define acceptable behavior relating to removing, keeping, or selling artifacts, souvenirs, or teaching specimens from former crime scenes, where such activities are not illegal, to prevent potential conflicts of interest and the appearance of impropriety.
Proposed guidelines permit the retention of objects with educational value, provided they are not of significance to the case, they are not removed until the scene is released, permission has been obtained from the property owner and police investigator, and the item has no significant monetary value. Permission is necessary even if objects appear discarded, or are not typically regarded as property, e.g., animal bones.
Remembering Walter C. McCrone—Scientist, Mentor, Leader and Friend
Authors: Reffner JA 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Walter C. McCrone (1916-2002)was a special person. While books, journals and ledgers record over 400 of his technical contributions, his true legacy is his inspiration and leadership. In remembering “Doc” McCrone, we honor a man dedicated to people, to science and to education. His passion for microscopy was only exceeded by his love of science, people and teaching. While he ranked microscopy as the first step in every scientific investigation he made use of all technologies in formulating and testing hypotheses. Everyone who met Walter has a story to tell of this man's impact on his or her life; I will tell you mine.
Dr. Walter McCrone's Contributions to Microscopy Workshops and the Certification of Criminalists
Authors: Peterson JL 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Walter McCrone was not only a remarkable forensic microscopist, but also a skilled grants man and devoted scientific professional. This article briefly recounts his activities in the1970s and 80s where he played a major role in securing grant funds to sponsor microscopy training around the country, and in using his considerable professional influence to advance the cause of certification.
Chitosan Membrane: Tool for Chromium (III) Recovery from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Pietrelli Loris , Xingrong Liu 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn this study four kinds of Chitosan membranes were prepared. The permeability of the membranes was then investigated by permeation of K+ in these membranes. The performances of the prepared membranes for recovery of chromium (III) from aqueous solution were evaluated. The effects of operation conditions on permeation characteristics were determined, and permeation mechanism was discussed. The stability of the membranes was also studied.
A Nitric Oxide Biosensor Based on Horseradish Peroxidase/Kieselguhr Co‐Modified Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode
Authors: Shang Libin , Liu Xinjian , Fan Chunhai , Li Genxi 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA reagentless nitric oxide (NO) biosensor was prepared using a pyrolytic graphite (PG) electrode modified with a composite film containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and kieselguhr. Noticeably, the electron‐transfer reactivity of HRP was significantly enhanced when incorporated in the inorganic kieselguhr material. Consequently, we observed the direct electrochemical response of HRP in this composite film, which would be otherwise electrochemically silent (in the absence of kieselguhr). Importantly, this modified electrode demonstrated nice catalytic activity, as well as high stability, towards the reduction of NO. The peak current related to NO was linearly proportional to its concentration from 2.0×10‐7 to 2.0×10‐5 mol/L, and the relative standard deviation was 4 % for five successive determinations at a NO concentration of 1.0×10‐5 mol/L. The critical level in concentration was estimated to be (4.0±0.3)×10‐8 mol/L.
Using Chlorine Dioxide for Drinking Water Disinfection by the Application of the Chlorite/Chlorine Process
Authors: Schmidt Wido 
Published: May 2004

AbstractChlorine dioxide stock solutions for the disinfection of drinking water are made by the application of chlorite/chlorine process in many waterworks. In such cases the stock solution is always characterised by a mixture of chlorine and chlorine dioxide.The disinfection of waters of different origin with a mixture of chlorine dioxide and chlorine showed the formation of odours of different intensity. The reasons are the re‐formation of chlorine dioxide and the formation of odorous disinfection by‐products. Applying the chlorine dioxide for disinfection, its re‐formation caused by the reaction of chlorite with chlorine is the dominant reason of odour formation. When chlorine is used, the formation of odorous by‐products becomes more relevant. In order to quantify the sensitivity of water concerning odour, the odour indicator coefficient OI was defined.The decreased demand of chlorine dioxide by applying chlorine and chlorine dioxide in combination is recognised to be the key in order to avoid the formation of odour after the disinfection of drinking water with chlorine dioxide.
Bestimmung polarer Phosphorsäureester in Trink‐ und Oberflächenwasser mittels HPLC‐MS‐MS
Authors: Ventker Michaela , Werres Friedrich , Balsaa Peter , Winterhalter Peter , Overath Horst 
Published: May 2004

AbstractDie in der EU‐Wasserrahmenrichtlinie 2000/60/EG und der Gewässerschutzrichtlinie 76/464/EWG genannten 16 Phosphorsäureester aus dem Bereich der Insektizide und Akarizide werden den sogenannten prioritären Stoffen zugerechnet, für die strenge Qualitätsziele gelten. Häufig werden niedrige Maximalkonzentrationen von weniger als 0.1 μg/L gefordert. Mit dem in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen HPLC‐MS‐Verfahren können die meisten der in Frage kommenden Phosphorsäureester auch in Oberflächenwasser mit der geforderten Empfindlichkeit nachgewiesen werden. Die hohe Analysenempfindlichkeit wird sowohl durch die Festphasenextraktion (SPE) als auch durch die Injektion großer Volumina erreicht. Für einige Stoffe konnte auf die Probenvorbereitung sogar vollständig verzichtet werden und eine hinreichende Empfindlichkeit durch direkte Injektion der Wasserprobe erreicht werden.
Molecular basis of inherited antithrombin deficiency in Portuguese families: Identification of genetic alterations and screening for additional thrombotic risk factors
Authors: David Dezsö , Ribeiro Sofia , Ferrão Lénia , Gago Teresa , Crespo Francisco 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAntithrombin (AT), the most important coagulation serine proteases inhibitor, plays an important role in maintaining the hemostatic balance. Inherited AT deficiency, mainly characterized by predisposition to recurrent venous thromboembolism, is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner. In this study, we analyzed the underlying genetic alterations in 12 unrelated Portuguese thrombophilic families with AT deficiency. At the same time, the modulating effect of the FV Leiden mutation, PT 20210A, PAI‐1 4G, and MTHFR 677T allelic variants, on the thrombotic risk of AT deficient patients was also evaluated. Three novel frameshift alterations, a 4‐bp deletion in exon 4 and two 1‐bp insertions in exon 6, were identified in six unrelated type I AT deficient families. A novel missense mutation in exon 3a, which changes the highly conserved F147 residue, and a novel splice site mutation in the invariant acceptor AG dinucleotide of intron 2 were also identified in unrelated type I AT deficient families. In addition to these, two previously reported missense mutations changing the AT reactive site bond (R393–S394) and leading to type II‐RS deficiency, and a previously reported cryptic splice site mutation (IVS4–14G→A), were also identified. In these families, increased thrombotic risk associated with co‐inheritance of the FV Leiden mutation and of the PAI‐1 4G variant was also observed. In conclusion, we present the first data regarding the underlying genetic alterations in Portuguese thrombophilic families with AT deficiency, and confirm that the FV Leiden mutation and probably the PAI‐1 4G variant represent additional thrombotic risk factors in these families. Am. J. Hematol. 76:163–171, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of alveolar carbon monoxide to measure the effect of ribavirin on red blood cell survival†
Authors: Virtue Mark A. , Furne Julie K. , Ho Samuel B. , Levitt Michael D. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA major side effect of ribavirin (RBV) treatment is anemia. While this anemia is thought to result from increased RBC turnover, RBC survival has not been determined in subjects receiving RBV due to the complexity of the techniques commonly used to quantitate RBC life span. We recently described a simple, rapid, non‐invasive technique that utilizes measurements of alveolar carbon monoxide (CO) concentration to determine RBC survival. In the present report, this method was employed to assess RBC survival in patients receiving RBV for hepatitis C. Each of the 31 measurements of RBC survival in 12 subjects with RBV‐associated anemia was below the lower limit of normal (77 days), and the average survival (46 ± 14 days) in these subjects was only about 38% of that of healthy controls (122 ± 23 days). Five hepatitis C patients not undergoing RBV treatment had normal RBC survivals (112 ± 17 days). While the mean reticulocyte percentage was significantly elevated in subjects treated with RBV, 59% of these measurements fell within the limits of normal. We conclude that RBV‐associated anemia consistently is associated with reduced RBC survival as determined from breath CO measurements and that this reduced survival frequently is not associated with an elevated reticulocyte count. Am. J. Hematol. 76:107–113, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The older sickle cell patient
Authors: McKerrell Thomas D.H. , Cohen Hillel W. , Billett Henny H. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe lifespan of sickle cell patients has increased substantially. We chose to compare the attributes of older sickle cell patients with younger ones within the confines of a single institutional study serving the local Bronx population. Laboratory and clinical assessments from 40 patients with sickle cell disease over 40 years of age were compared to 40 patients under 30 years of age. When the older group was compared to the younger group, hemoglobin, indirect bilirubin, and platelet counts were significantly lower. Creatinine clearances were lower and BUN levels were higher in the older group. Although the prevalence of radiographically measured cardiomegaly was significantly higher in the older group, systolic and diastolic blood pressures remained unchanged. The number of crises and number of admissions were higher in the younger group than in the older, but there was wide variation, and no significant differences could be detected; days spent in hospital over the previous 2 years did not differ. No statistically significant differences were observed for absolute reticulocyte count, MCV, % HbF, white cell count, liver function tests, or oxygen saturation. Comparing genders within age groups, younger males had higher hemoglobin levels and absolute reticulocyte counts than younger females, while only the older females had higher HbF levels than the corresponding males. Lower levels of hemoglobin associated with older age may reflect decreased hematopoietic potential that may in part be due to decreased renal function. Lower platelet counts in older sickle cell patients may be a consequence of this decreased hematopoietic potential but may also represent a secondary survival benefit effect in sickle cell anemia. Am. J. Hematol. 76:101–106, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk behaviors for pesticide exposure among pregnant women living in farmworker households in Salinas, California
Authors: Goldman Lisa , Eskenazi Brenda , Bradman Asa , Jewell Nicholas P. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBackgroundFarmworkers and their families are at risk for pesticide exposure, however, little is known about behaviors that increase their risk. We determined the frequency of risky behaviors among pregnant farmworkers and characterized those at greatest risk.MethodsParticipants included 153 pregnant farmworkers and 248 pregnant non‐farmworkers who resided with farmworkers from the CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas) study. We examined risky behaviors relating to handwashing, bathing, protective clothing, house cleaning, laundering of work clothes, wearing of work clothes and shoes into the home, and eating produce from the fields.ResultsBetween 25 and 60% of women demonstrated risky behavior on each item. Practices of households with pregnant farmworkers and non‐farmworkers did not differ. Women who lived in the United States longer, and in crowded households demonstrated the most risky behavior overall.ConclusionsPregnant farmworkers and those living with farmworkers need to be educated to reduce potential take‐home pesticide exposure. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:491–499, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.