bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Adjustment and Demographic Responses in Latin America: An Overview
Authors: Bajraj Reynaldo , Bravo, Jorge , Tapinos Georges 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of economic adjustment in Latin America over the last decade and to review the still sparse but growing evidence relating to the demographic responses associated with such changes. First, we present the economic background to the analyses of the demographic fluctuations, which are examined in the second part of the chapter. We use the general term ‘adjustment’ despite the fact that economic crises and adjustment policies are closely interrelated and that it is very difficult or even impossible to disentangle one from the other. Besides, although macroeconomic stabilization efforts can be distinguished conceptually from the more structural changes and reforms , in practice both types of intervention have been undertaken simultaneously during the last decade in the Latin American region. In the 1960s and 1970s, many stabilization programmer were implemented in Latin America and the Caribbean, usually connected with loans provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Many of these met with only partial success, and then only for short periods of time. Complaints began to be voiced that structuralconditions impeded the success of conventional stabilization policies. The most common argu ment was that it was difficult or impossible to change the behaviour of the public sector regarding its current deficit, unless its relative size in the economy was changed and its functions were redefined. In the 1980s this vision broadened, generalized, and emerged in the operations. The IMF began to require the approval of structural adjustment programmes, usually financed by the World Bank, in order to carry out the short-term stabilization operations.
The Response of Fertility and Mortality to Economic Crisis and Structural Adjustment Policy during the 1980s: A Review
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to review the demographic experience of the 1980s and to assess the impact of economic crisis and structural adjustment on fertility and mortality. There are two principal concerns. The first is that structural adjustment policies have had adverse and unanticipated effects on mortality or fertility. undermining important social objectives of development. A second possibility is that mortality has increased or fertility decline has slowed because of economic problems which are unrelated to structural adjustment policies. If this is so, certain policies might be justified-for example. increasing expenditures on health care that conflict with prescriptions espoused for adjustment purposes. Despite the importance of this topic, it is not possible to distinguish the impact of deteriorating economic conditions in many developing countries from the impact of structural adjustment policies per se.
The Effect of Stuctural Adjustment on Food Policy and Nutrition
Authors: Behrman Jere 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most Latin American economies have been dominated by structural adjustment efforts in the past decade. Such efforts in a sense have a short-term character in that they are attempting to remedy aggregate economic imbalances so that medium and long-term growth can be sustained. But often the efforts themselves have fairly long durations, albeit in some cases with substantial fits and starts. Moreover, successful structural adjustment programmer are likely to change critical relative prices and policies from what they were before structural adjustment. Therefore such structural adjustment efforts may have had important demographic consequences through impacts on income, prices, the social sectors, and human resource investments.
Demographic Consequences of Economic Adjustment in Chile
Authors: BRAVO JORGE 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chile’s relatively small population, of some 13 million at around 1990, has somewhat slightly better aggregate economic and social indicators than the average of the Latin American countries. Its per capita GDP in 1990, nearly US$ 2,600, was the fourth largest in the region, and similar to that of Argentina and Mexico. The service sector currently accounts for approximately 60 per cent of the total economic activity. and agriculture for less than l 0 per cent Copper is still a major component of total exports, but the very rapid growth of nontraditional exports since 1984 has reduced to some extent the reliance on mining production as a source of foreign exchange. Well below 10 per cent of the adult population is illiterate, and the country is. together with Argentina, Uruguay, and Venezuela, among the four most highly urbanized in the region. Inequality, however, is no less severe than in Latin America generally: the proportion of the population living in conditions of poverty in 1990 was about 35 per cent (higher than in Argentina, Uruguay and Venezuela), and income distribution became more regressive over the 1970s and 1980s. Demographic indicators display some of the same ‘dual’ behaviour: moderately low aggregate rates (annual population growth of 1.6 per cent; a TFR of 2.7 children per woman, an infant mortality rate of 17 per one thousand births, life expectancy of 72 years), but significant socio-economic differentials in all of these.
Introduction: an Overview of the Exercise
Authors: Sengupta Arjun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United Nations High Level Group on Development Strategy and Management of the Market Economy was set up to review the role of government in designing and implementing development strategies and managing a market economy in the current (and future) economic environment. The Group members met several times in New York, Vienna, Helsinki and London, holding extensive discussions among themselves and with other experts. Several back ground papers were prepared to further these discussions, some of which are being published as Volume ll. Volume I is the core of the exercise. It consists of eight chapters, including this introduction, which reflect mainly the views of the individual authors. The themes of the chapters and their broad contents were discussed extensively by the Group as a whole, but no attempt was made to develop a uniformity of views. However, the discussions did evolve towards a rather broad consensus This introductory chapter tries to capture that thematic continuity.
The Future of Planning in Market Economies
Authors: Malinvaud Edmond , Nabli Mustapha K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we wi11 look closely at planning institutions intended to promote the long-nm performance of the economy. Planning institutions inform public opinion about long-term prospects. They provide the country with frameworks for designing and announcing policies or reforms. They offer guidelines for government intervention and references for private decision-making. Also, they often play a monitoring role within the public sector, focusing on the overall efficiency of economic decisions made by public agents.The institutional nature of planning that we discuss traditionally meant in the context of market economies. The chapter will thus concern not where long-term decisions are made, but rather where the economic rationale for alternative options is scrutinized before decisions are made, where long-term views and projections are prepared and where resulting programmes are explained.
Regulation, Competition, and the Structure of Prices
Authors: Vickers John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Competition policy in regulated industries has three broad aspects structure, liberalization, and conduct regulation. Structural policies include break-up decisions such as those taken (or not taken) at the time of privatization, merger controls, and scope-of-business restrictions. Liberalization policy is about the removal of legal barriers to entry. Conduct regulation, which may take the form of explicit monopoly controls and/ or competition policy measures, constrains the pricing and other behaviour of dominant firms. Most obvious is the question of how to regulate the level of prices charged by firms with monopoly power - by RPI-X price caps or otherwise.
The Water Industry
Authors: Cowan Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The water industry is the most monopolistic of the utilities that have been privatized in the United Kingdom. Duplication of the networks of water mains and sewerage is generally undesirable and there is, at present, no competition in supply using common networks. Nevertheless, the UK government and the industry regulator are keen to expand the role of competition. Many issues that have been prominent when competition was first introduced into telecommunications and energy markets are also present in the water industry. A major theme of this chapter is that direct product-market competition is unlikely to be as prevalent and as successful in water as it has been in other regulated markets. In the remainder of the introduction I describe the characteristics of the indus try and its regulation. For further details see Armstrong et al. (1994, ch. 10).
Competition in the Rail lndushy
Authors: Swift John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Railways were subject to radical restructuring before the transfer of operations to the private sector. The new structure involved: vertical separation between the owner and operator of the net work (Railtrack) and train operators, designed to avoid the distor tion of competition that can arise where a dominant network operator also competes in downstream markets; 25 separate passenger train operating companies, providing over lapping services over some parts of the network, and six separate freight operating companies, together with the possibility of entry from ‘open-access’ operators; rolling-stock owned by three competing rolling-stock leasing companies (ROSCOs), again with the possibility of entry to the market by new players, such as rolling-stock manufacturers;
Training Tomorrow’s PLA: A Mixed Bag of Tricks*
Authors: Blasko Dennis J , Klapakis Philip T , Corbett John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the summer of 1995, Chinese military training opposite Taiwan has received unusual prominence in both the Chinese and foreign media. The senior leadership in Beijing was able to flex its military muscle because of a training programme begun years ago. This limited use of force has sent unmistakable political signals to Taiwan and the world. But, should the Chinese leadership decide to employ the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in pursuit of its political objectives, is it well trained enough to conduct successful modem military operations? This article assesses the current state of PLA training for modem joint and combined arms warfare. Based primarily on reports from the Chinese media, it examines the means the PLA is using to upgrade its training; the constraints imposed upon the PLA by the political, social and military systems; the manner in which the PLA is confronting its acknowledged weaknesses; and patterns apparent in the training programme. The report concludes that training reform will continue as part of an overall military modernization programme, but the series of recent, high-profile training exercises do not point to an impending operation against Taiwan or any other contingency. While the PLA has the capability to inflict damage on neighbouring armed forces, it has not yet proven the capability to conduct and sustain medium or large-scale joint operations in even limited action beyond the mainland’s continental land mass.
Distinguishing Trust and Power in Interorganizational Relations: Forms and Façades of Trust*
Authors: Hardy Cynthia , Phillips, Nelson , Lawrence Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During recent years, the role of trust in interorganizational relationships has become an increasingly popular topic in organizational studies. Furthermore, as Sydow discusses in Chapter 1 of this volume, much of the literature has heralded the virtues of trust. Trust is supposed to make interorganizational relations function more effectively by curtailing opportunistic behaviour, by reducing complexity, and by fostering co-ordination and co-operation in ways that more formal contracts cannot (e.g. Ouchi 1980; Zucker 1986; Lewis and Weigert 1985a,b; Bowen and Jones 1986; Dasgupta 1988; Gambetta 1988; Donaldson 1990; Hill 1990; Ring and van de Ven 1992; Morgan and Hunt 1994). In this way, trust has been suggested as an alternative or supplement to hierarchies and markets (e.g. Barney and Hansen 1994) and to rational prediction (Lewis and Weigert 1985a). Trust has also been considered, implicitly or explicitly, as an important component in interorganizational co-operation (e.g. Alter 1990; Knoke 1990; Alter and Hage 1993), collaboration (e.g. Gray 1989; Nathan and Mi troff 1991), joint ventures (Harrigan 1985) and strategic alliances (Kanter 1990). For such ‘collective’ strategies (Astley 1984; Bresser and Harl 1986) to be successful, trust is needed to reduce uncertainty, produce co-operation, solve problems, and uncover innovative solutions (Dodgson 1993; Sabel 1993).
Trust, Morality, and International Business*
Authors: Brenkert George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expanding globalization of business brings with it the increased importance of answers to a host of crucial moral issues. We need solutions to questions concerning when workers in developing nations are being exploited, which dangerous products should not be shipped across national borders to be sold, and when the offer of cash or gifts amounts to bribes by members of another society. Ethical guidance is needed for the managers of multinationals concerning transfer pricing, the use of child labour, and attempts to develop economically people living in tribal conditions. And moral direction is required for those considering the development of large industrial plants, electrical plants, dams, etc. in developing nations.
Introduction
Authors: Miyajima Hideaki , Kikkawa Takeo , Hiking Takashi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All over the world public-policy activism is now under siege. Economists and policy-makers claim that the era of Big Government is over. The historic controversy over government’s role in industrial competitiveness and economic welfare, they insist, has finally been settled. Government initiative, it is argued, tends to discourage private-sector viability. Government actions tend to be distorted by narrow-interest groups. Government involvement tends to result in the so-called crony capitalism. Government planning tends to be rigid and inflexible. Government controls tend to distort resource allocation. Goodbye state intervention, hello free market forces. So long Keynes and Japan’s ‘Notorious MITI,’ welcome back Adam Smith.
Postwar US Antitrust Policy, Corporate Strategy, and International Competitiveness
Authors: Becker William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States did not adopt explicit industrial policies in the postwar period. This is not to say that the American government failed to affect the behaviour of business. Indeed, the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Second World War had markedly increased the power of the government in Washington over economic activity, with important consequences for corporate enterprise.
Strategically Stable Cost Sharing in an Economic-Ecological Negotiation Process
Authors: Chander Parkash , Tulkens Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, a mathematical model is used that describes negotiations taking place between agents who use a common resource and at the same time are concerned with the quality of this resource, although to different degrees. The aim is to make explicit some logically compelling arguments for cooperation among the agents. The negotiations are described, as in an earlier model of this kind presented in Tulkens (1979), by a dynamic process bearing on a multilateral externality with public-goods characteristics. The process determines a path of feasible allocations that converges to a Pareto optimum, individually rational with respect to the Nash non-cooperative equilibrium taken as its starting point.
Efficient Incomplete International Climate Agreements
Authors: Golombek Rolf , Hagem, Cathrine , Hoel Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In discussions of the greenhouse problem, some kind of carbon tax is often proposed as part of an international climate policy (see e.g. Pearce, 1991; Poterba, 1991; and Hoel, l 992e). Global cost effectiveness suggests that a carbon tax should be equalized across types of fossil fuel, across sectors within each country, and across countries. However, it seems unlikely that an international climate agreement in the next couple of decades will imply harmonization of domestic carbon taxes across all countries in the world. One reason is that with such an agreement the costs will be very inequitable, with LDCs bearing the main burden. (See e.g. Kverndokk, 1993; and Burniaux et al., 1992, for a more general discussion on distribution of costs.) Moreover, even if this distributional issue could be ‘solved’ through appropriate side-payments, universal participation in an international climate agreement is unlikely because of the free-rider problem: if many countries are cooperating to reduce emissions, any individual country will be better off if all the other countries cooperate while that country does not take part in the agreement and pursues its self-interest. For a further discussion of the free-rider problem in the context of international environment problems (see e.g. Barrett, 1990, 1994a; Carrara and Siniscalco, 1993; and Maler, 1990).
Plant Location and Strategic Environmental Policy with Intersectoral Linkages
Authors: Ulph Alistair , Valentini Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In popular discussions of environmental policy and trade one frequently encounters the view that, even if pollution is a purely national concern, environmental policy should not be left to individual nations to determine. The fear is that national governments will be concerned that, if they impose tougher environmental policies than their rivals, this will put their domestic producers at a competitive disadvantage; in the extreme case that it will encourage a ‘flight of capital’ to ‘pollution havens’ with consequent loss of jobs, profits, and tax revenues. Such a concern by national governments, it is argued, will lead to competition between governments to relax their environmental policies, referred to as ‘ecological dumping’.2 The implication is that governments need to coordinate their environmental policies, which is frequently interpreted to mean that they should harmonize their environmental policies.
Racing to Introduce an Environmentally Friendly Product
Authors: Ulph David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has recently been some interest in the question of the interaction between trade and environmental policy when firms have strategic incentives to innovate. In the conventional case where this incentive is absent then (as Barrett, 1990, has shown), governments acting alone implement too low a level of environmental tax because of their concern about the trade consequences of the tax. It is sometimes thought that when this incentive is present governments would set taxes too high because they would want to give firms in their country an incentive to gain a strategic advantage by innovating early. Recent analysis of this issue by Carrara and Siniscalco (1993), D. Ulph (1994, 1997), and A. Ulph and D. Ulph (Chapter 15 below) have shown that this argument is incomplete and that, even when firms are in a race to innovate first, governments may still set taxes too low.
On. Being Frozen in Time
Authors: Bain Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everything else is a defence against the experience of the present moment. The failure to realize the experience of the present moment results in the creation of time. When a group comes together to study the experience of the present moment, anxiety about catastrophic change is aroused. The catastrophic change that is feared is being one with creation (that is, without time). The anxiety concerning catastrophic change causes a dispersal of group members into the past, the future, and what is ‘known’. In an editorial in the New York Times at the end of the First World War it is argued that a fit punishment for the Kaiser is ‘Time without limit, unending time spent in torment without any respite’. The editorial is entitled ‘The punishment of Wilhelm’, and it reads in part:
From Envy to Desire: Witnessing the transformation
Authors: Gutmann David , Ternier-David Jacqueline , Verrier Christophe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out, on the basis of a case example, to discuss the workings of two major affects—desire and envy—as an integral part of the constructive and destructive processes underlying institutional life. We begin by proposing a definition of desire and envy as both individual and collective feelings, outlining the nature of their impact in organizations. This is followed by an account of a workshop which revealed envy and desire as key elements of the client organization’s dominant dynamic. Finally, we offer some concluding remarks on the significance and impact on organizational processes of the transformation from envy to desire.
The Nature and Purpose of the Firm
Authors: Roberts John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why are there firms? What is their fundamental nature and purpose? The answers to these seemingly very aca-demic questions are actually of practical significance. Our objective is to understand the problem of designing the business enterprise and to gain some insights into some of the changes we see in the way firms are being organized and managed. Having a clear understanding of the nature and purpose of the firm as an institution is fundamental to reaching the desired objective.
Organizing for Performance
Authors: Roberts John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we seek to apply the concepts and theories developed in earlier chapters to examine how firms can organize themselves to increase their performance against their current strategies. The key idea is to design the organization to provide as focused, intense incentives as possible within the constraints implied by the corporate form and the interdependencies that it both creates and is meant to control. Doing so necessitates a variety of choices of architecture and routines, supported by cul-tural changes, that together can be called disaggregation. The key architectural elements involve redrawing the horizontal and vertical boundaries of the firm to increase strategic focus; creating relatively small subunits within the organization in which significant decision rights are lodged; and decreasing the number of layers of manage-ment and the extent of central staff.
Moving Outside Manufacturing: Research Perspectives on Small Business in Twentieth-Century America
Authors: Scranton Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reigning orthodoxy in business history, sometimes termed the ‘organizational synthesis’, is articulated around a dichotomy between ‘big’ and ‘small’ enterprises, which legitimizes a research concentration on large, ‘centre’ firms in national and international economies. In this formulation, small business becomes marginalized as the ‘periphery’, as a residual if sizeable class of firms that failed to thrive (i.e. become big), that occupy ‘sec ondary labour markets’ and economic ‘niches’, and that frequently depend upon leading enterprises for contracted orders. Their misfortune may derive from weak entrepreneurship, sectoral obstacles to scale economies, or other sources; but in essence, they are positioned as a deficient ‘other’ whose insignificance helps validate the significance of the ‘core’ and the historical project of delineating its rise to dominance.