bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trade, Strategic Innovation, and Strategic Environmental Policy: A General Analysis
Authors: Ulph Alistair , Ulph David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent debates over moves to extend trade liberalization, such as the Uruguay Round, the Single European Market, and especially NAFTA, have featured a number of extreme claims. On the one hand, there have been concerns expressed by envir-onmentalists that such moves will damage the environment. One aspect is that the consequent expansion of consumption, production, and trade will lead to increased pollution and use of scarce natural resources, unless corrective policies are taken. A second aspect, which will be the focus of this chapter, is the fear that in the absence of trade policy instruments governments may seek to distort their environmental policies in order to protect their domestic economies. In the case of pollution related to production processes and methods (PPM in GATT language), this could lead governments to impose too lax a regime of environmental regulation (so-called ‘ecodumping’), for fear that tougher environmental regulation might damage the competitiveness of their domestic economies. This leads to policy suggestions that there should be moves to harmonize environmental regulations across countries, or, if that is not achieved, that countries who impose tighter environmental regulations than their rivals should be able to impose countervailing tariffs on imports from countries with laxer environmental regulations, the tariffs being equal to the difference in abatement costs between the two countries. Not surprisingly, such policies frequently find favour with industries in the traded sector.
The Modern Firm
Authors: Roberts John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Business firms around the world are experimenting with new organizational designs, changing their formal architectures, their routines and processes, and their corporate cultures as they seek to improve their current performance and their growth prospects. In the process they are changing the scope of their business operations, redrawing their organization charts, redefining the allocation of decision-making authority and responsibility, revamping the mechanisms for motivating and rewarding people, reconsidering which activities to conduct in-house and which to out-source, redesigning their information systems, and seeking to alter the shared beliefs, values and norms that their people hold. In this book, John Roberts argues that there are predictable, necessary relationships among these changes that will improve performance and growth. The organizations that are successful will establish patterns of fit among the elements of their organizational designs, their competitive strategies and the external environment in which they operate and will go about this in a holistic manner. The Modern Firm develops powerful conceptual frameworks for analyzing the interrelations between organizational design features, competitive strategy and the business environment. Written in a non-technical language, the book is nevertheless based on rigorous modeling and draws on numerous examples from eighteenth century fur trading companies to such modern firms such as BP and Nokia. Finally the book explores why these developments are happening now, pointing to the increase in global competition and changes in technology. Written by one of the world's leading economists and experts on business strategy and organization, The Modern Firm provides new insights into the changes going on in business today and will be of interest to academics, students and managers alike. The Modern Firm was the Economist Best Business Book of the Year 2004.
Key Concepts for Organization Design
Authors: Roberts John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of strategic choice and organizational design is, in principle, immensely complex. Selecting a strategy is complex already, but when one considers all the elements of an organization design, the problem becomes mindbogglingly complicated. Indeed, the “rugged landscapes” literature in strategic management (Levinthal 1997) is built around the idea that the problem is arbitrarily com-plicated, essentially without logic or regularity.
Organizing for Growth and Innovation
Authors: Roberts John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Delivering current performance may please shareholders, but they are even happier if the firm is not just profitable, but if its profits and profitability are actually increasing. Moreover, the members of the firm are apt to like growth too. Work is more fun in a growing company. Growth means more opportunities for new, exciting assignments and promotions, and unpleasant conflict is lessened, because there can be more for everyone from the ever-bigger pie that is being divided. Yet realizing growth without undercutting current performance and destroying value can be very problematic.
Small Firms in the UK
Authors: Pratten C F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The changing role of small firms in the manufacturing sector of the UK economy is of particular interest because the UK was the first country to industrialize and so changes in industrial structure which occurred in Britain may have been, and may in the future be, followed by other countries. Britain’s industrial revolution was a small firms’ phenomenon. The focus of this chapter is to trace the contribution of small firms after the industrial revolution and the reasons for the changing role of small firms. By way of introduction, the first three sections of the chapter outline perceptions of the role of small firms in the literature, summarize data quantifying the actual contribution of small firms to the UK economy, and provide a concise comparison of the changing contribution of small firms in the UK with the position in other countries-Japan, Italy, and the USA. The objective of this first part of the chapter is to identify questions about the role of small firms in the UK. The purpose of the second part of the chapter is to answer the questions identified in the first part. To do this, the contribution of small firms in five industries is examined.
The Development of the Putting-out System in Modern Japan: The Case of the Cotton-Weaving Industry
Authors: Abe Takeshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important features of the rapid economic growth of modern Japan was dualistic industrial development. Nevertheless, scholars tend to emphasize only the growth of big businesses such as the zaibatsu (Mitsui, Mitsubishi, etc.) and a few cotton-spinning companies (Toyobo, Kanebo, etc.) in consideration of Japanese economic and business history. The indigenous, rural, small- and medium-sized industries, most of which had already developed during the pre-modern era (the Edo period), should also be examined. In early modern Japan, there were innumerable indigenous industries such as weaving, silk-reeling, brewing, ceramics, and paper manufacturing, and they often managed to survive side by side with the growth of modern big businesses. In addition, many indigenous industries even developed along with the modern sectors until the First World War (1914-18). The lower tier of the dual structure was generally composed of industries of this type.
Theories of the Value of Children: A New Approach
Authors: Friedman Debra , Hechter Michael , Kanazawa Satoshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal contending approaches in explaining variations in fertility are based on cultural and rational choice premisses. Cultural explanations seek to account for fertility differences on the basis of individuals’ norms and values. These cultural elements evidently vary with respect to fertility across societies, temporal eras, and individuals. To the degree that fertility is controlled either by social pressures or by conscious intentions, cultural approaches would appear to be highly realistic. Their apparent realism comes at a high price, however, for such explanations are often post hoc. Rational choice explanations, using standard value assumptions about wealth maximization, account for fertility on the basis of shifts in opportunity costs. Since, in principle, many different circumstances affect opportunity costs, such explanations are theoretically more elegant. Yet, they are no real help in explaining why people continue to have children in developed societies, where children’s net instrumental value is negative.
Changes in Fertility Values and Behaviour: A Life Course Perspective
Authors: Beets Gijs c. N , Liefbroer aart c. , gierveld jenny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between values and behaviour, including that between fertility values and behaviour, has mainly been studied from two perspectives. The first is macro-sociological in scope, and focuses on cohort-related changes in values and behaviour (Inglehart 1977). Within this approach, dating back to Mannheim (1928), differences between cohorts and between age-groups are attributed to differences in life circumstances during the formative years of the cohorts. These circumstances stamp their attitudes and values during the remaining part of their lives. As a result, population-level changes in values, and resulting changes in behaviour, mainly arise from the process of cohort succession (Ryder 1965). The second perspective is social-psychological in nature, focusing on individual-level effects of values and attitudes on subsequent behaviour.
Mass Communications and Fertility
Authors: Westoff Charles F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The power of radio and television to change attitudes and behaviour has long been assumed by advertisers of consumer products and by politicians. Only in recent years, however, has the potential of the media to influence reproductive behaviour been seriously considered. Much of this attention has been directed towards use of the media to communicate information and/or messages about family planning, including some very successful soap operas that extol the advantages of postponing pregnancy and of having fewer children. In some African countries, the subject of AIDS is also highlighted. A body of research is now accumulating that indicates that such media efforts can be quite effective (Westoff and Rodriguez 1995). This is important for family planning objectives because of the wide geographic coverage and the cost-effectiveness of the media.
What do we Know about Asian Population History? Comparisons of Asian and European Research
Authors: Caldwell John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Population history’ is probably a broader chronological concept than ‘historical demography’ and allows a closer approach to the present time. As this book shows, this is probably fortunate in terms of our contemporary knowledge of Asia’s demo graphic past. In the West, demographers long regarded their field as restricted to the period when governments collected census information or registered vital events for the whole society; that is, at the most, the nineteenth and twentieth centuries except for parts of Scandinavia for which there are eighteenth-century data from registers.
Cornpetition, Cornpetitiveness, and Enterprise Policies
Authors: Dunford Michael , Louri Helen , Rosenstock Manfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of concepts of competitiveness in relation to the performance of regional, national, and supranational economies has been a subject of significant controversy. This controversy has centred on the validity of analogies between microeconomic definitions of competitiveness of enterprises and definitions of the competitiveness of national economies, and it has led to a cetrain degree of convergence between measures ofc01npetitiveness and the 1neasurement of cohesion.
At a microeconomic level, enterprises that are competitive are those that achieve a greater than average improvement in the quality of goods and services and/or a reduction in their relative costs that enable them to increase their profits (revenues-costs) and/ or market share.
Welfare Criteria, Distribution, and Cost-Benefit Analysis* ( I979)
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tibor Scitovsky’s name is unbreakably linked by ‘welfare criteria’ with those of Kaldor, Hicks, and myself. For this I am partly to blame. He may not therefore agree that this is a very appropriate subject for an essay in his festschrift. But welfare criteria are surely part of welfare economics, and there can be no doubt that this latter is one of the subjects which have been graced by his writing.
Indian Planning, Africa, and Aid (I958-I965)
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The original MIT India Project team consisted of only three members: George Rosen, who was already working closely with the Reserve Bank in Bombay, and Trevor Swan and myself, who were established with an office in New Delhi. Our terms of reference agreed with the Government (that is, the Planning Commission) were very vague, but I think we were supposed to galvanize empir¬ical economic research in liaison with four existing institutions: the National Council of Applied Economic Research under Dr Lokanathan, the Economic Growth Centre of the Delhi School of Economics under V. K. R. V. Rao (both in Delhi), the Indian Statistical Institute in Calcutta under P. C. Mahalanobis, and the Gokhale Institute in Poona under Dr Gadgil. These terms of reference were totally unrealistic for reasons of time, distance, personality, and lack of any research material. Outside government there were almost no up-to-date figures for anything, and we had neither the time (Swan and I were in India for only nine months) nor the resources to create data. Nor was this what we were sup¬ posed to do.
The OECD: Trade, Industrialization, and Social Cost-Benefit Analysis, ( 1965-1975)
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after returning to England in 1965, I received a telephone call from Paris asking me to come and submit myself as a candidate for the vice-presidency of the Development Centre of the OECD. I went and, after interviews with Robert Buron, the President, Thorkil Kristensen, the Secretary General, and Philip Tresize, the United States Ambassador, I got the job. I joined in September.
Korea, Taiwan, and the World Bank (I975-I978)
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Returning again to the 1970s, I was invited in 1975 by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to form a small team to evaluate the first ADB loan to the Medium Industry Bank (MIB) of the Republic of Korea. My team included Maurice Scott, Sudhir Mulji, and David Watkins of the Manchester Business School. We interviewed and evaluated twenty-eight medium-sized firms, clients of the MIB. My report is unpublished, but a few of the highlights are given in Paper 11, pub¬lished twenty years later.
Protection and the Industrialization of Developing Countries (I968)
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have chosen this subject largely because I organized a research project on industrialization while I was at the OECD Development Centre in Paris. The project concerned seven countries: India, Pakistan, Taiwan, and the Philippines in the East; and Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina in the West. No African countries were included, mainly because, with the exception of Egypt, there is as yet very little experience of industrialization there, and therefore very little to work on.
The Transnational Corporations: The Economics of International Direct Investment (I982)
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If written a dozen years ago, this section would, without change of subject, have been entitled ‘Private Foreign Investment’ (PFI) or ‘Private Overseas Investment’ (POI). Terms were changed in the late 1960s, as authors wanted to emphasize the size and widespread activities of the some 2,000 large corporations that accounted for the bulk of overseas investment, as well as the fact that they might in some measure escape the surveillance of any one nation, and especially the host country. Since, for various reasons, including low real interest rates and risk reduction, foreign corporations often borrowed locally as much as possible and therefore brought in little capital, the change of title was also associated with increased emphasis on the part they played in the transfer of technology and managerial expertise, and in marketing.
Project Appraisal and Planning Twenty Years On (1991)
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late 1960s there was considerable development of methods for applying social cost-benefit analysis to investment in developing countries. In the 1970s, these methods began to be applied. From 1974 to 1982 there were massive public sector investment booms in many of the developing countries. It appears that much of this investment yielded little or nothing. Were the methods flawed in principle? Were they ignored? And if so, why? Was the possible effect of project appraisal swamped by unforeseen events that rendered potentially valuable investments useless? We do not provide definitive answers to these questions, but we hope to contribute to their answers by discussing the current state of the theory of project appraisal and the current practice and influence of social cost-benefit analysis, particularly within the World Bank.
Small Manufacturing Enterprises and Employment in Developing Countries (1988)
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1970s a number of international institutions, and development activists, became very concerned that growth in developing countries was not reaching the poor. In particular, industrial development was capital-intensive and absorbed little of the rapidly increasing labour force. An increased demand for unskilled labour was surely an essential component of any programme to alleviate poverty. This concern for employment was soon linked to the advocacy of small-scale enterprises which were widely believed to offer more employment than larger enterprises for any given amount of investment. Some international institutions, including the World Bank, tried to steer more of their loans towards small-scale enterprises; and some developing countries, especially India, intensified measures to support and protect such enterprises.
India’s Economic Reforms, 1991-1996 (1996)
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am honoured to have been asked to talk about India’s reforms to this gathering. Like me, you may well wonder why, when there are many highly qualified Indians with more intimate knowledge than I of the reforms, and of the political context in which they are embedded. It is sometimes asked what a Martian-presumably unprejudiced-would say if he dropped in. I cannot even qualify as a proper Martian, for I do drop in from time to time, and I may be prejudiced by some knowledge of terrestrial economic systems.
An International Role for the Euro?
Authors: Wyplosz Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The international role of the euro is the hidden agenda of Europe’s long-planned adoption of a single currency. Some Europeans long to regain monetary leadership, either for political symbolism or because they believe that it is financially profitable. Some in the USA are concerned for exactly symmetric reasons. Central bankers, as usual, worry that they may lose control but relish the thought of the impact that their cryptic pronouncements might have on markets all over the world. Markets wonder if there is money to be made by moving faster than officialdom. In the crime and underground business, this may be seen as yet another opportunity for evading detection, although there are risks ahead. This chapter reviews and assesses the so far limited literature on the issue.
Yield Spreads and Optimal Public Debt Management under the Single Currency
Authors: Nielsen Lars Tyge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines issues of optimal debt management and the determinants of default risk on government bonds issued by member countries of the future European Monetary Union. In the context of a theoretical model of public finance, optimal default, and optimal debt management, we discuss how inflation and taxation, default probabilities, and the optimal currency composition of the public debt are affected by EMU.
Leadership and Organizational Learning
Authors: Sadler Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the context of increasingly rapid environmental change, the research interests of social scientists from a range of disciplines and schools of thought have converged in the study of the processes by which organizations adapt and change in the face of uncertainty. One stream of research has focused on the role of organizational leadership in these processes; another stream has been concerned with the analysis of the processes involved in organizational learning. The purpose of this chapter is to attempt some integration of these two approaches. Relevant literature and research findings in each field are drawn upon, with special attention being given to the relatively small number of studies that focus specifically on the role of leadership in facilitating organizational learning.
Intellectual Capital and Knowledge Management: Perspectives on Measuring Knowledge
Authors: Reinhardt Rudiger , Bornemann Manfred , Pawlowsky Peter , Schneider Ursula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is one leitmotif reflected in many contributions to this handbook, namely, that intangible assets are rapidly becoming an important indicator of the future performance of a country or a company. In Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and other countries, for example, the total investment in intangible assets since the mid-198os has exceeded the investment in physical assets (BMFT 1996; Deiaco, Hornell, and Vickery 1990; OECD 1996). In the United States, expenditures on information technology ($n2 billion) surpassed expenditures for production technology ($107 billion; see Stewart 1997: 21) for the first time in 1991. These figures indicate a growing difference between the market value of a company and the cost of replacing its physical and financial assets.
Barriers to Organizational Learning
Authors: Antal Ariane Berthoin , Lenhardt Uwe , Rosenbrock Rolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on organizational learning is dominated by contributions stressing the competitive advantages that organizations can reap from engaging in learning and the rewarding experience employees can expect to enjoy in learning organizations. The tenor of most publications is optimistic, suggesting that learning is a natural, ongoing process or at least that it will progress smoothly through the phases defined by the theories once a learning process has been initiated. In reality, however, organizational learning is neither an effortless nor an automatic process, for the media continues to report regularly on troubled and failing organizations. What, then, are the blockages to organizational learning?
Public Management Reform
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this major new contribution to a rapidly expanding field, the authors offer an integrated analysis of the wave of management reforms which have swept through so many countries in the last twenty years. The reform trajectories of ten countries are compared, and key differences of approach discussed. Unlike some previous works, this volume affords balanced coverage to the 'New Public Management' (NPM) and the 'non-NPM' or 'reluctant NPM' countries, since it covers Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, the UK and the USA. Unusually, it also includes a preliminary analysis of attempts to improve management within the European Commission.