bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Easy targets are not always the right ones
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We know that the combinations work on different mechanisms to relieve pain. Yes, we could give the components separately, which would delight the purists who dislike combinations of drugs with different kinetics. But the convenience of just one medication to take is worthwhile, especially for elderly patients on many other drugs. We prescribe sustained release morphine formulations (at huge cost) because it is perceived as more convenient.
War-based hysteria—the military perspective
Authors: Palmer Ian P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Military interest in any medical subject is proportional to the effect the condition has on the fighting efficiency of that force. This chapter must be viewed in the context of armies existing to fight, not to go to hospital. Medical research on a battlefield is of low priority and difficult: researchers may die, records lost, and vagaries and variations in diagnostic practice and nomenclature are legion. Account must therefore be taken not only of hysteria but also its bedfellows malingering, somatization, war syndromes, and anxiety reactions for ‘medical disorders create complex problems, ones that have extended beyond questions of medical diagnosis and therapy to issues of social attitudes and policy’ (Feudtner 1993) and military societies are not exempt in this matter.
The origins of DSM and ICD criteria for conversion and somatization disorders
Authors: Cloninger C Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first major practical problem facing a clinician evaluating a patient with unexplained neurological or other somatic complaints is diagnosis. Before initiating a responsible treatment plan a clinician must know how to recognize cases of hysterical conversion or somatization disorder in a way that is valid and reliable, so that any other physical and psychiatric disorder requiring treatment will not go unrecognized and untreated. If such cases can be reliably diagnosed—and they can (Guze, 1967; Yutzy et al. , 1995; Crimlisk et al. , 1998)—then the features that permit reliable differential diagnosis from other mental and physical disorders are the chief clues for understanding their underlying psychobiology and planning treatment. In this chapter, I will review the research and thinking that has led to the construction of modern diagnostic criteria for conversion and somatization disorders, and show how this provides a useful—in my opinion, essential—basis for diagnosis, aetiological research, and treatment planning.
Hypnosis and suggestion in the treatment of hysteria
Authors: Oakley David A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The various phenomena associated with hypnosis have been known for many centuries as relatively easily produced but powerful alterations in subjective experience. There has equally been a recognition of the close relationship between hypnotic phenomena and hysteria, as the quotation above testifies (see also Gauld, 1992; Mersky, 1995; Oakley, 1999a; Thornton, 1976). Historically, the fact that hypnotic procedures could induce symptoms similar to those seen in hysteria was discussed by Gilles de la Tourette (1887, 1891)and Babinski emphasized the link between hysteria and suggestibility (Babinski and Froment, 1918). The influential neurologist, Charcot, went further in his belief thatthough suggestion was important, hypnosis and hysteria were linked by a common underlying neurological condition (Charcot, 1886-90; see also Gauld, 1992; Kihlstrom, 1994).
Contraception
Authors: Szarewski Anne , Guillebaud John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recent developments in methods of contraception have presented women with a wider range of options than ever before. At the same time, however, scare stories - particularly about the Pill - have spread anxiety and confusion. In this third edition of Contraception, Anne Szarewski and John Guillebaud assess all the evidence, including the new guidelines which were issued by the Committee of Safety of Medicines (CSM) in May 1999 following a review of the 1995 scare stories. They describe the latest methods, including new types of condoms, Persona, and Mirena, and cut through the conflicting information to give you the clearest and most reliable advice you will find anywhere. From reviews of previous editions: 'A model of clearly presented, unpatronising, up-to-the- minute information ... the current definitive book on the subject.' Vogue 'Excellent.' British Journal of Family Planning 'Essential reading for anyone thinking of changing their family planning method.' Woman 'this is the book to buy ... Written by expert gynaecologists... with textbook clarity, it's one of the most comprehensive guides around... an invaluable book.' Health and Fitness
Practical aspects of taking the combined pill
Authors: Szarewski Anne , Guillebaud John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
However, as far as instructions go, many different leaflets exist, and they often contradict one another. Those produced by the manufacturers give different instructions from those of the Family Planning Association (FPA); and the latter may even differ among themselves, since the FPA leaflets have been brought up to date over the years. However, it is possible that old FPA pill leaflets are still in circulation. With so much varied and unreconcilable information about, it is not surprising that women are confused and mistakes occur.
Contraception at special times
Authors: Szarewski Anne , Guillebaud John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Breastfeeding in itself has a contraceptive effect, because the hormone which stimulates the production of milk also has the effect of inhibiting the ovaries. However, this is only consistently the case in full ‘demand’ breastfeeding, when the baby is fed very frequently both day and night. If you start to add water, other feeds, or train the baby to feed at regular, spaced intervals the contraceptive effect is greatly reduced. This is because the milk-stimulating hormone prolactin is only released when it is required, which is when feeding takes place. It does not remain in the bloodstream for very long, so as soon as you stop feeding its levels go down, and so does the effect on the ovaries.
The causes of delirium
Authors: Rolfson Darryl 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Even for the experienced clinician, delirium in an older person can be a perplexing clinical challenge. The syndrome may develop insidiously, progress with periods of lucidity, and masquerade as a less acute cognitive syndrome. When recognized, the job has only just begun. Considering that the management of delirium is first and fore- most to ‘treat the underlying cause’; a sometimes exhaustive search then ensues to identify this. In fact, finding the causes of a delirious state becomes the central activity of a health-care provider who is interested in its resolution. Failure to address causation may reflect a serious uncertainty about the diagnosis, and will result in prolongation of the delirium and its consequences.
Educational issues
Authors: Ebner-Lyon Laurie , Brown Joy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to discuss the central role of education in helping children with JIA and their families cope with a chronic disease. When a child is diagnosed with a chronic illness the entire family is affected in multiple ways. If family members are properly educated about the illness, it becomes possible for them to form a genuine partnership with the medical team to treat their child’s disease, allowing them to feel they have some control over the disease and its management. Knowledge about the disease becomes crucial when a parent is forced to balance the risks of the illness versus the risks of treatment. It is insufficient to expect families to “buy into” treatment because they are given a prescription.
Homer
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The early Greeks envisaged the world as encircled by the mighty freshwater river of Ocean, and held that all springs and streams derived from him. Ocean became their image for Homer: all poetry and eloquence derived from him as he surrounded and encompassed their thought-world. (Among the literary papyri found in Egypt those of The Poet, as he was known, outnumber all the other authors put together.) Alexander Pope, Homer’s greatest translator into English, found a different image: ‘our author’s work ... is like a copious nursery, which contains the seeds and first productions of every kind, out of which those who followed him have but selected some particular plants .. .’ Like all really great literature, it is fecund and inexhaustible, generous to all comers, and it may be cultivated in apparently limitless ways.
Lyric and Elegiac Poetry
Authors: Bowie Ewen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Only of hexameter poetry have we examples earlier than 700 BC. But many genres first known to us from the seventh century were certainly thriving long before-that century gives us our first elegiac, iambic, and melic poetry because by then writing was spreading, so that the works of celebrated poets could be re¬ corded as those of their predecessors could not. Of our genres only elegiac significantly exploited those formulaic phrases which both aided the composition and recitation of epic and contributed to its oral preservation. Furthermore much of our poetry was composed with particular audiences and occasions in view, so that incentives to preserve it orally were fewer.
Greece: The History of the Classical Period
Authors: Hornblower Simon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Athenians founded a naval empire in 478, thus replacing the Spartans as leaders of Greece. Their power expanded in the 470s and 460s, as they took the offensive against the Persians, the recent invaders of Greece. The climax of this offensive was reached in the early 460s when the Athenian commander Cimon won a battle in Pamphylia in southern Asia Minor, the battle of the Eurymedon. The suppression of a revolt from Athens by the northern Aegean island of Thasos in the mid 460s was another landmark: it led to a deterioration in relations with Sparta and her league, the Peloponnesian League. From c.460 to 446 a war, the so-called First Peloponnesian War, was fought between Athens and the Peloponnesian League; in the early phases of this war Corinth, not Sparta, was more obviously to the front in the fighting, though the Spartans did invade Attica in the last year of the war.
Life and Society in Classical Greece
Authors: Murray Oswyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the classical period of the fifth and fourth centuries BC there were hundreds of communities of Greeks living scattered around the shores of the Mediterranean ‘like frogs around a pond’, as Plato put it. From the central sea of the Aegean, with its island communities, and the coastal towns of Turkey and eastern and southern Greece, they had spread to north Greece, the Black Sea coast and southern Russia, to Sicily and south Italy, and as far as Provence, Spain, and north Africa. These communities regarded themselves as basically similar, as living in a polis, the only form of truly civilized life.
Introduction
Authors: Griffin Jasper 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book tells the story of the rise of Rome from its origins as a cluster of villages on the hills round the Forum to the possession of an empire which unified the Mediterranean world and a great deal besides. At its height the Roman Empire stretched from Northumberland to Algeria, from Portugal to Syria, from the Rhine to the Nile: it comprised the whole or part of the territory of what are now thirty sovereign states, and it was not until 1870 that Italy, for instance, achieved again the unity which Rome had imposed before the birth of Christ. The memory of that lost unity has haunted the mind of Europe.
1917: The Revolutions of February and October
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In February 1917, the autocracy collapsed in the face of popular demonstrations and the withdrawal of elite support for the regime. In the euphoria of revolution, political solutions seemed easy. Russia’s future form of government would, of course, be democratic. The exact meaning of that ambiguous term and the nature of Russia’s new constitution would be decided by a Constituent Assembly, to be elected by the Russian people as soon as circumstances permitted.
The Civil War
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The October seizure of power was not the end of the Bolshevik Revolution but the beginning. The Bolsheviks had taken control in Petrograd and, after a week of street-fighting, in Moscow. But the soviets that had sprung up in most provincial centres still had to follow the capitals’ lead in overthrowing the bourgeoisie (often, at local level, this meant ousting a ‘Committee of Public Safety’ set up by the solid citizenry of the town); and, if a local soviet was too weak to take power, support was unlikely to be forthcoming from the capitals.
Divided Ulster: From Plantation to Partition
Authors: Mulholland Marc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Why have divisions dating from the Reformation of the sixteenth century and the plantations and religious wars of the seventeenth century persisted through Enlightenment, revolution, famine, Industrial Revolution, and mass democratic politics? Ulster is remarkable for the tenacity of its communal divide. Sectarian patterns of conflict have reproduced through time and adapted to changed circumstances. Postplantation there has been negligible migration into Ulster, and communities have maintained a remarkable level of integrity. Intermarriage is very rare.
Horne Rule in Ulster: Stormont’s Record
Authors: Mulholland Marc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Northern Ireland’s purpose-built parliament building at Stormont, near Belfast, was opened in 1932. Its neoclassical grandeur was overblown for the limited powers and importance of the statelet it represented. It reflected the desire of the Unionist establishment to present a stolid confidence to the world. The reality was very different.
Devious Decade
Authors: Robbins Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In August 1975 the ‘Final Act’ of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe was concluded in Helsinki. The conference had begun in the Finnish capital two years earlier. Whether the ‘Final Act’, adopted by some thirty European countries, the United States, the Soviet Union, and Canada, would indeed have lasting significance remained to be seen. At the time, the Helsinki Agreement marked an important turning point in East–West relations. The post-war boundaries of Europe were given international, rather than the previous bilateral recognition. ‘Confidence-building’ measures were set in train, including notification of military exercises close to borders. The Soviet Union accepted, with the other participating states, that it would respect human rights and fundamental freedoms.
The contemporary sense that detente was being achieved in the mid-1970s reflected certain comforting assumptions. It confirmed some observers in the belief that no world relationships could ever be permanent. There were pressures, either internal or external, which would inevitably modify the post-1945 pattern. On this analysis, by 1975, the very passage of time made change possible, though not inevitable. The Second World War could certainly not be ‘written out’ of the evolving history of the late twentieth century. Its outcome still shaped the fundamental power relationships of 1975.
Land Warfare
Authors: Robbins Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite the forecasts made by some strategists, the war was not over by Christmas 1914. It had appeared, for a time, that the British and French were going to be defeated in northern France and Belgium, with a similar fate awaiting the Germans on their Eastern front and the Serbs on their northern front, but in all cases the defenders had averted disaster. The fortunes of the Habsburg forces fluctuated, but they too had not been completely routed. For the moment, at any rate, the attackers had lost the upper hand and could not sustain their impetus. The ambitious initial plans of the commanders were in ruins and everybody had to begin again.
The German Schlieffen plan, named after a former chief of the general staff between 1891 and 1906, had been predicated on the assumption of a two-front war. Rapid mobilization would enable Germany to defeat one enemy and then turn upon the other. Since it was assumed that France would mobilize more quickly than Russia, that concentrated assault would have to be in the west. The French would not be able to retreat far, at least not without losing their capital city. France could only be knocked out in six weeks by an outflanking movement – which would entail the invasion of Belgium. Speed of assault and numerical superiority would bring success.
Modes of Warfare
Authors: Robbins Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Combined operations, the conscious welding together of land, sea and air activity in a co-ordinated plan, scarcely existed between 1914 and 1918. The Dardanelles operation was a conspicuous example of inadequate consultation. The British raid on Zeebrugge in April 1918, even though it was not a complete success in its objective of blocking the exit from the harbour, did give a glimpse of what an amphibious operation, with air support, might achieve. If full-scale joint planning was rarely attempted, the First World War was nevertheless the first major struggle in which all three modes of warfare were significant. It was also a contest which increasingly hinged upon scientific discovery and application, upon industrial capacity and upon intelligent use of manpower. The ‘Home front’ became almost as important as the scenes of actual battle. The ability to fight rested upon all of these interlocking factors. No belligerent could afford to show serious shortcomings in any major department of warfare, though in particular aspects the balance of advantage was constantly shifting. There was a continual race to perfect both new weapons and counter-measures that would neutralize their importance.
Home Management
Authors: Robbins Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The sombre scale of the war tempts every commentator to ponder over its various phases and compartments. Why did it not end earlier? Why did it end at all? Generals and admirals, private soldiers and able-bodied seamen, politicians and priests, industrialists and trade union leaders – all played their part in winning or losing the war. The ‘management’ of victory was a test of endurance and ingenuity, calling into play all the administrative skills that early-twentieth¬ century governments could muster. The orchestration of the war effort was as important as the myriad individual contributions in determining the final outcome. Normally, however, references to national harmony were not to be taken other than metaphorically. No country or army that lost its cohesion could survive and it was upon generals and statesmen that the task of nurturing this unity primarily fell. Such a statement has a deceptive simplicity. It was the nature of war to blur divisions of procedure and practice. It soon became clear that there were few areas of ‘normal life’ which would remain untouched by its tentacles. The war had to be managed, but the ancient problem of who managed the managers took a new turn.
Princeps
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
N his sixth and seventh consulates C. Julius Caesar Octavianus went through a painless and superficial transformation. The process was completed in a session of the Senate on January 13th, 27 B.c., when he solemnly announced that he resigned all powers and all provinces to the free disposal of the Senate and People of Rome. Acclamation was drowned in protest. The senators adjured him not to abandon the Commonwealth which he had preserved. Yielding with reluctance to these manifestations of loyalty and patriotism, the master of the whole world consented to assume a special commission for a period of ten years, in the form of proconsular authority over a large provincia, namely Spain, Gaul and Syria. That and nothing more.1 For the rest, proconsuls were to govern the provinces, as before, but responsible only to the Senate; and Senate, People and magistrates were to resume the rightful exercise of all their functions.
Pax Et Princeps
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When a party has triumphed in violence and seized control of the State, it would be plain folly to regard the new government as a collection of amiable and virtuous characters. Revolution demands and produces sterner qualities. About the chief persons in the government of the New State, namely the Princeps himself and his allies, Agrippa, Maecenas and Livia, history and scandal have preserved a sufficient testimony to unmask the realities of their rule. The halo of their resplendent fortune may dazzle, but it cannot blind, the critical eye. Otherwise there can be no history of these times deserving the name, but only adulation and a pragmatic justification of success.
The Great Captain-General 1702–1714
Authors: Chandler DaVid 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between the years 1702 and 1711 the army of Queen Anne—commanded in Flanders (and, in 1704, in the Danube valley) by its Captain-General, John Churchill, first Duke of Marlborough, earned a formidable reputation. The duke, enthused Captain Robert Parker ‘never fought a battle which he did not gain nor laid siege to a town which he did not take’. Marlborough’s four great battles, two actions, three passages of strong lines, and thirty sieges—all undertaken in the space of ten successive campaigns—brought English (and from1707, British) arms a degree of martial success and international recognition that they had not known since the Middle Ages. Few commanders born in the British Isles have achieved as much as Marlborough. None has achieved more.
The Transformation Of The Army 1783–1815
Authors: Gates DaVid 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the decade that elapsed between the end of the struggle for the American colonies in 1783 and the outbreak of war with republican France, the British army sank into dereliction. Defeated and demoralized, ‘Our army was lax in its discipline, entirely without system, and very weak in numbers’, recalled one contemporary soldier. ‘Each colonel of a regiment managed it according to his own notions, or neglected it altogether. There was no uniformity of drill or movement. Professional pride was rare; professional knowledge still more so.’ Yet, only a few years later, Britain’s land forces were the envy of Europe; they had emerged with scarcely a battle lost during the long, bitter contest with Napoleon and had crowned their many victories with the triumph of Waterloo.
The Army and The Home Front 1939–1945
Authors: Danchev Alex 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When this regiment was formed our country was doing pretty badly. Napoleon’s armies were just across the Channel getting ready to invade us and a great many people thought we were finished. We weren’t. But not because we were lucky. When the first battalion of this regiment marched it was against Napoleon. Talavera,1809. That was the first battle they made their own. And they marched42 miles in 24 hours of a Spanish summer. And every man jack of ‘em carried a 60 lb pack. Talavera. Look at your cap badges, you’ll see the name on it . . . and the other battles too: Barrosa, Sabugal. At Sabugal they defeated five times the number of Napoleon’s troops. Salamanca, Orthez, Waterloo, Alma, Sebastopol, Tel-elKebir, Mons, Ypres, Somme . . . those are battle honours. You’re allowed to wear that badge with those names on it to show that you belong to the regiment that won them and that when the time comes, you’ll do as well as they did. Last year that badge was in France, this year in Libya. It hasn’t been disgraced yet. And now you’re wearing it .