bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aluminum Hydroxide in the Symptomatic Treatment of Infants with Chronic Diarrhea
Authors: Moylan Fergus M. B. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTwo neonates with milk intolerance and two older infants, one with acute gastroenteritis and the other with prolonged malnutrition, developed chronic diarrhea. Despite bowel rest, total parenteral nutrition, and alterations in the protein and carbohydrate content of the milk preparations used, every attempt to feed them resulted in diarrhea. All four patients were given aluminum hydroxide because of its bile salt‐binding activity and its tendency to cause constipation. Coincident with its administration the diarrhea stopped and the enteral feedings were successfully reinstituted. The only complication seen was the development of constipation in two of the infants: this responded to lowering of the dose of the aluminum hydroxide.
Bacteriological Analysis of Jejunostomy Fluid After Surgery for Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia
Authors: Leblanc Antoine , Lambert‐Zechovsky Nicole , Bingen Edouard , Proux Marie‐Christine , Odièvre Michel 
Published: January 2024

SummaryQuantitative cultures were made of jejunostomy fluid from 22 children with extrahepatic biliary atresia following hepatoportoenterostomy. Bacterial flora characteristics did not differ in patients with or without cholangitis. With the exception of Streptococcus group D, the most frequently encountered bacterial species with the highest mean concentrations in the jejunostomy fluid, were those mostly responsible for cholangitis (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae. and Pseudomonasas aeruginosa). In 19 of 22 acute episodes, the organism causing cholangitis identified in blood and/or liver was also isolated from jejunostomy fluid. However, quantitative determinations in this fluid did not permit reliable identification of this organism. When the same bacterium caused early relapse, it often persisted in the jejunostomy fluid.
An Interactive Microcomputer Program for Calculation of Combined Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition for Neonates
Authors: Gale Rena , Gale J. , Branski D. , Armon Y. , Zelingher J. , Roll D. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA responsive, iterating program is described (available on diskette from first author), which enables the physician to formulate a balanced, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for low‐birth‐weight and sick newborns. The program allows for the possibility of TPN or simultaneous intravenous, intraarterial, and oral feeding. It calculates the overall balance of fluids, nutrients, calories, electrolytes, minerals, trace elements, and vitamins. It features the integration of algorithms and limit tests of nutritional balance, to produce a feeding program that can be modified by clinical considerations of the physician, specific for each patient. The entire procedure can be accomplished, and a record of the entries and orders to the pharmacy and to the ward staff printed, within about 4–5 min. The program, which is written in BASIC, can be accommodated within and operated with a 16K. byte microcomputer, equipped with a monitor, a printer, and a diskette or other program storage device.
Elevated Serum γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Levels in Children with Reye's Syndrome
Authors: Minuk G. Y. , Sarjeant E. J. , Buchan K. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryElevated serum levels of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), a potent inhibitory neurotransmitter, have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. In this study, serum GABA levels were measured in five children with severe Reye's syndrome, 10 children with acute viral hepatitis, and seven healthy volunteers. Serum GABA levels were highest in the five Reye's syndrome patients. The mean serum GABA level for the Reye's syndrome group (3.0 ± 1.3 üM, mean ± SEM) was significantly elevated as compared to the mean of the viral hepatitis group (0.72 ± 0.07 μM, p < 0.05) and the healthy volunteers (0.38 ± 0.04 μM, p < 0.05). These results provide preliminary evidence to suggest that elevated serum GABA levels may in part be responsible for the encephalopathic state observed in children with Reye's syndrome.
Differential Effect of Botulinal Toxin on Esophageal Motor Function in Infants
Authors: Cannon Robert A. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe effect of Clostridium botulinum toxin on esophageal motor function was studied in four infants (ages 5–9 months) with confirmed infant botulism. Esophageal motility studies using a perfused catheter assembly were performed during the acute phase in all patients, and during the recovery phase in one patient. Motor function of the proximal esophagus and upper esophageal sphincter was abnormal in each, while motor function of the distal esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter was normal. Mean lower esophageal sphincter pressure was 24 mm Hg for the group (normal: 15–30 mm Hg). Sequential studies of proximal esophageal motility in one infant revealed a return of normal motor function which correlated with recovery of peripheral muscle strength and gag reflexes. C. botulinum toxin impairs proximal, but not distal, esophageal motor function in the infant botulism model. This effect appears to be consistent with the known action of the toxin on synaptic acetylcholine release and current concepts regarding distribution of cholinergic and noncholinergic neurotransmitter receptors in the esophagus.
Total Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Zahavi I. , Shaffer E. A. , Gall D. G. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTo assess the basis of cholestasis associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN), we studied the short term effect of the component solutions on bile flow and bile salt secretion in infant and adult rabbits. Groups of four to six adult and infant rabbits received intravenously 154 mM NaCl (control), 2.5% amino acid, 10% glucose, or 10% fat emulsion alone or in combination. Bile was collected directly from the common bile duct for 3 h. Solutions containing both amino acids and glucose significantly (p < 0.05) reduced bile flow and bile salt secretion in both age groups. Glucose alone also decreased bile flow and bile salt secretion, whereas amino acids as the sole infusate significantly (p < 0.05) decreased bile flow only. The suppressive effect of the amino acid glucose solutions on bile flow was more pronounced in infants than in adults. Fat emulsion alone had no effect on bile formation. Our findings demonstrate that short term intravenous administration of nutrient solutions containing amino acids and glucose reduces bile flow and bile salt secretion, suggesting that these components are responsible for TPN associated cholestasis.
Precocious Increase of Sucrase Activity by Carbohydrates in the Small Intestine of Suckling Rats. II. Role of Digestibility of Sugars, Osmolality, and Stomach Evacuation in Producing Diarrhea
Authors: Goda T. , Bustamante S. , Edmond J. , Grimes J. , Koldovsky O. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe mechanisms of carbohydrate induced diarrhea in suckling rats were investigated with respect to osmolality and type of sugar in the milk. Groups of 12 day old rats were gavage fed either a basic low carbohydrate milk formula [10.8% fat; 8% protein; 1.4% carbohydrate (weight/volume)] or basic formula with added sucrose, fructose, lactose, or glucose polymers, all as 13% (weight/ volume). All formulas were isocaloric. Their corresponding osmolalities were 278, 645, 1,130, 617, and 349 mOsmol/ kg, respectively. Gastric evacuation of water soluble materials from formulas containing sucrose, fructose, or glucose polymers was significantly slower than the gastric evacuation of the basic formula and the formula that contained lactose. The net fluid absorption from the small intestine was significantly greater from the basic and lactose containing formulas when compared with sucrose, fructose, or glucose polymer containing formulas. When the synthetic milk formulas were placed directly into the isolated noileum in vivo, the formulas of higher osmolality (fructose, sucrose, and lactose) caused water flux into the intestine at 60 min, while digestion of the lactose formula reversed the water flux within 120 min. We conclude that the type of added sugar is a decisive factor in gastric evacuation, and that water flux into and out of the intestine is significantly affected by the osmolality and rate of digestion and absorption of the carbohydrate in the formula; these differences among sugars may play a significant role in the etiology of diarrhea.
Life
Authors: Maggiore G. , Bernard O. , Hadchouel M. , Alagille D. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA 13 year old girl with a 1 year history of elevated serum alanine transferase was hospitalized because of liver failure. Low prothrombin time (12%) prevented needle liver biopsy. Because of a high titer of antismooth muscle antibodies (1:500), a tentative diagnosis of “autoimmune” chronic active hepatitis was made and immunosuppressive therapy was started. Despite the severity of the liver disease, of her poor general condition, and of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, she dramatically responded to treatment, prothrombin time returning to normal within 5 months. Diagnosis of chronic active hepatitis was later confirmed by liver biopsy. This report indicates that immunosuppressive therapy can be life saving in children with severe chronic active hepatitis even when major signs of liver failure are present.
[13C]Acetate Oxidation in Infants After Oral Versus Rectal Administration
Authors: Lifschitz Carlos H. , Irving Charles S. , Helge Hans , Wong William W. , Boutton Thomas W. , Nichols Buford L. , Klein Peter D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary:To study the fate of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the large bowel, we compared the rate of oxidation of 13C‐labeled VFA administered rectally with that of the orally administered substrate. On two different days, 1‐[13C]acetate was administered rectally or orally to five infants recovering from diarrhea. Breath samples were collected over 4 h and analyzed for 13C enrichment of breath CO2 by gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The percent dose recoveries of 13C in breath were fitted to multicom‐partmental models using the SAAM‐27 program. Following model development procedures, the oral acetate breath test curves could be accounted for only by a compartmental model in which labeled acetate underwent absorption into and mixed with a systemic pool before oxidation took place. The rectal acetate breath test curves could be accounted for by a simpler model in which oxidation occurred directly in the compartment in which the rectal acetate was administered, and required no rate‐limiting absorptive process. Our results indicate that the labeled acetate was oxidized more rapidly when the substrate was administered rectally than orally. This observation points to the direct utilization of volatile fatty acids within the colon.
Dietary Zinc Intake and Growth During Infancy
Authors: Friel James K. , Gibson Rosalind S. , Kawash George F. , Watts John 
Published: January 2024

Summary:Energy, protein, zinc intake, and weight and length were monitored at 3, 6, and 12 months in 50 preterm infants (corrected for gestational age) (mean birthweight, 1,054 ± 234 g; mean gestation, 29 ± 2.5 weeks) and 60 full‐term infants (mean birthweight, 3,509 ± 269) g; mean gestation, 40 ± 1 weeks). Mean energy and protein intake (per kilogram body weight) was higher (p < 0.05) for the preterm infants at all times and met the recommended levels for preterm infants. No significant differences in zinc intake (per kilogram body weight) between the two groups existed, and at 3 months, mean zinc intake in the preterm group (per kilogram body weight) was below the recommended level for full‐term infants. At no time were the growth percentiles of the preterm group equal to those of the fullterm group. Multiple regression equations predicting length at 3 months and weight at 12 months for all the infants were significant, the significant variables being length at birth and zinc intake (milligrams per day) at 3 months, and weight at birth and dietary zinc intake (milligrams per day) at 12 months, respectively. Results indicate that zinc intake played a more important role in explaining the length at 3 months and weight at 12 months than did any other variables, including intakes of protein and energy, gestational age, socioeconomic index of the father, midparent height, sex, and age of introduction of solid foods. Results thus support the suggestion that infants, especially those born prematurely, are at risk for inadequate intake of dietary zinc.
Energy Intake, Norepinephrine Excretion, and Oxygen Consumption in Low Birthweight Infants
Authors: Weinstein Marie Ritthamel , Bell Edward F. , Oh William 
Published: January 2024

Summary:Eleven healthy, appropriately grown low birthweight infants, ages 3–15 days and 28–33 weeks gestation, were the subjects of this study. Energy intake, urinary norepinephrine excretion, and metabolic rate as reflected in VO2 were examined concurrently. Energy intakes were recorded. Simultaneous collection of a timed urine for norepinephrine excretion and measurement of VO2 using indirect calorimetry were performed. A servo control device was used to maintain an abdominal skin temperature of 36.5°C. The results demonstrated increases in energy intake, urinary norepinephrine, and VO2 with advancing postnatal age. Simple linear regression analysis revealed significant positive correlations between energy intake and VO2 (p < 0.003), norepinephrine excretion and VO2 (p < 0.003), postnatal age and VO2 (p < 0.01), and postnatal age and energy intake (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between urinary norepinephrine excretion and VO2, and energy intake and VO2. When postnatal age was added to the multiple linear regression analysis as a variable, energy intake was no longer strongly correlated with VO2. This implies postnatal age and energy intake are closely linked in this study, and further studies are needed to better define these relationships.
Safflower Oil Emulsion Administration During Parenteral Nutrition in the Preterm Infant. 2. Effect on Triglyceride and Free Fatty Acid Levels
Authors: Cooke Richard J. , Buis Marlene , Zee Paulus , Yeh Yu‐Yan 
Published: January 2024

Summary:During a study to evaluate the effect of a safflower oil emulsion on essential fatty acid status during parenteral nutrition, we also measured plasma triglycerides and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) in a group of preterm infants. Subjects received 0.34 g/kg (group 1) or 0.68 g/kg (group 2) of lipid daily for 5 days. Essential fatty acid status remained normal in both groups, but the changes in plasma triglycerides were greater (p < 0.025), and hypertriglyceridemia was somewhat more common (p = 0.06) in group 2 than in group 1. Plasma FFA did not differ in either treatment group. However, postinfusion FFA were greater (p < 0.05) and FFA uptake was less (p < 0.05) in infants at <32 than at 32–34 weeks gestation, but in no instance did postinfusion FFA exceed an FFA/albumin ratio of 6:1. In addition, triglycetide and FEST uptake did not improve during the study, but the changes in plasma triglycerides and FFA were greater (p < 0.05) at the end than at the beginning of the study.
Assessment of Abbreviated Techniques for Determination of Milk Volume Intake of the Human Milk‐Fed Infant
Authors: Matheny Rebecca J. , Picciano Mary Frances 
Published: January 2024

Summary:Two recently proposed abbreviated techniques for estimation of 24‐h milk intake of the breast‐fed infant were evaluated as to whether they could serve as appropriate substitutes for measured 24‐h intakes. One technique involves the doubling of 12‐h milk intakes, whereas the other uses the product of the mean of two consecutive midpoint feedings and the frequency of nursing for the defined 24‐h period. Data from three consecutive 24‐h intake measurements at 4, 8, and 12 weeks on 22 solely breast‐fed infants were used for the evaluation. Correlational and paired t test analyses were conducted to compare intakes from each abbreviated technique with measured intakes. All calculated intakes derived from doubling 12‐h periods commencing in the morning exceeded values obtained for full‐day measures. These overestimations resulted from higher milk consumption during the early hours of the day, with proportionate intakes ranging from 0.55 to 0.77. Doubled half‐day calculations initiated later in the day (2 p.m.‐2 a.m.) were similar to mean measured 24‐h intakes, with proportionate intakes ranging from 0.47 to 0.51. Correlations between all calculated intakes and measured intakes ranged from 0.51 (p = 0.111) to 0.93 (p = 0.001). Estimated mean intakes derived by the method utilizing nursing frequency and the mean for two nursings were similar to measured 24‐h mean intakes. Correlations between such 24‐h calculated and measured intakes ranged from 0.70 (p = 0.001) to 0.97 (p < 0.001). Results indicate that doubled half‐day measures involving the 2 p.m.‐2 a.m. time frame and estimated intakes calculated from nursing frequency and the mean for two nursings may be appropriate approaches for population studies. However, such abbreviated techniques cannot be supported as substitutes for measured 24‐h intakes for individual infants.
Clinical Associations of Norwalk‐Like Virus in the Stools of Children
Authors: Storr J. , Rice S. , Phillips A. D. , Price E. , Walker‐Smith J. A. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryFrom among 1,360 stool specimens examined during the 19‐month period from March 1982 to September 1983, small round‐structured viruses, morphologically indistinguishable from the Norwalk agent, were detected by electron microscopy in 42 specimens from 28 children. Diarrhoea was mild, and vomiting, although frequently observed, was not an invariable feature. Mild pyrexia occurred in three patients. Many cases occurred some time after admission to the ward; this and other features suggested a hospital‐acquired infection. These cases in particular tended to have other viral infectious agents detected at the same time. Persistent diarrhoea occurred in only three cases; one with preexisting gastrointestinal pathology, and two with a combined Norwalk‐like agent, astrovirus, and rotavirus infection.
Comparison of Macronutrient Concentration of Preterm Human Milk Between Two Milk Expression Techniques and Two Techniques for Quantitation of Energy
Authors: Thomas M. Rita , Chan Gary M. , Book Linda S. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryGenerally, when newborns in intensive care units receive human milk, we do not know the quantity of nutrients in that milk because such analysis is time‐consuming and expensive. In our study, however, we sought (a) to compare fat, protein, lactose, and energy concentration of a three‐times‐a‐day sampling with a 24‐h expression and (b) to measure the difference between the calculated energy yield from protein, fat, and carbohydrate measurements and bomb calorimetry. At 14–18 days postpartum, 20 mothers of premature infants (30–34 weeks' gestation) expressed milk three times a day: 8 a.m., 12 p.m., and 8 p.m. At these three times, each mother expressed 3–5 ml of fore‐milk and 3–5 ml of hind‐milk for the sampling; the result was pooled for a 24‐h expression. Only fat concentration differed significantly between fore‐ and hind‐milk samples. Protein, fat, lactose, and energy concentration did not differ significantly between the two collection methods, 24‐h expression and sampling. Moreover, we found no significant difference between the calculated number for energy content and the bomb calorimetry method of energy determination. The average fore‐ and hind‐milk samples at 12 p.m. matched the 24‐h milk expression. For clinical use, a milk sample obtained around 12 p.m. can predict macronutrient concentration, therefore allowing us to calculate an infant's approximate nutrient consumption.
Bile Salt Roles in Bile‐Salt‐Stimulated Lipase Activity
Authors: O'Connor Charmian J. , Walde Peter , Wallace Robert G. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe hydrolysis of 4‐nitrophenylacetate and phenylsalicylate, catalyzed by human milk lipase in the presence of a range of concentrations of sodium cholate, has been measured at pH 7.3 and 37.5°C, and maximum activity was observed for both substrates at 1 mmole/ dm−3 bile salt. Lineweaver‐Burk plots for the enzyme‐catalyzed hydrolysis of N‐methylindoxyl myristate and 4‐nitrophenyloctanoate yielded values of Km equal to 34 and 20 μmoles/dm−3, respectively. However, an increase in the concentration of the latter substrate beyond 10 μmoles/dm−3 was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in the rate of hydrolysis. Comparison of these hydrolysis data with literature data for a variety of hydrophobic substrates suggests that there are two roles for the bile salt in the enzyme‐catalyzed reaction—the first involving binding onto several sites on the enzyme, and the second solubilization of oil‐phase substrates.
Effects of Calcium and Phosphorus Supplementation on Calcium Retention and Fat Absorption in Preterm Infants Fed Pooled Human Milk
Authors: Salle B. , Senterre J. , Putet G. , Rigo J. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryFat, phosphorus, and calcium balance studies were performed in normal very low birth weight infants (BW ≥ 1,500 g) fed either normal or calcium‐ and phosphorus‐supplemented pooled pasteurized human milk. Calcium and phosphorus supplements were 27 mg/dl and 24.5 mg/dl, respectively, throughout the study. Measured calcium and phosphorus intake in the supplemented group averaged 90 ± 6 mg/kg/day and 62 mg/kg/day, respectively, compared to 47 ± 7 mg/kg/day and 24 ± 6 mg/kg/day in the nonsupplemented group. The percent of fat, calcium, and phosphorus absorption was similar in the two groups: respectively, 71 ± 23%, 73 ± 13%, and 93 ± 2% in the supplemented group compared to 75 ± 11%, 71 ± 14%, and 92 ± 4% in the nonsupplemented group. Calcium and phosphorus retention reached 62 ± 12 mg/kg/day and 53 ± 4 mg/kg/day in the supplemented group against 21 ± 10 mg/kg/day and 21 ± 5 mg/kg/day in the nonsupplemented group. These data support the notion that calcium, in addition to phosphorus supplementation in pooled human breast milk, improves both calcium and phosphorus retention in preterm infants.