bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond the ‘Mixed Model’: Social Research and the Case for Reform of 16-18 Education in Britain
Authors: Raffe David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Post-compulsory education and training in Britain are in need of reform. This at least is the view of a wide range of participants in current policy debates. There is also substantial agreement on the objectives of this reform. Opportunities for education and training should be increased, and should be equal for individuals of different gender, race, or class. Unnecessary forms of selection, or barriers to access to education, should be removed. Opportunities for educational and occupational mobility should be increased. A common curriculum should be developed, or at least a common core, with increased emphasis on general education. Parity of esteem for different courses and qualifications should be promoted. The divisions created by the bi- or tripartite organization of education and training should be overcome. Levels of participation, and levels of attainment, should be substantially increased.
Active Labour-Market Policy: Its Content, Effectiveness, and Odd Relation to Evaluation Research1
Authors: Wilensky Harold L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is no news that the desire to work is everywhere exceeding the supply of jobs. Whatever the cyclical fluctuations, rich democracies have since the early 1970s experienced the unhappy combination of accelerated rates of general labour-force participation and rising unemployment insurance and welfare costs for selected groups: displaced workers in their prime, as well as the hard-to-employ young, minorities, handicapped, single mothers, displaced home-makers, and older men. Although national strategies for coping with these problems are diverse, there is increasing recognition that a major trade-off can be made between expensive, passive policies that make no contribution to human resource use and what has come to be known as ‘active labour-market policy’.
Technical Change and Skilled Manual Work in Contemporary Rochdale
Authors: Penn Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines technical change and skilled manual work in the contemporary textile and engineering industries. It represents a contribution to the long-standing debate in sociology and social history about the significance of skilled manual workers in modem societies. Within social historical literature the skilled divide within the manual working class has been characterized by two quite distinct images: one of the ‘labour aristocracy’ and the other of the ‘militant craftsman’. Nevertheless, as has been shown previously (Penn, 1985 and 1990a) social historians generally see technological change as the great destroyer of skilled manual work. Their disagreements tend to focus on the power of such craftworkers to curtail these processes in the short to medium term (Montgomery, 1976; Hinton, 1973; J. Scott, 1974; and Stein, 1978).
Gender and Skills
Authors: Horrell Sara , Rubery Jill , Burchell Brendan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current debates over women’s position in the labour market often centre on the question of how women’s jobs compare in quality, job content, and skill requirements to those of men’s. Are women segregated into jobs which make different types of demands on employees than those that men occupy? Can women’s low pay be explained by their concentration in lower-skilled jobs than the average men’s job, or is the problem one of low valuation of the skills used in women’s jobs? Are there major differences by gender in job content or skills or are these differences more between full- and part-time jobs? These questions cannot be answered without systematic investigation of the actual job content and skill requirements of the jobs occupied by men and women in the economy.
A Time to Chant
Authors: Wilson Bryan , Dobbelaere Karel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifty years ago Sōka Gakkai was an organization of a few hundred people, all of them in Japan. Today it is one of the world's most rapidly expanding religious movements with members in virtually every country in Europe, the Americas, and Australasia, in most of Asia, and in several parts of Africa. It is also increasingly well publicized, sponsoring and promoting a variety of cultural and educational causes and establishing a high profile for itself in world affairs. All of this has created a movement which is a significant social phenomenon; yet to date Soka Gakkai has received little attention from Western academics. Bryan Wilson and Karel Dobbelaere have undertaken a thorough survey of the UK membership to try to trace the source of the movement's attraction and analyse its potential. In addition to a questionnaire survey they carried out some thirty interviews with members, who were encouraged to tell their story in their own way. These interviews and the questionnaire responses are liberally quoted throughout the book and add illuminating detail to its analysis. The decline in belief in an anthropomorphic deity; the sense that traditional religious institutions have become hollow; the emphasis on the private nature of belief and on personal autonomy are all characteristic features of contemporary western values. The authors suggest that Soka Gakkai has found a ready resonance with these changing currents of thought in contemporary society and conclude that Soka Gakkai's appeal to young people in particular makes it a faith whose time may have come.
The Fingers on our Hands
Authors: Gardner Katy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was to hear the above explanation many times during my stay in Talukpur. In answer to my questions, people would often hold out their hands and use them as a metaphor for inequality. In this chapter I shall explore local ideologies of status and rank. By describing the ways in which status is constructed and contested, I shall suggest that there are various discourses of rank within the village, some of which are oppositional. One describes it as fixed and immutable, a matter of blood and relative purity, whilst the other describes it as based solely in economic position, and underlain by the fundamental equality of Muslim brothers.
Still Life in Swindon: Case-Studies in Union Survival and Employer Policy in a ‘Sunrise’ Labour Market
Authors: Rose Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The findings discussed in this chapter are based upon a set of case-studies of workplace level industrial relations, employee involvement in trade unionism, and the development of employer policies towards unions, undertaken by the Bath team in a Related Study1 of the SCELI programme. (The scope of related studies is discussed in the section on the SCELI data on trade unionism in Chapter 1, and in the Methodological Appendix at the end of the book; further related studies of trade unionism are presented by Penn and Scattergood in Chapter 7, and by Sewel and Penn in Chapter 8.)
Climactic Ritual
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of August 1988 Baninge told me that demoralization could destroy the splinter group unless a credible programme to prepare for the returning ancestors was set in motion. On a visit to Maranagi (29–30 August) Baninge explained the situation to Tanotka and presented him with a provisional plan for climactic rituals, entailing the fusion of Dadul and Maranagi. Baninge set out his plan roughly as follows, in the form of a detailed programme.
The Aftermath
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of October 1988 the people of Dadul (having returned to their village) were confronted with a series of problems. Perhaps the primary problem was the inadequacy of the food supply but, in addition, there appeared to be a serious danger of legal prosecutions over the mass marriage, the removal of children from school, and the offensive letters. There was also the threat of violence, humiliation, and ridicule at the hands of disgruntled communities external to the Dadul-Maranagi splinter group.
Religious Persuasion
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the Mali Baining, the attractiveness of the Pomio Kivung movement during the early 1970s had to do with the fact that its ideas were intellectually persuasive. On the one hand, they provided comprehensive and logically integrated answers to pressing questions and, on the other, they were rooted in various indigenous cultural assumptions. In these respects, the Pomio Kivung had the edge over competing ideological systems—for example Christianity, which did not address or sufficiently clarify issues of paramount interest, and which was (often inexplicably) intolerant of indigenous religious practices.
An Introduction to Japanese Company History: Stability and Change in the Ranking of Large Manufacturing Enterprises*
Authors: Hiroaki Yamazaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the key terms in this series and in the analysis of modern Japanese society is kaishashugi or ‘companyism’. While we can say that Japanese companies used their strength to unify employees, was this strength the premiss for success or rather the combination of their mutually stipulated relations? To unveil the secret of ‘companyism’, it is essential to clarify the mechanisms behind companies’ economic growth. This exercise will deal on the one hand with the compilation of case studies concerning the growth of representative companies and on the other with the companies’ necessity to generalize. One endeavour in this analysis of modern Japanese firms will be to understand and to characterize the miraculous growth of all Japanese companies. Delving further into these related themes, we will not simply provide a case study of the most representative enterprises, but will instead clarify all the main points of these cases in an attempt to create a framework.
The Weakness of the Contemporary Japanese State*
Authors: Osamu Watanabe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So begins Karel van Wolferen’s The Enigma of Japanese Power, a best-selling work that has been translated into many languages. Recently, journalists and researchers in the United States and Europe have turned their attention to the problem of Japan’s extraordinary emergence as a global economic power, and the deep impact that its ‘unilateral and destructive economic growth’2 has been having on the world economy.
Introduction
Authors: Junji Banno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a historical fact that by the 1980s, Japan had become an economic giant second only to the United States. Many people predicted that this economic strength would continue in the 1990s, and that, as a result, Japan would surpass the USA in economic terms. We now know that this prediction was not to be fulfilled. The main purpose of this book and its companion volume, published earlier this year, is to re-examine Japan’s economic strength of the 1980s in the light of the changed trends of the 1990s.
Structures of Finance Capital
Authors: Scott John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The arguments of the managerialist theory of the business enterprise were my point of departure in the previous chapter, and I showed that it is a theory which fails to provide an accurate account of the relationship between ownership and control in the AngloAmerican economies. Managerialism fails, in particular, to appreciate the significance of the growth of financial shareholdings that have resulted in what I have called ‘control through a constellation of interests’. In this chapter, I consider a range of issues that surround the Marxist concept of finance capital and its view of contemporary economic relations in the Anglo-American economies. ‘Finance capital’-the organizational fusion of banking capital’ and ‘industrial capital’-was seen by Hilferding (1910) as centring on the formation of alliances and coalitions among enterprises in different economic sectors and the building of extensive networks of intercorporate linkages.
Disorganization, Disarticulation, and Deregulation
Authors: Scott John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems natural to describe economic activity as focused around national economies. Indeed, much of my discussion so far has referred to forms of ownership and control, of corporate rule and of corporate structure, ‘in’ Britain, the United States, Germany, Japan, and elsewhere. These national economies have, indeed, been foci of economic activity since at least the seventeenth century, but they have never existed as isolated and self-contained entities. In this chapter, attention turns to the relationship between national economies and the wider international processes in which they are embedded.
Introduction: A Comparative Perspective on Part-Time Work
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter , Hakim Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part-time work seems to defy classification and explaining it presents a seri¬ ous challenge to social scientists. Contradictions abound. High levels of part-time work are found both in relatively unregulated labour markets, such as Britain and the USA, and in highly regulated labour markets, such as Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands. The European Union (EU) Labour Force Survey consistently shows that voluntary and involuntary part-time work are both present, to varying degrees, in most countries. Employers in Italy, Greece, and France regard part-time workers as intro¬ ducing an unattractive disruption of normal production processes and workplace discipline, while employers in Britain had created a large per¬manent part-time workforce long before economic recession stimulated deregulation and the casualization of labour contracts in most industrial economies in the 1980s and 1990s. The so-called ‘part-time’ workers of Sweden frequently work hours long enough to be classified as full-timers by the European Commission, while many part-time workers in the Netherlands, Britain, and West Germany work such short hours that the European Commission classifies them as marginal workers (European Commission, 1994: 103-13).
Part-Time Work in Italy
Authors: Addabbo Tindara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Italy is distinctive, among the four largest European Union countries, in having a very low level of part-time work. Greece is the only EU country with a lower share of part-time jobs. This chapter explores the character¬ istics of the part-time workforce in Italy and how it compares with the much larger part-time workforces of France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Any explanation for this low level of part-time working has to be informed by the generally lower level of women’s employment in Italy as compared with the three other large EU members. Whether low female work rates are seen as cause or consequence of low levels of part-time working, it is clear that the two are inextricably linked. This chapter there¬ fore explores women’s employment patterns before addressing part-time work.
Part-Time Work among British Women
Authors: Burchell Brendan J , Dale Angela , Joshi Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part-time working in Britain is unusually high by comparison with North America and most countries of the European Community. Only the Netherlands, Denmark, and the Scandinavian countries have higher levels. In Britain, part-time jobs occupy a distinctive location in the labour mar¬ ket: they are highly sex-segregated, and there are very strong associations between the presence of children and part-time work. This chapter begins by providing a background to women’s part-time work in Britain. It locates part-time working in a historical context; examines the current situation of part-time workers; highlights some of the consequences of part-time work¬ ing; and looks at the likely directions for the future. We then present new evidence on the dynamics of part-time employment experiences.
Communication Roles Order
Authors: Gorell Barnes Gill , Thompson Paul , Daniel Gwyn , Burchardt Natasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Communication, roles, and the maintenance of order within families evolve through a lengthy and subtle cumulative process which comes into play with the child’s birth and continues to evolve into adulthood. It is an interactive process between indivi dual personalities, yet always also moulded by powerful wider social expectations, as well as by particular family cultures and traditions; a set of relationships built slowly, through mutual experience, yet always with the potential of sharp turning points, and even particular incidents which may retain, in retrospect, a powerful symbolic meaning.
Manorial Accounts
Authors: Harvey P D A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The manorial account is a product of demesne farming and it is no coincidence that it appears during the first decade of the thirteenth century, just when this method of estate management was being generally adopted. If the landlord entrusted his manor to a local official who was answerable to him for ail moneys received or spent, ail the corn and livestock, there would clearly hâve to be a regular reckoning to show what resources remained in hand and how much cash was due from the official to the lord or vice versa. It is this regular reckoning that the manorial account records: its aim was to show the State of account between the lord and his official, to show how much was owing to one or the other once every transaction had been allowed for.
Agency And The Excessus Balance In Manorial Accounts
Authors: Noke C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A common occurrence at the bottom of the account rolls of thirteenth and fourteenth century manors was an arreragia (or remanenda) balance where the sum of the charge exceeded that of the discharge. It measured the indebtedness of the accounting official to his lord. Common though it was, the exact composition and precise meaning of the balance are none the less not always clear. It may have comprised cash in the hands of the accountant, debts due but not yet received by the accountant (e.g. for rent or commuted labour services), balances brought forward from previous accounts or accountants, or some combination of these (Denholm-Young 1937: 127; Davies I 968). It is not clear, either, whether any special significance can be attached to those forms of account following the Winchester model where the accounting official pays over the balance at or shortly after the audit or before the next account is heard, and is given his acquittance, or to those following the Westminster model where the arreragia are carried forward and entered into the following year ‘s charge (Oschinsky 1971: 215; Noke 1981: 143). Yet more puzzling, however, as Postles (1981: 105) has pointed out, is the excessus balance, where the sum of the discharge exceeds that of the charge, for this raises the c1uestion-as Postles puts it‘How can the outgoings be held to have exceeded the income? Surely it was impossible for the accounting official to have spent more than he received. ‘
The Development Of British Railway Accounting: I 800-19 I I
Authors: Glynn J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the intention of this essay is to concentrate on accounting aspects arising from the development of the railways, it is also necessary to have an appreciation of the economic and political climate of the time. Railways in the nineteenth century had a major influence in reshaping some of the legislative procedures in Parliament, the development of the capital market, and the economy at large. The first government regulations for the control of railways as a whole came in 1840, when the Board of Trade Railway Department was set up. This was the forerunner of the present Ministry of Transport, which was established in 1919. Some twenty--eight years later, in 1868, the Regulation of Railways Act made it obligatory for all railways to render accounts half-yearly according to the forms prescribed in the first schedule of that Act.
Accounting In Its Social Context:Towards A History Of Value Added In The United Kingdom
Authors: Burchell S , Clubb, C , Hopwood A G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accounting is coming to be seen as a social rather than a purely technical phenomenon. The social contexts of the accounting craft are starting to be both recognized and made more problematic. Albeit slowly, the ways in which accounting both emerges from and itself gives rise to the wide contexts in which it operates are starting to be appreciated. Accounting, in turn, also has come to be more actively and explicitly recognized as an instrument for social management and change. Attempts have been made to reform accounting in the name of its social potential. Proposals have been made for accounting to embrace the realm of the social as well as the economic, to objectify, quantify, and thereby give a particular insight into the social functioning of organizations. To this end, attempts have been made to orchestrate social accountings, social reports, social audits, socio-economic statements, social cost-benefit analyses and accountings of the human resource.
Importing And Exporting Accounting: The British Experience
Authors: Parker R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accounting techniques, institutions, and concepts are all capable of being imported and exported from one country to another. The following discussion considers, by way of three case-studies, the British experience of such imports and exports and in particular the way in which the British have imported double-entry bookkeeping (a technique) and have exported profess10nal accountancy (an institution) and a ‘true and fair view ‘ ( a concept).
Network Governance: Designing New Regimes
Authors: Mansell Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The design of information and communication networks including both their technical and organizational characteristics is a crucial determinant of whether stocks of codified knowledge can be accessed and used in a variety of electronic forms. It is also an important determinant of whether appropriate incentives are in place for the generation of information and for the socially and economically beneficial use of electronically codified knowledge. We have shown how the capabilities of the information and communication technology and services producers, and business and consumers users, are being transformed through their interaction with innovations in technologies and organizations. The degrees of freedom in the extent to which they, together with policy—makers, are able to manceuvre within the boundaries of technical and structural constraints and to modify their electronic environments vary substantially through time.
Managing Contracts
Authors: Walsh Kieron , Deakin Nicholas , Smith Paula , Spurgeon Peter , Thomas Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 5 and 6 we examined the structure developed to undertake contracting, and the nature of the contract/markets in which this takes place. This chapter will consider the ways in which contracts have been implemented, and discuss specifically how aspects such as risk management and service-quality issues have been addressed.
Cross-Border Governance In Multinational Enterprises
Authors: Buckley Peter. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary meaning of governance in the literature and in common parlance is that decision-takers (in the firm) must be accountable to someone for their actions. The problem arises from the separation of ownership from control in the modern (multinational) company. The structures which constrain managers ‘ pursuit of self-interest at the expense of the true owners ‘ (shareholders ‘) interests are nowadays termed the ‘governance structure ‘ of the company. The accountability of managers to shareholders can be accomplished by a number of such means and the choices between these means are grist to the mill of those who study corporate governance.