bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liquid‐Phase Separation with the Rotational Particle Separator
Authors: van Kemenade E. , Mondt E. , Hendriks T. , Verbeek P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractRecently, the rotational particle separator (RPS) was introduced as a new technique for separating solid and/or liquid particles of 0.1 μm and larger from gases. In this patented technique the principles of centrifugation are exploited to enhance separation of small‐sized phases and particulate matter of density different from the carrier fluid. Practical designs of the RPS available in the market include equipment for purifying gases of industrial processes and portable air cleaners for domestic appliances. New developments are made in the area of the offshore industry. It concerns the separation of oil droplets from water and the separation of condensate, oil, and sand from natural gas. A particular feature of both designs is that the filter element is freely mounted in bearings and rotates, without the need of a motor, by introducing a swirl in the fluid flowing towards the filter element. The design is particularly suited for operation under high pressures as the rotating filter element is fully contained within a cylindrical pipe. The shaft does not pin through the external wall, so no sealing is required. Based on known RPS design principles and fluid flow relations an oil‐water separator is designed and tested.
Where is the Anion Extraction Going?
Authors: Gloe K. , Stephan H. , Grotjahn M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractReactive extraction processes represent efficient and smart technologies for separation and concentration of metal ions in solution, which are frequently used in industry. Despite the importance of anions in biology, medicine, environment and industry, practical examples of anion extraction are relatively limited compared to metal ion separation. Anion extraction processes are mainly based on the nonspecific ion pair formation with hydrophobic ammonium cations. In this case the phase transfer of anions is dominated by their lipophilicity. The reasons for this situation are closely connected with the specific features of anions in contrast to cations. Novel approaches for specific binding and selective transport of anionic components are based both on the better understanding of the biological role of anions and on the possibilities of supramolecular chemistry to create receptor architectures with complementary binding modes for anions. In the given review the authors discuss present research tendencies and application possibilities of new extractant types for separation and concentration of anionic species in solution.
Poly(vinyl alcohol) Ultrafiltration Membranes: Synthesis, Characterization, the Use for Enzyme Immobilization
Authors: Djennad M. , Benachour D. , Berger H. , Schomäcker R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAn enzymatic hydrolysis in a symmetric membrane, combining reaction and separation, has been studied. PVA hydrogel was chosen because of its hydrophilicity expecting to minimize membrane fouling and concentration polarization. The membrane pores containing covalently bound enzymes serve as catalyst support. The membrane immobilization of the enzyme and the filtration mode of operating the process were chosen in order to avoid product inhibition of the enzyme. The properties of cross‐linked PVA hydrogel were investigated. The conversion of the hydrolysis of p‐nitrophenyllaurate with two different loadings of Cr lipase was evaluated. The conversion of the reaction decreased with both increasing substrate flux and initial concentration. The kinetic parameters were obtained. Compared to the free lipase, the Km of the membrane bonded enzyme was lower and its Rmax approximately the same.
Biosorption Processes for Natural and Waste Water Treatment – Part II: Experimental Studies and Theoretical Model of a Biosorption Fixed Bed
Authors: Pidlisnyuk V.V. , Marutovsky R.M. , Radeke K.‐H. , Klimenko N.A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA model has been developed for fixed‐bed biosorption performance, i.e. combined action of adsorption of organic water contaminants and their biological destruction in a column. The model contains an adsorption isotherm of the Freundlich type, adsorption kinetics by an overall film mass transfer (Glueckauf equation), maximum bacterial growth,and biological aerobic destruction (Monod model) of the organics by exoenzymes. Bacteria can not penetrate into the pores of the adsorbent. The model was tested using the system aqueous solution of aniline/Pseudomonas putida/Polysorb 40/100. Breakthrough curves in shorter columns have been measured and a velocity‐dependent steady‐state exit concentration was achieved. These curves could be simulated with sufficient accuracy on the basis of isotherm data, mass transfer coefficients and values of biological growth and destruction activity estimated from independent measurements.
From London to Liverpool: Evidence for a Limehouse–Reid porcelain connection based on the analysis of sherds from the Brownlow Hill (ca. 1755–1767) factory site
Authors: Owen J. Victor , Hillis Maurice 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe diversity of Brownlow Hill porcelains of the Wm Reid & Co. era is due to the remarkably wide range in the composition of their pastes and glazes and inferred firing conditions relative to the initial vitrification temperature. Sixteen of 21 analyzed sherds from the factory site are bone‐ash wares that display large variations in their bulk chemical composition. The remaining samples have silicious‐aluminous (akin to “stone china” sensu Richard Pococke in 1750) and silicious‐aluminous‐calcic (“S‐A‐C”) compositions that resemble Limehouse (London) and Pomona (Staffordshire) porcelains produced during the 1740s. The mineralogy of the Brownlow Hill S‐A‐C sherds suggests firing at a relatively high temperature (Tmax approaching 1400°C, based on relations on the SiO2‐Al2O3‐CaO phase diagram), thereby obscuring the identity of some of the ingredients (e.g., the source of CaO) used in their manufacture. Limehouse and Brownlow Hill may have been linked through the activities of William Ball, who is mentioned in connection with both factories, or indirectly via former Limehouse staff later employed at the Pomona factory, located not far from a Wm Reid & Co. branch factory in Shelton, Stoke‐on‐Trent. In terms of a time line, knowledge of these pastes appears to have spread first from London to Staffordshire, and then to Liverpool. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of versant™ TMA and bDNA 3.0 assays to detect and quantify hepatitis C virus in semen
Authors: Pekler Vyacheslav A. , Robbins Wendie A. , Nyamathi Adeline , Yashina Tatyana L. , Leak Barbara , Robins Terry A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPrevious findings of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in human semen have been inconsistent. This study attempted to elucidate the presence of HCV in semen from 80 HCV RNA blood plasma positive homeless men using two novel non‐PCR based techniques. Semen was frozen immediately upon ejaculation in order to preserve virus quantity. This study demonstrated that 36% of the study population had HCV in semen. Bayer's Versant™ HCV RNA Qualitative Assay (Bayer Diagnostics, Emeryville, CA) based on transcription mediated amplification (TMA) assay detected 29 positive semen samples and Versant™ HCV RNA 3.0 Assay (bDNA) (Bayer Diagnostics, Emeryville, CA) detected only six. This demonstrated that TMA was more sensitive than the bDNA in detecting HCV in semen (P<0.002). HCV blood plasma viral load was positively correlated with the presence of HCV in semen (Spearman's Rho=0.40, P<0.0002), while the presence of leukocytes in semen was not (Spearman's Rho=0.19, P<0.12). This supports the hypothesis that HCV is “leaked out” from the peripheral circulation into semen. Three semen samples had a viral load of >5,000 IU/mL. The presence of a high viral load in semen in certain men suggests that sexual transmission of the virus is possible. Laboratory capability to accurately detect HCV positive semen is an important step in establishing the risk of sexual transmission and in identifying strategies for protecting uninfected partners. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:264–270, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chitotriosidase activity in plasma and mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocyte populations
Authors: Bouzas Lorena , Carlos Guinarte J. , Carlos Tutor J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn the general population, about 5% of individuals are homozygotic and 35% are heterozygotic carriers for chitotriosidase (ChT) deficiency. Activated macrophages are considered to be the main source of plasma ChT activity, which permits the biochemical characterization of homozygote deficients. However, in the case of detecting heterozygotic carriers, the results are often inconclusive. The activities of ChT in plasma and mononuclear (MN) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes were determined in 169 control subjects (72 males and 97 females) with a mean age (± SD) of 47.5±9.7 years (range 18–96 years). The specific enzyme activity was in PMN leukocytes >MN leukocytes >plasma, with a highly significant partial correlation being found between the activities of ChT in plasma and PMN leukocytes (r=0.578, P<0.001). A significant correlation was found between the age of the patients studied and plasma ChT activity (r=0.568, P<0.001). No significant correlation was found for enzyme activities in MN (r=0.105) or in PMN leukocytes (r=0.043). The results obtained suggest that, in normal physiological conditions, PMN leukocytes may secrete ChT to the plasma. Although the activities of ChT in MN and PMN leukocytes are not affected by demographic factors, it is not possible to use them for the biochemical detection of ChT‐deficient heterozygotic carriers. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:271–275, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neue Wirkstoffe und Therapiekonzepte: Behandlung von Bluthochdruck und Herzinsuffizienz
Authors: Schäfer Stefan , Busch Andreas E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTrotz erheblicher Fortschritte in der medikamentösen Therapie des Bluthochdrucks und der Herzinsuffizienz ist die mit diesen Erkrankungen verbundene Morbidität und Mortalität weiter hoch. Es gibt eine Vielzahl von innovativen Therapieansätzen, die sich in verschiedenen Stadien der klinischen Entwicklung befinden. Auffällig ist der enttäuschende Ausgang der jüngsten Studien mit Therapieprinzipien, die eine additive Hemmung der neuroendokrinen Aktivierung zusätzlich zu den etablierten Therapieoptionen zum Ziel haben. Die fehlende zusätzliche Wirksamkeit dieser neuen Substanzen hat zu der Hypothese geführt, dass die neuroendokrine Hemmung bei der Herzinsuffizienz bereits heute zu einem praktisch maximalen Therapieeffekt führt, der nicht weiter steigerbar ist, zumal mit jeder zusätzlichen Substanz eine weitere Senkung des Blutdrucks verbunden ist. Auch wenn diese Hypothese derzeit nicht als gesichert gelten kann, so scheinen doch diejenigen innovativen Therapieprinzipien einen besonderen Reiz zu haben, die außerhalb der neuroendokrinen Aktivierung angreifen und möglichst blutdruckneutral wirken.
Gefährdet Johanniskraut den Erfolg von Chemotherapie?
Authors: Schmitt Johanna 
Published: November 2003

AbstractJohanniskraut (Hypericum perforatumL.) verschlechtert möglicherweise die Wirksamkeit des Chemotherapeutikums Irinotecan. Hinweise darauf ergab eine kürzlich veröffentlichte [1] kleine Studie mit fünf Krebspatienten.
Dem Wirkungsmechanismus Organischer Nitrate auf der Spur
Authors: Götz Regina 
Published: November 2003

AbstractOrganische Nitrate werden zur Therapie von Angina Pectoris, Myokardinfarkt und Herzinsuffizienz eingesetzt. Die kardiovaskulär protektiven Effekte der Nitrate werden dem Metaboliten Stickstoffmonoxid zugeschrieben. Wie Stickstoffmonoxid aus den Nitraten freigesetzt wird, war bislang aber nicht bekannt. Wissenschaftler in den USA sind nun dem Mechanismus der Nitratmetabolisierung auf die Spur gekommen.
Monty Python and the Mathnavī: The Parrot in Indian, Persian and English Humor
Authors: Perry John R. 
Published: November 2003

Cultural diffusion of a partially non-literate kind is intrinsically hard to demonstrate and document. The poles between which cultural currents flow across geographical space are not the simple loci of “high” and “low” cultures or of superordinate and subordinate civilizations. Aspects of elite culture trickle down, features of vernacular culture bubble up, to confound and subvert the orderly progression of literary and religious history beloved of conventional scholarship. And, of course, the key occasions of transfer are usually absent from the record.One such current that is, however, sufficiently documented in general and specific terms to be accepted nem. con. as truly remarkable in volume, longevity and global efficacy is the overwhelmingly one-way traffic of seminal commodities, artifacts and ideas that flowed westward from the South Asian subcontinent between at least 300 B.C.E. and 1400 C.E. Along this stream, from the Punjab via the Iranian plateau and adjacent waterways to Mesopotamia, Syria, the Mediterranean and western Europe, were borne the Gypsies, the game of chess, the mathematical concept of zero and the notation with which to use it, the literary device of the Frame Story, and a flood of stories to stock it.
The impact of methadone treatment on registered convictions and arrests in HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative men and women with one or more treatment periods
Authors: STENBACKA MARLENE , LEIFMAN ANDERS , ROMELSJÖ ANDERS 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis study investigates criminality among 331 opiate abusers admitted to Stockholm's methadone maintenance programme (SMMP) between 1988 and 1992, and a comparison group of 1483 untreated opiate abusers. Information on arrests, criminal convictions, and intravenous drug abuse was obtained from official records. For both genders the annual rate of convictions decreased from 2.2 convictions per year during the 4 years prior to the first treatment, to 0.5 convictions during treatment, compared to 2.0 convictions for the comparison group. There was an even greater decrease in the rate of arrests for patients on methadone treatment. The decline was observed for both genders and in both HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative patients. Rates of convictions among patients who had more than one treatment period were clearly reduced during each treatment period, and while the rate increased after they were expelled from treatment it remained at a lower level than during the 4 years prior to treatment. Thus, the methadone treatment is shown to have a profound positive effect on arrests and convictions, not only for patients remaining in treatment but also for those patients who were expelled from treatment involuntarily.
Family functioning, alcohol expectancies and alcohol‐related problems in a remote Aboriginal Australian community: a preliminary psychometric validation study
Authors: KOWALYSZYN MARUSIA , KELLY DRIAN B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWhile a large proportion of Aboriginal Australians do not consume alcohol, those who do frequently show severe alcohol problems, and alcohol problems are associated with family conflict and violence. The aims were to examine the internal coherence and reliability of measures of family and alcohol measures for indigenous Australians in remote communities. This study involved 99 indigenous people from a remote North Queensland community. Questions were drawn from established questionnaires and administered verbally. Principle components factor analysis revealed three coherent and reliable measures of family conflict, independence, and cohesion. Expectancies of affective change had sound internal reliability for drinkers, and covaried with alcohol problems in the expected direction. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test had two distinct factors relating to consumption and problems, but quantity/frequency measures may have limited reliability due to the common practice among drinkers of sharing alcohol. These measures should facilitate the detection and initial assessment of alcohol and family problems, and may be useful for evaluating change in future interventions that target family and alcohol problems.
Smoking intervention within alcohol and other drug treatment services: a selective review with suggestions for practical management
Authors: BOWMAN JENNIFER A. , WALSH RAOUL A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis selective review was undertaken in order to highlight the need for alcohol and other drug treatment services to provide intervention for tobacco smoking to their clients. The reasons for the failure of treatment services to date to deal with nicotine addiction within their programmes are discussed and positive suggestions for change are proferred. In addition to the transformation of institutional culture which will be required, managers and staff of alcohol and other drug agencies need to know how best to implement smoking intervention within the treatment setting. The paper concludes with some practical suggestions for the management of intervention for tobacco smoking within treatment settings. These suggestions include: making decisions and formulating policies and procedures with regard to how tobacco smoking will be addressed; considering the particular physical, psychological and social/environmental factors that apply to substance abuse clients; building intervention around a simple structure such as the ‘5 A's’; encouraging and facilitating the use of nicotine replacement therapies; and allowing flexibility to tailor intervention to the individual. A great deal of further research is required to inform us as to how to intervene most effectively for tobacco smoking among this population group.
Problematic alcohol and cannabis use in adolescence—risk of serious adult substance abuse?
Authors: STENBACKA MARLENE 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the problematic use of alcohol, cannabis or both in adolescence, identifying various risk factors for adult alcohol and drug abuse. The study included 7577 18‐year‐old men conscripted in 1969‐70. At enrolment, they completed two questionnaires about alcohol and drug use, social background, behavioural factors and health conditions. Data on adult alcohol and substance abuse were obtained from official registers up to 1996. A combination of problematic alcohol use and cannabis use in adolescence (> 10 times) was associated more strongly with both adult alcohol abuse (RR =6.56, 95% CI 4.24–9.83) and drug abuse (RR =19.37, 95% CI 11.16–32.30) than adolescent use of cannabis or alcohol alone. When stratifying for different risk factors, the combination of both problematic alcohol use and cannabis use had higher relative risks of both outcomes than alcohol or cannabis use alone. In multivariate analyses, tobacco smoking was associated most strongly (RR = 2.26, 1.58–3.24) with adult alcohol abuse, and a combination of problematic alcohol use and cannabis use (< 10 times) in adolescence was associated most strongly with adult drug abuse (RR = 5.60, 95% CI 2.92–10.75). Adolescent use of both cannabis and alcohol seems to be a more serious problem than adolescent use of either alcohol or cannabis alone with regard to escalation to adult alcohol and drug abuse. This is important knowledge for prevention of adult abuse. Special effort should be made to reach those who mix risky alcohol use and cannabis use in late adolescence.
Improving family functioning and child outcome in methadone maintained families: the Parents Under Pressure programme
Authors: DAWE SHARON , HARNETT PAUL H. , RENDALLS VANESSA , STAIGER PETRA 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTwelve families responded to posters displayed in a methadone clinic for inclusion in a pilot study assessing the viability and potential utility of an intensive, multi‐component family‐focused intervention, the Parents Under Pressure programme. The programme was designed to improve child behaviour, decrease parental stress and improve family functioning in methadone‐maintained families by targeting affect regulation, mood, views of self as a parent, drug use and parenting skills. Nine of the families completed the programme delivered in their homes; eight were recontacted at 3 months. Each family reported significant improvements in three domains: parental functioning, parent — child relationship and parental substance use and risk behaviour. In addition to the changes in family functioning, the majority of families reported a decrease in concurrent alcohol use, HIV risk‐taking behaviour and maintenance dose of methadone. The families reported high levels of satisfaction with the programme. It is recommended that future studies include independent measures (e.g. behavioural observations) of child outcome and parental functioning. The results were optimistic and provided the impetus to evaluate the treatment programme using a randomized controlled trial.
Update: comparison of drug use in Australia and the United States as seen in the 2001 National Household Surveys
Authors: MAXWELL JANE CARLISLE 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis paper updates an earlier article by comparing the results of the 1998 and 2001 household surveys. The Australian survey showed a significant decrease in past‐year use of “any illicit drug”. The methodological changes in the US surveys prevented comparison for these years, but there were increases in use of any illicit drug between 2000 and 2001. Patterns of use of marijuana, stimulants, cocaine, ecstasy, heroin and needles are shown by age group and gender. Use by teenage girls in both countries has risen to the point that they are now using alcohol and some drugs at rates similar to boys. Over 20% of teens in both countries reported binge drinking in the past month. While Australians in their 20s had the highest rates of lifetime and past‐year use, in the United States, depending on the drug, lifetime use was highest among people in their 30s or 40s, with past‐year use highest among teenagers. Drug treatment services are needed not only for young people, but also for aging users. The changes in perceptions of risk from use of various drugs and availability of these drugs are related to changes in prevalence rates.
Geographical knowledge and scientific survey in the construction of Italian Libya
Authors: Atkinson David 
Published: November 2003

SummaryStudies of colonialism and imperial cultures have increasingly recognized the roles of geographical knowledges in European efforts to construct the colonial world materially and imaginatively. Simultaneously, the discipline of geography has undergone a thorough self-critique of its part in the constitution of colonial space. This article discusses the imbrication of geographical knowledges and colonialism in Italy, and especially how the production and circulation of geographical knowledges about Libya worked hand in hand with its territorial occupation and control. In particular, the article discusses the expeditions directed and co-ordinated by the Italian Geographical Society that were despatched into the Saharan interior in the early 1930s to produce ‘scientific’ representations of the region. The article examines the roles of geographical sciences in the construction of Italian Libya, but particularly how this performance of ‘colonial science’ surveyed Libya's populations and contributed to their classification as ‘primitive’ and ‘Other'. These conclusions supported Italian authority in the region, but also reinforced the development of a ‘colonial consciousness’ among Italians as African space and peoples were rendered legible by European epistemologies.