bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PhosphaBase: An ontology‐driven database resource for protein phosphatases
Authors: Wolstencroft K. J. , Stevens R. , Tabernero L. , Brass A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPhosphaBase is an ontology‐driven database resource containing information on the protein phosphatase family. It is the first public resource dedicated to protein phosphatases, which are enzymes that perform dephosphorylation reactions. In conjunction with the phosphorylation action of protein kinases, phosphatases are involved in important control and communication mechanisms in the cell. They have also been implicated in many human diseases, including diabetes and obesity, cancers, and neurodegenerative conditions. PhosphaBase aims to centralize the growing base of knowledge in the phosphatase research domain. The resource is built around a formal, domain‐specific DAML+OIL ontology, and the data are collected from heterogeneous biological sources using Gene Ontology terms as a means of data extraction. The overall ontology‐driven architecture provides a robust structure with distinct advantages for sustainability and provides the potential for the development of diagnostic tools, as well as a data repository. Proteins 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of residues of imidacloprid in tobacco by high‐performance liquid chromatography with liquid–liquid partition cleanup
Authors: Liu Hongxia , Song Juanmei , Zhang Shusheng , Qu Lingbo , Zhao Yufen , Wu Yangjie , Liu Huimin 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA practical method for analysis of residues of imidacloprid in baked tobacco leaves has been developed using HPLC with liquid–liquid partition clean‐up. Imidacloprid was extracted with ethyl acetate under ultrasound, and cleaned up by liquid–liquid partition with 50 g litre−1 aqueous sodium chloride followed by dichloromethane. The water‐soluble and fat‐soluble components in tobacco, which interfere with imidacloprid in HPLC, were removed. The separation was performed on a Supelco LC‐18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm ID) with a mobile phase of acetonitrile + 5 mM ammonium acetate (20 + 80 by volume) at a flow‐rate of 1 ml min−1. The baseline separation between imidacloprid and the tobacco blank was achieved within 10 min. With a detection wavelength at 270 nm, the limit of quantitation was 0.04 mg kg−1. The recovery ranged from 89.8 to 95.4% and the RSDs were less than 2.3%. The proposed method was successfully employed for the determination of imidacloprid residues in 300 samples of flue‐cured tobacco leaves. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
High‐order Stokes and anti‐Stokes Raman generation in CVD diamond
Authors: Kaminskii A. A. , Ralchenko V. G. , Konov V. I. , Eichler H. J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe report the first observation of nonlinear lasing effects – stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in synthetic polycrystalline diamond grown by the chemical vapor deposition technique. We classify this material as a promising χ(3)‐active medium for new generation of Raman laser converters.
Quasi‐localized low‐frequency vibrational modes of disordered solids: Study by single‐molecule spectroscopy
Authors: Naumov A. V. , Vainer Yu. G. , Bauer M. , Kador L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEditor's Choice of this issue of physica status solidi (b) is the article [1] by Andrei V. Naumov et al. This paper is Part II (Part I see [2]) of a study on elementary excitations in glasses, presented at the 11th International Conference on Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter, St. Petersburg, 25–30 July 2004. For his outstanding talk, Naumov received the new physica status solidi Young Researcher Award which was bestowed for the first time at this conference.The cover picture is a sketch of a glass with a single impurity molecule and one hypothetical quasi‐localized vibrational mode. The broadening and shift of the chromophore spectral line are caused by the interaction with this mode.Andrei V. Naumov is senior scientific researcher and deputy head of the Molecular Spectroscopy Department of the Institute of Spectroscopy, Troitsk. His main research interests are experimental and theoretical studies of low‐temperature dynamics of amorphous solids (glasses, polymers etc.) via high resolution laser selective spectroscopy techniques.The second Editor's Choice is an article by E. A. Eliseev and M. D. Glinchuk [3]. Eugene A. Eliseev is scientific researcher at the Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Kiev. His research areas are the theory of size and correlation effects in ferroelectric materials as well as modelling of disordered ferroelectrics properties. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
NIST risk assessment for Part 11 compliance: Evaluation of a GXP case study
Authors: Fanjoy Monica 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCurrent guidance for compliance with 21 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 11 requires a risk‐based approach that is justified, documented, and addresses potential product quality and safety risks. Based on this guidance, different risk assessment methods can be used to comply with Part 11. This study presents a risk assessment of a Part 11‐regulated computerized system using the techniques presented in the first public draft of the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems. Results of this case study evaluation suggest that GXP‐regulated industries might strengthen their overall risk management and compliance activities by adopting the NIST framework; however, they would need to address these three challenges: terminology differences, unclear direction with regards to product safety risks, and cumbersome documentation in the regulated environment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Standard Operating Procedures for clinical research personnel ‐ Part 22
Authors: Bohaychuk Wendy , Graham Ball C. D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis is the twenty‐second part in a series of articles containing proposals for wording and content of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for clinical research activities conducted by Sponsors and Contract Research Organisations (CROs). The procedures include those required by the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), many other guidelines and regulations, and ‘best practice’ observed by the authors. The model forms require modification for actual use. In this article, SOPs are presented for final activities for closure of a clinical study: study site closure (SOP 701) and premature termination or suspension of clinical studies (SOP 702). More SOPs related to study closure will appear in the next issue of QAJ. (The full text of all 101 SOPs is available from the authors.) Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality control of documents under the constraint of limited resources ‐ maximising the value of QC
Authors: Woolley Paul , Seiler Walther , Kühn Andrea 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe describe a principle of reviewing documents, particularly those relating to clinical studies, under constraints of time and/or manpower. This principle can be expressed formally in a manner that shows how to choose which processes to conduct and which to jettison, when external constraints prohibit the performance of all quality control (QC) steps with arbitrarily great thoroughness. We classify the major steps in reviewing clinical study documents on this basis, thus providing suggested ‘do’s and ‘don’t's for planning QC of documents. However, to optimise the value of a QC review under the constraint of limited resources, it is important to rank the tasks according to their utility for the document's value, and this may require procedures to be refined on a project‐by‐project basis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality improvement within Institutional Review Boards
Authors: Sansone Randy A. , McDonald Stephen 
Published: November 2004

AbstractQuality Assurance or Quality Improvement (QA/QI) programs are an internal means of evaluating organizational performance. While the QA/QI process exists in many organizations, it is less common among Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), whose function is to review all research activities in an institution with regard to patient safety. Several studies offer examples of rudimentary QA/QI efforts in the area of IRB stipulations (required revisions to research submissions), which appear to be the initial frontiers of such activities for IRBs. However, broader types of activities might be undertaken by IRBs and these activities may now be guided by several organizations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A guideline for specifying compliance in multi‐fingered operations
Authors: Kim Byoung‐Ho , Yi Byung‐Ju , Oh Sang‐Rok , Suh Il Hong 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we present a fundamental compliance analysis for multi‐fingered hands and also provide a guideline for specifying compliance characteristics in the three‐dimensional operational space of multi‐fingered hands. Through the analysis of the stiffness relation between the operational space and the fingertip space of multi‐fingered hands, it is shown that some of the coupling stiffness elements cannot be planned arbitrarily. Also, an independent finger‐based compliance control method to achieve the given compliance characteristics is described. Conclusively, when we specify the operational stiffness matrix, the contents of the operational stiffness matrix cannot be fully achieved by influence of the grasp geometry of multi‐fingered hands. The grasp positions of fingers as well as the RCC point, which are shown important factors, should be chosen to achieve the specified operational stiffness matrix for the given task. The cases of a point contact with friction and soft contact are examined as illustrative examples. It is observed that a five‐fingered robotic hand is sufficient for implementation of proper three‐dimensional compliance characteristics. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamics modeling and analysis of a biped walking robot actuated by a closed‐chain mechanism
Authors: Choi Hyeung‐Sik , Baek Changyul 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe developed a new type of human‐sized biped walking robot (BWR) driven by the closed‐chain type of joint actuator. Each leg of the robot is composed of three pitch joints and one roll joint. In all, a 15 degree‐of‐freedom robot including four arm joints and three joints for the head was developed. The BWR was developed to walk autonomously such that all leg joints are actuated by small 90 W dc motors/drivers and dc batteries and controllers which are boarded. The joint actuator for the BWR is composed of the four‐bar‐link mechanism driven by the ball screw which has high strength and high gear ratio. A dynamics modeling of the developed BWR for forward walking is presented in which the revolute joint dynamics are transformed into the prismatic joint dynamics of the ball screw. Also, an analysis on the four‐bar‐link mechanism applied to the joint actuator and on the structure of the BWR is shown. The design specification of the actuating motor for the BWR is analyzed through the torque analysis of the four‐bar‐link actuator. Through walking experiments of the BWR, the walking performance and trajectory tracking ability is shown. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design of a reconfigurable planar parallel manipulator
Authors: Fisher R. , Podhorodeski R. P. , Nokleby S. B. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis work presents the design of a reconfigurable planar parallel manipulator (RPPM). The RPPM is designed to act as a testbed manipulator for theories on redundant actuation of parallel manipulators and can reconfigure into three different revolute‐jointed mechanism types: a 2‐branch 2‐DOF (degree‐of‐freedom) 5‐bar mechanism; a 2‐branch 3‐DOF 6‐bar mechanism; and a 3‐branch 3‐DOF 8‐bar mechanism. The design of the RPPM allows for any shoulder or elbow joint to be actuated. In this work, the criteria and constraints of the design are presented. The final design of the RPPM is shown, followed by a discussion of the final design and how it relates to the initial design criteria and constraints. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design and prototype of parallel, wire‐actuated robots with a constraining linkage
Authors: Mroz Geoff , Notash Leila 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCurrently, wire‐actuated robots are not used extensively in industry, but they are gaining more attention due to advantages they possess. Low weight, cost, and power consumption are features that make wire‐controlled robots worth researching. This article investigates the designs of two different, 4 degrees of freedom parallel, wire‐actuated robots so that a prototype of one of these can be built. A design methodology is developed and presented. The process will be beneficial to those working on designing and prototyping a new robot or modifying an existing robot. Stability of both designs is considered first to ensure that the robots are able to exert and withstand end effector forces in different positions throughout their respective workspaces. The stiffness and strength of the materials used in the designs is also investigated using finite element analysis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Non‐parametric estimation of the odds ratios for continuous exposures using generalized additive models with an unknown link function
Authors: Cadarso‐Suárez Carmen , Roca‐Pardiñas Javier , Figueiras Adolfo , González‐Manteiga Wenceslao 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe generalized additive, model (GAM) is a powerful and widely used tool that allows researchers to fit, non‐parametrically, the effect of continuous predictors on a transformation of the mean response variable. Such a transformation is given by a so‐called link function, and in GAMs this link function is assumed to be known. Nevertheless, if an incorrect choice is made for the link, the resulting GAM is misspecified and the results obtained may be misleading. In this paper, we propose a modified version of the local scoring algorithm that allows for the non‐parametric estimation of the link function, by using local linear kernel smoothers. To better understand the effect that each covariate produces on the outcome, results are expressed in terms of the non‐parametric odds ratio (OR) curves. Bootstrap techniques were used to correct the bias in the OR estimation and to construct pointwise confidence intervals. A simulation study was carried out to assess the behaviour of the resulting estimates. The proposed methodology was illustrated using data from the AIDS Register of Galicia (NW Spain), with a view to assessing the effect of the CD4 lymphocyte count on the probability of being AIDS‐diagnosed via Tuberculosis (TB). This application shows how the link's flexibility makes it possible to obtain OR curve estimates that are less sensitive to the presence of outliers and unusual values that are often present in the extremes of the covariate distributions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microvessels Promote Motor Nerve Survival and Regeneration Through Local VEGF Release Following Ectopic Reattachment
Authors: BEARDEN SHAWN E. , SEGAL STEVEN S. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTObjectives: Nerves and blood vessels form a close association during embryogenesis. Growth and guidance factors initially attributed to either nerves or vessels are now known to affect both tissues; prominent among these is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The authors investigated whether axons would associate with blood vessels in a regenerating system and questioned whether VEGF is integral to neurotization following axotomy.Methods: In hamsters 8–12 weeks of age, the accessory nerve (CN XI) to the retractor muscle of the cheek pouch was cut and the proximal stump was reattached ectopically onto the muscle. Vascular casting and immunolabeling were used to quantify the extent of neurovascular association during regeneration. A role for VEGF was investigated using immunolocalization of VEGF and its receptor (sVEGFR2) as well as local sequestration of VEGF with soluble receptor (sVEGFR1).Results: Regenerating axons aligned with microvessels of the vasa nervorum along a “chaperone” region during outgrowth from the reattachment site and while entering the muscle. In this ∼1‐mm region, VEGF protein was expressed by growing microvessels despite a ∼50% reduction (p < .05) in total muscle VEGF concentration. VEGFR2 was expressed by regenerating axons and growth cones. Sequestration of VEGF by sVEGFR1 impaired neurotization by ∼40% (p < .05). The chaperone region ended where regenerating microvessels anastomosed with the native microcirculation and their expression of VEGF protein diminished.Conclusions: Regenerating axons and blood vessels align during outgrowth from ectopic reattachment. This interaction dissipates as vascular anastomoses form with established microvessels and axons target muscle fibers. Local production of VEGF by growing microvessels supports motor nerve survival and regeneration.
Relative Contributions of α4 and αL Integrins to IL‐4‐Induced Leukocyte Rolling and Adhesion
Authors: EPPIHIMER MICHAEL J. , SUSHKOVA NATALIA , LAVIGNE MARK C. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTObjective: To delineate the relative contributions of α4 and α L to mediate interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) induced leukocyte rolling, and the subsets of leukocytes that use these pathways to adhere.Methods: Intravital microscopy was used to examine leukocytes in venules of cremaster muscles of mice receiving intrascrotal injections of IL‐4. α4 and αL monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were administrated either prior to (prophylactic) or 24 h following (therapeutic) treatment with IL‐4. In addition, fluorescent microspheres coated with mAbs directed against CD4, CD8, or Gr‐1 were injected into mice and the number of subset‐specific adherent leukocytes was measured.Results: Prophylactic inhibition of α4 and αL integrins prevented IL‐4‐induced leukocyte rolling flux (p < .05) and increased leukocyte rolling velocity twofold (p < .05), respectively, while blocking either integrin eliminated IL‐4‐induced leukocyte adhesion (p < .05). In contrast, therapeutic administration of both anti‐α4 and anti‐αL mAbs was necessary to completely inhibit IL‐4‐induced leukocyte adhesion (p < .05). Furthermore, CD8+ and Gr‐1+ leukocytes utilized α4 and αL to adhere to postcapillary venules, whereas CD4+ leukocytes primarily utilized α4.Conclusions: Following tissue activation with IL‐4, α4 and αL initiate the attachment and deceleration, respectively, of leukocytes during rolling, and are responsible for mediating the adhesion CD4+, CD8+, Gr‐1+ leukocytes.
Increased Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Capillary Density in Hearts of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: GU JIAN‐WEI , FORTEPIANI LOURDES A. , RECKELHOFF JANE F. , ADAIR THOMAS H. , WANG JULIE , HALL JOHN E. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTObjective: The role of VEGF in vascular remodeling of target organs exposed to chronic hypertension is poorly understood. The authors compared capillary density (CD), capillary‐to‐fiber ratio (C/F), and VEGF mRNA expression in the hearts (left ventricle [LV]), and skeletal muscles (soleus and anterior tibialis [AT]) of 18‐week‐old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age‐matched male Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) and Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats.Methods: CD or C/F in LV, soleus, and AT of SHR, WKY, and SD rats was determined by analysis of randomly acquired digital images of cryosections stained with FITC‐conjugated GS‐I lectin. VEGF mRNA expressions in the tissues were determined by Northern blot.Results: VEGF mRNA expressions in LV of SHR were 3.84‐ and 5.05‐fold higher, compared to SD and WKY rats, respectively (n = 6; p < .01). There were no significant differences in VEGF mRNA expression in soleus or AT among SHR, WKY, and SD rats (p > .05). CD in LV of SHR (4975 ± 167) was significantly higher than WKY or SD rats, 4151 ± 169 and 3807 ± 187 mm−2, respectively (p < .05). In LV of SHR, C/F increased (35%) more significantly than CD (increased 20%), compared to WKY rats. CD, or C/F in soleus or AT of SHR was similar to that observed in WKY or SD rats.Conclusions: VEGF expression, CD, and C/F in the heart (LV) of SHR are significantly increased, compared to WKY and SD rats. The data are consistent with the possibility that VEGF may contribute to capillary growth as a compensatory response to hypertension.
Incorporation of Naïve Bone Marrow Derived Cells into the Vascular Architecture of Brain Tumor
Authors: YUNG YUN C. , CHESHIER SAMUEL , SANTARELLI JUSTIN G. , HUANG ZAN , WAGERS AMY , WEISSMAN IRVING , TSE VICTOR 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTObjective: Neovascularization is essential for tumor growth and invasion. Mounting evidence suggests that tumor cells recruit circulating endothelial progenitor cells to promote vasculogenesis to compliment tumor angiogenesis. This study examines the constitutive role of bone marrow‐derived cells in this process.Methods: Rat glioma cells were implanted into brains of T‐cell‐depleted knockout mice. At various timepoints after tumor implantation, Naïve bone marrow cells from ubiquitous transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) were infused into these animals. The incorporation of GFP‐positive cells into the vascular architecture was visualized by fluorescence confocal microscopy in conjunction with the transcription profiles of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin‐1 and ‐2 (Ang‐1 and Ang‐2).Results: Of the cells infused, 8 days after tumor implantation, 0.49% were found exclusively sequestered in the vicinity of tumor vessels. This coincided with a decline in the expression of Ang‐1 and a rise in the expression of VEGF and Ang‐2. A few of these cells (0.66 of the 0.49%) localized onto the vascular wall. They resembled endothelial cells and expressed vWF.Conclusion: The incorporation of bone marrow‐derived unpurified endothelial cells into the tumor vascular bed is both time‐limited and infrequent. These cells may play a supportive rather than a constitutive role in tumor neovascularization.