bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Big field, small potatoes: An empirical assessment of EPA's self‐audit policy
Authors: Pfaff Alexander , Sanchirico Chris William 
Published: June 2004

AbstractEnvironmental self‐auditing is said to deserve and require encouragement. Although firms can audit themselves more cheaply and effectively than regulators, they are deterred for fear that information they uncover will be used against them. To reduce this disincentive, the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Audit Policy lowers punitive fines when firms promptly disclose and correct self‐discovered violations. While some contend that the Audit Policy is inadequate, EPA touts its success based on the policy's track record. Our examination of that track record leads us to question EPA's claim. Comparing the violations in these cases with those detected by standard EPA enforcement suggests that the typical self‐audited violation is relatively minor. Cases arising under the Policy are more likely to concern reporting violations and less likely to concern emissions. The relative insignificance of self‐audited violations raises a number of policy questions, including whether the Audit Policy should be revised to play a larger role in enforcement. © 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Efficacy of combined surgery and irradiation for localized Ewings sarcoma family of tumors
Authors: Krasin Matthew J. , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos , Davidoff Andrew M. , Billups Catherine A. , Fuller Christine E. , Neel Michael D. , Kun Larry E. , Merchant Thomas E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackgroundLocal tumor control for patients with Ewings sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) is favorable when the primary tumor is resectable or small. Local failure rates for patients who received combined surgery and RT were reviewed to determine outcome and prognostic factors.ProceduresWe performed a retrospective review of all patients with localized ESFT treated with combined definitive surgery and RT between 1978 and 2001, at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. Rates of local failure, survival, and prognostic factors for recurrence were determined in 39 patients who received combined local therapy. Systemic treatment included vincristine, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin (6 patients), with the addition of ifosfamide and etoposide (33 patients).ResultsWith a median follow‐up of 8.7 years the 5‐ and 8‐year survival estimates were 89.2 ± 5.4% and 82.8 ± 7.3%. The 8‐year incidence of local failure was 10.8 ± 5.2%. The 8‐year local failure rate for patients with positive surgical margins was 17% and for negative surgical margins 5% (P = 0.25). Overall survival was improved for patients with negative surgical margins (94 vs. 71%, P = 0.052). Tumor size, site, histologic response, and radiation dose did not significantly alter the rate of local failure.ConclusionsPatients with ESFT managed with definitive surgery and irradiation have favorable local control rates. Even among patients with unfavorable prognostic factors local tumor control remained excellent. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate in an aqueous dispersed system
Authors: Peng Hui , Cheng Shiyuan , Feng Linxian 
Published: June 2004

AbstractReverse atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA) was conducted in an aqueous dispersed system. The influence of the surfactant, catalyst, reaction time and temperature on the colloidal stability and the control of polymerization was investigated. As a result, using an azo initiator (AIBN), a non‐ionic surfactant (Brij 35) and a hydrophobic ligand (dNbpy) to complex a copper halide, polymers with predetermined molecular weight and low polydispersity were obtained as stable latexes. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Proteome analysis of barley seeds: Identification of major proteins from two‐dimensional gels (pI 4–7)
Authors: Østergaard Ole , Finnie Christine , Laugesen Sabrina , Roepstorff Peter , Svennson Birte 
Published: June 2004

AbstractGermination of monocotyledonous plants involves activation and de novo synthesis of enzymes that degrade cell walls and starch and mobilize stored endosperm reserves for embryo growth. Two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were applied to identify major water‐soluble proteins in extracts of mature barley (Hordeum vulgare) seeds and to follow their fate during germination. About 1200 and 600 spots of pI 4–7 were detected on 2‐D gels by silver staining and colloidal Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining, respectively. About 300 spots were selected for in‐gel digestion followed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐mass spectrometry‐peptide map fingerprint analysis. Database searches using measured peptide masses resulted in 198 identifications of 103 proteins in 177 spots. These include housekeeping enzymes, chaperones, defence proteins (including enzyme inhibitors), and proteins related to desiccation and oxidative stress. Sixty‐four of the identifications were made using expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Numerous spots in the 2‐D gel pattern changed during germination (micromalting) and an intensely stained area which contained large amounts of the serpin protein Z appeared centrally on the 2‐D gel. Spots containing α‐amylase also appeared. Identification of 22 spots after three days of germination represented 13 different database entries and 11 functions including hydrolytic enzymes, chaperones, housekeeping enzymes, and inhibitors.
Pleiotropic molecular effects of the pro‐apoptotic dietary constituent flavone in human colon cancer cells identified by protein and mRNA expression profiling
Authors: Herzog Angelika , Kindermann Birgit , Döring Frank , Daniel Hannelore , Wenzel Uwe 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe flavonoid flavone contained in a variety of fruits and vegetables was identified as a very potent apoptosis inducer in human colonic cancer cells. In search of the molecular targets of flavone action in HT‐29 cells we analyzed changes in mRNA and protein expression levels by proteomics and oligonucleotide array technologies. Proteome analysis identified several heat‐shock proteins, annexins, and cytoskeletal caspase substrates as regulated by flavone and these protein classes are known to play a role in apoptosis induction and execution. Protein kinase C‐β, which serves as an ultimate marker for colon cancer development was no longer detectable in HT‐29 cells exposed to flavone. Besides proteins involved in gene regulation or detoxification pathways, proteins involved in intermediary metabolism were altered by flavone exposure and this was associated with changes in the flux of energetic substrates. Oligonucleotide arrays, using chips with around 10 000 oligonucleotides spotted, revealed numerous changes in transcript levels of genes related to signaling, transcription, cancer development but also to metabolism. In conclusion, flavone has a surprisingly broad spectrum of effects on mRNA and protein expression in a human colonic cancer cell line with clusters of targets related to its apoptosis‐inducing activity and to cellular metabolism.
Proteomic response to amino acid starvation inCandida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Yin Zhikang , Stead David , Selway Laura , Walker Janet , Riba‐Garcia Isabel , Mclnerney Tracey , Gaskell Simon , Oliver Stephen G. , Cash Philip , Brown Alistair J. P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSaccharomyces cerevisiae activates general amino acid control (GCN) in response to amino acid starvation. Some aspects of this response are known to be conserved in other fungi including Candida albicans, the major systemic fungal pathogen of humans. Here, we describe a proteomic comparison of the GCN responses in S. cerevisiae and C. albicans. We have used high‐resolution two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting to develop a 2‐D protein map of C. albicans. A total of 391 protein spots, representing 316 open reading frames, were identified. Fifty‐five C. albicans and 65 S. cerevisiae proteins were identified that responded reproducibly to 3‐aminotriazole (3AT) in a Gcn4p‐dependent fashion. The changes in the S. cerevisiae proteome correlated with the response in the S. cerevisiae transcript profile to 3AT treatment (rank correlation coefficient = 0.59; Natarajan et al., Molec. Cell. Biol. 2001, 21, 4347–4368). Significant aspects of the GCN response were conserved in C. albicans and S. cerevisiae. In both fungi, amino acid biosynthetic enzymes on multiple metabolic pathways were induced by 3AT in a Gcn4p‐dependent fashion. Carbon metabolism functions were also induced. However, subtle differences were observed between these fungi. For example, purine biosynthetic enzymes were induced in S. cerevisiae, but were not significantly induced in C. albicans. These differences presumably reflect the contrasting niches of these relatively benign and pathogenic yeasts, respectively.
Proteomics of buccal squamous cell carcinoma: The involvement of multiple pathways in tumorigenesis
Authors: Chen Jia , He Qing‐Yu , Yuen Anthony Po‐Wing , Chiu Jeng‐Fu 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the buccal mucosa is an aggressive oral cancer. It mainly occurs in Central and Southeast Asia, and is closely related to the practice of tobacco smoking and betel squid chewing. The high recurrence and low survival rates of buccal SCC require our continued efforts to understand the pathogenesis of the disease for designing better therapeutic strategies. We used proteomic technology to analyze buccal SCC tissues aiming at identifying tumor‐associated proteins for the utilization as biomarkers or molecular targets. With the exception of alpha B‐crystallin being substantially reduced, a number of proteins were found to be significantly over‐expressed in cancer tissues. These increased proteins included glycolytic enzymes, heat‐shock proteins, tumor antigens, cytoskeleton proteins, enzymes involved in detoxification and anti‐oxidation systems, and proteins involved in mitochondrial and intracellular signaling pathways. These extensive protein variations indicate that multiple cellular pathways were involved in the process of tumorigenesis, and suggest that multiple protein molecules should be simultaneously targeted as an effective strategy to counter the disease. At least, SCC antigen, G protein, glutathione S‐transferase, manganese superoxide dismutase, annexins, voltage‐dependent anion channel, cyclophilin A, stratifin and galectin 7 are candidates for targeted proteins. The present findings also demonstrated that rich protein information can be produced by means of proteomic analysis for a better understanding of the oncogenesis and pathogenesis in a global way, which in turn is a basis for the rational designs of diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
Identification of swiprosin 1 in human lymphocytes
Authors: Vuadens Françoise , Rufer Nathalie , Kress Annegret , Corthésy Patricia , Schneider Philippe , Tissot Jean‐Daniel 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe aim of this work was to identify a new protein that discriminated CD8 from CD4 and CD19 lymphocytes. Proteins were separated by high‐resolution two‐dimensional electrophoresis. After silver staining, the gel images were captured with a laser densitometer, and studied with a dedicated software. This study confirmed the presence of two spots that appeared to be preferentially associated with CD8 lymphocytes, and mass spectrometry analyzes (liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry, LC‐MS/MS) identified six peptides for one spot and four for the other. The peptide sequences corresponded to an unknown protein that we named swiprosin 1 (Swiss‐Prot Q96C19). Molecular analysis (reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, RT‐PCR) and Northern blots confirmed that the gene expression was increased in purified populations of CD8 lymphocytes, when compared to CD19 and CD4 lymphocytes. Database mining revealed that swiprosin 1 contains two potential EF‐hand domains, and therefore may have a role in calcium signaling. Its predominant presence in CD8 lymphocytes suggests that it may be involved in functions that are important for cytotoxic lymphocytes.
Purification of biotinylated proteins on streptavidin resin: A protocol for quantitative elution
Authors: Rybak Jascha‐N. , Scheurer Simone B. , Neri Dario , Elia Giuliano 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe interaction between streptavidin and biotin is one of the most widely used tools in chemistry and biology. However, the release of biotinylated proteins from streptavidin resins remains a major problem, due to the extraordinary stability of this complex. We present a new protocol for the quantitative elution of biotinylated proteins from streptavidin Sepharose, featuring harsh elution conditions and competition with free biotin. The usefulness of the method was demonstrated by the quantitative recovery of biotinylated proteins from organ homogenates, obtained from mice perfused with a reactive ester derivative of biotin.
Synthesis of poly(vinylene arsine)s through the ring‐collapsed radical alternating copolymerization of an organoarsenic homocycle with aliphatic acetylenes and their properties
Authors: Umeyama Tomokazu , Naka Kensuke , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPoly(vinylene arsine)s with no aromatic substituent ([CHCRAsMe]n) were prepared through a radical alternating copolymerization of acetylenic compounds having an alkyl substituent with an organoarsenic homocycle as an arsenic‐atomic biradical equivalent. The radical reaction between 1‐octyne and pentamethylcyclopentaarsine, with a catalytic amount of 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile without a solvent (60 °C, 10 h), produced the corresponding poly(vinylene arsine)s (45% yield). The copolymers obtained were soluble in tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, hexane, and so on. The copolymers were characterized with 1H and 13C NMR spectra. The number‐average molecular weights of the copolymers were estimated with gel permeation chromatography (chloroform and polystyrene standards) to be 6500. The copolymers showed an emission property attributable to the n–π* transition in the main chain. Irradiation by an incandescent lamp of a mixture of 1‐octyne and 1 also produced poly(vinylene arsine)s. The conversion rate of 1‐octyne during the copolymerization with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile was measured with gas chromatography analysis and was found to be much slower than that of phenylacetylene. A radical terpolymerization of cyclo‐(AsMe)5 with 1‐octyne and styrene was carried out to yield the terpolymer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3604–3611, 2004
Liquid‐crystalline thermosets from liquid‐crystalline epoxy resins containing bisazomethinebiphenylene mesogens in the central core: Copolymerization with a nonmesomorphic epoxy resin
Authors: Castell Pere , Serra Angels , Galià Marina 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA new series of liquid‐crystalline epoxy resins was synthesized, and their mesomorphic behavior was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. These glycidylic compounds had central aromatic imine mesogens derived from benzidine and aliphatic spacers of up to 10 methylene units that linked the mesogens to the glycidylic groups. Crosslinking these monomers with primary aromatic diamines led to nematic networks, some of which contained crystal inclusions. However, through curing with tertiary amines as catalytic agents or through copolymerization with different proportions of the nonmesomorphic epoxy monomer and primary amines as crosslinking agents, smectic C organized thermosets were prepared when the spacers had at least four methylene carbons. When they had fewer than four, the networks were nematic. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3631–3643, 2004
Deformation mechanisms of nanoclay‐reinforced maleic anhydride‐modified polypropylene
Authors: Chen Ling , Wong Shing‐Chung , Liu Tianxi , Lu Xuehong , He Chaobin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFracture properties and deformation mechanisms of nanoclay‐reinforced maleic anhydride‐modified polypropylene (MAPP) were investigated. Elastic–plastic fracture mechanics was employed to characterize the toughness in light of substantial postyield deformation for the reinforced MAPP. Upon introduction of 2.5 wt % clay loading in maleated MAPP, it was observed that tensile strength, modulus, and fracture initiation toughness concomitantly increased substantially. Continued increase in clay loading thereafter only led to stiffening and strengthening effects to the detriment of fracture toughness. A plot of the J‐integral initiation fracture toughness versus the plastic zone size demonstrated that toughening arose from plastic deformation in the reinforced matrix. Careful examination of deformed tensile specimens using small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) showed 2.5 wt % clay gave rise to the highest equatorial scattering, which indicates the presence of microvoids in the matrix. The SAXS results were consistent with that shown in subcritically loaded crack‐tip deformation zone using transmission electron microscopy. Thus, both macroscale three‐point bend fracture data and SAXS results led us to consistent findings and conclusions. Further increase in clay loading above 2.5 wt % reduced the scattering the matrix plasticity and thus the fracture toughness. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2759–2768, 2004
Nonlocal potentials for short‐range electronic correlation in atoms, molecules, and solids
Authors: Nesbet R. K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractExtending density functional theory (DFT) to an ab initio orbital functional theory (OFT) requires new methodology for nonlocal exchange and correlation potentials. This article describes such modifications to a standard Dirac–Slater atomic program. Unrestricted Hartree–Fock (UHF) theory is extended by a modified Colle–Salvetti ansatz for short‐range electronic correlation. Results are reported for atoms He–Ne. Values of parameters needed for similar calculations on molecules and solids are reported. Implementation of nonlocal exchange and correlation for such extended systems, using multiple scattering theory to connect independent calculations in space‐filling atomic cells, is discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Die Elbebrücke Blaues Wunder in Dresden – Tragwerk und Maßnahmen zur weiteren sicheren Nutzung
Authors: Geißler Karsten 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDie Elbebrücke “Blaues Wunder” in Dresden wird dieses Jahr 111 Jahre alt und soll als ein Wahrzeichen der Stadt Dresden noch möglichst lange genutzt werden. Im folgenden Beitrag werden nach einem Überblick zum System der Brücke mit seinen zahlreichen Besonderheiten insbesondere die Fragen der Nachrechnung, Restnutzungsdauerermittlung und weiteren sicheren Nutzung des Stahltragwerks sowie der Ankerkammern beschrieben.
Zur Rotationssteifigkeit standardisierter geschraubter Stirnplattenverbindungen nach Eurocode
Authors: Unterweger Harald , Greiner Richard 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDer Beitrag behandelt die im Stahlhochbau häufig verwendeten standardisierten Träger‐Stützen‐Verbindungen nach dem deutschen DSTV/ DASt‐Ringbuch [1] und dem österreichisch‐schweizerischen ÖSTV/SZS‐Katalog [2]. Die rechnerischen Rotationssteifigkeiten des Gesamtknotens – ermittelt nach dem aktuellen Eurocode 3, Teil 1.8 [3] – werden mit den Tabellenwerten in [4] verglichen. Weiterhin werden die Verbindungen in Abhängigkeit der Ausführungsform klassifiziert, so daß erkennbar wird, ob der Knoten als starr oder nachgiebig in der Systemberechnung anzusehen ist.Um generelle Tendenzen für die Praxis hinsichtlich der Rotationssteifigkeit der Knoten ableiten zu können, wird der Einfluß der Knotengeometrie (Trägerhöhe, Stützenhöhe, Schraubendurchmesser, Profilart) und der Verstärkung des Stützenstegs dargestellt. Ergänzend werden die Anteile der einzelnen Komponenten an der Gesamtsteifigkeit der Verbindung bzw. des Knotens für repräsentative Ausführungsformen gegenübergestellt.
Untersuchung der Anrißlebensdauer von Betondübeln mit Hilfe des Örtlichen Konzepts
Authors: Lange Jörg , Song Jaejoon 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDie Herstellung eines guten Verbunds zwischen Betonplatte und Stahlträger ist für die Tragfähigkeit, Wirtschaftlichkeit und Gebrauchstauglichkeit eines Verbundträgers von grundlegender Bedeutung. Betondübel stellen hierbei eine neue Möglichkeit dar. Sie bestehen aus gelochten, auf den Stahlträger aufgeschweißten Stahlblechen. Ihr besonderer Vorteil gegenüber den bisher verwendeten Verbundmitteln liegt in dem konstruktionsbedingten guten Verhalten gegenüber wechselnden Beanspruchungen. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird dies mit Hilfe des Örtlichen Konzepts untersucht und bestätigt.
Untersuchungen und theoretische Modelle von druckbeanspruchten Stahlstützen in Verbundbauweise
Authors: Żółtowski Wojciech , Szmigiera Elżbieta , Kosmalski Sławomir 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIm Aufsatz wird über den Verlauf und die Ergebnisse zu Untersuchungen von Verbundstützen berichtet. Dies ist der erste Abschnitt einer Untersuchungsreihe zu ausgewählten Problemen mit Stützen unter axial wirkenden Belastung.Im ersten Schritt konzentrierte man sich auf die Untersuchung von Faktoren, die die Tragfähigkeit und die Verformbarkeit der Verbundstützen wesentlich beeinflussen können. Besonders wurde auf die Art der Lasteintragung und die Abstützung der Verbundstütze eingegangen. Dies ergab, daß bei Lasteintrag über ein auskragendes Stahlprofil der Grenzzustand der Nutzung dieser Stütze durch Risse früher erreicht wird als deren mögliche maximale Tragfähigkeit.Die genannte Belastungart erzeugt hohe Dehnungen im Stahlprofil. Eine steife Einspannung der Stütze verursacht eine Minderung der Tragfähigkeit durch Spannungskonzentration in den Auflagerzonen.Es wurde festgestellt, daß über das Versagen einer Verbundstütze der Spannungszustand in der Betondeckung entscheidet.Die Ergebnisse sind besonders angesichts der im Eurocode 4 enthaltenen Festlegungen und auch der polnischen Normen von Bedeutung. Beide Normen berücksichtigen bei der Tragfähigkeitsberechnung von Verbundstützen die Art der Lasteinwirkung nicht.Nach Meinung der Autoren ist auch die Einspannung der Stützen im Auflager ungenügend berücksichtigt.In der vereinfachten Berechnungsmethode in EC 4 kann man die Knicklänge einer unverschiebbar gehaltenen Verbundstütze gleich deren Axiallänge nehmen. Somit muß die Art der Lagerung der Verbundstütze nicht analysiert werden.Die Ergebnisse zeigen jedoch, daß die Tragwerksplaner die untersuchten Faktoren beachten müssen, auch wenn sie nicht in den Normen enthalten sind, da sie die Tragfähigkeit und somit die Statik wesentlich beeinflussen.Die Untersuchungen zeigen die Möglichkeit, die Tragfähigkeit einer eingespannten Verbundstütze durch ein mit Faserbeton verstärktes Kopfstück zu erhöhen.