bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Many Faces of Freedom
Authors: Engelhardt H Tristram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Persons have a fundamental right to be left alone. This right stands at the very center of secular morality, not because it is a good thing to have, but because it is unavoidable and the source of moral authority when moral strangers meet. Be cause secular morality cannot provide a canonical vision of the good or a canonical content-full account of proper action, the principle of permission is the cardinal source of moral authority. For better or worse, persons are in secular moral authority over themselves and during their consensual activities with others. For those who recognize the concrete values that should guide the good life, secular morality is a wasteland without moral content, without the possibility of moral guidance, and with the possibility of such serious moral failures as suicide and euthanasia. The choices that individuals will be free to make within secular morality will conflict with what people will see within particular content-full moralities. For example, those with strong ideological commitments to egalitarianisms of various sorts will recognize that their aspiration to achieve equality coercively will be without general secular moral authority and go aground on free choice. The centrality of the principle of permission discloses the radical implications involved in recognizing secular morality as the morality of moral strangers. The centrality of the principle of permission discloses the wide-ranging implications of the Enlightenment’s failure to establish a canonical, content-full morality. In the failure of reason and in the absence of faith, secular morality is the morality of moral strangers who find themselves bound together and separated by their choices.
Rights to Health Care, Social Justice, and Fairness in Health Care Allocations: Frustrations in the Face of Finitude
Authors: Engelhardt H Tristram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The imposition of a single-tier, all-encompassing health care system is morally unjustifiable. It is a coercive act of totalitarian ideological zeal, which fails to recognize the diversity of moral visions that frame interests in health care, the secular moral limits of state authority, and the authority of individuals over themselves and their own property. It is an act of secular immorality.
The Romantic Savage American Indians in the Parlor
Authors: Pinson Jon W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Near the beginning of The Last of the Mohicans Alice Munro and Duncan Heyward regard “ … the upright, flexible figure of [Uncas], graceful and unrestrained in the attitudes and movements of nature.” And after noting the “bold outlines of his high, haughty features, pure in their native red” and the “dignified elevation of his receding forehead, together with all the finest proportions of a noble head,” they conclude, “it might be a being partially benighted in the vale of ignorance, but it could not be one who would willingly devote his rich natural gifts to the purposes of wanton treachery.”2 This is James Fenimore Cooper’s classic nineteenth-century rendering of the noble savage, which revolves at its very heart around a notion Roy Harvey Pearce calls the “historical anteriority” of the American Indian.3 As the title of the novel suggests, Uncas’s death in a mythical and somewhat distant time (1757) ends his noble line, providing both the outcome and the point of the story. For in this romance the idealized past contains an eternal truth for the edification of the present beholder: the Mohicans’ nobility, being of the “savage” variety, must yield inevitably to the coming of white civilization. Cooper means to elicit our regret and pity, but also our resignation to inexorable progress.
The Crisis of Victorian Female Moral Authority, 1890—1939
Authors: Pascoe Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1901, the Women’s National Indian Association decided to drop the word “Women’s ” from its title. The decision, proposed by national officers at the group ‘s annual convention, was a difficult one to make. Officers and delegates knew that “great attachment was felt for the old name of the Association, and [members felt] pride in the fact that it was a women’s society.” In the end, however, the assembled delegates pushed aside their misgivings and voted to become the National Indian Association. According to the convention minutes, two arguments proved persuasive.
Introduction: Evolutionary Psychology and Conceptual Integration
Authors: Cosmides Leda , Tooby John , Barkow Jerome H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Adapted Mind is an edited volume of original, commissioned papers centered on the complex, evolved psychological mechanisms that generate human behavior and culture. It has two goals: The first is to introduce the newly crystallizing field of evolutionary psychology to a wider scientific audience. Evolutionary psychology is simply psychology that is informed by the additional knowledge that evolutionary biology has to offer, in the expectation that understanding the process that designed the human mind will advance the discovery of its architecture. It unites modern evolutionary biology with the cognitive revolution in a way that has the potential to draw together all of the disparate branches of psychology into a single organized system of knowledge. The chapters that follow, for example, span topics from perception, language, and reasoning to sex, pregnancy sickness, and play. The second goal of this volume is to clarify how this new field, by focusing on the evolved information-processing mechanisms that comprise the human mind, supplies the necessary connection between evolutionary biology and the complex, irreducible social and cultural phenomena studied by anthropologists, sociologists, economists, and historians.
Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange
Authors: Cosmides Leda , Tooby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human mind is the most complex natural phenomenon humans have yet encountered, and Darwin ’s gift to those who wish to understand it is a knowledge of the process that created it and gave it its distinctive organization: evolution. Because we know that the human mind is the product of the evolutionary process, we know something vitally illuminating: that, aside from those properties acquired by chance, the mind consists of a set of adaptations, designed to solve the long-standing adaptive problems humans encountered as hunter-gatherers. Such a view is uncontroversial to most behavioral scientists when applied to topics such as vision or balance. Yet adaptationist approaches to human psychology are considered radical-or even transparently false-when applied to most other areas of human thought and action, especially social behavior. Nevertheless, the logic of the adaptationist postion is completely general, and a dispassionate evaluation of its implications leads to the expectation that humans should have evolved a constellation of cognitive adaptations to social life. Our ancestors have been members of social groups and engaging in social interactions for millions and probably tens of millions of years. To behave adaptively, they not only needed to construct a spatial map of the objects disclosed to them by their retinas, but a social map of the persons, relationships, motives, interactions, emotions, and intentions that made up their social world.
Two Nonhuman Primate Models for the Evolution of Human Food Sharing: Chimpanzees and Callitrichids
Authors: Mcgrew W C , Feistner Anna T C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The middle stage of hominization involves food sharing as the integrator of hunting and gathering, which are organized in terms of home bases and division of labor. Supporting all of this is an infrastructure of tool making and tool using. This stage was present in the Plio-Pleistocene era of about 2 million years ago. The third stage is what now exists in modem human societies, each with their varied versions and socioeconomic elaborations. The infrastructure includes all of technology, from milking pails to vending machines. An all-embracing superstructure of culture overlies all such food sharing, from potlatches to fast-food outlets.
The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Chattel
Authors: Wilson Margo , Daly Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Men take a proprietary view of women ’s sexuality and reproductive capacity. In this chapter, we (a) argue that sexually proprietary male psychologies are evolved solutions to the adaptive problems of male reproductive competition and potential misdirection of paternal investments in species with mistakable paternity; (b) describe the complex interrelated design of mating and paternal decision rules in some well-studied avian examples; (c) consider the peculiarities of the human species in this context; (d) characterize some features of human male sexual proprietariness, contrasting men ’s versus women ’s perspectives and actions; and (e) review some of the diverse consequences and manifestations of this ubiquitous male mindset.
Pregnancy Sickness as Adaptation: A Deterrent to Maternal Ingestion of Teratogens
Authors: Profet Margie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The adaptationist approach to the phenomena of life, which entails recognizing certain features of organisms as specialized problem-solving mechanisms (Williams, 1985), is the basis for physiological research (Mayr, 1983). Even physiological phenomena that are commonly assumed to be anomalies or pathologies, such as human pregnancy sickness, can sometimes be illuminated by asking the adaptationist questions: Has the phenomenon been designed by natural selection to serve some function? If so, what is that function? Whether a physiological process like pregnancy sickness is an adaptation or merely a by-product of other physiological processes can be assessed by determining whether it achieves an adaptive end with sufficient precision, economy, efficiency, and complexity to indicate functional design (Williams, 1966).
Human Maternal Vocalizations to Infants as Biologically Relevant Signals: An Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Fernald Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When talking to infants, human mothers use vocal patterns that are unusual by the standards of normal conversation. Mothers, as well as fathers and adults who are not parents, speak consistently more slowly and with higher pitch when interacting with infants, in smooth, exaggerated intonation contours quite unlike the choppy and rapid-fire speech patterns used when addressing adults. To praise an infant, mothers typically use wide range pitch contours with a rise-fall pattern. To elicit an infant ’s attention, they also use wide-range contours, but often ending with rising pitch. When soothing an infant, mothers tend to use long, smooth, falling pitch contours, in marked contrast to the short, sharp intonation patterns used in warning or disapproval. This use of exaggerated and stereotyped vocal patterns in mothers ‘ speech to infants has been observed in numerous European, Asian, and African cultures and appears to be a universal human parental behavior.
Natural Language and Natural Selection
Authors: Pinker Steven , Bloom Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All human societies have language. As far as we know they always did; language was not invented by some groups and spread to others like agriculture or the alphabet. All languages are complex computational systems employing the same basic kinds of rules and representations, with no notable correlation with technological progress: The grammars of industrial societies are no more complex than the grammars of hunter gatherers; Modern English is not an advance over Old English. Within societies, individual humans are proficient language users regardless of intelligence, social status, or level of education. Children are fluent speakers of complex grammatical sentences by the age of three, without benefit of formal instruction. They are capable of inventing languages that are more systematic than those they hear, showing resemblances to languages that they have never heard, and they obey subtle grammatical principles for which there is no evidence in their environments. Disease or injury can make people linguistic savants while severely retarded or linguistically impaired with normal intelligence. Some language disorders are genetically transmitted. Aspects of languge skill can be linked to characteristic regions of the human brain. The human vocal tract is tailored to the demands of speech, compromising other functions such as breathing and swallowing. Human auditory perception shows complementary specializations toward the demands of decoding speech sounds into linguistic segments.
The Perceptual Organization of Colors: An Adaptation to Regularities of the Terrestrial World?
Authors: Shepard Roger N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those taking an evolutionary approach to the behavioral, cognitive, and social sci ences have been emphasizing the natural selection of mechanisms and strategies that are specific to particular species, genders, and problem domains. This emphasis on the particular is understandable as a reaction against the tendency, long dominant in these sciences, to proceed as if human and animal behavior could be explained in terms of just two things: (a) general laws of learning and cognitive constraints that hold across species, genders, and domains, and (b) the particular set of environmental (including cultural) circumstances to which each animal can adapt only by learning through its own individual experience. Evolutionary theorists’ emphasis on specific adaptations may also reflect the tendency of such adaptations to catch our attention through the very diversity of their specificity. Adaptations to universal features of our world are apt to escape our notice simply because we do not observe anything with which such adaptations stand in contrast.
Beneath New Culture Is Old Psychology: Gossip and Social Stratification
Authors: Barkow Jerome H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do we apply an evolutionary perspective to human culture? After all, much of post-Pleistocenesociety is evolutionarily unanticipated, that is, many of its most prominent features could not have existed during the Pleistocene. Even contemporary agrarian communities differ drastically from the foraging economies of our ancestors, and modern industrial societies are utterly exotic in Pleistocene perspective, with their vast scale, literacy and libraries, mass communication and media, ease of travel, general-purpose money, control of indoor climate, ubiquity of strangers, reliance on external institutions to accomplish heretofore familial responsibilities, availability of contraception, juxtaposition of great wealth with great poverty, and relatively low infant and child mortality rates. But does all this novelty mean that evolution is irrelevant to an understanding of our current way of life? Key aspects of most contemporary societies could have emerged, after all, only long after human psychology had largely reached its present form and then either ceased to evolve entirely or to evolve at a very slow rate.
Vectors, Vertical Transmission, and the Evolution of Virulence
Authors: Ewald Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why has falciparum malaria been so lethal and the common cold so mild? The first step toward an answer is to identify the trade offs associated with different levels of virulence. Consider first a parasite that depends on the mobility of the host for transmission. Rhinoviruses, for example, cause the common cold by reproducing inside the cells that line our nasal passages. The viruses are shed from these cells into nasal secretions, which trickle out through a runny nose or blast out in droplets during a sneeze. The trickle may be blocked with a finger, which then may contact fingers of others during a hand shake or by way of a borrowed pencil. When these contacted fingers then contact the noses to which they belong, or when these noses inhale the droplets from a sneeze, some lucky rhinoviruses may be planted onto fertile ground. Whichever of the two routes occurs, host mobility is critical.
When Water Moves like a Mosquito
Authors: Ewald Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If I were to ask a person on the street to name the world’s most dreaded afflictions, few in economically prosperous countries would say diarrhea. Yet diarrheal diseases have levied one of the greatest death tolls since the middle of this century, being primary causes of from 4 to 20 million deaths annually, mostly among young children (Hardy 1956, Puffer & Serrano 1973, Rohde & Northrup 1976, Rowland et al. 1977, Walsh & Warren 1979, Snyder & Merson 1982, Gibbons 1992). And they probably have been no less culpable for at least the past few centuries.
... And A Glimpse Forward (Or WHO Needs Darwin)
Authors: Ewald Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The AIDS pandemic has focused attention on “emerging” pathogens. If HIV can cause such devastation, what new viruses might be emerging from the existing pool of pathogens in humans and other organisms? In May 1989, for example, a meeting entitled “Emerging Viruses: The Evolution of Viruses and Viral Diseases” attracted considerable attention in the scientific media (Miller 1989, Weiss 1989a, Culliton 1990). The meeting helped to draw together insights from a broad range of disciplines. Yet, in spite of the title, the meeting emphasized proximate mechanisms of virulence and transmission, rather than applications of evolutionary principles. In this meeting and in recent writings from this perspective, the emergence of severe epidemic disease is attributed to the spread of pathogens from isolated populations of humans or other animals, and the presence of mutations, which by chance might transform a relatively friendly bug into a deadly bug (Kawaoka & Webster 1988, Culliton 1990, Kilbourne 1990, Ampel 1991, Morse 1991). But one question continues to surface, and continues to be left unanswered: Why have some organisms evolved to become so harmful while others have not? The discussions generally invoke mutations as the source of the increased lethality, but the presence of mutations is only part of the story.
Toward a Comprehensive Punishment System
Authors: Morris Norval , Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When this book is published, there will be more than 1,000,000 Americans aged 18 and over in prison and jail, and more than 2,500,000 on parole or probation. If one adds those on bail or released awaiting trial or appeal and those serving other punishments such as community service orders, the grand total under the control of the criminal justice system exceeds four million, nearly 2 percent of the nation’s adult population.
Citizens, Inhabitants, and Others
Authors: Lindemann Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Massive population growth was an eighteenth-century fact of life nowhere more evident and ultimately, nowhere more disturbing than in the cities. Like London and Paris-but on a smaller scale-Hamburg assumed truly metropolitan proportions between 1700 and 1800. Everywhere in Europe these new cities evoked extravagant forebodings. Critics contrasted their faults with the virtues of rural life, branding them modern Molochs, destroyers of men and defilers of morals. Josiah Tucker castigated them as “the bane of mankind in every sense,”
Carl Nielsen
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When twenty-second-century musicologists write the history of the symphony, they may well see the twentieth century as even more of a glory period for that genre than the nineteenth. This is to take nothing away from Beethoven and Schubert, Bruckner and Brahms, Tchaikovsky and Dvořák, but the century that saw the creation of the symphonies of Elgar, Mahler, Sibelius, Nielsen, Stravinsky, Martiná, Sessions, Shostakovich―and this is to make only a beginning―offers something extraordinary in scope, richness, originality, and urgency of expression. The six symphonies of Carl Nielsen make up one of the most remarkable and, to a constantly growing number of listeners, indispensable treasures in that great flowering.
Walter Piston
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Belmont is a pretty town northwest of Boston, and Walter Piston lived in his hilltop house there from the day he came to teach at Harvard in 1926 until he died. He was a remarkable teacher, not only of those who sat in his classroom in Paine Hall―among them Elliott Carter, Arthur Berger, Irving Fine, Leonard Bernstein, Daniel Pinkham, and Yehudi Wyner―but also of three generations of students who learned harmony, counterpoint, and orchestration from his still current textbooks. He was proud that he himself had drawn the illustrations for his orchestration book―all but the violin, which was by his wife, Kathryn Nason, an excellent painter―and he wrote a musical manuscript so fine that his scores could be printed without being engraved, and with no hardship on players.
Arnold Schoenberg
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schoenberg began the Chamber Symphony No. 1 in April 1906 and completed it on 15 July that year. The first performance was given in Vienna on 8 February 1907 by the Rose Quartet and members of the Vienna Philharmonic. By 1912, Schoenberg had the idea of multiplying the strings and, where necessary, doubling the winds for performances in large halls, and in 1914 his publisher announced the availability of an orchestral version upon request. Nothing is now known of that version; however, in 1935 Schoenberg made a completely new edition for full orchestra, which was published as Opus 9b. (There is no Opus 9a.) The first performance of Opus 9b was given under the composer ‘s direction in Los Angeles in December 1935.
Michael Tippett
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word that first comes to mind is abundance. Abundance of spirit, abundance of fantasy, abundance of images, abundance of risk, abundance of reference and allusion, out-and-out abundance of musical events, of notes. Behind this abundance lies the burning need to communicate, to address through music some of the problems most central to the human condition, questions about love and commitment, about justice, about the inescapability of evil and of humankind ‘s darker impulses.
Ralph Vaughan Williams
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In R. V.W.―A Biography of Ralph Vaughan Williams, Ursula Vaughan Williams, the composer ‘s widow, writes about her husband ‘s name: “Ralph ‘s grandfather, Sir Edward Vaughan Williams, seems to have been the first … to use the double-barrelled but unhyphenated name …hough occasionally-at school or in the army-Ralph was called Williams it is not correct. Ralph ‘s name was pronounced Rafe, any other pronunciation used to infuriate him. “ The Eighth was the first symphony that Vaughan Williams numbered himself. His first three symphonies went by their names. The next three he called simply Symphony in F minor, Symphony in D major, and Symphony in E minor, but beginning with the D major his publisher intervened and added numbers to the titles.
Time and the Verb
Authors: Binnick Robert I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first thoroughly comprehensive study of tense and aspect, linguistic markers signifying relations in time. Tense and aspect have been peculiarly resistant to linguistic classification and explanation. There continue to be many competing theories, many different terminologies, and considerable controversy and confusion surrounding these evidently universal linguistic phenomena. Robert Binnick’s work will enable students, teachers, and scholars to understand th use of verb forms in particular languages.