bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ETHNIC RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION IN THE USA, 1980–2000
Authors: JOHNSTON RON , POULSEN MICHAEL , FORREST JAMES 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT Although there are many studies of the residential segregation of ethnic groups in cities in various parts of the world, very few address the degree to which segregation levels vary across an urban system, let alone rigorously analyse those variations. Data on segregation across all US Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in 1980 and 2000 at the census tract scale have been analysed, using a modified index of isolation, to examine variations in segregation levels, according to their size, the relative size of the various ethnic minorities there, their ethnic diversity, and their location. Strong relationships are identified for all three of the country's major ethnic minority groups – Blacks, Asians and Hispanics. These suggest that Asians and Hispanics are disadvantaged in the labour and housing markets, so that as their number increases so does their level of segregation. Blacks are disadvantaged too: their segregation is compounded by a legacy of decades of discrimination, especially in the older‐established parts of the country.
Low‐dose prophylactic platelet transfusions in recipients of an autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplant and patients with acute leukemia: a randomized controlled trial with a sequential Bayesian design
Authors: Tinmouth Alan , Tannock Ian F. , Crump Michael , Tomlinson George , Brandwein Joseph , Minden Mark , Sutton David 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND:  Prophylactic platelet (PLT) transfusions are standard treatment for patients receiving high‐dose chemotherapy, but the optimal dose is not known. A randomized controlled trial was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of low‐dose PLT transfusions and to determine the need for further studies.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Patients (n = 111) with acute leukemia or undergoing autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation were randomly assigned to receive low‐dose (3 PLT units) or standard‐dose (5 PLT units) prophylactic PLT transfusions and were monitored daily for bleeding. Using a sequential Bayesian design, the difference in major bleeding events was determined.RESULTS:  The percentage of patients with major bleeding events was 10.7 percent (95% credible region, 5.1%‐21.2%) in the low‐dose PLT group and 7.3 percent (95% credible region, 2.9%‐17.2%) in the standard‐dose PLT group. The two additional events in the low‐dose group occurred when the PLT count exceeded 100 × 109 per L. There is an 89 percent probability that the absolute increase in major bleeds is less than 10 percent with low‐dose PLT transfusions. The number of minor bleeding events was higher in the standard‐dose group. Patients receiving low‐dose PLT transfusions received 25 percent fewer PLT units. There was an 89 percent probability that low‐dose transfusions reduced PLT utilization in patients with acute leukemia and a 60 percent probability in patients undergoing PBPC transplantation.CONCLUSION:  Low‐dose PLT transfusions appear to be safe and effective and reduce PLT utilization. They should be further evaluated in clinical trials designed to evaluate equivalency.
Prevention of immunization to D+ red blood cells with red blood cell exchange and intravenous Rh immune globulin
Authors: Nester T.A. , Rumsey D.M. , Howell C.C. , Gilligan D.M. , Drachman J.G. , Maier R.V. , Kyles D.M. , Matthews D.C. , Pendergrass T.W. 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND:  Although young women who are D– occasionally receive unintentional transfusions with D+ red blood cells (RBCs), there are little data to assist with management of such an event. Two cases of D– girls transfused with D+ RBCs are reported. In an effort to prevent formation of anti‐D, RBC exchange followed by administration of intravenous (IV) Rh immune globulin (RhIg) was used.CASE REPORTS:  Patient 1, a 56‐kg, 16‐year‐old D– girl, was involved in a motor vehicle crash. She received 4 units of Group O uncrossmatched D+ RBCs. Thirty‐six hours after admission, she underwent RBC exchange with 10 units of D– RBCs, followed by a total of 2718 µg of IV RhIg over 32 hours. Six months later, her antibody screen was negative. Patient 2, a 39‐kg, 10‐year‐old D– girl with aplastic anemia, received 1 unit of D+ RBCs. She underwent RBC exchange on the same day with 5 units of D– RBCs, followed by a total of 900 µg of IV RhIg over 8 hours. Six months later her antibody screen was negative.CONCLUSION:  RBC exchange followed by a calculated dose of IV RhIg was successful in preventing allo‐immunization to D. Several small studies suggest that both trauma and hematology patients may be less capable of becoming immunized with the transfusion of D+ blood components. Until these findings are more clearly defined, there will be times when prevention of immunization of any D– girl is desired. RBC exchange followed by RhIg appears to be one way to achieve this goal.
Acute and transient decrease in neutrophil count in transfusion‐related acute lung injury: cases at one hospital
Authors: Nakagawa Mayumi , Toy Pearl 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND:  Transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a rare but serious complication of blood transfusion. The syndrome is characterized by new acute lung injury developing during or within 6 hours of blood transfusion.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  The study design was observational in nature.RESULTS:  All three cases of TRALI were associated with acute but transient decrease in the white blood cell (WBC) count. Implicated donors had HLA antibodies that matched the recipients’ HLA antigens. The implicated units were a plateletpheresis in one case and fresh frozen plasma units in the other two. All implicated donors were multiparous women. The implicated antibody specificities were anti‐HLA Class I and Class II in one case and anti‐HLA Class II in the other two cases. Interestingly, patient neutrophil counts decreased by 80 to 90 percent in all three cases, including the two cases associated with HLA Class II antibodies.CONCLUSION:  An acute and transient decrease in WBC count may be a previously underrecognized feature of TRALI. A drop in the neutrophil count can occur even when the implicated antibodies have specificities to HLA Class II antigens, although they are expressed only on stimulated neutrophils. Based on the observations in these cases, it is recommended that a complete blood count and differential be obtained when TRALI is suspected. Further investigations into the mechanisms of the decrease in circulating neutrophils that is associated with infusion of HLA Class II antibody may yield new insights into the mechanism of TRALI.
Size, Skill and Sorting
Authors: Belman Dale , Levine David I. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.  The rise in inequality between the 1970s and the 1990s and the persistent gap in pay between large and small employers are two of the most robust findings in the study of labor markets. Mainstream economists focus on differences in observable and unobservable skills to explain both the overall rising inequality and the size–wage gap. In this paper we model how increasing returns to skill can affect the size–wage gap both with constant sorting and with size‐biased, skill‐biased technological change (e.g. if large firms always had access to computers, but small firms gained access to computers with the rise of affordable personal computers).We analyze the Current Population Surveys from 1979 to 1993 to determine whether large and small employers are converging in terms of mean wages (the employer size–wage effect), wage structures by occupation and education, characteristics of employees, and wage structures by region. We find mixed evidence of convergence and no consistent support for any single version of human capital theory.
Alcoholic subtypes: are two sufficient?
Authors: Windle Michael , M. Scheidt Douglas 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAims  Guided by the literature on alcohol subtypes, cluster analytical solutions ranging from two to five were evaluated for a large (n = 802), ethnically diverse sample of alcoholic in‐patients.Design  Personal interview data were collected from in‐patients regarding their substance abuse and psychiatric disorder status, risk factors for psychopathology and health outcomes.Setting  The data were collected at five alcohol in‐patient treatment settings in New York; three settings were in New York City, one in Rochester and one in Buffalo.Participants  The sample included 802 participants (481 males and 321 females) with racial/ethnic group diversity (418 blacks, 180 whites, 187 Hispanics, 17 of other ethnic origin).Measurements  Subjects were assessed with standardized measures of substance abuse and psychiatric disorders, family history of alcoholism, psychopathy, temperament, alcohol expectancies and clinical health variables.Findings  Based on internal and external criteria and compatibility with the existing literature, four subtypes were identified: mild course, polydrug, negative affect and chronic/antisocial. On external criteria, the polydrug subtype had the highest rate of family criminality, high‐risk sexual behavior and intravenous drug use; the negative affect subtype had the highest rate of childhood sexual abuse, attempted suicide and childhood homelessness; the chronic/antisocial personality (ASP) subtype had the most severe pattern of drinking and antisocial behavior.Conclusions  Findings are discussed with regard to the etiological and clinical utility of the four‐subtype formulation, and consistency with recent studies in molecular genetics and pharmacology.
Immunogenicity, reactogenicity and adherence to a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine in illicit drug users
Authors: Lugoboni Fabio , Quaglio GianLuca , Pajusco Benedetta , Civitelli Paolo , Romanò Luisa , Bossi Carlo , Spilimbergo Irene , Mezzelani Paolo 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAims  The use of illegal drugs is associated with an increase in infective risk for the hepatitis viruses, against which the vaccination of drug users (DUs) is recommended unanimously. The aim of the study was to determine tolerability, adherence and immune response of a combined vaccine providing dual protection against hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV).Methods  The vaccine was administered to 38 DU, attending three public health centres for drug users in northern Italy, with a three‐dose schedule (at 0, 1 and 6 months). The vaccine was well tolerated: only one adverse reaction (fever) was recorded after the 110 doses administered (0.9%). The vaccine schedule was completed successfully in 35 cases (92.1%). At month 8, in 34 subjects (89.5%) antibody response was evaluated: all showed seroprotection for HAV and in 33 subjects (97.1%) for HBV.Conclusions  The vaccine, studied for the first time in DUs, proved to be safe, well accepted and immunogenic; anti‐HAV response was 1272 mIU/ml and 1726 mIU/ml for anti‐HBV, titres lower than reported in literature for the general population. This study suggests that DUs who are HAV/HBV‐negative could be vaccinated with combined vaccine.
Acute effect of a brief bout of exercise on alcohol urges
Authors: Ussher Michael , Sampuran Amandeep K. , Doshi Reena , West Robert , Drummond D. Colin 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAim  To examine whether a brief bout of moderate intensity exercise reduces alcohol urges and mood disturbance in those with alcohol dependence.Design  A counterbalanced cross‐over design (within‐subjects).Setting  A hospital‐based alcohol rehabilitation clinic.Participants  Twenty males and females [mean (SD) age = 40.1 (8.2) years, mean (SD) Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire score = 34.2 (13.4)] who had recently completed alcohol detoxification [mean (SD) days since completing detoxification = 3.5 (2.3)].Intervention  On the first day of experimentation all participants (N = 20) were randomized to undergo one of two conditions, either: (i) a single bout of 10 minutes of moderate intensity cycling (experimental), or (ii) a single bout of 10 minutes of very light intensity cycling (control). On the following day they underwent the remaining condition.Measurements  All participants completed the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire and a six‐item measure of mood disturbance at the following times: (i) immediately before exercise (baseline), (ii) during exercise (at 5 minutes), (iii) immediately following exercise, (iv) 5 minutes following exercise and (v) 10 minutes after exercise.Findings  Relative to baseline, there was a significant decline in alcohol urges for the experimental condition versus control during exercise (P = 0.02) but not at any measurement point following exercise. At baseline, by chance, there was a non‐significant tendency for there to be higher ratings of alcohol urges for the experimental condition versus the control. For mood, there was no evidence for significant differences between treatment conditions for baseline versus any subsequent measurement point.Conclusions  A brief bout of moderate intensity exercise may provide some short‐term relief from alcohol urges during exercise. Further studies are required to replicate the present findings and to confirm whether any moderating effect of exercise on alcohol urges is sustained following exercise.
Carbon cycling and storage in world forests: biome patterns related to forest age
Authors: Pregitzer Kurt S. , Euskirchen Eugénie S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractForest age, which is affected by stand‐replacing ecosystem disturbances (such as forest fires, harvesting, or insects), plays a distinguishing role in determining the distribution of carbon (C) pools and fluxes in different forested ecosystems. In this synthesis, net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP), and five pools of C (living biomass, coarse woody debris, organic soil horizons, soil, and total ecosystem) are summarized by age class for tropical, temperate, and boreal forest biomes. Estimates of variability in NPP, NEP, and C pools are provided for each biome‐age class combination and the sources of variability are discussed. Aggregated biome‐level estimates of NPP and NEP were higher in intermediate‐aged forests (e.g., 30–120 years), while older forests (e.g., >120 years) were generally less productive. The mean NEP in the youngest forests (0–10 years) was negative (source to the atmosphere) in both boreal and temperate biomes (−0.1 and –1.9 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, respectively). Forest age is a highly significant source of variability in NEP at the biome scale; for example, mean temperate forest NEP was −1.9, 4.5, 2.4, 1.9 and 1.7 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 across five age classes (0–10, 11–30, 31–70, 71–120, 121–200 years, respectively). In general, median NPP and NEP are strongly correlated (R2=0.83) across all biomes and age classes, with the exception of the youngest temperate forests. Using the information gained from calculating the summary statistics for NPP and NEP, we calculated heterotrophic soil respiration (Rh) for each age class in each biome. The mean Rh was high in the youngest temperate age class (9.7 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) and declined with age, implying that forest ecosystem respiration peaks when forests are young, not old. With notable exceptions, carbon pool sizes increased with age in all biomes, including soil C. Age trends in C cycling and storage are very apparent in all three biomes and it is clear that a better understanding of how forest age and disturbance history interact will greatly improve our fundamental knowledge of the terrestrial C cycle.
The effect of packaging treatment on the storage quality of minimally processed bunched onions
Authors: Hong Seok‐In , Kim Dongman 
Published: December 2004

SummaryStorage quality of minimally processed (MP) bunched onions, as affected by plastic film packaging, was investigated to determine the optimum packing method for this vegetable product. Five different packaging treatments, including two passive modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), two active MAP and a moderate vacuum packaging (MVP), were used for MP bunched onions. Quality attributes of the samples were evaluated periodically in terms of weight loss, colour, decay ratio, microbial counts and sensory properties during storage at 10 °C for 28 days. Various sealed‐packaging treatments did not significantly influence changes in colour of white stem and green leaf tissues, flesh weight loss and microbiological populations including mesophiles, psychrotrophs and lactic acid bacteria. However, sensory attributes and disease incidence were affected by packaging type. MVP with a gas‐permeable plastic film retained better quality bunched onions, with reduced microbial decay and visual sensory aspects, as compared with the other packages.
Optimization of the chopping process using at‐line human evaluations and response surface methodology
Authors: Curt Corinne , Francon Cécile , Trystram Gilles 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe objective of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that it is possible to optimize processing conditions using Response Surface Methodology and human measurements, called sensory indicators, directly at the processing line. Chopping during the manufacture of meat emulsion was studied. The independent variables were process parameters: chopping duration (D), speed (S), temperature (T) and pressure (P). The effects of these four variables on a global index called chopping degree (CD) were determined. CD was calculated by the fusion of five sensory indicators via the implementation of the fuzzy sets theory. The statistical analysis showed that D and S had a significant influence on CD. Utilizing an economic compromise, optimum‐processing conditions for CD consisted of a speed of 2000 r.p.m. for duration of 3 min.
Lancefield group C Streptococcus dysgalactiae infection responsible for fish mortalities in Japan
Authors: Nomoto R , Munasinghe L I , Jin D‐H , Shimahara Y , Yasuda H , Nakamura A , Misawa N , Itami T , Yoshida T 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA Lancefield serological group C Streptococcus sp. was isolated from cultured amberjack, Seriola dumerili Risso, and yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck and Schlegel, immunized with Lactococcus garvieae commercial vaccines in Japan. The isolated bacteria were Gram‐positive cocci, auto‐aggregating in saline, morphologically long chains in growth medium, catalase negative and α‐haemolytic on blood agar. An almost complete gene sequence of the 16S rDNA of two isolates was determined and compared with that of bacterial strains in the database. The isolates were identified as Streptococcus dysgalactiae based on the results of the 16S rDNA sequence, the bacteriological properties and the Lancefield serological grouping. Oligonucleotide primers specifically designed for the 16S–23S rDNA intergenic spacer region of S. dysgalactiae amplified a gene from all the fish isolates, as well as the type strains α‐haemolytic S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae ATCC430738 and β‐haemolytic S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis ATCC35666, but not those of S. equi ATCC33398, Lactococcus garvieae ATCC43921 and L. garvieae KG9408. The severe necrotic lesions of the caudal peduncle seen in experimentally infected fish were similar to those seen in naturally infected fish.
Oxygen consumption during leaf nitrate assimilation in a C3 and C4 plant: the role of mitochondrial respiration
Authors: COUSINS A. B. , BLOOM A. J. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTMeasurements of net fluxes of CO2 and O2 from leaves and chlorophyll a fluorescence were used to determine the role of mitochondrial respiration during nitrate (NO3–) assimilation in both a C3 (wheat) and a C4 (maize) plant. Changes in the assimilatory quotient (net CO2 consumed over net O2 evolved) when the nitrogen source was shifted from NO3– to NH4+ (ΔAQ) provided a measure of shoot NO3– assimilation. According to this measure, elevated CO2 inhibited NO3– assimilation in wheat but not maize. Net O2 exchange under ambient CO2 concentrations increased in wheat plants receiving NO3– instead of NH4+, but gross O2 evolution from the photosynthetic apparatus (JO2) was insensitive to nitrogen source. Therefore, O2 consumption within wheat photosynthetic tissue (ΔΟ2), the difference between JO2 and net O2 exchange, decreased during NO3– assimilation. In maize, NO3– assimilation was insensitive to changes in intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci); nonetheless, ΔΟ2 at low Ci values was significantly higher in NO3–‐fed than in NH4+‐fed plants. Changes in O2 consumption during NO3– assimilation may involve one or more of the following processes: (a) Mehler ascorbate peroxidase (MAP) reactions; (b) photorespiration; or (c) mitochondrial respiration. The data presented here indicates that in wheat, the last process, mitochondrial respiration, is decreased during NO3– assimilation. In maize, NO3– assimilation appears to stimulate mitochondrial respiration when photosynthetic rates are limiting.
Productivity, carbon isotope discrimination and leaf traits of trees of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. in relation to water availability
Authors: MACFARLANE C. , ADAMS M. A. , WHITE D. A. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTThe stand basal area, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in tree rings and leaves, leaf area index and leaf traits of trees were measured in 6‐ to 8‐year‐old stands of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. across a gradient of rainfall of 600–1400 mm year−1 in south‐western Australia to better understand the importance of leaf traits and gas‐exchange as determinants of stand productivity. Δ ranged from 17‰ to 21‰. Δ and basal area were highly, positively correlated with each other and the ratio of mean annual rainfall to potential evaporation (P/PE). Leaf area index, soil water holding capacity and leaf nitrogen content were only weakly correlated with basal area. Δ and P/PE were negatively correlated with leaf nitrogen content. Δ was negatively correlated with leaf density but positively correlated with specific leaf area. This is consistent with the theory that larger leaf nitrogen content and smaller specific leaf area are associated with increased photosynthetic capacity and increased leaf‐scale water‐use‐efficiency, and that Δ is influenced by mesophyll conductance. It is concluded that canopy conductance is a more important determinant of growth in water‐limited conditions than either leaf area index or leaf traits in fertilized stands of E. globulus. Water availability was dictated more by rainfall than soil type.
Immunohistochemical Detection of CD4‐, CD8‐ and MHC II‐Expressing Immune Cells and Endoglin in the Canine Corpus Luteum at Different Stages of Dioestrus
Authors: Hoffmann B , Büsges F , Baumgärtner W 
Published: December 2004

ContentsSpecific immunohistochemical methods were applied to detect the presence of CD4‐, CD8‐ and major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II)‐expressing immune cells and of endoglin in the canine corpus luteum between days 15 and 75, after ovulation. Corpora lutea were obtained from groups of three clinically healthy beagle bitches, ovariohysterectomized at the respective days. For all four parameters, the effect of time was highly significant. Quantitative evaluation yielded high values on day 15, followed by a decrease on day 30 (CD4, CD8 and endoglin) and day 45 (MHC II). While there were no further changes for cells staining positive for CD4 and endoglin, CD8‐positive immune cells increased from day 45 to day 60 to drop again on day 75; MHC II‐positive staining increased from day 45 to days 60–75. These data suggest an involvement of the immune system in control of luteal function also in the dog that may have both stimulatory and inhibiting effects.