bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Workers, Unions and the State: Migrant Workers in China's Labour‐intensive Foreign Enterprises
Authors: Zhu Yuchao 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMigrant workers present a new challenge both to China's increasingly diversified industrial relations and to its state–society relationship, especiallyvis‐à‐visChina's developmental state. Through an examination of the situation of migrant workers in the country's labour‐intensive foreign investment enterprises, this article argues that it is difficult to establish tripartite industrial relations in China and that pluralistic labour organizations will not easily develop into civil society type labour entities. China's developmental state is in an ambiguous process in redefining its role. Its ability to micro‐manage society is weakening substantially. However, its developmental character at the macro‐level largely remains strong, allowing it to continue to restrict progress towards civil society. The future will ultimately depend on a collective determination by key players — the workers, unions and the state — to find a compromise.
PARTIAL CORRELATION AND CONDITIONAL CORRELATION AS MEASURES OF CONDITIONAL INDEPENDENCE
Authors: Baba Kunihiro , Shibata Ritei , Sibuya Masaaki 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThis paper investigates the roles of partial correlation and conditional correlation as measures of the conditional independence of two random variables. It first establishes a sufficient condition for the coincidence of the partial correlation with the conditional correlation. The condition is satisfied not only for multivariate normal but also for elliptical, multivariate hypergeometric, multivariate negative hypergeometric, multinomial and Dirichlet distributions. Such families of distributions are characterized by a semigroup property as a parametric family of distributions. A necessary and sufficient condition for the coincidence of the partial covariance with the conditional covariance is also derived. However, a known family of multivariate distributions which satisfies this condition cannot be found, except for the multivariate normal. The paper also shows that conditional independence has no close ties with zero partial correlation except in the case of the multivariate normal distribution; it has rather close ties to the zero conditional correlation. It shows that the equivalence between zero conditional covariance and conditional independence for normal variables is retained by any monotone transformation of each variable. The results suggest that care must be taken when using such correlations as measures of conditional independence unless the joint distribution is known to be normal. Otherwise a new concept of conditional independence may need to be introduced in place of conditional independence through zero conditional correlation or other statistics.
Factors Contributing to the Success of Undergraduate Business Students in Management Science Courses
Authors: Brookshire Robert G. , Palocsay Susan W. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTThe introductory management science (MS) course has historically been recognized as one of the most difficult core courses in the business school curriculum. This study uses multiple regression to examine the factors that contribute to the success of undergraduate business students in an MS course, based on data gathered from the college transcripts and academic files of 310 students. The results suggest that the strongest predictive variable is a student's college grade point average, indicating that overall academic performance to date has more influence than mathematical skills on the outcomes in MS classes. These findings have implications for faculty who desire to improve the effectiveness of instruction for their MS students.
The Carboxyl-Terminal Region of Human Cytomegalovirus IE1491aaContains an Acidic Domain That Plays a Regulatory Role and a Chromatin-Tethering Domain That Is Dispensable during Viral Replication
Authors: Reinhardt Jens , Smith Geoffrey B. , Himmelheber Christopher T. , Azizkhan-Clifford Jane , Mocarski Edward S. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTThe human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early (α) protein IE1491aaplays an important role in controlling viral gene expression at low multiplicities of infection. With a transient complementation assay, full-length IE1491aaenhanced the growth ofie1 mutant virus CR208 20-fold better than a deletion mutant lacking 71 carboxyl-terminal amino acids (IE11-420aa). A 16-amino-acid domain between amino acids 476 and 491 was both necessary and sufficient for chromatin-tethering activity; however, this domain was completely dispensable for complementation of CR208 replication. The proximal 55-amino-acid acidic domain (amino acids 421 to 475) was found to be most important for function. A deletion mutant lacking only this domain retained chromatin-tethering activity but failed to complement mutant virus. Interestingly, serine phosphorylation (at amino acids 399, 402, 406, 423, 428, 431, 448, 451, and 455) was not required for complementation. These results show that IE1491aais composed of at least two domains that support replication, a region located between amino acids 1 and 399 that complementsie1 mutant virus replication to low levels and an acidic domain between amino acids 421 and 479 that dramatically enhances complementation.
Benefits of magnesium sulfate in the management of acute human poisoning by organophosphorus insecticides
Authors: Pajoumand Abdolkarim , Shadnia Shahin , Rezaie Ali , Abdi Mahboobeh , Abdollahi Mohammad 
Published: December 2004

Organophosphorus chemicals (OPs) are the pesticides most often involved in serious human poisoning. Treatment of intoxication with OPs conventionally involves atropine for reduction of muscarinic signs and oximes that increase the rate of hydrolysis of the phosphorylated enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Although atropine and oximes (pralidoxime or obidoxime) are traditionally used in the management of such poisoning, their efficacy remains a major issue of debate; thus, the goal of this prospective clinical trial was to elaborate the value of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in the management and outcome of OP insecticide poisoning. This unicenter, randomized, single-blind trial study was conducted on patients who were acutely poisoned with OPs and admitted to the Poisoning Center of Loghman-Hakim Hospital in Tehran, Iran. In a systematic sampling, every fourth eligible patient was chosen to undergo MgSO4 treatment. Magnesium sulfate was administered at dose of 4 g/day i.v. continued for only the first 24 hours after admission. The mean daily oxime requirement and the mean daily atropine requirement were not statistically significant between two treated groups. The mortality rate and hospitalization days of patients who received MgSO4 treatment were significantly lower than those who had not received MgSO4 (P < 0.01). It is concluded that administration of MgSO4, in a dose of 4 g/day concurrent to conventional therapy, in OP acute human poisoning is beneficial by reducing the hospitalization days and rate of mortality.
A Novel Water‐Soluble m‐TPPTC Ligand: Steric and Electronic Features –Recent Developments in Pd‐ and Rh‐Catalyzed CC Bond Formations
Authors: Genin Emilie , Amengual Rémi , Michelet Véronique , Savignac Monique , Jutand Anny , Neuville Luc , Genêt Jean‐Pierre 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe steric and electronic features of the novel water‐soluble phosphane m‐TPPTC have been determined using NMR, IR and UV‐VIS spectroscopic methods and compared to the well‐known sulfonated analogue TPPTS. The higher basicity of m‐TPPTC compared to TPPTS had an influence (selectivity and efficiency) either on Pd‐ or Rh‐catalyzed CC bond formations reactions. The Sonogashira copper‐free cross‐couplings of aryl iodides and ortho‐functionalized aryl iodides were efficiently performed using the carboxylated phosphane m‐TPPTC leading to the alkynes in high yields. The Pd/m‐TPPTC system was found to be efficiently recycled under mild biphasic conditions in the Sonogashira reaction.
Coarsening of immiscible co‐continuous blends during quiescent annealing
Authors: Yuan Zhenhua , Favis Basil D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe quiescent annealing of four different co‐continuous polystyrene/high‐density polyethylene blends of widely different viscosity ratios were examined at three different temperatures. In addition, the coarsening of a co‐continuous poly(methyl‐methacrylate)/high‐density polyethylene blend was also studied. Since the morphology of co‐continuous systems is very difficult to accurately analyze using microscopic techniques, the pore dimensions of the PS and PMMA phase are characterized, after solvent extraction, using mercury porosimetry. The volume average pore diameter is used in order to track the large pores in the system. A significant coarsening effect, as evidenced by the growth of pore size, is observed. For these uncompatibilized systems a direct relationship between pore size R and annealing time t (R ∼ kt) is observed. Using a conceptual model of co‐continuity, based on thin and thick rods, it is proposed that the driving force for the coarsening process is a capillary pressure effect. The differences in capillary pressure throughout the co‐continuous structure result in the continuous merging of thin parts toward the thick ones. This process is confirmed through the presence of a large number of extremely thin threads in contact with very thick ones after annealing. In order to understand the factors influencing the coarsening rate we have adapted an approach used for phase separation. The thick rod is treated as a cylindrical thread which cannot breakup via a capillary instability due to the numerous branches which continuously feed it. In such a case it is proposed that the rate of growth of the distortion amplitude, dα/dt, taken from Tomotika's analysis for capillary instabilities, can be directly related to the coarsening rate, dR/dt. Since α0/R0 (the ratio of the initial distortion amplitude to the initial thread radius) is found to be constant for all of the co‐continuous systems studied, all of the coarsening rates for the various systems are controlled by the interfacial tension, the zero shear viscosity of the surrounding medium and Ω from Tomotika theory. An excellent correlation of this model is demonstrated for all of the systems studied. These results and the proposed mechanism also indicate that the quiescent coarsening of immiscible co‐continuous blends can continue over long time periods while still maintaining co‐continuity and, hence, can provide an important route toward morphology control in percolated systems. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51:271–280, 2005
Effect of heating rate on kinetics of high‐temperature reactions: Mo‐Si system
Authors: Kharatyan Suren L. , Chatilyan Hakob A. , Mukasyan Alexander S. , Simonetti Dante A. , Varma Arvind 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBy using the Computer Assisted Electrothermography (CAE) method and taking the molybdenum‐silicon system as an example, the influence of preheating rate on the kinetics of gasless reactions at high temperatures (above Si melting point, 1683 K) is studied. It is shown that an increase of heating rate Vh in the range 10–105 K/s, leads to a substantial increase in the rate of chemical reaction. At high heating rates (>103 K/s), the first stage of interaction involves rapid reaction due to the direct dissolution of Mo in the Si melt. Furthermore, the formation of MoSi2 phase, owing both to crystallization from eutectic (MoSi2‐Si) melt and reaction‐diffusion mechanism, is primarily responsible for the observed intensive heat release under these conditions. At lower Vh, a thin layer of Mo5Si3 phase formed at earlier stages (solid‐solid interaction) significantly retards reaction at higher temperatures and changes the mechanism of interaction. Some methodological aspects of using the CAE technique for kinetic studies are also discussed. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 261–270, 2005
Pulsed electromagnetic fields induce peripheral nerve regeneration and endplate enzymatic changes
Authors: De Pedro J.A. , Pérez‐Caballer A.J. , Dominguez J. , Collía F. , Blanco J. , Salvado M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn experimental study was carried out in rats with the purpose of demonstrating the capacity of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) to stimulate regeneration of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Wistar and Brown Norway (BN) rats were used. Direct sciatic nerve anastomoses were performed after section or allograft interposition. Treatment groups then received 4 weeks of PEMFs. Control groups received no stimulation. The evaluation of the results was carried out by quantitative morphometric analysis, demonstrating a statistically significant increase in regeneration indices (P < 0.05) in the stimulated groups (9000 ± 5000 and 4000 ± 6000) compared to the non‐stimulated groups (2000 ± 4000 and 700 ± 200). An increase of NAD specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) activity was found along with an increase in the activity of acetyl cholinesterase at the motor plate. The present study might lead to the search for new alternatives in the stimulation of axonal regenerative processes in the PNS and other possible clinical applications. Bioelectromagnetics 26:20–27, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the thermal noise limit of cellular membranes
Authors: Vincze Gy. , Szasz N. , Szasz A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractComparison of thermal noise limits and the effects of low frequency electromagnetic fields (LFEMF) on the cellular membrane have important implications for the study of bioelectro‐magnetism in this regime. Over a decade ago, Weaver and Astumian developed a model to show that thermal noise can limit the efficacy of LFEMF. A recent report by Kaune [Kaune (2002) Bioelectromagnetics 23:622–628], however, contradicted their findings. Kaune assumes that the conductance noise current of cell membrane can be decomposed into two components, where one of them is identical regarding all segments (coherent), while the other is different (incoherent). Besides, this decomposition is not unequivocal and contradicts to the statistical independence of the segment noise currents, and therefore to the second law of thermodynamics as well. We suggest the procedure based on the method of symmetrical components, by the means of which we can re‐interpret the result of Kaune in a correct way. Bioelectromagnetics 26:28–35, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of 25 mT static magnetic field on blood pressure in reserpine‐induced hypotensive Wistar‐Kyoto rats
Authors: Okano Hideyuki , Masuda Hiroshi , Ohkubo Chiyoji 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe investigated the interrelated antihypotensive effects of static magnetic fields (SMF) and plasma catecholamine levels in reserpine‐induced hypotensive Wistar‐Kyoto rats. Seven‐week‐old male rats were exposed to two different ranges of SMF intensities, 3.0–10 mT (Bmax) or 7.5–25 mT (Bmax) for 12 weeks. Six experimental groups of 10 animals each were examined: (1) no exposure with intraperitoneal (ip) saline injection (sham exposed control); (2) 10 mT SMF exposure with ip saline injection (10 mT); (3) 25 mT SMF exposure with ip saline injection (25 mT); (4) no exposure with ip reserpine injection (RES); (5) 10 mT SMF exposure with ip reserpine injection (10 mT + RES); (6) 25 mT SMF exposure with ip reserpine injection (25 mT + RES). Reserpine (5 mg/kg) was administered three times a week for 12 weeks, and 18 h after each injection, arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate, skin blood flow, plasma nitric oxide metabolites, plasma catecholamine levels, and behavioral parameters of a functional observational battery (FOB) were monitored. The action of reserpine significantly decreased BP, reduced plasma norepinephrine (NE), increased the FOB hunched posture score and decreased the number of rearing events in the RES group, compared with the respective age‐matched control group. Exposure to 25 mT, but not 10 mT, for 2–12 weeks significantly prevented the reserpine‐induced decrease of BP in the 25 mT + RES group compared with the respective RES group. Moreover, exposure to 25 mT for 5 weeks partially suppressed the reserpine‐induced NE reduction, but did not bring about a complete reversal of reserpine effects. NE levels for the 25 mT + RES group for 5 weeks were significantly higher compared with the RES group, but still lower compared with the control group. In addition, the FOB hunched posture score for the 25 mT + RES group was significantly lower and the number of rearing events was higher compared with the RES group, but these behavioral parameters did not revert to control levels. There were no significant differences in any of the physiological or behavioral parameters measured between the 10 mT + RES and RES groups, nor between the two different SMF groups and the control group. These results indicate that 25 mT SMF with spatial gradients significantly suppressed the reserpine‐induced hypotension and bradykinesia. The antihypotensive effects of SMF on the reserpine‐treated group might be at least partially related to the inhibition of NE depletion. Bioelectromagnetics 26:36–48, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuronal outgrowth of PC‐12 cells after combined treatment with nerve growth factor and a magnetic field: Influence of the induced electric field strength
Authors: Schimmelpfeng J. , Weibezahn K.‐F. , Dertinger H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn view of possible therapeutic applications of magnetic fields, the effect of an enhancement of neuronal outgrowth at higher figures of flux density and induced field strength was investigated. On the average sinusoidal magnetic field treatment at 100 μTrms/50 Hz did not change nerve growth factor (NGF) induced neurite outgrowth to a statistically significant extent. These results suggest that further increasing the induced field strength by using either higher flux densities and/or more sophisticated wave forms might be necessary to cause the neuronal response of PC‐12 cells, as seen in other experiments. Bioelectromagnetics 26:74–77, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
3D reconstruction of the vessels that enter the right atrium of the mouse heart at Theiler Stage 20
Authors: Kaufman M.H. , Richardson L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractComputer‐generated 3D reconstructions of a serially sectioned mouse embryo at Theiler Stage (TS) 20 (E 12–12.5 d.p.c.) were studied. This study investigated the vessels that enter the right atrium of the heart and the drainage of the ductus venosus. It was principally undertaken to allow a comparison to be made between the situation in the mouse and at a comparable stage of human development. Later stages of prenatal development were also studied in the mouse by the analysis of serially sectioned embryos at TS 21–26. As no left brachiocephalic vein forms in the mouse, unlike the situation in the human, the left (cranial) superior vena cava drains via the left common cardinal vein, later to become the coronary sinus, into the floor of the right atrium. It was also noted that unlike the situation in the human, at no stage during the prenatal period does the ductus venosus enter the right atrium. Even shortly before birth, it enters the intra‐hepatic part of the inferior vena cava at a considerable distance caudal to the right atrium. This study indicates that the haemodynamics of the prenatal cardiac circulation in the mouse differs significantly from that in the human. Clin. Anat. 18:27–38, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of cyclic symmetry in two‐dimensional elastic analysis by the element‐free Galerkin method
Authors: Yang Haitian , Liu Ling , Han Zhi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRotationally periodic (or cyclic) symmetry is exploited in the elastic analysis by the element‐free Galerkin method for two‐dimensional systems under arbitrary load conditions. It is proved that the coefficient matrices of the global EFG equations for the rotationally periodic system are block‐circulant so long as a kind of symmetry‐adapted reference co‐ordinate system is adopted. Furthermore, the computational convenience and efficiency, which can be achieved by exploiting this property, are demonstrated, and an efficient algorithm is presented. A numerical example is given to illustrate the advantages of such exploitation of symmetry in the context. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficiency of boundary element methods for time‐dependent convective heat diffusion at high Peclet numbers
Authors: Grigoriev M. M. , Dargush G. F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA higher‐order boundary element method (BEM) recently developed by the current authors (Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 2003; 192: 4281–4298; 4299–4312; 4313–4335) for time‐dependent convective heat diffusion in two‐dimensions appears to be a very attractive tool for efficient simulations of transient linear flows. However, the previous BEM formulation is restricted to relatively small time step sizes (i.e. Δt⩽4κ/V2) owing to the convergence issues of the time series for the kernel representation within a time interval. This paper extends the boundary element formulation in a way to allow time step sizes several orders of magnitude larger than in the previous approach. We consider an example problem of thermal propagation, and investigate the accuracy and efficiency of BEM formulations for Peclet numbers in the range from 103 to 105. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
D cyclins in lymphocytes
Authors: Kaplan David , Meyerson Howard , Husel William , Lewandowska Kristine , MacLennan Grayden 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackgroundD cyclins are essential for the progression of cells through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. There are three distinct D cyclins. Cyclin D1 has been shown to be expressed by many different types of cells but not by lymphocytes. Cyclins D2 and D3 have been found in lymphocytes.MethodsWe used high‐resolution enzymatic amplification staining technology in conjunction with flow cytometry and confocal microscopy and with immunoblotting to reassess the expression of the D cyclins in human lymphocytes.ResultsUsing high‐resolution technology for flow cytometry, we found all three D cyclins in quiescent human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cyclin D1 was expressed in quiescent and activated cells at levels commensurate with those of actively proliferating tumor cell lines. Cyclin D1 was functional inasmuch as it was complexed with CDK4. In the quiescent cells, cyclin D1 was expressed in the cytoplasm but, after activation, was found in the nucleus.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that lymphocytes express cyclin D1 and necessitate a reappraisal of the hypothesis that the D cyclins subsume redundant activities with tissue‐specific expression. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.