bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
King Henry II and the Monks of Battle: The Battle Chronicle Unmasked
Authors: Vincent Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As defined by the introduction to its most recent edition, ‘The Chronicle of Battle Abbey is a roughly chronological account of legal and administrative affairs of Battle Abbey, a Benedictine monastery in Sussex, from the foundation of the house in the late eleventh century until the n8os’ . It survives today in a single, incomplete manuscript: London, British Library, Cotton Domitian A ii. It has twice been printed, most recently by Professor Eleanor Searle, much of whose career was spent in the study of Battle Abbey, its lands and records. Professor Searle judged that the Chronicle was composed towards the end of the reign of King Henry II, drawing for its earliest materials upon late eleventh-and early twelfth-century narrative and administrative records, but from the n3os onwards representing the work of a single man, ‘the chronicler', who could himself recall an event that took place during the time of Abbot Warner (n25-38).
Conclusion
Authors: Kerr David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one sense Stendhal was correct. Philipon’s newspapers were a central component of a broad culture of opposition which enabled civil society to cast a critical eye over government. After 1830 politicians and governments, who theoretically derived their legitimacy from the nation as much as from the king, feared public ridicule more than their predecessors under the Restoration had done; Louis-Philippe himself could not treat the murmurs of dissent with Charles X’s unfailing disdain. But Stendhal drastically overestimated the practical influence of public ridicule. The governments of the July Monarchy systematically refused to modify their policies to take account of the feelings articulated through the opposition’s various organs: the immense public sympathy for the Polish revolutionaries and the opprobrium heaped on the politicians who abandoned them to the Russians did not force Louis-Philippe to go to war; all the charivaris meted out on the ventrus did not prevent them from accepting honours and sinecures from the cabinet. The opposition’s attempts to bring public pressure to bear on the government were only successful on two major issues: the abolition of the hereditary peerage in 1831 and the project to fortify Paris in 1833. There are few recorded instances of caricature directly influencing government policy.
Introduction Picturing the English Past in Nineteenth Century Britain-Historical Consciousness and National Identity
Authors: Mitchell Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have been thinking a great deal about the plan of reading history in the most useful manner ... The great preliminary matter is if possible to create a taste for the study ... Pictures and prints I have found ... a very good mode of fixing attention ... it is not to children alone that such illustrations are useful ... The taste for history being once formed the course of reading becomes a subsequent and easier subject of consideration... I would take the outline from one historian of modern date and resort to old chronicles for illustrations of such facts as are told with more naivete or piquancy of detail by co[n]temporaries ...
Publishing the Past: Text and Image, Author, Illustrator, and Publisher
Authors: Mitchell Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That the study of two different artistic media presented in one format-as in the case of the illustrated text-still requires some initial explanation is perhaps surprising in this multi-media age. Nevertheless, despite the development of cultural studies in general, and text and image studies in particular, over the last few decades, the acceptance of these disciplines, and the integration of the insights which they afford us, into more traditional areas of research has been slow.
True Stories and Solid Facts: The Evolution of the English History Textbook
Authors: Mitchell Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The historiographical evolution of Hume’s History of England, examined in the last chapter, was similar to-but was not mirrored by-the transformation of the nineteenth-century English history textbook. These more obscure works passed through the same historiographical revolutions, influenced in succession by philosophical history, picturesque history, and scientific history: they evolved from story-books with pictures, intended for consumption in a domestic and informal setting, to closely printed, fact-laden texts, suggestive of the wider context of a nascent national education system.
Separate Spheres and Early Women’s History
Authors: Mitchell Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘... history, real solemn history, I cannot be interested in ... The quarrels of popes and kings, with wars or pestilences, in every page; the men all so good for nothing, and hardly any women at all’. Catherine Morland’s well-known opinion of ‘real solemn history’ might well serve to summarize those of many other women in the late eighteenth century.
Domesday
Authors: Roffe David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Domesday Book is the main source for an understanding of late Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest. And yet, despite over two centuries of study, no consensus has emerged as to its purpose. David Roffe proposes a radically new interpretation of England's oldest and most precious public record. He argues that historians have signally failed to produce a satisfactory account of the source because they have conflated two essentially unrelated processes, the production of Domesday Book itself and the Domesday inquest from the records of which it was compiled. New dating evidence is adduced to demonstrate that Domesday Book cannot have been started much before 1088, and old sources are reassessed to suggest that it was compiled by Rannulf Flambard in the aftermath of the revolt against William Rufus in the same year. Domesday Book was a land register drawn up by one of the greatest (and most hated) medieval administrators for administrative purposes. The Domesday inquest, by contrast, was commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1085 and was an enterprise of a different order. Following the threat of invasion from Denmark in that year it addressed the deficiencies in the national system of taxation and defence, and its findings formed the basis for a renegotiation of assessment to the geld and knight service. This study provides novel insights into the inquest as a principal vehicle of communication between the crown and the free communities over which it exercised sovereignty, and will challenge received notions of kingship in the eleventh century and beyond.
The Inquest and Government
Authors: Roffe David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Domesday Book, With near-contemporary sources, described itself as a descriptio, that is, a writing down. The nearest English term is perhaps ‘survey’, and indeed the word is widely used of the process that was set in train in 1085. Historians further characterize that survey as an inquisition or inquest. The term inquisitio does not appear in English sources until the twelfth century, but it is used with some reason in this context. It signifies a questioning and in its essentials it consisted of a panel of jurors drawn from the local community who were sworn to answer truthfully to the questions put to them by the king or his agent. It was a device that was widely used in England throughout the medieval period. The verdict became the touchstone of a host of legal and administrative activities that impinged on almost every aspect of public life. As an instrument of government it was particularly effective, for it harnessed the local community to the crown. Much of the Angevin revolution in government was founded on the device, and in consequence it has often been seen as both the cause and effect of the formation of a powerful monarchy in England. Superseding the more primitive procedures of Old English law, the inquest brought the king into the business of the shire and shone a light of reason into the mire of tribal custom.
Commissioners and the Limits of Their Commission
Authors: Roffe David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As An Instrument of government the inquest was an extraordinary enterprise. Although it might avail itself of the usual processes and personnel of central and local government, it was not bound by normal procedures. The commissioners were the king’s representative, his legati or barones, and were free within the bounds that the commission assigned them to expedite the business in hand. Like justices in eyre, they were empowered to call all manner of witness before them. They were no mere chairmen presiding over the business of others. They were the occasion and the instrument of definition and were therefore both conduit and agent. Through them the inchoate was realized. The commissioners were a vital element in the process that was set in train in 1085. Their actions were various.
Circuit Reports
Authors: Roffe David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By Its Nature the inquest was reflexive. The king issued a commission of inquiry to inform himself of the facts in question and the commissioners were bound to furnish a reply. From long scholarly usage that reply is known as a return. As has been seen, however, this term is a misnomer. Inquests were the start rather than the finish of enterprises, and the idea of the return, marking as it does the end of a bureacratic legal process, is hardly appropriate to the procedure. In the following discussion the word ‘return’ is eschewed in favour of the more neutral ‘report’. What those reports consisted of is illustrated by the extant documentation of later medieval inquests.
Introduction: The Crime Problem
Authors: Beattie J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was a common perception in London in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries that crime was a serious problem. The offences that caused the sharpest anxieties and triggered the strongest responses were those that threatened individual victims in their person or property, offences the law defined as felonies. They were the visible centre of the crime problem, and provoked a continuing undercurrent of anxiety, Such offences were widely viewed as transgressions of the moral order, the results of choices made by individual men and women, and to be but one aspect of a broader constellation of illegal and immoral behaviour. But for some time by the late seventeenth century crime had also been coming to be seen not only as a collection of individual actions, but as a social pathology, or at least a social problem.
William Thomson and Transportation
Authors: Beattie J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Thomson was the son of a prominent London lawyer of the same name who had risen to the rank of serjeant at law and had been awarded a knight hood. The young Thomson grew up in Essex, attended Brentwood school and Cambridge, and followed his father and brother to the Middle Temple and to the bar. He was early drawn into the factional politics of lpswich, allied initially with a tory who was elected recorder and who appointed Thomson his deputy in 1705, but he soon switched allegiance to the main political manager in the borough who had begun to support whig candidates for office. It was by these self-serving means that Thomson was selected recorder of lpswich in 1707, at the age of 31.
Bronze-age Ireland
Authors: Kelly M J O’ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The more excavation and study that are undertaken, the more blurred become the dividing lines between one period and another. Although many scholars have discarded the old nomenclature, they have been forced to substitute other descriptive terms for them, so that in effect the divisions remain and only the names are altered. It is proposed here to retain the old divisions, employing the terms ‘bronze age’, etc., but in the knowledge that a good deal of so-called bronze-age activity actually took place before bronze was in use, just as neolithic activity took place in areas such as the shores of the River Bann, in the north of Ireland, before the implications of a neolithic way of life had fully dawned. It is proposed to deal first with some of the earliest signs of change in the neolithic way of life.
Early Irish law
Authors: Charles-Edwards T M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the surviving written texts must be our evidence, they are not identical with the subject to be investigated. The great bulk of legal activity was oral, and on this the written sources often shed only an indirect light. In spite of this difficulty, however, we must be concerned with the totality, both written and unwritten, since otherwise explanation will be impossible. It will also be necessary to examine the principal Irish text of canon law, the ‘Collectio canonum Hibernensis’. I shall refer to the vernacular texts as native Irish law or as secular Irish law.
Manuscripts and palaeography
Authors: Sullivan William O’ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unhappily, even in the hands of the leading practitioners of the art—for science it is not—Ludwig Traube, E. A. Lowe, or T. J. Brown—the study of Irish script is still far from fulfilling this function. However, although general agreement has not been reached, there have been considerable advances from the early part of the twentieth century, when the Book of Kells could be placed in the seventh century. A great deal of the work has been done by linguists and art historians, and—as we shall see in the case of the Book of Durrow—it is time palaeographers cried halt and started to put their own house in order.
Ireland before the battle of Clontarf
Authors: Byrne F . J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ tells us that they had come from Brittany to the Bristol Channel earlier in the year, that they had raided all around the Welsh coast, captured Cyfeiliog, bishop of Archenfield, who was ransomed by King Edward for forty pounds of silver; that their subsequent attempts at plundering further inland had been thwarted by the forces of Hereford and Gloucester, and that they had finally been stranded starving on the island of Steepholm off Barry, on the coast of south Wales, whence they moved to Dyfed and Ireland. They were led by two jarls, Hroald and Ottar, and the latter’s arrival in Britain is mentioned briefly in the Welsh annals.
The Apparitions and State Repression
Authors: Blackbourn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important differences between Marpingen and other German apparition sites of the I 870s was the degree of force employed against it by the state. This cannot be ascribed to some innately repressive character of the Prussian state. After all, Dittrichswalde in the Prussian Ermland, as well as Bavarian Mettenbuch, were spared coercion. What Marpingen revealed was a Prussian state that was indeed latently repressive, but was also cumbersome, inflexible, and unprepared for such incidents, both because it found them profoundly alien, and because bureaucratic parsimony left the normal police presence overwhelmed. The scale of the Marpingen events and the delay before the civil authorities had word of them produced an initial over-reaction by officials on the spot. Once the mailed fist had been shown, the agencies of the state were placed in a quandary. Soldiers, civilian bureaucrats, judicial officials, and policemen found themselves in a situation from which they were unlikely to emerge with either success or credit, and the frustrations of dealing with a refractory population brought instinctive fears and prejudices to the surface. The actions that followed were painstaking and petty, comic and vindictive by turn.
The Church Stays Silent
Authors: Blackbourn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Council of Trent had laid down clearly how the church should proceed when claims of private revelations arose. A rigorous canonical enquiry was to be undertaken. In the case of apparitions, this meant interrogating the visionaries and examining their state of mind, taking statements from other witnesses, and investigating any claims of sudden or miraculous cures. Until the enquiry had been concluded and a formal judgement reached, the clergy was expected to maintain a neutral position; any support for the apparitions by individual priests or members of the laity had a purely private, unofficial status. This procedure was intended to preserve the integrity of the faith and the hierarchy of authority within the church.1 Matters were rarely so straightforward in practice. It was particularly difficult for the parish priest to remain neutral. Where claims of apparitions did not collapse in the face of his initial remonstrations, the priest in question usually came to the private opinion that there must be something to them. He was all the more likely to adopt a position of benevolent neutrality rather than cool distance, given the popular local support for the apparitions that invariably developed and the consequent danger of cutting himself off entirely from his parishioners. The parish priest, as we have seen, found himself in the middle: clerical caution and the demands of office pulled him in one direction, popular sentiment and often his own instincts pulled him in another. At the same time, any sustained series of apparitions was likely to enlist a variety of individual priests, publicists, and other lay Catholics on both sides of the question. In that respect the German apparitions of the 1870s were no different from La Salette or Lourdes, except that the rapid growth in communications during the third quarter of the nineteenth century made the battle of opinions more fierce and more public. In these circumstances it became even more essential, from the standpoint of the church, that a decisive canonical verdict be pronounced as speedily as possible.
Introduction
Authors: Evans Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The starting-point for this book is the obvious change that has come about in the way society has dealt with deviance over the last four centuries. In medieval and early modern Europe, crime and transgression were punished by measures which appeared to later ages to be cruel, barbarous, and sadistic: physical mutilation, whipping, and branding, and everywhere executions on a scale, and by means, from hanging, drawing, and quartering to breaking on the wheel, that we now regard with incredulity and revulsion. Criminal investigation was accompanied by the bodily torture of the accused; capital and corporal punishments were carried out in public, before crowds that sometimes took an active part in the proceedings themselves. Such practices were an everyday part of European life for many hundreds of years, and were still commonplace in the eighteenth century. Yet a mere hundred years later most of them had vanished, and had been replaced by the almost universal use of monetary fines and imprisonment. Custodial sentences had consigned the branding-iron, the pillory, and the scaffold to a past seemingly gone forever.
Proposals
Authors: Vital David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It can be said of the Jews of Europe that as late as the final decades of the eighteenth century they all displayed substantially similar political, social, and economic features. For this reason among others, the question of their admission to civil society appeared to lend itself to being cast—and at any rate debated—in terms of universal application. Where it was so conceived, there, as we shall see, it appeared to admit of correspondingly clear and unambiguous answers. Initially, such were the terms on which the Jews themselves tended to approach the question and the relatively simple operative conclusions they were apt to draw depended on whether they judged the prospect of emancipation a blessing or a curse. However, what the Jews thought of the matter counted for very little. At least a century would pass before Jews of any standing anywhere in Europe were in a position to play a role of some import in those political arenas, large or small, in which their fate, and the matter of their emancipation in particular, was the subject of debate. Even then the influence they were able to bring to bear in their own cause would prove to be exceedingly limited. The power to bestow the gift (if gift it was) of emancipation or, contrariwise, to withhold it lay exclusively with others—with the governments of the day in the first instance, of course, but no less fundamentally, if less directly, with those elements of society to which those who held formal power were inclined to lend an ear. In general, the approach to the matter of the emancipation of the Jews tended to correspond to the favoured approach to other major aspects of political and constitutional policy.
Peace
Authors: Vital David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formal and unambiguous grant of civil rights to all citizens decreed by the Russian Provisional government on 20 March 1917, was confirmed in the aftermath of the subsequent October Revolution. As a constitutional principle it remained unquestioned under subsequent Bolshevik rule; and the consequences for the lives of those Jews who now found themselves in what would be the Soviet Union were dramatic. Overt and unashamed (as opposed to allusive and deliberately subliminal) dissemination of anti-Semitic ideas and programmes was forbidden. Pogroms (on which more below), once the civil war was over, became a thing of the past. The massive entry of Jews into civil and military state service from which they had been totally excluded from office of virtually any kind in the past was both revolutionary in spirit and revolutionary in its social consequences. So, of course, was the notorious and still more remarkable presence of Jews in the true centres of power in the USSR, the party and the secret police. Their numbers were never as great as was commonly thought either within or without Russia to be the case, but they were not negligible, at all events at the outset. In 1917 five of the twenty-one members of the Communist Party’s Central Committee were Jews, and it has been estimated that at the early post-1917 party congresses between 15 and 20 per cent of the delegates were Jewish.4 Later, these numbers would fall absolutely and proportionately.
Captivity
Authors: Vital David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Peace Conference was over and the Jewish delegations took stock they could hardly be in doubt about the outcome. What the minorities treaties marked in practice was less the inauguration of an era of generosity and good will towards the Jews than the point beyond which the European powers, great and small, had refused to go on their behalf. The Alliance Israelite Universelle, always the flag-bearer of the anti-nationalist school in Jewry, did promptly pro-nounce itself well satisfied with the Polish Treaty. The Alliance had always argued, its spokesmen pointed out, and had affirmed before the Peace Conference itself, that what the Jews needed before all else was full citizenship in each one of the new states: citizenship as individuals, that is to say, citizenship such as all inhabitants were entitled to enjoy without distinction of race, language, or religion—unless, indeed, they explicitly desired otherwise.