bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies in mammalian spermatogenesis VI. The chromosomes of the rabbit
Authors: Painter Theophilus S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe study is divided into three parts. Part I deals with the chromosome number and morphology in the amniotic cells of rabbit embryos. The number of chromosomes has been found essentially constant in amniotic cells of young, but more variable in older embryos. The somatic number is 44. Part II deals with the chromosomes of race crosses (Flemmish Giant X Polish) in which the homologous chromosomes were found to be alike. Part III deals with spermatogenesis. There are forty‐four chromosomes in spermatogonia, and twenty‐two in primary spermatocytes. The sex chromosomes are of the usual X‐Y type.
Sex and the chromosomes in the domestic fowl (gallus Domesticus)
Authors: Hance R. T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe chromosome number in the domestic fowl is approximately thirty‐five or thirty‐six. It is difficult to determine the exact number, owing to the smallness of the shortest chromosomes of the complex and also to the tendency of the chromomeres to occasionally appear as discrete chromosomes rather than as parts of a whole.Difficulty experienced in fixing adult testes has prevented a satisfactory demonstration of all stages of spermatogenesis. However, satisfactorily preserved prophases of first spermatocytes have been observed which, together with the large amount of embryonic material available, have made it possible to work out the behavior of the sex‐associated chromosomes with reasonable certainty. Measurements of the chromosomes indicate that the longest chromosome in the cell is single in the female and paired in the male. Two classes of eggs are therefore possible—one with and one without this long chromosome, while all the spermatozoa produced are alike in possessing the long chromatic element. The female is therefore heterozygous and the male homozygous in regard to this chromosome which affords a cytological parallel for the genetic evidence of the heterozygosity of the female.
Evolution of man's erect posture (preliminary report)
Authors: Morton Dudley J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAnimal posture cannot be regarded as an actual inheritance, for it constitutes a current physiological interaction between gravity and an organism, according to the structure and physical powers of the latter. Hence, ‘inherited posture’ merely implies that in a given species physical qualifications are congenitally transmitted, which facilitate a certain characteristic position of the body. Evolution of posture, therefore, has inevitably been associated with corresponding evolutionary changes in organic structures.Evidence furnished by the application of biomechanics to studies of ancient and modern primate structures indicates that man's erectly supported body posture could only have originated from a vertically suspended posture (arboreal).The fact that the prehuman stem passed through an earlier arboreal and brachiating period is attested to by the grasping character of his hands, the ratio of arm‐body length, the extreme mobility of the shoulder‐joints, as well as the extension of his legs on the body.The semierect posture of the great apes is not an advance toward human bipedism, but a modern reversion toward quadrupedism.Postural evidence conforms with the many other lines of testimony which maintain the close relationship of the human and anthropoid stems, and signifies that man has been an erect terrestrial biped since the time of his physical origin.
Synapsis and related phenomena in mecostethus and leptysma (orthoptera)
Authors: McClung Clarence E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractContains a description of the very involved process of synapsis, which is displayed with unusual clearness in Mecostethus. It is found that the homologous spermatogonial chromosomes, already longitudinally split in the telophase, become closely associated while still in the diatene condition. From the proximal end of each pair, which attaches to the karyotheca, there spins out a delicate thread. Meanwhile the distal, heavy portion of the spiral, double rod executes a loop so that the proximal and distal ends lie near together. Gradually the remaining heavy portion becomes extended until the entire tetrad is in the leptotene condition. In different species of Orthoptera there are variations in the time of association of homologues. The bearing of the facts disclosed in Mecostethus upon the physical characteristics of chromosomes, their movements and changes in meiosis, their individuality and relation to genetical processes are discussed.
The history of the germ cells of cottus bairdii girard
Authors: Hann Harry W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe primordial germ cells are derived from entodermal giant cells which are found first before the gut is formed and later along the ventral and lateral margins of the gut. Some of these cells pass through the lateral mesoderm to a position dorsal to the gut, where they are distinctly recognizable as germ cells. They are then shifted to the gonad region.Sex could be distinguished first at fifty‐two days. The female sex is indicated by early maturation stages and the beginning of the oviducal groove. The male sex is distinguished by the presence of the sperm duct. No tendency toward juvenile hermaphroditism is apparent.A portion of the oocytes formed during the first season matures for the first spawning, which takes place at the age of two years. The remainder form a reserve supply, which is increased each year by oocytes formed from dormant oogonia.Maturation in the male begins in September and continues until spawning‐time in April. Spermatogonia lying dormant within the cysts during maturation give rise to the sperm of the next season.‘Spermatid masses,’ probably formed by the fusion of spermatids, are found in the cysts with the ripening sperm.Definitive sex cells in both sexes have their origin only in primordial germ cells. No transition from somatic cells to germ cells was found at any stage.
Factors involved in encystment in the ciliate didinium nasutum
Authors: Beers C. Dale 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe results of the study of certain factors which affect encystment in Didinium nasutum indicate the following: Absence of food constitutes an adverse environmental condition which induces encystment in approximately 50 per cent of the didinia subjected to it, though the presence of a certain amount of food in the cell body is requisite for encystment. The prevention of encystment for 750 generations does not affect the percentage of didinia which encyst in the absence of food, and hence Didinium does not become progressively more disposed to encystment as generations pass. Conjugation does not affect the percentage of didinia which encyst in the absence of food. Metabolic by‐products of Paramecium inhibit encystment to a striking degree when didinia are deprived of food in the presence of these products. Metabolic waste of Didinium markedly facilitates its encystment in the absence of food. Hay‐infusion culture fluids of different ages have singularly diverse effects on the encystment of didinia in the absence of food; recently prepared infusions inhibit encystment; infusions four to six days old induce encystment in 90 to 100 per cent of the specimens, and infusions seven to fourteen days old, in approximately half of the specimens.
The relation between hydrogen‐ion concentration and encystment in Didinium nasutum
Authors: Beers C. Dale 
Published: February 2005

AbstractExperiments designed to ascertain the effect of hydrogen‐ion concentration on encystment in Didinium were carried out by depriving didinia of food in mixtures of spring water and buffer solutions whose hydrogen‐ion concentrations varied from pH 5.0 to pH 9.6, and by counting the number of didinia which encysted and the number which remained active and ultimately died of starvation.The maximum percentage of encystment was attained between pH 6.4 and 8.4, the range in hydrogen‐ion concentration which is also most favorable for the growth of didinia; within this range the encystment rate was practically constant and was about 52 per cent. The solutions having hydrogen‐ion concentrations between pH 6.4 and 5.0, the acid death limit of the race of Didinium used in the experiments, and between pH 8.4 and 9.6, the alkaline death limit, inhibited encystment, the more injurious solutions producing the greater decrease in encystment rate.The results indicate that the limits of hydrogen‐ion concentration within which Didinium can live are practically the same as those found by Crane for Paramecium (approximately pH 5.0 to pH 9.6). They indicate further that concentrations of hydrogen ions which are unfavorable for the growth of didinia do not facilitate encystment and, in general, that changes in hydrogen‐ion concentration are of little importance in inducing encystment in Didinium.
The cranial musculature of the toadfish (Opsanus tau)
Authors: Pankratz David S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe highly specialized cranial musculature of the toadfish is characterized by the following features:

Absence of intermandibularis and branchiomandibularis muscles.
Presence of levator premaxillaris muscle.
Very large branchial chamber, the outer wall of which is formed by seven branchiostegal rays connected by a strong fascia provided with muscles (oblique levators and adductors).
Highly developed masticator muscles (adductor mandibularis and pterygoids).
The rectus abdominis, sternohyoid, and hyohyoid muscles are attached by a median aponeurosis to the hyoid and basibranchial elements and directly to the hypobranchial cartilages; this muscle complex depresses the buccal floor in opposition to the geniohyoid.
The pelvic fins are in the jugular position.
Two narrow muscles connect the cleithrum with the fourth ceratobranchial.
The cranial musculature is obviously adapted to a carnivorous habit and particularly for increasing respiratory capacity under asphyxial conditions.
Cytoplasmic constituents in the developing egg of Discoglossus pictus Otth
Authors: Hibbard Hope 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe cytological and histochemical evidence presented in this paper shows the following facts: (1) The mitochondria are not directly transformed into yolk. They may be concerned in its synthesis in so far as they are a factor in the interacting cytoplasmic system, but there are no visible morphological expressions of this functioning. (2) The accumulations of aequeous substances in the cytoplasm in the form of droplets stainable vitally by neutral red, ‘vacuoles,’ are the forerunners of the first yolk. During the building up of the yolk the aequeous droplets become more and more dehydrated and lose their capacity for being vitally stained. (3) These aequeous vacuoles give the impregnation results commonly ascribed to the Golgi apparatus and are interpreted as such. Special emphasis is laid on the question of the identification of the Golgi apparatus. (4) The fat arises de novo in the cell independently of the mitochondria or the vacuoles. It becomes dispersed throughout the cell among the yolk plates, and the lipoidal content of the latter increases at the end of vitellogenesis, when the fatty globules are intimately pressed in among the yolk plates. (5) At a late stage in the growth of the yolk plates there is the sudden appearance of large quantities of glycogen in the perinuclear zone and throughout the cytoplasm.
The anatomy and life‐history of a freshwater mollusk of the genus sphaerium
Authors: Monk Cecil R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA detailed study has been made of the anatomy of one of the fingernail shells, and preliminary observations on the life‐history have been carried out. In its general organization Sphaerium notatum is very similar to the larger fresh‐water lamellibranchs. A gastric shield, crystalline style, and style sac, very similar to those found in the stomach and intestine of Lampsilis, are present. A pair of slender muscles extending from the dorsal side of the body into the gills, and evidently not previously described, have been found. The nervous system consists of the typical three pairs of lamellibranchiate ganglia, with their connectives, accessory ganglia, and nerve fibers. Particular study was given to the statocysts and osphradia, and attention is called to the fact that the function commonly ascribed to the osphradia is incompatible with their position in the roof of the cloacal chamber.S. notatum, like all the Sphaeriidae, is hermaphroditic and viviparous. The gonads are paired racemose glands lying behind and below the stomach. The sperm‐producing follicles form the anterior portion of each gonad and are somewhat smaller and more numerous than the ova‐producing follicles which form the posterior portion. The young pass through the early stages of development in brood pouches in the gills and are expelled as relatively enormous individuals.Preliminary observations on the life‐history indicate that reproduction reaches its height in the summer and that fertilization probably takes place during the late summer and fall.
The morphology and physiology of the invertebrate liver and hepatopancreas
Authors: Dorman Henry P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractModifications of the gastro‐intestinal tract of Nereis virens are two dorsolateral esophageal cecums, directed anteriorly and posteriorly from the point of attachment. The cecal and esophageal lumina are continuous. Each cecum is composed of acini, possessing a row of elongated cells, basement membrane, and intima. Fibro‐elastic tissue is present. The elongated cells contain glycogen and fat.The hepatopancreas of Asterias vulgaris consists of two lobes in each ray, and the numerous acini empty into the bifurcated hepatopancreatic duct which leads into the pyloric stomach. The hepatic cells are columnar and contain glycogen and fat. Pancreatic cells lie in the midregion of the acini.The lobulate liver of Loligo pealii lies on the ventral surface of the duodenum. A capsular membrane envelops the organ. The acini possess basement membrane, columnar cells, and intima; their lumina anastomose, forming a common duct, which leads into the blind sac. The hepatic cells contain fat.The hepatopancreas of Melanoplus femur‐rubrum consists of six cecums histologically continuous with the digestive epithelium of the pyloric stomach. Each cecum consists of simple and compound acini which empty into a duct leading to the pyloric stomach. Each acinus possesses basement membrane, columnar hepatic cells, pancreatic cells, and intima. The pancreatic cells occur in islets, usually adjacent to the basement membrane. The hepatic cells contain glycogen and fat.
Developmental factors in teleost hybrids. I. The early mitotic behavior in the cross between menidia menidia notata ♀ and Prionotus carolinus ♂
Authors: Pinney Edith 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWhen Menidia eggs are fertilized with Prionotus sperm, the Prionotus chromosomes react in the Menidia cytoplasmic medium just as they do in the cytoplasm of Fundulus eggs. There is lagging, non‐disjunction, and elimination of chromosomes during the early cell divisions. The mitotic behavior of the Prionotus sperm in the Menidia egg also resembles the behavior of the sperm of Ctenolabrus in the same medium. This behavior which was expected from what was known concerning the mitotic behavior of the reciprocal crosses between Menidia and Fundulus and between Ctenolabrus and Prionotus and other intercrosses between the members of these two groups is regarded as a function of the physical state of the egg cytoplasm during the division phase of mitosis. This physical character forms the earliest differential factor in the development of these hybrids and shows no correlation with the width of the cross.A comparison of nine teleost crosses, in which both the development and the early mitotic behavior are known, with a rough numerical estimate of the width of the cross brought out the fact that development is most successful in crosses between nearly related species if mitosis is normal and in distantly related crosses if mitosis is abnormal. This indicates that nuclear relationship is also a factor in the development of hybrids.
Prenatal growth of swine
Authors: Warwick B. L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFetuses from forty‐three gravid uteruses from sows of known breeding dates, as well as from 448 uteruses with unknown breeding dates, were studied. Growth curves are given for weight and length of fetus and for weight of fetal membranes. The weight of the fetus first reaches that of the fetal membranes between the sixtieth and seventieth days of pregnancy. Degenerate fetuses were found in 3.68 per cent of the cases. They were found at all stages of gestation. Size of litter was found to decrease from 11.4 at the twentieth day to 6.8 at the 110th day. Also, the calculated per cent of ova lost up to each ten‐day stage tends to increase as gestation advances. Crowding was found to be an important factor, but probably not the only factor, in causing degeneration. Genetic factors were probably responsible for part of the resorbing fetuses.In the study of the normal fetuses, significant correlations were found between fetus length and weight of fetal membranes, as well as between fetus weight and weight of fetal membranes. Lower correlations, but probably significant, were found between total distance (spacing) between fetuses in the uterus and weight of fetal membranes. Correlations between size of fetus and total distance between fetuses were very low. As in the case of the degenerates, crowding has an important relationship to size of fetus, but is probably not the only factor involved.
Growth of paramecia in pure cultures of pathogenic bacteria and in the presence of soluble products of such bacteria
Authors: Philpott C. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractVirulent hay‐infusion cultures of Bacillus pyocyaneus are toxic to pure‐line races of three species of paramecia, but these races may acquire a tolerance for this toxic agent. Races with acquired tolerance have been grown for long periods of time in toxic, pure cultures of B. pyocyaneus by means of the daily‐isolation culture method, and here the average division rate is as high as, or higher than, in the chance‐mixed bacterial cultures in which these protozoa are usually maintained in the laboratory. The tolerance is lost, however, when the paramecia are removed from the toxic cultures and grown for a number of generations in cultures of non‐toxic bacteria.The toxic agent that is lethal to paramecía is probably the soluble toxin of B. pyocyaneus. The investigation shows that the agent is soluble and either thermolabile or volatile. It also shows that all deleterious substances, other than the soluble toxin, known to be produced in cultures of this bacillus, are non‐lethal to paramecia.Hay‐infusion cultures of Bacillus enteritidis were lethal to paramecia. All attempts to develop tolerance in paramecia for the toxic agent in these cultures failed.Under the experimental conditions that prevailed, diphtheria toxin was found to have no appreciable effect upon the division rate or death rate in three species of paramecia.
The chromosomes of the guinea‐pig
Authors: League Bessie Beakley 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe spermatogenesis of five guinea‐pigs was studied. The spermatogonial chromosome number is approximately sixty‐two plus or minus two. The primary spermatocyte number is approximately thirty‐one. The spermatogonial number in the early prophase is lower than it is in later stages. This condition is due to late fragmentation of the large chromosomes found in the earlier stage. A possible sex chromosome of the X‐Y type may be identified. Its components segregate during the first maturation division.
Binary fission in the amoeboid and flagellate phases of tetramitus rostratus (Protozoa)
Authors: Bunting Martha , Wenrich D. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe vesicular nucleus of this amoeboflagellate is similar in structure in both phases of its life‐cycle. It has a fairly large caryosome surrounded by a pericaryosomal area in which there are small oxyphilic pericaryosomal granules on a fine reticulum. On the inner surface of the definite caryotheca is a layer of epithecal chromatic granules.Nuclear division is similar in both amoeba and flagellate phases. During the prophase the nucleus enlarges, and the expanded caryosome becomes resolved into basophilic and oxyphilic components and assumes either an oblong, dumb‐bell, or spindle shape. The pericaryosomal granules enlarge, shift about, and eventually become arranged in an equatorial band around the elongated caryosome. In the metaphase the equatorial plate of chromosomes appears after the inward migration of the pericaryosomal granules, accompanied by the formation of a definite intranuclear spindle, usually with polar masses, polar granules, and a centrodesmose. After the poleward migration of the daughter plates of chromosomes in the anaphase, the telophase constriction of the nuclear membrane produces two daughter nuclei with a portion of the spindle remaining outside. The epithecal layer of granules remains in place on the nuclear membrane during the entire process of mitosis. Plasmotomy normally follows mitosis, but may be delayed, giving rise to multinucleate individuals. In the flagellate the blepharoplast usually divides simultaneously with, but independently of, the nucleus. There are many divergences in the details of mitosis, but these are thought to be variations of one type of division rather than examples of different processes.
The history of the chromosomal vesicles in the segmenting egg of cryptobranchus allegheniensis
Authors: Smith Bertram G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDuring the telophases each chromosome becomes inclosed in an individual sac or vesicle which, together with its contents, is called a chromosomal vesicle. The vesicular membrane is of cytoplasmic origin, but is formed under the influence of the chromosome and a droplet of karyolymph. A precise numerical correspondence between chromosomes and chromosomal vesicles has not been established, but it is evidence that most, if not all, of the chromosomal vesicles retain their individuality during the resting stage and until after the new chromosomes have been fully formed.The transformation of the telophase chromosome into the reticulum of the resting stage and the manner in which a new chromosome is formed from a portion of this reticulum are described in detail. In the early prophases each developing chromosome is embedded in a sheath or matrix of less deeply basophilic material, which disappears before the middle prophase is reached.The formation of chromosomal vesicles is interpreted as a device for doing more rapidly and effectively, under stress of special circumstances, the work that the nucleus must accomplish during the so‐called resting stage.