bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liposomal daunorubicin (DaunoXome) plus dexamethasone for patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Mohrbacher Ann F. , Gregory Stephanie A. , Gabriel Don A. , Rusk Jason M. , Giles Francis J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDLiposomal daunorubicin is an effective cytotoxic agent in patients with Kaposi sarcoma and hematologic malignancies. Anthracycline‐based chemotherapy regimens, such as vincristine/doxorubicin/dexamethasone (VAD), are standard in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Cardiotoxicity remains a limiting factor in dose escalation of anthracyclines, and multidrug resistance (MDR) develops rapidly on exposure to anthracyclines. Liposomal daunorubicin was designed in an attempt to overcome MDR and to reduce anthracycline‐related toxicities. Thus, an open‐label, Phase II clinical study was conducted by the International Oncology Study Group to assess the efficacy and safety of intravenous liposomal daunorubicin at a dose of 100 mg/m2 given every 3 weeks for a maximum of 6 cycles in patients with recently diagnosed MM (n = 4 patients) or recurrent/refractory MM (n = 37 patients).METHODSLiposomal daunorubicin was administered as a single agent for the initial two cycles of therapy, and dexamethasone was added to all subsequent cycles. The primary study end point was response rates. Thirty‐eight patients were treated, 35 of whom were evaluable for response.RESULTSA partial response was achieved in six patients (17%), including one patient with disease that previously was refractory to VAD therapy. Stable disease was observed in 22 patients (63%). The principal toxicity was myelosuppression. Grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicities included granulocytopenia (26%), anemia (Grade 3 only; 11%), thrombocytopenia (11%), and febrile neutropenia (13%). The median survival in 35 patients with recurrent disease was 7.6 months.CONCLUSIONSLiposomal daunorubicin had activity in this population of poor‐risk patients that was comparable to the activity of standard regimens. Further studies of this agent in combination with other anti‐MM agents are warranted. Cancer 2002;94:2645–52. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10561
Decreasing incidence rates of primary central nervous system lymphoma
Authors: Kadan‐Lottick Nina S. , Skluzacek Maria C. , Gurney James G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDIncidence rates of primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) in the U.S. were reported to have increased dramatically during the 1980s and early 1990s. Recent reports portray a continuation of this trend. With potential etiologic factors related to immunosuppression changing, the authors hypothesized that the incidence of PCNSL would be stabilizing.METHODSThe authors analyzed age specific, gender specific, and race specific PCNSL incidence rates from 1973–1998 using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. To estimate the impact of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and organ transplantation on PCNSL trends, the authors evaluated incidence data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HIV [human immunodeficiency virus]/AIDS Surveillance Report, and the United Network for Organ Sharing.RESULTSPCNSL incidence rates decreased from a peak of 10.2 per 1 million person‐years in 1995 to 5.1 per 1 million person‐years in 1998, a decrease that was largely attributable to a decrease in the incidence of the disease in males age ≤ 59 years. The annual rate among those age ≥ 60 years essentially has remained unchanged since 1994, at approximately 16 per 1 million person‐years. Since the early 1980s, regardless of age, PCNSL incidence rates were higher in males than in females, and higher in blacks than in whites. Concordant with PCNSL trends, AIDS rates have decreased since their peak in 1993. However, the rate of solid organ transplantations has increased steadily since 1990.CONCLUSIONSIn contrast to recent reports of a progressively increasing incidence, the authors found that PCNSL rates have been decreasing in the majority of demographic groups in the U.S since the mid‐1990s. A notable exception was observed in the highest PCNSL risk group, those age ≥ 60 years. Cancer 2002;95:193–202. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10643
Seasonal changes in the densities of α2‐noradrenergic receptors are inversely related to changes in testosterone and the volumes of song control nuclei in male European starlings
Authors: Riters Lauren V. , Eens Marcel , Pinxten Rianne , Ball Gregory F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe functions of song and the contextual cues that elicit song change seasonally in parallel with testosterone (T) concentrations in male European starlings. T is high in spring when at least one function of male song is that of immediate mate attraction, and low outside the context of breeding, when starlings primarily use song for dominance or flock maintenance. Several brain nuclei that control song contain high densities of α2‐adrenergic receptors. T can regulate the density of α2‐adrenergic receptors in the avian brain, indicating that the density of α2‐adrenergic receptors within the song system might change seasonally. Although the function of seasonal brain variation is not entirely clear, in many songbirds the volumes of song nuclei are largest when T is high and males sing most. Male starlings, however, sing both when T is high and when T is low. Therefore, exploring seasonal changes in T and the volumes of song nuclei could provide insight into the function of these changes. The present study was performed to explore the relationships among T, the volumes of song nuclei, and the densities of α2‐adrenergic receptors within the song system of male starlings. Song nuclei (the high vocal center [HVc], robust nucleus of the archistriatum [RA], and Area X) were largest, T was highest, and the density of α2‐adrenergic receptors (within HVc and RA) was lowest during the breeding season. The reverse pattern was observed outside of the breeding season. These results suggest that changes in T, volumes of song nuclei, and α2‐receptor densities might regulate seasonal changes in song behavior or the context that will elicit song in male starlings. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:63–74, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CART peptide‐immunoreactive projection from the nucleus accumbens targets substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons in the rat
Authors: Dallvechia‐Adams Stephanie , Smith Yoland , Kuhar Michael J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) was originally identified as a mRNA which increases in the striatum after acute cocaine or amphetamine administration in rats. In addition, intra‐ventral tegmental (VTA) area injections of CART peptides produce psychostimulant‐like behavioral effects. CART peptide immunoreactivity (CARTir) has been localized in discrete nuclei throughout the brain, and, within the striatum, it is located only ventrally in a subpopulation of medium spiny projection neurons in the shell and core of the nucleus accumbens. To better understand the potential role of CART peptides in the mechanism of action of psychomotor stimulants, we analyzed the distribution and synaptic connectivity of CARTir terminals in the ventral midbrain. CARTir terminal‐like varicosities were located throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the substantia nigra (SN), VTA, and retrorubral field (RRF). They were particularly abundant in the dorsomedial SN where they overlapped with non‐dopaminergic substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) neurons and proximal dendrites of dopaminergic substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) neurons. CARTir terminals were also in register with dopaminergic perikarya in the ventromedial part of the rostral SNc. In many instances, CARTir terminals ensheathed dendrites of SNr neurons. To characterize the postsynaptic targets and potential sources of CARTir terminals in the SN, electron microscopic observations were conducted. Ninety percent of the CARTir terminals examined displayed the ultrastructural features of boutons of striatal origin and 80% of them formed symmetric synapses with distal dendrites of SNr neurons. To further elucidate the source of CARTir terminals in the SN, unilateral excitotoxic lesions directed to the core of the nucleus accumbens (Acc) were produced; this led to a dramatic, almost complete loss of CARTir terminal staining in the ipsilateral SN, whereas the density of CARTir terminals was relatively unchanged in the VTA. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the presence of CART peptides in a direct pathway from the accumbens to the SNr, thus illustrating a unique feature of CART peptides in that they delineate a specific anatomical circuit of the basal ganglia. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:29–39, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional profiling reveals strict boundaries between hippocampal subregions
Authors: Zhao Xinyu , Lein Edward S. , He Aiqing , Smith Stanley C. , Aston Christopher , Gage Fred H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe hippocampus consists of distinct anatomic regions that have been demonstrated to have different biological functions. To explore the molecular differences between hippocampal subregions, we performed transcriptional profiling analysis by using DNA microarray technology. The cRNA derived from the CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus regions of the hippocampus and from spinal cord was hybridized to Affymetrix high‐density oligo arrays. This systematic approach revealed sets of genes that were expressed specifically in subregions of the hippocampus corresponding to predefined cytoarchitectural boundaries, which could be confirmed by in situ hybridization and Real Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The relative enrichment and absence of genes in the hippocampal subregions support the conclusion that there is a molecular basis for the previously defined anatomic subregions of the hippocampus and also reveal genes that could be important in defining the unique functions of the hippocampal subfields. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:187–196, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Commissurally projecting inhibitory interneurons of the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus: A colocalization study of neuronal markers and the retrograde tracer fluoro‐gold
Authors: Zappone Colin A. , Sloviter Robert S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractImproved methods for detecting neuronal markers and the retrograde tracer Fluoro‐Gold (FG) were used to identify commissurally projecting neurons of the rat hippocampus. In addition to the dentate hilar mossy cells and CA3 pyramidal cells shown previously to transport retrograde tracers after injection into the dorsal hippocampus, FG‐positive interneurons of the dentate granule cell layer and hilus were detected in numbers greater than previously reported. FG labeling of interneurons was variable among animals, but was as high as 96% of hilar somatostatin‐positive interneurons, 84% of parvalbumin‐positive cells of the granule cell layer and hilus combined, and 33% of hilar calretinin‐positive cells. By comparison, interneurons of the dentate molecular layer and all hippocampal subregions were conspicuously FG‐negative. Whereas hilar mossy cells and CA3 pyramidal cells were FG‐labeled throughout the longitudinal axis, FG‐positive interneurons exhibited a relatively homotopic distribution. “Control” injections of FG into the neocortex, septum, and ventral hippocampus demonstrated that the homotopic labeling of dentate interneurons was injection site‐specific, and that the CA1‐CA3 interneurons unlabeled by contralateral hippocampal FG injection were nonetheless able to transport FG from the septum. These data suggest a hippocampal organizing principle according to which virtually all commissurally projecting hippocampal neurons share the property of being monosynaptic targets of dentate granule cells. Because granule cells innervate their exclusively ipsilateral target cells in a highly lamellar pattern, these results suggest that focal granule cell excitation may result in commissural inhibition of the corresponding “twin” granule cell lamella, thereby lateralizing and amplifying the influence of the initiating discharge. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:324–344, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The concept of correlated colour temperature revisited
Authors: Borbély Ákos , Sámson Árpád , Schanda János 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCorrelated colour temperature is a one‐dimensional description of the colour of near‐white light sources. The concept relates the numerical value to a visual observation of smallest colour difference between the chromaticity of the test source and of a point lying on the Planckian locus. In practice, chromaticity difference on a uniform chromaticity scale diagram is used. Since the introduction of the CIELUV and CIELAB spaces, it has been questioned whether the calculations should be done on the traditional u,v diagram, or by using a more equidistant colour space. Based on our visual experiments, we can state that the u,v diagram‐based calculation is adequate to describe the correlated colour temperature of a source. The individual scatter of observations is so large that a visual definition has no practical reality. Thus, we recommend changing the definition of correlated colour temperature from a visual definition to a mathematical one and dropping any reference to visual investigations. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 450–457, 2001
A distributed implementation of a virtual machine for Java
Authors: Aridor Yariv , Factor Michael , Teperman Avi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe cluster virtual machine (VM) for Java provides a single system image of a traditional Java Virtual Machine (JVM) while executing in a distributed fashion on the nodes of a cluster. The cluster VM for Java virtualizes the cluster, supporting any pure Java application without requiring that application be tailored specifically for it. The aim of our cluster VM is to obtain improved scalability for a class of Java Server Applications by distributing the application's work among the cluster's computing resources. The implementation of the cluster VM for Java is based on a novel object model which distinguishes between an application's view of an object (e.g. every object is a unique data structure) and its implementation (e.g. objects may have consistent replications on different nodes). This enables us to exploit knowledge on the use of individual objects to improve performance (e.g. using object replications to increase locality of access to objects).We have already completed a prototype that runs pure Java applications on a cluster of NT workstations connected by a Myrinet fast switch. The prototype provides a single system image to applications, distributing the application's threads and objects over the cluster. We used the cluster VM to run, without change, arealJava Server Application containing over 10 KlocKloc means Kilo lines of code—used to describe the size of applications in terms of source lines count.for the source code and achieved high scalability for it on a cluster. We also achieved linear speedup for another application with a large number of independent threads. This paper discusses the architecture and implementation of the cluster VM. It focuses on achieving a single system image for a traditional JVM on a cluster while describing, in short, how we aim to obtain scalability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Java for high‐performance network‐based computing: a survey
Authors: Lobosco M. , Amorim C. , Loques O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere has been an increasing research interest in extending the use of Java towards high‐performance demanding applications such as scalable Web servers, distributed multimedia applications, and large‐scale scientific applications. However, extending Java to a multicomputer environment and improving the low performance of current Java implementations pose great challenges to both the systems developer and application designer. In this survey, we describe and classify 14 relevant proposals and environments that tackle Java's performance bottlenecks in order to make the language an effective option for high‐performance network‐based computing. We further survey significant performance issues while exposing the potential benefits and limitations of current solutions in such a way that a framework for future research efforts can be established. Most of the proposed solutions can be classified according to some combination of three basic parameters: the model adopted for inter‐process communication, language extensions, and the implementation strategy. In addition, where appropriate to each individual proposal, we examine other relevant issues, such as interoperability, portability, and garbage collection. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of population density on the spread of disease
Authors: Tarwater Patrick M. , Martin Clyde F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of population density on the epidemic outbreak of measles or measles‐like infectious diseases was evaluated. Using average‐number contacts with susceptible individuals per infectious individual as a measure of population density, an analytical model for the distribution of the nonstationary stochastic process of susceptible contact is presented. A 5‐dimensional lattice simulation model of disease spread was used to evaluate the effects of four different population densities. A zero‐inflated Poisson probability model was used to quantify the nonstationarity of the contact rate in the stochastic epidemic process. Analysis of the simulation results identified a decrease in a susceptible contact rate from four to three, resulted in a dramatic effect on the distribution of contacts over time, the magnitude of the outbreak, and, ultimately, the spread of disease. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The evolution of an evidence‐based programme for problem drinking: treatment components
Authors: Long C. G. , Kidger T. , Hollin C. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe development and evaluation of an evidence‐based treatment for problem drinking is described. In addition to a clear description of the treatment programme, emphasis is placed on the management of change within mental health settings, treatment integrity and an ongoing process of audit and evaluation. Implications for future service development are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systematic procedure for synthesizing two‐terminal devices with polynomial non‐linearity
Authors: Zhong Guo‐Qun , Ko King‐Tim , Man Kim‐Fung , Tang Kit‐Sang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a systematic procedure for synthesizing two‐terminal devices with polynomial non‐linearity is proposed. A two‐terminal, or one‐port, device with an arbitrary polynomial non‐linearity can be designed using the proposed procedure in a step‐by‐step systematic manner. A variety of driving‐point characteristics of two‐terminal devices with synthesized polynomial non‐linearity, both numerically calculated and experimentally measured, are demonstrated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CNN applications from the hardware point of view: video sequence segmentation
Authors: Kananen Asko , Paasio Ari , Laiho Mika , Halonen Kari 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, the problems present in hardware implementations of cellular non‐linear network (CNN) type parallel processors are discussed. Instead of designing a multipurpose processor, or even a full image size application specific parallel processor, we suggest a division of the processing task into categories depending on the cell dynamics and on the spread of the influence of a cell. In this way, drastic savings can be achieved in silicon size and in processing speed. As an example, we use a CNN algorithm that was designed for video image segmentation for object‐based compression of video signal. We start with discussion of the problems related to implementation of the algorithm with current multipurpose processors. We then introduce hardware structures that can be used in obtaining certain functionalities. In the same section, we also deal with the division of the processing task. We also compare the introduced hardware solution for the algorithm with multipurpose processor structures in silicon size, power consumption and in processing speed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Template design methods for binary stable cellular neural networks
Authors: Gilli Marco , Paolo Civalleri Pier 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStable cellular neural networks with binary outputs implement a non‐linear mapping between sets of input and output images. Such a mapping is studied in detail. We prove two theorems: the first one yields a sufficient condition in order that the non‐linear mapping be well‐defined; the second one yields a condition, that allows to describe the mapping through a simple algorithm based on the sign of the initial derivatives. Then we enunciate two additional theorems and two corollaries, that identify the class of templates satisfying the above condition: such a class is shown to be rather large and include, as particular cases, the monotonic templates, and several kinds of non‐monotonic templates. Finally,a rigorous design procedure is proposed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A cellular neural network based optical range finder
Authors: Zanela Andrea , Taraglio Sergio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn optical range finder based on the CNN paradigm is presented. It exploits a variational formulation of the stereo‐vision problem. The device characteristics are assessed and some experiments are presented relative to two robotic tasks: the self‐localization of an autonomous vehicle and an obstacle detection system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A CNN framework for modeling parallel processing in a mammalian retina
Authors: Bálya Dávid , Roska Botond , Roska Tamás , Werblin Frank S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present here a simple multi‐layer cellular neural/non‐linear network (CNN) model of the mammalian retina, capable of implementation on CNN Universal Machine (CNN‐UM) chips. The basis of the model is a simple multi‐layer cellular neural/non‐linear Network (IEEE Trans. Circuits Systems1988;35:1257;IEEE Trans. Circuits Systems1993;40:147). The characterization of the elements in the CNN model is based on anatomical and physiological studies performed in the rabbit retina. The living mammalian retina represents the visual world in a set of about a dozen different ‘feature detecting’ parallel representations (Nature2001;410:583–587). Our CNN model is capable of reproducing qualitatively the same full set of space–time patterns as the living retina in response to a flashed square. The modelling framework can then be used to predict the set of retinal responses to more complex patterns and is also applicable to studies of the other biological sensory systems. The work represents a major step forward in the complexity and programmability of retinal models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.