bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Signaling and the Olfactory Channel
Authors: Greenfield Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Signaling, sensory perception, and communication among arthropods probably invokes in most observers of natural history the image of chemical messages and the olfactory channel. By various accounts, this image is an accurate representation. Whether measured by the percentage of species or clades that rely heavily on chemical messages and olfaction, the proportions of these species’ behaviors that are facilitated by olfaction, or the complexity and exaggeration of structures and behaviors responsible for chemical signaling and perception, the olfactory channel is the predominant one among arthropods. Olfactory communication is found in all of the major insect orders, the minor ones in which it has been specifically investigated, and the major classes of chelicerates, crustaceans, and myriapods. Moreover, the olfactory channel serves a variety of communicative functions in these groups, and it is exploited by aerial, terrestrial, and freshwater and marine forms.
Sound and Vibration and the Mechanical Channel
Authors: Greenfield Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Communication along the mechanical channel is highly developed in only two animal phyla, the arthropods and the chordates. In arthropods as a whole, sound and vibration are not the pre-eminent modalities for signaling, but they nonetheless play vital functions in diverse taxa distributed among seven major insect orders, several minor ones. and some groups of chelicerates and crustaceans (Table 4.1). In these arthropod species, sound and vibration serve as sexual advertisement, courtship, aggression, defense, and social recruitment signals. Moreover, certain of these communication systems have been studied most intensively, and various focused efforts have come to represent major contributions to the physiology and evolution of sensory perception and signaling.
The Right of Informed Consent and Inalienability
Authors: McConnell Terrance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apatient’s right of informed consent is well established. Bioethicists agree that this is a moral right, and in the United States and many other Western nations it is a legal right too. This right is grounded on the principle of autonomy (that agents should respect the freedom and choices of others), and that principle in turn is the basis for the right of self-determination.
Assessing Pain and Planning Treatment Strategies
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Living with unnecessary pain decreases your overall quality of life. It may make you less active or depressed. You may have difficulty sleeping, working, or spending time with family and friends. You may erroneously equate your pain with advancing cancer and begin to feel hopeless. Because you need all of your energy to get through your cancer treatments and get healthy again, living with cancer pain is simply foolish.
High-Tech Options
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, important advances in pain management have dramatically contributed to our ability to provide comfort for today’s cancer patient despite nearly any eventuality. Although some of these advances are still being tested, specialists at medical centers around the world have effectively integrated others into routine care. This chapter sorts out the various high-tech options available today, to help the reader balance the potential benefits and risks of each treatment.
Dealing with Other Side Effects and Discomforts
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients with cancer, even the same cancer, can have very different experiences, some of them more distressing than others. Many families will find over time that the status of their ill loved one will unexpectedly change. Families frequently feel unprepared and may be caught off guard about how to help when what feels like an emergency occurs (sudden nausea, difficulty breathing, coughing spells, increased pain, etc.). Caregivers should not be alarmed that there are so many different symptoms described here; it is unlikely that a given patient will experience many of them. Even when these symptoms do occur, their intensity, frequency, and duration vary greatly among patients.
Special Cases: Children, the Elderly, and Patients with Special Needs
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we’ve discussed techniques that are generally effective for controlling cancer pain. Yet certain groups of individuals have special needsnamely, the very young and very old, as well as those with a history of substance abuse. When confronted with a diagnosis of cancer, most people grapple with the injustice of the situation. Childhood cancer is perhaps the most vivid proof that cancer strikes with neither rhyme nor reason-and that while it follows certain known rules, fairness is not one of them. It is sad whenever cancer is diagnosed, but it is especially tragic when this occurs in an innocent child.
Venus in the Marketplace,
Authors: Mudg Bradford K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is indeed but one Bookseller eminent among us for this Abomination, and from him the Crime takes the just Denomination of Curlicism. The Fellow is a contemptible Wretch a thousand ways: he is odious in his person, scandalous in his Fame; he is mark’d by Nature, for he has bawdy Countenance, and a debauched Mien; his Tongue is an Echo of all the beastly Language his Shop is fill’d with, and Filthiness drivels in the very Tone of his Voice.
Morphogenesis: Where Form and Function Meet
Authors: Harold Franklin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biology began as an observational science, with its focus on the morphology of organisms and their parts; as far as the general public is concerned, the fascination of the living world still springs from the variety and beauty of its forms. And why not? We are visual creatures and know our world first and foremost by what we can see; were it not for those forms we could not recognize organisms or reflect upon their nature.
The Emergence of Emergence
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The writer of Ecclesiastes who proclaimed that “The thing that hath been is that which shall be; and that which is done shall be done: and there is no new thing under the sun” was taking an extremely short-term point of view. He certainly failed to reckon that the sun itself was less than 5 billion years old in a universe probably dating back sometime over 12 billion years. He did not note that the kingdom in which he lived had only been around for a few hundred years, and changes in culture and government were constantly occurring.
The Twenty-Eight Steps
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the ground-breaking book on emergence (Emergence: From Chaos to Order, by John Holland) referred to in the last chapter, the author notes, “Despite its ubiquity and importance, emergence is an enigmatic, recondite topic, more wondered at than analyzed. What understanding we do is mostly through a catalog of instances.” I accept Holland’s subsequent caveat that “It is unlikely that a topic as complicated as emergence will submit weakly to a concise definition.” Having said that, I shall indicate how we can discuss emergence, go a bit beyond Holland’s generalization, and present a catalog of 28 observed instances that have emergence in common but vary over an enormous range in the agents, interactions, hierarchical levels, and character of the interaction rules and the pruning rules.
Planetary Accretion: The Solar System
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formation of second- and third-generation stars is appreciably more complex than the formation of first-generation stars. For, in addition to the primordial hydrogen and helium, the higher-generation protostellar cloud has many other atomic varieties, both as individual atoms, as well as in small particles that have condensed either gravitationally or by chemical attraction. These bits of matter have been designated as planetesimals or stardust.
Crossing the Geospheres: From Fish to Amphibians
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The next emergence is in the traditional sense of the word as well as in its use in terms of complexity: “emerge 1. To rise up or come forth from or as if from immersion.” In the evolutionary unfolding, one branch of vertebrates moved from water to land. All of our previous discussion has dealt with animals and other organisms living in water. The transition to land had ecological and physiological aspects. The planetary surface has been largely covered by water since early in Earth’s history. When land appeared, living organisms found ways of exploiting the habitat and finding a home or better yet a niche. This occurred in all the major taxa.
The Niche
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have from time to time mentioned the concept of “niche.” This ecological construct is a part of the Principle of Competitive Exclusion. We may understand the next group of emergences most easily in terms of the ideas of theoretical ecology. To establish some necessary background, we look back to the 1920s, a time when a prescient group of individuals was laying the foundations of ecological thought.
Hominization and Competitive Exclusion in Hominids
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the great apes, a subgroup diverged about five or six million years ago that we designate as the hominids. Our knowledge of this group comes from the lone surviving species Homo sapiens and an array of fossilized bones and some artifacts such as chipped stones, burial items, and other remains that have survived the decay of time.
Analyzing Emergence
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 28 emergences represent a continuous series going from the reductionist core of particle physics to the most noetic aspect of human thought. The first seven emergences are studied by cosmology, high-energy physics, astrophysics, geophysics, and geochemistry. After each of them, the universe or some part thereof is radically changed. Something novel has happened. There is a surprise. The first is the greatest surprise of all; there is something rather than nothing. It is difficult in the extreme to relate it to other emergences.
Harmonic Productions
Authors: Fontijn Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Produzioni armoniche, Antonia Bembo compiled a wide variety of pieces that display her skill in composing music for her own voice, a high soprano, as well as for those that could accompany it. The manuscript’ s table of contents enumeratepieces intended for both sacred and secular performance in a wide range of formal settings and keys King Louis XIV accepted it as a gift for his library, for which it was bound in red leather and stamped with his coat of arms and initial “L”. Today it remains at the Bibliothèque Nationale, preserved as F-Pn Rés. Vm. Bembo collected the pieces at the turn of the century, as deduced from the circumstances of two of its dedicatees: the music celebrating the wedding of the Duke and Duchess of Burgundy dates to December 1697, with that honoring Monsieurthe king’ s brother Philippe, Duke of Orleans—offered prior to his death in June . Produzioni armoniche represents the first in the series of Bembo’ s six music manuscripts.
Development and Aging
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human brain is a dynamic organ that undergoes a constant process of structural change during the life span. As development, maturity, and aging occur, the brain continually remodels both its fine and its gross structure. Microscopically, this remodeling occurs in the gray matter at the level of the synapse, where constant coupling and uncoupling of dendrites takes place in parallel with the processes of learning and cognition. At the macroscopic level, the changes in the brain appear to be more evident in the white matter. Whereas the gray matter remains relatively constant in volume throughout life, white matter volume fluctuates significantly at different stages. This chapter reviews the development and aging of white matter from a neurobiological perspective, with an emphasis on the potential clinical relevance of these phenomena.
Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A diverse group of noninfectious inflammatory diseases can affect the white matter of the brain. These disorders, some of which are referred to as connective tissue or collagen vascular diseases, share the common feature of being autoimmune in nature, by which is meant that the immune system is induced to mount an assault on various tissues of the body. Thus, most of these diseases produce systemic manifestations in addition to those in the nervous system. In the brain, wide¬ spread lesions are typical, usually related to a vasculitic process, but careful perusal of the clinical and neuropathology features of these diseases reveals that prominent damage to white matter occurs and may have significant consequences. The neurobehavioral implications of white matter involvement from inflammatory diseases are largely unknown, but some preliminary data are emerging. The limited available information on this question is reviewed in this chapter.
Toxic Leukoencephalopathies
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nervous system can be damaged by a wide range of toxins, the study of which delimits the scope of neurotoxic ology. Many physical and chemical toxins penetrate the brain and cause adverse effects, and the selective vulnerability of the white matter allows the delineation of a subset of neurotoxic ology called toxic leukoencephalopathy (Filly, 1999). Many of these intoxications have been discovered and characterized by the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which has the capacity to detect subtle white matter involvement that was previously un¬ appreciated. With the advent of new therapeutic agents for cancer and other dis¬ eases, as well as the appearance of new drugs of abuse, toxic leukoencephalopathies are being increasingly recognized.
Bilateral Lateral Hand Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 6o-year-old woman complained of bilateral hand numbness, maximal in the lateral two digits, progressing for a year. In addition, she had a proximal ache in her arms. Symptoms did not increase significantly at night. She denied neck pain and variation on Valsalva’s maneuver. Medical history revealed radiating low back pain with a magnetic resonance image (MRI) showing “bad discs.” Physical Examination. Cranial nerves were normal. There was minimal thumb abduction weakness bilaterally. Sensation and strength were intact. Phalen’s signs were present bilaterally, manifest as thumb numbness. Deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) were active and symmetric, with no pathologic responses. There was no Homer’s or Tinel’s sign. Nerves were normal to palpation. There was no calf tenderness or hyperpathia.
Crush Injury Of Thigh
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sixteen months prior to examination, the left thigh of an 18-year-old girl was crushed between a truck and a loading platform. Skin was grafted below the knee. Since then, she had loss of sensation distal to the knee, with sparing of the medial leg. In addition, her leg and foot muscles were weak. Medical history was negative. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION. All findings were confined to the left leg. There was skin grafted over the lateral aspect. Decreased sensation extended from the lateral leg to include her foot. All muscles below the knee were weak. Tinel’s sign was elicited at the fibular head with radiation to the dorsum of her foot. There was a decreased left ankle jerk Left plantar response was silent; the right was flexor.
Caveat Doctor!
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the course of a year, a 51-year-old man noted gradually progressing neck pain, eventually radiating to the left shoulder. There was no weakness or sensory distortion. Valsalva’s maneuver had no effect, and there was no exacerbation at night. Medical history was limited to hypertension. Physical Examination. Cranial nerves and cerebellar function were intact. No motor or sensory deficits were detected. DTRs were hypoactive but symmetric, with no pathologic reflexes. There was no Homer’s, Phalen’s, or Tinel’s sign.
Serendipity
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 78-year-old right-handed semiretired auto mechanic complained of severe wrist “arthritis” progressing over the course of several months. In addition, there were severe paresthesias over the lateral three digits. All symptoms were worse in the left hand. At night, there was marked exacerbation, which the patient relieved by shaking his wrists. Patient denied neck pain, radiation, and increase on Valsalva’s maneuver. Medical history was negative. Physical Examination. Cranial nerves and cerebellar function were intact. He had no motor or sensory deficit. There was no Homer’s, Tinel’s, or Phalen’s sign. DTRs were hypoactive but symmetric, and plantar responses were flexor. There was no calf tenderness, plantar hyperpathia, or nerve enlargement.
Leg Weakness and Twitching
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 38-year-old man noticed weakness of his right lower extremity that slowly progressed for 6 months. There was transient fatigability. The patient also noted muscle twitching in upper and lower extremities. He had occasional cramps, especially in his gastrocnemius muscles. He denied sensory changes, bladder symptoms, and speech or swallowing difficulties. Medical history was negative.
Shoulder Dislocation and Weakness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During a motorcycle accident, a 45-year-old man sustained a fracture-dislocation of his left humerus. He lost consciousness for several minutes, but had no retrograde amnesia. Closed shoulder reduction was performed the next day. He subsequently noted shoulder weakness. Medical history was limited to gall bladder dysfunction. Physical Examination. The left deltoid was atrophied with weakness of shoulder flexion, abduction, and extension. There was a patch of hypesthesia over the lateral deltoid. Cranial nerve and cerebellar function were normal. DTRs were active and symmetric, with no pathologic reflexes. There was no Homer’s sign.
Radiating Pain and Knee Jerk Decrease
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient was a 57-year-old man who, 2 weeks previously, suddenly felt right hip pain on bending over. It radiated to his toes, accompanied by numbness over his shin. Valsalva’s maneuver had no effect. The patient denied weakness and bladder symptoms. Medical history was negative. Physical Examination. Cranial nerves were intact. There was no weakness. Sensation was decreased over the anterior leg. DTRs were active with a decreased right knee jerk. Plantar responses were flexor. There was no Lasègue’s sign.
Gunshot Wound to Neck
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 26-year-old man suffered gunshot wounds to the cheek and neck. He was referred for electrodiagnostic evaluation 9 weeks later. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION. Healed bullet entry sites were evident in the left cheek and lower anterolateral left side of his neck. There was no Homer’s sign and no winging of the scapula. Although the left arm was grossly paralyzed, minimal movement was palpated that could not be reliably localized. Similarly, there was no clear area of preserved sensation. DTRs were absent in the left arm only.
Proximal Weakness and Ache in Sixth Decade
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a period of several weeks, a 51-year-old man noted muscle and joint pains. He subsequently developed difficulty climbing stairs and standing from a seated position. There was no dysfunction of his upper extremities. Patient denied family history of similar complaints. Medical history was negative except for transient numbness of his right lower extremity, which followed a lightning accident 20 years ago.
Wrist Weakness with Deviation
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient was a 43-year-old woman who fractured the head of her right radius 6 weeks before this examination. At that time, there was possible weakness of extension of the wrist and fingers (although this may have been caused by pain). The next day, a fragment of bone was excised, but weakness of the hand persisted. At no time did she experience sensory loss. Medical history was negative. Physical Examination. There was weakness of finger and thumb extension at the metacarpophalangeal joints. She was able to extend her wrist but performed this with radial deviation. Other motor and sensory functions were intact. DTRs were active and symmetric. Plantar responses were flexor.
Radiating Thigh Pain and Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 43-year-old woman had a history of chronic low back pain related to bowling. Four weeks previously, the pain started to radiate to the left buttock and lateral thigh. For 1 week, the lateral thigh became numb. She denied an effect with Valsalva’s maneuver, weakness, and bladder symptoms. Medical history was negative. Physical Examination. Cranial nerve, cerebellar, motor, and sensory functions were intact. DTRs were active and symmetric, with no pathologic responses. There was no Lasègue’s sign.
Calcaneal Fracture and Foot Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five months previously, a 39-year-old woman fractured her left calcaneus. This was treated conservatively, with a cast in place for 6 weeks. After removal, she noted paresthesias of the lateral foot when wearing slippers. She denied weakness and back pain effect from Valsalva’s maneuver. Medical history was negative. Physical Examination. Tenderness was elicited on palpation of the left lateral malleolus. The plantar aspect of the left foot had abnormal touch sensation; the heel was spared. Reflexes were symmetric. Plantar responses were flexor. There was no Lasègue’s sign.
Progressive Diplopia in a Twenty-One-Year-Old Woman
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 21-year-old woman was told by her friends that her right eye was “wandering” 4 months previously. One month later, she developed diplopia in all directions of gaze. It was worse on awaking and did not improve by resting her eyes. She had no other symptoms or related family history. Physical Examination. Patient had ptosis of the right lid and moderate weakness of all extraocular muscles. Cranial nerves were otherwise intact. There were no cerebellar, motor, or sensory findings. DTRs were hyperactive, with plantar responses normal.
Asymmetric Leg Weakness and Diabetes
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 56-year-old diabetic woman developed gait difficulty over a 7-month period. She denied pain but had occasional hand numbness. There was a medical history of hypertension. Physical Examination. Cranial nerves and cerebellar and sensory function were normal. There was isolated weakness and atrophy of the left quadriceps. DTRs were active and symmetric, except for absence of the left knee jerk. Plantar responses were normal.