bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arbitrage and Option Pricing
Authors: Eichberger Jürgen , Harper Ian , Pfeil Christian , Scheid Florian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Arbitrage pricing is the centrepoint of this chapter. Exercise 1 demonstrates that Arrow security prices can be viewed as discount factors for state-dependent pay offs. Forward contracts are the derivative assets studied in Exercise 2.If short-selling is unrestricted, then a bond with a certain return is sufficient to price any forward contract by arbitrage. If buying and selling rates of the bond differ, one can deter mine a price range for the forward contract. Exercises 3 and 4 study option pricing for an asset with two pay-off states. Hedging portfolios and the implied Arrow security prices are calculated. Arbitrage possibilities are investigated for option prices that deviate from the arbitrage-free price. In Exercise 5 we consider repeated trading of an asset. Arbitrage-free option prices and Arrow security prices are computed for twice-repeated trade.
Debt Contracts and Credit Rationing
Authors: Eichberger Jürgen , Harper Ian , Pfeil Christian , Scheid Florian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, asymmetric information is introduced. The insurance problem serves as an introduction to the economic problems arising from asymmetric information. Contract forms depend on the type of informational asymmetry. The form of a standard debt contract can be explained by costly state verification. This special form can in turn lead to credit rationing if one also assumes asymmetric information about the quality of loan applicants.
Exercise 1 shows that price competition alone cannot solve the adverse selection problem of insurance. In Exercise 2 we study incentive-compatible and individually rational insurance contracts. Exercise 3 states the optimal insurance contract problem and derives characteristic properties of an optimal contract. In Exercises 4 and 5 we deal with a bank facing two types of loan applicant. The bank’s adverse selection problem is reflected in the expected returns from loans.
Context and Content: Sunningdale and Belfast Compared
Authors: Wolff Stefan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the re-escalation of the Northern Ireland conflict in the 1960s, several attempts have been made to arrive at an inclusive settlement satisfying the con flicking parties in the province as well as the Republic of Leland and the United Kingdom. At the heart of each of these attempts has been the recognition by the majority of the parties involved in the conflict that there are at least two dimensions to any potentially successful settlement—an internal dimension providing for the more equal political participation of both communities and the protection of their identities; and an external dimension taking account of the relationship between the nationalist community in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Since the first introduction of direct rule in 1972 only two initiatives found, at least for some time, sufficient support in both communities to lead to formal agreements and the implementation of negotiated institutional structures. These were the Sunning dale Agreement of 1973 and the Belfast Agreement of 1998.
International Dimensions of the Belfast Agreement
Authors: Guelke Adrian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The external factors that contributed to the political settlement of the ‘Irish Question’ embodied in the Belfast Agreement are perhaps best conceived of as a series of threads woven into a pattern of influence on a conflict which had been sustained largely by its own internal dynamics. At least five significant dimensions of external influence on the peace process can be identified:
(1) change in the strategic environment;
(2) the imact of South Africa’s example;
(3) the role of the American connection;
(4) European integration; and
(5) human rights norms;
All of these ‘threads’ became intertwined during the peace process. However, it remains possible to separate them and this chapter will examine each of these influences in turn, pointing out, when appropriate, connections among the various dimensions. This list is not exhaustive and, in passing, the chapter will refer to other factors that deserve mention.
Insider and Liquidity Trading in Stock and Options Markets
Authors: Biais Bruno , Hillion Pierre 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What are options useful for? In incomplete markets, they can be used to improve hedging opportunities for risk-averse agents [see Ross (1976)]. Financial markets are not only useful to reallocate risk across agents, however. Financial prices can reveal private information. Easley, O’Hara, and Srinivas (1993) provide empirical evidence that insiders trade in options markets. The present article analyzes how the introduction of a nonredundant option that completes the market affects information revelation and risk sharing. In this way we are able to evaluate the interaction between information asymmetry and market incompleteness.
Unique Equilibrium in a Model of Self-Fulfilling Currency Attacks
Authors: Morris Stephen , Shin Hyun Song 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Speculative attacks are sometimes triggered without warning, and without any apparent change in the economic fundamentals. Commentators who have attempted to explain episodes of speculative crises have pointed to the self-fulfilling nature of the belief in an imminent speculative attack. If speculators believe that a currency will come under attack, their actions in anticipation of this precipitate the crisis itself, while if they believe that a currency is not in danger of imminent attack, their inaction spares the currency from attack, thereby vindicating their initial beliefs.1
India’s Population—The Past
Authors: Dyson Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews India’s population history. It begins with the time before the year 1800, when it is only really appropriate to consider the subcontinent as a whole. It then considers the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when the key points of divide are around 1871 (with the initiation of decennial censuses) and independence in 1947.These more recent periods are considered in greater depth, and the focus shifts to the territory of contemporary India. Finally, the chapter comments on some implications of the country’s population history for the present and the future.
India’s Population—The Future
Authors: Dyson Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents population projections for India’s major states to the years 2026 and 2051. These state-level projections underpin virtually all the work presented elsewhere in this book. When summed and adjusted for the existence of smaller states and union territories, they also provide population projections for all-India. The present projections constitute a best assessment of how India’s population will grow. But it should be made clear that they are only projections, not predictions. That is, they involve making assumptions about how trends in fertility and mortality might unfold. Actuality will certainly depart from what is assumed and projected here: the more so because 15 state populations are involved. Nevertheless, we can gain some broad indications regarding the country’s demographic future.
Turkey
Authors: Özdek Yasemin , Karacaoğlu Emine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As a member of the Council of Europe since 1949, Turkey ratified the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), shortly after its entry into force, and Protocol No. I in 1954. Turkey also ratified Protocols Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 and signed Protocols Nos. 7 and 9. In addition, the competence of the European Commission on Human Rights under Article 25 was recognized in 1987 and of the European Court of Human Rights under Article 46 in 1990.
Is it not remarkable that Nietzsche ... should have hated Rousseau?’ Woman, femininity: distancing Nietzsche from Rousseau
Authors: Deutscher Penelope 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sarah Kofman, Jacques Derrida and Paul de Man have all suggested curious similarities between the work of Rousseau and Nietzsche. This chapter uses that circumstance as a springboard from which to argue that the Rousseauist and Nietzschean conceptions of femininity, whiJe apparently similar, are radically opposed when assessed by Nietzschean criteria.
Introduction: The Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
Authors: Chan Alfred L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During 1957 and 1958 Mao Zedong was seized by a vision that economic development in China could proceed rapidly in leaps and bounds by relying on improvisation and mass spontaneity, rather than moderately by the planned and gradual way pursued during the First Five-Year Plan (lFYP, 1953-7). Mao singlehandedly initiated the Great Leap Forward (GLF), pushing his views relentlessly, and his changing ideas and preferences shaped the momentous events of 1958 to 1960.
Although Mao’s initial goal of ‘overtaking Britain in fifteen years’ (in total quantity of major industrial output, not per capita) was not entirely unrealistic, under political pressure the internal timetable became progressively shortened finally into only two years while numerous ambitious plans were continuously piled one onto another. Mao was confident that rapid economic development and social progress could be achieved by boosting production through mobilizing every Chinese to transform the country.
Irreversibility, Innovation, and Technological Complementarities
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Superfixed production factors are a pervasive condition which economic theory is more and more taking into account. Technical interrelatedness, system bottlenecks, long-term obsolescence, limited span of application of intangible assets, location in well-defined regions are all factors that reduce the capability of firms to adjust, even in the long term, significant chunks of their stock of intangible and tangible capital to the changing conditions of both products and factors markets. In these conditions, all actual and expected changes in relative prices and desired output levels are likely to induce a significant decline in both output and price efficiency: firms are unable to produce with the ‘correct’ combination of flexible and fixed production factors. Standard textbook firms should accept their decline or the impossibility of taking advantage of new emerging market conditions for their products.
Conclusions
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The economics of innovation is facing the emergence of a new approach to understanding the microdynamics of technological change which parallels the diffusion both in the history and the sociology of science and technology of the social constructionism school (David, 1992, 1993, 1994; Bijker et al., 1987; Smith and Marx, 1995; Latour, 1987; Misa, 1995). Social constructionism, as articulated by Latour (1987), contrasts with the deterministic model based upon technological trajectories and stresses the role of the collective undertakings of a myriad of innovators.
Money and inflation
Authors: Bårdsen Gunnar , Eitrheim Øyvind , Jansen Eilev S , Nymoen Ragnar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The monetarist view of inflation—that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon (Friedman 1963, p. 17)—runs contrary to the inflation models we have considered in the preceding chapters. Despite the notable differences that exist between them, they all reflect the view that inflation is best understood as reflecting imbalances in product and labour markets. This view is inconsistent with a simple quantity theory of inflation, but not with having excess demand for money as a source of inflation pressure.
Evaluation of monetary policy rules
Authors: Bårdsen Gunnar , Eitrheim Øyvind , Jansen Eilev S , Nymoen Ragnar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Taking full account of inflation targeting entails that we supplement our model description of the economy with a monetary rule in terms of an interest rate reaction function for the central bank. The monetary rule can be forecast-based or focused on contemporary values of the target variables in the reaction function. We have chosen to analyse the latter alternative, although our discussion below is related to Levin et al. (2003), who consider (optimised) forecast-based interest rate rules which they derive for several different models assuming that the preference function of the central bank depends on the variances of inflation and the output gap.
Forecasting using econometric models
Authors: Bårdsen Gunnar , Eitrheim Øyvind , Jansen Eilev S , Nymoen Ragnar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Economic forecasts are statements about the future which are generated with a range of methods, ranging from wholly informal (‘gut feeling’) to sophisticated statistical techniques and the use of econometric models. However, professional forecasters never stick to only one method of forecasting, so formal and informal forecasting methods both have an impact on the final (published) forecast. The use of judgemental correction of forecasts from econometric models is one example.
‘Young Memnon’ and Romantic Egyptomania
Authors: Leask Nigel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between December 1817 and January 1818 two Egyptian statues appeared before the British public. One was a 7-ton antique bust carved out of red and black granite brought from Thebes; the other, miniaturized within the fourteen lines of Shelley’s sonnet ‘Ozymandias’ was first published in The Examiner, no. 524 on 11 January 1818.
Introduction
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Illing Gerhard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the nineteenth and at the beginning of the twentieth century, fmancial crises were a common phenomenon in many countries. Frequently, bank runs and currency crises occurred at the same time, forming twin crises. Under the gold standard, bank runs caused a drain on the gold reserves of central banks. What at first sight might have seemed to be a natural response, the contraction of credit, would just make the crisis worse. Only since central banks learnt that they should do exactly the opposite—to be ready to supply credit to stop a panic—did banking panics become a rare event.
The Ends of Life
Authors: Thomas Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How should we live? That question was no less urgent for English men and women who lived between the early sixteenth and late eighteenth centuries than for this book's readers. Keith Thomas's masterly exploration of the ways in which people sought to lead fulfilling lives in those centuries between the beginning of the Reformation and the heyday of the Enlightenment illuminates the central values of the period, while casting incidental light on some of the perennial problems of human existence. Consideration of the origins of the modern ideal of human fulfilment and of obstacles to its realization in the early modern period frames an investigation that ranges from work, wealth, and possessions to the pleasures of friendship, family, and sociability. The cult of military prowess, the pursuit of honour and reputation, the nature of religious belief and scepticism, and the desire to be posthumously remembered are all drawn into the discussion, and the views and practices of ordinary people are measured against the opinions of the leading philosophers and theologians of the time. The Ends of Life offers a fresh approach to the history of early modern England, by one of the foremost historians of our time. It also provides modern readers with much food for thought on the problem of how we should live and what goals in life we should pursue.
Masculine/Feminine: The Thought of the Difference
Authors: Heritier Francoise 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the College de France, she directs the laboratory of social anthropology formerly headed by Levi-Strauss. Heritier has been actively involved in public debate on social and public health issues, including bioethics, HIV/AIDS, reproductive rights, and violence. From 1989 to 1994, she was President of the French Conseil national sexes au fondement de la societff and ‘Le Sang du Guerrier et le sang des femmes: Controle et appropriation de la fecondite’ in Mascu/in/feminin: La Pensee de la difference. (Paris: Editions Odile Jacob, 1996), 17-29 and 205-35 (abridged). Reprinted by permission of Editions Odile Jacob.
Hollywood: The Red Menace
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Greta Garbo was not called to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee, though she might have been when her delectable Ninotchka (1939)was rereleased in 1947. Reviewing Ernest Lubitsch’s comedy in the New York Times (10 November 1939), Frank S. Nugent began gaily: ‘Stalin won’t like it. Molotoff may even recall his envoy from Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer. . . ‘ Garbo’s Ninotchka is a deadpan, sternly puritan, icily aloof, but stunningly beautiful Bolshevik emissary sent to Paris by her commissar to take over the duties of a comically floundering three-man mission entrusted with the sale of the former Duchess Swana’s court jewels.
The Peculiarity of Cyprus, 1878–1931
Authors: Holland Robert , Markides Diana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Both the territorial expansions of the Greek state we have dealt with so far—the integration of the Ionian Islands achieved in 1864, and the absorption of Crete in 1913—created paradigms within the wider ideological and emotional world of Hellenic enosis. Both paradigms were defined in terms of ‘struggle’. These struggles were not identical. The first was conducted directly against British occupiers. The latter was first and foremost against the Ottoman Porte, and in its final phases against the collective constraints imposed by the protecting powers. In the latter case, as we have seen, Great Britain was along the way the immediate instrument of redemption, and later the principal agency for sustaining an impossible status quo. Yet, whatever the differences, Ionian and Cretan experiences were held to validate the ultimate triumph of a ‘steady and persistent will’ within Hellenic society. The complex international and regional factors which triggered the climaxes of 1863–64 and 1912–13 subsequently tended to be airbrushed away.
Understanding Social Exclusion
Authors: Agulnik Phil , Barry Brian , Burchardt Tania , Burgess Simon , Evans Martin , Glennerster Howard , Hobcraft John , Kiernan Kathleen , Lupton Ruth , McKnight Abigail , Mumford Katharine , Power Anne , Propper Carol , Richardson Liz , Sparkes Jo , Sutherland Holly 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book explores the issue of social exclusion. It asks three main questions: How can social exclusion be measured? What are its main determinants or influences? And what policies can reduce social exclusion? The authors aim to consider how a focus on social exclusion may alter the policy questions that are most relevant by fostering debate in government, research, and academic circles.
Intermediation and crises
Authors: Allen Franklin , Gale Douglas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the exception of the Bretton Woods period from 1945 to 1971, banking crises have occurred fairly frequently in the past 150 years, as we saw in Chapter 1. There are two traditional ways of understanding crises. The first asserts that crises result from panics; the second asserts that crises arise from fundamental causes that are part of the business cycle. Both have a long history. Forexample, Friedman and Schwartz (1963) and Kindleberger(1978) argued that many banking crises resulted from unwarranted panics and that most of the banks that were forced to close in such episodes were illiquid rather than insolvent.
Intermediation and markets
Authors: Allen Franklin , Gale Douglas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter we studied financial fragility from the point of view of positive economics, that is, trying to understand the factors that give rise to financial crises and the reasons why a fiancial system might be sensitive to small shocks. We noted in passing that financial crises might be inefficient, but this was not the focus of ouranalysis. Now it is time to turn to normative questions and try to understand why financial crises are a “bad thing.”
Money and prices
Authors: Allen Franklin , Gale Douglas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, we have assumed that intermediaries offer depositors “real” contracts, that is, contracts that are denominated in terms of goods. For example, an intermediary offers its depositors a deposit contract that promises c 1 units of the good if the depositor withdraws at date 1 and c 2 units of the good if the depositor withdraws at date 2. In practice, the terms of deposit contracts and debt contracts in general are written in “nominal” terms, that is, they specify payments in terms of money. Economists often justify the substitution of “real” for “nominal” contracts by claiming that money is a “veil” that hides the reality we are interested in, namely, the goods and services that ﬁrms produce and individuals consume; but the fact that contracts are written in terms of money has some important implications that are not captured by “real” models.
Bubbles and crises
Authors: Allen Franklin , Gale Douglas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we considered the role of money and the price level in sharing risk. In this chapter we consider the role of money and credit in the determination of asset prices and the prevention of crises. The idea that the amount of money and credit available is an important factor in the determination of asset prices is not new. In his description of historic bubbles Kindle berger (1978, p. 54) emphasizes the role of this factor: “Speculative manias gather speed through expansion of money and credit or perhaps, in some cases, get started because of an initial expansion of money and credit.”
Paramilitary Politics in Ireland
Authors: Hart Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two of the biggest questions facing historians of m’entieth-century Ireland are: why revolution, and why violence? That is, why did Ireland’s long-standing political conflict metamorphose into a direct challenge to the British state after 1912, and why did this confrontation take the form of armed rebellion after 1915? After all, the Land War of 1879-82 presented many of the same features of mass mobilization, popular violence and official repression, a crisis of state legitimacy and radical political realignment-without descending into mass homicide. On the other hand, moving forward into the twentieth century we quickly encounter numerous civil conflicts in Europe and elsewhere based on the same premisses of ethnicity, nationalism, and state breakdown chat dwarf the Irish experience in the scale of their suffering. Seen from this perspective, the events of the Irish revolution can appear not only typical but minor.
Society
Authors: Power Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Around the year 1000, European society underwent a number of major changes. Chris Wickham’s chapter in the early medieval volume of the Short Oxford History identifies several of them:1 the aristocracy came to monopolize all military activity, from which the peasantry was henceforth excluded; in judicial matters seigneurial courts replaced village assemblies; the nobles no longer sought the protection of kings, dukes, or counts, and began to profit more from new types of seigneurial exaction; and the theory of the ‘three orders’ reached ideological maturity.