bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postnatal depression
Authors: Dymond Maret , Murray Lynne , Cooper Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Postnatal depression is one of the more common mental disorders faced by general practitioners and other primary care professionals: a number of studies show that 10–15% of women are affected (Cox et al. 1993; O ‘Hara and Swain 1996). This figure is even higher under adverse social and economic conditions (Cooper et al. 1999). Not only is postnatal depression extremely distressing for the mother and those around her, it is also well established that it is a risk factor for adverse child emotional and cognitive outcome (see review by Murray and Cooper 1997). For example, children of postnatally depressed mothers have been shown to have significantly raised levels of emotional disturbance when adjusting to school (Alpern and Lyons Ruth 1993; Sinclair and Murray 1998) and, at the same age, are more likely to be reported by their mothers as having behavioural difficulties at home (Murray et al. 1999). In addition, in high-risk groups, there have also been reports of poorer cognitive development in children of mothers who have had postnatal depression (Cogill et al. 1986; Sharp et al. 1995).
Introduction
Authors: McKenzie Bruce C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Internet is a worldwide network of computer networks (an inter-network) linked by a set of common rules (TCP/IP).
Neighbouring networks co-operate to share information and allow communication across their networks as if they were one entity.
Some computers connect to the Internet via an ordinary telephone line, modem, and a commercial Internet service provider for free or for the cost of a local telephone call.
Others connect via an academic, institutional, or other network, or via newer media such as digital TV.
The speed of any connection is in part determined by the information-carrying capacity of the network (‘bandwidth’).
Your body clock, the waking period, and physical activity
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already considered how the body clock and melatonin secretion, by lowering body temperature in the evening and at night, increase fatigue and decrease alertness, and so help to promote and maintain sleep. This is a time of recuperation, growth, and conservation of energy. In the daytime, the opposite effects take place; we are now alert and ready to be active. Whatever form these activities take, they will require energy. That energy comes from the breakdown of food and is used both for physical and mental activities. These issues will be the topics of this and the next two chapters. Here we consider the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the provision of energy by metabolism, and physical performance.
Long-haul flights and time-zone transitions — the problems
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tour operator for a long-haul flight to a distant land will stress the excitement of it all — the new places, people, and lifestyles, and the sense of romance and adventure. Not surprisingly, the discomfort, inconvenience, and disruption caused by such a flight, together with feeling ‘below par’ during the first few days after the flight, will not be discussed as much — if at all.
There are two separate problems associated with long-haul flights — ‘travel fatigue’ and ‘jet lag’. The former refers to sheer tiredness, the latter to a disturbance of the body clock.
Daily rhythms and medicine
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hospitals are day-orientated with regard to administrative and consultative business, non-emergency (elective) operations, and treatment. This is to be expected, and is for the convenience of both the staff and patients. Even so, the hospital cannot shut at night; it must continue to look after the in-patients, it must be able to provide them with medical care when- ever required, and it must always be able to deal with emergencies.
Von Neumann Algebra Basics
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to present the basic theory of von Neumann algebras with minimal preparation. The general theory of von Neumann algebras often requires several hundred pages in standard textbooks, and this has been an obstacle for non-operator algebraists to grasp the theory for applications in other fields such as low-dimensional topology or quantum group theory. We present only what is needed in the remainder of the book, and often give ad hoc definitions and make extra assumptions rather than work in full generality. (When we give a non-standard corner-cutting definition, we also explain what the standard definition is.)
Musical cosmology: Kepler and his readers
Authors: Field J V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The poem was first published in 1687—making it an exact contemporary of Isaac Newton’s Mathematical principles of natural philosophy—but is now probably best remembered in the magnificent musical setting by Handel, which was given its first performance on Saint Cecilia’s Day (22 November, New Style) in 1738. By then, and indeed at the time Dryden wrote, the reference to celestial music was no more than a literary device.
Composing with fractals
Authors: Johnson Robert Sherlaw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A glance through the illustrations in The science of fractal images edited by Peitgen and Saupe, or The beauty of fractals by Peitgen and Richter is sufficient to suggest that it is possible to create unusual and interesting patterns, and even landscape and floral pictures, by computer generation. These works are concerned principally with the visual application of fractals, music receiving only a brief mention in the former book.
Wilful deception as illness behaviour
Authors: Halligan Peter W , Bass, Christopher , Oakley David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sensitivities and confusion regarding the nature of illness deception continue to be a major feature of modem medicine and social security policy in most Western democracies. Although biomedical models continue to dominate current definitions of illness deception, neither of the standard psychiatric glossaries consider malingering-the intentional production of false or exaggerated symptoms motivated by external incentives-to be a valid diagnostic term. In this chapter, we argue that illness deception does not need to be medicalized in order to be understood as a coherent explanatory construct in its own right. The fact that health and non-health related deception is commonly practiced within society and that public attitudes towards fraud and deception are largely equivocal, suggests that it is reasonable to view illness behaviours from several conceptu ally non-medical perspectives.
Malingering and criminal behaviour as psychopathology
Authors: Raine Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malingering is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-N (DSM-IV; American Psychological Association 1994) as a clinical disorder, but in the appendix it is listed and assigned a ‘V’ code to mark it as a condition that requires further attention and elucidation. In this context, malingering is defined as ‘The intentional production of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms, motivated by external incentives such as avoiding military duty, avoiding work, obtaining financial compensation, evading criminal prosecution, or obtaining drugs’ (p. 683). Guidelines are given to suggest malingering would be suspected if it is present in a medicolegal context, if there is a marked discrepancy between claimed stress and disability and objective findings, if the individual lacks cooperation in either evaluation or treatment proto cols, or if there is concomitant presence of Antisocial Personality Disorder. DSM guidelines on malingering have, however, been criticized by Rogers (1990) on the grounds that studies have shown that they correctly identify malingerers in only 20 per cent of cases.
Characteristics of the sick role
Authors: Prior Lindsay , Wood Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parsons’ (1951) conceptualization of the ‘sick role’ identified sickness as a social as much as a physiological event. Yet despite its uses, the model neglects the ways in which sickness is mediated through lay culture. As Freidson (1970) points out, it is usually only after lay consultation (in particular, with family members) that sickness gets presented to medical professionals. Indeed, sickness as a social performance is tied up with lay notions of what does and does not constitute proper illness.
On Being as Small as Possible
Authors: Acheson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why not try this simple experiment? Take a wire framework of some kind, and dip it into a bowl of soapy water (or washing-up liquid). When you take it out again, you will find a thin soap film spanning the framework. And however complicated this film may be, it has one very interesting property: it always tries to organize itself so that its surface area is as small as possible.
‘In Denmark I was born ⃛’
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At Ved Stranden No. 14, facing Christiansborg Castle, the seat of the Danish Parliament, there stands one of Copenhagen’s handsomest mansions. As one enters the front door of the neoclassical building, one sees an archway leading into a courtyard. A plaque inside the archway records its residents since the first buildings were erected there in the middle of the sixteenth century. In the seventeenth century several mayors of Copenhagen made their homes on these grounds. After those early residences were all destroyed in the great Copenhagen fire of 1795 (which laid waste nearly a quarter of the city, about a thousand houses), the present building was constructed during 1796–7.
Boyhood
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Denmark, Europe’s oldest kingdom, is a small country. Its territory (not counting Greenland) is about one-third that of New York State. It had been much larger in earlier times. As late as the beginning of the seventeenth century, it had reigned over large areas, now part of Sweden, covering about one and a halftimes Denmark’s present size. Those lands were lost to Sweden in the wars of 1645 and 1658 that brought Denmark on the verge of ruin. It still had Norway as a union partner, but had to cede that too, in 1814, after the Napoleonic wars. In the 1860s a third catastrophe took place.
Looking into the atomic nucleus
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August 1928 George Gamow, a native of Odessa (he became a US citizen in 1940), was about to conclude a postdoctoral fellowship in Gottingen. It was then and there that he obtained a result that marks the beginning of modern theoretical nuclear physics: the interpretation of ll-radioactivity (also called ll-decay) as a quantum mechanical effect. In September the same result was obtained independently in Princeton by Ronald Gurney and Edward Condon, who wrote in their letter to Nature: ‘It has hitherto been necessary to postulate some special arbitrary “instability” of the nucleus; but in the following note it is pointed out that disintegration is a natural consequence of the laws of quantum mechanics without any special hypothesis.’ *
Occupancy and urn models
Authors: Barbour A D , Holst Lars , Janson Svante 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the general results on Poisson approximation are applied to problems connected with urn models; in particular occupancy problems are studied. Urn models have a long history going back to the early development of probability theory. General references on the subject are Johnson and Kotz (1977), Kolchin, Sevast’yanov and Chistyakov (1978) and the classic Feller (1968). In Section 6.1, the Poisson approximation of the hypergeometric distribution is considered. The number of boxes with given contents in the urn model with a multinomial allocation rule is studied in detail in Section 6.2. In Section 6.3, urn models, negative association and general occupancy problems are discussed. Finally, a matrix occupancy problem is investigated in Section 6.4.
Exceedances and extremes
Authors: Barbour A D , Holst Lars , Janson Svante 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we study the Poisson approximation of .ℒ (W) using the Stein-Chen method and coupling. In Section 8.1, the X’s are assumed to have a jointly Gaussian distribution. The upper bound for the variation distance between .ℒ (W) and Po(𝔼W) given in Theorem 2.1 is further developed, and applied in the context of stationary Gaussian sequences. In Section 8.2 we study the scan statistic, that is, the number of clusters of close points, for the Poisson process. The couplings needed are explicitly constructed in a way similar to that used for spacings in Chapter 7. Associated random variables, in particular moving averages of independent random variables with non-negative weights, are studied in Section 8.3. The existence of good couplings now follows directly from the FKG inequality (2.2.1). Although the scan statistic for the Poisson process is a special case of such moving averages, it is illuminating to consider it first, before discussing the general case, because the couplings can be made explicit. In Section 8.4, counts of runs and other patterns in sequences of independent random letters are examined, and the last section is concerned with the number of visits of an ergodic Markov chain to a rare set.
Developments in Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Flury Bernard D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Principal Component Analysis is an old statistical technique, and most of the important mathematical results have been known for some 40 or more years. Routine practical applications became possible by the development of good software for extracting eigenvectors and eigenvalues of symmetric matrices. Since the sixties of this century, many interesting applications of principal component analysis have appeared in the literature, most prominently in biology, but also in social sciences. To the pioneers in the development of the theory of principal component analysis (like Pearson 1901, Hotelling 1933, Anderson 1963), it may have been almost unthinkable that people would some day perform analyses with dozens, if not hundreds, of variables. Indeed, the availability of efficient software has not always bene fitted science, because investigators are tempted to let the computer do the thinking. Too many people use principal component analysis (and other multivariate techniques) to study too many variables, hoping that putting ever more data into an existing algorithm will lead to valid scientific conclusions.
Manova Biplots For Two-Way Contingency Tables
Authors: Gabriel K R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A graphical display should show features of data that help in their inter pretation. The biplots discussed in this chapter provide a view of two-way contingency tables as a set of samples distributed into categories. They display sample proportions in the categories, dissimilarities of samples and analogues of two-sample tests of homogeneity. This is a useful way to view a contingency table, though not the only one.
Basic notions
Authors: Jensen Jens Ledet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this introduction we will look at two examples to illustrate why saddlepoint aproximations are important and to illustrate how accurate they often are. After that, an outline of the book will be given. Saddlepoint approximations, or saddlepoint expansions, provide good approximations to very small tail probabilities or to the density in the tails of the distributions. By a ‘good’ approximation, here we imply one with a small relative error. If, for example, the true probability is 0.01 it is not of much help to know that the approximation has absolute error O(n-1) when n is smaller than 100, say. When, instead, the relative error is O(n-1) we have a much more useful statement. It is quite common in statistical practice to consider test probabilities of the order of I%, but even smaller probabilities are of interest in certain test situations. If, for example. one wishes to investigate whether a chemical substance causes cancer, one will be interested in very small test probabilities to make a convincing case. In other field,, small probabilities are the rule rather than the exception. Two examples are the calculation of the probability of a defect item passing an inspection system and the calculation of the reliability of a system.
Saddlepoint approximations for i.i.d. sums
Authors: Jensen Jens Ledet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the formulas of Section 1.4 we will now choose the parameter 0 in such a way that the approximation problem becomes centered. Let X1, ..., Xn be i.i.d. random vectors in ℝd with Laplace transform φ( θ), and let Pθ be the measure in (1.2.1). When we require an approximation at the point x we choose, if possible, θ [ineq], determined by Let X have a standard normal density and let Y have an exponential density with parameter A, with X and Y being independent.
Asymptotic expansions of integrals
Authors: Jensen Jens Ledet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter we gave the classical saddlepoint approximations for densities and tail probabilities for sums of independent random variables. In applications we will often want to go a step further and perform an integration to obtain a marginal distribution or a mean value, say. In this chapter we discuss general methods for expanding the integrals of a particular structure. We consider the expansion of an integral that is dependent on α; in the limit α → ∞ Consider the integral
One-way frequency tables
Authors: Lindsey J k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a book on modelling categorical data, often called discrete data analysis. Such observations involve enumerating one or more types of event. A variable can be defined by an exhaustive and mutually exclusive list of these types. If these events all occur independently on different units or individuals, we call the enumerated results frequencies. This is the subject of the first part of the book. On the other hand, if several events from the same variable are observed on the same unit, they will be called counts. In the latter case, we would expect some kind of dependency among the repeating events. The second part of the book looks at this type of event observation. Thus, if we study the number of children in families, these values (0, 1, 2, ... ) would be counts within each family unit, while the number of independent families with, say, k children would be a frequency.
Regression models
Authors: Lindsey J k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general approach to entering explanatory variables into a model is through a regression. This is effectively what we were doing in Chapter 1, having the frequencies depend on time, season, etc. Nominal explanatory variables are a special case. Normally, a set of zero-one indicator variables would have to be specified for the different categories of the variable. However, generalized linear model software generally handles this automatically, by factor variables, as is also indicated by the notation which we have been using. In this chapter, we shall investigate some more complex models containing quantitative explanatory variables, which one may not want to include as categorical variables.
Motor aspects of unilateral neglect and related disorders
Authors: Fink Gereon R , Marshall John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many patients who survive brain damage (due to stroke or traumatic brain injury, for example) are left with a variety of cognitive impairments which adversely affect their treatment, management, and subsequent recovery. Unilateral neglect is one such cognitive deficit which severely limits the effectiveness of rehabilitation and curtails many aspects of everyday life (Halligan and Cockburn 1993). Neglect is not a well-defined syndrome but rather a family of different behavioural manifestations characterized by the patient’s failure to spontaneously report, respond, or even orient to objects and events in the hemispace contralateral to a brain lesion, and which cannot be attributed to either primary sensory or motor deficits (Heilman et al. 1993).
Delusions of control: a disorder of forward models of the motor system
Authors: Blakemore Sarah-Jayne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do we know that our own actions belong to us? How are we able to distinguish self-generated sensory events from those that arise externally? In this chapter I evaluate one class of symptoms associated with schizophrenia that are characterized by a confusion between the self and other: a delusion of control. It has been proposed that this symptom arises because of a failure in the mechanism by which the predicted consequences of self-produced actions are derived from an internal forward model.
Abundance structure
Authors: Gaston Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Position and size are two important descriptors of the structure of the geographic range of a species (Chapters 2 and 3). Nonetheless, they are but crude indices of the distribution of individuals across the land (or sea) scape. Whilst they are all that have been determined about the ranges of many species—and for the majority not even these quantities have as yet been measured (a high proportion of species that are doubtless much more widespread remain known from only a single locality; Andersen et al. 1997; Stork 1997)—they entirely ignore any patterns of spatial distribution of individuals that occur within the geographic limits to their occurrence or crude scale occupancy.
Algebraic Preliminaries
Authors: Reiner I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews some basic algebraic techniques. Proof are often omitted, especially when they are readily available in standard references, or when they are too long or too detailed to warrant their inclusion in this preliminary chapter. Many readers may wish to glance briefly at the contents of this chapter, referring back to the relevant sections when they are needed later. Occasionally. results are stated somewhat more generally than necessary for later use Each ring considered below will be assumed to have a unity element, and each ring homomorphism preserves unity elements.
Simple Algebras Over Global Fields
Authors: Reiner I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this chapter let K denote a global field (see §4e). Our aim is to study central simple K-algebras, and ideal class groups of maximal orders in such algebras. As general references for the topics considered below, the reader may consult Albert [I], Cassels-FrÖ hlich [l], Deuring [I], Roggenkamp [l], Roggenkamp, Huber-Dyson [I], Swan-Evans [I], Weil [IJ We shall state without proof two basic results from class field theory, namely the Hasse Nonn Theorem and the Grunwald-Wang Theorem To include the proofs of these results in this book would require several additional chapter!&gt;, and would adversely affect the proper balance of the subject matter covered in this book. Apart from these two theorems, however, the rest of the exposition is self-contained.