bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sociology of global health: Inequality, disease‐related stigma, and the rise of nongovernmental organizations
Authors: Leonard Cassandra 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis article is a review of global health literature, emphasizing the evolution in health terminology in recent decades and noteworthy research areas of global health. This review identifies global inequality and disease‐related stigma as key social determinants of health and central problems improving health outcomes. Within global health, there is a growing discourse surrounding health disparities, particularly among the world's most disadvantaged populations. Additionally, the field notes an increase in global health nonprofits, international governmental organizations (IGOs), and regulatory bodies. As such, this paper examines the scope of empirical global health research with consideration of inequality and stigma as well as the role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in health outcomes for the developing world. The review also discusses the role of IGOs and global health regulatory bodies in shaping development and health outcomes. A broad review of literature finds that although chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are currently the largest cause of poor health in the world's most impoverished nations, these are largely untargeted by NGO efforts, which may exacerbate the state of global inequality. However, the impact that NGOs could have on ameliorating the effects of NCDs remains understudied and is a promising direction for future scholarly efforts.
Predictive modelling of sweep's specific draft using machine learning regression approaches
Authors: Gautam Prem Veer , Agrawal Kamal Nayan , Roul Ajay Kumar , Mansuri Shekh Mukhtar , Subeesh A. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractModelling and optimizing soil‐tool interaction parameters for tillage operations is crucial for developing efficient and precise tools. This study focused on a specific draft of sweep tools in the soil bin filled with vertisol, considering factors such as tool geometry, cone index, working depth and operational speed. Data analysis showed that the range of specific draft values, from 9.51 to 38.95 kN/m2. Machine learning models, including artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), bagged trees (BT) and boosted trees (BoT), were developed using experimental data to predict the specific draft of sweep tools with hyperparameter configuration. The developed machine learning models have also been compared with the predictive multiple linear regression (MLR) model, and it was found that the predictive performance of the machine learning models was better than the MLR model during training and testing. The fine‐tuned ANN model achieved impressive statistical performance with the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.489 kN/m2, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.619 kN/m2, standard error of prediction (SEP) of 3.462% and highest coefficient of determination (R2) of .99 during testing. R2 values for BT, BoT, SVM and MLR models were .97, .96, .94 and .83, respectively, for specific draft predictions. The findings from this study have practical implications for optimizing sweep tool design and improving tillage operation. Manufacturers and farmers can benefit from predictive modelling using machine learning to design and select appropriate tillage tools for specific soil conditions. This approach can lead to improved soil health, increased yields and reduced costs.
Detrimental impact of immunosuppressive burden on clinical course in patients with Cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation
Authors: Ossami Saidy Ramin Raul , Kollar Stefanie , Czigany Zoltan , Dittrich Luca , Raschzok Nathanael , Globke Brigitta , Schöning Wenzel , Öllinger Robert , Lurje Georg , Pratschke Johann , Eurich Dennis , Uluk Deniz 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIntroductionCytomegalovirus (CMV)‐infection and reactivation remain a relevant complication after liver transplantation (LT). The recipient and donor serum CMV‐IgG‐status has been established for risk stratification when choosing various pharmaceutical regimens for CMV‐prophylaxis in the last two decades. However, factors influencing course of CMV‐infection in LT remain largely unknown. In this study, the impact of immunosuppressive regimen was examined in a large cohort of patients.MethodsAll patients that underwent primary LT between 2006 and 2018 at the Charité–Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, were included. Clinical course as well as histological and laboratory findings of patients were analyzed our prospectively maintained database. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis for impact of variables on CMV‐occurrence was conducted, and survival was examined using Kaplan–Meier analysis.ResultsOverall, 867 patients were included in the final analysis. CMV‐infection was diagnosed in 325 (37.5%) patients after transplantation. Significantly improved overall survival was observed in these patients (Log rank = 0.03). As shown by correlation and regression tree classification and regression tree analysis, the recipient/donor CMV‐IgG‐status with either positivity had the largest influence on CMV‐occurrence. Analysis of immunosuppressive burden did not reveal statistical impact on CMV‐infection, but statistically significant inverse correlation of cumulative tacrolimus trough levels and survival was found (Log rank < .001). Multivariate analysis confirmed these findings (p = .02).DiscussionCMV‐infection remains of clinical importance after LT. Undergone CMV‐infection of either recipient or donor requires prophylactic treatment. Additionally, we found a highly significant, dosage‐dependent impact of immunosuppression (IS) on long‐term outcomes for these patients, underlying the importance of minimization of IS in liver transplant recipients.
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Impact of preoperative bloodstream infection on outcomes of pediatric liver transplant recipients treated for acute liver failure
Authors: Baba Chiaki , Funaki Takanori , Uranaka Makoto , Hashiya Mai , Ninagawa Jun , Sakamoto Seisuke , Kasahara Mureo , Nagasaka Yasuko , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Kasuya Shugo 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundAcute liver failure (ALF) is a component of multisystem organ failure that causes severe liver dysfunction in patients without underlying chronic liver disease. The patients with ALF are prone to have infections, including bacteremia. However, studies of the infectious impact for post liver transplantation (LT) in pediatric ALF are limited. We aimed to evaluate our current practice for pediatric LT cases of ALF with preoperative bacteremia.MethodsThe records of all patients under 18 years old undergoing LT for ALF in our center from November 2005 to December 2021 were collected. They were divided into two groups: those with a preoperative bloodstream infection (BSI) and those without (NBSI). We compared the preoperative status and also reviewed the details of the BSI group. Intraoperative course and postoperative outcomes were also compared.ResultsThere were 19 BSI patients and 66 NBSI patients. One BSI case was detected on the day of LT. This patient had no changes in vital signs and general condition. After evaluation and therapeutic intervention by pediatric infectious disease specialists, LT was performed on the same day. Five cases developed septic shock at the time of detection of BSI. All BSI patients were in stable condition on the operation day with proper interventions. There were no significant differences in mortality and hospital stay between both groups.ConclusionsLT might be able to be performed for pediatric ALF even with positive blood cultures. In addition, appropriate therapeutic intervention by specialists and patient's stable condition before LT are essential.
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Excess mortality among kidney transplant recipients: Impact of COVID‐19‐related deaths during the pandemic
Authors: Cristelli Marina Pontello , Fortaleza Carlos Magno Castelo Branco , Pereira João Filipe Costa Alves , Taddeo Julia Bernardi , Viana Laila Almeida , Requião‐Moura Lucio Roberto , Chow Charles Yea Zen , Nakamura Monica Rika , Tedesco‐Silva Helio , Medina‐Pestana José 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundBecause COVID‐19 has been associated with high lethality rates among kidney transplant recipients (KTR), but also with a severe disruption and delays in overall healthcare, this study aims to evaluate the excess mortality in the pandemic era among KTR in a high‐volume Brazilian transplant center.MethodsThis study used data from a single center that provides follow‐up on all its transplant recipients. The population of interest included all the patients who were transplanted between August 31, 1983 and December 31, 2022 and who were live from January 1, 2014. Using the “AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average” forecasting algorithm, the expected mortality for the pandemic era (2020–2022) was modeled from the pre‐pandemic era (2014–2019).ResultsThere were 12 077 KTRs at risk of dying in the entire observation period. In the pre‐pandemic era, there were 21 deaths per 1000 patients at risk. In the pandemic era, there were 1429 observed deaths (rate of 47 deaths per 1000 patients at risk) versus the expected 587 deaths, resulting in an absolute number of 842 excess deaths, or an observed‐to‐expected ratio of 2.4, or an absolute rate of 26 deaths in excess per 1000 patients at risk. The excess deaths exhibited a temporal pattern mirroring that of the surges in new cases and lethality rates of COVID‐19. COVID‐19‐related deaths drove 94% of excess mortality in the pandemic era.ConclusionIn this large cohort of KTR under centralized follow‐up, more than twofold excess mortality was primarily driven by COVID‐19‐related deaths, highlighting the vulnerability of this population to the most severe presentation of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
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Understanding Human−Autonomy Teams Through a Human−Animal Teaming Model
Authors: Lum Heather C. , Phillips Elizabeth K. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe relationship between humans and animals is complex and influenced by multiple variables. Humans display a remarkably flexible and rich array of social competencies, demonstrating the ability to interpret, predict, and react appropriately to the behavior of others, as well as to engage others in a variety of complex social interactions. Developing computational systems that have similar social abilities is a critical step in designing robots, animated characters, and other computer agents that appear intelligent and capable in their interactions with humans and each other. Further, it will improve their ability to cooperate with people as capable partners, learn from natural instruction, and provide intuitive and engaging interactions for human partners. Thus, human−animal team analogs can be one means through which to foster veridical mental models of robots that provide a more accurate representation of their near‐future capabilities. Some digital twins of human−animal teams currently exist but are often incomplete. Therefore, this article focuses on issues within and surrounding the current models of human−animal teams, previous research surrounding this connection, and the challenges when using such an analogy for human−autonomy teams.
Blood, sweat, and fears: Athletes' perceptions of blood donation and engagement in physical activity
Authors: Masser Barbara , Webster Hugo , Thorpe Rachel , Jensen Kyle 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundAthletes are a key group from which likely eligible donors could be sourced. While blood donation has been popularized as detrimental to athletic performance, little is known about how athletes perceive blood donation. The aim of this study was to investigate athletes' perceptions of the impacts of donating blood on their athletic performance and whether these influence their engagement with blood donation.Study Design and MethodsA total of 175 athletes (78 donors; 97 non‐donors) prescreened as eligible to donate blood in Australia completed an online survey assessing the perceived impact of (i) donating blood on engagement and performance in physical activity (type of impact, direction, and duration) and (ii) engaging in physical activity on blood donation (magnitude of impact and modification of behavior).ResultsWe found that 37%–39% of our sample indicated that they had considered the impact of donating blood on their engagement or performance in physical activity, with the impact seen as negative but short term. Fatigue was the most commonly identified impact of donation on performance in physical activity. While the impact of donating did not account for athletes' non‐donor status, many donors noted changing their engagement in physical activity pre‐ and post‐donation to allow recovery, and aligning blood donation with their training schedule.DiscussionAthletes are a key community from which likely eligible donors could be sourced, however a significant proportion of athletes perceive that donating will negatively impact their athletic performance. Strategies to engage athletes with donation should acknowledge and facilitate athletes need to align their training with donating.
The Biomechanics Research and Innovation Challenge: Development, Implementation, Uptake, and Reflections on the Inaugural Program
Authors: Coltman Celeste E. , Barzan Martina , Besomi Manuela , Brackley Victoria , Bousie Jaquelin A. , Choisne Julie , Diamond Laura E. , Dick Taylor J.M. , D’Souza Nicole , Fien Samantha , Fong Yan Alycia , Gho Sheridan A. , Giraldo-Pedroza Alexandra , Hutchinson Laura A. , Hutchison Laura V. , Kean Crystal O. , Kirk Maddison M. , Lewis Amy , Maharaj Jayishini N. , Maher Nina , Mann Kerry J. , Martin Suzanne , Mickle Karen J. , Nasseri Azadeh , Oon Isobel H. , Purdie Rory , Quinlan Shayan L. , Radcliffe Ceridwen R. , Snodgrass Suzanne J. , Verma Siddharth , Hall Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Biomechanics as a discipline is ideally placed to increase awareness and participation of girls and women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. A nationwide Biomechanics and Research Innovation Challenge (BRInC) centered on mentoring and role modeling was developed to engage high school girls (mentees) and early-mid-career women (mentors) in the field of biomechanics through the completion of a 100-day research and/or innovation project. This manuscript describes the development, implementation, and uptake of the inaugural BRInC program and synthesizes the research and innovation projects undertaken, providing a framework for adoption of this program within the global biomechanics community. Eighty-seven high school girls in years 9 and 10 (age range: 14–16 y) were mentored in teams (n = 17) by women in biomechanics (n = 24). Using a design thinking approach, teams generated solutions to biomechanics-based problem(s)/research question(s). Eight key reflections on program strengths, as well as areas for improvement and planned changes for future iterations of the BRInC program, are outlined. These key reflections highlight the innovation, impact, and scalability of the program; the importance of a program framework and effective communication tools; and implementation of strategies to sustain the program as well as the importance of diversity and building a sense of community.
Selective cell lysis pressure on rare and abundant prokaryotic taxa across a shelf-to-slope continuum in the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Liu Lu , Zhong Kevin Xu , Chen Qi , Wang Yu , Zhang Ting , Jiao Nianzhi , Zheng Qiang 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT

Microbial growth and mortality are fundamental to community assembly and drive the elemental biogeochemical cycles in the ocean. Virus-induced host lysis contributes, on average, half of prokaryotic mortality and has a substantial effect on composition and diversity of marine microbes. Nevertheless, virus-mediated taxon-specific cell lysis is few studied to date. In the present study, we investigated the taxon-specific cell lysis and estimated its contribution to the variations of community composition in rare and abundant microbial taxa. The dominant taxa
Prochlorococcus
,
Synechococcus
, SAR11, and
Rhodobacteraceae
displayed lower cell lysis index (CLI, the rate of extracellular to intracellular rRNA) in surface seawater. Meanwhile,
Alteromonas
,
Pseudomonas,
and
Halomonas
had high CLI values in the bottom seawater. Cell lysis contributed a larger percentage of variation in rare taxa (5.0%–9.4%) than in abundant taxa (0.1%–1.7%). Furthermore, linear regression analysis indicated that rare taxa were more likely to experience higher viral lysis pressure relative to abundant taxa. Our findings provide insight into the impact of virus-mediated cell lysis on prokaryotic community structure and diversity and further improve our understanding of the various abiotic and biotic factors contributing to community assembly in the ocean.

IMPORTANCE
Virus-induced host lysis contributes up to 40% of total prokaryotic mortality and plays crucial roles in shaping microbial composition and diversity in the ocean. Nonetheless, what taxon-specific cell lysis is caused by viruses remains to be studied. The present study, therefore, examined the taxon-specific cell lysis and estimated its contribution to the variations in the rare and abundant microbial taxa. The results demonstrate that taxon-specific mortality differed in surface and bottom of the coastal environment. In addition, active rare taxa are more susceptible to heightened lytic pressure and suggested the importance of viral lysis in regulating the microbial community composition. These results improve our understanding of bottom-up (abiotic environmental variables) and top-down (viral lysis) controls contributing to microbial community assembly in the ocean.
IL-17 receptor A functions to help maintain barrier integrity and limit activation of immunopathogenic response to
H. pylori
infection
Authors: Brackman Lee C. , Dixon Beverly R. E. A. , Bernard Margaret , Revetta Frank , Cowell Rebecca P. , Meenderink Leslie M. , Washington M. Kay , Piazuelo M. Blanca , Algood Holly M. Scott 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT

Activation of Th17 cell responses, including the production of IL-17A and IL-21, contributes to host defense and inflammatory responses by coordinating adaptive and innate immune responses. IL-17A and IL-17F signal through a multimeric receptor, which includes the IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) subunit and the IL-17RC subunit. IL-17RA is expressed by many cell types, and data from previous studies suggest that loss of IL-17 receptor is required to limit immunopathology in the
Helicobacter pylori
model of infection. Here, an

Il17ra
-/-

mouse was generated on the FVB/n background, and the role of IL-17 signaling in the maintenance of barrier responses to
H. pylori
was investigated. Generating the

Il17ra
-/-

on the FVB/n background allowed for the examination of responses in the paragastric lymph node and will allow for future investigation into carcinogenesis. While uninfected

Il17ra
-/-

mice do not develop spontaneous gastritis following
H. pylori
infection,

Il17ra
-/-

mice develop severe gastric inflammation accompanied by lymphoid follicle production and exacerbated production of Th17 cytokines. Increased inflammation in the tissue, increased IgA levels in the lumen, and reduced production of Muc5ac in the corpus correlate with increased
H. pylori-
induced paragastric lymph node activation. These data suggest that the cross talk between immune cells and epithelial cells regulates mucin production, IgA production, and translocation, impacting the integrity of the gastric mucosa and therefore activating of the adaptive immune response.
LORF9 of Marek’s disease virus is involved in the early cytolytic replication of B lymphocytes and can act as a target for gene deletion vaccine development
Authors: Zhu Xiaojing , Wang Lele , Gong Lele , Zhai Yunyun , Wang Rui , Jin Jiaxin , Lu Wenlong , Zhao Xuyang , Liao Yifei , Zhang Gaiping , Zhuang Guoqing , Sun Aijun 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT

Marek’s disease (MD) is a poultry disease characterized by severe immunosuppression and the development of T cell lymphomas caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV). Our study focuses on the role of the viral
LORF9
gene in MD pathogenesis and vaccine development. We found that a
LORF9
gene deletion mutant (Md5BAC Δ
LORF9
) showed significantly reduced pathogenicity compared with the parental strain. The
LORF9
gene is essential for the early cytolytic infection in B cells. Interestingly, Md5BAC Δ
LORF9
provided adequate immunological protection against very virulent MDV challenge and induced a distinct host immune response compared with the CVI988/Rispens vaccine strain. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the deletion of
LORF9
led to a significantly different expression of innate immunity-associated genes. Overall, our study provides insights into the role of LORF9 in MD pathogenesis and highlights its importance in MDV gene deletion vaccine development.

IMPORTANCE

Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is a highly infectious and oncogenic virus that can induce severe T cell lymphomas in chickens. MDV encodes more than 100 genes, most of which have unknown functions. This work indicated that the
LORF9
gene is necessary for MDV early cytolytic replication in B lymphocytes. In addition, we have found that the
LORF9
deletion mutant has a comparative immunological protective effect with CVI988/Rispens vaccine strain against very virulent MDV challenge. This is a significant discovery that LORF9 can be exploited as a possible target for the development of an MDV gene deletion vaccine.
Diabetes knowledge and foot care practices among type 2 diabetes patients attending the chronic ambulatory care unit of a public health hospital in eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Letta Shiferaw , Goshu Abel Tibebu , Sertsu Addisu , Nigussie Kabtamu , Negash Abraham , Yadeta Tesfaye Assebe , Bulti Fekadu Aga , Geda Biftu , Dessie Yadeta 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveTo assess diabetes knowledge and foot care practices among type 2 diabetes patients.DesignAn institution-based cross-sectional study was undertaken from 1 January to 31 January 2021.SettingEastern Ethiopia.ParticipantsRandomly selected type 2 diabetes patients who were available during the data collection period were included.OutcomesPatients’ diabetes knowledge was assessed with the revised diabetes knowledge test questionnaire. Five items were used to evaluate foot self-care practices.ResultsThe study population comprised of 549 patients. About 52.5% of the patients had adequate diabetes knowledge (95% CI: 48.2% to 56.7%). Patients with an educational level of secondary school and above (adjusted OR (AOR): 2.04, 95% CI: 1.13 to 3.71), (AOR: 5.28, 95% CI: 2.28 to 12.22), and those with medium and above wealth status (AOR: 3.81, 95% CI: 2.24 to 6.47), (AOR: 3.46, 95% CI: 1.98 to 6.04), were found to have better odds of having adequate diabetes knowledge. However, those aged >55 years (AOR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.99) were found to have lower odds of adequate diabetes knowledge.Of the total included patients, 20.2% (95% CI: 16.9% to 23.8%) had good foot care practices. Knowledge of the target fasting plasma glucose (AOR: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.94 to 5.22) and adequate diabetes knowledge (AOR: 3.40, 95% CI: 1.95 to 5.91) were significantly associated with good foot care practices.ConclusionAccording to this study, about half of individuals with type 2 diabetes have adequate levels of knowledge about the disease. In addition, only one out of every five patients has good foot care habits. Diabetes education should emphasise the significance of rigorous adherence to daily foot care practices.