bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
conclusions: The Pursuit of Fairness
Authors: Anderson Terry H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of our involvement in World War II, just a year after A. Philip Randolph threatened his march on Washington, Mark Ethridge, the liberal publisher of the Louisville Courier-Journal commented at a Fair Employment Practices Commission hearing,”No white Southerner can logically challenge the statement that the Negro is entitled, as an American citizen, to full civil rights and to economic opportunity.” But, he continued, Northerners “must recognize that there is no power in the world—not even in all the mechanized armies of the earth, Allied and Axis—which could now force the Southern white people to the abandonment of the principle of social segregation.”In 1942 that outlook was considered realistic, and segregation was considered fair. A poll taken two years later asked, “Do you think Negroes should have as good a chance as white people to get any kind of job, or do you think white people should have the first chance at any kind of job?” Only 44 percent thought that blacks should have equal opportunity.
Obtaining the Necessary Information
Authors: Donabedian Avedis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two observations I wish to make at the outset. First, information is the life-blood of quality assessment (as it is of practice also). Without it nothing can be done. If the information is incomplete invalid, or intentionally distorted, a false picture of quality inevitably results. Second, as I have already remarked, there is a reciprocal relation between criteria-standards and the information one needs and seeks. The criteria and standards one formulates are contingent on what information is available concerning the degree of adherence to them. But it is also hoped that if the criteria and standards are put into effect, the needed information will be forthcoming.
Introduction: A Dream Country
Authors: Cullen Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
That title Won’t Work, James Truslow Adams was told. No one will pay three dollars for a book about a dream. Adams, author of a series of popular books on American history think of him as the David McCullough or Ken Burns of the 1930was seeking to broaden his literary horizons. A man with elite bloodlines dating back to the seventeenth century, when one of his ancestors came to Virginia as an indentured servant and ended up in the landowning class, Adams, born in 1878, had nevertheless grown up under relatively modest circumstances. (His father was an unsuccessful Wall Street broker.) After graduating from Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute in 1898 and earning a master’s degree in philosophy at Yale 1900, he went to work on Wall Street himself, making enough money to devote himself to writing.
Dream of The Good Life (II): Upward Mobility
Authors: Cullen Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Declaration of Independence may be the charter of the American Dream, but between that abstract document and current reality are countless variations on the pursuit of happiness: e unum, pluribus. Yet it is also true that among all the possibilities, as variegated as any American who has ever lived, are basic classes of dreams that rest on concepts whose meaning both transcends a particular context and gets defined by that context. The Puritans dreamt of freedom; so did African Americans.
King Of America: The Dream of Equality
Authors: Cullen Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Homer plessy was not a slave. Born in New Orleans on March 17, 1862—six months to the day before Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation—the was the son of Creole parents. Although Plessy and his entire family were light-skinned and “passed” as white, his great-grandmother was of African descent. This meant, according to Louisiana law, that he was legally black. Unlike many African Americans—or “negroes,” as they were called in polite circles at the time—Plessy, who grew up to become a shoemaker, had been a free man his entire life. Nobody owned him; nobody could buy or sell him. He could say what he pleased, go where he wanted. He enjoyed a series of constitutionally protected rights as a United States citizen.
Of course, as a negro, there were certain, shall we say, considerations. Nobody owned him, but if he was ever unfortunate enough to go to jail (something statistically more likely for him than for a white man), he might end up on a chain gang performing forced labor. He could say what he pleased, but as surely he understood, some things (particularly those critical of the state of race relations) could only be said at his own risk. He could go where he wanted, assuming he had the means (and obeyed the prevailing rules, like sticking among his own kind).
Detached Houses: The Dream of Home Ownership
Authors: Cullen Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1969, My present, sister, and I moved from our row house apartment in the Jackson Heights section of Queens, New York, to a first-floor rental in a two-family house on Long Island. The reason was the racial desegregation of our neighborhood public schools. The civil rights movement, whose first stirrings had focused on southern school systems in the 1950s, had spread the country and was increasingly coming closer to home. This was apparent in the racial violence that now engulfed cities like Newark no less than Birmingham. Perhaps even more frightening than spectacular eruptions like the riots that followed the assassination of Martin Luther King were more lasting structural changes in everyday life. The previous year, a political struggle over school integration erupted in the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Ocean Hill–Brownsville, and in the ensuing arguments, which resulted in a state takeover of the schools, even former allies—the teachers’ union, black activists, Jewish residents—found themselves bitterly divided.
Dream of The Good Life (III): The Coast
Authors: Cullen Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The American Dream was never meant to be a zero-sum solution: the goal has always been to end up with more than you started with. Even the Puritans, whose dream in its purest formulation was about as selfless as any in American history, and who were as skeptical of human will as any people in the Western world of the last five hundred years, nevertheless acted from this premise. There’s really no other way to understand their migration except as motivated by a belief that it could procure some gain, if not for themselves in providing a reassuring sense of purpose, then at least for the good of their children and community, who might yet be saved even if they themselves were not. Other believers then and since were not nearly as circumspect about their errands in the wilderness, acting with confidence that they could secure their futures in the next world through good works in this one. In all these cases, however, this was the Dream of the Good Life as a spiritual affair.
The Balkans as Borderland and Melting Pot
Authors: Wachtel Andrew Baruch 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the historical and literary imagination, the Balkans loom large as a frightening but ill-defined space. Most attempts at classification focus on geography (the Balkan Mountains give the area its conventional name) or, from the mid-nineteenth century, on the set of prejudices attached to the term by local and outside observers. Historians have generally been less concerned with defining this region in positive terms and taking as a starting point the cultural, historical, and social threads that make it a coherent, complex whole.
The Medieval Balkans
Authors: Wachtel Andrew Baruch 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the sixth century until the beginning of the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans in the latter half of the fourteenth century, the final “permanent residents” of the Balkan Peninsula migrated to the region. These were the Slavs—most important because eventually most numerous—but also the Turks (first Bulgars, a small warrior elite that led a group of Slavs into the Balkans in the sixth century, and then Ottomans) in the south and east, Magyars (Hungarians) in the north, and finally the Roma (Gypsies), who would eventually spread over the entire peninsula. These peoples joined those already present in the region—the Greeks, the Illyrians (likely ancestors of the Albanians), and the Romanized Dacians (ancestors of the Romanians and, probably, the Vlachs). Although there would be a great deal of mixing among these peoples over the centuries as well as many conflicts between them, the ancestors of all the modern Balkan nations were thus present by the end of the medieval period.
Introduction
Authors: Williams Rhonda Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the early 1960s Rosetta was around thirty and raising one boy and two girls. She had left the father of her children for a fresh start. A black woman, worked as a cook, making $25 a week and pay-ing weekly rent of $18.50, leaving her little to buy food and necessities. She rented a cramped, two-bedroom apartment in a row house in west Baltimore. In an interview, she recalled the nice cabinets, the hardwood the back porch, and the bay windows.
Shifting Landscapes in Post war Baltimore
Authors: Williams Rhonda Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Poe Homes’ pioneer resident, Clara Gordon, had made a fairly comfortable home in public housing. But within a few years, that began to change. The happy times of courtship, marital bliss, and homemaking had waned. Her husband wanted to be boss in the household and was a philanderer in the streets.”I tell the truth,” Gordon stated.”A spade is a spade is a spade.” Furthermore, claimed Gordon, her husband did not possess the zeal for or faith in education that she did. And this was no small point. Gordon believed that through education “you could move.
Beating The Blues
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a clear, practical resource for the millions of people plagued by persistent mild depression. One of the most underrecognized and undertreated mood disorders, dysthymia can be treated through self-help measures, psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of all three. This book is designed to offer general information on dysthymia and outline specific measures individuals can take in order to reclaim a positive outlook on life. Practical advice and thorough research will make this the ultimate guide for those who might otherwise have resigned themselves to a lifetime of apathy, lethargy, and pessimism.
Exercise and Nutrition
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. —Sir Richard Steele There is little doubt that certain lifestyle changes can go a long way to promote good mental health. The effects of exercise in particular are well researched (probably because it’s easier to study than nutrition), and a growing body of evidence confirms the powerful influence of exercise on buoying mood and helping dysthymia and mild depression. Exercise: Good for Your Body and Good for Your Mind For dysthymia and other forms of mild and moderate depression, several studies have found that exercise is as powerful an antidepressant as psychotherapy or medication. Moderate, regular exercise can significantly lift mood and selfesteem, and improve sleep patterns, one’s sense of mastery, and the ability to cope with stress. In fact, exercise seems to significantly influence almost all the symptoms of dysthymia.
Dysthymia in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dysthymia afflicts children, too. In fact, the vast majority of adults— some 75 percent—with dysthymia report that their mood difficulties began while they were children or teenagers. Diagnosing dysthymia early is important, not only to improve a child’s quality of life but also to prevent problems later in life. Depressed kids may be irritable and act out, or they become passive and withdraw. They stop trying hard and do poorly in school, don’t connect much with other kids, are moody and contrary, and later become promiscuous, rebellious or turn to ways to self-medicate with alcohol or drugs. And, as in adulthood, suicidal behavior can be a consequence of feeling stuck in a hopeless existence. Although it is normal for adolescents to be moody, it is the broader, all-encompassing, and persistent changes in mood and behavior that distinguish dysthymia from normal moodiness.
Gender and Dysthymia
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Why Women Have a High Rate of Dysthymia The fact that women have twice the rate of depression as men is a worldwide phenomenon. Some 9 percent of American women at any particular time suffer from some form of depression compared with less than half that of men. In fact, in at least one study, up to half the women surveyed said they’d had some kind of depression at some time in their lives. Studies suggest a range of potential reasons for the gender differences, from women’s cyclical hormonal changes and their ruminative style of thinking to their greater use of emotion-focused ways of coping, to their many psychosocial disadvantages compared with men. Whether genes account for the gender difference in depression is still not known.
Introduction Rethinking Suffrage
Authors: Nym Mayhall Laura E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 25June 1909, Marion Wallace Dunlop, member of the British militant suffrage organization, the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU), stenciled the following words from the Bill of Rights (1689) on a wall in the outer precincts of the House of Commons: “It is the right of the subject to petition the King, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal.”‘ Wallace Dunlop was arrested and incarcerated, whereupon she refused to eat in protest against the court’s adjudication of her actions as having criminal rather than political motivations. Her hunger strike, in fact, is the reason Wallace Dunlop remains one of the most well-known suffrage activists of the Edwardian period. Like Emily Wilding Davison, who died after hurling herself at the king’s horse at the Derby in 1913 in protest against the government’s treatment of suffragettes in prison, Wallace Dunlop, the “first hunger striker,” emerges in histories of the militant suffrage movement as an exemplar of some British women’s willingness to sacrifice their bodies for the achievement of political rights.
Embodying Citizenship, 1908-1914
Authors: Nym Mayhall Laura E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In formulating resistance to constituted authority, suffragettes struggled with legacies of liberal political revolutions of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As historian Joan Scott has argued about the French Revolution, the “abstract gesture of embodiment-the attribution of citizenship to (white) male subjects-complicated enormously the project of claiming equal rights, for it suggested either that rights themselves, or at least how and where they were exercised, depended on the physical characteristics of human bodies.” Questions of embodiment lay at the very heart of the demands suffragettes made upon the state: sexed female, they demanded incorporation into a body politic conceptualized as male. Suffragettes repeatedly encountered resistance to their claims on the basis of their sex. At one open-air suffrage meeting in Campden Hill Square in February 1914, Emmeline Pankhurst compared the women’s struggle to earlier male franchise campaigns. She reminded the crowd that “when your forefathers fought for their liberty they took lives,” to which a voice in the crowd replied, ‘“You are only a woman.”‘
Into a Changing World
Authors: Davidson James West 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The woman who eagerly awaited the chance to be photographed—who thought the camera could “catch” her like-ness—instinctively distinguished between her true identity and what the camera might or might not catch. The world observes us and, inevitably, makes rough and ready judgments about our character based on a host of categories that come with their own expectations: married/unmarried; immigrant/native born; Christian/Jew. Some categories we accept as a reasonable reflection of who we are. Others strike us as misleading and provoke us to push back. But they are applied and used, just as we apply and use them on others—and on ourselves. They say/we say .
The Voice in the Machine Hazlitt, Austen, Hardy, and James
Authors: Clayton Jay 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Abell rings. Another message. The voices in the machine resume their insistent chatter. So many words, streams of code, flowing through the machine on his desk. He will be doing other things, moving about his small room with the inattentive composure of a person at home in his own world, when the bell chimes. He cannot ignore it.
Concealed Circuits Frankenstein’s Monster, Replicants, and Cyborgs
Authors: Clayton Jay 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner, a technothriller set in the permanent twi light of Los Angeles in 2019, an owl perches in the main offices of the Tyrell Corporation, creators of the”replicants” that have set the story in motion. In a nice visual allusion, this owl takes flight through the penthouse suite, passing in front of a wall of plate glass windows, behind which a brilliant orange sun is setting. Since its first release in 1982, Blade Runner has been taken by critics as a vision of a particular historical epoch, the period many people today call postmodernism.Its portrait of ecological disaster and urban poverty, of a visual and aural landscape saturated with advertising, of a polyglot population immersed in a Babel of competing cultures, of decadence and homelessness, of technological achievement and social decay, has appeared to many people as prescient. By bringing Mary Shelley’s story of the creation of an artificial human into the era of genetic engineering and new reproductive technologies,2 it succeeded in crystallizing some of the fears, uncertainties, and desires that surround the coming of the postmodern.
Is Pip Postmodern? Or, Dickens at the Turn of the Millennium
Authors: Clayton Jay 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One overcast day in February, under the failing light of a late-afternoon sun, several curiously dressed couples were seen hurrying down the platform of the Riverfront Depot in Nashville, Tennessee. Most days of the week a group of teenagers might Rollerblade from one end of the platform to the other without endangering human life. But this evening the depot was astir: the powerful locomotive-a renovated 1952 model EBA, weighing 318,000 pounds and developing 2,250 horsepower-hissed and vibrated, pulsing with anticipation; porters beckoned anxiously to late-arriving passengers; while men in white sequined suits, with bushy sideburns and hair swept forward over their brows, escorted ladies in tight-skirted red dresses toward the elegant dining cars. One couple in particular drew the observer’s attention, as they paused before a nostalgia poster of Roy Acuff’s 1946 movie Night Train to Memphis. This couple, although dressed as creatively as the other passengers, appeared more shy than most, as though this were their first date, and perhaps a blind one at that. Hoping to discover what had oc casioned the unwonted bustle at the depot, the observer moved closer; and happily, the gentleman’s first words dispelled the entire mystery.
Genome Time New Age Evolution, The Gold Bug Variations, and Gattaca
Authors: Clayton Jay 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the cover of the October 1999 National Geographic a piglet with human DNA introduces an issue dedicated to asking: ‘‘Are we ready for the gene age?” We should be. Not since Darwin’s time has there been so much public attention focused on the inherited traits of our species. During the last year of the twentieth century The New York Times averaged forty articles a month on the new genetics, covering topics such as Dolly the cloned sheep; newly discovered genesfor breast cancer, homosexuality, and longer life; ecological and religious protests against gene tampering; insurance problems arising from genetic screening; the patenting of genes; DNA forensic evidence in criminal cases and paternity suits; the prospect of cloning a wooly mammoth; and handy recipes for cooking genetically altered food. There was Doogie, the supersmart mouse, whose memory and intelligence had been enhanced by injecting a modified gene into fertilized mouse eggs. There was the painless vaccine that one day might be delivered by rubbing DNA cream on your skin. And there was an ecoterrorist group named Seeds of Resistance, which cut down a field of genetically engineered corn in Maine, followed by the demonstrations against genetically modified food at the World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle.
Deep Strikes
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We now turn to the evolution of Russia’s grand strategy from the accession of Elizabeth to the death of Catherine II and to an analysis of its three major principles—strategic penetration, deployment, and the client system—at a time when Russia sought and achieved hegemony in the Heartland. Faced with the re-luctance of the Swedish client to accept its place in the new international order created by the Treaty of Nystadt (1721) and ill-conceived attempts to regain some of its losses, the empire struck back with a determination to destroy Sweden’s military capability and discipline it to accept Russia’s overlordship. Russian troops were stationed in Stockholm for the first and only time. Determined likewise to teach the Prussian client that Russia alone was entitled to manage the client system anchored in the friendly kingdom, Russia fought the bloodiest engagements of the century against Frederick II, and its troops even briefly occupied Berlin. In the southern theater, imperial troops finally broke the Ottoman hold on the Black Sea and even crossed the Danube under the watchful apprehension of the Prussian client and Austria. Both were subsequently kept in line by an agreement to partition the Polish client. Farther east, a new client state was being created in Georgia. By the time of Catherine’s death in 1796, Russian forces were poised for deep penetrations beyond the Heartland’s periphery, in Holland and northern Italy. Russia’s position as hegemon and arbiter of interclient disputes within the Heartland had become an incontrovertible fact.
Economy, Culture, Client Societies
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Russia’s rise to hegemony in the Heartland was made possible by the continued strength of its economy within the few parameters set by Peter: while “free” labor made progress in the textile industry concentrated around Moscow, metallurgy remained largely concentrated in the Urals, where the labor force was over-whelmingly servile. The foundation of the military-industrial complex continued to be serfdom, with its accompanying infrastructure of compulsion geared to the production of the weapons of war for the army and the navy and to the construction of fortresses and naval installations in an ever expanding empire. By 1750, the production of iron had reached 36,363 tons; by the end of Paul’s reign, in 1800, it had quintupled to reach nearly 181,820 tons, keeping Russia still ahead of England with its 172,730 tons.1 Russia had overtaken Sweden to become the leading exporter of iron and copper. But Russia’s lead over England was narrowing, as the basic flaws of Russian metallurgy began to appear: the exhaustion of the Ural forests and the reliance on serf labor, which discouraged innovation. Serfdom’s capabilities were being stretched to the limit, and farther demands would become counter-productive.