bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Explanatory Role Of Consciousness In Action
Authors: Eilan Naomi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the view that I will be calling ‘common sense realism’, conscious experiences have a critical causal role in explaining action. On this view, because of the way a pain feels to me, subjectively, I take steps to stop it; or because a cake seems, phenomenally, to be on my left, I reach out in that direction. During the past two decades, this fundamental ingredient in our everyday psychology has been put under severe pressure, both by philosophers and by psychologists, who for a variety of reasons have claimed that phenomenal consciousness is causally epiphenomenal; it has no causal role at all. To put it very crudely—as far as the causal workings of our minds are concerned, we might as well be zombies.
First-Person Understanding Of Action In Criminal Law
Authors: Burkhardt BjÖRn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Actions—one’s own just as much as those of others—can be understood from two different perspectives, but the terminology characterizing these perspectives is not uniform. One widespread approach is to contrast the firstand the third-person point of view (see, e.g. Korsgaard, 1996b; Kim, 1998; Velmans, 2000). Other comparisons can also be found, such as internal and external perspective (Weischedel, 1967; Nagel, 1986), personal and impersonal point of view (Hornsby, 1997), practical and theoretical point of view (Bok, 1998; Korsgaard, 1996a), intentional and deterministic discourse (Kelman, 1987; Boldt, 1992; Herrmann, 1996), or reactive and deliberative interpretation (Pearl, 2000).
The sociology of social class
Authors: Heath Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Class is a theory-laden concept or rather set of concepts. The different theoretical traditions in sociology have spawned different theories of class and stratification, and these in turn have spawned different measures. As a result, British sociology exhibits a bewildering array of class schemas. There are the two ‘official’ schemas: the Registrar General’s (with its six classes) and the OPCS (Office of Population Censuses and Surveys) scheme of 17 socioeconomic groups (OPCS 1980). There is the Market Research scheme of six ‘social grades’ (A, B, Cl, C2, D and E) (Monk 1978). From academic sociologists come the Hall-Jones classification (Hall and Jones 1950), the class schema of John Goldthorpe (Goldthorpe, Llewellyn, and Payne 1980), and the Marxist schemas of E.O. Wright (Wright 1979, 1985). Finally, there are also continuous scales, as opposed to discrete class schemas, such as the Cambridge scale (Stewart, Prandy, and Blackburn 1980) and the Hope-Goldthorpe scale (Goldthorpe and Hope 1974).
The Biology of Social Class
Authors: Mascie-Aylor C G Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive summary of those biological variables which are associated with social class. ‘Associated’ can have several meanings; it can refer to significantly more or less individuals than expected with a specified character in a social class. Alter-natively, for a continuous character the term signifies average or mean differences between classes. In the latter case this might result in a measurable gradient for either an increase or decrease in mean values from social class I to V.
Birds in biological isolates
Authors: Blondel Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The way in which the number and identity of species inhabiting an island, a set of islands, or any other discrete patch of habitat varies with such parameters as size, degree of isolation, and habitat heterogeneity has been an important question in ecology, evolutionary biology, and more recently in conservation biology. In the late 1960s and 1970s, a tremendous amount of work was generated by the model of island biogeography of Preston (1962) and MacArthur and Wilson (1963,1967). This model and its predictions have been investigated on real oceanic islands (e.g. Hamilton et al. 3963. Terborgh 1971, 1973; Diamond et al. 1976; Diamond and Mayr 1976; Mayr and Diamond 1976), and also on mountaintops (Cook 1974; Johnson 1975), caves (Culver et al. 1973; Vuilleu- mier 1973), ponds (Hubbard 1973), and such patches of habitat as isolated fragments of forest (e.g. Moore and Hooper 1975; Galli et al. 1976; Burgess and Sharpe 1981; Pickett and White 1985; Soule 1986).
Modelling the population dynamics of the Grey Partridge: conservation and management
Authors: Potts G R , Aebischer N J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computers first became available for use in ecological research in the late 1950s and by the mid-1960s a number of population simulation models had been published. These population models were mainly for harvested commercial fish or for insect pests. It was not until 1969 that they were first used on a bird, the Great Tit Parus major (Pennycuick 1969).
The proposed ‘Species Plantarum Project’ (SPP)
Authors: Brummitt R K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Species Plantarum Project is envisaged as an international co-operative project to synthesize verified basic taxonomic information on the vascular plants of the world from level of family down to species and below. It will include: names (accepted names and synonyms with places of publication and types); distributions (geographical country by country by TDWG system, ecological in a form still to be determined, and status according to the TDWG POSS system); and morphological characters (short diagnostic descriptions, probably keys, plus fixed field data for selective recall). Data will be stored in a computer system allowing distribution in electronic form, probably on-line, and publication in hard copy. A worldwide network of contributors, editors, and regional and systematic advisors will be set up. The project has nomenclatural implications as a means of producing a list of names which may be ‘protected’ from upsets caused by the priority rules. An open meeting to establish the project in the international botanical community was held at Kew in November 1990. Introduction The idea of the Species Plantarum Project was first discussed publicly at the fourth meeting of TDWG (International Working Group for Taxonomic Databases in Plant Sciences) at Missouri, in October 1988.
The role of individual botanists and small organizations in the development and maintenance of a global plant information system (GPIS)
Authors: Stirton C H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Individual botanists, whether from large or small organizations, have an important role to play in the development, maintenance, and editing of a global plant information system (GPIS). However, this role is attendant on a number of biopolitical decisions which are being made by a few major botanical institutions. This chapter assesses how individuals and small organizations might contribute to the decision-making process in setting standards for a GPIS, and providing and editing its data. A model is provided for a centralized database system but a distributed system is also considered. Emphasis is given to the importance of establishing a GPIS; the harmonization of existing ‘world’ plant databases; linking the development of a GPIS to other global database developments; the most productive use of individual expertise; and finally the special role of small organizations.
The role of large institutions in a global plant species information system
Authors: Morin Nancy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The large botanical and systematic institutions take a part in the community that is more than the sum of their parts. They represent a wealth of resources, communities of researchers, the focus of international and regional networks, the instigators of major institutional projects, and both the providers and the users of many specialist services. These features are equally important in computerized botanical information systems. A large institution such as Missouri Botanical Garden accumulates electronic resources, develops a large community of system users, provides the focus for several network projects, undertakes major database development, and both provides and uses plant taxonomic database services. Such institutions are clearly in a position to make very substantial contributions to a global plant species information system in expertise, facilities, finance, and also as users.
Linking related databases: a microbiological approach
Authors: kirsop B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Microbial Strain Data Network (MSDN) is an information and communications network set up primarily, but not exclusively, for microbiologists and biotechnologists. It is sponsored by the International Council of Scientific Unions. It is an independent organization with a Secretariat in Cambridge. The network uses the telecommunications services of Telecom Gold, BT North America and Internet and currently has issued nearly 400 mailboxes. The information relates in the main to microorganisms and cultured cells, and is mostly in the form of catalogues, strain databases and directories. These and other bibliographic, nomenclatural, regulatory and commercial databases are linked to the network. Some databases are stored on the MSDN computers and use the same software; others are accessed through electronic gateways, the data remaining on a remote computer. All may be accessed from the MSDN database menu, so providing a one-stop shopping service to a diverse collection of data resources.
Design aspects of an enterprise computing environment for systematics
Authors: Beach James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Networking provides the metaphor for the late twentieth century culture: it speaks of interactivity, decentralization, the layering of ideas from a multiplicity of sources. Networking is the provenance of far-reaching connectivity and, mediated, accelerated, and intensified by the computer, it leads to the amplification of thought, enrichment of the imagination, both broader and deeper memory, and the extension of our human senses. Computer networking means the linking of person to person, mind to mind, memory to memory regardless of their dispersal in space and their dislocation in time (Ascott 1990). The promise of the research networks The research internet will reorganize modes of communication and methods of collaboration within organismic botany. High-capacity, inexpensive communication channels will create a demand for immediate access to botanical data, information, and knowledge. Will systematics institutions be able and willing to provide them?
A critical view on proposed hormone action: the example of auxin
Authors: Hertel Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biological processes have molecular components and, on the other hand, a contextual meaning within larger processes: in this chapter we are interested in the mechanism of auxin action, in the molecular components and their sequential function, and less in the biological context, less in ontogenesis or phylogeny of the system. The biosynthesis and breakdown of indoleacetic acid (IAA) will not be dealt with. This plant growth substance fulfils the criteria of a hormone and shows analogies to animal hormones or transmitters, e.g. it is an amino acid metabolite like serotonin or thyroxine, and it is transported to its site of action. A small number of types of mechanism of action for animal hormones and transmitters have become textbook knowledge: gene activation with steroids and their cytosolic/caryoplasmic receptors; the G-protein cascade after, for example, adrenergic receptors or rhodopsin photoexeitation; the inositol-phosphate sequence; various protein kinases acting, for example, on channels, or modulation of Ca 2+ levels. Is one of these mechanisms realized with auxin in plants? Answers have been given according to the prevailing fashion, but it is still possible that auxin’s transduction chain is something new and different.
Ecological adaptations at levels with different scaling: ecosystems, whole plants, cells, membranes, molecules
Authors: Lüttge Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life is full of examples of such metastable states existing between (at least) two possible stable states, which often are qualitatively highly different. Examples occur on all possible levels of scaling. Mechanistic explanations for a given behaviour at a certain level are often searched for and found on the level marked by the next smaller scale. Hence, in order to understand the bases of ecological behaviour or adaptations it is necessary to go through a complete series of levels with different scaling to the extent that they are accessible by available methodology. Let us look at a series of examples of metastable and stable states.
Assimilate translocation and membrane transport as limiting factors for plant growth
Authors: Delrot Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plant growth depends on water, ions, and organic solutes. Water and ions are absorbed from the soil, while most organic solutes are synthesized autotrophically, and must be transported from the leaf to various organs in order to allow the normal development of the plant Besides its metabolic role, water is important both to convey the ions from the soil to the upper part of the plant, and to convey the assimilates from the mature leaves to the growing organs. If we compare ions and assimilates, additional differences must be stressed: once in the plant, a large proportion of the ions taken up from the soil stay in the plant; in contrast, a sizeable amount of assimilate is lost by respiration or is spatially or metabolically compartmented. For these reasons, the amounts of assimilate transported are much more important for growth of the plant than the amounts of ion. In most cases, only one part of the plant is harvested for human use or consumption (fruit, root, stem). Compared to plant growth, where the total biomass of the plant is considered, plant productivity therefore refers more specifically to the yield or to the growth of the harvested organs.
Compartmentation of nutrient ions in relation to supply and growth
Authors: Leigh Roger A , Storey Richard , Miller Anthony J , Zhen Rui-Guang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now accepted that nutrient ions in plant cells are asymmetrically distributed between cytoplasm and vacuole and that the pools of nutrients in each of these compartments have different functions (see Wyn Jones et al. 1979; Leigh and Wyn Jones 1986; Leigh and Storey 1991). Nutrients in the cytoplasm have a metabolic role either as substrates (e.g. nitrate, phosphate) or as activators and cofactors for enzymes (e.g. potassium, magnesium). In contrast, nutrients in the vacuole have no known biochemical functions but are accumulated to contribute to sap osmotic potential, for storage, or both. Transport of ions between cytoplasm and vacuole is also important in regulating the composition of the cytoplasm, including control of cytoplasmic pH (Pelle and Bertl 1986), Ca2+ (Blackford et al. 1990), inorganic phosphate (Pi) (Lee and Ratcliffe 1983), and K+ (Leigh and Wyn Jones 1984).
Natural products in plant growth regulation
Authors: Ballio Alessandro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a natural environment plant growth and differentiation are regulated by a number of structurally unrelated chemical signals arising from a single ecosystem. Signalling is, in general, a sophisticated process that starts with the specific perception of a natural product, either endogenous or extracellular, followed by a transduction pathway that eventually leads to a physiological response. Among endogenous plant metabolites, those belonging to the five recognized groups of phytohormones, auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene, are ubiquitous growth regulators. Plant growth-regulating substances other than these recognized phytohormones have been reported occasionally. Some (e.g. brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid, and triacontanol) are widely distributed endogenous compounds, active at very low concentration, and might be considered hormone-like metabolites if not true plant hormones; others are products of plants or micro-organisms, the so-called secondary metabolites, that have been more or less unexpectedly found to affect plant growth. This last group consists of a vast set of very varied products, often their chemistry is better known than their biological activities.
The search for phytohormone receptors: a role for auxin-binding proteins
Authors: Hesse Thomas , Palme Klaus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major internal substances that regulate plant growth and development are simple chemical factors, termed phytohormones. They interact in complex ways to produce a mature, growing plant and elicit many physiological responses in plants. For example, it is well established that they stimulate or inhibit plant growth in response to environmental cues such as light, temperature, touch, and gravity, and thus allow a plant to respond efficiently to environmental demands by growing in particular directions, by producing flowers, or by displaying any responses relevant to survival of the plant in a particular habitat. Auxins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and gibberellic acids, the major classes of phytohormones thought to act as specific chemical messengers, have received particular attention. In contrast to animal hormones, which are known to be produced in small quantities at definite sites within an organism and are then transported to another part of the organism, phytohormones are apparently not produced in specialized tissues. Nevertheless, the concepts developed for understanding the molecular functions of animal hormones have strongly influenced research into phytohormones. It has been argued that, similar to hormone action in ‘vertebrates’, the first step in phytohormone action is interaction of a ligand with a binding site, most likely a protein, located either at the plasma membrane or at various other intracellular sites. Hence, it is thought that binding of phytohormones to such proteins should be specific, reversible, of high affinity, saturable, and result in a defined biological response.
From phytochrome to phytochromes
Authors: Lercari Bartolomeo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plants are bound to a particular site for their lifetime. As a living system lacking mobility, the ability to sense and subsequently to react properly to dramatic environmental changes is a crucial prerequisite for survival. Light is probably the most important environmental stimulus to which plants react: it is not only the source of energy (photosynthesis), but is involved in several developmental and regulatory processes from the macroscopic level, for example, visible movements, flowering, and leaf expansion, down to the molecular level of gene expression (Simpson and Herrera-Estrella 1990; Smith and Whitelam 1990). Sophisticated mechanisms of photoreception give plants the ability to sense changes in light quantity and quality, direction, and duration. Plants have evolved mechanisms by which they regulate their growth and development according to their light environment (photomorphogenesis). In photomorphogenesis light is a signal that determines the pattern of differentiation, but does not satisfy its energy requirement.
Hormones in the seed of Sechium edule: role in germination and growth
Authors: Lorenzi Roberto , Ceccarelli Nello 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For several years we have been studying the presence and metabolism of plant hormones with the aim of elucidating their physiological role during the development of seed and fruit in Sechium edule. A feature common to all classes of hormones studied so far is their high con centration in endosperm and young cotyledons. Seeds of Sechium edule contain very high concentrations of both free and conjugated gibberellins (GAs) throughout seed development: both free and conjugated GAs are also present in massive concentrations at completion of seed development. Investigations of the identity and the endogenous levels of seed GAs have been reported. Lorenzi and Ceccarelli (1983) first reported on the structure and concentration of biologically active GAs in the endosperm and cotyledons of seeds at different developmental stages.
Space science
Authors: Gibson Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the risk of offending purists and specialists alike, space science in this section will be restricted only to the science of space, that is to say of the Earth, the planets, and what lies around, between, and beyond them. It will not include the science which can be conducted in space either by automatic or manned spacecraft, such as investigations using the microgravity environment in a spacecraft. It cannot be too often repeated that the advances achieved in space techniques owe much to the vision and demands of space scientists. The earliest sounding rockets and satellites contained only scientific experiments. The 1960s and 19 70s were thus a period of tremendous space science activity, with fruitful cooperation between large numbers of scientific groups in most parts of the world. Of course, there was also intense rivalry, and the familiar striving to be first to publish new and exciting results, but the irritations caused by such human foibles were massively out-weighed by the genuine international cooperation.
Postscript
Authors: Weinberger P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is barely thirty years since the first, primitive satellite orbited the Earth, and already many of the developments of space technology are taken for granted. The weather charts which appear daily on television have long ceased to cause viewers to marvel at the wonders of the satellite. Successful launches of even the most sophisticated rockets have little chance of appearing in the news, other than as a two-liner; an accident or even a serious launch delay, of course, still merits a few columns and even a photograph or two. Perhaps one should not complain at this indifference. Space has made its own way quite creditably over the past three decades, and one can be forgiven for believing that it has no need for publicity except in journals produced by and for the space community. Certainly the telecommunications sector is so largely;. privatized that it must be treated like any other industry struggling to make a profit.
The legacy of Chernobyl: the prospects for energy in the former Soviet Union
Authors: Medvedev Zhores A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr Zhores A. Medvedev is not only a distinguished biochemist but also a member of the small, brave group of Russian scientists-of whom Andrei Sakharov was the most eminent-who sacrificed their careers and risked their personal liberty by openly opposing the human rights policies of the former Soviet regime. Born in Tbilisi, twin brother of the historian Roy Medvedev, Zhores Medvedev worked as a senior scientist in the Timiryazev Academy of Agricultural Science until 1962, as Head of the Molecular Radio-Biology Laboratory in the Institute of Medical Radiology, Obninsk, until 1969, and as Senior Scientist in the Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of Farm Animals, Borovsk, until 1972. A year later, Dr Medvedev was exiled from the Soviet Union for his persistent and increasingly public opposition to the use of psychiatric treatment as a weapon against political dissidents. He settled in London, where he took up a post with the National Institute for Medical Research. Zhores Medvedev has made good use of his freedom to record the truth. He was the first scientist to expose the nuclear catastrophe-more serious, in local terms, than Chernobyl-which had occued in 1957 at Kyshtym, near Chelyabinsk, as the result of an accident in a nuclear weapons production plant. He has written extensively about recent Soviet history: his most recent book is ‘The legacy of Chernobyl’ (Blackwell, Oxford, 1990).