bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of microglia in stroke
Authors: Planas Anna M. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractMicroglia play key roles in the post‐ischemic inflammatory response and damaged tissue removal reacting rapidly to the disturbances caused by ischemia and working to restore the lost homeostasis. However, the modified environment, encompassing ionic imbalances, disruption of crucial neuron–microglia interactions, spreading depolarization, and generation of danger signals from necrotic neurons, induce morphological and phenotypic shifts in microglia. This leads them to adopt a proinflammatory profile and heighten their phagocytic activity. From day three post‐ischemia, macrophages infiltrate the necrotic core while microglia amass at the periphery. Further, inflammation prompts a metabolic shift favoring glycolysis, the pentose‐phosphate shunt, and lipid synthesis. These shifts, combined with phagocytic lipid intake, drive lipid droplet biogenesis, fuel anabolism, and enable microglia proliferation. Proliferating microglia release trophic factors contributing to protection and repair. However, some microglia accumulate lipids persistently and transform into dysfunctional and potentially harmful foam cells. Studies also showed microglia that either display impaired apoptotic cell clearance, or eliminate synapses, viable neurons, or endothelial cells. Yet, it will be essential to elucidate the viability of engulfed cells, the features of the local environment, the extent of tissue damage, and the temporal sequence. Ischemia provides a rich variety of region‐ and injury‐dependent stimuli for microglia, evolving with time and generating distinct microglia phenotypes including those exhibiting proinflammatory or dysfunctional traits and others showing pro‐repair features. Accurate profiling of microglia phenotypes, alongside with a more precise understanding of the associated post‐ischemic tissue conditions, is a necessary step to serve as the potential foundation for focused interventions in human stroke.
Development of myelination and axon diameter for fast and precise action potential conductance
Authors: Nabel Alisha L. , Teich Laurin , Wohlfrom Hilde , Alexandrova Olga , Heß Martin , Pecka Michael , Grothe Benedikt 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAxons of globular bushy cells in the cochlear nucleus convey hyper‐accurate signals to the superior olivary complex, the initial site of binaural processing via comparably thick axons and the calyx of the Held synapse. Bushy cell fibers involved in hyper‐accurate binaural processing of low‐frequency sounds are known to have an unusual internode length‐to‐axon caliber ratio (L/d) correlating with higher conduction velocity and superior temporal precision of action potentials. How the L/d‐ratio develops and what determines this unusual myelination pattern is unclear. Here we describe a gradual developmental transition from very simple to complex, mature nodes of Ranvier on globular bushy cell axons during a 2‐week period starting at postnatal day P6/7. The molecular composition of nodes matured successively along the axons from somata to synaptic terminals with morphologically and molecularly mature nodes appearing almost exclusively after hearing onset. Internodal distances are initially coherent with the canonical L/d‐ratio of ~100. Several days after hearing onset, however, an over‐proportional increase in axon caliber occurs in cells signaling low‐frequency sounds which alters their L/d ratio to ~60. Hence, oligodendrocytes initially myelinating axons according to their transient axon caliber but a subsequent differential axon thickening after hearing onset results in the unusual myelination pattern.
Co‐infections and immune‐evading viral hybrids: A perspective
Authors: Varghese Ryan , Kumar Dileep , Sharma Rohit , Akash Shopnil 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackground and AimsCo‐infections occur when two or more different types of pathogens infect the same host at the same time. Initially, it may develop via a primary infection and then later segue into a superinfection. Although some research suggests that coinfections do not affect the effect of disease outcomes, alternate evidence says otherwise. While the disease outcomes are frequently influenced by the interactions between many viruses, how these viruses interact during coinfections is poorly understood. This article aims to shed light on the interaction between viruses at a cellular and subcellular level, and the clinical implications for the same.MethodsThe articles were sought by conducting a thorough literature search on Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, PubMed Central, Dimensions, and EBSCO Host, using keywords such as coinfections, virus, viral hybrids, and superinfection. The articles pertinent to the concept were then included.ResultsThere is a growing body of evidence that suggests the formation of hybrid viral particles (HVPs) which conjugate at the cellular and subcellular level. While the formation of HVPs is bizarre, it may potentially have a profound effect on the clinical manifestations.ConclusionWhile there has been evidence of the formation of HVPs between a couple of viruses, researchers fear the existence of several other combinations, including zoonotic viruses. While this could be detrimental to the human race both at an individual—as well as a community‐level, an in‐depth understanding of the same may help in better management of the clinical manifestations of the disease.
Epidemiology and clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in hospitalized children during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Gorgan, Iran
Authors: Ramzali Mahnaz , Salimi Vahid , Cheraghali Fatemeh , Hosseini Seyedeh Delafruz , Yasaghi Mohammad , Samadizadeh Saeed , Rastegar Mostafa , Nakstad Britt , Tahamtan Alireza 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackground and AimsRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infection in infants and young children. Given the altered circulation patterns of respiratory viruses during the coronavirus disease pandemic‐2019 (COVID‐19), the study aimed to evaluate epidemiology and clinical features of RSV infections in hospitalized children during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Gorgan, northeastern Iran. Molecular epidemiology studies on respiratory viral infections are necessary to monitor circulating viruses, disease severity, and clinical symptoms, in addition to early warning of new outbreaks.MethodsOverall, 411 respiratory swab samples from hospitalized children from October 2021 to March 2022 were collected at Taleghani Children's Hospital, Gorgan, Iran. The incidence of RSV, as well as the circulating subgroups and genotypes, were investigated and confirmed using PCR methods. Additionally, all samples tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome‐associated coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and influenza, and demographic and clinical data were analyzed using SPSS software.ResultsThe share of RSV, SARS‐CoV‐2, and influenza among hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) were 27%, 16.5%, and 4.1%, respectively. The RSV subgroup A (genotype ON1) was dominant over subgroup B (genotype BA9), with more severe clinical symptoms. Compared with the prepandemic era there were high numbers of hospitalized SARS‐CoV‐2 positive children and low numbers of other respiratory viruses. Despite this, the prevalence of ALRI‐related RSV‐disease among hospitalized children in our specialized pediatric center was higher than COVID‐19 disease in the same cohort.ConclusionsStudying the epidemiology of respiratory viruses and determining the circulating strains can contribute to effective infection control and treatment strategies.
A clinical trial of the Examen and mindfulness within a secular substance use disorder treatment program
Authors: Buenrostro Christopher M. , Plante Thomas G. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe Examen is a 500‐year‐old Jesuit introspective prayer and reflection. Recent research has indicated that it has utility in psychotherapy. This study implemented the Examen as a secular cognitive–behavioral tool in the first longitudinal clinical trial of the intervention with an addiction treatment population, comparing it directly to a treatment‐as‐usual mindfulness intervention. The study found that Examen and mindfulness are equivalent in outcomes on depression, anxiety, stress, and substance craving. Further research should continue to investigate the Examen as an alternative to mindfulness for religious and secular populations and the factors responsible for the success of these practices.
Association of nirmatrelvir for acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection with subsequent Long COVID symptoms in an observational cohort study
Authors: Durstenfeld Matthew S. , Peluso Michael J. , Lin Feng , Peyser Noah D. , Isasi Carmen , Carton Thomas W. , Henrich Timothy J. , Deeks Steven G. , Olgin Jeffrey E. , Pletcher Mark J. , Beatty Alexis L. , Marcus Gregory M. , Hsue Priscilla Y. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractOral nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is approved as treatment for acute COVID‐19, but the effect of treatment during acute infection on risk of Long COVID is unknown. We hypothesized that nirmatrelvir treatment during acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection reduces risk of developing Long COVID and rebound after treatment is associated with Long COVID. We conducted an observational cohort study within the Covid Citizen Science (CCS) study, an online cohort study with over 100 000 participants. We included vaccinated, nonhospitalized, nonpregnant individuals who reported their first SARS‐CoV‐2 positive test March–August 2022. Oral nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment was ascertained during acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Patient‐reported Long COVID symptoms, symptom rebound and test‐positivity rebound were asked on subsequent surveys at least 3 months after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. A total of 4684 individuals met the eligibility criteria, of whom 988 (21.1%) were treated and 3696 (78.9%) were untreated; 353/988 (35.7%) treated and 1258/3696 (34.0%) untreated responded to the Long COVID survey (n = 1611). Among 1611 participants, median age was 55 years and 66% were female. At 5.4 ± 1.3 months after infection, nirmatrelvir treatment was not associated with subsequent Long COVID symptoms (odds ratio [OR]: 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80–1.64; p = 0.45). Among 666 treated who answered rebound questions, rebound symptoms or test positivity were not associated with Long COVID symptoms (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 0.74–2.41; p = 0.33). Within this cohort of vaccinated, nonhospitalized individuals, oral nirmatrelvir treatment during acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and rebound after nirmatrelvir treatment were not associated with Long COVID symptoms more than 90 days after infection.
Histopathology of Recalcitrant Maxillary Sinusitis Necessitating Endoscopic Medial Maxillectomy
Authors: Talati Vidit , Baird Ali M. , Gattuso Paolo , Allen‐Proctor Mary , Papagiannopoulos Peter , Batra Pete S. , Filip Peter , Tajudeen Bobby A. 
Published: January 2024

ObjectivesEndoscopic medial maxillectomy (EMM) is an effective intervention for patients with recalcitrant maxillary sinusitis after previous middle meatal antrostomy. The pathophysiology of refractory maxillary sinusitis is incompletely understood. We aim to identify trends in structured histopathology (SHP) to better understand how tissue architecture changes contribute to refractory sinusitis and impaired mucociliary clearance.MethodsAll patients who underwent EMM or standard maxillary antrostomy for recalcitrant maxillary sinusitis of various forms were included. Retrospective chart review was conducted to collect information on demographics, disease characteristics, comorbid conditions, culture data, and SHP reports. Chi‐squared and logistic regression analyses were performed for SHP variables.ResultsForty‐one patients who underwent EMM and 464 patients who underwent maxillary antrostomy were included. On average, the EMM cohort was 10 years older (60.9 years vs. 51.1 years; p = 0.001) and more often had a history of prior sinus procedures (73.2% vs. 40.9%; p < 0.001). EMM patients had higher rates of fibrosis (34.1% vs. 15.1%, p = 0.002), and this remained statistically significant when controlling for prior sinus procedures and nasal polyposis (p = 0.001). Cultures positive for pseudomonas aeruginosa (38.2% vs. 5.6%, p < 0.001) and coagulase negative staphylococcus (47.1% vs. 23.5%, p = 0.003) were more prevalent in the EMM group.ConclusionFibrosis and bacterial infections with Pseudomonas and coagulase negative Staphylococcus were more prevalent in patients requiring EMM. This may contribute to the multifactorial etiology of impaired mucociliary clearance in patients with recalcitrant maxillary sinusitis.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 134:2646–2652, 2024
A PITD algorithm for analyzing composite right‐/left‐handed transmission line
Authors: Chen Faxiang 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn this letter, a novel numerical algorithm is proposed for analyzing the composite right‐/left‐handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL). The proposed algorithm adopts the precise‐integration time‐domain technique to construct the update equation, overcomes the Courant–Friedrich–Levy (CFL) stability condition, and solves the CRLH TL equations in an explicit way. The implementation of the proposed algorithm is simple and straightforward. Numerical results validate that the proposed algorithm can solve CRLH TL equations correctly when large time steps are used, and improves computational efficiency compared with the conventional FDTD method.
Tin oxide as a Q‐switcher in an Nd‐doped fiber laser
Authors: Zhang Pei , Nizamani B. , Salam Sameer , Alghamdi Turki Ali , Aminuddin Jafry Afiq Arif , Azooz S. M. , Harun Sulaiman Wadi 
Published: January 2024

AbstractA 1089 nm Q‐switched laser has been successfully developed by using a neodymium‐doped fiber (NDF) as a gain medium and tin oxide (SnO2) material as a saturable absorber (SA). The SnO2 SA was obtained by embedding the compound into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) host polymer so that it can be easily integrated into an NDF laser (NDFL) configuration to modulate the cavity loss for pulsing operation. The laser output pulse duration and repetition rate changed from 6.7 to 4.2 µs and from 55.8 to 72.5 kHz, respectively, when the 808 nm pumping power increased from 160.0 to 252.7 mW. The laser exhibited a stable output since we recorded a signal‐to‐background noise ratio of 46.4 dB. We believe that this work is the first to address SnO2 as SA in an NDFL cavity.
A large deformation multiphase continuum mechanics model for shock loading of soft porous materials
Authors: Irwin Zachariah T. , Clayton John D. , Regueiro Richard A. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractA large deformation, coupled finite‐element (FE) model is developed to simulate the multiphase response of soft porous materials subjected to high strain‐rate loading. The approach is based on the theory of porous media (TPM) at large deformations. Simplifications to the one‐dimensional regime studied in the numerical simulations follow. An overview of several different time integration schemes is presented for the purpose of solving the nonlinear dynamic coupled balance of momenta (mixture and fluid) and balance of mass of the mixture equations. Numerical examples are presented for (i) verification against closed‐form analytical solutions assuming small loads, (ii) demonstrating large deformation effects at high strain‐rate, and (iii) showing differences in deformations between a single‐phase elastodynamics model with occluded compressible pore fluid and a multiphase poroelastodynamics model at high strain‐rate. The multiphase model shows that the relative motion of the pore fluid significantly dampens the deformation response of the solid skeleton as compared to the single‐phase model, and makes it possible to extract quantitative values for the stresses of the different constituents, thereby allowing one to form preliminary conclusions about the onset of damage in the solid skeleton. The novelty of the current work is developing a multiphase, large deformation, mixture theory numerical model for high strain‐rate loading of soft porous materials. It was discovered that explicit, adaptive time‐stepping Runge–Kutta schemes offer high accuracy at relatively low cost when compared to traditional implicit or explicit central difference time‐stepping schemes for shock‐like loadings. Shock viscosity is added to the mixture momentum balance equation to regularize the shock front, and a stabilization term is added to the mixture mass balance equation to stabilize equal order interpolation finite elements for the coupled finite element solution of multiphase materials.
Improving pain communication between limited English‐speaking Hmong patients, medical interpreters, and health care providers in primary care: A pilot study
Authors: Lor Maichou , Li Angie , Brown Roger , Swedlund Matthew P. , Hawkins John G. , Nolander Evan T. , Chewning Betty 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis pilot study assessed the feasibility of implementing a pain assessment information visualization (InfoViz) tool to address cultural and language barriers among limited English proficiency (LEP) Hmong patients in primary care. We used a static group comparison design to collect data from 20 patient, interpreter, and provider triads under usual care (i.e., interpreter using verbal pain descriptions), followed by another 20 triads under the intervention (i.e., interpreter using verbal pain descriptions and the InfoViz tool). Feasibility outcomes included recruitment and retention rates, InfoViz tool completion, acceptability, and fidelity. We also assessed mutual understanding (MU) and pain electronic health record (EHR) documentation. Descriptive data were calculated and thematic analysis was conducted. Thirty‐six LEP Hmong patients (n = 29 female, mean age = 59.03), 27 providers (n = 15 female), and four interpreters participated in this study. The patient recruitment rate was 18% while the retention rate was 81%. Interpreter recruitment rate was 80%, and 75% for retention rate. The intervention fidelity mean score was 83%. In the intervention condition, patient–provider MU of pain severity improved by 30%, coupled with a 28% increase in pain severity EHR documentation compared to usual care. While communication of pain quality did not improve, there was a higher mean number of pain descriptors (3.31 in the intervention vs. 1.79 in usual care) in EHR documentation. All participants had a positive experience with the tool, reporting it as valuable with 100% completeness of all tools. Findings revealed the tool was acceptable and feasible to use among LEP patients–interpreters–providers, providing support for an efficacy study.
The hazards of the pastoralist lifestyle: Evidence from postcranial fractures in Middle Bronze and Early Iron Age populations of the Forest‐Steppe Altai, Russia
Authors: Tur Svetlana S. , Svyatko Svetlana V. , Rykun Marina P. , Frolov Yaroslav V. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractA global comparison has shown that subsistence‐specific practices influenced the risk of postcranial fractures in prehistoric hunter‐gatherers and agriculturalists. Much less is known about pastoralists in this regard. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and patterns of postcranial injuries of herders in the Forest‐Steppe Altai, Russia. Skeletal samples associated with the Andronovo Culture of the Middle Bronze Age, and Staroaleyka and Kamen Cultures of the Early Iron Age were studied. Long bones of 595 adults were examined for evidence of antemortem and perimortem injuries. Fracture frequencies were calculated per individual and per skeletal element, and the differences were evaluated statistically. While assessing per individual, the relative risk with a 95% confidence interval was calculated as well. All of the observed fractures were healed. This study suggests that pastoralists sustained not only traumatic, but also stress injuries. There were sex‐related differences in the rates, patterns, and location of the injuries. In the males, the main reason of fractures could have been high‐velocity incidents during horseback riding and using horse‐drawn vehicles. In the females, the majority of the injuries were possibly associated with accidents when walking (short falls and twists of ankle) and milking. Females of the Staroaleyka Culture sustained fractures of the limb bones significantly more often than those of the Kamen Culture, probably as a result of differences in their daily activities. In terms of the total fracture rates, the Forest‐Steppe Altai pastoralists and their neighbors seem to have surpassed low‐intensity agriculturalists but lag behind hunter‐gatherers and high‐intensity agriculturalists. More datasets are needed to further elucidate the association between postcranial fracture risk and subsistence‐specific practices and environments within the Eurasian Steppe, where pastoralism has been the predominant form of economic activity for millennia.
Neural stem cell homeostasis is affected in cortical organoids carrying a mutation in Angiogenin
Authors: Ferguson Ross , van Es Michael A , van den Berg Leonard H , Subramanian Vasanta 
Published: January 2024

AbstractMutations in Angiogenin (ANG) and TARDBP encoding the 43 kDa transactive response DNA binding protein (TDP‐43) are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (ALS‐FTD). ANG is neuroprotective and plays a role in stem cell dynamics in the haematopoietic system. We obtained skin fibroblasts from members of an ALS‐FTD family, one with mutation in ANG, one with mutation in both TARDBP and ANG, and one with neither mutation. We reprogrammed these fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and generated cortical organoids as well as induced stage‐wise differentiation of the iPSCs to neurons. Using these two approaches we investigated the effects of FTD‐associated mutations in ANG and TARDBP on neural precursor cells, neural differentiation, and response to stress. We observed striking neurodevelopmental defects such as abnormal and persistent rosettes in the organoids accompanied by increased self‐renewal of neural precursor cells. There was also a propensity for differentiation to later‐born neurons. In addition, cortical neurons showed increased susceptibility to stress, which is exacerbated in neurons carrying mutations in both ANG and TARDBP. The cortical organoids and neurons generated from patient‐derived iPSCs carrying ANG and TARDBP gene variants recapitulate dysfunctions characteristic of frontotemporal lobar degeneration observed in FTD patients. These dysfunctions were ameliorated upon treatment with wild type ANG. In addition to its well‐established role during the stress response of mature neurons, ANG also appears to play a role in neural progenitor dynamics. This has implications for neurogenesis and may indicate that subtle developmental defects play a role in disease susceptibility or onset. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.