bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contexts and Possible Worlds
Authors: Ranta Aarne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analysis of natural language within classical logic makes heavy use of possible worlds (see e.g. Montague 1974, almost any chapter). There is strong principal reason for this in the coarse notion of identity of propositions: every proposition is either True or False, but it is felt that some finer ‘intensional distinctions’ must be drawn. In type theory, we do not have this reason. Moreover, type theory has the notion of definitional equality as distinct from the equality predicate (see Section 2.25), which in fact comes close to the notion of intensional isomorphism of Carnap (1947, p. 56). Hence compared with classical logic we have less need of possible worlds to draw intensional distinctions.
Higher-Level Type Theory and Categorial Grammar
Authors: Ranta Aarne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until now, speaking of types has been speaking of sets. In this chapter, we shall extend the notion of type to cover the type of sets, the type of propositions, various types of propositional functions, the type of quantifiers, etc. This notion of type, or category, was introduced by Martin-Löf in 1984, pp. 21-23. He soon developed a calculus of types, the higher-level type theory. The type theory of Martin-Löf 1982 and 1984, within which we have been working so far, is accordingly called lower-level type theory, or Martin-Löf’s set theory.Higher-level type theory relates to lower-level type theory in the same way as simple type theory (Church 1940) relates to classical predicate calculus. At the same time, it provides a logical framework, in which many different logical calculi and mathematical theories can be presented.
The Birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Bali
Authors: Mackinnon John , Phillipps Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first complete identification guide to the birds of this important region, including descriptions and illustrations of all 820 species found there. The 88 colour plates do them full justice and have been specially painted for this guide. These islands are of outstanding ornithological interest. Many birds live here that do not occur anywhere else. Information is provided on where to look for these endemic and insular forms and on major birding localities, while introductory chapters discuss habitats, climate, land-use, and conservation. This will be the indispensable bird guide for eastern Malaysia and western Indonesia for many years to come.
Methods of biogeographic analysis
Authors: Hallam Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A variety of terms have been used for global biogeographic subdivisions. The nineteenth century pioneer biogeographers favoured region, to which have been added subsequently realms and provinces. Schmidt (1954) recognized four categories in a hierarchy: realm, region, subregion, province. The term region has fallen into disuse, and current biogeographers are content to use realm, for larger, and province, for smaller categories. If further subdivisions are required then terms such as subrealm or subprovince can be introduced, but this is not widespread practice. Such terms should be purely descriptive and carry no environmental connotations. Thus the proposal by McKerrow and Cocks (1986) to distinguish provinces, separated by barriers, from climatically controlled realms has little to recommend it.
Biology of the Springtails
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Springtails are the most numerous and wide-spread insects in terrestrial ecosystems. They are important ecotoxicological test organisms and have been used extensively to indicate the effects of environmental pollutants and different agricultural regimes on biodiversity in soils. This comprehensive work by the co-author of The biology of millipedes is the only single-volume review of the biology of springtails in the English language to appear this century. The book covers classification, behaviour, physiology, evolution, ecology, and ecotoxicology. An extensive reference section with more than 2500 entries is included together with a complete list of all Collembola genera, a list of studies on the effects of chemicals on springtails, and reference to species checklists for most countries of the world.
Belgium
Authors: Dassargues A , Monjoie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chalk in Belgium was deposited mainly during Cretaceous times. The only exception is in the Mons Basin, where chalks of early Tertiary age (Danian and Montian) occur. The formation is found in the northern part of the country, but it crops out in only two areas—near Mons in the west and near Liege in the east (Fig. 8.1). During the Cretaceous, a major transgression led to marine sedimentation over almost the entire country. The transgression was not uniform and all regions were not affected simultaneously. Cretaceous marine sedimentation, comprising calcareous and glauconitic sands and sandstones, glauconitic marls and limestones and conglom erates, began in the west of the country during Albian times. Near the city of Mons, regional transgression along a north-south line can be recognized as extending east from the sedimentation centre of the Paris Basin (Fig. 8.2). During Albian and Cenomanian times, many transgressions and regressions of the sea occurred. In the Late Cenomanian, a major advance covered the western part of the country. The sediments deposited were not chalk but green, clayey marls, the lateral equivalents of the chalky marls of the Pas de Calais. This transgression continued during Turonian times when pure chalk was deposited for the first time in the western part of Belgium. During the early Cretaceous, Cenomanian and Turonian, the northern and north-eastern parts of the country were not submerged by the Cretaceous sea.
Sweden
Authors: Gustafsson O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks are found in four areas in the most southern provinces of Sweden (Fig. 11.1). These sediments were deposited during many marine transgressions and regressions, often at the margin of the sea. For that reason they are very variable, consisting of conglomerates and sandstones, or sands, as well as marlstones and limestones. The limestones often contain argillaceous or sandy intercalations. Chalk was deposited mainly during Late Maastrichtian times in the south-western part of the province of Skane. However, in the context of this chapter, chalk is taken in the wider sense to include all the Upper Cretaceous and Danian limestones.
Introduction
Authors: Hutchison Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The geographical region covered in this book extends approximately from Taiwan in the north-east and Myanmar (formerly Burma) on the west to include the Philippines and Indonesia in the south and east (Fig. 1.1), but the boundaries are flexible. The region is covered extensively by seas, but not all are of similar character. The 200 m water depth is a useful demarkation line between shallow seas, which cover the continental shelves, and the deeper more oceanic seas. Generally the continental crust of the land masses extends with attenuated thickness as far seawards as the 200 m contour. South-East Asia has a number of marginal seas, where the water depth exceeds 3 km; these are floored by oceanic crust.
Basins of the Philippine Archipelago
Authors: Hutchison Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous volcanic arc-related basins occur in the Philippines (Fig. 2.1). Their details have been summarized by the Bureau of Mines (1976, !981). They have formed by rifting of a pre-Tertiary basement of Ophiolitic and volcanic rocks and the proximity of an active volcanic are has resulted in the sedimentary fill commonly being tuffaceous. Plutons and volcanic flows may also be found within the basinal sequence. These basins have been explored but are not productive.
Mineralization associated with volcanic arcs
Authors: Hutchison Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Volcariic arcs can be characterized by a spectrum of mineralization types, from epithermal vein deposits, genetically related to near-surface volcanogenic fracture systems, to higher temperature vein and dissemination deposits associated with epizonal plutons, which have intruded older volcanic and sedimentary formations (HUthhison, 1983a).
Tungsten deposits
Authors: Hutchison Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
South-East Asia is a major tin-tungsten metallogenic province, and the distribution of the main tungsten deposits is shown in Fig. 10.1, redrawn from Taylor and Hutchison (1979). AH tin provinces contain tungsten mineralization, but the converse is not true worldwide (Hutchison, 1982). All tin deposits are spatially and genetically related to S-type granites characterized by high initial Sr isotope ratios, indicative of a continental crustal multi-cyclic anatectic origin (Hutchison and Chakraborty, 1979). However, in some countries there are major tungsten provinces which are impoverished in tin, but South-East Asia is characterized by a close concordance of both metals, with SE China the prime example (Hutchison, 1982). Accordingly it may be concluded that South-East Asian tungsten mineralization is related to S-type granites, but this is not a worldwide generalization.
Tin deposits
Authors: Hutchison Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cratonic core of peninsular Sundaland was the source of more than 70% of the tin mined this century in the whole world. The major producing centres lie in a broad arc 3400 km long and up to 800 km wide. The distribution of tin is strongly heterogeneous, with six major centres accounting for over 75% of the mined output. The balance has come from a further fourteen minor fields (Fig. 12.1).
The Association Between Macaranga Trees And Ants In South-East Asia
Authors: Fiala Brigitte , Maschwitz Ulrich , Yow Pong Tho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In south-east Asia, myrmecophytic associations have so far been little investigated. Although the euphorb tree genus Macaranga has long been known to contain myrmecophytic ants (Smith 1903) existing information on its association is limited (e.g. Baker 1934; Ong 1978; Tho 1978; Rickson 1980). Nevertheless, the association has often been interpreted as an Asiatic equivalent to similar associations in Africa and America (Janzen 1969; Duviard and Segeren 1974; Buckley 1982). Our study was the first experimental investigation of the biological significance of the Macaranga association with ants. We were especially interested to find out what adaptations may have evolved convergently in South-east Asia.
Cannibalism in social bees
Authors: Kukuk Penelope F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opportunities for both cooperation and competition are abundant in group-living species and the fitness consequences depend in complex ways on the social organization and genealogical relationships among group members. In simple aggregations of unrelated individuals, cannibalism may be beneficial through elimination of competitors and through direct nutritional gains (see Dong and Polis this volume). If members of a group are relatives or cooperative in some way, then the benefits to the cannibal are more complex. For example, these benefits may be counterbalanced by the costs of lost opportunities for cooperation or reduction of inclusive fitness through cannibalism of relatives.
What we had bought
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we bought the wood it had three different parts. First, beside the railway was a 4-acre strip of assorted deciduous trees, mainly sycamores and scruffy oaks, and some conifers including spruces, pines, and quite a number of enormous larches. We didn’t own these trees, which were retained by the lessor from even before the Forestry Commission’s ownership. The lease permitted this arrangement to last until the year 2003, by which time they had to be felled and the land come into our possession. Rusty wire and an occasional rotting fence post marked the boundary between this strip of old trees and the rest of the wood.
The great storms of ‘87 and ‘90
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A motel bedroom in Canberra, Australia, was a safe place to be when the storm of 16 October 1987 struck the home counties of England late Thursday night and early Friday morning, but not good for one’s anxiety. News of the ferocity of this hurricane was relayed with gathering detail and urgency to the antipodes throughout their Friday evening and Saturday. I may have been one of the first in Australia to hear about it since Mike Duckering of Tear Fund phoned the motel at a pre-arranged time about a proposed visit to Ethiopia in November to help assess the resurging threat of famine in that sorely pressed land.
The coming of the greys
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grey squirrels tore bark from many of the beech trees the contractors had been so careful to protect. Just two months after the last pine was cut the first signs of this peeling were evident. Fresh, pale cream scars appeared at the base of several trees, their light colour blatant and taunting. Flakes of bark were strewn at the scene. I knew the culprit as every forester working in Britain’s broadleaved woodlands does: the grey squirrel. This outbreak of stripping was much the worst in our seven years of ownership.
Not only for timber
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An unexpected delight of the last ten years has been sharing the wood with others for picnics, for camping, for wide games, for occasional church events, and even for charity fund raising. Sharing a woodland is quite unlike hospitality in the home or giving someone a lift in the car. It’s also rather different from most farms. Friends visiting the wood can go anywhere at any time without upsetting the owners, though we would ask the impossible of those with dogs: to try and keep them under control and not to disturb game, especially in the autumn. There is no place that is out of bounds and no crops to trample, or livestock to frighten or be frightened by.
Models of pollinator-mediated gene dispersal in plants
Authors: Cresswell James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gene dispersal by pollen is a critical process in the evolution and diversity of plants and their flowers. For many plants, animal pollination is an important mechanism of gene dispersal and therefore it has been widely studied. Three iconic patterns of animal-mediated gene dispersal emerge from these studies: the relation of gene dispersal to distance, the relation of gene dispersal to plant population size, and the variation in gene dispersal success among individual plants. ı ask whether theoreticians have yet produced well-founded models that quantitatively explain and predict these patterns by tracing the historical development of potentially relevant models and their representations of pollinator movement and of flower-to-flower transfer of pollen or genes. ı then focus on models that incorporate patterns of flower- to-flower gene transfer, or ‘‘paternity shadows,’’ and introduce a further method for their empirical characterization.
Nest ectoparasite abundance and cliff swallow colony site selection, nestling development, and departure time
Authors: Loye Jenella E , Carroll Scott P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although theory suggests that parasitism will have a measurable effect on evolution in host populations (e.g., Anderson and May 1979; Hamil.. ton and Zuk 1982), the influence of ectoparasitism on nesting and migration behaviour in birds has not been quantified. One can well imagine that a bird's nest full of bugs, ticks, and fleas could be more than just unpleasant for the host (Rothschild and Clay 1952). Because blood loss may reduce growth rates and survivorship of nestlings (Moss and Carnin 1970; Chapman 1973; Brown and Brown 1986; Moller 1987; this volume: Chapman and George, Chapter 4; Moller, Chapter 17) and threaten adults as well, the presence of ectoparasites could make some sites less attractive for nesting, and infested nests might be used for a shorter period of time than uninfested nests due to a buildup of ectoparasites (Moller, Chapter 17, this volume). In addition, parasite buildup during the nesting season might force or favour mass synchronous departure from the breeding area.
The taxonomy of animals
Authors: Colin P. Groves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Species are defined by one authority (Mayr 1963) as ‘actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such populations’: they correspond, crudely, to ‘kinds of animals’ in the popular parlance. The meaning and significance of ‘reproductively isolated’ has been very commonly misunderstood. The requirement is that there should be no gene flow between two species under natural conditions; i.e. over their ranges in the wild. It is not a requirement that they must not interbreed when brought together in captivity.
The taxonomy of the primates
Authors: Colin P. Groves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In preceding sections I have, by and large, avoided using primates as examples. This is because there is in the anthropological community as widespread an ignorance today about what goes on outside the primates as there used to be about what goes on outside our own species. Other primates are germane to human biology, and other mammals are germane to primate biology, or so I believe; and, if this is so, we can examine the taxonomy and, inferentially, the phylogeny of primates in the light of the discussions of the previous three chapters and see if any new light can be thereby shed on the subject.
Enforcement and release of quiescence in cells in the embryo axis of the seed: role of the nuclear proteins
Authors: Chiatante Donato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the considerable effort made to date in order to understand seed physiology, there are many aspects that are still unclear. One of these is the fascinating, and yet least understood, reversal of cell proliferation rate that takes place in the embryo tissues during development and germination of the seed. For reasons of brevity, events that take place in the storage tissues of the seed will be completely ignored.
Marketing channels used by farmers acting in unison
Authors: Barker John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The obvious available alternative to marketing his produce as an individual, is for the farmer to join together with one or more other producers and for them to market their output collectively. There are two major ways in which this can take place. Either the Government can coerce the individual producer, or else individuals can co-operate voluntarily. Both situations have applied, and occur in the agricultures of the majority of countries in the world.
The marketing of agricultural inputs
Authors: Barker John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The size of the market for farm inputs has increased dramatically in recent years, mainly as a result of inflation, improvements in technology, and increased mechanization. By 1987, the value of the market extended to over £6400m (HMSO 1988). The potential for planned marketing in the acquisition of farm requisites is extensive, and in this chapter the various methods of distribution used to supply the farmer will be examined in an attempt to identify possibilities for farmers to organize and improve the efficiency of the marketing of their inputs. Initially, however, the structure of British agriculture will be considered briefly, in order to produce a better understanding of the nature of both the market for agricultural inputs and the farmer as a customer.
Revolutionary Russia 1890–1914
Authors: Zelnik Reginald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any analysis of imperial Russia at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth must include the obvious but essential reminder that Russia was still an autocracy (samoderzhavie). This was not simply a gar- den-variety old regime, with a divinely anointed absolute monarch at the top and a system of legally defined social estates (sosloväa= Stände), headed by the nobility, defining its social hierarchy.
The Gre At Fatherland War And Lat E Stalinism 1941–1953
Authors: Fuller William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At four a.m. (Moscow time) on 22 June 1941, several thousand pieces of German ordnance simultaneously thundered into Soviet territory. Operation Barbarossa had begun, initiating four years of the most brutal and destructive war in history. From the very beginning the Soviet–German conflict was waged with a ferocity and savagery that was unparalleled in modern times. When Hitler announced his move against Russia to his highest officers (30 March 1941), he made it absolutely clear that he expected his troops to discard every principle of humanity, chivalry, or international law. This was, he said, to be a war ‘of extermination’.
Categories
Authors: Culicover Peter W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I consider a range of empirical evidence that supports the conclusion that there is in principle an unbounded set of syntactic categories in natural language. I will concentrate on elements that appear to belong to two or more categories at the same time. In these cases it appears that these elements actually form a distinct category of their own, on the basis of their conceptual structure or formal properties. That is, these elements have a number of distinctive properties that make it impossible to predict their behavior on the basis of membership in some traditional category. These elements may happen to share characteristics of one or more of the more familiar categories, perhaps for historical reasons, but in the description of the language they cannot be reduced to any of them. I will argue that to the extent that the behavior of these elements is predictable from attributing to them membership in some traditional category, the prediction actually follows from their conceptual structure properties, not their syntactic categorization.
Turkish Grammar
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its appearance in 1967, Professor Lewis’s Turkish Grammar has been the standard work on the language throughout the English-speaking world. This revised and fully updated new edition further reflects the results of the language reform movement which, though not so drastic in its effect on the spoken language, has made anything written before the early 1930s, and a lot since, increasingly obscure to subsequent generations. Incorporating much new material, it presents an authoritative, lucid, and engaging text, setting out every form and construction of pre- and post-reform Turkish that may be encountered in print, as well as colloquial usages. Reviews of the first edition: ‘This is by far the most comprehensive Turkish grammar ever published in English [Professor Lewis] guides the student through the delicate labyrinths of the language with sympathetic understanding and what is rare in the grammarian humour The typography and arrangement of the book are beyond all praise, and all in all the book is a most notable achievement.’ Royal Central Asian Journal ‘[The] thinnest chapters of a grammar are sometimes those on syntax; but in this book the discussions of modern Turkish syntax are the strongest sections, illustrated by lucid and penetrating analyses of sentence structure, with no skirting round difficulties or papering over of cracks This book will certainly be instructive and indeed enjoyable reading to every student of Turkish who has already made some progress in the language.’ SOAS Bulletin ‘Professor Lewis displays both a mastery of Turkish grammar and an understanding of how that grammar can be best presented to English speakers. His style is clear and readable, his overall approach extremely practical.’ Middle East Journal.