bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pavlovian excitation, internal inhibition, and their interaction with free operant avoidance as a function of age in rats
Authors: Niemi R. Ronald , Thompson William R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe central hypothesis was that, in young as compared with adult rats, Pavlovian excitation is weaker and extinguishes more slowly, whereas internal inhibition is weaker but extinguishes more rapidly. In Experiment I, the suitability of free operant (Sidman) avoidance as a baseline for measuring Pavlovian effects was assessed in 5 age groups between 19 and 98 days of age trained in a shuttle box. Although clear age‐related increases were evident in avoidance capacity, efficient “high criterion” avoiders were found in all age groups, indicating that the response was suitable. In Experiment II, groups of 26‐, 38‐, and 95‐day‐old rats first received Pavlovian aversive excitatory and differential inhibitory conditioning, or the conditional stimuli and shock randomly, or no treatment. Three days later they received free avoidance training. Prior Pavlovian conditioning facilitated subsequent avoidance learning in young subjects, but depressed it in adults. Among “high criterion” avoiders, such effects were absent. Following the avoidance training phase, 3 age groups of matched “high criterion” avoiders received conditioned stimuli superimposed on the baseline (a conditioning test). These results confirmed the central hypothesis.
Interaction of separation discomfort with contact comfort and discomfort in the dog
Authors: Gurski John C. , Davis Kenneth , Scott J. P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis experiment concerns 2 issues: the time of onset of the process of social attachment in the dog, and the nature of the interaction between the emotion of separation distress and that caused by discomfort. The subjects were 48 puppies from 4 genetic backgrounds: beagles, Telomians, and their reciprocal F1 hybrids. Puppies were divided into 4 groups and isolated for short periods under comfortable and uncomfortable conditions beginning at 3, 11, 17, and 25 days from birth. The dependent variable was distress vocalization during a 10‐min period. Separation distress did not occur before 11 days and remained at a low level until 21 days, when it rose rapidly. The process of attachment is thus initiated in the transition period but does not reach a high level until some 2 weeks later. Interaction between the 2 kinds of affect is compatible and additive.
Home‐orienting behavior in rat pups surviving postnatal or intergenerational malnutrition
Authors: Galler Janina R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGrowth and home‐orienting behavior were studied during the 1st 12 days of life in 3 groups of rat pups: (1) those with intergenerational malnutrition; (2) those with postnatal malnutrition produced by cross‐fostering pups born of well‐nourished mothers to lactating females maintained on a low‐protein diet; and (3) well‐nourished control pups. Growth of pups was impaired in both malnourished groups, and eye‐opening was similarly delayed. On tests of homing behavior, both malnourished groups were impaired to a similar extent and were less likely to find their way to the nest than were control pups. However, survival rates were significantly lower (50%) in the postnatally malnourished group but not in the intergenerationally malnourished group (73%), as compared with controls (100%). These findings suggest that adaptation occurs to long‐term malnutrition with increased survival. However, physical characteristics and homing behavior in early life are not distinguishable in those surving short‐ or long‐term malnutrition. This is in contrast to the finding of more severe behavioral deficits in later life among rats subjected to many generations of malnutrition than among those malnourished for only 1 generation.
Developmental, behavioral, and pharmacological characteristics of rat offspring from mothers receiving ethanol during gestation or lactation
Authors: da Silva Vilma Aparecida , Ribeiro Maria Judith , Masur Jandira 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEthanol solution (10 or 20% v/v) sweetened with .4% saccharin was given to female rats as the only source of fluid. In the 1st experiment the administration was throughout the gestation period. Developmental, behavioral, and pharmacological tests were performed with the offspring. Litters born from females of the experimental group showed a decrease in the mortality rate induced by pentylenetetrazol, in comparison with either pair‐fed controls or an ad libitum control group. No other differences were detected. In the 2nd experiment the administration was throughout the lactation period. Pups raised by lactating mothers receiving ethanol showed a significant decrease in weight gain. Also, the maternal behavior of the ethanol‐treated mothers, measured by nest‐building and retrieval activities, showed a significant decrease when compared to pair‐fed controls.
Age group differences in bovine investigatory behavior
Authors: Murphey Robert M. , Duarte Francisco A. Moura , Novaes Washington Coelho , Penedo Maria Cecília Torres 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe general relationship between age and investigatory behavior in mammals, and perhaps other taxa, is probably an inverted U‐shaped function, but is said to be a negative correlation in bovines. In Observation Set 1,5 developmental levels of domestic cattle were compared in their responsiveness to a novel stimulus in the form of a person lying on the ground. The age group‐behavior relationship approximated an inverted U. In Observation Set II, 3 developmental levels were compared and the animals' responses to a ball and to the reclined figure of a person were studied. Qualitatively, the cattle reacted similarly to both the inanimate and the human objects; again, the relationship between age and investigatory tendencies appeared to be an inverted U‐shaped function for both stimuli.
Ethanol during weaning induces a transient susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in Rb mice
Authors: Schreiber Robert A. , Lehmann Alice 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEthanol leads to 1–2 days of susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in mice normally not susceptible if it is administered during the transition from suckling to dietary self‐sufficiency. This demonstrates a developmental period of responsiveness to ethanol, and may provide evidence for an energy‐reserve hypothesis of susceptibility to audiogenic seizures.
Behavioral deficit in phenylketonuric rats: Role of aromatic acid metabolites of phenylalanine
Authors: Kaplan Harriett , Triano Teresa , Donadio Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo investigate the relationship between the biochemical and behavioral deficits in phenylketonuria (PKU), we treated rats from Postnatal Days 2 through 21 with p‐chlorophenylalanine plus L‐phenylalanine to simulate PKU or with one of the following aromatic acid metabolites of phenylalanine: phenylacetate, phenylpyruvate, phenyllactate, and mandelate. Behavioral tests were begun at about 9 weeks of age. Differences between experimental and control animals were found only in the water maze and in the open field. In the former, PKU rats required significantly more trials to reach criterion than controls. None of the single metabolite‐treated groups exhibited a similar learning deficit. In the open field, PKU and mandelatetreated rats were hypoactive compared with controls, whereas phenylacetate‐ and phenylpyruvate‐treated rats were hyperactive. These results demonstrate a lack of congruence between morphological and behavioral effects of treatment, suggesting that performance deficits in PKU rats may be due to interactive effects of 2 or more metabolites.
Visual discrimination in rats: The effects of rehabilitation following intergenrational malnutrition
Authors: Galler Janina R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of rehabilitation following intergenerational malnutrition in rats was observed using 3 tests of visual discrimination (Lashley tests). The following groups were studied at 3 months of age: animals nutritionally deprived of protein for many generations (intergenerational malnutrition), those from the same stock rehabilitated for 1 to 2 generations at an adequate protein level, and controls from a stock never exposed to malnutrition. Males rehabilitated for 2 generations showed some improvement in performance in the Lashley tests, but did not attain the level of well‐nourished controls. In agreement with the earlier data, females were less susceptible to behavioral deficits from intergenerational malnutrition and recovery was observed after 1 generation of rehabilitation. Growth of both males and females rehabilitated for 1 or 2 generations was superior to that of control rats.
Experiential influences on the development of huddling preferences and “sibling” recognition in spiny mice
Authors: Porter Richard H. , Tepper Vicki J. , White David M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe role of experience in the development of huddling preferences and sibling recognition by spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) weanlings was investigated. In the 1st experiment, pups separated from their littermates and fostered onto unfamiliar females (and their offspring) on the day of birth, Day 10, or Day 20, subsequently showed preferential huddling with their foster littermates. Huddling by biological siblings was as infrequent as huddling by unrelated, unfamiliar agemates. The 2nd study revealed that the mother may play a role in the ontogeny of sibling recognition, possibly through distinctive labeling of her offspring. We conclude that recognition of littermates develops through experience in the home cage in the absence of an inborn ability to recognize one's biological siblings.
Ontogeny of hoarding in the golden hamster: The development of motor patterns and their sequential coordination
Authors: Etienne Ariane S. , Emmanuelli E. , Zinder M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe hoarding behavior of 4 litters of Golden hamster pups (n = 3) was observed every 2nd day between the ages of 13 and 47 days (2 litters) or 13 and 55 days (2 litters). Each litter lived with the mother until Day 30; then the pups were put in social isolation. Immature forms of pouch filling and emptying, which were not integrated into coherent behavior sequences, appeared from the beginning of the observation period. Coordinated hoarding trips were shown from Day 21 onwards, once the motor patterns of inserting and extracting food had gained their definitive form. The development of hoarding was correlated with the animal's body weight and therefore with maturational factors. Mature hoarding behavior was greatly enhanced by the subject's separation from its family unit.
Brood patch function for the ventral scent gland of the female mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus
Authors: Kittrell E. Melanie W. , Gregg Barbara R. , Thiessen Del D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInfants of gerbil mothers whose ventral scent gland had been excised were compared on a number of developmental indices with pups of mothers who had had an equivalent section of lateral skin removed. The removal of the mother's ventral scent gland retarded the offsprings' pattern of ultrasounding during the 1st 21 days of development. In addition, infants from such mothers showed a retarded righting reflex. Inhibitions in the developmental behavior of gerbil pups might have resulted from less effective heat transfer during mother‐pup contact. Indeed, excision of the gland resulted in lower ventral temperatures. The duality of function of the gland as an odor source for communication and as a heat source for offspring development suggests integrated communicative and thermoregulatory processes.
The role of perioral sensation in nipple attachment by weanling rat pups
Authors: Kenyon C. A. P. , Keeble S. , Cronin P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInjecting .05 ml of 1% lidocaine into each vibrissal pad, or cutting the infraorbital nerves, abolished nipple attachment in weanling Wistar rat pups. Nipple attachment recovered following infraorbital section. Injecting the local anesthetic intraperitoneally, or into the region of the masseter muscles, did not disrupt attachment, indicating that the effect of the drug on suckling was specific to the site of injection and could not be attributed to systemic toxicity or paralysis of the masseter muscles. Performance on an olfactory‐guided orientation task was not disrupted by lidocaine, indicating that the drug did not render pups anosmic. Tactile sensation in the vibrissal pads, rhinarium, and upper lip was abolished after injecting the drug into the vibrissal pads. Vibrissal movement was absent following injection of lidocaine into either the vibrissal pads or the region of the masseter muscles. Shaving the vibrissae did not disrupt nipple attachment. The results are interpreted as suggesting that the nipples' textural qualities elicit attachment in weanling pups.
Acquisition and waning of exposure–induced attraction to a nonnatural odor in rat pups
Authors: Galef Bennett G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe present experiments examine acquisition and waning of exposure‐induced attraction to a nonnatural odor in rat pups. I found that (1) acquisition of attraction induced by experience of an odor associated with the mother (M‐E) and of attraction induced by experience of an odor in the general environment (S‐E) had similar time courses and were of similar magnitude in pups < 20 days of age; (2) waning of S‐E‐induced attraction to a nonnatural odor was far more rapid than waning of M‐E‐induced attraction; (3) M‐E and S‐E to an odor were less effective in pups > 20 days of age than in pups < 20 days of age; and (4) although pups > 20 days of age receiving M‐E to an odor exhibited enhanced attraction to that odor, pups of equal age receiving S‐E to the same odor did not.
Behavior and physiology in young bonnet monkeys
Authors: Reite Martin , Short Robert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe studied behavioral development in 12 mother‐reared social‐group‐living bonnet macaque (M. radiata) monkey infants during the first four months of life. Physiological data was subsequently recorded from a subset of six using implantable biotelemetry. We compared these data to similar data previously collected in the same manner from similar age social group living pigtail macaque (M. nemestrina) infants. Bonnet infants were more active and apart from mother more throughout development. While in physical contact with mother, however, they were more likely to be enclosed if they were bonnets, but only in proximity or passively supported if they were pigtails. Bonnets also had more social contact with other adults.Mean day and night heart rate and body temperature, heart rate and body temperature circadian rhythms, and most nocturnal sleep variables were virtually identical in bonnets and pigtail infants. These findings suggest that developmental differences in social behavior in two closely related species of macaque monkey need not be accompanied by differences in physiological patternig.
Does behavior contingent stimulus movement enhance filial imprinting in Japanese quail?
Authors: Cate Carel Ten 
Published: January 2005

AbstractJapanese quail chicks were exposed for 2.5 hrs to either a white or a normal stuffed adult conspecific (= model). During this period the model was either nonmoving or it moved for short periods. This movement could be contingent or noncontingent upon distress calls of the chicks. In each condition, exposure led to a significant preference for the familiar model over the nonfamiliar one during a 10‐min choice test. Chicks exposed to a nonmoving model had the weakest preference for the familiar model, whereas this preference was strongest in chicks exposed to the contingent moving model; the preference of the chicks exposed to the noncontingent moving model was in between. The results indicate that the extend to which stimulus movement enhances filial imprinting depends on the relation between the chicks behavior and the timing of the stimulus movement. However, it is not clear yet whether the effect arose because the chicks perceived the contingency between the stimulus movement and their behavior or by another mechanism.
Influences of the early olfactory environment on the survival, behavior and pituitary‐adrenal activity of caesarean delivered preterm rat pups
Authors: Smotherman William P. , Robinson S. R. , La Vallee P. A. , Hennessy M. B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn a first experiment, vaginally delivered Day 21 and Caesarean delivered Day 20 and Day 21 rat pups were isolated in the presence of various odorants or no odorant for 1 hr immediately following birth. For Day 20 pups, exposure to novel mint odor resulted in higher mortality during isolation than did exposure to the odor of amnion/placenta. In the preterm pups, whole body corticosterone levels were higher in all isolation treatments than they were immediately following birth. For Day 21 pups, isolation treatments had no effect on corticosterone concentrations, but overall, corticosterone levels were higher following Caesarean section than they were following vaginal delivery. A second experiment replicated the mint odor‐induced increase in mortality and revealed a lower activity level in preterm pups exposed to mint odor than in those exposed to the odor of amnion/placenta. Mechanical movement of the pups during exposure eliminated the effects of mint odor on mortality and activity. There was a positive correlation between corticosterone concentrations and pup activity during isolation. These results demonstrate potent influences of seemingly minor changes in early sensory stimulation on the preterm pup. The paradigm might provide a useful animal model for studying the effects of variations in ambient stimulation on premature infants.
Isolation distress in two‐week‐old rats: Influence of home cage, social companions, and prior experience with littermates
Authors: Hofer Myron A. , Shair Harry N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBehavioral and autonomic manifestations of acute isolation distress were studied in 2‐week‐old rats under novel and home‐cage conditions. Levels of ultrasonic vocalization, heart rate, self‐grooming, and rises were higher in novel surroundings, while locomotion and digging were more frequent in home cages. Next, we found that a group of 8 unanesthetized agemate pups was just as effective as an anesthetized dam in reducing (by 80–90%) all behaviors of isolated pups in novel surroundings. Finally, singletons without littermates during postnatal days 7–14 showed normal isolation responses, and these were as effectively alleviated by littermates as those of normally reared pups. Thus, isolation distress in rats this age is a complex response, modulated over time by aspects of the pups' environment and virtually prevented by the presence of cues common to both mother and littermates.
Settling nature and nurture into an ontogenetic niche
Authors: West Meredith J. , King Andrew P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAll organisms inherit parents' genes, but many also inherit parents, peers, and the places they inhabit as well. We suggest the term ontogenetic niche to signify the ecological and social legacies that accompany genes. A formal name is needed to give the idea of the inherited environment equal status with its conceptual cognates; nature and nurture. We argue here that increased recognition of the inherited environment facilitates unification efforts within the development sciences by emphasizing the affinity, rather than opposability, of ontogenetic processes.
Ontogeny of conditioned heart rate to an olfactory stimulus
Authors: Sananes Catherine B. , Gaddy James R. , Campbell Byron A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWhen heart rate is used as the index of conditioning, rat pups younger than 15 days of age do not display an odor‐shock association. This constitutes a marked delay relative to the development of a somatomotor conditioned response. The incapacity to display autonomic learning to an olfactory stimulus prior to day 15 is not due to the inability to perceive and to orient to the olfactory stimuli used, nor to the inability to make unconditioned phasic cardiac changes. Rather, the late development of the heart rate conditioned response may indicate that the central neural mechanisms mediating heart rate conditioning are distinct from, and mature later than those mediating (1) heart rate orienting and (2) somatomotor conditioning. Evidence from studies in adult species is used to support these speculations.
Motor training and physical fitness: Possible short‐ and long‐term influences on the development of individual differences in behavior
Authors: Bekoff Marc 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIndividual differences in the behavior of young and adult animals have been documented in diverse species. Possible sources of such variation are of interest to scientists representing many disciplines, including behavior, genetics, and population and evolutionary biology. Two variables that may be important in the ontogeny and maintenance of behavioral differences are (1) individual physical (aerobic and anaerobic) fitness and (2) possible genetic variations underlying individual abilities to engage in, and to benefit from, motor training early in life. The differential development of aerobic and anaerobic capacities may play a significant role in the ontogeny of individual differences in the performance of various motor skills. There also may be short‐ and long‐term consequences of variations in physical fitness that influence individual abilities to perform energy demanding acts during aggressive encounters, interactions with prey or predators, and courtship and breeding. Genetic studies of a limited number of species indicate that specific genotypes are correlated with individual variations in motor performance, even among conspecifics. Multidisciplinary research concerning possible relationships among the ontogeny of physical fitness, genetics, and variations in behavior is needed. Recent work on the relationship between individual differences in physical fitness and variations in the behavior of adult cold‐blooded vertebrates provides a good model for comparative research on warm‐blooded species.
Artificial rearing of rat pups using rat milk
Authors: Moore Elizabeth , Stamper Colleen , Diaz Jaime , Murowchick Elise 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe contribution of diet and surgery to the brain weight deficits observed in artificially reared rats was investigated. Four day old Long Evans rat pups were assigned to an artificially reared (AR) or mother reared (MR) group. AR pups were encannulated and fed either rat milk (AR‐MOM) or replacement formula (AR‐MES). MR. pups received a sham encannulation (MR‐SHAM) or no surgery (MR‐CONT) before being returned to their dam for rearing. On day 7 all the animals were killed. Brain weights and visceral organ weights were obtained. There was no significant difference between the MR groups on any measure except stomach weights. AR‐MOM pups had larger visceral organ weights than pups in the other groups. AR‐MOM and AR‐MES pups had similar whole brain weights, smaller than those of the MR pups. However, the cerebellar weights, and to a lesser extent, brainstem weights, showed improvements in the AR‐MOM group, over the AR‐MES group. Neither the effect of surgery nor of diet alone can account for the organ weight differences that have been described in AR rats. The possibility that normal growth may be primarily dependent on diet at one stage of development, with other factors gaining importance at later stages is discussed.