bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
443 Awardee Talk: Effects of a Supplemental Water Source and Trace-Mineral Based Electrolyte Drinking Solution on Intake, Performance, and Health of Newly Received Feedlot Calves
Authors: Smithyman Mackenzie M , Gouvea Vinicius N , Campbell Dayna L , Duff Glenn C , Loest Clint A , Branine Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rapidly rehydrating newly received feedlot cattle may reduce disease risks caused by the marketing and transportation-related restrictions on feed and water. The significant loss of water and key nutrients from the body can put the animal at increased risk for bovine respiratory disease (BRD). It is hypothesized that rapidly rehydrating calves upon arrival may reduce disease risks by facilitating an easier transition to the feedlot and limiting loss in value due to illness and decreased performance. The objective of this study was to rapidly replenish water and key nutrients in newly received feedlot calves by assessing water intake (WI) and providing a supplemental water source or a nutritional rehydration solution during the first three days after arrival. Crossbred heifers [n= 270; initial BW = 232 ± 16 kg] were individually weighed after 11 h transportation and sorted into 18 pens (6 pens/treatment). Treatments were: 1) Control (CON): standard in-pen automatic water source (Richie CM480; one waterer/pen); 2) Supplemental water source (SWS): CON + one additional stock tank/pen; and 3) Nutritional rehydration solution (NRS): trace-mineral based drinking solution provided with one stock tank/pen. Treatments were provided from days 1 to 4, after which supplemental tanks were removed. From days 5 to 56, cattle only had access to CON (automatic waterer). Water intake was measured daily throughout the trial, BW and whole blood (5 heifers/pen) were collected on days 1, 4, 14, 28, and 56. Treatment × experimental period interactions (P ≤ 0.03) were observed for WI, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG). The DMI was greater for both SWS and NRS than CON from days 5 to 15 (P ≤ 0.01), and SWS had greater DMI than CON from days 16 to 29 (P = 0.01). Both SWS and NRS had greater WI than CON from days 1 to 4 (P ≤ 0.001), but not from days 5 to 56 (P ≥ 0.36). The ADG was less for NRS than CON from days 1 to 4 (P = 0.01); however, treatments did not affect ADG from days 5 to 56 (P ≥ 0.12). No treatment or treatment × day or experimental period effects (P ≥ 0.061) were observed for BW and gain:feed (G:F). Treatments did not affect morbidity and mortality (P ≥ 0.20). No treatment effect or treatment × day interactions were observed for plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, total red or white blood cell counts (P ≥ 0.23). Hematocrit and hemoglobin decreased for SWS and NRS when compared with CON (P ≤0.05). Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antibodies increased for NRS when compared with SWS and CON (P = 0.004). The results suggest that providing SWS or NRS to newly received calves during the initial three days after arrival increases WI, DMI, antibodies against respiratory viruses, hydration, but has little impact on performance, blood metabolites, and immune cells.
187 Evaluation of Textural Characteristics of Commercially Available Meat Stick-Style Pet Treats
Authors: Barberena Juan J , Carrera Hilary , Berganza Ileana , Romero Jorge , Dunavant Justin , Abascal-Ponciano Gerardo A , Cho Sungeun , Starkey Jessica D , Starkey Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Availability of pet treats in the U.S market is high, and the organoleptic attributes likely differ depending on ingredient composition, product type, and brand. However, there is a lack of comparative textural data of commercially available products. The objective of this experiment was to assess texture parameters of commercially available meat stick-style pet treats with the overall goal of improving our understanding of how this may affect consumer demand. A total of 4 meat stick pet food treats of different brands were purchased to perform 3 different textural analyses. A total of 120 commercial treat samples (n = 10 from each treatment per analysis) were analyzed. A TA-HDplusC texture analyzer using a Warner-Bratzler (WBSF) probe for the shear force (SF) test to evaluate firmness (peak force) and toughness (total force over distance), and a TA-43R probe for the 3-point bend (3PB) test to assess hardness (force to break), flexibility (distance to break), and stiffness (force over distance). Additionally, a TA-30 cylinder probe was utilized for the texture profile analysis (TPA) to measure hardness (maximum force required to deform), resilience (ability of sample to regain original form), cohesiveness (represents structural integrity under compression), springiness (height that the food recovers between compressions), and chewiness (energy required to masticate). Data were analyzed as a 1-way ANOVA using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 with the PDIFF option at P ≤ 0.05 to separate means. For SF, AHJPOULT treats had the greatest shear force when compared with other products (P ≤ 0.0001). The total force over distance (toughness) was lowest in ORBEEF and PPSBEEF and highest in AHJPOULT and TCPOULT samples (P ≤ 0.0001). For 3PB, the force required to break samples was greater for TCPOULT when compared with the other products (P ≤ 0.0001). TCPOULT treats were also the most flexible commercial product samples tested (P ≤ 0.0001). The force over distance was lower for PPSBEEF samples when compared with other products (P ≤ 0.0001). For TPA, ORBEEF was the hardest product of all samples assessed (P ≤ 0.0001). Resilience, cohesiveness, and springiness were greatest for TCPOULT compared with all other products (P ≤ 0.0001). TCPOULT treats also required the most energy to masticate (P ≤ 0.0001). In summary, textural characteristics differed among commercially available meat stick treats procured for this experiment where TCPOULT were the toughest, hardest, and most resilient. These differences may impact pet-owner acceptability and purchasing decisions which will be evaluated in future sensory experiments to better understand consumer demand.
62 Sulphur Amino Acids: Assessing Requirements and Utilization in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Pezzali Julia Guazzelli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Methionine (Met), cyst(e)ine (Cys), homocysteine and taurine are the four sulfur-containing amino acids. Met can serve as a substrate for protein synthesis or to produce homocysteine, which can be remethylated to Met or irreversibly catabolized to Cys. Unlike dogs, cats are unable to further metabolize Cys to taurine, making the latter an indispensable amino acid for the cat. Met, on the other hand, is a dietary indispensable amino acid for all mammals with Cys having the ability to spare part of the Met requirement (total sulfur amino acid requirement; Met + Cys). The amount of Met that cannot be replaced by Cys is defined as the Met requirement (NRC, 2006). Empirical determinations of the Met requirement in adult dogs and cats are still limited and the recommendations proposed by the NRC (2006) are based on studies that used insensitive techniques for mature animals. When a more robust technique, the indicator amino acid oxidation, and more practical experimental diets were used to empirically determine the Met requirement, a greater estimate was found in adult cats (Pezzali et al., 2022) and adult Labrador Retrievers and Beagles, but not in miniature Dachshunds (Mansilla et al., 2020), compared with the current recommendations proposed by the NRC (2006) and AAFCO (2023). Harrison et al. (2020), however, found a decreased estimate for the Met requirement in adult Labrador Retrievers compared with Mansilla et al. (2020), likely due to differences in experimental design and diet composition. This discrepancy highlights the need to standardize methodologies and to investigate the effect of other dietary factors on the Met and total sulfur amino acid requirements owing to their complex metabolism. Indeed, the metabolism of sulfur amino acids may differ between dog breeds, resulting in differences in Met requirements and potentially making taurine a conditionally indispensable amino acid in some breeds under specific dietary conditions. While dietary Met is usually provided in excess in commercial diets, excess of Met may lead to hyperhomocysteinemia, which has been associated with detrimental health effects in other species. Due to the complex metabolism of sulfur amino acids and the complex matrix of pet foods, determining the ideal provision of sulfur amino acids in commercial diets to maximize animal health is a challenge. More long-term studies investigating the effect of different doses and ratios (Met:Cys) of sulfur amino acids on overall metabolism are necessary, in addition to requirement studies, to optimize the dietary delivery of sulfur amino acids in dogs and cats.
237 Evaluation of Thermal Variation During Early-Stage Incubation on Broiler Chicken Pectoralis Major Muscle Satellite Cell Mitotic Activity and Heterogeneity at 28 Days Post-Hatch
Authors: Fiallos Orlando B , Hutson Brittany , Rueda Martha , Davis Jeremiah D , Purswell Joseph , Starkey Charles , Starkey Jessica D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Muscle satellite cells (SC) have an essential role in post-hatch skeletal muscle growth. To evaluate the effects of thermal variation (TV) during early-stage incubation (ESI) on Pectoralis major (PM) muscle SC heterogeneity of broiler chickens reared to 28 d post-hatch a randomized complete block design experiment with a 3 × 2 factorial treatment structure was conducted. Yield Plus × Ross 708 broiler breeder eggs (n = 2,160) ranging from 54 to 59 g were allotted equally by weight into 90-egg trays (n = 4 trays per incubator). All eggs were pre-warmed at 24 °C for 8 h and incubated at 37.5 °C from embryonic day (ED) 0 to 4. From ED 4 to 11, eggs were incubated at 1 of 3 temperatures (n = 2 incubators per TV treatment); 37.5 °C (CTL), 36.4 °C (COLD), or 38.6 °C (HOT). On ED 11, all incubators were returned to the CTL (37.5 °C) set point until ED 18. On ED 18, all eggs were transferred to baskets in hatchers set to 36.7 °C. After 514 h of incubation, all chicks were removed simultaneously, vent sexed, and weighed. Chicks were randomly allotted to floor pens (6 pens per treatment per sex) blocked by location and reared on a common diet. On d 28, birds (n = 10 per TV x sex treatment) were injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) before PM sample collection. Cryosections were immunofluorescence stained to facilitate taxonomy of SC populations expressing the myogenic regulatory factors Pax7 and MyoD as well as the proliferation marker BrdU by fluorescence microscopy. Data were analyzed as a 2-way ANOVA using SAS PROC GLIMMIX with TV treatment and broiler sex as main effects. Means were separated with the PDIFF option at P ≤ 0.05. Tendencies were declared when 0.0501 ≤ P ≤ 0.10. A TV × sex interaction was observed only for the MyoD+: Pax7+ SC density (P = 0.0232); however, none of the pairwise mean comparisons were significant at P &lt; 0.05. Though CTL male and COLD female chicks had twice the density of MyoD+:Pax7+ SC as CTL females (P = 0.0535) and HOT males (P = 0.0645), respectively. There is no clear explanation for this observation. There were no interactive or main effects on density of MyoD+, Pax7+, MyoD+:BrdU+, Pax7+:BrdU+, MyoD+:Pax7+:BrdU+ SC (P ≥ 0.1258) or nuclear density (P = 0.1017) in 28-d-old broilers. These data suggest that if TV during ESI impacts SC myogenic regulatory factor heterogeneity and mitotic activity in broilers, the effects have concluded by d 28 post-hatch in commercial broilers. Further exploration of earlier time points will be necessary to determine whether the previously observed effects of TV during ESI on growth performance and meat yield are SC-mediated post-hatch.
250 The Impact of Altering Fatty Acid Combinations in Vitro on Bovine Preadipocyte Hyperplasia
Authors: Udoka Aliute-Nkoyo S , Duckett Susan K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the cattle industry, fat deposited on a carcass can have advantages and disadvantages depending on location and amount. Excess subcutaneous fat deposition reduces carcass red meat yield, while intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition, or marbling, increases carcass value and enhances tenderness and flavor. Two distinct adipocyte growth cycles can be attributed to total fat deposition: hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Hyperplasia refers to the adipogenic side of growth where there is an increase in preadipocyte cell number before cell differentiation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of altering fatty acid composition of cell culture media in vitro on preadipocyte hyperplasia. Subcutaneous fat was harvested from Angus-cross yearling steers (n = 4). Subcutaneous preadipocytes were isolated and propagated for a series of six passages. Preadipocytes were subsequently seeded, and eight different treatment mixtures with combinations of different fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1cis-9, and C18:2cis-9,12) at varying ratios were added to the basal media (DMEM F12, 10% bovine fetal serum, 1% HEPES, 1% AB/AM) for a period of four days. Cell culture treatment media was changed daily. Each individual media mix was applied at the same total molar concentration (200 ug). At the end of the four-day treatment period, cells were harvested for RNA extraction and fatty acid analysis. The expression of critical adipogenic and lipogenic genes was evaluated. Treatments displayed differences (P &lt; 0.05) in total fatty acid content (ug), which would suggest that the addition of fatty acids to media could push primary bovine preadipocytes into differentiation. Mix 8 (75% 18:1cis-9 - 25% 18:2cis-9,12) exhibited the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) fatty acid content (ug), while mix 5 (50% C16:0- 50% C18:0) had the least (P &lt; 0.05) fatty acid amount (ug). The expression of fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP4) and stearoyl Co-A desaturase-1 (SCD-1) differed (P &lt; 0.05) across treatments. The expression of peroxisome proliferating-activated receptor gamma (PPARy), sterol-regulatory element-binding protein (SREB-1c), and SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) were all downregulated (P &lt; 0.05) in the fully saturated fatty acid mix, mix 5 (50% C16:0- 50% C18:0), compared with all other treatments. Based on the data, it appears that the addition of fatty acids at different ratios to media can affect molecular mechanisms, hyperplastic growth, and potentially the differentiation of primary bovine adipocytes. Additional examination of fatty acid supplementation in vitro could provide valuable insight into their effects on adipocyte growth and how it could be applied to alter fat deposition in vivo.
271 Effect of Different Inclusions of a Multi-Component Enzyme on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Young Broiler Chickens
Authors: Abascal-Ponciano Gerardo A , Ventura Diego E , Gregg Caroline R , Hutson Brittany , Flees Joshua J , Stefanello Catarina , Starkey Jessica D , Starkey Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that dietary carbohydrases maintain optimal broiler performance. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of a commercial carbohydrase (ENZ) at 4 concentrations on growth performance, nutrient, and amino acid digestibility of 22-d-old broilers. The 10 experimental corn and soybean meal-based treatments were: 1) a positive control diet (PC) with phytase at 500 FTU/kg of feed (PHY), 2) a mid-control diet (MC) with a 115 kcal/kg reduction in energy + PHY, 3) a negative control diet (NC1) with a 223 kcal/kg reduction in metabolizable energy, 4-5) NC1 + ENZ at 1,000 or 3,000 xylanase units (XU)/kg (NC1A and NC1B, respectively), 6) NC1 + PHY (NC2), and 7-10) NC2 + ENZ at 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, or 4,000 XU/kg (ENZ1, ENZ2, ENZ3, and ENZ4, respectively). Day-old chicks (n = 1,000) were randomly allotted to raised floor pens with 5 birds/pen and 20 replicate pens/treatment. Pens had perforated metal platforms to allow excreta collection. On day 22, broilers were euthanized, and ileal digesta samples were collected from the entire ileum. Protein retention, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), and ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids (AA) were determined. Performance data were calculated from d 6 to 22. Means were separated with the PDIFF option of SAS V9.4 PROC GLIMMIX at P ≤ 0.05. On d 22, broilers from PC and MC treatments had greater body weight (BW) than all other treatments (P &lt; 0.0001). The least feed intake was reported in birds fed ENZ1 diet, but it was similar to NC1, NC1B, and ENZ3-fed broilers (P &lt; 0.0472). Broilers fed PC and MC had the greatest BW gain; however, ENZ2-fed broilers were able to gain similarly as MC treatment (P &lt; 0.0001). Broilers fed PC diet had the best feed efficiency, followed by MC-fed broilers, but these were similar to ENZ3 (P &lt; 0.0001). Protein retention was the greatest for MC-fed broilers but was similar for NC1B and ENZ3 (P &lt; 0.0001). AMEn was greatest for broilers fed PC and MC diets, followed by both diets that included 3,000 XU/kg (P &lt; 0.0001). Protein digestibility was greatest for ENZ2-fed broilers (P &lt; 0.0001) but similar to MC, NC1B, NC2, ENZ3, and ENZ3. Treatments with added PHY, excluding ENZ1, had greater lysine digestibility compared with all other treatments (P &lt; 0.0001). Apart from threonine, ENZ4-fed broilers exhibited the greatest AA digestibility but were similar to broilers fed 2,000 or 3,000 XU/kg of ENZ (P &lt; 0.0001). Therefore, ENZ inclusion above 1,000 XU/kg supported AA digestibility. Overall, broilers fed diets with 223 kcal/kg energy reduction and supplemented with 2,000 and 3,000 XU/kg outperformed the negative controls, which could be partially due to the utilization of dietary energy and nutrients.
291 Impact of Early Resynchronization in Combination with Color Doppler Ultrasonography on Cumulative Pregnancy Rates in Postpartum Beef Cows
Authors: Burato Samir , Dias Nicholas Wege , Pancini Stefania , Goncalves Lucas Melo , Walker Madison B B , Henry Darren D H , Messias Ciriaco Francine M , Mercadante Vitor R G , Harvey Kelsey M M , Fontes Pedro L P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate a GnRH and progesterone-based early resynchronization strategy combined with color Doppler ultrasonography for early pregnancy diagnosis. Postpartum Bos taurus beef cows (n = 375) from four locations were enrolled in a completely randomized design, where cows were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 treatments: 1) Natural Service (NS), cows were exposed to a 7-d CO-Synch + CIDR protocol followed by fixed-time artificial insemination (day 0). On day 15, cows were exposed to natural service for the remainder of the study; or 2) Early Resynchronization (ER), cows were exposed to a 7-d CO-Synch + CIDR protocol followed by fixed-time artificial insemination (day 0). On day 15, a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device was inserted. On day 20, CIDR was removed, and pregnancy was estimated based on luteal blood perfusion using color Doppler ultrasonography. Non-pregnant cows received a 25-mg injection of prostaglandin F2α at CIDR removal and were fixed-timed-AI concurrently with a 100-μg injection of GnRH 60 to 66 h later. Pregnancy diagnosis and fetal aging were performed on day 53 using conventional ultrasonography. Pregnancy rate to the first AI was greater (P = 0.03) for NS compared with ER (70.25% vs 59.29%, respectively). Pregnancy rates for the second service were also greater (P = 0.01) for NS compared with ER (65.67 vs 42.93%, respectively). Cumulative pregnancy rates to AI did not differ between treatments (P = 0.38); however, cumulative pregnancy rates (first and second service) were greater (P &lt; 0.01) for NS compared with ER (90 vs 77.73%, respectively). In conclusion, the proposed early resynchronization strategy using color Doppler ultrasonography resulted in fewer pregnancies compared with natural service as the second service strategy. Moreover, the proposed ER decreased pregnancy rates to the first insemination, indicating a detrimental effect of ER on pregnancy establishment.
298 Interleukin-6 Family Members Improve Pre-Implantation Bovine Blastocyst Composition
Authors: Oliver Mary A , Speckhart Savannah L , Ealy Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inner cell mass (ICM) size is a predictor of bovine blastocyst quality and post-transfer pregnancy success. In vitro produced (IVP) embryos have reduced ICM cell numbers compared with in vivo produced embryos, and we propose this is one reason pregnancy success is compromised in IVP embryos. Our recent work found that human recombinant interleukin-6 (IL6) supplementation during in vitro embryo culture increased ICM cell numbers. We hypothesized that other human recombinant members of the IL6 cytokine family, specifically interleukin-11 (IL11) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), will have a similar response. In vitro maturation, fertilization and culture procedures were used to produce embryos that were treated with 100 ng/mL recombinant human recombinant IL6, IL11, LIF, or carrier [control; 1% (wt/vol) SOF-BSA] beginning at day 6 post-fertilization (25 embryos/50 mL drop; 3 drops/treatment; 5 replicates). A subset of day 8 blastocysts (n = 28 to 29) was fixed and processed for cell counting. Analyses were performed by least-squares ANOVA using the general linear model. No treatment differences in overall blastocyst rates, trophectoderm (TE) cell numbers, and total cell numbers were observed at day 8. Treatment with IL6 (P = 0.09) and LIF (P = 0.06) tended to increase ICM cell numbers when compared with the control, whereas IL11 was not different from the control. Treatment with IL6 increased the ICM:TE ratio (P &lt; 0.05) but the other cytokines did not influence this ratio. Several treatment by stage interactions were observed. In regular day 8 blastocysts (n = 10 to 14), none of the treatments affected ICM numbers or the ICM:TE ratio, but LIF increased TE number (P &lt; 0.05) and IL6 increased total cell number (P &lt; 0.05). When grouping expanded and hatched blastocysts together (n = 14 to 18), each treatment increased ICM cell numbers and IL6 increased the ICM:TE ratio (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, both IL11 (P = 0.08) and LIF (P = 0.08) tended to increase the ICM:TE ratio. Only LIF increased total cell numbers (P &lt; 0.05). None of the other treatments affected total cell numbers. These observations suggest that IL6, IL11, and LIF are capable of influencing ICM cell numbers in IVP bovine embryos, but they may possess different abilities in affecting TE and overall cell numbers. These findings differ from previous findings from our lab. We suspect that transitioning from bovine recombinant preparations with undefined purity and bioactivity to using purified human recombinant proteins with high bioactivity allowed us to detect these responses for each cytokine. Collectively, this work implicates several members of the IL6 cytokine family as embryokines that may be used to improve bovine IVP embryo quality. Funding for this work was provided by USDA-NIFA (2017-67015-2646 and 2021-67015-34485) and by NIH (R21-OD026516-01).