bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of ivermectin administered via sustained-release bolus against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle
Authors: Zimmerman Gary L. , Mulrooney Donna M. , Wallace Dennis H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Twelve calves (mean weight, 175.5 kg) were used to confirm efficacy of ivermectin delivered from a prototype sustained-release bolus against naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematodes including early fourth-stage (inhibited) larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi. The calves were allocated by restricted randomization on weight to 1 of 2 groups: controls, to which a placebo bolus was given orally, and treated calves, to which a sustained-release bolus designed to deliver 8 mg of ivermectin/day at a steady rate was given orally. After treatment, the 2 groups were housed in separate pens with concrete flooring. Twenty-eight days after treatment, all calves were euthanatized and necropsied. The ivermectin-treated calves had no larval or adult Ostertagia spp and significantly (P < 0.01) fewer adult Trichostrongylus axei and adult Cooperia (C oncophora, C punctata and C surnabada) than control calves. Efficacy of ivermectin was > 99% for Cooperia spp, and 100% for other parasites. Drug-related adverse reactions were not observed.
Hypertonic saline/dextran resuscitation of dogs with experimentally induced gastric dilatation-volvulus shock
Authors: Allen David A. , Schertel Eric R. , Muir William W. , Valentine A. K. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We investigated small-volume (5 ml/kg) 7% NaCl in 6% dextran 70 (HS/D70) as an alternative to large-volume (60 ml/kg) 0.9% NaCl for treatment of experimentally induced canine gastric dilatation-volvulus (gdv) shock. The stomach was surgically displaced and then distended with an intragastric balloon in 11 dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. All dogs were subjected to gdv for 180 minutes before partial decompression and resuscitation. Hemodynamic values, blood gas values, and plasma volume were measured during control, shock, and resuscitation periods. Resuscitation started with 1 group (n = 6) receiving 5 ml of HS/D70/kg, iv, over 5 minutes, and the other group (n = 5) receiving 60 ml of 0.9% NaCl/kg, iv, over 60 minutes. Both groups received a surgical maintenance dosage (20 ml/kg/h) of 0.9% NaCl after initial resuscitation. Resuscitative effects of small-volume HS/D70 were similar to large-volume 0.9% NaCl during the first hour of treatment; however, cardiac output was significantly higher in the HS/D70 group for the last 2 hours of resuscitation. Changes in heart rate, left ventricular pressure change, and systemic vascular resistance appeared to be responsible for improved perfusion. Mixed venous oxygen partial pressure data supported improved perfusion in the HS/D70 group. Packed cell volume remained higher in the HS/D70 group, indicating less hemodilution and improved oxygen delivery. Resuscitation of this gdv-induced shock model was better sustained with small-volume HS/D70, compared with conventional large-volume 0.9% NaCl.
Serodiagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis by use of a dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Woodruff T. S. , Shulaw W. P. , Bech-Nielsen S. , Hoffsis G. F. , Spangler E. , Heider L. E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A dot elisa was developed for detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The assay was evaluated by testing sera from cattle that were determined, by bacteriologic culturing of feces, to be infected with M paratuberculosis and were suspected of having clinical disease. Further evaluation involved testing sera from cattle in which M paratuberculosis had not been isolated from feces on several attempts. Results of the dot elisa were positive for sera from 86 of 101 infected cattle, and results were negative for sera from 64 of 64 noninfected cattle. Results of conventional elisa and agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) tests were positive for 79 of 99 and for 51 of 101 infected cattle, respectively.
The dot elisa also was evaluated by comparing results of testing 708 sera with results of bacteriologic culturing of matched fecal samples from 262 cattle in 3 central Ohio dairy herds known to include cattle infected with M paratuberculosis. Results of the dot elisa were positive for 25 of 39 sera from cattle with positive results on culturing of concurrently obtained fecal specimens. The dot elisa results were negative for 661 of 669 sera from cattle with negative results to culturing of concurrently obtained fecal specimens. The 39 sera from cattle with positive results on bacteriologie culturing of matched fecal specimens had positive results for elisa and the agid test 25 and 14 times, respectively. The 669 sera from cattle with concurrently negative results on bacteriologie culturing of feces had negative results to elisa and the agid test 559 and 668 times, respectively.
Evaluation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening antibody against aflatoxins
Authors: Holladay S. D. , Brownie C. F. , Corbett W. T. , Talley D. D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay screening of antibody produced against aflatoxin was accomplished by a new and simple procedure. To demonstrate the new indirect elisa technique used, antibody against aflatoxin M1 was produced in female BALB/CJ mice by immunization with an aflatoxin M1-bovine serum albumin conjugate. Instead of coating test-plate wells with purified antibody (direct elisa) or synthesizing a second protein-aflatoxin conjugate (aflatoxin M1-poly-l-lysine) to coat test-plate wells, wells were coated with the readily available aflatoxin M1-bovine serum albumin and aflatoxin B1-bovine serum albumin. This method, applicable for any aflatoxin conjugated by the common cyclopentano-carboxymethoxyl-oxime technique, eliminates the more time-consuming and technically difficult portions of earlier direct and indirect elisa. The new technique can be valuable in continued efforts toward development of new and improved immunoassays against aflatoxin metabolites.
Use of a computerized system for evaluation of equine spermatozoal motility
Authors: Varner Dickson D. , Vaughan Scott D. , Johnson Larry 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Three ejaculates from each of 3 stallions were used to evaluate a computerized system (Hamilton-Thorn motility analyzer; htma) for measuring equine spermatozoal motility. Variance components (ejaculate-within-stallion, chamber-within-ejaculate, and microscopic field-within-chamber) were determined for each stallion after diluting ejaculates to 25 × 106 spermatozoa/ml with a skim milk-glucose seminal extender. The htma was compared with frame-by-frame playback videomicrography (video) for determining: percentage of spermatozoal motility and spermatozoal number in microscopic fields; curvilinear velocity and straight-line velocity of individual spermatozoa for 5 track types; and repeatability of those velocity measurements. The effect of spermatozoal number per microscopic field on incidence of intersecting spermatozoa and the outcome of intersecting spermatozoa also were evaluated. Greatest variability in motility measures was generally attributed to the microscopic field-within-chamber component. The htma was highly correlated with video for estimation of spermatozoal numbers per microscopic field (r = 0.99; P < 0.001) and motility (r = 0.97; P < 0.001); however over the entire range of spermatozoal numbers, the htma yielded higher spermatozoal numbers per microscopic field (P < 0.05) and higher motility (P < 0.05) than did video. The htma- and video-derived measurements of curvilinear and straight-line velocities were highly correlated for all spermatozoal track types, but both measures were higher (P < 0.05) by use of the htma than by use of video for most track types. For 3 of 5 track types, measurements of curvilinear and straight-line velocities were less variable (P < 0.05), using the htma, rather than video. Using the htma, the number of intersecting spermatozoa was highly correlated with spermatozoal numbers per microscopic field (r = 0.97; P < 0.001). The percentage of erroneous track interpretations involving intersecting spermatozoa was high (85.3 ± 2.7%). The htma was a reliable system for determining percentage of spermatozoal motility and velocity measures in video recordings of equine semen diluted to spermatozoal concentration of 25 × 106/ml prior to evaluation.
Effects of heparin treatment on colonic torsion-associated hemodynamic and plasma eicosanoid changes in anesthetized ponies
Authors: Provost P. J. , Stick J. A. , Patterson J. S. , Hauptman J. G. , Robinson N. E. , Roth R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Large colon torsion frequently is a fatal condition in horses. The purpose of the study reported here was to determine systemic arterial pressure, plasma eicosanoid concentrations, colonic blood flow, vascular resistance, tissue pH, and morphologic features associated with large colon torsion and detorsion, and to evaluate the effects of sodium heparin (80 IU/kg of body weight, iv) treatment on these values. Values were determined in 20 anesthetized ponies that were randomly assigned into 4 equal groups: control; control/heparin; torsion; torsion/heparin. Torsions were created by a 720° rotation of the cecum and colon around their long axes at the sternal and diaphragmatic flexures. After 1 hour of torsion, the torsion was corrected and the colon was allowed to reperfuse for 1 hour. Heparin was administered 30 minutes into the experiment. Parametric data were analyzed (P ≤ 0.05), using split-plot analysis of variance, with differences between means evaluated with a modified Bonferroni t test; histopathologic data were analyzed (P ≤ 0.05) with a Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks. Heparin prevented colonic detorsion-induced hypotension and increases in vascular resistance and thromboxane concentration, and it significantly increased colonic blood flow for 40 minutes during reperfusion. Heparin did not alter prostacyclin concentration or the histologic appearance of the large colon.
Radioimmunoassay of parathyroid hormone in cats
Authors: Flanders James A. , Reimers Thomas J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A radioimmunoassay for measurement of midmolecule parathyroid hormone (pth) concentration in serum from dogs was validated for use on serum from cats. The assay detected an increase in serum concentration of pth after iv infusion of Na2 edta in healthy cats. Infusion of calcium chloride caused a decrease in measured pth. Accuracy of the assay was demonstrated by quantitative recovery of a feline parathyroid gland extract added to pooled feline sera. Mean interassay and intra-assay coefficients of variation were 0.13 and 0.07, respectively. Sensitivity of the assay was 0.1 ng of pth/ml. The median pth concentration measured in 40 adult cats was 3.5 ng/ml, with a range of 1.16 to 11.0 ng/ml.
Antagonism of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in rats by administration of yohimbine, tolazoline, or 4-aminopyridine
Authors: Komulainen Anna , Olson Merle E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Antagonism of ketamine-xylazine (85 mg of ketamine/ kg of body weight and 15 mg of xylazine/kg, im) anesthesia in rats by yohimbine (yoh; 1, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, ip), tolazoline (tol; 10, 20, or 50 mg/kg, ip), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 1 or 5 mg/kg, ip), or a combination of yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine (yoh:4-AP, 1 mg/kg: 1 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg: 1 mg/kg, ip) was studied. All dosages of yoh, tol, 4-AP, and yoh:4-AP reduced the time to appearance of corneal and pedal reflexes. Only tol was effective in reducing time to appearance of the crawl reflex and recovery time. Yohimbine, 4-AP, yoh:4-AP, and tol were effective in reversing respiratory depression caused by ketamine-xylazine anesthesia, but anesthetic-induced hypothermia was not antagonized. When given to nonanesthetized rats, the antagonists had little influence on respiratory rate, but all antagonists caused significant (P < 0.05) reduction in core body temperature for at least 90 minutes. When yoh was used as an anesthetic antagonist at dosage of 20 mg/kg, 20% mortality was observed and was attributable to acute respiratory arrest. The use of 4-AP and yoh:4-AP at the dosages studied induced moderate to severe muscular tremors. In conclusion, tol at dosage of 20 mg/kg given ip, appears to be an appropriate antagonist for ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in rats.
Cardiovascular effects of xylazine and detomidine in horses
Authors: Wagner Ann E. , Muir William W. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The cardiovascular effects of xylazine and detomidine in horses were studied. Six horses were given each of the following 5 treatments, at 1-week intervals: xylazine, 1.1 mg/kg, iv; xylazine, 2.2 mg/kg, im; detomidine, 0.01 mg/ kg, iv; detomidine, 0.02 mg/kg, iv; and detomidine, 0,04 mg/kg, im. All treatments resulted in significantly decreased heart rate, increased incidence of atrioventricular block, and decreased cardiac output and cardiac index; cardiac output and cardiac index were lowest following iv administration of 0.02 mg of detomidine/kg. Mean arterial pressure was significantly reduced for various periods with all treatments; however, iv administration of 0.02 nig of detomidine/kg caused hypertension initially. Systemic vascular resistance was increased by all treatments. Indices of ventricular contractility and relaxation, + dP/dt and − dP/dt, were significantly depressed by all treatments. Significant changes were not detected in stroke volume or ejection fraction. The pcv was significantly reduced by all treatments. Respiratoiy rate was significantly decreased with all treatments, but arterial carbon dioxide tension did not change. Arterial oxygen tension was significantly decreased briefly with the 3 iv treatments only.
Plasma free cortisol concentrations in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Kemppainen R. J. , Peterson M. E. , Sartin J. L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Unbound or free cortisol constitutes a small fraction of total plasma cortisol, but is believed to represent the biologically active portion of this circulating glucocorticoid. We tested the hypothesis that the percentage free cortisol was altered in plasma from dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, which could account for a greater target tissue response to this circulating hormone. The percentage free cortisol in plasma samples from human beings, healthy dogs, and dogs with hyperadrenocorticism was estimated, using centrifugal ultrafiltration-dialysis. Total cortisol concentrations were determined by use of radioimmunoassay. Total cortisol concentrations appeared greater in plasma from human beings than in plasma from either group of dogs. However, the percentage free cortisol was lower in plasma from human beings, resulting in a calculated concentration of free cortisol that was quite similar between plasma from human beings and healthy dogs. Total plasma cortisol concentrations were greater (P < 0.01) in samples from dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (190 ±113 nmol/L; mean ± SD) than in healthy dogs (102 ± 85 nmol/L), but the percentage free cortisol was not different between these 2 groups (dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, 16 ± 9%; healthy dogs, 13 ± 6%). However, plasma free cortisol concentrations (product of total and the percentage of free cortisol) were greater (P < 0.01) in samples from dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (36 ± 41 nmol/L) than in those from healthy dogs (16 ± 9 nmol/ L). Significant (P < 0.001) positive linear relationships were found between total cortisol concentrations and percentage free cortisol in plasma samples from healthy dogs and dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. Furthermore, the slope of these lines was not different between the 2 groups, providing no evidence for alterations in cortisol binding associated with hyperadrenocorticism. The higher total cortisol concentrations in dogs affected with this disease do, however, result in greater concentrations of free cortisol in circulation, contributing to the development of clinical signs observed in this disease.
Acute hemolytic anemia after oral administration of L-tryptophan in ponies
Authors: Paradis Mary Rose , Breeze R. G. , Bayly W. M. , Counts D. F. , Laegreid W. W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The hematologic and pathologic effects of orally administered l-tryptophan and indoleactic acid and of l-tryptophan administered iv were studied in ponies. Sixteen adult Shetland ponies were allotted into 4 experimental groups. Group 1 consisted of 5 ponies (1-5) given 0.6 g of tryptophan/kg of body weight in a water slurry via stomach tube. Group 2 included 4 ponies (6-9) given 0.35 g of tryptophan/kg orally. Group-3 ponies (10—13) were given 0.35 g of indoleacetic acid/kg orally. Group 4 consisted of 3 ponies (14—16) given a single 4-hour iv infusion of 0.1 g of tryptophan/kg.
Restlessness, increased respiratory rate, hemolysis, and hemoglobinuria were detected in 4 of the 5 group-1 pomes. Only pony 7 in group 2 developed hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and a significant increase in respiratory rate. Renal pathologic lesions, consistent with hemoglobinuric nephrosis, were seen in ponies 2, 4, 5, and 7. Bronchiolar degeneration was evident in 4 of 9 ponies given tryptophan orally. The importance of these respiratory lesions was unknown. Clinical or pathologic abnormalities were not noticed in the ponies of groups 3 and 4.
Mean plasma tryptophan values increased significantly in groups 1 and 2 at 6 hours after dosing. A second peak of tryptophan was detected in both groups at 12 hours. Values returned to predose values by 48 hours. Plasma indole and 3-methylindole concentrations were detectable in only 2 ponies (4 and 7). In vitro incubations of cecal fluid from ponies 6, 8, and 9 yielded a percentage conversion of tryptophan to indole of 16.75%, 5.84%, and 7.96%, respectively. 3-Methylindole was not produced. These results suggested that indole was the major metabolite of orally administered tryptophan in these ponies.
Use of embryonating eggs for isolation of Campylobacter species from intestines of swine with proliferative enteritis
Authors: Ward Gilbert E. , Harp Karin J. , Jones Gary F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Intestinal tissues from swine affected with proliferative enteritis were ground, filtered through a 0.65-μm pore membrane filter, diluted, and injected into 7-day-old embryonated hens’ eggs via the yolk sac. At 2, 4, and 7 days later, yolk sac swab specimens taken from live embryos were cultured for Campylobacter species. Campylobacter hyointestinalis was recovered from eggs injected with tissues of swine with acute hemorrhagic proliferative enteritis at dilutions up to 10−4. Campylobacter mucosalis was recovered from eggs injected with tissues of swine with chronic proliferative enteritis at dilutions up to 10−6. Campylobacter coli was recovered from several specimens without lesions of proliferative enteritis and also from some specimens with lesions of proliferative enteritis. Two previously undescribed hemolytic Campylobacter species designed as hemolytic number 1 and hemolytic number 2 were recovered from normal and experimentally inoculated swine tissues. Few contaminating organisms grow in eggs and these were usually recovered at dilutions of 10−2 or less. Recovery of Campylobacter species by use of these techniques was seldom successful in tissues stored at −70 C for more than 6 months.
Phagocytosis and erythrocyte antibody-rosette formation by three populations of mononuclear phagocytes obtained from dogs treated with glucocorticoids
Authors: DeBowes Linda J. , Anderson Neil V. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effect of systemic administration of glucocorticoids was evaluated on 3 populations of macrophages obtained from healthy dogs. Phagocytic and Fc-receptor activities were determined for mononuclear phagocytes from blood and pulmonary and peritoneal lavage fluids. Samples were collected from 12 dogs before treatment and again on the same dogs after glucocorticoid administration. Thirty or more days were allowed between treatment periods.
Twelve hours after combined prednisolone sodium succinate and dexamethasone sodium phosphate administration, the percentage of phagocytosing cells decreased for blood monocytes and increased for pulmonary macrophages. The percentage of pulmonary macrophages positive for erythrocyte antibody-rosette formation (Fcreceptor activity) increased. After 7 days of oral administration of prednisone, the percentage of phagocytosing peritoneal macrophages increased, whereas the percentage of blood monocytes with Fc-receptor activity increased.
Results indicate that significant (P < 0.05) changes in macrophage function occur after systemic administration of the glucocorticoid doses used in this study. Also, the effect of systemic administration of glucocorticoids on mononuclear phagocytes varies, depending on the specific cell location.
Evaluation of the oral vitamin E absorption test in horses
Authors: Craig A. M. , Blythe L. L. , Rowe K. E. , Lassen E. D. , Walker L. L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
An oral vitamin E absorption test used in human beings was modified for use in horses. The most appropriate techniques with which to measure gastrointestinal tract absorption of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) in horses were developed. Vitamin E was administered orally, and serum values of α-tocopherol were measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hours after vitamin E administration. Variables included comparison of 2 dosages (45 and 90 IU/kg of body weight), routes of administration, and absorption dynamics of 3 preparations of dl-α-tocopherol. Absorption of the 2 doses of dl-α-tocopherol acetate indicated a dose response; the area under the curve at 24 hours (AUC24) was 4.3 μg-h/ ml for the 45-IU/kg dose and 32.2 μg-h/ml (P < 0.01) for the 90-IU/kg dose. Maximal absorption was apparent when vitamin E was naturally consumed in grain, compared with administration of identical preparations by stomach tube or paste. In the same horses, dl-α-tocopherol and dl-α-tocopherol acetate plus polyethylene glycol had statistically similar absorption curves and both had significantly greater AUC24, compared with dl-α-tocopherol acetate; values for the 3 compounds were 23.6, 25.8, and 12.6 μg-h/ml, respectively. The AUC24 varied between individual horses, but time of peak value was consistently observed between 6 and 9 hours.
On the basis of the data from this study, the recommended technique for performing the oral vitamin E absorption test in horses would be administration of 90 IU of the free form of dl-α-tocopherol/kg, mixed in 1 L of grain to horses from which food has been withheld for 12 hours, followed by allowing the horses ad libitum access to hay immediately after administration of the vitamin E. Three baseline serum α-tocopherol values should be obtained within 24 hours prior to the test, with the last sample being obtained just prior to administration of the test dose of vitamin E. Heparinized plasma also may be used for this testing procedure. α-Tocopherol concentration should be measured at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hours after vitamin E administration.