bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thomas Gray’s ·Thoughts, that breathe, and words, that burn’
Authors: Mcgann Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Johnson thought him ‘dull in company, dull in his closet, dull everywhere’ and a mere ‘mechanical poet’, Gray’s work survives the judgement. As with our contemporary James Merrill, Gray’s learning and verbal fastidiousness can obscure the adventurousness of his poetical practice. Coleridge seconded Johnson’s view, but one may fairly dissent from both, and even fairly think that Gray was in certain respects the ‘daring Spirit’ he dared to name himself in ‘The Progress of Poesy’ (line 112). An index of his boldness appears in the fact that he pursued his study of Northern Antiquities exactly as he pursued his classical studies: in the mode that Keats would later call ‘negative capability’. Pindar, Lucretius, the Sagas: it was their perfect and pagan integrity that attracted Gray’s Christian, enlightened mind.
Books and Articles containing Uncollected Letters and Extracts from Uncollected Letters
Authors: Kirkpatrick B J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Delattre, Floris. Le Roman psychologique de Virginia Woolf. Paris, Librairie philosophique J. Vrin, 1932, 48 (quotation from undated letter). Reprinted in The Psychological Novel of Virginia Woolf, by Floris Delattre, translated with a foreword by Constance Hunting, Orono, Maine, Puckerbrush Press, [1994], 24.
Manuscripts
Authors: Kirkpatrick B J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Locations for letters have been omitted since these are recorded in The Letters of Virginia Woolf, edited by Nigel Nicolson and Joanne Trautmann, 6 vols., 1975-80; and Congenial Spirits: The Selected Letters of Virginia Woolf, edited by Joanne Trautmann Banks, [1989] (includes hitherto unpublished letters) (see A44, 47, 51, 53, 54, 56,66).
‘Gleaming Twilight’: Literature, Culture, and Society
Authors: Stevenson Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘A story has no beginning or end’, Graham Greene warns in The End of the Affair (1951): ‘arbitrarily one chooses that moment of experience from which to look back or from which to look ahead’ (bk. 1, ch. 1). Like other stories, histories have no absolute beginnings. Yet some are less arbitrary than others, and 1960 is in many ways an obvious starting point. Factors shaping life and imagination throughout the rest of the century—many patterns in its literature, discussed in later chapters—originated either in that year, or at any rate in the late 1950s and the early part of the new decade. Its opening naturally encouraged reflection about new directions and developments: differing enthusiasm in looking ahead, on different sides of the Atlantic, highlighted some of the pressures shaping Britain’s outlook generally at the time. In the United States, presidential-nominee John F. Kennedy talked expansively of ‘a New Frontier—the frontier of the 1960s—a frontier of unknown opportunities…new invention, innovation, imagination, decision’. The British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, more modestly noted only a ‘wind of change’ blowing across the threshold of the 1960s (Gilbert, pp. 224, 245).
An Age of Theory? Critics, Readers, and Authors
Authors: Stevenson Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High, high above the North Pole, on the first day of 1969, two professors of English Literature approached each other at a combined velocity of 1200 miles per hour. The opening of David Lodge’s Changing Places (1974) goes on to explain that collision is avoided, literally at any rate, by the two professors: the ‘thoroughly conventional English don’ Philip Swallow and the aggressively up-to-date Morris Zapp, travelling on exchange to each other’s universities (ch. 1). Hurtling towards each other in the late 1960s, carrying such different intellectual baggage, they nevertheless provide a good metaphor for the high-level collisions of ideas which came to dominate academic study of English Literature over the next two decades. Later parts of Lodge’s trilogy of campus novels, Small World (1984) and Nice Work (1988), further illustrate the transformations which resulted. Rapid expansion in theoretical thinking at the end of the 1960s, mostly Continental in origin, eventually impacted profoundly on established conceptions of literature, and of how it should be studied, in British universities. There were also wider influences on reading practices during the period, and often on its authors themselves. Generally, theory and criticism took on roles more prominent in the last decades of the century than at any earlier stage of literary history. In the United States, Geoffrey Hartman even claimed that critical or theoretical writing could assume a status equal to the literature it had once been thought to.
A Golden Age? Readers, Authors, and the Book Trade
Authors: Stevenson Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No common person reads a book. Your telly’s done for all that guff. (John Whitworth, ‘The Middle-Sized Poem’, 1989) It hadn’t, as it turned out. Yet the appeal of print culture was often doubted, naturally enough, in an age increasingly dominated by images and mass media, and eventually by other new forms of leisure technology. In influential 1960s studies such as Media (1964), the Canadian theorist Marshall McLuhan suggested that the cultural centrality of books and print, globally, might be nearing its end. The English critic George Steiner also wondered at the time if ‘an historical era of verbal primacy’ might be giving way under media and other pressures (p. 13). Concerns of this kind were sharply focused, early in the period, by the emergence of a mass television audience in England during the 1950s, especially following coverage of the Coronation, watched by 20 million people in 1953.
Movement or Revival: The Late 1950s to the 1980s
Authors: Stevenson Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though it is ‘twenty-five years since the battle | Plucked up the sand and let it settle’, the desert landscape Anthony Thwaite surveys in ‘At Asqefar’ (1967) is still stained and strewn with relics of war. In the literary landscape of the later twentieth century, memories of the Second World War likewise faded only very gradually, long influencing directions followed by English poetry.
Rosebay Revived: Language, Form, and Audience for ‘This Unpopular Art’
Authors: Stevenson Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘This unpopular art’ was W. H. Auden’s description of poetry in ‘The Cave of Making’ in 1965. Rumens’s ‘In the Craft Museum’ indicated that it later came to seem not only an unpopular art, but even a faintly obsolescent one. As they suggest, English poetry seemed to endure a troubled period late in the twentieth century, encountering many difficulties in meeting the demands of the times, and of its potential audience.
Last Year in Jerusalem: Politics and Performance after 1968
Authors: Stevenson Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, it is hard to see how a vital theatre and a necessary one can be other than out of tune with society—not seeking to celebrate the accepted values, but to challenge them. (Brook, The Empty Space (1968), p. 150) For about fifteen years after 1968, this challenge was extended throughout English theatre by a generation of writers including Edward Bond, David Hare, Howard Brenton, David Edgar, Howard Barker, John McGrath, and Trevor Griffiths. Most of them were strongly influenced by the emergence of the counter-culture in the late 1960s, by the new theatrical possibilities it encouraged, and above all by the ‘great watershed’, as Howard Brenton called it, of the near-revolution in Paris in the summer of 1968 (Trussler (ed.), p. 96).
Genres, Carnivals, Conclusions
Authors: Stevenson Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Lodge talked in 1991 of an ‘aesthetic supermarket’ of diverse fictional styles. Malcolm Bradbury also figured the novel’s diversity in the 1990s in terms of retailing, describing a ‘great shopping mall world of pluri-culture’ in which ‘genres leak freely into one another’, and in which ‘various layers and categories of culture, from the avant garde to the populist, constantly interpenetrate’ (Brown (ed.), p.viii).
The Rhetorical Feminine (Ii): Separating the Women From the Boys
Authors: Colvin Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gryphius’s and Lohenstein’s conceptions of Turkish and other Islamic characters indicate the extent to which their texts rely on an idea of society that is pre-defined as Christian. For Christian, male writers in a hierarchical, masculinist society, otherness is not only equated with wrong ness, but is ‘naturally’ located in binary opposition to the Self; that is, in women and non-Christians. As in a hall of mirrors, this inverted reflection is perceived as an excess that is instructive or interesting in so far as it refers back to the Self.
The Orpheus of Ulster
Authors: Fenton James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1982, when Blake Morrison and Andrew Motion published their Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry, Seamus Heaney exploded. He had had enough. He was not British, and he was fed up with being called British, or anything other than Irish. But since his work had first appeared with Faber in 1966, it had regularly been called British, and it had appeared in such anthologies as Edward Lucie-Smith’s British Poetry Since 1945 (1970), Jeremy Robson’s The Young British Poets (1971), Michael Schmidt’s Eleven British Poets (1980), and even, in 1968, Karl Miller’s Writing in England Today: The Last Fifteen Years. It was time to set the record straight.
Becoming Marianne Moore
Authors: Fenton James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Something held women back when it came to the writing of poetry, and since whatever it was that held them back failed to hold women back from writing novels, we must suppose that the inhibition had something, at least, to do with the antiquity and prestige of the art. Certainly the social disad vantages under which women laboured will not, taken alone, explain the conundrum away. I follow Germaine Greer in this when she writes: ‘Homer and Milton were blind; can we claim that being female is a worse handicap than being blind?’ And when she says that In large measure it is women who have deified the poet; it was women who fainted when Byron came into a room, who looked for signs of superhumanity in the brow of Wordsworth and grieved over the world-woe engraved in Tennyson’s cheeks. The more women adored poetry, the less able they were to write it. From being practical and external, the obstacles in the path of the woman who wanted to write songs for others to sing became progressively internalised.
The Many Arts of Elizabeth Bishop
Authors: Fenton James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Feminists!’ growled EJizabeth Bishop, and vaguely scandalized her 1977 Harvard class.1 But in the same year, the year of the publication of Geography lll, she also wrote a letter in which she claimed to have been a feminist since the age of 6, and she was not being contradictory. It was in the late Seventies that, for instance, some creative writing classes introduced segrega tion of the sexes, so that the women could express their thoughts more freely. But what Bishop meant by feminism in her own case was to be taken on equal terms with any man notto be (as she would have felt) downgraded into the cate gory of woman poet, not to write about ‘women’s experience’ but to take universal experience as her legitimate range, not to be used, politically, as a member of some kind of sisterhood.
Introduction: Reflections on Nature, Society, and Geography
Authors: Tsouvalis Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relations of people in Britain to trees and forests are changing. Towards the end of the twentieth century-perhaps because of the doom and gloom prophecies inspired by the millennium, perhaps because of guilt about global deforestation and concerns about global warming-forests have become a socio-ecological utopia. This utopia is based on a vision of forests as multi purpose-forests that provide a variety of benefits, are sustainable, and bio logically diverse. Through its multi-purpose forest policy, the government hopes to fulfil the dream of an expanded timber and woodland resource, contribute to an aesthetically pleasing countryside, and create a diverse and distinctive rural and urban landscape. Forests should enhance and conserve wildlife habitats; revitalize derelict and degraded land; provide job opportunities and possibilities for economic diversification; help reduce carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere; and improve the quality of life in and around cities (FA 1998: 1).
Language Policy and Social Reproduction
Authors: Riagáin Pádraigó 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the nineteenth century Irish-speaking communities declined almost to the point of extinction. But in 1922 the new Irish state launched a broad strategy to re-establish Irish as a national language. This book is about that policy and its impact over the last seventy years. Ó Riagáin focuses on the evolving structure of bilingualism in Ireland but he is more centrally concerned with the process of bilingual reproduction. His analysis is based on a series of language surveys conducted between 1973 and 1993. In Part I he reviews the evolution of language policy and the main theoretical perspectives emerging in Irish research. In Part II he is concerned with the position of the Irish language in the residual Irish-speaking areas, and in Part III with the present position of the Irish language in the English-speaking areas. He examines the role of policy in education, in the public sector, and in the forming of Irish-speaking networks. He argues that the various dimensions of Irish language policy have been heavily conditioned by the way the Irish economy and, in turn, Irish society has developed since independence. He concludes in Part IV with a discussion of current issues within Irish language policy.
The Development of Irilsh Language Policy1893-1993
Authors: Riagáin Pádraigó 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early part of the twentieth century Irish was spoken by less than 18 per cent of the population, and as in many of the indigenous minority language communities in Europe, these speakers were situated mainly in the western peripheral regions of the state. Three centuries earlier, the demographic and geographic position of Irish was almost the exact opposite. Irish was spoken by the overwhelming majority of the population and English was dominant only in a small eastern region around Dublin. Despite the well-established dynamic of language assimilation, the small demographic base, and the rural character of Irish language communities, the new native government in 1922 adopted a broadly based strategy to enhance the social and legal status of Irish, to maintain its use in areas where it was still spoken, and to promote and revive its use elsewhere. Following a short historical overview, this introductory chapter presents an outline of the main features of this complex process of language assimilation and the state’s language policy. Language policy is seen as an integral part of the wider processes of social reproduction in pre- and post-independence Ireland. The movement to reverse the shift to English began while Ireland was still part of the United Kingdom. The British state did not, of course, initiate a policy for the Irish language, but reluctantly allowed some relatively modest concessions to the emerging language revival movement.
An Overview of Bilingualism 1926-1993
Authors: Riagáin Pádraigó 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This part of the book begins with an overview of survey research conducted in Ireland which sought to measure and describe the evolving pattern of bilingualism in the predominantly English-speaking parts of the state. The discussion will mainly focus on three national language surveys conducted in 1973, 1983, and 1993 respectively, although in the latter case only preliminary findings have so far been published. The discussion is restricted to major features of the survey results in order to provide a brief description of the contemporary state of bilingualism in Ireland and to set a context for later chapters which discuss some of the major research and policy issues in more detail. The relationships between education, social class, social networks, and language use patterns are each the subject of a full chapter. For similar reasons, the issue of public attitudes towards Irish is only briefly discussed at this point: it too will be examined more fully in a separate chapter. The statistics throughout are largely confined to national aggregates, but these are supplemented in the case of the main indicators of language use and ability with an analysis of intergenerational and regional differences.
Specificity and Definiteness of Prenominal Possessives
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I address one important aspect of the semantics of prenominal possessives, namely their referential properties. We saw in section 5. I that in a prenominal possessive expression, the possessor phrase [NP POSS] can be regarded as a kind of determiner to the possessee noun. Determiners comprise such items as the articles (the, a), demonstratives (this, that), and quantifiers (stressed some, many, most). Determiners make a distinctive semantic contribution to the meaning of an NP. Whereas an Nor N’ denotes a kind, or category of entity, the determiner establishes reference, that is, it picks out those members or those instances of the category as the entities being spoken about Three kinds of reference can be distinguished: definite-specific, indefinite-specific, and non-specific.
The Cue Validity of the Possessor
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I consider some further entailments of the reference point analysis, especially as these pertain to the semantic relation between possessor and possessee. We have remarked on several occasions that the possessive construction does not of itself encode any specific semantic relation. Even so, it is not the case that any semantic relation is compatible with the construction. Restrictions on the semantic relation of possessor to possessee were in fact a major topic of the literature reviewed in Chapter 6.We saw in the preceding chapter how some of these restrictions fall out from the requirement that the possessor nominal be topical; this requirement, in turn, is a natural consequence of the reference point analysis. Continuing this approach, I argue here that the restrictions reflect a further requirement on the possessor nominal, one which, again, falls out from the reference point analysis. This requirement concerns the cue validity of the reference point vis-a-vis the intended target.
The Death of Languages
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that languages can ‘die’ will come as no surprise, since it is quite common to speak of a ‘dead language’, defined by a technical dictionary as ‘a language which is no longer spoken, but which sometimes still has status in the sociocultural community and a role in teaching, in ceremonial rituals, etc., as with Latin’.1 The Littre dictionary gives two examples, Latin and Hebrew, having defined them as ‘languages which exist only in books’. More recently, the Dictionnaire Robert gives ‘dead languages: languages which are no longer spoken’, without offering any examples, but it does, on the other hand, quote Greek and Latin under the entry for Classical languages.
The War of Words
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two kinds of justification for intervening in the lexical domain. In some cases, action on lexis is a response to a threat. People think that the language is being invaded by a foreign vocabulary and it is agreed that this vocabulary should be driven out of the lexis in order to replace it with an autochthonous (indigenous) vocabulary. This defence of the lexi cal ‘purity’ of the language is a frequent occurrence, and we shall have an opportunity to analyse it in the next chapter, taking the example of French.
Tradition and Novelty: Descartes and Some Cartesians1
Authors: Verbeek Theo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first official condemnation of Cartesian philosophy in the Low Countries was by the Municipality of Utrecht.2 Their decree of 24 March 1642 confirmed an Academic Judgement proposed a few days earlier by the ‘Senate’ of Utrecht University-the assembly of professors-which had been provoked by a pamphlet of Descartes’s friend the Professor of Theoretical Medicine Henricus Regius (1598-1679). The reasons for condemning ‘this new philosophy’ were, first, that Cartesian philosophy is opposed to ‘ancient’ philosophy and ruins its foundations; second, that, by preventing the students from understanding the technical terms of philosophy, it blocks their way to the heights of learning; and third, that several ideas follow from it which are false and absurd.
Morals And Modernity In Descartes
Authors: Sorell Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a letter of July 1638 Descartes referred to the hypotheses that he presented in the Dioptrics and Meteors, and invited a critic, Jean Baptiste Morin, to compare these with would-be explanations put forward by other people: Compare all their real qualities, their substantial forms, their elements and their other countless hypotheses with my single hypothesis that all bodies are composed of parts . . Compare the deductions I have made from my hypothesis-about \’ision, salt, winds, clouds, snow, thunder, the rainbow, and so on-with what others have derived from their hypotheses on the same topics! (AT ii. 196).
Reason and Responsibility
Authors: Wallace R Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can people ever be to blame for doing the rational thing? More broadly, what are the connections between the responsibility of moral agents and the rationality of the moral demands to which they are held accountable? As I see matters, these questions turn on the relations between two different practical points of view. Questions about the rationality of moral conduct are in the first instance deliberative questions, arising within the first-personal perspective of an agent trying to reach a decision about how to act. The task of practical deliberation, after all, is the task of determining what one has reason to do. The claim that it is rational for a given agent to comply with moral demands can accordingly be understood as the claim that, if the agent deliberated correctly, he or she would acknowledge reason to act morally and would choose to act accordingly.
Creating Fictional Contexts
Authors: Emmott Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, I suggested that one important and under-investigated type of knowledge is ‘text-specific’ knowledge. To make sense of full, real texts, such as novels, a reader must have background information about specific entities and about the configurations of entities which occur in specific situations. This chapter describes how the reader needs to create mental representations of the fictional context, collecting information from the text and maintaining an awareness of these facts whilst the subsequent text is read. Chapter 5 continues the discussion with regard to multiple contexts and Chapter 6 considers the implications of this discussion of context for mental representations of characters.
Characters and Contexts
Authors: Emmott Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapters 4 and 5 have argued that characters are ‘episodically’ linked to the other individuals in particular locations at particular times. Assumptions can be made on the basis of these episodic contextual links, such as the inference that a character in a context is still present even when not explicitly referred to and the inference that the action of one character in a context can affect the others in that context. For this reason, readers need to keep track of the current context, changing their assumptions if there is a switch of context.