bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A test of the generalizability of the interval scale developed for social behavior of rhesus monkeys
Authors: Boccia Maria L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn interval scale of behavior would be useful in the study of social relations because it would allow the whole behavioral repertory to be used simultaneously and would allow greater flexibility in statistical manipulation. Maxim has developed such a scale using isolated dyads of unfamiliar monkeys. The typical social environment of monkeys, however, consists of familiar monkeys in mixed age and sex groups. This study replicates Maxim's procedure and tests the applicability of a scale developed with isolated dyads to groups of familiar monkeys. The scale developed here differed substantially from Maxim's. Behavior of monkeys in these groups was much more variable than behavior of monkeys in Maxim's isolated dyads. Behaviors at the extremes of the scale were similarly arranged in both scales, but behaviors in the central region were more labile and disordered. Distances between behaviors at the extreme of this scale were significantly larger than those in the central region whereas there were no differences in Maxim's scale. While some of these differences may be accounted for by group size and familiarity, several difficulties remain. Some behaviors may change meaning across different contexts and social relationships. The generalizability of these scales, therefore, may be limited to the behavior of groups of similar composition and familiarity.
Seasonal changes of serum concentrations of estradiol and progesterone in Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Diamond Edward J. , Aksel Sezer , Hazelton Julianne M. , Jennings Roger A. , Abee Christian R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSerial measurements of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) were used to describe the ovarian cycle of the Bolivian squirrel monkey. Group‐caged, sexually mature female squirrel monkeys, housed with males, were sampled daily between 0900 and 1100 hr. Sampling was carried out during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons, for periods of 19–20 days from September 1981 to May 1982. Seasonal differences in serum concentrations of E2 and P were found with low levels of E2 and P and an absence of preovulatory surges of E2 during the nonbreeding season. This pattern was also observed in some animals during the breeding season. An abrupt increase in serum P concentrations in December appeared to signal the onset of cycling. Cycling animals had well‐defined peaks of E2 (450–9,500 pg/ml) followed by increasing levels of P, which were >200 ng/ml in some animals. After the breeding season, E2 and P levels returned to their initially low levels. Levels of both steroids in cycling animals were higher than those reported for other primates and for previous measurements made in squirrel monkeys. Cycle length based on time interval between consecutive E2 peaks varied from 6–12 days.
Inbreeding, heterozygosity, and lymphoma risk among the baboons (Papio hamadryas) of Sukhumi, USSR
Authors: Crawford Michael H. , O'Rourke Dennis H. , Dykes Dale D. , Yakovleva L. A. , Voevodin A. F. , Lapin Boris , Polesky H. F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the spread of lymphoma through a baboon (Papio hamadryas) colony in the Institute of Experimental Pathology and Therapy at Sukhumi, USSR. In the late 1960s, Soviet scientists inoculated 12 baboons with cells from hospitalized human leukemia patients, causing the death of a total of 135 animals between 1967 and 1978. The death rate from lymphoma averages almost 12 baboons per year in the Sukhumi colony. Genetic investigations of these baboons revealed the following: 1) Six blood protein markers out of 16 systems (38%) tested were polymorphic; 2) the average inbreeding coefficient for the entire colony (N = 1,226) was 0.027 (exclusion of baboons with F values equal to 0.0 raised the mean inbreeding coefficient to 0.096); 3) no relationship between inbreeding and risk of lymphoma was noted; and 4) there was an apparent association between both PGM loci and the incidence of lymphoma at the 0.005 levels of significance. This association was further supported by the significantly lower incidence of PGM2 (2‐1) genotype in baboons with high anti‐VCA‐HVP titers.
Vigilance, vocalizations, and cryptic behavior at retirement in captive groups of red‐bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus)
Authors: Caine Nancy G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFrequent references are made to presumed antipredator adaptations exhibited by callitrichids, but there are very few systematic investigations of these behaviors. One set of untested presumptions stems from observations that callitrichids become especially vigilant and cryptic prior to retirement each evening. This hypothesis was tested in the current study by quantifying the rates of vocalizations and extragroup behavior at various times of the day. Using two groups of captive red‐bellied tamarins, it was demonstrated that these primates do become relatively more quiet and more attentive to the nonsocial environment prior to retirement each evening, culminating in virtual silence once the nest box has been entered. While the adaptive significance of these phenomena has not yet been tested, it is likely that the behaviors reduce vulnerability to predation.
The fate of Washoe, et al. Review of Silent Partners, by Eugene Linden. New York, Times Books, 1986, 247 pages, $17.95
Authors: Shapiro Gary L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn the long run, we are the victims of a skewed view of our relationship with the rest of the natural order. We treat everything besides oureslves as a commodity whose value is determined by the short‐term considerations of the marketplace, but how do we know that the market is efficient enough to assign a true value to everything in nature? Are we endangering or eliminating organisms that may be vital to our long‐term survival? It is hubris to assume that science can answer this question.
Sexual and social behavior of adult saddle‐back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis), castrated as neonates
Authors: Epple Gisela , Alveario M. Catherine , Andre Elizabeth St. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe behavior of four adult males castrated as neonates was compared with that of three neonatally sham‐castrated males and two untreated males serving as controls. Two males castrated as sexually experienced adults served as additional controls. All males lived in permanent male‐female pairs. The interactions of neonatally castrated, sham‐castrated, and intact control males with strange conspecifics were tested in a situation analogous to territorial defense. In addition, the interactions of all males with their female pair mates were tested. Neonatally castrated males showed less injurious aggression against strangers and interacted with them less frequently than control males. There were significant differences between both groups of males in some of the agonistic behaviors recorded, but not in all. In pair tests, neonatally castrated males failed to show any coordinated male copulatory behavior but control males did. Males castrated as adults showed rates of mounting and thrusting similar to those of intact controls. Neonatally castrated males tended to interact with their females on a lower level than neonatally sham‐castrated and untreated control males. How ever, most differences between both groups in the levels of pair mate interactions were not statistically significant. It is concluded that castration during neonatal life prevents the display of male copulatory behavior in adulthood and selectively affects the display of a number of other behaviors in adulthood. It is not possible at this point to decide whether these results are due to hormonal deficiencies on an organizational or activational level or both. However, data from studies currently in progress suggest that organizational processes might be responsible for part of the effect.
A benign method for maintaining ovulatory estrogen levels in cycling rhesus macaques
Authors: Bercovitch Fred B. , Goy Robert W. , Scheffler Guenther , Wittwer Daniel J. , Hempel Mike 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe goal of this study was to develop a relatively noninvasive technique for generating ovulatory estrogen levels in cycling females over extended periods of time. Eleven intact cycling rhesus macaques were given weekly injections of estradiol cypionate in an effort to obtain weekly levels which approximated ovulatory levels. A dose of 500 μg generated weekly estrogen values averaging 370 ± 18 pg/ml. This method is a satisfactory alternative to more traditional techniques. It involves no surgical procedures, it is relatively nonintrusive, it does not terminate a female's reproductive career, and it is not as time‐consuming as daily injections. Female cycle state can be altered with a minimum of manipulation for studies involving the behavior of estrous females.
Prosimian hemoglobins: IV. The structural difference responsible for the hemoglobin phenotype of Lemur catta
Authors: Duffy Lawrence K. , Ehrhardt Margaret M. , Buettner‐Janusch John , Coppenhaver Dorian H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe ring‐tailed lemur, Lemur catta, shows a two‐component hemoglobin phenotype after alkaline electrophoresis. A difference in the amino acid sequence of the isolated α‐globins was observed at position 15 (α I‐Gly, α II‐Lys) and can account for the electrophoretic pattern of two hemoglobin components. Only one other amino acid difference was found in the sequence of the two globin chains: a neutral substitution occurs at position 53 (α I‐Gly, α II‐Ala). The complete primary structures of the duplicated α‐globin chains of Lemur catta are presented.
The evolution of large body size in orangutans: A model for hominoid divergence
Authors: Wheatley Bruce P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecent Miocene fossil discoveries of large hominoids resemble orangutans. Since the evolution of large body size was functionally related to a powerful masticatory system in Miocene ape radiations, a better understanding of adaptations in extant orangutans will be informative of hominoid evolution. It is suggested here, based on the behavioral ecology of extant orangutans, that foraging energetics and large body size are tied to a dietary shift that provided access to and utilization of resources not generally available to other primates.
Differentiall behavioral and adrenocortical responses to stress among three macaque species
Authors: Clarke A. Susan , Mason William A. , Moberg Gary P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBehavioral and adrenocortical responses of rhesus (Macaca mulatta), bonnet (M. radiata), and crabeating (M. fascicularis) macaques were compared in their home cages, during exposure to novelty and during physical restraint. Both behavioral and adrenocortical responses differentiated species in each condition. In all conditions, post‐test corticosteroid levels were highest for crabeaters and lowest for rhesus. Rhesus were the most active behaviorally, and bonnets were the most passive, while crabeaters exhibited the greatest signs of behavioral disturbance. Relationships between adrenocortical and behavioral responses varied between groups. Both adrenocortical and behavioral profiles were in accord with the behavior of these three species under more natural conditions. The role of psychophysiological responses in general behavioral dispositions toward the environment is discussed. It is concluded that behavioral dispositions, inclusive of psychophysiological responses, may vary qualitatively even among closely related primate species.
Enteric trichomonads of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sp): Natural infestation and treatment
Authors: Brady Alan G. , Pindak Frank F. , Abee Christian R. , Gardner William A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn a large breeding colony of squirrel monkeys, a previous study demonstrated apparent universal infestation of adult animals with enteric trichomonads. The potential of these organisms to act as a source of experimental variability and the potential pathogenic effects of parasitism in this species stimulated this study of organism acquisition and treatment. Age of natural infestation with trichomonads was determined from results of microscopic examination and culture of fecal samples from infants of different ages. A majority of squirrel monkey infants showed first evidence of trichomoniasis at 2 to 4 weeks of age, with apparent 100% infestation by 8 weeks of age. Treatment of adult monkeys was investigated. In vitro techniques were utilized to determine sensitivity to metronidazole of a number of isolates. An effective regimen for treatment of adult monkeys was determined to be 25 mg/kg body weight of metronidazole given orally, twice daily for 5 days.
Darting and marking techniques for an arboreal forest monkey, Cercopithecus ascanius
Authors: Jones W. Thomas , Bush Betsy B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTechniques are described for capturing and marking redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius). An air‐powered darting rifle and syringe darts loaded with a Ketamine‐Rompun mixture were used for capture. Ketamine was used for maintaining anesthesia. Monkeys were darted 48 times and captured 27 times. In 24 of the 27 captures, the monkeys were released unharmed. Adult males were marked with radiotransmitters attached to collars of nylon webbing. Females received nylon webbing collars with colorcoded plastic washers for identification.
Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone release from the mediobasal hypothalamus of fetal baboons
Authors: Meyer Donald C. , Pepe Gerald J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPulsatile luteinizing‐hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) secretion was measured from the mediobasal‐suprachiasmatic‐preoptic (MBH‐SCN‐POA) region of the hypothalamus from fetal baboons (Papio anubis) at midgestation (day 100; term = day 184). The entire MBH‐SCN‐POA (48 ± 5 mg) was obtained between 1100 and 1200 hours and was immediately placed in icecold phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The MBH‐SCN‐POA units were halved at the midline and superfused in parallel at 37.5°C for 5 hours. Then 500 μl of superfusate was collected at 10‐minute intervals, and LHRH concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay using the Chen‐Ramirez antibody. In fetuses of untreated baboons (N = 3), LHRH pulse amplitude (mean ± SE) was 16.0 ± 4.2 pg, with a period of 30 ± 1 minute; the average 10‐minute output of LHRH was 9.4 ± 2.0 pg. In fetal baboons in which the hormonal milieu in the mother was modulated by androstenedione treatment of midpregnancy (N = 3), average LHRH pulse amplitude was 1.7 ± 0.3 pg, with a period of 33.5 ± 4.9 minutes; the average 10‐minute output of LHRH was 1.2 ± 0.2 pg. Collectively, these data suggest that as early as midgestation, fetal baboons secrete LHRH in vitro in a pulsatile fashion and with a periodicity of 30–35 minutes. In addition, the decrease in LHRH pulse amplitude and the average 10‐minute LHRH output (P < .01, P < .05) in tissue from fetal baboons of mothers in which the normal pattern of steroidogenesis is altered suggest that the output of LHRH systems in the fetus is sensitive to changes in the maternal hormonal milieu.
Cytogenetic studies of Aotus from Eastern Amazonia. Y/Autosome rearrangement
Authors: Pieczarka Julio Cesar , Nagamachi Cleusa Yoshiko 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwenty‐one specimens of Aotus were captured on both sides of the Tocantins river when the hydroelectric reservoir of Tucuruí, Brazil, was filled. The males had a diploid number of 49 chromosomes, and the females had 50. The observed difference is a consequence of the fusion of the Y chromosome with an autosome. The karyotype is similar to that of the Bolivian Aotus (A. azarae boliviensis). It differs, however, in the G‐ and C‐banding patterns of the chromosome resulting from the Y/autosome fusion. The nucleolar organizing region is located on the secondary constriction of a pair of submetacentric chromosomes. Considerations are presented on the classification of A. infulatus as a separate species.
Three basic programs for recording, storing, and handling behavioral data
Authors: López‐Luján A. X. , Mondragón R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBehavioral studies using observational methods can be improved by the use of microcomputers. Computers are time‐saving tools that enhance quantitative assessment of behavior. This is important in primate behavior studies, which typically are long‐term and involve large repertoires of behaviors. The present study describes three BASIC programs developed to record, store, and handle behavioral data. This software was created to allow the collection of a library of unabridged sampling sessions. The data‐handling programs were designed so that users can effortlessly extract specific information without disturbing the original recordings. Moreover, the programs can be easily translated to any BASIC dialect, so their use is not limited to a particular machine.
Affiliative behavior of adult female sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys)
Authors: Ehardt Carolyn L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA 14‐month study of 30 adult female members of a captive group of sooty mangabeys investigated their affiliative interactions with group members of varying age and sex. The adult females preferentially affiliated with other adults and interacted less than expected with immature group members. Dyadic frequencies suggested especially frequent affiliation with the three resident adult males, although the pattern of interaction with each male was distinct and apparently was related to age and dominance status of the males. Females of the alpha matriline showed significantly greater affiliation with the males than did those of other matrilines, but this preference was not reciprocated by the males. A preference for grooming older group members (some of the matriarchs and the oldest adult male) was also suggested. In consideration of the taxonomic distinctness of the sooty mangabey from the gray‐cheeked mangabey, comparison of these results with those available for albigena were made. Few differences were apparent. Comparisons with the affiliative behavior of Papio females also suggested limited differences, despite the apparently isolated position of the sooty mangabey within the tribe Papionini.
Determinants of behavioral rhythmicity during artificial menstrual cycles in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Michael Richard P. , Zumpe Doris 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReproductive success in many mammals depends on synchrony between copulation and ovulation, which is insured by the phenomenon of heat in the female. Certain anthropoid primates including rhesus monkeys do not show heat but may copulate throughout the menstrual cycle, especially when pairs are isolated from conspecifics. In social groups, however, mating mostly occurs around midcycle. We wished to test the hypothesis that copulations are more closely linked to ovulation when males have simultaneous access to several females in different cycle phases. Artificial menstrual cycles were therefore induced by giving hormones to ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys observed in small social groups that each consisted of four females and one male. The cycles of two hormone‐treated femlab in each group were either made to synchronize or be offset by 7‐day increments so that the estradiol peak of one female occurred 7 days before, and 7 and 14 days after, the estradiol peak of the other. Radioimmunoassay of plasma samples (N = 224) confirmed the timing of the estradiol peaks. Results from eight unique male‐female groups (4 males, 8 females, 16 male‐female pairs, 718 tests) fully supported the hypothesis. Compared with synchronized cycles, the amplitudes of rhythmic changes in offset cycles were reduced for ejaculations made by males but greatly enhanced for ejaculations received by females. We propose that this socio‐hormonal integration of behavior in the group is highly adaptive and enhances the reproductive success of both males and females.
Prehension in Cebus and Saimiri: I. Grip type and hand preference
Authors: Costello Michael B. , Fragaszy Dorothy Munkenbeck 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrehension was examined in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Individual subjects were videotaped from frontal and sagittal planes while they grasped small objects presented in several ways (in view, out of view, embedded, moving). Capuchins used a precision grip in 30% of trials and in more than half of trials with stationary objects. Most (54%) of the precision grips used were opposition of the thumb to the index finger; however, eight other forms were also observed. Squirrel monkeys never used a precision grip. Data on hand preference, preliminary data on movement velocity, and preliminary observations of movement trajectories (up to the time of hand shaping prior to contact with the object) do not indicate significant differences across genera in these aspects of prehension. The presence of varied precision grips in capuchins and no form of precision grip in squirrel monkeys leads to two conclusions. First, a thumb classification of “opposable” (vs. “pseudo‐opposable”) is not essential for precision gripping. Capuchins, with pseudo‐opposable thumbs, use precision grips routinely. Second, the fundamental difference between these genera, which accommodates precision gripping in capuchins, is the capacity in capuchins (but not in squirrel monkeys) to produce lateral pressure between opposing digits. The anatomy of the spinal pyramidal tract and neuromuscular interfacing in the hands may be more sensitive gauges of manual dexterity than the anatomy of the thumb.
Taxonomic status of Saguinus tripartitus (Milne‐Edwards, 1878)
Authors: Thorington R. W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA review of specimens and field notes of Carlos Olalla and his sons showed that they collected Saguinus tripartitus and Saguinus fuscicollis lagonotus at the same place on the right bank of the lower Rio Napo in Peru. Thus, these two forms are sympatric, although they probably occur in different habitats. Therefore, Saguinus tripartitus should be treated as a distinct species, not as a subspecies of Saguinus fuscicollis.
Proximate and ultimate causes of reproductive suppression among female yellow baboons at Mikumi National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Wasser Samuel K. , Starling Alison K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAttack coalitions, whereby two or more individuals attack another animal simultaneously, were studied in 53 sexually mature female baboons from one small and two large troops at Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. For 14 months, three observers recorded coalition behavior throughout the day, using focal group sampling on a behavior‐dependent basis. Coalition rates were considerably greater in the two large troops than in the small troop, and primarily involved natal females rather than males. Coalition frequencies corresponded closely to measures of reproductive synchrony, both within and between troops. Involvement in attack coalition behavior depended on the reproductive states and ranks of both attackers and recipients. The first few females to give birth in the cohort received particularly high amounts of coalition aggression just before and immediately after giving birth. Receipt of attack coalitions was significantly associated with an increased number of cycles to conception and longer interbirth intervals, as well spontaneous abortion, premature birth, and prolonged gestation. A parallel study on survivorship patterns of immature baboons at Mikumi provided evidence for ultimate cause of the observed coalition patterns. These combined results suggest that attack coalition behavior is a form of reproductive competition whereby females attempt to suppress the reproduction of others at predictably competitive times and thereby reduce the competition their own infants face from the time they are weaned.