bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENZYMES AND ANTI-ENZYMES OF INFLAMMATORY EXUDATES
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

The serum of an inflammatory exudate has the power of inhibiting the action of proteolytic ferments contained in the leucocytes. This anti-enzymotic power is possessed by the blood serum from which it doubtless passes into the exudate.
In the later stages of inflammation there is some diminution of this anti-enzymotic action.
The anti-body contained in the serum is destroyed by a temperature of 75° C.
The proteolytic ferments of the leucocytes act both in an acid and in an alkaline medium but are most efficient in the latter. The anti-enzymotic action of the serum is favored by an alkaline reaction, but is completely lost in an acid medium.
TOXINS AND ANTITOXINS--SNAKE VENOMS AND ANTIVENINS
Authors: Madsen Th. , Noguchi H. 
Published: June 2004

A specific antivenin against crotalus venom can be prepared bv the immunization of goats. A specific antivenin against water moccasin venom can be produced by the immunization of goats with this venom, modified by hydrochloric acid. Immunization with the unmodified venom is very difficult.
The toxicity of crotalus venom is diminished more than fifty percent. by passage through a Chamberland filter. There is a simple relation between the toxicity and the body weight for guinea-pigs weighing from 250 to 500 grams. Smaller guinea-pigs (125 grams) are comparatively less resistant. The toxicity is smaller by subcutaneous than by intraperitoneal injection (guinea-pigs), or by intravenous injection (rabbits). White rats are very resistant.
The toxicity of cobra venom is not measurably diminished by filtration through a Chamberland filter. The relation between the amount of venom and the corresponding time of death is very regular, and can be expressed by a curve of asymptotic nature. Lecithin does not increase the toxicity.
The tracings representing toxin-antitoxin neutralization for the three venoms (crotalus, cobra and moccasin) show deviation from the straight line. This deviation is most pronounced for the toxic quota of the venoms. The tracing representing crotalus venomantivenin neutralization, determined on guinea-pigs, can, within errors of experiment, be expressed by the equation:
Free toxin · Free antitoxin = K · toxin-antitoxin.
The corresponding tracing determined on rabbits is somewhat different, but both tracings are much more markedly curved than that for cobra venom-antivenin. The neutralization tracing of water moccasin venom shows the peculiarity, that small amounts of antivenin decrease the toxicity to a minimum, but the toxicity is again increased by further addition of antitoxin.
The tracing representing neutralization of the haemolysins of the three venoms are different from the tracings of neutralization of the toxins, and approach very closely to a straight line. Still, in all instances, the determinations with great concentrations of antilysin show pronounced deviation, perhaps due to some dissociation of the toxin-antitoxin combination.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BACTERIOLOGY OF RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: Beattie James M. 
Published: June 2004

The conclusions I would draw from this work are merely those stated in a former paper.
1. The results obtained by injections of streptococci are different from those produced by Micrococcus rheumaticus.
2. Micrococcus rheumaticus cannot be regarded as an attenuated streptococcus, nor acute rheumatism as an attenuated streptococcal pyæmia.
3. In uncomplicated cases of acute rheumatism the organism may not be found in the blood or in the joint exudates.
ON THE ELECTRICAL CHARGE OF THE NATIVE PROTEINS AND THE AGGLUTININS
Authors: Field Cyrus W. , Teague Oscar 
Published: June 2004

1. Tetanolysin and antitetanolysin travel toward the cathode under the influence of an electric current.
2. The specific agg-lutinins are electro-positive.
3. The proteid matter of serum is not amphoteric but travels toward the cathode whether its reaction be acid, neutral, or alkaline.
4. The bacteria-agglutinin combination may be disassociated by means of the electric current.
RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE INJECTION OF PLACENTA INTO ANIMALS OF THE SAME AND OF DIFFERENT SPECIES
Authors: Frank Robert T. 
Published: June 2004

The injection of rabbits' placenta into rabbits produces no isoprecipitins.
From the incomplete experiments performed it would appear that placental injections into animals of the same species cause no changes in the generative organs. Further research into this question will be pursued.
The injection of human placental nucleo-proteid, prepared from placental tissue made nearly blood free, does not produce an antiserum. This result confirms the conclusions of Pearce and Jackson, that nucleo-proteids act merely as mild toxic agents, without specific qualities.
The injection, into rabbits, of human placental tissue, rendered practically blood-free, fails to produce any specific reaction. This confirms the view that the serum reaction following the injection of cells into a foreign organism is largely due to the blood contained in the injected tissues.
The injection into rabbits, of the human placenta, made nearly blood-free, produces a weak " human reaction " which can be demonstrated by the reactions for precipitin, deflection of complement, agglutinin, and hemolysis. No specific placental reaction can be shown. This is in strict accord with the view that cytotoxines are not specific; that there is no morphological specificity.
The anti-sera obtained showed no cytolytic action; therefore no specific syncytiolytic action could be demonstrated.
If the information obtained in this investigation is applied to the theory of Halban, it will be noted that no experimental proof of the specific action of placental tissue upon the female generative organs could be demonstrated. The number of experiments performed, bearing upon this one point, were however too few to permit of a definite and final opinion.
The work dealing with Veit's ingenious hypothesis was more complete and carried out by many methods, which would necessarily act as a check upon one another. As the results of all these experiments were in complete harmony, I feel justified in making a positive statement that no experimental proof of a specific placental immune reaction can be demonstrated by our present biological methods. Whether Veit's hypothesis, thus deprived of its biological proof, must in consequence be discarded, is a question which I do not consider myself competent to answer.
THE HISTOLOGICAL LESIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL GLANDERS
Authors: Duval Charles W. , White Percival G. 
Published: June 2004

The bacillus of glanders may be so modified in virulence as to produce experimentally lesions differing widely in their histological features.
The highly virulent culture causes primary necrosis and disintegration of the tissue followed by the invasion of the injured area by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The bacilli of moderate virulence give rise to a primary lesion of an acute inflammatory nature in which the cells show no evidence of necrosis or disintegration. The attenuated bacilli produce primary tissue proliferation with the formation of epithelioid and giant cells.
There is every grade of lesion between the acute exudative and the chronic proliferative depending upon the toxicity of the cultures.
The glanders lesion whether exudative or proliferative is focal in character.
The strong toxins of the glanders bacilli cause degeneration or necrosis of cells and exudation, while the dilute and weak toxins produce proliferation.
The giant cell of glanders undoubtedly originates from the endothelial cell of the blood and lymph channels and is formed by division of the nucleus of the endothelial cell and not by cell fusion.
Histologically the lesion of glanders resulting from the culture of a low degree of virulence is proliferative and is analogous to tuberculosis; the lesions are focal and bear an intimate relation to the glanders bacillus.
EXPERIMENTAL LIVER NECROSIS; I. THE HEXON BASES
Authors: Jackson Holmes C. , Pearce Richard M. 
Published: June 2004

1. The liver of the dog in which necrosis has been produced by injection of hæmatoxic immune sera is characterized in the less marked forms by a storing up of nitrogen in the persisting living cells, while in the diffuse forms the total nitrogen content is but slightly above the normal. This last is to be explained by the great diminution in persisting liver substance which limits the power of nitrogen accumulation.
2. In all forms of necrosis there occurs an absolute increase of nitrogen precipitable by phosphotungstic acid (hexon bases) but the percentage increase, in relation to total nitrogen, diminishes in those forms (focal) in which the products of autolysis may be readily carried off by the blood stream and greatly increases in the diffuse form with large areas in which the circulation is seriously impaired.
3. Although the absolute amount of nitrogen representing arginin and histidin varies, a relative increase is evident when this fraction is compared with the total diamino-nitrogen. This increase corresponds to the degree of necrosis and attendant circulatory disturbance and indicates that in necrosis as opposed to degeneration (Wakeman) arginin is not split up by arginase. The lysin also bears a definite relation to the total hexon nitrogen.
4. The diamino-nitrogen of the normal liver after autolysis in vitro shows a slight variable increase over that of the unautolyzed, while the necrotic livers showed a decided decrease.
5. The diamino-acid nitrogen of normal horse liver is only about one half of that of the dog; the relative proportion of the bases is about the same. In necrotic livers with amyloid the diamino-nitrogen is markedly increased which is in accord with Neuberg's observations on the high hexon base content of amyloid.
EXPERIMENTAL LIVER NECROSIS. V. THE FATS AND LIPOIDS
Authors: Jackson Holmes C. , Pearce Richard M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Changes which occur in the fat content of the liver of dogs receiving hæmotoxic serum bear no relation to the degree of necrosis produced by this serum.
2. An increase in water content of the tissue seldom occurs, but where present is due to the nitrogenous autolysis rather than to the deposition of fat.
3. The appearance of fat in the cell is not associated with a decomposition of the proteid component of the compound fats, but rather to a simple splitting off of the fatty radical. This is shown by the slight variations occurring in the percentage nitrogen of the fat-free substance.
4. The iodine equivalent diminishes as the fat content increases. This would indicate that in the fatty changes which occur, fats other than those containing oleate radicals make their appearance.
5. The ratio of phosphorus to nitrogen in the alcohol-chloroform extract remains practically constant in all degrees of necrosis. Hence the substances of the protagon and jecorin type hold the same relation to the lecithins during the autolysis as they do normally.
6. In a general way it may be said that the results obtained in the microchemical staining of the fats with Scharlach R agree with those found by chemical extraction methods.
FURTHER INVESTIGATION UPON THE INFLUENCE OF ORGAN EXTRACTS OF COLD-BLOODED ANIMALS ON THE BLOOD PRESSURES
Authors: Joseph Don R. 
Published: June 2004

1. None of the extracts examined are very potent in small doses. A noticeable effect, however, is produced upon the blood pressure by the extract of fifteen milligrams of shark testis.
2. A small dose of a five per cent. shark testis extract seems to show more pressor action than a larger dose of the same solution.
3. The fall of blood-pressure is due to a vaso-dilation.
4. After repeated (seven or eight) injections of almost any extract, an injection of more of the same extract, or of another extract, which would be rather potent as a "first" injection, causes very little if any response from the blood-pressure.
5. Continued boiling of an extract destroys the pressor substance.
6. The depressor action is then very pronounced and especially prolonged.
7. The depressor substance will dialyze.
8. The pressor and depressor substances cannot be separated by dialysis, because in the repeated sterilizations the pressor substance disappears.
9. The pressor and depressor substances cannot be separated by absolute alcohol, as each seems to be soluble. The solubility is not, however, very great, at least in the cold.
10. It seems impossible to separate the pressor and depressor substances by means of a difference in solubility in cold physiological salt solution, since the depressor substance is even more soluble in that solution than the pressor. And yet the depressor substance is not nearly all removed by this means, even though it is allowed to stand for some time.
11. After cutting the vagi, the recovery from the effect of the depressor substance is much more rapid than with the vagi intact. The amount of fall of blood-pressure is about equal in either case.
12. Extracts of the testis and pancreas of shark; of the testis and spleen of swordfish; and the spiral valve of dogfish show the presence of a pressor substance.
13. Extracts of the testis, spleen, pancreas and liver of shark; of the testis, liver, spleen and kidney of swordfish, and the spiral valve of dogfish show the presence of a depressor substance.
14. Extracts of shark ovary gave no result. I believe, however, that if sufficient of the parenchymatous tissue of the ovary had been obtained a result would have been given by this organ also.
THE CHEMISTRY OF THE LIVER IN ACUTE YELLOW ATROPHY
Authors: Wells H. Gideon 
Published: June 2004

From the liver of a young man who died of typical, " idiopathic" acute yellow atrophy of the liver, after an illness of six weeks, there were isolated and identified the following amino acids: Histidin, lysin, tyrosin, leucin, glycocoll, alanin, prolin, glutaminic acid, aspartic acid. These were found free in extracts of the liver, and presumably represent products of the autolysis of liver cells, although the amount of soluble non-protein nitrogen present in the extracts was so large as to suggest that there must be some other source for these substances.
Small quantities of free proteoses and peptones, and of xanthin and hypoxanthin, were also found in the extracts.
In the insoluble proteins of the liver the proportion of diamino acids was decreased slightly as compared with normal livers. The proportion of protein phosphorus was increased, probably because of active regenerative proliferation, while the sulphur was normal in amount. Iron was increased because of the large quantity of blood in the liver and the hematogenous pigmentation of the liver cells.
Gelatigenous material was increased both absolutely and relatively, because of the loss of parenchyma and the proliferation of the stroma.
The proportion of water to solids was much increased, there having been a loss of over two-thirds of the entire parenchymatous elements of the liver. The amount of fat, lecithin and cholesterin was not far from that normal for the liver.
Bounds of Gauss sums in finite fields
Authors: Shparlinski Igor 
Published: June 2004

We consider Gauss sums of the form
\[

G
n

(
a
)
=

∑

x
∈

F

p
m

χ
(

x
n

)

G_n(a) = \sum _{x \in \mathbb {F}_{p^m}} \chi (x^n)

\]
with a nontrivial additive character

χ
≠

χ
0

\chi \ne \chi _0

of a finite field

F

p
m

\mathbb {F}_{p^m}

of

p
m

p^m

elements of characteristic

p
p

. The classical bound

|

G
n

(
a
)

|

≤
(
n
−
1
)

p

m

/

2

|G_n(a)| \le (n-1) p^{m/2}

becomes trivial for

n
≥

p

m

/

2

+
1

n \ge p^{m/2} + 1

. We show that, combining some recent bounds of Heath-Brown and Konyagin with several bounds due to Deligne, Katz, and Li, one can obtain the bound on

|

G
n

(
a
)

|

|G_n(a)|

which is nontrivial for the values of

n
n

of order up to

p

m

/

2
+
1

/

6

p^{m/2 + 1/6}

. We also show that for almost all primes one can obtain a bound which is nontrivial for the values of

n
n

of order up to

p

m

/

2
+
1

/

2

p^{m/2 + 1/2}

.
On finiteness of the set of intermediate subfactors
Authors: Khoshkam M. , Mashood B. 
Published: June 2004

For type

I

I
1

II_1

factors

N
⊂
L

N\subset L

with

[
L
:
N
]
>
∞

[L:N]>\infty

, we show that the sets

L

1

=

{
M

∈

L

(
N

⊂

L
)
:

N
′

∩
L

⊂

M
}

\mathcal {L}_1\!=\!\{M\!\in \! \mathcal {L}(N\!\subset \! L)\colon N’\cap L\! \subset \! M\}

and

L

2

=

{
M

∈

L

(
N

⊂

L
)
:

N
′

∩
L

=

M
′

∩
L
}

\mathcal {L}_2\!=\!\{M\!\in \! \mathcal {L}(N\!\subset \! L)\colon N’\cap L \!=\!M’\cap L\}

are finite. Moreover,

L

(
N
⊂
L
)

\mathcal {L}(N\subset L)

, the set of intermediate subfactors, is finite if and only if it is equal to

L

1

∪

L

2

\mathcal {L}_1\cup \mathcal {L}_2

. If

N
N

is an irreducible subfactor, then we recover a result of Y. Watatani.
Mean and variance of the Gibbs free energy of oligonucleotides in the nearest neighbor model under varying conditions
Authors: Rahmann Sven , Gräfe Christine 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Motivation: In order to assess the stability of DNA–DNA hybridizations—for example during PCR primer design or oligonucleotide selection for microarrays—one needs to predict the change in Gibbs free energy ΔG during hybridization. The nearest neighbor model provides a good compromise between accuracy and computational simplicity for this task.
To determine optimal combinations of reaction parameters (temperature, salt concentration, oligonucleotide length and GC-content), one would like to understand how ΔG depends on all of these parameters simultaneously.
Results: We derive analytic results about the distribution of nearest neighbor ΔG values for a Bernoulli random sequence model (specified by oligonucleotide length and average GC-content) under given experimental conditions. We find that the distribution of ΔG values is approximately Gaussian and provide exact formulas for expectation and variance.
GOLDsurfer: three dimensional display of linkage disequilibrium
Authors: Pettersson Fredrik , Jonsson Oskar , Cardon Lon R. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Summary: GOLDsurfer is a java-based analysis and graphics program for three-dimensional plotting of linkage disequilibrium (LD). Simultaneous presentation of LD measures, including recombination rate estimates and disease association statistics, helps to clarify LD patterns and facilitates interpretations based on multiple indices of local genetic data.
Availability: GOLDsurfer is available at www.umbio.com and is embedded with the Evince graphical software package.
TMRPres2D: high quality visual representation of transmembrane protein models
Authors: Spyropoulos Ioannis C. , Liakopoulos Theodore D. , Bagos Pantelis G. , Hamodrakas Stavros J. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Summary: The ‘TransMembrane protein Re-Presentation in 2-Dimensions’ (TMRPres2D) tool, automates the creation of uniform, two-dimensional, high analysis graphical images/models of alpha-helical or beta-barrel transmembrane proteins. Protein sequence data and structural information may be acquired from public protein knowledge bases, emanate from prediction algorithms, or even be defined by the user. Several important biological and physical sequence attributes can be embedded in the graphical representation.
Availability: http://bioinformatics.biol.uoa.gr/TMRPres2D
Taverna: a tool for the composition and enactment of bioinformatics workflows
Authors: Oinn Tom , Addis Matthew , Ferris Justin , Marvin Darren , Senger Martin , Greenwood Mark , Carver Tim , Glover Kevin , Pocock Matthew R. , Wipat Anil , Li Peter 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Motivation: In silico experiments in bioinformatics involve the co-ordinated use of computational tools and information repositories. A growing number of these resources are being made available with programmatic access in the form of Web services. Bioinformatics scientists will need to orchestrate these Web services in workflows as part of their analyses.
Results: The Taverna project has developed a tool for the composition and enactment of bioinformatics workflows for the life sciences community. The tool includes a workbench application which provides a graphical user interface for the composition of workflows. These workflows are written in a new language called the simple conceptual unified flow language (Scufl), where by each step within a workflow represents one atomic task. Two examples are used to illustrate the ease by which in silico experiments can be represented as Scufl workflows using the workbench application.
Availability: The Taverna workflow system is available as open source and can be downloaded with example Scufl workflows from http://taverna.sourceforge.net
The CRASSS plug-in for integrating annotation data with hierarchical clustering results
Authors: Buehler Eugen C. , Sachs Jeffrey R. , Shao Kui , Bagchi Ansuman , Ungar Lyle H. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Summary: We describe an algorithm for finding the most statistically significant non-overlapping subtrees of a hierarchical clustering of gene expression data with respect to a set of secondary data labels on genes. The method is implemented as a Java plug-in for a commercial gene expression analysis program (GeneSpring).
Availability: The JAR (Java Archive) file needed to use this plug-in and instructions on its installation and use can be obtained from http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~buehler/CRASSS.html. Versions of this plug-in are available for GeneSpring 5.0.2 and GeneSpring 6.1.1, and have been tested under Windows XP.
What goes on inside my head when I'm writing? A case study of 8–9‐year‐old boys
Authors: Ruttle Kate 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis article explores the idea that in order to improve the way we teach children to write, we need to improve our understanding of children as writers. Although developing their metacognitive skills can give us a clearer window into children's understanding, we must be wary of assuming that they ascribe the same meaning to their metacognitive metalanguage as we, their teachers, do. But we also need to beware of making assessments based just on the children's writing – children can use writing to hide from us what they do not know and cannot do. Through the presentation of three brief case studies of lower‐attaining Year 4 (8–9‐year‐old boys) the article considers the implications of assessing writing without acknowledging the role of the writer.
Two‐step consumption of yolk granules during the development of quail embryos
Authors: Yoshizaki Norio , Soga Marie , Ito Yasushi , Mao Kun Ming , Sultana Fowzia , Yonezawa Satoshi 
Published: June 2004

The mechanism of yolk consumption was studied morphologically and biochemically in Japanese quail Coturnix japonica. The amount of yolk granules in the yolk (or ‘yolk cell’) decreased in two steps during embryonic development. In the first step, during days 0–4 of incubation, the yolk‐granule weight decreased at a rate of 13 mg/day. This decrease was due to segregation by endodermal cells that were newly formed in the developing yolk sac. In the second step after day 6, the decrease was drastic at a rate of 29.8 mg/day during days 6–12 and very slow thereafter. The decrease at the second step was due to the enzymatic digestion of yolk granules by cathepsin D that coexisted in yolk spheres. This digesting reaction was triggered by the solubilization of the granules with high concentrations of salts that were supplied after disruption of the limiting membrane of yolk spheres. The ‘yolk cell’ seemed to die around day 5 of incubation. Thus the digestion products might be taken up together with yolk lipids by endocytosis into the endodermal cells and transported to blood vessels.