bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategic Theorizing, Corporations, and Dictators
Authors: Nili Shmuel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the major corporations’ commercial ties with unsavory regimes. Emphasizing a nonconsequentialist presumption against such customary ties, the chapter delves into two central responses that a corporate defender might offer to try to defeat this presumption. According to the first, vulnerable innocents argument, customary commercial ties ought to be continued even when they benefit highly repressive regimes, since boycotting these regimes is bound to hurt their vulnerable victims. The second argument—the challenge from soft authoritarianism—holds that outside of a few extreme cases, de facto rulers ought to be treated by outsiders as representative of the people over whom they preside, not least because they channel the lion’s share of public revenues towards purposes that are not alien to public interests. The chapter shows that reform of customary commercial ties can be defended even within these corporate-friendly premises. Deploying a novel strategy against the vulnerable innocents argument, the chapter compares the risks to innocents highlighted by this argument to the risks that a “no payment” policy poses in the face of familiar ransom demands made by hostage-takers. It is shown that the corporate defender has difficulty accounting for the gap between the familiar willingness to consider a rigorist policy in these smaller-scale ransom cases, and the reluctance to endorse a “no payment” policy in the case of commercial ties with dictatorships. The chapter then illustrates a creative strategy for dealing with the soft authoritarian challenge, concluding with policy prescriptions.
Commonplace Mourning
Authors: Nicosia Marissa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The execution of King Charles I in 1649 might have stymied playwrights interested in telling stories about the kings of England, good or bad, but this chapter shows otherwise. Although in 1649 the future of England certainly appeared bleak to Charles’s supporters, these plays about Charles gesture to better future times. Not only was the funereal play Charles I published in the immediate aftermath of Charles’s execution, but it contained an elaborate textual apparatus for commonplacing—collection for future use in writing or contemplation. This chapter considers the role of future-oriented commonplacing and documenting the execution of the king, within mid-century memorial culture by connecting Charles I to another play-pamphlet The Tragical Actors, the dialogue pamphlet A Messenger from the Dead, as well as a reenactment of the execution recorded in a newsbook and Cromwell’s Conspiracy, a revised version of Charles I written on the occasion of the Restoration.
Future History
Authors: Nicosia Marissa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chronicle plays have always been about the future, but in 2014 Mike Bartlett premiered a new play King Charles III that he explicitly called a “Future History.” Written in verse and chronicling what might happen when Queen Elizabeth II died and Charles, Prince of Wales was at long last crowned king, Bartlett stages an entirely speculative future in the style of a chronicle play. This coda shows how Bartlett’s play reflects back on the imaginative temporalities within the early modern theatrical tradition while also using the past as a resource for future thinking on the twenty-first-century stage.
Human Motivations and Constraints in Urban Conservation
Authors: Larson Kelli L. , Brown Jeffrey A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Human activities dominate metropolitan regions, shaping landscape composition and, by extension, wildlife communities. This work illustrates why successful conservation in urban ecosystems requires understanding and working with residents’ perspectives and behaviors. Focusing on people’s attitudes and actions, it explores how social constructs and processes inform effective urban conservation design and management. In doing so, it underscores how residents’ attitudes and behaviors shape the distribution of vegetation and wildlife in urban landscapes. This work also highlights how the composition and traits of wildlife can affect people’s appreciation of nature and support for conservation actions. Using examples from research in US cities, it stresses that urban conservation must operate at multiple levels given human actions and human–environment interactions including: (1) individual people (e.g., homeowners and residents), (2) social communities (e.g., neighborhoods), and (3) broader, external forces (e.g., municipal, regional, national, and global institutions and political-economic forces). It details examples and suggestions for implementing potential strategies (e.g., incentives, regulations, marketing) by practitioners at each scale and explains how actions at each level scale up or down to affect conservation actions and outcomes. Finally, it explains how the attributes of vegetation and wildlife can affect residents’ choices and interactions with them to ultimately affect conservation.
Urban Flagship Umbrella Species and Slender Lorises as an Example for Urban Conservation
Authors: Gupta Kaberi Kar , Katti Madhusudan , Kulkarni Vidisha , Ramesh Hari Prakash J. , Kumar Harshitha C. , Bhutia Kesang , Kori Soumya , Bacchu Rajeev , Visweswaran Arun P. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Proxy or surrogate species have been used to promote conservation around the world. For instance, the World Wildlife Fund uses pandas as a charismatic flagship species to foster support for conservation under the premise that panda conservation will act as an umbrella to protect habitat for other species. Although successfully implemented in nonurban areas, proxy species are seldom used in urban conservation. This work demonstrates the use of proxy or surrogate species in urban conservation by reviewing the successes and failures of the Urban Slender Loris Project (USLP) in Bengaluru, India. The slender loris is an imperiled small nocturnal arboreal primate endemic to peninsular India. Loris populations have declined due to habitat destruction and consumption. Although known to prefer forested areas with a continuous canopy away from humans, this elusive species has also been—surprisingly—found throughout multiple Indian megacities. The USLP is a unique community-based project that conducts participatory science to document urban lorises and habitat. Further, the USLP uses the slender lorises as “charismatic mini-fauna” to garner support for urban biodiversity in Bengaluru. This work documents how the slender loris has been used to halt problematic development and protect important urban habitat. It also provides cases in which protection has failed. Further, it underscores the challenges of integrating diversity and equity in surrogate species projects like this but provides lessons learned for advancing equity. The USLP provides a tangible example of using a charismatic, threatened urban species as a surrogate for broader urban biodiversity conservation initiatives in a complex social-ecological system.
The Pre-1922 Southern Business Establishment and Its Legacy
Authors: Barry Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter identifies the leading businesses in operation in the Irish Free State area in the decades prior to 1922 and explores the religious and political affiliations of their proprietors. The vast bulk of Irish industry was located in the future Northern Ireland. The two parts of the country differed also in religion and political orientation. Even in the Free State area, where the population was predominantly Catholic and nationalist, almost all of the significant businesses were under local Protestant unionist control. The chapter goes on to explore the concerns of the southern business elite as to the economic implications and policy consequences of Home Rule and secession. That the most substantial business proprietors were out of sympathy with the new state would constrain economic policymaking for decades into the future. The sectarian divisions then evident in Irish business life would persist into the 1960s.
The Post-War World and Dual-Track Reform
Authors: Barry Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
That export-oriented foreign investment was targeted before significant trade liberalization began identifies the Irish outward-reorientation process as an early example of ‘dual-track reform’. Post-war balance-of-payments difficulties were intensified by the exhaustion of the ‘easy’ first phase of the import-substitution strategy. Outward reorientation was politically difficult however because of the large number of jobs that remained dependent on protection for their survival. The Department of Industry and Commerce and the recently established Industrial Development Authority advocated export incentives. By creating a new source of industrial employment without threatening import-substituting interests, this would help to establish the preconditions for the later abandonment of protectionism. That the export profits tax relief announced by the second Inter-Party government in 1956 had been opposed by the Department of Finance distinguishes it clearly from the policy innovations associated with the later partnership of Whitaker and Lemass. The strategy of ‘industrialisation by invitation’ was particularly suited to Irish circumstances. The response of the US authorities and US consultants casts doubt on the hypothesis that the process was largely scripted in Washington. Other industrial developments over the period included the product diversification of the more innovative creameries and the emergence of new export-oriented indigenous industries producing income-elastic items such as carpets, crystal glass, processed beef, and whiskey liqueur. The Shannon industrial zone might be characterized as Lemass’s response to the Inter-Party initiative. The chapter identifies the largest manufacturing employers and the major ‘new foreign industry’ employers of the early 1960s.
Epilogue
Authors: Barry Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The epilogue provides a brief overview of some key findings. The industrial expansion of the Cumann na nGaedheal years is likely to have been more substantial than has generally been supposed, and the conservative approach adopted in most areas of economic policy is understandable in light of the circumstances of the times. Though the contemporary economics community had been highly critical of Fianna Fáil policy in the 1930s, governments of all political dispositions became more protectionist and interventionist with the onset of the Great Depression, and quantitative economic historians judge Ireland to have emerged a net beneficiary from the economic war with the United Kingdom. The large number of jobs that had been created under protectionism, however, made it difficult to dismantle the tariff regime when external circumstances changed. The strategy of ‘industrialization by invitation’ provided a route through the difficult interest-group politics of outward reorientation. Comparison with the performance of other independent states may in any case entail the application of an overly taxing standard: Ireland was unusual in that it continued to share a common labour market with its larger and more prosperous neighbour. Economies of this type can expand more dramatically when circumstances are advantageous and decline more precipitously when they are not. This provides a framework through which the later Celtic Tiger era might be viewed. The book ends by summarizing the evidence on the share of foreign-owned firms in manufacturing employment over the first half-century of independence.
RELIGIOUS IMAGERY
Authors: Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter brings in an example—the painting by Michelangelo known as ‘the Creation of Adam’—in order to show how such a work of art can be appreciated or read. It is dealing in symbol and metaphor. Such an image does not represent a botched attempt at science nor an alternative to science. It is rather (like the story which inspired it) a reflection on the nature of the whole human condition, and on the way comradeship, generosity and inspiration are experienced. The work of Ian McGilchrist on types of understanding is referenced.
THE TRANSFORMATION OF A RESEARCH FIELD
Authors: Katzir Shaul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The turn of piezoelectricity into a technologically relevant research field expanded and transformed the study of the field within physics. The chapter analyses the interwar research in the field, investing the main directions of its disciplinary study and the reasons that drew scientists to the field and to particular topics in it. It examines the content of the research, which concentrated on the experimental and theoretical study of the piezo-resonator and related properties, and the paths of individual scientists. It shows that interests of users of technics (i.e. devices of methods) channelled research to particular questions among those deemed legitimate for disciplinary research that were also relevant for industrial companies and government agencies, among others, through institutions aimed at fostering technology. Inner developments in physics, like experimental usage of the phenomenon in other fields and its study using new experimental methods, made a lesser impact on its study.
Ancient Efforts to Understand
Authors: Littmann Mark , Espenak Fred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the records of ancient people’s observations of celestial motions. Stonehenge is the earliest and most famous of monuments that testify to a people’s high level of astronomical knowledge. Similar to the Babylonians, the Chinese people were able to predict when an eclipse would happen without understanding the science behind the event. The earliest Chinese word for eclipse, shih, refers to the gradual disappearance of the Sun or Moon as if it were eaten by a celestial dragon, so an eclipse is typically seen as a bad omen. The chapter also mentions how the Mayans recognized patterns of eclipses through the Dresden Codex.
Eclipses in Mythology
Authors: Littmann Mark , Espenak Fred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the depiction of eclipses in mythology. The mythology of solar eclipses is divided into several themes, such as a celestial being trying to destroy the Sun, the relationship between the Sun and the Moon, and the Sun god becoming angry, sad, or sick. Most often in mythology, a solar eclipse is considered to be a battle between the Sun and the spirits of darkness. The chapter mentions the frequency of corruption and death as themes for eclipse myths. Amongst all of the myths lies the truth that harmony and well-being of Earth rely on the Sun and Moon.
The Strange Behavior of Man and Beast—Long Ago
Authors: Littmann Mark , Espenak Fred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the records of the earliest reactions to a total solar eclipse. In 430 BCE, Herodotus recorded the war between the Lydians and the Medes that lasted for five years after witnessing a total solar eclipse. Moreover, the account of Herodotus credits Greek philosopher Thales in predicting the eclipse. The chapter also considers the primal response of animals to total solar eclipses, referencing how most animals, birds, and wild beasts were terrified enough that they could be captured easily. It looks into how William J. S. Lockyer found that insects sang as if it were night-time when the eclipse occurred.
Eclipse Photography
Authors: Littmann Mark , Espenak Fred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the process of capturing the eclipse in a photograph. It emphasizes the importance of preparation in achieving a successful eclipse photograph. Moreover, a solar filter is a must when photographing the partial phases of the eclipse. The decision on what type of picture of the eclipse is taken determines what kind of equipment is needed for eclipse photography. The easiest way to capture the eclipse is to take a few wide-angle shots of the sky, horizon, and landscape before, during, and after totality through landscape eclipse photography. The chapter mentions how the size of the Sun's image is determined solely by the focal length of the lens.
The Weather Outlook
Authors: Littmann Mark , Espenak Fred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the rules for seeing a solar eclipse. It enumerates the importance of a good site located inside the zone of totality, checking climate conditions for a good probability of clear skies, and a means of transportation. Moreover, the 2024 North American eclipse offers plenty of land to observe as the central line of the totality path crosses Mexico from Mazatlán to Piedras Negras. The chapter cites how the total solar eclipse of 2024 could be an even bigger affair than the treasured eclipse of 2017 due to its longer duration and wider path. If the weather cooperates, the total eclipse of the Sun on April 8, 2024, could become the biggest outdoor spectator event in American history.
Epilogue: Eclipses—Cosmic Perspective, Human Perspective
Authors: Littmann Mark , Espenak Fred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the cosmic perspective of an eclipse. It considers the origin of most cosmic bodies, explaining that solar systems, the Sun, planets, moons, asteroids, and comets began within a cloud of gas and dust. Unlike the planets and moons that did not shine, the Sun formed and began to shine. The chapter explains how planets were formed by convergence, citing how the collision of Earth resulted in the formation of the Moon. It notes that the people of Earth continued to gather scientific knowledge from the Sun and continued to revel in the majesty and beauty of an eclipse.
A Brief History of Early Modern Logic
Authors: Ettenhuber Katrin 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides a historical overview of key changes in the understanding of logic between the late Medieval period and the early seventeenth century. It examines university statutes, library inventories, and teaching materials, in England and northern Europe, to track the shift from a largely academic and philosophical conception of logic to a more flexible approach, in which the teaching of logic was adapted to different contexts and applications. The chapter focuses particularly on the humanist recasting of logic as a robustly practical art, with a wide range of uses in the social, political, and cultural sphere, including literature.
In Search of the Right Place
Authors: Ettenhuber Katrin 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on methods of logical invention (that is, the discovery of material for discourse) by examining the work of Rudolph Agricola. It provides an in-depth analysis of how the topics of invention furnished structured and sophisticated approaches to the processes of reading and composition. The chapter then turns to Agricola’s English reception in the late sixteenth century. It traces the impact of Agricola’s method on the theories of reading developed by Gabriel Harvey and Philip Sidney and then offers a worked example of logical analysis from Spenser’s Faerie Queene, where virtuous reading is portrayed as one of the principal agents of moral growth.
Truth Conditions
Authors: Ettenhuber Katrin 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe final chapter examines the logical writings of Jacopo Zabarella and his theory of drama as a form of social praxis. It explores Zabarella’s conception of dramatic spectatorship as an exercise in civic engagement, where audiences use strategies of logical inference and deduction to reveal the key moral insights of a play and apply them to their own experience. The chapter then charts the transmission of Zabarella’s works in early modern England, before exploring a series of case studies from Shakespeare’s plays. The focus is on As You Like It, a play that affirms Zabarella’s conviction that shared principles of reasoning can build and sustain communities, but also resists the idea of coopting drama as an instrument of political philosophy. Literature’s ways of knowing cannot always be accommodated to the frameworks of practical reasoning Zabarella describes, but instead extend our thinking into the more fragile and complex spaces of potentiality.
The Thirty-Six Streets
Authors: Obert Julia C. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the palimpsestic architectural and cultural development of Vietnam’s capital city. Hanoi is a pastiche of early Chinese and indigenous structures, French builds, Soviet-inflected Modern Constructivist architecture, and more recent Western-style, tourist-oriented development. Indeed, despite French assertions to the contrary, Hanoi was always already thoroughly hybridized. Similarly, despite colonial efforts to enforce urban apartheid in Hanoi by dividing the Ancient Quarter known as “the Thirty-Six Streets” from the “rational” grid of French Hanoi, Vietnamese subjects had to pass through White neighborhoods in order to enter and leave the city. Consequently, despite Hanoi’s seeming segregation, its racial barriers were surprisingly porous. And while streets and structures have been redeveloped over the decades, the city’s earlier morphologies recalcitrantly hold their shape. Hanoi’s layered histories therefore frequently undermined French architectures of power. Hanoi authors have tended to focus on the city’s Sino-Vietnamese morphologies, speaking to their capacities to shield and shelter local subjects. In particular, they note that the Ancient Quarter, a maze of winding alleyways full of small stores and workshops, is still the “people’s city.” Moreover, writers who focus on the Old Quarter do so primarily to marshal critiques of neo-imperialism: where private developers would build high-rise hotels and condos—a function of the rise of capitalism in Vietnam in the 1990s that would sacrifice Hanoi’s architectural distinctiveness on the altar of international tourism—these writers see the city’s very sense of place.
Ultra-Processed Food Environments
Authors: Mockshell Jonathan , Ritter Thea Nielsen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Why is finding solutions to combat the increasing access to affordable ultra-processed foods so controversial and what strategies are necessary for policy change? To address this question, this chapter applies a political economy analysis of coalitions and policy beliefs in the ultra-processed food environment in Ghana. By combining the Advocacy Coalition Framework with the discourse analysis approach and factor analysis, the chapter reveals a trichotomy of coalitions in the food environment, consisting of state, market, and civil society actors. The discourses reveal shared policy beliefs among these coalitions on the need for more regulation, independent beliefs on production incentives, and divergent beliefs on public awareness. The evidence highlights entry points for policy-oriented learning and policy change, including subsidies to support access to healthy foods, a prohibitive tax on ultra-processed foods, voluntary regulations, labeling and advertisement bans, and regulatory instruments.
Introduction to Volume 2
Authors: Duncan Anthony , Janssen Michel 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter gives a summary, as non-technical as possible, of the rest of the book. It thus gives a brief synopsis of the development of matrix mechanics, wave mechanics, and two formalisms, statistical transformation theory and the Hilbert space formalism, tying the two together. It describes how the book covers the transition from the old to two distinct forms of the new quantum theory, including Bohr’s (unsuccessful) attempts in the early 1920s to account for the periodicity of the table of elements, and the introduction of two ingredients the first of which was indispensable for this task: Pauli’s (1925b) exclusion principle and Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit’s (1925) electron spin. It revisits the successes and failures of the old quantum theory and shows how the new theory took care of the failures and put the successes on a more solid basis.