bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel architecture for dense wavelength‐division multiplexing/subcarrier multiplexing networks
Authors: Lin Wen‐Piao , Kao Ming‐Seng , Chi Sien 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe propose and demonstrate a new survivable dense wavelength‐division multiplexing/subcarrier multiplexing (DWDM/SCM) network based on the star–bus–ring architecture (SBRA). This architecture ensures an OBI‐free optical network, and can serve tremendous subscribers. In addition, remote nodes and bidirectional wavelength add/drop multiplexers (B–WADMs) are designed by using simple optical switches to reconfigure the network under link failure. We further set up an experimental network to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed architecture. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 51–56, 2002.
Waveguide‐fed longitudinal slot array antennas: Fault diagnosis using measurements of input impedance
Authors: Rodríguez J. A. , Ares F. , Moreno E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis communication presents a method of locating defective elements of longitudinal broadwall slot array antennas. The method assumes defects to consist of partial obturation of the slots, and is based on measurement of the input impedance of the antenna. A genetic optimization algorithm finds the configuration of defective elements that best corresponds to the measured impedance. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 200–201, 2002.
An iterative multiresolution approach for microwave imaging applications
Authors: Caorsi Salvatore , Donelli Massimo , Franceschini Davide , Massa Andrea 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this letter, an iterative method for microwave imaging applications is presented. According to an iterative multistep procedure, the object under test is located and successively reconstructed with an increasing accuracy. At each step of the multistep process, the center and the area (to which the scatterer belongs) of a reduced investigation domain are estimated. Then a finer resolution for the unknown dielectric profile is used only for the reduced searching region. The process is repeated until a “stationary” reconstruction is reached. The proposed approach is preliminarily assessed by means of data synthetically generated concerning a dielectric two‐dimensional scatterer. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 352–356, 2002.
Electromagnetic inversion of Ipswich objects with the use of the genetic algorithm
Authors: Zhou Yong , Ling Hao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe genetic algorithm is combined with a moment method solver to carry out the shape inversion of two‐dimensional metallic objects. The binary bitmap discretization is used in conjunction with geometrical median filtering to describe the shape of the object. Results of the shape inversion with the use of this algorithm are presented for several Ipswich objects based on measurement data. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 457–459, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10349
Patch antenna size reduction by means of inductive slots
Authors: Reed S. , Desclos L. , Terret C. , Toutain S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present letter concerns the reduction of the global size of a patch antenna by the insertion of printed inductive elements. A transmission‐line model is established to relate to the TM100 mode and support the different elaborations of the reduced patch. The global reduction can reach 50% of the initial size. Along with the theory, a set of experiments have been made to validate the approach. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 79–81, 2001.
Hepatic dysfunction in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in remission: Relation to hepatitis infection
Authors: Meir Hadir , Balawi Ibrahin , Nayel Hala , El Karaksy Hanaa , El Haddad Alla 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundViral hepatitis is a cause of hepatic dysfunction in children with ALL in remission during maintenance therapy is debated. The aims of the current study were (1) to explore the incidence of hepatic dysfunction in a group of children (Egyptian and Saudi) with ALL under maintenance therapy, (2) to study the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) and/or C (HCV) infection and their contributions to chronic liver disease that might be induced by maintenance therapy.ProcedureThe current study included 105 children with ALL (54 Egyptian and 51 Saudi). All eligible patients had been on maintenance therapy for at least 12 months and all had serial assessments of liver function. These included determination of total bilirubin, AST, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase. Markers for HBV and HCV including HBsAg, anti‐HBC, and anti‐HCV and for some patients HCV RNA by PCR were studied. Percutaneous liver biopsy was performed for a group of children.ResultsThe prevalence of hepatitis infection (HBV and/or HCV) among Egyptian children was found to be high (43/54–80%). Only five Saudi children had evidence of exposure to HBV (5/51–9.8%), P<0.0001. During the period of study, 22 Egyptian patients vs. four Saudi patients (41 vs. 7.8%, P<0.0001) experienced at least one episode of elevation of liver enzymes, three times the upper limit of normal or more. Twenty‐six of the 48 patients (54%) with HBV and/or HCV infection had episodes of elevated liver enzymes, while there was no occurrence among the patients negative for HBV and HCV. In patients with HBV infection, the presence of HBsAg was strongly associated (100%) with elevated liver enzymes. Histopathologic examination of liver biopsies obtained from 35 patients revealed that all five patients negative for HBV and HCV had normal liver biopsies in spite of being under maintenance therapy.ConclusionsIn children undergoing treatment for ALL, elevations in liver enzymes may be primarily due to hepatitis viruses. However, maintenance therapy using known hepatotoxic drugs, may have additive deletrious effects. Liver enzymes are normalized in affected patients when maintenance therapy is temporarily suspended. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 36:469–473, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NMR nomenclature: nuclear spin properties and conventions for chemical shifts. IUPAC Recommendations 2001. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Physical Chemistry Division. Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy
Authors: Harris Robin K. , Becker Edwin D. , Cabral de Menezes Sonia M. , Goodfellow Robin , Granger Pierre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn Addendum has been published for this article in Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 40(9) 2002, 622.A unified scale is recommended for reporting the NMR chemical shifts of all nuclei relative to the 1H resonance of tetramethylsilane. The unified scale is designed to provide a precise ratio, Ξ, of the resonance frequency of a given nuclide to that of the primary reference, the 1H resonance of tetramethylsilane (TMS) in dilute solution (volume fraction, ϕ < 1%) in chloroform. Referencing procedures are discussed, including matters of practical application of the unified scale. Special attention is paid to recommended reference samples, and values of Ξ for secondary references on the unified scale are listed, many of which are the results of new measurements. Some earlier recommendations relating to the reporting of chemical shifts are endorsed. The chemical shift, δ, is redefined to avoid previous ambiguities but to leave practical usage unchanged. Relations between the unified scale and recently published recommendations for referencing in aqueous solutions (for specific use in biochemical work) are discussed, as well as the special effects of working in the solid state with magic‐angle spinning. In all, nine new recommendations relating to chemical shifts are made. Standardized nuclear spin data are also presented in tabular form for the stable (and some unstable) isotopes of all elements with non‐zero quantum numbers. The information given includes quantum numbers, isotopic abundances, magnetic moments, magnetogyric ratios and receptivities, together with quadrupole moments and linewidth factors (where appropriate). Copyright 2001 IUPAC. Reprinted with permission from Pure Appl. Chem. 2001; 73: 1795.
Use of 19F NMR spectroscopy to probe enzymatic oxidation of fluorine‐tagged sulfides
Authors: Behrouzian Behnaz , Hodgson Derek , Savile Christopher K. , Dawson Brian , Buist Peter H. , Shanklin John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel 19F NMR‐based method for monitoring the enzymatic oxidation of thia fatty acid analogues is presented. Our approach is based on the observation that methyl ω‐monofluorinated 9‐thia‐ and 10‐thiaoctadecanoates and their S‐oxide and S‐dioxide derivatives are easily distinguishable via their 1H‐decoupled 19F spectra. These long‐range substituent effects were used to probe the regio‐ and chemoselectivity of stearoyl ACP (acyl carrier protein) Δ9 desaturase‐mediated sulfoxidation. The results clearly demonstrate that mono‐oxygenation of a 10‐thia analogue ACP Δ9 desaturase was more efficient than that of a 9‐thia substrate. A product previously undetected by TLC was observed for the first time in the product mixture obtained from 18‐fluoro‐9‐thiaoctadecanoyl‐ACP. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR analysis of a series of photochromic pyranocarbazoles
Authors: Manuel Oliveira M. , Carvalho Luis M. , Moustrou Corinne , Samat André , Guglielmetti Robert , Oliveira‐Campos Ana M. F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe study of the 1H and 13C resonance spectra of a series of 13 photochromic pyranocarbazoles was carried out using two‐dimensional methods. 1H and 13C resonances were deduced from the concerted application of HSQC, HMBC and DEPT experiments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biogenesis of lysosomes in marshall cells and in cells of the male reproductive system*
Authors: Morales C.R. , Fuska J. , Zhao Q. , Lefrancois S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mechanism of plasma membrane trafficking and degradation is still poorly understood. This investigation deals with the biogenesis of lysosomes during endocytic flow in Marshall cells and in various cell types of the male reproductive system. Marshall cells were exposed to ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and leupeptin after labeling with cationic ferritin. In some experiments, the treated cells were immunogold labeled with anti‐prosaposin antibody. NH4Cl and leupeptin are lysosomotropic agents that affect the endosomal‐lysosomal progression. Testes, efferent ducts and epididymis from mouse mutants with defects affecting plasma membrane degradation were also used to analyze this process. NH4Cl produced a retention of cationic ferritin in endosomes and hindered the endosomal/lysosomal progression. Leupeptin did not affect this process. NH4Cl decreased the labeling of prosaposin in endosomes and lysosomes, while leupeptin increased the labeling of prosaposin in lysosomes. The number of lysosomes per cytoplasmic area was higher in treated cells than in controls. These findings suggest that leupeptin affected lysosomes whereas NH4Cl affected both endosomes and lysosomes. The endosomal and lysosomal accumulation of prosaposin induced by the treatment with NH4Cl and leupeptin indicated that the site of entry of prosaposinwas both the lysosome and endosome. Electron microscopy (EM) of tissues from mouse mutants with defects affecting plasma membrane degradation substantiated these observations. The EM analysis revealed a selective accumulation of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and the disappearance of lysosomes, in testicular fibroblasts, nonciliated cells of the efferent ducts and principal cells of the epididymis, suggesting that MVBs are precursors of lysosomes. In conclusion: (1) endosomes and MVBs are a required steps for degradation of membranes; (2) endosomes and MVBs are precursors of lysosomes; and (3) endosomes, MVBs, and lysosomes appear to be transient organelles. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:54–66, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consequences of bovine oocyte maturation, fertilization or early embryo development in vitro versus in vivo: Implications for blastocyst yield and blastocyst quality
Authors: Rizos Dimitrios , Ward Fabian , Duffy Pat , Boland Maurice P. , Lonergan Patrick 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study is to examine the effect of bovine oocyte maturation, fertilization or culture in vivo or in vitro on the proportion of oocytes reaching the blastocyst stage, and on blastocyst quality as measured by survival following vitrification. In Experiment 1, 4 groups of oocytes were used: (1) immature oocytes from 2–6 mm follicles; (2) immature oocytes from > 6 mm follicles; (3) immature oocytes recovered in vivo just before the LH surge; and (4) in vivo matured oocytes. Significantly more blastocysts developed from oocytes matured in vivo than those recovered just before the LH surge or than oocytes from 2–6 mm follicles. Results from > 6 mm follicles were intermediate. All blastocysts had low survival following vitrification. In Experiment 2, in vivo matured oocytes were either (1) fertilized in vitro or (2) fertilized in vivo by artificial insemination and the resulting presumptive zygotes recovered on day 1. Both groups were then cultured in vitro. In vivo fertilized oocytes had a significantly higher blastocyst yield than those fertilized in vitro. Blastocyst quality was similar between the groups. Both groups had low survival following vitrification. In Experiment 3a, presumptive zygotes produced by in vitro maturation (IVM)/fertilization (IVF) were cultured either in vitro in synthetic oviduct fluid, or in vivo in the ewe oviduct. In Experiment 3b, in vivo matured/in vivo fertilized zygotes were either surgically recovered on day 1 and cultured in vitro in synthetic oviduct fluid, or were nonsurgically recovered on day 7. There was no difference in blastocyst yields between groups of zygotes originating from the same source (in vivo or in vitro fertilization) irrespective of whether culture took place in vivo or in vitro. However, there was a dramatic effect on blastocyst quality with those blastocysts produced following in vivo culture surviving vitrification at significantly higher rates than their in vitro cultured counterparts. Collectively, these results indicate that the intrinsic quality of the oocyte is the main factor affecting blastocyst yields, while the conditions of embryo culture have a crucial role in determining blastocyst quality. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 61: 234–248, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrauterine infection and prematurity
Authors: Gonçalves Luís F. , Chaiworapongsa Tinnakorn , Romero Roberto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIntrauterine infection is a major cause of premature labor with and without intact membranes. Intrauterine infection is present in approximately 25% of all preterm births and the earlier the gestational age at delivery, the higher the frequency of intra‐amniotic infection. Microorganisms may also gain access to the fetus before delivery. A fetal inflammatory response syndrome elicited in response to microbial products is associated with the impending onset of preterm labor and also with multi‐systemic organ involvement in the human fetus and a higher rate of perinatal morbidity. The most common microorganisms involved in intrauterine infections are Ureaplasma urealyticum, Fusobacterium species and Mycoplasma hominis. The role of Chlamydia trachomatis and viruses in preterm labor remain to be determined. Use of molecular microbiology techniques to diagnose intrauterine infection may uncover the role of fastidious microorganisms that have not yet been discovered. Antibiotic administration to patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria is associated with a significant reduction in the rate of preterm birth. However, such benefit has not been demonstrated for patients with bacterial vaginosis, or women who carry Streptococcus agalactia, Ureaplasma urealyticum or Trichomonas vaginalis. Antibiotic administration to patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes is associated with prolongation of pregnancy and a reduction in the rate of clinical chorioamnionitis and neonatal sepsis. The benefit has not been demonstrated in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Major efforts are required to determine why some women develop an ascending intrauterine infection and others do not and also what interventions may reduce the deleterious effect of systemic fetal inflammation. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:3–13. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phase contrast MRI of myocardial 3D strain by encoding contiguous slices in a single shot
Authors: Reese Timothy G. , Feinberg David A. , Dou Jiangang , Wedeen Van J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractQuantitative measurements of inherently three‐dimensional (3D) cardiac strain and strain rate require 3D data; MRI provides uniquely high sensitivity to material strain by combining phase contrast with single‐shot acquisition methods, such as echo‐planar imaging (EPI). Previous MRI methods applied to 3D strain used multiple two‐dimensional (2D) acquisitions and suffered loss of sensitivity due to magnification within the strain calculation of physiologic noise related to cardiac beat‐to‐beat variability. In the present work, each single‐shot acquisition generates 3D image data by acquiring two contiguous 2D Fourier transform (FT) images in a single echo train of an EPI readout. Although strain encoding divides across multiple EPI shots, each strain component is computed only within single‐shot data, avoiding noise magnification. Strain tensor maps are displayed using iconic 3D graphics or a simple color code of tensor shape. In a deforming gel phantom, gradient‐recalled echo (GRE) MRI movies of 3D strain rates match expected strain fields. In normal human subjects, 3D strain rate tensor movies of heart and brain comprising seven slices in each of seven cardiac phases were completed in 56 heartbeats. Stimulated echo (STE) MRI of net systolic 3D strain was also demonstrated. Two‐slices‐in‐one‐shot spatial encoding permits a complete quantitative survey of ventricular 3D strain in under a minute, with routine patient supervision and turnkey image processing. Magn Reson Med 47:665–676, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐resolution blood flow velocity measurements in the human finger
Authors: Klarhöfer M. , Csapo B. , Balassy Cs. , Szeles J.C. , Moser E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMR phase contrast blood flow velocity measurements in the human index finger were performed with triggered, nontriggered, and cine acquisition schemes. A strong (Gmax = 200 mT/m), small bore (inner diameter 12 cm) gradient system inserted in a whole body 3 Tesla MR scanner allowed high‐resolution imaging at short echo times, which decreases partial volume effects and flow artifacts. Arterial blood flow velocities ranging from 4.9–19 cm/sec were measured, while venous blood flow was significantly slower at 1.5–7.1 cm/sec. Taking into account the corresponding vessel diameters ranging from 800 μm to 1.8 mm, blood flow rates of 3.0–26 ml/min in arteries and 1.2–4.8 ml/min in veins are obtained. The results were compared to ultrasound measurements, resulting in comparable blood flow velocities in the same subjects. Magn Reson Med 45:716–719, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy in organs and tissues using slow magic angle spinning
Authors: Wind Robert A. , Hu Jian Zhi , Rommereim Donald N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is shown that high‐resolution 1H NMR spectra of intact excised tissues and organs can be obtained by rotating the sample slowly about an axis at the magic angle of 54°44′ with the external magnetic field. In this way tissue and cellular damage invoked by standard magic angle spinning (MAS) experiments, where spinning speeds of several kHz are typically employed, are minimized. Special RF pulse sequences, developed originally in solid state NMR, can be used to produce a spinning sideband‐free isotropic spectrum. In this article the first results are shown of the brain, heart, liver, gluteus muscle, and kidney excised from mice using the 2D‐phase‐altered spinning sidebands (PASS) technique and employing MAS spinning speeds of 43–125 Hz. It was found that with slow sample spinning similar, and in some cases even better, spectral resolutions are obtained as compared with fast MAS. Magn Reson Med 46:88–94, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple methods for the correction of T2 maps of phantoms
Authors: Lepage M. , Tofts P.S. , Bäck S.Å.J. , Jayasekera P.M. , Baldock C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo simple methodologies for correcting the errors in T2 maps for phantom measurements are presented; they both give accurate MRI maps with a low coefficient of variation (CV). The rate correction method is based on an equation relating the true T2 (T2,t) and that determined experimentally (T2,exp) for homogenous phantoms. The response matrix method is a phenomenological analysis of the difference between T2,exp and T2,t, from which correction factors are computed for a range of T2 values and for every pixel of an image. The factors were obtained from phantoms filled with a homogeneous gelatin gel and having different T2,t values. The CV in homogeneous phantom measurements were reduced from 2.5–4.0% to approximately 0.6–2.0% for T2,t values ranging from 180–600 ms. Examples are shown for the correction of T2 maps of phantoms filled with polymer dosimeter gel irradiated with photon beams from a linear accelerator. The methodologies presented can easily be implemented on a clinical MRI scanner. Magn Reson Med 46:1123–1129, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of the initial wave of NF‐κB activity in rat muscle reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Lille Sean T. , Lefler Scott R. , Mowlavi Arian , Suchy Hans , Boyle Edward M. , Farr Angela L. , Su Chen‐Yuan , Frank Norbert , Mulligan David C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNuclear factor kappaB (NF‐κB) is thought to play an important role in the expression of genes expressed in response to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In this report, the activation of NF‐κB in rat skeletal muscle during reperfusion following a 4‐h ischemic period was studied. NF‐κB activation displayed a biphasic pattern, showing peak activities from 30 min to 3 h postperfusion and 6 h to 16 h postperfusion, with a decline to baseline binding activity levels between 3 h and 6 h. Inhibition of NF‐κB activation was investigated using proline dithiocarbamate (Pro‐DTC). NF‐κB binding activity during reperfusion was significantly reduced by intravenous administration of Pro‐DTC. Additionally, Pro‐DTC resulted in decreased muscle edema and neutrophil activity, with an increased percentage of muscle survival compared with vehicle controls. These results demonstrate that NF‐κB is activated during reperfusion in a biphasic manner and that the regulation of the initial phase of NF‐κB activation affords physiological protection against a severe ischemic stress. Selective inhibition of NF‐κB during early reperfusion may therefore be a therapeutic intervention for I/R injury. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 534–541, 2001