bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An efficient method to compute closest loadability limit in power systems
Authors: Harada Shigemi , Yorino Naoto , Sasaki Hiroshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA closest loadability limit (CLL) is considered as a most reliable index in the assessment and enhancement of voltage stability of a power system. Two kinds of methods, the iterative method and the direct N‐R method, have been proposed so far, but the computation of CLL is known to be troublesome. The former method is quite time‐consuming and its convergence is sometimes distributed due to the existence of multiple local CLLs, while the latter method is hardly useful unless a very accurate initial condition is available.This paper proposes a new method to compute a CLL, consisting of three stages of computations. The first stage is to obtain a rough initial estimate of a CLL, where multiple local CLLs can be approximated by the multiple load flow solutions. The initial estimate is refined by the second stage computation based on a method similar to the conventional iterative method. The third stage is to obtain a direct solution by mean of the N‐R method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using IEEE 14, 30, 57, and 118 bus test systems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(1): 57–67, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.1171
Growth mechanism of electron density in radio frequency afterglow plasmas
Authors: Ohtsu Yasunori , Shimizu Koji , Fujita Hiroharu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTemporal evolutions of electrons have been investigated on extinction process in radio frequency (RF) afterglow plasmas using various gases. The electron density was found to increase just after the RF power was switched off, and then decayed. This density growth depended on the gas pressure and gas mixture ratio, especially the amount of Ar gas. The growth mechanism has been studied by considering collisions between the metastable atoms to account fully for the results. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(2): 26–32, 2001
A proposal of a WDM transmission system using three wavelength bands of 1.3, 1.47, and 1.55 μm employing optical amplifers
Authors: Yamashita Ikuo , Seikai Shigeyuki , Sawa Shinnosuke 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA WDM transmission system using the wavelength bands of 1.3, 1.47, and 1.55 μm is proposed. Selection of these wavelengths makes it possible to use off‐the‐shelf optical couplers and to apply known types of amplifiers. Among three kinds of optical amplifiers, Tm3+‐doped fiber amplifiers for the 1.47 μm band are constructed and their basic properties are determined experimentally. Crosstalk between the 1.47‐ and 1.55‐μm bands originating from insufficient isolation of the couplers and Raman scattering becomes negligibly small by considering the combination of the couplers and reducing the input optical power to the single mode fiber (SMF) to below 6 dBm. Experiments on repeaterless transmission over a 50‐km SMF show error‐free performance in the 10 Gb/s × 6 WDM case where two light signals of different wavelength are launched in each band. Finally, the utility of the 1.47‐μm band is discussed theoretically. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(2): 43–51, 2001
Waste Minimisation Clubs: a cost‐efficient policy instrument?
Authors: Henningsson Stefan , Pratt Rachel M. , Phillips Paul S. , Hyde Katherine 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe total amount of solid waste generated in Europe is estimated to grow by 10% every year and there is increased concern over the associated environmental impacts. As a result, the minimization of waste at source in business and industry is a top priority in the European Community's waste strategy.In the UK, regional Waste Minimisation Clubs (WMCs) have been established to promote sustainable waste management in business and industry. The company clusters taking part in these clubs have reported financial savings combined with reductions in environmental impact. These results are disseminated to encourage further savings by the UK industry.This paper examines the savings as well as the costs involved in ten WMCs. It finds that there is a lack of standardization in the reporting of WMC results. This makes it difficult to evaluate the influence of WMCs, whilst also having an adverse effect on the credibility of waste minimization in business. Despite these problems, the paper finds that there is still strong evidence to suggest that these ten WMCs have been efficient in stimulating cost savings by industry, with an average rate of return on investment of 170%. It also finds that the financial benefits for companies are key outcomes of WMCs and that these benefits significantly exceed the estimated social benefits of the reduced environmental burden. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Inherited predisposition and breast cancer: Modifiers of BRCA1/2‐associated breast cancer risk
Authors: Rebbeck Timothy R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGermline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) genes explain a substantial proportion of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Women who have inherited a mutation in one of these genes are at increased risk to develop breast and/or ovarian cancer, although there is variability in the manifestation of tumors by age and site. This variability may be explained, in part, by the BRCA1/2 mutation type or location. However, it is also possible that risk‐modifying factors exist that explain interindividual variability in cancer risk. These factors include genes at other loci and endogenous or exogenous exposures. A more complete understanding of factors that modify cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers may help to refine estimates of cancer risk. A number of exposures, including reproductive history and exogenous hormone use, have been implicated as BRCA1/2‐associated cancer risk modifiers. Similarly, genes involved in hormone metabolism, including the AIB1 and AR genes, have been linked with altered breast cancer risk. Therefore, although germline BRCA1/2 mutations raise a woman's breast and ovarian cancer risk, other factors may interact with BRCA1/2 mutations to modulate this risk. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:228–234, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dermal benzene and trichloroethylene induce aneuploidy in immature hematopoietic subpopulations in vivo
Authors: Giver Cynthia R. , Wong Rosemary , Moore Dan H. , Pallavicini Maria G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAccumulation of genetic damage in long‐lived cell populations with proliferative capacity is implicated in tumorigenesis. Hematopoietic stem cells (hsc) maintain lifetime hematopoiesis, and recent studies demonstrate that hsc in leukemic patients are cytogenetically aberrant. We postulated that exposure to agents associated with increased leukemia risk would induce genomic changes in cells in the hsc compartment. Aneusomy involving chromosomes 2 and 11 in sorted hsc (Lin−c‐kit+Sca‐1+) and maturing lymphoid and myeloid cells from mice that received topical doses of benzene (bz) or trichloroethylene (TCE) was quantified using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Six days after bz or TCE exposure, aneuploid cells in the hsc compartment increase four‐ to eightfold in a dose‐ and schedule‐independent manner. Aneuploid lymphoid and myeloid cells from bz‐ and TCE‐treated mice approximate controls, except after repeated benzene exposures. Aneuploid cells are more frequent in the hsc compartment than in mature hematopoietic subpopulations. Hematotoxicity was also quantified in bz‐ and TCE‐exposed hematopoietic subpopulations using two colony‐forming assays: CFU‐GM (colony‐forming units/granulocyte‐macrophage progenitors) and CAFC (cobblestone area–forming cells). Data indicate that bz is transiently cytotoxic (≤1 week) to hsc subpopulations, and induces more persistent toxicity (>2 weeks) in maturing, committed progenitor subpopulations. TCE is not hematotoxic at the doses applied. In conclusion, we provide direct evidence for induction of aneuploidy in cells in the hsc compartment by topical exposure to bz and TCE. Disruption of genomic integrity and/or toxicity in hsc subpopulations may be one step in leukemic progression. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:185–194, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene‐ and tissue‐specificity of mutation in Big Blue® rats treated with the hepatocarcinogen N‐hydroxy‐2‐acetylaminofluorene†
Authors: Chen Tao , Mittelstaedt Roberta A. , Shelton Sharon D. , Balachandra Dass S. , Manjanatha Mugimane G. , Casciano Daniel A. , Heflich Robert H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn a previous study, we found that treating transgenic Big Blue® rats with the hepatocarcinogen N‐hydroxy‐2‐acetylaminofluorene (N‐OH‐AAF) produced the same major DNA adduct in the target liver and the nontarget spleen lymphocytes and bone marrow cells, induced lacI mutants in the liver, and induced much lower frequencies of lacI and hprt mutants in spleen lymphocytes. In the present study, sequence analysis was conducted on lacI DNA and hprt cDNA from the mutants, to determine the mutational specificity of N‐OH‐AAF in the rat. All the mutation spectra from N‐OH‐AAF–treated rats differed significantly from corresponding mutation profiles from untreated animals (P = 0.02 to P < 0.0001). Although there were similarities among the mutational patterns derived from N‐OH‐AAF–treated rats (e.g., G:C → T:A transversion was the most common mutation in all mutation sets), there were significant differences in the patterns of basepair substitution and frameshift mutation between the liver and spleen lymphocyte lacI mutants (P = 0.02) and between the spleen lymphocyte lacI and hprt mutants (P = 0.04). Also, multiplex PCR analysis of genomic DNA from the hprt mutants indicated that 12% of mutants from treated rats had major deletions in the hprt gene; no corresponding incidence of large deletions was evident among lacI mutations. All the mutation profiles reflect the general mutational specificity of the major DNA adduct formed by N‐OH‐AAF. The differences between N‐OH‐AAF mutation in the endogenous gene and transgene can be partially explained by the structures of the two genes. The tissue‐specificity of the mutation spectra may contribute to targeting tumor formation to the liver. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:203–214, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Usefulness of genetic susceptibility and biomarkers for evaluation of environmental health risk
Authors: Au William W. , Oh Hye Young , Grady James , Salama Salama A. , Heo Moon Young 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent attention is focused on understanding the genetic basis for individual susceptibility to the development of chronic disease. An emphasis is concentrated on establishing an association between inheritance of polymorphic chemical metabolizing genes and development of environmental cancer (e.g., lung cancer among cigarette smokers). The early reports of such associations have been very encouraging. However, some reported positive associations were not substantiated in subsequent studies using larger sample sizes and different ethnic populations. In this review, some confounding factors that contribute to the discrepancies are presented (e.g., ethnic‐dependent distribution of variant gene alleles, differential expression of metabolizing genes, and inadequate study design). It is possible that the precision of the association can be improved if the mentioned investigations are complemented with concurrent studies of biological activities/effects. The usefulness of integrating metabolic susceptibility with biomarker measurement for understanding the development of lung cancers is presented. The importance of using adequate sample size and experimental design is emphasized. Development of a reliable approach for prediction of environmental disease not only will provide fundamental information regarding the genetic basis of human disease but will be useful for reducing disease burden in the population and for advancing patient care. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:215–225, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of mutagen‐induced cell lethality on the dose response of germline mutations
Authors: Lee William R. , Perantie Dana C. , Clark Kristin B. , Guillot Dixie A. , Wilson Vincent L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMolecular tests for mutations require a sample of tissue from which DNA is extracted, to determine the presence or absence of one or more mutations per sample. To ensure mutation fixation each sample must consist of an equal number of cells that have had one or more DNA replications. In an in vivo test, surviving stem cells compensate to give the same number of cells per sample, leaving as the only evidence for stem cell lethality the increase in mutants of clonal origin because the mutant clone developed from a population of fewer stem cells. A problem is that an increase in mutagen dose increases stem cell death, resulting in a decreased number of surviving target cells, thus giving a downward bias of samples with one or more mutations per sample. To compare in vivo tests with molecular tests we will use as a model system the sex‐linked recessive lethal (SLRL) test for germ cell mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. Spermatogonia cells in male larvae were exposed to ENU and mutations detected in sperm cells from adults. The same SLRL data were analyzed by two methods: (1) The conventional analysis of SLRL data, in which each mutation of a cluster of mutations of common origin was counted. (2) An analysis was used to simulate a sample for molecular analysis by determining mutations per male with an equal size sample of progeny per male. With this second analysis a correction factor is required based on the change in cluster size of mutants of common origin. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:340–344, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristics of mutations generated through digestion with restriction enzyme and ligation in plasmid DNA
Authors: Nakamura Shingo , Ikehata Hironobu , Ono Tetsuya 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecently, the use of restriction enzymes has been extended to studies in which rare events such as mutation and mistakes in DNA repair are examined. In these studies, the specificity of restriction enzymes becomes critical. To clarify the nature of the rare unexpected events occurring in the process of cutting of DNA with restriction enzymes then ligating it, we studied the molecular characteristics of unexpected plasmid DNAs that were retrieved as mutants of the plasmid after transfection to E. coli. The plasmid used was pUR288, containing lacZ as a marker of mutation. It was digested with restriction enzymes under the conditions recommended by the supplier of the enzymes and under the presence of DMSO, which is known to induce star activity of the enzymes. Comparisons of mutant frequencies and of nucleotide sequences of the mutants found in the different conditions indicated that nonspecific endonucleolytic activity similar to that found under star activity was present under the recommended conditions and, further, was responsible for the creation of deletion‐type mutations. The frequency of these events ranged from 10−5 to 10−3, depending on the kind of restriction enzymes analyzed. Although the levels of the nonspecificity were not high, they should be considered in assays such as mutation and mistakes in DNA repair, where rare events are examined. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:46–54, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cleaner energy production in industrial recycling networks
Authors: Korhonen Jouni , Savolainen Ilkka 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper considers the possibility to develop cleaner energy production with a perspective on regional material and energy flow management. The co‐production method of district and industrial heat/steam and electricity (of heat and power, CHP) using renewable or waste fuels is viewed as a physical anchor tenant function for locally based industrial recycling networks. Arguably, this production method may be used to enhance the integration of producers as well as end‐consumers into a local recycling network of matter and energy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Use of secondary information in space–time statistics for biomonitoring studies of saline deposition
Authors: Figueira Rui , Sousa António J. , Pacheco Adriano M. G. , Catarino Fernando 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAtmospheric salinity is often neglected in studies of atmospheric pollution, despite its proven hazardous effects in man‐made structures, vegetable organisms (crops and natives) and soil/water resources. Biomonitoring with lichens, which has been extensively used in assessing metal element deposition, was applied to the measurement of the deposition of saline elements, in a sampling programme established on the south‐west coast of Portugal, for a period of 52 months. The concentration of chloride and sodium, used as tracers of saline deposition, was measured in thalli of Ramalina spp., and was shown to be dependent on the distance from the coast, the intensity of rain observed before the sampling date and the dry period before sampling. These three factors were used in the definition of a space–time multiplicative regression model that reproduces the space–time trend of the data, and was used as secondary variable in kriging with external drift. Results of kriging estimation on a generalized space–time domain, showed better results when using secondary information as external drift, in comparison with ordinary kriging results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing whether samples of blue‐green algae have the same cell density
Authors: Laslett Geoff M. , Correll Ray 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe toxicity of a blue‐green algae sample is a function of its cell density, so it is important to know if related samples in a set have different cell densities. Several plausible tests of the null hypothesis of no difference are proposed. Our study assumes that cells are counted in the laboratory using inverse Poisson sampling of blue‐green algae colonies, a common Australian technique. In the case of two samples, four standardized difference tests and two likelihood ratio tests are compared on a suite of simulated samples. One of the likelihood ratio tests assumes that colony size has a gamma distribution, but the other makes no explicit assumption. All tests are found to have virtually the same power, but the standardized difference test on the log scale and the likelihood ratio tests have nearly invariant standard null distributions and hence are more convenient to use. The semi‐parametric likelihood ratio test generalizes to the multi‐sample case very easily. Its performance on three samples is investigated, and found to be satisfactory. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulations of the probability structure of a dispersing, passive scalar
Authors: Zimmerman William B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is established that there is a time asymptotic dependency of the higher order moments of concentration on the lowest three moments through statistical analysis of field plume releases [Mole and Clarke, 1995]. A microscale model of a diffusion layer randomly buffeted by supercloud size eddies and a model of advection and diffusion in a deterministic helical eddy both demonstrated that this slaving of the higher moments to lower moments obtains time‐asymptotically and collapses with all intermittency factors onto a universal curve for kurtosis against skewness. In this article, this universality with residence time and intermittency factor obtains in two distinct plume models for transverse dispersion – diffusion within a 1‐D lamellae structure and during advection by a 2‐D random streamfunction. In the latter case, some evidence for Chatwin's closure hypothesis relating the expectation of the norm square of the gradient of the concentration, conditional at a given concentration, and the pdf of concentration, is presented. At early residence times in the plume, the power law hypothesis is consistent with simulations to a good degree. At intermediate residence times, however, there are apparently two branches to the proposed relationship, one matching Chatwin's hypothesis. Although not tested here, at long residence times the hypothesis should hold under the simulation scheme as it asymptotes to the assumptions of Chatwin's theory. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple two‐stage model for cancer risk in the environment
Authors: Hanayama Nobutane 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA simple two‐stage (STS) model for cancer death rates on the Lexis diagram is proposed to project cancer risk in the environment, and the identifiability, the existence and consistency of MLEs for the parameters in the proposed model are discussed. From the results of fitting STS and the age‐period‐cohort (APC) model to the data obtained in Japan it is seen that the STS model provides a better fit to the data than the APC model even though the STS model has a smaller number of parameters than the APC model. Further, the results suggest that there are high risks associated with the environmental pollution due to the phase of industrial revolution between 1880 and 1900, malnourishment in the period of World War II, and the environmental pollution due to the economy in the recovery and high growth period between 1950 and 1975. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical tests and power analysis for three in‐vivo bioassays to determine the quality of marine sediments
Authors: van der Hoeven Nelly , Kater Belinda J. , Pieters Jan F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStatistical tests are recommended for three marine sediment in‐vivo bioassays. In two bioassays (Corophium volutator and Echinocardium cordatum), the mortality in the sediment is compared with that in a control. An unconditional 2 × 2 test is recommended. For one bioassay (Rotoxkit MTM with Brachionus plicatilis), mortality in a dilution series of pore water is compared with the mortality in a control. The Williams test for trends is recommended.For each of these tests the power to assess an effect has been calculated. The number of replicates recommended in the standardized test protocol only allows large effects to be observed in almost all (95 per cent) of the experiments. Given the control mortality rates estimated from a large set of controls, a power of 95 per cent will only be reached if the mortality rate in the tested sediment is over 30 per cent for C. volutator and almost 60 per cent for E. cordatum. To reach this power for bioassays with B. plicatilis, where five concentrations are compared with a control, the mortality rate in the lowest effect concentration should be about 35 per cent.As an alternative to no effect testing, it is suggested that whether the effect of a treatment remains below some chosen minimal relevant effect (MRE) should be tested. Given an MRE at a fixed mortality rate of 25 per cent and α = 0.05, at least 55 individuals are necessary to be reasonably sure (95 per cent) that a mortality of 10 per cent will not be declared toxic incorrectly.The tests for mortality are based on the assumption that the survival probabilities of individuals within a test vessel are independent. We have described a method to test this assumption and applied it to the data on C. volutator. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.