bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hausdorff dimension of exceptional sets
Authors: Harman Glyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Non-normal numbers. Exceptional sets in uniform distribution. The Besicovitch-Jarnik theorem. Generalizations with applications to the Duffin-Schaeffer problem and a two-variable problem. An exceptional set from Chapter 8. Until now we have concerned ourselves only with what is true for almost all numbers. We have not investigated the size of the exceptional sets, except to give one or two examples. The natural measure of size of an exceptional set is its Hausdorff dimension.
Future directions in the study of protein oxidation
Authors: Davies Michael J , Dean Roger T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It should be obvious from the preceding five chapters that though considerable advances have been made over the last 90 years, there are still many important gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of radical-induced protein oxidation. Some of the more important of these, at least in the view of the authors, are summarized briefly below, and are arranged in the same order as the chapters from which they arose. Thus, our initial discussion is at a molecular/mechanistic level, before progressing on to questions that still remain at the functional and physiological/pathological levels.
Lanthanide(III) Reagents
Authors: Nakai Takeshi , Tomooka Katsuhiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lanthanide group consists of the 15 elements from lanthanum to lutetium in the periodic table. In the past two decades the synthetic uses of a variety of lanthanide complexes, in terms of the kind of central lanthanides, the oxidation state ( +2-+4), and the kind of ligands, have been developed.1 This chapter focuses primarily on the four classes of the most popular trivalent lanthanides, namely, cerium(III) complexes (CeL3), europium(III) complexes (EuL3), ytterbium complexes (YbL3), and lanthanum(III) complexes (LaL3). Note that many synthetic applications have been found not only of divalent samarium reagents such as Sm1/-4 and tetravalent cerium reagents such as cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN)5 but also of lanthanide metals such as Ce, Sm, and Yb, which are, however, beyond the scope of this chapter.
Preparation and reactions of 1,n-bismetallic reagents
Authors: marek Ilane , Normant jean f. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of the 1,1-organogembismetallic synthesis by allylmetallation, has originally started by the discovery of Gaudemar,1 who reported that the addition of allylzinc bromide to vinyl or alkynyl Grignard reagents leads to the corresponding organogembismetallic species. Although these organometallic compounds were obtained in moderate chemical yields, this reaction now allows an easy approach to the synthesis of gembismetallic reagents2 in high yield via a carbometallation reaction (Equation 7.1 and Protocol l).
Asymmetric additions using diorganozincs
Authors: Soai Kenso , Shibata Takanori 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enantioselective additions of organometallic reagents to carbonyl compounds (1,2-addition to aldehydes and 1,4-addition to enones) and imines are important methods for the preparation of optically active sec-alcohols, 13-substituted ketones, and amines, respectively. The reactivities of diorganozincs toward the additions to carbonyl compounds and imines are usually much lower than those of the corresponding organolithium and organomagnesium reagents. Without any catalyst, diorganozincs do not usually add to aldehydes and imines in synthetically useful yields. However, owing to the low reactivities of diorganozincs, the catalytic enantioselective additions of diorganozincs to aldehydes, enones, and imines have become possible by using either chiral Lewis acids or Lewis bases as chiral catalysts.
Reactions of selenium-stabilized carbocations
Authors: Hermans Bernard , Hevesi Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The broad subject of the stabilization of carbenium ions by heteroatomic substituents has been reviewed recently. It clearly appears from both experimental and theoretical studies that the stability of a carbenium ion cannot be accounted for solely in terms of ‘IT-donation or charge dispersal by the heteroatomic moieties. Because essentially all heteroatoms, from alkali metals to halogens (Fig. 8.1), are able to stabilize cationic centres, this stabilization cannot arise from a unique mechanism.
Sigmatropic rearrangements of organoselenium compounds
Authors: Ashi Yoshiaki Nishiba Y , Uemura Sakae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the field of synthetic organoselenium chemistry, [2,3]sigmatropic rearrangements of allylic selenium compounds and selenoxide eliminations (see Chapter 2) are the most fundamental reactions. A typical [2,3]sigmatropic rearrangement involves a transfer of oxygen from the selenium atom to the carbon atom of an allylic selenoxide to produce the corresponding allylic selenenate and then an allylic alcohol after hydrolysis (Equation 11.1). In comparison with allylic sulfoxides, the advantage of allylic selenoxides is that the activation energy for the rearrangement is much lower and the reaction proceeds smoothly even at low temperature. Moreover, the equilibrium favours the selenenate in the Se series, but the sulfoxide in the S series. In this chapter, we focus on the preparative use of sigmatropic rearrangements of allylic selenium compounds for organic synthesis
Physical Oceanography and Meteorology
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deep trenches, high mountain chains, rows of volcanoes, deep-sea basins and innumerable coral islands form a complexity of phenomena which are not found over such an extended area in any other part of the world.—Wyrtki 1961
Introducing Coral Reefs
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have been many inspired literary works written in the past that touched upon the beaut)’ and the intricacies of coral reefs. The diversity of types, shapes and sizes of Indonesian coral reefs, as well as the outstanding richness of the various plant and animal species that live in, on and above these unique biogenic structures, has fascinated and bewildered many early as well as present-day naturalists. While the beauty of tropical coral seas and a quest for adventure may have been the initial lures, the early history’ of coral reef science was sustained by the enigma of flourishing productivity in the midst of mostly oligotrophic (i.e., nutrient-and planktonpoor) tropical oceans (Lewis 1981).
Coral Reef Origins The Theories
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to 1911, very little was known about the nature or the general distribution of coral reefs within the Indonesian .Archipelago. The earliest synthesis of information on the distribution and the type of coral reefs in the archipelago appeared in Darwin’s 1842 monumental work on the structure and evolution of coral reefs, which also included the first world distribution map of these systems. Darwin (1842) in his classification of coral reefs distinguished three main types, fringing reefs, barrier reefs and atolls. However, the structural characteristics of reef forms (e.g., fringing and barrier reefs) on which Darwin based his broad and simple classification system were only loosely defined (Stoddart 1975). As coral reef research, especially coral reef geomorphology, gathered momentum to address the “coral reef problem” (Davis 1928), numerous new structural terms, considered as intermediate and end-members of Darwin’s original sequence, were added to the classification (Davis 1928; Stoddart 1975). From a worldwide perspective, recent additions of new coral reefs to Darwin’s original distribution map can lx considered as relatively minor when compared to the major transformation of reef distribution patterns in the Indonesian .Archipelago.
Foraminiferida
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The protozoa is a diverse assemblage of single-celled organisms found in most aquatic environments sustaining life. Foraminifera arc shell-bearing (i.e., test) rhizopods (Order Foraminiferida), that are one of the most abundant groups of small marine and estuarine protozoa (Phleger 1960; Lee 1974; Be 1977; Boersma 1978). In addition to the foraminifera, two other important groups of marine protozoa are the siliceous radiolarians (Superclass Actinopodea) and the ciliated tintinnids (Order Choreotrichida). While the foraminifera are not usually considered among the major ‘‘constructors” of Holocene reefs (Fagerstrom 1987), they are nonetheless one of the most abundant coral reef organisms, with a capacity to produce enormous quantities of biogenic skeletal material, which may eventually be consolidated into the reef framework (Muller 1974; Sakai and Nishihara 1981; Salvant and Venec-Peure 1981).
Coral Cays
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coral cays are generally referred to as low islands constructed entirely from the biogenic materials of the reef itself (Hopley 1982), and are a common physiographic and ecologic zone of many reefs throughout the archipelago (figs 17.1 and 17.2).and The purely biogenic origin of coral cay sediments from the underlying reef, and the absence of continental rocks, clearly distin17.2guishes them from volcanic islands as well as the high islands of the Sunda Shelf and other regions of the archipelago. The composition of beach sand alone is, however, not an appropriate criterion to distinguish between the two types of islands (fig. 17.3).
Marine and Coastal Resources Management
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Indonesia, with a population of over 182 million people, is the world’s largest archipelagic state (KLH 1992). With over 17,500 islands (only 6000 inhabited) and one of the longest coastlines in the world, Indonesia has jurisdiction over 5.8 million km2 of tropical seas within its Exclusive Economic Zone (Polunin 1983; KLH 1992; Sloan and Sugandhy 1993). The marine environment that forms almost 80% of the archipelago exhibits high physical, chemical and biological diversity. Salm (1984) identified 48 different types of marine and coastal habitats using a simple generic classification system. Marine and coastal resources and activities account for about 25% of Indonesia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employ o\ Ilion people, about 7.5% of the total population (Riopelle 1995). Even though there is a serious lack of marine and coastal resource inventories, it is nevertheless clear that Indonesia’s marine and coastal assets are outstanding (Polunin 1983; Bailey et al. 1987;
Neomorphinae
Authors: Payne Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ADULT: Sexes alike, upperparts brown streaked buff and black, head with a striped blackish and rufous shaggy crest; the alula large and black, wing brown to rufous, white stripe across base of primaries seen in flight; upper tail coverts light rufous becoming dark brown with the loss of the pale feather edges; tail long and graduated; in fresh plumage the brown central vane with light rufous edges gives a sandy appearance but in worn plumage the loose-webbed edges are gone and the tail is dark brown; face with a white eyebrow and black whisker line; underparts whitish with nar row black malar streak, throat and breast with distinct black streaks, belly white; bare skin around eye yellow, iris brown to greenish; bill brown to orange-brown or yellowish below; feet gray brown.
Analysis of chemistry and products
Authors: Terrett Nicholas K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many aspects of combinatorial chemistry are merely a more specialized extension of existing chemical technology. We have seen in previous chapters that combinatorial chemistry emerged as a reaction to the needs of immunochemists to prepare more peptides for epitope studies, and that this technique has been widely adopted by scientists in other disciplines who have seen the obvious benefits of high synthetic productivity. Rapid synthesis has been used to accelerate the study of the solid phase synthesis of peptidomimetics and oligosaccharides, and more recently, as described in the previous chapter, the range of accessible solid phase chemistry of small molecules has been enlarged as a response to the possibilities of combinatorial chemistry.
Introduction to intelligent data analysis
Authors: Hibbert D Brynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am an Analytical Chemist, and it comes as a surprise to my new students that hardly anyone in the world wants to know the concentration of X (where Xis a compound of their choice) perse. People want to know the answers to questions such as ‘Can I drink the water?’, ‘Is it safe to live next door to a nuclear power station?’, or ‘Should I invest in the proposed new gold mine?’. The answer to each of these sample questions requires chemical analysis, allied with inputs from other science-based disciplines, but the ultimate answer is not in parts per million, but a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’. Intelligent data analysis, therefore, has as an ultimate goal to take inputs from scientific endeavor (signals from instruments), with other relevant information, and to turn these inputs into reasoned answers.
Knowledge transfer: human experts to expert systems
Authors: Lahiri Sharbari , Stillman Martin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a meeting in 1956 at Dartmouth College, Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude Shannon gave birth to the term ‘artificial intelligence’ and announced the first computer program, the Logic Theorist, in artificial intelligence (Al). This program was developed by Allen Newell and Herbert Simon of Carnegie Mellon and J.C. Shaw of the Rand Corp. The research of Newell, Shaw, and Simon on the Logic Theorist, a chess playing program, and the General Problem Solver (GPS) dominated the first decade of AI from the mid- l 950s to the mid-1960s. Their research in areas such as heuristic search, problem solving, planning, and knowledge representation remain important areas of AI and lead to the current generation of expert system programs.
The genetic algorithms, I inkage learning, and scalable data mining
Authors: Kargupta Hillel , Sanseverino Eleonora Riva , Johnson Erik , Agrawal Samir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Genetic Algorithms (GAs)(Holland 1975) are search algorithms motivated by the extra-cellular flow of evolutionary information through selection, crossover, and mutation. The GAs are typically applied to problems in which little knowledge is available about the quantitative properties of the objective function. The lack of quantitative information characterizing the search space for many real life search problems, the inherent suitability implementations, and apparent robustness against noisy data have made the GAs quite popular for solving large search, optimization, and machine learning related problems. In the recent past there has also been growing interest in the application of GAs for Knowledge Discovery and Data mining (KDD). The field of KDD deals with the problem of detecting patterns within large databases.
Applications of artificial neural networks to the analysis of multivariate data
Authors: Goodacre Royston 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multivariate data consist of the results of observations of many different characters (variables) for a number of individuals (objects) (Mark 1991; Martens and Nies 1989). Each variable may be regarded as constituting a different dimension, such that if there are n variables each object may be said to reside at a unique position in an abstract entity referred to as n-dimensional hyperspace. This hyperspace is necessarily difficult to visualize, and the underlying theme of multivariate analysis (MVA) is thus simplification (Chatfield and Collins 1980) or dimensionality reduction, which usually means that we want to summarize a large body of data by means of relatively few parameters, preferably the two or three which lend themselves to graphical display, with minimal loss of information.
Biochemical studies of PTPase catalytic activity
Authors: Goldstein Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In attempts to gain insight into the nature of the PTPase catalytic reaction, as well as possible physiological substrates for the various PTPase homologues, a number of studies have utilized [32P]-labelled phosphorylated peptide and protein substrates for direct comparison of the activities of recombinant PTPase enzymes (Table 7). As expected, differences in kinetic parameters towards these substrates have been demonstrated, although this analysis has been hampered by the relatively low stoichiometry of the labelled substrate and the difficulty in evaluating true initial rates of dephosphorylation and relative substrate affinities [245, 540]. These types of studies have also been helpful in mapping the residues involved in the catalytic reaction, and to distinguish between differences in the potential enzyme activity of the two domains of the tandem-domain transmembrane PTPases.
Synthesis of carbohydrate acceptors
Authors: Osborn Helen M I , Khan Tariq H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carbohydrate donors and acceptors are essential building blocks for all oligosaccharide syntheses. Indeed, in order to synthesise the wide range of oligosaccharides found in nature, a whole range of donors and acceptors are required which incorporate specific protecting-group patterns to allow entry only to the isomer of choice. For example, if the disaccharide shown below were required, an acceptor which displayed a free hydroxyl group only at C-4 would be required, together with a fully protected donor molecule.
Synthesis of carbohydrate donors
Authors: Osborn Helen M I , Khan Tariq H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Together with carbohydrate acceptors, carbohydrate donors are essential molecules for the synthesis of oligosaccharides. Carbohydrate donors incorporate a group at C-l which can be displaced under specific reaction conditions by carbohydrate acceptors. This process often involves transient formation of a carbonium ion which is subsequently trapped by the free hydroxyl group of the carbohydrate acceptor to allow formation of the new glycosidic bond.
The fossil record of the evolution of Homo sapiensin Europe and Australasia
Authors: Stringer Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper, I review the fossil evidence from the area which preserves the best record of recent human evolution, Europe, and compare it with the record from the other end of the inhabited world in the late Pleistocene, Australasia. I will also discuss the growing body of genetic data relevant to our origins. The debate about the tempo and mode of modem human evolution is still dominated by two contrasting models-that of Multiregional Evolution[1-3] and that of a single origin-the so-called ‘Out of Africa’ model. [4,5]
Quadrature
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter of the book is dedicated to numerical integration, and it is in preparation for the last chapter of the book, which will be on differential equations. The word quadrature has become celebrated by the problem of the quadrature of a circle. This involves a geometric construction with a ruler and compass to find a square whose area is equal to that of a given circle. That this is impossible is the consequence of two results of the nineteenth century.
Subspaces
Authors: Hirschfeld J W P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let pc(r)(n,q) be the set of r-spaces of PG(n,q) and let ø (r;n,q) be the cardinality of PG(r)(n,q). Also, let 𝒳 (s,r; n,q) be the number of r-spaces through r-space of PG(n,q).
Channel Assignment on Infinite Sets Under Frequency—Distance Constraints
Authors: van den Heuvel Jan , McDiarmid Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Large-scale radio systems for multiple users, such as those used in mobile phone networks, are often based on a cellular structure (MacDonald 1979; Hale 1980; Macario 1997). The service area is divided into cells and each cell is serviced by one transmitter, which communicates with users within the cell using a particular radio channel or set of channels. In any particular application the available channels are uniformly spaced in the spectrum, justifying integer labellings of these channels. It is often assumed, at least as a starting position, that the transmitters all have the same power, are omnidirectional, and are laid out like the vertices of a triangular lattice: in this case, the natural cells form a hexagonal pattern.
The beginnings of communications
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal aim of this chapter is to present some evidence for the existence of early communications systems. At the same time, faithful to the dual purpose of the book, the concept of communications will also be discussed starting at the very beginning. Terms like ‘binary arithmetic’ and ‘bit’ will be liberally used, and the two digits o and r will be introduced in the sense used by communications engineers.
The electrical telegraph
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The electric telegraph combines in a judicious manner some properties of electricity with the basic principles of telegraphy. Scientists of the purer kind and technologists often disagree concerning the impact of their respective disciplines upon civilization and upon each other. There is however no disagreement about electricity. It did not emerge as an answer to an urgent technological requirement. It was science for science’s sake. It came about because some people had both lively minds and time to waste.
Wireless telegraphy
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of major milestones in the history of communications and, in our narrative, each of them has so far been associated with a single country: the mechanical telegraph with France, the electrical telegraph with England and the telephone with the United States. There were, of course, good reasons for this. Revolutionary France, facing a hostile Europe, was ready to explore any new means likely to help the war effort. In England in the 1830s the newly established railways cried out for fast communications in order to avoid accidents and to improve efficiency. In response, Cooke and Wheatstone managed to turn an academic toy into a practical device. What about the telephone? Shouldn’t it also have started in England, the leading industrial power at the time? Not necessarily. In England the needs of industry and· business were perfectly well served by the Royal Mail and the telegraph. And perhaps temperament also played a role. To make instant decisions, without the time to reflect, was not an Englishman’s way of conducting his affairs. The telephone’s success needed a country with vast open spaces, vast distances and a population less inclined to hide their feelings.