bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A digenic cause of cleft lip in A‐strain mice and definition of candidate genes for the two loci
Authors: Juriloff Diana M. , Harris Muriel J. , Dewell Sarah L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDNonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate, CL(P), is a common human birth defect with a complex unknown genetic cause. The mouse model is the “A/∼” strains. Our previous studies mapped two loci:clf1on Chr11 andclf2on Chr13—with a strong genetic maternal effect on the level of risk. Here we test the hypothesis that CL(P) is digenic and identify candidate genes forclf1andclf2.METHODSWe observed E14 CL(P) frequencies in backcross (BC1) embryos from a new cross of A/WySn to AXB‐4/Pgn and from test crosses of three new “congenic RI” lines. Using new polymorphic markers from genes and our mapping panels of segregants and RI strains, we identified the candidate genes forclf1andclf2. We sequenced the coding region ofPtchin A/WySn cDNA.RESULTSSeventy new BC1 CL(P) segregants (4%) were obtained, as predicted. All three new congenic RI lines homozygous for bothclf1andclf2had A/WySn‐level CL(P) frequencies (10–30%) in test crosses. Theclf1region contains 10 known genes (Arf2,Cdc27,Crhr1,Gosr2,Itgb3,Mapt,Myl4,Nsf,Wnt3, andWnt9b). Theclf2region contains 17 known genes with human orthologs. Both regions contain additional potential genes. No causal mutation inPtchcoding sequence was found.CONCLUSIONSIn A‐strain mice, nonsyndromic CL(P) is digenic, suggesting that nonsyndromic human CL(P) may also be digenic. The orthologous human genes are on 17q (clf1) and 9q, 8q and 5p (clf2), and good candidate genes areWNT3orWNT9B(17q), andPTCH(9q) orMTRR(5p). Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The interaction of water molecules with purple membrane suspension using 2H double‐quantum filter, 1H and 2H diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Frish Limor , Friedman Noga , Sheves Mordechai , Cohen Yoram 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBacteriorhodopsin is a membrane protein of the purple membrane (PM) of Halobacterium salinarum, which is isolated as sheets of highly organized two‐dimensional hexagonal microcrystals and for which water molecules play a crucial role that affects its function as a proton pump. In this paper we used single‐ and double‐quantum 2H NMR as well as 1H and 2H diffusion NMR to characterize the interaction of water molecules with the PM in D2O suspensions. We found that, under the influence of a strong magnetic field on a concentrated PM sample (0.61 mM), the PM sheets affect the entire water population and a residual quadrupolar splitting (υq ∼5.5 Hz, 298 K, at 11.7 T) is observed for the D2O molecules. We found that the residual quadrupolar coupling, the creation time in which a maximal DQF signal was obtained (τmax), and the relative intensity of the 2H DQF spectrum of the water molecules in the PM samples (referred to herein as NMR order parameters) are very sensitive to temperature, dilution, and chemical modifications of the PM. In concentrated PM samples in D2O, these NMR parameters seem to reflect the relative organization of the PM. Interestingly, we have observed that some of these parameters are sensitive to the efficiency of the trimer packing, as concluded from the apo‐membrane behavior. The data for dionized blue membrane, partially delipidated sample, and detergent‐treated PM show that these D2O NMR order parameters, which are magnetic field dependent, are sensitive to the structural integrity of the PM. In addition, we revealed that heating the PM sample inside or outside the NMR magnet has, after cooling, a different effect on the NMR characteristics of the water molecules in the concentrated PM suspensions. The difference in the D2O NMR order parameters for the PM samples, which were heated and cooled in the presence and in the absence of a strong magnetic field, corroborates the conclusions that the above D2O order parameters are indirect reflections of both microscopic and macroscopic order of the PM samples. In addition, 1H NMR diffusion measurements showed that at least three distinct water populations could be identified, based on their diffusion coefficients. These water populations seem to correlate with different water populations previously reported for the PM system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Process development for degradation of phenol by Pseudomonas putida in hollow‐fiber membrane bioreactors
Authors: Chung Tsuey‐Ping , Wu Pei‐Chen , Juang Ruey‐Shin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe degradation of phenol (100‐2800 mg/L) by cells Pseudomonas putida CCRC14365 in an extractive hollow‐fiber membrane bioreactor (HFMBR) was studied, in which the polypropylene fibers were prewetted with ethanol. The effects of flow velocity, the concentrations of phenol, and the added dispersive agent tetrasodium pyrophosphate on phenol degradation and cell growth were examined. It was shown that about 10% of phenol was sorbed on the fibers at the beginning of the degradation process. The cells P. putida fully degraded 2000 mg/L of phenol within 73 h when the cells were immobilized and separated by the fibers. Even at a level of 2800 mg/L, phenol could be degraded more than 90% after 95‐h operation. At low phenol levels (< 400 mg/L) where substrate inhibition was not severe, it was more advantageous to treat the solution in a suspended system. At higher phenol levels (> 1000 mg/L), however, such HFMBR‐immobilized cells could degrade phenol to a tolerable concentration with weak substrate‐inhibition effect, and the degradation that followed could be completed by suspended cultures due to their larger degradation rate. The process development in an HFMBR system was also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gelation conditions and transport properties of hollow calcium alginate capsules
Authors: Chai Yi , Mei Le‐He , Wu Guo‐Liang , Lin Dong‐Qiang , Yao Shan‐Jing 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe diameter, membrane thickness, and compression intensity of hollow Ca‐alginate capsules were measured at different gelation conditions, such as the reactant concentration, dropping velocity, and gelation time. The optimum operation conditions for preparing capsules were determined at 100 g/L CaCl2, 10 g/L sodium alginate (Na‐alginate), a dropping velocity of 150 droplets/min, and a gelation time of 10 min. Diffusion of some saccharide and amino acid from bulk solution into capsules was investigated, and the diffusion coefficients were calculated by the developed mathematical model. All the tested substances can diffuse easily into the capsules. The combined diffusion coefficients of the capsule Dm are 92–99% as large as their diffusion coefficients in pure water, while the diffusion coefficients in the capsule membrane D1 are 60–95% as large as those. By employing polyethylene glycol (PEG) and bovine serum albumin (fraction V) (BSA(V)), the molecular weight cut‐off of the capsule was determined. For linear macromolecules, hollow Ca‐alginate capsules have a molecular weight cut‐off of 4,000. No diffusion of BSA(V) into the capsules was observed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Marine Darwinfinken und schwarze Pilze
Authors: Kaselowsky Jürgen , Hamamoto Makiko , Nagahama Takahiko , Scholz Joachim , Sterflinger Katja 
Published: June 2004

AbstractVon der Tiefsee, die ein größeres Areal einnimmt als sämtliche Kontinente der Erde, ist eine Fläche erforscht, die nicht einmal halb so groß ist wie die Stadt Venedig. Zu den zahlreichen nur wenig oder noch gänzlich unbekannten Organismen zählen auch die Bryozoen (Moostierchen) und die häufig auf ihnen wachsenden Pilze.
Meilenstein der Molekularbiologie: Das „Avery‐Experiment”︁
Authors: Scherr Michaela , Scherr Dietmar 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDie Experimente von T. O. Avery bestätigten 1943/44 die transformierenden Eigenschaften von DNA. Wir beschreiben hier ein einfaches Experiment für die Schule, um Bakterien mit Plasmiden zu transformieren und das transformierende Prinzip zu beobachten. Es ermöglicht den Schülerinnen und Schülern ein grundlegendes Verständnis der modernen molekularen Genetik.
Seehunde unterscheiden Freund und Feind
Authors: Irsch Wilhelm 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDass sich Wale über große Distanzen unter Wasser verständigen können, ist durch eindrucksvolle Tondokumente belegt. Besonders interessant ist, dass einige Meeressäuger diese Laute offenbar durchaus interpretieren können, was nun zumindest für Seehunde (Phoca vitulina) nachgewiesen wurde.
Nanosensoren für Messungen in lebenden Zellen
Authors: Brennicke Axel 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBisher war es schwierig, wenn nicht unmöglich, den Stoffwechsel in lebenden Zellen zu beobachten. Jetzt haben Wissenschaftler von der Universität Tübingen ein neues Konzept für Nanosensoren entwickelt, die in Zellen Konzentrationsänderungen einzelner Metabolite exakt anzeigen können.
Moose: Klein, grün, stark
Authors: Frahm Jan‐Peter 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSeit über 20 Jahren galt das Lebermoos Notothylas orbicularis als verschollen. In Europa waren in den letzten hundert Jahren überhaupt nur acht Funde gemeldet worden, bis ein Botaniker südlich des Vogelbergs 1981 mehrere Pflanzen entdeckte. Einer Gruppe von Wissenschaftlern gelang es nun, die winzige Pflanze auf einem hessischen Stoppelacker wiederzufinden. Der Hintergrund für diese aufwändige Suchaktion nach einer bescheidenen Pflanze: N. orbicularisist eine von 26 Moosarten, die von der Europäischen Union unter Schutz gestellt worden sind. Dass Orchideen, Falken oder Biber geschützt werden, mag ja noch einleuchtend sein, aber warum stellt man Moose unter Naturschutz?
Toxicokinetic assessment of methylphenidate (Ritalin®) enantiomers in pregnant rats and rabbits
Authors: Bakhtiar Ray , Tse Francis L. S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRitalin® or methylphenidate (MPH) is prescribed for the treatment of attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. The present report describes the determination of plasma concentrations of d‐threo‐ and l‐threo‐enantiomers of MPH in toxicokinetic (TK) studies in pregnant Wistar Hannover rats and New Zealand white rabbits following repeated daily oral dosing of d,l‐MPH (racemate). A previously reported chiral liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC‐MS/MS) method with a lower limit of quantiﬁcation (LLOQ) of 1.09 ng/mL was utilized. Oral (gavage) doses of 7, 25 and 75 mg/kg/day of racemic MPH were selected for the rat study. An over‐proportional increase in exposure was observed with increasing doses of MPH racemate, the effect being more profound with the d‐ than the l‐enantiomer. In contrast, Cmax values of both enantiomers were approximately proportional to the dose. Oral (gavage) doses of 20, 60 and 200 mg/kg were selected for the rabbit study. In general, for the d‐isomer, an over‐proportional increase in exposure was observed with increasing doses of MPH racemate. Conversely, for the l‐isomer, a slight under‐proportionality was detected in exposure with increasing doses of d,l‐MPH. For mean Cmax, while l‐isomer exhibited dose proportionality with increasing doses of MPH racemate, the d‐isomer appeared to be over‐proportional. Herein, the experimental design and observed TK parameters in each study are presented. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for determination of dimethyl benzoylphenyl urea (BPU) in human plasma by using LC/UV
Authors: Rudek Michelle A. , Zabelina Yelena , Zhao Ming , Wolff Antonio C. , Baker Sharyn D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDimethyl benzoylphenyl urea (BPU) inhibited tubulin polymerization, caused microtubule depolymerization in vitro and demonstrated activity against solid tumors. BPU is being tested in phase I clinical trials. A rapid and speciﬁc method using LC/UV has been developed for quantitation of BPU in human heparin‐containing plasma to perform pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. BPU is extracted from plasma into acetonitrile:n‐butyl‐chloride using paclitaxel as the internal standard and separated on a Waters Symmetry C18 (3.9 × 150 mm, 5 µm) column with acetonitrile–water mobile phase (70:30, v/v) using isocratic ﬂow at 1 mL/min for a run time of 5 min. Ultraviolet detection was utilized and performed at 225 nm for BPU and paclitaxel. The retention times were 1.9 min for paclitaxel and 4.1 min for BPU. Calibration curves were generated over the range of 0.01–10 µg/mL with coefﬁcient of determination of >0.99. The values for within‐day and between‐day precision were ≤17.0% at the LLOQ and ≤7.4% at the low, medium and high quality controls; accuracy was ±5.4%. Following administration of BPU 320 mg as a weekly oral dose to a patient with advanced solid tumor malignancies, the maximum plasma concentration was 2 µg/mL and concentrations were quantiﬁable up to 168 h after administration. The lower limit of quantitation of 0.01 µg/mL allows for successful measurement of plasma concentrations in patients. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The bioequivalence study of baclofen and lioresal tablets using capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Kowalski Piotr , Chmielewska Aleksandra , Konieczna Lucyna , Olȩdzka Ilona , Zarzycki Paweł K. , Lamparczyk Henryk 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA simple and robust analytical method for rapid separation and sensitive quantiﬁcation of baclofen in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis technique was developed. Electrophoretic separation was optimized and successfully performed using simple sodium tetraborate aqueous solution. Observed detection limit in biological material was 10 ng. Using UV detection at 200 nm excellent linearity (r = 0.999) was observed over the concentration range from 0.025 to 1.0 µg mL−1. The described method has been validated and applied to the quantitative determination of baclofen in human plasma. The bioavailability of Baclofen (Polpharma) and Lioresal (Novartis) in 18 healthy volunteers was investigated. The results indicate bioequivalence of the reference and Baclofen preparations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of four bufadienolides in human liver by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Wang Zhaohong , Wen Jiao , Zhang Jizong , Ye Min , Guo Dean 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA high‐performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous quantitation of four bufadienolides—cinobufotalin, bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin—in human liver was investigated. The procedure involved solid phase extraction of human liver with an Oasis®HLB cartridge coupled with reversed‐phase HPLC and photodiode array detection. Recoveries obtained from spiked liver for the bufadienolides were better than 70%. The linearity was studied up to 1.2 mg/kg and the detection limits of the method were 0.4 ng for cinobufotalin and bufalin and 0.5 ng for cinobufagin and resibufogenin. The developed method was successfully applied to a lethal poisoning case. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dangerous sports and recreational drug‐use: rationalizing and contextualizing risk
Authors: Larkin Michael , Griffiths Mark D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis article reports upon the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) of a small number of semi‐structured interviews, conducted with persons engaging in either recreational drug‐use (primarily identified here as Ecstasy‐users) or dangerous sports (primarily identified here as bungee‐jumpers). Our analysis focuses upon the manner in which these participants make sense of their initiation and maintenance experiences, and the means by which they understand and make sense of risk. In particular, we draw attention to the distinctions between our participants' rational and contextual reconstructions of risky decisions. These distinctions indicate that our participants are able to draw upon a complex cultural and relational understanding of risk and pleasure, and are thus able to deal quite effectively with the contradictory experience of taking ‘non‐volitional’ action. This exploration of persons' strategies for displacing agency in relation to potentially negative outcomes may have implications for research and practice in related areas. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying violence among women patients attending family practices: the role of research in community change
Authors: Romito Patrizia , de Marchi Margherita , Turan Janet Molzan , Bottaretto Rosa Ciociano , Tavi Michela 
Published: June 2004

AbstractViolence against women has serious consequences. Although victims use health facilities more frequently than others, violence is still not recognized in most services and in the larger community. This study had three aims: (1) to estimate the prevalence of violence among women patients in primary care, (2) to evaluate the feasibility of asking all women about violence, and (3) to make violence visible, and thereby initiate a process of professional and community change on the issue of violence against women. The study was carried out in a small Italian town, at the initiative of a local family doctor. We conducted a cross‐sectional survey among patients of six family practices and 444 women responded to a self‐administrated questionnaire. Five per cent of respondents experienced physical or sexual violence in the last year, and 25% had experienced it in the past. Nineteen per cent had experienced psychological violence in the last 12 months. Risk factors for current violence were: younger age, being pregnant or with young children, being separated or divorced, or lack of stable employment. Most women were in favour of being asked about violence by their doctor.The study's results were disseminated in public meetings, with good press coverage. This resulted in a dramatic increase in the visibility of victims of violence, the development of a training course for health professionals, and the creation of the first women's group in the town. Along with advocacy work, the group has prepared a booklet on violence addressing women, and is now raising funds to start an ‘anti‐violence’ telephone line. Overall, the study has become a tool for change within the health services and the community. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of informal social support in needs assessment: proposal and application of a model to assess immigrants' needs in the south of Spain
Authors: Hernández‐plaza S. , Pozo C. , Alonso‐Morillejo E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNeeds assessment models have been generally focused on the identification and prioritization of needs, analysing formal resources available in the community as possible solutions for existing problems. These kinds of models have assumed that formal services are the primary source of support for individuals in need. However, a great deal of the investigations in the field of Social Psychology have shown that the main source of help and support when facing a problem is not formal organizations, but people's own informal networks. In this article, we therefore propose a needs assessment model that emphasizes the importance of analysing both formal and informal social resources. The application of this model to assess Moroccan immigrants' needs in the south of Spain shows the anticipated low level of utilization of formal services and programmes, one that contrasts with the high use of informal networks as an essential source of social support for this group of immigrants. These results reveal the limitations of traditional needs assessment models, and the importance of incorporating the analysis of informal social support as a key resource for need satisfaction, particularly in the case of immigrant populations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is domestic violence a gender issue? Views from a British city1
Authors: Nicolson Paula , Wilson Richard 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDomestic violence involves the abuse, whether emotional, physical, sexual and/or economic, of one or more family (or ex‐family) members by another family member within the home or wider domestic context. It is typically associated with increasing entrapment, injury, medical complaints, psycho‐social problems and (sometimes) unsuccessful help‐seeking. Research evidence demonstrates that domestic abuse is prolific, prolonged, impacts physically, emotionally and economically upon women and children in particular, over the long‐term including well after they are ‘safe’ from the perpetrator. Furthermore, such abuse is widespread and happens all over the world. The findings reported here are from an observational population survey conducted in one British city to assess awareness of domestic violence. While there appears to be a broadly held and well‐informed definition of what actions constitute domestic violence and why it occurs, there are striking differences in perspective concerning public awareness of the frequency of domestic violence and knowledge of its importance as a safety issue indicating that it is still not seen generally as a serious social problem. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two 3D Supramolecular Polymers Constructed from an Amino Acid and a High‐Nuclear Ln6Cu24 Cluster Node
Authors: Zhang Jian‐Jun , Sheng Tian‐Lu , Hu Sheng‐Min , Xia Sheng‐Qing , Leibeling Guido , Meyer Franc , Fu Zhi‐Yong , Chen Ling , Fu Rui‐Biao , Wu Xin‐Tao 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe first successful attempt to construct 3D supramolecular frameworks with high‐nuclear 3d–4f heterometallic clusters as a node is reported. The self‐assembly of Ln3+, Cu2+ and amino acid in solution leads to the formation of two polymers, 35‐nuclear complex {Sm6Cu29} 1 with a primitive cubic net‐like structure and 36‐nuclear complex {Nd6Cu30} 2 with a face‐centred cubic network type structure. Glycine and L‐proline, respectively, were used as ligands. It should be noted that 2 has a chiral framework. X‐ray structure analyses show that 1 crystallizes in the triclinic P$\bar 1$ space group (a=19.6451(8), b=20.4682(8), c=20.7046(8) Å, α=89.453(1), β=66.290(1), γ=68.572(1)°, V=7003.0(5) Å3 and Z=1) and 2 belongs to the cubic P2(1)3 space group (a=b=c=32.4341(3) Å, V=34 119.7(5) Å3 and Z=4). Both complexes utilize Ln6Cu24 octahedral clusters as nodes and trans‐Cu(amino acid)2 groups as bridges. Electrical conductivity measurements reveal that both polymers behave as semiconductors.
The Effect of Fluorination: A Crystallographic and Computational Study of Mesogenic Alkyl 4‐[2‐(Perfluorooctyl)ethoxy]benzoates
Authors: Yano Megumi , Taketsugu Tetsuya , Hori Kayako , Okamoto Hiroaki , Takenaka Shunsuke 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe series of alkyl 4‐[2‐(perfluorooctyl)ethoxy]benzoates (F8‐n) shows a systematic change of crystal structures depending on the length of the alkyl chain: separate packing of perfluorooctyl (Rf) and alkyl (Rh) chains from each other for shorter (n=2) and longer (n=11) members, alternate packing of Rf and Rh chains for middle (n=6,7) members, and an intermediate type of packing for n=4. Semiempirical MO calculations show slightly repulsive interactions between the Rf chains, and attractive ones between Rf and Rh chains and between Rh and the core of a molecular pair. It is concluded that fluorination determines the molecular shape of the crystal structures by making the chain rigid. It is confirmed that the interactions between Rf chains are small compared with those between other moieties and that they are forced to aggregate owing to the exclusion from other moieties. Thus, the effect is dependent on the geometries and intermolecular interactions of the other moieties.