bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Statistical Analysis of Judicial Discretion
Authors: Robertson David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the first chapter we stressed two things-that we were committed to a legal realist position in which the decisions of courts are policy decisions, or acts arising from the interaction of judges’ personal preferences, and that much depends on the way the House of Lords works in ever changing quasi-random panels of only five Law Lords. The methodology of the Legal Realists, called by both themselves and their opponents ‘debunking’, was to subject cases to detailed argument to demonstrate the essentially arbitrary nature of the decisions, and the extent to which the judicial arguments signally failed to ‘determine’ the results. There is no alternative to such a method, and Chapters 3 and 4 present our attempt at a similar ‘deconstruction’ of modern English judicial argument. Such an approach is absolutely necessary, because our thesis requires that there be alternative arguments easily enough assembled to justify almost any decision a judge wishes to come to, and that his colleagues’ arguments cannot be logically powerful enough to block his route. This we describe as an analysis of judicial methodology. By itself though such an approach is not quite enough. All that can be established by such conventional methods of socio-legal analysis is that individual judicial preference could matter enormously.
Judicial Methodology and the Common Law
Authors: Robertson David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In contrast to the highly linguistic methods of statutory interpretation, purely common law argument from decided cases and their enshrined principles has a greater fluidity. Contrary to much lay opinion, common law still accounts for perhaps as much as half of the cases before the higher courts. In this book the common law is mainly studied in terms of criminal law, public law, and the general law of obligations, although large parts of contract and land law are predominantly uncodified. From the overall perspective of this book our task in this chapter is harder than in Chapter 3. There is very little in democratic thought, or in the working assumptions of the British constitution, that can legitimize judicial discretion in statutory interpretation if that discretion is widely used to make legislation mean what an individual judge can persuade his colleagues to agree it means in pursuit of his own beliefs. If slot machine jurisprudence can be expected anywhere, it is in statutory interpretation.
In1posing Rationality on the State
Authors: Robertson David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Public law, the subject of the next three chapters, is both hard to characterize in general, and a difficult area on which to assess the Law Lords. Obviously it is the area where political and other attitudes will have major consequences because it deals with the courts’ abilities to exercise control over the executive. There are several reasons for the difficulty, which is probably more acute in the nineties than for some time. First, there are important, perhaps still dominant strands in the British constitutional approach which tend against the very legitimacy of curial interference with the executive.
Counting Influence
Authors: Brand Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1970 and again in 1973, John Lynskey produced evidence to show that British back-benchers had some influence on the policies of their own parties. Norton analysed the increased rebelliousness of private Members and in a recent book he questioned the idea that they had no influence, but Lynskey is the only person who tried to study the actual influence of back benchers, as opposed to speculating on it or counting the occasions when they rebelled against the whips. Influencing policy and open rebellion against the party are not synonymous. A quiet word in the minister’s ear, perhaps before the measure even gets to the parliamentary draftsman, may change an important detail or even the whole drift of a Bill. Only in a few spectacular cases is a government proposal fought by the government’s supporters right up to the debate in the House. Thus Lynskey tackles the relation which King rightly says is the most important: that between a government and its own back benchers.
Parliament and Policy In Scotland
Authors: Brand Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Several characteristics of Scottish policy set it off from other fields discussed in this book. Most evidently, the field is defined by a territory and not by a type of service or governmental role. In other chapters, topics such as housing and education policy making have been explored, and among the relevant institutions have been the Department of Education and Science or the House of Commons Select Committee on the Environment. For the most part, these organizations deal with education or with housing policy in England or in England and Wales. Scottish policy, as far as Parliament is concerned, covers all the subject fields which have been administratively devolved to Scotland. This is the wide and sometimes difficult remit of the Scottish Office and of the Scottish parliamentary committees.
Apprehension and Cognition
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Laidlaw James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With ritualization there is a new state of affairs which can be summed up by saying that actors both arc and are not the authors of their acts. The relation between intention and action is transformed. This does not mean, as we have already remarked, that a person does not have thoughts and intentions when performing ritual. Such a person is not turned into an automaton or an unconscious subject of habit. Ritual acts are publicly stipulated cultural constructs, yet wide variations in how they are enacted and how they arc thought about indicate that while they are in this sense not individual, they are not completely shared either. In this chapter we compare the cognition of ritualized action with that of everyday action.
Tribes and Events in the Modern World
Authors: Dresch Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the years around 1980 the tribes were often as little subject to direct governmental control as they had been in, say, the mid nineteenth century. Much of what happened in the short term was connected with an intense rivalry between North Yemen’s neighbours, South Yemen and Saudi Arabia. Not all of it need concern us. But to ignore the wider political context would be to discount the genuine problems the North had to face and which on the whole it faced successfully. Nor would events among the tribes, such as those on which we drew in the opening chapters of the present book, make anything but a mythical sense.
The House
Authors: Carsten Janet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Malay houses always have more than one door. There are many ways to enter the house. What is it that gives the house in Langkawi its significance? What makes a house a house? Is it its spatial layout, its physical structure as a building, the rituals which are enacted in it and which are part of the process of building? Or is the social significance of the house an aspect of the quality and types of relations of the people who live within it and of the activities which they engage in there?
Bodies within Bodies: The House and the Sibling Group
Authors: Carsten Janet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Brothers and sisters are, at least in theory, born and brought up in one house but, as they establish their own nuclear families, they come to live in different houses. Siblings are strongly attached to their natal house and symbolically associated with it, but siblingship is also the idiom of kinship in general and of relations in the wider community. In this chapter I trace out some of the specific and more general meanings of siblingship in Langkawi.
Between Houses: Visiting, Eating, and Feasting
Authors: Carsten Janet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The last chapter described how Langkawi villagers’ experience of the state, and of national and local political, religious, and economic institutions, is both fragmented and fragmenting. In this chapter and those that follow I show how an opposition between the house and the similarity of substance that unites those within it, and the divisive world that lies beyond the house is overcome.
The Incorporation of Difference: Marriage
Authors: Carsten Janet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter I argued that houses may be symbolically expanded in order to negate the division that exists in the world outside, and which always threatens to destroy the inner harmony of the house. The com¬ pound and the neighbourhood can be viewed as expanded houses. And this is clear in the way visits are conducted and in patterns of commensality. At communal feasts, the whole village seems to be envisaged as an enlarged domestic group. Such feasts are held, above all, to celebrate marriages.
Building a Europe with the Regions: The Changing Role of the European Commission
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The president of the European Commission, Jacques Delors, launched the cohesion concept in 1986 as the counterpart of the free market. Cohesion had a double loading. It summarized a novel policy rationale to deal more effectively with the old problem of regional economic disparities, but it also held a political promise to involve subnational actors more openly in European decisionmaking. The target groups of Delors’s approach were les forces vives, among which regions figured prominently. Hence, subnational mobilization was crucial to its success. The core instrument of the new cohesion policy was structural programming for indigenous regional and local development. The three structural funds (agricultural, social, and regional funds) would combine their efforts in the regions and local areas of Europe. Organizationally, this meant that the Directorate-General for Regional Policy (DG XVI), which runs the large regional development fund, became the pivotal agency. To conceptualize and supervise the implementation of the policy, a separate directorate-general was created for the co-ordination of structural policies: DG XXII. Its task was to centralize control.
Germany and the Structural Funds: Unification Leads to Bifurcation
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How best to characterize the impact of EU cohesion policy on German territorial politics? Intuitively, one might expect a significant reordering of centre-periphery relations; Germany’s ‘spatial-federal’ system endows its regional governments (Länder) with considerable autonomy and a prominent role in federal policy implementation, owing to Bonn’s lack of a field administrative apparatus (Blair 1981; Gunlicks 1986). As such, the Länder, in contrast to their counterparts in regionalized and unitary member states, are well positioned to compete for EU funds and to engage the Commission as full-fledged partners in the formulation and implementation of cohesion policy, perhaps even at the expense of Bonn’s federal regional policy goals and its position as ‘gatekeeper’ in Brussels. Has this in fact occurred?
Civil Service Attitudes Towards the European Union
Authors: Buller Jim , Smith Martin J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An assessment of civil service attitudes to the Europe Union (EU)1 is both conceptually and empirically difficult. Conceptually, it is not clear whether a unified ‘civil service attitude’ exists or can be defined. Empirically, discovering civil service attitudes to the EU is more or less impossible, because constitutionally civil servants are neutral and therefore do not express political attitudes. Unlike a political party or a trade union, civil servants do not release policy documents indicating their view on European integration.
Wages, Speculation, and Interest
Authors: Targetti Ferdinando 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is difficult to say who the founders of modern macro-economics were. There is no doubt, however, that a starting-point for much of the subject’s subsequent development was Wicksell and his monetary theory, ‘which Lindhal clarified, and to which Myrdal gave the vital spark with his distinction between the two temporal viewpoints of ex-ante and ex-post’ .An extraordinary contribution to the development of the Swedish theory of monetary equilibrium was Myrdal’s essay Monetary Equilibrium. This was ‘in its original Swedish and German versions equally as remarkable and in certain respects equally as successful as Keynes’s own contribution in explanation of variations in the general level of output’.Myrdal’s essay broke new ground in strictly monetary matters as well, with its pioneering ideas on the variability of the velocity of circulation and, to a certain extent, its thesis of the endogeneity of the money supply.
Method and Vision of the World
Authors: Targetti Ferdinando 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kaldor was neither a pure deductivist nor an extreme inductivist; neither an economist who dealt solely in grand abstractions nor simply an applied economist; neither a detached theoretician nor a mere ‘counsellor to the prince’ he was, always, all of these things. But even though his interest in political matters and his appetite for facts may have sometimes prevailed over his concern for theoretical abstraction, especially towards the end of his life, he never neglected this latter dimension to his subject.
Government Budget and Privatization
Authors: Bos Dieter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is the first section in which fiscal policy measures are discussed. We assume there are public expenditures which are spent for the provision of a public good. This good is the numeraire, so G measures both quantity and expenditures. The public good is perfectly divisible in production and is produced by the private firms as their (n+1)th output. The government and the privatized firm know the supply function y n+1(pG), where p G is the extended price vector (p, 1).
The Population Enigma
Authors: Ohlin Göran 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are two levels of discourse about population. The specialists, to whom I do not belong, are struggling to come to grips with a bewildering variety of evidence and theories. Economists tend to look for simple ideas that might be relevant to policy-making. I fall half-way between the two—impatient with some of the grossly simplified assertions about population that are so often encountered in the political arena, intrigued and disconcerted by the failure to make much headway in the interpretation of population changes.
Optimal Income Tax and Redistribution
Authors: Tuomala Matti 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book provides a comprehensive survey of optimal income tax theory, following the development of research strategy from the basic Mirrlees model through to its refinements, examining how optimal tax rates and the shape of tax schedules are affected by new considerations. Optimal tax theory has an important contribution to make to tax policy formation, and has become especially pertinent in recent years with the renewal of controversy over whether progressive income tax is in fact desirable or not. The author not only covers the historical background and modern formulations of the theory, but extends his discussion to consider the most important extensions of the model and the interrelation of income tax with other instruments of tax and expenditure policy.
Labour Supply and Income Taxation
Authors: Tuomala Matti 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has often been taken for granted that most of us work only for financial reward. This undoubtedly limits the chances of redistributing income. In other words, it raises the question of the necessity to provide incentives to work. What is meant by ‘incentive to work’ is not at all as obvious as it might seem. The quantitative results of both the interview and econometric models suggest that an increase in net earnings per hour may reduce the number of hours of labour an individual is willing to supply, that is, a backward-sloping labour supply curve (see Table 3.2). Many people’s first reaction to this is that taxes have very little (if anything) to do with the number of hours worked: in most jobs, the number of hours of work is fixed. Furthermore, the number of hours in different jobs is a consequence of technological or institutional considerations, including union and government regulation. Of course, institutions do change all the time. We also know from economic history that the continuing rise in the real wage rate over this century has been associated with a continuing reduction in hours worked per week. Many economists would argue that this change in hours worked has something to do with economic forces. As their wages have risen, individuals have chosen to take some of the gains in the form of increased leisure. It is worth emphasizing that .there is nothing irrational about such behaviour, which can be described by a backward-sloping supply curve.
Optimal Income Taxation and Utility Interdependence
Authors: Tuomala Matti 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Utility conflicts caused by redistribution have so far been solved by using utilitarian or Rawlsian social welfare functions. Thus redistribution has never been Pareto efficient in the sense that it allows all individuals to be at least as well off as they are under the status quo. The reason for this situation is simply that it has been assumed that each individual’s utility depends only on his or her income. This precludes incorporating the effects of utility interdependence (altruism and envy). In fact, much of the literature on economic theory recognizes that utilities are interdependent. Pareto and Pigou were among the first to write about utility interdependence. It is perhaps surprising to see Pareto’s name in this context in view of what is written about him in textbooks. Pareto’s (1917) concept of utility was totally different from the standard textbook definition. It was not restricted to the satisfaction that an individual could get from his own consumption, but also included all available sources of satisfaction, including those aroused by the consumption and relative income levels of others. Pigou (1947) in turn writes that ‘the satisfaction which a man derives from the possession of a given income depends, not only on the absolute amount of income, but also on the relation subsisting between it and the incomes of other people’. Pigou then concludes that the so-called proportional sacrifice principle indicates continued progression at the upper end of the income scale.
The Macro-economic Role of the State
Authors: Allsopp* Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most discussions of markets versus planning, or of compromises such as the ‘mixed economy’, focus on the role of government intervention in the allocation of resources and in the promotion and distribution of economic welfare. There is, however, another aspect of government which came to particular prominence in the post-war period—the role of the State in setting the macro-economic framework within which markets have to operate. Thus the 1950s and 196os—and arguably the 1970s and 1980s as well—were periods of active macro-economic management in pursuit of goals such as full employment, price stability, and balance of payments equilibrium. In parallel with changing views about the role of markets, this policy activism came to be widely questioned. Perceptions about what governments can and should do at the macro-economic level have swung about to an extraordinary extent as economic conditions have deteriorated.
Social Security Policy, Defining the Borders of the State
Authors: Dilnot* Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1987/8 more than 25 million of the 56 million individuals in the UK received one or more social security benefits; for 9.6 million the benefit will be State retirement pension, for I2 million child benefit, for 3 million unemployment benefit or supplementary benefit. Some 7 million of the 20 million households in the UK received tested housing benefit. The cost of the whole social security programme was £47 billion, around one-third of total public expenditure, and considerably more than the total revenue from income taxation. The social security programme will cost more than twice as much as the next most expensive area, defence. It would not be unreasonable to think that in this area the State impinges most obviously on the behaviour and well-being of the population; that it is here that the economic borders of the State are most easily seen, and the activity of the State most important to the individuals affected.
Conclusion to Part III
Authors: Bevan David , Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem , Bigsten Arne , Horsnell Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The central hypothesis of Part III has been that peasant supply of marketed crops was influenced by the consumer goods shortages that developed in Tanzania in the late 1970s. Investigation of this hypothesis is fraught with difficulties, as will have become clear to the reader. We begin the chapter with a brief review of the problems and the devices adopted to circumvent them, and conclude it with a discussion of the implications of our results.
1914-1925: ‘A World Shattered—and Rebuilt’?
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If, politically, the First World War can be seen as a culmination of trends already apparent before 1914, in the field of the economy it (eventually) marked a major break in trend. At its most general, this break combined a revolution in the way Britain related to the world economy, and domestically a vast extension of the role of the state. These consequences only gradually became apparent as the war progressed from ‘business as usual’ to a ‘nation in arms’ to ‘total war’ (French 1982). But whilst many foresaw—and some hoped—that this break, especially in its second aspect, would be permanent, by the early 1920s the thrust of economic policy was an attempt to re-establish British links to the world economy at their pre-1914 basis, and to rein back the state’s role. Policy looked back to a golden age and tried to restore it, just as post-revolutionary conservatives in France attempted to undo the French revolution, and in the long run just as unsuccessfully.
Introduction
Authors: Kostoris Fiorella Padoa Schioppa , Powell John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book analyses the structural, and hence endemic rather than cyclical, problems of Italian economic policy. It represents my view of the main results of a group of research studies carried out as part of the Italian National Research Council’s (CNR) First Targeted Project on the Economy. Many dozens of people contributed ideas, producing around 150 articles and books for a subproject entitled ‘Intervention strategies and techniques’, of which I was academic director for three years from 1985 to 1987.
Direct and Indirect Action by General Government and Public Corporations
Authors: Kostoris Fiorella Padoa Schioppa , Powell John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Public-sector intervention in the Italian economy is substantial and increasing, in terms of both the volume and the functional diversity of public involvement. It takes the form of direct action which has an impact on the government’s budget, and indirect regulation of the private sector aimed at requiring or encouraging it to adopt certain patterns of behaviour. It is not always easy to distinguish between direct and indirect action, as a glance at the items of income and expenditure in the budget of general government in Italy amply demonstrates (Table 1.1).