bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herbs and Grasses
Authors: Turkington Roy , John Elizabeth , Dale Mark R T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plants in the boreal forest are an important component of the ecosystem for two main reasons. First, the plants as vegetation form the physical surroundings for both herbivores and carnivores and are the basis of the physical structure of the community. Second, as primary producers, they provide the energy and nutrients to the herbivores on which higher trophic levels depend. Therefore, understanding the factors that limit the quantity and the quality of plants is fundamental. Our studies focus on the herbaceous vegetation but primarily on two grasses, Festuca altaica and Calamagrostis lapponica, which dominate small meadows scattered throughout the white spruce forest, and on the four herbs, Lupinus arcticus, Anemone parviflora, Mertensia paniculata, and Achillea millefolium var. borealis, which are relatively abundant in the forest understory (see the appendix fol­ lowing this chapter). These plants provide a source of high-quality food to the herbivores. Soil nutrients, especially nitrogen, often limit the productivity of boreal forest vegeta­ tion (Bonan and Shugart 1989) and may control vegetation standing crop. Plants differ in their abilities to respond to increased nutrient levels, and community composition usually changes after fertilization as more competitive species begin to dominate. The nutrient availability level also influences a species’ ability to produce defensive chemical com­ pounds against herbivory (Coley et al. 1985) and the ability to regrow after herbivory (Hilbert et al. 1981, Maschinski and Whitham 1989). Conversely, herbivory may have a direct effect on vegetation quantity and quality. Herbivory has long been known to influence species composition in some plant communities (Huntly 1991) due to differential plant palatability and differences in plants’ abilities to tolerate herbivory. Many plants pro­ duce defensive chemical compounds in response to herbivory (Palo and Robbins 1991, Tallamy and Raupp 1991). The snowshoe hare has distinct preferences among the summer forage species available in the boreal forest (Bryant et al. 1991).
Testing Hypotheses of Community Organization for the Kluane Ecosystem
Authors: Sinclair A R E , Krebs Charles J , Boonstra Rudy , Boutin Stan , Turkington Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 3 we outlined the general ideas of community organization through top-down and bottom-up processes. In this chapter we review how each experiment has affected the total biomass or nutrient pool of the trophic levels. We compare these results with the predictions for different models of trophic level interactions discussed in chapter 3. We identify the major components that hold the system together and the direction and strength of their interactions. The need is to identify the components most sensitive to change so that they can be used as indicators for long-term monitoring.
“Victory” (1945-1948)
Authors: Fay Laurel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the tide of World War II gradually turned and the military successes of the Allied forces on the Western front and the Soviets on the Eastern made the defeat of Hitler’s army ever more certain, the pressure increased proportionately on Soviet artists to blazon triumphantly the approaching victory, the national salvation, and, above all, to exalt the genius and brilliant leadership of the conquering hero, Stalin. In October 1943, on the eve of the premiere of his Eighth Symphony, Shostakovich was already publicizing his intent to write his Ninth Symphony—”about the greatness of the Russian people, about our Red Army liberating our native land from the enemy”—a symphony dedicated to the Victory.
Public and Private (1948-1953)
Authors: Fay Laurel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 24 April 1948, facing his colleagues at the Composers’ Congress, Shostakovich had pledged to place melody at the heart of his future works, melody infused with the essence of folklore. He had promised to produce romances and songs. In May, the composer began querying a Jewish friend about the pronunciation of certain Yiddish words and the rhythmic flow of folk texts that he knew only in Russian translation. What he was studying was a collection of translated texts, Jewish Folk Songs, that had been published in Moscow in 1947.
Taking Off the Kid Gloves June–July 1862
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first cloud on the horizon of Union military success in 1862 appeared in the Shenandoah Valley. A small Northern army had moved south into this fertile breadbasket of Virginia in conjunction with McClellan’s advance against the main Confederate army defending Richmond. The Union commander was General Nathaniel P. Banks, one of the North’s “political generals” appointed not because of his military skills but because of his political influence. It was Banks’s misfortune that he faced Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson, known as “Stonewall” since his brigade’s stand at Manassas the previous July. Jackson’s mission was to create a diversion that would compel Lincoln to divert to the Valley some of the reinforcements slated for McClellan.
PCBs, Dioxins, and Related Compounds
Authors: Wigle Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) comprise a large group of semi-volatile chemicals that are stable at high temperatures, highly soluble in lipids, and resistant to biodegradation. Unfortunately, these properties enable PHAHs to disperse and persist in the environment, to bioaccumulate in terrestrial and aquatic food chains, and to cause unforeseen adverse health effects among wildlife and humans. All of us probably have detectable PHAHs in our bodies, the concentrations of PCBs generally being much higher than those of other PHAHs.
Chlorinated, brominated, and mixed halogenated PHAHs have similar structures and toxicity but widely variable potencies; major subgroups include biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans (Table 6–1). Monsanto, the sole manufacturer of PCBs in the United States, produced about 700,000 tons during the period 1929–1979, annual output peaking in 1970 at 43,000 tons. Given their high heat capacity and stability, PCBs were ideal for uses in heat-resistant solvents, sealants, and lubricants, and as dielectric fluids in electrical transformers, fluorescent light ballasts, and other electrical equipment. The most intensely studied PHAH is 2,3,7,8tetrachloro-p-dibenzodioxin (TCDD), one of the most potent known toxicants (Schiestl et al., 1997).
Outdoor Air
Authors: Wigle Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About 1.5 billion people in developed countries live in urban areas and are chronically exposed to outdoor air pollution, mainly from vehicular and industrial emissions. The WHO forecasts that urban populations will grow fastest in economically disadvantaged countries, comprise 62% of the world’s population by the year 2025, and live in increasingly dense centers of anthropogenic emissions. Over 150 million tons of air pollutants are emitted annually in United States alone. Closely related to population growth and urbanization are the uncertain potential impacts of global climatic change on local, regional, and global air quality.
A severe air pollution episode in a river valley in Belgium during 1930 caused several thousand acute respiratory illnesses and about 60 deaths. A similar air pollution episode was associated with several thousand respiratory illness cases and 19 deaths in Donora, Pennsylvania, in 1948 when industrial emissions were trapped in a river valley by a temperature inversion. The severe London smog episode of December 1952 caused about 4000 excess deaths over a 5-day period during which visibility was reduced to as little as 1–5 m. Although most of the excess deaths were from cardiorespiratory diseases among the elderly, death rates doubled among young children.
Visceral Sensory Neuroscience
Authors: Cameron Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been known for over a century that there is an afferent (body-to-brain) component to the visceral-autonomic nervous system. Despite the fundamental importance of bodily afferent information - sometimes called interoception - to central nervous system control of visceral organ function, emotional-motivational processes, and dysfunctino of these processes, including psychosomatic disorders, its role did not receive much attention until quite recently. This is the first comprehensive review of this topic and it covers both neurobiological and psychobiological aspects. The author first defines the issues and gives an historical background starting with the James-Lange theory of emotion, and addresses learning and motivation, roots in Pavlovian conditioning research, and operant conditioning of visceral function. In the second section he reviews recent scientific findings in the neural basis of visceral perception and studies in cardiovascular-respiratory and alimentary interoception. Finally, he discusses several related areas of research and theory including drug state issues, interoception and psychiatric disorders, and bodily consciousness, and suggests directions for future investigation.
Roots in Russian and Eastern European Studies
Authors: Cameron Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary topic of this chapter is the role of Pavlovian conditioning in visceral sensory physiology, that is, a review of the evidence that an organism can sense visceral afferent information, demonstrated by the fact that visceral sensation can play a role in Pavlovian conditioning. Much of this research was completed in the first half of the twentieth century (see Bykov, 1957, 1966; Razran, 1961; Adam, 1967; Chemigovskiy, 1967), but a monograph updating these reviews was recently published (Adam, 1998). This review depends mainly on these secondary resources because most of the primary sources are not generally available and have not been translated into English.
The Neural Basis of Visceral Perception
Authors: Cameron Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the study of the visceral—autonomic nervous system involves a substantial overlap of anatomy and pharmacology. Galen, who lived in the second century, C.E. allegedly recognized a part of the nervous system as separate that is now known to be part of the sympathetic trunk. He also apparently believed that the body parts and organs functioned in “sympathy” and that these nerves coordinated this activity. In the seventeenth century it was recognized that nerve input to the heart contributed to the control of heart rate.
The Alimentary Tract
Authors: Cameron Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will focus on interoceptive processes related to the function of the alimentary, or gastrointestinal, tract. Because of the importance of brain function to interoceptive processes and the importance of imaging techniques in elucidating brain function, before describing the studies of interoception and alimentary function, a short methodological discussion of brain imaging techniques will be provided. Then, the data will be reviewed.
Neurophilosophy: Consciousness And Bodily Awareness
Authors: Cameron Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A propos of the epigraph above, and regardless of how one views the current interest among neuroscientists in philosophical questions (see Blomfield, 1992; Smythies, 1992), interoception clearly is logically related to bodily awareness and the sense of self, and these in turn are related to the issue of consciousness more broadly. A detailed review and discussion of these philosophical issues is beyond the purview of this book and the competence of this author. Nonetheless, because of their importance, issues of potential direct relevance will be noted here.
Introduction
Authors: McMahon Darrin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would be difficult to write a more dramatic denouement to the life of France’s greatest man of letters. The aging philosophe, famed throughout Europe, returns to Paris after years of exile to claim the rewards of eighty-four years of labor. His final play, Irène, will be performed at the Comédie française, but the “modern Sophocles” becomes ill while finishing the piece and is rumored to be on his deathbed. He manages, nonetheless, to complete the work, enabling thousands to attend the opening performance on March 16, 1778, in his absence, including the Queen, the King’s brother, the Count of Artois, the Duke of Bourbon, and the cream of fashionable society. “Never was a gathering more brilliant,” exults the Correspondance littéraire, a leading newsheet of the day.
Before Pornography
Authors: Moulton Ian Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before Pornography explores the relationship between erotic writing, masculinity, and national identity in Renaissance England. Drawing on both manuscripts and printed texts, and incorporating insights from modern feminist theory and queer studies, the book argues that pornography is a historical phenomenon: while the representation of sexual activity exists in nearly all cultures, pornography does not. The book includes analyses of the social significance of eroticism in such canonical texts as Sidney’s Defence of Poesy and Spenser’s Faerie Queene.
Erotic Writing, Effeminacy, and National Identity
Authors: Moulton Ian Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This poem, satire 62 in William Goddard’s collection A MastiffWhelp (sig. E4r)published in 1598, probably at Dort in the Netherlands-sets out in admirably clear and detailed terms one of the structural principles of English notions of gender identity in the early modern period: the opposition between aggressive, martial, active masculinity and enervated, sensuous, passive femininity. Mick, the poem’s subject, has been “metamorphiz’ d”-his shape has been changed from male to female. The change is expressed in a wide variety of registers. Mick serves not Mars, god of War, but Venus, goddess of love (figure 2.1). His “target,” or shield, has been changed into a “Ladies fan.” The martial trumpet’s deep “warlike notes” have changed to the delicate high-pitched tones of a castrato. The masculine skills required for a martial charge have been replaced by womanly skills of seduction: skipping, smiling, kissing, and looking demure. Mick now seduces his foes instead of storming them.
“Courtesan Politic” The Erotic Writing and Cultural Significance of’ Pietro Aretino
Authors: Moulton Ian Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a cultural history of erotic writing in early modern England, Pietro Aretino is a crucial figure.1 Not only did he serve as an ideal type of the erotic poet, he was also praised for his political stance as an independent satirist. Aretino was the primary figure through which early modern England represented erotic authorship to itself-an authorship that was, as we have seen, more native and more widely diffused than this cultural concentration on the mythic figure of a single Italian writer would suggest. Like Machiavelli, Aretino allowed the English to locate certain forms of perceived corruption in a single demonic image of the foreign. An examination of how the figure of Aretino was constructed and deployed in early modern English culture elucidates some of the crucial ways that erotic representation functioned in England prior to the rise of pornography. For modern readers to whom the name may be unfamiliar, it is difficult to realize how prominent the figure of Aretino was in sixteenth-century European culture. Though in his lifetime he was one of the most well-known and widely read European men of letters,2 Aretino’s works have been largely ignored in the years since his death; the coarseness of his style, the lewdness of his subject matter, his bisexual promiscuity, and the extravagant scale on which he extorted income from patrons have all conspired to make him an unpleasant figure in the eyes of later critics.3 And the fact that in 1558, two years after his death, all his writings were placed on the Index and banned throughout Catholic Europe insured that he would become a mythic figure of exotic transgressionknown by rumor and innuendo, more talked about than read.
Introduction: Social Identity and Intergroup Conflict
Authors: Jussim Lee , Ashmore Richard D , Wilder David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intense conflict between nations, ethnic groups, and political groups has created some of the most enduring and lethal social problems humans have ever faced. Slavery, conquest, exploitation, war, mass murder, and genocide are among the most extreme manifestations of intergroup conflict. Such conflicts remain as much a part of the human condition today as ever.
The Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis
Authors: Carr James A , Norris David O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For endocrine organs to respond appropriately to changes in an animal’s environment, their activity must be coordinated with that of other effector systems controlled by the central nervous system. Because most endocrine organs have no way of detecting environmental changes on their own, the link between the nervous and endocrine systems is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis and coordination of complex physiological processes such as growth and reproduction.
The Adrenal Glands
Authors: Carr James A , Norris David O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The adrenal glands play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and coping with stress. These paired organs lie on the superior aspect of each kidney, surrounded by adipose tissue (figure 5-1 ). Each gland consists of an outer cortical region and an inner medullary region that differ in embryonic origin and function. Ceolomic mesoderm in the urogenital ridge gives rise to the cortex, whereas the medulla is composed of cells that migrate from the neural crest, the same tissue that gives rise to sympathetic neurons and melanocytes.
Introduction to the Science of Toxicology
Authors: Dickerson Richard L , Smith Ernest E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toxicology is not a single discipline of science but a synthesis of the disciplines of anatomy, biochemistry, biology, chemistry, physiology, physics, and modeling. Toxicology is a science that was borrowed from the ancient poisoners but has expanded and advanced to the study of molecular biology using toxicants as tools (Gallo, 1995). Toxicology is concerned with adverse effects of physical and chemical agents (toxicants) on living organisms. These agents include drugs, industrial chemicals, plant and animal poison or venoms, light, noise, and radiation.
Fish and Wildlife as Sentinels of Environmental Contamination
Authors: Frame Lynn , Dickerson Richard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fish, wildlife, invertebrates, and microorganisms have been widely touted as sentinels for the health of the environment and thus as protectors of human health (Sheffield et al., 1998; Guillette, 2000; Fox, 2001 ). How sentinel systems can help us detect exposures that may result in adverse effects including endocrine disruption was the subject of a workshop sponsored by the U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, the National Center for Environmental Assessment of the U.S. EPA, and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (van der Schalie et al., 1999).
Endocrine-Active Phytochemicals: Environmental Signaling Context and Mechanisms
Authors: Vajda Alan M , Norris David O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans have long been familiar with the use of plants to modulate fertility, as is evident from the prevalence of contraceptives and abortificants in the Materia Medica of ancient Greek, Roman, Arabic, Ayurvedic, and Chinese physicians (see review by Riddle 1992). But it was not until the twentieth century, when livestock reproduction was impaired by certain pasture plants, that the active chemical constituents were identified and mechanistic studies demonstrated that phytochemicals could interact with vertebrate endocrine systems.
Triazines
Authors: Gross Timothy S , Rauschenberger R Heath 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the widespread use of these chemicals, relatively little is known regarding their potential effects on the health of wildlife and humans. In light of such widespread use and limited information about health effects, there has been an in creasing interest in potential detrimental impacts due to unintended exposure. This chapter covers the physicochemical characteristics of triazine herbicides, as well as the potential mechanisms of action, environmental pathways, effects on vertebrate wildlife, and the overall implications for wildlife and human health.
Management of the Surveillance Information System and Quality Control of Data
Authors: Groseclose Samuel L , Sullivan Kevin M , Gibbs Norma P , Knowles Carol M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the components of a notifiable-diseases surveillance information system and its associated activities, including data collection, entry, editing, and system maintenance. Although the health events and risk factors monitored by surveillance are diverse, including infectious diseases, injuries, environmental and occupational hazards, reproductive outcomes, and various types of behaviors, this chapter focuses on disease-reporting systems for notifiable diseases. We will emphasize the practical management and quality control of a surveillance information system. Public health surveillance encompasses more than the collection and management of health-related data, however; it also requires analysis, interpretation, and use of those data (3).
Ethical Issues
Authors: Snider Dixie E , Stroup Donna F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The above quotation helps to explain the primary reason for a chapter on ethics in a book on surveillance. Effective public health activities, including public health surveillance, depend on a trusting relationship between public health practitioners and the society they are trying to assist (]). This trust is placed at risk when questions of ethics are raised about the appropriateness of certain public health surveillance activities. Such situations have occurred, for example, in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serosurveys (2), screening for genetic diseases (3-5), and some classification and labeling schemes used by epidemiologists (6, 7).
Computerizing Public Health Surveillance Systems
Authors: Dean Andrew G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter on informatics will first explore what technically might be the content and function of an ideal public health surveillance system that computerization makes possible, assessing the gap between this and one of the best of today’s actual systems. The barriers to optimal use of computers in surveillance mostly social, organization, and legal-are described. Then some of the technical problems that must be confronted in thinking about microcomputer-based surveillance are discussed. The chapter leans heavily on examples from the National Notifiable-Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS) in the United States.
Post-Market Safety Surveillance for Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Arrowsmith-Lowe Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is generally accepted that the safety profile of any drug or pharmaceutical product is incomplete at the time of approval and initial marketing (J). Post-market surveillance allows providers, government, and industry to take measures to enhance the appropriate and safe use of medications. Since 1962, pharmaceutical drug products approved for U.S. marketing have been required to meet certain standards for safety and effectiveness.