bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
Authors: Krantz Ian D , Aylsworth Arthur S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atimetable of events involving the development of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas is given in Table 27-1. By the beginning of the 4th week postfertilization in the human, the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) have been es- tablished. The endodermal layer is continuous with the yolk sac cavity and will form the lining of the developing gut (Fig. 27-1a). The portion of the gut that lies dorsal to the heart is the foregut (Fig. 27-1c), and its endodermal lining provides the primordia of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Asymmetry and Hypertrophy
Authors: Abdul-Rahman Omar , Hoyme H Eugene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asymmetry of various body structures results from normal and pathologic developmental processes. Handed asymmetry refers to consistent left/right differences in structure, such as the dextral looping of the heart, variations in the number of lobes vis-a`-vis the two lungs, and abdominal visceral situs. Handed asymmetry must be differentiated from random asymmetry and from the differences that arise between the right and left sides due to mirror symmetry. Mirror symmetry refers to the fact that the slightly asymmetric development of many paired structures does not require differences in morphogenesis between the two sides, but simply reflects the sides developing in mirror symmetry to the midline of the embryo.
The Rest of the Story Restoring Pidginization to Creole Genesis Theory
Authors: Mcwhorter John h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The traditional conception of the life cycle of creole languages has been that they are born as pidgins and subsequently expanded into creoles. This fundamental notion was most explicitly outlined in Hall (1966), followed most explicitly by Bickerton (1981 and later works) and Miihlhausler (1980 and later works) (see also Samarin 1980 and later works).
Creole Transplantation A Source of Solutions to Resistant Anomalies
Authors: Mcwhorter John h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important aspects of creole studies is reconstructing how and why these languages developed. The dominant reconstruction has become what I will call the limited access conception. According to this, creole languages emerged when learners of a language, most often plantation slaves, received only fragmentary input from that language as the result of social or psychological distance. In need of a full language nevertheless, they created one from this material via transfer from substrate languages and the operations of universals of various kinds, be this through an innate bioprogram or more cognitively general universals of second-language acquisition.
Introduction
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Svoboda Jiří A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has long been recognized that human populations and their behaviors underwent a variety of dramatic changes during the middle of the last glacial period, the period also known as the Interpleniglacial or Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS) 3. This has long been framed in the context of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition and as part of the phylogenetic emergence of early modern humans. However, it has become apparent that it involved not only these more generally recognized transitions but also significant human biological, technological, social, and cultural changes within the earlier Upper Paleolithic. For this reason, the Upper Paleolithic complexes of OIS 3 are increasingly divided into an Initial Upper Paleolithic (the Châtelperronian, Bohunician, Szeletian, etc.), the Early Upper Paleolithic (principally the Aurignacian), and the Middle Upper Paleolithic (the Gravettian and its variants in time and space) (Svoboda et al., 1996; Roebroeks et al., 2000; Svoboda & Bar-Yosef, 2003; Svoboda & Sedlácková, 2004). From this comes a recognition, long overdue, of the major amounts of human cultural fluorescence that emerged after 30,000 years B.P. and continued through the middle of the following ten millennia.
The Mandibular Remains
Authors: Franciscus Robert G , Vlček Emanuel , Trinkaus Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Six associated skeletons from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov (Dolní Věstonice 3 and 13–16 and Pavlov 1) preserve a largely complete mandible. They are joined by the lateral corpus of Pavlov 3 and a corpus fragment from Pavlov 4. Even though they are proportionately and functionally part of the facial skeleton and therefore fit with the cranial remains described in Chapter 8, they are also described here because of the frequent isolation of mandibles in the human fossil record. In addition, as structural elements subjected to the biomechanical demands of mastication, they have properties that need to be addressed in a manner semi-independent of the crania with which they were originally articulated. The individual mandibles are described in terms of their preservation and morphology, and then they are compared with respect to a series of metric and discrete traits that have been shown to quantify variability across Middle and Late Pleistocene human mandibles.
Body Proportions
Authors: Holliday Trenton W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last two decades, the study of the body proportions of Late Pleistocene humans has taken on new significance. Specifically, because of their observed relationship with climate among recent humans (New- man, 1953; Roberts, 1978) and the fact that, whereas they exhibit some phenotypic plasticity, there nonetheless appears to be a strong genetic component (Tanner et al., 1982: 419–420; Katzmarzyk & Leonard, 1998; but see Bogin & Rios, 2003), body proportions have been used as phylogenetic markers to study evolutionarily short-term events, such as the emergence of anatomically modern humans in Europe (Trinkaus, 1981; Ruff, 1994; Holliday, 1997a, 2000a,b). However, with few exceptions (e.g., relative femoral head diameter), the study of body proportions requires relatively complete associated skeletons—a rarity in the human fossil record. Yet the Gravettian hu- man skeletons from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov include the remains of six individuals (Dolní Věstonice 3 and 13– 16, and Pavlov 1) who provide data from more than one limb bone, allowing the examination of body shape.
Body Length and Body Mass
Authors: Trinkaus Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The estimation of overall body length (or stature) and lean body mass from the skeletal remains of Pleistocene humans normally involves several steps of estimation, in which any errors might be (but are not necessarily) com- pounded. One can therefore query why one would under- take the exercise of estimating these values, rather than merely using the directly measured or minimally estimated dimensions of the appendicular skeleton as indications of body size. The answers are in both the degree of completeness of the remains and the need to have body mass estimations for the appropriate scaling of weight- bearing limb remains. The Dolní Věstonice 13 to 15 human remains are relatively unusual in preserving at least one of each of the long bones either virtually intact or lacking only portions of the epiphyseal regions, as well as in having complete pelvic remains. In this, they are matched only by several of the Italian Gravettian human remains among their mature contemporaries (e.g., Barma Grande 2, Fanciulli 4 and 5, Ostuni 1, and Paglicci 25); the lost Předmostí 3, 4, 9, 10, and 14 remains; and one Middle Paleolithic specimen (Skhul 4). Among contemporary or older immature remains, only Lagar Velho 1, Sunghir 2 and 3, and KNM- WT 15000 match the completeness of these skeletons.
The Upper Limb Remains
Authors: Trinkaus Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human remains from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov retain an exceptional number of well-preserved upper limb remains, from the claviculosternal articulation to the terminal hand phalanges (Sládek et al., 2000; Chapter 5). With only minor damage to some of the epiphyses and thinner areas of the scapulae, the bones to the distal radii and ulnae are essentially complete for both arms of Dolní Věstonice 13 and 15, and they preserve variable numbers of hand remains (Chapter 5; Table 16.5). The shoulder and arm bones are only slightly less complete for Dolní Věstonice 14, with damage mostly to the clavicular ends, the proximal humeri, and the distal forearms (which was exacerbated by the lack of fusion of the distal radial and ulnar epiphyses). The arm remains of Dolní Věstonice 16 and then Dolní Věstonice 3 have progressively greater damage to the epiphyses, but their arm bones, plus the shoulder remains of Dolní Věstonice 16, are sufficiently intact to permit reasonable estimation of their original interarticular lengths. The hand remains of Dolní Věstonice 13–15 are variably preserved and incomplete, but Dolní Věstonice 16 preserves an almost complete set of its right hand bones and a number of its left hand elements.
Direct Investment and Corporate Governance : Will Multinational Corporations “Tip” Countries Toward Institutional Change?
Authors: Kogut Bruce , Macpherson J Muir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the following question: can multinational corporations serve to improve the growth prospects of developing countries by improving institutions of corporate governance? This is a challenging question that we parse into two smaller questions: first, what do we know about foreign direct investment (FDI) and its effects on growth?; second, in what ways can FDI improve the institutions of corporate governance in a country? FDI (and its major conduit, mergers and acquisitions) plays a significant role in domestic capital formation and, hence, in domestic capital markets.
English Vocabulary Elements
Authors: Denning Keith , Kessler Brett , Leben William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fascination with words-their meanings, origins, pronunciation, usages-is something most of us experience at some point. This book aims both to fuel and to satisfy that fascination. The book is based on a course that each of the authors helped to develop at Stanford University over the past twenty years. The aim of the course was to help students master English vocabulary and to provide the fundamentals for pursuing an interest in English words. To this end, the book offers a detailed but introductory survey of the developments that have given English a uniquely rich vocabulary, taking into account both the changing structure of the language and the historical events that shaped the language as a whole. Anyone who believes that changes in the language are robbing it of its elegance or expressive power will see this view challenged by the developments described here. At the core of the book are a set of several hundred vocabulary elements that English borrowed, directly or indirectly, over the past fifteen hundred years, from Latin and Greek. These elements, introduced gradually chapter by chapter, provide a key to understanding the structure and meaning of much of the learned vocabulary of the language. The chapters trace the history and structure of English words from the sixth century onward, laying out the major influences that are still observable in our vocabulary today. Each chapter ends with a large number of exercises. These offer many different types of practice with the material in the text, making it possible to tailor the work to different sets of needs and interests. Upon finishing this textbook, students will be able to penetrate the structure of an enormous portion of the vocabulary of English, with or without the help of a dictionary, and to understand better how an individual word fits into the system of the language. This second edition incorporates improved and refined text as well as examples and exercises, with thorough revision of pedagogy as a result of their significant classroom-based expertise. The new edition also updates cultural references, accounts for variations in pronunciation among students, and clarifies when historical details are important or peripheral.
Usage and Variation
Authors: Denning Keith , Kessler Brett , Leben William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to now, we have been considering English to be a language. That seems eminently reasonable, yet in a sense it is inaccurate. What goes by the single name English is not a single language. Instead, it is a large set of varieties from different parts of the globe, used in a wide assortment of social situations.
Latin and Greek Morphology
Authors: Denning Keith , Kessler Brett , Leben William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colleges and high schools used to place a far greater emphasis on Latin and Greek than they do now. In Europe, some universities used to require that doctoral dissertations be written in Latin. Times have changed, and the special status once accorded to classical languages is now given to other subjects, including modern languages. But the classical languages remain our most important source of new words, as shown by additions like megavitamin, telecommute, and cyclotron.
The Prehistory of English and the Other Indo-European Languages
Authors: Denning Keith , Kessler Brett , Leben William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins of the different languages of the world have intrigued human beings throughout history. The story of the Tower of Babel in the Hebrew Bible expresses a widespread feeling that the diversity of languages is a remarkable state that needs to be explained: why aren’t we all still speaking the original language of the first humans? As we have seen in previous chapters, linguists now understand that change is a normal and universal characteristic of language. And given the fact that change is certain, it is also certain that the languages of different groups of people will diverge if those people are not in close contact with each other. But it is a large step from understanding divergence as a linguistic generality to understanding the specifics of how the current languages of the world diverged from common ancestors. Research into both the generalizations and the specific details of language history is the concern of historical linguistics.
Hot Spots and Hedges
Authors: Litterman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a tutorial on portfolio risk management. It describes how to identify the primary sources of risk in complex portfolios—the “hot spots”—and how to identify the trades that will reduce those risks—the “hedges.” While this topic, identifying and reducing risk, would seem to be at the heart of risk management, many of the ideas presented here are not well-understood. Unfortunately, too much of the recent focus in risk management has been directed elsewhere—for example, toward under-standing and incorporating the risks of derivative securities. While derivtives can create complex and highly nonlinear payoffs, they are often not the primary source of risk in a portfolio. Also, while risk managers have focused much attention recently on developing firm wide systems to aggregate information from many traders or portfolio managers, they have generally not yet concentrated on how to use that information to obtain a comprehensive understanding of enterprise risk. More generally, while risk managers have also recently developed a greater appreciation of the statistical nature of risk and the need to use statistical measures such as value-at-risk (VaR)1 to quantify, monitor, and set limits on risk-taking activities, the tools required to understand and incorporate these statistical measures in portfolio risk management have lagged behind.2 This most important area of risk management—the development of portfolio analytics based on the statistical understanding of risk—has not received as much attention as it deserves. We hope this chapter helps to address this concern by describing a number of portfolio analysis tools that we have developed at Goldman Sachs in recent years to better understand, manage, and monitor the risks in our clients’ investment portfolios as well as our own trading positions. We focus on the concepts of risk management and how they apply in realistic trading and portfolio management contexts rather than on details of implementation.
Visited at All Seasons (1821–1834)
Authors: Maynard W Barksdale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One day a family rode fifteen miles or so out from Boston to picnic in the woods. Just south of Concord village, their carriage rattled down a narrow, rutted road through a forest. Suddenly a broad sheet of water appeared through the trees. The year was 1821, and four-year-old Henry Thoreau caught his first glimpse of Walden Pond. His parents, John and Cynthia Thoreau, loved the out-of-doors and had often roamed the woods when they lived in Concord, where Henry had been born.
Viewed from a Hilltop (1848–1854)
Authors: Maynard W Barksdale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With all the attention historians have given to Thoreau’s time at Walden, the years immediately following have slipped into obscurity. They are crucial, however, for understanding the development of Walden and for seeing how appreciation of the pond and woods remained a shared endeavor of the Concord transcendental community.
Walden Breezes (1922–1959)
Authors: Maynard W Barksdale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Bill to Make Lake Walden a Reservation,” a headline announced in May 1922. Passage of the bill promised to shape the future direction of Walden, “a spot that has strong literary connections with Concord.” No longer private, it would come under state control as an eighty-plus-acre park with Middlesex County as trustee.
walden.org (1990–2003)
Authors: Maynard W Barksdale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When he heard the name “Don Henley” at the other end of the line, Ed Schofield’s first thought was, “Who?” His TCCA companions had the same reaction—but surely they were somewhat exceptional in not knowing the name of the lead singer of the rock-and-roll band the Eagles, which has sold more than one hundred million albums worldwide with a string of popular songs, including “Take It Easy,” “Heartache Tonight,” and “Hotel California.” Like musician Pete Seeger before him, Henley had long admired Henry Thoreau.
A Layman’s Document, Not a Lawyer’s Contract the continuing struggle for popular constitutionalism
Authors: Kramer Larry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the early 1840s, popular constitutionalism and judicial supremacy were sharing space in American political culture, coexisting in an uncertain and sometimes tense relationship. The very diffuseness and decentralization of popular constitutionalism, combined with uncertainty over the means through which it was expressed, helped make this possible by leaving room for advocates of judicial supremacy to continue nursing their claim. The resulting dialectical tug of war continues even today. Struggle has not been constant. It has consisted of periodic confrontations or blowups occurring after years or sometimes decades during which active backers of the two perspectives jostled for position while ordinary citizens remained largely indifferent or unconcerned. Though we cannot know for sure, it is possible, and maybe even probable, that popular constitutionalism was the dominant public understanding during most of these latent periods, even as judicial supremacy was favored by and within the legal profession. What is certain is that popular constitutionalism was the clear victor each time matters came to a head. Yet the end of one cycle simply began another in which the Court and its supporters eventually renewed their efforts to establish judicial supremacy. Resurgent claims of judicial authority, in turn, gave rise to a new wave of criticism as opponents of the judiciary pushed back by advocating a revived or restored commitment to popular constitutionalism.
The Oxford Guide To Financial Modeling
Authors: Ho Thomas S Y , Lee Sang Bin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essential premise of this book is that theory and practice are equally important in describing financial modeling. In it the authors try to strike a balance in their discussions between theories that provide foundations for financial models and the institutional details that provide the context for applications of the models. The book presents the financial models of stock and bond options, exotic options, investment grade and high-yield bonds, convertible bonds, mortgage-backed securities, liabilities of financial institutions -- the business model and the corporate model. It also describes the applications of the models to corporate finance. Furthermore, it relates the models to financial statements, risk management for an enterprise, and asset/liability management with illiquid instruments. The financial models are progressively presented from option pricing in the securities markets to firm valuation in corporate finance, following a format to emphasize the three aspects of a model: the set of assumptions, the model specification, and the model applications. Generally, financial modeling books segment the world of finance as "investments," "financial institutions," "corporate finance," and "securities analysis," and in so doing they rarely emphasize the relationships between the subjects. This unique book successfully ties the thought processes and applications of the financial models together and describes them as one process that provides business solutions. Created as a companion website to the book readers can visit to gain deeper understanding of the book's financial models. Interested readers can build and test the models described in the book using Excel, and they can submit their models to the site. Readers can also use the site's forum to discuss the models and can browse server based models to gain insights into the applications of the models. For those using the book in meetings or class settings the site provides Power Point descriptions of the chapters. Students can use available question banks on the chapters for studying.
The War Power
Authors: Devins Neal , Fisher Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The constitutional boundaries of the war power are determined only marginally by court decisions. The principal forces that define military activities are nonjudicial: presidential decisions to initiate force, congressional decisions to acquiesce or resist, and public pressure for and against military actions. The momentous decision to commit the nation’s blood and deplete its treasury takes place almost exclusively outside the courts. This pattern is evident throughout U.S. history.
Privacy
Authors: Devins Neal , Fisher Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Constitution explicitly protects a range of individual rights from governmental intrusion. In defending those core values, all three branches make important contributions. Privacy rights are not mentioned in the Constitution. Instead, they are defined by agency regulation, congressional statute, or court decision, with no branch having the final say. Increasingly, state legislatures, governors, and state courts are advancing their own concepts of privacy, drawing from different provisions in state constitutions. The driving force behind these governmental actions, whether at the national or state level, comes from individuals and groups pressing their privacy interests.