bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When the Leader is Wounded
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The definition of disease changes over time. Classic neuropsychology was concerned with the effects of brain lesions (bullet wounds, strokes, and tumors) on cognition. This was the knowledge base on which our understanding of brain function was built. Gradually, the scope of neuropsychology has expanded, and today there are more neuropsychologists employed in psychiatric and geriatric settings than on traditional neurology services.
The expansion of neuropsychology reflects the expansion of the definition of brain disease. This, in turn, is a consequence of our society becoming more enlightened, more affluent, and, our occasional misgivings notwithstanding, on the whole more humane. In the old days, it was considered normal that by a certain age people would start “losing their marbles.” Today we know that this is not part of normal aging but rather a consequence of distinct brain disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. In the old days, a poor learner was scolded by his parents, and an unruly pupil was flogged. Today we know about learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder.
Introduction to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hathaway and McKinley (1940, 1943) originally developed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) as a diagnostic aid for use in medical and psychiatric screening. In their original work, they used a method of scale construction referred to as the empirical scale development, or criterion-referenced strategy, to develop the MMPI clinical scales (see Butcher, 2000b). The items making up the clinical scales were selected with assurance that each item on a given scale actually predicted the criterion or membership in a clinical group. For example, in the development of Scale 2, the Depression scale, responses of patients who were clinically depressed were contrasted with those of a group of “normal” individuals. The items that empirically differentiated the groups became the Depression scale; and the individuals who had received high scores on this scale displayed symptoms found in the reference group of depressed patients. The test authors provided a set of appropriate norms for the basic MMPI scales to enable test users to compare a particular patient’s scores with responses of a large group of “normal” individuals.
The Problem of Conjecture
Authors: Ferguson Niall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now nearly six years since President Bush promulgated what has become known as “the Bush doctrine.” The seminal document, published above the president’s signature twelve months after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and titled National Security Strategy of the United States of America, argued that because “deliverable weapons of mass destruction in the hands of a terror network or murderous dictator … constitute as grave a threat as can be imagined,” the president as commander in chief should, at his discretion, “act preemptively” to forestall or prevent any such threat. “As a matter of common sense and self-defense,” the president stated, the United States would “act against such emerging threats before they are fully formed” and before they reached America’s borders.
Olfaction and Its Pleasures: Human Neuroimaging Perspectives
Authors: Gottfried Jay A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I like to think that the editors of this book made a highly calculated decision to insert this chapter on smell immediately following “On the Nature and Function of Pleasure” (Frijda, Chapter 6, this volume) and “The Dialectics of Pleasure” (Cabanac, Chapter 7, this volume). After all, the sense of smell has long played a critical role in hedonic experience, emotion, and behavior. Indeed, the emotional potency of smell can be traced back to unicellular organisms swimming the seas many hundred-millions of years ago.
Helping the Child With Language and Information Processing Issues:Getting to Work When a Youngster Struggles to Understand and Be Understood
Authors: Hirschland Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When children struggle to understand the world around them, or to let others know what they feel and think, we may see signs of withdrawal, frustration, or anxiety. The first step in helping these youngsters is to figure out what elements of information processing are problematic. Then we offer scaffolding to promote skill building in areas of difficulty. Understanding the three part nature of language processing explored in Chapter 2 and the elements of information processing covered in Chapter 3—and consulting language or neurodevelopmental specialists when needed—allows us to get specific before getting to work with these kids.
The Library of Babel
Authors: Bloch William Goldbloom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The universe (which others call the Library) is composed of an indefinite, perhaps infinite number of hexagonal galleries. In the center of each gallery is a ventilation shaft, bounded by a low railing. From any hexagon one can see the floors above and below—one after another, endlessly. The arrangement of the galleries is always the same: Twenty bookshelves, five to each side, line four of the hexagon’s six sides; the height of the bookshelves, floor to ceiling, is hardly greater than the height of a normal librarian.
The Politics of Segregation in Post-Reconstruction America
Authors: King Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after Woodrow Wilson entered the White House in 1913, the Acting Secretary of the Treasury, J. S. Williams, prepared a memorandum about the department’s Bureau of Engraving and Printing, reporting his ‘pleasure of going through the Bureau last evening between 7 and 8’. He noted an arrangement, however, in the ‘sizing department’ disturbing to his sensibilities: ‘young white women and colored women were working together side by side and opposite each other. At one end of the machine would be a young white girl and opposite a colored girl.’ Williams reprimanded the Bureau’s Director for tolerating such proximity of the races: ‘I feel sure that this must go against the grain of the white women.
Working in a Federal Agency: Social Ostracism and Discrimination
Authors: King Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN 1937 the Department of Commerce requested a ‘colored messenger’ for its statistical department. It hired a Black worker who held not only a bachelor’s degree but also a law degree from Howard University. The messenger was engaged in moving large ledger volumes between rooms, as he explained to a hearing of the FEPC: my duties were ... I came in the mornings and dusted off the desk of the Chief of the division; I usually went down and got the mail, and I opened that and put it on the desk of the secretary of the Chief of the division; and for the rest of the time I ran such errands as were assigned me.
Serving Time with the Government: Federal Penitentiaries
Authors: King Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prisons are often considered to be instances of ‘total institutions’ in Erving Goffman’s famous sense. Such a characterization was formulated by one warden in the Federal prison system in 1947: ‘inmates are enclosed in a prescribed physical area. They must have close contact with the same individuals day after day-persons not of their own choice. They must work with the same men, sleep in the same dormitory or cell house with the same men, eat with the same men and even during recreation associate with the same men. They cannot escape from this situation even for a day.’
Globules, Granules, And Fibers
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of the Renaissance, with the decline of the Aristotelian cardio-centrism, the brain became, in accordance with the Hippocratic/Galenic tradition, the organ recognized as the seat of psychic functions. In 1664, the English physician Thomas Willis, to whom we owe the introduction of the term neurology, described, in his Cerebri Anatome, a number of brain structures including the corpus striatum, the mammillary bodies, and the thalamus, distin- guishing between gray matter and white matter. Nevertheless, knowledge of the brain’s microscopic anatomy developed slowly and with difficulty.
The Professor Is In Love
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 5 February 1876 in the Anatomical Amphitheater of our University, I initiated, with an opening lecture, the regular course of Histology that I then continued without interruption. I closed the opening lecture of that course affirming that I would be faithful to the banner carrying the motto “Work, unrelenting work!” [1] More than forty years later, Golgi remembered with these words the beginning of his academic career at Pavia as Professore Straordinario of histology. In the same year Augusto Tamburini was appointed to the professorship left vacant by Lombroso, and Arrigo Tamassia took over the professorship of legal medicine.
Working Unto Death
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last years of Golgi’s life were set in a period of dramatic events for Italy and Europe. On June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Este and his morganatic wife, the Duchess Sophie of Hohenberg, were assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo. After a century of optimistic faith in technical, scientific, and moral progress, Europe plunged into the abyss of World War I, a war that was expected to be over in a few months and instead lasted four years, decimating the youth of the continent.
The Young and the Not-So-Restless Voters
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this book we have emphasized continuity and stability in elections as we consider some of the more hyperbolic claims about phenomena such as swing voting and the gender gap. But what can we say about change? Are there foreseeable changes on the political horizon that may shift the partisan balance of power in future elections? This chapter focuses on young voters and specifically considers whether the current crop will change the dynamics of American politics by adding age-distinctive opinions and party preferences to the mix on election day. Popular wisdom about young voters falls into two broad categories; one has to do with turnout (and that given the right candidate or issues, they can be mobilized in much greater numbers) and the other has to do with their liberal views and presumed future allegiance to the Democrats. We are less sure of these “facts” than are many consultants and reporters. Our expectations are straightforward. We believe that the “millenials” (also called “Generation Y”) are somewhat more liberal and pro-Democratic than their predecessors. Like generations before them, the key issues and leaders of the contemporary period have left a significant imprint on their political preferences.
The Partisan Bias of Turnout
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For most of the twentieth century, questions of voter turnout received great rhetorical attention but relatively small effort from political campaigns. In presidential elections, when campaigning was at its most energetic, candidates spent the bulk of their resources to influence the direction of the vote with campaign ads. Campaigns behaved as though turnout would rise to a predictable level and that the best way to win elections was to “improve” the vote share among expected voters. To be sure, ads sometimes urged viewers to vote and some fraction of those contacted on behalf of a candidate or party were subjected to little more than a “get-to-the-polls-on-election-day” message. On balance, however, campaign ads attempted to persuade voters of the superior merit of one of the candidates and get-out-the-vote (GOTV) efforts were focused on personal contacts during which a likely voter (and supporter) was urged to vote and offered assistance to get to the polls.
Emotions in Child Psychotherapy
Authors: Barish Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emotions are the common ground of child psychotherapy and a therapist's essential means of communication with children. Improved emotional resilience must be the shared therapeutic goal of all those who work with children and families. In Emotions in Child Psychotherapy, Kenneth Barish presents an integrative framework for child therapy, based on a contemporary understanding of the child's emotional experience. Barish begins with a concise review of recent advances in the psychology and neuroscience of emotions and an analysis of several emotions-interest, shame and pride, anxiety, anger, and sadness-that are essential, but often underappreciated, in therapeutic work with children. Offering an emotion-based perspective on optimal and pathological development in childhood, Barish argues that in pathological development, negative emotions have become malignant and children are locked in vicious cycles of interaction that perpetuate defiance and withdrawal. Based on these principles, Barish presents a comprehensive model for therapeutic work with children and families. He demonstrates how a systematic focus on the child's emotions provides new understandings of all phases of the therapeutic process and effective means of solving persistent clinical problems: how to engage more children in treatment, mitigate the child's resistance, and provide the kind of understanding to children that promotes openness, initiative, and pro-social character development. Finally, Barish offers a set of active therapeutic strategies that will help repair family relationships damaged by frequent anger and resentment, as well as specific techniques to help parents resolve many of the most common challenges of childrearing. Emotions in Child Psychotherapy includes extensive clinical illustrations and addresses many of the problems faced, at some time, by every child therapist. Both richly informative and highly practical, this book will be value to all students of child therapy and to practicing clinicians of differing theoretical orientations.
Psychopathology in Childhood: Malignant and Reparative Processes
Authors: Barish Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each of the theories reviewed in the previous chapter highlights an important dimension of pathological development and describes aspects of the complex phenomenology of childhood behavioral and emotional disturbance. Affect dysregulation; inflexible and coercive parent-child interactions; escalation processes; pessimism; impairment of executive functions and lack of social problem-solving skills; all-or-nothing beliefs; restrictive modes of relating; experiences of fragmentation; “silenced” emotions; and emotional conflict are all readily observable in clinical practice with children and families. Often, several of these processes are apparent in a single family.
Therapeutic Engagement
Authors: Barish Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All effective clinical work with children begins with the engagement of the child in a process of open communication—therapeutic play or talk. The child therapist’s first task is therefore to cultivate a way of being with children—and with each individual child—that facilitates the child’s expression of emotion, in his own individual style. With some children, engagement is a relatively simple matter. These children are eager to talk; the therapist’s sympathetic interest and attentiveness are all that is necessary. But for many children—to varying degrees, anxious, angry, or withdrawn—more active participation by the therapist is required. This aspect of the therapeutic process is generally referred to as establishing rapport with the child and then, a therapeutic alliance—some mutual understanding of the nature of the child’s difficulties and some common purpose. And, of course, it is important, crucially important, to allay a child’s initial anxieties and put him at ease. But more than rapport and more than establishing an alliance are involved in this process.
Child Psychotherapy as a Socializing Process I: Moral Development
Authors: Barish Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many children, especially those who present with impulsive or oppositional behavior, but often for withdrawn and anxious children as well, the child therapist has an inevitable, often explicit, socializing role. These children need to learn to control their aggression, to play by the rules, and to be able to make and keep friends. Perhaps the majority of children referred for psychotherapy require some improved socialization—improved behavioral control or improved peer relationships. Many of these children are sociable and engage easily with adults. In their homes, however, they are “noncompliant,” unable to wait, and make frequent, insistent demands. Often, they do not play well with their peers. They may “overreact” with prolonged crying or anger when they are frustrated or disappointed, or when their feelings are hurt; or quit when things do not go their way; or disguise their anxiety and shame with bravado and braggadocio. They often prefer to play with younger children (or sometimes with older children from whom they more willingly accept an assigned role) and their circle of friends contracts. Regardless of diagnosis, children who are unable to sustain friendships or who evoke frequent critical reactions from parents, teachers, and peers, are at high risk for increasingly severe emotional and behavioral problems in later childhood and adolescence.
Bayesian Monty
Authors: Rosenhouse Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
3.1. A Variation
Version Two: As before, Monty shows you three identical doors. One contains a car, the other two contain goats. You choose one of the doors but do not open it. This time, however, Monty does not know the location of the car. He randomly chooses one of the two doors different from your selection and opens it. The door turns out to conceal a goat. He now gives you the options either of sticking with your original door or switching to the other one. What should you do?
Progressive Monty
Authors: Rosenhouse Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
4.1. Proceed at Your Own Risk
Version Six: This time we assume there are n identical doors, where n is an integer satisfying n 3. One door conceals a car, the other n 1 doors conceal goats. You choose one of the doors at random but do not open it. Monty then opens a door he knows to conceal a goat, always choosing randomly among the available doors. At this point he gives you the option either of sticking with your original door or switching to one of the remaining doors. You make your decision. Monty now eliminates another goat-concealing door (at random) and once more gives you the choice either of sticking or switching. This process continues until only two doors remain in play. What strategy should you follow to maximize your chances of winning?
Introduction
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Magic squares first appeared in ancient Chinese literature, more than 4,000 years ago. They traveled slowly westward through India, Arabia, and Europe, to America. They captured the attention of mystics, astrologers, clergymen, and some of the world’s most brilliant thinkers, including great mathematicians, as well as Benjamin Franklin and Charles Babbage, the inventor of the early computer.
When a Magic Square Is Not Square
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The magic triangle shown in Figure 6.1 is presented by Mochalov [105]. It is constructed with the numbers 1, 2, 3, ... , 9. The four magic triangles shown in Figure 6.2 are constructed with the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Each triangle has a different magic number, as can be verified by adding each number along each side of each triangle. When is a square nota square? When itis a rectangle? After all, a rectangle is a square that has grown too much in one dimension. If we can have magic squares, why notmagic rectangles? A magic rectangle is defined as an array of rc integers, where r is the number of rows and c the number of columns, with the following properties (Jelliss [103], Nakamura [106]):
Magic Squares and Arithmetic
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The unexpected coincidence of mathematical regularities that produces the mystery of magic squares by addition carries over to other mathematical calculations as well. It engenders surprise and pleasure in the squares of the magic curiosities that will follow. Magic Square Subtraction This and the next two arithmetical calculations, multiplication and division, come this way courtesy of math gamester Dudeny [14]. In Figure 7.1, if the middle number is subtracted from the sum of the two end numbers, that result is the magic constant 5. For the top row, for instance, 2 + 4 = 6 and 6 − 1 = 5. You may achieve the same result by subtracting the first number in a line from the second 1 − 2 and that result subtracted from the third 4 − (1 − 2) = 4 − (−1) = 4 + 1 = 5, or by going in the opposite direction 2 − (1 − 4) = 2 − (−3) = 2 + 3 = 5. However, to avoid negative numbers the first method is preferred. Note that the diagonals also give the magic sum, that is, 4 − (5 − 6) = 5 and 2 − (5 − 8) = 5.
Other Magic Squares
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a sequence {1, 2, ... , n2} of consecutive numbers, where n is the order of a magic square, any pair of numbers is said to be complementary if their sum equals the sum of the first and last number of the sequence, that is, n2 + 1. For example, in the case of magic squares of order 5, the pairs (12, 14) and (6, 20) are complementary with respect to the sequence {1, 2, ... , 52}, where the first is 1 and the last is 25. This implies n2 + 1 = 52 + 1 = 26; therefore, 12 + 14 = 6 + 20 = 52 + 1.
A magic square is associated if the numbers on each two cells symmetric with respect to the center are complementary. If the square is even, it must be symmetric with respect to the center of the square.
Magic Squares in Art, Design, and Music
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Art is everywhere and mathematics, though less obvious, is also everywhere. Art is in nature, in the human form, in great cathedrals, in Hindu temples, and in Muslim mosques in the abstract patterns used as decoration. In mathematics, art is in lines and angles and curves; in circles, squares, and triangles; in spheres, cubes, cylinders, and ellipsoids; and all those other objects we see. We have become conscious of the combination of mathematics and art. There is art that is related to math, where mathematical objects like spheres, squares, and cubes are used in drawings and sculptures, and then there is art that is dependent on mathematics, relying on equations and formulations for its visual effects.