bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forsythoside A inhibits apoptosis and autophagy induced by infectious bronchitis virus through regulation of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway
Authors: Xu Jun , Yin Peng , Liu Xuewei , Hou Xiaolin 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes an acute and highly infectious viral disease of chickens, which brings huge economic losses to the poultry industry. Forsythoside A (FTA) is a natural ingredient with wide pharmacological and biological activities, which has been demonstrated to have anti-IBV activities. In the present study, we found that IBV replication reached the highest level of 7.44 ± 0.11 copies/μL at 48 h post infection (hpi) and caused cytopathic effect and apoptosis in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. FTA pretreatment significantly inhibited IBV replication in a dose-dependent manner with an inhibition rate of up to 51.1%. In the presence of interferon deficiency, FTA pretreatment also inhibited IBV replication, indicating that the inhibition of FTA on IBV replication did not rely on the innate immune response of host cells. Additionally, we found that FTA pretreatment attenuated inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy induced by IBV infection. UV-irradiation-inactivated IBV did not affect the viability of BHK cells, but it upregulated the expressions of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) proteins, suggesting that the apoptosis and autophagy induced by IBV infection were through activating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway. FTA pretreatment downregulated the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway, and the PI3K activator and inhibitor were proven to show that FTA pretreatment inhibited IBV-induced apoptosis and autophagy by attenuating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway.

IMPORTANCE
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an acute and highly infectious viral disease that seriously endangered the development of the chicken industry. However, due to the limited effectiveness of commercial vaccines, there is an urgent need to develop safe and effective anti-IBV drugs. Forsythoside A (FTA) is a natural ingredient with wide pharmacological and biological activities, and it has been shown to have antiviral effects against IBV. However, the antiviral mechanism of FTA is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that FTA can inhibit cell apoptosis and autophagy induced by IBV infection by regulating the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. This finding is important for exploring the role and mechanism of FTA in anti-IBV infection, indicating that FTA can be further studied as an anti-IBV drug.
Supplemental Material: U-Th-Pb dating, trace elements, and Sr-Nd isotopes of monazite and allanite as recorders for multi-stage rare earth element mineralization and remobilization in carbonatite dike systems
Authors: Zhang Hao-Xiang , Jiang Shao-Yong , et al.  
Published: November 2023

<p>Table S1: The chemical compositions of allanite and monazite from the Huangjiagou carbonatite. Table S2: The U-Th-Pb dating of monazite and allanite from the Huangjiagou carbonatite. Table S3: The Sr-Nd isotope data of monazite and allanite from the Huangjiagou carbonatite. </p>
The Influence of the A Priori Uncertainty of the Shallow Sea Sound Channel Model on the Vertical Array Gain
Authors: Malekhanov A. I. , Smirnov A. V. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to numerically demonstrate and comparatively analyze the critically strong and ambiguous impact of the a priori uncertainty of a shallow sea waveguide model in its main physical parameters on the output performance of model-based methods for spatial processing of multimode signals received by a vertical antenna array. The scenario is specified when a relatively weak signal of a remote underwater source is received against the background of intensive interference excited by a subsurface source (like a ship, for example) and ambient sea noise excited by wind waves. The considered array processing methods include matched-signal processing, optimal processing of the signal on the background of interference and noise, and suboptimal processing based on matched-mode array filtering of one of the signal-carrying modes with adaptive selection of its number. Quantitative estimates are obtained from above for the environment uncertainties, or model errors, with respect to the sound velocity in the water column and geoacoustic parameters of the underlying bottom, at which the array gain loss does not exceed a given level. It is shown that such estimates are very different both for different environmental parameters and for processing methods, with the determining role played by the conditions of useful signal reception, namely, the modal composition and intensity levels of the interference and sea noise at the array input. The problem statement and results are considered to be useful to detail the requirements for operational oceanography tools designed to support the effective operation of sonar antenna systems in real sea environments.
Chimeric antigen receptors of HBV envelope proteins inhibit hepatitis B surface antigen secretion
Authors: Wang Yang , Li Qiqi , Li Cheng , Wang Cong , Wang Shijie , Yuan Wenjie , Yu Demin , Zhang Ke , Shi Bisheng , Chen Xiaomei , Liu Tiantian , Yuan Zhenghong , Tong Shuping , Nassal Michael , Wen Yu-Mei , Wang Yong-Xiang 
Published: November 2023

ObjectivesChronic hepatitis B (CHB) caused by HBV infection greatly increases the risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of CHB. HBsAg loss is the key indicator for cure of CHB, but is rarely achieved by current approved anti-HBV drugs. Therefore, novel anti-HBV strategies are urgently needed to achieve sustained HBsAg loss.DesignWe developed multiple chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) based on single-chain variable fragments (scFvs, namely MA18/7-scFv and G12-scFv), respectively, targeting HBV large and small envelope proteins. Their impacts on HBsAg secretion and HBV infection, and the underlying mechanisms, were extensively investigated using various cell culture models and HBV mouse models.ResultsAfter secretory signal peptide mediated translocation into endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and secretory pathway, MA18/7-scFv and CARs blocked HBV infection and virion secretion. G12-scFv preferentially inhibited virion secretion, while both its CAR formats and crystallisable fragment (Fc)-attached versions blocked HBsAg secretion. G12-scFv and G12-CAR arrested HBV envelope proteins mainly in ER and potently inhibited HBV budding. Furthermore, G12-scFv-Fc and G12-CAR-Fc strongly suppressed serum HBsAg up to 130-fold in HBV mouse models. The inhibitory effect lasted for at least 8 weeks when delivered by an adeno-associated virus vector.ConclusionCARs possess direct antiviral activity, besides the well-known application in T-cell therapy. Fc attached G12-scFv and G12-CARs could provide a novel approach for reducing circulating HBsAg.
What do young people know about the nicotine in their e-cigarettes?
Authors: Balzer Grace , Landrus Anthony , Ovestrud Ilona , Singer Jill M , Lu Bo , Wagner Dylan D , Klein Elizabeth G , Wold Loren E , Wilson Clark , Tackett Alayna P , Roberts Megan E 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionIn recent years, the nicotine in e-cigarettes has been available in either a ‘free-base’ (unprotonated) or ‘nicotine salt’ (protonated) form. Additionally, e-cigarette nicotine can be either ‘synthetic’ or ‘tobacco-derived’. These dimensions of nicotine have implications for nicotine absorption, bioavailability and sensory experiences. However, it is unclear if the young people using e-cigarettes are aware of these nicotine dimensions.MethodsData came from a cohort of Ohio youth (aged 15–24) who reported using an e-cigarette in the past 4 months (N=271). Participants were enrolled and provided background information in 2021; their 12-month follow-up survey asked about the presence, form and type of nicotine in their usual e-cigarette. Individuals who reported that they could distinguish between tobacco-derived and synthetic nicotine were additionally asked to describe the difference.ResultsOf the 247 youth who reported that there was nicotine in their usual e-cigarette, 71.7% did not know whether it was free-base or nicotine salt and 75.7% did not know whether it was synthetic or tobacco-derived. Awareness was higher among youth who were using e-cigarettes at a greater frequency and quantity. The majority reported that they could not detect a difference between the experience of using synthetic vs tobacco-derived nicotine.ConclusionsThese findings indicate the generally limited awareness about nicotine among youth who used e-cigarettes. Improvements in health communications and requirements for e-cigarette industry disclosures are necessary to ensure that consumers are better informed about the dimensions—and the risks—of the nicotine they are consuming.
Light dark matter axion-wind detection with a static electric field
Authors: Gao Yu , Huang Yongsheng , Li Zhengwei , Ruan Manqi , Sha Peng , Si Meiyu , Yang Qiaoli 
Published: November 2023

AbstractWe explore the axionic dark matter search sensitivity with a narrow-band detection scheme aimed at the axion-photon conversion by a static electric field inside a cylindrical capacitor. An alternating magnetic field signal is induced by effective currents as the axion dark matter wind flows perpendicularly through the electric field. At low axion masses, such as in a KKLT scenario, front-end narrow band filtering is provided by using LC resonance with a high Q factor, which enhances the detectability of the tiny magnetic field signal and leads to thermal noise as the major background that can be reduced under cryogenic conditions. We demonstrate that high $$g_{a\gamma }$$

g

a
γ

sensitivity can be achieved by using a strong electric field $$E\sim $$

E
∼

MVm$$^{-1}$$

-
1

. The QCD axion theoretical parameter space would require a high $$E\sim $$

E
∼

GVm$$^{-1}$$

-
1

field strength. Using the static electric field scheme essentially avoids exposing the sensitive superconducting pickup to an applied laboratory magnetic field.
Release of Lipids Stored in the Intestine by Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Involves a Gut-Brain Neural Pathway
Authors: Mukherjee Kundanika , Wang Rita , Xiao Changting 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND:
The gut hormone GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide-2) plays important roles in lipid handling in the intestine. During postabsorptive stage, it releases preformed chylomicrons stored in the intestine, the underlying mechanisms of which are not well understood. Previous studies implicate the involvement of neural pathways in GLP-2’s actions on lipid absorption in the intestine, but the role of such mechanisms in releasing postabsorptive lipid storage has not been established.

METHODS:
Here, in mesenteric lymph duct cannulated rats, we directly tested whether gut-brain neural communication mediates GLP-2’s effects on postabsorptive lipid mobilization in the intestine. We performed total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy to disrupt the gut-brain neural communication and analyzed lipid output 5 hours after a lipid load in response to intraperitoneal GLP-2 or saline.

RESULTS:
Peripheral GLP-2 administration led to increased lymph lipid output and activation of proopiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus. Disruption of gut-brain neural communication via vagotomy blunted GLP-2’s effects on promoting lipid release in the intestine.

CONCLUSIONS:
These results, for the first time, demonstrate a novel mechanism in which postabsorptive mobilization of intestinal lipid storage by GLP-2 enlists a gut-brain neural pathway.
Zona incerta modulation of the inferior olive and the pontine nuclei
Authors: Bhuvanasundaram Ramakrishnan , Washburn Samantha , Krzyspiak Joanna , Khodakhah Kamran 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The zona incerta (ZI) is a subthalamic structure that has been implicated in locomotion, fear, and anxiety. Recently interest has grown in its therapeutic efficacy in deep brain stimulation in movement disorders. This efficacy might be due to the ZI’s functional projections to the other brain regions. Notwithstanding some evidence of anatomical connections between the ZI and the inferior olive (IO) and the pontine nuclei (PN), how the ZI modulates the neuronal activity in these regions remains to be determined. We first tested this by monitoring responses of single neurons in the PN and IO to optogenetic activation of channelrhodopsin-expressing ZI axons in wild-type mice, using an in vivo awake preparation. Stimulation of short, single pulses and trains of stimuli at 20 Hz elicited rapid responses in the majority of recorded cells in the PN and IO. Furthermore, the excitatory response of PN neurons scaled with the strength of ZI activation. Next, we used in vitro electrophysiology to study synaptic transmission at ZI-IO synapses. Optogenetic activation of ZI axons evoked a strong excitatory postsynaptic response in IO neurons, which remained robust with repeated stimulation at 20 Hz. Overall, our results demonstrate a functional connection within ZI-PN and ZI-IO pathways.
Misnomer or Mistranslation? Western Arithmetic Textbooks by E. T. R. Moncrieff and Alexander Wylie in China in the 1850s
Authors: Kwan Uganda Sze Pui 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Academia is fascinated by the process of how Western science and mathematical knowledge converged with the Chinese mathematical tradition. This topic not only reflects East–West interaction, but also turns upon the philosophical question of whether the Chinese have the scientific or cognitive ability to comprehend critical, logical, and abstract thinking. Fundamental to mathematical knowledge is arithmetic, which deals with numbers and their operations. This paper re-evaluates the significance of Alexander Wylie’s (1815–1887) pioneering role in translating Western arithmetical knowledge in China, through (1) unearthing a mathematician-missionary, Edward Moncrieff (1824–1857), who compiled a textbook of arithmetic and translated associated mathematical knowledge, in particular Euclidian geometry, one year earlier than Wylie, and (2) critically analyzing the concept of arithmetic in their textbooks by means of the method of Begriffsgeschichte.
Flight order does not influence individuals’ flight initiation distance in small bird flocks
Authors: Zhao Jin-Ming , Liu Hong-Chuang , Li Si-Yu , Ding Yi-Hang , Wang Jun-Jie , Zhang Yan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Researchers often measure the flight initiation distance (FID) of a selected individual to represent the FID of the whole groups which may vary with their flight order (the sequence to flee) and their spatial position within a group. In this study, we examined FID of all individuals in small bird flocks in urban environments when approached by an investigator. We found that individuals’ FID did not vary with their flight orders within these flocks. Moreover, the FID of the nearest individual, often used as a proxy for the entire flock, did not differ from the average FID of all flock members. This suggests that the conventional method of measuring the nearest individual’s FID to represent is a valid approximation for representing the behaviour of the entire flock in similar contexts. These results have important implications for understanding anti-predator strategies in group-living animals and can inform future studies in this field.
Can and Should an International Court or Tribunal Define the Term ‘Marine Scientific Research’ under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Authors: Yu Chuxiao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘marine scientific research’ (MSR) is included in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea without a definition. An examination of relevant drafting history reveals that the drafters of the Convention intentionally omitted the definition since they could not reach an agreement on this matter and had to leave it open for future development. Under Article 251 of the Convention, States shall seek to resolve the ambiguity surrounding the term MSR through competent international organisations. In terms of the legal clarification when the law is ambiguous, the role of international courts and tribunals cannot be overlooked. This article assesses the extent to which international judicial organs help to clarify the meaning of the term MSR by examining whether an international court or tribunal can or should define this term. It concludes that an international judicial organ should not define the term MSR in a general sense.
The Natural Number Bias Hampers Secondary School Students in Different Ways: A Conceptual Replication of Van Hoof et al. (2013)
Authors: Hernández Javier Hernández , Xolocotzin Ulises , Aguilar Mario Sánchez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current study investigated how the natural number bias might hamper secondary students by replicating Van Hoof et al. (2013) previous research with a Mexican sample (n = 105). We asked grades 1 and 3 students to solve an online fraction comparison task with items consistent or inconsistent with the natural number bias. Students’ accuracies decreased in incongruent items compared to congruent items. Also, they needed more time to solve incongruent items correctly, suggesting the activation of analytical processes. However, there were no differences between the reaction times of incorrectly answered incongruent items and those of correctly answered congruent items, which indicated that students did not detect conflicts while solving incongruent items. These results partially replicate Van Hoof et al. (2013) and further support the Dual-process account of the natural number bias. We discuss how replication studies might help to deepen the understanding of the natural number bias.
The Impact Sheet to this article can be accessed at 10.6084/m9.figshare.24220003.
Incidence and risk factors of in-hospital prosthesis-related complications following total shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Lu Huishan , Jin Enyou , Xie Hao , Fu Jinlang , Chen Xianhui , Liu Wenqian , Yang Qinfeng , Yu Fang 
Published: November 2023

Background The occurrence of prosthesis-related complications after total shoulder arthroplasty is devastating and costly. The purpose was to determine the incidence and risk of in-hospital prosthesis-related complications after total shoulder arthroplasty utilizing a large-scale sample database. Methods A retrospective database analysis was performed based on Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2010 to 2014. Patients who underwent total shoulder arthroplasty were included. Patient demographics, hospital characteristics, length of stay, economic indicators, in-hospital mortality, comorbidities, and peri-operative complications were evaluated. Results A total of 34,198 cases were capture from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. There were 343 cases of in-hospital prosthesis-related complications after total shoulder arthroplasty and the overall incidence was 1%, with a more than 2.5-fold decrease from 2010 to 2014. Dislocation was the most common category among prosthesis-related complications (0.1%). The occurrence of in-hospital prosthesis-related complications was associated with significantly more total charges and slightly longer length of stay while less usage of Medicare. Risk factors of prosthesis-related complications were identified including younger age (<64 years), female, the native American, hospital in the South, alcohol abuse, depression, uncomplicated diabetes, diabetes with chronic complications, fluid and electrolyte disorders, metastatic cancer, neurological disorders, and renal failure. Interestingly, advanced age (≥65 years) and proprietary hospital were found as protective factors. Furthermore, prosthesis-related complications were associated with aseptic necrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, rotator cuff tear arthropathy, Parkinson’s disease, prior shoulder arthroscopy, and blood transfusion. Conclusions It is of benefit to study risk factors of prosthesis-related complications following total shoulder arthroplasty to ensure the appropriate management and optimize consequences although a relatively low incidence was identified.
Relative dose intensity of taxane-based chemotherapy in breast cancer patients in a tertiary hospital
Authors: Helwani Amira M , Al Suleimani Yousuf M , Al Baimani Khalid , Abdelrahman Aly M 
Published: November 2023

Introduction Breast cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed tumor among women worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and causes of low relative dose intensity (RDI) < 85% for taxane-based chemotherapy regimens used in the treatment of BC in Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH). Methods This was a retrospective study that included 303 BC patients, treated with taxane-based chemotherapy protocols at SQUH. RDI was calculated for each chemotherapy regimen and causes and predictors of low RDI < 85% were identified. Prophylactic and therapeutic supportive measures for certain toxicities were studied. Results 50.8% of the patients had neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 38% had adjuvant chemotherapy, and 11.2% of patients were given palliative treatment. AC-T and AC-THP were the most used regimens (40.3% and 17.2%). Mean RDI of used taxane-based chemotherapy regimens was 93.4%. Dose delays, dose reductions, and treatment discontinuation occurred in 36.6%, 14.8%, and 11.5%, respectively. Thirty-eight patients (12.5%) had low RDI < 85% which was reduced to 9.9% after the use of an alternative taxane. Age and chemotherapy intent were significant risk factors. 83.8% received primary granulocyte colony stimulating factor. Conclusion An optimal RDI greater than 85% was achieved in most cases. Furthermore, prophylactic and therapeutic supportive measures were widely used.