bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anglicization and Social Change
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two decades after Leisler’s Rebellion have most commonly been discussed in terms of enduring battles between Leislerians and anti-Leislerians. Those tensions, though visible and vexing, were nevertheless not the most significant phenomena of these two decades, nor even the most pressing problem in public affairs, as we shall soon see. What was most significant, and irrevocable, about the years 1691–1710 was that the discontinuities between new English institutions and older Dutch domination began to be more evident than the accustomed persistence of Dutch legacies and development. In a word, anglicization became widespread: in the arrangements of public life throughout the province, and socially in all areas except for the upper Hudson Valley.
It is ironic, perhaps, that pervasive anglicization first occurred under the aegis of a Dutchman, William III. But the irony only indicates that monarchs meant less than the inner dynamics of social change. Just as the Dutch in New York had largely retained their identity under the English proprietary, 1664–85, so they would start to lose it under the Prince of Orange who ruled Great Britain after 1688.
Expansion, urbanization, and The Problem of Community
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having treated the constitutional, ecclesiastical, and cultural developments that were most salient in eighteenth-century New York, we must turn next to social life within particular localities. This is necessary because of the colony’s diversity; because such varied matters as poor relief, land speculation, and landlord. tenant relationships affected a great proportion of the provincial population; because the middle third of the eighteenth century was an important period for the development of social institutions; and, most of all, because only by examining the localities. can we fully perceive the most critical social problem of that generation: the problem of achieving community in a heterogeneous and burgeoning society.
We might well begin by looking at a few comparative figures in order to get a clearer sense of demographic change, both within the colony and by contrast with its• neighbors.
Water, Woods, and Winter
Authors: Lankton Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On August 1, 1848, Ruth Douglass took tea with her husband, Columbus Christopher Douglass, at their residence in Detroit. The young wife enjoyed spending such moments with her thirty-six-year-old husband. On this occasion, “Mr. Douglass,” as she called him, had interesting news: he had received a letter from the Ohio and Isle Royale Mining Company, offering him a position. Would he be interested in going up to Lake Superior to establish a copper smelting works on Isle Royale, located fifty miles northwest of Upper Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula?
The proposition unsettled both husband and wife. C. C. Douglass had kicked around quite a bit during his life. Born in New York state, he had moved west to lower Michigan as a child and later returned east to study geology. Starting in 1837—the year Michigan became a state—he had served as an assistant on geological expeditions headed by his cousin, Douglass Houghton, Michigan’s first state geologist. In that capacity he had first journeyed north to Lake Superior to explore the region’s novel deposits of almost pure, metallic copper. After a mine rush to the Keweenaw’s copper district began in 1843, Douglass consulted for new companies searching for workable deposits of the native metal, and he invested in one of the region’s earliest stores.
Historical Ecology
Authors: Livingstone D A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often assumed that the natural environment does not change. Temperature and rainfall, for example, are expected to vary around some climatic mean. Actually, climate has changed, is changing, and will change in the future. It would be safer to assume constant change than climatic constancy, and the geologic record reveals many climatic changes great enough to affect human affairs. Periods of very large and rapid change are not the norm, but one scans the geologic record in vain to find long periods of climatic constancy. On this restless earth there seems to be no qualitative boundary between the short-term small-amplitude changes we perceive as weather and longer-term phenomena such as ice ages.
Coral Reefs and Nearshore Fisheries
Authors: McClanahan T R , Obura D O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Due to high numbers of species, productivity, and complexity of species interactions some ecologists refer to coral reefs as the “ultimate ecosystem”. This complexity and diversity fascinates naturalists and scientists, but this same complexity also makes a comprehensive understanding and subsequent management of coral reefs difficult. Nonetheless, recent efforts since the development of SCUBA diving have made the coral reef more accessible to scientists, naturalists, and tourists, and our interest and understanding has increased greatly.
City of Light
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fiber optic technology is revolutionizing telecommunications and thus our lives. Networks of optical fibers have spread around the world, opening the door to the possibility of a new information age, and spurring telephone and cable television companies into a billion-dollar race for control over the next generation of services and equipment. The story of this technology is fascinating complex, and largely untold. Hecht tells this story, from its beginning in 19th-century attempts to guide light, for purposes of illuminating the insides of the human body, to today's mysterious, ubiquitous communications technologies. We hear the crucial conversation in 1951 that led to the realization that optical fibers might conduct light if coated with a layer of transparent material. Hecht also describes the medical technologies developed in the 1960's, which allowed doctors to see inside patients' stomachs and better understand gastric disorders. And we learn of the race to develop fiber-optic technology that could control the laser, the brilliant concentrated beam that captured the imagination of the physics community. This history is meticulously detailed from beginning to end, allowing for explorations of experiments that now seem strange and even humorous, but nonetheless illuminate the origins of the technology. We get the whole story, including the huge range of contributing characters, accidents, and revolutionary ideas. The book is infused with the spirit of fascination and fun, and the reader will enjoy the story for its own sake, as well for the historical picture it provides of a technology on which we all depend.
Introduction
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sunday evening phone call sounded completely ordinary. A friend who lives a few miles away wanted me to call a few other Caltech graduates for the alumni association. I had helped him before, and I agreed to help him again. We chatted a bit, and as we finished, he added, ‘‘You know how dedicated I am? I’m calling from my hotel room in Cairo at two in the morning.’’ I was stunned. When I was growing up in the 1950s and 1960s, it was rare to get long-distance calls from relatives a few hundred miles away. They didn’t call to chat but to report news in static-toned voices that sounded far, far away. My friend’s voice sounded as clear and sharp as a telephone can be, as if he was calling from his home in the next town, not 5400 miles away in Egypt. Such miracles are the daily work of fiber optics.
Time Preference
Authors: Lipscomb J , Weinstein M C , Torrance G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is broad agreement that, in cost-effectiveness analyses, all future costs and health consequences should be stated in terms of their “present value” to the decision maker. Only then will the interventions’ cost-effectiveness ratios be appropriately adjusted for the differential timing of costs and consequences so that the decision maker can compare each from the same temporal baseline. Virtually all checklists of the methodological “commandments” on how to conduct CEAs include such injunctions (e.g., Drummond et al., 1987; Eisenberg, 1989).
Mussel Slough and the Contradictions of Squatter Capitalism
Authors: Henderson George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1870s, the San Joaquin Valley was among the first of California’s agricultural areas to be singled out for extensive commercial potential. In books and pamphlets by the Central and Southern Pacific Railroads and by local boards of trade, the valley’s hundred-mile-wide, five-hundred-mile-long corridor was praised for its endless pastures and vast acreages of grain (e.g., Hittell 1874; Nordhoff 1872; Orr 1874; see also Starr 1981 and 1985). But in nearly the same breath, the authors of these tracts expected that bonanza farming and stock raising would not last forever. In isolated pockets, such as Mussel Slough near the southern end of the valley, in the Tulare Lake Basin, there had already begun more intensive agricultural practices based on irrigation.
Take Me to the River: Water, Metropolitan Growth, and the Countryside
Authors: Henderson George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This film is a heady, phantasmagoric reminder of the capitalist polis as the accumulator of materiel, of infrastructure, par excellence. But thrive as it will, the hydrocircuitry also wrings the life out of the surrounding environment. Urban plumbing is the flip side of every acre of land having been scoured and turned into desert. Anymore, the rural lives on only in dreams-dreams produced from within the heart of the city itself. (In the movie, this is not only bad for the environment but bad for the dreamers.) Attempting to hide the inversion is “Central Services.” Their logo is a lake of fresh, clean water sprouting a branching tree of aqueducts; their motto, “ducts in designer colors to suit your demanding taste.” Central Services tends to the vast landscape of tubes and pipes, which are an essential mechanism for the maintenance of political and economic power. Those characters who understand how the plumbing works join together in an organized underground movement against political corruption. They use the urban blueprint against itself, sabotaging its hoses, turning valves on and off, in order to wreak havoc on the halls of power.
Casting Shadows in the Field: An Introduction
Authors: Cooley Timothy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music’s ephemeral nature predisposes ethnomusicologists to embrace multiple realities. As Levi-Strauss suggests, “music ... bring[s] man face to face with potential objects of which only the shadows are actualized” (1969:17-18). Ethnomusicologists often feel as if they are chasing shadows in the field when striving to perceive and understand musical meaning. Musical meaning is often ambiguous or liminal, inviting ethnomusicologists into a dialogue of multiple realities-a dialogue now shared by social scientists endeavoring to understand other aspects of culture. With a spirit of unboundedness, this volume focuses on chasing shadows-on field work-as a crucial link in ethnographic processes. The chapters presented engage issues in fieldwork from a stance of cultural relativism and ideological diversity while looking critically at new models for ethnography that populate this post postmodern generation, including feminist theories, phenomenology, reflexive and dialogic ethnography, and others. Drawing from established disciplines, ethnomusicology enjoys the advantages of being a flexible academic field, seemingly in a perpetual state of experimentation, that gains strength from a diversity and plurality of approaches (A. Seeger 1987a:493-94; 1992:107). In this sense, ethnomusicologists are in a unique position to question established methods and goals of the social sciences, and to explore new perspectives. These new perspectives are not just for ethnomusicologists, but also for all ethnographic disciplines.
Confronting the Field(Note) In and Out of the Field: Music, Voices, Texts, and Experiences in Dialogue
Authors: Barz Gregory F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Field research is performed. The performance of field research is one of the most meaningful processes engaged by ethnomusicologists to define themselves. And writing about field research—ethnography, field diaries, fieldnotes-is often part of the process of re-performing field research. In this period of post-postmodernism the social sciences can no longer claim that the fieldworker escapes significant participation in the total cultural performance of field research. Performance is, after all, according to Johannes Fabian, “not what they do and we observe; we are both engaged in it” (1990:xv, emphasis added). In recent literature on field research and representation, ethnographers assign greater importance to writing in the field; experiences are transformed into texts, and fieldworkers, informants, friends, and teachers emerge as actors in a social drama.1 Reflections on ethnographic writing often neglect texts produced while still in the field-fieldnotes. Fieldnotes are for many ethnomusicologists an essential aspect of knowing; they are not only critical in determining what we know, but also illustrative of the process of how we come to know what we know. In this chapter I suggest that fieldnotes are part of the process that informs both interpretation and representation, understanding and analysis of experience—in and out of the field.
Experiential Bases for Esthetic Decisions
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamental thesis of this book is that the ultimate task of architecture is to act in favor of human beings – to interpose itself between people and the natural environment in which they find themselves in such a way as to remove the gross environmental load from their shoulders. The central function of architecture is thus to lighten the very stress of life. Its purpose is to maximize our capacities by permitting us to focus our limited energies upon those tasks and activities that are the essence of the human experience.
Silence—Men at Work: Control of the Sonic Environment
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the other sensory perceptual systems of the human body, that of hearing occupies its own special habitat in the external world. Like the eye and the nose, the ear scans that habitat across time and space, bringing in important information on events in that world. And submerged, like the eye, in a sea of electromagnetic energy, it perceives only a relatively small portion of the total spectrum of terrestrial sounds (Fig. 6–1). This aural habitat can be quantified and topologically described as having five dimensions: (1) a spectral or “horizontal” dimension of wavelength frequencies, (2) an energy-input or “vertical” dimension of pressure,* (3) a depth or “longitudinal” dimension, as expressed in reverberation period, (4) a dimension across time, and (5) a dimension of direction. Because many sounds can coexist in the same space at the same time, the sonic environment is very rich in aural stimulation; the ear has developed a corresponding capacity to perceive much of this complexity.
Skeleton and Skin: The Morphological Development of Structural Systems
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although for thousands of years and in all parts of the world many cultures have shown a superb grasp of one or another aspect of the spectrum of structural possibilities, a comprehensive and universal—that is, scientific—theory of structure has been established and applied only in the last century or so. The marble porticoes of the Parthenon and the articulated wooden skeletons of the Ise Shrine in Japan, the plastic concrete vaulting of Diocletian’s Palace and the stone-ribbed vaulting of the High Gothic in England or Bohemia, the mud-walled skyscrapers of the Moroccan oases and the monumental rubble masonry of the Mayans—each of these is the end product of a self-contained process of experimentation and refinement. Each represents a summation of one specific aspect of structural experience, developed within one specific set of objective conditions—cultural, technological, geographical. But, encapsulated by the accidents of history and lacking both the internal coherence and external applicability that only the mathematics of modern science could afford, none of these could yield a universal theory. The planned accumulation of structural knowledge, the systematic exploration and development of applied mechanics, the standardized testing of natural materials and the deliberate search for new synthetic ones-all of these essentials to a scientific theory of structure had to await the maturation of the Industrial Revolution1 (Figs. 8–1 through 8–4).
The Paradox of Fiction
Authors: Matravers Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am going to assume, in what follows, that when we engage with a fiction we are participating in a game of make-believe; that is (if you prefer), that we are engaging in an imaginative effort. In this paper I shall attempt to identify the kind of game we are playing. I begin with two words of caution. First, identifying the kind of game will be a matter of finding a game whose structure best reflects the facts about our engagement with fiction. The fit, however, will not be exact. In a game of mud pies, the fact that the cardboard box holds a maximum of six globs of mud may make it true in the game that the oven holds a maximum of six pies, but the fact that the box has “Fyffes bananas” written on the side of it will probably not make it true in the game that the oven has the same. Second, the variety of works of fiction makes it unwise to assume that one kind of game will cover all cases. These two provisos might be thought to vitiate my project before it begins. In the face of an objection to my first proviso, namely, that the kind of make-believe I maintain we play with fiction does not mirror the facts of our relations with fiction, I can reply that the structure is not isomorphic in that particular respect. In reply to the claim that in some particular instance we do not play the game of make-believe that I suggest we do, I can simply agree and count it as one of the many exceptions to the rule.
On Looking into Titian’s Assumption
Authors: Lyons William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In volume 2, chapter 25, of his capolavoro, The Principles of Psychology, William James discourses on the nature of emotion. He begins with a comparison between emotions and instincts. While every object that excites an instinct can also excite an emotion, the reverse is not the case. Some objects might strike us as hilarious or worthy of deep admiration, to take just two examples, but would not thereby excite in us any of those reflex actions or reactions we call instinctive. In addition, emotional reactions are more internal and physiological than behavioral and practical. They primarily exhibit themselves as a rigidity of this muscle or a relaxation of that one, a constriction of arteries here or a dilation of them there, a quickening of the pulse or a slowing, and so on. These patterns of physiological changes associated with emotion are, of course, also personal and idiosyncratic to a certain extent, like everything else to do with individual humans.
Art, Narrative, and Emotion
Authors: Carroll Noel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the great interest in the reception of art and media in recent years, little attention has been paid to the way in which narrative fictions, whether high or low, address the emotions of readers, listeners, and viewers. Instead, emphasis is generally placed on hermeneutics. Interpretation of what is loosely called the meaning of the work has preoccupied attention in the humanities. New interpretations, often called symptomatic readings, of what are generically identified as “texts” are still the order of the day in liberal arts journals. And even what some in cultural studies call “recodings,” and what some feminists call “readings against the grain,” focus on the putative interpretive activities of certain groups of readers, listeners, and viewers. What is not studied in any fine-grained way is how works engage the emotions of the audience. What I wish to deal with in this article is how we might go about doing just that.
It is not my contention that, in principle, hermeneutics is illegitimate. Rather, I think that our research into the arts should be supplemented by considering their relation to the emotions, especially if we are interested in audience reception. Moreover, the present moment is particularly propitious in this respect, since recent research into the emotions over the last two decades in fields like psychology and philosophy have made the possibility of interrogating the relation of art to the emotions feasible with a heretofore un imagined level of precision.
Power Performance for Singers, Transcending the Barriers
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To perform well in today’s highly competitive world where technical skills have been advanced to an unprecedented degree, a singer must be able to handle incredible pressure within the performing arena; his or her ability to deal with this stress will often determine whether he or she will succeed. Why, then, do singers with less technical skill sometimes out-perform stars? Why do some stars suddenly stop performing? What is that mysterious factor that makes an electric performance? Consistent, competent performances do not depend solely upon superior vocal skills, nor are they a matter of luck. On the contrary, the best performances result from a combination of mental attitude, concrete performing skills, and excellent technical skills in that order. Yet most singers have never had the opportunity to acquire the essential skills that make for a successful career. Written as a self-help manual for singers at all levels of expertise, Power Performance for Singers is designed to teach performing artists, and especially singers, how to experience elite performance at their level. The skills outlined in this book will help singers use what they have, to enjoy their voices during performance, and to perform consistently to the best of their present ability.
Topographic History of the Western Cordillera of North America and Controls on Climate
Authors: Chase Clement G , Gregory-Wodzicki Kathryn M , Parrish Judith Totman , DeCelles Peter G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topography of the earth’s surface is crucially important in both climatic and tectonic studies. Numerical models of ancient climate depend with some sensitivity upon the boundary conditions of paleotopography. To interpret paleoclimate indicators in terms of more than local climate requires knowledge of the elevation at which the indicators formed. Despite the relative ease with which present elevations may be measured, quantitative paleoaltimetry is much more difficult to achieve. We review here a number of ways of estimating paleoelevations, and summarize results that bear on the elevation history of the Western Cordillera of North America from Late Cretaceous through Cenozoic time (-80 Ma-Present).