bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Going to Extremes
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do people become extremists? What makes people become so dismissive of opposing views? Why is political and cultural polarization so pervasive in America? Why do groups of teenagers, investors, and corporations take unnecessary risks? What leads groups to engage in such destructive acts as terrorism and ethic cleansing? In Going to Extremes, renowned legal scholar and best-selling author Cass Sunstein offers startling insights into why and when people gravitate toward extremism. Sunstein marshals an abundance of evidence that shows that when like-minded people talk to one another, they tend to become more extreme in their views than they were before. This point applies to such diverse groups as religious organizations, corporate boards, investment clubs, and White House officials. Sunstein introduces original research to show that when liberals are brought together to debate climate change, they end up more alarmed about climate change, while conservatives brought together to discuss same-sex unions become skeptical about same-sex unions. In courtrooms, radio stations, and chatrooms, enclaves of like-minded people are breeding ground for extreme movements. Sunstein shows that a good way to create an extremist group, or a cult of any kind, is to separate members from the rest of society, either physically or psychologically. This disturbing finding casts new light on the dangers that arise whenever people self-select into niche groups of the like-minded. Sunstein's findings help to explain such diverse phenomena as political outrage on the Internet, unanticipated "blockbusters" in the film and music industry, the success of the disability rights movement, ethnic conflict in Iraq and former Yugoslavia, and Islamic terrorism. Providing a wealth of real-world examples--sometimes entertaining, sometimes alarming-- Sunstein offers a fresh explanation of why partisanship has become so bitter and debate so rancorous in America and abroad--and of what concrete steps citizens and nations might take to halt the drift towards unjustified extremism.
Why America Fights
Authors: Brewer Susan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the evening of September 11, 2002, with the Statue of Liberty shimmering in the background, television cameras captured President George W. Bush as he advocated war against Iraq. This carefully stage-managed performance, writes Susan A. Brewer, was the culmination of a long tradition of sophisticated wartime propaganda in America. In Why America Fights, Brewer offers a fascinating history of how successive presidents have conducted what Donald Rumsfeld calls “perception management,” from McKinley’s war in the Philippines to Operation Iraqi Freedom. Brewer’s intriguing account ranges from analyses of wartime messages to descriptions of the actual operations, from the dissemination of patriotic ads and posters to the management of newspaper, radio, and TV media. When Woodrow Wilson took the nation into World War I, he created the Committee on Public Information, led by George Creel, who called his job “the world’s greatest adventure in advertising.” In World War II, Roosevelt’s Office of War Information avowed a “strategy of truth,” though government propaganda still depicted Japanese soldiers as buck-toothed savages. In the Korean War, the Truman administration delineated differences between “good” and “evil” Asians, while portraying the conflict as a global battle between the Free World and Communism. After examining the ultimately failed struggle to cast the Vietnam War in a favorable light, Brewer shows how the Bush White House drew explicit lessons from that history as it engaged in an unprecedented effort to sell a preemptive war in Iraq. Yet the thrust of its message was not much different from McKinley’s pronouncements about America’s civilizing mission. Impressively researched and argued, filled with surprising details, Why America Fights shows how presidents consistently have drummed up support for foreign wars by appealing to what Americans want to believe about themselves.
Moral Panics and the Copyright Wars
Authors: Patry William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metaphors, moral panics, folk devils, Jack Valenti, Joseph Schumpeter, John Maynard Keynes, predictable irrationality, and free market fundamentalism are a few of the topics covered in this lively, unflinching examination of the Copyright Wars: the pitched battles over new technology, business models, and most of all, consumers. In Moral Panics and the Copyright Wars, William Patry lays bare how we got to where we are: a bloated, punitive legal regime that has strayed far from its modest, but important roots. Patry demonstrates how copyright is a utilitarian government program - not a property or moral right. As a government program, copyright must be regulated and held accountable to ensure it is serving its public purpose. Just as Wall Street must serve Main Street, neither can copyright be left to a Reaganite “magic of the market.” The way we have come to talk about copyright - metaphoric language demonizing everyone involved - has led to bad business and bad policy decisions. Unless we recognize that the debates over copyright are debates over business models, we will never be able to make the correct business and policy decisions. A centrist and believer is appropriately balanced copyright laws, Patry concludes that calls for strong copyright laws, just like calls for weak copyright laws, miss the point entirely: the only laws we need are effective laws, laws that further the purpose of encouraging the creation of new works and learning. Our current regime, unfortunately, creates too many bad incentives, leading to bad conduct. Just as President Obama has called for re-tooling and re-imagining the auto industry, Patry calls for a remaking of our copyright laws so that they may once again be respected.
Priming For Pro Bono: The Impact of Law School on Pro Bono Participation in Practice
Authors: Schmedemann Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three social psychologists who have spent decades studying volunteerism depict volunteering this way: “People participate in volunteer work in the face of substantial obstacles—it is effortful, it is work and work performed on an unpaid basis, it is time consuming, and it involves interactions with strangers. Some volunteers engage in work that is clearly trying” (Clary et al. 1996:485–486). These observations fit legal pro bono publico well; pro bono work is, indeed, effortful, unpaid, time-consuming, and sometimes, if not often, trying (Gocker in this volume). This chapter discusses the influence that one major element of the legal profession—law school—may have on new lawyers’ decisions to engage in pro bono. The chapter draws on the social science literature on volunteerism and community service learning and presents findings from surveys of over 1,000 lawyers and law students. More specifically, the chapter examines two facets of legal education as it relates to pro bono work: (1) participation in a law school pro bono program and (2) the development of pro-social attitudes during law school. “Pro-social” in this paper means an orientation toward assisting people in one’s community, and such attitudes include, for example, empathy and compassion. The findings reveal that both affect a lawyer’s decision to pursue pro bono work in practice. The chapter concludes with recommendations for law schools seeking to prime their students to perform pro bono.
Women and the Mafia:The Power of Silence and Memory
Authors: Siebert Renate 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I got rid of all of them. Maybe if what I wanted was revenge they would have offered me it. But what I wanted was the truth for Peppino, just like Peppino wanted the truth. And the truth was against them. And I shouted it out: the Mafia killed my son. And I’ll keep on shouting it as long as I live. Whoever comes to talk to me about my son pays me a tribute. (Felicia Bartolotta Impastato, wife of a member of the Mafia, and mother of a leftwing activist killed by the Mafia) The men of Cosa Nostra are very careful about what they say to their wives. For them women have their own way of thinking about things. All women, including those who come from Mafia families or who have married into them. When a woman is pierced to the heart, there is no trying to reason with her. Cosa Nostra doesn’t exist for her, nor the conspiracy of silence; there is no rule or reason that will hold her back.
A History Of British Trade Unions Since 1889
Authors: Clegg Hugh Armstrong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the third and final volume in the authoritative History of the British Trade Unions since 1889. It covers the years between 1934 and 1951. These years saw gradual recovery from the world-wide economic depression, the Second World War, and its aftermath of austerity and development. It was a period of great achievement for the labour movement. Hugh Armstrong Clegg traces the story of the trade unions, their policies, their leaders, and their relations with government. Professor Clegg carefully sets his study against the economic and political background of the period, and provides a wealth of valuable detail. This is a comprehensive and dispassionate account by a leading authority on British trade unions and their history, which will be an important source for all historians of the labour movement in Britain.
Medicine in the Classical World
Authors: Longrigg James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
0 NE of the most impressive contributions of the ancient Greeks to Western culture was their invention of rational medicine. It was the Greeks who first evolved rational systems of medicine free from magical and religious elements and based upon natural causes. Here for the first time in the history of medi cine were displayed strikingly rational attitudes that resulted in a radically new conception of disease, whose causes and symptoms were now accounted for in terms of purely physical causation.
It is clear from our earliest literary sources, however, that attitudes towards sickness and disease in the heroic age of Greece were not essentially different from those of the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians, who invoked supernat ural agencies to explain the causes of disease. In Egypt and Babylon diseases were held to be caused by malignant demons. Similarly, in ancient Greece sickness and disease were linked with the supernatural.
From the Germ Theory to 1945
Authors: Tansey E M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE latter half of the nineteenth century was characterized by exploration and change, both physical and intellectual. The appearance of The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (1848) and Origin of Species by Charles Darwin (1859), both of which were to have enormous impact and influence, epitomize that intellectual reform, and social and scientific revolu tion. At the same time, expeditions to remote regions, tropical and polar, to high altitudes or bathyspheric depths, coincided with explorations into new microscopic and atomic worlds, as techniques and instruments increasingly revealed the physico-chemical determinants and mechanisms ofliving mater ial, and promoted investigations into disease causation. The records of these enquiries and explorations became ever more visual, especially after the announcement of Daguerre’s discovery in 1839 of photography. Images as diverse as photomicrographs, X-rays, and physiological tracings not only began to be used as techniques of record and note, but also became increas ingly incorporated into routine practice and research as integral components of the conduct of medicine and medical science.
The Concert Of Europe And Security Management In The Nineteenth Century
Authors: Richardson Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Britain has declared her disposition with certain exceptions to sacrifice these conquests for the welfare of the Continent, being Desirous of providing for her own security by a common arrangement, rather than by an exclusive accumulation of strength and resources.’ It would be difficult to find a clearer repudiation of relative gains seeking than this British Cabinet statement of 1813. The gains spoken of were military conquests won in the course of the Napoleonic Wars. The British government, then as now am bivalent about its role in Europe, was nevertheless prepared to relinquish these gains in order ‘to promote the general interest’.
The Osce And German Policy: A Study In How Institutions Matter
Authors: Peters Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Germany’s immediate aim is to rid itself of the burden of being Europe’s battle field Its medium-range interest is to rid itself of foreign soldiers, which would turn it from an instrument of alliance policy into an entirely independent entity of its own. But its long-range goal is reunification or, to paraphrase U.S. Secretary of State James Baker in another context, dreams of a Greater Germany. That dream is-there is no need to be diplomatic-everybody’s nightmare. The problem is that a united Germany, or even a confederated Germany, would be the hegemonic power in an independent Europe.
The myth of the asean way? Explaining the evolution of the asean regional forum
Authors: Johnston Alastair Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first glance, one wonders why the ASEAN Regional Forum even exists at all. The ARF, set up in 1993 and the only multilateral security institution in the Asia-Pacific region at present, is so underinstitutionalized the members don’t even call themselves members. The correct term is ‘participants’. ‘Membership’ sounds too permanent. The ARF’s first meeting lasted three hours. It now meets once a year for about a day. There is no secretariat. It doesn’t call the groups that do intersessional work ‘working groups’. This, too, sounds too permanent. Rather they are called ‘intersessional support groups’ (ISG) and ‘intersessional meetings’ (ISM). This is because ‘meet ings’ do not sound very institutionalized.
War and the English in the Reign of Henry VIII
Authors: Elton Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII’s reign, approximately nine saw the realm involved in war against France and Scotland (1511–14, 1522–5, 1543-6); in addition, a sort of half-declared state of war prevailed on the Scottish border between 1532 and 1534, and in the years 1537–40 a threat of war hovered over the missions of Cardinal Reginald Pole on behalf of the Pope against his royal cousin of England. This frequency of hostilities contrasted rather notably with his father’s reign, when the only positive foreign war (1489–92) ended in a peace treaty without a shot fired, but it proved to be more typical of what was to follow in the remainder of the sixteenth century. Foreign war, that regular event throughout the Middle Ages, reasserted its claims with the arrival of a young and ambitious king, anxious both to make his mark in the best chivalric tradition and to exploit endemic troubles on the Continent for the aggrandizement of himself and his nation. The fact has of course been noted before, and some valuable work has been done on it. Much has been written about the survival—or revival—of the pretensions of knighthood, a common theme among gentlemen and poets. Jeremy Goring and Clifford Davies, summarizing their important but unpublished dissertations, have explained the logistical problems of Henrician warfare and their import on the English people. In a general review, Steven Gunn came to the conclusion that the prevalence of war resulted primarily from the King’s deliberate choice to pursue it.
Alanbrooke and Britain’s Mediterranean Strategy, 1942—1944
Authors: Bond Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alanbrooke’s reputation as one of Britain’s outstanding military leaders of the Second World War is not in question.* General Ismay, whose personal experience went back to the Earl of Cavan in the early 1920s, rated Alanbrooke as ‘certainly the best Chief of the Imperial General Staff under whom I served at close quarters’; while Montgomery, though admittedly countering American criticism, stated publicly in 1959 that he regarded Alanbrooke as ‘the best soldier produced by any nation during Hitler’s war’. Sir David Fraser’s impressive biography Alanbrooke (1982) provides conclusive evidence to support these high opinions. What is at issue is how far as CIGS (from December 1941) and chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (from March 1942) Brooke consciously pursued a preconceived strategic plan, and to what extent it was his strategy that won the Allied victory in Europe. Twenty years ago, in The Mediterranean Strategy in the Second World War, Michael Howard demolished the notion of a specific ‘British Way in Warfare’ in the Mediterranean cunningly designed to preserve British imperial power while at the same time excluding the Soviet Union from the Balkans and Central Europe. Churchill’s policies, however, rather than Alanbrooke’s lay at the centre of this analysis.
Language Contact in Japan
Authors: Loveday Leo J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Japanese are often characterized as exclusive and ethnocentric, yet a close examination of their linguistic and cultural history reveals a very different picture: although theirs is essentially a monolingual speech community they emerge as a people who have been significantly influenced by other languages and cultures for at least 2000 years. In this primarily sociolinguistic study Professor Loveday takes an eclectic approach, drawing on insights from other subfields of linguistics such as comparative and historical linguistics and stylistics, and from a number of other disciplines - cultural anthropology, social psychology and semiotics. Focusing in particular on the influence of Chinese and English on Japanese, and on how elements from these languages are modified when they are incorporated into Japanese, Professor Loveday offers a general model for understanding language contact behaviour across time and space. The study will be of value to those in search of cross-cultural universals in language contact behaviour, as well as to those with a particular interest in the Japanese case.
The Design of the Corpus
Authors: Nelson Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The International Corpus of English is at present envisaged to comprise eighteen national or regional corpora compiled in countries where English is spoken as a first language or as a second official language (Greenbaum, 1992). While each com ponent corpus can exist independently as a valuable resource for investigations into individual national or regional varieties, the value of the corpora is enhanced by their compatibility with each other. They have been compiled according to a common design, using the same criteria for text selection and the same time-frame. This level of standardization ensures that the corpora can be used for direct comparative studies of varieties of English throughout the world. The design of the corpus emerged after extensive discussions among participants in the project, which centred on the range of text categories to be included and on the textual and social variables to be taken into account in the selection and documentation of samples (Leitner, 1992; Peters, 1991; Schmied, 1990).
Autasys: Grammatical Tagging and Cross-Tagset Mapping
Authors: Fang Alex Chengyu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the advent of the first computer linguistic corpus in the 1960s, linguists and computer programmers have been working on the annotation of material thus stored. Word-class tagging, the assignment of an unambiguous indication of the grammatical word class to each word in a text, has been in great demand, not only in lexicographical and grammatical studies, but also in natural language processing (NLP), an area where the corpus-based, or more specifically, probabilistic approach is becoming increasingly popular. Taggers have flourished and the past twenty years or so have witnessed TAGGIT (Greene and Rubin, 1971), CLAWS (Marshall, 1983; Garside et al., 1987), FALSUNGA (DeRose, 1988), AGTS (Huang, 1991), and TOSCA (Oostdijk, 1991), to name just a few. Tagsets different in various aspects have also come into being, with Brown (Francis, 1980), LOB (Johansson et al., 1986), and Lund (Svartvik, 1987) as the best known. Most recently, a tagset has been designed at the Survey of English Usage (SEU), University College London (Greenbaum and Ni, 1994; Greenbaum, 1995), which has been used to annotate the one million-word British component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-GB, cf. Greenbaum, 1992).This has created an intriguing situation in corpus annotation. On the one hand, compilers of corpora vary in what they intend as the primary uses of their corpora. Grammarians, lexicographers, language teachers, and NLP researchers naturally want different information from corpus annotation: grammatical, morphological, discoursal, statistical, semantic, pragmatic, or prosodic. On the other hand, unfortunately, we have not seen any single annotation scheme that meets all these requirements. Corpora thus differently annotated according to different schemes have become ‘isolated islands’, rendering cross-corpora studies virtually impossible. Consequently, it is desirable that either a standard annotation scheme be agreed upon in this field, or flexible systems be designed that can readily adapt themselves to different annotation schemes.
The Sociolinguistics of English in Nigeria and the ICE Project
Authors: Banjo Ayo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The amalgamation in 1914 of the Northern and Southern Protectorates to form the Colony and Protectorates of Nigeria can be taken as marking the first step in the modernization process of Nigeria, for the aim of amalgamation was to render the territory more amenable to development-initially, to be sure, for the benefit of the colonizing power. But the process of exploitation inevitably benefited sections of the local populace as well, giving them more economic power, and expos ing them to precisely those modern ideas that were to help them, after barely fifty years, to terminate the colonial status of the country. It is possible to see modernization process as taking place simultaneously in two interlocking domains, namely the public and the private. The English language -and often the literacy skills of that language-plays a prominent role in both domains. In the public domain, we can identify politics, administration, the judiciary, education, commerce, the media, and the arts. The role of English in Nigerian politics tends to be subsumed under the role of the language in other sub-domains-notably administration and the media. But true as it may be that politics does find expression in these two other areas, there are other aspects of the use of English in politics which deserve independent examination.
Agents in Early Welsh and Early Irish
Authors: Müller Nicole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the first in-depth investigation of the expression of agency in verbal noun and impersonal/passive constructions in medieval Welsh and Irish, drawing on a database of texts from different genres: narrative, legal, and annalistic. The analysis is primarily data-oriented, rather than theory-oriented, although it draws on methods and concepts from functional grammar approaches and cognitive linguistics. Written with readers from a wide variety of backgrounds in mind, Agents in Early Welsh and Early Irish goes beyond earlier contributions in the field of Celtic syntax and semantics in several important ways: It presents data from both Welsh and Irish It discusses both the internal structure of verbal noun and passive/impersonal constructions and their contributions to their contexts It offers new analyses of agency and its markers in medieval Welsh and Irish, as well as analyses of the marking of instrument, cause, and indirect agency