bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in serum immunoglobulin values in kittens after ingestion of colostrum
Authors: Yamada Takatsugu , Nagai Yoshinori , Matsuda Motoo 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Immunoglobulin values were determined in fetal and kitten sera. In the fetal and precolostral kitten sera, only IgG was detected, except in 1 case in which IgM was detected. The IgG, IgA, and IgM were transferred to the kittens through colostrum ingestion with some selectivity. Concentration of the transferred IgG, IgA, and IgM decreased significantly with half-lives of 4.15 ± 1.29 days, 2.03 ± 0.33 days, and 2.2 ± 1.2 days, respectively. As a result of this decrease and increase of de novo immunoglobulin synthesis, IgG, IgA, and IgM were at their lowest values when kittens were 20 to 25 days, 14 to 20 days, and 8 to 10 days old, respectively. After their nadir was reached, IgG values increased gradually, IgA slowly, and IgM rapidly, as a result of de novo immunoglobulin synthesis. When the kittens were 90 days old, their immunoglobulin values were 80% (IgG), 7% (IgA), and 100% (IgM), compared with those of adult cats. These findings suggest that kittens that receive inadequate colostrum from their mothers will be particularly susceptible to infection after they are 5 weeks old.
Use of pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography to determine aortic and pulmonary velocity and flow variables in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Brown Donald J. , Knight David H. , King Robert R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Transcutaneous pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography was used to obtain velocity signals from the aortic and pulmonary roots of clinically normal adult dogs tranquilized with acepromazine. Doppler-derived variables included peak ejection velocity, ejection time, and velocity-time integral. The cross-sectional areas of the left and right ventricular outflow tracts were estimated from diameters of the respective orifices measured from two-dimensional echocardiographic images. These data were used to calculate stroke volume and cardiac output for each ventricle. Linear, single variable regressions of ejection time, velocity-time integral, and peak velocity with body weight showed no significant correlations. Significant correlations existed between body weight and estimated left and right ventricular stroke volume and cardiac output. A close correspondence existed between pulmonary and aortic determinations of velocity-time integral, stroke volume, and cardiac output. These results provide an initial framework for interpretation of clinical data by veterinary cardiologists.
Field evaluation of a commercial M-protein vaccine against Streptococcus equi infection in foals
Authors: Hoffman Andrew M. , Staempfli Henri R. , Prescott John F. , Viel Laurent 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A double-blind randomized clinical trial was undertaken to determine the value of parenterally administered Streptococcus equi M-protein vaccine in foals during an epizootic of strangles. Weaned mixed-breed foals (n = 664) housed on 2 adjacent feed-lots (A and B) arrived over a 5-day period, 2 weeks before primary vaccination. Foals in lot B (n = 114) were randomly administered vaccine (n = 59) or saline solution (placebo; n = 55) on 3 occasions at biweekly intervals. Foals in lot A (n = 450) were given 1 dose of vaccine (n = 225) or placebo. The following clinical observations were scored blindly by a single observer for all foals in lot B and for 120 (randomly sampled) foals in lot A on a single day, 2 (lot B) and 6 (lot A) weeks after final vaccination: cervical lymphadenopathy, type of bilateral nasal discharge, and palpable swelling at injection site(s). Bacteriologic culture of nasal swab specimens or lymph node aspirates from selected foals with clinical disease yielded Sequi. Cervical lymphadenopathy was observed in 17 of 59 (29%) vaccinates and 39 of 55 (71%) nonvaccinated controls in lot B and in 32 of 60 (53%) vaccinates and 29 of 60 (48%) controls in lot A. Contingency χ2analysis confirmed significantly lower cervical lymphadenopathy rate (χ2= 18.5; P < 0.001) and prevalence of mucopurulent nasal discharge (χ2= 11.4; P < 0.01) for vaccinates in lot B only. Swelling(s) at the vaccine injection site were palpated in 44% of lot B and 29% of lot A vaccinates vs < 2% of placebo controls. In the face of intense natural exposure, foals inoculated 3 times with M-protein vaccine were less than half as likely to have clinical signs of strangles as were nonvaccinated horses.
Osteochondrosis and juvenile spavin in equids
Authors: Watrous Barbara J. , Hultgren Bruce D. , Wagner Pamela C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Thirty-six of 50 young equids examined at necropsy for gross pathologic and histopathologic evidence of osteochondrosis were determined to have lesions characteristic of this disorder in the distal joints of the tarsus. Abnormalities ranged from retained endochondral cores underlying undisturbed articular cartilage surfaces to clefts, subchondral osseous cyst-like lesions, and cartilage ulceration. Our findings supported the conclusion that osteochondrosis may cause spavin in the juvenile equid.
Recombination of pseudorabies virus vaccine strains in swine
Authors: Henderson Louise M. , Levings Randall L. , Davis Arthur J. , Sturtz Dawn R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We report here genetic recombination between 2 USDA-licensed vaccine strains of pseudorabies virus co-inoculated into swine. The vaccine strains, one of which was a conventionally attenuated strain and the other, a genetically engineered deleted strain containing a negative immunologic marker, had complementary genomes. Co-inoculation resulted in the creation of novel strains of pseudorabies virus containing negative immunologic markers with restored virulence genes. Plaque-purified recombinant progeny viruses were found in 2 litters of pigs in which both strains were co-inoculated im, a litter in which both strains were co-inoculated oronasally, and a litter in which the conventionally attenuated strain was inoculated oronasally and the genetically engineered strain was inoculated im. Recombinant phenotypes and recombinant restriction fragment patterns were observed. The creation, spread, and potential misdiagnosis of these types of recombinant strains could disrupt control and eradication programs that are based on the serologic identification of swine infected with potentially virulent strains of pseudorabies virus.
Frequency and severity of osteochondrosis in horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy
Authors: Stewart Randolph H. , Reed Stephen M. , Weisbrode Steven E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We compared the frequency and severity of osteochondrosis lesions in young Thoroughbred horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy (csm) vs that in clinically normal Thoroughbreds of the same age. All lesions of the cervical vertebrae and appendicular skeleton were classified histologically as osteochondrosis or nonosteochondrosis and were measured for severity. Minimal sagittal diameter was significantly smaller in horses with csm from C2 through C6; no difference was detected at C7. Severity of cervical vertebral osteochondrosis was greater in the horses with csm, however frequency was not different. Frequency and severity of nonosteochondrosis lesions were not different in cervical vertebrae or appendicular skeleton. Frequency and severity of appendicular skeleton osteochondrosis lesions were both greater in horses with csm. Osteochondrosis and nonosteochondrosis lesions were more severe on facets at sites of compression than on facets at noncompressed sites in horses with csm. However, compression was also observed at sites with no articular facet lesions. The association of widespread osteochondrosis and spinal canal narrowing with csm suggests csm may represent a systemic failure in the development or maturation of cartilage and bone.
Effect of milk stasis on Brucella abortus infection of the mammary gland in goats
Authors: Meador Vincent P. , Deyoe Billy L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To compare the effects of milk stasis and milk flow on Brucella abortus infection of the mammary gland under the same systemic conditions, primiparous goats (n = 5) were inoculated iv with B abortus on the day of parturition, and suckling by their neonates was restricted to one mammary gland. Goats were euthanatized and necropsied at 3 weeks after inoculation, and milk, mammary glands, and supramammary lymph nodes were evaluated by bacteriologic, histologic, and immunoenzymatic staining techniques. Nonnursed mammary glands had high titers of brucellae in milk, moderate interstitial mastitis, and brucellar antigen in macrophages located primarily in alveolar and ductal lumina. Brucellae often filled the macrophage cytoplasm. In contrast, nursed mammary glands had fewer brucellae in milk, minimal inflammatory changes, and no detectable brucellar antigen in histologic sections. Hyperplastic changes were only seen in supramammary lymph nodes draining nonnursed mammary glands; these contained more brucellae than lymph nodes draining nursed mammary glands. These studies show that milk stasis may be the sole cause of increased susceptibility of nonnursed mammary glands to B abortus infection.
Pharmacodynamic properties of succinylcholine in Greyhounds
Authors: Curtis Michael B. , Eicker Steven E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Succinylcholine is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug, which is rapidly hydrolyzed by the enzyme pseudocholinesterase. In Greyhounds, the metabolism of certain drugs is atypical relative to other breeds, and it has been suggested that Greyhounds may be an atypical population, with lower pseudocholinesterase activity, slower hydrolysis of the drug succinylcholine, and a prolonged duration of action of the drug, compared with a mixed-breed control population.
Six healthy adult Greyhounds and 6 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs were studied. Blood was drawn from each dog and analyzed for serum cholinesterase activity, and a biochemical profile was done to verify normal liver function. The dogs were anesthetized with methohexital (10 mg/kg) and isoflurane (1.25 minimal alveolar concentration) in 100% oxygen. Ventilation was controlled, fluids were administered iv (lactated Ringer solution, 10 ml/kg/ h), and blood gases, blood pressure, and heart rate were monitored. The right hind limb was immobilized and a force transducer was used to monitor twitch strength of the interosseous muscle with supramaximal stimulation of the tibial nerve. Succinylcholine was administered to each dog 3 times at a dosage of 0.3 mg/kg. After drug administration, the time to 50% recovery of twitch strength (single twitch, 1/s), and 50% recovery of train-of-4 was determined. Subsequent doses were administered after complete recovery. The time to 50% recovery after succinylcholine administration in Greyhounds (38 minutes, dose 1, single twitch) was not significantly different than the time to 50% recovery in mixed-breed dogs (29 minutes, dose 1, single twitch), using either monitoring technique. Pseudocholinesterase activity was also not significantly different between the Greyhounds (1,685 mU/ ml) and the mixed-breed dogs (1,588 mU/ml).
The Greyhounds in this study had pseudocholinesterase activity that was the same as that in group of mixedbreed dogs, and the dogs appeared to hydrolyze succinylcholine at the same rate as the mixed-breed dogs. Therefore, our results would indicate that succinylcholine can be used in Greyhounds with the same degree of confidence as in other breeds.
Exogenous creatinine clearance as a measure of glomerular filtration rate in dogs with reduced renal mass
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Brown Scott A. , Crowell Wayne A. , Barsanti Jeanne A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Renal mass was surgically reduced in 78 dogs by uninephrectomy or by combined renal infarction and uninephrectomy. Renal clearance of inulin and renal clearance of exogenous creatinine were determined simultaneously, and the creatinine to inulin clearance (c/i) ratio was calculated. Clearance procedures were performed 2 to 3 months after reduction of renal mass, and were repeated at intervals thereafter. Overall, the c/i ratio was 1.008 ± 0.007 for 192 determinations, with a highly significant correlation (R2 = 0.994, P < 0.0001) between creatinine clearance and inulin clearance. There was no significant effect of gender of dogs, time after partial renal ablation, or dietary protein intake on c/i ratios. Degree of renal ablation did not affect c/i ratios. The results indicated that exogenous creatinine clearance is a valid measure of glomerular filtration rate in both male and female dogs with reduced renal mass.
Respiratory, renal, hematologic, and serum biochemical effects of hypertonic saline solution in endotoxemic calves
Authors: Constable Peter D. , Schmall L. Michael , Muir William W. , Hoffsis Glen F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The respiratory, renal, hematologic, and serum biochemical effects of hypertonic saline solution (hss) treatment were examined in 12 endotoxic, pentobarbitalanesthetized calves (8 to 20 days old). Escherichia coli endotoxin (055:B5) was infused iv at a rate of 0.1 μg/kg of body weight over 30 minutes. Endotoxin induced severe respiratory effects, with marked hypoxemia and increases in arterial-alveolar O2 gradient (P[A —a]O2), physiologic shunt fraction (Qs/Qt), and physiologic dead space to tidal volume ratio (Vd/Vt). Oxygen consumption was decreased, despite an increase in the systemic O2 extraction ratio. Peak effects were observed at the end of endotoxin infusion. The renal response to endotoxemia was characterized by a decrease in free-water reabsorption and osmotic clearance, as well as a decrease in sodium and phosphorus excretion. Endotoxemia induced leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperphosphatemia, hypoglycemia, acidemia, and increased serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations.
Calves were treated with hss (2,400 mosm/L of NaCl, 4 ml/kg, n = 4) or an equivalent sodium load of isotonic saline solution (iss; 300 mosm/L of NaCl, 32 ml/kg, n = 4) 90 minutes after the end of endotoxin administration. Both solutions were infused over a 4- to 6-minute period. A control group (n = 4> was not treated. Infusion of hss or iss failed to induce a significant change in Pao2, P(A-a)o2, (Qs/Qt), (Vd/Vt), or oxygen consumption. Both solutions increased systemic oxygen delivery to above preendotoxin values. Hypertonic saline infusion induced significant (P < 0.05) increases in serum Na and Cl concentrations and osmolality, whereas iss induced a significant increase in serum Cl concentration and a significant decrease in serum phosphorus concentration. Both hss and iss reversed the endotoxin-induced changes in renal function, with increases in free water reabsorption and osmotic clearance, as well as increases in sodium and phosphorus excretion. Sodium retention was greater following hss administration. On the basis of these findings, hypertonic saline solutions can be rapidly and safely administered to endotoxic calves.
Flow cytometric study of oxidative burst activity in bovine neutrophils
Authors: Salgar Shashikumar K. , Paape Max J. , Alston-Mills Brenda , Miller Robert H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A flow cytometric procedure was evaluated to measure the oxidative burst activity (hydrogen peroxide formation) of bovine neutrophils. The method involves measuring the oxidation of intracellular dichlorofluorescin to fluorescent dichlorofluorescein (dcf). Phorbol myristate acetate (pma) was used to perturb the neutrophil plasma membrane.
The sources of variation introduced into the dcf assay were also examined. The sources of variation were attributable to the isolation of neutrophils from blood, variation between duplicate assays and duplicate flow cytometric determinations of oxidative product formation, variation in neutrophil oxidative product formation among cows, and the variation (over repeated daily and weekly neutrophil isolations) in neutrophil oxidative product formation.
A final objective was to determine effects of dexamethasone on oxidative product formation, and whether differences existed between blood and mammary neutrophils in oxidative product formation.
There was an increasing trend in the formation of dcf with increasing time of incubation and with increasing pma concentration. Increasing the concentration of pma decreased lag time and increased the rate of oxidative product formation. The increase in dcf formation was statistically significant up to a pma concentration of 10 ng/ml. This concentration was considered optimal for bovine neutrophils.
Examination of the sources of variation indicated that (i) the neutrophil isolation technique was a major source of variation (17.2 to 28.4% of the total variation), and that more than one neutrophil isolation within a cow would be required to obtain an accurate estimation of dcf formation in neutrophils; (ii) duplicate assays and duplicate readings on the flow cytometer accounted for < 0.05% of the total variation and would not be necessary when performing the dcf assay; (iii) large variation (62.4 to 70.8%) existed among cows in neutrophil oxidative product formation, indicating that any treatment being compared should be done either within or preferably repeated across a large number of cows; and (iv) the variation over repeated daily (0.3%), but not weekly (19.6%) determinations of neutrophil oxidative product formation, were small enough to allow for the evaluation of major physiologic and environmental effects.
Intramuscular administration of dexamethasone (50 μg/kg of body weight) resulted in an approximate 80% decrease in neutrophil oxidative product formation. Oxidative product formation was 75% less for neutrophils isolated from mammary secretions when compared with neutrophils from blood. These results indicated that the dcf procedure was responsive to factors known to interfere with oxidative metabolism of bovine neutrophils.
Evaluation of Rhipicephalus sanguineus as a potential biologic vector of Ehrlichia platys
Authors: Simpson R. M. , Gaunt S. D. , Hair J. A. , Kocan K. M. , Henk W. G. , Casey H. W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae), transmits several diseases among dogs including Ehrlichia canis infection. The role of Rhipicephalus sanguineus as a biologic vector for E platys, the rickettsial agent of infectious canine cyclic thrombocytopenia, was studied in dogs. Laboratory-cultured, pathogen-free nymph ticks were fed to repletion on dogs acutely infected with E platys. Tick engorgement coincided with the development of initial parasitemia and thrombocytopenia in the infected dogs. Following repletion, nymph ticks were allowed to molt under controlled conditions. One-month-old E platys-exposed adult ticks failed to infect naive dogs in animal transmission studies. The presence of E platys was not detected in midguts or salivary glands of similarly exposed adult ticks by use of light and transmission electron microscopy. These studies indicate that R sanguineus may not transmit E platys infection.
Effects of nitroscanate on adult Taenia pisiformis in dogs with experimentally induced infections
Authors: Bowman Dwight D. , Lin Dah-Sheng , Johnson Robert C. , Lynn Randy C. , Hepler Douglas I. , Stansfield David G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Twenty-four specific-pathogen-free Beagles were each given 50 cysticerci of Taenia pisiformis that had been harvested from experimentally infected rabbits. Quantitative fecal egg counts and fecal screening for recovery of passed segments were performed on postinoculation days 56 through 70. Twenty-three of 24 dogs fed cysticerci developed patent infections. The 23 dogs with patent infections were assigned to 1 of 2 groups and treated with nitroscanate or a placebo 60 days after inoculation. Egg counts in the treated dogs had markedly decreased by the second day after treatment, and by the sixth day after treatment, segments were not found in the feces of any of the treated animals. The control dogs continued to pass eggs and segments in their feces throughout the 9 days after treatment. The dogs were euthanatized and necropsied 70 days after being inoculated. At necropsy, the mean number of scolices recovered from control dogs was 24.6, the mean number of scolices recovered from treated dogs was 0.25. Worms recovered from the control dogs were intact, gravid cestodes. Efficacy of treatment with nitroscanate at a mean dosage of 56 mg/kg of body weight was 98.9%.
Canine corneal thickness measured by ultrasonic pachymetry
Authors: Gilger Brian C. , Whitley R. David , McLaughlin Susan A. , Wright James C. , Drane J. Wanzer 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Ultrasonic pachymetry was used to measure central, superior peripheral, and temporal peripheral corneal thicknesses of 75 dogs (150 eyes) with normal corneas, anterior chambers, and intraocular pressure. Mean corneal thickness averaged over the 2 eyes, 3 locations, and 75 dogs was 562 ± 6.2 μm. The peripheral cornea was thicker on average than the central cornea by 49.43 ± 8.45 μm and this difference increased with age at 6.97 ± 1.3 μm/month of age. Mean corneal thickness changed with age (14.23 ± 2.26 μm/month), and weight (1.83 ± 0.38 μm/kg). Females had significantly thinner corneas (22.43 ± 11.03 μm than males) after adjusting for age and weight.
Evaluation of edetate and thiamine for treatment of experimentally induced environmental lead poisoning in cattle
Authors: Coppock R. W. , Wagner W. C. , Reynolds J. D. , Vogel R. S. , Gelberg H. B. , Florence L. Z. , Wolff W. A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Twenty mature Holstein cows were randomized into 5 treatment groups. Cows of groups 2 to 5 were given 2 mg of elemental Pb/kg of body weight for 28 days. Clinical signs of plumbism were scored, and blood for Pb, progesterone, and hematologic analyses was collected weekly. Cows also were examined weekly for anomalous ovarian cycles. Starting on study day 28, cows in group 3 were treated once daily with 2 mg of thiamine HCl/kg (im) for 13 days, cows in group 4 were treated twice daily with 62 mg of Na2, Ca-edta/kg (iv) for 4 days, and cows in group 5 were given thiamine (dosage regimen the same as for group 3) plus Na2, Ca-edta (dosage regimen the same as for group 4). On study days 96 through 139, cows were slaughtered in a commercial abattoir and samples of blood, skeletal muscles, bones, liver, and kidneys were collected and assayed for Pb concentration.
Thiamine was not effective in reducing blood Pb concentration, and treatment with Na2, Ca-edta and thiamine plus Na2, Ca-edta was effective in reducing the concentration of Pb in blood. However, treatment with thiamine was more effective than treatment with Na2, Ca-edta or thiamine plus Na2, Ca-edta in inducing remission of clinical signs of plumbism. The concentration of Pb in blood was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated to the concentration of Pb in liver, kidneys, skeletal muscles, and bones. Significant (P < 0.05) relationship existed between number of days from Pb exposure to slaughter and concentration of Pb in blood, liver, and skeletal muscles. Exposure to Pb did not significantly alter cbc values. On the basis of progesterone analysis and ovarian examination, exposure to Pb and treatment for plumbism did not induce changes in the ovarian cycle.