bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Amphiphilic Polysilanes Bearing Chiral Pendant Ammonium Moieties
Authors: Terunuma Daiyo , Nagumo Koji , Kamata Norihiko , Matsuoka Koji , Kuzuhara Hiroyoshi 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of new amphiphilic polysilanes containing chiral pendant ammonium groups are described. Chloromethylation of polyhexylphenylsilane (PHPS) was carried out to give p-chloromethylated PHPS (1). 1 was treated with optically active N,N-dimethyl-α-methylbenzylamine to give an amphiphilic polysilane. The polymer prepared was soluble in water, ethanol and acetonitrile. The circular dichromic spectrum of the polymer in ethanol showed that the the polymer had a screw-sense main chain.
Imidazole Improves Specificity of PCR by Suppressing the Product-Priming Outgrowth
Authors: Eli Pharhad , Husimi Yuzuru 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Imidazole eliminates the multiple sub-bands when random pool DNA is used as template for PCR. It is suggested that imidazole as a denaturant improves the specificity by suppressing the sub-bands outgrowth using the formerly amplified template as primer.
Facile Synthesis of Aziridines from Imines and Diazoesters or Aldehydes, Amines, and Diazoesters Using a Catalytic Amount of Lanthanide Triflate
Authors: Nagayama Satoshi , Kobayashi Shu 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
In the presence of a catalytic amount of lanthanide triflate (Ln(OTf)3), imines reacted with ethyl diazoester in hexane at room temperature to afford the corresponding aziridines in high yields with high diastereoselectivities. Based on these reactions, three-component reactions of various types of aldehydes, an amine, and ethyl diazoester have been developed to provide a general efficient route to aziridine derivatives.
An Unexpected Elimination of Cyclopentadienide Anion in the Reaction of Silacyclohexadienes with a Bulky Aryllithium
Authors: Wakita Keiji , Tokitoh Norihiro , Okazaki Renji 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
The reaction of silacyclohexadienes with an extremely hindered aryllithium, TbtLi (Tbt = 2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl), gave no expected Tbt-subsituted silacyclohexadienes but trihydrosilane, TbtSiH3, via the elimination of cyclopentadienide anion. By contrast, 1,1-difluoro-1-silacyclohexa-2,4-diene underwent a normal substitution though the yield was very low.
Formation of Ordered Monolayer of Anionic Silica Particles on a Cationic Molecular Layer
Authors: Yonezawa Tetsu , Onoue Shin-ya , Kunitake Toyoki 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements and scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of defect-free monolayer of anionic silica nanoparticles on a solid substrate coated with a cationic organized molecular layer.
Deprotonated Copper(II) Complex with a Tripod Ligand Involving Three Imidazole Groups: A Two-Dimensional Chiral Honey-Comb Structure Made by Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Mimura Masaaki , Matsuo Toshihiro , Motoda Yuri , Matsumoto Naohide , Nakashima Toshio , Kojima Masaaki 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of the deprotonated complex with a tripod hexadentate ligand involving three imidazole groups were reported. The deprotonated complex assumed a chiral two-dimensional quasi-honey-comb structure made by the network of hydrogen bonds.
A pH-Sensitive Contrast Agent for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Authors: Mikawa Masahito , Miwa Naoto , Bräutigam Matthias , Akaike Toshihiro , Maruyama Atsushi 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
A pH-sensitive MRI contrast agent whose signal intensity is activated only at the lower pH was newly designed to establish a novel imaging concept which depict microenvironment differences in pathophysiological features of damaged tissues.
Supramolecular Assemblies Comprised of One-Dimensional Mixed Valence Platinum Complex and Anionic Amphiphiles in Organic Media
Authors: Kimizuka Nobuo , Oda Noriko , Kunitake Toyoki 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
A novel class of one-dimensional supramolecular assembly dispersed in organic media was prepared from halogen-bridged mixed valence platinum complex and anionic amphiphiles. Their intervalence absorption characteristics and nanostructures varied depending on the chemical structure of amphiphiles.
Preparation and Utility of Novel Water-Tolerant Higher-Order Lanthanoid Alkoxide Complexes as a Base Catalyst
Authors: Kamaura Masahiro , Daikai Kazuhiro , Hanamoto Takeshi , Inanaga Junji 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
A series of higher-order lanthanoid-lithium mixed-alkoxide complexes have been prepared as a novel water-tolerant base catalyst which effectively promotes the Robinson-type reaction in the presence of water.
Frequency Effect of Ultrasound on Debromination of Stilbenedibromides with Zinc Powder
Authors: Atobe Mahito , Kado Yoshifumi , Nonaka Tsutomu 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Stereoselectivity in the debromination of dl-stilbenedibromide with zinc powder remakably depended on the frequency of ultrasounds, while that of the meso-form did not.
An Error in Determination of Photoinduced Electron Transfer Rates in Langmuir-Blodgett Films
Authors: Sakomura Masaru , Fujihira Masamichi 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
In Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films consisting of viologen (V2+)-pyrene (Py) dyads, the accumulation of viologen cation radical (V+·) was observed during UV irradiation under N2. The additional quenching due to energy transfer by the colored V+· resulted in an error in determination of photoinduced electron transfer rates between the V2+ and Py moieties in the LB films. This type of error can be generally expected in LB films and self-assembled monolayers.
A Promoting Effect of NH4F Addition on the Photocatalytic Activity of Sol-Gel TiO2 Films
Authors: Hattori Akihiko , Yamamoto Miwako , Tada Hiroaki , Ito Seishiro 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
The photoreactivity of sol-gel (SG)-TiO2 films was enhanced significantly with addition of a small amount of ammonium fluoride (AF) into the SG-starting solution. The rate of the TiO2 photoinduced oxidation of an overlying methylsiloxane monolayer reached a maximum near [AF]/[Ti] molar ratio of 1.35 × 10−2. The apparent rate constant was as much as 8.2 times greater than of AF non-added system. X-Ray diffraction analyses clearly indicated that the principal factor is the improvement in the anatase crystallinity caused by F− ions.
Preparation of Photocatalytically Active Polyamine and Polyamide Containing Acridine Group in the Main Chain by Palladium-catalyzed Polycondensation
Authors: Kanbara Takaki , Imayasu Toshitaka , Hasegawa Kiyoshi 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed polycondensation and carbonylation polycondensation of 1,3-dibromobenzene and 3,6-diaminoacridine (proflavine) afforded new polyamine and polyamide with acridine units in the main chain. The polymers showed strong fluorescence and photosensitized reduction of methyl viologen.
Hydroxyapatite Formation on/in Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogel Matrices Using a Novel Alternate Soaking Process
Authors: Taguchi Tetsushi , Kishida Akio , Akashi Mitsuru 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
A novel method of hydroxyapatite (HAp) formation on/in a three-dimensional hydrogel matrix was developed. This method is based on the widely-known wet synthesis of HAp and is alternate soaking process in CaCl2/Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) and Na2HPO4 aqueous solutions. Using a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gel as model matrix, PVA-HAp composites could be prepared and characterized.
A Solid-State 31P NMR Study of the Interaction between Trehalose and DPPC Bilayer
Authors: Hanamura Takayuki , Asakawa Naoki , Inoue Yoshio , Sakurai Minoru 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
While 31P solid-state NMR experiments are being carried out for DPPC vesicles mixed with trehalose, the spectra exhibit sudden changes, implying that during dehydration the trehalose molecules bind to the head groups of lipids.
Influence of Plasma Modification of Glassy Carbon Powder on Its Electrochemical properties
Authors: Kurihara Masato , Maruyama Satoshi , Oh’e Kazuhide , Ishigaki Takamasa 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Spherical glassy carbon powders were treated in Ar-H2, Ar-N2 and Ar-H2-CO2 induction thermal plasmas under a pressure of 53 kPa. Electrochemical measurements were performed to elucidate the function as an anode of lithium secondary battery. Pseudo equilibrium potential profiles in the intermittent charge/discharge data indicated that the plasma-treated powders had higher capacity than the untreated sample, which would be due to the induced modification by the plasma treatment on chemical composition and morphology on the surface, as well as the graphitization in the bulk of powders.
Regioselective Addition of Alcohols to Internal 1-Aryl-1-alkynes Catalyzed by a Triangular Heterobimetallic Ir2Pd Sulfido Cluster
Authors: Masui Dai , Ishii Youichi , Hidai Masanobu 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
The triangular heterobimetallic sulfido cluster[(Cp*Ir)2(μ3-S)2PdCl2] prepared from [PdCl2(cod)] and [Cp*IrCl(μ-SH)2IrCp*Cl] was found to catalyze the addition of alcohols to alkynes to give the corresponding ketals. In particular, internal 1-aryl-1-alkynes were transformed into the corresponding 2,2-dialkoxy-1-arylalkanes with high regioselectivity. The analogous Ir2PtS2 cluster proved to be much less selective.
Novel Intramolecular Rearrangement of Hepta-Coordinate Rhenium(V) Complex with Catecholato and Terpyridine Ligands
Authors: Sugimoto Hideki , Tsuge Kiyoshi , Tanaka Koji 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Novel hepta-coordinate rhenium(V) complex with two 3,6-di-tert-butyl-catecholate and one terpyridine ligands was synthesized and structurally characterized. Temperature dependent 1H NMR spectra reveal dynamic behavior of the complex resulting from the site exchange of an equatrial position between two catecholate ligands.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Porphyrin-Tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane-Porphyrin Triad: Photon-Dependent Molecular Switching
Authors: Imahori Hiroshi , Hasegawa Masato , Taniguchi Seiji , Aoki Masanori , Okada Tadashi , Sakata Yoshiteru 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
One-photon excitation of one of the two porphyrins within porphyrin-tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane-porphyrin triad with picosecond laser pulse leads to single reduction of the acceptor by intramolecular electron transfer, while an additional delayed excitation of the non-excited porphyrin results in double reduction of the acceptor.
Synthesis of New Ni-Complexes with a Chalcogen Donor Ligand and Cyano Groups
Authors: Naito Toshio , Kobayashi Norihito , Inabe Tamotsu 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
New Ni-complexes [C4H9)4N]n[Ni(C8H4S8)(CN)2](n = 1, 2) have been synthesized and characterized in order to understand a change in the chemical property and electronic structure of bis(ethylenedihthio)tetrathiafulvalene molecule by introducing a transition metal with small bridging ligands in place of an ethylene group. The effect of such a metalation has turned out to be larger than that of any alkylation.
Synthesis of the First Stable Selenadistibirane and Its Molecular Structure
Authors: Tokitoh Norihiro , Sasamori Takahiro , Okazaki Renji 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Treatment of an extremely hindered 1,3,5-triselena-2,4,6-tristibane derivative with excess amount of hexamethylphosphorous triamide in toluene at 130 °C resulted in the formation of the first stable selenadistibirane derivative as orange crystals. The molecular geometry of this novel heavy atom-containing three-membered ring system was definitively determined by X-ray structural analysis.
Characterization of Active Site on Cobalt-Magnesium Oxide by X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy
Authors: Izumi Yasuo , Oshihara Kenzo , Aika Ken-ichi 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
The geometrical order around divalent Co ion of Co-MgO solid solution was found to control the catalytic reactivity of simple decomposition of nitrous oxide as demonstrated by extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS).
Paramagnetic Organocobalt(III) Dithiolate Complex: Crystal Structure and Magnetic Property of [Co(η5-C5Me5)(C3S5)Br]
Authors: Mori Hiroyuki , Nakano Motohiro , Tamura Hatsue , Matsubayashi Gen-etsu , Mori Wasuke 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
The crystal structure of the paramagnetic, title complex revealed one-dimensional molecular interaction through S–S non-bonded contacts. The complex with the one-electron C3S5 ligand-centered oxidation exhibited a strong antiferromagnetic interaction in the solid state.
Synthesis of Polymer-Coated Silica Particles with Specific Recognition Sites for Glucose Oxidase by the Molecular Imprinting Technique
Authors: Hirayama Kazuko , Burow Martin , Morikawa Yoshitomi , Minoura Norihiko 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
A polymer layer around silica beads, composed of acrylamide, acrylic acid, and crosslinkers, was able to preferentially recognize glucose oxidase (GOD) from a mixture of proteins. Matching between the ζ-potential of GOD and that of its imprinted polymer is suggested to be important in enhancing the recognition effect.
Adhesive Substance of Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus
Authors: Maeda Mizue , Sugimori Daisuke 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
An adhesive substance secreted by Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus was characterized with some carbohydrate tests and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that the adhesive substance would be a glycoprotein or a proteoglycan containing disulfide bonds.
Synthesis of Silicon-containing Fullerenes
Authors: Cao Baopeng , Zhou Xihuang , Shi Zujin , Gu Zhennan , Xiao Hongzhan , Wang Jingzun 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Macroscopic quantities of silicon-containing fullerenes have been synthesized by vaporizing a SiC-doped anode with DC arc discharge technique, extracted by CS2, and characterized by field desorption mass spectra (FDMS). Besides silicon-cage-doped fullerenes, in the extract some others which are supposed to be silicon endohedral fullerenes are also found.
Magnetic Properties of Bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)copper(II) Complex with 5-Bromo-1,3-phenylenebis(N-tert-butyl-aminoxyl) Having Polymeric Chain Structure
Authors: Inoue Katsuya , Iwahori Fumiyasu , Iwamura Hiizu 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)copper(II) Cu(hfac)2(=M) reacts with 5-bromo-1,3-phenylenebis(N-tert-butylaminoxyl) 1 to yield a complex formula [M3·12]. The X-ray crystal structure shows that it crystallizes in the space group P1, with a = 12.469(2) Å, b = 15.278(2) Å, c = 11.602(2) Å, α = 104.59(1)°, β = 111.86(1)°, γ = 88.32(1)°, and Z = 1, and contains molecules -M-1-M-1-M-aligned in a polymeric chain (Scheme 1). The magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed a structural transition at ca. 48 K accompanied by a temperature hysteresis.
Synthesis of (−)-Gleenol via C-H Insertion Reaction of Alkylidenecarbene
Authors: Ohira Susumu , Yoshihara Naoya , Hasegawa Taisuke 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
A spiro sesquiterpene alcohol, (−)-gleenol (1) was synthesized from (−)-l-menthol in 16 steps, using the C-H insertion reaction of the alkylidenecarbene as the key step. The absolute configuration of (−)-1 was determined to be 1S, 6R, 7S, 10R.
Preparation of Alkylidenecyclobutanes and Their Transformation to 2,2-Disubstituted Cyclopentanones
Authors: Fujiwara Tooru , Iwasaki Norie , Takeda Takeshi 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
The reaction of ketones with the titanocene reagent prepared by the treatment of 1,1-bis(phenylthio)cyclobutane with the low valent titanium species Cp2Ti[P(OEt)3]2 produced the corresponding alkylidenecyclobutanes. These compounds were successfully transformed into 2,2-disubstituted cyclopentanones by the epoxidation and subsequent ring enlargement. The similar reactions of the carbene complexes with carboxylic esters and thiolesters also proceeded to afford (1-alkoxy- and alkylthio-alkylidene)cyclobutanes, respectively, in good yields.
Allylation of Unactivated Ketones by Tetraallyltin Accelerated by Phenol. Application to Asymmetric Allylation Using a Tetraallyltin-BINOL System
Authors: Yasuda Makoto , Kitahara Noriko , Fujibayashi Tatsuya , Baba Akio 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
The tetraallyltin-phenol system was mild and effective for allylation of unactivated ketones, giving tertiary alcohols in high yields. The asymmetric allylation was achieved by a tetraallyltin-homochiral BINOL (1,1′-bi-2-naphthol) system. The addition of methanol raised the enantioselectivity to afford the tertiary homoallylic alcohol up to 60% ee.
α-Amino Amides as a Chemical Absorbent for Carbon Dioxide. Comparison of the Reversible Absorption Capacity with Commonly Used β-Amino Ethanols
Authors: Nagao Yoshihisa , Hayakawa Atsushi , Suzuki Hitomi , Mitsuoka Shigeaki , Iwaki Tohru , Mimura Tomio , Suda Tai-ichiro 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Aqueous solutions of some α-amino amides have been found to exhibit comparable or better reversible absorption capacity of carbon dioxide as compared with commonly used β-amino ethanols.
Application of the Attenuated-Total-Reflection Technique to the Measurement of Silica-Gel Particle Size
Authors: Yoshidome Toshifumi , Kusumoto Hiroki , Kuroki Osamu , Kamata Satsuo 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Attenuated-total-reflection (ATR) spectra of thinly deposited silica-gel particles measuring several microns in diameter were measured. The band intensity increased monotonously with decreasing the particle diameter as expected from the characteristic of the evanescent wave. The silica-gel particle size was proved to be determined by use of the ATR technique.
A Cyclic Carbazole Oligomer for Electroluminescence Applications
Authors: Maruyama Sumio , Tao Xu-tang , Hokari Hirofumi , Noh Taeyong , Zhang Yadong , Wada Tatsuo , Sasabe Hiroyuki , Suzuki Hironori , Watanabe Tohsiyuki , Miyata Seizo 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
A novel cyclic carbazole oligomer, which contains the EL chromophore in the main-chain, for organic light-emitting diodes is described. The device structure of glass substrate/indium tin oxide/hole transport layer/cyclic oligomer (electron transport layer)/Al was employed. The EL device exhibited green light with a luminance of 60 cd/m2 at 15 V.
Room-Temperature Molten Salt Polymers as a Matrix for Fast Ion Conduction
Authors: Ohno Hiroyuki , Ito Kaori 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Vinyl polymers having either imidazolium group or sulfonamide group in the side chain were prepared as components to form a molten salt. After mixing, these polymers formed a molten-salt-like flexible domain in the polymer, and excellent ionic conductivity (7.52 × 10−6 Scm−1 and 1.88 × 10−4 Scm−1 at 30 °C, respectively) was observed in spite of their rubber- or powder-like properties.
Photosensitization of Porous TiO2 Semiconductor Electrode with Xanthene Dyes
Authors: Sayama Kazuhiro , Sugino Maki , Sugihara Hideki , Abe Yoshimoto , Arakawa Hironori 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Solar cell composed of Eosin Y-sensitized porous TiO2 electrode treated with TiCl4 showed remarkably high photon-to-current efficiency (51% at 533 nm) and solar-to-energy efficiency (1.3%, AM-1.5, 100 mW/cm2 with UV cutoff filter). Eosin Y dimer supposed to be more efficient than monomer. Turnover number of Eosin Y for excitation was more than 2.7 × 106 cycles, suggesting that Eosin Y was fairly stable unless UV light was irradiated.
Synthesis of Transition-metal Containing MSU Mesoporous Silica Molecular Sieves
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming , Zhang Zhaorong , Suo Jishuan , Li Shuben 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Novel Zr-, V-, and Ti-containing mesoporous MSU silica molecular sieves are prepared by the hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate and transition-metal ion precursors in an acidic media (pH=2), with polyoxyethylene stearyl ether as template.
Synthesis of Lithiophorite with Sandwich Layered Structure by Hydrothermal Soft Chemical Process
Authors: Feng Qi , Honbu Chiaki , Yanagisawa Kazumichi , Yamasaki Nakamichi 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Lithiophorite with a sandwich layered structure which is constituted by stacking MnO6 octahedral and LiAl2(OH)6 octahedral sheets was prepared from a layer manganese oxide by using hydrothermal soft chemical process. In the first step lithium-aluminum hydroxide complex ions were inserted into the interlayer space of the layer manganese oxide by an ion-exchange reaction, and in the second step the ion-exchanged manganese oxide was hydrothermally treated to polymerize the complex ions in the interlayer space to form the sandwich layered structure.
Infrared Spectroscopic Study on the Structural Property of a Trehalose-Water Complex
Authors: Akao Ken-ichi , Okubo Yusei , Ikeda Teruki , Inoue Yoshio , Sakurai Minoru 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
By observing the temperature dependence of the HOH bending band of trehalose dihydrate, it is found that the property of the bound water molecules changes from the ice-like water to liquid-like one at 70 °C. This finding indicates that the trehalose/water complex behave like a small size of water cluster.
In-Advance Simulation and Chemical State Analysis by Spectro-Diffractometry
Authors: Xiao Yanan , Hayakawa Shinjiro , Gohshi Yohichi , Oshima Masaharu , Okudera Hiroki , Toraya Hideo , Ohsumi Kazumasa 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
In-advance simulation and experiment were performed for resonant powder diffraction with the incident X-ray energy near the absorption edge of a particular element to distinguish two chemical states of that element. The simulation and experimental results demonstrated that it is possible to obtain the f′ curves for the two chemical states by measuring only a few peaks that are sensitive to f′ without increasing refinement errors greatly.
Synthesis of Highly Heat-Resistant Soluble Polymers through Hydrosilylation Polymerization between Octakis(hydridosilsesquioxane) and Diynes
Authors: Kobayashi Toshiaki , Hayashi Teruyuki , Tanaka Masato 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Hydrosilylation polymerization between octakis(hydridosilsesquioxane) and diynes gives thermally stable polymers which are soluble in usual organic solvents.
Photosensitive Oligomer Formation and Laser-induced Polymerization of Aniline on a Gold Electrode Surface: A Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Study
Authors: Ishioka Toshio , Uchida Tatsuya , Teramae Norio 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
The process of laser-induced electropolymerization of aniline was studied by in situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Formation of p-coupled aniline oligomers was confirmed at an electrode potential below the oxidation potential of aniline, and the oligomers were found to be the source compound for photo-induced electropolymerization.
Imaging of Cellular Activity of Single Cultured Cells by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Yasukawa Tomoyuki , Kondo Yasuyoshi , Uchida Isamu , Matsue Tomokazu 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) based on oxygen reduction current was used for imaging of respiration activity of living animal cells (SW-480). The addition of KCN into the culture medium paled the image of the cells. The semiquantitative analysis of the SECM responses suggested that the membrane permeability of SW-480 cells to CN− is on the order of 10−7 cm/s.
Visible-light Induced Allylation of Benzyl Halide Using CdS Nanocrystallites
Authors: Fujiwara Hiroaki , Yamashita Mayumi , Murakoshi Kei , Wada Yuji , Yanagida Shozo 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
CdS nanocrystallites catalyzed photoallylation of benzyl halide (BZX, X=Br or Cl) with allyltributyltin in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) under visible–light irradiation, giving 4-phenyl-1-butene. The reaction proceeds via bimolecular coupling between benzyl radical and allyl radical, which are formed by photo-excited electrons and holes pairs on the surface of quantized CdS nanocrystallites.