bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NEUTRALIZING AND COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AND RESISTANCE FOLLOWING VACCINATION IN EXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALITIS INFECTIONS
Authors: Casals J. 
Published: June 2004

In mice vaccinated subcutaneously with different doses of virulent W.E.E. virus or with formolized vaccine, neutralizing and complement-fixing antibodies paralleled resistance to some extent yet appeared in groups in which resistance remained undetectable, persisted at a similar maximum level in spite of different titers of resistance, and after resistance had become negligible.
In mice vaccinated subcutaneously with different doses of virulent St. Louis encephalitis virus or with formolized vaccine, neutralizing and complement-fixing antibodies bore little relation to resistance. Neutralizing antibodies appeared only in the group showing resistance but not until resistance was diminishing. Complement-fixing antibodies developed equally well in groups with or without resistance.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SHOCK
Authors: Russell Jane A. , Long C. N. H. , Wilhelmi Alfred E. 
Published: June 2004

1. With increasing severity of shock following hemorrhage in fasted rats there is an increasing depression in the rate of oxygen uptake, in oxygen, of liver slices from the bled animals. The respiration of kidney tissue is only slightly depressed even in severe states of shock.
2. The rates of oxygen uptake of liver tissue from bled rats are nicely correlated with the increases in blood amino nitrogen that follow severe hemorrhage.
3. A supplement of coenzyme factors, in the form of a hot water extract of normal rat liver, increases the oxygen uptake of liver tissue from rats in mild shock, but is without effect on the respiration of liver slices from rats in moderate or severe shock.
4. The ability of rat liver to oxidize succinate is not impaired even in severe shock, but the extra oxygen uptake does not improve the basal rate of respiration of the tissue.
5. Effects on the rate of oxygen uptake of normal rat liver slices comparable to those seen after hemorrhage could be produced by exposing the tissue to an atmosphere of nitrogen for periods of 15 and 60 minutes. This treatment had more marked effects on the respiration of kidney slices than are found after hemorrhage, but the kidney, unlike the liver, exhibited a marked degree of recovery in the presence of glucose.
6. The significance of these findings is briefly discussed.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SHOCK
Authors: Engel Frank L. , Harrison Helen C. , Long C. N. H. 
Published: June 2004

1. In a series of rats subjected to hemorrhage and shock a high negative correlation was found between the portal and peripheral venous oxygen saturations and the arterial blood pressure on the one hand, and the blood amino nitrogen levels on the other, and a high positive correlation between the portal and the peripheral oxygen saturations and between each of these and the blood pressure.
2. In five cats subjected to hemorrhage and shock the rise in plasma amino nitrogen and the fall in peripheral and portal venous oxygen saturations were confirmed. Further it was shown that the hepatic vein oxygen saturation falls early in shock while the arterial oxygen saturation showed no alteration except terminally, when it may fall also.
3. Ligation of the hepatic artery in rats did not affect the liver's ability to deaminate amino acids. Hemorrhage in a series of hepatic artery ligated rats did not produce any greater rise in the blood amino nitrogen than a similar hemorrhage in normal rats. The hepatic artery probably cannot compensate to any degree for the decrease in portal blood flow in shock.
4. An operation was devised whereby the viscera and portal circulation of the rat were eliminated and the liver maintained only on its arterial circulation. The ability of such a liver to metabolize amino acids was found to be less than either the normal or the hepatic artery ligated liver and to have very little reserve.
5. On complete occlusion of the circulation to the rat liver this organ was found to resist anoxia up to 45 minutes. With further anoxia irreversible damage to this organ's ability to handle amino acids occurred.
6. It is concluded that the blood amino nitrogen rise during shock results from an increased breakdown of protein in the peripheral tissues, the products of which accumulate either because they do not circulate through the liver at a sufficiently rapid rate or because with continued anoxia intrinsic damage may occur to the hepatic parenchyma so that it cannot dispose of amino acids.
THE DURATION OF IMMUNITY TO PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI MALARIA IN RHESUS MONKEYS
Authors: Maier J. , Coggeshall L. T. 
Published: June 2004

Rhesus monkeys with experimental Plasmodium knowlesi infections of varying duration were treated with sodium sulfathiazole to sterilize the infection and after differing lengths of time were reinoculated intraperitoneally with homologous strains of the plasmodium, for the purpose of determining whether there is any acquired immunity to malaria in hosts from whom all parasites have been removed.
Two monkeys, one receiving sulfathiazole on the 2nd day of acute infection and the other on the 4th day, had no immunity at the time of reinoculation, 3 weeks and 10 weeks later, respectively. Both developed infections which followed the course usual in an acute attack in a normal monkey.
In monkeys which survived acute infection with the aid of immune serum or quinine and in which a naturally acquired immunity had developed to the point where the acute infection was converted into a chronic one, there was an undoubted persistence of partial immunity up to about a year after sterilization of the infection with sulfathiazole, as indicated by recovery of reinoculated animals after mild or moderately severe infections differing widely in characteristics from the infection in the normal monkey.
The end point at which immunity disappears seems to be independent of the length of the chronic infection.
POLIOMYELITIS IN THE CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY
Authors: Faber Harold K. , Silverberg Rosalie J. , Dong Luther 
Published: June 2004

1. Poliomyelitis virus suspensions were atomized so as to produce dry droplet nuclei which, suspended in air, were introduced into a special infecting chamber and inhaled by test animals, both rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys.
2. Without olfactory blockade, 5 of 7 rhesus and 6 of 7 cynomolgus monkeys developed poliomyelitis of the CNS with entry through the olfactory nerves.
3. With olfactory blockade, 2 of 35 rhesus and 4 of 10 cynomolgus monkeys developed this form of the disease by routes proved by serial sections of the olfactory bulbs not to have been olfactory.
4. The neural pathways of infection from the mucous surfaces to the CNS in the 4 cynomolgus monkeys with blockade were shown in 2 instances to have been the afferent fibers of the trigeminal nerve into the Gasserian ganglion and thence to its central connections in the pons-medulla; in another case this was the probable route. In one instance the pathway consisted of the sympathetic fibers of the nose or nasopharynx into the cervical sympathetic ganglia and thence into the uppermost levels of the thoracic cord. The routes in the 2 rhesus monkeys with non-olfactory takes were not accurately determined but in one there was suggestive evidence of entry through the trigeminal nerve.
5. Study of the peripheral ganglia in a number of exposed cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys, including several with no demonstrated involvement of the CNS, revealed lesions most constantly in the Gasserian ganglia; less so in the cervical sympathetics and still less so in the celiac. In 2 rhesus monkeys dying of other causes a few days after exposure, lesions were limited to the Gasserian ganglia. No evidence was found in any case of passage of infection from the celiac ganglia into the CNS.
6. The importance of the peripheral ganglia as intermediate stations in the centripetal passage of infection from the body surface is again emphasized.
7. Comparison of the present with a previous study suggests that infection by inhalation of virus occurs with greater ease than by ingestion.
EXPERIMENTAL TYPHUS INFECTION IN THE EASTERN COTTON RAT (SIGMODON HISPIDUS HISPIDUS)
Authors: Anderson Charles R. 
Published: June 2004

1. The course of typhus infection in cotton rats has been described, and a relationship between the dose administered and the time of death has been demonstrated.
2. Rather incomplete pathological studies indicated that typhus in the cotton rat is an acute infection primarily involving mesothelial tissue, and tissues of mesothelial origin. Depending somewhat upon the route of infection, rickettsiae were most easily demonstrated in smears from liver, brain, and pericardial and peritoneal exudates. By subinoculation into the yolk sacs of fertile eggs, rickettsiae were readily isolated from these sources and, with rather less facility, from blood.
3. Although relatively large numbers of rickettsiae were found necessary to produce lethal infections, the susceptibility of the cotton rat as measured by the development of an immunizing infection proved to be very high. The supporting data suggest that cotton rats might be suitable for the isolation of new strains.
4. Contrary to the earlier report (1), age was not found to influence markedly the susceptibility of the cotton rat to lethal infection with any of the strains studied.
5. Comparative studies indicated that cotton rats were just as susceptible to murine infection as white mice and more susceptible to Breinl infection than the latter animal. The susceptibility of cotton rats and of guinea pigs to Breinl infection was found to be about the same. Comparative studies in these animals were not made with other strains.
6. No toxic activity of rickettsial suspensions could be demonstrated for cotton rats, although suspensions of infected cotton rat livers were shown to be toxic for mice.
7. A method has been described by which three strains of Rickettsia prowazeki were carried in serial intracardial passage as fatal infections for cotton rats. No evidence was obtained that prolongation of such passage increased the virulence of the strains for the rats.
8. Cotton rats surviving typhus infection were shown to be solidly immune to reinfection with homologous virus and to possess nearly complete immunity to rickettsiae of heterologous immunologic character. Sera from recovered rats, furthermore, were shown to possess neutralizing, complement-fixing, and antitoxic antibodies but no agglutinins for proteus OX19.
9. The technique of a serum neutralization test in cotton rats has been described in which the test antigen consists of suspensions of infected cotton rat livers. By this technique neutralizing antibody was demonstrated in human, rabbit, guinea pig, and cotton rat sera. Although some degree of cross-neutralization could be shown, serum titers against homologous antigen were uniformly greater than against comparable doses of antigen of heterologous immune nature.
STUDIES ON THE MAMMARY TUMORS OF DOGS
Authors: Huggins Charles , Moulder Peter Vincent 
Published: June 2004

Spontaneous mammary tumors occur in middle aged or senile dogs and are of three principal pathological types; a diffuse epithelial and connective tissue overgrowth often with associated cartilage and bone; solid masses of epithelial cells; intracystic papillomatous tumors. The metastases in this series were always composed of papillary carcinomatous cysts; this tissue in transplants to abdominal connective tissue induced epithelial osteogenesis. All of the dogs with mammary tumors had lipid-rich suprarenal cortical tumors.
The tumors frequently secrete a dilute milk with citric acid content considerably increased above serum levels; large numbers of colostrum corpuscles are present in this fluid. After weaning, normal parturient dogs undergo a complete cessation of mammary secretion; lactation persists considerably longer in dogs with mammary tumor than in normal dogs. Absence of suckling does not eliminate lactation in pseudopregnancy.
The failure of the breast to lactate under the stimulus of prolactin signifies a lack of physiological maturity. The breasts of mature dogs have two types of response to ovariectomy; either great physiological involution results or lactation, actual or potential, is retained in areas for at least 3 to 6 months. Those in which excision of the ovaries does not cause prompt and great involution of the breast include all dogs with mammary tumors, all with pseudopregnancy, and certain dogs, presumably normal which we are unable to characterize further at this time. Excision of the suprarenal glands in addition to the ovaries usually did not completely eliminate lactation or the lactational potential.
THE CARDIOTOXIC ACTION OF PREPARATIONS CONTAINING THE OXYGEN-LABILE HEMOLYSIN OF STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W. , Cantoni G. L. 
Published: June 2004

1. A study has been made of the effect on the isolated frog's heart of a preparation derived from the supernatant fluid of cultures of hemolytic streptococcus.
2. The streptococcal preparation was found to induce systolic contracture, the contracture usually developing only after the second of two administrations of the preparation. It was found that a single application of the streptococcal preparation sensitized the heart to a second application.
3. The properties of the cardiotoxic factor so far as they have been studied were found to be identical with those of the oxygen-labile hemolysin of streptococci. The capacity of normal and of immune sera to neutralize the cardiotoxic action paralleled the antihemolytic potency of the sera.
TOLERANCE TO AMINO ACID MIXTURES AND CASEIN DIGESTS GIVEN INTRAVENOUSLY
Authors: Madden S. C. , Woods R. R. , Shull F. W. , Remington J. H. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Several synthetic mixtures of natural and racemic crystalline amino acids suitable for the daily nitrogen requirement are tested in dogs for their tolerance upon intravenous injection.
Certain mixtures of the ten essential amino acids plus non-essential amino acids exclusive of glutamic acid are accepted without any obvious sign of disturbance even at rates above 10 mg. nitrogen per kilo per minute for quantities greater than 300 mg. per kilo. One such mixture consists in parts per 100 of dl-threonine 7, dl-valine 15, l(-)-leucine 10.9, dl-isoleucine 9.9, l(+)-lysine· HCl·H2O 10.9, dl-tryptophane 3, dl-phenylalanine 9.9, dl-methionine 6, l(+)-histidine·HCl·H2O 5, l(+)-arginine-HCl 5, glycine 9.9, dl-α-alanine 4, dl-serine 2, l(-)-cystine 0.5, and l(-)-tyrosine 1. In addition other well tolerated mixtures included the prolines.
When glutamic acid, natural or racemic, is included in similar mixtures vomiting reactions frequently occur at nitrogen rates above 4 mg. per kilo per minute. Vomiting almost always occurs on the first daily injection containing glutamic acid and usually on any subsequent injection containing more than 100 mg. glutamic acid per kilo unless given very slowly.
Upon the addition of glycine certain mixtures of the ten essential amino acids show an improved tolerance.
Two casein digests tested usually produced vomiting at injection rates above 2 mg. nitrogen per kilo per minute, probably because of their glutamic acid content.
No serious reaction has ever occurrred to any mixture of amino acids or casein digest tested. Elimination of minor reactions such as vomiting appears possible and desirable for greater usefulness of these solutions in parenteral feeding.
A PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME PRODUCED BY GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS EFFECT ON THE TYPE-SPECIFIC M ANTIGEN
Authors: Elliott Stuart D. 
Published: June 2004

1. Group A streptococci sometimes produce in broth culture an extracellular proteolytic enzyme.
2. Under suitable cultural conditions the enzyme has been demonstrated in representative cultures of most of the Griffith types. Its production by a given strain may be suppressed by serial passage through mice and the variant so produced has been found to maintain this change in character on subculture in artificial media.
3. Under certain conditions, the enzyme attacks the type-specific M antigens of all the group A streptococci so far tested, with the exception of that of type 28. The enzyme exhibits its maximal activity at 37°C.: Extracts made from enzyme-producing cultures which have been grown at this temperature lack the M antigen; enzyme-producing strains may sometimes be induced to yield M substance in extracts by culturing the streptococci at 22° C. Cultures which, when grown at 37° C. yield M substance in extracts, do not produce the enzyme.
4. Human and rabbit fibrin are attacked and streptococcal fibrinolysin is also inactivated by the enzyme. Other susceptible substrates include casein, milk, gelatin, and benzoyl-l-arginineamide but not l-leucylglycylglycine.
5. The general properties of the enzyme resemble those of papain and some of the cathepsins: It is active under the reducing conditions produced in broth cultures by the presence of living bacteria; it is also activated by substances which reduce disulfide to sulfhydryl groups, e.g. potassium cyanide, cysteine, glutathione, and thioglycollic acid, but it is not activated by ascorbic acid. The enzyme is inactivated by iodoacetic acid and also by normal rabbit or mouse serum.
THE EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF THE HUMAN BODY LOUSE, PEDICULUS HUMANUS CORPORIS, WITH MURINE AND EPIDEMIC LOUSE-BORNE TYPHUS STRAINS
Authors: Snyder J. C. , Wheeler C. M. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described which demonstrate that human body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis), were infected experimentally with murine and epidemic louse-borne strains of typhus fever by feeding on suitably prepared rabbits. Details of the two methods of infection, the "bleb technique" and the "I.V. technique," are presented.
It is concluded that the experimental infection of human lice with typhus can be accomplished very easily and rapidly with these methods. The possible applications of the method are discussed.
BACTERIOSTATIC EFFECT OF HUMAN SERA ON GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Rothbard Sidney 
Published: June 2004

1. Type-specific antibodies were demonstrated by the indirect bacteriostatic test in sera from human adults convalescing from group A streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract. The time of appearance of the antibodies varied from 3 to 5 weeks; and they persisted in 2 patients for at least 37 weeks after the onset of the infection.
2. The specificity of the antibody response in one serum was tested with strains of 7 heterologous types; in another, with 6; and in the third, with 2; but in no instance were cross-reactions observed. Moreover, each convalescent serum showed approximately equal bacteriostasis for 7 different strains of the same type as that which caused the infection.
3. The antibodies were specifically absorbed from the serum by homologous heat-killed streptococci, but not significantly by strains of heterologous types.
4. The specific M antigen of the streptococcal cell with its respective antibody, and not the T substance, appeared to be concerned in the reaction.
5. In spite of numerous technical difficulties inherent in the method, this bacteriostatic test provides a useful procedure for studying type-specific immunity in streptococcal infections.
THE ETIOLOGY OF COLORADO TICK FEVER
Authors: Florio Lloyd , Stewart Mabel O. , Mugrage Edward R. 
Published: June 2004

1. The infectious agent of Colorado tick fever filtered through 181 mµ membranes caused infection in hamsters and one volunteer.
2. In five out of seven instances, hamsters were infected initially with serum filtered through 24 mµ membranes or the tick fever appeared on serial transfer.
3. We could not infect two volunteers with 24 mµ filtrates, though these filtrates did cause infection in hamsters as shown by development of the fever on serial transfer. In one instance, the serum of the hamsters rendered ill in this way was injected into the volunteer who had remained well after inoculation with the original material and it caused Colorado tick fever.
4. Normal hamster serum was passaged through 10 groups of animals and then two human volunteers were injected with it. They did not come down with Colorado tick fever, although both of them were susceptible to the disease as shown by the fact that they fell ill of it on later inoculation with serum from a natural instance of the disease.
5. The infectious agent of Colorado tick fever passes through 24 mµ membranes. On this basis, it is classified as a virus.
EST clustering error evaluation and correction
Authors: Wang Ji-Ping Z. , Lindsay Bruce G. , Leebens-Mack James , Cui Liying , Wall Kerr , Miller Webb C. , dePamphilis Claude W. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Motivation: The gene expression intensity information conveyed by (EST) Expressed Sequence Tag data can be used to infer important cDNA library properties, such as gene number and expression patterns. However, EST clustering errors, which often lead to greatly inflated estimates of obtained unique genes, have become a major obstacle in the analyses. The EST clustering error structure, the relationship between clustering error and clustering criteria, and possible error correction methods need to be systematically investigated.
Results: We identify and quantify two types of EST clustering error, namely, Type I and II in EST clustering using CAP3 assembling program. A Type I error occurs when ESTs from the same gene do not form a cluster whereas a Type II error occurs when ESTs from distinct genes are falsely clustered together. While the Type II error rate is &lt;1.5% for both 5′ and 3′ EST clustering, the Type I error in the 5′ EST case is ∼10 times higher than the 3′ EST case (30% versus 3%). An over-stringent identity rule, e.g., P ≥ 95%, may even inflate the Type I error in both cases. We demonstrate that ∼80% of the Type I error is due to insufficient overlap among sibling ESTs (ISO error) in 5′ EST clustering. A novel statistical approach is proposed to correct ISO error to provide more accurate estimates of the true gene cluster profile.
Availability: We have automated the methods developed in this paper in a web-based software ESTstat at http://cwdg5.bio.psu.edu/eststat.
Supplementary information: http://cwdg5.bio.psu.edu/eststat
Kinetics of spleen and Peyer's patch lymphocyte populations during gut parasite clearing in Cryptosporidium parvum infected suckling mice
Authors: Mariotte D. , Comby E. , Brasseur P. , Ballet J. J. 
Published: June 2004

SUMMARY Data from experimental and human cryptosporidiosis have established a major role of specific immunity in the control of Cryptosporidium parvum infection. In this work, alterations in spleen and Peyer's patch (Pp) lymphocytes were investigated in the course of a spontaneously resolutive gut cryptosporidiosis in four‐day‐old suckling NMRI mice infected with either 4 × 105 or 30 viable oocysts. Oocysts from entire small intestines, and spleen and Pp lymphocytes were examined using flow cytometry from day 7 to day 27 post‐infection. Compared to uninfected animals, a 3–5 fold increase in the numbers of spleen TCR αβ+, CD4+, CD8+, TCR γδ+ and CD45R/B220+ lymphocytes was observed on day 17 post‐infection in heavily infected animals. In Pp, more than ten‐fold increases were observed, except for TCR γδ+ lymphocytes. At termination of infection, i.e. on days 21–23 after ingestion of 4 × 105 oocysts, T and B lymphocytes decreased rapidly in both organs, and remained lower than in uninfected animals on days 19–23 post‐infection. In mice infected with 30 oocysts, similar alterations were observed in Pp, but not in spleen. Data suggest that in normally developing mice, clearance of gut C. parvum infection is associated with an initial increase in systemic and local lymphocyte numbers, followed by their decrease to below control levels during the recovery phase.