bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Emulation and Mass Consumption: Elitism or Material Democratization?
Authors: Loeb Lori Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Veblen, social emulation has been a centripetal force for historical studies of the so-called consumer revolution. These studies have focused on the eighteenth century or on the efflorescence of mass production up to 1850. They have rarely concentrated on the heights of mass production and mass advertising that were achieved between 1885-1914. An examination of advertisements during these years brings into question an uncritical acceptance of the hypothesis of social emulation. Coincident developments suggest alternative explanations. The consumer revolution achieved unprecedented heights precisely during the period in which the Great Depression occurred, in which aristocratic fortunes waned and in which glaring social inequalities spawned socialist parties and collectivist sentiments. The key to consumer demand, I will argue, lay not so much in imitation of aristocratic (or even rich) behavior, as in a distinctively bourgeois pursuit of equal opportunity.
Conclusion
Authors: Loeb Lori Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Victorian print advertisements reveal an important cultural pattern. As the hall of commerce infiltrated the very heart of the home, Victorians with increasing fervor in the late nineteenth century gravitated toward a commercial ideal of "self-illusory hedonism." But, intriguingly, advertisers set materialism within the context of pastoral romanticism, classical culture, and evangelical conversion. It is significant that each of these contexts had egalitarian connotations.
Liberal Professions and Illiberal Politics
Authors: Kovacs Maria M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this important new historical study, Mária Kovács examines the struggle between liberal and anti-Semitic policies among professional groups--doctors, lawyers, engineers--in Hungary from 1867 to 1945. Kovács's main emphasis is on the interwar period when unemployment, expansion of the welfare system, and competition for state jobs during the Great Depression, combined with crass anti-Semitism on the part of engineers and medical associations, radically altered previously liberal policies of open entry and equal educational opportunity. Liberal Professions and Illiberal Politics analyses to what extent these new policies were dictated by authoritarian governments from above and to what extent they originated within the professions themselves. The story ends with the Holocaust, which sealed the fate of those professionals who had become victims of persecution under the German occupation of Hungary.
Liberalism and Professionalization in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Kovacs Maria M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the end of the nineteenth century, the identification of Hungarian professionals with a theoretically formulated tradition of old-fashioned political liberalism was generally taken for granted. The organization of professional communities reflected the developmental concepts of Hungary’s post-1867 liberal establishment. Marketization, free access to education, and the free practice of the professions formed the core of the distinctively liberal form of professionalism that had emerged in the last third of the nineteenth century. The general attitudes of professionals toward social affairs and politics derived from a belief in evolutionary progress, from an opposition to aristocratic conservatism, and from the ideal of their professional roles based on certified competence, on mer­ itocratic pay and prestige, and on the autonomy of individual practice.
Cooperation in mammals I: nonprimates
Authors: Dugatkin Lee Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of Scala Naturae (i.e., a natural system of ranking species from high to low) has all but disappeared from the modern-day evolutionary and behavioral literature. Overall, this is probably a good thing. After all, the previous chapters have shown that animals that in the past have been labeled “lower vertebrates” on such a scale are anything but simple. Yet, it is probably still true that Scala Naturae lingers in the unconscious, at least with respect to behavior. When pressed, how many behavioral ecologists would not admit that they think that a lion is “smarter” in some appropriate sense than a stickleback? And even though ant colonies are as complex as any nonhuman entity I know of, don’t we think that a single ant just isn’t as intelligent as a single wild dog? This book is not about animal intelligence per se, yet the discussion above has implications for the evolution of cooperation. In particular, if mammals are in some sense more behaviorally complex than the groups we have looked at so far, does this not at least suggest that they are cognitively more complex, and doesn’t that suggest they are better able to remember events and individuals?
Cooperation in eusocial insects
Authors: Dugatkin Lee Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the outset, I had intended this chapter to be titled “Cooperation in Insects.” I quickly realized, however, that this was probably a more appropriate title for a series of books, rather than a book chapter. At that point, “Cooperation in Insects” became “Cooperation in Social Insects,” until it became apparent that even that was much too broad an area to even begin to review and compress into a single chapter. And so, we have “Cooperation in Eusocial Insects.” Even after such severe pruning, however, it is fair to say that I am bound to fail at reviewing this topic as well, and at best can hope to touch on the tip of the iceberg. So be it. The empirical and theoretical literature on cooperation in eusociality is so massive that if I just convey the essence of cooperation in this group and tie it to existing theory, I will feel justified in my attempt.
Romanticism and the Race Aesthetic: Scott and Wordsworth
Authors: Doyle Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his final journal entry at the conclusion of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Stephen Dedalus commits himself to “father artificer,” and hopes by this allegiance to “forge in the smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race.”1 In the context of the charged racial discourse of Joyce’s day, a discourse that urged certain “races” to take their future in hand and forge their eugenic progress, Stephen’s aesthetic ambition emerges as race-specific, undertaken for the Irish race, not the human race. Moreover, his appeal to “father artificer” invokes a gendered metaphysics, as does his desire to transform the “sluggish matter of the earth [into] a new soaring imperishable being” (429). Stephen’s perception of women as merely a passive element, “sluggish matter” transformed by men into immortal, transcendent art, also forecloses his sexually charged encounter with the girl on the beach, from whom he “turned away ... suddenly” to thoughts of his art; her “image had passed into his soul forever,” serving “the holy silence of his ecstasy” (429, 432). Joyce thus represents Stephen’s aesthetic (with some critical distance, as I will argue later) as both racial-patriarchal and metaphysical, for it enfolds yet subordinates the feminized world of matter in the production of a transcendent and masculine race culture.
Swan Song for the Race Mother: Late-Romantic Narrative in Cane
Authors: Doyle Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the twentieth century, alongside the descriptions of being and materiality offered by Western phenomenology, complicated and sometimes convoluted representations of the race mother began to appear in literary texts, mostly, though not exclusively, among writers whose group membership (in terms of either race or gender or both) associated them with the body rather than the mind, with “handwork” rather than “brainwork.” These writers reconfigured narrative so as to open a horizon of mutual access between language and the body, or handwork and brainwork, as Husserl and his followers worked to do in extending and revising the Hegelian story of intersubjectivity. Yet to do so, especially for women artists and for artists of a subordinate race, particularly in the era of eugenics, required a recasting or a casting off of the protagonist’s identity as determined by the race mother and a reshaping of the narrative trajectory which she originates.
Burning Down the House: Interruptive Narrative in Invisible Man
Authors: Doyle Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It should be clear by now-especially if we also think of novels such as William Faulkner’s Sound and the Fury or Absalom! Absalom!, Jean Rhys’s Good Morning, Midnight, or Marcel Proust’s Remembrance of Things Past-that to be a white modernist novelist is not a matter of being a race-neutral writer whose work takes shape free from considerations of race and grows out of autonomous and self-originating white traditions. The identities, settings, and fates of white characters in modern novels involve racial or racialized colonial questions; meanwhile, the traditions behind these novels themselves took shape in contexts permeated by race, including not only slavery and imperialism but also racialized class transformations. Since at least the eighteenth century, Western aesthetic traditions, especially those that invoke notions of transcendence, formed as racial traditions; they work with race-inflected and therefore also gender-inflected aesthetic terms. I consider Romanticism a crystallizing moment for the formation of these terms, although James Joyce points as far back as Shakespeare and even implicates the whole of Judaeo-Christian thought. Modernism distinguishes itself in part by highlighting these terms-and by challenging, through narrative form, the meta-physical values that underlie them.
Childhood
Authors: Robinson Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By some calculations, not necessarily accurate, Clem was rated as the third richest man in the territory when Will was born. What is clearly known is that he was handling as many as five thousand head of cattle a year by 1879, buying them in Texas, fattening them on his own bluestem grass, and then guiding them to St. Louis, which was then the principal market.
Organisms and the Edge of Disciplines
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Concepts of hereditary symbiosis rose to the center of genetic discourse during the decade following World War II when new organisms-protozoa, algae, fungi, yeast, bacteria, and their viurses-were domesticated for genetic use and when geneticists began to focus on the nature of the gene and how genes control biochemical processes, as well as the problem of cellular differentiation, which for half a century had been largely excluded from genetics. A new generation-combined with the immigration of chemists and physicists into the domain-transformed the practice of genetics.2 New countries entered the field while others abandoned it. In France, small but very influential groups emerged at the Pasteur Institute and the Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Paris, working on problems of gene action and regulation. In the Soviet Union, Lysenkoism arose, repudiating the principles of genetics in a brutal wholesale way.3 In the West, postwar technological innovations in genetics were coupled with somewhat revolutionary concepts which threatened previously guarded genetic doctrines, not just about the nature of the gene, but also of heredity sensu lato, and the definition of the organism itself.
Molecular Reconstruction
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pressing problems of coexistence in world affairs may have influenced the Committee in their choice of subject for this year’s Symposium. If so, it is to be hoped that the more bizarre examples of symbiosis illustrated in this volume will not be followed in the world at large; there are many other ways of escaping the Hobbesian predicament that without “commonwealth” life must be “nasty, brutish and short.” There were few books chronicling the creative effects of microsymbiosis. During the 1950s, Lederberg wrote letters to several biologists and publishers seeking to have Buchner’s encylopedic text translated into English. However, there were problems. A preliminary survey by one publisher did not get an “encouraging response.” But the main obstacle was finding a suitable translator; it was hardly a rewarding task. As Lederberg wrote to a colleague, “It’s a dog’s work, and would have to be paid unhandsomely.
Introduction
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his introduction to Vocabularies of Public Life (1992) the well-known sociologist of culture Robert Wuthnow observes: “Perhaps more than at any other time in the present century, cultural analysis lies at the center of human sciences.” A significant feature of the work in this area, according to Wuthnow, is its interdisciplinary character: “Anthropology, literary criticism, political philosophy, religious studies, cultural history, and cognitive psychology are all rich fields from which new insights can be derived.” (2) One discipline conspicuously absent from this list is linguistics. The omission is all the more striking in that Wuthnow links “the vitality and new thinking characteristic of the current sociological studies of culture [with] the depth of interest being given to questions of language” (2). This book seeks to demonstrate that cultural analysis can also gain important new insights from linguistics, in particular from linguistic semantics, and that the semantic perspective on culture is something that cultural analysis can ill afford to ignore. The relevance of semantics is not restricted to vocabulary, but perhaps in no other area is it so clearly obvious. It is therefore on vocabulary that this book concentrates.
Introduction
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the language of molecular biology, the term “x-ray crystallography” has become synonymous with using x-ray diffraction data to determine molecular structure. We will use the related term electron crystallography to describe the use of electron diffraction data and electron microscope images to determine the structure of biological macro-molecules. Our use of the word “crystallography” involves a considerable broadening of terminology from what has been customary, however, because direct images are introduced into crystallographic structure analysis for the ﬁrst time when electrons are employed. The use of images of single molecules, which is a possibility with electrons, strains even more the definition of what one means by “crystallography,” because crystals can even be, in effect, “grown” computationally by the coherent alignment of images of many thousands of such molecules.
Structure Determination as it has been Developed through X-ray Crystallography
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of how x-ray crystallographyis used to determine the structure of proteins and other biological macromolecules at high resolution. Our brief review of x-ray crystallography is designed to identify the most important mathematical concepts that electron crystallography has in common with x-ray crystallography. Thus, this chapter is meant to be a summary of concepts that the reader should be familiar with in order to work independently and proficiently in the field of electron crystallography. Our review is not intended to teach these concepts in full detail; that would be the subject of an entire book of its own.
Instrumentation and Experimental Techniques
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we first present a general overview (section 5.2) of the instrumental design of an electron microscope. This is followed in section 5.3 by more specific and detailed descriptions of several key components such as the electron gun, the condenser lens system, the objective lens, and the projector lens system. Along with this we develop some of the practical aspects that are related to optical coherence and alignment of the illumination, as well as the effects that these factors have on the contrast transfer function. These are topics that we discussed previously from a more theoretical perspective in section 3.9. In section 5.4 we move on to describe options that are available in the design of specimen stages, emphasizing the need for low specimen temperatures and explaining the relative advantages of top-entry and side-entry stage designs. Section 5.5 deals with the main parameters that are important in the various types of detectors used for recording both images and electron diffraction patterns. Two further sections then discuss some of the experimental details of how high-resolution images are recorded for beam-sensitive specimens. The first section on experimental image collection, section 5.6, addresses the need to record images with very low electron exposures, thus ensuring that the specimen receives only a negligible exposure before the data collection begins. The second section on experimental image collection, section 5.7, discusses the “spot-scan” exposure method, in which only a small area of the whole field of view is illuminated by the electron beam at any one time. Section 5.8 then concludes this chapter with a description of precautions that must be taken in order to avoid image artifacts associated with specimen charging.
Icosahedral Particles
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Proteins can self-assemble into highly symmetrical particles that are biologically active and functional. Many viral proteins assemble into icosahedral shells containing a viral genome to become an infectious particle (Casjens, 1997). The icosahedral shell serves as a protective layer for the viral genome and is also involved in various biological processes during the viral infection and replication cycle. The outer shell can interact with immunoresponsive molecules, cellular receptors, and cytoskeletal proteins. In addition, some large enzyme complexes exist as icosahedral particles (Ladenstein et al., 1988; Zhou et al., 2001b; Milne et al., 2002). Structural studies of icosahe-dral particles thus are highly relevant to understanding their assembly principles and functional mechanisms.
Special Considerations Encountered with Thick Specimens
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of idealized assumptions formed the basis of the majority of what was said about electron microscopy of biological macromolecules in the previous chapters. The most important of these assumptions were: (1) elastically scattered electrons undergo no more than one scattering event, (2) curvature of the Ewald sphere can be neglected, and (3) inelastic scattering can be ignored. While these represent satisfactory approximations for suitably thin specimens, each one becomes progressively less good as the specimen thickness increases.
Introduction
Authors: Begleiter Henri , Kissin Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has long been observed that alcoholism runs in families, but whether for genetic or environmental reasons has depended more on current ideology than on any firm evidence in one direction or the other. Although there was much speculation about hereditary influences in the transmission of alcoholism, the first solid evidence came from Kaij’s twin study in 1960 and later from the 1973 Danish Adoption Study by Goodwin et al. The Goodwin study suggested that although genetic factors might be very important in the pathogenesis of both alcoholism and problem drinking, environmental factors appear to have greater influence on problem drinking.
Familial Transmission of Psychiatric Disorders Associated with Alcoholism
Authors: Cadoret Remi J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent developments in the study of alcoholism have both enriched and complicated the role of genetic factors in the etiology of alcohol abuse or dependence. One such development is the increasing recognition in the last decade that alcoholism is a clinically heterogeneous condition in which a number of psychiatric conditions including personality deviations play etiologic roles. In large part this awareness of the heterogeneity of alcoholism has come about because of a revamping of psychiatric diagnostic criteria published in DSM-III (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). In this diagnostic scheme explicit provision was made for multiple diagnoses. Room for multiple diagnoses was made by incorporating them in a multiaxial scheme in which personality disorders were assigned their own axis.
Behavioral Genetics and the Etiology of Alcoholism
Authors: Tarter Ralph E , Moss Howard B , Vanyukov Michael M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overarching aim of behavioral genetic research is to explain phenotypic variation in behavior with respect to genotypic and environmental variation in the population. This research strategy provides a framework for understanding the etiology of alcoholism insofar as the alcoholism phenotype can be characterized in quantifiable behavioral terms such as amount, frequency, and pattern of drinking. Furthermore, the expression of behavioral traits has been shown to contribute to the variability of the risk for alcoholism. A significant proportion of the phenotypic variance in these traits can be explained by genotypic variation.
The Power of the Holy: Reformers, Priests, and Parishioners
Authors: Farr James r. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The privileged classes of France-both lay and clerical-envisioned a re fashioned moral order in which political, social, and religious ideologies were in concord and in which a sexual ethic held a constitutive place. This restructured order entailed a new type of community, no longer one cemented primarily by horizontal ties, but one constituted over the course of the seventeenth century of increasingly dissociated and hierarchically organized individuals held together by the overarching authoritarian apparatuses of a reformed church, a monarchical state, and a dominant and patriarchally inclined social group.
Marriage and the Uses of the Law: Legislation, Adjudication, and Litigation
Authors: Farr James r. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the early modern period, authority and sexuality were defined in a moral order constituted by intersecting and reciprocally supportive ideologies of authoritarian politics, hierarchical social relations, reformed religion, and the law. The ediface of power and authority was patriarchal, and so a marital ethic was perhaps the fundamental mortar holding the structure together. This ethic was clearly embodied in royal legislation, and it just as clearly guided the jurisprudence of the courts of the realm. But if honor able marriage was the goal of nearly all French men and women, regardless of social rank, how people (especially women) used the laws pertaining to marriage in marital strategies and what impact this had upon practical jurisprudence (if not legislation) reveals that the meaning of the ethic was much more complex than prescriptive literature or legislation might suggest.
The Approach
Authors: Valiant Leslie G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider what happens when a person is exposed to a surprising juxtaposition of words as occurs sometimes in the title of a new book. The experience causes some adjustments in the brain, one must presume, since the presentation of the same sequence of words at a later time may elicit some form of recognition. Memorization of this kind requires few preconditions. The phrase to be memorized may be almost any combination of intelligible words, and the presentation of it may be very brief in time. Also, memorization has a certain robustness in the sense that it does not appear to interfere with unrelated knowledge previously memorized.