bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cloning of glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase genes (ZrGPD1 and ZrGPD2) and glycerol dehydrogenase genes (ZrGCY1 and ZrGCY2) from the salt‐tolerant yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii
Authors: Iwaki Tomoko , Kurono Sachko , Yokose Yuki , Kubota Kenji , Tamai Youichi , Watanabe Yasuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ZrGPD1 and ZrGPD2 genes encoding putative glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenases were isolated from the salt‐tolerant yeast, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. Both genes are homologous to GPD1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are constitutively expressed in Z. rouxii cells. Putative glycerol dehydrogenase genes, ZrGCY1 and ZrGCY2, which are highly homologous to GCY1 of S. cerevisiae, were also isolated. Since the level of transcripts of ZrGCY1 and ZrGCY2 increased in Z. rouxii cells subjected to salt stress, it is suggested that the pathway of the signal transduction of salt stress controls the expression of these genes. The Accession Nos of these sequences in GenBank are as follows: ZrGPD1, AB047394; ZrGPD2, AB047395; ZrGCY1, AB047396; ZrGCY2, AB047397. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative use of four different marker systems for the estimation of digestibility and low food intake in a group of captive giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)
Authors: Clauss Marcus , Lechner‐Doll Matthias , Flach Edmund J. , Tack Cliff , Hatt Jean‐Michel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn a feeding trial with four captive giraffes, nutrient digestibility was determined using four different marker systems. Although cobalt‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid proved to have no utility as a digestibility marker in this study, reasonable values could be obtained using C36 n‐alkane, acid detergent lignin, and acid insoluble ash as markers. A comparison of methods and literature data suggests that the values derived from the C36 n‐alkane assay are the most reliable absolute values. Apparent digestibility ranges thus determined were 63.5–74.3% for dry matter, 73.4–82.4% for crude protein, 49.9–62.2% for neutral detergent fiber, and 49.7–63.7% for acid detergent fiber. However, digestibility data gained by the ADL method provided the most stringent inter‐individual comparisons. It is concluded that both alkanes and lignin can be used for giraffe digestibility studies. These captive giraffes ingested a smaller quantity of food than has been reported for other giraffes from both the wild and other zoos. Energetic calculations showed that these animals might be on the brink of an energy deficit. A similar situation has been described at least once before in captive giraffes, and the results are of direct relevance to the peracute mortality syndrome, a condition of captive giraffes in which severe depletion of body fat stores occurs. Reasons for the seemingly low food intake could not be elucidated, but observations suggested that these giraffes were ready to ingest more if more palatable or suitable food was offered. Monitoring food intake in other giraffe groups and designing a diet that is both palatable and nutritious are important objectives of captive giraffe management. Zoo Biol 20:315–329, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling and Verifying of a ‘Cash-Point Service’ Using MOBY/PLC
Authors: Dierks Henning , Tapken Josef 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.

M

OBY

/

PLC

is a graphical design tool for PLC-Automata, a special class of hierarchical real-time automata suitable for the description of distributed real-time systems that are implementable on a widely used hardware platform, so-called Programmable logic controllers (PLCs). In the full paper we sketch the modelling language in use and some features of M

OBY

/

PLC

, like several validation methods and code generation. We employ this tool suite to deal with the benchmark case study (‘cash-point service’).
Composing and Refining Dense Temporal Logic Specifications
Authors: Cau Antonio 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.
A dense temporal logic development method for the specification, refinement, composition and verification of reactive systems is introduced. A reactive system is specified by a pair consisting of a machine and a condition that indicate the valid computations of this machine. Compositionality is achieved by indicating whether each step is an environment step, a system step, or a communication step. Refinement can be expressed straightforwardly in the logic because the stutter problem is elegantly solved by using the dense structure of the logic. Compositionality enables us to break refinement between complex systems into refinement between small and simple systems. The latter can then be verified by existing proof rules for refinement which are reformulated in our formalism.
The Leech and the Physician: Biology, Etymology, and Medical Practice with Hirudinea medicinalis
Authors: Mory Robert N. , Mindell David , Bloom David A. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.The history of the word “leech” and the practice of leeching reveal interconnected social histories. We give the linguistic and medical histories of the word, and explore its biology and clinical history. Our historical account extends from the earliest known record of leeching to current research. Despite historical variation in its reputation as a therapeutic technique, leeching remains useful today in a number of applications. Further investigation may well disclose even more uses for the leech, particularly for its enzymes with anesthetic, anticoagulant, and antimetastatic properties.
Thyroid Gland Surgery in an Endemic Region
Authors: Seiler Christian A. , Glaser Christine , Wagner Hans E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo assess the incidence, indications, and complications of (reoperative) thyroid gland surgery in an endemic region, we have retrospectively analyzed 1318 patients operated on between 1983 and 1994. There were 166 reoperations (13.5%). In comparison to the primary operation the indication for reoperation showed an increased rate of premalignant and malignant tumors (+16%) and a decreased rate of hyperthyroid disorders (−30%). The largest group operated on had benign multinodular goiters, with the same rate of indication for primary (57.4%) and secondary (57.8%) surgery. Permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy rate following primary operation occurred at rates of 1.7% (1983–1990) and 0.7% (1991–1994) and for secondary operation 3.5% (1983–1990) and 5.6% (1991–1994), respectively. The change in recurrent nerve palsy rate in the later years was due to a more extensive resection policy at the primary operation and a more liberal approach to reoperative surgery. The high rate of reoperation for benign goiters (13%) and the new data of goitrogenesis have therefore directed our policy to more extensive resection of the thyroid tissue at the initial operation, increasing the rate of lobectomy from 27% (1982–1990) to > 90% (1991–1994) and at the same time lowering morbidity. Extensive resection of nodular tissue during the initial operation safely reduces the incidence of recurrent goiter and subsequently reduces the rate of reoperation and eliminates the high risk of morbidity associated with reoperative thyroid surgery. The indications for reoperation should be strict, and when unavoidable a modified lateral approach may be helpful.
Highlights from Endocrine Surgical History
Authors: Welbourn Richard B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEndocrine surgery includes excision of diseased or sometimes normal endocrine glands and occasionally the transplantation of endocrine tissues. Male castration was performed for social reasons in prehistoric times, and thyroid operations were described during the twelfth century. Until the end of the nineteenth century most operations were undertaken to relieve the local effects of pathologic enlargement of the thyroid, ovaries, pituitary, and adrenals; and with the development of anesthesia, antisepsis, and effective hemostasis, thyroidectomy for benign, nontoxic goiter was perfected. Thyroid deficiency followed total thyroidectomy, and thyroid replacement therapy was developed. Toxic goiter was sometimes relieved by partial thyroidectomy. After the discovery of hormones early this century, knowledge of endocrinology increased, and many syndromes of hormonal excess were described. Surgeons began to operate to relieve them. Results improved with mastery of surgical technique, especially for operations on the thyroid, parathyroids, and pituitary; with the development of methods for diagnosis of syndromes and the localization of lesions; with teamwork; and with the use of hormones, drugs, and radiotherapy as alternative or additional forms of therapy before, during, and after operation. Notable advances followed adequate resection of thyroid tissue and the use of iodine and antithyroid drugs before operation for toxic goiter. The use of cortisone rendered adrenalectomy safe for the relief of cancer of the breast and prostate and of Cushing's syndrome. For about 40 years increasing numbers of surgeons have specialized in endocrine surgery as a discipline within general surgery, and results of treatment have improved greatly.
Lower Limb Intraarterial Thrombolysis as an Adjunct to the Management of Arterial and Graft Occlusions
Authors: Braithwaite Bruce D. , Quiñones‐Baldrich William J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIntraarterial thrombolysis is used increasingly for management of arterial and bypass graft occlusions. Current research has been directed at the indications for and methods of catheter‐directed thrombolysis. Streptokinase, urokinase, and tissue plasminogen activator (t‐PA) are the most commonly used agents. They are administered by a variety of techniques and in various doses involving intrathrombic infusions, thrombus lacing, high‐dose bolus therapy, and pulse‐spray lysis. The latter methods appear to produce thrombolysis within a few hours, so this chemical therapy has the potential to become the first‐line management for all episodes of acute limb ischemia. The role of thrombolysis is to return patients to their prethrombotic or preembolic state, so the underlying condition can be treated by radiologic intervention, surgery, or anticoagulation. Intraarterial thrombolysis is indicated for occlusions of less than 2 weeks’ duration where the limb is able to withstand a period of further ischemia. Older occlusions should be treated by surgery, reserving intraoperative lysis for specific situations.
Values of Ultrasonography, Sestamibi Scintigraphy, and Intraoperative Measurement of 1‐84 PTH for Unilateral Neck Exploration of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Chapuis Yves , Fulla Yvonne , Bonnichon Philippe , Tarla Emmanuel , Abboud Bassam , Pitre Jol , Richard Bruno 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUnilateral neck exploration (UNE) is a controversial approach to the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP), and most surgeons favor bilateral neck exploration. The aim of this study was to assess the value of ultrasonography, sestamibi scintigraphy, and intraoperative measurement of urinary cyclic AMP (UcAMP) or 1‐84 PTH in 200 patients undergoing unilateral neck exploration under local anesthesia. Conditions for UNE were (1) a presumed solitary adenoma detected by ultrasonography, (2) no thyroid disease, and (3) no family history of PHP or multiple endocrine neoplasia. Patient's consent was obtained for conversion to bilateral exploration according to surgical and biologic findings. Sensitivity of ultrasonography was 92.5%. Sestamibi scintigraphy, performed in 70 patients, was less sensitive than ultrasonography (80%). Persistent PHP was accurately detected by intraoperative measurement of UcAMP or 1‐84 PTH in all cases. At follow‐up, 96.0% of the patients were cured either after unilateral neck exploration only (90.5%), or after conversion into bilateral exploration. Ultrasonography and intraoperative measurement of 1‐84 PTH allow unilateral neck exploration with excellent results in a selected group of patients with PHP.
Preoperative Ultrasonography and Prediction of Technical Difficulties during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Daradkeh S.S. , Suwan Z. , Abu‐Khalaf M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA prospective study was carried out to investigate the value of preoperative ultrasound findings for predicting difficulties encountered during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Altogether 160 consecutive patients with symptomatic gallbladder (GB) disease (130 females, 30 males) referred to the Jordan University Hospital were recruited for the purpose of this study. All patients underwent detailed ultrasound examination 24 hours prior to LC. The overall difficulty score (ODS), as a dependent variable, was based on the following operative parameters: duration of surgery, bleeding, dissection of Calot's triangle, dissection of gallbladder wall, adhesions, spillage of bile, spillage of stone, and difficulty of gallbladder extraction. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the significance of the following preoperative ultrasound variables (independent) for predicting the variation in the ODS: size of the GB, number of GB stones, size of stones, location of GB stones, thickness of GB wall, common bile duct (CBD) diameter, and liver size. Only thickness of GB wall and CBD diameter were found to be significant predictors of the variation in the ODS (adjusted R2= 0.25). We conclude that the preoperative ultrasound examination is of value for predicting difficulties encountered during LC, but it is not the sole predictor.
Infective Complications after Abdominal Surgery in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Role of CD4+ Lymphocytes in Prognosis
Authors: Emparan Carlos , Iturburu Ignacio M. , Ortiz J. , Mendez Jaime J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRisk factors associated with surgical infections are related to many events that modulate the immune system and affect the surgical procedure. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of low CD4+ lymphocyte counts in 24 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) undergoing abdominal surgery. Blood samples were obtained, and the lymphocyte population was evaluated perioperatively, as was the nutritional status of the patient. All the patients received selective antibiotic prophylaxis depending on the surgical procedure performed: (1) clean surgery: splenectomies (n= 8); (2) clean‐contaminated: cholecystectomy and biliary tract surgery (n= 8); and (3) contaminated: appendectomy (n= 8). Depending on their CD4 count, two groups were formed: one with 200 to 500 cells/ml (n= 11) and the other with < 200 cells/ml (n= 13). When surgical infection was suspected, surgical drainage and microbiologic cultures were undertaken. For statistical evaluation of the groups ANOVA and the chi‐square test were used; p < 0.05 was considered significant. Altogether 14 patients (58.3%) had a wound infection, and the mean (± SD) CD4 count in those patients was decreased (221.7 ± 75.1) compared with that of the 10 patients in the uneventful group (386 ± 81.2). Surgical infection rates were 50% for clean procedures, 62.5% for clean‐contaminated procedures, and 62.5% for contaminated surgery. The group of patients with CD4 counts of < 200 cells/ml had an increased incidence of surgical infection, regardless of the type of surgery (p= 0.002). Thus the surgical infection rates in HIV patients undergoing abdominal surgery are dramatically increased. The CD4 and subsequently depressed neutrophil populations increase the risk of surgical infection during major procedures regardless of the type of surgery performed.
Importance of Arterial Blood Supply to the Femur and Tibia for Transplantation of Vascularized Femoral Diaphyses and Knee Joints
Authors: Kirschner Martin H. , Menck Johannes , Hennerbichler Alfred , Gaber Othmar , Hofmann Gunther O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe role of the periosteal and intraosseous blood supply to the femur and the proximal tibia was investigated to improve the operating technique for transplantation of allogenic vascularized femoral diaphyses and knee joints in humans. Altogether 48 limbs were injected with gelatin, red latex milk, or Revertex and macroscopically prepared; 41 limbs were studied for the variation and division of the truncus profundo‐circumflexus. In 200 femurs and 200 tibias the location of the nutrient foramen was determined. The arteries supplying the periosteum of the distal femur and the proximal tibia have defined nutritive areas. The following technique should be followed: If the femoral artery alone is prepared as the vascular pedicle, the optimal section for resection of the femur in knee joint transplantations is 6 to 12 cm above the level of the femur condyles and 5 to 7 cm below the tibial plateau. For the transplantation of femoral diaphyses, the deep femoral artery can be used if the lateral femoral circumflex artery is protected. The proximal line of resection is defined between the greater and lesser trochanter. For shorter grafts one must consider the number and location of nutrient foramens. For longer grafts the distal branches of the femoral artery must be respected as the intraosseous blood supply reaches distally down to the level of about 8 cm above the femoral condyles. In all these operations the variation of the truncus profundo‐circumflexus and the trifurcation of the popliteal artery must be considered.
Choledochoduodenostomy for Common Bile Duct Stones
Authors: de Aretxabala Xabier , Bahamondes Juan Carlos 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAmong the techniques for dealing with common bile stones, choledochoduodenostomy (CDS) represents a useful alternative. This operation is indicated mainly in patients with recurrent stones, giant stones, or concomitant common bile stricture and duct stones. At the present time most of the patients undergoing CDS have been already undergone endoscopic retrograde cholangiography or ultrasonography to study the common bile duct and the cause of symptoms. The common bile duct diameter is of paramount importance when determining the feasibility of performing a CDS, the critical size being 1.2 cm. The most common operation is a side‐to‐side anastomosis employing absorbable sutures. Stomal patency is the most important factor for preventing classic complications such as cholangitis and sump syndrome. These complications are rare, being observed in only 5% of the patients. Long‐term results of the operation show that it is a safe procedure that should be considered a good option in selected patients with choledocholithiasis.
Improving Results of Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Yeo Charles J. , Cameron John L. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.This report from The Johns Hopkins Hospital reviews the results of pancreaticoduodenal resection during the decade of the 1990s, focusing on two recent publications. The first to be discussed involves a cohort of 650 consecutive patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), with 443 patients having periampullary adenocarcinomas, 282 of whom had a pathologic diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The second report to be discussed involves the use of adjuvant chemoradiation therapy in a cohort of 174 patients who had successfully undergone PD for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In both of these cohorts the operative mortality was less than 2%, and the median survival for resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma approximated 20 months.
DNA Ploidy Status and Proliferative Activity as Markers of Malignant Potential in Barrett's Esophagus: Flow Cytometric Study Using Routinely Paraffin‐embedded Tissue
Authors: Giménez Alberto , Minguela Alfredo , de Haro Luisa M. , Parrilla Pascual , Bermejo Juan , Pérez Domingo , García Ana M. , Ortiz María A. , Molina Joaquín , Álvarez Rocío 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRegular endoscopic surveillance is recommended for patients with Barrett's esophagus to detect dysplasia and to diagnose carcinoma while it is in an early and possibly treatable stage. However, there are numerous unknown aspects regarding the natural history of dysplasia in this disease, and there is still a need for more accurate markers of risk of a malignant change. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of DNA flow cytometry in Barrett's esophagus to define subgroups of patients showing similar histologic findings but with a different malignancy potential. Routinely formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissues of 43 patients with Barrett's esophagus were processed for flow cytometric measurements (ploidy, proliferative index) and the results were compared with the histologic evolution observed in these patients. Only in the group of patients with “indefinite” dysplasia did we find statistically significant differences between the samples from patients with and without progression to more severe lesions (mean proliferative index of stable patients: 5.2% versus 8.3% in patients with progression, p= 0.001, Student's t‐test). The presence in the flow cytometric analysis of a DNA aneuploid cell line is closely related to the presence of severe histologic alterations (i.e., high‐grade dysplasia: p < 0.001, Fisher's exact test). Our results suggest that this procedure is at least capable of distinguishing between a real, although incipient, neoplastic process and morphologic changes of a reactive or reparative type. The increment in the tissue proliferative index could be an indicator of an early genomic instability which, with time, will develop into lesions with a more altered DNA content: aneuploidy.
Ultrasound of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Authors: Barraclough Beverley M. , Barraclough Bruce H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe superficial position of thyroid and parathyroid glands facilitates the use of diagnostic ultrasound (US) as an imaging technique. Techniques of image acquisition and interpretation are described in detail. Size and morphology of glands can be defined easily. The most important use of US guided biopsy in relation to thyroid and parathyroid glands is to increase diagnostic accuracy.
Value of Axillary Sentinel Nodal Status in Breast Cancer
Authors: Cserni Gábor , Boross Gábor , Baltás Béla 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAxillary clearance in node‐negative breast cancer patients is performed only for staging and prognostic purposes. The sentinel node concept may provide an alternative conservative approach for these patients. This paper reports on the learning experience with lymphatic mapping involving the use of patent blue dye for the identification of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs), followed by axillary dissection. The histopathology of the SLNs included serial sectioning and immunostaining for cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen, the remaining nodes being processed as usual. Of the 70 mapping procedures, 58 were successful; the surgical performance revealed a well defined learning period. The mean diameter of the successfully mapped tumors was 2.4 cm (ranging from in situ carcinoma to 4.8‐cm invasive cancer). The mean numbers of SLNs and non‐SLNs were 1.3 (range 1–3) and 19 (range 7–42), respectively. There were 36 SLN‐positive cases, 21 of which had metastases only to these nodes. There were 19 node‐negative cases, and 3 SLNs were falsely negative. Possible causes of the errors during lymphatic mapping are analyzed in the light of experiences published to date. SLN biopsy seems a good approach to enhancing the selectivity of axillary lymphadenectomy, but the limitations of the procedure must be evaluated and carefully considered.