bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ectodermal and mesodermal cell death patterns in 6‐mercaptopurine riboside‐induced digital deformities
Authors: Scott W. J. , Ritter E. J. , Wilson J. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIntravenous injection of 5–20 mg/kg of 6‐mercaptopurine riboside on the 11th day of rat gestation resulted in a high percentage of preaxial polydactyly of the hindlimb. The pathogenesis of this deformity was similar to that of other polydactyly‐inducing drugs such as cytosine arabinoside and 5‐fluorodeoxyuridine. Following drug induced cell death in the limb bud mesoderm, the normal pattern of physiological necrosis in the apical ectodermal ridge was disrupted. Subsequently, a zone of physiological necrosis within the preaxial mesoderm thought to be instrumental in controlling preaxial digitation was abolished. A speculative causal connection between these events is discussed.
Protection against cadmium‐induced limb malformations by pretreatment with cadmium or mercury
Authors: Layton W. M. , Ferm Vergil H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAdministration of 12 μmol/kg of cadmium sulfate ip to C57BL/6J mice within 3 weeks prior to pregnancy significantly reduced the incidence of limb malformations induced by 6 μrnol/kg of cadmium sulfate given ip on day 9 of pregnancy. In another experiment it was shown that administration of 6 μmol/kg or 12 μmol/kg of mercuric acetate on day 6 of gestation significantly reduced the incidence of limb malformations induced by 6 μmol/kg of cadmium given on day 9. It is postulated that this protective effect is due to the induction of increased maternal synthesis of a metal binding protein, probably metallothionein. This effect may be important in the design and interpretation of teratogenicity tests and in the evaluation of teratogenic risks to human populations chronically exposed to metals.
Fetal toxicity of cadmium in the rat: Maternal vs fetal injections
Authors: Levin Arthur A. , Miller Richard K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFetal death in rats was produced by subcutaneous injections of CdC12 (40 μmoles/kg) on day 18 of pregnancy. The incidence of fetal death following these maternal injections was 74.9%, with mean (±SD) fetal cadmium burdens of 8.6 ± 4.4 nmoles. To separate maternal from fetal effects of cadmium, doses of CdCl2 up to 60 μmoles/kg fetal weight were injected directly into fetuses on day 18 of gestation. Fetal viability was then determined on gestational day 21. Following direct fetal injection, mean fetal body burdens of cadmium were 74.6 ± 34.8 nmoles, but the incidence of fetal death was only 11.5%. The high incidence of fetal death following maternal exposure to CdC12 is not solely explained by the direct effects of CdC12 on the fetus. Thus, the fetal toxicity of cadmium may be the result of some extra‐fetal mechanism such as maternal toxicity or the observed placental necrosis.
Craniosynostosis with associated cranial base anomalies: A morphologic and histologic study of affected like‐sexed twins
Authors: Woon Kok‐Chin , Kokich Vincent G. , Clarren Sterling K. , Cohen M. Michael 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA set of like‐sexed male twins with the same malformation syndrome and exhibiting identical anomalous alterations of the craniofacial complex were studied in detail. The right and left coronal and left lamboidal sutures were prematurely synostosed in both specimens. The cranial base exhibited a mediolateral asymmetry, with the right half larger than the left. The occipital bone demonstrated the greatest abnormality, including bilateral clefting of the basioccipital component and alterations in the size and shape of the exoccipital bone. In lateral view, the cranial base was flattened and the ventral flexure occurred between the two components of the basioccipital. The odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra was rotated anteroinferiorly and formed part of the cranial floor. Histologically, the bilateral clefts of the basioccipital bone were united by fibrous connective tissue, and the central area of union contained chondroid‐like bone. The cartilaginous spheno‐occipital synchondrosis and the epiphyseal cartilage of the finger demonstated similar dystrophic alterations. The brain was normal but exhibited external cerebral deformation secondary to aberrant skull shape.
Asymmetry and discordance for congenital anomalies in conjoined twins: A report of six cases
Authors: Ornoy A. , Navot D. , Menashi M. , Laufer N. , Chemke J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSix pairs of conjoined twins have been studied. The first case was a pair of 13‐week‐old omphalopagus fetuses. One was a holoacradius amorphus and the other had rachischisis and anencephaly. The second case was a pair of omphalopagus twins. One of the twins was macerated and corresponded to a developmental age of 13–14 weeks, while the other was developed to 28–30 weeks of gestation and exhibited urogenital and gastrointestinal defects not found in the smaller twin. In the third case, that of a thoracoomphalopagus, one had cleft lip and palate, pulmonic stenosis, and atresia of the ileocecal valve, while the other did not show these anomalies. In the fourth case, also omphalopagus twins, one had a lumbosacral meningomyelocele and severe gastrointestinal and urogenital anomalies not found in the second twin. The fifth case was a pair of thoracoomphalopagus twins, sharing a common heart with asymmetrical anomalies. The sixth case was a diprosopus anencephalic conjoined twin. The first four pairs of conjoined twins were discordant for several abnormalities in nonshared organs, in addition to having abnormalities of the conjoined organs. It seems that discordance in conjoined twins is not a rare finding. The factors that play a role in discordance of anomalies in conjoined twins are probably similar to the factors in monozygotic twins — i.e., environmental, genetic, and abnormal placental and/or fetal circulation.
Hypothesis: Overdistention of the neural tube may cause anomalies of non‐neural organs
Authors: Gardner W. James 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis hypothesis is offered by a neurological surgeon interested in anomalies of the central nervous system. It is based on accumulating evidence indicating that some neural tube defects result not from failure of the tube to close but from its rupture after closure. The central nervous system, serving all organs, is the first to develop and its maldevelopment may cause damage to other emerging structures. The neural tube closes during the fourth week and is immediately distended by a proteinaceous neural tube fluid (NTF) secreted by its lining cells at a pressure four to five times that of the surrounding amniotic fluid. This NTF has been miscalled “cerebrospinal fluid.” The choroid plexus does not begin to secrete true cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) until 2 weeks later. If oversecretion of NTF should occur during this 2‐week interval, the resulting overexpansion of the neural tube may spread apart the developing somites, eventuating in a combination of anterior and posterior spina bifida that constitutes bilateral hemivertebrae. If the distending neural tube ruptures beneath intact cutaneous ectoderm, the escaping NTF will infiltrate mesoderm. The resulting dislocation of cells and their possible injury by the extraneous protein may damage the as yet unidentifiable anlagen of mesodermal organs. If neural tube overdistention splits the underlying notochord and damages primitive gut, anomalies of entodermal organs may result. The neuroenteric cyst is one such anomaly that the neurosurgeon is called upon to treat. He finds it accompanied by hemivertebrae and hydromyelia. A preliminary report on this hypothesis has been published (Gardner and Breuer, '80).
The cranial base in anencephaly and microcephaly studied histologically
Authors: Melsen Birte , Melsen Flemming 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA histological microradiographical analysis was carried out on the cranial base removed at autopsy from three infants—two with microcephalia, one with anencephalia. The histological findings were compared with those from normal individuals of the same age. It was shown that a reduced size of the brain was accompanied by a change in the remodeling pattern of the internal as well as the external surface of the cranial base, leading to a flattening of the cranial base. The findings further suggest that the development of the brain influences the ossification of the chondrocranium.
Assessment of adult skeletons to detect prenatal exposure to 2,4,5‐T or Trifluralin in mice
Authors: Beck Sidney L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA group of 88 spontaneously occurring variations of the skeleton were studied in adult CD‐1 mice which had been exposed in utero to the herbicides 2,4,5‐T or Trifluralin, administered to their dams by gavage, in an attempt to detect subtle biological effects of these compounds even in the absence of gross malformations. Sixty‐seven characters showed variation in this population. Of these, 19 were significantly different in frequency from untreated controls in mice having received a teratogenic dose of 2,4,5‐T, with an average difference of 23.7%. Seventeen of them were increased in frequency. By contrast, only three traits differed from untreated among mice receiving a no‐effect dose of 2,4,5‐T. Twelve traits differed significantly from untreated in the Trifluralin‐treated group; the average difference was 18.8%, with 10 of the traits being increased in frequency.Two clusters of affected variants specific to the 2,4,5‐T high dose group included frontal bone variants in the skull (presence of an interfrontal bone and fusion of the frontals) and variants in the cervical vertebrae (imperfect foramina in the first and second cervicals, dyssymphysis of the second cervical, and a shift of the arch foramen from the fourth to the fifth cervical). Two other effects peculiar to the 2,4,5‐T‐treated specimens were a loss of the prominent dorsal spine of the second thoracic vertebra and a reduction in the number of caudal vertebrae. The most obvious effects specific to the Trifluralin treatment were an increase in occurence of 14 ribs, an undoubled foramen ovale, and the occurence of accessory foramina in the cervical vertebrae. A striking increase in frequency of parted frontals was seen in both 2,4,5‐T high dose and Trifluralin‐treated groups.The skeletal variant assay system may be useful as a postnatal screen for detecting prenatal exposure to potentially noxious substances.
Anatomy and embryology in cephalothoracopagus twins
Authors: Herring Susan W. , Rowlatt Ursula F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnatomical features are described in a case of cephalothoracopagus female twins with laterally fused heads. There was a single foregut, shared equally by the two individuals. The tracheae, lungs, hearts, livers, and gallbladders were also shared by the two individuals. They were located in the anterior and posterior regions of the joined bodies. These peculiarities occur in other cases of Cephalothoracopagus twinning reported in the literature, and may have been caused by spatial problems in the developing twin embryos. In particular, each heart is considered to be a composite organ, formed by tissue from both individuals. The occipital region of the skull was double, but the remainder of the cranium was single. The oral cavity was divided in two by a midline mandibular body thought to represent the fused medial portions of two mandibles. Each compartment so formed contained a tongue. This midline body is considered responsible for a cleft lip and palate. Finally, we propose that anencephaly in this and other cases of laterally fused heads is associated with mechanical difficulty in closing the rostral neuropore.
The facial features of holoprosencephaly in anencephalic human specimens. I. Historical review and associated malformations
Authors: Lemire Ronald J. , Cohen M. Michael , Beckwith J. Bruce , Kokich Vincent G. , Siebert Joseph R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAt least 19 human anencephalic specimens have been published which have the facial features of holoprosencephaly. All categories of holoprosencephaly are represented except ethmocephaly, the rarest form. Because of current scientific and clinical interest in both neural tube defects and holoprosencephaly it seems important to establish whether or not this association occurs by chance alone. The study of human embryos with holoprosencephaly by Matsunaga and Shiota ('78) and the anencephalic collection of Lemire et al ('78) suggests the association may be real.
Fetal ear malformations induced by maternal ingestion of thalidomide in the bonnet Monkey (Macaca radiata)
Authors: Newman L. M. , Hendrickx A. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGross malformations of the external, middle, and internal ear were seen in fetal monkeys following maternal ingestion of thalidomide. Twenty‐five pregnant bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata) were each given a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg of thalidomide on day 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29, or 30 mg/kg on day 25 or 28 of gestation. (Day of mating is assumed to be day zero of pregnancy.) The skeletons, processed and stained with Alizarin Red S, were examined for changes in configuration and/or ossification of the ossicles and temporal bones. Bilateral temporal bones of one case, treated on day 24, were sectioned at 10 μm and examined histologically. Twelve fetuses collected at 70 ± 3 days of gestation showed no gross ear defects, while 10 out of 13 fetuses collected at 100 ± 3 days of gestation had structural anomalies similar to those observed in humans. All malformations were severe in fetuses treated on day 24 of gestation and lessened in degree of severity with treatments on days 25–28. Fetuses treated on day 29 were normal. External ear anomalies included microtia with meatal atresia or stenosis, and varying degrees of auricular hypoplasia. Defects of the middle ear were predominantly hypoplasia of malleus, incus, and tympanic ring. Fused ossicles and cochlear and vestibular window abnormalities were only seen in animals treated on day 24. The internal ear exhibited petrosal hypoplasia and delayed ossification of the lateral aspect of the lateral and posterior semicircular canals. Cochlear, vestibular, semicircular, and transcapsular canal defects were confirmed histologically in one case.
Polydactyly and polysyndactyly induced by prenatal exposure to ethanol
Authors: West James R. , Black Asa C. , Reimann Paul C. , Alkana Ronald L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPolydactyly and polysyndactyly of the great toes of the hindpaws and polysyndactyly of the forepaws were observed in rats born to mothers who received ethanol (5 gm/kg body weight) daily during gestation. This is the first observation of polydactyly in rats as a consequence to exposure to ethanol in utero. These observations may be related to the occurrence of polydactyly and polysyndactyly in the fetal alcohol syndrome, which occurs in children born to human mothers who abuse alcohol during pregnancy.
Immunological effects of antitestis antisera on the development of mouse fetuses
Authors: Yamamoto Masaharu , Takayama Yoh‐Ichi , Watanabe Masatomo , Ito Seiki , Watanabe Gen‐Ichi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAntimouse testis antisera (AMTAS) were prepared in rabbits by the injection of testis extracts of the adult mice. Administration of 35.6 mg of AMTAS into pregnant mice on day 12.5 of gestation resulted in 27.3% fetal malformations, while administration of 17.8 mg of the same antisera induced 6.0% malformations. Malformations such as limb anomalies, cleft palate, omphalocele, and spina bifida were often accompanied by hemorrhagic lesions. No malformations associated with hemorrhage were found in the control group in spite of the occurrence of hematomas. The immunofluorescent analysis revealed the localization of antitestis antibody (ATAb) in the basement membrane of the testis, in the spermatozoa, the mesometrial vessels, trophectroderm, and the Reichert's membrane. In contrast, there was no localization of IgG when normal rabbit sera were used. The results suggest that the antibody against the basement membrane or against the spermatozoa may be responsible for the occurrence of congenital malformations in the pregnant mice injected with rabbit AMTAS.
An exploration of the role of hydroxyurea injection time in fetal growth and teratogenesis in rats
Authors: Barr Mason , Beaudoin Allan R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant Wistar rats were injected with hydroxyurea (HU) intraperitoneally (IP) at one of several 6‐hour intervals on days 9–10.75 to study the role of circadian growth variations in the teratologic response of the fetuses. Two stocks of rats were studied and the results in each compared. The fetal response to HU, as observed at day 21, was not detectably modified by circadian fetal growth variation. No correlations between hour of HU administration and fetal weight, placental weight, resorption, or total malformation rates were found. Cyclic variations in the incidence of hydronephrosis and left umbilical artery was observed, but it was not clear that these were related to maternal light:dark cycles. Differences of response between two stocks of rats included marked variation in the incidence and type of malformations and variations in the tuning of peak incidence for some but not all malformations.
Embryotoxic effects of magnesium deficiency and stress on rats and mice
Authors: Günther T. , Ising H. , Mohr‐Nawroth F. , Chahoud I. , Merker H‐J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant rats and mice received a magnesium (Mg)‐deficient diet with different Mg contents from 40 to 360 ppm. The controls received 2,000 ppm. At the end of gestation, the Mg concentration in the maternal serum was found to have decreased by up to 0.3 mmole/liter, depending on the Mg content of the food. Mg‐dose‐dependent embryotoxic effects (resorptions, retardation, disturbed bone development, and skeletal malformations) were observed only below a threshold value of 0.7 mmole/liter of the maternal serum Mg concentration. Noise stress in rats, in addition to a mild Mg deficiency (360 ppm Mg), which by itself had no effects, increased the rate of resorptions only.
Differences in the toxicity and teratogenicity of cytochalasins D and E in various mouse strains
Authors: Austin W. Lena , Wind Marilyn , Brown Kenneth S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAdult toxicity, embryo lethality, and teratogenicity of cytochalasins D and E (CD and CE) were determined for A/J, C57BL/6J, aeae, and OELN mouse strains. The adult LD50 for CD (1.9–2.6 mg/kg) and CE (3.1–3.3) were similar for the strains. Although adult LD50s were similar, the embryo lethality and teratogenicity of CD and CE vary from strain to strain when all were treated with intraperitoneal injections on days 7–9 of gestation. CD was more teratogenic than CE and frequently produced exencephaly while CE did not. CD was more teratogenic in OELN and aeae (ED50 ± 0.7 mg/kg) than in A/J or C57BL/6J (ED50 > 1.2 mg/kg). OELN fetuses were more resistant to lethal effects of CD than the other strains which had fetal LD50s ± 1.2 mg/kg maternal weight. The F1 fetuses of a cross of sensitive aeae and resistant C57BL/6J showed intermediate sensitivity to exencephaly. The results suggest a genetic contribution to the response and differences in action of CD and CE as teratogens.
Teratogenic effects of cyproterone acetate and medroyprogesterone treatment during the pre‐ and postimplantation period of mouse embryos. I
Authors: Eibs H. G. , Spielmann H. , Hägele M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant mice were treated with a single subcutaneous injection of either cyproterone acetate (CA) or medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). In the first experiment the animals received 5–900 mg/kg of the hormone before implantation (day 2 of pregnancy). CA treatment on day 2 caused a dose‐dependent decrease in fetal weight and a significant dose‐dependent increase in the rates of cleft palate and urinary tract abnormalities. Exencephaly and heart abnormalities were also significantly more frequent, but this increase was not dose‐dependent. MPA treatment on day 2 was followed by sporadic increases in dead and resorbed fetuses, a decrease in fetal weight and an increase in the rates of cleft palate and malformed or abnormally developed fetuses. None of these effects, however, was dose‐dependent.In the second experiment the mice were given one single injection (30 mg/kg) of CA or MPA on any one of days 1–12 of gestation. Treatment with CA on one day between days 1 and 12 revealed that the specific sensitivity for abnormalities of the urinary tract was on days 5 and 6, for the respiratory tract on days 8 and 9, and for cleft palate on days 10 and 11. Treatment with MPA on one day between days 1 and 12 only revealed a high rate of respiratory and urinary tract abnormalities on day 9. After treatment with MPA cleft palate was again significantly more frequent in all treated groups, however, days of peak sensitivity were not detected.The long half‐life of CA (60 hours) explains the teratogenic effect of high doses of this progestin after treatment on day 2 and also the pattern of abnormal development found after treatment with a single dose of CA on one of the days between day 1 and day 12.
Biography of Josef Warkany
Authors: Brent Robert L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractJosef Warkany was born in Vienna, Austria, March 25, 1902. He received his formal education in Vienna, graduating from the medical school of the University of Vienna in January 1926, with the MD degree. He interned at the University Pediatric Clinic from 1926 to 1927. At that time, Professor Pirquet was the director of the program. From 1927 to 1931, he was Assistant Reichsanstalt for Mothers and Children in Vienna. He came to this country in 1931 to the city of Cincinnati as an appointee at the new Children's Hospital Research Foundation. He has remained at that institution to this day. In 1937 he married his present wife Suzanne, who has been an important part of his professional and personal life. They have two children, Joseph Henry and Stephen Ford.
Syndromes with cephaloceles
Authors: Cohen M. Michael , Lemire Ronald J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEncephaloceles may occur as isolated malformations or together with other anomalies making up various syndromes or associations. With the possible exception of the aberrant tissue band syndrome and the Meckel syndrome, little attention has been paid to syndromes with encephaloceles as a group. This paper discusses syndromes of known genesis, including the aberrant tissue band syndrome, Chemke syndrome, cryptophthalmos syndrome, dyssegmental dwarfism, frontonasal dysplasia, Knobloch syndrome, Meckel syndrome, pseudo‐Meckel syndrome, von Voss syndrome, and warfarin syndrome. Associations include a wide range of anomalies that may occur with encephalocele. Some abnormalities are secondary to encephalocele formation; others represent primary noncontiguous embryonic malformations. Associated anomalies include absent corpus callosum, orofacial clefting, craniostenosis, Dandy‐Walker defect, Arnold‐Chiari defect, ectrodactyly, hemifacial microsomia, hypothalamic‐pituitary dysfunction, Klippel‐Feil anomaly, iniencephaly, and myelomeningocele. Finally, several other conditions with encephalocele are discussed. Some may represent true low‐frequency associations; others are spurious.
Concepts of multiple congenital contractures (arthrogryposis) in man and animals
Authors: Swinyard Chester A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis is a concept of multiple congenital contractures, based upon clinical experience with the malformation and available literature, leading to a conception of the multiple categories of etiology, which cause neuropathic or myopathic muscle weakness or limb immobilization. The muscle weakness and imbalance of muscle power around the joints elicits a physiological compensatory collagenic response, which replaces atrophied muscle fibers with connective tissue and thickens the joint capsule sufficienty to result in prenatal fixation of limb segments at the joint.