bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virna Glaucoma Implant (VGI) as the Management of Secondary Glaucoma following TASS : A Case Report
Authors: Presialia Athira , Witjaksono Anissa Nindhyatriayu , Anissa Gisela Haza , Widyawati Syska 
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Secondary glaucoma may occur in severe TASS. The inflammatory cell and debris can clog trabecular meshwork causing IOP to rise. In this case, we describe the successful management of secondary glaucoma due to TASS using Virna Glaucoma Implant (VGI).
Case Illustration : A 66-year-old woman presented with decreased vision in the left eye one week after anterior vitrectomy and anterior segment lavage due to TASS. She had a history of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens placement with complication of PCR. On ocular examination, the visual acuity was 1/60 in the left eye with intraocular pressure (IOP) 55 mmHg. After maximum glaucoma medication using timolol, latanoprost, brinzolamide eye-drops and oral acetazolamide IOP was 22mmHg. Glaucoma Drainage Device (GDD) surgery using VGI was performed. After 2.5 weeks, IOP in the left eye was reduced to 19 mmHg without anti-glaucoma medication and visual acuity has improved to 6/60, showing a favourable outcome.
Discussion : TASS may cause significant damage to the trabecular meshwork, which leads to secondary glaucoma. Although medical therapy is often used to control elevated IOP, surgical therapy may be required to treat refractor IOP elevation. GDD surgery has been reported to have effective outcomein secondary glaucoma and pseudophakic eyes.
Conclusion : Secondary glaucoma is considered as one of the characteristics in the late stages of TASS, and required prompt treatment. VGI implantation is a promising choice of treatment in managing secondary glaucoma following TASS when medication is not effective.
Recurrence of Malignant Glaucoma After Vitrectomy Intervention: A Challenging Case Series
Authors: Zulfa Mazidah , P Satya Hutama , Wildan Arief , Rahmi Fifin L , Puspasari Denti , Maharani  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Malignant glaucoma most commonly occurs after glaucoma filtration surgery. Most cases require surgical intervention such as vitrectomy. However, even after successful treatment, it can reoccur in some cases. We present two cases of recurrent malignant glaucoma.
Case Illustration : The first case involved a 48-year-old female with primary angle closure glaucoma who developed malignant glaucoma 1-week after undergoing combined glaucoma surgery. The second case involved a 70-year-old man with primary angle closure glaucoma and pseudophakia who developed malignant glaucoma 4-month after trabeculectomy. They received total vitrectomy treatment. We observed anterior chamber deepening in these 2 cases, but intraocular pressure remained increased 2-week after intervention.
Discussion : We found improvement in anatomy by deepening the anterior chamber, but the intraocular pressure increased in the 2 weeks. Although the problem of releasing aqueous accumulations from the vitreous has been resolved after vitrectomy, but there is no permanent passage between the anterior chamber and the vitreous cavity. So, recurrences can occur. It is possible to manage this condition by restoring aqueous flow from the anterior vitreous to the anterior chamber. YAG laser capsulo- hyaloidotomy or vitrectomy combined with hyaloido-zonula-iridectomy are frequently effective in treating underlying causes.
Conclusion : Vitrectomy can help to improve the deepening anterior chamber, but intraocular pressure may remain increased after 2-week follow-up. The recurrence of malignant glaucoma may be related to incomplete resolution of the underlying condition.
OVERVIEW OF OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS IN DR KARIADI HOSPITAL SEMARANG: A 5-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: AMALIA DWI ARISKA  , WINARTO REKI  , DINA NOVITA  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction & Objectives : Ocular toxoplasmosis is the most common infectious etiology of posterior uveitis. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics of ocular toxoplasmosis in Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang.
Methods : A retrospective review of out-patient medical records of ocular toxoplasmosis at Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang from January 2018 to December 2022 was done. All toxoplasmic uveitis were included, whereas incomplete medical records and loss of follow-up were excluded. The clinical characteristics of patients were recorded and analyzed.
Results : During 5 years a total of 160 patients were recruited of which 123 fulfilled the criteria, consisting of47 males (38.2%) and 76 females (61.8%), mostly were acquired infection (97.6%) with immunocompetent status (75.6%), and affected unilateral eye (65%). The predominant age was 26-45 years old (82.1%). Primary infection (70.7%) was greater than recurrent infection (10.6%) in which recurrence affects 46-65 years old (72.7%). Visual acuity at the initial presentation was <6/18-6/60 (26.2%), and the final follow-up increased to ≥6/18 (33.1%). Posterior uveitis (35.1%) with posterior pole lesion (66%) was a common clinical sign found. Medications given were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (51,25%), and corticosteroid (27.5%) as an adjuvant. The complication detected was cataract (13%).
Conclusion : Ocular toxoplasmosis was mostly found in immunocompetent female patients, acquired, unilateral, and in the posterior pole. A good response was found by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and corticosteroid medications.
Orbital Tumor Misdiagnosed as Optic Neuritis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Marcellina  , Maria L. Susyono  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction : Unilateral blurred vision and optic nerve swelling are the two most common signs of optic neuritis (ON). However, ON is rarely reported in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), thus necessitating further diagnostic workup.
Case Illustration : A 42-year-old woman visited our hospital with strabismus and progressive loss of vision in her left eye since three months ago. She had been treated with pulse dose steroid for suspected ON. She had been diagnosed with RA over five years and treated with immunomodulatory medication. Left eye examination revealed best corrected visual acuity of 20/50, proptosis, esotropia with painless limitation in temporal movement. Afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) and optic nerve swelling were present. OCT assessment revealed reduction in RNFL thickness. Further magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigation revealed a 2.35 x 2.6 x 1.8 cm mass in the left intraconal retrobulbar, in proximity to the medial optic nerve, which suggests a case of orbital Schwanoma. Excisional biopsy was performed and revealed a benign tumor.
Discussion : Intraconal tumor may falsely be diagnosed as an optic neuritis in autoimmune patient. Neuro- ophthalmologic symptoms of systemic inflammatory in the optic nerve includes unilateral acute visual loss and pain in eye movement. Signs of ON includes RAPD, disc edema, and corresponding visual field defect. MRI of the optic nerve can assist diagnostic workup.
Conclusion : The exact diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis-associated ocular manifestations is challenging. Imaging using MRI might be needed to provide clarity in the diagnosis.
ACETAZOLAMIDE INDUCED SECONDARY ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA: A RARE CASE REPORT
Authors: Atisundara Siti Mutia , Rifada R Maula , Umbara Sonie , Gustianty Elsa , Prahasta Andhika 
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Drugs such as topiramate, acetazolamide, methazolamide, buproprion, and trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole potentially cause an elevation of IOP. Drug-induced glaucoma may be an ophthalmic emergency if not treated promptly and can results in permanent visual loss.
Case Illustration : A 36-years-old female came to Glaucoma Unit at Cicendo National Eye Hospital with progressive blurred vision since 1 year ago, worsening in the past six months. Accompanying symptoms included pain, headache, halo, and conjunctival hyperemia. She had been diagnosed with glaucoma and received timolol maleate, acetazolamide, and glycerin. Seven days later, her visual acuity worsened to 3/60 ph 0.15 RE and 2/60 ph 0.15 LE, with high IOP in both eyes, with the higher IOP being >30 mmHg. The cup-to-disc ratio was 0.3 RE and 0,8 LE. The anterior segment showed shallow anterior chamber, mid-dilated pupil, and conjunctival injection (Figure 1.). Gonioscopy examination showed Schwalbe line of both eyes (Figure 2.). Acetazolamide was stopped, and one week later the condition resolved (Figure 3.).
Discussion : Secondary angle closure glaucoma caused by acetazolamide is important to consider because most people tolerate acetazolamide well. The mechanism of closed-angle glaucoma can be pupillary block and non-pupillary block. Non-pupillary block is caused by thickening, forward movement the iris-lens diaphragm, rotation of the ciliary body, and choroidal effusion. This process is an idiosyncratic reaction to certain systemic drugs.
Conclusion : Few cases were reported about secondary bilateral angle closure glaucoma due to acetazolamide. Treatment of angle closure glaucoma involves stopping acetazolamide
Effectiveness and Timing of Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Probing: a Systematic Review
Authors: Kharisma Zatalini Giyani  , Dewi Alya Winarto  , Julie Dewi Barliana  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction & Objectives : Most congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) cases could resolve spontaneously or only require minimal conservative treatment. In unresolved cases, lacrimal probing is considered a primary treatment; however, no consensus on the best timing to perform probing is available. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effectiveness of immediate probing with deferred probing and to assess the best time to perform primary probing.
Methods : A search for relevant literature was performed on four electronic databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Scopus with predetermined keywords. The inclusion criteria consist of systematic reviews, RCTs, and prospective/retrospective studies published between 2013-2023 regarding lacrimal probing as an intervention for congenital NLDO.
Results : We included seven studies. Three studies compared immediate and deferred probing, while four focused on the success rate of probing for NLDO at various age groups. Studies suggest immediate and deferred probing had a comparable effectivity in treating NLDO; however, one systematic review suggests immediate probing was superior to deferred probing. Studies also demonstrate that the success rate of probing declines with age. Lacrimal probing performed on NLDO patients under 12 months old had a success rate of more than 80%.
Conclusion : Despite findings of comparable effectiveness between immediate and deferred probing, probing performed at a younger age yielded a higher success rate. This suggests that doctors should consider the patient's age at diagnosis to decide between immediate and deferred probing. Further evidence is needed to determine cut-offs for the best time to perform primary probing.
Outcome Evaluation of Eyelid Laceration Surgery in Kariadi General Hospital Semarang
Authors: NIZAR ARIF LAZUARDI  , TRILAKSANA NUGROHO  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction & Objectives : Eyelid laceration are common in cases of trauma involving the eye. This study will discuss cases of eyelid lacerations, procedures, and the follow-up of patients who underwent surgery at Kariadi General Hospital Semarang.
Methods : This study used an observational analytic design and was conducted retrospectively. All patients who underwent eyelid surgery April 2019 to January 2023. Age, gender, laceration location, mechanism of trauma, canalicular involvement, and surgery were recorded, subjective complaints and patient complications after surgery.
Results : Of the 76 patients (94 eyelid lacerations) included in the study, men exhibited a greater vulnerability (56,75%) and mostly aged around 16-<50 years (43, 57%). In terms of the laceration location, it occurred in right lower (39,36%), right upper (35,10%), left lower (13,82%), and left upper (11,70%) eyelids. Blunt trauma (83,78%) was the main mechanism, with motor vehicle accidents leading (40,54%). Canalicular involvement was present in 35 cases (47,29%). All patients underwent surgery, with eyelid repair to all of the patient following by recanalization (39,18%). The most common complaint of patients after surgery in the first week of control was pain (47,29%) followed by a feeling of lump (13,51%). A total of 25 patients (33,78%) stated that they had no complaints.
Conclusion : Eyelid lacerations mainly involve young adult people, right lower eyelid. Blunt trauma, particularly motor vehicle accidents, is the main cause. Most of the patients had no complaints in the1 week postoperative control, and they increased in subsequent controls.
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE (IOP) IN CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES IN MALANG; WHICH TYPE OF DISABILITY IS MOST AT RISK?
Authors: YURIKE MANDRASARI  , Lely Retno Wulandari  , Nanda Wahyu Anandita  , Anny Sulistiyowati  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction & Objectives : Visual disabilities are the highest percentage of disabilities affecting children under five years old at about 0.17%. Childhood glaucoma affects over 300,000 children worldwide. 6.8% of Cerebral palsy children have high IOP. Developmental disabilities children require services to manage eye development. There is not much data on their eye examinations, especially IOP. This study aimed to know IOP values in children with developmental disabilities based on the type of disabilities in Malang.
Methods : We measured IOP on 233 children with developmental disabilities, 6-19 years old, in 8 special education elementary schools, divided into 6 groups based on the types, namely autism, cerebral palsy, physical impairment, intellectual impairment, deafness and speech impairment, and others (with informed consent). IOP measurement using Icare Tonometer TA03, then categorized into 2 groups, normal and high IOP. Observation period 2019-2020.
Results : Tonometer measurement can be done in 320 eyes of 163 children, with mean age of 11.14 years old. The mean value of IOP was 18.62 mmHg, the lowest was 9.5 mmHg, and the highest was 31.1 mmHg (SD± 3.39). Eyes with normal lOP are 245 eyes (76.6.%) mostly from intellectual impairment and high IOP are 75 eyes (23.4.%) mostly from deafness and speech impairment.
Conclusion : There is a significant difference between IOP and type of developmental disability in children. Children with deafness and speech impairment have higher IOP than others, since they have high risk of ocular problems. IOP are influenced by outflow facility, aqueous humor production rate, episcleral venous pressure and uveoscleral flow rate.
SIE BOEN LIAN (SBL) SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR CICATRICIAL ENTROPION AFTER STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME
Authors: GEORGE RADEN MAS SAID  , Niluh Putu Ayu Dewi Wardhani  , Raden Rangga Kartiwa  , Shanti Fitriani Boesoirie  , Mohamed Rinaldi Dahlan  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) can cause keratinization of the tarsal conjunctiva, conjunctival scarring and inverted eyelid margin, resulting to cicatricial entropion, causing skin and lashes to brush against the eye. This condition can occur in 27-59% of cases in ocular SJS. The surgical treatment for cicatricial entropion is to repair the position of eyelid margin. One of the procedures that can be used is Sie Boen Lian (SBL) technique.
Case Illustration : A 70-year-old woman complained of inversion of the left upper eyelid, which caused foreign body sensation, redness, and lacrimation since 4 months ago. The patient had a history of SJS caused by the use of quinolone antibiotic. Anterior segment examination revealed entropion in the left upper eyelid with palpebral margin keratinizing. The patient was diagnosed with cicatricial entropion post- SJS. SBL surgical technique was chose to manage this condition. Post-operative ophthalmological examination showed a relieved symptoms and an improvement in the position of the eyelid margin.
Discussion : The primary goal of therapy in cicatricial entropion is to reduce the occurrence of chronic ocular irritation by reverting the structure of the eyelids to a physiological position. The anterior lamellar shortening was performed with a modified tarsotomy, known as the SBL surgical technique. The post-operative evaluation was implemented to assess the reposition of the eyelid margin.
Conclusion : The SBL surgical procedure is effective to manage cicatricial entropion post-Steven-Johnson Syndrome.
ESTIMATION OF ND:YAG LASER ENERGY FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF POSTERIOR CAPSULE OPACITY
Authors: INTAN EKARULITA  , Andrew M. H. Knoch  , Feti Karfiati  , Ludwig Melino Tjokrovonco  , Emmy Dwi Sugiarti  , Budiman  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction & Objectives : Types of Posterior capsule opacity (PCO) are membranous, fibrotic, or fibro-membranous. Surgical capsulotomy has been replaced by Neodymium-doped Ytrium Aluminim Garnet (Nd:YAG) as a PCO management nowdays. The initial energy use of the laser is influenced by variations in PCO density. Utilizing initial energy effectively can help to use less total laser energy. This study is to estimate energy Nd:YAG laser levels to treat various types of PCO.
Methods : This is a observational descriptive study with cross-sectional design. This study retrieved initial and total capsulotomy Nd:YAG laser as a main variable on various types of PCO. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) before and after laser, size of hole capsulotomy, and complications of each type of PCO were evaluated.
Results : A total 59 eyes of 49 patients with pseudophakia who underwent capsulotomy laser were included. The mean values of initial energy levels were 1,45±0,31 mJ for membranous PCO, 1,51±0,29 mJ for fibrous PCO, and 1,68±0,23 mJ for fibro-membran PCO. The mean summated energy levels for membranous PCO was 51,86±28,19 mJ, 78,86±44,81 mJ for fibrous PCO, 86,88±60,51 mJ for fibro- membran PCO. Complications were iritis, oculi hypertension, hyaloid rupture and IOL pitting were occurred in this study.
Conclusion : Fibro-membran PCO required more initial and total laser energy compared to membranous and fibrous PCO
Outcomes of Eyelid Malignant Tumor Patients at Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital
Authors: DESTI PRIANI  , Dr. dr. Halimah Pagarra, Sp.M(K)  , Dr. Ahmad Ashraf Amalius, MPH, Sp.M(K), M.Kes  , Dr. Andi Pratiwi, Sp.M, M.Kes  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction & Objectives : The prevalence of malignant eyelid tumors varies, 80–95% are basal cell carcinomas (BCC), 5% are squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), and 1–3% are sebaceous gland carcinomas (SGC), and most of them are removed by complete resection. However, recurrence, metastasis, and tumor expansion are still common in these cases. This study aims to assess the characteristics and outcomes of eyelid malignant tumor patients at Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital.
Methods : This study used a retrospective cohort and was conducted using secondary data from medical records for five years at Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital. Data on general characteristics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes were collected, then analyzed and presented in tabular form.
Results : From 44 samples, females made up 75.0% and the largest age group was 45–64 years (65.9%). The tumor was most commonly located in the right eye (61.4%) and the superior eyelid (50.0%), with an onset of 36.36±37.75 months. BCC was the most frequent tumor (61.3%), especially nodular (81.5%). During the follow-up, recurrence (25%) was most prevalent in BCC (63.6%; p: 0.976), with an average recurrence of 31.36±32.47 months (p: 0.894). Metastases (2.3%) occurred in 1 SCC patient after 12 months, and tumor expansion (2.3%) occurred in 1 SGC patient.
Conclusion : There was no difference in the incidence of tumor recurrence, metastasis, and expansion based on tumor type and location. However, there was a significant difference in the type of management taken against the tumor expansion. Follow-up must be done for at least three years after therapy.
QUALITY OF LIFE PERSPECTIVE CORRELATION IN CHILDREN UNDERGOING AMBLYOPIA OCCLUSION THERAPY AND THEIR PARENTS AS PROXY
Authors: ANDIVAN RAHMAN  , MAYASARI WAHYU KUNTORINI  , NINA RATNANINGSIH  , FETI KARFIATI MEMED  , IRAWATI IRFANI  , PRIMAWITA OKTARIMA AMIRUDDIN  , SESY CAESARYA  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction & Objectives : One of the main therapies used to treat amblyopia in the dominant eye is occlusion therapy. When used on the dominant eye during activities, eye patches can lead to quality of life issues include visual, cosmetic, and psychosocial disorders. To improve visual acuity in the suppressed eye and stop a progressive loss of visual acuity, therapy must be followed. An important factor affecting a child's compliance with occlusion therapy is parental support. Parental negativity affects children's level of support, and as a result, a decreased compliance. This research aimed to determine the relationship between quality of life and the perspectives of parents and children receiving occlusion therapy.
Methods : This is a correlation study with a cross-sectional design. Fifty-one subjects were addressed in the amblyopia children's group and fifty-one subjects in the parents’ group. Every participant was directly interviewed. Correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between the results of interviews with children and their parents.
Results : There is a decrease in the quality of life in children undergoing therapy, both from the perspective of the child and their parents. The decline in the quality of life that occurs in children is not as low as parents think. The results of the questionnaires for the children and their parents in total demonstrated a significant correlation (p = 0.0001) and a moderately positive correlation (R = 0.598).
Conclusion : There is a positive correlation between children and parents in assessing the quality of life due to occlusion therapy.
DIFFERENT CONJUNCTIVAL AUTOGRAFT TECHNIQUES FOR PTERYGIUM SURGICAL EXCISION, A CASE SERIES
Authors: ANNISAK FITRIYANA  , Angga Fajriansyah  , Arief Akhdestira Mustaram  , Patriotika Muslima  , Elfa Ali Idrus  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction : Pterygium is a wing shaped fibrovascular growth that extends from the conjunctiva onto the cornea. There are many techniques available for pterygium removal, from simple excision to excision and repair of the defect with modified techniques.
Case Illustration : 1. A 50-year-old woman presented with a grade II pterygium in both of her eyes. She was undergone sliding flap pterygium excision for her right eye. Case 2. A 32-year-old man presented with a grade II pterygium in his left eye. He was then undergone rotational flap pterygium excision for his left eye. Case 3 A-55-year-old woman presented with a grade II-III double head pterygium. She was later undergone modified conjunctival autograft double head pterygium excision for his left eye.
Discussion : Surgical management is the gold standard for pterygium treatment. Indications for pterygium excision include decreased visual acuity due to astigmatism, obstruction of visual axis, repeated irritation and cosmetics. Surgical techniques for excision of the pterygium include bare sclera excision, tissue grafting using conjunctival graft, membrane transplantation amnion and limbal- conjunctival autograft. There are several choices of conjunctival graft techniques after pterygium excision, such as conjunctival sliding flap, conjunctival rotational flap, and modified conjunctival autograft. Modified conjunctival autograft technique was performed for double head pterygium management. The technique consisting of horizontally modified conjunctival autograft and vertically modified conjunctival autograft.
Conclusion : The choices of surgical excision techniques for pterygium depends on the grades of the pterygium and operator’s preference.