bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL SHOCK
Authors: Janoff Aaron , Nagler Arnold L. , Baez Silvio , Zweifach Benjamin W. 
Published: June 2004

Donor rabbits were subjected to shock by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMAO shock). Portal blood was collected from these animals at certain intervals after release of the arterial ligature. Infusion of this blood into sub-lethally hemorrhaged rabbits caused the death of half of the tested animals; a mortality incidence which closely matched the per cent mortality in rabbits shocked by SMA occlusion alone. Blood from sham-operated donor animals did not prove lethal when infused into hemorrhage-prepared rabbits.
Infusion of SMAO shock plasma did not result in the death of recipient animals, even though the whole blood source of the plasma had proven to be lethal upon infusion into hemorrhage-prepared rabbits. Moreover, following pretreatment of donor animals with a non-absorbable antibiotic per os, the number of actively reproducing bacteria in the intestinal fluids was reduced to less than 0.1 per cent of normal; nevertheless, the incidence of passive transfer of lethality from shocked donors receiving this pretreatment was not consistently reduced. Furthermore, when SMAO shock portal blood was tested for the presence of bacterial endotoxin by the sensitive dermal epinephrine reaction, although some blood samples demonstrated lesion-provoking activity, there was no correlation between this activity and the lethal properties of the blood samples.
In seeking an explanation for the production of dermal epinephrine lesions by non-lethal shock blood, a positive correlation was demonstrated between the lesion-provoking activity of portal blood and the serotonin content of intestinal tissues of rabbits shocked by SMA ligation. In addition, small amounts of serotonin were shown to be capable of provoking dermal epinephrine reactions in rabbits, under the same conditions used to test the lesion-provoking activity of portal blood.
It was therefore concluded that: (a) a toxic factor(s) is present in the portal blood of SMAO-shocked rabbits; (b) that this factor(s) is not likely to be a bacterial endotoxin; and (c) that the occasional provocation of a dermal epinephrine reaction by portal blood from SMAO-shocked rabbits, a property heretofore exclusively attributed to the presence of endotoxin in shock blood, can be entirely explained on the basis of elevated levels of serotonin in this blood.
A COMPARISON OF THE PEPTIDES RELEASED FROM RELATED RABBIT ANTIBODIES BY ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS
Authors: Gitlin David , Merler Ezio 
Published: June 2004

Rabbit antibodies against pneumococcus capsular polysaccharides of Types II, III, VI, VII, and XII were isolated from type-specific antisera by precipitation with homologous antigen and hydrolyzed with either subtilisin, chymotrypsin or trypsin. Purified antibodies were also hydrolyzed with papain; the two polypeptides with active antibody sites and the crystallizable polypeptide were separated, studied in the ultracentrifuge and hydrolyzed with either subtilisin or chymotrypsin. The resulting peptides were separated on filter paper by electrophoresis and chromatography.
1. The two polypeptides with antigen-combining activity, fractions I and II, each constituted about 25 per cent of the original antibody molecule; the crystallizable polypeptide did not combine with antigen, fraction III, and represented about 35 per cent of the original antibody molecule. About 10 to 15 per cent of the original antibody molecule was hydrolyzed by papain into about 35 peptides.
2. The peptide patterns obtained for hydrolyzates of fraction I were almost identical with those obtained for fraction II obtained from the same antibody and were quite different for those obtained for fraction III.
3. Many of the peptide spots in the patterns obtained with whole antibody hydrolysates contained at least two peptides derived from different parts of the antibody molecule.
4. Differences were observed in the peptide patterns for different antibodies that suggested the existence of differences in both primary and tertiary structures among these antibodies.
TRITON HYPERLIPEMIA IN DOGS
Authors: Scanu Angelo , Oriente Pasquale , Szajewski Janusz M. , McCormack Lawrence J. , Page Irvine H. 
Published: June 2004

Fourteen dogs, fed a regular diet and given 250 mg/kg of triton (a non-ionic surface-active agent) intravenously every 4th day, exhibited a progressively severe hyperlipemia. Serum triglycerides were the first to increase. Cholesterol, mostly in the free form, and phospholipids showed elevation only at a later stage and increased at almost identical rates. The plasma-free fatty acid concentration was from 2 to 3 times above normal.
With establishment of sustained hyperlipemia, there was reduction, followed by total disappearance, of the high density D 1.063 to 1.21 lipoprotein. Most of the cholesterol and phospholipids (70 to 75 per cent of the total) were found in the D 1.006 to 1.063 lipoprotein class, the remainder in the D &lt; 1.006 class. Triglycerides were almost evenly distributed between these two classes. The concentration of the serum lipoprotein proteins was within normal limits.
All of the animals died within from 4 to 5 months after receiving the first injection of triton. Autopsy findings consistently showed: (a) numerous lipidladen macrophages in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes; (b) significant depletion of all fat stores; (c) presence of lipids, either free or engulfed in macrophages (foam cells), in the subintima of the coronary arteries, aorta, and pulmonary arteries, indicating an early stage of atherosclerosis.
Concurrent daily administration of heparin (5 mg per kilogram of body weight) did not substantially change the course of the disease.
Withdrawal of triton from animals that had been receiving the detergent for from 3 to 4 months, elicited a slow return to normal of the lipid pattern. In two dogs killed when normolipemia was reestablished, all tissues were normal with the minor exception of a few hepatic macrophages still laden with sudanophilic material.
It is postulated that the primary action of the injected triton was on the lipid moieties of plasma lipoproteins with formation of complexes, which, as foreign bodies, were preferentially taken up by the cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Depletion of fat stores was probably secondary to increased lipid mobilization, as an attempt by these tissues to supply energy to the parenchymal cells unable to utilize triton-bound lipids.
STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LATHYROGENIC AGENTS
Authors: Levene C. I. 
Published: June 2004

Using the chick embryo assay system, a series of organic compounds was tested for lathyrogenic activity; lathyrogenic compounds were shown to fall into 4 groups—nitriles, ureides, and 2 new groups—hydrazides and hydrazines, forming a spectrum of diminishing potency in their ability to produce solubility of collagen and skeletal deformities.
Pyridoxal was seen to reverse to a great degree the effects on collagen solubility and skeletal deformity produced by the ureides and hydrazides, though not by the nitriles; its effect was considered to be due to the formation of a Schiff's complex between the aldehyde and the terminal amine of the lathyrogen. Evidence is presented to show that lathyrogens do not act as inhibitors of monoamine oxidases or as chelate-forming agents, nor, in the case of isoniazid, as an anti-nicotinamide agent.
STUDIES ON INFECTION AND IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL TYPHOID FEVER
Authors: Gaines Sidney , Landy Maurice , Edsall Geoffrey , Mandel Adrian D. , Trapani R.-J. , Benenson A. S. 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the efficacy of various antityphoid immunizing agents in immunizing chimpanzees against typhoid fever produced by feeding viable S. typhosa.
It was found that both acetone-killed and heat-killed, phenol-preserved typhoid vaccines were effective in protecting against infection induced with either homologous or heterologous strains of typhoid bacilli.
Purified O antigen induced no discernible protection, but some immunity was afforded by the administration of purified Vi antigen.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF TWENTY MOUSE MYELOMA PROTEINS: EVIDENCE FOR TWO GROUPS OF PROTEINS SIMILAR TO GAMMA AND BETA-2A GLOBULINS IN MAN
Authors: Fahey John L. 
Published: June 2004

The serum myeloma proteins associated with 20 mouse plasma cell tumors in C3H or BALB/c mice that had proved transplantable were characterized by electrophoretic and immunochemical techniques. Although the myeloma proteins ranged in electrophoretic mobility from gamma to alpha globulins, they could be divided into two groups, the gamma type and the beta type myeloma globulins, on the basis of characteristic immunochemical properties. Gamma type myeloma proteins (5563, MPC-11) showed a close immunochemical relationship to normal mouse gamma globulins.
Eighteen beta type mouse myeloma proteins migrated as beta or alpha globulins on zone electrophoresis. These proteins shared common antigenic features which permitted their recognition, separate from gamma myeloma proteins. The beta type myeloma proteins were shown to be related to a beta globulin component present in normal serum. Strain differences were observed for the normal beta globulin component believed to be formed in plasma cells.
The proteins formed in mouse plasma cells were found to be antigenically complex. Shared antigenic determinants as well as distinctive antigenic determinants were detected when representative myeloma proteins were purified and compared by the Ouchterlony double diffusion technique.
The myeloma proteins associated with each of the transplantable plasma cell tumors in mice are regarded as distinctive and characteristic products of plasma cell metabolism. The variety of myeloma globulins was similar for plasma cell tumors arising in C3H as well as in BALB/c mice, indicating that differences in mouse strains would not account for the differences among the myeloma globulins. These differences, however, may be due to differences among the normal plasma cells from which the malignant cells are derived. If this is so, the variety of myeloma globulins reflect the variety of plasma cells present normally.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MOUSE MYELOMA PROTEINS: DEMONSTRATION OF HETEROGENEITY FOR EACH MYELOMA GLOBULIN
Authors: Fahey John L. 
Published: June 2004

Physicochemical characterization of mouse myeloma proteins revealed the individuality of each myeloma protein. When the myeloma proteins are considered collectively a wide range of individual properties were represented, including electrophoretic mobilities varying from the gamma to alpha region, hexose contents from 1 to 4 per cent, and ultracentrifugal components from 6.5 to 13 S. The 20 myeloma proteins could be divided into groups, the gamma type and the beta type myeloma globulins, on the basis of physicochemical, as well as immunoelectrophoretic, studies. Two gamma type myeloma proteins (5563, MPC-11) resembled normal gamma globulins, sedimenting as a single 6.5 S peak in the ultracentrifuge, and having a relatively low hexose content (1 per cent).
Eighteen beta type mouse myeloma proteins differed from gamma myeloma proteins and, typically, were found on ultracentrifugal analysis to have multiple components with sedimentation coefficients of 6.5, 9, 11, and 13 S, having a higher hexose content (2 to 4 per cent) as well as distinctive chromatographic and starch gel electrophoretic properties.
All of the mouse myeloma proteins were heterogeneous and heterogeneity of two types was observed. Polymer formation was responsible for the 9, 11, and/or 13 S components seen on ultracentrifugation of the beta type myeloma proteins. Starch gel electrophoresis revealed this type of heterogeneity as relatively widely separated myeloma protein components, presumably owing to the retardation effect of starch gel on the electrophoretic migration of the larger polymers. Starch gel electrophoresis revealed a different type of heterogeneity for the two gamma type myeloma proteins, each of these being shown to contain 5 or more components differing only in electrophoretic properties.
The physicochemical characteristics of the γ-type and ß-type myeloma proteins in the mouse indicated the close similarity of these proteins to the γ- and ß-2A-myeloma proteins in man.
DEMONSTRATION OF MOUSE ISOANTIGENS AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL BY THE FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE
Authors: Möller Göran 
Published: June 2004

The fluorescent antibody technique has been applied for the demonstration of mouse isoantigens at the cellular level. Specific reactions were obtained by the indirect or "sandwich" technique with a variety of living normal and neoplastic cells. Isoantigens of the H-2 system and of other systems could be demonstrated as well and appeared to be localized at the cell membrane. As far as the H-2 system was concerned, the membrane localization could be confirmed on histological sections.
Different types of non-specific staining reactions have been identified and described. Pinocytosis and cell injury led to such reactions that were morphologically distinguishable from the specific "ring" reaction and as far as pinocytosis is concerned, could be easily avoided by reducing the incubation time. In addition, a non-specific staining reaction morphologically indistinguishable from the specific "ring" reaction could be seen in a small proportion of bone marrow and lymph node cells but in no other cell type studied. The possible nature of this reaction is discussed.
SITES OF FORMATION OF IMMUNE GLOBULINS AND OF A COMPONENT OF C'3
Authors: Hochwald G. M. , Thorbecke G. J. , Asofsky R. 
Published: June 2004

The development of a new method for the determination of the sites of serum protein formation has been described. The method involves the incorporation of C14-labeled amino acids by tissues cultured in vitro, and subsequent autoradiography of immunoelectrophoretic patterns prepared from a mixture of culture fluids and carrier serum with an antiserum against the carrier serum.
This technique has been used to demonstrate formation of γ-globulin, of ß2-macroglobulin, and of a component of C'3 by mouse spleen tissue, and of various other serum proteins by liver tissue. The specificity and sensitivity of this method have been discussed, and some of its advantages and pitfalls were mentioned.
In addition, a rabbit antimouse serum was prepared, and the immunoelectrophoretic patterns obtained with mouse serum were compared with those described in the literature.
A LABILE SERUM FACTOR IN EXPERIMENTAL ENDOTOXIN SHOCK: CROSS-TRANSFUSION STUDIES IN DOGS
Authors: Spink Wesley W. , Vick James 
Published: June 2004

Peripheral vascular failure caused by endotoxin in the dog has an initial stage of vasoconstriction. Preliminary studies in vitro demonstrated that the constriction was due to the interaction of endotoxin with a heat-labile serum or plasma factor and platelets, resulting in the liberation of histamine. Further studies on the intact dog support and extend this concept.
A standardized dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin produced fatal shock in control adult mongrel dogs within 28 hours. The characteristic pattern of changes included progressive hypotension, oliguria and anuria, hemoconcentration, and acidosis.
Normal dogs were protected against endotoxin by transfusions of blood in which the essential serum factor was depleted in one of two ways. First, plasma separated from the blood of normal animals was heated at 56°C for 30 minutes, and the infused reconstituted whole blood protected normal dogs. Protection was not afforded by unheated reconstituted blood. Second, blood from immune dogs obtained within 24 hours after a second lethal dose of endotoxin protected recipient dogs. However, protection was not demonstrated with blood collected 72 hours after a second injection of endotoxin.
The nature of the serum factor essential for endotoxin activity is not known. It is postulated that an enzyme or enzyme system is involved, and the possible role of complement is discussed.
THE BEHAVIOR OF THREE DIFFERENT KINDS OF ANTIBODIES IN TUBERCULOSIS: ANTIPROTEIN, ANTIPOLYSACCHARIDE, AND ANTIPHOSPHATIDE
Authors: Takahashi Yoshio , Onodera Tadazumi , Yamamoto Ken-Ichi 
Published: June 2004

The mode and the level of production of the three different kinds of antibodies, antipolysaccharide, antiprotein, and antiphosphatide, were found to differ considerably with the mode of infection and the virulence of tubercle bacilli. Evidence is given that production of the antipolysaccharide and antiprotein is stimulated without regard to the mode of infection and the virulence of bacilli, while the antiphosphatide is produced chiefly under conditions where in vivo bacilli might have undergone destruction. Of the three antibodies, the level of antiphosphatide was shown to reflect most faithfully the progression of experimental tuberculous infection.
The amounts of the three circulating antibodies were found to have no direct relationship to the degree of tuberculin skin hypersensitivity.
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PARENT ENDOTOXINS AND LIPOID FRACTIONS, WITH A KINETIC STUDY OF ACID-HYDROLYZED ENDOTOXIN
Authors: Haskins Willard T. , Landy Maurice , Milner Kelsey C. , Ribi Edgar 
Published: June 2004

The biological potencies of a number of lipid fractions separated from endotoxins by acid hydrolysis, including the material known as lipid A, were determined in parallel with those of their parent endotoxins, employing bio-assays based on the following dose-related host responses: fever, resistance to infection, tumor damage, primary inflammation of skin, and lethality. Without exception, lipid fractions dispersed by detergents exerted less than 1 per cent of the biological activity of the potent endotoxins from which they were derived.
A study was made of the rate at which biologic activities diminished in relation to the release of bound lipid during progressive hydrolysis of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin with dilute acid. Each of the five assays for endotoxin revealed that biological activity had been reduced to negligible proportions prior to any significant liberation from the endotoxin of water-insoluble firmly bound lipid. The major pharmacological activity of endotoxins, therefore, is acid-labile and cannot be accounted for in isolated lipids. This conclusion is also supported by the finding that lipids with activity similar to that of lipid A could be obtained by non-hydrolytic methods without diminishing the potency of the parent endotoxins.
THE RELEASE OF CHOLESTEROL ESTERS FROM SERUM LIPOPROTEINS BY EXTRACTS OF CERTAIN GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Rowen Robert 
Published: June 2004

A chemical explanation has been provided for the production of opalescence in human and animal sera by extracts of certain Group A streptococci. Opalescence results from the selective liberation of specific lipids from α1-serum lipoprotein. The released lipids have been quantitatively separated through the relatively simple technique of ultracentrifugal flotation, and subsequently analyzed by chemical and chromatographic means. Esterified cholesterol constitutes by far the major low density reaction product, accounting for 85 to 90 per cent of the total lipid released. A small amount of phospholipid (apparently limited to lecithin) was the only other lipid consistently found in low density product fractions.
Comparative kinetics of opalescence development and cholesterol release under varying conditions of pH, extract concentration, and temperature reveal that the two effects do not run exactly parallel but are, nevertheless, probably closely related manifestations of a specific enzymic degradation of serum lipoprotein. It has been suggested that enzymic action may occur at a site within the lipoprotein remote from the cholesterol esters themselves. Although the over-all reaction appears to be mediated by an enzyme present in many Group A streptococci, it is uncertain whether this enzyme acts directly on lipoprotein or acts by causing the activation of a serum enzyme which in turn attacks the lipoprotein.
A STUDY IN VITRO OF COMPONENTS IN THE TRANSMISSION CYCLE OF SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Peterson W. D. , Davenport Fred M. , Francis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

Swine lungworm extracts and suspensions of swine lungworms contain receptor-like substances capable of adsorbing influenza virus, a result consonant with the hypothesis (5–8) that the lungworm may be involved in the swine influenza cycle. Yet no evidence for multiplication of virus or even persistence of infectious virus in lungworms at undimished titer was found. Clearly much more information is needed, and it is hoped that the present demonstration of the practicality of studying the components of the transmission cycle proposed by Shope, will provide important tools requisite for further investigation of this problem.
Studies on the role of the earthworm in the transmission of swine influenza suggest that, at best, that role would be a passive one.
MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE IN AVIAN MALARIA (PLASMODIUM LOPHURAE)
Authors: Sherman Irwin W. 
Published: June 2004

Lactic dehydrogenase activity increased in direct proportion to the degree of parasitization in synchronous infections of duck erythrocytes. Deviations from this linearity could be accounted for on the basis of the developmental stage of the parasite. Erythrocyte-free P. lophurae showed activities which averaged 3 times that of uninfected erythrocytes, whereas infected erythrocytes had intermediate values. In addition, a patent infection was generally reflected by an increase in the lactic dehydrogenase activity in the plasma, but no direct correlation with parasitemia was established.
Molecular heterogeneity of the enzyme was determined on the basis of kinetic data and electrophoretic isolation on a starch block. The uninfected red blood cell showed a major anodal and a minor cathodal peak of lactic dehydrogenase activity, and was further characterized by a kinetic constant representing a high pH optimum with low concentrations of substrate. Isolated P. lophurae had a single, cathodal peak of activity dissimilar from that of the uninfected erythrocyte, and a kinetic constant describing a low pH optimum with a high concentration of substrate. Infected erythrocytes showed a combination of these electrophoretic entities and an intermediate range of kinetic constants.
The data indicate that the avian malaria parasite P. lophurae contains a lactic dehydrogenase qualitatively dissimilar from that of its host cell, and the increased enzymatic activity of infected erythrocytes is a result of the enzyme content of the growing parasite added to that of the red blood cell. It is suggested that the LDH of the parasite has a physiological advantage under those conditions which prevail inside the red blood cell.