bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
USES OF GAME THEORY TO EXPLAIN THE SALT PROCESS
Authors: Picard Louis A. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTNegotiations in international relations must be analyzed not only in terms of the substance of policy which is of relevance to the negotiating process, but also with regard to the negotiating process itself. This paper focuses on the negotiating process leading up to the SALT I agreements of 1972. Through the insights of game theory we can better understand the difficulties inherent in reaching accords in nuclear arms negotiations.
THE PROBLEM OF HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT: RESULT OF MUDDLED NATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICIES
Authors: Keyserling Leon H. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTDuring 1953 through 1979 estimated, the U.S. economy has exhibited a roller‐coaster economic performance–six periods of inadequate upturn, stagnation, and recession, with a chronic rise in unemployment because each upturn at its peak has tended to leave us with more unemployment than the previous one. During the period as a whole, we have forfeited 7.1 trillion 1978 dollars in GNP and 80.8 million years of civilian employment opportunities, and consequently lost about 1.8 trillion dollars in public revenues at all levels, with severe neglect of national priorities, and chronically rising Federal Budget deficits. This sorry record is due primarily to reliance upon a “trade‐off” between unemployment and inflation. But empirical evidence for more than a quarter century has demonstrated that inflation rises as unused capabilities increase and vice versa. The annual inflation rate during the first half of 1979 exceeded 13 percent despite recession; it ranged from 1.6–3.0 percent during periods close to full employment. We now need thorough reconstruction of national economic policies, including abandonment of (1) the unemployment‐inflation “trade‐off,” (2) attempts to balance the federal budget at the expense of the economy and the people, (3) the prevalent monetary policy with soaring interest rates, and (4) excessive reliance on tax reductions in lieu of increased public outlays or investment. These changes would replace improvised and frequently conflicting national economic policies with comprehensive and coherent efforts. All this is in accord with the Humphrey‐Hawkins Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act of 1978
FULL EMPLOYMENT AS A POLICY ISSUE
Authors: Cinsburg Helen 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTPassage of the Humphrey‐Hawkins Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act of 1978 is the most recent step in the development of a national full employment policy. This article traces the origin of the legislative debate over full employment back to the 1940s, the only previous time that Congress gave serious consideration to full employment legislation. It analyzes the conflicting economic and political interests and philosophies that led to the defeat of the Full Employment Bill of 1945 and to passage of weaker legislation, the Employment Act of 1946, which dropped the commitment to full employment. The article then traces the contours of unemployment since World War II: recurrent recessions; significant unemployment between recessions; the unequal distribution of joblessness, hitting hardest at groups such as minorities, women, and youths; and growing urban and regional unemployment. Some of the hidden social, human and economic costs of unemployment are explored. So is the relationship between unemployment and crime, poverty, welfare, the urban crisis and inequality. Full employment reemerged as a major issue in the 1970s because of the impetus from groups whose unemployment problems persist between recessions. Coalitions of these groups pressed for a national policy to secure full employment for all groups. This led to passage of the Humphrey‐Hawkins Act. But the controversy over full employment has not ended. Attempts to implement the Act, the article concludes, may heighten underlying controversies over issues such as inflation, wage, price and profit controls, the environment, and job creation and may make full employment one of the leading domestic issues of the 1980s.
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY AND THE CARTER ADMINISTRATION: AN ANALYSIS OF REORGANIZATION OPTIONS
Authors: Lamb Charles M. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTResponding to his 1976 campaign pledge, President Carter has reorganized the federal government's enforcement of equal employment opportunity(EEO) laws. He has done so by shifting some EEO responsibilities from the Civil Service Commission and the Department of Labor to create a “Super‐EEOC”. This article examines why President Carter chose the EEO reorganization that he did from the standpoint of advantages and disadvantages. Also presented are alternative reform options that the President could have selected that would have involved increasing EEO coordination or reorganization entailing new legislation that would have gone far beyond the creation of a “Super‐EEOC.”
CLIENT GROUP ATTITUDES TOWARD ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY REGULATION*
Authors: McLean Robert A. , Schneck Ronald G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA sample of local union officers was surveyed to determine the degree to which they supported the current approach to industrial safety regulation (the setting of safety standards under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970) as opposed to an alternative scheme (the imposition of an injury tax). Personal characteristics of the members of the sample were also obtained. These data were matched with the injury frequency rates of the industries in which the officers’ constituents were employed. Individuals surveyed tended to believe OSHA to have been an effective injury deterrent, although there were significant differences among groups within the sample. The establishment of safety standards was strongly supported as the “best” means to control industrial accidents.
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF WORKER PENSION FUNDS
Authors: Olson Laura Katz 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTIncreasing concentration of economic power within the corporate sector, as well as the extent of corporate control by a few financial institutions such as commercial banks, have been subjects of intense scrutiny and debate in recent years. However, the role of private and public worker retirement trusts in providing power for institutional investors has not been adequately addressed. Pension fund assets, which were relatively inconsequential prior to 1960, and their investment in and share of total corporate equities minor, have grown to over $l410 billion by the end of 1977. In their analysis of and interest in public and private pension trusts, scholars, employers and even employees have tended to emphasize narrow economic issues such as investment performance. It is the central argument of this article that workers’ funds have become a major source of capital in the American economy, and as such have been used to help create and/or sustain practices that adversely impinge on workers themselves. It is argued that pension assets have contributed to: 1) the increasing power of financial institutions; 2) growth of corporate profits that only minimally benefit some pension plan participants; 3)capital shortages for 'socially useful’ investments; and 4)support of corporate enterprises that refuse basic worker demands including unionization itself. The study further suggests that the rapidly growing pension assets have the potential to serve‘the public interest’ as well as the needs of workers. Threat of withdrawal of funds from selected money managers and corporations, and utilization of share–holder voting rights to influence corporate policies can be potent weapons for organized labor. Since this is an exploratory analysis, the aim of the article is to gather, present and clarify basic information on worker pension trusts and to propose alternative avenues for future research in this critical area.
ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM: A VIEW FROM THE FIELD
Authors: Caiden Gerald E. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTRecent studies of administrative reform reveal how underdeveloped still is the state of the art. Although improving, it suffers from serious limitations. Consequently, many reforms fail or fall below expectations. Available administrative tools have a decidedly authoritarian technocratic ring to them, enshrining values beloved to mandarins and social engineers but not necessarily acceptable to social democracies. Here, several current issues such as renewed interest, disputed definition and scope, contrasting approaches and lack of success, are surveyed together with suggestions for a new agenda.
Who Pays the Costs of Inflation?
Authors: Edmunds Stahrl W. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTInflation may be looked upon as a deferred consumption tax which reduces consumer purchasing power through high prices to compensate for earlier excess expansions of credit. A portion of this excess borrowing is by government to finance deficits. The inflation cost may then be compared by family–income class with the alternative income taxes needed to avoid inflation by eliminating the deficits. By this calculation for 1965–75, the inflation cost was highly regressive, with an effective rate of 17 percent on. families below $5,000, and 17 times greater than such families would have had to pay in income taxes. Meantime, the effective inflationary tax rate for wealthy families over $50,000 in income was a bonus, or tax rebate, of one percent.
Federal Influence and Urban Policy Entrepreneurship in the Local Prosecution of Economic Crime
Authors: Brintnall Michael A. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTIn the early 1970's a score of local prosecutors around the United States instituted programs to address the problem of white collar crime and consumer fraud. This article analyzes this process of innovation as a form of policy entrepreneurship. The article concludes with consideration of key questions addressing the sources, character, and consequences of local policy entrepreneurship and the character of federal influence.
History and Policy Studies
Authors: Yarwood Dean L. , Alexander Thomas B. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis article deals with actual and potential contributions of history to policy studies. Some historians have attempted to influence specific policies through their writings, others have held policy‐relevant positions in government agencies, while others have functioned in roles that have made them official preservers of our past. The authors discuss a number of ways in which history is relevant to policy studies‐among them, the conception of history as a policy laboratory, as a source for perspective about the development of current policies, as a source of theoretically interesting rare or unique occurrences, and as a repository of values to which appeals can be made to justify current and proposed policies. Historians are becoming aware of the need for alternative careers to teaching in universities and this has led them to seek an increase in the number of policy‐relevant positions for historians in government.
A Preamble to Family Policy: Issues of the Past and Present
Authors: Rice Robert M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe subject of family appears appropriately related to social policy, since family functions interface with society so closely. Moreover, U.S. families have been changing rapidly enough in this decade to warrant new attention to policy development. Public and political interest in family policy has been growing. Yet, historical barriers to government targeting family issues for policy development abound. While some intellectual, organizational, and bureaucratic mobilization has occurred, producing broad family policy declarations, interest groups are in the process of positioning themselves differentially, and disagreement about the value of explicit family policy is on the increase. The author believes that family policy will develop slowly in the D.S., and that comprehensive and cohesive family policy can better be considered a goal rather than a readily implemented public activity.
The Use of Social Science in the Changing Role of the GAO
Authors: Staats Elmer B. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe profession of the government auditor has been, is, and will continue to be making adjustments in its traditional patterns of work. Society and its needs are changing, government is changing, and professional work in government‐in this case auditing‐also is changing. This article shows that the U.S. General Accounting Office is learning by experience how to audit government programs having economic and social purposes in order to find out how useful they really are. It reveals the interesting diversity of a GAO auditor's assignments, tells how GAO work is planned, discusses finer points of new auditor disciplines, traces the development of the GAO organization from the days of green eye‐shades to auditing by computer, and ends with a glimpse of new directions GAO services to the Congress may be expected to take.
EMPTY HOUSING SPACE: AN OVERLOOKED RESOURCE
Authors: Baer William C. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe nature of the housing problem in the United States has changed over the years while the posed solutions have not. Today the U.S. has both a surplus of housing and a shortage–the housing space is not effectively distributed. This article suggests the magnitude of underutilization of our housing space and discusses the federal and local policies which encourage over‐consumption and discourage voluntary redistribution. Some pertinent recent Supreme Court decisions are discussed.
TWO‐EARNER FAMILIES IN THE HOUSING MARKET
Authors: Roistacher Elizabeth A. , Young Janet Spratlin 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe 1970's has been a period in which three trends have coincided: housing prices have been escalating, wives have continued to enter the labor force, and legislation prohibiting discrimination in mortgage markets on the basis of sex and marital status has been enacted. In this paper, we examine the role of the two‐earner family–one in which both husband and wife work–in the housing market of the 1970's, and the interrelation of this household type with other factors shaping the current high demand for housing. We also speculate on the role of the two‐earner family in the housing market of the 1980's. We conclude that two‐earner families are in a position to increase their housing outlays in the future, that the continued growth in the number of two‐earner families will add to future housing demand, but that many two‐earner families may be divorced couples of the future. This suggests that, while there will be a strong impact on single‐family home demand, there will also be some restructuring of demand toward rental housing and cooperative/condominium ownership.
LOW‐ AND MODERATE‐INCOME HOUSING IN THE SUBURBS: THE MASSACHUSETTS “ANTI‐SNOB ZONING” LAW EXPERIENCE
Authors: Krefetz Sharon Perlman 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTCan a state re‐assertion of power to override local exclusionary zoning practices “open up” the suburbs for low and moderate income households? Such an approach, tried in Massachusetts over the last ten years, has had some notable, though limited results. Some 14,000 units of LMIH have been proposed under the innovative provisions of the Massachusetts “Anti‐Snob Zoning” Law, but only about 3,600 have actually been built. The foremost factor limiting the impact of the law has been persistent resistance to it by suburbanites. While much suburban opposition undoubtably stems from racial prejudice and fears, some is based upon rational concern over the costs to local communities of providing services to the residents of subsidized housing. Offsetting these costs with state and/or federal subsidies could lower major barriers to the creation of more housing opportunities in the suburbs for low and moderate income persons.
THE SECTION 8 RENTAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM: COSTS AND POLICY OPTIONS
Authors: Straszheim Mahlon R. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTHousing benefits and income transfers realized by Section 8 program participants are examined. The distribution of benefits depends on income eligibility rules and the level of Fair Market Rents, the latter establishing an upper limit on the quality of housing available to households. By establishing Fair Market Rents for an entire urban area, program regulations tend to exclude the poor from better quality neighborhoods. Subsidy costs for newly constructed units are twice as high as for existing units. Income eligibility rules are such that many more households are eligible than can be supported, creating difficult problems of horizontal equity. Lowering Fair Market Rents or raising the required share of tenant's income paid in rent would tend to reduce these horizontal equity problems.
AMERICAN POLICY FOR HOUSING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION
Authors: Fainstein Susan S. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe United States and the major northern European countries all have developed a variety of strategies for governmental intervention in housing and urban development. These include rent supplements, subsidized mortgages, incentives to homeownership, land clearance, and construction and management of housing by public authorities. Despite similarities in the types of programs offered, the countries vary markedly in levels of public expenditure, consistency of policy, and institutional structure of the housing market.Differences in housing policies and institutions produce different outcomes. Settlement patterns, housing costs, level of home‐ownership, and availability of housing for different income groups can be traced to these varying contexts for housing investment. Explanation of national differences lies in the differing organization of economic interests through the respective political systems.
TRENDS AND CYCLES IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE FEDERAL BUDGET, 1947–48
Authors: Teigen Ronald L. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTIn this study, systematic movements in the composition of the Federal budget are studied, using a simple statistical structure which distinguishes trend, cyclical, and price‐indexing phenomena. Using NIA data on budget expenditures and receipts, it is found that share movements on both sides of the budget are dominated by trends. Among expenditure categories, the shares of transfer programs show strong upward trends while the defense purchases share has beentrending strongly downward. On the revenue side, the shares represented by social insurance contributions and personal income taxes have been trending upward at the expense of corporateincome taxes and indirect taxes. Significant cyclical and price‐indexing responsiveness is shown by several expenditure and revenue categories. A noteworthy finding is that the estimates show little evidence of structural change over 1947‐1978, suggesting that the trend and otherforces found to be significant are not of recent origin but have been at work over the whole period.
INFLATION, PROGRESSIVITY, AND STATE INCOME TAX REVENUES
Authors: Formuzis Peter , Puri Anil 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe combination of progressive income tax structures and inflation has led to significant increases in state income tax revenues. While the federal government has de facto indexed the federal personal income tax, states have generated large relative and absolute increases in their income tax revenues. This paper shows that the ratio of income tax revenues to personal income has grown significantly more in states with progressive income tax structures than those with proportional tax structures. Almost half of such increases may be attributed to inflation. The increase in the relative share of income tax as a source of state revenues has recently run into resistance in some states which have installed income tax indexation measures. This may suggest that the marginal cost of raising revenue through inflation, relative to other means (taxes), is reaching its limits.
STATE REVENUE ELASTICITY AND EXPENDITURE GROWTH
Authors: Hansen Susan B. , Cooper Patrick 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTRecent analyses and theories of public choice suggest faster public sector expansion in states with highly elastic revenue structures. This paper estimates the contribution of elasticity of tax revenues to the growth of expenditures in the 50 American states since 1960, based on elasticity measures for state revenue sources compiled by the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, an index of state tax structural change, and controls for federal aid to states, population increase, and per capita growth in real income.Results for 1960‐1970 show a small positive relationship between revenue elasticity and expenditure growth, but this becomes weak and negative for 1970‐1976. Spending has increased most in states with the least elastic revenue sources; these states have made considerable changes in tax laws, while states with elastic revenue sources have been more likely to cut taxes than to increase spending. Federal aid, rather than tax elasticity, is the best predictor of state expenditure growth, while legislative changes in tax structure have enabled states to keep pace with rising demand for revenue due to growth in population and real income.
A NOTE ON THE POLITICAL EXPENDITURE CYCLE IN LATIN AMERICA*
Authors: Ames Barry 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTIn an earlier paper I established that Latin American executives both civilian and military, manipulate aggregate public expenditures so as to maximize their chances of retaining office. This paper carries the analysis further by elaborating five probable strategies, each consequent to the socio‐political conditions executives face, and links strategies to tradeoffs in various programs' shares of the budget at crucial periods. The results suggest that in fact executives do respond to their survival problems by manipulating expenditure shares.
THE NORMATIVE BASES OF TAX REFORM: A CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Goetz Michael L. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the explicit and implicit ideological content of tax reform embodied in three views of taxation. By adopting a constitutional perspective, we are led to examine tax reform as a mechanism by which those rules which define the tax constitution are to be modified as circumstances change. Not only is tax reform demonstrated to be a continuous rather than a dichotomous process, but our proffered framework has the advantage of highlighting the normative underpinnings of the three instant views of tax reform.
CAPITAL GAINS TAXES AND REALIZATIONS: CAN A TAX CUT PAY FOR ITSELF?*
Authors: Auten Gerald E. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper is concerned with the effects of capital gains taxes on realizations of accrued capital gains. Previous empirical studies are summarized and exploratory new research using pooled cross‐section and time‐series tax data is presented. Capital gains realizations are found to be responsive to capital gains tax rates. The magnitude of the response, however, is not sufficient to support the conclusion that a capital gains tax cut would pay for itself.
FINANCING THE GOVERNMENT DEFICIT
Authors: Rasche Robert H. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis study examines the relationship between the U.S. government deficit on a unified budget basis and the various available sources of financing. It identifies those sources of financing other than private domestic capital markets that are available, and develops measures of the financing responses of both domestic and foreign monetary authorities to the continuing U.S. budget deficits of the past fifteen years.