bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Handbook of: Pediatric Physical and Clinical Diagnosis
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the advent of powerful technological advances, the cornerstone of patient care remains the history and physical examination. In this era of lab tests and, in a system dominated by “adult medicine,” the special approach to the unique examination of infants and children is often lost. In the Handbook of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis, the highly respected pediatrician Lewis Barness, and noted pediatrician and pathologist, Enid Gilbert-Barness, present clear descriptions and guidelines for the examination of the pediatric patient in an objective, analytical, and humanistic manner. With concise, clearly written text covering both common and difficult diagnoses, and aided by a wealth of tables, charts, and illustrations, this new edition includes more information on differential diagnosis, and has a new fresh look.
The Modern Uncorporation
Authors: Ribstein Larry E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the aftermath of the LLC Revolution discussed in Chapter 6. It presents a detailed portrait of the modern uncorporation as it emerged over the last twenty years after being liberated from tax and regulation that had forced firms to accept the corporate form as the price of limited liability. This portrait includes the modern versions of the traditional general and limited partnership as well as the current version of the new LLC.
Movements
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An understanding of group polarization and cascade effects has implications for all sorts of social beliefs and movements. Let us now consider some examples. For any of them, of course, a whole volume would be necessary to give a full sense of the underlying dynamics. My goal here is not to provide that full sense, but to say enough to suggest that the social influences explored here have played a crucial role.
Introduction
Authors: Sulmasy Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is sometime easy to forget how very close the communist nation of Cuba is to the American homeland. Cuba sits in the Caribbean Sea, a scant hundred miles as the crow flies from Key West to the northern coast of Cuba. Approximately 500 miles from mainland Florida, there is a small U.S. military installation located on both sides of the mouth of Guantanamo Bay on the south eastern tip of Cuba. The forty- five-square-mile naval base was formally established by treaty following the Spanish-American War through an “Agreement between the United States and Cuba for the Lease of Lands for Coaling and Naval Stations.” The agreement was formalized in February of 1903 , under the auspices of Article VII of the Platt Amendment. U.S. Naval Station Guantanamo Bay has remained a United States military installation despite the Cuban revolution in 1959 and the establishment of a communist government under Fidel Castro. It is the oldest U.S. base located in overseas territory; it was obtained after the end of the Spanish-American War. And the lease is perpetual; it may be bro- ken only upon the agreement of both signatories or the abandonment of the base by the United States.
The Legal Landscape after Boumediene
Authors: Sulmasy Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By July 2008, almost seven years after President Bush’s Order establishing the military commissions, there had not been a successful prosecution at Guantanamo Bay. The military com- missions achieved only one plea deal, known as a pretrial agreement (PTA) in military law, against an Australian citizen named David Hicks. The first actual “trial” was finally docketed for July 2 2008 and even so, was still expected to have numerous challenges and procedural difficulties. In fact, although the trial had several surprises and some difficulties, it ran smoothly and resulted in the conviction of Hamdan. Hamdan’s sentence was time served with an additional six months. Thus, by December 2008, Hamdan was already released. Other than this one “successful” prosecution, the Department of Defense’s implementation of the Bush Order is best characterized as a disaster. For numerous reasons, the military commissions’ pro- cess is not ideally suited for the twenty- first-century unconventional war the United States is fighting against international terrorism. Although more than ideal for conventional wars against nation- states, and an established component of American military law juris- prudence, the military commissions are clearly not the right forum for trying detainees in the War on al Qaeda.
The National Security Court System
Authors: Sulmasy Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A National Security Court System (NSCS) offers the United States a “way out” of the Guantanamo fiasco The existing military law tribunal system is simply not meeting the needs of the nation or the West as we battle international terror. Similarly, the current federal civilian courts are not the appropriate forum for adjudicating “war crimes” either. The convergence of law enforcement and warfare embodied in the War on al Qaeda presents new dilemmas and confusion for nations determining which scheme or system to employ. The situation is unprecedented. Not only is the war itself novel but the al Qaeda fighters are unique also—neither warrior nor criminal. They commit, or conspire to commit, acts of international terror and other actions on a massive scale, seeking nothing less than the complete destruction of Western civilization. They do not wear uniforms, they do not carry weapons openly, they have no emblems that distinguish them as members of an organized army, and they fl the law of armed conflict (LOAC) as part of their established doctrine.
Stand Firm Ye Boys From Maine
Authors: Desjardin Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fought amid rocks and trees, in thick blinding smoke, and under exceedingly stressful conditions, the battle for the southern slope of Little Round Top on July 2, 1863 stands among the most famous and crucial military actions in American history, one of the key engagements that led to the North's victory at Gettysburg. In this powerfully narrated history, Maine historian Tom Desjardin tells the story of the 20th Maine Regiment, the soldiers who fought and won the battle of Little Round Top. This engaging work is the culmination of years of detailed research on the experiences of the soldiers in that regiment, telling the complete story of the unit in the Gettysburg Campaign, from June 21 through July 10, 1863. Desjardin uses more than seventy first-hand accounts to tell the story of this campaign in critical detail. He brings the personal experiences of the soldiers to life, relating the story from both sides and revealing the actions and feelings of the men from Alabama who tried, in vain, to seize Little Round Top. Indeed, ranging from the lowest ranking private to the highest officers, this book explores the terrible experiences of war and their tragic effect. Following the regiment through the campaign enables readers to understand fully the soldiers' feelings towards the enemy, towards citizens of both North and South, and towards the commanders of the two armies. In addition, this book traces the development of the legend of Gettysburg, as veterans of the fight struggle to remember, grasp, and memorialize their part in the largest battle ever fought on the continent. With a new preface and updated maps and illustrations, Stand Fast Ye Boys of Maine offers a compelling account of one of the most crucial small engagements of the Civil War.
Docility and Democracy
Authors: Zakaras Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I began chapter one by describing a problem: the disparity between what democracy seems to require and what modern citizens seem able to give. I then suggested that this disparity has preoccupied philosophers since (at least) the early nineteenth century. In fact, the broader question is one of the oldest in the history of political thought: will citizens prove virtuous enough to preserve the institutions that guard their freedom? This question took on new implications in the early nineteenth century, with the emergence of democracy on a national scale. Alexis de Tocqueville, one of the most influential early writers on this subject, helped bring these implications into clearer focus. Writing about American democracy as it existed in the 1820s, he expressed the very concerns that would soon thereafter become Emerson’s and Mill’s.
Tocqueville’s anxieties about the modern citizen—and, by extension, about modern democracy—were centered on two related themes, both of which resonate in recent political commentaries. First, he observed that Americans were inclined toward “individualism,” by which he meant withdrawal from public life and general apathy about things political.
The Ideal of Individuality
Authors: Zakaras Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If docility is the democratic sickness that Mill and Emerson both diagnosed, then individuality is its antidote. Since docility describes a state of mind as well as a habit of inaction, it should come as no surprise that individuality, too, describes a way of thinking. It is a way of thinking, moreover, that citizens must cultivate in spite of the pressures of mass politics. Here lies one of its most daunting challenges: individuality is not produced by the institutions of mass democracy; rather, it must be created and nurtured by citizens acting—at least sometimes—against the grain of their social and political milieu. To those who would argue that civic virtue is impossible without strong institutional support, I answer once again: what choice do we have? At present, we have no such support, and without virtuous citizen-advocates, we have no legitimate way to create it.
Conformity and Subjection
Authors: Zakaras Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I hope to have shown, in the past three chapters, that the experience of reading Emerson is eclectic and provocative and full of interpretive difficulty. Emerson’s style is impressionistic, alternately playful and didactic, and full of deliberate tension and contradiction. His writing captures diverse moods and points of view without often trying to integrate them. His essays provoke, as much by stark assertion as by surprising omission.
Reading Mill is very different. While he, too, had very catholic interests and sympathies, Mill’s ambitions were more often constructive than perspectival. Mill aspired to fashion unlikely syntheses and to resolve disparate half-truths into philosophical wholes. He thought that he could combine Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment into a philosophy that retained the best of both. About the political antagonisms of his day, he claimed to believe that “a better doctrine must be possible; not a mere compromise, by splitting the difference between the two, but something wider than either” (CW 19:373).
Criminal Statutory Liability and Interpretation
Authors: Hanlon James Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Criminal laws creating substantive criminal liability that are most frequently used in corporate prosecutions fall into two broad categories: Those contained in the Federal Criminal Code, known as Title 18 offenses, and those contained in subject specific regulatory statutes. It would be impractical to enumerate all potentially applicable federal criminal offenses. As of 2004, there were approximately 4,000 separate criminal offenses covering approximately 27,000 pages of the United States Code. With such a vast array of criminal statutes, it is not difficult for a smart prosecutor to find an offense that can be charged to fit the facts where there has been illicit activity. The federal criminal code has been critically described as “simply an ‘incomprehensible,’ random and incoherent, ‘duplicative, incomplete, and organizationally nonsensical’ mass of federal legislation that carries criminal penalties.”
The Process of Defining Charges Against the Individual
Authors: Hanlon James Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the inception of a government investigation into corporate misconduct, a corporation must consider key issues relating to individual employees, including: (1) whether any employees need their own counsel; (2) if individual employees need separate counsel, whether the corporation will pay their attorneys’ fees; and (3) whether the corporation will enter into a joint defense agreement with individuals represented by separate counsel. All of these decisions are critical and depend on the specific facts and circumstances presented by the investigation.
Training for Avoidance of Potential Future Criminal Liabilities
Authors: Lewis Erin Reilly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prosecutors recognize that an “ounce of protection is worth a pound of cure” for regulated organizations, like companies that have federal contracts or handle reimbursement of federal funds. This chapter offers suggestions of what the ounce of prevention should be for your clients. The costs of defending against charges and the potential consequences arising out of a criminal conviction of the organization should lead you to spend the necessary funds for this prevention effort.
Post-Conviction Debarment of Corporations
Authors: O’Reilly Prof. James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When private contractors violate the terms and conditions of their contract or fail to comply with applicable laws in discharging their duties, one of the consequences is the loss of their contract and possibly the “debarment” or exclusion from further contract opportunities. The debarment remedy prevents the contractor from conducting business with the government for a specified period of time or permanently. Similarly, in some federal statutes, application for approval is needed, and debarment from future approvals is a drastic penalty for the affected firm.
Trusts in Latin America
Authors: Malumian Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growing interest in investment in Latin America - particularly in commodities production and real estate development - has increased the use of trusts as investment vehicles throughout Latin America. Written for the English-speaking practitioner, the book covers Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay and Venezuela and provides a practical, clear, and thorough explanation of trusts as legal vehicles for investment in Latin American countries. Trusts in Latin America provides a comprehensive, comparative review of statutes, case law, and examples of trusts in Latin America, and also highlights differences between these countries and common-law systems.
Trusts versus Other Types of Contractual Arrangements and Legal Vehicles
Authors: Malumian Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the differences and similarities between the trust and other contractual arrangements and legal vehicles in the civil-law tradition will be analyzed. This chapter attempts to impart clearer understanding of the trust and to determine the rules that should be applicable in those hard cases in which there are no specific statutory rules. Furthermore, this chapter should help the reader gain a deeper understanding of the nature of the Latin American trust, and the concept of the trust as a special-purpose patrimony.
Argentina
Authors: Malumian Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The regulation of the trust in Argentina was established in January 1995, by the Housing and Construction Financing Act (Law No. 24441) which, as its name suggests, had as its main objective the creation of the legal instruments to facilitate the financing of housing construction. The Law created the financial trust as the vehicle of securitization of mortgages and the ordinary trust as the vehicle for small-to-medium-sized real estate projects. The object of Law No. 24441 is to attract capital without any third- party intermediation for producers wishing to develop production and construction projects, facilitating funding, and reducing its cost. This procedure also permitted investment by the public, generally in activities that would otherwise be closed to it. Furthermore, this form of project implementation permitted extension to international capital markets.
Bolivia
Authors: Malumian Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Bolivia, just like in most other Latin American jurisdictions, trusts acquire the status of a separate patrimony, distinct from that of the settlor, the trustee, and the beneficiary. However, notwithstanding the fact that the characteristics of trusts render them ideal vehicles to carry out securitization processes, Bolivian legislators did not employ it as the legal mechanism for securitization. To this end, they created securitization companies, which have an ordinary estate (that can be affected by the company’s creditors) and as many special-purpose patrimonies as had been created by means of the transfer of assets of the originating companies (which take responsibility for the rights and liabilities of such patrimonies alone).
Chile
Authors: Malumian Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike all the other Latin American countries in this book, Chile has no trust regulations. There is no such legal plan that allows the creation of a special-purpose patrimony, separate from the property of the grantor, the trustee, and the beneficiary. Although the Chilean Civil Code regulates “trust property” in book II, title VIII regarding “limitations to ownership and primarily trust property,” encompassing articles 732 through 763, this trust property does imply the creation of a special-purpose patrimony. Therefore, there are no clear rules regarding the legal actions for the fulfillment of the grantor’s intent or the beneficiary rights. Furthermore, it is not clear whether the trust assets can be attacked by the trustee’s creditors. Thus, the trust property regulated by the Chilean Civil Code is a completely different concept than the one prevailing in the common-law system.
Colombia
Authors: Malumian Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Colombia, there are five legal structures that must be considered when analyzing trusts. All of them are included under “Fiduciary Transactions” (Negocios Fiduciarios), which are defined as those fiduciary acts whereby a person delivers to another one or more assets, transferring or not ownership, for the latter to accomplish a specific purpose with them, either in benefit of the settlor or of a third person. These five legal structures are Civil trust property (propiedad fiduciaria) regulated by the Colombian Civil Code sections 794 to 822 (this chapter will refer to it as “Civil Trust Property” to avoid any confusion). The Colombian Civil Code section 794 provides that “it is called Civil Trust Property [to the property] that is subject to the burden of transferring it to a third person for the sole fact of the accomplishment of a condition. The creation of Civil Trust Property is called trust. This name is also given to the asset under Civil Trust Property. The transfer of the Civil Trust Property to the beneficiary is called restitution (restitución).” The Civil Trust Property, as in Chile and Ecuador, is not a separate patrimony but only some sort of limitation or burden over property transferred to a person (who is the civil trustee), who can use the property as an owner, but only until a condition is accomplished, when the property shall be transferred to the beneficiary. If the condition fails, the “civil trustee” becomes the full and sole owner of the property without any kind of burden or limitation on his or her ownership.
Guatemala
Authors: Malumian Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The trust was first regulated, without defining it, in the National Constitution of the Republic of Guatemala in 1945 (not in force today), which in its section 28 established that Anyone can freely dispose of his assets, as long as doing so does not contravene the law. The fiduciary substitutions (vinculaciones) are totally prohibited, as any mort-main institution, with the exception of the foundations destined to charity, artistic or scientific establishments or purposes, which must be approved by the government. The creation of trusts is authorized which do not last in excess of 25 years; in all cases carried on by a bank or credit institution authorized to do business in the Republic. This authorization does not extend in any form to religious or monastic congregations, nor to priests or ministers of any religion. The term can only be extended when it is in favor of the incurably sick or the legally incapable.
Honduras
Authors: Malumian Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Honduras included the trust in its legislation in 1950 with the entrance into force of the current Commercial Code. Trust regulations were based on the Mexican law that was in force in the same year. Trusts were not used at all for several decades, but they are growing and are being used as collateral (guarantee trusts), as legal vehicles of real estate developments, and as part of project finance schemes in infrastructure projects. Currently, it is estimated that there are more than 300 trusts with assets estimated in more than US$1 billion (out of which, approximately one-half are guarantee trusts), the trust activity growing at a fast pace.
Panama
Authors: Malumian Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Panama boasts Latin American’s first trust law (Law No. 9 of 1925, written by Ricardo J. Alfaro, replaced by Law No. 17 of 1941, which was in turn replaced by current trust Law No. 1 of 1984), it was not until the enactment of the current law in 1984 that the trust began to be actually used.
Peru
Authors: Malumian Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first Civil Code of Peru (1852) did not contain any reference to trusts. The reason could be, just like in other Latin American contemporary civil codes, the confusion of trusts with the “fiduciary substitutions” expressly prohibited by the Napoleonic Civil Code (the main source of most Latin American Civil Codes). Furthermore, the Civil Code of 1936 equally ignored trusts, and the same occurred with the one currently in force since 1984.
Writing It Down
Authors: Baron Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Plato’s Phaedrus, the earliest and best-known critique of writing, Socrates warns his companion Phaedrus that writing will only make human memory weaker: This invention will produce forgetfulness in the minds of those who learn to use it, because they will not practice their memory. Their trust in writing, produced by external characters which are no part of themselves, will discourage the use of their own memory within them. (Plato 1925, 274e–275a) We remember this, of course, because Plato wrote it down. Plato’s problem with letters goes beyond the worry that the new technology of writing will sap our ability to recall. The philosopher, keen to distinguish between reality and its shadow, saw the written word as only a representation of the spoken: for him, writing can never be as real as speech.
TeknoFear
Authors: Baron Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even though the public isn’t scooping up the computer-in-a-refrigerator, people aren’t about to give up their computers (emphasis on the plural) any time soon. But not everyone is enthusiastic about these cranky, high-tech typewriters. Computers make enemies as well as friends: not just those who disparage computers because they think that the machines are too hard to figure out, but true enemies who fear that computer technologies will destroy life as we know it. These computerphobes are convinced that the machines will corrupt our writers, turn books into endangered species, and litter the landscape with self-publishing authors. In addition, computers will rot our brains, destroy family life, put an end to polite conversation, wreak havoc with the English language, invade our privacy, steal our identity, and expose us to predators waiting to pervert us or to sell us things that we don’t need.