bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Writing on Clay
Authors: Baron Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I grew up writing by hand. Most of the students in the classes I teach used pencils and pens at first, as I did, but many of them came of age in the digital age, and with a keyboard in hand, they’re ready to write. Even those who didn’t start using a computer until high school have become so used to the technology that they don’t bother looking at the manuals when they get new hardware or a new program. They just press the switch, click an icon, and start working. When asked whether computers or traditional writing instru- ments seem to provide a more direct connection between brain and page, more of them pick the keyboard than the pencil.
It’s not surprising that those of us who grew up with ink-stained fingers think of computers as harder to master than ballpoints. Nor am I surprised that, when I ask my students to write on clay tablets, they find the ancient technology unnecessarily complex and cumbersome, and they feel relieved when they’re allowed to go back to their writing tool of choice, the keyboard.
Trusting the Text
Authors: Baron Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers have questioned the validity of written documents since the technology of writing first came on the scene. Compounding this skepticism, texts generated by new technologies are often greeted with mistrust by readers preferring the old, tried-and-true to the newfangled, unconventional, and potentially fraudulent. In an attempt to counteract suspicion, new technologies may mimic the look of older ones in order to gain readers’ trust. Sometimes this works: the first printed books resembled illuminated manuscripts, a look that worked in part because their illustrations weren’t printed, but added by hand; not by the printers, but by artists skilled at manuscript decoration.
The Dark Side of the Web
Authors: Baron Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wikipedia and sites like it hope to achieve accuracy by depending on the kindness of strangers willing to locate and correct error. In this they are very much like free speech advocates who argue that the best way to counter lies and propaganda is not to suppress them, but to expose them to the light, test them, and, if necessary, argue strongly against them. Unfortunately, not all lies manage to get corrected, and not all the bad things on the web fade when they’re exposed to the light: in some cases, the web’s dark side seems still to be getting darker.
Central American Refugee Testimonies and Performed Life Histories in the Sanctuary Movement
Authors: Westerman William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
December 1987. We are standing in the Cathedral of San Salvador, El Salvador, tape recorders in hand. There are around two hundred people occupying the Cathedral, just dispersed with tear gas and rubber hoses from the National Ministry of Justice. Young men are taking off their shirts to allow witnesses to photograph the red welts on their backs from the beatings. Scattered among the people in the church, at the doors, in the pews, and before us, dressed in black, their heads covered by white scarves, are the women of COMADRES, the Committee of Mothers and Relatives of Political Prisoners, Dis appeared, and Assassinated of El Salvador. They are standing on the front steps of the Cathedral with banners and megaphones, telling all of San Salvador of the injustices they have witnessed. They are blocking the doors, making sure only those who bring no harm can enter. Who are you, they ask us. A North American delegation. Come on in.
Gender Differences in Memories for Speech
Authors: Ely Richard , Mccabe Allyssa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Narratives are an important way of understanding the world, particularly the world of the past. Narratives shape our view of our surroundings and our sense of who we are and where we come from. I Thus differences in narrative styles that are associated with specific groups or cultures may reflect differences in how such groups or cultures view themselves, their communities, and their past. In this chapter, we will focus on a particular feature of narratives that we have found to be associated with gender. In a number of studies of white working- and middle-class children and adults from a variety of sites in North America, we have found that females use far more reported speech or dialogue than do males in their personal narratives. In telling stories about events of varying degrees of significance, women (who were mothers in all our studies) and girls commonly include what someone once said.
Women And Penal Theory
Authors: Zedner Lucia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This central section examines how the perceptions and explanations of female criminality described in the previous two chapters influenced penal responses to women who broke the law. We begin in this chapter by looking at existing histories of the prison, at developments in penal thinking and policy over the nineteenth century, and at how ideas about the appropriate treatment of women were fitted into wider programmes of prison reform. The following two chapters will go on to examine the two main tiers of penal provision: local prisons and national convict prisons.
Female Convict Prisons 1852-1898
Authors: Zedner Lucia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we noted at the beginning of the previous chapter, almost all those sentenced to custody in the second half of the nineteenth century went to local prisons. Only those found guilty of more serious crimes were subjected to penal servitude (long-term confinement with hard labour) in convict prisons. These longterm prisoners, or ‘convicts’ as they were generally called, made up only 2 per cent of those committed to prison. Short sentences in local gaols or houses of correction were, therefore, the ‘typical’ prison experience of female criminals. However, it was the far more contentious problem of how to provide for serious offenders sentenced to long terms that perplexed and engrossed contemporary policy makers and administrators. Since terms of penal servitude were set at a minimum of five years (later reduced to three), the proportion of women held in convict prisons at any one time was greater than figures for commitments alone would suggest. The implications of holding prisoners for five or even ten years necessarily meant that convict prisons were very different from local prisons (where as we have seen most prisoners were sentenced only to a few weeks or months). The basic components looked alike: both had their cells, workrooms, chapel, school, and nursery, both confined and regulated the lives of their inmates. However, the very purposes and priorities, as well as the experiences of staff and inmates, of the two tiers of the prison system were otherwise very different.
The Years 1889-1951 in Retrospect
Authors: Clegg Hugh Armstrong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
British unions grew very substantially in membership over the years 1889 to 1951, but their growth was by no means continuous. By and large there were two periods of growth: 1889-1920 and 1934-51, separated by a period of marked decline from 1921 to 1933. From an estimated 750,000 members in 1888 the total rose to over 8 million by 1920, and then fell back to 4.35 million by 1933. Growth then resumed, and by 1951 membership had reached 9.29 million. There were also relatively small deviations from these general trends. Membership fell in 1893-5, 1901-4, and 1907-9; rose in 1923-4 and 1928-g; and fell again in 1945, 1949, and 1950; but all these deviations from the general trends were marginal.
Editorial
Authors: Spatz Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a pleasure to be returning to History of Universities, and an honour to be doing so as Editor. In the thirteen years since its foundation by Charles Schmitt the journal has gone from precarious beginnings, through re-establishment with Oxford University Press, to steady expansion and extension of range. The pioneering work of Charles Schmitt, and the consolidation and professionalism of Laurence Brockliss, the journal’s second Editor, and Mark Curthoys, his Assistant Editor, not to mention the ceaseless biblio-graphical work of John Fletcher, have combined to create a lively and scholarly forum for debate which is also a comprehensive record of activities in university history. Theirs will be a daunting act for me and the new Assistant Editor, Negley Harte, to follow.
Foreign Study in a Time of War: English Scholars at Paris, 1325-1345
Authors: Courtenay William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that the presence of English students at Paris declined or was eclipsed with the outbreak of war between France and England in 1337. Paris had been a favoured place of study for English scholars since the twelfth century. And despite the growing separation between England and France in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the French-speaking culture of the English elite and the prestige of the schools of northern France, especially Paris, continued to draw English students to Paris from John of Salisbury, through Adam of Balsham (Parvipontanus) and Stephen Langton, to Robert Kilwardby, Roger Bacon, John Pecham, and John Duns Scotus. The magnetic force of Paris was so great in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries that it has been credited with slowing the development of Oxford and Cambridge as comparable universities until the fourteenth century.
A Sermon Repertory from Cambridge University
Authors: Wenzel Siegfried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manuscript 356 (583) of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, has attracted attention from both the cataloguer of the college’s medieval manuscripts and the pioneer student of medieval preaching in England. M. R. James concluded his description of the fifteenth-century codex with the remark, ‘Though we have plenty of medieval sermons, few books occur in which the time and place of their preaching are given’; his preceding description included samples of such times and places given in the manuscript.1 Some years later, G. R. Owst ‘inspected’ the manuscript and repeated some of James’s information, but then ended, with an almost audible sigh, ‘So illegible is [the scribe’s] writing, unfortunately, that little or nothing can be deciphered at any casual examination of the work.’2 Why this record of fifteenth-century preaching has not been explored further is easy to see: to Owst’s complaint at the near illegibility of the handwriting and James’s earlier statement that the hand is ‘much contracted’ must be added the fact that the text itself is highly condensed and frequently incoherent. The combination of a rather poor script, fading ink, and highly abbreviated writing understandably discourages any ‘casual examination’.
The Early Middle Ages 700–1250
Authors: Fletcher Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early years of the eighth century the Iberian peninsula fell under Islamic domination. By the second half of the thirteenth it had been repossessed for Christendom, save only the little enclave of the amirate of Granada which clung on to a precarious independence until 1492. This 500-year epoch has long been known to historians of Spain as the age of the Reconquista or ‘Reconquest’. Organizing their medieval history round the drama of the Reconquista has traditionally been a cherished feature of the self-image of the Spanish people. A potent national mythology could be spun about the Catholic, crusading mission of their medieval forebears. Above all, the kaleidoscopically jumbled history of the Spanish Middle Ages could be rendered intelligible by this radical simplification. Moralizing followed hard on the heels of simplifying. If the Reconquista was the destiny and the duty of medieval Spaniards, then persons or processes which were deemed to have delayed or obstructed it could be criticized, marginalized, and vilified.
Law and Gospel: The Importance of Philosophy at Reformation Wittenberg
Authors: Kusukawa Sachiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everything the papacy has instituted and ordered serves only to increase sin and error. What else are the universities, unless they are utterly changed from what they have been hitherto, than what the book of Maccabees calls gymnasia epheborum et graecae gloriae? What are they but places where loose living is practised, where little is taught of the Holy Scriptures and Christian faith, and where only the blind, heathen teacher Aristotle rules far more than Christ? In this regard my advice would be that Aristotle’s Physics, Metaphysics, Concerning the Soul, and Ethics, which hitherto have been thought to be his best books, should he completely discarded along with all the rest of his books that boast about nature, although nothing can be learned from them either about nature or the Spirit....I dare say that any potter has more knowledge of nature than is written in these books. It grieves me to the quick that this damned, conceited, rascally heathen has deluded and made fools of so many of the best Christians with his misleading writings. God has sent him as a plague upon us on account of our sins.
The Teaching of Philosophy at Seventeenth-Century Zurich
Authors: Rother Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By a decree of 29 September 1523 the Zurich City Council consented to the establishment of a school of theology according to the plans drawn up by the reformer Ulrich Zwingli. On 19 June 1525 the Prophezei—as Zwingli called the new school, though the name lectorium (or lectiones publicue) and later Carolinum became common—was inaugurated. The main purpose of Zwingli’s school was the instruction of reformed ministers. The teaching of the early professors was limited to a critical exegesis of the Bible, which mainly consisted in the comparison of the original text and the Latin translation. After Zwingli’s death (1531) the lessons ceased to be exclusively Biblical. The students were systematically taught Latin. Greek, and Hebrew. The Latin lessons were combined with an introduction to rhetoric and dialectic. The professor of Greek was not only entrusted with the explanation of the philological, but also the philosophical aspects of the texts he read with his students. In 1541 Konrad Gesner (1516-1564) was asked to give lessons on physics; in 1558 his lectureship was transformed into an ordinary professorship. From then on, there were five chairs in the Zurich lectorium: two for theology, one for Greek, one for Latin, rhetoric and dialectic, and one for physics; the professor of physics was also responsible for the teaching of ethics.
Philosophy in the Eighteenth-Century Dissenting Academies of England and Wales
Authors: Sell Alan P F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those who were nurtured philosophically at a time when that ancient discipline was straitjacketed by the conviction not only that philosophy was simply ‘talk about talk’. but that the most interesting kinds of talk should be proscribed; when the writings of all (especially the idealists) who had preceded Moore, Russell, and Wittgenstein were viewed by some with patronizing disbelief—people thus scarred in their youth whose wounds have yet to heal, will simply have to swallow hard when turning to eighteenth-century philosophy. For here almost anything goes; philosophers will turn their minds to all manner of questions—sometimes out of interest, frequently because they are spurred on by controversy and—not least in the Dissenting academies—because of a shortage of teachers. The more philosophically talented tutors would glide elegantly from logic to metaphysics to ethics to theology and back again, and even the less gifted were expected to familiarize students with all of these fields. Their efforts were generally worthy, their results sometimes unfortunate. Nor was the need of polymaths soon over. When at the end of our period—in 1804—John Pye Smith delivered his inaugural address at Homerton Academy (1730-1820), he listed the subjects he intended to cover: natural philosophy, astronomy, chemistry, natural history, logic. ontology, philosophy of the human mind, composition and rhetoric, history, mathematics, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and English.
An English Country House at War: Littlecote and the Pophams
Authors: Roy Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1974 Neale lecture at the University of London, Michael Howard addressed the question of the ‘British Way’ in warfare. Was there, as some had argued, a specially British solution to the problems of conducting war effectively against continental rivals? Did a short cut to victory lie in a mainly maritime strategy and Britain's use of the navy? Howard neatly disposed of these arguments, and there is no need to reopen the question here. In his overview of British strategy since the time of the first Elizabeth, however, he touched on the policies pursued by Cromwell, who, for the first time for many years, possessed forces adequate enough to enter the Great Power rivalries of Europe. This was a crucial period in the development of the nation’s military potential, and it needs little excuse to give it further consideration.
Britain, Germany, and the Admiralty’s Plans for Attacking German Territory, 1906—1915
Authors: Hayes Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the winter of 1914–15 an apparent inability to change the course of the war in the West encouraged a search for other strategic options. The ill-starred attempt to seize the Dardanelles, and the Salonika campaign represented the temporary victory of those who wished to break out of the strait-jacket of trench warfare and costly offensives in Flanders and northern France. The failure of these campaigns contributed to a decline in the attractiveness of side-shows even amongst those who, like Lloyd George, had never been whole-hearted supporters of the policy of a war of attrition. By 1916 these sceptics reluctantly agreed they had no plausible alternative to offer to the strategy of killing more Germans.
Being Friends: The Combined Chiefs of Staff and the Making of Allied Strategy in the Second World War
Authors: Danchev Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was, after all, a remarkable way to run a war. Out of a frenzy of unreadiness a committee was conjured—a committee whose principals, truly an ocean apart, hardly knew each other and rarely met. They were brought together only in the most artificial circumstances—in such outlandish places as Casablanca, Cairo, Tehran, Yalta—in tense, adversarial encounters for high stakes. They laboured under a degree of mutual suspicion never dispelled, exacerbated by some unintelligibility and even at times plain dislike. They represented sharply different experiences of war, strategic thinking, global dispositions, states of mobilization, available resources, and central co-ordination of defence. They controlled an intricate fretwork of specialist Anglo-American committees, to say nothing of the vast integrated theatre commands.
Grand Strategies and Less-than-Grand Strategies: A Twentieth-Century Critique
Authors: Kennedy Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the characteristics of a great (as opposed to a merely competent) scholar is an ability to transcend the normal limitations of a discipline, to produce writings which attract the attention both of academics in other fields and of non-academics, and thus to address some of the larger issues of society, culture, and politics. For obvious reasons, each discipline’s ‘pool’ of scholars who can play that transcending role is very limited, and often embarrassingly thin, so that it has always been a great comfort to historians of international and strategic affairs to be able to advance the name of Michael Howard as at least one among us who fits into that special category. While possessed of all of the credentials of a classically trained military historian, he has in addition repeatedly addressed contemporary issues such as deterrence and military ethics, bringing to the attention of policy-makers and their publics the importance of having historical perspective and balance in grappling with the affairs of state. From arms control to civil–military relations, Michael Howard has added mightily to the public debates which are the hallmark of all democratic societies seeking to order their policy priorities.
Ovidius Methodizatus: the Metamorphoses of Ovid in a Sixteenth-Century Paris College
Authors: Blair Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first issue of this journal Anthony Grafton introduced a novel approach to the study of humanist education by analysing the manuscript annotations entered in the margins of a Sammelband of schooltexts used in the final form of a late-sixteenth-century Paris college. He found that the notes taken by one Gerald de Mayres on Horace ‘s Odes among other texts at the lectures of Claude Mignault, although conventional in offering short moral lessons and information on ancient realia of different kinds, distinctively avoided parallels with Greek literature, readily available from the great commentaries of Lambin, and instead focused on the formal structure of the poems and on the different types of arguments used by Horace. But Claude Mignault was not just any obscure teacher of the ‘first class ‘ at the College de Reims in 1572-3. In addition to a commentary on Alciato ‘s emblem-book, he published in 1577 a commentary on Omer Talon ‘s Rhetoric and argued in support of its Ramist theses. Mignault even drew material for his lectures at Reims from Ramus ‘s own commentary on the Odes ‘. Mignault can thus be identified as a fairly explicit follower of Ramus ‘s ‘single method ‘ in his years at the College de Reims and this commitment alone might account for his predominant concern with the argumentative structure of all the texts that he assigned. It is with especially good reason then that Grafton wonders whether Mignault was a ‘typical regent master ‘.
Noetics, Tractarians, and the Reform of the University of Oxford in the Nineteenth Century*
Authors: Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The University of Oxford in the first half of the nineteenth century faced in micro the challenge which the British governing class faced in macro ‘, was it possible both to preserve Anglican hegemony and to remain ‘National ‘? That hegemony was profoundly entrenched by law and by custom both in the national parliament and in the senior university, though, significantly as we shall find, at the national level annual Acts of Parliament gave a degree of civic accommodation to those who did not attend the established church.
The Life-Cycle Hypothesis in Models of Income Distribution and Wealth Accumulation
Authors: Baranzini Mauro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the traditional comparative-static model aggregate saving is normally postulated as a constant fraction for the whole economy in the case of a one-class model, or as a constant ratio for each group in the case of two-or multi-class society. This assumption, which at least in the recent literature goes back to Keynes’s and Kalecki’s saving functions, is a simple formulation which can be, from a statistical point of view, estimated with common data: it is hence simple and realistic at the same time.