bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ampheristocystis, a Silurian (Lower Wenlock) eocrinoid (Echinodermata, Blastozoa) from Indiana
Authors: Frest T. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe enigmatic blastozoan echinoderm Ampheristocystis concentricus, based on four specimens from the upper part of the Osgood Member, Salamonie Dolomite (Upper? Llandovery–Lower Wenlock), southeastern Indiana, is most likely an eocrinoid. Supporting this assignment are the five basals(?), five symmetrical appendage facets (possibly bearing biserial brachiolar trunks) and details of the thecal plating (moderate number of semiregularly arranged thecal plates). Some features (poorly known subvective appendages and poreless thecal plates) could indicate paracrinoid affinities, and suggest that the classes Eocrinoidea and Paracrinoidea may be more closely related than indicated by current taxonomy. Whatever the class disposition, the genus is the youngest representative yet known. Placement in the Blastozoa, based on holoperipheral plate growth, morphology of the brachiole‐like appendages and peristome, among other features, is unequivocal. The sharply discriminated oral and thecal plating, and protuberant anal opening, are unusual features for either paracrinoids or eocrinoids. Separate familial status is advocated for Ampheristocystis, but the family is not assigned to an order. The oral surface of the genus, consisting of regular orals and suborals, and fixed ambulacrals, presents an arrangement unique among eocrinoids, but analogous to the tegmen of camerate crinoids and of the rhombiferan family Caryocrinitidae. Development of a regular tegmen, fairly regular thecal plating and elongate fusiform shape indicate Ampheristocystis is an evolutionarily convergent, aberrant blastozoan, perhaps competitive with the camerates that generally dominated Silurian echinoderm faunas, and with the contemporary, equally successful blastozoan Caryocrinites. Ampheristocystis is not closely associated with hard surfaces or debris piles, as are many Osgood echinoderms, but preferred soft silt or mud bottoms. Associated echinoderms include several diploporites, coronoids, a few large camerates (e.g. Eucalyptocrinites) and Caryocrinites. Two specimens have evidently decollated the stem; one retains a sizeable, crinoid‐like stem. Hence, it is presently unclear whether the life habits of this genus were more like that of the common Osgood diploporites or stemmed contemporaries such as Caryocrinites and Eucalyptocrinites. Alternatively, it could perhaps exploit both habits equally well. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oligodendrocyte‐specific ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGT) expression phenotypically rescues CGT‐deficient mice and demonstrates that CGT activity does not limit brain galactosylceramide level
Authors: Zöller Inge , Büssow Heinrich , Gieselmann Volkmar , Eckhardt Matthias 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGalactosylceramide (GalC) is the major sphingolipid of the myelin membrane. Mice lacking GalC due to ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGT) deficiency form unstable and functionally affected myelin and exhibit a progressive demyelination, accompanied by severe motor coordination deficits. In addition to oligodendrocytes, CGT is also expressed in other cells, e.g., neurons and astrocytes. We examined the possibility that lack of CGT in these cells contributes to the phenotype of CGT‐deficient mice. Toward this aim, we generated transgenic mice expressing CGT under the control of oligodendrocyte‐specific proteolipid protein (PLP) promoter and examined the possibility of a transgenic rescue of CGT‐deficient mice. CGT‐deficient mice expressing the PLP‐CGT transgene did not show any behavioral abnormalities, normal myelin structure, and MBP levels. CGT activity as well as GalC and sulfatide levels of rescued mice were not significantly different from wild‐type controls. Thus, transgenic rescue with the PLP‐CGT transgene was apparently complete. In contrast to wild‐type and rescued mice, PLP‐CGT transgenic mice on a wild‐type background exhibited significantly elevated CGT activity which directly correlated with an increase in non‐hydroxy fatty acid (NFA)‐GalC, but not α‐hydroxy fatty acid (HFA)‐GalC. HFA‐GalC decreased in adult transgenic mice, indicating that NFA‐GalC, but not HFA‐GalC levels are limited by CGT activity. As a consequence, the total amount of GalC is unchanged over a rather wide range of CGT expression levels in the mouse brain. Our results indicate that loss of CGT in oligodendrocytes is exclusively responsible for the myelin structural deficits, demyelination, and behavioral abnormalities in CGT‐deficient mice. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth factor and cytokine regulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans by astrocytes
Authors: Smith George M. , Strunz Celia 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAfter injury to the adult central nervous system (CNS), numerous cytokines and growth factors are released that contribute to reactive gliosis and extracellular matrix production. In vitro examination of these cytokines revealed that the presence of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) greatly increased the production of several chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) by astrocytes. Treatment of astrocytes with other EGF‐receptor (ErbB1) ligands, such as TGF‐α and HB‐EGF, produced increases in CSPG production similar to those observed with EGF. Treatment of astrocytes, however, with heregulin, which signals through other members of the EGF‐receptor family (ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4), did not induce CSPG upregulation. The specificity of activation through the ErbB1 receptor was further verified by using a selective antagonist (AG1478) to this tyrosine kinase receptor. Western blot analysis of astrocyte supernatant pre‐digested with chondroitinase ABC indicated the presence of multiple core proteins containing 4‐sulfated or 6‐sulfated chondroitin. To identify some of these CSPGs, Western blots were screened using antibodies to several known CSPG core proteins. These analyses showed that treatment of astrocytes with EGF increased phosphacan expression, whereas treatment with TGF‐β1 increased neurocan expression. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was used to examine the expression of these molecules in vivo, which result in increased expression of TGF‐β1, EGF‐receptor, neurocan, and phosphacan after injury to the brain. These data begin to elucidate some of the injury‐induced growth factors that regulate the expression of CSPGs which could be targeted in the future to modulate CSPG production after injury to the central nervous system. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flavonol glycosides and antioxidant capacity of various blackberry and blueberry genotypes determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Cho Mi Jin , Howard Luke R , Prior Ronald L , Clark John R 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFlavonol glycoside composition and content in blueberry and blackberry extracts were determined using a high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation method coupled with photodiode array (PDA) and mass spectrometric (MS) detection. The hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of crude and fractionated flavonol extracts were also determined by the oxygen radical‐absorbing capacity (ORACFL) and photochemiluminescence (PCL) assays. Eight flavonols of quercetin and quercetin–sugar conjugates were identified in Kiowa blackberry, namely rutinoside, galactoside, methoxyhexoside, glucoside, pentoside, [6″‐(3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaroyl)]‐β‐galactoside, glucosylpentoside and oxalylpentoside. Thirteen flavonols were detected in Ozarkblue blueberry. Of these, myricetin 3‐hexoside and 12 quercetin–sugar conjugates, namely rutinoside, galactoside, methoxyhexoside, glucoside, pentoside, glucosylpentoside, caffeoylglucoside, oxalylpentoside, rhamnoside, dimethoxyrhamnoside, acetylgalactoside and acetylglucoside, were identified. In Bluecrop blueberry, two additional quercetin–sugar conjugates were identified, namely glucuronide and caffeoylgalactoside. Quercetin glycosides accounted for 75% of total flavonols in the blueberry genotypes. Total flavonol contents ranged from 99 to 150 mg kg−1 for blackberries and from 192 to 320 mg kg−1 for blueberries. Quenching of peroxyl and superoxide anion radicals by the flavonol fractions ranged from 1.5 to 2.3 mmol Trolox equivalents (TE) kg−1 and from 0.5 to 0.7 mmol TE kg−1 respectively for blackberries and from 2.9 to 5.2 mmol TE kg−1 and from 0.8 to 1.4 mmol TE kg−1 respectively for blueberries. The HPLC method allowed for complete separation and identification of flavonols commonly found in blackberries, and blueberries. Our results showed that blueberry and blackberry genotypes varied significantly in flavonol content and antioxidant capacity. Even though total flavonol content did not correlate well with antioxidant capacity, their ability to scavenge peroxyl and superoxide anion radicals was apparent. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Dough aeration and rheology: Part 1. Effects of mixing speed and headspace pressure on mechanical development of bread dough
Authors: Chin Nyuk L , Campbell Grant M 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA laboratory‐scale Tweedy‐type mechanical dough development mixer was modified to monitor work inputs of dough during mixing through a computerised data acquisition system. Recorded torque showed a curve that increased to a peak about midway through mixing. Using this system, the effects of mixing speed and pressure on the development of doughs made from strong and weak flours mixed to a work input of 40 kJ kg−1 were studied. Mixing was characterized in terms of peak torque and torque at the end of mixing (end torque), and in terms of the number of blade revolutions at these two reference points. The peak torque and the end torque both increased with increasing mixing speed. The peak torque increased with increasing mixer headspace pressure, but the end torque did not. The number of blade revolutions to both the point of peak torque and to the end of mixing decreased with increasing mixing speed for both flours, implying dough development at higher speeds was more efficient. Increasing headspace pressure reduced the number of revolutions to the peak, but not to the end of mixing. These results provide evidence that achieving dough development is not independent of mixing speed in Tweedy‐type mixers, and that dough aeration, as affected by mixer headspace pressure, affects dough rheology and hence development in the mixer. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the fatty acid composition and volatile compounds profile of heavy pig loin muscle
Authors: Pastorelli Grazia , Moretti Vittorio M , Macchioni Paolo , Lo Fiego Domenico P , Santoro Piero , Panseri Sara , Rossi Raffaella , Corino Carlo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on fatty acid composition, chemical composition and volatile compounds profile of the longissimus dorsi muscle in Italian heavy pigs. The animals (97 kg) were randomly assigned to three diets varying in supplemental CLA (CON = 0 CLA, T1 = 2.5 g CLA kg−1 feed and T2 = 5.0 g CLA kg−1 feed) till the slaughtering at 172 kg. Samples of longissimus dorsi were analysed for chemical composition (moisture, protein and lipid content), fatty acid composition and volatile compounds. No significant differences were observed for proximate chemical composition. Dietary CLA showed limited effects on fatty acid composition of longissimus dorsi, with higher, but not significantly, amounts of saturated fatty acids in the treated groups than in the control group; both the cis‐9, trans‐11 and the trans‐10, cis‐12 isomers of CLA were increased in longissimus dorsi from pigs fed CLA. T1 and T2 pigs had a greater concentration of C16:0 and of C16:1 (P < 0.01) than CON. CLA diets tended to reduce C20:2 (P = 0.077) and C20:4 (P = 0.065) content in longissimus dorsi muscle. Diets containing higher amount of CLA were responsible for increased levels of volatile compounds in meat, but not at a significant level. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
The dark side of discounts: An inaction inertia perspective on the post‐promotion dip
Authors: Zeelenberg Marcel , Putten Marijke van 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAfter a product has been on promotion, the sales of that product may temporarily decrease. This post‐promotion dip is normally explained in terms of forward buying or stockpiling. This article offers a third explanation in terms of brand switching. The results of two experiments show that after missing a discount on their regular brand, consumers may switch to another brand. Switching behavior is much more pronounced when a large discount is missed in comparison to when a small discount is missed. This finding is consistent with recent social psychological research on inaction inertia, and the results are discussed in relation to this phenomenon. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Memory for advertising and information content: Comparing the printed page to the computer screen
Authors: Jones Marilyn Y. , Pentecost Robin , Requena Gabrielle 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn experiment was used to test memory for two forms of information—ad copy (persuasive) and consumer information (nonpersuasive) presented in print and screen media. For both forms of information, print outperforms screen on recall but not on recognition. The results suggest that print information is easier to retrieve but also that screen information is available in memory. Differences between print and screen media are persistent and not readily explained by any of the obvious individual factors—comfort/familiarity, preference, and reading time. Other results with implications for marketing communication decisions show that brand name is poorly recalled from the screen relative to the printed page and that the nonpersuasive consumer information is better remembered than is persuasive ad information. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A cognitive and behavioral hierarchical decision‐making model of college students' alcohol consumption
Authors: Shim Soyeon , Maggs Jennifer 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examined college students' drinking behaviors from a consumer behavioral perspective. A consumer‐oriented, cognitive, and behavioral‐hierarchical decision‐making model was developed and tested with the use of structural equation modeling. Questionnaires were collected from undergraduate students ( n = 269) attending a large state university in the southwestern United States. Results indicated that personal values can serve as significant predictors of the attitudes college students have toward alcohol use, which in turn can predict intentions to drink. Results also indicated that intentions to drink are strongly related to actual alcohol consumption, and that gender‐predicted attitudes and alcohol use during the past month influences intentions to drink. However, the structure of the model was similar after controlling for gender differences in alcohol use and for the stability of past behavior. The model delineated the specific roles played by personal values (self‐actualizing values vs. social–hedonic values) and attitudes toward the physical and psychological consequences of drinking. Overall, social–hedonic values and psychological consequences predicted actual alcohol consumption far better than did self‐actualizing values and physical consequences, respectively. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Advances and Limits in Copolymerization of Olefins with Conjugated Dienes
Authors: Boisson Christophe , Monteil Vincent , Thuilliez Julien , Spitz Roger , Monnet Christiane , Llauro Marie‐France , Barbotin Fanny , Robert Pierre 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe field of the copolymerization of olefins with conjugated dienes has been investigated. While the insertion of butadiene is often limited with most catalyst systems designed for olefin polymerization, lanthanide metallocene catalysts insert butadiene with good efficiency. In the present paper, the preparation of a vast range of products including new polymers is reviewed.
Polymerization of Ethene and Longer Chained Olefins by Metallocene Catalysis
Authors: Kaminsky Walter , Piel Christian , Scharlach Katrin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCopolymers of ethene and longer chained 1‐olefins such as 1‐octene, 1‐decene, 1‐dodecene, 1‐octadecene and 1‐hexacosene with 8 to 28 carbon atoms were carried out using [Ph2C(2,7)‐ditertBuFlu)(Cp)]ZrCl2/MAO as catalyst. Precisely designed microstructures and activities up to 168 000 kgcopolymer/(molzirconocene·h·mol/lmonomer) can be obtained. There is a remarkable polymerization activity left even after a time of 4 hours. The incorporation of the longer chained 1‐olefins reaches 19 wt% and depends on the chain length and the concentration of the comonomer in the feed, the LLDPE materials prepared show melting points of 129 – 112 °C.
Activation Mechanisms of Trialkylaluminum in Alkali Metal Alkoxides or Tetraalkylammonium Salts / Propylene Oxide Controlled Anionic Polymerization
Authors: Carlotti Stéphane , Billouard Cyrille , Gautriaud Emilie , Desbois Philippe , Deffieux Alain 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe anionic polymerization of propylene oxide (PO) initiated by alkali metal alkoxides is in non polar solvents a very slow and non controlled reaction process. Transfer reaction to monomer is predominant, allowing only the preparation of low molar masses PPO. The influence of the addition of trialkylaluminium to either an alkali metal alkoxide or a tetraalkylammonium salt used as initiator for PO polymerization in hydrocarbon media was investigated. A strong enhancement of the polymerization rate accompanied by a drastic decrease of the transfer reactions is observed, allowing the synthesis of PPO with well controlled molar masses. At constant monomer and alkali metal alkoxide concentrations, the polymerization rate increases with increasing trialkylaluminium concentration. Results indicate that the trialkylaluminium derivative is involved in the formation of two distinct complexes, one with the alkali metal alkoxide or the tetraalkylammonium salt and another one with the PO monomer which is strongly activated towards nucleophilic active species. Significant differences between the alkali metal and tetraalkylammonium based initiators are observed. In particular much less trialkylaluminum activator is needed with the ammonium salt to get the same rate of propagation and controlled polymerization.
Copolymerization of Cyclic Esters at the Living Polymer‐Monomer Equilibrium
Authors: Duda Andrzej , Libiszowski Jan , Mosnáček Jaroslav , Penczek Stanisław 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper gives a short review of our findings related to the copolymerization of γ‐butyrolactone (B) and L,L‐lactide (L) with ϵ‐caprolactone (C) at or below B and L equilibrium concentrations in homopolymerization. We show, contrary to the commonly established opinions, that: (i) B effectively undergoes ring‐opening reaction and therefore is able to high molar copolymers formation containing up to 50 mol‐% repeating units derived from B and (ii) in conditions eliminating transesterification living poly(L) does initiate polymerization of C leading to poly(L)‐block‐poly(C) copolymer.
Novel Synthesis and Properties of Smart Core‐Shell Microgels
Authors: Leung Man Fai , Zhu Junmin , Harris Frank W. , Li Pei 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA new method has been developed to prepare smart microgels that consist of well‐defined temperature‐sensitive cores with pH‐sensitive shells. The microgels were obtained directly from aqueous graft copolymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide and N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide from water‐soluble polymers containing amino groups such as poly(ethyleneimine) and chitosan. The gel diameters ranged from 300 to 400 nm with narrow size distribution. The unique core‐shell nanostructures exhibited tuneable responses to pH and temperature.
Synthesis of Core‐Shell Polyurethane‐Polydimethylsiloxane Particles by Polyaddition in Organic Dispersant Media: Mechanism of Particle Formation
Authors: Chambon Pierre , Cloutet Eric , Cramail Henri 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCore‐shell polyurethane (PUR)‐polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) particles were prepared by polyaddition between ethylene glycol and tolylene‐2,4‐diisocyanate in cyclohexane, used as the organic dispersant phase, in the presence of reactive hydroxy‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane steric stabilizers. The reaction extent and the PUR particle size, monitored by FTIR, 1H NMR, SEC, SEM and TEM techniques against time, were found a function of the PDMS concentration, functionality and molar mass. A mechanism of the polyurethane particle growth is proposed on the grounds of the kinetic investigation.
Control of the Colloidal Stability of Polymer‐Grafted‐Silica Nanoparticles Obtained by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: El Harrak Abdeslam , Carrot Géraldine , Oberdisse Julian , Jestin Jacques , Boué François 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPolymer chains are grafted from silica nanobeads. The method consists in grafting first the initiator molecules on the silica surface. Then, the polymerization of styrene or n‐butyl methacrylate using Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization, is conducted. The nanoparticles are kept in solution during the whole process to avoid irreversible aggregation. The state of dispersion of the grafted silica nanoparticles is followed by Small Angle Neutron Scattering, as well as the quantity and the spatial organisation of the polymer. This is done during the functionalisation and the polymerization, but also after purification where free polymer chains are eliminated. This permits to reach a quantitative level of SANS analysis from these purified particles, which is compared to chemical data given by Size Exclusion Chromatography and Thermogravimetric analysis.
Variable field of view for spatial resolution improvement in continuously moving table magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Hu Houchun H. , Madhuranthakam Ananth J. , Kruger David G. , Glockner James F. , Riederer Stephen J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn approach is described in which the field of view (FOV) along the Y (right/left) phase encoding direction can be dynamically altered during a continuously moving table (CMT) coronal acquisition for extended FOV MRI. We hypothesize that with this method, regions of the anatomy exhibiting significantly different lateral widths can be imaged with a matching local FOVY, thereby improving local lateral spatial resolution. k‐space raw data from the variable‐FOV CMT acquisition do not allow simple Fourier reconstruction due to the presence of a mixture of phase encodes sampled at different ΔkY intervals. In this work, we employ spline interpolation to reregister the mixed data set onto a uniformly sampled k‐space grid. Using this interpolation scheme, we present phantom and peripheral contrast‐enhanced MR angiography results demonstrating an approximate 45% improvement in local lateral spatial resolution for continuously moving table acquisitions. Magn Reson Med 54:146–151, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.