bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective changes in the neurofilament and microtubule cytoskeleton of NF‐H/LacZ mice
Authors: Riederer Irène M. , Robert Patrick , Porchet Raymonde , Eyer Joël , Riederer Beat M. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis study focused mainly on changes in the microtubule cytoskeleton in a transgenic mouse where β‐galactosidase fused to a truncated neurofilament subunit led to a decrease in neurofilament triplet protein expression and a loss in neurofilament assembly and abolished transport into neuronal processes in spinal cord and brain. Although all neurofilament subunits accumulated in neuronal cell bodies, our data suggest an increased solubility of all three subunits, rather than increased precipitation, and point to a perturbed filament assembly. In addition, reduced neurofilament phosphorylation may favor an increased filament degradation. The function of microtubules seemed largely unaffected, in that tubulin and microtubule‐associated proteins (MAP) expression and their distribution were largely unchanged in transgenic animals. MAP1A was the only MAP with a reduced signal in spinal cord tissue, and differences in immunostaining in various brain regions corroborate a relationship between MAP1A and neurofilaments. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced expression of p27kip1 and increased hepatocyte proliferation in p53‐deficient mice
Authors: Yang Chuanwei , Sun Mingzeng , Ilic Zoran , Friedrich Thomas D. , Sell Stewart 
Published: December 2002

AbstractLivers from wild‐type and p53‐deficient mice were analyzed for the expression of cell‐cycle regulatory proteins in an attempt to determine the mechanism for the increased proliferation of liver cells in p53‐deficient mice associated with enhanced susceptibility to aflatoxin‐induced liver cancer. The most striking difference found was a significant reduction of the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1 in the livers of 3‐mo‐old p53−/− mice, whereas only small changes were found in the expression of cyclins, cyclin‐dependent kinases, and the inhibitors p21cip1 and p16ink4a. Relative to wild‐type liver, the amounts of p27kip1 mRNA were reduced at both 1 and 3 mo, whereas the levels of p27kip1 protein were decreased only at 3 mo. These results identify an uncharacterized link between the expression of p53 and p27kip1 that may involve both transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation and allow hepatocytes to continue to proliferate after 3 wk of age. We postulate that this increased proliferation leads to increased susceptibility to aflatoxin‐induced hepatocarcinogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A non‐Darwinian role for mutagenesis in stem cell–derived cancers
Authors: Bergstein Ivan 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIt is clear that mutations cause cancer. The implicated mechanism is Darwinism. That is, a stochastic series of mutations is purported to effect the cellular variability upon which natural selection acts to yield increasingly cancer‐like intermediates leading ultimately to malignant clones. It is no wonder then that the neoplastic phenotype is considered “alien,” having evolved via random unrehearsed events. Neoplasia, however, has also been depicted as something less than foreign, bordering on familiar. This is because cancer shares proliferative and invasive qualities with the native developmental processes of embryogenesis and adult tissue renewal/repair. A question then arises: If key features of malignancy already naturally exist within well‐choreographed programs, why reinvent this phenotype via stochastic multistep schemes rather than reactivate it largely en bloc? Indeed, as will be shown, tissues do harbor a malignant potential capable of reactivation. Specifically, this capability is maintained by stem cells (having inherited such from embryonic precursors)—a phenotype controlled by a microenvironment favoring perpetual rearing by (quiescent) stem cells of proliferative progeny for orderly renewal over neoplasia. Accordingly, normally well‐sequestered stem cells, when amid carcinogen/mutagen‐induced disruption to local surroundings, produce progeny tending by default toward disorderliness (neoplasia) over renewal. Because such tumor‐causing mutations act non–cell autonomously, this cancerous state is potentially reversible but subsequent cell‐autonomous mutations can impair particular clonal progeny, already cancerous, from regressing. Thus, a scenario wherein mutations (1) de‐repress malignancy non–cell autonomously and then (2) slow its reversion cell autonomously, commonly misinterpreted as Darwinian, may constitute a non‐Darwinian mechanism for the genesis of cancers that are stem cell derived. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fire and Vegetation History from the Coastal Rain Forest of the Western Oregon Coast Range
Authors: Long Colin J. , Whitlock Cathy 
Published: December 2002

AbstractHigh-resolution charcoal and pollen analyses were used to reconstruct a 4600-yr-long history of fire and vegetation near Taylor Lake in the wettest forests of coastal Oregon. Today, fires in these forests are rare because the season of ignition does not coincide with months of dry fuels. From ca. 4600 to 2700 cal yr B.P. fire episodes occurred at intervals of 140±30 yr while forest vegetation was dominated by disturbance-adapted taxa such as Alnus rubra. From ca. 2700 cal yr B.P. to the present, fire episodes have become less common, occurring at intervals of 240±30 yr, and fire-sensitive forest taxa, such as Tsuga heterophylla and Picea sitchensis, have become more prominent. Fire occurrence during the mid-Holocene was similar to that of the more xeric forests in the eastern Coast Range and suggests that summer drought was widespread. After ca. 2700 cal yr B.P., a decrease in fire episode frequency suggests that cooler conditions and possibly increased summer fog allowed the establishment of present-day Picea sitchensis forests within the watershed. These results provide evidence that fire has been an important disturbance agent in the Coast Range of Oregon, and variations in fire frequency and climate have led to the establishment of present-day forests.
Are the Benches at Mormon Point, Death Valley, California, USA, Scarps or Strandlines?
Authors: Knott Jeffrey R. , Tinsley John C. , Wells Stephen G. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe benches and risers at Mormon Point, Death Valley, USA, have long been interpreted as strandlines cut by still-stands of pluvial lakes correlative with oxygen isotope stage (OIS) 5e/6 (120,000–186,000 yr B.P.) and OIS-2 (10,000–35,000 yr B.P.). This study presents geologic mapping and geomorphic analyses (Gilbert's criteria, longitudinal profiles), which indicate that only the highest bench at Mormon Point (∼90 m above mean sea level (msl)) is a lake strandline. The other prominent benches on the north-descending slope immediately below this strandline are interpreted as fault scarps offsetting a lacustrine abrasion platform. The faults offsetting the abrasion platform most likely join downward into and slip sympathetically with the Mormon Point turtleback fault, implying late Quaternary slip on this low-angle normal fault. Our geomorphic reinterpretation implies that the OIS-5e/6 lake receded rapidly enough not to cut strandlines and was ∼90 m deep. Consistent with independent core studies of the salt pan, no evidence of OIS-2 lake strandlines was found at Mormon Point, which indicates that the maximum elevation of the OIS-2 lake surface was −30 m msl. Thus, as measured by pluvial lake depth, the OIS-2 effective precipitation was significantly less than during OIS-5e/6, a finding that is more consistent with other studies in the region. The changed geomorphic context indicates that previous surface exposure dates on fault scarps and benches at Mormon Point are uninterpretable with respect to lake history.
Saharan Dust Transport and High-Latitude Glacial Climatic Variability: The Alboran Sea Record
Authors: Moreno Ana , Cacho Isabel , Canals Miquel , Prins Maarten A. , Sánchez-Goñi María-Fernanda , Grimalt Joan O. , Weltje Gert Jan 
Published: December 2002

AbstractMillennial to submillennial marine oscillations that are linked with the North Atlantic's Heinrich events and Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles have been reported recently from the Alboran Sea, revealing a close ocean-atmosphere coupling in the Mediterranean region. We present a high-resolution record of lithogenic fraction variability along IMAGES Core MD 95-2043 from the Alboran Sea that we use to infer fluctuations of fluvial and eolian inputs to the core site during periods of rapid climate change, between 28,000 and 48,000 cal yr B.P. Comparison with geochemical and pollen records from the same core enables end-member compositions to be determined and to document fluctuations of fluvial and eolian inputs on millennial and faster timescales. Our data document increases in northward Saharan dust transports during periods of strengthened atmospheric circulation in high northern latitudes. From this we derive two atmospheric scenarios which are linked with the intensity of meridional atmospheric pressure gradients in the North Atlantic region.
Severe hypoglycaemia in a patient with glycogen storage disease type III induced by infectious mononucleosis
Authors: Kimura T. , Ikeda H. , Kato M. , Ito A. , Okubo M. , Hayasaka K. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA 10‐month‐old girl with glycogen storage disease type III developed recurrent severe hypoglycaemia induced by infectious mononucleosis. Severe metabolic damage probably reflected a rapid breakdown of liver cells induced by the viral infection.
Comorbid anxiety disorders in civilians seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Zayfert Claudia , Becker Carolyn B. , Unger Danielle L. , Shearer Deirdre K. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractResearch indicates that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with high rates of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Yet, it remains unknown whether PTSD is associated with greater comorbidity relative to patients with other anxiety disorders. This study examined prevalence of comorbid anxiety disorders with PTSD relative to other disorders among a treatment‐seeking population. Patients with PTSD (n = 83) evidenced greater overall comorbidity as compared to patients with other anxiety (n = 151) or Axis I (n = 73) disorders. Compared to patients with panic disorder, patients with PTSD were more likely to be diagnosed with depression and social phobia, but not other anxiety disorders. Extent of anxiety disorder comorbidity was not related to PTSD severity. These findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for treatment of PTSD.
Preventing traumatic stress: Public health approaches
Authors: Sorenson Susan B. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPopulation‐based approaches to the primary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) focus on the prevention of the stressor itself. Policy decisions also consider ways to allocate resources to best reduce potential damage from traumatic stressors and to ameliorate any resulting harm. A balance between broad risk prevention approaches and narrower treatment and recovery strategies can redistribute the risk of exposure and lead to fewer cases. Understanding that PTSD and its costs affect not only individuals who seek care, but also many others whose lives overlap with these individuals as well as society as a whole, further informs and shapes prevention decisions.
Effectiveness of Mentoring Programs for Youth: A Meta‐Analytic Review
Authors: DuBois David L. , Holloway Bruce E. , Valentine Jeffrey C. , Cooper Harris 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWe used meta‐analysis to review 55 evaluations of the effects of mentoring programs on youth. Overall, findings provide evidence of only a modest or small benefit of program participation for the average youth. Program effects are enhanced significantly, however, when greater numbers of both theory‐based and empirically based “best practices” are utilized and when strong relationships are formed between mentors and youth. Youth from backgrounds of environmental risk and disadvantage appear most likely to benefit from participation in mentoring programs. Outcomes for youth at‐risk due to personal vulnerabilities have varied substantially in relation to program characteristics, with a noteworthy potential evident for poorly implemented programs to actually have an adverse effect on such youth. Recommendations include greater adherence to guidelines for the design and implementation of effective mentoring programs as well as more in‐depth assessment of relationship and contextual factors in the evaluation of programs.
The Nature of Adolescents' Relationships with Their “Very Important” Nonparental Adults
Authors: Beam Margaret R. , Chen Chuansheng , Greenberger Ellen 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAs part of a larger program of research on the nature of adolescents' relationships with very important nonparental adults (hereafter referred to as “VIPs”), a community sample of 243 eleventh graders (mean age = 16.6 years) was surveyed, and a subgroup of 55 adolescents and their VIPs were interviewed about the nature and quality of their relationships. Results showed that (a) adolescent–VIP relationships were a normative component of adolescent development, not a result of problems in adolescents' lives; (b) adolescent–VIP relationships were generally of high quality (e.g., high support, low conflict, and high mutuality); (c) there were significant differences between kin and nonkin VIPs in terms of the duration of relationships and frequency of contact, but not in the quality of relationships; and (d) VIPs whom adolescents designated as extremely important were distinguished from other VIPs in terms of providing a higher level of social support and a higher frequency of contact. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Diagnostic Value of Succinate Ubiquinone Reductase Activity in the Identification of Patients with Mitochondrial DNA Depletion
Authors: Hargreaves I. P. , Rahman S. , Guthrie P. , Taanman J‐W. , Leonard J. V. , Land J. M. , Heales S. J. R. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndrome (McKusick 251880) is characterized by a progressive quantitative loss of mtDNA resulting in severe mitochondrial dysfunction. A diagnosis of mtDNA depletion can only be confirmed after Southern blot analysis of affected tissue. Only a limited number of centres have the facilities to offer this service, and this is frequently on an irregular basis. There is therefore a need for a test that can refine sample selection as well as complementing the molecular analysis. In this study we compared the activities of the nuclear‐encoded succinate ubiquinone reductase (complex II) to the activities of the combined mitochondrial and nuclear‐encoded mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes; NADH:ubiquinone reductase (complex I), ubiquinol‐cytochrome‐c reductase (complex III), and cytochrome‐c oxidase (complex IV), in skeletal muscle biopsies from 7 patients with confirmed mtDNA depletion. In one patient there was no evidence of an ETC defect. However, the remaining 6 patients exhibited reduced complex I and IV activities. Five of these patients also displayed reduced complex II[ndash]III (succinate:cytochrome‐c reductase) activity. Individual measurement of complex II and complex III activities demonstrated normal levels of complex II activity compared to complex III, which was reduced in the 5 biopsies assayed. These findings suggest a possible diagnostic value for the detection of normal levels of complex II activity in conjunction with reduced complex I, III and IV activity in the identification of likely candidates for mtDNA depletion syndrome
Autobiographical memory specificity, intrusive memory, and general memory skills in Dutch–Indonesian survivors of the World War II Era
Authors: Wessel Ineke , Merckelbach Harald , Dekkers Theo 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA lack of specific autobiographical memory may result from exposure to psychoiogical trauma, intrusive memories of adverse events, and/or a general memory deficit. This study explored the role of these variables in 25 patients with various psychiatric diagnoses and 15 healthy controls. All participants had been exposed to war atrocities during their childhood in Indonesia. Patients produced significantly less specific memories than did controls. In addition, rather than performance on general neuropsychological memory tests, the frequent occurrence of intrusive memories and the avoidance of reminders of trauma predicted less autobiographical memory specificity. These result‐ replicate and extend earlier findings on intrusive and nonspecific autobiographical memory in depressed samples to a group of people who experienced war atrocities in childhood.
Factors Contributing to the Survival of Self‐Help Groups
Authors: Wituk Scott A. , Shepherd Matthew D. , Warren Mary , Meissen Greg 
Published: December 2002

AbstractDespite the growing utilization of self‐help groups, there have been only a handful of studies that have examined the factors that contribute to their survival. The purpose of this study was to explore the factors that contribute to self‐help group survival by examining their relationship with external sources (i.e., national and local self‐help organizations, professionals) and group organizational characteristics (i.e., leadership diversification, recruitment, attendance at group meetings). Representatives from 245 active and 94 recently disbanded self‐help groups were included in the analysis. Results indicated that the primary factors that discriminated between active and disbanded groups were the number of new people to attend a meeting, average group meeting attendance, length of existence, leadership diversification, outreach to potential group members, and support from national and local organizations. Results are discussed in terms of what national self‐help organizations, self‐help clearinghouses, and others who interact with self‐help groups can do to empower and support them.
Implications of Evidence‐Based Practice for Community Health
Authors: Hausman Alice J. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractEvidence‐based practice, developed in clinical medicine, is being applied to community health programs. Barriers to implementation of evidence‐based practice noted in clinical medicine are likely to exist in community health settings and may be complicated by the nature of community health programs. These barriers include accessibility and availability of relevant data, social and political considerations of program decision‐making, and conflicting expectations for evaluation research. This paper discusses barriers to both amassing evidence for practice and using evidence for decision‐making in community health. The potential for conflict between practice goals set by evidence‐based thinking and those set by community health organizations is also discussed. Implications for evaluations of community health programs are raised and recommendations for improving access to and use of evaluation information are made.
Prolonged Single-Agent Versus Combination Chemotherapy in Indolent Follicular Lymphomas: A Study of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B
Authors: Peterson Bruce A. , Petroni Gina R. , Frizzera Glauco , Barcos Maurice , Bloomfield Clara D. , Nissen Nis I. , Hurd David D. , Henderson Edward S. , Sartiano George P. , Johnson Jeffrey L. , Holland James F. , Gottlieb Arlan J. 
Published: December 2002

Purpose: The array of options for the initial management of follicular small cleaved lymphoma (FSCL) and follicular mixed lymphoma (FML) ranges from little or no therapy to the use of intensive combinations of drugs. The Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) compared two contrasting approaches: a single agent, and combination chemotherapy capable of curing diffuse aggressive lymphomas. Patients and Methods: A total of 228 patients with stage III or IV FSCL or FML were randomized to cyclophosphamide or the combination of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, and bleomycin (CHOP-B). Treatment was continued in responders for 2 years beyond maximal response. The primary end point was survival in the most common subtype, FSCL. Results: Ninety-one percent of all patients responded; complete responses were seen in 66% of those treated with cyclophosphamide and in 60% treated with CHOP-B (P = .36). At 10 years with either cyclophosphamide or CHOP-B, respectively, overall time to failure (25% failure free v 33%; P = .107) and survival (44% alive v 46%; P = .79) were similar by treatment. Outcomes in FSCL also were similar. In 46 patients with FML, at 10 years the combination was associated with better failure-free (9% v 48%; P = .005) and overall (25% v 61%; P = .024) survival. Acute toxic effects were more common with combination chemotherapy. Second malignancies, which might be attributed to treatment, were seen with both approaches. Conclusion: There is no advantage to the initial use of the relatively intensive combination, CHOP-B, for patients with FSCL compared with the less toxic single agent, cyclophosphamide. However, in an unplanned subgroup analysis, patients with FML who received the combination experienced improved disease control and survival.
Phase II, Randomized Trial Comparing Bevacizumab Plus Fluorouracil (FU)/Leucovorin (LV) With FU/LV Alone in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Kabbinavar Fairooz , Hurwitz Herbert I. , Fehrenbacher Louis , Meropol Neal J. , Novotny William F. , Lieberman Grazyna , Griffing Susan , Bergsland Emily 
Published: December 2002

Purpose: This phase II trial investigated the safety and efficacy of two doses of bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor, plus fluorouracil (FU)/leucovorin (LV) versus FU/LV alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Patients and Methods: One hundred four previously untreated patients with measurable metastatic colorectal cancer were randomly assigned to one of the following three treatment groups: 36 to FU (500 mg/m2)/LV (500 mg/m2) alone, 35 to FU/LV + low-dose bevacizumab (5 mg/kg every 2 weeks), and 33 to FU/LV + high-dose bevacizumab (10 mg/kg every 2 weeks). FU/LV was given weekly for the first 6 weeks of each 8-week cycle. Results: Compared with the FU/LV control arm, treatment with bevacizumab (at both dose levels) plus FU/LV resulted in higher response rates (control arm, 17%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 7% to 34%; low-dose arm, 40%, 95% CI, 24% to 58%; high-dose arm, 24%, 95% CI, 12% to 43%), longer median time to disease progression (control arm, 5.2 months, 95% CI, 3.5 to 5.6 months; low-dose arm, 9.0 months, 95% CI, 5.8 to 10.9 months; high-dose arm, 7.2 months, 95% CI, 3.8 to 9.2 months), and longer median survival (control arm, 13.8 months; 95% CI, 9.1 to 23.0 months; low-dose arm, 21.5 months, 95% CI, 17.3 to undetermined; high-dose arm, 16.1 months; 95% CI, 11.0 to 20.7 months). After cross-over, two of 22 patients had a partial response to bevacizumab alone. Thrombosis was the most significant adverse event and was fatal in one patient. Hypertension, proteinuria, and epistaxis were other potential safety concerns. Conclusion: The encouraging results of this randomized trial support further study of bevacizumab 5 mg/kg plus chemotherapy as first-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer.