bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les crimes internationaux : vers un droit pénal supranational ?
Authors: Derdaele Elodie 
Published: January 2024

The advent of international criminal courts and the adoption of the Rome Statute aimed at creating a permanent international criminal court raise the question of whether the desire to punish the most odious crimes is leading inexorably to the creation of a supranational criminal law. Is the real intention to create an international legal system binding on States ? And if so, with what end in mind ?
We know that international law is not limited to the regulation of relations between sovereign States. If the Westphalian view of international relations still has its followers, one notes increasing emphasis on the defence of humanity through humanitarian law, inciting international law to take a greater interest in protecting human beings. This trend in international law started over a hundred years ago in response to an increasing awareness of the problem. Today the world knows that by waging total war it is in danger of destroying itself. Its awareness of what happened in the past and its fears for the future have led, through international agreements called humanitarian, and in spite of the lack of any specific project, to the implementation of a number of measures intended to prevent any regression.
But classic humanitarian law has proved inadequate ; it is not enough to prohibit certain acts, they also need to be sanctioned. This is why, since the end of the Cold War, international law has become steadily more repressive. It has dealt with emergency situations (ex-Yugoslavia, Rwanda) by making violations of international humanitarian law criminal offences and by creating special international jurisdictions to apply sanctions (I). The competence of these ad hoc institutions is limited however and does not enable them to sanction all internationally recognised crimes. Hence the idea of creating a universally competent international court in the future (The International Criminal Court).
These new institutions will not completely replace national criminal courts. States and their agents will remain the main actors in the repression of international criminals. Given this situation, States will continue to play an essential role, taking part in prosecutions as they see fit, and retaining sovereignty in criminal matters (II). In fact States accept rather than suffer the application of humanitarian criminal law, not only for legal reasons (States' territorial and personal competence), but also for political reasons (maintaining diplomatic relations, respect for the need for national reconciliation).
Clearly, the institutionalisation of the defence of human rights, through the prosecution of serious violations of humanitarian law, and the existence of specific repressive jurisdictions, does not call into question the relational nature of international law, nor the respect for the sovereign equality of all States. Under these conditions, the road to a supranational criminal law could well be long.
Hacia un Derecho constitucional europeo
Authors: Gambino Silvio 
Published: January 2024

El trabajo parte de la consideración de que que la integración comunitaria se fundamenta en un proceso de redefinición de los contenidos materiales de la soberanía nacional. La soberanía, mítica certeza del siglo pasado, continúa siendo, a pesar de todo, el espejismo del constitucionalismo del nuevo milenio, la envoltura ritual de un Estado que, privado de sus cimientos y de su autoridad, tiende a transformarse en "no-Estado", en simple elemento constitutivo de una realidad en continua evolución.
El artículo analiza algunos problemas recientes e importantes, que están presentes en las discusiones doctrinales sobre las relaciones entre el proceso de integración comunitaria : la afirmación del principio de la primacía del Derecho comunitario, las finalidades perseguidas por los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea y las garantías establecidas por las Constituciones nacionales en relación con las libertades fundamentales.
Sobre la base de la juridificación gradual de los derechos fundamentales y de la contribución aportada por la jurisprudencia comunitaria se puede colegir una transformación del Derecho comunitario en la dirección de una lenta formación en un Derecho constitucional común a los Estados miembros.
En estas circunstancias, los tribunales constitucionales son llamados con frecuencia a marcar los límites del desarrollo del Derecho comunitario, provocando una toma de conciencia más clara del hecho de que, de vez en cuando, es necesario revisar la Constitución si se quiere hacer progresar la integración comunitaria. De esta manera, se puede observar la última etapa evolutiva de un constitucionalismo que lleva en sí mismo el germen de la supranacionalidad. Pero también aparece claro, quizás más que todo lo
Preservación de la Constitución, reforma de los tratados
Authors: López Pina Antonio 
Published: January 2024

En contraste con la clásica relación entre Estado social y democrático de Derecho y economía, no hay en la actualidad un poder político que contrapese el (des)orden económico internacional. Al reto de alzar un ámbito político supranacional en el que no esté descartado por principio el equilibrio se enfrentan las Constituciones de los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea. Mas no conviene abandonarse a la deriva eventualmente errática del Derecho comunitario, sino impulsar la adopción por la Unión Europea de los principios constitucionales comunes a los Estados miembros ; es el único modo de lograr legitimidad para este nuevo poder público europeo.
Si deseamos atisbar el modo de ordenar poder público europeo de acuerdo con los parámetros propios del Estado constitucional, hemos de recurrir a la ciudadanía ; del mismo modo que la ciudadanía, como expresión de la dignidad humana, determina la arquitectura institucional de los Estados. Ahora bien, la ciudadanía no existe desligada de la representación ; se vincula a instituciones políticas específicas que realizan el principio democrático. Del mismo modo, el equilibrio institucional de poderes adecuado a una Comunidad Europea originariamente concebida como organización funcional al logro del mercado común queda desfasado para una Unión Europea como régimen político de integración. La lógica privada de las relaciones internacionales debería ser simplemente sustituida por la lógica jurídico-pública de la democracia representativa.
Proponer tales reformas no es contradictorio con la constatación de que permanecen lejanas las condiciones objetivas que las harían viables. Entretanto, corresponde al Derecho constitucional de los Estados tanto una función de garantía como de estímulo de los procesos de legitimación de la Unión Europea. Desde ambos puntos de vista podemos apostar por el Estado constitucional como punto de partida, en cuanto marco históricamente no superado de la convivencia humana de acuerdo con los postulados de la Ilustración.
La réforme de la Chambre des lords
Authors: Mossler Geneviève 
Published: January 2024

Présenter la réforme de la Chambre des lords tout en la liant à l'actuel mouvement tendant à replacer les secondes Chambres au premier plan du débat institutionnel et constitutionnel, tel est f objet de cette contribution.
Débutée en 1999 par le House of Lords Act qui a mis fin à la pairie héréditaire, poursuivie parle Rapport WAKEHAM publié en janvier 2000, elle entre actuellement dans sa dernière phase avec le récent projet de loi du gouvernement et a montré f importance du bicamérisme dans la vie politique mais aussi les controverses dont il est toujours l'objet.
Certes, même si le résultat final semble s'annoncer moins ambitieux que prévu, toute cette démarche aura montré la complexité liée au concept de seconde Chambre.
En effet, si cette réforme ne doit pas être érigée en modèle indiscutable, elle a su, a f heure où il est question d'une éventuelle seconde Chambre européenne et où de plus en plus d'États se dotent d'une telle institution, poser les questions fondamentales de légitimité et de représentativité et a tenté d'y répondre d'une manière originale et prospective.
Ainsi, si le bicamérisme reste une modalité d'organisation des pouvoirs, il semble aussi s'affirmer comme le moyen privilégié de replacer r Homme au cœur des questions institutionnelles et constitutionnelles.
Gamification for improving oral communication skills in English as a Foreign Language learners
Authors: Simbaña-Simbaña Edwin Alfonso , Sarabia-Guevara Diego Abelardo , García-Vilema Franklin Raúl , Pico-Poma Josselyn Paulina 
Published: January 2024

This research focused on the use of Gamification to improve oral communication skills in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) student. It was carried out in a private school in El Quinche with 50 students between 13 and 14 years old who belonged to eighth grade EGB. A quasi-experimental method was used; therefore, a pre-test, a post-test, surveys, class observation sheets and a questionnaire were applied. The results showed that the application of gamification provided significant support to improve students' oral communication skills. In addition, interactive games were found to be more effective in improving EFL students' communication skills. As a conclusion, a variety of games provided reinforcement to the development of the four elements pertaining to oral communication such as grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and fluency.
Reflexión filosófica ante los problemas globales y la política que viene, según el pensamiento de Giorgio Agamben.
Authors: Sanchez Gomez David 
Published: January 2024

El pensamiento filosófico de Giorgio Agamben constituye una interpretación filosófica de la realidad humana, llevando a cabo un gran esfuerzo, a través de su filosofía política, para explicar nuestra época por medio del concepto de paradigma o modelo histórico, propio de los métodos de estudios utilizados en las humanidades, en un proceso de vinculación intrínseca con el concepto del mesianismo, rechazando lo precedente y cuestionando nuestra realidad y a la vez preguntando sobre lo que podríamos hacer.
En su pensamiento destaca el concepto de la biopolítica y el biopoder, que se conciben como esencias de aquellas estrategias que se gestionan en las relaciones de poder para gestionar la vida. En este contexto, la biopolítica requiere a la vez del biopoder como mecanismo de función.
La propuesta de Agamben debe constituirse en una ética aplicada entre los álgidos encuentros de la filosofía y la economía, entre la Tecno-ciencia y la economía, en una propuesta moral. El mundo que viene, según Agamben sería ese, en el que la voluntad humana (la Potencia de No), se imponga frente la marginalidad y exclusión (estados de excepción), ante las condiciones de las “vidas nudas” (Homo Sacer), procurando que la Propiedad (bienes y servicios), tenga un uso más consciente, menos exclusivos, menos “sagrado”, o sea, se requiere la Profanación de estos, constituyéndose esta en una propuesta viable en un mundo finito, plagado de contingencias y dificultades.
Pyknodysostosis- A Challenging Diagnosis
Authors: Hamna Shakil  , Manal Niazi  , Shahid Gulandam , Saad Shakil  
Published: January 2024

We report a case of a 7-year-old boy presented to us with short stature, born at full term by SVD with an immediate cry and a birth weight of 03 kg, breast-fed for 2 years. There are no apparent signs of development delay. By the age of two, the mother was concerned about physical and developmental delays.
The patient had a male sibling with a history of repeated fractures and sensorineural hearing loss, labelled osteopetrosis.
EXAMINATION:

An active male child of 95cm and 12 kg falls below the 3rd centile.
He had frontal bossing, mildly hypoplastic maxillae, a wide open fontanelle, and sutural diastasis.

INVESTIGATIONS:

Complete Blood Count, Thyroid profile, Serum Calcium, Phosphorus and Alkaline Phosphatase. All normal.
A skeletal survey showed an increase in bone density. Sutural diastasis, multiple Wormian bones, thickening of the Calvaria, thickening of long bones with medullary sparing, and spool deformity of vertebral bodies.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Pyknodysostosis
Hypothyroidism
Osteopetrosis

CONCLUSION:
Additional X-rays, including the mandible, showed an obtuse angle, the clavicle was laterally deficient, and the hand showed acro osteolysis. The patient was diagnosed with a rare case of pyknodysostosis.
Progresso e perfeição na filosofia de Kant
Authors: Ferreira Gabriel Martins 
Published: January 2024

O presente artigo pretende caracterizar a compreensão kantiana das noções de progresso e perfeição a partir de seu posicionamento no interior do debate realizado pelo esclarecimento alemão do século XVIII. Para levar a cabo tal tarefa, o presente artigo pretende executar duas tarefas: em primeiro lugar apresentar contextualização da filosofia kantiana da história dentro do assim chamado esclarecimento alemão a partir do debate envolvendo a noção Bestimmung des Menschen (destinação do ser humano) com vistas a demonstrar o modo como Kant desloca as noções de perfeição e destinação de um contexto teológico para um contexto antropológico e histórico. A segunda tarefa consiste em apresentar o modo como a ideia de perfectibilidade infinita advinda do debate acerca da Bestimmung des Menschen desempenha um papel central na Crítica da razão prática em 1788. Para a concreção desta segunda tarefa, o presente artigo discutirá a doutrina kantiana dos postulados da razão prática – a imortalidade da alma e a existência de Deus – como condições para que a moralidade possa ser possível no mundo.
Rancang Bangun Sistem Financial Accounting Standars Berbasis Website Pada CV. Hartop Jaya
Authors: Putri Riris Lima , Handayani Dede 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The financial accounting standard system is the system used to manage financial data at CV Hatop Jaya. In today's digital era, the use of web technology and scrum methods can be used to develop a more efficient and accurate financial accounting standard system. This study aims to design and develop a web-based financial accounting standard system using the Scrum method. The Scrum method is used throughout the system development process, from requirements analysis to testing. By using the Scrum method, this research enables the development of a more structured and adaptive web-based financial accounting standard system. Researchers can leverage the principles of Scrum to ensure needs are met efficiently and set the right priorities. This research is expected to contribute to the development of a more efficient financial accounting standard system. The Scrum method still provides a framework that is focused, organized, and responsive to change, thereby helping researchers manage financial data and create financial reports more effectively within the scope of work performed. The system developed in this study can be used by CV Hartop Jaya to manage their financial data and make financial reports easily and quickly. In addition, this research can also be a reference for further research in developing a web-based financial accounting standards system.programming language and uses the MySql Database because it is more accessible to users.
Keywords: financial, accounting, Scrum
A Literature Review Applying the Social-Ecological Framework for Black Children with OSA
Authors: Farquharson Leone , Chung Alicia , Honaker Sarah 
Published: January 2024

Aim
The purpose of this literature review is to compile an up-to-date overview of the academic literature on the parental detection of OSA in children and its subsequent diagnosis and treatment. The existing literature serves as evidence for this phenomenon, which is explored using the social ecological model as a framework for inquiry.

Methodology
A literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar between July and August 2020 and July 2022 to assess the various factors affecting parental detection of obstructive sleep apnea in their children. Different combinations of keywords such as “health disparities”, “racial disparities”, “racial differences”, “implicit bias”, “pediatric OSA”, “adult OSA”, “pediatric obstructive sleep apnea”, “pediatric sleep health”, “OSA treatment”, “OSA diagnosis”, “OSA detection” and “parental experiences” were used to find relevant studies and reviews.
Results
OSA knowledge is important for detection by parents, family members, and teachers who are constantly around children. They are the main interpersonal supports that detect OSA and prevent delay in detection. The community support roles are health care providers and specialists that can monitor the progression of OSA and ensure adequate treatment. Additionally, the access of children to care can act as a barrier of OSA treatment.
Conclusions
Black children experience pediatric OSA severity more than their white counterparts based on the factors outlined in the socio-ecological framework.
ANALYSIS OF INTERFERENCES IN THE RUSSIAN SPEECH OF AZERBAIJANI SCHOOLCHILDREN (ELEMENTARY GRADES)
Authors: АСКЕРОВА ШАФАГ ДЖАФАР КЫЗЫ АСКЕРОВА ШАФАГ ДЖАФАР КЫЗЫ 
Published: January 2024

Преподавание русского языка в нерусской школе направлено на то, чтобы сделать русский язык вторым родным языком учащихся, превратить его в средство общения. В азербайджанской школе для того чтобы сделать урок русского языка интересным, поистине действенным средством обучения, необходимо с достаточной точностью представлять себе возможности и пределы каждого метода и приема овладения навыками устной речи. В этом ключе интересно исследование ошибок в русской речи азербайджанских учащихся, в частности, исследование интерферентов (фоноферентов - ошибок фонемного уровня, граммаферентов - ошибок грамматического уровня). Данная статья посвящена именно этой теме.
Russian language teaching in a non-Russian school is aimed at making Russian the second native language of students, turning it into a means of communication. In order to make a Russian language lesson an interesting, truly effective learning tool in an Azerbaijani school, it is necessary to accurately imagine the possibilities and limits of each method and technique of mastering oral speech skills. In this context, the study of errors in the Russian speech of Azerbaijani students is of interest. The study of interferents (phonoferents - phonemic level errors, grammaferents - grammatical level errors) is of undoubted interest, which is what this article is devoted to.
GRAPHIC SYSTEMATIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL AS A WAY OF FORMING CRITICAL THINKING (ON THE EXAMPLE OF COMPILING CLUSTERS ON THE TOPIC «VERBS OF POSITION IN SPACE»)
Authors: САВИНА И.С. САВИНА И.С. 
Published: January 2024

В статье рассматриваются значение и особенности приема построения кластеров, который может использоваться для формирования навыка систематизации информации. Теоретический материал, содержащий анализ методических рекомендаций по использованию приема составления кластеров, сопровождается примерами заданий, отработанными на занятиях в военном вузе. Доказываются возможности использования приема составления кластеров не только для развития критического мышления, но и для формирования навыка создания связных текстов по определенным темам. В качестве примера представлен иллюстративный материал, связанный с изучением глаголов, которые обозначают положение в пространстве. Выбор практических заданий по данной теме актуален и обусловлен наличием трудностей с пониманием лексико-грамматического материала у иностранных учащихся.
The material of the article considers the meaning and features of the method of building clusters, which can be used to form the skill of systematizing information. The theoretical material containing the analysis of methodological recommendations on the use of the clustering technique is accompanied by examples of tasks worked out in the classroom at a military university. The possibilities of using the method of compiling clusters are proved not only for the development of critical thinking, but also for the formation of the skill of creating coherent texts on certain topics. As an example, illustrative material is presented related to the study of verbs that denote position in space. The relevance of the choice of practical tasks on this topic is due to the complexity of the lexical and grammatical material, which causes difficulties in understanding among foreign students.
INSTRUCTIONAL TEXT AS A WAY TO IMPLEMENT ETHNOSTEREOTYPE
Authors: ГАО ЮЕ ГАО ЮЕ 
Published: January 2024

В статье анализируются инструктивные тексты, опубликованные в русскоязычном сегменте сети Интернет, посвященные вопросам делового сотрудничества с китайскими предпринимателями. Определяются характеристики, функции, область применения и синтаксические особенности инструктивного текста, рассматриваемого в качестве одного из способов экспликации этностереотипа. Описываются средства реализации инструктивного текста, выделяются его типы, приводятся примеры представлений, характеризующих взгляды носителей русской лингвокультуры.
This article analyzes instructional texts published in the Russian-language segment of the Internet and devoted to the issues of business cooperation with Chinese entrepreneurs. The author determines the characteristics, functions, scope and syntactic features of the instructive text, which is considered as one of the ways of ethnostereotype explication. The means of the instructive text realization are described, the types of the text are singled out, the examples of the representations characterizing views of the native speakers of Russian linguoculture are given.
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Reverberation Mapping Project: Investigation of Continuum Lag Dependence on Broad-line Contamination and Quasar Properties
Authors: Sharp Hugh W. , Homayouni Y. , Trump Jonathan R. , Anderson Scott F. , Assef Roberto J. , Brandt W. N. , Davis Megan C. , Fries Logan B. , Grier Catherine J. , Hall Patrick B. , Horne Keith , Koekemoer Anton M. , Martínez-Aldama Mary Loli , Menezes David M. , Pena Theodore , Ricci C. , Schneider Donald P. , Shen Yue , Trakhtenbrot Benny 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This work studies the relationship between accretion-disk size and quasar properties, using a sample of 95 quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Reverberation Mapping Project with measured lags between the g and i photometric bands. Our sample includes disk lags that are both longer and shorter than predicted by the Shakura and Sunyaev model, requiring explanations that satisfy both cases. Although our quasars each have one lag measurement, we explore the wavelength-dependent effects of diffuse broad-line region (BLR) contamination through our sample’s broad redshift range, 0.1 < z < 1.2. We do not find significant evidence of variable diffuse Fe ii and Balmer nebular emission in the rms spectra, nor from Anderson–Darling tests of quasars in redshift ranges with and without diffuse nebular emission falling in the observed-frame filters. Contrary to previous work, we do not detect a significant correlation between the measured continuum and BLR lags in our luminous quasar sample, similarly suggesting that our continuum lags are not dominated by diffuse nebular emission. Similar to other studies, we find that quasars with larger-than-expected continuum lags have lower 3000 Å luminosities, and we additionally find longer continuum lags with lower X-ray luminosities and black hole masses. Our lack of evidence for diffuse BLR contribution to the lags indicates that the anticorrelation between continuum lag and luminosity is not likely to be due to the Baldwin effect. Instead, these anticorrelations favor models in which the continuum lag increases in lower-luminosity active galactic nuclei, including scenarios featuring magnetic coupling between the accretion disk and X-ray corona, and/or ripples or rims in the disk.