bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-risk patients
Authors: Howell Simon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients frequently perceive anaesthesia and surgery as being fraught with risk. It is a testament to modern medical techniques that, in many cases, this is not true. Elective minor and intermediate surgery in healthy patients is now remarkably safe. The risk of death during such surgery is a small fraction of 1% and is difficult to quantify. Forrest and colleagues reported a mortality rate of 0.11% and a combined death, myocardial infarction, and stroke rate of 0.15% amongst 17 201 patients recruited into the ‘Multicenter study of General Anesthesia’(1). Unfortunately, not all patients are low risk. The patient with significant co-morbidity may be at substantially increased risk. Major operations such as those for cancer of the stomach or operations on the aorta are hazardous. Urgent surgery is more dangerous than elective surgery. This chapter deals with identifying high-risk patients and communicating this risk to the patient. Generic issues of risk communication are dealt with in detail in Chapter 2. Even in this era of evidence-based medicine, there is much in the care of the high-risk patient that remains a matter for clinical judgement rather than clinical guideline. Modern major surgery can be very complex indeed: modern anaesthesia and critical care equally so. It is difficult, if not impossible, for even the most experienced clinician to understand fully every aspect of the care of a patient, with several co-existing diseases, who is to undergo a major operation such as a gastrectomy. Before presenting the risks and benefits of an operation to the patient, the anaesthetist and surgeon may have to discuss these between themselves. There is no shame in seeing and assessing a patient and concluding the first interview with, ‘I need to discuss your case with my colleagues and then we can advise you further.’ The clinician must not be afraid of saying truthfully that it is very difficult to estimate just how risky surgery will be in a particular case and that the best that can be offered is a rough estimate.
Clinical research, audit, and training
Authors: Flockton Elizabeth A , Hunter Jennifer M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twentieth and even the twenty-first centuries have seen major advances in clinical medicine. As we continue to push forward ‘the frontiers of science’, the expectation of our patients to have a longer and improved quality of life increases at a rate that outstrips these advances. The demand for biomedical research to develop treatments for disease or to improve upon existing therapy has never been greater. Medical research is not a recent phenomenon. In the first century AD, Aulus Cornelius Celsus described in De Medicinavarious surgical procedures, such as removal of cataracts and treatment of bladder stones, and gave detailed notes on the preparation of ancient remedies including opioids. Celsus is credited as being one of the forefathers of human experimentation(1). In De Medicina(1) he wrote, ‘It is not cruel to inflict on a few criminals sufferings which may benefit multitudes of innocent people through all centuries.’ How unacceptable such an approach would be today. In our desire to increase the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of disease, we have, on occasion, overlooked the principle of first do no harm. Recent history is littered with examples of mistreatment and abuse committed in the name of medical research. Perhaps the most notorious were the medical experiments conducted by the Nazis upon civilians and prisoners of war between 1939 and 1945, including infection with epidemic jaundice and spotted fever, and exposure to seawater, high altitude, freezing, and mustard gas. We can also find examples closer to home. For almost a century, the British Raj sent political prisoners to a penal colony in the Andaman Islands where they were subjected to secret pharmaceutical trials undertaken by British army doctors(2). In the United States, the Tuskegee syphilis study sought to determine the course of untreated syphilis. The participants were all African–American males who, believing they were receiving an adequate level of care, were not given penicillin and suffered the debilitating effects of the disease(3). History has demonstrated the need to establish a code of practice governing the conduct of clinical trials, to prevent such inhumanities occurring again.
Complement Clause Types and Complementation Strategies in Akkadian
Authors: Deutscher Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Akkadian is the earliest known Semitic language. It was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, the ‘land between the rivers’ (Tigris and Euphrates), in an area which roughly corresponds to today’s Iraq. It was written in the cuneiform script, on clay tablets. Akkadian is one of the earliest and longest attested languages, with a history spanning more than two thousand years.
The Austrian General Settlement Fund: An Overview
Authors: Lessing Hannah , Rebernik Richard , Spitzy Nicola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1995, fifty years after the proclamation of the Second Republic, the Republic of Austria established the National Fund for Victims of National Socialism (“National Fund”). The National Fund was set up as an expression of the special moral responsibility felt towards the victims of National Socialism, and provides “gesture” payments to individuals who suffered under the National Socialist regime in Austria. Five years later, a fund for “Reconciliation, Peace and Cooperation” (“Reconciliation Fund”) was established in Austria in 2000 “to acknowledge the moral responsibility for all claims involving or related to the use of slave and forced labor during the National Socialist Era or World War II.”
Processing Claims for “Other Personal Injury” Under the German Forced Labour Compensation Programme
Authors: Kristjánsdóttir Edda , Simerova Barbora 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On December 31, 2001, more than half a century after the end of World War II, the International Organization for Migration (“IOM”) in Geneva received over 329,000 claims by survivors of the Holocaust and their heirs for compensation under a German law, enacted on August 12, 2000, establishing the Foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future” (the “Foundation Act” and the “Foundation,” respectively). IOM was one of seven parmer organizations tasked with resolving the claims in a mass claims process known, at IOM, as the German Forced Labour Compensation Programme (“GFLCP”).
The French Commission for the Compensation of Victims of Spoliation: A Critique
Authors: Freedman Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Commission for the Compensation of Victims of Spoliation Resulting from the Anti-Semitic Legislation in force during the Occupation (the “Commission”), established by the French government in 1999 to determine claims relating to property or financial assets confiscated on French territory, is difficult to characterize. Its constituting document represents it as a conciliation commission, yet its procedures refer to conciliation as a last resort, while its practices contain some elements of arbitration. It is not, however, an arbitral tribunal. What follows is a brief overview of the Commission’s underlying principles, procedures, and overriding practices in order to present a clearer picture of its mandate and work.
Initial Refuge at Assosa and Why it Failed
Authors: James Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The initial ‘fight’ to Ethiopia included a rushed march over parched red-soil lowland and then a scramble up several thousand feet of steep ravines and scree slopes of the escarpment to a cool, even chilly, site where the SPLA had agreed with UNCHR and the Ethiopian government that the Blue Nile people could stay for a while.
Escape back to the New Ethiopia
Authors: James Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have never had an opportunity to catch up with those refugees who decided in 1992 to remain on the Sudan side of the border, even though they had to decamp again in 1997 to Sherkole. But I was able to meet up with the majority faction in July 1992, after their desperate dash back to Ethiopia, in the transit camp arranged for them at Karmi, just upstream of Gambela.
Initial Stages Of The Extradition Process
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the provisions of the EA 2003 which deal with arrest, legal aid, bail and the initial hearing in the magistrates’ court. The Act makes a number of important changes to the procedures which existed under the EA 1989. In particular, the role of the Secretary of State is greatly reduced. He is no longer required to issue his authority to proceed, and has a limited role in Category 2 cases only. This chapter also examines relevant parts of the Codes of Practice relating to Part 4 issued by the Secretary of State under s 173. The Codes contain provisions relating to the detention and treatment of suspects arrested under the EA 2003.
Police Powers In Extradition Cases
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part 4 of the EA 2003 is entitled ‘Police Powers’ and contains powers of entry, search and seizure for use in extradition cases. It also contains provisions for dealing with extradition detainees who are in police custody following arrest. Part 4 should be read in conjunction with the Codes of Practice issued by the Secretary of State under s 173.1 Before considering Part 4 in detail it is instructive to consider some of the difficulties created by the former law which Part 4 is intended to remedy.
The European Arrest Warrant
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the operation of the European arrest warrant (EAW) scheme within the EU. The EAW deserves special attention because of its political importance and because it makes a number of significant changes to the way in which extradition requests within the EU are processed. The largest number of extradition requests to the UK are made using the EAW.
Requests By Foreign States To The Uk For Assistance In Providing Evidence
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The provisions containing the UK’s powers to grant mutual assistance to foreign states are complex. This chapter considers the relevant principles where the assistance requested involves the provision of evidence and information, including banking information. Provisions relating to the service of process, the transfer of prisoners, the mutual recognition of driving disqualifications and restraint and confiscation matters are considered in other chapters.
Mutual Assistance In The Service Of Process
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal provisions relating to the service of process overseas are CICA 2003, ss 3 and 4. In summary, ss 3 and 4 allow for process to be served directly by post or other means rather than through central authorities. Section 51(3) provides that in relation to England, Wales and Northern Ireland ‘process’ means: any summons or order issued or made by a court and includes—(a) any other document issued or made by a court for service on parties or witnesses, (b) any document issued by a prosecuting authority outside the UK for the purposes of criminal proceedings.
Introduction
Authors: Meeus Marius T H , Edquist Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Industrial innovation is considered fundamental to productivity growth and thereby to long-term socio-economic development in industrialized countries. According to growth accounting that emerged in the 1950s, the main source of growth in labor productivity is the ‘residual,’ which mainly consists of new products and processes based on the advancement of knowledge and technology. Increasing physical and human capital (through education) is seen as less important for increasing productivity. On the one hand, empirical research has revealed that innovation enhances the growth and survival of firms (Brouwer and Kleinknecht 1994; Archibugi and Pianta 1996; Audretsch 1995; Lawless and Anderson 1996; Metcalfe 1995).
Can Regulations Induce Environmental Innovations? An Analysis of the Role of Regulations in the Pulp and Paper Industry in Selected Industrialized Countries
Authors: Foster James , Hilde´n, Mikael , Adler Niclas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growth of industrial production has historically been associated with an increasing use of natural resources, with increasing emissions of pollutants to air, water, and soil, and with growing amounts of waste. To deal with these negative consequences of industrial production, environmental regulations have been introduced; but to truly decouple the link between growth of industrial production and increasing environmental degradation, it is
obvious that process innovations are needed. How should environmental regulations that affect process innovations be evaluated? What factors should be taken into account in considering the effects of regulations on process innovations?The first set of questions arises in any analysis of environmental policies.
Introduction
Authors: Hage Jerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on industrial innovation has focused on neither studies of industrial research laboratories, nor the more general, nebulous phenomena of science; yet scientific research lies at the heart of a vibrant economy, a secure society, and the system of knowledge production. More and more product innovations, even those in the traditional sectors, are based on advances in science. This is obvious in the case of such high- tech industries as semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, aircraft, etc.; but is also true for such traditional industries as mattress manufacturing, light bulbs, and many simple home products.
Network Attributes Impacting the Generation and Flow of Knowledge within and from the Basic Science Community
Authors: Mohrman Susan A , Galbraith, Jay R , Monge Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though its goals and focus are often politically contested (Stokes 1997), public funding of basic science research has become accepted policy in many parts of the world. Even as corporate research and development (R&D) has increasingly acquired a short-term focus (Tucker and Sampat 1998), public support for basic science research has increased steadily in both the European Union (European Commission 1994, 1998, 2002) and the United States (US Government 2003). Such investment in science is made with the expectation that society will benefit from the research, particularly in areas of security, health, and environmental sustain- ability (for example, see European Commission 1994, 1998, 2002; AIP 1999; Lee et al. 2003).
Introduction
Authors: Lente Harro van , Mohrman Susan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This part focuses on the generation and use of knowledge in and across contexts, especially on how knowledge trajectories are shaped and lead to innovation. It considers the core theme of this book from a different perspective: the creative, indispensable, multifaceted, and multi-level relationships between knowledge, innovation, and institutional change. Understanding their dynamics thus requires a variety of approaches, and so the chapters in this part represent an array of disciplines and levels of analysis.
The European University in the Age of Revolution, 1789-1850
Authors: BROCKLISS W B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the peculiar position of Oxford and Cambridge among European universities from 1800 onwards entails a glance at the eighteenth century. In 1789 Europe contained about one hundred and fifty universities. Fifty were located in just two countries-France and Spain-while the rest were fairly evenly distributed among the other states of the Continent in proportion to their size and population. Small states, such as the German principalities, usually had only one university, while the other great powers, often themselves a congeries of distinctive regions, normally possessed one or two per province. The kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, which contained seven universities (two in England, four in Scotland, and Trinity College, Dublin), followed the common European pattern. In fact, with a combined population of only 13-14 million, the British Isles was better provided with universities than the more populous Austrian Empire.
Oxford and its Critics, r 800-r 83 5
Authors: Briggs Asa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last two chapters have been devoted to what can now be discerned about Oxford during the first three decades of examination reform, when it is compared with the other European universities of that day. This chapter, by contrast, concerns what was perceived and written at the time by Oxford’s critics and defenders. Some of the comments mentioned below were related more closely to the political views of the writer than to the observed facts. A period which began during a long war and ended with political upheaval was seldom favourable to dispassionate observation.
The Ascendancy of Oriel
Authors: Turpin K C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Towards the end of the eighteenth century an alumnus of Oriel and a high steward of the University, Edward, Lord Leigh of Stoneleigh in the county of Warwickshire, left the college the whole of his library; this necessitated the erection of a new building to house it. In this neo-classical building on the north side of the middle quadrangle of the college the library was accommodated on the first floor but, mindful of their other needs, the Provost and fellows provided two common rooms on the ground floor, in the larger of which it became the custom to place the portraits of provosts. Among these portraits are those of John Eveleigh, Edward Copleston and Edward Hawkins, the three provosts who cover the period with which this chapter is concerned. Eveleigh, Provost from 1781 to 1814, sowed the seeds of Oriel’s distinction in the earlier part of the nineteenth century, Copleston, Provost from 1814 to 1828, reaped the harvest, and Hawkins, Provost from 1828 to 1882, partly owing to changing circumstances, partly because of his own personal idiosyncrasies, saw the college gradually lose the pre-eminence it had achieved under his two predecessors.
The Taming Of Tuberculosis And Leprosy
Authors: Greenwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are various kinds of infection caused by mycobacteria, but two types loom large in human history: the terrible afflictions designated within the Latin names of their causative organisms, Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Leprosy is a truly horrific condition, especially in its most florid form, and one from which, historically, individuals and communities have recoiled in terror. But without diminishing the seriousness of that disease, it is tuberculosis—the white plague—that far outstrips it in importance among the major microbial enemies of humankind.
Types of Euthanasia
Authors: Warnock Mary , Macdonald Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, we have spoken of assisted death, and made little distinction between the forms that assisted death may take. The following three chapters will be concerned with the problems that have arisen in different kinds of cases, and what has been their outcome. The ﬁrst distinction to be drawn is between assisted death that has been asked for by a patient, and that which has not. This chapter and the next will be concerned with requested death. The paradigm case of physician-assisted dying is that of a patient who is at the end of his life, who knows that he is dying of some incurable disease, and who asks his doctor that he be helped to die before his suffering becomes more intense.
Incompetent Adults
Authors: Warnock Mary , Macdonald Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We turn now to other cases of non-voluntary euthanasia, a kind of mercy killing where a decision may be made to bring about the death of a patient, although the patient has not, and could not have, asked for it, at the time when the decision was made. It is important to include the qualiﬁcation ‘at the time when the decision was made ‘, for there are some cases where a patient, though mentally incompetent at the time of death, himself made a declaration in advance, while he was still competent, in which he formally made his wishes known about his treatment in case, when he approached death, he had become unable to make his own decisions.
How can the heart and circulation contribute to falls?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Giddiness, falls, and loss of consciousness can be caused by: Conditions that cause low blood pressure: orthostatic hypotension simple faints (vasovagal syndrome) vasodepressor carotid sinus hypersensitivity treatments that reduce blood pressure. Conditions that affect the pulse: a pulse that is rapid—supraventricular tachycardia, rapid atrial fibrillation a pulse that is ineffective—ventricular tachycardia a pulse that is too slow—complete heart block a pulse that has prolonged pauses—sick sinus syndrome, cardio-inhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity.
Medicines and falls
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medicines are an important cause of falls, and one that can be prevented. Medicines cause falls by different mechanisms: sedation dropping the blood pressure slowing the pulse other mechanisms that are currently unknown. There are few data on which drugs are the most likely to cause falls, and more research on this subject is needed.In a significant minority of falls medicines may be the cause, or one among several causes, of falls. Most medicines do not cause falls. Although there is no doubt that some medicines can cause falls, the British National Formulary (the book that doctors use to check on drug doses and side effects) does not include falls as a side effect for any medication. The problem is to decide which medicines are the ones responsible, and to find an alternative that will have the necessary therapeutic effects but not have the same side effects.
How does neurological disease cause falls?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neurological diseases commonly cause falls, and are often the first thing that leads to a medical opinion. Stroke can cause falls because of: muscle weakness loss of coordination impaired balance impaired understanding and judgement.Parkinson’s disease causes falls because of: rigidity and stiffness of the muscles, slowing responses an abnormal bent posture which threatens stability freezing and the inability to complete corrective movements loss of the idea of where the vertical lies impaired perception of the surrounding space? diminished cone of stability confusion orthostatic hypotension.
How do falls affect the family and carers?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spouse or partner Daughters, less commonly sons More distant relatives Friends Neighbours and other ‘informal carers’ Paid carers.Falls can have a dramatic effect on the lives of those who fall. Their effect on family, friends, and carers is often as great. There are several aspects to this: fear and anxiety about future falls the need for supervision day and night the effects of falls that have already occurred the need for care to cope with loss of independence.The faller may be scared of falling. Some fallers will limit their activity to diminish the risk of falls, and will do whatever is necessary to prevent them. Others are not concerned about the risk of further falls—it is their family and friends who are concerned about them.