bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in the Expression of Galanin and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Oestrogen‐Induced Prolactinomas of Fischer 344 Rats
Authors: Piroli G. G. , Pietranera L. , Grillo C. A. , De Nicola A. F. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe have previously described a sexual dimorphism in oestrogen‐induced anterior pituitary tumorigenesis in Fischer 344 rats, with female tumours averaging twice the size of those of males. Neonatal androgenization of female Fischer 344 rats with 100 µg of testosterone propionate reverted that effect, causing a ‘male‐like’ phenotype. The peptides galanin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are possible mediators of oestrogen effects on the anterior pituitary, including hyperprolactinemia and lactotroph proliferation. To further extend our previous findings, we investigated the expression of galanin and VIP in the anterior pituitary of control and oestrogenized male, female and neonatally androgenized female Fischer 344 rats. At 3 months of age, rats were deprived of their gonads and divided into control and diethylstilbestrol (DES)‐treated groups. In the anterior pituitary of control rats, galanin and VIP immunoreactive cells were absent. However, in DES‐treated rats, pituitaries from normal ovariectomized females showed higher number of galanin and VIP positive cells than pituitaries from neonatally androgenized ovariectomized females and gonadectomized males. This pattern correlated with changes in anterior pituitary weight and serum prolactin. Our study suggests that sexual differences in oestrogen‐induced pituitary tumorigenesis could be due to the differential expression of galanin and VIP. Furthermore, our data support the fact that neonatal exposure to androgens, as in normal males and androgenized females, may condition the response of the pituitary gland to oestrogens in adult life.
Flowering system of heterodichogamous Juglans ailanthifolia
Authors: KIMURA MEGUMI , SEIWA KENJI , SUYAMA YOSHIHISA , UENO NAOTO 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTo determine the sex‐expression of Juglans ailanthifolia, we monitored its flowering phenology for 3 years in two natural populations and observed the following four mating types: protogyny, protandry, female and male. In each population, the number of protogynous trees was most numerous, followed by protandrous tree. These monoecious types constituted 61–95% of the individuals at each site in each year. Observations of flowering phenology of the monoecious types showed that female and male functions were temporally segregated within individual trees and that the sexual functions of each protogynous and protandrous mating type were synchronous and reciprocal. Such a system may help to reduce selfing and promote outcrossing. Trunk size was smaller in the unisexual types than in the monoecious types. Sixty‐seven percent of trunks were oblique due to snow pressure in the unisexual types, whereas only 23% were oblique in the monoecious types. It seemed that unisexuality is a temporary trait because the changes in mating category occurred mainly from unisexual to monoecious types and inverse changes were very few.
Rescue of stranded pollen grains by secondary transfer
Authors: THOMSON JAMES D. , EISENHART KAREN S. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSecondary transfer of pollen can occur when a second pollinator remobilizes grains that had already been transferred to a flower by a previous pollinator. We used a pollen‐color dimorphism to measure components of secondary transfer by bumble bees visiting the lily Erythronium grandiflorum. Remobilization was surprisingly high, ranging from 20% of grains deposited on stigmas to 90% of grains deposited on inner tepal surfaces. Because most of the grains that are remobilized would otherwise have been stranded on non‐stigmatic surfaces, secondary transfer has the beneficial effect of returning lost grains to circulation.
Floral correlations in an andromonoecious species, Commelina communis (Commelinaceae)
Authors: USHIMARU ATUSHI , ITAGAKI TOMOYUKI , ISHII HIROSHI S. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe sizes of various floral organs of andromonoecious Commelina communis were measured to test the hypothesis that size correlations among floral organs are regulated by natural selection. Size correlations among six floral organs in both perfect flowers and staminate flowers with sterile pistils were compared. The stigma‐long stamen anther (L‐anther) correlation for perfect flowers was the strongest of all C. communis floral correlations, whereas this correlation was weak in staminate flowers. This suggests that the position of fertile stigmas may have evolved to maximize receipt from pollinators of pollen grains from L‐anthers of the same height in perfect flowers.
Chiral synthesis of (2S,3S)‐2‐(2‐morpholin‐2‐yl‐2‐phenylmethoxy)phenol
Authors: Prabhakaran Jaya , Majo Vattoly J. , Mann J. John , Dileep Kumar J. S. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractResolution of (2RS,3RS)‐2‐[α‐(2‐methoxymethoxyphenoxy)phenylmethyl]morpholine, 11, with (+) mandelic acid led to the formation of (+)‐(2S,3S)‐2‐[α‐(2‐methoxymethoxyphenoxy)phenyl methyl] morpholine (11a). Compound 11 was synthesized in seven steps from (2RS,3RS)‐cinnamyl alcohol‐2,3‐epoxide (4), with an overall yield of 17%. Cleavage of the methoxymethyl group of the Fmoc derivative 12 with catalytic amounts of p‐toluenesulfonic acid in methanol afforded (+)‐(2S,3S)‐2‐(2‐morpholin‐2‐yl‐2‐phenylmethoxy)phenol 2. The synthetic utility as well as the configuration of compound 2 has been demonstrated by converting (S,S)‐2‐(2‐morpholin‐2‐yl‐2‐phenylmethoxy)phenol 2 to (2S,3S)‐2‐[α‐(2‐ethoxyphenoxy)phenylmethyl]morpholine (1) and (2S,3S)‐2‐(2‐methoxyphenoxy) benzyl)morpholine (16), two potential norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors under clinical evaluation. Chirality 16:168–173, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System Category 3 mammograms and the use of stereotactic vacuum‐assisted breast biopsy in a nonacademic community practice
Authors: Mendez Angela , Cabanillas Fernando , Echenique Miguel , Malekshamran Keyvan , Perez Iris , Ramos Edwin 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDBreast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI‐RADS) Category 3 represents ‘probably benign’ mammographic abnormalities requiring close follow‐up, but biopsies sometimes are performed on Category 3 abnormalities. Controversy exists as to when these biopsies are justified. The goals of the current study were to evaluate the use of stereotactic vacuum‐assisted breast biopsy (SVABB) for BI‐RADS 3 lesions in a nonacademic community hospital–based practice, to evaluate the false‐ negative rate of Category 3 mammograms, and to determine whether any specific lesions misinterpreted as BI‐RADS 3 abnormalities might commonly be associated with malignant disease.METHODSFrom August 2000 to December 2002, the authors performed 947 SVABB procedures on 911 patients. They focused on 156 SVABBs of BI‐RADS 3 abnormalities.RESULTSOf 634 SVABB procedures requested by outside sources, 114 (18%) were performed for BI‐RADS 3 abnormalities, compared with 42 (13%) of 313 SVABB procedures that were performed based on mammographic findings at the authors' practice (P = 0.075). After SVABB, 7 of 156 patients with BI‐RADS 3 lesions were diagnosed with breast carcinoma and 1 was diagnosed with atypical ductal hyperplasia. Therefore, the false‐negative rate of BI‐RADS 3 mammograms was 4.5% (i.e., 7 of 156 patients). Patients with linear microcalcifications had the highest rate of cancer (4 of 14 [29%]) compared with patients without microcalcifications (1 of 64 [1.5%]) and patients with nonlinear microcalcifications (2 of 69 [2.9%]).CONCLUSIONSThe use of SVABB for BI‐RADS 3 lesions reflected uncertainty regarding the potential for a diagnosis of malignant disease rather than the financial incentive of performing a biopsy. SVABB was not necessary for patients with BI‐RADS 3 lesions without microcalcifications or for patients with nonlinear microcalcifications. Lesions with linear (casting or branching) microcalcifications should not be considered BI‐RADS 3 abnormalities. Cancer 2004;100:710–4. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Learning and knowledge processes in inter‐organizational communities of practice
Authors: Soekijad Maura , Huis in 't Veld Mirjam A. A. , Enserink Bert 
Published: February 2004

AbstractCommunities of practice (CoPs) have increasingly become popular in recent years, in particular within large multinational organizations. They are defined as learning groups in which new insights can be transformed into knowledge through mutual engagement around a joint enterprise (Wenger, 1998: 214). Close interaction of experience and competence is seen as the central prerequisite for leading‐edge learning and innovative practices in CoPs. In particular, learning in the context of a concrete practice that is shared by all members of the CoP, is central to the concept.In this empirically based paper it is argued that, contrary to expectations, this model can be deployed successfully. Authors observed CoPs in which inter‐organizational multidisciplinary groups voluntarily engaged in analysing and solving real‐life problems. These problems all concerned design and management of innovative and sustainable industrial and commercial zones. The inter‐organizational CoP presented in this paper, proved to be a fruitful environment for generating innovative ideas and practices. The joint enterprise in this community was the generator of momentum and the catalyst of community development. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Obesity and diabetes as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Regimbeau Jean M. , Colombat Magali , Mognol Philippe , Durand François , Abdalla Eddie , Degott Claude , Degos Françoise , Farges Olivier , Belghiti Jacques 
Published: January 2004

Ten percent of patients who undergo resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with chronic liver disease have no detectable cause for this underlying liver disease. Recent studies have shown that patients with cryptogenic chronic liver disease frequently have risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study examines the incidence of risk factors for NAFLD in patients with chronic liver disease who underwent resection for HCC. Among 210 patients with chronic liver disease who underwent resection for HCC, 18 (8.6%) had no identifiable cause for the underlying liver disease. These patients were assessed for obesity, diabetes mellitus, and histological features of the tumor and the adjacent liver parenchyma. Comparisons were made with matched patients with alcohol- and chronic-viral-hepatitis-related HCC. The prevalence of obesity (50% vs. 17% vs. 14%), diabetes (56% vs. 17% vs. 11%), aspartate aminotransferase / alanine aminotransferase ratio < 1 (50% vs. 19% vs. 17%), and steatosis > 20% (61% vs. 17% vs. 19%) was significantly higher in patients with cryptogenic liver disease than in patients with alcohol abuse and chronic viral hepatitis (P < 0.0001 for each). Well-differentiated tumors were significantly more common in patients with cryptogenic liver disease (89% vs. 64% in patients with alcohol-related HCC vs. 55% in patients with chronic viral hepatitis-related HCC, P < 0.0001).
In conclusion, the hypothesis that obesity and diabetes mellitus may be important risk factors for cryptogenic chronic liver disease in patients with HCC is supported by the analysis of surgically treated patients. Whether HCC is primarily related to obesity and diabetes mellitus or secondarily to a NAFLD-like parenchymal lesions remains to be clarified. (Liver Transpl 2004;10:S69-S73.)
The current status of imaging diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Choi Byung Ihn 
Published: January 2004

Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is important, since the most effective treatment for HCC is surgical resection or local ablation therapy when the tumor is small. Fortunately, recent advances in liver imaging techniques have facilitated the detection of small HCCs.
Recent progression of noninvasive imaging technology includes various techniques of harmonic ultrasound (US) imaging with several kinds of US contrast agents, multislice helical computed tomography (CT), and rapid high-quality magnetic resonance (MR) technique with new, tissue-specific contrast agents. These techniques seem to have a strong potential to improve detection and characterization of HCC.
In this review, the technique and efficacy of new imaging methods including contrast enhanced US, multislice CT, and recent MR techniques with new contrast agents for detecting and diagnosing HCC will be described.
Thromboelastogram monitoring in the perioperative period of hepatectomy for adult living liver donation
Authors: Cerutti Elisabetta , Stratta Chiara , Romagnoli Renato , Schellino Maria Maddalena , Skurzak Stefano , Rizzetto Mario , Tamponi Giacomo , Salizzoni Mauro 
Published: January 2004

Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is becoming a widespread procedure. However, the risk of surgical and medical complications in healthy donors is still a major concern. Hypercoagulability contributes to thromboembolic complications after surgery, but alterations of hemostasis after liver resection are difficult to predict. This study aims to define the perioperative coagulation profile of living liver donors by the use of both routine tests and thromboelastogram (TEG).
Ten subjects undergoing right hepatectomy for LDLT were studied. A complete coagulation screening was performed before operation. The coagulation profile was evaluated by platelet count, prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and TEG at the beginning and at the end of surgery, and on days 1, 3, 5, and 10 after operation, while the donors were under low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) prophylaxis. At preoperative screening, no subject showed evidence of a prothrombotic state. In all cases, TEG was normal at the beginning of surgery. In the postoperative period, despite decreased platelet counts, increased PT-INR, and normal aPTT values, TEG evidenced the progressive development of hypercoagulability in 4 subjects on day 5 and in 6 subjects on day 10. One donor with a definitely hypercoagulable TEG on day 5 experienced deep venous thrombosis (DVT) on day 8, which was resolved with therapeutic doses of LMWH.
In conclusion, despite routine tests suggesting hypocoagulability and LMWH prophylaxis, TEG monitoring showed the unexpected occurrence of hypercoagulability in the majority of the subjects after hepatectomy for LDLT. TEG monitoring could be useful in the perioperative management of donors to guide antithrombotic treatment and increase the safety of the procedure. (Liver Transpl 2004;10:289-294.)
Steroid-free liver transplantation using rabbit antithymocyte globulin and early tacrolimus monotherapy
Authors: O’Grady John G. 
Published: January 2004

Background
In 2001, we published early results of a prospective randomized trial of 71 patients who received either steroids or rabbit antithymocyte globulin (RATG) for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). We now report follow-up on these patients and additional patients undergoing steroid-free OLT.

Methods
A total of 119 adult OLT recipients were prospectively randomized to receive either methylprednisolone 1,000 mg followed by a 3-month steroid taper or a steroid-free regimen of RATG 1.5 mg/kg during the anhepatic phase followed by a 1.5 mg/kg dose on posttransplant day 1. Maintenance immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil in both groups. Mycophenolate mofetil was weaned over 3 months in the first 71 patients and over 2 weeks in the last 48 patients, achieving tacrolimus monotherapy by 2 weeks posttransplant. Subsequently, a group of 24 sequential OLT recipients received the steroid-free (RATG) protocol. Endpoints of the study were survival, rejection, infectious complications, posttransplant diabetes, and recurrent hepatitis C virus.

Results
One-year patient survival was 85% in each group of the prospective randomized trial with a mean follow-up of 18.5 months. One-year graft survival was 82% in the RATG group and 80% in the steroid group (P = not significant). Patient and graft survival of the 24 nonrandomized RATG patients was 96% with a mean follow-up of 3 months. The incidence of rejection was not significantly different; however, 50% of the patients in the steroid group required pulse steroids to reverse the rejection compared with only one patient (1.6%) in the RATG group (P= 03). The incidence of cytomegalovirus infection (P < .05) and posttransplant diabetes was higher in the steroid group (P = .03). There was a trend toward decreased severity of hepatitis C virus in the RATG group.

Conclusions
Steroid-free liver transplantation using RATG and early tacrolimus monotherapy effectively reduces immunosuppression-related complications with excellent survival.
Reduction of the second and third harmonics for a rectangular microstrip patch antenna
Authors: Lee Sin Keng , Qin Yi , Korolkiewicz E. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper shows that, by using the current density distribution on a patch, the positions of shorting pins and slots can be determined so that the unwanted modes are suppressed. An example of applying this technique to a rectangular patch to suppress the second and third harmonics is presented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 455–460, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20004
Analysis of transient electromagnetic scattering from dielectric objects using a combined‐field integral equation
Authors: Jung Baek Ho , Sarkar Tapan Kumar , Chung Young‐seek , Ji Zhong , Salazar‐Palma Magdalena 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we analyze the transient electromagnetic response from three‐dimensional (3D) dielectric bodies using a time‐domain combined‐field integral equation. The solution method in this paper is based on the method of moments (MoM), which involves separate spatial and temporal testing procedures. Triangular‐patch basis functions are used for spatial expansion and testing functions for arbitrarily shaped 3D dielectric structures. The time‐domain unknown coefficients of the equivalent electric and magnetic currents are approximated by a set of orthonormal basis functions derived from the Laguerre polynomials and exponential functions. These functions are also used as temporal testing. In addition to use of the Laguerre polynomials as expansion functions for the transient portion of the response, two new source vectors related to the equivalent currents enables one to handle the time derivative terms of the vector potential in the integral equation in an analytic fashion. Numerical results computed by the proposed method are presented and compared. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 476–481, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20009
Combined field integral equation for the analysis of scattering from 3D conducting bodies coated with a dielectric material
Authors: Jung Baek Ho , Sarkar Tapan Kumar , Salazar‐Palma Magdalena 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we present an analysis of electromagnetic scattering from arbitrarily shaped three‐dimensional (3D) conducting objects coated with dielectric materials. The integral equation treated here is the combined field integral equation (CFIE). The objective of this paper is to illustrate that only the CFIE formulation is a valid methodology in removing defects, which occur at a frequency corresponding to an internal resonance of the structure. Numerical results of radar cross sections (RCS) for coated conducting structures are presented and compared with other available solutions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 511–516, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20019
Capacitance extraction for multiconductor transmission lines in multilayered dielectric media using the numerical Green's function
Authors: Shu Weiwei , Xu Shanjia 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAn effective and universal method for calculating capacitance matrix is presented in this paper. Calculations for extracting the capacitance of a multilayer medium are rather time consuming when traditional approaches are used. To accelerate the procedure, the concept of the numerical Green's function is proposed. A database is constructed using the technique of interpolation to acquire the elements of the matrix, and then the Method of Moments (MoM) is used to solve the integral equations. The effectiveness of the present method is justified by the results given in the literature. The present approach is particularly effective in synthetic problems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 529–531, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20024
Morphology and spherulitic growth kinetics in poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) blends
Authors: El Shafee E 
Published: February 2004

AbstractResults of a study concerning the morphology and the spherulite growth rates of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in binary blends with poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) (PnBMA) are reported. Microscopic observations show that blending causes the spherulite structure to become coarser and less birefringent and confirms that the spherulitic growth rates of PEO were reduced by the addition of PnBMA. X‐ray diffraction studies show no change in the unit cell dimensions and a decrease in the degree of crystallinity upon blending. Analysis of the spherulite radial growth rate data by using Lauritzen–Hoffman theory indicates that crystallization in the range of 300 to 330 K occurs solely within regime III. The calculated surface free energy of folding, σe, for pure PEO is 57 erg cm−2 and decreases with increasing the content of PnBMA in the blend. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel synthesis and solution properties of hyperbranched poly(ethyl methacrylate)s by quasi‐living radical copolymerization using photofunctional inimer
Authors: Ishizu Koji , Shibuya Takeshi , Park Jaebum , Uchida Satoshi 
Published: February 2004

AbstractHyperbranched poly(ethyl methacrylate)s (PEMA) were prepared by quasi‐living radical copolymerization of 2‐(N,N‐diethylaminodithiocarbamoyl)‐ethyl methacrylate (inimer: DTEM) with ethyl methacrylate (EMA) under UV irradiation. DTEM monomers play an important role in this copolymerization system as inimers capable of initiating living radical polymerization of the vinyl group. Two monomers (DTEM and EMA) showed almost equal reactivity toward both propagating species, and the copolymer composition was the same as the comonomer feed. This result means that both the branching and chain length of the hyperbranched molecules can be controlled statistically by the feed monomer ratios. The compact nature of the hyperbranched macromolecules is demonstrated by comparison of their solution properties with the linear analogues. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry