bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
George Whitefield, Spectacular Conversion, and the Rise of Democratic Personality
Authors: Ruttenburg Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“I think I am never more humble than when exalted,” wrote George Whitefield in his journal entry for Sunday, 21 January 1739 (Journals 194).1 Ostensibly meant to invoke the conventional Christian belief in empowerment through meekness and yet perceptibly at odds with it, this sentiment is reiterated throughout the spiritual autobiography of the iconoclastic Anglican minister who between 1739 and 1770 undertook an enormously influential series of preaching “tours” in colonial America. By no means the first evangelical minister to enthuse an American audience-Jonathan Edwards had recorded a cluster of “surprising conversions” in the Connecticut River valley in 1735-Whitefield is yet widely credited with launching an intercolonial religious revival of unprecedented scope and duration, which many have argued definitively altered the state of social and political life in the colonies. Known as the Great Awakening, this grass-roots religious movement democratized American religion by shifting the balance of power between minister and congregation.2 The deference traditionally accorded the Puritan clergy gave way to a spirit of popular criticism while the respectful silence customarily observed in Puritan churches was broken by the cries and groans of a congregation whose religious experience was, according to their conservative detractors, increasingly “enthusiastic.” Both developments were legitimated if not explicitly sanctioned by prominent members of the “New Light,” or evangelical, ministry. Many students of the Great Awakening and its aftermath have suggested its central role in the development of an American revolutionary ideology, a development enabled, I would argue, by Whitefield’s strategic reconciliation of power and humility.
Journey to the Village of Souls
Authors: Schiller Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ritual specialists often draw parallels between the ritual processing of the dead and the nesting habits of rhinoceros hornbills, extraordinary birds that figure prominently in local mythology. As naturalists have observed repeatedly, when a female hornbill is ready to lay her eggs, she prepares a nest inside the trunk of a dead tree. Her mate follows. He entombs her inside, alone behind a thick wall of resins and mud. If abandoned or forgotten, the female would remain in the tiny chamber forever. Day after day, however, the male hornbill returns. He brings food, which he passes through an opening in the mud wall. Her ordeal continues even after the hatchlings appear. According to local lore, the female may not emerge until seven more days pass. On the thirty-third day of entombment, the male hornbill frees his mate, smashing open the entrance to the nest with his massive beak. Remarkably, if the male has died, other hornbills arrive to take his place. Like their metaphorical alter egos, the hornbills, men and women are also dependent on their spouses and others to break open their tombs. Only in this way can souls begin the journey to the Prosperous Village. Tiwah is the mechanism by means of which this relocation and transmutation occurs.
Order and Anti-Order in Natural and Supernatural Worlds
Authors: Schiller Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding description of the eschatological beliefs and mortuary celebrations of Hindu Kaharingan villagers, in particular those living along the upper-middle reaches of the Kahayan River, is the product not only of observation but also of long discussions with many celebrants. As we reviewed the format of these celebrations, I was struck by their insistence that the rituals were “correct”: “Jetuh hadat itah uluh Kahayan nah” (This is the way of us Kahayan people). This notion of the proper way is not restricted to death ritual only. From birth to death and even beyond, every aspect of existence is said to be governed by rules and expectations constituting the right way to live. These guidelines are known generally as hadat, usually glossed into the Indonesian language as adat. At the same time, the term adat (customary law) fails to communicate fully the many dimensions and complexities of the Ngajulanguage term. Hadat is broadly applied, referring to custom, to kinship, to ideas about order, and to a sense of tradition. This breadth of usage is not unusual among cognates of the word in other Dayak languages. In a study of the East Kalimantan Kenyah, for example, Herbert Whittier proposed that it is often inappropriate to treat adat as an analytical category distinct from beliefs about the supernatural (1973, 135-37). Peter Metcalf, in his study of Berawan death rituals, raises a similar point about Berawan aded:
Hindu Kaharingan in the New Order
Authors: Schiller Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tiwah is the ritual form that villagers and townspeople most often characterize as expressing the essence of their indigenous culture. People ardently declare, “Tiwah tell us who we are:’ In the preceding chapter, I made a case for the way such pronouncements speak to genealogical issues. People also claim that the celebration’s format has remained constant throughout generations. Yet tiwah and the eschatological beliefs and attitudes surrounding its performance are clearly changing. For many indigenous inhabitants of Central Kalimantan, their sense of who they are is also changing. A host of variables have conspicuously influenced the contours and contexts of tiwah.
Religions and Identities
Authors: Schiller Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing of the Sipirok Batak peoples of Sumatra, Susan Rodgers Siregar suggested that without losing their local culture (adat), the Sipirok Batak had managed to absorb the influence of two pan-ethnic religions, Islam and Christianity. In assimilating these belief systems, the Sipirok hybridized their symbolic complexes until they “worked.” By way of illustration, she directed attention to the case of Batak students who, upon returning from universities where they had completed degrees in law or engineering, paid tribute to their ancestors in a traditional manner, then concluded their celebrations by offering up Islamic prayers (1981, 2).
Introduction
Authors: Young Donna E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In reflecting on the commercial media coverage of progressive social movements, one comes to appreciate the media’s immense power to alter popular opinion on matters of public policy. Clearly, the media has the potential to advance the objectives of progressive movements. Too often, however, the media exercises its interpretive authority, sometimes deliberately and sometimes carelessly, to obstruct progressive social change. Therefore, feminists and others interested in using the media to promote social change must try to expose weaknesses in journalistic theory and practice while at the same time exploiting the media’s transformative potential.
The chapters in part I, “Portrayals of Feminism in the Media,” offer insightful analyses of the ways in which the commercial media has advanced or hindered feminist and other social movements. The authors examine newspapers and newsrooms, books, radio and television talk shows, and popular news and women’s magazines to explore how the media presents feminism and feminist issues to the public. Different degrees of pessimism about the media’s ability to accurately address contemporary feminist concerns are reflected in the chapters. Each author concentrates on a different critique of the means by which the media constructs and shapes the theory and politics of feminism.
Glamour Law
Authors: Hanigsberg Julia E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who reads women’s magazines? … Millions of American women do, of every class, background, religion, race, and age. Who reads Ms. and the Village Voice? A few hundred thousand people, mostly urban, white, middle class, and college educated. Just twenty years ago, who would have believed it? The United States Attorney General—top lawyer in the land—is named Janet. And sitting on the lofty bench of the U.S. Supreme Court are two women. Yes, we (women) still have a long (long) road ahead, but in arenas as public as the U.S. Senate and as private as the home front, we have indeed made stunning moves forward
The Movie of the Week
Authors: Rapping Elayne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When The Burning Bed aired on prime time in October 1984, it drew 75 million viewers, becoming one of the highest-rated movies (theatrical or made-for-TV) in TV history, a distinction it still holds. This made-for-TV movie dramatized the precedent-setting case of Francine Hughes, the battered wife who set her husband’s bed on fire after seventeen years of abuse and was acquitted of murder by reason of temporary insanity. In the decade since its original airing, The Burning Bed has taken its place among the ranks of TV texts which have come to be considered “major media events.” In their original airing and through subsequent media circulations in reruns, classroom and community screenings, video rentals, and the endless use of selected clips and references in contexts too numerous and diverse to count, these TV texts have entered the public sphere (now largely constituted within the televisual frame, which is our common symbolic “home”) and have permanently affected public consciousness and discourse around key public issues.
The Politics of Surrogacy Narratives
Authors: kaplan E Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their narratives, surrogate mothers (SMs) often announce their motive for becoming such mothers as sisterly desire to help infertile women. Yet in practice, surrogacy becomes the terrain for incredible, even unprecedented, hostility and violence between women. It is this discrepancy between sisterly motives and unsisterly practice that I begin to explore here. Since narratives are always discursively formed, my ultimate aim is to understand what discourses produce the women’s stories narrated in popular journals: What audiences do they address? What effect does the context of their publication have on the form of the stories? What economic, political, and other social factors enter in? Important for my purposes is how the melodrama form oversimplifies the actual psychological, political, social, and economic contexts of surrogacy. Women need to find more subtle narrative forms—ones that enable multiple perspectives, ambiguities, contradictions—the yes/but and the no/and/yes possibilities that are crucial as feminisms in the 1990s grapple with difference on new levels.
Lesbians Prostitutes and Murder
Authors: Russo Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the value of a woman’s life? This question haunts me daily. In the United States social, historical, and cultural context, the question has no simple answer. It depends on race, class, sexual identity, and marital status, as well as on the politics of the situation, the interests being served by the valuation, the life being protected or incriminated. In this chapter, I explore the social construction of violence, murder, and power in the news media when victims or perpetrators are identified as either lesbians or women working in prostitution. I am interested in how media constructions inform and shape social value hierarchies that reinforce gender, race, sexual, and class inequalities in this society.
Race Under Construction
Authors: Ikemoto Lisa C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mass of words and pictures ansmg from the civil unrest that took place in Los Angeles in 1992, the notion of Korean American/African American conflict emerged as an explanation for the violence that occurred. And “Los Angeles” became both metaphor and prophecy for race relations in late-twentieth-century United States society. Without denying that a conflict occurred or exists, my aim is to examine the way we interpreted and gave meaning to race and racial identity during five specific days when what happened on the streets and what happened in the media became apparently inseparable.
Desire and Death Seducing the Lost Father in Quicksand, by Nella Larsen
Authors: Tate Claudia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was so easy and so pleasant to think about freedom and cities, about clothes and books, about the sweet mingled smell of Houbigant and cigarettes in softly lighted rooms filled with inconsequential chatter and laughter and sophisticated tuneless music. It was so hard to think out a feasible way of retrieving all these agreeable, desired things. Just then. Later. When she got up. By and by. She must rest. Get strong. Sleep. Then, afterwards, she could work out some arrangement. So she dozed and dreamed in snatches of sleeping and waking, letting time run on.Away.
Modernism and the Theater of Censorship
Authors: Parkes Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adam Parkes investigates the literary and cultural implications of the censorship encountered by several modern novelists in the early twentieth century. He situates modernism in the context of this censorship, examining the relations between such authors as D.H. Lawrence, James Joyce, Radcliffe Hall, and Virginia Woolf and the public controversies generated by their fictional explorations of modern sexual themes. These authors located “obscenity” at the level of stylistic and formal experiment. The Rainbow, Lady Chatterley’s Lover, Ulysses, and Orlando dramatized problems of sexuality and expression in ways that subverted the moral, political, and aesthetic premises on which their censors operated. In showing how modernism evolved within a culture of censorship, Modernism and the Theatre of Censorship suggests that modern novelists, while shaped by their culture, attempted to reshape it.
Introduction: The Trials of Modernism
Authors: Parkes Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a brief trial in November 1915, the British authorities invoked the 1857 Obscene Publications Act to suppress D. H. Lawrence’s novel The Rainbow,and in so doing made it virtually impossible for Lawrence to publish fiction in Britain until the Great War ended in 1918.1 Six years later, a New York court fined the editors of the Little Review,Margaret Anderson and Jane Heap, for printing “Nausicaa,” the thirteenth episode of James Joyce’s Ulysses.This novel remained banned in the United States until 1933. It was also banned in Britain, where the censorship of “obscene” modern literature reached its well known climax in 1928 with the trial of Radcliffe Hall’s polemical lesbian novel, The Well of Loneliness,and the suppression of Lawrence’s last novel, Lady Chatterley’s Lover. These events were not the only instances of censorship in the early twentieth century. Censorship was common in Britain during the Great War, when the Defence of the Realm Act (1914) was used to suppress anything that deviated from the views presented in wartime propaganda. But censorship plagued modern authors before and after the war as well. The entire careers of Lawrence and Joyce evolved in the context of censorship. From Joyce’s early skirmishes over the publication of Dubliners(1914) to the appearance of Ulysses(1922), and from the efforts of the British libraries to prevent circulation of Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers(1913) to the seizure of his paintings (1929), both writers were so beset by the pressure of censorship that they could rarely ignore it.
Postscript: Ethnic Identity and Alienation
Authors: Holt John Clifford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A second theoretical issue raised by this book, this one more implied than direct (so I have decided to write about it in this postscript), is pertinent for understanding the nature of conflicts between various com munities in multiethnic societies. It has to do with the question of what exactly has constituted ethnicity within the variegated culture of Sri Lanka, and how, if at all, these elements or forces are linked (or not) to the outbreaks of communal violence that plague Sri Lanka and other multiethnic countries today.
World War I and Racism
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE HATRED UNLEASHED by World War I inevitably found expression in the exacerbation of racial tensions in this country. Americans of German descent were not the only ones who felt the force of this hatred; all racial and ethnic minorities to some extent felt its power. In the early years of the century, great numbers of immigrants—particularly immigrants from southern and eastern Europe—passed through our ports. Under the best of circumstances, the assimilation of these people—many of whom spoke strange languages and observed strange customs—would have been difficult. In the South, the Negroes began to grow restive under the restrictions placed upon them. Many of them expressed their dissatisfaction by “Voting with their feet” and migrating to the North. In 1900, 90 per cent or more of the Negroes lived in the southern states, but now they were moving to the North in increasing numbers. The war greatly accelerated this movement, as new industrial jobs opened up in the North. The fact that the immigrants and Negroes were available at cheaper wages inevitably caused them to be resented by working-class members of the older ethnic groups. The fact that they were potential voters was enough to alarm the middle and upper classes among the white citizens who did not yet suffer from direct economic competition.1
The Constitutional Domestication of the Juvenile Court
Authors: Feld Barry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Progressive juvenile court embodied the idea of childhood vulnerability and affirmed the responsibility of families to raise their children. It simultaneously expanded the state’s prerogative to act as parens patriae and to exercise flexible social control over young people’s lives in their “best interests.” Despite its enormous powers, few people questioned the idea of the juvenile court as a judicialized welfare system or as a therapeutic agency of social control for the first two-thirds of the twentieth century.
Punishment, Treatment, and the Juvenile Court Sentencing Delinquents
Authors: Feld Barry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Progressives envisioned a more encompassing justice system for youths than a criminal process that simply punished them. Juvenile courts’ parens patriae ideology attempted to combine social welfare with penal social control. As we recall from chapter 2, the “rehabilitative ideal” envisioned a specialized judge who decided each case in that child’s “best interests.” Because reformers pursued benevolent goals and individualized their solicitude, they did not circumscribe narrowly judges’ power. Rather, they maximized discretion to diagnose and treat and minimized procedural safeguards and rules that might pose obstacles to intervention. They subordinated legal proof of criminal guilt to a youth’s social circumstances (Schlossman 1977).
Refuge and Reconciliation in a Holiness Congregation
Authors: Sanders Cheryl J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of a modern urban Holiness congregation is presented here to serve two purposes. First, the overview of a local church whose congregational history spans the greater part of the twentieth century should help to corroborate at least a few of the general insights and issues presented in this study as characteristic of the exilic motif in African American religious life. Second, this account illustrates some of the practical concerns and challenges engaged by pastors of Holiness-Pentecostal people whose worship and work is informed by the call to be saints–“in the world, but not of it.”
The Third Street Church of God had its earliest origins in the Christian witness of a family who migrated to Washington, D.C., from Charlotte, North Carolina, during the first decade of the twentieth century: Sister Minnie Lee Duffy; her brother, Elder James E. Lee; her sister, Sister Viola Lee Cyrus; her mother, Sister Cherry Lites Lee Johnson; and her aunt and uncle Brother and Sister Doc Lites. This first Church of God mission in the nation’s capital was established in 1910 in a small room in the home of Sister Cherry Lites Lee Johnson on Six and One-Half Street, Southwest. They held church in their home and invited ministers passing through Washington to speak to their small but growing congregation. On one such occasion, Elder Charles T. Benjamin, a traveling evangelist based in New York, was invited to return and subsequently became the shepherd of that small flock.
“In the Beauty of Holiness”: Ethics and Aesthetics in the Worship of the Saints
Authors: Sanders Cheryl J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are numerous articles, books, and dissertations that directly describe worship in the Sanctified church and others that rely on James Baldwin’s masterful description of the conversion of his protagonist, John Grimes, in Go Tell It on the Mountain (1952) as their major source of information about the rituals of the movement. James Shopshire (1975), Arthur Paris (1982), and Joseph Murphy (1994), have written descriptive narratives of black Pentecostal worship based on participant observation. The content of these three narratives are analyzed in this chapter in conjunction with the black Holiness worship described in chapter 2, in the process of assessing some general areas of similarity and difference between the Sanctified church and mainline black Protestant churches in terms of worship.
Resistance, Rebellion, and Reform: The Collegiate Gospel Choir and the Black Clergy Caucus
Authors: Sanders Cheryl J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several scholars have illuminated aspects of the Sanctified church tradition that represent movement toward social rebellion, cultural resistance, and ecclesial reform. Historian David Daniels has contended that the worship practices developed under the leadership of C. P. Jones and C.H. Mason fostered the renewal of African American Christianity through a restructuring of slave religion. In alliance with other “progressive” black churches, the Holiness movement advocated moral, ecclesial, liturgical, and pastoral reforms. Sociologist Cheryl Townsend Gilkes has portrayed the Sanctified church as a cultural resistance movement whose liturgies and structures enabled black women to resist the racist and sexist cultural assaults they experienced in the United States during the period between 1895 and World War II, the era of Jim Crow:
Women in the Sanctified church were committed to the cause of racial uplift. They retained their commitment to ecstatic worship, which black Baptists and Methodists were rejecting. They also retained an emphasis on women’s interests, education, professionalism, and the cultivation of a black female image that contradicted the dominant culture’s stereotypes.
Introduction
Authors: Gelpi Albert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This derisive caricature reduced the poets associated one way and another with Auden during the thirties-Day Lewis, Stephen Spender, Louis MacNeice-to a grotesque synthesis of the left-wing poets of the decade, with the Auden phoneme “au” in the middle surrounded by elements of MacNeice, Spender, and Day Lewis. In the crude Popean couplets of Campbell’s right-wing doggerel, this compound poetic monster, viewed from the perspective of 1946, had irresponsibly spouted phony and fashionable revolution for publicity and profit: