bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Figurative Language and Thought
Authors: Katz Albert N , Cacciari Cristina , Gibbs Raymond W , Turner Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our understanding of the nature and processing of figurative language is central to several important issues in cognitive science, including the relationship of language and thought, how we process language, and how we comprehend abstract meaning. Over the past fifteen years, many traditional theories on these issues have been challenged on the basis of figurative language research. This research has prompted such fundamental questions as: is metaphor primarily a function of thought, or is it merely a matter of language? Why do we prefer to speak metaphorically in everyday conversation, rather than literally? Is metaphor the only vehicle through which we can understand abstract concepts? What role do cultural and social factors play in our comprehension of figurative language? Points on these and related questions will be raised and argued by the book's authors in an integrative look at the role of non-literal language in cognition form investigators who vary widely in their theoretical and philosophical views.
Bringing up Kanzi
Authors: Savage-Rumbaugh Sue , Shanker Stuart G , Taylor Talbot J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kanzi came to the Georgia State University Language Research Center in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1980 with his mother, Matata, when he was just six months old, but his story really starts even before he was born. Matata arrived in Atlanta in 1975, the same year I did. I had elected to come, because I knew bonobos were in Atlanta. Matata came because she was netted, placed in a helicopter, and flown here. I came from Norman, Oklahoma, where I had been studying Washoe, Lucy, Booee, and Bruno-apes who were being taught sign language. Matata came from Zaire (now known as the Congo), the only place in the world where bonobos occur in nature.
Introduction
Authors: Baron Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way to make decisions is to weigh our options on the basis of their expected effects. We would favor options that we expected to have better outcomes. We do not always make decisions this way. Instead, we apply various intuitive rules to our decisions, rules that do not refer to outcomes alone. We also apply these rules when we evaluate the decisions of others, including government officials. For example, we often consider the harm caused by our actions to be more serious and more to be avoided than harm caused by our omissions. We avoid positive options that have negative side effects, even if the positives outweigh the negatives. The resulting bias against helpful action is often reinforced by similar biases in favor of the status quo, of what is natural, or of what others have autonomously chosen. When we think about decisions affecting large groups of people, we tend to favor groups we belong to—such as nations or races—at the expense of outsiders. We judge fairness within these groups, attending less to the larger groups that contain them. Our judgments of fairness and justice are based on a kind of balancing—an eye for an eye—even when we could foresee that this attitude would make things worse on the whole.
Bumbling around in the Bush
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
he Namib, the oldest desert on earth, is also one of the driest. There, life is a naked quiver tree-the kokerboom-white-barked and thick, clinging to ancient rock; five slender but powerfully built chacma baboons seeking rotten insect larvae; a “white lady” spider hunting scorpions on coastal sands. Humans and their livestock must also work hard to survive. Goats wander the barren landscape, bulging eyes searching for the last green buds of acacia. In the village of Sesfontein, which sits on a desertified plain, the people are deathly afraid of elephants. When the huge pachyderms visit, they leave the destitute Damara and Herero people with shattered fences, razed crops, and fear. Huts built of saplings, dung, and mud offer no protection. In an area not meant for agriculture, where the annual average rainfall is less than IO centimeters (4 inches), cherished crops disappearing into mammoth gastric cavities is a tragedy.
“The Missus”
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
a rustic guest camp with tall reeds and palm trees, sat at the edge of our northern desert site. Elephants regularly quenched their thirst at the bright oasis there before they disappeared among burnt red hills or into canyons. We too replenished our water supply, as well as petrol, and set up our tents behind the guest cottages. One evening, shouts and laughter echoed from the narrow entrance to the restaurant. As we started to go in, a stout, balding man blocked the passage. Staring intently at Archie, he muttered something unintelligible, and then moved his eyes to us. In the entire room there was only one dark-skinned person, one black-Archie. Our friend took a step backwards. He didn’t answer the man. His eyes flashed between Joel’s face and the ground.
A Caprivi Crossing
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
he rains of the wet season drenched southern Africa. They began in November, moving first from the moisture-lad’en Indian Ocean and then toward barren lands further west. Soggy and inaccessible, the African veld closed its steamy doors to the outside world. Etosha rhinos, elephants, and other water-dependent species drank wherever rain pooled, into remote areas vehicles could not reach through thick mud and floods. Our most productive fieldwork took place in the dry season, when concentrations of animals or nighttime data were almost guaranteed. While the rains continued, we decided to visit Janet, Joel’s Ph.D. student in Zimbabwe. Our projects were coordinated. Her study of dehomed white rhinos in Hwange National Park had been underway for six months, and she wanted to show us her study area and animals. Janet had established a permanent base camp and thought discussions with Joel would be useful. We threw clothes into packs almost as quickly as Soni had unwrapped her Christmas packages, and we headed east through Etosha. Paved roads waited in Zimbabwe but not in Botswana or along Namibia’s Caprivi Strip. Some 600 kilometers of mud, potholes, and rain provided an obstacle course. Near the town of Tsumeb, enormous baobab trees with trunks appropriate for a giant-sized world appeared. Gray, vertical cords molded the main body of each tree and spread outward to form thick branches. Beyond Rundu, the main road
Of Science and Ecology
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Science,” my notes read, “is the acquisition of truths that bear on natural phenomena. At universities and colleges scientific study should result in new knowledge, some useful, some not.”Borrr-ring” is what many people say of science-”okay for anyone but me.” As a young student I had felt the same, until the congestion and unending chaos of Los Angeles closed in, and I felt a need to escape. Although summer beaches were spectacular in those days, the-sixties-the people multiplied, and the winter surf was cold. Unpopulated places were seductive. I fled to the desert where, gradually, my interest in the biological world developed. Some sights disgusted metortoises shot while crossing roads, coyotes and other species poisoned. I wanted to make a difference. If the study of science could get me to areas where plants and animals had not been erased, then occasional hardships were worth enduring. At Northridge’s California State University my undergraduate major changed from sports to biology. I was 19 years old.
Trails of Dust
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We were having trouble finding rhinos again. During the past three days the Land Rovers had crawled more than 300 kilometers, and we had seen only one springbok and four gemsbok. The dramatic absence of game suggested that most of the large mammals had moved to other areas to find food. We broke camp and moved another 50 kilometers. Perhaps a different river might have more life, including rhinos.
Missing Calves
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dozens of horns-rough and smooth, large and small-filled the dark ministry vault. Some came from dehorning operations, others from animals that had died naturally in the veld. Most were from poached rhinos. “Rundu,” “Katima Mulilo,” “Oshakati,” the names of border towns, were scribbled across the severed surfaces. Confiscated ivory, intricately carved, lay in the shadows.
The Pelvis and the Lion
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My the time we arrived in Etosha, almost everyone knew about the disaster at Doros Crater. Malan offered to rent us his short-wheel-base Land Rover, and we gladly accepted. The “Malan-mobile” would make it possible for us to complete night observations in Etosha before returning to the States.
Horn Traders
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We launched into our other life as the university’s fall semester began. Joel taught, and we wrote grants, analyzed data, and provided overdue fiscal and progress reports. Days vanished at a frenetic pace. At home, practical things also demanded attention. Pipes split from last winter’s freeze, dying trees, and extensions on last year’s taxes from the Internal Revenue Service had to be resolved. Did our colleagues seriously believe we were taking one long vacation in Africa?
Maternal And Paternal Effects In Birds: Effects On Offspring Fitness
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many direct influences of parent birds on the fitness of their offspring. Females vary in the amount of nutrients, hormones, and antibodies they pass into the egg, and all have been shown to influence offspring fitness. Provisioning of food by both sexes has been shown to affect immunocompetence, body mass, male secondary sexual characteristics, and clutch size of offspring. Males affect offspring through food and other care they provide, as well as indirectly through effects on their mate. In addition, song is paternally transmitted in some species, and this can affect subsequent mating success. This review concentrates on maternal effects on offspring fitness. At the time of laying a clutch, females can invest in (1) the quality of their offspring, (2) the number of eggs they lay, and (3) their own future survival and reproduction prospects. Trade-offs among offspring quality, off spring number, and parental future reproductive success may result in many strategies with more or less equivalent fitnesses for the parents but very different fitnesses for offspring. In addition, some parents invest more in reproduction than others because they are in better condition and hence have more resources to invest.
A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than four thousand years ago, a warrior people invaded the rugged hills and fertile plains of the Balkan Peninsula. These people were the ancient Greeks, and their legacy to modern global society is immense. The Greeks invented democracy, narrative history writing, stage tragedy and comedy, philosophy, biological study, and political theory. They introduced the alphabet to European languages and they developed monumental styles of architecture still used throughout the United States for museums, courthouses, and other public buildings. They created a system of sports competitions and a cult of physical fitness, both of which we have inherited. In sculpture, they perfected the representation of the human body. In geometry, they developed theorems and terminology that are still taught in schools. They created the idea of national literature, with its recognized great writers and the libraries to preserve their work. And, perhaps what most people would think of first, the Greeks bequeathed to us their treasure trove of myths, including a hero who remains a favorite today--Hercules. A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World assembles the people, places, events, and ideas of this spectacular civilization in one easy-to-use source. With over five hundred entries and more than seventy line-drawings, this essential A-Z reference covers every aspect of Greek civilization, from the beginning of Minoan civilization in the third millennium B.C. to the Roman annexation of mainland Greece in 146 B.C. Detailing not only the loftiest achievements of the Greeks but also the ordinary facets of their everyday life--from the philosophy of Plato to Greek sexual attitudes--this extraordinary compendium illuminates the vitality and genius of that influential culture.
E
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
education Literacy became widespread at a surprisingly early date in the ancient Greek world. Surviving public inscriptions and historical anecdotes suggest that, in the more advanced Greek states, a majority of at least the male citizens could read and write by circa 600 B.c.-barely 175 years after the Greeks had first adapted the Phoenician ALPHABET. The impetus for this learning was probably not love of literature but the necessity of TRADE-a need that included the middle and lower-middle classes.
F
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
farming Mainland Greece is a mountainous country, and ancient Greek society was shaped by the scarcity of farmland. Individuals owning land in the plains tended to be much richer and more elevated socially than those who farmed the foothills. Hilly terrain dictated cultivation of olive trees, grape vines, and other fruit-bearing plants that thrive on rough ground.
M
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Macedon Outlying Greek kingdom north of THESSALY, inland from the Thermaic Gulf, on the northwest Aegean coast. In modem reference, the name Macedon usually refers to the political entity, as opposed to the general territory called Macedonia. Macedon’s heartland was the wide Thermaic plain, west of the modern Greek city of Thessaloniki;-where the rivers Haliacmon and Axius flowed close together to the sea. The widely separated upper valleys of these rivers supplied two more regions of political and economic importance. Elsewhere the country was mountainous and forested. Its name came from an ancient Greek word meaning highlanders.
P
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
painting For the painting of scenes and portraits, the Greeks used various surface materials, including POTTERY, wooden panels, stone walls, leather, and textiles. Of these, only pottery has preserved Greek painting in any quantity, due to the ceramic’s durability and the paint being baked into the. clay during firing. Secondarily, there exist some examples of tomb paintings-from walls of graves or the insides of coffins-that were preserved underground. But most other Greek paintings have vanished over time, as their surfaces crumbled to dust.
A Better Way to Think About Business The Meaning of Integrity
Authors: Solomon Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the nineteenth century, it was common wisdom that business had become the great civilizing influence in Europe. Some writers may have rightly feared for a loss of culture, but in place of sectarian massacres in the name of religion and hundred-year feuds in the pursuit of a throne or some parcel of land, the new world of business offered compromise, mutual gain, innovation, and widespread wealth on a scale never before imagined. Napoleon was replaced by thousands of entrepreneurs, merchants, and bankers. A decade of war (1805-1815) slipped quietly into a century of peace and prosperity.
The New Deal
Authors: Noble Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a moment, the Great Depression lowered the barriers to building a European-style, welfare state in America. In a few short years, the relationship between the government and the economy changed dramatically: federal cash and work relief programs were established in 1933, social insurance in 1935, federal regulation of working conditions in 1938. Then, in 1946, with the memory of economic collapse still vivid, the Employment Act created policyplanning institutions to monitor and promote economic growth. By the start of the Korean War, the United States finally had a modern welfare state.
The Internet as Participatory Forum
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is easy to forget how new the Internet really is. A Louis Harris poll in April 1994 found that two-thirds of Americans had never heard of the information superhighway. 1 Yet, despite its adolescence, the Internet has acquired a level of permanence. Growth will continue, although probably not at such a rapid rate as in the past half decade. One estimate places Internet access in one-third of all households by the year 2000.2 Time will tell whether these growth projections are overly optimistic. But the Internet’s staying power is assured. We can make some safe predictions about Internet usage: The most likely Internet users will continue to be the affluent, the most common users of Internet political information will be the already politically interested, and those who will use the Internet for politi­ cal activity will be primarily those who are already politically active. And that is why the Internet will not lead to the social and political revolution so widely predicted.
Terrestrial Nutrient Cycling in Tallgrass Prairie
Authors: Blair John M , Seastedt Timothy R , Rice Charles W , Ramundo Rosemary A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cycling and availability of nutrients, especially N, affect both the structure and the dynamics of tallgrass prairie ecosystems and, in turn, are affected by changes in ecosystem processes such as production and decomposition. Nutrient availability can limit productivity (Owensby et al. 1970; Seastedt et al. 1991; Chapter 12, this volume) and alter species composition of tallgrass prairie plant communities (Tilman 1987; Gibson et al. 1993; Wedin and Tilman 1993, 1996; Chapters 6, 9, this volume), affect plant physiological responses to the environment (Turner and Knapp 1996); determine nutritional quality for herbivores (Allen et al. 1976; Chapter 14, this volume); and influence rates of litter decomposition (Pastor et al. 1987; Seastedt et al. 1992). In addition, nutrient cycling processes are altered directly by management practices (fire, grazing, soil disturbance) and site history, as well as external factors, such as climate and topography (Turner et al. 1997). These changes in intra-ecosystem nutrient transformations affect the retention of nutrients, which is reflected in ecosystem-level nutrient budgets and has long-term consequences for tallgrass prairie productivity and community composition. Thus, nutrient cycling studies can provide the basis for evaluating the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on ecosystem function; prairie plant and animal communities; and abiotic ecosystem characteristics (e.g., soil and solution chemistry).
Local Estimation: Accounting for a Single Attribute
Authors: Goovaerts Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The existence of a model of spatial dependence allows one to tackle the problem of estimating attribute values at unsampled locations. This chapter presents least-squares linear regression (kriging) algorithms that account for data related solely to the continuous attribute being estimated. Algorithms for incorporating secondary information are introduced in Chapter 6.
Sections 5.1-5.4 introduce the linear regression paradigm and three of its most important variants: simple kriging, ordinary kriging, and kriging with a trend model. Estimation of average values over larger areas (block kriging) is addressed in section 5.5.
Memory for Action
Authors: Zimmer Hubert D , Cohen Ronald L , Guynn Melissa J , Engelkamp Johannes , Kormi-Nouri Reza , Foley Mary Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book presents in eight chapters our actual knowledge on memory for actions and it gives room to the proponents of the opposing models to develop their view for explaining action memory. In Chapter one, Hubert Zimmer and Ronald Cohen summarize the results of laboratory research on action, i. e. memory for self-performed actions. In Chapter two, Melissa Guynn, Mark McDaniel and Gilles Einstein extend this field on memory for intended actions. They present their view on the prospective memory of actions, and they demonstrate the importance of automatic retrieval in prospective memory. In the following chapter, Johannes Engelkamp presents his motor oriented explanation of action memory. He claims that output processes strongly contribute to memory for performed actions, and that the information which is critical for memory is closely related to the information used in the motor control of overt performance. Reza Kormi-Nouri and Lars-Göran Nilsson (Chapter four) completely disagree with this position. They argue that performing actions may cause specific processes, but that nevertheless action memory is part of a unique episodic memory which stores all types of episodes in a similar way. In the following chapter, Mary Ann Foley and Hilary Ratner put action memory in the broader context of activity memory. Everyday actions are usually performed in social contexts and they are goal-oriented. This aspect is seldom relevant in laboratory research, but the authors show that it is of importance for everyday memory. Then two brief chapters follow in which Nilsson and Kormi-Nouri on the one hand, and Engelkamp on the other hand mutually comment on each others position. In the closing chapter, Hubert Zimmer discusses the presented different attempts in parallel. He is doing this by taking into account the different processes and brain modules which are necessary for a successful control of actions.
“The Lost Boy”
Authors: Fass Paula S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime on the afternoon of July 1, 1874, Charles Brewster Ross and his brother, Walter, disappeared from the front lawn of their comfortable upper-middle-class home on Washington Lane in Germantown, Pennsylvania. In the early evening of the same day, Walter came home, escorted by a man who had found him crying outside a store in Kensington, another Philadelphia district, about eight miles away. Four-year-old Charles always known as Charley—was the younger of the two brothers and the youngest son in the Ross household of seven children. Charley did not return.
‘‘An Innocent Child Caught in the Web of Legal Jargon” Parental Abduction in America
Authors: Fass Paula S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1873, “a gentleman of high social position” in Williamstown, New York, “the quietest of summer resorts,” hired a “fast livery team” and carried off both his children. He presumably fled with them to Europe since as “a man of means,” he would “spare no money to cover up the trail.” Although the courts had given this man, Mr. Neil, custody of one his daughters in the “decree of separation on the ground of in compatibility of temperament,” the other daughter, whom he also took with him, had been awarded to his wife, who now suffered “fearfully over the theft.”1 Thus, even before the Charley Ross case defined for Americans the horror of stranger kidnapping, other children were being snatched by their own parents in what was all through the late nineteenth century, and ever more frequently in the twentieth, the single most prevalent kind of abduction.