bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral levodopa dose‐response study in MPTP‐induced hemiparkinsonian monkeys: Assessment with a new rating scale for monkey parkinsonism
Authors: Kurlan Roger , Kim Michael H. , Gash Don M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractQuantitative measures for the severity of MPTP‐induced parkinsonism and response to antiparkinsonian interventions in monkeys have been lacking. We carried out an oral levodopa dose‐response study in two rhesus monkeys whose left hemiparkinsonism was induced by intracarotid administration of MPTP. A newly developed clinical rating scale of monkey parkinsonism showed a consistent dose‐response relationship for levodopa over the dosage range of 50–3, 500 mg/day. Antiparkinsonian effects appeared at 200 mg/day and were optimal at 1,000–2,000 mg/day. Levodopa also reversed rotational behavior, improved movement times for both the impaired and opposite upper limb, and produced dyskinesias at high dosages. Thus, MPTP‐induced hemiparkinsonism in monkeys closely resembles the human disease condition, is associated with sensitive response measures, and should prove valuable for assessing novel antiparkinsonian therapies.
Alleviation of parkinsonism by antagonism of excitatory amino acid transmission in the medial segment of the globus pallidus in rat and primate
Authors: Brotchie Jonathan M. , Mitchell Ian J. , Sambrook Michael A. , Crossman Alan R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRecent experimental data has made possible the description of the pathophysiological circuitry that mediates parkinsonism. This work has shown that dopamine‐denervated striatal cells discharge abnormally and that this ultimately causes cells in the medial segment of the globus pallidus to become abnormally overactive. The main driving force behind the overactive cells in the medial pallidal segment appears to be excess activity in the afferent pathway to it from the subthalamic nucleus. This pathway is known to use an excitatory amino acid (EAA) as its transmitter. It was therefore hypothesized that local blockade of EAA transmission in the medial segment of the globus pallidus should reverse parkinsonism. This hypothesis was tested in rat and primate models of parkinsonism by the direct injection of the EAA antagonist, kynurenic acid, into the medial segment of the globus pallidus. The results demonstrate that this procedure can reverse parkinsonism in a dose‐dependent manner, and suggest that manipulation of EAA transmission in the medial segment of the globus pallidus may have therapeutic potential for treating parkinsonism.
Interobserver reliability between neurologists in training of Parkinson's disease rating scales. A multicenter study
Authors: Geminiani Giuliano , Cesana Bruno M. , Tamma Filippo , Contri Patrizia , Pacchetti Claudio , Carella Francesco , Piolti Roberto , Martignoni Emilia , Giovannini Paolo , Girotti Floriano , Caraceni Tommaso 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA multicenter study has been conducted to determine the interobserver reproducibility of four of the most frequently used rating scales for Parkinson's disease: the Columbia University Rating Scale (CURS) and the Webster Rating Scale (WRS), both for assessing clinical signs; the Northwestern University Disability Scale (NUDS); and the Hoehn and Y ahr staging. Four resident neurologists, inexperienced in the use of the four scales, independently examined 48 parkinsonian patients. The extent to which their assessments agreed was determined by calculating the Cohen k index after the scores had been recodified. The physicians' scores agreed substantially for the CURS and the Hoehn and Y ahr scale, while those for the NUDS and the WRS agreed only moderately. Analysis of individual item scores within the scales suggests improvements that would offer greater interobserver consistency.
Effect of LY 171555 and CY 208‐243 on tremor suppression in the MPTP monkey model of parkinsonism
Authors: Gomez‐Mancilla Baltazar , Boucher René , Bédard Paul J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe antitremor effect of the D2 agonist LY 171555 and of the D1 agonist CY 208‐243 alone and in combination was tested in a monkey previously rendered parkinsonian by MPTP and displaying exceptionally a rest termor in the limbs. The D2 agonist suppressed rest tremor in a dose‐dependent fashion. The D1 agonist by itself had no effect but it potentiated the effect of a small dose of LY 171555.
Milacemide therapy for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Giuffra M. E. , Sethy V. H. , Davis T. L. , Mouradian M. M. , Chase T. N. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe clinical effects of central glutamatergic stimulation by the glycine prodrug milacemide were studied in six patients with Parkinson's disease under double‐blind, placebo‐controlled conditions. When administered as monotherapy at a single oral dose of 1,200 mg, the drug increased overall parkinsonian severity transiently, mostly due to an effect on rigidity. Milacemide did not, however, alter levodopa‐induced dyskinesias. These results support the view that drugs acting on the glutamatergic system can influence motor function in patients with extrapyramidal movement disorders and that pharmaceutical agents that selectively block certain subtypes of glutamate receptors may ameliorate parkinsonian symptoms.
Asymmetric catalepsy after right hemisphere stroke
Authors: Saver Jeffrey L. , Greenstein Penny , Ronthal Michael , Mesulam M.‐Marsel 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe describe the appearance of left hemineglect and striking cataleptic posturing, more prominent in left‐sided extremities, in a patient without psychiatric illness. Neuroimaging demonstrated a large posterior right hemisphere infarct involving the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, the insula, and caudate. Additional movement abnormalities that comprise the full catatonia syndrome were absent, including stereotypy, mannerisms, ambitendency, automatic obedience, mutism, negativism, and echopraxia. Catatonia has been reported to be produced by lesions of diverse etiology affecting the frontal lobe, limbic system, diencephalon, or basal ganglia. In these cases, catalepsy has been manifest only rarely, and motor signs that are present are generally bilateral. This case demonstrates that asymmetric catalepsy can be produced by right hemisphere stroke, and provides partial support for earlier clinical literature relating catelepsy and the parietal lobe.
Basal ganglia infarction as a possible cause of cervical dystonia
Authors: Molho Eric S. , Factor Stewart A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCervical dystonia (CD) is usually an idiopathic disorder that results in abnormal movements and painful postures of the neck. Although symptomatic CD caused by focal CNS lesions has been described in the literature, it is an exceedingly rare phenomenon. We report two women who had an abrupt onset of CD at the ages of 39 and 68 years. Each patient had rotation of the head to the right and was found to have a lacunar infarction in the left putamen on magnetic resonance imaging scan. The abrupt onset of symptoms and appropriate location and laterality of the cerebral lesions suggest an etiologic link between the infarctions and the patients' CD. These cases are the first reports of CD possibly caused by basal ganglia infarction.
Administration of the new COMT inhibitor OR‐611 increases striatal uptake of fluorodopa
Authors: Guttman M. , Léger G. , Reches A. , Evans A. , Kuwabara H. , Cedarbaum J. M. , Gjedde A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractL‐Dopa is metabolized to 3–O‐methyldopa (3OMD) by catechol‐O‐ methyltransferase (COMT). This reduces the amount of L‐dopa available for entry into brain. We studied the effect of OR‐611, a new COMT inhibitor, on plasma and brain 6‐[18F]‐fluoro‐L‐dopa (6FD) metabolism in cynomolgus monkeys with positron emission tomography (PET). OR‐611 pretreatment substantially reduced plasma 6FD metabolism to 3‐O‐methylfluorodopa (3OMFD). PET measurements of striatal 6FD concentrations showed an average 2.3‐fold increase following OR‐611 pretreatment, compared to the same animals in the control state. OR‐611 inhibits plasma metabolism of 6FD and increases brain uptake of this L‐dopa analog. OR‐611 appears to be a promising agent as an adjunct to L‐dopa for the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease.
Rating impairment and disability in Parkinson's disease: Evaluation of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale
Authors: van Hilten J. J. , van der Zwan A. D. , Zwinderman A. H. , Roos R. A. C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAlthough the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) is widely used to monitor disease progression and drug efficacy, no attempts have been made to evaluate its scientific and clinical quality. Poor clinical sensibility of items in the activities of daily living (ADL) section and redundancy of items in the motor examination (ME) section prompted us to determine if the number of items in these sections could be reduced to a smaller, equally sensitive set that would describe the data as relibly as did the original set of items. Therefore, we assessed 111 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease on the UPDRS and Hoehn and Yahr staging scales. Our results show that the ADL (13 items) and ME (14 items) sections can be reduced to 8 items each without loss of reliability or validity. Our report is preliminary and needs validation.
Severe evening dyskinesias in advanced Parkinson's disease: Clinical description, relation to plasma levodopa, and treatment
Authors: Zimmerman Thomas R. , Sage Jacob I. , Lang Anthony E. , Mark Margery H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe report four patients with Parkinson's disease who had an unusual pattern of severe chorea and dystonia in the evenings only. The temporal pattern of abnormal movements and simultaneous monitoring of plasma levodopa and clinical state were consistent with dyskinesias associated with subtherapeutic (low dopa dyskinesias) rather than peak concentrations of levodopa (high dopa dyskinesias). In two patients, addition of a direct‐acting dopamine receptor agonist was helpful in ameliorating this complication of anitparkinson therapy.
Naltrexone, an opiate antagonist, fails to modify motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Rascol Olivier , Fabre Nelly , Blin Olivier , Poulik Janet , Sabatini Umberto , Senard Jean‐Michel , Ané Michèle , Montastruc Jean‐Louis , Rascol André 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOne month of adjunct treatment with naltrexone (100 mg/day) was compared with placebo in a double‐blind, randomized, cross‐over design in two groups of patients with Parkinson's disease. The first group was composed of 10 patients with a moderate motor impairment insufficiently controlled by monotherapy with bromocriptine. The second group was composed of eight patients with L‐dopa‐induced peak‐dose dyskinesia. Naltrexone as compared with placebo did not demonstrate any significant change in motor function in either group. These negative clinical results do not support a significant role of endogenous opioid systems in the pathophysiology of motor impairment in Parkinson's disease.
Respiratory chain and mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid in blood cells from patients with focal and generalized dystonia
Authors: Reichmann Heinz , Naumann Markus , Hauck Sabine , Janetzky Bernd 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn increaseing number of neurodegenerative diseases seem to be associated with or even due to disturbancs of cerebral energy metabolism. One generally accepted example is complex I deficiency in substantia nigra from patients with Parkinson's disease. Reports on a complex I defect in platelets from patients with dystonia led us to check for disturbances of the respiratory chain or of the mitochondrial genome in isolated mitochondria from patients with focal or generalized dystonia. We could not confirm the idea of mitochondrial disturbance in platelets from patients with dystonia because we did not find abnormal enzyme activities or any deletions of the mitochondrial genome. Thus, we do not think that blood cells such as platelets can serve as markers for neurodegenerative disorders such as dystonia.
Dystonia as the major manifestation of Leigh's syndrome
Authors: Lera Gabriel , Bhatia Kailash , Marsden C. David 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe report eight patients who had a progressive illness dominated by generalised dystonia and who had clinical and imaging features suggestive of Leigh's syndrome (LS). Six of the eight cases were male. Early development was usually normal but three cases exhibited impaired mental and/or motor development, and three others had a history of an earlier unexplained encephalopathy or febrile illness. The onset of the dystonia occurred at a mean age of 3 years (range 2 months‐7 years). All had abnormalities in the basal ganglia on brain imaging; symmetrical bilateral lucencies or calcification were seen in the basal ganglia on computed tomography scan in five cases, and high signal lesions were evident in these regions on T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequences in seven cases. Other causes of such changes in the basal ganglia were excluded by appropriate investigations. Raised blood lactate levels were found in four of the eight patients. Muscle biopsies were done in seven patients but histology and histochemistry were normal. The common mitochondrial DNA mutations associated with LS in mitochondrial encephalopathies were not found in the six cases examined. LS presenting as a pure dystonic syndrome is uncommon, but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of symptomatic dystonia presenting in childhood.
Anorectal manometry in the assessment of anorectal function in Parkinson's disease: A comparison with chronic idiopathic constipation
Authors: Ashraf Waseem , Pfeiffer Ronald F. , Quigley Eamonn M. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe investigated the role of anorectal manometry in evaluating constipation and anorectal function in 15 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and compared results with those of 9 patients with idiopathic constipation (IC) and 8 control (C) subjects. Anal sphincter pressures on voluntary squeeze were lower in the PD patients. Sustained squeeze pressures (mm Hg C versus IC versus PD: 46.8 ± 5.2 versus 31.2 ± 3.6 versus 26.6 ± 3.9; p < 0.05 PD versus C), squeeze duration (seconds: 53.6 ± 2.5 versus 48.5 ± 4.1 versus 33.6 ± 9; p < 0.05 PD versus C) and squeeze index (area under the squeeze curve: 44.0 ± 2.9 versus 34.5 ± 3.3 versus 21.4 ± 2.9; p < 0.001 PD versus C) were significantly lower in the PD group in comparison to the control group. In contrast, none of the parameters of anorectal manometry differed between controls and patients with idiopathic constipation. Some Parkinson's disease patients demonstrated an abnormal, hypercontractile response on testing of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex. Anal sphincter length, basal sphincter pressures, maximal squeeze pressures, extent of relaxation on rectoanal inhibitory reflex and threshold volume for rectal sensation were similar in the three groups. We conclude that an impaired squeeze response is a specific feature of anorectal function in Parkinson's disease. This may indicate direct involvement of the pelvic floor musculature by the parkinsonian disease process.
Effects of tolcapone in Parkinson's patients taking L‐dihydroxyphenylalanine/carbidopa and selegiline
Authors: Davis T. L. , Roznoski M. , Burns R. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover trial of tolcapone (RO 407592), a potent reversible inhibitor of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT), was performed in 10 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients to determine single‐dose safety and efficacy. All subjects were chronically treated with stable doses of selegiline and L‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA)/carbidopa. Tolcapone was administered in four single ascending doses (50‐800 mg) randomly paired with placebo. Motor ratings were performed every 30 min for 6 h. At higher doses (400 mg and 800 mg), tolcapone prolonged the antiparkinson response of L‐DOPA. Nausea was the most common adverse effect of the tolcapone—L‐DOPA/carbidopa—selegiline combination. Adverse cardiovascular effects were not seen. The acute inhibition of amino acid decarboxylase, monoamine oxidase‐B, and COMT is well tolerated and prolongs the L‐DOPA response in PD patients. Tolcapone may be a safe and useful adjunct to L‐DOPA/carbidopa in PD patients taking selegiline.
Dystonia in a patient with deletion of 18q
Authors: Gordon Mark Forrest , Bressman Susan , Brin Mitchell F. , de Leon Deborah , Warburton Dorothy , Yeboa Kwame , Fahn Stanley 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis is the first reported case of dystonia with a partial deletion of the long arm (q) of chromosome 18. Neurologic findings in the 18q‐ syndrome include mental retardation, seizures, nystagmus, incoordination, tremor, and chorea. A 36‐year‐old woman with an 18q terminal deletion [Karyotype 46, XX, del (18)(q22.2)] had hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, borderline intelligence, short stature, short neck, sensorineural hearing loss, and sensorimotor axonal neuropathy. Parents' Karyotypes were normal. She had had incoordination and writing difficulty since childhood. Posturing and tremor of the head began at age 16, followed by arm tremors. She had jaw deviation and tremor, neck tremor with retrocollis, involuntary pronation of the right arm, coarse postural and severe action tremor, and tight pen grip with dystonic wrist extension on writing. The 18q‐ syndrome should be added to the list of genetic causes of secondary dystonia. A karyotype analysis should be considered in secondary dystonias, particularly when there are associated features such as short stature and endocrinopathies.
Effects of selective serotonergic ligands on posthypoxic audiogenic myoclonus
Authors: Matsumoto Rae R. , Hussong Matthew J. , Truong Daniel D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMale Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent cardiac arrest and resuscitation, subsequently exhibiting posthypoxic myoclonus. The audiogenic posthypoxic myoclonus in these animals could be attenuated with the following drugs: 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP, serotonin [5‐HT] precursor), N‐(3‐trifluoromethylphenyl) piperazine hydrochloride (TFMPP, 5‐HT1B/1C/2 agonist), (±)‐2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodoamphetamine hydrobromide (DOI, 5‐HT2 agonist), and l‐(m‐chlorophenyl)‐biguanide hydrochloride (m‐CPBG, 5‐HT3 agonist). In contrast, the following drugs were ineffective: (±)‐8‐hydroxy‐dipropylaminottetralin hydrobromide (8‐OH‐DPAT, 5‐HT1A agonist), buspirone hydrochoride (5‐HT1A agonist), 7‐trifluoromethyl‐4(4‐methyl‐1‐piperazinyl)‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxaline maleate (CGS 12066B, 5‐HT1B agonist), ketanserin tartrate (5‐HT2 antagonist), methysergide maleate (5‐HT2 antagonist), fluoxetine (5‐HT uptake blocker), and saline (vehicle). The data suggest that enhancement of serotonergic activity, particularly through 5‐HT2 and 5‐HT3 receptors, have therapeutic potential for the treatment of posthypoxic myoclonus.
Tardive tourettism after exposure to neuroleptic therapy
Authors: Bharucha Kersi J. , Sethi Kapil D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA case of neuroleptic‐induced adult‐onset tardive tourettism is presented with video documentation. After prolonged neuroleptic therapy, the patient developed motor and vocal tics at 36 years of age. The tics were identical to those seen in childhood‐onset Tourette's syndrome. These cases are rare and have been consdered by some to represent tardive akathisia. Previous reports of tourettism after neuroleptic therapy are reviewed.
Partial reversal of increased preproenkephalin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and decreased preprotachykinin mRNA by foetal dopamine cells in unilateral 6‐Hydroxydopamine–Lesioned rat striatum parallels functional recovery
Authors: Zeng B.‐Y. , Jenner P. , Marsden C. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn situ hybridization histochemistry was used to investigate the expression of striatal preproenkephalin and preprotachykinin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in rats with 6‐hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway followed 4 weeks later by implantation of foetal dopamine cells into the denervated striatum. Striatal dopamine deafferentation caused an (+)‐amphetamine‐induced rotational asymmetry, an increase in striatal preproenkephalin mRNA message, and a decrease in striatal preprotachykinin mRNA message relative to control animals. Two months after grafting a foetal ventral mesencephalon suspension, there was reversal of the rotational asymmetry to (+)‐amphetamine. At this time the increase in striatal preproenkephalin mRNA was significantly attenuated and the decrease in preprotachykinin mRNA was partially reversed compared to animals with a 6‐hydroxydopamine lesion alone. Subregional analysis showed the attenuation of the increase in preproenkephalin mRNA to occur in dorsolateral, dorsomedial and ventromedial, but not ventrolateral, striatal subdivisions. The partial reversal of the decreased preprotachykinin mRNA density after grafting was only statistically significant in the DM and VM subdivisions. These results demonstrate graft‐induced partial recovery of striatal function, as judged by preproenkephalin and preprotachykinin mRNA levels, within 2 months of transplantation.
Sternomastoid function during hemispheric suppression by amytal: Insights into the inputs to the spinal accessory nerve nucleus
Authors: DeToledo John C. , Dow Robert 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe debate as to whether the sternomastoids receive ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilateral cortical innervation is based largely on the observation of stroke patients and, to a lesser extent, on animal experimentation. The variability of vascular lesions, the lack of pathology correlation in the early reports, and the differences in posture between humans and laboratory animals contributed to the controversy. We studied the function of the sternomastoid (SM) muscles during transient, complete left hemiplegia in 18 right‐handed patients undergoing a Wada test. After injection in the right internal carotid artery (ICA), 14 patients were able to lift and turn their heads both to the right and to the left on command. Ten of the 14 patients who were able to follow commands after the injection had weakness of the right sternomastoid compared with the left. Our findings demonstrate that the left hemisphere can activate both the right and the left sternomastoid muscles during suppression of the right hemisphere. The sternomastoids receive bilateral hemispheric innervation and the maximal input comes from the ipsilateral hemisphere.
Polysomnographic sleep measures in patients with uremic and idiopathic restless legs syndrome
Authors: Wetter Thomas C. , Stiasny Karin , Kohnen Ralf , Oertel Wolfgang H. , Trenkwalder Claudia 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn the present study, the nocturnal electroencephalographic sleep pattern, the number of periodic leg movements (PLM) during sleep and wakefulness, and the subjective sleep parameters of patients with uremic (n = 10) and idiopathic (n = 17) restless legs syndrome (RLS) were compared. The main finding was that the total number of PLM (p = 0.019), the PLM index (p = 0.018), and the PLM index while awake (p = 0.003) were significantly higher in patients with uremic RLS compared with patients who had idiopathic RLS. Additionally, both groups showed a distinct time‐of‐night pattern of PLM activity. Polysomnographic measures of sleep continuity (total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, time awake) and sleep architecture (amount of nonrapid eye movement sleep stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 and the amount of rapid eye movement sleep) did not differ between uremic and idiopathic RLS patients. With regard to subjective paramaters, sleep quality was estimated to be worse in uremic RLS (p = 0.033), whereas other paramaters (for example, severity of RLS, quality of life) did not differ between the two groups. It is suggested that uremia itself worsens the motor symptoms of RLS, probably as a result of increased excitability.