bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF NERVES INFECTED WITH HUMAN POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: De Robertis E. , Schmitt F. O 
Published: June 2004

Sciatic nerves of rhesus monkeys infected with CAM and Wis. '45 strains of human poliomyelitis virus were fixed in formalin, sectioned, fragmented, and examined in the electron microscope.
Most of the neurotubules of nerves infected with the CAM strain have normal appearance but a very small number show the presence of dense particles irregularly aligned within the edges of the neurotubules. The diameters of the particles range between 160 and 500 Å, the mean being 330 Å. The particles were found in regions along the nerve which varied with the time after infection, indicating a central movement of the morphological alteration of the order of 2 mm. per hour.
Relatively abundant dense particulate material was found in nerves infected with Wis. '45 strain virus and the particles were chiefly attached to the edges of the neurotubules and in the adjacent areas of the field.
The dense particles appear to be associated with the virus infection but no further characterization is possible at this time.
THE USE OF RADIOACTIVE LYSINE IN STUDIES OF PROTEIN METABOLISM
Authors: Miller L. L. , Bale W. F. , Yuile C. L. , Masters R. E. , Tishkoff G. H. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Racemic lysine labeled with C14 in the epsilon carbon position was fed to dogs. The distribution of C14 in blood and tissue fractions is recorded. In normal dogs sacrificed at 24 hours, approximately one-third of the C14 was found in the urine, one-third in expired air, and one-third in the body, mostly in protein, predomantly as lysine residues. The rate of C14 excretion as CO2, hour by hour, paralleled closely the amount of non-protein C14 in the blood plasma.
The liver, kidney, pancreas, and spleen all have high values for C14 in 24 hour and 17 day experiments. The gastrointestinal tract is significantly high in the 24 hour experiments.
Plasma protein from animals previously fed C14 containing lysine and thus in turn labeled, was transfused into other dogs and the rate of disappearance of albumin and globulin fractions from the circulation of the recipient dog followed. The results lead to the conclusion that as a whole, plasma proteins are utilized and replaced at a rate of at least 10 per cent per 24 hours.
This minimum rate is substantially faster than turnover rates commonly accepted and emphasizes the rôle played by the plasma proteins in the protein economy of the body. The exact rate determination is made uncertain by the lack of knowledge of the magnitude of the amount of protein in solution in extracellular and lymph spaces and its rate of equilibrium with circulating plasma proteins.
Evidence from these transfusion studies indicates that plasma globulin is metabolized at a significantly faster rate than plasma albumin. This is confirmed by the observation that following the feeding of labeled lysine to dogs, C14 is first incorporated in globulin in high concentration but that later it also disappears more rapidly from the globulin fraction.
These data suggest that the period of bone marrow maturation of the red cell during which time its related hemoglobin is synthesized does not exceed 3 to 5 days.
THE PRODUCTION OF FEVER BY INFLUENZAL VIRUSES
Authors: Bennett Ivan L. , Wagner Robert R. , LeQuire Virgil S. 
Published: June 2004

The mechanism of the fever caused by the intravenous injection of viruses of the influenza group in rabbits has been studied by observing the effect of repeated injections of the same or heterologous viruses.
An initial injection of the PR8 strain of influenza A, the Lee strain of influenza B, or the "B" strain of NDV conferred tolerance to the pyrogenic effect of homologous virus administered on the following day. The period of tolerance lasted approximately 11 days.
Prior injection of virus appeared also to protect against the lymphopenic action of homologous strains.
These viruses were found to confer tolerance to the fever-producing effect of heterologous strains in an order corresponding to their positions in the receptor gradient of Burnet.
Heated virus preparations appeared to confer tolerance in proportion to survival of hemagglutinin.
Tolerance is probably unrelated to specific antibody formation since it is lost during a period of rapid immune response and heterologous strains exert a protective effect.
No cross-tolerance was demonstrable between viruses and bacterial pyrogens and reticulo-endothelial blockade with thorotrast failed to modify the unresponsiveness of animals to 2nd day injections of homologous virus.
Prevention of fever with antipyrine did not interfere with the protective effect of initial injections of virus.
Arguments for and against a hypothesis that union of the virus particle with a receptor substance may play a part in the production of fever by these viruses are discussed.
ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF PATIENTS WITH POLIOMYELITIS TO VIRUS RECOVERED FROM THEIR OWN ALIMENTARY TRACT
Authors: Steigman Alex J. , Sabin Albert B. 
Published: June 2004

Of 20 strains of virus recovered from 40 patients with poliomyelitis only 9 possessed a titer of 10–3 or more, permitting significant quantitative neutralization tests in monkeys. Seven of the 9 high titer strains were derived from patients whose illness was ultimately paralytic, and tests with their undiluted sera indicated that the acute phase as well as the 3 month convalescent specimens neutralized maximum amounts of the patient's own virus. However when varying dilutions of the sera were tested against a single dose of virus, it was found that the antibody was present in lowest concentration early after onset and progressively increased in titer over a period of weeks during convalescence. The 2 remaining high titer strains were recovered from patients with a non-paralytic illness, and in both of these the acute phase sera were without significant amounts of antibody for their own virus. Antibody was demonstrable at 14, 28, and 92 days after onset in one of these patients, while the other had none at 1 month and only a minimal amount at 3 and 8 months.
Tests with the Lansing virus on the same sera, clearly established the specificity of the antibody response to the strain of virus recovered from each patient under investigation. Five of the 9 patients, whose sera were studied with both viruses, had no antibody for the Lansing virus during the acute phase and none 3 months later. Two had antibody during the acute phase but serum dilution tests showed no increase in titer in the 3 month convalescent specimen. In 2 others, who were without antibody for the Lansing virus during the acute phase but had it at 3 months after onset, it was possible to show that this antibody appeared later than 1 month after the illness and that the virus recovered from these patients during their illness was not antigenically of the Lansing type.
THE STABILIZATION OF SERUM LIPID EMULSIONS BY SERUM PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Authors: Ahrens Edward H. , Kunkel Henry G. 
Published: June 2004

Clarity of high lipid sera is closely correlated with elevated proportions of serum phospholipids, and lipemia (milkiness) with low proportions of phospholipids. Clear high lipid sera occur uniquely in obstructive jaundice, both intra- and extrahepatic in origin.
Destruction of the polar nature of serum "lecithin" by enzymatic hydrolysis, using Cl. welchii lecithinase, results in a degree of lipemia which is linearly proportional to total lipid content in clear or lipemic high lipid or normal lipid sera.
Even in grossly lipemic sera, a significant proportion of the serum lipids is masked in particles of invisible size. Enzymatic removal of the stabilizing properties of serum "lecithin" unmasks this hitherto invisible fraction.
The concentration of serum phospholipids available for complex formation with serum proteins appears to be an important factor in determining particle size of serum lipids and hence of their occurrence in serum as masked or as visible particles.
The implications of these findings for studies of the genesis of atheromatosis are discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS HORSE SERUM FRACTIONS IN PRODUCING CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL LESIONS IN RABBITS
Authors: Wissler Robert W. , Smull Katharine , Lesh James B. 
Published: June 2004

Five groups of 10 rabbits each were injected intravenously 2 times at 15 day intervals with either whole horse serum or one of its cold alcohol-precipitated fractions. Suitable serological and general observations were made at appropriate intervals before and after each injection. All animals were sacrificed on the 22nd day of the experiment. A study of the antemortem and pathological findings led to the following conclusions.
1. Allergie arteritis, valvulitis, and to a lesser degree, focal pericarditis, Aschoff-like nodules, and glomerulitis can be produced by several of the cold alcohol-precipitated fractions of horse serum as well as by whole serum.
2. Most of the acute arteritis was seen in rabbits receiving fraction V (albumin). These rabbits showed the largest amounts of circulating antigen, low antibody titers, low tissue sensitivity, and slight elevation in sedimentation rate and temperature.
3. There was a high incidence of chronic arteritis in the rabbits receiving fraction III which is almost devoid of albumin, suggesting that the alpha and beta globulins in addition to albumin may produce arteritis.
4. A state most nearly resembling that of acute rheumatic fever was produced by either fractions III or IV-3,4 (alpha and beta globulins). Pancarditis (pericarditis, Aschoff-like lesions, and valvulitis) was found relatively frequently. Many of the rabbits developed a high sedimentation rate, elevated temperature, and high tissue sensitivity, but little acute arteritis was found in this group.
5. Gamma globulin (fraction II) produced little reaction either in the antemortem determinations or histopathologically.
6. Glomerulitis of an acute necrotizing type was seen in a few rabbits without particular correlation to the fraction injected.
7. The frequency of involvement of heart valves in rabbit serum disease follows a pattern very similar to that of rheumatic heart disesae.
8. Attempts to correlate antemortem observations and pathological findings either on a group basis or for individual animals failed.
LOCALIZATION OF ANTIGEN IN TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Kaplan Melvin H. , Coons Albert H. , Deane Helen Wendler 
Published: June 2004

The cytological distribution of the pneumococcal polysaccharides, types II and III, was followed in the tissues of the mouse.
The most constant and striking concentrations of these polysaccharides were found in the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, the ordinary capillary endothelium, and fibroblasts throughout the body. In addition, polysaccharide was detected in monocytes and lymphocytes, hepatic cells, cardiac and smooth muscle cells, uterine epithelium, and in steroid-forming cells in the adrenal cortex, testis, and ovary.
Studies of the persistence of polysaccharide, type III, in the tissues were carried out after an injection of 4.0 mg. The polysaccharide remained for at least 75 days in the macrophages of lymphoid organs, the Kupffer cells of the liver, the interstitial macrophages in the myocardium, the lung septal cells, the capillary endothelium, and the renal glomerulus. After a single injection of 8 mg., it persisted for at least 6 months in the macrophages of the spleen, liver, and heart and in the endothelium of peritubular capillaries in the kidney. The smallest dose of polysaccharide which produced detectable amounts in any cells 24 hours after injection was 0.03 mg.
The distribution of polysaccharide is compared with that of acid vital dyes and suspensoids, and the significance of its fixation in relation to its antigenicity and possible toxicity in mice is discussed.
LOCALIZATION OF ANTIGEN IN TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Coons Albert H. , Snyder John C. , Cheever F. Sargent , Murray Edward S. 
Published: June 2004

Rickettsiae of epidemic typhus fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever have been microscopically localized and identified in smears of exudates and tissue sections from infected cotton rats by means of homologous antibody labelled with fluorescein. Epidemic typhus has also been identified in smears from single infected human body lice.
Mumps virus antigen has been microscopically localized in the parotid of the experimentally infected monkey by the same method. The antigenic material, probably active virus, was found in the cytoplasm of the acinar cells. Such infected acini were scattered irregularly throughout the gland. Some antigen could be seen in the lumens of the parotid ducts and small amounts were present in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells lining the ducts.
MULTIPLICATION OF CERTAIN NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES IN THE RABBIT EYE FOLLOWING INTRAOCULAR INOCULATION
Authors: Overman John R. , Friedewald William F. 
Published: June 2004

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Semliki Forest virus readily multiply in the rabbit eye following inoculation into the vitreous. Less than 10 mouse LD50 of LCM virus was sufficient to induce multiplication in the eye, whereas, approximately 1000 LD50 of SFV was required to initiate infection.
Both viruses multiplied in the rabbit eye as an inapparent infection. Little or no virus could be recovered from the optic nerves or brains of the rabbits, although virus was present in high titer in the eyes. The animals showed no signs of illness other than a transitory fever.
Large amounts of SFV induced a severe iritis followed by corneal opacity. This reaction appeared to be due to "toxic" properties of the virus. No ocular reactions have been observed with LCM virus other than a mild transitory hyperemia. The yield of virus from the eye following inoculation of large amounts of SFV was less than when more dilute inocula were used.
Maximum multiplication of both viruses occurred about 48 hours after inoculation into the vitreous. SFV remained in high titer for about 4 days and thereafter could be recovered in variable amounts up to about 5 weeks after inoculation. LCM virus could be recovered in gradually decreasing amounts up to about 3 weeks after inoculation.
Serum-neutralizing antibodies appeared in high titer (neutralization index up to 3000) following inoculation of SFV into the rabbit eye. However, only traces of antibody could be detected in extracts of the eyes.
SFV was obtained irregularly and in low titer from the aqueous humor following inoculation into either the vitreous or anterior chamber. No significant difference in the virus content of the vitreous, an extract of the retinal cells, and an extract of the whole eye could be detected 48 hours after inoculation of SFV into the vitreous.
The Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus failed to cause any detectable reaction in the rabbit eye and no evidence of multiplication of the virus was obtained in these experiments.
STUDIES ON A PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: Ratnoff Oscar D. , Hartmann Robert C. , Conley C. Lockard 
Published: June 2004

A fraction of globulin was prepared from human plasma which was deficient in prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, plasma thromboplastin, and accelerator globulin. The preparation of globulin contained considerable potential proteolytic activity which could be activated by streptococcal fibrinolysin. This fraction of globulin accelerated the clotting of normal platelet-deficient plasma. However, the clot-accelerating effect of the globulin fraction was the same whether or not its proteolytic property had been activated.
The addition of streptococcal fibrinolysin to normal platelet-deficient plasma did not accelerate coagulation. Nor did the addition of streptococcal fibrinolysin to hemophilic platelet-deficient plasma promote its coagulation.
The data presented suggest that proteolysis by activated plasma proteolytic enzyme is not an essential stage in the coagulation of the blood.
THE VIRULENCE AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF STRAINS DERIVED FROM SALMONELLA TYPHOSA 58 (PANAMA CARRIER)
Authors: Batson H. C. , Landy Maurice , Brown Martha 
Published: June 2004

An investigation of the immunogenicity of vaccines prepared from closely related virulent and avirulent strains of S. typhosa is reported.
No evidence was obtained of any essential relationship between the virulence of the strains employed and their immunogenicity, as determined by active-immunity mouse-protection tests and by the agglutinin and mouse-protective antibody response in human beings.
PULMONARY EDEMA IN INFLUENZAL PNEUMONIA OF THE MOUSE AND THE RELATION OF FLUID IN THE LUNG TO THE INCEPTION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Harford Carl G. , Hara Mary ,   With the Technical Assistance of Alice Hamlin
Published: June 2004

Pulmonary edema is a component of the fully developed influenza viral lesion in the mouse.
Mice with experimental pulmonary fluid have an increased susceptibility to inhaled pneumococci and under these circumstances the organisms grow in the lung and produce the lesion of bacterial pneumonia.
The presence of pulmonary edema in the lesion due to the influenza virus in the lung of the mouse appears to account adequately for the previous observation that inhaled pneumococci grow in the influenza viral lesion.
Mice dying of pneumococcal septicemia after inhaling fine droplets containing this organism do not have pneumonia.
The delay in migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes into the lung after injection of pneumococci suspended in serum is an important factor in susceptibility to infection since it allows ample time for pneumococci to grow in the pulmonary fluid.
The slow phagocytic action of pulmonary macrophages likewise permits growth of pneumococci.
Conditions in human beings that are known to be complicated by pulmonary edema are also known to be associated with increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia.
PRODUCTION OF BCG VACCINE IN A LIQUID MEDIUM CONTAINING TWEEN 80 AND A SOLUBLE FRACTION OF HEATED HUMAN SERUM
Authors: Dubos René J. , Fenner Frank 
Published: June 2004

Diffuse, submerged growth of BCG bacilli has been obtained in liquid media containing 0.02 per cent Tween 80 and the soluble fraction of human serum heated under acid conditions (pH 2.5) at 65°C.
In the absence of glucose or glycerine,—which had a detrimental effect on viability—these cultures consisted predominantly of cells that were living and that remained viable during prolonged storage at temperatures ranging from 4 to 37°C.
INFLUENZA
Authors: Blumenthal Herman T. , Greiff Donald , Pinkerton Henry , DeWitt Robert 
Published: June 2004

Groups of embryonated eggs infected with the PR8 strain of influenza virus A were incubated at 34°, 37.5°, and 40°C. At frequent intervals, for periods ranging up to 96 hours, pooled allantoic fluids were tested simultaneously for infectivity and hemagglutination.
After about 12 hours of virus growth, fluids often showed infectivity titres greater than 10–5, but were incapable of causing hemagglutination. At later time intervals, marked disagreement between the two tests for viral activity was noted at all temperatures, but most strikingly at 40°C.
Hemagglutination titres were highest and best sustained in eggs incubated at 34°C., while incubation at 37.5°C. resulted in the highest and best sustained infectivity titres.
Hemagglutination titre determinations do not reflect accurately the rate of influenza virus multiplication.
Possible reasons for the lack of correspondence between hemagglutination and infectivity are discussed.
THE ABNORMAL COURSE OF BACTERIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE PRESENCE OF PENICILLIN
Authors: Hotchkiss Rollin D. 
Published: June 2004

Washed staphylococcal cells separated from peptone-broth cultures containing penicillin G did not differ markedly from cells not exposed to penicillin in their rate of oxygen, phosphate, glutamic acid, or amino nitrogen utilization.
Washed normal staphyloccal cells, respiring in solutions containing glucose and various mixtures of amino acids, utilized the amino acids with an increase in the cellular protein nitrogen.
Similar cells under the same conditions, but exposed to penicillin G, utilized oxygen, phosphate, and amino acids at essentially the same rates, but there was no increase in the protein nitrogen of the cells.
Penicillin-treated washed cells, when utilizing amino acids, produced increased amounts of extracellular substances containing non-amino nitrogen in quantities approximately equivalent to the amino acid nitrogen utilized. The non-amino fraction could be tentatively identified as polypeptide, which was produced, instead of cellular protein, when penicillin was present.
STUDIES ON THE ENTRY AND EGRESS OF POLIOMYELITIC INFECTION
Authors: Faber Harold K. , Silverberg Rosalie J. , Dong Luther 
Published: June 2004

In rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys without signs or symptoms of poliomyelitis, a comparison of the incidence, numbers, size, and character of lesions in certain peripheral ganglia (gasserian, nodose, superior cervical sympathetic, and celiac) was made between 9 "new" animals sacrificed 1 to 3 days after arrival in a laboratory devoted exclusively to poliomyelitis research, and 17 "old" animals housed there without special isolation precautions for periods ranging from 17 days to 10½ months. The comparison showed that the "old" animals had more infiltrative lesions of various sizes than the "new" and that neuronophagia occurred in 65 per cent of the "old" animals as compared with none in the "new."
The heaviest and most frequent involvement occurred in the gasserian and superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, while that of the nodose (vagal afferent) ganglia was somewhat less, and that of the celiac ganglia was still less and without neurophagia. The ganglia of the VII and IX cranial nerves were also examined and showed no lesions of note.
Reasons are presented for believing that the lesions were of centripetal and not of centrifugal origin.
The lesions, while not positively identified as poliomyelitic, were of similar morphology, were presumably due to an infective neurotropic agent, and were acquired under conditions of potential exposure to poliomyelitis virus.
The possibility is suggested that the asymptomatic acquisition of neurotropic lesions in this group of casually exposed monkeys can be comparable to the acquisition of "subclinical" poliomyelitis in man.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Baer Harold , Day Richard L. , Knaub Vesta 
Published: June 2004

The reactions of hog, human, and horse blood group A substances with antibodies produced on injection of these substances into individuals of blood groups B and O have been studied by hemagglutination inhibition and by quantitative precipitin technics.
Species differences in reactivity with antisera exist among these blood group A substances. Hog and human A substances are very closely related chemically as evidenced by their extensive cross-reaction while horse A substance crossreacts much less with antisera to both hog and human A substances.
Analysis for hexosamine of specific precipitates of hog and human A substances and antibody to human A substance formed as a consequence of heterospecific pregnancy has shown that essentially all of the glucosamine of the blood group substance is precipitated.