bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glomerular size and volume distributions for cranial, medial, and caudal divisions of domestic fowl kidneys
Authors: Wideman Robert F. , Holt Laura , Pla Jose S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSeparate renal arteries and renal portal veins supply the three divisions of domestic fowl kidneys, leading to uncertainty concerning the structural and functional homology of the different divisdions. To assess the degree of anatomical similarity, separate glomerular size and volume distribution profiles were constructed for cranial, medial, and caudal divisions from the left and right kidneys of male and female domestic fowl. There were no significant differences between left and right divisions (intradivision comparisons) or between cranial, medial, and caudal divisions (interdivision comparisons) when the total number of glomeruli or total glomerular volumes were compared on a per gram kidney weight basis. Glomerular size distribution profiles were unimodal in shape, with the peaks for all divisions falling in the 0.15–0.22 mm circumference range in males and in the 0.19–0.26 mm circumference range in females. There were no significant differences in glomerular size distribution profiles for intradivision (left vs. right) comparisons. Interdivisional comparisons revealed that medial divisions had significantly lower values than caudal divisions in one of 11 glomerular circumference categories. For all remaining comparisons, there were no significant dífferences in glomerular size distribution profiles, nor were there any significant interdivisional differences when glomerular volume distribution profiles were compared. These data indicate that the three divisions of domestic fowl kidneys are structurally homologous on a per gram kidney weight basis, suggesting the separate divisions also are functionally homologous.
Macrophage development: I. Rationale for using Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 as a marker for the line
Authors: Sorokin Sergei P. , Hoyt Richard F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe isolectin B4 of Griffonia simplicifolia (GSA I‐B4) binds to cell membrane glycoconjugates bearing terminal alpha‐D‐galactose, which macrophages possess. We have investigated the merits of its use as a marker for cells of this lineage when examining the early origin of macrophage populations in rat embryos, the stages and time scale of transformation from precursor forms to active, matured cells, and the response of precursors and macrophages to colony‐stimulating blood factors, the last two studies conducted in organ cultures of prenatal lungs. In the present instance, GSA I‐B4 was used either coupled with fluorescein (FITC) for light microscopy of living and fixed cells, or with peroxidase for light or electron microscopy. Control incubations of lung culture‐derived macrophages proved that staining resulted from specific binding to galactosyl units on the cell membrane, since it was competitively inhibited by alpha‐D‐galactose. The lectin binds to few cells in 14‐day prenatal lung explants but to a great many macrophages that subsequently develop in the cultures, indicating that it can be relied on for quantitative studies on population growth; however, it is important to provide reagents with good access to the cells. Apart from macrophages and their precursors, virtually no cells in prenatal lung cultures bind this lectin. Granulocytes of adult blood are GSA positive, but they are not yet present in 14‐day prenatal explants and do not develop subsequent to culturing; hence they are not a source of confusion for experimental studies using this system. Precursors of granulocytes begin to appear in rat embryos around day 13 and have GSA‐positive cell membranes, but like definitive granulocytes they also have conspicuous peroxidase‐positive lysosomal granules which serve to distinguish them from early macrophages, particularly when cells are studied at an ultrastructural level. With these objections cleared away, GSA I‐B4 emerges as a valuable means to mark cells of the macrophage line, mature or immature.
Macrophage development: III. Transformation of pulmonary macrophages from precursors in fetal lungs and their later maturation in organ culture
Authors: Sorokin Sergei P. , McNelly Nancy A. , Blunt Dana G. , Hoyt Richard F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe fate of macrophage precursors residing in 14‐day prenatal rat lungs was followed in organ cultures to obtain a detailed, ultrastructurally resolved picture of the sequence and timing of events accompanying their transformation into typical pulmonary macrophages. Cultures were examined at close intervals during the first day (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 hr) and at wider intervals thereafter (2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 13 days) to yield a developmental series of cells identified as in the macrophage line based on binding of peroxidase‐coupled isolectin B4 of Griffonia simplicifolia (GSA I‐B4) to cell membranes and on negligible content of peroxidase‐positive granules in the cytoplasm. Organ culturing stimulated virtually all precursors to develop into macrophages. GSA‐positive cells in explants occurred outside vessels in pulmonary connective tissue, and at the outset none were typical macrophages: 71% were angular cells, resembling unlabeled mesenchymal cells around them, 16% were undifferentiated leukocytes, and the remainder were irregularly shaped cells with few vacuoles intermediate between the preceding and the macrophages. During the first 12 hr in culture the proportion of angular cells and leukocytes fell to zero, and that of Intermediate cells first rose, then receded. In the same interval the proportion of macrophages rose to 87.5%, and by 24 hr all GSA‐positive cells were typical macrophages generally engorged with phagocytosed material; about 8 hr appear necessary for converting half the population. Notable ultrastructural changes during this period of transformation involved the centrioles and cytoskeleton, reflecting enhanced cell mobility and phagocytosis. A period of maturation followed, marked by disappearance of cellular debris from phagosomes and an increased prevalence of cells with elaborate lamellipodia. This accords with earlier work showing that macrophage Fc receptor density increases sharply during the first 24 hr, but elevated levels of histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase appear only later. Mitotic activity was conspicuous in GSA‐positive cells throughout both periods. 3H‐thymidine labeling indices for precursors and macrophages, determined at six intervals between 1 hr and 24 hr, remained steady at ∼ 34%, whereas indices of other categories of lung cells (GSA‐negative strimal cells, pleural cells, and airway epithelium) began at this level but rapidly declined, indicating that the GSA‐positive cells constitute a single population distinct from others in the lungs. Macrophages found outside the lung cultures after 4–5 days qualify as a mature population, but having migrated away from direct contact with the lung stroma, they survive only a week or two and no longer divide.
Immunolocalization of laminin, heparan‐sulfate proteoglycan, entactin and type IV collagen in the rat anterior pituitary. II. An in vitro study on primary cultures
Authors: Vila‐Porcile E. , Picart R. , Vigny M. , Tixier‐Vidal A. , Tougard C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe distribution of four basement membrane components: laminin (LAM), type IV collagen (Coll. IV), heparan‐sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), and entactin (ENT), was studied by immunocytochemistry in primary cultures of adult rat anterior pituitaries. In such cultures, the pituitary cells are deprived of their normal environment of adjacent cells and basement membranes (BM), and of the connectivo‐vascular system of the hypophysis. In this dissociated system, pituitary cells grow as small clusters upon a monolayer of fibroblasts.LAM was found highly expressed in endocrine and in folliculo‐stellate cells. Very small amounts of Coll. IV, but neither HSPG nor ENT, could be detected in endocrine cells. In contrast, in fibroblasts, very large amounts of Coll. IV, HSPG, and ENT, and a lower quantity of LAM were detected. At the ultrastructural level, the immunoreactive components present within the cells were located in the subcellular compartments involved in the elaboration of exported products. In addition to that intracellular distribution, the four constituents were observed in an extracellular matrix which appeared between the cultured cells, either as an amorphous material, or as a more or less dense reticular network, weakly stained with anti‐LAM, but strongly stained with the other antibodies.Thus, the present immunocytochemical data support the implication of pituitary endocrine cells, at least for LAM secretion, in the elaboration of a novel extracellular matrix in primary cultures. In addition, a cooperation with non‐endocrine cells seemed to be required for the production of the four BM components. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and cytodifferentiation of peritubular myoid cells in the rat testis
Authors: Palombi Fioretta , Farini Donatella , Salanova Michele , De Grossi Stefania , Stefanini Mario 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe cytodifferentiation of peritubular myoid cells was studied in developing rats from fetal day 18 through approachment of puberty. The parameters taken into consideration were (1) the presence of desmin, a component of intermediate filaments in contractile cells; (2) the expression of alkaline phosphatase, a cell surface enzyme present in no other cell type of the seminiferous tubule; (3) the expression of the smooth muscle specific isoform of alpha‐actin, a marker of terminal differentiation in smooth muscle cells; (4) cell proliferation rate, evaluated in radioautography as labeling index after incorporation of 3H‐thymidine in short‐term organ culture; and (5) cytoarchitectural changes detected with scanning electron microscopy. By means of immunofluorescence and cytochemistry it was observed that the three markers are expressed early during life, long before the onset of the first spermatogenic wave; in particular desmin is already present in fetal samples and alkaline phosphatase activity appears a few days after birth, whereas α‐smooth muscle isoactin is first detected around birth. As for myoid cell replication, the high prenatal labeling index was found to drop soon after birth and to further slow down during the first month of postnatal life, suggesting that myoid cell proliferation is not a major factor in peritubular expansion. SEM examination of developing peritubulum has shown that, when approaching puberty, the myoid cell undergoes a dramatic change in cytoarchitecture, consisting in extreme flattening and cytoplasmic expansion resulting in an apparent increase in peritubular surface. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postnatal development of the cervical epithelium in the Mongolian gerbil
Authors: Kress A. , Mardi L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis study analyzes the postnatal development of the Mongolian gerbil's cervical epithelium, in relation to its future functions.In the newborn gerbil the outline of the cervical canal is smooth, showing hardly any signs of folding. The epithelium consists of 1 to 3 layers. The cervical cells have rounded apices of regular outline and contain a large amount of glycogen.The first secretory products of specific mucus type appear about day 23 postnatally (p. n.). Initially two types of vesicles can be identified, as compared with only one type in sexually mature animals. The process of mucification begins in the vagina and the external os of the cervix and spreads towards the cervical horns. The cervical canal, besides growing longer, becomes increasingly folded during development.At about day 50 p. n., with the onset of sexual maturity, an upper endocervix and a lower ectocervix can be distinguished within the cervical canal. In the fully mature animal, the endocervix consists of 4 to 5 layers, in which apical cells mucify and exfoliate. In the ectocervix, the epithelium can be divided into 4 to 5 basal layers and 5 to 7 upper layers which mucify, keratinize, and exfoliate, according to the cyclic phases of the vagina. Diapedesis of leucocytes through the epithelium starts around day 45 p. n. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural differentiation of the epithelial cells of the testicular excurrent duct system of rats during postnatal development
Authors: Hermo L. , Barin K. , Robaire B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe light and electron microscopic appearance of the various epithelial cells lining the efferent ducts and different regions of the epididymis were examined in rats on postnatal days 21, 39, 49, 56, and 90 to determine the role of androgens and/or spermatozoa, as well as other possible factors, on the structural differentiation of these cells. Five conclusions may be drawn from the observations made. First, on day 21 epithelial cells of all regions are structurally undifferentiated. Second, it was not until day 49 that nonciliated cells of the efferent ducts resembled those of adult animals, suggesting that more than one factor, such as androgens, testicular products, and/or spermatozoa, is needed for their full structural differentiation. Third, principal cells of the epididymis become structurally differentiated by day 39, i. e., these cells contained an elaborate Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, and numerous 200–400 nm electron lucent secretory vesicles, as well as a full complement of endocytic organelles; this occurred in spite of the absence of spermatozoa in the epididymal lumen. The differentiation of these epididymal cells may be under the influence of androgens, which are known to be high at this time, but may also be due to specific secretions from Sertoli cells secreted directly into the efferent ducts. Fourth, clear cells of the cauda epididymidis are fully differentiated by day 39. The presence of degenerating germ cells in the lumen of the cauda epididymidis and various cellular debris, as well as high androgen levels, may be factors causing the differentiation of the cells of this region. Finally, clear cells of the corpus and cauda epididymidis only become fully differentiated by day 49, at a time when spermatozoa appear in the lumen, despite high levels of androgens at day 39; this observation indicates that the presence of spermatozoa in the lumen may be a necessary factor in causing their differentiation. Overall, these results suggest that a combination of different factors are necessary for the structural differentiation of the various epithelial cell types of the different regions of the epididymis. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the cloacae of salamanders (Amphibia: Caudata) IV. Salamandridae
Authors: Sever David M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCloacae were examined from male and female salamanders representing 12 genera and 22 species in the Salamandridae. All female salamandrids possess numerous sperm storage glands, spermathecae, in the roof of the cloaca, but intergeneric variation exists in the occurrence of additional cloacal glands. Pleurodeles and Tylototriton possess both vent and anterior ventral glands, and secondary loss has occurred of vent glands in all other genera and anterior ventral glands in Chioglossa, Cynops, Paramesotriton, and Triturus The most highly derived cloaca occurs in Euproctus asper, in which the cloacal tube extends through a conical projection, and ventral glands secrete onto the dorsolateral surface of the projection rather than into the cloaca. Marked intergeneric variation occurs in males in conformation of the cloacal cavities and in extent of the dorsal gland. In Cynops, Euproctus, Pachytriton, Paramesotriton, Taricha, and Triturus, the pseudopenis (a broad, posteriorly projecting evagination of the dorsal roof) fills much of the cavity of the anterior cloacal chamber. In most salamandrids, distal ends of the dorsal glands occur lateral to pelvic glands in the anterior end of the cloaca, and dorsal gland tubules descend to secretory sites at the posterior end of the vent. Salamandra and Mertensiella possess a unique, bifurcated dorsal gland in which distal ends of tubules lie dorsal to the other cloacal glands, and proximal ends curve ventrally in the anterior end of the cloaca to secretory sites along the cloacal orifice. Cladistic analyses indicate that the variation in presence of anterior ventral glands is due to homoplasy. The occurrence of female vent glands, bifurcated dorsal glands, and the pseudopenis supports a phylogeny based upon noncloacal characters. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell renewal and gene expression in the trachea of hamster at different ages
Authors: Chopra D. P. , Cooney R. A. , Joiakim A. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe tracheal mucosa of the Syrian golden hamster has been extensively employed as a model system for respiratory tract cell renewal, injury, and carcinogenesis. However, baseline cell kinetic data are not available for normal juvenile and adolescent animals in which the mucosa and cartilage are rapidly enlarging. The objective of this research was to elucidate alterations in cell kinetics, epithelial morphology, and gene expression in the trachea of hamsters at different ages. Cell kinetics were examined by 3H‐thymidine labeling indices, morphology by light and electron microscopic examination, and gene expression by slot blot analysis. Results showed that mucosal epithelium of the young and adolescent hamster undergoes cyclic necrosis and cell shedding, exposing portions of the elastic basal lamina. Epithelial shedding was associated with hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia. Additionally, the labeling indices of mucosal epithelial cells and chondroblasts also exhibited variable patterns which were associated with a cyclic pattern of expression of c‐fos and c‐erB2 proto‐oncogenes and epidermal growth factor receptor. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regional variability of colonocyte growth and differentiation in the rat
Authors: Sato Masaki , Ahnen Dennis J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe location of stem cells and the direction of colonocyte migration in the normal rat colonic crypt were investivageted using a serial bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and [3H]thymidine labeling protocol. The results demonstrate that in the distal colon the stem cells are located in the crypt base and that cells migrate up toward the luminal surface. In the proximal colon, however, the stem cells are located in the midcrypt, and the colonocytes migrate in two directions, up toward the luminal surface and down toward the crypt base. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiographic analysis of the arteries of human lumbar lymph nodes
Authors: Sasaki Katsunori 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTwenty‐seven cadavers (12 male, 15 female aged 28 to 94 years, average 75 years) were dissected to analyze the arterial supply of the lumbar lymph nodes with angiography and an image processor‐analyzer. The lymph nodes on the left side of the abdominal aorta fused to form several elongated nodes. The lymph nodes on the right side remained separated. A few lymph nodes aggregated below the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta. They received a few branches directly from the abdominal aorta or from the renal, gonadal and/or iliac arteries, which anastomosed with each other to form an arterial arc. This anastomosis gave small paired twigs to the parenchyma continuously. In the case of well developed lymph nodes dorsal to the inferior vena cava, a vessel from the lower abdominal aorta passed upward to supply them. The diameter of these vessels in the angiogram was 0.09–0.27 mm, measured with the image processor‐analyzer.These results show that the lumbar lymph nodes do not receive a single artery through the hilus, but through several branches, whose anastomoses form a collateral system associated with the abdominal aorta. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Forms of lung lymphatics: A scanning electron microscopic study of casts
Authors: Schraufnagel Dean E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn a recent study, rats given monocrotaline underwent angiogenesis on their pleural surfaces. The rats also had novel structures in their bronchovascular bundles that were detected by scanning electron microscopy of vascular casts. These vessels could have been either new blood capillaries or dilated lymphatic capillaries. To determine if these structures were lymphatics or new blood vessels, specimens from animals that were undergoing angiogenesis were compared to those that were not. Finding similar structures in normal animals would imply that they were lymphatic. The second purpose of this work was to describe the three‐dimensional anatomy of the lymphatics of the lung. Cast lymphatics were found in most lungs with edema or angiogenesis, but were rare in other conditions. The vascular structures in question were found in animals not undergoing angiogenesis and were, therefore, lymphatic. Additionally, scanning electron angiogenesis and were, therefore, lymphatic. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy of casts showed several distinct forms of lymphatics in the lung. Prelymphatics are tissues planes beneath the pleura and around bronchovascular structures. They join reservoir, conduit or tubulo‐saccular lymphatics. Reservoir lymphatics are broad ribbon‐like structures with textured surfaces and small laterally branching pouches. They occur on the pleural surface, are closely linked with prelymphatics, and join conduit lymphatics. Conduit lymphatics are tubular structures that may contain valves, twist and go great distances without accepting tributaries. On the pleural surface, they may wind around blood vessels and vary greatly in diamater. Sacculo‐tubular lymphatics surround arteries, veins and bronchioles. They have thin walls with wide saccular segments. They may be so dense that they form cylinders around the vessels or airways. Different forms of lung lymphatics suggest different function and potential. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Follicle‐associated epithelium and medullary epithelial tissue of the bursa of Fabricius are two different compartments
Authors: Olah Imre , Glick Bruce 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe bursae of Fabricius from the chicken and turkey were studied by light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemical methods. The study focused on the relationship of follicle‐associated epithelium to the medulla. The follicle‐associated epithelium was supported by 3 to 5 layers of stratified epithelial cells which were a continuation of the corticomedullary epithelial cells. The follicle‐associated epithelium consisted of M cells and scattered secretory dendritic cells. The network of the reticular epithelial cells of the medulla was filled with secretory dendritic cells, B cells, and a few T cells and macrophages. The cellular content of the follicle‐associated epithelium and the medulla suggested that they were different cellular compartments. Communication between the follicle associated epithelium and medullary epithelial compartment occurred through the supporting cells of the follicle‐associated epithelium.When the supporting layers of the follicle‐associated epithelium infolded into the medulla, they formed lamellated epithelial bodies similar to the thymic Hassall bodies. The lamellated bodies enclosed secretory dendritic cells but not lymphocytes. The infolding of supporting cells varied from follicle to follicle. The asynchronization of infolding contributed to heterogeneity of follicle composition. Follicle heterogeneity was demonstrated by differences in reactivity with a battery of monoclonal antibodies. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.