bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educational Expansion and Inequality
Authors: Ballarino Gabriele , Panichella Nazareno 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the Italian case in order to shed light on the relations between expanding participation in education and educational inequality, on the one hand, and returns to education, on the other. Theoretically, the chapter relies on the OED triangle, the standard framework by which stratification research addresses issues of equality/inequality of opportunities, and it refers to the debate counterposing modernization theory and reproduction theory. Empirically, the chapter uses a new data set deriving from the harmonization of a number of high-quality surveys, thus giving to the analyses higher statistical power and better reliability, particularly concerning trends over time. The chapter is divided into three parts. The first part briefly reviews the main theoretical arguments provided by stratification research concerning the relations between education and socioeconomic inequality and their trends over time. The second part looks at the Italian case, placing the expansion of education in the historical context of postwar Italy. The third part presents an empirical analysis of class inequality in school achievement, of returns to schooling and, finally, of the direct effect of social origins over and above education.
An Anthropological Perspective on Globalization and Schooling
Authors: Anderson-Levitt Kathryn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how anthropologists and other ethnographers understand globalization, the spread of the Western form of schooling, and subsequent worldwide efforts to reform schools. The review essay begins from three premises. First, things, people, and ideas have always traveled. Second, all action is nonetheless local, and people necessarily remake the meanings of schooling and of traveling reforms in each new context. Third, policy and reform are practices of power. Some ethnographers have documented how international organizations and other actors have advocated (not without internal contention) certain global school reforms, and have used both overt and “soft” power to promote them. Many ethnographers have also described how local educators, whether in national ministries or school classrooms, have remade such global reforms to conform to local cultural understandings and material constraints. Therefore, anthropologists predict continued diversity across schools worldwide despite efforts for homogenization.
Globalization, Personalization, and the Learning Apparatus
Authors: Simons Maarten 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The expression “lifelong learning” is now commonplace. To some, it sounds like a condemnation, to others a necessity, and to others still an ideal of freedom. However different these reactions to lifelong learning may be, they demonstrate that learning has become a reality, and consequently something we must relate to in one way or another. Regarding the pervasiveness of learning, two approaches dominate our explanations; the recourse to learning is understood as an expression of the logic of capital or as a deliberate political project. A different approach is adopted in this chapter. The Foucauldian-inspired analysis develops the thesis that learning plays a key role in how we are governed and governing ourselves. After clarifying how the social apparatus is gradually being replaced by a learning apparatus, the chapter takes a closer look at two operational effects of the (digital) learning apparatus: personalization and different sorts of globalization effects.
Globalization, Uncertainty, and the Returns to Education Over the Life Course in Modern Societies
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter , Blossfeld Gwendolin J. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses four interrelated structural shifts of globalization which generate an unprecedented level of structural uncertainty in modern societies. These uncertainties are filtered by country-specific educational institutions and labor markets and are therefore channeled toward different social groups. The chapter focuses on the role of education institutions in the process of globalization and describes how educational outcomes affect individuals’ returns to education in 17 countries. Based on selected theoretical and empirical results of the international comparative Globalife project, this chapter demonstrates that youth and, in particular, the unskilled can be called the “losers” of globalization. In contrast, the qualified midcareer workers (mostly men) often have high levels of job security with relatively high wages and may be considered as the “winners” of globalization. In general, educational investments protect against the risks and uncertainties of globalization. However, there are remarkable differences in how (qualified) workers are affected by globalization over the life course in different countries.
Education Reform as a Global Phenomenon
Authors: Corsi Giancarlo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Reforms and innovations are generalized global phenomena, to the extent of becoming a sort of routine in most of the subsystems of modern society, especially in the educational system. This raises two sets of questions. The first concerns the variables on which reforms can intervene in order to improve education. If we distinguish among interaction (classroom), organization (schools), and society as a whole, the only variables on which reforms can intervene are organizational structures. But (how) can both society and education be improved by changing organizations? The second question is, What is the function of a reform if it is routine; that is, if it does not depend on the achievement of its aims? The answer lies in the relationship between planned reforms and unplanned evolution. As systems theory argues, planning and evolution are not contradictory: Reforms are also a stage of evolution. From this point of view, education represents a particular case.
The University as a World Organization
Authors: Stichweh Rudolf 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The university seems to be the most instructive case of a societal institution that combines a precise localization at a specific place and belongingness and impact in the cities where universities are established with an invariable global relevance. This chapter presents the core arguments for this hypothesis. It looks at historical variants of the local situatedness of universities; explains the long-time persistence of universities); presents the social inclusivity of universities in stratified and modern societies; looks at migrations between universities as a unifying and differentiating force; and introduces the thematic universality of the university and the relevance of this feature for the interrelations of higher education and the other function systems of world society. Internally universities are incessantly restructured by the evolution of interaction systems on which teaching and research are based. The chapter concludes with remarks on the university as a center of the production of science and at the same time the core institution of the production of “human capital.” These centralities are measured and certified and even brought about by the emergence of university rankings as a visible symbol of the unity of a world system of universities.
Factious Education Politics in Chile, 1981–2021
Authors: Mizala Alejandra , Schneider Ben Ross 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the early 1980s, a military regime undertook sweeping reforms in many Chilean markets. The educational system was not an exception: a decentralization process transferred the administration of public schools to municipal governments, and the establishment of a voucher-type student-based subsidy paved the way for private sector participation as a provider of publicly financed education. As a result, the Chilean school system has been, by design, one the most market-based in the world; until the 2015 Inclusion Law, private-voucher schools could charge copayments on top of the voucher, select their students, and be explicitly for profit. For most of the past four decades, education in Chile has been highly politicized and usually contentious, including waves of student protests after 2006. The dimensions of debate and dispute revolved mostly around four interconnected dimensions: state versus market, profit versus nonprofit, stratification and inequality, and quality upgrading and teacher careers. Despite deep transformations in policy, especially after 2014, debates on most of these issues continue.
The Anatomy of AI Audits
Authors: Raji Inioluwa Deborah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A key element in AI governance is the development of standards and regulatory assessments to evaluate claims of performance—when such evaluations are executed with the objective of accountability, I refer to them as AI audits. The nature of such audits can take on multiple forms, depending on the context and the intent of those designing them. Through a discussion of several audit case studies, I break down the key characteristics and function of an audit within the broader structure of AI governance. In particular, I present the key differences between audits conducted by internal stakeholders and those executed by external stakeholders, and demonstrate how, in each case, the goals, perspectives, and challenges faced by the auditor actively inform audit design and feed into audit processes, outcomes, and consequences.
Machine Learning for Detection, Prediction, and Treatment of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Authors: Wang Shirley B. , Dempsey Walter , Hunt Rowan A. , Nock Matthew K. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes current progress, challenges, and future directions in machine learning (ML) for the detection, prediction, and treatment of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). It highlights the importance of identifying individuals at risk for NSSI for prevention and early intervention efforts. ML methods are increasingly accurate at the task of detection, which expanded into the mental health domains. Additionally, researchers have begun to harness ML algorithms to improve clinical decision-making in predicting treatment outcomes for depression, anxiety, smoking cessation, and substance disorders. The chapter also notes the issues of ethics behind ML, such as data leakage that could occur when researchers fail to make a-priori decision during the model training and evaluation stage.
Early Childhood Trauma and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Authors: Serafini Gianluca , Cipriani Nicolò , Costanza De Angelis Laura , Amore Mario 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the interplay between early childhood trauma and nonsuicidal self-injury. It defines early childhood trauma as the experience of a traumatic event by children aged 0–6 years. A traumatic event primarily refers to an emotionally painful, distressful, or violent event that poses a threat to a child’s life, bodily integrity, or sense of safety. The chapter elaborates on different types of childhood trauma, citing how maltreatment consistently presents as the antecedent to psychopathology. It then looks into several childhood trauma prevention and trauma-focused therapeutic approaches, which include trauma-informed care, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.
Medical and Pharmaceutical Interventions in NSSI
Authors: Plener Paul L. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is growing evidence for the efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions to target nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), yet fewer studies have investigated psychopharmacological treatment of NSSI. Although several agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and benzodiazepines have been tested, the evidence for pharmaceutical interventions remains limited. This is especially true for the treatment of minors. There is a general lack of randomized controlled trials in this field of research, with the limited evidence often building on case series and open trials. To date, there is not a licensed psychopharmacological treatment for NSSI. With regard to other “biologically oriented” treatment methods, different modes of stimulation have been tested in populations showing NSSI. These methods include transcranial repetitive magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and transauricular vagal nerve stimulation. However, evidence for these methods is scarce and reports are mostly based on open label trials. In summary, psychotherapeutic interventions remain the primary method of intervention in NSSI, which can be supported by psychopharmacological interventions to treat comorbid conditions (e.g., depression). There is to date not enough evidence to support specific treatment of NSSI using primarily biologically oriented therapeutic approaches.
Application of the Unified Protocol for Treatment of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Authors: Bentley Kate H. , Jaroszewski Adam C. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a prevalent and clinically significant behavioral health problem. Novel therapeutic approaches to treating NSSI are needed, especially given the many well-established barriers to seeking and accessing evidence-based psychological treatment, including for self-injuring individuals specifically. The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) is a cognitive-behavioral protocol designed to address underlying functional mechanisms of the full range of emotional disorders and related problems. This broadly applicable and flexible protocol was developed in part to facilitate dissemination of and training in evidence-based psychological treatment, as therapists have the potential to learn one set of therapeutic strategies that can be used across a wide range of presenting problems and comorbid disorders and symptoms. This chapter presents a rationale for using the UP to treat patients engaging with NSSI—including high rates of co-occurrence NSSI and the emotional disorders and shared functions of NSSI and key emotional disorder features—and the growing empirical support for the UP in the treatment of NSSI. An overview of the core UP therapeutic strategies is provided, with an emphasis on the applicability to targeting NSSI, followed by a detailed illustrative case example. The chapter also addresses significant clinical considerations and makes suggestions for future research on the UP for targeting NSSI.
Conclusion and Future Directions
Authors: Lloyd-Richardson Elizabeth E. , Baetens Imke , Whitlock Janis L. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the possible directions of the field of NSSI research in the future. It details the development of the NSSI field that started from a diverse array of unaligned terms and measures of self-injury. The epidemiological outlines of NSSI presented several notions over the past 20 years, which include the recognition of NSSI as a clinical disorder and the relationship between NSSI and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Moreover, future research could also look into themes of populations, lived experiences, operationalization, assessment of NSSI, novel research methods, and bio-neuro processes. The chapter also explores themes correlated with prevention, intervention, and treatment.
Understanding the Link Between Direct and Indirect Self-Injurious Behavior
Authors: Møhl Bo , Rubæk Lotte 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors examine the factors that might explain why individuals who engage in direct self-injurious behavior (SIB) have a higher likelihood of also engaging in indirect SIB, and vice versa. As there are no general models to describe a transdiagnostic understanding of the potential underlying mechanisms of both direct and indirect SIB, the authors rely on a modified version of the “Conceptual model of interactive risk factors for both NSSI and ED” to describe the etiological factors underlying direct and indirect SIB more broadly. The model distinguishes between distal risk factors (e.g., temperament, family environment, and traumatic experiences) and proximal risk factors (e.g., emotional dysregulation, body disregard, and psychiatric disorders) and their mutual interaction. In both direct and indirect SIB, the motivation to self-injure is related to the function (benefits) of the behaviors. Hence, the behaviors are largely controlled by events that immediately precede and follow them (i.e., antecedents and consequences). In the authors’ review of the shared functions and functional equivalence of direct and indirect SIB, they find that they often serve the same purpose (e.g., affect regulation) and thus may replace or stand in for one another (symptom shifting). Although the two forms of the behavior largely share etiology and functions, the authors still find it useful to maintain the separation between the two phenomena.
Encasted Formalism
Authors: Narayan Vivek V. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter seeks to invoke the spirit of encasted formalism, which reads literature through caste scripts to investigate the entangled relationships between encasted forms and encasted experience. This critical style remains ever alert to the potential of caste to remain hidden in plain view, to be protean in form, and, above all, to be understood only through situated thick descriptions of everyday life. In providing thick descriptions of the encounter between reader and text against a historical backdrop, encasted formalism seeks to be reflexive of caste as encounter and attempts an analysis of the deep dramaturgy of caste. These political readings unpack the assignations of value enacted by caste scripts in both human lives and literary forms to explore the ways in which caste intersects with conceptions of experience and form, the everyday and the event, and, more broadly, the social and the aesthetic.
The Village in Bengali Modernity
Authors: Chaudhuri Supriya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that it is the village, rather than the city, that emerges in Bengali literature and art of the past century as the crucible of modernity—the site where conflicts of land and capital, science and religion, work and property, and language and education must be worked out, and the ideology of nation-building understood. The realities of the village—inhabited, escaped, or returned to—are held in tension with the destructive, confusing, half-imaginary allure of the city. This opposition serves as a paradigm of the modern itself, in its contradictions, failures, and unexpected conjunctions. Moreover, rural or regional histories cannot be understood without reference to the deep ecologies of the Bengal delta, with its constantly shifting land-water-human relations. This chapter examines the complexities of this task of representation in three major novels of the period: Putulnācher Itikathā (The Tale of the Puppet-Dance, 1936) by Manik Bandyopadhyay (1908–1956), Hāñsulī Bāñker Upakathā (The Tale of Hansuli Bend, 1946) by Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay (1898–1971), and Titās Ekti Nadīr Nam (Titas is the Name of a River, 1956) by Advaita Mallabarman (1914–1951).
William Jones, George Grierson, and Verrier Elwin
Authors: Devy G. N. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter brings three iconic Indologists into the discussion of modern Indian literature: Sir William Jones, the founder of the Asiatic Society (18th century); Sir George Abraham Grierson, the architect of the first-ever linguistic survey of India (19th century); and Dr. Verrier Elwin, the architect of India’s policy for the indigenous (20th century). The chapter presents their work as a continuation of a single intellectual project, which made an invisible India visible to the world. India’s past, its linguistic landscape, and the communities of India, made visible by the three, conclusively shaped the horizons of self-perception in India. The collective impact of their life’s work has formed an unchallenged substratum of modern Indian literature.
Romance, Aesthetics, and Progressivism in Marathi Literary Culture
Authors: Sarwate Rahul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the interplay between sexuality, caste, and power in early-20th-century Marathi literary culture by engaging with the works of Narayan Sitaram Phadke (1894–1978), a renowned Marathi novelist. Phadke’s writings emphasized materiality and body, rationality, and individualism, all of which came to be associated with the idea of Maharashtrian progressivism in the literary and intellectual culture of this era. Phadke transformed the idioms of romance, inaugurated earlier by “Ravikiran Mandal” (1923–1939), an association of poets, to pave the way for a new moral aesthetic. Likewise, he imagined literary and aesthetic emancipation as a sovereign space. The chapter seeks to show that the cultural politics of the first half of 20th-century Maharashtra revolved around the categories of the body, rationality, masculinity, and modern ways of being Hindu, which became pivotal for the construction of Maharashtrian progressivism.
Next-Generation Seizure Therapy
Authors: Deng Zhi-De , Lisanby Sarah H. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is highly effective in treating severe psychiatric conditions, but its cognitive side effects have been a limiting factor in its clinical use. Fortunately, decades of research have led to improvements in ECT technique that have improved its risk:benefit ratio. Insights derived from the relationships among treatment technique (including electrode placement, pulse width, and other parameters of stimulation) and clinical outcomes (such as antidepressant efficacy and adverse cognitive side effects) have advanced scientific understanding regarding the roles of the induced electric field and resultant changes in brain structure and function. These insights have paved the way for the next generation of seizure therapy devices which seek to further enhance the safety and efficacy of ECT, including more focal electrode configurations and magnetic seizure induction. This chapter reviews the latest developments in the modernization of the oldest somatic therapy still in use in psychiatry today, and highlights areas for future development.
Introduction to Diversity of Human Diets in the Past
Authors: Katzenberg M. Anne 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe dispersal of modern Homo sapiens around the globe necessitated adaptation to locally available plants and animals. People developed detailed knowledge of these food sources and modified their environments to enhance growth of plants and access to animals. Methods for revealing the development of local dietary adaptations include analyses of plant and animal remains, food residues, chemical signatures in preserved human tissues, and changes in human disease experience. This introduction touches on these topics, which are covered in depth in the chapters that make up part two of the volume.