bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lessing's Basic Thought in The Education of the Human Race
Authors: Yasukata Toshimasa 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explicates Lessing's basic thought as set forth in his theological and religious‐philosophical manifesto, The Education of the Human Race. A meticulous and thoroughgoing analysis of the text unravels Lessing's dialectical conception of the relationship between revelation and reason. For Lessing, the human race finds fulfillment in a developmental process induced and propelled by divine revelation. Hence he introduces the novel concept of the development of human reason as a gradual appropriation of divine revelation. The chapter concludes that the ideal of Lessingian enlightenment is the attainment of an “autotheonomy” in which “autonomy is at the same time theonomy.”
Lessing's “Spinozism”
Authors: Yasukata Toshimasa 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Argues the question of Lessing's alleged “Spinozism.” The discussion shows that Lessing's hen kai pan [One and All] signifies not a Spinozistic pantheism but a panentheism of spiritualistic stamp. It is also pointed out that for Lessing's hen kai pan there are three different Greek formulas: hen kai pan, as Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi reports in his letter to Moses Mendelssohn; hen ego kai panta, as Lessing's own 1780 handwritten epigram suggests; and hen ego kai pan, as introduced in recent years by Alexander Altmann and Erwin Quapp. Religious‐philosophical as well as linguistic observation recommends taking the phrase hen ego kai panta [I am One and All] as Lessing's most authentic formula, thus suggesting that the world (panta and God (theos) are mediated through the first person “I” (ego). In view of this “panta” formula, our concluding proposal is to characterize Lessing's view of God and the world as “pantaentheism.”
Conclusion
Authors: Yasukata Toshimasa 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Offers a general summary of our findings on Lessing's view of Christianity and reason and discusses certain implications of his work for contemporary thinking. It has been demonstrated that Christianity stood at the forefront of Lessing's concerns throughout his life, though his contribution to the history of Protestantism is actually Janus‐faced. For Lessing, as his famous dictum testifies, the goal of enlightenment is a mature autonomy capable of confessing that absolute truth is for God alone. We propose to designate this ideal of Lessingian enlightenment as the attainment of an “autotheonomy” in which “autonomy is at the same time theonomy.” Our inquiry confirms that Lessing's thought contains the potential needed for the constitutive elements of a viable theology in the postmodern age.
Radical Interpretation and Indeterminacy
Authors: McCarthy Timothy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Attempts to offer a response to Quine's arguments for the indeterminacy of reference and translation by developing an original theory of radical interpretation, i.e. the project of characterising from scratch the language and attitudes of an unknown agent or population. Ch. 1 situates the theory put forward in the context of the recent history of the subject and offers arguments against its main competitors, namely, Kripkean theories of reference and Dummettian verificationist accounts. Ch. 2 introduces the constitutive principles of McCarthy's own theory of radical interpretation, exploiting the constraints on interpretation suggested by Davidson and Lewis as the starting point of discussion. Chs 3 and 4 apply McCarthy's framework to theories of reference and the interpretation problem for the philosophy of logic, offering original accounts of how the reference of expressions in specific problem categories, in particular, proper names, observational predicates, and natural kind terms, is determined, and how the logical devices of a language can be characterized on the basis of data provided by an interpretation of its speakers.
Introduction
Authors: McCarthy Timothy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Serves three main purposes: first, it lays out and attempts to justify the methodological point of view of the investigation. Secondly, it situates the theory put forward in the context of the recent history of the subject, which is dominated by three families of responses to Quine's indeterminacy arguments, namely, Kripkean theories of reference, Dummettian verificationist accounts, and theories of interpretation along the lines of those favoured by Davidson and Lewis. Thirdly, it sketches some of the substantive conclusions reached in the subsequent chapters of the book.
Utilitarian Attack and Stoic Withdrawal: Two Extremes
Authors: Card Claudia 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The classical utilitarians regarded all suffering as evil, regardless of source, and aimed to eliminate as much suffering as possible from the world. Stoics, in contrast, regarded as neither good nor evil what eludes our control and held that the only thing we can be sure of controlling is our own will; hence, for stoics, evil consists simply in wrongful uses of the will and it is a mistake to place importance on suffering that has external sources. The atrocity theory of evil, combining features of utilitarianism with features of stoicism, treats both harm suffered and wrongful willing as essential to an evil, specifies that evils have sources in culpable wrongdoing, and recognizes as evil only those wrongful willings that also cause intolerable harm. John Rawls's theory of justice, also intermediate between stoicism and utilitarianism, emphasizes primary good rather than basic harm and consequently, unlike the author's theory, does not distinguish evils from lesser injustices.
Rape in War
Authors: Card Claudia 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Sexual enslavement of women and girls, for the enjoyment of soldiers and officers, destroys countless young female lives, and mass rape in war is further terroristic, aiming to intimidate and demoralize the enemy, tamper with the identity and loyalties of the next generation, undermine national and cultural solidarity, splinter families, and disperse populations. The relative invisibility of the evils of both sexual slavery in war and rape as a weapon of war may be explained by the “magnitude gap” between perceptions of perpetrators and victims, by the intimate nature of the harm to victims, by the deaths of victims whose stories are never heard, and by the absence of sadism in the culpability of many perpetrators. As strategies of resistance, women could become armed, skilled in weapons use, and become integrated into the military at all levels. More long‐range goals are to dismantle domestic and international protection rackets and change the symbolic meanings of rape. Fantasies of castration and compulsory transsexual surgery for rapists are explored, with attention on the attitudinal advantages for women of supporting such penalties and the self‐defeating character of such penalties as means to changing the social meanings of rape.
The Moral Burdens and Obligations of Perpetrators
Authors: Card Claudia 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Perpetrators of atrocities carry burdens of guilt and incur obligations to apologize and repair harm. Mercy from victims is not only a power to relieve punishment or blame but also a compassionate response that allows perpetrators to carry out responsibilities of reparation and apology, which in turn enable them to manifest goodwill and develop trustworthiness. Mercy and the gratitude that it naturally evokes thus have the potential to substitute mutually reinforcing goodwill for past ill will, provided that mercy can be shown compatibly with justice and self‐respect. As a response to one's own evildoing, guilt has an advantage over shame in that although shame can motivate achievements that restore self‐esteem, guilt can also motivate rectification of wrongs to others, which not only supports the rectifier's self‐esteem but also can alleviate victims’ resentment. Contrary to the popular view of guilt as simply negative (and thereby perverse), guilt can manifest itself in such constructive responses as confession, contrition, apology, restitution, and reparation, which actually relieve negative self‐judgment.
Gray Zones: Diabolical Evil Revisited
Authors: Card Claudia 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter proposes, and illustrates, with the idea of gray zones, a more historically accurate conception of diabolical evil than the one rejected by Kant: the deliberate and successful pursuit of others’ moral corruption (as the serpent of Genesis does with Eve), rather than evil for evil's sake (Kant's view). Primo Levi described as “gray zones” the predicaments of prisoners in Nazi death camps who were selected to administer evils to other prisoners in exchange for reductions in or postponements of their own torture and who thereby faced choices between extreme suffering (or immediate and horrible death) and serious moral compromise; the deliberate creation of gray zones, this chapter argues, is a paradigm of diabolical evil. People in gray zones are forced to risk moral corruption in becoming implicated, by their own choices, in perpetrating on others’ evils that threaten to engulf themselves. Gray zones are marked by the presence of severe duress, combinations of evil and innocence, and lack of clarity of one's responsibilities, one's motivations, or what is morally justifiable, given one's options. Outsiders may be in no position to judge gray zone agents, but insiders face better and worse choices and sometimes hold each other accountable; refusing to abdicate responsibility for one's choices in a gray zone works to disrupt cycles of evil.
Beyond Rigidity
Authors: Soames Scott 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In Naming and Necessity Saul Kripke undermined descriptive analyses of names by showing that names are rigid designators; thereby telling us what their meanings are not, but not what they are. In Beyond Rigidity, Scott Soames strengthens Kripke's attack, while also providing a positive theory of the semantics and pragmatics of names. Using a new conception of how the meaning of a sentence relates to the information asserted and conveyed by utterances, Soames argues that the meaning of a linguistically simple name is its referent, and that the meaning of a linguistically complex, partially descriptive, name is a compound that includes both its referent and a partial description. After illustrating these analyses with simple sentences containing names, Soames extends them to sentences that report the assertions and beliefs of agents. Appealing again to his new understanding of the relationship between meaning and information asserted and conveyed, Soames attempts to reconcile the central semantic doctrines of Millianism and Russellianism with Fregean intuitions about the information carried by belief and other propositional attitude ascriptions. Finally, Soames investigates the relationship between proper names and natural kind terms, including mass nouns, count nouns, and adjectives functioning as predicates. After showing that natural kind predicates do not fit reasonable definitions of rigidity, he argues that there is no notion of rigid designation for predicates that (1) is a natural extension of the notion of rigidity for singular terms, (2) is such that simple natural kind predicates are standardly rigid whereas many other predicates are not, and (3) plays the role imagined by Kripke in explaining the necessary a posteriori status of theoretical identities like Water is H2O and An object x is hotter than an object y iff x has a higher mean molecular kinetic energy than y. Finally, Soames uses key elements of Kripke's discussion to construct an alternative explanation of the necessary a posteriori character of these sentences that is based on the nondescriptionality of simple natural kind predicates, and the manner in which their meaning and reference is determined.
Rigid Designation and Its Lessons for the Semantic Contents of Proper Names
Authors: Soames Scott 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chapter explains the idea that names are rigid designators, and how it is used in Kripke's modal argument against the view that names are synonymous with descriptions associated with them by speakers. The modal argument is defended against the two leading attempts to circumvent it and reinstate descriptivism – one which claims that names are rigidified descriptions, and the other which claims that they are descriptions that are required to take wide scope when embedded in modal (but not epistemic) constructions. These views are refuted, with the result that Kripke's original modal argument is strengthened and extended so as to constitute a decisive objection to all standard forms of descriptivism. However, this result is shown to be compatible with the possibility that there may be a class of linguistically complex, partially descriptive proper names, like Princeton University, the meanings of which include some descriptive elements.
Millian Meaning and Pseudo‐Fregean Attitudes
Authors: Soames Scott 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
It is argued that the propositions semantically expressed by attitude ascriptions report relations to the Russellian propositions expressed by their complement clauses, and hence that pairs of ascriptions that differ only in the substitution of linguistically simple, coreferential names, or indexicals are semantically equivalent. It is explained how ascriptions that are equivalent in this way may nevertheless be used by speakers to assert and convey propositions with different truth values. The end result is a theory in which a Millian account of the semantic contents of simple names and indexicals, plus a Russellian treatment of propositional attitude ascriptions, is reconciled with Fregean intuitions about the information asserted and conveyed by utterances of both simple sentences and attitude ascriptions. The chapter concludes with an examination of the consequences of this theory for Kripke's doctrines about identity sentences and the necessary a posteriori.
The Gospel, the Declaration, and the Divine Child
Authors: McKanan Dan 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines both theoretical and literary expressions of the “ultra” reform tradition. This tradition was shaped by the charismatic personality of William Lloyd Garrison (editor of The Liberator) and the radical pacifism movement known as nonresistance. The theology of nonresistance held, first, that the gospel demands a practice of nonviolent love; second, that humans possess sufficient natural virtue to fulfil that gospel mandate; and third, that no human being should be subordinated to any other. These ideas found literary expression in Henry Clarke Wright's autobiography, Human Life, and in Sylvester Judd's novel, Margaret. Yet these novels also betrayed the liberal faith in humanity to the extent that they assumed that true nonviolence could be achieved only by Christ‐like children, rather than by all people.
On Emotions as Judgments (1988)
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEmotions are judgments, I argue again, and analyze in considerable detail what this means. I argue that emotions are spontaneous, prereflective, evaluative (“appraisals”), constitutive, systematic, self‐involved, tied to desires, tied to their expression, not “dispassionate”, not propositional, sustaining rather than initiating, structural rather than disruptive.
Back to Basics: On the Very Idea of “Basic Emotions” (1993, Rev. 2001)
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMany psychologists and philosophers now accept the idea that there are “basic emotions,” emotions whose essence is an “affect program”. I argue that in fact this idea is quite old, and that it relies on metaphors and analogies that are quite problematic. Much of the current discussion follows Paul Ekman's influential work on the facial expressions of emotion (which has been sadly neglected in philosophy), but I challenge the very idea of basic emotions as reductionist and unfaithful to the complexity and richness of emotions, even the supposed basic ones.
The Formation of the First Amendment
Authors: Curry Thomas J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Religious liberty depends on keeping the government out of religious matters, whereas religious toleration is a gift of government. Virginia's Bill for Religious Liberty and Massachusetts’ Constitution of 1780 illustrated these contrasting concepts. The modern preoccupation with the meaning of establishment of religion overlooks the significance to Americans in 1789, of the free exercise of religion. So, too, modern emphasis on the image of “separation of Church and State” leads scholars away from an appreciation of the historical meaning of the Amendment.
The Buddhist Understanding of Other Animals
Authors: Waldau Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examining the common view that Buddhism is sensitive to nonhuman animals, this chapter concludes that the tradition has an ambivalent view of existence as a nonhuman animal, and that early Buddhists were often very derisive and dismissive of the realities of nonhuman animals. Despite the central place of animal stories and their important emphases on continuity and compassion and the ethical achievements obvious in the First Precept (do not harm), recognizable harms to even the most complicated nonhuman animals, such as elephants, were deemed to be humans’ prerogatives under the moral order. The notion of “speciesism” illuminates features of how mainline Buddhism has come to understand the place of other animals even though there are subtraditions and important ethics‐based attitudes that do not easily fit the description “speciesist.”
Other Animals in the Christian Tradition
Authors: Waldau Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter first addresses claims and terms found in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, such as covenants and “Leviathan.” New Testament references to and views of other animals are then examined. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the vocabulary and the views held by major post‐biblical theologians based on an examination of the Greek and Latin words used by Justin Martyr, Irenaeus of Lyons, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Augustine of Hippo, as well as various words found in the Septuagint and Vulgate.
Well‐Ordered Science
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The question is answered by introducing an ideal, the ideal of well‐ordered science In well‐ordered science the inquiries pursued are those that would have been selected by a well‐informed group of deliberators dedicated to working cooperatively with one another. Well‐ordered science is contrasted with vulgar democracy and with elitism. The chapter suggests various ways in which our current practice of the sciences falls short of the ideal.
The Luddites' Laments
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
By the same token, there are no good arguments for supposing that restricting inquiry will lead to the human good. The discussion of Chapters 12 and 13 constructs an argument for rejecting rival theologies, both those that hold that truth must be beneficial and those that regret the discoveries of past science. Well‐ordered science encourages a humble agnosticism.
Standing Alone
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of Southern Christianity in the post-colonial era and notes that with few exceptions and despite Western Christian concern, the new churches have survived and flourished. Some of the greatest triumphs have been enjoyed precisely by the structures created by colonial authorities–the mainstream Catholic and Protestant mission churches. However, although these older churches and missions are the primary fact, there are also many smaller independent indigenous Christian cults/denominations, which have arisen where older groupings have proved inadequate for a changing society; these are often Pentecostal and may be either indigenous or Northern in origin. This type of growth is particularly evident in Latin America, where there has been a major defection from Catholicism to Protestantism (including Pentecostalism); the boom in Pentecostal sects in Latin America and the Catholic response to this are described, and similar Protestant and Pentecostal expansion in the African independent churches/denominations and in Asia outlined. The last part of the chapter investigates the reasons for the expansion of Christianity in diverse cultures, looking in particular at some of the radical Pentecostal communities that have developed and at the common characteristics of Pentecostal sects and what people want from them, the critical idea being that God intervenes directly in everyday life and provides solutions to problems; this is a clear differentiation from Northern Christianity.
The Rise of the New Christianity
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter presents an analysis of the growth of the new Southern Christianity in relation to population growth in Southern countries, which is expected to surge dramatically in the middle term (the next fifty years) before coming to resemble more those of the older industrial nations. This is contrasted with the situation in Europe (and Japan), where the population is declining. The impact of Southern population growth on the world’s religious structures is discussed in terms of the problems of quantifying and predicting church membership, and the possible future demographics of Christian communities are discussed, including those of the steadily growing and huge metropolitan complexes that are likely to exist in the South by 2050. The next three sections of the chapter look at declining religious identification (dechristianization) in Europe, and at what may happen when Southern peoples face continuing pressure to migrate North to Europe and North America (in particular the United States), bringing their religious and cultural patterns with them. The last section discusses Christian America, and the fact that the United States is home to a remarkable number of religious denominations, which, overwhelmingly, are traditions within the broader stream of Christianity.
The Next Crusade
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter looks at how the international politics of the coming decades are likely to revolve around interfaith conflict, above all, the clash between Christianity and Islam. Across the regions that will be the most populous in the twenty-first century there are already vast religious conflicts and contests in progress, although they impinge very little on Western opinion makers and the parochialism of Western public opinion is striking. Demographic projections suggest that these religious feuds will not only continue but become worse, although it is pointed out that, for various reasons, it is very difficult to obtain and project accurate numbers of the people belonging to different religions in any particular country. Nevertheless, of the world’s twenty-five largest nations, by the mid-twentieth-first century, if the current religious balance continues, nine are likely to be wholly or predominantly Muslim, eight wholly or predominantly Christian and three deeply divided between the two; it is suggested that by 2050 there could be ten of the largest nations profoundly divided between these two religions and, therefore, subject to instability as a result of inter-religious violence. The last part of the chapter considers some of the main fronts of religious conflicts, with discussion of Sudan, Egypt, Nigeria, Asia (as represented by Pakistan, Indonesia, the Philippines) and Europe, the cycles of violence in Christian–Muslim conflicts, the place of Judaism in Christian–Muslim relations, conflicts between Hinduism and Buddhism, and various possible future scenarios based on religious conflict in different countries.