bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parmenides and Xenophanes 1n the Sophist and Timaeus
Authors: Palmer John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our discussion of the various sophistic Parmenideanisms in both the Parmenides and the Sophist and of the role they play in introducing difficulties that Plato is concerned with resolving in the positive portions of these dialogues has given a prominent place to problems concerning the nature of predication. I have been suggesting that Plato’s efforts to resolve the range of problems raised by the various sophistic appropriations of Parmenides will be grounded, at least in part, in his own rival understanding of Parmenides. This suggestion implies that Plato saw in Parmenides a model for how to develop the more complex conception of predication that enables him to explain how one thing can have many names. But we may not want to go quite so far, for Parmenides clearly does not engage in the type of philosophical reflection on the nature of predication that one finds in Plato. Nevertheless, even if Plato did not see in Parmenides an actual model for his own specific account of the nature of predication, he still may have seen him as allowing a genuine role for various types of predication and therefore as not legitimating the sophistic attempts to restrict radically the range of admissible predications.
Plato’s Parmenides and the Parmenides’s Second Deduction
Authors: Palmer John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The remaining portion of the Truth describes the further perfections of Being considered in itself rather than in its manifestations. The properties it is shown to have in itself are all present in the Second Deduction’s account of the One-that-is. Rather than take up these properties as they occur in Parmenides’ poem and demonstrate how they are attributed to the One-that-is in the Parmenides, however, I want instead to follow through certain arguments in the Second Deduction itself in order to show how it reflects Plato’s use of Parmenides. In discussing the relation of the Sophist’s second critique of Eleaticism to this deduction, we have seen how Parmenides expresses the idea that the One has both ‘one’ and ‘being’ predicable of it by saying that the hypothesis that the One is signifies that the One is such as to have parts. Describing the One as a whole having different parts is a way of speaking of its capacity to have more than one property predicated of it. This basically spatial model of predication may well seem unfortunate, and its infelicity might be thought responsible for some of the tortured ambiguities of the Second Deduction. But since Plato develops this spatial model of predication via his appropriation of Parmenides, we need to try to come to grips with the problems it poses.
Fiduciary Relationship: An Ethical Approach and a Legal Concept?
Authors: Brazier Margaret , Lobjoit Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The HIV epidemic has graphically illustrated society’s continuing inability to agree on the fundamental nature of the relationship between health professionals and their patients. Traditional notions of paternalism have been eroded and discredited. Respect for the patient’s autonomy is much trumpeted. Yet at the same time many practitioners argue that informed consent is a myth1 and English law largely continues to endorse medical paternalism. Screening for HIV has revealed the contradictions in our response to the debate on patients’ rights and professional responsibilities in a stark fashion. On the one hand it is contended that any professional testing for HIV without the patient’s informed consent commits a criminal offence. On the other, the government endorses a programme of unlinked anonymous testing for epidemiological purposes where, as we will show, consent truly is a myth. Moreover, the Royal College of Surgeons, not an institution given to incitement to crime, advises its members that in certain circumstances they can, and should, proceed with non-consensual testing.
Getting Perplexed about the Virtues
Authors: Matthews Gareth B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose Aristotle is right about how philosophy got started in the ancient Greek world. Suppose philosophy did arise, historically, from astonishment over how difficult it is to deal with basic puzzles about the universe. Is that also, as Aristotle suggests it might be, the way individual philosophers come to do philosophy? Even if Aristotle’s account fits the biographies of the very first Western philosophers, the Presocratic ones, does it also fit those oflater philosophers? In particular, does it fit Socrates?
Getting Perplexed about Divine Normativity
Authors: Matthews Gareth B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early dialogue Euthyphro is similar, in several important ways, to the Laches. Both are definitional dialogues. And both end in apparent failure; they therefore count as ‘aporetic dialogues’, that is, dialogues that end in aporia, perplexity. To be sure, the word aporia does not actually occur in the Euthyphro (though, as we noted in the last chapter, both it and its cognates occur several times in the Laches). Nevertheless, Socrates’ interlocutor, Euthyphro, gives us a nice display of philosophical perplexity when, after the crucial central argument, he erupts in frustration, ‘But Socrates, I am simply unable to tell you what I think, for whatever we put forward goes around and refuses to stay put where we place it’ (IIb).
Perplexity as Itself a Target of Inquiry
Authors: Matthews Gareth B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato’ s dialogue Theaetetus ends with an agreement to meet again the next day. His dialogue Sophist seems to offer an account of the next day’s meeting. The main characters from the Theaetetus—Socrates, Theodorus, and Theodorus’ pupil, Theaetetus — are on hand for the discussion in the Sophist. But Socrates steps aside to let a newcomer, the Eleatic Stranger, take over the role of discussion leader. Why?
Quality of Well-Being: Quality of Being
Authors: Skorupski John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is an old idea that there is quality as well as quantity of well-being-that a distinction (perhaps a number of distinctions) can and should be drawn between higher and lower human goods. The implications of the idea differ according to the wider ethical framework in which one places it. But since virtually everyone thinks that a notion of individual well-being plays one or another major role in our ethical thought the questions at stake whether it makes sense to distinguish between higher and lower goods, and what it might mean to do so-are of wide interest. In this essay I want first to examine the idea as such (Sections 1-3) and then to consider its place within a moral philosophy which takes the ethical standard to be the well-being of all, impartially assessed (Section 4).
Freedom, Morality, and Recognition: Some Theses of Kant and Hegel
Authors: Skorupski John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kant affirms that no one transgresses the moral law in full freedom. Hegel says that punishment is the right of the transgressor. Both theses seem implausible, even bizarre. They are also in apparent tension; in that rightful punishment might be thought to presuppose that the transgression was fully free-while a punishment to which the transgressor has a right presumably is a rightful punishment. Nonetheless, despite this apparent implausibility and tension, both theses are true. Or so I shall argue; I shall also consider how they are connected. Although I draw on some important arguments of Kant and Hegel my aim is to isolate those parts of the arguments which are really necessary for the defence of the two theses and to show that these parts are sound, whatever may be said of the rest. My main interest, then, is in the two theses and their relationship, rather than in the interpretation of Kant and Hegel (though obviously I hope that such interpretative claims as occur below are indeed correct).
Psyche, Soma, and the Vitalist Philosophy of Medicine
Authors: Rey”’ Roselyne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to understand the positions held by vitalist physicians in the second half of the eighteenth century, it is important to be aware of the intellectual milieu in which vitalism developed, and of the specific theories to which its proponents were reacting. Vitalism1 was a view on the relationship of the body and soul (lime) whose main feature may be seen as the rejection of any form of simplistic dualism. In fact, in the course of their simultaneous attacks on both mechanist and animist views, the eighteenth-century vitalists tended to circumscribe the problems they were facing rather than to provide a final, unified response to them.
Describing Polysemy: The Case of ‘Crawl’
Authors: Fillmore Charles J , Atkins B T S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The realization that a word can have more than one meaning becomes a part of the ordinary language user’s awareness through everyday experiences with dictionaries. It is common for a dictionary entry to have numbered or lettered sub-parts, and these are understood as informing the user of meaning differences for the word. An example of such a division into separate senses can be seen in the entry for the verb crawl in the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHD, 1992) shown in Figure 5.1. Ordinary dictionary users seldom have a need to look a word up in more than one dictionary, but if they do, they are likely to discover discrepancies between one dictionary and another in respect to the manner of representing the meanings a word can have. Figure 5.2 shows the entry for the same verb in the Collins English Dictionary (CED, 1991).
Gradient Well-Formedness Optimality Theory
Authors: Hayes Bruce P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Virtually every generative linguist has had the following experience: a given linguistic entity (sentence, novel word, pronunciation) is presented to a native speaker and judged to be neither fully well-formed nor fully unacceptable. In such instances, consultants often say things like ‘I guess I could say that; ‘It’s all right but not perfect; ‘It’s pretty bad but not completely out; and the like. Such judgements often get reified: the data are sorted into grammatical and ungrammatical categories, and an analysis is developed in which the rules or principles generate all and only the grammatical outcomes. This procedure is controversial, as Schutze’s (1996) comprehensive review points out. Critics of generative grammar might take the existence of gradient well-formedness judge ments as an indication that the entire enterprise is misconceived: that discrete ‘categories; ‘rules; and ‘constraints’ are just illusions suffered by the linguist.
Language Diversity: Patterns in Space
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we move on from the mechanisms that produce linguistic diversity in general to the actual distribution of languages in the world. I shall be trying to explain why there are so many, and why they are distributed the way that they are. Defining and counting distinct languages is problematic, as it is far from clear exactly what constitutes one language. I shall return to this problem in Section 4.2 For the time being, we merely need to note that linguists do often refer to such entities, and furthermore that an impressive catalogue of the world’s languages has been compiled by the Summer Institute of Linguists and published as the Ethnologue series (the most recent of which, at the time of writing, was Grimes 1993). Grimes (1993) lists 6,528 distinct living languages, plus a number of extinct ones. A first observation about this number is that it is vastly greater than most people realize; non-specialists are hard pushed to name more than a couple of dozen languages, and estimate the global total in hundreds or tens rather than thousands. This is because the overwhelming majority of languages are spoken by small groups living in the Third World, as we shall see. The second point to make about the languages in the Ethnologue concerns the unevenness of their distribution. The speakers of the ten most widely spoken languages add up to half the world’s population.1 On the other hand, there are literally thousands of very small languages, and these are much more numerous in some countries than in others, as the following examples clearly show.
Aristotle (384–322BC)
Authors: Charles David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle was born at Stagira in Chalcidice in northern Greece. His father was a doctor whose patients included Amyntas, King of Macedonia. At the age of 17, Aristotle went to Athens to study under Plato, and remained at the Academy for nearly twenty years until Plato’s death in 348/7. When Speusippus succeeded Plato as its head, Aristotle left Athens, lived for a while in Assos and Mytilene, and then was invited to return to Macedonia by Philip to tutor Alexander. Aristotle returned to Athens in 335 at the age of 49, and founded his own philosophical school. He worked there for twelve years until Alexander’s death in 323, when the Athenians in strongly anti-Macedonian mood brought a formal charge of impiety against him. Aristotle escaped with his life to Chaicis, but died there in the following year at the age of 62. He married twice, and had a son, Nicomachus, by his second wife.
John Locke (1632–1704)
Authors: Woolhouse Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foremost English philosopher of the early period of modem post-Cartesian philosophy was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. Besides studying, and then teaching, subjects such as logic, moral philosophy, rhetoric, and Greek, he had a deep and abiding interest in medicine, which brought him into the service of the Earl of Shaftesbury. As secretary to Shaftesbury he became involved in Protestant politics. This involvement resulted in an exile in Holland from 1683 to 1689, when, shortly after William of Orange took the throne, he returned to England and a life of private study and public service.
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844–1900)
Authors: Schacht Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
GERMAN philosopher and critic par excellence. A classical philologist by training and academic profession, Nietzsche’s philosophical efforts—deriving chiefly from the last dozen years of his short productive life—were little heeded until long after his physical and mental collapse in 1889 (at the age of only 44). He subsequently emerged as one of the most controversial, unconventional, and important figures in the history of modem philosophy. His influence upon European philosophy in the twentieth century has been profound; and he has belatedly come to receive considerable attention in the English-speaking world as well, as the shadow cast by the travesty of his appropriation by the Nazis and Fascists has receded, along with the sway of philosophical fashions inhospitable to his kind of thinking and writing. He gave his Beyond Good and Evil the subtitle Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future; and in this he may well have been prophetic.
Bertrand Russell (1872–1970)
Authors: Sainsbury Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Third Earl Russell, British philosopher, mathematician, Nobel Prize-winner (Literature, 1950), civil-rights activist, and public figure. His most important philosophical works date from the first two decades of the century, and include the magisterial Prindpia Mathematica (1910–13), written jointly with Alfred North Whitehead. In the period between the world wars, he came to public notice through some influential books about morals and mores, which he claimed were written for money. After the Second World War, he was a prominent member of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (and was arrested for participating in one of their protest demonstrations), and helped initiate the Pugwash conferences, international gatherings of distinguished intellectuals, mainly scientists, devoted to discussing ways to achieve and maintain world peace. His Autobiography caused a stir by its selective frankness, and by the rather unattractive picture it conveyed of the great man’s tardy yet intense emotional development.
Introduction: Intuitive physics
Authors: Eilan Naomi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All the chapters in Part II and portions of Campbell’s chapter in in Part I are concerned with the connection between the representation of physical objects, in perception and thought, and grasp of an intuitive [naive) physics. They all share the view that the connection is deep; that both perceiving and thinking of an entity as a physical object are inseparable from grasp of an intuitive physics -- principles that systematically link geometrical properties such as distance and size with physical properties such as velocity, acceleration and mass. However, the phrase ‘intuitive [naive] physics’, as it is used in the psychological literature (and, increasingly, in the philosophical literature) covers a wide range of different kinds of principles, and different ways of grasping them. These differences are reflected in the substantially different claims made in each of the four chapters about the content of the physical principles what are linked to object representation, and about the nature of the link. Our aim in these introductory remarks will be to bring out a few of the distinctions and issues that may be of use in assessing the relations among these claims; where they potentially conflict, where they are complementary and so forth.
Content and vehicle
Authors: Millikan Ruth Garrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When my daughter Natasha was very small, she often arrived in my bed in the night. One morning she woke there, eyes big with excitement: ‘Mommy, I saw your dream!’ The dream was mine, it seems, because it was in my bed. A charming mingling of the intentional contents of a representation with attributes of the vehicle of representation - something that we philosophers try hard to avoid. The possible forms of this confusion are numerous, however, and some are vanishingly subtle. Some, I believe, persist in the work of contemporary philosophers, philosophers explicitly aware of the danger. The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate certain very abstract varieties of this confusion as they appear in contemporary work on perception.
Assembling routines and addressing representations: An alternative conceptualization of ‘what’ and ‘where’ in the human brain
Authors: McCarthy Rosaleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At an intuitive level it seems obvious that there is a dose relationship between ‘what’ and ‘where’. in visual perception: in order to perceive an object it is necessary to segregate out a portion of visual space as an object; objects stand out from their backgrounds by virtue of their spatial properties; they are even differentiated from each other because they have different spatial organizations. The intuitive notion of a very particular type of dependence between ‘what’ and ‘where’ has been brought into question by recent psychological and neuropsychological evidence. An extreme but widely supported view is that the processes of spatial analysis and object perception depend on specific, independent computational operations. These cognitive distinctions arc mirrored at the anatomical level by separate neural pathways (see Figure 17.l). The integration of’what’ and ‘where’ information is construed as a computationally complex process rather than a basic property of information extraction.
On the Philosophical Significance of Frege’s Theorem
Authors: wright crispin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My interest in Frege’s philosophy of mathematics was kindled by studying Grundlagen as a visiting graduate student in Oxford under Michael Dummett’s supervision in 1966–7. I don’t think I had realized before that year how deep analytical philosophy can reach. The experience decided me to become a professional philosopher if I could. However, my debt in thinking about these matters is, of course, not just to Michael’s teaching of thirty years ago, but to his encouragement, writings, and general example ever since. I would have liked to avoid the apparent ingratitude of contributing a chapter to his Festschrift with which he will largely disagree! He will agree, anyway, about the interest and importance of the larger debate.
5.1 Socrates’ Final Two Speeches
Authors: Brickhouse Thomas C , Smith Nicholas D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the foregoing chapters we have tried to explain why Socrates hoped his defense would succeed, and how the actual defense he presented was supposed to serve this end. Our argument has been that sense can be made of the Apology only if Socrates is seen as attempting to secure his acquittal in a manner consistent with his principles. To be sure, we can conceive of ways in which he could have made his release more likely; but to have done so would have required him to violate one or more of his deepest moral or religious convictions. These same convictions, none the Jess, did not prevent Socrates from undertaking a serious defense. On the contrary: he thought himself obliged to do so, and he fulfilled his obligation with dignity, elegance, and economy.
Descartes, Augustine, And The Status Of Faith
Authors: Menn Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the Augustinian theologian Antoine Arnauld wrote the ‘Fourth set of Objections’ to the Meditations, scholars have been struck by the resemblances between Descartes’s philosophy and that of St Augustine. “It first occurs to me to marvel [miranl]says Arnauld, “that the most eminent man [Descartes] has established as the first principle of his whole philosophy the same thing that was established by the divine Augustine, a man of the most acute intellect and entirely admirable [mirandus] not only in theological but also in philosophical matters” (AT vii. 197-8);1 for both Descartes in the Meditations and Augustine in the dialogue De libero arbitrio (On free will) begin their reconstructions of knowledge with the indubitable knowledge of oneself as a thinking thing.
Introduction
Authors: Krausz Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While musicians are engaged in the details of performing particular musical works, philosophers of music enquire into the presuppositions of the practice of musical interpretation. Yet there is a dialectical relationship between the practice of musical interpretation and philosophizing about it. Characteristically, interpreters of music entertain philosophical views (however inchoate) about musical interpretation. And philosophers of music—by taking certain cases as salient and describing them in certain ways—reveal their musical biases (however inchoate). For example, an interpreter’s decision whether to play one or, another version of a piece, whether he should make certain cuts, whether he should use one instrument or another, whether he should emphasize certain elements and de-emphasize others, in part depends upon certain philosophical convictions. How he deals with these sorts of decisions will involve his view on what a musical work is—for example, on whether it is fully embodied in a score, on how strictly all markings should be respected, on what pertinence historical research has to his performances, on how decisive is the role of a historical or reconstructed composer, and so on. In short, discourse about musical interpretation should be informed at both the practical and philosophical levels. This collection of essays by philosophers of music is offered as a contribution to one side of that dialectic relationship.