bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Death in September
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the ghastly events of September 11, 2001, another September day 139 years earlier remains the bloodiest single day in American history. The 6,300 to 6,500 Union and Confederate soldiers killed and mortally wounded near the Maryland village of Sharpsburg on September 17, 1862, were more than twice the number of fatalities suffered in the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001.
The Pendulum of War 1861–1862
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most civil wars or revolutions, the insurrectionary army must fight to gain control of land, or government, or both. In the American Civil War, however, the eleven states of the Confederacy established a functioning government at Richmond in May 1861 with its armies in control of virtually all of the 750,000 square miles that constituted its national territory. To “win “ the war that began with Confederate seizure of Fort Sumter, the South needed only to defend what it already possessed by repelling enemy invasions and wearing out the will of the Northern people to carry on the war.
Showdown at Sharpsburg
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first casualty of the Confederate invasion was the anticipation that Marylanders would flock to the Southern banner. The disappointment was great, because hopes had been high. Composed the previous year by a Confederate exile from Baltimore, the words of “Maryland, My Maryland “ could be sung to the familiar tune of “O Tannenbaum”: Walter Taylor declared on September 7 that “now is the time for Maryland or never. After this if she does not rise, hush up ‘My Maryland.’ “ A South Carolina soldier had “no dout that we will get 50000 in this state.”
The Sounds of Milan, 1585–1650
Authors: Kendrick Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, a follow-up to his 1996 monograph Celestial Sirens, Robert Kendrick examines the cultural contexts of music in early-modern Milan. This book describes the churches and palaces that served as performance spaces in Milan, analyses the power structures in the city, discusses the devotional rites of the Milanese, and explores the connections among city-politics, city-scape and music. Milan's music, Kendrick argues, was the best representation of that city's symbolic system. More than a typical "patrons and institutions" analysis of music's influences, The Sounds of Milan makes use of social anthropological methods to illuminate the roles of composers, performers and audiences. Kendrick traces the rise of polyphony from early appearances in secular music to an important feature of devotional music, all occurring under the careful regulation of the church hierarchy. He illuminates how lay musicians, organised into professional guilds, collaborated on civic festivals and even borrowed from one another's work. Reflecting extensive research into architecture, art, politics, religion, this book offers a complete and interdisciplinary portrait of Milan, one of the most vibrant -- and most musical -- cities in early-modern Italy.
Rites and Rituals
Authors: Kendrick Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The social behavior around the music included the codified actions of Ambrosian or Roman liturgy; the musically colored gestures of Marian, sanctoral, and royal intercession; and the regular processions of the civic body. But the more contingent moments of urban display-entries, funerals, and extraordinary events-were also marked by chant and polyphony. An understanding of a significant portion of the repertory involves the invocation of ritual context.
Reconstruction and Reformulation, 1630–1650
Authors: Kendrick Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Donati moved himself, his daughter, his possessions, and his music up from Lodi to the maestro’s lodgings in the Campo Santo in April 1631, he came to a city whose musical landscape seemed suddenly unrecognizable. Two generations who had shaped polyphony for forty years-Arnone, Cantone, the Cimas, Lomazzo, Corradi, Comanedo, Ala, Varese, Bellazzi, Pellegrini, Francesco Rognoni, two-thirds of the Duomo singers-were gone.
University Years
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chumann ‘S Eagerness To Leave Zwickau Was Due Not To specific attractions of Leipzig, but rather to his yearning for independence and a change of scene. Leipzig-with a population ten times that of Zwickau-provided him with his first extended contact with urban life. It was a bustling, mercantile center, noted for its publishing industry (its book fairs attracted buyers from all over Europe). Music publishing flourished as well: two of the most prestigious publishers in Europe, Breitkopf & Hartel and Hofmeister, were located there.
The League of David
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was my good fortune to be part of a great event: to be a member of the League, and to be permitted to participate in that unique journey with them. What wonder it had at the time, like a meteor flashing through the heavens! “ SCHUMANN WROTE ON l JULY 1831, “completely new characters make their appearance in the diary. Two of my best friends-although I have never seen them: Florestan and Eusebius.”1 Schumann’s whimsical announcement concealed his intentions. His new friends were to become the two most famous characters in a larger creation of Schumann: the Davidsbund (“League of David”). During the 1830s, the League seemed to take on a life of its own, presenting his ideas about the musical life of his day and the direction he wanted it to pursue.
Definitions
Authors: Cameron Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about interoception. Interoception is a concept with which many, even in the professional psychobiology community, are not familiar despite the fact that investigation of interoceptors (defined in the quotes above) and interoceptive processes goes back more than a century. Basically, interoception is synonymous with sensory-perceptual processes for events occurring inside the body, including visceral perception (i.e., conscious awareness of visceral function). In the past, visceral pain was usually included as part of interoception. Proprioceptive sensations and labyrinthine functions often were not. Proprioception is included, as are other processes, in the broader definition of interoception to be proposed below. Before proceeding to this broader definition and perspective, a brief historical review of the early study of interoceptive processes is provided. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of some additional issues and an outline of the book.
The James–Lange Theory of Emotion
Authors: Cameron Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Claude Bernard, a French physiologist, is credited with developing the concept of the milieu intérieur in the mid-nineteenth century. It states that a major function of the body is to maintain constancy of the various internal conditions and functions. Implicit in this concept is the idea that the body must have many highly reliable body—brain mechanisms to sense and monitor the multiple physiological conditions that require control, as well as mechanisms to change these states and conditions whenever necessary. His theory highlighted the importance of the border formed by the skin and the lining of the gastrointestinal tract between the organism and the external world, the self and the non-self. It also served to emphasize the integrative nature of the control of the internal environment.
The Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Authors: Cameron Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will address directly such questions as, Can one be aware of one’s cardiac, vascular, and/or respiratory functions? How reliable and valid is such awareness? Under what circumstances does such awareness occur? Can it be learned? Cardiac responses are of particular interest because there is a clear, discrete, relatively easily measured physiological response, although all visceral awareness studies share the problem that few, if any, independent criteria can indicate whether or not awareness actually occurred (e.g., evoked cortical EEG responses or functional imaging methods might serve this function). In subsequent chapters, awareness in other visceral organ systems, mainly the alimentary tract, will be addressed in the same way.
Pain, Proprioception, Phantom Limb, and Body Image
Authors: Cameron Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Visceral awareness is a component of a larger awareness, a larger sense, an awareness of the “I,” or the “me.” The “I” is usually not thought of as essentially a bodily awareness.If one loses a finger in an accident, the sense of self is not lost and does not even seem to be in any fundamental way diminished. The same can be said for the visceral organs. Nobody seems to lose her or his sense of self after an operation to donate a kidney or have a length of bowel removed. The self seems to exist independent of the body. But this apparent independence can and should be doubted. The essential role of visceral awareness in emo tion, and the essential role of emotion in the sense of self, serve as reminders of how important bodily sense is. As already discussed, Damasio (1994), taking the Jamesian position, has spoken of the importance of “somatic markers” of emotion and the sense of the body as “in the background” to the sense of self.
Concrete Literary Politics during the Reign of Napoleon
Authors: McMahon Darrin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late in 1800, an ephemeral publication in Paris complained of a sea change in French culture. A “great clamor rises up today against the philosophes and philosophie,” the journal lamented, drawing attention to a bevy of familiar names—La Harpe, Clément, Genlis, Grosier, and Geoffroy—as well as to the younger partisans, Chateaubriand, Fiévée, Esmenard, and their many “collaborators . . . not worthy of being named.” Writing for such newly re-established newspapers and reviews as the Année littéraire, the Journal des débats, and the Mercure, these men and women, together with their sacerdotal allies, formed a “black militia” that aimed to “hunt down and exterminate” philosophes. They were, the author alleged, “the principle directors of our present morale.”
Ethnic Identity, National Identity, and Intergroup Conflict: The Significance of Personal Experiences
Authors: Eriksen Thomas Hylland 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There exists by now an enormous literature on contemporary ethnicity and nationalism in its various forms. It deals with a wide range of phenomena—North American multiculturalism and indigenous rights movements, postSoviet ethnonationalism in Central and Eastern Europe, urban minority dilemmas and Islamic revivalism in Western Europe, indigenista movements in Latin America, and processes of political fission and fusion in contemporary Africa. The analytical focus of this chapter will be on the concept of identity. The na:ive question to be asked at the outset is: what is it about identity politics that makes it such a formidable force in the contemporary world? Some important issues will have to be omitted—notably the relationships among identity politics, globalization, and reflexive modernity (e.g., Bauman, 1993; Friedman, 1994; Giddens, 1994). Instead, what is offered amounts to an anthropological perspective on the relationship between personal identity and political identity, using conflicts based on identity politics as empirical examples.
Individual and Group Identities in Genocide and Mass Killing
Authors: Staub Ervin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mass killing and genocide, in which a group turns against another with systematic and widespread violence, has been a tragic aspect of life in the 20th century. How does such violence, especially its most extreme form, genocide, come about? What is the motivation for such violence and how does it evolve? What are the social conditions, characteristics of cultures, and psychological processes of individuals that make it more likely? Most important for the present volume, what role do individual and group identities play in genocide and mass killing?
The Role of National Identity in Conflict Resolution: Experiences from Israeli-Palestinian Problem-Solving Workshops
Authors: Kelman Herbert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My colleagues’ and my work as scholar-practitioners has focused on analysis and resolution of protracted, seemingly intractable conflicts between national, ethnic, or other kinds of identity groups, best exemplified by intercommunal conflicts, such as those in Cyprus, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Bosnia, and apartheid South Africa. My own most intensive and extensive experience, over the past quarter-century, has been with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and my analysis draws primarily on that experience.1
Conclusion: Toward a Social Identity Framework for Intergroup Conflict
Authors: Ashmore Richard D , Jussim Lee , Wilder David , Heppen Jessica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We began this volume with two goals: (1) to review and organize social scientific knowledge, across several disciplines, about social identity and intergroup conflict; (2) to set the stage for future work by highlighting the theories, concepts, and methods with the most promise. These goals provide the basic structure for this concluding chapter. First, we take a look back: we summarize the chapters, distill the major points, and identify areas of agreement and disagreement. Second, we take a look forward: again drawing from the preceding chapters, we present a framework that highlights the ideas that we feel should be the highest priority as we and other social and behavioral scientists attempt to construct a more comprehensive and coherent social identity perspective on intergroup conflict.
The Genre of Plataea Generic Unity in the New Simonides
Authors: Obbink Dirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among recent papyro logical finds, a portion of identifiably Simonidean elegy pre served on papyrus from Oxyrhynchus1 is almost without parallel in its potential for reorienting our thinking about early Greek poetry. The tale is a familiar one: a fragmentary ancient manuscript overlaps with another, previously known, but unidentified, and with two quotations in ancient authors. Out of the composite, a new poem can almost be said to exist. The cost for us is that difficulties are”raised in places where there were none:’2 Plutarch, who quotes several distichs, supplies an author and subject. The two papyrus manuscripts (POxy 3965 and 2327) provide us with two different copies of the poem,3 in all over one hundred completely or partially preserved lines of elegy that uniquely combine features of Pindaric encomion, Homeric phraseology, sub-epic narrative technique, and Tyrtaean battle themes to recount and memorialize a historical event of considerable military and political importance.
Epic and Epiphanies Herodotus and the “New Simonides”
Authors: Hornblower Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My aim in this essay is to measure the gap, if any, between what Herodotus was doing in his Histories and what Simonides was doing in his newly published poem. At first sight the two operations look similar because the subject matter is shared: they both describe a factual event, the battle of Plataea in 479 B.C.E. The productions of the two men are not even completely distinguishable by reference to meter, that is, to the specific forms of prose and poetry, because Herodotus, though not writing a poem, breaks into Homeric verse rhythms from time to time, in ways interestingly discussed by Deborah Boedeker in the present volume.’ This is something even Thucydides does occasionally for special effect and at moments of high emotion.2 So neither content nor form offers a way of distinguishing between the two genres. One obvious move at this early point would be to discard the notion of genre altogether as inappropriate to the pre-Aristotelian literary world we are dealing with. But that would not be right.In Thucydides (1.21) we have a clear distinction between on the one hand (outs ... oute) what the poets have hymned about, uuvf|Kaoi, and on the other hand what the logopoioi have composed, £uve0ecfqv. (The latter verb does not necessarily imply writing down, although it is too often so taken. That is, Thucydides is talking about genres, not distinguishing between oral and written.)
Simonides and Horace
Authors: Harrison Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The intertextual relationship of Simonides and Horace has been much illuminated by the publication of the new Simonides fragments. The cautious judgement of Nisbet and Hubbard in their 1970 survey of the sources of the Odes in volume I of their classic commentary (“an occasional aphorism comes from Simonides”) marked an advance on some earlier treatments that ignored Simonides’ influence on Horace entirely; their volume II (1978) moved further, positing more Simonidean echoes, and this can now be supplemented by proposals of more extensive allusions. 1
“As Is the Generation of Leaves“ in Homer, Simonides, Horace, and Stobaeus
Authors: Sider David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This later passage surely echoes the earlier. As Richardson notes, there is a nice contrast between book 6, where Diomedes says that he would not fight Glaukos if he is a god, and book 21, where Apollo refuses to fight another god for the sake of mortals.
Communicating Information for Action within the Public Health System
Authors: Goodman Richard A , Remington Patrick L , Howard Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standard definitions for public health surveillance specify the requirement for the timely dissemination of findings to those who have contributed and others who need to know (1-3). In the United States, surveillance findings have been disseminated through the MMWR series of publications, public health bulletins in states, and special reports in peer-reviewed journals. Even though new technologies and epidemiologic methodologies have dramatically improved the collection and analysis of surveillance data, however, public health programs have lagged in developing effective approaches to the dissemination of surveillance findings-and to the ultimately successful communication of those findings (see also Chapter 16).
Philosophical Issues in Curriculum
Authors: Jorgensen Estelle R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is meant by the word “curriculum”? Conceptual problems abound where clarification is lacking and it is not surprising to see the curriculum field described as “moribund” and “fraudulent.” In addressing this question, rather than attempt an exhaustive survey of this terrain and drawing on representative literature along the way I sketch a conceptual map of ways of thinking about curriculum generically. My objective is to show that the concept of curriculum needs to be clarified, describe ways in which it can be envisaged, and suggest that such clarification can result in sharpening the focus of music teaching and learning research and practice. The outline of images that follows is not intended to be exhaustive but provides a framework for and exemplifies a useful approach to conceptualizing curriculum that can be expanded on or modified in subsequent research in music education. I move beyond William Schubert’s trilogy of historical curricular paradigms-the theoretical, practical, and reconceptualist-to formulate my own list of “images” of curriculum described with reference to examples from music education. These images are curriculum as instructional content, system, process, realm of meaning, and discourse. Each curricular image contributes to our understanding, yet is limited or flawed in one way or another. None suffices as the ultimate, only, or best way of conceiving of curriculum. I conclude this chapter with brief remarks on the implications of this analysis for research and practice in music teaching and learning.
Improvisation
Authors: Azzara Christopher D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many music educators have advocated the development of students’ creativity and improvisation skills in music classrooms (Biasini, Thomas, & Pogonowski, 1970; Consortium of National Arts Education Associations, 1994; Contemporary Music Project, 1966, 1971; National Association of Schools of Music, 1999; Richmond, 1989). Despite such advocacy, much of the literature on the topic of improvisation in music education points to the fact that it is rarely part of the core of music education curricula (e.g., Azzara, 1993; Kratus, 1989; Schmidt & Sinor, 1986; Webster, 1987a). With the publication of National Standards for Arts Education (Consortium of National Arts Education Associations, 1994), music educators have become increasingly aware of the importance of the art of improvisation as a valuable musical skill for all music students. Researchers have continued to articulate the need for improvisation instructional materials, teacher education in improvisation, and, in general, emphasis on improvisation as a vital part of music curricula (e.g., Azzara, 1999; Bitz, 1999; Brown, 1991; Della Pietra & Campbell, 1995; Gregory, 1996; Jorgensen, 1998; Lubart, 1998; Richmond, 1989; Riveire, 1998; Rosfeld, 1989; Townsend, 1998).
Computer-Based Technology and Music Teaching and Learning
Authors: Webster Peter R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a publication written some 16 years ago designed to warn against the computer “bandwagon” that might affect adults in 2001, Paul Lehman’s words continue to warrant consideration. Intelligent use of music technology to assist music teaching and learning is of major concern in the 21st century. If the dollars that will be spent on hardware and software for music education in this decade are to be considered a wise investment, we need the best information possible on how to use these resources for maximum effectiveness. Most will agree that music technology today is not a passing fad but an established part of the educational scene. Since the publication of the first Handbook in 1992 and the chapter on technology by Higgins (1992), substantial changes have occurred in computer hardware, software, and Internet growth and accessibility. These changes have resulted in more affordable and powerful resources than in any other time in our history. Still, the question remains: What do we really know about the effectiveness of music technology? This chapter will attempt to provide a perspective on this question by summarizing the major writings published from 1990 to fall 2000. The chapter begins with an introductory section that deals with matters of definition and focus; a summary of forces that shape our current educational climate for music technology is also included. The remainder of the chapter is divided into four parts. The background section does not place emphasis on original, empirical work, but does create perspective for the empirical work. It begins with a summary of research reviews both in and outside of music. A sampling of advocacy positions for music technology follows, with writings on curriculum development and technology standards. This section ends with a profile of writings that are cautious about and critical of technology.