bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diurnal variations of androgens in sexually mature male Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) during the breeding season
Authors: Wiebe R. Herbert , Diamond E. , Akesel S. , Liu P. , Williams L. E. , Abee Christian R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo assess diurnal fluctuations of serum androgens and cortisol in adult male Bolivian squirrel monkeys, these steroids were measured at predetermined times (0300, 0900, and 2300 hours) during two separate 24‐hour periods in the breeding season (January 1983 and late November 1983). A significant diurnal change in serum cortisol was noted, with a nadir of 99.9 ± 11.9 μg/dl (x̄ ± SEM) at 2300 hours and a peak of 168.9 ± 7.8 μg/dl at 0900 hours. Conversely, a nadir in serum testosterone was noted at 0900 hours (117 ± 26.5 ng/ml) increasing to a peak of 328.5 ± 57.9 ng/ml at 0300 hours. Serum androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone followed a pattern similar to testosterone, with a serum androstenedione (176.4 ± 34.9 ng/ml) and dehydroepiandrosterone (11.7 + 1.8 ng/ml) nadir at 0900 hours and a plasma androstenedione (494.5 ± 55.4 ng/ml) and dehydroepiandrosterone (32.5 ± 4.1 ng/ml) peak at 0300 hours. Parallel changes of testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone suggest a significant contribution of all three androgens from a common site, the testes. In contrast to old world primates and humans, serum androstenedione levels exceeded serum testosterone levels in this species.
Agonistic aiding: Kinship, rank, age, and sex influences
Authors: Bernstein Irwin S. , Ehardt Carolyn L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn analysis of 3,774 episodes of agonistic aiding collected during a two‐year study of a rhesus monkey group (Macaca, mulatta) indicated the differential influence of kinship and rank relationships on the participation of different age‐sex classes in both aid to victims and aid to aggressors. Most aiding favored victims rather than aggressors and was much more likely to occur when matrilineal kin were involved. Females were more likely to aid than were males, and the frequency of their participation increased with age. Females were much more influenced by kinship than were males and defended or aggressively supported kin against any third party regardless of dominance relationships. Adult males seldom aided against animals that were dominant to themselves; the rare exceptions occurred when adult males defended kin. Aiding was far more likely to occur if the victim was squealing, and noisy agonistic episodes often involved multiple aiders on both sides. Aiding patterns had some potential to insure dominance rank inheritance within families, in accordance with the Kawamura hypothesis. In aiding animals outside of their own matrilines, however, group members aided randomly with respect to this model. There was little evidence that aiding functioned to support individuals when they targeted animals to which they should be dominant as adults based on matrilineal dominance relationships. Most defensive aiding seemed to function primarily to defend victims (primarily kin) of aggression. Aggressive support of the attacker, on the other hand, seemed to function primarily to reinforce coalitions with the attacker. The identity of the victim was unimportant as long as it was neither kin to nor dominant to the aider. Aggressive support of attackers did not overturn existing dominance relationships.
The ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the African apes
Authors: Shea Brian T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe relationship between the growth spurt and the onset of sexual maturity is problematic in nonhuman primates. Growth data on the cranium and postcranium of dentally aged pygmy chimpanzees, common chimpanzees, and gorillas are reported here. In all three species, male means generally exceed female means throughout growth, with the exception that females exhibit a spurt during one dental‐age stage when they become generally larger than the males. This female spurt occurs earlier in an absolute and relative sense in the gorillas than the chimpanzees. These growth data support field and laboratory observations suggesting that female gorillas become sexually mature earlier than do female chimpanzees. Gorillas are thus characterized by a greater degree of “sexual bimaturism” than are the chimpanzees. Implications of these differences in terms of size dimorphism, mating systems, and morphology are discussed.
Troop‐specific responses to long calls of isolated tamarins (Saguinus mystax)
Authors: Snowdon Charles T. , Hodun Alexandra 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecently captured moustached tamarins (Saguinus mystax) were briefly separated from other members of their troop. Most separated animals emitted long calls that were, in general, similar in acoustic structure to those of sympatric tamarin species while retaining species distinctiveness. Individual differences also appeared in call structure. The long calls of a separated animal were responded to almost entirely by members of the animal's own troop rather than by other troops, and reciprocal calling occurred among troop members significantly more often than expected by chance. Although there was no evidence of troop‐specific call structure or dialect, there were troop‐specific responses to the calls of separated tamarins. This response implies the existence of a stable and integrated troop structure that allows troop members to learn and to respond to the individual specific features of each troop member's calls.
Visual recognition in infant pigtailed macaques after a 24‐hour delay
Authors: Gunderson Virginia M. , Swartz Karyl B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractComparative studies of memory in monkey and human subjects suggest similarities in visual recognition memory across human and nonhuman primates. In order to investigate developmental aspects of visual recognition memory in monkey infants, the familiarization‐novelty procedure, developed for use with human infants, was employed with pigtailed monkey infants to study long‐delay recognition memory. Subjects were familiarized with a black‐and‐white abstract pattern. Twenty‐four hours later they were tested with the familiar pattern paired with a novel one. Results indicated a significant visual preference for the novel stimulus, providing evidence for recognition memory. These results parallel those obtained with human infants, suggesting further similarities in the development of visual recognition memory.
De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus) in Kenya: Census, distribution, and conservation
Authors: Brennan E. Jean 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe population of De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus) in Kenya, East Africa, was surveyed from May to September of 1983 to estimate its numbers, distribution, and conservation status. A small number of De Brazza's monkeys are protected within Saiwa National Park; however, the vast majority of the population is endangered because they are restricted to small, isolated pockets of forests amid expanding farmland within the Trans‐Nzoia area of western Kenya. A few animals are found on the slopes of Mt. Elgon and on the Cherangani Hills, although these areas offer little protection. The pressures now facing this population are loss of habitat, reproductive isolation, and a decline in numbers as the result of being killed, either as a food source or as agricultural pests. If the current situation continues and no attempt is made to conserve the remaining De Brazza's monkeys, the species faces almost certain extinction in Kenya.
A preliminary study of resource overlap between howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) and other arboreal mammals in the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico
Authors: Estrada Alejandro , Coates‐Estrada Rosamond 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPotential resource overlap between howling monkeys and other arboreal mammals was studied in the rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. Eight species of mammals belonging to the orders Primates, Carnivora, Rodentia, and Marsupialia were found to share the canopy and to overlap trophically with howling monkeys. These mammals made up 77% and Alouatta 23% of the arboreal mammalian biomass under consideration. The arboreal porcupine and spider monkey were the only mammals that also fed on leaves. However, in this feeding niche, Alouatta is the only important mammalian folivore in Los Tuxtlas, and resource depression derived from leaf‐eating insects is more important. The eight arboreal mammals may exert more pressure upon fruit resources, for they consumed 75% of the estimated total dry weight of fruit/ha/yr consumed by arboreal mammals.
High‐resolution chromosomes of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Small Meredith F. , Stanyon Roscoe , Smith David Glenn , Sineo Luca 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLate‐prophase high‐resolution chromosomes were successfully cultured for 22 of 27 Macaca mulatta samples. Twelve of the successful cultures were adequate for karyotyping high‐resolution spreads. High‐resolution chromosome technique provides an important contribution to primate genetics because it can be used to identify chromosomal anomalies undetected in metaphase spreads and may be useful for paternity exclusion analysis.
Morphological and karyological studies on in vitro Sertoli cells of adult crab‐eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: De Martino C. , Marcante M. L. , Malorni W. , Citro G. , Floridi A. , Barcellona P. Scorza , Capanna E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSertoli cell cultures were obtained from isolated seminiferous tubules of adult crab‐eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Cells were identified by their morphological characteristics and their capacity to produce and release in the culture medium 17β‐estradiol and androgen‐binding protein (ABP). Several cells were undergoing mitosis. Karyological analysis showed both diploid and tetraploid metaphases. Patterns of nuclear scission were also observed.
Serum concentrations of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Platyrrhini and Catarrhini: A phylogenetic appraisal
Authors: Adams John S. , Gacad Mercedes A. , Baker Andrew J. , Gonzales Benjamin , Rude Robert K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe measured the serum concentration of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (25‐OH‐D3) and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25‐[OH]2‐D3) in 23 different Platyrrhines from four different genera and in 21 Catarrhines from six different genera in residence at the Los Angeles Zoo. The mean (±S.E.) serum concentration of 1,25‐(OH)2‐D3 was significantly greater in Platyrrhines (810 ± 119 pg/ml) than in Catarrhines (61 ± 5 pg/ml), suggesting that high circulating concentrations of the active vitamin D hormone were a characteristic of New World primates in both the Cebidae and Callitrichidae family. This increase in the serum concentration of 1,25‐(OH)2‐D3 is probably an adaptational response on the part of Platyrrhini to offset a relative decrease in the concentration of specific receptor for 1,25‐(OH)2‐D3 in target tissues for the hormone.
Social interactions among female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) during the nonbreeding season: Responses to the introduction of males
Authors: Winston Linda A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWhen rhesus monkeys are observed in social groups during the breeding season, increases in interfemale aggression coincide with midcycle increases in sexual activity between males and females. However, some investigators have suggested that both aggressive and affiliative interactions between females are influenced by the presence or absence of males, irrespective of menstrual cycle stage. In the present study, social interactions among members of a captive group of rhesus females were measured during the non‐breeding season in response to the introduction of rhesus males. Ovariectomized rhesus females (estrogen‐treated or untreated) served as stimulus controls. Tests with males were characterized by significantly decreased interfemale proximity and grooming and significantly increased aggression from that seen in tests with stimulus females or in the absence of stimulus animals. Only interfemale proximity declined significantly during stimulus female tests, but results suggest that this may merely reflect a decline in this behavior that occurs across the course of the day. Estrogen treatment did not alter either the aggressive or affiliative behavior of stimulus females or group female response to stimulus females. The possibility is discussed that changes in interfemale interactions during tests with males reflect female interest in interacting with the male, particularly under social conditions that may limit such interactions.
Modification of aggression through socialization and the special case of adult and adolescent male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Bernstein Irwin S. , Ehardt Carolyn L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSignificant differences exist in the frequencies with which age‐sex classes of rhesus macaques engage in agonistic interactions with other age‐sex classes. In the study reported here, individuals engaged in significantly more agonistic interactions within their own age‐sex classes, but, adult females also showed significantly more aggression toward infants and young females whereas adult males directed significantly more aggression toward adolescent males. Infants directed aggression toward infants of both sexes, but adults showed significantly less aggression toward adults of the opposite sex. These findings are hypothesized to reflect (1) competitive conflict among those individuals in the group most similar to each other (members of the same age‐sex class); (2) the protection and socialization of offspring by adult females; and (3) the modification of adolescent male aggressive expression by the selective interference of adult males. As a consequence of adult response to the agonistic behavior of adolescent males, maturing males (1) selectively target other older males, avoid aggression against females and immatures; (2) form alliances with other males; and (3) become progressively isolated from their matrilines.
A demographic analysis of the Wisconsin Regional Primate Center rhesus colony, 1962–1982
Authors: Dyke Bennett , Gage Timothy B. , Mamelka Paul M. , Goy Robert W. , Stone William H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA detailed demographic analysis was made of the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center rhesus colony from vital statistics recorded over a 20‐year period. Techniques used were based on demographic and epidemiological methods developed for human populations, which provide the potential for making standardized measurements within captive primate colonies. A life table based on 1,086 deaths showed an abnormally high survivorship at the older ages, probably caused by a tendency to retain especially robust animals for breeding purposes. During the period of study, 2,194 animals were removed for sale or research. Removal rates were relatively uniform across ages. Age‐specific fertility rates based on 1,616 births occurring during the second decade showed a relatively rapid increase in births from about age 2 through age 12, with peak fertility persisting until about age 20. Vital events showed significant seasonality, with a birth peak in April and May. Analysis of the stable age structure (excluding removal) showed an intrinsic growth rate of 6.3%. With removal rates added, the growth rate dropped to −0.3%. Although the use of these methods is probably warranted onlyby the level of detail found in captive colony records, analysis of captive colonies can provide information relevant to the demography of wild primates.
Case report: Esophageal Spirura infection in a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Blanchard James L. , Eberhard Mark L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNecropsy of an adult, wild‐born squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) revealed 30 to 40 esophageal nematodes. The anterior end of each nematode was firmly attached to the mucosa, with the remaining portion free in the lumen. Histologic changes were limited to the superficial mucosa, where the epithelium adjacent to the nematode was hyperplastic and increased keratin formed a bridge over the body of the parasite. The nematode was identified as belonging to the genus Spirura. The number of parasites in this animal was considered significant and contributed to the death of the animal.
Affiliative interference in mounts in a group of Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana)
Authors: Thierry B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAffiliative interference in mounts was studied in a group of Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) living in semi‐liberty. Over a 4‐year period, 545 sexual and noncopulatory mounts accompanied by 367 instances of interference were recorded using behavior‐dependent sampling. Interference by immature individuals was frequent and occurred mainly when the mother was the mountee. Interference by adult females was less common. Various behavior patterns were displayed in interference, mainly directed toward the mounter. Aggression by the latter was rare. However, interference occurred from further away with increasing age of the interfering individual. It is suggested that interference represents an attempt to be involved in interactions with influential individuals. Comparisons with other species support the hypothesis that the development of interference is related to species‐typical social relationships and, in particular, that frequency and intensity of interference are determined by the tolerance of adult males.
Pubertal endocrinology of yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus): Plasma testosterone, testis size, body weight, and crown‐rump length in males
Authors: Castracane V. Daniel , Copeland Kenneth C. , Reyes Patty , Kuehl Thomas J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA cross‐sectional study (n = 99) was made of male baboons (Papio cynocephalus) aged 3 weeks to > 10 years. Serum testosterone and testicular size were compared with body weight and crown‐rump length. Pubertal onset in baboons occurs at 3–4 years of age; data were analyzed, therefore in three groups: 0–3 years; 3–4 years; and greater than 4 years. Testicular volume index increased minimally prior to 3 years of age. Between 3 and 4 years of age, there was an increase (P < .05) in testicular growth, which was followed after 4 years of age by a return to the prepubertal rate. Plasma testosterone decreased from birth to 3 years of age. Between 3 and 4 years of age, there was an increase (P < .05) in testosterone. The levels of which remained unchanged after 4 years of age. A linear increase in body weight was observed for the first 3 years which was followed by an increase (P < .05) in the rate of weight gain between 3 and 4 years of age. After 4 years of age, body weight continued to increase but at a rate less than those of the two earlier periods. A linear increase in crown‐rump length was observed over the first 3 years. Between 3 and 4 years of age there was a slight increase (P > .06) in crown‐rump length, which approached zero after 4 years of age. These data demonstrate many similarities between the pubertal development of male baboons and humans. Male baboons appear to be appropriate for the study of reproductive and endocrine development and the factors involved in the pubertal growth spurt of the human male.
Blood gas, cardiopulmonary, and urine electrolyte reference values in the pregnant yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Cissik John H. , Hankins Gary D. , Hauth John C. , Kuehl Thomas J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe measured urine sodium and potassium; respiratory rate, lung water, and arterial and mixed venous blood gases; adult and fetal heart rates; hematocrit, plasma sodium and potassium; cardiac output; and arterial, pulmonary artery, central venous, and pulmonary wedge pressures in 13 clinically normal, pregnant yellow baboons (papio cynocephalus). Arithmetic means, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation were calculated to develop reference values; in addition, the 95% confidence limits for ranges were established and regression analyses were performed to determine relationships between parameters. Comparison of derived data with those from published values for nonpregnant baboons indicated differences similar to those seen when examining pregnant and nonpregnant humans.
Characteristics and use of sleeping sites in Aotus (Cebidae: Primates) in the Amazon lowlands of Peru
Authors: Aquino Rolando , Encarnación Filomeno 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn the Amazon lowlands of Peru, Aotus nancymai and A. vociferans were observed to use four different types of sleeping sites: (1) holes in the trunks and branches of dry or senescent trees; (2) concavities in polyaxial branching nodes of trees protected by dense entanglements of creepers, climbing plants, vines, and masses of diverse epiphytes; (3) complex sites among masses of epiphytes, climbers, and vines; and (4) simple sites among thickets and dense foliage. Each type is described. There was competition and sharing of sleeping holes between Aotus and other nocturnal arboreal mammals.
Reproduction in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops): II. Annual menstrual patterns and seasonality
Authors: Else J. G. , Eley R. M. , Wangula C. , Worthman C. , Lequin R. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMenstrual patterns and progesterone levels were monitored for 5 years from a cohort of 28 female vervet monkeys that were individually caged indoors. Three distinct cycle types (short, normal, and prolonged) were defined according to cycle length. Mean length of the normal cycle (32.5 days) and menses duration (4.8 days) are in agreement with previous reports. Prolonged cycles (> 50 days) contributed 20% of the total, with a decreased incidence during the natural peak breeding period. Weekly progesterone measurements indicated that many prolonged cycles were associated with an extended luteal phase, while others were probably due to lack of ovulation. From these data it would appear that the vervet monkey, although not strongly seasonal, does favor a particular time of year for breeding in a colony housed indoors.