bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of bacteremia following nasotracheal intubation
Authors: ÖNÇAĞ ÖZANT , ÇÖKMEZ BERNA , AYDEMİR ŞÖHRET , BALCIOĞLU TANER 
Published: February 2005

SummaryBackground : The aim of this study was to detect the risk of bacteremia from nasotracheal intubation in children undergoing dental treatment under general anesthesia.Methods : Two 10 ml blood samples were taken, the first as a baseline and the second within 30 s following the nasotracheal intubation. The samples were inoculated into 5 ml aerobic and 5 ml anaerobic blood culture bottles. Following incubation in an automated blood culture system, bacteria were identified by using conventional biochemical methods and commercial identification systems. Mc Nemar's test was used to assess the findings statistically.Results : Of 74 patients only nine (12.3%) had positive blood cultures after the intubation and seven of these had been intubated without trauma. The incidence of bacteremia was significantly higher after atraumatic intubation (7/9) compared with traumatic intubation (2/9) (P < 0.05). The most common bacteria in positive cultures were Streptococcus viridans, four of 74 (5.4%).Conclusions : Since the occurrence of bacteremia after nasotracheal intubation is hazardous for patients at risk for developing infective endocarditis, to prevent further complications prophylactic antibiotic treatment is recommended.
Species names and metaphyly: a case study in Discodorididae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Nudibranchia, Doridina)
Authors: Dayrat Benoît , Gosliner Terrence M. 
Published: February 2005

Dayrat, B. & Gosliner, T. M. (2005). Species names and metaphyly: a case study in Discodorididae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Nudibranchia, Doridina) —Zoologica Scripta, **, ***–***.Absence of resolution in phylogenetic trees, or metaphyly, is a common phenomenon. It mainly results from the fact that each data set has its own limit and can hardly be expected to reconstruct alone an entire hierarchy. Because metaphyly helps point out which regions of a tree merit further investigation, one should not avoid metaphyly but rather should try to detect it by addressing carefully node reliability. In this paper we explore the implication of metaphyly for species names. We present a phylogenetic analysis of Discodorididae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Nudibranchia, Doridina), with an emphasis on relationships among species of Discodoris and its traditionally close ‘allies’ such as Peltodoris and Anisodoris. We demonstrate that some species must be transferred to different discodoridid subclades with which they share synapomorphies, but that many species form a metaphyletic group at the base of Discodorididae, and therefore cannot be placed in any taxon of genus level. We demonstrate that the current International Code of Zoological Nomenclature does not allow taxonomists to handle this situation because it requires selecting a taxon name of genus rank for every species binomial. Then we evaluate the results provided by new forms of species names, both in a rank‐based system, such as the current nomenclature, and a rank‐free system. All solutions considered would cause radical changes to the ‘spirit’ of the current ICZN (and, by extension, to the other current codes). In a rank‐free system of nomenclature, such as the PhyloCode, the best result is obtained with an epithet‐based form that does not mention supra‐specific relationships. Under this method, official species names would take the form ‘boholiensis Bergh, 1877’, although page numbers and letters can be added for uniqueness purposes. Taxonomists would then be free to add supra‐specific taxon names in ‘common’ species names, such as Discodorididae boholiensis Bergh, 1877 or simply Discodorididae boholiensis. Here we wish to stimulate discussion of a problem that we believe merits wide debate: absence of resolution in phylogenetic reconstruction and its impact on species nomenclature.
A phylogeny of the fossil and extant zeiform‐like fishes, Upper Cretaceous to Recent, with comments on the putative zeomorph clade (Acanthomorpha)
Authors: Tyler James C. , Santini Francesco 
Published: February 2005

Tyler, J. C. & Santini, F. (2005). A phylogeny of the fossil and extant zeiform‐like fishes, Upper Cretaceous to Recent, with comments on the putative zeomorph clade (Acanthomorpha). —Zoological Scripta,**, ***–***.A phylogenetic hypothesis based on 107 morphological characters is proposed for a data set of 43 taxa. Thirty‐three are extant and belong to the orders Zeiformes (20 taxa), Caproiformes (2), Tetraodontiformes (2), Beryciformes (3), Stephanoberyciformes (3) and Perciformes (3). Ten are fossil taxa previously assigned to the Zeiformes (3), Caproiformes (1), Tetraodontiformes (2), Perciformes (1), and to two extinct Eocene families, the Sorbinipercidae (2) and the Zorzinichthyidae (1). This analysis indicates the existence of a previously undocumented clade formed by the families Sorbinipercidae + Zorzinichthyidae that may be related to the tetraodontiforms. It also shows that two uppermost Palaeocene species,Archaeozeus skamolensisandProtozeus kuehnei, sequentially represent the two most basal lineages of zeiforms, whereas the most ancient known zeiform, the Upper CretaceousCretazeus rinaldii, belongs within the clade of extant species in a polytomy with many other zeiform lineages. A reduced data set of 25 mostly zeiform taxa, after the removal of most outgroups, shows at least weak support forCretazeusbeing nested deeply within the extant zeiforms; such a placement would indicate that at least six lineages of zeiforms were present during the Upper Cretaceous, and survived the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) extinction to radiate in Cenozoic seas.
Molecular evidence for a fourth species within the Isotoma viridis group (Insecta, Collembola)
Authors: Burkhardt Ulrich , Filser Juliane 
Published: February 2005

For identification of single species within the Isotoma viridis group, we present polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) as a fast and efficient DNA‐based molecular method. We used five PCR primers amplifying the cytochrome oxidase II (COII) region (760 bp) of the mitochondrial DNA. The sequences clearly separated four species (I. viridis, I. riparia, I. anglicana and I. caerulea) out of samples from Norway, Sweden, Germany and Switzerland. Examination of genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship did not support the separation of two colour pattern forms of I. viridis into distinct species. For RFLP, several restriction enzymes were tested for their ability to produce not only species‐specific restriction fragment patterns but to discriminate more than one species per enzyme used with as few cleavage sites as possible. Such a design should render a clear fragment pattern when performing a double digest. These demands appear to be fulfilled best by the combination of the restriction enzymes Mfe I, Nci I and one of Aci I, Bst EII, Nde I, or Sfc I. From the enzymes tested in a previous study, Ase I proved to be reliable, whereas Mbo I can no longer be recommended.
Phylogenetics of the common raven complex (Corvus: Corvidae) and the utility of ND4, COI and intron 7 of the β‐fibrinogen gene in avian molecular systematics
Authors: Feldman Chris R. , Omland Kevin E. 
Published: February 2005

The common raven (Corvus corax) is one of the most widely distributed and recognizable avian species in the world. Recent molecular work, however, described two mitochondrial lineages of the common raven, termed the Holarctic clade and the California clade, and questioned the monophyly of this taxon by placing the Chihuahuan raven (C. cryptoleucus) sister to the California clade. We evaluated this phylogenetic hypothesis with additional sequence data and increased taxon sampling. We used ∼3.7 kb of DNA sequence data from sections of the mitochondrial coding genes COI, cyt b and ND4, a fragment of the non‐coding mitochondrial DNA control region, and the entire intron 7 of the nuclear β‐fibrinogen gene (β‐fibint 7). We combined these DNA sequence data to erect hypotheses of relationships for lineages of the common raven and related taxa. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods yield a paraphyletic common raven. These analyses nest the Chihuahuan raven within the common raven, with strong support for a sister relationship between the Chihuahuan raven and the California clade. In addition, the pied crow (C. albus) is also nested within the common raven, and is sister to the Holarctic clade. Our analyses reveal the challenge of determining phylogenetic relationships and species boundaries in this morphologically conservative genus, and suggest that future molecular work with increased taxon sampling will uncover cryptic species and novel evolutionary relationships. Lastly, this survey is one of a growing number of avian phylogenetic studies to employ either β‐fibint 7 or COI, and the first to use ND4. We developed a simple procedure for comparing rates of evolution in molecular markers, and show that in Corvus the nuclear intron β‐fibint 7 is evolving at a considerably slower pace than the mitochondrial markers, while COI is evolving at a slower rate than cyt b, and ND4 approximately the same rate as cyt b. Hence, β‐fibint 7 and other individual nuclear introns may have limited utility in resolving relationships among recently evolved taxa, whereas both COI and ND4 should be useful in a wide range of avian molecular genetic investigations.
Jordanian baccalaureate nursing students’ perception of their learning styles
Authors: Abu‐Moghli F. A. , Khalaf I. A. , Halabi J. O. , Wardam L. A. 
Published: February 2005

Aim:  The purpose of this descriptive study was to determine Jordanian nursing students’ perception of their learning styles.Method:  All nursing students enrolled in four universities offering a baccalaureate degree in nursing at the time of the research project (n = 420) were approached. A structured self‐administered questionnaire (Autonomous Learner Index) developed by the researchers was used for data collection. The questionnaire was pilot tested on a sample of nursing students who were not included in the study. The tool was reliable with an alpha coefficient of 0.89.Findings:  The majority of Jordanian nursing students perceived themselves as independent learners. The vast majority of students indicated that they have a desire to learn new things, are curious to learn, and can identify their goal independently. However, a low percentage of students indicated having good study skills, ability to concentrate while studying and using their study time efficiently. The two‐tailed t‐test indicated no significant differences at alpha 0.05 levels between students’ learning preferences and the selected demographic variables.Conclusion:  Based on the study findings, it is suggested that nurse educators should provide positive reinforcement of students’ active involvement in the learning process, which will stimulate continued self‐direction. Moreover, courses on study skills, writing skills, and literature searching skills should be introduced early in nursing curricula.
Separation of conjoined twins: experiences of perioperative nurses and their recommendations
Authors: Martin‐McDonald K. , McIntyre P. , Hegney D. 
Published: February 2005

Background:  Within an 8‐month period, an unprecedented and historical first in Queensland, Australia, the perioperative nurses were members of teams involved in the surgical separation of two sets of conjoined twins. Little is known about the (dis)stress that some of these perioperative nurses experienced nor how best to support them during such experiences.Aim:  The aim of this paper is to report on the qualitiative study that explored the experiences of those perioperative nurses involved in the surgical separation of cojoined twins and from their stories propose recommendations to support perioperative nurses who are confronted with such workplace experiences.Methods:  Using a narrative methodology, nine perioperative nurses shared their stories of being involved in the surgical separation of conjoined twins in Australia. Narrative and thematic analyses were conducted and recommendations to support perioperative nurses through workplace (dis)stress were identified. Participants validated the findings and recommendations.Findings:  The analyses revealed the themes of professionalism, teamwork, ‘them vs. us’ and emotional loads.Discussion:  The sensationalism around the rarity of conjoined twins brought an intensive intrusiveness from the world media. As a result, secrecy within the hospital about the conjoined twin cases created divisions between those perioperative nurses on the teams and those not. The processes and outcomes of the two surgical cases were in contrast to each other. For some perioperative nurses this caused distress. It is essential that professional support is offered in a way in which the perioperative nurse can take it up without fear of negative judgement.
An international programme in nursing and midwifery: building capacity for the new millennium
Authors: Wright S. , Cloonan P. , Leonhardy K. , Wright G. 
Published: February 2005

Aim:  The global economy is changing rapidly and frequently affects the ability of the health sector to respond to a variety of needs. Nurses and midwives are reaching across national boundaries to strengthen their ability to improve the health of populations. This article describes an innovative programme of collaboration among different nations to strengthen the capacity of nurses and midwives.Background:  Over the course of 4 years, nurses and midwives from several countries in East Central Europe, Central America, and the Caribbean came together in the United States and in Europe to learn about opportunities for growth and collaboration to improve professional development, leadership capacity, educational and curricular development, and knowledge about international health.Conclusion:  Programme participants reported increased capacity to perform their professional roles as a result of their having participated in this programme. More capacity building activities are needed to further enable nursing professionals to meet the demands for health care around the world.
A holistic approach to the promotion of older hospital patients’ health
Authors: Berg G. V. , Hedelin B. , Sarvimäki A. 
Published: February 2005

Purpose:  To describe how nurses interpreted health promotion related to older patients in a medical hospital ward and the presuppositions for this work.Methods:  The study had a descriptive and explorative design. Data were created through participant observation of five nurses and informal dialogues with four nurses working in an infection unit in a small hospital in Norway. The nurses where followed during a period of 6 months. The observations and dialogues were interpreted and transformed into text. This text was analysed with qualitative content analysis and interpreted hermeneutically on three levels: (1) reading the text to get an overview of the themes; (2) systematically separating central patterns; and (3) highlighting the patterns with examples.Findings:  The nurses’ interpretation of health promotion was closely connected to their interpretation of health and holistic nursing. Two main aspects were uncovered in the informal dialogues: a biomedically oriented nursing view and a holistically oriented nursing view. The observations showed that presuppositions, such as waiting for something or somebody, constantly changing situations, complexity and diversity in patient cases, influenced the nurses’ work in general and also their focus on health promotion. The nurses balanced between the biomedical and the holistic approach. It seemed to be important for the nurses to be the masters of walking on a tightrope and to have professional clinical competence.Conclusion:  It was difficult to find a clear focus on health promotion. The most visible focus was on diagnosis and treatment, while the more complex and comprehensive situations related to health promotion of older patients seemed to be underprioritized. The phenomenon of ‘waiting’ may be an important issue for further research.
Patients with moderate chemotherapy‐induced mucositis: pain therapy using low intensity lasers
Authors: Nes A. G. , Posso M. B. S. 
Published: February 2005

Background:  Intensive cancer therapy normally affects malignant and normal cells with high replication rates. Cells in the gastrointestinal tract are therefore commonly affected by cytotoxins. This often results in the development of chemotherapy‐induced oral mucositis (COM). COM is the inflammatory response of the oral mucous membrane to the chemotherapy drugs. Low level laser therapy (LLLT) has proved to be effective in treating and repairing biologically damaged tissue and to reduce pain. LLLT has also proven to be an efficient method for the prevention of oral mucositis.Objective:  To investigate the effect of LLLT on pain relief among patients who have developed COM.Method:  The study was performed as a clinical test with a sample consisting of 13 adult patients receiving oncology treatment. The patients were treated during a 5‐day period, and the pain was measured before and after each laser application. The laser used was an AsGaAl, with a wavelength of 830 nm and a potency of 250 mW. The energy given was 35 J cm−2.Analysis:  The results were analysed using the Wilcoxon test.Results:  There was a significant (P = 0.007) 67% decrease in the daily average experience of pain felt before and after each treatment, confirming that LLLT can relieve pain among patients who have developed COM.Study limitations:  The low number of COM patients at the hospital did not allow a control group to be included in the study, and therefore the results contain a potential placebo effect.Implications for nursing care:  The most important benefit the authors consider to be the value for the patients of better and quicker treatment with a drastic reduction in painful mucositis.
QUANTUM EFFECTS AND SUPERQUINTESSENCE IN THE NEW AGE OF PRECISION COSMOLOGY
Authors: GUNZIG E. , SAA ALBERTO 
Published: February 2005

Recent observations of Type Ia supernova at high redshifts establish that the dark energy component of the universe has (a probably constant) ratio between pressure and energy density [Formula: see text]. The conventional quintessence models for dark energy are restricted to the range -1≤w<0, with the cosmological constant corresponding to w=-1. Conformally coupled quintessence models are the simplest ones compatible with the marginally allowed superaccelerated regime (w<-1). However, they are known to be plagued with anisotropic singularities. We argue here that the extension of the classical approach to the semiclassical one, with the inclusion of quantum counterterms necessary to ensure the renormalization, can eliminate the anisotropic singularities preserving the isotropic behavior of conformally coupled superquintessence models. Hence, besides of having other interesting properties, they are consistent candidates to describe the superaccelerated phases of the universe compatible with the present experimental data.
Structural Health Monitoring in the Railway Industry: A Review
Authors: Barke D. , Chiu W. K. 
Published: February 2005

Wayside detection monitors critical parameters relating to the condition of in-service railway vehicles. Economic decisions about the maintenance of vehicles can be made, and servicing can occur when a particular vehicle is likely to cause even small amounts of damage to the track, to itself, or when the cost of damage is significant, such as in catastrophic failure. Vehicles with poorly performing axle bearings, out-of-round (skidded or spalled) wheels, vehicles which exhibit transient lateral motion (‘hunting’), and vehicles with poorly performing brakes are all likely to fall into the category of requiring maintenance, in order to save the track and the vehicle owner's money. In the present paper, the parameters that define vehicle condition and their measurable effects are stated. There are frequently a number of wayside detection methods of inspecting a vehicle for the same vehicle condition and each of these is described in detail. This investigation reveals the need for further research to enable rollingstock owners to make better decisions about the cost of operating their vehicles, based on the output from wayside detectors and the observed trends in wheel impact.
Anaphylatoxin C3a receptors in asthma
Authors: Ali Hydar , Panettieri Reynold A 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe complement system forms the central core of innate immunity but also mediates a variety of inflammatory responses. Anaphylatoxin C3a, which is generated as a byproduct of complement activation, has long been known to activate mast cells, basophils and eosinophils and to cause smooth muscle contraction. However, the role of C3a in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma remains unclear. In this review, we examine the role of C3a in promoting asthma. Following allergen challenge, C3a is generated in the lung of subjects with asthma but not healthy subjects. Furthermore, deficiency in C3a generation or in G protein coupled receptor for C3a abrogates allergen-induced responses in murine models of pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. In addition, inhibition of complement activation or administration of small molecule inhibitors of C3a receptor after sensitization but before allergen challenge inhibits airway responses. At a cellular level, C3a stimulates robust mast cell degranulation that is greatly enhanced following cell-cell contact with airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. Therefore, C3a likely plays an important role in asthma primarily by regulating mast cell-ASM cell interaction.
Out of Tanganyika: Genesis, explosive speciation, key-innovations and phylogeography of the haplochromine cichlid fishes
Authors: Salzburger Walter , Mack Tanja , Verheyen Erik , Meyer Axel 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
The adaptive radiations of cichlid fishes in East Africa are well known for their spectacular diversity and their astonishingly fast rates of speciation. About 80% of all 2,500 cichlid species in East Africa, and virtually all cichlid species from Lakes Victoria (~500 species) and Malawi (~1,000 species) are haplochromines. Here, we present the most extensive phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis so far that includes about 100 species and is based on about 2,000 bp of the mitochondrial DNA.

Results
Our analyses revealed that all haplochromine lineages are ultimately derived from Lake Tanganyika endemics. We find that the three most ancestral lineages of the haplochromines sensu lato are relatively species poor, albeit widely distributed in Africa, whereas a fourth newly defined lineage – the 'modern haplochromines' – contains an unparalleled diversity that makes up more than 7% of the worlds' ~25,000 teleost species. The modern haplochromines' ancestor, most likely a riverine generalist, repeatedly gave rise to similar ecomorphs now found in several of the species flocks. Also, the Tanganyikan Tropheini are derived from that riverine ancestor suggesting that they successfully re-colonized Lake Tanganyika and speciated in parallel to an already established cichlid adaptive radiation. In contrast to most other known examples of adaptive radiations, these generalist ancestors were derived from highly diverse and specialized endemics from Lake Tanganyika. A reconstruction of life-history traits revealed that in an ancestral lineage leading to the modern haplochromines the characteristic egg-spots on anal fins of male individuals evolved.

Conclusion
We conclude that Lake Tanganyika is the geographic and genetic cradle of all haplochromine lineages. In the ancestors of the replicate adaptive radiations of the 'modern haplochromines', behavioral (maternal mouthbrooding), morphological (egg-spots) and sexually selected (color polymorphism) key-innovations arose. These might be – together with the ecological opportunity that the habitat diversity of the large lakes provides – responsible for their evolutionary success and their propensity for explosive speciation.