bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of association of blood and bronchoalveolar eosinophil numbers and serum total immunoglobulin E concentration with the expression of nonspecific airway reactivity in dogs
Authors: Collie D. David S. , DeBoer Douglas J. , Muggenburg Bruce A. , Bice David E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To characterize the relation between bronchoalveolar and blood eosinophil numbers, serum total IgE concentration, and nonspecific airway reactivity in healthy dogs.

Animals
26 healthy Beagles.

Procedure
Prior to measurement of nonspecific airway responsiveness, dogs were anesthetized and bronchoscopy was performed to recover bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Repeated measurements were made in 6 dogs.

Results
The percentage of blood eosinophils varied between 0 and 13 (mean ± SD, 5.6 ± 3.6) %, the percentage of eosinophils in BAL fluid ranged between 0 and 63.5 (8.8 ± 12.9) %, and total serum IgE concentration was 0.1 to 107.5 (23.4 ± 29.1) U/ml. A strong association was evident between numbers of blood eosinophils and total serum IgE concentration (R2 = 0.413, P < 0.001), and a trend toward an association between numbers of blood eosinophils and numbers of eosinophils in BAL fluid was apparent (R2 = 0.110, P = 0.053). Significant associations were not found between any other aspects of the blood and BAL fluid cell profiles and total serum IgE concentration or airway reactivity. Serum total IgE concentration was not associated with airway reactivity. Further, in dogs examined on repeated occasions, variation in BAL fluid eosinophil numbers was not associated with any change in serum total IgE concentration or airway reactivity.

Conclusions
Neither numbers of bronchoalveolar or blood eosinophils nor serum total IgE concentration have a significant role in determining airway reactivity in healthy dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:34–39)
Plasma von Willebrand factor in Thoroughbreds in response to high-intensity treadmill exercise
Authors: Smith Jennifer M. , Meyers Kenneth M. , Barbee David D. , Schott Harold , Bayly Warwick M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether plasma von Willebrand factor (vWf) concentration changes in horses during and after treadmill exercise.

Animals
5 mature, fit Thoroughbreds.

Procedure
A blood sampling catheter was placed in the right jugular vein. A warm-up period was followed by a 3-minute rest period. Horses were galloped at racing pace until fatigued (about 2 minutes). Blood samples were collected prior to warm-up, during the postwarm-up rest period, 1 minute into the run, at cessation of the run, and 5 to 120 minutes after cessation of the run. vWF activity was measured by ELISA and corrected for plasma volume changes (measured by changes in plasma albumin concentration). Platelet-poor plasma from 10 clinically normal, resting horses was pooled, assigned a value of 100 U/dl, and served as a control for all assays.

Results
vWf activity began increasing 1 minute after horses reached full speed. At 5 minutes after cessation of exercise, vWf values had increased by mean of 92% (P < 0.05) from baseline. vWf activity returned to baseline by 15 minutes after exercise, and remained there until 90 minutes after exercise, when it began to increase.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
The spontaneous decrease in vWf values after completion of exercise was unexpected because vWf has a long half-life in circulation. This unexpected finding is compatible with increased vWf consumption and suggests that microvascular trauma may occur in horses during strenuous exercise. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:71–76)
Effects of time and dilution on concentration of xanthine in frozen urine and plasma of dogs
Authors: Bartges Joseph W. , Osborne Carl A. , Felice Lawrence J. , Chen Menglan , Ulrich Lisa K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the effects of dilution on Stability of xanthine in canine urine stored at −20 C, and to evaluate the effects of storage at −20 C on Stability of xanthine in canine plasma.

Animals
6 reproductively intact female Beagles, 3.9 to 4.2 years old and weighing 8.5 to 10.1 kg.

Procedure
Dogs were fed a 31.4% protein (dry weight), meat-based diet for 21 days, and administered allopurinol (15 mg/kg of body weight, q 12 h) during days 14 to 21; urine and plasma samples were obtained on day 22, Urine samples were preserved undiluted or diluted, and divided into 1-ml aliquots for storage at −20 C for 1 to 12 weeks. Plasma samples were divided into 1-ml aliquots for storage at −20 C for 1 to 12 weeks. Urine and plasma xanthine concentrations were measured on day of collection (baseline) and after 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 weeks.

Results
Dilution of urine samples did not have a significant effect on consistency of xanthine concentration measured for up to 12 weeks of storage. Although xanthine concentration did not differ significantly between undiluted and diluted urine samples, average xanthine concentration measured in diluted samples was consistently higher, compared with that in undiluted samples. Compared with baseline values, plasma xanthine concentration was significantly lower at 6, 9, and 12 weeks of storage.

Conclusions
Measurement of xanthine concentration is reproducible in undiluted or diluted urine samples for up to 12 weeks, although dilution may provide better results. Measurement of plasma xanthine concentration is reproducible in samples stored for up to 4 weeks.

Clinical Relevance
To ensure reproducibility of measurements of xanthine concentration in urine samples collected from dogs that are affected with urate uroliths and receiving allopurinol, urine should be diluted 1:20 with deionized water. These measurements may be useful for monitoring dogs that are receiving allopurinol for dissolution or prevention of urate uroliths. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:118–120)
Effects of parathyroidectomy on induced renal failure in dogs
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Brown Scott A. , Crowell Wayne A. , Hoenig Margarethe E. , Ferguson Duncan C. , Brown Cathy A. , Cooper Tanya A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) depletion on dogs with induced chronic renal failure.

Animals
2 groups of 26 mixed-breed dogs of both sexes (13 were parathyroidectomized [PTX] and 13 had sham surgery).

Procedure
After surgical reduction of renal mass and PTX, dogs were selected for a 24-month period of study and monitored for clinical, hematologic, blood biochemical, and organ function status. On development of uremia or after 24 months, dogs were euthanatized, and tissues were examined.

Results
Higher survival rate and smaller decrement in renal function (glomerular filtration rate) were observed in PTX dogs, compared with those that had sham surgery, but values did not reach statistical significance. The PTX dogs remained hypocalcemic during the study and had lower serum Ca2+ × P product values. Regardless of parathyroid state, survivors and fatalities could be separated on the basis of serum Ca2+ × P product values. Parathyroidectomy did not prevent renal deposition of calcium, and renal lesions were poorly correlated with renal cortical calcium concentration. Abnormalities reported in dogs with renal failure, which were attributed to PTH (glucose intolerance, pulmonary hypertension), were not observed in PTX dogs or those that had sham surgery.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
PTX had beneficial effects, but these were mediated via changes in mineral homeostasis rather than via direct effects of PTH. Results attributable to PTX were similar to those previously obtained by dietary restriction of phosphate intake. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:188–195)
Attempted immunization of cats with feline infectious peritonitis virus propagated at reduced temperatures
Authors: Baldwin Charles W. , Scott Fredric W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To protect cats by inoculating them intratracheally with feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), followed by a second inoculation with virus propagated at reduced temperatures.

Animals
Twelve 12-week-old, specific-pathogen-free kittens.

Procedure
Ten to 400,000 plaque-forming units (PFU) of virulent (low passage) FIPV, strain FIPV-1146 were inoculated intratracheally, followed by intranasal inoculation with high-passage FIPV-1146 (104 to 106, TCID50) on day 133. Cats were allotted to 2 groups and challenge exposed on day 188 by aerosolization of either virulent FIPV-1146 or FIPV-UCD1.

Results
Two of the 3 severely affected kittens, given 3 dosages intratracheally, were euthanatized. The third kitten recovered. A serologic response was not detected in cats inoculated with 100 PFU or less and in 1 of 2 cats given 1,000 PFU. Clinical signs of infection were not observed in surviving cats after intranasal inoculation with high-passage FIPV-1146 133 days after the initial dose. All cats seroconverted. Aerosol challenge exposure of all kittens with either virulent FIPV-1146 or FIPV-UCD1 caused no adverse effects except in kittens previously affected after the first inoculation. Residual lesions of FIPV were observed histologically.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
There appeared to be a beneficial effect clinically by intratracheal/intranasal inoculation, but not complete protection, as observed histologically. (Am J Vet Res 1997; 58:251–256)
Induction of dual infections in newborn and three-week-old pigs by use of two plaque size variants of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Park Bong K. , Joo Han S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether pigs can be dually infected with different plaque variants of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

Animals
2 pregnant sows, 20 newborn pigs, and 20 three-week-old pigs.

Procedure
The 2 late-term pregnant sows were inoculated with the PRRSV small-plaque variant MN-Hs, and their pigs were challenge exposed at 7 days of age with the PRRSV large-plaque variant MN-HI. In addition, twelve 3-week-old pigs were inoculated with MN-Hs virus. Two groups of the pigs were challenge exposed with MN-HI virus at 14 and 42 days after initial inoculation. Virus was isolated from the pigs at various intervals, plaque sizes were examined, and serologic testing was performed.

Results
From the 2 groups of ten 7-day-old pigs, small-plaque PRRSV was isolated from 8 and 10 pigs. After subsequent challenge exposure, dual infections were diagnosed in 3 of 10 inoculated and 4 of 10 contact control pigs. In 3-week-old pigs infected with MN-Hs virus, dual infections were documented in 2 of 6 pigs when challenge exposed 14 days after initial infection. Virus was not isolated from sera of another 6 pigs challenge exposed 42 days after initial infection. Serum neutralization antibody was detected in all 6 pigs at challenge exposure.

Conclusions
Dual infections were documented in viremic newborn pigs and 3-week-old pigs, using 2 plaque variants of PRRSV. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58: 257–259)
Use of nested polymerase chain reaction to identify feline herpesvirus in ocular tissue from clinically normal cats and cats with corneal sequestra or conjunctivitis
Authors: Stiles Jean , McDermott Michelle , Bigsby Deborah , Willis Michelle , Martin Charles , Roberts Wayne , Greene Craig 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To use a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) DNA in conjunctiva or cornea from clinically normal cats and cats with conjunctivitis or corneal sequestra.

Samples
Conjunctival snip biopsy specimens from 50 cats with conjunctivitis and 50 clinically normal cats; 28 keratectomy specimens from 26 cats with sequestra, and 13 specimens from clinically normal cats.

Procedure
Tissue specimens were digested, and FHV-1 DNA was amplified, using a double round of PCR. Products were visualized by use of agarose gel electrophoresis.

Results
Polymerase chain reaction was positive in 27 of 50 (54%) conjunctival specimens from cats with conjunctivitis and 6 of 50 (12%) specimens from clinically normal cats. Difference in the results between cats with conjunctivitis and clinically normal cats was statistically significant. Polymerase chain reaction was positive in 5 of 28 (18%) corneal specimens from cats with sequestra and 6 of 13 (46%) clinically normal cats. Distribution of positive results between clinically normal cats and those with sequestra was not significant.

Conclusion
Cats with conjunctivitis were more likely to have a positive PCR result than were clinically normal cats, making it likely that FHV-1 was associated with the disease state. Herpesvirus DNA could not be detected in most corneas from cats with sequestra.

Clinical Relevance
Polymerase chain reaction is a useful clinical test for identifying FHV-1 DNA in cats with conjunctivitis, yielding greater sensitivity over that of currently available tests. Herpesvirus may be less of a cause of corneal sequestration in the commonly affected breeds, Himalayan and Persian, than other factors, such as lagophthalmos or corneal metabolic defects. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:338–342)
Use of Rhodococcus equi virulence-associated protein for immunization of foals against R equi pneumonia
Authors: Prescott J. F. , Nicholson V. M. , Patterson M. C. , Meleiro M. C. Zandona , Araujo A. Caterino de , Yager J. A. , Holmes M. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate use of the virulence-associated protein of Rhodococcus equi in immunizing foals against R equi pneumonia.

Animals
Eight (experimental group) and 6 (controls) mares with their foals.

Procedure
Virulence-associated protein extracted from R equi was used to prepare an acetone-precipitated, Triton ×-extracted (APTX) antigen. After determination of the efficacy of passive immunization, in untreated foals or in foals given plasma from a horse vaccinated with APTX antigen or from a nonvaccinated horse, a field trial was done to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination of 8 mares, twice with APTX before parturition, and of their foals at ages 3 and 5 weeks; 6 mares and their foals served as unvaccinated controls. All 2-day-old foals were given plasma from local donor horses inoculated with a locally produced bacterin. Serum opsonizing activity produced by vaccination with APTX was determined. Passively immunized foals were challenge exposed with an aerosol of virulent R equi. Foals of the field trial were exposed to enzootic R equi infection.

Results
Inoculation with APTX resulted in high IgG antibody titers with opsonizing activity. Passive immunization of foals with plasma from an immunized horse enhanced bacterial clearance from the lungs, compared with that in foals not given plasma or given plasma without APTX antibodies. Vaccination of mares and foals exposed to natural infection resulted in development of R equi pneumonia in 4 of 8 vaccinated foals, but in only 1 of 6 unvaccinated foals,.

Conclusions
Vaccination with APTX antigen led to high-titer, opsonizing antibody. Plasma from a vaccinated horse appeared to enhance clearance of R equi from the lungs of foals. Paradoxically, vaccination of mares and their foals with APTX antigen did not protect foals and may have enhanced R equi pneumonia in the foals. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:356-359)
Changes in nutrient and protein composition of cat milk during lactation
Authors: Adkins Yuriko , Zicker Steven C. , Lepine Allan , Lönnerdal Bo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate changes in the nutrient and protein composition of cat milk during lactation.

Animals
12 lactating domestic shorthair cats.

Procedure
Milk samples collected on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42 after parturition were analyzed for concentrations of nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, casein, whey proteins, amino acids, total lipids, lactose, citrate, minerals, and trace elements. Individual milk proteins (caseins and whey proteins) were analyzed by use of polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis.

Results
True protein concentration ranged from 6.3 to 8.6% and was as high in mature milk as in colostrum. Nonprotein nitrogen as a portion of total N was constant (approx 8%), as was the whey-to-casein ratio (approx 50:50). Total lipid concentration was high (9.3%) in colostrum, rapidly decreased, then increased to 9% in mature milk. Lactose concentration was constant at 4%. Milk calcium, iron, and copper concentrations increased markedly during lactation, and magnesium and zinc values remained constant. Colostrum and early milk had a low Ca-to-P ratio of 0.4:0.9. Although calcium concentration increased with time, phosphate concentration also increased so that the Ca-to-P ratio remained constant in mature milk at 1.0: 1.2. The major whey proteins had molecular weights of approximately 14,000, 19,000, 40,000 and 80,000. The 80,000 protein (possibly lactoferrin) decreased in concentration during lactation. Two major casein subunits of approximately 28,000 and 33,000 were found, and both increased during early lactation.

Conclusions
Nutrient composition of cat milk and, thus, provision of nutrients to nursing kittens changes over time. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:370-375)
Prophylaxis of respiratory distress syndrome in premature calves by administration of dexamethasone or a prostaglandin F2α analogue to their dams before parturition
Authors: Zaremba Wolfgang , Grunert Eberhard , Aurich Jörg E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate effects of preterm induction of calving by administration of flumethasone and dinoprost on the lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid and on neonatal respiratory distress after birth.

Animals
45 dairy cows and their newborn calves.

Procedure
Amniotic fluid from 45 cows was obtained and tested between days 258 and 270 of gestation. Cows were then given flumethasone (10 mg; n = 15), dinoprost (25 mg; n = 15), or saline solution (n = 15). Thirty hours later, left flank cesarean section was performed, amniotic fluid was collected, and the calf was delivered. Blood for determination of progesterone was withdrawn at amniotic fluid sample collections and before induction of calving. Blood for analysis of pH and base deficit was collected from calves during cesarean section and repeatedly after birth. Phospholipids in amniotic fluid were measured by thin-layer chromatography, and progesterone was determined by radioimmunoassay. Base deficit and pH were measured, using a blood gas analyzer.

Results
Before treatments, a corpus luteum was present in all cows and the lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid did not differ between groups. Thirty hours after injections of flumethasone and dinoprost, progesterone concentration had decreased (P < 0.05) and the lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than values in controls. In calves delivered after flumethasone or dinoprost treatments, the degree of acidosis was significantly (P < 0.05) less than that in controls.

Conclusions
Flumethasone and dinoprost, given to pregnant cows, accelerate fetal lung maturation and improve respiratory function after birth. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:404–407)
Effects of continuous venovenous hemofiltration on cardiopulmonary function in a porcine model of endotoxin-induced shock
Authors: Murphey E. D. , Fessler J. F. , Bottoms G. D. , Latshaw H. , Johnson M. , Mueller B. , Clark W. , Macias W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether continuous venovenous hemofiltration, proposed to remove inflammatory mediators from circulation, would resolve cardiopulmonary derangements in a model of established endotoxic shock.

Animals
16 clinically normal pigs.

Procedure
Endotoxin was infused, IV, into anesthetized pigs for a total of 50 minutes. Thirty minutes after termination of the infusion period, extracorporeal circulation was initiated through a 50-kd diafilter, or past the filter without ultrafiltrate formation. Cardiac and respiratory variables were monitored for a period of 4 hours.

Results
Infusion of lipopolysaccharide resulted in a severe hypodynamic circulatory state, with significant decreases in mean arterial pressure and cardiac output concurrent with a significant increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. Hemofiltration was not associated with any correction of lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiopulmonary derangements.

Conclusions
Continuous venovenous hemofiltration, as used in this acute experiment, did not improve cardiopulmonary dysfunction during endotoxic shock.

Clinical Relevance
Continuous venovenous hemofiltration needs further investigation before it can be recommended as a clinically effective treatment. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:408–413)
Effect of maturation and aging on the histomorphometric and biochemical characteristics of equine superficial digital flexor tendon
Authors: Gillis Carol , Pool Roy R. , Meagher D.M. , Stover Susan M. , Reiser Karen , Willits Neil 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To assess tendon morphology and non-reducible crosslink concentration, and associations of these findings with horse age and previously reported mechanical and ultrasonographic findings.

Sample Population
Superficial digital flexor tendon samples were obtained from 23 horses aged 2 to 23 years. The tendons had undergone ultrasonography and were submitted to biomechanical testing in the physiologic range prior to sample acquisition.

Procedure
Samples were sectioned in a transverse plane; then dorsal, palmar, central, lateral, and medial regions were evaluated for fascicle cross-sectional area (CSA), septal width, and vessel density (the product of vessel numbers and vessel CSA per field). Contiguous samples were analyzed for collagen crosslinking.

Results
Central fascicles were significantly larger than fascicles in other tendon regions. Fascicle CSA decreased significantly with increasing age. Because total tendon CSA is unrelated to increasing age, fascicle numbers appeared to increase with increasing age. Regional or age effects on septal width were not found. There was no age or regional effect on vessel numbers, density, or fractional area.
Fascicle CSA was positively correlated with total tendon CSA; fascicle CSA was negatively correlated with elastic modulus. Hydroxypiridinium concentration tended to increase with increasing horse age; this effect was associated with a positive correlation between hydroxypiridinium values and elastic modulus.

Conclusions
Equine superficial digital flexor tendon undergoes an increase in structural organization and an increase in nonreducible crosslinks with maturation and aging. These changes are associated with an increase in elastic modulus. (Am J Vet Res 1997; 58:425–430)
Influence of two diets on pharmacokinetic parameters of allopurinol and oxypurinol in healthy Beagles
Authors: Bartges Joseph W. , Osborne Carl A. , Felice Lawrence J. , Koehler Lori A. , Ulrich Lisa K. , Bird Kathy A. , Chen Menglan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine whether diet influences the metabolism of IV administered allopurinol in healthy dogs.

Animals
6 healthy female Beagles, 4.9 to 5.2 years old and weighing 9.6 to 11.5 kg.

Procedures
Allopurinol was administered IV (10 mg/kg) while dogs consumed a 10.4% protein (dry weight), casein-based diet or a 31.4% (dry weight), meat-based diet. After each dose, plasma samples were obtained at timed intervals, and concentrations of allopurinol and its active metabolite, oxypurinol, were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. An iterative, nonlinear regression analytical program was used to determine the weighted leastsquares, best-fit curves for plasma allopurinol and oxypurinol concentration-time data. From these data, pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated.

Results
Pharmacokinetic parameters for allopurinol and oxypurinol were not different when comparing the effect of diet.

Conclusion
There is no influence of diet on pharmacokinetic parameters of allopurinol or oxypurinol.

Clinical Relevance
In contrast to observations in human beings, allopurinol metabolism is not influenced by diet. Therefore, formation of xanthine-containing calculi in dogs consuming a high-protein diet and receiving allopurinol is probably not attributable to alteration of allopurinol metabolism. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:511–515)