bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Contributions Of the Lesion Method to the Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotion
Authors: Damasio Antonio R , Adolphs, Ralph , Damasio H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Damage to the human brain has consequences for cognitive function, including emotional and social behavior. While the majority of impairments in brain function result from damage that is not focal, such as neurodegenerative disease or psychiatric disorders, there is a subset of cases that feature impaired processing of emotion as a result of focal damage in specific neural structures. It is these latter cases that are especially well suited to explore the relationships between particular structures and particular functions. Historically, investigations of brain-cognition relationships on the basis of focal brain damage have relied on single, or a small number, of rare case studies. In the ideal case, such studies of individuals can provide the opportunity to link impairments in a particular domain of cognitive function to damage in a single structure. The single-case approach is complemented with approaches that utilize larger sample sizes and that examine patterns shared across many subjects whose lesions share a common focus, even though those lesions may not be restricted to a single structure of interest. We briefly discuss some of these developments in the analysis of lesions, before reviewing their contribution to the field of emotion research. At the outset, it is important to bear in mind what the lesion method can and cannot demonstrate. Regardless of the specific methods used, inferences from impaired performances following brain damage always focus on the same conclusion: an inference regarding which structures are necessary to perform a given task. In most cases, the structures so revealed are only a subset of the structures that are sufficient to perform the task. This logic contrasts the lesion method with functional imaging of normal individuals. While functional imaging studies attempt to reveal all the structures that are engaged when normal subjects perform a certain task, the lesion method demonstrates which of these are critical, in the sense that normal performance is impossible in their absence.
Introduction: Emotion and Social Processes
Authors: Salovey Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To call this part in the Handbook of Affective Sciences “Emotion and Social Processes” is a bit misleading. The title implies that emotions as a phenomenon are distinct from social behavior but that the interested investigator can study the impact of affective processes on interpersonal interactions and vice versa. In fact, the emotions themselves are social processes. Emotions arise, in part, through interactions or anticipated interactions with others. They are part of the landscape of an organism’s social environment. As a scientist who asked why humans and other species express emotions in certain ways, Charles Darwin (1872/ 1998) can be seen as the first emotions theorist who offered a social explanation for the purpose of the affective system. His principle of serviceable habits articulated a view that emotional expressions reflect movements that were originally useful to our progenitors. These movements were often of a social nature—striking when angry, running away when fearful, mating when joyful, for example. Pairs of humans may bring their mouths together to kiss rather than share food, but in either case, associated emotions motivate distinctly social behaviors. Moreover, the signaling system that many scholars believe to be part of the function of emotions is social by definition. Darwin himself (1872/1998) only hinted at this communicative function for emotional expression, although other scholars following in his tradition have accorded it more importance. The idea is that, through facial expressions and bodily postures, humans and animals communicate to their conspecifics something important about impending social interactions. The baring of teeth in anger says, for instance, “See these fangs? If you continue to bother me, they could end up sunk into your flesh!” Although expressions may originate from physiological sensations and central nervous system (CNS) activity, that does not lessen their potentially important social function as communicative devices (see Ekman, 1998, for a fascinating personal account of the debate about expressions as reflecting internal changes in preparation for action, communication, or both). This essentially social nature of the emotional system is captured well by Ekman in his own influential theorizing about the functionality of emotion (e.g., the following passage from an imagined dialogue with anthropologist Gregory Bateson):
Introduction: Emotion and Psychopathology
Authors: Post Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the complexity and exquisite regulation of emotion described in previous chapters, it is not surprising that emotional dysfunction lies at the core of a variety of psychopathological conditions. The syndromes of emotional dysregulation lie on a continuum of temporal characteristics, ranging from seconds/minutes (panic attacks) to hours/days (borderline personality disorder) to weeks/ months (unipolar and bipolar illness) to years/lifetime (schizophrenia and autism). The panic/anxiety disorders are characterized by paroxysmal episodes of panic, sometimes superimposed on more chronic components of dysphoria, agoraphobia, and depression. The marked mood lability of borderline personality disorder and its interdigitation with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) syndromes are typified by extremely rapid and major mood shifts. Included in this phasic dysregulation are prominent components of anxiety, depression, proneness to substance abuse, and chaotic experience of the self and relationships to others. The unipolar and bipolar affective disorders range from chronic dysthymia to irregular bursts of recurrent brief depression to minor and major depression to these conditions in the context of hypomania (bipolar II) and fullblown mania (bipolar I). This range of depressive and manic mood disorders is common in the general population and most typical of psychopathologies involving dysfunction of emotional regulation. The schizophrenias are more commonly associated with a persistent disconnection of affect from its appropriate context, and thus they present with prominent autistic components. In childhood autism itself there is an early and chronic breakdown of emotional communication that often involves an absence of normal language and affective responsiveness to others. Given this range of type and temporal dissimilarities among the major psychopathological syndromes of emotion, we chose to highlight in this part several of the more prominent syndromes and components that bridge diagnostic categories Although each of the chapters has a separate focus, it is worth emphasizing the constant interaction and interplay of cognition, emotion, and neurobiology that is important not only for understanding the psychological and neurobiological substrates of affective dysregulation but also for approaches to therapeutics that can also involve each of three domains (affective, cognitive, and somatic) as primary targets.
Physiological and Pharmacological Induction of Affect
Authors: Ketter Terence A , Wang Po W , Lembke, Anna , Sachs Nadia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Systematically provoking affects and studying the resulting phenomena is an important strategy in affective science. Such induction studies not only yield insights into mechanisms of feeling states experienced in health but also provide models for psychopathological states, which in some cases may differ clinically from healthy affects, primarily in duration, intensity, or reactivity. In this chapter we review physiological and pharmacological methods of inducing affects, with a focus on studies that combine these techniques with functional brain imaging to explore the cerebral processes that underlie affects. Affective processes are extremely complex and diverse. They vary in duration, frequency, quality, and intensity. One method of subtyping affects is by temporal domains, with emotions the briefest, moods intermediate, and temperaments the most sustained. These entities vary in several ways in addition to duration (Table 50.1). Thus emotions are brief (lasting seconds to minutes) experiences that are often intense, reactive to acute precipitants, and accompanied by autonomic arousal (increased heart rate and blood pressure), and they lead to actions. In contrast, moods are of longer duration (lasting hours to days) and somewhat less intense; they range from reactive to spontaneous, they may be accompanied by more subtle (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation) arousal, and they tend to result in cognitions. Temperaments are the most sustained (lasting years to decades) and generally the least intense; they are largely constitutional but can occasionally be modified by persistent experiential factors, they generally lack autonomic features, and they yield integrative styles of interacting with the environment. These temporal domains of affective experiences are related to one another; different temperaments yield predispositions to different moods, which in turn yieldtendencies to varying emotions. Influences also exist in the opposite direction, with intense emotional experiences inrapidsuccession yielding particular moods and repeated or chronic moods on occasion resulting in temperamental shifts. These domains may have different neurobiological substrates. Recent functional brain imaging evidence suggests that emotions may be mediated by phylogenetically older anterior paralimbic structures. Such structures have access to motor circuits and could thereby provide primitive, perceptually triggered, action-oriented affective processing. Moods may be related to more recent overlying prefrontal neocortical elements and could thus provide more refined, complexly (perceptual, mnemonic, cognitive) triggered, cognition-oriented affective processing.
Prologue the Middle Passage Blues
Authors: Emanuel James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I can HYP-NO-TIZE myself rememberin’ Grandma’s chair; she had slave-girl mem’ries, and she rocked and hummed ‘em there: her daddy’s neck and legs in chains, his own vomit in his hairstories Grandma told me-she rocked and hum-m-med ‘em there: Great-grandpa’s neck and legs stretched out, with vomit in his hair; and suddenly I’m runnin’-runnin’-runnin’ through the town, faces spinnin’ round me while I’m runnin’ through the town, runnin’ with my feelin’s, tryin’ to run my feelin’s down, Grandma hummin-n-n-n at my feelin’s while I’m tryin’ to run ‘em down; till sudden y ... I see her chair, I feel she’s got my han’ and she’s sayin’ “When you grow up you be a Middle Passage man.”
The Middle Passage between History and Fiction Introductory Remarks
Authors: Gates Maria Diedrich Henry Louis , Pedersen Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the aftermath of the failed 1848 revolutions in Europe, one of the leading members of the Russian radical intelligentsia, Alexander Herzen, summed up the mood of disillusionment and distrust of the idea of progress among many of the Russian intelligentsia in a striking passage in his tract From the Other Shore: “If humanity went straight to some goal,” he wrote, “there would be no history, only logic.”1 However, in the modern era, which arguably began with the encounter between Europe, Africa, and the Americas-and thus also with the beginning of the slave trade in the sixteenth century-the main trajectory of Western European thought seemed to aim straight toward “some goal” of human cultural progress, undergirded by the “logic” of unbridled economic development. Defenses of the slave system were based on discursive polarities that soothed the collective consciousness of Europeans. Eurocentric and hierarchical concepts of culture and, based on this Eumcentrism, the civilizing mission of Western European culture, relegated Africa to the subordinate position of the Dark Continent, which represented the fallen image of Europe’s past, and the Americas to the Virgin Land, which contained the hope for Europe’s future.
Patterns in the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1662-1867 New Indications of African Origins of Slaves Arriving in the Americas
Authors: Richardson David Eltis David , Behrendt Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The publication in 1969 of Philip Curtin’s The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census is generally noted as a landmark in the historiogaphy of transatlantic slavery.1 Relying on published evidence, Curtin produced the first modern estimates of the volume of the transatlantic slave trade and of the regional distributions of slave departures from Africa and arrivals in the Americas. Since 1969, his work has been under close scrutiny, with various scholars producing new estimates of the British, French, Dutch, Portuguese, and other slave trades. Much of this new work, focused on the two centuries after 1660 when the transatlantic traffic in Africans peaked, has used archival shipping data unavailable to Curtin. Usually interpreted as more reliable than Curtin’s, the new findings have nevertheless tended to corroborate rather than challenge Curtin’s original estimates of the totals involved. The chief contributions of the new research have been in determinations of the temporal and geographic distribution of the trade, particularly in the patterns of slave departures from Africa.
The African American Concept of the Fantastic as Middle Passage
Authors: Christol Helene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fantastic allows multiple cultural and literary intersections. With its multilayered functions and strategies, the African American fantastic text can be analyzed as the perfect illustration of what Gates defined in “Critics in the Jungle” as a multiterritorial text-milieu, occupying a “rhetorical space in at least two [and often more] canons.1 If, in addition, we consider Todorov’s now classical study of the fantastic and/or more recent transcultural and ethnological studies, we realize that the fantastic could be a crucial literary mode that reveals forgotten Middle Passages between Africa and America, mimesis and figuration, possibility and impossibility.
Voyage into the Heart of Africa Pauline Hopkins and of One Blood
Authors: Wallinger Hanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reuel Briggs, the protagonist of Pauline Hopkins’s Of One Blood, a serial novel published between 1902 and 1903, discovers that “[i]n the heart of Africa was a knowledge of science that all the wealth and learning of modern times could not emulate.”1 This statement surely stirred the interest of the late-nineteenth-century reader, who was trained to regard Africa as uncivilized and savage. It was startling because it spoke of a racial pride that the average colored American was not then used to hearing. In this essay I will put Reuel Briggs’s and Hopkins’s “heart of Africa” into context and read Of One Blood as a contribution to the concept of “Ethiopianism,” in terms taken from the discussion of colonialist literature, and against the background of the dominant postReconstruction racial and scientific discourse.
African Americans in Africa: Black Missionaries and the “Congo Atrocities,” 1890-1910
Authors: Fi.illberg-Stolberg Katja 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “Congo atrocities” were one of the most brutal events in Africa’s colonial history. William Henry Sheppard, an African American missionary of the American Presbyterian Congo Mission (APCM) was among the first to speak out against these atrocities, thus playing a major role in the African American confrontation with European colonialism in Africa. The Congo Mission was founded in 1890 in the Democratic Republic of Congo which, from 1885 until its independence in 1960, was part of the European colonial empires, first as the Congo Free State, and, since 1908, as Congo Belge. The history of the APCM exemplifies the role African Americans played in the United States’s involvement in Africa at the turn of the century and sheds light on the American economic and social interests in Central Africa at this time.
Hypochondriasis and Personality Disturbance
Authors: Hollifield Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is evidence that hypochondriasis is associated with many “attitudes,” personality traits, and personality disorders. This evidence comes from descriptive and theoretical literature and from empirical findings. However, both the quality and the strength of the relationship between hypochondriasis and personality disturbance are not well understood. This is so in part because most of the data about the subject is descriptive or comes from cross-sectional research.
Degrees Of Freedom
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You have returned from Cherbourg and are relaxing in your office at the Washington Metropolitan Field Office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation located on 1900 Half Street, Washington, D.C. Very few people know your office exists because its door is cleverly disguised as an elevator bearing a perpetual “out-of-order” sign.
Inside, on the back of your door, is the colorful FBI seal and motto “Fidelity, Bravery, Integrity.” The peaked beveled edge circumscribing the seal symbolizes the severe challenges confronting the FBI and the rugged­ ness of the organization.
Extremes Analyses of Observed Temperament Dimensions
Authors: Manke Beth , Saudino Kimberly J , Grant Julia D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bulk of genetic research on temperament suggests that individual differences in shyness, behavioral inhibition, affect-extroversion, activity, and task orientation are genetically influenced (see Goldsmith, 1983, Plomin, 1987 for reviews). Estimates of heritability for these temperamental dimensions fall in the moderate range (.20–40). Even though genetic influences on individual differences in temperament are well documented, behavioral genetic work in the area of temperament is far from complete. In fact, several important areas have yet to be explored. Little, if any, research on temperament has investigated the etiology of high and low extreme group membership. That is, we have yet to examine why, as a group, individuals who score high or low on measures of temperament are, on average, so different from the mean of the population.
Parental Ratings of Temperament in Twins
Authors: Saudino Kimberly J , Cherny Stacey S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parental ratings offer a number of advantages to the researcher interested in studying temperament in infants or young children. Because parents know their children well and spend much time with them, they are able to provide valuable information about their child’s typical behaviors across many situations. As compared to behavioral observations, which typically involve brief samples of behavior, parental ratings are based on more extensive behavioral sampling and therefore avoid potential problems associated with situational influences. In addition, parental rating scales are inexpensive, easy to administer, and display good psychometric properties in terms of reliability and internal consistency (Goldsmith et al., 1991; Hubert et al., 1982; Slabach et al., 1991). Therefore, it is not surprising that parental rating measures are the most common method of assessing temperament in infancy and childhood.
Reactions to Restraint and Anger-Related Expressions during the Second Year
Authors: Emde Robert N , Robinson Joann L , Corley Robin P , Nikkari Diana , Zahn-Waxler Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anger expressions in infancy have been described in a variety of different measurement contexts, including arm restraint (Camras et al., 1992; Fox, 1989; Stenberg & Campos, 1990); a stranger’s approach (Fox & Davidson, 1988); ex tinction of instrumental learning (Lewis et al., 1990); cookie withdrawal (Sten berg et al., 1983); frustration of needs and dressing restrictions (Klinnert et al., 1984); play (Goodenough, 1931); and socialization experiences with parents (Miller & Sperry, 1987; Radke-Yarrow & Kochanska, 1990). Controversy re mains, however, as to whether anger is best regarded as a discrete, biologically based response system. Thus, on the one hand, some programmatic researchers find it useful to take a discrete emotions point of view of anger in infancy (Emde et al., 1985; Fischer & Tangney, 1995; Izard et al., 1980; Goldsmith & Campos, 1982). On the other hand, some researchers favor a constructivist view of anger. Anger might better be regarded as a response system that is socially and cognitively constructed from an arousal of general distress that occurs in particular contexts. Stein and Levine (1990), for example, point out that both anger and sadness can be elicited by similar situations. In their view, anger is expressed because an individual refuses to accept being in a state of unexpected loss or failure—a view that bears some similarities to the more general constructionist views of Averill (1979) and Mandler (1990).
Galactic Winds, Starburst Superwinds, And The Epoch Of Galaxy Formation
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a spiral galaxy, like the Milky Way, most optically bright material is in a disk. However, such a galaxy does contain matter in regions high above the disk. Those regions constitute the halo of a galaxy. Gas heated in supernova remnants can escape into the halo of a galaxy and possibly flow out as a galactic wind. Observations of the absorption of ultraviolet radiation emitted by high-mass stars in the halo of the Milky Way reveal the presence of moderately to highly charged ions far above the Galaxy’s disk. X-ray emission from the halos of galaxies similar to ours shows that they also contain such species. Extended distributions of neutral clouds as well as charged ions around galaxies may account for the origin of many of the “narrow” absorption features detected in the spectra of quasistellar objects and other active galaxies, some of which are the most distant objects to have been discovered (cf. section 10.2). Some of the properties of these narrow absorption features most likely provide clues about the formation and evolution of galaxies. They may even give some insight into the global properties of the Universe.
Active Galaxies And Their Nuclei
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a conference held in Manchester in 1984, Bernard Pagel aptly paraphrased George Orwell by commenting that”all galaxies are active, but some are more active than others.” Activity in galaxies manifests itself in a variety of ways. For example, in section 9.6, we described the starburst phenomenon that can lead to the generation of superwinds. In this chapter, we will concentrate on activity (including winds and jets) occurring in the nuclear regions lying within several hundred light years or so of the centers of the galaxies.
Some Other Windy And Explosive Sources
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though in previous chapters we have addressed a large variety of astronomical objects and phenomena, we have by no means examined all of the types of environments in which winds and explosions occur. The present chapter contains brief descriptions of several classes of windy and explosive sources upon which we have either touched only briefly or which we have not yet mentioned. In the closing section of chapter 5 on low-mass young stellar objects, we gave some hint that outflows from such sources are not continuous. However, we did not examine the FU Orionis phenomenon, named after the prototypical source in which it occurs. The FU Orionis phase is one of exceptionally high brightness and mass loss for a LMYSO.