bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcutaneous oxygen tension msonitoring after successful revascularization in diabetic patients with ischaemic foot ulcers
Authors: Caselli A. , Latini V. , Lapenna A. , Di Carlo S. , Pirozzi F. , Benvenuto A. , Uccioli L. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractObjective  To monitor transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2) after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in diabetic patients with ischaemic foot ulcers.Research Design and Methods  Twenty‐three diabetic patients with ischaemic foot ulcers who underwent successful revascularization by PTA (SR group) were retrospectively selected. Twenty diabetic patients who underwent unsuccessful revascularization (UR group) were also included. Transcutaneous oxygen tension was measured at the dorsum of the foot before and 1 (± 1), 7 (± 1), 14 (± 1), 21 (± 1) and 28 (± 1) days after the surgical procedure.Results  After PTA, TcPO2 progressively improved in the SR group, reaching its peak 4 weeks after angioplasty. A concomitant decrease of cutaneous carbon dioxide tension (TcPCO2) was also observed immediately after PTA which reached the lowest levels 3 weeks later. In the UR group, TcPO2 showed a slight improvement immediately after PTA but remained stable throughout the observation, while TcPCO2 levels did not change. Finally, the percentage of SR patients with a TcPO2 ≥ 30 mmHg was 38.5% 1 week after PTA, while it increased to 75% 3 weeks later.Conclusion  Transcutaneous oxygen tension monitoring showed that after successful revascularization it takes 3–4 weeks for cutaneous oxygenation to improve and reach the optimal levels for wound healing. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension monitoring may be more useful to identify the negative outcome of a revascularization procedure. Our findings suggest that, when the surgical approach can be delayed, the best timing to perform a more aggressive debridement or minor amputations is 3–4 weeks after successful revascularization.
Reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with metformin use in subjects with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Johnson J. A. , Simpson S. H. , Toth E. L. , Majumdar S. R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAim Metformin therapy reduces microvascular complications in Type 2 diabetes; questions remain, however, regarding its impact on macrovascular events. This study examined metformin use in relation to risk of cardiovascular‐related hospitalization and mortality.Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis, using Saskatchewan Health administrative databases to identify new users of oral antidiabetic drugs. Subject groups were defined by medication use during 1991–1999: sulphonylurea monotherapy, metformin monotherapy, or combination therapy. Deaths and non‐fatal hospitalizations recorded during the study period were identified as cardiovascular‐related from ICD‐9 codes. The main outcome was a composite of first non‐fatal hospitalization or death. Standard multivariate techniques, including propensity scores, were used to adjust for potential confounding. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the relationship between metformin use and the composite endpoint.Results Metformin monotherapy was associated with a lower risk of the composite endpoint (adjusted hazard ratio 0.81; 95% confidence interval 0.68, 0.97) compared with sulphonylurea monotherapy. Combination therapy with meformin and a sulphonylurea was associated with lower mortality, but had similar hospitalization rates, to sulphonylurea monotherapy.Conclusions Metformin monotherapy was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular‐related morbidity and mortality, and combination metformin and sulphonylurea therapy was associated with a reduced risk of fatal cardiovascular events, when compared with sulphonylurea monotherapy.
Prevalence and risk factors for stroke in Type 2 diabetic patients in Taiwan: a cross‐sectional survey of a national sample by telephone interview
Authors: Tseng C.‐H. , Chong C.‐K. , Sheu J.‐J. , Wu T.‐H. , Tseng C.‐P. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAims  To determine the prevalence and risk factors for stroke in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the age‐specific prevalence odds ratios (POR) in comparison with the general population in Taiwan.Methods  A total of 16 994 T2DM patients were randomly selected for telephone interview from a group covered by the National Health Insurance programme. Lifetime prevalence of stroke was calculated and various risk factors were analysed. Age‐specific POR was calculated using previously reported prevalence of stroke in the general population from a nationwide survey across Taiwan. Standardized prevalence and POR were also calculated using the 2000–2025 population of the World Health Organization.Results  A total of 12 531 cases (73.7%) were successfully interviewed. Stroke prevalence was 7.5%. In multivariate logistic regression, independent predictors were: increasing age, male gender, lower body mass index, ex‐smokers, hyperlipidaemia, systolic pressure (or diastolic pressure when systolic pressure was not adjusted), education level below high school, and living in eastern or southern Taiwan. When compared with the general population, POR for stroke in the age groups < 45, 45–54, 55–64 and ≥ 65 years were 82.29 (9.60, 705.57), 5.43 (2.33, 12.68), 3.73 (2.20, 6.33) and 2.14 (1.59, 2.89), respectively. The age‐standardized prevalence of stroke was 2.3% in the diabetic patients and 0.6% in the general population.Conclusions  Stroke prevalence in Taiwanese T2DM is 7.5%. Diabetic patients have a higher risk of stroke than the general population, but the relative risk attenuates with age. Besides conventional atherosclerotic risk factors, stroke patients in Taiwan are characterized by lower body mass index, lower education level and residence in southern or eastern Taiwan. The negative association between body mass index and stroke in Taiwanese T2DM is in contrast to the generally accepted concept that obesity is a major risk factor as seen in most western countries.
Animal models of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Rees D. A. , Alcolado J. C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAnimal models have been used extensively in diabetes research. Early studies used pancreatectomised dogs to confirm the central role of the pancreas in glucose homeostasis, culminating in the discovery and purification of insulin. Today, animal experimentation is contentious and subject to legal and ethical restrictions that vary throughout the world. Most experiments are carried out on rodents, although some studies are still performed on larger animals. Several toxins, including streptozotocin and alloxan, induce hyperglycaemia in rats and mice. Selective inbreeding has produced several strains of animal that are considered reasonable models of Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes and related phenotypes such as obesity and insulin resistance. Apart from their use in studying the pathogenesis of the disease and its complications, all new treatments for diabetes, including islet cell transplantation and preventative strategies, are initially investigated in animals. In recent years, molecular biological techniques have produced a large number of new animal models for the study of diabetes, including knock‐in, generalized knock‐out and tissue‐specific knockout mice.
The Implementation of an International Market Servicing Strategy in UK Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Buckley Peter J , Pass C. L. , Prescott Kate 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYThis paper presents results from an empirical investigation into the impact of foreign market servicing strategies on the competitiveness of UK manufacturing firms in five industry sectors. Competitiveness is defined by performance, competitive potential and management process. Although the choice of foreign market servicing mode is highly constrained, there is a range of choice available to firms, although this choice is often reactive rather than proactive. The impact of market servicing switches on competitiveness is often profound, although it is not always positive. Moreover, these effects may be in different directions on the three components of competitiveness. Attention to foreign market servicing policies is crucial for achieving international competitiveness.
What Does it Mean to be Enterprising?
Authors: Caird Sally 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYThe last ten years in the U.K. have witnessed an acceleration of interest in enterprise education. The aims of enterprise education initiatives include helping people to start businesses; promoting awareness of enterprise; and creating the educational conditions for people to become more enterprising (Jamieson, 1984). This diversity of aims implies that enterprise is perceived differently by educationalists involved in enterprise education. This paper seeks to clarify the meaning of enterprise by exploring some key questions:

Why is enterprise considered important?
What insights are offered by enterprise education initiatives on the meaning of enterprise?
How useful is a study of entrepreneurs for a study of enterprise?

These questions dictate a need for further research to explore and clarify the meaning of enterprise. This is crucial for educationalists who wish to educate and assess enterprise as well as decide on the educational value of enterprise education. The relationship between enterprise competencies and small business owner management and employee competencies would be also clarified with an understanding of what it means to be enterprising.
State‐of‐the‐Art Developments in Expert Systems and Strategic Marketing Planning
Authors: McDonald Malcolm H. B. , Wilson Hugh N. 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYThis paper describes a case history of the development of an Expert System in Strategic Marketing Planning codenamed EXMAR. It traces the evolution of the system from the formation of the DTI club two years ago to the launch of the prototype model. The paper outlines the technical and domain–specific obstacles encountered en route and how these were overcome. A number of conclusions are drawn from the project. The principal one is that there is a bright future for expert systems in the field of strategic management.Professor Malcolm McDonald is the principal expert to the club. Hugh Wilson is a senior consultant with Artificial Intelligence Ltd. He was also the knowledge engineer and the project manager. For readers who would like a simple explanation of Expert Systems, please refer to Professor McDonald's paper ‘Marketing Planning and Expert Systems: an Epistemology of Practice’, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 7, 7/8, 1989.
The Strategic Management of IT Investment Decisions: A Research Note
Authors: Sheppard Juliet 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYThe concept that Information Technology can be used as part of an organization's strategy changes its role in the organization. Whilst investments associated with current or ‘more of the same’ computer systems are proposed by the DP manager, requests for investments associated with the use of IT as a competitive weapon come from a much wider audience. Since the size of the investment may be large and its potential impact on the organization profound there is a need to objectively analyze and manage such investments at the strategic level. Sophisticated models exist in the literature (Butler, 1988; Porter, 1988; Marsden, 1988; Synott, 1987) and there is much research to support the view that IT and corporate strategic models need to be aligned (Feeney & Brownlee, 1986; Haffenden, 1988 and Brewer, 1987). However the results from in‐depth interviews with highly placed managers suggest that the decisions are based on more informal processes and that there exists differing views on the relationship between IT and corporate strategies.
Managing Strategic Change; The Role of Symbolic Action
Authors: Johnson Gerry 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYAs our understanding of processes of strategic management develop, it is clear that the problems of managing major shifts in strategy, which organizations face on occasions, are of a different order to the typically incremental strategy development they follow. It is also recognized that these problems are closely linked to cognitive and cultural dimensions of organizations. Research on the management processes associated with more fundamental strategic change is still sparse, but suggests that it requires substantial cognitive shifts in which intervention, often by new corporate leaders, and political and symbolic, as well as more substantial action, is likely. This paper draws together the author's and other research in related fields, to formalize explanatory models, which link organizational inertia of strategy, more fundamental strategic change, and in particular the symbolic management activities of corporate leaders as strategic change agents.
Men Managers and Women Workers: Women Employees as an Under‐used Resource
Authors: Ashburner L. 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYIn response to current demographic changes many organizations are focusing on the recruitment and retention of women employees and issues such as nurseries, flexible working and retainer schemes are being discussed. If the objective of such initiatives is to increase the opportunity for women to participate more fully at all levels within organizations rather than just to increase the total number of women working, then the issues which need to be addressed are much wider.This paper is based upon two studies carried out within the Building Society sector. This research, when compared with earlier studies, shows that there has been little change in the pattern of women's employment, with relatively few women reaching management. The main barriers to women's progress are identified and the research shows how many of the policies, processes and practices found within organizations were indirectly discriminatory. Underlying these organizational features were management attitudes to, and expectations of, women employees.What is required is management education which incorporates gender awareness training and an analysis of organizational processes, to obtain an understanding of how gender strategies are incorporated into management strategies. Only then will women be able to take full advantage of the opportunities which are emerging, and only then will organizations gain a real advantage by realizing the full potential of their women employees.
The Determinants of Corporate Profitability in the UK Electrical Engineering Industry
Authors: Grinyer Peter H. , McKiernan Peter 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYThe structure‐conduct‐performance model is extended to include managerial factors. Multiple regression of data for 45 companies in the electrical engineering industry shows market share, capital intensity, growth of sales, tightness of control of working capital and decentralisation to contribute significantly to an explanation of corporate profitability.
Key Characteristics of the Large Innovating Firm*
Authors: Pavitt K. 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYLarge innovating firms are a major source of the world's technology, and in the 20th century have shown great resilience in absorbing successive waves of radical innovations. The key characteristics of these firms derive from the properties of their innovative activities. First, given the specific, differentiated and cumulative nature of technological development, the range of possible choices about both product and processed technologies open to the firm depends on its accumulated competence. Second, given functional and professional specialization, the implementation of technological choices requires organization and orchestration across disciplinary, functional and divisional boundaries. Third, given cumulative development and uncertainty, the improvement of these competences requires continuous and collective learning. Fourth, in the light of these characteristics, systems for allocating resources must take into account the benefits of learning by doing, as well as the benefits of outcomes. As a consequence, the technical function in large firms involves not just the implementation of innovations, but also the definition of appropriate divisional objectives and boundaries, the exploration of radical technologies, and the formation of technological expectations about the future.
The Adaption of Management Accounting Systems to Changing Market Conditions: Japanese Evidence
Authors: Gietzmann Miles , Inoue Shin'ichi 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYThis paper considers how Japanese management accounting interfaces with the new production environments being implemented in Japan. A review of evidence on the relative importance of the set of management accounting and production engineering techniques is presented. On the basis of these results the paper presents tentative predictions about the evolutionary path of future management accounting in Japan.
Institutional Theory: Employing the Other Side of Rationality in Non‐profit Organizations1
Authors: Euske Nancy A. , Euske K. J. 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYThe non‐profit sector has become increasingly important in diverse economic, political and social environments. It is not clear that we have effectively communicated, to colleagues, students and decision makers, theoretical developments useful for understanding and managing non‐profit organizations. This paper discusses the potential implications of institutional theory to the management of one type of non‐profit organization, the publicly supported non‐profit organization with input‐output relationships that are not well understood. We review institutional theory and discuss the implications of institutional theory to the management and evaluation of publicly supported non‐profit organizations.
Limitations to Freedom: is there a Choice for Human Resource Management?
Authors: Paauwe Jaap 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYThere is a great variety in human resource management (HRM) practices, not only in terms of policies and personnel activities, but also with regard to the parties involved and the procedures for decision‐making. But which factors can best account for these differences? Are they due to organizational and environmental characteristics or are they basically due to the interests, preferences and power positions of the parties concerned ‐ parties like management, employees, personnel management staff, trade union representatives, members of the works council and so on?Based on elements of industrial relations theory, organization theory and organization sociology, a research project was set up with the aim of gaining a better understanding of the factors which can shape HRM practices. The empirical part of the research consisted of paired comparative case studies from different industries. The result is a conceptual model which not only encompasses the relevant forces in the shaping of HRM, but also states the conditions determining the amount of room for manoeuvre the parties concerned have to make their own strategic choices with regard to HRM.
Technology Learning, Technology Strategy and Competitive Pressures
Authors: Dodgson Mark 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYThis paper develops some hypotheses concerning technological learning in firms. The hypotheses are examined using a detailed study of Europe's leading dedicated biotechnology firm, Celltech Ltd. It relates how the competitive pressures facing the company, and similar US companies, have changed over the past decade, and how Celltech's technology strategy has placed considerable emphasis on technological learning in order to maintain its competitive position compared with large, multinational pharmaceutical companies. Some of the features of technological learning are examined, including: its purposive character; its differential and complex nature; its internal and external components; the complementary nature of the company's technology and human resource development strategy; and the importance of organizational considerations.
An Examination of the Economic Circumstances Surrounding Decisions to Capitalize Brands
Authors: Mather P. R. , Peasnell K. V. 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYThe paper reports both the results of an empirical investigation into the effects of the decisions of 13 UK companies to include brands in their published balance sheets on the prices of their shares, and also an examination of the motivations for these decisions from a costly contracting perspective. Price gains appear to be positively associated with the proportionate increase in reported net assets caused by capitalizing brands. On the other hand, when allowance is made for the contemporaneous release of other information, little, if any, of the share price behaviour around the announcement dates can be attributed to the capitalization of brands ‐ a finding consistent either with the capital market having already formed unbiased expectations of brand values prior to disclosure, or with ills having serious doubts about the credibility of the valuations. Consistent with a costly contracting perspective of accounting method choice, we found that brand capitalization had a marked impact on reported gearing levels and more or less eliminated the higher gearing levels of capitalizing firms relative to similar companies, particularly as far as late adopting firms were concerned. Brand capitalization also had a particularly marked impact on book‐to‐market‐equity ratios; capitalization served to increase the ratios of capitalizing firms to approximately the levels observed on the non‐capitalizing controls.
Testing Enterprising Tendency In Occupational Groups
Authors: Caird Sally 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYThe administration of a test of enterprising tendency showed that business owner‐managers were significantly more enterprising than other occupational groups, namely teachers, nurses, civil servants, clerical trainees and lecturers and trainers. This test, which aims to measure key characteristics of enterprising people, is described within this paper. Key enterprise characteristics may include a high need for achievement, a high need for autonomy, calculated risk‐taking, an internal locus of control and a creative tendency. The result of this pilot study may suggest that the occupation of setting up and managing a business requires an enterprising tendency, unlike other occupations. However, it could reflect the fact that business owner‐managers are the most studied sample of enterprising people and that the test is drawn from this literature. However, further studies are required to clarify distinctions within occupational groups and to determine if business owner‐managers are more enterprising than other occupational groups. It would be especially interesting to compare the enterprising tendency of business owner‐managers with managers and enterprising people from other occupational groups.