bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Female mating relationships in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Wilson Mark E. , Gordon Thomas P. , Chikazawa Dennis 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDescriptions of the sexual behavior of social‐living rhesus monkeys have indicated that mating patterns are characterized by the formation of consort pairs (mutually exclusive male‐female associations) and also that females typically mate with multiple males. These reports raise the question of whether these are two different mating strategies or merely sequential phases in a unitary mating pattern. In order to examine this issue, the copulatory behavior of 27 adult females living in a heterosexual group housed in an outdoor compound was monitored both by group scan and focal sampling technique. Females displayed discrete periods of mating, characterized by one or more copulations per 4 hr observation period. During their sexually active periods, females copulated with multiple males (X̄ = 5.22, SE = 0.37). Among the 103 cases where females had multiple copulatory series on the same day, the successive series involved new males significantly more often than the previous partner. When a female did copulate repeatedly with a male on a given day, both she and her partner were significantly more often of high social rank. Furthermore, the interval between successive copulations was significantly longer when the second copulation was with her previous partner as compared to a different male. Analysis of female behavior for a one‐hour period following a copulation indicated that females continued to be sexually active and that those new sexual interactions more often involved a new male. Thus, females not only copulated with multiple males throughout their inclusive period of sexual activity, but also interacted with multiple males on any give day they were sexually active. Since repeated copulations with the same male were rare and occurred when both members of the pair were high ranking, the consort relationship probably does not describe a characteristic mating strategy. The more pervasive pattern is for a female to sexually interact and have copulations with multiple males.
Megaloblastic anemia and the requirement for folic acid in the cebus monkey (Cebus albifrons)
Authors: Rasmussen Kathleen M. , Hayes K. C. , Thenen Shirley W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo study the development of folic acid deficiency, nine 3‐year‐old cebus monkeys (Cebus albifrons) were fed purified diets containing varying amounts of added folic acid. Monkeys fed the diet without added vitamin stopped growing and then lost weight. Macrocytic anemia and leukopenia developed, and megaloblastic changes were observed in precursors of both erythrocytes and leukocytes in the bone marrow. Urinary excretion of formiminoglutamic acid was increased significantly in these animals compared with controls. Repletion of deficient animals with injections of folic acid caused a rapid weight increase and reversed the hematological and biochemical abnormalities. It was estimated that the minimal folic acid requirement for adequate growth and normal hematological parameters was between 45 and 75 μg/kg body weight/day. To allow for needs above the minimal requirement, purified diets for cebus monkeys should be formulated to provide at least 150 μg of folic acid/kg body weight/day.
Solitary male chacma baboons in a desert canyon
Authors: Hamilton William J. , Tilson Ronald L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSolitary and paired adult (nine) and subadult (one) male chacma baboons, Papio ursinus, were observed over a period of years living in part of a wooded desert canyon not used by adjacent troops. These extratroop males were silent when alone and gave only one alarm vocalization, the “wa‐hoo” call, when paired. The space occupied by them is unsuitable for use by troops according to criteria for adequate sleeping sites and access to water. But the foods available to them, especially figs, but also other fruits and fresh acacia seeds, were abundant. These foods are more highly preferred by baboons than those foods available to troop members. Troop members deplete these resources and shift to less preferred foods with lower water content and longer processing times. All of the adult members of the troop adjacent to these isolated males were infected with a skin disease. Isolated males were not so afflicted and so cannot have originated from, or ever been a part of, this troop. They probably moved to the space where they were observed from other inland troops, traveling to their current home range along the narrow canyon river course.
Urinary immunoreactive estrogen and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide during the normal menstrual cycle of the female lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)
Authors: Mitchell W. R. , Presely S. , Czekala N. M. , Lasley B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUrine samples were taken daily during 22 menstrual cycles of six normal adult female gorillas. Urine was analyzed for total immunoreactive estrogens (Et) and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG) and indexed by creatinine (Cr). An average cycle length of 32 ± 1 days (mean ± SE) with a range of 25–42 days is reported. Estrogen values range from 4 to 128 ng/mg Cr and show a midcycle peak and a midluteal rise. PdG values range from 0.01 to 2.4 μg/mg Cr and display a low, flat follicular phase followed by a luteal elevation. The follicular phase is 19.5 ± 1 days in length (range 11–30 days) and accounts for the variation in cycle length. The luteal phase is 12.3 ± 0.3 days long (range 10–14 days). In contrast to previous studies, PdG levels rise two days before the estrogen peak. The results from the present study are compared with information available on the gorilla, chimpanzee, and human. The accuracy of various alignment methods is discussed, as well as the importance of the methods presented in this study for the captive propagation of gorillas.
Age estimation from dental eruption in infant and juvenile baboons (Papio sp.)
Authors: Relethford John H. , Coelho Anthony M. , Lawrence Wendy A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo regression methods are proposed for estimating age in nonhuman primates from deciduous dental eruption data. The first method consists of step‐wise multiple regression using dental eruption state (present/absent) of each tooth as independent variables. The second method uses the total number of teeth erupted as an independent variable in an exponential model. We applied both methods to a sample of 175 well nourished infant and juvenile baboons (Papio sp.), housed in an outdoor breeding corral, and ranging in age from birth to 763 days. From this sample, 129 animals were used to compute the regression formulae, and 46 animals were used for cross validation. Both models show good overall fits and high predictive accuracy with the independent cross validation sample.
A juxtarenal myelolipoma in a cottontop marmoset (Saguinus oedipus): A case report
Authors: Stein Franklin J. , Smallwood James E. , Tangner Cecil H. , Hightower Dan , Joiner Gary N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA myelolipoma was surgically removed from the abdomen of a 15‐year‐old female cottontop marmoset (Saguinus oedipus). Because of its close adherence to the right kidney, a unilateral nephrectomy was performed. The post‐surgical recovery was uneventful. A myelolipoma is a circumscribed mass of bone marrow elements embedded in mature adipose tissue. These masses have been reported in the adrenal glands, paravertebral tissue, intrathoracic tissues, and mesentery of man. A similar condition has been observed in the liver and spleen of both captive and wild felidae. This report documents the first observation of this tumor‐like condition in nonhuman primates with the possible exception of a subcutaneous myeloliposarcoma in a potto.
A five‐year study of tetanus in the Cayo Santiago rhesus monkey colony: Behavioral description and epizootiology
Authors: Rawlins Richard G. , Kessler Matt J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTetanus is a major cause of death in the free‐ranging rhesus moonkey colony on the island of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. During the five‐year period of observation (July 1, 1976 through June 30, 1981), the mean annual tetanus mortality rate (± 1 SD) was 1.74% (±0.15). The mean annual total mortality rate was 6.77% (±0.78). The tetanus mortality rate varied sigificantly (P < 0.005) among the six troops on the island. Clinically confirmed tetanus accounted for 24.68% of the 231 deaths which occurred on the island during the study. Although the base population increassed from 479 to 914 monkeys or 90.8% in five years, there were no significant changes in either the total or the tetanus mortality rates. The mean age of tetanus deaths was 6.9 years (±3.9) in the males and 7.1 years (±5.4) in females. The mean age‐specific tetanus mortality rate increased with age. Of the 67 confirmed tetanus cases, 57 proved fatal (26 males, 31 females) for a case fatality rate of 85.1%. There was no significant sex difference in the tetanus mortality rate. No confirmed cases of neonatal tetanus were observed. Infection of juveniles and adults of both sexes occurred chiefly through septic wounds, but postpartum infection of females was also noted. The peak incidence of tetanus deaths for both sexes occurred during the mating season of the annual reproductive cycle, as a consequence of increased levels of aggression and subsequent wounding. The diagnosis of tetanus was based solely on the clinicla signs and was characterized by early behavioural abnormalities consisting of torpor, reluctance to interact with other animals, inability to prehend food, inordinate thirst, difficulty in swallowing, progressive stiffening and adduction of the pectorla limbs, bipedeal running, “kangaroo hopping,” “toppling over,” and pilo‐erection. As the disease advanced, severely affected individuals developed the classic human triad of tetanus symptomatology:trismus (lockjaw), extensor rigidity, and opisthotonus, which progressed in most cases to status epilepticus and death from respiratory paralysis or physical exhaustion. The course of the disease in fatal cases ranged in duration from 24 hours to ten dyas. Obese monkeys with mild cases of tetanus were the most likely to recover with some taking as long as a month to return to normal condition and regain body weight. Of ten recoveries, six were female and four male. Multiple cases were observed in one adult male, indicating that previous infections do not necessarily confer immunity to future attacks. Survivous did not have demonstrable antitoxin titers to Clostridium tetani toxin, thus confirming that tetanus is a nonimmunizing disease. One half of an annual birth crop of thesus monkeys inoculated with tetanus toxoid at the age of one year had protective levels of tetanus antitoxin seven years postinoculation. However, the immunization program had no significant effect on either the total or tetanus motality rates during the study.
A fatal epizootic of undetermined etiology in new world monkeys
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , Brown Richard J. , Kalter S. S. , Altman Norman H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA peracute epizootic disease, strikingly characterized by profuse terminal hemorrhaging from the lungs, caused the deaths of 104 squirrel monkeys and 3 capuchin monkeys over a 22‐month period. The case fatality rate was 100%. The pulmonary hemorrhaging was often accompanied by pulmonary edema and congestion, interstitial pneumonia, and hydrothorax. Additional histologic lesions included interstitial nephritis, hepatitis and hepatic necrosis, adrenalitis and adrenal necrosis, myocarditis, splenic atrophy or hypoplasia, pancreatitis and pancreatic necrosis, sialoadenitis, and encephalitis. Macaques maintained under identical conditions were clinically unaffected by the epizootic. There was an incidental relationship with contamination of feed, water, and housing facilities by excrement from feral Norway rats and cockroaches. Due to the association of the disease outbreak with abundant rodent and cockroach populations, and because the histologic features of the disease were suggestive of a viral etiology, encephalomyocarditis virus infection was implicated. However, histopathologic examinations of tissues from 68 monkeys; electron‐microscopic studies on five monkeys; bacteriologic culturing; virus isolation attempts from 10 monkeys, rats, and cockroaches; and experimental inoculation studies in mice and squirrel monkeys all failed to reveal the causative agent, to provide a definitive diagnosis, or to reproduce the disease.
Postovulatory predecidual development in the baboon, chimpanzee, and human
Authors: Dollar J. R. , Graham C. E. , Reyes F. I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe development of predecidual tissue during the late postovulatory phase was evaluated by light microscopic study in the baboon, chimpanzee, and human being. While the predecidual cells of these species appeared to be similar morphologically, the degree of predecidual differentiation was greater in humans and chimpanzees than in baboons. The evidence indicated that the presence of a blastocyst was not required for decidualization to occur in these three primates. Further, decidualization was not dependent on coitus in chimpanzees and baboons, and was probably not essential in humans either.
A vocabulary of abnormal behaviors in restrictively reared chimpanzees
Authors: Walsh S. , Bramblett C. A. , Alford P. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to establish a vocabulary for the systematic documentation of abnormal behavior in restrictively reared chimpanzees. Such a vocabulary facilitates communication regarding the range of behavior patterns indicative of psychopathology. The behavior of restrictively reared chimpanzees was observed and descriptive terminology is developed to aid in documentation of the range of abnormal behavior observed in restrictively reared chimpanzees. Such documentation is the first step in monitoring and evaluating a rehabilitation program.
Effect of testosterone on epididymal proteins in castrated rhesus monkeys
Authors: Haider M. Z. , Qazi M. H. , Khanum A. , Arslan M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effect of testosterone on regulation of epididymal protein synthesis has been investigated in castrated rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The proteins in the treated monkeys were characterized using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (under nondenaturing and denaturing conditions) and electrofocusing. At least four distinct proteins have been shown to be synthesized by the monkey epididymis under testosterone influence. Two of these proteins were detected following two days of testosterone treatment while the other two proteins were detected after a six‐day treatment period. None of these proteins was detectable in monkeys treated with estradiol for six days. Electrofocusing of epididymal cytosol proteins from untreated and testosterone‐treated and castrated monkeys also confirmed the presence of four androgen‐dependent proteins in this species. The isoelectric points of these proteins were shown to range between 5.8 and 6.4. The molecular weights of these proteins were found to vary between 47,500 and 66,000. The in vitro incorporation of 3H‐labeled amino acids was markedly greater in the androgen‐primed epididymis as compared with the control tissue.
The hemogram, serum biochemistry, and electrolyte profile of the free‐ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , Rawlins Richard G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSixty‐four male and 33 female free‐ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from one of six social groups on the island of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, were surveyed to establish normal values for the hemogram and serum biochemical and electrolytes for the colony. Mean values (± 1 SD) are reported by sex for each of three age groups (2–3, 4–9 and ≥ 10 years). All adult females (≥ 4 years) were pregnant. There were significant differences for a number of variables compared to the range reported in the existing literature, and among the age and sex groups in the sampled population.
Seasonal changes in reproductive behavior in two ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys treated year‐round with estradiol
Authors: Turner Jane J. , Herndon James G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys treated year‐round with estradiol‐filled capsules were used in hour‐long behavioral tests with male rhesus monkeys both in and out of the normal breeding season. The study was designed primarily to test male hormonal responses to copulatory behavior and it was expected that behavior of the females would be essentially the same under both seasonal conditions. Several behaviors of the female, however, were found to fluctuate on a seasonal basis, namely (1) proximity to the male, (2) grooming of the male, (3) sexual presentations, and (4) threatening away (a form of sexual invitation). All of these behaviors, except proximity, were found to be positively correlated with the male partner's testosterone levels before and after the behavior test in the only test condition in which most males ejaculated. The preliminary suggestion is made that these females responded to some cue, either from the environment or from the males, that caused a change in their behavior between breeding and nonbreeding seasons despite the constant hormonal environment provided by the estradiol capsules. Since the same behaviors which were sensitive to seasonal effects were positively correlated with male testosterone levels, it is possible that the male's hormonal status affects affects female behavior.
Reproductive patterns in galagos (Galago zanzibaricus and Galago garnettii) in relation to climatic variability
Authors: Nash Leanne T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe reproductive patterns (birth seasonality, litter size, litters per year) of two sympatric species of galago (Galago zanzibaricus and G. garnettii) were studied in a coastal forest in Kenya for a two‐year period. Trap‐retrap and radio tracking methods were employed. G. zanzibaricus has one infant twice per year; G. garnettii has one infant once per year. Both species are seasonal breeders. These East African galagos are intermediate in reproductive patterns when compared with galagos from South African woodland (G. senegalensis moholi and G. crassicaudatus umbrosis) and West African rainforest (G. alleni and G. demidovii). Climatic patterns (total annual rainfall, seasonal variability of rainfall, variability in total annual rainfall, and annual temperature variability) are also compared for the three regions. Climatically, East Africa is intermediate between West and South Africa in total annual rainfall and in seasonality of rainfall, but not in year‐to‐year variability in rainfall. East Africa shows the highest variability in annual rainfall. South Africa has the coldest dry seasons and highest variability in temperatures. The results of this study suggest that “r‐selection” and “K‐selection” do not provide adequate explanations of galago reproductive patterns.
Cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus): Hematologic reference values and hemopathologic responses
Authors: Hawkey C. M. , Hart M. G. , Knight J. A. , Fitzgerald A. K. , Jones D. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHematologic reference values have been established for captive adult cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) by carrying out full blood counts and fibrinogen estimation on 43 clinically normal animals. Females were shown to have significantly lower hemoglobin levels, red cell counts and packed cell volumes, and higher reticulocyte counts than males. The reference values were used to identify abnormal changes in the blood of 13 clinical cases. Marked neutrophilia was found in animals with localized bacterial infections, and a degenerative left shift was recorded in an individual with streptococcal septicemia. Three cases of unexplained progressive muscle wasting showed Heinz body anemia and abnormal white cell changes. These hematologic responses have been compared where possible with those recorded in other species of Callithricidae.
Brief report: Synthesis of ribonucleic acid in oocytes collected from squirrel monkeys and humans following chorionic gonadotropin administration
Authors: Hutz R. J. , Holzman G. B. , Dukelow W. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe time between administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and follicle aspiration was analyzed for alterations in [3H]uridine incorporation [as an indicator of relative synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA)] of oocytes from squirrel monkeys and humans. There was a significant decline in both the uptake and incorporation of [3H]uridine in squirrel monkey oocytes by 36 hr following hCG administration to the animals, as compared with 16 hr after hCG. Similarly, RNA synthesis diminished in oocytes collected 35 hr after hCG in humans, as compared with 12 hr after hCG. This reduction in RNA synthesis of maturing oocytes is similar to that of other mammalian species. This provides evidence for an increased interval between hCG administration and follicle aspiration in order to recover mature oocytes for in vitro fertilization studies.
Brief Report: Differential oxidations of estradiol‐17β by the chimpanzee in vivo
Authors: Musey P. I. , Collins D. C. , Gould K. G. , Preedy J. R. K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe metabolism of estradiol‐17β is primarily an oxidative process at either carbon‐2 or carbon‐16 in the human. The objective of this study was to determine the relative importance of these two oxygenation pathways in the chimpanzee. The rate of oxidation of estradiol‐17β at each position was determined by measuring the release of tritium into body water from carbon‐2 or carbon‐16. [2‐3H]‐Estradiol‐17β or [16‐3H]‐estradiol‐17β was injected intravenously into three adult male chimpanzees, and blood samples were obtained at several time intervals between 1 and 48 hr. The blood was lyophilized, and the release of tritium from the specifically labeled estrogens into the body fluid pool was determined. The release of tritium from the 16α‐position was very low and did not exceed 3% in any animal. The release of tritium from the carbon‐2 was much faster, amounting to 29%, 34%, and 35%, respectively, by 24 hr. The ratio of tritium released from carbon‐2:carbon‐16 was 5.0, 13.2 and 16.9, respectively, at 24 hr after injection of the specifically labeled estradiol‐17β. These results demonstrate clearly that the major pathway for oxidative metabolism of estradiol‐17β in the chimpanzee is via oxygenation at carbon‐2, with the formation of catechol estrogens, as in the human.
Guinea baboons (Papio papio) at a sleeping site
Authors: Anderson J. R. , McGrew W. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDescriptive and quantitative observations were made of wild Guinea baboons (Papio papio) at a regularly used sleeping tree (Ceiba pentandra) in Senegal. Observations concentrated on the transition from darkness before sunrise until the baboons had left the tree. Behavior at sleeping sites is affected by a variety of social and nonsocial factors. Sleeping postures were adjusted during the night and to suit weather conditions. The baboons began to leave the tree earlier before sunrise in the dry season, especially on moonlit mornings. This might reflect increased foraging demands in the dry season. Sleeping parties were larger in the wet season, the difference being mainly due to juveniles. Huddling in the sleeping tree was little affected by weather conditions. The most common sleeping huddles consisted of adult females and young; huddles rarely contained more than one adult male. Although the sleeping tree was a safe refuge from leopards, the first baboon to leave the tree in the morning was usually an adult male. It has been hypothesized that the buildup of intestinal parasites in feces below sleeping trees influences the use of the trees by baboons; this did not occur here.