bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overexpression of the immunoglobulin superfamily members CDO and BOC enhances differentiation of the human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line RD
Authors: Wegorzewska Marta , Krauss Robert S. , Kang Jong‐Sun 
Published: April 2003

AbstractRhabdomyosarcoma is a childhood tumor of the skeletal muscle lineage in which cells display defects in both biochemical and morphological aspects of differentiation. The immunoglobulin superfamily members CDO and BOC are components of a cell surface receptor that positively regulates myogenesis in vitro. Expression of Cdo and Boc in myoblast cell lines is downregulated by the ras oncogene, and forced re‐expression of either Cdo or Boc can override ras‐induced inhibition of myogenic differentiation [Kang et al., J Cell Biol 1998; 143:403–413; Kang et al., EMBO J 2002; 21:114–124]. The current study sought to test whether the promyogenic properties of CDO and BOC could be extended to a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, RD. Stable overexpression of CDO or BOC in RD cells led to enhanced expression of two markers of muscle cell differentiation, troponin T and myosin heavy chain, and to increased formation of elongated, myosin heavy chain–positive myotubes. These observations are consistent with the notion that CDO and BOC play a role in the inverse relationship between differentiation and transformation of cells in the skeletal muscle lineage. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design recommendations for the use of FRP for reinforcement and strengthening of concrete structures
Authors: Rizkalla Sami , Hassan Tarek , Hassan Nahla 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe use of fibre reinforced polymer, FRP, as reinforcement for concrete structures has been growing rapidly in recent years. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge of these materials and highlights the various FRP strengthening techniques that have been used for concrete and masonry structures. Material characteristics of FRP and fundamental design considerations are discussed. Selection of the appropriate materials and their corresponding advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. Design philosophies for concrete members reinforced and/or strengthened with FRP are enumerated. Fundamental flexure, shear and bond behaviour of concrete members reinforced and/or strengthened with FRP according to the current ACI design guidelines are examined. The paper also reviews the durability aspects of FRP and describes selected field applications of these materials. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic propertiesof InAs/GaAs self‐assembled quantum dots: beyond the effective mass approximation
Authors: Sheng Weidong , Leburton Jean‐Pierre 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe electronic properties of InAs/GaAs self‐assembled quantum dots (SAD) are investigated as a function of their shapes, sizes and stoichiometric compositions with an eight‐band k � p method. Emphasis is placed on the three‐dimensional strain distribution, which is obtained by minimizing the strain energy around the dot region, and the piezoelectric potential, which is calculated by solving the corresponding Poisson equation. Novel features of intraband and interband optical transitions are presented and discussed in relation with the 3D SAD k � p band structure, and their response to external electric fields. Finally, particular attention is paid to the quantum Stark effect in vertically coupled lens‐shaped SADs.
A redetermination of absolute values for 17RVPDB‐CO2 and 17RVSMOW
Authors: Assonov Sergey S. , Brenninkmeijer Carl A. M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn a companion paper in this issue we presented a review of the current state of 17O‐corrections for CO2 mass spectrometry and considered an approach (including algebraic formulae) of how to determine absolute values for 17RVPDB‐CO2 and 17RVSMOW. Here we present the results of experiments conducted to determine these values. Two oxygen gases (one depleted in heavy isotopes and the other isotopically normal oxygen) were analysed to obtain the relative 17O content. Samples of both gases were converted into CO2, and the resulting CO2 samples were analysed as well. Possible experimental and analytical errors are carefully considered and eliminated as far as feasible. Much attention was paid to understanding and dealing with cross‐contamination effects occurring in the mass spectrometer. Based on the data obtained, the absolute values are calculated to be: 17RVPDB‐CO2 = 0.00039511 ± 0.00000094 and 17RVSMOW = 0.00038672 ± 0.00000087 (expanded uncertainties). Both values are on the original scale of Craig (Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1957; 12: 133–149) with 13RVPDB‐CO2 = 0.0112372. A 17O‐correction algorithm incorporating the newly determined value for 17RVPDB‐CO2 and λ = 0.528 by Meijer and Li (Isot. Environ. Health Stud. 1998; 34: 349–369) is constructed. A computational test is performed to demonstrate the degree of δ13C bias relative to the previously known correction algorithms. δ13C values produced by the constructed algorithm are in the middle of the values produced by the other algorithms. We refrain, however, from giving any recommendation concerning which 17O‐correction algorithm to use in order to obtain δ13C data in the most accurate way. The present work illuminates the need to reconsider recommendations concerning the correction algorithm. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mixture model for bovine abortion and foetal survival
Authors: Hanson Timothy , Bedrick Edward J. , Johnson Wesley O. , Thurmond Mark C. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe effect of spontaneous abortion on the dairy industry is substantial, costing the industry on the order of $200 million per year in California alone. We analyse data from a cohort study of nine dairy herds in Central California. A key feature of the analysis is the observation that only a relatively small proportion of cows will abort (around 10¯15 per cent), so that it is inappropriate to analyse the time‐to‐abortion (TTA) data as if it were standard censored survival data, with cows that fail to abort by the end of the study treated as censored observations. We thus broaden the scope to consider the analysis of foetal lifetime distribution (FLD) data for the cows, with the dual goals of characterizing the effects of various risk factors on (i) the likelihood of abortion and, conditional on abortion status, on (ii) the risk of early versus late abortion. A single model is developed to accomplish both goals with two sets of specific herd effects modelled as random effects. Because multimodal foetal hazard functions are expected for the TTA data, both a parametric mixture model and a non‐parametric model are developed. Furthermore, the two sets of analyses are linked because of anticipated dependence between the random herd effects. All modelling and inferences are accomplished using modern Bayesian methods. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical Bayesian spatial modelling of small‐area rates of non‐rare disease
Authors: MacNab Ying C. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe present Bayesian hierarchical spatial models for the analysis of the geographical distribution of a non‐rare disease or event. The work is motivated by the need for ascertaining regional variations in health services outcomes and resource use and for assessing the potential sources of these variations. The models discussed herein readily accommodate random spatial effects and covariate effects. We discuss Bayesian inferential framework and implementation of a hybrid Markov chain Monte Carlo method for full Bayesian model inference. The methods are illustrated through an analysis of regional variation in chronic lung disease (CLD) rates among neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients across Canada. Specifically, we first present a random effects binomial model for spatially correlated CLD rates, with random spatial effects accounting for latent or covariate effects. These random spatial effects depict regional or spatial variation in chronic lung disease occurrence. We then extend this model to include covariates. With this extension, we assess residual spatial effects and the extent to which risk factors such as illness severity at NICU admission, low birth weight, and very low birth weight influence the CLD rate variation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tropical Atlantic variability in a coupled GCM
Authors: Liu Zhengyu , Wu Lixin 
Published: April 2003

AbstractTropical Atlantic Variability (TAV) is simulated in a coupled GCM. The TAV seems to be consistent with a dipole mode that involves both surface and subsurface oceanic dynamics. The poor correlation of the tropical North and South Atlantic SST is suggested to be distorted by the presence of a symmetric tropical Atlantic mode. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society.
An efficient and accurate correlated‐k parameterization of infrared radiative transfer for troposphere–stratosphere–mesosphere GCMs
Authors: Zhong Wenyi , Haigh Joanna D. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAn efficient and accurate correlated‐k parameterization of infrared radiative transfer for the troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere (TSM) has been developed. A new approach of g‐quadrature, using the delta log(k) method with non‐uniform intervals, was found to be most efficient. Validation against line‐by‐line calculations for 1D and 2D fields are presented. The scheme is efficient enough to be run in TSMGCMs. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society.
Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: a systematic review
Authors: CAVANAGH J. T. O. , CARSON A. J. , SHARPE M. , LAWRIE S. M. 
Published: April 2003

Background. The psychological autopsy method offers the most direct technique currently available for examining the relationship between particular antecedents and suicide. This systematic review aimed to examine the results of studies of suicide that used a psychological autopsy method.Method. A computer aided search of MEDLINE, BIDS ISI and PSYCHLIT, supplemented by reports known to the reviewers and reports identified from the reference lists of other retrieved reports. Two investigators systematically and independently examined all reports. Median proportions were determined and population attributable fractions were calculated, where possible, in cases of suicide and controls.Results. One hundred and fifty-four reports were identified, of which 76 met the criteria for inclusion; 54 were case series and 22 were case–control studies. The median proportion of cases with mental disorder was 91% (95% CI 81–98%) in the case series. In the case–control studies the figure was 90% (88–95%) in the cases and 27% (14–48%) in the controls. Co-morbid mental disorder and substance abuse also preceded suicide in more cases (38%, 19–57%) than controls (6%, 0–13%). The population attributable fraction for mental disorder ranged from 47–74% in the seven studies in which it could be calculated. The effects of particular disorders and sociological variables have been insufficiently studied to draw clear conclusions.Conclusions. The results indicated that mental disorder was the most strongly associated variable of those that have been studied. Further studies should focus on specific disorders and psychosocial factors. Suicide prevention strategies may be most effective if focused on the treatment of mental disorders.
Neuropsychological impairment in patients with major depressive disorder: the effects of feedback on task performance
Authors: MURPHY F. C. , MICHAEL A. , ROBBINS T. W. , SAHAKIAN B. J. 
Published: April 2003

Background. Recent evidence suggests that an abnormal response to performance feedback may contribute to the wide-ranging neuropsychological deficits typically associated with depressive illness. The present research sought to determine whether the inability of depressed patients to utilize performance feedback advantageously is equally true for accurate and misleading feedback.Method. Patients with major depression and matched controls completed: (1) a visual discrimination and reversal task that featured intermittent and misleading negative feedback; and (2) feedback and no-feedback versions of a computerised test of spatial working memory. In the feedback version, negative feedback was accurate, highly informative, and could be used as a mnemonic aid.Results. On the Probability Reversal task, depressed patients were impaired in their ability to maintain response set in the face of misleading negative feedback as shown by their increased tendency to switch responding to the ‘incorrect’ stimulus following negative reinforcement, relative to that of controls. Patients' ability to acquire and reverse the necessary visual discrimination was unimpaired. On the Spatial Working Memory task, depressed patients made significantly more between-search errors than controls on the most difficult trials, but their ability to use negative feedback to facilitate performance remained intact.Conclusions. The present results suggest that feedback can have different effects in different contexts. Misleading, negative feedback appears to disrupt the performance of depressed patients, whereas negative but accurate feedback does not. These findings are considered in the context of recent studies on reinforcement systems and their associated neurobiological substrates.
Does ‘like predict like’ when patients discharged from high secure hospitals re-offend? An instrument to describe serious offences
Authors: BUCHANAN A. , REISS D. , TAYLOR P. J. 
Published: April 2003

Background. The statement that past behaviour is the best predictor of future behaviour has empirical support in respect of whether an individual will, or will not, commit a criminal offence. People who have offended in the past are more likely to offend in the future. The aims of this study were to develop an instrument and to examine whether the same statement applies in respect of the nature and circumstances of successive offences committed by the same person.Method. A rating instrument to describe seven variables relating to the nature and circumstances of a serious offence, the SODI, was developed by the authors. Inter-rater reliability was measured when the instrument was applied to 80 offences committed by 40 patients leaving high secure hospitals. The data were examined for evidence of similarity in the nature and circumstances of successive offences.Results. For five of the seven items of the instrument the kappa coefficients for inter-rater reliability were >0·65. No significant associations, in terms of SODI ratings, were found between the offence that led to hospital admission and that which was committed after discharge.Conclusions. The SODI is a reliable instrument for the description of serious offences committed by this group. Risk assessments in psychiatry should be informed by an awareness that in only a proportion of cases will the nature and circumstances of any serious re-offence resemble the nature and circumstances of the offence which contributed to a patient's admission to hospital.
Diminished production of anti-inflammatory mediators during neutrophil apoptosis and macrophage phagocytosis in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
Authors: Brown Joanne R , Goldblatt David , Buddle Joanna , Morton Louise , Thrasher Adrian J 
Published: April 2003

Abstract
Genetic defects in the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase enzyme system result in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). In addition to recurrent, life-threatening infections, patients with CGD frequently present with sterile inflammatory complications, suggesting that NADPH-oxidase deficiency predisposes to these responses in the absence of persistent microbial infection. The mechanisms involved in the aberrant, inflammatory process are unknown. In this study, we have shown that neutrophils isolated from CGD patients, which are more resistnt to spontaneous apoptosis in vitro, also produce significantly less of the anti-inflammatory mediator cyclopentenone prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). In addition, during phagocytosis of opsonized and nonopsonized apoptotic targets, CGD macrophages are severely compromised in their ability to produce PGD2 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). We suggest that delayed apoptosis of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils and deficient production of the anti-inflammatory mediators PGD2 and TGF-β during macrophage clearance of apoptotic debris and invading pathogens, contributes to persistence of inflammation in CGD.
Behavioral effects of testosterone in relation to social rank in the male rabbit
Authors: Briganti Federica , Della Seta Daniele , Fontani Giuliano , Lodi Leda , Lupo Concetta 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe role of gonadal androgens in favoring the adaptation to environmental pressure, including social organization, is well known. In the rabbit, testosterone administration increases marking behavior, and its level can be affected by agonistic interaction. In this experiment, we studied the effect of subcutaneous administration of testosterone propionate (TP) (3 mg/d for 6 days) in male rabbits belonging to the same social group (6 groups of 4 animals). In 2 additional groups (4 animals each), males were injected with almond oil. The animals were observed for 6 days in seminatural conditions, then treated with TP (or oil) and observed for another 6 days. The dominant/subordinate frequency ratio of behavioral patterns was used to rank the animals. The testosterone plasma concentration was correlated with agonistic behavior after the first period of social interaction. A significant increase of marking, digging, and defensive activity was observed after TP administration in all animals independent of rank, whereas this increase was not present in animals treated with oil. Agonistic and interactive behaviors increased significantly after TP treatment only in the first‐ranking animals. This indicates the influence of social rank in the modification of behaviors involving interactions among subjects Aggr. Behav. 29:269–278, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire
Authors: Solberg Mona E. , Olweus Dan 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe key aim of the present research was to study the “functionality” of two global variables in the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire and to examine the appropriateness of different cutoff points of these variables for prevalence estimation. Several empirical and conceptual analyses strongly attested to the functionality of the two selected variables in terms of construct validity and selected measurement properties. Similarly, a number of analyses indicated that (having been bullied/having bullied other students) “2 or 3 times a month” was a reasonable and useful lower‐bound cutoff point. With this cutoff point, “involved” students, victims, and bullies differed very markedly and in clearly different ways from “non‐involved” students in conceptually related variables. Prevalence estimates derived in this way can be conveniently obtained, have a reasonably well‐defined meaning, can be easily understood by users, and can be reproduced unambiguously by different researchers/administrators and at different times. An important background for the article is the fact that several common methods, including peer nominations, are not well suited for prevalence estimation. Prevalence data for victims, bullies, and bully‐victims are also presented. All data were derived from the New Bergen Project Against Bullying, comprising a sample of 5,171 students from 37 schools in the town community of Bergen, Norway. At the time of the data collection, the spring of 1997, the 2,544 girls and 2,627 boys were in grades 5 through 9, with modal ages of 11 through 15 years. Aggr. Behav. 29:239–268, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Silica‐Immobilized Nickel Catalysts for Cyclotrimerizations of Acetylenes
Authors: Reinhard S. , Šoba P. , Rominger F. , Blümel J. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractNew dicarbonylnickel catalysts with a variety of mono‐ and bidentate phosphine ligands, such as Ph2P(CH2)xPPh(CH2)ySi(OEt)3 (x=2, 3; y=2, 3), have been synthesized and fully characterized, three of them by X‐ray analyses. All the catalysts have been immobilized on silica by reaction of the ethoxysilane or hydroxy groups of the phosphine linkers with the surface silanol groups. The clean immobilization was proved by 31P solid‐state NMR. It has been demonstrated that the COSi bridge, in contrast to the strong SiOSi bond, is easily cleaved by organic solvents and water. With respect to the cyclotrimerization of phenylacetylene the optimal reaction conditions for all molecular and immobilized catalysts have been determined. Cyclooctane was the best solvent, and the optimal reaction temperature was 100 °C for reactions in homogeneous phase, and 155 °C for surface‐bound catalysts. The bite angles and spacer lengths of the chelating ligands did not play a major role for the performance of the homogeneous or immobilized catalysts. The latter could be recycled for 12 times, with final substrate conversions still typically between 30 and 40%, and turnover numbers (TON) around 1500. With an excess of substrate in one run a TON of 4810 was obtained for an immobilized carbonylnickel complex with a dppp‐type chelate phosphine (x=3, y=2). Reduction of the surface coverage generally resulted in catalysts with longer lifetimes, for example, reduction to one fourth gave a record TON of 7616 for this catalyst. The selectivities of the catalysts all followed one trend. The main products were the cyclotrimers 1,2,4‐ and 1,3,5‐triphenylbenzene, besides dimers, linear trimers and tetramers as side‐products. The fraction of the latter decreased at higher temperatures with homogeneous catalysts, and vanished entirely after a few cycles with the immobilized catalysts. On recycling, the initial ratio of unsymmetrical to symmetrical cyclotrimers of typically 5 : 1 gradually changed to about 1 : 1 for all catalysts.
Three‐Component One‐Pot Synthesis of α‐Hydroxylamino Phosphonates using Ionic Liquids
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. S. , Sreedhar P. 
Published: April 2003

Abstractα‐Hydroxylamino phosphonates are synthesised in a one‐pot operation by three‐component coupling reactions of aldehydes, hydroxylamines and diethyl phosphite using 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4) or 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim]PF6) ionic liquids under mild and neutral conditions. The recovered ionic liquids can be recycled for four to five runs without loss of activity.
Responding to homelessness: an overview of US and UK policy interventions
Authors: O'Connell Mary Ellen 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis article compares UK and US social welfare, policy and practice responses to homelessness, with the aim of identifying differences and similarities in the systems, and drawing out lessons for future policy and practice interventions, particularly as they relate to researching the issues. An introductory section briefly sets out the policy and practice context for homelessness in both countries. Next, the main part of the article systematically highlights the continuities between the response to homelessness in the UK and US, and seeks to explain some of the questions arising from this. Finally, the article draws this together by discussing implications for future interventions and research. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A C2‐Chiral Bis(amidinium) Catalyst for a Diels−Alder Reaction Constituting the Key Step of the Quinkert−Dane Estrone Synthesis
Authors: Tsogoeva Svetlana B. , Dürner Gerd , Bolte Michael , Göbel Michael W. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA novel C2‐chiral bis(amidinium) salt 12 has been synthesised from 5‐(tert‐butyl)isophthalic acid. The hydrogen‐bond‐mediated association of dienophiles 3a and 3b with the chiral host molecule 12 accelerates the Diels−Alder reactions with diene 2 by more than three orders of magnitude. In addition, enantioselective formation of the desired adducts is observed under catalysis with 12. Good ratios of 4a(b) + ent‐4a(b)/5a(b) + ent‐5a(b) from 1:10 to 1:22 were found in all reactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)