bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parameter space studies for the self-gravity interfacial instability
Authors: Hueckstaedt R. M. , Peterson A. H. , Hunter J. H. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Hydrodynamic instabilities play an important role in determining the morphology and evolution of astronomical entities. Any interface of discontinuous density is subject to instabilities, including Rayleigh–Taylor, Kelvin–Helmholtz, and a recently discovered instability driven by self-gravity. In an ongoing computational study, we seek to validate the linear theory developed for the self-gravity-driven interfacial instability and examine its non-linear behaviour. Here, we present the results from hydrodynamic simulations designed to expand the parameter space and investigate the effects of perturbation strength, Atwood number and compressibility.
Lens galaxy environments and anomalous flux ratios in gravitational lenses
Authors: Oguri Masamune 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The fraction of substructures required to account for anomalous flux ratios in gravitational lens systems appears to be higher than that predicted in the standard cold dark matter cosmology. We present a possible alternative route to anomalous flux ratios from lens galaxy environments. We consider compound lens systems where a lens galaxy lies in a group or cluster, and estimate the contribution of substructures in the group/cluster to the fraction using an analytic model of substructures. We find that the contribution becomes dominant when the impact parameter of the lens is less than ∼30 per cent of the virial radius of the group/cluster. This indicates that environmental effects can partly explain the high incidence of anomalous flux ratios.
Multimodel Ranking and Inference in Ground Water Modeling
Authors: Poeter Eileen , Anderson David 
Published: July 2005

AbstractUncertainty of hydrogeologic conditions makes it important to consider alternative plausible models in an effort to evaluate the character of a ground water system, maintain parsimony, and make predictions with reasonable definition of their uncertainty. When multiple models are considered, data collection and analysis focus on evaluation of which model(s) is(are) most supported by the data. Generally, more than one model provides a similar acceptable fit to the observations; thus, inference should be made from multiple models. Kullback‐Leibler (K‐L) information provides a rigorous foundation for model inference that is simple to compute, is easy to interpret, selects parsimonious models, and provides a more realistic measure of precision than evaluation of any one model or evaluation based on other commonly referenced model selection criteria. These alternative criteria strive to identify the true (or quasi‐true) model, assume it is represented by one of the models in the set, and given their preference for parsimony regardless of the available number of observations the selected model may be underfit. This is in sharp contrast to the K‐L information approach, where models are considered to be approximations to reality, and it is expected that more details of the system will be revealed when more data are available. We provide a simple, computer‐generated example to illustrate the procedure for multimodel inference based on K‐L information and present arguments, based on statistical underpinnings that have been overlooked with time, that its theoretical basis renders it preferable to other approaches.
Do junior doctors know where to insert chest drains safely?
Authors: Griffiths J R , Roberts N 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
The safe insertion of a chest drain is a skill doctors across specialties require. Incorrect placement can lead to significant morbidity and even mortality.

Methods
This audit surveyed junior doctors working in a teaching hospital about their specialty and level of experience with intercostal drains. They were then asked to mark on a photograph where they would insert a chest drain for a pneumothorax in a non-emergency situation.

Results
Of the 55 junior doctors surveyed, 45% were outside the safe area of chest drain insertion as defined by the British Thoracic Society. The most common error was a choice of insertion site too low (24%).

Conclusions
In this audit 45% of juniors surveyed would have placed a chest drain outside the safe triangle recommended by the British Thoracic Society. The common mistake of a choice of insertion site too low should be discussed in postgraduate teaching programmes.
Clinical associations of Dupuytren’s disease
Authors: Hart M G , Hooper G 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Dupuytren’s disease (DD) is a common progressive fibrotic condition affecting the palmar and digital fascia. Although its management is undertaken by hand surgeons, it is commonly seen by other doctors as an incidental finding. In many cases it is believed to be associated with other medical conditions, although the evidence for such associations is not always clear. This review considers the evidence behind these associations and discusses the aetiology of DD. By doing so, it is hoped that this review will permit a better understanding of the relevance of DD as a clinical sign.
It is time to test low level laser therapy in Great Britain
Authors: Moshkovska T , Mayberry J 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Low level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used in Eastern Europe and Asia for the treatment of a wide range of conditions for many years. Its continued acceptance in these populations reflects the efficacy with which it is regarded both by clinicians and their patients. Although there have been a substantial number of reports on its clinical benefit and some practitioners have used the technique in North America and Australasia it has yet to be subjected to detailed assessment through randomised clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to stimulate interest in the technique and to encourage rigorous research into its potential value.
Co-morbidity in general practice
Authors: Saltman D C , Sayer G P , Whicker S D 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
Co-morbidity, or the presence of more than one clinical condition, is gaining increased attention in epidemiological and health services research. However, the clinical relevance of co-morbidity has yet to be defined. In general practice, few studies have been conducted into co-morbidity, either at a single health care encounter, an episode of care, or for a defined time period.

Aims
To describe the major co-morbidity cluster profiles recorded by general practitioners. Another aim of this study is to describe the common clusters of co-prescribing.

Methods and results
Twelve month data from patients attending 156 GPs from 95 practices around a six month period of January to June 2003 were analysed. This represented 840 961 encounters from about 200 000 individual patients at these participating practices. Co-morbidity and co-prescribing cluster profiles are represented by problems managed and reasons for prescribing for the top 10 presentations and top 10 prescribed drugs in the study period.

Conclusions
By analysing the 10 most prevalent problems and 10 most prevalent drugs prescribed in consultations in a community sample, other co-morbidities that are particular to general practice, for example hypertension and lipid disorders, can be uncovered. Whether these clusters are causally related or occur by chance requires further analysis.
Approach to the patient with epilepsy in the outpatient department
Authors: Hadjikoutis S , Smith P E M 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Epilepsy is common and serious (prevalence 750 per 100 000) and has an impact upon employment, education, and driving. The diagnosis requires a detailed history including witness account. Clinicians must distinguish seizures particularly from syncope and psychogenic attacks. Electroencephalography and magnetic resonance brain scanning help to identify causes and classification of epilepsy, but alone rarely provide the diagnosis. Antiepileptic drug treatment is required long term and is potentially hazardous; patients should start treatment only after informed discussion with an epilepsy specialist. Patients require reliable written information, particularly the driving regulations, and the impact of seizures on employment, education, and leisure. Women must understand the potential drug teratogenic effects. Certain patient groups benefit from targeted epilepsy services, for example, learning disabled, children, teenagers, and elderly. People with epilepsy require long term specialist follow up. Although this is currently provided in mainly in secondary care (including nurse led clinics), improved liaison with primary care should enable improved access to epilepsy services. Epilepsy care should be multidisciplinary and long term, linking primary and secondary care, and empowering patients towards improved management of their condition.
Functional abdominal pain
Authors: Matthews P J , Aziz Q 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Functional abdominal pain or functional abdominal pain syndrome (FAPS) is an uncommon functional gut disorder characterised by chronic or recurrent abdominal pain attributed to the gut but poorly related to gut function. It is associated with abnormal illness behaviour and patients show psychological morbidity that is often minimised or denied in an attempt to discover an organic cause for symptoms. Thus the conventional biomedical approach to the management of such patients is unhelpful and a person’s symptom experience is more usefully investigated using a biopsychosocial evaluation, which necessarily entails a multidisciplinary system of healthcare provision. Currently the pathophysiology of the disorder is poorly understood but is most likely to involve a dysfunction of central pain mechanisms either in terms of attentional bias, for example, hypervigilance or a failure of central pain modulation/inhibition. Although modern neurophysiological investigation of patients is promising and may provide important insights into the pathophysiology of FAPS, current clinical management relies on an effective physician-patient relationship in which limits on clinical investigation are set and achievable treatment goals tailored to the patient’s needs are pursued.
Disease progression and adverse events in patients listed for elective percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Talwar S , Karpha M , Thomas R , Vurwerk C , Cox I C , Burrell C J , Motwani J G , Gilbert T J , Haywood G A 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Objective
To record disease progression and the timing of adverse events in patients on a waiting list for elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Design
Observational prospective study.

Settings
A UK tertiary cardiothoracic centre, at a time when waiting lists for PCI were up to 18 months.

Patients
145 patients (116 men, median age 59.5 years) placed on an elective waiting list for PCI between October 1998 and September 1999.

Main outcome measures
Adverse events recorded were death, myocardial infarction, need for urgent hospital admission because of unstable angina, and need for emergency revascularisation while waiting for PCI.

Results
During a median follow up of 10 months (range 1–18 months), nine (6.2%) patients experienced an adverse event. Eight (5.52%) patients were admitted with unstable angina as emergencies. One was admitted with a myocardial infarction. Twenty nine (20.0%) patients had significant disease progression at the time of the repeat angiogram before PCI. In 10 (7%), disease had progressed so that PCI was no longer feasible and patients were referred for coronary artery bypass graft. Sixteen (11%) were removed from the PCI waiting list because of almost complete resolution of their anginal symptoms.

Conclusion
Adverse coronary events and clinically significant disease progression occur commonly in patients waiting for PCI. Despite the presence of severe coronary lesions, myocardial infarction was rare and no patients died while on the waiting list. Resolution of anginal symptoms was also comparatively common. The pathophysiology of disease progression frequently necessitates a change in the treatment of patients waiting for PCI.
ONLINE SCHEDULING OF UNIT JOBS WITH BOUNDED IMPORTANCE RATIO
Authors: FUNG STANLEY P. Y. , CHIN FRANCIS Y. L. , SHEN HONG 
Published: July 2005

We consider the following online scheduling problem. We are given a set of jobs, each having an integral release time and deadline, unit processing length, and a nonnegative real weight. In each time unit one job is to be scheduled, and the objective is to maximize the total value (weight) obtained by scheduling the jobs. This problem arises in the scheduling of packets in network switches supporting quality-of-service (QoS). Previous algorithms for this problem are 2-competitive. In this paper we propose a new algorithm that achieves an improved competitive ratio when the importance ratio is bounded. Specifically, for job weights within the range [1..B], our algorithm is 2 - 1/(⌈ lg B⌉ + 2)-competitive, and the bound is tight.
ON VARIOUS NOTIONS OF PARALLELISM IN P SYSTEMS
Authors: IBARRA OSCAR H. , YEN HSU-CHUN , DANG ZHE 
Published: July 2005

We consider the following definition (different from the standard definition in the literature) of "maximal parallelism" in the application of evolution rules in a P system G: Let R = {r1, …rk} be the set of (distinct) rules in the system. G operates in maximally parallel mode if at each step of the computation, a maximal subset of R is applied, and at most one instance of any rule is used at every step (thus at most k rules are applicable at any step). We refer to this system as a maximally parallel system. We look at the computing power of P systems under three semantics of parallelism. For a positive integer n ≤ k, define: n-Max-Parallel: At each step, nondeterministically select a maximal subset of at most n rules in R to apply (this implies that no larger subset is applicable). ≤ n-Parallel: At each step, nondeterministically select any subset of at most n rules in R to apply. n-Parallel: At each step, nondeterministically select any subset of exactly n rules in R to apply. In all three cases, if any rule in the subset selected is not applicable, then the whole subset is not applicable. When n = 1, the three semantics reduce to the Sequential mode. We focus on two popular models of P systems: multi-membrane catalytic systems and communicating P systems. We show that for these systems, n-Max-Parallel mode is strictly more powerful than any of the following three modes: Sequential, ≤ n-Parallel, or n-Parallel. For example, it follows from the result in [9] that a maximally parallel communicating P system is universal for n = 2. However, under the three limited modes of parallelism, the system is equivalent to a vector addition system, which is known to only define a recursive set. These generalize and refine the results for the case of 1-membrane systems recently reported in [3]. Some of the present results are rather surprising. For example, we show that a Sequential 1-membrane communicating P system can only generate a semilinear set, whereas with k membranes, it is equivalent to a vector addition system for any k ≥ 2 (thus the hierarchy collapses at 2 membranes - a rare collapsing result for nonuniversal P systems). We also give another proof (using vector addition systems) of the known result [8] that a 1-membrane catalytic system with only 3 catalysts and (non-prioritized) catalytic rules operating under 3-Max-Parallel mode can simulate any 2-counter machine M. Unlike in [8], our catalytic system needs only a fixed number of noncatalysts, independent of M. A simple cooperative system (SCO) is a P system where the only rules allowed are of the form a → v or of the form aa → v, where a is a symbol and v is a (possibly null) string of symbols not containing a. We show that a 9-Max-Parallel 1-membrane SCO is universal.
INFINITE ITERATED FUNCTION SYSTEMS IN CANTOR SPACE AND THE HAUSDORFF MEASURE OF ω-POWER LANGUAGES
Authors: STAIGER LUDWIG 
Published: July 2005

We use means of formal language theory to estimate the Hausdorff measure of sets of a certain shape in Cantor space. These sets are closely related to infinite iterated function systems in fractal geometry.Our results are used to provide a series of simple examples for the non-coincidence of limit sets and attractors for infinite iterated function systems.
A NONLINEAR DYNAMICS PERSPECTIVE OF WOLFRAM'S NEW KIND OF SCIENCE PART IV: FROM BERNOULLI SHIFT TO 1/f SPECTRUM
Authors: CHUA LEON O. , SBITNEV VALERY I. , YOON SOOK 
Published: July 2005

By exploiting the new concepts of CA characteristic functions and their associated attractor time-τ maps, a complete characterization of the long-term time-asymptotic behaviors of all 256 one-dimensional CA rules are achieved via a single "probing" random input signal. In particular, the graphs of the time-1 maps of the 256 CA rules represent, in some sense, the generalized Green's functions for Cellular Automata. The asymptotic dynamical evolution on any CA attractor, or invariant orbit, of 206 (out of 256) CA rules can be predicted precisely, by inspection. In particular, a total of 112 CA rules are shown to obey a generalized Bernoulli στ-shift rule, which involves the shifting of any binary string on an attractor, or invariant orbit, either to the left, or to the right, by up to 3 pixels, and followed possibly by a complementation of the resulting bit string. The most intriguing result reported in this paper is the discovery that the four Turing-universal rules [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], and only these rules, exhibit a 1/f power spectrum.
Jeremiah's in/effective plea: another look in Jeremiah I 6
Authors: Strawn Brent A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe use of in Jer. i 6 is best understood, not as a precise indicator delineating Jeremiah's chronological age, but as a rhetorical device in which a pray-er appeals to their weak or insignificant status in order to summon the Deity's compassion. While the appeal is ultimately ineffective in eluding the prophetic calling, Yahweh's response to it is nothing short of an oracle of salvation/deliverance, which shows Jeremiah's plea to have been heard and answered.
The watchman metaphor in Isaiah lvi-lxvi
Authors: Tiemeyer Lena-Sofia 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe theme of the watchman is a Leitmotiv throughout Is. lvi 9-lix 21. It is first introduced in Is. lvi 10-11 and continues in lvii 14 and lviii 1. In these verses, the prophet calls the leaders to reassume their role as watchman and to lead their people in justice and righteousness. In contrast, the following Is. lix 4, 15-16 describe the leaders' failure to fulfil their very duty, leading up to God's decision to intervene Himself. In this way, these verses stress the responsibility and the subsequent failure of the Judahite leadership. The idea of the watchman is closely connected with that of an intercessor. In this way, the author of Is. lvi 9-lix 21 is indebted to the earlier Is. lxii 6, where "guards" are commanded to intercede daily for the fate of Jerusalem, and to Is. lxii 1, where divine or prophetic intercession is alluded to.
Optimal biologic dose of metronomic chemotherapy regimens is associated with maximum antiangiogenic activity
Authors: Shaked Yuval , Emmenegger Urban , Man Shan , Cervi Dave , Bertolini Francesco , Ben-David Yaacov , Kerbel Robert S. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Low-dose metronomic chemotherapy is a promising therapeutic cancer treatment strategy thought to have an antiangiogenic basis. However, the advantages of reduced toxicity, increased efficacy in some cases, and ability to combine chemotherapy administered long term in this way with targeted therapies can be compromised by the empiricism associated with determining the optimum biologic dose (OBD). Using 4 distinct metronomic chemotherapy regimens in 4 different preclinical tumor models, including a hematologic malignancy, we established the OBD by determining the maximum efficacy associated with minimum or no toxicity. We then found each OBD to be strikingly correlated with the maximum reduction in viable peripheral blood circulating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2–positive (VEGFR-2+) endothelial precursors (CEPs). These results suggest that CEPs may serve as a pharmacodynamic biomarker to determine the OBD of metronomic chemotherapy regimens.
Determinants of response to a parent questionnaire about development and behaviour in 3 year olds: European multicentre study of congenital toxoplasmosis
Authors: Salt A , Freeman K , Prusa A , Ferret N , Buffolano W , Malm G , Schmidt D , Tan HK , Gilbert RE ,   The European Multicentre Study on Congenital Toxoplasmosis (EMSCOT)
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Background
We aimed to determine how response to a parent-completed postal questionnaire measuring development, behaviour, impairment, and parental concerns and anxiety, varies in different European centres.

Methods
Prospective cohort study of 3 year old children, with and without congenital toxoplasmosis, who were identified by prenatal or neonatal screening for toxoplasmosis in 11 centres in 7 countries. Parents were mailed a questionnaire that comprised all or part of existing validated tools. We determined the effect of characteristics of the centre and child on response, age at questionnaire completion, and response to child drawing tasks.

Results
The questionnaire took 21 minutes to complete on average. 67% (714/1058) of parents responded. Few parents (60/1058) refused to participate. The strongest determinants of response were the score for organisational attributes of the study centre (such as direct involvement in follow up and access to an address register), and infection with congenital toxoplasmosis. Age at completion was associated with study centre, presence of neurological abnormalities in early infancy, and duration of prenatal treatment. Completion rates for individual questions exceeded 92% except for child completed drawings of a man (70%), which were completed more by girls, older children, and in certain centres.

Conclusion
Differences in response across European centres were predominantly related to the organisation of follow up and access to correct addresses. The questionnaire was acceptable in all six countries and offers a low cost tool for assessing development, behaviour, and parental concerns and anxiety, in multinational studies.