bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Modem Merchant Bank 1961 –1971
Authors: Wake Jehanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decade following the merger constituted a dynamic era in the City, reflecting the optimistic mood of a nation again enjoying the heady wine of full employment and improved living conditions. Under Wilson’s Labour government a new age seemed to beckon with the cult of youth, consumerism, and the ‘white heat of technology’, as the country experienced an acute bout of neophilia. The evolution and rapid growth of the Eurodollar market led to the resurgence of London as a leading international financial centre. This in tum stimulated other international banking activities, thereby increasing opportunities for merchant banks. Domestically, with the restructuring of British industry, there was an increase in mergers, acquisitions, and capital raising; while the rapid growth in the funds of institutional investors generated an equally strong demand for investment management services. It was also during the 1960s that merchant banks began to enlarge the range of services they could off earthier clients, as they diversified into leasing, project finance, hire purchase and insurance broking. The City, in short, was on course to resume a level of activity not seen since its pre-1914 heyday.
The Reaper and the Robot: The Adoption of Labour-Saving Machinery in the Past and Future
Authors: David Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir John Habakkuk, perhaps more than any other single scholar, has been responsible for both the lively attention to and the productive fusion of economics and history that has come to distinguish the study of regional and national patterns in the introduction and diffusion of technological innovations. His seminal essay on the search for labour-saving innovations, American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century, was offered modestly in 1962 as ‘a foray into the debatable borderland between history, technology and economics’. Sir John believed that the parties exploring this wilderness would from the outset benefit by forming ‘a marriage of history and theory’. One ground for such a union was that the past posed problems that might well interest contemporary economists. This was brilliantly exemplified by his own chosen subject-matter: the sources of the post-Second World War gap between US and British levels of labour productivity in manufacturing was a phenomenon whose historical origins had previously intrigued the wartime Anglo-American Productivity Teams.
Migration and Nationality in Post-war Britain
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commenting on the prospect of non-white migration in 1954, Winston Churchill told the Jamaican Governor, Sir Hugh Foot, that Britain ‘would have a magpie society: that would never do.’ When the British Nationality Act of 1981 was passed some twenty-five years after Churchill uttered these words, multiculturalism was indisputably a fact of British political and social life. The United Kingdom began the post-war years with a non-white population of some 30,000 people; it approaches the end of the century with over million, whose origins extend from Africa, the Pacific Rim, the Caribbean, and the Indian Subcontinent. Together with France and Germany, it has among the largest ethnic populations in Europe, and it shares with France the largest ethnic-minority citizenry.
Same Citizenship, Contrasting Rights: The 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By January 1961, it was clear that the free entry policy’s days were numbered. Efforts to regulate the rate of migration through informal measures appeared to have broken down, the Ministry of Labour continued to press the restrictionist case, and public opposition was growing. The ultimate introduction of controls took over a year, finally being enacted in April 1962. This chapter examines this period, and offers an explanation of both the delay itself and the institutional character of the controls ultimately adopted. The former highlights, for the final time, the importance of Colonial Office opposition to restrictions in facilitating further New Commonwealth migration, while the latter—a point that will be developed at length-was the direct result of the causal influence exercised by BNA 1948.
Introduction
Authors: Boer Bart de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language defines humanity. It is generally agreed that what distinguishes humans from other animals is their intelligence and their ability to talk. Intelligence, however, is often defined in terms oflanguage. The well-known Turing test, designed by Alan Turing (Turing 1950) to decide whether a computer program is intelligent, is based on the computer’s ability to use language. Ethnic identity is also often defined by language. In Tok Pisin, the lingua franca of Papua New Guinea, the word for referring to people of one’s ethnic group is wantok, ‘one talk, meaning the people that speak the same language. The Slavonic peoples refer to the German people as nemec (for example, Russian HeMeQ),’those who cannot speak’. The ancient Greeks called the Persians (and probably all other peoples as well) pappap OL, ‘barbarians: supposedly because all they heard when they heard the Persian language were unintelligible sounds: ‘Barbarbar .. .’. Language is essential for humanity. Human languages are extremely diverse. Today, some 6,000 languages are spoken around the world. Although many of these languages are obviously related to each other, and can be grouped into large language families, such as Indo-European, Tibeto-Burman, or Austronesian, the links between the language families are much more difficult to establish. It is possible to reconstruct relations between languages up to a depth of approximately 8,000 years with currently accepted scientific methods. Beyond this time span, so much information is lost that reconstruction becomes speculative. As Homo sapiens has existed for more than 200,000 years and has been spreading around the world for at least 100,000 years, current linguistic knowledge suggests that many human languages have to be considered as historically unrelated.
Results
Authors: Boer Bart de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Running the simulation described in the previous chapter with the right parameter settings did result in natural vowel systems. Shared sets of vowels were obtained, so that imitation was highly successful. The vowel systems that emerged from the simulations were similar to those most frequently found in the languages of the world. However, it is hard to define similarity in the context of these simulations. It is easy to obtain an impressionistic idea of how realistic the agents’ inventories are by making a scatter plot of the agents’ vowels, using the first and effective second formant as coordinates. This is the way the outcomes of the simulations are usually plotted in this book. But the number of vowel clusters that emerge is not fixed, even for given parameter values, and not all agents in the population have exactly the same vowel system. It is therefore very hard to conduct a rigorous statistical analysis of the outcomes of the simulations. This chapter first presents an impression of the behaviour of the simulations. This is followed by two comparisons of the quality and realism of systems that result from different runs of the simulation. First, emerged vowel systems are compared with random ones and explicitly optimized ones, by using different measures of the system. Secondly, the classification of the emerged systems is compared with classifications of human vowel systems.
Introduction
Authors: Deutscher Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is both a study in the history of one particular area of one particular language, and a general investigation of the motivation for language change. The case study traces the development of some subordinate structures in the Babylonian dialect of Akkadian, one of the earliest written languages (c.2500 to 500 bc). The theoretical part of the study tries to interpret aspects of this development as an adaptation to the increased complexity of patterns of communication. The richly attested history of Akkadian provides an opportunity to observe diachronic changes over a period of two thousand years. It also allows us to view syntactic change from both a structural and a functional perspective. This study examines the development of one class of subordinate structures, sentential complements, from these two perspectives. On the one hand, this study describes the emergence of new structures. It examines how finite sentential complements emerged for the first time from adverbial clauses during the historical period. It also describes the emergence of another structure, a quotative construction, through a long process of grammaticalization. On the other hand, this study traces the changes in the functional roles of different existing structures over time. The study thus attempts to describe the diachronic changes in the functional organization of the language system. We shall see that during the history of Akkadian, some structures, such as finite complements, gain in functional load, whereas other structures, such as infinitival complements, recede.
Akkadian
Authors: Deutscher Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Akkadian is the earliest known Semitic language. It was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, the ‘land between the rivers’ (the Tigris and the Euphrates), an area which roughly corresponds to today’s Iraq. Akkadian is one of the earliest and longest attested languages, with a history spanning more than two thousand years. The first written attestations of Akkadian are from around 2500 BC, and the language was spoken until around 500 BC, when it was displaced by Aramaic. Nevertheless, texts in Akkadian continued to be written even until the time of Christ. The ancient name of the language, Akkadum, derives from the city of Akkad, founded by King Sargon as his capital around 2300 BC. From the second millennium BC, two distinct dialects of Akkadian emerged, Babylonian and Assyrian. Babylonian was spoken in the southern part of Mesopotamia, an area which was dominated by the city of Babylon (Babili). Assyrian was spoken in the northern part of Mesopotamia, which was likewise dominated by the city of Assur (or Assur).
The Grammaticalization of the Quotative Construction
Authors: Deutscher Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the development of the quotative construction in Babylonian (with enma!umma), which can serve as a ‘model textbook example’ of a process of grammaticalization. The construction started in the earliest period as a whole independent clause, which meant roughly ‘(this is what) X said’. In the following two thousand years, this construction followed a long path of reduction. Slowly but very surely, it underwent all the prototypical changes associated with grammaticalization: the independent clause was gradually reduced in phonetic form, in meaning, and in syntactic independence, to become a quotative marker, and finally to emerge as a general complementizer. The first five sections of this chapter follow the process of grammaticalization of the umma construction from Old Akkadian to Neo-Babylonian. The final section of the chapter explores the cross-linguistic implications of the grammaticalization of umma. The historical development of the umma construction is illuminating because its long attested history offers a stark contrast to most reported instances of the grammaticalization of quotatives, in which the develop-ment has to be reconstructed on the basis of synchronic evidence.22 The history of umma brings to light various intricacies of the grammaticalization process, which are lost when only synchronic evidence is available. The historical perspective also puts in context all the aspects in the behaviour of the construction which may appear irregular and unmotivated from a synchronic perspective.
Tropical Rain Forests
Authors: Whitmore T C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This new edition of Whitmore's classic introduction to tropical rain forests has been comprehensively revised and updated, reflecting the changes which have taken place since it was first published in 1990. The sections on human impact have been extended to include a new global assessment of deforestation as well as details of new research on biodiversity and conservation. Discussion of the future of the rain forests and priorities for action is incorporated. The book remains unique in linking rain forest biology and ecology with silviculture, and with concerns over sustainable resource utilization and the future of the tropical rain forests. It includes sections on the diverse animal and plant life forms which are found in the rain forest, and the interconnections between them. Nutrient cycles and forest dynamics are fully explained, with new data on ecophysiology and forest microclimates. The geologic and climatic history of rain forests, and the wide-spread canopy disturbances now understood to have occurred in the past, are explored. Accessibly written, and illustrated throughout with line-drawings and photographs, this is a must for biology and geography students, and anyone else who seeks to know more about the nature and importance of the world's tropical rain forests.
We exist
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an extraordinary range of profound implications of this simple fact. Life exists in the universe and has evolved in such a way, here at least, that at the last second of the hour an intelligent species has emerged. Here, now, perhaps only for a fleeting instant, consciousness exists in the universe. This book tries to show what this consciousness and this intelligence have achieved in understanding the universe we humans find ourselves in. Much of this understanding has been gained in the past century, which corresponds to only a hundred millionth of the age of the universe (if we think of the age of the universe as a year, then the past century would correspond to the last one third of a second of that year). If this is the first time that such understanding has been achieved in the universe, then cosmological knowledge is a truly novel phenomenon. For me it is a wonderful moment in which to have existed and worked in the field of cosmology.
An expanding universe
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The observations have disclosed the remarkable fact that in [the galaxies’] spectra there is a displacement towards the red corresponding to a receding velocity increasing with distance, and, so far as the determinations of the distances are reliable, proportional with it. If the velocity is proportional to the distance, then not only the distance of any nebula from us is increasing, but all the mutual distances between any two of them are increasing at the same rate. Our own galaxy system is only one of a great many, and observations made from any of the others would show exactly the same thing: all systems are receding, not from any particular centre, but from each other: the whole system of galaxies is expanding.
A universe of finite age
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of whether the universe has existed for ever has exercised the minds of scientists and philosophers from the earliest times. It is also the subject of myth and speculation in almost all cultures and religions. In Western Judeo-Christian culture we have the dominant myth of a Creation, which occurred at some particular moment of time, as recorded by the nomadic authors of ‘Genesis’ some time in the second millennium BC. For modern cosmologists the age of the universe is a purely scientific question and we have a range of techniques to estimate this age, which constitutes the fourth of the nine numbers of the cosmos. In the simplest cosmological models derived from Einstein’s general theory of relativity, the age of the universe depends only on the Hubble constant and the density of the universe. From the time of Hubble to the present there have been worries that estimated values of the age of the universe, the Hubble constant, and the density of the universe are inconsistent with these simple cosmological models.
Cold dark matter
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The processes by which stars and planetary systems form from interstellar gas clouds, and by which galaxies form from protogalactic gas clouds, are among the most intractable in modern physics. We know a great deal about general relativity, black holes, particle physics, the evolution of the universe. But the details of how stars and galaxies form remain, literally, hidden from view. We shall see that one of the key ingredients to explain the formation of galaxies is a new form of matter, cold dark matter. Our sixth cosmic number is the average density of cold dark matter in the universe.
The missing ingredient— tilt, strings, or hot dark matter
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The invention of cold dark matter at the end of the 1970s seemed to solve many of the problems associated with how galaxies formed. Simulations of galaxy formation in a cold dark matter universe did generate model universes very similar to the observed distribution of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. But when we come to look more closely it seems there is still a problem. It looks as if there is an additional ingredient needed to make sense of the observed clustering of galaxies and in this chapter we consider several possibilities.We still do not know what that missing ingredient might be. The initial spectrum of density fluctuations might be slightly different (‘tilted’) from the simple form we assumed in the last chapter. The universe might be pervaded by relicts from the inflationary era, of which the most likely are cosmic strings, which we encountered in Chapter 5. Or there might be an additional ingredient of dark matter in the form of hot dark matter, presumably a neutrino with a non-zero mass.
Early Approaches to Protein Folding
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The peptide bond alone, serially connecting amino acids to one another, can structurally do no more than produce polypeptide chains: from dimers and trimers upwards, without limit to the ultimate length. Solid evidence from X-ray analysis for such polypeptide chains, extended to considerable length, existed in the case of normally insoluble protein fibres. It was easy to imagine that proteins that were water soluble contain equally long chains, but flexible rather than stiffly extended— fluidity at the molecular level reflecting fluidity in the medium in which the proteins existed.
Hydrogen bonds and the a-helix
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The covalent bond, formed by electrons shared between atoms, was a concept created in 1916 by G. N. Lewis at the University of California and was therefore still quite new in 1920, when Wendell Latimer and Worth Rodebush, also at the University of California, first proposed hydrogen bonds, defining them as secondary interatomic links, weaker than valence bonds. From the very start they recognized the electrostatic origin of the bonds, noting that they form between atoms of high electron affinity, such as oxygen and nitrogen. Likewise, they recognized the special importance of hydrogen bonds in liquid water. The core of many ideas that were later developed quantitatively by others can be found in embryo in this first paper on the subject.
After the Double Helix: the Triplet Code
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fact that DNA must be the carrier of genetic information had be- come universally accepted and the double-helical structure of DNA had shown, virtually by mere inspection of the structure, the probable mechanism by which the genetic material can be perpetuated, copied over and over again as cells divide. But these revelations did not immediately tell anyone how proteins are made: the difficult to sustain concept of protein templates disappeared from the scene, of course, but what was to take its place? Several good accounts of how the problem was solved were written in the mid-1960s, while actual events were still fresh in the writers’ minds. We make reference here to three that are suitable for the general reader.
Early adult life
Authors: Lewinsohn Peter M , Seeley John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While it is clear from the previous chapters that childhood and adolescent depression commonly occurs, we know little about the continuity of such conditions into adulthood. Hammen and Garber (2001) recently noted that investigators of youth and adult depression have pursued separate tasks for the most part. That is, both fields of research have largely centered on cross-sectional or short-term longitudinal studies, with little focus on bridging the transitional period between childhood and adulthood. As a result, most approaches to the lifespan perspective have been based on disjointed, developmentally specific investigations rather than being based on longitudinal studies that span across developmental periods. According to a report by the Institute of Medicine (IOM; Mrazek and Haggerty, 1994: 116), ‘The transition to adulthood is poorly understood in spite of the fact that it is probably the age period when most adult disorders have their peak rates of incidence’.
Later Life
Authors: O’Brien John , Thomas Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depression in late life remains a common condition. Snowdon (1990) observed that prevalence studies in late-life depression fall into two types: studies using recognized (usually DSM) diagnostic criteria, which yield rates of 1–3 per cent and studies assessing the presence of substantial depressive symptoms, which yield much higher rates of 10–16 per cent. These figures have been confirmed by the recent re-analysis of thirty-four community based epidemiological studies of depression in the elderly by the EURODEP consortium which found an average of 1.8 per cent for major depression and 13.5 per cent for all depressive syndromes (Beekman et al., 1999). Unlike dementia, which shows a clear association with increasing age, there is still some controversy over whether depression increases with age with the majority of studies showing that, if organic disorders such as dementia are excluded and disability controlled for, there is no change in prevalence with age (Jenkins et al., 1997; Roberts et al., 1997; Blazer, 1999).
Normative and descriptive models of decision making: time discounting and risk sensitivity
Authors: Kacelnik Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human brain is the result of our evolutionary history, and this history has been driven by natural selection. This is not controversial. Nor is it controversial that human psychology, both in terms of mental experience and of overt behaviour, is under the control of the brain and consequently is itself the result of natural selection. What is less obvious and a matter of intense interest at present is the extent to which applying evolutionary thinking makes a difference to the understanding of human psychology here and now. A broad survey of different attitudes to these questions and my perspective in the matter can be found elsewhere (Betzig 1997; Kacelnik and Krebs 1997).