bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operatic Reform In Vienna: Gluckand Calzabigi
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reform was very much in the air during the eighteenth century: the spirit of the Enlightenment sought to correct abuses in all the institutions of society, including the arts. Opera came in for its share of the reforming spirit. Contemporary chroniclers declared that the abuses of seventeenth-century Italian opera had been corrected by two reformers, first by the Imperial court poet Apostolo Zeno, then by his successor Pietro Metastasio: they had purged the operatic libretto of its trivialities and made it “regular,” worthy even of comparison with the masterpieces of French tragedy. Modern historians take a more nuanced view of this development, being less inclined to credit the creation of opera seria to any one or two persons, however eminent. But there is no doubt that Metastasio’s dramas, especially, were universally admired not only as librettos but as literature. It was not long, however, before critical voices were raised again, clamoring for reform: they complained of the rigidity of the new operatic conventions, which, among other things, tended to indulge a new breed of superstar singers by focusing all the musical expression in da capo arias. Italian critics like Francesco Algarotti (Saggio sopra /’opera in musica, 1755) turned to French opera, as others had done before: with its ballets, choruses, mythological plots, expressive recitatives, and relatively modest arias, it presented a living contrast to opera seria that could well serve as a model for its reform. In Vienna, where Metastasio still officiated as court poet though virtually retired from the operatic stage, there arose in the 1760s what was destined to become the best-known attempt at operatic reform. French influence was very strong there at the time, and the court theater had for some years been presenting French operas comiques and ballets under the supervision of its Francophile directeur des spectacles, Count Giacomo Durazzo (1717-94).
The First Performance Of IL Barbiere Di Siviglia
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1823 there appeared in Bologna a pamphlet entitled (we translate) Notes Concerning Maestro Rossini by a Lady, Formerly a Singer, in Response to What Was Written about Him in the Summer of 1822 by the English Journalist in Paris and That Same Year Reported in a Milan Gazette. The author was Geltrude Righetti-Giorgi (1793-1862), who had created the role of Rosina at the famously disastrous first performance of II barbiere di Siviglia (Rome, 20 February 1816); as we shall see, the prior existence of another Barbiere, by Paisiello, was only one of the reasons for the failure. The “English Journalist” in Righetti-Giorgi’s title takes a little explaining. The great French novelist Stendhal (pseudonym of Henri Beyle, 1783-1842) was a devotee of Italian opera, having lived in Italy for many years. On his return to France, he undertook to write what was to be the first full-length study of Rossini’s life and music; published in 1824, his Vie de Rossini was an instant success. The composer was just thirty-two at the time; he had settled in Paris and was about to enter on the final stage of his career, which would culminate with Guillaume Tell five years later. Stendhal’s biography, then, was timely; it was also highly entertaining. Unfortunately it is quite inaccurate and thus unsuitable for representation among these documents. Prior to that, however, in January 1 822, Stendhal had contributed an anonymous article on Rossini to The Paris Monthly Review, an English-language periodical.
Parisian Grand Opera: Auber’s La Muette De Portici As Seen Bywagner
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
French opera blossomed into an all-encompassing spectacle when it combined the grandeur of traditional heroic opera with the more human concerns of opera comique. The grand gestures and poise of classicism were fused with the adventuresomeness and suspense of rescue opera. Local color and folk heroes now occupied the stage amid splendid scenes of nature and faithful reconstructions of historical settings. Choruses sprang into action; and the orchestra, always one of the glories of French opera, reached new heights of virtuosity and tonal brilliance. This was “grand opera,” and La Muette de Portici (1828) by Daniel-Frani;ois-Esprit Auber (1782-1871) is generally credited with initiating the new trend, closely followed by Rossini’s Guillaume Tell (1829). A huge work in five acts, La Muette was an instant and lasting success both in Paris and throughout Europe. Semihistorical (it deals fancifully with the Neapolitan uprising led by Masaniel lo in 1647), it has a title role that is danced, not sung: for Masaniello’s sister (a fictional character, like most of the others) is a mute. In other ways too, La Muette represents a new approach to the operatic conventions; perhaps, then, it is not too surprising to discover that one of its most ardent admirers was Richard Wagner.
Wagner’s Theory Of Drama
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was in the period following his participation in the Dresden uprising (May 1849) and subsequent flight to Switzerland that Wagner wrote his first books of operatic theory: Art and Revolution (1849), The Art Work of the Future (1850), and Opera and Drama (1852). His composing was at a standstill; his latest opera, Lohengrin, completed in 1848, was performed in his absence in 1850. But already in Dresden he had begun work on what was to become the major undertaking of his life, the vast Ring of the Nibelung cycle; so far he had only written the text of the last of the four dramas, Cotterdammerung (initially Siegfrieds Tod, later much revised), and twenty-six years were to pass before he would complete the whole cycle. But this, and the other three great works that lay ahead-Tristan und Isolde (1859), Die Meistersinger (1867), Parsifal (1882)-were no longer to be cast in the mold of traditional opera.
Verismo
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Verismo was the Italian version of realism, the literary movement espoused by such novelists as the brothers Goncourt and Emile Zola in France. 1870 had marked the end of an era for both countries: the Italians, having gained Rome as their capital, were now faced with the prosaic task of running a new nation beset with internal problems; and the French were painfully engaged in a similar endeavor after their disastrous defeat by the Prussians. In Italy as in France, the age of romantic dreaming and heroics was over.
Four Men At Work On La Bohème
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as there are four principals-Rodolfo, Marcello, Schaunard, Colline-in Puccini’s La boheme, so there were four principals in its creation: the professional librettist Luigi illica (1857-1919), the playwright and man of letters Giuseppe Giacosa (1847-1906), the publisher Giulio Ricardi (1840-1912), so prominent in the genesis of Verdi’s Ote//o (see p. 230f above), and of course the composer himself, Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924). Ricardi served as a sort of court of appeals during the sometimes heated squabbles concerning the ultimate shape this opera, based on Henry Murger’s Scenes de la vie de boheme (1851), was to assume. lllica undertook the drafting of the scenario, with important interventions by Puccini. Giacosa took care of the versification and the smaller details, putting on the final touches, though in one of the letters below he is heard complaining that none of his touches ever seemed to be final. Between the first mention of the opera in 1893 (in connection with a dispute that arose between Puccini and Leoncavallo, who was also at work on the same subject) and its first performance under Toscanini in Turin on 1 February 1896, the correspondence between the two librettists, the publisher, and the composer flowed thick and fast.
Strauss And Hofmannsthal Work On Der Rosenkavalier
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To appreciate the full import of the following selections from the correspondence of Richard Strauss (1864-1949) with the Austrian poet Hugo von Hofmannsthal (1874-1929), one ought to be familiar with Der Rosenkavalier, more specifically with Act II, which is here seen in the making. While space does not permit a detailed synopsis of the opera, the following may do for an understanding of these letters. The comedy is set in mid-eighteenth-century Vienna. Sophie, the young daughter of the newly rich Faninal, has been promised in marriage to Baron Ochs auf Lerchenau, an older nobleman whom she has never seen. The official marriage proposal is conveyed to her by the young Count Octavian Rofrano (nicknamed Quinquin) in a glittering ceremony in which he presents her with a silver rose. Ochs arrives soon afterwards and shows himself to be a vulgar brute. Sophie is horrified. She and Octavian fall in love. Octavian fights a duel with the Baron, wounding him slightly in the arm. The Baron makes a scene, but his cheerfulness is restored by a note inviting him to an amorous rendezvous with a chambermaid (actually Octavian in disguise); the note is brought by Valzacchi and Annina, two Italians who live by their wits.
Duke Bluebeard’s Castle
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bart6k wrote his only opera in 1911. It is a setting of a previously written play, and as such illustrates an early twentieth-century penchant for what the German musicologist Carl Dahlhaus has called “literature opera”: Pe/leas et Melisande, Salome, Wozzeck are other notable examples. The poet in the present instance was Bela Balasz. Three years younger than Bart6k, Balasz belonged to the same coterie of young intellectuals and artists then rising to prominence in Budapest, all keenly aware of contemporary artistic developments in western Europe, yet all seeking to attain a higher level of artistic expression through a fusion of modernism with quintessential elements of their man-rise to their feet, dreamlike, from the deep recesses of slumbering memory. And wreathed with diadems and halos, they are more beautiful than all women presently living. Oh, how plain, how miserable Judith feels when Blue-beard sings in dreaming ecstasy of his past loves. But she doesn’t shudder in horror until he begins to beautify her, to adorn her with jewels. “Ah, Bluebeard, you are not dreaming, I am your poor, living wife.” But the man covers her with glittering ornaments, and Judith gradually grows numb with death. The man’s dream kills her, the very dream she herself has conjured up in him. And the dreaming man remains alone once more, his castle again locked and dark.
Alban Berg On Wozzeck
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Berg began work on Wozzeck in 1914, shortly after having witnessed a stage performance of the masterpiece by Georg Buchner (1813-37). Called up in the Austrian army at the outbreak of World War I, he was forced to interrupt work for three years, during which he had a taste of military life at first hand, though only on the home front. Completion of the opera proceeded slowly, and the full score was not finished until April 1922. The premiere took place at the Berlin Staatsoper under Erich Kleiber on 14 December 1925. Surrounded by controversy because perceived by many as a dangerous example of “atonality” and because of political intrigues against Kleiber, Wozzeck nevertheless was a great public success from the start, and there were critics even then who recognized it as a milestone in the history of opera. One view of it that became fashionable among critics was that, by concentrating on traditional musical forms, Berg had intended to reform opera (“reform” again!), leading it into a post-Wagnerian era. When in 1927 Berg was asked by the League of Composers in New York to contribute an article on Wozzeck to their magazine, he addressed himself to this issue.
The Planetary Scientist’s Companion
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientists have collected a wealth of physical and chemical data for the Sun, planets, and small bodies in our solar system, but until now this information has been scattered throughout the technical literature. The Planetary Scientist’s Companion solves this problem, providing for the first time a single, extensive reference for the interdisciplinary fields of planetary science and cosmochemistry. The book begins with a summary of frequently used physical and chemical constants, unit conversion factors, properties of some compounds and minerals, thermodynamic data, partition coefficients, and useful formulas. This is followed by an overview of the solar system, including comparative data for the planets and their satellites and abundances of the elements. Much of the book is devoted to a series of chapters describing in turn the Sun, each of the planets, and the groups of small bodies (asteroids, comets, meteorites, and Kuiper Belt and Centaur objects). Each chapter includes an introduction, followed by tables of physical and chemical properties compiled from many sources, including data on planetary atmospheres, surfaces, and interiors. The book concludes with data on nearby stars, the interstellar medium, and recently discovered brown dwarfs and possible extrasolar planets, followed by a glossary. A unique and practical resource for anyone interested in contemporary planetary science and cosmochemistry, this volume is likely to be an essential tool in future research.
Uranus, Rings, and Satellites
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Uranus was discovered by Sir William Herschel on 13 March 1781. Observations of Uranus and its satellite and ring systems prior to the Voyager 2 encounter on 26 January 1986 are summarized by [Alx65, Hu82, Ber84, BM86, GB84]. A post-Voyager summary of the atmosphere and interior of Uranus, its rings, satellites, and magnetosphere is in [BMM91].
Neptune, Rings, and Satellites
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the six decades following the discovery of Uranus, it became clear that there were large discrepancies between the observed and calculated positions of the planet. Analyses of the discrepancies by Adams in England and LeVerrier in France led to predictions for the mass and orbit of a trans-Uranian planet. These calculations led to the discovery of Neptune by Galle and d’Arrest on 23 September 1846. Shortly thereafter, Lassell discovered Triton, Neptune’s largest satellite on 10 October 1846. The account of Neptune’s discovery is described by Grosser (1962).
Populism
Authors: Edwards Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Debates over economics revealed deep political fissures among Americans, who began to weigh old Civil War loyalties against pressing bread-and-butter concerns. By 1890 their arguments became more urgent as the economy worsened, especially in rural areas. Regional political structures shaped these intensified debates. In the Northeast and Midwest, a strong two-party system managed to contain the disputes, with Republicans holding their lead in New England and Democrats tending to benefit elsewhere. In the South and the trans-Mississippi West, two-party politics was not so strong. In these regions a coalition of farmers, labor unionists, and advocates of silver currency created a new party, proposing new federal interventions in the economy.
New Parameters of Power
Authors: Edwards Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In defeating the challenge of Populism, men who led the successful campaigns for redemption identified a threat not only from alleged black criminals and anarchists but from politically active women. Though Republicans like Ellen Foster were reassuringly loyal, women’s overall encroachment into political affairs disturbed Republican men as well as Democrats. By the 1890s women no longer limited their expressions of partisanship to demure handkerchief waving from the balconies of party rallies. Many spoke from the stump, canvassed wards, sought access to parties’ decision-making councils, and even ran for office. Some men who had welcomed women’s assistance in campaign work now began to describe the trend as a danger to political order.
Biochemical Adaptation
Authors: Hochachka Peter W , Somero George N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This text lays out the principles of mechanistic comparative physiology in an ecological and evolutionary context. The subject of evolutionary physiology has been advancing considerably and this book will bring readers up to date on a number of new techniques, ideas and data. Topics include NMR spectroscopy and molecular biology, evolution and adaptation, phylogenetically-based analytical techniques and more.
Influence of Oxygen Availability
Authors: Hochachka Peter W , Somero George N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extracting the maximal amount of chemical bond energy from a reduced organic molecule typically involves degradation to CO2 and H2O and to achieve this, molecular O2 usually must serve as a terminal electron acceptor and thus must be available to the organism. That is why for most present-day organisms, O2-based combustion of foodstuffs is the sine qua non of metabolic efficiency. Yet biologists today realize that this was not always so. The best available evidence indicates that early stages in the development of life on our planet occurred under highly reducing conditions (Crick, 1981; Gold, 1999). This means that the planet was colonized initially by prokaryotic anaerobes. Genomics, the sequencing and mapping of genomes and analysis of gene and genome function (Hieter and Boguski, 1997), has revolutionized our understanding of this early stage in the biological and, by extension, geological evolution of the planet. The prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes that have been completely sequenced supply enormous new insights into the coevolution of living systems and of their geological microenvironments. Based on the presence or absence of gene families from 11 such completed genome sequences of free living microorganisms (Hieter and Boguski, 1997), or upon only 16S ribosomal RNA sequences (Woese et al., 1990), molecular biologists arrive at similar summaries of three main roots (Archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes) to the tree of life (figure 3.1). What is more, these molecular phylogenies place anaerobes close to the root of all of life and corroborate geological arguments favoring a predominantly anaerobic primordial earth.
Temperature
Authors: Hochachka Peter W , Somero George N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone versed in biogeography, indeed anyone even moderately familiar with natural history, is aware that the distribution patterns of organisms commonly reﬂect gradients or discontinuities in temperature. This type of temperature-related—and, by implication, temperature-caused—patterning is seen in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, in both spatial and temporal contexts, and among all types of organisms. Thus, in moving from lower to higher latitudes, species replacement patterns are ubiquitous and may involve the replacement of one species in a genus by another (a congener). Species replacement is also seen along vertical gradients in temperature at a given latitude, for instance, along gradients characteristic of transitions from subtidal to intertidal marine habitats and from low to high elevations in mountainous regions. Mobile animals commonly select a preferred temperature, using a variety of strategies including seasonal migrations by aquatic and terrestrial animals, diurnal vertical migrations in marine and freshwater habitats, and selection of the appropriate period of the day for foraging and predation in terrestrial animals.
The pervasiveness of these temperature-related patterns of organismal distribution indicates that the effects of temperature on organisms are universal among taxa and of sufficient magnitude to impose strict limits on where life can occur, even when other environmental factors would seem permissive of life. Indeed, temperature affects essentially every aspect of an organism’s physiology, from the basic structures of the macromolecules that are responsible for catalysis and information processing to the rates at which chemical reactions occur. One index of the scope and magnitude of temperature’s effects on biological systems is the fact that no species can withstand, at least when in a metabolically active state, cell temperatures spanning the full range of temperatures found in the biosphere—from slightly above 100°C in geothermal hot springs to ~ –80°C in high-latitude and high-altitude terrestrial habitats.
Black Fears: Mastering Dark Realities
Authors: Grimsted David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the impulse behind the South’s mobbing of alleged abolitionists was to make any white questioning of slavery unthinkable, the fear driving insurrection scares was black: slaves, working each day near whites in fields, gardens, kitchens, nurseries. Insurrection scares both expressed the darkest fears of a slave society and allowed a sense of mastery over both the realities and nightmares that could never be fully controlled. I Just as Harriet Tubman, John Brown, and others proved that the Southern vision of abolitionist slave-theft was not wholly hallucinatory, so Nat Turner underlined insurrectionary possibility in the antebellum South. In Rapides Parish, Louisiana, slave tradition bears out the basis, if not the details, of the white version of an insurrection plot in 1837. Doubtless slaves plotted other uprisings, but the records about other “insurrections” testify to white fears rather than black action. The number of victims killed in these scares proclaims the depth of Southern fears about their slave population. Although there were only thirty-five instances of extralegal action against alleged insurrectionary plots, 448 persons were killed, 447 of them mob victims. Of these only 26 were whites and but 8 statedly free blacks. The Southern press and letter writers gave scant detail about slave victims, including numbers, because of their marginally human social status. Yet there’s no question that mobs of this sort destroyed property to the amount of hundreds of thousands of dollars, a cost that went largely uncounted because these killings gave illusion of white power.
A General Morphological-Functional Characterization of the CelI
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fundamental organizational characteristic of life is its being based on discrete units-cells. Living creatures on our planet vary enormously in the number of cells they are made of, in the size, shape, and properties of those cells, and in the extent of their dependence on each other. However, life as we know it (with the exception of viruses, which are discussed later) can exist only in the form of cells.