bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developments in deep learning for change detection in remote sensing: A review
Authors: Kaur Gaganpreet , Afaq Yasir 
Published: January 2024

AbstractDeep learning (DL) algorithms have become increasingly popular in recent years for remote sensing applications, particularly in the field of change detection. DL has proven to be successful in automatically identifying changes in satellite images with varying resolutions. The integration of DL with remote sensing has not only facilitated the identification of global and regional changes but has also been a valuable resource for the scientific community. Researchers have developed numerous approaches for change detection, and the proposed work provides a summary of the most recent ones. Additionally, it introduces the common DL techniques used for detecting changes in satellite photos. The meta‐analysis conducted in this article serves two purposes. Firstly, it tracks the evolution of change detection in DL investigations, highlighting the advancements made in this field. Secondly, it utilizes powerful DL‐based change detection algorithms to determine the best strategy for monitoring changes at different resolutions. Furthermore, the proposed work thoroughly analyzes the performance of several DL approaches used for change detection. It discusses the strengths and limitations of these approaches, providing insights into their effectiveness and areas for improvement. The article also discusses future directions for DL‐based change detection, emphasizing the need for further research and development in this area.
Upper crustal seismic velocity structure of the Hayward fault zone, San Francisco Bay, California, USA: Results from the 2016 East Bay Seismic Experiment (EBSI-16)
Authors: Strayer Luther , Catchings Rufus , Chan Joanne , Goldman Mark , McEvilly Adrian , Suppe John 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We developed Vp, Vs, Vp/Vs ratio, and Poisson’s ratio models of the uppermost crust (&lt;4 km depth) from the eastern San Francisco (SF) Bay (California, USA) to near the Calaveras fault along a 15-km-long, linear profile. Upper crustal velocities are highly variable beneath, west, and well east of the Hayward fault. We observe eight notable features, from west to east: (1) Near San Francisco Bay, there is an ~2-km-wide structure with high Vp/Vs ratios (up to 5) and Poisson’s ratios (up to 0.48) extending from the surface to the base of our model, which we suggest the structure is a near-vertical fault that lies along a straight-line projection between the Silver Creek fault to the south and the Point Richmond fault to the north. The structure may be part of an ~90-km-long fault along the eastern SF Bay. (2) The western East Bay Plain, the lower lying area between the bay and the hills, includes up to 800 m of low-velocity sediments (Vp ~1600–3000 m/s, Vs ~500 m/s to ~1000 m/s), underlain by higher velocity basement rocks (Vp ~3000–5800 m/s; Vs ~1000–1500 m/s). (3) Between ~1 km and 3 km east of the Bay shoreline, sediments thin in a series of steps (likely faults) toward the Hayward fault. (4) Between ~3 km west and ~1 km east of the Hayward fault (at the East Chabot fault) at depths greater than 1 km, basement Vp (up to 6000 m/s) and Vs (up to 2800 m/s) are high, and Vp/Vs ratios (&lt;2) and Poisson’s ratios (&lt;0.3) are low, suggesting crystalline rocks. Furthermore, a near-vertical zone of low Vp/Vs ratios and Poisson’s ratios is between near-surface traces of the Hayward and East Chabot faults, likely corresponding to the San Leandro Gabbro of Ponce et al. (2003). (5) Eastward of the East Chabot fault in the upper 1.5 km, basement Vp (~3000 m/s to ~4200 m/s) and Vs (~1200–2000 m/s) are lower than those west of the fault. (6) In the eastern Hayward/Oakland Hills, there are zones of laterally varying, high- and low-velocity (Vp ~2500–3000 m/s) Jurassic–Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments in the shallow subsurface that likely extend much deeper than imaged. (7) Seismic energy that propagates westward from sources east of the Hayward fault (HF) appear weaker than energy that propagates eastward from sources west of the HF, suggesting that the HF acts as a partial barrier to shallow seismic energy propagation into the more populated eastern SF Bay area. (8) Unlike many fault zones, it appears that the active trace of the Hayward fault (in our study area) is not cored by a prominent, low-velocity zone relative to rocks to the east and west of the active trace. However, the active trace does mark a prominent change from relatively higher velocities to the west and lower velocities to the east.
Geometry, kinematics, and mechanics of the interaction between strike-slip and normal faults in active rifts: An example from the Quaternary-active Kane Springs Wash fault zone, Nevada, USA
Authors: Abdelhaleem Shaimaa , Taylor Wanda J. , Reid Andrew , Reed Nathan G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The interactions among dip-slip and strike-slip faults are critical features in rift segmentation, including strain and slip transfer between faults of different rift segments. Here, we focused on the influence of factors such as fault and fracture geometries, kinematics, and local stress fields on the interaction and linkage of synchronous strike-slip and normal faults. Well-exposed faults along the tectonically active boundary between the central and northern Basin and Range provided for both reliable geometric data and consideration of rift segment development. We documented relative ages and distributions of Quaternary deposits, scarps, and geometries of three ~20–65-km-long Quaternary faults: the N-striking, normal Coyote Spring fault; the ENE-striking, left-lateral Kane Springs Wash fault; and the N-striking, normal Wildcat Wash fault.
The normal faults bend to accommodate slip-type differences across linkage zones, with the strike-slip fault and local processes influencing interactions. Influenced by the local stress field of the Kane Springs Wash fault, the Coyote Spring fault bends SE as it approaches and links to the Kane Springs Wash fault. Influenced by the off-fault or process-zone fractures of the Kane Springs Wash fault, the Wildcat Wash fault bends NE and links with the Kane Springs Wash fault. The Kane Springs Wash fault continues beyond the normal fault terminations, suggesting slip transfer between them via the Kane Springs Wash fault. These relations and the ages of offset units suggest that activity on the faults was approximately synchronous despite slip-type differences. Consequently, in slip transfer, the local strike-slip stress environment and off-fault fractures influenced the geometry of the normal fault terminations; the strike-slip fault formed a boundary to dip-slip fault propagation; and this boundary facilitated kinematic and geodetic segmentation, forming a Basin and Range rift segment boundary.
Multimethod evaluation of health services integration for neglected tropical diseases requiring case management in Liberia
Authors: Kollie Karsor K. , Theobald Sally , Jones Lent , Kpadeh Otis , Nallo Gartee , Borbor Darwosu , Taylor Mark , Dean Laura , Phillip Maneesh , Godwin-Akpan Tiawanlyn G , Mensah Deborah Fulamuso , Wickenden Anna , Kollie Jewel T , Rogers Emerson , Zaizay Zeela , Stewart Martyn 
Published: January 2024

IntroductionThe WHO neglected tropical disease (NTD) roadmap stresses the importance of integrating NTDs requiring case management (CM) within the health system. The NTDs programme of Liberia is among the first to implement an integrated approach and evaluate its impact.MethodsA retrospective study of three of five CM-NTD-endemic counties that implemented the integrated approach was compared with cluster-matched counties with non-integrated CM-NTD. We compared trends in CM-NTD integrated versus non-integrated county clusters. We conducted a pre-post comparison of WHO high-level outcomes using data collected during intervention years compared with baseline in control counties. Changes in health outcomes, effect sizes for different diseases and rate ratios with statistically significant differences were determined. Complementary qualitative research explored CM-NTD stakeholders’ perceptions, analysed through the framework approach, which is a transparent, multistage approach for qualitative thematic interdisciplinary data analysis.ResultsThe detection rates for all diseases combined improved significantly in the intervention compared with the control clusters. Besides leprosy, detection rates improved with large effects, over fourfold increase with statistically significant effects for individual diseases (p<0.000; 95% CI 3.5 to 5.4). Access to CM-NTD services increased in integrated counties by 71 facilities, compared with three facilities in non-integrated counties. Qualitative findings highlight training and supervision as inputs underpinning increases in case detection, but challenges with refresher training, medicine supply and incentives negatively impact quality, equity and access.ConclusionsIntegrating CM-NTDs improves case detection, accessibility and availability of CM-NTD services, promoting universal health coverage. Early case detection and the quality of care need further strengthening.
Which low urgent triaged febrile children are suitable for a fast track? An observational European study
Authors: Tan Chantal D , Vermont Clementien L , Zachariasse Joany M , von Both Ulrich , Carrol Enitan D , Eleftheriou Irini , Emonts Marieke , van der Flier Michiel , Herberg Jethro , Kohlmaier Benno , Levin Michael , Lim Emma , Maconochie Ian K , Martinon-Torres Federico , Nijman Ruud G , Pokorn Marko , Rivero-Calle Irene , Rudzāte Aleksandra , Tsolia Maria , Zenz Werner , Zavadska Dace , Moll Henriette A 
Published: January 2024

BackgroundThe number of paediatric patients visiting the ED with non-urgent problems is increasing, leading to poor patient flow and ED crowding. Fast track aims to improve the efficiency of evaluation and discharge of low acuity patients. We aimed to identify which febrile children are suitable for a fast track based on presenting symptoms and management.MethodsThis study is part of the Management and Outcome of Fever in children in Europe study, which is an observational study including routine data of febrile children <18 years attending 12 European EDs. We included febrile, low urgent children (those assigned a triage acuity of either ‘standard’ or ‘non-urgent’ using the Manchester Triage System) and defined children as suitable for fast track when they have minimal resource use and are discharged home. Presenting symptoms consisted of neurological (n=237), respiratory (n=8476), gastrointestinal (n=1953) and others (n=3473, reference group). Multivariable logistic regression analyses regarding presenting symptoms and management (laboratory blood testing, imaging and admission) were performed with adjustment for covariates: patient characteristics, referral status, previous medical care, previous antibiotic use, visiting hours and ED setting.ResultsWe included 14 139 children with a median age of 2.7 years (IQR 1.3–5.2). The majority had respiratory symptoms (60%), viral infections (50%) and consisted of self-referrals (69%). The neurological group received imaging more often (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.9) and were admitted more frequently (aOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.7). The respiratory group had fewer laboratory blood tests performed (aOR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5 to 0.7), were less frequently admitted (aOR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5 to 0.7), but received imaging more often (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.6 to 2.0). Lastly, the gastrointestinal group had more laboratory blood tests performed (aOR 1.2. 95% CI 1.1 to 1.4) and were admitted more frequently (aOR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.6).ConclusionWe determined that febrile children triaged as low urgent with respiratory symptoms were most suitable for a fast track. This study provides evidence for which children could be triaged to a fast track, potentially improving overall patient flow at the ED.
Economic evaluation of first-line cryoballoon ablation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation from an English National Health Service perspective
Authors: Paisey John , Moss Joe , Andrade Jason , Kuniss Malte , Wazni Oussama , Chierchia Gian Battista , Mealing Stuart , Ismyrloglou Eleni , Sale Alicia , Souter Maxim , Kaplon Rachelle , Bromilow Tom , Lane Emily , Lewis Damian , Todd Derick 
Published: January 2024

IntroductionThree recent randomised controlled trials have demonstrated that pulmonary vein isolation as an initial rhythm control strategy with cryoablation reduces atrial arrhythmia recurrence in patients with symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) compared with antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of first-line cryoablation compared with first-line AADs for treating symptomatic PAF in an English National Health Service (NHS) setting.MethodsIndividual patient-level data from 703 participants with PAF enrolled into Cryo-FIRST (Catheter Cryoablation Versus Antiarrhythmic Drug as First-Line Therapy of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation), STOP AF First (Cryoballoon Catheter Ablation in an Antiarrhythmic Drug Naive Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation) and EARLY-AF (Early Aggressive Invasive Intervention for Atrial Fibrillation) were used to derive the parameters applied in the cost-effectiveness model (CEM). The CEM comprised a hybrid decision tree and Markov structure. The decision tree had a 1-year time horizon and was used to inform the initial health state allocation in the first cycle of the Markov model (40-year time horizon; 3-month cycle length). Health benefits were expressed in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Costs and benefits were discounted at 3.5% per year. Model outcomes were generated using probabilistic sensitivity analysis.ResultsThe results estimated that cryoablation would yield more QALYs (+0.17) and higher costs (+£641) per patient over a lifetime than AADs. This produced an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £3783 per QALY gained. Independent of initial treatment, individuals were expected to receive ~1.2 ablations over a lifetime. There was a 45% relative reduction in time spent in AF health states for those initially treated with cryoablation.DiscussionAF rhythm control with first-line cryoablation is cost effective compared with first-line AADs in an English NHS setting.
Soil phosphorus improved the soil organic carbon of converted forestland from cropland within southern Qinling-Daba Mountains, China
Authors: Li Xujia , Chen Lixin , Wang Bo , Dang Wei 
Published: January 2024

Previous studies showed that the program of converted forestland from cropland (CFC), initiated by the Chinese government in 1999, has been a significant contributor to China’s efforts towards carbon neutrality. Here, the 20-year CFCs of two aspects (sunny and shady) and three positions (upper, middle, and lower) hillslopes, adjacent maize ( Zea mays L.) cropland, and natural secondary Castanea mollissima forest (CCF) within southern Qinling-Daba Mountains region (Qinba) had been selected as the targets. The soil bulk density (SBD), soil organic carbon concentration (SOCC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) had been determined. The results showed that SBD increased with depth, and other parameters decreased, which varied largely with the aspect and position. The SOC stocks (SOCS) of CCF, cropland, and CFC were 152.81 ± 5.17, 168.19 ± 11.87, and 183.92 ± 35.69 Mg C hm−2, respectively. The SOCCs of CCF, cropland, and CFC were 17.71 ± 4.38, 20.23 ± 5.28, and 21.89 ± 7.33 g kg−1, respectively. The CFC increased the correlations between SOC and TP, and decreased the correlations between SOC and TN. The CFC shifted the relationships of lg SOC versus lg N:P and lg SOC versus lg TP from decreasing returns of cropland to isometric. Overall, the CFCs enhanced SOC, especially in the middle shady hillslopes within the southern middle-mountain of Qinba. In contrast, SOC levels decreased in the sunny upper hillslopes. We presented the evidence that hillslopes aspect and position had significant effects on SOC, which was regulated by soil phosphorus.
Shadow of higher dimensional collapsing dark star and blackhole
Authors: Roy Sagnik , Chatterjee Soham , Koley Ratna 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe shadow of a black hole or a collapsing star is of great importance as we can extract important properties of the object and of the surrounding spacetime from the shadow profile. It can also be used to distinguish different types of black holes and ultra compact objects. In this work, we have analytically calculated the shadow of a higher dimensional collapsing dark star, described by higher dimensional Vaidya metric, by choosing a slightly generalized version of Misner–Sharp mass function. We have also numerically investigated the properties of the shadows of the black holes and the collapsing stars for a slightly more general mass function. Examining the potential influence of extra spatial dimensions on the shadow, we have explored the possibility of distinguishing higher dimensions from the standard four-dimensional spacetime.
A possible critical heating from decay reaction and new upper limit of the magnetic monopole flux for the supermassive white dwarfs
Authors: Liu Jing-Jing , Liu Dong-Mei 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWe present the new upper limit of the magnetic monopole (MM) flux and discuss three MM models of the heating resource for supermassive white dwarfs (WDs) by considering the effect of temperature on thermonuclear reaction and mass radius relation of WDs based on the catalytic nuclear decay by MM. We discuss the luminosity and compared it with the observations to apply to 25 supermassive WDs. We find the maxnium of the number of MM captured can be $$9.6943\times 10^{11}$$

9.6943
×

10
11

, and $$9.0671\times 10^{11}$$

9.0671
×

10
11

for O+Ne core high mass WDs (e.g., WD J055631.17+130639.78), and C+O core high mass WDs (e.g., WD J055631.17+130639.78), respectively. The luminosities increase with the increasing of the temperature and are agreed well with the observations for model (III). The differences are no more than one, and three orders of magnitude higher than observations for model (III), and (I, II), respectively. Finaly, we find that the maxnium of the upper limits of the MM flux $$\phi _{m}$$

ϕ
m

due to RC effect can be $$9.1071\times 10^{-15}$$

9.1071
×

10

-
15

, and $$2.7670\times 10^{-14}$$

2.7670
×

10

-
14

for O+Ne and C+O core high mass WDs, respectively. Our results are about one and two orders of magnitude higher than those of Abbasi et al. (EPJC 69:361, 2010) (Albert et al. in JHEP 07:054, 2017) for O+Ne, and C+O core mass WDs, respectively, and can be about three and four orders of magnitude higher than those of Aartsen et al. (EPJC 76:133, 2016) (Ic40, Ic86), respectively. Our results show that the monopole-catalyzed nucleon decay could prevent WDs from cooling down into a stellar graveyard by keeping them hot.
An Example of Intelligent Security System Based on Deep Learning
Authors: Ramakić Adnan , Bundalo Zlatko , Bundalo Dušanka 
Published: January 2024

In this paper, an example of an intelligent security system based on deep learning approach has been analyzed and described. Security is an important element in many aspects of human life. Depending on customer requirements, different levels of security may be required and implemented. Nowadays, artificial intelligence is becoming an indispensable part in many areas of human life and accordingly security systems are also based on the new achievements in this field. In this paper, an intelligent security system based on two methods for identifying persons, gait recognition and face recognition, was described. The two methods mentioned above can be used to give persons access to different buildings, facilities, institutions, etc. or to different indoor or outdoor areas. In light of the above, the aforementioned system uses face and gait recognition to identify persons who should be granted access to a facility or a specific area within the facility. Accordingly, two deep learning models for gait and face recognition have been developed and described. The analysis, the settings defined and the results obtained in relation to the models developed were also described.
A Narrative Review of Three Streams of Avatar Marketing with Potential, Examples, and Challenges
Authors: Ishigaki Ryo , Madhabika Leepsa Nabaghan 
Published: January 2024

Purpose: Recently, there has been enthusiasm for the relatively new technology, the metaverse. One technology related to and important for the metaverse is the Avatar, which is the graphical representation of users. Avatar has been studied for many years and is beginning to be used as a marketing tool. Although we think that there are three streams of avatar marketing (i.e. Virtual Social and Game World (VSGW) Avatar Marketing; Model Avatar and Virtual Fitting Room Marketing (MAVFR) Marketing; Virtual Assistant Marketing), little research has summarized them. This absence of categorization of three types of avatar marketing results in a disorder of research findings and makes it difficult for researchers and marketers to conduct avatar marketing research and best practices. This paper aims to explore the potential, specific examples, and challenges of each of the three types of avatar marketing. Approach and Contributions: In this narrative review paper, the authors first explore the definition and brief history of each type of avatar marketing. Then, the authors explore the potential, specific examples, and challenges of each type of avatar marketing by reviewing and referencing research papers, websites, newspaper articles, and books. Related to this, this paper discusses the importance of understanding each kind of avatar marketing in the developed future virtual worlds. Originality: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review paper that covers three streams of avatar marketing that will inspire practitioners and researchers about the challenges and opportunities of the three types of avatar marketing with specific examples.