bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth of olfactory epithelial tissue in vitro: Lectin staining of axons
Authors: Farbman Albert I. , Buchholz Judith A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn vitro methods have been used to study several aspects of development of olfactory epithelium. In this paper, the value of growing olfactory tissue in explant cultures is reviewed and some experiments are reported on the identification of lectin receptors on olfactory axons by the use of lectin‐gold complexes. Both concanavalin A‐gold (con A‐gold) and wheat germ agglutinin‐gold consistently decorated olfactory axons in explant cultures. Con A‐gold also bound to the tips of growth cone filopodia, suggesting the glycoconjugate molecules containing α‐methyl‐pyranoside are important in adherence of growth cones to their substrate. The wide range in density of lectin‐gold particles suggested that axons, and the sensory cells from which they arise, are not a uniform population, i.e., they have different molecular fingerprints. This was supported by the observation that soybean agglutinin‐gold stained some axons very well, but others remained unstained. Peanut agglutinin did not bind to any axons. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of cross‐section specimens for transmission electron microscopy from α‐Al2O3/Ni solid state bonded bicrystal interfaces
Authors: Wan Chuangeng , Dupeux Michel 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe technique which is described combines the advantages of the techniques formerly proposed in the literature in each stage of the preparation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens including a single metal‐ceramic interface. It allows easy handling of the thin foils in spite of their brittleness. Preferential thinning of the softer material in the two‐phase foil is prevented, and both sides of the interface are thinned down to comparable thicknesses. The nickel‐alumina bicrystal interface observed in TEM is neat and free from any reaction layer. This method is easily adaptable to other metal‐ceramic systems. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electron microscopy of Golgi‐impregnated interneurons: Notes on the intrinsic connectivity of the cerebral cortex
Authors: Fairén Alfonso , Smith‐Fernández Aníbal 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe Golgi‐electron microscope technique has opened new avenues to explore the synaptic organization of the brain. In this article, we shall discuss basic methodological principles necessary to analyze axonal arborizations with this combined technique. To illustrate the applications of the method, we shall review the forms and distribution of the synapses in which the axonal arborizations of local cortical interneurons engage. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of the Golgi/electron microscopy technique for cell identification in immunocytochemical, retrograde labeling, and developmental studies of hippocampal neurons
Authors: Frotscher M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this study the Golgi/electron microscopy (EM) technique has been used for an analysis of the fine structure, specific synaptic connections, and differentiation of neurons in the hippocampus and fascia dentata of rodents. In a first series of experiments the specific synaptic contacts formed between cholinergic terminals and identified hippocampal neurons were studied. By means of a variant of the section Golgi impregnation procedure, Vibratome sections immunostained for choline acetyltransferase, the acetylcholine‐synthesizing enzyme, were Golgi‐impregnated in order to identify the target neurons of cholinergic terminals in the hippocampus. It could be shown with this combined approach that cholinergic septohippocampal fibers form a variety of synapses with different target structures of the Golgi‐impregnated and gold‐toned hippocampal neurons. In this report cholinergic synapses on the heads of small spines, the necks of large complex spines, dendritic shafts, and cell bodies of identified dentate granule cells are described. The variety of cholinergic synapses suggests that cholinergic transmission in the fascia dentata is a complex event.Next, the Golgi/EM technique was applied to Vibratome sections that contained retrogradely labeled neurons in the hilar region of the fascia dentata following horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection into the contralateral hippocampus. With this combined approach some of the hilar cells projecting to the contralateral side were identified as mossy cells by the presence of retrogradely transported HRP in thin sections through these Golgi‐impregnated and gold‐toned neurons. Our findings suggest that the mossy cells are part of the commissural/associational system terminating in the inner molecular layer of the fascia dentata. They are mainly driven by hilar collaterals of granule cell axons that form giant synapses on their dendrites.Finally, the Golgi/EM procedure was used to study the differentiation and developmental plasticity of hippocampal and dentate neurons in transplants and slice cultures of hippocampus. Under both experimental conditions, the differentiating neurons are deprived of their normal laminated afferent innervation but develop their major cell‐specific characteristics including a large number of postsynaptic structures (spines). As revealed in thin sections of gold‐toned identified cells, all these spines formed synapses with presynaptic boutons suggesting sprouting of the transplanted and cultured neurons, respectively.Altogether, the present report demonstrates the usefulness of the Golgi/EM technique, particularly of the section impregnation procedure, for a variety of studies requiring the identification of individual neurons at the ultrastructural level. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative aspects of synapses on Golgi‐impregnated neurons
Authors: Müller Linda J. , Cardozo Bob Nunes , Vrensen Gijs F. J. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWith the classical Golgi techniques, numerous types of neurons can be distinguished in the cerebral cortex, each with a specific dendritic geometry and pattern of axonal ramifications. In the present review we describe two techniques which allow quantification of synapses on identified neurons: (1) Golgi‐rapid impregnation‐gold toning‐electron microscopy, and (2) Golgi‐Kopsch impregnation‐gold toning‐electron microscopy in combination with staining of the tissue with ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (E‐PTA). Both techniques were applied on neurons in the visual cortex of young and adult rabbits. By means of rotating and tilting specimens in the electron microscope, the nondistinctive ultrastructure of obliquely sectioned synapses can be circumvented, leading to precise estimates of asymmetrical vs. symmetrical synapses without complete reconstruction of the neuron. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulation of dislocations imaged moiré fringe contrast
Authors: Angelo James E. , Gerberich W. W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTransemission electron microscope (TEM) images of dislocations as produced via moiré fringe contrast are simulated using many‐beam diffraction theory. The effect of edge dislocations on both parallel and rotational moiré fringe patterns is considered. For the parallel moiré fringe pattern, images of dislocations both perpendicular to the film plane and those inclined to the film plane are produced. The effect of an inclined dislocation is shown to cause a distortion of the dislocation image. Finally, a comparison between predicted and experimentally observed images is made, with the results indicating that threating dislocations in the FeAl/GaAs system have line directions nearly perpendicular to the (001)FeAl/GaAs film plane. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular organization and growth‐related plasticity of the crayfish olfactory midbrain
Authors: Mellon Deforest , Alones Vinessa 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLittle knowledge is available concerning the detailed anatomy of the crusctacean central olfactory pathway. We are using radiolabeling, Golgi and biocytin/neurobiotin tracer methodologies, at the correlated light and electron microscopical levels, to study the olfactory midbrain of the freshwater crayfish. We have found that primary afferent fibers from the antennular olfactory receptor cells branch extensively throughout the length of the glomerular columns within the olfactory lobes in the midbrain. Globuli cells of the lateral cell clusters ramify as dendritic arborizations within both the olfactory and accessory lobes; their axons project out the olfactory‐globular tracts to the lateral protocerebrum, often branching to both sides. Developmental plasticity involving the connections made by afferent fibers within the olfactory lobes may permit detailed examination of organizational changes within the midbrain as the animal grows and adds new afferent input from the periphery. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electron microscopy of materials at the university of Birmingham
Authors: Jones I. P. , Loretto M. H. , Smallman R. E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe School of Metallurgy and Materials has traditionally put transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the forefront of its research interests and, through support from SERC and from the university, has always had the facility to carry out state of the art electron microscopy of materials. In this brief review some of the topics where TEM has played a central role in recent work in Birmingham will be described so that it will be seen just how central to the work in Birmingham TEM has been. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid fixation and embedding method for immunocytochemical studies of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) in plant and insect tissues
Authors: Westcot Daphne M. , Ullman Diane E. , Sherwood John L. , Cantone Frank A. , German Thomas L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA new rapid fixation and embedding technique using microwave energy was evaluated for immunolabelling and examination of ultrastructure of plant and insect cells. Tissues in gluteraldehyde‐paraformaldehyde were fixed for fifteen seconds in a microwave at 100% power, and dehydrated. Microwave energy was then used to polymerize the London Resin White (LR White) acrylic resin during the embedding process. Embedded specimens were then thin sectioned (90 nm) and treated with anti‐tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) antiserum followed by protein A‐gold label, or antisera against a TSWV encoded nonstructural protein followed by goat anti‐rabbit gold label. Using this technique, structural and nonstructural proteins of TSWV were readily detected and specifically labelled in cells of the insect vector, the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and in infected cells of the plant species, Emilia sonchifolia L. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protocol of electron microscope in situ nucleic acid hybridization for the exclusive detection of double‐stranded DNA sequences in cells containing large amounts of homologous single‐stranded DNA and RNA sequences: Application to adenovirus type 5 infected Hela cells
Authors: Puvion‐Dutilleul Francine 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn order to gain a further insight into the relationships of the complex process of replication of adenovirus genomes to the substructures which occur in the nuclei of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) infected HeLa cells, we have visualized directly, at the electron microscopic level, viral double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) in late infected nuclei by the use of a post‐embedding in situ hybridization technique with a biotinylated specific DNA probe. The procedure is based on the removal of single‐stranded (ss) nucleic acids by S1 nuclease. The highest levels of signal density for viral dsDNA were detected over the fibrils of the large, centrally located viral genome storage site and over the viral nucleoids of both clustered and isolated viruses. Lower but significant signals were observed over the fibrillo‐granular network of the peripheral replicative zones, where both transcription and replication of viral DNA occur. On the other hand, the labeling of the enclosed viral ssDNA accumulation sites, also involved in viral replication but not transcription, was negligible, which suggests that, in the latter, the newly synthesized viral dsDNA immediately extends into the adjacent peripheral replicative zone to be transcribed and/or replicated.
Immunohistochemical markers of uterine receptivity in the human endometrium
Authors: Ilesanmi Abiodun O. , Hawkins Denise A. , Lessey Bruce A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe factors responsible for the initial interaction between maternal and fetal epithelium leading to the establishment of pregnancy remain poorly understood. Temporal and spatial expression of specific endometrial peptides in response to ovarian steroids is thought to contribute to the development of a period of uterine receptivity, whereby the endometrium becomes hospitable to the implanting blastocyst. The failure to establish receptivity may account for a significant percentage of the cases of infertility in the female, especially affecting women with luteal phase deficiency, leiomyomata uteri, endometriosis, habitual abortion, and unexplained infertility. In addition, despite increasing global experience with advanced reproductive technologies, the majority of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) attempts remain unsuccessful, most likely on the basis of implantation failure. In this article, we review the concepts involved in the study of uterine receptivity in the human, highlight potential immunohistochemical (IHC) markers that have recently been discovered, and discuss how IHC assessment of the endometrium is a potentially valuable method for the evaluation of the receptive endometrial state. Using this approach we have examined several new potential markers of uterine receptivity. Endometrial progesterone receptors and one of the integrin cell adhesion molecules appear to undergo changes in expression around the time of implantation, and may be sensitive indicators of the receptive state. Further, these markers are delayed in women with infertility and luteal phase deficiency. These studies illustrate the utility of IHC diagnosis for the evaluation of endometrial function. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uterine cell death during implantation and early placentation
Authors: Welsh Alerick O. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDuring blastocyst implantation and placentation in common laboratory rodents, trophoblast cells come into increasingly more intimate associations with the endometrium and, eventually, are in contact with maternal blood. Uterine cell death is one mechanism for removing uterine tissues, primarily epithelial cells, and decidual cells that intervene between trophoblast cells and maternal blood. Mechanisms of cell death and the signals that initiate and regulate it are not well understood. According to current theories, cell death is either gene‐directed or the result of traumatic injury, and classification of cell death is based on ultrastructural and biochemical criteria that hypothetically reflect underlying molecular mechanisms. Although the term apoptosis is extensively used to describe all aspects of gene‐directed cell death and the term necrosis to describe traumatic death, ultrastructural studies indicate that there are morphological variations of the established criteria, and these could reflect variations of underlying mechanisms. Recent light and electron microscopic work has shown that timing and ultrastructure of uterine cell death at the gestation site varies with region suggesting that initiation and control of cell death is complicated and that more than one mechanism of cell death may be operative. Current information indicates that uterine cell death is most likely part of an intrinsic response of the endometrium to the conceptus, and other than acting as a stimulus to elicit the uterine response, the conceptus probably plays only a minor role in regulating the death of endometrial cells in these species. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Software for counting cells and estimating structural volumes with the optical disector and fractionator
Authors: Bolender Robert P. , Charleston Jay S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe describe MS‐DOS software for the optical volume fractionator (OVF), a stereological method combining the principles of the optical disector (Gundersen et al.: Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand., 96:857–881, 1988) and fractionator (Gundersen: J. Microsc., 143:3–45, 1986). The OVF program estimates the volume of a fixed and embedded structure, the numerical density of cells, and the total number of cells in a structure. The hardware requirements include a PC computer (386 or 486 with VGA graphics) and a conventional light microscope fitted with a rotating stage, extension tube, and length gauge. The software includes an introduction, tutorial, simulator, laboratory toolkit, and report generator. The toolkit improves the efficiency of gathering stereological data with light microscopy and offers a convenient link between the data of light and electron microscopy. A novel algorithm, based on fractionator sampling, gives the volume of a fixed and embedded structure from the same set of sections used for cell counting. A laboratory example illustrates the operation of the software. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inner architecture of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses
Authors: Fukui Takeshi , Imura Shunro , Goto Toshiyuki , Nakai Masuyo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe cores of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV) were observed by negative staining after isolation of the core with Nonidet P40 and glutaraldehyde. Four kinds of cores were found: asymmetric and symmetric sectoral shapes, a bar shape, and a triangular shape. These results were confirmed by the examination of ultrathin sections of whole virions. In some virions, the connection between the core and the envelope was observed after freeze fracturing. Its structure was considered to be characteristic of an intermediate stage of viral maturation. The HIV‐1 core was reacted with anti‐HIV‐1 p24 mouse monoclonal antibody. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Introduction to the ESEM instrument
Authors: Danilatos G. D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn outline is presented of the first commercial environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). A concise description of this instrument and its operation, from a user's perspective, is given. More specifically, the description includes the electron optics, pressure stages and control, detection modes, resolution, and ancillary equipment. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental scanning electron microscope imaging examples related to particle analysis
Authors: Wight Scott A. , Zeissler Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis work provides examples of some of the imaging capabilities of environmental scanning electron microscopy applied to easily charged samples relevant to particle analysis. Environmental SEM (also referred to as high pressure or low vacuum SEM) can address uncoated samples that are known to be difficult to image. Most of these specimens are difficult to image by conventional SEM even when coated with a conductive layer. Another area where environmental SEM is particularly applicable is for specimens not compatible with high vacuum, such as volatile specimens. Samples from which images were obtained that otherwise may not have been possible by conventional methods included fly ash particles on an oiled plastic membrane impactor substrate, a one micrometer diameter fiber mounted on the end of a wire, uranium oxide particles embedded in oil‐bearing cellulose nitrate, teflon and polycarbonate filter materials with collected air particulate matter, polystryene latex spheres on cellulosic filter paper, polystyrene latex spheres “loosely” sitting on a glass slide, and subsurface tracks in an etched nuclear track‐etch detector. Surface charging problems experienced in high vacuum SEMs are virtually eliminated in the low vacuum SEM, extending imaging capabilities to samples previously difficult to use or incompatible with conventional methods. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Advantages of environmental scanning electron microscopy in studies of microorganisms
Authors: Collins Scott P. , Pope Robert K. , Scheetz Raymond W. , Ray Richard I. , Wagner Patricia A. , Little Brenda J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMicroorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and microalgae, are composed predominantly of water which prohibits direct observation in a traditional scanning electron microscope (SEM). Preparation for SEM requires that microorganisms be fixed, frozen or dehydrated, and coated with a conductive film before observation in a high vacuum environment. Sample preparation may mechanically disturb delicate samples, compromise morphological information, and introduce other artifacts. The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) provides a technology for imaging hydrated or dehydrated biological samples with minimal manipulation and without the need for conductive coatings.Sporulating cultures of three fungi, Aspergillus sp., Cunninghamella sp., and Mucor sp., were imaged in the ESEM to assess usefulness of the instrument in the direct observation of delicate, uncoated, biological specimens. Asexual sporophores showed no evidence of conidial displacement or disruption of sporangia.Uncoated algal cells of Euglena gracilis and Spirogyra sp. were examined using the backscatter electron detector (BSE) and the environmental secondary electron detector (ESD) of the ESEM. BSE images had more clearly defined intracellular structures, whereas ESD gave a clearer view of the surface. E. gracilis cells fixed with potassium permanganate, Spirogyra sp. stained with Lugol's solution, and Saprolegnia sp. fixed with osmium tetroxide were compared using BSE and ESD to demonstrate that cellular details could be enhanced by the introduction of heavy metals. The effect of cellular water on signal quality was evaluated by comparing hydrated to critical point dried specimens. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microanalytical studies of metal localization in biological tissues by environmental SEM
Authors: Egerton‐Warburton Louise M. , Griffin Brendon J. , Kuo John 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe presence and distribution of Al and Mn in floral and seed tissues of eucalypts from Al‐contaminated soils was analyzed using energy‐dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (EDS) in an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). EDS by ESEM determined the distribution of elements between tissue types was suitable for intact samples or those with lower available moisture or intact specimens. The analytical technique was not appropriate for highly vascular samples. Other factors influencing the detection of elements by ESEM‐EDS were electron scattering and the relative concentration and localization of elements within the tissues. EDS‐detectable levels were significantly correlated with tissue concentrations determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for Mn but not for Al. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.