bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial nutrition II: Enteral nutrition
Authors: Gavazzi Cecilia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oral nutrition should always be the first choice of feeding patients with advanced cancer (1,2). Every effort should be made to satisfy the patient’s requirements in terms of calories, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, utilizing a dietician’s counselling and commercially available nutritional supplements. However, patients with a markedly reduced oral intake due to dysphagia, obstruction of the high gastrointestinal tract, or severe anorexia can benefit from enteral nutrition (EN).
Enteral feeding is a physiological method of delivering nutrients to the gastrointestinal tract through a tube that can be placed into the stomach, the duodenum, or the jejunum, bypassing the first portion of the digestive system. Like oral feeding it is based on the absorption of nutrients through the intestinal mucosa and therefore should be used only in patients with functional bowels.
The Ancestry of Inferiority (1619–1662)
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the first Africans arrived at Virginia in August 1619, they were initially accorded an indentured servant status similar to that of most Virginia colonists. In two letters, John Rolfe, Secretary and Recorder of the Virginia colony, reported on the arrival of the Africans. One letter stated that a Dutch man-of-war “brought not any thing but 20. and odd Negroes, which the Governor and Cape Marchant bought for victualles.” The other letter, describing the same event, stated: “[A]bout the last of Au gust, came in a dutch man of warre that sold us twenty Negars.” The references in the letters to “buying” and “selling” do not necessarily mean that these Africans were being sold into chattel slavery. During that period, the majority of the population in Virginia consisted of servants. It was common practice to refer to the transaction of acquiring a servant as “buying” a person. Buying in that sense simply meant buying the person’s services and not actually buying the person’s body. Thus, it would appear that, in 1619, the first Africans became one more group in a majority servant class made up of whites and Native Americans.
The Dream of Freedom And Its Demise
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To Understand the health or pathology of America’s race relations law, ne must always scrutinize the calendar year in which important statements were made, and the dates when constitutional amendments or statutes were enacted. This provides the historical context and circumstance of the legal development. What at one time may have been prophetic statements or warnings by individuals, courts,. or legislative bodies later may be come irrelevant because of intervening legal events.
Prior to the passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, Justice Noah Swayne made it clear in United States v. Rhodes that he “entertain[ed] no doubt of the constitutionality of the [1866 civil rights] act in all its provisions.” He noted, however, that the statute “gives only certain civil rights. Whether it was competent for congress to confer political rights also, involves a different inquiry. We have n ot found it necessary to consider the subject.”
Unequal Justice In The State Criminal Justice System
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chiseled in marble over the entrance to the United States Supreme Court is the ultimate American aspiration: “Equal Justice Under Law.” Also written with careful thought, the Preamble of the United States Constitution reads:
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Thus, after formation of “a more perfect Union,” the next national priority was to “establish Justice.” But the American irony has been that, even after the Civil War, the judicial system has not been one of “Equal Justice Under Law.”
“Idealistic Sisterhood Has Gotten Us Nowhere”: Dressing for Political Combat
Authors: Mathews Donald G , Hart Jane Sherron De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Of course we are going to get ERA. If it takes white gloves, we will use white gloves. If it takes combat boots, we will wear combat boots; we’ ll use both.” Uttered in 1974, the words expressed ratificationists’ confidence in winning their goal by doing “whatever it took.” “White gloves” elicited an image of nonthreatening gentility, what one North Carolina activist called being “clean and neat and proper--on our way to Sunday school.” She added that “women in combat boots know they’ re in a battle.” On their “way to Sunday school,” where ideals and proper behavior promise good results, proponents had received generous support from President Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, prominent citizens from Hollywood to New York, and a wide range of women’ s groups.
“We Are Called and We Must Not Be Found Wanting”: ERA and the Women’ s Movement
Authors: Mathews Donald G , Hart Jane Sherron De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commitment to the Equal Rights Amendment was mobilized in coalition. Feminists were only one constituency among the many who worked for ratification. Traditional women’ s groups such as the League of Women Voters and Church Women United joined newer organizations such as the National Organization for Women, the Women’ s Equity Action League, and the National Women’ s Political Caucus to achieve “equalty.” The goal was neither concrete nor specific but abstract and general, evoking the language of eighteenth-century revolution and twentieth-century idealism.
Men Besieged “On Account of Sex”: Bargaining in the General Assembly
Authors: Mathews Donald G , Hart Jane Sherron De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The amendment was killed in arenas where men contested with each other on a variety of issues of which the ERA was not a top priority. Ratification lost in the United States because the majorities of men favoring it were not distributed across enough states. Its loss in North Carolina can be inferred by stereotype. North Carolinians, like other Southerners, have historically defended elite male power by appeal to the myth of dependent women. Southerners are religious, and religion justifies the subjection of women. Southerners are traditionalists, and ERA challenged tradition.
Of History and Memory
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prize with which you honor me today is doubly meaningful for me: because it honors women and research on women, and because it is given in the name of K äthe Leichter. Kathe Leichter personifies the highest ideals of feminism-lifelong activity on behalf of all women, but especially of working-class women; conviction that social reforms are only just if they serve the interests of women as well as men; uncompromising struggle against fascism and National Socialism, which cost her her life. In K äthe Leichter’s life there was no divide between theory and praxis: she combined her work as a journalist and organizer with her duties as mother and wife, her po­litical leadership role with her research work as a social scientist. K ähe Leichter was heroic in her achievements, for she dared in a time of terror and oppression to organize resistance and to oppose the horrors of Nazi state power with the brave words of humanism on thin leaflets. It was for this she was jailed and finally gassed in the concentration camp Ravensbruck. In honoring other women we remember her and in a way continue her work and her ideals.
The Necessity of History
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no adequate preparation for writing a presidential address. Trying to choose among the many urgent themes that 4emand attention, one is painfully aware of the wisdom of one’s predecessors and one’s own limitations. The audience to be addressed is the most critical and important one will ever face: a national audience of colleagues. For a woman, following a long line of male presidents, there is an added responsibility: one wishes to be representative of the profession as a whole and yet not neglectful of those long sifenced.
Why History Matters
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ahuman beings are practicing historians. As we go through fe we present ourselves to others through our life story; as we grow and mature we change that story through different interpretations and different emphasis. We stress different events as having been decisive at different times in our life history and, as we do so, we give those events new meanings. People do not think of this as “doing history”; they engage in it often without special awareness. We live our lives; we tell our stories. It is as natural as breathing.
Upward Bound
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chase’s socializing with Cincinnati’s elite, while it satisfied some of his personal needs, had not brought him much business. His practice barely made enough to support him. After a year of struggling he was finally able to form a partnership with two leading lawyers, Edward King and Timothy Walker. Still shying away from court appearances, Chase handled the office work and drafted most of the correspondence. The arrangement did not work out. King was not well much of the time-he died in 1836-and he and Walker decided that the partnership could not bear the expense of a junior member not bringing in his share of new business.
Mid-passage
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Occasionally after an extremely busy workday, Chase would sit back in his law office and let his mind wander over events or incidents long past. One such Saturday evening in January 1849 he did some reminiscing after clients, callers, politicians, partners, and students had left him alone with his thoughts. As his eyes wandered over the shelves of law books, he imagined that learned jurists such as Coke, Littleton, Mansfield, Holt, and Blackstone were “looking down on me, not as full wigged and full robed judiciaries but as quaint elves with solemn faces, peering out from between dusty leaves.”
As Others See Us
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chase arose early in his rooms at Kelsey’s American Hotel in Columbus on January 14, 1856. Since his election in October he had spent considerable time reflecting on what he would say in his inaugural address as the first Republican governor of a major northern state. By now he was deeply involved in exploiting his victory for political advantage with Know Nothing Whigs and hesitant antislavery Democrats. He was particularly active in soliciting advice and support from the political sachems in the East, not the least of whom was Horace Greeley, whose New York Tribune had looked askance at Chase’s relationship with the Know Nothings.
Emancipation with Exceptions
Authors: Niven Emancipation with Exceptions[CT] John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though Chase would never admit it, emancipation was not that popular among the northern masses or conservative business communities. However he might discount the factor of racism, however he might scorn the fulminations of the New York World as partisan propaganda, he could not entirely dismiss the apparent upsurge of the Democratic party. Leading Democrats and their presses had seized upon emancipation as foreclosing any peaceful settlement of the conflict. And they used the implications of eventual equality among the races as a promising topic to drum up racist fears and a latent antiabolitionist bias. Chase’s blindness to the connection between the failure to merchandize bonds and the Emancipation Proclamation was to be expected. Moral issues and economic problems were usually kept distinct from each other in his way of thinking. He did believe however that a temporary rally in the price of government bonds during October had resulted from the proclamation. This judgment turned out to be faulty.1 Emancipation had been on his mind during much of his public career. He had seen it as an aspect of moral suasion to be carried out through state action that harmonized human freedom with Jeffersonian states’ rights. Nevertheless he applauded Lincoln’s action in the matter. Indeed, he had long considered the President to be a laggard in what he believed to be a matter of fundamental human concern.
Old Greenbacks
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It had been a year of vexing trials and of limited triumphs for Chase and the administration as a whole. In the ongoing patronage contest, Chase had generally gotten his way, but not before the President had slowly and inexorably reduced his scope for independent choice on important patronage positions. However, in minor posts that could be useful politically, Congress had passed legislation broadening Chase’s power to appoint Treasury agents and increasing their numbers. Jay Cooke, whom Chase had made general agent for marketing the 5-20 bonds, had performed magnificently. Utilizing innovative organizing and sales techniques that tapped the currency reserves of the general public, Cooke had sold more than $320 million of these securities. Over Chase’s objections to certain aspects of the bill, Congress approved and Lincoln signed the Third Legal Tender Act which added another $150 million worth of greenbacks and another $50 million in fractional currency to the circulating medium. Chase was also given authority to borrow $900 million dollars in bonds carrying 6 percent interest. At his discretion, $400 million of this sum could be issued as Treasury notes that bore no more than 6 percent interest payable in “lawful money,” or as legal tender, excluding interest payments. The law recognized that Chase should have the authority to set prices in accordance with fluctuating market values.
Bad Company
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 1864 was scarcely two months old when the House of Representatives resolved itself into a committee of the whole for debate. Francis Preston Blair,Jr., or Frank, as he was generally known, had the floor. Everyone present expected an attack on Chase and they were not disappointed. Blair was a handsome, dynamic figure, slightly under six feet tall, lean but well muscled, his reddish-brown hair and full beard showing little sign of graying despite his forty-three years. His piercing gray eyes and high cheekbones, which complementing his wide brow and full chin, gave him a youthful appearance. Unhappily his nature was impulsive, even reckless as a military commander and as a politician. He was a heavy drinker and an equally heavy smoker of strong cigars, weaknesses that were already undermining his strong frame. Blair had been elected to a second term in Congress from the St. Louis district of Missouri. While serving as a corps commander in General Sherman’s Army of the Tennessee, he had given a good account of himself in the battles around Chattanooga. Blair enjoyed army life and was in a quandary over whether he should resign his commission or take his seat in Congress. He asked his brother, Montgomery, to explain his dilemma to Lincoln and say that he would be guided by the President’s wishes.
“So Help Me God”
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the acceptance of his resignation caught Chase by surprise, it was met with consternation in the Congress and particularly among members of the finance committees. Government accounts were as usual in bad shape. Gold had continued to rise. Business and banking interests blamed speculators for the precipitous decline in the value of the currency. In response Congress had hastened to pass a law giving the secretary wide latitude in selling government gold reserves on the open market, the reason being that this action, it was thought, would curb speculation and increase the monetary value of the paper currency.
International Competition in High Technology: The Case of the United States, Japan, and Europe
Authors: Ungson Gerardo R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Firms confront today’ s agenda for international competition amidst the throes of change. For nearly two decades, scholars have predicted the emergence of new industries based on the creation and processing of information that would usher in a postindustrial society. Consistent with such predictions, these high technology industries-computers, semiconductors, computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAM/CAD), telecommunications, and software-have provided much of the dynamism in the recent development of world economy.
Unemployment Duration and Wage Data
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas reservation wage data are infrequently available and often difficult to interpret, many microdata sets provide observations on unemployment spell durations, accepted wages, and previous earnings. A variety of approaches have been taken to analyze these data in the search framework-in the absence of reservation wage data. In this chapter, we review this work.
Refugeeing: The Second Crisis in Paternalism
Authors: Durrill Wayne K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By January 1863, Josiah Collins, master of Somerset Place, had moved to the town of Hillsboro in Orange County. His slaves now resided in three separate groups. Sixty-six, mostly older men and women, remained at Somerset Place with George Spruill in charge. The Reverend George Patterson, “transporting their children and their household stuff in the farm wagons” by way of Tarboro, had led a second group to Hurry Scurry plantation in northern Orange County. And a third group went to Northwood plantation in Vance County. But these were not satisfactory arrangements from a planter’s point of view.
Upstream, Inland: Other People’s Languages
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although both widespread polyglotism and societal multilingualism may have been encouraged by the massive assimilation of people who spoke languages other than Ga, they are obviously not a simple result of it. Linguistic assimilation of a population can lead to the elimination of its language as a second language as well as to its maintenance. Many individual descendants of assimilated populations have indeed lost all command of their ancestral community language, and only one of the various languages mentioned in the last chapter, Akan, has in fact taken hold as a second language in Accra. Moreover, Hausa, perhaps the only true lingua franca other than English, did not appear at all. In this chapter, we consider the history of Akan and Hausa as second languages in the Volta basin and why they and not other languages dominate Accra and its hinterland.
Junk Bonds
Authors: Yago Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of the high yield bond market, popularly called `junk bonds.' Glenn Yago has studied how companies that use junk bond financing compare in economic performance with their industry averages. This book shows that, contrary to what might be assumed, especially in view of the mixed reputation junk bonds have, the performance of these companies was superior in the vast majority of cases.
The Origins of Junk
Authors: Yago Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand the high yield market today, it is important to know something about its history. Financial innovation has been an enduring trait of U.S. capital markets since their beginning. The rise of the junk bond market is only the most recent episode of the ongoing evolution of financial markets that reflects structural economic changes, business requirements for financing, and investor needs for higher returns on investment. This chapter reviews changes in the bond market and the advances in credit analysis that led to new debt instruments that could be used to build and rebuild companies. Specifically, it reviews institutional changes in the financial markets engendered by junk bonds, and the role of Drexel Burnham Lambert in popularizing this new financial technology. Finally, it closes with a discussion of the role of leverage in corporate capital structure and evaluates the vulnerability of U.S. companies to greater debt exposure.
Shake-outs and Showdowns in the Capital Market
Authors: Yago Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A junk bond backlash in the courts, Congress, legislatures, and turmoil in the bond market itself has unfolded since most of the evidence in this book was gathered and analyzed; Does this mean, as some business writers have suggested, that the high yield market is dead? Has that market’s explosive growth ended, and have we returned to the old economic order of static book accounting and the staid dominance of the country’s largest firms? Was the high yield market a passing fancy of paper shufflers on Wall Street or has it become an institutionalized part of modern corporate finance and business practice to build a value-added economy?
Introduction
Authors: Kohut Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the last few years have witnessed renewed scholarly interest in the Kaiser, for decades historians ignored Wilhelm II while focusing considerable attention on the period of German history that bears his name.’ Over those same decades numerous popular biographies of the Kaiser appeared. This combination of scholarly neglect and popular interest corresponds to the mixture of irritation and adulation with which Wilhelm II was regarded by his con temporaries. He seemed at once an inept posturer and a dynamic hero. In explaining this paradox, it is useful to distinguish between the two principal leadership functions Wilhelm II was expected to perform, defined by his friend and confidant Count Philipp zu Eulenburg as “the governing statesman and the sleeping Hero-Kaiser.” On the one hand, the Kaiser was to be a political leader, a framer and executor of policy. He was to function as a traditional politician, basing his actions on an assessment of what would be to his advantage, to the advantage of those groups on which his power depended, and to the advantage of the nation. In this context “political leadership” is defined primarily in terms of self-interest.
The Tragedy of Friedrich and Victoria
Authors: Kohut Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Victoria “looks marvelous and blissfully happy, Fritz also,” Queen Victoria wrote of her daughter and son-in-law to Augusta, Princess of Prussia, mother of the groom, three days after their marriage in the Chapel Royal at Windsor on 25 January 1858. “One cannot describe,” Queen Victoria continued, “what a wonderful sensation it is for us both [the queen and her husband, Prince Albert] to see these dear children so happy and contented.” Despite the couple’s happiness on their wedding day, there are few more tragic figures in the long and often unhappy history of European royalty than Wilhelm II’s parents, Friedrich and Victoria.