bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Projection Bias in Predicting Future Utility
Authors: Loewenstein George , O’Donoghue, Ted , Rabin Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the second day of an overnight hike with my son Max on the Laurel Ridge trail in Pennsylvania, I asked him whether, when we got back to our bicycles (which were waiting at the end of the hike so we could bike back to the car), he wanted to take the route we had been planning to take or a longer, more scenic route. Max (who was 10 at the time) knew that I wanted to take the longer, scenic route and informed me that I had made a strategic error: “Daddy: you should have asked me when we were resting back on that rock, not while we are hiking. Of course I won’t want to take the long route if you ask me when I’m all tired out”. Max’s response reflected a deep appreciation for projection bias (though I had never mentioned it to him).
The Red and the Black: Mental Accounting of Savings and Debt
Authors: Prelec Dražen , Loewenstein George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This was long my favorite of my own papers (displaced only recently by a working paper titled “Animal Spirits”). The paper introduces a variety of ideas that I think are really important for understanding consumer behavior including that people experience pain when they pay for things and that this pain depends on a variety of factors, including most importantly whether payment for an item occurs before, during, or after consumption. I wish I could take credit for the model, but it’s Dražen’s brainchild. My main contribution was to reject earlier models that weren’t as true to the psychology and to say “that’s it” when I felt that Dražen got it right. I may have also contributed the central notion of the pain of paying. Dražen and I often joke that I’m the tightwad in the partnership and he’s the spendthrift.
US Welfare Reform: The Big Experiment
Authors: Handler Joel F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
America has ‘ended welfare as we know it’. Welfare has been ‘abolished’ by The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA). The most notorious welfare program, the welfare ‘crisis’ in American Aid to Families with Dependent Children—the program for single mothers—has been replaced by Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). The welfare rolls have fallen by half since 1996. They are at their lowest levels. And of 1.6 million parents still on assistance, nearly a third are working, a threefold increase from four years ago (Ellwood 2000). What was this great reform?
Organizing the US Labor Market: National Problems, Community Strategies
Authors: Osterman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American welfare state which emerged out of the New Deal and the Second World War is notable for its many weaknesses: incomplete coverage and stringent means testing come immediately to mind. However, in the realm of labor market policy there was a logic to the American system. The policies which were put into place were based upon a common understanding of how the American labor market itself was structured. There was at least a rough match between policy and reality. However, in the last two decades as the American labor market has radically changed, public policy has been very slow to catch up. Overcoming this mismatch between American labor market policy and the new labor market realities is one of the central challenges we face.
Introduction: What We Know About European Migration
Authors: Zimmermann Klaus F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Globalization has brought a new challenge to Europe: migration. It comes through various channels. First, there is unskilled migration. The poor of the world are knocking at the door of the rich. Fortress Europe still stands, but at its borders from the east and the south there is illegal immigration of unknown size. These innocent aliens team up with the rising excess supply of native unskilled workers who seek permanent gainful employment, more and more often with limited success. If the current trends continue, the resulting unemployment will further increase in the future, causing more social and economic disruptions.
International Migration from and to Portugal: What Do We Know and Where Are We Going?
Authors: Baganha Maria I B , Go´is, Pedro , Pereira Pedro T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the 1990s, official sources (IAECP 1991) estimated that there were more than four million Portuguese citizens living abroad. In that same year, the Servic¸o de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras (Portuguese Immigration Service, hereinafter SEF) had records on 113,978 foreign nationals residing legally in Portugal. Adding this figure to the number of residency requests that were processed in the following year, we arrive at a total number of foreigners residing within the Portuguese borders (both legally and illegally) of about 150,000—which is to say, in 1991, foreigners accounted for 1.5 per cent of the resident population of Portugal, and Portuguese living abroad amounted to more than 40 per cent of the resident population. Despite what these numbers appear to tell us, it is common to find assertions in academic works and the press that Portugal has undergone a transformation from ‘emigration country’ to ‘immigration country’. Although paradoxical on the surface, there may in fact be some truth to these claims when we consider that the elevated number of Portuguese living abroad are there as a result of earlier migrations.
The New Immigrants: Immigration and the USA**
Authors: Chiswick Barry R , Sullivan Teresa A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the colonial period to the present, and we can expect far into the future, immigration has posed persistent economic, social, and political issues for the United States. The nature of the concerns may change over time, but the issue is seldom far from America’s consciousness. Three themes emerge sharply in an analysis of immigrants in recent decades. Immigration has played a vital role in the development of the American population, society, and economy. Since the start of recordkeeping in 1820, over 60 million people have immigrated legally to the United States. The total number since 1820 is even larger because the early data do not include those crossing the land borders with Canada and Mexico, and the data do not include illegal immigrants. Not all immigrants remained in the United States permanently, but without reliable data on emigration, it is difficult to estimate how many returned to their countries of origin.
The Methodology of Language Classification*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present volume [Greenberg (1963)-Ed.] contains a complete genetic classification of the languages of Africa. Since the results differ in important respects from previously current schemes of classification, a brief methodological foreword seems in order. There are three fundamentals of method underlying the present classification. The first of these is the sole relevance in comparison of resemblances involving both sound and meaning in specific forms. Resemblances in sound only, for example the presence of a tonal system as such, or in meaning only, as in the existence of morphemes (meaningful) forms indicating sex gender but without phonetic similarity, are irrelevant.
Review of Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction, by Vladimir E. Orel and Olga V. Stolbova*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An etymological dictionary of the Hamito-Semitic languages has long been a desideratum. The only one available has been the long-outdated work of Marcel Cohen (1947). Since that time, the most momentous developments have been in west and east Africa. The addition of a major new branch, Chadic, consisting of over 100 languages in west Africa, has helped to cast new light on both Semitic problems and those of Hamito-Semitic (or as it is now more commonly called, ‘Afroasiatic’, or ‘Afrasian’). The study of this branch has been zealously pursued by a number of specialists who have provided substantial new data and important new theoretical knowledge.
Are There Mixed Languages?*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomason and Kaufman, in their widely influential volume on language contact, creolization and genetic linguistics (1988), while not denying that the genetic model describes the differentiation of earlier languages into subsequent groups of languages related by common descent in the vast majority of instances, emphasize two particular cases in which they state that the genetic model does not fit and for which they posit language mixture. One of the two languages is Ma’a in Tanzania, which they state has two components, one of Southern Cushitic provenience and hence a part of Afroasiatic and the other Bantu, hence a part of Niger-Kordofanian.
The General Principles of Law in the European Union Legal Order
Authors: Tridimas Takis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is a general principle of law and how can it be distinguished from a specific rule? As a starting point, it may be said that a principle is a general proposition of law of some importance from which concrete rules derive. According to this definition, the constituent elements of a principle are two: it must be general and it must carry added weight. ‘General’ means that it operates at a level of abstraction that distinguishes it from a specific rule. The term ‘general’ may have other meanings.
The Principle of Proportionality: Relationship with Competence
and Subsidiarity
Authors: Tridimas Takis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter traced the development of proportionality in Community law, explained its multiple functions, and examined the degree of scrutiny exercised by the Court by reference to the case law in selected areas. This chapter focuses on proportionality as a principle governing the exercise of Community competence. It examines Article 5(3) EC and looks selectively at the case law on proportionality, competence and subsidiarity. It concludes by examining the protocol on proportionality and subsidiarity accompanying the EU Constitutional Treaty. Although the adoption of the Treaty, at least in its current form, is no longer a possibility, the Protocol remains important. A consensus appears to be emerging that, in any future constitutional model, national Parliaments should be given a greater say in Community affairs and, as an attempt to promote bicameralism, the Protocol may provide inspiration for future arrangements. Indeed, some of its provisions, or a version of the control mechanism envisaged therein, could be introduced by Community and national legislation without need for Treaty amendment.
Conclusions
Authors: Tridimas Takis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of the case law makes it clear that the use of the general principles is not exhausted in their gap-filling function. They form an integral part of the Court’s methodology and express constitutional values. There can be no doubt that, as sources of rights and obligations, the general principles pose significant limitations on the policy-making power of the Community institutions. It is true that the cases where they have been successfully invoked leading to the annulment of Community acts are concentrated mainly in certain areas, such as agriculture and staff cases. Measures have also been annulled in other fields, however, and no area of Community action remains immune from their application.
Policing from above: executive policing and peace implementation in Kosovo
Authors: Dziedzic Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not only has the focus of peace operations shifted since the end of the cold war from conflict between states to conflict within them, but the threshold for intervention in internal conflict has also been steadily lowered. Consequently, when the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) assumed responsibility for law enforcement in Kosovo in June 1999, the processes of peacemaking, peace enforcement and economic reconstruction were just beginning. The capacity of the UNMIK Police to establish and maintain public security had significant ramifications for each of these aspects of peace implementation. Executive policing by UNMIK was also intended to provide a basis for developing the rule of law, an essential underpinning for an enduring peace.
This chapter examines these four areas of peace implementation—peacemaking, peace enforcement, economic reconstruction and institutionalizing the rule of law—to illustrate the contributions of executive policing to each. First, however, it is necessary to appreciate how very different the new environment for peace operations is and why executive policing has not merely filled a temporary gap in public security but has played a strategic role in forging a peace that can be sustained.
Les limites d un droit européen du travail
Authors: Blanc-Jouvan Xavier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malgre toutes les mises en garde, le mouvement semble pourtant bien engage, sinon a 1’echelle mondiale, ou 1’idee d’un droit uniforme ne hante plus guere les esprits, au moins dans le cadre d’unions regionales, telles que 1’Europe. Il penetre les domaines les plus divers, et meme ceux ou se revele le mieux la spe- cificite de chaque nation, comme c’est evidemment le cas pour le droit du travail.
Infringement proceedings
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the novel features of the Community legal order is the mechanism it provides for dealing with Member States which fail to comply with their Treaty obligations. Under the rules of public international law, the enforcement of such obligations is normally left to the Contracting Parties to sort out among themselves. If there is a court to which they can have recourse, its jurisdiction may not be compulsory. By contrast, the EC Treaty gives the Commission, an institution independent of the Member States which is require& to act in the general interest of the Community, the power to bring proceedings before the Court against any Member State which fails to comply with the requirements of the Treaty. That power derives principally-1 from Article 226 (ex 169) EC, which provides:If the Commission considers that a Member State has failed to folfil an obligation under this Treaty, it shall deliver a reasoned opinion on the matter after giving the State concerned the opportunity to submit its observations.If the State concerned does not comply with the opinion within the period laid down by the Commission, the latter may bring the matter before the Court of Justice.
The preliminary rulings procedure
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the responsibility for applying the rules laid down in the EC Treaty and in Community acts belongs to the national courts of the Member States. This gives rise to a potential problem. If the internal market is to work properly, the relevant rules must have the same effect in all the Member States. However, the nature of the judicial process and the varying national legal traditions mean that, left to their own devices, it would be highly unlikely that courts in, say, Edinburgh would always apply Community law in the same way as courts in, say, Athens. To help safeguard the uniform application of Community law, Artide 234 (ex 177) EC therefore Jays down a procedure which enables national courts to refer to the Court of Justice questions of Community law that they have to decide before giving judgment. It provides as follows: The Court of Justice shall have jurisdiction to give preliminary rulings concerning:
Treaty provisions and national law
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it was inevitable that the Community Treaties-and the ECTreaty in particular-would in due course come into conflict with inconsistent provisions in the national laws of the Member States, they did not say anything about how such conflicts were to be resolved. This could have been taken to imply that the Community Treaties were no different from ordinary treaties, whose effect within the legal order of the contracting parties will depend on a rule of domestic constitutional law. It is true that Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties requires the parties to a treaty to implement it in good faith and that Article 27 of that Convention prevents a party from justifying a failure to perform a treaty by reference to its internal law. But the Vienna Convention does not seek to modify the fundamental principle that the application of treaties by domestic courts is governed by domestic law. The result is that the internal effect of a treaty may differ from one contracting party to another. In particular, the question whether a provision of a treaty confers rights on private parties which can be invoked before the national courts, and if so in what circumstances, may receive different answers in different countries. Moreover, legal systems may differ on the question whether treaties take precedence over national law. They may also take different approaches to the interpretation of treaties, so that the effect of a provision in a given set of circumstances might vary.
Interpretation and the limits of literalism
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with how, in cases of doubt, the Court of Justice determines the meaning and effect of the written provisions it is called upon to apply. In his paper on judicial activism, Sir Patrick Neill observed: ‘The methods of interpretation adopted by the ECJ appear to have liberated the Court from the customarily accepted discipline of endeavouring by textual analysis to ascertain the meaning of the language of the relevant provision.’ That observation was prompted in particular by the Court’s willingness to adopt a purposive or teleological approach to questions of interpretation, construing ambiguity in the light of the objectives of the provision concerned. That approach may lead the Court to interpret a provision in a way which might seem surprising to those who are accustomed to seeing judges accord greater weight to the terms in which the legislature has chosen to express itself. However, the teleological approach is only one of a range of methods employed by the Court to resolve questions of interpretation. In this chapter an attempt is made to identify the most important of those methods and to assess the legitimacy of the Court’s general approach.
Swordsmen
Authors: Manning Roger B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based upon a wide range of historical and literary sources, Swordsmen is a scholarly study of the military experiences of peers and gentlemen from the British Isles who volunteered to fight in the religious and dynastic wars of mainland Europe from the English intervention in the Dutch war of independence in 1585 to the death of the soldier-king William III in 1702. This apprenticeship in arms exposed these aristocrats to the chivalric revival, the military revolution and the values of neostoicism, and revived the martial ethos of the English aristocracy and reinvigorated the martial traditions of the Irish and Scots. This remilitarization of aristocratic culture and society was completed by 1640, and provided numerous experienced military officers for the various armies of the civil wars and, subsequently, for the embryonic British army after William III committed the Three Kingdoms to the armed struggle against Louis XIV during the Nine Years War. Service in mainland European armies also exposed swordsmen from the British Isles to a fully developed cult of duelling which hampered official efforts to divert aristocratic aggression from feuding and private war to the more rational military and political objectives of the modern state, subverted military discipline and delayed the process of professionalization of the officer corps of the British army.
Constituent Structure
Authors: Carnie Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us start our consideration of constituent structure by considering a few simple hypotheses about the nature of our grammars’ word-combination mechanisms. Outside of linguistics, there is a well-established tradition governing combinatorics: mathematics. So consider preliminarily the possibility that some already well-motivated mechanisms from arithmetic or other mathematical disciplines might be carried over to the domain of sentence structure. Perhaps the simplest theory of phrase structure would be one of linear concatenation.
Basic Properties of Trees: Dominance and Precedence
Authors: Carnie Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter, we looked at some preliminary evidence that syntactic structure is organized hierarchically into constituents. In this chapter we look at many of the terminological and structural properties of a hierarchical constituent structure. We will look primarily at the formal description of trees and the basic structural relations of dominance (also known as domination) and precedence. I start by giving some definitional descriptions—some formal, some intuitive—in terms of the graphic representation of each relation, then I provide a more precise description in terms of axiomization in first-order logic or set theory.
Phrasal Categories and Cartography
Authors: Carnie Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous ten chapters of this book have focused on the mechanisms for forming, describing, or licensing constituent structure(s). Up to now, wherever possible, I have tried to abstract away from the content of those structures. Needless to say, the question of the nature of the content or category of constituents is vital to understanding constituent-structure systems. This much should be clear from the role played by heads in most recent theories of syntax.
Managing for Creativity
Authors: Bichard Sir Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is always exciting to be able to predict major changes to the look of organizations. But, in truth, I doubt that the next two decades will bring transformational change. Yes, there will be more SMEs, more niche companies and more virtual organizations. And yes, in the remaining large, often public sector corporates there will be an increase in devolution. But organizations are by nature conservative and it is sobering to reflect how in the public sector, for example, the devolution/modernization rhetoric of the last decade has not been matched by the reality of central targets and central control. For me, the more interesting question is not how managers will need to adjust their skills and style to adapt to organizational change—but what capabilities organizations will need to develop in order to succeed, and what consequences this will have for managers. And if there is one thing which will distinguish the great twenty-first century organizations from the rest, it will be their creativity.