bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between insult intensity and mode of hair cell loss in the vestibular system of rats exposed to 3,3′‐iminodipropionitrile
Authors: Seoane Ana , Demêmes Danielle , Llorens Jordi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA variety of stimuli cause sensory hair cell loss in the mammalian inner ear. This loss occurs by several differing processes, the significance of which remains undetermined. This study examines the relationship between the intensity of the damaging stimulus and the mode of hair cell loss found in the vestibular sensory epithelia of the rat. The ototoxin 3,3′‐iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) was administered to rats at three different intoxication rates: acute exposure to high doses, repeated exposure to intermediate doses, and subchronic exposure to low doses. The morphology of the vestibular epithelia was examined by light microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). In addition, DNA fragmentation in the epithelia was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (tdt)‐dUTP‐nick‐end‐label (TUNEL). One day after acute IDPN, necrosis of hair cells was observed. However, at day 4 with this dose, and 1 and 4 days after repeated exposure, apoptotic figures and positive TUNEL labeling predominated. Subchronic IDPN resulted in a slowly evolving extrusion of basically intact hair cells in the crista and utricle. The data demonstrate that extrusion is a major mechanism of hair cell demise in mammals, that necrosis, apoptosis, and extrusion form a continuum of modes of hair cell loss, and that the intensity of the damaging stimulus determines the prevalence of each mode: Necrosis was most evident when the intensity was at its highest, whereas extrusion predominated when the intensity was at the lowest end of the scale. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:385–399, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of connexin26 and connexin32 in the pre‐Bötzinger complex of neonatal and adult rat
Authors: Solomon Irene C. , Halat Tami J. , El‐Maghrabi Raafat , O'Neal Marvin H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe pre‐Bötzinger complex (pre‐BötC) is hypothesized to be the site for respiratory rhythm generation in mammals. Studies examining the cellular mechanisms mediating rhythm generation have focused on the role of chemically mediated synaptic interactions; however, electrotonic synaptic interactions (i.e., electrotonic coupling), which occur by means of gap junctions, may also play a role. Here, we used immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses to determine whether the pre‐BötC contains the gap junction proteins necessary for electrotonic communication and whether the presence and distribution of these gap junction proteins show a developmental change in expression. We found that both connexin26 (Cx26) and connexin32 (Cx32) were expressed in pre‐BötC neurons of neonatal and adult rats; however, the relative amounts and their distribution varied by age. Cx26 labeling was seen in a high proportion of pre‐BötC neurons in neonatal rats ≤ 7 days postnatal (P7) but declined with increasing age. In contrast, Cx32 labeling was sparse in pre‐BötC neurons of neonatal rats ≤ P7, but increased with increasing age; the highest proportion was seen in adult rats. These data suggest the potential for gap junctional communication in the pre‐BötC of both neonatal and adult rats, and we propose that the gap junction proteins Cx26 and Cx32 form the neuroanatomic substrate for this gap junctional communication, which may be important in the synchronization of neural activity generating respiratory rhythm.J. Comp. Neurol. 440:12–19, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An approximate method for the standard interval eigenvalue problem of real non‐symmetric interval matrices
Authors: Qiu Zhiping , Müller Peter C. , Frommer Andreas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, we discuss an approximate method for estimating the upper and lower bounds on the set of all possible eigenvalues of the standard interval eigenvalue problem of the real non‐symmetric interval matrix. This kind of eigenvalue problem involves non‐probabilistic uncertainties. The favourable bound estimate is actually a set in eigenvalue space rather than a single vector. The obtained estimate is the calculable set which contains the true eigenvalues of the interval uncertain systems. In this study, first of all, we give a review of Deif's solution theorem for the standard interval eigenvalue problem in real non‐symmetric interval matrices, then we present the interval perturbation method for estimating the set of all possible eigenvalues of the real non‐symmetric interval matrix. Very weak condition of solution and inexpensive computational effort are the characteristics of the present interval perturbation method. The comparison example shows that the interval eigenvalues produced by the interval perturbation method show good agreement with those obtained by Deif's solution theorem. A numerical example of the Automobile Suspension System illustrates the application of the proposed method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel static and dynamic multi‐constraint graph partitioning
Authors: Schloegel Kirk , Karypis George , Kumar Vipin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSequential multi‐constraint graph partitioners have been developed to address the static load balancing requirements of multi‐phase simulations. These work well when (i) the graph that models the computation fits into the memory of a single processor, and (ii) the simulation does not require dynamic load balancing. The efficient execution of very large or dynamically adapting multi‐phase simulations on high‐performance parallel computers requires that the multi‐constraint partitionings are computed in parallel. This paper presents a parallel formulation of a multi‐constraint graph‐partitioning algorithm, as well as a new partitioning algorithm for dynamic multi‐phase simulations. We describe these algorithms and give experimental results conducted on a 128‐processor Cray T3E. These results show that our parallel algorithms are able to efficiently compute partitionings of similar edge‐cuts as serial multi‐constraint algorithms, and can scale to very large graphs. Our dynamic multi‐constraint algorithm is also able to minimize the data redistribution required to balance the load better than a naive scratch‐remap approach. We have shown that both of our parallel multi‐constraint graph partitioners are as scalable as the widely‐used parallel graph partitioner implemented in PARMETIS. Both of our parallel multi‐constraint graph partitioners are very fast, as they are able to compute three‐constraint 128‐way partitionings of a 7.5 million vertex graph in under 7 s on 128 processors of a Cray T3E. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long wavelength fluorophores and cell‐by‐cell correction for autofluorescence significantly improves the accuracy of flow cytometric energy transfer measurements on a dual‐laser benchtop flow cytometer
Authors: Sebestyén Zsolt , Nagy Péter , Horváth Gábor , Vámosi György , Debets Reno , Gratama Jan W. , Alexander Denis R. , Szöllősi János 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundFlow cytometric fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FCET) is an efficient method to map associations between biomolecules because of its high sensitivity to changes in molecular distances in the range of 1–10 nm. However, the requirement for a dual‐laser instrument and the need for a relatively high signal‐to‐noise system (i.e., high expression level of the molecules) pose limitations to a wide application of the method.MethodsAntibodies conjugated to cyanines 3 and 5 (Cy3 and Cy5) were used to label membrane proteins on the cell surface. FCET measurements were made on a widely used benchtop dual‐laser flow cytometer, the FACSCalibur, by using cell‐by‐cell analysis of energy transfer efficiency.ResultsTo increase the accuracy of FCET measurements, we applied a long wavelength donor–acceptor pair, Cy3 and Cy5, which beneficially affected the signal‐to‐noise ratio in comparison with the classic pair of fluorescein and rhodamine. A new algorithm for cell‐by‐cell correction of autofluorescence further improved the sensitivity of the technique; cell subpopulations with only slightly different FCET efficiencies could be identified. The new FCET technique was tested on various direct and indirect immunofluorescent labeling strategies. The highest FCET values could be measured when applying direct labeling on both (donor and acceptor) sides. Upon increasing the complexity of the labeling scheme by introducing secondary antibodies, we detected a decrease in the energy transfer efficiency.ConclusionsWe developed a new FCET protocol by applying long wavelength excitation and detection of fluorescence and by refining autofluorescence correction. The increased accuracy of the new method makes cells with low receptor expression amenable to FCET investigation, and the new approach can be implemented easily on a commercially available dual‐laser flow cytometer, such as a FACSCalibur. Cytometry 48:124–135, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of pleuropulmonary blastoma: A case report with unusual features
Authors: Shin Bong Kyung , Kim Min Kyung , Park Seong Hwan , Kim Chung Yeul , Cho Seong Jin , Lee Kwang Chul , Kim Kwang Taik , Oh Yu Hwan , Kim Insun , Kim Han Kyeom 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare and aggressive intrathoracic neoplasm of childhood, typically presenting as a pulmonary and/or pleural‐based mass with cystic, solid, or combined features. Histologically, the tumor is well characterized with a mixture of primitive mesenchymal and variably differentiated sarcomatous components, and the cytologic features described in the three previous reports are also compatible to the histologic ones. Now, we present another case of PPB showing unusual features. A 3‐yr‐old boy presented with a pleural‐ or chest wall‐based tumor. The fine‐needle aspiration cytologic smears were highly cellular with poorly differentiated cells showing variable size and shape rather than those of typical blastemal cells. The histologic findings were also distinctive, exhibiting diffuse sheets of poorly differentiated cells without typical blastemal cell component. Diagnosis was confirmed by the support of immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features. The patient underwent a typical aggressive clinical course to death within 8 mo after diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:397–402, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of Kikuchi's lymphadenitis: A report of ten cases
Authors: Viguer José M. , Jiménez‐Heffernan José A. , Pérez Pablo , López‐Ferrer Pilar , Gónzalez‐Peramato Pilar , Vicandi Blanca 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytologic features of Kikuchi's lymphadenitis (KL). Smears from 10 patients with histologically proven KL were reviewed. In all cases, fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) was performed prior to biopsy. To assess the validity of morphologic recognition, a blinded study, including smears from non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas, nonspecific, and mycobacterial lymphadenitis was performed. At least 5 cases showed characteristic cytologic findings that permitted their specific recognition. A polymorphous lymphoid population with abundant karyorrhectic debris and histiocytes, many of which showed a small size and eccentrically placed, crescent nuclei, were characteristic features of KL. The remaining 5 cases failed to show typical findings and were indistinguishable from other nonspecific, reactive lymphadenopathies. When typical cytologic findings are present in an adequate clinical context (cervical nodes in young patients), a precise diagnosis is possible, avoiding unnecessary biopsies. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:220–224, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presynaptic diadenosine polyphosphate receptors: Interaction with other neurotransmitter systems
Authors: Miras‐Portugal M. Teresa , Pintor Jesús , Gualix Javier , Giraldez Lisandro , Castro Enrique , Díaz‐Hernández Miguel , Gómez‐Villafuertes Rosa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDiadenosine polyphosphates (ApnA n = 2–6) are natural compounds that can play a neurotransmitter role in the synaptic terminals of the central nervous system. Microfluorimetric studies of [Ca2+]i in single synaptic terminals have shown the presence of specific ionotropic receptors for nucleotides and dinucleotides. These dinucleotide receptors may or may not coexist at the same terminal. Aminergic terminals from rat basal ganglia have been immunologically characterised by the presence of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 after the functional studies. Fifty‐eight percent of these terminals respond to nucleotides, and of these, 17% respond only to Ap5A.
Cholinergic terminals from rat midbrain were immunologically characterised by the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Sixty‐three percent of these terminals responded to nucleotides, and of these, 22% responded only to Ap5A. The presynaptic ionotropic dinucleotide receptors can coexist not only with the ATP receptors, but also with various subtypes of nicotinic receptors. GABAergic terminals from rat midbrain were immunologically characterised by the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter. Fifty‐nine percent of these terminals responded to nucleotides, and of these, 17% responded only to Ap5A. The presynaptic dinucleotide receptors, when stimulated, are able to induce the GABA release from synaptosomal preparations. These data clearly show the broad interaction of nucleotides and dinucleotides with other neurotransmitter systems. Drug Dev. Res. 52:239–248, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
P2 receptors on macroglial cells: Functional implications for gliosis
Authors: Franke Heike , Bringmann Andreas , Pannicke Thomas , Krügel Ute , Grosche Jens , Reichenbach Andreas , Illes Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present review summarizes data about the expression of P2 receptors in two types of macroglial cells, i.e., in astrocytes of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and Müller glial cells of the retina. Changes in the expression of these receptors during pathological conditions may indicate an involvement in the induction and/or maintenance of reactive astrogliosis. In fact, astrocytic proliferation was induced in the NAc by the application of different P2X and P2Y receptor agonists, such as 2‐methylthio ATP (2‐MeSATP), α,β‐methylene adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (α,β‐meATP) and adenosine 5′‐O‐(2‐thiodiphosphate (ADP‐β‐S). An increased content of glial fibrillary acidic protein, astrocytic hypertrophy, and proliferation as indicated by enhanced incorporation of 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) was found under these conditions; an enhanced BrdU incorporation signalizes a higher rate of DNA synthesis. Müller glial cells of the human retina express both metabotropic P2Y and ionotropic P2X7 receptors. Application of the P2X7 receptor agonist benzoyl‐benzoyl ATP (BzATP) evoked a cationic conductance increase that led to the depolarization of cells and to Ca2+ entry from the extracellular space. Long‐lasting application of BzATP, however, did not cause the formation of pores permeable for large molecules, excluding the presence of classic P2X7 receptors. Müller glial cells of the human retina show increased P2X7 receptor‐mediated cationic currents during proliferative gliosis. A role of P2X7 receptors in glial proliferation is also indicated by the observation that the DNA synthesis rate of cultured Müller cells is enhanced in the presence of BzATP, as shown by the measurement of BrdU incorporation. The data indicate that activation of P2 receptors may exert both short‐ and long‐term effects in macroglial cells, and that these receptors may be involved in glial responses to pathological conditions. Drug Dev. Res. 53:140–147, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence and fate of type 1 diabetes‐associated autoantibodies in cord blood samples from newborn infants of non‐diabetic mothers
Authors: Hämäläinen Anu‐Maaria , Ilonen Jorma , Simell Olli , Savola Kaisa , Kulmala Petri , Kupila Antti , Simell Tuula , Erkkola Risto , Koskela Pentti , Knip Mikael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundCord blood samples were collected from 1002 consecutive births at Turku University Hospital to study the prevalence and fate of type 1 diabetes‐associated autoantibodies in newborn infants of unaffected mothers.MethodsThe samples were analysed for cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies (ICA), autoantibodies to the 65 kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), autoantibodies to the protein tyrosine phosphatase related IA‐2 antigen (IA‐2A), insulin autoantibodies (IAA) and HLA DQB1 genotypes.ResultsICA were detected in 27 cord blood samples (2.7%), with a median of 6 (range 4–34) JDF units. GADA were found to be positive (≥6.6 RU) in six samples (0.6%), with a median of 66 (range 19–125) RU. IA–2A (≥0.43 RU) were observed in three samples (0.3%), with a median of 1.3 (range 0.8–57) RU, while only one cord blood sample (0.1%) tested positive for IAA (≥1.56 nU/ml) with a value of 5.4 RU. Maternal or gestational age, sex and birth weight of the infant were not related to antibody prevalence or titres. Altogether there were 29 infants with antibody positivity in their cord blood (2.9%). Five of these (0.5%) tested positive for two antibodies (ICA and GADA), and one was positive for all four antibodies measured. All nine infants from whom follow‐up samples were available became antibody negative by the age of 15 months, and in all but one case inverse seroconversion occurred by the age of 9 months.ConclusionsAround 3% of infants of non‐diabetic mothers in Finland have diabetes‐associated autoantibodies at birth, and these antibodies disappear at the latest by the age of 15 months. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The search for type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes using whole‐genome scans: an epidemiologist's perspective
Authors: Stern Michael P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMost whole‐genome scan studies of type 2 diabetes have ascertained families on affected sibpairs. Although assuring enrollment of multiplex families, this strategy may lead to the enrollment of unrepresentative families, particularly in low‐risk populations where relatively few diabetics have an affected sibling. In high‐risk populations such as Hispanics and Native Americans, population‐based ascertainment is often possible, since the high frequency of the disease favors enrollment of multiplex families even when they are not specifically sought.The results of the first generation of genome scan studies caused concern because of a perceived lack of reproducibility. More recently, however, a number of replications have emerged, specifically on chromosomes 1q, 2q, 3q, 9p, 10q, and 11q. The MODY 1 and 3 regions on chromosome 12q and 20q have also been replicated in multiple studies. The clinical features of diabetes in these latter families, however, suggest the common form of type 2 diabetes, rather than maturity‐onset diabetes of the young (MODY). Also, diabetes in these families does not appear to be caused by the classical MODY mutations. Interestingly, functional variants of the MODY 4 gene (insulin promoter factor‐1) have been associated with both MODY and the common form of type 2 diabetes.Currently available linkage studies implicate relatively broad chromosomal regions, and the challenge of narrowing these regions to facilitate gene discovery remains formidable. The linkages that have been replicated thus far provide good starting points to search for functional variants in type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell–matrix interactions during development and apoptosis of the mouse mammary gland in vivo
Authors: Prince Janine M. , Klinowska Teresa C.M. , Marshman Emma , Lowe Emma T. , Mayer Ulrike , Miner Jeff , Aberdam Daniel , Vestweber Dietmar , Gusterson Barry , Streuli Charles H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEpithelial cell survival is dependent on extracellular signals provided by both soluble factors and by adhesion. In the mammary gland, extensive apoptosis of epithelial cells occurs rapidly when lactation ceases, but the mechanism of apoptosis induction is not known. In tissue culture, mammary epithelial cells require laminin as a survival ligand and specific β1 integrins are necessary to suppress apoptosis. To explore the possibility that dynamic changes in cell–matrix interactions contribute to the onset of apoptosis during mammary involution in vivo, a detailed immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of integrin subunits and their extracellular matrix ligands during mouse mammary gland development has been performed. The kinetics of apoptosis were determined by using tissue samples obtained from virgin, pregnant, lactating, and involuting gland. The maximal elevation of apoptosis occurred within 24 hr of weaning as determined by histologic analysis and caspase‐3 staining. A wide variety of laminin subunits, together with nidogen‐1 and ‐2, and perlecan were identified within the basement membrane region of epithelial ducts, lobules, and alveoli in both human and mouse mammary gland. However, no change in the distribution of any of the basement membrane proteins or their cognate integrin receptors was observed during the transition from lactation to apoptosis. Instead, we discovered that altered ligand‐binding conformation of the β1 integrin to a nonbinding state coincided with the immediate onset of mammary apoptosis. This finding may provide a novel dynamic mechanism for inhibiting the transduction of extracellular matrix survival signals, thereby contributing to the onset of apoptosis in a developmental context in vivo. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Xiro‐1 controls mesoderm patterning by repressing bmp‐4 expression in the spemann organizer
Authors: Glavic Alvaro , Gómez‐Skarmeta Jose Luis , Mayor Roberto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Iroquois genes code for homeodomain proteins that have been implicated in the neural development of Drosophila and vertebrates. We show here for the first time that Xiro‐1, one of the Xenopus Iroquois genes, is expressed in the Spemann organizer from the start of gastrulation and that its overexpression induces a secondary axis as well as the ectopic expression of several organizer genes, such as chordin, goosecoid, and Xlim‐1. Our results also indicate that Xiro‐1 normally functions as a transcriptional repressor in the mesoderm. Overexpression of Xiro‐1 or a chimeric form fused to the repressor domain of Engrailed cause similar phenotypes while overexpression of functional derivatives of Xiro‐1 fused with transactivation domains (VP16 or E1A) produce the opposite effects. Finally, we show that Xiro‐1 works as a repressor of bmp‐4 transcription and that its effect on organizer development is dependent on BMP‐4 activity. We propose that the previously observed down regulation of bmp‐4 in the dorsal mesoderm during gastrulation can be explained by the repressor activity of Xiro‐1 described here. Thus, Xiro‐1 seems to have at least two different functions: control of neural plate and organizer development, both of which could be mediated by repression of bmp‐4 transcription. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.