bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematische, überbetriebliche Entsorgung von Abgas‐ und Abluftströmen aus chemischen Produktionsbetrieben (Ein Beitrag zum Umweltschutz)
Authors: Hagenberg Peter , Jordan Anton , Lorenz Hans 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie steigenden Anforderungen an den Umweltschutz und die sich immer wieder verschärfenden gesetzlichen Regelungen erforderten Ende der 60er, Anfang der 70er Jahre für das Werk Dormagen der Bayer AG ein neues Konzept für die Entsorgung von Abgas‐ und Abluftströmen aus den Produktionsbetrieben.Die speziellen Bedingungen des Werkes Dormagen führten zu einem Konzept, dessen Schwerpunkt in der Sortierung von Abluftströmen und deren thermischen Verbrennung in zentralen Verbrennungsanlagen und Kraftwerken bildet.Nach mehrjähriger Entwicklung und Ausbau der Anlagen wurde ein Standard erreicht, der es gestattet, schwierige Produktionen auch hinsichtlich der Abluft problemlos zu betreiben.
Der Verfahrensingenieur in der Chemischen Industrie
Authors: Bogenstätter Günter , Frey Walter 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie wesentlichen Aufgaben und Tätigkeiten der Verfahrensingenieure in der chemischen Industrie lassen sich in vier große Bereiche einteilen, die oft auch organisatorisch zusammengefaßt sind: Die Versuchs‐ und Entwicklungsingenieure befassen sich mit der Prozeßentwicklung und der Betreuung der chemischen Forschung sowie mit der Entwicklung im Rahmen der verfahrenstechnischen Grundoperationen. Aufgabe der Anlagenbauingenieure ist der Bau von Produktionsanlagen einschließlich vorbereitender Studien. Die Betriebsingenieure sind für die Erhaltung des technischen Standes der Produktionsanlage verantwortlich.Charakteristisch für die Tätigkeit der Verfahrensingenieure in der chemischen Industrie ist darüber hinaus die Fülle von nichttechnischen Aufgaben, die im Rahmen der Ingenieurtätigkeit zu bewältigen sind. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die Beachtung wirtschaftlicher Fragestellungen. Zu den wichtigen Nebenaufgaben gehört auch die Berücksichtigung gesellschaftlicher Umweltbedingungen, seien sie nun gesetzgeberischer, sozialer oder menschlicher Art. Derartige Kenntnisse und Fähigkeiten werden normalerweise nicht im Rahmen der Ausbildung an der Hochschule vermittelt, sondern müssen im Betrieb selbst erarbeitet werden.Für die kommenden Jahre ist mit einem zunehmenden Bedarf an Verfahrensingenieuren in der chemischen Industrie zu rechnen. Die Zahl der Hochschulabgänger auf diesem Arbeitsgebiet ist jedoch seit mehreren Jahren nahezu konstant und wird sich voraussichtlich in absehbarer Zeit nicht ändern.
Zur Praxis der schalltechnischen Planung von Chemieanlagen
Authors: Dövener Dierk 
Published: December 2004

AbstractZur Planung von Chemieanlagen ist es heute erforderlich, sich von Anfang an auf die aus der Anlage zu erwartenden Geräusch‐Emissionen einzustellen. Der Zwang zur Einhaltung vorgegebener Immissions‐Richtpegel in der Nachbarschaft verlangt eine frühe und enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Anlagenplaner und Akustiker bei der Auswahl und Anordnung von Maschinen und Apparaten. Um die Auswirkung auf die Geräusch‐Emission des Werkes bei Ersatz alter Anlagen durch Neuanlagen auf beschränktem Areal, was bei den großen chemischen Werken der Fall ist, zu erfassen, sind Rechenmodelle zweckmäßig, die im Rahmen der allgemeinen Werksplanung zuverlässige Vorhersagen über die zukünftig zu erwartenden Immissionspegel zulassen.
Erdöl‐Emulsionen — Eigenschaften, Stabilität und Spaltung
Authors: Neumann Hans‐Joachim , Paczyńska‐Lahme Barbara 
Published: December 2004

AbstractErdöl kommt immer zusammen mit Salzwasser vor und wird sehr häufig als Wasser‐in‐Öl‐Emulsion gefördert. Es sind Emulsionen mit mehr als 90% Wasser bekannt. Sie sind oft außerordentlich beständig. Die Viskosität der Emulsionen steigt überproportional mit dem Wassergehalt an und ist regelmäßig wesentlich höher als die nach der Einsteinschen Beziehung berechnete Viskosität. Die Erdöl‐Emulsionen sind durch Adsorption der in den Erdölen kolloidal dispergierten Asphaltene und Erdöl‐Harze stabilisiert. Diese bilden an den Wasser/Öl‐Grenzflächen mechanisch stabile Filme aus. Die Filme enthalten verschiedene anionaktive, kationaktive und amphotere Stoffe, die im Erdöl zu kolloidalen Micellen assoziiert vorliegen, und die aufgrund ihrer Grenzflächenaktivität an den Öl/Wasser‐Grenzflächen adsorbiert werden. Die Adsorptionsfilme sind von der Ölphase benetzt. Die Emulsionen sind koaleszenzstabil, nicht aber flockungsstabil. Emulsionsspalter verdrängen die Stabilisatoren von der Grenzfläche oder verändern ihre Benetzbarkeit.
Untersuchung von Heterogen‐Katalysatoren mit modernen Oberflächen‐Analysenmethoden
Authors: Mroß Wolf Dieter , Kronenbitter Johann 
Published: December 2004

AbstractStudy of heterogeneous catalysts by modern surface analysis methods. The past decade has been one of tempestuous development in methods of surface analysis as a result of significant improvements of vacuum techniques and electronic components. The principal methods available for studying the chemical composition of catalysts are ESCA, Auger spectroscopy, ISS (ion scattering spectroscopy), and SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry). The “classical scanning microscope” and various “micro‐range” analyzers, e. g. the scanning Auger microscope, permit elucidation of catalyst surface structures. Advantages and drawbacks of the various methods are presented with the aid of selected examples and the limits of the analysis of industrial catalysts are discussed.
Kennzeichnende Verfahrens‐ und Einflußgrößen beim katalytischen Fließbett‐Cracken
Authors: Knab Heiner , Mielicke Claus , Rosum Erich 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCharacteristic process parameters and variables in catalytic fluidized bed cracking. Catalytic fluidized‐bed cracking occupies a distinctive position among the various conversion processes. With regard to its favorable product range, the process is characterized by low processing costs coupled with flexibility of raw materials. A number of independent process parameters are available for control of the reactions involved in catalytic cracking and for influencing the product range. The cracking reactions taking place and the interplay of the independent and dependent variables are described. Apart from the actual cracking process, particular importance attaches to the regeneration of the catalyst charged with coke since it has a decisive influence on the thermal economy of the plant. Depending upon the desired product yield or the raw materials a suitable catalyst must be chosen. Considerable progress has recently been made in catalyst development.
Gewinnung von Brennstoff für Kraftwerke aus Klärschlamm
Authors: Sander Bruno , Lauer Herbert 
Published: December 2004

AbstractProduction of a combustible for coal‐fired power stations based on sewage sludge. This article describes various means of achieving more extensive mechanical dewatering of sewage sludges. The heat content of the sludge solids can become available for combustion processes. The sludge filter cakes obtained by the “CarboSed” process can be disposed of with minimum energy consumption by fluidized bed combustion or be used after appropriate work‐up as a combustible in coal‐fired power stations with full exploitation of their heat content for generation of steam and electric current. Partial substitution of primary energy sources such as coal and fuel oil by sludge filter cake is feasible in all cases. The processes thus make a contribution to the saving of energy resources and the disposal of sludge.
Rechnerunterstützung bei der Rohrleitungs‐Konstruktion im 3D‐Raum
Authors: Bohle Detlef , Jakobs Gerhard , Hänisch H. Klaus , Kalbitz Harry 
Published: December 2004

AbstractComputer‐assisted pipe routing in three‐dimensional space. For the past twelve years, the management of materials and the production of isometric drawings have been supported by computer programs. With the aim of expanding computer assistance, a long‐term joint systematic study of design activities during the planning of chemical plant performed by BASF and the engineering design department of the Technical University of Braunschweig has led on to a study of the use of computer graphics.
Zum Problem der Datendokumentation
Authors: Springe Wolfgang , Krüger Helmut 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSome problems of numerical data documentation. Central data pools which fulfil most of the requirements of science and practice are both expensive and manpower‐intensive because of the vast quantities of data involved, uncertainty regarding material composition, disregarded parameter influences, insufficient reliability, and problems of copyright. A worldwide survey reveals the existence of a wide variety of data pools which are underused because they are not known. The paper cites literature listing such pools. One of the recommendations in the paper is to cooperate in transferring all available data of a material into its “data matrix” – thus exposing the gaps that are still left. This would be a relatively inexpensive step towards improved data supply.
Erleichterungen bei der Planung und Auslegung von Schüttgut‐Aufbereitungsanlagen am Beispiel der pneumatischen Förderung
Authors: Krambrock Wolfgang 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFacilitating the planning and design of plant for working of bulk solids, as illustrated by pneumatic conveying. Taking the case of pneumatic conveying as an example, the article shows how plant construction companies can achieve considerable simplifications and time saving in the planning and building of plant for working of bulk solids by adopting a systematic approach utilizing card indexes of bulk materials and working diagrams. Companies operating such plant are made aware of the thorough preparation invested in new projects and of the approach adopted and problems encountered in the preparation of tenders. A simple general view of the present state of knowledge can possibly provide impulses for new considerations.
Benetzung und Stoffaustausch in Filmkolonnen
Authors: Hüttinger Klaus J. , Bauer Franz 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWetting and mass transfer in film columns. Calculation of mass transfer in film columns requires a fundamental knowledge about the wetting of the materials comprising the packing bodies. Starting from thermodynamic principles for a description of the solid/liquid interface, methods are discussed which permit an exact calculation of the basic parameters of wetting. It is also shown how the goal of ideal wetting can be approached by choice of material, modification of the surface of the packing bodies, and use of additives. Experience gained with regard to the effect of the various measures on the separation performance leads to conclusions concerning the determination of dimensionless equations for prediction of separation performance.
Zentrifugalextraktion – Eine Literaturübersicht
Authors: Gebauer K. , Steiner L. , Hartland S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCentrifugal extraction – a literature survey. A survey of the different types of centrifugal extractors is presented. The construction details are given both for the common type of extractor and for less well‐known designs as encountered in the patent literature. The effect of a centrifugal field on hydrodynamics and mass transfer is also discussed theoretically, together with actual experimental measurements and techniques used in practice.
Zusammenarbeit von Industrie, Forschung, Technischer Überwachung, Lehre und der Rechtswissenschaft zur Erhöhung der technischen Sicherheit
Authors: Kremer Gottfried 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCollaboration between industry, research, technical surveillance, teaching, and jurisprudence to increase the level of technical safety. An attempt is made to localize the difficulties occurring in the dialogue between the technologist and other groups in society representing far greater numbers, to show how collaboration proceeds between the many disciplines of technology, and what problems have to be solved together with lawyers, in order to permit technology continue to serve the wellbeing of society. It is hoped that this account will also stimulate fruitful discussions.
Zur Bedeutung der Störfall‐Verordnung
Authors: Pilz Volker 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe significance of the breakdown ordinance. The justification, requirements, and possible consequences of the breakdown ordinance are discussed against a background of current practice in the chemical industry. Comparisons are made with other countries and nuclear engineering. These considerations lead to the conclusion that the ordinance has not generated new standards in technology but, as a result of the enormous information and documentation demands, material, political, and economic disadvantages are to be feared for the chemical industry in West Germany.
Sicherheitstechnische Überlegungen des Anlagenbauers und des Betreibers
Authors: Tröster Erwin 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSafety considerations of plant constructors and operators. Regular reviews of safety at predetermined intervals and with due regard to actual issues are proven means of ensuring the necessary high level of safety of chemical plants. Practical procedure and correlation with the design schedule of plants at a large chemical company are described.
Modellrechnungen zu Explosionen freier Gaswolken von Kohlenwasserstoff/Luft‐Gemischen
Authors: Ebert Fritz , Becker Thomas 
Published: December 2004

AbstractModel calculations on the explosion of free gas clouds containing mixtures of hydrocarbons and air. The procedure presented permits a description of continuously and discontinuously accelerated explosions. The explosions considered are deflagrations, i. e. combustion‐supported compression waves. It is possible to calculate, for a given rate of propagation of a flame front or the motion of a piston assigned in a model, the corresponding flow field (compression wave). The corresponding pressure, density, and velocity distributions can be utilized for safety considerations. Application of the results requires that the simulated acceleration processes can be transformed into real events. With the experimental results presently available this is possible only in very crude fashion and can serve only as a rough preliminary guide.
Rheologische Aspekte in der Verfahrenstechnik
Authors: Schümmer Paul 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRheological aspects in process engineering. As continuum mechanics tailored to engineering problems rheology first tries to describe the phenomena observed with rheologically complex materials in terms of rheological equations of state. In so doing, material parameters or material functions are defined, in which the material characteristics are established. To classify or predict properties, the physical structures of materials are correlated with the phenomenological rheological characteristics with the help of statistical methods. A clear description of complex experimental results can be accomplished by combining the variables to form dimensionless variables. Besides the „classical”︁ dimensionless variables there are also others which, however, entail restrictions regarding the possibility of ideal model experiments. It is sometimes advantageous to use material functions instead of material parameters in the dimensionless variables.
Neuartige Batterie‐Systeme
Authors: Beck Fritz 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNew battery systems. The reversible storage of electrical energy plays a central role in the development of electric vehicles, load levelling in power stations, and technical utilization of solar energy. Electrochemistry offers interesting solutions with optimal energy density; however, these have reached technical maturity in only a few cases. The conventional lead/acid accumulator is being further improved among aqueous systems. Moreover, various other lines of development have been initiated in recent years, such as nickel/zinc and chlorine/zinc accumulators, which offer totally fresh perspectives from an electrochemical and engineering point of view. In the case of zinc/air and aluminium/air batteries, external redeposition of the metal is envisaged. From a practical point of view, aqueous systems are unsurpassable. Metals with an extremely high negative potential like sodium or lithium can only be cycled in the absence of water. Systems with molten salts or solid electrolytes do not suffer from this drawback. The sodium/sulfur battery, which is characterized by readily available cell components of low environmental impact, is presently undergoing intensive development. However, thermal discharge represents a technical problem. The future of these new developments will be governed by their economics, energy density, energy efficiency, power density, and last but not least by their cyclability. These properties have not yet been optimized in a single system.
Elektrochemie mit dreidimensionalen Elektroden
Authors: Kreysa Gerhard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractElectrochemistry with three‐dimensional electrodes. Three‐dimensional electrodes such as are used in fixed‐bed and fluidized bed electrolysis are suitable for purifying waste water containing heavy metals and for metal recovery from dilute solutions, and also open up new possibilities for electrochemical purification of waste gases. An account of the theoretical principles of the macrokinetics of these systems is followed by descriptions of a waste‐water purification process by fixed bed electrolysis, which is already in industrial use, of the rotating fixed‐bed electrode, and of the state of the art of fluidized bed electrolysis for production of metals. An electrochemical absorption tower permits removal of chlorine and sulphur dioxide from waste gases.
Wasserstoff‐Erzeugung und Kreislaufgas‐Zerlegung für die Kohleverflüssigung
Authors: Becker H. , Brauer O. , Heucke C. , Lohmüller R. , Ranke G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHydrogen generation and recycle gas separation for coal liquefaction. Just as 40 years ago, low‐temperature processes are now again being considered for recycle gas separation in today's large scale coal liquefaction projects. Hydrogen can be generated by gasification of heavy residues and by steam reforming of ethane. Alternatives for recycle gas separation into hydrogen and gas products are butane and methane absorption or low‐temperature condensation processes at high or medium pressure. These processes employ several additional absorption and adsorption steps for gas purification. They are proven on a large technical scale, and fulfill the requirements of environmental legislation.
Herstellung von Tränkkatalysatoren als verfahrenstechnische Aufgabe
Authors: Kotter Michael 
Published: December 2004

AbstractProduction of impregnated catalysts as a chemical engineering task. Impregnated catalysts are the result of manufacturing processes involving a complex interplay of diffusion, viscous flow by capillary action, and solid state reactions. A knowledge of physical chemistry and drying technology permits systematic prediction of the necessary production steps in some detail. It is similarly possible to reduce the number of experiments needed to determine which variables are important and therefore have to be optimized. Thus it is at least possible to distribute the active components in the structure of the carrier in a manner that relates appropriately to the reaction requirements. This systematic prediction is limited in special cases where the active component of the catalyst changes its chemical nature during production. An example of this is when a catalyst requires an activation step.
Thermische Behandlung von Sonderabfällen
Authors: Heitmann Aloys 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThermal treatment of special wastes. The incineration of waste is a proven process with known ecological consequences and is economically viable especially for large scale plant. The original ambitious objectives of the pyrolytic process have been considerably revised after the developments in this area failed to live up to many expectations or were found to be economically non‐viable. The combustion of chlorinated hydrocarbons on the high seas is ecologically safe. The processes discussed in this paper demonstrate that the development of thermal processes for the treatment of industrial wastes is by no means complete. This also applies to numerous other processes not discussed here.
Abfallbeseitigung auf See — Stand und Tendenzen
Authors: Schmitt‐Tegge Jan D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWaste disposal at sea – state of the art and developments. The article starts by describing the legal situation governing the disposal of waste at sea and then considers the licensing procedure according to the „Oslo‐London treaty law”︁. The Federal German Department of the Environment is also involved in this licensing procedure in that it is responsible for examining the possibilities of disposal on land. The quantities of material for disposal have been considerably reduced in recent years in all areas. The disposal of sewage sludge and of dilute acids (from the production of organic dyes and pigments) in the North Sea has now stopped completely. The amount of waste for disposal from TiO2 production has been greatly reduced and stepwise cessation is planned by the mid ‐1980's. The incineration of waste on the high seas has also been restricted and will also be stopped in the long term. The results of ongoing and completed research are reported.
Kostensenkung durch planmäßige Instandhaltung unter Berücksichtigung der erforderlichen Verfügbarkeit
Authors: Krüger Hanns‐Günter 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCost reduction by planned maintenance, paying attention to required plant availability. Availability, plant utilisation, plant safety and maintenance are interrelated. The intensity and degree of planning of maintenance has to be within given conditions – and reduction of the degree of planning can also lead to a remarkable cost reduction in maintenance. Planned maintenance signifies not only optimization of the above relations, but also the performance of work in a highest amount of planning. Because maintenance costs are largely personnel costs, the planning and control of work have to lead mainly to an increase of effectivity of maintenance personnel. The following examples and numbers may show how organisational and technical measures can effect an increase of planning possibilities, and hence a cost favourable situation.
Zum überflutungsverhalten zwei‐ und dreiphasig betriebener Rührreaktoren
Authors: Wiedmann Josef Anselm 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe flooding behaviour of two‐ and three‐phase operating stirred reactors. The present state of research concerning the flooding behaviour of aerated fluids and suspensions is presented. The author's own investigations, undertaken partly on a semi‐technical scale (tank diameter D = 1.5 m) show the most important parameters of this undesirable aerated state during the operation of stirred reactors. For a given stirrer speed the superficial gas velocity, the tank size, and the fluid viscosity are important. Solid particles sediment out when flooding is reached. An objective measuring method for determining the occurrence of flooding was adopted.