bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy cost of physical activity in twelve week old infants
Authors: Wells J. C. K. , Davies Peter S. W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe energy cost of physical activity has long remained the component of energy expenditure most difficult to quantify. Measurement of total energy expenditure (TEE) in free‐living infants by the doubly‐labelled water method permits a new approach. The energy cost of activity was estimated in 12 week infants as the difference between TEE and the sum of minimal metabolic rate, the energy cost of tissue synthesis, and thermogenesis. No differences were found between the sexes or between breast‐fed and formula‐fed infants. However, the cost of activity was substantially higher than previously assumed. The approach is more suitable for use with groups rather than individuals. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term pharmacologic treatment of women with hypertension
Authors: Charney Pamela 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAs reviewed in “Hypertension in Women: What is Really Known?” (Women's Caucus Working Group on Women's Health of the Society of General Internal Medicine [1991] Ann Intern Med 115:287–293), the published literature reveals that hypertension frequently occurs in women and that only some prospective studies have defined specific benefits and risks of long‐term pharmacologic treatment. Major U.S. epidemiologic studies show the incidence of hypertension to very between 20% and 50% of the population. It is more common among Afro‐Americans than White Americans. Frequency increases with aging. Several studies of at least 3 years duration that have focused on the use of diuretics and B blockers are reviewed: Hypertension Detection and Follow‐Up Program (HDFP), Medical Research Council (MRC), MRC trial in the treatment of older adults (MRC‐Older), and isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly (SHEP). Both diuretics and B blockers generally lower blood pressure, and decrease stroke incidence and mortality. Diuretics seem to be more effective and better tolerated than B blockers. Long‐term studies of newer antihypertensive agents do not yet exist. The sexual side effects of drugs have only been studied to a limited degree in women. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Racial admixture in a Mestizo population from Mexico City
Authors: Lisker Rubén , Ramírez Eva , González‐Villalpando Clicerio , Stern Michael P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeven genetic systems were used to investigate the racial composition of a sample from a low‐income Mexico City Mestizo group, finding estimates of 0.590, 0.348, and 0.062 of Indian, White, and Black ancestry, respectively. The results are similar to another Mexico City group studied previously and to several Mestizo populations from different parts of the country. The one thing in common in all these groups is low socioeconomic status. There is only one report suggesting that Mexico City Mestizos have around 70% White ancestry, and there is reason to believe the sample was taken from a high socioeconomic group. It is suggested that low socioeconomic Mexican Mestizo groups are characterized by a high Indian ancestry, above 50%. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasma lipids in two indigenous Arctic populations with low risk for cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Young T. Kue , Nikitin Yuri P. , Shubnikov Eugene V. , Astakhova Tamara I. , Moffatt Michael E. K. , O'Neil John D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe distribution of plasma lipids and their sociodemographic and metabolic correlates were investigated in two Arctic indigenous populations based on two health surveys conducted during 1990–1991 among adults in eight Inuit communities in the Keewatin region of the Northwest Territories, Canada (n = 387), and in four communities in the Chukotka region in the Russian Far North (n = 362). For comparison, data from the Canadian Heart Health Survey were used. The age‐sex‐specific mean total and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol levels among Inuit in northern Canada either do not differ significantly from the Canadian national population, or, in the case of younger Inuit women, are higher than in Canadians. This represents a temporal change from the results of earlier studies. Chukotka Natives tend to have the lowest total cholesterol (TC) and LDL values of the three populations. The two indigenous populations still enjoy considerably lower levels of triglycerides (TG) and higher levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol than observed in Canada, with the exception of younger Inuit women whose mean TG levels are not significantly different from those of Canadians. The proportion of individuals at risk for ischemic heart disease because of high TG (≥2.3 mmol/L) is 20% among Canadian men but only 2% and 0% among the Arctic Natives, and 11% among Canadian women compared to 6% and 3% in the Keewatin and Chukotka regions, respectively. Such sociodemographic factors as education and marital status do not have a substantial and consistent effect on plasma lipid levels. Women with higher education have lower HDL (in Keewatin) and higher TG (in Chukotka), significant only at the 0.10 level. Among Chukotka men those who reported a lineage without nonindigenous admixture have a higher HDL level (P = 0.048). No difference between the admixed and nonadmixed can be found in the Keewatin. Smoking status has no significant effect on any of the lipid fractions in either population. The two Arctic populations demonstrate an association of some plasma lipids with blood pressure and indices of obesity and central fat patterning commonly observed in other populations. However, plasma glucose does not increase in tandem with increasing levels of lipids, contrary to that observed in the general Canadian population. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of cortisol as a stress marker: Practical and theoretical problems
Authors: Pollard Tessa M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHuman biologists have shown increasing interest in the use of cortisol as an objective marker of stress in recent years. This paper reviews both practical and theoretical problems raised by this approach. The methodology of cortisol assessment using urine, saliva, and plasma is considered. There are many practical problems involved in obtaining good measures of cortisol, although the availability of salivary assays offers a promising way forward. Theoretical issues are of greater concern. Results of laboratory studies led to the hypothesis that cortisol is elevated when an individual is distressed. However, relatively little work has been done on cortisol variation in “real life,” and the results of such studies do not, in general, conform to this hypothesis. It is concluded that the determinants of cortisol variation are not well understood. For example, cortisol level may be as much influenced by positive emotions as by negative emotions usually identified with stress. Further documentation of cortisol variation in everyday life is needed, and at present it is premature to use cortisol level as a marker of stress. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of seasonal variation in food availability and disease stress on the health status of nomadic Turkana children: A longitudinal analysis of morbidity, immunity, and nutritional status
Authors: Shell‐Duncan Bettina 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe possible influence of seasonal variations in rainfall, resource availability, and morbidity on immune function and nutritional status was examined in a longitudinal study of 54 nomadic Turkana children, 6 months to 10 years of age. The highly seasonal nature of rainfall in the arid semidesert environment of the Turkana District, northwestern Kenya, was associated with varying levels of animal milk production and meat and blood consumption. Despite significant seasonal variation in rainfall and food availability, the nutritional status of Turkana children, assessed through various anthropometric indicators, showed only moderate, if any, decline in the dry season. Rather, the data indicated that Turkana Children suffer from chronic mild‐to‐moderate malnutrition. In addition, analyses of cellular immunocompetence of the children, recognized to be a functional index of nutritional status, revealed extremely high levels of immunosuppression Year‐round. Significant monthly variation in the levels of acute respiratory and gastrointestinal infections among children were found, although averages across seasons were not significantly different and did not correspond with fluctuations in rainfall or resources availability. Instead, periodic spikes in the prevalence of morbidity occurred against an already high level of infectious endemicity. The results indicate that food availability is not likely to be the sole determinant of nutritional status and that infection may be an important contribtor to the high levels of nutritional and immunological stress among nomadic Turkana Children. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimates of aging and secular changes using total arm length
Authors: Sethi Harinder K. , Sidhu L. S. , Singal Pushpa 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStature, total arm length, and subischial length were studied in a cross‐sectional sample of 387 working (career women) and 460 nonworking women (housewives), 20–75 years of age, from one endogamous group, the Khatris. Statural decrease due to aging was separated from secular effects by using total arm length, which was least affected by aging. The rate of loss in stature due to aging was 0.142 cm/year in the working women and 0.140 cm/year in the nonworking women. Both estimates are significantly different from zero. After adjusting stature for estimated aging effects, the resulting secular estimates were 0.004 cm/year in working women and 0.01 cm/year for nonworking women, both of which do not significantly differ from zero. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demography in biological anthropology: Human population structure and evolution
Authors: Lasker G. W. , Kaplan Bernice A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe fact of human evolution is evident in the biological variation caused by the pattern of lines of descent. Theories of human evolution are the explanations of the fertility and mortality differentials that determine patterns of variation at the subspecific level. Migrations also influence the patterns. Because human beings plan migrations and marriages, theories relying solely on selective advantage and gene diffusion do not fully account for the observed patterns. These patterns can be interpreted through time and space as dense thickets of descent lines, often clustered into local fascicles held together by inbreeding. The patterns of descent lines are thus punctuated by births, sometimes ended by extinction of lines, but marked also by rich interconnections of the fascicles by filaments that represent marital migration. The patterns are neither solely of racial isolates nor of simple diffusion, but are the result of the complex sociocultural events that influence genetic demography, a field of study that some of Ed Hunt's work foreshadowed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age at menarche as an indicator of the socioeconomic situation of rural girls in Poland in 1967, 1977, and 1987
Authors: Łaska‐Mierzejewska Teresa 
Published: June 2005

AbstractVillage girls, 9.5–18.5 years of age, inhabiting various regions of Poland, were surveyed in 1967 (n = 7,886), 1977 (n = 7,771), and 1987 (n = 11,479). Based on the source of income of the families, three groups were identified: farmers, farmer‐workers, and nonfarmers. The girls were also divided on the basis of the number of children in the family and education of their fathers. In all three surveys, the earliest age at menarche was observed in girls from the nonfarmer group and the latest in girls from the farmer group. In 1987 the ages at menarche were 13.27 ± 0.03 years and 13.58 ± 0.04 years, respectively. The rapid acceleration of menarcheal age (0.64 year) between 1967 and 1977 was halted, and perhaps, reversed from 1977 to 1987 (−0.06 year), reflecting the severe social and economic crisis in Poland. The later menarcheal ages observed in the last decade occur mainly among girls from families with four and five children. Girls from better educated rural families were more affected by the crisis than girls from families in which fathers have only an elementary or vocational training education. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basal metabolic rate of inuit
Authors: Rode Andris , Shephard Roy J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBasal metabolic rates (BMR) at the end of the winter of 1981–1982 were determined in both Inuit and subjects of European ancestry resident in Igloolik, N.W.T. (69°40'N, 81°W). Values for the Inuit sample (22 females, 14–53 years, and 30 males, 14–70 years) exceeded published body surface area norms by some 16–18%; they also exceeded the body mass norms of Schofield (1985) by 9–10%. In contrast, readings on the six subjects of European ancestry, obtained by the same observer, using the same Douglas bag technique, agreed closely with both sets of published norms. When data were expressed per unit of lean body mass, values were again 10–12% higher in the Inuit. Concomitant recordings of heart rate did not suggest that the BMRs of the Inuit subjects were increased by anxiety. Contrary to findings in the subjects of European ancestry, BMRs appeared to be higher in the elderly than in young and middle‐age Inuit. This could reflect two consequences of a more traditional lifestyle among the older members of the Igloolik population: greater exposure to a very cold external environment, and greater consumption of “country” foods rich in protein and fat. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An etiological survey of the severely retarded Hertfordshire children who were born between January 1, 1965 and December 31, 1967
Authors: Laxova Renata , Ridler M. A. C. , Bowen‐Bravery Marry , Opitz J. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn etiological survey is presented of all severely retarded children living in Hertfordshire, at home and in residential care, born between January 1, 1965, and December 31, 1967. One hundred and forty‐six children (87 boys and 59 girls) were ascertained, out of a total population of 46,960, with a prevalence of 1 in 320 or 3.1 per 1,000. Approximately 1/3 (47) had the Down syndrome, 1 per 1,000 population.It was possible to establish a diagnosis in a further 45 cases, which included 1 additional case of autosomal chromosome abnormality and 7 each of autosomal dominant, recessive and X‐linked conditions; 17 were associated with presumed multifactorial etiological factors; in 6 the condition was thought to have been caused by an environmental agent. It was not possible to establish a cause in the remaining 54 cases.Recurrence risks of severe mental retardation in cases where it is impossible to establish a definite diagnosis are discussed and the potential value, for genetic counseling purposes, of categorizing such patients into broad symptomatological groups, is suggested.
Duplication 2q33→2q37 due to paternal ins (12;2) translocation
Authors: Dennis N. R. , Neu R. L. , Bannerman R. M. , Francke U. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn 18 month‐old boy with partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 2, based on a paternal balanced translocation, 46,XY,ins (12,2)(q23;q33q37), is described and compared with five previously reported cases. These children have in common a short nose with broad flat bridge and small anteverted nostrils, long upper lip, low‐set ears, and minor digital anomalies.
Dyslexia: Search for phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity
Authors: Omenn Gilbert S. , Weber Bruce A. , Hall Judith G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDyslexia, or specific reading disability, has been shown in many studies to be familial, though no simple mode of inheritance accounts for all pedigrees. It is likely that the difficulties of genetic analysis are due to heterogeneity within the phenotype. We have undertaken a series of studies of normally intelligent children with dyslexia and their families in a search for phenotypic and genetic evidence of heterogeneity. Family histories with specific attention to difficulties in learning to read and spell were taken for 21 families. School test results were available for probands. Spelling was analyzed and anecdotal information assessed to determine whether visual or auditory difficulties predominated. Among the probands, 11 had predominantly visual problems (with preference for orally presented material) and phonetic spelling errors; 7 had predominantly auditory problems (with preference for visually presented materials), mispronunciations, and dysphonetic spelling errors; and 3 had mixed features. Visual and auditory evoked responses were measured on all the probands and some of the family members, in a search for neurophysiological evidence of abnormality or asymmetry of response. No significant differences were found between hemispheres, between those with visual‐ and those with auditorypredominant dyslexia, or between left‐handed and right‐handed individuals. Both anecdotal family histories and spelling performances provide suggestive evidence that dyslexic patients may be delineated into subgroups with predominantly visual or predominantly auditory impairment and that these subtypes may be under separate genetic predisposition. Further neurophysiological investigation will be required to devise ways of identifying cases before learning disability becomes an educational problem.
The syndromology of anorectal malformation (atresia, stenosis, ectopia)
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Opitz John M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe syndromes, associations, and developmental field defects that include anorectal dysgenesis (atresia, stenosis, ectopia) as a principal or facultative sign are discussed. Most of these disorders are identifiable by their genetic or teratogenic etiology, their distinctive phenotype, or both. Their precise diagnosis is crucial for estimation of recurrence risk and other aspects of reproductive counseling, and it is essential for classificatory progress. The “VACTERL association” should not be used to label a patient with anorectal malformation and other anomalies except by exclusion; this rule is particularly relevant when the patient lacks tracheoesophageal malformation. The degree (or variety) of anorectal malformation that occurs in a given pattern of multiple congenital anomalies may be inconstant. Furthermore, anorectal malformation may be a solitary expression of a familial syndrome.
α‐L‐fucosidase in cultured bone marrow fibroblasts from fucosidosis patients
Authors: Beratis Nicholas G. , Hirschhorn Kurt , Opitz John M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBone marrow fibroblasts were cultured from two patients with fucosidosis type 2, six control subjects, and three patients with other lysosomal disorders. Optimal conditions for measuring α‐L‐fucosidase activity in lysates of these cells with the fluorogenic substrate 4‐methylumbelliferyl‐α‐L‐fucoside were established. The pH profile of normal bone marrow fibroblasts showed three peaks and a shoulder of enzymatic activity, with maximum activity at pH 4.75. In cells derived from fucosidosis patients two peaks of apparent α‐L‐fucosidase activity were obtained; the pH optimum was 4.5. α‐L‐Fucosidase activity (mean ± SD) in the fucosidosis and control bone marrow fibroblasts was 2.5 and 312.4 ± 10.9 nmoles 4‐methylumbelliferone per milligram protein per hour, respectively. A reduction in the apparent specific enzymatic activity in the fucosidosis cells was observed by using increasing concentrations of cellular protein in the assay system. Mixing experiments between normal and fucosidosis cells gave the expected activities. These findings indicate that cultured bone marrow fibroblasts can be used for the diagnosis and study of fucosidosis.
Analysis of the gross anatomical variations found in four cases of trisomy 13
Authors: Colacino Sharon C. , Pettersen James C. , Opitz John M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe variations and defects observed during detailed gross anatomical dissections of four cases of trisomy 13 are described. Emphasis is on the muscular system where previously undocumented variations, absences, and supernumerary elements were observed. A muscle phenotype which includes absence of palmaris longus, palmaris brevis, plantaris, and peroneus tertius, the presence of pectorodorsalis muscles and muscles from the central tendon of the diaphragm to the pericardium near the pulmonary veins, and variations in the extensor indicis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, biceps, and suprahyoid muscles is discussed. The brain defects which include absent olfactory bulbs and tracts and hypoplastic commissures are compared to those defects seen in cases of alobar holoprosencephaly wherein severe defects of the ethmoid bone are concomitants. Previously well‐documented defects of the viscera are included.
Genetic and evolutionary fitness
Authors: Murphy Edmond A. , Elston Robert C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe advantages and disadvantages of evolutionary fitness (probability that a single mutant line will not become extinct) and genetic fitness (mean fecundity) are compared. For deterministic processes the two are equivalent, but for stochastic branching processes they may be totally unrelated except that an absolute genetic fitness of unity or less implies an evolutionary fitness of zero. To know the variance as well as the mean family size does not in general uniquely determine the evolutionary fitness.Except where genetic fitness is close to unity, the impact of selection is shown to be rapid for the binomial, Poisson, negative binomial, and truncated negative binomial distributions.Evolutionary fitness, though somewhat cumbersome, has greater relevance to evolution, genetic counseling, and voluntary population control; but genetic fitness which is much easier to handle is the more appropriate measure where a large number of mutants is involved.Some empirical data on the transmission of various types of characters from parent to child are analyzed to allow comparison of genetic fitness, Crow's index, and a Malthusian parameter, with evolutionary fitness. There is a fair, but far from perfect, agreement among them. Multiple correlation of evolutionary fitness with mean and variance of family size taken jointly suggests a much more satisfactory approximation. It thus appears that, at the least, the population geneticist cannot afford to ignore the variance (which is not adequately represented in Crow's index). These relationsips, based on two sets of data only may be accidental and should be invoked with caution. It seems more than likely that other aspects of the distribution of family size (eg, even higher moments) may contain relevant information in certain cases.
Familial correlations of longevity: An isolate‐based study
Authors: Philippe Pierre , Opitz John M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFamilial correlations for age at time of death have been computed in a French Canadian isolate. We show that parent‐offspring correlations as well as sib correlations are of the same order of magnitude as that between spouses for various age groups at death. It is suggested that heritability of survival is nearly zero. Observed variability in survival is interpreted as the effect of environmental differences acting upon age‐dependent genes.
A genetic analysis of the papillon‐lefèvre syndrome in a Jewish family from Cochin
Authors: Hacham‐Zadeh S. , Schaap T. , Cohen M. M. , Opitz John M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Papillon‐Lefèvre syndrome (PLS) is segregating in a large kindred of a Jewish isolate originating from Cochin, India. The frequency of the gene responsible for PLS among the Cochin Jews, 0.1, was estimated from the number of unrelated carriers in the isolate who married into the kindred. The obvious discrepancy between this apparently high gene frequency and the total absence of PLS in other kindreds of the isolate suggests that the syndrome may not behave as a simple autosomal recessive trait.