bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Historical Geography of Roman Britain
Authors: Salway Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many previous writers have spoken of the situation and peoples of Britain. I am proposing to do so again, not to compete with them in ingenuity and diligence of research, but because the conquest was only completed at the time of which I am writing. My predecessors had to fill out their lack of information with tricks of style: I can ofter facts. Britain is the largest island known to us Romans. Its shape and location cause it to face Germany to the east, Spain to the west, and its southern shore is in sight of Gaul. The northern coasts are pounded by the vastness of the open sea, for no land faces them. Livy and Fabius Rusticus, the best of the older and more recent writers, have compared the shape of the island to an elongated triangle or an axe. This is .indeed the shape as far as Caledonia, hence the usual description. But, going forther, one finds a very large tract of country extending to the farthest point of land and tapering into a wedge-shape. The coastline of that remote sea was explored then [under Agricola], and Britain proved by circumnavigation to be an island. At the same time the Orkneys were discovered and taken. Shetland was seen in the distance, but orders and the onset of winter prevented the fleet from approaching nearer .
Town and Country
Authors: Salway Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between town and country in Roman Britain is a subject on which opinion has veered between R. G. Colling wood’s view that the towns were mere parasites on the country, and J. S. Wacher’s opinion that they were the vital catalyst between new ideas from the classical world and those of Celtic society that transformed Iron Age Britain into a land folly integrated into the empire. Some have seen the Roman towns as a largely superficial imposition on a way of lite that was hardly changed by the Roman conquest, and in many areas lasted long after the end of Roman rule and the decay of the cities themselves. Others have argued that towns survived well into the fifth century because of their own strength, while the characteristic society of the Romano-British countryside broke down. One question we must ask is whether, behind the discussion, there is not an assumption in many people’s minds that the two modes of settlement, urban and rural, were totally distinct, even opposed, forms of existence.
Civilizing Soviet Government
Authors: Keep John L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand why the Party bureaucracy proved such a hard nut for any reformist leader to crack we need to examine the way this ‘peculiar institution’ functioned. On close inspection it emerges that, contrary to appearances, beneath the fa de of monolithic unity and ideological conformism a slow metamorphosis had begun which, within the space of another generation or so, would undermine the CPSU’s raison d’etre. Ultimately this process was the result of the maturation of Soviet society. More immediately it was an unintended consequence of the post-Stalin leadership’s drive to reinvigorate a body which until 1953 had been a mere adjunct of the despot’s rule, to enhance its authority in the eyes of the people by restoring, as the jargon phrase went, ‘Leninist norms of Party life’.
The Rebirth of Conscience
Authors: Keep John L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In retrospect it seems quite logical that, once Stalinist controls over the Soviet cultural scene were relaxed, writers and artists should have gradually resumed the role they had played before the revolution as ‘conscience of the nation’. Then they had spoken up on behalf of the oppressed narod (people) and encouraged Russia’s intellectuals to view opposition to tsarism as a sacred cause.
The National Mosaic
Authors: Keep John L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nowhere were hopes of change after Stalin’s death more bitterly disappointed than among the country’s non-Russian peoples. In nationality policy, too, this was a preparatory period, during which decisions were taken (or not taken) that would lead to the USSR’s collapse a generation or so later. At the time the gravity of this problem was not readily apparent. There was little open dissent, at least among the other fourteen nations who shared union-republic status with the Russians-and it is with them that for reasons of space we shall be mainly concerned. Opposition mainly took the form of cultural protest and was expressed with exemplary restraint.
Revolution from Above
Authors: Keep John L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not every regime that faces a crisis necessarily collapses. Yet in the USSR the accession to power of Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev in March 1985 unleashed a chain reaction. Within less than seven years it led to the extinction of the world’s number two superpower. Historians are naturally tempted to see such an astonishing development as foreordained, and to try to explain it by the working out of long-term processes. Yet clearly an element of chance was involved as well.
Revolution from Below
Authors: Keep John L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process of imperial disintegration was, in retrospect, remarkably non-violent. Most of the hostilities occurred in Transcaucasia, in the course of inter-ethnic feuding rather than an onslaught by minorities on the central power. In Central Asia local political elites slipped unobtrusively into the driving seat and appeased the citizenry by turning the wheel a little to the left. Serious fighting would break out here too-in Tajikistan-but only after the USSR had collapsed.
Portrait of the Physicist as a Young Man
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not known whether Hermann Einstein became a partner in the featherbed enterprise of Israel and Levi before or after August 8, 1876. Certain it is that by then he, his mother, and all his brothers and sisters, had been living for some time in Ulm, in the kingdom of Württemberg. On that eighth of August, Hermann married Pauline Koch in the synagogue in Cannstatt. The young couple settled in Ulm, first on the Münsterplatz, then, at the turn of 1878–9, on the Bahnhofstrasse. On a sunny Friday in the following March their first child was born, a citizen of the new German empire, which Württemberg had joined in 1871. On the following day Hermann went to register the birth of his son. In translation the birth certificate reads, ‘No. 224. Ulm, March 15, 1879.
The New Kinematics
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Relativity’s Aesthetic Origins. Without a carrying medium, light can as little be seen as sound can be heard. Such was the sensible prejudice of nineteenth century physics. The better light was understood, the more circumscribed became the properties of its medium, the aether. The best of all possible aethers, it appeared, was one which blows through man and his planet as they speed through this absolutely immobile medium. When light turned out to be a transverse wave phenomenon, the aether had to be declared quasi-rigid.
The Edge of History
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. A New Way of Thinking. On April 6, 1922, the Société Franise de Philosophie (which Henri Poincaré had helped found) convened for a discussion of the special and the general theories of relativity. Among those in attendance were the mathematicians Elie Cartan, Jacques Hadamard, and Paul Painlevé, the physicists Jean Becquerel, Albert Einstein, and Paul Langevin, and the philosophers Henri Bergson, Léon Brunschvicg, Edouard LeRoy, and Emile Meyerson. In the course of the discussions, Bergson expressed his admiration for Einstein’s work: ‘I see [in this work] not only a new physics, but also, in certain respects, a new way of thinking’ [Bl].
Herr Professor Einstein
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after December 1907 Einstein began his academic career. His first step, then a common one, was to apply for a Privatdozentship. This was not a faculty position and no salary was provided by a university or any other official body. To be Privatdozent meant only to have the right to teach at the university where one was appointed. The only remuneration was a small fee paid by each course attendant. It used to be said often in those times that a university career could be contemplated only if one was independently wealthy or married to a well-to-do person. Neither applied to Einstein. That is perhaps why nothing had come of his earlier intent to seek such a post [E1]. In 1907 he decided nevertheless to apply while retaining his position at the patent office.
The Light-Quantum
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last four months of 1859, there occurred a number of events that were to change the course of science. On the twelfth of September, Le Verrier submitted to the French Academy of Sciences the text of his letter to Faye concerning an unexplained advance of the perihelion of Mercury (see Section 14c), the effect explained by Einstein in November 1915. On the twenty-fourth of November, a book was published in London entitled On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, by Charles Robert Darwin. Meanwhile on the twentieth of October, Gustav Kirchhoff from Heidelberg submitted his observation that the dark D lines in the solar spectrum are darkened still further by the interposition of a sodium flame [Kl]. As a result, a few weeks later he proved a theorem and posed a challenge. The response to Kirchhoff’s challenge led to the discovery of the quantum theory.
Generalizations Of Number
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One Great peculiarity of mathematics is the set of allied ideas which have been invented in connexion with the integral numbers from which we started. These ideas may be called extensions or generalizations of number. In the first place there is the idea of fractions. The earliest treatise on arithmetic which we possess was written by an Egyptian priest, named Ahmes, between 1700 B.c. and 1100 B.c., and it is probably a copy of a much older work. It deals largely with the properties of fractions. It appears, therefore, that this concept was developed very early in the history of mathematics. Indeed the subject is a very obvious one. To divide a field into three equal parts, and to take two of the parts, must be a type of operation which had often occurred. Accordingly, we need not be surprised that the men of remote civilizations were familiar with the idea of two­thirds, and with allied notions. Thus as the first generalization of number we place the concept of fractions. The Greek thought of this subject rather in the form of ratio, so that a Greek would naturally say that a line of two feet in length bears to a line of three feet in length the ratio of 2 to 3. Under the influence of our algebraic notation we would more often say that one line was two-thirds of the other in length, and would think of two-thirds as a numerical multiplier.
Play, Cure, and Development: A Developmental Perspective on the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Young Children
Authors: Scarlett W George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children younger than 4 pose special problems for therapists. Their insecurities about separation make the establishment of working relationships difficult, and their immature language renders “talk therapy” inadequate. Furthermore, their struggles to represent experience overshadow any need they might have to undo old, maladaptive representations. Play provides answers to all three of these special problems because play is the young child’s means of relating, communicating, and developing the capacity to represent. So, treating young children depends less on therapists’ ability to interpret and more on their ability to play and develop play.
Constructing Metaphors: The Role of Symbolization in the Treatment of Children
Authors: Drucker Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lizzie, age 13, is reflecting on her early experiences in psychoanalysis, beginning when she was not yet 8. She remembers some of the prominent play themes that formed the content of session after session, month after month. I comment that she always had a special love of playing and an ability to play about those things that were most important to her, even when she could not and/or was reluctant to talk about them. She asks for examples and we discuss a few, including the way she depicted her troubled and painful academic life through our school play. Thought fully, Lizzie considers this, remembering that she did not want me to speak to her teachers for fear that I would know how badly things were going and think poorly of her for it. I point out that she was able to tell me what she needed me to know, so that we could work on it through her play. She smiles and says: “I used to wonder how you always knew things when I never told you anything. It seemed so easy.” Allison, age 12, enters the office and considers what she feels like doing. She asks, “Can you tell what mood I’m in by what I choose to do?” Without waiting for an answer, she adds, “Sometimes I don’t know myself until I begin doing it or even until I’m done!” Lizzie and Allison are beginning to understand the role that metaphoric constructions play in the articulation, communication, and mastery of experience. They are some what unusual in their ability to talk about this but not in the fact that they use play and other symbolic forms of expression.
Self-Other Action Play: A Window Into the Representational World of the Infant
Authors: Bergman Anni , Lefcourt Ilene Sackler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From early on, babies, by virtue of their babyness, elicit playfulness in others. Smiles special for baby, unique tempos of speech and body movement, and games passed down through the generations comprise the first mother-infant play. The mother of a 2-month-old baby recently asked us: “Would you like to see our first game?’’ She and her infant, gazing into each other’s eyes and smiling, became engaged in a dialogue. She lifted the baby from her lap, raised him slightly above her head, and said, ‘‘bouncy, bouncy!’’ She then returned him to her lap. The baby moved his body upward and looked at her expectantly. This provided the signal for her to lift him again. After several repetitions he stopped signaling; she was immediately sensitive to the change in his behavior, and the game ended.
Symbolic Play in the Interactions of Young Children and Mothers with a History of Affective Illness: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Tingley Elizabeth C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Symbolic play serves important affective, cognitive, and social functions in children’s development. Traditionally, the affective function of symbolic play was viewed as the mastery of impulses and expression of inner conflicts (Freud, 1969). A more contemporary author has argued that symbolic play gives children the oppor-tunity to share and “play with” emotional experiences (Fein, 1987). One perspective, among many, on the cognitive function of symbolic play is that when children play symbolically, they are practicing subjunctive thought or learning to think “as if” (Bretherton, 1984). In the social domain, children’s symbolic play abilities have been linked to competence with peers (Connolly & Doyle, 1984) and sociometric status in the preschool years (Howes, 1987). When children’s tendency to engage in symbolic play is undermined, these important developmental functions may not be served.
Introduction
Authors: Brecher Charles , Horton Raymond D , Cropf Robert A , Mead Dean Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is intended to serve as a guide for those seeking to explore the subject of New York City’s government. Like most good guidebooks, it aims to be useful for those visiting for the first time, those on return sojourns, and even for natives willing to view their city from a new vantage.
The Health and Hospitals Corporation
Authors: Brecher Charles , Horton Raymond D , Cropf Robert A , Mead Dean Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The medical care system in New York City is unique. Its distinguishing features include its enormous size, with an abundant supply of both physicians and hospital beds. But the special character of New York medicine also is rooted in two other characteristics, the large role of teaching hospitals and the large role of the municipal system.1 Whereas New York City accounts for only about 3 percent of the nation’s population, it is home to nearly 11 percent of all medical residents, and nearly seven of every ten hospitals in town are involved in graduate medical education.
The Biology of Learned Helplessness
Authors: Peterson Christopher , Maier Steven F , Seligman Martin E P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature investigating the biology of learned helplessness is both large and confusing. There are numerous proposals, each pointing to a different neurotransmitter, or hormone, or brain structure, as the key player in mediating learned helplessness. More­ over, each proposal has a body of supporting evidence. Adding to the confusion is the fact that some of the neurochemical consequences of being exposed to uncontrollable aversive events have been offered as alternative explanations to learned helplessness theory. That is, they have been invoked to explain the “helplessness” effects that follow inescapable shock (Chapter 2).
Reaction-Transport Modeling
Authors: Ortoleva Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of elements comprise a mathematical modeling study of geochemical selforganization. The approach set forth here is based on equations of nonequilibrium macroscopic physical chemistry. The richness of geochemical self-organization phenomena arises from the mathematical forms of the reaction and transport rate laws. These phenomena are studied using a number of analytical and numerical techniques to solve the reaction-transport equations. In this chapter we give an overview of the modeling approach and leave the development of specific rate laws to chapters focusing on particular phenomena. Techniques for reducing the equations in special limiting cases are presented.
Flow Driven Reaction Fronts
Authors: Ortoleva Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reaction fronts occur during weathering, metasomatism, diagenesis, geothermal alteration, and engineering processes. They arise when a fluid is driven through a rock if that fluid is out of equilibrium with at least one mineral in that rock. In this chapter, examples of such fronts are reviewed and simple models are analyzed to illustrate some of their properties.
Patterns of Failure
Authors: Vandenbroucke Lucien S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the oldest forms of war is the coup de main. Throughout the history of warfare, small parties of warriors, operating with limited resources and without hope of reinforcement, have repeatedly conducted sudden strikes—frequently deep within enemy lines—relying on shock, surprise, speed, and maneuver to defeat an often numerically superior enemy. In the past 40 years, such strikes have occurred in almost every conflict arena, from the swamps of Cuba to the desert of Iraq.
Raid to an Empty Camp
Authors: Vandenbroucke Lucien S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the Vietnam war, the U.S. military went to extraordinary lengths to save its personnel from captivity. Time and again, rescue crews braved daunting odds.to recover airmen who had been downed in enemy territory—often, North Vietnam itself. One of the most dramatic examples occurred during North Vietnam’s 1972 invasion of South Vietnam. On April 2, 1972, Lieutenant Colonel Iceal E. Hambleton was shot down south of the demilitarized wine between North and South Vietnam. He parachuted to the ground, only to land in the path of three North Vietnamese divisions. For the next eight days, the Air Force conducted up to ninety strike sorties a day to keep the enemy away from his position and secure the area for a helicopter rescue mission.1
Dynamic Patterns In Multiple Lead Data
Authors: Cevins Alan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new era may be dawning in measuring the higher cognitive functions of the human brain because of the steady accumulation of advances in psychophysiology and the technologies of brain signal measurement and analysis. A clear sign of this is the renewed interest in improving the spatial detail of scalp-recorded event-related potential (ERP) components and determining their generators in the brain.
Judgments of frequency: a tool for the Analysis of memory
Authors: Hock Howards. , Hasher Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frequency of occurrence is a variable of fundamental importance in determining the amplitude and latency of psychophysiological responses. This is particularly true of event-related potentials (ERPs). The classical study of Tueting, Sutton, and Zubin (1971) showed that the magnitude of the P300 component varies inversely with the frequency of occurrence of the eliciting event.
Nonfamilial Strategies For The Identification Of Subjects At Risk For Severe Psychopathology: Issues Of Reliability In The Assessment Of Event-Related Potential And Other Marker Variables
Authors: Simons Robert F , Miles Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are compelling motives for conducting research with high-risk subjects, and cogent arguments can be made for choosing to investigate subjects who are at risk by virtue of their genetic relatedness to affected probands. Friedman (Chapter 18, this volume) has described in detail his own studies of children with schizophrenic parents, and it is easy to see how this research strategy can be applied to individuals whose diathesis, or vulnerability, may predispose them to other forms of psychopathology such as affective disorder or alcoholism.
Cardiorespiratory Control
Authors: Richter D W , Spyer K M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary role of both the cardiovascular and the respiratory systems in vertebrates is the exchange of respiratory gases between the external environment and the tissues. The respiratory system, involving either gills or lungs, has evolved together with the cardiovascular system, and only in cooperation can the two systems ensure maintenance of the appropriate diffusion gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide between air (or water) and blood, and between arterial blood and the tissues. Tissue respiration thus depends on the physiological adjustments of both respiratory and cardiovascular functions.
Autonomic Regulation of the Urinary Bladder and Sexual Organs
Authors: groat W C De , Steers W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Urogenital functions, such as micturition, penile erection, and seminal emission, are completely de pendent on neural mechanisms that involve both the brain and lumbosacral spinal cord. This dependence on central nervous system control distinguishes the urogenital tract from many other visceral structures (e.g., the gastrointestinal tract and cardio vascular system) that maintain a certain level of function even after elimination of extrinsic neural input.