bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Der Freischütz: A German Triumph
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Der Freischiitz had its first performance on 18 June 1821 at the newly erected Royal Playhouse in Berlin. Musical politics attended the birth of Weber’s most famous opera. Spontini’s Olympia, reworked specifically for Berlin and translated into German by E. T. A. Hoffmann, had had its premiere at the Berlin Opera shortly before, on 14 May, with much scenic splendor. Spontini was the favorite composer of King Frederick William Ill and had just been appointed General musikdirektor over the opposition of much of the German public; indeed the Court Theater Intendant, Count Bruhl, had hoped to install Weber in that position. Weber’s triumph obliterated Olympia, and in the end both composers were the losers: Berlin remained closed to Weber for the rest of his short life, and Spontini, though he remained there until 1842, never won over the public. Heine, a witness to both operatic premieres, reported gleefully on the party politics surrounding them; and Weber’s son, born the following year, pictured the political situation vividly in the extract given below, from the biography of his father (published in 1864).
Divergent Reactions To Boris Godunov
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Musorgsky’s masterpiece received its first performance on 27 January/8 February 1874 in St. Petersburg. It was a great popular success and was repeated four times that season before sold-out houses. The critics were another story. After all, Musorgsky had been one of the kuchka, the St. Petersburg “Five,” whose aggressive theories regarding the future of Russian music had raised the hackles of conservatives. In the eyes of these critics Musorgsky stood condemned a priori: Boris could only be the product of repugnant aesthetic doctrines, realism chief among them. And yet Cesar Cui, a fellow member of the “Five,” found fault with the opera precisely for its failures to adhere to kuchkist doctrine. From the very first, then, Boris met with conflicting reactions, and that was only the beginning of its tortuous reception history. Hermann Laroche, professor of music history at the Moscow Conservatory and friend of Tchaikovsky, shared with Eduard Hanslick, the Viennese critic whose writings he translated, the latter’s elegant self-assurance in the face of music he could not understand. Though he had regarded with benevolence three scenes from Boris performed the year before, he found much to disapprove of when he reviewed the opera as a whole at its premiere.
In Defense Of Kát Kabanová
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Leos Janacek’s sixth opera, Kat’a Kabanova (Brno, 1921), had some success in Czechoslovakia during the ‘20s and ‘30s, and three German productions in the pre-Nazi era, it had to wait until after World War II before it began to be heard in the West. After Munich and Zurich, London heard it for the first time in April 1951. It had for the most part an unfavorable reception, both public and critical. The spirited defense of the opera given below appeared that autumn in The Music Review. In the course of rebutting some of the critics’ objections, its author, Charles Stuart, succeeds in providing an excellent analytical introduction to what many consider one of the operatic masterpieces of the twentieth century.
John Adams On Nixon In China
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nixon in China by John Adams and the poet Alice Goodman was given its premiere by the Houston Grand Opera on 22 October 1987 and was later seen in its original staging in New York, Washington, Amsterdam, Edinburgh, Los Angeles, Paris, Adelaide, and Frankfurt. A televised version was shown over the PBS network in 1988. The original productions were directed by Peter Sellars, who worked closely with Adams and Goodman on the concept and many details of the work. The opera has been revived several times in the United States and in Europe. Dubbed “headline opera” by the critics, Nixon in China is based on a historical event still fresh in the memory of its audience: President Nixon’s official visit to the People’s Republic of China in 1972, which established diplomatic relations between the two countries, nonexistent since the victory of the Communist revolution in 1949. The opera depicts episodes from the eight-day visit as reported in the press and seen on television: Nixon’s plane landing in Beijing, Nixon’s “historic handshake” on the airport runway with Chinese premier Chou En-lai, the meeting between Nixon and Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party, the banquet at the Great Hall of the People, a visit by Pat Nixon, the First Lady, to a model pig farm, the Evergreen People’s Commune. In the original production the principal characters Nixon (baritone), his wife, Pat (soprano), Henry Kissinger (bass), Chairman Mao (tenor), Mao’s wife, Chiang Ch’ing (soprano), and Premier Chou (baritone) were made up to look as much as possible like the historical figures they portrayed, several of whom were still alive at the time of the premiere. In the opera, plot is at a minimum: the characters interact in stylized exchanges and reminisce singly or in pairs about their personal histories and history in general.
An Introduction to Jewish Worship
Authors: Summit Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are Jews in every denomination who venerate worship traditions as if they had been passed down from God to Moses on Mount Sinai. Most communities have congregants who insist that the service always be conducted exactly the same way and who come to synagogue vigilantly to watch that nothing be changed. In fact, the history of Jewish liturgy has been one of continual development and evolution, a balance between tradition and innovation. The very institutionalization of obligatory, communal prayer services as the official means to thank, praise, and petition God was developed by creative rabbis after the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 C.E. The Temple had been the religious, economic, and political center of the Jewish state, and when it was destroyed, so was the institution of the daily and holiday sacrifices and offerings, together with the vocal and instrumental pageantry of the Levites, the Temple musicians. That direct path to God was cut off: no longer would the sweet smell of incense and animal smoke rise to the heavens from the Temple altar in Jerusalem. In a radical leap born of necessity, the rabbis stressed that prayer would be equal to the sacrifices that had been offered in the Temple.
Jupiter, Rings, and Satellites
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jupiter’s low density and large mass, as well as its atmospheric composition, indicate that it is dominantly H2 and He, with composition close to the sun’s; interior structure models reinforce this conclusion. The ob-served D/H ratio, which would have been increased by accretion of large amounts of ices (e.g., H20, CH4, NH3) during Jupiter’s formation, also indicates that Jupiter’s composition is close to that of the sun and is only slightly enriched in elements heavier than He.
Saturn, Rings, and Satellites
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Saturn is the most distant planet visible with the naked eye. It has the most spectacular ring system and the most satellites of any of the gas giant planets. Spacecraft flybys of the Saturnian system were done by Pioneer 11 (1 Sept. 1979), Voyager 1 (12 Nov. 1980), and Voyager 2 (25 Aug. 1981). The Cassini spacecraft, launched on 15 Oct. 1997, will provide more information on Saturn, its satellites, and rings; in particular, the Huygens entry probe will explore the atmosphere and surface of Titan.
Centaur Objects and Kuiper Belt Objects
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of 1996, six small bodies orbiting the Sun with semi major axes between those of Jupiter and Neptune became known as Centaur Objects. The first Centaur object discovered was (2060) Chiron. Initially classified as an asteroid with an unusual orbit, Chiron later was designated a comet, after it exhibited cometary activity. The subsequent discovery of other small objects with similar unusual orbital characteristics led to the identification of a new dynamical group of bodies in the solar system.
The Political Crucible of the civil war
Authors: Edwards Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1868, a giant campaign rally in Alabama featured a flag presentation by “the fair and noble ladies of Mobile” to local Democratic candidates. Honorable John R. Tompkins read a statement on behalf of the women’s committee, who declared that “our conquerors do not expect us to forget, our natures would not permit us to forget” the glory of the Confederacy. They pledged “earnest cooperation in the great cause you advocate.” In the same year, young white women marched in an Indiana Democratic parade under a banner demanding “Save us from nigger husbands.” Meanwhile, New York abolitionist Lydia Maria Child exhorted men to vote Republican and uphold the principles of the Union and Emancipation. A year later, former slave Mary L. Hall was at the polls in Savannah, assisting voters who could not read.
Human Hypoxia Tolerance
Authors: Hochachka Peter W , Somero George N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The starting points for our thinking on this problem were recent studies on origins and evolution of hominids implying that the human species arose under geological conditions that were getting colder, drier and higher; that is, conditions under which endurance performance capacities and hypoxia tolerance would have been favored (Vrba et al., 1994). This aroused our interest, since biomedical researchers have long known that there are numerous mechanistic similarities in human physiology between adaptations for endurance performance and for hypoxia tolerance (Brooks et al., 1996; Green et al., 2000; Levine and Stray-Gunderson, 1996; Terrados, 1992). How physiological systems for hypoxia tolerance or endurance performance might have evolved within our phylogeny was not investigated earlier because there were few if any guidelines for tracing the evolutionary pathways of complex physiological systems in humans or other animals. In our case, initial guidelines arose from recent quantitative analyses of the variability of the diving response in pinnipeds. These studies, reviewed in chapter 4, led to two principles of evolution of the diving response that are useful as a framework for probing the evolution of complex physiological systems: (i) some physiological/biochemical characters considered necessary in diving animals are highly conserved; these traits (including diving apnea, bradycardia, tissue hypoperfusion, and hypometabolism of hypoperfused tissues) probably arose in response to factors other than—or in addition to—diving requirements and presumably were and are maintained largely by negative or stabilizing selection (any mutations affecting them not surviving).
Water–Solute Adaptations
Authors: Hochachka Peter W , Somero George N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chemical reactions found in all living systems, reactions that essentially define what we mean by “life,” are almost entirely aqueous phase processes that involve water-soluble reactants. Indeed, as Henderson (1913) wrote in his classic volume The Fitness of the Environment, the fact that water can be regarded as a (nearly) “universal solvent” makes this abundant molecule a most fit milieu for the complex metabolic systems found in organisms, systems that involve tens of thousands of different proteins and nucleic acids and vast numbers of low-molecular-mass compounds such as substrates of energy metabolism, biosynthetic intermediates, dissolved gases, and inorganic ions. The “packaging problem” faced by cells in accommodating these many different types of chemicals into a small volume of solution dictates that the solvent be extraordinarily effective. It is difficult to imagine how any solvent but water could allow the evolution of life.
Closely linked to its extraordinary solvent capacities is water’s role in transporting dissolved materials throughout the organism. With the exception of air-filled channels like the tracheal systems of insects, most of the transport processes of organisms involve movement of dissolved solutes. Diffusion of solutes within water is rapid, as is the translational and rotational movement of water itself. The extensive networks of hydrogen bonds that form among water molecules and between water and solutes do not impede this dynamic movement. The lifetime of a hydrogen bond between water molecules is only about one picosecond and the weak bonds that form between water and solutes have lifetimes of only about one nanosecond.
The Modern Era: Spontaneous Generation at the Molecular Level
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1908, Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927) published a new version of Richter’s Cosmozoa theory and gave it the ancient name Panspermia, which had been coined more than 22 centuries earlier by Anaxagoras. Arrhenius accepted the thesis of his predecessors Richter, Kelvin, and Helmholtz with regard to an alternative to abiogenesis; his main innovation was a newly introduced theory concerning the pressure exerted by solar radiation. He suggested that this pressure was the mechanism by which living germs are transported in space.
Biological Life: A Multitude of Points of View
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With so many features needed to characterize living creatures, it is not surprising that “life” is very hard to define. Indeed, it is practically impossible to agree upon the definition of life even among scientists of the same generation, As a matter of fact, the great majority of scientists prefer to use an operational description of what living entities can perform rather than an intrinsic definition that deals with what life really is (Wicken, 1987).
Clues from Biology:Evolution, Conservatism, Continuity, and Their Implications
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Echoing his contemporary scientific know-how which focused on the chemistry of life at the molecular level, Handler (cited in Rosen, 1989) wrote, “Life can be understood only in the language of chemistry.” Indeed, the application of the principle of continuity to the chemistry of the origin of life is a most important tenet of the search into the origin of life. This search should be based on the properties of the very building blocks of biochemistry, the organic entities of which contemporary biopolymers are made.
Bottom-Up Biogeochemical Reconstruction:Mineral Involvement in Energy Production and Transfer
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is noted that rhe standard free energy of the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA molecule is about that of ATP. ATP and Coenzyme A are considered to be among the primary carriers of activated groups in metabolic reactions.
The thioester hypothesis (the “thioester world”) was suggested recently by de Duve (1991, 1992, 1995a; see chapter 19) as an important stage in the main reconstructed stages of the origin of life; according to this theory, the emergence of life involved four main successive stages, or “worlds”: the prebiotic world, the thioester world, the RNA world, and the DNA world.
Does anybody Have any Faith out There Toninght?
Authors: Cavicchi Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When my wife and I first heard on the radio that Bruce Springsteen would be doing two shows at the Boston Garden, we flew into action. It was a Wednesday; the DJ said that ticket wristbands—which would assure us a place in line when tickets went on sale Saturday morning—would be available at all Ticketpro outlets at 5 p.m. We had just moved to a new area of Massachusetts and had no idea where any Ticketpro outlets were. After calling around, we discovered that the closest was at a video rental store in a local bus station. I picked up my wife from work at 5:30, and we drove directly to the outlet.
Incunables on Clay
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE URBAN CIVILIZATION that led to the invention of writing began in southern Mesopotamia, in the triangle of land, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and south of present-day Baghdad, that came to be known as Sumer. There men developed an agricultural economy dependent on irrigation, and there, by 3400 B.c., the earliest cities arose. These cities were the nuclei of city-states in which citizens initially made the decisions, but subsequent need for leaders brought about the establishment of kingships, one of the primary duties of which was to protect the poor. The result was an economic stratification from kings to slaves. The need to record and transfer information, a need created largely by the growth of trade, administration, and government in the city-states, gave rise to the invention of writing and the development of the clay tablet.
Western Christendom 600-1400
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE GERMANIC PEOPLES who brought about the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the last quarter of the fifth century did not bring an established religion with them, but so complete was the Christianization of the society they had invaded and overpowered that “they had to adopt the religion of those they conquered.” In the previous century Christianity had become firmly established in the Empire, with church structures and an organization of parish priests, arch bishops, and bishops, headed by the bishop of Rome, with the title of pope. For the continuance of the book it was extremely important that Christianity not only survived but also predominated, for during the following centuries it proved to be the single Western source of development and production of books, through the instrumentality of Christian monasticism, which came into being in the East in the third century and extended into the West not long thereafter.
Printing 1400-1800
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE LAST QUARTER OF the fourteenth century and the entirety of the fifteenth was a time of remarkable social change. Existing universities expanded in scholarship, size, and number, and several new universities were founded in northern Europe, greatly enlarging the need for information provided by books. Richard Rouse has described the “renewal of northern European spirituality,” which brought new vigor to several hundred monasteries of a half-dozen different orders having in common a “practical, individual search for a direct rapport with God through his written word and the interpretation of it. These orders shape the book to serve their needs. What emerges is a book distinctly different from anything the Middle Ages had hitherto seen—a book which in some ways has more in common with the printed book than with the products of the manuscript that preceded it.”
Diagenesis and Sediment-Water Exchange
Authors: Jørgensen Bo Barker , Boudreau Bernard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The flux of solutes across the benthic boundary layer (BBL) can be attributed either to their consumption or to their production within the underlying sediments. Similarly, suspended solids often move between the bed and the BBL by physical or biological resuspension. Consequently, a fundamental understanding of the BBL is not possible without an appreciation for these reaction and transport processes that supply or consume solutes and particulates, that is, so-called diagenetic processes. The present chapter examines the surficial zone of fine-grained sediments in which pressure-driven advective flows are negligible (see alternatively chapter 7). At the same time, this chapter does not aim to repeat the material in previously published reviews, such as those by Berner (1974, 1976, 1980), Lerman (1977, 1978, 1979), Domenico (1977), Duursma and Srnies (1982), Jørgensen (1983), Reeburgh (1983), Hesse (1986), Santschi et al. (1990), Reible et al. (1991), van der Weijden (1992), Van Cappellen et al. (1993), Van Cappellen and Gaillard (1996), and Boudreau (1997a). Instead, we focus on diagenetic phenomena near the sediment-water interface that interact most strongly with boundary layer processes.
Singing Schumann
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To restrict performance of Schumann’s Lieder to the “familiar forty” is to deny a major reservoir of superior song. Richard Miller not only reconsiders his early songs, but takes an in-depth look at the middle and late Lieder, giving them new life as exciting performance vehicles. Offering the same readability and insight in these pages that distinguished his On the Art of Singing (OUP 1996), Miller presents a practical manual to help singers and pianists bring Schumann’s Lieder to life.
Beauty Without the Beast
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have produced a range of products which are ‘cruelty-free,’ non-toxic and environmentally safe with ingredients which are not animal tested Homecare Technology Ltd Organic Product Company skin care products are based on traditional herbal remedies that have been tried and tested on people not animals’ The production of new cosmetics is now considered by many persons to be unjustified if animals suffer pain, distress, or death during premarketing safety testing. When the campaign against cosmetic testing reached significant dimensions in the 1970s and 1980s, animal tests commonly caused blindness, pain, and death to rabbits, rats, and other animals. Many improvements have been made to alleviate these problems, but animal welfare groups as well as some cosmetics manufacturers remain active in pressing for a ban on testing the safety of cosmetics that involves animals.
Assessing the Health Impact of Injuries: Mortality
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Death is an unambiguous and easily countable outcome of severe injury. Accurate counts of injury deaths and a systematic investigation of the circumstances of each death are a fundamental element of injury surveillance and control. It is therefore surprising, even shocking, to find that official mortality reports are often based upon incomplete counts, biased sources, cursory or no investigations, and erroneous coding. This situation is not unique to developing countries. In remote indigenous communities in developed countries, the circumstances of injury deaths are often documented
inadequately.
Injuries from Disasters
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Injuries from disasters have a major adverse impact in certain areas of the world; human activities contribute to or greatly exacerbate the effects of many disasters. The impact of disasters on human populations is much more severe in countries with environmental degradation, poorly constructed buildings, adverse climatic conditions, and large poverty-stricken populations (Noji, 1997). The effects of a disaster are also much more serious in countries that lack the skilled personnel, organization, communications, transport, and other resources to manage the disaster rapidly and effectively.
Intentional Injuries: Homicide, Suicide, and Other Violence
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intentional or violent injuries are injuries purposely inflicted by an aggressor or self-inflicted by the victim. Such injuries include homicide and nonfatal assaults, as well as suicide and attempted suicide. Definitions of violence usually include the use of physical force with the intent of causing injury or death, but violence may also occur from other behaviors intended to cause pain, damage, or destruction of a person, such as neglect of children, adolescents, and the elderly, or oneself (Jeanneret and Sand, 1993; Rosenberg and Mercy, 1992; D.O. Lewis, 1991).