bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of a natural antioxidant on the stability of heat‐treated paprika
Authors: Ladrón de Guevara Ricardo Gómez , Bernabeu Rodolfo , Picazo Marta Isabel , González Manuel , Varón Ramón 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe colour loss occurring in a paprika made from the dehydrated fruits of pepper, Capsicum annuum L. var. Ocal (control), was compared with the colour lost by a similar paprika submitted to an industrial sanitation process involving water vapour. The heat treatment resulted in a considerable greater loss of colour when the paprika was stored at 25 °C in different relative humidities (0, 23, 57 and 75%) compared with the control paprika. The study also analysed the effect of adding a natural antioxidant (rosemary extract at 1%) to the heat‐treated product. In this case, colour stability increased significantly in all the conditions assayed; the lower the humidity, the greater the increase in stability.
Engulfment‐regulated proteolysis of SpoIIQ: evidence that dual checkpoints control σK activity
Authors: Jiang Xin , Rubio Aileen , Chiba Shinobu , Pogliano Kit 
Published: September 2005

SummaryDuring Bacillus subtilis sporulation, the engulfment checkpoint is thought to directly regulate late forespore transcription but to indirectly regulate late mother cell transcription, via the σG‐produced protease SpoIVB. We here demonstrate that SpoIIQ is subject to σG‐independent, but engulfment‐dependent, proteolysis that depends on SpoIVB. Thus, SpoIVB produced before engulfment supports some SpoIVB‐dependent events, suggesting that its activity or access to substrates must be regulated by engulfment. Furthermore, a mutation (bofA) that allows σK to be active without σG does not allow σK activity in engulfment mutants, although the pro‐σK processing enzyme (SpoIVFB) is localized to the septum in engulfment mutants, suggesting that engulfment comprises a second checkpoint for σK Finally, we find that SpoIIQ and another protein required for σG activity (SpoIIIAH), which directly interact and assemble helical structures around the forespore, recruit the σK‐processing enzyme SpoIVFB to the forespore and these structures. We suggest that these foci serve a synapse‐like role, allowing engulfment to simultaneously control both σG and σK, and integrating multiple checkpoints and signalling pathways.
Diurnal variation of the δ13C of pine needle respired CO2 evolved in darkness
Authors: PRATER JAMES L. , MORTAZAVI BEHZAD , CHANTON JEFFREY P. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe δ13C of pine needle CO2 evolved in darkness (δ13Cr) for slash pine trees (Pinus elliottii) was determined by placing recently collected pine needles in darkness and collecting respired CO2 over a short time period (< 15 min). δ13Cr measurements were made over several 24 h periods to test the hypothesis that significant variation in δ13Cr would be observed during a diurnal cycle. The δ13Cr measurements from the 24 h time series trials showed a consistent midday 13C‐enrichment (5–10‰) relative to bulk biomass. The δ13Cr values became more 13C‐depleted at night and following shading, and approached bulk‐biomass δ13C values by dawn. The effect of night‐time respired 13C‐enriched CO2 on the δ13C value of the remaining assimilate is shown to be minimal (13C depleted by 0.22‰) under field conditions for P. elliottii needles.
Membrane‐coating Granules and the Intercellular Cementing Substance (Membrane‐coating Material) in the Epidermis in Different Regions of the Equine Hoof
Authors: Anthauer K. , Mülling C. , Budras K.‐D. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThis study aimed to carry out a comprehensive morphological examination of the structure and ultrastructure of the membrane‐coating granules (MCG) and membrane‐coating material (MCM) common to all hoof segments as well as segment‐specific features in the MCG and MCM regarding their synthesis, structure and biochemical composition. Tissue samples from the hooves of the left front and right hind limb of 20 adult riding horses were used. Samples were preserved and embedded for histological routine methods as well as for histochemical techniques and tracer techniques for light and electron microscopy. The MCM shows a segment‐specific structure, biochemical composition and function, which were demonstrated for the different parts of the hoof. The MCM and its properties are related to the segment‐specific horn quality. Besides intercellular structural factors the MCM is of major importance for the structural integrity and the biomechanical properties of the hoof horn. The physiological structure and composition of MCM provides explanation for the existence of clinically well‐known sites of predilection for hoof disorders such as the White Line Disease. Alterations of the MCM play a role in dysfunction and diseases of the hoof epidermis; they are particularly involved in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases of the hoof.
Oral health workforce in rural and remote Western Australia: Practice perceptions
Authors: Kruger Estie , Tennant Mark 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjective:  In this study an analysis was undertaken to determine: (i) the major factors that influence oral health professionals to practise in rural areas and determine practice location; (ii) what assists the professional oral health workforce to remain in rural practice; and (iii) what the main reasons are for leaving rural practice. Design:  A postal survey was undertaken among all registered oral health professionals in Western Australia. Setting:  Rural and remote Western Australia. Participants:  Registered dental therapists, dental hygienists and dentists in rural and remote Western Australia. Results:  Results indicated that there are various factors that attract people to rural and remote areas, other than financial incentives. Incentives to remain in rural practice include the need for professional development. The most common reason for leaving rural practice was to access children's educational facilities. Conclusions:  This study emphasises that many factors contribute to recruitment and retention of dental professionals in rural practice. A broad integrated retention strategy is needed to address oral health workforce shortage issues in rural and remote Western Australia.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a review of risks and complications
Authors: Woldringh Gwendolyn H. , Kremer Jan A.M. , Braat Didi D.M. , Meuleman Eric J.H. 
Published: September 2005

In the mini‐review section this month, there are four reviews on different subjects: intracytoplasmic sperm injection, photodynamic therapy in prostate cancer, and the roles of re‐TUR and intravesical chemotherapy in superficial bladder cancer.There is a fifth paper in the section which is not a mini‐review, but rather a short appreciation of Terence Millin, a pioneer in urological surgery, and a great surgical innovator.
Efficacy of nilutamide as secondary hormonal therapy in androgen‐independent prostate cancer
Authors: Nakabayashi Mari , Regan Meredith M. , Lifsey Deborah , Kantoff Philip W. , Taplin Mary‐Ellen , Sartor Oliver , Oh William K. 
Published: September 2005

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the activity of nilutamide as secondary hormonal therapy in patients with androgen‐independent prostate cancer (AIPC), as treatment options are limited for these patients and secondary hormonal therapy with antiandrogens has advantages, including low toxicity, oral administration and high patient acceptance.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe retrospectively identified 45 patients with AIPC who were treated with nilutamide as secondary hormonal therapy in two institutions. The decrease in prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels, side‐effects of treatment, and the relationship between baseline characteristics, type and duration of previous therapy and response to nilutamide were assessed. Most patients received oral nilutamide at 150 mg/day.RESULTSEighteen of 45 evaluable patients (40%) had a PSA level decrease of ≥ 50%. Responders (PSA decline ≥ 50%) had a median (range) time to progression of 4.4 (0.31–44.7) months. There were responses to nilutamide whether used as the second to fifth line of hormonal therapy. There were no differences in response to nilutamide based on clinical stage, type of local therapy, PSA level at diagnosis or initiation of nilutamide, or type of previous antiandrogen therapy. Responders were more likely to have received monotherapy with luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone analogues or orchidectomy as first‐line hormonal treatment (P = 0.02). The most common reversible adverse effects were mild to moderate visual adaptation effects, reported in 20% of patients.CONCLUSIONSNilutamide appears to be an effective secondary hormonal therapy in patients with AIPC and is associated with a mild toxicity profile.
Secondary‐care treatment patterns in the UK for women with urinary incontinence
Authors: Wagg Adrian , Gupta Roben Das , Assassa Philip , Shaw Christine , Mayne Chris , Martin Mona 
Published: September 2005

OBJECTIVESTo describe the treatment trends for women with urinary incontinence (UI) after their referral from primary to secondary care, as despite the high prevalence of UI within the female population, relatively few women actively seek treatment for their UI and fewer reach secondary care.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe retrospectively reviewed the notes of patients attending in two randomly selected months in five hospital sites in the UK. Records were identified through outpatient clinic lists, surgery lists, nursing and physiotherapy lists. Data were collated and analysed for trendsRESULTSIn all, 412 women (mean age 54.6 years, sd 12.6) covering 1406 visits to secondary care were covered by the study. Most women had a symptomatic diagnosis of mixed UI and mild to moderate UI, as defined by their physician. Most women had conservative therapies by either continence nurses or physiotherapists, regardless of the severity of their condition; 73% had cystometry and 39% were recommended for surgical intervention.CONCLUSIONSWomen largely undergo similar procedures in secondary care. Most present with mixed UI. The perceived severity of disease did not preclude a trial of conservative therapies.
Familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type I: the urologist is first on the scene
Authors: Christopoulos Constantinos , Antoniou Nikos , Thempeyioti Anastasia , Calender Alain , Economopoulos Panagiotis 
Published: September 2005

OBJECTIVETo study the urological manifestations of familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN‐1).PATIENTS AND METHODSThe study included 26 adults (median age 38.5 years, range 18–80) from two unrelated MEN‐1 pedigrees. In 15 of the patients the diagnosis was confirmed by genetic analysis, while in the rest the diagnosis was based on clinical criteria combined with genealogy data.RESULTSUrolithiasis associated with primary hyperparathyroidism was present in 65% of MEN‐1 patients and in 77% of those who were symptomatic. In 68% of patients complications of urolithiasis (renal/ureteric colic, urinary tract infection) were the presenting clinical manifestations of MEN‐1, whereas in 50% they constituted the only clinical manifestation of the syndrome. The mean time from the onset of symptoms of urolithiasis to the diagnosis of the polyendocrinopathy was 17.2 years. Initial failure to recognize the presence of MEN‐1 in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism led to conservative parathyroid surgery, with subsequent relapse of the hyperparathyroidism, requiring re‐operation. Serious renal morbidity included one case of pyonephrosis necessitating nephrectomy. While urolithiasis was a cardinal clinical manifestation of MEN‐1, there was otherwise considerable phenotypic polymorphism, even among patients bearing the same MEN1 gene mutation.CONCLUSIONIn patients with familial MEN‐1 the complications of urolithiasis are the commonest presenting clinical manifestations and the cause of significant morbidity. In the presence of a family history of renal stones, appropriate investigations may lead to the timely diagnosis of this important, albeit rare, disorder.
Assessing the size and stage of testicular germ cell tumours: 1984–2003
Authors: Bhardwa Jeetesh M. , Powles Tom , Berney Dan , Baithun Suhail , Nargund Vinod H. , Oliver R. Tim D. 
Published: September 2005

OBJECTIVETo assess the size and stage of testicular tumours on presentation in the period 1984–2002.PATIENTS AND METHODSDemographic details and information on staging on 550 patients treated at St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London Hospital in the period 1984–2002 were collected prospectively in the departmental database. Information on testicular size was obtained by reviewing the histopathology records, and the maximum dimension of the tumour as measured in the gross specimen was taken as the size of the testicular tumour.RESULTSThe period 1984–2002 was divided into three intervals, i.e. 1984–95, 1996–98 and 1999–2002. The mean testicular tumour size in the three intervals decreased from 4 cm (162 tumours) to 3.2 cm (85) and 2.5 cm (72; P = 0.002, Student's t‐test). The proportion of tumours of <2 cm on presentation also increased, from 11% to 14% and 23% in the three intervals, respectively, while the proportion of patients with stage 1 disease increased from 57%, to 63% and 77%, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThe size of testicular tumours on presentation has shown a consistent decline in the last two decades, the mean size now being 2.5 cm. That 23% are now <2 cm raises the possibility of testis‐preserving surgery in this young group of patients, who have an excellent prognosis, and therefore in the long‐term issues such as psychological morbidity and natural fertility assume greater importance. There is a need for a randomized controlled trial to evaluate these issues.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy with ultrasonography‐guided renal access: experience from over 300 cases
Authors: Osman Mahmoud , Wendt‐Nordahl Gunnar , Heger Katrin , Michel Maurice S. , Alken Peter , Knoll Thomas 
Published: September 2005

OBJECTIVETo report our experience with over 300 patients treated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL), for although PNL was established as a treatment in the 1970s, its use diminished with the introduction of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL); clinical experience with ESWL showed its limitations, and the role of PNL for treating urolithiasis was redefined, which with improvements in instruments and lithotripsy technology has expanded the capability of percutaneous stone disintegration.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe study included 315 patients (156 males, 159 females, aged 13–85 years) treated with PNL in our department between 1987 and 2002. The mean (range) stone diameter was 27 (7–52) mm. The kidney was punctured under ultrasonography guidance via a lower‐pole calyx whenever possible. The working channel was dilated using an Alken dilator under X‐ray control. If necessary, a flexible renoscope was used. Ultrasonic, pneumatic and laser probes were used for lithotripsy.RESULTSFour weeks after treatment the total stone‐free rate was 96.5%; 45.7% of all patients were primarily stone‐free, 21.3% had clinically insignificant residual stones that passed spontaneously within 4 weeks after PNL, and 33% of the patients needed auxiliary measures (a second PNL, ESWL, ureterorenoscopy). Overall, the early complication rate was 50.8%, the most common complications being transient fever (27.6%), clinically insignificant bleeding (7.6%) or both (3.2%); 3.5% of the patients developed urinary tract infections (with no signs of urosepsis), 3.2% had renal colic and 2.9% upper urinary tract obstruction. One patient (0.3%) developed acute pancreatitis after PNL; one died from urosepsis and one needed selective angiographic embolization of the punctured kidney due to bleeding. No patient required transfusions and there were no injuries to neighbouring organs.CONCLUSIONSThese results show that PNL causes no significant blood loss or major complications in almost all patients. Two aspects may especially reduce the potential complications: ultrasonography‐guided renal puncture and using PNL in an experienced centre. PNL is a highly efficient procedure that provides fast and safe stone removal.
The Four Little Dragons: An Enthusiast's Reading Guide
Authors: Hicks George 
Published: September 2005

This article surveys literature which attempts to explain the success of east Asia's four little dragons ‐ Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. The approach is chronological, with the period 1960–88 divided into phases marked by shifts in economic thought.In general, the explanations of economists have lagged years behind events, with predictive exercises usually proving spectacular failures. On the whole, the neo‐classical economists have had the best of the arguments, as they have been able to show that good policies are of crucial importance.
Urbanization Issues in the Asian‐Pacific Region
Authors: Jones Gavin W 
Published: September 2005

Various aspects of urbanization – including the rapid growth of urban, especially metropolitan populations, increasing levels of urban primacy, rural‐urban migration and the infrastructure needs generated by these trends – have exercised the minds of Asian‐Pacific planners for decades. The policy responses have varied, but, apart from a lack of unanimity on appropriate policy goals, there has been a general failure to recognize that broad macro‐economic or sectoral policies may have greater spatial impact than measures, often rather feeble, adopted for their direct spatial effects.The paper reviews urbanization trends in the Asian‐Pacific region, and discusses the causes of urbanization. It then briefly reviews the public policy responses recommended in the literature or actually practised in the region. A series of issues in urban policy and planning are then discussed.
Pacific Economic Co‐operation:
Authors: Elek Andrew 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe rapid growth of East Asian exports in the 1980s led to rising trade tensions. Trading partners, especially in the USA and Europe, tended to overlook the substantial growth of East Asia's imports (especially raw materials and capital equipment), focusing only on its capture of market shares in products for which US and EC manufacturers no longer held a comparative advantage. There is considerable interest in economic regionalism, raising concern about the division of the world economy into discriminatory trade blocs.In most economies around the Pacific, there is wide appreciation of the region's overwhelming interest in the maintenance of an open world trading system based on the non‐discrimination principle of the GATT. Among initiatives for bilateral and regional trade liberalization in recent years, the Asia Pacific Economic Co‐operation (APEC) forum offers perhaps the best prospect of co‐operative promotion of these objectives. APEC, established in 1989, already includes fifteen economies from both sides of the Pacific accounting for over half of world production. APEC's guiding principles stipulate that co‐operation should be outward‐looking, building consensus on a gradually broader range of economic issues.This paper proposes four pragmatic options in areas for useful co‐operation:

Improving market access by reducing barriers to trade, such as the heavy protection of some parts of Northeast Asian agriculture, and of textiles and some other manufactures in major OECD countries.
Reducing uncertainty about future market access: for example, agreement to streamline dispute settlement procedures could reduce resort to arbitrary or discriminatory measures to deal with trade tensions.
Reducing physical bottlenecks, such as shortfalls in infrastructure, ranging from harbours to telecommunications, which impede trade in goods and also in services such as tourism.
Harmonizing domestic legislation and rules, such as those relating to safety, quality and environmental standards.

It will not be easy to realize the economic gains from nondiscriminatory trade liberalization. But progress should be possible in some sectors where complementarity among APEC economies is obvious, as in mineral processing, where original reasons for protection have been weakened by changing circumstances, and where natural resource endowments and transport costs limit effective competition from outside the region. Regional initiatives will need to be non‐discriminatory in order to avoid creating needless divisions in the world trading system.Preferential or discriminatory trading arrangements that fragment the multilateral world trading system constitute a threat to the Pacific region's economic prosperity. In contrast, this paper recommends an evolutionary approach: seeks early consensus on less contentious issues in order to build the sense of trust required for more effective future co‐operation among economies on both sides of the Pacific, without discrimination against economies outside the region.
Air Transport in the Asian–Pacific Region
Authors: Findlay Christopher , Forsyth Peter 
Published: September 2005

SummaryAir transport in the Asian–Pacific region is growing faster than anywhere else. Asian airlines (other than Japanese) are the lowest cost operators in the world. But like all airlines, they operate in a tightly regulated framework. Some 2000 bilateral air service agreements among 160 countries specify which airline flies on a route, what capacity it offers and how much capacity third–country airlines are allowed. The regulatory system is now coming under various pressures: from the growth of a tourist industry demanding lower fares, from increased competition with the emergence of a new generation of low–cost airlines, and from the US ‘mega carriers’ and their alliances. The airlines of the region have the opportunity to benefit from these changes in the regulatory environment. But this will require a more trade–oriented approach to aviation than some countries of the region now have.A number of guiding principles for civil aviation policy in the 1990s suggest themselvesMore liberal arrangements for the allocation of traffic rights would benefit the regional economiesSuch liberalization is possible within the current bilateral system, but faster progress would be achieved through regional negotiationsSuch regional negotiations are likely to make greater progress if conducted jointly with other trade issuesThere remains a role for GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) type arrangements, especially in relation to so–called ‘soft rights’, and in laying down ground rules for regional negotiations.
Diversity and Identity in the Non‐profit Sector: Lessons from LGBT Organizing in Toronto
Authors: Smith Miriam 
Published: September 2005

Abstract The objective of this paper is to explore the ways in which diversity is taken into account in the conceptualization, definition and role of the voluntary sector as well as policy debates around the recasting of relations between the state and the voluntary sectors. The paper is based on a study of voluntary sector organizing among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) citizens in the city of Toronto. It presents an overview of LGBT voluntary sector organizing in the city, demonstrating the rich network of non‐profit organizations that serve the LGBT community in the city of Toronto, Canada's largest city. The paper argues that the dominant cross‐national and cross‐time definitions of the voluntary sector do not account for some of the specific features of LGBT organizing and result in the marginalization of such organizing from the very concept of the voluntary sector. The paper discusses the implications of this mapping for policy discussions of the state–voluntary sector relationship. Drawing on the Canadian experience of government consultation with voluntary sector organizations, the paper demonstrates that such initiatives define certain forms of diversity in voluntary sector organizing out of the policy‐making process. Traditional policy‐making around voluntary sector issues is organized in ways that exclude urban and local identity‐based organizing.