bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Accommodating of Thame Selfis to Heir the Worde’: Preaching, Pews and Reformed Worship in Scotland, 1560–1638
Authors: Spicer Andrew 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe liturgical implications of the teachings of Jean Calvin had a dramatic impact on the internal arrangement and furnishing of churches. Notably the pulpit replaced the altar as the focal point in religious worship. The congregation were expected to be attentive listeners to the Word of God delivered by the minister from the pulpit. This article looks at the impact that these teachings had in Scotland and in particular considers the liturgical and theological importance of establishing a reverent and attentive audience from the beginning of the Reformation. The provision of seating was an important part of these measures, with the Kirk being keen to ensure that the minister could be seen and heard by the congregation and vice versa. This article also shows that seating came to provide the means by which certain groups or individuals demonstrated their importance and status in the local community and was the cause of tension and dispute within the Kirk.
Good Pastors or Careless Shepherds? Parish Ministers and the English Reformation
Authors: Carlson Eric Josef 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe post‐Reformation English parish clergy were not pastoral failures or ‘careless shepherds’ who were forced by parishioners to change their doctrine and tactics. From the beginning, the reformed church taught an ideal of ministry that was extremely sensitive to its audience. This ideal emphasized preaching a balance of repentance and mercy and rejected divisive behaviour such as attacking individual sinners from the pulpit. Moreover, preaching was not the only activity required of godly ministers. They were also expected to be ‘good pastors’ and act as peacemakers and sources of hospitality. Divisive and unpopular ministers existed, but they can be explained by incompetence and failure to follow the norms set out by the church. This article argues that the changes in the quality of parish ministry which took place during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were affected more by the church's attempt to spread the word about its own expectations than pressure from the laity.
Dynamics of Viral and Proviral Loads of FelineImmunodeficiency Virus within the Feline Central Nervous System duringthe Acute Phase following IntravenousInfection
Authors: Ryan G. , Klein D. , Knapp E. , Hosie M. J. , Grimes T. , Mabruk M. J. E. M. F. , Jarrett O. , Callanan J. J. 
Published: June 2003

ABSTRACTAnimal models of human immunodeficiency virus 1, such as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), provide the opportunities to dissect the mechanisms of early interactions of the virus with the central nervous system (CNS). The aims of the present study were to evaluate viral loads within CNS, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), ocular fluid, and the plasma of cats in the first 23 weeks after intravenous inoculation with FIVGL8. Proviral loads were also determined within peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and brain tissue. In this acute phase of infection, virus entered the brain in the majority of animals. Virus distribution was initially in a random fashion, with more diffuse brain involvement as infection progressed. Virus in the CSF was predictive of brain parenchymal infection. While the peak of virus production in blood coincided with proliferation within brain, more sustained production appeared to continue in brain tissue. In contrast, proviral loads in the brain decreased to undetectable levels in the presence of a strengthening PBMC load. A final observation in this study was that there was no direct correlation between viral loads in regions of brain or ocular tissue and the presence of histopathology.
Mutational Analysis of the HLA Class II Interaction with Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoprotein 42
Authors: McShane Marisa P. , Mullen Maureen M. , Haan Keith M. , Jardetzky Theodore S. , Longnecker Richard 
Published: June 2003

ABSTRACTEntry of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) into B lymphocytes requires the binding of viral glycoprotein 42 (gp42), a C-type lectin family member, to HLA class II. Recently, the structure of the gp42:HLA-DR1 complex was determined. In order to confirm the interaction as determined in the structural study and to identify other potential interactive residues, a mutational analysis of HLA class II was performed. A secreted form of gp42 (sgp42) reacted with a conformation-specific monoclonal antibody and blocked EBV infection. The binding of sgp42 and EBV entry to two sets of HLA class II mutants were tested. The first set of mutants were based on the known interaction of the C-type lectin Ly49A with HLA class I, and the second set of mutants were based on the identified interface in the gp42:HLA-DR1 complex. As expected, none of the mutants that would be predicted to interfere with the interaction of Ly49A with class I affected the interaction of gp42 with HLA class II, whereas mutants in amino acids identified in the gp42:HLA-DR1 structure inhibited sg42 binding to class II. In general, sgp42 binding correlated with efficient entry of EBV, as demonstrated by the necessity of glutamic acid 46 or arginine 72 in class II molecules. Furthermore, other HLA class II residues buried within the interface of gp42 and HLA class II when mutated had either no effect or a decrease in both binding and entry and implicate a region of class II important in stabilizing the interaction with gp42. These studies provide insight into the entry and fusion processes of the critical interaction between gp42 and HLA class II.
Ovarian Sex Cord–Stromal Tumors in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Schneider D.T. , Calaminus G. , Wessalowksi R. , Pathmanathan R. , Selle B. , Sternschulte W. , Harms D. , Göbel U. 
Published: June 2003

Purpose: To develop diagnostic standards and a risk-adapted therapeutic strategy for ovarian sex cord–stromal tumors (OSCST). Patients and Methods: Fifty-four patients were prospectively enrolled as follow-up patients onto the German Maligne Keimzelltumoren protocols. Surgical protocols and histopathology were reviewed centrally (53 patients with complete data). Surgery included ovariectomy in 18 patients, salpingo-ovariectomy in 34 patients, and hysterectomy in one patient. Patients with stage IA tumors were followed-up at regular intervals, whereas nine patients with stage IC and six patients with stage II to III tumors were treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Results: International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage was IA in 27 patients, IC in 21 patients, II in three patients, and III in three patients. After a median follow-up of 59 months (range, 6 to 193 months), event-free survival ± SD was 0.86 ± 0.05 (47 of 54 patients) and overall survival was 0.89 ± 0.05 (49 of 54 patients). Prognosis correlated with stage (event-free survival ± SD: IA, 1.0 [27 of 27 patients]; IC, 0.76 ± 0.09 [16 of 21 patients]; and II/III, 0.67 ± 0.19 [four of six patients]; P = .02). Ten of 15 patients treated with chemotherapy, including four of six stage II to III patients, are alive after a median follow-up of 33 months. Conclusion: On the basis of a standardized clinical and histopathologic assessment, risk-adapted therapeutic strategies for OSCST can be evaluated. Considering our experience, we would recommend that stage IA tumors be followed up at regular intervals, whereas we would recommend cisplatin-based chemotherapy in stage IC tumors with preoperative rupture or malignant ascites, especially those with high mitotic activity. Finally, cisplatin-based chemotherapy also seems to be effective in advanced-stage tumors.
Randomized Trial of 2 Versus 5 Years of Adjuvant Tamoxifen for Women Aged 50 Years or Older With Early Breast Cancer: Italian Interdisciplinary Group for Cancer Evaluation Study of Adjuvant Treatment in Breast Cancer 01
Authors: Sacco M. , Valentini M. , Belfiglio M. , Pellegrini F. , De Berardis G. , Franciosi M. , Nicolucci A. 
Published: June 2003

Purpose: To compare 2 with 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy in the treatment of early breast cancer. Patients and Methods: Women with breast carcinoma T1–3, N0–3, M0, who were between 50 and 70 years of age, were eligible irrespective of menopausal status, tumor grade, or estrogen receptor (ER) status. Patients who were event-free after 2 years of tamoxifen therapy were randomly assigned to stop or continue tamoxifen therapy for an additional 3 years. The primary end point was length of disease-free survival (DFS). Secondary end points included overall survival (OS) and toxicity. Results: From 1989 through 1996, 1,901 patients were randomly assigned either to stop treatment (n = 958) or to receive tamoxifen for 3 additional years (n = 943). The median duration of postrandomization follow-up was 52 months. We found no statistically significant differences between the 5-year arm and the 2-year arm in terms of DFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76 to 1.08) and OS (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.46). In ER-positive patients, a statistically significant prolongation of DFS related to longer treatment duration was observed (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.93), whereas no difference in OS could be detected (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.32). No differences in terms of endometrial cancers, cardiac or cerebrovascular events, or fractures were detected, whereas a doubling in the risk of thromboembolic events was found in the 5-year arm. Conclusion: Our results confirm previous research that shows that 5 years of tamoxifen decreases recurrence compared to 2 years in patients with ER-positive tumors.
Radiation Therapy Plus Tamoxifen Versus Tamoxifen Alone After Breast-Conserving Surgery in Postmenopausal Women With Stage I Breast Cancer: A Decision Analysis
Authors: Punglia Rinaa S. , Kuntz Karen M. , Lee Jason H. , Recht Abram 
Published: June 2003

Purpose: To compare outcomes for hypothetical cohorts of postmenopausal patients with estrogen receptor–positive tumors that are ≤ 2 cm in size, with pathologically uninvolved axillary nodes, treated with radiation therapy plus tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone after breast-conserving surgery. Methods: A Markov model was used to simulate patients’ clinical course and estimate overall survival, recurrence-free survival, time with an intact breast, and death from breast cancer. Probabilities were derived from randomized trials and retrospective studies. Analyses were performed separately by age of diagnosis in 5-year increments from 50 to 80 years. Sensitivity analyses tested the stability of radiation benefit. Results: The modeled recurrence-free survival benefit of giving radiation therapy was 3.35 years for women who were 50 years of age at diagnosis, versus 0.61 years for women who were 80 years of age. In the 50-year-old cohort, radiation therapy resulted in additional 0.60 years survival, compared with 0.04 years among 80-year-olds. A 50-year-old woman who received radiation therapy plus tamoxifen was less likely to die from breast cancer than if she received tamoxifen alone (2.43% v 5.29%; relative-risk reduction, 54%). An 80-year-old woman had a 1.17% chance of dying from breast cancer if she received radiation therapy plus tamoxifen, versus 2.02% with tamoxifen alone (relative-risk reduction, 42%). Sensitivity analyses showed that the magnitude of benefit was strongly influenced by including unequal rates of developing distant disease after breast recurrence between the treatment arms and varying rates of local recurrence. Conclusion: The absolute and relative benefits of radiation therapy and individual patient preferences for different health states should be considered when selecting treatment.
RSR13 Plus Cranial Radiation Therapy in Patients With Brain Metastases: Comparison With the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Recursive Partitioning Analysis Brain Metastases Database
Authors: Shaw Edward , Scott Charles , Suh John , Kadish Sidney , Stea Baldassarre , Hackman John , Pearlman Andrew , Murray Kevin , Gaspar Laurie , Mehta Minesh , Curran Walter , Gerber Michael 
Published: June 2003

Purpose: This phase II, open-label, multicenter study assessed the efficacy and safety of the potential radiation enhancer RSR13 plus cranial radiation therapy (RT) in patients with brain metastases. The primary end point was patient survival in comparison with the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Recursive Partitioning Analysis Brain Metastases Database (RTOG RPA BMD). Patients and Methods: Eligibility criteria were age ≥ 18 years, Karnofsky performance score ≥ 70, and brain metastases with solid tumor histology. Patients received cranial RT, 30 Gy in 10 fractions of 3 Gy each, preceded by RSR13, 50 to 100 mg/kg intravenously over 30 minutes. Univariate and multivariate comparisons of survival and cause of death were made between class II study patients and RTOG BMD patients. Results: Fifty-seven RPA class II patients were enrolled. With a minimum follow-up of 24 months, the median survival time and 1- and 2-year survival rates were 6.4 months, 23%, and 11% for the RSR13-treated patients compared with 4.1 months, 15%, and 3% for the RTOG BMD patients (P = .0174). In an exact-matched case analysis (n = 38), median survival time for RSR13 patients was 7.3 months versus 3.4 months for the RTOG BMD patients (P = .006). There was a 54% reduction in the risk of death for RSR13 patients (P = .0267). RSR13-related adverse events of greater than or equal to grade 3 toxicity that occurred in more than one patient included hypoxia, headache, anemia, fatigue, hypertension, and intracranial hypertension. Conclusion: RSR13 plus cranial RT resulted in a significant improvement in survival, as well as a reduction in death due to brain metastases, compared with class II patients in the RTOG BMD.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of the Human Kallikrein-2 Gene Highly Correlates With Serum Human Kallikrein-2 Levels and in Combination Enhances Prostate Cancer Detection
Authors: Nam Robert K. , Zhang William W. , Trachtenberg John , Diamandis Eleftherios , Toi Ants , Emami Marjan , Ho Minnie , Sweet Joan , Evans Andrew , Jewett Michael A.S. , Narod Steven A. 
Published: June 2003

Purpose: We examined the relationship between a mutant (T) for wild-type (C) allele substitution of the human kallikrein-2 gene (KLK2), circulating human kallikrein-2 (hK2) levels and prostate cancer risk. Patients and Methods: We studied 1,287 consecutive men who underwent prostate biopsies because of an abnormal prostate-specific antigen level. Serum and DNA were obtained before biopsy. Cases were patients with cancer, and controls were patients with no cancer. The mutant and wild-type alleles of the KLK2 gene were designated as the T and C alleles, respectively. Results: Of the 1,287 men, 616 had cancer, and 671 had no cancer. The overall distribution of the CC, CT, and TT KLK2 genotypes was 55.1%, 38.2%, and 6.8%, respectively. The median hK2 levels for men with the CC, CT, and TT genotypes were 0.24, 0.18, and 0.062 ng/mL and correlated with the genotypes, respectively (P = .0001). The adjusted odds ratios for prostate cancer for patients with the TT and CT genotypes compared with patients with the CC genotype, were 2.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 3.5; P = .004) and 1.51 (95% CI, 1.2 to 2.0; P = .002), respectively. The adjusted odds ratio for prostate cancer for patients in the fourth quartile of hK2 compared with the first quartile was 4.33 (95% CI, 2.9 to 6.4; P = .0001). When combined, the adjusted odds ratio for having prostate cancer was 13.92 (95% CI, 6.6 to 29.2; P = .0001) for patients with high hK2 levels and at least one T allele. Conclusion: The C/T polymorphism of the KLK2 gene and circulating levels of hK2 are correlated and, in combination, are highly predictive for prostate cancer.
High-Dose Therapy and Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation Versus Conventional Therapy for Patients With Advanced Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Responding to Front-Line Therapy
Authors: Federico Massimo , Bellei Monica , Brice Pauline , Brugiatelli Maura , Nagler Arnon , Gisselbrecht Christian , Moretti Luciano , Colombat Philippe , Luminari Stefano , Fabbiano Francesco , Di Renzo Nicola , Goldstone Anthony , Carella Angelo Michele 
Published: June 2003

Purpose: To determine whether high-dose therapy (HDT) with autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) should be included in the initial consolidative treatment of patients with advanced, unfavorable Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL). Patients and Methods: One hundred sixty-three patients achieving complete remission (CR) or partial remission (PR) with four initial courses of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine, or other doxorubicin-containing regimens, were randomly assigned to receive HDT plus ASCT (83 patients) versus four courses of conventional chemotherapy (80 patients). Unfavorable HL was defined as the presence of at least two of the following poor prognostic factors: high lactate dehydrogenase level, large mediastinal mass (greater than at least 33% of the thoracic diameter), more than one extranodal site, low hematocrit level, and inguinal involvement. Results: At the end of the treatment program, 92% of patients in arm A and 89% in arm B achieved a CR (P = .6). After a median follow-up of 48 months, the 5-year failure-free survival rates were 75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 65 to 85) in arm A and 82% (95% CI, 73 to 90) in arm B (P = .4). The 5-year overall survival rates were 88% (95% CI, 80 to 96) in arm A and 88% (95% CI, 79 to 96) in arm B (P = .99). The 5-year relapse-free survival rates were 88% in arm A (95% CI, 80 to 96) and 94% in arm B (95% CI, 88 to 100), and the difference was not significant (P = .3). Conclusion: Patients with advanced unfavorable HL achieving CR or PR after four courses of doxorubicin-containing regimens have a favorable outcome with conventional chemotherapy. No benefit from an early intensification with HDT and ASCT was shown.
Metall‐Alkinyl‐σ‐Komplexe: Synthesen und Materialien
Authors: Long Nicholas J. , Williams Charlotte K. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractMetallalkinylkomplexe bergen eine große Anziehungskraft für die Synthesechemie, die Strukturchemie und die Materialwissenschaften, sodass mittlerweile eine Vielzahl von Reaktionen zur M‐CC‐Verknüpfung mit einer ganzen Skala von Übergangsmetall‐ und Alkinylreagentien entwickelt wurde. Einige Methoden sind breit anwendbar, andere beschränken sich auf ein spezielles Metall oder Substrat. Wegen der linearen Geometrie der Alkinyleinheit und ihrem ungesättigten Charakter sind die Metallalkinyle attraktive Bausteine für molekulare Drähte und polymere metallorganische Materialien, die interessante physikalische Eigenschaften wie flüssigkristallines Verhalten, optische Nichtlinearität, Lumineszenz und elektrische Leitfähigkeit aufweisen können. Dieses einzigartige Spektrum an Eigenschaften steht als treibende Kraft hinter der intensiven Erforschung von Metall‐Alkinyl‐σ‐Komplexen. Die Entwicklung und Fortschritte insbesondere der letzten zehn Jahre werden in diesem Aufsatz zusammengefasst.
Metal Alkynyl σ Complexes: Synthesis and Materials
Authors: Long Nicholas J. , Williams Charlotte K. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractMetal alkynyl complexes hold a fascination for synthetic chemists, structural chemists, and materials scientists alike. Harnessing the unique overlap of metal and carbon orbitals is a challenge that can be overcome in many ways and hence, there are many synthetic routes toward MCC bond‐forming reactions that utilize a wide variety of transition‐metal and alkynyl reagents. Some methods can be widely applied, while others are specific to a particular metal or compound. The linear geometry of the alkynyl unit and its π‐unsaturated character have led to metal alkynyls becoming attractive building blocks for molecular wires and polymeric organometallic materials, which can possess interesting properties, such as optical nonlinearity, luminescence, liquid crystallinity, and electrical conductivity. A unique, multifaceted approach, often combining talents from all three of the above chemical disciplines, has served as a driving force behind the intense research into the development of metal alkynyl σ complexes, the progress of which, particularly in the last ten years, is summarized in this review.
Specific roles of cyclooxygenase‐1 and cyclooxygenase‐2 in lipopolysaccharide‐induced fever and fos expression in rat brain
Authors: Zhang Yi‐Hong , Lu Jun , Elmquist Joel K. , Saper Clifford B. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractFever is a coordinated autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral response mediated by the brain in reaction to inflammatory stimuli. An essential step in transmitting the immune signal to the brain is the formation of prostaglandin E2. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the critical enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandins and COX‐2, the inducible form of the enzyme, is markedly induced in cells associated with the cerebral blood vessels and the leptomeninges by immune stimuli such as intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, the specific roles of COX‐1, the constitutive form of cyclooxygenase, and COX‐2 in LPS‐induced fever are not well understood. We injected LPS i.v. in combination with either a highly selective COX‐1 (SC‐560) or COX‐2 (SC‐236) inhibitor to determine the effects of each drug on the subsequent fever response and on the pattern of expression of Fos protein in the brain. The COX‐2 inhibitor blocked LPS‐induced fever and Fos expression in sites such as the ventromedial preoptic nucleus (VMPO) and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH), although Fos‐immunoreactivity in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), ventrolateral medulla (VLM), and parabrachial nucleus (PB) remained. In contrast, the COX‐1 inhibitor resulted in a profound hypothermic response to LPS and blocked LPS‐induced Fos‐immunoreactivity in the PVH, PB, NTS, and VLM, although it had no effect on the VMPO. Although COX‐2 plays a dominant role in mediating fever responses to i.v. LPS, at least some components of the response, including avoiding hypothermia and the induction of Fos in the NTS, VLM, PB, and PVH, appear to depend on COX‐1. J. Comp. Neurol. 463:3–12, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.