bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anger
Authors: Thomason Krista K. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In the history of philosophy, we generally see two versions of anger. The first version is a kind of irrational rage bent on destruction that philosophers such as Seneca and Śāntideva warn against. The second version an emotional protest against injustice that is defended by Marilyn Frye and Audre Lorde. This chapter argues that neither version is right. We feel anger when we feel like we’re getting stepped on or interfered with. Sometimes we feel that way about injustice, but sometimes we feel it abot life’s inconveniences. We often think we’re unjustified in getting angry over minor thing, but there’s nothing petty or irrational about being angry when your projects and plans are frustrated. You’re allowed to feel anger even if it isn’t “the good kind.”
Introduction
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces Ibn Sina and Biruni as the most outstanding thinkers to have lived between ancient Greece and the European Renaissance. It acknowledges the relative obscurity of both thinkers due to the fact they did not spring from the ancient culture that is traditionally studied since they were born in the tenth century in Central Asia. Biruni devised the first example of a calculus of finite differences and the concept of specific gravity, which was later developed by Galileo and Einstein in his theories of relativity. Meanwhile, Ibn Sina is credited with being a founder of scholastic philosophy and Canon of Medicine. The chapter also acknowledges that both thinkers believed the most fundamental mark of humanity was its ability to reason.
Privileged Prodigies
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the childhood of Ibn Sina and Biruni, which is regarded as intense and extraordinary. Biruni was an orphan and he became a ward of the brother-in-law of the last ruler of Khwarazm which shaped his entire life and career. On the other hand, Ibn Sina was born with wealth into the family of an ambitious, upwardly mobile, and cultivated senior civil servant. The chapter highlights the religious training of both thinkers as expected of young Muslims. It cites that Biruni primarily focused on mathematics, geography, and geometry, while Ibn Sina attempted to get answers about how people can gain access to firm truths.
From Peace to Chaos
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores Ibn Sina and Biruni's work experience in Gurganj. It clarifies that both thinkers kept apart even though they served the same government, attended the same court functions, and have similar intellectual voraciousness. Biruni's work mostly consisted of his collaboration with Ibn Iraq, astronomical studies, and data for his work Masud's Canon. Meanwhile, Ibn Sina worked with the same intensity as Biruni to improve his medical practice and studies, especially under the security and support of the vizier, who was Suhayli. The chapter then expounds on the time when Biruna was appointed as the vizier to the shah of Khwarazam.
Expanding the Known World
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the aftermath when Biruni was forced to flee when his patron was murdered and his capitol was ransacked. It cites Biruni became the sultan's hostage and was then accused of heresy. By late 1018, Biruni was able to withdraw into his work by complying with Mahmud’s demands as they arose but otherwise keeping both the sultan and his court at arm’s length. Biruni's work, The Determination of the Coordinates of. . . Cities, marked the foundation of the modern field of geodesy. The chapter also mentions Biruni's belief about the futility of freezing scientific knowledge in a static encyclopedia.
The Cure
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Ibn Sina's escape to Hamadan and seeking refuge with the emir Ala ad-Dawla of Isfahan. While playing a central role in all the political and military turmoil, he managed simultaneously to direct his intellectual energies to create al-Shifa, which is variously rendered as The Healing, The Book of Healing, The Book of the Remedy, and The Cure. Ibn Sina primarily aims to cure ignorance and heal the soul. Thus, he divided his project to correspond with Aristotle's categories of knowledge and attempted to cure confusion and ignorance. The chapter mentions how Ibn Sina was the greatest medieval representative of the Peripatetic school of philosophy founded by Aristotle’s interpreters
Biruni and Ibn Sina, a Millennium On
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the writings of Ibn Sina and Biruni. It clarifies that Ibn Sina and Biruni differed radically in their ways to achieve unity despite having the same goal and hailing from the Samani empire in Central Asia. For example, Ibn Sina disregards diversity, while Biruni devised innovative methods to study diversity and the corresponding geography, culture, and passage of time. The chapter also explains the thinkers' differences with regards to vows on good society and concerns with religious faith. It mentions how Biruni and Ibn Sina created a two-man Renaissance while sharing the conviction that God's Creation is orderly and in conformity with natural laws accessible to human reason.
Your Money or Your Life
Authors: Messac Luke 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
For the crime of falling sick without wealth, Americans face grave punishment. Patients are being sued and having their wages and bank accounts seized, their credit destroyed, their homes foreclosed. Patient debtors can even be thrown in jail. This book tells the story of how the collection of medical debt in the United States came to be so aggressive and the impact this is having on Americans’ lives. For centuries, doctors were often unable to collect—or declined to pursue—unpaid patient debts. But since the 1980s, such debts transformed from obligations negotiated by doctors, hospitals, and patients into assets bought and sold by people with no role in patient care. As government spending for the care of the poor slowed, and insurance companies pushed patients to pay higher out-of-pocket costs, hospitals faced growing debts. Hospital executives then turned to a rising industry of debt collectors, debt buyers, and collection attorneys. Entrepreneurs made fortunes in medical debt buying and collections, but the ruthlessness toward patients did not solve hospitals’ financial woes. The tactics did spark protests from patients, health care workers, and politicians from across the political spectrum. Although investigative reporting, congressional hearings, class action lawsuits, and new regulations have changed some debt collection practices, the industry has continued to find ways to demand patients pay up, no matter their means. This book exposes the criminalization of poverty and illness and reimagines how health care can be redesigned to fulfill its true purpose.
Before the Debt Machine
Authors: Messac Luke 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
For much of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, doctors struggled to organize an even remotely standardized billing system and insisted—although they often did not live up to the pledge—that the poor should be given free or discounted care. By the middle of the twentieth century, however, new medical technologies increased the costs of care, threatening patients with financial ruin even after their ills were cured. Private and public insurance schemes were devised to protect against these disasters, but unlike most other industrialized countries of this period, the United States never guaranteed universal coverage. Bankruptcies stemming from medical expenditures became a growing problem, covered in newspapers and decried in congressional hearings. Medical debt drove people to desperate acts, as when an unemployed former insurance salesman hijacked a plane in an ultimately fatal attempt to secure a ransom sufficient to pay for his son’s hospital bills.
Reformers, Abolitionists, and the Costs of Inaction
Authors: Messac Luke 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights some of the people working to change the system of medical debt, including former debt collectors and hospital administrators who have used their knowledge to press for reform and activists seeking to abolish medical debt altogether. The COVID-19 pandemic did lead some private and public hospitals to slow or halt lawsuits over medical debt, but this pause did not last long. Nevertheless, by the early 2020s, the role of medical debt in harming Americans’ health and their financial well-being became an increasingly common subject in medical and public health journals, the popular press, and political speeches. The Biden Administration, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, and major credit bureaus have announced changes to debt collection and credit reporting, but aggressive debt collection continues.
Conclusion
Authors: Messac Luke 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Conclusion discusses the perils of cynicism and the possibility of an America without medical debt. In no other wealthy nation do patients and their families face such a high risk of ruinous debt from the costs of medical care. The United States did not always stand alone, as Canadians and Britons worried about medical debt until the enactment of universal health coverage during the mid-twentieth century. The persistence of medical debt as an American problem is not inevitable. From incrementalist ideas to improve access to hospital financial assistance to more comprehensive plans to abolish out-of-pocket health care fees, there are viable and popular ideas to ease or even eliminate the burden of medical debt in the United States.
Introduction
Authors: Lutz Amy S. F. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Introduction defines the intact mind; establishes the author’s positionality as both a historian of medicine and the parent of a severely autistic son; and presents her main argument that the intact mind assumption has become baked into much current policy and practice for those with autism and other intellectual and developmental disabilities, resulting in the marginalization of those with impaired minds in both service design and public discourse more broadly. It explains the author’s choice of the genre of autism parent memoirs as her primary archive, both as the vehicle through which the intact mind assumption was amplified over the past five decades, and its role as a key driver of public perception of the disorder. The Introduction also includes a brief history of the Disability Rights Movement and a critique of the social model of disability upon which it is based.
Valuing the Disabled Child
Authors: Lutz Amy S. F. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the first memoirs by parents of intellectually disabled children—most notably Pearl Buck’s The Child Who Never Grew (1950) and Dale Evans Rogers’s Angel Unaware (1953), as well as the accounts that followed by non-celebrity parents. These books shared several themes, including the contributions of intellectually disabled kids to their families and broader communities, as well as the blamelessness of parents for their children’s impairments. Completely absent is the trope of the intact mind—not one of these authors suggests that children with Down syndrome, phenylketonuria (PKU), or other forms of congenital intellectual disability really have “normal” intelligence that just needs to be accessed. Where this idea does emerge is in memoirs of cerebral palsy (CP), which also date to this period. By the mid-twentieth century, physicians had discovered that many individuals who were nonverbal and otherwise profoundly physically disabled by CP actually had typical or even gifted intellects, as most notably demonstrated by Irish writer and painter Christy Brown in his 1954 memoir My Left Foot. These accounts, the author argues, primed the American public to believe that appearances could not always be trusted, and lay the groundwork for the narrative of the intact mind.
Is There a “Key”?
Authors: Lutz Amy S. F. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Following the publication of Son-Rise came a lull of about fifteen years before autism parent memoirs began to proliferate in the 1990s. By then, psychiatry looked very different than it did when Park’s book was released: biomedical theories of autism had consolidated a decade earlier among the most prominent autism clinicians and researchers, who all considered autism both physiologically based and incurable. This agreement, however, did not in any way signify consensus around autism more broadly. In the absence of established guidelines for treating autism, parents decided that they were the best experts on their own children, and felt justified in picking and choosing among seemingly incompatible theoretical constructs that resonated with their lived experience. The chapter closes by returning to Park, who wrote a second memoir, Exiting Nirvana, thirty-five years after she published The Siege. This account is much more somber—gone are the metaphors of walls and fortresses and breakthroughs. Instead, Park acknowledges that her daughter is still significantly disabled and will never be able to live independently.
Living with . . . (M)other
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on multiple functions of pregnancy with Donald Winnicott’s theory of primary maternal preoccupation. It explains pregnancy as a psychobiological learning experience in which the mother gradually becomes rather helpless. According to Winnicott, the quality of a mother’s care is crucial to the emotional well-being of the infant. Another crucial aspect of the maternal task is her provision of a holding environment that sustains the infant’s continuity of being. The chapter considers the differences between good enough mothering and not good enough mothering, citing how the mother’s active presence ensures that the infant does not have to take responsibility for their own action or feeling.
Becoming a Living Reality
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the true self becoming a living reality. According to Donald Winnicott, the correlation between an infant’s gesture and the mother’s action is the foundation of symbolic intersubjective creativity. The chapter explains how gratifications in interpersonal relations are simultaneously pleasurable for self and others, referencing the child’s conviction to receive pleasure and gratification and a mother’s pleasure being used by the child. Winnicott suggests that all good enough mothers mess up, and that children benefit from such failure and build tolerance for subsequent frustrations. The chapter cites how the emotional attitude behind the maternal act may affect or not affect the infant into the compliance that sponsors a false self.
False Self
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explicates the creation of a false self. It elaborates on Donald Winnicott’s basis of the psyche, which is soma that concerns physical aliveness or aliveness imagined. Early functions of the psyche concern the binding together of past experiences, potentialities, and the present moment, so the part of an individual’s psyche is primarily concerned with the relationship to the body and to the external world. Moreover, according to Winnicott, the mind evolves as part of the psyche-soma concerned with environmental failure. The chapter clarifies that a person living from the false self is concerned with compliance, adaptation, and the nature of their life instead of continuity of being.
On Celebration and Ruthlessness
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the evolution of the true self, which primarily depends on the containing function of the mother. During an infant’s containing process, they may either develop an assumption about the usefulness of the mind or develop an intellectual inhibition and attack thinking as a way of demonstrating the experience of the maternal mind. The chapter looks into the true self during the sustained analysis of the false self. It explains Donald Winnicott’s perspective of analysis of defence, anxiety, or persecutory states is technically an analysis of the false self. Moreover, Winnicott believed that the infant’s ego is in a state of unintegration.
The Vitality of Aggression
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the vitality of aggression. According to Donald Winnicott, aggression can be traced back to the beginnings of foetal movement because the beginnings of motility are forms of aggression. The child discovers the object through movement, which triggers the beginnings of exploration and the clear distinction between what is the self and what is not the self. Additionally, Winnicott believes that the capacity to hate represents the trust in the mother, the father, and society. The chapter looks into the change in the use of objects when it correlates to the destruction of internal objects and external objects.
Lives in Germany before 1933
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores personal recollections of lives in Germany before Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. Introducing many individual examples, the chapter discusses how autobiographical accounts illuminate subjective perceptions and experiences. Social relationships between German Jews and German gentiles, as well as those of mixed descent, were changing with growing integration and assimilation in the early twentieth century; for many people, questions of class, status, and gender were more important than the notion of ‘race’. The First World War and the humiliating conditions of the Versailles Treaty massively affected people’s lives; and while antisemitism was prevalent in some quarters, including members of the army and conservative political elites, it became more widespread after 1918. Yet before 1933 it was not state policy—and under Hitler, this would make all the difference.
Over the Precipice
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In contrast to accounts that focus on the extermination camps, particularly Auschwitz (iconic in public perceptions of the Holocaust), this chapter explores aspects of the development of genocide in Lithuania and Latvia. Deceit was significant in numerous ways: not only use of narratives of resettlement to ensure docility and prevent unrest among victims of mass murder, but also the presentation of local Lithuanians and Latvians and not the Germans as the primary perpetrators of murder. It explores patterns of involvement and self-representation during the escalation of genocide, including a focus on the Vilnius ghetto, the killing sites in Ponary, the IXth Fort at Kaunas, the Liepāja beaches, and the pits of Rumbula near Riga.
Towards the End
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Focussing on individual examples of survival and rescue, this chapter explores how political sympathies, personal interests, and moral commitments could play a role, under changing social and political conditions, in affecting survival chances during wartime. While some victims were able to ‘go under’ and survive in hiding, others relied on individual rescuers—or were simply lucky to make it through to liberation despite all. After the war, ‘Aryans’ preferred to claim they had known nothing (ignorance), or had been powerless to act (impotence), rather than admit to having being indifferent or even antisemitic when accused of complicity with Nazism.
Afterword
Authors: Gupta Diya 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Afterword discusses what studying visual culture, such as colonial photographs, alongside textual sources has revealed for Indian emotions during the war. It highlights how economic concerns continue to dominate the soldiers’ emotional worlds as they anticipate a world beyond conflict, and assesses our fraught relationship with war memory and war service in the UK and South Asia today. If letters, memoirs, and literary texts do not merely reflect war experience but also shape the way Indians thought about and interpreted the war, the Afterword considers what this can tell us about the act of writing itself and its relationship with our emotional worlds.
Islam and Alcohol
Authors: Matthee Rudi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses Islam’s verdict on alcohol as reflected in the Koran and the hadith, the presumed sayings of the Prophet and his companions. It lays out the ambiguity that hides behind Islam’s formal rejection of wine, and the myriad ways in which Muslims, including religious scholars, have evaluated types of alcohol other than red wine on their permissibility. Interdiction was a process in parallel with the trajectory of Islam toward a fully formed faith. Those intent on drinking explored the many loopholes and excuses available to them, from the association of wine with youth and fun to the “medical” excuse, the notion, borrowed from antiquity, that alcohol has medicinal benefits. Promoting social stability was the main goal of the Islamic law, and the maintenance of a balance between morality and pragmatism was at the heart of its political philosophy.
Alcohol in the Early Modern Islamic Empires
Authors: Matthee Rudi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter Five catalogues the drinking habits of early modern Iran, arguing that Iranians, heirs to a venerable pre-Islamic oenophilic tradition, were less squeamish about alcohol than the Turks. It documents the alcoholism of various Safavid shahs, beginning with the first one, Isma‘il, as well as raucous scenes of ritualized court drinking, offering examples of wine-fueled parties to which European visitors were invited.
The Decline and Fall of Republican Afghanistan
Authors: Jamal Ahmad Shuja , Maley William 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Taliban’s takeover of Afghanistan in 2021 was facilitated by declining active support for the government, waste, and inefficiency in aid delivery, and poor political leadership. Yet while corrosive, these problems were not in themselves sufficient to have brought about a collapse. To a significant degree, they were the result of early failings in institutional design, reflecting an American inclination to pursue short-term policy approaches that created perverse incentives⁠—thus interfering with the long-term objective of stability. This book exposes the deeper factors underpinning Kabul’s fall. The Afghan Republic came under relentless attack from Taliban insurgents who depended critically on Pakistani support. It suffered a creeping invasion that put the government on the back foot as the US tried and failed to deal with Pakistan’s perfidy. The fatal blow came when bored US leaders naively cut an exit deal with the enemy, fatally compromising the operation of the Afghan army and air force and triggering the final collapse, with top leaders at odds over whether to make a final stand in Kabul. The Afghan Republic did not simply decline and fall. It was betrayed.
The Pilots
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes Art Koester, who was a check pilot for American Airlines and responsible for making sure that American’s pilots stayed current on the planes they flew. Koester grew up just a few miles from Chicago’s O’Hare Airport and always had a taste for adventure and a love of speed. The chapter also mentions Leroy Berkebile, who grew up in western Pennsylvania and earned his pilot’s license in 1939. The chapter discusses the decision-making process regarding hijackings in 1972, which was divided between the FBI, the airline, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), airport security, and local police. Koester and Berkebile replaced two of the pilots in the hijacked American Flight 119 while it was at St. Louis.