bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic Plasticity and Repeatability in the Mating Signals of Enchenopa Treehoppers, with Implications for Reduced Gene Flow among Host‐Shifted Populations
Authors: Sattman Danielle A. , Cocroft Reginald B. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMate signaling systems, because of their role in assortative mating, have often been implicated in the origins of evolutionary independence between lineages. We investigated three sources of phenotypic plasticity in mating signals with potential relevance to assortative mating in a species in the Enchenopa binotata complex of treehoppers. This group has been a model for speciation in sympatry through shifts to novel host plants. Host shifts result in partial reproductive isolation in Enchenopa binotata because of their effects on life history timing, but interbreeding is still possible if there is dispersal and some overlap of mating periods. Courtship in these plant‐feeding insects is mediated by plant‐borne vibrational signals. We asked whether variation in male mate signaling behavior is influenced by plant substrate, age, or size, each of which may play a role in interactions among host‐shifted populations. Males produced fewer, shorter signals when on non‐hosts than when on hosts. However, there were no effects of age or size on signal variation. Significant repeatability of some signal features (carrier frequency and the number of signals produced in a signaling bout) is consistent with the presence of genetic variation and thus the potential to respond to selection. Our results suggest that plasticity in mate signaling systems, and in particular in male mate searching behavior on hosts and non‐hosts, may have the potential to reduce interbreeding between populations that use different species of host plant.
New Labour and Higher Education: Dilemmas and Paradoxes
Authors: Brown Roger 
Published: December 2003

AbstractDavid Blunkett's Greenwich speech (2000) set out what have become the main themes of New Labour's engagement with higher education, themes which were elaborated in the recent White Paper (DfES, 2003a). This paper draws attention to the dilemmas and paradoxes which arise from the difficulties of simultaneously satisfying the objectives which were set out in the aftermath of the 2001 general election, and from the trade off solutions and policies actually identified. The most fundamental conflict is between the desire to expand the system and the costs of that expansion. The author also identifies a conflict between institutional diversity and hierarchy and between exclusionism and accessibility. The paper concludes by suggesting that exclusionism is still alive and well under the government of a party that still has ‘Labour’ in its title.
The Labour Party and Higher Education: 1945–51
Authors: Bocock Jean , Taylor Richard 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAssessments of Labour's achievements in education in the immediate post‐war period have been largely critical, but almost exclusively focused on schools’ reform. This article in contrast considers Labour's policies for higher education, particularly universities. Three themes dominated the post‐war agenda: science and technology, expansion (and access), and appropriate models of higher education. The demands of science and technology and the conse‐quent need for expansion were the main drivers in Labour's programme. But the failure to offer a clear view of post‐war development in higher education, together with a deep‐seated ambivalence as to the role of technology and vocational education in universities, meant that plans for science, technology and expansion were only partially realised. The issue of appropriate models of higher education has bedevilled subsequent Labour governments, including the present administration, in their search for a policy for higher education.
Institutional Diversity in UK Higher Education: Policy and Outcomes Since the End of the Binary Divide
Authors: Taylor John 
Published: December 2003

AbstractFollowing the end of the binary system in 1992, UK higher education has witnessed a new approach to diversity based on institutional self‐determination within a common overall framework. Using analysis of statistical performance indicators, this paper shows that institutions have become more diverse, especially in terms of research activity. However, such diversity is unplanned and unco‐ordinated. Moreover, compared with some other countries, there is relatively little diversity in UK higher education. Further diversity will require radical changes within the university system, either by the operation of unfettered market forces or by increased intervention by Government or funding councils.
Higher Education in Further Education: Northern Ireland
Authors: Osborne R. D. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis paper reviews the provision of higher education courses in the further education sector in Northern Ireland. It charts the evolution of policy through the 1990s by examining major policy documents. It notes the chronic absence of reliable statistical and research evidence during this period. The available statistical evidence is reviewed. Key themes are identified including: localism, ‘non‐evidence based policy making’, higher education versus the demand for skills and community relations and equality. The innovative concept, now it would appear doomed, of the Springvale campus for west Belfast is examined. Finally, the paper notes that there is an urgent need to provide strategic direction to the further education sector as a whole.
Management issues relating to the European eel, Anguilla anguilla
Authors: Starkie A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn many European countries there is growing concern over reduced recruitment and catches of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.). Evidence of the decline, together with possible reasons for the changes as detailed by various authors, are reviewed. It is suggested that the problems need to be addressed now and on various levels. Proposals for management actions, as outlined by the Environment Agency for England and Wales, are summarized by way of example.
Did lack of spawners cause the collapse of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla?
Authors: Dekker W. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractSince the 1980s, a 90% decline in recruitment of European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), has occurred across most of Europe. Whether the continental stock has equally declined is uncertain. This study compiles available landings statistics since the beginning of the 20th century and identifies trends over time and space, using a statistical model that takes varying levels of reporting into account. Landings in the pre‐1940s reached over 40 000 tonnes yr−1, declined during World War II, rose to a peak of 40 000 tonnes yr−1 in the 1960s (coincident with a peak in re‐stocking) and dropped to an all time low of <20 000 tonnes yr−1 in the 1990s. The decline in recruitment since the early 1980s was preceded by a decline in landings two or more decades earlier, indicating a decline of the continental stock. Considering the continental stock and the spawning stock must have declined in parallel, insufficient spawning stock biomass might have caused the recruitment collapse currently observed.
The impact of Anguillicola crassus on European eels
Authors: Kirk R. S. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe impact of the parasitic swimbladder nematode, Anguillicola crassus Kuwahara, Niimi & Itagaki, on European eel populations is assessed with reference to published research on its origin and rapid dissemination, life cycle and transmission dynamics, and its pathogenic effect. The parasite was originally endemic to East Asia, but has transferred from its native host, the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica Temminck & Schlegel, to the European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.) and American eel, Anguilla rostrata (Le Seur). Anguillicola crassus is a very successful colonizer and is now known to occur in four continents (Asia, Europe, Africa and America). The nematode can severely impair swimbladder function and has caused mortalities in both farmed and wild populations in the presence of other stressors. Anguillicola crassus may impair the capacity of European eels to complete the spawning migration, although direct evidence is not available to support this hypothesis. Areas for future research are recommended.
Personal and Contextual Factors Supporting the Switch to Transit Use: Evaluating a Natural Transit Intervention
Authors: Brown Barbara B. , Werner Carol M. , Kim Naree 
Published: December 2003

U.S. communities are becoming increasingly automobile dependent, with car use embedded in U.S. policies, practices, and preferences. To encourage transit use, transit systems too will require supporting policies, practices, and preferences. Light rail is currently enjoying some supportive policies, but research is just beginning to explore how psychological experiences might help support a switch to rail use. We propose a transactional approach to behavior change in which societal, physical environmental, and inter‐ and intrapersonal factors combine to support a new behavior. We illustrate this perspective at a university host site for the 2002 Olympics, where temporary parking shortages, the opening of a new light‐rail transit line, and an outreach program enhanced the attractiveness of transit. Transit use was maintained by psychological satisfactions such as enjoyment of productive and pleasant activities during the ride, positive evaluations of the service qualities of light rail, and the view that light rail enhanced city livability. Results support the transactional approach and suggest directions for actions in transit promotion, environmentalism, and urban design.
Tropical chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Barman K K , Premalatha G , Mohan V 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Tropical chronic pancreatitis (TCP) is a juvenile form of chronic calcific non-alcoholic pancreatitis, seen almost exclusively in the developing countries of the tropical world. The classical triad of TCP consists of abdominal pain, steatorrhoea, and diabetes. When diabetes is present, the condition is called fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (FCPD) which is thus a later stage of TCP. Some of the distinctive features of TCP are younger age at onset, presence of large intraductal calculi, more aggressive course of the disease, and a high susceptibility to pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic calculi are the hallmark for the diagnosis of TCP and in non-calcific cases ductal dilation on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, computed tomography, or ultrasound helps to identify the disease. Diabetes is usually quite severe and of the insulin requiring type, but ketosis is rare. Microvascular complications of diabetes occur as frequently as in type 2 diabetes but macrovascular complications are uncommon. Pancreatic enzyme supplements are used for relief of abdominal pain and reducing the symptoms related to steatorrhoea. Early diagnosis and better control of the endocrine and exocrine dysfunction could help to ensure better survival and improve the prognosis and quality of life of TCP patients.
Management of childhood constipation
Authors: Clayden G , Keshtgar A S 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
The effective management of constipation in childhood requires an understanding of the ways that the physical and psychological factors interact. The early difficulty with defecation that leads to pain, fear, and refusal to use the pot or lavatory often progresses to the formation of vicious cycles of increasing faecal retention as the rectum increases in capacity and the experience of passing large, hard stools is repeated. There is increasing distress as overflow faecal incontinence compounds the problem for the older child. The medical, psychological, and surgical management strategies are reviewed together with the rationale for their use.
Education of senior house officers: current challenges
Authors: Carr S 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Over recent years several factors have impacted upon the education of doctors in training in medicine and other specialties. These factors include the European Working Time Directive and shift patterns of working, increasing service demands, changes in the examination and assessment processes, and clinical governance issues. In addition, over the next few years further changes will take place with the implementation of “Modernising Medical Careers” document and the establishment of the new Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board. This article attempts to review the effects of these changes on education of junior doctors and to suggest some possible ways to address these challenges.
Prostate cancer management: (2) an update on locally advanced and metastatic disease
Authors: Bott S R J , Birtle A J , Taylor C J , Kirby R S 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Just under half of men with prostate cancer present with locally advanced or metastatic disease. A multidisciplinary approach is required to improve survival, minimise complications, and provide adequate palliation. Radiotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for pelvic disease control and encouraging results have been reported with androgen ablation as adjuvant therapy. In metastatic disease androgen ablation is usually first line, although ultimately most tumours become hormone refractory, requiring second or third line treatments. Localised or systemic radiotherapy may be used for palliation in metastatic disease. With the advent of more potent bisphosphonates the common bony complications associated with metastases may be reduced. This, the second review of prostate cancer, explores the various treatments available to the multidisciplinary team.
An industry based approach to colorectal cancer screening in an asymptomatic population
Authors: Hart A R , Glover N , Howick-Baker J , Mayberry J F 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
The uptake of faecal occult blood testing in a workplace based colorectal cancer screening programme was investigated. Altogether 1828 employees aged 41–65 years at a large British industrial company were invited to receive a free faecal occult blood test (Haemoccult). Faecal occult blood tests were completed on three separate days. Patients with positive results were invited to undergo colonoscopy. The number of employees completing kits was measured and differences in compliance according to age, sex, and occupation were tested with a χ2 test. Compliance was 25.4%, and similar in men (25.0%) and women (32.0%, χ2  =  3.0, not significant). In men, compliance was highest in those aged 51–60 years (30.5% χ2 &gt;11.6, p&lt;0.001). Compliance in women aged 41–50 years, 51–60 years, and 61–65 years was similar (Yates’s corrected χ2 &lt;2.08, not significant). Managers returned more kits than clerical and blue collar workers (28.6% v 23.5%, χ2  =  5.6, p&lt;0.02). One percent of tests were positive and one patient had a tubular adenoma. Compliance in employees aged 51–60 years was comparable to that achieved in one-off British general practice programmes, but less than that in the large randomised trial of screening in general practices in Nottinghamshire. Health education of large numbers of people is easier at the workplace than in the community. Future screening must target older employees and those with clerical and blue collar jobs.
Completion of the audit cycle: standardised nurse-led information for patients
Authors: Sharma R A , Furber L , Granger L D , Archdeacon C , Thomas G , Symonds R P 
Published: December 2003

Abstract

Background
It is increasingly accepted that patients want information about their proposed treatment, and that provision of such information may alleviate fear and may improve the process of obtaining informed consent. It is not yet clear what form such information should take.

Objective
Based on differences shown previously between patients receiving standard treatment and those in clinical trials, a system of routine appointments with a chemotherapy nurse at least one day before the patient offered consent to treatment was established for all patients receiving chemotherapy in Leicestershire, at which time patients were given standardised written information regarding outpatient chemotherapy and specific drugs.

Method
In order to complete the audit cycle, the previous questionnaire study was repeated.

Results
From 160 questionnaires distributed, 131 complete replies were received. Compared with the previous audit, a significantly higher proportion of patients receiving standard chemotherapy remembered being given written information about chemotherapy from a nurse before starting their treatment and remembered signing a consent form. The significant difference in feelings of involvement in the decision to have chemotherapy between patients receiving standard chemotherapy and those in clinical trials detected in the previous audit was no longer detectable, suggesting the clinical effectiveness of the intervention performed.

Conclusion
Implementation of nurse-led appointments with provision of standardised information before formal consent being taken should be studied further for its potential to improve patients’ involvement in medical decision making.
From trench fever to endocarditis
Authors: Mann P , Nye F , Williams G , Walker A , Amadi A 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
The case of a 44 year old woman with infective endocarditis due to Bartonella quintana, an organism long recognised to cause a condition known as trench fever, is reported. This case illustrates the lengthy differential diagnosis of “culture negative” endocarditis. In addition the presence of serological cross reactivity of Bartonella spp and Chlamydia spp demonstrates the potential for misdiagnosis in these circumstances.
Sinoatrial block complicating legionnaire’s disease
Authors: Medarov B , Tongia S , Rossoff L 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
A 59 year old woman presented with acute onset of fever, chills, diaphoresis, vague chest discomfort, and was found to be hypotensive and tachypnoeic. An electrocardiogram demonstrated sinoatrial block with a junctional rhythm between 50 and 80 beats/min. All cultures were negative and imaging studies unrevealing. Her urine tested positive for Legionella pneumophila antigen serotype 1 and she improved with antibiotic therapy.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MAGNETIC STRUCTURE OF Cr on Pd(001) BY SPIN-POLARIZED AND ANGLE-RESOLVED PHOTOELECTRON DIFFRACTION
Authors: RENNERT P. , HERGERT W. , MÜCK W. , CHASSÉ A. 
Published: December 2003

Recent investigations of the magnetic structure of Cr layers on Pd (001) have shown that two structures appear dependent on the number of Cr layers which have an in-plane antiferromagnetic structure and a layer antiferromagnetic structure, respectively. It is shown that these magnetic structures should be distinguishable experimentally by spin-polarized photoelectron diffraction experiments. The photoelectron intensity from the Cr 2 p 1/2 core level is calculated for normal incidence of left and right circularly polarized light. It is shown that there is a strong dichroism and spin polarization in the intensities. Dichroism and spin polarization are analyzed with respect to their sources, and thus the contribution of the magnetic scattering is separated. It is an essential contribution for a monolayer Cr on Pd (001).
A STUDY OF ADSORBATE VIBRATIONS AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES
Authors: CAMPLIN J. P. , CLOWES S. K. , COOK J. C. , Mccash E. M. 
Published: December 2003

Reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) has been used to probe adsorbate vibrations in the temperature range below 77 K (the base temperature obtained in most RAIRS experiments), by cooling the metal sample with liquid helium. Spectra can be recorded routinely at any desired temperature from 23 K to the desorption temperature during any experiment using the apparatus which we have constructed. We report on the adsorption of CO on Pd(100) where CO adopts only bridging sites below 77 K. A significant interaction between the physisorbed and chemisorbed layers is observed using RAIRS. RAIRS spectra of physisorbed CO 2 on Cu(100) are presented and illustrate the potential of the application of RAIRS to the study of growth and phase formation of molecular crystals.
Functional Matrix: A Conceptual Framework for Predicting Multiple Plant Effects on Ecosystem Processes
Authors: Eviner Valerie T. , Chapin III F. Stuart 
Published: December 2003

▪ Abstract  Plant species differ in how they influence many aspects of ecosystem structure and function, including soil characteristics, geomorphology, biogeochemistry, regional climate, and the activity and distribution of other organisms. Attempts to generalize plant species effects on ecosystems have focused on single traits or suites of traits that strongly covary (functional groups). However, plant effects on any ecosystem process are mediated by multiple traits, and many of these traits vary independently from one another. Thus, most species have unique combinations of traits that influence ecosystems, and there is no single trait or functional-group classification that can capture the effects of these multiple traits, or can predict the multiple functions performed by different plant species.We present a new theoretical framework, the functional matrix, which builds upon the functional group and single trait approaches to account for the ecosystem effects of multiple traits that vary independently among species. The functional matrix describes the relationship between ecosystem processes and multiple traits, treating traits as continuous variables, and determining if the effects of these multiple traits are additive or interactive. The power of this approach is that the ecosystem effects of multiple traits are the underlying mechanisms determining species effects, how the effects of an individual species change across seasons and under varying environmental conditions, the nonadditive effects of plant species mixtures, and the effects of species diversity.