bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of poly(hydroxyether). I. Poly(hydroxyether) based on 2,2‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane and 2,2‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)propane
Authors: Fukuoka Tetsuya , Tatehata Hideki , Mochizuki Akira 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLinear poly(hydroxyethers) (PHEs) were prepared by the base‐induced condensation of bisphenols with epichlorohydrin in a polar mixed solvent. The bisphenols used were 2,2‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A) and 2,2‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐hexafluoropropane (bisphenol AF). Bisphenol A–based homo‐PHE (HPHE‐A), bisphenol AF–based homo‐PHE (HPHE‐AF), and copoly(hydroxyethers) (CPHEs) based on both the bisphenols with various compositions were characterized in terms of chemical structure, thermal property, solubility, and contact angle. The incorporation of bisphenol AF unit into HPHE‐A brought about the increases in the glass‐transition temperature, the solubility in organic solvents, and the hydrophobicity. The sequence of the repeating unit in the copolymer was analyzed by 1H–NMR and the result agreed well with the one calculated as a random copolymer. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1687–1696, 2001
Advanced torsional dynamic methods to study the morphology of uncured filled rubber compounds
Authors: Leblanc Jean L. , Cartault Marie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUncured compounds of SBR1500 with various levels of silica were studied using a torsional dynamic tester (rubber process analyzer; RPA). Silica‐filled compounds were prepared with the appropriate amounts (8.2%) of silane, i.e., bis(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfane (TESPT). A carbon black‐filled compound was also studied for comparison. Strain sweep tests at constant frequency show that filled rubber materials exhibit either no or limited linear viscoelastic domain. Frequency sweep tests were performed either at the lowest strain amplitude or within the linear range at several temperatures; results were treated through time–temperature superposition in order to yield G′ and G″ master curves at the reference temperature of 100°C. Special test procedures were applied that are known to give interesting information about the morphology of complex polymer systems: the morphology damaging test (MDT) and the damaged morphology recovery test (DMRT). Results obtained are discussed with respect to the likely morphology of carbon black and silica‐filled rubber compounds. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2093–2104, 2001
TTT and CHT curing diagrams of water‐borne polycondensation resins on lignocellulosic substrates
Authors: Pizzi A. , Zhao C. , Kamoun C. , Heinrich H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLignocellulosic substrates such as wood were found to have a marked modifying influence on both lower temperature and higher temperature zones of TTT and CHT diagrams during hardening of phenol–resorcinol–formaldehyde (PRF) and melamime–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) polycondensates. Although the modifying influence of the substrate on the higher temperature zone of CHT diagrams presented the same trend of what was already reported for phenol–formaldehyde (PF) and urea–formaldehyde (UF) polycondensates, marked differences from what reported in the literature were recorded for TTT diagrams of all these polycondensates as well for the lower temperature zones of the CHT diagrams on lignocellulosic substrates, both of which had not been investigated previously. The chemical and physical mechanisms of the interactions of the resins, the substrate, and the water carrier causing such marked variations are presented and discussed. Although in the higher temperature zones both substrate and water carrier play an important role, in the lower temperature zone the presence of water appears to be the dominant factor causing the observed variations. The generalized modified CHT and TTT diagrams characteristic of the behavior of these water‐borne polycondensates on lignocellulosic substrates can be used to describe the behavior and complex changes of phase the formaldehyde‐based polycondensation resins undergo when used as wood adhesives during their curing directly in the wood joint. The results also show that diagrams obtained with pure resin cannot be used to predict the behavior of the polycondensate when this is markedly modified by the presence of interacting solvents and substrates. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2128–2139, 2001
Structure, processing, morphology, and property relationships of biaxially drawn Ziegler–Natta/metallocene isotactic polypropylene film
Authors: Phillips Roger A. , Nguyen Tinh 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe structure, processing, morphology, and property relationships of biaxially drawn isotactic polypropylene (BOPP) film of mixed metallocene isotactic PP (m‐iPP) and Ziegler–Natta iPP (ZN‐iPP) homopolymer compositions are developed. The DSC and film drawing behavior show cocrystallization of the ZN‐iPP and m‐iPP components. The structure, processing, morphology, and property relations of ZN‐iPP/m‐iPP blends are compared with ZN‐iPP of varying isotacticities. The ZN‐iPP/m‐iPP blends exhibit reduced biaxial yield stress [σy(T)]. A fractional crystallinity model collapses the σy(T) data into a common normalized form over a range of draw temperatures, ZN‐iPP tacticities, and blend compositions. The simplified model is extended to define the interrelationships of yield activation and strain hardening behavior into regimes differentiated by characteristic draw stress (crystallinity) levels. Structure–property models are developed to explain the effect of draw temperature and resin–blend microstructure on the draw behavior, film stiffness, barrier, elongation, and synergies of the BOPP film processing–property balance. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2400–2415, 2001
Cure and mechanical properties of filled SMR L/ENR 25 and SMR L/SBR blends
Authors: Poh B. T. , Ismail H. , Quah E. H. , Chin P. L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of blend ratio of natural rubber/epoxidized natural rubber (SMR L/ENR 25) and natural rubber/styrene‐butadiene rubber (SMR L/SBR) blends on scorch time (t2), cure time (t90), resilience, hardness, and fatigue properties were studied in the presence of carbon black and silica. An accelerated sulfur vulcanization system was used throughout the investigation. The scorch and cure times of the rubber compound were assessed by using a Moving‐Die Rheometer (MDR 2000). Resilience, hardness, and fatigue life were determined by using a Wallace Dunlop Tripsometer, a Wallace Dead Load Hardness Tester, and a Fatigue to Failure Tester, respectively. The results indicate that t2 and t90 decrease with increasing ENR 25 composition in the SMR L/ENR 25 blend whereas both values increase with increasing SBR content in the SMR L/SBR blend. This observation is attributed to faster cure in ENR 25 and higher saturation in SBR. Resilience decreases with increase in % ENR and % SBR but hardness shows the reverse behavior in their respective blends. The fatigue life increases with % ENR, but it passes through a maximum with % SBR in the respective blends. In all cases, aging lowers the fatigue life, a phenomenon that is caused by the breakdown of crosslinks in the vulcanizate. Differences in all the observed values between carbon black‐filled and silica‐filled blends are associated with the varying degrees of interaction and dispersion of the two fillers in the rubber blend matrix. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 47–52, 2001
Synthesis of amphiphilic microspheres by suspension copolymerization of styrene and poly(ethylene oxide) macromonomer
Authors: Li Wei , Ding Xiao‐Bing , Zheng Zhao‐Hui , Zhang Wen‐Chuan , Deng Jing‐Gen , Peng Yuxing , Chan Albert S. C. , Yip C. W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAmphiphilic microspheres, ranging in size from 3 to 35 μm, were prepared by suspension copolymerization of styrene with poly(ethylene oxide) vinylbenzyl (PEO–VB) macromonomer by changing polymerization conditions. It was found that an increase in the amount of dispersant and the PEO–VB concentration resulted in decreases of the size and size distribution of amphiphilic microspheres. The morphology, size, and size distribution of amphiphilic microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The structure of copolymer was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, elemental analysis, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The content of the hydroxyl groups localized in the microspheres ranged from 0.05 to 0.2 mmol/g. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 333–339, 2001
Condition monitoring of a thermally aged hydroxy‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)/isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) elastomer by nuclear magnetic resonance cross‐polarization recovery times
Authors: Assink Roger A. , Lang David P. , Celina Mathew 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA hydroxy‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)/isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) elastomer is commonly used as propellant binder material. The thermal degradation of the binder is believed to be an important parameter governing the performance of the propellant. The aging of these binders can be monitored by mechanical property measurements, such as modulus or tensile elongation. These techniques, however, are not easily adapted to binder agents that are dispersed throughout a propellant. In this paper we investigated solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation times as a means to predict the mechanical properties of the binder as a function of aging time. Proton (1H) spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation times were insensitive to the degree of thermal degradation of the elastomer. Apparently, these relaxation times depend on localized motions that are only weakly correlated with mechanical properties. A strong correlation was found between the 13C cross‐polarization (CP) NMR time constant, Tcp, and the tensile elongation at break of the elastomer as a function of aging time. A ramped‐amplitude CP experiment was less sensitive to imperfections in setting critical instrumental parameters for this mobile material. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 453–459, 2001
Improved surface characteristics and the conductivity of polyaniline–nylon 6 fabrics by plasma treatment
Authors: Oh Kyung Wha , Kim Seong Hun , Kim Eun Ae 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of plasma treatment on the surface characteristics and conductivity of polyaniline–nylon 6 composite fabrics was investigated. Plasma surface modifications with oxygen, ammonia, and argon were performed on the nylon 6 fabrics to improve the adhesion and rate of polymerization. The surface morphology of the fiber was observed with scanning electron microscopy, and functional groups introduced onto the surface of nylon 6 fibers by various plasma treatments were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. With oxygen plasma treatment, the fiber surface was effectively etched; polar groups such as OH and OOH were introduced onto the surface of nylon 6 fiber, and they increased surface activity, promoted oxidation polymerization, and resulted in higher add‐on and electrical conductivity. However, the introduced amine and amide groups with ammonia treatment caused a reduction in conductivity. Argon did not significantly alter the surface characteristics of the nylon 6 fibers. In addition, to control fabric conductivity and cover as wide a range of conductivity as possible, we observed the effects of the monomer concentration and number of deposits on the fabric conductivity. The results showed that fabric conductivity increased as the monomer concentration increased up to 0.5M and then leveled off, and further increases were achieved with an increase in the number of multiple deposits. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 684–694, 2001
Preparation of poly(vinyl butyral) with high acetalization rate
Authors: Chetri P. , Dass N. N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) can be dissolved in a nonaqueous medium in the presence of catalytic concentration of ethyl nitrate dimethyl sulfoxide, C2H5ONO2 · DMSO (EN · DMSO). From the PVA solution, poly(vinyl butyral) (PVBu) was prepared by acid‐catalyzed homogeneous acetalization of PVA with butyraldehyde. The formation of PVBu was confirmed by IR and 1H‐NMR spectra. The degree of acetalization of PVBu was found to be 95 mol %, which was verified by 1H‐NMR data and acetylation method. The molecular mass of the polymer was determined by GPC method. The glass transition temperature, Tg, was measured from differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) thermograms. Thermal stabilities were checked by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermogravimetry (DTG). The acetal decomposed in three stages. The corresponding initial decomposition temperatures were found to be 285, 390, and above 500°C. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1182–1186, 2001
Influence of preparation parameters on the CHT curing diagrams of MUF polycondensation resins
Authors: Properzi M. , Pizzi A. , Uzielli L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLignocellulosic substrates such as wood have been found to have a marked modifying influence on both lower‐temperature and higher‐temperature zones of TTT and CHT diagrams during hardening of formaldehyde‐based polycondensates. While the modifying influence of the substrate has been described, the modifying influence of some of the most important manufacturing parameters of the resins on the CHT diagram, not having been previously investigated, are explored here and clear trends are shown. In the case of melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) resins for wood adhesives, the molar ratio (M+U):F appear to be the dominant parameter influencing the relative position of gel and vitrification curves in relation to each other. The ratio of melamine to urea does not appear to have any effect on the relative position of the curve, lacking any clear trend, at least at the higher (M+U) molar ratio of 1:1.9 used for this series of resins. In the case presented for the first time, the influence of resin manufacturing parameters on CHT curing diagrams was studied in combination with the modifications introduced by the substrate. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2821–2825, 2001
Slightly crosslinked poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) gels as the media for growth of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate crystals
Authors: Nasimova I. R. , Evlanova N. F. , Makhaeva E. E. , Khokhlov A. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe behavior of slightly crosslinked poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) (PVCa) gels in a CuSO4 solution in water and ethanol was studied. The investigation was carried out for PVCa gels with polymer contents of 4% and 7%. The effective absorption of CuSO4 by PVCa hydrogel accompanied by gel shrinking was observed for the CuSO4 aqueous solution. It was shown that dendrite crystals of CuSO45H2O localized within the gel sample are obtained after placement of gels samples into ethanol. The crystal habit depends on gel concentration. It was found that slightly crosslinked PVCa gels are promising as media for the growth of crystals. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2838–2842, 2001
A study of curative interactions in the presence of cobalt(II) stearate
Authors: Jóna E. , Ondrušová D. , Pajtášová M. , P. Šimon  , Michálek J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe curative interactions with the participation of dicyclohexylbenzothiazole‐2‐sulfenamide (DCBS), stearic acid (SA), ZnO, S, and Co(II) stearate (octadecanoate‐CoC18) as adhesive promoter have been investigated by means of DSC calorimetry, EPR, and IR spectroscopy in the absence of rubber. It has been found that in the presence of CoC18, DCBS, and S, structural changes have been observed on the action of heat, which are connected with the formation of polysulfide complexes between Co2+ ions, DCBS fragments, and sulphur. In the presence of SA and ZnO in the five‐component system, zinc(II) octadecanoate is formed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2936–2943, 2001
Poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) gel/organic dye complexes as sensors for metal ions in aqueous salt solutions
Authors: Nasimova I. R. , Makhaeva E. E. , Khokhlov A. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe complex formation of organogels based on poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) (PVCa) and organic dyes [5‐(4‐dimethylaminobenzylidene) rhodanine, α‐nitroso‐β‐naftol, and dithizone] and the properties of the complexes in salt aqueous solutions were studied. PVCa gels absorbed these dyes in organic media (ethanol and chloroform). Our main focus was the behavior of the gel/dye complex immersed in a salt aqueous solution if the dye was the chelating ligand for metal ions. The behavior of the PVCa/dithizone (Dz)/chloroform system was studied in AgNO3 aqueous solutions. The absorption spectra of gel/dye and gel/dye/metal ion systems were investigated. The results obtained indicate that Ag+ ions penetrate the gel phase and that the Dz/silver complexes are indeed formed inside the gel. The dependence of the optical density of the gel/dye/metal ion systems on the AgNO3 concentration was observed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3238–3243, 2001
Opto‐thermal properties of fibers XVIII—Skin‐core structures variations in nylon 6 fibers due to different annealing conditions
Authors: Fouda I. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNylon 6 fibers (Amilan) were annealed at constant temperature 140 ± 1°C for different time durations (1–10 h). Refractive indices have been previously measured interferometerically. Two independent techniques were used to study the optical anisotropy and density in these fibers. The first was the application of a multiple‐beam to determine the skin and core “mean” refractive indices and birefringence of the samples. The technique used multiple‐beam Fizeau fringes in transmission. The second technique was an acoustic method for measuring the density of the investigated fibers. The optical results were used to calculate the optical orientation factors for skin and core. The values of (Δα/3α0), which depend upon the molecular structure of the polymer, remain constant and in agreement with the previous published data. The density results were used to calculate the degree of crystallinity of nylon 6 fibers. In addition, the results were used to calculate the mean square density fluctuation, the harmonic mean polarizability of the dielectric, specific refractivity of the isotropic dielectric and the virtual refractive index. Also, the number of monomer units per unit volume, and n1 and n2, which are the refractive indices of fully oriented fiber, were calculated and found to be (1.606 and 1.534). Hermans optical orientation functions have been compared with the generalized Lorentz‐Lorenz equation given by de Vries. Microinterferograms and curves are given for illustration. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3349–3360, 2001
Grafted stock synthesis of ABS at the ultimate high ratio of polybutadiene to poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile)
Authors: Okaniwa Motoki , Suzuki Masanori 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study describes the emulsion grafting of styrene and acrylonitrile onto 60–70% polybutadiene (PB), in the presence or absence of tert‐dodecanetiol as a chain transfer reagent with a radical initiator, and the properties of the obtained grafted stock. There was no significant difference in terms of effect of the initiation mode on the grafting efficiency resulting from the high grafting reactivity of PB. However, the grafted stock with 70% PB prepared in the presence of tert‐dodecanetiol and the adequate selection of an initiation system gave a homogeneous dispersion of the PB particles into poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (SAN) matrix. The initiation system involves tert‐butyl peroxylaurate, tert‐butyl peroxyacetate, and tert‐butyl peroxyisopropylcarbonate coupled with ferrous sulfate. The efficient coverage of the SAN grafted layer around 70% PB particles was observed by TEM to eventually give excellent impact resistance, high surface gloss, and good thermal resistance. The absence of tert‐dodecanetiol resulted in a toughness reduction of ABS. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3462–3470, 2001
Therapeutic affinity adsorption of iron(III) with dye‐ and ferritin‐immobilized pHEMA adsorbent
Authors: Yavuz Handan , Arica Yakup , Deni̇zli̇ Adil 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMicroporous poly(2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (pHEMA) films carrying cibacron blue F3GA, Congo red, and ferritin were prepared and used for iron(III) removal from human plasma. pHEMA films were produced by a photopolymerization of 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile. The reactive dye ligands cibacron blue F3GA, Congo red, and bioligand ferritin were then covalently attached to the pHEMA films. The maximum dye loadings were 1.07 and 0.80 μmol/cm2 for cibacron blue and Congo red, respectively. The maximum amount of ferritin attached was 1.04 × 10−3 μmol/cm2. Characterizations of the films were achieved by contact‐angle, water‐uptake, and scanning electron microscopy studies as well as atomic force microscopy images. The aqueous water‐uptake properties and contact angles (air underwater) of the pHEMA films did not change after derivatization with cibacron blue F3GA, Congo red, and ferritin. These hydrophilic films (contact angle = 45.3°), having a swelling ratio of 58% (w/w) and carrying cibacron blue F3GA, Congo red, and ferritin, were used in Fe(III) removal studies. The maximum amounts of Fe(III) removed from human plasma by cibacron blue F3GA‐, Congo red‐, and ferritin‐attached pHEMA films were 3.80 μg/cm2 for cibacron blue F3GA, 4.41 μg/cm2 for Congo red, and 8.1 μg/cm2 for ferritin‐attached films. Fe(III) ions could be repeatedly adsorbed and desorbed with these affinity pHEMA films without a noticeable loss in their Fe(III) adsorption capacity. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 186–194, 2001
Castor‐acrylated monomer 1H‐ and 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectral assignments
Authors: Brister E. H. , Jarrett W. , Thames S. F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCastor‐acrylated monomer (CAM) NMR spectral assignments were made utilizing one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR techniques. The unique structure of CAM resulted in several novel chemical environments which were observed in the NMR spectra. Previously published vegetable oil and fatty acid ester NMR peak assignments were insufficient for complete identification of NMR peaks. Definitive peak assignments, particularly in the alkyl and alkene regions, are required for evaluation of CAM as a specialty comonomer in the synthesis of latex polymers for use as waterborne‐coating binders. The NMR peak assignments for CAM will allow the subsequent evaluation of the copolymerizability of CAM as well as the determination as to whether unsaturation is preserved during latex polymer synthesis. 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra of CAM are provided with supporting evidence for the peak assignments and discussion of their relevance. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 1850–1854, 2001
New type of lithium poly(polyfluoroalkoxy)sulfonylimides as salts for PEO‐based solvent‐free electrolytes
Authors: Liu Da‐Fan , Nie Jin , Zhuo Lian‐Meng , Liu Lie‐Wei , Sonoda Takaaki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new type of lithium salts, —SO2NLiSO2OCH2(CF2)nCH2Om— (LiPPFASI, where n = 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7), was used as salts in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)‐based solvent‐free electrolytes. The conductivity and electrochemical stability behaviors were studied. The results showed the electrolytes almost have a similar conductivity and the PEO–LiPPFASI (n = 3, EO/Li = 10) was the relatively better system under the experiment conditions. Moreover, most systems were found to be oxidatively stable up to 5.5 V versus Li/Li+ and the lithium deposition‐stripping process on the electrode was reversible for all the polymer electrolytes. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 1882–1885, 2001