bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of process stability on anaerobic biodegradation of LAS in UASB reactors
Authors: Løbner Trine , Toräng Lars , Batstone Damien John , Schmidt Jens Ejbye , Angelidaki Irini 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAnaerobic biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) was studied in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors operated under mesophilic (37°C) and thermophilic (55°C) conditions. LAS C12 concentration in the influents was 10 mg·L−1, and the hydraulic retention time in the reactors was 2 days. Adsorption of LAS C12 was assessed in an autoclaved control reactor and ceased after 115 days. The reactors were operated for a minimum of 267 days; 40–80% removal of LAS C12 was observed. A temperature reduction from 55°C to 32°C for 30 h resulted in process imbalance as indicated by increase of volatile fatty acids (VFA). The imbalance was much more intense in the LAS amended reactor compared with an unamended reactor. At the same time, the process imbalance resulted in discontinued LAS removal. This finding indicates that process stability is a key factor in anaerobic biological removal of LAS. After a recovery period, the removal of LAS resumed, providing evidence of biological anaerobic LAS degradation. The removal remained constant until termination of experiments in the reactor. Biodegradation of LAS in the mesophilic reactor was at the same level as in the thermophilic reactor under stable conditions. ©2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of nutrient supply on cell growth in bioreactor design for tissue engineering of hematopoietic cells
Authors: Pathi Pragyansri , Ma Teng , Locke Bruce R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the present study, a dynamic mathematical model for the growth of granulocyte progenitor cells in the hematopoietic process is developed based on the principles of diffusion and chemical reaction. This model simulates granulocyte progenitor cell growth and oxygen consumption in a three‐dimensional (3‐D) perfusion bioreactor. Material balances on cells are coupled to the nutrient balances in 3‐D matrices to determine the effects of transport limitations on cell growth. The method of volume averaging is used to formulate the material balances for the cells and the nutrients in the porous matrix containing the cells. All model parameters are obtained from the literature. The maximum cell volume fraction reached when oxygen is depleted in the cell layer at 15 days and is nearly 0.63, corresponding to a cell density of 2.25 × 108 cells/mL. The substrate inhibition kinetics for cell growth lead to complex effects with respect to the roles of oxygen concentration and supply by convection and diffusion on cell growth. Variation in the height of the liquid layer above the cell matrix where nutrient supply is introduced affected the relative and absolute amounts of oxygen supply by hydrodynamic flow and by diffusion across a gas permeable FEP membrane. Mass transfer restrictions of the FEP membrane are considerable, and the supply of oxygen by convection is essential to achieve higher levels of cell growth. A maximum growth rate occurs at a specific flow rate. For flow rates higher than this optimal, the high oxygen concentration led to growth inhibition and for lower flow rates growth limitations occur due to insufficient oxygen supply. Because of the nonlinear effects of the autocatalytic substrate inhibition growth kinetics coupled to the convective transport, the rate of growth at this optimal flow rate is higher than that in a corresponding well‐mixed reactor where oxygen concentration is set at the maximum indicated by the inhibitory kinetics. ©2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comprehensive thermal optimization of liquid composite molding to reduce cycle time and processing stresses
Authors: Ruiz Edu , Trochu François 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLiquid composite molding (LCM) is a well‐established and flexible composite manufacturing technology capable of producing large parts at a relatively low cost. In this family of related injection processes, a large number of design variables have strong impact on manufacturing performance. The determination of adequate process parameters is key to yield successful molding conditions and reduce cycle time. In addition, properties and durability of composite parts are strongly affected by internal stresses. Excessive stress levels may lead to important defects in the part at the curing stage and after processing, when the part is cooled to room temperature. In this investigation, a comprehensive curing optimization algorithm is proposed to reduce internal stresses during composite processing. This study focuses on the minimization of the macroscopic residual stresses that appear during cure and cooling in thermoset composite laminates as a result of temperature and degree of cure gradients. The proposed fitness function to be minimized is based on the physics of the matrix material transformation and on the mechanical behavior of the composite material. An evolutionary strategy based on genetic algorithms (GA) is implemented for the minimization of the fitness function. Optimization is carried out for thin and thick glass/polyester laminated composites. Different optimization schemes with thermo‐elastic and viscoelastic models of the composite mechanical properties are studied. The advantages and drawbacks of each model are stated and discussed. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:209–230, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Computational fluid dynamics applied to the vacuum infusion process
Authors: Andersson H.M. , Lundström T.S. , Langhans N. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn all‐purpose computational fluid dynamics software is used for simulations of the vacuum infusion process. The study comprises simulations of a full three‐dimensional two‐phase flow through a porous medium. The medium that has an anisotropic, spatial‐ and time‐dependent permeability is located in a complex mold with moving boundaries. With this generalization, different material combinations, processing conditions, and even other manufacturing techniques can be evaluated. The strength of the presented approach is exemplified by simulations of mold filling of a real part, using a typical vacuum infusion set‐up. In addition to the overall development of the model, a number of specific aspects and phenomena are investigated and evaluated. Local lead of the flow front and a minor influence in overall flow front lead‐lag, with no influence on the fill time, is the result of simulations of edge effects due to poor preform fitting. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:231–239, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Virus replication inhibitory peptide inhibits the conversion of phospholipid bilayers to the hexagonal phase
Authors: Epand Richard M. 
Published: February 2005

Virus replication inhibitory peptide (carbobenzoxy-D-Phe-L-PheGly) was shown to be a potent specific inhibitor of the replication of paramyxovirus and myxovirus (Richardson, Scheid and Choppin (1980), Virology105, 205–222). This peptide inhibits the membrane fusing activity of a viral glycoprotein.
Many agents which promote the formation of the hexagonal phase in membranes also accelerate membrane fusion. At a mole fraction of 0.1, viral replication inhibitory peptide can raise the bilayer to hexagonal phase transition temperature of dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine by almost 10°. Two related peptides, carbobenzoxy-L-PheGly and carbobenzoxy-L-GlyPhe, are less potent in raising the bilayer to hexagonal phase transition temperature, with the latter peptide being the least effective of the three. This order of potency is the same as the order of potency in inhibiting viral replication. Substances which inhibit hexagonal phase formation of pure lipids may also inhibit membrane fusion.
Inhibition by nojirimycin and 1-deoxynojirimycin of microsomal glucosidases from calf liver acting on the glycoprotein oligosaccharides Glc1–3Man9GlcNAc2
Authors: Hettkamp Harald , Bause Ernst , Legler Günter 
Published: February 2005

Particulate membrane fractions from calf liver catalyze the release of glucose from GlcNAc2-Man9-Glc1–3-oligosaccharides. Maximal oligosaccharide-glucosidase activity was obtained at pH 6.2 and a detergent concentration of 0.5% Triton X-100. This activity could be distinguished from non-specific α-glucosidase activity on the basis of different pH-dependence and lack of activation by detergent. The relative rates for the hydrolysis of the Glc3-, Glc2-, and Glcl-oligosaccharide, estimated from the initial velocity, was 1: 12: 3. There is no significant difference in the enzyme activity towards free, peptide-bound, or lipid-linked oligosaccharide.
Nojirimycin and l-deoxynojirimycin were strong inhibitors of microsomal oligosaccharide-glucosidases. Hydrolysis of GIc3-oligosaccharide was inhibited by 50% at concentrations of 0.16 mM and 2 μM, respectively. Hydrolysis of the Glc2- and Glc1-oligosaccharide was inhibited to a somewhat lower extent, suggesting the presence of at least two glucosidases, one acting on Glc3- and one acting on Glc1- and Glc2-oligosaccharide.
Enzymatic HCO3− fixation: A common mechanism for all enzymes involved?
Authors: Rubio Vicente 
Published: February 2005

Conclusion
Present evidence is highly suggestive of a stepwise mechanism with a common initial step of HCO3− activation, for all enzymes that use HCO3− rather than CO2 as the substrate. This activated form of HCO3− appears to be the carbonic-phosphoric anhydride, although this has only been proved rigorously with carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. Further studies using isotope scrambling and other techniques will be necessary to establish conclusively that this is the case with the other enzymes.
Enhanced production of dolichol, but not dolichyl phosphate, in the earliest stages of rat liver regeneration
Authors: Marino M. , Bruscalupi G. , Spagnuolo S. , Leoni S. , Mangiantini M. T. , Trentalance A. , Hemming F. W. 
Published: February 2005

The regenerating liver presents a changed ability to use mevalonate 16 hr after partial hepatectomy. The dolichol content and its synthesis from mevalonate is increased, while no variation of dolichyl-P and ubiquinone parameters are detectable.
The greater amount ofmevalonate utilized to form dolichol, but not dolichyl-P, in this proliferating system, raises some questions about the physiological significance of these isoprenoid compounds and about their biosynthetic sequence.
Effect of E. coli endotoxin on temperature, oxygen consumption and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in rats and mice
Authors: Jennings G. , Elia M. 
Published: February 2005

The effects of E. coli endotoxin 0127 B8 on oxygen consumption, temperature, and on the activity of the proton conductance pathway in brown adipose tissue (BAT) were investigated in rats and mice. In rats an increase was observed in rectal and skin temperature, whole body oxygen consumption and GDP binding in BAT. In mice only the rise in rectal and skin temperature were significantly changed by endotoxin administration.
These findings suggest that in some species BAT is involved in the production of endotoxin induced fever and increased energy expenditure.
The Registration of Complications in Surgery: A Learning Curve
Authors: Veen Eelco J. , Janssen‐Heijnen Maryska L. G. , Leenen Loek P. H. , Roukema Jan A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRegistration of complications in surgery is an important method used for quality improvement. Unfortunately many different definitions and classification systems have been used, which influences the interpretation and the outcome of complication registration. Since 1986 complications have been registered on a daily basis in our surgical department. We focus in this article on the influence of changes in interpretation of the definition and registration methods used on the incidence of registered complications. Between 1986 and 1993 complications registered were strictly related to surgical procedures. In the second period, between 1993 and 2001, the interpretation of the definition changed and all adverse events were registered in a patient‐centred way, not only related to the surgical procedure. The definition used in both periods did not change. In 1993 we started with the implementation of a fully automated registration system in our surgical department. In the first period 1699 (7%) complications in 24,201 surgical procedures were registered and in the second period 8335 (27%) complications were registered in 31,161 surgical procedures. A dramatic increase in the total number of registered complications was seen with the implementation of a fully automated registration system and a patient‐centred way of registering complications. In the context of the evolving discussion of quality of care, a uniform definition and registration system has to be used to assure reliable outcome data in surgery and to form a basis for comparison.
Intestinal Anastomoses Prior to 1882; a Legacy of Ingenuity, Persistence, and Research Form a Foundation for Modern Gastrointestinal Surgery
Authors: Dietz Ulrich A. , Debus Eike‐Sebastian 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis review describes some of the main intestinal suture and anastomosis techniques up to 1882. The disparity between the great variety of proposed techniques and the paucity of actual clinical application is highlighted. Additionally, the statistical reviews of Rydygier (1881) and Madelung (1882), sources originally written in German and only rarely cited, are compared and analyzed. Historical terminology regarding anastomoses is clarified, and the contribution made by experimental surgery toward the establishment of modern suture technique is discussed. The technique of Philipp Ramdohr (1727) is presented in greater detail.
High sensitivity to multisensory conflicts in agoraphobia exhibited by virtual reality
Authors: Viaud-Delmon Isabelle , Warusfel Olivier , Seguelas Angeline , Rio Emmanuel , Jouvent Roland 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of auditory feedback in a VR system planned for clinical use and to address the different factors that should be taken into account in building a bimodal virtual environment (VE). We conducted an experiment in which we assessed spatial performances in agoraphobic patients and normal subjects comparing two kinds of VEs, visual alone (Vis) and auditory–visual (AVis), during separate sessions. Subjects were equipped with a head-mounted display coupled with an electromagnetic sensor system and immersed in a virtual town. Their task was to locate different landmarks and become familiar with the town. In the AVis condition subjects were equipped with the head-mounted display and headphones, which delivered a soundscape updated in real-time according to their movement in the virtual town. While general performances remained comparable across the conditions, the reported feeling of immersion was more compelling in the AVis environment. However, patients exhibited more cybersickness symptoms in this condition. The result of this study points to the multisensory integration deficit of agoraphobic patients and underline the need for further research on multimodal VR systems for clinical use.
Political Preferences and Attitudes Towards the Welfare State: Cross-National Comparison of Germany, Sweden, the U.S. and Japan
Authors: Kim Pil 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis study attempts to build a causal model of attitudes towards the welfare state in Japan and to compare it to those of Germany, Sweden and the U.S., which represent conservative, socialist, and liberal welfare regime respectively. The effect of political preferences on attitudes towards the welfare state is the focus of the comparison. The basic premise of this comparison is that welfare attitudes vary across countries, bearing the characteristics of the given welfare regime that they belong to. Structural equation modeling and path analysis are conducted on a large-scale international survey dataset, ISSP 1996. Each country is first analyzed separately, and then all four countries are compared to each other. The single-country analysis reveals the cross-national diversity of welfare attitudes, while the effect of political preferences on the welfare attitudes exhibits a bifurcate pattern: in Sweden and the U.S. it is quite strong, relatively weak in Germany, and not even statistically significant in Japan. The comparative analysis further confirms this pattern. Therefore, I conclude that Japan is closest to the German conservative regime in terms of attitudes and political preferences, sharing welfare conservatism that credits the conservative party for building a welfare state.
The Cultural-Economic Syndrome: Impediments to Democracy in the Middle East
Authors: Weiffen Brigitte 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCompared to other world regions, the Middle East is exceptional in its resistance to democratization. Whereas a cultural explanation for this democracy gap refers to historical legacies, especially to the dominant role of Islam, an economic explanation emphasizes oil wealth as the main barrier to democracy. According to various quantitative studies, both claims seem to be valid. Nevertheless, none of the explanations is uncontested, as there are always examples that demonstrate the opposite. This paper argues that it is exactly the combination of culture and economic structure that makes democracy in the Middle East unlikely. Both factors mutually reinforce each other on the macro, meso and micro level and thus constitute a cultural-economic syndrome with a strong negative impact on democratic performance. Regression analyses demonstrate the significance of this interaction effect: If the cultural-economic syndrome of Islam and oil wealth is present in a country, its negative impact on democratic performance becomes even stronger than the sum of the additive effects of Islam and oil wealth.
Citizenship, Social Structure and Culture: A Comparative Analysis
Authors:   Oommen
Published: February 2005

AbstractThere are two competing orientations prevalent among social science disciplines. If one of these advocate universality, the other prefers indigeneity. But a careful analysis of even such concepts as citizenship widely believed to be of universal validity unfold, that (a) its substance varies across different polities; (b) this difference exists not only between the First, Second and Third Worlds but also among the polities within them. It has been demonstrated that the variations can be traced to the historical background, social structure and cultural patterns between polities. This has been attempted in this paper through a general comparative analysis of the three worlds and a systematic comparison of India, a multinational state and the West European countries, the cradle of nation-states. Through this comparative analysis some of the established notions in western political sociology have been interrogated.
Human CD57+ germinal center-T cells are the major helpers for GC-B cells and induce class switch recombination
Authors: Kim Jong R , Lim Hyung W , Kang Seung G , Hillsamer Peter , Kim Chang H 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
The function of CD57+ CD4+ T cells, constituting a major subset of germinal center T (GC-Th) cells in human lymphoid tissues, has been unclear. There have been contradictory reports regarding the B cell helping function of CD57+ GC-Th cells in production of immunoglobulin (Ig). Furthermore, the cytokine and co-stimulation requirement for their helper activity remains largely unknown. To clarify and gain more insight into their function in helping B cells, we systematically investigated the capacity of human tonsil CD57+ GC-Th cells in inducing B cell Ig synthesis.

Results
We demonstrated that CD57+ GC-Th cells are highly efficient in helping B cell production of all four subsets of Ig (IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE) compared to other T-helper cells located in germinal centers or interfollicular areas. CD57+ GC-Th cells were particularly more efficient than other T cells in helping GC-B cells but not naïve B cells. CD57+ GC-Th cells induced the expression of activation-induced cytosine deaminase (AID) and class switch recombination in developing B cells. IgG1-3 and IgA1 were the major Ig isotypes induced by CD57+ GC-Th cells. CD40L, but not IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ, was critical in CD57+ GC-Th cell-driven B cell production of Ig. However, IL-10, when added exogenously, significantly enhanced the helper activity of CD57+ GC-Th cells, while TGF-β1 completely and IFN-γ partially suppressed the CD57+ GC-Th cell-driven Ig production.

Conclusions
CD57+CD4+ T cells in the germinal centers of human lymphoid tissues are the major T helper cell subset for GC-B cells in Ig synthesis. Their helper activity is consistent with their capacity to induce AID and class switch recombination, and can be regulated by CD40L, IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β.
Cross-talk between phosphatidic acid and ceramide during ethanol-induced apoptosis in astrocytes
Authors: Schatter Beate , Jin Shenchu , Löffelholz Konrad , Klein Jochen 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
Ethanol inhibits proliferation in astrocytes, an effect that was recently linked to the suppression of phosphatidic acid (PA) formation by phospholipase D (PLD). The present study investigates ethanol's effect on the induction of apoptosis in astrocytes and the formation of ceramide, an apoptotic signal. Evidence is presented that the formation of PA and ceramide may be reciprocally linked during ethanol exposure.

Results
In cultured rat cortical astrocytes, ethanol (0.3–1 %, v/v) induced nuclear fragmentation and DNA laddering indicative of apoptosis. Concomitantly, in cells prelabeled with [3H]-serine, ethanol caused a dose-dependent, biphasic increase of the [3H]-ceramide/ [3H]-sphingomyelin ratio after 1 and 18 hours of incubation. As primary alcohols such as ethanol and 1-butanol were shown to inhibit the phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated formation of PA, a mitogenic lipid messenger, we tested their effects on ceramide formation. In astrocytes prelabeled with [3H]-serine, ethanol and 1-butanol, in contrast to t-butanol, significantly increased the formation of [3H]-ceramide. Moreover, exogenous PA, added to transiently permeabilized astrocytes, suppressed ethanol-induced [3H]-ceramide formation. Vice versa, addition of C2-ceramide to astrocytes inhibited PLD activity induced by serum or phorbol ester.

Conclusion
We propose that the formation of ceramide in ethanol-exposed astrocytes is secondary to the disruption of phospholipase D signaling. Ethanol reduces the PA:ceramide ratio in fetal astrocytes, a mechanism which likely participates in ethanol-induced glial apoptosis during brain development.