bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of gully pot effluent containing nickel and copper with constructed wetlands in a cold climate
Authors: Scholz Miklas 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the treatment efficiencies for gully pot effluent of experimental vertical‐flow constructed wetland filters containing macrophytes and granular media of different adsorption capacities in a cold climate. For approximately 6 months, nickel nitrate and copper nitrate were added to sieved gully pot effluent in order to simulate contaminated primary treated stormwater runoff. The inflow concentrations for nickel, copper and nitrate were approximately 1.0, 1.0 and 3.7 mg dm−3, respectively. For those filters receiving metals, an obvious breakthrough of nickel was recorded after road gritting (containing salt). Reductions of nickel, copper, biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids were frequently insufficient compared with international secondary wastewater treatment standards (eg suspended solids <30 mg dm−3). A further treatment step should be considered. Outflow conductivity and nickel concentrations were high due to the effect of road salting. Microbial activity was likely to be responsible for the overall filtration performance. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Biological oxidation of ferrous iron: study of bioreactor efficiency
Authors: Mesa MM , Andrades JA , Macías M , Cantero D 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe bio‐oxidation of ferrous iron is a potential industrial process for the regeneration of ferric iron in the removal of H2S. In the first stage, H2S is selectively oxidized to elemental sulfur using ferric sulfate. The ferrous sulfate produced is oxidized to ferric sulfate using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans for recycle and reuse in the process. The aim of the work described here was to investigate continuous oxidation of ferrous iron by immobilized T ferrooxidans and the factors which can directly affect the oxidation rate in order to assess the feasibility of this technique on an industrial scale. An analysis of the evolution of bioreactor performance with time (125 days) was performed in order to assess the feasibility of this technique on an industrial scale. A good oxidation rate was obtained despite the transport problems encountered due to occlusion of the porous support. On the other hand, the toxic effects due to absorption in the ferric solution of one or more compounds from the gas digester were studied using a ferric iron solution from the absorption process. The results indicate the feasibility of the biological system for the regeneration of the ferric‐absorbing solution. Finally, a previous study for the design of an industrial bioreactor to regenerate ferric sulfate solutions, used to remove H2S from biogas in a wastewater‐treatment plant (Jerez de la Frontera, Spain), is introduced. Good biological oxidation performances have been obtained using a pilot plant bioreactor of 500 dm3. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of cationic polymer on start‐up and granulation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors
Authors: Wang Ying , Show Kuan‐Yeow , Tay Joo‐Hwa , Sim Kwee‐Hock 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) has been used successfully to treat a variety of industrial wastewaters. It offers a high degree of organics removal, low sludge production and low energy consumption, along with energy production in the form of biogas. However, two major drawbacks are its long start‐up period and deficiency of active biogranules for proper functioning of the process. In this study, the influence of a coagulant polymer on start‐up, sludge granulation and the associated reactor performance was evaluated in four laboratory‐scale UASB reactors. A control reactor (R1) was operated without added polymer, while the other three reactors, designated R2, R3 and R4, were operated with polymer concentrations of 5 mg dm−3, 10 mg dm−3 and 20 mg dm−3, respectively. Adding the polymer at a concentration of 20 mg dm−3 markedly reduced the start‐up time. The time required to reach stable treatment at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 4.8 g COD dm−3 d−1 was reduced by more than 36% (R4) as compared with both R1 and R3, and by 46% as compared with R2. R4 was able to handle an OLR of 16 g COD dm−3 d−1 after 93 days of operation, while R1, R2 and R3 achieved the same loading rate only after 116, 116 and 109 days respectively. Compared with the control reactor, the start‐up time of R4 was shortened by about 20% at this OLR. Granule characterization indicated that the granules developed in R4 with 20 mg dm−3 polymer exhibited the best settleability and methanogenic activity at all OLRs. The organic loading capacities of the reactors were also increased by the addition of polymer. The maximum organic loading of the control reactor (R1) without added polymer was 19.2 g COD dm−3 d−1, while the three polymer‐assisted reactors attained a marked increase in organic loading of 25.6 g COD dm−3 d−1. Adding the cationic polymer could result in shortening of start‐up time and enhancement of granulation, which may in turn lead to improvement in the efficiency of organics removal and loading capacity of the UASB system. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Diffusion of glutamic acid in relation to growth of Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium camembertii at the surface of a solid medium
Authors: Stephan Johan , Couriol Catherine , Fourcade Florence , Amrane Abdeltif , Prigent Yves 
Published: February 2004

AbstractGrowth of pure cultures of Geotrichum candidum or Penicillium camembertii at the surface of a solid medium was studied. Consumption of nutrients by the microorganisms growing at the surface of the gel induced their diffusion from the core to the rind. Particular attention was paid to the diffusion of glutamic acid, the nitrogen source, in relation to the growth of the microorganism at the surface. The growth kinetic has been described using the Verlhust model. The diffusion coefficient of glutamic acid in sterile culture medium was measured and found to be 0.55 cm2 day−1. With this coefficient and assuming that the glutamic acid consumption was partially linked to growth, the experimental diffusion gradients have been fitted. Good agreement was found between experimental data and the diffusion/reaction model. The glutamic acid diffusion cannot be assumed to limit growth, since noticeable amounts of this substrate always remained at the upper surface of the gel. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Production of fructooligosaccharides by β‐fructofuranosidase from Aspergillus sp 27H
Authors: Fernández Rubén Cuervo , Maresma Beatriz Guilarte , Juárez Antonio , Martínez Josefina 
Published: February 2004

Abstractβ‐fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26) from Aspergillus sp 27H isolated from soil was investigated for production of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) using whole cells. It possesses hydrolytic and transfructosylating activities that can be altered by modifying the reaction conditions. The optimal conditions for the transfructosylating activity occur in the pH range 5.5–6.0 and at 60 °C, while hydrolytic activity was highest at pH 4.0 and 55 °C. At low sucrose concentration (10 g dm−3) there was rapid conversion of sucrose to glucose and fructose and very low concentrations of FOS were obtained. However, at sucrose concentrations higher than 216 g dm−3 the concentrations of hydrolysis products were reduced. Under the following conditions: pH 5.5, temperature 40 °C, sucrose concentration 615 g dm−3 and enzyme concentration 20β‐fructofuranosidase units g−1 of sucrose, the FOS concentration reached a maximum value of 376 g dm−3 (234 g dm−3 1‐kestose and 142 g dm−3 nystose) and the proportion of FOS in the solids in the reaction mixture was 600–620 g kg−1 at 6 h. These results suggest that β‐fructofuranosidase from Aspergillus sp 27H could be an appropriate enzyme for the commercial production of FOS. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
The membrane emulsification process—a review
Authors: Charcosset C , Limayem I , Fessi H 
Published: February 2004

AbstractMembrane emulsification has received increasing attention over the last 10 years, with potential applications in many fields. In the membrane emulsification process, a liquid phase is pressed through the membrane pores to form droplets at the permeate side of a membrane; the droplets are then carried away by a continuous phase flowing across the membrane surface. Under specific conditions, monodispersed emulsions can be produced using this technique. The purpose of the present paper is to provide a review on the membrane emulsification process including: principles of membrane emulsification, influence of process parameters and industrial applications. Small‐scale applications such as drug delivery systems, food emulsions, and the production of monodispersed microspheres are also included. Compared with conventional techniques for emulsification, membrane processes offer advantages such as control of average droplet diameter by average membrane pore size and lower energy input. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Combined fermentation and evaporation processes for treatment of washwaters from Spanish‐style green olive processing
Authors: Brenes Manuel , Romero Concepción , de Castro Antonio 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWashwaters from Spanish‐style green olive processing were fermented on a pilot plant scale (500 dm3) and evaporated under vacuum. Simultaneous or sequential inoculation in alkaline conditions with Enterococcus casseliflavus cc45 and Lactobacillus pentosus LP99 did not prevent malodorous spoilage. By contrast, appropriate fermentation was achieved when the washwaters were acidified with HCl, to pH 5, followed by inoculation with L pentosus, or acidified up to pH 3.4 with no subsequent inoculation. The type of fermentation influenced, to a large extent, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the distillate streams obtained when the washwaters were evaporated under vacuum. The high amount of ethanol formed in the washwaters, fermented only by yeasts, gave rise to distillates containing c 30% of the COD originally present in the washwaters, whereas this figure was 10% for washwaters fermented by lactobacilli. This work also disclosed the presence of large amounts of valuable substances, such as lactic acid and hydroxytyrosol in the concentrates, the latter compound being considered a very strong antioxidant with beneficial properties for human health. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of top‐section design and draft‐tube height on the performance of airlift bioreactors containing water‐in‐oil microemulsion
Authors: Mehrnia Mohammad Reza , Towfighi Jafar , Bonakdarpour Babak , Akbarnegad Mohammad Mehdi 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe mixing and mass transfer characteristics of draft‐tube airlift bioreactors (DTAB) for a water‐in‐kerosene microemulsion, as a cold model of petroleum biodesulfurization, were studied. Incomplete gas disengagement at the top‐section of the DTAB and hence high gas recirculation were obtained with the microemulsion system for all the top‐section configurations employed in the present study especially at the high airflow rates. The ratio (S) of the volumes of the riser and the downcomer to the top‐section together with the gas disengagement abilities of the gas separator were both found to affect the mixing performance of the DTAB employed for the microemulsion system. Increase in the draft‐tube height resulted in significant increase in the mixing time (tm) and a slight increase in the overall volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa). Increase in the diameter of the top‐section and the height of the liquid above the draft‐tube led to a decrease in kLa, the latter effect being less prominent. New correlations were developed that predicted the mixing time and oxygen transfer coefficients obtained in the present work with reasonable accuracy. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Enzymatic kinetics for lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of water‐insoluble substrate in AOT reverse micelles, involving native and activated lipases
Authors: Talukder MMR , Zaman MM , Hayashi Y , Wu JC , Kawanishi T , Ogino C , Shimizu N 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe addition of short chain polyethylene glycols (PEGs) activated Chromobacterium viscosum lipase in AOT reverse micelles. In this study, it was assumed that when AOT reverse micelles contained PEG molecules, native and activated lipases contributed to the reaction according to their weight fraction in the system. The fractions of individual lipases and their specific activities were estimated by using kinetics parameters determined by previous kinetic models. The maximum specific activity of PEG‐activated lipase appeared to be 2.7 times higher than that of native lipase. The predicted weighted‐average activity agreed well with experimental data. The results showed that the previous kinetic models could be used to estimate the fraction of lipase activated by PEG molecules and their specific activity. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Screening of supports for the immobilization of pectinmethylesterase from acerola (Malpighia glabra L)
Authors: de Assis Sandra Aparecida , Fernandes Pedro , Ferreira Bruno Sommer , Cabral Joaquim MS , Faria Oliveira Olga Maria Mascarenhas 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA partially purified extract of pectinmethylesterase (PME) from acerola fruit was immobilized on various supports: glass, celite, chrysotile, agarose, concanavalin A Sepharose 4B, egg shell, polyacrylamide and gelatin. In addition, reticulation with glutaraldehyde was assessed, as well as the use of gelatin in the presence of celite, glass and silica. The highest immobilization yields were obtained when the pectinmethylesterase was immobilized in concanavalin A Sepharose 4B (81.7%) and in gelatin‐water (78.0%). Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Glucose production by hydrolysis of starch under hydrothermal conditions
Authors: Nagamori Makiko , Funazukuri Toshitaka 
Published: February 2004

AbstractStarch was converted into glucose by hydrolysis with water under hydrothermal conditions at 453–513 K in a small batch reactor. The major product was glucose; oligomers having various degrees of polymerization, maltose, fructose, 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural were also produced. The maximum yield of glucose obtained was 630 g kg−1 on the carbon basis at 473 K and 30 min, where the quantity of carbon unrecovered was about 50 g kg−1, and the production of char and gaseous products was negligible. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and phenol from water by a combined PAC adsorption and cross‐flow microfiltration process
Authors: Juang Ruey‐Shin , Lee Wen‐Cheng , Chen Ching‐Liang 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe removal of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and phenol from water by a combined process of PAC (powdered activated carbon) adsorption and cross‐flow microfiltration (PAC–MF) was investigated. Batch PAC adsorption studies were made to obtain the isotherm data. The PAC–MF experiments were performed as a function of PAC dose (0.2–1.0 g dm−3), solution pH (2.5–11.2), transmembrane pressure (10–30 psi), and cross‐flow velocity (4.7–8.3 mm s−1). A compromise between removal efficiency of the organics and the permeate flux in the PAC–MF process was needed to select a suitable PAC dose. The role of pH in the PAC–MF process mainly depended on the acid–base nature of the organics being removed. A comparison of PAC–MF and fixed bed processes was also made, and the application potential of this PAC–MF process for continuous removal of relatively high‐molar‐mass organics such as SDBS from waste effluents was demonstrated. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrolytic removal of ammonia from brine wastewater: scale‐up, operation and pilot‐scale evaluation
Authors: Alfafara Catalino G , Kawamori Takayuki , Nomura Nakao , Kiuchi Masayuki , Matsumura Masatoshi 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBrine wastewater with a high ammonia content from an iodine processing plant (commonly called kansui in Japan) was treated by electrolysis. The system, which can be considered as an indirect electrolytic treatment process, generates chlorine at the anodes and initiates the formation of mixed oxidants like hypochlorous acid. The oxidants then act as agents for ammonia destruction. Laboratory‐scale experiments showed that high ammonia concentrations (as much as 200 mg dm−3) could be completely removed within a few minutes, and could be considered a good alternative for efficient ammonia removal from saline wastewaters. From laboratory‐scale experiments in the batch and continuous modes, the charge dose was analyzed and used as the operating and scale‐up factor. The value of the charge dose was not severely affected by changes in operating conditions such as electrode spacing and temperature. The charge dose from batch and continuous runs was found to be in the range of 23 C (mg NH4‐N removed)−1 to 29 C (mg NH4‐N removed)−1. Using the charge dose obtained from laboratory‐scale continuous electrolysis experiments as the scale‐up factor, a pilot‐scale reactor was designed, and the operating conditions were calculated. In the pilot‐scale reactor tests at different flow rates, the effluent ammonia concentrations were reasonably close to the calculated values predicted from the charge dose equation. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Copper(II) extraction by 4‐chloro‐N‐8‐quinolinylbenzenesulfonamide dissolved in toluene
Authors: Almela Ana , Huebra Marta , Elizalde María P , Menoyo Begoña 
Published: February 2004

Abstract4‐Chloro‐N‐8‐quinolinylbenzenesulfonamide (HL) was synthesised and characterised by elemental analysis, IR and FT‐Raman spectroscopy. The synthesised reagent dissolved in toluene was used for copper(II) extraction from 1.0 mol dm−3 KNO3. The experimental extraction data have been treated graphically and numerically and the complexes CuL2 and Cu(NO3)L have been proposed as being responsible for the metal extraction. Values of the corresponding stoichiometric extraction constants have been determined. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Improved extraction of penicillin G using hydrocarbon sulfoxides
Authors: Lei Wen , Li Zhou 
Published: February 2004

AbstractExtraction of penicillin G with sulfoxide extractants, petroleum sulfoxide (PSO) and di‐isooctyl sulfoxide (DISO) was researched systematically. Based on research of the extraction equilibrium of penicillin G, the suitable extraction and re‐extraction conditions were determined, and then extraction cascade and bench‐scale experiments were carried out. The performance of extraction systems composed of PSO and DISO, with sulfonated kerosene as the diluent, is superior to that of n‐butyl acetate owing to the low solubility of these new extractants in water. Their consumption during the extraction process was lower, and the recovery step of extractants from aqueous raffinate was eliminated. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Solvent extraction of silver by LIX® 79: experimental equilibrium study
Authors: Sastre Ana María , Kumar Anil , Alguacil Francisco José 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe extraction of silver(I) from argentocyanide aqueous cyanide solutions using LIX® 79 has been studied. Different variables that could affect the extraction system were evaluated: equilibration time, aqueous pH, metal and extractant concentrations, and organic phase diluent. The extraction of the Ag(CN)2− complex with respect to other metal‐cyano complexes has also been studied on both synthetic and real leach solutions. Experimental data relating to silver have been analysed numerically to determine the stoichiometry of the extracted species and its equilibrium constant. It was found that silver(I) was extracted into the organic phase by the formation of the species RHAg(CN)2 (LIX 79 = R). Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of Mo–W carbide via propane carburization of the precursor sulfide: Kinetic analysis
Authors: Nguyen Tuan‐Huy , Adesina Adesoji A , Yue Ernest MT , Lee Yong‐Joon , Khodakov Andrei , Brungs Michael P 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has been used to investigate the carburization kinetics of Mo–W sulfide using an H2:C3H8 feed mixture. The effect of heating rate over the range 1–10 K min−1 showed that up to four different carburized products may be formed but the critical (peak) temperature for formation of these species and the amount (peak height) of each species formed are highly dependent on the heating rate employed. The critical temperature increased linearly with heating rate for each of the four products. The four TGA peaks corresponding to the four phase transformation species are consistent with XRD identifiable species, namely; α‐Mo2C, β‐Mo2C, W and MoC1−x. Isothermal conversion–time data at three different temperatures are described by a reaction‐controlled shrinking core model implicating a first‐order dependency on the H2:C3H8 ratio. The reaction exhibited fractional order dependence on the metal sulfide concentration, the associated global activation energy estimated as 227 kJ mol−1 is representative of a non‐catalytic gas–solid reaction. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Non‐physiological overexpression of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) gene in the liver induces pathological intracellular lipid and cholesterol storage
Authors: Cichon Guenter , Willnow Thomas , Herwig Susanne , Uckert Wolfgang , Löser Peter , Schmidt Hartmut H. , Benhidjeb Tahar , Schlag Peter M. , Schnieders Frank , Niedzielska Dagmara , Heeren Joerg 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBackgroundGene therapy of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) requires successful transfer and lifelong expression of a functional low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) gene in the liver. Most of the vector systems currently employed for gene therapy use promoter elements which do not modulate transgene expression in a physiological manner.MethodsTo study the in vivo effects of constitutive LDLr gene expression in the absence of interfering immunological reactions we established a new mouse model which combines homozygous LDLr deficiency and severe combined immune deficiency (SCID).ResultsAdenovirus‐mediated transfer and expression of the LDLr gene under the control of a commonly used virus‐derived promoter (minimal CMV promoter) leads to prolonged reduction of serum cholesterol levels in LDLr‐deficient SCID mice. During the first 10 days after gene therapy serum cholesterol drops to about 10% of pretherapeutic values. Serum cholesterol persists on this level for 2 weeks and then slowly starts to rise again. Four months after vector application serum levels have reached about 40% of pretherapeutic values. However, as early as 5 days after gene transfer, the histological analysis of liver sections revealed the formation of crystalline lipid/cholesterol deposits in the cytosol of hepatocytes. During the following 8 weeks the amount of crystals increased in size and density. The intracellular storage of lipid and cholesterol reduced cell viability and induced an accelerated loss of therapeutic DNA from mice livers as was shown in a comparative expression study employing a transgene with a different metabolic function (human alpha 1‐antitrypsin).ConclusionsThe non‐physiological constitutive overexpression of an LDL receptor gene induces an imbalance between the speed of LDL uptake and metabolism which leads to pathological accumulation of lipids and cholesterol in hepatocytes. To protect cells from negative effects of LDLr overexpression, future vector design should consider the use of physiologically controlled expression elements. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.