bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: STRATEGY, MANAGEMENT, PROCESS AND INHIBITING FACTORS. A STUDY RELATING TO THE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
Authors: WALKER ANDY , ELLIS HARRY 
Published: April 2003

Organisational growth, as well as survival, is becoming more dependent on innovation, yet no company or organisation can hope to have all its required technology to be developed in-house. Thus, at some stage, it will be necessary to import technology. In the development of corporate strategy, it is considered essential that there should be a subset strategy relating to technology or R&D which differentiates in-house technological capability and availability, and technology which must be imported. Technology transfer is, more often than not, a complex process and requires cooperation at a number of organisational levels. A lack of understanding of the processes of technology transfer leads to numerous problems and in some cases, disaster, with large amounts of money spent and little to show for it. It is imperative, therefore, that a well-planned and executed programme is developed to avoid many of the possible pitfalls, a number of which are described later in this paper. It is very difficult to arrive at one model for technology transfer because each technology has different elements. However, the results of some recent research suggest that there are some basic rules that do apply across the board and if these are followed, then successful outcome of the transfer is high.
USING SCENARIOS TO IDENTIFY INNOVATION PRIORITIES IN THE UK RAILWAY INDUSTRY
Authors: POTTER STEPHEN , ROY ROBIN 
Published: April 2003

In the face of increasing uncertainty in market, technology and political/social trends, scenarios have come to be used to explore how an organisation could plan for a range of possible futures. This paper outlines four scenarios for the future of UK rail transport up to 2010, developed in the run-up to the privatisation of British Rail in the late 1990s. The scenarios, cost-driven, quality-driven, technology-driven and environment-driven, were produced to identify areas of strategic R&D needed to improve rail's competitiveness in the transport market. Each scenario is illustrated by a typical passenger "journey" and leads to a different set of R&D needs and priorities. The paper concludes with an assessment of the scenarios five years since they were written, in the light of actual developments since UK rail privatisation. This indicates that the focus to date has been on the cost and quality-driven approaches although there may be a shift towards technological and environmental priorities in the next decade.
THE ROLE OF INNOVATION LEADERS IN DEVELOPING LONG-TERM PRODUCTS
Authors: TOPALIAN ALAN 
Published: April 2003

Leadership and innovation attract increasing attention as business enterprises enter the 21st century. There is a considerable volume of published material on both these topics, yet virtually nothing on the contribution of innovation leaders to the effective management of innovation. A prime duty of innovation leaders is to deliver a continuous stream of profitable innovations over time, by harnessing internal and external resources. This paper explores the role of these individuals in evolving a more systematic approach to enhance innovative performance within their organisations. The perspective adopted is that of radical step change required when planning "long-term" products and services that are at least two generations ahead of those currently on the market. For most organisations, this represents a planning horizon of at least ten years. The discussion draws on the findings of a research survey carried out in the United Kingdom for the British Standards Institution which guided the content of the new British Standard BS7000 Part 1 Guide to Managing Innovation.
WHY THE RESISTANCE TO LONG-TERM INNOVATION MANAGEMENT?
Authors: HOLLINS BILL 
Published: April 2003

This paper describes some of the results of research undertaken in 1998 and 1999. The purpose of the research was to determine how innovative organisations plan their long-term products and services and the reasons why many do not. The focus of this paper is mainly on the latter and it will be shown that most of the objections to taking the long-term view are unfounded. The time-scale under consideration for this research was "the product generation after the product generation after next" — typically ten years for most organisations. It was found that very many senior executives in organisations were sceptical and resisted planning over such a time period. From the results obtained, it was possible to piece together a "system" for organising long-term products and services. The results were used in the development of the new British Standard BS 7000 Part 1 Guide to Managing Innovation which was published at the end of 1999.
SUPPORTING SYSTEMS INNOVATION
Authors: DOOLEY LAWRENCE , CORMICAN KATHRYN , WREATH SIOBHAN , O'SULLIVAN DAVID 
Published: April 2003

Many researchers and practitioners contend that organisations should respond to changing market need and create competitive advantage through innovation and creativity. Each year, organisations expend significant resources developing new products and processes and yet research shows that more than half of these initiatives fail. Successful organisations are not innovative by accident; they deliberately manage their innovation process. In order to effectively manage the innovation process, organisations must utilise proven approaches to "lever" innovation within the organisation. This paper proposes an approach to managing systems innovation that centres on the process of organisational innovation and good management practice. This approach aims to provide a more integrated approach to systems innovation that will make it more systemic and improve its likelihood of success. This paper's main objective is to present a Systems Innovation Self-Assessment (SISA) tool. This tool is derived from the Systems Innovation Management approach, together with the findings of a series of case studies undertaken of the Irish manufacturing industry. This tool allows organisations to assess their progress towards developing an environment supportive of systems innovation. A number of observations obtained from these case studies are also presented.
KNOWLEDGE CREATION AND DIFFUSION IN GEOGRAPHIC CLUSTERS
Authors: MASKELL PETER 
Published: April 2003

The established fact that knowledge in society is always distributed and dispersed can be given a dynamic interpretation when perceived as the outcome of an ongoing deepening of the division of labour as suggested by Adam Smith. Individuals specialising on performing certain tasks are motivated to find solutions and notice peculiarities otherwise overlooked. Thus, this gives rise to the suspicion that the process of innovation and learning is fuelled by the development of distinct bodies of knowledge developed in independent organisations pursuing objectives of competitiveness. Specialisation and outsourcing, etc., aim at freeing managerial and other resources within the firm to be relocated in developing core capabilities or competencies and in enhancing the internal learning processes. The boundaries of the firm thus impact directly on the (possible) level of learning in the economy. However, developing distinct bodies of knowledge increases the cognitive distance that firms have to overcome when engaged in inter-organisational learning. This must imply that interorganisational learning is subject to thresholds, before the dispersed knowledge bases of firms have grown sufficiently apart for interacting to imply learning; and ceilings, after which the cognitive distance becomes too great for firms to bridge, and where learning, consequentially, will cease. The paper argues that geographical clusters constitute an unplanned and organically developed mechanism for reducing cognitive distance between firms and thereby the cost of knowledge transfer and utilisation, while at the same time maintaining the specialisation within and between firms necessary for creating new knowledge.
DOES ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FACILITATE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES?
Authors: NITZ TRACEY , HOLLAND IAN 
Published: April 2003

The aim of environmental impact assessment (EIA) is to ensure effective environmental management outcomes for development projects. Some argue it has failed to achieve this, because environmental management activities are not properly planned in the EIA process. The extent of this problem is largely unknown, due to a lack of empirical evidence. This paper presents the results of research investigating environmental management planning within EIA in the state of Queensland, Australia. The study examined environmental management commitments within 285 environmental impact statements (EISs). The majority of the EISs contained environmental monitoring and mitigation commitments and more than half identified corrective actions. This suggests that EIA facilitated environmental management within some developments. Nevertheless, many environmental management activities were not addressed in EISs, even when specifically requested. Trends in environmental management planning over time revealed dramatic improvements. These appeared to have resulted from an increase in government requirements for, and the provision of guidelines to assist, environmental management planning. These findings suggest improved environmental management must be facilitated by government agencies, rather than relying upon industry innovation.
PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE OF TRANSGENIC BT RICE IN THE PHILIPPINES
Authors: AERNI PHILIPP , PHAN-HUY SIBYL ANWANDER , RIEDER PETER 
Published: April 2003

The Philippines faces an opposition to genetic engineering in agriculture led by a coalition of non-governmental organisations (NGOs). There is an ongoing public debate which is mainly focused on transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) rice and its potential contribution to future food security in Asia. The present research project evaluated perception patterns among the main participants in the Philippine debate on transgenic rice and the political importance attributed to these participants. For this purpose, a survey of 65 respondents representing the relevant institutions involved in the public debate was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire. The results suggest that non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and other public interest groups are generally not in favour while scientists are generally in favour of transgenic rice. A majority of the political decision makers has very high expectations with regard to the potential of genetic engineering for solving problems in the Philippine rice economy. However, their attitude with regard to risks and benefits of Bt rice is ambivalent.
DEVELOPMENT OF A POLICY APPRAISAL CHECKLIST FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AGENCY OF ENGLAND AND WALES
Authors: POLLARD VICKY , BROOKES ANDREW 
Published: April 2003

This paper describes the development of a simple integrated approach to policy appraisal for use within the Environment Agency for England and Wales. The approach was developed by the Environment Agency's National Centre for Risk Analysis and Options Appraisal, and is intended as a first version of a tool to allow policy makers in the Agency to consider the possible environmental, social, economic and resource use impacts of the policy options available to manage risks, and to allow the monitoring of impacts of policy options selected.The context within which the approach was developed is discussed — including existing literature on, and experience of, policy and integrated appraisal respectively, as well as the needs and resources of the Environment Agency with respect to policy appraisal. The paper provides a description of the approach developed before highlighting issues for further development.The guidance summarised here is version 1, which is being rolled out for use by policy authors within the Agency in 2000 and 2001. The process will inevitably be iterative and it is intended over the next two years, following further application and road testing, that subsequent versions of the guidance will be produced.
BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTATION OF CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
Authors: PIPER JAKE M. 
Published: April 2003

Evidence is sought to identify barriers which may exist in the implementation of cumulative effects assessment (CEA). Cumulative effects may result from plans for the construction of clusters of large projects, or from gradual, piecemeal environmental change caused by numbers of individually small projects. Six CEA case studies are examined; the cases include windfarms, industrial developments, flood defence works and forestry projects. The study is based on documentary evidence plus interviews and survey involving all groups of interested stakeholders.The study shows that barriers to CEA include lack of information and guidance, resource and skill shortages and uncertainty about where the responsibilities for such work may lie. There is a gap between the developer's legislated responsibility for information provision and the breadth of information on cumulative effects that may be useful to the competent authority. Measures to overcome these barriers are suggested, including guidance studies (by sector or type of environment) and a re-consideration of funding and responsibility. Factors motivating CEA work are also noted.
THE COMPASS INDEX OF SUSTAINABILITY: PROTOTYPE FOR A COMPREHENSIVE SUSTAINABILITY INFORMATION SYSTEM
Authors: ATKISSON ALAN , HATCHER R. LEE 
Published: April 2003

Comprehensive indicators of sustainability need to be accessible, useful, and attractive to decision makers and the general public. To this end, we introduce a new aggregation, scaling, and presentation methodology. Called the "The Compass Index of Sustainability", it clusters indicators and assessment scores into four quadrants, based on the metaphor of the compass: N = Nature, E = Economy, S = Society, W = Well-being. The clusters are adapted from the theoretical work of Herman Daly ("Daly's Pyramid") as modified by Donella H. Meadows. In application, the Compass turns a complex indicator set into a series of four performance indices, one for each Compass Point, on a 0–100 scale. Normative decisions based on both scientific and social values determine the conversion formula for each indicator. The four indices can be superaggregated to produce an "Overall Sustainability Index". Once established, the scales provide clear signals about sustainability performance over time compared to an absolute or "ideal" target end-state, rather than the performance of other actors. First applied and publicly released in Orlando, Florida, USA, in July 2000, the compass proved a powerful media communications vehicle in that context, resulting in extensive regional news coverage; and it made a significant strategic impact on regional decision makers, specifically in philanthropy. Versions of the methodology are now being applied in several other US regions, cities, and communities, and other applications are being developed to assess and aggregate corporate sustainability performance as well. The authors believe the Compass Index can also be used as an interface or "add-on" to other indicator systems, such as the emerging Global Reporting Initiative; and as a management tool for comparing performance among variables, identifying priorities, and setting clear improvement targets. This paper describes the theoretical foundations of the Compass Index; the implementation of the first prototype in Orlando, Florida; and the impact of that report on local media and decision makers. It also provides a discussion on problems and challenges associated with the model. Note: The Compass Index of Sustainability, in format and methodology, is the intellectual property of AtKisson, Inc. All rights are reserved. Academic research is encouraged, but commercial use is restricted. Please contact the firm for licensing information.
Cross-Reactive B-Cell Epitopes of Microbial and Human Heat Shock Protein 60/65 in Atherosclerosis
Authors: Perschinka Hannes , Mayr Manuel , Millonig Gunda , Mayerl Christina , van der Zee Ruurd , Morrison Sandra G. , Morrison Richard P. , Xu Qingbo , Wick Georg 
Published: April 2003

Objective—Growing evidence suggests that immune reactions to heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) are involved in atherogenesis. Because of the high phylogenetic conservation between microbial and human HSP60, bacterial infections might be responsible for breaking the tolerance to self-HSP60, which is expressed on the surface of stressed arterial endothelial cells.Methods and Results—We purified serum antibodies toEscherichia coliHSP60 (GroEL), the 60-kD chlamydial HSP, and HSP65 ofMycobacterium tuberculosisby affinity chromatography from clinically healthy subjects with sonographically proven carotid atherosclerosis. Reactivity of the purified antibodies with overlapping human HSP60 peptides was measured, and 8 shared common epitopes, recognized by all anti-bacterial HSP60/65 antibodies, were identified. Antisera specific for these cross-reactive epitopes were produced by immunizing rabbits with peptides derived from human HSP60. By immunohistochemistry, the epitopes were found to be present in the arterial wall of young subjects during the earliest stages of the disease.Conclusions—Antibodies to microbial HSP60/65 recognize specific epitopes on human HSP60. These cross-reactive epitopes were shown to serve as autoimmune targets in incipient atherosclerosis and might provide further insights into the mechanisms of early atherogenesis.
EN QUÊTE DE L'ÉTHIQUE MUSULMANE I LA NOTION D'ÉGALITÉ EN ISLAM
Authors: Leites Adrien 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCe travail s'attache à explorer, conformément aux exigences d'une herméneutique de la Tradition musulmane et en vue de fixer les traits d'une éthique musulmane, le champ de l'égalité et de la différenciation en islam. La notion d'égalité fait l'objet d'une première exploration, qui révèle la prédominance de l'égalité fondée sur l'ascendance adamique. Il apparaît que cette conception s'applique exclusivement à la différentiation héréditaire, et qu'elle est généralement associée à l'affirmation de l'inégalité religieuse. Une seconde exploration met en évidence le passage de la double affirmation de l'égalité héréditaire et de l'inégalité religieuse à l'affirmation d'une double inégalité – héréditaire et religieuse. Cette dernière affirmation apparaît comme constitutive d'un modèle de différenciation associant deux principes distincts, qui recouvrent eux-mêmes des contenus variables. L'association d'un principe héréditaire et d'un principe religieux au sein d'un même modèle de différenciation est rangée, à l'issue de l'exploration, parmi les traits distinctifs d'une éthique sunnite.
MIRACLES IN SĪĪ THOUGHT A CASE-STUDY OF THE MIRACLES ATTRIBUTED TO IMĀM GAFAR AL-SĀDIQ
Authors: Loebenstein Judith 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAccording to Imāmī doctrine, the ability to perform miracles (Mugizāt) is one of the characteristics of the Imām. This goes against the position of the Sunna, which claims that only prophets are able to perform miracles. The article discusses the various definitions of miracles in Islam and surveys the miracles attributed to Imām Gafar al-Sādiq (d. 148/765). This survey demonstrates the various capabilities attributed to the Im m and illuminates a number of patterns common to the traditions relating the Im m's miraculous deeds. The most noteworthy of these patterns is the association of a miracle performed by the Imāmī with a qurānic miracle, usually performed by a prophet. The aim of this pattern is to reinforce the Imāmī position regarding the equal status of an Imāmī and prophetic miracle.
Effect of a comprehensive clinical care program on disease course in severely ill children with sickle cell anemia in a sub-Saharan African setting
Authors: Rahimy Mohamed Cherif , Gangbo Annick , Ahouignan Gilbert , Adjou Roselyn , Deguenon Chantal , Goussanou Stephanie , Alihonou Eusebe 
Published: April 2003

AbstractClinical severity of sickle cell anemia (SS) in Africa may not be solely determined by genetic factors. This study evaluated the effects of intensive parental education and adequate clinical care on the course of SS in children in Benin. SS children referred to the National Teaching Hospital in Cotonou were included in the study. Teaching about SS was repeated frequently, emphasizing the importance of keeping clinic appointments, improving the nutrition of the affected children, and instituting antipneumococcal and antimalarial prophylaxis. Frequency and severity of SS-related events, changes in physical growth, frequency of malarial attacks, causes of transfusion, and causes of death were the principal variables assessed. 236 young children with repeated SS-related acute complications were studied from July 1, 1993, to December 31, 1999 (983 patient-years). A marked reduction in the frequency and severity of SS-related acute events was observed. Improvement in general status and physical growth was noted in 184 patients (78%); in addition, 22 of the remaining 52 patients showed similar improvement after remotivating the parents for compliance. There were 10 deaths, primarily in this cohort of 52 patients. Intensive sociomedical intervention can produce sustained clinical improvement in many severely ill SS children in sub-Saharan Africa.
Molecular monitoring of adenovirus in peripheral blood after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation permits early diagnosis of disseminated disease
Authors: Lion Thomas , Baumgartinger Rosi , Watzinger Franz , Matthes-Martin Susanne , Suda Magdalena , Preuner Sandra , Futterknecht Barbara , Lawitschka Anita , Peters Christina , Pötschger Ulrike , Gadner Helmut 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAdenovirus (AdV) infection in the course of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is associated with high transplant-related morbidity and mortality. Disseminated AdV disease is lethal in most instances. Early detection of AdV infection and identification of patients carrying a high risk of disseminated disease therefore remain a major challenge. In view of the large number of existing AdV types, we have established real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays permitting sensitive detection and quantification of all 51 currently known human AdV serotypes. In a series of 132 consecutive pediatric patients undergoing SCT, more than 5000 samples derived from peripheral blood (PB), stool, urine, and throat were screened for adenovirus infection by PCR during the posttransplantation period. Thirty-six patients (27%) tested positive by PCR, revealing AdV types of the subgenera A, B, C, D, and F. Except for enteritis in some patients with AdV positivity in stool, detection of the virus at sites other than PB was not associated with clinical signs of virus disease, and transplant-related mortality was not significantly different from AdV-negative patients. By contrast, 82% of patients who had detectable AdV in PB died from infectious complications (P &lt; .001). Monitoring of PB specimens by real-time PCR permitted early diagnosis of invasive AdV infection in all instances. In patients who developed disseminated AdV disease, detection of the virus in PB preceded onset of clinical symptoms by a median of more than 3 weeks. The observation of AdV in peripheral blood may therefore serve as a basis for early initiation of preemptive antiviral treatment.