bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of Irish English
Authors: Lucek Stephen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the different ways Irish English has been perceived and portrayed from the twelfth century to the present day. These three ways can be viewed as parts of a triangular relationship. Here linguists are central in (i) describing observed language variation, (ii) analysing language perceptions, and (iii) understanding the importance of media representations of language varieties. These three aspects reinforce the notion of Irishness—and more to the point, specific types of Irishness—through sound and vision. The current chapter seeks to examine the through lines between (i) the observations of linguists, (ii) the perceptions of non-linguists, and (iii) the ways that writers access and manipulate these data in crafting believable and authentic texts. The chapter concludes with the experimental model of language use, perception, and representation proposed by the author.
The Language of Irish Literature in English
Authors: Hickey Raymond 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Works containing dialect can be examined in an attempt to reconstruct vernacular features for different regions at various times, while bearing in mind questions concerning the reliability of written representations (rendering these explicit helps to prepare the ground for later linguistic analysis). In Irish English literary texts a range of phonological and morphosyntactic traits are in evidence, including lexical and discourse-pragmatic features, especially in literature from the nineteenth century. Enregistered features of Irish English are apparent in literary texts, and serve to express a specifically Irish identity. Data is provided by corpora of literary works, and enable a data-driven, sociolinguistically aware analysis of the language of Irish literature. The issue of translation of Irish and English texts (in both directions) to gain insights into the specific nature of Irish English as a literary medium is also considered.
Language and Irish Travellers
Authors: Clancy Brian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Irish Travellers are an Irish ethnic minority, distinct from the settled, mainstream community. They have a unique sociocultural identity—they are traditionally nomadic, and have a language of their own, often referred to as Cant. In addition, the Traveller community have lower educational attainment levels and higher levels of unemployment than their settled counterparts. These factors have an obvious impact on language use. This chapter provides a thorough review of previous linguistic studies of the Irish Traveller community. In addition, it seeks to build on these studies through a corpus-pragmatic analysis of family discourse in both the settled and Traveller communities. The pragmatic items of import highlighted by this approach include personal pronouns, vocatives, and pragmatic markers. These items are discussed in relation to contextual and sociolinguistic factors characteristic of the Traveller and settled communities.
Irish English in the nineteenth century
Authors: van Hattum Marije 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is (i) the nineteenth century as the formative period for Irish English as a high-contact variety of English, and (ii) increase in letteracy among the lower classes, though not necessarily literacy, which led to the development of a written vernacular. Many typical features, e.g. the after-perfect, second person plural pronoun yous, subordinating and, and habitual do be, are claimed to have originated or at least developed its current form or function in the nineteenth century. The language shift from Irish to English, though starting much earlier, gathered momentum in the nineteenth century due to unguided, rapid acquisition of English. This period saw a continuation of older features of Irish English as well as a high number of new developments, both contact-induced and independent developments as a result of ‘imperfect learning’ by broad sections of the population.
The Grammar of Irish English
Authors: Filppula Markku 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a description of the main distinctive features of Irish English grammar and a discussion on the background of these features. Besides ‘educated’ IrE, attention is paid to rural regional dialects and urban working-class varieties. They display many features which distinguish IrE varieties from other regional or social dialects spoken in the British Isles with respect to their syntactic properties or frequency of use. The main factors behind these differences include, first, conservatism: IrE retains features that have disappeared from other varieties of English. Another factor is contact with other dialects, especially Scottish varieties. A third important factor is contact influences from Irish, the indigenous language of Ireland, which has for centuries exercised ‘substratal’ influence on IrE. The fourth factor is universal features associated with the kind of intense and fairly rapid language shift which took place in Ireland in the course of the nineteenth century.
The Vocabulary of Irish English
Authors: Kirk John 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive description and analysis of the largely traditional vocabulary of Irish English, North and South. It deals with the full range of lexical creations, from original coinages, borrowings/apports, compounds and derivations to more current types word formations, such as shortenings, clippings, blends, reduplication, acronyms, and echoic/onomatopoeic words. At the same time, it is concerned with issues of lexical semantics. The primary data underlying the chapter comes from existing dictionaries of both Northern and Southern Irish English dealing with the lexis of both English and Scots provenance along with the many instances of continuations of Irish words in English which have resulted from the historical language shift. The chapter addresses the issue of regionality of lexical items and meanings and also shows the different effects which the use of local dialect words can have in literary texts.
Longitudinally assessed maternal sleep position, measures of breathing during sleep, and fetal growth in high-risk pregnancies
Authors: Katz Juliana , Sanapo Laura , Bublitz Margaret H , Guillen Melissa , Avalos Ashanti , Aldana Annaly , Wilson Danielle , Bourjeily Ghada 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Study Objectives
Subjective recall of supine sleep during pregnancy has been linked to increased risk of stillbirth, but longitudinal, objective data are lacking. We aimed to examine how sleep position and breathing parameters change throughout pregnancy, and investigated associations between maternal supine sleep, assessed objectively in early and late gestation, and fetal growth velocity in high-risk women.

Methods
Women with singleton pregnancies and body mass index (BMI) ≥27 kg/m2 underwent level-III sleep apnea testing. Sleep position was assessed by accelerometry. We derived percentiles of estimated fetal weight and birthweight using FetalGPSR software, then calculated growth velocity as change in percentile/week between the second-trimester anatomy scan and birth.

Results
In total, 446 women were included, with N = 126 in the longitudinal sleep pattern analysis and N = 83 in the fetal growth analysis. Sleep-onset position and predominant sleep position were significantly correlated in both early (p = 0.001) and late (p &lt; 0.01) pregnancy. However, supine going-to-bed position predicted predominant supine sleep in only 47% of women. Between early and late pregnancy there was a reduction in predominant supine sleepers (51.6% to 30.2%). Percent of sleep spent supine and oxygen desaturation index, in the third trimester, were significantly associated after BMI adjustment (B = 0.018, p = 0.04). Models did not suggest significant effects of early or late pregnancy supine sleep on growth velocity (p &gt; 0.05).

Conclusions
Going-to-bed position predicts predominant supine sleep in less than half of women with overweight and obesity. Time spent supine throughout pregnancy correlates with measures of sleep-disordered breathing. Maternal sleep position patterns did not affect fetal growth velocity in this high-risk population, but the study was not powered to detect differences.
The President’s Role(s) in the Law-Making Process in Uganda
Authors: Mujuzi Jamil Ddamulira 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Articles 79(1) and (2) of the Constitution of Uganda provide that subject to the provisions of the Constitution, only Parliament or a person or body authorized by Parliament, has the power to make laws. Article 91 provides ways in which the President participates in the law-making process. I examine the Hansard of the 10th Parliament of Uganda (May 2016—May 2021) to demonstrate how the President invoked Article 91 to, inter alia, return Bills to Parliament or to decline to assent to Bills. The 10th Parliament passed 118 Bills, seven Bills were withdrawn and the President returned 11 Bills. The Hansard show that: (i) in most of the cases, Parliament amended the Bills to address the President’s concerns; (ii) there are instances in which Parliament appears to disregard the Constitution especially in cases where the President has exceeded the constitutional time limit within which he must assent to Bills; (iii) Parliament applied different methodologies to gather the information it needed to revise the Bills and (iv) in a few cases, Parliament disagreed with the President and declined to change the returned clauses of the Bills. The article shows, inter alia, that the President wielded enormous powers in the law-making process contrary to what was envisaged by the drafters of the Constitution. It is argued, inter alia, that in reconsidering the Bills returned by the President, Parliament should not ignore the issue of public participation otherwise the Acts may be declared unconstitutional. It is also argued, basing on the drafting history of the Constitution, that the 30-day period within which the President is required to assent to a Bill excludes Sundays and public holidays. However, it includes Saturdays.
Genome Resource of Bacillus subtilis KRS015, a Potential Biocontrol Agent for Verticillium dahliae
Authors: Song Jian , Chen Jie-Yin , Zhang Dan-Dan , Li Ran , Kong Zhi-Qiang , Zhu He , Dai Xiao-Feng , Han Dongfei , Wang Dan 
Published: December 2023

Bacillus subtilis, a gram-positive bacterium commonly found in soil, is an excellent organism for plant biocontrol. B. subtilis KRS015, an endophyte isolated from the seed of Gossypium hirsutum ‘Zhongzhimian No. 2’, has been proven based on its antagonistic activity against diverse fungal pathogens of plants, including Verticillium dahliae, a fungal pathogen of Verticillium wilt in various plants such as cotton. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of B. subtilis KRS015. The size of the KRS015 genome is 4,331,506 bp. Fifteen gene clusters for antibiotics and secondary metabolites and 412 genes involved in plant–bacterial interactions were identified in this genome. These findings qualified the potential of B. subtilis KRS015 as a biocontrol agent and may help reveal the molecular basis of its antagonistic mechanisms. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Anterior Distal Femoral Hemiepiphysiodesis in Children With Fixed Knee Flexion Deformities: Does Screw Position Matter?
Authors: Seth Akshay , Watkins Colyn J. , Miller Patricia E. , Shore Benjamin J. 
Published: December 2023

Background:
Anterior distal femoral hemiepiphysiodesis (ADFH) using 2 percutaneous screws is an effective technique for the treatment of fixed knee flexion deformities in children with neuromuscular disorders. The role of sagittal screw position on the outcome of the procedure is unknown.

Methods:
This is a retrospective case series of patients who underwent ADFH at a single pediatric hospital from 2013 to 2020. Radiographs were evaluated for sagittal screw position and the associated change in lateral distal femoral physeal angle over time. The position of the 2 screws was classified as either being both in the anterior third of the physis (AA), one screw in the anterior third and the other screw in the middle third (AM), or both screws in the middle third of the physis (MM).

Results:
The study population included 68 knees in 36 patients. The mean physeal angle at the time of surgery was 93 degrees (SD 4.0 degrees), which increased to 102.4 degrees (SD 5.7 degrees) at 12 months, for a change of 9.4 degrees (P<0.001). At 24 months, the mean physeal angle was 104.6 degrees (SD 6.3 degrees) for a further change of 2.9 degrees (P<0.001). When stratified by screw position all screw configurations resulted in an increase in the physeal angle at 12 months. At the 24-month follow-up, the physeal angle in knees with AA screws continued to increase another 3.5 degrees (P<0.05), there was a minimal change in knees with AM screws (1.47°, P>0.05) and knees with MM screws saw a reversal of physeal angle change (−7.1 degrees, P<0.05).

Conclusions:
ADFH using percutaneous screws results in an increase in the lateral distal femoral physeal angle. The rate of correction is largest in the first 12 months after the procedure. As such, this procedure should be considered in patients with less than 2 years of growth remaining. However, initial screw positioning influences the amount of change over time, and close postoperative surveillance until physeal closure is essential for all patients.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—retrospective case series.
Estrogen receptor beta suppresses the androgen receptor oncogenic effects in triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Xu Feng , Xu Kun , Fan Lingling , Li Xintong , Liu Yiqiu , Yang Fang , Zhu Chengjun , Guan Xiaoxiang 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background:
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer associated with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The androgen receptor (AR) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for luminal androgen receptor (LAR) TNBC. However, multiple studies have claimed that anti-androgen therapy for AR-positive TNBC only has limited clinical benefits. This study aimed to investigate the role of AR in TNBC and its detailed mechanism.

Methods:
Immunohistochemistry and TNBC tissue sections were applied to investigate AR and nectin cell adhesion molecule 4 (NECTIN4) expression in TNBC tissues. Then, in vitro and in vivo assays were used to explore the function of AR and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in TNBC. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), molecular docking method, and luciferase reporter assay were performed to identify key molecules that affect the function of AR.

Results:
Based on the TNBC tissue array analysis, we revealed that ERβ and AR were positive in 21.92% (32/146) and 24.66% (36/146) of 146 TNBC samples, respectively, and about 13.70% (20/146) of TNBC patients were ERβ positive and AR positive. We further demonstrated the pro-tumoral effects of AR on TNBC cells, however, the oncogenic biology was significantly suppressed when ERβ transfection in LAR TNBC cell lines but not in AR-negative TNBC. Mechanistically, we identified that NECTIN4 promoter –42 bp to –28 bp was an AR response element, and that ERβ interacted with AR thus impeding the AR-mediated NECTIN4 transcription which promoted epithelial–mesenchymal transition in tumor progression.

Conclusions:
This study suggests that ERβ functions as a suppressor mediating the effect of AR in TNBC prognosis and cell proliferation. Therefore, our current research facilitates a better understanding of the role and mechanisms of AR in TNBC carcinogenesis.
Head Trauma Effect on Corneal Endothelial Cell Density in Eye Bank Donors 50 Years or Older
Authors: Oseni Jessinta , Tauber Jenna , Rand Gabriel , Moon Jee Young , Gore Patrick , Edwards Brandon , Livesay Tina , Vizzerra Anthony , Chuck Roy S. 
Published: December 2023

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of head trauma on corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) in eye bank donors 50 years or older.

Methods:
This is a retrospective study of 128 corneas from 67 donors 50 years or older with cause of death secondary to head trauma, gunshot wound to the head (n = 26), motor vehicle accident with head trauma (n = 33), a fall with sustained head trauma (n = 47), and non-head trauma–related deaths (n = 22). Corneal data were recovered from Saving Sight Eye Bank (Kansas City, MO) database between January 2018 and August 2021. Donor characteristics, ECD, and focal endothelial cell loss on specular microscopy were examined between groups. A linear mixed effects model and a mixed effects logistic regression were used to compare ECD and examine the association between head trauma and focal endothelial cell loss.

Results:
The average ECD in the head trauma group was 2471 ± 342 cells/mm2 and 2588 ± 282 cells/mm2 in the nonhead trauma group (P value = 0.24). After adjusting for age, death-to-preservation time, and pseudophakia, the ECD difference between the head trauma and nonhead trauma groups was −105 ± 112 cells/mm2 (P value = 0.35). The odds of having focal endothelial cell loss were not statistically significant (P value = 0.42) between the head trauma (odds = 0.93) and nonhead trauma (odds = 0.69) groups.

Conclusions:
There were no differences in ECD and focal endothelial cell loss between the head trauma and nonhead trauma groups in eye bank donors 50 years or older.
Guided trocar insertion in highly myopic eyes
Authors: Savastano Alfonso , Bernardinelli Patrizio , De Vico Umberto , Amorelli Giulia Maria , Niutta Matteo , Rizzo Stanislao 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Purpose:
to demonstrate through a diagnostic test used as a new preoperative assessment, that trocar insertion for pars plana vitrectomy could be safely placed at a distance greater than 4.0 mm in highly myopic eyes to facilitate the surgical maneuvers.

Methods:
30 eyes of 30 patients were tested with a biometer for the axial length measurement and with ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) to measure the pars plana length. Pars plana lengths of highly myopic eyes were then compared with those of emmetropic eyes. The surgeon also measured the pars plana of highly myopic eyes intraoperatively and compared it with ultrasound measurements to assess UBM reliability.

Results:
The mean AXL was 23.81mm (SD ±0.30) in the control group and 31.11 mm (SD ±0.56) in the myopic group. The mean pars plana length was 4.96 mm (SD ±0.19) in control eyes and 6.65 (SD ±0.36) in myopic eyes. An extremely significant statistical difference (p < 0.001) was obtained by comparing the length of pars plana between control eyes and myopic eyes. The results of pars plana measurements were 6.65 mm SD ±0.36 (UBM) and 6.66 mm SD ±0.34 (intraoperative measurements) in myopic eyes. The statistical comparison of the measurements in these two groups did not give a statistically significant result (p = 0.950).

Conclusions:
UBM is a reliable technique to calculate the length of pars plana in highly myopic eyes, where this parameter is significantly greater than that of emmetropic eyes. Trocars insertion for pars plana vitrectomy may be performed, in eyes with axial length greater than 30mm, in relative safety at a distance to limbus higher than 4mm.
Clinical Characteristics, Treatment Modalities, and Their Association with Long-term Visual Outcomes in Uveal Effusion Syndrome
Authors: Choi Eun Young , Lee Seung Min , Chun Jinsuk , Choi Youngje , Kim Min 
Published: December 2023

Purpose:
Uveal effusion syndrome (UES) is a rare eye condition characterized by fluid accumulation in the uveal layer. We investigated its clinical characteristics and treatment modalities and their association with long-term visual outcomes.

Methods:
This retrospective cohort study included patients with UES treated at two tertiary hospitals between November 2005 and June 2023. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes by modality were compared between nanophthalmic type 1 UES (UES-1) and non-nanophthalmic type 2 UES (UES-2), and between initial and final visits. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with vision loss.

Results:
Twenty-three eyes were included (UES-1, n=10; UES-2, n=13). Retinal pigment epithelium mottling was significantly more common in UES-1 than in UES-2 (P=0.043); no other between-group differences were observed. Post-treatment, in UES-1, best-corrected visual acuity (P=0.028) and central macular thickness (P=0.046) significantly decreased; in UES-2, best-corrected visual acuity significantly improved (P=0.021), and subfoveal choroidal thickness (P=0.048), central subretinal fluid height (P=0.011), and central macular thickness (P=0.010) significantly decreased. UES-2 was associated with a lower risk of vision loss (odds ratio, 0.024; P=0.044). No other associated factors were identified.

Conclusion:
The UES type was the sole independent prognostic factor for vision loss, while treatment modalities had no significant impact on visual outcomes.
Choroidal and Retinal Abnormalities in Cushing Syndrome: Correlation with Cortisol Level
Authors: Duan Jianan , Shen Sikui , Lei Chunyan , Gao Sheng , Chang Tiancong , Zhang Yun , Zhang Meixia 
Published: December 2023

Purpose:
To investigate the structure and blood flow of the retina and choroid in Cushing syndrome (CS) and their relationship with cortisol levels.

Methods:
A consecutive series of CS patients with adrenocortical carcinoma were included in this study. Cortisol levels gradually returned to normal after adrenalectomy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) were used to assess CS patients before and after the surgery for retina and choroid. Correlation analysis was performed between cortisol level and fundus changes.

Results:
Compared with normal cortisol levels, CS patients had significantly lower central macular thickness (CMT) with increased cortisol level (220.82 ± 16.59 μm and 223.68 ± 15.78 μm, p = 0.019). While the central choroidal thickness (CCT) was higher with increased cortisol level (255.18 ± 105.89 μm and 205.94 ± 87.04 μm, p < 0.001). The choriocapillaris flow area (CCFA) was higher with increased cortisol level (2.05 ± 0.14 mm2 and 2.00 ± 0.13 mm2, p = 0.02). The change of CCFA was correlated with the score of Huaxi Emotional-distress Index and 24-hour urine-free cortisol (24h-UFC).

Conclusion:
The increased cortisol level was correlated with lesser CMT and thicker CCT. The decrease of CCFA was correlated with 24h-UFC, indicating the effect of increased cortisol level on choroidal vessels.