bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Republican Theory of Elections
Authors: Weinstock Daniel M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Republican theorists have paid scant attention to the choice of electoral systems. They seem to hold that as long as some fair, majoritarian system of elections is put in place, nothing of republican value is gained by having any particular form of system. But republican values speak in a more discerning way to the choice of electoral system than these theorists have held. In particular, a republican dilemma emerges when one realizes that the two values that Philip Pettit has put forward as desiderata for democratic systems pull in opposite directions with respect to electoral systems. The concern with control would seem to militate for a ‘first-past-the-post’ system, whereas a concern with equality would seem to argue for a system of proportional representation. Single transferable vote systems reduce this tension, by attempting to equalize the impact that each voter has on electoral outcomes through the full range of voter preferences among candidates.
Republicanism and Religion
Authors: Murphy Andrew R. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Much of the literature on the relationship between republicanism and religion has focused on a purported tension between republican thinkers and Christianity. Rousseau famously denied the possibility of a Christian republic (‘these terms are mutually exclusive’), while Machiavelli’s effusive praise of Numa’s use of Roman religion to unite the populace amplified his denunciations of the Christianity of his day. This chapter examines these two important exemplars while also going beyond them to consider the broader Anglo-American republican tradition, which displays a more nuanced and complex relationship between republicanism and religion. Atlantic republican thinkers drew on classical sources as well as Jewish and Christian ones, articulating a ‘godly’ or ‘Christian’ republicanism; later scholars theorized on the importance of ‘civil religion’ in ways more friendly to Christianity than Machiavelli’s or Rousseau’s formulations. Rather than an inherent hostility to Christianity (to say nothing of ‘religion’ more generally), the republican tradition offers a range of possible theoretical and institutional arrangements in a similarly wide range of historical contexts. As long as political thinkers, actors, and ordinary citizens view their political and religious liberties as intertwined, and draw meaning and value from both political and religious communities, the relationship between republicanism and religion will remain a vibrant site of inquiry.
Culture, Identity, and Foreign Policy
Authors: Julka Amit 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of research on identity and culture in foreign policy analysis (FPA) and international relations (IR). Apart from analysing convergences and divergences in IR and FPA, it argues that both fields conceptualize identity and culture in an ahistoric fashion, which leads to a very static (and de-politicized) understanding of these terms. Second, the chapter suggests that both concepts are bracketed as ideational, thus re-enforcing the reductionist binary of ‘material versus ideas’. Instead, the chapter calls for a more historical-materialist treatment of identity and culture which takes into account the role of historical forces in making certain ideas possible. Furthermore, the chapter calls for a reconceptualization of materiality that places human embodiment and environmental forces at the core of its analysis. A broader understanding of materiality will thus allow space for considering the role of phenomena such as emotions in shaping culture and identity.
Public Opinion, News, Digital Media, and Foreign Policy
Authors: Boucher Jean-Christophe 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the current state of the field of public opinion, and news and digital media. The central question organizing this research programme focuses on measuring and delineating the interactive relationship between the public, news media—and to some extent social media—and decision-makers. The literature on these issues is extensive and both theoretically and empirically rich and well developed. Nevertheless, with the rapid digitalization of our modern society, it is a field of research ready for disruption. New research questions on the role of the digital world in the realm of foreign policy as well as the development of new methodologies, especially those assisted by artificial intelligence, will possibly represent the future of Foreign Policy Analysis.
Autocratic Institutions and Foreign Policy
Authors: Jost Tyler 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the study of foreign policy in authoritarian states. Traditionally, authoritarian foreign policy was studied through coarse comparisons between democratic and non-democratic regimes. A new wave of scholarship suggests that differences between authoritarian regimes can also shape patterns in foreign policy behavior. Some scholars emphasize political accountability – the ability to remove rulers when adopt foreign policies that deviate from elite or societal preferences. Other scholars instead emphasize the effectiveness of bureaucratic institutions responsible for advising foreign policy decisions and coordinating foreign policy implementation – and the institutional trade-offs that authoritarian rulers face between domestic political security and bureaucratic performance. Future scholarship can further advance the field though incorporating insights from emerging research on bureaucracy, comparative politics, and foreign policy analysis.
Executives and Foreign Policy
Authors: Kaarbo Juliet , Lantis Jeffrey S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the important role that foreign policy executives play in foreign policy decision-making around the world. In contrast to traditional international relations (IR) theories that argue foreign policies are determined primarily by systemic pressures of anarchy, economic interdependencies, and prevailing norms, we focus on two key themes that emerge in foreign policy analysis (FPA) research on executives in particular: power and processes. Our survey of the literature suggests just how important it is to study executive behaviour ‘in the rooms where it happens’ for FPA. The chapter also identifies promising future directions for research on these themes, calling for attention to the nature of states and implications for executive foreign policy powers and a widening of empirical, methodological, and conceptual lenses in analyses of executive foreign policy-making. These developments could strengthen bridges between FPA and IR, as well as between FPA and public policy and comparative politics.
Foreign Policy Analysis and Liberalism
Authors: Hadfield Amelia 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Within the area of foreign policy analysis (FPA), liberalism plays a vital role, with its emphasis on domestic politics, decision-making processes, and the interdependence of structures and agents. Representing a rich and varied a group of perspectives, both classical and contemporary, liberalism’s starting point is both the individual, and the interplay between individuals, markets, and states, and the series of rights and obligations driving political actors at both domestic and international levels. Liberalism’s approach helpfully individualizes, even humanizes the international state system by cracking open the ‘black box’ of a generic state unit, allowing a whole range of identities, ideas, interests, and institutions to flow forth. This provides both FPA and foreign policy decision-makers alike with a far more accurate—but complex—appreciation of what defines states (i.e., their essential statehood), as well as what drives and motives states (i.e., their preferred form of statecraft). However, as this chapter explores, there is no single, linear liberal philosophy, but rather ever-contested options about the self, rights, and representation, and interdependence between national and international realms, many of which have been repeatedly challenged at both domestic and international levels.
Resolve, Reputation, and Foreign Policy
Authors: McManus Roseanne W. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the current state of research on resolve and reputation in foreign policy and how it has evolved. It points to three developments in the study of resolve and reputation that have created opportunities for more input from the foreign policy analysis (FPA) perspective: (1) greater focus on domestic politics, (2) greater focus on leaders, and (3) greater focus on individual psychology. The chapter also considers how an analysis of these aspects of resolve and reputation can open up a dialogue between FPA and other disciplines. The chapter ends by suggesting possible new directions for future research in this area and how FPA can contribute.
Strategic Narratives, Soft Power, and Foreign Policy
Authors: Miskimmon Alister , O’Loughlin Ben , Roselle Laura 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Communication is central to Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) and International Relations (IR). Soft power has faced criticism on its methodology and whether its core claims contribute to IR explanations. Strategic narrative analysis explains how actors make sense of their past, present, and futures through circuits of communication over time. This allows explanation of core IR concepts like legitimacy, authority, and the likelihood of actors forging projects. Strategic narrative contributes to FPA repositioning itself within IR. This chapter, first, explains soft power and strategic narrative, their theory and methods, and their position within FPA and IR. Second, the chapter demonstrates how strategic narrative is practiced by a wide range of actors. Foreign policy-making is adapting to international communication pressures. Finally, the chapter looks at how strategic narrative analysis can explain how actors respond to policy challenges. Attention to narratives and their circulation can explain the conditions within which policy is made, legitimated, and contested.
Foreign Policy Analysis and Public Policy
Authors: Brummer Klaus 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses what cross-fertilization between Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) and Public Policy scholarship can look like based on two empirical phenomena that are of interest to both fields: policy change and policy failures. The chapter shows how the incorporation of insights from one field to the other can contribute to getting a firmer conceptual and empirical grasp of these phenomena, thereby advancing our understanding of both policy-making processes and outcomes. More specifically, it argues that, on the one hand, insights from FPA can lend nuance to theories of the policy process with respect to grasping the role of political leaders as agents of change or drivers of failure, and that, on the other hand, insights from Public Policy can contribute to FPA by providing a better conceptualization and operationalization of ‘change’ and ‘failure’ and by helping to systematize the political processes that lead to those outcomes in the first place.
Foreign Policy of Substate Governments
Authors: Cantir Cristian 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Foreign policy analysis (FPA) and paradiplomacy have natural affinities, including a concern for the diversity of domestic agents and their impact on a country’s foreign policy behaviour. There has been little theoretical and empirical interaction between these two areas of scholarship, however. This chapter seeks to identify pathways to correct this state of affairs. It argues that FPA should use its theoretical toolbox and the extensive empirical evidence uncovered by paradiplomacy scholars to outline the role of substate governments in the national foreign policy-making process and the role of such entities as autonomous diplomatic agents. By doing so, foreign policy scholars can claim a central analytic location in IR by broadening their focus beyond military security issues, overcoming the state-centrism that continues to dominate the field, and building more bridges towards disciplines like political geography and towards policy-makers.
Introduction—Robert Burns
Authors: Carruthers Gerard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Surveying the contents of the handbook volume overall, this introduction points to the long and varied regional, national, and international receptions of Burns. It sets out the different modes and genres of Burns’s writing, including how he fashioned his own artistic image, and it foregrounds the various and crucial cultural, intellectual, and sociable contexts that surround Burns in his lifetime and beyond. The essay sketches the ‘Burns industry’, also dealt with in more detail in the chapters that follow it, including commemoration, heritage iterations of the poet, and his associations with food and drink. Burns’s complicated Scottish reception is joined by a set of British and international readings of his life and work that see him as an iconic writer in regional, national, and world terms. Enduring biographical interest in Burns, as well as many rich resources beyond the texts themselves in the twenty-first century, ensures that the writer is as vitally interesting today as ever.
The Imprint of His Origin
Authors: Scott Patrick 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
After briefly discussing Burns’s comments about books and scholarship on his reading, this essay examines the changing book culture of Burns’s Ayrshire through the books printed in the 1780s by Burns’s own printer, John Wilson of Kilmarnock. This approach confirms the importance for book history of Burns’s Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (1786), though modifying romanticized accounts of its publication; stresses the variety and continuities in regional readership, rather than simply a local time lag in the impact of the Enlightenment; summarizes the list of books Burns owned at his death; and suggests that late eighteenth-century Scottish provincial book culture was less hub-and-spoke, the dissemination of books published in Edinburgh (and London), than it was nodes-and-network, printing and reprinting books on local presses for booksellers in other towns and even in the two capitals.
Iconic Burns
Authors: Dougal Josephine 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the twenty-first century, Robert Burns has been granted a notable afterlife as a visual icon—evolving and mutating into new forms and in new guises. This essay examines how early portraits of Burns have become the visual source material and pattern for a reproducible cultural sign that says Robert Burns. Approaching Burns from a cultural studies perspective, it reveals how this long-established cultural icon is undergoing a twenty-first-century makeover in spheres such as graphic design, fashion and art, events and tourism, commodities and advertising, museum display, and social media. These new visual interpretations inform the analysis of Burns’s complex symbolic role in which a dynamic adaptive process of both continuity and change contribute to his endurance and relevance. A detailed examination of a number of key examples traces the reworkings and uses of his image in a range of contexts in order to consider how the processes of visual adaptation and appropriation may serve to reinforce, renew, or subvert his cultural status and meanings.
‘For the honour of Caledonia’
Authors: McCue Kirsteen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter makes close reference to the recently published Oxford edition of Robert Burns’s Songs for George Thomson. In September 1792 Burns enthusiastically accepted Thomson’s invitation to contribute lyrics for a new national song project, namely Thomson’s Select Collection of Scottish, Irish, and Welsh airs. Delivering songs to Thomson was to occupy much of the final four years of the poet’s life and resulted in the publication of upwards of 170 of Burns’s songs across the next four decades. This chapter explores the nature of the close and detailed correspondence between Burns and Thomson, establishing the editorial process and Burns’s interest in and in-depth knowledge of contemporary song culture, and reflecting on his ideas about national song. The reception of Thomson’s role as editor of Burns’s songs has received mostly harsh criticism across the last two centuries. This aggressive stance towards Thomson has rather overshadowed the reality of this creative collaboration and has downplayed Burns’s role as the ultimate national songster.
Religion, Gender, and Sexuality in Ireland, 1800–1922
Authors: Hill Myrtle 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how transformations within religious institutions impacted on public and popular perceptions of gender and sexuality. In assessing the ways in which traditional views were simultaneously reinforced and challenged, this analysis considers both formal and popular expressions of religiosity, the gap between rhetoric and reality and the diversity of individual experiences, always with the caveat that much in this area of intimacy remains unrecorded. The historiography of the period mainly highlights the extent to which religious pressure restricted and controlled female behaviour, and there is much evidence to bolster the familiar picture of Irish sexual repression. However, a more rounded and complex picture emerges from this study, which reflects the multifaceted nature of personal and social behaviours and responses to the changing religious context.
Science and Religion Before and After Darwin
Authors: Adelman Juliana , Mathieson Stuart 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the ‘conflict thesis’, the assumption that science and religion are incommensurable, in its Irish context. As evolution, especially Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection, is so pivotal in these debates, the chapter is organized around the publication of Origin of Species (1859). It first surveys science and religion in early nineteenth-century Ireland, particularly the role of education, before exploring the variety of responses to Darwin and how these were not as acrimonious as commonly supposed. It demonstrates that ‘scientific’ denoted an epistemological and methodological approach rather than a discipline, and how this led to controversy over scientific approaches to the Bible. Next, it demonstrates how scientific naturalists such as John Tyndall appropriated Darwinism as a secular ideology as part of a contest for cultural authority. Finally, it considers how science, religion, and national identity became inextricably linked during the campaign for Home Rule and eventual partition of Ireland.
The Religion and Politics of Paisleyism
Authors: Mitchel Patrick 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Contrary to some analyses, this chapter takes religion seriously as the motivating force behind Ian Paisley’s life and political career. To do so requires understanding the character of Paisley’s self-claimed fundamentalism and its relationship with broader evangelical Protestantism. Five distinct traits of Paisleyite fundamentalism are examined in turn. It is argued that, while fundamentalism differs from evangelicalism in specific ways, the differences tend to be those of emotion, intensity, or attitude rather than theology. Paisley’s political success lay in how he created new ideological space within Protestant unionist identity that appealed to the wider Protestant population well beyond the limited appeal of Free Presbyterian fundamentalism. This ‘space’ took the form of a religiously legitimated nationalist salvation drama. Paisley’s unexpected ascent to power as First Minister, sharing power with Sinn Féin, created irresolvable tensions that would lead to a rather bitter ending to his political and religious career
Beyond Teleology
Authors: Connolly S. J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
By the beginning of the twentieth century Irish political life was divided along clear confessional lines. A mainly Catholic nationalism confronted a mainly Protestant unionism. Yet it would be a mistake to project this straightforward dichotomy onto an earlier period. Ireland’s unusual religious demography ensured that sectarian hostility was an inescapable part of political life. But there were other divisions within Irish society, and expedient alliances repeatedly took shape across confessional lines. It was not until the 1880s that wary interaction gave way to polarization. The triumph of confessional politics was in part due to the changing character of public life. But the emergence of new religious cultures, Catholic and Protestant, also played a part in shaping political relationships and responses
Religion and Law in Ireland and Northern Ireland Since 1968
Authors: McCrudden Christopher , Doyle Oran , Kenny David 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on three roles that ‘religion’ has played on the island of Ireland since 1968: as a set of transcendental beliefs; as a marker of political and cultural identity; and as the setting for the exercise of ecclesiastical power in secular political contexts. The changing relationship of religion and law in Ireland and Northern Ireland in these contexts is examined. In 1968, religion strongly manifested in law across the island of Ireland. Christianity was a dominant legal ideology. At the end of the period, religion’s role in the legal system was much reduced. Patterns of convergence and divergence between north and south are identified and explained. Legal change is considered in two dimensions: as the outcome of—and reflecting—political, economic, and social forces; and as a quasi-autonomous factor in the production of social change.
Changing Protestant Identity in Southern Ireland, 1922–1970s
Authors: d'Alton Ian 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how the Protestant minority, beached in an overwhelmingly Catholic state after independence, had to adapt its identity and values to the new order. The principal features of Protestant demography, social economy, and denominational makeup form the background against which ‘dual loyalty’ became a method of coping. Britishness was mediated principally through cultural royalism and connectivity with Empire and the wider Protestant world. Irishness was emphasized by claiming the Church of Ireland’s descent from St Patrick. Protestants withdrew into ghettos to protect their privileges and avoid mixed marriages. Politically powerless, they reinvented their place in Irish life as preceptors of moral and civic values. Despite an inherent anti-Catholicism, conservative Protestantism was more in tune with many of the values of Catholic Ireland than often thought. All this, together with the ecumenical movement from the 1960s, allowed a common citizenship to emerge, largely resolving the identity issue.
Religion, Gender, and Sexuality, 1922–1968
Authors: Earner-Byrne Lindsey 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The period between 1922 and 1968 represented the zenith of the symbiotic relationship between religion, sexual behaviour, and gender conformity on the island of Ireland and the beginning of its gradual sundering. Until at least the 1950s, there appears to have been a significant degree of buy-in and excitement on behalf of ‘the people’ for the moral agenda. By the 1960s evidence of a gradual change in mentalities was apparent in a significant proportion of the island’s population. However, this more questioning climate also reinvigorated those who continued to believe that religion and sexual politics were pivotal to social and political stability. This chapter explores the role religion played in shaping the socio-moral ethos of both states on the island during this period and the ways it informed the performance and practice of gender and sexuality in everyday life.