bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol Cause Off-Flavors in Cultured Largemouth Bass and White Sturgeon Reared in Recirculating-Water Systems
Authors: Schrader Kevin K , Rubio Sonia Acuña , Piedrahita Raul H , Rimando Agnes M 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Earthy and musty off-flavors were present in the fillets of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus grown in partial water-recirculating aquaculture systems. Solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed that geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in the flesh of these fish caused these off-flavors.
Exposure to Feedborne Mycotoxins T-2 Toxin or Ochratoxin A Causes Increased Mortality of Channel Catfish Challenged with Edwardsiella ictaluri
Authors: Manning Bruce B. , Terhune Jeffery S. , Li Menghe H. , Robinson Edwin H. , Wise David J. , Rottinghaus George E. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
To evaluate the effect of mycotoxins on the disease resistance of juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, we conducted an experiment in aquaria under controlled environmental conditions. Catfish were fed a nutritionally complete semipurified diet containing two concentrations of either T-2 toxin (1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg diet) or ochratoxin A (OA; 2.0 or 4.0 mg/kg diet). Mycotoxins were supplied as pure, crystalline T-2 toxin diluted to a known concentration in a carrier of casein and Aspergillus ochraceus culture material containing a known concentration of OA. After 6 weeks of feeding, catfish were challenged by immersion in situ with a virulent isolate of Edwardsiella ictaluri suspended in nutrient broth that provided an estimated 2.25 × 106 colony forming units per milliliter of water. At 21 d postchallenge, significantly (P &lt; 0.05) greater mortalities occurred among catfish fed T-2 toxin, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg diet (84.11% and 99.30%, respectively) than among control fish. Fish fed the OA diet (4.0 mg/kg) also had significantly higher mortality (80.49%) than control-fed catfish, which experienced 68.28% mortality. Results indicate that juvenile channel catfish fed feedborne mycotoxins T-2 toxin or OA had significantly greater mortality when challenged with E. ictaluri.
Pharmacokinetic Studies of Florfenicol in Koi Carp and Threespot Gourami Trichogaster trichopterus after Oral and Intramuscular Treatment
Authors: Yanong Roy P. E. , Curtis Eric W. , Simmons Robert , Bhattaram Venkatesh Atul , Gopalakrishnan Mathangi , Ketabi Nahal , Nagaraja Nelamangala V. , Derendorf Hartmut 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of florfenicol were studied in koi carp Cyprinus carpio (hereafter, koi) and threespot gourami Trichogaster trichopterus after oral (50 mg/kg) and intramuscular (25 mg/kg) administration of the drug in warm water conditions (24–25°C). The estimates of clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life were 0.05 L · h−1 · kg−1, 1.0 L/kg, and 16 h, respectively, in koi. In threespot gourami, the corresponding estimates were 0.32 L · h−1 · kg−1, 2.0 L/kg, and 4 h. In koi, minimal drug absorption was observed after bath treatment. Analysis of florfenicol leaching from fish feed indicated that about 50–80% of the coated drug is lost and is not available for therapeutic benefit for either species. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of florfenicol, determined for bacterial isolates from tropical fish, ranged from 0.5 to 2 μg/mL. For effective dosing regimens in koi and threespot gourami, the differences in pharmacokinetics should be considered in future studies.
Fish Disease and Biosecurity: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Perceptions of Managers and Owners of Commercial Finfish Recirculating Facilities in the United States and Canada
Authors: Delabbio Julie L. , Johnson Gerald R. , Murphy Brian R. , Hallerman Eric , Woart Anthony , McMullin Steve L. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
In recirculation finfish facilities in the United States and Canada, biosecurity utilization is neither consistent nor uniform. Seeking reasons for this situation, we examined the beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes of managers and owners of such facilities about fish disease and biosecurity utilization. A questionnaire was mailed in the fall of 2001 to the managers and owners of 152 finfish-rearing recirculation facilities in the United States and Canada to gather information on their attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions regarding fish disease and biosecurity. The response rate to the survey was 86%. This paper reports on a subset of the overall responses, the responses of managers and owners who identified their facility as a business operation. Although respondents had a positive attitude towards biosecurity utilization, they had different beliefs about which disease types were of greatest concern for their farm. Respondents also had differing perceptions on the risk of disease transmission associated with different activities on their farms. In addition, respondents had various beliefs about the practicality and effectiveness of different biosecurity measures and why the practice of biosecurity was important to their farms. This study gives quantitative evidence that different fish farmers perceive disease and the practice of biosecurity differently. This study indicates that recognition of the human dimensions element is an important first step in the creation of biosecurity policies, strategies, and procedures that will be readily accepted and implemented and consistently applied by fish farmers on their farms. The findings challenge the heretofore traditionally accepted belief that poor biosecurity practice on a farm is primarily related to lack of knowledge about biosecurity.
Evaluation of Unpurified Cell Culture Supernatant as Template for the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with Largemouth Bass Virus
Authors: McClenahan Shasta D. , Grizzle John M. , Schneider J. E. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used to identify largemouth bass virus (LMBV) in cell culture, and this method has included extraction of the sample DNA. To simplify this procedure, we centrifuged the cell culture fluid to remove cellular debris and then used the supernatant directly in the PCR without DNA extraction. For supernatants from cell cultures inoculated with 1:100 dilutions of homogenized swim bladder or pooled spleen and trunk kidney, only 70.0% of the LMBV-positive samples (based on all available evidence) tested positive with this new PCR method. After a 1:500 dilution of these cell culture supernatants, 85% of the failed samples became PCR positive. In contrast, 97.2% of LMBV-positive samples were PCR-positive when undiluted supernatants from subcultivations (cells inoculated with supernatant from cell cultures showing cytopathic effect [CPE]) were used directly in the PCR. Unpurified cell culture fluid supernatant from blind passage samples (cells inoculated with supernatant from CPE-negative cultures) was PCR-positive for 93.8% of the samples that were eventually shown to be LMBV-positive. The use of cell culture supernatant directly in the PCR reduced the cost and time required to identify LMBV isolated in cell culture. Extraction of DNA from cell cultures to obtain template for PCR identification of LMBV was required for only 2% of the LMBV-positive samples.
Molecular Size, pH, Temperature Stability, and Ontogeny of Inhibitor(s) of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) in Normal Rainbow Trout Serum
Authors: Park Kyoung C. , Reno Paul W. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
In this study, we investigated the characteristics of inhibitor(s) of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) found in the serum of normal rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (RTS). The molecular size, stability to pH and temperature, and ontogeny of the inhibitor in trout were studied, and the effect of cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) on the activity of the inhibitor was tested. The strongest inhibition of virus was obtained at approximately 150 kDa as measured by ultracentrifugation, sieve gel chromatography, and ultrafiltration. The inhibition decreased significantly when RTS was dialyzed or filtered in the absence of divalent cations, but replacement of at least one cation restored activity. Activity was stable at temperatures ranging from 30°C to 50°C, but 55°C completely destroyed the inhibitory capacity of RTS. The inhibitory activity of RTS was not reduced between pH 4 and 10 but was diminished below pH 4 and above pH 10; such activity was not abrogated by proteases. Additionally, pretreatment of RTS with the polysaccharide mannan significantly reduced inhibition. Thus, the serum inhibitor(s) had many characteristics of a lectin. To determine the ontogeny of inhibition, serum samples were taken from normal rainbow trout, beginning at 2 weeks posthatch; consistent inhibition was not obtained until the rainbow trout had reached the age of 23 weeks posthatch.
Methodological Approaches and Opinions of Researchers Involved in the Surgical Implantation of Telemetry Transmitters in Fish
Authors: Wagner Glenn N. , Cooke Steven J. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to characterize the surgical methods researchers use to implant telemetry transmitters in fish and obtain their opinions on fish surgical techniques. The majority of respondents (74%) use monofilament suture to close transmitter incisions, mirroring recent findings that monofilament can help reduce tissue inflammation and promote wound healing. An equal number also believe that maintaining sterile equipment between surgeries is important to preserve fish health. Despite the difficulty of maintaining sterile surgical equipment and surgery areas in field conditions, this opinion does coincide with those of veterinarians. Opinions about what component of surgery is the most hazardous for fish were mixed: 37% believed it to be the initial incision, closely followed by wound closure (23%), insertion of the transmitter and its components (22%), and anesthesia and the handling of the fish (18%). A large proportion (73%) of researchers practice at least occasionally to maintain or improve their surgical skills. The fact that approximately 18% of fish surgeons do not practice was a surprise. Although responses regarding any observations between surgical experience/volume and outcome (e.g., survival) were disparate, the majority (69%) of respondents identified this as an important research area. Furthermore, the majority of researchers (62%) believed it was important to use the individual surgeon for each fish as a covariate when analyzing the data obtained during a study involving multiple surgeons. Despite the variety of practices and opinions of fish surgeons, the majority of responses conformed with or promoted the use of surgical techniques that would benefit the health and welfare of fish. This information should help fisheries researchers refine their surgical techniques and assist governing agencies in forming important regulations on laboratory and field surgical procedures.
Comparison of simulators for process and aqueous chemistry modeling
Authors: Lacour Stella , Van Hille Rob P. , Peterson Karen , Lewis Alison E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe capabilities of four commercial simulators to model precipitation processes is discussed via two case studies: copper(II) sulfide and cobalt(II) carbonate precipitation, respectively. Two approaches were adopted in the modeling, using various existing modeling tools or developing simulation models from an independent critical review of the literature. Simulated results were compared with experimental investigations in order to inform and/or refine model predictions. Results were strongly influenced by the nature and the number of thermodynamic data taken into account in the model. The influence of various parameters on controlling metal solubility have been identified and discussed. This study emphasises the importance of selecting comprehensive and reliable thermodynamic data before modeling a process. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Novolac‐based resists
Authors: Hanabata Makoto 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe performance of novolac–diazonaphthoquinone‐based positive‐working resists is discussed in terms of the molecular weight distributions and microstructures of the novolac resins and the structural variations in the photoactive dissolution inhibitor. Modelling studies leading to recent improvements allosing the delineation of 0.35 μm line and space pattens by ensuring a focal depth of 105 μm are outlined. Consideration is also given to the new problems such as pivotal shift and halation that arise in the application of high‐resolution photolithography using novolac–diazonaphthoquinone resists.
Polymeric silicon‐containing resist materials
Authors: Miller R. D. , Wallraff G. M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSilicon‐containing bilayer and trilayer photoresist technology is reviewed. Multilayer resist processes of this type rely on pattern generation in a thin imaging layer followed by pattern transfer to the thick planarising underlayer by oxygen reactive ion etching (RIE). The review concentrates on materials in which the silicon is an integral part of the polymer and does not specifically address photoresists where silicon is incorporated in a post‐imaging process step (Such as top‐surface‐imaging resists). The review is not exhaustive but emphasizes instead specific examples of representative resist chemistry.
Wet development of polymer resists: A guide to solvent selection
Authors: Cowie J. M. G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe criteria for selecting effective solvent systems for wet development of polymer resist materials are explored. Methods of estimating the polymer–solvent interactions are described, including the use of solubility parameters and the Flory–huggins interaction parameter. Methods of achieving θ‐conditions, which represent minimal solvent–precipitant mixtures, or the more novel approach of establishing cosolvent systems are described. The rate dissolution has also bee identified as a controlling parameter. Some optical and gravimetric methods for measuring dissolution rates for polymer films are outlined. Examples of the influence of these factors on the sensitivity and contrast of resists such as poly(methylmethacrylate) and poly(p‐methyl styrene‐stat‐chloromethyl styrene) are described.
Cerebral metabolism in newborn dogs during reversible asphyxia
Authors: Vannucci Robert C. , Duffy Thomas E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAcute, systemic asphyxia was induced in paralyzed, lightly anesthetized 1‐ to 2‐day‐old dogs by respiratory arrest. Measurements of arterial blood pressure, acid‐base balance, and concentrations of pyruvate, lactate, and glucose in blood were correlated with electroencephalographic activity and with concentrations of high‐energy phosphates and glycolytic substrates in the cerebral cortex. Most animals tolerated 15 minutes, but not 20 minutes, of asphyxia with apparently normal behavioral recovery. Asphyxia was always accompanied by bradycardia, systemic hypotension, and a progressive decline in arterial pH; the concentration of blood lactate and the lactate/pyruvate ratio rose. Blood glucose levels were unaffected, at least during the first 10 minutes. Concentrations of glucose and phosphocreatine in cerebral cortex declined rapidly during asphyxia to low levels, but levels of adenosine triphosphate remained within normal limits for up to 5 minutes despite the fact that electrical activity in brain ceased within 2 minutes. The intravenous injection of carbon black into animals asphyxiated for 21/2, 5, 10, or 15 minutes revealed substantial reductions in blood flow to brain during asphyxia; however, relative to the cerebral cortex, brainstem structures received a preferential blood supply.
Ependymal changes in the human fetal brain
Authors: Dooling Elizabeth C. , Chi Je G. , Gilles Floyd H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFocal ependymal loss, increasing in extent with advancing gestational age, was found in 111 human fetal brains. Its regular occurrence in specific sites, viz, the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles, over sector CA2 of the hippocampus, and on the ventral surface of the corpus callosum and lateral walls of the septum pellucidum, without prominent subependymal gliosis, suggests that restricted ependymal loss may be related to growth and development of the fetal brain. More extensive loss should be considered a marker of a neuropathological process.
Remyelination after transient experimental compression of the spinal cord
Authors: Harrison B. M. , McDonald W. I. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe lesion produced in the cat by experimental transient spinal cord compression was examined by electron microscopy. Compression sufficient to produce reversible paraparesis is associated with a predominantly demyelinating lesion; more severe compression produces an increased amount of wallerian degeneration. Remyelination by oligodendrocytes commences in the third week. Complete myelin segments with many normal ultrastructural features are formed. The thickness of the new myelin increases with time but has still not reached adult values after 18 months. Schwann cells of peripheral origin remyelinate some central axons in the more severe lesions.
Visual evoked potentials and quantitative perimetry in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ellenberger Carl , Ziegler Susan B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe visual evoked potential (VEP) to a flash stimulus proved to be more effective than quantitative perimetry in detecting evidence of previous optic neuritis (97 vs 56%) or asymptomatic lesions in the visual pathways (56 vs 14%) of 49 patients with multiple sclerosis. The characteristic VEP abnormality, increased latency, was also found in 8 of 15 eyes with visual field defects related to ischemic optic neuropathy. This abnormality therefore is not specific for demyelinative disease, but it is highly suggestive in the presence of normal visual function determined psychophysically. The VEP disclosed a high incidence (81%) of asymptomatic lesions in optic nerves opposite previously affected eyes. Neither the presence nor the magnitude of the latency abnormality correlated with the degree of visual impairment. Prolonged latency may not be present at the onset of acute optic neuritis.
Spinal cord involvement by C4–C5 Vertebral subluxation in rheumatoid arthritis: A description of 2 cases examined at necropsy
Authors: Hughes J. Trevor 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn 2 cases of severe, longstanding rheumatoid arthritis involving the cervical spine, a progressive spinal cord syndrome developed in which spastic paraparesis was combined with a lower motoneuron paresis affecting the upper limbs. In both cases necropsy showed the cause to be subluxation between the C4 and C5 vertebral bodies and backward encroachment into the spinal canal of the upper and posterior part of the C5 vertebral body. A feature of the spinal cord abnormality was central infarction, apparently caused by an effect on a patent anterior spinal artery and manifested not only at the site of spinal cord compression but for several spinal cord segments caudal to this level.
Survival with permanent midbrain dysfunction after surgical treatment of traumatic subdural hematoma: The clinical picture of a duret hemorrhage?
Authors: Caplan L. R. , Zervas N. T. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTwo patients with severe head trauma, each deeply comatose when initially seen, survived after evacuation of subdural hematoma, administration of corticosteroids and mannitol, and mechanical hyperventilation. Each lived despite persistent bilateral third nerve plasies and pyramidal signs, with relatively well preserved cognitive function. The clinical picture in each case is compatible with the residua of Duret hemorrhages. Useful survival after serious craniocerebral trauma is possible despite midbrain dysfunction.
Rapidly evolving EEG changes in a case of alzheimer disease
Authors: Ehle Albert L. , Johnson Peter C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA patient who presented with a subacutely evolving dementia and electroencephalographic changes resembling those reported in Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease was found at autopsy to have Alzheimer disease. Despite typical clinical and electroencephalographic findings, accurate discrimination between these two diseases depends on pathological examination.
Grafted syndiotactic polystyrene synthesized via melting graft copolymerization used as a compatibilizer for immiscible syndiotactic polystyrene/polyadimide 66 blends
Authors: Cao Youming , Shen Zhigang , Lin Shang'An 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA new grafted syndiotactic polystyrene (g‐sPS), to be used as a compatibilizer for syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS)/polyadimide 66 blends, was prepared by the melting graft copolymerization of sPS and monomers composed of itaconic acid and dibutyl maleate with dicumyl peroxide as an initiator. The resulting g‐sPS possessed a side‐chain structure identified by IR spectra, and the results of mechanical testing show that a good impact strength and tensile strength were obtained for g‐sPS at a 7.16‐phr addition of monomer with a 3:1 proportion of dibutyl maleate and itaconic acid. Differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the g‐sPS maintained a high glass‐transition temperature and a crystalline structure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1659–1666, 2005
Morphology development of PBT/PE blends during extrusion and its reflection on the rheological properties
Authors: Hong Joung Sook , Kim Jeong Lim , Ahn Kyung Hyun , Lee Seung Jong 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this study, we have investigated morphology evolution of polymer blends during extrusion. By choosing two polymers, high density polyethylene (PE) and poly (1,4‐butylene terephthalate) (PBT), having a large difference in melting temperature, we could control the viscosity ratio of the blend as well as the morphology. The morphology of the dispersed phase evolved from film to fibril and to droplet structure depending on thermal and deformation history. We could maintain the film or fibril structure in a final product by keeping the dispersed phase deformable and rigid enough to avoid the relaxation that is related with instability originating from the interfacial tension. The anisotropic structures (film and fibril) were found to enhance the rheological properties significantly, but in different manners under shear and extensional flow fields. This study shows that diverse morphology can be obtained by controlling processing conditions, and the rheological properties can be dramatically enhanced by morphology control. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1702–1709, 2005
Preparation of poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐maleic anhydride)/SiO2TiO2 hybrid materials and their thermo‐ and photodegradation behaviors
Authors: Xu Jianwen , Shi Wenfang , Gong Ming , Yu Fei , Yan Lifeng 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe optically transparent poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐maleic anhydride) P(MMA‐co‐MA)/SiO2TiO2 hybrid materials were prepared using 3‐aminopropyl triethoxysilane as a coupling agent for organic and inorganic components. Real‐time FTIR was used to monitor the curing process of hybrid sol, indicating that imide group formation decreased with increasing titania content. scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry results confirmed their homogeneous inorganic/organic network structures. TGA analysis showed that incorporated titania greatly prohibits the thermodegradation of hybrid films, especially at the content of 5.3 wt %, showing an increase of about 32.6°C at 5% loss temperature in air. The UV degradation behavior of P(MMA‐co‐MA) studied by quasi‐real‐time FTIR showed that TiO2 incorporated in the hybrid network provides a photocatalytic effect rather than a UV‐shielding effect. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1714–1724, 2005