bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From “Everything Has a Meaning” to “I Want to Believe in Something”: Religious Change Between Two Generations of Women in Norway
Authors: FURSETH Inger 
Published: May 2005

English The author analyzes change in religious culture between two generations of Norwegian women. The first part consists of a brief overview of the major findings from the survey, ISSP Norway Religion 98, regarding gender and religion. The second part consists of an in-depth analysis of the life-stories of two women, one born in 1933 and the other in 1980. The narratives demonstrate a shift in orientation from organized religion to individual spirituality, from belief in a personal God to a higher power, from others to self, and from continuity and tradition to fragmentation and plurality. The changes in religious orientations are related to different historical contexts, level of modernization, altered gender roles, and difference in cultural values. French L'auteure analyse le changement dans la culture religieuse entre deux générations de femmes norvégiennes. La première partie esquisse les principaux résultats de l'étude, ISSP Norway Religion 98, concernant le genre et la religion tandis que la deuxième développe une analyse approfondie à partir de l'histoire de vie de deux femmes, l'une née en 1933 et l'autre en 1980. Les narrations montrent un net changement d'orientation: de la religion organisée vers une spiritualité individuelle, de la croyance en un Dieu personnel vers celle en un pouvoir supérieur, des autres vers soi, ainsi que de la continuité et de la tradition vers la fragmentation et la pluralité. Les changements d'orientations religieuses sont resitués dans les différents contextes historiques et analysés en fonction des degrés de modernisation, de la modification des rôles de genre et des différences de valeurs culturelles.
The Moral Thinking of Three Generations in Scandinavia: What Role Does Religion Play?
Authors: BOTVAR Pål Ketil 
Published: May 2005

English The author compares religious and moral values of three generations in Scandinavia, starting from the question: is it true that young people lack moral principles and have low moral standards compared with older generations? The assumed moral decay in society is often blamed on the young generation. The empirical evidence of the RAMP survey (Religious and Moral Pluralism) does not support this hypothesis. Young people are, however, to a large extent guided by other moral principles than the older generations. While young people often stress the consequences of their moral actions, the older generations emphasize the existence of general rules about right and wrong. This indicates that the young and the older generations approach moral issues in quite different ways. Our material is taken from the RAMP survey conducted in the four Scandinavian countries from 1998 to 1999. RAMP has made it possible for researchers to study the relationships between religiosity and morality in new ways compared to the European Values Studies. French L'auteur compare les valeurs religieuses et morales de trois générations différentes en Scandinavie. Son point de départ est la question de savoir s'il est vrai que les jeunes manquent de principes moraux et mènent une vie moins morale que les générations plus âgées. Cette hypothèse est démentie par la recherche empirique RAMP (Religious and Moral Pluralism) qui montre que les jeunes sont à l'évidence largement guidés par des principes moraux mais que ceux-ci sont autres que ceux des générations précédentes. Tandis que les jeunes insistent souvent sur les conséquences de leurs actions morales, les plus âgés mettent davantage l'accent sur des règles générales concernant le bien et le mal. Il ressort aussi que les jeunes et les plus âgés approchent les questions morales de faç on assez différente. Ce matériau est tiré de la recherche RAMP qui a été réalisée dans les quatre pays scandinaves en 1998-1999. Elle a permis aux chercheurs de revisiter les rapports entre attitudes religieuses et attitudes morales au regard des Etudes des Valeurs Européennes.
Le développement de nouvelles ressources de sens “psycho-philo-spirituelles”: dérégulation des savoirs et nouvelle offre idéologique
Authors: GARNOUSSI Nadia 
Published: May 2005

English In France, the decline of utopianism which used to be at the heart of new spiritualities, following the anti-establishment culture, has led to a transformation of the ideal being advocated: now, the aim is to change oneself rather than change the world. The assertion of the individual as a “decider of the meaning of his/her own life” and the concern with well-being which is becoming more widespread, encourage the mobilization of practical resources. Consequently, we are witnessing the emergence of a nebulous group composed of networks and actors offering the general public a series of psychological, philosophical and spiritual resources. The analysis offered by the sociology of religions helps to assess the de-regulation that is going on within the three fields mentioned above. The questions raised are the following: can we consider this intertwining of practical resources to correspond to the construction of new meanings? And what are their interactions with religious belief? French En France, le déclin de la dimension utopique qui structurait les nouvelles spiritualités issues de la contre-culture a correspondu avec la transformation de l'idéal de "changer le monde"en celui de "se changer soi''. L'affirmation du sujet "décideur de son propre sens"et la généralisation du souci du mieuxe être renvoient en partie à la mobilisation de ressources pratiques de sens. Ainsi, nous assistons à l'émergence d'une nébuleuse composée d'entreprises et d'acteurs divers qui proposent au grand public des ressources philosophiques, psychologiques et spirituelles. Les analyses de sociologie des religions sont très précieuses pour évaluer la dérégulation qui s'opère au sein de ces différents savoirs. L'enjeu principal de la recherche est de déterminer si ces entrecroisements de ressources pratiques correspondent à de nouvelles compositions du sens et de dégager leurs interactions avec le croire religieux.
The Positioning of the Parish in a Context of Individualization
Authors: DE GROOT Kees , KREGTING Joris , BORGMAN Erik 
Published: May 2005

English Now that religious participation largely depends on individual choice, existing religious congregations find themselves confronted with the challenge of organizational renewal. Both sociological and theological authors disagree on two strategies as successful ways of coping with this new “market situation”. The first strategy is that of the service institution; the second, that of the exclusive firm. We conducted a survey among parish councils in the Netherlands regarding the positioning of Roman Catholic parishes in this respect. Factor analysis shows that these parishes do not differentiate along these lines. They do differentiate, however, on the factors of “perceived accessibility” and “Christian pro-file”. Thus, three parish types could be discerned: the open parish, the inviting parish and the “parochial” parish. These types reflect different ways of coping with the strategic challenge parishes are faced with: holding on to a Christian profile, while trying to stay in contact with the public. French Le contexte de l'individualisation des choix religieux oblige les paroisses à une remise en question de leur positionnement. Du côté des sociologues et des théologiens, le débat est analogue et porte sur l'efficacité des stratégies paroissiales. Mais les premiers favorisent la stratégie de l'organisation de services religieux, tandis que les autres celle de la "firme exclusive''. Or, l'analyse d'une enquête parmi les paroisses catholiques aux Pays-Bas montre que les paroisses ne suivent pas cette ligne de partage. Confrontées au dilemme de choisir entre accessibilité et profil chrétien, les paroisses adoptent en fait une des trois positions suivantes: la paroisse publique, la paroisse accueillante et la paroisse "à l'esprit de clocher''.
Do the Rite Thing: Religious Civil Unions in Vermont
Authors: COULMONT Baptiste 
Published: May 2005

English Vermont, one of the smallest US states, implemented in 2000 a new form of recognized partnership for same-sex couples. A “civil union” gives the couple that contracts it the same benefits a marriage gives to a heterosexual couple. As with a marriage, ministers (pastors, priests, rabbis) are agents of the state when performing a civil union. Following an intense cultural conflict, the implementation of civil unions was simultaneous with a speedy accommodation on the part of the churches. The author provides two explanations for this phenomenon. First, civil unions of the religious type, understood as a religious consumption, provide incentives for an economic routinization. Second, the author focuses on the work of the ministers: through various appeals to the legal order, they try to find ways to perform same-sex wedding ceremonies. French En 2000, le petit Etat américain du Vermont créa les "unions civiles"qui donnent aux couples de même sexe les mêmes droits que ceux qui sont accordés par le mariage aux couples hétérosexuels. Pasteurs, prêtres et rabbins sont autorisés à célébrer ces unions aunomdupouvoir civil, de lamêmemanière qu'un mariage héte ´rosexuel peut être célébré par un membre du clergé ou un juge de paix. Ala suite d'un grave conflit, on a assisté à une adaptation rapide de la part des Eglises à ces unions civiles. Deux explications peuvent être apportées à ce phénomène: tout d'abord, l'apport financier lié à la célébration religieuse de ces unions civiles conç ues comme des objets de consommation n'est pas négligeable; ensuite, il est clair que, dans leurs pratiques pastorales, les ministres du culte s'appuient sur la légalité pour chercher à célébrer des unions civiles.
Marcel Mauss et la sociologie de la religion
Authors: MENEZES Renata 
Published: May 2005

English If for anthropologists and ethnologists the importance of Marcel Mauss is evident, for sociologists of religion he is sometimes relegated to the background, somewhat overshadowed by the figure of his uncle, Emile Durkheim. In the literature of the social sciences, works by Mauss on religions are cited as important but outmoded on a theoretical level, or else they are considered to be simple applications of Durkheimian theories of the sacred to concrete situations. The author offers a few observations on the specificities and relevance of Mauss’s work. In the present context, witnessing a rise in new religious movements and other non-institutionalized practices, and due to the problematization of the limits of the religious, his work offers innumerable elements useful in the construction of a theoretical arsenal and of objects capable of contributing to understanding that reality. French Si pour les anthropologues et les ethnologues, l'importance de Marcel Mauss est évidente, pour les sociologues de la religion il est parfois relégué au second plan, quelque peu occulté par la figure de son oncle, Emile Durkheim. Dans la littérature des sciences sociales, les travaux de Mauss sur les religions sont cités comme importants mais dépassés sur le plan théorique. Ou bien ils sont conside ´rés comme de simples applications à des situations concre`tes des théories durkheimiennes du sacré. L'auteure avance quelques observations sur les spécificités et l'actualité du travail de Mauss. Dans le contexte actuel de surgissement de nouveaux mouvements religieux et d'autres pratiques non institutionnalisées et par sa problématisation des frontiéres du religieux, son oeuvre offre d'innombrables éléments utiles à la construction d'un arsenal théorique et d'objets pouvant contribuer à la compréhension de cette réalité.
A Matrix Approach to the Customer-oriented Product Design
Authors: Lin Ming-Chyuan , Chen Lung-An 
Published: May 2005

A customer-oriented product designer must rely on many types of information, including customer-product requirements and design developments in the related fields. Concurrent engineering applications in product design problems will help designers to systematically consider relevant design information and make the most effective use of the time they devoted to the design process. Even though many new principles and approaches have been introduced to help designers to identify the relationship between customer requirements and design characteristics and solve complex design problems, they seldom focus on the generation of feasible design alternatives. This drawback greatly affects customer-oriented product design development. This research introduces a matrix approach that can efficiently generate feasible design alternatives for a specific set of customer requirements. The procedures developed for this matrix approach is based on a congruent matrix multiplication operator, component design strategy, and relational database system. A sport shoe design is used as an example to help explain the development of these procedures. The results indicate that the matrix approach will assist designers in linking customer requirements with products during design development and even enhance the efficiency of concurrent engineering.
The Contribution of Environmental Tobacco Smoke to Indoor Pollution in Pubs and Bars
Authors: Gee Ivan L. , Watson Adrian F. R. , Carrington Joanna 
Published: May 2005

Smoking is currently allowed in most UK pubs and bars and smoking policies are self regulated by the hospitality industry through the Public Places Charter, which encourages the provision of non-smoking areas and improved ventilation. In this study monitoring of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been conducted in 60 pubs and bars in the Greater Manchester area to determine the effectiveness of different smoking policies. The ETS markers RSP (as PM2.5), UVPM, FPM, SolPM and nicotine were sampled at several locations in each establishment, using portable monitoring cases and analysed using established methods. ETS concentrations were significantly lower in non-smoking areas in comparison to smoking areas, with reductions of between 27-69%. Bar areas had similar levels to smoking areas. The proportion of particles (RSP) that could be attributed to ETS was considerable even in non-smoking areas (43-55%) indicating that smoking was the major source of particles in these environments. The use of mechanical and/or air cleaning systems resulted in lower average concentrations of ETS markers in comparison to use of extractor fans or natural ventilation, but these differences were not statistically significant.
Cancer Risk from Common Sources of Indoor Pollution
Authors: Holcátová Ivana , Slámová Alena , Valenta Zdenek 
Published: May 2005

Compared to other Western countries there is a much higher incidence of several types of cancers in Eastern and Central Europe. A large multinational hospital-based case-control study of lung, kidney and oesophageal cancers, co-ordinated by IARC, is in progress to identify some of the risk factors that may be involved. This paper reports preliminary results from the Prague centre that focus on the risk factors for lung cancer. According to the study protocol all cases had to be admitted at a collaborating clinic. Within 3 months patients were asked to sign an informed consent form and complete the study questionnaire with the help of a nurse. They were asked to give a blood sample and, if circumstances permitted, a fresh tissue sample. Data from the questionnaire were entered into 3 databases: lifestyle, occupational and clinical. Identification of risk factors related to the indoor environment was the aim of the first part of the lifestyle questionnaire. Several risk factors for lung cancer, such as smoking, are well-known. Our study showed other associations between lung cancer incidence and lifestyle-related factors, such as education status, which is generally an indicator of socio-economic status. Solid fuel burning was confirmed as a potential risk factor. A significant association between incidence and partner smoking was observed in non-smokers also an inverse association (trend) between lung cancer incidence and the size of the subject’s community, which appeared consistent for both smokers and non-smokers.
Indoor Air Quality, Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Asthma: A Case Control Study of Asthma in a Community Population
Authors: Gee Ivan L. , Watson Adrian F. R. , Tavernier Gael , Stewart Lorraine J. , Fletcher Gill , McL Niven Robert 
Published: May 2005

In recent decades the prevalence of asthma has been increasing in Western countries. Altered environment and lifestyle conditions have been implicated but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The Indoor Pollutants, Endotoxin, Allergens, Damp and Asthma (IPEADAM) study is a cross-sectional, case control study designed to analyse the home environments of 200 children in Manchester. In this paper the home concentrations and relationships to asthma development have been examined for a variety of indoor agents including environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and damp, which have been reported as potential factors in the development or the exacerbation of asthma. Levels of respirable particles and tobacco specific particles were found to be significantly higher in the homes with smokers present, but there were no differences in the levels of NO2, formaldehyde or VOCs. However, there were no significant differences in the levels of tobacco related pollutants in the homes of children with and without asthma. Similarly there were no statistically significant differences in the levels of NO2, formaldehyde, VOCs, temperature or relative humidity between the homes of children with and without asthma. This study has demonstrated that few differences exist between the home environments of English children, between 4-16 years of age, with asthma and those without the disease. The parameters examined in this study are unlikely to be related to the development of asthma. Avoidance of these pollutants may not be beneficial in preventing the development of asthma in this age group.
Determination of the Inflammatory Potential of Bioaerosols by Using Human Whole Blood Cytokine Response
Authors: Zucker Bert-Andree , Linsel Gunter , Fennrich Stefan , Müller Wolfgang 
Published: May 2005

Exposure to bioaerosols can induce pulmonary diseases and subjective symptoms in humans and animals. Some of these diseases are of inflammatory origin, such as organic dust toxic syndrome or chronic bronchitis. Here we describe an in vitro assay - a human whole blood assay - that can be used to estimate the inflammatory potency of bioaerosol samples. With the whole blood assay the inflammation reaction that bioaerosols cause in the respiratory tract is reproduced. The assay is able to detect a broad spectrum of macrophage activating substances and not only endotoxins as with the Limulus assay.
Suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 in T cells and macrophages is critical for preventing lethal inflammation
Authors: Chong Mark M. W. , Metcalf Donald , Jamieson Emma , Alexander Warren S. , Kay Thomas W. H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines modulates inflammation. Intracellular inhibitors of signaling, in turn, contribute to the negative regulation of cytokines. One of these inhibitors is suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1). Socs1-/- mice die by 3 weeks of age with inflammation and fatty necrosis of the liver. Here, cre/loxP deletion of Socs1 was used to investigate the contribution of specific cells/tissues to inflammatory disease. Mice with SOCS-1 deficiency in myeloid and lymphoid cells, but not lymphoid alone, became ill at 50 to 250 days of age. These mice developed splenomegaly and T-cell/macrophage infiltration of many organs, including liver, lung, pancreas, and muscle. There were also abnormally high levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interferon γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-12 (IL-12), and activated T cells circulating in these mice. Socs1null T cells were found to be hypersensitive to multiple cytokines, including IL-1, IL-2, and IL-12, resulting in IFN-γ production without requiring T-cell receptor (TCR) ligation. Additionally, Socs1null macrophages produced excessive amounts of IL-12 and TNF in response to other cytokines, including IFN-γ. A dysregulated cytokine network between T cells and macrophages is thus associated with this inflammatory disease. These findings indicate that SOCS-1 is critical in both T cells and macrophages for preventing uncontrolled inflammation. (Blood. 2005;106:1668-1675)
Bcl-xL prevents apoptosis of late-stage erythroblasts but does not mediate the antiapoptotic effect of erythropoietin
Authors: Rhodes Melissa M. , Kopsombut Prapaporn , Bondurant Maurice C. , Price James O. , Koury Mark J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe long form of B-cell lymphoma-x (Bcl-xL), an outer mitochondrial membrane protein, has been proposed to mediate the antiapoptotic action of erythropoietin on erythroid progenitor cells and to be necessary for heme synthesis in erythroblasts. Mice with conditional knockout of Bcl-xL (conditional bcl-x-/- mice) develop severe anemia that has been attributed to hemolysis and is accompanied by splenomegaly. We characterized further the anemia of conditional bcl-x-/- mice and investigated the role of Bcl-xL in the action of erythropoietin and in heme synthesis. We analyzed peripheral blood cells and cultured splenic erythroblasts of conditional bcl-x-/- mice and littermates that were rendered anemic by bleeding. Although they had massive splenic erythroblastosis, conditional bcl-x-/- mice had decreased circulating reticulocytes compared to littermates even prior to bleeding the littermates. Compared to erythroblasts of bled littermates, bcl-x-/- erythroblasts cultured with erythropoietin underwent apoptosis during the later, hemoglobin-synthesizing stages of differentiation. The bcl-x-/- erythroblasts synthesized heme, but at reduced rates compared to bled littermate erythroblasts. When cultured without erythropoietin, bcl-x-/- erythroblasts underwent apoptosis at early stages of differentiation, prior to hemoglobin synthesis. Bcl-xL is not required for heme synthesis and does not mediate the antiapoptotic effects of erythropoietin, but it prevents ineffective erythropoiesis due to apoptosis in late-stage, hemoglobin-synthesizing erythroblasts. (Blood. 2005;106:1857-1863)
Identification of NKG2A and NKp80 as specific natural killer cell markers in rhesus and pigtailed monkeys
Authors: Mavilio Domenico , Benjamin Janet , Kim Diana , Lombardo Gabriella , Daucher Marybeth , Kinter Audrey , Nies-Kraske Elizabeth , Marcenaro Emanuela , Moretta Alessandro , Fauci Anthony S. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Investigations of natural killer (NK) cells in simian models of disease have been hampered by a lack of appropriate phenotypic markers and by an inadequate understanding of the regulation of NK cell activities. In the present study, a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for various human NK receptors was screened for cross-reactivity with NK cells from rhesus macaques and pigtailed macaques. Flow cytometric analyses using anti-human NKG2A and anti-human NKp80 mAbs individually, and particularly in combination with anti-CD16 mAb, allowed for the identification of the entire NK cell population in both species. NK cells in monkeys were generally identified by negative selection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for the absence of T-cell, B-cell, and monocyte markers. mAb-mediated ligation of NKp80 induced NK cell cytotoxicity, while in the case of NKG2A it displayed a clear capability to inhibit the lysis of target cells by NK cells from macaques, as well as from humans. This new phenotypic and functional characterization of NKG2A and NKp80 in rhesus and pigtailed macaque NK cells provides a new approach in the analysis of their innate immune system. (Blood. 2005;106:1718-1725)