bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular identification of a Mandrillus hybrid using mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Painter J. N. , Crozier R. H. , Westerman M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purity of the Melbourne Zoo mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) population has been questioned, based on the facial coloration of the female members. Consequently, it is believed that the original founding female of the Melbourne Zoo “mandrill” population was a drill–mandrill hybrid. This individual, whose mother was suspected to be a drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), is the only female to have contributed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to the population. The strictly maternal inheritance of mtDNA in vertebrates makes this molecule an ideal marker for the tracing of maternal gene flow. DNA sequence data from a 307‐base pair (bp) region of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b, amplified via the poly‐merase chain reaction (PCR), was obtained from the Melbourne Zoo individuals, and compared to the homologous sequences from known specimens of both mandrill and drill. The results obtained show that all current members of the “mandrill” population possess drill mtDNA, supporting the belief that the original female founder was a hybrid. This type of genetic study has significant implications for the conservation and future management of this and other captive populations. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aquarium science: The substance behind an image
Authors: McCormick‐Ray M. Geraldine 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA change occurring in commercial aquaria is transforming them from centers of entertainment to places that emphasize education, science, and wildlife conservation. If this transformation is to be authentic, it must be based on a greater understanding of the animals in their captive environment. A stronger scientific basis for husbandry management, education, and conservation is needed.A systems approach to aquariology, aimed at both the individual holding facility and the aquarium institution, is suggested. A science of “aquariology,” i.e., the study of animals in controlled aquatic systems, needs to be advanced, and a program instituted in which research, management, education, and conservation goals are integrated. Aquarium science should emphasize an ecosystem approach and consider the evolutionary history of the species held. Exhibits could focus on the role of organisms in ecosystems to better encourage public understanding and support for aquatic conservation. A systems approach could also facilitate communications among managers, staff, and outside experts, as well as contribute to the long‐term care of the organisms and their capacity to adapt. A systems approach is essential if the aquarium image is based more on understanding and conserving aquatic life and less on public relations and exploitation of wild species. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exceptional growth rates of captive loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta
Authors: Swingle W. Mark , Warmolts Douglas I. , Keinath J. A. , Musick J. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwelve loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings (Caretta caretta) were removed from a nest site (A) at the Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), Virginia Beach, VA. Hatchlings were distributed among study participants, and raised in captivity for a period of two years. Growth of the loggerheads was recorded weekly by straight‐line caliper measurements of carapace lengths as well as measurements of total weights. Growth rates from the present study were much greater than those measured in previous studies. Mean weights for Nest A turtles at 1.5 years ranged from 10.3 to 17.6 kg, with one exceptional individual reaching 20.0 kg. The data from this study provide new insights into the early growth potential of loggerhead sea turtles. How this accelerated development may affect sexual maturity and post‐release viability remain to be determined. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of age at pairing on reproduction in captive California condors (Gymnogyps californianus)
Authors: Hartt Ernest W , Harvey Nancy C. , Leete Allison J. , Preston Kris 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe lack of breeding behavior seen in some pairs of adult California condors, Gymnogyps californianus, is of great concern for the captive breeding program. One possible cause for absent or delayed breeding in what are otherwise seemingly compatible animals is inbreeding avoidance behavior. To examine this possibility, housing and reproduction records were examined for all adult California condors. The influence of housing on reproduction of birds that had been exclusively paired for at least one full breeding season was examined with linear regression, and the age of females at the age of exclusive pairing was shown to have a significant influence on fertility, which increased with increased age at pairing. Behavioral data from adult pairs at the San Diego Wild Animal Park corroborated these findings, as mounts and copulations were observed at significantly lower frequencies in pairs that had been formed when the female was less than two years old. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) on a two‐choice object discrimination task
Authors: Savage Anne , Rice James M. , Brangan Jon M. , Martini David P. , Pugh James A. , Miller C. Daniel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study documents the ability of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) to perform a two‐choice object discrimination task. Both species were able to perform this task. However, California sea lions took fewer trials overall to reach a criterion of 10 consecutively correct responses than did African elephants. The performance of California sea lions did not change significantly during this study. However, African elephants showed a gradual learning of the task, as exhibited by a gradual decrease in the number of trials needed to reach criterion. This performance difference may reflect differences in either visual abilities or cognitive functioning, which in turn may be influenced by either different evolutionary pressures exerted on herbivores and carnivores, or by the context in which visual information is used in the lives of these animals. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scale variation in a laboratory colony of amelanistic diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox)
Authors: McCrady William B. , Murphy James B. , Garrett Clay M. , Roberts David T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInbreeding for 6 generations has produced a strain of amelanistic western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) with extremely variable scalation. Forty‐four siblings varying from virtually no body scalation to normal scalation have been produced in the latest generation. Two of the 3 most extreme “scaleless” snakes were stillborn; the third was maintained for > 1 year. Two of 7 snakes with greatly reduced head and body scales have died; however, the remaining 5 are being maintained and appear to be growing and healthy at 5 or 6 years of age. All snakes with reduced body scales have abnormal ventral scutes. Fifteen snakes with predominantly normal body scales have anomalous head scales, head scale patterns, and ventral scutes. One snake has predominantly normal scalation except for aberrant ventrals. A total of 18 Generation VI snakes have been classified as “normal,” although all snakes were not closely examined before disposition. Nine of the more normally scaled generation VI snakes are also being maintained in the laboratory. It is difficult to separate the genetic and environmental components of these phenotypes with existing information; however, it seems apparent that more than a single locus is involved. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial selection in captive adult female chimpanzees
Authors: Bettinger Tammie , Wallis Janette , Carter Tracy 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSpatial selection refers to an animal's frequent use of certain areas of its enclosure or range. Through differential use of habitat, an individual can limit the amount of time spent in close proximity to other group members. The four adult female chimpanzees at the Tulsa Zoo were studied to determine if they used their enclosure differently from one another, if each had selected areas it occupied most frequently, and if an individual's preferred area was used by other female group members. Pairwise comparisons showed that the females used their island habitat differently from one another with the exception of one pair. Although these two females overlapped in their use of the enclosure, they separated their use temporally, thereby reducing the amount of time spent in close proximity to one another. Each female had a selected site that she occupied more frequently than did the other females. However, there was variation in the extent to which the females occupied each other's selected sites. Time of day and temperature had no effect on use of the habitat, however, one female showed a seasonal variation in her use of the enclosure. The spatial selection exhibited by these females may be comparable to the use of core areas by wild female chimpanzees. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of regional crossbreeding between rhesus macaques on the rate of weight gain of their offspring
Authors: Smith David Glenn 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo evaluate potential heterosis resulting from breeding between rhesus macaques of Chinese and Indian origin in a captive social group, the rates of weight gain of Indian (nonhybrid) rhesus monkeys were compared with those of their hybrid (half Chinese/half Indian) peers. The coefficients for the linear regression of age on weight were estimated for each animal for each exact age between 1 and 4, when that regression is strictly linear, at which he/she lived in the group. The average rates of weight gain of hybrids and nonhybrids were compared using the t statistic. Both male and female hybrids exhibited statistically significantly higher rates of weight gain than their nonhybrid peers before, but not after, age 4. No evidence could be found that either hybrid status or rate of weight gain increases fitness, at least under captive conditions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Locomotion of free‐ranging golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) at the National Zoological Park
Authors: Stafford Brian J. , Rosenberger Alfred L. , Beck Benjamin B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLocomotor behavior and substrate use of cage‐reared golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia), newly released and free‐ranging on the grounds of the National Zoological Park, were studied to determine if locomotion changed following exposure to naturalistic conditions. The animals employed a predominantly quadrupedal locomotor profile, incorporating leaping and vertical climbing to a lesser degree. There was no clear evidence of a change in locomotion due to the high degree of variability in these behaviors. The locomotor repertoire of the free‐ranging group differed from that of groups occupying unenriched but relatively large conventional enclosures, indicating that whereas locomotion is plastic with respect to environment, substrate characteristics influence locomotor behavior and may promote stereotypical behavior. However, due to anatomical constraints, the locomotor repertoire tended to be less variable than substrate use. Similar behaviors were used in moving through a variety of habitat features in spite of strong associations between specific locomotor styles and substrate classes. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crested gibbon (Hylobates [Nomascus]) identification using noninvasively obtained DNA
Authors: Garza John Carlos , Woodruff David S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe development of captive breeding programs for the crested gibbons (Hylobates [Nomascus]) of Indochina is hindered by the difficulty of sorting individuals into their correct species and subspecies groups. We describe taxon‐specific DNA sequence variation in a 252‐base pair region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, which can be used to identify individuals of the three taxa of crested gibbon commonly found in Western zoos. These molecular genetic markers can be amplified from plucked hair and will permit the identification of morphologically similar females and crested gibbons of either sex of unknown origin. Noninvasive genotyping of captive animals will facilitate the genetic management of these critically endangered primates. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in the parental care systems of mammals and the impact on zoo breeding programs
Authors: Baker Anne 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe identity of mammalian caregivers, the types of care each may provide to young, and the developmental, ecological, and social factors that influence the amount and distribution of care are discussed. Care is distinguished from use and abuse in terms of the impact on the survival of young. Some effects of the failure to allow for adequate maternal care are described, and various management strategies to promote adequate and appropriate care behaviors are identified. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mammalian sociobiology and zoo breeding programs
Authors: Kleiman Devra G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis report discusses the impact of the social and physical environment on the potential for reproductive success of mammals in zoos. Several examples are provided of the importance of understanding the physical requirements as well as the mating system and social dynamics of a species (rather than just the group size and demography) when deciding on a management strategy. Additionally, the effects of social characteristics are stressed, such as familiarity on reproductive inhibition and stimulation both within and between the sexes and the impact these may have on the success or failure of a breeding program. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Personality assessment in the gorilla and its utility as a management tool
Authors: Gold Kenneth C. , Maple Terry L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGoals of the Gorilla Species Survival Plan (SSP) include increased captive propagation, maintenance of genetic diversity, and consideration of the psychological well‐being of the population. The SSP Propagation Group has attempted to accomplish these goals through recommendations based on assessment of genetic, behavioral, and demographic variables. A need is recognized for the development of a methodology to assess behavioral variables that contribute to the success of animal moves. Personality profiles have been used in the past to aid animal management decisions in laboratory settings. This paper describes personality assessment techniques, reviews historical perspectives on primate personality assessment, and reports on a study to assess gorilla personality.The Gorilla Behavior Index (GBI), a subjective assessment instrument consisting of behaviorally based adjectives, was completed for 298 of 303 captive gorillas over 1 year of age. The results were subjected to common factor analysis, resulting in the identification of four main factors: extroverted, dominant, fearful, and understanding. Frequency distributions were calculated illustrating the ranges of each factor. Potential management uses for the GBI scores are discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aging in snakes: Results of long‐term captivity on rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis oreganus) predatory behavior
Authors: Alving Wendy Rockhill , Kardong Kenneth V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractConservation, scientific study, rehabilitation, and public education concerning animals often require or take advantage of captive individuals. The long‐term effects of captivity may affect the success and strategies used in such programs. For reptiles in particular, little is known about the effects of long‐term captivity. We compared the predatory behavior of the same eight Northern Pacific Rattlesnakes before and after 7 years in captivity. We found few changes in predatory behavior. Most changes were in the rate of tongue flicks before the strike and during recovery of prey; these changes seemed related to accommodation of the snakes to conditions of captivity. However, most aspects of rattlesnake predatory behavior remained unchanged, including the normal ability to target the prey accurately and kill it quickly. Although the snakes had spent over half their lives in captivity and reached a relatively old age, their ability to strike, dispatch, and relocate prey normally was relatively unaffected by captivity or by aging. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative assessment of pair formation behavior in captive whooping cranes (Grus americana)
Authors: Nelson Jay T. , Small Christine R. , Ellis David H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInstantaneous scan sampling for mean distance and synchronous action patterns and all‐occurrence sampling for unison call, dance, strut, and hoover‐up behaviors were conducted for five potential whooping crane pairs at Patuxent Environmental Science Center, Laurel, Maryland. Dance, strut, and hoover‐up differed among pairs, as did total frequency of social behaviors. It was unclear whether or not total frequency of social behaviors during pair formation can be used as an index for potential breeding success. The relative importance of different action patterns should be used as indices of pair compatibility in captive whooping cranes. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal aggressive contact vocalizations in captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Wide‐band, low‐frequency signals during mother/aunt‐infant interactions
Authors: McCowan Brenda , Reiss Diana 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe mother‐infant bond in bottlenose dolphins is critical to infant survival and has been reported to last from 3‐10 years in both captive and wild populations. Little information on mother‐infant communication during early development has been collected. This paper reports on a newly discovered dolphin vocalization, termed thunk, which is predominantly used by mothers toward infants. Four mother‐infant pairs and one aunt‐infant pair were the subjects for this study. Methods included a focal animal sampling technique using 2.5 min interval and event/continuous sampling regimes on audio‐ or videotape. Results indicated that thunks are produced by mothers or aunting females during infant departures (distances greater than 5 feet) and are frequently followed by disciplinary activity by the mother or aunt. In addition, thunks appeared to cease at approximately 9‐10 months after birth, concurrent with a decrease in infant dependence. Thunks also were analyzed acoustically for frequency and duration parameters. Thunks have a harmonic structure with an energy peak in the 273–350 Hz range and ranged from 129–5,556 Hz in frequency and from 21–171 ms in duration. They appear to function as aggressive contact vocalizations produced by mothers and other adult females toward infants in order to maintain infant proximity. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reproduction in captive Taiwan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) in comparison to other common macaque species
Authors: Petto Andrew J. , LaReau‐Alves Michele N. , Ellison Peter T. , Abbruzzese Martha C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwenty‐five years of reproductive and birth data from a Macaca cyclopis colony at the New England Regional Primate Research Center (NERPRC) indicate that these animals are seasonal breeders with a birth peak between February and May. Interbirth intervals have a mean of 587.5 ± 45.6 days. The age at first reproduction for females is 5.08 ±.357 years and for males 5.01 ± .94. The normal menstrual cycle length ranges from 24–31 (mean 27.9 ± .506) days, with “offseason” long cycles ranging from 43–69 days. For 10 females studied prospectively, the sex skin color cycle ranged from 23–34 days and exhibited no long cycles. The peak estradiol value was 1.35 nmol/L on day 11 (range 10–12) of the menstrual cycle. Estradiol values ranged from 0.7–2.0 nmol/L. The peak progesterone value was 23 nmol/L on day 21 (17–23). Progesterone levels ranged from 10–42 nmol/L. The observed lower fecundability of M. cylopis in a timed mating program is consistent with later ages at first reproduction and longer interbirth compared to the other species in breeding colonies at NERPRC. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effectiveness of acoustic “prey”: Environmental enrichment for a captive African leopard (Panthera pardus)
Authors: Markowitz Hal , Aday Cheryl , Gavazzi Anita 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn the course of developing active naturalistic exercise opportunities for zoo felines at moderate cost, a computer‐controlled acoustic prey device was established. Changes in the behavior of a 16‐year‐old melanistic leopard (Sabrina) were studied as she learned to actively pursue bird sounds and obtained food treats as a function of the activity. By the twenty‐ninth day she began to capture all 24 bird parts supplied on the feeder belt and continues to actively use the opportunity on a daily basis. General activity and apparent well‐being have been enhanced, while stereotypic behaviors have decreased. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of foraging racks and shavings as enrichment tools for groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Lutz C. K. , Novak M. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSearching for and processing food are important activities of free‐ranging primates. In contrast, captive primates spend little time foraging. Their food is readily available, easily obtained, and can be consumed quickly. The present study compared the use of foraging racks and a shavings substrate as two manipulations used to alter feeding behavior in nonhuman primates. Each method was tested in between two baseline periods (no racks or shavings present). Behavioral data were collected using a 30‐sec scan sampling procedure for 1 hr during the feeding period. Both the rack conditions and the shavings condition decreased passive feeding behavior in the subjects. The use of racks also resulted in increased cage usage, activity, and movement, and decreased social proximity; the use of shavings resulted in decreased agonism. This study suggests that foraging racks and shavings are useful devices for environmental enrichment. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.