bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Programmed cell death in the interdigital tissue of the fetal mouse limb is apoptosis with DNA fragmentation
Authors: Mori Chisato , Nakamura Noriko , Kimura Sumiko , Irie Hidekazu , Takigawa Toshiya , Shiota Kohei 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: Programmed cell death is an essential event during mammalian morphogenesis which eliminates unnecessary cells to accomplish histogenesis and organogenesis. Cell death in interdigital spaces of the developing limb is a classical example of morphogenetic cell death. We investigated whether classical programmed cell death in the interdigital tissue of the developing limb in mice is apoptosis with fragmentation of nuclear DNA and also examined sequentially the occurrence of programmed cell death and cell proliferation in the developing limb of mouse fetuses to analyze their interrelation.Methods: We examined the occurrence of apoptotic cell death in the developing limbs of mouse fetuses by using Nile blue sulphate staining, agarose gel electrophoresis for detecting DNA laddering, and a cytochemical labeling of DNA fragmentation. We also labeled proliferating cells using BrdU/anti‐BrdU immunohistochemistry and examined the interrelation between apoptotic programmed cell death and cell proliferation.Results: DNA ladders, a biochemical evidence of apoptosis, were detected in DNA extracts from the interdigital tissue of day 13 mouse fetuses by agarose gel electrophoresis. Programmed cell death and DNA fragmentation were detected by Nile blue staining and cytochemical labeling of DNA fragmentation, respectively, in the interdigital mesoderm and in the regions of presumptive joints of the digit. BrdU/anti‐BrdU immunohistochemistry for identifying proliferating S‐phase cells revealed that interdigital mesenchymal cells cease DNA synthesis before programmed cell death and DNA fragmentation begin.Conclusions: We confirmed that both cytological apoptotic alterations and fragmentation of nuclear DNA occur in the interdigital tissue and presumptive joint areas of fetal mouse limbs, and they appear to play a significant role in the separation of digits as well as the formation of joint cavities. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microvascular pattern in the metaphysis during bone growth
Authors: Aharinejad S. , Marks S. C. , Böck P. , MacKay C. A. , Larson E. K. , Tahamtani A. , Mason‐Savas A. , Firbas W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: Little is known about the three‐dimensional micromorphology of vessels in the growth zone of long bones, where significant vasculogenesis occurs. Therefore, we examined the microvascular pattern of the femoral metaphysis.Methods: Six‐week‐old normal rats of either sex were used. We cast the femurs of 14 rats with Mercox for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and in 10 rats we prepared tissue sections of femurs for light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Results: In the LM, calcified cartilage was found to define cylindrical compartments beneath the last row of hypertrophied chondrocytes of the metaphyseal growth plate. These compartments ran in the bone's longitudinal axis and contained a single capillary profile. Endothelial cells of these capillaries often showed increased cytoplasmic volume and loose texture of nuclear chromatin. Cast metaphyses by SEM showed numerous parallel vascular loops with nodular protrusions 10–12 μm in diameter at their tips. The loops had ascending and descending limbs with a luminal diameter of 10–14 μm. Small projections 4–5 μm in diameter and delicate crests were sometimes found on the tip of the larger nodes. In a 100 × 100 μm area, there were 14–17 large nodes. By TEM, capillary sprouts were identified at the level beneath the last row of hypertrophied chondrocytes. These capillaries had voluminous endothelial cells rich in free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Endothelial cell nuclei were rounded and showed loose chromatin texture. Endothelial cells were connected by intermediate junctions and there was no basal lamina. Deeper into the metaphysis, arterioles and sinusoids were present.Conclusions: We conclude that the metaphyseal plate of the growing rat offers an optimal model to study vasculogenesis. Capillary sprouts can be readily identified, measured, and counted because they are located within a plane bordering against avascular cartilage. In addition, by using microvascular corrosion casting in SEM not only capillary sprouting per se but also different stages of neovascularization, indicated by differently sized nodular projections at the tip of vascular loops, can be studied in the growing long bone. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic resonance microscopy of hamster olfactory bulb: A histological correlation
Authors: Chang Chen , Jang Taichang 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been widely used as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for obtaining morphological, metabolic, and functional information from tissue. However, its potential application in observing detailed structure comparable to that of the light microscope has not yet been fully explored. In order to evaluate the usefulness of MR microscopy, a high resolution three‐dimensional (3‐D) technique was applied to observe the laminar structure of the mammalian olfactory bulb (OB).Methods: Adult male hamsters (Mesocrecitus auratus) were used as an animal model. Hamster OB and the attached anterior olfactory nucleus were removed from the skull for the MRI examinations. The images were performed with a Bruker AMX‐400 system equipped with microimaging accessories. T2 weighted 3‐D spin echo sequence was used with a field of view of 9 mm and data matrix of 128*128*128. The in‐plane resolution was 70*70*70 μm. Histological preparation, including vibratome sectioning at 40 μm and Nissl staining, were used for light microscopic evaluations and comparisons.Results: Five distinct layers from the superficial to the center of the OB were distinguished in the MR images of coronal, sagittal and horizontal slices. As compared to the histological sections at the corresponding cutting planes, the laminar structure of the OB displayed in the MR microscopic images correlated well with its counterparts.Conclusions: MR microscopy is capable of detecting cellular variation of unsectioned and unstained tissue. It can also be easily applied to obtain spatial information with good resolution. It appears to provide a great potential for diagnostic pathology. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dermatoglyphics on volar skin of mice: The normal pattern
Authors: Tsugane Mizuyo , Yasuda Mineo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: Mouse volar skin has many protrusions, both large and small. They can be observed more clearly after removal of the epidermis, as they are chiefly constructed of dermal structures. They form “dermatoglyphs.” This report describes the normal pattern of these protrusions to establish a normal standard for detection of abnormalities.Methods: Limbs of young and adult mice were fixed in 10% formalin and treated with 5% KOH to remove the epidermis layer. They were observed under a dissecting microscope after toluidine blue staining, or by scanning electron microscopy. Several limbs were used for light microscopic obsevation.Results: Four types of protrusions are observed. 1) Digital pads: single large pads on each digital tip. They locate over the distal phalanx. 2) Interdigital pads and carpal (tarsal) pads (or thenar and hypothenar pads): large pads similar to digital pads. There are five on the palm and six on the sole.3) Caterpillar pads: elongated thin protrusions on the ventral side of the digits. They form stripes transverse to the axis of the digits. 4) Cobblestone pads: many small protrusions between the interdigital and carpal (tarsal) pads. “Caterpillar pads” and “cobblestone pads” are reported here for the first time. Each pad contains sweat glands and has sweat duct openings and dermal ridges on its top.Conclusions: A detailed description of the normal pattern is indispensable for identification of abnormal patterns. The present description, therefore, can be used as a normal standard when genetically or environmentally induced anomalies are assessed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural evidence of cell communication between epithelial dark cells and melanocytes in vestibular organs of the human inner ear
Authors: Masuda Masazumi , Yamazaki Kazuto , Kanzaki Jin , Hosoda Yasuhiro 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: The possibility of interaction between epithelial dark cells and melanocytes in the mammalian inner ear has been pointed out because of their morphological and biochemical characteristics, although very few studies have dealt directly with communication between these two types of cells. We investigated the dark cell area of human vestibular organs in order to clarify the ultrastructual evidence for cell interaction between epithelial dark cells and melanocytes.Methods: All of the material was obtained from vestibular schwannoma operations. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and by the Fontana‐Masson technique. Other paraffin sections were also stained immunohistochemically for S‐100 protein. Glutaraldehyde fixed specimens were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Results: Light microscopy revealed melanin pigment granules in the cytoplasm of epithelial dark cells. Melanocytes in the subepithelial layer stained positively for S‐100 protein. The presence of intraepithelial melanocytes was confirmed by the presence of cell profiles with a large number of melanin pigment granules and S‐100 protein in the cytoplasm. SEM showed that the dark cells had a pentagonal surface with microvilli on the apical surface edge. They had complicated structures at the basal portion of their cytoplasm. Melanocytes extending cytoplasmic processes to adjacent areas were observed under the dark cells. TEM showed that the dark cells were tightly linked by junctional complexes in the upper lateral portion of their cytoplasmic membrane and interdigitated by lateral infoldings. Compound melanosomes (phagosomes or secondary lysosomes) found in the cytoplasm of the dark cells contained poorly pigmented melanosomes with a periodic internal structure. Gap junctions were clearly showed between adjacent melanocytes in the subepithelial layer.Conclusions: The characteristic substructures of dark cells and melanocytes suggested the presence of intimate cell interaction between these two types of cells in the vestibular organs of the human inner ear, although it is not clear at this stage whether such cell interaction is specific only for patients with vestibular schwannoma. Dark cells and melanocytes form a cell community that serves to maintain homeostasis in vestibular organs through communication in which cell information obtained by both dark cells and melanocytes serves to facilitate the system. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural features and functions of principal cells of the intermediate zone of the epididymis of adult rats
Authors: Hermo L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: In the present study, principal cells of the intermediate zone of the epididymis, an area situated between the initial segment and proximal caput, were observed to present morphological features distinct from those of principal cells of other regions.Methods: The epididymides of adult rats were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde and embedded in Epon. Administration of fluid phase tracers was performed in the case of several animals. Localization of anti‐SGP‐2 and anti‐immobilin antibodies in conjunction with light (LM) and electron (EM) microscope immunocytochemistry was also performed.Results: In the LM and EM, the most distinctive feature of many principal cells of this zone was the presence of apically located vacuoles referred to as giant endosomes due to their large size and because they readily incorporated tracers introduced into the lumen of the epididymal duct and were acid phosphatase‐negative, Giant endosomes, containing electron‐dense granular patches, appeared to form by the progressive fusion of small, medium, and large endosomes. In the supranuclear region, multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and lysosomes were present. Although smaller in size than the giant endosomes, MVBs and lysosomes contained the electron‐dense patches. It is suggested from morphological images that giant endosomes fragment into smaller units corresponding to MVBs which gradually transform into lysosomes. Experiments using anti‐SGP‐2 and anti‐immobilin antibodies revealed gold particles over the Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles (150–300 nm) of principal cells of this zone as well as the luminal contents indicative of secretion of these proteins. Interestingly, giant endosomes were also immunolabeled with both antibodies as were stereocilia, coated pits and vesicles, and endosomes of various sizes; lysosomes were minimally labeled. These results suggest that principal cells of the intermediate zone endocytose as well as secrete SGP‐2 and immobilin. The internalized SGP‐2 and immobilin may correspond to that secreted further upstream and that, possibly due to their short half‐life and terminated function, are removed from the lumen of the duct. Principal cells of this zone secrete these proteins possibly to replenish that lost by endocytosis.Conclusions: Principal cells of the intermediate zone contain giant endosomes. The presence of such large structures suggests that the early events in endocytosis is a slower process in principal cells of this zone as compared to other regions. The fact that these cells both secrete and endocytose SGP‐2 and immobilin adds to the complexity of our understanding of how principal cells function along the length of the epididymis. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linear gap and tight junctional assemblies between capillary endothelial cells in the eel rete mirabile
Authors: Wagner Roger , Kachar Bechara 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: Interendothelial tight junctions and gap junctions have been described in large blood vessels and in cultures of endothelium derived from large blood vessels. Transfer of microinjected smallmolecular weight tracers between adjacent endothelial cells also has been demonstrated indicating the presence of gap junctional interendothelial communication. Similar transfer of tracers is evident between microvessel endothelial cells in culture and in microvessels in situ. However, gap junctions have not been detectable by electron microscopy of intact capillary systems. This may be due to limited sampling available in diffuse capillary systems and a small area of overlap between adjacent endothelial membranes.Methods: Thin slices of the parallel, tightly packed capillary bed of the eel rete mirabile were cryofixed and prepared for conventional TEM by freeze substitution. Other samples were freeze‐fractured and replicated for examination of endothelial junctional components.Results: A novel tight‐gap junctional complex between rete capillary endothelial cells is described. In freeze‐fracture replicas of the membrane P face, rows of gap junction subunits are flanked on either side by linear depressions representing grooves previously occupied by tight junctional strands that partition to the E face. In thin sections, the junctions appear in profile as short lengths of closely apposed membranes characteristic of gap junctions.Conclusions: The tight junctional components imply a barrier to paracellular transport across the capillary wall between the endothelial cells. The gap junctional component may provide a mechanism for communication between endothelial cells along the length of the vessel wall. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution and colocalization of NADPH‐diaphorase activity, nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity, and VIP immunoreactivity in the newly hatched chicken gut
Authors: Balaskas Christos , Saffrey M. Jill , Burnstock Geoffrey 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: The distribution and colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and NADPH‐diaphorase have been investigated quite extensively in the mammalian gut; however, no such study has been under‐taken in the avian gut. In the present report, we have therefore studied the distribution and coexpression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), NADPH‐diaphorase, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in enteric neurons of the newly hatched chicken gut.Methods: Immunohistochemical methods were used to detect NOS immunoreactivity (NOS‐IR) and VIP immunoreactivity (VIP‐IR). NADPH‐diaphorase activity was detected using a histochemical technique.Results: Neurons expressing NADPH‐diaphorase activity, NOS‐IR, and VIP‐IR were detected in both the myenteric and submucous plexus of all regions of the gastrointestinal tract examined. All NADPH‐diaphorase positive neurons were also NOS‐IR and all NOS‐IR neurons were NADPH‐diaphorase positive, in both plexuses, indicating that NADPH‐diaphorase can be used as a marker for NOS containing neurons in the chicken gut. The majority of VIP‐IR neurons also expressed NADPH‐diaphorase activity. Only few neurons that expressed NADPH‐diaphorase activity did not express VIP‐IR. The proportion of VIP immunopositive neurons that were NADPH‐diaphorase negative increased anally and these neurons were more prominent in the submucous than the myenteric plexus ganglia. NADPH‐diaphorase positive, NOS‐IR, and VIP‐IR nerve fibres were detected in the circular muscle, but very few, if any, were present in the longitudinal muscle. VIP‐IR, but not NOS‐IR or NADPH‐diaphorase activity, was detected in mucosal fibres, in contrast to the situation in the mammalian gut.Conclusions: These results indicate that in birds, as in mammals, nitric oxide may play a role in the neural control of the gut musculature, but that it is unlikely to be involved in the nervous control of mucosal activity. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gemelli and obturator internus muscles: Different heads of one muscle?
Authors: Shinohara Harumichi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: The superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, and obturator internus muscles were once regarded as a single muscle judging from their insertion and function. However, current textbooks of anatomy do not treat them as one muscle. In gross anatomy, the classification of muscles depends largely upon the nerve supply, so that the present author re‐examined the nerve supply to the three muscles.Methods: Fourteen nerve‐muscle specimens were taken from 12 cadavers (five males and seven females) and examined with the unaided eye and under a dissecting microscope.Results: (1) The modes of nerve supply to the superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, and obturator internus muscles differed; however, the nerves to the muscles shared the same spinal nerve components. (2) The gemelli formed a muscular pocket (“gemellus pocket”) through which obturator internus muscle passed.Conclusions: In light of this knowledge on nerve muscle relationships, the difference in the pattern of nerve supply to the superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, and obturator internus muscles cannot be the basis for stating that the muscle are independent. Rather, their fusion to form the gemellus pocket and their common insertion suggest that they are different heads of one muscle. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone histomorphometric changes in the femoral neck of aging and ovariectomized rats
Authors: Yamamoto Noriaki , Jee Webster S. S. , Ma Yan Fei 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: This study characterizes the changes in cortical and cancellous bone and cross sectional moment of inertia of the femoral neck from aging and ovariectomized (ovx'd) rats to determine their role in the previously reported ovx‐induced reduction of mechanical strength in the femoral neck.Methods: Undecalcified double‐fluorescent lableled cross sections of femoral neck of 3.5‐, 5.5‐, 6.5‐, and 8.5‐month‐old female rats and rats ovx'd at 3.5 months for 2, 3, and 5 months of 45 rats were studied. The estimated endocortical and trabecular surfaces, cortical and cancellous bone histomorphometry, and cortical moment of inertia were determined.Results: The femoral neck was adding cortical bone between 3.5 and 5.5 months of age by increasing cortical thickness and decreasing marrow cavity area. No change of cortical bone mass was found between 5.5 and 8.5 months and the same amount of cancellous bone was observed between 3.5 and 8.5 months of age. Ovariectomy‐induced cancellous, but not cortical bone loss. The loss was due to a transient ovx‐induced negative bone balance that by 5 months post‐ovx produced a 42% loss in trabecular bone while the histomorphometry profiles were the same as controls. The crosssectional moment of inertia increased with age but did not differ significantly between ovx'd and controls.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the ovx‐induced cancellous bone loss could be a contributing factor to the reduced mechanical strength in the femoral neck of ovx'd rats reported previously. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Architecture of the synovial vasculature in rabbit knee joints studied by scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Funk R. H. W. , Brosche Ch. , Tittor F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground. Although numerous studies about the synovial vasculature exist, reports about the three‐dimensional architecture of the synovial vasculature with special respect to the regional differentiations are still lacking.Methods. The synovial vasculature in the knee joint of six albino rabbits was investigated using scanning electron microscopy of vascular resin casts. In addition, histological sections were made from the decalcified knees of two rabbits.Results. The vessels of the fibrous tissue in the joint capsule (medial and lateral parts) were arranged in two layers; a synovial layer with arteriovenous anastomoses and a layer facing the fibrous tissue with a more simply arranged vessel architecture. In the areolar (suprapatellar) pad, the vessels form a dense array of capillary loops that possess capillary arcades as arteriovenous connections and true arteriovenous anastomoses located in the deeper layer near the subsynovial tissue. Those capillaries that border the cartilage form more flattened and isolated loops. In the fatty tissue the vasculature resembles the simply arranged network of the outer layer of the fibrous tissue.Conclusions. This first scanning electron microscopic study of the rabbit knee synovial vessels shows that each region possesses a characteristic microvascular pattern–possibly adapted to the functional needs of the joint (production of synovial fluid, nourishment of the avascular tissues; maintainance of the blood flow during all joint positions). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.