bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity in languages, genes, and the language faculty
Authors: Hurford James R , Dediu Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the literature on language evolution, one frequently finds phrases such as “ancestor language,” “the first human,” and “the language faculty.” The first two of these suggest the existence in the past of single unified entities from which modern languages or humans are descended in their entirety. The third expression, “the language faculty,” suggests a synchronic unity with the implication that it too could have had a single unified source. At the level of expository metaphor, such expressions may have their uses. Here, as a cautionary exercise, we argue that such metaphors widely circulating in both technical and popular scientific discourse are overused and project a too simplified perception of extremely complex phenomena. Our point is quite general, and can be appreciated without recourse to technical detail, although this does not mean that the technical details don’t support our case.
Aporia Zero (Metaphysics B 1, 995a24–995b4)
Authors: Laks André 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first chapter of Book B consists of two parts, the first of which (B 1A) contains a few brief considerations about the nature and use of aporiai (‘puzzles’, according to one standard rendering of the word), while the second (B 1B) provides an enumeration of the 14 (or 15) ‘puzzles’, set in the standard form of a simple disjunctive question (poteron . . . ē . . . ), that are going to be taken up and developed in the following chapters (B 2–6). These adduce arguments for or rather against each of the branches of the disjunction. I shall not consider here this enumeration in itself, since its analysis must be conducted in connection with each of the corresponding developments in subsequent chapters, but its existence is implied in some of the interpretive decisions that concern the first part of the chapter, on which I shall concentrate.
Quite indescribable Disorder
Authors: Larson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the autumn of 1943, the Conservator at the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum sat down to write a report on the state of the collection in his care. It is an astonishing document. The Museum was in the process of consolidating its holdings; staff were trying to streamline the mass of objects left behind by the collection’s creator, Sir Henry Wellcome, after his death in 1936. The Conservator explained that several auction sales had already taken place to this end. In fact, more than £30,000 had been made through the resale of Wellcome’s artefacts in the seven years since he had died. Wellcome, it would seem, had collected far too many objects for the Museum to cope with. Just how many becomes clear on reading the Conservator’s report.
All tied up in knots
Authors: Larson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his own way, Louis Malcolm tried to transform Wellcome’s suspicious attitude to the wider academic community, but he struggled. He found it hard to follow in Thompson’s footsteps. Thompson and Wellcome had shared a brutally efficient relationship for many years; both had delighted in the intrigue, drama, and ruthlessness of the collecting business. Malcolm never enjoyed such an effective relationship with his employer, and he found it difficult to acquaint himself with the sprawling collection that Thompson had spent so many years creating. He was more attracted to academic collaboration than to the frenetic pace set by the antiquities market. His time at the Museum was recurrently tense and stressful, and he did not thrive on pressure as Thompson had done. While his predecessor had worked exhaustively and gone out in a blaze of anger, Malcolm tried methodically to take command in his wake, but could never quite settle to his role as manager.
Ingrained habits of cautiousness
Authors: Larson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Since my appointment as Conservator of your Collections,’ Saint wrote to Wellcome in November 1935, ‘I have endeavoured to evolve some kind of order and system out of the chaos and disorder which it was my misfortune to inherit.’ It was a comment on Malcolm’s administration. In late 1934, Malcolm resigned as head of Wellcome’s Museum (he later became curator at the Horniman Museum). Johnston-Saint took his place and tried valiantly to invest the project with the sense of purpose it had lost along the way (Figure 27). So much for the ‘zealous cooperation and efficiency’ Malcolm had displayed during his first few months at the Historical Medical Museum.
Nicomachean Ethics VII. 1 – 2 : Introduction, Method, Puzzles
Authors: Cooper John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nicomachean Ethics book VII begins by declaring a new start. The new topic, it soon emerges, is κραα (lack of control, or uncontrol), together with its contrasting opposite, γκρτεα (self-control). Aristotle devotes the first ten chapters of book VII to this new topic. Chapter 1 (1145a15– b20) consists of a general introduction to it (down to 1145b2), followed by a statement of the method to be used in discussing it (1145b2 – 7), together with the first step or stage in applying the method as set out there to this topic (1145b8 – 20).
Nicomachean Ethics, VII. 7: Akrasia and Self-Control
Authors: Bobonich Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On both Bekker ‘s and Didot ‘s chaptering, NE 1150a9 – 1150b28 constitutes a single chapter, VII. 8 for Bekker and VII. 7 for Didot; in this paper, I shall follow Didot. In any case, this chapter has attracted much less scholarly interest than book VII ‘s earlier chapters (or the later chapters on pleasure) and the extant discussions tend to see it as somewhat disjointed and confusing. Although I do not think that VII. 7 is as philosophically rich as, e.g., VII. 3, I shall try to show that it has more interest than is often supposed. I shall also consider some issues about the consistency and unity of this chapter, since they have been questioned. Most famously, Cook Wilson thought that book VII consists of at least three different versions of similar material, not all of them by Aristotle.
Economy 400 – 1500
Authors: Clark Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early Middle Ages evidence for the urban economy, as for towns in general, is sparse and fragmentary. We hear of merchants, but not of mercantile networks. There are references to shops in major cities, but it is not clear who their customers were. Towns where they existed had links to the countryside, as is implied in Gregory of Tours’ comment that the town of Dijon was set ‘in the centre of a pleasant plain.
Social Life 400 – 1500
Authors: Clark Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1398, Alice Hermendesworth travelled the crowded highway to London to take up residence, probably as a servant girl, in the house of John de Bury in Old Fish Street, between St Paul’s Cathedral and the River Thames. The young woman journeyed from her home in the Middlesex village of Harmondsworth, 25 kilometres to the west of the city. The move was helped by her older brother Robert, who the previous decade had become a monk of Westminster, outside the western walls of the city, and had risen to important office in the monastery.
Urban Trends 1500 – 1800
Authors: Clark Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period from the Renaissance to the French Revolution was a time of critical transition for European cities. By the late eighteenth century, a loose urban network was becoming consolidated across the continent and new kinds of city had started to proliferate— powerful capital cities, Atlantic ports, industrial towns, and the first leisure resorts. Those centres were particularly important in Western Europe, which increasingly eclipsed the earlier urban brilliance of the Mediterranean world.
Governance 1800 – 2000
Authors: Clark Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Political developments in the modern European city were defined and challenged by a set of paradoxes rooted in preceding centuries: a strong sense of municipal identity and communalism but a municipal government structure in which effective power was concentrated in a relatively few hands; significant civic autonomy, but where there was always tension with the centralizing authority of the state; intense political rivalry with other cities but also the need for inter-city cooperation. At the same time, the nineteenth and twentieth centuries saw many fundamental changes to urban governance.
How do I Get The Pill?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before deciding whether the pill is right for you, you need to know where to turn for advice. Everyone should have access to someone, usually a doctor or a nurse trained in family planning, who can answer your questions about contraception and go over every aspect that applies to you personally. The main choice is between a local community clinic and general practice.
Which Pill should I Choose?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Table 16.1 lists the many varieties of pills that are currently available in the UK. You can visit for the formulations and equivalent names of all the hormonal contraceptives that are in use anywhere, in all other countries of the world. One main oestrogen, EE, is used everywhere, but there are several different progestogens.
The Semantics of Clause Linking in Korean
Authors: Sohn Ho-Min 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Korean is spoken natively by some 70 million Koreans on the Korean peninsula (North and South Korea) and as a second language by many overseas Koreans. Korean is typologically similar to Japanese. This includes similarity in clause linking type. Although some 65 per cent of the Korean vocabulary items are Sino-Korean, there is no genetic or typological relationship between Korean and Chinese.
Identification of clinically important anaerobes
Authors: Levett P N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Definitive identification of anaerobic isolates in clinical laboratories is not usually justified. Important exceptions are isolates recovered from blood cultures, cerebral abscesses, and some isolates recovered in pure culture from other specimens. Unfortunately, the most reliable methods of identifying anaerobic bacteria are time-consuming and do not fit readily into the routine of a busy diagnostic laboratory, in which anaerobic organisms may not always seem to be of the greatest importance. A number of approaches may be adopted in order to provide clinically useful information without the costs and potential delays associated with conventional identification methods.
Protein folds and their recognition from sequence
Authors: Jones David T , Orengo christine A , Thornton Janet M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until relatively recently there had been little progress in methods for protein structure prediction (1). Secondary structure prediction had hardly changed since the early 1970s with little improvement in accuracy despite much work and an increase in the size of the database used to derive the parameters (2). Methods for tertiary structure prediction were hampered by the relatively low accuracy of secondary structure prediction. The latter (3–7) were predominantly knowledge-based, in that most methods relied on secondary structure propensities derived from proteins of known structure. As the number of structures rapidly increased during the 1980s, it became apparent that there are also rules which govern the arrangement of secondary structures into their globular fold. For example the connections in ²±² units are always right-handed (8,9), and helices and sheets tend to pack in preferred orientations (10–12). The challenge at the end of the 1980s was how to use this information to improve tertiary structure prediction.
Stabilization of protein structure by solvents
Authors: Timasheff Serge N , Arakawa Tsutomu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been common practice for more than half a century for biochemists and biologists, when they have isolated an activity (e.g. an enzyme) or an organelle, to store the isolated material in concentrated (- 1 M) glycerol, sucrose, or a similar substance, in order to preserve this activity. Certain salts, such as ammonium sulfate, have also been known for a long time to stabilize biological activity, when added at high concentration (- J M). Yet the mechanism of such protein structure stabilization was totally unknown. At present, the manufacture of proteins, or modified proteins, by biosynthetic cloning technology has greatly revived interest in methods that are available for folding proteins into proper biologically active structures and for maintaining them in such a structure for prolonged periods. This chapter will be devoted to the question of the physical basis of the stabilization of native protein structures in aqueous solution by the addition of co-solvents at high (- 1 M) concentration. Such understanding should make it possible to use such co solvents rationally and effectively.
A high-cholesterol zebrafish diet promotes hypercholesterolemia and fasting-associated liver triglycerides accumulation
Authors: Jin Yang , Kozan Darby , Anderson Jennifer L , Hensley Monica , Shen Meng-Chieh , Wen Jia , Moll Tabea , Kozan Hannah , Rawls John F. , Farber Steven A. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractZebrafish are an ideal model organism to study lipid metabolism and to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of human lipid-associated disorders. In this study, we provide an improved protocol to assay the impact of a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) on zebrafish lipid deposition and lipoprotein regulation. Fish fed HCD developed hypercholesterolemia as indicated by significantly elevated ApoB-containing lipoproteins (ApoB-LP) and increased plasma levels of cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Feeding of the HCD to larvae (8 days followed by a 1 day fast) and adult female fish (2 weeks, followed by 3 days of fasting) was also associated with a fatty liver phenotype that presented as severe hepatic steatosis. The HCD feeding paradigm doubled the levels of liver triacylglycerol (TG), which was striking because our HCD was only supplemented with cholesterol. The accumulated liver TG was unlikely due to increasedde novolipogenesis or inhibited β-oxidation since no differentially expressed genes in these pathways were found between the livers of fish fed the HCD versus control diets. However, fasted HCD fish had significantly increased lipogenesis genefasnin adipose tissue and higher free fatty acids (FFA) in plasma. This suggested that elevated dietary cholesterol resulted in lipid accumulation in adipocytes, which supplied more FFA during fasting, promoting hepatic steatosis. In conclusion, our HCD zebrafish protocol represents an effective and reliable approach for studying the temporal characteristics of the physiological and biochemical responses to high levels of dietary cholesterol and provides insights into the mechanisms that may underlie fatty liver disease.
Robust adaptive analysis of dynamic responses of wave energy converters
Authors: Wang Yingguang 
Published: November 2023

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to exploit a new and robust method to forecast the long-term extreme dynamic responses for wave energy converters (WECs).Design/methodology/approachA new adaptive binned kernel density estimation (KDE) methodology is first proposed in this paper.FindingsBy examining the calculation results the authors has found that in the tail region the proposed new adaptive binned KDE distribution curve becomes very smooth and fits quite well with the histogram of the measured ocean wave dataset at the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) station 46,059. Carefully studying the calculation results also reveals that the 50-year extreme power-take-off heaving force value forecasted based on the environmental contour derived using the new method is 3572600N, which is much larger than the value 2709100N forecasted via the Rosenblatt-inverse second-order reliability method (ISORM) contour method.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed method overcomes the disadvantages of all the existing nonparametric and parametric methods for predicting the tail region probability density values of the sea state parameters.Originality/valueIt is concluded that the proposed new adaptive binned KDE method is robust and can forecast well the 50-year extreme dynamic responses for WECs.
Multi-objective design optimization of reentrant auxetic model using Lichtenberg algorithm based on metamodel
Authors: Francisco Matheus , Pereira João , Oliveira Lucas , Simões Cunha Sebastião , Gomes G.F. 
Published: November 2023

PurposeThe present paper aims at the multi-objective optimization of a reentrant hexagonal cell auxetic structure. In addition, a parametric analysis will be carried out to verify how each of the design factors impact each of the responses.Design/methodology/approachThe multi-objective optimization of five different responses of an auxetic model was considered: mass, critical buckling load under compression effort, natural frequency, Poisson's ratio and failure load. The response surface methodology was applied, and a new meta-heuristic of optimization called the multi-objective Lichtenberg algorithm was applied to find the optimized configuration of the model. It was possible to increase the failure load by 26.75% in compression performance optimization. Furthermore, in the optimization of modal performance, it was possible to increase the natural frequency by 37.43%. Finally, all 5 responses analyzed simultaneously were optimized. In this case, it was possible to increase the critical buckling load by 42.55%, the failure load by 28.70% and reduce the mass and Poisson's ratio by 15.97 and 11%, respectively. This paper addresses something new in the scientific world to date when evaluating in a multi-objective optimization problem, the compression and modal performance of an auxetic reentrant model.FindingsIt was possible to find multi-objective optimized structures. It was possible to increase the critical buckling load by 42.82%, and the failure load in compression performance by 26.75%. Furthermore, in the optimization of modal performance, it was possible to increase the natural frequency by 37.43%, and decrease the mass by 15.97%. Finally, all 5 responses analyzed simultaneously were optimized. In this case, it was possible to increase the critical buckling load by 42.55%, increase the failure load by 28.70% and reduce the mass and Poisson's ratio by 15.97 and 11%, respectively.Originality/valueThere is no work in the literature to date that performed the optimization of 5 responses simultaneously of a reentrant hexagonal cell auxetic structure. This paper also presents an unprecedented statistical analysis in the literature that verifies how the design factors impact each of the responses.
Evaluating compliance for organizational information security and business continuity: three strata of ventriloqual agency
Authors: Niemimaa Marko 
Published: November 2023

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to study how compliance evaluation becomes performed in practice. Compliance evaluation is a common practice among organizations that need to evaluate their posture against a set of criteria (e.g. a standard, legislative framework and “best practices”). The results of these evaluations have significant importance for organizations, especially in the context of information security and continuity. The author argues that how these evaluations become performed is not merely a “social” activity but shaped by the materiality of the evaluation criteriaDesign/methodology/approachThe authors adopt a sociomaterial practice-based view to study the compliance evaluation through in situ participant observations from compliance evaluation workshops to evaluate organizational compliance against a information security and business continuity criteria. The empirical material was analyzed to construct vignettes that serve to illustrate the practice of compliance evaluation.FindingsThe research analysis shows how the information security and business continuity criteria themselves partake in the compliance evaluations by operating through (ventriloqually) the evaluators on three strata: the material, the textual and the structural. The author also provides a conceptualization of a hybrid agency.Originality/valueThis research contributes to lack of studies on the organizational-level compliance. Further, the research is an original contribution to information security and business continuity management by focusing on the practices of compliance evaluation. Further, the research has theoretical novelty by adopting the ventriloqual agency as a hybrid agency to study the sociomateriality of a phenomenon.
Frameworks for climate risk management (CRM) in cultural heritage: a systematic review of the state of the art
Authors: Adetunji Olufemi Samson , MacKee Jamie 
Published: November 2023

PurposeA comprehensive understanding of the determining factors and implications of the frameworks for appreciating the relationships between climate risks and cultural heritage remains deficient. To address the gap, the review analysed literature on the management of climate risk in cultural heritage. The review examines the strengths and weaknesses of climate risk management (CRM) frameworks and attendant implications for the conservation of cultural heritage.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted a two-phased systematic review procedure. In the first phase, the authors reviewed related publications published between 2017 and 2021 in Scopus and Google Scholar. Key reports published by organisations such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) and International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) were identified and included in Phase Two to further understand approaches to CRM in cultural heritage.FindingsResults established the changes in trend and interactions between factors influencing the adoption of CRM frameworks, including methods and tools for CRM. There is also increasing interest in adopting quantitative and qualitative methods using highly technical equipment and software to assess climate risks to cultural heritage assets. However, climate risk information is largely collected at the national and regional levels rather than at the cultural heritage asset.Practical implicationsThe review establishes increasing implementation of CRM frameworks across national boundaries at place level using high-level technical skills and knowledge, which are rare amongst local organisations and professionals involved in cultural heritage management.Originality/valueThe review established the need for multi-sectoral, bottom-up and place-based approaches to improve the identification of climate risks and decision-making processes for climate change adaptation.
Post-entry decisions in international entrepreneurship and family business: a perspective article
Authors: Terán-Yépez Eduardo 
Published: November 2023

PurposeThis perspective article aims to provide an overview of the interplay between international entrepreneurship and the dynamics of family businesses, with a particular focus on post-entry decisions.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is based on a short literature review.FindingsThe convergence of international entrepreneurship and family businesses presents a compelling area of study, where post-entry decisions serve as a critical yet underexplored facet. Post-entry decisions in international entrepreneurship for family-owned businesses encompass responses to international crises and shocks and strategies for de-internationalization, restructuring or market exit.Originality/valueThis article synthesizes existing research, highlighting the importance of studying post-entry decisions in the realm of international family businesses. It encourages scholars and practitioners to delve into the unique challenges faced by these firms, ultimately enriching the understanding of international entrepreneurship within the family business context and providing valuable insights for both theory and practice.