bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Out of the Generosity of Your Heart: Are We Creating Active Citizens through Compulsory Volunteer Programmes for Young People in Australia?
Authors: Warburton Jeni , Smith Jennifer 
Published: November 2003

Abstract Using governmentality as a theoretical framework, we examine two Australian policy areas where young people are disciplined into becoming good, active citizens. These policies—mutual obligation through the work for the dole programme, and school‐based active citizenship programmes similar to American service learning programmes—both mirror volunteer‐type activities, in a social context where volunteers are viewed as good citizens. In this study, we present findings from a qualitative study that addresses the question of whether young people will develop active citizenship through compulsory volunteer‐type programmes. The findings show that first, young people are very conscious of the lack of choice involved in these programmes and that this weakened their sense of agency. Second, the programmes failed to develop positive community attitudes and active social behaviours. These results suggest that policies that compel individuals to contribute to society may actually weaken their citizenship identities.
Evidence of Iberian Bronze Age ‘Boquique’ Pottery in the Balearic Islands: Trade, Marriage or Culture?
Authors: Waldren W. 
Published: November 2003

Summary.  This paper deals with the recent discovery of Iberian ‘Boquique’ Bronze Age pottery on the Balearic Island of Mallorca. It marks the ‘maritime’ spread of this distinctive pottery into a geographic area not previously recorded. It should therefore be of particular interest to mainland investigators and others concerned with its geographical distribution as well as those dealing with long‐distance trade and possible kinship links during the period. The find is further supported by the ‘micaceous’ and ‘quartz’ composition of the pottery clay fabric, since mica is not known on the island as a component of local clays. The presence of Boquique pottery with ‘micaceous’ clay properties is demonstrated by microphotographic slab and thin sections as well as chemical clay analysis. This suggests that the pottery was imported, either as a trade item or as personal possessions.Along with recent evidence of earlier trade in exotic ‘elephant’ ivory and other items during Bell Beaker times, where the Boquique pottery appears to be a late intrusive element into local Beaker contexts (Waldren 1998), this new evidence represents the first material sign of cultural maritime interaction (Boquique in the present case), either as demographic extension or commercial exchange of these cultural items into the area.Furthermore, contextual radiocarbon dating surveys strongly indicate a date of 1700–1400 BC for the pottery, in accord both with recent Iberian mainland dates as well as the local archaeological sequence in which it was found.
RESEARCH REPORT: MAGNETIC INVESTIGATIONS AND THE AGE OF A MEDIEVAL KILN AT KUNGAHÄLLA (SOUTH‐WEST SWEDEN)*
Authors: Riisager P. , Abrahamsen N. , Rytter J. 
Published: November 2003

The results from a magnetic survey and archaeomagnetic investigation of a medieval brick kiln at Kungahälla in Bohuslän (south‐west Sweden) are reported. Detailed magnetic total field and magnetic gradient measurements over known traces of the kiln showed marked local magnetic anomalies of up to 200 nT, revealing the rectangular shape of the kiln remains.  Palaeomagnetic investigations of the remanent magnetization of 12 bricks from the kiln floor gave precise definitions of both the direction of the archaeomagnetic field [(Dm, Im) = (66.7°, 8.8°), k = 655, α95= 1.7°] and the palaeointensity [Bm= 69.0 ± 3.6 µT]. An archaeomagnetic date is obtained by comparing the direction of the archaeomagnetic field found in the kiln with a geocentral dipole‐transformation of the British master‐curve for secular variation. Of two possible archaeomagnetic dates (ad 1280 ± 50 or ad 1480 ± 50), the ad 1280 ± 50 age is in good accordance with the C‐14 ages and archaeological dates as well as with direct historical evidence, whereas a c. 100 years younger TL date appears to be too young.
The relationship between normative orthodontic treatment need and oral health‐related quality of life
Authors: De Oliveira Cesar Messias , Sheiham Aubrey 
Published: November 2003

Abstract –Objectives: The first objective was to assess whether having had orthodontic treatment affected the levels of oral health‐related quality of life impacts in Brazilian adolescents. A second objective was to assess the relationship between a normative clinical measure of orthodontic treatment need and two measures of oral health‐related quality of life.Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted in Bauru, SP, Brazil, on 1675 randomly selected adolescents aged between 15 and 16 years. Adolescents were clinically examined using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Two oral health‐related quality of life measures, namely the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) and the shortened version of the Oral Health Impacts Profile (OHIP‐14) were used to assess the adolescents' oral health‐related impacts. Multiple logistic regression was used in the data analysis.Results: Adolescents who had completed orthodontic treatment reported less oral health impacts on their daily life activities than those currently under treatment or those who never had any treatment. Combining the IOTN index with either of the two oral health‐related quality of life measures used in this study provided more information about the adolescents' perceived satisfaction with their appearance than the IOTN on its own.Conclusion: Current methods of assessing orthodontic need should be complemented by oral health‐related quality of life measures with valid psychometric properties, and measures of perceived need.
Smoking as a risk indicator for periodontal disease in the middle‐aged Vietnamese population
Authors: Do G. Loc , Spencer A. John , Roberts‐Thomson Kaye , Ha H. Diep 
Published: November 2003

Abstract –Background: Studies from developed countries have found smoking a significant risk indicator for periodontitis. However, few such studies have been conducted in developing populations, where the natural history of the disease is rarely confounded by treatment and smoking is highly prevalent.Aim: The present study aimed to confirm the consistency, strength and dose–response of the association of smoking with periodontitis measured by loss of attachment (LOA) in a representative middle‐aged adult sample from a developing country.Methods: A cross‐sectional study with a multistage stratified random sample was conducted in two provinces of Vietnam.Results: A total of 575 (response: 84.6%) 35–44‐year‐old subjects were interviewed and periodontally examined. Data were re‐weighted to represent the population of the provinces. 28.9% were current smokers (CS), 8.6% former smokers (FS) and 62.5% never‐smokers (NS). Number of cigarette pack‐years was calculated to divide CS into light smokers, LS ≤5 pack‐years, and heavy smokers, HS 5+ pack‐years. The US NIDR protocol was employed for LOA measurement at two sites per tooth for every tooth. HS presented with the highest prevalence of LOA exceeding various thresholds followed by LS (χ2, P < 0.001). The extent of sites with LOA ≥ 4 mm and LOA ≥ 6 mm was significantly higher among HS and LS compared to NS (ANOVA; P < 0.001). The severity scores of LOA for NS, FS, LS and HS were 2.42, 2.50, 2.64 and 3.05 mm respectively (ANOVA; P < 0.001). Disease cases were defined as having 2+ sites with LOA ≥ 5 mm and 1+ site with PD ≥ 4 mm. Compared to NS, the odds ratio for periodontitis among heavy smokers was 7.17 (CI: 2.87–17.92, P < 0.001).Conclusion: Smoking is a risk indicator for periodontitis among the middle‐aged Vietnamese population. To pursue a population prevention approach for periodontitis, dentistry in Vietnam needs to be part of antismoking and smoking cessation programs.
Geographic differences in tooth loss and denture‐wearing among the elderly in Norway
Authors: Henriksen Birgitte Moesgaard , Axéll Tony , Laake Knut 
Published: November 2003

Abstract –Objectives: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of teeth and dentures in individuals aged 67 years and above.Methods: A representative random sample of 1152 individuals was drawn from 11 of the 19 counties of Norway. In all, 582 subjects were interviewed and examined clinically by the same dentist (BMH) in 1996–99. Fifty‐four had died before contact was established, and the response rate was 53%. The mean age of those examined was 76.4 ± 5.9 years, range 67–99 years.Results: In all, 40.0% had ‘own teeth only’, 27.9% ‘own teeth and dentures’ and 31.6% ‘dentures only’. Three participants had neither teeth nor dentures. Interviews with 35 nonparticipants disclosed no statistically significant differences regarding dental/denture status compared to participants. By using stepwise polychotomous logistic regression, three regions of Norway could be identified with respect to the occurrence of teeth and dentures; significant differences existed between them and nonsignificant differences were found within them. In region A (South‐East counties including the capital Oslo), region B (West‐Central counties), and region C (Northern counties) the prevalence of ‘own teeth only’, ‘own teeth and dentures’ and ‘dentures only’ were 62.0, 26.5 and 11.1% in region A, 27.7, 28.9 and 43.1% in region B and 2.9, 28.6 and 65.7% in region C, respectively. Teeth were observed in 394 individuals, the mean number being 19, 15 and 11 in regions A, B and C, respectively (over all mean 17 teeth).Conclusions: There are large geographical disparities with respect to dental/denture status in Norway. The oral health goals for the year 2000 suggested by WHO/FDI were far from met in large areas of the country at the time when the data were collected, (1996–99).
Effect of the spectral range of a UV lamp on the production of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in human skin in situ
Authors: Snellman Erna , Strozyk Malgorzata , Segerbäck Dan , Klimenko Taras , Hemminki Kari 
Published: November 2003

Background: Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has a broad spectrum of biological effects and a capacity to initiate skin carcinogenesis through DNA damage. The effect of different wave bands of UV light on the production of DNA damage in human skin in situ was studied with a broadband UV‐B lamp TL‐12 and a narrowband UV‐B lamp TL‐01.Methods: Eight psoriasis patients participated in the study. Their minimal erythema dose was assessed separately for the two UV‐B wave band ranges. Test areas of buttock skin were irradiated with the two spectrally differing lamps using erythemally equivalent UV doses of 40 and 80 mJ/cm2 CIE (Commission International de I'Eclairage). Punch biopsies were taken from the irradiated areas, and UV‐induced DNA lesions (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, CPDs) in the skin were analyzed with a 32P high‐performance liquid chromatography postlabelling method.Results: No UV source‐dependent differences in the induced levels of CPDs were detected in this study.Conclusion: CPD production with broadband TL‐12 and narrowband TL‐01 UV‐B lamps in situ did not differ when erythemally equivalent UV doses were used. The preliminary result needs to be confirmed in a larger study.
What's new in photoimmunology?
Authors: Norval Mary 
Published: November 2003

Mediators of peripheral blood neutrophilia induced by photodynamic therapy of solid tumours. Cecic I, Korbelik M. Cancer Lett 2002; 183: 43–51.Role of cytokines in photodynamic therapy‐induced local and systemic inflammation. Gollnick SO, Evans SS, Baumann H, et al. Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 1772–1779.
The Neurotoxicity Induced by Ethanol Withdrawal in Mature Organotypic Hippocampal Slices Might Involve Cross‐Talk Between Metabotropic Glutamate Type 5 Receptors and N‐Methyl‐d‐Aspartate Receptors
Authors: Harris Barton R. , Gibson D. Alex , Prendergast Mark A. , Blanchard John A. , Holley Robert C. , Hart Stewart R. , Scotland Rebecca L. , Foster Thomas C. , Pedigo Norman W. , Littleton John M. 
Published: November 2003

Background: We recently reported that the sodium salt of acamprosate (Na‐acamprosate) demonstrates the characteristics of an antagonist at metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptors (mGluR5s) rather than at N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Because mGluR5s are able to enhance the function of NMDARs, this interplay may be involved in the dysregulation of glutamatergic transmission during ethanol withdrawal. The following studies use organotypic hippocampal slice cultures at a mature age to investigate the potential for this interplay in the neurotoxicity associated with withdrawal from long‐term ethanol exposure.Methods: At 25 days in vitro, organotypic hippocampal slice cultures prepared from male and female 8‐day‐old rats were exposed to an initial concentration of 100 mM ethanol for 10 days before undergoing a 24‐hr period of withdrawal. The effects of Na‐acamprosate; 2‐methyl‐6‐(2‐phenylethenyl)pyridine (SIB‐1893), a noncompetitive antagonist at mGluR5s; 7‐(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa[b]chromen‐1a‐carboxylate ethyl ester, a noncompetitive antagonist at mGluR1s; dizocilpine (MK‐801), a noncompetitive NMDAR antagonist; and staurosporine on the neurotoxicity induced by ethanol withdrawal were assessed by determining differences in propidium iodide uptake. Polypeptide levels of mGluR5s and the NR1 and NR2B subunits of NMDARs were also determined via Western blot analyses after 10 days of ethanol exposure.Results: Significant neurotoxicity was always evident in the CA1 hippocampal region after a 24‐hr withdrawal period. This spontaneous neurotoxicity resulted from intrinsic changes induced by the long‐term presence of ethanol. Na‐acamprosate (200–1000 μM), SIB‐1893 (200–500 μM), MK‐801 (20 μM), and staurosporine (200 nM) were all neuroprotective. The polypeptide levels of mGluR5s and NR1 and NR2B subunits of NMDARs were all increased after ethanol exposure; however, the increase in mGluR5s did not achieve statistical significance.Conclusions: From this model of long‐term ethanol exposure and withdrawal, the functional interplay between mGluR5s and NMDARs might represent a novel target for the prevention of neurotoxicity associated with ethanol withdrawal.
Use of Naltrexone in the Treatment of Alcoholism Nationally in the Department of Veterans Affairs
Authors: Petrakis Ismene L. , Leslie Douglas , Rosenheck Robert 
Published: November 2003

Background: Naltrexone is one of only two medications currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of alcoholism. We attempted to determine the proportion of patients with a diagnosis of alcoholism who were prescribed naltrexone in the Department of Veterans Affairs health‐care system during a 6‐month period and the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics that distinguished them from veterans who were not prescribed naltrexone.Methods: By using Veterans Affairs workload databases, all outpatients diagnosed with alcoholism (International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, codes 303.xx or 305.00) during a 6‐month period (October 2000 to March 2001) were selected (n= 194,001). Patients in this group who were prescribed naltrexone during this period were identified. Logistic regression was used to compare those who were prescribed naltrexone with other alcoholics.Results: In this sample, only 3,705 patients (1.9%) of the 194,001 veterans with an alcohol use disorder were prescribed naltrexone. Logistic regression analysis showed that naltrexone use was associated with comorbid disorders (bipolar disorder, dysthymia, major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and drug abuse) and recent psychiatric hospitalization. African Americans and veterans with organic brain syndromes were less likely to be prescribed naltrexone.Conclusions: These results suggest that prescribers have not embraced reports of naltrexone's efficacy in alcohol dependence, perhaps due to a general disinclination to use medications rather than a specific attitude toward naltrexone, especially in uncomplicated alcoholism.
Fyn Kinase and NR2B‐Containing NMDA Receptors Regulate Acute Ethanol Sensitivity But Not Ethanol Intake or Conditioned Reward
Authors: Yaka Rami , Tang Ka‐Choi , Camarini Rosana , Janak Patricia H. , Ron Dorit 
Published: November 2003

Background: The tyrosine kinase Fyn previously has been shown to play a key role in mediating acute tolerance to ethanol. Recently, we found that the compartmentalization of Fyn to the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) in the hippocampus regulates Fyn phosphorylation of NR2B in response to ethanol, which mediates the acute tolerance of NMDAR to ethanol inhibition in hippocampal slices. In this study we determined, first, whether acute tolerance to ethanol inhibition is mediated via NR2B‐containing NMDARs in vivo and, second, whether the increase in acute sensitivity to ethanol in the Fyn−/− mice influences ethanol consumption or ethanol's conditioned rewarding effects.Methods: A loss of righting reflex test was used to study the acute/sedative effects of ethanol after intraperitoneal injections of sedative doses of ethanol. Conditioned place preference was used to study the rewarding properties of ethanol. The two‐bottle choice protocol was used to measure oral ethanol self‐administration and preference as described previously.Results: We found that systemic injection of the NR2B‐containing NMDAR selective antagonist, ifenprodil, abolished the differences between Fyn+/+ and Fyn−/− mice in sensitivity to the acute sedative effects of ethanol. Moreover, we found that Fyn−/− and Fyn+/+ mice did not differ in their voluntary ethanol consumption or in the rewarding properties of ethanol.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the interaction between Fyn and NR2B mediates the acute sedative effects of ethanol, and that alteration in acute ethanol sensitivity does not necessarily correlate with levels of ethanol consumption or the rewarding properties of ethanol.
Diphtheria: the patch remains
Authors: Nandi Raj , De Mriganka , Browning Simon , Purkayastha Prabhati , Bhattacharjee A. K. 
Published: November 2003

This study analysed the number of patients admitted with diphtheria to a teaching hospital in the state of Assam in India over a period of five years and compared the disease characteristics and management with outcomes and incidences of diphtheria reported in the literature. It was a retrospective analysis of data elicited from clinical records of patients admitted to hospital.A total of 101 admissions were recorded during a five-year period between March 1997 to March 2002, mostly with pharyngeal diphtheria (90 per cent). The majority of patients had no history of immunization (70 per cent). Significant presenting features were a tonsillar patch, sore throat, respiratory distress and fever. All patients were treated with anti-diphtheritic serum and intravenous antibiotics. Steroids were given to 81 per cent of patients and tracheostomy was carried out in 10 per cent of cases. The mortality was 16 per cent.Diphtheria of the respiratory tract remains a potentially fatal disease commonly presenting with membranous pharyngitis. Early diagnosis and treatment with anti-diphtheritic serum and antibiotics remain the cornerstone of treatment. Inadequate immunization cover is deemed responsible for the continued menace of diphtheria.
Setup margins based on the inter‐ and intrafractional setup error of left‐sided breast cancer radiotherapy using deep inspiration breath‐hold technique (DIBH) and surface guided radiotherapy (SGRT)
Authors: Rudat Volker , Shi Yanyan , Zhao Ruping , Yu Wei 
Published: January 2024

AbstractPurposeThe use of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), simultaneous integrated boost (SIB), and hypofractionated regimen requires adequate patient setup accuracy to achieve an optimal outcome. The purpose of this study was to assess the setup accuracy of patients receiving left‐sided breast cancer radiotherapy using deep inspiration breath‐hold technique (DIBH) and surface guided radiotherapy (SGRT) and to calculate the corresponding setup margins.MethodsThe patient setup accuracy between and within radiotherapy fractions was measured by comparing the 6DOF shifts made by the SGRT system AlignRT with the shifts made by kV‐CBCT. Three hundred and three radiotherapy fractions of 23 left‐sided breast cancer patients using DIBH and SGRT were used for the analysis. All patients received pre‐treatment DIBH training and visual feedback during DIBH. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test patient setup differences for statistical significance. The corresponding setup margins were calculated using the van Herk's formula.ResultsThe intrafractional patient setup accuracy was significantly better than the interfractional setup accuracy (p < 0.001). The setup margin for the combined inter‐ and intrafractional setup error was 4, 6, and 4 mm in the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical directions if based on SGRT alone. The intrafractional error contributed ≤1 mm to the calculated setup margins.ConclusionWith SGRT, excellent intrafractional and acceptable interfractional patient setup accuracy can be achieved for the radiotherapy of left‐sided breast cancer using DIBH and modern radiation techniques. This allows for reducing the frequency of kV‐CBCTs, thereby saving treatment time and radiation exposure.
Are Outcomes From an Exercise Therapy and Patient Education Program for Osteoarthritis Associated With Hip and Knee Replacement Within Two Years? A Register‐Based Study of 9,339 Patients With Osteoarthritis
Authors: Ackerman Ilana N. , Johansson Melker S. , Grønne Dorte T. , Clausen Stine , Ernst Martin Thomsen , Overgaard Søren , Odgaard Anders , Roos Ewa M. , Skou Søren T. 
Published: January 2024

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine whether short‐term outcomes from exercise therapy and patient education for osteoarthritis (OA) are associated with hip or knee replacement within two years.MethodsIndividual‐level data from the Good Life with osteoArthritis in Denmark (GLA:D) Registry were linked to the Danish National Patient Registry and other national registries. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate associations between program outcomes (baseline to three‐month changes) and time to primary hip or knee replacement. Patients who did not receive joint replacement were censored at two years, time of death, or emigration.ResultsA total of 2,304 and 7,035 patients with clinically diagnosed hip and knee OA, respectively, were included. Of these, 30% with hip OA and 10% with knee OA had joint replacement within two years. Postprogram improvements in hip‐related quality of life and arthritis self‐efficacy (pain subscale) were associated with a reduced hazard of hip replacement (adjusted hazard ratios [HRs] for a 10‐unit improvement: 0.74 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69–0.80] and 0.90 [95% CI 0.85–0.96], respectively). Improvements in knee pain, knee‐related quality of life, and arthritis self‐efficacy (pain subscale) were associated with a lower hazard of knee replacement (adjusted HRs for 10‐unit improvement: 0.81 [95% CI 0.76–0.86] to 0.90 [95% CI 0.86–0.95], 0.70 [95% CI 0.63–0.78] to 0.79 [95% CI 0.72–0.86], and 0.89 [95% CI 0.83–0.94], respectively).ConclusionThe magnitude of improvement in key measures after exercise therapy and education was significantly associated with the likelihood of surgery. Progression to hip replacement was three times higher than progression to knee replacement. This information can guide patient–clinician conversations around anticipated program outcomes.