bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Significance of Ecological Factors for Exploration and Neophobia in Parrots
Authors: Mettke‐Hofmann Claudia , Winkler Hans , Leisler Bernd 
Published: March 2003

Exploratory behaviour plays an important role in most animals for gathering information about their environment. If it constitutes an adaptation to different environmental conditions exploratory behaviour should differ between species. This has been tested with several hypotheses.Sixty‐one parrot species (Psittacidae) from eight tribes with different diets and habitat preferences were investigated in aviaries. Two tests were carried out. First, a novel object (wooden ring) in the familiar aviary was presented on two test days in the exploration test. Latencies until first contact with the object and the duration of exploration were recorded. Secondly, in the neophobia test, novel objects were placed beside the feeding dish and latencies until first food intake were recorded.The exploration and neophobia data were related to 12 (13) ecological variables using multiple regression analyses. Phylogenetic relationships were considered.Species that inhabit complex habitats, such as forest edges, or that feed on buds or species from islands showed the shortest latencies in the exploration test. In contrast, long latencies were related to a diet including a great amount of seeds and/or flowers. The longest duration of exploration occurred in species eating nuts or originating from islands, whereas short durations were related to feeding on seeds. Neophobia was positively related to a diet consisting of insects, and negatively to a diet of leaves. There was no relationship between measures of exploration and neophobia. Exploration and neophobia seem to be tightly related to the ecology of a species.
The Function of Mounting Behaviour in Farmed Red Deer Calves
Authors: Ková Dominika Vaň , Bartoš Luděk 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The function of mounting behaviour was studied in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) calves. On the basis of previous work, we tested two alternative hypotheses about the function of this behaviour. The first hypothesis deals with the proximate function of the behaviour. Three predictions were tested: (1a) mounting behaviour attracts the attention of the mother and/or consolidates the mother–calf bond; (1b) mounting is intended to obtain more milk; (1c) mounting is intended to prevent other calves from sucking from the mother. The second hypothesis deals with an ultimate function in practising for future life with two predictions tested: (2a) mounting behaviour is part of calves' play behaviour promoting development of the calf's locomotor and social skills; (2b) calves gain sexual experience through mounting behaviour. For the study, 50 hind‐calf pairs were observed. The maternity of individual hinds was confirmed by a genetical analysis. The hinds were classified as ‘maternal’ and ‘non‐maternal’ and the calves as ‘filial’ and ‘non‐filial’. We recorded 40 cases of mounting behaviour involving 25 hinds and 21 calves. Our results suggest that the mounting behaviour of red deer calves serves several different functions depending on the circumstances. In association with suckling, calves of both sexes mounted maternal hinds mainly to attract their attention and to achieve another suckling. In situations not associated with suckling, mounting by male calves might be considered part of their sexual training. On the other hand, mounting by female calves probably reflects the attempt to maintain contact with their mother in tense situations.
What Females Tell Males About Their Reproductive Status: Are Morphological and Behavioural Cues Reliable Signals of Ovulation in Bonobos (Pan paniscus)?
Authors: Reichert Karin E. , Heistermann Michael , Keith Hodges J. , Boesch Christophe , Hohmann Gottfried 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn many Old World primate species, female attractivity increases during the tumescent phase of the sexual swelling for a period that lasts considerably longer than oestrus‐related attractivity in other mammals. We examined the reliability of the swelling as an indicator of ovulation in captive bonobos, a species with a long and variable phase of maximum tumescence. Using a combined approach of (1) observations of sexual behaviour, (2) visual scoring of the sexual swelling and (3) analysis of faecal progestin to assess the timing of ovulation during 23 ovulatory cycles of eight adult females, we found that in 30% of these cycles the presumed day of ovulation did not fall within the period of maximum tumescence. When ovulation did occur during maximum swelling, it was more closely related to the end rather than the onset of the maximum swelling period. However, the pattern of sexual swelling was not a reliable indicator of ovulation. In addition, sexual behaviour of both sexes increased in frequency with the degree of the swelling but not around the time of ovulation. We conclude that swellings in bonobos provide honest information on the probability of ovulation, but not its exact timing, and that therefore the `obvious ovulation'‐hypothesis cannot explain the function of sexual swellings in bonobos.
Does Feeding Competition Influence Tammar Wallaby Time Allocation?
Authors: Blumstein Daniel T. , Daniel Janice C. , Ardron Jodie G. , Evans Christopher S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAnimals may aggregate to reduce predation risk, but this potentially incurs the cost of increased competition. We studied the degree to which competition for food influenced the time tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) allocate to foraging and vigilance by experimentally manipulating access to food, while holding other factors constant. Groups of six wallabies were observed when they had access to either one or six non‐depleting bins of supplemental food. Food availability had no effect on the time allocated to foraging, looking or affiliative interactions, and this was true whether individuals or groups were treated as the unit of analysis. However, wallabies engaged in substantially more aggressive acts in the high‐competition treatment. These results, when combined with other findings, suggest that the moderately social tammar wallaby receives an antipredator benefit by aggregating with conspecifics which is not reduced significantly by foraging competition.
The impact of Sirococcus shoot blight on radial and height growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in young plantations
Authors: Halmschlager E. , Gabler A. , Andrae F. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe impact of Sirococcus shoot blight on the radial and height growth of Norway spruce in a young plantation (approximately 20 years old) was investigated by examining the increment losses for four infection intensities (classes). The average diameter at breast height of trees in the lightly damaged class was 72% when compared with the average diameter of the healthy trees, whereas moderately and severely damaged tree classes were 67 and 57%, respectively. Using tree ring analysis, the development of radial growth over time due to intensity of infection was studied. Height growth of affected trees was also significantly reduced (up to 43%) compared with the healthy trees, thus indicating a dramatic impact of Sirococcus conigenus on the growth of young Norway spruce.
The effect of periderm formation in the cortex of Pinus thunbergii on early invasion by the pinewood nematode
Authors: Ichihara Y. , Fukuda K. , Suzuki K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe distribution of cortical resin canals and periderm formation in the cortex of Pinus thunbergii was studied in relation to early invasion of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Nematode invasion was restricted in stem cuttings of P. thunbergii in which periderm closed cortical resin canals. Early invasion of the nematodes was also restricted in stem cuttings where wound periderm had formed in response to prior nematode inoculation. It was concluded that early invasion of pinewood nematodes in living bark tissue is restricted by periderm in mature stems and by wound periderm that had formed as the result of previous nematode infection.
Anisogramma virgultorum on saplings of Betula pendula and Betula pubescens in a district of northern Sweden
Authors: WITZELL J. , KARLSSON A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryDuring the autumn of 1999, the occurrence of the ascomycete Anisogramma virgultorum on saplings of Betula pubescens and Betula pendula was studied in two stands of B. pubescens, two stands of B. pendula and two mixed (B. pubescens and Pinus sylvestris) stands (age approximately 10 years, mean height 2–4 m, d.b.h. 10–20 mm) in a district in the vicinity of Umeå, northern Sweden. Stem and branch cankers associated with A. virgultorum were found on 54.8% of the investigated saplings, without significant difference between B. pendula and B. pubescens. Cankers were observed on 16.0% of stems and on branches of 54.2% of the saplings. Stem cankers appeared on the current year's shoot, as well as at the base of the trees. The mean diameter of the damaged saplings was significantly greater than the mean diameter of undamaged saplings. All samples of cankers with stromata examined in the laboratory showed perithecia with asci.
First report of the seed‐pathogen Geniculodendron pyriforme, the imperfect state of the ascomycete Caloscypha fulgens, on imported conifer seeds in Germany
Authors: SCHRÖDER T. , KEHR R. , HÜTTERMANN A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe seed pathogen fungus Geniculodendron pyriforme (teleomorphic state: Caloscypha fulgens) was isolated from imported seeds (USA and Canada) of the following tree species: Picea sitchensis, Piceaengelmannii, Abies grandis and Abies concolor glauca. This is the first report of G. pyriforme on imported conifer seeds in continental Europe. A description of typical culture characteristics of the fungus is given.
Losses caused by the needle blight fungusDelphinella abietisin a greenery trial of Nobel fir in western Norway
Authors: Solheim H. , Skage J.‐O. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn a greenery trial of Nobel fir (Abies procera) in western Norway, most branches had good quality until 1994 when 31% of the branches were discarded. Since then a high level of losses has been noted and 87% were discarded in 2000. A survey in 1998 revealed that the needle blight fungusDelphinella abietiswas the main cause. It seems that frost did not initiate or maintain the disease in the stand, but generally low temperatures may have been important. Discarded branches with the fungus have been left on the ground and have probably been important in maintaining a high level of attack.
The emancipation of nursing practice: Applying anti‐psychiatry to the therapeutic community
Authors: O'Brien Anthony Paul , Woods Martin , Palmer Christine 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT This paper raises issues about the process and conduct of clinical relationships with people diagnosed as mentally ill who live in therapeutic communities. This clinical work is of particular importance in the late 1990s due to the changing socio‐cultural climate of interaction with people living with mental illness. This climate has a focus of care on recovery in the community and not on long‐term hospitalization. The paper takes the position of anti‐psychiatry as a preferred model of intervention because it is person and not diagnosis oriented. The nature of the therapeutic community is explored in relation to its importance in the context of destigmatizing mental illness, its structure, and in its ability to empower the person from a philosophically driven and experiential perspective.
CASE MANAGEMENT: A MODEL FOR THE RECRUITMENT OF RURAL GENERAL PRACTITIONERS
Authors: MacIsaac Peter , Snowdon Teri , Thompson Rob , Wilde Tina 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTMany strategies have been trialled to recruit GPs to rural areas and to retain them once there. The West Vic Division of General Practice, a rural division in central‐western Victoria, has developed and piloted a case management model. Case management is the holistic provision of services to meet an agreed outcome. Usually these processes are used to support clients with chronic or complex care needs. In this instance, the Division recognised that the sometimes puzzling and perplexing world of medical and provider registration, rural communities and the politics of bringing a doctor into a community requires specific skills and support. A dedicated and experienced case manager provides a continuous range of services to support the process from identification through to ongoing support within the community. The project has met with considerable success over the past 18 months, with 17 doctors placed in temporary and permanent positions.
GENDER ROLES AND GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AS PREDICTORS OF EMOTIONAL DISTRESS IN AUSTRALIAN WOMEN
Authors: Bramston Paul , Rogers‐Clark Cathy , Hegney Desley , Bishop Janet 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the emotional distress of women in urban, rural and remote areas of Queensland. A randomised telephone survey of 394 women found that geographical location was not significantly related to perceptions of life quality or distress. Contrary to expectation, urbanisation and isolation were not significant predictors of mental health and factors other than geographical location appear more influential in determining people’s emotional wellbeing. One such factor, the gender role that women perceive themselves as fulfilling, was examined in this study and found to be significantly related to emotional distress. Women who saw their role as being submissive, dependent, gentle and timid reported significantly higher rates of distress and women perceiving themselves as bossy, rude and superior reported higher stress, irrespective of where they lived. Scores for the positive gender role of being sensitive, emotional and responsible grew significantly higher as the respondents became more rural/remote. Conversely, scores in the bossy, rude and superior domain were significantly higher in urban areas. This paper discusses the limitations of health research using global urban/rural classification schemes based on size of town or distance from major centres. There is mounting evidence that geographically based classification schemes are essentially minimalist and that more complex grouping variables such as gender role need to be identified.
Meningococcal Infections and Meningitis: What is New?
Authors: Kumar R. Kishore 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTMeningococcal infection is one of the very few severe bacterial infections, in this era, that still can kill a relatively healthy child within minutes. Fortunately, it is a relatively rare disease. Rural practitioners may see one affected child once every 2–3 years, but once seen they will never forget it. The present article gives some examples of case scenarios along with a brief overview of the problem, with emphasis on early diagnosis, prevention and possible future developments.
Rural practice evaluation: how do rural physicians evaluate their working conditions?
Authors: Matsumoto Masatoshi , Inoue Kazuo , Kajii Eiji 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Evaluating the quality of rural doctors’ working conditions is essential for retaining physicians in rural areas. We carried out a trial to investigate those aspects of working conditions that are important to rural physicians and with which aspects they are satisfied or dissatisfied. Questionnaires were mailed to 204 doctors who were working in rural clinics in Japan. The professional conditions of rural clinic practices were classified into 17 items. The doctors were then asked to evaluate the importance of and degree of satisfaction with each item. Among the 17 items, the clinic’s equipment, the municipal government’s attitude and the base hospital were evaluated to be more important than the overall average. With regard to satisfaction, the distance to major cities, the municipal government’s attitude and locum availability were rated significantly lower than that overall. There were some items where there was a discrepancy between the importance and the degree of satisfaction. Identifying these discrepancies may contribute to creating an environment that will raise the level of rural physicians’ satisfaction.
Comparison of roles and professional development needs of nurse executives working in metropolitan, provincial, rural or remote settings in Queensland
Authors: Courtney Mary , Yacopetti Jane , James Catherine , Walsh Anne , Finlayson Kathleen 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:   This research provides a profile of nurse executives’ roles, career opportunities and professional development needs across metropolitan, provincial, rural and remote settings in Queensland. A cross‐sectional survey was posted to all Directors/Assistant Directors of Nursing in the Queensland Public Health Sector (n = 281), with a response rate of 52.3% (n = 147).Findings indicated that the role of nursing executives has expanded and diversified, with multiple role responsibilities increasing with distance from the metropolitan area. Nurse executives in remote areas were less satisfied with the quality of supervision and mentorship they received, and least likely to participate in career enhancing activities. Metropolitan nursing executives utilised more of the career enhancing opportunities provided by the Queensland Public Health Sector than did provincial, rural or remote nursing executives. Provincial nurse executives were the group most likely to network, attend conferences and participate in informal educational activities. Professional development needs, although generally common to all groups, were more practice specific for those in rural and remote areas. Many nurse executives begin their careers in rural or remote areas where limited opportunities for career development may be detrimental to their future development.
Ruralising medical curricula: the importance of context in problem design
Authors: Hays Richard , Sen Gupta Tarun 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT: The establishment of a new medical school in northern Australia, with its focus on preparing graduates to understand the health care needs of the regional population, has raised an interesting issue in problem design for teaching and assessing in an integrated curriculum. This issue is the extent to which the clinical content of a teaching or assessment problem should consider more subtle contextual issues that help to define the different roles played by rural practitioners, rather than what might be regarded as appropriate for ‘generic’ medical education. This brief paper provides example case studies that highlight the challenge facing curriculum designers developing programs for rural clinical schools.
Hanging, Firearm, and Non-Domestic Gas Suicides Among Males: A Comparative Study
Authors: De Leo Diego , De Leo Diego , Evans Russell , Neulinger Kerryn 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To identify characteristics that could distinguish males who completed suicide by hanging from males who completed suicide by firearms and non-domestic gas, and to suggest suicide prevention strategies targeted at hanging. Method: Using the psychological autopsy design, males who used hanging, firearms and non-domestic gas were compared on a range of variables covering social, psychological, and health related factors and aspects of the suicide incident. The sample consisted of 950 males who suicided in Queensland, Australia, between 1994 and 1996. Results: Compared with males who used firearms and non-domestic gas, males who used hanging were significantly younger, less likely to have left a suicide note, and more likely to have been diagnosed with a psychotic disorder. Compared with males who used firearms, males who used hanging were significantly more likely to have made prior suicide attempts and have had no physical illness. Compared with males who used non-domestic gas, males who used hanging were significantly more likely to have lived with others, have had prior legal trouble, and have suicided at their residence. Conclusions: The results are discussed in terms of the availability and socio-cultural acceptability of methods. The authors suggest a possible relationship between impulsive traits and method choice. This proposition requires further investigation using alternative methodologies. Some suicide prevention measures targeting hanging suicides are discussed in light of the results.
Treatment-Resistant Depression: When Antidepressant Drug Intolerance May Indicate Food Intolerance
Authors: Parker Gordon , Watkins Tim 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To describe a patient with food intolerance probably contributing to depressive symptoms, intolerance to psychotropic medication and treatment resistance. Method: The case vignette and investigatory procedures are detailed. Results: The patient's course improved considerably with an elimination diet. Conclusions: The prevalence of food intolerance as a contributing factor to depressive disorders requires clarification. Clinicians should be aware of the possible syndrome and that it may be worsened by psychotropic medication.
Dysregulation of the Right Brain: A Fundamental Mechanism of Traumatic Attachment and the Psychopathogenesis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Schore Allan N 
Published: March 2003

Objective: This review integrates recent advances in attachment theory, affective neuroscience, developmental stress research, and infant psychiatry in order to delineate the developmental precursors of posttraumatic stress disorder. Method: Existing attachment, stress physiology, trauma, and neuroscience literatures were collected using Index Medicus/Medline and Psychological Abstracts. This converging interdisciplinary data was used as a theoretical base for modelling the effects of early relational trauma on the developing central and autonomic nervous system activities that drive attachment functions. Results: Current trends that integrate neuropsychiatry, infant psychiatry, and clinical psychiatry are generating more powerful models of the early genesis of a predisposition to psychiatric disorders, including PTSD. Data are presented which suggest that traumatic attachments, expressed in episodes of hyperarousal and dissociation, are imprinted into the developing limbic and autonomic nervous systems of the early maturing right brain. These enduring structural changes lead to the inefficient stress coping mechanisms that lie at the core of infant, child, and adult posttraumatic stress disorders. Conclusions: Disorganised-disoriented insecure attachment, a pattern common in infants abused in the first 2 years of life, is psychologically manifest as an inability to generate a coherent strategy for coping with relational stress. Early abuse negatively impacts the developmental trajectory of the right brain, dominant for attachment, affect regulation, and stress modulation, thereby setting a template for the coping deficits of both mind and body that characterise PTSD symptomatology. These data suggest that early intervention programs can significantly alter the intergenerational transmission of posttraumatic stress disorders.