bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yugoslav Mesolithic dental reduction
Authors: y'Edynak Gloria 
Published: August 2005

AbstractYugoslav Mesolithic dentition exhibits maximum mesiodistal reduction compared with contemporary European and North African groups. This reduction is not explained entirely by attrition, and may be seen as a continuation of the European Upper Paleolithic trend. Buccolingual dimension does not reduce as much. In fact, this dimension in premolars and molars is larger than in other groups. This observation also occurs in Natufians, who were grain collectors, hunters, and gatherers. The Yugoslav Mesolithic group was collecting and domesticating Cerelia as well as fishing and hunting. Linear enamel hypoplasias (LEH) indicate childhood stress through the fifth year, which corroborates previously reported incidence of rickets in this group. The central maxillary incisors and canines manifest higher degrees of LEH, but the appearance on the second molars suggest a more severe physiological disruption. Sex differences in distributions of alveolar resorption and calculus suggest differences in diet or nutritional stress. Previous reports indicate that females had higher incidence of osteomalacia. If so, female nutritional stress may explain the extreme mesiodistal reduction and minimal sexual dimorphism in this group.
Complex segregation analysis of dental morphological variants
Authors: Nichol Christian R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA set of 20 morphological variants of the dental crowns and four characteristics of the jaws are tested for probable mode of inheritance using the complex segregation analysis method of Morton et al. (Am. J. Hum. Genet. 23:602–611, 1971). Models tested include three two‐allele single‐locus models (dominant, codominant, and recessive) and a model employing the polychotomized normal distribution of liability (an additive polygenic model), with transmissibility estimated via maximum likelihood. Most of the traits studied are observed using ordinal scales with several grades, and many are tested using more than one dichotomy of their scale. These multiple analyses allow for an examination of such factors as trait incidence on the results of the statistical analysis. The results of the analysis yield propositions of major genes for 13 of the 24 traits examined. Two traits give good evidence of being polygenic in origin. The remaining nine characters present methodological problems that do not allow for a definite conclusion on their mode of inheritance at this time. The ability to test varying levels of transmissibility in the polygenic model allows for an estimation of the percentage of trait variance determined by familial factors. Estimates of transmissibility for all characters examined range from 0 to 1, with a mean of 0.36. These findings may suggest a large environmental role in the development of dental crown morphology. However, the possibility exists that difficulties in the ability to classify the expression of certain traits consistently result in overestimates of the environmental influences on the development of those characters.
Human occlusofacial form commonality: Race‐related traits, Ontogeny, paedomorphism, and functional correlates
Authors: Zingeser Maurice P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrevious cephalometric studies of occlusofacial angular and metric data show small variability within and between population samples of Caucasian children and adults. Comparable results were obtained by use of standardized X‐ray cephalometry and direct craniometric measurements of skulls of mature specimens of Alouatta caraya and Cebus capucinus. These data measure facial and occlusofacial form and form relationships. Identical measuring techniques are applied to compare data derived from headplates of 19 young adult American Caucasians and 19 articulated Hindu skulls of mature individuals. The data are expanded to include measurements that relate symphyseal form to occlusal and nasomaxillary structure. The facial plane and an “internal” facial plane (nasion to a point tangential to the superior genial tubercles) straddle the mandibular symphysis. The angles they form at nasion and at their intersections with the maxillary occlusal plane were derived and statistically analyzed. The occlusal plane intersect angles show small absolute variability and are not significantly different (P > .05) in the two groups. The nasion plane angles are significantly different (P > .025), reflecting sample differences in facial height. Linear measurements confirm a considerably larger dentoalveolar prognathism in the Hindu group. Data derived from the geometrically averaged tracings of Bjork, Broadbent, Sassouni, and Solow provide further evidence of occlusofacial form commonality. These shared phyletically conservative traits are evidence of highly integrated morphological adaptations for the attainment, maintenance, and functioning of the species‐wide pattern of precisely fitting complementary crowns and crown parts that constitute the dental occlusion.
Impact of roadside agriculture on subsistence hunting in the Ituri forest of northeastern Zaire
Authors: Wilkie David S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecords of 428 hunter captures were used to assess if large areas of secondary forest surrounding roadside horticulturalists' settlements were successfully exploited for wild game, a primary source of protein in the diet of the local human population. Data show that such forest within the Ituri region of Zaire is frequently and successfully exploited for wild game by subsistence hunters. Fauna exploited and capture weights are comparable from hunts conducted in secondary and climax forest. This study concludes that areas of regrowth forest surrounding horticulturalists' villages can and do provide substantial quantities of wild game for consumption by local inhabitants. Whether exploited faunal populations could withstand the more intensive exploitation associated with higher human population densities and widespread market hunting is, however, questionable.
Ecology and ovarian function among Lese women of the Ituri forest, Zaire
Authors: Ellison Peter T. , Peacock Nadine R. , Lager Catherine 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOvarian function is examined in 35 Lese women inhabiting the Ituri Forest of northeastern Zaire over a period of 4 months through measurements of progesterone in saliva samples collected twice weekly. Ovulatory frequency is found to be only 56% on average, with a pattern of age variation similar to that observed in western women, though lower in level at each age. Average luteal progesterone levels of the Lese women are lower than those of Boston controls even if only ovulatory cycles are considered. Women with the poorest nutritional status, inferred from longitudinal weight changes and weight for height, show the greatest compromise of ovarian function, and the average ovulatory frequency of the whole sample declines in parallel with a period of weight loss over four months. It is suggested that low ovulatory frequency and luteal insufficiency contribute to the low fecundity of the Lese population and that nutritional status is likely to be one of the ecological factors modulating this effect.
Anomalously low endemic goiter prevalence among Efe pygmies
Authors: Dormitzer Philip R. , Ellison Peter T. , Bode Hans H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe existence of endemic goiter, caused by iodine deficiency and the presence of a dietary goitrogen, has been noted in eastern Zaire by a number of authors (De Visscher et al.: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 21:175–188, 1961; Delange et al.: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 34:1059, 1972). In the Ituri Forest of Huate‐Zaire, two distinct populations, the Efe (pygmy) and Lese (Bantu), live in association with each other and have similar diets. The goiter survey reported here documents differences in goiter prevalence and severity between the nomadic pygmy and village‐living Bantu populations. While the Efe have an overall goiter prevalence of 9.4%, the Lese have a goiter prevalence of 42.9%. Furthermore, Efe women living in Lese villages and subsisting on a Lese diet have a prevalence of goiter similar to that of forest‐living Efe women. Village‐living individuals born of Efe mothers and Lese fathers have a prevalence of goiter greater than that of pure Efe but less than that of Lese. While our data cannot exclude dietary explanations for the difference in goiter prevalence between the Efe and Lese, they do support the hypothesis that the Efe possess an adaptation to an iodine‐deficient environment that does not result in the development of goiters.
Hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees in the Taï National Park
Authors: Boesch Christophe , Boesch Hedwige 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHunting is often considered one of the major behaviors that shaped early hominids' evolution, along with the shift toward a drier and more open habitat. We suggest that a precise comparison of the hunting behavior of a species closely related to man might help us understand which aspects of hunting could be affected by environmental conditions. The hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees is discussed, and new observations on a population living in the tropical rain forest of the Taï National Park, Ivory Coast, are presented. Some of the forest chimpanzees' hunting performances are similar to those of savanna‐woodlands populations; others are different. Forest chimpanzees have a more specialized prey image, intentionally search for more adult prey, and hunt in larger groups and with a more elaborate cooperative level than savanna‐woodlands chimpanzees. In addition, forest chimpanzees tend to share meat more actively and more frequently. These findings are related to some theories on aspects of hunting behavior in early hominids and discussed in order to understand some factors influencing the hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees. Finally, the hunting behavior of primates is compared with that of social carnivores.
Stratigraphic context of fossil hominids from the Omo group deposits: Northern Turkana Basin, Kenya and Ethiopia
Authors: Feibel Craig S. , Brown Francis H. , McDougall Ian 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe chronometric framework developed for Plio‐Pleistocene deposits of the northern Turkana Basin is reviewed in light of recent advances in lithostratigraphy, geochemical correlation, paleomagnetic stratigraphy, and isotopic dating. The sequence is tightly controlled by 20 precise ages on volcanic materials. These ages are internally consistent but are at variance with estimates for the boundaries of the magnetic polarity time scale by about 0.07 my. This discrepancy can be only partially resolved at present. Based on the established chronometric framework and stratigraphic sequences, depositional ages can be estimated for significant marker beds. These ages can in turn be used to constrain the 449 hominid specimens thus far reported from the basin. Ages for most hominid specimens can be estimated with a precision of ±0.05 my. In addition, the chronometric framework will be applicable to other paleontological collections, archeological excavations, and future discoveries in the basin.
Salivary measurement of episodic progesterone release
Authors: O'rourke Mary T. , Ellison Peter T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEpisodes of luteal progesterone release which have been identified from serum samples can also be observed in saliva. Components of these release episodes—amplitude, duration, and frequency—can be separated and characterized. In a sample of 16 cycle days collected from 6 normal women, pulse duration and frequency increased significantly from the early to the mid‐luteal phase, and then decreased by the late luteal phase (2–4 days before menses). Pulse amplitude also increased early to mid‐luteal, but continued to increase significantly into the late luteal, and did not decline until the peri‐menstrual phase (0–1 days before menses). Circadian variation, previously considered unimportant for progesterone, was also observed in late luteal samples.Extension of studies of ultradian release characateristics to groups known to vary from controls in broad‐scale progesterone patterns, such as young, nutritionally stressed, or exercising women, should help to elucidate the potential functional significance of fine‐grained release components. Such knowledge can also inform protocols of anthropoloical studies which seek to identify broad progesterone patterns or to classify and compare reproductive status.
Endocranial capacity of Western Australian Aboriginal crania: Comparisons and association with stature and latitude
Authors: Freedman L. , Blumer W. F. C. , Lofgren M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe endocranial capacities (ECCs) of 73 Western Australian Aboriginal crania were estimated. Using water‐standardised mustard seed, ECCs were (in cm3) males—X̄1,239, S.D. 92.3; females—X̄1,118, S.D. 77.5. The male and female mean values were smaller than those previously published for Australia as a whole; sexual dimorphism (9.7%) was also slightly lower. Comparison of the Western Australian Aboriginal sample with a large Danish sample (Pakkenberg and Voigt, 1964; Holloway, 1980) permitted analysis of factors underlying sex and population differences in ECC. In both samples about 40% of the mean sex differences in ECC could be related to stature differences; for each sex almost 2/3 of the differences between the Western Australian and Danish means appear to be associated with differences in stature and latitude. Allometric adjustments are also involved.
Biological impact of social disruption resulting from epidemic disease
Authors: McGrath Janet W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWhereas previous research on the disruptive effects of epidemic disease have focused on the ways in which epidemics affect social structure and function, this study focuses on the biological impact of social disruption. The hypothesis is that social disruption resulting from the occurrence of epidemic disease increases the biological impact of the epidemic, as assessed by disease incidence. This hypothesis is explored in terms of a “level of response” model, borrowed from Slobodkin and Rapoport (Q. Rev. Biol. 49:181–200, 1974). The Human Area Relations File (HRAF) provides ethnographic reports of social responses to epidemics. The most frequently reported response in the HRAF is flight or migration away from the locus of the epidemic, followed in frequency by extraordinary preventive and/or therapeutic measures and scapegoating. The model proposes a continuum of responses beginning with responses that are already part of the indigenous response to disease and proceeding through disruptive processes, including flight and rejection of authority systems. Social disruption increases the biological impact of epidemics by robbing the social group of important participants, dismantling public health programs, or producing general economic hardship. The model proposes a scheme for identification of situations under which particular social group responses are “biologically appropriate”.
Determination of sex from arm bone measurements
Authors: Holman Darryl J. , Bennett Kenneth A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDiscriminant function analysis has been applied to numerous dimensions of the cranial and postcranial skeleton for sex determination of U.S. blacks and whites and is extended here to five measurements of the arm and wrist. These include maximum lengths of the long arm bones in addition to two measurements that reflect wrist breadth. Our results indicate that whites are more accurately classified than blacks, but seven of the 31 possible measurement combinations common to both groups yield functions with sex prediction accuracies comparable to most, but not all, functions based on other parts of the skeleton.
Tooth size and the Carabelli trait
Authors: Reid C. , Van Reenen J. F. , Groeneveld H. T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Carabelli trait and its association with maxillary molar crown base and cusp size was studied in a group of 128 Kwengo, a San‐Negro hybrid community living in Western Caprivi, Namibia. The trait was classified according to a modification of the scheme put forward by Dahlberg and by Scott (In: Dental Anthropology. New York: Pergamon, 1963) (Hum. Biol. 52:63–78, 1980). Crown base areas were larger in trait‐positive than in trait‐negative molars, and this difference existed for all eight categories of the trait in the first molar and for most of the categories in the second and third molars. The degree of expressivity of the trait seems to be associated with molar size, but this is more apparent in the first than in the second and third molars.
Reproductive behavior of free‐ranging Lemur catta at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar
Authors: Sauther Michelle L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObservations of reproductive behavior in free‐ranging Lemur catta were carried out during one annual cycle. Variability in the behavior of female ringtailed lemurs during parturition appears to be mainly a function of the female's parity and thus her experience. Females within a troop show estrous asynchrony and characteristically mate with more than one male. Females also exhibit proceptive behavior toward and mate with some males from other troops and with transferring males. The potential for a male to monopolize mating opportunities during a female's short estrous period is therefore limited. Male mating strategies in ringtailed lemurs can be seen as adaptations to female mate choice during a highly restricted breeding season. In this species the dominance hierarchy does not break down with regard to the order of mating. The highest ranking male (central male) mates first and shows precopulatory guarding and longer postejaculatory guarding, which may increase his chances of siring the offspring. Subsequent mating partners have developed various counterstrategies to mitigate mating order effects.
Reassessment of the paleoenvironment and preservation of hominid fossils from Hadar, Ethiopia
Authors: Radosevich Stefan C. , Retallack Gregory J. , Taieb Maurice 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSamples of paleosols from locality AL‐333, known for numerous specimens of Australopithecus afarensis, were analyzed in order to reconstruct the original soils and environment of burial of the associated fossil hominids. The bones were found in swale‐like features, within the calcareous and coarse‐grained basal portion of a paleosol. This is more like an assemblage of bones buried during a single depositional episode, such as a flood, than an assemblage accumulated on a soil over a long period of time by carnivores or other means of death. What killed the hominids remains unclear, but considering the association of originally disarticulated bones of such hydraulically distinct types as phalanges and maxillae, it is very likely that they died and partially rotted at or very near this site. The paleosols at AL‐333, here named the Fo and Go clay paleosols, have calcareous rhizoconcretions, granular surface horizons, prismatic peds, and shallow calcareous nodules and stringers like soils now supporting grassy woodland in semiarid regions. Although this group of hominids was buried in streamside gallery woodland, there is evidence from Laetoli, Tanzania, that A. afarensis ventured out into open wooded grassland as well. Evidence for this should be sought from other paleosols at Hadar.
Porotic hyperostosis: A new perspective
Authors: Stuart‐Macadam Patty 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPorotic hyperostosis is a paleopathologic condition that has intrigued researchers for over a century and a half. It is now generally accepted that anemia, most probably an iron deficiency anemia, is the etiologic factor responsible for lesion production. Although there can be a number of factors involved in the development of iron deficiency anemia, a dietary explanation has often been invoked to explain the occurrence of porotic hyperostosis in past human skeletal populations. In fact, porotic hyperostosis has been referred to as a “nutritional” stress indicator. Traditionally those groups with a higher incidence of porotic hyperostosis have been considered to be less successful in adapting to their environment or more nutritionally disadvantaged than other groups.A new perspective is emerging that is challenging previous views of the role of iron in health and disease, thus having profound implications for the understanding of porotic hyperostosis. There is a new appreciation of the adaptability and flexibility of iron metabolism; as a result it has become apparent that diet plays a very minor role in the development of iron deficiency anemia. It is now understood that, rather than being detrimental, hypoferremia (deficiency of iron in the blood) is actually an adaptation to disease and microorganism invasion. When faced with chronic and/or heavy pathogen loads individuals become hypoferremic as part of their defense against these pathogens, thus increasing their susceptibility to iron deficiency anemia. Within the context of this new perspective porotic hyperostosis is seen not as a nutritional stress indicator, but as a indication that a population is attempting to adapt to the pathogen load in its environment.
On comparing biological shapes: Detection of influential landmarks
Authors: Lele Subhash , Richtsmeier Joan T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFor problems of classification and comparison in biological research, the primary focus is on the similarity of forms. A biological form consists of size and shape. Several approaches for comparing biological forms using landmark data are available. If the two biological forms are demonstrated to be different, the next important issue is to localize the differences by identifying those areas which differ most between the two objects. In this paper we suggest a technique to detect influential landmarks, those which contribute most to the difference between forms. We study the effectiveness of the technique using three‐dimensional simulated data sets and two examples. Results suggest that the technique is useful in the study of biological form and its variation.
Occlusion in 47,XXY (Klinefelter syndrome) men
Authors: Alvesalo Lassi , Laine Tellervo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOcclusal morphology of permanent dentitions in 29 men with a 47,XXY chromosome complement (Klinefelter syndrome) was determined from dental casts. The results showed that a relatively frequent occlusal anomaly was mesial molar occlusion. Incisal open bite was also more common than in controls. Based on the present and previous observations of occlusal anomalies in various sex chromosome anomaly groups and normal controls, it is suggested that the presence of the Y chromosome in the genome is at least as important as the X chromosome for the development of harmonious occlusal morphology. The tendency towards sexual dimorphism in occlusal phenotype might result from a differential effect of the X and Y chromosomes on cellular activity which leads to different growth patterns.
Polymorphic aspects of male anthropoid honing premolars
Authors: Greenfield Leonard O. , Washburn Arthur 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA recent study has indicated that heritage may be an important component in explanations of interspecies variation in male anthropoid maxillary canines. To further test this hypothesis, comparative data for the maxillary canine's occlusal partner, the honing mandibular premolar, are presented. Relative to body mass, measurements of the honing premolar—length of the honing facet, mesiodistal length, and buccolingual breadth and shape (as expressed by the ratio of length to breadth)—show a similar but stronger heritage component than measurements of the maxillary canine. Results indicate that canine variation among male anthropoids has not yet been explained and that quantitative analyses of this issue will necessarily require a methodological approach which incorporates heritage as a factor.