bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elite formation under occupation: the internal stratification of Palestinian elites in the West Bank and Gaza Strip*
Authors: Mazawi André Elias , Yogev Abraham 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the internal stratification of Palestinian elites in the West Bank and Gaza Strip under Israeli occupation. Our general aim is to clarify the extent to which social and political subordination to outside rule influences the development of indigenous elites in stateless societies. In contrast to nation‐state societies, such elites may be horizontally stratified into a wider range of institutional settings, and vertically stratified by anti‐occupation activism alongside the attainment of occupational prestige. In addition, context‐specific determinants of their stratification patterns, such as refugee status, regionality, and country in which educational credentials were acquired, should be considered. A secondary content analysis of interviews conducted by the Palestinian Panorama centre with 249 elite members reveals, that the vertical stratification of Palestinian elites along occupational attainment and anti‐occupation activism constitutes two quite independent status dimensions. A multinomial logit regression shows that, horizontally, elite groups are embedded in four distinct types of institutional activity, further demonstrating the multi‐faceted formation of Palestinian elites. Contextual resources, such as refugee versus non‐refugee status, regionality, and the acquiring of Western credentials, have differential effects on the vertical and horizontal stratification of Palestinian elites. The implications of these findings for further research on elite formation in the post‐Oslo Palestinian society and in other stateless societies are discussed in conclusion.
Beyond the racist/hooligan couplet: race, social theory and football culture
Authors: Back Les , Crabbe Tim , Solomos John 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper draws on recent research to explore the changing cultures of racism in English football. Starting from a critical analysis of key themes in the literature on football it seeks to show that existing analytical frameworks need to be reworked if they are going to adequately account for the complex forms through which racism is expressed in contemporary football cultures. In the course of this analysis we question some of the ways in which the issue of racism in football is collapsed into broader accounts of ‘hooliganism’ and other forms of violence among football fans. From this starting point the paper draws on some elements of our empirical research in order to outline an alternative way of framing the issues of racism and multiculturalism in football.
Repartnering: the relevance of parenthood and gender to cohabitation and remarriage among the formerly married*
Authors: Lampard Richard , Peggs Kay 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper is an exploratory analysis of the impact of current and anticipated parenthood on cohabitation and remarriage among those formerly living in marriage‐type relationships. The focus on children is embedded within a broader analysis of repartnering which takes account of other factors, including gender. Quantitative and qualitative analyses are used, with a multivariate analysis of repartnering patterns, using data from the General Household Survey, being complemen ted by in‐depth interview data examining the attitudes of the formerly married to future relationships. The paper demonstrates that parenthood has a statistically significant effect on the likelihood of formerly married women repartnering, with a higher number of children being associated with a lower probability of repartnering. The presence of children can work against repartnering in a variety of ways. Children place demands on their parents and can deter or object to potential partners. Parents may see their parental role as more important than, and a barrier to, new relationships. However, mothers are typically looking for partners for themselves rather than fathers for their children. Among formerly married people without children, the desire to become a parent encourages repartnering. The paper concludes that parenthood should be a key consideration in analyses of repartnering.
Idealist thought, social policy and the rediscovery of informal care
Authors: Offer John 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTRecent work in the history of welfare has suggested a need to reconsider the status of some conceptual frameworks within sociology and social policy studies regarding the meaning of ‘social welfare’ and the ‘welfare state’. In this context, the present article argues in particular that the marked upswing of interest in informal care in the UK beginning in the 1970s reflected, at least in part, a reaction, itself not so far adequately understood, to some features of the work of Richard Titmuss and ‘traditional social administration’, work which, on examination, reveals a distinctive ‘idealist’ core, unsympathetic to research into familial patterns of caring. Similarities with ‘classic’ British idealism, broadly defined, at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries are reviewed. This idealist thought emerges too as unresponsive to informal care, even though contemporary non‐idealist thought had discussed it.The article concludes that the (unacknowledged) persistence and influence of idealist modes of social thought diverted attention away from informal care; informal care was in fact not ‘discovered’ in the 1970s, it was rediscovered as idealist preconceptions about the nature of ‘real’ welfare were discarded. The sense of ‘discovery’ reflected prevailing and dubious historigraphical interpretations of the meaning of ‘social welfare’ and the status of the (‘classic’) ‘welfare state’.
Who killed whom?: victimization and culpability in the social construction of murder
Authors: May Hazel 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTBased on in‐depth interviews with relatives of people convicted of murder, this article examines the ways in which everyday understandings of ‘murder’ are socially constructed, as revealed by the narratives of murderers‘ relatives. To this end, interviewees' explanations of the killings are analysed and a distinction is drawn between interviewees who understood the killings committed by their relatives as manslaughter and those who accepted the murder verdict. In defining the offences in this way, interviewees identified the significance of victimization and culpability to understandings of interpersonal violence. Through the analysis of interview data, it is possible to examine the ways in which ‘murder’ is seen to have occurred only when particular criteria of victimization and culpability are met.
Theorizing fear of crime: beyond the rational/irrational opposition
Authors: Lupton Deborah , Tulloch John 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTMuch has been written about the ‘social problem’ of fear of crime in the criminological and sociological literature in recent years. We would argue that thus far in this literature, however, there has been too much emphasis on the question ‘How rational is people's fear of crime?’, a question that largely reduces the complexity of the phenomenon and positions a ‘biased’ lay response against an ‘expert’ objective judgment. In this article, we review different epistemological perspectives that can be offered to understand in greater depth the fear of crime phenomenon. We place particular emphasis on those hermeneutic perspectives that go beyond the models of the rationalist, individualistic subject to exploring issues of symbolic representation, discourse and the micro ‐ and macro‐contexts in which fear of crime is experienced and given meaning. We also draw upon two case studies from our own empirical research into fear of crime, conducted with the intention of exploring the situated narratives, cultural representations and different levels of symbolic meaning that contribute to the dynamic constitution of fear.
REVIEW ARTICLE
Authors: Fielding Nigel G. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTQualitative methods have lately enjoyed enhanced legitimacy and are increasingly used in academic and applied social research. Yet the field is marked by controversy about virtually every key tenet of qualitative inquiry, from matters of epistemology to purely practical matters of relations with research subjects. Not only is the practice of qualitative research hotly contested, consensus is lacking about the purpose of qualitative research and whether it has a distinctive role to play relative to other approaches to the study of social phenomena. Against this context, the handbooks of qualitative method edited by Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln represent a significant attempt to capture the breadth of contemporary approaches to qualitative method. The article examines key contributions from the handbooks, drawing on these to develop a view of qualitative method from a pragmatic, realist perspective. Among the issues considered are the significance of relativism, subjectivity, post–modernism and feminist method, the politicization of the purposes of qualitative research, the debate over criteria of validity, and the move to treat qualitative research as an entertainment rather than a scientific practice.
Towards an embodied understanding of the structure/agency relationship
Authors: Shilling Chris 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTTheoretical conceptualizations of the structure/agency relationship have been central to the development of the discipline, yet tend to exhibit two major limitations. First, they share a relatively disembodied view of the agent which overemphasizes cognition and marginalizes the significance of the emotional dimensions of interaction for human action and social structure. Second, most have difficulty maintaining the causal significance of both the ‘people’ and the ‘parts’ of the social system and are, therefore, unable to examine adequately their interplay. This paper suggests these problems are related, and examines the contribution recent formulations of the ‘interaction order’ can make toward overcoming the difficulties characteristic of this key sociological debate. The ‘interaction order’ identifies the embodied dimensions of interaction as consequential for, yet irreducible to, structures and agents, enables us to investigate the ‘loose coupling’ of interaction to individuals and social systems, but is underdeveloped in important respects. This paper addresses these limitations. It also highlights the utility for the structure/agency debate of identifying a sector of embodied interactions concerned with the maintenance of social selves, and suggests how this somatic sector of social life might be developed analytically.
Weber's alleged emotivism
Authors: Tester Keith 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper seeks to refute Alasdair Maclntyre's contention that the sociology of Max Weber is emotivist. Maclntyre understands emotivism to involve the collapse of all moral judgment into statements of personal preference. It is shown that Weber's sociology analyses this condition and seeks to repudiate it. In no way does Weber embrace emotivism. Maclntyre misses Weber's repudiation because he misreads Weber's sociological project. The paper shows that Maclntyre's reading of Weber can be refuted if attention is paid to the ‘Politics as a Vocation’ lecture.
Is Bauman's bureau Weber's bureau?: a comment*
Authors: du Gay Paul 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTIn his highly regarded and influential Modernity and the Holocaust Zygmunt Bauman launched one of the most passionate and sustained critiques of ‘bureaucratic rationality’ seen within social theory for some time. In so doing he drew heavily upon the work of Max Weber for support. In this brief paper I am interested in exploring the extent to which Weber really is the anti‐bureaucratic ally Bauman claims him to be. In the first part of the paper I outline the main elements of Bauman's critique of bureaucratic rationality, drawing particular attention to its reliance upon a self‐consciously Weberian theoretical lexicon. In the second part of the paper I seek to indicate that, despite his claims to be following in Weber's tracks, Bauman's conclusions regarding the moral vacuity of bureaucratic conduct are the very antithesis of Weber's own.
Globalization and the policing of protest: the case of APEC 1997
Authors: Ericson Richard , Doyle Aaron 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThe policing of protest at international events conflicts with the political and policing culture of the host nation. Previous research shows a trend toward softer, more tolerant styles of policing protest within various Western democracies. We present a case study of an exception: the repression of protest at an international event in which one Western democracy hosted rulers of less democratic regimes in a ritual celebration of economic globalization. We explore reasons why, in the face of protests about undemocratic regimes elsewhere, the Canadian government and police were willing to use blatantly undemocratic tactics popularly believed to be more characteristic of those other regimes. Implications are discussed concerning protest policing, economic globalization, the nation‐state and social movements.
Class voting, social change, and the left in Australia, 1943–961
Authors: Weakliem David L. , Western Mark 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThe relationship between class and voting choices has been the subject of controversy in recent years, especially in connection with the apparent decline of the traditional left. This paper examines class voting in Australia, focusing on three major issues: (1) changes in the overall strength of class voting (2) realignment, or changes in the relative political positions of the classes (3) the connection between the strength of class voting and support for Labor. It finds that (1) there is a decline in ‘general’ class voting (2) much of this decline involves a realignment of certain middle class groups, but there is no support for the popular idea that class alignments have become more complex (3) there is no connection between the strength of class voting and Labor performance. Our results cast doubt on accounts that regard the electoral difficulties of left parties as a symptom of the decline of class.
Boredom and social meaning
Authors: Barbalet J. M. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTMeaning is necessary in social processes. An absence of meaning in an activity or circumstance leads to an experience of boredom. This is a restless, irritable feeling that the subject's current activity or situation holds no appeal, and that there is a need to get on with something interesting. Thus boredom emotionally registers an absence of meaning and leads the actor in question towards meaning. Boredom, then, is central to key social processes centered on questions of mean‐ingfulness. Given the pervasive preconditions for boredom, release from boredom is a factor that explains characteristic social practices, including risk taking and intergroup conflict.
Fish, field, habitus and madness: the first wave mental health users movement in Great Britain*
Authors: Crossley Nick 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper traces and explains the emergence of the mental health users movement in Great Britain, focusing specifically upon the formation of the Mental Patients Union in the early 1970s. The analysis presented in the paper draws, to some extent, from conventional movement theory. In addition, however, it draws from the work of Pierre Bourdieu. This represents an innovation in movement analysis and the necessity of this innovation is argued for in an early section of the paper.
Rational Choice Theory and prison chaplaincy: the chaplain's dilemma1
Authors: Beckford James A. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTCritical responses to the application of Rational Choice theories to the study of religious phenomena tend to be polarized between outright denial that the theories have any relevance to religion and equally outspoken claims that the theories are the only hope for progress in the sociology of religion. This article aims to avoid both of these extreme positions by raising a question, instead, about one of Rational Choice's central propositions about religion. This proposition holds that levels of religious vitality vary positively with the degree to which agencies of the state are prevented from regulating religious activity. The findings of recent research into prison chaplaincy in the UK and the USA will be used to test this claim. The main argument will be that the existence of an established church has facilitated a higher level of religious activity, especially for minority faiths, in prisons in England and Wales than is possible in American prisons. This difference in religious vitality is explained in terms of the Church of England's privileged position as a ‘broker’ between the state and minority faith communities. There is greater equality of opportunity for religious activity in American prisons, but the level of the activity is necessarily lower. In neither country is there anything truly resembling a ‘free’ market for religion in prisons, but the established Church of England is able to use its quasi‐monopoly powers to broker advantageous conditions for minority faith communities. This brokerage function may be advantageous to all religious organizations in the highly regulated ‘economy’ of prisons.
Materials for an exploratory theory of the network society1
Authors: Castells Manuel 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThis article aims at proposing some elements for a grounded theory of the network society. The network society is the social structure characteristic of the Information Age, as tentatively identified by empirical, cross‐cultural investigation. It permeates most societies in the world, in various cultural and institutional manifestations, as the industrial society characterized the social structure of both capitalism and statism for most of the twentieth century.Social structures are organized around relationships of production/consumption, power, and experience, whose spatio‐temporal configurations constitute cultures. They are enacted, reproduced, and ultimately transformed by social actors, rooted in the social structure, yet freely engaging in conflictive social practices, with unpredictable outcomes. A fundamental feature of social structure in the Information Age is its reliance on networks as the key feature of social morphology. While networks are old forms of social organization, they are now empowered by new information/communication technologies, so that they become able to cope at the same time with flexible decentralization, and with focused decision‐making. The article examines the specific interaction between network morphology and relationships of production/consumption, power, experience, and culture, in the historical making of the emerging social structure at the turn of the Millennium.
From sociology to historical social science: prospects and obstacles
Authors: Wallerstein Immanuel 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTAnalysis is provided of the roots of sociology and its links with historical optimism. Particular focus is placed by such a sociology upon the origins of modernity and problems of urban disorder. Sociology's golden age was in the immediate postwar period. But since the 1960s, ‘globalization’, the sciences of complexity and cultural studies have transformed the context for sociology (especially transforming the so‐called ‘two cultures’). The article concludes with some wide‐ranging recommendations as to how sociology should be developed into a re‐unified, historical social science on a truly global scale.
At the birth of second century sociology: times of reflexivity, spaces of identity, and nodes of knowledge
Authors: Therborn Göran 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThe sociology of the next century is likely to differ from that of the twentieth century. The current situation and the future prospects of sociology are assessed by spelling out the trajectory over the past century of sociology's predominant assumptions about the character and direction of the social world and of its own task of cognition. Sociology is located in three spaces of identity: a space of disciplines, a stage of everyday practice, and a space of imagination and investigation. From the cosmological, epistemological, and spatial trajectories some indications of a new, very different future of sociology are given. Finally, a way of preserving and developing the legacy of first century sociology is presented, in the form of nodes of knowledge, central to a ‘typical’ sociological approach to the social.
Two societies, one sociology, and no theory
Authors: Esping‐Andersen Gosta 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThis article shows the declining effectiveness of the sociological classics to make sense of the dramatically changing economy and society. However, the various ‘post‐something’ analyses of such transformations, especially the post‐modern emphases on language and discourse, are also shown to be inadequate. In their place the author advocates the use of various leitmotifs to establish certain constants, in order then to be able to describe and determine various patterns of variance. The article makes various recommendations for future sociology to be empirical and both diachronically and cross‐sectionally comparative in order to comprehend those dramatic changes that currently surround us as sociologists. Sociology should establish such ‘constants’ and worry less about being ‘theory‐less’.
The cosmopolitan perspective: sociology of the second age of modernity*
Authors: Beck Ulrich 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACT‘Second age of modernity’ is a magical password that is meant to open the doors to new conceptual landscapes. The whole world of nation sovereignty is fading away – including the ‘container theory of society’ on which most of the sociology of the first age of modernity is based upon. In this article I propose a distinction between ‘simple globalization’ and ‘reflexive cosmopolitization’. In the paradigm of the first age of modernity, simple globalization is interpreted within the territorial compass of state and politics, society and culture. This involves an additive, not substitutive, conception of globalization as indicated for example by ‘interconnectedness’. In the paradigm of the second age of modernity globalization changes not only the relations between and beyond national states and societies, but also the inner quality of the social and political itself which is indicated by more or less reflexive cosmopolitization as an institutionalized learning process – and its enemies.
When things strike back: a possible contribution of ‘science studies’ to the social sciences
Authors: Latour Bruno 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThe contribution of the field of science and technology studies (STS) to mainstream sociology has so far been slim because of a misunderstanding about what it means to provide a social explanation of a piece of science or of an artefact. The type of explanation possible for religion, art or popular culture no longer works in the case of hard science or technology. This does not mean, it is argued, that science and technology escapes sociological explanation, but that a deep redescription of what is a social explanation is in order. Once this misunderstanding has been clarified, it becomes interesting to measure up the challenge raised by STS to the usual epistemologies social sciences believed necessary for their undertakings. The social sciences imitate the natural sciences in a way that render them unable to profit from the type of objectivity found in the natural sciences. It is argued that by following the STS lead, social sciences may start to imitate the natural sciences in a very different fashion. Once the meanings of ‘social’ and of ‘science’ are reconfigured, the definition of what a ‘social science’ is and what it can do in the political arena is considered. Again it is not by imitating the philosophers of science's ideas of what is a natural science that sociology can be made politically relevant.