bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trust in Troubled Times: Money, Banks, and State-Society Relations in Republican Tianjin. By BRETT SHEEHAN. [Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. 269 pp. £30.00. ISBN 0-674-01080-9.]
Authors: Yip Ka-che 
Published: March 2005

Trust in Troubled Times is an important addition to the still relatively small body of literature on banking and finance in Republican China. In this careful and thoughtful study of the development of banking and paper money in Tianjin from late Qing to the eve of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Brett Sheehan analyses the rise of modern banks and the growth of social trust in such financial institutions, and examines their relations to the process of state-building. The work is solidly based on a wealth of primary sources including newspapers published in Tianjin, Beijing and Shanghai, archival materials in China, Taiwan and the United States, as well as interviews with individuals who had worked in Tianjin banks in the 1920s and 1930s. Indeed, one of the main contributions of this book is the tremendous amount of data amassed by the author that illuminates the complexity of the problems associated with banking and finance in the pre-1949 period.Drawing on Western theories on banking and social trust, Sheehan begins his study with a discussion of a theoretical framework which provides not only a foundation for the analysis of developments in Tianjin, but also the basis for comparative studies of institution and state-building in different political, social and economic milieus. He then examines a series of financial crises, from the moratorium on exchange in 1916, the bank runs under the warlord governments, the financial instability created by the Japanese attack on Shanghai in 1932, and the monetary reforms of the Nationalist government in 1935. The responses of government officials, bankers and the local elites to the crises, the strategies they used to establish and promote impersonal trust in Tianjin banks, and the impact of these crises on the elites, the banking profession and state-society relations constitute the main body of the study. The story is both encouraging and disheartening: encouraging because by 1937, trust in Chinese-owned and operated banks was indeed established; disheartening because the banks failed to gain the autonomy that could have shielded them from the abuses of the government.
Calculus‐like deposit on the apical external root surface of teeth with post‐treatment apical periodontitis: report of two cases
Authors: Ricucci D. , Martorano M. , Bate A. L. , Pascon E. A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAim  To report two cases in which calculus‐like material was found on external root surfaces of (i) an extracted root and (ii) an apicected part of a root, both of which were removed due to post‐treatment refractory apical periodontitis.Summary  In each case, there was a fistulous tract, which did not heal after conventional root canal treatment. The first case did not heal even after apical surgery, and subsequent tooth extraction revealed calculus‐like material on a root surface of complex anatomy. The second case showed radiographic signs of healing after apicectomy. Histology of the apical biopsy revealed a calculus‐like material on the external surface of the root apex. It is suggested that the presence of calculus on the root surfaces of teeth with periapical lesions may contribute towards the aetiology of failure.Key learning points• Biofilm on the external root surface has been implicated in the failure of apical periodontitis to heal, despite adequate root canal treatment.• Calculus‐like material was found, in two cases, on the root surface of teeth with post‐treatment apical periodontitis, where the only communication externally was a sinus tract.
Identification of a novel A2 allele derived from the A transferase gene through a nucleotide substitution G539C
Authors: Chen D.‐P. , Tseng C.‐P. , Wang W.‐T. , Sun C.‐F. 
Published: March 2005

Background and Objectives  The A2 is a very rare phenotype in the ABO blood group system in the Oriental population. It corresponds to a special ABO allele encoding a glycosyltransferase that is capable of synthesizing A2 antigens, which is weaker than the typical A antigen. In this study, we report a novel A2 allele in two unrelated Taiwanese individuals.Materials and Methods  Two individuals were identified as the A2 phenotype based on the standard ABO serological test. For analysing the A2 allele, both direct sequencing and gene cloning of the ABO gene were performed.Results  The ABO gene of the two A2 individuals was composed of O1 and A2 alleles, and the novel A2 allele has a 539G > C that results in the amino acid change Arg180Pro. The mutation was not detected in the general group A population.Conclusion  We report for the first time that a 539G > C mutation represents a new molecular basis for the A2 blood type. The amino acid substitution from arginine to proline may have effect on the expression of A antigen.
Explaining the Younger– Older Worker Union Density Gap: Evidence from New Zealand
Authors: Haynes Peter , Vowles Jack , Boxall Peter 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper uses two recent large‐scale surveys in New Zealand to test the various reasons given for lower rates of union membership among younger workers. Younger workers’ disproportionate location in smaller workplaces and those industries where union reach is lowest accounts for a substantial part of their lower union density. Along with the tendency of younger workers to explore their options through labour turnover, this factor offers a much better explanation for the younger‐older worker union density gap than do assertions about a growth in individualism in Generations X and Y.
Oral versus vaginal misoprostol administered one hour before surgical termination of pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Sharma Sunita , el Refaey Hazem , Stafford Michael , Purkayastha Sheila , Parry Marianne , Axby Helen 
Published: March 2005

Objective  To assess the efficacy of oral and vaginal misoprostol as cervical priming agents administered 1 hour before first trimester surgical termination of pregnancy.Design  A randomised controlled trial.Setting  Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London.Population  Pregnant women of 10 weeks or less gestation attending the termination of pregnancy clinic.Methods  Ninety eligible women were recruited to the study during September 2001 and September 2002. Women were randomised to one of the three groups: misoprostol administered orally (400 μg), misoprostol administered vaginally (800 μg) and standard care (no cervical priming agent) administered prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. Under general anaesthesia, and prior to the operation, a cervical tonometer was used to determine the main outcome measures.Main outcome measures  Baseline cervical dilatation and the cumulative force required to dilate the cervix from 3 to 9 mm.Results  There was no significant difference in the mean baseline cervical dilation (P= 0.16) or the cumulative force required to dilate the cervix (P= 0.12) between the three randomised groups.Conclusion  No cervical priming effects were detectable with oral or vaginal misoprostol administered 1 hour before first trimester surgical termination of pregnancy.
A comparative study of two methods of large loop excision of the transformation zone
Authors: Mossa Mohamed A. , Carter Paul G. , Abdu Salah , Young Martin P.A. , Thomas Valerie A. , Barton Desmond P.J. 
Published: March 2005

Objective  To determine whether the conventional large loop excision of the transformation zone (CLLETZ) and the ‘top‐hat’ technique (THLLETZ) differ in (a) completeness of excision of the cervical lesion, (b) depth of cervical tissue excised and (c) adequacy of follow up by cytology and colposcopy.Design  Retrospective case review.Setting  University Teaching Hospital, London.Sample  Five hundred and thirteen consecutive patients matched for age, parity, smoking history and referral cytology who had either CLLETZ (286—5%) or THLLETZ (227—44%) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).Methods  All procedures were performed or supervised by BSCCP‐accredited colposcopists. All cytology and histology were reviewed by two specialist cytohistopathologists. Cervical stenosis was defined as difficulty in or inability in obtaining an endocervical brush smear.Main outcome measures  Depth of cervical tissue excised, histology of endocervical margins, post‐LLETZ cytologic and colposcopic findings.Results  The mean depth of excision in the CLLETZ group was 12.1 mm (SD = 4.4 mm) and 20.8 mm (SD = 6.4 mm) in the THLLETZ group. The incidence of involved endocervical margins was 2.8% in the CLLETZ group and 5.2% in the THLLETZ group (P= 0.1). There was CIN in the ‘top‐hat specimen’ of 10 THLLETZ cases (4.4%, CI = 95%). The first post‐treatment cervical smear was inadequate in 5 (4.1%) cases in the CLLETZ group and 20 (11.7%) in the THLLETZ group (P= 0.022). Cervical stenosis was found in 21 (7.7%) cases in the CLLETZ group and in 64 (30.9%) cases in the THLLETZ group (P < 0.0001). Eleven (4%) patients in the CLLETZ group had cytological and/or colposcopic evidence of residual CIN compared with 12(5.8%) patients in THLLETZ group (P= 0.4). In the first follow up assessment, 21.7% of the CLLETZ group had incomplete colposcopy compared with 48.7% in the THLLETZ group (P < 0.0001).Conclusions  Compared with the CLLETZ, the THLLETZ (1) removed more cervical tissue but did not have a lower incidence of involved endocervical margins, and (2) resulted in significantly higher incidence of inadequate post‐treatment colposcopic and cytological follow up. These data indicate that there is no justification to performing a ‘top‐hat’ LLETZ routinely.
Variation in the cortical area map of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J inbred mice predicts strain identity
Authors: Airey David C , Robbins Alicia I , Enzinger Katherine M , Wu Fangbai , Collins Christine E 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Recent discoveries suggest that arealization of the mammalian cortical sheet develops in a manner consonant with principles established for embryonic patterning of the body. Signaling centers release morphogens that determine regional growth and tissue identity by regulating regional expression of transcription factors. Research on mouse cortex has identified several candidate morphogens that affect anteroposterior or mediolateral cortical regionalization as well as mitogenesis. Inbred strains of laboratory mice can be exploited to study cortical area map formation if there are significant phenotypic differences with which to correlate gene polymorphism or expression data. Here we describe differences in the cortical area map of two commonly used inbred strains of laboratory mice, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J. Complete cortical hemispheres from adult mice were dissected and stained for the cytochrome oxidase enzyme in order to measure histochemically defined cortical areas.

Results
C57BL/6J has the larger neocortex, relatively larger primary visual cortex (V1), but relatively smaller posterior medial barrel subfield of the primary somatosensory cortex (PMBSF). The sample of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice can be discriminated with 90% accuracy on the basis of these three size dimensions.

Conclusion
C57BL/6J and DBA/2J have markedly different cortical area maps, suggesting that inbred strains harbor enough phenotypic variation to encourage a forward genetic approach to understanding cortical development, complementing other approaches.
Risk factors for bacterial catheter colonization in regional anaesthesia
Authors: Morin Astrid M , Kerwat Klaus M , Klotz Martina , Niestolik Roswitha , Ruf Veronika E , Wulf Hinnerk , Zimmermann Stefan , Eberhart Leopold HJ 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Although several potential risk factors have been discussed, risk factors associated with bacterial colonization or even infection of catheters used for regional anaesthesia are not very well investigated.

Methods
In this prospective observational trial, 198 catheters at several anatomical sites where placed using a standardized technique. The site of insertion was then monitored daily for signs of infection (secretion at the insertion site, redness, swelling, or local pain). The catheters were removed when clinically indicated (no or moderate postoperative pain) or when signs of potential infection occurred. After sterile removal they were prospectively analyzed for colonization, defined as > 15 colony forming units.

Results
33 (16.7%) of all catheters were colonized, and 18 (9.1%) of these with additional signs of local inflammation. Two of these patients required antibiotic treatment due to superficial infections. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with catheter colonization. Out of 26 potential factors, three came out as statistically significant. Catheter placement in the groin (odds-ratio and 95%-confidence interval: 3.4; 1.5–7.8), and repeated changing of the catheter dressing (odds-ratio: 2.1; 1.4–3.3 per removal) increased the risk for colonization, whereas systemic antibiotics administered postoperatively decreased it (odds ratio: 0.41; 0.12–1.0).

Conclusion
Colonization of peripheral and epidural nerve catheter can only in part be predicted at the time of catheter insertion since two out of three relevant variables that significantly influence the risk can only be recorded postoperatively. Catheter localisation in the groin, removal of the dressing and omission of postoperative antibiotics were associated with, but were not necessarily causal for bacterial colonization. These factors might help to identify patients who are at increased risk for catheter colonization.
Validity of Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) in a naturalistic schizophrenia population
Authors: Janno Sven , Holi Matti M , Tuisku Katinka , Wahlbeck Kristian 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) is an established instrument for neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism (NIP), but its statistical properties have been studied insufficiently. Some shortcomings concerning its content have been suggested as well. According to a recent report, the widely used SAS mean score cut-off value 0.3 of for NIP detection may be too low. Our aim was to evaluate SAS against DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for NIP and objective motor assessment (actometry).

Methods
Ninety-nine chronic institutionalised schizophrenia patients were evaluated during the same interview by standardised actometric recording and SAS. The diagnosis of NIP was based on DSM-IV criteria. Internal consistency measured by Cronbach's α, convergence to actometry and the capacity for NIP case detection were assessed.

Results
Cronbach's α for the scale was 0.79. SAS discriminated between DSM-IV NIP and non-NIP patients. The actometric findings did not correlate with SAS. ROC-analysis yielded a good case detection power for SAS mean score. The optimal threshold value of SAS mean score was between 0.65 and 0.95, i.e. clearly higher than previously suggested threshold value.

Conclusion
We conclude that SAS seems a reliable and valid instrument. The previously commonly used cut-off mean score of 0.3 has been too low resulting in low specificity, and we suggest a new cut-off value of 0.65, whereby specificity could be doubled without loosing sensitivity.
Differential expression of CCN-family members in primary human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation
Authors: Schutze Norbert , Noth Ulrich , Schneidereit Jutta , Hendrich Christian , Jakob Franz 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
The human cysteine rich protein 61 (CYR61, CCN1) as well as the other members of the CCN family of genes play important roles in cellular processes such as proliferation, adhesion, migration and survival. These cellular events are of special importance within the complex cellular interactions ongoing in bone remodeling. Previously, we analyzed the role of CYR61/CCN1 as an extracellular signaling molecule in human osteoblasts. Since mesenchymal stem cells of bone marrow are important progenitors for various differentiation pathways in bone and possess increasing potential for regenerative medicine, here we aimed to analyze the expression of CCN family members in bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells and along the osteogenic, the adipogenic and the chondrogenic differentiation.

Results
Primary cultures of human mesenchymal stem cells were obtained from the femoral head of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Differentiation into adipocytes and osteoblasts was done in monolayer culture, differentiation into chondrocytes was induced in high density cell pellet cultures. For either pathway, established differentiation markers and CCN-members were analyzed at the mRNA level by RT-PCR and the CYR61/CCN1 protein was analyzed by immunocytochemistry.
RT-PCR and histochemical analysis revealed the appropriate phenotype of differentiated cells (Alizarin-red S, Oil Red O, Alcian blue, alkaline phosphatase; osteocalcin, collagen types I, II, IX, X, cbfa1, PPARγ, aggrecan). Mesenchymal stem cells expressed CYR61/CCN1, CTGF/CCN2, CTGF-L/WISP2/CCN5 and WISP3/CCN6. The CYR61/CCN1 expression decreased markedly during osteogenic differentiation, adipogenic differentiation and chondrogenic differentiation. These results were confirmed by immuncytochemical analyses. WISP2/CCN5 RNA expression declined during adipogenic differentiation and WISP3/CCN6 RNA expression was markedly reduced in chondrogenic differentiation.

Conclusion
The decrease in CYR61/CCN1 expression during the differentiation pathways of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes suggests a specific role of CYR61/CCN1 for maintenance of the stem cell phenotype. The differential expression of CTGF/CCN2, WISP2/CCN5, WISP3/CCN6 and mainly CYR61/CCN1 indicates, that these members of the CCN-family might be important regulators for bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the regulation of proliferation and initiation of specific differentiation pathways.
Investigations on the subchronic toxicity of 2-methoxypropanol-1(acetate) in rats
Authors: Ma-Hock L , Klimisch H-J , Gembardt Chr , Deckardt K , Jäckh R 
Published: March 2005

Wistar rats were exposed to 2-methoxypropylacetate-1 (2-MPAc-1) vapours in concentrations of 0, 110, 560 and 2800 ppm for (equiv. to 0; 0.6; 3.0 and 14.9 mg/L) for 4 weeks in chambers (6 hours/day; 5 days/week; five male and five female animals per group). The top concentration was equivalent to a 95% vapour saturation at 208C and the animals reacted to this with a moderate respiratory irritation during the 6 hours exposure times; at 560 ppm these effects were only slight. The top dose was also associated with a significantly reduced body weight development and some hematologic and biochemical alterations of little specificity. The most prominent effect was thymic atrophy. No effects were noted on the testes or on the cellularity in blood or bone marrow. 560 ppm were without systemic effects. Furthermore, 2-methoxypropanol-1 (2-MP-1), 2-MPAc-1 and 2-ethoxyethanol (EE) were administered in parallel by gavage to groups of five male Wistar rats daily for 10 days at near equimolar dose levels (1800, 2600 and 1800 mg/kg per day, respectively). At the end of the administration period the testes were investigated. There was a pronounced testicular atrophy in animals exposed to EE, whereas no adverse effects were observed with 2-MP-1 and 2-MPAc-1. The results of these studies indicate that 2-MP-1 and 2-MPAc-1 which previously had been shown to exert pronounced prenatal toxicity in rabbits and weak prenatal effects in rats are devoid of other forms of systemic toxicity in rats that are typically observed with ethoxyethanol and methoxyethanol.
Psychopathy versus psychopathies in classifying criminal offenders
Authors: Vassileva Jasmin , Kosson David S. , Abramowitz Carolyn , Conrod Patricia 
Published: March 2005

Purpose. Psychopathy has been shown to be related to the onset, frequency, and course of antisocial behaviour in criminal offenders. The purpose of the present study was to use cluster analysis to explore the existence of subtypes of criminal offenders in male inmates, based on the two empirically validated dimensions of psychopathy and several other dimensions previously proposed for differentiating offender groups.Methods. Two hundred male inmates participated in the study. Scores on the two dimensions of the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (Hare, 1991), the Interpersonal Measure of Psychopathy (Kosson, Steuerwald, Forth, & Kirkhart, 1997), DSM‐IV diagnoses for alcohol and drug abuse/dependence, and anxiety were standardized and were included in two different types of cluster analyses. Both Ward's hierarchical method and K‐means non‐hierarchical method revealed the presence of four subtypes of criminal offenders in the sample. The four‐cluster solution was replicated when the sample was split in half and identical cluster analyses were performed on the two subsamples.Results. Two types of cluster analyses identified four subtypes of criminal offenders in two samples of jail inmates. Two of the clusters resembled primary and secondary psychopaths described in the literature, the third group exhibited some antisocial and psychopathic features, and the fourth group was non‐psychopathic.Conclusions. Findings suggest that considering the individual contributions of the two dimensions of psychopathy in lieu of the construct as a whole may prove useful in identifying relatively homogeneous groups of criminal offenders.
Gums
Authors: BeMiller James N. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe term gum most often refers to natural and modified polysaccharides, other than starches and modified starch products, that thicken or gel aqueous systems. Polysaccharides that comprise the category of substances called gums have a variety of structures and impart a variety of functionalities, in addition to thickening and gelation. Common commercial polysaccharidic gums are algins, carboxymethylcelluloses, carrageenans, gellan, guar gum and modified guar gums, gum arabic, hydroxyethylcelluloses, hydroxypropylmethylcelluloses, locust bean (carob) gum, methylcelluloses, pectins, welan, and xanthan.
Polyethylene, Low Density
Authors: Maraschin Norma 
Published: March 2005

AbstractLow density polyethylene (LDPE) was the first thermoplastic polyolefin used commercially. It was discovered serendipitously in 1933 and was quickly utilized for radar sheathing during the war. LDPE, along with high density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), offers an unparalleled combination of low cost, ease of fabrication into a variety of end uses, and balance of physical properties. Polyethylene has displaced paper, metal, wood, and other materials of construction. LDPE is unique in its polymerization process. Free‐radical‐initiated polymerization is used to make LDPE, as compared to transition‐metal catalysis for HDPE and LLDPE. The free‐radical process leads to the unique molecular structure of LDPE: the presence of long‐chain branching. The long‐chain branching imparts unusual rheological behavior in both shear and extension. LDPE is used in a variety of applications, such as film, coating, molding, and wire and cable insulation. One of the reasons for its wide range of utility is its thermal stability and low toxicity.