bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dental morphology of Jews from Yemen and Cochin
Authors: Rosenzweig Kurt A. , Zilberman Yerucham 
Published: August 2005

Abstract60 dental plaster casts of Jewish adolescents, half of them children of immigrants from Yemen and half of them from Cochin (India), were investigated as to tooth measurements and morphologic traits. Each group was composed of an equal number of males and females. Cochini showed a sex specific dimorphism in tooth size, a relatively larger bucco‐lingual diameter of upper and lower first premolars, lower frequency of Carabelli's tuberculum and in males larger tooth measurements than their Yemenite counterparts. The variability of 2I2 was significantly higher in females than in males, and in Yemenite girls than in Cochini. The molar patterns were similar in both groups with regard to number and development of cusps and occlusal form of the mandibular molars.
Perforation of the coronoid‐olecranon septum humero‐ulnar relationships in Netherlands and African populations
Authors: Glanville Edward V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe mechanical interaction of the humerus and ulna during articulation has been examined in skeletal material from African and European populations.It was found that the presence or absence of perforation of the humeral septum and the thickness of the septum when unperforated can be predicted with considerable accuracy when two factors are known: the length of the coronoid and olecranon processes of the ulna relative to the minimum diameter of the trochlea humeri, and the total angle of movement at the elbow from full extension to full flexion. The influences which control either or both of these factors also determine the thickness of the septum of the humerus. These influences are not well known and there is opportunity for both genetic and environmental effects.The coefficients of correlation between septum thickness, flexion angle, humeral robusticity, minimum circumference of the humerus, trochlea diameter and brachial index are given. Septum thickness is correlated more highly with trochlea diameter than with robusticity or minimum circumference of the humerus.The higher frequency of perforation of the septum in the African sample (47%) compared with the European (6%) is associated with a greater range of movement at the elbow in the Africans. Bilateral, sexual and population differences in the frequency of perforation of the humeral septum may be associated with differences in the extent of movement at the elbow joint. Variation in this feature, in turn, may be associated with muscularity and somatotype.
Skin dosages in radiation‐sparing techniques for the laboratory and field
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Helmrich Ralph H. , Flaherty Kathleen M. , Silverman Frederic N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSkin dosages of penetrating radiation from representative extremity, chest and soft tissue techniques suitable for field investigation with portable radiographic equipment ranged from 2 to 17 milliroentgens for screen techniques and 8 to 43 mr for non‐screen techniques. This may be contrasted with the 100–300 mr yearly natural background total body radiation at sea level and 6000 feet respectively.
Ethnological significance of hemoglobin α2β2 121 LYS
Authors: Kamel K. , Hoerman K. , Awny A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIt has been tacitly inferred that Hb α2β2 121 LYS, sometimes called Hb O Arab, is associated with the Arabs. By analysis of published literature, however, it appears that such a linkage may not be justified.
Symmetrical gaits of primates
Authors: Hildebrand Milton 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWalking and symmetrical running gaits of 26 genera of primates are analyzed using numerical and graphical methods described previously. The raw data are 1701 feet of 16 mm motion picture film mostly exposed at 64 frames per second. Adult monkeys and apes usually use the walking trot or diagonal‐sequence walks. Individual monkeys occasionally use lateral‐sequence walks resembling those that are usual for human infants. Human children moving on hands and feet use gaits ranging from the walking pace through the lateral‐sequence walks to the walking trot. An infant macaque studied from age 17 hours to 96 days first walked with a lateral‐sequence, diagonal‐couplets gait and then gradually shifted to the diagonal‐sequence, diagonal‐couplets gait of the adult. Few non‐primates use the diagonal‐sequence walks which are typical of primates. Typical support sequences are figured. Relative placement of feet and consequent slight asymmetry are described.
Adaptive values of bipedalism
Authors: Snyder Richard C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe adaptive significance of the multiple evolution of bipedalism is surveyed and discussed. Probable modes of origin and the relative advantages of saltatorial and alternating gaits are expressed in terms of foot stability, speed of progression, directional changes, control of momentum and overcoming body inertia. It is suggested that analysis of primate locomotion by high‐speed cinematography is a necessary basic step toward correlation of structure with behavior.
Knuckle‐walking and the evolution of hominoid hands
Authors: Tuttle Russell H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractKnuckle‐walking is a pattern of digitigrade locomotion unique to African apes among Primates. Only chimpanzees and gorillas are specially adapted for supporting weight on the dorsal aspects of middle phalanges of flexed hand digits II–V. When forced to the ground, most orangutans assume one of a variety of flexed hand postures, but they cannot knuckle‐walk. Some orangutans place their hands in palmigrade postures which are impossible to African apes. The knuckle‐walking hands and plantigrade feet of African apes are both morphologically and adaptively distinct from those of Pongo, their nearest relative among extant apes. These features are associated with a common adaptive shift to terrestrial locomotion and support placing chimpanzees and gorillas in the same genus Pan. It is further suggested than Pan comprises the subgenera (a) Pan, including P. troglodytes and pygmy chimpanzees, and (b) Gorilla, including mountain and lowland populations of P. gorilla.African apes probably diverged from ancestral pongids that were specially adapted for distributing their weight in terminal branches of the forest canopy. Early adjustments to terrestrial locomotion may have involved fist‐walking which later evolved into knuckle‐walking. Orangutans continued to adapt to feeding and locomotion in the forest canopy and their hands and feet became highly specialized for four‐digit prehension. Although chimpanzees retained arboreal feeding and nesting habits, they moved from tree to tree by terrestrial routes and became less restricted in habitat. While adapting to a diet of ground plants gorillas increased in size to the point that arboreal nesting is less frequent among them than among chimpanzees and orangutans.Early hominids probably diverged from pongids that had not developed prospective adaptations to knuckle‐walking, and therefore did not evolve through a knuckle‐walking stage. Initial adjustments to terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion and resting stance probably included palmigrade hand posturing. Their thumbs may have been already well developed as an adaptation for grasping during arboreal climbing. A combination of selection pressures for efficient terrestrial locomotor support and for object manipulation further advanced early hominid hands toward modern human configuration.
The functional anatomy of the ankle and foot of the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang)
Authors: Grand Theodore I. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe slow loris must use its limb for stabilization and forward progression during arboreal climbing. The orientation of the limb joints, hip, knee, talo‐crural, sub‐talar and tarso‐metatarsal, correlate with movement upon supports lying below and in line with the body axis. The musculature controlling the joints of ankle and foot, and the integument of the sole further indicate the integration of this adaptation.
The functional morphology of the primate shoulder as revealed by comparative anatomical, osteometric and discriminant function techniques
Authors: Oxnard Charles E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA background to assessments of the ecological adaptations of fossil primates is the relationship of the detailed shape of bones in living forms to their known locomotor patterns, and this has been here attempted for the shoulder.Within the locomotion of the primates the function of the shoulder varies according to the extent to which the trunk is suspended by the arms. An analysis of the differences in the shoulder muscles has shown that much of their quantitative variation is mechanically in phase with these functional differences. A series of features of the shoulder bones, chosen because of their association with the mechanically meaningful features of the musculature, have been found to vary (a) in association with the known contrasts in locomotion and (b) in such a way as to render more efficient mechanically the associated muscular structure.Investigation of bony dimensions “residual” to such a study has shown that they are not highly correlated with primate locomotion but are, in contrast, associated with the commonly accepted taxonomic grouping of the order.The combination by discriminant functions of such sets of “locomotor” and “residual” dimensions reveals unsuspected information for living primates and might well allow more precise definition of the functional and taxonomic status of a fossil.The experimental testing of functional inferences from morphology is a necessary part of such studies, and preliminary reports of experimental stress analysis utilising the photoelastic technique confirm and reinforce their validity.
Fossil primates and the evolution of some primate locomotor systems
Authors: Simons E. L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOf Paleocene primates only Plesiadapis is complete enough to reconstruct locomotor patterns; it was an arboreal scrambler, perhaps functioning like a large squirrel. Eocene lemurs (adapids) show an array of locomotor types much like certain modern Malagasy lemurs. The European Eocene tarsiid Necrolemur and the American Hemiacodon show the beginning of saltatory specializations in possession of elongated calcaneum and astragalus. Although not a direct anthropoid ancestor Necrolemur seems one of the best models for representing the early locomotor type from which higher primates arose.The Oligocene primates of Egypt (among which are the earliest undoubted pongids) are preserved with a forest fauna. Structures of long bones suggest they were arboreal. A considerable number of Miocene ape bones are known and those of Pliopithecus and Dryopithecus indicate similar adaptations. Of African Miocene forms, Dryopithecus major was a large, gorilla‐sized animal, and hence perhaps primarily terrestrial. D. africanus was somewhat more arboreally adapted and a partial brachiator. The Italian fossil Oreopithecus, a coal‐swamp dweller, shows indications of bipedality in pelvic structure.Ramapithecus, which is presumably ancestral to Australopithecus, shows palatal and facial patterns much like these later hominids, and probably hence had locomotor patterns more like men than like living apes; its lack of the dental specializations of apes strongly supports this suggestion.
A comparison between methods of calculating skeletal age (Greulich‐Pyle)
Authors: Roche A. F. , Johnson Jill M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe skeletal age of each individual bone of the hand‐wrist was assessed in serial radiographs of 169 Melbourne children. Seven different methods were used to obtain area skeletal ages from these bone skeletal ages. Methods employing arithmetic means of all the bone skeletal ages, excluding only extreme values, excluding those derived from the carpals or from other selected bones yielded similar means during the age range studied in each sex. There were large, but not significant, differences between the means derived from averages of the skeletal ages of the most and least mature bones and those derived from all the bone skeletal ages. A system of weighting and exclusion of bone skeletal ages led to the recording of area skeletal ages that differed from the others and fluctuated markedly for individuals until ossification had occurred in every carpal bone. The findings suggest that the exclusion of the skeletal ages of the carpal bones or the use of selected skeletal ages could lead to quicker assessments without real changes in means and variability.
The hominoid wrist joint
Authors: Lewis O. J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn a previous study of the primate wrist joint the author has shown that this articulation is uniquely modified in the Pongidae by the interposition of a meniscus between the ulnar styloid process and the carpus. This meniscus (which in gibbons contains a bony lunula) partially isolates the ulnar styloid process in a proximal synovial compartment. The human wrist joint is clearly derived from such an articulation, the proximal synovial compartment persisting as the prestyloid recess. The present paper is concerned with observations on a wider range of hominoid material. A spectrum of variations is demonstrated, largely the result of a tendency for the neomorphic meniscus to be incorporated as an integral component of the proximal articular surface, thereby progressively excluding the ulnar styloid process from the wrist joint and constricting the entrance to the proximal synovial compartment. The unique construction of the hominoid wrist joint is considered to be a specialization facilitating pronation‐supination. Such free rotatory movement is a necessary prerequisite for true brachiation, and the obvious phylogenetic implication is thatHomohas shared a brachiating ancestry with the Pongidae. This is convincing evidence in favour of the view that a period of brachiation provided the essential apprenticeship for the complex locomotor activities of bipedal, tool‐using man.
Histological and histochemical examination of American Indian scalps, mummies, and a shrunken head
Authors: Post Peter W. , Daniels Farrington 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe histological and histochemical detail remaining in Jivaro shrunken heads, North American Indian scalps, and mummified remains from Peru, Chile, and the American southwest, is remarkable when these specimens are rehydrated and fixed by Sandison's methods. Special techniques and stains used frequently in the histochemistry of the skin brought out details which were less evident or not apparent in the routine hematoxylin and eosin preparations.The polarizing microscope was particularly useful in demonstrating keratin and collagen fibers. Use of the silver stain for melanin not only aided in demonstrating hairs, but also outlined the pattern of epidermal detail by supranuclear accumulation and melanin dust in the stratum corneum. The hematoxylin‐phloxine‐alcian blue orange G stain for prekeratin, keratin, and mucin showed long persistence of the prekeratin and keratin staining properties. The stain identified strands as epidermis where they would otherwise have been overlooked. The Luxol Fast Blue stain, birefringence, and appearance with phase contrast microscopy are promising means for evaluating the degradation of skin collagen under conditions of dry preservation.The first loss of histological information occurs in extravascular cells of the dermis; mast cells, eosinophils, and other perivascular cells could not be identified in any of the specimens. Fine elastic fibers near the epidermis disappear before the larger, mid‐dermal elastic fibers. Some of the disease processes which could be diagnosed in very old mummified skin are discussed in terms of the remaining structures.
Bizygomatic diameter: The thickness of the soft tissues over the zygions
Authors: Sutton Philip R. N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWhen comparisons are made between the bizygomatic diameter of different subjects, or when measurements made on the living are compared with those on skulls, the thickness of the soft tissue overlying the zygions is of considerable importance.The thickness of these tissues over each of 208 zygions of cadavera has been studied and has been found to differ considerably. The range was from 1.4 mm to 21.4 mm, and the thickness was related to the general body‐build — fat, medium or thin. Statements in the literature assume that 6 mm is a suitable estimate of the total thickness of the soft tissues over both zygions. However the present findings indicate that these assumptions are not justified, for in 92% of these specimens the thickness exceeded 6 mm.
A longitudinal test of angular remodeling in the tibia
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Goodspeed Genoveva , Hertzog Keith P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAfter superimposing earlier and later tibial radiographs on the same proximal and distal lines of increased density in boys and girls 1.0 through 18.0 years, it was possible to show that angular axial remodeling is an uncommon feature at most.
Evolution of the human shoulder: Some possible pathways
Authors: Oxnard Charles E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOsteometric data, apparently reflecting functional parameters of the shoulder in the Anthropoidea, have been examined by a combination of multivariate techniques in an attempt to define minimum pathways possibly followed in the evolution of the human shoulder. Principal components analysis has been used to gauge size‐related shape effects. The combination of D2 and canonical analysis has suggested that the shoulder in man is unlikely to have evolved (a) from one similar to that of any extant monkey whether arboreal or terrestrial, (b) from one similar to that of any terrestrial ape (like present‐day Pan and Gorilla), or (c) from one similar to that of a highly specialised ricochetal armswinging ape (such as present day Hylobates and Symphalangus). The analyses suggest positively that the minimum evolutionary pathway may well have been from the shoulder of a totally arboreal ape, presumably genetically related to Pan and Gorilla, but functionally similar to that evolved in parallel in the highly arboreal orang‐utan, Pongo. Information from fragmentary fossils (the scapula from Sterkfontein and the clavicle from Olduvai) supports these conclusions.
Hemoglobin variant found in Koreans, Chinese, and North American Indians: α2β222glu→ala
Authors: Blackwell R. Quentin , Ro Ihl‐Hyeob , Liu Chen‐Sheng , Yang Hung‐Ju , Wang Cheng‐Chang , Huang Jeanette Tung‐Hsiang 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHemoglobin G Taegu, an electrophoretically slow hemoglobin variant found in four among 6700 apparently normal Korean subjects, has been shown to have a structural anomaly at position 22 of the beta‐chain where an alanyl residue occurs in place of the glutamyl group normally found at that position in Hemoglobin A.The same structural anomaly initially was established by other workers in slow hemoglobin variants occurring in North American Indians and more recently has been reported in a Northern Chinese subject. The identical hemoglobins in the three ethnic groups are Hemoglobins G Coushatta, found in several Alabama‐Coushatta Indians in Tex.; G Saskatoon, seen in a few descendants of Santee Indians currently living in Canada; G Hsin‐Chu, in a Chinese from the northern province of Liaoning and currently living in Taiwan; and G Taegu in Koreans.It is assumed that the Chinese and Korean subjects have the same hemoglobin variant because of gene flow. No similar assumption connecting these two groups with the North American Indian subjects is considered warranted with the presently limited available information.
The archeological determination of diet and natural resources, and the case for cooperation
Authors: Osborne Douglas 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThere is no doubt that archeological and physical anthropological specialists have mutual problems, mutual interests and many mutual goals. There can be some doubt that they have attacked their problems and pushed toward their aims in as efficient a method as is scientifically possible. This efficiency could be developed and increased by the use of a planned approach to the gathering and study of skeletal and cultural data.An outline that should aid in a fruitful cooperation is suggested and several lines of field and laboratory approach are briefly described or discussed. It is not in the author's mind that he has a panacea which should cure every ill of communication or data processing but rather that he has offered a basic method that will, at the least, get more knowledge for the research dollar.
Gammaglobulin groups (Gm and Inv) of various Southern African populations
Authors: Jenkins Trefor , Zoutendyk A. , Steinberg Arthur G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData are presented on the distribution of the Gm and Inv groups in approximately 3500 individuals belonging to a number of diverse Southern African populations.The indigenous peoples show the presence of the Gm alleles known to occur in Negroes (Gm1, 5, 13, 14, Gm1, 5, 6, 14 and Gm1, 5, 6) but the Bushmen possess some of them in very low frequencies and have, in addition and in appreciable frequencies the Gm1 and Gm1, 13 alleles which have not been reported as occurring in West African populations. The distribution of the Gm1, 13 allele in various Bantu‐speaking tribes of the sub‐continent reveals a marked cline, increasing from north to south along the eastern seaboard. The correlation between the frequency of Gm1, 13 and the Khoisan morphological, features present in a number of the tribes, and with the linguistic evidence which has been used to group them is high.The Bushmen possess a Gm1, 5 allele and may also have a Gm1, 5, 13, 14, 17, 21 allele. A Gm1, 2, 5, 13, 14, 17 allele seems to be present in the Bantu. Its presence in Eastern New Guinea would also appear to be indicated by the population data presented here.
Aspects of physical activity in high altitude natives
Authors: Velásquez Tulio 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAltitude adaptation was measured at sea level and high altitudes in sea level adapted and high altitude adapted natives. Tests of work capacity as measured by O2 consumption, pulse rate, and ventilation rate are reported. It is noted that comparing our results with those of other investigators is difficult due to variations in terminology and procedure. This suggests the necessity of more precise definitions in studies of the physical activity of high altitude natives.
Altitude and growth: A study of the patterns of physical growth of a high altitude Peruvian Quechua population
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Baker Paul T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData on physical growth were obtained for a sample of 1202 Quechua subjects, aged 2 to 35 years from the district of Nuñoa, Puno, located in the southern highlands (altitude 4000–5500m) of Peru. These data were supplemented by a three‐year longitudinal study of 300 subjects, aged 1 to 22 years.The patterns of physical growth of members of the indigenous population of Nuñoa are characterized by (1) late sexual dimorphism, (2) slow and prolonged growth in body size, (3) late and poorly defined adolescent stature spurt in both males and females, and (4) accelerated development in chest size. The socio‐economic factors associated with urban‐rural and altitude differences appear to be reflected in greater deposition of subcutaneous fat and increased weight but do not seem to influence the development of stature. We suggest the pattern of growth of this population is related to the hypoxic effects of high altitude, and/or reflects a genetic adaptation to such stress. The anthropometric and physiological studies conducted during this and previous studies and the comparative data from Peruvian populations situated at lower altitudes document the specific adaptive response of the chest wall to the hypoxic effects of high altitude.