bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of preweaning exposure to a starter diet on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced postweaning diarrhea in swine
Authors: Sarmiento J. I. , Runnels P. L. , Moon H. W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of restricted feeding of a starter diet to suckling pigs (creep feeding) in a model of postweaning colibacillosis. The hypothesis that restricted creep feeding primes an intestinal allergic reaction to starter diet ingested after weaning was tested. Twenty-eight suckling pigs were fed a starter diet for 3 h/d on days 7, 8, and 9 after birth (creep-fed). Twenty-six suckling pigs were not fed the diet until 3 weeks of age (not creep-fed), when all pigs were weaned and given the starter diet. One day after weaning, 24 creep-fed and 22 not creep-fed pigs were inoculated with K88+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and 4 pigs in each group were kept as noninoculated controls. Among inoculated pigs (principals), 10 creep-fed and 12 not creep-fed pigs were found to be genetically resistant to K88+ E coli and remained healthy during the 6-day postinoculation period, as did the noninoculated controls. Eighteen (10 creep-fed and 8 not creep-fed) of the 24 genetically susceptible principals developed diarrhea after inoculation. There were no significant differences in the incidence and severity of diarrhea, amount of body weight loss, and mortality between creep-fed and not creep-fed susceptible principal pigs. Histologic examination of intestine from control pigs and principals that survived for 6 days after infection did not reveal any substantial morphologic difference between creep-fed and not creep-fed groups. In conclusion, creep feeding was not required for the production of diarrhea in this model. Creep feeding did not induce morphologic changes characteristic of an allergic reaction in the small intestine.
Microcytosis, hypoferremia, hypoferritemia, and hypertransferrinemia in Standardbred foals from birth to 4 months of age
Authors: Kohn Catherine W. , Jacobs Robert M. , Knight Debra , Hueston William , Gabel Albert A. , Reed Steve M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
At birth, 24 Standardbred foals were assigned at random to 1 of 2 groups and were given a placebo supplement (group 1) or an iron supplement (248 mg of iron/treatment; group 2). Foals were given iron supplement or placebo 4 times during the second and third weeks after birth. Hematologic variables and general health were monitored until foals were 4 months old. Mean pcv in foals of both groups decreased during the first 2 weeks after birth, but values remained within adult horse reference ranges. During the first 6 weeks after birth, foal erythrocytes were smaller than adult horse erythrocytes, but foal erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was greater than that in adult horses. At every measurement, indices of anisocytosis were lower in foals, compared with adult horse reference values, suggesting that foals have a homogeneous population of microcytic erythrocytes during early foalhood. In 2-week-old foals of both groups and in 4-week-old placebo-treated foals, mean serum iron concentration was lower than that in adult horses. In foals at birth and during the first 4 months, total iron-binding capacity values were above the adult reference range. In newborn foals, transferrin saturation percentage values were above the adult reference range; however, values decreased to below the reference range in foals from 2 weeks to 4 months after birth. When foals were born, serum ferritin concentration values were above the adult horse reference range, but decreased to within the reference range by the time foals were 1 day old. From 2 through 6 weeks after birth, foal ferritin concentration values were below the adult reference range. There were no significant differences between treatment groups in any variable measured. All foals remained healthy and grew as expected on the basis of comparison with the previous year's foal crop.
The development of low serum ferritin and iron concentrations, high serum total iron-binding capacity, low transferrin saturation percentage, and microcytosis in conjunction with decreasing pcv during the first 2 weeks after birth might be explained by foal depletion of iron stores. However, beneficial effects on hematologic variables were not observed in response to oral administration of 4 doses (248 mg each) of iron during the second and third weeks after birth. Apparently, most foals have sufficient body iron stores at birth and sufficient iron intake to support demands for iron during early foalhood.
Kinetics of IgM and IgG responses to experimental and naturally acquired Rickettsia rickettsii infection in dogs
Authors: Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Levy Michael G. , Davidson Michael G. , Walker David H. , Burgdorfer Willy , Curtis Barbara C. , Babineau Cynthia A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The kinetics of specific IgM and IgG antibody response was characterized in four 9-month-old Beagles after inoculation of 2 × 102 plaque-forming units (pfu) of Sheila Smith strain of Rickettsia rickettsii. Immunoglobulin M antibodies were first detected by indirect immunoflorescence on postinoculation (pi) day 9, peaked by pi day 20, and were no longer detectable by pi day 80. Immunoglobulin G antibodies became detectable between pi days 22 and 28, peaked by pi day 42, and decreased gradually through pi day 130. Subsequent challenges with R rickettsii on pi days 216 (2 × 102 pfu/dog) and 1,029 (5 × 104 tissue culture infective dose [tcid50]/dog) resulted in slightly different serologic responses. The initial challenge exposure failed to increase the concentration of IgG antibodies and induced only low concentrations of IgM antibodies. After the second challenge inoculation, IgM antibodies were not detectable and the concentration IgG antibodies increased slightly. Clinical abnormalities and seroconversion were documented in control dogs following each challenge exposure.
Examination of acute and convalescent serum samples from 55 dogs in which Rocky Mountain spotted fever was suspected clinically suggested that sole evaluation of IgM antibodies in acute-phase serum would result in inaccurate diagnoses because of false-positive and -negative results. Use of a composite conjugate that detects IgM and IgG antibodies to R rickettsii appears to be satisfactory for diagnostic purposes; however, concurrent quantitation of IgM antibodies may facilitate serodiagnosis in a select group of dogs in which a four-fold increase in convalescent antibody titer is not detected by use of the composite conjugate.
With the exception of a dog with a serum antibody titer of 1:8,192, we were unable to detect IgM or IgG antibodies in csf samples from 9 dogs with experimentally and 3 dogs with naturally acquired infections.
Use of relaxation half-time as an index of ventricular relaxation in clinically normal cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Golden A. Lynelle , Bright Janice M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Relaxation half-time (t½) was evaluated as a measure of isovolumic ventricular relaxation in clinically normal cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Relaxation half-time was determined directly from the left ventricular pressure tracing as the time required for the left ventricular pressure at the beginning of isovolumic relaxation to decrease by half.
The value of t½ was unaffected by moderate changes in heart rate, inotropic state, and afterload in clinically normal cats. However, t½ increased significantly (P = 0.003) with increased preload. The value of t½ was significantly higher (P = 0.0003) in a group of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, compared with that of a group of clinically normal cats. Although t½ must be interpreted in the context of changes in loading conditions, the index is useful as a measure of relaxation in clinically normal cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Blood biochemical response to sodium bicarbonate infusion during sublethal endotoxemia in ponies
Authors: Gossett K. A. , French D. D. , Cleghorn B. , Church G. E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Hypertonic NaHCO3 infusion caused blood volume expansion, increased blood bicarbonate concentration, and delayed the onset of hypophosphatemia in ponies with endotoxemia. However, NaHCO3 infusion did not normalize blood pH, and it increased blood l-lactate concentration, and caused hypokalemia, hypernatremia, and hyperosmolality. The deleterious effects of NaHCO3 infusion in endotoxemic ponies outweighed the beneficial effects. The role of hypertonic NaHCO3 given iv for treatment of endotoxemia in equids must be reevaluated.
Evaluation of two commercial test kits for detection of occult blood in feces of dogs
Authors: Gilson Stephen D. , Parker Brent B. , Twedt David C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of 2 commercial test kits for detection of occult blood in canine feces, various volumes of blood were administered to 6 dogs via orogastric tube. Blood volumes tested were chosen on the basis of hemoglobin quantities of 5, 10, 20, 200, 350, and 500 mg of hemoglobin/kg of body weight. Fecal specimens were collected twice daily and analyzed separately by 2 observers for the presence of occult blood by use of modified guaiac and orthotolodine tablet tests, and for melena by visual inspection. Five dogs given blood at the rate of 500 mg of hemoglobin/kg and 1 dog given blood at the rate of 350 mg of hemoglobin/kg developed melena. Results of both occult blood tests were positive in 2 of 6 dogs given blood at the rate of 5 mg of hemoglobin/kg. Five of 6, and 4 of 6 dogs given blood at the rate of 10 mg hemoglobin/kg had positive test results by modified guaiac and orthotolodine methods, respectively. Results of both methods were positive in all dogs given blood at the rate of 20 mg of hemoglobin/kg. There was 86% agreement between the 2 observers’ results for the modified guaiac method, and 78% agreement for the orthotolodine method. There was 77% agreement of results between the 2 test methods. Gastrointestinal transit time decreased with increasing volumes of blood. Occult blood testing was found to be useful for detection of blood in feces at volumes 20 to 50 times less than that required to cause melena.
Bovine recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhancement of bovine neutrophil functions in vitro
Authors: Reddy P. G. , McVey D. S. , Chengappa M. M. , Blecha F. , Minocha H. C. , Baker P. E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Neutrophils were purified from blood of dexamethasone-treated (0.04 mg/kg of body weight) and untreated calves. Cells were untreated (controls) or cultured in media containing 5 or 10 ng of bovine recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rbgm-csf)/ml for 10 to 12 hours before being tested for various functions. Dexamethasone treatment of calves decreased luminol-dependent chemiluminescence, decreased phagocytosis of Pasteurella multocida and several Staphylococcus spp by various degrees, and decreased antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxocity against bovine herpesvirus-infected cells by 26 to 32%. The percentage phagocytosis of coagulase-positive S aureus and S intermedius was higher than that of coagulase-negative S epidermidis for neutrophils from all calves. Culture of neutrophils with rbgm-csf significantly increased (P < 0.05) all of the aforementioned functions, compared with control neutrophils; however, rbgm-csf-induced increases in function tended to be higher in neutrophils from dexamethasone-treated calves than in neutrophils from untreated calves.
Evaluation of three applanation tonometers in dogs
Authors: Priehs Daniel R. , Gum Glenwood G. , Whitley R. David , Moore Lisa E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The Mackay-Marg, Tono-Pen, and Challenger applanation tonometers were evaluated in vivo in 12 clinically normal eyes of 6 dogs. Tonometric measures of intraocular pressure (iop) were compared with closed manometric iop measurements from the anterior chamber of anesthetized dogs. The tonometers were evaluated at iop that ranged from 5 to 100 mm of Hg. The Mackay-Marg tonometer was the most reliable instrument when evaluated at iop from 5 to 100 mm of Hg (r2 = 0.996) and from 10 to 30 mm of Hg (r2 = 0.962). The Tono-Pen tonometer was also reliable (r2 = 0.967) over the range of iop, but consistently overestimated iop at lower pressures and underestimated iop at higher pressures. The Mackay-Marg and Tono-Pen measurements were essentially linear. When evaluated from 10 to 30 mm of Hg, r2 was 0.828 for the Tono-Pen tonometer. The Challenger tonometer, although reliable over the full range of iop (r2 = 0.965), proved to be less accurate, as indicated by lack of a good linear equation.
In vivo and in vitro genetic recombination between conventional and gene-deleted vaccine strains of pseudorabies virus
Authors: Henderson Louise M. , Katz Jonathan B. , Erickson Gene A. , Mayfield John E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Pseudorabies virus (prv), an alpha-herpesvirus, causes substantial economic losses in the swine industry and is currently the focus of eradication and control programs. Some of these programs rely on the ability of veterinarians to differentiate animals exposed to virulent strains of prv from animals exposed to avirulent vaccine strains of prv on the basis of a serologic response to nonessential glycoproteins that are deleted in some vaccine strains of prv. Genetic recombination resulting in the creation of virulent strains of prv with the same negative immunologic markers as vaccine strains could disrupt these programs. Two strains of prv were coinoculated either into tissue culture or into sheep to facilitate recombination. Progeny viruses were selected to detect a specific recombinant phenotype. We were able to detect genetic recombination between vaccine strains of prv following in vitro or in vivo coinoculation of 2 strains of prv. The selected recombinants had marker-deleted phenotypes in strains with restored virulence genes. Increased virulence was observed in sheep after coinoculation of 2 avirulent vaccine strains of prv.
Effects of tetracycline hydrochloride on pleurae in dogs with induced pleural effusion
Authors: Gallagher Laura A. , Birchard Stephen J. , Weisbrode Steven E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Pleural effusion was induced in 12 dogs by ligation of the cranial vena cava. Pleurodesis was attempted by injecting a solution of tetracycline hydrochloride into the pleural space of 8 dogs (4 dogs, 25 mg/kg of body weight; 4 dogs, 50 mg/kg) via bilateral thoracostomy tubes. In both groups, tetracycline was diluted in 40 ml of normal saline solution and 10 ml of 1% lidocaine before injection. Half of the solution (25 ml) was instilled in each hemithorax. Four control dogs were treated in the same manner with a solution of normal saline and lidocaine. Daily pleural fluid production was measured after the attempted pleurodesis. Thirty days after administration of the solution, each dog was euthanatized and necropsied. Surface area of pleural adhesions was measured. Tissues from regions of pleural adhesions and areas of parietal and visceral pleura not involved in adhesions were analyzed histologically.
Formation of pleural fluid stopped in all but 1 control dog within 48 hours after injection of solution. This dog effused throughout the study. The resolution of effusion was not significantly (P < 0.05) different between the tetracycline-treated dogs and the control group. Although diffuse pleural adhesions were not induced in any of tbe dogs, significantly (P < 0.0027) more surface area of lung was adhered in dogs treated with the higher dose of tetracycline.
Pharmacokinetics of pipemidic acid in chickens after single intravenous and oral dosings
Authors: Anadón A. , Martinez-Larrañaga M. R. , Diaz M. J. , Velez C. , Bringas P. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics of pipemidic acid after 2 single doses were studied in broiler chickens. Chickens were given single iv and oral doses of 10 and 30 mg of pipemidic acid/ kg of body weight. Blood samples were collected over 8 hours after each dose administration. High-pressure liquid chromatography with uv detection was used to determine concentrations in plasma of pipemidic acid. The plasma concentration-time curves after iv administration followed 2-compartment characteristics, rapid initial distribution phase, and a terminal elimination phase. The pharmacokinetic variables differed significantly between single doses of 10 and 30 mg of pipemidic acid/kg. Mean disposition variables were a half-life at α phase of 0.06 hours or 0.33 hours, a half-life at β phase of 1.18 hours or 1.72 hours, a volume of distribution in the central compartment of 0.12 L/kg or 0.31 L/kg, a volume of distribution during the elimination β phase of 1.64 L/kg or 1.05 L/kg, and a total plasma clearance of 0.97 L/h·kg or 0.41 L/h-kg, for the 10 or 30 mg/kg dose, respectively. After oral administration, the pipemidic acid plasma profile could be adequately described by a 1-compartment model. After the single oral doses of 10 and 30 mg of pipemidic acid/kg, pipemidic acid was absorbed rapidly (time to maximal concentration of 0.31 hours or 0.71 hours) and eliminated with a mean half-life of 0.86 hours or 0.61 hours, respectively. The bioavailability was 39% at 10 mg of pipemidic acid/kg and 61% at 30 mg of pipemidic acid/kg.
In vitro susceptibility of some porcine respiratory tract pathogens to aditoprim, trimethoprim, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, and combinations of these agents
Authors: Mengelers M. J. B. , van Klingeren B. , van Miert A. S. J. P. A. M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The in vitro antimicrobial activities of aditoprim (ap), a new dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) inhibitor, trimethoprim (tmp), sulfadimethoxine (sdm), sulfamethoxazole (smx), and combinations of these drugs against some porcine respiratory tract pathogens were determined by use of an agar dilution method. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) of these agents were determined twice against Bordetella bronchiseptica (n = 10), Pasteurella multocida (n = 10), and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (n = 20) strains isolated from pigs suffering from atrophic rhinitis or pleuropneumonia.
All B bronchiseptica strains were resistant to ap and tmp. The mic50 values of ap and tmp for P multocida were 0.25 and 0.06 μg/ml, respectively, and for A pleuropneumoniae, 1 and 0.25 μg/ml, respectively. The mic50 values of sdm and smx for B bronchiseptica were 4 and 1 μg/ml, respectively; for P multocida, 16 and 8 μg/ml, respectively; and for A pleuropneumoniae, 16 and 8 μg/ml, respectively.
The investigated combinations of the dhfr inhibitors and the selected sulfonamides had synergism for the A pleuropneumoniae strains; the mic90 values of the combinations were ≤ 0.06 μg/ml. Potentiation was not observed for the B bronchiseptica and the P multocida isolates. The mic of the combinations against B bronchiseptica and P multocida corresponded respectively to the concentrations of the sulfonamides and the dhfr inhibitors in the combinations.
For A pleuropneumoniae, 2 types of strains were used (25% of serotype 2 and 75% of serotype 9). Type-2 strains had lower susceptibility than type - 9 strains to ap and tmp as well as to sdm and smx (at least a fourfold difference in mic between the 2 types of strains). The mic of the combinations were similar for the 2 types of strains.
Deconvolution study of the absorption rate and disposition kinetic values of lindane in sheep
Authors: Dagorn Michèle , Guillot Philippe , Sanders Pascal , Laurentie Michel , Toutain Pierre-Louis 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Absorption rate and plasma and fat disposition of lindane after various lindane percutaneous treatments in shorn and unshorn sheep were investigated. To analyze data with a deconvolution method, iv administration was performed to determine the basic pharmacokinetic values of lindane in sheep. After iv administration, the steady state volume of distribution was very high (8.07 ± 3.60 L/kg of body weight), and the mean residence time was long (28.1 ± 11.7 hours). Deconvolution analysis indicated that lindane absorption was continuous until 33 to 41 days after spraying with a 0.025% lindane solution. Total amount of absorbed lindane in shorn (15,171 ± 4,463 μg/kg) sheep was about twice that in unshorn (7,615 ± 3,128 (μg/kg) sheep; from deconvolution analysis, it was calculated that the time required for 50% of the available dose to be absorbed was between 115 and 179 hours.
After percutaneous lindane administration, the fat concentration was compared with the available lindane dose. The apparent half-life of lindane elimination in fat was 225 ± 47.4 hours, which is similar to the value calculated for the absorption rate constant. By comparing fat and plasma concentrations, it was calculated that for a mean plasma concentration of 5 ng/ml, the fat lindane concentration was 1.65 ± 0.87 μg/g (ie, lower than the generally accepted tolerance level of 2 μg/g).
Furcation entrance anatomy of the fourth maxillary premolar in dogs
Authors: Smith Mark M. , Moon Martha L. , Callan Maura , Rozum Michael 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Tooth surface and interradicular area (furcation) measurements were determined for 20 fourth maxillary premolar teeth obtained randomly from canine cadavers. The palatal furcation entrance had a mean width of 1.2 ± 0.1 mm. The coronal roof of the palatal furcation was located at the cementoenamel junction (cej). The buccal furcation entrance had a mean width of 0.9 ± 0.2 mm. The horizontal attachment area between the cej and the coronal roof of the buccal furcation was 1.3 ± 0.3 mm. The mesial furcation entrance had a mean width of 0.4 ± 0.1 mm. The horizontal attachment area between the cej and the coronal roof of the mesial furcation entrance was 1.7 ± 0.3 mm. The mean coefficient of variation for variables measured was 10.3%. Tooth size did not have a significant effect on furcation entrance measurement. All teeth had a fluted area between the cej and mesial furcation, a concavity coronal to the furcation area, a distal concavity of the mesial root trunk between the mesiopalatal and mesiobuccal roots, and a mesial furcation concavity of the distal root extending apically for a mean distance of 60% of the distal root length. The complexity of furcation entrance anatomy may be a factor in the manifestation of periodontal disease involving the furcation of the fourth maxillary premolar in dogs.
Effects of milbemycin oxime on adult Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala in dogs with experimentally induced infections
Authors: Bowman Dwight D. , Lin Dah-Sheng , Johnson Robert C. , Hepler Douglas I. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Previous work had indicated that the 2 canine hookworms, Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala, may differ in their susceptibility to treatment with milbemycin oxime. Thus, the study reported here was to examine the effects of this drug on concomitant infections in experimentally infected dogs. Twenty specific-pathogen-free Beagles were inoculated orally with 500 infective-stage larvae from a mixture of larval A caninum and U stenocephala. Quantitative fecal examinations were performed weekly, beginning the day of infection. The dogs were assigned to 2 equal groups, 1 group that received the compound and 1 that received a placebo. The dogs were treated on postinoculation days 30, 60, and 90. For A caninum, egg counts dropped precipitously after the first treatment, and no eggs of this species were found in the feces of any of the treated dogs after the second treatment. The treatments had no significant effect on the mean egg counts made on U stenocephala, although 2 dogs stopped passing eggs entirely after the second treatment. At necropsy, no A caninum were found in any of the treated dogs; the mean number recovered from the control-group dogs was 56.1. Significant difference was not found in the mean number of adult U stenocephala recovered from the treated and control groups (27.0 and 21.7, respectively).