bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunoelectron microscopic localization of the neural recognition molecules L1, NCAM, and its isoform NCAM180, the NCAM‐associated polysialic acid, beta1 integrin and the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin‐R in synapses of the adult rat hippocampus
Authors: Schuster Thomas , Krug Manfred , Stalder Martina , Hackel Natalie , Gerardy‐Schahn Rita , Schachner Melitta 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have investigated the possibility that morphologically different excitatory glutamatergic synapses of the “trisynaptic circuit” in the adult rodent hippocampus, which display different types of long‐term potentiation (LTP), may express the immunoglobulin superfamily recognition molecules L1 and NCAM, the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin‐R, and the extracellular matrix receptor constituent beta1 integrin in a differential manner. The neural cell adhesion molecules L1, NCAM (all three major isoforms), NCAM180 (the largest major isoform with the longest cytoplasmic domain), beta1 integrin, polysialic acid (PSA) associated with NCAM, and tenascin‐R were localized by pre‐embedding immunostaining procedures in the CA3/CA4 region (mossy fiber synapses) and in the dentate gyrus (spine synapses) of the adult rat hippocampus. Synaptic membranes of mossy fiber synapses where LTP is expressed presynaptically did not show detectable levels of immunoreactivity for any of the molecules/epitopes studied. L1, NCAM, and PSA, but not NCAM180 or beta1 integrin, were detectable on axonal membranes of fasciculating mossy fibers. In contrast to mossy fiber synapses, spine synapses in the outer third of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, which display postsynaptic expression mechanisms of LTP, were both immunopositive and immunonegative for NCAM, NCAM180, beta1 integrin, and PSA. Those spine synapses postsynaptically immunoreactive for NCAM or PSA also showed immunoreactivity on their presynaptic membranes. NCAM180 was not detectable presynaptically in spine synapses. L1 could not be found in spine synapses either pre‐ or postsynaptically. Also, the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin‐R was not detectable in synaptic clefts of all synapses tested, but was amply present between fasciculating axons, axon‐astrocyte contact areas, and astrocytic gap junctions. Differences in expression of the membrane‐bound adhesion molecules at both types of synapses may reflect the different mechanisms for induction and/or maintenance of synaptic plasticity. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 49: 142–158, 2001
Two‐dimensional unsteady heat conduction analysis with heat generation by triple‐reciprocity BEM
Authors: Ochiai Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIf the initial temperature is assumed to be constant, a domain integral is not needed to solve unsteady heat conduction problems without heat generation using the boundary element method (BEM).However, with heat generation or a non‐uniform initial temperature distribution, the domain integral is necessary. This paper demonstrates that two‐dimensional problems of unsteady heat conduction with heat generation and a non‐uniform initial temperature distribution can be solved approximately without the domain integral by the triple‐reciprocity boundary element method. In this method, heat generation and the initial temperature distribution are interpolated using the boundary integral equation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An assumed strain triangular solid shell element with bubble function displacements for analysis of plates and shells
Authors: Hong Won I. , Kim Yong H. , Lee Sung W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBubble function displacements are used in conjunction with the assumed strain formulation to construct efficient triangular solid shell elements tailored for shell analysis. Two versions of 36‐DOF triangular elements are presented with different bubble function displacements and the corresponding assumed strain fields. In the first version the bubble function displacement is independent of the thickness while in the second version the bubble function varies linearly in the thickness direction. The assumed strain fields are carefully selected to alleviate locking effect. The first version models curved shells with flat triangular elements. The second version is effective in alleviating the membrane locking and thus allows more accurate modelling of curved shells. Various numerical examples demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the present assumed strain formulation elements with the bubble function displacements. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micromechanics of high temperature hydrogen attack
Authors: Schlögl Sabine M. , Van der Giessen Erik 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHydrogen attack is a material degradation process that occurs at elevated temperatures in hydrogen‐rich environments, such as found in petrochemical installations. Weldments in components such as reactor vessels are particularly susceptible to hydrogen attack. This paper discusses a multi‐scale micromechanics modelling approach in which the chemico‐mechanical damage processes at sub‐micron scale are coupled to the macroscopic behaviour through a series of size‐scale transitions. A simulation of hydrogen attack in a welded reactor serves as an illustration of the approach. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of individual and family hardiness on caregiver depression and fatigue†
Authors: Clark Patricia C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHardiness is defined as commitment to life, viewing change as challenge, and having control over one's life. Previous research suggests that hardiness is related to better outcomes in stressful situations. The effects of individual and family hardiness on depression and fatigue of caregivers of disabled older adults (DA) were examined using a descriptive, cross‐sectional design. The sample was 67 caregivers of DA with high functional impairment. One‐third of caregivers reported moderate to high fatigue, and 40% had scores indicating possible clinical depression. Memory and behavior problems of the DA were positively correlated with caregiver depression and fatigue. Family hardiness was negatively related to memory and behavior problems of the DA. Controlling for covariates, individual hardiness was negatively associated with depression and fatigue; coping strategies did not mediate the relationship. Caregivers with low individual and family hardiness had more depression than those high in both resources. Additional research is needed to determine the relevance of hardiness theory in caregiving research. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Res Nurs Health 25:37–48, 2002.
Fishing in Peru between 10 000 and 3750 BP
Authors: Reitz Elizabeth J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractArchaeozoological data for the period of 10 000–5000 bp were rare for the southeastern Pacific coast, until recent work provided data from eight sites in Peru and Ecuador. These sites span the early to mid‐Holocene period, during which time modern climatic conditions became established. Vertebrate faunal data from these sites provide an opportunity to explore the influence of mid‐Holocene environmental changes on fishing in Peru during this time. With two exceptions, most faunal collections are dominated by marine animals, with virtually no terrestrial vertebrates. Many of the marine organisms are catholic species, tolerant of a wide variety of water conditions, rather than ones which clearly prefer warm–tropical or warm–temperate ones. Warm–tropical species are more common in the northern assemblages, as would be expected. There is a temporal pattern as well. Within three subdivisions of this area, warm–tropical animals diminish in abundance, and warm–temperate animals increase. These differences probably reflect cultural responses to mid‐Holocene environmental change, in which coastal waters from southern Peru into Ecuador became cooler. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Education and training in public administration and development: what does the customer really want and are we prepared to provide it?
Authors: Rubienska Annie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article examines some of the difficulties arising from the introduction of market forces into the field of higher education.In particular it notes how the changing demands of sponsors and other key players, coupled with recent trends in teaching and learning methods, have caused providers of education and training in development to review ‘core products’ and modify the style of service delivery to accommodate the changing expectations of ‘customers.’ Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VEGFR‐3 in adult angiogenesis
Authors: Witmer A. N. , van Blijswijk B. C. , Dai J. , Hofman P. , Partanen T. A. , Vrensen G. F. J. M. , Schlingemann R. O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR‐3, Flt‐4), the receptor for vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) C and D, is expressed on lymphatic endothelium and may play a role in lymphangiogenesis. In embryonic life, VEGFR‐3 is essential for blood vessel development. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether VEGFR‐3 is also involved in blood vessel angiogenesis in the adult. This was studied in human tissues showing angiogenesis andin a model of VEGF‐A‐induced iris neovascularization in the monkey eye, by the use of immunohistochemistry at the light and electron microscopic level. VEGFR‐3 was expressed on endothelium of proliferating blood vessels in tumours. In granulation tissue, staining was observed in the proliferative superficial zone in plump blood vessel sprouts, in the intermediate zone in blood vessels and long lymphatic sprouts, and in the deeper fibrous zone in large lymphatics, in a pattern demonstrating that lymphangiogenesis follows behind blood vessel angiogenesis in granulation tissue formation. At the ultrastructural level, VEGFR‐3 was localized in the cytoplasm and on the cell membrane of endothelial cells of sprouting blood vessels and sprouting lymphatics. In monkey eyes injected with VEGF‐A, blood vessel sprouts on the anterior iris surface and pre‐existing blood vessels in the iris expressed VEGFR‐3. In conclusion, these results support a role for VEGFR‐3 and its ligands VEGF‐C and/or VEGF‐D in cell‐to‐cell signalling in adult blood vessel angiogenesis. The expression of VEGFR‐3 in VEGF‐A‐induced iris neovascularization and in pre‐existing blood vessels exposed to VEGF‐A suggests that this receptor and possibly its ligands are recruited in VEGF‐A‐driven angiogenesis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of GC and HPLC for the quantification of organic acids in coffee
Authors: Jham Gulab N. , Fernandes Sergio A. , Garcia Cleverson Fernando , Silva Alexsandro Araujo da 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA GC and an HPLC method for the quantification of organic acids OAs in coffee have been compared. The GC procedure, employing trimethylsilyl derivatives, was found to be very tedious. The HPLC method, which employed an ion exchange column using a flow gradient of water containing 1% phosphoric acid and UV detection (210 nm), was found to be much simpler for the quantification of eight organic acids (oxalic, succinic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, quinic and fumaric acids) in four representative coffee samples. The HPLC procedure was more convenient than that described in the literature since no pre‐purification was required for quantification of the OAs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal findings on ultrasound and X‐ray in a case of overgrowth syndrome associated with increased nuchal translucency
Authors: Schwärzler P. , Homfray T. , Campbell S. , Ville Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA case of prenatal diagnosis of an overgrowth syndrome at 30 weeks of gestation is reported. The diagnosis was suggested on the basis of increased fetal growth from 16 weeks onwards, advanced bone age, and characteristic facial features such as hypertelorism, broad forehead and small chin. The fetus presented at 12 weeks with a markedly increased nuchal translucency thickness and generalized skin edema, but normal karyotype. Serial ultrasound scans revealed brain abnormalities including mild unilateral ventriculomegaly and a cyst in the cavum septi pellucidi. The pregnancy was terminated at the parents' request at 32 weeks of gestation and postmortem examination confirmed the prenatal findings. This case demonstrates the possibility of prenatal diagnosis of early overgrowth syndromes and highlights the dilemma arising from the prenatal diagnosis of a non‐lethal condition associated with an uncertain prognosis and poorly documented in utero. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data validity issues in using claims data
Authors: Strom Brian L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper overviews the use of claims data in pharmacoepidemiology, examines problems related to claims data use, and focuses on the uncertain validity of diagnosis data. Two contrasting studies are provided of drug‐induced neutropenia and Stevens‐Johnson Syndrome; both studies were launched at the same time with similar designs. Neutropenia is a laboratory‐driven diagnosis, easy to make and confirm. The neutropenia study yielded many useful results, ranging from incidence rates to results with specific drug classes and individual drugs. However, the medical records revealed major unexpected issues from chronic and cyclic neutropenia. In contrast, Stevens‐Johnson Syndrome is harder to diagnose, and is represented poorly in the ICD‐9‐CM coding system. The result was a study productive of much less clinical information. These studies show the important implications of variable data validity to study interpretation. Uniquely problematic situations exist: the illness does not reliably come to medical attention; inpatient drug exposures; an outcome is poorly defined by the diagnostic coding system; descriptive studies; drug effects are delayed and patients lose eligibility; and there are important unknown confounders such as cigarette smoking, occupation, menarche, menopause, etc., about which information cannot be obtained without accessing the patient. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of databases in drug postmarketing surveillance
Authors: Rodriguez Evelyn M. , Staffa Judy A. , Graham David J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes the role of databases used for postmarketing surveillance of drugs at the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). First we describe the Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS), the largest database of adverse event reports in the world. Next, we explain the methods we have used for assembling these adverse event reports into a case series and analysing them, as well as techniques for employing drug use databases to construct reporting rates in the evaluation of drug safety issues. Finally, we discuss the FDA's use of the databases it accesses through its Cooperative Agreement Program to conduct high priority studies to support regulatory decision‐making. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toughening of cyanate ester resin by N‐phenylmaleimide–N‐(p‐hydroxy)phenyl‐maleimide–styrene terpolymers and their hybrid modifiers
Authors: Iijima Takao , Maeda Takanori , Tomoi Masao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractN‐Phenylmaleimide–N‐(p‐hydroxy)phenylmaleimide–styrene terpolymer (HPMS), carrying reactive p‐hydroxyphenyl groups, was prepared and used to improve the toughness of cyanate ester resins. Hybrid modifiers composed of N‐phenylmaleimide–styrene copolymer (PMS) and HPMS were also examined for further improvement in toughness. Balanced properties of the modified resins were obtained by using the hybrid modifiers. The morphology of the modified resins depends on HPMS structure, molecular weight and content, and hybrid modifier compositions. The most effective modification of the cyanate ester resin was attained because of the co‐continuous phase structure of the modified resin. Inclusion of the modifier composed of 10 wt% PMS (Mw 136 000 g mol−1) and 2.5 wt% HPMS (hydroxyphenyl unit 3 mol%, Mw 15 500 g mol−1) led to 135% increase in the fracture toughness (KIC) for the modified resin with a slight loss of flexural strength and retention of flexural modulus and glass transition temperature, compared with the values for the unmodified resin. Furthermore, the effect of the curing conditions on the mechanical and thermal properties of the modified resins was examined. The toughening mechanism is discussed in terms of the morphological and dynamic viscoelastic behaviour of the modified cyanate ester resin system.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Third generation photovoltaics: Ultra‐high conversion efficiency at low cost
Authors: Green Martin A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSince the early days of terrestrial photovoltaics, a common perception has been that ‘first generation’ silicon wafer‐based solar cells eventually would be replaced by a ‘second generation’ of lower cost thin‐film technology, probably also involving a different semiconductor. Historically, cadmium sulphide, amorphous silicon, copper indium diselenide, cadmium telluride and now thin‐film polycrystalline silicon have been regarded as key thin‐film candidates. Any mature solar cell technology seems likely to evolve to the stage where costs are dominated by those of the constituent materials, be they silicon wafers or glass sheet. It is argued, therefore, that photovoltaics is likely to evolve, in its most mature form, to a ‘third generation’ of high‐efficiency thin‐film technology. By high efficiency, what is meant is energy conversion values double or triple the 15–20% range presently targeted, closer to the thermodynamic limit of 93%. Tandem cells are the best known of such high‐efficiency approaches, where efficiency can be increased merely by adding more cells of different bandgap to a cell stack, at the expense of increased complexity and spectral sensitivity. However, a range of other more ‘paralleled’ approaches offer similar efficiency to an infinite stack of tandem cells. These options are reviewed together with possible approaches for practical implementation, likely to become more feasible with the evolution of materials technology over the next two decades. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Threats of violence in schools: The Dallas independent school district's response
Authors: Ryan‐Arredondo Kim , Renouf Kristin , Egyad Carla , Doxey Meridith , Dobbins Maria , Sanchez Serafin , Rakowitz Bert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSchool violence has become a primary concern for parents, students, school personnel, and the public. As a result, educators are searching for methods to prevent violent acts perpetrated by youth. Dallas Public Schools developed procedures for assessing the potential for violence among children who express intent to harm others. The Dallas Violence Risk Assessment (DVRA) was developed to evaluate students who have made verbal or written threats of violence and to assist school staff in determining appropriate intervention strategies. This article describes the development of the DVRA, and presents case studies utilizing the DVRA procedures. Challenges and implications of the use of the DVRA are also discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Psychological characteristics of academically gifted students in a residential setting: A cluster analysis
Authors: Dixon Felicia A. , Cross Tracy L. , Adams Cheryll M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStudents in one entering class at a Midwestern residential school for gifted and talented adolescents (N = 156) took three instruments: the Self‐Description Questionnaire III (SDQIII; Marsh, 1988), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory for Adolescents (MMPI‐A; Butcher, Williams, Graham, Archer, Tellegen, Ben‐Porath, & Kaemmer, 1992), and the Self‐Perception Profile for Adolescents (SPPA; Harter, 1988) in order to determine the psychological makeup of academically gifted students who are admitted to and leave home to attend a residential school. Scores from the SDQIII were cluster analyzed using Ward's hierarchical method. Clusters were validated using data from the MMPI‐A and the SPPA. Results indicated six different cluster groups that were described as follows: a mathematics focus (21%); a social focus (18%); a nonathletic group (21%); a low overall self‐concept group (16%); a verbal group (9%); and a nonspiritual/religious group (14%). Characteristics of the clusters and implications for residential schools are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Second harmonic generation in polymers containing a new azo chromophore based on phenylnitrobenzoxazole
Authors: Bruno Vincenza , Castaldo Anna , Centore Roberto , Sirigu Augusto , Sarcinelli Felice , Casalboni Mauro , Pizzoferrato Roberto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of the new chromophores 2‐{4‐[4‐(N,N‐dihydroxyethylamino)‐phenylazo]‐phenyl}‐6‐nitrobenzoxazole (1) and 4‐[4‐(N,N‐dihydroxyethylamino)phenylazo]‐benzoic acid (2) is described. Three homopolymers obtained by the polycondensation of 1 with propyloxy‐terephthalic acid and 1 and 2 with 2,4‐tolylenediisocianate as well as two copolymers obtained by polycondensation of appropriate mixtures of chromophores 1 and 2 with 2,4‐tolylene‐diisocianate were prepared and characterized. All as‐prepared polymers but one (homopolyurethane of 1) were amorphous and exhibited good optical clarity, good thermal stability above the glass transition, and solubility in organic solvents. The second‐order nonlinear optical behavior of the amorphous polymers was investigated on spin‐coated corona‐poled films through second harmonic generation (SHG) experiments at 1064 nm. At this wavelength, resonance‐enhanced values of the SHG coefficient d33 were found in the range between 6 and 34 pm/V where higher values were observed for polymers with a higher molar content of 1. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1468–1475, 2002
Preparation and characterization of poly(ethyl acrylate)/bentonite nanocomposites by in situ emulsion polymerization
Authors: Tong Xin , Zhao Haichao , Tang Tao , Feng Zhiliu , Huang Baotong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTransparent poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA)/bentonite nanocomposites containing intercalated–exfoliated combinatory structures of clay were synthesized by in situ emulsion polymerizations in aqueous dispersions containing bentonite. The samples for characterization were prepared through direct‐forming films of the resulting emulsions without coagulation and separation. An examination with X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy showed that intercalated and exfoliated structures of clay coexisted in the PEA/bentonite nanocomposites. The measurements of mechanical properties showed that PEA properties were greatly improved, with the tensile strength and modulus increasing from 0.65 and 0.24 to 11.16 and 88.41 MPa, respectively. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed a very marked improvement of the storage modulus above the glass‐transition temperature. In addition, because of the uniform dispersion of silicate layers in the PEA matrix, the barrier properties of the materials were dramatically improved. The permeability coefficient of water vapor decreased from 30.8 × 10−6 to 8.3 × 10−6 g cm/cm2 s cmHg. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1706–1711, 2002