bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tin Lewis acid
Authors: Kobayashi Shu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The element tin has played an increasingly important role in organic chemistry as well as organometallic chemistry, serving as a source of new reagents for selective transformations.1-3 The main activity in these fields has been focused for a long time on tin(IV) compounds, and tin(II) compounds have been used primarily as reductants of aromatic nitro compounds to aromatic amines.4 During the last decade, asymmetric synthesis has been developed increasingly, and in this field tin(II) reagents have served main roles rather than tin(IV) reagents.
Electrochemical generation and reaction of zinc reagents
Authors: Périchon Jacques , Gosmini Corinne , Rollin Yolande 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formation of organozinc compounds by reaction of zinc metal with organic halides often requires both the activation of Zn metal and the use of reactive organic halides, i.e. iodides or activated bromides. The alternative transmetallation method between a zinc salt and an organomagnesium or -lithium com¬ pound is incompatible with the presence of sensitive functional groups on the organic moiety. Then the electrochemical approach may offer a useful alternative to the conventional chemical routes. Indeed, the electroreduction of a zinc salt at between -0.8 and -1.4 V/SCE, depending of the nature of the organic solvent, generates a divided nascent zinc. This electrolytic zinc, how¬ ever, only reacts with organic halides which are easily reduced, so the reaction (Equation 8.1) is restricted to reactive organic halides, such as a-bromoesters, or allyl or benzyl bromides.
Palladium and nickel catalysed reactions of organozinc compounds
Authors: Negishi Ei-Ichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although organozinc compounds represent some of the earliest examples of organometallic reagents,1 their use in organic synthesis had been rather limited until recently. This largely stemmed from the fact that their reactivity as nucleophiles towards various common electrophiles, including carbon electrophiles, such as organic halides, carbonyl compounds, and epoxides, is generally much lower than that of the corresponding Grignard and organolithium reagents.2 However, over the last few decades the use of transition metal catalysts, especially those containing Pd and Ni, has converted otherwise unreactive or sluggishly reactive organozincs into highly reactive reagents for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds.
Binary mixtures
Authors: Clifford Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Binary mixtures will here be considered as a mixture of a fluid substance, such as those described in Chapter 1, which will be always called component 1, and a second substance, component 2. The binary mixtures that are important in supercritical fluids broadly fall into two areas, d pending on the molar mass and critical temperature of component 2. In the first general area the second component has a molar mass and critical temperature mostly above, but not far above, those of component 1. In these cases the second component is added often in sizeable amounts to modify the solvation character of the fluid or, for example, to provide a reagent. Cases where the molar mass or the critical temperature of component 2 is lower than that of component 1 include the addition of a gas, such as hydrogen, to act as a reagent. The second area where consideration of binary mixtures is important is when involatile solutes of higher molar mass are dissolved in the fluid in the process of carrying out extraction, separation, or chemical reaction. The molar masses and critical temperatures of these second components will be typically much higher than that of component I. In summary there are two areas of binary mixtures: in the first the component 2 is a modifier of relatively low molar mass; and in the second component 2 is a heavy solute.
Fringing Reefs
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This section of the book introduces the various fringing coral reefs and their distribution throughout the archipelago. For the sake of’ clarity we follow the classical Darwinian division as closely as possible. The reader is urged to refer to Hopley (198’.L) and Guilchcr (1988) for an in-depth treatment of coral reef geomor-phology. The above publications will place our cursory treatment of this complex subject in perspective.
Patch Reefs
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Guilcher (1988) used the term bank reefs to classify a number of reef types within a single group, of which the patch reefs were considered to be the smallest.. We take a slightly different approach, 2nd .fr&gt;Uow the classification system proposed by Hop Icy (l 98 , 198’.’l) h&gt;r the reefs of the Grca.t Barrier Reef. liopky”s (l 982) classification system is applicable, not only to barrier-reef,-associated reefs, but, to shelf red’s in general.
Atolls and Raised Islands
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps no geologic structure made by living organisms has fascinated coral reef scientists during the past 150 years as much as have the atolls, jewels of the oceans. Atolls are widely scattered throughout the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific, with a few in the tropical western Atlantic. Darwin (1842) provided the first detailed account of these magnificent structures, and proposed a genetic theory for their formation through subsidence of their foundations. It took 109 years to prove Darwin’s theory, when in 1951 a deep borehole sunk at Enewetak Atoll penetrated through Eocene reef limestone and struck the underlying volcanic foundation, as Darwin predicted. Stoddart (1965) reported that there are about 425 known atolls in the world’s oceans.
Mangroves
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mangroves are complex and dynamic coastal evergreen formations, generally restricted to subtropical and tropical regions. Their widest latitudinal distribution occurs in the western Pacific, where they extend from the warm temperate parts of southern Japan through the tropics to New Zealand (Chapman 1977). Their world distribution in fact parallels those of scleractinian corals and seagrasses (McCoy and Heck 1976). Mangroves are highly productive intertidal ecosystems found mainly in sheltered coastal, estuarine and deltaic environments, where they often form distinct vegetational units at the junction of the land and the sea. Due to their intertidal habitat, mangroves are influenced by the tides and subjected to wide environmental fluctuations, notably, salinity gradients controlled partly by climatic factors (i.e., rainfall and evaporation).
The Pelagic System
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Indonesian Archipelago plays a key role in global biogeochemical cycles, and forms a barrier as well as a passage for pelagic organisms between the Pacific and Indian Oceans (Brinton 1979; Schalk 1987). In addition to their significance in global ocean productivity, the archipelagic seas contain important biogeographical zones that are still poorly understood (van der Spoel and Heyman 1983). Many early expeditions to the Indonesian Archipelago (e.g., Challenger, Siboga, Dana, Snellius, Galathea, Rumphius, 110E, Monsoon) collected a wealth of information on the flora and fauna of this vast tropical region, yet our knowledge of the biological processes in the offshore waters remained relatively poor.
Behavior
Authors: Payne Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cuckoos are solitary, skulking birds, more often heard than seen. Their calls in forests and wood lands are among the most conspicuous and compelling sounds of the tropics. As a group the cuckoos are arboreal and spend their time in trees, although several couas of Madagascar, most coucals in the tropics and some cuckoos in semi desert areas are terrestrial. Many cuckoos live by themselves and call only in the breeding season, while a few kinds of cuckoos live in social groups, leaving their group perhaps only once throughout their lives, when they disperse and join another social group. Cuckoos are mainly diurnal, but both the nesting cuckoos and the brood-parasitic cuckoos call at night along with the nocturnal owls and nightjars. It is in their social and parental behaviors that cuckoos are particularly variable, with monogamous pairs that rear their own young, cooperative breeding birds that rear each others ‘ young, and brood-parasitic cuckoos that leave their young to be reared in the nests of other species of birds.
Crotophaginae
Authors: Payne Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ADULT: Sexes alike, appearance shaggy, head ochre with dark shaft streaks, crest orangerufous, upper back brown, feathers streaked with a white shaft and light gray edges.Wing coverts dark brown with white edges, wing dark brown with inner vane of wing feathers rufous, outer vane brown with a pale gray edge, giving a frosted appearance. The lower back is white. the rump is buff. Tail blackish with a yellowish base and a broad white band at the tips of T2 to T4, Tl dark brown with a yellowish base: Below pale ochre to whitish, throat and breast streaked brown, under wing whitish, darker on the secondaries; bare facial skin yellow to pea green; iris yellow to orange; bill orange to yellow; legs bluish gray.
Centropodinae
Authors: Payne Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Centropus Illiger, 1811, Prodromus systematis mammal ium et avium, p. 205. Large, heavy-bodied ground cuckoos of the Old World.Type, by subsequent designation, Cuculus aegyptius Gmelin (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, p. 56). Large cuckoos with a stout bill, short rounded wings and long, broad tails. The genus name refers to the foot (Gr. kentron, a spike or spur, and pous, the foot), describing the long, straight hallux claw of most coucals; the German term for coucals “Sporenkuckucke” also refers to the spurred foot. The broad wings cover the back; the exposed upper back (or mantle) is often the only region not covered by the wing; the back and rump are often covered by short blackish feathers that are concealed by the closed wing, in smaller species much as in the large broad-winged ground cuckoos (Carpococcyx, Neomorphus).
Block copolymers in semidilute and concentrated solutions
Authors: Hamley Ian W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The association of block copolymers in a selective solvent into micelles was the subject of the previous chapter. In this chapter, ordered phases in semidilute and concentrated block copolymer solutions, which often consist of ordered arrays of micelles, are considered. In a semidilute or concentrated block copolymer solution, as the concentration is increased, chains begin to overlap, and this can lead to the formation of a liquid crystalline phase such as a cubic phase of spherical micelles, a hexagonal phase of rod-like micelles or a lamellar phase. These ordered structures are associated with gel phases. Gels do not flow under their own weight, i.e. they have a finite yield stress. This contrasts with micellar solutions (sols) (discussed in Chapter 3) which flow readily due to a liquid-like organization of micelles. The ordered phases in block copolymer solutions are lyotropic liquid crystal phases that are analogous to those formed by lowmolecular-weight surfactants.
Theory and application of fuzzy methodology
Authors: Wang Paul P , Lai Fuji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The challenge of extracting information from a knowledge base is a very important practical issue in AI research. There have been numerous proposals in the past as to how to approach this problem. At the same time, other research has demonstrated in fuzzy control problems that fuzzy logic is an effective tool for solving practical problems. In this chapter we demonstrate that fuzzy set theory is a valuable methodology for the design of knowledge bases, which is a task closely linked to information extraction.
Applications of knowledge based systems
Authors: Mulholland Mary , Hibbert D Brynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge-based systems are at the heart of many Artificial Intelligence (Al) approaches. To answer high-level questions in science requires human expertise that resides in the experience of a practitioner. The sum of that experience comprises knowledge, and applications that rely on this amassed knowledge are referred to as knowledge-based systems. Expert systems (ESs) are particular knowledge-based applications that use some form of inference engine to advise a user via a suitable interface (Fig. 7.1).
Organophosphorus chemistry
Authors: Murphy Patrick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The impact of organophosphorus chemistry on modern synthetic chemistry is difficult to quantify, but one can safely assume that the study of this element has influenced all areas of chemical endeavour. Organophosphorus chemistry, as a discrete area of study, is the study of compounds containing a C − P bond and this book is largely focused on this topic. However, other areas of interest including azaphosphorus, oxyphosphorus and metallophosphorus chemistry are discussed either explicitly as topics or in an implicit manner within the chemistry detailed in each chapter. The purpose of this introductory chapter is to cover many of the general aspects of organophosphorus chemistry and the chemical techniques required for their preparation, including practical methods commonly encountered and some aspects of spectroscopy.
Nabumetone
Authors: Cabri Walter , Fabio Romano Di 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The class of nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatoiy drugs (NSAIDs) consists of a large number of molecules: aspirin (generic), diflunisal (generic), diclofenac (generic), Etodolac, fenoprofen (generic), Flurbiprofen, ibuprofen (generic), indomethacin (generic), ketoprofen (generic), Ketorolac, Magnesium salicilate, meclofenamate (generic), Mefenamic acid, Nabumetone 1, naproxen (generic), Oxaprozin, piroxicam (generic), salsalate (generic), sulindac (generic), tolfenamic acid (generic), tolmetin (generic),
Frogs, flies, and dandelions
Authors: Schilthuizen Menno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolution of new species - speciation - is a central theme in evolution. How does one species split into another? Why? How long does it take for a new species to be born? And what is a species anyway? Such is the importance of the problem that Charles Darwin himself dubbed it "the Mystery of Mysteries". These questions, the focus of intense debate in biology and critical for any assessment of biodiversity, are all tackled in the book. Schilthuizen, reputed scientist and journalist, launches into the debate with tremendous energy and wit. Using the sometimes vicious academic debates and vivid personalities of the scientists as background, he explores the meandering path of speciation research and sets it out in the clearest possible terms. The whole subject leaps to life and its significance for understanding biodiversity comes clear. This is a fascinating, galloping read that will appeal equally to the lay reader and to students getting to grips with the fundamentals of a complex subject.
Emergence From Chaos to Order
Authors: Holland John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This new book, by acclaimed scientist- John Holland, introduces the reader to the exciting new theory of 'emergence', which many people now consider to be the single most characteristic feature of complex, adaptive systems. By 'emergence' it is meant that such systems tend to involve large numbers of intelligent, adaptive agents, interacting on the basis of local information possessed by each agent. These interactions produce global behaviour that cannot be understood simply by knowledge of the individual agents; it is 'emergent behaviour'. Examples of phenomena of this kind are price movements on speculative markets (where agents are individual traders) or road-traffic patterns (where the agents are individual drivers). The book explores the theory of 'emergence', demonstrating how a small number of rules or laws can generate systems of surprising complexity. Board games provide an ancient and direct example: Chess is defined by fewer than two dozen rules, but the myriad patterns that result lead to perpetual novelty and emergence. The discovery of similar patterns in other facets of our world opens the way to a deeper understanding of the complexity of life, answering such questions as: How does a fertilised egg program the development of a trillion-cell organism? How can we build human organisations that respond rapidly to change through innovation? Throughout the book, Holland compares the different systems and models that exhibit emergence in the quest for common rule or laws. These range from the tiny seed "that encloses specifications that produce structures as complicated and distinctive as the giant redwood and the common daisy", to the checkers-playing computer that learned to beat its creator consistently, to the ant colonies that build bridges over chasms and navigate leaf-boats on streams, to the emotive creations of the past. All are explored in a book that will have important ramifications for every aspect of human intellectual endeavour. Reviews "John Holland is an exceptionally imaginative person. Often surprising, and always engaging, he takes the reader on a journey from simplicity to complexity, showing how a few 'rules of engagement' can lead to systems as bewilderingly rich as the neural networks in our brains, our immune defenses against pathogens, and even the ecosystems that maintain the biosphere so that life can flourish" Sir Robert May, Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Government, and one of the founders of Chaos Theory" "Holland at his best - a crisp, insightful framework for analysing and modelling emergent phenomena" John Seely Brown, Chief Scientist, Xerox Corporation "I think it's safe to say that this book will certainly be a significant contribution to the field of complex system theory. And I can't think of a person more well-qualified to write such an account." Professor John Casti, Santa Fe Institute, and author or Would-be worlds.
Molecular dynamics
Authors: Field Martin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experiment and theory have always been partners in the scientific endeavour. Experiments probe the behaviour of the material world while theory provides a framework for the interpretation of the results of experiments and for the design of new ones. In recent years, however, the explosive growth in the power of computers has led to the emergence of a field intermediate between those of theory and experiment—that of computer simulation. Simulations allow the investigation of models which are both more complicated and more realistic than those that can be handled by traditional theoretical approaches.
Fibre and muscle diffraction
Authors: Squire John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many natural and synthetic materials (e.g. plastics, wood, textiles, bone, nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides) are made of polymer molecules. Polymers comprise repeating subunits joined together end-to-end like beads on a string to form very long molecules. In some cases (e.g. some proteins) these polymers fold up to form globular structures which are conveniently studied by X-ray crystallography. However, in other cases (e.g. DNA, collagen, cellulose, some synthetic polymers), the molecules occur in extended forms in which they twist regularly into helical structures. Even in the case of some globular proteins (e.g. actin, tubulin) the globular molecules themselves aggregate in a regular fashion to produce helical macromolecular assemblies (in these cases, actin filaments and microtubules).
Illustrating the basics of voltammetry for solution-soluble redox active species involving reversible electron transfer and reversible coupled chemical reactions: the reduction of electrochemically rich polyoxometalate compounds
Authors: Bond A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Typically, most redox active compounds exhibit only a small number of voltammetric processes within the potential range available in the solvent (electrolyte) medium chosen for the study. However, polyoxometalates [1] represent an electrochemist’s dream class of compound because it is not uncommon to have multiple charge-transfer processes taking place during the course of a single voltammogram [2,3] and several examples, where more than twenty electrons [4,5] can be added during the course of electrochemical reduction of a polyoxometalate, have been established.
Reproductive strategies of male chimpanzees
Authors: Boesch Christophe , Boesch-Achermann Hedwige 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Forest scene: Salomé, one of the highest ranking females, in full oestrus with a large glowing pink swelling, was followed closely by all the males of the community all day long. She could not move without the whole crowd moving with her. The tension between the males was perceptible, although for long periods of time none of them mated, and conflicts exploded whenever Salomé and her friend Ondine neared a fruiting tree. The alpha male, Brutus, then wanted to be the first behind her, but his young challenger Schubert was not always willing to let him do so. The ensuing conflicts between the two were intensely followed by all the other males. Schubert relied on the support of his young ally Macho. Falstaff, the oldest male of the community, was making the best of the situation, either supporting Brutus or attempting to sneak away with Salomé while the other males were too busy threatening one another. Regularly, despite the difficult situation, the big males tried to mate with Salomé by silently and inconspicuously leading her away. She only rarely followed one of them and they came back looking unconcerned.
Collagens VIII and X
Authors: Ricard-Blum Sylvie , Dublet * Bernard , der Rest Michel van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collagens VIII and X share similar structural characteristics including remarkable sequence homology and assembly into hexagonal lattice structures. They have condensed gene structures with similar exon/intron organization. This suggests a common evolutionary origin. They thus constitute a subclass of collagens, which have been called short-chain collagens because of the relatively small size of the triple helical domain which is about half the size of the long triple helix in fibrillar collagens [see 44 for review]. Table 20 gives the Swiss Prot database entries for collagens VIII and X. Collagens VIII and X and the C1q subunit of the Cl component of complement share a similar domain in their C-terminal non-triple helical region [667, 722, 965, 1027]. In addition, this Cterminal region also shows a strong similarity in amino acid sequence to the C-terminal regions of precerebellin [1037], hibernation-associated plasma proteins HP-27, HP-25 and HP-20 [1006, 1029], multimerin, a homotrimeric soluble protein found in platelets and in the endothelium of blood vessels [995], an inner ear-specific structural protein [978] and adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kDa (AdipoQ) [1026].
The evolution of Earth
Authors: Williams R J P , Silva J J R Fraústo Da 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sun and its planetary system formed some 5 x 109 years ago from the association under gravity of an elliptical disc of nuclei and electrons. The central zone of the disc, at a temperature around 107K, became the sun and has remained at this temperature while the outside edges cooled progressively to give the planets.