bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ökonomen, Publikationen und Zitationen: Ein europäischer Vergleich
Authors: Eichenberger Reiner , Meier Ursina , Arpagausz Rolf 
Published: March 2003

Abstract This paper measures the publishing activity and the impact of European economists, 1986±1996. The analysis of the number of publications in selected scholarly journals and the citations shows that, relative to population size, the British economists are in the lead. They publish much more than their German, French and Italian colleagues. At the same time, their work seems also to be cited more often. However, compared to the economists from the small western European countries, the British dominance is much less pronounced. The latter seem to be much more focused on the international academic market than scholars from the large continental countries. 160
Kapitaldeckungs- versus Umlageverfahren
Authors: Breyer Friedrich 
Published: March 2003

Abstract In the academic debate on systems of old-age insurance no question is as controversial and as vigorously discussed as the choice between funded and unfunded financing modes. At first glance this is surprising because this choice seems to involve only an efficiency problem. However, closer inspection reveals that a change of the financing system implies redistribution, if not within, at least among, different generations. In this contribution, the present state of knowledge on the functioning and the effects of the two financing systems is summarized. The analysis focuses on a comparison of rates of return and risks involved in each system and on the problems connected with a transition from unfunded to funded pensions. As a result it is argued that without reference to specific criteria of distributive equity among generations the nowadays popular call for radical reform of unfunded social security systems is not well founded.
Politikberatung der Öffentlichkeit?
Authors: Pitlik Hans 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Due to the incentives of both suppliers and users of policy advice the influence of economists on government decisions is almost negligible. This paper aims to explore the prospects of policy advice addressed to the general public as a countervailing power. It is argued that in order to have some impact on public opinion economists must rely primarily on propaganda and have to overcome a serious collective action problem. Yet, the organization of the academic system provides no incentives for economists to fulfil the role of general-public-oriented advisers.
Das Bündnis für Arbeit – Ein Weg aus der institutionellen Verflechtungsfalle?
Authors: Berthold Norbert 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Persistently high unemployment is still the most urgent problem confronting policymakers in many continental European countries. Policymakers were not idle but their activities often treated the symptoms rather than the real causes of the malaise in labor markets. A prerequisite for solving the unemployment problem is pushing for more competition in all markets, but in particular in the labor market. However, lack of competition allows insiders to capture rents, thus making them opposed to a rigorous competitive policy approach. It is often suggested that corporatism would be an alternative and possibly even superior solution, i.e., tripartist agreements involving unions, employer associations and the government. The paper argues that this is not the case. Rather, corporatism leads to even less competition and opens additional channels for externalizing the burden of adjustment to exogenous shocks on future generations and on taxpayers at large via the social security system. Globalization might in contrast help to overcome the problem because there are fewer rents to be captured by insiders, and more open goods and factor markets make labor demand more elastic, thus enforcing more moderate wage setting and more flexible wage structures.
Tapping task as an index of mental workload in a time sharing task1
Authors: Shinohara Kazumitsu , Miura Toshiaki , Usui Shinnosuke 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The sensitivity of tapping task to mental workload was investigated. Thirteen subjects were asked to produce 3 s intervals continuously while performing a time sharing task. The time sharing task was designed to manipulate a demand to allocate an attentional resource to one target and a demand to switch the target to which an attentional resource was mainly allocated. Results showed that produced intervals became shorter and more variable as the time sharing task became more demanding. The subjective workload assessment by the NASA Task Load Index (NASA‐TLX) indicated that subjects experienced an increasing workload as the demand of the time sharing task increased. Two sub scales of the NASA‐TLX, “effort” and “mental demand,” were rated higher than other sub scales. These results suggest that the tapping task is sensitive not only to the motor output load but also to the central processing load.
Double Effect and the End‐Not‐Means Principle: A Response to Bennett
Authors: Cavanaugh Thomas 
Published: March 2003

Proponents of double‐effect reasoning — relying in part on a distinction between intention and foresight — assert that it is worse intentionally to cause harm than to cause harm with foresight but without intention. They hold, for example, that terror bombing is worse than tactical bombing in so far as terror bombing is the intentional harming of non‐combatants while tactical bombing is not. In articulating the ethical relevance of the intended/foreseen distinction, advocates of double effect employ the Kantian end‐not‐means principle.Jonathan Bennett has recently argued that this principle cannot ground the ethical relevance of the intended/foreseen distinction. He holds that the principle demands that one benefit others while double effect deals with acts that do not benefit others. Thus, he maintains, the intended/foreseen distinction does not have ethical import and double effect is not tenable. I argue for a reading of the end‐not‐means principle that grounds the ethical relevance of both the intended/foreseen distinction and double effect.
An Investigation of the Effect of the 1990 Reserve Requirement Change on Financial Asset Prices
Authors: Stewart Jonathan D. , Hein Scott E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn 1990, the Federal Reserve reduced reserve requirements on large, nonpersonal time deposits and net Eurocurrency liabilities. In this article we provide evidence on who gained from the reduction in this tax. No evidence is found to suggest that large depositors gained by way of higher yields. Rather, evidence indicates a decline in Eurodollar interest rates relative to other money market rates. Evidence further shows that bank shareholders were recipients of abnormal share price appreciation following the announcement. There is little evidence to indicate that shareholders outside of the banking industry experienced similar abnormal gains.
Are the Best Small Companies the Best Investments?
Authors: Bauman W. Scott , Conover C. Mitchell , Cox Don R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPrevious research finds that large companies previously judged to be excellent growth companies have subsequently been poor investments. We examine small companies selected by Business Week on the basis of multiple criteria used in annual articles featuring highly rated growth companies. We study the investment performance over the three years before eleven annual Business Week publications and the three years after publication. We find positive excess returns in the pre‐publication period, but negative excess returns in the post‐publication period. This reversal in investment performance appears to be due to a mean‐reversion tendency in operating performance, in which the earnings and the past rates of return on capital of such companies subsequently decrease significantly.
News Releases, Market Integration, and Market Leadership
Authors: Christie‐David Rohan , Chaudhry Mukesh , Khan Walayet 
Published: March 2003

AbstractUsing intraday data we examine the response of futures on the British Long Gilt (Gilt), the German Government Bond (Bund), the U.S. Treasury Bond (Bond), the Japanese Government Bond (JGB), and the Italian Government Bond (IGB) to the release of U.S. macroeconomic news. Bond, Gilt, and Bund futures respond strongly to the news releases. The response of JGB futures is less pronounced, and IGB futures display weak responses at best. The instruments take time to adjust to news in the announcements. Following the announcements, Bond futures exert a high degree of market leadership. Evidence of increasing market integration is also noted.
Nonlinearity and Low Deterministic Chaotic Behavior in Insurance Portfolio Stock Returns
Authors: Urrutia Jorge L. , Vu Joseph , Gronewoller Paul , Hoque Monzurul 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article presents new empirical evidence indicating a deterministic component in the portfolio return dynamics of life‐health and property‐liability insurance company stocks. Our research is motivated by the fact that nonlinearities are a fact of economic life for many financial applications the source of which is logically apparent, yet empirical evidence of their existence is at best weak. The primary reason attributed to the weak findings of nonlinearities reported in previous research is the use of aggregate data that can hide nonlinearities at the micro level. Insurance sector stock returns are analyzed because unique institutional characteristics indicate the possibility of identifying nonlinear dynamics. Tests based on the correlation dimension partially confirm the presence of nonlinearity. However, the more powerful Brock, Dechert, and Scheinkman (BDS) statistic strongly suggests the presence of nonlinearities in the insurance stock portfolio data. The BDS statistic applied to the standardized residuals of exponential generalized auto regressive conditional heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) models strongly rejects the null of independent and identically distributed, indicating that conditional heteroskedasticity is not responsible for the presence of the nonlinear structures in the data. In addition, tests for chaos based on locally weighted regressions indicate that insurance stock portfolio returns indicate low‐complexity chaotic behavior. This is an important result since most previous research has failed to report evidence of chaotic behavior in the time series of stock returns. Important contributions of this article are the application of tests of nonlinearities and chaos to more desegregated data sets and the findings of statistically significant evidence indicating nonlinearities and low‐deterministic chaotic behavior in insurance stock portfolio returns.
Information About Multiple Risks: The Case of Building and Content Insurance
Authors: Bonato Dario , Zweifel Peter 
Published: March 2003

AbstractInsurers traditionally use risk‐specific characteristics of insureds to classify them according to risk. In this article, the practical relevance of information about multiple risks is demonstrated for the case of content insurance of a Swiss company. Two types of such information prove important: information about “spillover moral hazard” caused by mandated prevention affecting preventive effort in an unregulated line, and information about “common impulses” reflected in the loss experience of related lines. Both contribute to an improved prediction of loss probability.
Incomplete Markets and Hyperbolic Discounting
Authors: Hunter Greg 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA growing number of empirical researchers are finding evidence of hyperbolic discounting in their investigations on the nature of preferences for distributing consumption over time. This article contributes to the literature by exposing a large class of models in which hyperbolic and exponential discounting are observationally equivalent. The results of the modeling approach simultaneously resolve serious concerns raised by other models in the literature that have been used to explain the empirical findings and answer other questions raised by the phenomenon that are unexplained by earlier contributions. By analyzing an intertemporal general equilibrium model with incomplete insurance markets, this article demonstrates that for sufficiently short time horizons, values implied by a hyperbolic discount function fall within incomplete market valuation bounds.
Barriers to Matching New Technologies and Market Opportunities in Established Firms
Authors: Bond Edward U. , Houston Mark B. 
Published: March 2003

In industries that produce high‐technology products or are reliant on technology for administrative or manufacturing processes, it is essential appropriately to link technologies to markets in order to increase shareholder value and to build future cash flows. Research and development (R&D) allocations in such industries are greatly dependent on forecasts of the R&D project's estimated potential contribution to future cash flows, which is related to the project's ability to satisfy current or future customer needs. The resource allocation decisions are difficult, however, since both markets and technology are likely to be highly uncertain.Although the innovation literature ably has addressed specific relationships between certain factors and new product development outcomes, less attention has been given to obstacles faced in linking technology to markets. Grounded in a literature‐based discussion of technology and market opportunity, the authors develop a conceptual framework for identifying and understanding the barriers facing managers in the process of matching technologies to market opportunities. Technology and market barriers include technology‐market linkage, technology availability, technology and market capabilities of competitors, and business model feasibility. Strategy and structure barriers include competition for limited resources, technology capabilities, technology portfolio goals, current market strategies, and competition for control of market charters. Social and cultural barriers include interpretive and communication barriers between functional units and language and cultural barriers within the technology workforce.The article concludes with implications for researchers and managers. The conceptual framework presented here can encourage the development of a stream of research in the area of technology strategy and planning processes, allowing researchers to improve our understanding of the process of technology innovation. Managers can use the framework as a guide for addressing a wide range of issues related to the process of matching technologies to market opportunities. For example, rather than relying strictly on cash flow projections for estimating the value of a new technology, managers also should consider how the technology could create new market opportunities or could reshape existing ones.
A STUDY OF THE DYNAMICS OF λsinz
Authors: DOMÍNGUEZ PATRICIA , SIENRA GUILLERMO 
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the dynamics of the family λ sin z for some values of λ. First we give a description of the Fatou set for values of λ inside the unit disc. Then for values of λ on the unit circle of parabolic type (λ = exp (i2πθ), θ = p/q, (p, q) = 1), we prove that if q is even, there is one q-cycle of Fatou components, if q is odd, there are two q cycles of Fatou components. Moreover the Fatou components of such cycles are bounded. For λ as above there exists a component Dqtangent to the unit disc at λ of a hyperbolic component.There are examples for λ such that the Julia set is the whole complex plane. Finally, we discuss the connectedness locus and the existence of buried components for the Julia set.
Assessing the joint effects of chlorinated dioxins, some pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls on thyroid hormone status in Japanese breast‐fed infants
Authors: Yanagawa Takashi , Kobayashi Yosuke , Nagayama Junya 
Published: March 2003

AbstractJoint effects of dioxin related chemicals (DXNs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor‐epoxide (HCE), chlordane and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) on the levels of triirodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) and thyroid binding globulin (TBG) in the peripheral blood of 101 breast‐fed infants are studied. The statistical issue involved is how to estimate the effects based on data from volunteer subjects with possible measurement errors. A chain independent graph is applied for modeling the associations among factors, and dicotomizations of selected factors are performed for estimating the effects. Use of nonparametric methods with careful consideration of over‐adjustment is suggested. It is shown that the estimated odds ratios of DXNs∪DDT, the first principal component of DXNs and DDT, relative to TSH are 3.02 (p‐value=0.03) and 7.15 (p‐value=0.02), respectively, when PCB is not adjusted and adjusted for, respectively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Important increase of invasive lobular breast cancer incidence in Geneva, Switzerland
Authors: Verkooijen Helena Marieke , Fioretta Gérald , Vlastos Georges , Morabia Alfredo , Schubert Hyma , Sappino André‐Pascal , Pelte Marie‐Françoise , Schäfer Peter , Kurtz John , Bouchardy Christine 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA recent paper from the United States reported a sharp and unexplained increase in invasive lobular breast cancer incidence since 1977 (Li et al., Cancer 2000;88:2561–9). We investigated if this trend was also present in Geneva, Switzerland, where breast cancer incidence is one of the highest in Europe. We analyzed trends in breast cancer incidence according to histologic subtype, age and stage, to clarify the pattern. Our population‐based study includes all histologically confirmed invasive breast carcinomas (n = 6,247) recorded between 1976 and 1999 at the Geneva Cancer Registry. Breast histology was classified as ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma and other. Incidence trends were studied by log‐linear regression analyses. Models including effects of age, period and birth cohorts were used to describe rising incidence trends. The incidence of ductal carcinoma increased 1.2% per year (ptrend < 0.001) from 85.2 to 110.1/100,000. This increase concerned women aged 50–69 years and early‐stage tumors. Lobular cancer incidence increased disproportionately (14.4% per year, ptrend < 0.01) and rose from 2.9 to 20.5/100,000. This increase affected all age categories and both localized and advanced stages. In addition, a strong age‐cohort effect was present (p < 0.05), and women aged 50–59 years born after 1944 experienced the most marked increase. Our study shows a disproportionate increase of lobular breast cancer incidence compared to ductal cancer incidence. Contrary to ductal cancer, trends for lobular cancer are unlikely to be explained by increased use of screening mammography. Other explanations must be researched, in particular the role played by hormone replacement therapy. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of a novel HLA‐A*24 allele containing an HLA‐A*03 sequence motif
Authors: Drábek J. , Bunce M. , Faé I. , Ambruzová Z. , Dunn P. , Ross J. , Fischer G.f. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:HLA‐A*2418 is described for the first time. It segregates in a Mendelian fashion. Serological analyses indicate that the new allele encodes epitopes from both HLA‐A9 and ‐A3 specificities. Results from nucleotide sequencing analyses of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification products derived from genomic and cDNA are compatible with those findings Note.
HFE genotypes and haemochromatosis: quantifying the risks of disease
Authors: Lester S. , Bardy P. , McCluskey J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive disease involving mutations in the recently characterised HFE gene linked to HLA‐A in the major histocompatibility complex. The known HFE polymorphisms include the wild‐type allele, a G→A substitution at base 845 (845A) and a C→G substitution at position 187 (187G). Although most cases of HH are accountable by homozygosity of the 845A allele the exact risk of other HFE genotypes, especially those involving the 187G allele has not been determined. We have compiled estimates of disease risk for all known HFE genotypes by re‐analyzing published studies. The data show a hierarchical risk calculated as odds ratio (OR) for each genotype 845A/845A (OR=2101); 845A/187G (OR=24); 187G/187G (OR=9); 845A/Wt (OR=5); 187G/Wt (OR=2). Interestingly, the disease risk of 187G‐genotypes suggests that subtle functional changes in the HFE product can interact with other genetic factors (e.g. trans allele, gender) and environmental factors (e.g. diet) to manifest either as clinical disease, altered iron stores or a normal phenotype. This paradigm is potentially useful in understanding the contribution of HLA alleles to risk of various disorders especially autoimmunity.
Platelet glycoprotein (GP) V polymorphisms in Japanese
Authors: Kunishima S. , Shimizu T. , Kamiya T. , Ozawa K. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The glycoprotein (GP) V is a subunit of a platelet receptor for von Willebrand factor, the GPIb/IX/V complex. Recently, polymorphisms in the GPV gene, four involving amino acid changes and five silent, were identified. We developed an allele‐specific restriction method to determine the gene frequencies of the non‐synonymous substitutions in Japanese and Caucasians. The gene frequencies for 341Gly/Arg polymorphism were 0.94 for 341Gly and 0.06 for 341Arg, and 0.95 for 341Gly and 0.05 for 341Arg, in Japanese and Caucasians, respectively. We could not find rare variants for 114Asp/Tyr, 273Met/Ile or 397Leu/Arg. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the 341Arg variant is expressed normally on the platelet membranes, suggesting the possibility of the involvement of the 341Gly/Arg polymorphism as a platelet alloantigen.
New HLA class II alleles in the Indonesian population
Authors: Panigoro R. , Greville W.D. , Kennedy A. , Tréjaut J. , Dunckley H. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:This paper describes two new class II alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), DRB1*1431 and DRB3*0303, that have been found in the Indonesian population. In addition, the identification of DRB1*0819 is presented as a confirmatory report Note.
Identification of a novel DPB1* allele (DPB1*6901) and the occurrence of HLA haplotypes that extend to DPB1
Authors: Varney M.D. , Tait B.D. 
Published: March 2003

Acknowledgments:The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Alex Gavrilidis (GeneType Pty Ltd) in performing nucleotide sequencing.Abstract:The sequence of a novel DPB1 allele, DPB1*6901, observed in a Caucasian bone marrow donor phenotype HLA A2; Cw*0501,*1601; B*4402, *4403; DRB1*0401; *07; DQB1*02; *0301; DPB1*0401; *6901, is described. The sequence is consistent with that previously described for DPB1*0601 with the exception of codon 69. The sequence at this codon is consistent with that previously observed only in the DPB1*1101 and *1501 alleles. It is suggested that DPB1*6901 may have arisen as a result of a recombination event occurring between codons 58 and 64 between DPB1*0601 and DPB1*1101. The sequence of DPB1*1501 from codon 64 is not consistent with DPB1*6901. A linkage disequilibria analysis that examined 212 potential bone marrow recipients in which HLA‐A to DQ haplotypes had been established by family studies showed linkage disequilibrium between HLA‐B, DRB1 and DPB1 in some haplotypes and not others.