bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic Statistics
Authors: Payne R W , Lane P W , Digby P G N , Harding S A , Leech P K , Morgan G W , Todd AD , Thompson R , Wilson G Tunnicliffe , Welham S J , White R P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of statistics includes a wide range of techniques for dealing with data. In the early days, statisticians were mainly concerned with collecting and summarizing data. Later the subject was widened to include methods for finding and fitting quantitative models and, more recently, methods have been developed for exploring data and searching for patterns.
Multivariate and cluster analysis
Authors: Payne R W , Lane P W , Digby P G N , Harding S A , Leech P K , Morgan G W , Todd AD , Thompson R , Wilson G Tunnicliffe , Welham S J , White R P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we are concerned with statistical methods for analysing more than one variable simultaneously. Very often such methods initially combine information on all the given variables into a measure of association, such as a distance or dissimilarity; so, in a sense, they become univariate. Indeed in some fields of application, notably psychology and the social sciences, a single variable of associations may be observed directly, rather than calculated from more basic information. Multivariate analysis is concerned with two forms of data: (a) information on p variables for each of n samples (this can be called the data matrix); or (b) information, usually presented as a symmetric matrix, giving associations between all pairs of samples or all pairs of variables.
Introduction: human evolution, dispersals, and adaptive strategies
Authors: Akazawa Takeru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where did humans originate? In order to answer this question a closer look at the relationship between humankind and the living non-human primates is necessary. Of particular importance is the question of which primates are more closely related to humans—the living Asian pongid represented by the orangutan, or the living African apes represented by the chimpanzee and the gorilla.
A Monte Carlo simulation study of coalescence times in a successive colonization model with migration
Authors: Aoki Kenichi , Shida Mitsuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on the branching pattern of genealogical trees constructed from restriction maps and sequences of mitochondrial DNA, Cann et al. (1987) and Vigilant et al. (1991) have proposed an African origin of modern humans. Recent statistical reanalyses of parsimony trees have undermined their result (Templeton 1992; Hedges et al. 1992), but the greater sequence differences observed in sub-Saharan Africa are still regarded as supporting the African origin hypothesis. Another interesting aspect of the mitochondrial DNA work is the possibility that demo graphic changes can be inferred from the distribution of pairwise nucleotide dif ferences (Di Rienzo and Wilson 1991; Slatkin and Hudson 1991; Rogers and Harpending 1992). These authors suggest that there was a dispersal of modern humans out of Africa at the time of the deduced sudden increase in population. The theory of gene coalescence (Kingman 1982a,b; Hudson 1983; Tajima 1983), particularly for structured populations (e.g. Takahata 1988; Slatkin 1991, 1993), has provided useful insights into the evolution and variation of human mitochondrial DNA. (Coalescence is a retrospective way of looking at the genealogy of genes. A sample of genes from the present is said to coalesce when they share a common ancestor in the past.) However, the coalescent process has not yet been investigated in an explicit model of the African origin hypothesis. In this paper, we introduce a model for the gradual range expansion of a population initially restricted to Africa, and study the distributions and means of coalesence times by Monte Carlo simulations (see Fig. 4.1). Range expansion is assumed to occur as a result of successive colonization events that are linked to population growth, where empty sites arrayed in a finite linear stepping stone are colonized one by one. Migration is permitted between demes (random mating populations) occupying adjacent sites. By varying the timing of the colonization events, note that both the ‘out of Africa’ and ‘multiregional’ scenarios (Wolpoff 1989; Wolpoff eta/. 1984) become special cases of our model.
Environmental context for early human occupation in western North America
Authors: Willig Judith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In North America, the Clovis fluted point tradition represents the earliest widespread culture accepted without controversy. Originally formulated as the Llano-Clovis big-game hunting tradition (Sellards 1952), the complex was ar chaeologically indexed by the association of Clovis-type fluted points with extinct Pleistocene megafauna in buried, stratigraphic contexts from kill sites in the Great Plains and southwest dating 11840-10620 BP (Haynes eta/. 1984). The Clovis complex was later expanded into a pan-continental pattern based on broad similarities in fluted point forms, tool kits, and site types, and a site distribution ranging from Alaska to South America, and from the west-to-east coasts of North America. The presence of small, widely scattered, low density sites and isolated finds, with few large base camps suggested a low population density. The inferred adaptational pattern was one of small groups of highly mobile, wide ranging foragers and big-game hunters focusing on now-extinct Pleistocene fauna for food, shelter, and clothing (Haynes 1964, 1980).
New assessments of early human occupations in the southern cone
Authors: Nami Hugo Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Archaeological research has shown much progress in recent decades. The advances have paved the way for new methodological appraisals of old problems such as the peopling of the American continents and the nature of their earliest inhabitants, and they have provided theories, methods, and data on ancient human occupations (e.g. Politis 1988; Nami 1994; Nami, in press), presumably by Paleoindians (Bray 1988; Dillehay 1991).
The southern cone of the American continent comprises Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and the south of Brazil. In this paper I discuss sites located in the Argentine provinces of Jujuy, Buenos Aires, Mendoza, Neuquen, and Santa Cruz, and also sites in the Chilean regions of Ultima Esperanza and Tierra del Fuego. Tagua Tagua and Monte Verde will be discussed by Nuiiez and Dillehay, respectively.
Paleolithic colonization in Sahul land
Authors: White J Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussions of the settlement of Sahul, the landmass which joined the countries of New Guinea, Australia, and Tasmania, have usually been concerned with events within it, occasionally looking across Wallacea to events in southeast Asia and China, but rarely setting it within a world context. The textbook writers, of course, have done so, but they have universally treated this area as marginal, peripheral to the better documented, more dramatic and thus more important history of Europe. This summary paper challenges the marginality view of Sahul prehistory on two grounds. First, the settlement of this continent is one of only two such occurrences in the world’s human history. Second, several aspects of the prehistory of Sahul indicate that our textbook view of world prehistory, and of human abilities and activities in the past, needs reconsideration.
What is southeast Asian about Lapita?
Authors: Spriggs Matthew J T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The linkage between the spread of the Lapita cultural complex from Melanesia into western Polynesia, and the spread of Austronesian languages was first sug gested in the 1970s (Shutler and Marek 1975; Bellwood 1978). That this spread was linked to a dispersal of Mongoloid peoples out of Asia, through southeast Asia into Polynesia was explicit in these formulations. Indeed, an ultimately Asian origin for Polynesians was postulated in the European voyages of explora tion to the Pacific in the eighteenth century (Cook 1784, Vol. III, p. 125).
The foundations of Polynesian languages and cultures go back to the exten sion of Lapita into a previously uninhabited region. That the immediate Lapita ‘homeland’ is further west in the Bismarck Archipelago is also well accepted. It is also generally agreed that Austronesian languages, whether in Polynesia or the Bismarcks, are derived from even further to the west, from Taiwan. The process that took these languages fr m Taiwan to island Melanesia and Polynesia should leave archaeological traces. The obvious trace, no later than about 3000 BP-the initial settlement of Polynesia-is Lapita in island Melanesia and Polynesia.
Formation of the Japanese language in connection with Austronesian languages
Authors: Sakiyama Osamu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is generally believed that Japanese is an isolated language, forming a single family together with the languages of the Ryukyu Islands. Although Japanese shares many typological features with the so-called Altaic languages, the lack of clear phonological correspondences is a serious problem for the Japanese-Altaic hypothesis. Austronesian elements in Japanese have been underestimated until now, because they have been thought to be lexical in character: that is, old borrowings.
I argue that Japanese is a mixed language formed through the pidginization of northern, possibly Tungusic, languages with some form of Austronesian.
The language family in the southern areas that is linked to the Ryukyu-Japanese Archipelago is called Austronesian. Van H. Labberton and J. Whymant in the 1920s and some other scholars first noticed the location of Austronesian speakers relative to the Archipelago, and postulated the importance of Austronesian in the formation of the Japanese language. However, tentative comparison among vocabularies yields semantically improbable examples (Table 23.1), even after attention is paid to phonological correspondences.
Statistics in Toxicology
Authors: Morgan B J T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This collection of papers on aspects of statistics in toxicology is will be of interest to all medical statisticians. It offers findings from numerous leading experts from around the world including A. Whitehead and R. N. Connor (University of Reading), L. Ryan (Harvard), A. P. Grieve (Pfizer Research), K.J. Risko (Northern Telecom), and B.H. Margolin (University of North Carolina). This is the latest in the popular Royal Statistical Society Lecture Series, and will be essential reading for all those involved in this area.
Statistical analysis of overdispersed multinomial data from developmental toxicity studies
Authors: Krewski Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toxic chemicals present in the human environment may induce developmental anomalies in the offspring of exposed parents, particularly as a consequence of maternal exposure. In addition to epidemiological evidence of adverse effects on fetal development, laboratory experiments in small mammalian species represent a major source of data on developmental toxicity. Laboratory studies afford a greater level of control than is possible in observational studies of human populations, and can be conducted in advance of human exposure. This chapter discusses statistical methods for analysing overdispersed multinomial data arising from laboratory studies of developmental toxicity.
Why forecasts fail and policies are often frustrated1
Authors: Keyfitz Nathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A nation can be ruined by cleverly crafted short-term solutions to its long-term problems. Some people are homeless. They can’t afford privately available housing? Rent hotel space for them, or quickly build low-rent apartments in a scheme of so-called urban renewal. Single girls have carelessly become pregnant? Provide them with a temporary income provided there is no man in sight to support them. Crime is increasing? Mandate longer sentences and build more jails. And even more obvious, the treasury is empty? A painless answer: borrow the money.
Approximate Bayesian Computation Based on Signed Roots of Log-Density Ratios
Authors: Sweeting T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We discuss approximate Bayesian computation based on the asymptotic theory of signed root log-likelihood, or log-posterior density ratios. Third-order correct formulae for univariate posterior distribution functions are reviewed and some new fourth-order correct formulae for Bartlett corrections, posterior expectations and predictive distributions presented. All the approximations described in the paper are available at little additional computational cost over simple first-order approximations and are particularly useful for sensitivity and influence analyses. Some illustrative examples are given. It is argued that analytic approximation still has an important role to play in Bayesian statistics.
Some Statistical Issues in Palæoclimatology¹
Authors: West Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses some issues arising in the study of patterns of historical climate change based on geochemical measurements in deep lake sediment cores. The specific climatological focus is on patterns of variability, and possible cycles, in climatic indicators during the past two or three millenia. The statistical issues raised relate to various aspects of statistical calibration of raw data records, data quality and uncertainty propagation through data processing stages, and problems of time series analysis to assess patterns of variation in the geological records over time. Novel time series methods are introduced to address the questions of cyclicality in the data records and to allow for various sources of uncertainty in dating of the records. Dynamic models with cyclical auto-regressive components, and various aspects of their simulation based analyses, are discussed, and some exploratory analyses of currently available palreoclimatologicaldata are summarised. Other issues discussed include radiocarbon calibration, uncertainties in data timing, missing data, model combination, and the future prospects in the current and related palreoclimatological contexts.
Proper Scoring Rules for Fractiles
Authors: Cervera* J L , Munoz** J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we consider the problem of how an expert should be paid when he/she states the information about the distribution of a random quantity in terms of fractiles, and an observation is subsequently taken. The reward, as a function of the stated fractiles and the actual observation, should encourage the expert to be honest. We introduce a family of such functions, discuss their properties and consider some extensions. The ideas are illustrated with an example about the number of delegates to Valencia-5.
Variable Selection and Model Comparison in Regression
Authors: Geweke J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the specification of linear regression models it is common to indicate a list of candidate variables from which a subset enters the model with nonzero coefficients. This paper interprets this specification as a mixed continuous-discrete prior distribution for coefficient values. It then utilizes a Gibbs sampler to construct posterior moments. It is shown how this method can incorporate sign constraints and provide posterior probabilities for all possible subsets of regressors. The methods are illustrated using some standard data sets.
On Inference for Outputs of Computationally Expensive Algorithms with Uncertainty on the Inputs
Authors: Haylock* R G , O’Hagan** A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper considers Bayesian inference for the outputs of a computationally intensive algorithm, and for appropriate summary measures of those outputs. It is possible, because of the computation time involved, to run the algorithm under a few different combinations of the input parameters. These outputs provide the data. The complexity of estimating outputs and summary measures from computationally expensive algorithms is compounded if inputs to the algorithm are uncertain. Current methodology using sampling schemes, as used in the field of radiation protection, fails to make maximum use of available subjective information about the uncertain inputs or to provide many summary measures.
The Geometry of Bayesian Inference
Authors: Shortle J F , Mendel M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper gives a method for generating a geometric picture of a conditional distribution such as the posterior distribution used in Bayesian inference. From such a picture, it is possible to see simultaneously how different observations of one variable affect the distribution of another variable. The method generalizes to representing a conditional distribution in arbitrary coordinates. Differential forms and their geometry are used to redraw the pictures under a change of coordinates. The posterior distribution for the energy of a simple spring-mass system is used to illustrate the method.
Theoretical approaches to language and aging
Authors: Burke Deborah M , Mackay Donald G , James Lori E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on cognition and aging has developed rapidly over the past several decades, moving beyond its early focus on psychometric intelligence tests to encompass new experimental paradigms and theoretical frameworks from cognitive psychology and the neurosciences. Although the accumulation of empirical findings has overshadowed the development of theories for explaining the patterns of cognitive change in old age, specification of theories of cognitive aging has undergone recent progress (e.g. Bowles 1994; Byrne 1998; Hasher and Zacks 1988; MacKay and Burke 1990; Myerson et al. 1990; Salthouse 1996). In this chapter, we describe a detailed theory of cognitive aging, the Transmission Deficit hypothesis, comparing it to other theories and demonstrating its account of evidence relating aging and language. We start with evidence indicating that effects of aging on language comprehension versus production are asymmetric, a phenomenon that sets a boundary condition for theories of cognitive aging. Although theories of cognitive aging have in general focused on cognitive decrements, these asymmetries indicate that they must also account for domains of performance that are preserved in old age, such as language comprehension. We compare two classes of cognitive aging theories for explaining asymmetric effects of aging on language: infonnation-universal and information-specific theories. Then we provide a detailed account within the Transmission Deficit model of how aging impacts three aspects of language production: tip-of-the-tongue experiences (TOTs), proper name recall, and retrieval of orthographic knowledge.
Integrating hippocampal and parietal functions: a spatial point of view
Authors: Burgess Neil , Jeffery Kathryn J , Keefe John O’ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As an animal moves through its environment and interacts with it, many of the most important problems it faces involve the processing of spatial information. The animal needs to be able to perceive the locations and orientations of the objects around it relative to itself, to configure and move its receptors and effectors to sense and act upon these objects, and to move bodily through space so as to position itself in favourable locations or to avoid dangerous ones. The difficulty of solving these problems has been regularly demonstrated by the failure of artificial systems to perform such tasks efficiently. By contrast, animals routinely overcome these problems in their everyday life. This book examines some of the neural substrates and mechanisms supporting these remarkable abilities in humans and other mammals.
Multimodal integration for the representation of space in the posterior parietal cortex
Authors: Andersen Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex and the hippocampus are areas of the brain considered synonymous with spatial cognition. The classic studies of O’ Keefe & Nadel (1978) and their colleagues demonstrated cells in the hippocampus of rats selective for places in the environment. Given the amazing spatial properties of these cells, these authors proposed that the hippocampus con¬ tained a cognitive map of space. Likewise, lesions to the posterior parietal cortex of humans and non-human primates produce severe deficits in spatial perception. Thus the posterior parietal cortex has been considered essential for the perception of space. In primates the posterior parietal cortex projects to the presubiculum and parahippocampal gyrus and thus there are strong and rather direct connections between these areas. The loss of spatial memories after lesion of the posterior parietal cortex suggests that these memories are laid down there, with the aid of the hippocampus. In rats the posterior parietal cortex contains cells with properties similar to those of cells found in the hippocampus; this observation again suggests that these two structures play an intimate and associated role in the construction of spatial cognition. In this paper, data on how space is processed in the posterior parietal cortex in the macaque monkey are reviewed. An understanding of the spatial role of the parietal areas, when combined with new data that are emerging from studies of the monkey hippocampus (Uno et al. 1993; Rolls & Omara 1995; Satoshi et al. 1995), will help in understanding the roles these two structures play in spatial cognition. Likewise, the comparison of primates with rats will determine what spatial functions are similar or dissimilar between the two species.
Action-based mechanisms of attention
Authors: Tipper Steven P , Howard Louise A , Houghton George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Actions, which have effects in the external world, must be spatiotopically represented in the brain. The brain is capable of representing space in many different forms (e.g. retinotopic, environment-, head-, or shoulder-centred), but we maintain that actions are represented in action-centred space, meaning that, at the cellular level, the direction of movement is defined by the activity of cells. In reaching, for example, object location is defined as the direction and distance between the origin of the hand and the target. Most importantly, we argue that more than one task-relevant action can be evoked at any moment in time. Therefore, highly efficient selection processes that accurately link vision and action have had to evolve. Research is reviewed which supports the notion of action-based inhibitory mechanisms that select the target from competing distractor.
Transcription Factors that Control Schwann Cell Development and myelination
Authors: Topilko P , Meijer D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now well established that the continuous dialog between neuron and Schwann cell underlies the development, maintenance and regeneration of peripheral nerves (see Chapters 1 and 15). Most of the Schwann cells within the developing nerve, as well as the other glial cell types in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), such as the satellite cells, the teloglia and enteric glial cells, derive from the neural crest (Le Douarin et al., 1991; Anderson, 1997). Immature Schwann cells proliferate, migrate, invade, bundle and sort the axonal fibers of the embryonic nerve. This process continues until the Schwann cells ensheath individual larger caliber axons or multiple lower caliber axons. Schwann cells then cease to proliferate and commence to myelinate the larger axons, while the non-myelin-forming Schwann cells further ensheath multiple smaller axons resulting in the mature Schwann cell phenotypes observed in the nerves of adult animals (Webster, 1993). The differentiation of the two types of Schwann cells takes place during the first weeks of postnatal life in rodents. A number of distinct steps in the generation of mature Schwann cells can be distinguished. (i) Pluripotent neural crest stem cells must acquire a glial cell fate during entry into, or within the embryonic nerve. (ii) This glial cell population expands and invades the nerve bundle. (iii) Immature cells will adopt a promyelin-forming or a pro-nonmyelin-forming configuration with axons and cease to proliferate.