bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manipulation of objects in a captive group of lion‐tailed macaques (Macaca silenus)
Authors: Westergaard Gregory Charles , Lindquist Teresa 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the manipulative propensities of a captive group of lion‐tailed macaques (Macaca silenus). Simple natural objects (browse and bamboo poles) were provided regularly in the home cage. Findings indicate richness in the frequency and form of manipulative activities, with juvenile males manipulating the test objects more frequently and exhibiting more goal‐directed manipulative activity than adult females. A variety of goal‐directed manipulative activities (use of objects to act as ladders, to apply leverage, and to create perches) occurred spontaneously, with some instances involving joint action or social use. These data are consistent with the hypotheses that macaques possess extensive capacities for object exploration and social facilitation, and that an evolutionary history of omnivorous foraging habits correlates positively with the expression of anomalous sensorimotor skills.
Spider monkey home ranges: A comparison of radio telemetry and direct observation
Authors: Fedigan Linda M. , Fedigan Laurence , Chapman Colin , Glander Kenneth E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe ranging patterns of two male and five female spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) were studied with the use of radio telemetry in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. The average size of a spider monkey home range was 62.4 hectares; however, range size varied with sex, and, for females, with the presence of a dependent infant. The probability of encountering a radio‐collared spider monkey in a three‐hour search using radio telemetry (0.91) was much greater than using a visual search (0.20), and telemetric data resulted in a larger estimate of mean home range size than did observational data, when all subjects were compared. However, the difference appeared to be owing to the presence of male ranges in the telemetric, but not the observational, data. When the size of home ranges derived from radio‐tracking data for adult females was compared to size of ranges for adult females derived from observations, the results were not significantly different. Adult males had larger home ranges than adult females, thus lending support to the hypothesis that males have adapted to the dispersion of females by occupying a large home range that overlaps the ranges of several adult females. The smallest home ranges were occupied by low‐weight females with dependent infants, perhaps reflecting social and energetic constraints.
Laterality in spontaneous motor activity of chimpanzees and squirrel monkeys
Authors: Aruguete Mara S. , Ely Elizabeth A. , King James E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractVarieties of nonmanipulative motor responses were observed in chimpanzees and squirrel monkeys. Chimpanzees displayed a right hand preference for touching their inanimate environments but used their right and left hands equally for touching their faces and their bodies. The latter result was not consistent with previous reports of a left hand preference for face touching in apes. The right hand preference for environmental touching was stronger in male than in female chimpanzees. Squirrel monkeys had a right preference for combined hand and foot responses directed to their bodies, but expressed no handedness for environmentally directed touching. These limb preferences in chimpanzees and squirrel monkeys indicate that neither precise, complex manipulation nor postural instability are necessary conditions for population level hand preferences. Factor analysis of the chimpanzee manual responses showed distinct self and environmentally directed factors. Analysis of the squirrel monkey data also showed self and environmental factors, except that body scratching had a negative loading on the environmental factor. This latter result suggests that self‐scratching by squirrel monkeys is a displacement activity that suppresses manual exploration of the environment. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dialects in wild chimpanzees?
Authors: Mitani John C. , Hasegawa Toshikazu , Gros‐Louis Julie , Marler Peter , Byrne Richard 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChimpanzees emit a loud, species‐typical long distance call known as the pant hoot. Geographic variation between the pant hoots of chimpanzees living in two neighboring populations, the Mahale Mountains and Gombe Stream National Parks, Tanzania, was examined. Analysis of six acoustic features revealed subtle differences in the way chimpanzees from the two populations called. Individuals from the Mahale study site uttered one section of their pant hoots at a faster rate and with shorter elements than animals from Gombe Stream. In addition, individuals at Mahale delivered broader‐band, higher pitched “climax” elements than males from Gombe. While genetic factors, anatomical differences, variations in the use of calls at the two sites, and changes in calling over time may account for the variability between populations, we suggest the additional possibility that differences in pant hooting may be due to learning. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating reproductive success of primates and other animals with long and incompletely known reproductive life spans
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLifetime reproductive success is difficult to obtain for adequate numbers of wild, long‐lived animals because of incomplete knowledge of reproductive life histories and fates of offspring. A procedure is described that provides a standard estimate of lifetime reproductive success from either complete or incomplete reproductive life spans. For this procedure, reproductive success is defined as the following ratio: the number of offspring living to a criterion age in a given time period divided by the number expected for that age and period. The number expected is based upon the mean inter‐birth interval of the population, the length of the time period, the age criterion of reproductive success chosen by the researcher (e.g., the average age of menarche), and the probability that an offspring will live to the criterion age. The effect of error upon the estimation of parameters is analyzed using the yellow baboons of Mikumi National Park as an example. The method can be used for both sexes, any litter (clutch) size, any mating system, any mean length of interbirth interval, any age criterion of reproductive success, and any study length that allows a reasonably sized sample of individuals for each of whom a substantial proportion of their reproductive life span is known. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Census of gorillas in northern Republic of Congo
Authors: Fay J. Michael , Agnagna Marcellin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe censused gorilla populations in northern Congo from February to April 1989 and June 1990. The objective was to provide the first quantitative data from a variety of sites on gorilla populations from a country that had unknown but potentially high populations. The method used was a census of nests along strip transects. A total of 401.0 km of transects was sampled in four different study areas. The overall density calculated for all transects was 0.4 nesting gorillas/km2. The highest density, 1.2 nesting gorillas/km2, was found in the vast Likouala swamp area of north central Congo. The two northern sites showed low densities of 0.1 and 0.2 nesting gorillas/km2, respectively. The northwestern site showed an intermediate density of 0.6 nesting gorillas/km2. The vegetation type with the highest density was swamp forest with 2.4 nesting gorillas/km2. The limited sample presented shows that gorillas are widespread and common in northern Congo, even in the swamp forests previously considered unsuitable as gorilla habitat. It is probable that Congo holds the largest population of gorillas in Africa after Gabon. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New method for in vivo recording of myometrial activity in the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus
Authors: Crane Linda H. , Kuehl Thomas J. , Dukelow W. Richard 
Published: June 2005

AbstractVideolaparoscopy was used to visualize the reproductive tract contractility of the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus. This technique gives information on the nature, direction of propagation, duration, and frequency of contractions. At the times of ovulation, and embryo entry to the uterus, contractile activity was observed in both the uterus and oviduct, with the latter being more frequent. The dominant direction of propagation was towards the utero‐tubal junction, and simultaneous contractions were frequently observed in both uterus and oviduct. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Renal clearance and excretion of endogenous substances in the owl monkey
Authors: Weller Richard E. , Baer Janet F. , Málaga Carlos A. , Buschbom Raymond L. , Ragan Harvey A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe clearance and excretion of creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium by the kidney was evaluated in 62 owl monkeys using timed urine collections and quantitative urinalyses. The endogenous clearance of creatinine was determined for each monkey.Urinary electrolyte excretion and fractional electrolyte excretions (FE) were measured. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate the correlation between urinary excretion and FE for each electrolyte. The coefficient of determination for each analyte was significant (P ⩽ .0001). Determination of FE was found to be an appropriate indicator of the renal handling of electrolytes and, when viewed in conjunction with urinalysis and other serum parameters, an aid in evaluating renal function in the owl monkey. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social relations in semi‐free‐ranging sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli) and the question of female dominance
Authors: Kubzdela Katarzyna S. , Richard Alison F. , Pereira Michael E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFemale social dominance over males is thought to characterize most of the prosimian primates of Madagascar. It has been reported in Propithecus verreauxi coquereli in the wild but intersexual relations were not fully characterized. In this paper we examine female‐male spatial and agonistic relations in semi‐free‐ranging P. v. coquereli in order to evaluate intersexual social dominance and related behavioral asymmetries. Two hundred hours of focal sampling were conducted on two pairs of P. v. coquereli at the Duke University Primate Center, Durham, NC. Behavioral categories including approach, departure, follow, pass, replace, and aggression were scored and recorded. Our results show strong asymmetry of aggressive encounters, suggesting female dominance over males. No submissive signals were observed. The analysis of spatial relations showed that males were more active than females in maintaining proximity and, on average, male spatial movements could be predicted by female location and activities more often than vice versa. These results indicate a spatially central role for the female of each pair. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primate longevity: Its place in the mammalian scheme
Authors: Austad Steven N. , Fischer Kathleen E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData on captive longevity in 587 mammalian species were analyzed in order to evaluate primate longevity in the context of general mammalian life history patterns. Contrary to some recurrent claims in the literature, we found that 1) primates are not the longest‐lived mammalian order, either by absolute longevity, longevity corrected for body size, or metabolic expenditure per lifetime; 2) although relative brain size is highly correlated with longevity in primates, this is an aberrant trend for mammals in general, and other body organs account for an even greater amount of variation in longevity; and 3) there has been no progressive evolution of increased longevity among the primate superfamilies. The exceptional magnitude of primate longevity may, in keeping with evolutionary senescence theory, be due to an evolutionary history of low vulnerability to environmentally imposed death due to their body size, arboreal habit, and propensity to live in social groups. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Communal roosting and formation of sleeping clusters in barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)
Authors: Ansorge Viveka , Hammerschmidt Kurt , Todt Dietmar 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSleeping cluster composition and distribution were studied in a semi‐free‐ranging population of 174 Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) in Rocamadour/France. Over a period of 2 months 341 sleeping clusters comprising 754 animals were recorded as animals left the sleeping trees. To control for nocturnal activities five observation periods were conducted, each of which covered a complete night. Sleeping partners were selected from a particular set of individuals. From night to night there was considerable fluctuation among the individuals, which finally formed a sleeping cluster. Preferred size of sleeping clusters was two and three individuals per cluster. The majority of females spent the nights in body contact to infants or female juveniles; whereas males either slept alone or with older male juveniles. Adult males and females never shared a sleeping cluster. During the night the animals showed hardly any locomotive and vocal activity. Sleeping clusters remained stable until dissociation the next morning. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alveolar bone loss in wild baboons
Authors: Hildebolt Charles F. , Phillips‐Conroy Jane E. , Jolly Clifford J. , Schaeffer Jeffrey 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRadiograph‐based methods were used to assess alveolar bone loss in 12 juvenile and 18 adult baboons (Papio hamadryas, sensu lato) living in the Awash National Park, Ethiopia. Alveolar bone loss, as measured from the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar crest, averaged about 1 mm in juveniles and about 1.5 mm in adults. Densitometry of alveolar bone from the radiographs provides a baseline for comparisons with other adult baboons. Periodontal disease surveys of baboon populations using such methods may identify potential etiological agents. Such knowledge may contribute to a better understanding of periodontal disease etiology in humans. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preliminary data on voluntary food sharing in brown capuchin monkeys
Authors: de Waal Frans B. M. , Luttrell Lesleigh M. , Canfield M. Eloise 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSpontaneous interactions over fruits and vegetables were observed in a captive group of Cebus apella. The group lacked fully grown males; 3 adult females dominated the remaining 11 individuals, most of which were adolescents and late juveniles. Apart from expressions of interest and unsuccessful attempts to claim food, interactions over food included two types of interindividual food transfer: forced claims (i.e., involuntary transfers) and peaceful sharing. These two categories represented 7.2% and 20.3% of 3,389 observed food interactions, respectively. Sharing of food was subdivided into four categories; the most frequent category was the collection of discarded food items from within reach of the possessor, and the least frequent was active giving of food items by the possessor. The voluntary nature of food transfers was further investigated in an experiment in which two monkeys were placed in adjacent cages with a wire‐mesh partition between them. One subject received food; the other did not. Although this setup made it easy for possessors to prevent food transfers, sharing occurred in all 18 tests on different combinations of individuals. In 10 of the tests, possessors were observed to actively push food through the mesh partition to their partner. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basic data standards for primate colonies
Authors: Dyke Bennett 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA set of simple standards has been developed to ease the task of transferring primate colony data between institutions and computers, and to assure that colony vital statistics are appropriate for demographic and genetic analyses. The standards have been designed to be easily and inexpensively implemented from existing databases, and also may serve as a guide to the setup of new colony record‐keeping systems. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein electrophoretic variability in Saimiri and the question of its species status
Authors: Silva Barbara T. F. , Sampaio Maria I. C. , Schneider Horacio , Schneider Maria P. C. , Montoya Enrique , Encarnación Filomeno , Callegari‐Jacques Sidia M. , Salzano Francisco M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn electrophoretic survey of 15 protein systems (22 loci) was employed to determine the genetic relationships among 9 populations (441 individuals) of South American squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus sciureus, S. sciureus boliviensis, and S. sciureus ustus). Genetic markers capable of differentiating the second from the two other taxa were observed mainly in the ADA and GPI systems. Heterogeneity for ADA and CA2 between populations from opposite banks of the Jamari river was verified in S. sciureus ustus. The average heterozygosities ranged from 3% to 5%, the lowest being in S. sciureus sciureus and the highest in S. sciureus boliviensis. Low genetic distances (D = 0.001−0.057) were observed between populations within taxa or between S. sciureus sciureus and S. sciureus ustus. But both differed to a larger extent from S. sciureus boliviensis (D = 0.11 in both comparisons). There is a positive correlation between the genetic and geographic distance matrices. The three taxa are more clearly separated (D = 0.76–0.77) from the outgroup used for comparison (Cebus apella). Our data suggest that there is only one large, polytypic species of squirrel monkeys in South America, S. sciureus, forming a contiguous ring of geographical races or subspecies. Two of the most differentiated forms meet at the Peruvian Amazonia where natural hybrids and secondary intergradation have been reported. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hematologic reference values for the fetal long‐tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Tarantal Alice F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractComplete blood counts (CBCs) were performed on 68 fetal macaque blood samples collected from 31 fetuses by repeat ultrasound‐guided cardiocentesis (gestational day [GD] 80–150; term ∼ GD 165) with the goal of defining normative hematologic reference values during prenatal life. Lymphocytes were the primary white blood cells (WBCs) observed throughout gestation. Segmented neutrophils were the second highest percent of WBCs and were noted to rise significantly during GD 130–140. Overall, WBCs increased progressively throughout gestation with a transient decline at the beginning of the third trimester (∼ GD 110). A steady linear rise in red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin, and hematocrit was observed with a marginal decline close to term; mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) showed a consistent linear decline throughout gestation whereas mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) remained relatively stable. Nucleated RBCs (NRBCs per 100 WBCs) were present on GD 80, showed a sharp decline mid‐second trimester (∼ GD 90), and were significantly diminished by the beginning of the third trimester (∼ GD 110). No quantitative changes in platelets were noted throughout the study period. Evaluations of erythrocyte morphology indicated polychromasia and anisocytosis as typical characteristics throughout gestation with rare occurrence of hypochromasia and poikilocytosis. Howell‐Jolly bodies were intermittently observed. These data reveal distinct similarities when compared to prenatal hematologic characteristics for human fetuses and provide baseline data which can be applied to experimental studies where prenatal hematopoietic/hematologic toxicity may be anticipated. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Model life tables for the smaller new world monkeys
Authors: Dyke Bennett , Gage Timothy B. , Ballou Jonathan D. , Petto Andrew J. , Tardif Suzette D. , Williams Lawrence E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMortality statistics from five populations of small New World monkeys (includinsg Callithrix jaccus, Leontopithecus rosalia, Saguinus fuscicollis, and Saguinus oedipus) were combined to generate a standard model life table reflecting the mortality patterns of these primates. The model is applied to three individual populations to illustrate a strategy for smoothing and interpolating mortality statistics of varying completeness and quality. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Model life tables for the larger old world monkeys: A revision
Authors: Gage Timothy B. , Dyke Bennett 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe report a change in the method of averaging parameters of the Siler mortality model fitted to a series of Old World monkey survivorship schedules. Substitution of geometric for arithmetic means of multipliers of exponential terms avoids incorrect weighting of parameters. These changes have minor effects on the composite standard mortality schedule for these animals originally described in 1988. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Context and gender‐specific differences in the acoustic structure of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) phee calls
Authors: Norcross J. L. , Newman J. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCaptive adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) produce whistle‐like “phee” calls in two contexts; in the home cage environment, phee calls may function as part of territorial marking behavior, and when animals are separated from social companions, phee calls may serve to reunite the group. Isolation phee calls tend to have more syllables than calls produced in the home cage by the same animals, and as a result, are longer in duration. The durations of isolation call syllables are shorter than in home cage calls, and isolation calls have lower start and end frequencies, higher peak frequencies, and increased frequency range compared to phee calls produced by the same animals in their home cages. The modifications made to the general structure of the phee call by isolated animals result in more information that may indicate context or location of an isolated caller. When the vocalizations were analyzed by sex, between‐sex differences in call structure appeared consistently in both contexts. Males tended to exhibit higher call frequencies and greater variability between syllables than females. Published 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Take‐over and infanticide in South Indian Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)
Authors: Ross Caroline 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA take‐over and infanticide were observed in a South Indian population of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). A one‐male, bisexual troop of langurs (Troop B1) was attacked by a band of two adult males and one subadult male. During the take‐over, the resident male and one elderly female were driven from the troop. The youngest infant, about two months old, was fatally wounded by an attack from the dominant incoming male (S1). However, other young infants in Troop B1 were left unharmed. All three incoming males remained in Troop B1 but the troop appeared to remain functionally one‐male, as S1 did not allow the other adult male to copulate. There was no sign that S1 attempted to eject the other two males from troop B1. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.