bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Color-Blind National Security Law
Authors: Gathii James Thuo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Unlike much of mainstream national security law scholarship, this chapter shows how critical approaches to national security law, especially by African Americans and Third World intellectuals, make the case that foreign affairs, colonialism, imperialism, and race are and have always been closely and intimately connected. This chapter also traces the enduring legacies of colonialism in modern national security law doctrine, especially in the United States. In doing so, the chapter traces the parallels and precedents established in “national” security case law on habeas in British colonies to contemporary habeas cases like the 2004 U.S. Supreme Court case, Rasul v. Bush. Ultimately, this chapter makes the case for overcoming the disciplinary silos that are characterized by the study of national security law without taking into account its intimate relationship to race, colonial-era doctrines, and imperialism.
Black Guilt, White Guilt at the International Criminal Court
Authors: López Rachel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
All but one defendant convicted at the International Criminal Court (ICC) has been a Black man. This is not a happenstance. This chapter elucidates how the jurisdictional and substantive law that governs the ICC systematically results in Black guilt being heightened, while White guilt is minimized. With these convictions, the ICC builds on a long history of criminalizing Blackness. Still, there is something particularly invidious about this in the context of international criminal law that this chapter seeks to expose. Because the ICC ostensibly prosecutes only “the most serious crimes of international concern,” these convictions express the not-so-subtle suggestion that the “worst of the worst” criminals on the planet are Black men. More troubling still, given the long-standing characterization of international crimes as evil, it perpetuates well-documented stereotypes of darker skin being associated with evil, thereby building on a pernicious narrative of the “evil Black body.” This international criminalization of Black men results in a shallow understanding of the root causes of atrocity, thereby undermining international criminal law’s potential for contributing to collective peace and security.
Farewell
Authors: Bridges Emma 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines military departures, and in particular wartime farewells between serving soldiers and their spouses/partners. After a brief discussion of large-scale military departures, the primary focus is on intimate goodbye scenes between husband and wife. The main example under discussion is the Homeric goodbye scene between Andromache and Hector in Iliad 6; this is compared with wartime farewells in contemporary settings. The discussion considers the emotional aspects of such scenes as well as highlighting ways in which they serve to reinforce conventional gender roles. Consideration is also given to the brief references that are made in the Odyssey to the parting of Odysseus and Penelope, as well as to bereavement, in connection with the scene in Iliad 22 where Andromache learns of Hector’s death.
Reunion
Authors: Bridges Emma 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the process of reunion for military couples, noting that the idealized image of military homecoming perpetuated by the modern media is far removed from the complexities of reunions after services personnel have been deployed away from home for a long period. Through an analysis of Penelope’s reunion with Odysseus in the Odyssey, it examines the challenges faced by many military couples as they try to reconnect; Odysseus’ disguise acts as a metaphor for the difficulties which partners may face in recognizing one another after time apart. The chapter also considers thwarted homecomings in the Trojan War tradition, including in particular the ways in which Aeschylus’ representation of Clytemnestra’s ‘welcome’ of Agamemnon distorts many of the rituals associated with a successful homecoming (nostos).
Introduction
Authors: Rangoni Bernardo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter offers an overview of the book. It sets out the book’s subject, namely, the effects of non-hierarchical architectures on actual policy processes and policy outcomes. It also seeks to advance contemporary debates on regulatory governance through an analytical framework that builds on them but also responds to their limitations. That framework seeks to address: an over-narrow focus on (experimentalist) institutional architectures; a view of political factors as antithetical to functional ones, if not neglected altogether; rival but untested predictions about the long-term trajectory of non-hierarchical governance; and currently unfalsifiable arguments about allegedly rival mechanisms underpinning non-hierarchical governance. Instead, it gives due weight to actors’ choices on which governance processes to employ, underlines the mutually supportive role of functional and political pressures, challenges conservative views that non-hierarchical governance is doomed to be unsustainable, and shows that it is precisely a combination of positive (shadow-of-hierarchy) and negative (penalty-default) mechanisms that typically helps non-hierarchical processes to deliver policy outcomes effectively. The introduction ends by setting out the book’s research design and (comparative and process-tracing) methods and summarizes the chapters that follow.
Experimentalist Architectures, Processes, and Outcomes
Authors: Rangoni Bernardo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses how and why experimentalist structures—notably the Florence Forum—were used extensively to regulate European electricity market integration (namely, network access and tarification) from the late 1990s to the present date. It shows that far from gradually declining, experimentalist processes persisted across multiple policy cycles. It argues that functional and legal as well as political factors—specifically, steadily multipolar distributions of power and recurring uncertainty as well as opposition—placed major pressures on key actors to use experimentalist structures actively and continuously. To deliver policy outcomes effectively despite the notoriously well-entrenched interests characterizing the domain, experimentalist governance did not exclusively rely on any single mechanism. Instead, its carriers threatened the imposition of both specific positive rules—as distinctive of the shadow of hierarchy—and negative prohibitions and fines—as characteristic of penalty defaults.
Healers and Healing in the First Age of Party
Authors: Elmer Peter 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The English Revolution left a legacy of a divided nation which only became fully manifest after 1660. The return to the religious and political status quo brought with it the creation of a new nonconformist sub-culture in which many of the ‘winners’ of the 1640s and 1650s now found themselves excluded from office in church and state. This chapter examines how medicine became a refuge for many nonconformists, especially among the ejected puritan clergy and their children. Many opted to study medicine abroad in the ‘progressive’ medical schools of Holland which also provided a convenient base for plotting against the restored state. Others sought shelter under the aegis of the London College of Physicians, which was dominated by old puritans and nonconformist sympathizers between 1660 and 1688. By the end of the century, the continuing politicization of medicine was creating two distinct medical cultures, one of which, indebted to Dissent and Whiggism, found itself in growing competition with its Anglican and Tory rival.
A Primer on Stable Isotopes in Ecology
Authors: Cotrufo Francesca , Pressler Yamina 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
A Primer on Stable Isotopes in Ecology is a concise and foundational reading for anyone interested in acquiring theoretical and practical knowledge for the application of stable isotopes in ecology. This book is designed for students and scientists from different backgrounds who share a common interest in stable isotopes. Readers will gain an in-depth and complete knowledge of stable isotopes and are invited to explore isotopic methods in their research. The text guides readers to think “isotopically” to better understand research conducted using stable isotopes. The book also provides basic practical skills and activities to apply stable isotope methods in ecological research. Chapters include in-depth descriptions of stable isotope notation, measurement, and ecological processes that control the natural abundance of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur stable isotopes in the environment. The book also covers critical concepts for the appropriate application of stable isotopes in ecology including understanding isotope fractionation, applying isotope mixing models, and working with heavy isotope enrichment. The book describes how to quantify stable isotopes through mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopy.
Stable Isotopes, Notations, and Standards
Authors: Cotrufo M. Francesca , Pressler Yamina 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
“Stable Isotopes, Notations, and Standards” reviews the foundational concepts necessary for understanding and reporting stable isotopes data using appropriate notation and reference standards. The chapter defines stable isotopes and describes the isotopic composition of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur. Isotopocules are described as molecules differing in their isotopic composition, known as isotopologues, or for having different isotopic substitution, known as isotopomers. Isotones and isobars are also defined. Stable isotope data are examined using delta, fractional, and atom percent notations. Formulae to convert isotope data across notations are described. The chapter examines the history and use of international reference standards for isotopic analysis.
Isotope Mixing
Authors: Cotrufo M. Francesca , Pressler Yamina 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
“Isotope Mixing” reviews principles and applications of stable isotope mixing models in ecology. The chapter describes how ecologists developed stable isotope mixing models to study source partitioning by applying the principle of mass balance. Equations for the mathematical solution of two- and three-pool mixing models, using one and two isotopes respectively, are presented. The chapter expands upon approaches for accounting for fractionation and elemental concentration in isotope mixing models. The chapter explores the Keeling plot method for quantifying the isotopic composition of an unknown source. Approaches for quantifying contributions from multiple sources and evaluating uncertainty in isotope mixing models, including Bayesian statistics, are introduced.
Heavy Isotope Enrichments
Authors: Cotrufo M. Francesca , Pressler Yamina 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
“Heavy Isotope Enrichments” reviews concepts for developing and interpreting heavy isotope labeling studies in ecology. The chapter compares continuous- and pulse-labeling approaches for the 13C labeling of plant material. Methods for the application of isotope-labeled substrates and their use in stable isotope probing of biological markers are presented. Calculations of the heavy isotope excess and the quantification of the recovery of heavy isotope additions in isotope tracing studies are provided. Principles and equations for the application of the isotope dilution method are illustrated, and its limitations are discussed. Examples of applications for carbon, nitrogen, and water stable isotopes are presented.
Hindu Diaspora and Hinduisms in Africa, with Special Focus on South Africa
Authors: Penumala Pratap Kumar 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The chapter deals with the range of Hindu practices and traditions and histories found in Africa, with emphasis on South Africa. Although, technically, Mauritius and La Réunion come under East Africa, they are treated separately at the beginning of the chapter, and South Africa, East Africa, and West Africa are dealt with in that order because Mauritius, La Réunion, and South Africa share a common indenture history. While Hinduism in Mauritius is underpinned by its creole culture, La Réunion Hinduism is closely tied with Roman Catholicism. A marked tension between non-Brahmanical Hinduism and the various neo-Hindu organizations is found in South Africa. It is safe to say that the East African Hinduism is primarily situated within the Gujarati community’s migration to that region; other contemporary movements and traditions gradually made their presence felt. Quite uniquely, however, Ghananian Hinduism begins with indigenous efforts, although later on those efforts were joined by other organizations. As such, Hinduism in Africa shares a variety of histories, migrations patterns, and socio-economic conditions as well as political struggles. Hinduism shows resilience by its ability to adapt to these varied conditions.
Śākta (Goddess) Worship in the Hindu Diasporas
Authors: Pintchman Tracy 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores Hindu goddess traditions that migrating Hindus perpetuate outside of India. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first section of the chapter explores Hindu goddess temples in diaspora; the second section explores diaspora Hindus’ public and domestic rituals honouring the Goddess; and the last section explores diaspora Hindus’ experiences of goddess possession and female gurus whom devotees consider to be living forms of the Goddess. The chapter examines the many ways that Hindu goddess devotees both reproduce and revise Indian Hindu goddess traditions as they move around the globe and adapt their traditions of goddess reverence to their new homelands.
The Source of Logical Necessity
Authors: Leech Jessica 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents an account of the source of logical necessity. An account according to which logical laws, and hence logical modality, have their source in thought, more particularly, in constitutive norms for thought, is introduced and defended. Constitutive norms for thought, it is explained, are norms evaluability in light of which is constitutive of thought. A test is introduced which, it is contended, all accounts of logical modality should pass. In short, any account of logical necessity must account for two important features: logical necessity is factive (if it is logically necessary that p, then p ); and some logical necessities are immune to rational doubt. It is argued that the proposed account of the source of logical modality passes the test, and that some rival accounts fail.
What Is Metaphysical Necessity?
Authors: Leech Jessica 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIt is argued that the conception of objective modality isolated and motivated in Chapter 5 should be understood as metaphysical modality. First, the chapter distinguishes between questions concerning the target notion of metaphysical necessity, and questions concerning what metaphysical account we should give of the target notion. It is argued that the target notion of metaphysical necessity is the strictest real necessity. It is further argued that the kind of objective necessity introduced in Chapter 5 fits the bill for providing an account of the strictest real necessity. An appendix defends the notion of metaphysical necessity against several recent attacks.
Relative and Absolute Necessity
Authors: Leech Jessica 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the claim that metaphysical necessity is a kind of relative necessity. The notions of `absolute necessity' and `relative necessity' are clarified and made more precise. The chapter addresses the issue of where to draw the line for absolute modalities, and why absolute modality should not stop short with metaphysical modality. The chapter then considers some arguments in favour of treating metaphysical modality and other alethic modalities as relative, drawing on linguistic considerations as well as more general considerations of similarity and difference between different kinds of modality. It is concluded that logical necessity is absolute necessity, and that metaphysical necessity is logical necessity relativized to conditions on objective thought.
The Paradox of Intervention
Authors: de Boer David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In 1655, an army under Savoyard command perpetrated a massacre among the Reformed Waldensians in Piedmont. Following the European echo of the killings from the refugees who first wrote down their experiences to the printing presses in the Dutch Republic, this chapter explores how victims of persecution could assume political agency and raise international support through print. It reveals that confessional minorities seeking foreign support stepped into a complex communicative landscape through which they had to steer carefully. Investigating how they strategically deployed different argumentative strategies, this chapter tries to explain and nuance the recent historiographical observation that Protestant polemic shifted “from martyrology to humanitarianism” in the mid-seventeenth century. It will be argued that rather than seeing historical turning points in polemic, advocates employed both confessional and universal argumentative strategies, depending on the audiences they hoped and sometimes feared to reach.
Covering a Refugee Crisis
Authors: de Boer David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The massive refugee crisis that followed the 1685 prohibition of Protestantism in France led to an outpouring of printed opinion in the Dutch Republic about the fate of the Huguenots. This chapter challenges the assumption that these print media were mainly characterized by a militant confessional outlook on domestic and international politics. It argues that France’s violent policy of religious unification incited an unprecedently diverse transnational debate as an age-old question suddenly became an urgent matter: how do we deal with religious differences in Europe and how does it affect our confession, country, and city? Among many observers, there was an urgent sense that press coverage was crucial to confront the humanitarian disaster that unfolded in France, the consequences of which were felt throughout Europe. While some opinion makers reacted by entrenching themselves on one side of the confessional divide, others saw the acute need to bridge it and establish interconfessional dialogues about the foundation of social and political order.
Between Eschatology and Enlightenment
Authors: de Boer David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Relatively minor instances of religious persecution could sometimes turn into huge media sensations. This chapter reconstructs the anatomy of this process by exploring the coverage of the execution of ten Lutheran citizens in the Polish-Prussian city of Toruń in 1724. It explores the public manner in which Europe’s Protestant powers intervened in the so-called “Bloodbath of Toruń,” elevating the “reasonable” public to moral arbiters in the conflict. By doing so, intervening rulers set a precedent for heated international discussion about the nature of the conflict and the desired international response. The chapter argues that printed expressions of transnational solidarity with victims of persecution became ever more prevalent because it was a major theme in both confessional and Enlightenment perceptions of European politics. To evaluate the relative importance of these interpretations, the chapter concludes by comparing international responses to the Tumult of Toruń with those to the expulsion of the Jews from Prague in 1744.
Themes and Ideas
Authors: Windeatt Barry 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter first explores how the poem constitutes a form of debate about the nature and value of love, before analysing the poem’s concerns with love within time and with love and freedom, concluding with sections on the poem’s principal figures and its problematic ending. After an introductory section on source awareness in Troilus, this chapter discusses how the poem includes debate and deliberation about the experience of love, and surveys the poem’s representations of how love can be understood as service, as quasi-religious devotion, and as illness, along with the role of compassion and of commitments to secrecy, honour and fidelity. A section is devoted to the poem’s presentation of subjectivity in its protagonists, followed by analyses of the personalities of Troilus, Criseyde, Pandarus and Diomede. A final section discusses the challenges to interpretation posed by how the poem ends.
An uncertain world!
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
One of the foundational principles of quantum mechanics is Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation. According to this relation, no one can measure both the position of a particle and how fast it is moving simultaneously no matter how precise the measuring instruments. Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation and the associated Bohr’s principle of complementarity are explained using simple examples. The idea that measurement disturbs the system is a source of the uncertainty. The philosophical question whether the uncertainty represents only our inability to measure the properties precisely or it has much deeper consequences related to the question of reality is also discussed.
Wave–particle duality
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Young’s double-slit experiment played a crucial role in establishing the wave nature of light. In this chapter, the shocking result that incident electrons yield a similar interference pattern as that formed by light waves is described. It is shown that the only way the experimental results could be explained is via a wavefunction description of electrons. It is also shown that the interference fringes disappear if the which-path information becomes available. This is the essence of wave–particle duality. The first of the Einstein–Bohr debates on wave–particle duality and Bohr’s principle of complementarity in the double-slit experiment are also discussed. The counterintuitive notions of delayed choice and quantum eraser effects showing how the availability or erasure of information generated in the future can affect how the data in the present can be interpreted are presented. Quantum interference is responsible for novel phenomena like interaction-free measurement and counterfactual communication.
Einstein’s special theory of relativity
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Einstein’s special theory of relativity is presented along with its mind-boggling consequences. These consequences include loss of simultaneity, time dilation, and length contraction, each of which are discussed. The role of the Michelson–Morley experiment in the formulation of the special theory of relativity is also discussed. The ladder paradox and the twin paradox and their resolutions are presented. An important consequence of the theory of relativity is that mass and energy are interconvertible. It is also shown that the maximum allowed speed is the speed of light. If the speed of light is exceeded then causality can be violated.
Conclusion
Authors: Scholtes Julian 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter draws together the insights of the book and reviews the three key dimensions of the abuse of constitutional identity highlighted throughout. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which the generative, substantive, and relational dimensions of constitutional identity abuse overlap and interact with one another. It outlines some of the limitations of the book’s scope of inquiry and points to questions that were left unaddressed. The conclusion furthermore offers some thoughts on how the insights developed in this book may be useful beyond the EU context and how wider theoretical questions about constitutional identity may spring from it.