bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initial Model Catalogue for Galaxy Evolution
Authors: Nakasato Naohito 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe have computed full hydrochemodynamical evolution for 150 initial models of protogalaxies with our chemodynamical SPH code named GENSO. Various parameters for all models are identical except for a seed for a random number generator. In other words, all models have similar global properties but have the different merging history that leads to a different evolution in each model. Results of the series of computations have two main applications. Firstly, we have an initial model catalogue for subsequent modelling of galaxy evolution. Since the resulting evolution depends strongly on the initial phase of the particle distribution, it is crucial to find a suitable initial model when we model a specific real galaxy in the Universe, notably the Milky Way in our case. We will make a precise chemical and dynamical model of the Milky Way out of 150 models in our initial model catalogue. Secondly, we can obtain a large variety of global histories of physical values such as star formation, metallicity in the ISM and stellar components, and Type II and Ia supernova rates. For example, the resulting total star formation history shows the peak at a high redshift z ∼ 6 and the peak value is ∼280 M⊙ yr–1 Mpc–3. Also, the Type Ia rate obtained has a peak at z ∼ 3.5. All of our results and model catalogue are publicly available from our website for those who wish to model galaxy evolution.
The Andromeda Stream
Authors: Lewis G. F. , Ibata R. A. , Chapman S. C. , Ferguson A. M. N. , McConnachie A. W. , Irwin M. J. , Tanvir N. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe existence of a stream of tidally stripped stars from the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy demonstrates that the Milky Way is still in the process of accreting mass. More recently, an extensive stream of stars has been uncovered in the halo of the Andromeda galaxy (M31), revealing that it too is cannibalising a small companion. This paper reports the recent observations of this stream, determining its spatial and kinematic properties, and tracing its three-dimensional structure, as well as describing future observations and what we may learn about the Andromeda galaxy from this giant tidal stream.
Star Clusters and Galactic Chemodynamics: Implosive Formation of Super Star Clusters
Authors: Bekki Kenji 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe numerically investigate dynamical and chemical properties of star clusters (open and globular clusters, and ‘super star clusters’, SSC) formed in interacting/merging galaxies. The investigation is two-fold: (a) large-scale (100 pc–100 kpc) SPH simulations on density and temperature evolution of gas in interacting/merging galaxies and (b) small-scale simulations on the effects of the high gas pressure of the ISM on the evolution of molecular clouds. We find that the pressure of ISM in merging galaxies can become higher than the internal pressure of GMCs (∼105kB K cm–3), in particular, in the tidal tails or the central regions of mergers. We also find that GMCs can collapse to form SSCs within an order of 107 yr due to the strong compression by the high-pressure ISM in mergers.
Substructure in the Galactic Halo
Authors: Majewski Steven R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractGiant stars make particularly useful tracer stars for halo substructure because they are very bright and very common. I discuss several projects that use giant-star tracers to search the Galactic halo for tidal debris from known Galactic satellites, including that from the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, and to search for tidal debris features from former, now destroyed satellites. Several cross-sections of the halo reveal it to be networked with extended, coherent substructures, indicating that it is likely to be predominantly made up of accreted satellites.
Chemodynamical Evolution of Elliptical Galaxies: Metallicity Gradients and Scaling Relations
Authors: Kobayashi Chiaki 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe simulate the chemodynamical evolution of a hundred elliptical galaxies using our GRAPE-SPH code, and succeed in reproducing the radial metallicity gradients and the global scaling relations such as the fundamental plane. These observations cannot be explained by either monolithic collapse or by major merger alone. Rather it requires a model in which both formation processes arise, such as the present CDM scheme.
Disturbing post‐operative symptoms are not reduced by prophylactic antiemetic treatment in patients at high risk of post‐operative nausea and vomiting
Authors: Alkaissi A. , Gunnarsson H. , Johnsson V. , Evertsson K. , Ofenbartl L. , Kalman S. 
Published: June 2004

Background:  To give prophylactics or timely treatment for post‐operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is the question. We compared the intensity and number of disturbing post‐operative symptoms (i.e. pain, PONV, headache, fatigue, etc.) after prophylactic antiemetic treatment in a group of patients with >30% risk for post‐operative vomiting.Methods:  Four hundred and ninety‐five patients, from three hospitals, planned for gynaecological surgery were randomized double blind. They were given granisetron 3 mg, droperidol 1.25 mg or no prophylactic antiemetic. Post‐operative symptoms were followed for 24 h using a questionnaire. Symptoms were analyzed both according to their intensity and in a dichotomous fashion.Results:  The intensity of different symptoms differed depending on whether droperidol, granisetron or no antiemetic had been given (P = 0.005) but the overall incidence of moderate to very severe symptoms was similar in all groups. No group fared better in general. The total number of symptoms was higher in the groups given prophylactic treatment (P < 0.05). The relative risk reduction for PONV with granisetron or droperidol prophylaxis was 27%[95% confidence interval (CI) 8–43] and 22% (2–38), respectively. The NNT (number needed to treat) for granisetron (0–24 h) was 7 and for droperidol 8. The NNH (number needed to harm) (0–24 h) for headache and visual disturbances was 6 and 13 (NS) for granisteron and, 50 (NS) and 6 for droperidol.Conclusion:  The intensity of symptoms or the total number of disturbing symptoms did not decrease after prophylactic antiemetic treatment in a group of patients, but the profile of disturbing symptoms changed. The relevance of post‐operative symptoms in terms of patients' well‐being needs to be addressed.
Isoflurane applied during ischemia enhances intracellular calcium accumulation in ventricular myocytes in part by reactive oxygen species
Authors: Dworschak M. , Breukelmann D. , Hannon J. D. 
Published: June 2004

Background:  Isoflurane applied before myocardial ischemia has a beneficial preconditioning effect which involves generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); ROS, however, have been implicated in critical cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) overload during ischemia. We therefore investigated isoflurane's effects on intracellular Ca2+ handling in ischemic ventricular myocytes and the association with ROS.Methods:  Simulated ischemia was induced in electrically stimulated rat ventricular myocytes for 30 min (ischemia). Isoflurane‐treated cells were additionally exposed to 1MAC of isoflurane (ischemia + iso). To determine the contribution of ROS to Ca2+ homeostasis during ischemia in both groups, the intracellular ROS scavenger, N‐mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG), was added to the superfusion buffer. The fluorescent ratiometric Ca2+ dye fura‐2 was employed to determine [Ca2+]i.Results:  Resting and peak [Ca2+]i increased in the ischemia and the ischemia + iso group. However, Ca2+ accumulation was most prominent in isoflurane‐treated cardiomyocytes (P < 0.05) and could be mitigated by MPG in both groups (P < 0.001). Isoflurane also decreased the rate constant of the Ca2+ transient decline but did not further diminish the amplitude of the transient during ischemia.Conclusion:  Isoflurane when applied during ischemia appears to worsen [Ca2+]i overload, which is caused by impeding Ca2+ clearance. As MPG mitigated the increase in [Ca2+]i, isoflurane seems to enhance ROS‐mediated effects on intracellular Ca2+ handling in cellular ischemia.
Airway pressure release ventilation as a primary ventilatory mode in acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Varpula T. , Valta P. , Niemi R. , Takkunen O. , Hynynen M. , Pettilä V. 
Published: June 2004

Background:  Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) is a ventilatory mode, which allows unsupported spontaneous breathing at any phase of the ventilatory cycle. Airway pressure release ventilation as compared with pressure support (PS), another partial ventilatory mode, has been shown to improve gas exchange and cardiac output. We hypothesized whether the use of APRV with maintained unsupported spontaneous breathing as an initial mode of ventilatory support promotes faster recovery from respiratory failure in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) than PS combined with synchronized intermittent ventilation (SIMV‐group).Methods:  In a randomized trial 58 patients were randomized to receive either APRV or SIMV after a predefined stabilization period. Both groups shared common physiological targets, and uniform principles of general care were followed.Results:  Inspiratory pressure was significantly lower in the APRV‐group (25.9 ± 0.6 vs. 28.6 ± 0.7 cmH2O) within the first week of the study (P = 0.007). PEEP‐levels and physiological variables (PaO2/FiO2‐ratio, PaCO2 , pH, minute ventilation, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output) were comparable between the groups. At day 28, the number of ventilator‐free days was similar (13.4 ± 1.7 in the APRV‐group and 12.2 ± 1.5 in the SIMV‐group), as was the mortality (17% and 18%, respectively).Conclusion:  We conclude that when used as a primary ventilatory mode in patients with ARDS, APRV did not differ from SIMV with PS in clinically relevant outcome.
The effects of etomidate, thiopental, and propofol in induction on hypoperfusion–reperfusion phenomenon during laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Yagmurdur H. , Cakan T. , Bayrak A. , Arslan M. , Baltaci B. , Inan N. , Kilinc K. 
Published: June 2004

Background:  A hypoperfusion–reperfusion human model is observed during and soon after laparoscopic surgery. The aim of the study was to research the preventive effects of etomidate, thiopental, and propofol in induction on hypoperfusion– reperfusion phenomenon during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods:  Thirty‐six consecutive ASA I–II patients were randomized into three groups of 12 patients each. Anaesthesia was induced with etomidate in group 1, thiopental in group 2, and propofol in group 3. Venous blood samples were obtained at different time points for measurement of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Arterial blood and gastric juice samples were obtained for the calculation of gastric intramucosal pH (pHi). Also changes in aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin levels were assessed.Results:  There was a significant decrease in pHi at 1 min before desufflation (BD) and 20 min after desufflation (AD) compared with before insufflation (BI) in all groups. Plasma level of MDA was significantly increased in group 1 at 1 min BD and 20 min AD compared with before induction of anaesthesia (baseline). Malondialdehyde levels were decreased significantly in group 3 and increased non‐significantly in group 2 at the same time points. Also AST and ALT levels were significantly increased in both groups 1 and 2 at 24 h postoperatively.Conclusion:  Propofol with antioxidant activity may offer many advantages by scavenging reactive oxygen species and their metabolites in case of anticipated hypoperfusion–reperfusion phenomenon, such as would occur in laparoscopic surgery.
Impact of tongue cleansers on microbial load and taste
Authors: Quirynen M. , Avontroodt P. , Soers C. , Zhao H. , Pauwels M. , Van Steenberghe D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjectives: Tongue cleaning has been advocated to improve oral malodor and to reduce reinfection of periodontal niches by eliminating tongue coating and/or reducing putrefaction by bacteria.Material and Methods: This cross‐over, single‐blind study on periodontitis‐free, non‐smoking, subjects with habitual oral hygiene (n=16), evaluated the effect of tongue cleaning (with either plastic scraper or nylon multi‐tufted toothbrush), on the microbial load of the tongue dorsum (anterior and posterior of the sulcus terminalis), the extent of tongue coating, and taste sensation for bitter, sweet, salt, and sour. Both devices had been used twice daily for 2 weeks (toothbrush three forward–backward movements along the linea mediana and for each longitudinal third of the tongue; two strokes with the scraper along the linea mediana and along the borders of the tongue).Results: Two weeks of tongue brushing or scraping resulted in only negligible reductions in aerobic and anaerobic bacteria on the tongue (reductions <0.5 log). The amount of tongue coating, however, decreased significantly (p<0.05), with both devices. The taste sensation improved after 2 weeks of tongue cleaning, especially with the scraper (significant improvements for quinine and sodium chloride).Conclusion: Tongue cleaning improves taste sensation and seems to reduce the substrata for putrefaction, rather than the bacterial load.
Motivational enhancement and coping skills training for cocaine abusers: effects on substance use outcomes
Authors: Rohsenow Damaris J. , Monti Peter M. , Martin Rosemarie A. , Colby Suzanne M. , Myers Mark G. , Gulliver Suzy B. , Brown Richard A. , Mueller Timothy I. , Gordon Alan , Abrams David B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAims  This clinical trial investigated effects of motivational enhancement treatment (MET) and group coping‐skills training (CST) tailored for cocaine dependence. Effects of MET were hypothesized to be greater with CST and for less motivated patients.Design and interventions  A 2 × 2 design investigated two individual sessions of MET compared to meditation–relaxation (MRT), followed by four group sessions of CST versus drug education (ED), as daily adjuncts to intensive treatment.Setting  The substance abuse program provided full‐day treatment with a learning‐theory and 12‐Step orientation.Participants  Cocaine‐dependent patients were recruited.Measurements  Assessment included treatment retention; change in cocaine‐related urge, self‐efficacy, pros and cons, and motivation; substance use and problems during 12‐month follow‐up.Findings  Of 165 patients, follow‐up status is known for 90% (n = 149). Patients in MET with low initial motivation to change reported less cocaine and alcohol relapse and use days and fewer alcohol problems than MET patients with higher initial motivation. MET produced more employment improvement than MRT, with no other significant benefit for MET. Patients with higher motivation had more cocaine use and alcohol problems after MET than MRT. Group CST reduced cocaine and alcohol use during follow‐up for women only and reduced alcohol relapse for men and women.Conclusions  MET is more beneficial for patients with lower initial motivation than for patients with high initial motivation. CST reduced cocaine and alcohol use for women only and reduced alcohol relapses, in contrast to results with lengthier individual CST.
Child day care risks of common infectious diseases revisited
Authors: Lu N. , Samuels M. E. , Shi L. , Baker S. L. , Glover S. H. , Sanders J. M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackground  The increased risk of common infectious diseases associated with child day care attendance may vary by age, health plan and parent educational level. This study determined quantitatively the risk of diarrhoeal illness and upper respiratory infection (URI) among day‐care children in comparison with home‐care children. It examined the extent of risks in day‐care children under different conditions of three age groups, enrolled in two health plans, and from families of two levels of education.Methods  The study subjects were recruited through two health plans: a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) and the Medicaid program in Columbia, South Carolina of the USA. The sample was collected using a household survey of children, aged 5 years or younger. The participants were contacted bimonthly for 18 months with 435 attending out‐of‐home day care facilities and 753 being cared for at home. The potential confounding factors of family characteristics were controlled in examining the odds ratios for day care effect on common infections in children under different conditions.Results  In general, risks of diarrhoeal illness and URI in day‐care children are greater than in home‐care children. Children younger than 1.5 years of age attending day care and covered by the Medicaid program are at the greatest risk. The difference in risks between day‐care and home‐care children, however, is reduced to an insignificant level for children older than 1.5 years of age and for children covered by the HMO health plan. Among day‐care children, those who are covered by the Medicaid program are at a significantly higher risk than those who are covered by the HMO health plan.Conclusions  Although day‐care children in general suffer a greater risk of common infectious diseases, the extent of day care effect on risks of diarrhoeal illness and URI varies significantly by age and type of health insurance plan.
How great is the risk of abuse in infants born to drug‐using mothers?
Authors: Street K. , Harrington J. , Chiang W. , Cairns P. , Ellis M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis prospective, cohort study reports early child protection and surveillance process markers for children born to self‐proclaimed drug‐using mothers.Background  A strong association is reported between maternal drug use and child abuse in North American studies. There are no systematic data describing this association for the UK population. Given the heterogeneous nature of drug cultures and associated behaviour it is difficult to generalize from US data to the UK population.Methods  The study group consisted of all women referred to a hospital‐based antenatal clinic for pregnant drug users. Infants of non‐drug users were matched for social class and gestational age. At 18 months the Bristol and surrounding area child protection registers and child health surveillance records were searched. Infants were coded as to whether they were the subject of an enquiry, case conference, registration, registration with subsequent deregistration, or taken into care.Results  There were 68 infants of drug users and 127 infants of non‐drug users. Most (81%) of drug users were heroin and/or methadone users; half were using/had used intravenously. Child health surveillance uptake for both groups is lower than that reported for the Avon population as a whole during the study period, consistent with the relatively deprived populations represented. There is no statistically significant difference between the drug users and non‐drug users. The overall risk of child protection proceedings was higher in children of drug users than in children of non‐drug users. However, closer inspection of the data shows most of the excess risk is explained by the small group taken into care and the much larger group for whom the concerns were relatively shortlived as shown by their subsequent deregistration during the study period.Conclusions  Maternal drug use does not necessarily lead to unacceptable standards of parenting. More UK‐based research is needed to inform the risk assessment process for child protection.
Body weight perception among Bahraini adolescents
Authors: Al‐Sendi A. M. , Shetty P. , Musaiger A. O. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackground  This study examines the relationship between actual weight status and perceptions of body weight in Bahraini adolescents. The study also investigates the adolescents’ perceptions of parents’ and peers’ opinions of weight.Methods  A cross‐sectional survey of 447 Bahraini male and female adolescents aged 12–17 years was conducted. Weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. A short questionnaire was used to obtain their attitudes towards their weight status, as well as the attitudes of their parents and friends. The nine figure silhouettes illustration was used to measure perception of ideal body image and how it compares with their current body weight.Results  The results revealed a significant discrepancy between adolescents’ perception of body weight and actual BMI. There was a tendency for teenagers to underestimate their weight status, which was especially noteworthy among the overweight and obese. More than half of the girls and about one‐third of the boys expressed discontent with their current body weight. One‐third (33.5%) and 26.6% of the adolescents thought that their parents and their peers, respectively, would consider them to be overweight or obese. The percentage of adolescents who reported parental or peer underestimation was higher among those classified as overweight or obese than it was among those who were of normal weight.Conclusion  The study shows the existence of a distorted body image as reflected by failure of many overweight or obese adolescents to perceive themselves as such. Among Bahraini adolescents weight‐related beliefs and attitudes exist at two ends of the spectrum: a tolerance of obesity at one end and an exaggerated concern for its occurrence at the other.
Experience of Turkish parents about their infants’ teething
Authors: Baykan Z. , Sahin F. , Beyazova U. , Özçakar B. , Baykan A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAim  To evaluate Turkish parents’ experience about their infants’ teething; which symptoms they have seen and attributed to teething and how they have acted to manage these symptoms.Methods  A questionnaire form was applied by face‐to‐face interview to 335 families who have children less than 18 months of age and have at least one tooth. They were asked questions to clarify the eruption time and sequence of primary teeth of their infants and whether their infants had some symptoms they attributed to teething.Results  The mean eruption time of the primary teeth was 7.4 ± 2.0 months, with a range of 3–17 months. Teeth eruption time was found similar in both genders. Teeth eruption time of the term and preterm infants was similar. (P > 0.05). The first tooth erupted was the lower central incisor in the 288 infants (86.0%) and upper central incisor in 44 infants (13.1%). Most of the families (98.8%) reported that their children had suffered from at least one of the symptoms that were mentioned in the questionnaire. The most commonly reported symptom was increase in biting, followed by irritability and fever. Of the children who were taken to a health care centre, in 78.8% the symptoms were attributed to teething and in 7.1% a bacterial infection was found and antibiotics were prescribed.Conclusion  When an infant at teething age has some symptoms, they may be attributed to teething but other possible causes must be ruled out first.