bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of parasite control and weight gain after use of an ivermectin sustained-release bolus in calves
Authors: Ryan William G. , Crawford Richard J. , Gross Sheila J. , Wallace Dennis H. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To assess parasite control and weight gain after administration of an ivermectin sustained-release bolus over 135 days to calves grazing in the midwestern United States.

Design
Replicated pasture study.

Animals
56 Bos taurus calves.

Procedure
Calves were matched for body weight and randomly allocated to remain untreated or to receive an ivermectin sustained-release bolus before turnout on day 0. Calves were grazed by treatment group on 8 pastures (4 replicates). Body weights and fecal egg counts were recorded on days −1 and 28, and then at 28-day intervals until day 168.

Results
Parasitism was not clinically evident prior to or during the study. In treated calves, mean fecal egg counts were at or near 0 at all posttreatment evaluations. Although the mean egg count exceeded 20 ova/g only once in control calves, the cumulative egg output was > 42 million/calf. For the treated group, it was < 0.1% of this number. Mean total weight gain was 33.9 kg (74.6 lb) greater for ivermectin-treated calves than for untreated control calves (P < 0.02); a 34% increase.

Clinical Implications
Fecal trichostrongyle eggs from calves can accumulate over a grazing season to provide enormous potential for augmenting pasture infectivity. An ivermectin sustained-release bolus (administered to calves being placed on pasture) controls parasitism, limits pasture infectivity, and can substantially influence growth by limiting the impact of subclinical parasitism. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:754–756)
Effects of iatrogenic blood contamination on results of cerebrospinal fluid analysis in clinically normal dogs and dogs with neurologic disease
Authors: Hurtt Anne Elizabeth , Smith Mary Olivia 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To examine the effects that iatrogenic blood contamination would have on total protein concentration and nucleated cell count in CSF from clinically normal dogs and dogs with neurologic disease.

Design
Case-control study.

Study Population
53 dogs confirmed to have neurologic disease and 21 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure
CSF samples were obtained from the cerebellomedullary cistern or the lumbar portion of the subarachnoid space. Red blood and nucleated cell counts were determined, and protein concentration was measured.

Results
RBC count was not significantly correlated with nucleated cell count or protein concentration in clinically normal dogs or dogs with neurologic disease.

Clinical Implications
High CSF nucleated cell counts and protein concentrations are indicative of neurologic disease, even if samples contain moderate amounts of blood contamination. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:866–867)
Factors associated with prolonged weaning-to-mating interval among sows on farms that wean pigs early
Authors: Koketsu Yuzo , Dial Gary D. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine factors associated with weaning-to-mating interval among sows on commercial farms that wean pigs early.

Design
Cohort study.

Animals
11,861 farrowing sows.

Procedure
Production, farrowing, and feed intake records were reviewed for sows on 16 farms for which mean duration of lactation was between 14.9 and 18.9 days.

Results
Among sows with high feed intake during lactation (≥ 5.6 kg/d [12.3 lb/d]), lactation duration was not associated with weaning-to-mating interval, but among sows with low feed intake during lactation (< 5.6 kg/d), weaning-to-mating interval increased as lactation duration decreased. Furthermore, among sows with the lowest feed intake during lactation (< 4.2 kg/d [9.2 lb/d]), those that had heavier litter weights at weaning (> 54 kg [119 lb]) had a longer weaning-to-mating interval than did those that had lighter litter weights at weaning. Sows with low feed intake and high litter weight at weaning accounted for 5 to 20% of sows on each farm. In general, weaning-to-mating interval increased as parity decreased, but the change in weaning-to-mating interval associated with a particular change in lactation duration varied with parity.

Clinical Implications
When feed intake during lactation is maximized (≥ 5.6 kg/d), lactation duration is not significantly associated with weaning-to-mating interval. Producers should consider fostering or partially weaning litters when sows with high litter weights are not consuming sufficient feed. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:894–898)
Open reduction and bone plate stabilization, compared with closed reduction and external fixation, for treatment of comminuted tibial fractures: 47 cases (1980–1995) in dogs
Authors: Dudley Melissa , Johnson Ann L. , Olmstead Marvin , Smith C. W. , Schaeffer David J. , Abbuehl Urs 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To compare open reduction and bone plate fixation with closed reduction and external skeletal fixation as treatment for severely comminuted fractures of the tibia. Limb alignment, fracture reduction, operating time, hospitalization time, postoperative care, time to unrestricted activity, bone healing, complications, and number of surgical procedures were considered.

Design
Retrospective case series.

Animals
47 dogs with severely comminuted fractures of the tibia treated with open reduction and bone plate application (22 dogs) or closed reduction and external fixation (25 dogs).

Procedure
Medical records of all dogs included in this study were reviewed. Postoperative and follow-up radiographs were evaluated by 2 independent observers.

Results
Differences were not found in hospitalization time, time to unrestricted activity, or time to earliest radiographic evidence of bone healing between dogs with fractures treated with a bone plate and dogs with fractures treated with an external fixator. Fractures treated with an external fixator had more caudal malalignment, and fractures treated with a bone plate had more valgus malalignment. Malalignments were determined not to be related to clinical problems. Dogs with fractures treated with an external fixator had shorter surgery times and more recheck examinations. Dogs with fractures treated with a bone plate had more complications.

Clinical Implications
Open reduction with bone plate fixation and closed reduction with external fixation were both effective for treatment of comminuted tibial fractures. External fixation was associated with shorter surgery time, but dogs required more extensive postoperative care. Bone plate fixation was associated with more complications. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1008–1012)
Antibodies to Ehrlichia equi in dogs from the northeastern United States
Authors: Magnarelli Louis A. , IJdo Jacob W. , Anderson John F. , Madigan John E. , Dumler J. Stephen , Fikrig Erol 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether dogs living in tick-infested areas of the northeastern United States had been exposed to Ehrlichia equi, an etiologic agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis.

Design
Analyses of dog sera.

Animals
106 ill dogs and 12 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure
Antibodies to E equi were detected by indirect fluorescent antibody staining methods and western blot analyses.

Results
10 of 106 (9.4%) sera tested from ill, privately owned dogs living in tick-infested areas of Connecticut and New York state had antibodies to E equi, a member of the E phagocytophila genogroup. Titration end points ranged from 1:80 to 1:1,280. Immunoblots revealed antibodies to proteins of E equi having molecular masses of predominantly 29, 40, 44, 105, 120, and 160 kd. There was good agreement between results of serologic testing methods, but use of the human isolate (NCH-1 strain) in western blot analyses detected 2 additional seropositive dogs found to be negative by indirect fluorescent antibody staining methods with the MRK strain.

Clinical Implications
Dogs living in areas where Ixodes scapularis is abundant may be exposed to multiple pathogens, such as E equi or Borrelia burgdorferi. Although mild or subclinical infections with E equi may develop, dogs with marked leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or anemia should be viewed as possibly having ehrlichiosis. Laboratory diagnosis should include examinations for morulae in granulocytes or monocytes in addition to serologic analyses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1134–1137)
Treatment of dairy cows at parturition with prostaglandin F2α or oxytocin for prevention of retained fetal membranes
Authors: Stevens Reyneld D. , Dinsmore R. Page 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate the effects of treatment at parturition with dinoprost tromethamine, fenprostalene, or oxytocin on postpartum disease and reproductive performance during the subsequent breeding season in dairy cows.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
1,400 Holstein cows from 5 commercial dairies.

Procedure
Cows were assigned within 2 hours after calving to serve as untreated control cows or to be treated with 1 mg of fenprostalene, SC; 25 mg of dinoprost tromethamine, IM; or 20 IU of oxytocin, IM. Cows were confined to treatment pens and monitored daily until fetal membranes were expelled. Cows with retained fetal membranes (RFM) were treated according to existing treatment protocols for the dairy, with the provision that intrauterine infusions were not allowed. All other disease conditions were recorded, and appropriate treatment was administered. Postpartum reproductive examinations were performed 28 to 56 days after parturition. Breeding records were maintained for all cows until pregnancy was confirmed or the cow was removed from the herd.

Results
Fetal membranes were retained in 12.1% of all cows, and this outcome was unaffected by treatment. Compared with cows without RFM, cows with RFM had longer intervals to first insemination (76.4 vs 82.0 days), reduced first insemination conception rates (46.8 vs 28.0%), and increased number of days not pregnant (103.2 vs 127.4 days). Farm, as a variable, significantly affected development of RFM and postpartum disease conditions as well as reproductive performance during the subsequent breeding season. Fetal membranes were retained in 12.4, 15.2, 8.7, 6.3, and 16.9% of cows on farms 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Mean days to first insemination varied from 64.5 days (farm 3) to 91.5 days (farm 1). Mean number of days not pregnant varied from 94.8 days (farm 3) to 115.9 days (farm 4).

Clinical Implications
Administration of prostaglandins or oxytocin at the time of calving does not reduce the incidence of RFM or improve reproductive performance. Farm management practices have the greatest impact on dairy cow performance. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1280–1284)
Evaluation of prognostic factors for dogs with primary lung tumors: 67 cases (1985–1992)
Authors: McNiel Elizabeth A. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Powers Barbara E. , Hutchison Jennifer M. , Salman Mowafak D. , Withrow Stephen J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine associations between clinical and histologic factors in dogs with primary lung tumors and outcome and to develop a histologic grading method for primary lung tumors.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
67 dogs undergoing thoracotomy and lobectomy for primary lung tumors.

Procedure
Medical records and histologic sections were reviewed to evaluate factors of prognostic importance. Association of these factors with disease-free interval (DFI) and survival time was evaluated, using the Cox proportional hazards model. Median DFI and survival time were determined, using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method.

Results
Clinical and histologic factors significantly associated with prognosis were histologic score, detection of clinical signs, and metastasis to regional lymph nodes. On the basis of histologic score, a histologic grading method was developed. Dogs with well-differentiated tumors had significantly longer survival time and DFI (median DFI, 493 days) than dogs with moderately (median DFI, 191 days) or poorly (median DFI, 0 days) differentiated tumors. Dogs with clinical signs or metastasis to regional lymph nodes had shorter survival times and DFI than dogs in which lung masses were discovered as an incidental finding.

Clinical Implications
Dogs with well-differentiated, nonmetastasized, primary lung tumors that do not have clinical signs associated with the tumor have a favorable prognosis. Dogs with more advanced disease or aggressive tumors histologically may require treatment, such as chemotherapy in combination with surgery. The grading method proposed here for primary lung tumors may be useful in other dogs with primary lung tumors. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1422–1427)
Risk factors for acquired myasthenia gravis in dogs: 1,154 cases (1991–1995)
Authors: Shelton G. Diane , Schule Alan , Kass Philip H. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine frequency of initial clinical signs and risk factors for acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) in dogs.

Design
Retrospective study.

Sample Population
1,154 dogs residing within the United States from 1991 to 1995 with a confirmed diagnosis of acquired MG and 7,176 dogs with other neuromuscular disorders, including generalized weakness, megaesophagus, and dysphagia (control group).

Procedure
Records were retrieved from a database containing results of serum samples tested for acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Signalment, breed, age, state of origin, and month of onset of clinical signs were obtained. An antibody titer > 0.6 nmol/L was diagnostic for acquired MG. Unconditional logistic regression was used for statistical analysis.

Results
In comparison with mixed-breed dogs, dogs with the highest risk of acquired MG were Akitas, terrier group, Scottish Terriers, German Shorthaired Pointers, and Chihuahuas. Rottweilers, Doberman Pinschers, Dalmatians, and Jack Russell Terriers had low relative risks. Sexually intact males and dogs less than 1 year old had some protection from risk. Generalized weakness with megaesophagus and megaesophagus alone were the most common initial clinical signs.

Clinical Implications
Breed predispositions for acquired MG were demonstrated. Age and sex were contributing factors. Although most dogs had generalized clinical signs, a substantial proportion of dogs had focal signs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1428–1431)
Renal transplants in cats: 66 cases (1987–1996)
Authors: Mathews Kyle G. , Gregory Clare R. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To document the morbidity and survival time after renal transplants in cats with end-stage renal failure.

Design
Retrospective case series.

Animals
66 cats that had renal transplants.

Procedure
Information regarding signalment, history, diagnostic testing, and postoperative morbidity and mortality was retrieved from medical records of cats with renal failure that had renal transplants at the University of California School of Veterinary Medicine between 1987 and 1996.

Results
47 of 66 (71%) cats that had renal transplants survived until discharge. Nineteen cats died in the perioperative period. Most common causes of death were seizure-related complications (7 cats) and renal pedicle complications (4). One discharged cat was unavailable for follow-up monitoring. Of the 46 cats discharged and available for follow-up monitoring, 28 died. Most common causes of death in these cats were renal complications (9 cats) and death related to immunosuppression (8; mean and median survival times, 15 and 12 months, respectively). Of the 18 cats that were still living at the time this report was written, mean and median survival times were 26 and 22 months, respectively.

Clinical Implications
Renal transplantation resulted in long-term survival of many cats that would have otherwise died from, or have been euthanatized as a result of, renal failure. Problems with ureteral obstruction can be minimized. Postoperative CNS disorders were the most prevalent complication. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1432–1436)
Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1996
Authors: Krebs John W. , Smith Jean S. , Rupprecht Charles E. , Childs James E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
In 1996, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 7,124 cases of rabies in non-human animals and 4 cases in human beings to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nearly 92% (6,550 cases) were wild animals, whereas 8% (574 cases) were domestic species. The total number of reported cases decreased 9.6% from that of 1995 (7,881 cases). Although much of the decline was the result of fewer reported cases of rabies in raccoons, fewer cases were also reported among most groups of animals. Numbers of cases associated with separate epizootics of rabies in foxes in west central Texas and in dogs and coyotes in southern Texas attributable to canine variants have declined, with 56.2% fewer rabid foxes (60), 72.7% fewer rabid dogs (15), and 76.3% fewer rabid coyotes (19) during 1996, compared with cases of rabies reported among these same species during 1995. Nationally, the number of reported rabid bats (741) decreased 5.8%, with cases reported by 46 of the 48 contiguous states. Four Eastern Seaboard states, enzootic for the raccoon variant of the rabies virus, reported noteworthy increases in total numbers of reported cases: Maine (29.7%; 101 cases in 1995 to 131 in 1996), Maryland (44.2%; 441 to 636), North Carolina (59.0%; 466 to 741), and Virginia (33.3%; 459 to 612). Increases were also reported by Florida (6.4%; 251 to 267) and Georgia (3.1 %; 294 to 303). Cats continued to be the domestic animal most frequently reported rabid, but reported cases of rabies in cats (266), cattle (131), and dogs (111) decreased by 7.6%, 3.7%, and 24.0%, respectively. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia reported decreases in rabies in animals during 1996, compared with 18 states and Puerto Rico in 1995. Hawaii was the only state that did not report a case of rabies in 1996. Two indigenously acquired cases of rabies reported in human beings were the result of infection with rabies virus variants associated with bats, whereas the remaining 2 human rabies infections were acquired outside the United States, and the variants identified were consistent with those associated with rabid dogs.
Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of propofol administered intraosseously to green iguanas
Authors: Bennett R. Avery , Schumacher Juergen , Hedjazi-Haring Kyra , Newell Susan M. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine cardiopulmonary effects of intraosseous administration of propofol in green iguanas (Iguana iguana).

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
14 green iguanas.

Procedure
Anesthesia was induced in 4 iguanas with propofol (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb] of body weight, intraosseously). Heart and respiratory rates, functional hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal CO2 concentration, and cloacal temperature were recorded. Ten additional iguanas were given propofol intraosseously for induction (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb]) and maintenance (0.5 mg/kg/min [0.23 mg/lb/min], q 30 min) of anesthesia. Heart and respiratory rates, cloacal temperature, and SpO2 were recorded.

Results
Mean induction time for the first 4 iguanas was 1.2 minutes. A significant decrease in heart rate was seen 1 minute after induction of anesthesia. All iguanas were apneic, but spontaneous ventilation resumed within 5 minutes. End-tidal CO2 concentration decreased from 46 mm of Hg 4 minutes after induction of anesthesia to 32 mm of Hg 30 minutes after induction of anesthesia. Mean duration of anesthesia was 27 minutes. Mean induction time for the other 10 iguanas was 3 minutes. A significant decrease in heart rate was detected 35 minutes after induction of anesthesia and persisted until 120 minutes. Mean SpO2 value decreased from 79% 5 minutes after induction of anesthesia to 64% 30 minutes after induction of anesthesia. Mean recovery time was 57 minutes.

Clinical Implications
Propofol is an effective anesthetic agent for use in green iguanas. It is recommended that iguanas be intubated, provided oxygen, and given assisted ventilation after administration of propofol to prevent hypoxemia and hypercapnia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:93–98)
Comparison of serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone in healthy dogs, hypothyroid dogs, and euthyroid dogs with concurrent disease
Authors: Scott-Moncrieff J. Catharine R. , Nelson Richard W. , Bruner Joseph M. , Williams David A. 
Published: December 2023

ObjectiveTo evaluate use of an assay for measuring serum concentration of canine thyroid-stimulating hormone (cTSH) as an aid for diagnosing thyroid disease in a population of dogs suspected of having hypothyroidism.
DesignCase-cohort study.
Animals62 healthy dogs and 49 dogs with clinical signs consistent with hypothyroidism (16 were hypothyroid and 33 were euthyroid with concurrent disease).
ProcedureSamples from healthy dogs were used to establish a reference range for serum cTSH concentration. The 49 dogs were categorized as hypothyroid or euthyroid with concurrent disease on the basis of clinical signs, results of additional diagnostic and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response tests, and response to administration of levothyroxine sodium. Function of the thyroid gland was considered normal when serum total thyroxine (T4) concentration 6 hours after TSH administration was > 2.5 µg/dl. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed when serum T4 concentration after TSH administration was ≤ 1.5 µg/dl.
ResultsSerum cTSH concentration differed significantly among all 3 groups. Four of 33 (12%) euthyroid dogs had cTSH concentrations that were greater than the reference range, whereas 6 of 16 (38%) hypothyroid dogs had cTSH concentrations within the reference range. Specificity for serum cTSH concentration was 0.88 and sensitivity was 0.63. When interpreted in combination with serum T4 concentration, specificity increased to 1.0.
Clinical ImplicationscTSH assay had good specificity for use in the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs. Because this assay had low sensitivity, a diagnosis of hypothyroidism could not be excluded on the basis of a serum cTSH concentration that was within the reference range. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:387-391)
Use of recombinant human erythropoietin for management of anemia in dogs and cats with renal failure
Authors: Cowgill Larry D. , James Katherine M. , Levy Julie K. , Browne Jeff K. , Miller Allan , Lobingier Robert T. , Egrie Joan C. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To test efficacy and safety of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) administration in dogs and cats with naturally developing chronic renal failure.

Design
Case series.

Animals
6 client-owned dogs and 11 client-owned cats with chronic renal failure.

Procedures
r-HuEPO was administered intravenously or subcutaneously. Erythropoietic effects were monitored by determining CBC, performing cytologic examination of bone marrow aspirates, and measuring serum iron concentration before and during treatment. Development of adverse effects was monitored by performing sequential clinical assessments, CBC, and serum biochemical tests and by measuring indirect blood pressure and anti-r-HuEPO antibody titers.

Results
Administration of r-HuEPO increased RBC and reticulocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration, and Hct comparably in dogs and cats. Assessments of clinical well-being, including appetite, energy, weight gain, alertness, strength, and playfulness, were improved variably. Adverse effects, including anemia, anti-r-HuEPO antibody production, seizures, systemic hypertension, and iron deficiency, were demonstrated inconsistently in dogs and cats.

Clinical Implications
Anemia contributes to clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure in dogs and cats. Administration of r-HuEPO has the potential to resolve anemia and improve clinical well-being. However, its administration poses risks of antibody production and adverse effects associated with correction of RBC mass. Use of r-HuEPO in dogs and cats requires conscientious assessment of risks and benefits until homologous forms of erythropoietin are available. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:521-528)