bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complex Memory T-Cell Phenotypes Revealed by Coexpression of CD62L and CCR7
Authors: Unsoeld Heike , Pircher Hanspeter 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

Antigen-experienced T cells have been divided into CD62L
+
CCR7
+
central memory (T
CM
) and CD62L
−
CCR7
−
effector memory (T
EM
) cells. Here, we examined coexpression of CD62L and CCR7 in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific memory CD8 T cells from both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Three main points emerged: firstly, memory cells frequently expressed a mixed CD62L
−
CCR7
+
phenotype that differed from the phenotypes of classical T
EM
and T
CM
cells; secondly, T
CM
cells were not restricted to lymphoid organs but were also present in significant numbers in nonlymphoid tissues; and thirdly, a major shift from a T
CM
to T
EM
phenotype was found in memory cells that had been stimulated repetitively with antigen.
Mercury in surface waters of three mine-dominated river systems: Idrija River, Slovenia; Carson River, Nevada; and Madeira River, Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Bonzongo J. C. , Lyons W. B. , Hines M. E. , Warwick J. J. , Faganeli J. , Horvat M. , Lechler P. J. , Miller J. R. 
Published: March 2005

This paper investigates the aqueous geochemistry of mercury (Hg) in three aquatic systems impacted by either past or present mining activities. The Idrija River in Slovenia flows near the Idrija mercury mine, the second largest mercury mine in the world, with continuous mining and smelting activities for five centuries. During this period, it has been estimated that over 30 000 tonnes of Hg have been released into the mine's surrounding environment, due to inefficient smelting technologies and Hg left behind in mine tailings within the river basin. In contrast to cinnabar mining in the Idrija River Basin, the Carson River in Nevada and the Madeira River in the Brazilian Amazon are impacted by metallic mercury (Hg
0
) used in the amalgamation process to extract gold (Au) and/or silver (Ag) from crude ores and fine alluvial materials. The Carson River Basin was the site of intensive Au- and Ag-mining for over 50 years in the late 1800s and early 1900s, resulting in an estimated 7000 tonnes of Hg lost to the river and its watershed. The Madeira River is a site of ongoing use of Hg
0
in Au-prospecting. This study reports on the level and speciation of Hg, as well as factors controlling levels of methyl-Hg using aqueous data. Surface water samples collected along longitudinal transects upstream of well-identified point sources of Hg, except for the Madeira River, to river deltas were analysed for Hg and geochemical parameters of interest. Samples from Idrija and Carson rivers show clear evidence of contamination, with Hg levels up to several hundreds of ng l
−1
downstream from main point sources. Unlike Idrija and the Carson rivers, water samples collected from the Madeira River exhibited much lower Hg levels (9.51 ng l
−1
on average,
n
= 16). Measured physiochemical parameters are used to determine the fate of Hg in these three river systems.
Air–surface exchange of mercury in natural and anthropogenically impacted landscapes in Atlantic Canada
Authors: Beauchamp S. , Tordon R. , Phinney L. , Abraham K. , Pinette A. , MacIntosh A. , Rencz A. , Wong H. , Dalziel J. 
Published: March 2005

Understanding the relative importance of various sources of mercury within ecosystems and their subsequent impact on biota requires a thorough understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of mercury. An important component of the biogeochemical mercury cycle involves the exchange of gas-phase mercury between the atmosphere and various landscape surfaces. This study examines air–surface exchange (flux) of gaseous elemental mercury in selected undisturbed and anthropogenically impacted aquatic and terrestrial landscape settings. The objective of this study was to quantify air–surface mercury exchange rates in these contrasting landscape settings, to put constraints on these rates and provide insight into physical processes controlling mercury flux. Mean daily mercury flux was typically low over natural forest soils varying from −0.4 (net deposition) to 2.2 ng m
−2
h
−1
(net evasion). Minimum and maximum flux rates measured at these sites over the diurnal cycle ranged from a minimum of −1.3 to a maximum of 5.7 ng m
−2
h
−1
. Low flux rates from forest soils was partially due to poor light penetration through the forest canopy. Average daily mercury flux over undisturbed glacial till soil at an open field site with full sun exposure was also low (0.9 ng m
−2
h
−1
) compared to the same soil mixed over a depth of 2 m (8.0 ng m
−2
h
−1
). Mean daily mercury flux rates measured over pristine freshwater lake surfaces were also low (0.7–6.5 ng m
−2
h
−1
), although the overall range in flux varied more widely (−0.3 to 44 ng m
−2
h
−1
). Total mercury concentrations in marine water at a moderately polluted coastal harbour site (mean
c.
0.8 ng l
−1
) and mean daily mercury flux rates over salt water (0.7 ng m
−2
h
−1
) were similar to those measured over freshwater lakes. The highest daily average and diurnal range in mercury flux rates were measured at two abandoned gold mine tailings sites (130 and 237 ng m
−2
h
−1
). The abandoned mine sites comprised tailings high in mercury content due to the past use of the mercury amalgamation process in gold extraction from the ore. Flux rates from tailings were two orders of magnitude higher than those observed over undisturbed native soils of similar parent material. Higher flux rates at the mine tailings sites were accompanied by ambient air concentrations 5–10 times background levels at 20 cm above the tailings. Mercury flux from vegetation has not been widely considered. A preliminary study of mercury flux from a white pine tree (
Pinus strobus
) indicated that actively growing trees might play a role in the atmospheric mercury cycle.
Bakhtin's Confessional Self-accounting and Psalms of Lament
Authors: Tull Patricia 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn his early essay entitled "Author and Hero in Aesthetic Activity," Mikhail Bakhtin laid the groundwork for his later discussion of dialogism by exploring the concepts of "outsideness," "authoring," and "aestheticizing." While his essay concerns the relationship of an author to a created hero (literary character), it also—in typical Bakhtinian style—grows to encompass far more than literature, contemplating as well the construction of self, others, and even God. One portion of this most explicitly theological of his essays explores the genre he calls "confessional self-accounting" and the path by which remorse becomes the opportunity for faith both for the one repenting and for the one reading the confession of another.My essay uses Bakhtin's discussion to help explore a neighboring genre, the biblical Psalms of lament. These psalms display moods and movements analogous to those of confessional self-accounting—isolation, inner chaos, and the turn toward God as loving other for reconstructing a beloved self. The psalms have also functioned similarly to confessional self-accounting in the religious experience of generations of subsequent readers, who respond by reading their own griefs, fears, and hopes in the "I" and "we" of the ancient Psalms.
Sunni Muslim Scholars on the Status of Logic, 1500-1800
Authors: El-Rouayheb Khaled 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn the present article, I discuss Goldziher's contention (echoed in more recent literature) that from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Sunnī Muslim scholars ('ulamā') became increasingly hostile to rational sciences such as logic. On the basis of discussions and fatāwā by Sunni scholars in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, I show that this idea is radically mistaken. Mainstream scholars in the Maghrib, Egypt and Turkey considered l ogic to be not only permissible but actually commendable or even a religious duty incumbent on the Muslim community as a whole (i.e. a fard˙ kifāyah). Though there were dissenting voices in the period, such as the Qād˙īzādelīs, this seems to have been the mainstream opinion of Sunni scholars until the rise of the Salafiyyah movement in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Assessing a Tornado Climatology from Global Tornado Intensity Distributions
Authors: Feuerstein Bernold , Dotzek Nikolai , Grieser Jürgen 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Recent work demonstrated that the shape of tornado intensity distributions from various regions worldwide is well described by Weibull functions. This statistical modeling revealed a strong correlation between the fit parameters c for shape and b for scale regardless of the data source. In the present work it is shown that the quality of the Weibull fits is optimized if only tornado reports of F1 and higher intensity are used and that the c–b correlation does indeed reflect a universal feature of the observed tornado intensity distributions. For regions with likely supercell tornado dominance, this feature is the number ratio of F4 to F3 tornado reports R(F4/F3) = 0.238. The c–b diagram for the Weibull shape and scale parameters is used as a climatological chart, which allows different types of tornado climatology to be distinguished, presumably arising from supercell versus nonsupercell tornadogenesis. Assuming temporal invariance of the climatology and using a detection efficiency function for tornado observations, a stationary climatological probability distribution from large tornado records (U.S. decadal data 1950−99) is extracted. This can be used for risk assessment, comparative studies on tornado intensity distributions worldwide, and estimates of the degree of underreporting for areas with poor databases. For the 1990s U.S. data, a likely tornado underreporting of the weak events (F0, F1) by a factor of 2 can be diagnosed, as well as asymptotic climatological c,b values of c = 1.79 and b = 2.13, to which a convergence in the 1950–99 U.S. decadal data is verified.
Seasonal Forecasting with a Simple General Circulation Model: Predictive Skill in the AO and PNA
Authors: Derome Jacques , Lin Hai , Brunet Gilbert 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A primitive equation dry atmospheric model is used to perform ensemble seasonal predictions. The predictions are done for 51 winter seasons [December–January–February (DJF)] from 1948 to 1998. Ensembles of 24 forecasts are produced, with initial conditions of 1 December plus small perturbations. The model uses a forcing field that is calculated empirically from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalyses. The forcing used to forecast a given winter is the sum of its winter climatological forcing plus an anomaly. The anomalous forcing is obtained as that of the month prior to the start of the forecast (November), which is also calculated from NCEP data. The predictions are thus made without using any information about the season to be predicted.
The ensemble-mean predictions for the 51 winters are verified against the NCEP–NCAR reanalyses. Comparisons are made with the results obtained with a full GCM. It is found that the skill of the simple GCM is comparable in many ways to that of the full GCM. The skill in predicting the amplitude of the main patterns of Northern Hemisphere mean-seasonal variability, the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern is also discussed. The simple GCM has skill not only in predicting the PNA pattern during winters with strong ENSO forcing, but it also has skill in predicting the AO in winters without appreciable ENSO forcing.
Perceptual Diversity: Is Polyphasic Consciousness Necessary for Global Survival?
Authors: Lumpkin Tara W. 
Published: March 2005

Perceptual diversity allows human beings to access knowledge through a variety of perceptual processes, rather than merely through everyday waking reality. Many of these perceptual processes are transrational altered states of consciousness (meditation, trance, dreams, imagination) and are not considered valid processes for accessing knowledge by science (which is based primarily upon quantification, reductionism, and the experimental method). According to Erika Bourguignon's (1973) research in the 1970s, approximately 90 percent of cultures have institutionalized forms of altered states of consciousness, meaning that such types of consciousness are to be found in most human societies and are "normal." Now, however, transrational consciousness is being devalued in many societies as it is simultaneously being replaced by the monophasic consciousness of "developed" nations. Not only are we are losing (1) biodiversity (biocomplexity) in environments and (2) cultural diversity in societies, we also are losing (3) perceptual diversity in human cognitive processes. All three losses of diversity (bio, cultural, and cognitive) are interrelated.Cultures that value perceptual diversity are more adaptable than cultures that do not. Perceptually diverse cultures are better able to understand whole systems (because they use a variety of perceptual processes to understand systems) than are cultures that rely only on the scientific method, which dissects systems. They also are better stewards of their environments, because they grasp the value of the whole of biodiversity (biocomplexity) through transrational as well as scientific processes. Understanding through perceptual diversity leads to a higher degree of adaptability and evolutionary competence.From the perspective of an anthropologist who has worked with development organizations, development will continue to destroy perceptual diversity because it exports the dominant cognitive process of "developed" nations, i.e., monophasic consciousness. Destroying perceptual diversity, in turn, leads to the destruction of cultural diversity and biocomplexity. Drawing from research I conducted among traditional healers in Namibia, I conclude that development organizations need to listen to those who use transrational perceptual processes and also need to find a way to incorporate and validate perceptual diversity in their theoretical and applied frameworks.
Analysis of microsatellite markers and single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for susceptibility to bipolar affective disorder in the chromosome 12Q24.31 region
Authors: Shink Eric , Harvey Mario , Tremblay Monique , Gagné Bernard , Belleau Pascal , Raymond Catherine , Labbé Michel , Dubé Marie‐Pierre , Lafrenière Ronald G. , Barden Nicholas 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPrevious results from our genetic analyses using pedigrees from a French Canadian population suggested that the interval delimited by markers D12S86 and D12S378 on chromosome 12 was the most probable genomic region to contain a susceptibility gene for affective disorders. Here we present a more detailed genetic analysis of a 7.7 Mb genomic region located on 12q24.31. This region was saturated with 20 microsatellite markers to refine the candidate region and linkage analysis performed in 41 families from the Saguenay‐Lac‐St‐Jean (SLSJ) region of Quebec. The results of two point parametric analysis using MFLINK supported the presence of a susceptibility locus on chromosome 12q24.31. Association studies with microsatellite markers using a case/control sample from the same population (n = 401) and analyzed with CLUMP revealed significant allelic associations between the bipolar phenotype and markers NBG6 (P = 0.008) and NBG12 (P < 10−3). According to these results, we investigated candidate genes in the NBG12 area. We analyzed 32 genes for the presence of polymorphisms in coding sequences and intron/exon junctions and genotyped 22 non‐synonymous SNPs in the SLSJ case/control sample. Two uncommon polymorphisms (minor allele frequency ≤ 0.03) found in KIAA1595 and FLJ22471 genes, gave P‐values below 0.05 with the T1 statistic. Moreover, using haplotype analysis, a nearly significant haplotypic association was observed at the HM74 gene. These results do not give strong support for a role in the susceptibility to bipolar disorder of any of these genes analyzed. However, the significance of rare polymorphisms should be explored by further analyses. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The problem of small and large scale fields in the solar dynamo
Authors: Brandenburg A. , Haugen N. E. L. , Käpylä P. J. , Sandin C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThree closely related stumbling blocks of solar mean field dynamo theory are discussed: how dominant are the small scale fields, how is the alpha effect quenched, and whether magnetic and current helicity fluxes alleviate the quenching? It is shown that even at the largest currently available resolution there is no clear evidence of power law scaling of the magnetic and kinetic energy spectra in turbulence. However, using subgrid scalemodeling, some indications of asymptotic equipartition can be found. The frequently used first order smoothing approach to calculate the alpha effect and other transport coefficients is contrasted with the superior minimal tau approximation. The possibility of catastrophic alpha quenching is discussed as a result of magnetic helicity conservation. Magnetic and current helicity fluxes are shown to alleviate catastrophic quenching in the presence of shear. Evidence for strong large scale dynamo action, even in the absence of helicity in the forcing, is presented. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Zonal flows in a mean‐field solar dynamo model
Authors: Bushby P. J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractCyclic variations are observed in the solar differential rotation profile. The 11 year periodicity of these zonal shear flows (often referred to as “torsional oscillations”) is consistent with the idea that they are driven by the Lorentz forces that are associated with the large‐scale solar dynamo. This suggests that these flows may be able to provide indirect observational evidence that can be used to constrain solar dynamo models. This possibility is investigated by considering a simplified mean‐field dynamo model which incorporates the feedback of the large‐scale magnetic field upon the imposed velocity field. By specifying an unperturbed flow which mimics the solar differential rotation, it is shown that it is possible to reproduce most of the main qualitative features of the solar dynamo as well as a solar‐like pattern of zonal shear flows. The apparent success of this model has led to the investigation of several more subtle aspects of the problem, including the effects of stratification and long‐term modulation as well as the possible implications of the zonal shear flows that are observed at high latitudes. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reynolds stresses – dependence on latitude
Authors: Hupfer C. , Käpylä P. , Stix M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe present some results of three‐dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of a compressible flow under the influence of rotation. The code implements a three‐layer (stably–unstably–stably stratified) rectangular box placed at various latitudes in a convection zone of a star. We focus on the Reynolds stresses Qij = 〈u′iu′j〉 which in mean‐field models have a crucial influence on angular momentum transport and differential rotation. Especially we examine the occurrence of a strong peak of Qθϕ at low latitude very close to the equator, which may have implications to the theory of the angular velocity profile observed on the Sun. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stochastic resonance in a bistable geodynamo model
Authors: Lorito S. , Schmitt D. , Consolini G. , De Michelis P. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractRecently a signal with a period of 100 kyr in the distribution of residence times between reversals of the geomagnetic field has been suggested as signature of stochastic resonance. Here we test this suggestion by applying periodic modulations to a model of the geodynamo as a bistable oscillator, where stochastic fluctuations of the induction effect (multiplicative noise) lead to random transitions between the two polarity states of the supercritically excited fundamental axial dipole mode. By adding a weak periodic component either to the dynamo effect (multiplicative periodic term) or as a source term to the dynamo equation (additive periodic term) we demonstrate stochastic resonance. Depending on the multiplicative (additive) character of the periodic term, we find peaks at integer (half‐integer) values of the applied period, superimposed on the otherwise Poissonian distribution of residence times. Especially the optimum resonance conditions for various mean times between reversals and various periodicities are derived. The periodic terms need to be about 0.1 in amplitude compared to the other terms in the dynamo equation to show the observed signatures of the magnetic field of the Earth. A sharp peak at the forcing frequency in the power spectrum of the dipole amplitude is only found in the additive case. As such a peak is absent in the Earth data, this rules for the multiplicative case. It is yet unclear what may cause such an effect to the geodynamo. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stellar dynamos – theoretical aspects
Authors: Dobler W. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractI review some dynamo models and constraints for stars other than the Sun. The models include mean‐field dynamo models for RS Cvn binary systems and global magnetoconvection simulations for supergiants and for fully convective stars. In the latter case, we find generation of mixed‐parity large‐scale magnetic fields once the dynamo reaches saturation. In addition to the cool, narrow downdrafts known from local simulations, these models also show a hot convective plume stretching from the centre towards the surface. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modelling the colour‐brightness relation of chromospherically active stars
Authors: Aarum‐Ulvås V. , Henry G. W. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe photometric flux of chromospherically active, spotted stars generally becomes redder and fainter when large starspots rotate into view on the stellar disc. However, some of the most active RS CVn systems show a bluer flux as they get fainter. Modelling of one such system (UX Ari) has shown that hot, bright, photospheric facular regions accompanying the cool, dark spots on the cooler, more active component are a possible explanation. The bluer flux of the hotter, less active component does not appear to be sufficient to explain the observed behaviour. We have begun a search for additional chromospherically active stars with a similar relation between colour and brightness, to investigate whether these relations can be explained in the same way. Our results for V711 Tau and RS CVn are presented here, and we conclude that the photospheric faculae remain the most probable explanation for the observed behaviour. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)