bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Composition and In Vitro Digestibility of Whole‐Crop Pea and Pea–Cereal Mixture Silages Grown in South‐western Quebec
Authors: Mustafa A. F. , Seguin P. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fibre (IVNDFD) digestibilities of silages made from whole‐crop pea [Pisum sativum L. (PS)], pea–wheat [Triticum aestivum L. (PW)], pea–barley [Hordeum vulgare L. (PB)] and pea–oat [Avena sativa L. (PO)] mixtures harvested 8 weeks (H8) and 10 weeks (H10) after seeding. Forty‐five days after ensiling, all forages were well ensiled as indicated by low pH and low water‐soluble carbohydrate content and high lactic acid concentration. Regardless of forage type, crude protein (CP) and IVNDFD were higher while starch and acid detergent lignin were lower in H8 than H10. However, harvest date had no effect on neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fibre of the silages. Within each harvest date, CP was higher while NDF was lower for PS than pea–cereal silages. Differences in CP and fibre fractions between the pea–cereal mixture silages were not consistent for the two harvest dates. The IVDMD of PS was higher than that of the three pea–cereal mixture silages in H8 but was only higher than that of PB in H10. For the pea–cereal mixtures, IVDMD was higher for PO than PB and PW in H8 and was higher for PB than PW in H10. It was concluded that silage from pea monoculture had similar forage yields and a generally higher nutritive value than silages from pea–cereal mixtures.
Characterization of microsatellite markers from capybaras, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Rodentia: Hydrochoeridae)
Authors: HERRERA E. A. , CHEMELLO M. E. , LACEY E. A. , SALAS V. , SOUSA B. F. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFourteen microsatellite loci were isolated from capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), which are large, diurnal social rodents that occur in the wet savannas of South America. Five of these loci were monomorphic. The remaining nine loci were polymorphic (two to seven alleles per locus), with observed levels of heterozygosity ranging from 0.063 to 0.800 (n = 17 animals). The latter loci provide a valuable tool for assessing patterns of parentage and kinship within capybara social groups.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in the Kaka, Nestor meridionalis
Authors: SAINSBURY JAMES P. , MACAVOY ELIZABETH S. , CHAMBERS GEOFFREY K. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEight microsatellite loci were characterized from the Kaka (Nestor meridionalis), a New Zealand parrot, using a polymerase chain reaction‐based isolation technique. Locus‐specific primers were used to genotype nine Kaka populations and tested on 25 other species of parrot. The number of alleles observed within Kaka ranged from one to 16 in the 12–126 individuals screened and two loci exhibited greater than 60% heterozygosity. Furthermore, these primers are likely to be useful in population‐level studies of two other New Zealand parrots.
Isolation of highly polymorphic microsatellite loci from the temperate damselfish Parma microlepis
Authors: CURLEY BELINDA G. , GILLINGS MICHAEL R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMicrosatellites were isolated from the damselfish Parma microlepis (Günther 1862) (Pomacentridae) and screened for 100 individuals. Seven of the eight loci tested were highly polymorphic, having 14–43 alleles with average heterozygosities between 0.86 and 0.97. These loci should be informative for studies on population genetics of this species.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Ononis repens, Leguminosae
Authors: KLODA JANE M. , DEAN PETER D. G. , MACDONALD DON , MAYES SEAN 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTen polymorphic microsatellites were isolated from Ononis repens, using a microsatellite enrichment protocol and selective hybridization with a mixed synthetic dinucleotide repeat probe. Primers for DNA amplifications using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were designed and synthesized. The loci amplified in both O. repens and O. spinosa. All 10 loci were polymorphic in each of four populations studied. These microsatellite markers will be useful for population genetic analysis and biodiversity studies of O. repens and O. spinosa.
Polymerase chain reaction primers for polymorphic microsatellite loci in the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: IBRAHIM KAMAL M. , YASSIN YOSUF , ELGUZOULI AMNA 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEight pairs of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers that amplify polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) to be used in the study of its population dynamics in sub‐Sahara Africa where the species is a major pest of cereals and rangeland. A magnetic beads based enrichment protocol was used; it appears that previously reported scarcity of microsatellites in Lepidoptera species does not apply to the African armyworm. All the loci showed significant heterozygote deficit; possibly because the samples were laboratory reared from limited stock. Four primer pairs successfully amplified single fragments of beet and fall armyworm DNA of comparable size to the African armyworm alleles.
Isolation and characterization of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers in Hypochaeris radicata (Asteraceae)
Authors: MIX C. , ARENS P. F. P. , OUBORG N. J. , SMULDERS M. J. M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe developed five highly polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellite loci for the grassland species Hypochaeris radicata (Asteraceae). Polymorphism of these markers was examined in six populations in the Netherlands. All loci were polymorphic in all populations. The number of alleles per locus varied between 18 and 43. Expected heterozygosity was between 0.86 and 0.91. Cross‐species amplification was tested in six Hypochaeris species and was successful for three different loci in four species. These microsatellites are a useful tool in population genetic, dispersal and metapopulation studies or in testing levels of inbreeding.
Primers for sequence characterization and polymorphism detection in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) growth hormone 1 (GH1) gene
Authors: RYYNÄNEN HEIKKI J. , PRIMMER CRAIG R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe report the identification of intraspecific sequence variation in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) growth hormone 1 gene. Rapid and inexpensive assays for polymorphism detection were developed for 10 sites. Five of the assays detected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) analyses, and five were indel polymorphisms, detected using fragment length analyses. The average within population frequency of the most common allele varied from 0.52 to 0.90, and the average within population heterozygosity varied from 0.02 to 0.37 in seven European salmon populations.
Accuracy‐driven loci selection and assignment of individuals
Authors: TOPCHY ALEXANDER , SCRIBNER KIM , PUNCH WILLIAM 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe present two programs: gafs for optimal selection of loci for use in individual assignment tests, and mlc, a program for individual classification using maximum likelihood and k‐nearest neighbour decision rules. gafs software employs a genetic algorithm to heuristically search multilocus subsets with several objective functions to maximize predictive accuracy of the assignments.
Characterization of six microsatellite loci in the Bermuda skink (Eumeces longirostris)
Authors: COUGHLAN J. P. , KITSON L. , DILLANE E. , DAVENPORT J. , CROSS T. F. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractConservation strategies for the critically endangered Bermuda skink will require knowledge of genetic variation and population structure. We describe the isolation of six polymorphic microsatellites for this species suitable for use in population genetics studies or for monitoring success of potential breeding programmes. Tissue sampling for DNA extraction involved no blood loss or tail autonomy. Three of these loci cross‐amplify and are polymorphic in a related North American skink (Eumeces fasciatus) and should also be informative for this species.
Isolation of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Hawaii amakihi (Hemignathus virens) and their use in other honeycreeper species
Authors: EGGERT LORI S. , FLEISCHER ROBERT C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe report the isolation and characterization of five polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Hawaii amakihi, Hemignathus virens, one of the most common native Hawaiian forest birds. These loci exhibit high levels of allelic diversity and heterozygosity in the three honeycreeper species we screened, and promise to be useful in our investigation of differences between honeycreeper populations at different elevations.
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) screening of clones prior to sequencing
Authors: MIDDLETON SIMON A. , ANZENBERGER GUSTL , KNAPP LESLIE A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWhilst cloning and sequencing techniques are used ubiquitously for the identification of novel DNA sequences, the necessity to determine a consensus sequence means that this can be both labour‐intensive and costly. Here we describe a rapid and cost effective method of using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) for the analysis of large numbers of clones prior to sequencing. This procedure allows for the selection of specific clones, eliminates the need to sequence multiple copies of the same clone, and reduces the likelihood of sequencing recombinant PCR product.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: AEBI A. , SHANI T. , BUTCHER R. D. J. , ALVAREZ N. , RISTERUCCI A. M. , BENREY B. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBruchid beetles of the genus Zabrotes (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) are important worldwide pests of legume seeds. Samples of Zabrotes subfasciatus and Z. sylvestris were collected from seeds of two Phaseolus species throughout Mexico to assess the role of host plant variation and plant domestication on the evolution of host use in this species. For this purpose six polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for the bruchid Z. subfasciatus. Cross‐species amplification tests were performed on Z. sylvestris and revealed that three loci amplified successfully and were polymorphic in this closely related species.
Characterization of microsatellite markers from the gastropod genusMelongena
Authors: HAYES K. A. , KARL S. A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEight microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the Florida crown conch (Melongenaspp.). Approximately 500 individuals from 20 populations encompassing all knownMelongenaspp. groups in Florida and Alabama were genotyped at all loci. High levels of variation were found with eight to 28 alleles per locus and observed per locus heterozygosity ranging from 0.148 to 0.779 (mean 0.624). One locus,Mco5, was monomorphic in more than half of the populations. These loci can provide useful information for a variety of studies ranging from parentage to population‐level analyses of the Florida crown conch.
Skin ageing and wrinkles: clinical and photographic scoring
Authors: Kappes U P 
Published: November 2004

SummarySunlight induces clinical, histological and physiological changes in the skin that are known as photoageing. As the population ages, prevention and treatment of photoageing is a growing challenge because of its association with skin cancer as well as for cosmetic reasons. Therefore, it is of interest to assess the degrees of photoageing by developing valid and comprehensive grading systems. Several different methods have been proposed. These include descriptive grading scales, visual analogue scales and photographic grading scales. The merits and inconveniences of these different approaches are discussed.
Professionals under pressure: contextual influences on learning and development of radiographers in England
Authors: Brown Alan 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe role of radiographers has changed significantly in the last 20 years, as the demand for radiography services has increased markedly and the work of radiographers has become more complex. This article is framed within a narrative, drawn from previous work, of how radiography has become a ‘profession under pressure’ and a contemporary analysis of how the context in which radiographers are working influences their opportunities for learning. Examples of the interaction between learning and contextual factors are drawn primarily from discussions that took place during two focus groups with radiographers. The analysis, using a framework developed by Eraut et al. (2004), indicates that contextual factors, such as the allocation and structuring of work, relationships at work, and participation and expectations at work, are significantly influencing possibilities for learning in the workplace. This suggests that current proposals to change the way in which radiographers’ work is structured may enhance their opportunities for learning. Similarly, changing patterns of relationships at work, based around skill mix proposals and changing career structures, could also increase radiographers’ opportunities for learning, both from other radiographers and from the other healthcare staff with whom they inter‐relate. Expectations about training and development from staff and their supervisors, often enshrined in departmental or institutional policies, can also be seen as influencing both the possibilities for learning and attitudes towards continuing learning. The article concludes by emphasizing that critical learning factors, such as the provision of appropriate mechanisms for feedback and support, need to be addressed if the possibilities for enhanced learning afforded by contextual changes are to be realized in practice.
Habitat use by breeding Tree Sparrows Passer montanus
Authors: FIELD ROB H. , ANDERSON GUY Q. A. 
Published: November 2004

Tree Sparrows Passer montanus showed a strong preference for nest‐sites adjacent to wetland habitats, and avoidance of sites on intensively managed mixed farmland distant from Rutland Water. A variety of wetland edge habitats were frequently used by foraging adult birds when provisioning nestlings, and invertebrate prey of aquatic origin was frequently recorded in chick diet. We suggest that the wetland edge habitats at the study sites played a key role in providing adequate diversity and availability of suitable invertebrate prey to allow successful chick rearing throughout the long breeding season of this multi‐brooded passerine. It is possible that large areas of formerly occupied farmland in the UK no longer provide these invertebrate resources due to the effects of intensification in the late 20th century. There was no evidence that the availability of supplementary seed food within 1 km of the nest‐site influenced nest‐site choice, or affected productivity. It is probable that the importance of seed food resources to the persistence of Tree Sparrow populations operates on a larger spatial scale than that tested in this study, due to the greater mobility of Tree Sparrows in the non‐breeding season, when seed resources are most likely to be a key limiting factor. When considering conservation management aimed at recovering breeding populations of Tree Sparrows, the key resources of seed food, invertebrate food and nest‐sites must be made available at appropriate spatial scales.
Ralstonia solanacearum
Iron Scavenging by the Siderophore Staphyloferrin B Is Controlled by PhcA, the Global Virulence Regulator
Authors: Bhatt Garima , Denny Timothy P. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

PhcA is a transcriptional regulator that activates expression of multiple virulence genes in the plant pathogen
Ralstonia solanacearum
. Relative to their wild-type parents,
phcA
mutants overproduced iron-scavenging activity detected with chrome azurol S siderophore detection medium. Transposon mutagenesis of strain AW1-PC (
phcA1
) generated strain GB6, which was siderophore negative but retained weak iron-scavenging activity. The
ssd
gene inactivated in GB6 encodes a protein similar to group IV amino acid decarboxylases, and its transcription was repressed by iron(III) and PhcA.
ssd
is the terminal gene in a putative operon that also appears to encode three siderophore synthetase subunits, a integral membrane exporter, and three genes with no obvious role in siderophore production. A homologous operon was found in the genomes of
Ralstonia metallidurans
and
Staphylococcus aureus
, both of which produce the polycarboxylate siderophore staphyloferrin B. Comparison of the siderophores present in culture supernatants of
R. solanacearum
,
R. metallidurans
, and
Bacillus megaterium
using chemical tests, a siderophore utilization bioassay, thin-layer chromatography, and mass spectroscopy indicated that
R. solanacearum
produces staphyloferrin B rather than schizokinen as was reported previously. Inactivation of
ssd
in a wild-type AW1 background resulted in a mutant almost incapable of scavenging iron but normally virulent on tomato plants. AW1 did not produce siderophore activity when cultured in tomato xylem sap, suggesting that the main location in tomato for
R. solanacearum
during pathogenesis is iron replete.
Negative Transcriptional Regulation of the
ilv-leu
Operon for Biosynthesis of Branched-Chain Amino Acids through the
Bacillus subtilis
Global Regulator TnrA
Authors: Tojo Shigeo , Satomura Takenori , Morisaki Kaori , Yoshida Ken-Ichi , Hirooka Kazutake , Fujita Yasutaro 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

The
Bacillus subtilis ilv-leu
operon is involved in the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids (valine, isoleucine, and leucine). The two- to threefold repression of expression of the
ilv-leu
operon during logarithmic-phase growth under nitrogen-limited conditions, which was originally detected by a DNA microarray analysis to compare the transcriptomes from the wild-type and
tnrA
mutant strains, was confirmed by
lacZ
fusion and Northern experiments. A genome-wide TnrA box search revealed a candidate box approximately 200 bp upstream of the transcription initiation base of the
ilv-leu
operon, the TnrA binding to which was verified by gel retardation and DNase I footprinting analyses. Deletion and base substitution of the TnrA box sequence affected the
ilv-leu
promoter activity in vivo, implying that TnrA bound to the box might be able to inhibit the promoter activity, possibly through DNA bending. The negative control of the expression of the
ilv-leu
operon by TnrA, which is considered to represent rather fine-tuning (two- to threefold), is a novel regulatory link between nitrogen and amino acid metabolism.
Effector-Mediated Interaction of CbbR
I
and CbbR
II
Regulators with Target Sequences in
Rhodobacter capsulatus
Authors: Dubbs Padungsri , Dubbs James M. , Tabita F. Robert 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

In
Rhodobacter capsulatus
, genes encoding enzymes of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham reductive pentose phosphate pathway are located in the

cbb
I

and

cbb
II

operons. Each operon contains a divergently transcribed LysR-type transcriptional activator (CbbR
I
and CbbR
II
) that regulates the expression of its cognate
cbb
promoter in response to an as yet unidentified effector molecule(s). Both CbbR
I
and CbbR
II
were purified, and the ability of a variety of potential effector molecules to induce changes in their DNA binding properties at their target promoters was assessed. The responses of CbbR
I
and CbbR
II
to potential effectors were not identical. In gel mobility shift assays, the affinity of both CbbR
I
and CbbR
II
for their target promoters was enhanced in the presence of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), phosphoenolpyruvate, 3-phosphoglycerate, 2-phosphoglycolate. ATP, 2-phosphoglycerate, and KH
2
PO
4
were found to enhance only CbbR
I
binding, while fructose-1,6-bisphosphate enhanced the binding of only CbbR
II
. The DNase I footprint of CbbR
I
was reduced in the presence of RuBP, while reductions in the CbbR
II
DNase I footprint were induced by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, and KH
2
PO
4
. The current in vitro results plus recent in vivo studies suggest that CbbR-mediated regulation of
cbb
transcription is controlled by multiple metabolic signals in
R. capsulatus
. This control reflects not only intracellular levels of Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle metabolic intermediates but also the fixed (organic) carbon status and energy charge of the cell.
Unmasking Novel Sporulation Genes in
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Silvaggi Jessica M. , Popham David L. , Driks Adam , Eichenberger Patrick , Losick Richard 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

The
Bacillus subtilis
transcription factor σ
E
directs the expression of a regulon of 262 genes, but null mutations in only a small fraction of these genes severely impair sporulation. We have previously reported that mutations in seven σ
E
-controlled genes cause a mild (2- to 10-fold) defect in sporulation. In this study, we found that pairwise combinations of some of these seven mutations led to strong synthetic sporulation phenotypes, especially those involving the
ytrHI
operon and
ybaN
. Double mutants of
ybaN
and
ytrH
and of
ybaN
and
ytrI
had >10,000-fold lower sporulation efficiencies than the wild type. Thin-section electron microscopy revealed a block in cortex formation for the
ybaN ytrH
double mutant and coat defects for the
ybaN
single and
ybaN ytrI
double mutants. Sporulating cells of a
ybaN ytrI
double mutant and of a
ybaN ytrHI
triple mutant exhibited a pronounced loss of dipicolinic acid (DPA) between hours 8 and 24 of sporulation, in contrast to the constant levels seen for the wild type. An analysis of the spore cortex peptidoglycans of the
ybaN ytrI
and
ybaN ytrHI
mutants showed striking decreases in the levels of total muramic acid by hour 24 of sporulation. These data, along with the loss of DPA in the mutants, suggest that the developing spores were unstable and that the cortex underwent degradation late in sporulation. The existence of otherwise hidden sporulation pathways indicates that functional redundancy may mask the role of hitherto unrecognized sporulation genes.
ON THE IR-FINITENESS OF THE NONLINEAR O(N) σ-MODEL
Authors: BALASIN H. , KUMMER W. , SCHWEDA M. , PIGUET O. 
Published: November 2004

Using the proper definition1 of the massless 2D-propagator – depending on an arbitrary ir-scale μ – we check Elitzur’s conjecture on the ir finiteness of O(N)-invariant Green functions. Explicit computations to the second order in the coupling constant show that non-invariant correlators become finite but μ-dependent objects, whereas the correlators of invariant operators, which are possible candidates for “physical” observables, do not depend on the ir-scale.
INTERACTION OF ALKALI METALS WITH SOLID SURFACES STUDIED BY LOW-ENERGY D+ SCATTERING
Authors: SOUDA R. 
Published: November 2004

The study of alkali-metal adsorption on metal and semiconductor surfaces has been a favored topic of surface science. This is motivated by a number of interesting physical effects, such as charge transfer, work function changes, and alteration of surface reactivity. Despite considerable research efforts, however, there has still been significant controversies about most of these properties. In this paper, a review is presented concerning alkali–metal adsorption on well-defined transition-metal and semiconductor surfaces, with particular emphasis on the bond-nature analysis using low-energy D + scattering. The analysis based on resonance neutralization of the D + ions associated with the 1s hole diffusion into the band reveals that Na, K, and Cs adatoms have significant covalency on the transition metal surfaces while those except for Na are ionically adsorbed on the semiconductor surfaces in a small coverage regime (< 1.7 × 1014 adatoms/cm 2). The charge state of Na is rather critical because of the larger ionization energy than the others. The other examples are concerned with the analyses of the interaction of these alkali–metal adatoms with electronegative species such as oxygen and halogens on the metal and semiconductor surfaces.