bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic control of the immune response to myoglobins. Both low and high responder T cells tolerant to the other major histocompatibility complex help high but not low responder B cells
Authors: Kohno Y , Berzofsky JA 
Published: June 2004

We sought to examine the role of immune response (Ir) genes in helper T cells. To eliminate allogeneic effects, we used neonatally tolerized mice. The results bear not only on the mechanism of Ir genes, but also on the development of the T cell repertoire. B 10.BR (H-2(k)) or C57BL/10 (H-2(b)) mice, which were low responders to myoglobin (Mb), were neonatally tolerized to high responder H-2(d) alloantigens, and B10.D2 mice, which were high responders to Mb, were neonatally tolerized to low responder H-2(k) or H-2(b) alloantigens. Spleen cells from these tolerized mice did not show any reactivity in mixed-lymphocyte reaction or cell-mediated lympholysis against alloantigens used in tolerization. Mb-immune F(1) B cells were helped comparably by Mb-immune tolerized low or high responder T cells. Thus, low responder T cells functioned equivalently to high responder T cells. The failure of nonimmune T cells from tolerized low responder mice to help F(1) B cells and antigen-presenting cells (APC) indicated that collaboration between B10.BR or C57BL/10 T cells and F(1) B cells was not caused by a positive allogeneic effect. Spleen cells from tolerized mice were contaminated with 2-4 percent chimeric F(1) cells, as judged by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis, and no F(1) alloantigens were detectable in the thymus. However, removal of chimeric F(1) T cells from the tolerized cell population by treatment with anti-H-2 and complement did not change the helper activity of tolerized low responder T cells. These data indicated that helper activity in the T cell population from low responder mice was not due to F(1) cells. Also, the level of contamination was not sufficient to quantitatively account for the help. In examining the genetic restriction of these tolerized T cells, we found that T cells from tolerized low responder B10.BR or C57BL/10 mice helped F(1) or high responder B10.D2 B cells and APC but not syngeneic B10.BR or C57BL/10 B cells and APC, which were immunized with Mb-coupled fowl gamma globulin instead of Mb to prime low responder B cells with Mb. On the other hand, high responder B 10.D2 tolerized T cells helped syngeneic B 10.D2 B cells but not allogeneic low responder B10.BR B cells.
These data indicated that clones of helper T cells specific for Mb exist in low responder mice, and these are not phenotypically different from those in high responder mice, in that both help high responder and F(1) but not low responder B cells and APC. These data are discussed in terms of the mechanism for Ir gene control, and the mechanism of T cell repertoire development- whether intra- or extrathymically-in neonatally tolerized mice.
Cytotoxic T cells both produce and respond to interleukin 2
Authors: Andrus L , Granelli-Piperno A , Reich E 
Published: June 2004

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a T cell-derived lymphokine that serves as a cofactor for the in vitro response of T lymphocytes to antigen and plays an important role in regulating the growth and/or differentiation of these cells (1, 2). It has been postulated (2, 3) that IL-2 is produced by a discrete regulatory T cell subset, with its effects being exerted on a second, functionally distinct subpopulation of T cells. Cytotoxic T cells have been included in the IL-2-responsive subset (3). Several models of immune regulation have further assumed that the T lymphocyte pool is divided into a complex array of genetically preprogrammed T cell subtypes, each performing a specific regulatory or effector function (4, 5). However, recent results from several laboratories (6-8) have failed to support such a strict functional subdivision of the T cell pool.
The availability of highly purified mouse IL-2 (1) prompted us to reevaluate the distinction, if any, between IL-2-producing and IL-2- responsive T cells. For this purpose, we resorted to a cell-cloning procedure using activated T lymphocytes that were maintained only for short periods in culture. T cell clones were tested for cytotoxic activity, responsiveness to IL-2, and for the capacity to produce IL-2 after appropriate stimulation. We found no evidence for the existence of a major functional subdivision involving these parameters among alloantigen-activated T cells: the majority of clones analyzed could perform all three functions.
Isolated Plexiform Neurofibroma: Treatment with Three‐Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy
Authors: Robertson Thomas C. , Buck David A. , Schmidt‐Ullrich Rupert , Powers Celeste N. , Reiter Evan R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjectives: To present a case of an unusual benign tumor of the tongue treated successfully with radiotherapy.Study Design: Case report.Methods: Retrospective chart review.Results: A 60‐year‐old man presented with a painful submucosal lesion of the tongue base. Computed tomography showed an infiltrative soft‐tissue mass involving the left base of the tongue. Operative biopsy revealed plexiform neurofibroma. Because of the patient's operative risk and the potential morbidity of surgical resection, he was treated with three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT). His treatment was accomplished using a five‐field arrangement treating exclusively the mass lesion to a total tumor dose of 60 Gy. After treatment, the patient's tongue pain resolved, and he noted minimal transient xerostomia. Serial follow‐up radiographic examinations showed the base of tongue mass to be slightly smaller 4 months after treatment. The most recent follow‐up magnetic resonance image reveals a further decrease in size of the mass. The patient is now over 3 years out from treatment.Conclusions: Solitary plexiform neurofibroma of the tongue base is a rare tumor. These benign neoplasms are usually treated with either observation or surgical excision. This case demonstrates that, when significant symptoms necessitate active management, these lesions may be successfully treated with minimal morbidity using 3DCRT. The ability of this technique to deliver a conformal radiation dose to the tumor volume while sparing the surrounding normal tissues may expand the application of radiotherapy in the treatment of these benign lesions of the head and neck.
The Canalith Repositioning Procedure for Benign Positional Vertigo: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Woodworth Bradford Alan , Gillespie M. Boyd , Lambert Paul R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjective: To review the effectiveness of the canalith repositioning procedure (CRP) in the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) with a critical review of the literature and meta‐analysis.Study Design: Meta‐analysis.Methods: Studies eligible for inclusion were randomized, controlled trials of the CRP performed on clearly defined cases of BPPV. A total of nine studies meeting inclusion criteria were identified by two independent literature searches of Medline. Treatment and control groups were compared for symptom resolution and elimination of a positive Dix‐Hallpike test.Results: Patients treated with CRP were more likely to demonstrate symptom resolution (odds ratio [OR] 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8–7.6) and negative Dix‐Hallpike (OR 5.2; 95% CI 3.0–8.8) at the time of first follow‐up. The effect of CRP for symptom improvement was strongest within the first month after treatment (OR 4.1; 95% CI 3.1–5.2) with some decline thereafter (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.7–3.9). Conversely, the ability of CRP to produce a negative Dix‐Hallpike strengthened between the first month after treatment (OR 3.0; 95% CI 1.8–4.0) and later follow‐up times (OR 5.0; 95% CI 3.9–6.1).Conclusions: The CRP is more effective than control in resolving vertigo and positive Dix‐Hallpike associated with BPPV. This finding was consistent among a variety of studies using different study designs. Untreated patients may demonstrate symptom improvement with time; however, many will continue to have a positive Dix‐Hallpike when examined. Resolution of vertigo in untreated patients is therefore most likely because of avoidance of provocative positions.
Cidofovir Plasma Assays after Local Injection in Respiratory Papillomatosis
Authors: Naiman Ana Nusa , Roger Gilles , Gagnieu Marie‐Claude , Bordenave Joelle , Mathaut Savine , Ayari Sonia , Nicollas Richard , Bour Jean‐Baptiste , Garabedian Noel , Froehlich Patrick 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjective: To assess cidofovir plasma concentration after intralesional airway administration for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.Design: Prospective study.Setting: Tertiary care teaching hospital.Patients and Method: The study comprised 21 patients (10 children and 11 adults). Plasma samples were collected at 10 and 45 minutes (T10, T45) or at 10 and 60 minutes (T10, T60) after injection. The measurements of cidofovir were performed using a high‐performance liquid chromatographic method.Results: Plasma samples were collected at T10 and T45 on 19 occasions from the children and on 17 from the adults. A linear relationship was found between plasma concentration and dose in children (mean dose 1.2 mg/kg; mean cidofovir plasma levels 0.91 and 0.81 μg/mL) but not in adults (mean dose 0.2 mg/kg; mean plasma levels 0.21 and 0.31 μg/mL). The same relationships were found between dose and area under the concentration/time curve (AUC). Four plasma samples were taken in children at T10 and T60: mean dose 1.2 mg/kg and mean plasma concentrations 1.11 and 1.24 μg/mL. Maximum plasma concentration averaged 34% (SD 11%) in children and 62% (SD 33%) in adults, with equivalent plasma level after intravenous infusion of the same dose.Conclusions: The cidofovir plasma levels were below those leading to toxicity. The levels and the AUC were dose dependent in children but not in adults. Diffusion from the injected site was greatest in a few adults and unpredictable. Because of the great individual variation in diffusion in adults, cidofovir should be used at less than the recommended intravenous dose to prevent any risk of systemic toxicity.
Posttonsillectomy Taste Distortion: A Significant Complication
Authors: Goins Michael R. , Pitovski Dimitri Z. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis: Tonsillectomy is among the most commonly performed procedures. As with any surgery, head and neck surgeons must be aware of possible complications and their potential affects. At our smell and taste center, we have been referred several patients in a 6‐month period with the complaint of taste distortion after tonsillectomy. We report in this article a patient that complains of taste distortion after a right tonsillectomy for unilateral tonsillar hypertrophy.Study Design: A prospective study documenting taste distortion after tonsillectomy using clinical, subjective, and objective evaluation.Methods: The clinical course of a patient with taste distortion after a tonsillectomy is described. The gustatory function was investigated by conducting electrogustometry and spatial taste testing. Threshold measurements were determined at three left‐ and three right‐side tongue regions: 1) the tongue tip region (innervated by the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve), 2) the lateral margin of the tongue (anterior to the foliate papillae), and 3) the posterior tongue region (innervated by the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve).Results: After a complete clinical evaluation and taste testing, it was found that the patient suffered an injury to the right lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. The close anatomic relationship between the palatine tonsil and lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve makes the nerve vulnerable during tonsillectomy. This injury has caused the patient to suffer ageusia to the right posterior one third of the tongue, compensated by a contralateral phantogeusia (phantom taste) with clinical dysgeusia. The phantogeusia was abolished by application of anesthetic to the area where the phantom was perceived. We propose that the phantogeusia is the result of release‐of‐inhibition in the contralateral glossopharyngeal nerve.Conclusion: Taste distortion (including, phantogeusia and dysgeusia) after tonsillectomy is rarely reported as a complication but has a significant impact on quality of life. This article examines the taste distortion presence as a complication after tonsillectomy to make head and neck surgeons aware of this serious complication and the pathophysiology of taste distortion.
Development and Evaluation of an Improved Cochlear Implant Electrode Design for Electric Acoustic Stimulation
Authors: Adunka Oliver , Kiefer Jan , Unkelbach Marc H. , Lehnert Thomas , Gstoettner Wolfgang 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to assess the intracochlear position and the extent of trauma to cochlear structures using a new prototype electrode carrier (Flex EAS). Special emphasis was placed on the practicality for combined electric and acoustic stimulation of the auditory system.Study Design: Human temporal bones were evaluated histologically after insertion of the electrodes, and insertion forces were measured in an acrylic model of the scala tympani.Methods: 1) Insertion forces with the regular C40+ array and the new electrode prototype were measured in an acrylic model of the scala tympani. 2) Ten human temporal bones were implanted using the same surgical procedure as in vivo. All bones underwent fixation methylmethacrylate embedding to allow cutting of the undecalcified bone with the electrode in situ. In addition, radiography of the implanted devices was performed and correlated to histologic results. Electrode positions and trauma to cochlear structures were then evaluated histologically.Results: All insertions of the new electrode array were performed in the scala tympani of the cochlea. All insertions were atraumatic and covered one cochlear turn. The only effect on cochlear structures that could be observed was a slight lifting of the basilar membrane in the middle turn limited to the tip of the electrode. In three bones, basal trauma, which resulted from the cochleostomy itself, could be observed as well. All neural structures remained intact.Conclusions: The new electrode prototype provides very good mechanical properties for safe and atraumatic implantation. All criteria for the use in hearing‐preservation cochlear implantation for electric and acoustic stimulation were fulfilled. Surgical measures to prevent basal trauma appear to be very important.
Increased Expression of Laminin‐5 and Its Prognostic Significance in Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Nakayama Meijin , Sato Yu‐ichi , Okamoto Makito , Hirohashi Setsuo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjectives: We investigated the clinicopathologic significance of laminin‐5 γ2 chain (LNγ2) expression in 26 surgically removed hypopharyngeal cancers and compared the results with conventional prognostic factors elicited from hematoxylin‐eosin (H&E) stained whole‐mount laryngeal sections.Study Design: Stainability of LNγ2 was mainly evaluated at the invasive front of the cancer nests. Scoring was performed on the basis of a semiquantitative scale defined according to the number of immunopositive cancer cells (score 3, 2, 1, and 0). Stainability of LNγ2 was also evaluated macroscopically at different tumor locations such as surface center, interstitial space, and invasive front. Status of cartilage and vascular invasion and patterns of tumor extension were evaluated from H&E stained sections. The results of LNγ2 expression correlated with the tumor stages, neck node status, pathologic differentiation, and prognoses.Results: Among the 26 cases, 24 demonstrated positive LNγ2 expression. Of these cases, 1, 14, 9, and 0 showed scores of 3, 2, 1, and 0, respectively. Positive expression of LNγ2 at the invasive front was more prominent in the high‐expression group, and surface center was often positive in the cases of low‐expression group. Among the H&E stained prognostic factors, vascular invasion and infiltrative pattern demonstrated significant correlations with clinical outcome. Vascular invasion and infiltrative pattern were also closely related to positive LNγ2 expression. Five‐year survival rates of patients who showed high LNγ2 expression were significantly poorer than in patients with low expression.Conclusion: Hypopharyngeal cancers positive for LNγ2 indicate a considerable risk for cancer progression and are closely related to prognosis. Increased LNγ2 expression might be a prognostic indicator for squamous cell carcinomas of the hypopharynx.
A Study of Moderately Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Larynx and an Examination of Non‐Neoplastic Larynx Tissue for Neuroendocrine Cells
Authors: Chung Jin‐Haeng , Lee Seung‐Sook , Shim Yoon‐Sang , Kim Sang‐Yoon , Nam Soon‐Yuhl , Kim Dong‐Hoon , Cho Kyung‐Ja 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: To determine the most appropriate terminology for neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) of the larynx, successive clinicopathologic studies are encouraged. The typical location and immunophenotype of laryngeal NEC raise a question of whether any precursor cells exist.Study Design: Six patients with laryngeal NEC were analyzed. Another 20 laryngectomy specimens were examined for the presence of non‐neoplastic neuroendocrine cells.Methods: Tumor morphology and patient outcome were determined, and tumor tissue underwent immunohistochemical examination to identify cytokeratin, neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin, synaptophysin, CD56, calcitonin), S‐100 protein, and p53 protein. A neuroendocrine marker study was also performed on non‐neoplastic regions of another 20 laryngectomy specimens to identify any neuroendocrine cells.Results: Laryngeal NEC, all submucosal, exhibited various morphology with or without histologic evidences of neuroendocrine differentiation. The tumors showed frequent (67%) calcitonin expression, calcitonin secretion in one case, and common (50%) p53 over‐expression. Three patients died within 3 years. In the non‐neoplastic larynx specimens, Kulchitsky cell‐like bipolar neuroendocrine cells were identified in the basal and middle layer of the respiratory epithelium of the ventricle and subglottis but none in the submucosal layer of the supraglottic region. The neuroendocrine cells did not express calcitonin.Conclusions: Moderately differentiated or large‐cell NEC is a more favored term than atypical carcinoid until more refined classifications for upper respiratory tract NEC are agreed on. Despite the confirmed presence of neuroendocrine cells in the respiratory epithelium of the larynx, the origin of laryngeal NEC remains unknown. p53 mutation might be one of the major molecular steps in the pathogenesis of laryngeal NEC.
Granulomatous Inflammation and Nerve Necrosis in a Case of Apparent Idiopathic Vocal Fold Paralysis: Report of a Case
Authors: Torkian Behrooz A. , Crumley Roger L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjectives: We will present clinical and pathologic findings of the recurrent laryngeal nerve of a 54‐year‐old man with apparent idiopathic vocal fold paralysis and discuss clinical and scientific implications of these findings.Study Design: Our design is in the format of a case report with emphasis on the clinical, intraoperative, histologic, and neuropathologic findings, followed by a discussion of contemporary theories of idiopathic unilateral vocal fold immobility and the implications of our findings.Methods: A 54‐year‐old man presented with a 2‐year history of unilateral vocal fold motion impairment (VFMI) after an upper respiratory infection. Radiographic and laboratory data revealed no organic cause. The patient clinically appeared to have a classical unilateral vocal fold paralysis and had previously undergone collagen injection and medialization thyroplasty, each with only temporary improvement of voice. We performed ansa cervicalis‐recurrent laryngeal nerve anastomosis.Results: Intraoperative dissection revealed an indurated and thickened section of nerve approximately 15 mm in length, located at the beginning of the intralaryngeal segment, near the cricothyroid joint. Segments of this nerve were submitted for histologic evaluation, revealing necrosis with granulomatous inflammation. Postoperative electromyography and videostrobolaryngoscopy were consistent with successful reinnervation from the ansa procedure.Conclusions: The diagnosis of “idiopathic VFMI” likely represents a number of distinct pathologic entities. This case highlights our lack of understanding of idiopathic VFMI and raises many important questions regarding our current theories of this diagnosis. The clinical and pathologic implications are discussed, and continued investigation is recommended.
Ultrastructural and Electrophysiologic Changes of Rat Cochlea after Irradiation
Authors: Akmansu Halit , Eryilmaz Adil , Korkmaz Hakan , Sennaroğlu Gonca , Akmansu Müge , Göçer Celil , Tatar İlkan 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis: To determine the acute and subacute cochlear effects of sublethal total body irradiation.Study Design: The study was designed prospectively as a Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rat model with otoacoustic emission measurement.Methods and Materials: Ten rats and 20 ears were included in the study. Distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) measurements were performed under ketamine anesthesia before and 1 to 8 weeks after sublethal dose total body irradiation. Eight and six rats survived at the first and eighth week measurements, respectively. The frequency bandwidth was set to 1,067 Hz (referenced to f
1) – 9,512 Hz (referenced to f
2) (2f
1 − f
2 = 832 − 6,076 Hz) and eight points were sampled per octave, but low‐frequency (<2,549 Hz [referenced to 2f
1 − f
2]) results were not included in the analysis. Averages were obtained at each frequency, and statistical analysis was performed to compare the pre‐and postradiation values. Then, three of the rats were killed for transient electron microscopy (TEM) of the temporal bones.Results: The posttreatment DPOAEs at almost all frequencies showed a trend toward decline at both the first and eighth weeks, but significant reduction was only detected at 3,600 and 3,961 Hz (referenced to 2f
1 − f
2) in the first week. TEM of the cochlea revealed ultrastructural changes in the outer hair cells (OHCs) and stria vascularis of the basal turn. The cochlear ganglion nuclei and cochlear nerve axons were unaffected.Conclusion: Radiation can affect the cochlea in the acute phase at the mid to high frequencies; further prediction for long‐term effects requires longer follow‐ups.
Pseudocyst of the Auricle: A Histologic Perspective
Authors: Ming Lim Chwee , Hong Goh Yau , Shuen Chao Siew , Lim Lynne 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjective: The aim of the study is to describe the histologic spectrum in the pseudocyst of the auricle and to identify any consistent histologic features of this condition.Study Design: A prospective study was performed in which the tissue specimen from patients with pseudocyst of the auricle treated at the Department of Otolaryngology, Singapore General Hospital during a 1‐year period was sent for histology.Methods: Consecutive patients with pseudocyst of the auricle who were treated had their tissue specimen sent for histology. These specimens were independently reviewed by one consultant pathologist.Results: All 16 specimens revealed an intracartilaginous cyst devoid of epithelial lining. Interestingly, there were consistent perivascular mononuclear infiltrates of lymphocytes evident in the connective tissue layer just superficial to the anterior segment of the cartilage.Conclusion: Pseudocyst of the auricle is a benign condition predominantly affecting young Asian males. Histology characteristically reveals an intracartilaginous cyst devoid of epithelial lining, and there are no pathognomonic features. We postulate that an inflammatory response is crucial to the development of this condition on the basis of a consistent perivascular inflammatory response seen in all our specimens.