bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurobiology of Depressive Disorders
Authors: Garlow Steven J , Nemeroff Charles B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The empirical study of mental illnesses, with the subsequent formulation of theories of pathophysiology, began in the latter part of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The seminal work of Emil Kraepelin in carefully describing the different psychiatric syndromes and separating affective syndromes from psychotic disorders was initiated in this era. Kraepelin’s distinction of affective syndromes from psychotic ones is generally considered the origin of scientific efforts to categorize psychiatric diseases and also represents the first step toward systematically studying their pathophysiology. During the first half of the twentieth century, in many countries, including the United States, the ideas and theories of Sigmund Freud superseded the empirical and biological description of psychiatric diseases pioneered by Kraepelin. Thus Freud’s description of psychological processes in mental illness and his theories of the psychodynamic conflicts involved in the pathogenesis of psychiatric symptoms formed the dominant theoretical perspective in psychiatry through the early 1960s. In the psychodynamic model proposed by Freud and his followers, mood and anxiety disorders are considered to be symptoms of unresolved unconscious conflicts and essentially psychological in nature. The neurobiological basis of these disorders was largely minimized or ignored in the psychodynamic model, though, as seen in the opening quotation, not by Freud himself. This is not to say that valuable ideas were not promulgated by psychodynamic theories. Of particular interest was Freud’s focus on the significance of early life events in the pathophysiology of major mental illness. There is considerable ongoing research into the long-term neurobiological consequences of adverse events in early life as antecedents to the development of depressive disorders. In addition, a number of recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have convincingly demonstrated the existence of unconscious cognitive processes. Renewed interest in the neurobiological basis of psychiatric diseases occurred in the mid-1950s. This renewed interest was stimulated by the identification of effective psychotherapeutic drugs, first chlorpromazine for the treatment of psychosis, followed later in the decade by the introduction of the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) for the treatment of depression.
The Role of Emotion on Pathways to Positive Health
Authors: Ryff Carol D , Singer Burton H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the core questions in affective science (e.g., Are there basic emotions? What are the antecedents and functions of emotion? How do individuals differ in emotional reactivity?) have developed without explicit connection to the realm of human health. Alternatively, when emotion has entered the health realm (e.g., Does anger increase cardiovascular risk? Is optimism protective?), it has frequently been with little connection to mainstream research in affective science. This separation is not a state of affairs to lament, but rather represents opportunities for the future in which the fields of emotion and health can enrich and extend each other. Our objective in this chapter is to bring the nexus between these realms into focus via discussion of five guiding premises for relating emotion to health. These serve as conceptual guideposts for examining past, current, and future empirical studies, and do so with an emphasis on testable hypotheses. The five premises are: (1) emotions consequential for health are about something; (2) health requires a focus on co-occurring discrete emotions; (3) health is biopsychosocial in nature and necessitates integration of phenomenology and neurophysiology; (4) cumulative, chronic emotions are consequential for health; and (5) emotion can be protective and promote positive health. Each premise is illustrated via separate substantive studies, although a unifying theme across them is the need for integrative endeavors that put together psychosocial experience, underlying biological mechanisms, and health outcomes. A second generic observation setting the stage for what follows is the relative paucity of knowledge about positive emotion-health linkages. Our goal is to bring greater attention to salubrious connections between affective experience and health, mental and physical. An emphasis on positive health, we note, does not translate simplistically to a focus on exclusively positive affective experience. As we will argue, one of the intriguing challenges of future work is to unearth basic processes whereby negative emotions, ubiquitous in human experience, can be transformed into benign, or even beneficial, influences on health. Finally, while we seek to underscore the positive health theme, much in our chapter deals with the role of emotion in illness as that is where most prior work has been conducted. In building connections between affective experience and health, we propose that it is particularly valuable to anchor emotion in the life contexts in which they occur. This is a call for greater emphasis on what gives rise to emotion. Ekman’s (1992) description of basic emotions emphasized that they “evolved for their adaptive value in dealing with fundamental life-tasks” (p. 171).
The Chitlin Circuit
Authors: Gates Henry Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The setting was the McCarter Theatre, a brick-and-stone edifice on the outskirts of the Princeton University campus. On a hot, sticky evening in June 1998, 500 members of the Theatre Communications Group—all representatives of serious, which is to say nonprofit, theater—gathered for their eleventh biennial national conference? The keynote speech was being delivered by August Wilson, who, at fifty-one, is probably the most celebrated American playwright now writing and is certainly the most accomplished black playwright in this nation’s history. Before he said a word, the largely white audience greeted him with a standing ovation.
Origins of Genius
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How can we account for the sudden appearance of such dazzling artists and scientists as Mozart, Shakespeare, Darwin, or Einstein? How can we define such genius? What conditions or personality traits seem to produce exceptionally creative people? Is the association between genius and madness really just a myth? These and many other questions are brilliantly illuminated in The Origins of Genius. Dean Simonton convincingly argues that creativity can best be understood as a Darwinian process of variation and selection. The artist or scientist generates a wealth of ideas, and then subjects these ideas to aesthetic or scientific judgment, selecting only those that have the best chance to survive and reproduce. Indeed, the true test of genius is the ability to bequeath an impressive and influential body of work to future generations. Simonton draws on the latest research into creativity and explores such topics as the personality type of the genius, whether genius is genetic or produced by environment and education, the links between genius and mental illness (Darwin himself was emotionally and mentally unwell), the high incidence of childhood trauma, especially loss of a parent, amongst Nobel Prize winners, the importance of unconscious incubation in creative problem-solving, and much more. Simonton substantiates his theory by examining and quoting from the work of such eminent figures as Henri Poincare, W. H. Auden, Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Charles Darwin, Niels Bohr, and many others. For anyone intrigued by the spectacular feats of the human mind, The Origins of Genius offers a revolutionary new way of understanding the very nature of creativity.
Cognition
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Darwin’s seminal ideas had an impact on epistemology, the philosophical enterprise devoted to comprehending the nature and origins of knowledge. The Darwinian theory of knowledge is called “evolutionary epistemology. “As the name implies, this discipline attempts to comprehend the foundations and status of knowledge in evolutionary terms. Actually, as there are two kinds of Darwinism, so are there two types of evolutionary epistemology.
Development
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You care for nothing but shooting, dogs, and rat-catching, and you will be a disgrace to yourself and all your family. “ Such was the prophesy of Darwin’s father, who had lost all patience with his young son’s inability to show direction and aptitude. Matters did not improve when Darwin entered his college years. He first enrolled at Edinburgh with the halfhearted intention of becoming a physician, like his father. Finding medical studies quite unattractive, Darwin proceeded to Cambridge at his father’s urging, with the plan of becoming a minister. But that career goal, too, soon ran aground. After he earned an undistinguished bachelor’s degree at age 22, he had no firm idea of what to do with himself. As is not surprising, when Darwin was invited to serve as the Beagle naturalist, his father was not inclined to give his consent. Rather than pursue a true profession, his son was apparently going to spend the next five years with only room and board as pay, and with no prospect of further advancement. His father made just one fateful concession, “If you can find any man of common--sense who advises you to go I will give my consent. “ Fortunately, Darwin’s uncle was considered “one of the most sensible men in the world;’ and it was he who persuaded Darwin’s father to relent. At this point, in the year 1831, Darwin’s biography becomes history.
Appraisal The Evolution of an Idea
Authors: Schorr Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This brief synopsis of the history of the appraisal paradigm1 is not primarily conceived as a history of ideas, as may be implied by the title. My intention is rather to reveal how the theoretical relevance of the appraisal concept became obvious to modem emotion research in the course of and as a result of several controversies in emotion psychology almost serving as interludes en route to this central innovation. In addition, the scientific contributions of individual researchers are reviewed and traced back to the moment when their combined efforts led to the formation of a new scientific movement in the field of emotion.
A Model of Appraisal in the Emotion System Integrating Theory, Research, and Applications
Authors: Roseman Ira J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses four interrelated questions: What are the appraisals (motive-relevant evaluations) that cause particular emotions? Why do these particular appraisals cause these particular emotions? How can this model of appraisal-emotion relationships be applied to understand and influence emotions and emotional behaviors? What research might be undertaken to extend and deepen our understanding of the process of emotion generation and emotional response? The current version of the appraisal model that my colleagues and I have been developing proposes that seven appraisals of events directly influence emotions:1 (1) unexpectedness: not unexpected/unexpected (whether the event violates one’s expectations); (2) situational state: motive-inconsistent/motive-consistent (whether the event is unwanted or is wanted by the person); (3) motivational state: aversive/ appetitive (whether the event is being related to a desire to get less of something punishing or a desire to get more of something rewarding); (4) probability: uncertain/ certain (whether the occurrence of motive-relevant aspects of the event is merely possible or is definite); (5) agency: circumstances/other person/self (what or who caused the motive-relevant event); (6) control potential: low/high (whether there is nothing one can do or something one can do about the motive-relevant aspects of an event); and (7) problem type: instrumental/intrinsic (whether a motive-inconsistent event is unwanted because it blocks attainment of a goal or unwanted because of some inherent characteristic).
Appraisal Considered as a Process of Multilevel Sequential Checking
Authors: Scherer Klaus R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the sequential check theory of emotion differentiation as part of a dynamic model of emotion (the component process model of emotion). The theory attempts to explain the differentiation of emotional states as the results of a sequence of specified stimulus evaluation (appraisal) checks and makes predictions concerning the ensuing response patterning in several organismic subsystems. Given that this book reviews the appraisal theory approach in general, together with chapters by major contributors to this tradition, this chapter will focus exclusively on sequential check theory. Comparative reviews have been published elsewhere (Scherer, 1988b; 1999a; see also Roseman & Smith; Schorr [a]; this volume). Preliminary versions of parts of this model have appeared in conference proceedings, book chapters, and empirical papers (Scherer, 1981b, 1982a, 1984a, 1984c, 1986b, 1988a, 1992c, 1993b, 1997a, 1999a, 1999b, 2000b). The most complete description of the model (Scherer, 1987a), while widely distributed, has never been formally published.1 In the course of the development of the theory, details of the predictions as well as some aspects of the terminology have evolved. In this chapter, a systematic description of the most recent version of the theory, including detailed predictions and a review of the available evidence, is presented.2
Appraisal What Is the Dependent?
Authors: Frijda Nico H , Zeelenberg Marcel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Appraisal theory has two core theses that, we think, are shared by all those who consider themselves appraisal theorists. The first: appraisal is responsible for the elicitation of emotions. In its strong form: no appraisal, no emotion. The second: appraisal is responsible for the differentiation of emotions. In its strong form: different appraisals cause different emotions, and different emotions are caused by different appraisals. In this chapter, we will critically examine these theses.
Advanced Statistical Methods for the Study of Appraisal and Emotional Reaction
Authors: Eid Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last years, enormous progress has been made in the development of statistical methods for the behavioral sciences. In particular, latent variable models and multilevel models have become very influential in psychological research. In this chapter, it will be shown how research on appraisal and emotional reactions can profit from these two methodologies. It is not the purpose of this chapter to give a complete overview of all models developed within this broad framework or to list all possible applications of these models in research on emotion. The major aim is to give an introduction to basic concepts of these approaches by referring to exemplary models and their possible applications. For each class of models, the basic principles are described, a brief guide to introductory readings and available computer programs is given, and an illustration of how two important research questions can be analyzed with these models is provided.
Behavioral Inhibition and Related Temperaments
Authors: Kagan Jerome , Saudino Kimberly J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most psychologists agree that temperaments refer to stable moods and behavioral profiles that are seen in infants or young children. each partially con trolled by the individual”s genotype. It is important to appreciate that the ref erential meaning of temperament is not a particular collection of genes but the psychological profile that emerges when an environment acts upon a child who has inherited a particular physiology. Although it is likely that future research will discover a large number of temperamental types, two tempera mental constructs that have been a popular target of inquiry are called “inhibited” and “uninhibited” to the unfamiliar.
Emotional Development in the Twin Study
Authors: Robinson Joann L , Emde Robert N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past 50 years have witnessed increasing interest in the child’s early emotional development, but the focus of interest has repeatedly changed in the face of new discoveries and new opportunities for research. At mid-century, attention was directed to the importance of early emotional development when the world became aware of the devastating effects of deprivations in early caregiving. Observations of such effects pointed to serious deficits and distortions in emotional processes (Bowlby, 1951; Goldfarb, 1945; Spitz, 1945, 1946). Infant emotions could be observed directly, and filmed, conveying not only sadness and depression, but also other emotions such as distress (evidenced by crying) and pleasure (evidenced by smiling). Many studies were stimulated by these observations, which then documented normal developmental mile stones in the appearance of emotional expressions such as crying-distress and smiling and the circumstances under which they occurred. This in turn led to another focus of research, namely, developmental transitions that often introduced new emotional expressions as well as the periods of adaptive organization in between such transitions.
Dispositional Cheerfulness: Early Genetic and Environmental Influences
Authors: Robinson Joann L , Emde Robert N , Corley Robin P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Motivation and communication are two primary functions of emotion. Traditional theories have given more attention to motivation, emphasizing the adaptive functions of emotion which have evolved in our species to structure biological predisposition for arousal and for responding to survival-related features of the environment so as to guide behavior either to approach or with draw (Darwin, 1872; Ekman, 1971; Izard, 1977; Panksepp, 1985; Schneirla, 1959). Recently, more attention has been directed to the communicative functions of emotion which are also adaptive. Expressing emotion assists the individual in attaining goals, and, by setting in motion feedback for others, it allows for appraisals that can disambiguate environmental events (Campos, et al., 1983; Lazarus, 1991). Both functions, as Darwin (1872) indicated more than a century ago, are interrelated. Individual dispositions in emotional expression reflect both motivational-arousal and communicative functions. Similarly, experience of the developing individual engages both functions with environ mental as well as genetic influences over time.
Cognitive Development, Cognitive Abilities, and Modularity
Authors: Fulker David W , Plomin Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first twin (Merriman, 1924) and adoption (Theis, 1924) studies investi gated cognitive abilities. This topic continues to be a leading edge of genetic research in psychology, both methodologically and substantively (Plomin & McClearn, 1993). For this reason, it is surprising that psychological reviews of cognitive development rarely mention genetic research. For example, the 1983 edition of the Handbook of Child Psychology (Mussen, 1983) includes an entire volume of more than 1000 pages on cognitive development, yet genetics is barely mentioned. One reason for this gulf lies in differing levels of analysis. Genetic research focuses on individual differences, asking why some children develop more quickly and attain higher levels on tests of cognitive abilities. Most theories and research on cognitive development, on the other hand, ignore differences among children and focus instead on species-typical development, describing what children, on average, can do at particular ages. Piaget (1952), for example, explicitly excluded individual differences from his work, most of which involved very small samples of children. Small samples are appropriate if each child is thought to represent a species-typical pattern of development.
Language and Cognition
Authors: Young Susan , Schmitz Stephanie , Corley Robin P , Fulker David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language can be characterized as a variety of interactive, communicative behaviors which demonstrate an exchange of information, including those which are nonverbal. Studies of the development of prelinguistic communicative be haviors such as speech perception, cooing, babbling, gesturing, and first words (Bates, et al, 1987) show that these emerge in a child’s language repertoire during the first 2 years of life.
Perinatal Effects on General Cognitive Ability, Weight, Height, and Temperament
Authors: Martin Charles , Hershberger Scott L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first 3 years of life are a time of rapid growth and development of children. How children grow and develop may be linked to factors operating at the time of delivery. The purpose of this chapter is to examine perinatal effects on the development of general cognitive ability, height, weight, and temperament at 14, 20, 24, and 36 months of age.
Introduction
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People have known for millennia that, if we make the effort, we can shift our attention slightly to the side of where our eyes are pointing. Aristotle talked about it. It was also a common part of early introspective psychology (Wundt, 1912, p. 20). Lay terms for this are “using peripheral vision” and “looking out of the corner of the eye.” Hermann von Helmholtz was particularly interested in how we are able to concentrate attention on a portion of the visual field other than where our eyes are pointing. While known more generally for his work on human perceptual processing, Helmholtz was also a pioneer of attention research. During the period between 1842 and 1894, Helmholtz published more than 200 papers and books. He was a physician by training, a physicist, and a remarkable innovator. With the aid of his invention, the ophthalmoscope, Helmholtz was the first person to see inside the human eye. His ophthalmometer, the first device to allow precise measurements of lens curvature and reflected images in the eye, is still used today.
Sequential Attention Shifts
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attending to a visual scene to gather information about objects of interest involves dynamic, rapidly changing processes. The attention shifts mediated by these processes occur quickly and frequently just like eye movements. Whereas we have learned a good deal about covert orienting since the 1980s, most research conducted to date and discussed in earlier chapters is based on the detailed study of single shifts of attention from a fixation point to a cue or target. Our real-world experience, however, is characterized by continuous sequences of attention shifts. 7us, most laboratory experiments on covert orienting tell us only part of the story about how shifts are executed. Sequences of attention shifts that we make outside the laboratory are usually associated with a particular perceptual goal. Although we occasionally execute shifts in a stimulus-driven manner, most sequences of attention shifts are not random orienting to abrupt-onset stimuli. Like eye movements, they tend to be strategic in nature. In this chapter, we examine ideas that have been proposed about multiple attention shifts.
Physiology of Attention Shifts
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of ideas have been proposed about the physiology of attention. Until the past few decades, however, they often involved localization within a single brain area. In the late 1800s, a popular idea was that the attention mechanism is located in the frontal cortex. In the mid-1900s, as mentioned in chapter 1, there was considerable support for the idea that the reticular activating system (RAS) is the brain’s primary attention center. It is now clear that attentional processing and covert orienting are mediated not only by the RAS, but also by a functional network of several other subcortical and cortical areas.