bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dendritic Cells Harbor Infectious Porcine CircovirusType 2 in the Absence of Apparent Cell Modulation or Replication of theVirus
Authors: Vincent I. E. , Carrasco C. P. , Herrmann B. , Meehan B. M. , Allan G. M. , Summerfield A. , McCullough K. C. 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTDendritic cells (DCs) play crucial roles in innate and adaptive immune responses, rendering them critical targets for virus infections. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with the development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in piglets. We demonstrate here that 80 to 90% of monocyte-derived and bone marrow-derived DCs interact with PCV2 similar to the early stages of an infection. There was no evidence for virus replication, but the virus did persist in DCs without loss of infectivity nor the induction of cell death. This could reflect an abortive infection, but there was no evidence of virus uncoating—the infectivity remained intact for at least 5 days. Alternatively, the results may reflect DC endocytosis of antigenic material. However, there was no modulation of DC surface major histocompatibility complex class I and class II, CD80/86, CD25, CD16, or CD14. Furthermore, infected DC did not transmit virus to syngeneic T lymphocytes, even when the latter were activated. Such coculture did not induce PCV2 replication or death of the lymphocytes or DCs. These results demonstrate that PCV2 can persist in DCs in the absence of virus replication or degradation. Such a silent virus infection presents a novel mechanism of not only immune evasion but also escaping the DC degradation pathway. Because of their migratory capacity, infection of DCs thus provides a potent vehicle for transport of the virus throughout the host without the need for replication. In addition, the lymphopenia seen in PMWS is not a direct effect of the virus on lymphocytes but would require additional events, as proposed by others.
Complete Genomic Sequence and Comparative Analysis ofthe Tumorigenic Poxvirus Yaba Monkey TumorVirus
Authors: Brunetti Craig R. , Amano Hiroko , Ueda Yoshiaki , Qin Jing , Miyamura Tatsuo , Suzuki Tetsuro , Li Xing , Barrett John W. , McFadden Grant 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTTheYatapoxvirusgenus of poxviruses is comprised ofYaba monkey tumor virus(YMTV),Tanapox virus, andYaba-like disease virus(YLDV), which all have the ability to infect primates, including humans. Unlike other poxviruses, YMTV induces formation of focalized histiocytomas upon infection. To gain a greater understanding of theYatapoxvirusgenus and the unique tumor formation properties of YMTV, we sequenced the 134,721-bp genome of YMTV. The genome of YMTV encodes at least 140 open reading frames, all of which are also found as orthologs in the closely related YLDV. However, 13 open reading frames found in YLDV are completely absent from YMTV. Common to both YLDV and YMTV are the unusually large noncoding regions between many open reading frames. To determine whether any of these noncoding regions might be functionally significant, we carried out a comparative analysis between the putative noncoding regions of YMTV and similar noncoding regions from other poxviruses. This approach identified three new gene poxvirus families, defined as orthologs of YMTV23.5L, YMTV28.5L, and YMTV120.5L, which are highly conserved in virtually all poxvirus species. Furthermore, the comparative analysis also revealed a 40-bp nucleotide sequence at approximately 14,700 bases from the left terminus that was 100% identical in the comparable intergene site within members of theYatapoxvirus,Suipoxvirus, andCapripoxvirusgenera and 95% conserved in theLeporipoxvirusgenus. This conserved sequence was shown to function as a poxvirus late promoter element in transfected and infected cells, but other functions, such as an involvement in viral replication or packaging, cannot be excluded. Finally, we summarize the predicted immunomodulatory protein repertoire in theYatapoxvirusgenus as a whole.
Improved Coreceptor Usage Prediction and GenotypicMonitoring of R5-to-X4 Transition by Motif Analysis of HumanImmunodeficiency Virus Type 1
env
V3 LoopSequences
Authors: Jensen Mark A. , Li Fu-Sheng , van ’t Wout Angélique B. , Nickle David C. , Shriner Daniel , He Hong-Xia , McLaughlin Sherry , Shankarappa Raj , Margolick Joseph B. , Mullins James I. 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACT

Early
in infection, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) generally
uses the CCR5 chemokine receptor (along with CD4) for cellular entry.
In many HIV-1-infected individuals, viral genotypic changes arise that
allow the virus to use CXCR4 (either in addition to CCR5 or alone) as
an entry coreceptor. This switch has been associated with an
acceleration of both CD3
+
T-cell decline and
progression to AIDS. While it is well known that the V3 loop of gp120
largely determines coreceptor usage and that positively charged
residues in V3 play an important role, the process of genetic change in
V3 leading to altered coreceptor usage is not well understood. Further,
the methods for biological phenotyping of virus for research or
clinical purposes are laborious, depend on sample availability, and
present biosafety concerns, so reliable methods for sequence-based“
virtual phenotyping” are desirable. We introduce a
simple bioinformatic method of scoring V3 amino acid sequences that
reliably predicts CXCR4 usage (sensitivity, 84%; specificity,
96%). This score (as determined on the basis of
position-specific scoring matrices [PSSM]) can be interpreted
as revealing a propensity to use CXCR4 as follows: known R5 viruses had
low scores, R5X4 viruses had intermediate scores, and X4 viruses had
high scores. Application of the PSSM scoring method to reconstructed
virus phylogenies of 11 longitudinally sampled individuals revealed
that the development of X4 viruses was generally gradual and involved
the accumulation of multiple amino acid changes in V3. We found that X4
viruses were lost in two ways: by the dying off of an established X4
lineage or by mutation back to low-scoring V3
loops.
SequenceAnalysis of Recent H7 Avian Influenza Viruses Associated with ThreeDifferent Outbreaks in Commercial Poultry in the UnitedStates
Authors: Spackman Erica , Senne Dennis A. , Davison Sherrill , Suarez David L. 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACT
The
hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of H7 avian influenza
virus (AIV) isolated between 1994 and 2002 from live-bird markets
(LBMs) in the northeastern United States and from three outbreaks in
commercial poultry have been characterized. Phylogenetic analysis of
the HA and NA genes demonstrates that the isolates from commercial
poultry were closely related to the viruses circulating in the LBMs.
Also, since 1994, two distinguishing genetic features have appeared in
this AIV lineage: a deletion of 17 amino acids in the NA protein stalk
region and a deletion of 8 amino acids in the HA1 protein which is
putatively in part of the receptor binding site. Furthermore, analysis
of the HA cleavage site amino acid sequence, a marker for pathogenicity
in chickens and turkeys, shows a progression toward a cleavage site
sequence that fulfills the molecular criteria for highly pathogenic
AIV.
'Job the Dog': Hélène Cixous on Wounds, Scars and the Biblical Text
Authors: Pyper Hugh 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHélène Cixous' engagement with biblical texts is a significant but neglected aspect of her work. In this essay, the biblical allusions in several of her works are traced, particularly centring around the theme of the dog and the bite or wound. The Bible represents for Cixous both an example of the unbounded writing she sees as feminine, and a text that is confined by masculine authority and taboo. These two aspects come together in her engagement with the writings of Clarice Lispector whose grammatically paradoxical phrase in Portuguese eles a biblia—'those he-bible', as translations inadequately represent it—embodies that tension. The tension between these styles of writing in the Bible opens up as a wound in the text which allows a penetration below the surface. The power of the Bible is in the way that this opening lets the reader see 'the meat we are' in an encounter with the 'root' of being.
Stabat Mater? Re-birth at the Foot of the Cross
Authors: Kitzberger Ingrid Rosa 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis paper offers a fresh look at the mother of Jesus at the foot of the cross in John's account of the crucifixion. By reading John 19:25-27 intertextually/interfigurally at the crossroads between John and the Synoptics, in particular Mark 15:34 (= Ps. 22:1), Luke 2:22-38, and Luke 7:11-17, and at the crossroads between text and self, new dimensions are added to the characterization of Jesus' mother (and the beloved disciple) in John's story. Reader response criticism and autobiographical biblical criticism have informed this paper.
Loitering with Intent: Biblical Texts in Public Places
Authors:   Sugirtharajah
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis essay is about the effect of the Bible in the public arena. It explores the fate of biblical texts as they find themselves in the popular press. Secular newspapers are not the natural place to look for biblical citations but now and then they make appearances either to support or subvert issues ranging from asylumseekers to the use of corporal punishment for children. At a time when biblical allusions and imagery have all but evaporated from the Western consciousness, the intermittent showing up of sacred texts in the secular print media is a sign that the scriptures still have some hermeneutical hold. The essay looks at four areas—international conflict, sexual orientation, law and order and bringing-up children—where biblical texts are being summoned either to endorse or to repudiate. The essay raises hermeneutical issues such as how biblical texts are used in print media, the nature of the texts employed, the interface between popular and professional reading, the role of the common reader as a biblical commentator, and concludes with an examination of the standing and sway of the Bible as it moves outside its own natural habitat.
Discoursing Old Testament Theology
Authors: Ollenburger Ben 
Published: November 2003

AbstractStephen Fowl has argued that biblical (so Old Testament) theology is too beholden to academic biblical studies, and too far removed from settings in particular communities of faith, to nurture theological interpretation of scripture. Philip Davies has argued that Old Testament theology is inevitably (Christian) confessional and has no place in academic biblical studies, which should practice a self-consciously non-confessional and only "etic" discourse. Traversing Davies's argument and his use of "discourse," this essay makes brief and unassuming reference to Pierre Bourdieu and Michel de Certeau in moving toward Charles Taylor's definition of "self-defining" social theories. It argues that such practices and convictions of certain communities provide the context and purpose of Old Testament theology.
Alternative promoters regulate transcription of the gene that encodes stem cell surface protein AC133
Authors: Shmelkov Sergey V. , Jun Lin , St Clair Ryan , McGarrigle Deirdre , Derderian Christopher A. , Usenko Jaroslav K. , Costa Carla , Zhang Fan , Guo Xinzheng , Rafii Shahin 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
AC133 is a member of a novel family of cell surface proteins with 5 transmembrane domains. The function of AC133 is unknown. Although AC133 mRNA is detected in different tissues, its expression in the hematopoietic system is restricted to CD34+ stem cells. AC133 is also expressed on stem cells of other tissues, including endothelial progenitor cells. However, despite the potential importance of AC133 to the field of stem cell biology, nothing is known about the transcriptional regulation of AC133 expression. In this report we showed that the human AC133 gene has at least 9 distinctive 5′–untranslated region (UTR) exons, resulting in the formation of at least 7 alternatively spliced 5′-UTR isoforms of AC133 mRNA, which are expressed in a tissue-dependent manner. We found that transcription of these AC133 isoforms is controlled by 5 alternative promoters, and we demonstrated their activity on AC133-expressing cell lines using a luciferase reporter system. We also showed that in vitro methylation of 2 of these AC133 promoters completely suppresses their activity, suggesting that methylation plays a role in their regulation. Identification of tissue-specific AC133 promoters may provide a novel method to isolate tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells.
RNA-transfected CD40-activated B cells induce functional T-cell responses against viral and tumor antigen targets: implications for pediatric immunotherapy
Authors: Coughlin Christina M. , Vance Barbara A. , Grupp Stephan A. , Vonderheide Robert H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractVaccination with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engineered to mimic mechanisms of immune stimulation represents a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. Dendritic cell vaccines have entered phase 3 testing in adult malignancies, but such vaccines in children have been limited. We demonstrate that CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B) transfected with RNA may serve as an alternative vaccine that can be generated from small blood volumes regardless of patient age. CD40-B from pediatric patients are efficient APCs and can be loaded with RNA as an antigenic payload, permitting simultaneous targeting of multiple antigenic epitopes without the necessity of HLA matching. For viral and tumor antigens, CD40-B/RNA technology induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) from adults and children, which could be identified with peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramers. These CTLs secreted interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and killed targets in an MHC-restricted fashion. For pooled neuroblastoma RNA and autologous neuroblastoma RNA, CTLs that lysed neuroblastoma cell lines, including CTLs specific against the widely expressed tumor-antigen survivin, were generated. These findings support a novel platform for tumor-specific vaccine or adoptive immunotherapies in pediatric malignancies.
Role of RUNX1 in adult hematopoiesis: analysis of RUNX1-IRES-GFP knock-in mice reveals differential lineage expression
Authors: Lorsbach Robert B. , Moore Jennifer , Ang Sonny O. , Sun Weili , Lenny Noel , Downing James R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe Runx1/core binding factor-β (CBFβ) transcriptional complex is required for the establishment of hematopoiesis during development. Despite its critical role during development, a detailed analysis of Runx1 expression within specific lineages and developmental stages of the adult hematopoietic system is lacking. To address this, we have developed a Runx1—green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in mouse. We show that Runx1 is expressed in several hematopoietic lineages, including myeloid, B-lymphoid, and T-lymphoid cells. By contrast, Runx1 is weakly expressed in early erythroid cells, and its expression is rapidly extinguished during later stages of erythropoiesis. Runx1 expression is induced during early B-cell development and is expressed at a uniform level during all subsequent stages of B-cell development. Within the thymus, Runx1 is expressed at the highest level in CD4-CD8- double-negative thymocytes. In peripheral T cells, Runx1 is differentially expressed, with CD4+ T cells expressing 2- to 3-fold higher levels of Runx1 than CD8+ cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that although widely expressed in the hematopoietic system, the expression of Runx1 is regulated in a cell type— and maturation stage—specific manner. In addition, the Runx1-IRES-GFP knock-in mouse strain should prove valuable for investigation of Runx1 function in adult hematopoiesis.
Sustained long-term hematologic efficacy of hydroxyurea at maximum tolerated dose in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Zimmerman Sherri A. , Schultz William H. , Davis Jacqueline S. , Pickens Chrisley V. , Mortier Nicole A. , Howard Thad A. , Ware Russell E. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Hydroxyurea improves hematologic parameters for children with sickle cell disease (SCD), but its long-term efficacy at maximum tolerated dose (MTD) has not been determined. Between 1995 and 2002, hydroxyurea therapy was initiated for 122 pediatric patients with SCD including 106 with homozygous sickle cell anemia (HbSS), 7 with sickle hemoglobin C (HbSC), 7 with sickle/β-thalassemia (HbS/ β-thalassemia [6 HbS/β0, 1 HbS/β+]), and 2 with sickle hemoglobin OArab (HbS/OArab). Median age at initiation of therapy was 11.1 years. Hydroxyurea was escalated to MTD, with an average dose of 25.4 ± 5.4 mg/kg per day; the average duration of hydroxyurea therapy has been 45 ± 24 months (range, 6-101 months). Hydroxyurea was discontinued for 15 (12%) children with poor compliance. Mild transient neutropenia occurred, but no hepatic or renal toxicity was noted. Hydroxyurea therapy led to significant increases in hemoglobin level, mean corpuscular volume, and fetal hemoglobin (HbF) level, whereas significant decreases occurred in reticulocyte, white blood cell, and platelet counts and serum bilirubin levels. Children with variant SCD genotypes also had hematologic responses to hydroxyurea. HbF induction has been sustained for up to 8 years without adverse effects on growth or increased numbers of acquired DNA mutations. Long-term hydroxyurea therapy at MTD is well tolerated by pediatric patients with SCD and has sustained hematologic efficacy with apparent long-term safety.
Migration of Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells in response to CXCR3 and CXCR4 ligands in healthy donors and HIV-1–infected patients: competition by HIV-1 Tat
Authors: Poggi Alessandro , Carosio Roberta , Fenoglio Daniela , Brenci Sabrina , Murdaca Giuseppe , Setti Maurizio , Indiveri Francesco , Scabini Silvia , Ferrero Elisabetta , Zocchi Maria Raffaella 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe show that HIV-1–infected patients have increased concentrations of circulating Vδ1 T cells (2.2%-9.0% of T lymphocytes; healthy donors, 1.0%-2%) and, in some instances, Vδ2 T cells (3.5%-4.8% vs 2.0%-3.3%). In these patients, both Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells are CXCR3+CXCR4+, whereas in healthy donors CXCR4 was preferentially expressed on Vδ1 T lymphocytes. γδ T cells transmigrated across endothelial monolayers, in response to interferon-γ–inducing protein-10 (IP-10/CXCL10), stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), or both, according to the expression of the specific receptors CXCR3 and CXCR4. Interestingly, 6Ckine/SLC/CCL21 was more effective than IP-10/CXCL10 on Vδ1 CXCR3+ cells, whereas Vδ2 CXCR3+ cells were driven more efficiently by IP-10/CXCL10. IP-10/CXCL10– and SDF-1/CXCL12–induced transmigration was dependent on phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K), as demonstrated by the use of the specific blockers wortmannin and LY294002 and by the activation of the downstream serine kinase Akt/PKB on ligation of CXCR3 and CXCR4. Occupancy of CXCR3, but not of CXCR4, led to CAMKII activation; accordingly, the CAMKII inhibitors KN62 and KN93 decreased IP-10/CXCL10– but not SDF-1/CXCL12–driven transmigration. Finally, HIV-1 Tat, which is present in the serum of HIV-1–infected patients, interferes with the chemotactic activity of these chemokines because of the cysteine-rich domain of the protein, which contains CXC and CC chemokine–like sequences.
P-selectin anchors newly released ultralarge von Willebrand factor multimers to the endothelial cell surface
Authors: Padilla Arnoldo , Moake Joel L. , Bernardo Aubrey , Ball Chalmette , Wang Yongtao , Arya Maneesh , Nolasco Leticia , Turner Nancy , Berndt Michael C. , Anvari Bahman , López José A. , Dong Jing-Fei 
Published: November 2003

Abstractvon Willebrand factor (VWF) released from endothelium is ultralarge (UL) and hyperreactive. If released directly into plasma, it can spontaneously aggregate platelets, resulting in systemic thrombosis. This disastrous consequence is prevented by the ADAMTS13 (ADisintegrin and Metalloprotease with ThromboSpondin motif) cleavage of ULVWF into smaller, less active forms. We previously showed that ULVWF, on release, forms extremely long stringlike structures. ADAMTS13 cleaves these strings under flow significantly faster than it does under static conditions. As ULVWF tethering to endothelium is important for its rapid proteolysis, we investigated 2 molecules for their potential to anchor the ULVWF strings: P-selectin and integrin αvβ3. We demonstrated that P-selectin anchors ULVWF to endothelium by several means. First, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing P-selectin specifically adhered to immobilized ULVWF and ULVWF-coated beads to immobilized P-selectin. Second, an anti-VWF antibody coimmunoprecipitates P-selectin from the histamine-activated endothelial cells. Third, P-selectin antibody or soluble P-selectin, but not a αvβ3 antibody, RGDS peptide, or heparin, blocked the formation of ULVWF strings. Fourth, P-selectin expression was in clusters predominantly along the ULVWF strings. Finally, the strength of the minimal ULVWF–P-selectin bond was measured to be 7.2 pN. We, therefore, conclude that P-selectin may anchor ULVWF strings to endothelial cells and facilitate their cleavage by ADAMTS13.
Characterization of clonogenic multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Matsui William , Huff Carol Ann , Wang Qiuju , Malehorn Matthew T. , Barber James , Tanhehco Yvette , Smith B. Douglas , Civin Curt I. , Jones Richard J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe identity of the cells responsible for the initiation and maintenance of multiple myeloma (MM) remains unclear largely because of the difficulty growing MM cells in vitro and in vivo. MM cell lines and clinical specimens are characterized by malignant plasma cells that express the cell surface antigen syndecan-1 (CD138); however, CD138 expression is limited to terminally differentiated plasma cells during B-cell development. Moreover, circulating B cells that are clonally related to MM plasma cells have been reported in some patients with MM. We found that human MM cell lines contained small (&lt; 5%) subpopulations that lacked CD138 expression and had greater clonogenic potential in vitro than corresponding CD138+ plasma cells. CD138- cells from clinical MM samples were similarly clonogenic both in vitro and in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice, whereas CD138+ cells were not. Furthermore, CD138- cells from both cell lines and clinical samples phenotypically resembled postgerminal center B cells, and their clonogenic growth was inhibited by the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab. These data suggest that MM “stem cells” are CD138- B cells with the ability to replicate and subsequently differentiate into malignant CD138+ plasma cells.