bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward a Phenomonology of Freewriting
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A scene. I am leading a workshop for teachers. I introduce freewriting as merely a first thing: easiest, lowest level, not very complicated—good for getting started. I don’t allocate much time: ten minutes for writing, ten for brief reactions. This is all just warming up and going on to other more complicated activities in teaching writing, activities that will take more time to try out and discuss. But as we talk about it we tangle. Some love freewriting. A few even get what I would call too enthusiastic, going overboard, developing a reactive revulsion at all the planning and care they’d always associated with writing: breaking out, spontaneity is all, “free at last.” But others are deeply distrustful, disturbed, critical. Freewriting touches some nerve. We fight. Finally, I get tired of the fighting and defending—or suddenly realize how much time has gone by. “Let’s move on, this is not the main thing, it’s just one of many kinds of writing: options, spectrum, no big deal.”
What Is Voice in Writing?
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I’m setting out on a long path in this essay so I’d better give an overview of the terrain. In the first section, I describe three major debates about voice. These debates involve large, ideological questions about the nature of self or identity and about the relation of the text to the writer. These debates are all the more troublesome because they tend to be cast in binary, either/or terms. In the much longer concluding section (“Five Meanings of Voice), I respond to these debates by trying to show that we don’t need to resolve them in either/or terms. Instead, we can look carefully at the term voice and see that it has some fairly noncontroversial meanings when applied to writing.
Reflections on Academic Discourse: How It Relates to Freshmen and Colleagues
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I love what’s in academic discourse: learning, intelligence, sophistication— even mere facts and naked summaries of articles and books; I love reasoning, inference, and evidence; I love theory. But I hate academic discourse. What follows is my attempt to work my way out of this dilemma. In doing so I will assume an ostensive definition of academic discourse: it is the discourse that academics use when they publish for other academics. And what characterizes that discourse? This is the question I will pursue here.
Inviting the Mother Tongue: Beyond “Mistakes,” “Bad English,” and “Wrong Language”
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This essay grows out of feeling torn between conflicting goals or obligations. I think most teachers of first year college writing courses also feel this conflict, and I experience it acutely as director of a university writing program. On the one hand, I feel an obligation to invite all my students to use their own language and not to make them conform to the language and culture of mainstream English (see “Students’ Rights to Their Own Language” [Committee]). On the other hand, I feel an obligation to give all my students access to the written language of power and prestige.
Using the Collage for Collaborative Writing
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Plenty of people have celebrated collaborative writing (e.g., Ede and Lunsford; LeFevre), so I can invoke the medieval trope of occupatio: I will not give all the reasons why collaborative writing is a good thing; I will not talk about how frequently it occurs in the world and therefore how our students should learn to use it; nor about the collaborative dimension of writing we think of as private; nor about how collaborative writing helps students learn better because of all the pooling of information, ideas, and points of view; nor about the students who have hated writing because it makes them feel lonely and helpless but who come to like it when they write with others; nor will I cite the much-cited Harvard research showing how students who study together get better grades (Light).
Fragments
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Perhaps David and others can persuade me that I am wrong, but I fear that there is a conflict between the role of writer and that of academic. I wish there were not. In this essay I will explore how this conflict plays out in a first year writing class. But it will be obvious that I see the issue lurking in a larger dimension—even autobiographically. I am an academic and I am a writer. I’ve struggled to be able to make both claims, and I am proud of both identities— but I sometimes feel them in conflict. Thus I’m talking here about the relationship between two roles—two ways of being in the world of texts. It is my wish that students should be able to inhabit both roles comfortably.
Starting the Portfolio Experiment
at SUNY Stony Brook: Written with Pat Belanoff
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We seek here to give an accurate and practical description of a portfolio-based evaluation system we have just instituted. But we can be more accurate and practical if we avoid giving a static picture and instead suggest the inevitable historical flux: the experiments that preceded this system and the countless opportunities for modification in the future.
The Savage Comedian
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Eliot has never enjoyed a public reputation as a comic poet or as an obscene poet, but his new friends in London in 1915 were well acquainted with the lusty characters who peopled his bawdy ballads and limericks. Eliot playfully interspersed the narrative of his letters to Conrad Aiken with stanzas on the escapades of King Bolo and his Big Black Kween, “that airy fairy hairy-’un, who led the dance on Golder’s Green with Cardinal Bessarion.” He sent poems entitled “The Triumph of Bullshit” and “Ballade pour la grosse Lulu” to Wyndham Lewis, and he wrote to Pound from Merton College, Oxford, that Lewis’s “puritanical principles seem to bar my way to Publicity. . . . I understand that Priapism, Narcissism etc. are not approved of, and even so innocent a rhyme as ‘. . . pulled her stockings off / With a frightful cry of “Hauptbahnhof1’ is considered decadent” (L1 86). Lewis, who saw the poems as “excellent bits of scholarly ribaldry,” jokingly told Pound that he wanted to print them in his periodical Blast but would uphold his “naif determination to have no ‘Words Ending in - Uck, -Unt, and -Ugger!’”
Bogor, Indonesia
Authors: Tinker Irene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bogor is a street food connoisseur’s paradise. Although the typical Indonesian’s diet never strays far from rice, the longtime staple, street vendors offer not only a remarkable number of variations on basic meal themes but also many types of “snacks:” both savory and sweet. This chapter depicts the diversity of Bogor street cuisine and examines how selling and consumption patterns are shaped by seasonal changes in food supplies and dietary preferences, as well as by rather more persistent gender ideologies. As in some of the other cities, schoolchildren comprise an important market for the street food vendors; for this reason, the EPOC staff helped initiate a program to improve the sanitation and nutritional value of street foods sold around schoolyards.
lloilo, Philippines
Authors: Tinker Irene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In more ways than one, street foods feed the youth of the rapidly growing city of Iloilo. University students patronize and work for vendors while attending school, and many, weighing the opportunities for profit against the relatively low wages in other sectors, establish their own street food enterprise after graduation. Vendors also feed the schoolchildren, especially since the EPOC staff helped vendors establish direct links to schools, and at the same time improve the sanitation and nutritional value of their products. The Iloilo case study also provides a close look at the important, complex relations of credit, trust, and loyalty along the street food distribution chain: namely, relations between vendors and their lenders and suppliers, as well as between vendors and their customers.
Chonburi, Thailand
Authors: Tinker Irene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chonburi is one of many cities in Asia undergoing rapid industrialization and economic growth. The conversion of former agricultural hinterlands into vast industrial zones has not just transformed the city’s economy and demographics; it has made it difficult even to define what is “urban:’ But the proliferation of agro-processing industries and fast-food restaurants has not hurt business for the city’s vibrant street food sector. Economic change has reinforced the traditional expectations that Thai women will contribute significantly to family income. As a result, the street food trade is dominated by women.
Manikganj, Bangladesh
Authors: Tinker Irene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many of the characteristics of the street food trade in Manikganj reflect the poverty of the local population, as well as the cultural influence of Islam, most notably in the almost total absence of women vendors. The family nature of the trade is illustrated by the importance of spouses and female relatives in the production of the street foods for sale. Compared to most other cities except for Ziguinchor, demand for street foods is relatively limited, as is the variety of products offered.
lle-lfe, Nigeria
Authors: Tinker Irene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ile-Ife is an ancient town, and its inhabitants have a long tradition of eating food on the street, which is sold predominantly by women who are culturally bound to support their own children in this land of non-pooling household budgets. In the decades since independence from British colonial rule, however, a combination of rapid urbanization and the spectacular boom and bust of the Nigerian economy has fueled the growth of the street food sector, as well as its conflicts with the military governments. In few other countries has a modern state waged such a destructive “street cleaning” campaign against its street food vendors, in the supposed interests of public health and civic order. The stalls of many Ife vendors were destroyed while the research study was in progress; the staff was able to document the immediate impact.
Implications for Research, Planning, and Policy
Authors: Tinker Irene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ultimate goals of the Street Food Project were from the beginning focused on both the micro and macro levels. At the city level, our objective was to utilize the findings of the studies to identify interventions that would improve the economics of the trade and the safety of the food the vendors sold. These interventions were to recognize and support the critical role women, as well as men, play in each city’s trade. At the international level, our objective was to influence the organizations and debates that shape food policies. Chapter 9 illustrates how these twin goals played out in the food arena. At the local level, training programs in food handling replaced sporadic enforcement of unrealistic health standards in many cities. At the macro policy level, the EPOC studies helped reorient public health experts, particularly at the Food and Agricultural Organization, away from the support of stringent laws restricting the sale of food on the streets, toward a recognition of the value of the trade.
Blood is Thicker than Mud: e-Note goes to Compton on The Fresh Prince of Bel Air
Authors: Zook Kristal Brent 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 1980s much was made of the The Cosby Show’s challenge to black “authenticity.” With its doctor-lawyer parents and collegebound kids, Cosby was a controversial attempt to uncouple blackness and poverty. But what most cultural theorists failed to note was the ongoing nature of this representational struggle, which reached new heights with the 1990 debut of The Fresh Prince of Bel Air. Although sold as a lighthearted, “fish-out-of-water” tale (a combination of The Beverly Hillmllies and Diff’rent Strokes), the ideological tensions underlying this sitcom were far from frivolous. Rather, The Fresh Prince of Bel Air was a collective autobiographical narrative about the traumas of integration in a post-civil-rights era. Not only did it take the black upper class for granted, as had Cosby, but it also wrestled, frequently and openly, with economic and cultural mobility.
High Yella Bananas and Hair Weaves: The Sinbad Show
Authors: Zook Kristal Brent 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although it lasted only one season (1993-94), The Sinbad Show provides a prime illustration of struggles that often take place within black television. Clearly containing the four common elements of black TV-autobiography, improvisation, aesthetics, and drama-the show’s behind-the-scenes politics of production offered important insights as to why in-group textual conversations among African Americans so often meet with resistance among predominantly white network executives and advertisers. Through its collective conversations about color and caste, The Sinbad Show expressed the duality and contradiction common to many black productions: that is, it highlighted the need to celebrate “our” shared experience (what I call nationalist desire), while at the same time challenging the very existence of such a thing. Such narratives exploded the myth of a single, unified black home, even as they set about reimagining and rebuilding it.
The Possibility of Republican Liberalism
Authors: Dagger Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To make the case for the desirability of republican liberalism, it is necessary first to show that republicanism and liberalism are not altogether incompatible with each other. If they are—if republican liberalism is an oxymoron, a contradiction in terms that simply cannot form the basis of a political theory—there is no point in trying to establish its worth.
Citizenship and the General Will
Authors: Dagger Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau is not likely to be the first choice of anyone who canvasses the history of political thought in search of exemplars of republican liberalism. Rousseau’s republican credentials are good enough, to be sure, as a number of recent studies attest. The problem is that they may be too good to allow much hope of finding a significant strain of liberalism in his thought. Certainly his willingness to invoke a legislator who “should feel that he is capable of changing human nature,” his call for a civil religion that requires “a purely civil profession of faith, the articles of which are for the sovereign to establish,” and his declaration that people may “be forced to be free” seem to put him outside the bounds of most definitions of liberalism.
Turning News into Politics
Authors: Sommerville C John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whole books have been written on news and politics in eighteenth-century England. They describe the government’s attempts to license or tax the press, or to subsidize some papers and intimidate others by libel actions. They mention the press’s influence in shifting power between political parties or against a particular “ministry.” And of course they are especially alert to any possible contribution the press may have made to the American or French revolutions.’ This study views the issue of news and politics quite differently. Our interest will be the way that news directed attention toward politics and away from society’s other institutions. We will be seeing how the news revolution helped in modernity’s project of politicizing life. Normally, when we speak of a political bias in the news, we mean that papers lean toward one party or ideology as against a rival, or that they are critical or supportive of an existing administration. But there is a deeper, more pervasive political bias in news, which is to insinuate that political attention is the mark of a thing’s importance. By now, this has become an assumption. But the scope of politics is not a natural constant; it has grown or hypertrophied in recent centuries, absorbing functions once performed by institutions whose growth was more natural.
American Culture and the Madness of Law
Authors: Campos Paul F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the middle of a dull April afternoon I answer a telephone call from a reporter with the New York Times. The reporter wants to talk about Mahmoud AbdulRauf’s constitutional rights. He informs me that AbdulRauf, a shooting guard for Denver’s professional basket­ ball team, has just been suspended without pay by the National Basketball Association. Apparently, he is refusing to stand at respectful attention during that playing of the national anthem that always takes place before the beginning of any significant American sporting event. It turns out there is actually a league rule that requires all players to stand at respectful attention during the playing of the Star-Spangled Banner. Abdul-Rauf is claiming that he considers standing for the national anthem a violation of his religious obligations and furthermore considers the U.S. flag and anthem “symbols of oppression.” On what I hope is a slow news day, this rather absurd little dispute has been seized on by elements of the national media. “What about the First Amendment?” the Times reporter asks. Here we go again, I think: the law talk is starting.
Addicted to Law
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The President of the United States is about to step onto the tarmac of Denver’s brand-new airport, where he will deliver a campaign speech, framed artfully for the cameras against a backdrop of purple mountain majesty. After crossing cities and plains, deserts and mighty rivers, he has descended out of the clouds to bring us a message of hope, and to show us how to build a bridge that will reach the ever-receding future. Now he emerges from his ceremonial airship, to be greeted by kowtowing dignitaries, high school cheerleaders, crowds of the curious and the committed, and of course that swarm of equipment-laden journalists forever trailing in his charismatic wake. He speaks the words he has come all this way to deliver, words designed to be the first sound bite on this evening’s national news: “Today I have signed legislation to crack down on illegal drugs.”
The Future of an Illusion
Authors: Campos Paul F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The materialist tradition is massive, complex, ubiquitous, and yet elusive. Its various elements-its attitude toward consciousness, its conception of scientific verification, its metaphysics and theory of knowledgeare all mutually supporting, so that when one part is challenged, the defenders can easily fall back on another part whose certainty is taken for granted ... [hence] the defenders do not feel it necessary to meet your actual arguments, because they know in advance you must be wrong. They know that the materialist tradition-which they often mistakenly call “science”-is on their side.
The Banality of Goodness
Authors: Campos Paul F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Napalming babies,” observed Arthur Leff, “is bad.” This I am willing to grant; although as Richard Posner points out in his inimitably relentless fashion, even that sort of moral statement needs to be qualified by its particular context Oust or unjust war; unavoidable consequence of battle or negligent infliction of civilian casualties, etc.). The essay in which Leff made this observation, “Unspeakable Ethics, Unnatural Law,” makes a stark case for the depth of the crisis modernity faces in regard to the evaluation of ethical and moral questions. Nietzsche sums up that crisis in a single sentence: “Now suppose that belief in God has vanished: the question presents itself anew: ‘who speaks?”‘ Let us pursue the answer to this question in the particular context of legal argument and judicial decision making.
The Carriage Mass
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Natividade kept thinking about the cabocla on Castelo hill, about the prediction of greatness and the notice of the fight. She began to remember that, in fact, her pregnancy had not been easy. But what remained in her awareness was the good fortune of glory and greatness. The fight faded from her awareness, as if it hadn’t happened at all. The future, yes, that was the most important thing, everything in fact. She said nothing as they rode by Santa Luzia beach. At the Largo da Lapa she questioned her sister about what she thought of the fortune-teller. Perpetua answered that she had a good impression, that she believed her, and both agreed that she seemed to speak of her own sons, such was her enthusiasm. Perpetua did, however, scold her sister about the 50,000 reis given in payment; 20,000 would have been enough.
There are Contradictions that Can Be Explained
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Don’t ask me to explain the cause of such modesty in the advertisement and the Mass and so much publicity with the carriage, lackey, and livery. There are contradictions that can be explained. A good author, who made up his story or placed importance on the apparent logic of events, would transport the Santos couple by foot or by public carriage or rented coach; but I, my friend, I know how things happened, and I relate them exactly as they were. At most, I explain them, with the condition that such a custom will not become a habit. Explanations eat up time and paper, they hold up the action and end up in boredom. It’s best to read with attention.
View of the Palace
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Catete, their carriage and a victoria crossed and stopped for a while. A man jumped out of the victoria and walked over to the carriage. It was Natividade’s husband, who was now going to the office, a little later than usual, because he had been -waiting for his wife’s return. He had been thinking of her and business, about the boys and the Rio Branco law then being discussed in the Chamber of Deputies.
Robespierre and Louis XVI
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The opinions of Pedro and Paulo grew so strong that one day they attached themselves to something. They were walking down the Rua da Carioca. A glazier’s shop was located there, with mirrors of varying sizes and, more than mirrors, it also had old portraits and cheap engravings, with and without is well preserved, and for a little more money, I’ll put a frame on it. Here you go, a thousand.”
The Battle of the Portraits
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is almost no need to talk about the fate of the portraits of the king and the commissioner. Each boy hung his at the head of his bed. This situation did not last long, because both of them started to deface the poor engravings, which were not guilty of anything. There appeared donkey’s ears, ugly words, animal drawings, until one day Paulo tore up Pedro’s and Pedro tore up Paulo’s. Naturally, they avenged themselves with blows. Their mother heard the noise and ran upstairs. She restrained her sons, but they were already scratched up, and she went to bed sadly. Would that cursed rivalry never end? She silently asked herself that question, lying on her bed, with her face in the pillow, which this time stayed dry but her soul was weeping.
Solitude Is Also Tedious
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
But everything becomes tedious, even solitude. Aires began to feel a twinge of boredom. He yawned, napped, he began to develop a thirst for living people, strangers, it did not matter who, happy or sad. He began to frequent eccentric neighborhoods, he climbed the hillsides, he went to the old churches, to the new streets, to Copacabana and Tijuca. The sea there, here the forest and the view, awoke in him an infinity of echoes which seemed to him to be the very voices of the ancients. All this he wrote, at night, to fortify his resolve to continue his solitary life. But there is no resolve against need.