bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Great Physicists
Authors: Cropper William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here is a lively history of modern physics, as seen through the lives of thirty men and women from the pantheon of physics. William H. Cropper vividly portrays the life and accomplishments of such giants as Galileo and Isaac Newton, Marie Curie and Ernest Rutherford, Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr, right up to contemporary figures such as Richard Feynman, Murray Gell-Mann, and Stephen Hawking. We meet scientists--all geniuses--who could be gregarious, aloof, unpretentious, friendly, dogged, imperious, generous to colleagues or contentious rivals. As Cropper captures their personalities, he also offers vivid portraits of their great moments of discovery, their bitter feuds, their relations with family and friends, their religious beliefs and education. In addition, since scientists in a particular field often inspire those who follow, Cropper has grouped these biographies by discipline--mechanics, thermodynamics, particle physics, and so on--each section beginning with a historical overview. Thus in the section on quantum mechanics, readers can see how the work of Max Planck influenced Niels Bohr, and how Bohr in turn influenced Werner Heisenberg. By sequencing the biographies in this way, Cropper gives us an overall portrait of each field. Our understanding of the physical world has increased dramatically in the last four centuries, starting with Galileo and his telescope and stretching to Stephen Hawking’s work on black holes and cosmology. With Great Physicists, readers can retrace the footsteps of the men and women who led the way.
A Man Obsessed
Authors: Newton Isaac 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his later years, Isaac Newton was asked how he had arrived at his theory of universal gravitation. “By thinking on it continually,” was his matter-of-fact response. “Continual thinking” for Newton was almost beyond mortal capacity. He could abandon himself to his studies with a passion and ecstasy that others experience in love affairs. The object of his study could become an obsession, possessing him nonstop, and leaving him without food or sleep, beyond fatigue, and on the edge of breakdown.
Unities and a Unifier
Authors: Helmholtz Hermann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Science is largely a bipartisan endeavor. Most scientists have no difficulty identifying with one of two camps, which can be called, with about as much accuracy as names attached to political parties, theorists and experimentalists. An astute observer of scientists and their ways, Freeman Dyson, has offered a roughly equivalent, but more inspired, division of scientific allegiances and attitudes. In Dyson’s view, science has been made throughout its history in almost equal measure by “unifiers” and “diversifiers.” The unifiers, mostly theorists, search for the principles that reveal the unifying structure of science. Diversifiers, likely to be experimentalists, work to discover the unsorted facts of science. Efforts of the scientific unifiers and diversifiers are vitally complementary. From the great bodies of facts accumulated by the diversifiers come the unifier’s theories; the theories guide the diversifiers to new observations, sometimes with disastrous results for the unifiers.
Adventure in Thought
Authors: Einstein Albert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern theoretical physicists like to think of themselves as intellectual explorers, and the greatest of them have indeed discovered new and exotic physical worlds, both microscopic and macroscopic. Travel in these intellectually distant realms has proved hazardous because it takes the explorer far from the world of ordinary experience. Werner Heisenberg, one of the generation of theorists who found the way to the quantum realm, the strangest of all the physical worlds, likened the intellectual expeditions of modern physics to the voyage of Columbus. Heisenberg found Columbus’s feat remarkable not because Columbus tried to reach the East by sailing west, nor because he handled his ships masterfully, but because he decided to “leave the known regions of the world and sail westward, far beyond the point from which his provisions could have got him back home again.” The man who ranks above all others as an intellectual Columbus is Albert Einstein. He took such expeditions far beyond “the safe anchorage of established doctrine” into treacherous, uncharted seas. Not only was he a pioneer in the quantum realm; he discovered and explored much of the territory of modern physics.
Matrix Mechanics
Authors: Heisenberg Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The birth of the grand synthesis of quantum theory—now known as “quantum mechanics”—was not the happy event it might have been. To everyone’s surprise, what came into the world was not one infant but two—twins. And to make matters worse, the two births were months apart, with different doctors officiating; there were even some ugly rumors about the parentage of the two arrivals. Erwin Schro¨ dinger and his colleagues in Munich and Berlin, who claimed the child they called “wave mechanics,” found little to admire in the other child, called “matrix mechanics,” claimed by Werner Heisenberg and his friends in Go¨ ttingen and Copenhagen. Said Schro¨ dinger about matrix mechanics: “I was discouraged, if not repelled, by what seemed to me a rather difficult method of transcendental algebra, defying any visualization.”
Immigrant Exclusion and Language Restriction In The Twentieth Century
Authors: Schmid Carol L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High levels of immigration in the United States have typically led to two trends: an increase in various strains of xenophobia, and a crusade to “Americanize” the new immigrants. As John Higham observed, “When neither a preventative nativism nor the natural health of a free society seemed sufficient to cope with disunity, a conscious drive to hasten the assimilative process, to heat and stir the melting pot, emerged” (1967: 235). Both the post-1965 era and the period of Americanization campaigns-defined as the decades between the 1890s and the 1920s—aimed at the “new immigration” from southern and eastern Europe (Graham and Koed, 1993), shared a significant upsurge of newcomers, who were thought to be significantly different from the native-born population and incapable of being assimilated. The debates that raged over immigration and language policy expose the extent of the anxiety about who was to be included in the nation, which has compelled a reexamination of what it means to be an American.
Preliminary Statistical Concepts
Authors: Deutsch Clayton V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of statistics is concerned with quantitative methods for collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing data, as well as for drawing conclusions and making reasonable decisions on the basis of such analysis. The field of statistics is extensive; the goal here is a pragmatic presentation of the concepts essential to geostatistical reservoir modeling. Geostatistics is distinct from statistics in three main respects: (1) focus on the geological origin of the data, (2) explicit modeling and treatment of spatial correlation between data, and (3) treatment of data at different volume scales and levels of precision.
Object-Based Facies Modeling
Authors: Deutsch Clayton V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Object-based facies models are visually attractive because the resulting facies realizations mimic idealized geometries interpreted in outcrops and modern analogues. Such models show facies belonging to clean geological shapes with realistic non-rectilinear continuity, which cannot be modeled with cell-based approaches. This chapter gives some details of modeling facies with object­ based techniques.
Introduction
Authors: Cain William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Honored in the United States and around the world for his lute individualism, his insight into and celebration of and his piercing social criticism, Henry David Thoreau stands among the major authors in the American literary canon. But his work did not secure its renown until decades after his death in 1862. In his lifetime Thoreau (with the accent on the first syllable, as in “thorough”) published only a handful of poems, a number of essays, and just two books, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849) and Walden; or, Life in the Woods (1854). The first book was a failure, and the second only a modest success. His Concord neighbors were aware that Thoreau was a writer, but few had any idea of the scope and scale of his writing. Nor did they appreciate how different he was from Ralph Waldo Emerson, the sage from whose influence Thoreau was felt to be struggling to break free. Many who knew Thoreau, even his friends, found him cranky, opinionated, difficult; some went further, calling him complacent and conceited. The people in the town thought him strange-a Harvard-educated young man who sauntered in the woods and meandered from one odd job to the next.
Domesticity on Walden Pond
Authors: Tichi Cecelia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much is made of the Iliad in Thoreau’s experiment in living at walden Pond, but very little of the table on which it sat. The volume of Homer’s epic on the three-legged table inside Thoreau’s ten-by-fifteen-foot house is just one of the Iliadic references that leads scholars of Walden to research Thoreau’s studies in classical Greek at Harvard College, to note his favorite edition and his enthusiasm for a heroic Homeric life, and to search out the many citations in Walden in order to debate the extent to which the text might be deliberately heroic and/ or epic (Sattelmeyer, Thoreau’s Reading, 6, 8, 9, 23; Johnson, “Revolution and Renewal,” 216-18). Thoreau’s table, however, has gone unremarked, though it too recurs in Walden, both in Thoreau’s inventory of furniture (which also includes his bed, desk, three chairs, and looking-glass), and again when he enjoys the table anew when placing it outdoors in the sunlight (Walden, III-I2). Indoors, we learn, the table occupies the single room that serves as kitchen, chamber, keeping-room—and parlor (242).
The Theory, Practice, and Influence of Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience
Authors: Rosenwald Lawrence A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“I on my side, require of every writer, first or last, a simple and sincere account of his own life, and not merely what he has other men’s lives.” This is an excellent principle of Thoreau’s, and I shall begin this chapter by giving at least an account of the viewpoint from which I have written it.
Descent Of Meaning
Authors: Turner Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN THE Meno, Plato disarmingly proposes that meaning is never created, only remembered. One can sympathize with Plato, for although absolute nativism seems to deny the experience of having a new idea and the evidence of cultural evolution, there isn’t a good technical explanation for how new meaning could arise. Plato’s nativism at least gives an answer on the side of process, to the extent that collapsing imagination and innovation into memory reduces the number of processes. For if we reject Plato’s ingenious dodge, we must discover some process through which new local meanings can be constructed. How did the terres-trial making of meaning advance from what lizards do to what human beings do? We are not even allowed to assume cumulative increase—the lizard emerges from its leathery shell able to hunt and fight, while the human newborn cannot walk or see. How did the universe get, by some evidently circuitous path, from the simplicity present at the big bang to the complex construction of meaning that is the subject of social science? Social scientists study particular elaborate constructions of meaning, taking it for granted that there is construction of meaning.
Psychoneuroimmunology
Authors: Kemeny Margaret E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychoneuroimmunology is an interdisciplinary field that involves the investigation of the bidirectional relationships between the mind, brain, and immune system and the implications of these relationships for clinical disease. This field is highly relevant to health psychology for a number of reasons. First, studies in this field examine the physiological linkages that explain relationships between psychological factors and the etiology and progression of disease. The immune system is a major pathophysiological system whose dysfunctions can play a critical role in the etiology and progression of a variety of diseases, including infections, the autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis), some forms of cancer, and even cardiovascular disease. By understanding how psychological factors and their neurophysiological correlates affect the immune system, it is possible to flesh out part of the mechanistic pathway that links psychological factors to disease. Specifying a mechanistic or mediational pathway is central to establishing a causal relationship between a specific psychological factor and a health outcome (see Figure 5.1 for an X-Y-Z schematic representation of central components of this pathway; Kemeny, 2003). Psychoneuroimmunology studies can provide evidence for each of the links in this pathway and can point to critical psychological elicitors and mediating systems.
Expressive Writing, Emotional Upheavals, and Health
Authors: Pennebaker James W , Chung Cindy K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a long history in psychology and medicine linking the occurrence of traumatic experiences with subsequent physical and mental health problems. What is it about a trauma that influences health? Several candidates immediately come to mind. Psychologically, personal upheavals provoke intense and long-lasting emotional changes. The unexpected events are generally associated with cognitive disruption, including rumination and attempts to understand what happened and why. Socially, traumas are known to cause wholesale disruptions in people’s social networks. Behaviorally, and perhaps because of the social and psychological changes, traumas are often associated with lifestyle changes such as unhealthy smoking, drinking, exercise, sleeping, and eating patterns. Each of these psychological, social, and behavioral effects is associated with a host of biological changes, including elevations in cortisol, immune disruption, cardiovascular changes, and a cascade of neurotransmitter changes.
Microwaves are the first step
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CHARLES TOWNES was notorious among Columbia graduate students for arriving at the Pupin physics lab early in the morning, singing or whistling cheerily, before the cleaning woman had arrived or the students had staggered off to bed. His children were young, and he was the sort of self-disciplined man who rose early to make the most of the day.
A dark horse joins the race
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TED MAIMAN DIDN’T SEEM TO BE A CONTENDER in the laser race at the Shawanga Lodge meeting. He had been invited to give a paper, but it covered the compact liquid-nitrogen-cooled ruby microwave maser he had finished in July. It was an elegant device that represented important progress, but it was a microwave maser, and by September 1959, microwave masers were no longer on the cutting edge of physics. Microwave maser papers were part of the crowd at the conference; it was the handful of papers on lasers—officially “optical masers” at Columbia and Bell Labs—that stood out.
The EPP in a Topic-Prominent Language
Authors: Kiss Katalin É 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The standard version of the EPP, requiring essentially that the subject position be filled in every sentence, is clearly violated in such so-called free word order languages as Hungarian, in which the VP-external position(s) can be filled by any argument of the V or can also remain empty. In an attempt to maintain the universality of the EPP, Alexiadou and Anagnostopoulou (1998) claim that in ‘free word order’ languages displaying rich verbal inflection and pro drop, the EPP is actually automatically satisfied by V movement to AgrS.
Analysis of Apoptosis in the Preimplantation Embryo
Authors: Brison Daniel R , Metcalfe Anthony D , Bloor Debra J , Hunter Helen R , Brady Gerard , Kimber Susan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A basic requirement in development is the proliferation of sufficient cells to form the structure of the organism. This is seen nowhere more clearly than during the earliest transition in mammalian development, from the single-celled zygote to the multicellular blastocyst. However, the generation and maintenance of a cell population is not just a function of cell division by mitosis and cytokinesis, but is counterbalanced by cell loss via apoptosis. Apoptosis is a physiological form of cell death and is characterized morphologically by nuclear condensation and blebbing, followed by shrinkage of the cell and formation of membrane-bound vesicles of degraded chromatin (1, 2). The cell does not release its soluble contents into intercellular spaces; rather, these apoptotic bodies are phagocytosed by macrophages or neighboring cells with phagocytic capacity. In contrast, necrotic cell death is accidental and occurs in response to trauma or injury such as osmotic shock. This results in loss of plasma membrane integrity, followed rap- idly by cell and nuclear lysis and release of contents into intercellular spaces, frequently resulting in an inflammatory response.
Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Lanzendorf Susan E , Boyd Catherine A , Wright Diane L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1981, Evans and Kaufman (1) described the technique for isolating embryonic stem (ES) cell lines from mouse blastocysts. In this procedure, the inner cell mass is used to give rise to an undifferentiated cell line capable of indefinite proliferation in vitro. ES cell lines are also pluripotent, meaning that under the appropriate conditions, they can undergo differentiation to give rise to any cell type in the body. This potential can be demonstrated in vivo by injection into mouse blastocysts to create chimeras or by grafting to an ectopic site, such as the testis, to form teratomas. In the absence of cytokines that prevent differentiation, ES cells form embryoid bodies in vitro, structures that contain the three primary germ layers.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Authors: Sousa Paul De , Ritchie William , Dinnyes Andras , King Tim , Paterson Lesley , Wilmut Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The methods of nuclear transfer in mammals have created many new opportunities in biology, medicine, and agriculture. Potential uses of these technologies include production of animal organs and tissues for transplantation to human patients (xenotransplantation), improvement of livestock, provision of human cells for treatment of degenerative diseases (stem cell therapy), and analysis of specific gene product function and the mechanisms that regulate gene expression. These applications are discussed in detail elsewhere (1, 2). Many of these nuclear transfer applications introduce genetic changes in cells before their use as nuclear donors in order to genetically modify the offspring. For example, research is focusing on producing genetically modified pigs so that the organs and tissues will not be rejected by human patients following xenotransplantation.
Subject Extraction, the Distribution of Expletives, and Stylistic Inversion
Authors: Taraldsen Knut Tarald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main purpose of this chapter is to argue that subject/verb inversion is more pervasive in the syntax of modem French than is generally recognized. In particular, I argue that in all cases where wh-movement extracts a subject from an embedded clause, the subject is in a position lower than the usual preverbal subject position. An analysis based on this assumption is shown to provide an account of the French que/qui alternation that is superior to previous accounts. Arguments to this effect are provided throughout sections 1 and 2.
The analysis turns on certain hypotheses about the interaction of expletive clitics and the properties of certain functional heads in French. These hypotheses, in tum, have consequences for the analysis of Stylistic Inversion, which is discussed in section 3.
Commentary on Part II
Authors: Markman Ellen M , Jaswal Vikram K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the most fundamental questions one can ask about cognitive development are related to the nativist-empiricist debate: How do we best characterize the initial state of the infant, and how do we explain the transition from the initial state to the mature cognition of adults? Carey and Markman (1999) argued that, at heart, this is a debate about whether there are domain-specific learning mechanisms. The empiricist position is that the initial state can be characterized in terms of perception and that general, all-purpose learning mechanisms, which can form associations and detect correlations, are sufficient to account for the acquisition of knowledge. Many of the outstanding issues in cognitive development center on questions of the domain specificity of learning and of the need to postulate core concepts or constraints on learning. Also central to the field are questions of whether cognition, especially the cognition of infants and young children, should be characterized as perceptual or conceptual, and whether attributing “theories” to infants and young children is necessary to account for their understanding of the world or whether it is an anthropomorphic overinterpretation of the evidence. These six chapters on the nature of children’s categories raise many of these most basic questions about human cognition and its development and provide thoughtful discussions, pertinent evidence, and elegant models for how best to characterize children’s classifications. We will emphasize two of these questions in our comments: (1) Are children’s classifications theory based or derived solely from computing correlations over perceptual features? (2) What role does language, in terms of naming categories, play?
Intonation, Mental Representation, and Coherence
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coherence distinguishes a text from a random group of words or utterances based on the relationships among the ideas behind it. One aspect of coherence is cohesion, the connections between linguistic elements within the text. It is not unexpected that intonation plays a role in cohesion and, thereby, coherence; it is one of the linguistic resources available to speakers to link elements in the text together so that the discourse as a whole makes sense. In chapter 2, we saw that a pitch boundary at the end of a phrase can anticipate the next constituent to complete its interpretation. We also saw that L* pitch accents can be associated with lexical items that a speaker believes should already be accessible to the hearer, whereas L+H* pitch accents can signal a contrast relationship with items that have come before. These and other pitch morphemes help hearers draw connections between what is uttered and what is already represented in their minds during the interaction.
Intonation and Speech ACT Theory
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is the relationship between intonational meaning and the pragmatics of spoken language within the broad framework of speech act theory. One central question is how intonation contributes to the “illocutionary force” of an utterance—that is, how does the intonation help to convey the speaker’s intention in producing it. I will examine cases wherein intonation can be the key factor in distinguishing one speech act from another, even if the lexicogrammatical structure remains constant. For example, intonation plays a role when what is grammatically a statement is uttered with a question intonation, as in “We’re out of chocolate syrup?” which in my family sounds more like an accusation directed at the person whose job it is to do the shopping than a statement of fact.