bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Russian Question: A Russian Play
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among Soviet dramas of the early cold war, Konstantin Simonov’s play The Russian Question (Russkii vopros) merits a chapter to itself. It was probably unique in confining its dramatis personae to American characters-not a Russian in sight. The Russian Question was the cold war play par excellence, promoted and disseminated with Stalin’s approval in thirty Soviet theatres. In Germany the Soviet-zone premie’re followed within a month of the opening night in Moscow, despite a storm of American protests, by which time German-language translations were already on sale at Berlin kiosks. Two weeks later the Soviet Embassy in London put out an English translation; news of a Stalin Prize soon followed. Production plans for Mikhail Romm’s film of the play were announced almost immediately. At the end of the year, with the play still running, Stalin, Molotov, and Voroshilov appeared in the ‘royal box’ at the Moscow Art Theatre, the ultimate seal of approval.
Squaring the Circle: Ionesco, Beckett, Havel, Stoppard
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Theatre on the Balustrade (Divadlo na zabraldi) opened in 1958 in a derelict hall by the Vltava river not far from the Charles Bridge, Prague. On the basis of a promising script, Va’clav Havel was invited to join the company as a stage-hand in the summer of 1960, later as literary adviser. Acknowledging the influence of both Kafka and the Theatre of the Absurd on his plays, Havel adds the factor of his own bourgeois origins, the experience of ‘being excluded through no fault of my own’. The Havels were of ‘pampered bourgeois stock’ (as he put it); in 1948 the family business had been removed from their control, and later the estate was confiscated. When Havel and his brother finished elementary school at the age of 15 they were barred by their social origin from high school and university. The young Va’clav worked as a carpenter and laboratory assistant for five years.
All That Jazz: Iron Curtain Calls
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like the nuclear arms race, classical music was two-way traffic; the Russians arguably possessed classical composers able to inspire larger audiences than the major modernists of the West. This was not the case in the field of popular music and entertainment. The Russians regularly exported spectacular folk-dancing ensembles, the Red Army Choir, and circus acrobats, but the balalaika was no match for the 25-watt electric guitar, the synchronized stamping of a hundred boots no match for a 100-watt PA system. If Western youths wanted balalaikas they could have them-but they didn’t.
The Ballet Dancer Defects
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ballet dancer’s defection was the most spectacular of all: ovations, flowers, embraces-then a flying ‘leap to freedom’. Raised, protected, and tutored by ballet masters and mistresses second to none, the absconding Soviet dancer was taken to have betrayed his teachers, his colleagues, his native land (rodina). Yet defectors were the exception; Soviet dance companies regularly transported hundreds of performers across the world and brought them all home.
Social Exclusion and the Generations
Authors: Hobcraft John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the pathways into social exclusion, especially during young adulthood. More specifically, I set out to discuss some of the issues involved in assessing the influences on adult social exclusion of parental endowments, of childhood circumstances, attributes, and behaviour, and of prior experiences during adulthood. Thus, both inter-generational and intra-generational aspects of the transmission of social exclusion are considered. The conceptual and practical issues involved are illustrated with examples drawn from my ongoing research programme within CASE, using results from analysis of the experiences of the cohort of children born in the first week of March 1958, who comprise the target population for the National Child Development Study (hereafter NCDS).
Low-paid Work: Drip-feeding the Poor
Authors: Mcknight Abigail 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter turns the focus of attention on to the low-wage labour market, specifically looking at how low-wage employment is linked with social exclusion and poverty over different time horizons. It shows how the overlap between low pay and poverty at one point in time understates the extent to which they are related over longer time horizons. Poverty and low pay are entwined over the life course and across generations. The interrelationship between low pay and poverty is demonstrated by examining the extent to which childhood poverty is associated with adult low pay, persistence in low pay can lead to poverty, and how low pay during the working life can lead to poverty in old age. The chapter concludes with a discussion on a selection of policies targeted at reducing the overlap between low pay and poverty by tackling either the causes or the consequence.
Community, Neighbourhood, and Social Infrastructure
Authors: Richardson Liz , Mumford Katharine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we look at a definition of ‘community’, describe processes of community breakdown, and examine the role of community participation in regenerating low-income neighbourhoods. This chapter is based on two pieces of work undertaken by LSE Housing (now part of CASE) between 1996 and 1999. The first is a study for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation of four neighbourhoods in Manchester and Newcastle that faced problems of incipient abandonment. The second piece of research is an action research project, called the Trafford Hall/LSE Gatsby Project. The Gatsby Project is a UK-wide community training and small grants programme, with linked research and evaluation.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Frances 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘Praying is not usual for a Courtier’, Margaret Cavendish says in her Sociable Letters of 1664, ‘Yet those Ladies that are Beautiful are made Saints there, and the men are their Devouts, which offer them Vows, Prayers, Praises and sometimes Thanksgiving … Thus you may see many of our Sex are ma e Saints, though they be Sinners, but they are Sainted for their Beauty, not for their Piety, for their outward Form, not for their inward Grace: Indeed they are worldly Saints, and the Court is their Heaven and Nature their Goddess.’2 All our assumptions about the Restoration court seem to be confirmed here. We have reached the last degenerate stage of courtly love, in which beauty is worshipped no longer as a sign of grace or virtue, but simply as a preliminary to transgressive sex, in a kind of knowing travesty of conventional piety. Yet the episode I am about to describe strongly suggests that this was not the whole story.
The antipodes Of the mind
Authors: Shanon Benny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a pioneering cognitive psychological study of Ayahuasca, a plant-based Amazonian psychotropic brew. Benny Shanon presents a comprehensive charting of the various facets of the special state of mind induced by Ayahuasca, and analyzes them from a cognitive psychological perspective. He also presents some philosophical reflections. Empirically, the research presented in this book is based on the systematic recording of the author’s extensive experiences with the brew and on the interviewing of a large number of informants: indigenous people, shamans, members of different religious sects using Ayahuasca, and travellers. In addition to its being the most thorough study of the Ayahuasca experience to date, the book lays the theoretical foundations for the psychological study of non-ordinary states of consciousness in general.
Introduction
Authors: Power Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 370 years discussed in this book represent a period of momentous change in Europe. Between the mid-tenth and early fourteenth centuries, the population of the continent increased vastly, and European society became more urbanized, more literate, and more complex in both economic and cultural terms. In particular, ‘Latin Christian’ (Roman Catholic) culture grew to be more assertive and outwardly homogeneous and came to cover a much greater area, but simultaneously it acquired deep and enduring political divisions. Its aggressive character was expressed most forcefully in the Christian holy wars known to history as the Crusades.
Introduction
Authors: Boehmer Elleke 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a book about the writing of empire, and about writing in opposition to empire. It looks at a historical series of imaginative acts involved with colonization and its aftermath. The subject is peculiarly large. And the project of critical overview is itself, ironically, almost imperialistic in scope. It appears to demand from the critic a ‘grand narrative’ of literature in English from the 1700s to the present.
Colonialist Concerns
Authors: Boehmer Elleke 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Having looked at broad trends and patterns in colonial writing in Chapter 1, I now turn to colonialist literature specifically: that is, the literature––narrative is the preferred form––more directly concerned with colonial experience. Such writing revolves constantly, even obsessively, around certain key themes: the introversion of the colonial mission, or colonial drama; the masculine aspect of that drama; the representation of other peoples; and the resistant incomprehensibility Or unreadability of the colonized beyond.
Earnings Inequality in Portugal and Spain:
Authors: CantÓj Olga , Cardoso Ana R , Jimeno Juan F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Earning inequality was on the rise in most OECD countries during the 1980s (OECD, 1993). In the first half of the 1990s, earnings inequality continued rising in the US and the UK, but not in Continental Europe, where the tendency towards increased inequality appears to have slackened somewhat (OECD, 1996; Gottschalk and Smeeding, 1997). Several explanations have been proposed for increasing inequality. Some studies refer to widespread changes in labour market institutions which have led to higher decentralization of wage determination (in those countries where this process is mainly through collective bargaining) and the decline in unionization (in those countries where collective bargaining covers only a small fraction of the workforce, as the US, for instance).
Does Competition at School Matter? A View Based upon the Italian and Japanese Experiences
Authors: Brunello Giorgio , Ishikawa Tsuneo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Education and human capital accumulation are often viewed as key to economic performance and growth. This chapter looks at a closely related but often overlooked question: do selectivity and competition at school affect economic performance and welfare? By inducing individuals to invest in the competition for access to the best schools, a selective schooling system increases the stock of common basic academic skills. Examples of these skills include the basics of reading, mathematics and science and problem-solving skills. If the accumulation of these skills and training are complements, selective education reduces training costs and increases the relative advantage of adopting complex and highly productive technologies.
Income Redistribution Within the Life Cycle Versus Between Individuals:
Authors: Rklund Anders Bjö , Palme Mårten 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most empirical analyses on income inequality have focused on the distribution of income measured over a single year. Not least the Luxembourg Income Study has spurred an impressive amount of comparative research on income distribution using annual data for a large number of countries. One result that has emerged as almost a stylized fact from this literature is that the distribution of post-tax and benefit family income is more equal than the distribution of pre-tax and benefit income, i.e., taxes and benefits make the income distribution less unequal. Sweden is no exception in this respect; rather the equalizing impact of the Swedish ‘welfare state’ seems to be quite high by international standards.
The Relationship Between Internet Marketplaces And National States
Authors: Ramberg Christina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An electronic marketplace can be managed from anywhere and simultaneously from many places. ‘ This makes it possible for the marketplace operator to choose its own jurisdiction. In theory, it may even choose to have no jurisdiction at all tobe who Jly independent and located only in cyberspace. In practice, however, it is not likely that such autonomous ‘ bubbles’ in cyberspace will develop in relation to electronic commerce. Anyhow, there is an enormous potential for the operators of marketplaces to design the rules and norms independently of the national state. This might be perceived as a valuable freedom. However autonomy also has its costs. An autonomous Internet marketplace can no longer rely on the help of the national state and, consequently, must solve problems that were formerly solved by the state.
Efficient Norm Design In The Internet Marketplace
Authors: Ramberg Christina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The increased ability to steer and monitor transactions made in an Internet marketplace is a major difference from what was feasible in traditional ‘physical’ marketplaces. This chapter will describe how the opportunities for or feasibility of surveillance are different in the Internet setting as compared with physical marketplaces. The chapter will also explain how this increased ability to steer and monitor makes it possible, and perhaps even necessary, to examine all contract law rules in a new light. This chapter is intended as a basis for the following detailed chapters and to provide an understanding of the large variety of options avai1able to solve problems in relation to electronic auctions and exchanges. With a deeper knowledge of the relationship between the structure of norms and surveillance for conformity with those norms, there should also come a greater ability to provide potential solutions.
Definition Of The Term ‘Exchange’ In Law
Authors: Ramberg Christina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like the term ‘auction’, the term ‘exchange’ is difficult to define. It is uncertain to what extent the transactions must be centralized to the marketplace and how the bids are to be qualified as two-sided. Furthermore, it is unclear if an exchange requires that the transactions are carried out continuously and whether there is inherent in the term a special form of price discovery. In this chapter I will analyse the semantic and functional methods in relation to the term in order to come up with some sort of definition and thereby gain knowledge about what applicable national Jaws mean when they use the term.
Withdrawal And Cancellation Of Invitations And Bids
Authors: Ramberg Christina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A basic problem in contract Jaw is the question of how a contract is formed. There are two main different theories on formation of contract. One is found in the Anglo-American jurisdictions, mainly characterized by the parties being simultaneously bound at a crucial moment-in ‘normal’ cases when the acceptance is put in the postbox. Before this crucial moment the offer can be withdrawn or revoked without any consequences, since none of the parties are bound. According to Gem1an legal tradition the contract is concluded in two steps.
Confirmation by Third Parties
Authors: Ramberg Christina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sometimes the law stipulates that a deal concluded by auction must be confirmed by a third party. Such provisions may cause huge practical problems as to what happens when a deal cannot be completed because there has been no confirmation or there has been a delay in the confirmation. The problem is exacerbated in an international setting as confirmation requirements usually vary across jurisdictions and thus may apply differently to different bidders-and this is of course against the fundamental feature of an efficient auction where all bidders should be treated equally. As said in paragraph 6.0 I above, there is a general problem of a private international law nature as to which law is the applicable law when the transactions arc made in one (or no) state, the participants come from many different states, and the o ject put up for auction is located in yet another state (or located only in cyberspace).
Settlement
Authors: Ramberg Christina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is fairly straightforward to design a marketplace where bids are matched. It is quite another matter to create a system whereby performances of obligations of the buyer and seller are settled. A minimalist marketplace may only offer an opportunity for the buyer and seller to meet and conclude the deal. After this, it is up to the parties themselves to settle the transaction. Other marketplaces may offer more extensive services inc1uding the transfer of payment and transfer of title. To a great extent the range of services provided by the marketplace depends on the types of objects put up for auction, ie, it is easier for the Internet market- place to administer the transfer of title when the transactions deal with stocks that are electronically registered than to transfer the title of antique furniture in the sel1er’s physical possession.
Effects of breach and potential breach: exclusion, ratings, And fees
Authors: Ramberg Christina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As has been said many times before in this book, an Internet marketplace is dependent on trust in order to attract liquidity. It is crucial to implement disincentives against individual participants behaving in a way that threatens the trust¬ worthiness of the marketplace. Participants may be denied further access to the marketplace for violating the conditions of sale or membership terms. Before such a draconian sanction is usedt there could be other consequences, such as warning other participants against making a deal with the misbehaving participant (rating or blacklisting) or fees to be paid by the misbehaving participant to the marketplace. Furthermore, the marketplace could require that participants be scrutinized before being accepted in the marketplace.
Promesse De Vente
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
La promesse unilatérale de vente is ‘a contract by which one party undertakes to sell to another but the latter does not bind himself to buy’ (J. Picard, Technique de la vente de l’immeuble (Litec, 1984)). To the English practitioner it is a straightforward option to buy but, as has been said previously, sales of property in some 50 per cent of France are effected through the medium of this kind of contract. It is only on the rarest occasions that it is intended to or does fulfil its true intention as the grant of an option to buy.
Completion
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whatever the nature of the contract to purchase or sell a property may be, the sale will be completed by the signature of an acte de vente which is required primarily for fiscal reasons to be authentique. Its form will vary according to the nature of the premises purchased but in many respects, it follows a recognized pattern. It will be rer,;u by the notaire in whose office completion takes place and there may be present also a second notaire said to be en concurrence if each party has instructed his own notaire.
Intestate Succession
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Law of 3 December 2001 which came into force on 1 July 2002 applies to all deaths after that date. Whilst the major reform to the laws of intestate succession instituted by that Law is in respect of the rights of the surviving spouse, it took the opportunity to make certain other significant changes to the law, not all of which are applicable only to intestacies. The rules as to the order of intestate succession prior to the coming into force of that Law were complex and the order of inheritance was (i) issue, (ii) father, mother, brothers and sisters, (iii) grand parents, (iv) uncles and aunts, and cousins, (v) the surviving spouse.
The Surviving Spouse
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It cannot be without significance that the rules which apply to the inheritance rights of a surviving spouse in an intestacy are to be found in articles in that part of the Code civil dealing with inheritance whilst his or her rights arising by the expressed intention of the deceased spouse by will are to be found in other articles widely separated from the former under the title ‘Dispositions between spouses by marriage contract or during marriage’.
Informal Women’s Groups in Rural Bangladesh: Operation and Outcomes
Authors: Mahmud Simeen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bangladesh is well known for the success of its small-scale, village level groups of rural poor, and of women. The fact that these are so widespread, and so long-standing, is in strong contrast to many other groups discussed in this volume. Their particular combinations of methods and activities also make them unusual. What has made it possible to get these groups together, on a continuing basis, to strengthen the position of the poor, and in particular poor women? This chapter looks at some of the aspects of group operation that help to explain this success. It also looks at links between group operation and outcomes.
Non-market Relationships in Health Care
Authors: Mackintosh Maureen , Gilson Lucy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Do collaborative or co-operative (COOP) non-market relationships within groups generate more equitable outcomes than hierarchical or quasi-market (M) modes of organization? That was one of the questions that motivated the WIDER workshop for which an earlier draft of this paper was prepared. This paper seeks to answer that question, in a reworked form, for the case of health care systems in low and middle income countries. The answer, we argue, is no. COOP is not in itself a force for equity. COOP and hierarchical (P/C) modes of non-market behaviour within and between groups can each be associated with redistributive or regressive health care systems.
The Case of Indigenous NGOs in Uganda’s Health Sector
Authors: Lorgen Christy Cannon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that Ugandan NGOs operating in the health sector are experiencing contradictions between two modes of operation, M and COOP modes, which are shaped both by the external and internal environment for NGOs. The internal environment refers to the NGO’s own ways of working, relationships within the NGO, and the techniques and language used by the staff The external environment for NGOs indicates the influence of other actors, particularly the donors which fund NGOs and the governments which regulate them. Changes in these environments have tended to highlight the contradictions between M and COOP modes; these contradictions create tensions within the NGOs.