bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunophenotypic analysis of HIV‐infected children: Alterations within the first year of life, changes with disease progression, and longitudinal analyses of lymphocyte subsets
Authors: McCloskey Thomas W. , Kohn Nina , Lesser Martin , Bakshi Saroj , Pahwa Savita 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPerinatal infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in tremendous activation of the pediatric immune system. An important component of understanding the pathogenesis of this disease is to characterize and quantify antigenic indicators of activation within the peripheral lymphocyte population. We measured T‐lymphocyte activation and maturation antigens in a cohort of 112 HIV‐infected children treated with antiretroviral therapy according to the current standard of care. Changes in expression of CD95, HLA‐DR, and CD45RO were evident in 22 HIV‐infected children younger than 1 year of age. A comparison of phenotypic profiles of children in mild, moderate, and severe immune categories revealed perturbations of CD28, CD38, CD45RA, CD45RO, CD95, and HLA‐DR. Finally, a novel analysis of 56 HIV‐infected children based on the repeated collection of data over time (median of seven observations over 33 months) demonstrated a strong negative correlation between the percentage CD4 and the percentage of CD45RO, CD95, and HLA‐DR on both CD4 and CD8 cells. Our data implicate persistent immune activation, beginning within the first year of life, as a major driving force in the pathogenesis of perinatally acquired HIV disease. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:157–165, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 3p25–26 in primary and metastatic ovarian clear‐cell carcinoma: Utilization of microdissection and polymerase chain reaction in archival tissues
Authors: Simsir Aylin , Palacios Diana , Linehan W. Marston , Merino Maria J. , Abati Andrea 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLoss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the 3p region is found in up to 50% of epithelial ovarian neoplasms. The von Hippel‐Lindau (VHL) gene at the 3p25 locus is one of the tumor‐suppressor genes located at 3p. The role, if any, of the VHL gene locus is not clear in ovarian carcinogenesis. We analyzed primary and metastatic ovarian clear‐cell carcinomas (OCCC) for LOH at 3p25 to determine its frequency and its diagnostic utility as an adjunctive tool in the differential diagnosis of metastatic clear‐cell carcinomas. Microdissection followed by single‐step DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, using two polymorphic markers flanking the VHL gene locus, was done on archival histology and cytology samples from 9 patients with metastatic OCCC. Of the informative cases, 43% of the metastatic and 50% of the primary OCCC showed LOH. LOH at the VHL gene locus is not uncommon in clear‐cell ovarian carcinoma. LOH at 3p25 in cytologic specimens may be a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of OCCC metastasis in cytologically equivocal cases. OCCC should enter the differential in clear‐cell carcinomas of unknown primary that show LOH at 3p25. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:328–332, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lipid‐lowering effects of the squalene epoxidase inhibitor FR194738 in dogs, hamsters, and rats
Authors: Sawada Masae , Matsuo Masahiko , Hagihara Hiroyuki , Seki Jiro , Goto Toshio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSqualene epoxidase is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of squalene to 2,3‐oxidosqualene and is an important control site in the cholesterol synthetic pathway. FR194738 is a potent inhibitor of hepatic squalene epoxidase from dogs, hamsters, and rats with IC50 values of 49, 14, and 68 nM, respectively. In dogs, FR194738 at 10 and 32 mg/kg/day decreased serum total cholesterol levels by 26% and 40%, and serum triglyceride levels by 47% and 76%, respectively. Pravastatin, an inhibitor of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, at 3.2 and 10 mg/kg/day also decreased serum total cholesterol levels by 32% and 36%, and serum triglyceride levels by 56% and 50%, respectively. Both FR194738 and pravastatin preferentially decreased low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among the lipoprotein fractions examined. In hamsters, FR194738 decreased serum total cholesterol levels by 22% and led to a decrease in serum triglyceride levels of 9% at 100 mg/kg/day, whereas pravastatin did not decrease total serum cholesterol levels up to 100 mg/kg/day even though it decreased serum triglyceride levels at doses as low as 3.2 mg/kg/day. In rats, both FR194738 and pravastatin failed to decrease total serum cholesterol levels up to 100 mg/kg/day. FR194738 dose‐dependently decreased serum triglyceride levels by 30%, 41%, and 65% at 10, 32, and 100 mg/kg/day, respectively, whereas pravastatin decreased them only by 19% at 100 mg/kg/day. These results clearly showed a species difference in cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism, and suggest that dogs are the most appropriate animal model for evaluating hypocholesterolemic drugs. FR194738 that induced comparable effects with pravastatin in the dog model may provide another treatment for hypercholesterolemia in men. Drug Dev. Res. 54:202–208, 2001. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenosine A1 and A3 receptors: Distinct cardioprotection
Authors: Liang Bruce T. , Stewart Douglas , Jacobson Kenneth A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAdenosine is released in large amounts during myocardial ischemia and exerts potent cardioprotective effects in the heart. Although these observations on adenosine have been known for a long time, how adenosine acts to achieve its antiischemic effect remains incompletely understood. Recent advances in the chemistry and pharmacology of adenosine receptor ligands have provided important and novel information on the function of adenosine receptor subtypes in the cardiovascular system. The development of model systems for the cardiac actions of adenosine has yielded important insights into its mechanism of action and have begun to elucidate the sequence of signaling events from receptor activation to the actual exertion of its cardioprotective effect. The goal of the current article is to review recent advances on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate the cardiac actions of adenosine and to show the cardioprotective effect of novel adenosine ligands. Drug Dev. Res. 52:366–378, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preclinical abuse potential assessment of the anticonvulsant zonisamide
Authors: Wiley Jenny L. , Patrick Graham A. , Dance Mario E. , Meyer Kathleen B. , Balster Robert L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractZonisamide (Zonegran®) is a broad‐spectrum antiepileptic agent that shares some pharmacological properties with other anticonvulsants, including phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproic acid, but is differentiated from these agents by the ability to significantly block T‐type calcium channels. Zonisamide interacts with the γ‐amino‐butyric acid (GABA) receptor in an allosteric manner, and thus does not modulate GABA receptor effects. However, given the potential of drugs within the latter class for drug abuse in humans, an evaluation of zonisamide for abuse potential is an important component of its potential side‐effect profile. In the present study, zonisamide was tested in animal models of the subjective and reinforcing effects of central nervous system (CNS) depressant drugs, e.g., diazepam discrimination in rats and intravenous self‐administration in rhesus monkeys, respectively. In addition, zonisamide was evaluated for physical dependence liability in a chronic infusion model using rats. Zonisamide did not substitute for diazepam in rats trained to discriminate 2.5‐mg/kg diazepam from vehicle nor was it self‐administered by rhesus monkeys experienced in methohexital‐reinforced responding. Continuous infusion of zonisamide (400 or 600 mg/kg/day) did not prevent the loss of body weight associated with discontinued pentobarbital infusion. These doses of zonisamide did produce some incomplete attenuation of observable signs of pentobarbital withdrawal, likely due to direct sedative or depressant effects of these high doses. These results suggest that zonisamide would not produce diazepam‐like intoxication in humans nor would it likely be subject to abuse when made more widely available. Further, when administered chronically, zonisamide would not be expected to produce physical dependence of the CNS depressant type. Taken together, these results support the prediction that zonisamide would have low abuse liability. Drug Dev. Res. 54:66–74, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Minimum duration of reactivation at 3 months of age
Authors: Joh A. , Sweeney B. , Rovee‐Collier C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBriefly exposing subjects to an isolated component of an event after they have forgotten can reactivate their memory of it, leading to renewed retention on an ensuing test. In two experiments with forty‐eight 3‐month‐old infants, we asked what minimum duration of a reactivation treatment could recover their forgotten memory of an operant mobile task and whether the minimum duration was affected by how long the memory was forgotten. In Experiment 1, the minimum duration for reactivating the memory 1 week after forgetting was 120 s—substantially longer than the minimum duration required for reactivation at 6 months after the same relative delay. In Experiment 2, the minimum effective duration for reactivation increased linearly with the time since forgetting, from 7.5 s after 1 day to 180 s after 3 weeks. This study reveals that the duration of an effective memory prime is directly related to age and to memory accessibility. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 23–32, 2002
Molecular cloning, expression analysis, and functional characterization of connexin44.1: A zebrafish lens gap junction protein
Authors: Cason Nicola , White Thomas W. , Cheng Shaohong , Goodenough Daniel A. , Valdimarsson Gunnar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe connexin family of genes codes for proteins that oligomerize into a connexon of six subunits to form one half of the gap junction channel. Gap junctions are plasma membrane structures that mediate intercellular communication by joining the cytoplasm of two cells, allowing the passage of small molecules and metabolites, and contributing significantly to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. The signaling mediated by these junctions appears to be necessary for the correct timing of key developmental events. This communication is especially important in the avascular lens where the intercellular passage of metabolites, second messengers, and ions is necessary to maintain the correct ionic balance in the lens fibre cells, and prevent cataract formation. To characterize the role that the connexin genes play in development, a novel connexin was cloned from zebrafish. A genomic clone was isolated that contained a 1,173 base open reading frame. The nucleotide sequence in this open reading frame shows extensive sequence similarity to mouse connexin50 (Cx50), chicken Cx45.6, sheep Cx49, and human Cx50. The protein encoded by this open reading frame contains 391 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight of 44.1 kDa and a typical connexin transmembrane topology. By using the LN54 radiation hybrid panel, the Cx44.1 gene was mapped to linkage group 1. Whole‐mount in situ hybridization and Northern blot analyses were performed on zebrafish embryos at various developmental stages to characterize the developmental expression of the Cx44.1 message. The ocular lens was the only tissue in which Cx44.1 transcripts were detected. The transcripts were first detected in the lens around 24 hr post fertilization and remained detectable until 120 hr post fertilization. Electrophysiological analysis of Cx44.1 channels revealed gating properties that were virtually identical to the mouse and chicken orthologues of Cx44.1. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the relation of flexible and rigid control of eating to body mass index and overeating in patients with binge eating disorder
Authors: Masheb Robin M. , Grilo Carlos M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the relationship of flexible and rigid dimensions of restrained eating to body mass index (BMI) and overeating in outpatients with binge eating disorder (BED).MethodParticipants were 148 consecutive outpatients who met criteria for BED. The Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) was administered to assess Cognitive Restraint, Hunger, and Disinhibition. The TFEQ also contains two Cognitive Restraint subscales — Flexible Control and Rigid Control. The Eating Disorder Examination‐Questionnaire version (EDE‐Q) was administered to assess frequency of different forms of overeating during the past 28 days and the attitudinal features of eating disorders.ResultsFlexible Control and Rigid Control were significantly correlated with each other. They were both negatively correlated with BMI, but neither was significantly correlated with the frequency of binge eating or other forms of overeating. In addition, Flexible Control and Rigid Control predicted almost the same amount of variance in BMI.DiscussionBED patients exhibit flexible and rigid control of eating that is related to BMI, but not to the frequency of binge eating or other forms of overeating. Results of the present study provide preliminary evidence that flexible and rigid control of eating may not be a useful distinction in BED patients. However, increased restraint, regardless of type, may prove to be of benefit with regard to weight control and may not have adverse effects on binge eating in obese BED patients. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 82–91, 2002.
Schema avoidance in bulimic and non–eating‐disordered women
Authors: Spranger Sonja C. , Waller Glenn , Bryant‐Waugh Rachel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveModels of bulimia lack a clear conceptualization of avoidance. This study considers the role of different domains of schema avoidance in bulimic disorders and examines the association of scores on the Young‐Rygh Avoidance Inventory (YRAI) with bulimic pathology.MethodsA total of 19 bulimic and 74 comparison women completed the YRAI and a measure of bulimic psychopathology.ResultsBulimics scored significantly higher than the nonclinical women did on all YRAI scales. Greater reported use of avoidance was positively associated with bulimic attitudes, but only among the comparison group. At a dimensional level, behavioral/somatic avoidance was more strongly associated with bulimic pathology than cognitive/emotional avoidance, but the same was not true when differentiating groups.ConclusionsThe YRAI is a robust measure of different domains of schema avoidance in understanding bulimic psychopathology. Clinically, the YRAI might be used to guide treatment for bulimic disorders. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 302–306, 2001.
Food presentation and energy intake in a feeding laboratory study of subjects with binge eating disorder
Authors: Gosnell Blake A. , Mitchell James E. , Lancaster Kathryn L. , Burgard Melissa A. , Wonderlich Steve A. , Crosby Ross D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the number of foods presented and the amount of food presented on overeating or binge eating behavior in obese subjects with and without binge eating disorder (BED).MethodTen subjects (5 BED, 5 non‐BED), male and female, aged 18–65, participated. Their body weight was ≥130% of their ideal body weight (IBW). They were evaluated in a feeding laboratory setting on four occasions when they were presented with (a) either one or two binge foods presented in (b) either two or four times the amount of their self‐reported usual intake during a binge/overeating episode. Measurement included energy intake and self‐recorded measures of hunger, fullness, anxiety, and depression.ResultsThe results indicated that the number and amount of food presented influenced significantly the amount of food consumed. Although subjects with BED tended to eat more than the non‐BED obese, the differences did not reach statistical significance.DiscussionThe results have implications for the interpretation of results obtained in feeding laboratory settings, suggesting that attention needs to be given to both the number and amount of foods presented because both variables have an impact on the amount of food eaten during overeating or binge eating episodes. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 441–446, 2001.
Generation of physical random digits using diode noise and its statistical properties
Authors: Kishimoto Shunsuke , Fukue Masuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study deals with a method of random number generation using hardware as a source of random signals. The random signals are produced by shot noise generated by a Zener diode and are converted into sequences of high‐quality random numbers. The proposed method is an improvement compared to conventional hardware‐based methods due to the fact that randomness of generated numbers is not affected by irregular performance characteristics of the hardware. This new method was verified by generating approximately 1.2 × 109 decimal random integers and by testing such characteristics of the generated random number sequences as their uniformity and independence by statistical methods. Results of the verification confirmed that characteristics of the random sequences obtained by this method were most satisfactory. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(11): 29–36, 2001
Enlargement of digital images by using multi‐neural networks
Authors: Sekiwa Daisuke , Taguchi Akira 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the enlargement of a digital image, it is required to estimate the high‐frequency components, which were lost in sampling. As a method of meeting this requirement, the authors have proposed an image enlargement method using a high‐resolution neural network (NN). The high‐resolution neural network provided excellent results of image enlargement. There remained, however, the following two problems. (1) When the image is enlarged by the high‐resolution NN, artifacts are produced in the smooth region of the enlarged image when the magnification ratio is increased as 4, 8, . . . . (2) There is a variation of approximately 10% in the accuracy of the enlarged result, depending on the kind of image used in the training of the high‐resolution NN. In order to cope with such problems, this paper newly proposes the high‐resolution multi‐neural network (MNN), which is based on the local variance. The training procedure is shown. In the high‐resolution MNN, two NN are used, corresponding to the region with a rapid change (high local variance) and the region requiring a smooth interpolation (low local variance), in the image for which resolution improvement is required. The weighted sum of the two NN outputs is defined as the result of enlargement. It is shown through application examples that the two problems in the high‐resolution NN are remedied by using the high‐resolution MNN. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(11): 61–69, 2001
Dynamical analysis of the Wake–Sleep algorithm
Authors: Shimasaki Seiichi , Kabashima Yoshiyuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe employ statistical dynamics to study the convergence of the Wake–Sleep (W‐S) algorithm, which is a learning algorithm for neural network models having hidden units. Although there have been several reports on the effectiveness of the W‐S algorithm based on experimental methods, the theoretical side is not clear even for a simple network. In this paper, we investigate the dynamic characteristics of the W‐S algorithm expressed by a single factor analysis problem, which is the simplest state setting. The advantage of our approach is the ability to quantitatively evaluate the effect that the learning coefficients have on the convergence, which is difficult when using other methods. The result was that the settings of the learning coefficients, particularly in the Sleep step, had a substantial effect on the convergence of the algorithm. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(1): 41–49, 2002
Multilayered transformer utilizing Mn‐Zn ferrite and its application to a forward‐type DC–DC converter
Authors: Sato Toshiro , Yokoyama Hironori , Yamasawa Kiyohito , Toya Kazumi , Kobayashi Shigeru , Minamisawa Toshitaka 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes the electrical characteristics of a multilayered transformer composed of a Mn‐Zn ferrite core, and primary and secondary conductors positioned alternately not only in the vertical direction but also in the horizontal direction. In order to elucidate the operating characteristics of the two types of transformers, one was given the conventional planar winding structure and the other the new winding structure described above, and a two‐dimensional finite element method that took account of the two conditions and a constant input voltage and load current was introduced. The coupling coefficient of the conventional multilayered transformer deteriorated with increasing load current. But the coupling coefficient of the proposed multilayered transformer was independent of the load current. A forward‐type DC–DC converter using the new multilayered transformer had higher efficiency than a converter using the conventional multilayered transformer. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(4): 1–8, 2001
Design guidelines of a flux‐lock superconducting fault current limiter with ac magnetic field coil for a 6.6‐kV distribution system
Authors: Guo Yu‐Hung , Yokomizu Yasunobu , Matsumura Toshiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have proposed a new type of fault current limiter, which consists of a flux‐lock reactor with high‐Tc superconducting (HTS) elements and an ac magnetic field coil (Flux‐Lock‐Type Fault Current Limiter: FLT‐FCL). The FLT‐FCL can increase both the current capacity and the limiting impedance by means of a transformer action and an ac magnetic field application mechanism. This paper reports the conceptual design of an FLT‐FCL for application to a 6.6‐kV/200‐A distribution system. Theoretical expressions for the current limiting behavior are derived and the new concept of “quench power” is proposed in order to estimate the required number of HTS elements for two types of FLT‐FCL and for a basic FCL type consisting only of HTS elements. Design guidelines for the FLT‐FCL are derived from the calculation results. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(4): 17–25, 2001
A mathematical programming approach to service restoration for distribution systems
Authors: Nagata Takeshi , Jin Jun , Hatakeyama Syuichi , Sasaki Hiroshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper aims to develop a suitable power system restoration method by using mathematical programming (MP). Generally, the problem of determining the target configuration can be formulated as a mixed integer programming (MIP) problem. Whether or not each branch is included in a target system is expressed as a 0–1 variable, while the other constraints such as the demand and supply balance conditions are formulated in terms of continuous variables. Although an MP‐based method can obtain an optimal solution under specified operational constraints, in the case of large‐scale problems the solution time often exceeds the computation time that is practically available due to combinatorial explosion. The object of this paper is to develop an efficient solution algorithm for service restoration in distribution systems. First, an MIP problem is solved to determine the sound network configuration that maximizes the available power to the out‐of‐service area, then an MIP problem is solved to determine the target configuration for the out‐of‐service network. The proposed method has been applied to distribution system restoration problems, and simulation results demonstrate its effectiveness. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(4): 35–42, 2001