bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontology, Evidence, and Philosophical Questions
Authors: Moser Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Plato and Aristotle, philosophers have pursued ‘what is X?’ questions. What is knowledge? What is meaning? What is being? What is causation? What is free will? What is justice? And so on. What, if anything, is the main point of such questions? This chapter examines the philosophical significance of ‘what is X?’ questions in the light of traditional philosophical essential ism. It examines two competing approaches to essences-realist and conceptualist approaches-and an influential Aristotelian approach to ‘what is X?’ questions.
Justification, Meta-Epistemology, and Meaning
Authors: Moser Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conclusions in chapter 1 about non-questionbegging reasons for ontological truth-claims concern epistemic, or evidential, justification: the kind of justification appropriate to propositional knowledge. The conditional ontological agnosticism of chapter 1 gives rise to questions about the adequacy of the justificational standards, or principles, philosophers use to “justify” various philosophical views, including realism and idealism. Are those standards themselves adequate to achieve the epistemic ends for which they are formulated? If so, in virtue of what? This chapter pursues these questions. It identifies some epistemological dilemmas that require attention to meta-epistemology, or the epistemology of epistemology.
Scaling and Invariants in Cardiovascular Biology
Authors: Li John K-J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The optimal design features of the mammalian cardiovascular system have been marveled at by us Homo sapiens for many decades. The complexity of the control aspects of the circulatory function has been unraveled only recently, but to a somewhat limited extent. The complexity arises from the constant biological transformations that reflect structural adaptations to functional demands. Across mammalian species, this complexity can be better appreciated from the beat-to-beat dynamic performance of the heart and its interaction with the vascular system. The complexity can be substantially reduced when appropriate biological scaling laws are imposed and relevant invariant features are identified across species.
Introduction
Authors: Lange Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are accustomed to thinking of the universe as governed by various “laws of nature” and of science as aiming to discover these laws. What is it that science thereby aims to discover? What is it for there to be a certain “law of nature”? I approach these questions by examining scientific practice—in particular, the special roles played in science by beliefs about the laws (I introduce these roles in section 2 below).
Moral Agency, Consciousness, and The Concept of the Individual
Authors: Antonaccio Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In her last and widest-ranging philosophical work, Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals, Murdoch writes that “consciousness or self-being [is] the fundamental mode or form of moral being.”1 Morality is inseparable, in other words, from the activity of a thinking, evaluating consciousness whose inner reflection forms much of the substance of moral activity. This claim about consciousness runs against the stream of voluntaristic forms of ethics since Kant, which identify the will as the center of human moral being and the source of value-creating power. More specifically, Murdoch’s theory of consciousness brings together two things that have been severed in post-Kantian ethics: knowledge and morality, or cognition and value. The disjunction between these represents at the level of moral psychology the theoretical disjunction between fact and value represented in the debate over naturalism in Chapter 2.
The Idea of the Good and the Transformation of Agency
Authors: Antonaccio Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My principal aim in the last chapter was to present Murdoch’s defense of a notion of consciousness as central to morality and to the idea of the individual. In doing so, I sought to establish the fundamental correlation in Murdoch’s thought between the notion of the self or consciousness and the idea of the good. This analysis raised important and unanswered questions, however, about the content of the notion of value that Murdoch believes is inherent in consciousness, and what kind of freedom is affirmed in her theory of moral knowledge and agency. The present chapter shows how Murdoch’s theory of the good attempts to answer these questions.
Conclusions
Authors: Pietersma Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this study I have used realism not only as a background against which I project my interpretations but also as a partner in the discussion of the various phenomenological epistemologies. Contemporary followers of the philosophers under discussion may object to my introduction of realism because they are of the opinion that phenomenology has deprived the controversy about realism and antirealism (or idealism) of its philosophical significance. This opinion is already fairly old, for when I studied in Louvain in the late 1950s, the important interpreter of Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty, Alphonse de Waelhens, already said to us that phenomenology is a position beyond realism and idealism, an opinion that made a great impression on me at the time. As a matter of fact, passages to this effect may be found in all three philosophers we have studied. Although I discussed the issues in chapter I, in view of the importance I have assigned to the controversy between phenomenology and realism, it is well to return to it in conclusion.
The Machine in the Garden
Authors: Marx Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For over four decades, Leo Marx’s work has focused on the relationship between technology and culture in 19th- and 20th-century America. His research helped to define—and continues to give depth to—the area of American studies concerned with the links between scientific and technological advances, and the way society and culture both determine these links. The Machine in the Garden fully examines the difference between the “pastoral” and “progressive” ideals which characterized early 19th-century American culture, and which ultimately evolved into the basis for much of the environmental and nuclear debates of contemporary society. This new edition is appearing in celebration of the 35th anniversary of Marx’s classic text. It features a new afterword by the author on the process of writing this pioneering book, a work that all but founded the discipline now called American Studies.
Shakespeare’s American Fable
Authors: Marx Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the connections between The Tempest and America are well known. We know, for one thing, that Shakespeare wrote the play three or possibly four years after the first permanent colony had been established at Jamestown in 1607. At the time ail of England was in a state of excitement about events across the Atlantic. Of course, the play is not in any literal sense about America; although Shakespeare is nowhere explicit about the location of the “uninhabited island,” so far as he allows us to guess it lies somewhere in the Mediterranean off the coast of Africa.
The Garden
Authors: Marx Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Shakespeare and his contemporaries had thought about the unspoiled terrain of the New World as a possible setting for a pastoral utopia, a fully articulated pastoral idea of America did not emerge until the end of the eighteenth century. The story of its emergence illustrates the turning of an essentially literary device to ideological or (using the word in its extended sense) political uses. By 1785, when Jefferson issued Notes on Virginia, the pastoral ideal had been “removed” from the literary mode to which it traditionally had belonged and applied to reality.
The Machine
Authors: Marx Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his Life of Johnson Boswell describes the moment when he first recognized the significance of the new technology. In March 1776, he visited Matthew Boulton’s great Soho works where a steam engine was in production. The “very ingenious proprietor” himself was his guide. “I wish,” Boswell writes, “that Johnson had been with us: for it was a scene which I should have been glad to contemplate by his light. The vastness and the contrivance of some of the machinery would have ‘matched his mighty mind.’”
Why I Write... and How I Write
Authors: Maimonides Moses 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon, 1135–1204) was born into an eminent Spanish rabbinical family. When Cordova was conquered by an Islamic sect, the family first fled to Morocco and then, in 1165, to Egypt. While remaining the head of the Jewish community in Cairo, Maimonides became a physician and eventually the personal physician of the Vizier of Saladin. Among his ten treatises of medicine, his Regimen of Health is extended discussion of preventive medicine. He wrote texts on logic but also published commentaries on the Talmud (Commentary on the Mishnah), on the 613 biblical commandments (The Book of Commandments), and a codiffication of Jewish law (the Mishneh Torah). Like his other treatises, his major philosophic work, The Guide for the Perplexed (c. 1190), was originally written in Arabic but soon translated into Hebrew and then Latin. Although he knew Aristotle only indirectly through his reading of Al-Farabi and Avicenna, Maimonides used Aristotelian philosophy to attack astrology and naive literal readings of biblical texts, many of which he interpreted as anthropomorphic expressions of a more profound, systematically developed metaphysical and theological system. The Guide treats a wide range of topics: the creation, the divine attributes, Providence and responsibility, the independent rationality of Jewish law. The work exhibits and articulates an elaborate theory of language, which licenses polysemous writing directed to different audiences with different levels of understanding.
The Many Faces of an Author
Authors: Kierkegaard Søren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intending to become a pastor, Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) studied theology at the University of Copenhagen. When he became estranged from the established Lutheran Church of Denmark, he abandoned that ambition. After scandalizing Copenhagen society by abruptly breaking his engagement to the daughter of a high-ranking civil servant, he presented himself as an extravagant and dissolute young man about town. As he found himself increasingly absorbed in his philosophic work, he retreated from society and became an eccentric recluse. Many of his books were written in a variety of pseudonyms, each in a distinctive style, suited to represent a particular perspectival point of view. In Either/Or: A Fragment of Life (1843) he described three modes of existence: that of an aesthete, a Don Juan of experience, absorbed in the appreciation of the pleasures of the present moment; that of a Kantian moralist, focused on the duties of a consistently unifiedlife; and that of a simple, sincere Christian, an authentic man of faith. In Concluding Un\scientific Postscript (1846), Kierkegaard contrasts “naturalized or rationalized religion” that connects religion with ethical life and establishes an unproblematic relation to divinity, with “transcendent” religion that finds faith unreachable by reason. Fear and Trembling (1843) and Sickness unto Death (1844) portray the haunting sense of uncertainty, anxiety and despair of the religious person who no longer believes in a rational account of the relation between God and humankind. Philosophic Fragments (1844) develops Kierkegaard’s version of Plato’s paradox: if we intuitively grasp the truths of religion, we seem not to need revelation or the mediation of Christ the Teacher? If we do not, we cannot understand revealed truth. Unlike Plato, Kierkegaard refuses to resolve the paradox.
Overcoming My Life
Authors: Nietzsche Friedrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) was educated as a classical philologist at Bonn and Leipzig. Until he resigned in 1879 for reasons of ill health, he was a professor of classics at the University of Basel. Strongly influenced by Schopenhauer and Wagner, he wrote a scathing attack on what he saw as the rationalism of Socratic and Platonic philosophy, (The Birth of Tragedy, 1872). After celebrating unfettered artistic creativity in Richard Wagner in Bayreuth (1876), he turned against (what he came to see as) Wagner’s Teutonic-Germanic megalomania, and began writing increasingly antiphilosophic aphorisms and perspectival thought experiments: Thus Spake Zarathustra (1883–1885), Beyond Good and Evil (1886), The Genealogy of Morals (1887), The Twilight of the Idols (1889), and Ecce Homo (1908). The Will to Power was published posthumously. Like Schopenhauer, Nietzsche held that the will to power is the fundamental organic metaphysical force. His reconstructed genealogical history of morality traces transformations in the expression of that will, substituting the opposition of “good and evil” for the ancient Greek contrast between stellar and defective examples of the species. Archaic Greek heroes are described as joyous, free, and independent, bent on achieving excellence. By contrast, Nietzsche sees the inferior examples of the species are passive and debilitated, further scarred by their animus and resentment. The weak unite to form a resentful herd, moving to self-righteousness as their de-based forms of power. Swayed by the poetic magic of prophets and priests, the weak lure the strong and free to the mysteries of religion; in their turn, sovereigns and judges subject them to the restrictions of law; the sanctimonious then bind them to the obligations of morality, and finally, scholars subdue them to the awe of knowledge.
From Absolutism to Experimentalism
Authors: Dewey John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before going to Johns Hopkins for graduate work, John Dewey (1859–1952) took a degree from the University of Vermont and taught high school. Influenced by his studies with Peirce, Stanley Hall, and G. S. Morris, he gave his Hegelian interests—the resolution of apparent experiential and conceptual conflicts in the constructive and constitutive activity of thought—a naturalistic and pragmatic twist. After teaching psychology and philosophy at the University of Michigan, he and George Herbert Mead moved to the University of Chicago, where their interdisciplinary work in pragmatic philosophy, psychology, and education led them to found an experimental elementary school. Dewey’s influential How We Think (1910) and Democracy and Education (1916) developed a comprehensive theory of education that incorporated some of Peirce’s epistemology, James’ functionalist psychology, and Mead’s social psychology. After going to Columbia University in 1904, Dewey turned his attention to the logic of inquiry (Essays in Experimental Logic (1916) and Logic: The Theory of Inquiry (1938) treat inquiry as an instrumental activity directed to the resolution of experienced conflict. His philosophic scope included epistemology and metaphysics: Human Nature and Conduct (1922), Experience and Nature (1925). His naturalism extended to value theory: Art and Experience (1934), A Common Faith (1934), and Theory of Valuation (1939).
My Way to Phenomenology
Authors: Heidegger Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before going to the University of Freiburg to study mathematics and philosophy, Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) attended a Jesuit seminary. At Freiburg, he worked with Husserl, who introduced him to phenomenology. In his first major book, Being and Time (1927), he followed Nietzsche and Kierkegaard in attempting to revise—and reverse—the history of philosophy, returning it to (what he took to be) its pre-Socratic mode. The question, “in what does the being of things that exist consist?,” was to take a new turn. Although there is hardly a work of philosophy that is more abstract, more densely populated with technical neologisms, Heidegger undertook to return “fallen,” logocentric man back to the existential anxiety of the experience of finitude, his realization of his “nothingness,” his “being-towards-death.” Lured by science and technology, modern man has lost touch with the “everydayness” of existence, with “the Beingness of being, the ground... the clearing... in which existence reveals itself.” Although every person is “thrown” into a specific time and condition, we define ourselves by questioning the meaning of our own existence.
Zhuangzi: Discriminating about Discriminating
Authors: Hansen Chad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zhuangzi floats over the landscape of Chinese thought like a philosophical phantom shrouded in a self-created mist of elusive style and analytical skepticism. He defies us to interpret his critique of interpretation. There is always room for disagreement and I will claim my share. My account will diverge fundamentally from the ruling interpretive theory.
Xunzi: Pragmatic Confucianism
Authors: Hansen Chad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Xunzi figures centrally in the shift from the classical to the imperial culture. He produced a version of Confucianism that could be a minion of imperial rulers and an ideology for totalitarianism. He lived near the end of the Warring States period and studied and taught at the Jixia academy. Supported by the dominant state of Qi, the academy had become firmly established as a center of political and philosophical discourse. Xunzi became a teacher in that academy and a spokesman for the non-Mencian wing of Confucianism.3 He criticizes and addresses more philosophical positions by name than any earlier philosopher. Much of his thinking focuses on how different doctrines emerge from people’s biases—and why Confucian biases are not biased.
Signal Theory and the Language of Communication
Authors: Greenfield Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To many an observer, chemical, mechanical, and visual signaling may appear as vastly different phenomena, processes that share few mechanistic features. Nonetheless, all three are involved in transferring information between individuals, and to accomplish this transfer they must often be capable of transmission over substantial distances in reasonably brief time intervals. They must also avoid significant alteration by the environment in the course of their transmission. Thus, a unified body of theory that can focus on these commonalities would be most helpful. Here, principles borrowed from the branch of engineering formally known as signal, or signal detection, theory have proven useful for describing certain fundamental aspects of animal communication and comparing communication in its various modalities. In this chapter I introduce those abstract constructs of signal theory that are applicable to the signals that animals transmit and that can improve our understanding of the ways in which animal signals function. I also introduce the basic terminology, the language of animal communication, used throughout the book.
Dealing with Constipation, Diarrhea, Nausea, and Vomiting
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain is not the only factor that can take its toll on a patient’s quality of life. Side effects from radiation, surgery, chemotherapy, and other medications, as well as other ailments resulting from cancer, can cause significant discomfort. Just as the pain of cancer can be well controlled when treated aggressively, most of these symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation, can also be effectively managed. As with pain, families shouldn’t ever assume that these unpleasant symptoms are inevitable and must be tolerated. When a family reports these symptoms as problematic, few doctors will say, “I give up; there is nothing I can do.” Time-tested remedies are available for many of these symptoms, as are new treatments for problems that persist. Effective treatment may be simple or complex, but regardless, cooperation and communication between patient and doctor are as important here as they are to achieve adequate pain control. To ensure a cancer patient the best quality of life possible, the same careful attention needed to control pain should be applied to address other symptoms and sources of discomfort.
Mind-Body Approaches to Easing Pain
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we’ve discussed how doctors ease the pain and discomfort of cancer by drawing from an arsenal of drug therapies and medical treatments. But limiting our focus to treatment of the body neglects the very powerful influence of the mind on the body. In recent years, more and more Western physicians in almost all fields of medicine are recognizing that the mind and body are not two separate entities but integral parts of the whole body system. Physical illness, the immune system, and the mind are all, in fact, intimately connected, and as we’ll see, many studies are showing how feelings, thoughts, attitudes, and behavior can all have powerful and pivotal influences on well-being, health, illness, and pain.
Dealing with Feelings
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finding out you or a loved one has cancer is a shock and usually signals a major crisis. For most people, the biggest terror is that the diagnosis is a death sentence, which of course it is not. But it is a vivid reminder of our mortality and is a very real threat to our security and all we take for granted. Understandably, a diagnosis of cancer will throw most people into a psychological tailspin as they begin the process of coping with the news. Most of us regard ourselves as fit, healthy, and whole persons with a past and a future. Even if we have had some chronic illness, once we adjust to it we still tend to maintain a healthy self-image. Unexpected news of cancer causes doubt and uncertainty and suddenly threatens all of the things we relied on as being dependable and certain.
Passionate Women and Unruly Novels
Authors: Mudg Bradford K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since her Works had neither Wit enough for a Man, nor Modesty enough for a Woman, [Aphra Behn] was to be look’d upon as an Hermaphrodite, & consequently not fit to enjoy the benefits & Privileges of either Sex, much less of this Society. —A Session of Poets (ca. 1688) What a Pox have Women to do with the Muses? I grant you the poets call the Nine Muses by the names of Women, but why so? not because the Sex has anything to do with Poetry, but because in that Sex they’re much fitter for prostitutes.
The Advance of the Microbes
Authors: Harold Franklin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I love natural history museums, and best of all that grande dame on New York City’s Central Park West, the American Museum of Natural History. Fifty years ago, its dim and dowdy halls furnished a comfort zone for this young immigrant, unsure of himself and of this vast strange land full of opportunities and terrors. The museum’s new incarnation, splendidly refurbished, still feels like home. Its exhibits kindled an early interest in life’s history, and my understanding of evolution is drawn largely from the writings of scholars attached to this museum and others elsewhere. I regret only that more than three quarters of that history does not lend itself to public display, for it is wholly the record of microbial life. (Fig. 8.1)
The Second Step: Making a Nonuniform Universe
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primordial event led to a uniform sea of particles and photons fiying apart, with the whole system heading for a low-density heat-death of the universe as was predicted by Rudolph Clausius’s version of the second law of thermodynamics formulated in the mid-1800s. But as we look around, we see that a uniform expansion is clearly not what happened. For example, we are here. We gaze on the heavens today by eye and scan the sky by instruments and see innumerable stars, galaxies, galactic clusters, quasars, pulsars, and other celestial entities.