bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mesocosm experiments on nutrient and fish effects on shallow lake food webs in a Mediterranean climate
Authors: Romo Susana , Miracle María R. , Villena María‐José , Rueda Juan , Ferriol Carmen , Vicente Eduardo 
Published: November 2004

Summary1. Nutrient and fish manipulations in mesocosms were carried out on food‐web interactions in a Mediterranean shallow lake in south‐east Spain. Nutrients controlled biomass of phytoplankton and periphyton, while zooplankton, regulated by planktivorous fish, influenced the relative percentages of the dominant phytoplankton species.2. Phytoplankton species diversity decreased with increasing nutrient concentration and planktivorous fish density. Cyanobacteria grew well in both turbid and clear‐water states.3. Planktivorous fish increased concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). Larger zooplankters (mostly Ceriodaphnia and copepods) were significantly reduced when fish were present, whereas rotifers increased, after fish removal of cyclopoid predators and other filter feeders (cladocerans, nauplii). The greatest biomass and diversity of zooplankton was found at intermediate nutrient levels, in mesocosms without fish and in the presence of macrophytes.4. Water level decrease improved underwater light conditions and favoured macrophyte persistence. Submerged macrophytes (Chara spp.) outcompeted algae up to an experimental nutrient loading equivalent to added concentrations of 0.06 mg L−1 PO4‐P and 0.6 mg L−1 NO3‐N, above which an exponential increase in periphyton biomass and algal turbidity caused characean biomass to decline.5. Declining water levels during summer favoured plant‐associated rotifer species and chroococcal cyanobacteria. High densities of chroococcal cyanobacteria were related to intermediate nutrient enrichment and the presence of small zooplankton taxa, while filamentous cyanobacteria were relatively more abundant in fishless mesocosms, in which Crustacea were more abundant, and favoured by dim underwater light.6. Benthic macroinvertebrates increased significantly at intermediate nutrient levels but there was no relationship with planktivorous fish density.7. The thresholds of nutrient loading and in‐lake P required to avoid a turbid state and maintain submerged macrophytes were lower than those reported from temperate shallow lakes. Mediterranean shallow lakes may remain turbid with little control of zooplankton on algal biomass, as observed in tropical and subtropical lakes. Nutrient loading control and macrophyte conservation appear to be especially important in these systems to maintain high water quality.
Roe deer Capreolus capreolus behaviour affects density estimates from distance sampling surveys
Authors: WARD ALASTAIR I. , WHITE PIRAN C. L. , CRITCHLEY CHARLES H. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT 1. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus were surveyed at night along tracks and roads in plantation forests in North Yorkshire, UK. Distance sampling was used to estimate their density. This method has been proposed for monitoring deer populations in state‐owned forests throughout the UK. 2. Most deer were stationary on detection and the vast majority did not change their behaviour during observation. Few deer were observed on the transects, suggesting that they were avoiding tracks and roads at night as opposed to moving in response to the observer. 3. This has implications for data analysis and hence the results of surveys. Left‐truncation or grouping of data close to the transect line to cope with road avoidance decreased the precision of the population estimate and may have impacted upon its accuracy. 4. Use of roads and tracks in forests is the only realistic option for transect surveys of deer at night but the influence of these features on deer distribution and hence density estimates must be taken into consideration when conducting such surveys.
Gamma Interferon Does Not Enhance Clearance ofPseudomonas aeruginosabut Does Amplify a Proinflammatory Response in a Murine Model of Postseptic Immunosuppression
Authors: Murphey E. D. , Herndon David N. , Sherwood Edward R. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTPatients that have suffered a major injury may sustain a period of immunocompromise and altered Th1/Th2 cytokine balance that can predispose them to opportunistic infections.Pseudomonas aeruginosais frequently a causative organism for nosocomial infections in critically ill patients and is associated with high mortality. We previously mimicked this clinical scenario by challenging mice withP. aeruginosa5 days after a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) procedure. Mice that were subjected to CLP had reduced ability to clear bacteria, significantly lower gamma interferon (IFN-γ) concentrations in plasma, and significantly elevated levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10) in plasma in response to thePseudomonaschallenge compared to uninjured control mice. We investigated the significance of the alteration in IFN-γ by administering recombinant IFN-γ to post-CLP mice at the time ofPseudomonaschallenge and by challenging IFN-γ knockout (IFN-γ KO) mice withPseudomonas. Administration of IFN-γ to post-CLP mice attenuated IL-10 secretion and enhanced IL-12 secretion but did not improve bacterial clearance or survival afterPseudomonaschallenge. Furthermore, IFN-γ KO mice had significantly higher plasma IL-10 concentrations but did not exhibit impaired bacterial clearance or increased mortality followingPseudomonaschallenge. These data indicate that systemic administration of IFN-γ effectively reverses alterations in immune function that are commonly associated with immunosuppression in critically injured mice but does not improve bacterial clearance or survival followingPseudomonaschallenge. Further, endogenous IFN-γ does not appear to contribute significantly to early clearance ofPseudomonasbacteremia, nor does it affect the mortality rate after a lethalPseudomonaschallenge.
Severity of Human African Trypanosomiasis in East Africa Is Associated with Geographic Location, Parasite Genotype, and Host Inflammatory Cytokine Response Profile
Authors: MacLean Lorna , Chisi John E. , Odiit Martin , Gibson Wendy C. , Ferris Vanessa , Picozzi Kim , Sternberg Jeremy M. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTThe mechanisms underlying virulence in human African trypanosomiasis are poorly understood, although studies with experimental mice suggest that unregulated host inflammatory responses are associated with disease severity. We identified two trypanosomiasis foci with dramatically different disease virulence profiles. In Uganda, infections followed an acute profile with rapid progression to the late stage (meningoencephalitic infection) in the majority of patients (86.8%). In contrast, infections in Malawi were of a chronic nature, in which few patients progressed to the late stage (7.1%), despite infections of several months' duration. All infections were confirmed to beTrypanosoma brucei rhodesienseby testing for the presence of the serum resistance-associated (SRA) gene, but trypanosomes isolated from patients in Uganda or Malawi were distinguished by anSRAgene polymorphism. The two disease profiles were associated with markedly different levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in plasma. In Uganda but not Malawi early-stage TNF-α was elevated, while in Malawi but not Uganda early-stage TGF-β was elevated. Thus, rapid disease progression in Uganda is associated with TNF-α-mediated inflammatory pathology, whereas in the milder disease observed in Malawi this may be ameliorated by counterinflammatory cytokines. These differing host responses may result either from differing virulence phenotypes of northern and southern trypanosomes or from immune response polymorphisms in the different host populations.
Differential Regulation of Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion by Human Dendritic Cells upon
Chlamydia trachomatis
Infection
Authors: Gervassi Ana , Alderson Mark R. , Suchland Robert , Maisonneuve Jean François , Grabstein Kenneth H. , Probst Peter 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

Chlamydia trachomatis
is an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium responsible for a wide spectrum of diseases in humans. Both genital and ocular
C. trachomatis
infections are associated with tissue inflammation and pathology. Dendritic cells (DC) play an important role in both innate and adaptive immune responses to microbial pathogens and are a source of inflammatory cytokines. To determine the potential contribution of DC to the inflammatory process, human DC were infected with
C. trachomatis
serovar E or L2. Both
C. trachomatis
serovars were found to infect and replicate in DC. Upon infection, DC up-regulated the expression of costimulatory (B7-1) and cell adhesion (ICAM-1) molecules. Furthermore, chlamydial infection induced the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The mechanisms involved in
Chlamydia
-induced IL-1β and IL-18 secretion differed from those of the other cytokines.
Chlamydia
-induced IL-1β and IL-18 secretion required infection with viable bacteria and was associated with the
Chlamydia
-induced activation of caspase-1 in infected host cells. In contrast, TNF-α and IL-6 secretion did not require that the
Chlamydia
be viable, suggesting that there are at least two mechanisms involved in the
Chlamydia
-induced cytokine secretion in DC. Interestingly, an antibody to Toll-like receptor 4 inhibited
Chlamydia
-induced IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α secretion. The data herein demonstrate that DC can be infected by human
C. trachomatis
serovars and that chlamydial components regulate the secretion of various cytokines in DC. Collectively, these data suggest that DC play a role in the inflammatory processes caused by chlamydial infections.
Antifungal Immune Reactivity in Nasal Polyposis
Authors: Pitzurra Lucia , Bellocchio Silvia , Nocentini Angela , Bonifazi Pierluigi , Scardazza Raffaele , Gallucci Luigi , Stracci Fabrizio , Simoncelli Costantino , Bistoni Francesco , Romani Luigina 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTAs a fungal etiology has been proposed to underlie severe nasal polyposis, the present study was undertaken to assess local antifungal immune reactivity in nasal polyposis. For this purpose, microbial colonization, along with the pattern of T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 cytokine production and Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression, was evaluated in patients with nasal symptoms and with and without polyposis and in healthy subjects. The results show that Th2 reactivity was a common finding for patients with nasal polyposis regardless of the presence of microbes. The production of interleukin-10 was elevated in patients with bacterial and, particularly, fungal colonization, while both TLR2 expression and TLR4 expression were locally impaired in microbe-colonized patients. Eosinophils and neutrophils, highly recruited in nasal polyposis, were found to exert potent antifungal effector activities toward conidia and hyphae of the fungus and to be positively regulated by TLR2 or TLR4 stimulation. Therefore, a local imbalance between activating and deactivating signals to effector cells may likely contribute to fungal pathogenicity and the expression of local immune reactivity in nasal polyposis.
THE CUBE-CONNECTED CYCLES NETWORK IS A SUBGRAPH OF THE BUTTERFLY NETWORK
Authors: FELDMANN R. , UNGER W. 
Published: November 2004

We prove the following results: (a) The Cube-Connected Cycles network of dimension n is a subgraph of the Butterfly network of dimension n. (b) The Shuffle-Exchange network of dimension n is a subgraph of the DeBruijn network of dimension n.
GAUGE TRANSFORMATIONS AND GAUGE-FIXING CONDITIONS IN CONSTRAINT SYSTEMS
Authors: SUGANO REIJI , KAGRAOKA YUSHO , KIMURA TOSHIEI 
Published: November 2004

Gauge transformations and gauge-fixing conditions in the total Hamiltonian (H T ) and extended Hamiltonian (H E ) formalisms are investigated. For gauge-fixing conditions χα, only the condition det ({ϕα, χβ}) ≠ 0 is usually imposed, where ϕα are first class constraints. This condition is not sufficient and one should (i) employ H T and (ii) choose the gauge-fixing conditions χα to be stationary under H T . Gauge degrees of freedom in the Lagrangian formalism are equal in number to the primary first class constraints [Formula: see text]. Hence the number of arbitrarily chosen primary gauge conditions [Formula: see text] is the same as that of [Formula: see text]. Secondary gauge-fixing conditions associated with secondary first class constraints should be determined by the stationarity conditions of [Formula: see text]. If a canonical Hamiltonian (weakly) vanishes, χα must be explicitly time-dependent, otherwise we have the trivial result. Further, it is pointed out that the H E formalism has discrepancies with the H T formalism in many aspects. As illustrations of these properties, a few typical models are examined.
DESIGN OF 2-D DIGITAL FILTERS BASED ON THE OPTIMAL DECOMPOSITION OF MAGNITUDE SPECIFICATIONS
Authors: DENG T.-B. , KAWAMATA M. , HIGUCHI T. 
Published: November 2004

The optimal decomposition (OD) technique for decomposing 2-D magnitude specifications into 1-D ones is proposed. Differing from the conventional matrix decomposition methods such as the singular value decomposition (SVD), the OD of a 2-D magnitude specification matrix results in 1-D magnitude specifications which are always non-negative while the root mean-squared (rms) error in decomposition is minimum. Therefore, the OD is more suitable for designing 2-D digital filters (2DDFs) through designing one-dimensional digital filters (1DDFs) than the conventional matrix decomposition methods. Based on the OD, the problem of designing a recursive 2DDF can be reduced to one of designing a pair of 1DDFs, one 1-input/multi-output, and the other multi-input/ 1-output. Consequently, 2DDFs can easily be obtained by designing 1DDFs using the well-established 1-D design techniques. Three design examples are presented to illustrate that this OD-based 2DDF design technique is extremely efficient.
MASSIVELY PARALLEL IDA* SEARCH
Authors: COOK DIANE J. , LYONS GARY 
Published: November 2004

Heuristic search is a fundamental component of Artificial Intelligence applications. Because search routines are frequently also a computational bottleneck, numerous methods have been explored to increase the efficiency of search. Recently, researchers have begun investigating methods of using parallel MIMD and SIMD hardware to speed up the search process. In this paper, we present a massively-parallel SIMD approach to search named MIDA* search. The components of MIDA* include a very fast distribution algorithm which biases the search to one side of the tree, and an incrementally-deepening depthfirst search of all the processors in parallel. We show the results of applying MIDA* to instances of the Fifteen Puzzle problem and to the robot arm motion planning problem. Results reveal an efficiency of 74% and a speedup of 8553 and 492 over serial and 16-processor MIMD algorithms, respectively, when finding a solution to the Fifteen Puzzle problem that is close to optimal.
SKEPTICAL ABDUCTION
Authors: MARQUIS P. 
Published: November 2004

Abduction is the process of generating the best explanation as to why a fact is observed given what is already known. A real problem in this area is the selective generation of hypotheses that have some reasonable prospect of being valid. In this paper, we propose the notion of skeptical abduction as a model to face this problem. Intuitively, the hypotheses pointed out by skeptical abduction are all the explanations that are consistent with the given knowledge and that are minimal, i.e. not unnecessarily general. Our contribution is twofold. First, we present a formal characterization of skeptical abduction in a logical framework. On this ground, we address the problem of mechanizing skeptical abduction. A new method to compute minimal and consistent hypotheses in propositional logic is put forward. The extent to which skeptical abduction can be mechanized in first—order logic is also investigated. In particular, two classes of first-order formulas in which skeptical abduction is effective are provided. As an illustration, we finally sketch how our notion of skeptical abduction applies as a theoretical tool to some artificial intelligence problems (e.g. diagnosis, machine learning).
MACROTHERMODYNAMICS OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND EVOLUTION
Authors: GLADYSHEV G.P. 
Published: November 2004

Thermodynamics of complex open hierarchical natural systems, known as macrothermo-dynamics, studies the evolution and behavior of non-steady state systems using specific values of classical thermodynamic functions tending to extremum. The tendency of the specific value of the Gibbs function of intermolecular interactions to reach a minimum during the formation of a supramolecular organismic structure determines the variation of the chemical composition of living bodies and accumulation by biosystems of high chemical energy matter. The proposed model of the biological evolution makes it possible to substantiate and experimentally to demonstrate the possibility of accumulation and inheritance of thermodynamic features under constant (steady state) environmental conditions. The thermodynamic theory of the biological evolution does not contradict the dynamic theory of Darwin and Walles and reconciles it with some concepts promulgated by the opponents of Darwinism.
BIPOLAR CONTROL (OR PARADOXICALLY UNILATERAL) OF IMBALANCED LIMIT-CYCLES AND STRANGE ATTRACTORS.: CHAOS AND HOMEOSTASIS
Authors: WEIL E. BERNARD 
Published: November 2004

The functioning of the mathematical model for the regulation of agonistic antagonistic couples (MRCAA) is first recalled: it intends to simulate normal and pathological states concerning some biological (im)balances, just as a control method allowing to reestablish the balances, if necessary. Using the MRCAA in the frame of AA networks, it was permitted to obtain strange attractors (SA). By approaching in that manner the problem of chaotic dynamics, we may understand that SA have important characteristics other than their aperiodicity. Their topology in the phase-space has equally to be considered. The position of a SA in the phase-space allows us to simulate the functioning of a biological system; if this does not correspond to the physiological position, we consider it as an imbalanced SA. Therefore, SA could take the place in biological modelling of limit-cycles, which were perhaps an approximation of these SA. Then, the problem of correction of these imbalances should be considered. Using the mathematical model of AA networks, it was possible to propose an outline as yet theoretical of this problem: how can we model imbalanced SA, then how can the balance be restored from a method already used in the correction of imbalanced limit-cycles? By this technique, SA have also became quasi-periodic attractors, but this was not the result which was particularly wished. This paper mainly concerns chaotic dynamics (CD) and the problems elicited by the control of corresponding systems. However, given that we will use a general model (or a model of function in the sense proposed by Rosen), i.e., the “model for the regulation of agonistic antagonistic couples” (MRAAC), it has seemed firstly necessary to recall the structure of this model and also to establish a comparison between the results of computer simulations with this model and the results of the control in concrete systems (bipolar or paradoxically unilateral therapies in bio-medicine).
MANAGEMENT PERCEPTION OF PERFORMANCE AND THE INFORMATION NEEDS OF SMALL BUSINESS
Authors: GREENWOOD ROBERT , TSANG FLORENCE 
Published: November 2004

This paper illustrates that small business managers in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom over-rely on the financially related performance measures in a manner inappropriate for handling the complexities and uncertainties in the business environment. It also shows that managers must address the development of new approaches to performance measurement to anticipate market trends and respond to changing customer needs. The paper suggests that small business success is dependent upon the ability of managers to understand the external environment and match this to the internal capabilities of the business. This implies that managers will have an external focus and possess the ability to continuously develop the small business's capabilities to meet the challenges created by the external environment. The paper concludes by advocating that performance measures should adapt as businesses are affected over time by different factors. We recommend a broad approach to performance measurement which incorporates tangible, non-tangible, financial and non-financial indicators.
Book Reviews
Authors: Preston W. D. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:MISCELLANEOUS: Phonetics. A Critical Analysis of Phonetic Theory and a Technic for the Practical Description of Sounds. Kenneth L. PikeMISCELLANEOUS: Linguistic Structures of Native America. Harry Hoijer and othersMISCELLANEOUS: Kola Texts I‐IV. M. B. EmeneauMISCELLANEOUS: Navaho Phonology. Harry HoijerMISCELLANEOUS: The Aleut Language. Richard Henry Geoghegan and Fredericka I. Martin.MISCELLANEOUS: Critical and Comparative Grammar of the Cuna Language. Nils M. Holmer.MISCELLANEOUS: A Grammar of the West Greenland Language. Schultz‐Lorentzen.MISCELLANEOUS: Études linguistiques caribes II. C. H. de Goeje.
Book Reviews
Authors: Bascom William R. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:The Use of Indigenous Authorities in Tribal Administration. H. E. Lambert.Marriage in Langa Native Location. Ruth Levin.The Political Annals of a Tswana Tribe. I. Schapera.The Morphology of Residential Associations as Found among the Khwakhwa of Basutoland. V. G. J. Sheddick.
On Hayden's List of Cheyenne Military Societies
Authors: Petersen Karen Daniels 
Published: November 2004

SUMMARYHayden's list provides a cross‐reference on diffusion of societies, cults, and dances between portions of the Northern Cheyenne and Dakota tribes that had intermarried. It is the earliest list known of the five well known military societies of the Cheyennes and one society that early became extinct. Only one, the Elks, may be seriously questioned.
Book Reviews
Authors: Ellis Florence H. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:ARCHEOLOGY: Kin Kletso: A Pueblo III Community in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Gordon Vivian and Tom W. Mathews.ARCHEOLOGY: Tree‐Ring Dating of the Archeological Sites in the Chaco Canyon Region, New Mexico. Bryant Bannister.ARCHEOLOGY: Contributions to Mesa Archaeology: II. Site 875, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. Robert H. Lister.ARCHEOLOGY: The Archeological Survey of Wetherill Mesa: Mesa Verde National Park–Colorado. Alden C. Hayes.
Book Reviews
Authors: GRANEY MARSHALL J. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:General, Applied, and Theoretical: Aging and Society. Volume One: An Inventory of Research Findings. MATILDA WHITE RILEY and ANNE FONER.General, Applied, and Theoretical: Aging and Society. Volume Two: Aging and the Professions. MATILDA WHITE RILEY, JOHN W. RILEY, JR., and MARILYN E. JOHNSONGeneral, Applied, and Theoretical: Aging and Society. Volume Three: A Sociology of Age Stratification. MATILDA WHITE RILEY, MARILYN JOHNSON, and ANNE FONER.
Book Reviews
Authors: BANKS DAVID J. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Ethnology: In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History. DAVID JOEL STEINBERG, DAVID K. WYATT, JOHN R. W. SMAIL, ALEXANDER WOODSIDE, WILLIAM R. ROFF, and DAVID P. CHANDLER. DAVID JOEL STEINBERGEthnology: The Making of Modern South‐East Asia. Volume I: The European Conquest. D. J. M. TATE.
Book Reviews
Authors: Fruzzetti‐Ostor Lina M. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:General, Applied, and Theoretical: Beyond the Classics? Essays in the Scientific Study of Religion. Charles Y. Glock and Phillip E. Hammond.General, Applied, and Theoretical: Myth and Cult among Primitive Peoples. Adolph E. Jensen.General, Applied, and Theoretical: Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's Philosophy of Evolution. H. James Birx.