bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robust data driven discovery of a seismic wave equation
Authors: Cheng Shijun , Alkhalifah Tariq 
Published: November 2023

SUMMARY
Despite the fact that our physical observations can often be described by derived physical laws, such as the wave equation, in many cases, we observe data that do not match the laws or have not been described physically yet. Therefore recently, a branch of machine learning has been devoted to the discovery of physical laws from data. We test this approach for discovering the wave equation from the observed spatial-temporal wavefields. The algorithm first pre-trains a neural network (NN) in a supervised fashion to establish the mapping between the spatial-temporal locations (x, y, z, t) and the observation displacement wavefield function u(x, y, z, t). The trained NN serves to generate metadata and provide the time and spatial derivatives of the wavefield (e.g. utt and uxx) by automatic differentiation. Then, a preliminary library of potential terms for the wave equation is optimized from an overcomplete library by using a genetic algorithm. We, then, use a physics-informed information criterion to evaluate the precision and parsimony of potential equations in the preliminary library and determine the best structure of the wave equation. Finally, we train the ‘physics-informed’ neural network to identify the corresponding coefficients of each functional term. Examples in discovering the 2-D acoustic wave equation validate the feasibility and effectiveness of our implementation. We also verify the robustness of this method by testing it on noisy and sparsely acquired wavefield data.
Use of catch and effort data to monitor trends in economic performance in fisheries
Authors: Pascoe S , Curtotti R , Hoshino E , McWhinnie S , Schrobback P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many low-valued fisheries, the quantity and types of data that might be available to support fisheries management are often limited. Generally, information on the economic performance of the fishery is low in priority in these fisheries. Basic catch and effort information, however, may contain implicit information about economic performance of the vessels. From these data, technical efficiency scores and measures of capacity utilization can be derived. The technical efficiency score can provide a proxy measure of the distribution of economic performance, while changes in capacity utilization theoretically reflect changes in the economic conditions in the fishery. Given this, changes in these measures over time should also reflect changes in economic outcomes and performance. To test this, we use data from a data-rich fishery, including catch and effort information as well as detailed economic information (i.e. vessel-level profitability). Key technical performance measures are estimated using data envelopment analysis and compared with the economic performance measures. We show that these technical performance measures can provide useful indicators of changes in economic performance when economic information is not available.
Application of a count regression model to identify the risk factors of under-five child morbidity in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Md Ismail , Rouf Abu Sayed Md Ripon , Rukon Md Rukonozzaman , Sarkar Shuvongkar , Haq Iqramul , Habib Md Jakaria , Zinia Faozia Afia , Tithy Tanha Akther , Islam Asiqul , Hasan Md Amit , Moshiur Mir , Hisbullah Md Shakil Ahmed 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
Bangladesh has seen a significant decline in child mortality in recent decades, but morbidity among children &lt;5 y of age remains high. The aim of this analysis was to examine trends and identify risk factors related to child morbidity in Bangladesh.

Methods
This analysis is based on data from four successive cross-sectional Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys for the years 2007, 2011, 2014 and 2017–18. Several count regression models were fitted and the best model was used to identify risk factors associated with morbidity in children &lt;5 y of age.

Results
According to the results of the trend analysis, the prevalence of non-symptomatic children increased and the prevalence of fever, diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections (ARIs) decreased over the years. The Vuong's non-nested test indicated that Poisson regression could be used as the best model. From the results of the Poisson regression model, child age, sex, underweight, wasted, stunting, maternal education, wealth status, religion and region were the important determinants associated with the risk of child morbidity. The risk was considerably higher among women with a primary education compared with women with a secondary or greater education in Bangladesh.

Conclusions
This analysis concluded that child morbidity is still a major public health problem for Bangladesh. Thus it is important to take the necessary measures to reduce child morbidity (particularly fever, diarrhoea and ARI) by improving significant influencing factors.
Body, carcass, and steak dimensions of straightbred Holstein calves and Angus-sired calves from Holstein, Jersey, and crossbred beef dams
Authors: Fuerniss Luke K , Young James Daniel , Hall Jerica R , Wesley Kaitlyn R , Bowman Sydney M , Felizari Luana D , Woerner Dale R , Rathmann Ryan J , Johnson Bradley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beef genetics are used with increasing frequency on commercial dairies. Although use of beef genetics improves calf value, variability has been reported in beef × dairy calf phenotype for traits related to muscularity and carcass composition. The objective of this study was to characterize morphometric and compositional differences between beef, beef × dairy, and dairy-fed cattle. Tested treatment groups included Angus-sired straightbred beef steers and heifers (A × B; n = 45), Angus × Holstein crossbreds (A × H; n = 15), Angus × Jersey crossbreds (A × J; n = 16), and straightbred Holsteins (H, n = 16). Cattle were started on trial at mean BW of 302 ± 29.9 kg and then fed at 196 ± 3.4 d. Morphometric measures were recorded every 28 d during the finishing period, ultrasound measures were recorded every 56 d, and morphometric carcass measures were recorded upon slaughter. Muscle biopsies were collected from the longissimus thoracis of a subset of steers (n = 43) every 56 d. Strip loins were collected from carcasses (n = 78) for further evaluation. Frame size measured as hip height, hip width, and body length was greatest for H cattle (P &lt; 0.05), and A × H cattle had greater hip height than A × J cattle (P &lt; 0.05). Relative to BW as a percentage of mature size, ribeye area of all cattle increased at a decreasing rate (negative quadratic term: P &lt; 0.01), and all ultrasound measures of fat depots increased at an increasing rate (positive quadratic term: P &lt; 0.01). Although no difference was observed in muscle fiber area across the finishing period from the longissimus thoracis (P = 0.80), H cattle had a more oxidative muscle phenotype than A × B cattle (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, H cattle had the smallest area of longissimus lumborum in the posterior strip loin, greatest length-to-width ratio of longissimus lumborum in the posterior strip loin, and least round circumference relative to round length (P &lt; 0.05). Beef genetics improved muscularity in portions of the carcass distal to the longissimus thoracis.
Three new identifications of extended UV emission around AGB stars
Authors: Guerrero M A , Ortiz R 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT
Asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars experience heavy episodes of mass-loss through a slow stellar wind during the thermal pulse phase that form large, pc-scale structures around them. As the AGB stellar wind interacts with the interstellar medium (ISM), the otherwise isotropic ejecta gets distorted, resulting in asymmetric shapes, bow-shock structures and, in the case of fast motion relative to the surrounding ISM, extended wakes and tails as unexpectedly detected in GALEX ultraviolet (UV) images of o Cet, also known as Mira. Since that discovery, another fourteen AGB stars have been reported to exhibit extended UV emission around them. Here, we present the discovery of extended UV emission around another three AGB stars, namely R For, R Hor, and DM Tuc. The analysis of the overall properties of the regions of extended UV emission indicates that these are preferentially detected in closer AGB stars far away from the Galactic plane, i.e. sources less extincted. Faster AGB stars tend to have more elongated shapes, with bow-shocks and wakes or tails of material, while AGB stars farther away from the Galactic plane tend to be surrounded by larger regions of UV emission.
Using helium 10 830 Å transits to constrain planetary magnetic fields
Authors: Schreyer Ethan , Owen James E , Spake Jessica J , Bahroloom Zahra , Di Giampasquale Simone 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT
Planetary magnetic fields can affect the predicted mass-loss rate for close-in planets that experience large amounts of ultraviolet irradiation. In this work, we present a method to detect the magnetic fields of close-in exoplanets undergoing atmospheric escape using transit spectroscopy at the 10 830 Å line of helium. Motivated by previous work on hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic photoevaporation, we suggest that planets with magnetic fields that are too weak to control the outflow’s topology lead to blueshifted transits due to dayside-to-nightside flows. In contrast, strong magnetic fields prevent this day-to-night flow, as the gas is forced to follow the magnetic field’s roughly dipolar topology. We post-process existing 2D photoevaporation simulations, computing synthetic transit profiles in helium to test this concept. As expected, we find that hydrodynamically dominated outflows lead to blueshifted transits of the order of the sound speed of the gas. Strong surface magnetic fields lead to unshifted or slightly redshifted transit profiles. High-resolution observations can distinguish between these profiles; however, eccentricity uncertainties generally mean that we cannot conclusively say that velocity shifts are due to the outflow for individual planets. The majority of helium observations are blueshifted, which could be a tentative indication that close-in planets generally have surface dipole magnetic field strengths $\lesssim \!\! 0.3$ G. More 3D hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic simulations are needed to confirm this conclusion robustly.
Cleaning Up UK Politics: What Would Better Lobbying Regulation Look Like?
Authors: Crepaz Michele , Worthy Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The UK has a fragmented, partial and weak system of lobbying regulation. The system creates a self-reinforcing cycle of ‘exposure’ and worsening public attitudes. In order to make the case for reform and indicate possible paths, this article reviews the system’s faults and weaknesses and then analyses how the lack of political will for reform in Westminster has contributed to a transparency and integrity regime which falls below international standards. Finally, it examines how this cycle can be broken. While the UK lobbying law needs reform, we must look beyond the letter of regulation, taking into account the levels of use and political support, as well as the transparency and ethics ecosystem in which lobbying sits. Only by improvements to all of these areas can there be the possibility of stronger, more positive feedback loops, which can shift behaviour and, ultimately, attitudes.
Patterns of Plunder: Corruption and the Failure of the Indian Reservation System, 1851–1887
Authors: Hall Ryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the reservation system’s creation in 1851 and its partial dismantling in the Dawes Allotment Act of 1887, the Office (now Bureau) of Indian Affairs tasked Indian agents with administering a complicated mixture of goods and services known as “annuities,” which were designed to make reservations viable and survivable for Native people. This article demonstrates that Indian agents instead systematically swindled Native people of their promised payments, intensifying crippling poverty at a crucial moment in Native history and deepening a climate of distrust and acrimony across much of the American West. Rather than strengthening Native communities, federal expenditures enriched the settler communities that surrounded them, becoming in effect a backdoor subsidy for westward expansion and a key source of economic power in frontier communities. Meanwhile, the supposed failure of reservations to become economically viable in these early decades provided justification for reformers who sought to impose more coercive forms of control and assimilation on Native people, such as boarding schools and land allotment. By focusing on the financial workings of the underexamined early reservation period, this article demonstrates how corruption in the Office of Indian Affairs shaped both Native American and western history in profound and irreversible ways.
Don’t Throw Away the Handout: Efficacy of Patient Education in Pediatric Orthopaedic Trauma
Authors: Chi Hannah , Katyal Toshali , Carrillo Laura A. , O’Donnell Jennifer , Swarup Ishaan 
Published: November 2023

Background:
Printed educational materials (PEMs) have been used for patient education in various settings. The purpose of this study was to determine the readability, understandability, and actionability of trauma-related educational material from the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA, Orthokids), as well as determine its efficacy in educating pediatric orthopaedic trauma patients and caregivers.

Methods:
The readability, understandability and actionability of PEMs was assessed using the Patient Education materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT). Five reviewers ranging in experience independently evaluated the educational materials. The efficacy of PEMs was assessed prospectively by randomizing patients into 2 groups. The first group (Education) received the OrthoKids educational material related to the patient’s fracture. The second group (No Education) did not receive the educational material. At the first follow-up visit, parents/guardians in both groups completed surveys. Statistical analyses included descriptive and univariate statistics.

Results:
The understandability of PEMs was similar (68% to 74%); however, the educational materials had varying actionability scores ranging from 20% for femoral shaft fractures to 60% for elbow fractures. In total, 101 patients were randomized to assess the efficacy of educational materials (Education=51, No Education=50). There were no significant differences in sex, age, race/ethnicity, and level of education between caregivers in both groups (P > 0.05). Only 61% (31/51) participants in the Education group reported using the educational material; however, 67% to 68% of participants in either group reported wanting PEMs. Participants in the group that did not receive PEMs were significantly more likely to use the internet to find more information (74% vs. 51%, P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
This study suggests that participants that did not receive PEMs were significantly more likely to search the internet for more information. Improving the quality and actionability of educational resources on electronic platforms is needed to improve patient education. A multi-modal approach using PEMs that includes a list of high-quality online sources would likely be most effective in educating pediatric trauma patients and caregivers.

Level of Evidence:
I
Trends in Spinal Orthosis Utilization Among Patients Insured through Medicare Part B
Authors: Dholaria Nikhil , Bauer Isabel , Kelbert James , Barbagli Giovanni , Pico Annemarie , Deaver Courtney , Quiceno Esteban , Nosova Kristin , Hussein Amna , Mayeku Julie , Soto Rubio Diego T. , Alhalal Ibrahim A. , Heinzmann Endgel , Pacheco Niels , Al-Arfaj Abdullah , Li Chao , Prim Michael , Baaj Ali 
Published: November 2023

Study Design.
Retrospective population-based database analysis from the Physician/Supplier Procedure Summary Medicare/Medicaid Dataset.

Objective.
To provide a comprehensive analysis of trends in spinal orthosis utilization over a 12-year period.

Summary of Background Data.
Widespread prescription of spinal orthosis persists, despite evidence suggesting equivocal efficacy in many spinal conditions. The utilization of spinal orthosis on a national level, including prescribing specialty data, has not been previously analyzed.

Methods.
Healthcare common procedure coding system (HCPCS) codes for cervical (CO), thoracic-lumbar-sacral (TLSO), lumbar (LO), lumbar-sacral (LSO), and cervical-thoracic-lumbar-sacral (CTLSO) orthosis were used to determine spinal orthosis utilization from 2010 to 2021. Provider specialty codes were utilized to compare trends between select specialties. Additionally, a neurosurgical CO analysis, based on subclassifications of cervical bracing, was performed. Linear trendlines were implemented to elucidate and present trends by slope (β).

Results.
Among 332,241 claims, decreases in CO (β=−0.3387), TLSO (β=−0.0942), LO (β=−0.3485), and LSO (β=−0.1545) per 100,000 Medicare Part B enrollees and CTLSO (β=−0.052) per 1,000,000 Medicare Part B enrollees were observed. Decreases among neurosurgery (β=−7.9208), family medicine (β=−1.0097), emergency medicine (β=−2.1958), internal medicine (β=−1.1151), interventional pain management (β=−5.0945), and chiropractic medicine (β=−49.012), and increases among orthopedic surgery (β=5.5891), pain management (β=30.416), physical medicine and rehabilitation (β=4.6524), general practice (β=79.111), and osteopathic manipulative medicine (β=45.303) in total spinal orthosis use per 100,000 specialty claims were observed. Analysis on subclassifications of cervical orthosis among neurosurgeons revealed decreases in flexible (β=−1.7641), semi-rigid (β=−0.6157), and collar bracing (β=−2.7603), and an increase in multi-post collar bracing (β=2.2032) per 100 neurosurgical cervical orthosis claims.

Conclusions.
While utilization of spinal orthosis decreased between 2010-2021, increased utilization was observed among a subset of specialties. Identifying these specialties allows for focused research and educational efforts to minimize unnecessary durable medical equipment use for effective healthcare spending.
Intensive blood pressure control on arterial stiffness among older patients with hypertension
Authors: Zhang Shuyuan , Zhong Yixuan , Wu Shouling , Wu Hailei , Cai Jun , Zhang Weili ,   On behalf of the STEP Study Group
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background:
Arterial stiffening increases with age and blood pressure and is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the relationship between blood pressure lowering and arterial stiffening is still uncertain, especially in older people. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of intensive blood pressure treatment on the progression of arterial stiffness and risk of CVD in older patients with hypertension.

Methods:
The Strategy of Blood Pressure Intervention in the Elderly Hypertensive Patients (STEP) trial was a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial performed at 42 clinical centers throughout China, and 8511 patients aged 60–80 years with essential hypertension were enrolled and randomly assigned to systolic blood pressure (SBP) target of 110 mmHg to <130 mmHg (intensive treatment) or 130 mmHg to <150 mmHg (standard treatment). Patients underwent repeated examinations of the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) at baseline, and the arterial stiffness was evaluated at the 3-year follow-up. A total of 5339 patients who had twice repeated measurements were included in this study. Changes in arterial stiffness between the intensive and standard treatment groups were analyzed using a multivariate linear regression model. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to evaluate the effect of intensive treatment on primary CVD outcomes.

Results:
The changes in baPWV were 61.5 cm/s (95% confidence interval [CI]: 49.8–73.2 cm/s) in the intensive treatment group and 98.4 cm/s (95% CI: 86.7–110.1 cm/s) in the standard treatment group (P <0.001). Intensive treatment significantly delayed the progression of arterial stiffness, with an annual change of 23.1 cm·s–1·year–1
vs. 36.7 cm·s–1·year–1 of baPWV in the intensive and standard treatment groups, respectively. During a median follow-up period of 3.36 years, primary CVD outcomes occurred in 77 (2.9%) patients in the intensive treatment group compared with 93 (3.5%) in the standard treatment group. Intensive treatment resulted in a significantly lower CVD risk in patients aged 70–80 years or with SBP <140 mmHg.

Conclusion:
Intensive blood pressure control with an SBP target of 110 mmHg to <130 mmHg could delay the progression of arterial stiffness and reduce the risk of CVD in older patients with hypertension.

Clinical trial registration:

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; No. NCT03015311.
A Prospective Follow-up Study of Fingertip Amputation Treatment With Semi-occlusive Dressing
Authors: Rautio Sanni , Paukkunen Antti , Jokihaara Jarkko 
Published: November 2023

Background:
The aim of this prospective cohort was to evaluate the conservative treatment of fingertip amputation with exposed bone, with a semi-occlusive dressing.

Methods:
Ten patients with an amputation distal to the distal interphalangeal joint were treated via secondary healing under a semi-occlusive film dressing. We followed up the patients weekly until the fingertip had healed, then a final clinical visit at 6 months, and a patient-reported outcome assessment at 2 years after the injury.

Results:
All 10 patients completed the 6-month clinical follow-up, and seven patients completed the final patient-rated outcome assessments at 2 years. There were no complications during the study period, all the patients were satisfied with the results, and all answered “fully agree” on choosing the same treatment method again in a similar injury.

Conclusion:
Our results show that conservative treatment of fingertip amputation is feasible and can provide good results.