bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic psychosocial stress regulates the expression of both GR and MR mRNA in the hippocampal formation of tree shrews
Authors: Meyer Ute , van Kampen Marja , Isovich Eleonora , Flügge Gabriele , Fuchs Eberhard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA persistent hyperactivity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis and thus elevated glucocorticoid levels are main neuroendocrine features of depressive symptomatology in humans. The broad range of effects that are set off by glucocorticoids is mediated by glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), which themselves are subject to autoregulation. In order to investigate the impact of long‐lasting psychological stress on corticosteroid receptor mRNA expression in the hippocampal formation, we employed the psychosocial stress paradigm in male tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri). By in situ hybridization studies and semiquantitative evaluation of stress‐induced changes of GR and MR mRNA expression at the single‐cell level, brain tissue from subordinate animals which were exposed to 27 days (1 h/day) of social confrontation was compared to that of nonstressed animals. Four weeks of stress exposure resulted in a downregulation of GR mRNA in the dentate gyrus and hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3 of subordinate male tree shrews compared to controls. The MR mRNA content in these subfields of the anterior hippocampus was also clearly reduced. On the contrary, in a more posterior location on the longitudinal axis of the tree shrew hippocampus, the MR message was increased in subfields CA1 and CA3 and in the dentate gyrus. These results suggest a relevance of the stress‐induced regulation of both corticosteroid receptor subtype mRNAs in a naturalistic challenging situation. Moreover, the differential regulation of MR mRNA along the rostrocaudal axis of the hippocampus adds another feature to the heterogenous composition of this structure. Hippocampus 2001;11:329–336. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prescription practices of public and private health care providers in Attock District of Pakistan
Authors: Siddiqi S. , Hamid S. , Rafique G. , Chaudhry S. A. , Ali N. , Shahab S. , Sauerborn R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe irrational use of drugs is a major problem of present day medical practice and its consequences include the development of resistance to antibiotics, ineffective treatment, adverse effects and an economic burden on the patient and society. A study from Attock District of Pakistan assessed this problem in the formal allopathic health sector and compared prescribing practices of health care providers in the public and private sector. WHO recommended drug use indicators were used to study prescription practices.Prescriptions were collected from 60 public and 48 private health facilities. The mean (± SE) number of drugs per prescription was 4.1 ± 0.06 for private and 2.7 ± 0.04 for public providers ( p < 0.0001). General practitioners (GPs) who represent the private sector prescribed at least one antibiotic in 62% of prescriptions compared with 54% for public sector providers. Over 48% of GP prescriptions had at least one injectable drug compared with 22.0% by public providers ( p < 0.0001). Thirteen percent of GP prescriptions had two or more injections. More than 11% of GP prescriptions had an intravenous infusion compared with 1% for public providers ( p < 0.001). GPs prescribed three or more oral drugs in 70% of prescriptions compared with 44% for public providers ( p < 0.0001).Prescription practices were analysed for four health problems, acute respiratory infection (ARI), childhood diarrhoea (CD), fever in children and fever in adults. For these disorders, both groups prescribed antibiotics generously, however, GPs prescribed them more frequently in ARI, CD and fever in children ( p < 0.01). GPs prescribed steroids more frequently, however, it was significantly higher in ARI cases ( p < 0.001). For all the four health problems studied, GPs prescribed injections more frequently than public providers ( p < 0.001). In CD cases GPs prescribed oral rehydration salt (ORS) less frequently (33.3%) than public providers (57.7%). GPs prescribed intravenous infusion in 12.3% cases of fever in adults compared with none by public providers ( p < 0.001).A combination of non‐regulatory and regulatory interventions, directed at providers as well as consumers, would need to be implemented to improve prescription practices of health care providers. Regulation alone would be ineffective unless it is supported by a well‐established institutional mechanism which ensures effective implementation. The Federal Ministry of Health and the Provincial Departments of Health have to play a critical role in this respect, while the role of the Pakistan Medical Association in self‐regulation of prescription practices can not be overemphasized. Improper prescription practices will not improve without consumer targeted interventions that educate and empower communities regarding the hazards of inappropriate drug use. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of stress due to shrinkage in a hardening process of liquid epoxy resin
Authors: Nishimura Tetsuro , Nakagawa Yasutada 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAt present, epoxy resin is applied during the manufacturing of more compact and thinner components for the packaging of electronic and other devices. Epoxy resin has superior properties in terms of heat resistance, insulation, and strength; however, defects such as deformations and cracks often occur because of stress concentration. It is important to determine the inner stress of resin solidification for molding processes. Through a combination of numerical analyses of heat generated due to chemical reactions and experiments on shrinkage and strain that occur during hardening of epoxy resin, it becomes possible to analyze the stress generated due to hardening shrinkage. The developed analytical method can contribute to the realization of highly reliable components made of epoxy resin. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(3): 194–211, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10028
Natural convection heat transfer along a vertical flat plate with a projection in the turbulent region
Authors: Komori Katsuo , Kito Shunsuke , Inagaki Terumi , Mizoguchi Norio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the present study, the heat transfer coefficients occurring with a projection in the turbulent region of a vertical flat plate were measured experimentally for various projection heights in the range of 0 to 20 mm. The wall temperature and fluid flow fields were also visualized using a liquid crystal sheet and nylon 12 powder, respectively. The average and local Nusselt numbers reach 1.07 to 1.22 and 1.2 to 1.7 times those for pure turbulent natural convection, respectively. The maximum enhancement rates of heat transfer are attained at a position of 2.3 to 3.3 times the projection height from the upper projection surface toward the downstream, and these positions are in good agreement with those of the reattachment of the fluid flow and with centers of dark red regions in the liquid crystal. On the other hand, the heat transfer coefficients in the just upstream and downstream regions of the projection are small compared with those for no projection. By introducing the nondimensional parameter R, the present experimental results are rearranged quantitatively and effectively. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(3): 222–233, 2001
Production by microphytobenthos in the Swan–Canning Estuary
Authors: Masini R. J. , McComb Arthur J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIntact sediment cores containing microphytobenthos, dominated by episammic diatoms, were collected from shallow sand flats of the Swan–Canning Estuary, Perth, southwestern Australia, and their photosynthesis–light relations deduced from changes in oxygen (17 cores) or pH (13 cores). The theoretical saturating light intensity Ik determined from O2 was 107 µE m−2 s−1, and the light intensity at which photosynthesis is saturated, Isat, was about 1100 µE m−2 s−1. Mean gross production and respiration increased with temperature. Infaunal contributions to total respiration were measured for two cores at about 30%.The sediment photic zone was estimated as 0·5 mm in fine sediments of the upper estuary and 3·5 mm in coarse sediments of the lower estuary. Microalgae from below the photic zone photosynthesized on exposure to light. Biomass (measured as chlorophyll a) decreased down the sediment profile and was linearly correlated with net and gross maximum photosynthesis. Relative photosynthetic efficiencies were high, and light compensation increased with increasing depth in the sediment.Q10 values estimated from both net oxygen and carbon dioxide flux decreased with increasing temperature. Highest and lowest Q10 values were for respiration and net production derived from pH measurements. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Under‐ice movement of cohesive sediments before river‐ice breakup
Authors: Milburn D. , Prowse T. D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA significant body of research exists on river hydraulics and sediment transport during open‐water conditions, and to a lesser extent during the period of ice‐cover. Most of the ice‐related studies, however, are based on controlled laboratory experiments or field studies conducted under stable ice‐cover conditions. They have largely ignored the most dynamic periods, such as breakup, when hydraulic conditions are most rapidly changing and energy levels are maximized. Moreover, the entire pre‐breakup to ice‐clearance period is virtually devoid of even standard hydrometric measurements of suspended sediment, largely because of safety and logistic problems. Some recent work has pointed to the formation of a sediment plume comprising fine‐grained sediments that develops before the main breakup fracturing of the ice cover. This plume has been noted as being particularly ecologically significant because it can contain the winter‐long deposition of contaminants that preferentially attach to fine‐grained material. Unfortunately, however, because measurements of the critical parameters affecting sediment transport during these periods are rarely taken, much uncertainty remains about the hydraulic forces that resuspend and transport sediments under an ice cover, and particularly for cohesive fine‐grained sediments. This paper describes a field experiment designed to broaden our understanding of sediment transport during this critical pre‐breakup period. Detailed measurements of river stage, ice elevations, flow velocity profiles and suspended sediment were taken over a 17‐day period just before the 1998 river‐ice breakup at Hay River, Northwest Territories, Canada. Results indicated that just before breakup, the shear stress, which governs the beginning of sediment motion, increases dramatically and drives the development of the under‐ice sediment plume of very fine‐grained, cohesive sediments. The shear stress in this case became critical at a mean under‐ice velocity of 0·4 m/s. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal and spatial rainfall analysis across a humid tropical catchment
Authors: Campling P. , Gobin A. , Feyen J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTemporal and spatial rainfall patterns were analysed to describe the distribution of daily rainfall across a medium‐sized (379km2) tropical catchment. Investigations were carried out to assess whether a climatological variogram model was appropriate for mapping rainfall taking into consideration the changing rainfall characteristics through the wet season. Exploratory, frequency and moving average analyses of 30 years' daily precipitation data were used to describe the reliability and structure of the rainfall regime. Four phases in the wet season were distinguished, with the peak period (mid‐August to mid‐September) representing the wettest period. A low‐cost rain gauge network of 36 plastic gauges with overflow reservoirs was installed and monitored to obtain spatially distributed rainfall data. Geostatistical techniques were used to develop global and wet season phase climatological variograms. The unscaled climatological variograms were cross‐validated and compared using a range of rainfall events. Ordinary Kriging was used as the interpolation method. The global climatological variogram $\gamma^{*} = 1{\cdot}2 \left[1 - \exp - {h\over 18 \hbox{ km}}\right]$ performed better, and was used to optimize the number and location of rain gauges in the network. The research showed that although distinct wet season phases could be established based on the temporal analysis of daily rainfall characteristics, the interpolation of daily rainfall across a medium‐sized catchment based on spatial analysis was better served by using the global rather than the wet season phase climatological variogram model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The embedding of the self in early interaction
Authors: Forrester Michael A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPresupposed in the earliest discourses we experience are implicit concepts concerning the nature of the self and identity. This paper examines the idea that through exposure to, and participation in, talk, the young infant is provided with appropriate discourses regarding what constitutes self and identity. Arguably, engaging in conversation entails entering into the co‐construction of participant stories, folk‐beliefs and everyday narratives concerning the nature and status of the self. The young child learns that he/she is required to display different versions of him/herself depending on the nature of the context. This study of the development of the discursive self begins by examining the discourse genres of the self made available to the child, that is, versions of the self presupposed in the caregivers' talk. Employing conversation analytic methods, a micro‐analysis of the talk of a parent–child dyad forms the basis of the study. The infant and parent (father) were video‐taped during mealtimes from when the infant was 18 months to 28 months old. The nature of the discourses informing ideas of the developing self are highlighted through considering examples in the parent's talk throughout this period. The findings are discussed in light of contemporary theories of the self in developmental psychology. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipopeptide‐based melanoma cancer vaccine induced a strong MART‐27‐35‐cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in a preclinal study
Authors: Le Gal Frédérique‐Anne , Prevost‐Blondel Armelle , Lengagne Renée , Bossus Marc , Farace Françoise , Chaboissier Aude , Gras‐Masse Hélène , Engelhard Victor H. , Guillet Jean‐Gérard , Gahéry‐Ségard Hanne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIdentification of tumor antigens and their optimal antigenic peptides raised hopes for the development of peptide‐based immunotherapeutic vaccine strategies for human melanoma, however. Synthetic peptides alone are not immunogenic enough, and adequate formulation is critical for elaboration of peptide vaccines. To improve formulation, we evaluated 2 lipopeptide constructs, both including HLA‐A2‐restricted MART 27‐35‐CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope covalently linked to universal tetanus toxoid (TT) 830‐843 helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitope, in HLA‐A2 transgenic mouse models that mimic human CTL responses in vivo. These 2 constructs only differed in the formulation of their lipid tail. We showed that lipopeptide constructs were strongly recognized, in vitro, by human MART 27‐35 cytotoxic T cells derived from tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes. The transgenic Mice immunized with these 2 MART lipopeptide formulations containing covalently linked HTL‐CTL epitopes induced strong MART 27‐35 cytotoxic T cells. This CTL induction was critically dependant on the presence of the helper T lymphocyte epitope. These results also showed that a single palmitoyl‐lysine chain is enough to assure immunogenicity of a given peptide and that the presence of a lipid tail bypass the need for adjuvant. These results support the selection of MART‐lipopeptide melanoma vaccine for evaluation in a clinical trial. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sporadic breast cancer in young women: Prevalence of loss of heterozygosity at p53, BRCA1 and BRCA2
Authors: Johnson Suzanne M. , Shaw Jacqueline A. , Walker Rosemary A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that breast cancers have more aggressive pathologic features in young women. In order to examine genetic alterations associated with early‐onset breast cancer, 31 patients with no known family history, aged 26–35 years at diagnosis, were examined for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 3 key chromosomal intervals: 17p (p53), 17q 21 (BRCA1) and 13q12‐13 (BRCA2) using polymerase chain reaction analysis of polymorphic microsatellite markers. These were compared with 31 patients aged 55–72 years that were matched for size, type and grade. All young breast cancer cases exhibited LOH for at least 1 marker and 20 cases (64.5%) exhibited LOH at 1 or more markers from each interval. The frequency of LOH detected for each of the markers was as follows 17p: p534N (33.3%), D17S796 (36.7%), D17S799 (63.3%) and D17S513 (59.3%); 17q: D17S855 (64.5%), THRA1 (46.7%) and D17S579 (33.3%); and 13q: D13S260 (74.2%), D13S171 (47.6%) and D13S267 (40.0%). These frequencies are higher than those observed at the 3 markers studied in the matched postmenopausal patients: D17S799 (41.4%), D17S855 (35.5%), D13S260 (30.0%). These differences in frequency of LOH were statistically significant for the D17S855 and D13S260 markers (p < 0.025 and p < 0.001 respectively). Although there were more grade III carcinomas (21 of 31 cases), there was no correlation between number of alterations and high grade in younger cases. These data suggest that LOH at these regions could be related to early‐onset sporadic breast cancer. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyclopentenyl cytosine increases the phosphorylation and incorporation into DNA of 1‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyl cytosine in a human T‐lymphoblastic cell line
Authors: Verschuur Arnauld C. , Van Gennip Albert H. , Leen René , Voûte P.A. , Brinkman Josanne , Van Kuilenburg André B.P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe cytotoxic effect of 1‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyl cytosine (araC) depends on the intracellular phosphorylation into its active compound araCTP, on the degree of degradation of araCTP and on the incorporation of araCTP into DNA. Deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) inhibits the phosphorylation of araC (by feedback inhibition of the enzyme deoxycytidine kinase) and the incorporation of araCTP into DNA (by competition for DNA polymerase). In a T‐lymphoblastic cell line, we studied whether the cytotoxicity of araC (2 nM–50 μM) could be enhanced by decreasing the concentration of dCTP, using the nucleoside‐analogue cyclopentenyl cytosine (CPEC), an inhibitor of the enzyme CTP synthetase. Preincubation of the cells with CPEC (100–1,600 nM) for 2 hr increased the concentrations of araCMP 1.6–9.5‐fold, which was significant for each concentration of CPEC used. The concentration of araCDP remained low, whereas the concentration of araCTP changed depending on the concentration of araC used. With 2–15 μM of araC and a preincubation with 400 nM of CPEC, the araCTP concentration increased by 4–15% (not significant), and the total amount of araC nucleotides increased significantly by 21–45%. When using a concentration of araC of 2 nM after a preincubation with CPEC of 100 nM, the concentration of araCMP increased by 60% (p = 0.015), whereas that of araCTP decreased by 10% (p = 0.008). This was compensated by an increase of 41% (p = 0.005) of araCTP incorporation into DNA, which represented 43% of all araC metabolites. Moreover, by performing pulse/chase experiments with 400 nM of CPEC and 2μM of araC, the retention of cytosolic araCTP and the incorporated amount of araCTP into DNA were increased by CPEC. The modulation by CPEC of araC metabolism was accompanied by a synergistic increase of araC‐induced apoptosis and by an additive effect on the araC‐induced growth inhibition. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 in the subserosal layer correlates with postsurgical prognosis of pathological tumor stage 2 carcinoma of the gallbladder
Authors: Kawamoto Toru , Shoda Junichi , Asano Toru , Ueda Tetsuya , Furukawa Masato , Koike Naoto , Tanaka Naomi , Todoroki Takeshi , Miwa Masanao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPostsurgical recurrence at distant sites frequently occurs in pathological tumor stage 2 (pT2) carcinoma of the gallbladder even though the carcinoma is limited to the gallbladder wall. Little is known, however, about the molecular events leading to its development and progression. A large body of evidence suggests that cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is up‐regulated in carcinoma tissues and plays roles in promoting cell‐proliferation, growth and metastasis of carcinoma cells. In the present study, immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the expression levels of COX‐2 in the subserosal layer of 33 cases of pT2 gallbladder carcinoma in which curative resections had been performed and to determine the correlations of the expression levels of COX‐2 with mode of recurrence and postsurgical survival. Immunostaining of COX‐2 in the epithelia was recognized in more than 80% of normal epithelia, noncancerous pathological lesions of the gallbladder except for intestinal metaplasia and pT1–4 carcinoma specimens. Intense staining was observed in large percentages of hyperplastic lesions (65%), pT2 carcinoma specimens (76%) and pT3 and pT4 carcinoma specimens (64%) compared to the percentages of normal epithelia and other pathological lesions (0–25%). Intense staining was also observed in the adjacent stroma in pT2 carcinoma specimens (33%) and in those in pT3 and pT4 carcinoma specimens (43%) but only in small percentages of the stroma adjacent to normal epithelia and pathological lesions (0–8%). In situ hybridization confirmed the existence of COX‐2 mRNA in both the cancerous epithelia and adjacent stroma of pT2‐pT4 carcinomas. In 33 cases of pT2 carcinoma, distant recurrence, i.e., liver metastasis, was seen in 3 of 9 cases of pT2 carcinoma (33%, P<0.05) with intense stromal staining in the subserosal layer and in 1 of 24 cases (4%) without intense staining, whereas no significant correlation was found between parameters of pathological malignancies (histological grade, lymphatic permeation, venous permeation and lymph node metastasis) and the intensity of stromal staining in the subserosal layer. The postsurgical survival outcome was significantly poorer in the former than in the latter (p = 0.010). In pT2 gallbladder carcinoma, upregulation of COX‐2 in the stroma adjacent to the cancerous epithelia in the subserosal layer correlates with the aggressiveness of the disease, such as the tendency to form distant recurrences. This phenotype may serve as a unique biological feature associated with the malignant behavior of pT2 gallbladder carcinoma. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.