bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructural Stability of M5™ Alloy Irradiated up to High Neutron Fluences
Authors: Doriot S , Gilbon D , Béchade J-L , Mathon M-H , Legras L , Mardon J-P 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe present paper is focused on the microstructural stability of the Framatome-ANP M5™ (Zr-1%NbO) alloy. Thin foils were cut from M5 cladding tubes irradiated from 1 to 6 annual cycles in EDF PWRs, and examined by analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that within the wide range of irradiation conditions investigated, the initial β-Nb particles undergo no amorphisation and only minor evolutions in size distribution, number density, and composition. Finally, very few c component basal loops were detected, so that no sign of accelerated growth regime has to be feared for the fuel burn-ups currently considered (∼70 GWd/t) for PWRs.In the second part of this paper, other industrial or experimental alloys (Zy-4, M4, Zr-2.5%Nb, ZrNbSnFe) are considered to improve our knowledge about the irradiation-induced evolution of β-Nb and other minor SPP. Thin foils were cut from specimens irradiated in PWRs or MTRs (OSIRIS, SILOE) and also examined by transmission electron microscopy. In addition, Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) was used to provide quantitative and statistical information on the radiation-enhanced precipitation of β-Nb needles and possible other defects or solute clusters. All these results allow a general discussion of evolution of SPP with regard to their initial structure and composition, and of the noteworthy irradiation stability of the M5™ up to high neutron fluence with respect to other alloys.
In-Core Tests of Effects of BWR Water Chemistry Impurities on Zircaloy Corrosion
Authors: Shimada S , Cheng B , Lutz D , Kubota O , Ichikawa N , Ibe H 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
There have been several cases of fuel failures resulting from localized corrosion acceleration of the Zircaloy-2 cladding in BWRs over the last 25 years [1–3]. Some of the failures resulted from localized crud deposition, but others appear to be related to accelerated corrosion of the cladding, possibly due to certain chemical attacks of the cladding. The corrosion variability of Zircaloy-2 in BWRs has been attributed to a synergistic effect of Zircaloy-2 material variability, water chemistry impurities, and in-core service duty. Through extensive research efforts, the susceptibility of Zircaloy-2 cladding to nodular corrosion has been mitigated through improvements in the thermo-mechanical processing and surface finish since the mid-1980s. However, isolated cases of enhanced nodular corrosion have been reported recently in US BWRs [3]. Since such corrosion variability of Zircaloy-2 is undesirable, particularly for high burnup fuel components, candidate new Zr-alloys that are expected to have better nodular corrosion resistance than Zircaloy-2 have been developed [4–6].
Atomic-Scale Simulation of Defect Cluster Formation in High-Energy Displacement Cascades in Zirconium
Authors: Voskoboinikov RE , Osetsky YN , Bacon DJ 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A systematic study of damage in high-energy cascades in Zr with primary knock-on-atom (PKA) energy up to 25 keV has been carried out by molecular dynamics (MD) over a temperature range from 100–600 K. The high number of simulations for each condition of temperature and energy has revealed the wide variety of defect clusters that can be created in cascades. Mobile or sessile, two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) clusters of both vacancy and interstitial type can be formed. The population statistics of clusters of each type and the fraction of vacancies and self-interstitial atoms (SIA) in clusters, were obtained, and their dependence on the temperature and PKA energy were investigated. Both vacancy and SIA clusters can be mobile. However, depending on their type, self-interstitial clusters exhibit one-dimensional, planar, or three-dimensional motions, whereas vacancy clusters of only one type can glide in one dimension only. We have also performed separate MD simulations of some SIA and vacancy clusters to study their thermal stability and possible transformations.
Effects of Proton Irradiation on Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel and Its Model Alloys
Authors: Shibamoto H , Kimura A , Hasegawa M , Matsui H , Yamaguchi S 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Effects of proton irradiation on the reactor pressure vessel steel (RPVS), A533B cl. 1 have been investigated by means of positron lifetime and Vickers hardness measurement in comparison with those of the iron-copper model alloys. The specimens were irradiated with 1 MeV proton up to a fluence of 3 × 1017 ions/cm2 (0.2 dpa, displacement per atom, at a peak) at temperature below 80°C. The recovery behavior of the irradiation effects was also investigated during isochronal annealing for 30 min with a 25°C step from 100°C to 650°C. By positron annihilation technique, it was recognized that microvoids, which consist of about 5 vacancies with the number density of the order of 1016 /cm3, were formed by the irradiation. The number of microvoids decreased after a low temperature annealing and completely annihilated at 250°C, although irradiation hardening still remained. A large portion of the hardening recovered by the annealing up to 300°C and almost annealed out at 450°C. Irradiation response and its recovery behavior of A533B RPVS were discussed compared to the result of Fe-based model alloys.
Injury Rates and Injury Types in Alpine Skiing, Telemarking, and Snowboarding
Authors: Ekeland A , Sulheim S , Rodven A 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A central ski patrol-based registration of skiing and snowboarding injuries was performed by the Norwegian Ski Lift Association during the winter seasons 2000/2001 and 2001/2002. A control material of 3002 randomly sampled uninjured skiers was collected from the same ski resorts throughout the 2001–2002 season.
6138 injured skiers/snowboarders and 4 167 476 skier/snowboarder days were recorded during the two seasons, giving an injury rate of 1.5 injured per 1000 skier/snowboarder days. Most of the injuries occurred during alpine skiing (49%) and snowboarding (45%), whereas telemark skiing accounted for 6% of the injuries. The injury rate for snowboarders (2.3 injuries per 1000 skier days) was significantly higher than that of alpine skiers (1.1) and telemarkers (0.7) (P &lt; 0.001). Wrist injuries were common among injured snowboarders (26%) compared to only 4% for alpine and telemark skiers (P &lt; 0.001). Snowboarders also suffered more arm and back injuries than alpine skiers and telemarkers (P &lt; 0.001). The knee was the main injury location in alpine skiers (28%) compared to 13% among telemarkers and only 6% among snowboarders (P &lt; 0.001), but the percentage of knee injuries was almost twice as high for females compared to males in alpine skiers and snowboarders (P &lt; 0.001).
As percent of all injuries injured snowboarders suffered more fractures (33%) than alpine (20%) and telemark skiers (19%) (P &lt; 0.001), but fracture of the lower leg was uncommon among snowboarders (1%) and telemarkers (3%) compared to alpine skiers (6%) (P &lt; 0.001). Lower leg fractures accounted for 3% of the injured alpine skiers 20 years and older compared to 5% for adolescents aged 13–19 years and 17% for children 12 years and younger (P &lt; 0.001).
Beginners had an injury rate 3 times that of expert skiers/snowboarders (P &lt; 0.001), and use of a protective helmet reduced the injury rate P &lt; 0.001).
In conclusion, snowboarders had a higher injury rate then alpine skiers and telemarkers. Beginners had an injury rate 3 times that of experts, and use of protective helmet reduced the injury rate. Injured alpine skiers were most prone to knee injuries, and lower leg fractures were still a common injury in children. Injured snowboarders were most prone to suffer wrist, arm, and back injuries. The percentage of knee injuries among females was almost twice that of males in alpine skiers and snowboarders.
Residual Stress Measurements in Welded and Plastically Deformed Target Structural Materials
Authors: Roy AK , Venkatesh A , Dronavalli S , Marthandam V , Wells D , Selim F , Rogge R 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Transmutation of spent nuclear fuels (SNF) is currently being considered to transform long-lived isotopes to species with relatively short half-lives and reduced radioactivity through capture and decay of minor actinides and fission products. This process is intended for geologic disposal of SNF for shorter durations in the proposed repository at the Yucca Mountain site. The structural material (Type 304L stainless steel/Alloy EP-823) surrounding the transmutation target will be subjected to welding operation and plastic deformation during fabrication, which could induce residual stresses in it. Destructive ring-core, and nondestructive x-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, and positron annihilation spectroscopic techniques were used to evaluate residual stresses in welded and cold-worked specimens of both materials. The results indicate that, in general, for a welded specimen consisting of Alloy EP-823 and Type 304L stainless steel on opposite sides, compressive and tensile residual stresses were observed in the former and latter materials, respectively. However, a welded specimen consisting of only Alloy EP-823 on both sides showed tensile residual stresses. The extent of residual stresses in cold-worked specimens was enhanced with increased level of cold-reduction. In case of a bent specimen, compressive and tensile residual stresses were noticed in the convex and concave sides, respectively.
Effect of Surface Reaction Layer on Three-Point Flexure Bond Strength of Resin Composite to Cast Ti and Ti-6Al-7Nb
Authors: Watanabe I , Liu J , Saimoto A , Griggs J , Okabe T 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This study investigated the effect of the α-case on the three-point flexure bond strength of resin composite to different thicknesses of cast CP Ti and Ti-6Al-7Nb. Cast plates (0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 mm thick) were prepared for each metal. Plates without α-case were also prepared for the 0.5 and 0.7 mm-thick CP Ti and Ti-6Al-7Nb. After resin composite was polymerized on the plates, the resin/metal specimens were subjected to three-point bending testing. The fracture force (N) and deflection (mm) at fracture were recorded. The fracture force of the specimens increased with increasing specimen thickness. Specimens without α-case withstood greater fracture force than specimens of either metal with α-case. CP Ti and Ti-6Al-7Nb without α-case deflected more than with α-case. The results suggested that the bonding between the veneer composite and thin cast structures (&lt;0.5 mm) is likely to fail and that the surface reaction layer (α-case) should ideally be removed.
Comparison of the Corrosion Fatigue Characteristics of CP Ti-Grade 4, Ti-6Al-4V ELI, Ti-6Al-7Nb, and Ti-15Mo
Authors: Roach MD , Williamson RS , Zardiackas LD 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the corrosion fatigue (CF) characteristics of a series of titanium alloys including Grade 4 CP Ti (ASTM F 67), Ti-6Al-4V (ASTM F 136), Ti-6Al-7Nb (ASTM F 1295), and Ti-15 Mo (ASTM F 2066). Evaluation of alloy composition, microstructure, and Vicker's microhardness was performed to ensure that each material met the required specification. Smooth and notched CF tensile samples of each alloy were machined using low stress grind techniques and tested at 1Hz according to ASTM F 1801 in both Ringer's solution and distilled/deionized water at 37°C. Smooth CF samples had a 10 mm gauge length and a 2.5 mm gauge diameter, and notched CF samples had a 2.5 mm notch root diameter (Kt=3.2). A minimum of three samples was tested at five tension-tension sinusoidal load levels including a run-out level at 106 cycles. SEM analysis was performed on the fractured surfaces of representative samples of each alloy to characterize and compare the failure mechanisms.
Fatigue results revealed no differences between the smooth and notched samples of each alloy run in distilled water and those run in Ringer's solution. Results indicated corrosion fatigue mechanisms were not contributing to the fractures under these conditions. However, a significant reduction of fatigue strength was observed for the notched samples of each alloy compared to the smooth samples in identical solutions. These results suggest that even though there is no notch sensitivity in these alloys under static conditions, a notch under dynamic fatigue mechanisms may cause a substantial reduction in cycles to implant fracture. SEM analysis showed typical fatigue fracture morphologies on both the smooth and notched samples. Notch samples, however, did show more defined fluting in terracing due to the higher tri-axial stress state at the root of the notch. In conclusion, corrosion fatigue mechanisms were not contributing to the fracture of these alloys under the given conditions, but the presence of a notch significantly reduced the fatigue strength of all alloys tested.
A Methodology to Fabricate Titanium and Stainless Steel Wear Debris for Experimental Use: A Comparison of Size, Shape, and Chemistry
Authors: Sprecher CM , Kunze J , Burian B , Villinger N , Jacobs JJ , Schneider E , Wimmer MA 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
It is well established that particulate debris can cause osteolysis. The current paper describes a simple procedure to generate titanium and stainless steel particulates for in vitro and in vivo use.
The ‘wear generator’ consisted of three pins out of titanium or stainless steel fixed onto a stir “bar.” The bar was rotated in a beaker filled with Ringer's solution against a disk of the same metal. The extracted particles were described using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analyses, and inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy. In addition, the chemical stability of the generated particles was tested.
The Equivalent Circle Diameter of stainless steel particles was smaller than that of titanium. Titanium particles contained pure titanium metal and titanium oxides. In contrast, stainless steel particles contained soluble corrosion products (e.g., nickel) and other elements from the salty lubricant.
ASTM Symposium on the Recovery and Enumeration of Mycobacteria from the Metalworking Fluid Environment
Authors: Passman FJ 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Since 1994, when the first documented hypersensitivity pneumonitis cluster was reported at a metalworking plant, there have been approximately 200 diagnosed cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis within the metalworking industry. Although there are a variety of bacterial and fungal etiologic agents associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, metalworking industry stakeholders have focused their attention on a hypothesis that links Mycobacterium immunogenum exposure to the disease.
A number of barriers confound attempts to test this hypothesis. Today's symposium opens a dialogue on two significant barriers. There is no consensus practice for sampling and recovering Mycobacterium immunogenum from either bulk metalworking fluids or metalworking fluid aerosols. There is no consensus method for quantifying mycobacteria that may be present in either bulk fluid or aerosol samples.
This paper provides a context for the symposium's other presentations. After offering a brief overview of the history of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the metalworking environment, the author will address the current state of knowledge regarding Mycobacterium immunogenum distribution in metalworking fluids. Finally, the author will summarize the three primary strategies for enumerating mycobacteria: microscopic examination of acid-fast stained preparations, viable counts, and non-conventional methods.
Evaluation of Fatigue Crack Thresholds Using Various Experimental Methods
Authors: Forth SC , Newman JC , Forman RG 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe accurate representation of fatigue crack threshold, the region defining crack growth as either very slow or nonexistent, is extremely important. If the experimentally measured threshold is unconservatively high, a structural component designed with this data may fail long before the fatigue analysis predicts. The fatigue crack growth threshold is experimentally defined using ASTM standard E 647, which has been shown to exhibit anomalies. Alternate test methods have been proposed, such as the constant Kmax test procedure, to define the threshold regime without ambiguity. However, only the current test method defined by ASTM is designed to produce the range of fatigue crack thresholds (e.g., low and high R) needed to characterize an acrospace loading environment. It is the scope of this paper to determine the fatigue crack growth threshold of a well characterized aerospace alloy, 7075-T7351 aluminum, using different methods, to compare the results, and to draw conclusions.
High Throughput Flammability Characterization Using Gradient Heat Flux Fields
Authors: Gilman JW , Davis RD , Shields JR , Harris RH 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The quest for small-scale flammability tests useful for predicting large-scale fire test performance is an enduring undertaking. Often, this work is motivated by limited access to larger quantities of samples, in the case of materials development efforts, and by the slow turn-around and high cost of large scale flammability testing. Use of Cone calorimeter data such as heat release rate (HRR) and ignition data has been coupled with various models to attempt to predict the performance of materials in medium and large scale fire tests. In some instances this has been successful; however, the extensive amount of data that needs to be acquired has motivated the High Throughput (HT) Flammability program at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop flammability characterization methods which significantly increase the rate of data generation. The goal is to keep pace with our sample preparation rate, which is a significant challenge since our capability to produce samples, either extruded rod, or gradient coatings, has developed to a rate of one sample per minute! The efforts described here are those specifically focused at developing HT flammability analysis methods. The method of evaluating the flammability of a sample at a variety of fluxes simultaneously involves use of a radiant panel to create a gradient heat flux field. Samples are ignited in the high flux region and burned until they self-extinguish. The local flux at this position is termed the minimum flux for flame spread (MFFS). The same general technique has also been accomplished on a smaller scale using the Cone calorimeter. Here MFFS and HRR can be measured concurrently.
Reference Impact Specimens Made from Low Carbon Steel: Report on Production and Use
Authors: Heping L , Xing Z 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This paper describes a method of producing reference specimens from low carbon steel and reports the results of a national proficiency testing by 45 laboratories. The reference impact specimens of low carbon steel are much cheaper than the traditional ones, and the proficiency testing proved that the specimens are valid for finding out the problems of impact machines. Furthermore, the data showed that an impact machine would represent the similar relative bias at a different energy level of reference specimen, so it is sufficient to use reference specimens with one absorbed energy level to verify impact machines annually.
Impact Characterization of Sub-Size Charpy V-Notch Specimens Prepared from Full-Size Certified Reference Charpy V-Notch Test Pieces
Authors: Lucon E , Puzzolante J-L , Roebben G , Lamberty A 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
To investigate the feasibility of the production of sub-size Charpy reference test pieces, tests were performed on sub-size samples (3 × 4 × 27 mm3) carefully machined from full-size (10 × 10 × 55 mm3) Charpy V-notch certified reference test pieces. The measured absorbed energy (KV) values indicate a highly satisfactory homogeneity of the sub-size specimens. Sub-size specimens were prepared from full-size reference test pieces of 30, 60, 80, 120, and 150 J nominal absorbed energy; and values between 2 J and 7.2 J were obtained, covering almost fully the range of interest for sub-size Charpy tests. A linear relationship is observed between the KV values of sub-size and full-size samples of the same material.
Extrapolation of Fracture Toughness Data for HT9 Irradiated at 360–390°C
Authors: Gelles DS , Kurtz RJ 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFollowing irradiation in the FFTF-AC01 test at 360°C to 5.5 × 1022 n/cm2, two HT9 samples tested at 30°C were measured to have fracture toughness levels of 28.2 and 31.9 MPa m1/2, respectively, whereas a third identical specimen tested at 205°C gave 126 MPa m1/2. Based on testing of notched tensile specimens from the same irradiation test, the low toughness was a result of brittle fracture. A similar low level of toughness has also been demonstrated in HT9 following irradiation at 250°C, and therefore such behavior is reproducible. Using ASTM Standard E 1921-02, which characterizes the fracture toughness of ferritic steels that experience onset of cleavage cracking at instabilities, it is shown that these data can be analyzed by a Master Curve approach, and that the trend of the fracture toughness over a wider range of temperatures can be estimated. Master Curve analysis demonstrates that toughness will remain low over a wide range of temperatures near 30°C, but will degrade only slightly when temperatures drop to −10°C.
Protective Window Safety Films: A Case Study in ASTM All-Hazard Building Code Standards
Authors: Grosskopf KR 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
As the most vulnerable component in the building envelope, fragmentation failure of glazing systems is among the leading cause of injury and death during terrorist and storm events. As a result, safety films have gained popularity as a cost-effective alternative to high-strength or laminated glass, especially for building retrofits. Various combinations of wet glazed films and mechanical attachment systems, including those satisfying ASTM F 1642 for glazing systems subject to airblast loadings, have been shown to meet windload and debris impact standards, including ASTM E 1996 standards adopted by the International Building Code (IBC). Defining these and other synergies that may exist between ASTM F -series security standards and more traditional ASTM standards that address natural hazards such as wind and seismic loading may be key in introducing anti-terrorism provisions to the commercial building industry. Such an “all-hazards” approach may compliment efforts underway to introduce meaningful terrorism resistant building standards into the IBC and minimize potential code duplication.