bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
London: 1881-1886
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MARY had hoped that the Ward family might be united in London as early as 29 September 1881. But, in the event, reunion was delayed until November by necessary work on the new house. It was frustrating, but exciting as well. Since the Wards were going up in the world and intended to entertain grandly (at least by their Oxford standards) Russell Square was fitted out as expensively as Humphry’s new salary and credit would stand.
Homes: 1888-1900
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MUCH of the Wards’ energy was devoted in the 1890s to finding appropriate places to live—accommodations, that is, which were appropriate to their raised and ever-rising status, to the different needs of their children, to the complexly divided lives which the two parents led. More than with most fami¬lies, the Wards’ homes defined them and articulated their ambitions.
‘The Irish for No’
Authors: Stafford Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scott's rhetorical question seems to be addressed by the patriotic poem that unfolds beneath it, while Shelley's eloquent musing on death finds an appropriate counterpart in the words of Mangan's Enthusiast. That the relationship between these poems and their borrowed lines turns out to be rather less smooth than is apparent initially should by now be evident, but in each case the possibility of simply reading a straightforward text, complete with title and epigraph, remains. Very different, then, is the signal sent out to readers by Ciaran Carson's ‘The Irish for No’, a poem which also begins with another poem, but which from the first exudes irony, discord, and conflict.
Seamus Heaney and the Caught Line
Authors: Stafford Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In r 9 8 5 the pupils of Wesley College, Dublin, were so moved by the images of famine-stricken children in Ethiopia that they decided to join in the money-raising efforts by writing to a number of well-known people and asking them to name a favourite poem. The response was rapid and rewarding, and so a series of poetry collections was put together, whose proceeds went towards famine relief in the Third World. Some years later when Penguin Books agreed to publish a selection of the poems and letters, Seamus Heaney was asked to contribute a Fore­word.
Science, Interpretation, and Criticism
Authors: Cooper David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reflecting on the ‘two cultures’ debate of the 1960s Patricia Waugh notes that C. P. Snow’s image of science was, even then, a fading one. Nor, she observes, was this seized upon by Snow’s arch-critic F. R. Leavis who, indeed, subscribed to the same image of science, taking issue only over the relevance of science, so pictured, to the ‘judgements about life’ which define a civilized culture and which, in his view, are the domain, principally, of literary criticism.
Alexander’S Feast; Or The Power Of Musique: The Poem And Its Readers
Authors: Mason Tom , Rounce Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alexander’s Feast, not long after its appearance, being the theme of every Critick, young Marley, among others, took an opportunity of paying his court to the author; and happening to sit next him, congratulated him on having produced the finest and noblest Ode that had ever been written in any language. ‘You are right, young gentleman, (replied Dryden,) a nobler Ode never was produced, nor ever will.’ It appears to have happened to Dryden (as does not always happen to poets) that the poem he valued most was most enjoyed both by its immediate audience and by succeeding generations.
Dryden and the Dissolution of Things: The Decay of Structures in Dryden’S Later Writing
Authors: Zwicker Steven N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his last years, Dryden paused more than once to remark the digressive character of his writing, and to explain his casual and ruminative manner as a mere symptom of age. It may be tempting to take Dryden at his word, but digression in these years was more than physiology; it was also a structure of feeling and association that allowed him to brood over and accommodate a powerful set of personal disruptions and public dislocations. Of course, Dryden had begun to use digression early in his career: he points to his own digressive manner in the Preface to Annus Mirabilis (1667), and thereafter he made a habit of noting his digressive moves. By the middle of his career, digression had become one of the most telling marks of Dryden‘s strongly purposeful style. Behind the veil of the casual and the digressive, Dryden constructed superbly shaped literary instruments; the occasional diffidence and self-consciousness of both prose and verse mask daring arguments and demolitions. Yet the inward turn of his prose in the 1690s and the ruminative and associative structures of his late verse were not merely habit.
Introduction: Production, Place, and Fantasy
Authors: Lawton David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This, the third volume of New MedievalLiteratures, is the first to consist mainly of essays submitted to the editors without commission. An exception is the analytical survey: this is, and will remain, a com¬ missioned project, though the editors are highly receptive to suggestions about what to commission and from whom. The editors also take pride in publishing the prizewinning essay, by William Kuskin, in our first essay competition. We are grateful for the sponsorship that made the competition possible in the form of financial and other support from the University of East Anglia; and we owe much to our (conventionally anonymous) judges and readers.
Panopticon is her Bedroom: Voyeurism and the Concept of Space in the Love Lyrics of Early Medieval China
Authors: Birrell Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two key concepts in postmodernist literary theory, gender and space, have recently been explored in studies of the European Middle Ages. As a Sinologist specializing in medieval Chinese Literature, I aim in this study to apply these two concepts to medieval Chinese poetics.
Analytical Survey3:The New Philology
Authors: Sarah Kay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new philology came to prominence in 1990 when a special issue of Speculum was published with that title, edited by two senior medievalists in French, R. Howard Bloch and Stephen G. Nichols. ‘New Philology’ also heads a section of a book called TheNewMedievalism, published in 1991, and edited by Nichols again, this time with co-editors Marina Brownlee and Kevin Brownlee, and again containing an essay by Bloch. The controversy aroused by the New Philoogy volume in particular led to the New Philology figuring in a number of polemical discussions.
Wandering the London Wasteland
Authors: Parsons Deborah L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature of the Second World War has been marginalized compared to other periods in the twentieth century; Salman Rushdie bluntly summarized the consensus of opinion that ‘America, Germany and Italy all produced extraordinary novels about it; England didn’t’, going on to suggest that this was the result of the English tendency to live in ‘a green world of the past’, as the young male characters in Bowen and Macaulay’s novels are certainly shown to do.1 Yet this is to overlook the distinctive representation of the city in wartime, largely created by women writers; the world of Bowen’s Heat of the Day (1949), H.D.’s Trilogy (1942-4), and Macaulay’s The World My Wilderness (1950). As Phyllis Lassner’s metaphor appropriately describes, these writers literally took on the identity of the wandering
Punning Eroticisms
Authors: Bly Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will argue that the primary cultural deviation apparent in White friars comedies—the lack of any patriarchal disapproval of wantonly spoken young women—can be rendered intelligible by rethinking the linguistic transgression involved in the characterization of these females. By focusing not on bawdy jests given to virgins, but on bawdy jests used to breach culturally prescribed, gendered behaviour, it is possible to see the White friars specialization quite differently. As White friars puns ignore conventional proscriptions for female behaviour, they also abrogate conventional proscriptions for sexual desire.
Introduction: Where No Bard Has Gone Before
Authors: Lanier Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A crucial early scene in the film Star Trek VI (dir. Nicholas Meyer, 1991) features a diplomatic banquet on that most famous of fictional starships, the USS Enterprise. The Klingons, an alien warrior race, have engaged in an intergalactic cold war with the Federation, a loose alliance of races headquartered on Earth, and they find themselves.
According to Shakespeare: Allusion and Citation
Authors: Lanier Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We often conceive of popular culture as a body of mass-produced cultural materials-films, television, radio, records, popular fiction, advertising, video games, kitsch, and the like-without recognizing that popular culture is also the uses-the social meanings, pleasures, and ways of life-that people make of those materials in their every day lives. What makes popular culture popular is how it is used, not necessarily the size of its audience, its mass reproduction or its commerciality. Popular culture’s meanings and pleasures are created by ‘the people’ from a position of relative subordination or disempowerment within a social order, in particular the order which de veloped under modern industrialized capitalism.
Shakespeare Tourism and Festivals
Authors: Lanier Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most memorable and celebrated sequences in any Shake spearian film is the opening of Laurence Olivier’s Henry V (1944). The first shots bring us from the heavens to earth, treating us to an extraordinary panorama of Renaissance London straight out of Visscher’s famous 1616 engraving, the Tower and St Paul’s in the back ground, London Bridge laden with houses with working chimneys.
Introduction
Authors: Wood Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To answer the question it is possible to begin at a beginning, but that does not necessarily make things any more straightforward. Here is, arguably, the first written account of the conception of the first English slaving voyage: ‘Master John Haukins being amongst other particulars assured that Negroes were very good marchandise in Hispaniola, and that store of negroes might easily be had upon the coast of guinea, resolved with himself to make triall thereof.’ This then leads straight into the first English account of the gathering of a slave cargo, of the middle passage, and of the sale of the slaves:
Jews, Jubilee, and Harringtonianism in Coleridge and Maria Edgeworth: Republican Conversions
Authors: Manly Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps you think it sufficient to follow, without enquiry, the religion of your Fathers. Had your Fathers in succession done the same, what would now be the religion of this country? Three Centuries ago, they were immersed in ignorance and Papery; some Centuries farther back, they were gross idolaters.
The Grand Theatre Of Reform
Authors: Swindells Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immediately on the words “NOT GUILTY” being pronounced by the foreman of the worthy jury, the Sessions House, where the court sat, was almost rent with loud and reiterated shouts of applause. The vast multitude that were waiting anxiously without, caught the joyful sound, and like an electric shock, or the rapidity of lightning, the glad tidings spread through the whole town, and were conveyed much quicker than the regular post could travel, to the most distant parts of the island, where all ranks of people were anxiously awaiting the result of the trial.
Dark Satanic Mills, Transforming The Face Of England
Authors: Swindells Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are at least two other areas, both related to the reform movement, where the discourses of anti-slavery assume a powerful significance. One is the specific use of the lexicon of slavery in application to the role of women, particularly within marriage and the household. In 1825, William Thompson and Anna Wheeler named the problem directly by equating the absence of womens enfranchisement, and of any significant position for them in civil society, with their domestic slavery.
Women Players And The Protection Racket
Authors: Swindells Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earlier chapters have made reference to womens central involvement in the political agitation of the period. As has already been mentioned, women, together with black activists, were in many ways the prime movers in the abolition movement, carrying over arguments about slave ownership and slave labour into other domains, and in particular creating a set of analogies between slavery and the condition of women in marriage and the household.
The Grand Theatre Of Political Change, I789 To I833
Authors: Swindells Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Political movements in Britain following the French Revolution, up until the 1832 Reform Act and the Emancipation Act a year later, were strongly informed and characterized by the vitality of theatrical performance and the ebullience of theatre audience. We have seen how all the glorious causes of 1789 to 1833, including the factory movement, the early womens movement, agrarian reform, the abolition movement, and above all, the movement to reform the parliamentary franchise itself, drew heavily on the rhetoric of the drama and theatrical forms.
Irenius’s Mother Tongue
Authors: McCabe Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Sir Walter Ralegh, Spenser is the pre-eminent poet of ‘our English tongue’ and The Faerie Queene marks both his and the language’s coming of age. Yet the phrase ‘our English tongue’ begs a number of crucial questions. On whose behalf is Ralegh speaking? Their mutual involvement in the Irish colonial enterprise had familiarized Spenser and Ralegh with varieties of English unknown to most of their countrymen. Colin Clout complains to the Shepheard of the Ocean of the ‘nightly bodrags’ that characterize life in Ireland (314-15), but the allusion would be opaque to most English readers.
‘Now you see it; now you don’t’: Nation, Identity, and Otherness
Authors: Sease Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essays in this fourth volume of New Medieval Literatures explore nation, identity, and otherness. Within this frame of reference, they reflect on the origins of the ‘medieval’ as a kind of otherness, and on the ideological implications of reading the past using this category of analysis. Some of the essays consider medieval efforts of the historical and geographical imagination and their production of identity and otherness. Some offer sharply lit portraits of medieval individuals negotiating selfhood, creating the illusion of identity distinct from medieval textuality. Two essays reflect on the origins of reading Middle English literature as ‘medieval’ and ‘other’ and on ways of revising and refounding that discipline. One essay thinks about medieval engagement with the ways in which otherness can be made to appear and disappear, and insists on the imperative of reading practices that disclose that engagement. Appearing in several guises in this volume is the figure of the traveller, surveying other lands, or the other countries of the past. The traveller is in several of these essays a metaphor for the reader of this volume. The traveller may expect to acquire particular insight into the nature of frontiers, geographical and historical. Just so, the reader surveying all of the essays becomes aware of their collective engagement with making the frontier of the medieval appear and disappear.
The Surveying Subject and the ‘Whole World’ of Belief: Three Case Studies
Authors: Lawton David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the edge of the world, a man travels. He rides away from court and home; his work will be to traverse a map, to write of what he sees and reads. The traveller has a name, John; he is under royal commission. His journey is difficult. He rides through light and darkness, obscurities of rite and language, in the shadow of death.
The Making of the Rule
Authors: Golding Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most striking features of the twelfth-century Church was the growing desire and demand of women for a place in the new spiritual commonwealth. Typically they were described by an anonymous contemporary writer as those ‘who sweetly take up Christ’s yoke with holy men or under their guidance’. Until c.1100 there were few nunneries, and many of these were considered by contemporary reformers to be suspect and lax. The lack of cenobitic opportunities for women was especially apparent in England, where in 1066 there were only ten nunneries. All were royal or aristocratic foundations which offered no opportunity for the spiritual desires of the majority of women. In the next century the number increased tenfold.
Labour’s Everyman, 1859–1886
Authors: Shepherd John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 23 April1930 a group of figures appeared on the Northumberland horizon walking slowly in the brilliant sunlight along Hadrian’s Wall. Included in the party were officials of local antiquarian societies, civil servants, businessmen, and newspaper reporters. In the midst was the Cabinetminister from Whitehall: a large-framed seventy-year-old man, with white hair and ruddy face adorned by mutton-chop whiskers, attired in an old alpaca suit and bowler hat. Instantly recognized wherever he went, he possessed an unmistakable ringing voice, in which he greeted everyone as his friend.
Direct Action, 1919–1920
Authors: Shepherd John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the post-war era, as editor of the Daily Herald, Lansbury became the established tribune of the political left in Britain. This independent Labour paper-a platform for his views of Christian socialism, pacifism, and passive resistance-was closely identified with the waves of working-class militancy and social disturbance that occurred, as well as its wide-ranging coverage of events in other parts of the world.
Party Leadership Crisis, 1934–1935
Authors: Shepherd John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1934, while George Lansbury was still in the Manor House Hospital, his son, Edgar, published a book-George Lansbury: My Father-that told the life-story of the exuberant seventy-five-year-old Labour leader and gave some fascinating glimpses into his family life in the East End. One scene evoked echoes of E. Nesbit’s The Railway Children, as Edgar remembered the Great Eastern expresses that thundered past near the Lansbury home at Bow, with their father waving his large red flag to his watching children as he journeyed to preach socialism the length and breadth of Britain.
The King’s Navy
Authors: Davies J D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this way, in his diary entry for 23 May 1660, the young clerk Samuel Pepys recorded the actions by which Charles II and his brother James took possession of their navy. For the next three decades, the royal brothers were to enjoy a unique relationship with their sea service. Its numerical strength was greatly augmented under their sponsorship. It fought their wars, and protected their trade; its internal systems and procedures were reformed under their auspices, and (at least in part) through the work of the same young clerk from the Naseby’s quarter deck. The degree of personal interest which Charles and James took in the fleet, and in the careers of its officers and men, had no parallel between the reigns of Henry VIII and William IV.
A Projected Cromwellian Foundation at Oxford and the ‘True Reformed Protestant ‘ Interest, c.1657-8
Authors: Beddard R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of Oxford colleges founded in the three centuries following the break from Rome is so small as to make even an unsuccessful attempt to erect a new college in the seventeenth century a development of considerable historical interest. The attempt is all the more intriguing, given that it occurred during the contradictory years of the Cromwellian Interregnum: a period which incongruously witnessed repeated calls for the abolition of university education from the radical sectaries, and a determined move to found a third national university at Durham, notwithstanding the vociferous opposition of the Oxford and Cambridge academics. With Christ Church (1525) being more Cardinal Wolsey ‘s creation than Henry VIII ‘s, and Trinity (1555) and St. John ‘s (1557) being Marian foundations, only five colleges can truly be said to have been Protestant foundations before the nineteenth century-Jesus (1571), Wadham (1610), Pembroke (1624), Worcester (1714), and Hertford (1740), and several of them were grafted onto the relics of earlier, medieval halls. The new Oxford college was to be raised on the basis of the ailing St Mary Hall, an institution which by the late 1650s was on the verge of collapse. The evidence for the existence of such a project depends on a unique seventeenth-century document found in British Library, MS Additional 32,093, fos 399-400v: an undated item which once belonged to the Nonjuring antiquary, George Harbin,4 the learned librarian and honorary chaplain of Thomas Thynne, first Viscount Weymouth, and a former University Burgess, at Longleat House, in Wiltshire. The document is an incomplete draft of what was obviously intended to be, in its final form, a letters patent suitable for Oliver Cromwell to sign as Lord Protector.
The Role of Irish Clerics in Paris University Politics 1730-40
Authors: ‘Connor Thomas O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anti-Jansenist Purges and Irish Clerics The debate about grace, which divided the Counter-Reformation Church and pitted Jesuits against Jansenists, would have been a mere affaire de cures had the European ancien regime distinguished theology and politics. This was emphatically not the case. In France, the Gallican church was a monument to the interpenetration of the ecclesiastical and the civil domains. The French king had a particular duty to uphold its privileges and protect true religion.2 In the early eighteenth century it mattered a great deal to Louis XIV that his Gallican church was still divided over the grace question, particularly as the politics of grace had penetrated the politics of state. Indeed, by this time the original theological debate had become profoundly politicised and religious language was used to articulate the claims of conflicting authorities, secular as well as ecclesiastical. The theology of grace favoured by the Jesuits was associated with monarchical centralization as well as with papal authority and episcopal hegemony. The Jansenists ‘ theology of grace, on the other hand, attracted the support of more traditionally-minded Gallicans in general, a few episcopal devotees of the Doctor of Hippo, a number of lower clergy Richerists and those institutions of the French ancien regime which traditionally opposed monarchical centralization. The parlement of Paris was foremost among these. The early eighteenth-century focus for the conflict of authorities was the papal bull, Unigenitus. Published by Clement XI in 1713 at Louis XIV ‘s behest, it was part of Louis ‘s strategy of rapprochement with the papacy. As such it was motivated by changing circumstances in international diplomacy and represented a marked change from the Gallicanism of the earlier part of his reign.