bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The quantum D-module
Authors: Guest Martin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall discuss quantum cohomology using the D-module terminology of Chapter 4. The introduction of D-modules here is not artiﬁcial; Floer cohomology gives another approach to quantum cohomology, and a natural D-module structure on Floer cohomology was discovered by A. Givental (see [47] and [48]). This Floer cohomology D-module structure could be regarded as the ‘geometric ‘ origin of the D-module structure of quantum cohomology. However, at this point, it is technically easier to proceed by deﬁning the quantum D-module directly in terms of the quantum product.
Integrable systems
Authors: Guest Martin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 4 we met the KdV equation, one of the most famous integrable systems or ‘soliton equations ‘ ever studied. To some extent it overshadows the family to which it belongs: since there is no universally accepted defination of integrable system, as a first approximation one could say that an integrable system is a partial differential equation which is analogous to the KdV equation. In this chapter we shall look at the KdV equation and some other well known integrable systems. There are hundreds of treatments of the KdV equation in the pure and applied mathematical literature, but it is an equation with many facets, and our exposition will emphasize D-modules and analogies with quantum cohomology.
Integrable systems and quantum cohomology
Authors: Guest Martin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter we look at the map W : CrGr(s+1) in the case of quantum cohomology and, more generally, abstract quantum cohomology. That is, we apply the fundamental construction of Chapter 8 to the situation of Chapters 5 and 6. It should not be surprising that this yields beneﬁts, as the map W is a geometrical manifestation of the quantum cohomology D-module, and we have seen already that W is of great importance in other integrable systems such as the KdV equation and the harmonic map equation. In fact these expectations will be exceeded handsomely: in the case of the quantum cohomology of a Calabi–Yau manifold, W can be interpreted as a variation of Hodge structure (VHS) on a ‘mirror dual’ Calabi–Yau manifold.
Deliberating with one’s body: me and my second self
Authors: Berthoz Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perception is decision making. Perception of the body, too, follows this rule. Here I would like to propose a new idea: we are basically two beings. Neurologists had this intuition almost a hundred years ago, when they proposed the idea of the body schema [2]. Another example of this intuition is the concept of a mirror image. An infant only recognizes himself in the mirror after a certain age. The image of the double in the mirror becomes possible with the construction of the body schema. The fact that we cohabit with another self is dramatically expressed by the kind of ‘out-of-body’ illusions exploited by quacks as parapsychological phenomena, but whose neural basis we are beginning to discern (see n. 12).
Infant rhythms: Expressions of musical companionship
Authors: Mazokopaki Katerina , Kugiumutzakis Giannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many scholars accept that it is in our nature to be musical—that the sound of music, and the ritual use of music in the life of the community, must have accompanied human beings from the evolutionary origins of mankind. Some believe that the talent for song and dance is what first made the evolution of social life of human beings different from other animals, and that with this talent arose the capacity to use language and make culture (Donald 1991; Brown 2000; Mithen 2005). In our evolutionary past music may well have been present to celebrate every stage of life: from gestation until death, and beyond. There is evidence that the pleasures of making and hearing musical sounds were known to the Cro-Magnon people 40,000 years ago (Farb 1978; Cross and Morley, Chapter 3, this volume).
My Intended Burial and Why*y
Authors: Hamilton William D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There seem to be people incurably fascinated by insects. I am one of them. The interest arises untaught in infancy and harsh experiences of childhood seem to do little to change it. I remember a walk to a wild blackberry patch just after the war and my mother teaching one of my sisters not to be scared of the spiders that were common on huge orb webs among the blackberries. Our big garden Araneus loves to build right in front of the best, ripest berries, as if it knows that these are good places to catch flies. Of course, the webs often intercepted our hands as well. The spiders, however, were never aggressive; when disturbed they would run and hide among leaves. But they were fat and looked—well, spidery, and quite off putting even to me. My mother on this occasion set a spider to walk on her hand; then she encouraged my sister to do the same. I was impressed. Shortly, I too picked one out of its web and placed it on my hand: it walked a few paces, then bit me quite painfully.
Haploid Dynamic Polymorphism In A Host With Matching Parasites: Effects Of Mutation/ Subdivision, Linkage, And Patterns Of Selectiony
Authors: Hamilton W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A deterministic genetic simulation of the coevolution of a sexual haploid host species with an asexual parasite is described in which parasites gain by matching and hosts by unmatching alleles at three linked and corresponding loci. Realistic parameter states without mutation or population subdivision can generate permanent dynamic polymorphism; however, polymorphism is preserved under wider conditions if mutation and/or migration in a meta- population is present. Other factors favorable to polymorphism include weak selection, ‘zero-sum ’ patterns of fitness interaction, fast breeding of parasites, and low rather than high or zero recombination. Hard selection was most protective to polymorphism in large populations, but multiple-infection soft (truncation) selection was more protective in small populations.
Nonlinearity, Chaos, and Complexity
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Covering a broad range of topics, this text provides a comprehensive survey of the modeling of chaotic dynamics and complexity in the natural and social sciences. Its attention to models in both the physical and social sciences and the detailed philosophical approach make this a unique text in the midst of many current books on chaos and complexity. Including an extensive index and bibliography along with numerous examples and simplified models, this is an ideal course text.
Methodology and metaphysics in the development of Dedekind’s theory of ideals
Authors: Avigad Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1 Introduction
Philosophical concerns rarely force their way into the average mathematician’s workday. But, in extreme circumstances, fundamental questions can arise as to the legitimacy of a certain manner of proceeding, say, as to whether a particular object should be granted ontological status, or whether a certain conclusion is epistemologically warranted. There are then two distinct views as to the role that philosophy should play in such a situation. On the first view, the mathematician is called upon to turn to the counsel of philosophers, in much the same way as a nation considering an action of dubious international legality is called upon to turn to the United Nations for guidance. After due consideration of appropriate regulations and guidelines (and, possibly, debate between representatives of different philosophical factions), the philosophers render a decision, by which the dutiful mathematician abides.
A Path to the Epistemology of Mathematics: Homotopy Theory
Authors: Marquis Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of topology provides, a typical shortcut of the history of mathematics. Algebraic topology finds its origin, on the one hand, from the examination of problems arising in other parts of mathematics, notably functions of one complex variable and algebraic geometry, and on the other hand, from its own developments (like the Hauptvermutung); their solution requires new methods and techniques, and the reflection on these methods leads to new kinds of problems (theory of algorithms or decidability, for instance) or sparks the creation of new notions or theories (such as categories or homological algebra) which will allow instructive synthesis by shedding a new light on questions found in other chapters of mathematics, or that will even provide tools that will lead to significant progress in the study of other types of problems. (Hirsch, 1978, 260–261; our translation).
Nested sampling
Authors: Sivia D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The resurgence of interest in the Bayesian approach to data analysis has been driven, in practical terms, partly by the rapid development of computer hardware and partly by the advent of larger-scale problems. This chapter discusses some of the modern numerical techniques that are useful for doing Bayesian calculations when analytical approximations are inadequate; in particular, it focuses on the novel idea of nested sampling.
Quantification
Authors: Sivia D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we extend the basic exploratory techniques of Chapter 9, aiming to answer the perennial questions ‘What ‘s there, and how much? ‘. As so often in algorithm design, there are some nice tricks to be found. Here are some of them. We now consider problems in which the discrete states of a system are assigned different prior probabilities, which cannot usefully be transformed to uniformity. It is possible to choose potential transitions at random, as before. Indeed, many writers recommend just that, using rejections to control the desired non-uniformity, as in Metropolis exploration described in Section 9.4.4. Our view, though, is that most priors are sufficiently simple to be explored efficiently without rejection, and that the insight required to accomplish this is worthwhile.
Core mechanisms of word learning
Authors: Markson Lori 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children’s striking ability to learn new words quickly and efficiently has spurred scholars to pinpoint the mechanism at its core. An ongoing controversy has concerned whether word learning results from a domain-specific mechanism or depends on more general abilities. One prevalent view is that children utilize multiple cues when acquiring new word meanings, suggesting a host of capacities may be influential in this process. Such capacities include more general cognitive abilities of attention and memory, lexical-specific constraints, and sensitivity to the intentions of others.
Extremal quasiconformal mappings
Authors: Fletcher A , Markovic V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we investigate extremal quasiconformal mappings, which are extremal in the sense of minimizing the ∞ over all Beltrami differentials corresponding to quasiconformal mappings in the Teichmuoller equivalence class. Extremal mappings always exist, but need not be unique, as is shown in several examples. We show how extremality is equivalent to infinitesimal extremality, which is a notion of extremality in a linear vector space, and hence easier to work with than extremality in the Teichmuoller equivalence relation. Grootzsch’s argument is extended to the Main Inequality which, amongst many applications, can be used to show that Beltrami differentials of the special Teichmuoller type are uniquely extremal. See [43] for Reich’s survey article on external quasiconformal mappings.
Isomorphisms of Teichmu¨ller space
Authors: Fletcher A , Markovic V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we show how the Kobayashi metric is equal to the Teichmuoller metric on T (M ) and investigate how this relates to biholomorphic maps between Teichmuoller spaces. We will classify all biholomorphic maps between two Teichmuoller spaces by reducing the problem to the cotangent space. That is, all surjective linear isometries between Bergman spaces of Riemann surfaces of non-exceptional type are geometric, which in particular implies that the two Riemann surfaces are conformally related.
Building statistical models to analyze species distributions
Authors: Gelfand Alan E , Latimer Andrew , Wu Shanshan , Silander John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Models of the geographic distributions of species have wide application in ecology. But the nonspatial, single-level regression models that ecologists typically employ do not deal with problems of sampling irregularity or spatial dependence, and do not adequately quantify uncertainty. We show here how to build statistical models that can handle these features of spatial prediction and provide richer, more powerful inference about species niche relations, distributions, and the effects of human disturbance. We begin with a familiar generalized linear model and build in additional features, including spatial random effects and hierarchical levels.
Implications of vulnerability to hurricane damage for long-term survival of tropical tree species: a Bayesian hierarchical analysis
Authors: Ogle Kiona , Uriarte María , Thompson Jill , Johnstone Jill , Jones Andy , Lin Yiching , McIntire Eliot J B , Zimmerman Jess K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tropical forests in the Caribbean are often subject to catastrophic disturbances by hurricanes. Despite the high frequency and intensity of hurricanes in this region, their effect on tropical forest dynamics remain poorly understood. In an effort to better understand the importance of hurricanes to a Puerto Rican tropical forest, we employ Bayesian statistical methods to identify factors that may determine the response of individual trees to hurricane damage. These factors include the effect of tree size and taxonomic identity on the vulnerability of trees to wind damage and the effect of wind damage, tree size, and crowding on individual survival following a hurricane event.
Hierarchical Bayesian spatio–temporal models for population spread
Authors: Wikle Christopher K , Hooten Mevin B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a long history in the ecological sciences concerning the development of mathematical models for describing the distribution of organisms over time and space. Although such models have sometimes been evaluated by comparison to observations, they have seldom been “fit” to data in a formal statistical sense. Thus, uncertainties regarding data, model, and parameters are not readily accounted for in such analyses. Alternatively, realistic statistical models for spatio–temporal processes in ecology often require that one estimate a very large number of parameters. This is typically not possible given the relatively limited amount of data collected over space and time.
Photosynthetic organelles and endosymbiosis
Authors: Sommer M S , Gould S B , Kawach O , Klemme C , Voß C , Maier, U -G , Zauner S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current hypotheses regarding the origin of photosynthetic eukaryotes argue for a single acquisition of plastids in the common ancestor of red and green algae, and the little-known glaucophytes. All remaining photosynthetic eukaryotes, including stramenopiles (heterokonts), dinoflagellates, euglenophytes, chlorarachniophytes, and cryptophytes, acquired the capability to photosynthesize by the engulfment of a phototrophic eukaryote. This Chapter summarizes current knowledge about evolution involving these diverse symbiotic events.
Hypnosis And Neuroscience: Implications For The Altered State Debate
Authors: Lynn Steven Jay , Kirsch Irving , Knox Josh , Fassler, Oliver , Lilienfeld Scott O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than 200 years, the phenomena of hypnosis have intrigued the scientific com- munity and the general public. During hypnosis, many people appear to lose control over normally voluntary behaviour; some exhibit temporary, selective amnesia; they report seeing and hearing things that are not present and not seeing or hearing things that are present. Additionally, suggested responses often have an involuntary or automatic quality. Behaviour and reported experiences of this sort seem so extraordinary that it is not surprising that both laypersons and workers in the field of hypnosis have assumed they were due to an altered state of consciousness or ‘trance ‘ (e.g. Hilgard 1965; Spiegel and Spiegel 1978; Erickson 1980; Edmonston 1981; Spiegel 1998). According to Kallio and Revonsuo (2003), the central question regarding hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness (ASC) is whether a special hypnotic state gives rise to altered experiences produced by suggestion. Many altered state proponents also believe that enhanced suggestibility is one of the features of trance.
Stochastic Differential Geometry
Authors: Field Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter further develops the theory of (non-degenerate) diffusion processes, considered as existing on an arbitrary manifold ℳ, from the point of view of stochastic differential geometry. In this description the diffusion tensor plays an essential underlying role in supplying the metrical structure of the manifold. We develop the kinematics of various quantities that arise naturally in this geometrical context, and explain their potential significance in a physical (scattering) context. This more abstract geometrical interpretation should prove illuminating for the pure mathematical reader, in terms of our treatment of the dynamics of the vector scattering processes encountered in subsequent chapters.
Rayleigh Scattering
Authors: Field Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we develop the stochastic dynamical theory of Rayleigh scattering, from the point of view of a random walk model. Physically this is appropriate to forward and backward scattering experiments where the scattering population is effectively constant over the observation period. From a theoretical point of view, the purpose of the chapter is to present a self-contained derivation that follows essentially from first principles. We shall see how the development, according to a random walk model pertaining to the components of the scattered field, leads to an elegant mathematical derivation of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process for the resultant amplitude. This derivation of the scattering dynamics, motivated by a physical model (the coherent superposition of a number of randomly phased scattered wave components) is of inherent pure mathematical interest, as well as being satisfying from a theoretical physics point of view.
Dynamics of K-Scattering
Authors: Field Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We derive the stochastic dynamics of the complex-valued amplitude resulting from coherent scattering from a random population of scatterers when this becomes asymptotically large. Considerations of a random walk model, introduced by Jakeman, are used to derive stochastic differential equations (SDEs) for the amplitude and corresponding intensity and phase stochastic processes. An analysis of the correlation structure in the fluctuations is provided and interpreted geometrically in terms of the gauge invariant properties of the field and the Markov property. A Fokker–Planck description for the evolution of the probability density is given and the equilibrium and detailed balance conditions are shown to hold. Expressions for the intensity autocorrelation function and power spectral density are provided in closed form. The practical implications of the stochastic theory are discussed.
Models of Weak Scattering
Authors: Field Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we extend the K-scattering model of Chapter 8, in which the continuous time dynamics of the K-scattering process were derived, to include the effect of the presence of a coherent off set or ‘signal’ in the scattering amplitude. The weak scattering amplitudes are characterized in terms of continuous time biased random walk models, and the corresponding stochastic dynamics derived. The stochastic differential geometry of the resultant amplitude fluctuations is derived in relation to that of pure K-scattering. Asymptotic distributions of amplitude, intensity and phase are provided, and the condition for detailed balance shown to hold.
Generating functions and their applications
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A key method for studying distributions is via transforms such as the probability generating function of a discrete random variable, or the moment generating function and characteristic function of a general random variable. Such transforms are particularly suited to the study of sums of independent random variables, and their areas of application include renewal theory, random walks, and branching processes. The inversion theorem tells how to obtain the distribution function from knowledge of its characteristic function. The continuity theorem allows us to use characteristic functions in studying limits of random variables. Two principal applications are to the law of large numbers and the central limit theorem. The theory of large deviations concerns the estimation of probabilities of ‘exponentially unlikely’ events.
Introduction
Authors: Garthwaite Paul , Jolliffe Ian , Jones Byron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statistics is a very broad subject, with applications in a vast number of different fields. At heart it is an applied subject, but it would be unsatisfactory if each application had to be tackled separately, devising fresh techniques for each new problem. For this reason, a body of common statistical theory has been developed so that most problems can be tackled within the same framework.
Properties of estimators
Authors: Garthwaite Paul , Jolliffe Ian , Jones Byron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that we have a random sample (x 1 , x 2 ,..., xn ) from a probability distribution with p.d.f. f (x ; θ ), and that we wish to use the values x 1 , x 2 ,…, xn to estimate θ , which is unknown. In particular, let θ (x 1 , x 2 ,…, xn ) be a function of x 1 , x 2 ,…, xn which we use as a (point) estimate of θ ; the corresponding function θ (X 1 , X 2 ,…, Xn ) of the r.vs X 1 , X 2 ,…, Xn , which is itself an r.v., is an estimator for θ .
Physiological adaptive strategies
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Little is yet known about the sense physiology of subterranean mammals. However, it is now evident in subterranean mammals, as elsewhere, that regression and progression evolution are intimately coupled, and structural and functional sense organs and brain reductions are linked with structural and functional expansions or hypotrophies. In the case of S. ehrenbergi, the overall brain size is significantly larger than that of the white rat, when allometry is considered (Mann et al., 1997, Frahm et al., 1997). These provide in subterranean mammals an outstanding demonstration of the evolutionary tinkering (Jacob, 1977), leading to adaptations to the unique subterranean ecotope.
The theory of evolution: structure, challenges, and prospects
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on the multidisciplinary global research programme of subterranean mammals presented in the Evidence section, I will explore some of the current challenges to evolutionary theory and highlight only some of the unresolved problems of adaptation and speciation listed in the introduction. I argue that nothing learned from the evolution of subterranean mammals should change the basic postulates of evolutionary theory. Basically, the multidisciplinary, comparative evidence presented at all levels, from the molecular to the organismal, strongly supports the fundamental conceptual framework of the synthetic theory of evolution (Mayr and Provine, 1980). Currently, the ‘synthetic’ epithet is often omitted and the theory is simply known as the Theory of Evolution (Ayala and Fitch, 1997). Evolutionary theory is continuously expanding and being enriched, eliminating, by the process of cultural selection, wrong concepts and sub-hypotheses.