bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta) Comparable to Humans? Histomorphology of the Sphincteric Musculature of the Lower Urinary Tract Including 3D‐reconstruction
Authors: Ganzer R. , Köhler D. , Neuhaus J. , Dorschner W. , Stolzenburg J.‐U. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThe physiology of the muscle systems of the human lower urinary tract is still not known in detail. To study the functional basics of this complex organ system, experiments are often performed in animal models including rhesus monkeys. To apply the results of animal model studies to the humans, a clear knowledge of the comparative anatomy of both species is necessary. However, detailed comparative studies of the lower urinary tract of the rhesus monkey and the humans are lacking. Accordingly, a detailed study on the sphincteric musculature of the lower urinary tract of the rhesus monkey was performed in order to demonstrate anatomical correspondences and differences between both species. The lower urinary tract anatomy was investigated in 18 male and female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by serial sections. Immunohistochemical staining methods were used to differentiate striated and smooth musculature. Three‐dimensional reconstructions were performed in order to demonstrate the topographical anatomy of the different muscle systems. In both man and male rhesus monkeys, a urethral sphincter muscle exists independent of the pelvic floor musculature, with a smooth and a striated muscular part. A urinary diaphragm (diaphragma urogenitale) does neither exist in the rhesus monkey nor in the human. In contrast to women, a striated muscle encircles the urethra and vagina together in the female rhesus monkey. A vesical sphincter muscle, found in the human bladder outlet, does not exist in the rhesus monkey.
PCR‐based identification of Erysiphe pulchra and Phyllactinia guttata from Cornus florida using ITS‐specific primers
Authors: Mmbaga M. T. , Klopfenstein N. B. , Kim M.‐S. , Mmbaga N. C. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThe internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA and the intervening 5.8S rRNA gene for the powdery mildew fungi Erysiphe (sect. Microsphaera) pulchra and Phyllactinia guttata were amplified using standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols and the universal primer pairs, ITS1 and ITS4. PCR products for ITS were analysed by electrophoresis in a 1.5% agarose gel and sequenced. The size of the amplified ITS products (approximately 650 bp) were not sufficiently different to allow reliable differentiation of E. pulchra and P. guttata; however, their sequences were distinct. Specific primers for E. pulchra and P. guttata were developed and evaluated for use as diagnostic tools. The diagnostic band size from E. pulchra‐specific primer pair was 568 bp while the P. guttata band was 597 bp; the two primer pairs were highly specific to E. pulchra and P. guttata. Comparison of ITS sequences with information in the GenBank showed a very close similarity between sequences of E. pulchra isolates from Cornus florida in the USA and isolates collected on Cornus kousa in Japan. BLAST analysis of the sequence of the 650‐bp band from P. guttata revealed a close alignment with sequences of P. moricola (92%), P. kakicola (94%), and P. fraxini (92%). The sequence of P. guttata in C. florida also had a 98% identity with P. guttata in Calycanthus occidentalis and 94% identity with P. guttata in Corylus cornuta.
Lysine requirement of kittens given purified diets for maximal growth
Authors: Morris J. G. , Rogers Q. R. , O'Donnell J. A. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThree experiments were conducted using a total of 15 male and 15 female weaned specific pathogen‐free kittens given amino acid‐based purified diets containing varying concentrations of lysine (from 4.0 to 11.3 g/kg diet) in a Latin square design of 10 day periods. In experiment 1, the predicted lysine requirement was 7.7 g/kg diet, and in experiments 2 and 3, maximal weight gain occurred at 8.0 g lysine/kg diet. In experiment 3, nitrogen balance was not different for kittens given diets containing 8.0 and 9.0 g lysine/kg. These experiments support a requirement of 8.0 g lysine (free base)/kg diet, in a diet with a calculated metabolizable energy value of 4.7 kcal/g.
Brown seaweed‐ (TascoTM) treated conserved forage enhances antioxidant status and immune function in heat‐stressed wether lambs
Authors: Saker K. E. , Fike J. H. , Veit H. , Ward D. L. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryTwenty‐seven wether lambs were utilized to evaluate select innate immunity and oxidative stress in response to diet and heat stress. Dietary treatments were: (i) control (tall fescue) hay = no TascoTM (tradename for the extract of the brown seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, Acadian Sealants Ltd, Nova Scotia, Canada); (ii) pre‐harvest Tasco‐Forage‐treated hay and (iii) control hay + post‐harvest Tasco‐EX. Tasco‐Forage and Tasco‐EX are two forms of the TascoTM extract that are either applied to foliage or used for direct feeding, respectively. All lambs were supplemented with soyabean meal and trace mineralized salt. Heat stress was applied for 10 days with measurements obtained at days 0, 4 and 10. A heat × treatment interaction indicated hay with Tasco enhanced monocyte oxidative burst through short duration (p < 0.05) and long duration (p < 0.10) heat stress. Phagocytic activity was influenced by days of heat stress (p < 0.001) and treatment (p = 0.02) with post‐harvest TascoTM lambs exhibiting the greatest immune enhancement (p < 0.05). Red and white blood cell glutathione peroxidase increased by heat stress day 10 in Tasco lambs. Superoxide dismutase activity was increased and lipid hydroperoxide metabolites minimized (p < 0.01) through long duration heat stress in the pre‐harvest Tasco group. Tasco treatment of tall fescue hay prior to harvest appears to provide residual effects on animal antioxidant availability in short‐duration heat stress. Tasco supplementation to post‐harvest fescue hay enhances immune function and protects against prolonged heat‐induced oxidative stress.
Do cats need arachidonic acid in the diet for reproduction?
Authors: Morris J. G. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryA brief review of the status of arachidonic acid as an essential dietary nutrient for cats is presented. The reproductive performance of male and female cats given a purified diet containing only partially hydrogenated vegetable oil as the fat source from weaning was investigated. Male kittens did not require a supplemental source of arachidonate for normal body weight gain and successful reproduction. Female kittens given the same diet also appeared to grow normally, came into oestrus and conceived, but produced only a limited number of viable litters. Subsequent supplementation of these queens with arachidonic acid did not result in the birth of viable kittens. It is suggested that completion of a normal pregnancy by queens given a diet based on partially hydrogenated oil for protracted periods may require fatty acids in addition to arachidonate.
Susceptibility of immature and adult stages of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hom., Aleyrodidae) to selected insecticides
Authors: Wang K.‐Y. , Kong X.‐B. , Jiang X.‐Y. , Yi M.‐Q. , Liu T.‐X. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract:Susceptibility of eggs, nymphs and adults of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hom., Aleyrodidae), to six insecticides, abamectin, buprofezin, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, fenpropathrin and profenofos, was determined in the laboratory. All insecticides were most toxic to the 6‐day‐old eggs and the first instar nymphs, and decreased with successive stages. Of the three ages of the eggs, all insecticides were significantly more toxic to the older eggs (6‐day old) than to the young (2‐day old) and mid‐aged eggs (4‐day old). Abamectin was most toxic to eggs and nymphs, followed by imidacloprid, acetamiprid, buprofezin, fenpropathrin, and profenofos. Susceptibilities of the three stages of the fourth instar nymphs to the six insecticides varied greatly, and the first stage (17‐day old) was most susceptible, followed by the second stage (20‐day old), and the third stage (21‐day old). Imidacloprid was the most toxic insecticide to T. vaporariorum adults, followed by acetamiprid, buprofezin, abamectin, fenpropathrin and profenofos. The results from this study can not only serve as baselines for resistance monitoring programmes, but also have significant implications for development T. vaporariorum management programmes, including accurate timing of the applications of insecticides that target the most susceptible late egg and early nymphal stages.
Identification of a single dominant allele for resistance to blackleg in Brassica napus‘Surpass 400’
Authors: Li C.‐X. , Cowling W. A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe inheritance of resistance to blackleg (caused by Leptosphaeria maculans) was examined in the F1 and F2 of a cross between highly resistant canola ‘Surpass 400’ and susceptible ‘Westar’ in the field. Blackleg‐infected canola straw was collected from the field and scattered among plants to increase disease development with the aid of natural rainfall. Disease severity on seedlings was assessed as the average number of lesions on leaves 1 and 2, and on adult plants as the percentage necrosis on a cross‐section of stems immediately above the crown. All ‘Westar’ plants were susceptible (S) and all ‘Surpass 400’ and F1 plants were resistant (R) at both growth stages. Disease severity on F2 plants segregated 3 : 1 (R : S) as expected for a single dominant resistance allele in both the seedling and adult plant stages. There was a high proportion (91.1%) of matching reactions (R‐R and S‐S) between seedling and adult plants. ‘Surpass 400’ is the source of a single dominant allele for blackleg resistance in Brassica napus that is expressed strongly in both seedlings and adult plants.
Dwarfing effect associated with the threshability gene Q on wheat chromosome 5A
Authors: Kato K. , Sonokawa R. , Miura H. , Sawada S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA dwarfing effect of the 44.1 cM chromosomal region between the threshability gene Q and Xfba068 on the long arm of hexaploid wheat chromosome 5A has been reported. To clarify whether Q or its adjacent region is responsible for regulating culm elongation, two precise genetic stocks of near‐isogenic lines (NIL), a single chromosome substitution line, ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS; ‘Cappelle‐Desprez’ 5A) (NIL‐Q) and a single chromosome recombinant substitution line (NIL‐q) were used. The target segment of NIL‐q included the q allele and QEet.ocs‐5A.1, an earlinessper se gene, from spelt wheat in the CS genetic background. They were grown under 16‐h day length with and/ or without vernalization treatment. Being independent of heading date, NIL‐Q showed shorter elongation in lower internodes and decreased internode differentiation in comparison with NIL‐q. The culm‐length reduction associated with Q was confirmed in the recombinant F5 population derived from the cross between NIL‐Q and NIL‐q. Vernalization promotion had a tendency to reduce this dwarfing effect.
Cytogenetic analysis of translocations in cotton
Authors: Sanamyan M. F. , Rakhmatullina E. M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn order to create cotton translocation lines, 191 translocations were recovered as heterozygotes following combined treatment of seeds by colchicine and γ‐rays, irradiation of seeds by thermal neutrons and c‐irradiation of pollen. Cytogenetic analysis showed that chromosome translocations involving two chromosomes arose more often (180) than those involving three chromosomes (11). The heterozygous translocations were characterized by different formation and frequencies of the multivalents at metaphase I of meiosis. Only 104 translocations were characterized by a multivalent frequency of more than 0.25 per cell. Most of the translocations (156) exhibited a high meiotic index, but 11 were characterized by a decreasing meiotic index and by an increase in the percentage of tetrads with micronuclei. The pollen fertility of translocations differed significantly and varied from high fertility to pollen sterility. The high frequency of abortive pollen grains was typical for about one half of translocations studied. The translocations were made homozygous and as a result, 12 new reciprocal homozygous translocation lines were obtained in cotton.
Development of novel chromosome doubling strategies for wheat × maize system of wheat haploid production
Authors: Sood S. , Dhawan R. , Singh K. , Bains N. S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTwo chromosome doubling strategies were evaluated for producing wheat doubled haploids from wheat x maize crosses: (i) in vitro colchicine application to haploid embryos and (ii) colchicine treatment through postpollination tiller injections. In the in vitro approach the haploid embryos were rescued on medium containing colchicine (at concentrations of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5%) and moved to a colchicine‐free regeneration medium 48 h later. Embryos exposed to 0.5% colchicine had 91.67% of their regenerated plants showing chromosome doubling. In the tiller injection approach, different concentrations (0.5, 0.75 and 1.0%) of colchicine solution, which also contained 2,4‐D (100 ppm), were injected into the uppermost inter‐node of crossed tillers 48 and 72 h after pollination. The chromosome doubling efficiency varied from 33 to 100%, with 1% treatment being the most effective. No chimeras of doubled/haploid sectors were observed in the case of the tiller injection treatment and all the florets showed seed set in the doubled plants. Stomatal guard cell length provided rapid, early‐stage and unambiguous analysis of ploidy level on the basis of 10 guard cell observations per plant.
Ribosomal DNA spacer‐length polymorphisms in three samples of wild and cultivated barleys and their relevance to the origin of cultivated barley
Authors: Li X. , Xu C. , Zhang Q. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis study was conducted to provide additional data for evaluating two important issues surrounding the origin of cultivated barley: (i) the level of genetic diversity of the two‐rowed wild barley from Tibet, and (ii) the distribution of rDNA allele 104 in wild and cultivated barleys in the Occidental region. A total of 198 accessions consisting of three distinct samples were used: 82 entries of two‐rowed wild barley from Tibet, 57 accessions of two‐rowed wild barley from 8 countries with a broad range of representation of two‐rowed wild barley in the world, and 59 landrace accessions from four countries representing a part of the barley‐growing areas in the Middle East. These were assayed for rDNA spacer‐length variants (slvs). In all, 27 rDNA space length pheno types were detected, from which 10 slvs were identified as alleles at the two rDNA loci. The two‐rowed wild barley samples from Tibet had the lowest level of genetic variation as evaluated by rDNA polymorphism. Together with results of previous studies, the two wild forms (two‐rowed and six‐rowed) from Tibet could not account for the large genetic diversity observed in the cultivated barley of this region, suggesting that Tibet is unlikely a centre of origin for cultivated barley. In samples from the Occidental region, allele 104 of Rm2 was very rare in wild barley, but occurred at the highest frequency in cultivated barley, while the reverse is the case for allele 107, which is consistent with previous results. The implications of such a contrasting distribution of these rDNA alleles between wild and cultivated barleys in the origin and evolution of cultivated barley were discussed.
Triple combination of thymalfasin, peginterferon alfa‐2a and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C who have failed prior interferon and ribavirin treatment: 24‐week interim results of a pilot study
Authors: POO JORGE LUIS , SÁNCHEZ‐AVILA F , KERSHENOBICH D , GARCÍA‐SAMPER X , GONGORA J , URIBE M 
Published: November 2004

Abstract  Despite steady progress in antiviral treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV), many patients still have detectable serum HCV RNA levels by the end of interferon‐based treatment and are known as virological non‐responders. Re‐treatment of these patients not responding to previous therapy remains challenging. Studies of the dynamics of the HCV population show a marked decline in new cases since 1996; however, the relative proportion of non‐responders is expected to increase over time and, similarly, the number of patients eligible for first‐line treatment is expected to decrease. The current standard of care for treatment involves the use of pegylated interferons in combination with ribavirin. However, many difficult‐to‐treat groups still have low response rates. Newer combinations are being investigated to optimize chances of attaining a sustained response in these groups: one such triple therapy regimen is peginterferon alfa‐2a, ribavirin and thymalfasin, which was given to 23 previously non‐responder patients. Viral response was 60.8% at week 12 and 47.8% at week 24. These preliminary results encourage further evaluation of this promising combination.© 2004 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
An adjustable medial orbital wall suture for third nerve palsy
Authors: Mora Justin 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA 16‐year‐old girl presented with a large‐angle exotropia due to congenital third nerve palsy. She had undergone recession/resection surgery as a child. A nasal transposition of the superior oblique and the lateral rectus produced some improvement but the result was still cosmetically unacceptable. Subsequent surgery to permanently secure the globe to the medial orbital wall using an intraoperatively adjustable nonabsorbable traction suture produced a satisfactory outcome.
Comparative study on the safety and efficacy of different cycloplegic agents in children with darkly pigmented irides
Authors: Fan Dorothy SP , Rao Srinivas K , Ng Joan SK , Yu Christopher BO , Lam Dennis SC 
Published: November 2004

Abstract Background: The ideal cycloplegic drug that is safe, effective and convenient in children is not yet available. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of three cycloplegic regimens in hyperopic children with pigmented irides. The responses to cycloplegia in different age groups and presence of strabismus were also compared. Methods: Tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 0.5% (regimen I), tropicamide 1.0% and cyclopentolate 1.0% (regimen II), and atropine 1.0% (regimen III) were evaluated in 25 children using a crossover study design. Cycloplegic refractions were assessed. Results: The mean age of the children was 5.7 ± 2.0 years (range 2.5–10.8 years). Six (24.0%) of them had strabismus. The spherical equivalent (SE) refraction for regimens I, II and III were +5.11 ± 2.04 D, +5.29 ± 1.89 D and +5.71 ± 1.90 D, respectively, and were significant different from the manifest SE (+3.95 ± 2.17 D) (P < 0.001). There was no statistical difference between regimen I and II in children without strabismus (P = 0.258) or aged older than 5 years (P > 0.050). Conclusion: In older children, regimen I was as effective as regimen II and can be used to avoid cyclopentolate toxicity.
Effect of volume used in sub‐Tenon's anaesthesia on efficacy and intraocular pressure: a randomized clinical trial of 3 mL versus 5 mL
Authors: Patton Niall , Malik Tahira Y , Aslam Tariq M , Vallance James H 
Published: November 2004

Abstract Purpose: To compare the effect of volume used in sub‐Tenon's anaesthesia on efficacy and intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods: A prospective, randomised clinical trial was conducted on 52 eyes of 52 consecutive patients undergoing sub‐Tenon's anaesthetic for cataract surgery. Eyes were randomly assigned to either 3 mL or 5 mL volume of anaesthetic solution (0.5% bupivacaine/2% lidocaine in a 50:50 mixture). The main outcome measures were akinesia 5 min post‐administration of anaesthetic, changes in IOP immediately after and 5 min after anaesthetic administration, and patient pain perception during procedure. Results: The level of kinesia was greater in the 3 mL group (n = 25) compared to the 5 mL group (n = 27) (P = 0.001, Mann–Whitney U‐test). There was no significant difference in pain perception between the two groups (P = 0.464, student t‐test). Although there was great variation in IOP changes following sub‐Tenon's anaesthetic, there was a trend for a larger rise in mean IOP immediately after anaesthetic administration in the 5 mL group (mean ± SD +5.6 ± 4.2 mmHg) compared to the 3 mL group (+4.3 ± 3.8 mmHg), but this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.25, student t‐test). Conclusions: A 5 mL volume of anaesthetic provides akinesia superior to a 3 mL volume in sub‐Tenon's anaesthesia for cataract surgery.
Autologous platelets for macular hole surgery: the Sussex Eye Hospital experience
Authors: Vote Brendan J , Membrey W Luke , Casswell Anthony G 
Published: November 2004

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the anatomical and visual outcomes of patients managed by macular hole surgery with adjunctive use of autologous platelets at Sussex Eye Hospital, UK. Methods: A retrospective non‐comparative consecutive interventional case series was conducted. Standard macular hole vitrectomy surgery was combined with autologous platelets. No other adjuncts were used, nor internal limiting membrane peeling performed. The main outcome measure was anatomical closure of the macular hole. Secondary outcome measures included: visual outcome (best postoperative best corrected visual acuity [BCVA] and final BCVA), hole reopening and/or re‐operation, complications, and time to and influence of cataract surgery. Results: Seventy eyes of 65 patients underwent macular hole surgery with vitrectomy and autologous platelets. There were 14 stage 2 holes, 52 stage 3 holes and four stage 4 holes. Mean follow up was 29 months (range 1.5−78 months). Primary anatomical success (hole closure) was 95.7% (n = 67); however, six (8.5%) holes reopened at a mean of 12.7 months (range 3.6−36.3 months) after their initial surgery. Final surgical success was 98.5% (65/66) in those eyes of patients electing re‐operation procedures. Seventy‐seven per cent (n = 54) of patients obtained 2 or more lines of visual acuity improvement at final follow up with a mean improvement of 4 lines (range −3 to +12 lines). Forty per cent (n = 28) achieved final BCVA of 6/12 or better, which improved to 51% (n = 36) if best postoperative BCVA was considered. Conclusions: Adjunctive use of autologous platelets at the time of macular hole surgery yields good surgical and visual results, without significant complications, and should remain a considered option in the surgical management of macular holes. Improved macular hole closure with autologous platelets (compared with vitrectomy alone) has previously been demonstrated in a randomized controlled trial. Visual outcome benefit of platelets remains to be investigated by randomized controlled trial and any planned trials should include an autologous platelets intervention arm along with visual acuity as a primary outcome measure.