bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute in vivo studies on glucose absorption from the small intestine of lambs, sheep and rats
Authors: White R. G. , Williams V. J. , Morris R. J. H. 
Published: June 2005

1. Rates of disappearance of glucose from ligated loops of small intestine in lambs, adult sheep and young rats were studied. The concentration of glucose in the lumen decreased exponentially with time, suggesting that within a range of concentrations of 166–277 m-moles/l glucose was absorbed mainly by passive diffusion.2. The rate of absorption of glucose from a 166 mM-solution based on either zero or first order kinetics and expressed as m-moles/m small intestine per h decreased along the intestine from the duodenum to the ileum in lambs and rats. The decrease was slight in adult sheep.3. The total absorptive capacity of the small intestine of adult grazing sheep for glucose from 166 mM-solutions (06 m-moles/kg body-weight per h) was approximately 25% of that for lambs less than 1 week of age.4. Young rats had a greater absorptive capacity of the small intestine (12.9m-moles/kg body-weight per h) than adult sheep of about 40 kg body-weight (0.6 m-moles/kg body-weight per h) and this largely reflected a longer small intestine per unit body-weight.5. The absorptive capacity of lambs for glucose was greater when the level of voluntary lactose intake was increased before an experiment. The absorptive capacity of the ileum of adult sheep given wheat was greater than that of grazing adult sheep.6. Developmental changes in glucose absorption are discussed in relation to normal changes in diet and to changes in the morphology of the small intestine with age.
Metabolism of nitrogenous compounds in the large intestine of sheep
Authors: Hecker J. F. 
Published: June 2005

1. The deamination, ureolytic and proteolytic activities and rates of cellulolysis and gas production in large intestinal contents have been compared with those activities and rates in rumen contents of sheep.2. Large intestinal contents produced ammonia. The rate of ammonia production was greater in caecal contents than in faeces. Incubation of caecal contents under toluene resulted in decreased production of ammonia and volatile fatty acids and an increase in the concentration of αamino nitrogen.3. Proteolytic activity of large intestinal contents was much greater than that of rumen contents. There was little difference in proteolytic activity between caecal or faecal contents and their liquors whereas the activity in rumen whole contents was greater than in rumen liquor. Some proteolytic activity was present in caecal and faecal cell-free liquors but none was present in rumen cell-free liquor.4. Deaminase activity was greater in rumen than in caecal contents or faeces. The activity in rumen liquor was less than half that in rumen whole contents.5. Urease activity of caecal contents was less than that of faeces or of rumen contents.6. The rate of gas production in rumen contents was less than that in caecal contents. The rate in faeces was low. Less gas was produced in rumen liquor than in rumen contents, whereas there was little difference between rates in caecal liquor and whole contents.7. Rates of breakdown of cellulose in vivo were similar in the rumen and the caecum.
Chemical composition of growth in nestling blackbirds and thrushes
Authors: Bilby Lorette W. , Widdowson Elsie M. 
Published: June 2005

1. The bodies of twenty-three nestling blackbirds and twenty-one nestling thrushes were analysed at different ages for water, fat, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and magnesium. These birds grow from a weight of 5 g at hatching to 70 and 50 g respectively when they leave the nest 12–13 d later.2. The concentration of N in the bodies doubled, while Ca increased seven to eight times during this period, so that the total amount of Ca in the body increased by about 100 times.3. The femurs of the newly hatched birds were very immature and contained little Ca or collagen but in the fledgelings the femurs were as well calcified as those of 17-d-old chicks.4. The gastro-intestinal tracts of the birds contained large amounts of Ca. Their food consists of caterpillars, adult insects and earthworms, none of which have much Ca in their tissues but their gut contents may contain much Ca. It is suggested that it is the gut contents of these invertebrates that provide nestling birds with Ca.
Effects of dietary supplements of newly growing heather on the breeding of captive red grouse
Authors: Moss R. , Watson A. , Parr R. , Glennie W. 
Published: June 2005

1. The effects of dietary supplements of heather at different stages of growth on the breeding of captive red grouse were studied.2. A supplement of heather which was beginning to grow in spring stimulated captive red grouse to lay more eggs and to lay at a faster rate than birds given a supplement of dormant winter heather.3. Although laying was stimulated, no significant effect on the date of laying, the hatchability of the eggs or the survival of the young was demonstrated; however, the possibility of such effects occurring in the wild is not ruled out.4. The experimental effect occurred although the heather formed only a small proportion of a largely artificial diet, which provided a high plane of nutrition in terms of known nutrients.5. The effect is attributed to an unidentified factor contained in the new growth.
The erythrocyte membrane in kwashiorkor
Authors: Coward W. A. 
Published: June 2005

1. Erythrocytes from Ugandan children with untreated kwashiorkor had membranes containing larger amounts of lecithin than erythrocytes collected during the recovery phase.2. The passive permeability of the erythrocyte membrane to glycerol and thiourea was reduced in kwashiorkor and returned to a more normal value on treatment.3. The results are discussed in the light of similar findings of high erythrocyte lecithin concentrations in various liver diseases.
Studies of the food intake of sheep at a single meal
Authors: Ternouth J. H. , Beattie A. W. 
Published: June 2005

1. Experiments are described in which the food intake and the water intake of sheep at a single meal were measured. The sheep were offered lucerne chaff ad lib. for 2 h only each day.2. Following the peritoneal infusion of physiological saline the food intake increased, while the injection of a diuretic before feeding caused the food intake to be decreased.3. In eight experiments the osmolality of the ruminal liquor was increased by the addition to the rumen of NaCl, KCl or the salts of volatile fatty acids in 250 ml water. The decrease in food intake was related to the osmolality, but not to the energy content, of the added electrolyte solution. In a further experiment, sheep receiving a highly digestible lucerne chaff, containing 1% (w/w) NaCl, increased their food intake when water was added to the rumen. Other workers have concluded that gastric osmolality is an important variable in the control of food intake in monogastric animals. The results of the eight experiments now described suggest that ruminal osmolality is of similar importance in ruminants.4. It is suggested that all these observations are consistent with the theory, which has been proposed for non-ruminant animals, that the food intake at a single meal may be related to the degree of tissue hydration at the beginning of the meal.
The extent of release of encapsulated methionine in the intestine of cattle
Authors: Neudoerffer T. S , Duncan D. B , Horney F. D 
Published: June 2005

1. Factors affecting the release of methionine from kaolin-saturated-fat capsules in the intestine of cattle were investigated. Bile and pancreatin were shown to be necessary for appreciable solution of the capsule.2. The relationship between site of release and site of absorption was ascertained. One site was shown to be in the proximal duodenum the second longer site is in the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum. Encapsulated methionine was carried past the first absorption site.3. The results of in vitro incubations confirmed by those of in vivo studies show that 60–65% of the methionine becomes available for absorption in the intestine.
The effect of siderosis and ascorbic acid depletion on bone metabolism, with special reference to osteoporosis in the Bantu
Authors: Wapnick A. A. , Lynch S. R. , Seftel H. C. , Charlton R. W. , Bothwell T. H. , Jowsey Jenifer 
Published: June 2005

1. There is an association between iron overload, ascorbic acid deficiency and osteoporosis in middle-aged South African Bantu males. The iron overload contributes to the ascorbic acid deficiency by accelerating its oxidative catabolism. The object of the present investigation was to explore the possibility that the osteoporosis results from chronic ascorbic acid deficiency.2. On quantitative microradiography, percentage bone-formation surface was normal but percentage bone-resorption surface was significantly increased in ten osteoporotic subjects compared with seven control subjects.3. There was a significant inverse correlation between bone mineral density and liver storage iron concentration in thirty-five Bantu subjects. In thirteen individuals aged 39 years or less, liver storage iron concentration was significantly correlated with percentage bone-resorption surface.4. Guinea-pigs deprived of ascorbic acid for 21 d exhibited both significantly diminished percentage bone-formation surface and increased percentage bone-resorption surface.5. Guinea-pigs overloaded with iron by injections of iron dextran developed significantly reduced hepatic ascorbic acid concentrations and bone mineral densities; percentage bone-formation surface was significantly diminished and percentage bone-resorption surface significantly increased. Ascorbic acid injection largely prevented the bone changes.
Activation of pepsin (EC3.4.4.1) by heavy-metal ions including a contribution to the mode of action of copper sulphate in pig nutrition
Authors: Kirchgessner M. , Beyer M. G. , Steinhart H. 
Published: June 2005

1. Kinetic experiments were done with pepsin (EC3.4.4.1) using haemoglobin as a substrate in the presence of different metal cations.2. The activation of peptic hydrolysis with higher concentrations of cupric ions added to the reaction mixture was determined from turnover-rate curves in experiments with constant substrate concentration. With a Cu2+concentration greater than 1.67 × 10-4M activation was obtained3. Nickel ions at a concentration of 8.33 × 10-4M and at higher concentrations also increased pepsin activity. Additions of ferrous ions and zinc ions had no effect.4. Experiments were done using variable substrate concentrations in the presence of different Cu2+concentrations. The concentrations of haemoglobin ([S]) at half maximum velocity were determined. The double-reciprocal plots of [S]v.reaction velocity (v) (i.e. I/[S]v.I/v) had no common intersection point. Therefore the kinetics did not correspond to any of the known kinetics. The activation brought about by Cu2+cannot easily be explained by the study of the kinetics. Certain simple explanations of the phenomenon can be eliminated.
The measurement of production rates of volatile fatty acids in the caecum of the conscious rabbit
Authors: Parker D. S. 
Published: June 2005

1. The decrease in specific radioactivity of individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) after a single injection of tracer was monitored. The results obtained indicated the occurrence of a first-order process.2. Regression analysis indicated the high flux of VFA through the caecal pool, equivalent to 30% of the maintenance energy requirement of the animal.3. Interconversion of VFA was monitored, and results indicated substantial synthesis of butyric acid from acetic acid.4. Results were obtained from animals on two dietary regimens, and these were compared with results reported for other species.
The forms of vitamin B12in foods
Authors: Farquharson J. , Adams J. F. 
Published: June 2005

1. The forms of vitamin B12were determined in foods, most of which had been prepared for consumption.2. Five forms were detected: adenosylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin, cyanocobalamin and sulphitocobalamin. Adenosylcobalamin and hydroxocobalamin were the predominant forms.3. The intestinal absorption of [57Co] sulphitocobalamin was estimated and found to be lower than that of [58Co]cyanocobalamin.
Seasonal changes in the plasma retinol-binding holoprotein concentration of sheep
Authors: Glover J. , Jay Caroline , Kershaw R. C. , Reilly P. E. B. 
Published: June 2005

1. Seasonal variations in plasma retinol-binding holoprotein concentration have been found in two groups of entire ewes and in a control group of wethers (castrated rams).2. In each group retinol-binding holoprotein level was minimal in summer and increased to peak values in September just before the autumn breeding season.
Determination of nitrogen requirement for microbial growth from the effect of urea supplementation of a low N diet on abomasal N flow and N recycling in wethers and lambs
Authors: Allen Sarah A. , Miller E. L. 
Published: June 2005

1. Plasma urea entry rate, urinary urea excretion and, by difference, urea recycling in the body, together with the flow of non-ammonia N through the abomasum and digestion of dry matter (dm) before the abomasum were determined in both wethers and lambs receiving cereal-starch diets supplemented with urea to give 60–120 g crude protein (N × 6.25)/kgdm.2. Lambs excreted less urea in urine than wethers given the same diet.3. Relationships between plasma urea entry rate or urine urea excretion rate and plasma urea concentration were different for lambs compared to wethers suggesting greater conser vation of body N by renal control in lambs.4. Recycling of urea was not related to plasma urea concentration in wethers but was related exponentially in lambs, suggesting recycling is controlled rather than the result of simple diffusion from the blood to the gastro-intestinal tract.5. Abomasal non-ammonia-N flow was similar for wethers and lambs and increased linearly with urea supplementation.6.dmdigestion prior to the abomasum was not significantly altered, although there was a tendency for decreased digestion of the basal diet given to lambs.7. Maximum microbial N flow to the abomasum was estimated as 30 g N/kg organic matter (OM) fermented in the rumen.8. This work and the literature reviewed suggested maximum net microbial production can be obtained when the diet supplies an amount of fermentable N equal to the microbial N output. It is calculated the diet should supply approximately 26 g fermentable N/kg digestible OM or 1.8 g fermentable N/MJ metabolizable energy. This corresponds to a fermentable crude protein supply varying from 65 to 130 g/kg DM as digestible OM content increases from 400 to 800 g/kg DM.
Utilization of dried microbial cells grown on methanol in a semi-purified diet for growing pigs
Authors: D'Mello J. P. F. , Peers D. G. , Whittemore C. T. 
Published: June 2005

1. Twenty-four pigs (mean body-weight 44 kg) were used to determine the digestibilities of energy, nitrogen and amino acids in dried microbial cells (DMC) grown on methanol and in white fish meal (WFM). N utilization and the excretion of various nitrogenous compounds were also studied.2. Semi-purified diets containing DMC, WFM or no protein source were offered at the rate of 1 kg fresh food/d. Daily N intakes were 26.5, 24.7 and 0.65 g respectively.3. Mean metabolic faecal N determined with the protein-free diet was 1.11 g/d (1.26 g/kg dry matter (dm) eaten) for the two experiments. The corresponding endogenous urinary N value was 2.91 g/d.4. Daily urinary N output of pigs given the diet with WFM was significantly greater than that of pigs given the diet with DMC, with the result that N retention, net protein utilization and biological value were higher for pigs given DMC.5. Apparent and true digestibility of amino acids were higher for the diet with DMC than for the diet with WFM.6. N excretion in the form of ammonia, urea, uric acid and allantoin accounted for 81, 91 and 99% of the total N excreted by the groups given the protein-free diet, DMC and WFM respectively. Pigs given DMC excreted greater quantities of allantoin-N and less urea-N than pigs given WFM.
The digestion of yeast cell wall polysaccharides in veal calves
Authors: Gaillard Blanche D. E. , Van Weerden E. J. 
Published: June 2005

1. The digestibility of the cell wall polysaccharides of an alkane-grown yeast in different parts of the digestive tract of two veal calves fitted with re-entrant cannulas at the end of the ileum was studied by replacing part of the skim-milk powder of their ‘normal’, milk-substitute (all-milk-protein) diet by yeast (yeast diet).2. The lactose and glucose of both the all-milk-protein diet and the yeast diet were almost completely digested before the end of the ileum. During this digestion a small amount of oligosaccharides composed of galactose and glucose was synthesized. These oligosaccharides were digested again in the large intestine.3. The constituent sugars of the water-soluble fraction of the yeast cell wall carbohydrates were glucose and mannose. The 0.5 m-sulphuric acid-hydrolysate of the water-insoluble fraction contained glucose and mannose and the 12 m-H2SO4-hydrolysate only glucose.4. Digestibilities of these fractions over the whole gastrointestinal tract ranged from 0.77 to 0.90. Digestibilities measured at the end of the ileum varied considerably between the two animals and averaged only about 0.40.5. These findings suggest that the cell wall polysaccharides of yeast are digested very little by the normal digestive enzymes of the calf's small intestine, but are used as a substrate by the bacterial flora which are mainly concentrated in the large intestine.
Changes in the alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) and inorganic pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.1) activities of rat tissues during magnesium deficiency. The importance of controlling feeding pattern
Authors: Loveless B. W. , Heaton F. W. 
Published: June 2005

1. The adoption of a meal-eating pattern of feeding by rats altered the alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity in serum and liver. It was therefore necessary to regulate the feeding pattern of both magnesium-deficient rats and control animals receiving a Mg-adequate diet in order to study the effect of the deficiency.2. Mg deficiency decreased the activities of alkaline phosphatase and inorganic pyro-phosphatase (EC 3.6.1.1) in serum, kidney and tibia, but increased them in spleen.3. Addition of a standard concentration of exogenous Mg to tissue extracts usually increased the activity of corresponding enzymes from Mg-deficient and control rats by the same proportion, indicating that the main effect of the deficiency was on the amount of enzyme present rather than on the efficiency of its operation.4. Certain quantitative differences in the response to exogenous Mg and the activity ratio, alkaline phosphatase: inorganic pyrophosphatase were found between tissues from Mg-deficient and control rats. The significance of these are discussed in relation to the association of the two enzymic activities with the same protein molecule, and the possible occurrence of isoenzymes.
The effects of dietary thiamin on voluntary ethanol drinking and ethanol metabolism in the rat
Authors: Eriksson K. , Pekkanen Leena , Rusi Maija 
Published: June 2005

1. The influence of a deficiency or surplus of thiamin in the diet on voluntary ethanol consumption, ethanol elimination rate and blood acetaldehyde concentration was studied in rats.2. Both the high-thiamin diet containing 20 mg thiamin hydrochloride/kg and the thiamin deficient diet containing no measurable thiamin produced obvious functional effects on thiamin metabolism in rat tissues after 4 weeks as demonstrated by measurements of the blood transketolase (sedoheptulose-7-phosphate: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glycolaldehyde-transferase;EC2.2.1.1) activity and the extent of thiamin pyrophosphate-stimulation of the enzyme.3. During the first week on the test diets the prospective ethanol free-choice groups had 1.72 M-ethanol as their only drinking-fluid. Subsequently they had a choice between ethanol and tap water for three weeks. During the free-choice period the rats on the high-thiamin diet drank only one-fifth as much ethanol as the rats given the optimum diet with 4 mg thiamin hydrochloride/kg.4. The thiamin-deficient rats showed a significant tendency to increase ethanol drinking, when intake was expressed relative to total energy intake, but their intake of ethanol on a g/kg body-weight basis was approximately the same as that of the group given the optimum-diet.5. The observed differences in voluntary ethanol drinking associated with different levels of dietary thiamin cannot be explained by changes in the ethanol elimination rate or the acetaldehyde accumulation in blood during the oxidation of ethanol.
Estimation of body fat in normal and obese mice
Authors: Rogers P. , Webb G. P. 
Published: June 2005

1. Lee Index (weight (g0.33)÷ nasoanal length (mm)), density, body water and proportional weight of the gonadal fat pad were tested as estimates of body fat in a normal population of mice and a population which included obese mice.2. In a normal population only body water and fat-pad weight correlated significantly with body fat.3. In a population of normal and obese mice all four indices correlated significantly with body fat.4. Lee Index had little advantage over weight: length as an estimate of body fat, and density did not correlate well enough to be used as a method of estimation.5. Proportional weight of the gonadal fat pad is recommended as a simple reliable estimate of body fat in normal or obese mice.
Vitamin C status, serum cholesterol levels and bile composition in the pregnant guinea-pig
Authors: Jenkins S. A. 
Published: June 2005

1. Pregnant guinea-pigs receiving a low dose of L-ascorbic acid (0.2 mg/100 g body-weight per d) developed a hypercholesterolaemia in the third trimester of pregnancy, whereas no change in serum cholesterol levels was observed in pregnant animals receiving a higher dose of the vitamin (2 mg/100 g body-weight per d).2. Pregnancy in the group of guinea-pigs receiving the higher dose of L-ascorbic acid was associated with an increased biliary secretion of bile acids. No change was observed in the biliary secretion of bile acids in pregnant animals receiving the lower dose of L-ascorbic acid, but these animals secreted significantly more cholesterol.3. Changes in the biliary secretion of cholesterol and bile acids in the pregnant guinea-pig according to L-ascorbic acid intake were reflected in the composition of the gall-bladder bile. Thus, the gall-bladder bile of guinea-pigs receiving the lower dose of L-ascorbic acid contained more cholesterol, while the gall-bladder bile of those animals receiving the higher dose of the vitamin had a higher content of bile acids.4. The increased cholesterol content of the gall-bladder of pregnant guinea-pigs receiving the lower dose of L-ascorbic acid resulted in decreased bile acid:cholesterol and phospholipid: cholesterol values, conditions predisposing to cholelithiasis.