bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The institutional dimension of document quality judgments
Authors: Bai Bing , Ng Kwong Bor , Sun Ying , Kantor Paul , Strzalkowski Tomek 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn addition to relevance, there are other factors that contribute to the utility of a document. For examples, content properties likedepth of analysisandmultiplicity of viewpoints, and presentational properties likereadabilityandverbosity, all will affect the usefulness of a document. These kinds of relevance‐independent properties are difficult to determine, as their estimations are more likely to be affected by personal aspects of one's knowledge structure. Reliability of judgments on those properties may decrease when one moves from the personal level to the global level. In this paper, we report several experiments on document qualities. In our experiments, we explore the correlation of judgments on nine different document qualities to see if we can generate fewer dimensions underlying the judgments. We also investigate the issue of reliability of the judgments and discuss its theoretical implications. We find that, between the global level of agreement of judgment and the inter‐personal level of agreement of judgment, there is an intermediate level of agreement, which can be characterized as an inter‐institutional level.
Relevance judges' understanding of topical relevance types: An explication of an enriched concept of topical relevance
Authors: Huang Xiaoli , Soergel Dagobert 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDespite the centrality of topical relevance in information retrieval system design and evaluation, understanding and implementation of it is usually limited to “direct overall topical matching” between the subject of the query and the subject of the document. The underlying assumption is that only a single type of topical relationship is involved. In related work, a relevance judgment instrument was developed for the Multilingual Access to Large Spoken ArCHives project (MALACH). It incorporates the five topical relevance types (direct relevance, indirect/circumstantial relevance, context relevance, comparison relevance, and pointer relevance) and was applied by four judges to items in the MALACH test collection in Summer 2003. This paper reports on the experiences and perceptions of the judges making more nuanced judgments about topical relevance. The results suggest that more than only one variable/dimension, “whether it is on topic” as usually referred to, contributes to topical relevance, and more than a single topical relationship type, “direct matching” as generally assumed, play an important role in topical relevance.
Effect of task on time spent reading as an implicit measure of interest
Authors: Kellar Melanie , Watters Carolyn , Duffy Jack , Shepherd Michael 
Published: September 2005

AbstractInformation Filtering systems learn user preferences either through explicit or implicit feedback. However, requiring users to explicitly rate items as part of the interface interaction can place a large burden on the user. Implicit feedback removes the burden of explicit user ratings by transparently monitoring user behavior such as time spent reading, mouse movements and scrolling behavior. Previous research has shown that task may have an impact on the effectiveness of some implicit measures. In this work we report both qualitative and quantitative results of an initial study examining the relationship between user time spent reading and relevance for three web search tasks: relevance judgment, simple question answering and complex question answering. This study indicates that the usefulness of time spent as a measure of user interest is related to task and is more useful for more complex web search tasks. Future directions for this research are presented.
The cultural influences of information flow at work: Manager information behavior documented
Authors: Mackenzie Maureen L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis empirical study is the third in a series and builds on the results of two previous studies presented at the 2002 and 2003 ASIST Annual Meetings. It focuses on the information behaviors of line‐managers. One‐on‐one interviews were conducted with practicing line‐managers from a senior leadership team. Content analysis was used to draw the themes from the interview data. The results revealed that the internal information network was comprised of individual managers who served as information sources for each other. Reciprocity was the norm and power was the reward. Overall, the results of this study offer a different perspective of the social and cultural politics of information flow. Also information theorists and organizational leadership may gain a broader perspective of how closely integrated the flow of information is with the relationships among interacting managers.
Measuring the affective information environment of web searchers
Authors: Nahl Diane 
Published: September 2005

AbstractInformation seeking research and theory is focusing increasingly on the role of affect in information behavior and how it influences cognitive operations. Affective variables that have been explored include need, preference, attitude, task motivation, expected and felt effort, uncertainty, self‐efficacy, optimism, relevance, satisfaction, and acceptance of or loyalty to the system. This study gives operational definitions for measuring several affective variables in the form of rating scales filled out by college students at the beginning and end of weekly Web search sessions throughout a semester. Intercorrelations and ANOVA analyses showed that there is a dynamic and coherent interaction among these affective variables. It is shown that the affective environment of searchers can be monitored objectively and continuously by means of such measures. A new concept termed “affective load” is introduced and defined, along with “user coping skills” which can counteract and reduce the negative effects of uncertainty, frustration, anxiety, irritation and rage during searching.
Survey of learners' knowledge structures: Rationales, methods and instruments
Authors: Wang Peiling , Bales Stephen , Rieger Jason , Zhang Yan 
Published: September 2005

AbstractHow human beings organize knowledge and to what extent individuals' organizational structures overlap are important research questions in cognitive science (Lakoff, 1987) as well as in information science (Ingwersen, 1992). Effective IR principles can be derived from the understanding of human knowledge organizational structures. This project explores a field study design to observe learners' organization of concepts of a subject domain during a course of learning. The purpose of the study is two‐fold: (1) to investigate how learners build and organize concepts learned along the process and (2) to design data collection methods and instruments. The project is carried out in two introductory information science courses as two studies. The ultimate goal is also two‐fold: (1) to facilitate learning in introductory courses by adopting metacognitive tools and (2) to advance information retrieval by incorporating effective knowledge structures into IR systems.
A learning approach to the database selection problem in the presence of dynamic user interests and database contents
Authors: Bajracharya Pooja , Mukhopadhyay Snehasis 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDatabase Selection is the problem of choosing, from a finite number of databases, the one that contains the most relevant information pertaining to a query. Previous approaches to this problem consisted of deterministic search techniques in conjunction with efficient pruning of search spaces, based on vector space model and ranking. In this article, we propose a new probabilistic search method, based on a reinforcement learning algorithm, to solve the database selection problem, where an agent learns to map situations to action by means of receiving reward and penalties for the action taken and trying to maximize its rewards. We use reinforcement algorithm with user feedback to learn a policy, which maps a particular topic or particular interest to a set of databases. Reinforcement learning is an attractive approach to this problem due to its ability to generate optimal solutions for both stationary and non‐stationary/dynamically changing environments(queries). Experiments with simple queries show that reinforcement learning has potential to be considered as an efficient approach for database selection.
How can IR help mechanisms be more helpful to users?
Authors: Cool Colleen , Xie Hong (Iris) 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe Help system is often the only resource that users can consult when they are faced with problems associated with the use of IR systems of all types, including web search engines, digital libraries, online databases, and other systems. Despite the importance of Help systems in interactive IR, people use this resource infrequently, for a variety of reasons that are not fully understood. In this paper we report results of a study designed to investigate users' perceptions of the overall importance of IR Help systems; the frequency with which they use them; evaluations of the helpfulness of various Help functions; and reasons for not using Help systems at all. Fifty participants completed a self‐administered questionnaire which contained structured and open‐ended questions about IR Help systems, along with other background questions about the respondents.Results of this study reveal that respondents perceive IR Help systems to be important; yet, they use them rarely or infrequently. Many of the Help mechanisms are not very useful in enabling users to effectively interact with IR systems. Based upon an analysis of the open‐ended answers to questions about why help systems are helpful or not, we identify major areas in which Help systems need improvement if they are to improve IR interaction.
An approach to document clustering based on system relevance
Authors: Desai Monica , Spink Amanda 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSearch engines fail to make a clear distinction between items of varying relevance when presenting search results to users. Instead, they rely on the user of the system to estimate which items are relevant, partially relevant, or not relevant. The user of the system is given the tedious task of distinguishing between documents that are relevant to different degrees. This often hinders the accessibility of relevant or partially relevant documents, particularly when the results set is large and many non‐relevant documents are scattered throughout the set. In this paper, we present the results of a clustering scheme that groups documents within relevant, partially relevant, and not relevant clusters for a given search. A ranking algorithm accomplishes the task of clustering the documents based on system relevance. Data was collected from end‐users issuing categorical, interval, and descriptive relevance judgments. The degree of overlap between users and the system for each of the clustered regions was measured. This research showed that clustering documents on the Web by regions of relevance is quite feasible.
The visual indexing vocabulary: Developing a thesaurus for indexing images across diverse domains
Authors: Jörgensen Corinne 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper reports progress in developing a thesaurus for indexing images from diverse domains using non‐specialist terminology. The foundation for the vocabulary is a series of research inquiries into user description of images in relation to different tasks. It discusses problems with current thesauri for indexing visual materials and the evolution of the vocabulary from a class project to a tool for annotation for the purpose of performing ground‐truth judgments in a benchmarking system. Methods for adding terminology and structuring the thesaurus are discussed, as are considerations that relate to term specificity, and the size and structure of the thesaurus. Unique aspects of visual indexing include problems of scale in relation to meaning and the unbounded nature of visual ontology, requiring a flexible approach to developing a visual indexing vocabulary (VIV).
Implementing an ontology‐based knowledge management system in the Korean financial firm environment
Authors: Kim Hyun Hee , Young Rieh Soo , Ahn Tae Kyoung , Chang Woo Kwon 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper reports one part of a larger research project that designs and implements an ontology‐based knowledge management system which makes knowledge assets intelligently accessible to Korean financial firms. The research develops an ontology model consisting of an information ontology, a competency ontology, a product ontology, and a knowledge map. This paper introduces the ontology model by illustrating the four components and reports on the implementation and evaluation of the information ontology for the searching of web resources. Based on the content analysis of eight international bank web sites, a pilot system of information ontology for web resources consisting of Publication, Project, Member, Person, and Organization was constructed. The pilot system includes databases and ontology‐based search engines. To evaluate the pilot system, a comparative experiment was conducted in which the performance of an ontology‐based system was compared with that of web search engines. The results indicate that the ontology‐based system can be used not only to improve precision but also to reduce search time.
Neural network applications for automatic new topic identification on excite web search engine data logs
Authors: Özmutlu H. Cenk , Çavdur Fatih , Özmutlu Seda , Spink Amanda 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe analysis of contextual information in search engine query logs is an important, yet difficult task. Users submit few queries, and search multiple topics sometimes with closely related context. Identification of topic changes within a search session is an important branch of contextual information analysis. The purpose of this study is to propose a topic identification algorithm using neural networks. A sample from the Excite data log is selected to train the neural network and then the neural network is used to identify topic changes in the data log. As a result, 76% of topic shifts and 92% of topic continuations are identified correctly.
Bringing together children and books: An initial descriptive study of children's book searching and selection behavior in a digital library
Authors: Reuter Kara , Druin Allison 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis study describes how elementary school students search for and select books using a digital library. This work was done as part of the International Children's Digital Library (ICDL) project in order to explore and discover new directions for the development of digital library interfaces for children ages 3–13. Children used two versions of the ICDL software to search for, select, and read books. We performed a frequency analysis of the number of queries run, books selected, and books opened, and compared book selection rates and book opening rates. Popular query categories and titles selected are tallied. We found differences in book searching and selection behavior, query category preferences, and titles accessed by gender and age and no differences by software version.
Adjectives as indicators of subjectivity in documents
Authors: Rittman Robert , Wacholder Nina , Kantor Paul , Ng Kwong Bor , Strzalkowski Tomek , Sun Ying 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe goal of this research is to automatically predict human judgments of document qualities such as subjectivity, verbosity and depth. In this paper, we explore the behavior of adjectives as indicators of subjectivity in documents. Specifically, we test whether a subset of automatically derived subjective adjectives (Wiebe, 2000b), selected a priori, behaves differently than other adjectives. 3,200 documents were ranked by 100 subjects as being high or low in nine document qualities (Tang, Ng, Strzalkowski, & Kantor, 2003). We report a statistically significant correlation between the occurrence of adjectives in documents and human judgments of subjectivity. More importantly, we find that the subset of subjective adjectives is more strongly correlated with subjectivity than adjectives in general. These results can be used to identify document qualities for use in information retrieval and question‐answering systems.
Free sorting of images: Attributes used for categorization
Authors: Rorissa Abebe , Hastings Samantha K. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractCategorization is crucial to human perception and cognition. Without the abilities to categorize, people would not be able to deal with the multitude of things they perceive daily. Past research has shown that categorization also facilitates effective and efficient browsing of both text and image documents especially when users have no specific document in mind but only some idea of what they are looking for. However, the question of what types of attributes should be used to index categories/groupings of images is not fully answered. Knowledge about how people categorize images and assign names to categories may provide some clues to help answer this question. Results of this free sorting study, as well as other research on the nature of categorization and search requests by image users, point to the fact that interpretive attributes are better candidates than perceptual attributes for indexing categories/groupings of images.
Issues in the development of a thesaurus for patients' chief complaints in the emergency department
Authors: Haas Stephanie W. , Travers Debbie A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWhen a patient visits the Emergency Department (ED), the reason the patient is seeking care is recorded as the Chief Complaint (CC). Beyond its role in the patient's care, there is interest in the CC for secondary uses. Clinicians and epidemiologists can use CC for research. ED clinicians and administrators incorporate CC data into quality monitoring and improvement efforts. Public health officials can use it as data for health surveillance. But there is no controlled vocabulary for recording CC, or standard for a CC component in the patient record. Travers (2003) completed a crucial first step toward the creation of a thesaurus for CC by analyzing a corpus of CCs to determine the nature of the language used by triage nurses, and the concepts that were expressed. Her analysis also illuminated many issues concerning the content and structure of a CC thesaurus that must be discussed before the thesaurus can be developed. Using Cimino's 1998 article, “Desiderata for Controlled Medical Vocabularies in the Twenty‐First Century”, as a framework, we discuss these issues and the resulting decisions that the thesaurus development team, along with other stakeholders, will encounter.
Integrating log‐based and text‐based methods towards automatic web thesaurus construction
Authors: Pu Hsiao‐Tieh , Chien Lee‐Feng 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper presents an approach to investigating the possibility for constructing an automatic and scalable thesaurus based on Web users' vocabularies with search interests. The proposed approach mainly includes two techniques, namely, relevant term extraction and concept ciustering. The former combines query‐session‐based and text‐based methods to extract relevant terms for a given search term; and the latter organizes these relevant terms into concept classes based on the search results from search engines. Some initial experiments have been conducted to test feasibility of the proposed approach to organizing Web users' vocabularies. The obtained results show that relevant terms could be extracted efficiently and concept classes be more well organized. The approach has a great potential to benefit the automatic construction of a (arge scale thesaurus for future Web IR applications.
Social informatics: A rubric with an identity crisis?
Authors: Cronin Blaise , Blair David , Day Ron , Davenport Elisabeth , Eschenfelder Kristin 
Published: September 2005

Abstract“A serviceable working conception of social informatics is that it identifies a body of research that examines the social aspects of computerization. A more formal definition is “the interdisciplinary study of the design, uses and consequences of information technologies that takes into account their interaction with institutional and cultural contexts” (Kling, 1999).
Scattering relations for point‐source excitation in chiral media
Authors: Athanasiadis Christodoulos , Berketis Nikolaos 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA spherical electromagnetic wave propagating in a chiral medium is scattered by a bounded chiral obstacle which can have any of the usual properties. Reciprocity and general scattering theorems, relating the scattered fields due to scattering of waves from a point source put in any two different locations are established. Applying the general scattering theorem for appropriate locations and polarizations of the point source we prove an associated forward scattering theorem. Mixed scattering relations, relating the scattered fields due to a plane wave and the far‐field patterns due to a spherical wave, are also established. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency of high‐risk use of QT‐prolonging medications
Authors: Allen LaPointe Nancy M. , Curtis Lesley H. , Chan K. Arnold , Kramer Judith M. , Lafata Jennifer Elston , Gurwitz Jerry H. , Raebel Marsha A. , Platt Richard 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPurposeProlongation of the QT interval has been associated with increased risk of torsades de pointes and death. Concurrent use of more than one QT‐prolonging drug or a QT‐prolonging drug with a drug that alters its pharmacokinetic profile is an important risk factor for adverse outcomes.MethodsUsing a representative sample of 2 million health plan members from 10 health maintenance organizations with pharmacy benefits between January 1999 and July 2001, we identified potential drug interactions involving QT‐prolonging medications. Prescription claims overlapping by at least 7 days for either 2 or more QT‐prolonging drugs or a QT‐prolonging drug with a drug that alters its clearance were considered potential drug interactions. We determined the number of drug interactions overall and the number of these interactions involving patients with other risk factors for torsades de pointes.ResultsA total of 48 465 potential drug interactions were identified in 10 415 (4.6%) of the 228 550 patients with at least one prescription for a QT‐prolonging drug. Amitriptyline was involved in 37 859 (78.1%) of the drug interactions. Of all potential drug interactions, 43 689 (90.1%) occurred in patients with at least one other risk factor for torsades de pointes, and 1053 (2.2%) were listed as a contraindicated combination in product labeling.ConclusionPotential drug interactions involving currently marketed QT‐prolonging drugs occurred in 4.6% of patients who had a prescription for a QT‐prolonging medication. The findings suggest several areas for targeted interventions to decrease the potential risk from QT‐prolonging medications. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.