bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Not Reactive-Naturalism?
Authors: Smilansky Saul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea, now so obvious, apparently so natural, even unavoidable, that had to serve as the explanation of how the sense of justice ever appeared on earth-’the criminal deserves punishment because he could have acted differently’-is in fact an extremely late and subtle form of human judgement and inference: whoever transposes it to the beginning is guilty of a crude misunderstanding of the psychology of more primitive mankind. Naturalism, in the sense I am concerned with here, is a sort of ‘Humean’ response to scepticism about our common free will-related practices and reactions (on Hume in this context see Russell 1995). This sort of naturalism considers scepticism as idle in view of the natural inclinations of humanity, given which there is no need for countering the sceptic or, indeed, for offering any justification at all of our basic beliefs and attitudes (P. F Strawson 198T 38-41). In order to distinguish it from other senses of the term ‘naturalism’ it can be named ‘reactive-naturalism’, and henceforth when I write of ‘naturalism’ I will refer to this notion.
Andy Clark on Cognition and Representation
Authors: Haugeland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognitive science-as contrasted with its predecessors, behavioral science and cybernetics-emerged in the mid-1950s, with the seminal works of Miller, Gelanter, and Pribram (1960), Newell and Simon (1958), and Chomsky (1968), among others. It was called ‘cognitive science’ because it took as its central topic of investigation cognition-that is, knowledge, or, more generally, thought. Moreover, it took as its primary concern human thought (though, in so far as animals could be deemed to think, they would be included too). In the seminal works just mentioned, the new science had a paradigm in the proper Kuhnian sense: a body of concrete scientific achievement that was ‘sufficiently unprecedented to attract an enduring group of adherents away from competing modes of scientific activity’ and ‘sufficiently open-ended to leave all sorts of problems for the redefined group of practitioners to resolve’ (Kuhn 1962: 10).
Discussion
Authors: Clapin Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clark What would be nice examples of that, social normativity, just so that I get a context? Haugeland Oh, rituals, customs, clothing, linguistic conventions. Clark and in the chimp case, what sorts of things did Franz de Waals have in mind as chimp norms? Haugeland Oh, well there are things about whom you can groom and when, and where you’re allowed to go, when, and which females you can cavort or consort with, and food patterns, and there are special places, places to poop and places to sleep, and stuff like that that are communally established.
Is Morality a Ruling Illusion?
Authors: Skillen Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What elasticity, what historical initiative, what a capacity for sacrifice in these Parisians! After six months of hunger and ruin, caused rather by internal treachery than by the external enemy, they rise, beneath Prussian bayonets … History has no example of a like greatness. If they are defeated, only their ‘good nature’ will be to blame. They should have marched on Versailles … The right moment was missed because of conscientious scruples … the present rising in Paris-even if it is crushed by the wolves, swine and vile curs of the old societyis the most glorious deed of our Party since the June insurrection in Paris. Compare these Parisians, storming heaven, with the slaves to heaven of the German-Prussian Holy Roman Empire,
Naturalism and Genealogy
Authors: Williams Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ethics, ‘naturalism’ has two different kinds of associations. One set of associations flows from Moore’s unfortunate appropriation of the term in the expression ‘naturalistic fallacy’. The others go with the use of the term in other areas of inquiry, and they circle round the slogan that human beings are part of nature. That the two are not the same comes out if one considers the view that moral requirements are the commands of God: such a view may well be naturalist in Moore’s use—that is to say, it may commit the naturalistic fallacy—but it is clearly non-naturalist in the other use.
The Nicomachean Conception of Happiness
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the Nicomachean Ethics (NE) we meet the following line of argument. The subject-matter of ethics is the good for man, the end of action for the sake of which all else is desired. Most people would agree that this supreme good is happiness, however much they may disagree about what precisely happiness consists in. Aristotle goes on to expand the general view that the supreme good is happiness by outlining the three traditional lives-the life of philosophy, that of virtue, and that of pleasure. He begins his own account by saying that the good we are looking for must be perfect by comparison with other ends-that is, it must be something sought always for its own sake and never for the sake of anything else; and it must be self-sufficient —that is, it must be something which taken on its own makes life worthwhile and lacking in nothing.
Aristotle versus Descartes on Sensation
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dualism of Descartes continues to fascinate scholars. In 1996 and 1998 books appeared each bearing the title Descartes’ s Dualism, one by Gordon Baker and Katherine Morris (henceforth DDBM), and the other by Marleen Rozemond (henceforth DDR).2 The former tries to overturn the received interpretation of Descartes as a dualist; the latter is much more respectful of tradition, but seeks to adjust the standard perception of Descartes’ s system by relating it to the scholastic background of his age. Stimulated by these two books, I wish to examine one particular issue which is crucial to Cartesian dualism: Descartes’ s understanding of the nature of sensation.
The Thomism of Pope John Paul II: The Encyclical Letter Fides et Ratio
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Paul II is the most professional philosopher ever to occupy the papal throne. John XXI, who became Pope in 1276, two years after St Thomas Aquinas died, was long believed to be the Peter of Spain who wrote a popular logic textbook. But in the thirteenth century Spain produced more than one Peter and scholars now believe that the logician and the Pope were two different people. Pius X, when Bishop of Mantova, sacked the philosopher in his seminary and installed himself briefly as professor in his place. But no Pope has a record to compare with that of Karol Wojtyla, a full-time university professor of ethics in his thirties, with a series of academic publications to his name.
A Stylometric Comparison between Five Disputed Works and the Remainder of the Aristotelian Corpus
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What can stylometric techniques tell us about the authenticity of the five possibly Aristotelian works which are our topic? In the present state of our knowledge it is not easy to give a precise answer to this question. There is no doubt, to my mind, that the statistical examination of literary style is a valuable auxiliary tool in the study of the questions which interest the philogist and the philosopher who approach an ancient text. But to decide whether a work is genuine or spurious is one of the most difficult tasks for stylometry.
New Essays on Musical Understanding
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter Kivy presents a selection of his new and recent writings on the philosophy of music, a subject to which he has for many years been one of the most eminent contributors. In his distinctively elegant and informal style, Kivy explores such topics as musicology and its history, the nature of musical works, and the role of emotion in music, in a way that will attract the interest of philosophical and musical readers alike. Most of the essays are published here for the first time, all of them are accessible and self-standing, and so there is much here to delight both followers of Kivy's work and those who are new to it.
Making the Codes and Breaking the Codes: Two Revolutions in Twentieth-Century Music
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this chapter taps into two senses of the word ‘code’: the sense in which a code is a kind of language, as where one devises a code for conveying secret messages, and the sense in which a code is a prescription for behavior, as where a restaurant imposes a dress code on its patrons. Of course my subject is music, not cryptography or etiquette, so I will begin by stating briefly what it is in the musical experience that I think best exemplifies the linguistic sense of a code, and what the prescriptive sense. When I have done this I can then be more specific about the direction this chapter is going to take.
Experiencing the Musical Emotions
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1 want to discuss a problem that 1 have puzzled over from time to time for the past twenty years or more: that is, the nature of our experience of the emotions in music. Before I get to my problem, how ever, I thought 1 might take the time to give some historical background to it, for although these historical matters are well known within the small philosophical and musical communities in which I usually ply my trade, they might not be to the general reader. And acquaintance with them, although not essential to the understanding of my enterprise, will, nevertheless, be of great help.
Rationalism, Empiricism, and Scepticism: Sextus Empiricus’ Treatment of Sign-inference
Authors: Allen James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most extensive and wide-ranging discussion of signs to have come down to us, and at the same time the discussion that gives the most prominence to signification, is found in Sextus Empiricus(PH 2. 97–133;M. 8. 141–299). This faithfully reflects the prominence accorded to signs in the framework Sextus adopts in order to classify and expound dogmatic positions in epistemology before subjecting them to sceptical scrutiny.
A Wittgensteinian Approach to Ethical lntuitionism
Authors: Arrington Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My thesis in this paper is that W D. Ross’s principles of prima facie duty are best understood as instances of what Wittgenstein calls grammatical propositions. If this view is correct, it will show us the importance of these principles and help us see why they are important. At the same time, my interpretation will require a substantial revision of Ross’s conception of these principles, especially his epistemological claims about our knowledge of them. I begin in Section 1 with an exposition of what Ross has to say about the principles of prima facie duty or rightness, and then I point to some problems I have with Ross’s theory. In Section 2 I challenge the epistemological assumptions Ross makes, and in doing so I maintain that the principles in question are the object of neither knowledge nor belief. Section 3 puts before us Wittgenstein’s conception of grammatical propositions, and the concluding section shows us how Wittgenstein’s perspective illuminates the actual role of Ross’s principles-and similar propositionsin our moral lives.
Phraseological Dictionaries: Some East-West Comparisons
Authors: Cowie A P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a critical survey of some major developments in British and Russian phraseology over the period 1930 to 1960 and traces their influence on dictionaries of collocations and idioms intended chiefly for foreign learners of English and published between 1975 and 1995. British EFL dictionaries, whether general or specialized, have from their beginnings in the 1930s drawn on research into lexical and grammatical structure to an extent seldom approached, then or since, by works compiled for the native speaker of English (Cowie 1989a). Parallel Russian developments have been more extensive, as well as more centrally directed, and they have been sustained by impressive achievements in research (e.g. Mel’ čuk 1974, l 981). Official policy within the former Soviet Union towards national and leading international languages favoured ambitious programmes of dictionary development, and led to the compilation of a wide range of general and specialized pedagogical dictionaries, bilingual as well as monolingual, aimed at learners of Russian and various other major languages, including of course English. Collocational dictionaries form an impressive part of this output, reflecting the stress laid by Russian lexicographers on meeting the needs of students wishing to write in the foreign language (Tomaszczyk 1981; Morozenko 1986; Benson 1988).
General-Purpose Dictionaries and Society
Authors: Béjoint Henri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lexicographers have always determined the form and contents of dictionaries by posing as dictionary users themselves (Rey 197T 96). But lexicographers and linguists are probably the least representative of all dictionary users: they both share the same peculiar interest for the more frequent words, because they know that those are the more difficult to describe; lexicographers may tend to excuse all mistakes because they know how difficult it is to write a dictionary, whereas linguists will typically find fault with everything (see below, 6. 1 .2.2). The front matter’ of dictionaries is a fair enough indication of what their authors were trying to achieve. Dubois and Dubois (1971: 15-17), after having examined the front matter of French dictionaries published in the sixties, came to conclusions that were not particularly surprising: some dictionaries introduce themselves as ‘portraits’ of the language, and others as instruments for its acquisition—and the distinction is not always very clear.
Plain and Conjugated Infinitives
Authors: Gary Miller D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, infinitiveand nonfinitehave referred to some verbal form without subject (especially person) agreement (Agr). The four case studies in this chapter present problems for that definition. Phrasing the problem loosely, PRO transmits (Agr) features obligatorily in Modern Greek, only when assigned absolutive case in West Greenlandic (Chapter 5), and never in Portuguese, Hungarian, or Welsh core subject control structures. The question is: what, if anything, do these have in common to warrant generalizing nonfiniteto constructions that are patently finite in the traditional sense?
Infinitives in Older English
Authors: Gary Miller D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Old English had an infinitive in -an, a dative-declined infinitive in -ennewith proclitic to, and a rare undeclined infinitive with to. The toinfinitive originated as a purposive but spread as a complement, in the earliest Old English poetry already, to nouns, adjectives, and a few verbs that assigned inherent case. By later Early Old English, the tostructure had spread to verbs that assigned structural or no case to their complements, and served as goal argument of verbs of urging, persuading, and conatives. In short, it spread to various control structures at the expense of the subjunctive. Verbs that assigned no theta roles, such as the (pre-)modals, resisted the spread of to, which, I will argue, was not yet of the category M.
History of English Gerundials
Authors: Gary Miller D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toward the end of the West Saxon period, there was an incipient gerund (pro- ductive nominal) in -ung-ing, but no homomorphic gerundive. Through the tenth century -ungprevails, but by the first quarter of the thirteenth century-ungis preserved only in the west, and only residually (three relics) in La3amon. Several views of the replacement of -ungby -ingare discussed. Based on (i) the numerous -ingevent nominals in Middle English borrowed from Scandinavian, (ii) the well-attested Anglicized Scandinavian idiom a(n) skenting‘(a-)reveling’, and (iii) the fact that Middle English MSS with a higher percentage of Scandinavianisms feature -ingmore exclusively, it is shown that -ingdiffused from the old Danelaw. It follows that the change of OE -ung!-ingto standard ME -ingwas a simple generalization of -ingaccompanied by morphological restriction of -ung.
What can the Utterance ‘Tan, Tan’ of Broca’s Patient Leborgne Tell Us about the Hypothesis of an Emergent ‘Babble-Syllable’ Downloaded by SMA?
Authors: Abry Christian , Stefanuto Muriel , Vilain Anne , Rafael Laboissiere 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We wish to thank the following people for comments and references: Monica BaciuRaybaudi, Pierre Badin, Pierre Bessiere, Catherine Best, Gerhard Blanken, Driss Boussaoud, Benedicte de Boysson-Bardies, Stephanie Brosda, Marie-Agnes Cathiard, Patrick Chauvel, Barbara Davis, Jean Decety, Jean-Frarn;ois Demonet, Jacques Durand, Christopher Frith, Vincent Gracco, Julie Grezes, Pierre Halle, Marc Jeannerod, Jean-Pierre Joseph, Catherine Liegeois-Chauvel, Helene Lrevenbruck, Peter MacNeilage, Jean-Luc Nespoulous, David Ostry, Yohan Payan, Claude Prablanc, Giacomo Rizzolatti, Jean-Luc Schwartz, Christoph Segebarth, Saul Sternberg, Carol Stoel-Gammon, Jacques Vauclair, Marilyn Vihman; we also received the help of the teams involved in the ‘Speech Emergence and Robotics’ project (ARASSH, Lyon) and in the French Cogniscience Programme (Paris).
Introduction: The Computational Study of Language Acquisition
Authors: Broeder Peter , Murre Jaap 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of language acquisition is a particularly interesting area for (computational) modelling, because it is now feasible to test very complicated models using simulation techniques. In particular, the renewed interest in learning neural networks and the ability to test ‘in practice’ new solutions to fundamental questions of language acquisition has fuelled the debates in an already very active field. This book captures some of these issues. Two principal questions about the nature and origins of language as ‘an individual phenomenon’ were formulated by Chomsky (1986) as ‘What constitutes knowledge of language?’ and ‘How is knowledge of language acquired?’ Suggestions for answering these questions can be found within different cognitive models of language acquisition that derive from strongly contrastive research paradigms. The paradigms start from fundamentally different assumptions on how language is represented, namely either symbolic or subsymbolic. They also take opposing viewpoints with regard to the hypothesized mechanisms that drive the process of language acquisition, namely deductive or inductive.
Statistical and Connectionist Modelling of the Development of Speech Segmentation
Authors: Shillcock Richard , Cairns Paul , Chater Nick , Levy Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The speech signal is typically continuous; only a minority of word boundaries are marked by any recognizable acoustic cue such as a pause. The continuous nature of speech poses a problem for the adult speaker of the language, in that processing the signal requires a complete parse into words yet any string of more than a few segments is locally multiply ambiguous: given only a phonetic transcription, most words contain other words, in the way that curtain contains cur, or floor contains or. Segmentation strategies are available to the adult listener that are not given to the infant, as the former possesses both a lexicon containing the phonological specification of the words of the language, and a knowledge of the syntax and semantics of the language. For instance, the adult listener may recognize a word before its acoustic offset and hence may be able to predict the end of the current word and the start of the next; indeed, this strategy featured explicitly in one early model of word recognition (Cole and Jakimik 1980 ). The adult listener may be able to recruit syntactic knowledge to predict and identify closed-class words (the short grammatical, or function words) (Shillcock and Bard 1993), and hence identify their boundaries too. The infant, faced with the speech sounds of an unknown language, is unable to draw on such knowledge, yet over the first two years of life individual words are isolated in comprehension, stored and begin to be deployed in production. This chapter is concerned with the nature of the information that the infant might exploit to obtain a foothold on the segmentation problem.
A Recurrent Network with Shortterm Memory Capacity Learning the German -s plural
Authors: Goebel Rainer , Indefrey Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is part of the language competence of human speakers to be able to produce correctly inflected word forms and to generalize the inflectional regularities of their language to novel words. Traditionally this has been taken as evidence for a tacit knowledge about rules and exceptional forms. Following linguistic theory, models seeking to simulate the morphological competence or the acquisition of this competence were of a dual nature. They assumed symbolic, rule-like processes on the one hand and memory stores for exceptional words on the other (Lebeaux 1982; Pinker 1984; Halle and Mohanan 1985, Clahsen et al. 1992). This view on morphology was challenged when connectionist models postulated a common representation of regular and irregular morphology (Rumelhart and McClelland 1986; MacWhinney et al. 1989; Plunkett and Marchman 1991, 1993; Hare and Elman 1992; Daugherty and Seidenberg 1992). By now it is widely accepted that the connectionist networks deal satisfactorily with irregular morphology and even simulate empirical findings that pure symbolic processing models cannot account for. Thus human subjects have been found sometimes to generalize irregular past tense forms (pling–plang) to novel verbs that share a ‘family resemblance’ with strong irregular clusters (sing, ring, spring, see Bybee and Moder 1983; Prasada and Pinker 1993). What is not accepted by criticists, however, is the claim that regular morphology is also successfully represented in connectionist models. Therefore dual models that consist of a regular rule-based component and an irregular associative component have been proposed (Pinker and Prince 1988; Pinker 1991; Kim et al. 1991; Marcus et al. 1993; Prasada and Pinker 1993; Wunderlich and Fabri 1995).
Spatiotemporal aspects of avian long-distance migration
Authors: Berthold Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Far-reaching migratory movements define the birds as the most mobile group of animals, whose network of migration routes cover most of the earth’s surface. Most conspicuous are the long-distance intercontinental and transoceanic migratory movements. The record holder, the Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) regularly migrates from Arctic breeding grounds to winter quarters around the Antarctic continent and may cover up to 50 000 km per year. This distance is approximately equivalent to the circumference of our planet and some individual terns may reach a lifetime mileage of more than a million kilometres (Berthold I 993). Even passerines such as the Alaskan population of the wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe), which winters in southeastern Africa, can make annual journeys of about 30 000 km (Kiepenheuer 1984).