bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitroDNA recombination
Authors: Miyazaki Kentaro , Arnold Frances H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter illustrates in vitro DNA recombination methods frequently used in directed evolution. Four different methods are presented with full experimental detail: DNA shuffling (Stemmer method), random priming recombination, Staggered extension process (StEP), and in vitro heteroduplex formation in vivo DNA repair (heteroduplex recombination). One problem in recombination experiments is unwanted nonrecombinant parent sequences and misrecombined sequences. Protocols to reduce these backgrounds are included.
Phage selection strategies for improved afinity and speciicity of proteins and peptides
Authors: Dennis Mark S , Lowman Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Filamentous phage display of peptide or protein variants has been widely used for rapid selection of protein variants that bind with improved affinity and improved specificity to a target molecule (for reviews, see 1, 2). The key feature of such selection schemes is that the genotype of a particular variant is linked through packaging inside a virion particle to the phenotype of a displayed protein or peptide that has been fused to one of the coat proteins, such as gene III protein (pIII), of the phage. Phage particles can be selected by binding to an affinity matrix, propagated in Escherichia coli , and identified by DNA sequencing ( Figure 1 ).
Affinity maturation of phage antibodies
Authors: Nielsen Ulrik B , Marks James D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phage display can be used to increase the affinity of antibodies more than a 1000-fold (1, 2). The starting point is typically a specific antibody isolated from a phage antibody library (see Chapter 13). To accomplish affinity maturation (increased affinity) the sequence of the antibody is diversified, the mutant gene repertoire is displayed on filamentous phage, and higher affinity binders are selected on antigen. While the process is reasonably straightforward, the investigator should be reasonably certain that increasing the affinity of their particular antibody will lead to the desired biologic effect prior to undertaking in vitro affinity maturation. Higher affinity is especially important when trying to neutralize a circulating toxin or growth factor. In this case, the antibody dis- tributes in the same compartment as the antigen, allowing the antigen-antibody interaction to proceed to equilibrium. The higher the affinity, the greater the amount of antigen bound. In contrast, affinity is only one factor determining the amount of antibody fragment that will accumulate in a tumor in vivo (3). Factors such as antibody fragment size, pharmacokinetics, and valency may have a more important impact (4).
Human chromosome mapping of single copy genes
Authors: Beatty Barbara G , Scherer Stephen W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most common applications of FISH is the localization of single copy genes to a specific chromosomal band on metaphase chromosomes (1-3). Identifying the sub chromosomal position of a gene in both normal and disease states can provide valuable information regarding its biological and/or clinical significance. In some situations, mapping a newly identified gene to regions of chromosomal deletion or amplification, to translocation breakpoints, or to a region near a gene known to be involved in a particular disease process (4-6) can supply essential clues which may lead to important clinical applications (see Chapter 9).
FISH on three-dimensionally preserved nuclei
Authors: Solovei I , Walter J , Cremer M , Habermann F , Schermelleh L , Cremer T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of DNA probes to three-dimensionally preserved cells, so-called 3D FISH. This technique allows three-dimensional visualization of specific DNA and RNA targets within the nucleus at all stages of the cell cycle. It provides information about the arrangement of chromosome territories and the organization of sub chromosomal domains, about the pattern of chromatin density within a chromosome territory, about positions of individual genes and RNA transcripts read from them. Accumulation of such data is necessary for understanding relationships between the spatial organization of the genome and its functioning in the interphase nucleus.
FISH in clinical cytogenetics
Authors: Squire Jeremy A , Marrano P , Kolomietz E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years the possibilities for visualizing several chromosomal targets simultaneously has meant that FISH analysis has an increasing role to play in the study of patient samples. The clinical cytogenetics service laboratory no longer focuses on the morphological analysis of chromosomal aberrations alone, but now has to provide comprehensive molecular cytogenetic analysis of diverse gene sequences consistently involved in certain classes of cancer and a variety of human genetic diseases (1).
The Effect of Accelerated Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation on Weight Loss in Overweight Individuals With Schizophrenia: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Kang Dongyu , Zhang Yi , Wu Guowei , Song Chuhan , Peng Xinjie , Long Yujun , Yu Guo , Tang Hui , Gui Yawei , Wang Quan , Yuan Tifei , Wu Renrong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Obesity is a common comorbidity in individuals with schizophrenia and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. At present, there are limited effective approaches for addressing this issue. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of noninvasive magnetic stimulation techniques in reducing obesity in individuals with schizophrenia.

Study Design
Forty overweight individuals with schizophrenia were recruited and randomly assigned to receive either the active or sham intervention. The active group received 50 accelerated continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) sessions over the left primary motor area (M1), while the sham group received sham stimulation. The primary outcomes were the change in body weight and body mass index (BMI), and the secondary outcomes were the psychiatric symptoms, eating behavior scales, metabolic measures, and electrophysiological to food picture stimuli.

Study Results
The study demonstrated a significant decrease in body weight and BMI after the intervention selectively in the active group (mean = −1.33 kg, P = .002), and this improvement remained at the 1-month follow-up (mean = −2.02 kg, P = .008). The score on the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (mean = −1.78, P = 0.036) decreased in the active group and mediated the effect of accelerated cTBS on body weight. In the food picture cue electroencephalograph task, the late positive potential component, which is related to motivated attention and emotional processing, decreased in frontal brain regions and increased in posterior regions after the active intervention.

Conclusions
The accelerated cTBS may offer a promising approach for treating obesity in individuals with schizophrenia. Further research with a larger sample size or individualized stimulation protocol should be promising.

Trial Registration
Clinical trial registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05086133).
Quantifying Facial Feminization Surgery’s Impact: Focus on Patient Facial Satisfaction
Authors: Alper David P. , Almeida Mariana N. , Hu Kevin G. , De Baun Heloise M. , Hosseini Helia , Williams Mica C.G. , Salib Andrew , Shah Jinesh , Persing John A. , Alperovich Michael 
Published: November 2023

Background:
Facial feminization surgery (FFS) has been associated with improving gender dysphoria in transgender patients. This study aimed to quantify the impact of surgery on patient facial satisfaction, using the FACE-Q and a quality-of-life (QoL) survey.

Methods:
Transgender female patients were recruited to complete the FACE-Q and the World Health Organization’s QoL Scale-Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF) if they were planning to or had undergone FFS at our institution. FACE-Q modules completed included “Satisfaction with Facial Appearance Overall,” individual facial attributes (forehead/eyebrows, nose, cheeks, cheekbone, chin, jawline, and neck), and the WHOQOL-BREF, which assesses patient QoL through four domains (physical, psychological, social relations, and environment). Both matched and unmatched analyses of preoperative versus postoperative cohorts were performed.

Results:
Overall, 48 patients participated in our study and completed 31 FACE-Q surveys preoperatively and 37 postoperatively. On average, patients were 37.2 ± 12.5 years old. FACE-Q scores increased significantly for all facial attributes and for Satisfaction with Facial Appearance Overall between cohorts (P < 0.05). The facial attribute with the greatest increase in satisfaction was the jawline, followed by the nose. The WHOQOL-BREF’s psychological and physical domains both improved significantly (P < 0.05). Wait time for surgery of less than 6 months (b = 22.42, P = 0.02) was associated with higher overall facial satisfaction, whereas age at surgery (b = −1.04, P < 0.01) was associated with lower overall facial satisfaction.

Conclusions:
Transgender female patients experienced significant improvements in facial satisfaction and QoL after FFS. Undergoing surgery at a younger age and shorter wait times for surgery were associated with increased overall facial satisfaction.
Fibular Allograft Osteoplasty and Silicone Arthroplasty following Gunshot Injury of the Metacarpal
Authors: Driscoll Cassandra R. , Davidson Amelia L. , Schuth Olga , Reynolds Michael 
Published: November 2023

Summary:
The complexity of a gunshot wound to the hand with segmental bone loss and adjacent joint disruption presents a unique challenge for the reconstructive surgeon. There are several options for posttraumatic reconstruction of hand joint defects, ranging from arthrodesis, implants, and autologous arthroplasty. Despite the abundance of literature regarding guidelines for isolated osteoplasty and arthroplasty, there are only case reports describing management of bone and joint defects, all within the setting of cancer resection. This case report presents a 24-year-old, right-hand dominant man with a gunshot wound to his left hand involving the fifth metacarpal and metacarpal phalangeal joint. The metacarpal was reconstructed with a fibular bone allograft with simultaneous placement of a silicone arthroplasty implant, allowing preservation of motion at the metacarpal phalangeal joint with satisfactory functional outcomes. This illustrates the feasibility of successfully reconstructing segmental bone loss and adjacent joint defects simultaneously in the traumatic setting of firearm injuries.
Comparative Effectiveness of Secondary Furlow and Buccal Myomucosal Flap Lengthening to Treat Velopharyngeal Insufficiency
Authors: Sitzman Thomas J. , Perry Jamie L. , Snodgrass Taylor D. , Temkit M’hamed , Singh Davinder J. , Williams Jessica L. 
Published: November 2023

Background:
Secondary Furlow (Furlow) and buccal myomucosal flaps (BMMF) treat velopharyngeal insufficiency by lengthening the palate and retropositioning the levator veli palatini muscles. The criteria for choosing one operation over the other remain unclear.

Methods:
A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted. Thirty-two patients with nonsyndromic, repaired cleft palate were included. All patients underwent a Furlow or BMMF. Outcome measures included (1) resolution of hypernasality 12 months postoperatively, (2) degree of improvement of hypernasality severity; and (3) change in velar length, as measured on magnetic resonance imaging scans obtained preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively. All measures were performed by raters blinded to participants’ medical and surgical history.

Results:
Hypernasality was corrected to normal in 80% of the Furlow group and in 56% of the BMMF group. Patients receiving BMMF had more severe hypernasality during preoperative speech evaluation. Both groups had a median decrease of two scalar rating points for severity of hypernasality (P = 0.58). On postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, patients who underwent Furlow had a median increased velar length of 6.9 mm. Patients who received BMMF had a median increased velar length of 7.5 mm. There was no statistically significant difference between groups regarding increase in velar length (P = 0.95).

Conclusions:
Furlow and BMMF procedures increase velar length with favorable speech outcomes. The same degree of improvement for hypernasality was observed across groups, likely explained by the similar increase in velar length achieved. Anatomic changes in palate length and levator veli palatini retropositioning persist 1 year after surgery.
Recurrent Breast Animation after Conversion from Dual Plane to Prepectoral Breast Implant Placement
Authors: Pawaskar Rishaan , French James 
Published: November 2023

Summary:
Conversion to a prepectoral implant pocket is considered the definitive treatment for breast animation after implant-based breast reconstruction. Although subtle movement of implants placed in the prepectoral plane may be noted on clinical examination by experienced surgeons, current data demonstrate complete resolution of animation deformity with prepectoral implant placement. We present the case of a middle-aged women who underwent breast implant pocket conversion from dual-plane to prepectoral plane for treatment of animation deformity. Although her postoperative recovery was unremarkable with initial resolution of animation, recurrent implant animation was evident on 3-month follow-up. Recurrent breast animation after conversion from dual-plane to prepectoral implant pocket is highly unusual and unreported in the current literature. Although revision surgery may identify potential causes, larger-scale research on contributing factors will be valuable in developing strategies to prevent recurrent animation after conversion to a prepectoral implant pocket.
FAMILIAL EXUDATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY WITH NASAL RETINAL INVOLVEMENT: A RARE PRESENTATION
Authors: Cooper Amelia , Stevens Henry , Batlle Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Purpose:
To present a case of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy with nasal retinal involvement and aim to describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, management strategies, and genetic testing.

Methods:
An evaluation of a 31-year-old female patient with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy presenting with predominate nasal retinal involvement. Diagnostic tests—including fundus examination, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, and genetic testing—were performed. The patient's management involved intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg/0.05 mL of bevacizumab in the left eye and sectoral panretinal photocoagulation in both eyes.

Results:
The patient exhibited discrete neovascularization and tortuosity predominantly localized to the nasal retinal blood vessels. Optical coherence tomography imaging showed macular schisis and vitreomacular traction without retinal detachment. Genetic testing identified a likely pathogenic variant associated with autosomal dominant and recessive exudative vitreoretinopathy. Treatment with bevacizumab and panretinal photocoagulation resulted in regression of neovascularization and improvement in macular schisis. Conclusion: This case report highlights an atypical presentation of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy with nasal retinal involvement. Early recognition and genetic testing aids in diagnosis and management.
Online intraocular lens calculation
Authors: Buonsanti Dante , Raimundo Miguel , Findl Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Purpose of reviewTo showcase the majority of online intraocular lens (IOL) calculation tools and highlight some of their characteristics.Recent findingsOnline tools are available for preoperative and postoperative IOL-related calculations, including IOL power and toricity selection for standard patients, patients who underwent prior refractive surgery, keratoconus, limbal relaxing incisions for astigmatism management, realignment of a misplaced or rotated toric IOL, surgical induced astigmatism (SIA), formulae comparison, and other tools.SummaryAs there are new online developments and technology is advancing rapidly, we hope that this review will assist ophthalmologists in becoming acquainted with a large variety of online tools.
The Overweight and Obese Patient in Oculofacial Plastic Surgery: A Narrative Review
Authors: Rana Harkaran S. , Clabeaux Carson E. , Patadia Amol H. , Allen Richard C. 
Published: November 2023

Purpose:
The oculofacial plastic surgeon will more frequently encounter challenges related to overweight and obese patients as the incidence rises. There is a paucity of data in the oculofacial plastic surgical literature regarding this topic. The goal of this review is to detail the role obesity plays in the perioperative course and the considerations for a surgeon treating this patient population.

Methods:
The authors conducted a computerized search using PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar. The search terms used were “(obesity OR overweight) AND surgery,” “(obesity OR overweight) AND oculoplastic,” “(obesity OR overweight) AND oculofacial,” “(obesity OR overweight) AND ‘facial plastic surgery’, ” “(obesity OR overweight) AND ‘bariatric surgery’, ” “(obesity OR overweight) AND (pre-operative OR post-operative OR intraoperative,” “ (obesity OR overweight) AND complications,” “(obesity OR overweight) AND (facial plastic surgery) AND complications),” “(obesity OR overweight) AND eyelid,” “(obesity OR overweight) AND (nasolacrimal OR ‘nasolacrimal duct’),” “(obesity OR overweight) AND IIH,” “(obesity OR overweight) AND exophthalmos.”

Results:
A total of 127 articles, published from 1952 to 2022 in the English language or with English translations were included. Articles published earlier than 2000 were cited for foundational knowledge. References cited in the identified articles were also used to gather further data for the review.

Conclusions:
Overweight and obese patients pose specific challenges that the oculofacial plastic surgeon should be aware of to better optimize patient outcomes. Multiple comorbidities, poor wound healing, and nutritional deficits all contribute to the complications experienced in this patient population. Further investigation on overweight and obese patients is needed.
New-Onset of Herpes Simplex Keratitis After Blepharoplasty, Case Series and Review of the Literature
Authors: Shtayer Chen , Friehmann Asaf , Nemet Arie 
Published: November 2023

Purpose:
To report 3 cases of new-onset herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) after uncomplicated extraocular plastic surgery and discuss potential risk factors.

Methods:
This case series includes 3 patients who underwent uncomplicated blepharoplastic surgery. Within 2 weeks postoperatively, all patients reported ocular discomfort, and their ophthalmic examinations revealed corneal lesions suspicious of HSK. One case was confirmed as an active herpes infection, and the other 2 cases were clinically diagnosed with HSK. The patients were treated with oral acyclovir and followed up for up to 6 weeks.

Results:
All patients demonstrated improvement without sequelae at follow-up visits from 5 days to 4 weeks after initiating acyclovir treatment.

Conclusions:
Risk factors for new-onset HSK after uncomplicated extraocular surgeries may be related to an immunocompromised state, postoperative administration of topical or periocular corticosteroids, or environmental factors such as psychological stress. Ophthalmologists, particularly plastic surgeons, should be vigilant for ocular discomfort following eyelid surgeries and consider the possibility of herpes infection. This report highlights the importance of recognizing and managing HSK in the context of extraocular plastic surgery.
Trends in prevalence of fractures among adults in the United States, 1999-2020: a population-based study
Authors: Xu Bin , Radojčić Maja R. , Anderson David B. , Shi Baoyi , Yao Liang , Chen Yujie , Feng Shiqing , Lee Jae Hyup , Chen Lingxiao 
Published: November 2023

Background:
Population data that examine recent national trends in the prevalence of fractures are lacking in the United States (US).

Materials and Methods:
Analyses were based on 1999–2020 data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Primary outcomes included the prevalence of hip, wrist, and vertebral fractures among adults aged ≥50 years. Changes in the prevalence over time were determined by joinpoint regression analysis. We also described the variation by fracture subtypes, sociodemographic characteristics, and their combination.

Results:
For adults aged ≥50 years in NHANES 2017-March 2020, we estimated that there was 2.6 million Americans with hip fractures, 14.6 million Americans with wrist fractures, and 5.2 million Americans with vertebral fractures. The prevalence of wrist fractures significantly increased from 8.7% (7.4% to 9.9%) in 1999–2000 to 12.8% (11.6% to 14.1%) in 2017-March 2020 among adults aged ≥50 years (P for trend = 0.04); significant increases were also observed in fractures that occurred at age <50 years, non-Hispanic White, high family income groups, and several combination subgroups (e.g., fractures occurred at age <50 y among women). The prevalence of vertebral fractures increased from 2.2% (1.7% to 2.8%) in 1999–2000 to 4.6% (3.7% to 5.5%) in 2017-March 2020 among adults aged ≥50 years (P for trend = 0.02); significant increases were also observed in 50–64 years, women, non-Hispanic White, high family income groups and several combination subgroups (e.g., fractures that occurred at age <50 y among women). We did not observe significant trend changes in the prevalence of hip fractures among adults aged ≥50 years between 1999 and 2020.

Conclusion:
The estimated prevalence of wrist and vertebral fractures significantly increased among US adults aged ≥50 years from 1999 to 2020, although hip fractures did not significantly change.
The Congenital Syphilis Prevention Cascade: Reimagining a Missed Prevention Opportunities Framework for Effective Intervention
Authors: O'Callaghan Kevin P. , Johnson Jones Michelle L. , McDonald Robert , Jackson David A. , Grey Jeremy A. , Kreisel Kristen M. , Torrone Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Congenital syphilis (CS) rates have risen in the United States since 2013. Prevention of CS requires testing and treatment of pregnant and pregnancy-capable persons at high risk for syphilis. We developed a CS Prevention Cascade to assess how effectively testing and treatment interventions reached pregnant persons with a CS outcome.