bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The University of Amsterdam
Authors: Kipnis A Ya , Yavelov B E , Rowlinson J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 23 October 1877 van der Waals and his family left The Hague for Amsterdam, which was by then a city of more than 300 000 inhabitants and had been for a long time the biggest city in the Netherlands. This busy commercial and industrial metropolis must have been a contrast to the quietness of Leiden. The French artist and writer Eugène Fromentin had described it in 1875 as an ‘oldish-looking, middle-class, stuffy, busy, swarming’ city [l, p. 233]. It must be remembered, however, that the population of London was by then ten times that of Amsterdam and to some European travellers the Dutch city seemed to be a quiet green town, particularly in the new suburbs. It was in one of these fashionable districts, near the most beautiful of the city parks, named after Joost van den Vandel, that van der Waals chose the family’s new home. It was N57 P. C. Hooftstraat, named after Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, like van den Vandel a writer of the seventeenth century. In 1896 the number was changed to 177 on the incorporation of the suburbs into the city [238]; van der Waals lived there until his death. The district is no longer as fashionable as it was and the house has lost its front door on its incorporation into 175—179.
Physical chemistry
Authors: Kipnis A Ya , Yavelov B E , Rowlinson J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Van der Waals called himself a physicist, and in saying this he was correct, but one should remember how many there were of those who were primarily physicists who contributed also to physical chemistry. These include Helmholtz, Planck and Gibbs among the most famous, but the list is much longer and certainly includes van der Waals, whose activities are aptly delineated by Andrews’s remark: ‘It is often difficult to draw a distinct line of separation between the physical and chemical sciences; and it is perhaps doubtful whether the division is not really an artificial one’ [I, p. lxxvii]. Van der Waals’s equation of state, his principle of corresponding states and his theory of capillarity all belong equally to molecular physics and to physical chemistry, but there is one part of his work which nowadays would certainly fall wholly within physical chemistry, and that is his work on the thermodynamics of multicomponent non-ideal systems, that is, of real solutions and the phase equilibria between them.
Design, synthesis, and structure of alicyclic diol hosts
Authors: Bishop Roger , Dance G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of years ago we reported the preparation of the alicyclic diol exo-2, exo-6-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (1) and commented on its unexpected and novel properties. This material was observed to form solid inclusion compounds when crystallized from a wide range of common solvents, including ethyl acetate, toluene, acetone, chloroform, and dioxane. In most cases these co-crystalline arrangements were very stable towards loss of the volatile guest molecules.
Catalytic aspects of inclusion in zeolites
Authors: Herron Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The widespread use of their ion-exchange properties in the water-softening/detergent industry and their strong acid catalysis properties in petroleum-refining have made zeolites the workhorse materials in both applications. While this has attracted many researchers to the zeolite field, it has also had the effect of typecasting these remarkable materials into a limited number of chemical roles. The work reported in this chapter is a brief review of our own work at Du Pont and attempts to dispel this stereotype. Using a perspective where zeolites are viewed as a highly ordered host ‘supermolecule’ capable of sieving and directing substrate molecules, we have developed a series of novel guest-host and catalyst species. These materials owe a debt more to the areas of inclusion chemistry and biochemistry rather than traditional catalytic research.
Ternary and multicomponent systems
Authors: Koningsveld R , Stockmayer W H , Nies E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ternary systems a two-dimensional representation is limited to an isothermal section of a constant-pressure diagram, or vice versa. It is customary to use an equilateral triangle, apparently first introduced by Gibbs and shown in Fig. 81, to depict the various equilibria. There are three concentration variables x 1, x 2, and x 3, one of which depends on the other two by
Kinetic Theory of Rarefied Gases
Authors: Mccourt Frederick R W , Beenakker Jan J M , Kohler Walter E , Kuscer Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters dealing with the solution of the Boltzmann equation, we have considered only the linearized equation. Its solutions are valid when deviations from equilibrium are small so that quadratic terms in the driving gradients can be neglected.
Semiclassical Mechanics with Molecular Applications
Authors: Child M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Semiclassical mechanics relates Newton's classical theory to modern quantum mechanics in a manner designed for the interpretation of the most recent experiments. The theory is physically intuitive and computationally accurate and is particularly powerful for large quantum numbers - hence it has special reference to atomic, nuclear, and molecular physics - but it also proves to be remarkably accurate even for the lowest quantum states. This book gives a comprehensive account of the application of the theory to molecular systems, with particular attention paid to the problems of non-separability. Although it is primarily a research monograph, the inclusion of problems at the end of each chapter makes this book equally applicable as a graduate text.
Element cycles and their evolution
Authors: Williams R J P , Da Silva J J R Frausto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The initial combination of matter was then fixed largely by thermodynamic physicochemical selection (Chapters 2 and 3). However, after rapid cooling and when planets formed, phase separations occurred due to fields of gravity and in these cold bodies some compounds were produced in the presence of others with which they should react but they could not because the temperature was too low. It was then necessary to define many chemicals as components in compartments, not in equilibrated phase systems, in an operational manner. Physical restriction in phases and kinetic chemical control of selection, generating components, in this third step (Chapters 4-7), had taken over from thermodynamic chemical selection. At the same time, these inorganic compounds were now and then subjected to volcanic action (Figs 8.6 and 15.2) as well as weathering, which forced energised compartmental and chemical separation upon them. Some inorganic and small organic compounds on the surfaces of planets were also made to react and to be elevated in energy, giving new components, through the action of solar radiation. Of course, the new compounds produced were unstable and decayed (slowly) since they were energised. There began, therefore, a constant cycle of prebiotic activation and deactivation of matter on the surface of our planet-the Earth (Fig. 15.1, cycling stage I). In this cycling, new element selection in kinetic traps was possible and, at some stage, copying began as a special kinetic trap. This development generated an organic self-assembling system for the natural selection, self-selection, of elements utilising external energy sources and, eventually, a living system. Like all other excited and self assembling conditions, life must decay and cycle (Fig. 15. l) but, as we saw in Chapters l 0-12, it also became self-developing in complexity-a Darwinian natural selection that included further element selection.
The World Made New
Authors: Merricks Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the biography of one of the most original and widely significant, yet largely forgotten, British scientists. Frederick Soddy is an intriguing figure who was deeply concerned with and involved in politics, economics, and the role of science in the world. He was one of the first generation of English atomic scientists, working with Rutherford on the initial discoveries about atomic disintegration, and received the Nobel Prize in 1921 for hi research on isotopes. Soddy's worry about the responsibility of science and scientists to society began with his fear that the atomic energy he and Rutherford had discovered could be disastrous if suitable political controls were not enforced, and led to his abandoning scientific research. He lived to see his worst fears realized with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Soddy was a pioneer in the field of energy conservation and environmental ethics, and was committed to social reform. Frederick Soddy was a remarkable and talented man who was not recognized as such in his own life-time, largely because his ideas and attitudes did not fit in with the times in which he lived. However he has become more appreciated since his death, not only because his scientific work has gained its rightful recognition, but also because of the increased awareness today of the environment and the role of science in it.
Childhood and early life
Authors: Merricks Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was nothing in his family history to suggest that Frederick Soddy would become a scientist. None of his ancestors had managed to get as far as university, and there was certainly nothing at all scientific in his background. The Soddy family had originated in the Bunhills district of London and family tradition has it that they were of Huguenot extraction, the family having fled to London in the seventeenth century. Frederick’s father, Benjamin Soddy, had moved his family from Walworth in South London to Eastbourne in 1875. No reason has been recorded for this move, but the reputation of the south coast for its health-giving properties prompts the speculation that illness was the likely cause. Although there is no direct evidence, either Benjamin or Hannah, his second wife, might have been the victim. At the time of the move, Benjamin was only in his early fifties, but he retired from full-time employment as a com merchant in favour of a three-day-a-week position at the London Com Exchange as a buyer for ‘Messrs. Tilling, The London Omnibus Company’. However, he lived until 1911 and so perhaps this semi-retirement was a matter of personal choice. On the other hand, Hannah was only in her early thirties and had three young sons, John, Joseph and Thomas, all under three years of age when they moved, and then Frederick was born in 1877. Again, there is no mention of disease but such frequent pregnancies apparently took their toll of Hannah’s health and she died when Frederick, the youngest child, was only eighteen months old.
Glasgow
Authors: Merricks Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soddy arrived in Glasgow in the autumn of 1904 at the beginning of what was to prove, in his own words, his ‘most productive period’. Not only was his professional career to prove that he was successful as an individual, not just as the junior partner of Rutherford or Ramsay, but outside science he was to be introduced to a range of concerns and interests which were to occupy him for most of his life. Most importantly, he was to meet his future wife. Each of these aspects was brought about through a chance meeting in 1902 with George Beilby, a Scottish industrialist with a wide circle of acquaintances in educational as well as industrial areas. The first and fundamental assistance rendered by Beilby was professional. Beilby seems to have used his influence in Soddy’s favour when the University of Glasgow, having embarked on a programmer of modernizing their chemistry department in the summer of 1903, had decided to appoint an Independent Lecturer in Physical Chemistry around whom a research school could be started.
Aberdeen and the First World War
Authors: Merricks Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Winifred and Frederick Soddy arrived in Aberdeen in the summer of 1914 full of hopes for the future. It seemed that Soddy had finally, at the age of thirty-eight, achieved professional recognition. He was professor of a department in a Scottish university and, at least before the First World War, this gave him considerable powers within the institution and respect outside. In addition, it looked as if Aberdeen would suit them very well domestically. For the Soddys, with their love of walking and climbing, its position was very much in its favour since the hills and mountains were easily accessible and there they could escape the city. They arrived prepared to maximise these opportunities. In addition to climbing boots, they took from Glasgow bicycles, golf clubs and a drawing board in anticipation of the enjoyment of their new surroundings. The climate was also an improvement on Glasgow. Soddy had disliked the warm dampness typical of the west of Scotland, although he had suffered less there than he had in London smogs. He much preferred the dryer, colder weather of the eastern and more northern part of the country which was, he found, far more conducive to work.
Monetary and other theories
Authors: Merricks Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many of the inhabitants of England, the armistice gave hopes of a new beginning, the start of a period of peace and prosperity in the ‘Homes Fit For Heroes’ which would be provided for all those who had fought in the war. Less certain was the precise mechanism through which this would be achieved. Problems of demobilising the servicemen and women, of dismantling munitions and other war time industries and returning them to peacetime production, and of facing the enormous shortage of housing after years of neglect and lack of new building all gave some sense of the problems which lay in store. Despite the boom of the first year of peace, signs of impending disaster were soon growing. The backlog of demand for various goods in short supply during the war was accompanied by high government spending and the lifting of wartime controls and soon demand outstripped production, prices and labour costs rose and after April 1920 the boom developed into a ‘speculative ramp’.
Signal processing in electronic nose instrumentation
Authors: Gardner Julian W , Bartlett Philip N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The architecture of a typical electronic nose (and a chemical sensoric array device, ChemSAD) may be conveniently represented by a number of process elements in a functional block diagram as shown in Fig. 6.1 (Gardner and Bartlett 1994). The input signal to the system is either a simple odour (e.g. limonene) or a complex odour (e.g. the headspace of a lager beer) and is represented here by a concentration vector cj(t).
Methods and experimental approaches
Authors: Little Colin , Williams Gray A , Trowbridge Cynthia D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rocky shores have long captured the imaginations of inquisitive children, enthusiastic natural historians and, as a result, the scientiIc curiosity of biologists. The ease of access and the variety of life forms which are readily available make rocky shores a truly fascinating habitat. In terms of scientiIc pursuits, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, rocky shores were the collecting sites for many keen taxonomists; but more importantly in the mid 1900s they soon became the outside laboratory of pioneering marine ecologists (see review by Paine, 1994). The readily deInable vertical environmental gradient between low and high tides, the hard two-dimensional substrate, and the easily quantiIable interactions between the relatively short-lived species make rocky shores an ideal habitat in which to measure the distribution of species and tease apart the processes that cause those resultant patterns.
The Role Of Neutrophils In The Pathogenesis Of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Chatham W Winn , Edberg, Jeffrey C , Kimberly Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classical paradigm of the loss of tolerance as a breakdown in the discrimination between self and non-self and as central to the development of autoimmune disease has been challenged by more recent insights into the innate immune system . Rather than positing recognition of non-self as opposed to self as the pivotal event in an acquired immune response, the distinctions between infectious/non-infectious and between dangerous/not dangerous may be the critical elements 3–6. These distinctions, often made by components of the innate immune system7–10, regulate the delivery of a ‘second signal’ to T cells that is required for development of an acquired immune response. Given the central role of innate immunity in this perspective, a re-consideration of the contributions of the neutrophil, as well as those of macrophages and natural killer cells, to autoimmunity and chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis is timely.
Non-Drug Management Of Chronic Pain
Authors: Hamann Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain is a sensation following tissue damage or a sensory experience expressed in terms of tissue damage (International Association for the Study of Pain). In neurophysiological terms, pain is experienced when selected areas in the limbic system, particularly neurones in the cingulate gyrus and related areas of the somatosensory cortex are excited at the same time . Physiologically, this condition arises when nociceptors in peripheral tissues are stimulated, as is the case following trauma in acute pain or in inflammatory pain (nociceptive pain). However, it is not uncommon that excitation of limbic and related somatosensory cortical neurones originate from abnormal, usually damaged, peripheral or central nervous tissue (neuropathic pain) or as the consequence of psychological mechanisms (psychogenic pain). For the individual it does not matter how the typical state of limbic and somatosensory cortex excitation comes about, because the end result is just as unpleasant.
Design Of Trials Involving Clinical End-Points
Authors: Pollard Louise , Kingsley, Gabrielle , Scott David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary aim of this chapter is to discuss the design of clinical trials, which use, to assess outcome, clinical end-points such as pain or disease activity. Though the chapter focuses primarily on trials of therapeutic agents in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the basic principles apply to all types of clinical trials in a variety of rheumatic and other diseases. In recent years, many new drugs and biological treatments have become available for RA. The ongoing stream of new research means that many novel therapies are being developed which need evaluating in well-designed trials.
Clinical Trials With Imaging And Biomarker End-Points
Authors: Freeston Jane , Emery Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major goal in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the prevention of erosive joint disease and therefore the prevention of irreversible functional disability . To achieve this goal in clinical practice, combinations of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and, more recently, biologic agents such as those blocking TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-a are used. To fully evaluate the benefit of such drugs, the randomized clinical trial (RCT) is used, which produces the highest level of evidence for or against a certain treatment. The evidence confirms the efficacy of such disease-modifying medication in preventing damage, which has made it unethical to do placebo-controlled trials, and consequently studies have now to be designed to actively compare treatments.
New Biologics: Cytokines
Authors: Curtis Jeffrey R , Moreland Larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few milestones have advanced our understanding of disease etiopathogenesis and expanded our therapeutic options as dramatically as the introduction of biologic response modifiers (specifically tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists) for use in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Engineered to antagonize specific components of the inflammatory process, biologic response modifiers (‘biologics’) have been described as ‘targeted’ therapies to distinguish their mechanism of action from the more non-specific immunosuppression common to small molecules (i.e. disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, DMARDs). Despite continuing uncertainties regarding the triggering event leading to incident RA, blocking even a single component of the downstream inflammatory cascade has proved highly effective in a large percentage of patients to reduce signs and symptoms and to reduce long-term radiographic damage. Although many RA patients derive a significant benefit from use of these agents, not all respond, and for some individuals the durability of response is less than optimal. The state of the art at this time likely represents only the initial foray into an ever-expanding array of strategies that may be useful to achieve control of RA and other inflammatory diseases.
New Biologics: T And B Modulators
Authors: Choy Ernest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Untreated, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease with high mortality and morbidity1. Disease severity2 and response to treatment3 are important predictors of prognosis. Mortality of patients with persistent synovitis despite treatment by disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) is comparable to triple vessel coronary artery disease and Hodgkin’s lymphoma . Although DMARDs reduce inflammation, they rarely abort disease completely. Continued synovial inflammation leads to progressive destruction of the synovial joints. Consequently, disability is common . More effective treatment is therefore needed to improve the prognosis of RA.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Arthritis
Authors: Luyten Frank P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the biology of stem cells have attracted the attention of the biomedical community1–4. Basic scientists and clinicians are moving in concert, trying to bridge the gap from ‘bench to bedside’, and to unravel the biology of stem cell populations in development, growth, homeostasis, and disease. Adult stem cells are found in most adult tissues. Adult stem cells, hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic, are more restricted than embryonic stem cells, although recent findings have revealed the existence, at least in vitro, of adult marrow-derived, pluripotent stem cells (MAPCs) with a differentiation potential close to embryonic stem cells . However, more critical studies directed toward hematopoietic stem cells have disputed the concept of stem cell plasticity, suggesting that experimental artifact or somatic cell fusion may account for some reported observations of plasticity. Animal and human models with appropriate cell tracking and in vivoimaging technologies to explore the biology and therapeutic potential of human stem cells will be vital to advance the field over the coming years . Regardless, cumulative data suggest that precursor cells, residing in ‘niches’ or recruited from circulating stem cells, can participate in tissue homeostasis and repair, but also potentially contribute to disease processes.
The rabbit in continental Europe
Authors: Rogers P M , Arthur C P , Soriguer R C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lagomorphs have lived on the continents of Europe, Asia, and North America since the late Eocene or early Oligocene. Members of both families of Iago morphs have occupied the Iberian Peninsula during that time. The family Ochotonidae, once represented by some 15 species in 5 genera, became extinct Europe (with the exception of Ochotona pus1lla m eastern Russia) at the end of the Pliocene. The Leporidae have been reduced from 7 species in 4 genera to the surviving 3 species in two genera, Lepus and Oryctolagus.