bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Gendered Restructuring of Employment in the Finance Sector
Authors: Crompton Rosemary , Sanderson Kay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the Second World War, the finance sector has been a major element in service sector employment growth, particularly for women. It has a high proportion of clerical employees; as is well known, this occupation has become progressively feminized since the beginning of the century. In 1961, women were 48 per cent of clerks, cashiers, and office machine operators in the finance industries, but by 1981 they were 68 per cent (Crompton 1988). By the same time, employees in both banks and building societies—the industry case-studies upon which the empirical discussion of this chapter is focused—were predominantly women. However, women were under-represented in the upper levels of management within the finance sector (Crompton and Jones 1984).
Rituals and Hyper-Rituals
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Durkheim’s theory of solidarity presupposes that a ‘collective conscience’, or a system of shared values and beliefs, is a necessary condition of order. Most of his work is concerned with those institutions which he considered vital for the production of solidarity: religion, law, education, and the division of labour. The attention devoted to the collective conscience itself is by comparison negligible. While Durkheim was aware that consensus is a variable, he made no systematic study of its variability, and on the question of the effects on solidarity and conflict of particular values and beliefs he is almost completely silent.
Moral Innovation
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important of the assumptions entering into the foregoing argument is that, if a class such as Beta-plus cannot resolve its status incongruity through its incorporation into Alpha, then it will attempt to delegitimate the existing status hierarchy by promoting a counter value system. This assumption is vital to the explanation of declassification as moral polarization. In the literature on social stratification it seems to be fairly well accepted that chronic relative deprivation resulting from unresolved status incongruity is a structural precondition of the mobilization of disaffected groups around a new set of values and beliefs that undermines the legitimacy of the status order.
The Theory of Action
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the face of it, it seems improbable that there is any such thing as the Marxist theory of action. Marxists have always laid claim to a uniquely privileged understanding of society through their possession of a body of theory which by its singular unity transcends the artificial specialism of the ‘bourgeois’ social sciences. But this claim is surely invalid and lacking in force. It is not simply that Marxism is now in such a state of epistemological disarray that some of its illuminati have denied the very possibility of one of the two subjects in which Marxist scholarship has excelled: namely, history. It is also that, in practice, Marxism exhibits very much the selfsame division of intellectual labour as that of ‘bourgeois’ social science.
Revolutionary Practice
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of revolutionary practice is considered here solely from the point of view of its relevance to the explanation of class action, and in particular to the understanding of the process of proletarian self-education. An initial difficulty of this approach is that the concept of praxis has yielded much more in the way of a political philosophy of the class struggle than anything resembling a sociology of workingclass action and consciousness. The former has aimed at a conception of the unity of theory and practice modelled on Marx’s dictum that, ‘just as philosophy finds its material weapons in the prolet-ariat, so the proletariat finds its intellectual weapons in philosophy’.
The Politics of Social Concern
Authors: Hornsby-Smith Michael P , Fulton John , Norris Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have suggested (Figure 5.1) that the analysis of types of spirituality needs to take into account two separate dimensions: (a) the organizational matter of who it is who controls the spirituality, and (b) the cultural dimension concerned with its content. In our case study of both the introduction of RENEW (Chapters 3 and 4) and its implementation in the diocese (Chapter 5) and the parishes (Chapter 6), we have sought to demonstrate that in spite of some rhetoric about lay participation and empowerment, there is little doubt that the decision to follow the RENEW programme in the Diocese of Downlands was originally taken by the bishop and his closest advisers who then proceeded systematically to co-opt the priests, lay leaders, and parish activists.
Citizenship and Community in British Political Debatel Debate
Authors: Crouch Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Citizenship, usually in tandem with community, returned to political debate in Britain in the late 1980s in a remarkable way. A. H. Halsey had signalled the theme even before the decade began; his 1977 Reith Lectures concluded with a plea for ‘a democracy of citizens’ (1978: chap. 8). Matters went quiet with the initial triumph of the new right and its vision of privatized individualism. Then in 1985 Michael Mann argued, from a sociologically informed Labour point of view, that the concept of shared social citizenship in T. H. Marshall’s (1950) sense provided the basis for a revival of socialism in the face of this new hegemony. Marshall had described three stages in the development of modern British citizenship in rather stylized form, from civil rights in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, through political rights in the nineteenth, to social rights in the twentieth-century welfare state.
Employer Policies, Employee Contracts, and Labour-Market Structure
Authors: Gallie Duncan , White Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neo-classical vision of the labour market depicts individual outcomes primarily as the result of individuals receiving returns to their innate ability or to their investment in human capital by way of education and training. Within such theories, the employer is little more than a black box and employer policies merely reflect the impersonal laws of the market.
Occupational Change in a Working-Life Perspective: Internal and External Views
Authors: Elias Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At issue in the debate on the development of a ‘post-industrial’ society is the changing nature of paid work and its centrality within the sphere of human activities. The continuing gains in labour productivity, the reduction in the annual average amount of time spent in paid employment, and the growth of women’s participation in the labour force indicate that paid work has become both more intensive and more extensive. In other words, when people work, they are more productive than their predecessors and, for women, their involvement in paid work is spread more evenly through the potential working life.
Management and Employee Perceptions of Skill
Authors: Burchell B , Elliott J , Rubery J , Wilkinson F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study is concerned with the evaluation of job content by employees and managers themselves. It therefore moves examination of skill towards its subjective dimensions, its links with work attitudes, and similar themes further developed in Chapters 7–10 of this volume. Jobs consist of a more or less complex array of tasks the characteristics of which are determined by the nature of the product or service, techniques of production, and ways by which production and labour are organized. The undertaking of different types of tasks requires of job holders varying combinations of a wide range of attributes, exercised at varying degrees of intensity. These include the ability to manipulate tools, machines, and materials; knowledge of products, processes, machines, organizations, and procedures; the capabilities of cultivating and maintaining social relationships; the acceptance of responsibility for property, output, standards, and people; physical strength; mental ability; tolerance of working conditions; the ability to organize, co-ordinate and exercise discretion in undertaking task requirements; and the exercising and acceptance of authority. Job content is determined by the task complexity of the job and the requirements of the tasks and it is the job content (and the intensity of effort) which determines the contribution made by the job holder to the production of goods and services.
Religious Biographies
Authors: Wilson Bryan , Dobbelaere Karel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
RELIGIOUS movements are sometimes represented as being in competition with each other for the attention, time, energy, and perhaps also the resources, of members of the public. The exclusivistic stance of almost all religious organizations (a few eclectic cult movements excepted) promotes the idea that religious bodies are essentially rivals, each claiming the monopoly of truth, and each demanding that believers commit themselves to only one organization. The keen proselytizing policies of many of the less orthodox sects reinforce these impressions. In one sense, these propositions are true, but it is also the case that, for a high, if indeterminate, proportion of the religiously committed members of the general public, there is little if any question of the surrender of their current ideologies and affiliations in favour of others. In a society where only a minority have any sort of religious attachment, it is probably always chiefly among the unattached that new movements expect to make their converts. This appears to have been the experience of SGI.
The Members, their Families, and their Friends
Authors: Wilson Bryan , Dobbelaere Karel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN an increasingly individualistic society, new religions generally win converts singly rather than as whole families. Whilst long-settled sectarian bodies are most typically composed of families and sometimes of extended kinship networks, as intermarriage and endogamy have led to a cumulative process of internal recruitment, new movements and movements devoted to vigorous proselytizing have a much higher proportion of individuals who have no kinsfolk in the movement. The new religious movements active in Britain since the 1960s have all recruited principally by converting one person at a time, and quite frequently the relatives of these members have not followed them into the new fellowship. Sometimes they have disapproved and actively opposed the adoption of a new religious persuasion by a family member, and it has been a commonplace, particularly in movements like the Unification Church and the Krishna Consciousness movement, for parents to have vigorously opposed the conversion of their offspring.’ Nichiren Shōshū is a very different organization from either of these, most conspicuously in not drawing its members into separated communities, and its recruitment has been generally among people who, at the time of their conversion, were older than has typically been the case for Moonies or Hare Krishna people. None the less, the adoption of a religion with beliefs and, more conspicuously, practices so alien from indigenous Christianity or Judaism might well he expected to occasion disquiet from unconvinced family and friends.
Blood and Land
Authors: Gardner Katy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social hierarchy in rural Bangladesh is generally understood in terms of people’s access to land. During the years of British rule in East Bengal, a rural household’s economic and social position was largely determined by this. Whether a household were zamindars, raiyats, or taluk dar had vast influence on the degree of political power they possessed, their access to other material resources, and the ‘symbolic capital’ (Bourdieu, 1977: 171-82) they could command.
Households Apart
Authors: Gardner Katy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What happens to families, and the households in which they are organized when their members migrate? Kinship has long been the focus of attention in studies of economic change within South Asia, and as these indicate, we must be wary of jumping to conclusions. Early work in India attempted to demonstrate the breakdown of joint family structures when faced with urbanization and industrialization. These studies were linked to modernist kinship theories which suggest that the extended family is incompatible with modernity (wage labour, industrialization, physical and social mobility, and so on). Rather than the traditional joint family, modern conditions favour the ‘conjugal unit’ (Parsons, 1949: 189).
The Local World View: Social Change and Memory in Three Tuscan Communes
Authors: Contini Giovanni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the visitor Tuscan—or indeed Italian—villages may be assumed to be similar; and certainly the social mobility researcher analysing a national survey is unlikely to be interested by differences be tween them. But in fact, as I have discovered, villages and small towns within the same region can have radically different stories of economic and social development and also, as a result, different life chances and patterns of mobility.
Introduction
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pidgin word kivung means a ‘meeting’ or ‘to meet’. For thousands of people living in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea, the word also refers to a religious movement, based around a mixture of millenarian, Christian, nationalist, and ‘cargo cult’ ideas. In spite of Christian influences, the attitudes of Kivung supporters are basically anti-missionary. The movement’s full title, the ‘Pomio Kivung’, associates it with the ‘Pomio’ peoples, living within a radius of some forty miles of a coastal settlement called Pomio in the south-west of East New Britain. There is no language called ‘Pomio’—the term has simply become a way of referring to the many indigenous groups of the area speaking a number of languages.
Codification, Transmission, and Politics
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this final chapter is to draw together the main strands of my argument, and relate them to broader theoretical problems in the anthropology of religion. I begin by summarizing the characteristic features of religious life in the mainstream Pomio Kivung (discussed in Chapters 2 to 3) and the localized splinter group (discussed in Chapters 4 to 6). Mainstream ideology is codified in the form of verbalized doctrine and exegesis, and this is related to the frequency of transmission, styles of cognition, and the sociological features of centralization, hierarchy, and expansionism. I refer to this constellation of interconnected variables as the ‘doctrinal mode of religiosity’. Splinter-group ideology is primarily codified in the form of non-verbal iconic imagery, and this is related to the periodicity of transmission, the evocation of affective episodic memories, and the formation of localized, solidary communities. This contrasting concatenation of features may be dubbed the ‘imagistic mode of religiosity’.
The Social Order of Modern Japan*
Authors: Akira Narusawa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The print entitled ‘The Army’s Drill Ground at Sakurada-gai, Tokyo’ (Plate 6.1) is rather peculiar as a depiction of a military drill. In contrast, Plate 6.2 is clearly a picture of a drill. A military band is placed in the foreground and, led by music then new to the ears of the common people, a well-ordered army unit enters the scene. The viewer of the picture is himself the observer of the event. However, a tall white-painted fence is drawn in the centre of Plate 6.1, dividing the entire picture horizontally into two. In the upper section there is a sturdy black painted fence, and in the parade ground between the fences, a group of uniformed infantrymen, without distinguishable individual faces, are being made to march in rows.
Structures of Corporate Control
Authors: Scott John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the emergence of the legal form of the joint stock company, the corporation itself is the owner of its assets. It is this that makes the question of who is able to control the corporation and to determine its behaviour all-important. ‘Control’, in the strict sense, designates a structural relation in which particular individual or collective actors have the de facto capacity to mobilize the powers that are legally vested in the corporation. As such, it constitutes a power potential. Control should be distinguished from ‘rule’, by which is meant actual involvement in decision-making or participation in business leadership (Scott 1990a: 352-3). The rulers of an enterprise are those who wield the actual powers that are inherent in the ownership of corporate assets, and the exercise of rule is always constrained by the structure of control
Managing Work and Children: Part-Time Work and the Family Cycle of Swedish Women
Authors: Sundstrom Marianne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sweden is famous for its high rate of female labour-force participation and fertility, as well as for its relatively high degree of gender equality as com¬ pared to other industrialized countries. Contrary to popular belief, the high labour-market activity of married women in Sweden is a fairly recent phe¬ nomenon. Census data show that never-married women constituted the majority of the female labour force even in the 1950s, and it was not until 1965 that the proportion of married women exceeded 50 per cent (Table 11.1). However, in contrast to most other European countries, Sweden has long had a high proportion of part-time workers among employed women, about 34 per cent already by 1965 (Table 11.2).
Absent Parents? Parents Who Lived Apart or Died
Authors: Gorell Barnes Gill , Thompson Paul , Daniel Gwyn , Burchardt Natasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have so far focused on the child’s immediate everyday world as it was reshaped into single-parent and then stepfamily life. But over each of those everyday worlds there remained, whether accepted, or felt as an acute pain, or ignored, a shadow. For every one of these fifty adults who had grown up in stepfamilies shared the experience of the Joss or absence of one of their two biological parents through some, or all of their childhood. The breaking of a parental partnership whether by death, separation, or divorce inevitably leads to the partial loss of a potential parental resource, and a threat to the acquisi tion of a secure identity for the developing child. What were the factors that either mitigated or maximized the effects of such a critical loss.
The Widening Circle
Authors: Gorell Barnes Gill , Thompson Paul , Daniel Gwyn , Burchardt Natasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a child loses a parent, where can he or she hope to find compensating support? What are the resources on which a child can draw, both in the household and beyond it? The questions seem simple enough: but the loss that needs making up is not always so clear. As we have seen (Chapter 4), it was rare for any parent who died or left to be totally lost. The way in which they disappeared shapes the child’s sense of the parent who has gone. And there are some whose detachment from a child,s daily life could be as much gain as loss.
Gender
Authors: Gorell Barnes Gill , Thompson Paul , Daniel Gwyn , Burchardt Natasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gender as a theme is everywhere and, at the same time, opaque and elusive. In devoting a separate chapter to it, we acknowledge that, while it is embedded in all the other themes we discuss, it is also so crucial to making sense of different experiences of step family life that it needs to be considered on its own. Stepfamilies provide a particularly useful context within which to understand gendered experience because, in the transition to stepfamily life, men and women act out their roles in the absence of one biolo gical parent. This means that the biological role too is experienced differently because of the presence of a non-biological stepparent; such families therefore offer an ideal forum in which to explore the processes whereby gender roles are shaped and maintained.
Working with Stepfamilies: Clinical and Legal Contexts
Authors: Gorell Barnes Gill , Thompson Paul , Daniel Gwyn , Burchardt Natasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is one of the paradoxes of studying the long-term outcomes of stepfamily childhoods that by the time that they can be evaluated, there can have been such radical shifts in their typical context that it is difficult to predict from past experience into the future. What we say here about the future will therefore necessarily be less securely grounded than our interpretation of the past. Neverthe less we believe that there are indeed important messages to be learned from that past experience, both for social workers, therapists, and other professionals who work with stepfamilies, and also for the wider framework of social policy and the law. Here we sha11 discuss the more specific implications for working with stepfamiles and for the law separately. But let us begin with four general lessons which apply to both
The Oldest European Account Book: A Florentine Bank Ledger Of 12II
Authors: Lee G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is from thirteenth-century Tuscany, and especially from Florence and Siena, that modern accounting takes its rise. From this period and region come the earliest business accounts in debit and credit form, as distinct from manorial and public accounts in charge and discharge form, whose history goes back to classical Greece and Rome, and even, in some aspects, to ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Crete, and Mycenae. It was the Tuscans also who, by a series of insights and tentative improvements, evolved, probably by 1300, that scheme of double-entry bookkeeping which is now in use throughout the civilized world as the basis of every well-ordered accounting system, from the simple handwritten books of a shopkeeper to the most sophisticated electronic data processing complex of the largest American industrial corporation.
Balancing And Closing The Ledger: Italian Practice, 1300-1600
Authors: Yamey B S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ledger-closing procedures occur chronologically at the end of the bookkeep- ing cycle; and early writers on bookkeeping and accounts almost invariably treated these procedures at or towards the end of their expository texts. Lodovico Flori was an important exception. In his treatise of 1636 he places the bilancio (balance account)—the end-product of the balancing and closing procedures—in the forefront of his exposition of double-entry bookkeeping (after having dealt with such preliminary matters as how to make entries in the journal and the ledger).
The Development Of Industrial Cost And Management Accounting Before 1850
Authors: Edwards J R , Newell E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The application of accounting techniques in business management continues to be a largely unexplored area of business history/ This is not to suggest that there is any lack of comment on the subject in the literature, but rather that many inferences and conclusions drawn so far hâve been based on limited evidence. For instance, it is generally held that cost accounting—the principal device of management accounting—was adopted relatively late by British industries. It is argued that little interest was shown in the analysis of costs for the purpose of making decisions about levels and methods of production, or for the pricing of products, until the arrival of "scientific management' at the end of the nineteenth century.