bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vaccine‐associated granulomatous inflammation and melanin accumulation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., white muscle
Authors: Koppang E O , Haugarvoll E , Hordvik I , Aune L , Poppe T T 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of variably sized pigmented foci encountered in fillets of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. The material was sampled on the fillet production line and on salmon farms from fish with an average size of 3 kg from various producers. The fish had been routinely vaccinated by injection. Gross pathology, histology, immunohistochemistry using antisera against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II β chain and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the changes. Macroscopically, melanized foci were seen penetrating from the peritoneum deep into the abdominal wall, sometimes right through to the skin, and also embedded in the caudal musculature. Histological investigation revealed muscle degeneration and necrosis, fibrosis and granulomatous inflammation containing varying numbers of melano‐macrophages. Vacuoles, either empty or containing heterogeneous material, were frequently seen. The presence of abundant MHC class II+ cells indicated an active inflammatory condition. TEM showed large extracellular vacuoles and leucocytes containing homogeneous material of lipid‐like appearance. The results showed that the melanized foci in Atlantic salmon fillet resulted from an inflammatory condition probably induced by vaccination. The described condition is not known in wild salmon and in farmed salmon where injection vaccination is not applied.
The pathology of chronic erosive dermatopathy in Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii (Mitchell)
Authors: Baily J E , Bretherton M J , Gavine F M , Ferguson H W , Turnbull J F 
Published: January 2005

AbstractChronic erosive dermatopathy (CED) is a disease of intensively farmed Murray cod in Australia that has been reported in association with the use of groundwater (mechanically extracted from shallow boreholes) supplies. CED results in focal ulceration of the skin overlying sensory canals of the head and flanks. Trials were conducted at an affected fish farm to study the development of the condition, both in Murray cod and in goldfish, and also to assess the reported recovery of lesions when affected fish were transferred to river water. Grossly, lesions began after 2–3 weeks with degeneration of tissue at the periphery of pores communicating with the sensory canals. Widening of these pores along the axis of the canals resulted from a loss of tissue covering the canal. Histopathologically, hyperplasia of the canal epithelial lining was seen after 3 weeks in borehole water and subsequent necrosis and sloughing of this tissue resulted in the loss of the canal roof. Canal regeneration occurred when fish were transferred from borehole water into river water. The lack of lesions in other organs and the pattern of lesion development support exposure to waterborne factors as the most likely aetiology.
White tail disease of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii: separation of the associated virions and characterization of MrNV as a new type of nodavirus
Authors: Bonami J‐R , Shi Z , Qian D , Sri Widada J 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWhite tail disease of the farmed freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is the cause of mortalities in the French West Indies, China and India. Two different sized particles, both developing in the cytoplasm of target cells, are found associated with diseased animals. These two viruses were separated, purified and subsequently characterized. The larger one, called MrNV, is icosahedral in shape and 27 nm in diameter. Its genome is composed of two fragments of linear single‐stranded RNA (ss‐RNA), of 2.9 and 1.3 kb, respectively and its capsids exhibited a single polypeptide of 43 kDa. These characteristics and the partial sequence of a cloned fragment of RNA‐1 suggest this agent is a member of the family Nodaviridae, but with differences from both the genera Alphanodavirus and Betanodavirus. The smaller virus, named XSV, is icosahedral in shape, 15 nm in diameter, possesses a linear ss‐RNA genome of about 0.9 kb, and its capsid exhibits two polypeptides of 16 and 17 kDa, respectively. The relationships between these two viruses remain unknown.
Effectiveness of a divalent vaccine for sole, Solea senegalensis (Kaup), against Vibrio harveyi and Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida
Authors: Arijo S , Rico R , Chabrillon M , Diaz‐Rosales P , Martínez‐Manzanares E , Balebona Mª C , Magariños B , Toranzo A E , Moriñigo M A 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe protection of cultured sole, Solea senegalensis, against Vibrio harveyi and Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida was evaluated following the use of a divalent vaccine prepared with formalized whole cells and extracellular products of virulent strains of both pathogenic microorganisms and administered by the immersion route. Two prolonged immersions of 5–10 g fish in the divalent bacterin at a 1‐month interval gave high levels of protection similar to those obtained when the respective monovalent vaccines were administered by the intraperitoneal route [relative percentage of survival (RPS) values >70%], which indicates that the former procedure can be a useful strategy with small fish. The high protection afforded by the divalent vaccine in sole lasted for 4 months after which the RPS values against both pathogens decreased significantly.
Flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), hatcheries: studies on broodstock, eggs, fry and environment
Authors: Madsen L , Møller J D , Dalsgaard I 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe occurrence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum at four rainbow trout hatcheries was investigated to provide more knowledge about the reservoirs and transmission of this bacterium. Broodstock were sampled at stripping (including both unfertilized and fertilized eggs), and the offspring were then sampled at the eyed egg and fry stages. Water and surface samples (e.g. hatchery trays) were also sampled. Flavobacterium psychrophilum was found in ovarian fluid and milt, indicating that broodstock may serve as a reservoir and are latent carriers of the pathogen. Flavobacterium psychrophilum was not found on or inside eggs, but further egg studies will be necessary to elucidate the possibility of vertical transmission of the pathogen. Flavobacterium psychrophilum was isolated from water samples, but only from water that had been in close contact with farmed rainbow trout or eggs. Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolates were characterized and compared with well‐characterized strains, using degradation of elastin, serotype and ribotype profiles. Different ribotypes of F. psychrophilum were found between hatcheries, but a common ribotype A was found at all four hatcheries. Different ribotypes were found in broodstock without clinical disease, whereas only a few ribotypes (mostly ribotype A) were found in diseased fry. The same ribotype A was found in broodstock, in water samples from hatchery trays and in fry, which suggests the possibility of transmission of F. psychrophilum between broodstock and offspring.
Assessing the acceptability and feasibility of the MEND Programme in a small group of obese 7–11‐year‐old children
Authors: Sacher P. M. , Chadwick P. , Wells J. C. K. , Williams J. E. , Cole T. J. , Lawson M. S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackground and aims  An uncontrolled, pilot study to evaluate feasibility and acceptability of a new community based childhood obesity treatment programme.Methods  The mind, exercise, nutrition and diet (MEND) programme was held at a sports centre, twice‐weekly, for 3 months. The programme consists of behaviour modification, physical activity and nutrition education. The primary outcome measure was waist circumference. Secondary outcomes were body mass index (BMI), cardiovascular fitness (heart rate, blood pressure and number of steps in 2 min), self‐esteem and body composition. BMI of parents was also measured. See http://www.mendprogramme.org.Results  Eleven obese children (7–11 years) and their families were recruited. Mean attendance was 78% (range 63–88%) with one drop out. Waist circumference, cardiovascular fitness and self‐esteem were all significantly improved at 3 months and continued to improve at 6 months. BMI was significantly improved at 3 months but lost significance by 6 months. Deuterium studies showed a beneficial trend but were not significant. Of the 17 parents measured, seven were obese (BMI ≥ 30) and eight overweight (BMI ≥ 25).Conclusions  Although limited by the small number of participants and no control group, the MEND programme was acceptable to families and produced significant improvements in a range of risk factors associated with obesity that persisted over 3 months.
Fast and simple screening for nutritional status in hospitalized, elderly people
Authors: Thorsdottir I. , Jonsson P. V. , Asgeirsdottir A. E. , Hjaltadottir I. , Bjornsson S. , Ramel A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackground  Undernutrition has been frequently reported among hospitalized elderly patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mini nutrition assessment (MNA) and a screening sheet for malnutrition (SSM) by full nutritional assessment (FNA) in elderly people, and to construct a shorter screening method by combining important questions from MNA and SSM. Having a screening tool as fast and simple as possible could increase its use in clinical routines.Methods  FNA, MNA and SSM were carried out on 60 hospitalized patients (>65 years). Sensitivity and specificity for MNA and SSM were calculated in comparison with FNA. In order to construct a short and simple screening tool, questions from the two screening tools, which differed significantly between mal‐ and well‐nourished patients, were used in a multivariate, stepwise linear regression. The regression model was simplified to be suitable in clinical routines.Results  Malnourishment was diagnosed by FNA in 58.3% of the elderly patients, with no gender difference. Body mass index, unintended weight loss, recent surgery and loss of appetite were predictors of malnutrition in the regression model (R2 = 60.1%). The sensitivity and specificity of the simplified regression model were 89 and 88%, respectively, which was more precise than MNA (77 and 36%) and SSM (89 and 60%).Conclusion  According to FNA, malnutrition is frequent in elderly hospitalized patients. Four questions are sufficient to conduct precise nutritional screening for malnutrition in elderly hospitalized patients. This new screening tool should be verified in other samples.
Food and nutrient intakes of a population sample of 7‐year‐old children in the south‐west of England in 1999/2000 – what difference does gender make?
Authors: Glynn L. , Emmett P. , Rogers I. ,   ALSPAC Study Team
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectives  To describe the diet of schoolchildren aged 7 years, and identify gender differences in food and nutrient intakes.Subjects  A cohort of children resident in the south‐west of England in 1999/2000.Methods  Diet was assessed using three 1‐day unweighed food diaries. Nutrient intakes were compared with dietary reference values for this age group, and with children aged 7–10 years in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Food and nutrient intakes were contrasted between boys and girls.Results  Median nutrient intakes exceeded the reference nutrient intake (RNI) for most nutrients. Median intakes of iron and zinc were below the RNI. Median sodium intake was greater than the maximum set by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. The mean energy intake for boys and girls, respectively, were 7.3 and 6.8 MJ, this is below the estimated average requirement. The percentage of energy from fat was 35.3% for boys and 36.1% for girls. Boys had higher iron intakes than girls, even after adjustment for energy intake. There were differences in the types of foods eaten between boys and girls; girls ate more fruit and vegetables (P = 0.001) and boys ate more breakfast cereals (P = 0.016).Conclusions  The dietary intakes of these 7‐year‐old children were adequate for most nutrients. However, a reduction in the sodium content of the diet would be advantageous. Fruit and vegetable consumption should be encouraged particularly among boys.
Evolution of atherogenic diets in South Asian and Italian women after migration to a higher risk region
Authors: Anderson A. S. , Bush H. , Lean M. , Bradby H. , Williams R. , Lea E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackground  To identify differences in the evolution of the diets of South Asian and Italian migrants, a cross‐sectional, multiethnic study was undertaken in Glasgow, Scotland.Methods  Five groups of women aged 20–42 years comprising general population (n = 35), South Asian migrants (n = 35) British‐born controls (n = 37), Italian migrants (n = 30) and British‐born (n = 38) participated in an interviewer administered structured questionnaire on issues relating to health, diet and food selection. Anthropometric measurements were made and subjects completed a 7‐day weighed diet inventory.Results  Compared with the general population, dietary differences were greatest amongst first generation migrant groups. There were major differences between the two migrant groups. South Asian migrants tended to display a more atherogenic profile (fat 42.4% energy, saturated fat 15.0% energy, vitamin C 5.1 mg per 1000 kJ) than the general population (fat 39.1% energy, saturated fat 13.5% energy, vitamin C 6.8 mg per 1000 kJ), and Italian migrants (fat 35.7% energy, saturated fat 12.1% energy, vitamin C 10.9 mg per 1000 kJ). However, South Asian groups had higher intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids which may be cardioprotective.Conclusions  South Asian migrants to Scotland appear to develop adverse dietary elements in the first generation, which are modified in subsequent generations, whereas Italians’ diets remain cardioprotective in the migrant generation but deteriorate in subsequent generations.
What makes the Arabidopsis clock tick on time? A review on entrainment
Authors: SALOMÉ P. A. , MCCLUNG C. R. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTEntrainment, the synchronization of a circadian clock with the external environment, is a crucial step in daily life. Although many signals contribute to entrainment, light and temperature are typically the strongest resetting cues. Much progress has been made concerning light resetting in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Multiple photoreceptors (phytochromes, cryptochromes, LOV‐domain proteins) are involved in light perception. The clock genes CCA1, LHY and TOC1 are all probable targets of light signalling, although the details of these pathways are not completely established. Temperature can entrain the clock, but little is known about the mechanism underlying this resetting; no obvious clock gene candidate for temperature resetting has been identified. Although circadian research has emphasized oscillations in free‐running conditions, in the real world the circadian clock is entrained. During entrainment, short or long period mutants exhibit a 24‐h period, but a mutant phenotype is often manifested as an altered phase relationship with the entraining cycle; short and long period mutants show leading and lagging phases, respectively, and this may be detrimental under some conditions. Arrhythmic CCA1‐overexpressing plants display increased lethality under very short photoperiods, consistent with the circadian clock being of adaptive significance to life on a rotating world.
Aquaporins in a challenging environment: molecular gears for adjusting plant water status
Authors: LUU DOAN‐TRUNG , MAUREL CHRISTOPHE 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTPlants have to adjust their water balance in response to very challenging environmental conditions such as drought, salinity, and cold but also changes in light, nutrient deficiency or soil acidity. The molecular and functional characterization of aquaporins, a class of membrane proteins that facilitate water diffusion across cell membranes, has revealed the significance of their regulation in response to these environmental stimuli. The aim of this present review is to illustrate the variety of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved. These mechanisms include the control of aquaporin gene transcription and protein abundance, stimulus‐induced aquaporin subcellular relocalization, and channel gating by reversible phosphorylation or by intracellular protons. The emergence of novel mechanisms of regulation by hetero‐tetramer formation or through control by reactive oxygen species, and osmotic or hydrostatic pressure gradients is also discussed. These various mechanisms do not function individually and a challenge for future research will be to understand how plants respond to stresses by integrating these mechanisms in time and space, to constantly adjust the water transport and solute transport properties of their membranes. Genetic manipulation of aquaporin functions and in particular ectopic expression of deregulated aquaporins in transgenic plants provide promising strategies to address such questions.
Photoperiodic flowering of Arabidopsis: integrating genetic and physiological approaches to characterization of the floral stimulus
Authors: CORBESIER L. , COUPLAND G. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTIn many plants the transition from vegetative growth to flowering is controlled by environmental cues. One of these cues is day length or photoperiod, which synchronizes flowering of many species with the changing seasons. Recently, advances have been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms that confer photoperiodic control of flowering and, in particular, how inductive events occurring in the leaf, where photoperiod is perceived, are linked to floral evocation that takes place at the shoot apical meristem. We discuss recent data obtained using molecular genetic approaches on the function of regulatory proteins that control flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana. These data are compared with the results of physiological analyses of the floral transition, which were performed in a range of species and directed towards identification of the transmitted floral singals.
Integrating the proton circuit into photosynthesis: progress and challenges
Authors: AVENSON T. J. , KANAZAWA A. , CRUZ J. A. , TAKIZAWA K. , ETTINGER W. E. , KRAMER D. M. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTThe formation of trans‐thylakoid proton motive force (pmf) is coupled to light‐driven electron transfer and both powers the synthesis of ATP and acts as a signal for initiating antenna regulation. This key intermediate has been difficult to study because of its ephemeral and variable qualities. This review covers recent efforts to probe pmf in vivo as well as efforts to address one of the key questions in photosynthesis: How does the photosynthetic machinery achieve sufficient flexibility to meet the energetic and regulatory needs of the plant in a varying environment? It is concluded that pmf plays a central role in these flexibility mechanisms.
Intrinsic and environmental response pathways that regulate root system architecture
Authors: MALAMY J. E. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTRoot system development is an important agronomic trait. The right architecture in a given environment allows plants to survive periods of water of nutrient deficit, and compete effectively for resources. Root systems also provide an optimal system for studying developmental plasticity, a characteristic feature of plant growth. This review proposes a framework for describing the pathways regulating the development of complex structures such as root systems: intrinsic pathways determine the characteristic architecture of the root system in a given plant species, and define the limits for plasticity in that species. Response pathways co‐ordinate environmental cues with development by modulating intrinsic pathways. The current literature describing the regulation of root system development is summarized here within this framework. Regulatory pathways are also organized based on their specific developmental effect in the root system. All the pathways affect lateral root formation, but some specifically target initiation of the lateral root, while others target the development and activation of the lateral root primordium, or the elongation of the lateral root. Finally, we discuss emerging approaches for understanding the regulation of root system architecture.
Evaluation of rice allelopathy in hydroponics
Authors: KIM S Y , MADRID A V , PARK S T , YANG S J , OLOFSDOTTER M 
Published: January 2005

SummaryThe inhibitory activity of water extracts from the shoots and roots of three rice cultivars, Taichung native 1 (TN1) and IAC165 (both allelopathic rice) and AUS196 (non‐allelopathic rice), grown in hydroponics was evaluated. The release of germination inhibitors by allelopathic rice plants into hydroponic solution was also determined with freshly collected solution and XAD‐4 resin desorbate. The degree of the inhibition was quantified in terms of root growth in Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus‐galli, Echinochloa crus‐galli var. oryzicola, Triantema portulacastrum and Lactuca sativa. The allelopathic activity of rice was species specific, and depended on source and concentration. Root length of all test species was inhibited by the different concentrations of shoot extract of allelopathic and non‐allelopathic rice. However, of the three cultivars, TN1 showed higher inhibition than IAC165 and AUS196 in all test species. Water extracts of shoots and roots significantly inhibited root growth in E. crus‐galli but the shoot extract gave a greater inhibitory effect on E. crus‐galli than the root extract. Root exudate of TN1 inhibited root elongation of E. crus‐galli from 2 weeks after transplanting (WAT) and the inhibition continued for 4 WAT. The results confirmed the previous finding of a laboratory bioassay that the TN1 had allelopathic activity and produced allelochemicals that inhibit growth of some weed species.
FRUITS AND THE PREVENTION OF LIFESTYLE‐RELATED DISEASES
Authors: Feeney Mary J. 
Published: January 2005

SUMMARY1. Fruits contain a variety of compounds that may slow or prevent chronic diseases through a variety of possible mechanisms. Components in fruits thought to be associated with the reduction of these conditions include soluble and insoluble dietary fibre, anti‐oxidant nutrients (vitamins C, E, selenium, β‐carotene) and phytonutrients (bioactive plant compounds that impart colour, flavour and other functional properties to foods).2. The present paper briefly reviews selected studies on the role of some fruits in lifestyle conditions such as cardiovascular disease, some types of cancer and conditions that accompany ageing.
DYSFUNCTION OF PURINERGIC REGULATION OF SYMPATHETIC NEUROTRANSMISSION IN SHR/NDMCR‐CP (SHR‐CP) RAT
Authors: Tanaka Naoko , Nejime Namie , Kagota Satomi , Kubota Yoko , Nakamura Kazuki , Kunitomo Masaru , Hashimoto Michio , Yamamoto Ryuichi , Shinozuka Kazumasa 
Published: January 2005

SUMMARY1. The effect of 2‐chloroadenosine (2CA), a P1 receptor agonist and β,γ‐methylene ATP (βγmATP), a P2 receptor agonist, on the overflow of endogenous noradrenaline (NE) and the contractile response were examined in the electrically field‐stimulated (EFS) (1 Hz) caudal artery obtained from Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) and SHR/NDmcr‐cp (SHR‐cp) rats.2. Both 2CA and βγmATP reduced the EFS‐evoked release of NE from the arteries of WKY. Also, 2CA significantly reduced the EFS‐evoked contractile response in WKY, while it had no effect at all in SHR‐cp. βγmATP significantly reduced the EFS‐evoked contractile response in both WKY and SHR‐cp. Both 2CA and βγmATP did not affect the contractile response induced by NE at 1 µmol/L.3. These results indicate that in the caudal arteries of SHR‐cp, the P2 agonist but not the P1 agonist is functional in the prejunctional inhibitory regulation of adrenergic neurotransmission. This P1 dysfunction may play a role in the sympathetic hyperinnervation in metabolic syndrome.