bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene targeting in mammalian cells
Authors: Johnson Randall , Killeen Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wide variety of techniques has been employed to inhibit the expression of specific genes selectively in mammalian cells. This is a useful experimental option because by depriving a cell of a given gene product, one can often obtain invaluable information about the function of the gene. As a highly specific means for achieving gene-ablation, the targeted mutagenesis of endogenous chromosomal genes by homologous recombination (gene targeting) has recently become a widely used technique (1-4). Embryo-derived stem (ES) cells have been used in the majority of such experiments, since these cells offer the researcher the opportunity to pass the mutation from tissue culture to the mouse germline and, therefore, they allow for the phenotypic analysis to be conducted in vivo (5, 6).
Immuno-electron microscopy
Authors: Clark Michael W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, well known as a model experimental system for the relative ease of its genetics and molecular biology, has disappointed many modern molecular cell biologists because of the limited cytological techniques that are available for this organism. As a result of the small size of a single S. cerevisiae haploid cell, 3–5 µm in diameter, most immunofluorescence observations provide relatively simple mapping information, such as whether the protein is in the nucleus or the cytoplasm, or whether or not it is in the vacuole. Most of the important cytological questions for yeast can be adequately answered only by the higher resolutions obtained with the electron microscope. The search for such efficient and effective cytological methods has thus far provided many usable techniques for mapping specific yeast constituents at this higher resolution. Various cell preparation methods have been reported which demonstrate the antibody mapping of specific yeast proteins with the electron microscope (1–3). These techniques are all variations upon the traditional electron microscopy (EM) methodology of sectioning fixed, resin-embedded samples. The diversity in these EM techniques arises from the different viewpoints taken by the investigators as they overcame problems specific to the interactions of a particular antibody with a particular protein. Thus far, each immuno-EM localization published for yeast has had the EM procedures ‘tailored’ for the specific protein and the antibody reagents utilized in the investigation. At this time, there is no single procedure for fixation and resin-embedding that works for all antibody-based EM examinations.
Industrial Saccharomyces yeasts
Authors: Kjelland-Brandt Morten C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic and biochemical work with industrial Saccharomyces yeasts usually has close connection with their industrial applications, because basic biological phenomena are generally best studied in organisms that ‘behave well’ in certain respects. When Saccharomyces yeasts are chosen as model organisms, the highly developed genetics are usually one of the key virtues, and one therefore chooses members of a large group of closely related strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that behave regularly in crosses and carry convenient genetic markers (e.g. laboratory strains and genetic reference strains). These strains are ill suited for the traditional practical applications of Saccharomyces yeasts, such as bread-making or brewing, while industrial strains suffer from difficulties when it comes to crosses and various other genetic techniques. The present chapter describes some ways of dealing with these difficulties.
Streptomyces plasmid vectors
Authors: Wohlleben W , Muth G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Streptomyces are Gram-positive, mycelium-forming soil bacteria that are generally non-pathogenic and which comprise a large number of different species. They are classified according to the following criteria: morphological (e.g. colour and shape of the mycelium and spores), physio logical (e.g. utilization of different nitrogen and carbon sources, production of primary and secondary metabolites), and genetic (e.g. rRNA sequences) (1, 2).
Lipid degradation via β3-oxidation in germinating barley
Authors: Holtman W L , Heistek J C , Kokkelink I , Douma A C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lipids and their degradation and oxidation products can negatively affect beer quality and brewing process technology. Barley malt is a major source of lipids and lipid degrading enzymes in the brewing process.
Influence de I’ensemencement de micro-organismes au maltage sur le developpement de la flore et la qualite du malt
Authors: Boivin Patrick , Malanda M’baka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the production of malt, natural microflora growing during the malting process plays an important role in the ultimate malt quality. A biological process (starter cultures) of increasing interest in food processing has been used to manage the development of microflora during the malting process.
Profil hormonal de l’orge et qualité brassicole
Authors: Boivin P , Kohl S , Label P , Doumas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Endogenous plant cereals, including synthesis. These An HPLC separation different groups growth substances mediate physiological processes in seed dormancy, germination and hydrolytic enzyme processes are central to the production of good malt. and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with of polyclonal antibodies have been used for the determination of barley endogenous hormones: gibberellins, abscisic acid, auxin and cytokinins. Differences in main endogenous plant growth substances have been detected in barley varieties having different malting qualities.
The role of malt components in mash flocculation and wort filtration
Authors: Anderson I W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wide range of “porosity” values are encountered when laboratory-scale mashes are assessed using a simple filtration test. This “porosity” can be greatly improved by adding a cationic polyelectrolyte (protein or polysaccharide) which flocculates anionic particles present in the mash. It has been shown that cationic proteins isolated from malt can flocculate mash particles in a laboratory assay, whereas addition of a cationic polysaccharide to the mash of a pilot-scale brew reduces lautering time.
High performance immobilized yeast reactor design for continuous beer fermentation
Authors: Winkel L Van De , Beveren P C Van , Borremans E , Goossens E , Masschelein C A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Primary fermentation with immobilized yeast has not yet been successful. Major drawbacks are gas-channelling, plugging, support-particle compression or abrasion in packed-bed, fluidized-bed and stirred reactors. These problems may be overcome using a sintered silicon carbide carrier in a multi-channel loop reactor design where the solid-liquid contact area and loading capacity are maximized. Complete attenuation was achieved in a continuous two-stage bioreactor with a hold-up vessel arranged in series.
Mesure de l’activite antioxygene de l’orge et du malt: approche multiple
Authors: Boivin P , Allain D , Clamagirant V , Maillard M N , Cuvelier M E , Berset C , Richard H , Nicolas J , Forget-Richard F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malt contains natural antioxidants originated either from barley (mainly polyphenols) or from the malting process (mainly Maillard reaction products). These compounds could delay the staling of beer and thus avoiding the use of exogenous antioxidant compounds. Oxidation, responsible for the flavour deterioration of beer is both enzymatic and non enzymatic. Therefore, different methods have been developed for assaying the antioxidant properties of barley and malt: inhibition of purified oxidases from green malt (lipoxygenase land 2), accelerated lipid auto oxidation test (apolar medium) and an electrochemical method (polar medium).
Lipid oxidation during wort production
Authors: Kobayashi Naoyuki , Kaneda Hirotaka , Kano Yukinobu , Koshino Shouhei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been reported that lipid oxidation during wort production has a relationship with flavour staling of beer. To clarify lipid oxidation mechanism during wort production, fatty acid hydroperoxides were analyzed using a chemiluminescence-HPLC method. The production of the hydroperoxides during mashing increased with lipoxygenase activity in malt. Adding an inhibitor of lipoxygenase to mash just before mashing or lowering pH in mash from 5.5 to 5.0 significantly inhibited the production of the hydroperoxides.
Influence of insufficient wort aeration on unbalanced ester formation in brewing
Authors: Yoshimura T , Endoh A , Matsuzawa K , Kuki M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After successive use of brewer’s yeast in a 10 kl scale mini-brewery, enhancement of strong eatery flavour was noted, which was responsible to the higher formation of ethyl caproate (&gt; 0.15 mg/1). It was elucidated to be deterioration of yeast vitality caused by insufficient wort aeration. Well-balanced ester flavour was restored by making adequate aeration, which could be judged by strenght of ethyl caproate by tasting of young beer, and exchanging deteriorated yeast for fresh one for next fermentation.
Improved CO2 purification system
Authors: Oeveren P W van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important impurities to be removed from fermentation gas are organic compounds as well as sulphur compounds like hydrogen sulphide and dimethyl sulphide. The commonly applied carbon dioxide purification plant has a water wash tower and an activated carbon filter in order to eliminate these impurities. The removal principle is based on physical processes, which makes the process sensitive to small disturbances like flow, pressure and temperature fluctuations.
Modélisation de la microfiltration tangentielle de biere sur membranes— comprehension du mecanisme de colmatage
Authors: Lenoël M , Blanpain P , Weishaupt R , Shingleton M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classical laws of membrane filtration have been used to understand the filtration of beer and progressive blinding of the membrane. Experiments have been applied to laboratory filtration and to a pilot tangential¬ filtration unit. Filtration models confirm the transition from an internal blockage of the membrane to the formation of an external layer (dynamic secondary membrane). initial blinding The importance of the operating conditions of filtration (starting conditions, trans-membrane pressure) is confirmed. The results show the limits and the possibilities of the beer.
The measurement of the function of ion channels reconstituted into artificial membranes
Authors: Williams Alan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is clear from the first chapter in this book, the function of individual ion channels or populations of ion channels in the cell surface membrane can be monitored in tissues and cells using voltage-clamp techniques. This chapter describes a more biochemical approach to the study of ion channel function. The procedures outlined here are commonly referred to as ‘ion channel reconstitution’, and involve the incorporation of channel proteins into artificial phospholipid bilayers so permitting the characterization of channel function under voltage-clamp conditions. In practice, this term is applied both to procedures which involve true reconstitution (i.e. studies involving purified channel proteins), and to protocols in which intact isolated membrane vesicles, containing the channel protein of interest, are incorporated into an artificial membrane. For more information on (membrane) protein purification, see refs 1 and 2 in conjunction with Chapter 4.
Concepts of single-channel analysis: inferring function from fluctuations
Authors: Moss Guy W J , Moczydlowski Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The defining act of an ion channel protein is to allow an electrical current of ions to flow passively across a cell membrane. Thus, among the variety of approaches discussed in this text, perhaps the most basic measurement of channel function is its unitary current. As described in Chapters 1 and 2, single channel currents can be recorded with techniques that involve patch pipettes or artificial bilayers. Depending on the noise characteristics of the system, a patch-clamp amplifier allows one to measure unitary currents as small as ∼0.1 pA. Regardless of how the single-channel recording is obtained, the primary objective is to interpret or make sense of it in terms of channel function. For this formidable task, the record supplies only two basic types of information: current amplitudes and dwell times. These pieces of information are illustrated for a recording of a Ca2+ -activated K+ channel in Figure I. The first trace in Figure I shows that this particular channel fluctuates between a well-defined closed (down) and open (up) state. The unitary current, i, of the channel is measured as the difference between the closed and open levels. A dwell time in the open state is defined as the duration of an event in the open state between two consecutive closing events. Likewise, a dwell time in the closed state is that between two consecutive openings.
Ion channels and signal transduction systems in plant and animal cells
Authors: Mcfadzean I , Brownlee C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The advent of the patch-clamp technique in the late 1970s brought about a revolution in the study of ion channels. Whilst in the main this arose as a result of being able to resolve single channel currents, an equally important development was that it became possible to manipulate the intracellular environment of the cell, allowing the control of ion currents by cytoplasmic messengers to be studied in far greater detail than hitherto conceivable. The vast majority of such studies have been performed in animal cells, in which the transduction pathways coupling neurotransmitter receptor activation to changes in ion channel activity have been elucidated in great detail in a wide range of cell types.
Channel structure
Authors: Findlay John B C , Marsh Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now well appreciated that integral membrane proteins in general and ion channels in particular present formidable problems for the determination of their 3D structure. The first is that most proteins of this class are naturally present at low levels and can be isolated only with considerable difficulty. Thus far, expression systems have not really solved this problem in that, unlike water-soluble proteins, the amounts which can be produced and purified are in most cases still very low. Although there are prospects that heterologous expression may eventually provide the answer, progress at present is slow. The second major problem is that proteins with substantial intramembranous domains do not, with a few notable exceptions, readily form 3D crystals suitable for X-ray analysis using present-day methods. Much more hope lies with 2D systems where ordered arrays are more easily produced and electron microscopy, although more difficult, can be used to provide evidence at low to medium resolution.
Neural crest cells: strategies to generate lineage diversification in vitro
Authors: Duband Jean-Loup , Delannet Muriel , Monier Frederique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neural crest is both a curiosity and a spectacular invention of vertebrates. It consists of a population of precursor cells endowed with striking migratory properties and possessing an extraordinary range of potentialities. The neural crest develops all along the embryonic axis, in the neural folds, at the bound ary between the neural plate and the superficial ectoderm. However, neural crest cells do not remain at their site of origin after appearance. At a precise stage of embryonic development, e.g. soon after neural tube closure in birds, they venture out of the neural epithelium and disperse within the embryo along defined migratory pathways. After migration, neural crest cells settle in various regions of the embryo to generate a wide spectrum of derivatives ranging from cells that are truly neural (i.e. neurons of the peripheral nervous system) to others that are essentially mesodermal (1,2) (Table 1).
An introduction to the growth cycle of human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Karn J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major biochemical steps in virus growth are shown in Figure 1. Soon after infection of the cells, the viral RNA genome is reverse transcribed into a DNA copy, transported to the nucleus, and integrated at random sites in the chromosome. Once integrated, the proviral genome is subject to transcriptional regulation by the host cell, as well as its own transcriptional control mechanisms. The later stages of the life cycle involve expression of the viral genes and eventual assembly and release of virus particles. The following informal summary is intended to provide an introduction to the gene products encoded by HIV and their roles in the viral life cycle.
HIV protease
Authors: Debouck C , Tomaszek T A , Ivanoff L A , Culp J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The retroviral protease, which plays an essential role in virion maturation (1), has been subjected to intensive studies and drug discovery efforts. The HIV-1 protease has a unique cleavage specificity and belongs to the family of aspartyl proteases. It is required for the proteolytic processing of the large Gag and Gag-Pol viral polyprotein precursors into the mature virion structural proteins (matrix, capsid, and nucleocapsid) as well as the virion enzymes (protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase) (Figure I). When the HIV-1 protease is inactivated by mutation or by a specific inhibitor, non-infectious virions with immature morphology are formed and the life cycle is halted. It is the essential nature and the unique specificity of the HIV-1 protease that called for its consideration as a therapeutic target.
Tyrosine phosphorylation
Authors: Clark Edwin A , Brugge Joans. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. A role for tyrosine phosphorylation in signal transduction One of the central questions in cell biology is how do cells communicate with each other and their environment, and how does an individual cell regulate itself? Characterization of the proteins that regulate extracellular and intracellular signal transduction has lead to an understanding of their role in biochemical pathways involved in cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. One key regulatory event involves tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins. The enzymes responsible for these phosphorylation events, protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), fall into two general classes. First, the receptor tyro-sine kinases, which have both extracellular (ligand binding) and intracellular (tyrosine kinase) domains that allow them to directly couple external stimuli to intracellular signalling (1). Secondly, the non-receptor tyrosine kinases, which functionally couple with membrane receptors via various protein interaction domains or carry out functions downstream of membrane triggered events. Such coupling allows this class of signal transducers to relay signals from the external environment to the cytoplasm and nucleus (2).
In vitro and in vivo detection of free radical metabolites with electron spin resonance
Authors: Mason Ronald P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electron spin (or paramagnetic) resonance (ESR or EPR) is a spectroscopic technique that detects the unpaired electron present in a free radical. As such, it is the only general approach that can provide direct evidence for the presence of a free radical. In addition, analysis of the ESR spectrum generally enables determination of the identity of the free radical.
Salicylic acid and phenylalanine as probes to detect hydroxyl radicals
Authors: Kaur Harparkash , Halliwell Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now widely accepted that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) (including free radicals) are involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory and degenerative disease states (for a recent review see ref. 1). In spite of their existence these species have not as yet been measured in clinical diagnosis. This is partly due to the lack of agreed formats and standardized methodology for measuring oxidative stress and/or levels of free radicals in humans.
F2-lsoprostanes: prostaglandin-like products of lipid peroxidation
Authors: Morrow Jason D , Roberts L Jackson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Free radicals are believed to be involved in a variety of disease processes (1). Much of the evidence for this, however, is indirect and circumstantial because of limitations in the techniques currently available to quantify free radicals or their products in biological systems. This is a particular problem when assessing oxidant injury in vivo in humans (2).
Measurement of products of free radical attack on nucleic acids
Authors: Maidt M Lindsay , Floyd Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods with electrochemical methods able to measure oxygen free radical adducts to DNA became available in the 1980s (1, 2). Due to their low presence in nature, where they are found at about one adduct per 100000 bases, they required the sensitivity afforded by HPLC coupled with electrochemical detection in order to detect and quantify them.
Solid-phase supports
Authors: Blincko Stuart , Rongsen Shen , Decun Shen , Howes Iain , Edwards Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optimum immunoassay performance is achieved when only the reaction of a specific antibody with its antigen is measured (1). Assuming the antibody preparation is of high affinity and high specificity then the key to achieving highly sensitive and highly specific assays is the reduction of non-specific signals. Such signals are caused by a number of effects. These include non specific interactions of the labelled immunoreagents, background signals from the sample and assay components and detector noise (e.g. optical and electrical noise). Furthermore the method adopted must demonstrate a high degree of precision to achieve maximum sensitivity (2).
Analysis of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins
Authors: Rhodes Daniela , Fairall Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the use of two extremely sensitive electrophoretic assay systems, ‘band shift’ and ‘foot printing’, in the analysis of sequence specific DNA-binding proteins. In the last 15 years these techniques have permitted the identification and characterization of a large number of very scarce proteins involved in cellular processes such as transcription and replication. In both these assay systems the identification or analysis of a protein is based on studying the effects of protein binding on the DNA. Extremely small amounts of protein (in the region of 10-20to 10-15 mol) can be detected utilizing radioactively-labelled DNA fragments. The principal applications of band shift and foot printing assays are for obtaining information on the specific DNA binding site of a protein, including the affinity of the protein for the DNA, and for detecting and monitoring the purification of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins from crude cell extracts.