bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of chronic ethanol intake on obesity, liver steatosis and hyperlipidaemia in the Zucker fa/fa rat
Authors: Karsenty C. , Chanussot F. , Ulmer M. , Debry G. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of chronic alcohol intoxication on metabolic disturbances and fatty infiltration and degeneration was studied in genetically obese, hyperlipoproteinaemic, fa/fa Zucker rats.2. Sixteen obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats, sixteen lean Zucker rats (Fa/-)and sixteen Wistar rats, all male rats aged 7–8 weeks, were given either a control (C)diet (13% of energy from protein, 37% from fat, 50% from carbohydrate) or an ethanol (E) diet (13% of energy from protein, 37% from fat, 14% from carbohydrate, 36% from ethanol) for 4 weeks.3. The fa/fa rats given diet E consumed more energy than those given diet C, but after 4 weeks the weight gains and degrees of obesity were similar for both groups. With both diets, the developed hyperlipidaemia could be explained by the hyperinsulinaemia. Both hypertriglyceridaemia and hypercholesterolaemia were lower in fa/fa rats eating diet E than in those given diet C. Fatty infiltration of the liver, as assessed by hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol contents, was observed with both diets, but for fa/fa rats it was less extreme in those given diet E.
Paradoxical effect of ethanol on liver lipogenesis in the genetically-obese Zucker rat
Authors: Karsenty C. , Ulmer M. , Chanussot F. , Ratanasavanh R. , Debry G. 
Published: September 2005

1. Sixteen obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats, sixteen lean (Fa/-)Zucker rats and sixteen Wistar rats, all male rats aged 7–8 weeks, were given either a control (C) diet containing no ethanol or an ethanol (E) diet in which 36% of the energy was supplied by ethanol, for a period of 4 weeks.2. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9) and glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30) and the glycogen content in the livers of obese (fa/fa)rats were lower in animals given diet E than in those given diet C. As a result, hepatic lipogenesis and fatty degeneration of the liver were reduced in obese (fa/fa) rats given diet E.
Further studies in rats on the influence of previous iron intake on the estimation of bioavailability of Fe
Authors: Fairweather-Tait Susan J. , Swindell Tina E. , Wright A.J.A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Iron retention from 3 g wholewheat flour was measured in male Wistar rats previously given one high-Fe or control diet meal 12,24, 36,48 or 60 h before the test meal (Expt 1). The control diet was given at all other times. The procedure was then repeated in rats given one high- or low-Fe meal 12, 24, 36 or 48 h before the test meal (Expt 2).2. There was a significant difference between groups given a high- or medium-Fe meal at 12,24,36 h (P < 0.001) and 48 h (P < 0.05) but not at 60 h. In the second experiment, there was a significant difference between groups given a high- or low-Fe meal at 12, 24 or 36 h but no difference when given the two diets 48 h before the test meal. The high-Fe meal depressed and the low-Fe meal enhanced subsequent59Fe retention: the effects were greatest at 12 h and diminished as the time interval between the high- or low-Fe meal and the test meal increased. The estimated mean time for the absorptive capacity of the mucosal cells to return to equilibrium was 54.0 (SEM 7.6) h.3. Male Wistar rats were given high-, control or low-Fe diets for either 3 d or 28 d before an in vivo investigation in which the luminal loss of59Fe-labelled ferric citrate from duodenal and ileal loops was measured, and the proportional distribution between the carcass and the washed loop measured (Expt 3).4. The luminal loss of59Fe-labelled ferric citrate was significantly affected by the previous diets (P < 0.001). Rats given a low-Fe diet absorbed more than those given a high-Fe diet but the period of time on the diet (3 or 28 d) had no effect on luminal loss. Significantly more59Fe was lost from duodenal than from ileal loops in all groups.
Protein turnover of breast muscle in germ-free and conventional chicks
Authors: Muramatsu T. , Salter D. N. , Coates M. E. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of the gut microflora on protein turnover in pectoral muscle (M. pectoralis profundus) was studied by means of dietary infusion of L-[UJ-14C]phenylalanine and of massive dose injection of L-[4-3H]phenylalanine in chicks fed on a semi-purified casein—gelatin (SCG) diet until 19 d of age, and in those subsequently given either a nitrogen-free (NF) diet or NF supplemented with methionine and arginine (MA) for a further 9 d.2. Time-course changes in radioactivity released in expired carbon dioxide during the 8 h infusion period showed that isotopic equilibrium was reached in 4 h with the SCG diet and in 5 h with the MA diet. However, with the protein-deprived chicks given the NF diet, isotopic equilibrium was not achieved since radioactivity in CO2increased linearly throughout.3. On feeding the NF diet, fractional protein synthesis rate and the absolute amount of protein synthesized in chick breast muscle were reduced. These reductions were partially alleviated by supplementing the NF diet with methionine and arginine.4. The fractional degradation rate of breast muscle was increased in chicks given the NF diet, while the absolute amount of protein degraded was decreased. The addition of methionine and arginine counteracted these changes brought about by protein starvation.5. Generally speaking, the presence of the gut microflora had little, if any, effect on protein turnover rate in chick-breast muscle.
Effect of monensin on feed utilization and gastrointestinal fermentation in the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)
Authors: Sakaguchi Ei , Matsumoto Tatsuro 
Published: September 2005

1. Three experiments were conducted to examine the effect of monensin on growth performance, feed utilization and volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the forestomach and caecum of hamsters.2. In Expt 1, monensin was fed at levels of 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg to the growing male and female hamsters given a commercial diet (major component: lucerne (Medicago sativa) meal). In Expt 2, monensin was fed at levels of 0, 5, 15, 45 and 135 mg/kg to the growing male hamsters given a semi-purified diet containing 10 g urea/kg (main components: maize starch, sucrose, casein and cellulose). In Expt 3, monensin was fed at levels of 0 and 40 mg/kg to the growing male hamsters given the commercial diet containing lucerne meal or a semi-purified diet.3. In Expt 1, monensin improved feed conversion efficiency and growth performances in the young growing hamsters, but monensin did not affect the hamsters at a later growing stage.4. In response to monensin the proportion of acetic acid increased and that of propionic acid decreased in the forestomach, whereas the proportion of acetic acid decreased and that of propionic acid increased in the caecum in Expt 2. The hamsters given 135 mg monensin/kg ate less, developed diarrhoea and died.5. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) was improved by monensin but those of dry matter and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) were decreased in hamsters given the semi-purified diet in Expt 3. Monensin did not appear to have a significant effect on the apparent digestibility of the diet containing lucerne meal.6. The responses to monensin in hamsters are compared with those in ruminants.
The rate of degradation of myofibrillar proteins of skeletal muscle in broiler and layer chickens estimated by Nr-methylhistidine in excreta
Authors: Hayashi Kunioki , Tomita Yuichiro , Maeda Yoshizane , Shinagawa Yoshiyuki , Inoue Kengo , Hashizume Tokuzo 
Published: September 2005

1. AfterNr-methylhistidine (Nr-MH) distribution among the various organs or the tissues was determined in male broiler chickens of 15 d of age, the rates of degradation of myofibrillar proteins in male layer and broiler chickens at different stages of growth were determined by means ofNr-MH.2. About 75 and 8% of the totalNr-MH in the tissues occurred respectively in skeletal muscle and stomach, and most of the remainder in the intestine and the skin.3. The rates of degradation of myofibrillar proteins in the male layer and broiler chickens of 21, 42 and 63 d of age were calculated to be 6.1, 4.5 and 2.4%/d (layer) and 5.0, 2.8 and 0.9%/d (broiler) respectively. These calculations involve the assumption that 80% of the total excretedNr-MH was derived from skeletal muscle.4. The results strongly indicate that the rapid growth of the broiler chicken is facilitated by the reduced rate of protein degradation.
Endocrine regulation of metabolism in sheep given kale (Brassica oleracea) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne) – clover (Trifolium repens) fresh-forage diets
Authors: Barry T. N. , Manley T. R. , Redekopp Carolyn , Allsop T. F. 
Published: September 2005

1. Diets of fresh kale (Brassica oleracea) and ryegrass (Loliumperenne) – elover (Trifolium repens) herbage were fed to growing sheep in three experiments. In Expts 1 and 3 the sheep were confined indoors and fed at hourly intervals, and all were given supplementary iodine to counteract kale goitrogens. Lambs grazed the two forages for 24 weeks in Expt 2, with and without intramuscular injections of iodized oil. The kale and herbage contained respectively 11 and <0.1 g S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide (SMCO)/kg dry matter (DM) and values for readily fermentable: structural carbohydrate (CHO) were 3.1 and 0.8, respectively.2. Blood samples were withdrawn from indwelling catheters (Expts 1 and 3) or venipuncture (Expt 2) and the plasma analysed for a range of hormones using radioimmunoassay procedures. Glucose irreversible loss (GIL) was measured in Expt 1 using primed continuous infusions of D-[U-14C]glucose. Samples of adipose tissue were removed from the shoulder area in Expt 3, and rates of D-[U-14C]glucose and [U-14C]acetate incoporation and oxidation were measured in vitro, together with the rate of glycerol release.3. In the presence of supplementary I2, kale feeding was associated with an elevation in plasma concentration of free thyroxine (T4) Regardless of I2 supplementation, sheep fed on kale had much higher plasma growth hormone concentrations than sheep fed on ryegrass-clover herbage, and this was accompanied by reduced plasma somatostatin concentrations.4. Plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations were similar for sheep fed on the two diets; GIL tended to be slightly but not significantly greater (9.4%) for sheep fed on kale than for those fed on ryegrass-clover herbage.5. Kale feeding was associated with increased uptakes of acetate and glucose into adipose tissue, reduced rates of oxidation of both substrates and no difference in rate of glycerol release. Each 1 nmol increase in glucose uptake was associated with 8.7 nmol acetate uptake ( P < 0.001).6. It is proposed that ruminants counteract protein inactivation, caused by production of dimethyl disulphide from SMCO in the rumen, through increasing circulating concentrations of growth hormone and T4, which then stimulate synthesis of replacement body proteins.
Vitamin B12absorption in the neonatal piglet
Authors: Trugo N. M. F. , Ford J. E. , Sansom B. F. 
Published: September 2005

1. The vitamin B12in sows' milk is strongly attached to a specific ‘binder’ protein, which is present in excess. The influence of this ‘binder’ on the uptake and retention of cyanocobalamin and two natural analogues(cobinamide and Co-α-[2-methyladenyl]cobamide) was investigated with neonatal piglets.2. Retention of a single oral dose of cyano[58Co]cobalamin given before 7 d of age was consistently higher with suckled than with early-weaned piglets, as determined by measurement of whole-body radioactivity.3. Efficiency of retention declined with age, more rapidly in early-weaned than in suckled animals; when the dose was given at 14 d approximately 30% was retained by both groups.4. Distribution of the retained cyano[58Co]cobalamin within the body of the piglets was the same in both groups; about half was present in the liver.5. Foraging piglets may ingest adventitious vitamin B12and its analogues, which are present in the sow's faeces and in contaminated litter. The influence of the vitamin B12-binder in sows' milk on the uptake and retention of two non-cobalamin analogues, and the effects of the analogues on the uptake and retention of vitamin B12from 2 to 14 d after parturition, were investigated with early-weaned piglets.6. The analogues were detected in the liver but not in the body organs. They were also present in blood plasma, urine and bile, in high concentration relative to that of vitamin B12. The content of analogues in the liver was very small in relation to the amounts ingested, and much less than that of vitamin B12. There was no indication that the vitamin B12-binder in sows' milk influenced uptake and retention of the analogues, or that ingestion of analogues affected the content of vitamin B12in the body organs and fluids examined.
Vitamin B12absorption in the neonatal piglet
Authors: Trugo N. M. F. , Newport M. J. 
Published: September 2005

1.It has been postulated that the vitamin B12-binding protein in the sows' milk may facilitate the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12in the piglet. This implies that the binder is not rapidly and completely degraded by gut proteases, and the present experiments were devised to test this assumption.2. Piglets aged 7 and 28 d were given a test feed of sows' milk whey both with and without cyano[3H]cobalamin to saturate the binder, and with14C-labeHed polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a marker. Control piglets were given a milk substitute containing no vitamin B12-binder. At 80 min after the test meal the piglets were killed and the contents of the stomach and small intestine were removed for analysis.3. Recovery of [14C]PEG, mainly from the middle and distal portions of the small intestine, ranged from 49 to 78%. Apparent loss of vitamin B12-binder from the intestine was calculated from the ratio, PEG: binder. In both 7- and 28-d-old piglets, the content of saturated binder in the middle and lower small intestine was about 20% depleted relative to that in the test feed. With the unsaturated binder the loss was more variable and generally greater, at about 50%.4. At slaughter the stomach was nearly empty and the high unsaturated binding capacity of the contents was attributed to endogenous binders. However, in the middle and lower small intestine, the binding capacity was derived mainly from sows' milk given with the test meal. No free cyano[3H]cobalamin was found in the intestinal contents of piglets given sows' milk to which enough cyano[3H]cobalamin had been added to saturate the binder.5. There was no change in the molecular weight of the vitamin B12-binder during its passage down the intestine, as judged by its behaviour on filtration in Sephadex gel G-150.6. The results indicate that a high proportion of saturated binder, and a smaller proportion of unsaturated binder, survived unchanged in the intestine of piglets at both ages.
Biochemical aspects of malabsorption in marasmus: effect of dietary rehabilitation
Authors: Mehta H. C. , Saini A. S. , Singh Harjit , Dhatt P. S. 
Published: September 2005

1. Sixty marasmic children were investigated for the absorption of xylose, proteins and fats. Their duodenal juice samples were also analysed for bile salts and microflora.2. The marasmic children were then studied in three groups of twenty by allocating them to three different dietary schedules: a high-protein diet (30% of the total energy from protein), a high-fat diet (40% of the total energy from fat) and a high-carbohydrate diet (70% of the total energy from carbohydrate) for 2 weeks and the previous measurements repeated.3. Whereas the high-fat diet resulted in improved fat absorption, along with an increase in total and conjugated bile acids, and the high-carbohydrate diet led to improved xylose absorption, the diet rich in protein resulted in an improvement in the absorption of all three dietary ingredients. It appears that a high-protein diet improves the overall absorption process by improving the intestinal environment as a whole, while high-carbohydrate and high-fat diets bring about adaptive changes related to the respective absorptive processes.
Some nutritional properties of unrefined sugar and its promotion of the survival of new-born rats
Authors: Omer Ahmed Eisa , John Yudkin 
Published: September 2005

1. The claims that rats fed on diets with ‘brown sugar’ (unrefined muscovado) perform better in a number of ways than do rats fed on refined white sugar (sucrose) have been examined.2. Male Wistar rats were fed on purified diets from weaning, in which the carbohydrate component was either maize starch or unrefined sugar or sucrose. The sugars produced no differences in growth rate, body composition, or the weights of liver or kidneys. Compared with sucrose, unrefined sugar produced an increase in blood cholesterol and in the activity of hepatic fatty acid synthetase, and a greater increase in blood triglyceride. In confirmation of earlier results, rats fed on either sugar had heavier livers and kidneys, increased activity of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.49) and a higher concentration of plasma triglyceride compared with rats fed on maize starch.3. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on the same three diets as the male rats, and mated when they weighed about 200 g. No difference was seen in their ability to mate, the progress of pregnancies, or the sizes of the litters. Does fed on unrefined sugar produced litters of higher viability than did does fed on starch or sucrose. Survival was between 85 and 100% with unrefined sugar and between 30 and 75% with starch or sucrose.4. Unrefined muscovado sugar has thus been shown to contain a factor required by female rats for the proper viability of their pups. This may be the same ‘Reproductive Factor R’ as that described by Wiesner & Yudkin (1951). In certain circumstances, unrefined muscovado sugar might therefore contribute to the nutritional value of a human diet, although in what circumstances, in what respect and to what extent it might do so, is by no means clear.
Human protein requirements: obligatory urinary and faecal nitrogen losses and the factorial estimation of protein needs of Nigerian male adults
Authors: Atinmo T. , Mbofung C. M. F. , Hussain M. A. , Osotimehin B. O. 
Published: September 2005

1. The present study was designed to use the factorial approach to estimate protein requirements of Nigerian male adults by measuring obligatory nitrogen losses via urine, faeces and sweat when N intake was very low and energy intake adequate.2. Eight adult men from Osegere village near Ibadan and seven medical students from the University of Ibadan, who volunteered to participate as subjects in the study, were given a low-protein diet (based on staple foods habitually consumed by subjects) for 10 d. Mean daily total protein intake was 4.68 g while that of energy was 0.2 MJ/kg body-weight. After an initial 5 d adaptation period, 24 h urine and faeces were collected in marked containers for five consecutive days for N determination. N losses from the skin were also determined in the village adults.3. Mean daily urinary, faecal and sweat N losses (mg N/kg body-weight) were 45.88 (SD 4.84), 21.79 (SD4.19), and 7.46 (SD1.71) from the village adults. The corresponding urinary and faecal N losses from the university students were 43.45 (SD 2.28) and 18.32 (SD4.66) (sweat N loss not measured). Thus the total daily obligatory N losses (per kg body-weight) from the village adults and university students were 75.13 and 69.23 mg N respectively (assuming a sweat N loss of 7.46 mg for the university students). After adjusting for requirement and making a 30% allowance for individual variability, the safe level of protein intake was calculated to be 0.78 and 0.73 g protein/kg body-weight for the village men and university students respectively.4. These values suggest that the Joint FAO/WHO ad hoc Expert Committee (1973) safe allowance of 0.57 g egg protein/kg per d is not sufficient for most young adults in this environment when energy intake is adequate.
Effect of gold thioglucose-induced obesity on adipose tissue weight and cellularity in male and female mice suckled in large and small litters: investigations into sex differences and site differences
Authors: Enser Michael , Roberts Jennifer , Whittington Frances 
Published: September 2005

1. Over- or undernutrition of newborn mice was caused by suckling in litters consisting initially of four or eighteen pups. After weaning, mice were fed ad lib. At 13 weeks some mice received gold thioglucose (GTG, 600 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) to induce hyperphagia, and all were killed at 39 weeks.2. Mice suckled in small litters were heavier, with more body fat and protein. GTG treatment induced rapid weight gain and treated mice from large litters were heavier than untreated mice from small litters. However, the effect of litter size was not totally removed since GTG-treated small-litter mice were heavier than GTG-treated large-litter mice and had more fat, although body protein was not different.3. Fat distribution between the depots was related to total body fatness and not to the treatment.4. In male mice, preweaning undernutrition resulted in smaller fat depots containing smaller cells. GTG treatment of large-litter mice restored both to the levels found in small-litter mice: the depots of the latter mice were not significantly different after treatment.5. In female mice, preweaning undernutrition resulted not only in smaller depots and cells but also fewer cells in all depots except mesenteric. GTG-treatment caused larger depots and cells in all mice with no difference in cell size whether mice were from large or small litters. The number of cells in the perirenal and mesenteric depots was greater in GTG-treated mice and was the same whether mice were from large or small litters.6. We conclude that the level of preweaning nutrition does not affect the ability of adipose tissue to develop subsequently through hypertrophy or hyperplasia of the adipocytes or both, given a sufficient energy surplus consisting of normal pelleted feed, low in lipid.