bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection and quantification of apocrine secreted odor‐binding protein on intact human axillary skin
Authors: Jacoby R. B. , Brahms J. C. , Ansari S. A. , Mattai J. 
Published: January 2004

SynopsisA proposed mechanism of axillary malodor formation is bacterial interaction with secreted odor carrier proteins leading to the release of volatile odor molecules. One primary volatile odor molecule, 3‐methyl‐2‐hexenoic acid, is secreted into the apocrine glandular lumen bound to two carrier proteins known as apocrine secretion odor‐binding proteins (ASOB1 and ASOB2). The objective of this study was to develop a biologic method to detect and quantify ASOB2 in vitro and on intact axillary skin. The proteins present in pure apocrine secretion were separated via SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), electro‐blotted, and reacted with antibodies to detect ASOB2. The results of this study demonstrate that ASOB2 shares immunologically homologous epitopes with the human serum protein, apolipoprotein‐D (apo‐D). Axillary secretions and baseline microflora were collected from two groups of panelists 6 h after showering with a non‐antibacterial soap. The extracts were fractionated by SDS–PAGE. ASOB2 was detected selectively by Western blot using a monoclonal mouse‐antihuman apo‐D antibody and quantified on human axillary skin using the presented methods. Axillary ASOB2 concentration varied among individuals (<0.1–4.1 µg cm−2) with significant differences (P < 0.05, anova) seen between those of Chinese descent and non‐Chinese descent. Panelists of Chinese ancestry did not show significantly lower baseline microflora levels when compared to non‐Chinese panelists.
Dry skin and impairment of barrier function associated with itch – new insights
Authors: Yosipovitch G. 
Published: January 2004

SynopsisItch is a common symptom in dry skin related to inflammatory skin diseases, normal aging, and systemic diseases such as chronic renal failure, and HIV. However, correlations between itch and objective measures of barrier function and skin dryness such as skin hydration and transepidermal water loss have been rarely found. Recent experimental evidence indicates that damage to the stratum corneum with acetone/ether and water elicits a scratching response in mice and rats. These responses correlate to the number of PGP 9.5 immunoreactive fibers in the epidermis and to FOS‐like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord. Other neuromediators involved in the pathogenesis of itch in dry skin are nerve growth factor (NGF), muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, and opiates. Serine proteases such as tryptase and their respective proteinase‐activating receptor 2 (PAR2), recently found in both skin and nerves of patients with atopic eczema, suggest that these molecules may have a role in itch in dry skin. This has also been exemplified in the itchy and hyperkeratotic phenotype of the stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (SCCE) transgenic mouse model, which is over‐expressing a serine protease. Developing inhibitors to these neuropeptides and mediators may be an attractive strategy for anti‐itch treatment. The significant progress made in development of moisturizers may have an additional benefit in reducing the itch associated with dry skin. Formulating topical combination therapies containing moisturizers and anti‐pruritics can significantly reduce the itch associated with dry skin. This paper will review the current clinical knowledge on the association between dry skin and itch and the recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of this problem.
Objective determination of fatigue development following sun exposure using Advanced Trail Making Test
Authors: Horikoshi T. , Matsue K. , Takahashi T. , Ishii H. , Yamada K. , Hayashi S. , Yabune M. , Murakami M. , Kajimoto O. 
Published: January 2004

SynopsisSun exposure during leisure activity evokes fatigue. We employed the Advanced Trail Making Test (ATMT), a recently developed objective method of evaluating brain function performance used to measure mental fatigue, for objective determination of fatigue development caused by solar exposure to the human body. First, a survey of consumer awareness was performed, and fatigue development from solar exposure was generally recognized in both summer and spring. In the field test, 15 males (26–41 years old) received sun exposure equivalent to 100 kJ m−2 of ultraviolet radiation three to four times each day for 3 days, during which the subjects wore a short sleeve shirt and a short pant, and covered their head with a towel. A significant increase in scores for subjective sense of fatigue was observed in the evening of all 3 days following sun exposure and on the fourth day, which had no exposure, as well as in the morning of the third and fourth days, as compared with those periods during the control week, which did not have experimental solar exposure. ATMT showed a significant increase in average value in the evening of the first and second days following sun exposure, as well as in the morning of the third and fourth days. In addition, increases in body temperature and heart rate were observed during the exposure periods. The results of multiple regression analysis of subjective feelings showed that fatigue caused by solar exposure was qualitatively different from that in the control week. These results suggest that brain function performance declined following solar exposure as did fatigue development. ATMT results may be useful for quantitative and objective evaluation of mental fatigue caused by sun exposure, along with development of sun care products for the prevention of solar‐caused fatigue.
Rheological characterization of hair shampoo in the presence of dead sea salt
Authors: Abu‐Jdayil B. , Mohameed H. A. , Sa'id M. , Snobar T. 
Published: January 2004

SynopsisIn Jordan, a growing industry has been established to produce different types of Dead Sea (DS) cosmetics that have DS salt (contains mainly NaCl, KCl, and MgCl2) in their formulas. In this work, the effect of DS salt on the rheology of hair shampoo containing the sodium lauryl ether sulfate as a main active matter was studied. The effects of DS salt and active matter concentration, and the temperature and time of salt mixing, on the rheological properties of hair shampoo were investigated. The salt‐free shampoo showed a Newtonian behavior at ‘low active matter’ (LAM) and shear thinning at ‘high active matter’ (HAM). The presence of DS salt changed the rheological behavior of LAM shampoo from Newtonian (for the salt‐free shampoo) to shear thinning. On the other hand, the behavior of HAM shampoo switched from shear thinning to Newtonian behavior in the presence of high concentration of DS salt. The addition of DS salt increased the apparent viscosity of shampoo to reach a maximum value that corresponded to a salt concentration of 1.5 wt.%. Further addition of DS salt led to a decrease in the shampoo viscosity to reach a value less than that of the salt‐free sample at high salt concentration. Changing the mixing temperature (25–45 °C) and mixing time (15–120 min) of DS salt with shampoo has no significant influence on the rheological behavior. However, the mixing process increased the apparent viscosity of salt‐free shampoo. The power law model fitted well the flow curves of hair shampoo with and without DS salt.
Moisturizing potentials of ascorbyl palmitate and calcium ascorbate in various topical formulations
Authors: Gönüllü Ü. , Yener G. , Üner M. , Incegül T. 
Published: January 2004

SynopsisThe aim of this study was to use two of Vitamin C derivatives, lipophilic ascorbyl palmitate and hydrophilic calcium ascorbate to determine their skin‐hydrating effects for the first time. For this purpose, anhydrous cream, gel and w/o emulsion were prepared and applied to the volunteers' inner forearms. A commercial topical preparation containing a known moisturizer, Vitamin E, was also chosen and used for comparison. Moisture contents of the skin were measured by using corneometer.
A Preface to Ethics:
Authors: Schweiker William 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThis essay outlines a new preface for ethics demanded by the massive developments of the global age. It does so in and through the comparative use of “myths” to explicate the lived structure of experience. The essay begins by isolating main features of global dynamics, including proximity, the compression of the world and the expansion of consciousness, and also global, cultural reflexivity. In the second step of the “preface,” it is argued that globality itself is a moral space in which peoples must orient their lives. It is a moral space defined by the massive extension of human power in the modern world. In light of the challenge that global dynamics and the extension of human power now pose, the essay then isolates, methodologically, options for developing a global ethics, and advocates a distinctly hermeneutical approach. This approach is practiced in the last section of the “preface” by engaging ethically the biblical “myth” of creation and its reinterpretation in an epitome of Jesus's Torah teaching. The intention is to show how current religious thought can speak to massive challenges in a distinctive way. It is, again, to offer a preface to ethics.
Leave No Poor Behind:
Authors: Ilesanmi Simeon O. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTGlobalization is being celebrated in many circles as a distinctive achievement of our age, drawing peoples and societies more closely together and creating far greater wealth than any previous generations ever knew. While the first of these assertions is correct in the sense that societies and cultures are colliding, hitherto relatively closed horizons are opening up, and spaces and time are compressing, the second deserves critical interrogations. Using Africa's experience with globalization as a case study, this article argues that globalization be understood as an emerging preference for certain institutional and policy practices that are creating and coercively imposing pervasive but avoidable conditions of material deprivations on many societies. The article defends a motivational rationale anchored in the normative vision of socio‐economic and development rights as a way to mitigate the deleterious effects of unguarded globalization.
Jihad Revisited
Authors: Heck Paul L. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThis article offers an overview of the various formulations of jihad during the first six Islamic centuries (7th–13th CE), showing them to be embedded in particular socio‐historical contexts. If the essential significance of jihad as righteous cause (i.e., action for the sake of a moral order) is shown to have been variously altered according to the needs and conditions of the Muslim community, significant possibilities arise for a contemporary understanding of jihad that is relevant to the needs and circumstances of the Muslim community today. Some features of the jihad tradition, although specific to a particular period and with little relevance today, continue to inform the current discussion on jihad. Discussion of the jihad tradition, then, should take care to distinguish the historically incidental features of the tradition from those with an enduring relevancy. By doing so, the jihad tradition will be able to contribute to discussions on the relation of religion to the public order and political organization, even those not limited to Islam.
“Let Us Be Saints if We Can”
Authors: Levinson Henry Samuel 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTStanley Hauerwas's Gifford Lectures are, at least in part, an interpretation of the Giffords that came before him. As a contribution to intellectual and theological history, however, I wish Hauerwas had given witness to Santayana's Hermes the hermeneut, along with the considerable, indeed considerate, witness he does give to his own Christian faith. Hauerwas seems to dislike Reinhold Niebuhr and, by my account, misreads William James. Thus I have to conclude that With the Grain of the Universe does not measure up to his own more capacious and incisive works.
Cartographies of Globalisation, Technologies of Gendered Subjectivities: The Dub Poetry of Jean ‘Binta’ Breeze
Authors: Sharpe Jenny 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBy locating the current usage of ‘diaspora’ within today's cultures, I make a case for the unacknowledged subject of Paul Gilroy's black Atlantic world being Western, urban and male. In order to consider the black Atlantic as the site of multiple and heterogeneouslyproduced subjectivities, I turn to the Jamaican performance poet, Jean ‘Binta’ Breeze, whose work stages modern black subjectivities that are Third World, rural, domestic and female. Her poems depict black female subjectivities that are both local and global, articulated more through dancehall culture and radio technology than a ‘cut‐and‐mix’ music style that tends to be male‐identified.
Water relations and hydraulic control of stomatal behaviour in bell pepper plant in partial soil drying
Authors: Yao C. , Moreshet S. , Aloni B. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTTwo experiments, a split‐root experiment and a root pressurizing experiment, were performed to test whether hydraulic signalling of soil drying plays a dominant role in controlling stomatal closure in herbaceous bell pepper plants. In the split‐root experiment, when both root parts were dried, synchronous decreases in stomatal conductance (gs), leaf water potential (LWP) and stem sap flow (SFstem) were observed. The value of gs was found to be closely related to soil water potential (SWP) in both compartments. Tight relationships were observed between gs and stem sap flow under all conditions of water stress, indicating a complete stomatal adjustment of transpiration. When the half‐root system has been dried to the extent that its water uptake dropped to almost zero, declines in gs of less than 20% were observed without obvious changes in LWP. The reduced plant hydraulic conductance resulting from decreased sap flow and unchanged LWP may be a hydraulic signal controlling stomatal closure; the results of root pressurizing supported this hypothesis. Both LWP and gs in water‐stressed plants recovered completely within 25 min of the application of root pressurizing, and decreased significantly within 40 min after pressure release, indicating the hydraulic control of stomatal closure. Our results are in contrast to those of other studies on other herbaceous species, which suggested that chemical messengers from the roots bring about stomatal closure when plants are in water stress.
Improved temperature response functions for models of Rubisco‐limited photosynthesis
Authors: Bernacchi C. J. , Singsaas E. L. , Pimentel C. , Portis Jr A. R. , Long S. P. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTPredicting the environmental responses of leaf photosynthesis is central to many models of changes in the future global carbon cycle and terrestrial biosphere. The steady‐state biochemical model of C3 photosynthesis of Farquhar et al. (Planta 149, 78–90, 1980) provides a basis for these larger scale predictions; but a weakness in the application of the model as currently parameterized is the inability to accurately predict carbon assimilation at the range of temperatures over which significant photosynthesis occurs in the natural environment. The temperature functions used in this model have been based on in vitro measurements made over a limited temperature range and require several assumptions of in vivo conditions. Since photosynthetic rates are often Rubisco‐limited (ribulose, 1‐5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) under natural steady‐state conditions, inaccuracies in the functions predicting Rubisco kinetic properties at different temperatures may cause significant error. In this study, transgenic tobacco containing only 10% normal levels of Rubisco were used to measure Rubisco‐limited photosynthesis over a large range of CO2 concentrations. From the responses of the rate of CO2 assimilation at a wide range of temperatures, and CO2 and O2 concentrations, the temperature functions of Rubisco kinetic properties were estimated in vivo. These differed substantially from previously published functions. These new functions were then used to predict photosynthesis in lemon and found to faithfully mimic the observed pattern of temperature response. There was also a close correspondence with published C3 photosynthesis temperature responses. The results represent an improved ability to model leaf photosynthesis over a wide range of temperatures (10–40 °C) necessary for predicting carbon uptake by terrestrial C3 systems.
Responses of photosystem I compared with photosystem II to high‐light stress in tropical shade and sun leaves
Authors: Barth C. , Krause G. H. , Winter K. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTSun and shade leaves of several plant species from a neotropical forest were exposed to excessive light to evaluate the responses of photosystem I in comparison to those of photosystem II. Potential photosystem I activity was determined by means of the maximum P700 absorbance change around 810 nm (ΔA810max) in saturating far‐red light. Leaf absorbance changes in dependence of increasing far‐red light fluence rates were used to calculate a ‘saturation constant’, Ks, representing the far‐red irradiance at which half of the maximal absorbance change (ΔA810max/2) was reached in the steady state. Photosystem II efficiency was assessed by measuring the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence, Fv/Fm, in dark‐adapted leaf samples. Strong illumination caused a high degree of photo‐inhibition of photosystem II in all leaves, particularly in shade leaves. Exposure to 1800–2000 μmol photons m−2 s−1 for 75 min did not substantially affect the potential activity of photosystem I in all species tested, but caused a more than 40‐fold increase of Ks in shade leaves, and a three‐fold increase of Ks in sun leaves. The increase in Ks was reversible during recovery under low light, and the recovery process was much faster in sun than in shade leaves. The novel effect of high‐light stress on the light saturation of P700 oxidation described here may represent a complex reversible mechanism within photosystem I that regulates light‐energy dissipation and thus protects photosystem I from photo‐oxidative damage. Moreover, we show that under high‐light stress a high proportion of P700 accumulates in the oxidized state, P700+. Presumably, conversion of excitation energy to heat by this cation radical may efficiently contribute to photoprotection.
Plasma and urine levels of urinary trypsin inhibitor in patients with chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: LIN SHI DE , ENDO RYUJIN , KURODA HIDEKATSU , KONDO KORYO , MIURA YOSHIAKI , TAKIKAWA YASUHIRO , KATO AKINOBU , SUZUKI KAZUYUKI 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Because urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) is synthesized by hepatocytes and excreted into the urine, plasma and urine levels of UTI may alter in liver diseases. However, there are few reports on the changes in these levels in chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationships between plasma and urine UTI levels and the severity of liver damage or progression of HCC in patients with chronic liver diseases and HCC.Methods:  Plasma and urine UTI levels were measured by a newly developed enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 16 patients with chronic hepatitis (CH), 19 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) and 39 patients with HCC.Results:  Plasma UTI level exhibited a significant positive correlation with the urine UTI level. Plasma and urine UTI levels significantly decreased in LC patients compared with those of normal controls. In contrast, the plasma UTI level in HCC patients was higher than that in LC patients, but there was no difference betwen the groups in the urine UTI level. Plasma and urine UTI levels in LC and HCC patients were significantly correlated with the degree of liver damage according to the Child‐Pugh classification. Although neither the plasma nor urine level of UTI in HCC patients were related to the clinical stage of HCC, both levels were closely associated with the level of protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist‐II.Conclusions:  The present findings indicate that the levels of plasma and urine UTI in patients with LC reflect the severity of liver damage. In HCC patients, these levels may also reflect progression of HCC, although further study is required.© 2004 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Role of γ‐glutamyl transferase activity in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: SILVA IVONETE SS , FERRAZ MARIA LUCIA CG , PEREZ RENATA M , LANZONI VALERIA P , FIGUEIREDO VIRGINIA M , SILVA ANTONIO EB 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackground:  Increased serum γ‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels are frequently observed in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the significance of this finding remains unclear. The purpose of the present paper was to assess the relationship between GGT levels and clinical, biochemical and histological features in chronic HCV‐infected carriers.Methods:  Patients with a liver biopsy presenting anti‐HCV and HCV‐RNA were evaluated. Age, gender, risk factors of transmission, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), GGT and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and histological features were assessed in all. Data were analyzed statistically by the χ2 test and multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results:  Among 201 patients studied, elevated GGT levels and bile duct damage were observed in 48% and 35% of them, respectively. No association was seen between GGT level and bile duct damage or between GGT level and hepatic steatosis. Inititally, age > 40 years (P = 0.007), elevated ALT (P = 0.01), grading of inflammatory activity (P = 0.004) and staging of fibrosis (P < 0.001) were found to be associated with elevated GGT levels. After multivariate regression analysis, histology grading 3 and 4 inflammation activity (P = 0.01) and staging 3 and 4 fibrosis (P = 0.01) remained independently associated with elevated GGT level.Conclusions:  A significant number of patients with chronic HCV infection had elevated serum GGT levels. Furthermore, this enzyme seemed to be useful as an indirect marker of more advanced liver disease in chronic hepatitis C.© 2004 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd