bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smart and designer structural material systems
Authors: Chong Ken P , Garboczi Edward J 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAn efficient civil infrastructure system is essential to every country's productivity, security, and quality of life. Basic research and development in smart structures and designer materials have shown great potential for enhancing the functionality, serviceability, and increased lifespan of civil infrastructure systems. New construction and the intelligent renewal of ageing and deteriorating civil infrastructure systems include efficient and innovative use of high‐performance designer materials, sensors, actuators, and mechanical and structural systems. High‐performance designer materials, in particular, require new methods of computational materials science, some of which are described herein. In this paper, some examples of National Science Foundation (NSF) funded awards, some examples of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ‘designer material’ projects, and future research needs, as well as new research initiatives on nanotechnology, are presented.
Finite element mesh generation and adaptive meshing
Authors: Lo S H 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis review paper gives a detailed account of the development of mesh generation techniques on planar regions, over curved surfaces and within volumes for the past years. Emphasis will be on the generation of the unstructured meshes for purpose of complex industrial applications and adaptive refinement finite element analysis. Over planar domains and on curved surfaces, triangular and quadrilateral elements will be used, whereas for three‐dimensional structures, tetrahedral and hexahedral elements have to be generated. Recent advances indicate that mesh generation on curved surfaces is quite mature now that elements following closely to surface curvatures could be generated more or less in an automatic manner. As the boundary recovery procedure are getting more and more robust and efficient, discretization of complex solid objects into tetrahedra by means of Delaunay triangulation and other techniques becomes routine work in industrial applications. However, the decomposition of a general object into hexahedral elements in a robust and efficient manner remains as a challenge for researchers in the mesh generation community. Algorithms for the generation of anisotropic meshes on 2D and 3D domains have also been proposed for problems where elongated elements along certain directions are required. A web‐site for the latest development in meshing techniques is included for the interested readers.
Competitive positioning within and across a strategic group structure: the performance of core, secondary, and solitary firms
Authors: McNamara Gerry , Deephouse David L. , Luce Rebecca A. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractDrawing from economic and cognitive theories, researchers have argued that firms within an industry tend to cluster together, following similar strategies. Their positioning in strategic groups, in turn, is argued to influence firm actions and firm performance. We extend this research to examine performance implications of competitive positioning not just among but also within groups. We find that performance differences within groups are significantly larger than across groups, suggesting that some firms within groups develop better resource or competitive positions. We also find that secondary firms within a group outperform both core firms within the group and solitary firms, the latter being those not belonging to any multifirm strategic group. This suggests that secondary firms may be able to effectively balance the benefits of strategic distinctiveness with institutional pressures for similarity. We conclude that the primary implication of strategic groups does not relate to the ability of firms to create stable, advantageous market segments through collusion. Instead, strategic groups represent a range of viable strategic positions firms may stake out and use as reference points. Moreover, our results concerning secondary firms indicate that firm positioning within a group structure can have performance implications. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Empirical studies of test‐suite reduction
Authors: Rothermel Gregg , Harrold Mary Jean , von Ronne Jeffery , Hong Christie 
Published: December 2002

AbstractTest‐suite reduction techniques attempt to reduce the costs of saving and reusing test cases during software maintenance by eliminating redundant test cases from test suites. A potential drawback of these techniques is that reducing the size of a test suite might reduce its ability to reveal faults in the software. Previous studies have suggested that test‐suite reduction techniques can reduce test‐suite size without significantly reducing the fault‐detection capabilities of test suites. These studies, however, involved particular programs and types of test suites, and to begin to generalize their results, further work is needed. This paper reports on the design and execution of additional studies, examining the costs and benefits of test‐suite reduction, and the factors that influence these costs and benefits. In contrast to previous studies, results of these studies reveal that the fault‐detection capabilities of test suites can be severely compromised by test‐suite reduction. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can fault‐exposure‐potential estimates improve the fault detection abilities of test suites?
Authors: Chen Wei , Untch Roland H. , Rothermel Gregg , Elbaum Sebastian , von Ronne Jeffery 
Published: December 2002

AbstractCode‐coverage‐based test data adequacy criteria typically treat all coverable code elements (such as statements, basic blocks or outcomes of decisions) as equal. In practice, however, the probability that a test case can expose a fault in a code element varies: some faults are more easily revealed than others. Thus, several researchers have suggested that if one could estimate the probability that a fault in a code element will cause a failure, one could use this estimate to determine the number of executions of a code element that are required to achieve a certain level of confidence in that element's correctness. This estimate, in turn, could be used to improve the fault‐detection effectiveness of test suites and help testers distribute testing resources more effectively. This conjecture is intriguing; however, like many such conjectures it has never been directly examined empirically. If empirical evidence were to support this conjecture, it would motivate further research into methodologies for obtaining fault‐exposure‐potential estimates and incorporating them into test data adequacy criteria. This paper reports the results of experiments conducted to investigate the effects of incorporating an estimate of fault‐exposure probability into the statement coverage test data adequacy criterion. The results of these experiments, however, ran contrary to the conjectures of previous researchers. Although incorporation of the estimates did produce statistically significant increases in the fault‐detection effectiveness of test suites, these increases were quite small, suggesting that the approach might not be able to produce the gains hoped for and might not be worth the cost of its employment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model checking fault tolerant systems
Authors: Bernardeschi Cinzia , Fantechi Alessandro , Gnesi Stefania 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes a modelling approach suitable for formalizing fault tolerant systems, taking into account different fault scenarios. Verification of the properties of such systems is then performed using model checking. A general framework for the formal specification and verification of fault tolerant systems is defined starting from these principles, and experience with its application to two case studies is then presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organic synthesis in a changing world
Authors: Ley Steven V. , Baxendale Ian R. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis article is based on a lecture presented to the Chemical Society of Japan at Wasada University on March 27, 2002, by Professor Steven V. Ley.
The lecture, “Organic Synthesis in a Changing World,” was a comprehensive account of the ongoing research efforts of professor Ley's
group in the development and application of solid‐supported reagents and scavengers for use in organic synthesis. © 2002 The Japan
Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 2: 377–388, 2002: Published online in Wiley InterScience
(www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10033
L‐histidine decarboxylase as a probe in studies on histamine
Authors: Watanabe Takehiko , Ohtsu Hiroshi 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBecause the Falck‐Hillarp formaldehyde fluorescence method, which was superbly applied to identify catecholaminergic and serotonergic
neurons, is not applicable to histamine, the first author (T.W.) developed an antibody to L‐histidine decarboxylase (HDC)
for identification of the histaminergic neuron system in the brain. The anti‐HDC antibody was of great use for mapping the location and
distribution of this histaminergic neuron system. (S)‐α‐fluoromethylhistidine, a specific and potent irreversible inhibitor
of HDC, was also very useful in studies on functions of the neuron system. The activity of HDC is increased by various agents, treatments, and
physiological conditions. We found new compounds that increased HDC activity (i.e., tetradecanoylphobol acetate (TPA), other tumor
promoters, and staphylococcal enterotoxin A); and using mast cell‐deficient mutant (W/Wv) mice, we obtained
evidence that this increase occurred in macrophages. To further characterize the mechanism of increases in HDC activity, the second author
(H.O.) cloned human HDC cDNA and a human HDC gene. In studies on the regulation mechanism of the HDC gene, which is expressed only in limited
types of cells such as mast cells, enterochromaffin‐like cells in the stomach, cells in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the brain, and
macrophages, CpG islands in the promoter region of the HDC gene were found to be demethylated in cells expressing the gene, whereas they are methylated
in other cells that do not express the HDC gene. In collaboration with many other researchers, we developed HDC knockout mice. The resulting research
is producing a lot of interesting findings in our laboratory as well as in others. In summary, HDC has been and will be useful in studies on functions
of histamine. © 2002 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 2: 369–376, 2002: Published online in Wiley
InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10036
A case study in conformation design: Learning by doing
Authors: Knust Henner , Hoffmann Reinhard W. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractEfforts are described to design simple, fully flexible but conformationally preorganised ω‐hydroxy‐nonanoic acids that could
serve as the conformation controlling unit in analogues of the potent protein‐kinase C activator aplysiatoxin. Such analogues are
macrodilactones incorporating the designed ω‐hydroxy‐nonanoic acid and 3,4‐dihydroxy‐pentanoic acid, which contains
the pharmacophoric groups. The design process (replacement of CH2 groups by an oxygen atom, annelation of a six‐membered ring
and placement of alkyl substituents) of the ω‐hydroxy‐nonanoic acids was monitored by force‐field calculations. In
the end of this process simple analogues of aplysiatoxin are proposed in which the proper disposition of the pharmacophoric groups is secured by a
conformationally flexible but preorganised template structure as part of the macrodilactone ring. © 2002 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and
Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 2: 405–418, 2002: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI
10.1002/tcr.10038
Selective transformations of organic compounds by imidozirconocene complexes
Authors: Duncan Andrew P. , Bergman Robert G. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractImidozirconocene complexes (Cp2ZrNR(THF)) possess a rich reaction chemistry, in contrast to many
imido complexes of later transition metals. The synthesis and structural characteristics of these compounds are briefly described, along with
a qualitative molecular orbital description of the metallocene‐imido interaction. Imidozirconocene complexes react at the ZrN linkage
with a variety of XH bonds, and undergo overall [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with a wide range of unsaturated organic
and organometallic compounds. Results of studies detailing the scope and mechanism of these reactions are presented herein, along with applications
to catalytic hydroamination, imine metathesis, and asymmetric transformations. © 2002 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals,
Inc. Chem Rec 2: 431–445, 2002: Published online in Wiley Interscience(www.interscience.wiley.com)
Specific GABAA agonists and partial agonists
Authors: Krogsgaard‐Larsen Povl , Frølund Bente , Liljefors Tommy 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe GABAA receptor system is implicated in a number of neurological and psychiatric diseases, making GABAA receptor ligands
interesting as potential therapeutic agents. Only a few different classes of structures are currently known as ligands for the GABA recognition site on
the hetero‐pentameric GABAA receptor complex, reflecting the very strict structural requirements for GABAA receptor recognition
and activation. Within the series of compounds showing agonist activity at the GABAA receptor site that have been developed, most of the ligands
are structurally derived from the GABAA agonists muscimol, THIP, or isoguvacine, which we developed in the initial stages of the project. Using
recombinant GABAA receptors, functional selectivity was demonstrated for a number of compounds, including THIP, showing highly
subunit‐dependent potency and maximal response. In light of the interest in partial GABAA receptor agonists as potential therapeutics,
structure–activity studies of a number of analogs of 4‐PIOL, a low‐efficacy partial GABAA agonist derived from THIP, have been
performed. In this connection, a series of GABAA ligands has been developed that exhibit pharmacological profiles from moderately potent
low‐efficacy partial GABAA agonist activity to potent and selective antagonist effects. Very little information is available on
direct‐acting GABAA receptor agonists in clinical studies. However, the results of clinical studies on the effect of the partial
GABAA agonist THIP on human sleep patterns show that the functional consequences of a direct‐acting agonist are different from those
seen after the administration of GABAA receptor modulators, such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates. © 2002 The Japan Chemical Journal
Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Chem Rec 2: 419–430; 2002: Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI
10.1002/tcr.10040
High‐sensitivity analyses of metabolites in biological samples by capillary electrophoresis using dynamic pH junction‐sweeping
Authors: Britz‐McKibbin Philip , Terabe Shigeru 
Published: December 2002

AbstractEmerging fields of biochemical research, such as metabolomics, present challenges to current separation technologies because of the large
number of metabolites present in a cell and their often low (submicromolar) concentration. Although capillary electrophoresis
(CE) holds great promise as the method of choice for high‐resolution separations of biological samples, it suffers from poor
concentration sensitivity, especially with the use of UV detection. In CE, sweeping and dynamic pH junction represent two complementary on‐line
focusing techniques that have been used for sensitivity enhancement of hydrophobic and weakly acidic analytes, respectively. However, the application
of either the sweeping or dynamic pH junction technique alone might, in some cases, be less effective for the analysis of certain sample mixtures.
Recent work in the development of a hyphenated dynamic pH junction‐sweeping technique is presented as an effective on‐line method of
preconcentration suitable for both hydrophilic (anionic) and hydrophobic (neutral) analytes. Sensitive analyses of flavin
metabolites by CE with laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) detection is demonstrated in various biological matrixes, including cell
extracts of Bacillus subtilis, pooled human plasma, as well as heat‐deproteinized flavoenzymes. Enhanced analyte band narrowing and
improved sensitivity is achieved for flavins using dynamic pH junction‐sweeping compared to either sweeping or dynamic pH junction alone.
This results in over a 1200‐fold improvement in sensitivity relative to conventional injection methods, giving a limit of detection (LOD,
defined as S/N = 3) of about 4.0 × 10−12 M. Strategies for sensitive and
more comprehensive analyses of other cell metabolites, including nucleotides, coenzymes, and steroids, are also discussed when using on‐line
focusing techniques in conjunction with multiplexed CE and UV detection. © 2002 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.,
Chem Rec 2: 397–404; 2002: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10041
Macrotetrolide biosynthesis: A novel type II polyketide synthase
Authors: Shen Ben , Kwon Hyung‐Jin 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPolyketide biosynthesis is catalyzed by polyketide synthase (PKS) and three types of bacterial PKS are known to date. Feeding experiments with
isotope‐labeled precursors established the polyketide origin of the macrotetrolides, but the labeling pattern cannot be rationalized according to the
established PKS paradigm. Genetic analysis of the macrotetrolide biosynthesis unveiled an unprecedented organization for a polyketide gene cluster that
features five genes encoding discrete ketoacyl synthase (KS) and four genes encoding discrete ketoreductase (KR) but lacking an acyl
carrier protein (ACP). Macrotetrolide biosynthesis is proposed to involve a novel type II PKS that acts directly on acyl CoA substrates, functions
noniteratively, and catalyzes both CC and CO bond formation. These findings demonstrate once again Nature's versatility in making complex
molecules and suggests new strategies for PKS engineering to further expand the scope and diversity of polyketide library. They also should serve as an
inspiration in searching for PKS with novel chemistry for combinatorial biosynthesis. © 2002 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals,
Inc., Chem Rec 2: 389–396; 2002: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10042
In situ scanning tunneling microscopy of oxide‐supported metal clusters: Nucleation, growth, and thermal evolution of individual particles
Authors: Kolmakov Andrei , Goodman D. W. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAn experimental approach was developed for imaging the nucleation and growth of individual oxide‐supported nanoparticles and their subsequent
in situ chemical and thermal treatments by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The potential of the method is demonstrated for Au nanoparticles
supported on a reduced TiO2 substrate where a cluster‐by‐cluster comparison is made of the morphological evolution and stability
of nanoparticles during their nucleation and thermal annealing. Using this methodology the details of the nucleation and growth kinetics can be directly
observed. © 2002 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Chem Rec 2: 446–457; 2002: Published online in Wiley
InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10045
Site‐specific Design Optimization of Wind Turbines
Authors: Fuglsang P. , Bak C. , Schepers J. G. , Bulder B. , Cockerill T. T. , Claiden P. , Olesen A. , van Rossen R. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis article reports results from a European project, where site characteristics were incorporated into the design process of wind turbines, to enable site‐specific design. Two wind turbines of different concept were investigated at six different sites comprising normal flat terrain, offshore and complex terrain wind farms. Design tools based on numerical optimization and aeroelastic calculations were combined with a cost model to allow optimization for minimum cost of energy. Different scenarios were optimized ranging from modifications of selected individual components to the complete design of a new wind turbine. Both annual energy yield and design‐determining loads depended on site characteristics, and this represented a potential for site‐specific design. The maximum variation in annual energy yield was 37% and the maximum variation in blade root fatigue loads was 62%. Optimized site‐specific designs showed reductions in cost of energy by up to 15% achieved from an increase in annual energy yield and a reduction in manufacturing costs. The greatest benefits were found at sites with low mean wind speed and low turbulence. Site‐specific design was not able to offset the intrinsic economic advantage of high‐wind‐speed sites. It was not possible to design a single wind turbine for all wind climates investigated, since the differences in the design loads were too large. Multiple‐site wind turbines should be designed for generic wind conditions, which cover wind parameters encountered at flat terrain sites with a high mean wind speed. Site‐specific wind turbines should be designed for low‐mean‐wind‐speed sites and complex terrain. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐flexible‐body Dynamic Analysis of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
Authors: Lee Donghoon , Hodges Dewey H. , Patil Mayuresh J. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis article presents a structural dynamic analysis of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) using a new methodology. The methodology is based on representing a HAWT as a multi‐flexible‐body system with both rigid‐ and flexible‐body subsystems. The rigid‐body subsystems (nacelle, hub) are modelled as interconnected sets of rigid bodies using Kane's method. Kane's method leads to compact equations of motion for rigid‐body mechanisms. The flexible‐body subsystems (blades, tower) are modelled using geometrically exact, non‐linear beam finite elements derived from a mixed variational formulation for the dynamics of moving beams. The use of the mixed formulation allows for the direct determination of constraint forces and moments within the beam finite element and at the boundaries, thus allowing simple connectivity between the finite elements and rigid bodies. The equations for the rigid and flexible subsystems are coupled to obtain a unified framework that models the dynamic behaviour of the complete system. Linearization of the dynamic equations about the steady state solution yields system equations with periodic coefficients that must be solved by Floquet theory to extract the dynamic characteristics. Numerical studies are presented to investigate the natural frequencies and mode shapes for a HAWT with flexible blades and tower. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.