bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational investigation of enantio‐ and regioselectivity of rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydroformylation of vinyl formate with CHIRAPHOS‐type ligand
Authors: Luo Xiaoling , Tang Dianyong , Li Ming 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe potential energy profile for Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric hydroformylation of vinyl formate is mapped out using a nonlocal density functional method (B3LYP). This study focuses on the enantio‐ and regioselectivity of asymmetric hydroformylation. All the structures are optimized at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) level(LANL2DZ(d) for Rh, P). As illustrated by computation, the olefin insertion step is irreversible because of higher activation free energy of the reverse reaction than that of forward reaction, so it is the determining step for both the regioselectivity and enantioselectivity in asymmetric hydroformylation. The lowest activation free energy in vinyl insertion is the path 2a → TS1a (ΔG≠ = 47.92 kJ/mol), giving rise to the preferred product as (S)‐1‐formylenthyl formate. Throughout the catalytic cycle, the H2 oxidative addition has the highest activation free energy, 77.24 kJ/mol, so it is the rate‐limiting step for the whole catalytic cycle. The calculation results are in agreement with many experiment investigations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
HEGESMA: genome search meta-analysis and heterogeneity testing
Authors: Zintzaras Elias , Ioannidis John P. A. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Summary: Heterogeneity and genome search meta-analysis (HEGESMA) is a comprehensive software for performing genome scan meta-analysis, a quantitative method to identify genetic regions (bins) with consistently increased linkage score across multiple genome scans, and for testing the heterogeneity of the results of each bin across scans. The program provides as an output the average of ranks and three heterogeneity statistics, as well as corresponding significance levels. Statistical inferences are based on Monte Carlo permutation tests. The program allows both unweighted and weighted analysis, with the weights for each study as specified by the user. Furthermore, the program performs heterogeneity analyses restricted to the bins with similar average ranks.
Availability: http://biomath.med.uth.gr
Contact: zintza@med.uth.gr
The performance of habit in Montaigne's ‘De mesnager sa volonté’
Authors: Butterworth Emily 
Published: June 2005

Abstract

This article focuses on the concepts of habit and performance and how they relate to concepts of subjectivity in Montaigne's ‘De mesnager sa volonté’. Montaigne's chapter considers action on the political stage and contrasts two models for political action: impassioned activity and moderate engagement. I look at how Montaigne modulates his argument through Seneca and how metaphor is used to describe the ideal of interior integrity, a space for the self protected from the ‘outside’. This is then undercut by a temporal model of the self, informed by the Stoic notion of public life as a theatrical role and by scholastic concepts of custom and the habitus. For Montaigne, custom or habit supplements nature and renders our relationship to the natural problematic. I argue that in this chapter the self appears as a palimpsest, built up and consolidated over time. In this way each role or act could be considered performative in that they construct and constitute the individual. Finally, I argue that for Montaigne, the writing of the
Essais
is also performative, and that his ‘bonne foy’ is a fidelity to passage and becoming.
Meat, murder, metamorphosis the transformational ethics of François Ozon
Authors: Asibong Andrew 
Published: June 2005

Abstract

This article argues that French filmmaker François Ozon's fantastical explorations of murder and metamorphosis provide a surprisingly ethical commentary on the tightly interwoven cultural processes of social reification and identity fetishization. Using the two early films
Sitcom
(1998) and
Les Amants criminels
(1999) as a point of departure, it claims that Ozon is essentially concerned with the different ways in which the subject appropriates alterity in his or her attempt to instigate alternative existences. Using the theories of Deleuze and Guattari on ‘deterritorialization’, those of Slavoj Žižek on ‘the Act’, and those of Giorgio Agamben on ‘the witness’, it will present three distinct stages of transformation at work in Ozon's films: from a seeming championing of transgressive social ‘difference’ for its own sake emerges an exploration of impossible, psychotic metamorphosis, and finally a linking of such ‘unspeakable’ change to a potentially political process of traumatic dehumanization. Real, that is, ethical, transformation in Ozon's films can come about only through the blinding perception of one's enslavement to fetishistic desire, and through the radical dismantlement of this desire and the (excessively) coherent socio-political identity it confers upon one. Ozon's demanding approach to different modes of transformation deserves close analysis at a time when increasingly rigid conceptions of social identity are again becoming dangerously allied to lazy conceptions of social change, in France and elsewhere.
Energy partnership: China and the Gulf States
Authors: Bahgat Gawdat 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOne of the most significant developments in the global energy market in the last several years has been China's skyrocketing demand for energy. In 1993, China became a net oil importer for the first time in its history and in 2003 replaced Japan as the world's second‐largest oil importer (after the United States). The country needs more energy to maintain its spectacular economic performance.This study examines China's attempts to satisfy its growing needs for oil and natural gas by increasing imports from Russia and Central Asia/Caspian Sea region. The analysis suggests that despite growing cooperation between the two sides, the Gulf region is likely to satisfy most of China's hydrocarbons needs. Energy partnership between China and the Gulf has already started and is likely to be consolidated over the next few decades. The study also argues that this growing partnership between China and the Gulf should not be seen as a threat to any third party. The global energy market is well‐integrated. Energy policy should not be seen in zero‐sum terms. A China‐Gulf partnership will benefit both sides and contribute to the stability of global energy markets.
Nano‐sized fluorescent particles as new tracers for sentinel node detection: Experimental model for decision of appropriate size and wavelength
Authors: Nakajima Morio , Takeda Motohiro , Kobayashi Masaki , Suzuki Satoshi , Ohuchi Noriaki 
Published: June 2005

The concepts of made‐to‐order and low‐invasiveness medicines are becoming widely accepted. A treatment for cancer, with minimum invasive surgery and without lymph nodes dissection based on sentinel lymph node (SN) navigation surgery, would adhere to these concepts. Dyes and/or radioisotopes are employed for SN detection in standard methods, however, each detection method has advantages and disadvantages. To make up for the disadvantages, we aimed at developing a new non‐invasive method using fluorescent beads of uniform nano‐size that could efficiently visualize SN from outside the body, and conducted experiments to determine the appropriate size and fluorescent wavelength. We examined various bead sizes and fluorescent wavelengths. The sizes were 20, 40, 100 and 200 nm. The fluorescent peak wavelengths of the beads were yellow‐green (515 nm), dark red (680 nm), far red (720 nm) and infrared (755 nm). The beads were subcutaneously injected into the foot pad of the hind leg of a rat, and followed by laser scanning of the inguinal area for fluorescence observation. The beads exhibited different times for the fluorescence detection according to their sizes and wavelength. The 40 nm beads were considered to be the most appropriate size for SN detection in rats. The wavelength of near infrared was effective for avoiding attenuation by the tissue. In conclusion, we confirmed that uniformly nano‐sized fluorescent beads have the potential to be an alternative to existing tracers in the detection of the SN in animal experiments if we select the appropriate particle size and wavelength. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 353–356)
Cytotoxic effects of pemetrexed in gastric cancer cells
Authors: Kim Jee Hyun , Lee Keun‐Wook , Jung Yeonjoo , Kim Tai Young , Ham Hye Seon , Jong Hyun‐Soon , Jung Kyung Hae , Im Seock‐Ah , Kim Tae‐You , Kim Noe Kyeong , Bang Yung‐Jue 
Published: June 2005

Pemetrexed is a newly developed multitargeted antifolate with promising clinical activity in many solid tumors including gastric cancer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of pemetrexed and its mode of interaction with cisplatin in gastric cancer cell lines, and to identify genes associated with sensitivity to pemetrexed. The cytotoxic activity of pemetrexed was assessed by tetrazolium‐based colorimetric assay (MTT assay) and the interaction between pemetrexed and cisplatin was evaluated by the isobologram method. Western immunoblotting and real time RT‐PCR analysis of thymidylate synthase (TS), folylpoly‐γ‐glutamate synthetase (FPGS) and reduced folate carrier (RFC1) were performed in order to determine whether sensitivity to pemetrexed would be predictable by protein or mRNA expression levels. Pemetrexed was more cytotoxic than 5‐fluorouracil, with IC50 between 17 and 310 nM in most of the gastric cancer cell lines examined and the pemetrexed/cisplatin combination resulted in additive or synergistic interaction. The protein expressions of TS, FPGS, and RFC1 were significantly associated with IC50 for 5‐fluorouracil, but no such association was found for pemetrexed chemosensitivity. The mRNA expressions of RFC1, FPGS and other target and resistance related genes revealed no significant association with pemetrexed sensitivity. In conclusion, pemetrexed is active against gastric cancer cell lines and the pemetrexed/cisplatin combination showed a synergistic or additive interaction, supporting its clinical use in gastric cancer. Drug sensitivity toward pemetrexed could not be predicted by the expressions of TS, RFC1, or FPGS and we suggest that it is determined by interactions between multiple genes. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 365–371)
Frequent KIT and epidermal growth factor receptor overexpressions in undifferentiated‐type breast carcinomas with ‘stem‐cell‐like’ features
Authors: Tsuda Hitoshi , Tani Yoichi , Weisenberger Joel , Kitada Shigehiro , Hasegawa Tadashi , Murata Tetsuya , Tamai Seiichi , Hirohashi Setsuo , Matsubara Osamu , Natori Tsuneo 
Published: June 2005

It was hypothesized that four histopathological types or subtypes of breast carcinoma were undifferentiated types characterized by bidirectional differentiation toward both luminal epithelial and myoepithelial cells and had characteristic molecular changes: invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) with a large central acellular zone, atypical medullary carcinoma (a subgroup in Grade 3 solid‐tubular carcinoma), matrix‐producing carcinoma, and spindle‐cell carcinoma (or carcinoma with spindle‐cell metaplasia). In 32 cases of the undifferentiated type and 37 cases of the relatively differentiated types, we immunohistochemically examined the expressions of myoepithelial markers and KIT, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and c‐erbB‐2 oncoproteins. Vimentin, S‐100, and α‐smooth muscle actin were positive in 28 (88%), 22 (69%), and 15 (47%) of the undifferentiated types, but were positive in seven (19%), one (3%), and one (3%) of relatively differentiated types (P < 0.0001). KIT and EGFR overexpressions were detected more frequently in the undifferentiated types (34 and 88%, respectively) than in relatively differentiated types (3 and 3%, respectively) (P < 0.0001, for both). In 11 (85%) of 13 cases with KIT overexpression, EGFR overexpression concurred. c‐erbB‐2 overexpression was almost equally detected in both the undifferentiated and relatively differentiated types, and did not correlate with KIT or EGFR overexpression. Phosphotyrosine was detected in 16 (67%) of 24 cases with KIT, EGFR, and/or c‐erbB‐2 overexpression but only in six (18%) of 34 cases without KIT, EGFR, or c‐erbB‐2 overexpression (P = 0.0002). The undifferentiated‐type breast carcinomas appeared to show mammary epithelial stem cell‐like features, and they could be identified by KIT and/or EGFR overexpressions. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 333–339)
Interferon-γ is produced by CD8+ T cells in response to HLA-A24-restricted hepatitis C virus epitopes after sustained virus loss
Authors: Kobayashi K , Ishii M , Shiina M , Ueno Y , Kondo Y , Kanno A , Miyazaki Y , Yamamoto T , Kobayashi T , Niitsuma H , Kikumoto Y , Takizawa H , Shimosegawa T 
Published: June 2005

SummaryDifferences in cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in hepatitis C virus infection may account for the outcome of interferon monotherapy. To investigate this hypothesis, we analysed the response of peripheral CD8+ T cells that recognized epitopes presented by HLA-A*2402. We synthesized HLA/β2-microglobulin/peptide complexes using two epitopes. Production of interferon-γ by CD8+ T cells in response to plastic-bound monomeric HLA/peptide complex was observed frequently in sustained virus responders (SVR) (n = 13) against all the peptides, NS31296–1304 (the percentage of responding patients, 61.5%) and core 129–137 (53.8%), while no interferon-γ production was observed in non-responders (NR) (n = 13) for any of the peptides. Tetramer-staining showed the presence of CD8+ T cells specific for all the peptides except NS31296–1304 in two SVR at the end of interferon monotherapy, although hardly any such cells were found in four NR. Specific killing was observed against peptides NS31296–1304 (3/4) and core 129–137 (1/4) in sustained responders but none in non-responders. These results suggest that the responses of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were induced during interferon therapy in these patients and that interferon-γ production by CD8+ T lymphocytes against HCV NS31296–1304 and core 129–137 are well maintained in patients with SVR compared with those with NR. These findings emphasize the importance of the CD8+ T cell response in controlling HCV infection.
Natural killer cell activity in families of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: demonstration of a killing defect in patients
Authors: Green M R J , Kennell A S M , Larche M J , Seifert M H , Isenberg D A , Salaman M R 
Published: June 2005

SummaryNatural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic activity and cell frequency, expressed as a percentage of total lymphocytes, have been determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from first-degree relatives of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the patients themselves, a group of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and controls. Low levels of killing activity relative to controls were found in some members of all groups with the extent of depression falling into two ranges. Moderate reductions were seen in female (3/31, 10%) and male (4/14, 29%) relatives of SLE patients, female (12/60, 20%) and male (3/4, 75%) SLE patients and female RA patients (6/17, 35%). A more profound depression of killing activity was confined to other female SLE patients (15/60, 25%). There were strong correlations in all groups between killing activity and percentage of NK cells, but analysis of the ratio of these parameters and studies with purified preparations of NK cells suggest that the reduced activity in SLE frequently involves a defect in the killing capacity of the individual cells in addition to the reduced levels of NK cells. Azathioprine (AZA), which was used in treatment of 12 SLE patients, was invariably associated with low values of killing activity. It appears to substantially reduce the percentage of NK and B cells in an action unconnected with the NK cell abnormalities associated with SLE. The finding of low killing activity in relatives and a correlation between their activity and that of their patients support the view that NK cell deficiency is a genetic determinant of SLE. NK cells in SLE may produce insufficient levels of cytokines required for the regulation of IgG production.
Sustained activation of neutrophils in the course of Kawasaki disease: an association with matrix metalloproteinases
Authors: Biezeveld M H , Van Mierlo G , Lutter R , Kuipers I M , Dekker T , Hack C E , Newburger J W , Kuijpers T W 
Published: June 2005

Summary
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile syndrome of childhood, characterized by vasculitis of the medium-sized arteries. White blood cell counts and the inflammatory parameter C-reactive protein (CRP) are known to be elevated in the acute phase of the disease. In this study we investigated the course of inflammatory cell type-specific parameters in KD over a longer period of time. Plasma levels of human neutrophil elastase (HNE), matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP2, MMP9), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), macrophage neopterin and CRP were measured. Plasma samples were collected in the acute, subacute and early convalescent stage, and three months after the onset of disease. Median CRP and neopterin normalized within two weeks. In contrast, six weeks and three months after onset of disease, levels of HNE were still elevated, with median values of 163 ng/ml and 156 ng/ml, respectively (control children median &lt; 50 ng/ml; for all time-points P &lt; 0·0001). Values of NGAL correlated with the levels of HNE (r = 0·39, P = 0·013). These results demonstrate a longer state of neutrophil activation in KD than was previously assumed. The potential relationship between this prolonged neutrophil activation, coronary artery lesion formation and their persistence, as well as the risk of premature atherosclerosis warrants further evaluation.
Biotic diversification in the Guayana Highlands: a proposal
Authors: Rull V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUntil recently, the high degree of diversity and endemism of the Guayana Highlands was explained within the frame of the refuge theory. Although this hypothesis is unsupported by recent palaeoecological evidence, no new diversification model has been proposed. This paper is a proposal based on the latest palynological findings that indicate a downward biotic migration of c. 1100 m altitude during glacials, and the subsequent interglacial upward shift, in response to colder and warmer climates, respectively. Therefore, during glacials, biotic mixing is expected in the lowlands, thus promoting sympatric speciation, hybridization and polyploidy. At the mountaintops, unknown cold‐adapted taxa and páramo‐like(?) communities are expected to have occurred, and vicariance prevailed. In the interglacials, many taxa have had the opportunity for ascending to the mountains again, allowing genetic interchange among their slopes and summits, while others would have been adapted to lowlands. The interglacial highland communities, where vicariance still predominated, experienced some extinction owing to habitat loss by upland displacement. According to this model, the successive alternation of glacials and interglacials resulted in a net increase of diversity and endemism, favoured by the complex topography and habitat heterogeneity, which allowed high niche diversification. This model has some similarities with the Andean and Amazon modes of diversification, but the special topographical characteristics of the Guayana region made it different in other fundamental aspects. The Guayana Highlands would have acted as a ‘biodiversity pump’ for the surrounding inner and coastal lowlands, due to the repeated speciation and further spreading events, as a response to climate. Several working hypotheses are suggested in relation to the proposed model. The use of coordinated international multiproxy projects combining palaeoecology and genetic analysis of modern taxa is strongly encouraged for exploring these ideas.
Light microscopic identification and semiquantification of polyethylene particles in methylmethacrylate and paraffin‐embedded experimental bone implant specimens
Authors: RAHBEK O. , KOLD S. , OVERGAARD S. , SOBALLE K. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the identification of polyethylene (PE) particles in relatively thick methylmethacrylate (MMA) sections widely used in bone implant research. The sensitivity and specificity were compared between decalcified paraffin‐embedded oil red O (ORO) stained and MMA‐embedded sections using polarized light. Furthermore, we introduced a grading system to semiquantify the level of PE particles in peri‐implant tissue. Paraffin‐embedded and MMA‐embedded sections were compared concerning intra‐observer agreement of the grading system. Moreover, the semiquantitative assessment of particle level was compared between the two section types.We found a sensitivity and specificity of polarized light of 100% for both paraffin ORO‐stained and MMA sections. The intra‐observer agreement on both types was comparable and acceptable. The ratings of differently processed blocks (MMA‐ and paraffin‐embedded) originating from the same bone implant specimen showed good correlation.Our study showed that relatively thick MMA sections were just as suitable as ORO‐stained paraffin sections concerning peri‐implant PE particle migration analysis. MMA sections do not allow analysis at cellular level, but unbiased estimation of bone ingrowth into the implant surface based on stereological principles is possible.
Immobilization and condensation of DNA with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane studied by atomic force microscopy
Authors: LIU Z. , LI Z. , ZHOU H. , WEI G. , SONG Y. , WANG L. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryWe used different methods to modify a mica surface with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), and then used it as substrate to immobilize DNA for atomic force microscopy (AFM) observation. The evaporation method and solution modifying method were investigated and evaluated. The solution modifying method was found to be relatively simple and effective. Using an APTES solution‐modified mica surface, DNA immobilization appeared more reproducible and it could be imaged in liquid. The mixed solution of APTES and DNA was dropped directly onto the mica surface for AFM imaging. We found that DNA can condense in APTES water solutions. Toroids, rods and intermediate structures of condensation were captured by AFM.
Maternal body composition, offspring blood pressure and the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis
Authors: Phillips David I. W. , Bennett Franklyn I. , Wilks Rainford , Thame Minerva , Boyne Michael , Osmond Clive , Forrester Terrence E. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryWe tested the hypothesis that women who are thin or have poor pregnancy weight gain have offspring with higher blood pressure and examined whether this link is mediated by increased secretion of cortisol. We studied a cohort of 388 children born in Kingston, Jamaica. From hospital records we obtained information about their mother's body mass index (BMI) and weight gain during pregnancy. At age 8.5 years we measured the children's fasting plasma cortisol concentrations and blood pressure and assessed their mother's anthropometry. There were no relationships between the mother's BMI or weight gain during pregnancy and offspring blood pressure. However, mothers with a greater subscapular to triceps skinfold thickness ratio (SSTR) had offspring with higher blood pressure (5.6 mmHg systolic and 3.7 mmHg diastolic increase per unit change in SSTR, P = 0.002 and P = 0.008 respectively). Fasting plasma cortisol concentrations correlated with the children's systolic (r = 0.33, P < 0.0001) and diastolic pressures (r = 0.12, P = 0.02) independently of age, gender, weight or socio‐economic status and were also predicted by the mother's SSTR. These findings suggest that maternal truncal obesity rather than thinness is associated with raised blood pressure in the offspring, and that this link may be mediated by increased cortisol secretion.