bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
J. S. Furnivall and Fabianism: Reinterpreting the ‘Plural Society’ in Burma
Authors: PHAM JULIE 
Published: April 2005

Buried in an obscure journal published in Burma is a letter addressed to its readers commemorating the tenth anniversary of the publication. The editor had asked one of the publication's founders, a well-known former Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer turned progres-sive reformer, to pen a few lines. Years later, the writer achieved acclaim as an ardent supporter of Burmese nationalism and independence and one of the founding scholars of Burma and Southeast Asia studies. These were his words of inspiration to an audience that comprised mostly educated Burmese:Burma did not lose its independence because the rulers of Burma came into conflict with the British Empire, but because they had not sufficient wisdom to preserve their country; they did not know enough of Burma or of the outside world. And it will not again be capable of independence until Burmans know enough of Burma and of the outside world to guide its destinies.In essence, the Burmese were responsible for their own colonisation because they lacked ‘wisdom’ and only through gaining this elusive knowledge could they be free. This opinion was based on nearly three decades worth of first-hand observation of Burmese society. The author was J. S. Furnivall.
Carbohydrate localization on Gyrodactylus salaris and G. derjavini and corresponding carbohydrate binding capacity of their hosts Salmo salar and S. trutta
Authors: Jørndrup S. , Buchmann K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe congeners Gyrodactylus salaris and G. derjavini are specific ectoparasites of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and brown trout S. trutta, respectively. To elucidate the involvement of lectin–carbohydrate interactions in this host specificity, carbohydrates on the tegument of the two species and the corresponding lectin activity of their hosts have been studied. Carbohydrate composition on the tegument differed significantly between the two gyrodactylids. Three of four commercially available peroxidase-labelled lectins with primary affinity towards D-mannoside, D-GalNAc and L-fucose bound more strongly to G. derjavini than to G. salaris. Lectins with an affinity towards D-mannoside and D-GalNAc bound significantly stronger to the cephalic lobes on G. derjavini compared to the tegument and sheaths of the hamuli. One brown trout strain and three different salmon strains were tested for lectin activity in skin and plasma. Two Baltic salmon strains and one strain from the Atlantic region were included. Brown trout differed significantly from the salmon strains when skin samples were tested for D-GalNAc activity. Lectins binding to other carbohydrates showed trends for similar host differences. The implications of carbohydrate–lectin interactions for host specificity in gyrodactylids are discussed.
Accumulation of the precious metals platinum, palladium and rhodium from automobile catalytic converters in Paratenuisentis ambiguus as compared with its fish host, Anguilla anguilla
Authors: Zimmermann S. , von Bohlen A. , Messerschmidt J. , Sures B. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe platinum group metals (PGM) Pt, Pd and Rh are emitted into the environment mainly by catalytic exhaust gas converters of cars. As PGM accumulate in sediments of aquatic ecosystems, the study was focused on the uptake of the noble metals by European eels, Anguilla anguilla infected with the acanthocephalan Paratenuisentis ambiguus. Eels were exposed to ground catalytic converter material for six weeks. After exposure Pt and Pd were detected in the liver and kidney of the eels and in the parasites. Palladium was also found in fish muscle and intestine. No Rh uptake by the eel tissues and the parasites occurred. Paratenuisentis ambiguus contained the highest levels of both metals with 40 times higher Pt concentrations and four times higher Pd concentrations than the liver of its host. Due to its accumulation capacity for PGM, P. ambiguus can be applied as a sensitive accumulation indicator in field studies to assess the degree of environmental PGM contamination in aquatic ecosystems.
Host population density as the major determinant of endoparasite species richness in floodplain fishes of the upper Paraná River, Brazil
Authors: Takemoto R.M. , Pavanelli G.C. , Lizama M.A.P. , Luque J.L. , Poulin R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA comparative analysis of parasite species richness was performed across 53 species of fish from the floodplain of the upper Paraná River, Brazil. Values of catch per unit effort, CPUE (number of individuals of a given fish species captured per 1000 m2 of net during 24 h) were used as a rough measure of population density for each fish species in order to test its influence on endoparasite species richness. The effects of several other host traits (body size, social behaviour, reproductive behaviour, spawning type, trophic category, feeding habits, relative position in the food web, preference for certain habitats and whether the fish species are native or exotic) on metazoan endoparasite species richness were also evaluated. The CPUE was the sole significant predictor of parasite species richness, whether controlling for the confounding influences of host phylogeny and sampling effort or not. The results suggest that in the floodplain of the upper Paraná River (with homogeneous physical characteristics and occurrence of many flood pulses), population density of different host species might be the major determinant of their parasite species richness.
Parasitic zoonoses in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Owen I.L. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRelatively few species of zoonotic parasites have been recorded in humans in Papua New Guinea. A greater number of potentially zoonotic species, mostly nematodes, occur in animals but are yet to be reported from humans. Protozoa is the best represented group of those infecting man, with Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanesis, Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp., Entamoeba polecki, Balantidium coli and, possibly, Blastocystis hominis. The only zoonotic helminths infecting humans include the trematode Paragonimus westermani, the cestodes Hymenolepis nana, H. diminuta and the sparganum larva of Spirometra erinacea, and the nematodes Trichinella papuae and Angiostrongylus cantonensis and, possibly, Ascaris suum. Other groups represented are Acanthocephala (Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus)), insects (Chrysomya bezziana, Cimex sp., Ctenocephalides spp.), and mites (Leptotrombidium spp. and, possibly Sarcoptes scabiei, and Demodex sp.). One leech (Phytobdella lineata) may also be considered as being zoonotic. The paucity of zoonotic parasite species can be attributed to long historical isolation of the island of New Guinea and its people, and the absence until recent times of large placental mammals other than pig and dog. Some zoonotic helminths have entered the country with recent importation of domestic animals, in spite of quarantine regulations, and a few more (two cestodes, one nematode and one tick) are poised to enter from neighbouring countries, given the opportunity. Improvement in water supplies, human hygiene and sanitation would reduce the prevalence of many of these parasites, and thorough cooking of meat would lessen the risk of infection by some others.
Impact of health educational programmes on the prevalence of enterobiasis in schoolchildren in Thailand
Authors: Nithikathkul C. , Akarachantachote N. , Wannapinyosheep S. , Pumdonming W. , Brodsky M. , Sukthana Y. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractEnterobiasis is a worldwide prevalent disease particularly in low income areas. The budget needed for the prevention, treatment and eradication of the disease has thus far frustrated the limited budgets of global public health systems. A study was undertaken to determine if education in addition to medical treatment of enterobiasis could make a difference to the rates of infection. A total of 777 children (399 male and 378 female) from 11 elementary schools in five districts of Samut Prakan Province, Thailand were examined between December 2000 and March 2002. In five of the 11 schools studied, medical treatments were applied, followed by a programme of educating the children in the prevention of infection. Children in the remaining six schools received medical treatment only. The study showed a decrease in infections among children who received supplementary education. This decrease was significant in comparison to the decrease shown among children who received medical treatment only. The study therefore showed that educating high risk individuals played a key role in the prevention of enterobiasis.
Ants as first intermediate hosts of Mesocestoides on San Miguel Island, USA
Authors: Padgett K.A. , Boyce W.M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis study tested the hypotheses that ants (Formicidae) function as a first intermediate host of Mesocestoides (Cestoda: Mesocestoididae) and that deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) develop metacestode infections after ingesting cysticercoid or procercoid-infected ants. Field studies were conducted at an island fox (Urocyon littoralis littoralis) breeding facility located on San Miguel Island, California Channel Islands National Park, USA, where >40% of captive foxes were infected with adult Mesocestoides. Eight percent (8%) of deer mice at the fox pen site were infected with Mesocestoides metacestodes while none were infected at a distant site where foxes were absent (campground), thereby indicating the potential localized presence of a first intermediate host. To test whether ants from San Miguel Island contained Mesocestoides DNA, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assay was developed using nested primers that could detect a single hexacanth larva within pooled samples of ten ants. Ants (Lasius niger and Tapinoma sessile) collected near the fox breeding facility were tested using the nested-PCR assay. Seven of 223 pooled samples of L. niger (3.1%) and 2 of 84 pooled samples of T. sessile (2.4%) tested positive for Mesocestoides DNA, while none of the ants were positive at the campground site. Positive samples were sequenced and found to match DNA sequences from Mesocestoides obtained from island fox and deer mice. Finally, to determine whether ants function as a first intermediate host for Mesocestoides, colony-raised deer mice (n=47) were fed L. niger (n=3860) or T. sessile (n=339) collected from the San Miguel Island fox breeding facility. No mouse became infected with Mesocestoides metacestodes after ingesting ants. While both L. niger and T. sessile from SMI were positive for Mesocestoides DNA, they were not infective to deer mice in the laboratory.
A Typology of Orientations
Authors: Niedermayer Oskar , Westle Bettina 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIf the analogy between internationalized governance and domestic national governance is valid, there should be some parallels between the types or dimensions of orientations of public opinion at the international and national level. Accordingly, this chapter approaches the task of developing a typology of orientations towards internationalized governance by way of a critical review of the two main classifications of the dimensions of orientations towards political systems – that of ‘civic culture’ formulated by Almond and Verbena, and that of systems analysis developed by Easton. The chapter then extends this review to examine a third classification, which deals specifically with orientations towards the European Community.
Is There a European Identity?
Authors: Duchesne Sophie , Frognier André‐Paul 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter focuses on how far citizens of member‐states of the European Community consider themselves as belonging to a distinct political entity. Specifically, it focuses on the relationship between different levels of ‘belonging’, from the local to the European, and even the world level, and on the feeling of being a ‘European citizen’ or a ‘European’. The empirical evidence provided by ‘Eurobarometer’ public opinion survey data indicates clearly that it is too early to speak of the internationalization of identities. For the present, a ‘European identity’ is a vanguard phenomenon.
The View from EFTA
Authors: Aarebrot Frank , Berglund Sten , Weninger Thomas 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines public opinion regarding European Community integration in the five small but comparatively prosperous countries in the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The evidence reveals a split. On the one hand, there is the positive endorsement expressed in Austria, Finland and Sweden; on the other, there is the negative assessment expressed in Norway and Switzerland. This ambivalence confirms that the impact of centre‐periphery location is complex. Moreover, as the Norwegian and Swiss cases indicate, the centre‐periphery cleavage within countries is as relevant as that between countries to an understanding of support for internationalized governance.
Candidosis and aspergillosis as autopsy findings from 1994 to 2003
Authors: Schwesinger G. , Junghans D. , Schröder G. , Bernhardt H. , Knoke M. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryWe analysed the autopsy records of the Greifswald University Institute of Pathology (located in Eastern Germany) in respect of findings of candidosis and aspergillosis from 1994 to 2003. We also present eight immature aborted fetuses and premature infants with a mycosis. In a total of 2027 autopsies we found 164 cases of invasive candidosis and aspergillosis (8.1%) including a combination of both on four occasions. Other authors cited between 0.7 and 7.3%. In these 10 years in our material mycoses and in particular candidosis increased in spite of slightly decreased numbers of autopsies. The differences comparing the 5‐years periods (1994–98 and 1999–2003) are highly significant for both mycoses and candidosis. They are not significant for aspergillosis. A similar relationship was observed in the distribution of mycotic organs and causative origin for candidosis alone. In the last 5 years the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, including the peritoneum, were more frequently infected by Candida. Non‐haematological neoplasia and pneumonia as basic diseases more often appeared in cases of candidosis. All eight immature aborted fetuses and premature infants suffered from candidosis. The survey confirms the importance of autopsy as a tool for education and quality control in medical diagnostic and therapeutic activity in the field of mycoses, too.
Dermatophyte infections in the Ljubljana region, Slovenia, 1995–2002
Authors: Dolenc‐Voljč Mateja 
Published: April 2005

SummaryWe studied dermatophyte infections in patients, examined in the Mycological Laboratory of the Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana during the period 1995–2002. A total of 42 494 samples were collected from 33 974 patients suspected to have dermatomycosis. Dermatophytes were identified in 8286 (71.2%) positive cultures. Microsporum canis was the most frequent dermatophyte isolated (46.8%), followed by Trichophyton rubrum (36.7%), T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale (7.9%) and T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes (4.9%). Less frequently isolated were M. gypseum, T. verrucosum, Epidermophyton floccosum, T. tonsurans and T. violaceum. The most common dermatophyte infections included tinea corporis, onychomycosis, tinea pedis and tinea faciei. Zoophilic dermatophytes were most commonly recovered from children and adolescents with tinea capitis, tinea corporis and tinea faciei. Anthropophilic species were identified mostly in adults with tinea pedis, onychomycosis and tinea inguinalis. During the period studied, we recorded a decline in the rate of M. canis infections, while infections produced by T. rubrum increased in frequency.
Dysplastic naevi: To shave, or not to shave? A retrospective study of the use of the shave biopsy technique in the initial management of dysplastic naevi
Authors: Armour Katherine , Mann Stephen , Lee Stephen 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARYThe management of dysplastic naevi is a controversial subject. This study sought to assess the usefulness of the shave biopsy technique in the initial management of dysplastic naevi, and to demonstrate the advantages over the punch biopsy technique. We report a retrospective observational study of histopathology specimens examined in one histopathology practice over a 14‐month period. Patients who had a clinical diagnosis of ‘dysplastic naevus’, which had initially been biopsied using either a shave or punch biopsy, and then followed up with a full‐thickness elliptical excision, were included in the study. Histopathological concordance between the shave and punch biopsy specimens and their respective follow‐up elliptical excisions was compared. We found that 21 of 22 (95.5%) shave biopsies were concordant with their respective excision specimens, and that 29 of 41 (70.7%) punch biopsies were concordant with their respective elliptical excision specimens. Of the shave biopsy specimens reviewed, 66% showed that the dysplastic naevi were completely excised with the initial biopsy, compared with 21.2% of the punch biopsy specimens. These findings confirm that shave biopsies provide accurate diagnostic information in the assessment of dysplastic naevi. Shave biopsies enable the entire lesion to be submitted for histopathological assessment, improving the chances of an accurate diagnosis.
Rheumatoid nodules without arthritis
Authors: Hewitt Daniel , Cole Judith 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARYA 53‐year‐old man presented with firm, non‐tender subcutaneous nodules overlying his hands and elbows. These had been progressive in number and size over 7 years. Rheumatoid factor was negative but a biopsy was consistent with rheumatoid nodules. He has never had any joint symptoms and remains otherwise asymptomatic. Examination is unremarkable except for the nodules described. We believe this man has rheumatoid nodules with no evidence of arthritis.
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy: Current status
Authors: Ahmadi Sharareh , Powell Frank C 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARYPruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy is a common benign dermatosis of pregnancy that was described in 1979 as an intensely pruritic urticarial cutaneous eruption. This is a well‐defined clinical entity that mainly occurs in primigravidas in the third trimester, which resolves spontaneously or with delivery and is usually responsive to topical treatments. The aetiology of PUPPP is obscure. Histology is non‐specific, but consistently shows mild lymphohistiocytic perivascular inflammatory infiltrate with a variable number of eosinophils. Immunofluorescent studies are negative. The maternal and fetal prognosis are generally unaffected, and the condition is usually responsive to topical corticosteroids and oral antihistamines.
Lifestyle practices of Jordanian pregnant women
Authors: Gharaibeh M. , Al‐Ma’aitah R. , Al Jada N. 
Published: April 2005

Background:  Although many improvements have been made in the area of women's health in Jordan, women during pregnancy still face many health problems that put their lives at risk. This is evident in the relatively high Maternal Mortality Rate, anaemia, low birth weight and other problems related to their lifestyle practices during pregnancy (Jordanian Ministry of Health 1998).Purpose:  To describe the health‐promoting lifestyle behaviours of Jordanian pregnant women. The Maternal Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (MHPLP), based on the Health Promotion Model, was modified to measure maternal practices. A representative sample of 400 Jordanian pregnant women in their 20th week of gestation or beyond were recruited from five public Maternal and Child Health Centres in the city of Irbid, in the northern part of Jordan. The MHPLP measures six dimensions: physical activity, stress management, self‐actualization, nutrition, health responsibility and interpersonal support. Data were analysed by using descriptive analysis.Results:  The women reported high scores on health responsibility and self‐actualization, moderate scores on interpersonal support and nutrition, and low scores on physical activity and stress management behaviours.Conclusions and implications for policy, practice and research:  The findings have implications for the quality of care delivered through the maternal and child health services. Health promotion and healthy lifestyle need to be an integral part of health services provided for pregnant women. Further research is needed to develop an instrument that integrates the cultural beliefs relating to lifestyle practices of Jordanian pregnant women mainly in the areas of physical activities and stress management. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.
The production and consumption of bar iron in early modern England and Wales
Authors: KING PETER 
Published: April 2005

Errata. The Economic History Review 59: 1, 64 The production and consumption of bar iron in early modern England and Wales. An estimate made of the bar iron production in England shows two periods when production grew rapidly, 1540‐1620 and 1785‐1810. Both of these were related to the adoption of new technology‐the finery forge in the first case, and potting and stamping and then puddling in the second. Imports of iron from Spain declined sharply after 1540, but those from Sweden became significant from the mid‐seventeenth century, and those from Russia after 1730. Consumption grew rapidly in the late sixteenth century, and again during the eighteenth. Hence, the industrial revolution was the culmination of a long period of growth.
Evaluation of soluble benzene migration in the Uinta Basin
Authors: ZHANG Y. , PERSON M. , MERINO E. , SZPAKIEWCZ M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractField sampling and mathematical modeling are used to study the long‐distance transport and attenuation of petroleum‐derived benzene in the Uinta Basin, Utah. Benzene concentration was measured from oil and oil field formation waters of the Altamont‐Bluebell and Pariette Bench oil fields in the basin. It was also measured from springs located in the regional groundwater discharge areas, hydraulically down‐gradient from the oil fields sampled. The average benzene concentration in oils and co‐produced waters is 1946 and 4.9 ppm at the Altamont‐Bluebell field and 1533 and 0.6 ppm at the Pariette Bench field, respectively. Benzene concentration is below the detection limit in all springs sampled. Mathematical models are constructed along a north–south trending transect across the basin through both fields. The models represent groundwater flow, heat transfer and advective/dispersive benzene transport in the basin, as well as benzene diffusion within the oil reservoirs. The coupled groundwater flow and heat transfer model is calibrated using available thermal and hydrologic data. We were able to reproduce the observed excess fluid pressure within the lower Green River Formation and the observed convective temperature anomalies across the northern basin. Using the computed best‐fit flow and temperature, the coupled transport model simulates water washing of benzene from the oil reservoirs. Without the effect of benzene attenuation, dissolved benzene reaches the regional groundwater discharge areas in measurable concentration (>0.01 ppm); with attenuation, benzene concentration diminishes to below the detection limit within 1–4 km from the reservoirs. Attenuation also controls the amount of water washing over time. In general, models that represent benzene attenuation in the basin produce results more consistent with field observations.