bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Transmission Through Bone Graft Material Derived From Bovine Bone Used for Dental Applications
Authors: Sogal A. , Tofe A.J. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Several commercial products are currently available for clinical application as bone graft substitutes. These products can be broadly classified into two categories: synthetic and natural. Bovine bone is a popular source for several of the natural bone substitutes. The availability of bovine derived xenogenic bone substitutes has made it possible to avoid traumatic and expensive secondary surgery to obtain autogenous bone once thought essential for effective bone replacement. While autogenous bone still remains the undisputed “gold standard” in bone grafting, the realization that bone requirement in several clinical applications is as effectively met by xenografts has lead to their widespread use. But the convenience of using xenografts is tempered by the possibility of disease transmission from cattle to humans. The recent incidents of bovine spongiform encephalopathies (BSE) in humans have underscored this likelihood. In this paper, we report a risk analysis performed to assess the possibility of such disease transmission from a commercially available bone graft substitute (BGS) that is popularly used in clinical dentistry.Methods: An extensive review of current literature on the status of risk assessment of BSE transmission was conducted, and two risk assessment models were identified as applicable to the present study. Risk assessment models developed by the German Federal Ministry of Health and by the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers Association of America were applied to BGS.Results: Results from the analyses conducted using both models showed that the risk of disease (BSE) transmission from BGS was negligible and could be attributed to the stringent protocols followed in sourcing and processing of the raw bovine bone used in the commercial product.Conclusions: Based on the risk analysis, it is evident that the risk of BSE infection from BGS is several orders of magnitude less than that posed by the risk of death related to, lightning, tornadoes, or similar remote events. However, this low risk can only be maintained as long as an effective and active risk management program is implemented in operations that involve processing xenogenic tissue for human use. J Periodontol 1999;70:1053‐1063.
Age‐Dependent Changes in the Distribution of BrdU‐ and TUNEL‐Positive Cells in the Murine Gingival Tissue
Authors: Sakai Takako , Kiyoshima Tamotsu , Kobayashi Leyoshi , Moroi Ryoji , Ibuki Teiichi , Nagadome Mieko , Terada Yoshihiro , Sakai Hidetaka 
Published: February 2005

Background: Age‐dependent morphological and cell kinetic changes of the gingival tissue seem to be related to the occurrence of periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the age‐dependent changes in the distribution of BrdU‐ and TUNEL‐positive cells in murine gingival tissue.Methods: Gingival tissue of the lower first molar region of 2‐, 3‐, 5‐, 7‐, 10‐, 15‐, 20‐, 30‐, 40‐, 50‐, 60‐, 70‐ and 80‐week‐old mice was used in this study. BrdU‐ and TUNEL‐positive cells were evaluated at the following 4 sites: 1) gingival epithelium (GE); 2) junctional epithelium (JE); 3) submucosal connective tissue of the gingival epithelium (GECT); and 4) submucosal connective tissue of the junctional epithelium (JECT).Results: No significant differences in the mean number of BrdU‐positive cells at each site were demonstrated among the various age groups. No significant change in the mean number of TUNEL‐positive cells was demonstrated in either the GE or JE groups among the various age groups. Meanwhile, a significant increase in the TUNEL‐positive cells was observed in the GECT of mice 40 weeks or older, and in the JECT of mice 20 weeks or older.Conclusions: These results indicate that no age‐dependent change in the cell proliferation or cell death occurred in the gingival and junctional epithelial layers as well as in the cell proliferation in the submucosal connective tissue. Meanwhile, a significant decrease in the cellular component of the submucosal connective tissue of both gingival and junctional epithelial layers caused by apoptosis occurred with aging. The decreased cellular component in the submucosal connective tissue thus seems to be related to either gingival recession or to the apical migration of the JE with aging. These morphological changes with aging possibly occur in humans and may be related to the susceptibility to periodontal disease in aged individuals. J Periodontol 1999;70:973‐981.
Levels of Leukotriene B4 and Platelet Activating Factor in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Renal Transplant Patients Receiving Cyclosporine A
Authors: Emingil Gülnur , Çoker Işil , Atilla Gül , Hüseyinov Afig 
Published: February 2005

Background: Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressant effectively used to prevent organ transplant rejection and also to treat several systemic diseases. CsA‐induced gingival overgrowth (CsA GO) is the most widely seen side effect of this drug; its pathogenesis is not completely understood. The aim of the present study was to identify the role of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and platelet activating factor (PAF) in the pathogenesis of CsA GO.Methods: LTB4 and PAF levels were detected in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples from renal transplant patients receiving CsA therapy and exhibiting CsA GO, from patients with gingivitis and from periodontally healthy subjects. Plaque index, papilla bleeding index, and hyperplastic index were recorded at each study site. GCF samples and clinical data were obtained from: 2 sites exhibiting CsA GO (CsA GO+) and 2 sites not exhibiting CsA GO (CsA GO–) in each CsA‐treated patient; 2 diseased sites in each patient with gingivitis; and 2 healthy sites in each subject with clinically healthy periodontium. LTB4 was extracted from the samples by solid‐phase method using C18 cartridge and purified by high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method and analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA). PAF was extracted from GCF samples passing through amberlit resin columns, purified by HPLC, and analyzed by RIA.Results: Total amounts of LTB4 and PAF in GCF were higher in CsA GO+ sites compared to the healthy sites from healthy controls. However, the amount of LTB4 and PAF elevation in CsA GO+ sites was not significantly higher than those in diseased sites. Clinical degrees of gingival inflammation were also similar between CsA GO+ and diseased sites. LTB4 and PAF total amounts in GCF were higher in CsA GO+ sites compared to CsA GO– sites in the same subjects, but this difference just failed to reach significance. Similar findings were obtained with concentration data.Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that CsA therapy does not have a significant effect on GCF LTB4 and PAF levels and that gingival inflammation seems to be the main reason for their elevation. In CsA‐treated patients, alterations in LTB4 and PAF levels might play a role in CsA GO through some asyet unknown mechanism. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the levels of lipid mediators in GCF of CsA‐treated patients. We assume that further studies will contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of CsA‐induced gingival overgrowth. J Periodontol 2000;71:50‐57.
Repeated Metronidazole and Amoxicillin Treatment of Periodontitis. A Follow‐Up Study
Authors: López Néstor J. , Gamonal Jorge A. , Martinez Benjamin 
Published: February 2005

Background: The prevailing concept is that little or no clear benefit is derived from antibiotic therapy in chronic periodontitis. Studies to determine the effect of metronidazole plus amoxicillin (M+A) on adult periodontitis are questionable because standard design for clinical trials was usually not used. In addition, there is no information about the effect of M+A as the sole therapy for periodontitis.Methods: A randomized, triple‐blind, controlled clinical trial was used to determine the effect of systemic administration of M+A, as the sole therapy, in progressive adult periodontitis. Forty‐six subjects with moderate to advanced adult periodontitis who showed ≥2 mm attachment loss in at least 2 sites in the previous 2 months were entered in the study. Subjects were randomly distributed to a group who received 21 tablets of metronidazole 250 mg plus amoxicillin 500 mg, or to a group receiving a placebo (1 tablet every 8 hours for 1 week). Patients were examined every 2 months for 12 months. The M+A or placebo regimen was repeated at 4 and 8 months. No effort was made to change the oral habits of patients and they received no additional therapy. Differences between groups were assessed using the Mann‐Whitney U test. The differences at every 2‐month interval within each group were assessed using the ANOVA test.Results: Seven subjects abandoned the study; at 12 months the M+A group had 20 subjects and the placebo group 19. There were no significant differences in the clinical parameters at baseline between the 2 groups. After 2 months and thereafter, the M+A group showed significant clinical improvement while the placebo group showed a progressive deterioration of periodontal status. At 12 months compared to baseline, subjects of the M+A group showed: 1) a significant overall mean attachment gain of 0.43 mm (P = 0.005); 2) a significant decrease of active sites (P ≤0.03); 3) a significant increase of sites gaining attachment level (P ≤0.01); 4) a significant reduction of pocket depth (P ≤0.00006); and 5) a significant decrease in percentage of bleeding on probing sites (BOP) (P ≤0.0005). Significant differences between both groups at all 2‐month evaluations were found in overall mean attachment level (P ≤0.000004), in percent of active sites (P ≤0.03), and in percent of BOP sites (P ≤0.02). Sites exhibiting ≥2 mm of attachment loss in 2 successive or alternate evaluations, and periodontal abscess were noticed only in the placebo group.Conclusions: A 1‐week course of systemic M+A every 4 months, as the only therapy, arrests the progression of adult periodontitis and significantly improves the clinical parameters of the disease. J Periodontol 2000;71:79‐89.
Treatment of Peri‐Implant Defects With Combination Growth Factor Cement
Authors: Meraw Stephen J. , Reeve Charles M. , Lohse Christine M. , Sioussat Tracy M. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The use of growth factor agents in the regeneration of oral tissues is an area of current investigation. Combinations of growth factors have been used synergistically to improve tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a combination growth factor cement (GFC) on guided bone regeneration around dental implants.Methods: A combination of bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2), transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was used in a bioabsorbable, non‐hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate cement. Five adult hound dogs were used to compare the effects of GFC, plain cement, and control (no cement). The right and left second, third, and fourth mandibular premolar teeth were extracted; the implant osteotomies were prepared; and a uniform circumferential gap was prepared 1.5 mm beyond the width of the implant in the coronal half of the osteotomy for cement placement. Titanium machine‐polished dental implants were placed in the prepared sites, and coronal defects were treated according to previously randomized, assigned modality. A bioabsorbable collagen membrane was secured over the control site, and the flaps were closed primarily. The dogs were maintained on a soft diet to avoid soft tissue trauma. The dogs were sacrificed at 3 months. The specimens were sectioned, mounted, and stained with Stevenel's blue and van Gieson's picric fuchsin. The boneto‐implant contact and bone 1 mm peripheral to the implant surface were recorded with a computerized microscopic digitizer.Results: The findings of this study indicate a significant effect of GFC on increased bone‐to‐implant contact and amount of bone per surface area compared with the other treatment modalities (P <0.0009). Plain cement demonstrated slight but nonsignificant increases compared with the control (P >0.05).Conclusions: GFC increases bone‐to‐implant contact and bone surface area within peri‐implant defects. Further studies may be beneficial to determine the feasibility of its use for other regenerative applications. J Periodontol 2000;71:8‐13.
Intraoral Fluoride Releasing Device: A New Clinical Therapy for Dentine Sensitivity
Authors: Marini Ida , Checchi Luigi , Vecchiet Federico , Spiazzi Luigi 
Published: February 2005

Background: Dentinal sensitivity (DS) occurs frequently in adult populations in western countries. The purpose of this work was to assess the effectiveness of a new intraoral fluoride releasing device (IFRD) in reducing the level of pain in patients with primary or postsurgical dentine sensitivity.Methods: A total of 49 individuals were selected for this study, 15 of whom had post‐periodontal surgery dentine sensitivity and 34 with primary sensitivity. An IFRD was applied to 39, while 10 received a placebo device. All individuals in the control group suffered from primary sensitivity. The IFRD used in this study consists of sodium fluoride encased in an acrylic polymer which releases fluoride at a rate of approximately 0.04 mg/day. All patients were asked to rinse with cold water (10°C) and to indicate the level of pain on a 0 to 10 visual analog scale, 0 equalling “no pain” and 10 “maximum bearable pain.” All subjects were evaluated once a week during 4 months. Statistical analysis of dentine sensitivity was performed as a univariate study, in relation to the main factors: age, gender, and primary sensitivity or postsurgical etiology.Results: Symptoms decreased dramatically in all treated patients. The level of sensitivity did not change during the first week after IFRD application, but decreased significantly within the fourth week and remained absent through the duration of the treatment (P <0.01). Difference in sensitivity with respect to different etiology was significant only after 4 weeks (P = 0.01), while there was no statistical difference with respect to age or gender.Conclusions: This paper is an initial study to evaluate the effectiveness of the IFRD. The method is fast, painless, inexpensive, and it appears to be suitable as a routine treatment. The presented data support the conclusions at this stage and warrant more comprehensive evaluation. J Periodontol 2000; 71:90‐95.
Elevation of Systemic Markers Related to Cardiovascular Diseases in the Peripheral Blood of Periodontitis Patients
Authors: Loos Bruno G. , Craandijk Jeroen , Hoek Frans J. , Dillen Paulien M.E. Wertheim‐van , Van Der Velden Ubele 
Published: February 2005

Background: Periodontitis is a common, often undiagnosed, chronic infection of the supporting tissues of the teeth, epidemiologically associated with cardiovascular diseases. Since Creactive protein (CRP) and other systemic markers of inflammation have been identified as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, we investigated whether these factors were elevated in periodontitis.Methods: Consecutive adult patients with periodontitis (localized n = 53; generalized n = 54), and healthy controls (n = 43), all without any other medical disorder, were recruited and peripheral blood samples were taken.Results: Patients with generalized periodontitis and localized periodontitis had higher median CRP levels than controls (1.45 and 1.30 versus 0.90 mg/L, respectively, p = 0.030); 52% of generalized periodontitis patients and 36% of the localized periodontitis patients were sero‐positive for interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), compared to 26% of controls (p = 0.008). Plasma IL‐6 levels were higher in periodontitis patients than in controls (p = 0.015). Leukocytes were also elevated in generalized periodontitis (7.0 × 109/L) compared to localized periodontitis and controls (6.0 and 5.8 × 109/L, respectively, p = 0.002); this finding was primarily explained by higher numbers of neutrophils in periodontitis (p = 0.001). IL‐6 and CRP correlated with each other, and both CRP and IL‐6 levels correlated with neutrophils. The current findings for periodontitis were controlled for other known factors associated with cardiovascular diseases, including age, education, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, cholesterol, and sero‐positivity for CMV, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Helicobacter pylori.Conclusions: Periodontitis results in higher systemic levels of CRP, IL‐6, and neutrophils. These elevated inflammatory factors may increase inflammatory activity in atherosclerotic lesions, potentially increasing the risk for cardiac or cerebrovascular events. J Periodontol 2000;71:1528‐1534.
Identification of Periodontal Pathogens in Atheromatous Plaques
Authors: Haraszthy V.I. , Zambon J.J. , Trevisan M. , Zeid M. , Genco R.J. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Recent studies suggest that chronic infections including those associated with periodontitis increase the risk for coronary vascular disease (CVD) and stroke. We hypothesize that oral microorganisms including periodontal bacterial pathogens enter the blood stream during transient bacteremias where they may play a role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis leading to CVD.Methods: To test this hypothesis, 50 human specimens obtained during carotid endarterectomy were examined for the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae, human cytomegalovirus, and bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA using specific oligonucleotide primers in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Approximately 100 ng of chromosomal DNA was extracted from each specimen and then amplified using standard conditions (30 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 55°C, and 30 seconds at 72°C). Bacterial 16S rDNA was amplified using 2 synthetic oligonucleotide primers specific for eubacteria. The PCR product generated with the eubacterial primers was transferred to a charged nylon membrane and probed with digoxigenin‐labeled synthetic oligonucleotides specific for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia.Results: Eighty percent of the 50 endarterectomy specimens were positive in 1 or more of the PCR assays. Thirty‐eight percent were positive for HCMV and 18% percent were positive for C. pneumoniae. PCR assays for bacterial 16S rDNA also indicated the presence of bacteria in 72% of the surgical specimens. Subsequent hybridization of the bacterial 16S rDNA positive specimens with species‐specific oligonucleotide probes revealed that 44% of the 50 atheromas were positive for at least one of the target periodontal pathogens. Thirty percent of the surgical specimens were positive for B. forsythus, 26% were positive for P. gingivalis, 18% were positive for A. actinomycetemcomitans, and 14% were positive for P. intermedia. In the surgical specimens positive for periodontal pathogens, more than 1 species was most often detected. Thirteen (59%) of the 22 periodontal pathogen‐positive surgical specimens were positive for 2 or more of the target species.Conclusions: Periodontal pathogens are present in atherosclerotic plaques where, like other infectious microorganisms such as C. pneumoniae, they may play a role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis leading to coronary vascular disease and other clinical sequelae. J Periodontol 2000;71:1554‐1560.
Some Effects of Non‐Surgical Therapy on Gingival Inflammatory Cell Subsets in Patients With Adult and Early‐Onset Periodontitis
Authors: Kleinfelder Jörg W. , Lange Dieter E. , Böcker Werner 
Published: February 2005

Background: Limited information is available to determine if there is a distinction in local cellular immunity between adult and early‐onset periodontitis. Furthermore, the effect of scaling and root planing on various lymphocyte subsets is sparsely described.Methods: Clinical measurements were recorded and gingival biopsies were performed before and after scaling and root planing in 10 subjects with adult (AP) and in 10 with early‐onset periodontitis (EOP).The specimens were cut into serial sections and, using the alkaline phosphatase‐anti‐alkaline phosphatase technique, monoclonal antibodies to CD20 (B‐cells), CD30 (plasma cells), and CD45RO (T‐memory cells) were applied, as well as polyclonal antibodies to alpha, gamma, and mu chains (Ig A, G, and M). Areas showing the largest infiltration cells were counted.Results: Mean counts of all cell phenotypes in the AP versus the EOP group did not show any significant differences before therapy (P >0.05). Following scaling and root planing, numbers of all phenotypes decreased in both groups. Comparing the data before and after therapy, P values were >0.05 in the AP group, except for IgA‐positive cells. In the EOP group, the differences before and after therapy reached statistical signifi‐cance (P <0.05) for all cell counts, except for IgM‐positive cells. Furthermore, reduction of probing depth and gain of clinical attachment reached the 0.05 level of statistical significance only in EOP subjects.Conclusions: Local cellular immunity in patients with adult onset periodontitis does not appear to differ from the immune response in patients with early onset periodontitis. Scaling and root planing causes a decrease in the inflammatory cells subsets tested, however, this decline seems to be more pronounced in EOP than in AP subjects. J Periodontol 2000;71:1561‐1566.