bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro concentrative accumulation of D-xylose by jejunum from horses and rabbits
Authors: Freeman David E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Accumulation of d-xylose by jejunal mucosa from healthy horses and rabbits was studied in vitro. When tissue sheets were incubated with 1 mM d-xylose for 60 minutes, mucosa from horses and rabbits accumulated d-xylose against a concentration gradient. There was no accumulation when equine specimens were incubated with 5 mM d-xylose. By comparison, equine jejunum accumulated d-glucose against a concentration gradient when incubated in 5 mM D-glucose. In equine and rabbit jejunum, 13.3 ± 7.0% and 36 ± 11.0%, respectively, of accumulated Dxylose was phosphorylated when sheets were incubated in 1 mM d-xylose. Short-circuit current and potential difference were lower in equine jejunum than in rabbit jejunum, possibly because of differences in tissue thickness. None of the transmucosal electrical measurements increased after addition of d-xylose (1 mM and 5 mM) or d-glucose (5 mM).
The active transport system for d-xylose has a low affinity for this sugar and becomes saturated at low intraluminal concentrations. Therefore, abnormal d-xylose absorption test results in horses are more likely caused by abnormalities in mucosal surface area and mucosal permeability than by abnormalities of nutrient carbohydrate absorption.
Penetration of danofloxacin into the respiratory tract tissues and secretions in calves
Authors: Friis Christian 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pharmacokinetic determinants of danofloxacin (1.25 mg/kg of body weight, iv) and its penetration into the respiratory tract tissues were studied in sixteen 4- to 6-week-old calves. The disposition curve was best described by an open 3-compartment model. Mean elimination half-life was 7.4 hours and the steady-state volume of distribution was 4.3 L/kg. The large volume of distribution was confirmed by a rapid and high penetration of the drug into respiratory tract tissues and secretions. In all structures (lung tissue, bronchial mucosa, bronchial secretions, and nasal secretions), danofloxacin concentration peaked 1 hour after drug administration. The area under the curve ratio for concentrations in tissue or secretions to concentrations in plasma was approximately 5 for lung tissue, 3 for bronchial mucosa, 0.85 for bronchial secretions, and 0.42 for nasal secretions. Protein binding of danofloxacin was 49% in plasma, 31% in bronchial secretions, and 14% in nasal secretions, resulting in consistently higher free danoflaxacin concentrations in bronchial secretions than in plasma. Accumulation of danofloxacin within bronchial mucosa and the high concentration of free drug in bronchial secretions suggested that an active process may be involved in the transport of danofloxacin across the airway epithelium. The dose of danofloxacin administered provided drug concentrations above the minimal inhibitory concentration of common respiratory pathogens for up to 12 hours in bronchial mucosa, up to 8 hours in bronchial secretions, and up to 4 hours in nasal secretions.
Functional variation in endogenous and exogenous immunoglobulin binding to bovine neutrophils relative to parturition
Authors: Berning Leanne M. , Paape Max J. , Peters Robert R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Ten healthy first- and second-lactation Holstein cows were observed from 1 week before to 1 week after calving and at postpartum day 30 to determine polymorphonuclear neutrophil (pmn) functional variation and immunoglobulin binding profiles. Blood and mammary pmn were obtained 3 times weekly and within 24 hours of calving. Functional traits measured included phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and in vitro chemotaxis through micropore filters in a Boyden chamber. Additionally, pmn were evaluated for endogenous binding of IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM before and after in vitro chemotaxis. Exogenous binding of the same isotypes was determined after incubation in pooled colostrum, purified immunoglobulin, and pooled sera. Phagocytosis results indicated a significant and transient increase in percentage of milk pmn with associated, rather than phagocytosed, bacteria for 1 week after calving. Blood pmn phagocytosis was not significantly different during this period. Though total chemotaxis was essentially unchanged, the percentage of pmn that were unable to complete migration increased substantially on the day of calving, an effect that disappeared by postpartum day 4. A significant (P < 0.01) positive correlation (r = 0.29) between percentage of pmn migrating completely through the micropore filter and percentage of blood pmn with associated bacteria was observed. Changes were not observed in endogenous immunoglobulin binding, with the exception of a peak in relative fluorescence intensity for IgG1 on the day of calving; this disappeared within 2 days after calving. Correlations between relative intensities of IgG2 and IgM, and percentage of mammary neutrophils phagocytosing were 0.37 and 0.70. Exogenous binding of antibody to blood neutrophils before chemotaxis was generally accomplished most effectively by pooled colostrum, whereas use of pooled sera markedly reduced binding and percentage and intensity of IgM in all cases. Binding of all isotypes was slightly higher before than after calving. Incubation of blood neutrophils in isotypes G1, G2, A, and M after chemotaxis yielded lower immunoglobulin binding among all isotypes, particularly IgM. Fluctuations in neutrophil function were observed immediately around parturition, and these changes correlated strongly with endogenous immunoglobulin-binding profiles.
Comparison of 0.9, 3.6, and 7.2% NaCl for correction of experimentally induced hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis in sheep
Authors: Ward J. L. , Smith D. F. , Fubini S. L. , Gröhn Y. T. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Nine adult female sheep were each surgically fitted with an Ivan and Johnston reentrant cannula in the cranial part of the duodenum just distal to the pylorus. By diversion (loss) of abomasal outflow, this model has been shown to consistently induce hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, accompanied by hyponatremia and dehydration. Each sheep was subjected to 3 treatment trials, each preceded by a 24-hour prediversion period, and a diversion period during which a syndrome of hypochloremia (68 ± 2 mEq/L), hypokalemia, hyponatremia, and metabolic alkalosis was induced.
Development of this syndrome was attributable to losses of large amounts of acid and electrolytes in the abomasal effluent. Mean total electrolyte contents of the effluent were: Cl−, 650 ± 27 mEq; Na+, 388 ± 23 mEq; and K+, 123 ± 12 mEq, with total volume loss ranging from 3.6 to 10.0 L of gastric contents and pH ranging from 3 to 5. Decreases in plasma electrolyte concentrations also can be attributed to decreased intake, because anorexia developed shortly after the onset of diversion. Electrolyte losses in urine during diversion were minimal for Cl− (mean ± sem, 12.0 ± 5.1 mEq), but were greater for Na+ (124.2 ± 14.5 mEq) and K+ (185.1 ± 31.2 mEq).
Treatments consisted of 0.9% NaCl (300 mosm/L), 3.6% NaCl (1,200 mosm/L), and 7.2% NaCl (2,400 mosm/L) administered over a 2-hour period, with the administered volume determined by the estimated total extracellular fluid Cl− deficit. Significant difference was not found among treatments, with all solutions resulting in return of clinicopathologic and physical variables to prediversion values within 12 hours of treatment. We concluded that rapid iv replacement of Cl−, with small volumes of hypertonic saline solution, is safe and effective for correction of experimentally induced hypochloremic, hypokalemic, metabolic alkalosis in sheep.
Normal laparoscopic anatomy of the bovine abdomen
Authors: Anderson David Edgar , Gaughan Earl Michael , St.-Jean Guy 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Three laparoscopic procedures were performed on each of 6 adult Jersey cows in the first trimester of gestation to describe normal laparoscopic anatomy of the bovine abdomen. Also, a technique for laparoscopy of the cranioventral portion of the abdomen was described. Right paralumbar fossa, left paralumbar fossa, and cranioventral midline laparoscopy were performed 72 hours apart on each cow. Physical examination findings, cbc, serum biochemical analysis, and peritoneal fluid analysis before and 72 hours after the first surgery were used to assess the effects of the procedures on the cows. Exploratory celiotomy was performed 2 weeks after the last laparoscopy. The cows were then reexamined 6 weeks after the last procedure. The t-test for paired data was used for statistical analysis; the level of significance was P < 0.05. Laparoscopy was performed without complication in all cows. Adverse effects of laparoscopy, individually or serially, were not observed. Significant differences were not found between cbc, serum biochemical, and peritoneal fluid variables taken before and 72 hours after surgery.
Consequences of dose-dependent immunosuppression by progesterone on parasitic worm burdens in lambs
Authors: Fleming Michael W. , Gamble H. Ray 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Eighteen female lambs with prior exposure to Haemonchus contortus infections were ovariectomized and assigned to 1 of 3 replacement regimens: 0, 25, or 250 mg of progesterone/d delivered im. After 3 weeks of hormonal treatment, all lambs were inoculated with 100,000 infective larvae of H contortus. After 8 weeks of hormonal treatment, a blastogenic assay was performed on blood lymphocyte populations, and the abomasum from each lamb was obtained for larval and adult worm recoveries of H contortus. Lambs of the 25 mg of progesterone group had significantly (P < 0.05) reduced blastogenic response to concanavalin A and greater adult and larval populations, compared with controls. Lambs of the 250 mg of progesterone group had worm burdens and lymphocyte blastogenesis values intermediate between those of the other treatment groups.
Cefazolin antibacterial activity and concentrations in serum and the surgical wound in dogs
Authors: Rosin Eberhard , Uphoff Timothy S. , Schultz-Darken Nancy J. , Collins Michael T. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
An antibiotic selected for surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis must be present in the surgical site throughout the operation in concentration sufficient to prevent growth of contaminating pathogens. The antimicrobial spectrum, minimal toxicity, and low cost of cefazolin make this first-generation cephalosporin a logical choice for antimicrobial prophylaxis in small animal surgical procedures in which the normal microbiologic flora of skin and gastrointestinal tract are the most likely pathogens. Pharmacokinetic variables of cefazolin were determined in serum and surgical wounds in dogs. Drug concentration in interstitial fluid of muscle biopsy specimens taken at random from wound surfaces and in postoperative wound fluid samples were determined. Effective surgical wound concentration of cefazolin was defined as 4 μg/ml, a concentration that inhibited the growth in vitro of 100% of staphylococcal and 80% of Escherichia coli clinical isolates. After iv and sc administrations, cefazolin equilibrated rapidly between serum and the surgical wound, and concentrations in the 2 sites decreased in parallel. With a bolus dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight given iv at the beginning of surgery and repeated by sc administration at 6 hours, cefazolin concentration in the surgical wound remained > 4 μg/ml for longer than 12 hours.
Antigen-capture enzyme immunoassay for detection of avian influenza virus in turkeys
Authors: Kodihalli S. , Sivanandan V. , Nagaraja K. V. , Goyal S. M. , Halvorson D. A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A double-antibody sandwich elisa (das-elisa) was developed for detection of avian influenza virus (aiv) antigen. A monoclonal antibody to the viral nucleoprotein (np) was used to coat the elisa plates. A direct das-elisa and an indirect das-elisa were evaluated. In the direct das-elisa, monoclonal antibody to the aiv np conjugated with horseradish peroxidase was used. The direct das-elisa was evaluated for its sensitivity to detect purified np; this procedure detected as little as 0.1 ng. In the indirect das-elisa, rabbit np antibody and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobin were used as primary and secondary antibodies, respectively. The indirect das-elisa was evaluated for its ability to detect the aiv antigen in tracheal and cloacal specimens from turkeys inoculated with aiv. Results of indirect das-elisa were compared with those of conventional virus isolation. Percentage agreement between indirect das-elisa and virus isolation in aiv-positive samples was found to be 76.1% and, in aiv-negative samples, it was found to be 82.1%. These results in dicate that the das-elisa might be a viable alternative to virus isolation because of its rapidity, compared with virus isolation.
Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations and clinical abnormalities in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived neonatal foals given endotoxin
Authors: Allen Gary K. , Green Eleanor M. , Robinson Julie A. , Garner Harold E. , Loch Wayne E. , Walsh Donald M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We examined the effect of infusion of lipopolysaccharide (lps) on serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfα) concentration and clinical attitude in 2- to 3-day-old colostrum-fed (cf) and colostrum-deprived (cd) foals. Eleven cf and 8 cd neonatal foals were given a bolus IV infusion of Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharide (0.5 µg kg of body weight) in sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Four cf and 2 cd foals were given saline solution alone. Serum IgG concentration and serum anti-lps IgG(T) antibody titer were determined for each foal prior to infusion. A depression index was used to score clinical abnormalities. Serum tnfα concentration was estimated by use of an in vitro cytotoxicity bioassay that used WEHI 164 clone 13 cells as targets. The cytotoxic serum factor was identified as tnfα by immunoprecipitation with caprine antisera raised against the 15 NH2- terminal amino acids of human tnfα. Tumor necrosis factor alpha was not detected in any preiniusion serum samples nor in any samples from foals given saline solution alone. Serum tnfα concentration increased in all lps-infused foals and peaked between 60 and 90 minutes after infusion. Serum tnfα concentrations, expressed as mean percentage of peak serum tnfα concentration, persisted longer in cd foals given lps than in cf foals given lps. All lps-infused foals displayed clinical signs of endotoxemia, but mean depression index scores of the cf and cd foals given lps were not significantly different at any time. Serum tnfα concentrations were correlated with depression index scores in both lps-infused groups. Mean rectal temperature increased by 1 hour and remained high for 4 hours after infusion in cf foals given lps. Mean rectal temperature in cd foals given lps was significantly less than that for cf foals given lps 1 and 2 hours after infusion and was higher than mean rectal temperature prior to infusion 3 and 4 hours after infusion. Neither preinfusion total serum IgG concentration nor serum anti-lps IgG(T) antibody titer correlated with peak serum tnfα concentration in the 19 lps-infused foals.
Effect of estradiol administration and subsequent nonfeeding on liver estrogen receptor, serum apolipoprotein B-100, and serum triglycerides concentrations in steers
Authors: Katoh Norio , Minoura Seijiro , Uchida Eiji , Takahashi Kiyoshi 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Estradiol was administered to 3 steers (0.12 mg/kg of body weight/d for 14 consecutive days), followed by 2 days of nonfeeding (starvation). During estradiol administration, liver nuclear estrogen receptor and serum apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100), as well as serum triglycerides concentrations were increased, compared with values before administration. Starvation, together with interruption of estradiol administration, resulted in rapid decreases of the receptor, serum apoB-100, and serum triglycerides concentrations, and increase of nonesterified fatty acids concentration. Of the 3 steers, 2 had higher liver triglyceride content, compared with values before treatment. In the control group (3 steers that received vehicle alone, then starved similarly), these concentrations, except for serum nonesterified fatty acids and triglycerides concentrations after starvation, were not changed. In another experiment, serum apoB-100 concentration in dairy cows was significantly (P< 0.05) lower at parturition than values before and after parturition. These results indicate that estradiol may be involved in development of fatty liver in cattle.
Guidelines for animal surgery in research and teaching
Authors: Brown Marilyn J. , Pearson Phillip T. , Tomson Farol N. 
Published: January 2024

Executive Summary
The direct or delegated authority for activities involving animals used in research and teaching programs lies with the attending veterinarian. These duties and responsibilities cannot be abrogated by others in the organization. The veterinarian is the single individual with the broadest range of knowledge of animals used in biomedical research, testing, and teaching. Federal regulations and policy require that the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IA-CUC) ensure that the use of animals will be ethically justifiable and humane and that all individuals who perform surgery on animals will be appropriately qualified and trained. The attending veterinarian also has specific responsibilities under law and must take an active role in providing this assurance. In recognition of this, the Council on Research of the AVMA created a Panel on Animal Surgery in Research and Teachinga to develop a report on guidelines for performing animal surgery in a research or teaching setting. Drafts of the panel report were sent through an extensive review process that included representative groups in veterinary medicine, human health, government, biomedical research, and animal welfare.
The report of the panel was referred to the American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners (ASLAP). As an organization, the major focus of which is the role of the veterinarian in research using animals, it is appropriate that the ASLAP further refine this report into a set of guidelines for the research community. The ASLAP committeeb wishes to acknowledge the AVMA for recognizing the need for these guidelines and providing the financial support to convene the initial panel.
This document was compiled with expectations for change in future revisions. Intended to complement other pertinent guidelines and regulations on animal surgery, these guidelines are designed to help individuals charged with the stewardship of animals used in research and teaching.
Ultrasonographically detected changes in equine superficial digital flexor tendons during the first months of race training
Authors: Gillis Carol L. , Meagher Dennis M. , Pool Roy R. , Stover Susan M. , Craychee Therese J. , Willits Neil 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The forefimb superficial digital flexor (sdf) tendons of 6 Thoroughbreds were examined clinically and ultrasonographically during the first 4 months of race training. Sonograms were interpreted clinically and by use of computer-aided analysis. Tendon tissue from all horses was examined histologically at the end of the study.
Computer-aided analysis of sonograms of the sdf tendons revealed trends toward an increase in mean cross-sectional area and a decrease in mean echogenicity over time with training. An inverse relation was found between increase in cross-sectional area and decrease in mean echogenicity over time in training. Two of the trained horses developed clinical signs of mid sdf tendonitis. Ultrasonography revealed an increase in cross-sectional area and decrease in mean echogenicity of clinically affected areas of the sdf tendons of 1 horse, compared with changes observed prior to the onset of tendonitis (these changes were not statistically significant). Blood vessels and lymphatics supplying the clinically and ultrasonographically affected tendon sites were large and thick-walled. These changes were not observed in the tendons of the other horses at the end of the study.
The authors conclude that equine sdf tendons adapt to the early months of race training by increasing in size and decreasing in echogencity, as determined by ultrasonography.
Tracheal mucociliary transport rate in awake dogs
Authors: Boothe Harry William , Boothe Dawn Merton , Komkov Andrea , Longnecker Michaell T. , Hightower Dan 
Published: January 2024

Summary
To measure tracheal mucociliary transport rate (tmtr) in awake dogs, restrained in dorsal recumbency 99mtechnetium-labeled macroaggregated albumin was administered by tracheal injection, and the cephalic movement of boluses containing the radiopharmaceutical was detected by a gamma camera positioned lateral to the dog's head and neck. The distance traveled by each bolus was measured, relative to external markers placed a known distance apart. Tracheal mucociliary transport rates were calculated by dividing the measured distance of radiopharmaceutical movement by elapsed time. The technique was efficient and well tolerated. Mean (± sd) tmtr was 35.3 ± 15.9 mm/min. Significant (P = 0.029) difference in tmtr was found between males and females, but significant difference attributable to age of the dog was not detected. This method of measuring tmtr in awake dogs has potential for evaluation of clinical animal patients with suspected tracheal mucociliary abnormalities.
Effect of ketoprofen on Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin-induced diarrhea of calves
Authors: Roussel A. J. , Dodson S. L. , Brumbaugh G. W. , Sriranganathan N. , Overbay T. D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
To evaluate the effect of ketoprofen on fecal output during secretory diarrhea, 16 calves were given approximately 200 μg of heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin by suckling on 2 occasions. On one day, treatment was not administered. On the other day, either 3 mg of ketoprofen/kg of body weight (n = 8) or 6 mg of ketoprofen/kg (n = 8) was administered 1 hour before and 3 hours after administration of enterotoxin. Fecal output was no different after 8 or 24 hours from calves given 3 mg/kg, but fecal output was less at 8 hours and 24 hours for calves given 6 mg/kg (P = 0.0588), compared with the control day.