bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Splitting suckling data of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) neonates in human care into suckling bouts
Authors: Jacobsen Troels B. , Mayntz Michael , Amundin Mats 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis study presents a first approach to determine a suckling bout criterion interval (BCI) by applying a loge frequency analysis to a dataset of Tursiops truncatus neonate feeding frequencies. The data were gathered by continuous observation on four calves 15–24 hr a day for the first 14 days postpartum. The study was conducted at the dolphinarium of the Kolmården Wild Animal Park, Kolmården, Sweden. Based on a total of 3,752 individual suckling intervals, a BCI of 107.7 sec was established. The relevance of this finding is discussed. Zoo Biol 22:477–488, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal variations in gastrointestinal tract fill of grazing Zebu cattle in the Sahel
Authors: SCHLECHT E. , SANGARÉ M. , BECKER K. 
Published: October 2003

The gastrointestinal tract (gut) contents of male Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) were studied in the southern Sahelian zone of Mali. Measurements were carried out on 39 animals in mid-dry season (MDS) and 15 at the end of the dry season (late dry season, LDS).After overnight fasting, the animals were weighed and then slaughtered. The different gut compartments were emptied and representative samples of their fill were analysed for contents of dry matter (all) and NDF (reticulo-rumen only).Related to fasted live weight (FLW), gut fresh matter (FM) fill (g FM/kg FLW) increased from 165·7±4·81 g in MDS to 227·5±3·05 g in LDS (P[les ]0·001), liquid gut contents (g fluid/kg FLW) increased from 138·9±4·65 to 193·5±2·49 g (P[les ]0·001) and gut dry matter fill (g DM/kg FLW) increased from 26·8±0·88 to 34·0±0·97 g (P[les ]0·001). Fresh matter content of the reticulo-rumen accounted for 77% and 80% of the entire gut FM fill in MDS and LDS, respectively. While the NDF component in reticulo-rumen fill (g NDF/kg DM) increased from 778·5±5·63 g in MDS to 836·6±6·37 g in LDS (P[les ]0·001), the ratio between dry matter and fluid in the reticulo-rumen (g DM/g fluid) decreased from 193·2±10·17 g in MDS to 169·0±5·54 g in LDS (P[les ]0·05).The data support the notion that African breeds of Zebu cattle adjust to deteriorating feeding conditions by increasing reticulo-rumen dry matter and fluid contents. In-depth studies are needed to quantify the physiological benefits resulting from this strategy.
Metabolic changes within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex occurring with electroconvulsive therapy in patients with treatment resistant unipolar depression
Authors: MICHAEL N. , ERFURTH A. , OHRMANN P. , AROLT V. , HEINDEL W. , PFLEIDERER B. 
Published: October 2003

Background. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is involved in the pathophysiology of major depression. In particular, metabolic (functional hypometabolism) and structural alterations have been described. In this study metabolic changes within the DLPFC of severely depressed patients before and after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) were evaluated by proton STEAM spectroscopy (1H-MRS).Method. Twelve severely depressed patients with a diagnosis of major depressive episode, unipolar with melancholic features (DSM-IV), were enrolled, and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was investigated before and after unilateral ECT by 1H-MRS. Three of the four non-responding patients were remeasured a third time after a combined ECT/antidepressant pharmacotherapy. The results were compared with 12 age- and gender-matched controls.Results. In depressed patients reduced glutamate/glutamine (Glx) levels were measured pre-ECT; Glx concentrations correlated negatively with severity of depression. After successful treatment, Glx increased significantly and levels no longer differed from those of age-matched controls.Conclusions. Our results indicate that major depressive disorder is accompanied by state-dependent metabolic alterations, especially in glutamate/glutamine metabolism, which can be reversed by successful ECT.
Patterns of co-morbidity in male suicide completers
Authors: KIM C. D. , LESAGE A. , SEGUIN M. , CHAWKY N. , VANIER C. , LIPP O. , TURECKI G. 
Published: October 2003

Background. Psychiatric co-morbidity is thought to be an important problem in suicide, but it has been little investigated. This study aims to investigate patterns of co-morbidity in a group of male suicide completers.Method. One hundred and fifteen male suicide completers from the Greater Montreal Area and 82 matched community controls were assessed using proxy-based diagnostic interviews. Patterns of co-morbidity were investigated using latent class analysis.Results. Three subgroups of male suicide completers were identified (L2=171·62, df=2012, P<0·05), they differed significantly in the amount of co-morbidity (Kruskal–Wallis χ2=71·227, df=2, P<0·000) and exhibited different diagnostic profiles. Co-morbidity was particularly found in subjects with disorders characterized by impulsive and impulsive–aggressive traits, whereas subjects without those traits had levels of co-morbidity which were not significantly different from those of controls (χ2=8·17, df=4, P=0·086).Conclusions. Suicide completers can be divided into at least three subgroups according to co-morbidity: a low co-morbidity group, a substance-dependent group and a group exhibiting childhood onset of psychopathology.
Use of hospitalization and pharmaceutical prescribing data to compare the prevaccination burden of varicella and herpes zoster in Australia
Authors: MACINTYRE C. R. , CHU C. P. , BURGESS M. A. 
Published: October 2003

The aims of the study were to compare the burden of varicella and herpes zoster in Australia. No national surveillance exists for varicella or herpes zoster. We used hospital morbidity data from 1993–9 and pharmaceutical prescribing data from 1995–9.In the financial year 1998/99, there were 4718 hospitalizations for zoster compared to 1991 for varicella. For varicella the mean age of patients was 15 years compared to 69 years for zoster. The mean length of stay in hospital was 4·2 days for varicella and 12·7 days for zoster. Varicella accounted for 8396 (3726 with principal diagnosis varicella) bed days compared to 26266 (5382 with principal diagnosis of zoster) for zoster. The in-hospital case-fatality rate was 0·4% for varicella and 1% for zoster. In 1999, 59200 community-based cases of zoster were treated with antivirals. We estimate that 157266 cases of zoster occurred in the community in 1999, a rate of 830 per 100000 population.Herpes zoster has a higher burden of disease than varicella, and must be a component of disease surveillance in order to determine the full impact of vaccination on the epidemiology of varicella zoster virus (VZV).
Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 1b and 6a isolates in Portugal
Authors: SOARES A. R. , MACHADO J. 
Published: October 2003

Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis is an important serovar comprising 76% of salmonella isolates in Portugal in 2001.For better understand the epidemiology of salmonellosis, a total of 47 isolates of S. Enteritidis phage type (PT) 1b and 6a were analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and genomic DNA was subjected to macro restriction with XbaI. For PT1b isolates, only three different patterns were observed, and PT6a showed a total of 10 digestion patterns. Curiously, the main pattern among PT1b isolates seams quite similar to main pattern of PT6a isolates, but when the two patterns were analysed with Bionumerics, we observed that they exhibited some differences. It was concluded that, in 2001, there was one predominant pattern for PT1b and PT6a and, possibly, we were in presence of clonal strains that exists all over the country.
Socio-demographic characteristics and sex practices related to herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in Mexican and Central American female sex workers
Authors: URIBE-SALAS F. , CONDE-GLEZ C. J. , JUAREZ-FIGUEROA L. , HERNANDEZ-CASTELLANOS A. 
Published: October 2003

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between HSV-2 infection and several socio-demographic and sexual practices of Mexican and Central American female sex workers (FSWs) in the Soconusco region in the State of Chiapas, Mexico. A cross-sectional study was carried out based on a sample frame of bars where FSWs were active in the Soconusco region. FSWs consented to investigations and answered a questionnaire and provided a blood sample for specific HSV-2 antibody analysis.One hundred and sixteen bars were studied and 484 women were interviewed. The overall frequency of HSV-2 infected women was 85·7%. Variables that reflected exposure to HSV-2 were significantly associated with the frequency of the infection. Additionally, variables such as education and country of origin were significantly associated with HSV-2 infection. These results suggest that this infection is highly endemic in the Soconusco, posing a health risk for the study population.
Muslim Culture and Reform in 18th Century South Asia
Authors: Malik Jamal 
Published: October 2003

AbstractUsually the European perception of South Asia and, related to it, academic research into this region, is informed by specific, powerful images and metaphors that establish a dichotomisation of the world. The reasons for this development cannot be analysed in detail here. Suffice it to say, however, that this organisation and designation of the world has deep roots. Until the Reformation, Europe was basically perceived only in terms of geographical boundaries. But the dichotomy between “Europe” and “Asia” acquired a new dimension in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when, in the wake of a change of paradigm into modernity, European self-consciousness gradually developed into a sense of European intellectual superiority. Just as a new form of collective identity had developed within the boundaries of Europe, based on the idea of “nation” in the late eighteenth century, and just as the members of the early nation-states forcibly dissociated themselves by definition from members of other societies in order to be able to establish their own identity, now, with the same intention, though on a different level, Europeans dissociated themselves from “Asia”, the “Orient” and “Islam”. The political recollection of important master narratives kept the mythical fictions in mind and imbued the nation-building process with enormous real power. This development towards a modern European identity was based, as can be deduced from many travellers' testimonies, on the history of reception, reciprocal perceptions, and the development of enemy images. In this process, the Orient and the Orientals were also used by Europeans as a didactic background for the critique of their own (European) urban societies. The literary technique of contextual alienation and distancing, such as can be found in Montesquieu's “Persian Letters”, was born in this period. These and following processes of projection were connected among others things with the fact that Europeans, as colonial masters, advanced to confront the world outside Europe. There they were faced with attitudes and norms that forced them to question their own perceptions. In doing so, they also tended to accept some of these strange and different ideas, and, thus, exposed themselves to cultural hybridisation which could then only be overcome by the reconstructing of their own culture as something “pure”, in contrast to the “degenerate” culture of the colonialised. In this way, collective antagonisms developed. Even the Oriental crusades that had been critically evaluated by European academicians, were now for the first time perceived in terms of cultural clash. Analogously, Europe and Asia were constructed in the eighteenth century and very predominantly in the nineteenth century in terms of arenas of power politics. For instance, it was during this time that the eastern borders of Europe were conceptualised, with the Balkans and Transoxania being considered as buffers or gaps between the two.
Data‐Based Modeling and Analysis of Bioprocesses: Some Real Experiences
Authors: Karim M. Nazmul , Hodge David , Simon Laurent 
Published: October 2003

AbstractData‐generated models find numerous applications in areas where the speed of collection and logging of data surpasses the ability to analyze it. This work is meant to addresses some of the challenges and difficulties encountered in the practical application of these methods in an industrial setting and, more specifically, in the bioprocess industry. Neural network and principal component models are the two topics that are covered in detail in this paper. A review of these modeling technologies as applied to bioprocessing is provided, and four original case studies using industrial fermentation data are presented that utilize these models in the context of prediction and monitoring of bioprocess performance.
Effective Encapsulation of Proteins into Size‐Controlled Phospholipid Vesicles Using Freeze‐Thawing and Extrusion
Authors: Sou Keitaro , Naito Yoshiyasu , Endo Taro , Takeoka Shinji , Tsuchida Eishun 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe are aiming to improve the encapsulation efficiency of proteins in a size‐regulated phospholipid vesicle using an extrusion method. Mixed lipids (1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), cholesterol, 1,5‐dipalmitoyl‐l‐glutamate‐N‐succinic acid (DPEA), and 1,2‐distearoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine‐N‐[monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (5,000)] (PEG‐DSPE) at a molar ratio of 5, 5, 1, and 0.033 were hydrated with a NaOH solution (7.6 mM) to obtain a polydispersed multilamellar vesicle dispersion (50 nm to 30 μm diameter). The polydispersed vesicles were converted to smaller vesicles having an average diameter of ca. 500 nm with a relatively narrow size distribution by freeze‐thawing at a lipid concentration of 2 g dL‐1 and cooling rate of –140 °C min‐1. The lyophilized powder of the freeze‐thawed vesicles was rehydrated into a concentrated protein solution (carbonyl hemoglobin solution, 40 g dL‐1) and retained the size and size distribution of the original vesicles. The resulting vesicle dispersion smoothly permeated through the membrane filters during extrusion. The average permeation rate of the freeze‐thawed vesicles was ca. 30 times faster than that of simple hydrated vesicles. During the extrusion process, proteins were encapsulated into the reconstructed vesicles with a diameter of 250 ± 20 nm.
Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Software to Estimate Circulation Time Distributions in Bioreactors
Authors: Davidson Kyle M. , Sushil Shrinivasan , Eggleton Charles D. , Marten Mark R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractNonideal mixing in many fermentation processes can lead to concentration gradients in nutrients, oxygen, and pH, among others. These gradients are likely to influence cellular behavior, growth, or yield of the fermentation process. Frequency of exposure to these gradients can be defined by the circulation time distribution (CTD). There are few examples of CTDs in the literature, and experimental determination of CTD is at best a challenging task. The goal in this study was to determine whether computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software (FLUENT 4 and MixSim) could be used to characterize the CTD in a single‐impeller mixing tank. To accomplish this, CFD software was used to simulate flow fields in three different mixing tanks by meshing the tanks with a grid of elements and solving the Navier‐Stokes equations using the κ‐ϵ turbulence model. Tracer particles were released from a reference zone within the simulated flow fields, particle trajectories were simulated for 30 s, and the time taken for these tracer particles to return to the reference zone was calculated. CTDs determined by experimental measurement, which showed distinct features (log‐normal, bimodal, and unimodal), were compared with CTDs determined using CFD simulation. Reproducing the signal processing procedures used in each of the experiments, CFD simulations captured the characteristic features of the experimentally measured CTDs. The CFD data suggests new signal processing procedures that predict unimodal CTDs for all three tanks.
Cybernetic Model Predictive Control of a Continuous Bioreactor with Cell Recycle
Authors: Gadkar Kapil G. , III Francis J. Doyle , Crowley Timothy J. , Varner Jeffrey D. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe control of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) productivity in a continuous bioreactor with cell recycle is studied by simulation. A cybernetic model of PHB synthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus is developed. Model parameters are identified using experimental data, and simulation results are presented. The model is interfaced to a multirate model predictive control (MPC) algorithm. PHB productivity and concentration are controlled by manipulating dilution rate and recycle ratio. Unmeasured time varying disturbances are imposed to study regulatory control performance, including unreachable setpoints. With proper controller tuning, the nonlinear MPC algorithm can track productivity and concentration setpoints despite a change in the sign of PHB productivity gain with respect to dilution rate. It is shown that the nonlinear MPC algorithm is able to track the maximum achievable productivity for unreachable setpoints under significant process/model mismatch. The impact of model uncertainty upon controller performance is explored. The multirate MPC algorithm is tested using three controllers employing models that vary in complexity of regulation. It is shown that controller performance deteriorates as a function of decreasing biological complexity.
Expression of a Phanerochaete chrysosporium Manganese Peroxidase Gene in the Yeast Pichia pastoris
Authors: Gu Lina , Lajoie Curtis , Kelly Christine 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA gene encoding manganese peroxidase (mnp1) from Phanerochaete chrysosporium was cloned downstream of a constitutive glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase promoter in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Three different expression vectors were constructed: pZBMNP contains the native P. chrysosporium fungal secretion signal, pαAMNP contains an α‐factor secretion signal derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and pZBIMNP has no secretion signal and was used for intracellular expression. Both the native fungal secretion signal sequence and α‐factor secretion signal sequence directed the secretion of active recombinant manganese peroxidase (rMnP) from P. pastoris transformants. The majority of the rMnP produced by P. pastoris exhibited a molecular mass (55–100 kDa) considerably larger than that of the wild‐type manganese peroxidase (wtMnP, 46 kDa). Deletion of the native fungal secretion signal yielded a molecular mass of 39 kDa for intracellular rMnP in P. pastoris. Treatment of the secreted rMnP with endoglycosidase H (Endo H) resulted in a considerable decrease in the mass of rMnP, indicating N‐linked hyperglycosylation. Partially purified rMnP showed kinetic characteristics similar to those of wtMnP. Both enzymes also had similar pH stability profiles. Addition of exogenous MnII, CaII, and FeIII conferred additional thermal stability to both enzymes. However, rMnP was slightly less thermostable than wtMnP, which demonstrated an extended half‐life at 55 °C.
Mathematical and Experimental Analyses of Antibody Transport in Hollow‐Fiber‐Based Specific Antibody Filters
Authors: Hout Mariah S. , Federspiel William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe are developing hollow fiber‐based specific antibody filters (SAFs) that selectively remove antibodies of a given specificity directly from whole blood, without separation of the plasma and cellular blood components and with minimal removal of plasma proteins other than the targeted pathogenic antibodies. A principal goal of our research is to identify the primary mechanisms that control antibody transport within the SAF and to use this information to guide the choice of design and operational parameters that maximize the SAF‐based antibody removal rate. In this study, we formulated a simple mathematical model of SAF‐based antibody removal and performed in vitro antibody removal experiments to test key predictions of the model. Our model revealed three antibody transport regimes, defined by the magnitude of the Damköhler number Da (characteristic antibody‐binding rate/characteristic antibody diffusion rate): reaction‐limited (Da≤ 0.1), intermediate (0.1 < Da < 10), and diffusion‐limited (Da ≥ 10). For a given SAF geometry, blood flow rate, and antibody diffusivity, the highest antibody removal rate was predicted for diffusion‐limited antibody transport. Additionally, for diffusion‐limited antibody transport the predicted antibody removal rate was independent of the antibody‐binding rate and hence was the same for any antibody‐antigen system and for any patient within one antibody‐antigen system. Using SAF prototypes containing immobilized bovine serum albumin (BSA), we measured anti‐BSA removal rates consistent with transport in the intermediate regime (Da ∼3). We concluded that initial SAF development work should focus on achieving diffusion‐limited antibody transport by maximizing the SAF antibody‐binding capacity (hence maximizing the characteristic antibody‐binding rate). If diffusion‐limited antibody transport is achieved, the antibody removal rate may be raised further by increasing the number and length of the SAF fibers and by increasing the blood flow rate through the SAF.
Design of a Tubular Loop Bioreactor for Scale‐up and Scale‐down of Fermentation Processes
Authors: Papagianni Maria , Mattey Michael , Kristiansen Bjorn 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMicroorganisms traveling through circulation loops in large‐scale bioreactors experience variations in their environment such as dissolved oxygen concentration and pH gradients. The same changes are not experienced in small bioreactors, and it is suggested that herein lies one of the major reasons for the problems encountered when translating fermentation data from one scale to another. One approach to study this problem is to look at the circulation loop itself. The present work concerns an attempt to simulate the circulation loops inside stirred tank reactors, using a tubular loop reactor specially constructed for the purpose. The reactor carries a number of ports and probes along its length for the determination of concentration gradients within. The broth is circulated around the loop by the use of peristaltic pumps, and the circulation time (tc, s) is used as a measure of simulated reactor size. The reactor system has been evaluated using the citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger as a test process. Acid production and fungal morphology, in terms of the mean convex perimeter of mycelial clumps quantified by image analysis, were used as the parameters of evaluation for the two systems in comparison. From comparative experiments carried out in 10 and 200 L stirred tank bioreactors, it appears that the loop reactor simulates the corresponding stirred tank representing a valuable tool in scaling up and scaling down of fermentation process.
A Predictive Aggregate Transport Model for Microfiltration of Combined Macromolecular Solutions and Poly‐Disperse Suspensions: Model Development
Authors: Baruah Gautam Lal , Belfort Georges 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA methodology, called the aggregate transport model, is presented that can a priori predict both the pressure‐independent permeation flux and yield of target species for the microfiltration of poly‐disperse solutions. The model captures the phenomenon of critical shear rate. Beyond the critical shear rate (expressed as a ratio of shear rate to permeation flux), the transmission of proteins drops sharply as a result of cake classification. The widely reported benefits of operating at uniform transmembrane pressure and constant wall concentration follow from this method. The methodology is general in nature and can be used predictively to obtain an optimal balance between flux and yield of target species during the microfiltration of many commercial poly‐disperse suspensions. In the accompanying paper we test this model for microfiltration of transgenic whole goat milk.