bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infection prevention and control practices in the Pediatrics and Child Health Department of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia
Authors: Yilma Mengistu , Taye Girma , Tefera Muluwork , Tassew Berhan , Fentie Atalay Mulu , Abebe Workeabeba 
Published: January 2024

BackgroundInfection prevention and control (IPC) is a set of practices that are designed to minimize the risk of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) spreading among patients, healthcare workers, and visitors. Implementation of IPC is essential for reducing infection incidences, preventing antibiotic use, and minimizing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The aim of the study was to assess IPC practices and associated factors in Pediatrics and Child Health at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital.MethodsIn this study, we used a cross-sectional study design with a simple random sampling method. We determined the sample size using a single population proportion formula with the assumption of a 55% good IPC practice, a 5% accepted margin of error, and a 15% non-response rate and adjusted with the correction formula. The final sample size was 284 healthcare workers. The binary logistic regression model was used for analysis. The World Health Organization (WHO) Infection Prevention and Control Assessment Framework (IPCAF) tool was used to assess IPC core components.ResultA total of 272 healthcare workers participated in the study, with a response rate of 96%. Of the total participants, 65.8% were female and 75.7% were nurses. The overall composite score showed that the prevalence of good IPC practices among healthcare workers was 50.4% (95% CI: 44.3–56.5). The final model revealed that nursing professionals and healthcare workers who received IPC training had AORs of 2.84 (95% CI: 1.34–6.05) and 2.48 (95% CI: 1.36–4.52), respectively. The final average total IPCAF score for the IPC level was 247.5 out of 800 points.ConclusionThe prevalence of good IPC practice was suboptimal. The study participants, who were nursing professionals and healthcare workers who received IPC training, showed a statistically significant association with the IPC practice level. The facility-level IPCAF result showed a “Basic” level of practice based on the WHO categorization. These evidences can inform healthcare workers and decision-makers to identify areas for improvement in IPC practice at all levels. Training of healthcare workers and effective implementation of the eight IPC core components should be strengthened to improve suboptimal practices.
Defining a universal measurement unit and scale for gross motor development
Authors: Seamon Bryant A. , Sears Cynthia L. , Anderson Emily , Velozo Craig A. 
Published: January 2024

IntroductionThe ability of children to accomplish progressively more difficult gross motor tasks follows a predictable sequence that has been well documented as part of development. Current existing instruments were developed independently using classical test theory methods which led to the lack of a universal measurement scale and unit. The purpose of this study was to test a specification equation, anchored to commonly accepted and reproducible tasks in gross motor development, to generate a universal measurement scale and unit of measurement, called the Gross Motor (GM) unit.MethodsWe rated component measures for each of the gross motor development tasks on the Gross Motor Function Measure-66 (GMFM). The GMFM is a gross motor development measure created with Rasch measurement theory to quantify observed difficulty levels measured on an interval scale. Component measures for body position, movement, and support were based on hypothesized contributions to gross motor development based on theory. Forward stepwise linear regression was used to test a specification equation. The specification equation was anchored to reference points to fix a unit size.ResultsOur specification equation explained 87% of the variance in observed gross motor task difficulty. Predicted difficulty for gross motor tasks was strongly associated with observed task difficulty (r = 0.94, p &lt; 0.0001). Our specification equation was anchored to 1) lying supine (0 GM units) and 2) walking unsupported (100 GM units) setting the size of the GM unit to 1/100 of the distance between lying supine and unsupported walking.DiscussionOur specification equation allows for experimental testing of gross motor development theories. This approach provides a framework for refining our understanding and measurement of gross motor development and creates a universal scale and unit. We expect that this will facilitate placing many, if not all, current gross motor development instruments on the same measurement scale.
Generation, characterization, and use of EKLF(Klf1)/CRE knock-in mice for cell-restricted analyses
Authors: Xue Li , Mukherjee Kaustav , Kelley Kevin A. , Bieker James J. 
Published: January 2024

IntroductionEKLF/Klf1 is a tissue-restricted transcription factor that plays a critical role in all aspects of erythropoiesis. Of particular note is its tissue-restricted pattern of expression, a property that could prove useful for expression control of a linked marker or enzymatic gene.Methods and resultsWith this in mind, we fused the CRE recombinase to the genomic EKLF coding region and established mouse lines. We find by FACS analyses that CRE expression driven by the EKLF transcription unit recapitulates erythroid-restricted expression with high penetrance in developing embryos. We then used this line to test its properties in the adult, where we found EKLF/CRE is an active and is a robust mimic of normal EKLF expression in the adult bone marrow. EKLF/CRE is also expressed in erythroblastic island macrophage in the fetal liver, and we demonstrate for the first time that, as seen during embryonic development, EKLF is also expressed in adult BM-derived erythroblastic island macrophage. Our data also support lineage studies showing EKLF expression at early stages of hematopoiesis.DiscussionThe EKLF/CRE mouse lines are novel reagents whose availability will be of great utility for future experiments by investigators in the red cell field.
Constant low-to-moderate mechanical asymmetries during 800-m track running
Authors: Girard Olivier , Millet Grégoire P. , Micallef Jean-Paul 
Published: January 2024

IntroductionModifications in asymmetry in response to self-paced efforts have not been thoroughly documented, particularly regarding horizontally-derived ground reaction force variables. We determined the magnitude and range of gait asymmetries during 800 m track running.MethodsEighteen physical education students completed an 800 m self-paced run on a 200 m indoor track. During the run, vertical and horizontal ground reaction forces were measured at a sampling frequency of 500 Hz using a 5 m-long force platform system, with data collected once per lap. The following mechanical variables were determined for two consecutive steps: contact time and duration of braking/push-off phases along with vertical/braking/push-off peak forces and impulses. The group mean asymmetry scores were evaluated using the “symmetry angle” (SA) formula, where scores of 0% and 100% correspond to perfect symmetry and perfect asymmetry, respectively.ResultsThere was no influence of distance interval on SA scores for any of the nine biomechanical variables (P ≥ 0.095). The SA scores were ∼1%–2% for contact time (1.3 ± 0.5%), peak vertical forces (1.8 ± 0.9%), and vertical impulse (1.7 ± 1.0%). The SA scores were ∼3%–8% for duration of braking (3.6 ± 1.1%) and push-off (3.2 ± 1.4%) phases, peak braking (5.0 ± 2.1%) and push-off (6.9 ± 3.1%) forces as well as braking (7.6 ± 2.3%) and push-off (7.7 ± 3.3%) impulses. The running velocity progressively decreased at 300 m and 500 m compared to that at 100 m but levelled off at 700 m (P &lt; 0.001).DiscussionThere were no modifications in gait asymmetries, as measured at 200-m distance intervals during 800-m track running in physical education students. The 800 m self-paced run did not impose greater mechanical constraints on one side of the body. Experimental procedures for characterizing the gait pattern during 800 m track running could be simplified by collecting leg mechanical data from only one side.
¿Requiem por la constitución ? El ordenamiento constitucional en la integración comunitaria
Authors: López Basaguren Alberto 
Published: January 2024

Les systèmes juridiques des Etats européens se sont édifiés en fin de compte sur la base d'un dogme : celui de la suprématie constitutionnelle ; non seulement dans la sphère strictement interne , mais également dans leurs relations avec les normes internationales. Ceci signifie donc que pour pouvoir intégrer ces normes à l'ordonnancement juridique interne et les appliquer dans cette sphère, on doit subordonner celles-ci à leur compatibilité avec la Constitution. Cependant, la vigueur de ce principe suscite d'extraordinaires difficultés liées au processus d'intégration communautaire, dans la mesure où la construction du système communautaire autour de la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes s'est réalisée à partir de certains paramètres incompatibles avec le principe de suprématie constitutionnelle, convertissant de la sorte le système communautaire en un système supraconstitutionnel.
Dès lors, il se produit une aporie entre le dogme de la suprématie constitutionnelle et le principe de primauté du droit communautaire, aboutissant ainsi à une confrontation entre les logiques propres des systèmes étatiques et celles du système communautaire. Et, bien que cette confrontation de tendances différenciées se manifeste depuis l'origine des Communautés, elle s'est naturellement renforcée et affinée à la suite des réactions suscitées par la ratification du traité de Maastricht, dans le contexte duquel, rappelons-le, on a abouti à une relecture constitutionnaliste des limites inhérentes au processus d'intégration communautaire. Débat politique et juridique, réformes constitutionnelles et arrêts des juges de la constitutionnalité mettent en évidence l'existence d'une atmosphère jusque-là inconnue et qui exige le dépassement des principes inhérents à chacun des systèmes : ceci ouvre donc la voie à une harmonisation des systèmes juridiques et à une éventuelle intégration de ces systèmes les uns aux autres.
L'administration internationale de la Bosnie-Herzégovine : un modèle pour le Kosovo ?
Authors: Maziau Nicolas , Pech Laurent 
Published: January 2024

Les interventions de la communauté internationale en Bosnie-Herzégovine puis au Kosovo sont les plus importantes mobilisations internationales en termes de ressources militaires, civiles et économiques depuis l'occupation de l'Allemagne en 1945. L'accord de Dayton-Paris et la résolution 1244 du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies pour le Kosovo semblent être le reflet d'une nouvelle approche liée à la fin de la guerre froide, où la communauté internationale souligne l'importance du maintien de la paix en zone d'après-conflit et la nécessité de la consolidation des institutions.
Ces textes sont cependant l'occasion de s'interroger sur l'impact de ces nouvelles formes d'intervention internationale sur la souveraineté étatique , et plus spécialement, sur la structure constitutionnelle des pays qui n'ont plus le contrôle exclusif de leur processus de production de normes et dont l'exécutif n'opère pas forcément avec le consentement des gouvernés.
L'implication active de la communauté internationale dans la sortie de crise en Bosnie-Herzégovine et au Kosovo lui impose un engagement nouveau dans le processus de production de normes juridiques internes. La résolution juridique des conflits qu'elle poursuit, fondée sur l'intégration de plus en plus grande -voire la confusion -entre ordre juridique international et ordre constitutionnel, n'en reste pas moins problématique, car la stratégie suivie de "démocratisation externe" pose la question du bien-fondé de la mise en place d'une nouvelle forme de protectorat international, des objectifs qui lui sont assignés et des moyens mis en oeuvre pour y parvenir.
Il federalismo amministrativo in Italia tra principi ed attuazione regionale
Authors: D'Ignazio Guerino , Moschella Giovanni 
Published: January 2024

Law N° 59 of 15 May 1997 makes significant changes in the organisation of French National Government administration without changing the Constitution. By transferring functions and by delegation, the Law completely inverts the existing criteria for allocating administrative competence between the Central Government and the Regional and Local Authorities.
All administrative functions and tasks, excluding those specifically reserved for the Central Government, are now attributed to directly elected local and regional authorities. The principle of subsidiarity has been established as the fundamental criterion in the reform. Its aim is to ensure that public authority responsibilities, both territorial and functional, are attributed to the administrative body closest to the citizens.
A number of problems have arisen in implementing this federal-type reform of the French public administration. These are due as much to the need for an appropriate related reform of the various national government administrations as to the failure of the proposed reform of the Constitution prepared by the bicameral Commission, and to which the 59/97 Law was closely linked.
Application of the 59/97 Law to the regions has brought to light significant differences of opinion between regions, and the inadequate training of certain members of regional councils, with the result that they have had difficulty handling the tasks required to ensure the satisfactory application of this genuinely innovative and complex reform. Inasmuch as global decentralisation is seen as a political decision and is not based on a thorough assessment of the administrative capabilities of the independent administrative authorities concerned, wide-spread disagreement as to the tasks to be performed by the regions, and differences in their degree of competence, which can be found in all regions, could well threaten the reform process as a whole.
The difficulties some regions are having implementing the first phase are also due in part to the instability of certain regional councils which suggests that the institutional model on which existing regions are based is still fundamentally weak.
El conflicto en defensa de la autonomía local o el diseño de un milagro procesal
Authors: Sosa Wagner Francisco 
Published: January 2024

Según el artículo 75 bis de la Ley Orgánica 7/ 1999 de 21 de abril, de modificación de la Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Constitucional, podrán dar lugar al planteamiento de los conflictos en defensa de la autonomía local las normas del Estado con rango de ley o las disposiciones con rango de ley de las Comunidades Autónomas que lesionen la autonomía local constitucionalmente garantizada. Para plantear este conflicto están legitimados : a) el municipio o provincia que sea destinatario único de la ley ; b) un número de municipios que supongan al menos un séptimo de los existentes en el ámbito territorial de aplicación de la disposición con rango de ley, y representen como mínimo un sexto de la población oficial del ámbito territorial correspondiente ; c) un número de provincias que supongan al menos la mitad de las existentes en el ámbito territorial de aplicación de la disposición con rango de ley, y representen como mínimo la mitad de la población oficial (art. 75 ter). En Canarias la exigencia está referida a tres Cabildos y en las Baleares a dos Consejos Insulares, aunque no se alcance el porcentaje de población (disposición adicional tercera de la ley 7/ 1999.
La sentencia que al efecto se dicte declarará si existe o no vulneración de la autonomía local constitucionalmente garantizada, determinando, según proceda, la titularidad o atribución de la competencia controvertida, y resolverá, en su caso, lo que procediere sobre las situaciones de hecho o de derecho creadas en lesión de la autonomía local (art. 75, quinqué, punto 5). Ahora bien, la declaración de inconstitucionalidad de la ley que haya dado lugar al conflicto requerirá nueva sentencia si el Pleno del Tribunal constitucional decide plantearse la cuestión tras la resolución del conflicto declarando que ha habido vulneración de la autonomía local, cuestión que se tramitará de acuerdo con el procedimiento de la cuestión de inconstitucionalidad (artículos 37 y siguientes y art. 75 quinqué, punto 6 de la Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Constitucional).
La notion de Constitution et la théorie générale du droit
Authors: Borella François 
Published: January 2024

El derecho constitucional no se caracteriza funda/mentalmente por su objeto ni por su supremacía formal sino por sus objetivos. El fin de todo derecho es el justo reparto de las cosas. El primer objetivo históricamente del derecho constitucional es el justo reparto del poder político y de los derechos de los gobernados, es decir una justa organización del cuerpo político. Esta se fundamenta en teoría en un pacto de sumisión entre el Poder y los ciudadanos o pueblo gobernado, cuyas formulaciones concretas son diversas. Las técnicas jurídicas para alcanzar esa meta (derechos humanos, separación de poderes) fundamentan el Estado de derecho.
El secundo objetivo históricamente del derecho constitucional es el justo reparto de los pueblos de la Tierra, y del espacio, en cuerpos políticos autónomos. El fundamento de este reparto de Estados y de pueblos en Estados es el contrato social político cuya necesidad teórica no apareció sino tardíamente en el derecho constitucional. Las técnicas jurídicas de la justa formación de los cuerpos políticos (derecho de los pueblos a disponer de si mismos, federalismo...) están hoy en plena evolución y forman el derecho constitucional demòtico.
Les nouveaux accords de paix en Afrique : entre droit constitutionnel et droit international.
Authors: Prunier Cédric 
Published: January 2024

I. The numerous constitutional effects of peace treaties in Africa : a peace treaty amends the constitution ; examples and mechanisms by which the constitutional provisions are implemented. The absence of constitutional provisions, recognition of the constitution ; recognition and the start of a debate on the constitution.
II. The influence of international law on the provisions in a constitution. The nature of peace treaties : international treaties ? Where the problem arises. The International Court of Justice's ruling of 1 July 2000 in the matter of armed conflict in the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo vs. Uganda). Internationalisation of peace agreements by placing the constitutional aspects of these agreements and their implementation under international law.
L'ingénierie constitutionnelle et l'Europe de l'Est : le rôle de la Commission européenne pour la démocratie parle droit
Authors: Robert Jacques 
Published: January 2024

The Venice Commission, at present celebrating its tenth anniversary, has played an important role in the design and adoption of Constitutions and related texts, introducing standards that are an essential part of Western Europe's constitutional heritage.
Initially an emergency instrument for use in urgent constitutional engineering in the context of revolutionary change, its activities have grown steadily since the initial dramatic events have given way to more progressive change.
Born of a "partial agreement" by the Council of Europe, it is only open to Member States who have signed the agreement and contribute to its budget.
The Commission consists of independent experts with an international reputation on account of their experience in democratic institutions, or their contribution to the development or influence of law. The members of the Commission are mostly law professors (predominantly Constitutional lawyers), internationalists, supreme or constitutional court judges, members of various national parliaments, and senior civil servants. They are nominated for four years (renewable) by their national governments.
The European Commission's action in favour of law-based democracy is strongly influenced by the basic principles it shares with the Council of Europe : democracy, the Rights of Man, the pre-eminence of law.
Generally acting on a request from a particular State, it provides assistance and advice on any matter relating to constitutions.
As its constitution does not limit the geographical area in which it may operate, its sen/ices have been used by a number of countries outside Europe : South Africa, Argentina and Uruguay, for example, obviously with the approval of the Committee of Foreign Ministers of the Council of Europe.
L'harmonisation internationale des critères de légitimité du pouvoir interne
Authors: Moine André 
Published: January 2024

Une pratique internationale foisonnante, faite de soutiens apportés, de conditions posées, de condamnations expresses, d'interventions plus ou moins massives, notamment issue de l'interdépendance grandissante des Etats et de la nécessité de mettre un terme politique aux guerres civiles, provoque ou suppose la reconnaissance et l'adoption d'un mode unique de légitimation des gouvernants.
Toutefois, cette détermination internationale d'une source unique et commune de légitimité du pouvoir interne suppose une évolution des fondements de la société internationale et de la notion de Constitution. Dans l'ordre international, l'exigence d'une légitimité démocratique conduit à la remise en cause du critère unique de l'effectivité de l'autorité politique de l'Etat et met fin à la traditionnelle neutralité du régime politique. Dans l'ordre interne, la définition par le droit international d'une règle matériellement constitutionnelle porte atteinte au principe de l'autonomie constitutionnelle en affectant à la fois le titulaire de la fonction constituante et le caractère illimité de celle-ci.
Les gouvernants élus jouiraient ainsi d'une légitimité internationale et d'une légitimité interne. La légitimité internationale de l'Etat, c'est-à-dire son acceptation par ses pairs, dépendrait de son caractère démocratique. De plus, la tenue d'élections et leur liberté feraient présumer la légitimité interne du gouvernement de l'Etat. Cette légitimité offerte par la conversion démocratique interroge aujourd'hui sur les conditions de son effectivité interne et internationale.
L'ancrage social d'une telle exigence, juridiquement traduite, ne peut se situer que dans un intérêt de la société internationale ; un intérêt de tous les peuples, et de leurs dirigeants, à vivre dans un monde composé d'Etats démocratiques. L'irruption de cette exigence internationale effective d'un fondement populaire du pouvoir dans l'ordre interne porte peut-être en germe la revendication d'un fondement humain du pouvoir dans l'ordre international.