bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional mechanism underlying cyclooxygenase‐2 expression in rat small intestine following administration of indomethacin: Relation to intestinal hypermotility
Authors: TANAKA AKIKO , MATSUMOTO MASAHIRO , HAYASHI YUJIRO , TAKEUCHI KOJI 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground and Aim:  We recently reported that cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 is upregulated in the rat small intestine after administration of indomethacin, and this may be the key to non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID)‐induced intestinal damage. The present study investigated the mechanism for COX‐2 expression induced in the rat small intestine by indomethacin, in relation with ulcerogenic processes.Methods:  Animals were given indomethacin or SC‐560 p.o., and the intestinal mucosa was examined 24 h later.Results:  Indomethacin caused hemorrhagic lesions in the small intestine, accompanied with an increase in intestinal motility, bacterial invasion and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, as well as the expression of COX‐2 mRNA in the mucosa. Although SC‐560 did not cause any damage, this agent caused intestinal hypermotility, the bacterial invasion and the upregulation of COX‐2 expression. The mucosal PGE2 content was decreased by SC‐560 at 3 h but recovered 12 h later, and this recovery of PGE2 was attenuated by both atropine and ampicillin, in addition to rofecoxib. The intestinal hypermotility response to indomethacin was prevented by both 16,16‐dimethyl PGE2 and atropine, but not ampicillin.  Yet  all  these  agents  inhibited  not  only  the  bacterial  invasion  but  also  the  expression  of COX‐2 and iNOS activity in the intestinal mucosa following indomethacin treatment, resulting in the prevention of intestinal lesions.Conclusion:  These results suggest that COX‐2 expression in the intestinal mucosa following the administration of indomethacin is associated with intestinal hypermotility and bacterial invasion. The intestinal hypermotility caused by COX‐1 inhibition may be a key to COX‐2 expression after administration of NSAIDs and their intestinal ulcerogenic properties.
Stool decay‐accelerating factor as a marker for monitoring the disease activity during leukocyte apheresis therapy in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis
Authors: KOHNO HIROYUKI , MIZUNO MOTOWO , NASU JUNICHIROU , MAKIDONO CHIHO , HIRAOKA SAKIKO , INABA TOMOKI , YAMAMOTO KAZUHIDE , OKADA HIROYUKI , FUJITA TEIZO , SHIRATORI YASUSHI 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground and Aims:  We have shown previously that concentrations of stool decay‐accelerating factor (DAF; CD55), a complement regulatory protein, in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are increased in relation to the severity of the colonic mucosal inflammation. In the present study, we evaluated the usefulness of stool DAF as a marker for monitoring disease activity in patients with steroid‐resistant active UC being treated with leukocyte apheresis performed with a centrifugal cell separator.Methods:  Twenty‐one patients with active and steroid‐resistant UC were treated with leukocyte apheresis once a week for 4 weeks, and stool DAF concentrations were determined weekly by immunoassay.Results:  After treatment, 11 (52%) of the 21 UC patients went into remission. Stool DAF concentrations decreased promptly and steadily in the responsive group. The difference reached statistical significance as soon as after the second apheresis session (P < 0.003), compared with values before the therapy and corresponding values in the non‐responsive group (P = 0.024). The reduction in stool DAF concentrations after the second apheresis session was significantly greater in the responsive group (median 90%, range 22–90%) than in the non‐responsive group (median −13%, range −307–94%) (P = 0.008). Hematological tests, that is, white blood cell (WBC) count and C‐reactive protein, declined significantly during the apheresis therapy, but not in relation to therapeutic response.Conclusion:  Stool DAF concentration is a useful marker in the clinical response of UC patients to treatment with leukocyte apheresis.
Holocene boundary dynamics of a northern Australian monsoon rainforest patch inferred from isotopic analysis of carbon, (14C and δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in soil organic matter
Authors: BOWMAN D. M. J. S. , COOK G. D. , ZOPPI U. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Soil organic matter (SOM) was sampled from lateritic soil profiles across an abrupt eucalypt savanna–monsoon rainforest boundary on the north coast of Croker Island, northern Australia. Accelerator mass spectrometry dating revealed that SOM that had accumulated at the base of these 1.5 m profiles had a radiocarbon age of about 5000 years. The mean carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition of SOM from 10 cm deep layers from the surface, middle and base of three monsoon rainforest soil profiles was significantly different from the means for these layers in three adjacent savanna soil profiles, suggesting the isotopic ‘footprint’ of the vegetation boundary has been stable since the mid Holocene. Although there were no obvious environmental discontinuities associated with the boundary, the monsoon rainforest was found to occur on significantly more clay rich soils than the surrounding savanna. Tiny fragments of monsoon rainforest and abandoned ‘nests’ (large earthen mounds) of the orange‐footed scrubfowl, an obligate monsoon rainforest species, occurred in the savanna, signalling that the rainforest was once more extensive. Despite episodic disturbances, such as tropical storm damage and fires, the stability of the boundary is probably maintained because clay rich soils enable monsoon rainforest tree species to grow rapidly and achieve canopy closure, thereby excluding grass and reducing the risk of fire. Conversely, slower tree growth rates, grass competition and fire on the savanna soils would impede the expansion of the rainforest although high rainfall periods with shorter dry seasons may enable rainforest trees to grow sufficiently quickly to colonize the savanna successfully.
Estimating the maximum interval between repeat surveys
Authors: BROWN JENNIFER A. , HARRIS SIMON , TIMMINS SUSAN M. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Surveying species that are present in low numbers is difficult because often the survey fails to locate any individuals. One strategy to improve the sample design is to survey the site repeatedly. With repeat surveys the abundance of the target species, and hence likelihood of detection, may change between visits. We present a model for deciding on the maximum surveillance interval between repeat surveys so that there is a high probability of detecting the species. We use as an example surveys for new weed infestations and model the chance of detecting the weed before control costs reach a threshold. The maximum surveillance interval depends on the rate of weed growth, the ability to detect the weed, and the cost of controlling the weed. Typically weed growth rates are high. Fast growing plants need to be detected early before they spread, but often weeds are difficult to detect when young and still comparatively cheap to control. Results from the model to determine maximum surveillance intervals are given for five broad habitat types and seven weed types. Surveillance intervals ranged from 1 to 10 years. Longer intervals are appropriate when searching for weeds with slower growth rates, that are easier to detect, and those that can be controlled cheaply.
The molecular staging of prostate cancer
Authors: McIntyre Iain G. , Hart Claire A. , Brown Michael D. , Ross David G. , George Nicholas J.R. , Clarke Noel W. 
Published: December 2004

The four mini‐reviews are all descriptive of various aspects of prostatic disease. The first three relate to prostate cancer; the molecular staging of prostate cancer is a potential high‐technology way of helping to decide more accurately which is the most appropriate treatment for a given patient. Transition zone cancers are reviewed extensively in two papers, the first dealing with pathological aspects and the second with clinical aspects.Finally, the three methods of treating chronic prostatitis are reviewed, and suggestions made as to the correct selection of treatment for a particular type of patient.
The 12‐year outcome analysis of an endourethral wallstent for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Masood Shikohe , Djaladat Hooman , Kouriefs Chryssanthos , Keen Margaret , Palmer John H. 
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the long‐term results of using the UrolumeTM endourethral prosthesis (American Medical Systems, Minnetonka, MN, USA) for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), an alternative minimally invasive option.PATIENTS AND METHODSSixty‐two patients with moderate/severe lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to BPH were treated with the Urolume stent by one surgeon (J.H.P.). They were followed up at 12 weeks, 6 months and then yearly. Data recorded before and after treatment included symptom scoring, peak urinary flow rate (PFR) and postvoid residual volume (PVR). A one‐way anova was used to compare baseline and the 5‐ and 12‐year follow‐up data.RESULTTwenty‐two and 11 patients completed the 5‐ and 12‐year follow‐up, respectively. Twenty‐one (34%) patients died with the stent in situ from causes unrelated to BPH and Urolume insertion. Twenty‐nine (47%) stents were removed; 18 in the first 2 years, seven at 3–5 years and four at 9–10 years. Early stent explantation was primarily a result of poor case selection, or stent malposition/migration. Four stents were removed because the patient was dissatisfied. Late stent explantation was for symptom progression. At 5 years, the symptom score and PFR were 6.82 an 11.7 mL/s, respectively, compared with 20.4 and 9 mL/s at basleine (P < 0.05); at 12 years, the symptom score, PFR and PVR were 10.82, 11.5 mL/s and 80 mL, respectively. The mean quality of life score was 2 and no patient opted for any further treatment.CONCLUSIONThe Urolume wallstent is a safe treatment for BPH, in selected patients. Careful case selection and experience is mandatory. This stent can provide the urologist with an alternative along with other minimally invasive treatments for men with BPH at high risk of requiring transurethral resection.
Shared care and the management of lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Wolters Rene , Wensing Michel , Klomp Maarten , Van Weel Chris , Grol Richard 
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVETo investigate associations between the level of shared care and the clinical management of patients with uncomplicated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).SUBJECTS AND METHODSA cross‐sectional survey study was conducted comprising all urologists and a random selection of general practitioners (GPs) in the Netherlands. Questionnaire responses were obtained from 182 urologists (70%) and 261 GPs (55%). The first part of the questionnaire established the physicians’ characteristics and the second the level of familiarity with the national shared‐care guidelines, arrangements between urologists and GPs, and the availability of a shared‐care prostate clinic. The third part presented a written case of a 50‐year‐old man with clinical uncomplicated LUTS, and asked questions about diagnostic and therapeutic care.RESULTSThe clinical management of LUTS by GPs and urologists differed, particularly for diagnostic procedures. Only a minority of GPs (8%) and urologists (18%) had a shared‐care clinic at their disposal. Such clinics were associated with an increase in tests ordered by the GP, e.g. creatinine levels (odds ratio, OR 3.83) and PSA levels (OR 5.93), and a decrease in choosing a watchful‐waiting strategy for patients with mild symptoms (OR 0.24). Furthermore, urologists more often chose surgical intervention for moderate symptoms (OR 9.80).CONCLUSIONA shared‐care clinic may lead to a shift in primary care towards the working style of urologists. This healthcare may not be as cost‐effective as expected by policy makers. Prospective studies are needed to provide better insight in the health outcomes and efficiency of shared‐care clinics.
Preoperative pressure‐flow studies: useful variables to predict the outcome of continence surgery
Authors: Digesu Giuseppe Alessandro , Khullar Vik , Cardozo Linda , Sethna Farah , Salvatore Stefano 
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVETo determine whether the acceleration of flow rate (AFR), pressure flow variables and urethral pressure profilometry (UPP) measurements might have a role in evaluating women with urodynamic stress incontinence (USI), to predict the surgical outcome and de novo detrusor overactivity after Burch colposuspension.PATIENTS AND METHODSWomen with a urodynamic diagnosis of USI (209) who had a modified Burch colposuspension were assessed retrospectively. The AFR, the opening (ODP) and closing detrusor pressure (CDP), DP at maximum flow rate and UPP values were calculated for each woman before surgery.RESULTSThe preoperative AFR was significantly higher in women who developed de novo detrusor overactivity after surgery. The women who had persistent USI after colposuspension had significantly lower preoperative ODP and CDP than women who were continent after colposuspension. Other variables were not significantly different between the groups of women.CONCLUSIONSThe AFR and ODP appear to be useful preoperative measures to predict the outcome of continence surgery and the emergence of de novo detrusor overactivity.
Lessons learned from stomal complications in children with cutaneous catheterizable continent stomas
Authors: Barqawi Albaha , De Valdenebro Miguel , Furness Peter D. , Koyle Martin A. 
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the impact of various factors that might ultimately influence the stoma complication rate associated with the construction of a continent catheterizable urinary (CCU) and Malone antegrade colonic enema (MACE) stoma in children.PATIENTS AND METHODSRetrospectively, we reviewed our experience in patients who had a CCU and/or MACE stoma reconstructed at our institution from 1992 to 2003. Diagnosis, type of stoma constructed (CCU vs MACE), single vs dual stomas, stomal site, conduit material (appendix, split appendix, Monti‐Yang or ureter), sex, age, patient mobility and body mass index, race and concomitant surgery (e.g. bladder augmentation with or without bladder neck reconstruction) were evaluated for stoma‐related complications. In all, 109 patients (64 males and 45 female), with a mean (sd, range) age of 8.6 (5.7, 2–37) years, had 151 stomas constructed during the period of analysis, comprising 56 CCU only, 11 MACE only and 42 (84 stomas) both simultaneously.RESULTSThe mean (range) follow‐up was 48 (6–144) months. The primary diagnoses were neurogenic bladder in 60 (55%), bladder exstrophy/epispadias in 17 (16%) and posterior urethral valves in 11 (9%) patients. The umbilicus was the primary site for the CCU stoma in 88 of 98 (90%) cases, while the right lower quadrant was the primary site for MACE in 46 of 53 (87%). After surgery complete stomal continence was provided in 95 of 98 (97%) CCU stoma, whereas the MACE was successful in 52 of 53 (99%). The stoma‐related complications included stenosis in 27, leakage in eight, false passage in four, atrophy in two, keloid in one, and breakdown of the stoma in two. Individually, only greater age and a primary diagnosis of neurogenic bladder were independent risk factors associated with an increased rate of stomal complications and higher incidence of revision (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONStomal complications are extremely common whether CCU or MACE stomas are constructed individually or together. Nevertheless, despite the need for revision, the high stoma continence rate supports their use. Greater age at surgery and a primary diagnosis of neurogenic bladder were associated with a significant increase in the stoma‐related complications and the need for revision.
The prevalence of urinary incontinence in community‐dwelling married women: a matter of definition
Authors: Vandoninck Vera , Bemelmans Bart L.H. , Mazzetta Chiara , Robertson Chris , Keech Martin , Boyle Peter , Kiemeney Lambertus A. 
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVETo determine the prevalence of female urinary incontinence (UI) and its impact on quality of life.SUBJECTS AND METHODSIn a Dutch national postal questionnaire survey, 1460 spouses of 1771 men in the town of Boxmeer, age‐stratified and randomly selected, were asked to participate. The prevalence of UI in the women was assessed in two ways. First, a total score on a short UI‐specific questionnaire differentiated them into three groups, i.e. no symptoms (score 0–2), minimally (3–6) or severely incontinent (7–14). Second, a self‐reported UI prevalence was calculated by asking respondents if they ever had urine loss. To conform to the International Continence Society standard definition, spouses were also asked to complete a general (Short Form‐12) and lower urinary tract disease‐specific quality‐of‐life questionnaire, and were asked about their need to seek help.RESULTSThe questionnaires were returned by 1071 women (mean age 57 years, range 29–79; response rate 73%); 34% were regarded as minimally and 12% as severely incontinent. The self‐reported UI rate was 40%. Disease‐specific and general quality of life was significantly lower for women with UI than for those with minimal or no urine loss; 38% of incontinent respondents had consulted a physician for their UI, and among respondents with minimal complaints this was 28%.CONCLUSIONSUp to 46% of the married female population had some degree of UI, and severe UI significantly compromised their quality of life.
Symbolic violence and the neighbourhood: the educational aspirations of 7–8 year old working‐class girls1
Authors: Connolly Paul , Healy Julie 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article focuses on the experiences of 7–8 year old working‐class girls in Belfast, Northern Ireland and their attitudes towards education. It shows how their emerging identities tend to emphasize relationships, marriage and motherhood at the expense of a concern with education and future careers. The article suggests that one important factor that can help explain this is the influence of the local neighbourhood. In drawing upon Bourdieu’s concepts of symbolic violence and habitus and Elias’ notion of figuration, the article shows how the local neighbourhood represents the parameters of the girls’ social worlds. It provides the context within which the girls tend to focus on social relations within their community and particularly on family relationships, marriage and children. It also provides the context within which the girls tend to develop strong interdependent relationships with their mothers that also tend to encourage and reinforce the girls’ particular gendered identities. The article concludes by arguing that there is a need for more research on working‐class girls and education to look beyond the school to incorporate, more fully, an understanding of the influence of the family and local neighbourhood on their attitudes towards education and their future career aspirations.
Sport in changing times and places
Authors: Jarvie Grant 
Published: December 2004

Bale, J.

2003

London
:

196
pp. £

21.99

Eitzen, S.

2003

Oxford
:

187
pp. £

17.95

Hill, J.

2002

Basingstoke
,

232
pp. £

15.99

Houlihan, B.

2003

London
:

379
pp. £

19.99

Sugden, J. and
Tomlinson, A.

2002

London
:

304
pp. £

21.99
Determining the fetal scalp lactate level that indicates the need for intervention in labour
Authors: ALLEN Rod M. , BOWLING Francis G. , OATS Jeremy J. N. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground: Fetal scalp lactate testing has been shown to be as useful as pH with added benefits. One remaining question is ‘What level of lactate should trigger intervention in the first stage of labour?’Aims: This study aimed to establish the lactate level in the first stage of labour that indicates the need for intervention to ensure satisfactory outcomes for both babies and mothers.Methods: A prospective study at Mater Mothers’ Hospital, Brisbane, Australia, a tertiary referral centre. One hundred and forty women in labour, with non‐reassuring fetal heart rate traces, were tested using fetal blood scalp sampling of 5 µL of capillary blood tested on an Accusport (Boeringer, Mannheim, East Sussex, UK) lactate meter. Decision to intervene in labour was based on clinical assessment plus a predetermined cut off. Main outcome measures were APGAR scores, cord arterial pH, meconium stained liquor and Intensive Care Nursery admission.Results: Two‐graph receiver operating characteristic (TG‐ROC) analysis showed optimal specificity, and sensitivity for predicting adverse neonatal outcomes was a scalp lactate level above 4.2 mmol/L.Conclusions: Fetal blood sampling remains the standard for further investigating‐non‐reassuring cardiotocograph (CTG) traces. Even so, it is a poor predictor of fetal outcomes. Scalp lactate has been shown to be at least as good a predictor as scalp pH, with the advantages of being easier, cheaper and with a lower rate of technical failure. Our study found that a cut off fetal scalp lactate level of 4.2 mmol/L, in combination with an assessment of the entire clinical picture, is a useful tool in identifying those women who need intervention.
Ethnicity and birth outcome: New Zealand trends 1980–2001: Part 4. Pregnancy outcomes for European/other women
Authors: CRAIG Elizabeth D. , MITCHELL Ed A. , STEWART Alistair W. , MANTELL Colin D. , EKEROMA Alec J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground: In the early 1980s European/other women made up 80% of New Zealand's population and experienced rates of preterm birth that were lower than for other ethnic groups. Rates of small for gestational age (SGA) and late fetal death were intermediate between those of Maori and Pacific women.Aims: To examine trends in preterm birth, SGA and late fetal death for European/other women during 1980–2001 and to explore risk factors which make this group vulnerable to adverse birth outcome.Methods: De‐identified birth registration data from 1 189 120 singleton live births and 5775 stillbirths were analysed for 1980–2001. Outcomes of interest included preterm birth, SGA and late fetal death while explanatory variables included maternal ethnicity, age and NZ Deprivation Index decile. Trend analysis was undertaken for 1980–1994 and multivariate logistic regression was used to explore risk factors for 1996–2001.Results: During 1980–1994, rates of preterm birth rose by 30% for European/other women, in contrast to a non‐significant decline of 7% for Maori women and 4% for Pacific women. Rates of SGA declined 19% for European/other women, compared to 25% for Maori and 30% for Pacific women. Preterm birth and SGA were positively associated with teenage pregnancy and increasing NZDep deprivation. During 1980–1994, rates of late fetal death declined by 49%, with declines being similar for all ethnic groups.Conclusions: The progressive rise in preterm birth during the past two decades is a cause of concern for European/other women, particularly as it appears confined to this ethnic group. While rates of SGA have declined, albeit at a slower rate than for other ethnic groups, the elevated risk amongst teenagers and those living in the more deprived NZDep areas suggests that greater gains are achievable if interventions are targeted towards these particular groups.