bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Framers’ Fatal Flaw
Authors: Smith Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The framers used reason in constructing the Constitution, and when they had finished that job they turned to reason again in order to convince their fellow citizens to accept the Constitution. To be sure, the supposition that the general citizenry would be governed in the matter by reasoned argument may have been in tension with the framers’ “special dispensation” notions about reason and the convention. And indeed, the Federalists were well aware of the near impossibility of the ratification decision being determined by dispassionate reason. Still, given the advisory and probably ultra vires nature of their proceedings, there was little other than reasoned argument that they could turn to.
Rhetorical Figures in Science
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rhetorical Figures in Science breaks new ground in the rhetorical study of scientific argument as the first book to demonstrate how figures of speech other than metaphor have been used to accomplish key conceptual moves in scientific texts. Examples, both verbal and visual, range across disciplines and centuries to reaffirm the positive value of these once widely-taught devices.
The Figures as Epitomes
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The English scientist John Dalton is credited today with bringing the elegance of whole number proportions to the understanding of chemical combination. If elements combine into compounds in simple ratios, Dalton realized, then the ancient atomic theory proposing indivisible units of matter was vindicated. But his ground breaking insight appears only briefly and toward the end of a work preoccupied with a more pressing issue in late eighteenth-century chemical theory: the nature of heat or caloric. Dalton’s 1808 treatise, A New System of Chemical Philosophy, opens with the current definition of this force become a substance. “The most probable opinion concerning the nature of caloric is, that of its being an elastic fluid of great subtilty[sic], the particles of which repel one another, but are attracted by all other bodies” (Dalton 1808, 1).
Bringing Japanese Management Systems to the United States: Transplantation or Transformation?
Authors: Liker Jeffrey K , Fruin W Mark , Adler Paul S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past two decades, Japanese firms have challenged U.S. dominance in many manufacturing industries. At first the challenge appeared in the form of imports, and early analyses often attributed Japanese success to an undervalued yen, low labor costs, and unfair trade practices. However, Japanese firms have increasingly brought their competitive challenge to the United States in the form of transplant operations, and recognition has spread that their success owes much to superior manufacturing management. Despite the ups and downs of the business cycle in Japan, there remains a core of worldclass companies in Japan that have evolved manufacturing management systems that companies throughout the world have been striving to emulate.
Creating Lean Suppliers: Diffusing Lean Production through the Supply Chain
Authors: MacDuffie John Paul , Helper Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The existence of supplier-customer relationships, particularly among Japanese companies, that fit neither “market” nor “hierarchy” categories has drawn sustained attention in recent years (Cusumano and Takeishi, 1995; Dyer and Ouchi, 1993; Helper, 1991, 1992; Nishiguchi, 1994; Smitka, 1992). Such arrangements are integral to the structure of Japanese business networks (Gerlach, 1993), and they have also been a companion to Japanese direct investment in overseas manufacturing facilities. In the auto industry, Japanese companies initially used parts from Japan in the new assembly plants built in North America in the 1980s. But, since then, they have steadily increased the percentage of parts purchased from U.S.-located suppliers of both U.S. and Japanese ownership (Kenney and Florida, 1993; Mair, 1993). In the process, some of these Japanese companies have taken the unusual step of working extensively with their suppliers to teach them “lean production”often by sending their own employees into supplier plants for weeks or months to redesign work stations, reorganize process flow, modify equipment, and establish problem-solving groups.
Site-Specific Organization Learning in International Technology Transfer: Example from Toshiba
Authors: Fruin W Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japanese management systems (JMS) are diffusing rapidly around the world; witness the success of the Toyota Production System (TPS) and the worldwide renown of “lean production.” JMS, we argue, are systems that incorporate more than just leanness or operational efficiency as seen in a number of techniques and tools, such as flexible automation, zero defects, and small batch manufacturing. (See Porter, 1996, for another view.) These additional factors are related to larger issues of organizational design and strategy and to their close links, embeddedness, really, in management systems.
The Negative Marker
Authors: Rowlett Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I consider the element pas, which, in contrast to ne, is inherently negative. Indeed, I have already observed that pas is one of the elements that can occupy SpecNegP and license ne by transmitting its [+NEG] feature to Neg°. The central idea behind the analysis proposed here is that, in the context of sentential negation, SpecNegP is in fact the derived position of pas, which does not occupy the same position at both D-structure and S-structure. It is argued that, underlyingly, the position of pas is determined by its scope as a lexical negator: typically, pas is adjoined to VP, which, given the VP-internal subject hypothesis of, for example, Kitagawa (1986), is the minimal domain containing the verb and all its arguments; a VP-adjoined adverb therefore takes scope over all verbal arguments. This is explored in section 2.1. Alternatively, pas can function as a quantifier similar to beaucoup ‘lots’ and can, consequently, be generated within an indefinite nominal expression. This is explored in section 2.2.
Other Negative Adverbs
Authors: Rowlett Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having dealt with ne (chapter 1) and the core negative marker pas (chapter 2) and having concluded that Modem French is a non-NC language (chapter 3), I turn, in chapters 4 and 5, to what might be termed the periphery, or the “negative” elements other than pas, which Muller (1991) labels semi-négations. After establishing an inventory of the relevant lexical items, I subdivide the group into two, considering here just the adverbs (plus ‘no/any more/longer’, jamais ‘(n)ever’, and guère ‘hardly (ever)’), leaving the arguments for chapter 5 (rien ‘anything/nothing’ and personne ‘anyone/no-one’).
In section 4.1, I distinguish between negative adverbs and arguments. After initial discussion of the distribution and interpretation of the adverbs, one feature of the data becomes clear, namely the far-reaching parallels between the distribution of these elements and that of pas. With this observation in mind, I consider some possible conclusions about the syntactic properties of negative adverbs, drawing heavily on those made in chapter 2 for pas. In particular, given that I analyzed [XP pas ] in terms of Move-α, I assume, a priori, that it is probably best to approach the syntax of the negative adverbs in terms of XP movement as well. In section 4.2, I reconsider the data. Although it seemed, at first glance, warranted to throw negative adverbs into the same bag as pas, it becomes apparent that the distributional parallels are not total. First, the negative adverbs differ from pas in terms of their co-occurrence possibilities (section 4.2.1); negative adverbs can readily co-occur with each other but not–in the standard language, at least–with pas (with the relevant NC reading). Second, they differ in terms of the positions they can occupy with respect to infinitives (section 4.2.2); negative adverbs have a freer distribution than pas.
Radical Historical Discontinuity: Explaining the Holocaust
Authors: Katz Steven T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question posed for this symposium by the editors of this volume is a very complex and difficult one to answer. There is no doubt that considerable continuity exists between Christian, modem and Nazi antisemitism. Despite the official and real decline of the role and power of the church in Western Europe, the residue of millennia of theological antisemitism remained firmly embedded in European life. Had Christianity not transformed Jews into mythical, alien creatures, Nazism would not have chosen to do likewise. In this fundamental sense, there is a high degree of commonality between premodern, modem and Hitlerian Judeophobia.
Forced Emigration, War, Deportation and Holocaust
Authors: Aly Gotz , Heim Susanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a brief moment, it seemed that the many events taking place in 1995 to mark the end of the Second World War would make it possible, as so many Germans hoped, finally to close the book on the painful chapter of Nazism. But this expectation soon proved to be illusory. Steven Spielberg’s film “Schindler’s List,” the publication of Victor Klemperer’s diaries and finally Daniel J. Goldhagen’s book Hitler’s Willing Executioners (to name only the most notable examples) caused the issue to flare up time and again. In Germany, any attempt to “overcome” the past engenders new controversies; and the vehemence of the debate makes clear how little National Socialism is “history.”
Memory and Method: Variance in Holocaust Narrations
Authors: Diner Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is common knowledge that history and memory are viewed as antithetical. Historical research is rightly skeptical about evidence recycled, as a purported reflection of reality, by memory. After all, historical sciences base their claims to verity on time-tested instruments of knowing and proof, a gamut ranging from source criticism to the densely aggregated fields of discourse and debate on method and epistemology. Nonetheless, historiography cannot escape the confrontation with memory, which represents a world that relativizes, and hence undermines, the claims to universal validity made by historical scholarship. This essay, then, explores the interrelationship of historiography and memory as related to an event still in search of its proper locus in historical research: the Holocaust.
Translation And Interpretation
Authors: Roy Cynthia B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eugene Nida has suggested that the “significance of translation as an act of communication has been overlooked or underestimated” and has called for translation to be studied as a communicative event (1964: xx). With the publication of Brislin’s (1976) edited collection Translation, many authors began to call for studying translation (which is text-centered) and its related field, interpreting (which is speech-centered), as communicative processes. In the introduction, Brislin notes: “There is a recent study area in the social and behavioral sciences that is devoted to just these aspects of communication in social settings. It is called sociolinguistics, and it has been described in a number of places (ErvinTripp 1969; Gumperz and Hymes 1972)” (1976: 77).
Turn-Taking As A Discourse Process
Authors: Roy Cynthia B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Turn-taking is a basic, specific discourse property that can be observed, described, analyzed, and explicated. Examining turns during an interpreted conversation offers a still new, relatively unexplored, empirical insight into interpreting as a discourse process. Turn-taking in interpreting has unique and complex features that actively involve the interpreter in organizing, managing, constraining, and directing the flow of talk. Interpreters make decisions to manage and orchestrate turns due to and because of the surface linguistic meanings and the social meanings inherent in the situation and its expectations. Moreover, all the participants are taking turns based on both signals within the language and based on their own sense of rights and obligations when talking.
Epilogue
Authors: Roy Cynthia B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is evident from the analysis presented, the nature and structure of this discourse event is complex due to the interrelationships among the participants and their aims, their expectations and assumptions, the ways in which meaning emerges, and the way participants represent those meanings in their languages. Studying discourse and its phenomena among and between the participants and the interpreter explicates how the interpreting process works and how the interpreter works within it. This type of study begins to tell us how interpreters know what things mean and what strategies they use to convey meaning.
Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice
Authors: Baugh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Labels pertaining to American slave descendants have undergone considerable change over the decades since our forebears were freed. W. E. B. Du Bois observed that racial classifications can be misleading, particularly if those classifications are detested. In 1928 DuBois spoke of these matters in response to Roland Barth, and Barth’s advocacy of the change from “Negro” to “colored.”
A Juridical Frankenstein, Or Death In The Hands Of The State
Authors: Taylor Julie M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imaginaries of Violence Sightmares fill us with dreads so deep that, when they stay in our minds, the fear they provoke seems primordial. Yet imaginaries of violence differ from culture to culture.1 The different shapes terrors take have not been investigated, possibly because their study takes us back to the nightmares that feel to each of us universal. Neither violence, nor terror, nor even fear can be an identical experience for everyone in the face of highly specific contexts that are culturally and historically defined. Violence comes in different forms; different peoples expect violences to be wielded by different agents in different ways. These pages explore cultural and historical detail in Argentina that feeds and frames dread of violence in the hands of the state.
Lexical Universals
Authors: Brown Cecil H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary linguistics has focused on language universals with the idea that they reflect the fundamental nature of the human language faculty (Witkowski and Brown 1978; Brown and Witkowski 1980). Since the midcentury development of generative grammar and related linguistic theories, it has been convincingly argued that design principles of human language are innate. The investigation of cross-language regularities is one approach to fleshing out cognitive structures innately shared by humankind on which individual languages are constructed.
Lexical Borrow Ability
Authors: Brown Cecil H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lexical borrowability refers to the ease with which a word or a category of words can be borrowed (van Hout and Muysken 1994:39). Over a century ago William Dwight Whitney (1881) proposed a hierarchy of categories based on borrowability, in which nouns are observed to be most readily borrowed, followed by other parts of speech and then by suffixes, inflections, and sounds. While this hierarchy has been extended and variously revised over the years by scholars such as Haugen (1950), Moravcsik (1978), Muysken (1981), and Singh (1981), the privileged status of nouns has not been seriously challenged (see especially Poplack, Sankoff, and Miller 1988:62-64). Van Hout and Muysken (p. 42) explain this as follows: “one of the primary motivations for lexical borrowing ... is ... to extend the referential potential of a language. Since reference is established primarily through nouns, these are the elements borrowed most easily.”
European Loan Diffusion
Authors: Brown Cecil H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the 4,345 native terms for items of acculturation shared by genetically unrelated languages (table 8.1), 1,329 (30.6%) are European loanwords that have been referentially extended (formally considered to be native terms in this study). While some Amerindian languages have occasionally independently extended the same European loan to the same acculturated item (e.g., a European word for a specific currency denomination extended to MONEY in general; see chapter 4), widespread sharing of semantically altered European loans is typically due to their diffusion across Native American languages.
Loan Shift: A Brief Case Study
Authors: Brown Cecil H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to diffused native terms (chapter 8) and diffused European loans (chapter 9), names for imported items have spread across Native American languages independent of phonological representation. This is typically manifested by phonologically different native labels that show the same, or virtually the same, semantic content in two or more languages. When such similarities are due to diffusion, as opposed to either universal naming tendencies (chapter 4) or to chance, they constitute loan shifts. As noted in chapter 3, loan shifts come in two varieties: (1) loan translations (or calques) in which compound labels in one language are translated, morpheme by morpheme, into words of another language, and (2) semantic loans, which are like loan translations except that they involve single words rather than compounds.
The New Quality Model: Continuity or Discontinuity?
Authors: Cole Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To begin, I explore these points: the definition of quality, the prevalence of quality improvement practices, and the nature of the differences between established approaches to quality and the new quality model. These are the tasks for this chapter. As I have already said, there was a great deal of confusion about the nature of this new competitive reality, for quality meant different things at different times in different industries. There was not a single American quality movement but many. These different approaches reflected the competitive circumstances of firms and industries, as well as their uncertainty about how to effectively respond to Japanese competitive pressures. We can describe various mini fads in the evolution of the American quality movement.
An HPSG Account of Antecedent-Contained Ellipsis
Authors: Lappin Shalom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sentences in (1a) and (1 b) illustrate the phenomenon of antecedent-contained ellipsis (ACE), where an elided VP appears within a containing VP that serves as its antecedent. An earlier version of this paper was first given at the SOAS Ellipsis Workshop in September, 1996. A later version was presented to the Tel Aviv University Linguistics Colloquium in November, 1996. I am grateful to the participants of both events for their comments and criticisms. I would also like to thank Howard Gregory, Dick Hudson, David Johnson, Chris Kennedy, Howard Lasnik, Jason Merchant, Carl Pollard, Ivan Sag, and Stuart Shieber for useful discussion of some of the ideas proposed here.
V-Movement and VP Ellipsis
Authors: Doron Edit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In determining parallelism between clauses for the purpose of interpreting VP ellipsis, verbs are usually not mentioned as parallel elements, since typically, in a clause where VP is missing, the verb is missing as well. But in languages where verbs raise out of the VP overtly, it is to be expected that VP ellipsis would “strand” the verb. Such examples are hard to distinguish from null-object examples, since in both cases the object is missing but not the verb. Nonetheless, it is possible to separate the two constructions based on their different syntactic characteristics, as is shown in Doron (1990) for Hebrew.
Learning and Losing Japanese as a Second Language: A Multiple Case Study of American University Students
Authors: Nagasawa Sumiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have presented the phenomena of language attrition and retention in various environments where foreign or second languages are gradually lost due to disuse. This chapter examines a phenomenon that occurred in a slightly different context: the attrition and retention of second language (L2) Japanese in a first language (L1) environment where language instruction continued after returning from Japan. It had been observed in a U.S. graduate institute that advanced speakers of Japanese who had intensive language training and exposure to the language while in Japan during the summer experienced some attrition during the following academic year even though a certain level of language instruction continued. Similar phenomena are observable elsewhere among those who come back to the Ll environment from L2 study abroad programs. The attrition of oral skills among the students seemed to be caused mainly by the change of the language environment from an L2 (Japan) to Ll (U.S. English), where the exposure to the language and the opportunity to use it were severely limited. However, the environmental factor did not seem to affect the students equally, as some were able to maintain their L2 oral skills to a greater extent than others. Therefore the present study examined other variables that might have an effect on language attrition and retention in this population: initial proficiency level, attitudes and motivation, language use outside the classroom, and language learning background. It was hoped that a qualitative study of seven students at the above mentioned institute would shed some light on the complex nature of language attrition phenomena.
System Emergence at Toyota History
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapters 2 and 3 analyze the historical aspects of the Japanese automobile manufacturing system as an evolutionary process (see figure 2.1). The main purpose of this analysis is to demonstrate that Toyota’s manufacturing capability building process can be described as multipath system emergence, and thereby to highlight the top layer of Toyota’s distinctive competence-its evolutionary learning capability. The present chapter describes a brief history of the Toyota-style manufacturing system, and the next chapter reinterprets it from the system emergence point of view.
System Emergence at Toyota Reinterpretation
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction: An Operational Definition of Multi-Path System Emergence Having outlined a history of the Toyota-style manufacturing system in chapter 2, let’s now interpret it from the system emergence point of view. The present chapter includes the last two steps of the historical analysis. In step 3, I rearrange the given history to demonstrate how a variety of evolutionary paths created the main components of the Toyotastyle system. In step 4, I summarize my historical findings to see if Toyota, in fact, possessed an evolutionary learning capability, by which it created that competitive manufacturing system out of the multi-path system emergence.
Evolution of Product Development Routines
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with the black box parts practice of Japanese suppliers, a second major component of the total manufacturing system-product development-offers specific examples of system evolution in the automobile industry. This chapter enriches and extends my evolutionary arguments by presenting both statistical and clinical-historical data on product development. Regardless of what official company histories indicate, the Japanese firms like Toyota that ended up with effective product development routines in the 1980s did so through system emergence-that is, through a combination of intended and unintended consequences.