bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syngeneic Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: A Comparison With Allogeneic and Autologous Transplantation—The Lymphoma Working Committee of the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry and the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Bierman Philip J. , Sweetenham John W. , Loberiza Fausto R. , Taghipour Goli , Lazarus Hillard M. , Rizzo J. Douglas , Schmitz Norbert , van Besien Koen , Vose Julie M. , Horowitz Mary , Goldstone Anthony 
Published: September 2003

Purpose: To compare results of syngeneic, allogeneic, and autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Patients and Methods: The databases of the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry (IBMTR) and the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation were used to identify 89 NHL patients who received syngeneic transplants. These patients were compared with NHL patients identified from the IBMTR and the Autologous Blood and Marrow Transplant Registry who received allogeneic (T-cell depleted and T-cell replete) and autologous (purged and unpurged) transplants. Results: No significant differences in relapse rates were observed when results of allogeneic transplantation were compared with syngeneic transplantation for any histology. T-cell depletion of allografts was not associated with a higher relapse risk, but was associated with improved overall survival for patients with low-grade and intermediate-grade histology. Patients who received unpurged autografts for low-grade NHL had a five-fold (P = .008) greater risk of relapse than recipients of syngeneic transplants, and recipients of unpurged autografts had a two-fold (P = .0009) greater relapse risk than patients who received purged autografts. Among low-grade NHL patients, the use of purging was associated with significantly better disease-free survival (P = .003) and overall survival (P = .04) when compared with patients who received unpurged autografts. Conclusion: These analyses failed to find evidence of a graft-versus-lymphoma effect, but do provide indirect evidence to support the hypothesis that tumor contamination may contribute to lymphoma relapse, and that purging may be beneficial for patients undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for low-grade NHL.
Randomized Phase III Study of High-Dose Fluorouracil Given As a Weekly 24-Hour Infusion With or Without Leucovorin Versus Bolus Fluorouracil Plus Leucovorin in Advanced Colorectal Cancer: European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Group Study 40952
Authors: Köhne C-H. , Wils J. , Lorenz M. , Schöffski P. , Voigtmann R. , Bokemeyer C. , Lutz M. , Kleeberg U. , Ridwelski K. , Souchon R. , El-Serafi M. , Weiss U. , Burkhard O. , Rückle H. , Lichinitser M. , Langenbuch T. , Scheithauer W. , Baron B. , Couvreur M.L. , Schmoll H.J. 
Published: September 2003

Purpose: This trial was conducted to determine whether high-dose fluorouracil (FU) given as a weekly 24-hour infusion is more active than bolus FU + leucovorin (LV), and whether high-dose infusional FU can be modulated by LV. Patients and Methods: A total of 497 patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer were randomly assigned to receive bolus FU 425 mg/m2 intravenously + LV 20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 5 and repeated on day 28 (FU + LV), or FU 2,600 mg/m2 as a 24-hour infusion alone (FU24h) or in combination with 500 mg/m2 LV (FU24h + LV)—all given weekly ×6 followed by a 2-week rest period. Survival was the major study end point. Results: With a median follow-up of more than 3 years, survival did not differ among the treatment groups (median FU + LV, 11.1 months [95% CI, 10.2 to 15.0 months]; FU24h, 13.0 months [95% CI, 10.4 to 15.4 months]; FU24h + LV, 13.7 months [95% CI, 12.0 to 16.4 months]; P = .724). Progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly longer for FU24h + LV (median FU + LV, 4.0 months [95% CI, 3.4 to 4.9]; FU24h, 4.1 months [95% CI, 3.4 to 5.0]; FU24h + LV 5.6 months [95% CI, 4.4 to 6.7]; P = .029). The response rates in the subgroup of patients with measurable disease were 12%, 10%, and 17% for FU + LV, FU24h, and FU24h + LV, respectively (not significant). Occurrence of grade 3 and 4 diarrhea was higher in the FU24h + LV arm (22%) compared with the FU24h (6%) or FU + LV (9%) arms; however, stomatitis (11% in FU + LV v 3% in FU24h v 5% in FU24h + LV arms) and hematologic toxicity were higher in the bolus FU + LV arm. Global quality of life did not differ within the three arms. Conclusion: Neither FU24h + LV nor FU24h prolong survival, relative to bolus FU + LV. Leucovorin increases PFS if added to FU24h, but increases toxicity.
The Cross-Talk between Angiotensin and Insulin Differentially Affects Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase- and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Mediated Signaling in Rat Heart: Implications for Insulin Resistance
Authors: Carvalheira José B. C. , Calegari Vivian C. , Zecchin Henrique G. , Nadruz Wilson , Guimarães Regina B. , Ribeiro Eliane B. , Franchini Kleber G. , Velloso Lício A. , Saad Mario J. A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractInsulin and angiotensin II (AngII) may act through overlapping intracellular pathways to promote cardiac myocyte growth. In this report insulin and AngII signaling, through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) and MAPK pathways, were compared in cardiac tissues of control and obese Zucker rats. AngII induced Janus kinase 2 tyrosine phosphorylation and coimmunoprecipitation with insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and IRS-2 as well as an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS and its association with growth factor receptor-binding protein 2. Simultaneous treatment with both hormones led to marked increases in the associations of IRS-1 and -2 with growth factor receptor-binding protein 2 and in the dual phosphorylation of ERK1/2 compared with the administration of AngII or insulin alone. In contrast, an acute inhibition of both basal and insulin-stimulated PI 3-kinase activity was induced by both hormones. Insulin stimulated the phosphorylation of MAPK equally in lean and obese rats. Conversely, insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt in heart was decreased in obese rats. Pretreatment with losartan did not change insulin-induced activation of ERK1/2 and attenuated the reduction of Akt phosphorylation in the heart of obese rats. Thus, the imbalance between PI 3-kinase-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways in the heart may play a role in the development of cardiovascular abnormalities observed in insulin-resistant states, such as in obese Zucker rats.
Photoperiodic Regulation of Hypothalamic Retinoid Signaling: Association of Retinoid X Receptor γ with Body Weight
Authors: Ross Alexander W. , Webster Catriona A. , Mercer Julian G. , Moar Kim M. , Ebling Francis J. , Schuhler Sandrine , Barrett Perry , Morgan Peter J. 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
This study reports novel events related to photoperiodic programming of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. To investigate photoperiod-responsive genes, Siberian hamsters were maintained in long or short photoperiods that generate physiological states of obesity or leanness. Microarray expression analysis first identified CRBP1 as a photoperiod-responsive gene, and then further studies using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry revealed that expression levels of several related retinoid-signaling genes were modulated in response to photoperiod changes. Genes of the retinoid-signaling pathway, encoding nuclear receptors (RXR/RAR) and retinoid binding proteins (CRBP1 and CRABP2) are photoperiodically regulated in the dorsal tuberomamillary nucleus (DTM): Their expression is significantly lower in short photoperiods and parallels body weight decreases. Studies in pinealectomized hamsters confirm that the pineal melatonin rhythm is necessary for these seasonal changes, and studies in testosterone-treated hamsters reveal that these changes in gene expression are not the secondary consequence of photoperiod-induced changes in steroid levels. Comparative studies using Syrian hamsters, which show divergent seasonal body weight responses to Siberian hamsters when exposed to short photoperiods, showed a distinct pattern of changes in retinoid gene expression in the DTM in response to a change in photoperiod. We infer that the DTM may be an important integrating center for photoperiodic control of seasonal physiology and suggest that the changes in retinoid X receptor γ expression may be associated with seasonal changes in body weight and energy metabolism.
On the topographic targeting of basal vomeronasal axons through Slit-mediated chemorepulsion
Authors: Knöll Bernd , Schmidt Hannes , Andrews William , Guthrie Sarah , Pini Adrian , Sundaresan Vasi , Drescher Uwe 
Published: September 2003

The vomeronasal projection conveys information provided by pheromones and detected by neurones in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) to the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) and thence to other regions of the brain such as the amygdala. The VNO-AOB projection is topographically organised such that axons from apical and basal parts of the VNO terminate in the anterior and posterior AOB respectively.We provide evidence that the Slit family of axon guidance molecules and their Robo receptors contribute to the topographic targeting of basal vomeronasal axons. Robo receptor expression is confined largely to basal VNO axons, while Slits are differentially expressed in the AOB with a higher concentration in the anterior part, which basal axons do not invade.Immunohistochemistry using a Robo-specific antibody reveals a zone-specific targeting of VNO axons in the AOB well before cell bodies of these neurones in the VNO acquire their final zonal position. In vitro assays show that Slit1-Slit3 chemorepel VNO axons, suggesting that basal axons are guided to the posterior AOB due to chemorepulsive activity of Slits in the anterior AOB.These data in combination with recently obtained other data suggest a model for the topographic targeting in the vomeronasal projection where ephrin-As and neuropilins guide apical VNO axons, while Robo/Slit interactions are important components in the targeting of basal VNO axons.
The three-dimensional flow field generated by a feeding calanoid copepod measured using digital holography
Authors: Malkiel Edwin , Sheng Jian , Katz Joseph , Strickler J. Rudi 
Published: September 2003

SUMMARY
Digital in-line holography is used for measuring the three-dimensional(3-D) trajectory of a free-swimming freshwater copepod Diaptomus minutus, and simultaneously the instantaneous 3-D velocity field around this copepod. The optical setup consists of a collimated He-Ne laser illuminating a sample volume seeded with particles and containing several feeding copepods. A time series of holograms is recorded at 15 Hz using a lensless 2Kx2K digital camera. Inclined mirrors on the walls of the sample volume enable simultaneous recording of two perpendicular views on the same frame. Numerical reconstruction and matching of views determine the 3-D trajectories of a copepod and the tracer particles to within pixel accuracy(7.4 μm). The velocity field and trajectories of particles entrained by the copepod have a recirculating pattern in the copepod's frame of reference. This pattern is caused by the copepod sinking at a rate that is lower than its terminal sinking speed, due to the propulsive force generated by its feeding current. Consequently, the copepod sees the same fluid, requiring it to hop periodically to scan different fluid for food. Using Stokeslets to model the velocity field induced by a point force, the measured velocity distributions enable us to estimate the excess weight of the copepod(7.2×10-9 N), its excess density (6.7 kg m-3) and the propulsive force generated by its feeding appendages(1.8×10-8 N).
Analysis of myofibrillar proteins and transcripts in adult skeletal muscles of the American lobsterHomarus americanus: variable expression of myosins, actin and troponins in fast, slow-twitch and slow-tonic fibres
Authors: Medler Scott , Mykles Donald L. 
Published: September 2003

SUMMARYSkeletal muscles are diverse in their contractile properties, with many of these differences being directly related to the assemblages of myofibrillar isoforms characteristic of different fibers. Crustacean muscles are similar to other muscles in this respect, although the majority of information about differences in muscle organization comes from vertebrate species. In the present study, we examined the correlation between myofibrillar protein isoforms and the patterns of myofibrillar gene expression in fast, slow-phasic(S1) and slow-tonic (S2) fibers of the American lobster Homarus americanus. SDS-PAGE and western blotting were used to identify isoform assemblages of myosin heavy chain (MHC), P75, troponin T(TnT) and troponin I (TnI). RT-PCR was used to monitor expression of fast and slow (S1) MHC, P75 and actin in different fiber types, and the MHC and actin levels were quantified by real-time PCR. Fast and slow fibers from the claw closers predominantly expressed fast and S1 MHC,respectively, but also lower levels of the alternate MHC. By contrast, fast fibers from the deep abdominal muscle expressed fast MHC exclusively. In addition, slow muscles expressed significantly higher levels of actin than fast fibers. A distal bundle of fibers in the cutter claw closer muscle was found to be composed of a mixture of S1 and S2 fibers,many of which possessed a mixture of S1 and S2 MHC isoforms. This pattern supports the idea that S1 and S2fibers represent extremes in a continuum of slow muscle phenotype. Overall,these patterns demonstrate that crustacean skeletal muscles cannot be strictly categorized into discrete fiber types, but a muscle's properties probably represent a point on a continuum of fiber types. This trend may result from differences in innervation pattern, as each muscle is controlled by a unique combination of phasic, tonic or both phasic and tonic motor nerves. In this respect, future studies examining how muscle phenotype correlates with innervation pattern may help account for variation in crustacean fiber types.
Influence of seasonal temperature on the repeat swimming performance of rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Jain Kamini E. , Farrell Anthony P. 
Published: September 2003

SUMMARYWhile the temperature dependence of exercise performance in fishes is reasonably well documented, information on the temperature dependence of metabolic recovery and reperformance is scant. This study examined the recovery of swimming performance after exhaustive exercise in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at seasonal temperatures ranging from 5 to 17°C and explored the relationship between performance and preceding metabolic state. The primary objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that increased temperature increases the capability of rainbow trout to repeat a critical swimming speed (Ucrit), as assessed by two consecutive critical swimming speed tests separated by a 40 min rest interval. An additional expectation was that certain plasma ionic, metabolic and humoral parameters would be correlated with how well fish reperformed and so plasma levels of lactate, potassium, ammonia, osmolality, sodium and cortisol, as well as hematocrit, were monitored before, during and after the swim challenges via an indwelling cannula in the dorsal aorta. As expected, performance in the first Ucrit test(Ucrit1) was positively related to temperature. However,the relationship between Ucrit1 and reperformance(Ucrit2) was not dependent on acclimation temperature in a simple manner. Contrary to our expectations, Ucrit2 was less than Ucrit1 for warm-acclimated fish(14.9±1.0°C), whereas Ucrit2 equaled Ucrit1 for cold-acclimated fish (8.4±0.9°C). Cold-acclimated fish also exhibited a lower Ucrit1 and less metabolic disruption compared with warm-acclimated fish. Thus, while warm acclimation conferred a faster Ucrit1, a similar swimming speed could not be attained on subsequent swim after a 40 min recovery period. This finding does not support the hypothesis that the ability of rainbow trout to reperform on Ucrit test is improved with temperature. Both plasma lactate and plasma potassium levels were strongly correlated with Ucrit1 performance. Therefore, the higher Ucrit1 of warm-acclimated fish may have been due in part to a greater anaerobic swimming effort compared with cold-acclimated fish. In fact, a significant correlation existed between the plasma lactate concentration prior to the start of the second test and the subsequent Ucrit2 performance, such that Ucrit2decreased when a threshold plasma lactate level of around 12.2 mmol l-1 was surpassed for the initial swim. No other measured plasma variable showed a significant relationship with the Ucrit2performance. We conclude that warm-acclimated fish, by apparently swimming harder and possibly more anaerobically compared with cold-acclimated fish,were unable to recovery sufficiently well during the fixed recovery period to repeat this initial level of performance, and this poorer repeat performance was correlated with elevations in plasma lactate levels.
Mitochondrial mRNA stability and polyadenylation during anoxia-induced quiescence in the brine shrimpArtemia franciscana
Authors: Eads Brian D. , Hand Steven C. 
Published: September 2003

SUMMARYPolyadenylation of messenger RNA is known to be an important mechanism for regulating mRNA stability in a variety of systems, including bacteria,chloroplasts and plant mitochondria. By comparison, little is known about the role played by polyadenylation in animal mitochondrial gene expression. We have used embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana to test hypotheses regarding message stability and polyadenylation under conditions simulating anoxia-induced quiescence. In response to anoxia, these embryos undergo a profound and acute metabolic downregulation, characterized by a steep drop in intracellular pH (pHi) and ATP levels. Using dot blots of total mitochondrial RNA, we show that during in organelloincubations both O2 deprivation and acidic pH (pH 6.4) elicit increases in half-lives of selected mitochondrial transcripts on the order of five- to tenfold or more, relative to normoxic controls at pH 7.8. Polyadenylation of these transcripts was measured under the same incubation conditions using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)-based assay. The results demonstrate that low pH and anoxia promote significant deadenylation of the stabilized transcripts in several cases,measured either as change over time in the amount of polyadenylation within a given size class of poly(A)+ tail, or as the total amount of polyadenylation at the endpoint of the incubation. This study is the first direct demonstration that for a metazoan mitochondrion, polyadenylation is associated with destabilized mRNA. This pattern has also been demonstrated in bacteria, chloroplasts and plant mitochondria and may indicate a conserved mechanism for regulating message half-life that differs from the paradigm for eukaryotic cytoplasm, where increased mRNA stability is associated with polyadenylation.
Sensitivity analysis of kinematic approximations in dynamic medusan swimming models
Authors: Dabiri John O. , Gharib Morteza 
Published: September 2003

SUMMARYModels of medusan swimming typically rely on kinematic approximations to observed animal morphology to make such investigations tractable. The effect of these simplifications on the accuracy of predicted dynamics has not been examined in detail. We conduct a case study of the scyphozoan jellyfish Chrysaora fuscescens to isolate and quantify the sensitivity of dynamic models to common kinematic approximations. It is found that dynamic models exhibit strong dependence on the nature of some approximations and the context in which they are implemented. Therefore it is incorrect and potentially misleading to assume that achieving kinematic similarity in models of measured animal locomotion will necessarily provide dynamically correct models.
High-speed video analysis of wing-snapping in two manakin clades(Pipridae: Aves)
Authors: Bostwick Kimberly S. , Prum Richard O. 
Published: September 2003

SUMMARYBasic kinematic and detailed physical mechanisms of avian, non-vocal sound production are both unknown. Here, for the first time, field-generated high-speed video recordings and acoustic analyses are used to test numerous competing hypotheses of the kinematics underlying sonations, or non-vocal communicative sounds, produced by two genera of Pipridae, Manacus and Pipra (Aves). Eleven behaviorally and acoustically distinct sonations are characterized, five of which fall into a specific acoustic class of relatively loud, brief, broad-frequency sound pulses, or snaps. The hypothesis that one kinematic mechanism of snap production is used within and between birds in general, and manakins specifically, is rejected. Instead, it is verified that three of four competing hypotheses of the kinematic mechanisms used for producing snaps, namely: (1) above-the-back wing-against-wing claps, (2)wing-against-body claps and (3) wing-into-air flicks, are employed between these two clades, and a fourth mechanism, (4) wing-against-tail feather interactions, is discovered. The kinematic mechanisms used to produce snaps are invariable within each identified sonation, despite the fact that a diversity of kinematic mechanisms are used among sonations. The other six sonations described are produced by kinematic mechanisms distinct from those used to create snaps, but are difficult to distinguish from each other and from the kinematics of flight. These results provide the first detailed kinematic information on mechanisms of sonation in birds in general, and the Pipridae specifically. Further, these results provide the first evidence that acoustically similar avian sonations, such as brief, broad frequency snaps, can be produced by diverse kinematic means, both among and within species. The use of high-speed video recordings in the field in a comparative manner documents the diversity of kinematic mechanisms used to sonate, and uncovers a hidden, sexually selected radiation of behavioral and communicative diversity in the Pipridae.
Rapid colour changes in multilayer reflecting stripes in the paradise whiptail,Pentapodus paradiseus
Authors: Mäthger L. M. , Land M. F. , Siebeck U. E. , Marshall N. J. 
Published: September 2003

SUMMARYThe Paradise whiptail (Pentapodus paradiseus) has distinct reflective stripes on its head and body. The reflective stripes contain a dense layer of physiologically active iridophores, which act as multilayer reflectors. The wavelengths reflected by these stripes can change from blue to red in 0.25 s. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the iridophore cells contain plates that are, on average, 51.4 nm thick. This thickness produces a stack, which acts as an ideal quarter-wavelength multilayer reflector (equal optical thickness of plates and spaces) in the blue, but not the red, region of the spectrum. When skin preparations were placed into hyposmotic physiological saline, the peak wavelength of the reflected light shifted towards the longer (red) end of the visible spectrum. Hyperosmotic saline reversed this effect and shifted the peak wavelength towards shorter(blue/UV) wavelengths. Norepinephrine (100 μmol l-1) shifted the peak wavelength towards the longer end of the spectrum, while adenosine (100μmol l-1) reversed the effects of norepinephrine. The results from this study show that the wavelength changes are elicited by a change of∼70 nm in the distance between adjacent plates in the iridophore cells.