bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secretory Low-Molecular–Weight Phospholipases A2 and Their Specific Receptor in Bile Ducts of Patients With Intrahepatic Calculi: Factors of Chronic Proliferative Cholangitis
Authors: Shoda Junichi , Kano Masahito , Asano Toru , Irimura Tatsuro , Ueda Tetsuya , Iwasaki Ryu , Furukawa Masato , Kamiya Junichi , Nimura Yuji , Todoroki Takeshi , Matsuzaki Yasushi , Tanaka Naomi 
Published: July 2004

Intrahepatic calculi is characterized by an intractable course and frequent recurrences, requiring multiple operative interventions. Chronic proliferative cholangitis, an active and long–standing inflammation of the stone–containing bile ducts with the hyperplasia of epithelia and the proliferation of the duct–associated mucus glands, may underlie the complex nature of the disease. In terms of the pathophysiology, interest has been focused on the role of secretory low-molecular–weight phospholipases A2 (sPLA2 s) as inflammatory mediators or factors modulating cell functions via their specific sPLA2 –receptor, and also on the production and secretion of altered mucin molecules from the inflamed bile ducts. In search of factors involving chronic proliferative cholangitis, the sPLA2 isoforms in the bile such as the pancreatic–type sPLA2 (group IB sPLA2 ) and the arthritic–type sPLA2 (group IIA sPLA2 ), were assayed to correlate protein masses of the sPLA2 s with alterations in biliary composition. Furthermore, the steady–state messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of the sPLA2 s, the membrane–bound sPLA2 –receptor, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and mucin core polypeptide (MUC) genes in the bile ducts were assayed by reverse– transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). Immunoreactive sPLA2 –IB and sPLA2 –IIA levels were significantly higher in the bile from the stone–containing hepatic ducts (2315 ± 677 for sPLA2 –IB; 281 ± 42 for sPLA2 –IIA ng/dL, mean ± SEM; n = 20) than in the ductal bile from gallbladder stone patients (609 ± 92, P < .01; 22 ± 2, P < .01; n = 24). The increased sPLA2 levels were associated with a concomitant increase in lysophosphatidylcholine, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), and total mucin concentrations. The affected bile ducts showed an increased mRNA level of sPLA2 –IB and sPLA2 –IIA compared with the ducts from control subjects, in whom the mRNAs of the sPLA2 –receptor and other sPLA2 isoforms, such as groups V and X sPLA2 s, were coincidently expressed. Reflecting the increased amounts of total biliary mucins, the affected ducts showed an increase in mRNA levels of CFTR as well as MUC2, MUC3, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC6 compared with the ducts from control subjects. In intrahepatic calculi, an enhanced expression of the sPLA2 s and their possible cross–talk via sPLA2 –receptor may be of pathophysiological significance for the chronic proliferative cholangitis, in association with the enhanced CFTR expression and the alterations in mucin gene expression in the bile ducts, probably through potentiating arachidonate metabolism with associated biliary alterations favoring growth of preexisting stones and even further progressions.
(Hepatology 1999;29:1026–1036.)
Cancer survival in a southern African urban population
Authors: Gondos Adam , Chokunonga Eric , Brenner Hermann , Parkin Donald Maxwell , Sankila Risto , Borok Margaret Z. , Chirenje Z. Michael , Nyakabau Anna M. , Bassett Mary Travis 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper provides the first comprehensive population based cancer survival estimates from the African continent. Five‐year absolute and relative survival estimates are presented for black and white Zimbabwean patients diagnosed with cancer in Harare, Zimbabwe between the years 1993 and 1997. The survival of black Zimbabwean cancer patients are among the lowest ever reported from population based cancer registries. For most cancer sites, white Zimbabwean patients have much higher survival than black Zimbabweans, except for lung and colorectal cancer, for which the estimates are similarly poor. Race specific comparisons to cancer patients in the United States show that Zimbabwean patients have much lower survival than American cancer patients and that the gap between black Zimbabwean patients and black American patients is broader than between white Zimbabwean and white American patients. Access to and the ability to pay for medical care may be a very important barrier to better survival for the majority of black Zimbabwean patients and the most important cause for the very low cancer survival in this population. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling of photooxidation of acetamide herbicides in natural waters by UV radiation and the combinations UV/H2O2 and UV/O3
Authors: Javier Benitez F , Acero Juan L , Real Francisco J , Maya Cecilia 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe photooxidation of several herbicides belonging to the acetamides group (specifically propachlor, metolachlor and butachlor) by means of a monochromatic UV irradiation in ultrapure water was studied. In the case of propachlor, the quantum yield for its photolysis was evaluated directly, and a value 0.127 ± 0.01 mol Eins−1 was obtained independent of the pH. The quantum yields for the photolysis of metolachlor and butachlor were determined by using a competition kinetic model which used propachlor as reference compound, and values of 0.56 ± 0.05 and 0.78 ± 0.04 mol Eins−1 were deduced respectively for metolachlor and butachlor. In a second step, the elimination of the selected herbicides in some natural and mineral waters was studied by means of several oxidation systems: UV radiation alone, and UV radiation combined with hydrogen peroxide and ozone. The influence of the operating variables in these processes (acetamide type, presence or absence of tert‐butyl alcohol and types of waters) are discussed as a consequence of the amounts of herbicides removed. Two different kinetic studies were carried out for the oxidation of the herbicides: the first one for UV radiation alone and UV radiation combined with H2O2; the second one for the combination UV radiation plus ozone. In these studies, the specific rate constants were evaluated in every process. Finally, kinetic models for the prediction of the elimination of these herbicides in the natural waters selected by the different oxidation systems are proposed. The values of concentrations predicted by these models agree well with the experimental results obtained. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel type of alginate gel‐based adsorbents for heavy metal removal
Authors: Park Hyun Gyu , Chae Myeong Yun 
Published: July 2004

AbstractVarious alginate gel‐based adsorbents were investigated for the removal of heavy metals: alginate beads, alginate capsules, and alginate gel‐coated adsorbent. Of these, alginate capsules showed the greatest Pb2+ uptake capacity of 1560 mg g−1 of dry sodium alginate, and the alginate gel‐coated adsorbent, prepared simply by forming a thin alginate film on an inert matrix, achieved rapid adsorption equilibrium within 10 min. Adsorbed metals were readily removed from the alginate gel‐based adsorbents using eluents such as HNO3 and could be reused for up to 10 adsorption–desorption cycles without marked loss of metal uptake capacity. Alginate gel‐coated adsorbents could be prepared in a dried state and have great application potential for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated water. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Recycling of nickel–metal hydride batteries. I: Dissolution and solvent extraction of metals
Authors: Tzanetakis N , Scott K 
Published: July 2004

AbstractNickel–metal hydride batteries contain valuable metallic components and although they are not considered a hazardous waste, recovery of these materials is necessary from an economic point of view. In this work a hydrometallurgical method for the dissolution and separation of the metals from cylindrical nickel–metal hydride rechargeable batteries was investigated. Hydrochloric acid was employed as the leaching agent to dissolve the metals from the batteries. Dissolution of metals was investigated as a function of acid concentration, leaching time and temperature. Suitable conditions for maximum metal dissolution were 3 h leaching with 4.0 mol dm−3hydrochloric acid solutions at 95 °C. Extraction of 98% of nickel, 100% of cobalt and 99% of rare earth elements was achieved under these conditions. Separation of the rare earths from nickel and cobalt was preliminarily investigated by single batch solvent extraction with 25% bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid. Efficient separation via complete extraction of the rare earths was obtained at a pH of approximately 2.5 while leaving nickel and cobalt in the raffinate. A shrinking particle model which can enable, under certain conditions, evaluation of the extent of metal dissolution present in nickel–metal hydride batteries was developed. A proposed electrochemical recovery of nickel and cobalt is also briefly discussed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Recycling of nickel–metal hydride batteries. II: Electrochemical deposition of cobalt and nickel
Authors: Tzanetakis N , Scott K 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA combination of hydrometallurgical and electrochemical processes has been developed for the separation and recovery of nickel and cobalt from cylindrical nickel–metal hydride rechargeable batteries. Leaching tests revealed that a 4 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid solution at 95 °C was suitable to dissolve all metals from the battery after 3 h dissolution. The rare earths were separated from the leaching solution by solvent extraction with 25% bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) in kerosene. The nickel and cobalt present in the aqueous phase were subjected to electrowinning. Galvanostatic tests on simulated aqueous solutions investigated the effect of current density, pH, and temperature with regard to current efficiency and deposit composition and morphology. The results indicated that achieving an NiCo composition with desirable properties was possible by varying the applied current density. Preferential cobalt deposition was observed at low current densities. Galvanostatic tests using solutions obtained from treatment of batteries revealed that the aqueous chloride phase, obtained from the extraction, was suitable for recovery of nickel and cobalt through simultaneous electrodeposition. Scanning electron micrography and X‐ray diffraction analysis gave detailed information of the morphology and the crystallographic orientation of the obtained deposits. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Regeneration of a spent photographic fixer solution
Authors: Ragauskas Romas , Matulionytė Jurgita , Vengris Tomas , Padarauskas Audrius 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAn attempt to regenerate an exhausted photographic fixer solution, removing the surplus silver and bromide ions has been made. The ions were removed by electrolysis in a cell containing separate anionic and cationic compartments using ion exchange membranes. Four types of anion exchange membranes in two‐ and three‐compartment cells were used: AMX, ACS (Neosepta, Japan), AMI‐7001 (Ultrex™, USA), and MA‐40 (PO Stchekino, Russia). Silver deposition occurred at the titanium rotating cylinder cathode and the deposits were compact and bright. The residual silver ion concentration after electrolysis was 0.012–0.014 mol dm−3. Of the four membranes tested the ACS membrane was the most selective for removal of bromide ions. The current efficiency of bromide ion migration through the ACS membrane was approximately two to five times greater than that achieved with AMX, AMI‐7001 and MA‐40 membranes. After five regeneration cycles the fixer's working quality did not noticeably deteriorate. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Determining suitability of a fly ash for silica extraction and zeolite synthesis
Authors: Moreno Natàlia , Querol Xavier , López‐Soler Angel , Manuel Andres José , Janssen Maria , Nugteren Henk , Towler Mark , Stanton Kenneth 
Published: July 2004

AbstractZeolitic material is obtained from fly ash both by direct conversion of the ash or from SiO2 extracts obtained from fly ash. This study focuses on determining the suitability of a fly ash for SiO2 extraction and for zeolite synthesis by direct conversion. The SiO2 extraction experiments from different fly ashes show that the main parameters governing the SiO2 extraction are: (a) a high bulk SiO2 content (>52%, for obtaining an extraction yield of 100 g SiO2 kg−1) in the starting fly ash, (b) a high proportion (>55%) of the bulk SiO2 present in the degradable glass matrix and the highly soluble opaline fraction, and (c) a high bulk SiO2/Al2O3 ratio (>2.0) of the fly ash. The results from experiments of zeolite synthesis by direct conversion demonstrate that the most important criteria for the selection of a fly ash for this process are: (a) a high content of Al2O3 and SiO2(>65%) (b) a high glass content (>63%) and (c) relatively low SiO2/Al2O3 ratio (<2.0). Multivariate analysis confirms the importance of the above‐mentioned variables and shows some additional variables that have influence on ash behaviour under alkaline conditions. It quantifies the use of those variables for determining the suitability of ashes for SiO2 extraction and zeolite synthesis and is able to distinguish between the two. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Dissolving pulp from TCF bleached Acetosolv beech pulp
Authors: Vila Carlos , Santos Valentín , Parajó Juan Carlos 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBeech wood samples subjected to pulping in HCl‐catalysed acetic acid media (Acetosolv process) under selected conditions were bleached using several Totally Chlorine Free (TCF) sequences including peracetic acid (Paa), alkaline (E), oxygen (O), chelating (Q) and peroxide (P) treatments. PaaEQPP sequences starting from acetic acid media led to pulps with poor brightness, which was improved when the same sequence was carried out starting from aqueous media. An EOQPP sequence led to a pulp with acceptable properties, which were improved by a optimised EOQPaaP sequence, in which a fully bleached pulp was obtained at a SCAN viscosity of 604 cm3 g−1. EOQPaaP‐bleached pulp was explored for carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) manufacture employing heterogeneous conditions in isopropanol media, and a CMC with a degree of substitution of 1.16 was obtained. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of pathological events at the onset of brain damage in stroke‐prone rats: A proteomics and magnetic resonance imaging approach
Authors: Sironi Luigi , Guerrini Uliano , Tremoli Elena , Miller Ingrid , Gelosa Paolo , Lascialfari Alessandro , Zucca Ileana , Eberini Ivano , Gemeiner Manfred , Paoletti Rodolfo , Gianazza Elisabetta 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSpontaneously hypertensive stroke‐prone rats (SHRSP) develop brain abnormalities invariably preceded by the accumulation of acute‐phase proteins in body fluids. This study describes the sequence of pathological events, and in particular the involvement of inflammation, at the onset of brain injury in this animal model. In SHRSP subjected to permissive dietary treatment, the appearance of brain damage and of altered permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) was monitored over time by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after intravenous injection of gadolinium. The protein content in cerebrospinal fluid and brain extracts was analyzed by two‐dimensional electrophoresis. Gadolinium diffusion showed impairment of the BBB after 42 ± 3 days from the start of salt loading, simultaneously with the detection of brain abnormalities by MRI. Tissue lesions were initially localized at one or more small foci and then spread throughout the brain in the form of fibrinoid necrosis. This type of lesion is characterized by fibrin deposition, in particular around the vessels; loss of tissue texture; and infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes. High levels of plasma‐derived proteins of molecular mass up to >130 kDa were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid after MRI had revealed brain abnormalities. Plasma proteins extravasated from brain vessels were immunodetected in tissue homogenates from affected areas. The results obtained in this study provide new insights into the pathogenesis of the spontaneous brain damage in SHRSP and in particular on the involvement of the inflammatory cascade. These studies may be useful in evaluating new pharmacological strategies aimed at preventing/treating brain diseases. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Significance of detecting epstein-barr-specific sequences in the peripheral blood of asymptomatic pediatric liver transplant recipients
Authors: Krieger Nancy R. , Martinez Olivia M. , Krams Sheri M. , Cox Kenneth , So Samuel , Esquivel Carlos O. 
Published: July 2004

Pediatric allograft recipients are at increased risk for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated illnesses. The early identification and diagnosis of EBV-associated disorders is critical because disease progression can often be curtailed by modification of immunosuppression. We have previously shown that detection of EBV-specific sequences in the circulation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) correlated well with the clinical symptoms of EBV infection. The purpose of the current study is to determine the significance of detecting EBV-specific sequences by PCR in asymptomatic pediatric liver transplant recipients. Peripheral-blood DNA was analyzed for the EBV genes, coding from the nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) and the viral capsid antigen (gp220) by PCR. Samples from asymptomatic pediatric liver transplant recipients were analyzed from the immediate postoperative period and at 2- to 4-month intervals thereafter. We followed up 13 of these asymptomatic recipients who tested positive for EBV compared with 7 asymptomatic recipients who tested negative for EBV during the early posttransplantation period. Follow-up ranged from 1.5 to 4 years posttransplantation. Nine patients (69%) initially positive for EBV and asymptomatic ultimately developed symptoms of EBV infection, including fever, lymphadenopathy, rash, respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, and/or hepatitis. Five of these patients (56%) went on to develop posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder based on histological examination of biopsied tissue and immunohistochemical identification of the EBV antigen/DNA in tissue. This is the first report suggesting that detection of EBV-specific sequences in the absence of symptoms may herald impending EBV-associated disorders. Thus, routine monitoring for circulating EBV sequences in asymptomatic recipients may be useful in the early identification of those at risk for developing EBV-associated disease and its ultimate prevention.
(Liver Transpl 2000;6:62-66.)
Hepatocyte transplantation in acute liver failure
Authors: Bilir Bahri M. , Guinette Denis , Karrer Fritz , Kumpe David A. , Krysl Joe , Stephens Janet , McGavran Loris , Ostrowska Alina , Durham Janette 
Published: July 2004

The majority of patients with acute liver failure (ALF) die waiting for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). No other treatment modality is shown to improve survival. This study was conducted to assess the safety and feasibility of hepatocyte transplantation (HT) and subsequent engraftment and function of donor cells. Functional and structural integrity of cryopreserved and thawed human hepatocytes were assessed by their morphological characteristics, induction of P-4501A1 transcription, and survival in vivo by xenotransplantation into rats. Five patients with severe ALF underwent intrasplenic (4 patients) and/or intrahepatic (2 patients) HT through angiography under cyclosporine immunosuppression. All patients had grade III to IV encephalopathy and factor V levels less than 0.5 U/mL, were ventilator and dialysis dependent, and were not OLT candidates. Three of the 5 patients who survived 48 hours after HT had substantial improvement in encephalopathy scores, arterial ammonia levels, and prothrombin times. Clinical improvement was paralleled by an increase in aminopyrine and caffeine clearances. All 3 patients lived substantially longer than expected based on clinical experience after HT (12, 28, and 52 days) but eventually died. Postmortem examination showed the presence of transplanted hepatocytes in liver and spleen by light microscopy and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Cryopreserved and thawed human hepatocytes can be transplanted into recipients with ALF with some acceptable but definite complications. Engraftment of donor hepatocytes was proven by histological examination and FISH by both transjugular biopsy and at autopsy. Improvement in brain edema, encephalopathy grade, and clearance of antipyrine and caffeine suggested function, albeit with a 24- to 72-hour delay posttransplantation.
(Liver Transpl 2000;6:32-40.)
Right lobe living donor liver transplantation: A review
Authors: Marcos Amadeo 
Published: July 2004

The continuing shortage of organs for adult transplant recipients has generated enthusiasm for adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The major concern has been the ability to resect a graft of adequate size without subjecting the donor to undue risk. The right hepatic lobe is generally large enough for adult recipients, but because of the real and perceived risks of right lobe (RL) resection, surgeons have been hesitant to offer this option to their patients. The first series of RL resections that included a significant number of patients was reported in 1999, and the results were encouraging. Only minor complications occurred in donors, and the recipients fared quite well. Enthusiasm for these donor resections is growing, and more centers are beginning to perform them. There is a good deal of global experience with pediatric LDLT but little with adults, and there are unique considerations in this population. This review examines donor selection criteria for adult recipients, highlights technical points critical for good outcome, and examines the early results and complications in both donors and recipients. If the preliminary results continue to be reproduced, RL LDLT could have significant impact on the worsening organ shortage.
(Liver Transpl 2000;6:3-20.)
Study on an optical filter constituted by concatenated Hi‐Bi fiber loop mirrors
Authors: Liu Lihui , Zhao Qida , Zhou Guang , Zhang Hao , Chen Shaohua , Zhao Luming , Yao Ying , Guo Peng , Dong Xiaoyi 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn this paper, for the first time (to our knowledge) the characteristics of a filter based on cascaded high‐birefringence fiber (HBF) loop mirrors are described. The characteristics of the filter are analyzed theoretically and an expression of the output intensity is given. The experimental results conform well with our theory. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 23–26, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20363
Trade‐off between single and double pass amplification schemes of 1480‐nm pumped EDFA
Authors: Naji A. W. , Abidin M. S. Z. , Kassir A. M. , Al‐Mansoori M. H. , Abdullah M. K. , Mahdi M. A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA practical comparative analysis of single‐pass and double‐pass amplification schemes of 1480‐nm pumped Er3+‐doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is presented in this paper. This comparison is carried out with an input signal from 0 dBm to −40 dBm at 140‐mW pump power. The critical input power of −25 dBm is obtained in order to determine the optimized performance between single‐pass and double‐pass amplifiers. The double‐pass EDFA gives a better performance for small signal powers of less than −25 dBm, while the single‐pass EDFA performs better for higher signal powers of greater than −25 dBm. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 38–40, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20368