bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathologic changes, tissue distribution, and extent of conversion to ethylenethiourea after subacute administration of zinc ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate (zineb) to calves with immature rumen function
Authors: Nebbia Carlo , Ferrero Enrico , Valenza Federico , Castagnaro Massimo , Re Giovanni , Soffietti Maria Gennaro 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The toxicity of zinc ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate (zineb), a widely used fungicide, was studied in four 4-week-old Friesian calves with immature rumen function. Calves were first subjected to liver biopsy, and thereafter, 3 of them were orally administered 200 mg of zineb/kg of body weight daily for 80 days, whereas the fourth calf served as control and remained untreated. Clinical, hematologic, and pathologic (including ultrastructural) findings were recorded. The distribution in body fluids and tissues of the parent compound and one of its main metabolites, ethylenethiourea (etu), also was examined. Treated calves had unthrifty appearance and reduction in weight gain. They also had remarkable impairment of thyroid function, as reflected by reduction in serum concentrations of triiodothyronine and thyroxine and increase in weight of the thyroid gland associated with epithelial vacuolization and foci of hyperplasia. Moderate increase in liver glycogen content and impairment in maturation of germ cells were recorded consistently. Whereas zineb was widely distributed in body tissues, etu accumulated mainly in the liver and the thyroid gland, although noticeable concentrations also were attained in muscle. Data were consistent with involvement of etu mainly in the pathogenesis of thyroid gland lesions, and indicate that unweaned calves given zineb develop a clinicopathologic syndrome that does not differ qualitatively from that already described in adult cattle exposed to zineb.
Hemagglutination by psittacine beak and feather disease virus and use of hemagglutination inhibition for detection of antibodies against the virus
Authors: Ritchie Branson W. , Niagro Frank D. , Latimer Kenneth S. , Steffens W. L. , Pesti Denise , Lukert Phil D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Conditions for psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd) virus hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test reactions are defined. The pbfd virus was found to hemagglutinate cockatoo and some guinea pig erythrocytes. The hi test was used to assay serum antibody titer in birds with active pbfd virus infections and in others that had been exposed to diseased birds. On the basis of hi antibody titers in psittacine birds that had been exposed to pbfd virus, but remained clinically normal, we suggest that some birds exposed to the virus are able to mount an effective immune response. Birds with active pbfd virus infections had lower antibody values than did birds that had been exposed to the virus, but remained clinically normal. On the basis of these findings, the ability to develop a suitable hi antibody response may be crucial in determining the disease status of susceptible birds exposed to the pbfd virus. If hi antibodies are found to have neutralizing activity, then the fact that a high hi titer was induced in birds inoculated with purified pbfd virus might suggest that an immunization program would be effective in preventing pbfd virus infections.
Evaluation of multiple reticulorumen selenium pellets as a health risk in growing Hereford steers
Authors: Wilson D. J. , Norman B. B. , Hird D. W. , Wilson C. B. , Oliver M. N. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Five groups of Hereford steers were monitored for 293 days. One group of 3 was not given selenium supplementation; the other 4 groups of 3 steers each were given 2, 4, 6, or 8 reticulorumen selenium pellets. Health, body weight, and blood selenium concentration were monitored during the study. At the finish, steers were slaughtered, and various tissues from the carcasses were analyzed for selenium content. Initial blood selenium concentration did not differ significantly among groups. However, significant (α = 0.01) difference among means was detected during the early period of rapid increase in blood selenium concentration in steers of supplemented groups. Means of maximal blood selenium concentration also differed among groups; however, even the highest value, 0.253 μg/g, was lower than the 3 μg/ml reported in chronic clinical cases of toxicosis in the literature. Carcass analysis indicated significant (α = 0.05) differences in selenium concentrations among treatment groups for almost all tissues tested. Only kidney samples (7.9 μg/g) from steers of the 8-pellet treatment group exceeded published normal values (7.6 μg/g). Health variables for most dates were not significantly different among groups, and selenium toxicosis was not evident in any steer. Analysis did not indicate risk to human beings consuming tissues from these steers.
Correlation of morphologic features of the iridocorneal angle to intraocular pressure in Samoyeds
Authors: Ehesten Björn , Narfström Kristina 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The iridocorneal angle of the left eye was investigated in 203 Samoyeds. Comparison was made of judgements of the width of the anterior opening of the ciliary cleft when performing gonioscopy with an objective method of estimation based on measurements on goniophotographs. Results indicated high degree of correlation. Various degrees of narrowness of the iridocorneal angle width were revealed and clinical glaucoma with total-angle closure was found in 6 of 203 dogs. The intraocular pressure was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in eyes with closed iridocorneal angles than in eyes with any other width of the angle. Appearance of the structures of the iridocorneal angle, particularly the pigment bands, indicated extensive individual variation. In approximately 25% of the eyes, dysplasia of the pectinate ligaments of variable degree existed, indicating that this anomaly is common in the Samoyed breed. Significant difference was not evident in intraocular pressure in eyes with different degrees of dysplasia of the pectinate ligaments.
Evaluation of two applanation tonometers in cats
Authors: Miller Paul E. , Pickett J. Phillip , Majors Lynda J. , Kurzman Ilene D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Comparisons of the MacKay-Marg and Tono-Pen applanation tonometers in open and closed in vitro systems were made for the eyes of cats. Both instruments significantly underestimated intraocular pressure (iop) vs direct manometry (P < 0.001), but in readily predictable manner, with high coefficients of determination (r2 = 0.99). For tonometer 1 (MacKay-Marg), calculated actual iOP = 1.36 × (MacKay-Marg measurement) − 1.67 mm of Hg; and for tonometer 2 (Tono-Pen), calculated actual iop = 1.37 × (Tono-Pen measurement) + 0.8 mm of Hg, using measurements from 11 enucleated eyes. In vivo comparisons were initially made in 81 clinically normal eyes (n = 41 cats) by applying the Tono-Pen first followed by the MacKay-Marg. Compared with the MacKay-Marg, the Tono-Pen significantly (P < 0.001) underestimated iOP in these cats. When the order of tonometer applanation was subsequently reversed in 73 clinically normal eyes (n = 37 cats) the Tono-Pen again significantly (P < 0.001) underestimated iOP, compared with the MacKay-Marg. Alterations in tonometer order did not result in significant differences in measured iOP for the MacKay-Marg when compared with itself, but Tono-Pen measurements were significantly (P < 0.05) less when its use followed, rather than preceded, that of the MacKay-Marg. Mean (± sd) iop in clinically normal cats when each tonometer was used first was 22.6 ± 4.0 mm of Hg (range, 14 to 32 mm of Hg) for the MacKay-Marg and 19.7 ± 5.6 mm of Hg (9 to 31 mm of Hg) for the Tono-Pen. The mean (± sd) absolute value of the differences between MacKay-Marg measurements and those obtained by use of the Tono-Pen was 3.2 ± 3.1 (range, 0 to 13 mm of Hg difference).
Effects of treatment with aspirin or aspirin/dipyridamole combination in heartworm-negative, heartworm-infected, and embolized heartworm-infected dogs
Authors: Boudreaux Mary K. , Dillon Allen R. , Ravis William R. , Sartin Eva A. , Spano Joseph S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To determine the drug dose required to inhibit platelet reactivity by at least 50%, 2 drug regimens were evaluated in heartworm-negative, heartworm-infected, and heartworm-infected dogs embolized with dead heart-worms. Aspirin, or a combination of aspirin and dipyridamole, were administered to 2 groups of Beagles (n = 5 each) for 5 to 9 days; a third group of 5 Beagles served as nontreated controls. For heartworm-negative dogs, mean (± sd) aspirin dosage that inhibited collagen-induced platelet reactivity by at least 50% was 6 (± 2) mg/kg of body weight given once daily. The aspirin/dipyridamole combination dosage was 1 mg of each drug/kg given every 12 hours. All dogs (n = 15) were implanted with 7 adult heartworms each and remedicated (or not treated) beginning at 21 days after heartworm implantation. In heartworm-infected dogs, mean aspirin dosage required to inhibit collagen-induced platelet reactivity ≥ 50% was 10 ( ± 6) mg/kg. Mean dosage of aspirin/dipyridamole combination was 1.6 ± (0.5) mg of each drug/kg given every 12 hours.
When platelet reactivity in response to collagen was determined to be inhibited by at least 50% in all medicated dogs, each dog (n = 15) was embolized with 7 dead adult heartworms to mimic heartworm adulticidal treatment. Platelet reactivity was monitored for 21 days after treatment, and drug dose was adjusted to maintain platelet inhibition by at least 50%. In embolized dogs, mean aspirin dosage was 17 (± 14) mg/kg given once daily. Mean dosage of the aspirin/dipyridamole combination was 2.8 (± 1.3) mg of each drug/kg given every 12 hours.
All dogs (n = 15) were euthanatized 21 days after heartworm embolization. Each lung lobe was evaluated for severity of lesions and presence of organized or fibrinous thrombi. Lesion severity in the aspirin- and aspirin/dipyridamole-treated dogs was not significantly different from that in control dogs.
Heterogeneity in phagocytic and nitroblue tetrazolium reductive properties of neutrophils from cows
Authors: Kabbur Mahendra B. , Jain Nemi C. , Zinkl Joseph G. , Farver Thomas B. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Phagocytic and nitroblue tetrazolium (nbt) reductive activities of blood neutrophils from 19 Holstein heifers were measured by light microscopic and spectrophotometric methods, respectively. These functional properties of neutrophils correlated well (r = 0.64) and varied significantly (P < 0.05) among animals studied. Variations in phagocytosis and nbt reductive activities attributable to the source of sera were determined in experiments in which cells from the same cows and zymogen particles opsonized with heat-inactivated autologous or homologous sera were used. Variations attributable to the source of cells were determined in experiments in which cells from different cows and particles opsonized with pooled sera from all the cows were used. Most of the variation in phagocytic properties and nbt reductive activities was attributable to the source of cells (ie, each cow). The source of sera contributed slightly to the variation in nbt reductive activities, but not to the phagocytic properties. These results support the concept of functional heterogeneity of neutrophils among cows.
Pathologic features of dogs inoculated with North American Trypanosoma cruzi isolates
Authors: Barr Stephen C. , Schmidt Stephen P. , Brown Corrie C. , Klei Thomas R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Twenty-three clinically normal Beagles were inoculated with North American Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from an opossum (Tc-O), an armadillo (Tc-A), or a dog (Tc-D). The dogs were grouped according to the clinical outcome of inoculation. Group 1 consisted of 7 dogs inoculated with Tc-O or Tc-A that died or were euthanatized during acute stages of disease. Group 2 consisted of 5 dogs inoculated with Tc-O or Tc-A, that also developed acute disease, but survived to develop chronic disease. Group 3 consisted of 7 dogs inoculated with Tc-D neither developed acute nor chronic disease. Group 4 consisted of 4 dogs and served as noninoculated controls.
In group 1, the gross lesions were diffusely pale myocardiums with right ventricular enlargement, hepatomegaly, and a moderate amount of modified transudate in the abdominal cavity. Severe diffuse granulomatous myocarditis with large numbers of pseudocysts and minimal fibrosis characterized the tissues from all cardiac chambers and septum. The lesions were most severe in the right atrium and ventricle. Mild multifocal myositis and pseudocysts were observed in skeletal muscles and smooth muscles of the urinary bladder and small intestine. Multifocal encephalitis and pseudocysts were in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brain stem.
In group 2, the gross lesions were biventricular enlargement and thinning of the ventricular free walls. The right ventricle contained the most severe microscopic changes. There were mild multifocal interstitial lymphohistiocytic cellular infiltrates, perivasculitis, and marked fibrosis in all areas of the myocardium. Mild myositis and multifocal encephalitis were seen in the skeletal muscles and brains. Pseudocysts were not observed in any tissues.
In group 3, there was mild biventricular dilatation, minimal inflammation with fibrosis in cardiac tissues, and a multifocal myositis in most skeletal muscles. Multifocal encephalitis was seen in the brain stem. Pseudocysts were not observed in any tissues. Lesions were not found in group 4.
Our results indicated heterogeneity between North American T cruzi isolates in lesion development in dogs, and there appeared to be a temporal relationship between acute and chronic trypanosomiasis in Tc-O- and Tc-A-inoculated dogs and the 3 phases of Chagas disease in human beings.
Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to vesicular stomatitis virus in cattle in an enzootic region of Mexico
Authors: De Anda Jorge Hernández , Salman M. D. , Webb Patricia A. , Keefe Thomas J. , Arévalo Alejandro Arregín , Mason John 
Published: January 2024

Summary
An elisa was compared with the plaque-reduction serum neutralization (prsn) test, for detection of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) antibodies in cattle in a vesicular stomatitis enzootic region of Mexico. A total of 325 bovine serum samples were screened for vsv antibodies. The prsn test was performed, using Vero cells. The elisa contained gradient-purified vsv Indiana (Lab strain) and vsv New Jersey (Hazelhurst) as the antigens. Regression analysis and weighted kappa statistic were used to estimate measures of agreement between the 2 assays for detection of vsv antibodies. The elisa method proved useful for sero-diagnosis of vesicular stomatitis The elisa and prsn test results were highly correlated for detection of vsv antibodies.
Efficacy of an in-feed preparation of ivermectin against endoparasites and scabies mites in swine
Authors: Primm Nicholas D. , Hall William F. , DiPietro Joseph A. , Bane David P. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In 2 trials, the efficacy of an in-feed preparation of ivermectin was evaluated in 40 pigs naturally infected with endoparasites and Sarcoptes scabiei var suis. Treated pigs (n = 10 in each trial) were fed a ration containing 2 ppm ivermectin for 7 days, followed by consumption of a nonmedicated ration for the remainder of the trial. Control pigs (n = 10 in each trial) were fed a complete, nonmedicated ration for the duration of the trial. Pigs in trial A were monitored for 14 days after treatment; those in trial B were monitored for 35 days after treatment.
In trial A, treatment efficacy of ivermectin was 100% against Ascaris suum, Physocephalus sexalatus, Oesophagostomum dentatum, O brevicaudum, Metastrongylus spp; 99.8% against Ascarops strongylina; 90.9% against Trichuris suis; and 13.1% against Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus. At the terminus of the trial, statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed between numbers of treated and control pigs infected with A suum, Ascarops strongylina, and Oesophagostomum spp. On posttreatment day 14, S scabiei were not found in any scrapings taken from treated pigs, but were found in scrapings from 3 of 10 control pigs. The number of infested pigs in the treatment group was not statistically different from the number of infested pigs in the control group.
In trial B, treatment efficacy was 100% for A suum and Metastrongylus spp; 96.9% for Ascarops strongylina; and 76.9% for M hirudinaceus. At the terminus of the trial, statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences were evident between numbers of treated and control pigs infected with A suum, Ascarops strongylina, and Metastrongylus spp.
On posttreatment days 7, 21, and 35, S scabiei were not found in scrapings taken from treated pigs. On posttreatment days 7, 21, and 35, S scabiei were found in scrapings from 8, 6, and 1 pig, respectively, whereas live mites were not found on scrapings taken from treated pigs on these days. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences were evident between the numbers of infested pigs in the treated and control groups on days 7 and 21.
Ivermectin fed to swine ad libitum in a complete ration at 2 ppm was shown to be highly effective as an anthelmintic and acaricide.
In vivo muscle 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy during treatment of halothane-sensitive and halothane-nonsensitive pigs
Authors: Geers Rony , Decanniere Caroline , Villé Hilde , Van Hecke Paul , Goedseels Vic , Vanstapel Flor , Bosschaerts Ludo , De Ley Jef , Zhang Weiguo , Janssens Steven 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In vivo muscle 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed on 10 female pigs originating from a homozygous halothane-sensitive line and on 10 female pigs from a homozygous halothane-nonsensitive line.
The mean concentration of phosphocreatine in the biceps femoris muscle of the anesthetized pigs decreased to 86% of the initial value after 11 minutes of halothane exposure (3%, oxygen flow 3 L/min). After the next 5.6 minutes, phosphocreatine concentration reached a minimal value of 52%, followed by a mean recovery to 76% of the initial value during the ensuing 11 minutes. Response was not observed in anesthetized homozygous halothane-nonsensitive pigs. Thus, a decrease to 86% of the initial value of phosphocreatine was 100% predictive for homozygous halothane-sensitive pigs with body weight ranging from 10 to 18 kg.
Evaluation of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs of Missouri, including serologic status to Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia equi, and Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Stockham S. L. , Schmidt D. A. , Curtis K. S. , Schauf B. G. , Tyler J. W. , Simpson S. T. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis was diagnosed in 37 dogs by finding ehrlichial morulae in 0.1 to 26.2% of their blood neutrophils and eosinophils. All 37 dogs had clinical signs of arthritis or muscular stiffness. Titer to Ehrlichia canis was determined in sera from 31 of the 37 dogs; 25 dogs had titer ranging from 1:20 to 1:5,120. In the other 6 dogs, titer to E canis was <1:10. The most common hematologic abnormality in these dogs, other than rickettsiemia, was thrombocytopenia.
Granulocytes infected with ehrlichial organisms were not found in another 10 dogs that had clinical signs of arthritis or muscular stiffness. Of these 10 dogs, 3 had titer to E canis ranging from 1:40 to 1:320. Titer in the other 7 dogs was < 1:10.
Ehrlichial morulae were not found in the granulocytes of 18 healthy dogs. Of these 18 dogs, 9 had titer to E canis ranging from 1:20 to 1:5,120. Titer in the other 9 dogs was <1:10
Titer to Borrelia burgdorferi was determined in dogs with granulocytic ehrlichiosis, arthritic dogs without detected rickettsiemia, and in healthy dogs. Low titer determined by 2 laboratories was considered to be nonspecific reaction in all 3 groups of dogs and, thus, did not indicate that the arthritic disorders were attributable to canine borreliosis.
Changes in vitreous humor associated with postmortem interval in rabbits
Authors: Henke Scott E. , Demarais Stephen 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Concentrations of serum and vitreous humor constituents at time of death, and concentrations of vitreous humor constituents at time of death and at 7 postmortem intervals were compared in 70 domestic, female New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Urea nitrogen concentration was significantly (P = 0.0094) different, but was linearly correlated in serum and vitreous humor at time of death and at the 4- and 8-hour postmortem intervals. Concentrations of γ-glutamyltransferase were not significantly different in serum and vitreous humor at time of death, nor were concentrations significantly different in vitreous humor at time of death and at the 4-hour postmortem interval. The vitreous humor concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, sodium, potassium, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase, bilirubin, cortisol, and IgG were neither similar to nor predictive of serum constituents. Vitreous humor can be used as a source for estimates of serum urea nitrogen and γ-glutamyltransferase up to 8 and 4 hours after death, respectively.
Potential attachment area of the first mandibular molar in dogs
Authors: Smith Mark M. , Massoudi Lisa M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Tooth root and root trunk surface area measurements were taken from 20 first mandibular molar (M1) teeth obtained randomly from canine cadaver specimens. The mean root surface area for all teeth was 497.1 ± 116.2 mm2. The cumulative surface areas of the mesial (mr) and distal (dr) roots were 251.4 ± 70.2 mm2 and 211.7 ± 51.9 mm2, respectively. The root trunk surface area was 34.0 ± 21.4 mm2. Surface area measurements for individual roots and the root trunk were significantly different. Cumulative individual root surface area (mr + dr) was 93.2% of total root surface area. The mr surface area contributed most to total root surface area (50.6%) and cumulative individual root surface area (54.3%). The mean distance from the beginning of the root trunk to the furcation was 2.1 mm. On the basis of the linear variation of the percentage of root surface area of the M1, 44.6% of the total root surface area was 3 to 7 mm apical to the most coronal aspect of the cementoenamel junction. The mr was heart-shaped, compared with the more cylindrical shape of the dr.
Analysis of genetic variation of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus field isolates by coelectrophoresis of their double-stranded RNA
Authors: Hammami Salah , Osburn Bennie I. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Thirty-two bovine field isolates of bluetongue virus (btv), 6 field isolates of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) from deer, 4 btv prototype serotypes (10, 11, 13, and 17), and 2 ehdv prototype serotypes (1 and 2) were coelectrophoresed, using polyacrylamide gels. Field isolates were obtained from various regions of the United States. Analysis of polyacrylamide gels and scattered plots generated for comparison of migration patterns for different isolates within each serotype of btv revealed wide variation among the individual segments. The btv serotypes 10 and 11 had more variation, compared with btv serotypes 13 and 17, especially for migration of genome segment 5. A definitive correlation was not seen between the double-stranded rna migration profiles on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, geographic origin, herd of origin, or year of collection. One btv field isolate contained more than 1 electropherotype, with 2 bands at the segment-7 position, and it was further characterized as btv serotype 11. Segments 2 and 5 of ehdv isolates were more variable in their migration than were the other gene segments. Generally, migration profiles for ehdv double-stranded rna were more variable, compared with those of btv isolates. Although a correlation was found between migration profiles and serotype of 2 isolates of ehdv, a study of additional ehdv isolates is required before the diversity of electrophoretic patterns of EHDV can be determined.