bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intramolecular 1,5‐Hydride Shift in Products of Stevens 3,2‐Rearrangement of Ammonium Salts Containing 3‐Phenyl‐2‐propynyl Group.
Authors: Babakhanyan A. V. , Ovsepyan V. S. , Kocharyan S. T. , Panosyan G. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reductive Activation of Arenes. Part 16. Anionic Products from Reduction of p‐Tolunitrile with Sodium in Liquid Ammonia and Their Reaction with Butyl Bromide.
Authors: Vaganova T. A. , Starokon' E. V. , Shteingarts V. D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of Aroxy‐ and Arylsulfanylacetic Acids and Their Esters with N‐(2,2,2‐Trichloro‐1‐hydroxyethyl)sulfonamides and ‐carboxamides.
Authors: Rudyakova E. V. , Levkovskaya G. G. , Rozentsveig I. B. , Mirskova A. N. , Albanov A. I. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Mild and Efficient Selective Tetrahydropyranylation of Primary Alcohols and Deprotection of THP Ethers of Phenols and Alcohols Using PdCl2(MeCN)2 as Catalyst.
Authors: Wang Yan‐Guang , Wu Xiao‐Xing , Jiang Zhi‐Yong 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Zn‐Promoted Regioselective and Sequence‐Selective One‐Pot Joining Reaction of Three Components: Alkyl Iodides, α,β‐Unsaturated Esters (or Nitriles), and Acylating Agents.
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshimasa , Nakano Seiji , Maekawa Hirofumi , Nishiguchi Ikuzo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of Heterocumulenes with Organometallic Reagents. Part 7. Reactions of Carbanions Derived from Alkoxy‐ and Alkylthioethenes with Isocyanates as a Simple Route to N‐Substituted 2‐Alkoxy‐ and 2‐(Alkylthio)acrylamides.
Authors: Nedolya N. A. , Brandsma L. , Shlyakhtina N. I. , Ushakov I. A. , Albanov A. I. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cycloalkane C10H18 Formation During Skeleton Isomerization of endo‐1,7,7‐Trimethyl‐2‐chloro‐bicyclo[2,2,1]heptane by AlCl3.
Authors: Vishnyakova E. V. , Utsal' V. A. , Vatlina L. P. , Ponomarev D. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Arylation of Substituted Anilines Catalyzed by Palladium.
Authors: Artamkina G. A. , Petrov A. R. , Serushkina O. V. , Dutov M. D. , Shevelev S. A. , Beletskaya I. P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Synthetic Approach to α‐Chlorocinnamates: First Example of Synthesis of Functionally Substituted Alkenes Using Catalytic Olefination Reaction.
Authors: Nenajdenko Valentine G. , Lenkova Olesya N. , Shastin Alexey V. , Balenkova Elizabeth S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Towards a Facile Synthesis of Triarylethanones: Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Ketone Enolates under Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Conditions.
Authors: Churruca Fatima , SanMartin Raul , Carril Monica , Tellitu Imanol , Dominguez Esther 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidation of Aromatic Compounds. Part 11. Oxidation of Methyl 3‐(4‐Methoxyphenyl)propynoate in the System CF3COOH—CH2Cl2—PbO2.
Authors: Vasilyev A. V. , Fundamenskii V. S. , Savchenkov P. Yu. , Rudenko A. P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Use of a Palladium Complex with a Thiosemicarbazone Ligand as Catalyst Precursor for the Heck Reaction.
Authors: Kovala‐Demertzi Dimitra , Yadav Paras N. , Demertzis Mavroudis A. , Jasiski Jerry P. , Andreadaki Fotini J. , Kostas Ioannis D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reaction of Tetramethylcalix[4]resorcinolarene with 3,5‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxybenzyl Acetate.
Authors: Bukharov S. V. , Nugumanova G. N. , Mukmeneva N. A. , Teregulova E. A. , Burilov A. R. , Pudovik M. A. , Nikolaeva I. L. , Kasymova E. M. , Konovalov A. I. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Novel 1‐Aryl‐Substituted 8‐Methoxynaphthalenes and Their Tendency for Atropisomerization.
Authors: Yoshikawa Seiji , Odaira Jun‐ichi , Kitamura Yuki , Bedekar Ashutosh V. , Furuta Takumi , Tanaka Kiyoshi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organolanthanoid‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroamination/Cyclization/Bicyclization of Sterically Encumbered Substrates. Scope, Selectivity, and Catalyst Thermal Stability for Amine‐Tethered Unactivated 1,2‐Disubstituted Alkenes.
Authors: Ryu Jae‐Sang , Marks Tobin J. , McDonald Frank 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Synthesis of Methyl 3‐Amino‐4‐(het)aryl‐1H‐pyrrole‐2‐carboxylates as Useful Scaffolds in Medicinal Chemistry.
Authors: Rochais Christophe , Lisowski Vincent , Dallemagne Patrick , Rault Sylvain 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Stereoselective Alkenylation Through a Homolytic Domino Reaction Involving a 1,5 Sulfur‐to‐Carbon Translocation.
Authors: Korshin Edward E. , Bilokin Yaroslav V. , Zheng Hailin , Bachi Mario D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Rapid and Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Butyl‐5‐chloro‐3H‐imidazole‐4‐carboxaldehyde.
Authors: Srinivas K. , Nair C. K. Snehalatha , Ramesh S. , Pardhasaradhi M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Base‐Promoted Reactions of Bridged Ketones and 1,3‐ and 1,4‐Haloalkyl Azides: Competitive Alkylation vs Azidation Reactions of Ketone Enolates.
Authors: Yao Lei , Smith Brenton T. , Aube Jeffrey 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Fused Tetrazole Derivatives via a Tandem Cycloaddition and N‐Allylation Reaction and Parallel Synthesis of Fused Tetrazole Amines.
Authors: Ek Fredrik , Manner Sophie , Wistrand Lars‐Goeran , Frejd Torbjoern 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of New Polyfused Heterocycles of Biological Importance by Means of Pd(0) Catalysis
Authors: Hajos Gy. , Riedl Zs. , Timari G. , Matyus P. , Maes B. U. W. , Lemiere G. L. F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Exploring Different Approaches for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Amino Acid Derived 4‐Alkyl‐4‐carboxy‐2‐azetidinones
Authors: Gonzalez‐Muniz Rosario , Gerona‐Navarro Guillermo , Bonache Ma. Angeles , Garcia‐Aparicio Carlos , Martin‐Martinez Mercedes , Garcia‐Lopez Ma. Teresa , Royo Miriam , Albericio Fernando 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Keratocyte‐like locomotion in amiB‐null Dictyostelium cells
Authors: Asano Yukako , Mizuno Takafumi , Kon Takahide , Nagasaki Akira , Sutoh Kazuo , Uyeda Taro Q. P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractStarved Dictyostelium amoebae continuously change their shape and they are elongated along the front‐rear axis during locomotion. In contrast, we found that disruption of the amiB gene, which had been identified as a gene required for the aggregation process during development, caused these cells to move in a manner similar to fish keratocytes. Starved amiB− cells were elongated laterally and had one large lamellipodium along the front side arc of the cell. These cells moved unidirectionally for long distances maintaining the half‐moon shape, and this movement followed the predictions of the graded radial extension model, which was originally developed to describe the keratocyte movements. Furthermore, the distributions of actin, Arp2, and myosin II in amiB− cells were similar to those in keratocytes. Therefore, locomotion by keratocytes and amiB− cells appears to be driven by similar mechanisms of cytoskeletal regulation. Double knockout cells lacking both AmiB and myosin II were still able to move unidirectionally in a keratocyte‐like manner, although the frequency of those movements was lower. Thus, myosin II is dispensable for the unidirectional movement, though it likely functions in the maintenance of the characteristic half‐moon shape. This mutant cell can be a useful tool for further molecular genetic analysis of the mechanism of cell locomotion. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 59:17–27, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strip element method for shape discrimination of strip rolling
Authors: Liu Hong‐Min , Yan Peng , Yu‐Peng Chu , Ying‐Rui Wang 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA new method—the strip element method for discriminating the shape or the stability of the rolled strip subjected to the residual stress is proposed. The rolled strip is divided into a number of strip elements, and the deflection function model is constructed with the third‐power spline function and the sine function. Based on the minimum potential energy principle, the shape discrimination is transformed into the solution of eigenvalue. The computed examples verify the reliability and the practicality of this method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of shape functions for rectangular plate elements
Authors: Augarde Charles E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper describes a procedure for the generation of shape functions for a family of rectangular plate elements from Lagrangian polynomials. A novel generation procedure is developed from previous work for straight beam elements, where level one Hermitian polynomials were derived from simpler Lagrangian polynomials. A number of examples are provided to illustrate the technique. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A limit shape theorem for periodic stochastic dispersion
Authors: Dolgopyat Dmitry , Kaloshin Vadim , Koralov Leonid 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe consider the evolution of a connected set on the plane carried by a space periodic incompressible stochastic flow. While for almost every realization of the stochastic flow at time t most of the particles are at a distance of order $\sqrt{t}$ away from the origin, there is a measure zero set of points that escape to infinity at the linear rate. We study the set of points visited by the original set by time t and show that such a set, when scaled down by the factor of t, has a limiting nonrandom shape. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wave packet pseudomodes of twisted Toeplitz matrices
Authors: Trefethen Lloyd N. , Chapman S. J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe pseudospectra of banded, nonsymmetric Toeplitz or circulant matrices with varying coefficients are considered. Such matrices are characterized by a symbol that depends on both position (x) and wave number (k). It is shown that when a certain winding number or twist condition is satisfied, related to Hörmander's commutator condition for partial differential equations, ε‐pseudoeigenvectors of such matrices for exponentially small values of ε exist in the form of localized wave packets. The symbol need not be smooth with respect to x, just differentiable at a point (or less). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognostic classification of relapsing favorable histology Wilms tumor using cDNA microarray expression profiling and support vector machines
Authors: Williams Richard D , Hing Sandra N. , Greer Braden T. , Whiteford Craig C. , Wei Jun S. , Natrajan Rachael , Kelsey Anna , Rogers Simon , Campbell Colin , Pritchard‐Jones Kathy , Khan Javed 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTreatment of Wilms tumor has a high success rate, with some 85% of patients achieving long‐term survival. However, late effects of treatment and management of relapse remain significant clinical problems. If accurate prognostic methods were available, effective risk‐adapted therapies could be tailored to individual patients at diagnosis. Few molecular prognostic markers for Wilms tumor are currently defined, though previous studies have linked allele loss on 1p or 16q, genomic gain of 1q, and overexpression from 1q with an increased risk of relapse. To identify specific patterns of gene expression that are predictive of relapse, we used high‐density (30 k) cDNA microarrays to analyze RNA samples from 27 favorable histology Wilms tumors taken from primary nephrectomies at the time of initial diagnosis. Thirteen of these tumors relapsed within 2 years. Genes differentially expressed between the relapsing and nonrelapsing tumor classes were identified by statistical scoring (t test). These genes encode proteins with diverse molecular functions, including transcription factors, developmental regulators, apoptotic factors, and signaling molecules. Use of a support vector machine classifier, feature selection, and test evaluation using cross‐validation led to identification of a generalizable expression signature, a small subset of genes whose expression potentially can be used to predict tumor outcome in new samples. Similar methods were used to identify genes that are differentially expressed between tumors with and without genomic 1q gain. This set of discriminators was highly enriched in genes on 1q, indicating close agreement between data obtained from expression profiling with data from genomic copy number analyses. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor necrosis factor reduces cAMP production in rat microglia
Authors: Patrizio Mario 
Published: June 2004

AbstractcAMP has been reported to exert a neuroprotective role in several in vivo and in vitro models of brain pathologies, mainly by regulating microglial activation and orienting these cells toward a neuroprotective phenotype. In order to elucidate the intracellular pathways regulated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in glial cells, I have studied the modulation of cAMP accumulation by TNF in microglia and astrocyte cultures obtained from the neonatal rat brain. Pre‐treatment of microglia with TNF reduced in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner cAMP accumulation induced by forskolin (FSK), in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methyl‐xanthine (IBMX). The TNF inhibitory action was 90% reverted by a neutralizing polyclonal anti‐TNF antibody and was not prevented by a 16 h pre‐treatment of microglial cultures with the Gi protein inhibitor pertussis toxin (PTx). These results suggest that TNF acts at a step of the cAMP transduction pathway other than receptors, G proteins, and phosphodiesterases. The target of TNF appeared to be adenylyl cyclase, whose ability to synthesize cAMP was markedly reduced (up to 50%) in membranes prepared from TNF‐treated microglial cells, both in basal conditions and after stimulation with FSK. TNF induced a time‐dependent degradation of IκB‐α in microglial cells that was reverted by two inhibitors of nuclear factor κB activation, N‐tosyl‐L‐phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) and N‐CBZ‐Leu‐Leu‐Leu‐al (MG132). The same inhibitors also markedly prevented the reduction of FSK‐evoked cAMP accumulation by TNF, suggesting the involvement of NFκB in the regulation of adenylyl cyclase by TNF in microglia. Conversely, cAMP accumulation in astrocytes was not affected by TNF. Based on these findings, it is proposed that the ability of TNF to inhibit cAMP synthesis in microglia may exacerbate its response and contribute to cell damage in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, possibly through enhanced release of proinflammatory and/or cytotoxic factors. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial expression of the 90‐kDa heat shock protein (HSP90) and the 94‐kDa glucose‐regulated protein (GRP94) following an excitotoxic lesion in the mouse hippocampus
Authors: Jeon Gye Sun , Park Sang Wook , Kim Dong Woon , Seo Je Hoon , Cho Jaeyoung , Lim So Young , Kim Seong Deok , Cho Sa Sun 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHeat shock proteins (HSPs) are immediately expressed in neuronal and glial cells under various stressful conditions and play a protective role through molecular chaperones. Although several studies have been focused on the expression of HSPs, little is known about HSP90s expression in glial cells under neuropathological conditions. In this study, we evaluated the expression pattern of the glial cell‐related HSP90 and GRP94 proteins, following the induction of an excitotoxic lesion in the mouse brain. Adult mice received an intracerebroventricular injection of kainic acid; the brain tissue was then analyzed immunohistochemically for HSPs and double labeling using glial markers. HSPs expression was quantified by Western blot analysis. Excitotoxic damage was found to cause pyramidal cell degeneration in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. In the injured hippocampus, reactive microglia/macrophages expressed HSP90 from 12 h until 7 days postlesion (PL), showing maximal levels at day 1. In parallel, hippocampal reactive astrocytes showed the expression of GRP94 from 12 h until 7 days PL. In general, HSPs expression was transient, peaked at 1–3 days PL and reached basal levels by day 7. For the first time, our data demonstrate the injury‐induced expression of HSP90 and GRP94 in glial cells, which may contribute to the mechanism of glial cell protection and adaptation in response to damage, thereby playing an important role in the evolution of the glial response and the excitotoxic lesion outcome. HSP90 may provide antioxidant protective mechanisms against microglia/macrophages, whereas GRP94 may stabilize the astroglial cytoskeleton and participate in astroglial antioxidant mechanisms. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Voltage‐dependent potassium currents in hypertrophied rat astrocytes after a cortical stab wound
Authors: Anděrová Miroslava , Antonova Tatiana , Petřík David , Neprašová Helena , Chvátal Alexandr , Syková Eva 
Published: June 2004

AbstractChanges in the membrane properties of reactive astrocytes in gliotic cortex induced by a stab wound were studied in brain slices of 21–28‐day‐old rats, using the patch‐clamp technique and were correlated with changes in resting extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]e) measured in vivo using K+‐selective microelectrodes. Based on K+ current expression, three types of astrocytes were identified in gliotic cortex: A1 astrocytes expressing a time‐ and voltage‐independent K+ current component and additional inwardly rectifying K+ currents (KIR); A2 astrocytes expressing a time‐ and voltage‐independent K+ current component and additional delayed outwardly rectifying K+ currents (KDR); and complex astrocytes expressing KDR, KIR, and A‐type K+ (KA) currents and Na+ currents (INa). Nestin/bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)‐negative A1 astrocytes were found further than ∼100 μm from the stab wound and showed an upregulation of KIR currents within the first day post‐injury (PI), correlating with an increased resting [K+]e. Their number declined from 62% of total astrocytes in control rats to 41% in rats at 7 days PI. Nestin/BrdU‐positive A2 astrocytes were found only within a distance of ∼100 μm from the stab wound and, in comparison to those in control rats, showed an upregulation of KDR currents. Their number increased from 8% of the total number of astrocytes in control rats to 39% 7 days PI. Both A1 and A2 astrocytes showed hypertrophied processes and increased GFAP staining, but an examination of cell morphology revealed greater changes in the surface/volume ratio in A2 astrocytes than in A1 astrocytes. Complex astrocytes did not display a hypertophied morphology; KIR currents in these cells were upregulated within 1 day PI, while the KDR, KA, and INa currents were increased only 6 h PI. We conclude that two electrophysiologically, immunohistochemically, and morphologically distinct types of hypertrophied astrocytes are present at the site of a stab wound, depending on the distance from the lesion, and may have different functions in ionic homeostasis and/or regeneration. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic and extrasynaptic neurotransmitter receptors in glial precursors' quest for identity
Authors: Belachew Shibeshih , Gallo Vittorio 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIt is widely established that neurotransmitter receptors are expressed in non‐neuronal cells, and particularly in neural progenitor cells in the postnatal central nervous system. The functional role of these receptors during development is unclear, but it needs to be revisited now that cells previously considered restricted to glial lineages have been shown to generate neurons. The present review integrates recent advances, to shed new light on how neurotransmitter receptors may, alternatively, serve as excitable mediators of neuron‐glia and neuron‐neuroblast interactions. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of a catalytically inactive transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase ϵ (tm‐PTPϵ) delays optic nerve myelination
Authors: Muja Naser , Lovas Gabor , Romm Elena , Machleder Dietrich , Ranjan Mukul , Gallo Vittorio , Hudson Lynn D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractReversible tyrosine phosphorylation is integral to the process of oligodendrocyte differentiation. To interfere with the subset of the phosphorylation cycle overseen by protein tyrosine phosphatase ϵ (PTPϵ) in oligodendrocytes, we applied a substrate‐trapping approach in the development of transgenic mice overexpressing a catalytically inactive, transmembrane PTPϵ‐hemaglutinin (tm‐PTPϵ‐HA) from the dual promoter element of the gene encoding the myelin protein 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase (CNP). Transgene expression peaked during the active myelinating period, at 2–3 weeks postnatal. Two tyrosine phosphoproteins, α‐enolase and β‐actin, were phosphorylated to a greater degree in transgenic mice. Despite a high degree of tm‐PTPϵ‐HA expression, myelin was grossly normal in nearly all axonal tracts. Phenotypic abnormalities were limited to optic nerve, where a decrease in the degree of myelination was reflected by reduced levels of myelin proteins on postnatal day 21 (PND21), as well as a decrease in the density of differentiated oligodendrocytes. The optic chiasm was reduced in thickness in transgenic mice; optic nerves similarly exhibited a reduction in transverse width. Further analyses of the optic pathway demonstrated that transgenic protein was unexpectedly present in retinal ganglion cells, whose axons are the targets of myelination by optic nerve oligodendrocytes. On PND28, transgenic protein declined dramatically in both oligodendrocytes and retinal ganglion cells contributing to the recovery of optic nerve myelination. Thus, delayed myelination arises only when tm‐PTPϵ‐HA is simultaneously expressed in myelin‐forming glia and their neuronal targets. While tm‐PTPϵ related signaling pathways may figure in axon‐glial interactions, interfering with tm‐PTPϵ activity does not perceptibly affect the development or myelinating capacity of most oligodendrocytes. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.