bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Christian Felix Klein (1849-1925)
Authors: Ewald William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like Kronecker, Felix Klein was a major voice raising misgivings about the tendency in nineteenth-century mathematics known as the arithmetizing of the continuum. Gauss and Cauchy, Bolzano and Dirichlet, Weierstrass, Heine, Cantor, Dedekind, Peano, and others had laboured throughout the century to put the theory of real numbers on a strictly arithmetical.
Animals and trees
Authors: Janse van Rensburg E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the limiting free energies and density functions of interacting models of lattice trees and animals will be considered.1 The first issues are the existence of growth constants, density functions and a pattern theorem. The adsorption of trees will also be considered, and finally the uniform embeddings of graphs, and their relations to walks and polygons in confined geometries will be discussed in Section 6.6.
Lattice vesicles and surfaces
Authors: Janse van Rensburg E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter models of vesicles and surfaces will be examined. A general pattern theorem is not known for these models, although a very limited version of such a theorem has been proven [189]. This will be discussed in Section 7.5. In Section 7.2 two-dimensional models of vesicles are examined. These are square lattice polygons, counted by area, and lead naturally to the notion of a disk. Punctured disks are examined in Section 7.3, where the existence of growth constants, limiting free energies and density functions, and the asymptotic behaviour in these models are of particular interest.
The Hypergeometric Class Of Equations
Authors: Slavyanov Sergei yu. , Lay Wolfgang , Seeger Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hypergeometric class of second-order linear ODEs is generated by the Riemann equation-the Fuchsian equation with three singularities. It includes five types of equations which are considered mainly in their standard forms:
i. The generating hypergeometric equation (hE).
ii. Two types of confluent equations which we call the confluent hypergeometric equation (ChE) and biconfluent hypergeometric equation (BhE).
iii. Two types of reduced confluent equations which we caU reduced confluent hypergeometric equation (RChE) and reduced biconfluent hypergeometric equation (RBhE).
The fleeces of Spain
Authors: Wood Roger J , Orel Vítêzslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every lively debate on the nature of heredity taking place in the Brno Sheep Breeders’ Society, from its foundation in 1814 and for nearly three decades afterwards, owed its origin to a particular development in international trade. The entry of top quality Spanish Merino breeding stock into Moravia and neighbouring territories after 1775 had provided the essential basis on which production of fine woollen cloth could be greatly expanded there.
Foundations
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early nineteenth century electricity was already a wide research field, with diverse methods and multiple disciplinary connections. The oldest and best understood part of the subject was frictional electricity, especially its distribution over conductors and its mechanical effects. In his celebrated memoirs of the 1780s, Charles Coulomb, a military engineer, had founded quantitative electrostatics (later named so by Ampere). He posited two electric fluids, positive and negative, asserted the inverse square law by means of his celebrated torsion balance, and developed its consequences for the equilibrium of conductors in simple configurations. In 1812 Simeon Denis Poisson, one of the first polytechniciens, completed the mathematical apparatus of Coulomb’s theory. He borrowed from Lagrange’s and Laplace’s works on gravitation what we now call the potential (V), wrote the corresponding differential equation (ΔV + 4πρ = 0, where ρ is the charge density), solved it in simple cases, and improved the agreement of the theory with Coulomb’s experimental results.
German precision
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the 1830s, most German physics consisted of an empirical, qualitative extension of major foreign discoveries such as Volta’s pile or Oersted’s effect. Favorite topics were the composition of the pile and the circumstances of the electromagnetic action. The most famous instrument then invented in Germany was Schweigger’s and Poggendorff’s ‘multiplicator,’ a coil that amplified the effect of the galvanic current on the magnetic needle. This device soon became an essential part of galvanometers–though not in the hands of its German inventors, who cared little about quantitative measurement.
British fields
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first two decades of the nineteenth century, opinions on the nature of electric and magnetic actions still varied, especially in England and in Germany. There even were traces of the eighteenth century ‘atmospheres,’ invented to avoid direct action at a distance. After Ampere’s electrodynamics and its German extensions, however, the hegemony of Newtonian fluid theories spread from France to other countries. The penetration of the methods of French mathematical physics favored the most readily quantifiable representations of phenomena, and diverted attention from more qualitative notions.’
British Maxwellians
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory remained a private enterprise until the early 1870s. The situation began to change after Maxwell’s appointment at the head of the new Cavendish Laboratory in 1871 and the publication of the Treatise in 1873. This was a slow process, because the Treatise was ‘a very hard nut to crack’ even to Cambridge wranglers, and because in his new capacity Maxwell could not effectively direct theoretical researches. Yet some English-speaking students of electromagnetism, in Cambridge and elsewhere, were now exposed to the new doctrine. Some of them became Maxwell’s disciples and apostles.1
The Calabi Conjecture
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let (M, J) be a compact, complex manifold, and g a Kähler metric on M , with Ricci form ρ From §4.6 we know that ρ is a closed (1,1)-form and [ρ] = 2π c1(M) ∈ H 2(M, R). It is natural to ask which closed (1,1)-forms can be the Ricci forms of a K ähler metric on M . The Calabi conjecture [49, 50] answers this question.
Asymptotically Locally Euclidean Metrics With Holonomy Su(M)
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let G be a finite subgroup of SO(n) acting freely on Rn\ (0). Then Rn/G has an isolated quotient singularity at 0. Suppose that X is a noncompact n-manifold with just one end which at infinity resembles Rn/G, and that g is a metric on X which approximates the Euclidean metric h0 on Rn/G by g = h0 +O(r −n), with appropriate decay in the derivatives of g. Then we call g Asymptotically Locally Euclidean, or ALE for short, and we call (X, g) an ALE manifold asymptotic to Rn/G.
Introduction To The Exceptional Holonomy Groups
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the rest of the book we shall discuss the exceptional holonomy groups G2 in 7 dimensions, and Spin(7) in 8 dimensions. This chapter introduces G2 and Spin(7), and explains some basic topological and geometrical properties of compact manifolds with these holonomy groups. Later, Chapters 11 and 12 will construct examples of compact 7-manifolds with holonomy G2, and Chapters 13, 14 and 15 examples of compact 8manifolds with holonomy Spin(7).
Examples Of Compact 7-Manifolds With Holonomy G
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall now use the results of Chapter 11 to construct examples of compact 7manifolds with holonomy G2. Our general plan is to start with carefully explained, simple examples, and gradually introduce more complex behaviour. Later on we leave out a lot of the details, to keep the chapter to a manageable length.
Examples Of Compact 8-Manifolds With Holonomy Spin(7)
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now use the results of Chapter 13 to construct examples of compact 8-manifolds with holonomy Spin(7), in a similar way to the G2 case of Chapter 12. Our main aim is to show that many such manifolds exist, and to calculate their Betti numbers (b2, b3, b4).
We begin in §14.1 by discussing how to calculate the Betti numbers (b2, b3, b4) of a resolution M of T 8/ r, and to show that M has holonomy Spin(7). Then §14.2 gives a simple example of an orbifold T 8/r and its resolution M with holonomy Spin(7).
A Second Construction Of Compact 8-Manifolds With Holonomy Spin(7)
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will describe a second method for constructing compact 8-manifolds with holonomy Spin(7), in which one starts not with a torus T 8 but with a Calabi–Yau 4orbifold Y with isolated singular points p1,&gt;,⃛, pk. We use algebraic geometry to find a number of suitable complex orbifolds Y , which in the simplest cases are hypersurfaces in weighted projective spaces CP5 .
Electric charges and currents
Authors: Kovetz Attay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electric charge is a property of bodies in nature. Logically speaking, it is a primitive: its status in electromagnetism is like that of point or plane in geometry, mass or force in mechanics, and energy or temperature in thermodynamics. For the time being we shall be concerned with those cases in which the charge Q is smoothly distributed over volume; more precisely.
Polarization and magnetization
Authors: Kovetz Attay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experience shows that many materials respond, as it were, to an electromagnetic field by setting up charge and current distributions. This takes place in a myriad of forms, depending on the kind of material, on its state, and even on its history. Indeed, the resulting charge and current distributions are so diverse that, in constructing a theory of these phenomena, it is wise to keep an open mind. In particular, we should not impose on them any restrictions beyond those that we regard as absolutely necessary. Such a restriction is the principle of charge conservation, which we are certainly not about to renounce.
Electromagnetic wave propagation
Authors: Kovetz Attay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 12 we treated the generation of electromagnetic waves, which was governed by inhomogeneous wave equations. The propagation of electromagnetic waves is characterized by homogeneous wave equations. This does not mean that we are going to set all charges and currents equal to zero, because that would limit us to materials without response. The homogeneity follows rather from the assumptions we shall make about the material, and from the structure of the equations.
Recovery of Visual Function Following Damage to the Striate Cortex in Monkeys
Authors: Moore Tirin , Rodman Hillary R , Gross Charles G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Damage to striate cortex (V1) in primates does not result in absolute blindness, but instead spares some rudimentary visual functions such as the ability to detect and localize visual stimuli in the affected visual field. In both humans and monkeys, early brain injury is typically associated with greater sparing or recovery of function, although this is not an invariable rule. We compared the visual function in monkeys with lesions of V1 sustained either in infancy or adulthood and found greater residual vision after the V1 lesions made in infancy. We describe the potential of these observations to explain the variability in the extent of residual visual function present in human subjects with damage to V1 and consider the possible mechanisms of the greater residual function after early V1 damage in primates. We also discuss the conspicuous similarities between the residual vision of monkeys with adult V1 lesions and human blindsight.
The Amygdala and Unconscious Fear Processing
Authors: Morris John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In both animals and humans, immediate threats in the environment trigger a fixed pattern of physiological and behavioural responses known as ‘fear’. Since rapid and appropriate responses to external danger are advantageous for survival, neural mechanisms mediating fear responses will be subject to strong evolutionary selection pressure and show conservation across species (Darwin, 1872). The amygdala, an almond-shaped nucleus in the medial temporal lobe, appears to be a crucial component of this phylogenetically ancient ‘fear system’ (LeDoux, 1996). Electrical stimulation of the amygdala, whether in human, monkey, rat, or lizard, consistently evokes fear responses (Halgren et al., 1978; Greenberg et al., 1984; LeDoux, 1987). Destruction of the amygdala, on the other hand, typically produces placid, tame animals that no longer respond appropriately to threatening stimuli (Kluver and Bucy, 1939; Weiskrantz, 1956). The amygdala has also been shown to have a central role in ‘fear’ conditioning, i.e. the process by which a previously neutral object (conditioned stimulus or CS+) acquires fear responses (LeDoux et al., 1990; Davis 1992; Kapp et al., 1992).
Line transects
Authors: Buckland S T , Anderson D R , Burnham K P , Laake J L , Borchers D L , Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the application of the theory of Chapter 3 to line transect data, and to present the strategies for analysis outlined in Section 2.5. In general, the parameter f (0) in a line transect analysis does not have a closed form estimator. That is, for most models f(0) cannot be expressed as a formula that can be evaluated by simple substitution of the data. Instead, numerical methods are required. We therefore rely on specialized computer software to analyse distance sampling data. With such software, many more analysis options are possible and more reliable estimates can be obtained than if analysis is attempted without the aid of a computer.
Related methods
Authors: Buckland S T , Anderson D R , Burnham K P , Laake J L , Borchers D L , Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we describe distance sampling methods that are closely related to the standard line and point transect sampling of Chapters 4 and 5. We also consider models that do not fit into the key + adjustment formulation of earlier chapters. The material on these other models is not exhaustive, but is biased towards recent work, and models that may see future use and further methodological development. Most of the older models not described here are discussed in Burnham et al. (1980).
Study design and field methods
Authors: Buckland S T , Anderson D R , Burnham K P , Laake J L , Borchers D L , Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analysis methods presented in Chapters 3–5 depend on proper field methods, a valid survey design and adequate sample size. This chapter presents broad guidelines for the design of a distance sample survey and outlines appropriate field methods. In general, a statistician or quantitative person experienced in distance methods should be consulted during the initial planning and design of the study. Just as important is the need for a pilot study, which can provide rough estimates of the encounter rate n/L (line transect sampling) or n/k (point transect sampling) and associated variances, from which refined estimates are obtained of n and of L or k for the main study. A pilot study also tests operational procedures and provides training for participants. It can also provide insights into how best to meet the key assumptions.
The future unveiled
Authors: Gray Jeremy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Wednesday 8 August 1900, David Hilbert stepped up to the rostrum at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris to give his lecture on Mathematical Problems. All lectures at conferences are pieces of theatre. The audience has some expectations, the lecturer some hopes. But on this occasion the hopes and expectations ran particularly high, because Hilbert was emerging as the leading mathematician of his generation, and his theme promised to be broader and more exciting than the usual technical accounts of mathematics, however successful.
The beacons are lit
Authors: Gray Jeremy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the audience left the auditorium in the Sorbonne they could begin to give their full attention to the printed paper with all the 23 Problems that Hilbert proposed. They would find that it divided into a small number of overlapping topics illuminated by the themes he had set out in his talk. The more they knew about his career to date, the more sense much of it would make.
The early response: 1900—1914/18
Authors: Gray Jeremy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hilbert Problems were to be a great success, more than Hilbert could reasonably have predicted. Once brought to life by Hilbert they then lived a life of their own: growing up under his tutelage in Göttingen, moving abroad, and, in his old age, turning out unexpectedly. The children of his extraordinary optimism, some grew as he had predicted, while some were to turn obstinate, even recalcitrant. The insights on which they rested were not always sound, as Hilbert was painfully to discover. This outcome was by no means certain, and it requires some careful explanation.
After 1945
Authors: Gray Jeremy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the Second World War, Hilbert’s legacy could be viewed in many ways by his successors, and these different perceptions affected both the posthumous status of Hilbert himself and attitudes to the Hilbert Problems. The first concern was tied to his work as a profoundly creative pure mathematician, which is perhaps most intimately related to the Hilbert Problems themselves. Second came the implications he, and others, wished his work to have for applied mathematics. Third was his work on logic and the foundations of mathematics, with which he had been most actively involved in the final years of his career.
Epilogue
Authors: Gray Jeremy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of the Hilbert Problems illustrates many things about mathematics. It is does indeed demonstrate that Hilbert lifted the veil on the future. As he intended, his Problems helped in a considerable way to shape that future. They may not always have done so in ways that he expected, but they did attract several generations of mathematicians to them, the best among them. That is surely because he chose them well and gave good reasons for caring about them, and that in turn reflects his penetrating insight into the relationship between problems and theory.
Nitrosothiol detection by HPLC coupled with flow reactors ofHg2+ and Griess reagent
Authors: Akaike Takaaki , Inoue Katsuhisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
NO-related intermediates, including NO1-like species, can participate in nitrosating additions to nucleophilic centres of biological molecules. Sulfhydrylcontaining molecules such as glutathione are particularly susceptible to nitrosation and form nitrosothiol adducts (nitrosothiols; RS-NOs). It seems that these adducts in biological systems play an important role in NO-mediated signalling cascades such as the downregulation of 7V-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, and the regulation of transcriptional factors (1); they might also be involved in non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic neuronal responses (2). It is, therefore, essential to identify nitrosothiols specifically and to quantify them in biological systems.
Determination of flavonoids (catechins) by HPLC-ECD
Authors: Tomita Isao , Sano Mitsuaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flavonoids are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and are very efficient antioxidants. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (ECD) is a sensitive, simple and selective method for determination of flavonoids.
Caeruloplasmin ferroxidase activity
Authors: Gutteridge J M C , Quinlan G J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major copper-containing protein of human plasma, caeruloplasmin, can catalyse the oxidation of ferrous ions to the ferric state (ferroxidase activity). This activity is considered to be an important part of the antioxidant defence of the plasma (see Chapter 11). When ferric ions bind to apotransferrin they form a pink iron-transferrin complex absorbing at 460 nm.
Cholesterol and its oxides
Authors: Miyazawa Teruo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several cholesterol oxidation products might play important roles in the development of atherosclerosis (1). This concept is fostered by mounting interest in the role of oxidatively modified lipoproteins and cholesterol in atherogenesis. Cholesterol oxides are widely encountered in foods and biological tissues. Here the analysis of plasma cholesterol oxidation products by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) (2, 3) is described.
Flow-cytometric analysis of lipid peroxides using DCFH-DA
Authors: Kayanoki Yoshiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flow cytometry is a method which measures the fluorescence of the cells after they have been labelled with a fluorescent antibody or a fluorescent dye. We here describe how to measure intracellular peroxides of cultured cells after labelling them with a peroxide-sensitive dye, 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), using a FACScan (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA).
Total plasma copper
Authors: Gutteridge J M C , Quinlan G J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An average adult human contains approx. 80 mg copper. The plasma concentration is approx. 17 mM, most of which ( &gt;98%) is associated with caeruloplasmin (see Chapter 31), which contains 6-7 copper ions per molecule of protein (Mr 132000). This chapter describes the determination of total plasma copper by A AS with a graphite furnace.
Low molecular mass chelatable copper: Reactive copper species (RCS)
Authors: Gutteridge J M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Normal freshly taken human plasma does not contain chelatable forms of copper. Storage or mishandling of plasma does, however, lead to the formation of chelatable forms of copper by the proteolytic (rapid) degradation of caeruloplasmin. Redox active chelatable forms of copper can be detected and measured in biological fluids by use of the phenanthroline assay. Phenanthroline chelates copper and binds to DNA. Redox cycling of copper on DNA releases malondialdehyde from the deoxyribose sugar of DNA; this can be measured and related to the amount of copper present.
The expression of thioredoxin
Authors: Taniguchi Yoshih1sa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adult T cell-derived factor (ADF) is a 13-kDa protein and is a human homologue of thioredoxin present in E. coll. ADF/Trx has a variety of biological activities, such as a co-cytokine effect on the promotion of the cellular proliferation and reducing activity by which the disulfide bond of proteins is reduced and cleaved. Because, moreover, the expression of ADF/Trx is induced by oxidative stresses, e.g., irradiation of UV, oxidative agents, and reperfusion injury, ADF/Trx is a factor involved in protective system against oxidative stress. We present here a Western blotting method for ADF/Trx protein.
GI tract ischaemia—reperfusion model
Authors: Yoshikawa Toshikazu , Naito Yuji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We introduced a new animal model of ischaemia-reperfusion-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats by applying a vascular clamp to the celiac artery, then removing it (1). As a result of the clamping of the celiac artery the gastric mucosal blood flow was reduced to 10% of that measured before clamping; the flow returned to the normal range on subsequent reperfusion.