bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Chase
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then, throughout the summer, an almost unprecedented combination of heat and drought wilted crops in the fields and stunted their growth. The blazing sun baked and cracked the clay soil of northern Maryland and southeastern Pennsylvania. As August mercifully came to an end, it was clear that this season’s corn, wheat, and tobacco crops would be two-thirds, or less, of the normal yield. When September began, farmers could only pray for some relief from the heat for themselves and their animals, a break in the weather that would give some hope for fall plantings. In early September, the topic for discussion whenever farmers met was rain-the lack of it, whether anyone could remember a worse summer, or prospects for a change. Conversation at Retreat Farm certainly included the weather, but the Gorsuches also talked about slaves, especially the four who were not there to suffer and work along with the rest. Across the York Pike from Retreat Farm, to the east, was an inn that served as a meeting place for the area’s white propertied class. Owners of large farms, doctors, lawyers, and even a liberal minister or two would stop for a drink, to exchange pleasantries, to discuss the weather or business transactions, or just to eat a good meal with family and friends. Located on land adjoining the extended Gorsuch family’s other estate, Retirement Farm, the roadhouse was the largest in the area, and its proprietor was also, not surprisingly, a Gorsuch. Captain Joshua Gorsuch retired from his seafaring profession and built the hostelry in 1810.
The Riot
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What Happened Up To This Point in the story of the Christiana Riot is, if not obvious, at least pretty clear. It is possible with some sense of assurance to piece together the sequence of events. But from the moment that Joshua Kite ran back into William Parker’s house, the narrative becomes significantly more difficult to reconstruct. The record is a contradictory jumble of individual perspectives, attempted self-vindications, faulty and incomplete recollections, bragging, and lies. Sorting out one version from another and recognizing each for what it is requires some tolerance for imprecision. In the end, the reader deserves a candid admission that even with the voluminous documentation surrounding this extraordinary event, we cannot be entirely certain of the sequence of actions, the precise dialogue, or the roles played by the major actors in the riot. This is not surprising. Riots are by their very nature wild, confusing, and frightening experiences. Seldom does anyone have a clear perspective of all that goes on or the calm state of mind that contributes to rational perception and objective reporting. This riot was no exception. Chapter 7 will detail the specific testimonies given by some of the survivors; for now, my task is to provide a coherent narrative, which silently makes judgments about what happened during those first two hours after dawn on September 11, 1851, at William Parker’s home.
Masculinity and Male Codes of Honor in Modern France
Authors: Nye Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After a decade of works on women’s history, historians are becoming aware of the dearth of literature on men’s history. Professor Nye addresses this gap in a study of evolving definitions of masculinity in France since the eighteenth century. He examines specifically the aristocratic ethos of male honour, rooted in a society of landlords, hunters, and warriors, adapted to a society motivated by utilitarian values, urban life, and rational law. He focuses on the cultural practices and mentality of middle and upper class men and the appeal of their codes to men throughout French society.
Family Treatment After Adoption: Common Themes
Authors: Hartman Ann , Laird Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adoption is a social arrangement constructed in some human societies to respond to children in need of parents and parents in need of children. Adoption is defined and shaped through political and social processes and expresses the world views and values of its social context (Benet, 1976). This value-laden social arrangement varies from society to society and will change over time in relation to changes in the surrounding sociocultural contexts.
Foster Parent Adoption: The Legal Framework
Authors: Derdeyn Andre P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States today the basic purpose of adoption of minors is to benefit children in need of parents who will nurture them. The emphasis is on benefiting children rather than on gratifying the wishes of would-be adopters. Despite the acceptance of child-oriented goals in adoption, current adoption practice is strongly influenced by legal vestiges of the past that seem inconsistent with this approach. Most important, there remains important judicial unwillingness to break with the concept that parents have something approaching a legal property right in their children.
America In The Great War
Authors: Schaffer Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ronald Schaffer shows how, in order to mobilize the nation for the First World War, the US government evolved a complex system of rewards and punishments and so created a war-welfare state in which the groups having the largest bargaining power - businessmen, conservative labour leaders, military leaders, social reformers, organized women, and pro-war intellectuals - received the largest rewards for co-operation.
The Battleground
Authors: Schaffer Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1965 the historian William L. Langer maiveled that after nearly three years of agonizing trench warfare, after Verdun and the Somme and other gruesome battles, all reported in excruciating detail, any American should have joined in the Great War without duress. Professor Langer wrote from first hand knowledge. Forty-seven years earlier, he had been Sergeant Langer of the First Gas Regiment, American Expeditionary Force, serving on the battlefields of France. His government had given considerable thought at that time to the problem he referred to-how to induce Americans to enter and fight on the Western Front where millions of the Europeans had already suffered death and mutilation.
Motivating the AEF
Authors: Schaffer Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Woodrow Wilson had little knowledge of battle-just a few memories of the wounded men and prisoners he had seen at his father’s church during the Civil War-he came to understand, at least in a general way, what the battleground was like. In 1916, while the French were struggling to regain the fortress of Verdun, he remarked about the Great War’s “mechanical slaughter” and commented on the “uselessness” of the “sacrifices made.” Trench warfare and poison gas had changed battle. By using enough ammunition and expending enough men, it was still possible to capture a strong objective. But where, he asked, was “the glory commensurate with the sacrifice of the millions of men required in modem warfare to carry and defend Verdun?” A few months later, he and his government had to find ways to encourage Americans to sacrifice them selves in France.
Insulted and Injured
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already encountered the power of the “reforging” myth-that in Sovict society every man, no matter what his crimes or the ddCcts of his origins, had the possibility of being remade. The reality, however, was different. If the stigma of past criminal activity could sometimes be shed, other stigmas were essentially permanent. The stigma of”bad” social origin stubbornly refused to disappear even when the regime tried to lift it in the mid 1930s. The stigma of a dubious political past-membershipof other political parties before the Revolution, membership of oppositions within the Bolshevik Parry, disgrace as an “enemy of the people” during the Great Purges-was similarly indelible.
Introducing the Oldest Old
Authors: Suzman Richard M , Manton Kenneth G , Willis David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume has had a long and deliberate maturation. It began, most immediately, with a session organized by Matilda White Riley and Richard Suzman for the May 1984 annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. For the title of that session, they coined the term “oldest old,” a refinement of Bernice Neugarten’s earlier “old old” (see Chapter 19, this volume), to denote those aged 85 years and over. The papers presented and the ensuing discussion called attention to wide-ranging philosophical, social, economic, political, and service-related implications of the dramatic demographic changes that were then only beginning to be recognized. A selection of papers from that session was revised, expanded, and supplemented with additional papers for a special issue of the Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly (63:2, 1985). The publication proved highly successful. The public ity engendered by it, including front-page New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and Washington Post news stories, boosted consciousness not only in academic and re search settings, but also within the federal statistical and policy-making systems. The present editors decided to revise and update a critical selection of these articles and to add major new contributions to fill in the many gaps in the 1985 volume.
Cohort Succession and the Futureof the Oldest Old
Authors: Preston Samuel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diagonal march of birth cohorts across the grid of age and time is at once the most mundane and the most profound process known to demography. Cohorts begin the march with their own unique endowment of social and biological attributes. Along the diagonal, they experience the normal processes of development and aging; they absorb the wars, epidemics, recessions, and booms of their time; and they witness the attrition of their members in ways that transform the composition of survivors.
The Paradox of the Oldest Old in the United States: An International Comparison
Authors: Myers George C , Torrey Barbara Boyle , Kinsella Kevin G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States has a younger population age structure today than many of the world’s developed countries, notably those in Western Europe, as evinced by the percentage of population 65 years of age and over. And the United States will continue to be younger in these terms than most of its counterparts well into the twenty first century. But this simple generalization obscures an important phenomenon. The U.S. elderly are among the oldest of any major country; only the elderly populations of France and the Federal Republic of Germany I currently contain a higher proportion who are 80 years and over. By 2005, the United States will have the highest percentage of the elderly who are 80 years and over (31 percent). It is a demographic paradox that one of the younger industrial countries has such an old elderly population.
Bureaucrats and Beggars
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Adams explores the social context in which the French Enlightenment arose by focusing on the response of eighteenth-century French society to the problem of poverty. The institutions (dépôts) which were established in this period to rehabilitate the poor, Adams argues, came to be regarded as laboratories in which society might be studied scientifically. One premise of such rehabilitation efforts was that government `should not make men poor' by failing to provide employment for the willing worker or to reward his efforts when employed. Adams demonstrates how the history of dépôts contributed to a transformation of social values that continues to influence the modern world.
Introduction
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sieur Vieuloup was an officer of the royal constabulary—a cavalier de la mare-chaussee-in a brigade headquartered at Rennes, the capital of France’s western most province of Brittany. With his wife, who sold tobacco, he lived over a shop in the Rue Vasselot, adjoining the Place de Toussaints and its bustling marketplace. The surrounding parish of Toussaints was a dreary, low-lying quarter subject to flooding by the meandering streams of the river Vilaine. It was one of the two parishes in which the poor of Rennes were most densely concentrated. A few of Vieuloup’s neighbors were well-to-do merchants or judicial officials connected with the parlement of Brittany or other courts, but the majority were poorer than he. In the year 1777 Vieuloup and his wife paid a little more than the minimum assessment for the royal head tax, or capitation, contributing four livres.
Running the Machine
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bertier is speaking energetically before Turgot and a group of his collaborators. They are assembled at the chateau of Montigny in October 1775, to review the report on mendicity prepared by Lomenie de Brienne, archbishop of Toulouse. Having just recounted his initial misgivings on joining Laverdy’s commission as rapporteur in 1766, Bertier launches into an earnest defense of the administration of the depots during their first eight years of operation. He knows that his audience is hostile to the depots, and that his own role as their chief overseer is under attack. He reaches into his portfolio, draws out a set of printed forms, and passes them around the table.
Attack on the Depots
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laver dy’s commissioners had shrewdly anticipated the range of attacks that the courts would direct against the depots. Resistance from this quarter was effectively neutralized, not only by recourse to the planned defenses, but also by carefully calculated appeals to the interests and concerns of the parlementaires. In the long run, the tireless resistance on the part of the provincial Estates was to prove more significant in shaping the history of the institution. Whereas the arguments of the judges ran from technicalities of procedure and jurisprudence to the legitimacy of repression, those of the Estates met administrators on their own terrain of economy and utility.
The Nature of Suffering
Authors: Cassell Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE OBLIGATION OF physicians to relieve human suffering stretches back into antiquity. Despite this fact, little attention is explicitly given to the prob¬lem of suffering in medical education, research, or practice. I will begin by focusing on a modern paradox: that even in the best settings and with the best physicians it is not uncommon for suffering to occur not only during the course of a disease but as a result of its treatment. To understand this paradox and its solution requires an understanding of what suffering is and how it relates to medical care.
Masters & Lords
Authors: Bowman Shearer Davis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Masters and Lords is an ambitious study that presents a comparative view of large planters in the antebellum American South (1820 - 60) and the Junkers of roughly contemporaneous Prussian East Elbia. The author claims that planters and Junkers were comparable because of structural and function analogies between plantations and Ritterguter (knights’ estates) both being autocratic political communities and commercial agricultural enterprises. Starting from the structural similarity of political autocracy and economic acquisitiveness on which both the plantations and Ritterguter were based, Bowman shows just how and why his two landed elites of agrarian capitalists are comparable. He then uses the converging lines of comparison to screen out and set in relief the crucial political and cultural differences that are the keys to explaining the contrasting behaviour of these two elites during the major nineteenth century crises that confronted them - the revolutionay crisis of 1848 - 49 in Germany and the secession crisis of 1860 - 61 in the U.S.
Epidemiologic Approaches to Familial Aggregation
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of familial aggregation is a central theme in genetic epidemiology in which major methodologic and statistical advances have been recently made. As King and colleagues (1984) pointed out, family studies encompass three approximately sequential steps of scientific investigation. First, researchers attempt to determine whether or not there is evidence of familial aggregation in a disease or trait. If familial aggregation is found, the second step is to discriminate among environmental, cultural, and/or genetic factors that may contribute to this clustering. Third, when evidence of a role for genetic factors is found, analyses designed to test for specific genetic mechanisms are carried out. This chapter reviews some basic epidemiologic principles and approaches that can be applied (1) to detect the presence of familial aggregation and (2) to evaluate whether familial aggregation can be attributed to genetic or environmental factors. Note that unraveling the causes of familial aggregation does not constitute an end in itself in genetic epidemiology, but it is an important step in defining the role of genetic factors contributing to disease occurrence in the population at large. Epidemiologic principles and approaches are crucial not only for detecting the presence of familial aggregation, but they also pave the road for sound application of specific genetic models.
Forked Tongues: Moral Judgments in Indian History
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the Previous Essay Appeared in Print, I Received an opportunity to practice what I preached. Mildred Alpern, coeditor of an historical column devoted to classroom applications, invited me to write about teaching moral judgments in under graduate classes in Indian history. So I sat down to analyze how I dealt with value judgments–those of the historical sources, the students’, and mine–in my own classes in ethnohistory. The following essay, minus one paragraph, was published in Perspectives: AHA Newsletter in February 1987.
As might be expected, ordinary words–nouns, adverbs, and adjectives-provide the most numerous and most fruitful sources of exercise.
Were Indian Conversions Bona Fide?
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A short conference Paper is a Good Place to Try Out One’s conclusions about a subject, but a poor one for trying to prove them; twenty minutes sandwiched between other presentations is not sufficient. I rediscovered this in November 1986 when I read a nine-page version of the following essay at the annual meeting of the American Society for Ethnohistory in Charleston. The reaction to my paper from the two respondants and some of the audience was, to put it nicely, skeptical. So I went home determined to make my case at greater and more convincing length. The following essay was written for this volume to accomplish that end.
Through Another Glass Darkly: Early Indian Views of Europeans
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the Principles of their Craft, Ethnohistorians Sooner or later get around to examining both sides of their various cultural frontiers. For a long time, anthropologists dominated the discipline and devoted most of their attention to the study of Indian groups, past and present. With the increasing participation of historians in the early 1970s, ethnohistory has expanded its purview to treat the other side of the frontier, but somewhat more critically than Western or Turnerian frontier historians of previous generations were wont to do.
One group of historians who have shown a sustained interest in Indians, or at least the idea of Indians, are intellectual historians, who have written extensively on the changing views of Indians held by European and Ameriacan observers.
The Rise and Fall of the Powhatan Empire
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholar-Teachers have an Opportunity, if Not an Obligation, to advance knowledge by writing for audiences much larger than their own classes and cliques of fellow specialists. If history is to exert any influence on society-at-large, historians who practice on the fore-edge of scholarship must diffuse their discoveries as widely as possible. I was therefore delighted when the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation asked me to contribute a booklet on Virginia’s Indians to their new “Foundations of America” series, which is aimed primarily at advanced high school students.
In recent years, the ethnohistory of the Chesapeake has grown tremendously in the hands of Philip Barbour, Edmund Morgan, Alden Vaughan, Fred Fausz, and Christian Feest.
Introduction
Authors: Diamond Sigmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Book Has been more than ten years in the making, and many of the twists and turns in the roads that were traveled have been forgotten—many, but not all, and certainly not the start of the journey. I had been a graduate student in American history at Harvard, received a Ph.D. degree in 1953, and during the following year, on the invitation of McGeorge Bundy, dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, held an administrative position there. In the spring of 1954, again through Dean Bundy, I was offered another administrative position, but this time with teaching duties.
The Russian Research Center, 2: Scholarship and Intelligence
Authors: Diamond Sigmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “official Story” is that Harvard established the Russian Research Center with the help of a preliminary grant of $100,000 from the Carnegie Corporation of New York to provide information to the State Department and other government agencies about contemporary Russia. An article in the Boston Traveler of December 5, 1947, the basis for an FBI memo of December 12, reported that the results of the Harvard research would be “made available to the State Department and other federal agencies, including the central intelligence group, through in formed channels long before publication by the university,” though the university declined to do any classified (secret) research. The State Department, though convinced of the importance of covert activities, was reluctant to engage in them itself. So were many professors, who were also eager to establish a permanent university-government relationship.
The Jazz Scene
Authors: Royal Stokes W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
W. Royal Stokes is renowned for his ability to transform revealing interviews into meaningful and elegant prose. Combining interview with perceptive commentary, this personal view of the whole history and spectrum of American jazz deals with the differing styles found in New Orleans, Chicago, Harlem, Detroit, and Kansas City, and introduces the reader to all manner of composers, bands, singers, and instrumentalists who made their name playing in America and Europe.
Ellington on Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess-and a Response from the Office of Irving Mills (1935/1936)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One notable lapse from his customary discretion, however, occurred in remarks he allegedly made about George Gershwin’s opera Porgy and Bess that appeared in 1935 in the left-wing magazine New Theatre. Responding to interviewer Edward Morrow’s leading line of questioning-”Would you say that an honest Negro musical play would have to con tain social criticism?”-Ellington came down hard on the Gershwin work premiered earlier that year.
Stanley Crouch on Such Sweet Thunder, Suite Thursday, and Anatomy of a Murder (1988)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hallenging the received notion that Ellington’s greatest compositional achieve ments clustered around the year 1940, the writer and critic Stanley Crouch (b. 1945) has long championed works from the composer’s later years. In the following program notes for a concert at Lincoln Center in 1988, he called the period from 1957 to 1967 the most remarkable in Ellington’s career.