bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and preliminary evaluation of a questionnaire on cognitions related to sex offending for use with individuals who have mild intellectual disabilities
Authors: Broxholme S. L. , Lindsay W. R. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBackground  A number of authors note that distorted cognitions may play a significant role in sex offending behaviour in both the people with intellectual disability (ID) and general populations. However, no scales have been specifically developed for use with individuals with ID. To date, there is no valid, reliable, self‐report questionnaire that assesses cognitive factors in these individuals. This paper aims to develop a valid, reliable self‐report questionnaire to assess antisocial attitudes consistent with sex offending behaviour in individuals who have mild ID.Methods  Seventeen male individuals with ID who had sexually offended were compared with two non‐sex offender groups: 19 males with and 36 males without ID. The Questionnaire on Attitudes Consistent with Sex Offending (QACSO) measure was used to establish sexual attitudes in the three groups. The reliability and validity of the QACSO was examined.Results  The groups were compared and results demonstrated that the QACSO is a promising tool in terms of providing an internally consistent, reliable and valid indicator of cognitive distortions/attitudes held by sex offenders with ID.Conclusions  The limitations, suggestions for modification, potential uses of the questionnaire and directions for further research are proposed.
Psychotropic drug use among people with intellectual disability before and after deinstitutionalization
Authors: Nøttestad J. Aa. , Linaker O. M. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBackground  The use of psychotropic medication among people with intellectual disability (ID) is widespread, and they are one of the most medicated groups in society. A substantial number of individuals with ID receive psychotropic medications that may be inappropriate for their diagnosis. One of the main reasons for the use of psychotropic medication is challenging behaviours. Almost all prevalence studies show higher prevalence rates of psychotropic medication in institutions compared with community living. Studies on deinstitutionalization and the use of psychotropic medication are few and inconclusive.Method  The present study is a prospective cohort study without control group. It examines the use of psychotropic medication among 109 subjects aged between 16 and 65 years before (1987) and after (1995) deinstitutionalization. Psychotropic drug dosages were transformed to percentage of defined daily dosage.Results  We found no major changes in the use of neuroleptics after deinstitutionalization neither in frequency nor in dosages, and the trend seemed indiscriminate in relation to diagnosis. The people with schizophrenia or an anxiety disorder did not receive proper drug treatment, nor did they before deinstitutionalization.Conclusions  The main predictor variable for neuroleptic dosage both before and after deinstitutionalization was challenging behaviour. The reason for this may be the difficulties in determining the extent to which presenting behaviours are the result of a psychiatric disorder or a behaviour disorder, the lack of knowledge among the caretakers and the ensuing referral practice, the lack of knowledge among the general practitioners, and the lack of access to specialized health services.
Carers’ expressed emotion, appraisal of behavioural problems and stress in children attending schools for learning disabilities
Authors: Lam D. , Giles A. , Lavander A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBackground  Expressed emotion (EE) has been found to be high in families with children suffering from conduct disorder as well as a variety of childhood psychiatric disorders. Expressed emotion has been associated with high levels of stress in carers. However, behavioural problems in children do not automatically lead to stress in carers. Carers’ beliefs and behaviour could affect how they appraise and cope with their child's behaviour. Furthermore, the perceived adequacy of social support can also be an important factor in determining the family's level of stress. The study investigates the relationship between EE variables and carers’ appraisal and coping with the child's behaviour, stress and social support.Methods  Forty‐seven carers were recruited from schools for moderate to severe learning disabilities. Carers filled in questionnaires and took part in the Camberwell Family Interview for EE status. Carers’ EE status was determined by a rater blind to the carers’ questionnaires scores.Results  There was no difference between high and low EE groups in the descriptive information of the child's independence, communication skills, or the frequency of behavioural problems. However, high EE carers appraised more of their children's behaviour as definite problems and their available social support to be less adequate. High warmth was found to relate to more positive reappraisal and less escape‐avoidance coping. A multiple regression analysis indicated that carers’ EE, psychological well‐being, appraisal of their children's behaviour, their children's communication skills and respite usage predicted 62% of the variance in their perceived stress scores.Conclusion  It is important to consider optimal use of respite care and psychosocial intervention to encourage positive appraisal and problem solving.
Caregiving burden of families looking after persons with intellectual disability and behavioural or psychiatric problems
Authors: Maes B. , Broekman T. G. , Došen A. , Nauts J. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBackground  During the last decade, there has been a growing interest in outpatient support services for persons with intellectual disability (ID) and psychiatric and/or behavioural problems and their families. In this study, we explore the family burden that is associated with children or adults with ID and behavioural or psychiatric problems living at home.Method  The research group consisted of 66 clients of In Casa, a project of outpatient treatment. Their average age is 18.97 years and their average IQ 55.37. The Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behaviour (adults) or Reiss Scales for Children's Dual Diagnosis (children) and the Nijmegen Family Situation Questionnaire have been administered.Results  About 62% of the children and 86% of the adults living at home and referred to In Casa have severe psychiatric or behavioural problems as measured by the Reiss scales. The dual diagnosis has a more negative impact on the family situation than the condition of ID only.Conclusion  Parents consider the psychiatric or behavioural problems of their child to be an extra burden and feel it more difficult to raise and manage such a child. This impels them to change the situation and to call on the help of external services. Some methodological questions and the implications of the findings in terms of support needs are discussed.
Referral trends of people with intellectual disabilities and psychiatric disorders
Authors: Bouras N. , Cowley A. , Holt G. , Newton J. T. , Sturmey P. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBackground  The Specialist Mental Health Service for people with an intellectual disability (ID) and psychiatric disorder (referred to throughout this paper as ‘the Service’) has been in operation in south‐east London for the last 18 years, during which time two local, long‐stay institutions have closed.Aims  To measure the number of referrals to the Service from 1983 to 2001 and identify trends.Methods  Data were recorded on 752 new referrals using the assessment and information rating profile. Diagnoses according to the International Classification of Diseases (10th edition) were made by two psychiatrists. Referrals for a one off consultation or assessment, or with an IQ > 70 were excluded from analysis.Results  Over time more non‐white clients and more clients with mild ID were referred. More referrals were made in later years, and a greater proportion came from primary care. Later referrals were also more likely to have a psychiatric diagnosis than those in earlier years.Conclusion  Significant trends in referrals were identified, which may be explained by various external factors.
Rituals and compulsivity in Prader–Willi syndrome: profile and stability
Authors: Wigren M. , Hansen S. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBackground  Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is characterized by an increased risk for obsessive–compulsive disorder. This study investigated the nature of compulsive‐like behaviours in the PWS.Method  Parents of 50 individuals with PWS (aged 5–18 years) and 50 typically developing 4‐year‐old children completed the Childhood Routines Inventory. This instrument measures compulsive‐like behaviours in normative childhood.Results  Many childhood compulsive behaviours are prevalent among older children and adolescents with PWS. Group differences were observed in that the PWS group, independent of age, gender and cognitive dysfunctions, exhibited more intense compulsive behaviours related to insistence on sameness in many daily activities and social contexts. Findings also revealed an age‐independent low‐prevalent pattern of PWS compulsivity, probably related to other features in the PWS symptomatology.Conclusions  Compulsions of childhood do not subside with age in adolescents with PWS. The findings indicate that the differentiation between delayed childhood rituals and pathological manifestations of compulsive features is complex in PWS populations.
Depressive symptoms in intellectual disability: does gender play a role?
Authors: Lunsky Y. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBackground  Gender issues remain largely unaddressed in the dual diagnosis arena, even in the area of depression where there is a 2 : 1 female to male ratio in the general population. This paper argues that women with intellectual disability (ID) report higher levels of depressive symptoms than men with ID and that risk factors for depression identified for women in the general population are relevant to this group.Method  Findings are based on structured interviews with 99 men and women with ID, with corroborative information provided from caregivers and casebook reviews.Results  Overall, women reported higher levels of depression than men. Individuals with higher depression scores were more lonely and had higher stress levels than individuals with lower scores. Women with higher depression scores were more likely to report coming from abusive situations, to have poor social support from family and to be unemployed when compared to women with lower scores, but similar differences were not found when comparing men with higher and lower depression scores.Conclusion  Men and women who report experiencing these psychosocial correlates of depression should be a target group for future prevention efforts, taking gender specific concerns into consideration.
Risk markers associated with challenging behaviours in people with intellectual disabilities: a meta‐analytic study
Authors: McClintock K. , Hall S. , Oliver C. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractA meta‐analysis of prevalence and cohort studies conducted over the last 30 years was carried out to identify risk markers for challenging behaviour shown by individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs). A total of 86 potential studies was identified from the review, with 22 (25.6%) containing sufficient data to enable a statistical analysis to be conducted. Results indicated that males were significantly more likely to show aggression than females, and that individuals with a severe/profound degree of ID were significantly more likely to show self‐injury and stereotypy than individuals with a mild/moderate degree of ID. Individuals with a diagnosis of autism were significantly more likely to show self‐injury, aggression and disruption to the environment whilst individuals with deficits in receptive and expressive communication were significantly more likely to show self‐injury. In most cases, tests for heterogeneity were statistically significant, as expected. The meta‐analysis highlighted the paucity of methodologically robust studies of risk markers for challenging behaviours and the lack of data on incidence, prevalence and chronicity of challenging behaviour in this population.
Zosteriform connective tissue nevus: a case report
Authors: Yeh Shih Wei , Magalhaes Aline Maria , Vasconcellos Monica R. A. , Michalany Nilceo S. , Tomimori Yamashita Jane 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBecause of its distinctive clinical features and histopathological characteristics, zosteriform connective tissue nevus is considered a separate entity from other connective tissue nevi. Only two cases have previously been reported in the worldwide dermatological literature. Here we report a zosteriform connective tissue nevus in a 3‐year‐old boy with similar clinical presentation.
The prevalence of pediculosis capitis in schoolchildren in Mersin, Turkey
Authors: Kokturk Aysin , Baz Kiymet , Bugdayci Resul , Sasmaz Tayyar , Tursen Umit , Kaya Tamer Irfan , Ikizoglu Guliz 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBackground  Pediculosis capitis is an endemic parasitosis affecting many countries of the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of head lice infestation in Mersin, Turkey.Methods  A total of 5318 elementary schoolchildren, aged 8–16 years, were examined for the presence of Pediculus capitis. If any evidence of head lice was detected, such as live or dead eggs, or nits, the child was considered to be infected. The following details were recorded for each child: age, sex, family size, monthly income, number of siblings, parents’ education, presence or absence of social security of the family, pet (cat or dog) ownership, and frequency of hair washing (per week). The chi‐squared test and logistic regression analysis were performed to analyze the results.Results  Pediculosis capitis was detected in 360 (6.8%) children. The prevalence of infestation was significantly higher in girls (13.3%) than in boys (1.1%) (χ2 = 313.2, d.f. = 1, P = 0.000). Children aged 8–9 years exhibited a significantly lower prevalence rate than those aged 10–11 years and those aged 12 years and above. The following variables were found to be statistically significantly related to pediculosis capitis: sex, age, father's education level, and pet ownership (cat or dog).Conclusions  Our results show that the prevalence of pediculosis capitis is not very high in Mersin, Turkey, and is observed in all schools regardless of the socio‐economic and personal hygiene status of the children.
Context‐related representation of timing processes in monkey motor cortex
Authors: Roux Sébastien , Coulmance Michèle , Riehle Alexa 
Published: August 2003

AbstractPrecise timing is essential for motor performance, though the neuronal representation of time is unknown. To explore neuronal correlates of timing processes during movement preparation and execution, we compared the activities of neurons recorded in monkey motor cortex during the performance of two tasks requiring correct time estimation in different contextual situations. Despite the fact that both tasks had many common features (e.g. same movements, same time intervals to estimate), they involved different degrees of spatial and temporal uncertainty. Our findings indicate that time is indeed represented in neuronal activity of the motor cortex, albeit strongly dependent on context and not in an invariant manner as a distinct process per se.
The effect of 6‐hydroxydopamine lesions on the release of amino acids in the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia: a dual microdialysis probe analysis
Authors: Bianchi L. , Galeffi F. , Bolam J. P. , Della Corte L. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease and in animal models of Parkinson's disease is associated with an imbalance in the activity of the so‐called ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ pathways of information flow through the basal ganglia. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the imbalance is reflected in changes in the release of GABA, aspartate and glutamate in the pathways using dual probe microdialysis in freely moving rats. Control and 6‐hydroxydopamine‐(6‐OHDA)‐lesioned rats were implanted with microdialysis probes in the neostriatum and substantia nigra or globus pallidus and the release of amino acids was analysed in the dialysates. Basal levels of amino acids were largely unaltered by the 6‐OHDA lesion; however, the levels of GABA in the globus pallidus dialysates were significantly elevated in the lesioned rats, indicating an imbalance in favour of the indirect pathway. Administration of kainic acid to the neostriatum enhanced the release of GABA locally and in the distal probes in the substantia nigra and globus pallidus. In 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rats, stimulated release of GABA in the substantia nigra was abolished, indicating a reduction in transmission along the direct pathway. Thus, consistent with the direct–indirect pathway model of the basal ganglia, the 6‐OHDA lesion results in an elevation of the basal release of GABA in the striatopallidal (indirect) pathway and a reduction in the evoked release of GABA in the striatonigral (direct) pathway. These imbalances may underlie, at least in part, the motor abnormalities of Parkinson's disease and in animal models of Parkinson's disease.
Passage of progesterone into the brain changes with photoperiod in the ewe
Authors: Thiéry J. C. , Robel P. , Canepa S. , Delaleu B. , Gayrard V. , Picard‐Hagen N. , Malpaux B. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIn this study we tested the hypothesis that photoperiod can modulate steroid access to the brain in a seasonal breeder. To this goal, we compared the passage of exogenous progesterone to the brain of female sheep maintained under short (SD) or long (LD) daylengths. In the first experiment, we studied two groups of ovariectomized females maintained under SD or LD, for three artificial cycles, consisting of bearing a subcutaneous oestradiol implant (E2‐treated) and an intravaginal device releasing progesterone (CIDR). During the third cycle, the concentrations of progesterone and of its metabolites 5α‐dihydroprogesterone and 3α‐hydroxy‐5α‐pregnan‐20‐one were measured in the preoptic area (POA). The levels of progesterone in the POA were higher in ewes under LD than under SD while the amounts of metabolites were unchanged. In the second experiment, we compared ovariectomized female sheep equipped with a cannula in the third ventricle to sample the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) under LD vs. SD. After progesterone (1 mg and 10 mg) was injected into the carotid artery, it was only detectable in the cerebrospinal fluid in sheep under LD. In the third experiment, we compared progesterone concentration in plasma and CSF in two groups of SD vs. LD ovariectomized E2‐treated ewes for 2 h under CIDR treatment. Despite similar progesterone plasma concentrations, concentration in the CSF was 2.5 times higher in SD than in LD. Our results suggest a physiological modulation of the passage of progesterone to the brain according to the photoperiod.
Intracerebroventricular administration of an endothelin ETB receptor agonist increases expressions of GDNF and BDNF in rat brain
Authors: Koyama Yutaka , Tsujikawa Kimiko , Matsuda Toshio , Baba Akemichi 
Published: August 2003

AbstractEndothelins (ETs) are suggested to be involved in functional alterations of astrocytes after brain injury, including proliferation, hypertrophy and production of neurotrophic factors. In this study, effects of Ala1,3,11,15‐endothelin‐1 (Ala1,3,11,15‐ET‐1), an ETB receptor selective agonist, on neurotrophic factor production were examined in rat brain. A continuous intracerebroventricular administration of Ala1,3,11,15‐ET‐1 (500 pmol/day for 7 days) increased the numbers of GFAP‐ and vimentin‐positive astrocytes in the hippocampus, caudate putamen and cerebrum. Ala1,3,11,15‐ET‐1 did not induce neuronal degeneration and activation of microglia/macrophage in these brain regions. The intracerebroventricular administration of Ala1,3,11,15‐ET‐1 for 7 days caused two‐ to three‐fold increases in glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factors (GDNF) mRNA in the hippocampus and cerebrum. The mRNA levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) in caudate putamen were increased by Ala1,3,11,15‐ET‐1. Expressions of nerve growth factor (NGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNA in these regions were not largely affected by Ala1,3,11,15‐ET‐1, except cerebral NGF mRNA level was increased. The Ala1,3,11,15‐ET‐1‐induced increases in GDNF and BDNF mRNA levels were accompanied by increases in immunoreactive GDNF and BDNF. Immunohistochemical observations showed that GFAP‐positive astrocytes expressed GDNF and BDNF in the brain regions of Ala1,3,11,15‐ET‐1‐infused rats. In cultured rat astrocytes, Ala1,3,11,15‐ET‐1 (100 nm) increased mRNA levels of GDNF and BDNF. These results suggest that activation of brain ETB receptors induced GDNF and BDNF expression in astrocytes.
A receptor for presynaptic glutamatergic autoinhibition is a glutamate transporter
Authors: Dudel Josef , Schramm Marion 
Published: August 2003

AbstractMonoquantal excitatory postsynaptic currents were recorded by means of a perfused macropatch electrode from 9 to 15 µm stretches of crayfish neuromuscular junctions. The excitatory transmitter l‐glutamate superfused to a terminal inhibits quantal release by activating autoreceptors [Parnas et al. (1996) Eur. J. Neurosci., 8, 116–126]. Substances related to glutamate that do not activate glutamatergic postsynaptic channels, but are substrates of glutamate transporters, elicited analogous inhibitions, e.g. l‐ and d‐aspartate and some other glutamate transport blockers. As expected, all transport blockers prolonged synaptic currents. Blockers that bind to the transporter receptors but are not transported did not inhibit release, but prevented inhibition by the transport substrates. It appears that autoinhibition is elicited by transport of glutamate or its analogues. Transport into cells is powered by symport of three Na+. To block the transport step electrochemically, extracellular Na+ concentration was lowered to one‐quarter, but this surprisingly left the inhibition of release by glutamate unaffected, showing inhibition to be associated to a step between binding and transport. After binding a substrate, glutamate transporters open a parallel Cl− channel. Replacement of extracellular Cl− prevented Cl− current, and release inhibition by glutamate or aspartate was blocked. It is suggested that the flow of Cl− across the cell membrane, after binding a transport substrate, mediates autoinhibition. We measured a related reduction of presynaptic action potentials.