bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Williams Michael C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘What would Hans Morgenthau say?’ This question occurs naturally, sooner or later, to those with an interest in realism and world politics. But to a degree, of course, it is a question that the field of International Relations (IR) has been asking itself for over half a century, and it continues to do so today.1 Morgenthau remains a—perhaps the—founding figure in the study of IR, and his influence continues to be felt in contemporary controversies over how best to understand international politics.
Morgenthau, agency, and Aristotle
Authors: Lang Anthony F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Realists are either amoral analysts of the international system who focus only on power or immoral Machiavellians who see nothing wrong with using violence and deception to advance the national interest. This, at least, is the caricature often found in critical and even some sympathetic accounts of the realist tradition. Indeed, it does apply to some theorists especially those writing from a neorealist or structural framework.
A Common Space for Electoral Communication? Comparing Party and Voter Placements on a Left-Right Continuum in Western Europe and CEE
Authors: Klingemann Hans-dieter , Volkens Andrea , Bara Judith L , Budge Ian , McDonald Michael d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parties are the major vehicle for the communication of electoral preferences to parliament and government within present-day representative democracies. We have seen from the two previous chapters that they distinguish themselves in policy-terms suffciently to provide a clear basis for policy choice by voters particularly between Left, Centre, and Right. In this chapter, we ask whether electors are conscious of this party differentiation and act upon it—in the new as well as in the old democracies of Europe.
Algorithms For The Construction Of Exact D-Optimum Designs
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The construction of a design that is optimum with respect to a chosen criterion is an optimization problem which can be attacked in several ways. Most of the available algorithms borrow ideas from generic methods for function optimization where the objective function is defined by the stipulated criterion of optimality. For example, the Fedorov algorithm ( 12.5) and its modifications described in 12.6 are steepest ascent algorithms. They were used to calculate many of the examples in this book.
Optimum Experimental Design With Sas
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For optimum exact design, the key SAS tool is the OPTEX procedure. For optimum continuous designs, there is no specialized tool in SAS, but with a moderate amount of programming the non-linear optimization tools in SAS/IML software serve this purpose. Finally, the ADX Interface provides a point-and-click approach for constructing optimum designs for many of the kinds of experiments discussed in this book.
Model Checking And Designs For Discriminating Between Models
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have assumed that we know the model generating the data. Although this ‘known’ model may be quite general, for example a secondorder polynomial in m factors, any of the terms in the model may be needed to explain the data. Experiments have therefore been designed to allow estimation of all the parameters of the model.
Further Topics
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the topics covered in this chapter receive relatively brief treatment, this is not because they are of little practical importance. The crossover designs that are presented in 25.2 are often used in medical research for the comparison of several treatments on individual subjects; as we note, their use in other areas is increasing. In 25.3 we continue with designs again useful in medical research, but consider instead clinical trials in which patients arrive sequentially. The problem is to provide an allocation of treatments that achieves some balance over prognostic factors whilst also including sufficient randomness to avoid biases.
Insect Conservation
Authors: Samways Michael J , New Tim R , McGeoch Melodie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With up to a quarter of all insect species heading towards extinction over the next few decades, there is now a pressing need to summarize the techniques available for measuring insect diversity in order to develop effective conservation strategies. Insect Conservation outlines the main methods and techniques available to entomologists, providing a comprehensive synthesis for use by graduate students, researchers and practising conservationists worldwide. Both modern and more ‘traditional’ methodologies are described, backed up by practical background information and a global range of examples. Many newer techniques are included which have not yet been described in the existing book literature. This book will be particularly relevant to postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students taking courses in insect ecology, conservation biology and environmental management, as well as established researchers in these fields. It will also be a valuable reference for nature conservation practitioners and professional entomologists worldwide.
Estimating population size and condition
Authors: Samways Michael J , New Tim R , McGeoch Melodie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The population is often the unit of primary interest in insect conservation studies. Declines in population size, and in the number and geographical extent of populations, are often the major harbinger of conservation need. Indeed, the two major conservation paradigms both concern species populations. The declining population paradigm implies losses due to threats, and when these threats are defined, the paradigm provides a basis for averting the decline. The small population paradigm emphasizes the environmental risks faced by species with small populations, as well as genetic problems arising simply from a population being small (Caughley 1994). It follows that an understanding of population structure and dynamics underpins much practical conservation at the species level, and can help us assess when conservation is needed, and how to proceed with it.
Acknowledging the Past to Heal the Future: The Role of Reparations for Native Nations
Authors: Tsosie Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Native peoples, the discussion about reparations is not an intellectual exercise. It is a discussion of how the past, present, and future are cojoined and interdependent, just as the contemporary descendants of those who lived through the ‘Indian wars’ of the past couple of centuries are inseparably linked to their ancestors. The ‘past’ encompasses our family, our people, our nations. It is the story of how we came to be who we are today. As John Borrows, a Canadian First Nations scholar suggests, tribal narratives and stories are also important repositories for understanding the principles and laws that guide Native peoples in their interactions with one another and with the European societies that ‘settled’ these lands.1 Any discussion of contemporary Native/non-Native relations is thus incomplete without a reference to Native normative frameworks.
Colonialism, Reparations, and Global Justice
Authors: Tan Kok-Chor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
... reparations to victims of slavery, the slave trade, and colonialism and their descendants should be in the form of enhanced policies, programmes and measures at the national and international levels to be contributed to by States, companies and individuals who benefited materially from these practices, in order to compensate, and repair, the economic, cultural and political damage which has been inflicted on the affected communities and peoples, through inter alia, the creation of a special development fund, the improvement of access to international markets of products from developing countries affected by these practices, the cancellation or substantial reduction of their foreign debt and a programme to return art objects, historical goods and documents to the countries of origin.
Atomic Physics
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Kimball Derek F , Demille David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a bridge between the basic principles of physics learned as an undergraduate and the skills and knowledge required for advanced study and research in the exciting field of atomic physics. The text is organized in a unique and versatile format --- as a collection of problems, hints, detailed solutions, and in-depth tutorials. This enables the reader to open the book at any page and get a solid introduction to subjects on the cutting edge of atomic physics, such as frequency comb metrology, tests of fundamental symmetries with atoms, atomic magnetometers, atom trapping and cooling, and Bose-Einstein condensates. The text also includes problems and tutorials on important basics that every practicing atomic physicist should know, but approached from the perspective of experimentalists: formal calculations are avoided where possible in favor of ‘back-of-the-envelope’ estimates, symmetry arguments, and physical analogies. The 2nd edition contains over 10 new problems, and includes important updates, revisions, and corrections of several problems of the 1st edition.
A Primer for Mathematics Competitions
Authors: Zawaira Alexander , Hitchcock Gavin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of mathematics competitions has been widely recognised for three reasons: they help to develop imaginative capacity and thinking skills whose value far transcends mathematics; they constitute the most effective way of discovering and nurturing mathematical talent; and they provide a means to combat the prevalent false image of mathematics held by high school students, as either a fearsomely difficult or a dull and uncreative subject. This book provides a comprehensive training resource for competitions from local and provincial to national Olympiad level, containing hundreds of diagrams, and graced by many light-hearted cartoons. It features a large collection of what mathematicians call “beautiful” problems—non-routine, provocative, fascinating, and challenging problems, often with elegant solutions. It features careful, systematic exposition of a selection of the most important topics encountered in mathematics competitions, assuming little prior knowledge. Geometry, trigonometry, mathematical induction, inequalities, Diophantine equations, number theory, sequences and series, the binomial theorem, and combinatorics are all developed in a gentle but lively manner, liberally illustrated with examples, and consistently motivated by attractive “appetiser” problems, whose solution appears after the relevant theory has been expounded. Each chapter is presented as a “toolchest” of instruments designed for cracking the problems collected at the end of the chapter. Other topics, such as algebra, co-ordinate geometry, functional equations and probability, are introduced and elucidated in the posing and solving of the large collection of miscellaneous problems in the final toolchest. An unusual feature of this book is the attention paid throughout to the history of mathematics—the origins of the ideas, the terminology and some of the problems, and the celebration of mathematics as a multicultural, cooperative human achievement. As a bonus the aspiring “mathlete” may encounter, in the most enjoyable way possible, many of the topics that form the core of the standard school curriculum.
Binomial Theorem
Authors: Zawaira Alexander , Hitchcock Gavin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As an appetizer, here is a typical problem of the kind you should be able to solve when you have worked through this Toolchest. You are invited to try it as soon as you wish. You will probably find it hard for now, but by the end of Section 3, where its solution is given, it should not look difficult to you.
An Unexpected Reprieve
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sutton House is only a couple of miles from Spitalfields, and by the time I first came across it beleaguered among the tower blocks, there were unmistakable signs of relief all round. Country-house style decor had filtered down through the lifestyle magazines to be within the reach of any of the more prosperous ‘skyscraper families’ who felt inclined to turn their flat into a proper home. As for the classical columns that such neo-romantic artists as John Piper and Michael Ayrton had shown scattered and broken at ruined country houses during the war, their replacements were turning up in new housing developments throughout east London.
Ethnography, Gender, and Nation
Authors: Gopal Priyamvada 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even if the ‘private’ is as yet inaccessible in English, exemplary ‘lives’ can, nevertheless, be rendered into public narratives. Accordingly, the voice of the lowly peasant who finds himself in an awkward relationship to great historical events is what Govinda Samanta or Bengal Peasant Life claims to offer. Billed as an ‘authentic history’ of the life of a raiyat, or tenant farmer in Bengal, Lal Behari Day’s novel proffers itself as a documentary that will educate a reader unfamiliar with is context and culture. Outlining, rather defensively, ‘what the reader is to expect and what he is not to expect’, Day’s preface adumbrates the anxieties generated by the foray into Europeanstyle realist prose.
chapter 7Language in an Epigenetic Framework
Authors: Vercelli Donata , Piattelli-Palmarini Massimo 
Published: November 2023

AbstractI have to tell you a story and the story is that the reason I am here is that I can’t say no to my friends. Juan Uriagereka was both very insistent and very eloquent in inviting me, so here I am, presenting something that Massimo and I have been thinking about. I have to tell you that the division of labor is such that Massimo takes all the credit and I take all the blame. So this, by way of disclaimer, that I think we acknowledge that there is a little element of absurdity in what we may be saying, but we hope that we also have something that may be relevant to you.
chapter 9Hierarchy, Merge, and Truth
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: November 2023

AbstractI’d like to speak about what I think is a rather novel problem on the scientific landscape, the origin and explanation of human semantics – the system of the kind of meanings or thoughts that we can express in language. In the last decades we have seen a very thorough description and systematization of semantics, using formal tools from logic, but moving from there to explanation requires, I believe, quite different tools and considerations. I’d like to offer some thoughts in this direction.
chapter 10Two Interfaces
Authors: Higginbotham James 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe two interfaces that I will be talking about are (i) the interface between syntax and semantics, and (ii) the interface between what I call linguistic semantics (the stuff we do ordinarily, in Departments of Linguistics) and more philosophical questions about semantics – philosophical in the classical sense of raising questions about the nature of truth, and the relations of what we say to the world that we live in.
Remarks on the Individual Basis for Linguistic Structures
Authors: Bever Thomas G 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis paper reviews an approach to the enterprise of paring away universals of attested languages to reveal the essential universals that require their own explanation. An example, discussed at this conference, is the long-standing puzzle presented by the Extended Projection Principle (EPP, Chomsky 1981). I am suggesting an explanation for the EPP based on the learner’s need for constructions to have a common superficial form, with common thematic relations, the hallmark of EPP. If one treats EPP phenomena as the result of normal processes of language acquisition, the phenomena not only receive an independently motivated explanation, they also no longer constitute a structural anomaly in syntactic theory.
chapter 20What is there in Universal Grammar? On innate and specific aspects of language
Authors: Laka Itziar 
Published: November 2023

AbstractOne of the most controversial and influential aspects of Chomsky’s legacy is the hypothesis that there is an innate component to language, which he named universal grammar (UG) (Chomsky 1965), in homage to the rationalist thinkers in whose footsteps he was walking. I would like to present and discuss results obtained from a variety of sources, mostly in neighboring fields within cognitive science, that bear on this central issue.
chapter 22Language and the Brain
Authors: Friederici Angela D 
Published: November 2023

AbstractLet me begin with a little anecdote. When I came to MIT in 1979, I was full of the energy and proud of the data derived from my Ph.D. research. Very early on, actually during my first week at MIT, I was able to take part in a workshop and there I came to sit at a table next to a person whom I didn’t know, but whom I told all about my wonderful work in reading and writing, and this person said to me, “Why do you think this is interesting?” [laughter] And you guess who that person was. It was Noam Chomsky. As a result of this my entire career has focused on auditory language processing, and so in today’s talk I will discuss the brain basis of auditory language comprehension.
realism and the politics of (dis) enchantment
Authors: Tjalve Vibeke Schou 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our current political reality is, as Henry Luce prophesized, an American one: shaped by US capital, US principles, and US policies. But it is also an era tempted by the very logics with which the American century promised to do away: repression, exclusion, and forced uniformity. Putting it somewhat polemically, secular enlightenment won the war against totalitarianism, yet emerged from that victory on ideological foundations stretched so thin, that it recurrently finds itself tempted by the strategies of cohesion propagated by the side that lost. To some, this paradox is but the product of pure hypocrisy—a proof of Western arrogance and insincerity. Hence, the frequent accusation that means and ends collide in the liberal ‘war on terror’ hence the routine claim that Western enlightenment is it self a form of fundamentalism. It is understandable and in some ways comforting that this is a common reaction to the often blatant contradictions of liberal foreign policy. Yet to engage with the discrepancies displayed in contemporary politics, a different response is called for.
Normative Political Theory: A Flight from Reality?
Authors: Sangiovanni Andrea 
Published: November 2023

abstract
In this essay, I first seek to characterize what I conceive to be some of the most difficult objections to the project of systematic normative reflection about politics, and then to work towards their assessment. These objections are at the heart of several forms of contemporary political realism and have quite wide-ranging implications for how to think about the possibility of normative political theory, including much of contemporary international political theory. My aim will not be to defend systematic normative reflection about politics per se, but to assess how the force of these objections, when properly understood, should alter the way we think of the justification and formulation of political values—justice, human rights, solidarity, liberty, equality, and so on—in contemporary political philosophy.
Thinking about Religious Identity, Politics, and Public Policy
Authors: Saggar Shamit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A compelling debate has emerged in recent years about the role of religious faith and identity in political affairs. This debate is not about the extent or indeed the nature of religious faith that is or is not made to feel welcome in shaping political matters. That is a rather separate question and one that is touched upon, briefly, later in this chapter and the next. Instead, what is at issue is how far religious faith is underscored by one-dimensional collective identity. In the case of some faiths in the modern world, this tendency towards a single faith-based identity has been significant and almost overwhelming. Muslim groups in Western societies are a noticeable case in point. Among others, faith identities have played a smaller—and sometimes a negligible— role but this has been part of a larger interplay between a variety of identitybased political movements on one hand and the workings of political and social change on the other.
Grievance Politics
Authors: Saggar Shamit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The post-9/11 environment has frequently heightened tensions about Islam in the West that were already present in many Western countries. The degree of such tensions is widely disputed by commentators as are the local, countryspecific variations and causes. For instance, in France, the spectacular demonstration of radical Islamist political violence, linked to Algerian political turmoil, in the mid-1990s had already created a context in which deep tensions had been registered. The strictly non-French dimension of this conflict had precious little effect on its internalization into domestic politics at the time. A decade later, the French public debate over the (non-) right of Muslim girls to wear headscarves at school took place within a political environment that had already been deeply coloured by events in the 1990s.
Extremism and Reputational Politics
Authors: Saggar Shamit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Islamist-inspired religious extremism is often described as a comparatively rare phenomenon. This characterization is broadly supported by whatever patchy evidence has been gathered on this subject. Much of these insights are grounded not so much in its frequency of incidence but rather the underlying factors that are thought to be responsible for its largely undetected rise and apparent embeddedness. Extremism can in fact be mapped in terms of its background circumstances and its primary triggers for engagement.
Aid-Recipient Sovereignty in Historical Context
Authors: Fraser Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter laid out a series of challenges to the rational actor model that has been widely used to analyse aid negotiations. It argued that the strategies recipients adopt in aid negotiations are heavily constrained by factors that go well beyond the economic dependence of the recipient on aid and debt relief. Geo-strategic questions as well as ideological and political developments in both donor and recipient states provide an influential context for negotiations. This chapter illustrates the argument by sketching a global history of donorrecipient relations. It also sets the stage for the country studies by clarifying, through contrast with the past, the constraints and opportunities facing recipients now.
Understanding Contemporary Aid Relationships
Authors: Fraser Alastair , Whitfield Lindsay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 showed how aid donors worked through the 1980s to develop a conditionality regime designed to influence the economic policies of aid receiving countries. Through the 1990s, donors broadened the range of policy issues covered by conditionality and sought to close loopholes in the implementation phase exploited by aid recipients, introducing tranches and benchmarks into the loan negotiation and tying more bilateral aid to World Bank and IMF approval. It came as something of a surprise then when donors started to argue in the late 1990s that they did not want their relations with recipients to be understood in terms of conditionality.