bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sperm competition and the evolution of testes size in birds
Authors: PITCHER T. E. , DUNN P. O. , WHITTINGHAM L. A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractComparative analyses suggest that a variety of ecological and behavioural factors contribute to the tremendous variability in extrapair mating among birds. In an analysis of 1010 species of birds, we examined several ecological and behavioural factors in relation to testes size; an index of sperm competition and the extent of extrapair mating. In univariate and multivariate analyses, testes size was significantly larger in species that breed colonially than in species that breed solitarily, suggesting that higher breeding density is associated with greater sperm competition. After controlling for phylogenetic effects and other ecological variables, testes size was also larger in taxa that did not participate in feeding their offspring. In analyses of both the raw species data and phylogenetically independent contrasts, monogamous taxa had smaller testes than taxa with multiple social mates, and testes size tended to increase with clutch size, which suggests that sperm depletion may play a role in the evolution of testes size. Our results suggest that traditional ecological and behavioural variables, such as social mating system, breeding density and male parental care can account for a significant portion of the variation in sperm competition in birds.
Polymorphic mimicry, microhabitat use, and sex‐specific behaviour
Authors: JORON M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn order to assess the adaptive importance of microhabitat segregation for the maintenance of mimetic diversity, I explore how flight height varies between the sympatric forms of the polymorphic butterfly Heliconius numata and their respective models in the genus Melinaea. There is no evidence for vertical stratification of mimicry rings in these tiger‐patterned butterflies, but males of H. numata tend to fly significantly higher than females and the Melinaea models. This difference in microhabitat preference likely results from females searching for host plants whereas males are patrolling for mates. I then present an extension of Müller's mimicry model for the case of partial behavioural or spatial segregation of sexes. The analysis suggests that sex‐specific behaviours can make mimicry more beneficial, simply by reducing the effective population size participating in mimicry. The interaction between mimicry and sex‐specific behaviours may therefore facilitate the evolution of polymorphism via enhanced, fine‐scale local adaptation.
Genetic and environmental variation in the visual properties of bluefin killifish,Lucania goodei
Authors: FULLER R. C. , CARLETON K. L. , FADOOL J. M. , SPADY T. C. , TRAVIS J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAnimals use their sensory systems to detect information about the external environment in order to find mates, locate food and habitat and avoid predators. Yet, there is little understanding of the relative amounts of genetic and/or environmental variation in sensory system properties. In this paper, we demonstrate genetic and environmental variation in opsin expression in a population of bluefin killifish. We measured expression of five opsins (which correlates with relative frequency of corresponding cones) using quantitative, real‐time polymerase chain reaction for offspring from a breeding study where offspring were raised under different lighting conditions. Sire (i.e. genetic) effects were present for opsin found in yellow photopigment. Dam effects were present for opsins that create violet, blue and red photopigment. Lighting conditions affected expression of all opsins except SWS2A and mimicked the pattern found among populations. These results highlight the fact that sensory systems are both plastic and yet readily evolvable traits.
Localized contractions in the normal human bladder and in urinary urgency
Authors: Drake Marcus J. , Harvey Ian J. , Gillespie James I. , Van Duyl Wim A. 
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVETo describe an observational study to establish whether localized activity arises in the normal human bladder, and whether there is any correspondence between changes in such activity and reported sensation.PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODSThe generation of sensory information by the bladder depends on afferent stimulation by increased tension within the bladder wall. Autonomous bladder activity is apparent in several species, which is often localized and multifocal, giving rise to localized areas of stretch. Thus afferent activity may partly result from localized distortions of the bladder wall. Fourteen women patients presenting with increased bladder sensation during filling‐phase cystometry were compared with six asymptomatic women volunteers. Localized bladder activity was assessed by the micromotion detection (MMD) method, using eight electrodes mounted on a Silastic balloon; local displacements of the electrodes were recorded as changes in electrical resistance, which were used to compute changes in the distance between each pair of electrodes.RESULTSIn two of the six volunteers, micromotions were seen in the extraperitoneal (ventral) portion of the bladder. Women with increased sensation on filling cystometry had a significantly higher prevalence of localized activity than the control group during MMD recording. The localized activity was more sustained and at a higher frequency than in asymptomatic women. All nine women reporting urinary urgency during MMD recording had localized contractile activity, while only four had phasic increases in detrusor pressure during the episodes of urgency.CONCLUSIONSBy measuring localized contractions within the bladder wall, we established a significant difference in the prevalence of localized activity between the groups studied, but there was no objective difference with conventional urodynamic studies. There was also a difference in the character of the localized contractions, with the exaggerated activity in the symptomatic group corresponding with the reported sensations. These findings suggest that localized distortion of the bladder wall stimulates afferent activity, and that the human detrusor may be functionally modular
Efficacy and safety of two doses (10 and 15 mg) of alfuzosin or tamsulosin (0.4 mg) once daily for treating symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Nordling Jørgen 
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy and safety of two doses (10 and 15 mg) of alfuzosin once daily and tamsulosin (0.4 mg) once daily, compared with placebo, in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).PATIENTS AND METHODSIn this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicentre study, 625 patients were randomized to receive alfuzosin 10 or 15 mg once daily, tamsulosin 0.4 mg once daily (active reference), or matching placebo for 12 weeks, with no initial dose titration. The study was designed to compare each of the three active treatments with the placebo group. Primary outcome measures were mean changes from baseline in the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and peak urinary flow rate (Qmax) at 12 weeks, compared with placebo, using one‐way analysis of variance. Because Qmax data were not normally distributed, median changes from baseline were also compared for Qmax. Pair‐wise comparisons were conducted using the Dunnett correction for quantitative variables and Bonferroni‐Holm correction for categorical variables, allowing for multiple treatment group comparisons.RESULTSAlfuzosin 10 mg significantly improved urinary tract symptoms compared with placebo, with a mean (sd) change from baseline in the IPSS of − 6.5 (5.2) vs − 4.6 (5.8) for placebo (adjusted P = 0.007); there was a trend toward a difference between alfuzosin 15 mg, with a mean (sd) change from baseline in IPSS of − 6.0 (5.6), and placebo (adjusted P = 0.050). The mean change from baseline in IPSS with tamsulosin 0.4 mg, at − 6.5 (5.6), vs placebo was also significant (adjusted P = 0.014). The median change from baseline in Qmax was significantly increased with both alfuzosin doses and with tamsulosin (all adjusted P = 0.02 vs placebo). Both doses of alfuzosin were well tolerated, with dizziness the most frequent adverse event (placebo, 4%; alfuzosin 10 mg, 6%; 15 mg, 7%; tamsulosin, 2%); the respective incidence rates of sexual function adverse events were 0%, 3%, 1% and 8%.CONCLUSIONTreatment with alfuzosin 10 mg significantly improved urinary symptoms and Qmax compared with placebo and was well tolerated. There were also significant improvements over placebo with the active reference, tamsulosin 0.4 mg. The incidence of sexual function adverse events was higher with tamsulosin than with placebo. The benefit‐to‐risk profile of alfuzosin 10 mg once daily appeared to be reduced with a higher dose (15 mg).
Multiple intravesical instillation of low‐dose resiniferatoxin is effective in the treatment of detrusor overactivity refractory to anticholinergics
Authors: Kuo Hann‐Chorng 
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVETo examine the effectiveness and tolerability of multiple intravesical instillations of 10 nmol/L resiniferatoxin in patients with detrusor overactivity (DO) refractory to anticholinergic agents, as not all these patients are successfully treated by one such instillation.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe study included 53 patients with DO from neurogenic (NDO, 10), previous bladder outlet obstruction (BOO, 20) or idiopathic cause (IDO, 23) and who were refractory to anticholinergic agents. Patients received three to four instillations of 10 nmol/L resiniferatoxin, as outpatients. The International Prostate Symptom Score and quality‐of‐life index were recorded, and a video‐urodynamic study conducted at baseline and 3 months after treatment. The therapeutic results and urodynamic variables were compared among patients with different causes of DO.RESULTSFour patients withdrew from the study after the first instillation because of urinary tract infection or severe pain on urination, leaving 49 who completed at least three instillations. The overall results were an excellent response in 17 patients (35%), improvement in 13 (27%) and failure in 19 (39%); the treatment was deemed a success (excellent or improved) in 16 of 20 with previous BOO, 11 of 19 with IDO, and only three of 10 with NDO (P = 0.011). Patients had significant improvements in the storage symptom score, total symptom score and quality‐of‐life index after treatment. The cystometric capacity and the postvoid residual were significantly greater and voiding efficiency significantly less after treatment. DO during the urodynamic study was absent in 12 patients after treatment.CONCLUSIONSMultiple intravesical instillations of 10 nmol/L resiniferatoxin are effective in treating patients with DO refractory to anticholinergics.
Recognizing the risk of erectile dysfunction in a urology clinic practice
Authors: Rowland David L. , Thornton James A. , Burnett Arthur L. 
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVETo determine the utility of simple patient‐reported information in signalling erectile dysfunction (ED), as a challenge for the clinical urologist or related specialist is to quickly recognize risk factors for sexual dysfunction within the time constraints of an office visit.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn a sample of men visiting a urology clinic, we determined the utility of simple patient‐reported information in signalling ED.RESULTSInformation readily obtained through a patient's self‐report (that typically obtained in the office setting) can be very useful in understanding and predicting the likelihood of ED. Risk factors identified largely paralleled those identified in men generally, and included age, specific urological and non‐urological somatic conditions, and tobacco use. Furthermore, knowing about even moderate levels of patient‐reported psychological or relationship stress was useful in assessing the risk of ED.CONCLUSIONUnderstanding the relationship of such risk factors to ED among men visiting a urology clinic might be particularly useful in clinical situations where the patient, for whatever reason, is reluctant to disclose an erectile problem when scheduling an appointment or even during the consultation.
Experience with the orthotopic ileal neobladder in women: a mid‐term follow‐up
Authors: Nesrallah Luciano João , Almeida Fernando Gonçalves , Dall’oglio Marcos F. , Nesrallah Adriano João , Srougi Miguel 
Published: April 2005

Authors from Sao Paulo describe their experience with the orthotopic ileal neobladder in women. They describe it as currently being the urinary diversion of choice for women in their institution. They found it to be safe and associated with a high continence and low urinary retention rates.OBJECTIVETo report our experience with orthotopic bladder reconstruction in women, as currently the ileal orthotopic neobladder is the diversion of choice for women requiring a bladder substitute at our institution.PATIENTS AND METHODSFrom February 1995 to March 2001, 29 women with muscle‐invasive bladder carcinoma underwent a nerve‐sparing radical cystectomy and had an orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstructed. The outcome was evaluated at 2 and 6 months and then yearly, by a clinical history, physical examination, voiding diary, stress test and estimate of functional neobladder capacity.RESULTSAll patients were followed for at least 14 months (mean 27.5); there were no major complications related to the surgery. The mean (range) neobladder capacity 2 months after surgery was 250 (190–320) mL; at 6 months it increased, remaining stable for the remaining follow‐up, at 450 (350–700)  mL. Four patients (14%) had nocturnal incontinence and one stress urinary incontinence, associated with using three pads per day. Three patients (10%) required catheterization for a postvoid urinary residual of >100 mL. Of the 29 patients, seven died with metastatic disease and three from causes unrelated to the reservoir or bladder cancer. Currently, 19 patients (65%) are alive and disease‐free, with a mean follow‐up of 35 months.CONCLUSIONOrthotopic neobladder reconstruction in women, using 40 cm of ileum, is safe and gives high continence and low urinary retention rates. Therefore, it should be advised as the first option in women with good renal function and a tumour‐free bladder neck.
Augmentation of cisplatin sensitivity in cisplatin‐resistant human bladder cancer cells by modulating glutathione concentrations and glutathione‐related enzyme activities
Authors: Byun Seok‐Soo , Kim Soo W. , Choi Hwang , Lee Chongwook , Lee Eunsik 
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the roles of glutathione and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) in cisplatin‐resistance mechanisms in human bladder cancer, by using glutathione‐depleting or GST‐blocking agents.MATERIALS AND METHODSCisplatin‐resistant human bladder cancer cell lines were established by continuous exposure of T24 cells to increasing concentrations of cisplatin. Buthionine sulphoximine (BSO), ethacrynic acid and indomethacin were used to deplete glutathione or block GST. Intracellular glutathione content, GST activity and cisplatin cytotoxicity were determined after exposing parental and drug‐resistant cell lines to these agents.RESULTSIntracellular glutathione content and GST activity were significantly decreased, and cisplatin cytotoxicity significantly enhanced, in both parental and resistant cell lines by glutathione‐depleting or GST‐blocking agents. However, the resistance of cisplatin‐resistant cell lines did not fully recover to that of the parental cells with combined BSO and indomethacin.CONCLUSIONSBoth increased glutathione content and GST activity are significant in the cisplatin resistance of human bladder tumour cells. Because BSO, ethacrynic acid and indomethacin caused a partial recovery of resistance in the cisplatin‐resistant cell line, further studies are needed to investigate their efficacy for treating patients with metastatic bladder carcinoma resistant to cisplatin.
The nuclear membrane in multidrug resistance: microinjection of epirubicin into bladder cancer cell lines
Authors: Featherstone Jonathan M. , Speers Alan G. , Lwaleed Bashir A. , Hayes Matthew C. , Cooper Alan J. , Birch Brian R. 
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVETo assess whether microinjecting epirubicin into cells showing multidrug resistance (MDR, common to many cancers, including bladder cancer, with resistance to, e.g. anthracyclines and mitomycin C) spares the nucleus, as when these drugs accumulate, distribution in MDR cells characteristically spares the nucleus, suggesting that the nuclear membrane is responsible for excluding cytotoxic drugs from MDR nuclei.MATERIALS AND METHODSNuclear exclusion of drugs is an important feature of resistance in MDR cells, as many MDR‐susceptible drugs have cytotoxic actions within the nucleus. Drug accumulation in ‘classical’ P‐glycoprotein‐mediated MDR cells is greatly reduced by efflux. Microinjection of epirubicin into the cytoplasm of MDR cells bypasses the P‐glycoprotein efflux pump on the plasma membrane. Nuclear sparing would directly implicate the nuclear membrane in this phenomenon. Because of their fluorescence properties, which allow study by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, anthracyclines have also been used extensively to investigate MDR. Thus sensitive (MGH‐U1 and RT112) and MDR (MGH‐U1R and MGH‐U1‐MMC) bladder cancer cell lines were used. Adherent cells from each cell line were individually microinjected with epirubicin (0.5 mg/mL) and a 77 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐dextran (0.5 mg/mL). The pattern of nuclear epirubicin uptake in injected cells was then evaluated by confocal microscopy. The 77 kDa FITC‐dextran allowed easier identification of injected cells and was also excluded from their nuclei.RESULTSSensitive bladder cancer cell lines all showed a nuclear accumulation pattern of epirubicin, consistent with their normal uptake after exposure to epirubicin. The MDR cell lines showed the characteristic nuclear‐sparing pattern of epirubicin uptake, similar to the normal uptake pattern after epirubicin exposure. The 77 kDa FITC‐dextran showed clearly which cells had been microinjected, and was excluded from the nuclei of all injected cells. Cell viability was confirmed by acridine‐orange staining after initial visualization of injected cells.CONCLUSIONThe nuclear membrane is responsible for the nuclear exclusion of epirubicin in MDR cells. Further work is necessary to determine the mechanisms involved.
Threat, Group Identification, and Children's Ethnic Prejudice
Authors: Nesdale Drew , Durkin Kevin , Maass Anne , Griffiths Judith 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis experiment tested predictions from social identity development theory (SIDT, Nesdale, 1999), that children's tendency to show out‐group prejudice depends on the strength of their in‐group identification and/or their perception of threat from the out‐group. Anglo‐Australian children (N= 480) aged 6, 7, or 9 years were assigned to a high‐status team and their identification with the in‐group (high vs. low) was manipulated together with threat from the out‐group (present vs. absent). The members of the out‐group were revealed to be of the same (Anglo‐Australian) or different (Pacific Islander) ethnicity to the in‐group. Results supported the SIDT predictions. In addition, consistent with socio‐cognitive theory (ST, Aboud, 1988), dislike for the out‐group at 6 years gave way to increasingly neutral reactions by 9 years of age. Ethnic composition of the out‐group did not impact differentially on liking but it did affect the children's desire to change groups. Strongly identified children were reluctant to leave their group regardless of the ethnicity of the out‐group, whereas children with low in‐group identification were more willing to change into a same‐ than into a different‐ethnicity out‐group. It is concluded that both social identity and social cognitive processes are implicated in the development of prejudice in middle childhood.
The Use of Emotion Explanations by Mothers: Relation to Preschoolers’ Gender and Understanding of Emotions
Authors: Martin Rebecca M. , Green James A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMothers’ emotion talk, children's emotion talk, and children's understanding of emotion were examined in 50 mother–child dyads at 41 months. Language measures included total emotion words, unique emotion words, labels, explanations, and different types of explanations. Children's emotion understanding was assessed for labeling, situation, and role‐taking knowledge, as well as an overall score. There were different patterns of relations between mothers’ emotion talk and boys’ and girls’ emotion talk, with mothers’ emotion talk related more strongly to boys’ emotion talk. Mothers’ emotion talk for boys and girls was differentially related to the subparts of the emotion understanding test. Specifically, mothers’ total emotion talk predicted boys’ performance on the situation knowledge test and their use of causal emotion explanations predicted boys’ overall score, but none of the maternal variables predicted girls’ performance. This finding may result from differences in variability of maternal speech to boys’ and girls’, and it may be due to differences in maternal speech in earlier years.
The Role of Child Emotionality in Child Behavior and Maternal Instruction on Planning Tasks
Authors: Perez Susan M. , Gauvain Mary 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis study explored the relation of children's emotional functioning to children's behavior during individual planning and mother's and children's behaviors during joint planning. Participants were 118 mothers and their second‐grade children. Mothers rated children on their emotional intensity and children rated themselves on their use of emotion regulation strategies. Children and mother–child dyads were videotaped during planning tasks and independent observers rated their behavior. Child emotional intensity was directly related to children being less engaged in the task and to an emphasis in maternal instruction on regulatory behaviors. Some types of emotion regulation strategies modified these relations. Findings suggest that child emotionality may play an important role in the early school years in children's opportunities to learn during social‐cognitive activity.
Optimism as a Mediator of the Relation Between Perceived Parental Authoritativeness and Adjustment Among Adolescents: Finding the Sunny Side of the Street
Authors: Jackson Lynne M. , Pratt Michael W. , Hunsberger Bruce , Pancer S. Mark 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAuthoritative parenting has been associated with positive outcomes for children and adolescents, but less is known about the mechanisms responsible for such effects. Two longitudinal studies examined the hypothesis that the relation between authoritative parenting and adolescents’ adjustment is mediated by adolescents’ level of dispositional optimism. In Study 1, university students’ perceptions that their parents were authoritative predicted higher self‐esteem, lower depression, and better university adjustment during the students’ transition into, and throughout, university. Importantly, these relations were mediated by students’ levels of optimism. In Study 2, high school students’ perceptions that their parents were authoritative predicted higher self‐esteem and lower depression six years later when they were young adults, and these relations again were mediated by students’ level of dispositional optimism.