bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON PERSISTENT INFECTIONS OF TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: Deinhardt Friedrich , Bergs Victor V. , Henle Gertrude , Henle Werner 
Published: June 2004

Efforts were made to obtain information on some of the quantitative aspects of host cell-virus interactions in MCN cultures persistently infected with Newcastle disease, mumps, and 6-6 viruses, and to elicit the mechanism which permits simultaneous maintenance of virus and cells for indefinite periods of time.
It was shown by 4 different technics that only between 10 and less than 1 per cent of the cells yield infectious virus, depending upon the agent employed and, possibly, variations in the conditions of the cultures. No evidence was found to indicate production of non-infectious virus materials.
Only the cells carrying infectious virus are capable upon transfer to uninfected cultures to transmit the infection. Cells from persistently infected cultures, which are free of infectious virus at the time of transfer, failed to liberate virus at a later time during incubation periods of up to 4 weeks.
The virus-producing cells contain at any given moment not more than 1 infectious unit of virus, suggesting a linear mode of production; i.e., as soon as a virus particle is completed, it is released.
Upon inoculation of MCN test tube cultures with chick embryo-adapted NDV persistent infection and interference with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is established with considerable delay. In contrast, following transfer of MCN-adapted NDV, in form of MCNNDV cells or first allantoic passage seeds derived therefrom, the number of virus-producing cells increases logarithmically, doubling every 6 to 8 hours until a total of about 104 is reached. Thereafter their numbers rise in proportion to the increase in total cell population; i.e., doubling approximately every 48 hours.
At the time when 104 virus-producing cells are present in the culture interference with VSV is solidly established. In order to obtain this result about 106 cells must have adsorbed virus particles, or, in other words, at least 106 virus units must have totally been produced instead of the 104 measured by infectivity assay.
The implications of these and previously reported data have been discussed in detail and a scheme of the course of events in persistently infected cultures has been presented.
THE "DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY" INDUCED BY ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES
Authors: Raffel Sidney , Newel J. Michael 
Published: June 2004

The "delayed hypersensitive" reactivity induced by antigen-antibody complexes has been studied from the standpoints of the role of such complexes in establishing this state, and the relationship of this state to classical delayed hypersensitivity.
It has been shown that the reactivity established by antigen-antibody complexes appears early after injection, disappears within a few days, and is characterized by several properties which make it appear similar to true delayed hypersensitivity, including its appearance, its relative persistence for 48 hours, and its occurrence in the absence of antibodies. By the same tokens, it may be distinguished from hypersensitive reactions of the immediate type. It is referred to here as reactivity of the Jones-Mote type.
Antigen alone stimulates exactly the same kind of early reactive state, but with larger doses of antigen this is later replaced by other immunologic responses including circulating antibodies and Arthus reactivity. If sufficiently small doses of antigen are employed, however, the "monophasic" reaction which follows antigen-antibody complexes consisting of the Jones-Mote type of skin responsiveness may be seen.
The dermal reactivity under discussion is unlike classical delayed hypersensitivity chiefly in its evanescent character; it is present only during a few days early after antigen administration.
It is suggested that this kind of reactivity, which may perhaps require a category of its own, may be related to the "tissue immunity" to tumor transplants which has been observed in mice.
THE ETIOLOGIC AGENTS OF VARICELLA AND HERPES ZOSTER
Authors: Weller Thomas H. , Witton Helen M. 
Published: June 2004

The preparation of antigenic materials capable of specific fixation of complement in the presence of convalescent phase sera from patients with varicella and herpes zoster is described. Satisfactory antigens were obtained by the repetitive harvest and subsequent concentration of the pooled nutrient fluids from bottle cultures of human embryonic skin-muscle tissue or of monkey kidney tissue infected with varicella or herpes zoster viruses. Specific fixation of complement was also demonstrated with antigens prepared from extracts of the infected cell sheets harvested from bottle cultures.
In individuals with varicella, complement-fixing antibody usually appeared in the serum 4 or 5 days after the development of the exanthem and further significant increases in titer were characteristically observed during the 2nd week of illness.
The complement-fixing antibody response in herpes zoster tended to follow the same pattern as in varicella, with the exception that in sera from some individuals relatively high titers were present in the acute phase specimen.
Complement-fixing antigens prepared from varicella strains or from a zoster strain reacted to essentially the same degree with convalescent sera from the homologous and the heterologous clinical entities. The varicella-zoster antigens did not fix complement in the presence of paired sera obtained from a limited number of individuals with primary infections due to herpes simplex virus or from individuals with generalized vaccinia infection.
Specific inhibition in vitro of the focal cytopathic process produced by the varicella-zoster viruses was demonstrated. This was accomplished by the incorporation of the sera under test as constituents of nutrient media of the cultures, either prior to or at the time of their inoculation with virus. The neutralization of focal cytopathogenicity thus obtained was relative in degree and never absolute; it was therefore assayed by repetitive counts of the number of focal lesions per culture in the various test groups.
Inhibition of varicella-zoster viral cytopathogenicity occurred in the presence of convalescent serum from either clinical entity.
The results of the immunologic studies with the viruses of herpes zoster and varicella as propagated in vitro are considered as providing further evidence in support of the concept of the close relationship and probable identity of the two agents.
THE EFFECT OF HIGH DOSES OF X-IRRADIATION ON THE PHAGOCYTIC, PROLIFERATIVE, AND METABOLIC PROPERTIES OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
Authors: Benacerraf B. , Kivy-Rosenberg Evelyn , Sebestyen Martha M. , Zweifach Benjamin W. 
Published: June 2004

The effect of moderately high doses of x-irradiation upon the reticulo-endothelial system of mice and rats was investigated.
A dosage of 600 r to mice and 850 r to rats did not interfere with the ability of the RES to clear colloidal particles from the blood. However the 850 r x-ray dose to rats prevented recovery of normal phagocytic function after "blockade."
In mice, 600 r interfered with the ability of the RES to respond to the usual stimulating effect of zymosan.
The ability of the RES of mice which have received 600 r of x-rays to clear P32-labelled E. coli from the blood was not significantly altered. These mice responded poorly to immunization, as demonstrated by the slow rate of clearance of the bacteria from the blood of immunized, irradiated individuals as compared with that of immunized controls. This reflected the lowered antibody production and not deficiency of phagocytic mechanism.
There was no evidence of a changed capacity of the Kupffer cells of mice which had received 600 r of x-rays to break down denatured protein enzymatically.
THE RENAL LESIONS OF ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
Authors: Holliday M. A. , Winters R. W. , Welt L. G. , MacDowell Muriel , Oliver Jean 
Published: June 2004

Potassium depletion in rats augments the specific renal lesions of phosphate loading.
Since it has been shown that phosphate loading increases the specific cardiac lesions of potassium deficiency (12), it is concluded that the similar types of electrolyte imbalance (potassium depletion-phosphate load) act conversely in the two organs.
ORIGIN OF ANTI-HUMAN BLOOD GROUP B AGGLUTININS IN WHITE LEGHORN CHICKS
Authors: Springer Georg F. , Horton Richard E. , Forbes Martin 
Published: June 2004

While anti-human blood group B agglutinins are present in the majority of ordinary White Leghorn chicks by the age of 30 days, none could be demonstrated in germfree chicks up to the age of 60 days. Anti-B agglutinins in trace amounts were first found in germfree chicks 66 days old and increased to an average titer of about 1:2 by 91 days of age. This titer amounts to about 10 per cent of that found in ordinary chicks. The appearance of antibody in low titer is attributed to trace amounts of non-living antigenic contaminants penetrating the germfree barrier.
The necessity of appropriate absorption in order to obtain well defined specificities was pointed out. Several means commonly used to differentiate between normal and immune antibodies were employed in this investigation. None showed a difference between anti-B agglutinins from ordinary chicks and from germfree chicks intentionally immunized with blood group B active E. coli O86 or with B active preparations from human meconium. The implications of these findings on the origin of natural agglutinins are discussed. It is concluded, that measurable anti-human blood group B agglutinins in White Leghorn chicks are acquired early in life and are not inherited.
The possibilities as well as limitations of present day germfree technique for this kind of immunological research have been considered.
PERSISTENCE OF TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES IN MAN FOLLOWING INFECTION WITH GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. 
Published: June 2004

Whole blood or sera were collected from individuals who had had infections with Group A streptococci of known serological type as long ago as 10 to 32 years. Most of these patients had not been treated with chemotherapeutic drugs. By means of bactericidal tests with all these sera, and mouse protection tests with some, type-specific antibodies could be demonstrated in at least half of them after a lapse of many years, the longest interval being 32 years.
Two biological methods for estimating the amount of M antigen produced by Group A streptococci are described. By selecting strains for use by these methods, optimal proportions of M antigen and antibody could be employed in the tests and small amounts of antibody were, therefore, demonstrable.
The assay methods for M antigen are also of value for other experimental purposes.
THE ROLE OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES IN THE INITIATION AND CESSATION OF THE ARTHUS VASCULITIS
Authors: Cochrane Charles G. , Weigle William O. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: June 2004

The role of polymorphs in the Arthus type hypersensitivity vasculitis has been studied. Polymorphs were found to play an essential role in not only producing the inflammatory vasculitis, but also were instrumental in ridding the damaged vessel of the antigen, probably by means of proteolytic catabolism at the inflammatory site.
A temporal relationship between the disappearance of antigen from the damaged vessels and a decrease in inflammatory reaction was found.
The earliest localization of antigen and its associated rabbit globulin in the Arthus vasculitis was found to be beneath the endothelium of small vessels.
Since submitting this article for publication, Sorkin and Boyden (J. Immunol., 1959, 82, 332) have reported the catabolism of antigen in the presence of antibody by mononuclear cells obtained from the peritoneal cavities of guinea pigs. Evidence was presented indicating that the antigen molecule was actually broken down by the mononuclear cells. Techniques similar to those reported here were used.
STUDIES ON BLOOD FACTORS RhA, RhB, AND RhC
Authors: Unger Lester J. , Wiener Alexander S. , Katz L. 
Published: June 2004

Observations are described of the incidence among Caucasians and Negroes of the blood factors RhA, RhB and RhC which occur associated with the Rh0 factor in typical Rh-positive blood. The antiserums used for the tests were derived from Rh-positive patients who had had hemolytic transfusion reactions or erythroblastotic babies. Among a large series of individuals, it was found that only rarely is any of the blood factors RhA, RhB, or RhC lacking from "standard" Rh0-positive blood. On the other hand, about half of the specimens of Rh0 variant blood lack one or more of the factors RhA, RhB, and RhC, which, when present in such blood, are also almost always variants. Judging from the incidence of specimens lacking one or more of these factors, RhA, RhB, and RhB appear to be relatively independent of one another despite their association with blood factor Rh0. Tests for factors RhA, RhB, and RhC distinguish new rare varieties of Rh and ℜh agglutinogens, each genetically determined by corresponding allelic genes.
There is no doubt that more clinical cases will be found in which sensitized Rh-positive individuals have antibodies resembling anti-Rh0 in specificity. Four such cases have already been studied by the present authors, and in each case the antibodies were shown to be different from anti-Rh0 in specificity. Since they were also different from one another, they have been assigned the symbols anti-RhA, anti-RhB, anti-RhC, and anti-RhD, respectively, the first three being the antiserums used in the present study. Obviously, in order to avoid confusion of nomenclature, the specificity of antiserums from other similar cases will have to be compared with anti-RhA, anti-RhB, anti-RhC, and anti-RhD and shown to be different from all four, as well as anti-Rh0, before a distinctive symbol is assigned to them.
SIMULTANEOUS PRODUCTION OF TWO CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDES BY PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Austrian Robert , Bernheimer Harriet P. 
Published: June 2004

Pneumococci manifesting binary capsulation have been produced through the agency of transformation reactions. Such cells produce two capsular polysaccharides which are closely similar if not identical with those produced by corresponding singly capsulated strains.
Binary capsulation in pneumococcus provides a new basis for serologic cross-reactivity in this species.
THE EFFECT OF ANTIBODY ON INTRACELLULAR PARASITISM OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Gelzer Justus , Suter Emanuel 
Published: June 2004

The effect of antibody on the fate of Salmonella typhimurium within mononuclear phagocytes (MN) of rabbits was studied in vitro. Monocytes and bacteria were incubated either in absence or presence of antibody. After 45 minutes during which phagocytosis occurred infected cells were washed to remove extracellular bacilli and free antibody. The cells were then reincubated in a medium without addition of antibody, and the interaction between the MN and bacteria was followed, correlating bacterial viability and the morphology of the mixture. The following results were obtained.
The anti-Salmonella antibody was not bactericidal even in presence of complement and did not enhance phagocytosis.
Regardless of whether antibody was present or absent during phagocytosis, the bacteria appeared to multiply within the cells. When no antibody was present during phagocytosis the infected cells were severely damaged within a few hours of incubation, and extensive extracellular multiplication was dominating. When antibody was present during phagocytosis MN packed with bacteria persisted for a long time. Little or no extracellular growth occurred.
It was possible to demonstrate the presence of the antibody within the infected MN, using the fluorescent antibody technique. The antibody appeared as a coat around the bacteria. Antibody entered the cells only during phagocytosis, presumably attached to the bacteria.
The active factor of the immune serum was found in the gamma globulin fraction and reacted specifically with the somatic antigen of Salmonella typhimurium. The antiflagellar portion of the antiserum was not involved in the phenomenon described.
It is concluded that this antibody protects monocytes against the effect of intracellularly located Salmonella.
SEVERE ACTIVE CUTANEOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE RAT PRODUCED BY HEMOPHILUS PERTUSSIS VACCINE
Authors: Rowley Donald A. , Chutkow Jerry , Attig Charles 
Published: June 2004

Hemophilus pertussis vaccine injected into normal rat skin produced local edema lasting several days. Four to 6 days later the injected site became severely inflamed. When uninjected skin was challenged 5 to 28 days after the initial injection, severe inflammation developed at the site of challenge within 12 to 24 hours. This secondary hypersensitive response was elicited by a dose of vaccine which produced little or no initial or delayed inflammation in a normal rat. Specific cutaneous hypersensitivity to a particulate antigen (i.e. typhoid vaccine) or a soluble antigen (human or rabbit gamma globulin) developed when rats were injected with a mixture of the antigen and pertussis vaccine. Pertussis vaccine mixed with typhoid vaccine did not enhance circulating agglutinin formation to typhoid vaccine. Cutaneous hypersensitivity to pertussis vaccine was passively transferred to normal rats by lymph node cells but not with serum from hypersensitive rats. Sensitization with pertussis vaccine did not enhance the edema-producing activity of histamine, serotonin, or 48/80 given subcutaneously. Mast cells in areas of hypersensitive inflammation were not damaged appreciably. The hypersensitive inflammation was not inhibited by treatment with anti-serotonin and antihistaminic drugs. Hypersensitive rats "depleted of mast cells" responded to challenge with pertussis vaccine with severe inflammation though their response to 48/80 was depressed. Hypersensitive rats treated with x-irradiation showed decreased hypersensitive inflammation though they responded normally to 48/80 and histamine.
These studies failed to demonstrate a role for circulating antibody in the cutaneous hypersensitive inflammation produced in the rat by pertussis vaccine. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the cutaneous hypersensitive inflammation is not mediated by tissue serotonin and/or histamine.
THE DEPOSITION OF EXOGENOUS COPPER UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS WITH OBSERVATIONS ON ITS NEUROTOXIC AND NEPHROTOXIC PROPERTIES IN RELATION TO WILSON'S DISEASE
Authors: Vogel F. Stephen 
Published: June 2004

Goldfish kept in water containing ionized copper and a detergent added with the aim of decreasing coagulation of the mucus on the gills, took in and retained this metal in their brains, livers, and kidneys, in concentrations comparable to those that occur naturally in Wilson's disease, as chemical assays disclosed. Histochemical studies made it clear that much copper had accumulated within the large neurons, principally in those of the telencephalon and anterior horn region of the spinal cord and in the tubular epithelial cells of the kidneys, the nuclei of the parenchymal cells of the liver, the sarcoplasm of the skeletal muscle, and in the epithelial covering of the gills.
The intraneuronal deposition of copper was regularly associated after a time with conspicuous cytologic changes, notably contraction and hyperchromaticity of the nerve cells with tortuosity and fragmentation of the axis cylinders and lysis and loss of neurons. The accumulation of metal in the renal epithelium was frequently accompanied by necrosis and was regularly associated with hyperplasia and calcification of the epithelial cells of the larger renal tubules in all goldfish kept for prolonged periods in copper-rich water. The deposition of copper in the liver was not accompanied by consistent cytologic changes.
The similarity of the cytologic alterations induced in the central nervous systems by copper and those that occur naturally in hepatolenticular degeneration in human beings provides evidence that copper itself plays an important role in the pathologic alterations of the brain in Wilson's disease.
MORPHOLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR COLLAGEN CHANGES IN CHICH EMBRYOS TREATED WITH ß-AMINOPROPIONITRILE
Authors: van den Hooff Arnold , Levene Charles I. , Gross Jerome 
Published: June 2004

Electron microscope analysis of thin sections of intact skin from 17 day chick embryos injected with ß-aminopropionitrile 3 days earlier, revealed markedly increased dispersion in fibril diameter both above and below the narrow distribution of normal fibril size. Extraction with cold 1 M neutral saline caused a dissolution of the fibrils to fine filaments of varying diameters.
Histologic examination of the connective tissue of lathyritic skin prior to extraction revealed little difference from the normal. After extraction the collagen either disappeared almost entirely or was observed as a homogeneous smear.
These results of morphologic analysis are consistent with previous chemical studies, supporting the thesis that lathyrogenic agents induce disruption of intermolecular cross-linking within normally insoluble collagen fibrils, allowing them to dissolve in cold neutral salt solutions.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF TOXIN AND ANTITOXIN INJECTION SITE TO TETANUS DEVELOPMENT IN THE RAT
Authors: Fedinec Alexander A. , Matzke Howard A. 
Published: June 2004

The pattern of development of symptoms was studied following injection of 3 MLD (minimum lethal dose) of tetanus toxin in each of the following sites in the rat: vein, muscle, endoneurium, epineurium, spinal cord, subarachnoid space, and subdural space. Similar observations were made when 3 MPD (minimum protective dose) of antitoxin were injected into each of the above sites a few minutes after the intramuscular injection of toxin.
Local tetanus followed intramuscular, endoneurial, and epineurial injection of the toxin; blood-borne tetanus also appeared in the latter instance. Tetanus dolorosus followed intraspinal injection of toxin. Both dorsal tetanus and blood-borne tetanus developed after subdural administration of toxin. Blood-borne tetanus, alone, appeared following intravenous and subarachnoid injection of toxin.
In no case did injection of antitoxin at the various sites listed above prevent local tetanus from developing after intramuscular injection of toxin. Of the various sites injected with antitoxin, the intramuscular, intraspinal, and intravenous were the most effective.
It is suggested that the endoneurial tissue spaces serve as a conduit for tetanus toxin from the muscle to the CNS. The perilemma of the peripheral nerve trunk may act as a selectively permeable membrane which permits tetanus toxin to pass from the epineurium to the endoneurium. Outward diffusion of toxin from the endoneurial spaces is apparently markedly reduced. The antitoxin probably is prevented from permeating this barrier in either direction. The importance of absorption of tetanus toxin by the lymphatic and blood circulation is discussed.
SUPPRESSION OF EXPERIMENTAL "ALLERGIC" ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN GUINEA PIGS BY ENCEPHALITOGENIC PROTEINS EXTRACTED FROM HOMOLOGOUS BRAIN
Authors: Shaw Cheng-Mei , Fahlberg Willson J. , Kies Marian W. , Alvord Ellsworth C. 
Published: June 2004

The intradermal injection of aqueous solutions of certain homologous neural proteins will suppress the encephalomyelitis which is induced in guinea pigs by the previous injection of whole homologous brain with Freund's adjuvants. These neural proteins extracted by dilute acid from defatted guinea pig brain are themselves highly encephalitogenic when injected with adjuvants, but the specificity of this suppression for encephalitogenic as compared to non-encephalitogenic extracts remains to be proven.
Suppression is probably not due to a non-specific stress reaction, as indicated by the absence of suppression by intradermal injections of alcohol and by statistically insignificant and inconstant effects of similar injections of tuberculin.