bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composite material design of two‐dimensional structures using the homogenization design method
Authors: Fujii D. , Chen B. C. , Kikuchi N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractComposite materials of two‐dimensional structures are designed using the homogenization design method. The composite material is made of two or three different material phases. Designing the composite material consists of finding a distribution of material phases that minimizes the mean compliance of the macrostructure subject to volume fraction constraints of the constituent phases, within a unit cell of periodic microstructures. At the start of the computational solution, the material distribution of the microstructure is represented as a pure mixture of the constituent phases. As the iteration procedure unfolds, the component phases separate themselves out to form distinctive interfaces. The effective material properties of the artificially mixed materials are defined by the interpolation of the constituents. The optimization problem is solved using the sequential linear programming method. Both the macrostructure and the microstructures are analysed using the finite element method in each iteration step. Several examples of optimal topology design of composite material are presented to demonstrate the validity of the present numerical algorithm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formulation and evaluation of new triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal and hexagonal discrete Kirchhoff plate/shell elements
Authors: Batoz J. L. , Zheng C. L. , Hammadi F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe paper deals with the formulation of plate and shell elements based on the discrete Kirchhoff technique. In the first part we review the flat facet shell elements which have been formulated during the last 30 years. In the second part, we present the formulation of a new family of discrete Kirchhoff plate/shell elements based on the free formulation. The triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal andhexagonal elements belong also to the family of semi‐Loof elements having only displacements at the corner nodes and one tangential rotation along each side. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐isothermal ‘2‐D flow/3‐D thermal’ developments encompassing process modelling of composites: flow/thermal/cure formulations and validations
Authors: Ngo Nam D. , Tamma Kumar K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the manufacturing process of large geometrically complex components comprising of fibre‐reinforced composite materials by resin transfer molding (RTM), the process involves injection of resin into a mold cavity filled with porous fibre preforms. The overall success of the RTM manufacturing process depends on the complete impregnation of the fibre mat by the polymer resin, prevention of polymer gelation during filling, and subsequent avoidance of dry spots. Since a cold resin is injected into a hot mold, the associated physics encompasses a moving boundary value problem in conjunction with the multi‐disciplinary study of flow/thermal and cure kinetics inside the mold cavity. Although experimental validations are indispensable, routine manufacture of large complex structural geometries can only be enhanced via computational simulations, thus eliminating costly trial runs and helping the designer in the set‐up of the manufacturing process. This study describes the computational developments towards formulating an effective simulation‐based design methodology using the finite element method. The specific application is for thin shell‐like geometries with the thickness being much smaller than the other dimensions of the part. Due to the highly advective nature of the non‐isothermal conditions involving thermal and polymerization reactions, special computational considerations and stabilization techniques are also proposed. Validations and comparisons with experimental results are presented whenever available. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Business ethics—grounded in systems thinking
Authors: Roth William 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhile organizations can act ethically because of strong leadership by example, sustaining an ethical culture
requires more structural underpinnings. The system by which goals are set, decisions are made, and actions are
taken needs to be coherently founded on human values. These shape the ethical climate of an organization. Human
values—which are the foundation of sustainable business value—center around respect for employees,
respect for their potential, and the belief that it is management's responsibility to facilitate the
realization of that potential. Applying such values requires a determinedly systematic approach, with
built‐in checks and balances, encompassing every organizational function. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
A finite difference interpretation of the lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Junk Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCompared to conventional techniques in computational fluid dynamics, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) seems to be a completely different approach to solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation. The aim of this article is to correct this impression by showing the close relation of LBM to two standard methods: relaxation schemes and explicit finite difference discretizations. As a side effect, new starting points for a discretization of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation are obtained. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 17:383 402, 2001
Exercise among blue‐collar workers: Application of the theory of planned behavior
Authors: Blue Carolyn L. , Wilbur JoEllen , Marston‐Scott Mary'Vesta 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to identify cognitive predictors of blue‐collar workers' (N = 468) intention to exercise and their self‐reported exercise behavior. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) provided the framework for the study. A cross‐sectional sample of skilled and unskilled workers from the physical facilities department of a large, Midwestern state university completed a questionnaire containing measures of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intention, and self‐reported leisure exercise behavior. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that workers' attitude toward exercise and perceived behavioral control explained 61.7% of the variance of intention, whereas intention and perceived behavioral control explained 51.3% of the variance of exercise behavior. Subjective norm was not a significant predictor of intention to exercise. The findings support the use of the TPB in identifying cognitive factors that explain exercise behavior and suggest that interventions to promote exercise behavior in blue‐collar workers should address their attitude toward exercise and their perceptions of behavioral control. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:481–493, 2001
Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses to academic stress
Authors: Kang Duck‐Hee , Fox Charity 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPredominant Th2 profiles are associated with the worsening of asthma, and stress is speculated to induce a Th2 profile. The goals of this study were to examine the responses of the cytokines Th1 (IFN‐γ and IL‐2) and Th2 (IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐6) to a stressor and to look at the relationships between cytokine and psychological responses. Twenty‐four students with and without a history of asthma completed questionnaires and gave blood samples during nonexam and exam periods. Cytokines were measured by ELISA from supernatants of stimulated mononuclear cells (MNC) and whole blood. During examinations, there were a significant decrease in IL‐2 and a significant increase in IL‐6 production (both cultures) and a significant decrease in IFN‐γ production (MNC cultures). Baseline IL‐2 levels showed significant negative correlations with several stress and mood scores. Findings of this study indicate a down‐regulation of Th1 and a selective up‐regulation of Th2 cytokines during a stressful exposure. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:245–257, 2001
Escaping poverty: behind the numbers
Authors: Schelzig Karin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHead counts of poverty are the most commonly used indicator of poverty level. While not ideal, the analysis of poverty head counts informs conclusions about whether households move in or out of poverty over time. Longitudinal data from repeated surveys show that, at the country level, some countries have lifted their populations out of poverty, while the populations of other countries have either remained poor or become poorer. How these scenarios come to be is the key question that challenges the development community. What mix of country characteristics, policies, structural features and external influences conspire to either improve or deteriorate well‐being and to affect overall poverty levels? Unfortunately, changes in poverty levels might sometimes be the result of changes in poverty measurement methodology, with no real change in the well‐being of the population. For this reason, poverty assessment should begin with an analysis of the measurement methodology – particularly given the increased global enthusiasm for poverty reduction. This article examines panel data from Mongolia and the Philippines to show how seemingly slight variations in survey methodology can have a rather significant impact on poverty results. In order to make a robust comparison of poverty head counts from different surveys, the basic building blocks of the poverty measures must be identical. This is not always the case. Given the difficulties identified with money‐metric head counts, this study concludes by arguing for a move beyond economic statistics, toward multidisciplinary approaches to poverty assessment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revenue authorities: are they the right vehicle for improved tax administration?
Authors: Devas Nick , Delay Simon , Hubbard Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is now well recognised that reforms to tax administration are as important as tax policy changes for overall fiscal reform. One institutional model of tax administration, which has been quite widely adopted in Africa in recent years, is that of the semi‐independent Revenue Authority. This approach is based on the executive agency model, widely adopted in the UK and elsewhere, as a way of improving performance of certain governmental functions. This article looks at the arguments for and against the Revenue Authority model, and examines a number of practical issues in the design of such an agency. It draws on the recent experience of Revenue Authorities in a number of countries. It concludes that the Revenue Authority model can offer an appropriate institutional framework for reforming tax administration, particular where low pay rates and rigid civil service systems inhibit effective management. However, Revenue Authorities do not solve all problems, and can only be expected to deliver results if they form part of a wider reform. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Government–nonprofit partners for health sector reform in Central Asia: family group practice associations in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Brinkerhoff Derick W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFaced with limited resources, governments in developing and transitioning countries are struggling to find the resources to provide basic health services. Increasingly, governments are turning to the private and nonprofit sectors as partners. This article examines the experience of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in creating new nonprofit organizations as part of health sector reform. Family Group Practice Associations (FGPAs) serve as intermediaries between public sector health agencies and newly created family group practices (FGPs), which are providing improved levels of primary health care. The FGPAs have helped to improve the efficiency and the effectiveness of health service delivery, and have contributed to making the top‐heavy and cumbersome health systems in both countries more flexible and responsive. Although their policy advocacy role is still relatively incipient, FGPAs provide a potential avenue for increasing external input into policy decisions. The weight of the past has made progress relatively slow, with large power differentials between the nonprofits and their government partners, a constrained legal framework for non‐governmental entities, and weak capacity among the newly created FGPAs and FGPs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The extraction of imperialine and imperialine‐3β‐glucoside from Fritillaria pallidiflora Schrenk and quantitative determination by HPLC‐evaporative light scattering detection
Authors: Li Ping , Zeng Ling‐jie , Li Song‐lin , Lin Ge 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe extraction procedure and quantitative determination by HPLC‐evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) of the main bioactive components, namely, imperialine (1) and imperialine‐3β‐glucoside (2), of bulbs of Fritillaria pallidiflora Schrenk have been investigated. The most efficient method for the simultaneous extraction of 1 and 2 involved pre‐treatment of the bulb powder with ammonia, followed by reflux with dichloromethane:methanol at 90°C for 4 h. Simultaneous determination of non‐chromophoric 1 and 2 by HPLC‐ELSD employed a Kromasil™ C18 column eluted with acetonitrile:water:diethylamine. The assay was accurate and reproducible with an overall variation lower than 4% and a sample recovery higher than 98%. The methods described have been successfully used to evaluate the quality of three batches of the crude traditional Chinese medicinal herb derived from the bulbs of F. pallidiflora. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis of the active components and the by‐products of eight dry extracts of Hypericum perforatum L. (St John's wort)
Authors: Eggelkraut‐Gottanka S. G. von , Abed S. Abu , Müller W. , Schmidt P. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe major components of eight different batches of commercially available dry extracts of Hypericum perforatum L. were quantified. Hyperforin (1), hypericin (2) and flavonoids, which are considered to play key roles in the treatment of mild and moderate depressive disorders, were determined by HPLC methods. The contents of 1, 2 and flavonoids were found to be in the range of 1.3–3.9%, 0.19–0.30%, and 4.8–11.4%, respectively. Generally extracts contained, besides the so‐called active components, a wide variety of by‐products which may act partially as co‐effectors and affect the technological properties of the extracts. Water‐soluble sugars form one of the main groups of these by‐products, and a procedure for the purification and quantification of such sugars in H. perforatum using HPLC with refractive index detection has been established. Native fructose, glucose and sucrose, as well as lactose added during the processing of the extracts, were determined. The total sugar content in the dry herbal extracts varied from 19 to 25% by weight. Further, citric acid (0.9–2.3%) and malic acid (2.3–3.1%) were determined by HPLC, tannins (6.2–9.0%) and total ash (4.9–8.4%) were quantified according to the methods described in the European Pharmacopoeia, and the content of the total protein (3.9–8.3%) was estimated by elemental analysis. Thus, 60–70% of the compounds of the H. perforatum dry extracts have been quantified. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnosis of cardiac defects: where we've been, where we are and where we're going
Authors: Friedman Alan H. , Kleinman Charles S. , Copel Joshua A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere has been tremendous development in the field of prenatal diagnosis of cardiac disease in the last 30 years. Early work centered on the technical aspects of providing an accurate assessment of cardiac structure and function. Techniques of fetal cardiac screening have been developed and utilized throughout the world. More recently, investigators have begun to explore the ramifications of fetal cardiac diagnosis by assessing measures of outcome. In this article, the field of fetal echocardiography, as a screening tool for identifying congenital heart disease, and its impact on disease outcome is reviewed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus: ‘the silent killer’
Authors: Campbell Ian W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is best regarded as a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors contributing to accelerating atherosclerotic (macrovascular) disease, often present for many years before the onset of clinical diabetes. It is better referred to as the metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance syndrome, leading to premature cardiovascular death, unless aggressive risk factor reduction targeting blood glucose, blood pressure, dyslipidaemia and the pro‐coagulant state is implemented. As type 2 DM is expected to double world‐wide over the next 25 years, the burden of type 2 DM presents a major challenge to health authorities to improve the prognosis of those subjects with type 2 DM. It is not a ‘mild disease’ but rather a ‘silent killer’. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comprehensive patient‐held record for diabetes. Part two: Large‐scale assessment of the Diabetes Databank by patients and health care workers
Authors: Davis Timothy M.E. , Bridgford Anna 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAfter initial development and patient assessment (Phase 1), a modified patient‐held diabetes record or ‘databank’ was distributed to 885 patients (Phase 2). A sample of 400 health professionals was also asked to assess the modified databank. At the end of the 4‐month assessment period, 70% of the patients were using the databank. In a subset of 102 of these, 47% had taken it to health care appointments, a similar response to that in Phase 1 (53%). However, databank records were updated more often at appointments during Phase 2 (86% vs 71% in Phase 1; P=0.007), especially by general practitioners. Of 100 health professionals who had encountered the databank, >66% found it easy to follow and supported its routine use, 83% had updated information and 43% stated that it assisted management. A comprehensive patient‐held record was supported by most patients and health professionals. Although information technology may revolutionize medical records, the diabetes databank could complement new information storage media. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diet and lifestyle in type 2 diabetes: the patient's perspective
Authors: Frandsen Kirstine Brown , Kristensen Jørgen Smedegaard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPatient compliance with diet, lifestyle and medication regimens is an essential part of the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Issues and barriers relating to patient compliance were investigated in group discussions with a total of 123 patients with type 2 diabetes in four European countries and the USA. Patients were found to be well motivated to comply with advice on diet and lifestyle, but many felt they had received insufficient information about their disease and prescribed treatments. In addition, patients often felt that the reasons behind the lifestyle and dietary advice had not been adequately explained, and that dietary advice was vague. Consequently, patients' understanding of the reasons for the changes they believed they had to make was often poor, and they found some lifestyle changes difficult to make. Eating at regular times, not missing meals, reducing alcohol intake or favourite foods, and taking tablets at the same time each day without fail were all directives where a degree of non‐compliance was admitted. There was confusion between diet and lifestyle changes aimed at improving metabolic control and risk profile, and those required to offset the risk of hypoglycaemia inherent in some antidiabetic therapies (e.g. long‐acting sulphonylureas), such as eating meals at set times. It is unfortunate that, by imposing additional diet and lifestyle restrictions, such hypoglycaemic therapies compromise patients' lifestyles and divert their energy and commitments from genuinely beneficial behaviour changes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying hospital admissions due to adverse drug events using a computer‐based monitor
Authors: Jha Ashish K. , Kuperman Gilad J. , Rittenberg Eve , Teich Jonathan M. , Bates David W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundHospital admissions due to adverse drug events (ADEs) are expensive, and many may be preventable, yet few institutions have ongoing surveillance for these events.ObjectiveTo evaluate the use of a computer‐based ADE monitor to identify admissions due to ADEs and to measure the associated costs.DesignProspective cohort study in one tertiary care hospital.ParticipantsAll patients admitted to nine medical and surgical units in a tertiary care hospital over an 8‐month period.Main outcome measureAdmissions to the hospital due to an adverse drug event.MethodsA computer‐based monitoring program generated alerts suggesting that an ADE might be present. A trained reviewer then evaluated the record.ResultsAmong the 3238 admissions, 76 (2.3%, 1.4% after adjusting for sampling) were found to be caused by an ADE. Of these ADEs, 78% were severe and 28% were preventable. Estimated costs were $16,177 per ADE, and $10,375 per preventable ADE; annualized costs to the hospital were $6.3 million per year for all ADEs, and $1.2 million for preventable ADEs.ConclusionsMany admissions were caused by ADEs, although our point estimate undoubtedly represents a lower bound. These events were mostly severe, often preventable, and expensive. The computer‐based monitoring system represents a practical approach for identifying ADEs that occur in outpatients and cause admission to the hospital. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ion exchange resins from phenol/formaldehyde resin‐modified lignin
Authors: Zoumpoulakis L , Simitzis J 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhenol/formaldehyde resin, commonly sulfonated, is used as ion exchanger. Lignin, which is the phenolic polymer matrix in wood, was isolated from olive stone biomass by alkaline hydrolysis of weak ether bonds (Kraft lignin, KRL). It was then hydroxymethylated (KRLH) with an aqueous solution of formaldehyde. Novolac resin (N) was synthesized from phenol and formaldehyde under acidic conditions. KRL or KRLH was incorporated into phenol/formaldehyde during polymerization (N‐KRL, N‐KRLH). The products of polymerization (N, N‐KRL and N‐KRLH) were sulfonated with concentrated H2SO4 (1:3 w/w as typical proportion according to literature or 1:6 w/w as an excess of H2SO4) and then cross‐linked with formaldehyde. The different products were characterized by IR spectroscopy, swelling in ethanol, acetone and in an aqueous solution of 1 N NaOH. The ion‐exchange capacity, the moisture retention capacity and the titration curves of the sulfonated and cured products were determined. The ion‐exchange capacity and the uptake of metal ions (mainly Co2+ and Cu2+) detected by atomic absorption spectroscopy, on the sulfonated materials, prepared in an excess of H2SO4, is higher for N‐KRL and N‐KRLH than for N and it takes place at the same rate or faster. The latter shows a medium acidic behaviour according to the titration curves, in contrast with the sulfonated N‐KRLH and N‐KRL which show a strongly acidic behaviour.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of thermal treatment and processing on the structure and morphology of poly(propylene‐ran‐1‐butene) copolymers
Authors: Marega Carla , Marigo Antonio , Saini Roberta , Ferrari Paolo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNew poly(propylene‐ran‐1‐butene) copolymers were analyzed to study the influence of different processing techniques on their structure and morphology. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction allowed determination of the percentage of the γ form and the crystallinity in the samples and also the influence of the percentage of 1‐butene on the cell parameters. Furthermore, it was possible to appraise the contributions of different stacks of lamellae to the small‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry