bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutralizing Supply Disruptions
Authors: Boute Anatole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Energy law has been at the centre of the European response to the 2022 energy crisis, and legal arguments have also been central to attempts by Russia’s Gazprom to justify interrupting gas supplies. In the international and European market-based energy regime, what is the role of energy law in neutralizing supply disruptions? The legality of sudden interruptions of energy exports under international law was already a debated question when the Arab oil-producing countries interrupted their exports in 1973. In parallel, an important literature developed on whether and how governments should intervene with energy markets to contain the impact of supply shocks. Building on this literature, this chapter analyses the legality of supply disruptions under international law and examines attempts by energy exporters to obtain force majeure relief for their supply obligations. The analysis then centres on regulatory measures to ensure supply security in liberalized energy markets through storage requirements, coordinated energy purchases, price control, and demand reductions, using the solidarity measures implemented by the EU in 2022 as a core case study.
Visual analytics for token-based distributional semantics
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk , Speelman Dirk , Heylen Kris , Montes Mariana , De Pascale Stefano , Franco Karlien , Lang Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modelling workflow described in Chapter 3 produces token-level distance matrices: one matrix per model, each indicating the pairwise dissimilarity between the occurrences of a certain word in a sample, according to that model. However, because of the large number of tokens in the sample and the diversity of models produced by multiple parameters, such output is challenging to interpret. In this chapter we will describe the steps followed to process the distance matrices and obtain a more manageable format, as well as a visual analytics tool designed to explore the results. The chapter introduces a number of notions that are relevant for the way in which the models discussed in Chapter 5 are analysed and how the token-level plots in Chapters 6, 9, and 10 can be interpreted.
Making sense of distributional semantics
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk , Speelman Dirk , Heylen Kris , Montes Mariana , De Pascale Stefano , Franco Karlien , Lang Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the ‘semantics’ in ‘distributional semantics’: what do clusters in distributional models look like and what do they mean? Based on analyses performed on 32 Dutch nouns, adjectives, and verbs from a synchronic, semasiological perspective, the chapter shows that there is no parameter setting for distributional models that returns an optimal solution across the board and second, that the token clouds, that is, the clusters within the models, do not systematically match senses as one would find them in dictionaries. Token clusters in distributional models may take different shapes, depending on the frequency and distinctiveness of the context words, and such clusters do not coincide unambiguously with lexicographic senses.
The interplay of semasiology and onomasiology
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk , Speelman Dirk , Heylen Kris , Montes Mariana , De Pascale Stefano , Franco Karlien , Lang Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how the joint distributional analysis of semantically related lexical items, like near-synonyms, allows to identify shared senses as common clusters in a distributional analysis. It explores the use of distributional models for analysing the evolution over time of the nearly synonymous Dutch verbs vernielen and vernietigen, ‘to destroy’. Compared to the preceding chapter, the descriptive perspective is different in two ways. First, rather than analysing semasiological structure as such, the focus shifts to an onomasiological point of view. Second, the chapters adds a lectal (more specifically, diachronic or ‘chronolectal’) dimension. The chapter illustrates how semasiological and onomasiological variation and change interact: changes in the onomasiological structure of a language can go hand in hand with semasiological changes.
Dimensions of standardization
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk , Speelman Dirk , Heylen Kris , Montes Mariana , De Pascale Stefano , Franco Karlien , Lang Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter gave an overview of the successive steps for setting up a lexical lectometric study. This chapter puts the workflow into practice, with both a descriptive and a methodological focus. A lexical perspective on standard language change can be operationalized along three different dimensions: ‘hierarchical (de)standardization’, ‘(in)formalization’, and ‘(de)homogenization’. Using a database of 85 concepts in Dutch, stratified over two situational registers (formal and informal), in two national varieties (Netherlandic Dutch and Belgian Dutch) across two time periods (1999–2004 and 2017–2018), the chapter shows how the lectometric measures introduced in Chapter 7 can be used to describe these three dimensions. The chapter reveals considerable variability in the way semantic fields pull in different, sometimes opposing directions of change.
The Antarctic Foxes
Authors: Gillin Edward J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1838 and 1839, Britain’s leading science elites, including John Herschel, William Whewell, and Edward Sabine, successfully lobbied the British government to undertake a magnetic survey of the world. Specifically, they demanded funding for a Royal Navy expedition to Antarctica to magnetically chart the southern seas and locate the south magnetic pole. In 1839, James Clark Ross led this expedition, comprised of HMS Terror and HMS Erebus, and armed with two of the latest of Robert Were Fox’s dipping needles with which to obtain magnetic data and locate the pole for Britain. This chapter examines how these instruments were selected for this venture, based on trials throughout 1838 and 1839 on the Atlantic. It then examines the performance of Fox’s dipping needles on the Antarctic Expedition, between 1839 and 1843. This shows the importance of reliable instrumentation in what marked the inauguration of the British Magnetic Scheme. When, in 1841, Ross calculated the location of the south magnetic pole, it was with a Fox-type instrument, securing the device unprecedented scientific and popular acclaim.
Epilogue
Authors: Gillin Edward J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter unpacks the significance of the British Magnetic Scheme for the formation of the modern British state and reflects on the role that this venture played in shaping notions that governments, to be enlightened and progressive, should mobilize scientific knowledge and empirical practices of knowledge production. This is a crucial concern in the 2020s, given the close relationship between governmentality and expert knowledge in responding to crises, notably those of climate change and global pandemic. The global remit of the British Magnetic Scheme was central to contemporaries celebrating this as a profound moment of modernity. Yet for all the imperial hubris surrounding the enterprise, this book has demonstrated the limits of the nineteenth-century imperial British state’s ambitions.
Introduction
Authors: Bentley Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter introduces the core themes and rationale of the book and identifies the key concept of the bioweapons taboo—the claim that biological armaments are constructed as so abhorrent, immoral, and beyond the expectations of social and political toleration that international actors will reject these weapons as pariah. The chapter outlines and explains a critical gap within both academic and policy understandings of biowarfare that relates to the taboo in order to set the scene for this first comprehensive discussion of the normative prohibition of bioweapons. In doing so, the chapter also highlights the need for a new analytic definition of ‘taboo’ and proposes an original conceptual model based on the normative characteristics of disgust, stigmatization, and fetishization. The chapter then provides a roadmap for the rest of the book, including chapter summaries and case study outlines.
Construction
Authors: Bentley Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 analyses the US’s bioweapon programme initiated during World War II. While the existence of a major biowarfare programme ostensibly disputes the presence of a biological weapons taboo, the chapter demonstrates that decision-making was significantly more partial and more deferent towards the taboo than might appear on the surface. The commitment to bioweapons was constructed only as the means of last resort, normatively mitigated to defence purposes only (whereby the offensive was rejected as morally wrong), and pursued in direct opposition to wider public and world opinion. The taboo further undermined the pro-biowarfare standpoint to ensure both the decisive limitation of that position and a failure to incorporate bioweapons within military strategy. The chapter additionally demonstrates how the taboo shaped the terms of the debate with respect to political rhetoric.
Allegation
Authors: Bentley Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers the allegations of bioweapon use made against the US during the Korean War. The chapter explores the influence of the taboo at this time with particular reference to the strengthening international perceptions of the prohibition at the United Nations, how perceptions of violation can reinforce a taboo, and the expression of the taboo within strategic narratives. The chapter additionally assesses a potential challenge to the taboo’s relevance: the clandestine introduction of a first-use biowarfare policy in 1956 by the US. While the policy could be interpreted to undermine the taboo, the chapter contextualizes this first-use commitment to show that military strategy was still determined by, and failed to pose a decisive challenge to, the expectations of the taboo.
Conclusion
Authors: Bentley Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concluding chapter recaps and reviews the key arguments put forward within the book. The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the historical analysis conducted within the study and the application of the original model of taboo proposed to the selected case studies. Specifically, the chapter discusses the genaeological analysis explicitly within the context of the three identified characteristics of a taboo: disgust, stigmatization, and fetishization. The chapter then considers other potential areas for related analysis of the bioweapons taboo and the relevance of this concept to further aspects of International Relations. Finally, the chapter discusses the future of the taboo and the likelihood that the taboo will continue to influence actor behaviour going forward.
Verbal Signaling
Authors: Green Mitch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter proposes a notion of verbal signaling as a tool both for discerning affinities between communication among non-human species and linguistic communication, and for shedding light on phenomena that have puzzled philosophers of language. On the basis of the concepts of signal and index drawn from the evolutionary biology of communication in Section 1, the chapter develops the notions of verbal signal and verbal index in Section 2. Section 3 articulates differences among assertion and other members of what are called the “assertive family,” and explains the concept of illocutionary commitment. Then in Section 4 these notions are situated within the larger context of the cultural evolution of speech acts, a “how-possibly” cultural-evolutionary path for our modern practice of assertion is proposed. With this machinery in place, Section 5 is then equipped to shed light on phenomena of concern to the philosopher of language, specifically those types of self-ascription that Austin called expositives, grammatical evidentials, and certain forms of conversational implicature.
Leverage: A Model of Cognitive Significance
Authors: Yablo Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analytic semantics got its start when Frege pointed out differences in cognitive content between sentences that in some good sense “say the same.” Frege put cognitive content (in the form of sense) at the heart of semantic content. Most prefer nowadays to see cognitive contents as generated by semantic contents in context; a sentence’s cognitive significance is an aspect rather of the information imparted by its use. This chapter argues for a particular version of this idea. Semantic contents generate cognitive contents by operating levers in a larger piece of machinery, involving also the presupposition P one is leaning on and the subject matter M under discussion. A sentence’s cognitive content is what its literal-content-restricted-to-P-worlds says about M. It’s by triggering different presuppositions and/or speaking to different subject matters that coreferential names make their distinctive mark on a sentence’s felt information value.
Generating and Developing Ideas
Authors: Schaefer Stephan M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the generation and development of ideas. It starts by discussing a typology of four different idea generation and development contexts characterized by different degrees of strength ranging from weak to strong and the nature of the problem being either open or closed. With a view to idea generation and development processes it analyses the significance of time, interactions, and objects and discusses relational and transactional dynamics in the generation and development of ideas. With a view to practices the chapter presents and analyses cognitive practices that focus on the mental processes of individuals, and interactive processes that consider the influence of other individuals and context.
Organizing Creativity
Authors: Schaefer Stephan M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following chapter analyses how organizations may facilitate and organize creativity. It distinguishes four distinct modes of coordination that are prevalent when organizing creativity namely management, leadership, teams, and networks. The chapter then unpacks these four modes with a view to their objectives, practical outcomes, potentialities, and dysfunctionalities. The discussion illustrates that there is no general approach to organizing creativity as the four modes blend into each other in the emergent creative process. The discussion also exposes how organizing creativity is riddled with tensions and thus the second part of the chapter applies the concept of paradox to analyse the contradictions involved in organizing creativity and discusses how practitioners may cope with these paradoxes.
General Motors
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CEO Alfred Sloan used all six rational methods during his 1920s‒30s enhancing development of General Motors (GM). There are three key examples of his use of these methods. First, there is his innovative adaptation that restructured GM into operating divisions. Second, there is his strategically calculated marketing, which pioneered automobile styling, style-based advertising, and annual model changes. Third, there is his emphasis on institutionalized deliberation, through a multitiered system of committees. Sloan’s use of these and the other rational methods led to GM becoming the world’s largest industrial corporation in the 1950s, and its methods were widely copied by other corporations. The chapter’s final section describes the rivalry between Sloan’s GM and the Ford Motor Company, which had pioneered assembly-line production in the 1910s. Fordism’s focus on efficient mass production had to compete against Sloanism’s administrative rationality in the 1920s‒30s.
Intel
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The enhancing development of microchip-maker Intel by Andy Grove required him to adapt to crisis-like ‘strategic inflection points’, as he termed them. In the mid-1980s Intel overcame a dangerous inflection point by focusing on microprocessor chips: an adaptive response led by Grove and his dual-leadership partner, Gordon Moore. In the mid-1990s CEO Grove had to adapt to another inflection-point situation, and his 1996 book presented a three-stage adaptive framework for dealing with inflection points. His framework included the two deliberative methods and an experimentation process that delivers new products. Such experimentation processes are examined in the second half of the chapter. It examines the multidivisional decentralized system developed by Hewlett-Packard in the 1960s, which delivered several product innovations in the 1970s‒80s. The chapter ends by describing a very different approach: the Steve Jobs top-down, hands-on approach that gave Apple the mobile-tech iPod, iPhone, and iPad in the 2000s.
Amazon
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jeff Bezos established Amazon as an iconic online retail corporation, as was discussed in the final section of Chapter 7. Chapter 8 ‘continues the story’ by looking more closely at how Bezos developed Amazon into an iconic corporation in the 2000s. And the chapter looks at how he further developed Amazon in the 2010s, when it became a uniquely multifaceted high-tech corporation. In the 2000s, Bezos had diversified Amazon not only into Marketplace third-party selling but also into cloud-computing services and the Kindle e-reader. In the 2010s his further high-tech diversifying included the Fire tablet computer, video-streaming Prime Video, and Alexa voice information technology (VIT). Bezos used all seven rational methods to develop Amazon from start-up to multifaceted high-tech corporation, and the chapter’s final section examines his emphasis on the learning method, such as learning through iteration and experiments.
Giorgio Armani
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Armani example illustrates the importance of the adaptive rational methods, which here helped to establish an iconic high-fashion corporation. Italian fashion designer, Giorgio Armani, adapted stylistically to fashion’s ‘new times’ in the 1970s‒80s by creating a new style that catered for career women. This stylistic adaptation is compared with that of another Italian fashion designer, Gianni Versace, who instead modernized haute couture fashion. Although the two designers exploited the same opportunity in different ways, they enjoyed similar success—both of them established iconic high-fashion firms. The chapter goes on to compare these two leaders’ legacies in the 1990s‒2000s. Then it shifts its focus from fashion to the cosmetics industry and from Italy to Britain. Here Anita Roddick used adaptive rational methods to establish The Body Shop corporation in the 1970s‒80s. However, she then moved away from such rational methods, with dire consequences for her corporation in the 1990s.
Nike
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nike’s founder-leader Phil Knight and his emerging corporation were hit by a 1980s crisis that was overcome through a hybrid combination of redevelopment and revived development. Sneaker (athletic-shoe) company Nike was led in the 1980s by a leadership team in which Rob Strasser played a key role. He helped Nike overcome its crisis by making a redeveloping diversification into popular fashion, based on a joint venture with Michael Jordan that launched the Air Jordan basketball sneakers. An accompanying revival of development, returning to rapid/innovative adaptation, led to such superb new products as the Air Trainer and Air Max sneakers. So Nike was rescued and renewed by a hybrid combination of redevelopment and revived development: in other words, hybridized development-redevelopment (HDR). It included some brilliant advertising that boosted the Nike sneakers’ appeal as ‘cool’ popular fashion. And in the 1990s‒2000s CEO Knight’s enhancement of Nike created a globally iconic corporation.
Physical and Phenomenological Networks
Authors: French Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter situates London and Bauer’s ‘little book’ in its historical context, beginning with the co-authors’ scientific backgrounds. London in particular did important work in physics, using quantum theory to explain chemical bonding and superconductivity for example. Working closely with the likes of Born, Sommerfeld, and, crucially, Schrödinger, London found himself at the heart of discussions over the foundations of the new theory. Notably he was part of the network of discussants used by Schrödinger to try out his ideas which subsequently found expression in his (in)famous ‘cat’ thought-experiment and in the notion of entanglement. However, London was also remarkable in having a strong background in philosophy, particularly phenomenology, and his student thesis on how we should conceive of scientific theories was actually published in the journal that Husserl founded. Even after he and his wife moved to Paris, where he met Bauer, London maintained his philosophical interests, holding long conversations with his friend Gurwitsch, for example, who went on to establish phenomenology as a discipline in the USA.
The Epoché and the Ego
Authors: French Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamentals of phenomenology are sketched in this chapter, focusing in particular on the nature of the ‘epoché’ and the role of the ego. The former is the central device in the phenomenologists’ toolkit, whereby ‘the objective world’ is bracketed off, the better to hold up to the light the presuppositions underlying our ‘natural’ attitude towards it. Husserl’s view of the latter appears to have shifted over the years but a consistent account can be given according to which the ego appears as the subject-pole standing in a certain relationship with the object-pole. This correlation between thinking and being is all that we have access to, Husserl maintained, and as Zahavi has emphasized, this represents a core feature of phenomenology according to which mind and world are bound constitutively together. It is this ‘correlationist’ understanding that is the key to the phenomenological reappraisal of London and Bauer’s work.
From Modes to Keys in Early Modern Music Theory
Authors: Dodds Michael R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nature of the transition from the Renaissance modes to the major and minor keys of the high Baroque has long remained one of musicology’s great unanswered questions. The system Glarean proposed in his 1547 Dodecachordon comprised twelve modes at two transposition levels; the scheme J. S. Bach used to order The Well-Tempered Clavier in 1722 featured two modes at twelve transposition levels. What took place in between? This book, the product of deep engagement with the corpus of Western music theory, presents a model to clarify the factors of this complex shift. The essence of this model is the dynamic interplay of three historical-conceptual layers arising successively in the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Baroque, each layer continuing once introduced. Medieval theorists conceived mode along a continuum between tune and scale. Renaissance theorists extended mode from plainchant to polyphony, applying it to such parameters as cadential hierarchies and contrapuntal imitation. Early Baroque mapping of vocal modality onto the keyboard catalyzed a transformation from diatonic gamut to chromatic keyboard as background pitch system, with a corresponding change from ladder to circle as the dominant model for tonal space, culminating in the circle of fifths. Illustrating the rise of tonal circularity are dozens of diagrams from historical treatises. Especially revealing are volvelles, rotating paper wheels that highlight music’s ties to cartography and cosmography at the dawn of the scientific revolution. This study fittingly culminates with exploration of tonal labyrinths, pieces that modulate around the circle of fifths.