bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which Patients First? Setting Priorities for Antiretroviral Therapy Where Resources Are Limited
Authors: McGough Laura J. , Reynolds Steven J. , Quinn Thomas C. , Zenilman Jonathan M. 
Published: June 2005

The availability of limited funds from international agencies for the purchase of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment in developing countries presents challenges, especially in prioritizing who should receive therapy. Public input and the protection of human rights are crucial in making treatment programs equitable and accountable. By examining historical precedents of resource allocation, we aim to provoke and inform debate about current ARV programs. Through a critical review of the published literature, we evaluate 4 precedents for key lessons: the discovery of insulin for diabetes in 1922, the release of penicillin for civilian use in 1943, the development of chronic hemodialysis programs in 1961, and current allocation of liver transplants. We then describe current rationing mechanisms for ARVs.
Public Health Nurses for Virginia’s Future: A Collaborative Project to Increase the Number of Nursing Students Choosing a Career in Public Health Nursing
Authors: Moon Martha W. , Henry JoAnne K. , Connelly Karen , Kirsch Phyllis 
Published: June 2005

A shift in the role of public health practice in the United States to population-focused care, together with demographic shifts increasing the diversity and age of the population, has created a need for a public health workforce more highly skilled in community and population-based practices. Despite this need, few changes have been made in the pattern of field placements for nursing students, in part because many public health nurses in population-focused roles are unfamiliar with models of successful student fieldwork in their areas. We describe the Public Health Nurses for Virginia’s Future project, a successful project undertaken by nurse educators and public health leaders to increase the number of highly qualified graduates working in state and local health departments.
Ethical Goals of Community Consultation in Research
Authors: Dickert Neal , Sugarman Jeremy 
Published: June 2005

In response to the traditional emphasis on the rights, interests, and well-being of individual research subjects, there has been growing attention focused on the importance of involving communities in research development and approval. Community consultation is a particularly common method of involving communities. However, the fundamental ethical goals of community consultation have not been delineated, which makes it difficult for investigators, sponsors, and institutional review boards to design and evaluate consultation efforts. Community consultation must be tailored to the communities in which it is conducted, but the purposes of consultation—the ethical goals it is designed to achieve—should be universal. We propose 4 ethical goals that give investigators, sponsors, institutional review boards, and communities a framework for evaluating community consultation processes.
CINRG randomized controlled trial of creatine and glutamine in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Escolar Diana M. , Buyse Gunnar , Henricson Erik , Leshner Robert , Florence Julaine , Mayhew Jill , Tesi‐Rocha Carolina , Gorni Ksenija , Pasquali Livia , Patel Kantilal M. , McCarter Robert , Huang Jennifer , Mayhew Thomas , Bertorini Tulio , Carlo Jose , Connolly Anne M. , Clemens Paula R. , Goemans Nathalie , Iannaccone Susan T. , Igarashi Masanori , Nevo Yoram , Pestronk Alan , Subramony S. H. , Vedanarayanan V. V. , Wessel Henry ,   CINRG Goup
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe tested the efficacy and safety of glutamine (0.6gm/kg/day) and creatine (5gm/day) in 50 ambulant boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy in a 6‐month, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Drug efficacy was tested by measuring muscle strength manually (34 muscle groups) and quantitatively (10 muscle groups). Timed functional tests, functional parameters, and pulmonary function tests were secondary outcome measures. Although there was no statistically significant effect of either therapy based on manual and quantitative measurements of muscle strength, a disease‐modifying effect of creatine in older Duchenne muscular dystrophy and creatine and glutamine in younger Duchenne muscular dystrophy cannot be excluded. Creatine and glutamine were well tolerated. Ann Neurol 2005;58:151–155
Increased levels of serum protein oxidation and correlation with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Morgan Philip E. , Sturgess Allan D. , Davies Michael J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo examine protein oxidation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to correlate levels of protein oxidation products with disease activity.MethodsSerum was collected from SLE patients and healthy control subjects. Protein‐bound carbonyls and the pro‐oxidant enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Protein thiols were quantified using 5,5′‐dithionitrobenzoic acid. Protein‐bound amino acids and methionine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine oxidation products were quantified by acid hydrolysis and high‐performance liquid chromatography. Disease activity was assessed by the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Levels of anti–double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) antibodies were measured by radioimmunoassay.ResultsCompared with control subjects, SLE patients exhibited elevated levels of protein carbonyls (0.108 ± 0.078 versus 0.064 ± 0.028 nmoles/mg of protein; P = 0.046), decreased levels of protein thiols (3.9 ± 1.1 versus 4.9 ± 0.7 nmoles/mg of protein; P = 0.003), decreased levels of protein‐bound methionine (P = 0.0007), and increased levels of protein‐bound methionine sulfoxide (P = 0.0043) and 3‐nitrotyrosine (P = 0.0477). SLE patients with high SLEDAI scores or elevated anti‐dsDNA antibody levels exhibited increased oxidation compared with patients with low SLEDAI scores or low antibody levels. Serum MPO levels were decreased in SLE patients (P = 0.03), suggesting that this enzyme is not responsible for the enhanced protein oxidation.ConclusionWe found elevated levels of multiple markers of protein oxidation in sera from SLE patients compared with controls, and these levels correlated with disease activity. The findings suggest that protein oxidation may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic organ damage in SLE.
NF‐κB protects Behçet's disease T cells against CD95‐induced apoptosis up‐regulating antiapoptotic proteins
Authors: Todaro Matilde , Zerilli Monica , Triolo Giovanni , Iovino Flora , Patti Mariella , Accardo‐Palumbo Antonina , Gaudio Francesca di , Turco Maria Caterina , Petrella Antonello , Maria Ruggero de , Stassi Giorgio 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether prolongation of the inflammatory reaction in patients with Behçet's disease (BD) is related to apoptosis resistance and is associated with the up‐regulation of antiapoptotic factors.MethodsThe percentage of cell death was evaluated by flow cytometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 35 patients with BD and 30 healthy volunteers. The expression levels of antiapoptotic factors and NF‐κB regulatory proteins were measured using Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses. To down‐regulate NF‐κB nuclear translocation, BD T lymphocytes were exposed in vitro to thalidomide and subjected to transfection with NF‐κB small interfering RNA.ResultsAlthough CD95 is highly expressed in BD T cells, the absence of sensitivity to CD95‐induced apoptosis observed may be attributable to the inhibitory action of antiapoptotic genes. Immunoblot analysis for major antiapoptotic proteins showed considerable up‐regulation of the short form of cellular FLIP (cFLIP) and Bcl‐xL in BD activated T cells, while levels of Bcl‐2, caspase 3, and caspase 8 in activated T cells from patients with BD were comparable with those in activated T cells from normal donors. Moreover, expression of IKK and IκB was up‐regulated, whereas NF‐κB translocated to the nucleus in BD T cells, suggesting that NF‐κB activation may modulate the expression of antiapoptotic genes. Interestingly, thalidomide and NF‐κB small interfering RNA down‐regulated cFLIP and Bcl‐xL expression levels and sensitized BD activated T cells to CD95‐induced apoptosis.ConclusionTaken together, these results indicate that NF‐κB contributes to the regulation of the apoptosis‐related factors and death receptors leading to apoptosis resistance in BD T cell subsets. Our results suggest that NF‐κB plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of BD, and that its pharmacologic control could represent a key strategy in modulating specific immune‐mediated disease.
Sociodemographic determinants of cancer treatment health literacy
Authors: Gansler Ted , Henley S. Jane , Stein Kevin , Nehl Eric J. , Smigal Carol , Slaughter Edwin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDEthnic and racial disparities in cancer outcomes are often attributed to sociodemographic factors, including income, education, insurance status, and access to quality cancer care. Less attention has been directed toward other possible contributors, such as misconceptions about cancer and its treatment.METHODSNine hundred fifty‐seven U.S. adults who reported that they had never been diagnosed with cancer were identified and surveyed using a random digit dialing telephone survey. Sociodemographic associations with endorsement of five misconceptions about cancer treatment were evaluated by weighted logistic regression.RESULTSThe most prevalent misconception, “Treating cancer with surgery can cause it to spread throughout the body,” was endorsed as true by 41% of the respondents. The second most prevalent misconception, “The medical industry is withholding a cure for cancer from the public in order to increase profits, ” was identified as true by 27%. The statement, “Pain medications are ineffective against cancer pain, ” was accurately rejected by 68% of the respondents, and 89% of the respondents correctly disagreed with the statement, “All you need to beat cancer is a positive attitude, not treatment. ” Eighty‐seven percent of the respondents were able to identify the statement, “Cancer is something that cannot be effectively treated,” as false. Respondents who were older, nonwhite, Southern, or indicated being less informed about cancer endorsed the most misconceptions.CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of at least three of the five cancer misconceptions was unacceptably high, and varied by several sociodemographic factors. These beliefs may increase the risk for cancer morbidity and mortality because of poor adherence to treatment regimens. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A rejuvenation method for poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide)‐coated glass microfluidic chips
Authors: Ma Rubin , Crabtree H. John , Backhouse Christopher J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAs microfluidic chips come to integrate the higher levels of functionality required for the implementation of advanced bioanalytical protocols, a crucial factor is that of cost. Although glass chips provide advantages in multilayer integrations, their cost is far higher than that of polymer chips. However, a simple and effective rejuvenation protocol for glass microchips may enable higher levels of integration and functionality on glass microchips. Here we present a method to rejuvenate glass microchips that had been used for capillary electrophoresis to the extent that their performance was degraded. This degradation was due to one of the two mechanisms: (i) a deterioration of the polymer coating on the inner surface of the microchannel or (ii) an aging of the glass substrate. Using the method presented here, we have rejuvenated more than 50 such “aged” microchips. The performance of these microchips was fully restored after the rejuvenation and lasted for hundreds of DNA separation runs. Our experiments indicate that the loss of resolution in microchip separations was not associated with glass aging, but was due to the degradation of the polymer coating on the inner surface of microchannels. This suggests that it is possible to extend the microchip lifetime “forever” using the rejuvenation protocol and that the exploration of higher levels of integration and functionality on glass microchips (or of hybrid structures involving materials capable of withstanding the reagents and elevated temperatures used) is feasible.
Benchmark dose estimation based on epidemiologic cohort data
Authors: Morales Knashawn H. , Ryan Louise M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRisk assessments based on epidemiologic studies are becoming increasingly common in evaluating environmental health risks and setting health standards. This article will discuss and compare some of the available methods for exposure–response modeling and risk estimation based on environmental epidemiologic studies with age‐specific incidence and mortality data. Recommendations will be made regarding approaches that can be used in practice. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and predicting complex space–time structures and patterns of coastal wind fields
Authors: Fuentes Montserrat , Chen Li , Davis Jerry M. , Lackmann Gary M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA statistical technique is developed for wind field mapping that can be used to improve either the assimilation of surface wind observations into a model initial field or the accuracy of post‐processing algorithms run on meteorological model output. The observed wind field at any particular location is treated as a function of the true (but unknown) wind and measurement error. The wind field from numerical weather prediction models is treated as a function of a linear and multiplicative bias and a term which represents random deviations with respect to the true wind process. A Bayesian approach is taken to provide information about the true underlying wind field, which is modeled as a stochastic process with a non‐stationary and non‐separable covariance. The method is applied to forecast wind fields from a widely used mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) model (MM5). The statistical model tests are carried out for the wind speed over the Chesapeake Bay and the surrounding region for 21 July 2002. Coastal wind observations that have not been used in the MM5 initial conditions or forecasts are used in conjunction with the MM5 forecast wind field (valid at the same time that the observations were available) in a post‐processing technique that combined these two sources of information to predict the true wind field. Based on the mean square error, this procedure provides a substantial correction to the MM5 wind field forecast over the Chesapeake Bay region. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tumor protein D52 (TPD52) is overexpressed and a gene amplification target in ovarian cancer
Authors: Byrne Jennifer A. , Balleine Rosemary L. , Fejzo Marlena Schoenberg , Mercieca Janelle , Chiew Yoke‐Eng , Livnat Yael , St. Heaps Luke , Peters Gregory B. , Byth Karen , Karlan Beth Y. , Slamon Dennis J. , Harnett Paul , Defazio Anna 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecurrent chromosome 8q gain in ovarian carcinoma is likely to reflect the existence of multiple target loci, as the separate gain of chromosome bands 8q21 and 8q24 has been reported in independent studies. Since tumor protein D52 (TPD52) has been identified as a chromosome 8q21 amplification target in breast and prostate carcinoma, we compared TPD52 expression in normal ovarian epithelium (n = 9), benign serous adenomas (n = 11), serous borderline tumors (n = 6) and invasive carcinomas of the major histologic subtypes (n = 57) using immunohistochemistry. These analyses revealed that all normal ovarian epithelium samples and benign serous tumors were predominantly TPD52‐negative, whereas TPD52 was overexpressed in most (44/57; 77%) ovarian carcinomas regardless of histologic subtype. TPD52 subcellular localization was predominantly cytoplasmic, although nuclear localization was also frequently observed in mucinous and clear cell carcinomas. In an independent cohort of stage III serous carcinomas (n = 18), we also directly compared in situ TPD52 expression using immunohistochemistry and TPD52 copy number using interphase FISH analyses. This revealed that TPD52 dosage and TPD52 expression were significantly positively correlated. TPD52 therefore represents a novel molecular marker in ovarian cancer, which is broadly expressed across the different histologic subtypes and whose upregulation frequently reflects increased TPD52 copy number. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PPARγ‐dependent effects of conjugated linoleic acid on the human glioblastoma cell line (ADF)
Authors: Cimini AnnaMaria , Cristiano Loredana , Colafarina Sabrina , Benedetti Elisabetta , Di Loreto Silvia , Festuccia Claudio , Amicarelli Fernanda , Canuto Rosa Angela , Cerù Maria Paola 
Published: June 2005

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to exert beneficial effects against carcinogenesis, atherosclerosis and diabetes. It has been demonstrated that CLA modulates lipid metabolism through the activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs). The PPAR family comprises 3 closely related gene products, PPAR α, β/δ and γ, differing for tissue distribution, developmental expression and ligand specificity. It has also been demonstrated that activated PPARγ results in growth inhibition and differentiation of transformed cells. These observations stimulated a great interest toward PPARγ ligands as potential anticancer drugs to be used in a differentiation therapy. Glioblastomas are the most commonly diagnosed primary tumors of the brain in humans. The prognosis of patients with high‐grade gliomas is poor and only marginally improved by chemotherapy. The aim of this work was to study the effects of CLA and of a specific synthetic PPARγ ligand on cell growth, differentiation and death of a human glioblastoma cell line as well as on parameters responsible for the metastatic behavior of this tumor. We demonstrate here that CLA and PPARγ agonist strongly inhibit cell growth and proliferation rate and induce apoptosis. Moreover, both treatments decrease cell migration and invasiveness. The results obtained show that CLA acts, directly or indirectly, as a PPARγ activator, strongly suggesting that this naturally occurring fatty acid may be used as brain antitumor drug and as a chemopreventive agent. Moreover, the γ‐agonist, once experimented and validated on man, may represent a useful coadjuvant in glioblastoma therapy and in the prevention of recurrences. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A model for studying epithelial attachment and morphology at the interface between skin and percutaneous devices
Authors: Knowles Negar G. , Miyashita Yuko , Usui Marcia L. , Marshall Andrew J. , Pirrone Annalisa , Hauch Kip D. , Ratner Buddy D. , Underwood Robert A. , Fleckman Philip , Olerud John E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPercutaneous devices are indispensable in modern medicine, yet complications from their use result in significant morbidity, mortality, and cost. Bacterial biofilm at the device exit site accounts for most infections in short‐term devices. We hypothesize that advanced biomaterials can be developed that facilitate attachment of skin cells to percutaneous devices, forming a seal to preclude bacterial invasion. To study the skin/biomaterial interface systematically, we first identified biomaterials with physical properties compatible with histological processing of skin. Second, we developed an organ culture system to study skin response to implants. Organ cultures implanted with porous poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [poly(HEMA)] or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) could easily be evaluated histologically with preservation of the skin/biomaterial interface. Epithelial cells migrated down the cut edges of the biomaterial in a pattern seen in marsupialization of percutaneous devices in vivo. This in vitro model maintains skin viability and allows histologic evaluation of the skin/biomaterial interface, making this a useful, inexpensive test‐bed for studies of epidermal attachment to modified biomaterials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
De‐esterification of pectin by alkali, plant and fungal pectinmethylesterases and effect on molecular weight
Authors: Hunter Janice L , Wicker Louise 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCommercial high methoxyl pectin was de‐esterified using chemical saponification or by pectinmethylesterases. A commercial fungal pectin methyl esterase (PME) (EC 3.1.1.11), free of polygalacturonase, or a citrus Valencia PME was used to de‐esterify pectin enzymatically to a targeted degree of esterification. The apparent molecular weight of pectin did not change by extended times of Valencia PME treatment and ranged from 154100 to 183500. Fungal PME‐modified pectins had moderately increased apparent molecular weight that ranged from 123900 to 169800. The increase in molecular weight was attributed to aggregation. The molecular weight of pectins that were de‐esterified by alkali decreased from about 156200 to 91200. Citrus Valencia or fungal PME modification alters the charge of pectin without loss of high molecular weight. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Detection and classification of latent defects and diseases on raw French fries with multispectral imaging
Authors: Noordam Jacco C , van den Broek Willie HAM , Buydens Lutgarde MC 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper describes an application of both multispectral imaging and red/green/blue (RGB) colour imaging for the discrimination between different defect and diseases on raw French fries. Four different potato cultivars generally used for French fries production are selected from which fries are cut. Both multispectral images and RGB colour images are classified with parametric and non‐parametric classifiers. The effect of applying different preprocessing techniques on the spectra was also investigated. The best classification results in terms of accuracy, yield and purity are obtained with a modified version of standard normal variate (snv_mod) preprocessing for different classifiers and potato cultivars. The classification results of the multispectral images are compared with RGB images. The results show that the support vector classifier gives the best classification performance for the snv_mod preprocessed multispectral images and k‐nearest neighbours classifier gives the best classification performance for raw RGB images. The detection of the latent greening defect in French fries with the exploration of multispectral images shows the additional value of multispectral imaging for French fries. A comparison between the multispectral images and the RGB colour images confirms this since this type of defect is not visible in the colour images. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
The tanh method: a tool for solving certain classes of non‐linear PDEs
Authors: Malfliet W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe tanh (or hyperbolic tangent) method is a powerful technique to look for travelling waves when dealing with one‐dimensional non‐linear wave and evolution equations. In particular, this method is well suited for those problems where dispersion, convection and reaction–diffusion play an important role. To show the strength of this method we study a coupled set (the so‐called Boussinesq equations) which arises in the theory of non‐linear dispersive water waves. As a result, a solitary wave profile is found which generalizes an earlier result, the famous Korteweg‐de Vries solitary wave solution. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.