bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of feline coronavirus infection and fecal shedding from cats in multiple-cat environments
Authors: Foley Janet E. , Poland Amy , Carlson Jeff , Pedersen Niels C. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine, by use of a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, patterns of fecal shedding of feline coronavirus among cats.

Design—
Prospective observational study.

Animals—
275 purebred cats from 6 private catteries and 40 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) laboratory-reared cats.

Procedure—
40 SPF cats were experimentally inoculated with crude fecal extract containing feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Fecal and plasma samples were collected every 4 days and evaluated by use of RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence assays, respectively, to correlate RT-PCR results with fecal infectivity and to determine patterns of FECV shedding and anti-FECV IgG production in acutely infected cats. The 275 cats in private catteries were monitored for 1 year. Fecal and blood samples were collected every 1 to 3 months and assayed by use of RT-PCR and serologic tests to determine patterns of coronavirus shedding and cofactors for high frequency shedding.

Results—
Results of the RT-PCR test in SPF cats were directly correlated with fecal extract infectivity. Overall, 370 of 894 (41%) fecal samples collected from cattery and shelter cats contained infectious levels of coronavirus. Of 121 cats from which multiple samples were collected, 11 never shed virus and 35, 65, and 10, respectively, shed virus with low, moderate, and high frequency. High frequency shedding was associated with age and cattery of origin, but not with sex or concurrent disease. Stress associated with parturition and lactation did not induce shedding in queens. Kittens did not shed coronavirus before they were 10 weeks old, even when nursed by shedding mothers.

Clinical Implications—
A large proportion of cats in multiple-cat environments shed coronavirus at any given time, but most undergo cycles of infection and shedding, recovery, and reinfection. Infection is acquired from chronically shedding cats and from infectious cats undergoing transient primary infection. Chronically shedding cats cannot be identified on the basis of antibody titer or signalment, but must be identified on the basis of the results of serial fecal RT-PCR tests. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1307–1312)
Onset of epiphyseal mineralization and growth plate closure in radiographically normal and dysplastic Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Todhunter R. J. , Zachos T. A. , Gilbert R. O. , Erb H. N. , Williams A.J. , Burton-Wurster N. , Lust G. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine whether onset of mineralization of the femoral and proximal tibial epiphyses and age at closure of the femoral and acetabular triradiate growth plates was different for Labrador Retrievers that were radiographically normal or that had canine hip dysplasia (CHD).

Design—
Cohort study.

Animals—
36 Labrador Retriever puppies.

Procedure—
Puppies were radiographed every other day from the time they were 8 to 10 days old until ossification of the femoral heads was apparent. Radiographs were then obtained weekly until puppies were 1 month old and then monthly until puppies were 8 to 12 months old. Age at which mineralization was first observed in the proximal and distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphyses and at which the femoral capital, triradiate acetabular, and distal femoral growth plates were no longer radiographically visible were recorded. Fifteen dogs were euthanatized and necropsied to determine whether dogs had CHD.

Results—
There were 26 radiographically normal left and right hip joints and 10 dysplastic left and right hip joints. Onset of mineralization of the proximal femoral epiphyses and of the right proximal tibial epiphysis was significantly later in dysplastic than in radiographically normal puppies. The left femoral capital growth plates closed significantly later in dysplastic than in radiographically normal joints, but other differences in growth plate closure were not detected.

Clinical Implications—
Endochondral ossification may be abnormal in dogs with CHD. The disease appears to affect multiple joints, even though it is most evident clinically in the hip joint. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210: 1458–1462)
Variations in composition of cartilage from the shoulder joints of young adult dogs at risk for developing canine hip dysplasia
Authors: Farquhar T. , Bertram J. , Todhunter R. J. , Burton-Wurster N. , Lust G. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine whether the composition of cartilage from the shoulder joints of dogs varied with the risk of developing canine hip dysplasia (CHD).

Design—
Observational study.

Animals—
12 skeletally mature (approx 1 year old) Labrador Retrievers.

Procedure—
Dogs were classified as having a low, moderate, or high risk of developing CHD on the basis of distraction indices. Cartilage was harvested from the craniolateral and weight-bearing regions of the humeral heads, and wet weight per unit area and dry, glycosaminoglycan, and fibronectin contents were determined.

Results—
Glycosaminoglycan and dry contents did not vary among risk groups. For cartilage from the craniolateral region of the humeral head, wet weight per unit area and fibronectin content increased as risk of developing CHD increased. Wet weight and fibronectin content of cartilage from the weight-bearing region of the humeral head did not vary among risk groups.

Clinical Implications—
Dogs that have a high risk of developing CHD are also more likely to develop osteoarthritis of the shoulder joint. The observed increases in wet weight per unit area and fibronectin content in cartilage from the craniolateral region of the humeral head in dogs at a high risk of developing CHD may be early signs of incipient osteoarthritis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210: 1483-1485)
Association between management practices, dairy herd characteristics, and somatic cell count of bulk tank milk
Authors: Wilson David J. , Das Helena H. , Gonzalez Ruben N. , Sears Philip M. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine whether particular dairy management practices and herd characteristics were associated with somatic cell count (See) of bulk tank milk.

Design—
Analysis of records.

Sample Population—
Milk samples collected from 59,435 cows housed in 843 dairy herds between March 1992 and June 1994.

Procedure—
Results of bacterial culture of milk samples and data on farm housing, sanitation, milking system, and management were collected. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine sources of variation in bulk tank milk see among herds.

Results—
Prevalence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus mastitis was associated with bulk tank milk SCC. In herds free of S agalactiae mastitis, prevalence of S aureus and Corynebacterium bovis mastitis were important. For herds without S agalactiae mastitis, use of sawdust bedding was associated with a decrease in SCC and a dirty loose housing area was associated with an increase. Increased milk production, repeated mastitis control visits, and use of particular predip compounds were significantly associated with reduced SCC in all herds, regardless of whether any cows in the herd had S agalactiae mastitis, In herds with S agalactiae mastitis, use of iodine (certain concentrations), chlorhexidine, peroxide, or sodium chlorite-lactic acid as a predip was associated with a decrease in SCC. Only use of sodium chlorite-lactic acid predip was significantly associated with a decrease in SCC in herds without S agalactiae mastitis.

Clinical Implications—
Important factors associated with bulk tank milk SCC were prevalence of S agalactiae and S aureus mastitis. careful application of particular predip compounds. avoiding a dirty loose housing area, and use of a service to regularly monitor prevalence of mastitis in the herd: (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1466-1469)
Intravenous administration of human immune globulin in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
Authors: Scott-Moncrieff J. Catharine R. , Reagan William J. , Snyder Paul W. , Glickman Lawrence T. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous administration of human immune globulin in the treatment of dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA).

Design—
Prospective clinical trial.

Animals—
10 dogs with confirmed primary IMHA that had failed to respond to conventional immunosuppressive treatment (administration of prednisone and cyclophosphamide or azathioprine).

Procedure—
Diagnosis of IMHA was confirmed by detecting spherocytosis or autoagglutination in blood smears and by excluding secondary causes of IMHA. Dogs were treated with human immune globulin (1 g/kg (0.45 glib] of body weight. IV) during a 6- to 12-hour period. Prednisone treatment was continued in all dogs, and cyclophosphamide treatment was continued in 4.

Results—
Median duration of prior immunosuppressive treatment was 12.5 days. Short-term response could not be evaluated in 2 dogs, because they were given blood transfusions within 7 days after immune globulin treatment. However, there was a significant increase in mean Hct and hemoglobin concentration in 8 other dogs from day 0 to 28 after treatment. Five dogs had clinically meaningful responses to treatment. Three dogs were alive 12 months after treatment. There were not any adverse effects that could be definitively attributed to immune globulin treatment; however, thrombocytopenia was observed in 6 dogs after treatment, and evidence of thromboembolism was detected at necropsy in 5 of the 7 dogs that died.

Clinical Implications—
Human immune globulin may be useful for Short-term stabilization of some dogs with IMHA; however, it did not appear to improve long-term survival. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1623–1627)
Long-term results of surgical correction of persistent right aortic arch in dogs: 25 cases (1980-1995)
Authors: Muldoon Michele M. , Birchard Stephen J. , Ellison Gary W. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To evaluate long-term outcome of dogs with persistent right aortic arch that undergo surgical correction.

Design—
Retrospective study.

Animals—
25 dogs.

Procedure—
Surgical correction consisted of ligation and division of the ligamentum arteriosum through a left fourth intercostal thoracotomy. Long-term (> 6 months after surgery) follow-up Information was obtained by means of a telephone survey of owners (22 dogs) and by means of reevaluati0ns by a veterinarian (3).

Results—
Median age at the time of surgical treatment was 12 weeks. Short-term (2 to 4 weeks after surgery) follow-up information was available for 14 dogs. Nine no longer regurgitated after eating, and 5 regurgitated infrequently. Follow-up esophagography (median time after surgery, 4 months) waS performed in 13 dogs and revealed persistence of megaesophagus in all 13. At the time of long-term follow-up, 23 (92%) dogs no longer regurgitated after eating, and the remaining 2(8%) had regurgitated less than once per week.

Clinical Implications—
Contrary to previous reports, surgical correction of persistent right aortic arch resulted in complete alleviation of clinical signs in most dogs and an improvement in signs in the remaining dogs. Persistence of megaesophagus and regurgitation in the early postoperative period did not indicate a poor long-term outcome. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1761–1763)
Evidence of vertical transmission of Neospora sp infection in dairy cattle
Authors: Anderson Mark L. , Reynolds James P , Rowe Joan D. , Sverlow Karen W , Packham Andrea E. , Barr Bradd C. , Conrad Patricia A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine whether heifers with naturally acquired congenital exposure to Neospora sp would transmit the infection to their offspring during gestation.

Design—
Prospective cohort study.

Animals—
Neonatal heifers on a dairy with a history of Neospora sp infections were selected for the study on the basis of their serum titers to Neospora sp, as determined by the use of indirect fluorescent antibody testing. Seropositive heifers (n = 25) had titers ≥ 1:5,120 and seronegative heifers (25) had titers ≤ 1:80. All heifers were raised and bred on the dairy, and samples were obtained from heifers and their calves at the time of calving.

Procedure—
Blood samples were tested for Neospora sp antibodies. Histologic evaluations, Neospora sp immunohistochemical examinations. and protozoal culturing were performed on samples obtained from selected offspring (second-generation calves).

Results—
Seropositive heifers gave birth to calves with titers ≥ 1:1,280 to Neospora sp. All offspring from seropositive heifers that were necropsied had evidence of Neospora sp infection. All seronegative heifers and their offspring had titers < 1:80 to Neospora sp.

Clinical Implications—
Congenitally acquired Neospora sp infection can persist in clinically normal heifers and be transmitted transplacentally to their offspring. Vertical transmission can be a way by which neosporosis is maintained in herds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1169–1172)
Median effective dose of propofol required for induction of anesthesia in goats
Authors: Pablo Luisito S. , Bailey James E. , Ko Jeff C. H. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine the median effective dose (ED50) of propofol required for induction of anesthesia in goats and the frequency of myoclonic activity and apnea associated with propofol administration.

Design—
Clinical trial.

Animals—
28 healthy mature goats.

Procedure—
ED50 was determined by use of the up-and-down method. The first goat was given 4 mg of propofol/kg (1.8 mg/lb) of body weight, IV. Dose was increased by 25% for the next goat if endotracheal intubation was not possible and decreased by 20% if it was. For each subsequent goat, dose was determined on the basis of response of the previous goat. The ED50 was calculated by use of probit analysis. Induction time, frequency and duration of apnea, frequency of myoclonus, and other adverse effects were recorded.

Results—
ED50 was determined to be 5.1 mg/kg (2.3 mg/lb). Mean (± SD) induction time was 23.2 ± 4.7 seconds. Apnea was observed in 27 of 28 goats; mean (± SD) duration of apnea was 72.9 ± 38.3 seconds. Dose did not correlate with duration of apnea. Myoclonic activity was observed in 16 of 28 goats; frequency of myoclonus was not associated with dose. Cyanosis, regurgitation, and signs of pain during injection were not observed.

Clinical Implications—
Administration of propofol at 5.1 mg/kg (2.3 mg/lb), IV, should permit endotracheal intubation in half of unpremedicated, healthy, mature goats. Myoclonus and apnea were associated with propofol administration. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:86–88)
Knowledge and attitudes of residents in two areas of Massachusetts about rabies and an oral vaccination program in wildlife
Authors: McGuill Michael W , Kreindel Silvia M. , DeMaria Alfred , Rupprecht Charles 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To compare public knowledge and attitudes about rabies and an oral rabies vaccination program in raccoons.

Design—
Random-digit dial telephone survey.

Sample Population—
Residents of 2 areas of Massachusetts.

Procedure—
Residents of 2 areas of Massachusetts were called to participate in a telephone survey. One area (Cape Ann) included 8 towns, most of which have had rabies in raccoons since 1993. The second area (Cape Cod) included 7 towns, 5 of which have not had rabies in raccoons. Calls were made to 642 persons, and of these, 265 agreed to participate in the survey. Of the nonrespondents who were subsequently contacted again, half agreed to participate. Data were analyzed using a statistical program. Fisher’s exact and χ2 tests were used to determine associations.

Results—
Residents from the area virtually free of rabies in raccoons were significantly less likely to consider rabies as a potential health threat for children in their household. The perception of rabies as a threat was higher for residents in the endemic area. Residents in both areas considered rabies control to be a high priority and supported use of state funding for an oral vaccination program.

Clinical Implications—
People recognize dangers associated with rabies and believe that oral vaccination programs will decrease the risk of exposure. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:305–309)
Comparison of results of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation and low-dose dexamethasone suppression tests with necropsy findings in dogs: 81 cases (1985–1995)
Authors: Van Liew Camilla H. , Greco Deborah S. , Salman Mowafak D. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of results of low-dose dexamethasone suppression (LDDS) and ACTH stimulation tests with necropsy findings in 81 dogs.

Design—
Retrospective study.

Animals—
81 dogs that had undergone screening tests for hyperadrenocorticism and that had a complete necropsy report.

Procedure—
Medical records were evaluated for results of CBC, serum biochemical analysis, urinalysis, endocrine testing, signalment, treatment, and necropsy findings. Each dog was definitively classified as having true-positive, true-negative, false-positive, or false-negative results. Statistical analyses included determination of prevalence, apparent prevalence, accuracy, number of dogs misclassifled, sensitivity, specificity, and posltive-and negative-predictive values.

Results—
Of the 81 dogs that fit the criteria for selection, 40 (49%) were confirmed as having hyperadreno-corticism (30 had pituitary-dependent disease and 10 had adrenal gland tumors). Forty-one dogs had illnesses attributable to a cause other than disease of the adrenal glands. Sensitivity of ACTH stimulation and LDDS tests were 95 and 96%, respectively. Specificity for the ACTH stimulation test was higher (91%) than that of the LDDS test (70%). When prevalence of the disease in the study population was taken into consideration, the positive-predictive value for the ACTH stimulation test was 91%, compared with 76% for the LDDS test.

Clinical Implications—
The ACTH stimulation test was more specific than the LDDS test, although sensitivity was similar for both tests. The ACTH stimulation test also had a significantly higher positive-predictive value than the LDDS test when a prevalence of 25% was taken into consideration. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:322–325)
Insulin overdose in dogs and cats: 28 cases (1986–1993)
Authors: Whitley Nathaniel T. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Panciera David L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To characterize the frequency, medical history, clinical signs, methods of treatment, and outcome of insulin-induced hypoglycemia and to identify predisposing factors.

Design—
Retrospective study.

Animals—
8 dogs and 20 cats with diabetes mellitus that developed hypoglycemia because of insulin overdose.

Procedure—
Medical records of dogs and cats receiving insulin for treatment of diabetes mellitus were reviewed. Medical records of dogs and cats that had an episode of hypoglycemia were reviewed in detail.

Results—
Overdosing of insulin was more common in cats than in dogs. Median weight of diabetic cats that became hypoglycemic was significantly greater than that of the hospital population of diabetic cats at diagnosis. Eighty percent of cats that became hypoglycemic were receiving insulin doses > 6 U/injection, administered once or twice daily. Dose and type of insulin did not correlate with duration or severity of hypoglycemia. In 7 of 8 dogs and 10 of 20 cats, management factors or concurrent medical problems were considered to be predisposing causes for insulin overdose. Two dogs and 2 cats did not have clinical signs of hypoglycemia, despite documented low concentrations of glucose in their blood.

Clinical Implications—
Diabetic cats, especially if obese, are at greater risk of insulin overdose than are diabetic dogs. The reason for overdose may not be evident. Diabetic dogs and cats may become hypoglycemic without developing autonomic warning signs of hypoglycemia, or these signs may not be recognized (hypoglycemia unawareness). (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:326–330)
Results of a survey to assess knowledge and expectations of veterinarians and their clients regarding heartworm preventives and vaccinations in dogs
Authors: New John C. , Reinemeyer Craig R. , Burr J. Hilty H. , Kelch William J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine the knowledge and expectations of veterinarians and clients regarding heart-worm preventives and annual vaccinations for dogs.

Design—
Practitioner and client survey.

Sample Population—
435 veterinarians and 1,805 clients.

Procedure—
A survey was mailed to veterinarians requesting information from them and their dog-owning clients on expectations and knowledge regarding heartworm preventives and annual vaccinations. Responses of veterinarians were compared with those of clients, and both were compared with label indications.

Results—
Expectations of veterinarians and clients regarding heartworm preventives were similar and usually were consistent with regulatory interpretation of label terms. Of clients purchasing heartworm preventives, 38% did not know that the medication was effective against intestinal nematodes. Veterinarians and clients would be unsatisfied with a product that reduced, but did not eliminate, all intestinal nematodes. Most clients knew that annual vaccinations included distemper virus, parvovirus, and rabies virus, but about half of them did not know that other antigens were in the vaccines.

Clinical Implications—
Effects of heartworm preventives and diseases for which dogs are annually vaccinated should be explained fully to clients. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:434–437)
Comparison of ketoprofen, oxymorphone hydrochloride, and butorphanol in the treatment of postoperative pain in dogs
Authors: Pibarot Philippe , Dupuis Jacques , Grisneaux Emmanuelle , Cuvelliez Sophie , Planté Jérôme , Beauregard Guy , Bonneau Norbert H. , Bouffard Johanne , Blais Diane 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To compare analgesic effects of ketoprofen, oxymorphone hydrochloride, and butorphanol when used to control postoperative pain associated with elective orthopedic surgery in dogs.

Design—
Prospective randomized clinical trial.

Animals—
70 dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery on a hind limb.

Procedure—
Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 postoperative analgesic treatment groups: ketoprofen alone, oxymorphone alone, butorphanol alone, or ketoprofen-oxymorphone. Drugs were given IM at the end of anesthesia. Pain score, sedation score, arterial blood pressures, arterial blood gas partial pressures, and plasma Cortisol concentration were measured for 12 hours after surgery. If the pain score was ≥ 9, supplemental oxymorphone was administered IM.

Results—
The proportion of dogs that did not require supplemental treatment with oxymorphone was significantly higher for the ketoprofen alone and ketoprofen-oxymorphone groups than for the oxymorphone alone group. During the first hour after surgery, pain score was lower for oxymorphone alone and ketoprofen-oxymorphone groups than for ketoprofen or butorphanol alone groups. Significant differences were not detected among groups in regard to pain score 2 and 3 hours after surgery or in regard to arterial blood pressures at any time. From 4 to 12 hours after surgery, pain score was significantly lower for the ketoprofen alone group than for other groups. Plasma Cortisol concentration was significantly higher for the oxymorphone alone group 6 and 8 hours after surgery, compared with other groups.

Clinical Implications—
Except during the first hour after surgery, dogs given ketoprofen alone after elective orthopedic surgery had a greater level of, and longer-lasting, analgesia than did dogs given oxymorphone or butorphanol alone. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:438–444)