bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Egg Immersion in Aqueous Solutions of Thiamine and Thiamine Analogs for Reducing Early Mortality Syndrome
Authors: Brown Scott B. , Brown Lisa R. , Brown Mitra , Moore Kristin , Villella Maria , Fitzsimons John D. , Williston Bill , Honeyfield Dale C. , Hinterkopf Joy P. , Tillitt Donald E. , Zajicek James L. , Wolgamood Martha 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Protocols used for therapeutic thiamine treatments in salmonine early mortality syndrome (EMS) were investigated in lake trout Salvelinus namaycush and coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch to assess their efficacy. At least 500 mg of thiamine HCl/L added to egg baths was required to produce a sustained elevation of thiamine content in lake trout eggs. Thiamine uptake from egg baths was not influenced by a pH ranging from 5.5 to 7.5 or by a water hardness between 2 and 200 mg CaCO3/L. There was poorer thiamine uptake when initial thiamine levels were low, suggesting that current treatment regimes may not be as effective when thiamine levels are severely depressed and that higher treatment doses are necessary. Exposure of eggs to the more lipid-soluble thiamine analog allithiamine (1,000 mg/L) during water hardening increased egg thiamine levels by 1.5–2.5 nmol/g and was completely effective at reversing EMS. Another more lipid-soluble thiamine analog, benfotiamine (100 mg/L), reduced EMS but did not produce detectable increases in egg thiamine content. Although benfotiamine may be more effective than thiamine at mitigating EMS, it is more expensive than thiamine HCl or allithiamine. In addition, there still needs to be a more thorough examination of dose–response relationships. We conclude that allithiamine is an alternative to the use of thiamine in egg baths as a therapeutic treatment for salmonid EMS.
The Effect of Thiamine Injection on Upstream Migration, Survival, and Thiamine Status of Putative Thiamine-Deficient Coho Salmon
Authors: Fitzsimons John D. , Williston Bill , Amcoff Patric , Balk Lennart , Pecor Charles , Ketola H. George , Hinterkopf Joy P. , Honeyfield Dale C. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
A diet containing a high proportion of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus results in a thiamine deficiency that has been associated with high larval salmonid mortality, known as early mortality syndrome (EMS), but relatively little is known about the effects of the deficiency on adults. Using thiamine injection (50 mg thiamine/kg body weight) of ascending adult female coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch on the Platte River, Michigan, we investigated the effects of thiamine supplementation on migration, adult survival, and thiamine status. The thiamine concentrations of eggs, muscle (red and white), spleen, kidney (head and trunk), and liver and the transketolase activity of the liver, head kidney, and trunk kidney of fish injected with thiamine dissolved in physiological saline (PST) or physiological saline only (PS) were compared with those of uninjected fish. The injection did not affect the number of fish making the 15-km upstream migration to a collection weir but did affect survival once fish reached the upstream weir, where survival of PST-injected fish was almost twice that of controls. The egg and liver thiamine concentrations in PS fish sampled after their upstream migration were significantly lower than those of uninjected fish collected at the downstream weir, but the white muscle thiamine concentration did not differ between the two groups. At the upper weir, thiamine levels in the liver, spleen, head kidney, and trunk kidney of PS fish were indistinguishable from those of uninjected fish (called “wigglers”) suffering from a severe deficiency and exhibiting reduced equilibrium, a stage that precedes total loss of equilibrium and death. For PST fish collected at the upstream weir, total thiamine levels in all tissues were significantly elevated over those of PS fish. Based on the limited number of tissues examined, thiamine status was indicated better by tissue thiamine concentration than by transketolase activity. The adult injection method we used appears to be a more effective means of increasing egg thiamine levels than immersion of eggs in a thiamine solution.
Nasal Airway Dimensions of Adults with Cleft Lip and Palate: Differences among Cleft Types
Authors: Fukushiro Ana Paula , Kiemle Trindade Inge Elly 
Published: May 2005

Objective To determine the nasal airway dimensions in adults with repaired cleft lip and palate by rhinomanometry and to analyze the reduction associated with different types of clefts. Model A prospective analysis comparing three types of previously repaired clefts: bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), and isolated cleft palate (CP) at the 5% level of significance. Setting Laboratory of Physiology, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil. Participants Fifty-three subjects aged 18 to 35 years (17 BCLP, 16 UCLP, 20 CP) and a group of 20 individuals without cleft (N). Variables Minimum cross-sectional nasal area assessed by posterior (PR) and anterior (AR) rhinomanometry and nasopharyngeal area assessed by modified AR. Results Mean (± 1 SD) nasal areas obtained by PR were: 0.47 ± 0.16 cm2 (BCLP), 0.57 ± 0.19 cm2 (UCLP), 0.61 ± 0.13 cm2 (CP), and 0.60 ± 0.10 cm2 (N). The mean value for the BCLP group was significantly smaller than that for the N and CP groups. The remaining values did not differ from one another. The proportion of subjects with subnormal areas obtained by PR was 41%, 19%, and 0% for groups BCLP, UCLP, and CP, respectively. Similar results were obtained by AR. All subjects presented a nasopharyngeal area larger than 0.80 cm2, denoting absence of obstruction in the nasopharynx. Conclusions In adulthood BCLP is the type of cleft associated with a greater reduction of nasal airway, compared with UCLP and CP, suggesting that adults with BCLP are at a greater risk for nasal obstruction.
Changing Lifestyles and Oral Clefts Occurrence in Denmark
Authors: Bille Camilla , Knudsen Lisbeth B. , Christensen Kaare 
Published: May 2005

Objective The aim of this project was to assess whether any changes in the birth prevalence of cleft lip with/without cleft palate (CL[P]) occurred in Denmark during the period 1988 through 2001. In this period an official recommendation of a supplementation of folic acid to pregnant women was introduced; furthermore, smoking among pregnant women decreased considerably. Design and Settings There are few places in which ecological studies of oral clefts are possible. Denmark provides a particularly good setting for this kind of study because of a high ascertainment and a centralized registration of subjects with cleft over the last 65 years. Participants Cleft occurrence in Denmark from 1936 to 1987 has previously been reported. Here we extend the study to include all live-born children with oral clefts born in Denmark in 1988 through 2001. Among a total of 992,727 live births, 1332 children with CL(P) were born during this period. Results and Conclusions The birth prevalence of CL(P) in Denmark has previously been found to be constant in the period 1962 through 1987, with a frequency of 1.4 to 1.5 per 1000 live births. This study showed a similar occurrence in 1988 through 2001 (birth prevalence = 1.44 per 1000 live births, 95% confidence interval = 1.37 to 1.52). The introduction of folic acid and the decrease in smoking prevalence among pregnant women do not seem to have reduced the birth prevalence. This may be due to noncompliance with the folic acid recommendation and/or only a weak causal association between folic acid and smoking and occurrence of CL(P).
Study of Viridans Streptococci and Staphylococcus Species in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients before and after Surgery
Authors: Arief Erry Mochamad , Mohamed Zeehaida , Idris Fauziah Mohamad 
Published: May 2005

Objective To determine the effect of surgery on types and colony count of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients. Design Saliva samples were collected after the morning meal by placing a sterile cotton swab in the vestibule of the oral cavity from cleft lip and palate patients immediately preoperative and 12 weeks postoperative. Normal children were examined as a control group. Samples were cultured; Staphylococcus and Streptococcus isolates were identified and quantified. Patients Fifteen cleft lip and palate patients and 22 normal children, aged 3 to 39 months were examined. Results Streptococcus mitis biovar 1, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus oralis of the viridans group of streptococci were the most commonly found in normal children, as well as in cleft lip and palate children. In the cleft lip and palate group, mean streptococcal count was 32.41 (29.80) and 46.46 (42.80) in the pre- and postoperative periods, respectively; in the normal group, the count was 20.93 (27.93) and 49.92 (34.72) at 0 week and 12 weeks, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common Staphylococcus species found in CLP patients, representing 47.4% postoperatively. In the cleft lip and palate children, mean staphylococcal count was 5.34 (8.13) and 0.56 (0.92) in the pre- and postoperative periods, respectively; in normal children, the count was 0.82 (1.98) and 0.60 (2.55) at 0 and 12 weeks, respectively. The differences were statistically significant only for the staphylococcal count between pre- and postoperative periods in children with cleft lip and palate as tested by analysis of variance (p < .05). Conclusions Cleft lip and palate patients had more colonization by S. aureus compared with normal children, and the colony count decreased significantly following surgical repair of the cleft lip and palate.
The Relationship between Friends' Marijuana Use, Family Cohesion, School Interest and Drug Abuse Prevention
Authors: Babst Dean V. , Miran Michael , Koval Mary 
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study is to examine how different types of students respond to various drug abuse prevention areas, so that some sensitivity to differences in audiences' need can be known for planning. The students were differentiated through a classification scheme based on three factors—friends' drug use, family cohesion and school interest. This study is based on a school survey completed by 4,000 rural students and 2,700 suburban students in New York State during 1970–71. Students in the classifications most involved with drugs were those least receptive to traditional educational programs.
The White House Conference on Aging: An Exercise in Policy Formulation
Authors: Hickey Tom , Davies Clare T. 
Published: May 2005

This study focused on whether the intended procedural design of the 1971 White House Conference on Aging—i.e., to initiate the formulation of policy at the grass-roots level-had any bearing on the ultimate national policy statement, as well as any impact on the communications flow between local and national levels. Observation, interview, and questionnaire data were gathered over a one-year period at local, state, and national levels. The subjects were the participants at community conferences in 11 predominantly rural counties in Pennsylvania, as well as the 100 state delegates to the national conference. It was learned at the local lever that: (1) the delineation of needs could not be effectively translated into policy; (2) the policy formulations of the local groups were neither adaptable to the Washington operational structure, nor applicable in the originating community; (3) the local citizens did not see in this context a vehicle to respond to their needs; and, (4) real conflict was apparent in values between the older population and institutionalized government. Data from the state level questioned the value and worth of both the conference and the process. Moreover, communication lines between the local community and the federal government were seen as nonexistent. Finally, there seemed to be evidence of a much higher degree of sophistication at dealing with the entire process.
Some Methodological Problems, Solutions and Findings from Evaluating Risk Reduction Projects
Authors: Goldstein Harris K. , Di Nitto Diana 
Published: May 2005

Three methodological problems and solutions used in comparing the effects of five risk reduction projects in Florida are reported. Some findings are also included to show how solutions effect outcome and because they were considered useful to the field of drug education. The question whether the five projects should have different stated objectives because they expected baseline data on similar target groups to be different was resolved by permitting these differences. Baseline data, however, showed no significant difference from project to project for similar target groups. A better design for future projects would be two sets of objectives, one unique to each project and one facilitating inter-project comparisons. A related problem was whether the same instrument could measure changes which were expected to be different because of different baselines, different target groups and different treatment methods from project to project. One instrument with two sections was used: one section to measure changes unique to each project and one for changes expected to be common to all projects. This was a satisfactory solution, but a longer instrument with more common items was suggested for future projects. A third problem was that each project differed in both length of program and type of program. Analysis of findings used content analysis to hold one of these constant while noting changes in effects from variations in the other. Because of the small number of sites, this was only partially successful. Effects of projects in the future would be more comparable if at least two projects had either identical program types while varying program length or vice versa. Changes in knowledge of effects of smoking and drinking appear most likely related to programs of “mixed” type containing educational elements aimed at producing positive self-awareness, and including exposure to a range of enjoyable and rewarding non-drug activities.
Expectations and Outcomes after Hip Fracture among the Elderly
Authors: Borkan Jeffrey M. , Quirk Mark 
Published: May 2005

Hip fractures among the elderly are a common occurrence, with high social and personal costs. Sequelae not infrequently include loss of independent functioning, permanent disability, and death. This prospective study of a cohort of eighty recently diagnosed “hardy” hip fracture patients examines initial rehabilitation expectations using a combination of methods. The study addresses the relationship between initial expectations and changes in ambulatory status from prefracture to three months post-fracture. The importance of previous experience with illness is also explored. Participants who had positive expectations for recovery and those who had greater previous experience were likely to have less negative change in ambulation from prefracture to three months, and better overall ambulation at three months. The findings suggest a relationship between patient expectations for recovery and actual recovery of ambulation, and support the heretofore “clinical impression” that cognition and affect influence the course of rehabilitation after hip fracture.
Smoking Behavior Change among Junior High School Youth
Authors: Reid Elizabeth Lindsay , Stone Donald B. 
Published: May 2005

The authors studied a sample of junior high school students who had made a change of behavior either from smoker to nonsmoker or from nonsmoker to smoker. The purpose of the study was to identify those attitude-belief factors associated with a change in smoking behavior. Results from this study indicate that there are certain attitude and belief characteristics that correlate highly with current smoking behavior status. This study has also shown that the attitude-belief scale employed by the authors was sensitive to change of attitudes and beliefs by reflecting significant changes in total scores obtained by the different smoking behavior groupings.
A Cognitive Model for Conceptual Change in Science Instruction with a Focus on Educational Software Development
Authors: Rezaei Alireza , Katz Larry 
Published: May 2005

In this article the authors introduce the Inventive Model as a theoretical base for science instruction and for software development in science education. The Inventive Model is a constructivistic approach to conceptual change. This model is presented as a response to the urgent need for a theoretical framework for software development in the area of conceptual understanding in science and mathematics. The model is based on the theoretical works of the pioneers in the field as well as the recent innovative/effective practices in science instruction. Some components of the model have been tested successfully in the past. However, the effectiveness of the whole model needs to be tested. Natural language understanding is a major limitation of computer-based instruction [1]. However, in this article it is shown how simple diagnostic tests, students' log files, and other advantages of computer assisted instruction (CAI) may compensate this limitation. In ongoing research the authors are developing an instructional multimedia program for conceptual change in physics based on the model. The multimedia program can be used individually, in small groups, or by the whole class under the teacher's guidance. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons between the individualized version of the multimedia program and the traditional physics instruction are the main goals of the ongoing research.
Critical Training Needs of Caregivers Working with the Woman Alcoholic
Authors: Kline Michael V. 
Published: May 2005

The author intensively examines selected areas of education, training, and needed awareness for caregivers working with the woman alcoholic. The training of alcoholism and drug caregivers is viewed from a multi-dimensional perspective. He attempts to describe important issues which must be recognized and integrated into existing training efforts. The writer considers four interrelated areas which should be incorporated into the total training experience, regardless of the type of treatment setting. First, he develops the need to view the training as a dynamic and rational process. Second, the writer stresses the importance of training and the need to include recognition of many different sub-groups of women alcoholics with many different developmental variations. Third, he provides approaches for assisting caregivers to acquire increased self-awareness and positive attitudes about women, and the need to identify and deal with harmful myths and stereotypes related to women in general. Fourth, the author describes how training efforts can better consider the special needs of the woman alcoholic during the entire process of care and treatment.
Attitude and Information Change Effected by Drug Education via Broadcast Television and Group Viewing
Authors: Wong Martin R. , Barbatsis Gretchen S. 
Published: May 2005

Little research has focused on the use of broadcast television as an instructional medium. With broadcast television the problem of limited student-teacher and student-student interaction and feedback is maximized. If effective, the use of a mass medium for a topic needing widespread dissemination, such as drug education, seems especially appropriate. The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to explore the effectiveness of broadcast television as a drug education tool, and 2) to test the effect of group viewing as a component of a positive learning environment for instructional television. Learning was measured both in terms of information acquisition and in terms of attitude change. The results of the study show that broadcast television can effectively be used for information dissemination and attitude change in drug education. Subjects showed a significant increase in knowledge and a significant change in attitude toward drugs and drug use. The second hypothesis of the study was not supported. Students viewing in groups did not differ significantly in knowledge or attitude change from those viewing alone. It is the opinion of the researchers, however, that this finding is a function of the research design and should be further tested.
Student Teachers, Computer Anxiety and Computer Experience
Authors: McInerney Valentina , McInerney Dennis M. , Sinclair Kenneth E. 
Published: May 2005

Recent research has demonstrated the debilitating effect of computer anxiety on achievement in computer related learning. As controversy exists over the merits of increasing experience with computers in order to reduce computer anxiety, the effects of increased computing experience on computer anxiety were assessed for students enrolled in a University teacher education course. In addition, other hypothesized correlates of computer anxiety were studied, viz., age, sex, school background, and computer competence. The Computer Anxiety Rating Scale (CARS) was used to measure computer anxiety prior to and at the conclusion of computer training. A control group, not undergoing computer training, was used for comparison purposes. Many of the teacher trainees in this study exhibited a high degree of computer anxiety on a number of key dimensions related to computing. The evidence from this study gives some support to the notion that increased experience leads to a diminution in computer anxiety. However, the high levels of anxiety remaining for some students after treatment suggest that a simplistic belief that increased computer experience alone will reduce computer anxiety is not tenable. The article discusses the issue that initial anxiety and continuing anxiety, after computer training, may be a function of an individual's prior computing experiences, attitudes towards computing, perceptions of self efficacy, and expectations of success associated with computer interaction.
The Nature and Extent of Drug Use among Students at a Comprehensive Suburban High School
Authors: Willson John Paul 
Published: May 2005

This study is of particular significance for curriculum development in drug education. While describing the nature and extent of drug use among a sampling of high school students, and identifying variables which predict drug use, the study also offers a valuable method of determining the appropriate grade level placement of drug prevention and intervention strategies within the school curricula. The sample consisted of 455 students attending a comprehensive, multi-ethnic-economic, suburban high school. The data indicated the lowest incidence of drug use was among freshmen, with a 72 per cent increase among sophomores, and only significant change in mode of use and not amount among upperclassmen.
Aging In Place: Knowing Where You Are
Authors: Rosel Natalie 
Published: May 2005

Research on aging in place appropriately emphasizes the value of familiar surroundings. The current study contributes an exploration of elders' personal knowledge of where and with whom they are aging in place, knowledge actively accumulated from a lifetime spent in the same area. Structured conversations over a four-month period with 10 elders living on a peninsula in northern Maine provide richly detailed narratives of physical and social particulars of where they live. I use Rowles's (1978) image of concentric circles radiating out from home to organize the information gathered regarding each elder's dwelling, neighborhood and community. Most notable is the depth and detail of their personal knowledge of where they are and with whom they are growing old. I conclude that both the knowledge itself, and the sharing of that knowledge with others, contribute to the implicit and explicit support deemed so valuable for elders who age in place. “… but then shall I know even as also I am known” First Corinthians 13:12