bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymers, Piezoelectric
Authors: Harrison J. S. , Ounaies Z. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPiezoelectric polymers have been known for more than forty years, but in recent years they have gained repute as a valuable class of “smart materials.”The most popular smart materials are piezoelectric materials, magnetostrictive materials, shape‐memory alloys, electrorheological fluids, electrostrictive materials, and optical fibers. Magnetostrictives, electrostrictives, shape‐memory alloys, and electrorheological fluids are used as actuators; optical fibers are used primarily as sensors.Among these active materials, piezoelectric materials are most widely used because of their wide bandwidth, fast electromechanical response, relatively low power requirements, and high generative forces. Piezoelectricity is a property of many noncentrosymmetric ceramics, polymers, and other biological systems. Pyroelectricity is a subset of piezoelectricity, whereby the polarization is a function of temperature. Some pyroelectric materials are ferroelectric, although not all ferroelectrics are pyroelectric. Ferroelectricity is a property of certain dielectrics that exhibit spontaneous electric polarization that can be reversed in direction by applying an appropriate electric field. Traditionally, ferroelectricity is defined for crystalline materials, or at least in the crystalline region of semicrystalline materials. In the last couple of years, however, a number of researchers have explored the possibility of ferroelectricity in amorphous polymers, that is, ferroelectricity without a crystal lattice structure.
Sensors, Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors
Authors: Galipeau David W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSurface acoustic wave microsensors are microchips that usually have a sensing film applied to the substrate surface. They differ from silicon‐based microcircuits that form the basis for most integrated circuit technology today, in that they are based on piezoelectric versus semiconductor substrates and are usually much less complex. Microsensors are usually defined as sensors of micron dimensions or are made by the same fabrication techniques that are used for integrated circuits. Microsensors have several advantages over older sensor technologies, including small size, low cost, and typically better performance. The relatively rapid development of surface acoustic wave (SAW) microsensors has resulted from the demand for low‐cost, high‐performance sensors to measure such things as hazardous gases, biological pathogens, chemical and biological weapons, automotive emissions, and indoor air quality. Additionally, there is strong interest in developing an electronic nose for both industrial and laboratory applications. As a result of these advantages and the strong demand, the development of SAW microsensors has grown rapidly during the last twenty years.
Shape‐Memory Alloys, Magnetically Activated Ferromagnetic Shape‐Memory Materials
Authors: O'Handley R.C. , Allen Samuel M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractFor years it was speculated that the large strains associated with the thermoelastic shape‐memory effect, such as in NiTi alloys, could be captured by application of a magnetic field in certain martensites that are also ferromagnetic. Ferromagnetic shape‐memory alloys (FSMAs) moved from a hypothetical new class of active materials, to join piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials, upon observation of a 0.2% magnetic field induced strain in a single crystal of Ni2MnGa in 1996.This article focuses on the application of a magnetic field to a twinned M phase that is ferromagnetic. It is necessary that the magnetic anisotropy of the M phase be large compared to the energy required for twin boundary motion and, further, that the preferred direction of magnetization changes across the twin boundary. When this is the case, application of a magnetic field results in a difference in Zeeman energy, across the twin boundary. This energy difference exerts a pressure on the twin boundary so as to grow the twin variants having the more favorably oriented magnetization. The resulting field‐induced twin‐boundary motion produces a large strain, fully within the martensitic state of an FSMA.This article describes the crystallography and magnetism of Ni–Mn–Ga in order to explain the very large strains produced by field‐induced twin‐boundary motion in martensite. Examples of field‐induced strain by twin boundary motion in Ni–Mn–Ga FSMA samples having different twin structures are given. Martensitic Fe70Pd30has also shown field‐induced strains of 0.5%, and efforts are under way to develop other iron‐base FSMAs. These other materials are not be covered in depth. The state of theoretical modeling of strain and magnetization in FSMAs is reviewed. FSMA field‐induced strains are compared and contrasted with the thermoelastic shape‐memory effect and magnetostriction.
Shape Memory Alloys, Types and Functionalities
Authors: Van Humbeeck J. , Stalmans R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMany systems exhibit martensitic transformation. Generally, they are subdivided into ferrous and nonferrous martensites. A classification of the nonferrous martensites is given, and ferrous alloys that exhibit a shape‐memory effect are reviewed.Of the systems mentioned, only one system became industrially successful: Ni‐Ti(X,Y) in which X,Y are elements that replace Ni or Ti. Besides the Ni‐Ti system, a lot of attention had been given in earlier times to Cu‐based alloys and to Fe–Mn–Si alloys. Furthermore, in recent years, special attention has been given to high‐temperature shape‐memory alloys (HTSMA).The aim of this article is mainly an introduction to industrially applicable shape‐memory alloys; the following alloy systems are reviewed:Fe‐based alloysCu‐based alloysNiTi alloysHTSMAother systems
Spin‐Crossover Materials
Authors: Miller Joel S. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Smart materials respond to their environment as illustrated by photochromic eyeglasses, that darken upon exposure to ultraviolet light to attenuate additional ultraviolet light. Hence, materials that have fast reversible responses to environmental stimuli are sought as components of smart systems. Similar to photochromic materials, thermochromic materials reversibly respond to heat and exhibit substantial color changes upon small changes in temperature. Spin‐crossover materials are a class of thermochromic materials that possess fast, reversible color changes amenable to display and memory devices. These color changes can also be induced by light (photochromic) or pressure (piezochromic) as well as heat. Due to the nature of the mechanism of their thermo‐, photo‐, or piezochromic responses (i.e., redistribution of the electron density at a metal ion site within the molecule), they are extremely fast and reversible. As a consequence of the fast color change, strong contrast between colors, and the intermolecular interactions within the solid, the differing colors can be maintained for a long period of time, and due to the lack of moving parts, these materials are completely recyclable and amenable to fast, low power‐consuming, high‐data‐density display and storage devices and “smart” materials and systems of the future.
Thermoresponsive Inorganic Materials
Authors: Evans John S.O. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe effect of temperature on the vast majority of materials is well known—as materials are heated, they initially expand in volume before eventually melting, subliming, or decomposing. Thermal expansion is often viewed as a deleterious property. Thermal expansion can, however, also be put to good use. It has long been known that the walls of bowed buildings can be pulled back into shape by a cooling iron bar; steel tires can be shrink‐fitted onto the wheels of railway carriages. Although these examples represent a technologically useful response to the stimulus of increased (or decreased) temperature, they do not quite fall into the category of “smart.” However, the very simple concept of coupling together two materials, one that has a large and one a smaller coefficient of thermal expansion to produce a bimetallic strip can certainly be considered to create a smart composite body. Here, the strains induced by the higher expansion of one material cause the strip to bend as temperature is increased, leading to a simple temperature‐sensing/responsive device.The vast majority of materials known and used in technological applications have a positive coefficient of thermal expansion; the reasons for this behavior are discussed. Certain materials, however, display the opposite property and contract in volume when heated. These materials thus have a negative coefficient of thermal expansion, which has led to their somewhat confusing description as “negative thermal expansion” (NTE) materials. The properties of these materials and the origin of these effects form the main topic of this article.Materials that have this unusual thermoresponse have a number of important technological applications. Applications related to specific materials are discussed. The first major area of application is in producing composite bodies. By mixing normal materials with a negative thermal expansion phase, one can achieve a composite that has a precisely controlled positive, negative, or even zero coefficient of expansion. Second, certain of the materials discussed can be chemically doped to control their expansion properties. Thus, one can envisage a single material that could be adjusted to have zero overall expansion. Such materials are of use where repeated thermal shock might lead to mechanical failure (an everyday example is oven‐to‐table cookware) or in optical devices such as high precision mirrors where any thermal expansion might distort optical properties. Materials that have strong intrinsic thermal contraction are most likely to be used as compensators for the positive expansion of other phases. In “negative thermal expansion” materials considered in the remainder of this article, there will always be an underlying expansive component caused by vibrational modes that tend to increase bond distances. In certain circumstances, however, these modes may be dominated by other more exotic effects.
Truss Structures with Piezoelectric Actuators and Sensors
Authors: Bravo Rafael , Vaz Anthony Faria , Dokainish Mohamed 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThere are two possible ways of dealing with flexibility in a structure: use stiffer structural members, which increase weight, or augment the inherent damping in the structure. Due to weight restrictions, only the second approach is feasible.In this article, the analytic and experimental development for the active vibration suppression of a flexible truss structure with piezoelectric actuators and sensors is explained. The structure is said to be smart, as it incorporates sensors, actuators and the intelligence to react to disturbances. Finite element modelling and modal decomposition techniques are used to obtain an accurate model of the complex dynamics. The relations that govern the response of the piezoelectric sensors and the influence of the piezoelectric actuators are derived. These relations are presented in such a way that they are easily integrated into the finite element modelling framework. Piezoelectric actuators and sensors are used as components of an active control system for the truss structure that is designed using robustH∞optimal control theory. Stimulations are performed on both the open and closed loop dynamics to assess the amount of additional damping obtained by the active control system. Simulation results show that the controller significantly increases the damping of the structure. The active controller has been implemented on an experimental truss structure. The experiments performed on the structure closely matched the simulation results.
Genetically Engineered Microorganisms for Biodegradation of Recalcitrant Compounds
Authors: Duque Estrella , Esteve‐Núñez Abraham , Michán Carmen , Abril María Angeles , Ronchel M. Carmen , Segura Ana , Ramos‐González María‐Isabel , Ramos Juan L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractKey ConceptsHybrid Pathways for Metabolism of Chloroorganic CompoundsModified Pathways for AlkylaromaticsHybrid Pathways for NitroaromaticsRemoval of OrganomercurialsImproved Removal of Pollutants in the Plant RhizosphereTracking GEMs in Microcosms and Behavior of Recombinant Microbes
Petroleum Reservoirs, Influence, Activity and Growth of Subsurface Microflora in
Authors: Bass Catherine , Lappin‐Scott Hilary 
Published: November 2003

AbstractOrigins of Hydrocarbon ReservoirsOil‐Bearing Rock Formations as Microbial HabitatsMicrobiology of Oil‐Bearing RocksMicrobial Consequences of Oil Reservoir ExploitationApplication of Microbial Technology for Exploitation of Petroleum Reservoirs
Conditioning Films in Aquatic Environments
Authors: Schneider René P. , Leis Andrew 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDefinitionSources of Organic and Inorganic Compounds in Environmental WatersInvestigating Conditioning FilmsConditioning Film AnalysisPhysicochemistry of Conditioning Film FormationComposition of Conditioning FilmsModification of Substratum Surface Physicochemistry by Conditioning FilmsKinetics of Conditioning Film DepositionEffects of Conditioning Films on Microbial AdhesionConditioning Films as Sources of Nutrients for Bacteria
Genomics, Environmental
Authors: Nelson Karen E. , Paulsen Ian T. , Heidelberg John F. , Fraser Claire M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMicrobial Genome Sequencing and AnnotationThe Environmental Applications of GenomicsUnderstanding Phylogeny and EvolutionBioremediationIndustrial ApplicationsUnderstanding Environmental PathogenesisAs Environmental Model SystemsWhat the Future Holds in StoreGenomic EngineeringBioinformatics ApplicationsComparative GenomicsExploring Microbial Diversity on Earth
Aerobic Endospores: Application in Monitoring of Drinking Water Treatment
Authors: Nieminski Eva C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBackgroundSurrogates for Protozoa in Drinking WaterAerobic Spores as Surrogates for Removal of Protozoan ParasitesAnalysis of Water Samples for Aerobic SporesOccurrence of Pathogens, Aerobic Spores, and Other Surrogates in Surface WatersPresence of Aerobic Spores in Treated Drinking WaterUsing Aerobic Spores in the Assessment of Treatment Plant Effectiveness in Removing Particulates and Microbial Contaminants
Bioremediation of Soils
Authors: Beaudette L. A. , Cassidy M. B. , England L. , Kirk J. L. , Habash M. , Lee H. , Trevors J. T. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWhy Bioremediation?Natural AttenuationEnvironmental Constraints to Soil BioremediationContaminant Variables That Affect Their Degradability in SoilMicrobiological FactorsMonitoring Bacteria Introduced into SoilEnhancing Bacterial Degrading Genes Through Molecular BiologyEncapsulation of Microbial Cells for Use in Soil BioremediationMonitoring of Biodegradation RatesMetals and RadionuclidesPhytoremediation
Viruses and Protozoan Parasites in Food, Including Methodology
Authors: Deng Ming Qi , Cliver Dean O. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractFood Vehicles of Viruses and ProtozoaProblems in Testing for Viruses and Protozoa in FoodsExtraction and Concentration of Viruses from FoodExtraction and Concentration of Protozoa from FoodViability (Infectivity) Criteria in TestingInterpretation of Results
Identification of Airborne Fungi
Authors: Cruz Patricia 
Published: November 2003

AbstractClassification of FungiTerminology and DefinitionsFungal HabitatsNutrientsCulture Media and Incubation ConditionsSpore DispersalMethods of IdentificationIdentification CriteriaProcessing and Identification of SamplesSafety PrecautionsTools of IdentificationCommon Environmental Fungi
Petroleum and Other Hydrocarbons, Biodegradation of
Authors: Prince Roger C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe Composition of Crude OilOther HydrocarbonsBiodegradation of Hydrocarbons in Aerobic EnvironmentsBiochemical Pathways of Aerobic Hydrocarbon DegradationOverall Rates of Aerobic BiodegradationRole of SurfactantsAnaerobic Degradation of Crude OilBiochemical Pathways of Anaerobic Hydrocarbon DegradationFate of Hydrocarbons in the EnvironmentApplication
Protistan Communities in Groundwater
Authors: Kinner Nancy E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractStudies of Protozoa in Soils and the SubsurfaceTypes, Abundance, and Enumeration Methods for ProtozoaProtozoan Transport in the SubsurfaceProtozoan Role in the SubsurfaceImpact of Protozoa on Contaminant Biodegradation in Aquifers
Oxygen: Effect on Marine Microbial Communities
Authors: Revsbech Niels Peter , Finster Kai W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHistorical Record of O2in the SeaOxygen ToxicityThe Distribution of Oxygen in Water and SedimentOxygen and PhotosynthesisEffect of Oxygen on the Iron and Manganese CyclesOxygen and the Sulfur CycleAnalysis of Oxygen at a Scale Relevant to the World of Microorganisms
Permafrost
Authors: Gilichinsky David 
Published: November 2003

AbstractParameters of Permafrost Microbial HabitatChemical Composition and Organic MatterThe Correlation Between the age of Permafrost Environment and the Age of Viable MicroorganismsPermafrost BiodiversityResponse of Microbial Communities to Permafrost EnvironmentMetabolic Activity in Permafrost EnvironmentPaleoenvironmental ReconstructionsThe Perspectives for Future Study and Possible Applications
Adhesion (Primary) of Microorganisms onto Surfaces
Authors: Boonaert Christophe J. P. , Dufrêne Yves F. , Rouxhet Paul G. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTerminologyMethods to Study Microbial AdhesionPhysicochemical Aspects of Primary AdhesionComplexity of Microorganism—Substratum Interfaces
Phototrophic Purple and Green Bacteria in Marine and Hypersaline Environments
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractGeneral Ecology of Phototrophic Bacteria in Saline HabitatsPhototrophic Bacteria Isolated from Marine and Hypersaline HabitatsPhylogeny of Marine and Halophilic Phototrophic BacteriaSalt Requirement and Osmotic Adaption
Wastewater and Biosolids as Sources of Airborne Microorganisms
Authors: Dowd Scot E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHistory of Aeromicrobiology and WastewaterAerosols Originating from Wastewater Treatment PlantsBioaerosols Associated with Sprinkler Irrigation Using WastewaterBioaerosols Associated with Land Placement of BiosolidsMiscellaneous Sources of Wastewater Aerosols
Biocontrol, Microbial Agents in Soil
Authors: Chet Ilan , Chernin Leonid 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBiocontrol of Soilborne DiseasesBiocontrol of NematodesMechanisms of Biological ControlFormulation and Delivery of Biocontrol AgentsCombined Usage of Biocontrol AgentsIntegrated Pest ManagementMolecular Approaches for Improvement of Existing, and Creation of New Biocontrol Agents
AtlanticCoastalPlain Aquifers and Other Uncosolidated Subsurface Sediments: Microbiological Aspects
Authors: Pfiffner Susan M. , Sobecky Patricia A. , Phelps Tommy J. , Palumbo Anthony V. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSitesSampling the SubsurfaceMethods for Community AnalysisPresence, Abundance, and Diversity of Microorganisms in Atlantic Coastal Plain Sediments
Legionellain the Environment: Persistence, Evolution, and Pathogenicity
Authors: Harb Omar S. , Kwaik Yousef Abu 
Published: November 2003

AbstractLegionellae; Historical Perspective and Public Health IssuesThe Transmission and Ecology of LegionellaeThe Life Cycle of Legionellae Within Their Protozoan Host CellsDetection and Disinfection of Legionellae
Bottled Water, Microbiology of
Authors: Rosenberg Fred A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWhy Do People Drink Bottled Water?Where Does Bottled Water Come from?Regulation of Bottled WaterGrowth Media for Bacteria in Bottled WaterTypes of Bacteria Normally Found in Source WatersTreatment of WaterNomenclature of WatersBacteria in the Finished ProductPlastic and Glass ContainersShelf StoragePseudomonads in Bottled WaterAntibiotic Resistance of PseudomonadsCarbonated and Noncarbonated WaterArtificial Inoculation of Waters with BacteriaAeromonassp.Viability of Bacteria Without MultiplicationIsolation of Amoebae from Mineral WatersFluoride in Bottled WaterBottled Water DispensersUse of Bottled Water for Cleaning Contact LensesEndotoxin in Bottled WaterNew Techniques in Bottled Water Microbiology
Carbon Transformations and Activity in Biofilms
Authors: Leis Andrew , Flemming Hans‐Curt 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDiversity of Strategies for Carbon Metabolism by Biofilm OrganismsSyntrophy and Antagonism in BiofilmsSources of Natural Organic Carbon SubstratesAssimilable Organic Carbon and Bioavailability ConceptsMicrobial Transformations of Diverse and Dilute SubstratesMeasurement of Transformations and Activity in Biofilms
Fecal Contamination, Sources of
Authors: Parveen Salina , Tamplin Mark L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMicroorganisms Used for Detecting Sources of Fecal ContaminationNew Approaches for Differentiating Bacterial StrainsMultiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR)O‐SerogroupingPulsed‐Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)Ribotyping
Filamentous Bulking in Activated Sludge, Control of
Authors: Wanner Jiri 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWell‐Settling Activated SludgeActivated Sludge Separation ProblemsBasic Selection Mechanisms for Filamentous Bulking ControlApplication of Bulking Control Principles to the Design and Operation of Activated Sludge PlantsNonspecific Bulking Control MethodsNotation
Protozoan Ciliates in Freshwater Ecosystems
Authors: Crisman Thomas L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSampling and Laboratory ApproachesSeasonalityRelation of Ciliate Biomass and Size to Trophic StateControl of Ciliate PopulationsNutrient CyclingMixotrophyCiliates and the Microbial LoopCiliates as Early Warning Bioindicators of Ecosystem Change
Thermophiles: Anaerobic Alkalithermophiles
Authors: Wiegel Juergen 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDefinition of “Extreme”Mesophilic and Thermophilic Alkaliphiles have been Studied Only RecentlyAlkalithermophilesThermophilic “Superbugs” Among Validly Described Species of ExtremophilesBiogeography and BiogeochemistrySome Comments on Methods for Studying Anaerobic AlkalithermophilesAnaerobic Alkalithermophilic Bacteria and their Habitats Known Thus FarArchaeal Species and their Known HabitatsPossible Correlation between the Shortest Observed Doubling Times for a Species and the Type of Habitat from Which the Alkalithermophiles were Isolated
Stress Response in Archaea
Authors: Macario Alberto J. L. , de Macario Everly Conway 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTerminologyThe Three Domains of LifeThe BeginningsGene CloningDiscontinuous Distribution of thehsp70(dnaK)Gene within the Domain ArchaeaStress Proteins in ArchaeaThe Molecular Chaperone MachineThe ChaperoninsThe CochaperonesPrefoldinOther Stress Proteins and Antistress Mechanisms in ArchaeaThe Proteasome and ProteolysisMulticellular StructuresFuture Prospects
The Importance of Prognosis in Cancer Medicine
Authors: Mackillop William J. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Prognostic judgment remains an essential element of modern, medical practice. It meets patients' needs for information about the future that they can use to plan their lives, and it provides a basis for rational medical decisions. In the future, the importance of prognosis in oncology is likely to increase as new predictors of the prognosis permit increasingly accurate predictions of the outcomes of treatment. Over the last 30 years, advances in clinical epidemiology have greatly improved the practice of oncology; we understand much better today how to establish the “generalizability” of clinical observations. In future, however, the challenge will be to increase the “particularizability” of medical knowledge in such a way that the individual characteristics of the patient and the tumor are appropriately factored into treatment decisions. This will require characterizing patients, not only in terms of the diagnostic group to which they belong, but also in terms of all those individual characteristics that may influence the outcome of treatment. Hence, the importance of continuing to study prognostic factors in oncology, and learning to use them correctly.