bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative identification of sources of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments by a factor analysis model and a chemical mass balance model combined with monte carlo techniques
Authors: Ogura Isamu , Gamo Masashi , Masunaga Shigeki , Nakanishi Junko 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
The major sources of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in two sediment cores from Tokyo Bay and Lake Shinji (both in Japan) were identified and their source contributions estimated using two receptor models. The first was a nonnegative constrained factor analysis (FA) model, and the second was a nonnegative constrained chemical mass balance model combined with Monte Carlo techniques (CMB-MC) to take into account the variability and uncertainty in both PCB congener profiles of sources and environmental samples. According to the FA model, variations in the concentrations of dioxin-like PCBs in each sediment core were accounted for almost entirely by two factors, which were considered to correspond to Kanechlors (KCs; Japanese PCB products) and incineration. The CMB-MC model investigated the trends of the burdens from four types of KCs and incineration to the concentrations of dioxin-like PCBs in each sediment core. The results for both sediment cores obtained by both models indicated that the burden from KCs increased gradually beginning in the 1950s, peaked around 1970, and declined thereafter, whereas the burden from incineration increased gradually from the 1950s to the early 1990s. The estimated contribution from incineration to the toxic equivalent concentration of dioxin-like PCBs was comparable to that from KCs.
Occurrence of twenty-six endocrine-disrupting compounds in environmental water samples from Catalonia, Spain
Authors: Brossa Lidia , Marcé Rosa M. , Borrull Francesc , Pocurull Eva 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
We monitored 26 compounds knowns or suspected to be endocrine disruptors in several environmental water samples from a river, the sea, and an irrigation canal. Because of the various chemical properties of the compounds monitored, analyses were carried out by using two different methods. One method is based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) on-line coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry through an on-column interface. Another is based on high-performance liquid chromatography–(electrospray) mass spectrometry working in negative ionization mode and using off-line SPE. The limits of detection for the two methods were at levels of low μg/L. Phthalates and bis-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate were found at levels between 0.05 and 13 μg/L in all of the water samples analyzed. Some pesticides, alkylphenols, and estrogens were determined in a few samples at levels below 0.1 μg/L.
Kinetics and mechanism of esterification of epoxy resin with methacrylic acid in the presence of tertiary amines
Authors: Srivastava Akanksha , Pal Neelam , Agarwal Sudha , Rai J. S. P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe synthesis of vinyl ester resins V1, V2, and V3 was carried out using bisphenol‐A based epoxy resin and methacrylic acid in the presence of triethyl‐, tripropyl‐, and tributyl‐amines, respectively. The reaction follows first‐order kinetics. The interaction between acid and amine was investigated by IR spectroscopy which shows absorptions corresponding to the formation of activated acid–catalyst complex. The specific rate constants, calculated by regression analysis, were found to obey an Arrhenius expression. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters: activation energy, frequency factor, entropy, enthalpy, and free energy revealed that the reaction was spontaneous and irreversible with a highly ordered activated complex. The activation energy of the esterification of epoxy resin in the presence of tertiary amines increases in order V1 < V2 < V3. The experimental results were explained by proposing a reaction mechanism and deriving the rate equation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24:1–13, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20026
Modified silicone rubber for use as high voltage outdoor insulators
Authors: Ehsani M. , Borsi H. , Gockenbach E. , Bakhshandeh G. R. , Morshedian J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPolymer insulation for outdoor use has become increasingly more important and is expected to dominate the future HV‐outdoor applications. Polymeric insulators were reported to have performed better than porcelain and glass in laboratories and outdoor test sites. This paper reports an experimental investigation concerned with electrical and surface properties of a silicone‐modified polymer in comparison with silicone rubber (SIR), ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (EPDM), and alloys of SIR–EPDM. The loss of hydrophobicity of polymeric materials induced by UV, salt spray, and water salinity aging was examined in this work. An ATR–FTIR technique was used to study the surface degradation of polymers occurring during UV aging. Tracking and erosion induced by high‐electrical stresses reduce the lifetime of polymeric materials used for outdoor insulation. The results of standard tests showed that silicone rubber suffers from a deterioration of tracking resistance, caused by the loss of hydrophobicity from the action of water salinity stresses. The silicone‐modified polymer shows good hydrophobicity behavior in environmental conditions and excellent tracking and erosion resistance, as compared to SIR, EPDM, and alloy of SIR–EPDM. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24:51–61, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20027
Evidence that caterpillar labial saliva suppresses infectivity of potential bacterial pathogens
Authors: Musser Richard O. , Kwon Hyeog S. , Williams Spencer A. , White C. James , Romano Michael A. , Holt Scott M. , Bradbury Shay , Brown Judith K. , Felton Gary W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFN1 Paper presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, October 2003. Symposium entitled Insect Saliva: An Integrative Approach. ABS Salivary enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOX) from the caterpillar Helicoverpa zea, catalyzes the conversion of glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Because hydrogen peroxide has well‐known antimicrobial properties, we examined whether caterpillar labial saliva could reduce the infectivity of bacterial pathogens. We examined the effects of caterpillar saliva on the growth of two bacteria species Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Wells formed in LB agar contained a solution of salivary gland extract (Sx) and glucose, GOX and glucose, Sx only, GOX only, or glucose only. After 18 h of incubation, the diameter of cleared bacteria was measured. Wells treated with only GOX, Sx, or glucose showed no measurable area of clearing, while wells treated with GOX with glucose or Sx with glucose had considerable clearing. To determine if saliva could provide protection to caterpillars in vivo, a surgery was performed on caterpillars that prevented the secretion of labial saliva. Caterpillars were fed a diet containing either no added bacteria or treated with high levels of S. marcescens or P. aeruginosa. Caterpillars that could not secrete saliva had significantly higher levels of mortality when feeding on diet treated with either bacterium than caterpillars that could secrete saliva when feeding on equal levels of bacteria‐treated diet. Our evidence demonstrates for the first time that insect saliva in situ can provide protection against bacterial pathogens and that the salivary enzyme GOX appears to provide the antimicrobial properties. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:138–144, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of salivary lipocalins in blood feeding by Rhodnius prolixus
Authors: Andersen John F. , Gudderra Nanda P. , Francischetti Ivo M.B. , Ribeiro José M.C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to overcome host mechanisms that prevent blood loss, the blood‐sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus has evolved a complex salivary secretion containing dozens of different proteins. A number of these have been characterized and found to have roles in inhibiting various hemostatic or inflammatory systems. Interestingly, many of these biologically active salivary proteins belong to the lipocalin protein family. A proliferation of lipocalin genes has occurred via gene duplication and subsequent divergence. Functional genomic, proteomic, and functional studies have been performed to probe the role of salivary lipocalins in blood feeding. In the course of these investigations, anticoagulant, antiplatelet, antiinflammatory, and vasodilatory molecules have been described. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:97–105, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micro‐injection of lygus salivary gland proteins to simulate feeding damage in alfalfa and cotton flowers
Authors: Shackel Kenneth A. , de la Paz Celorio‐Mancera Maria , Ahmadi Hamid , Greve L. Carl , Teuber Larry R. , Backus Elaine A. , Labavitch John M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlfalfa and cotton flowers were pierced with small glass capillaries of an overall size and shape similar to that of Lygus stylets, and injected with small quantities (6 to 100 nL) of solutions that contained Lygus salivary enzymes. Crude and partially purified protein solutions from Lygus heads and isolated salivary glands showed substantial polygalacturonase (PG) activity, as has been previously reported. Following injection with both crude and partially purified protein solutions, as well as with pure fungal and bacterial PGs, flowers of both alfalfa and cotton exhibited damage similar to that caused by Lygus feeding. Injection with the same volume of a buffer control as well as a buffer control containing BSA at a comparable protein concentration (approximately 6 μg/mL) showed no symptoms. These results are consistent with a previously suggested hypothesis that the extensive tissue damage caused by Lygus feeding is primarily due to the action of the PG enzyme on the host tissue, rather than to mechanical damage caused by the insect stylet. Substantial genotypic variation for a PG inhibiting protein (PGIP) exists in alfalfa and cotton. We, therefore, suggest that breeding and selection for increased native PGIP levels, or transformation with genes encoding PGIP from other plant species, may be of value in obtaining alfalfa and cotton varieties that are more resistant to Lygus feeding damage. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:69–83, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The host plant as a factor in the synthesis and secretion of salivary glucose oxidase in larval Helicoverpa zea
Authors: Peiffer Michelle , Felton Gary W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe investigated the effect of the host plant on the synthesis and secretion of the elicitor glucose oxidase in the salivary glands of larval Helicoverpa zea. Glucose oxidase catalyses the oxidation of d‐glucose to produce d‐gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Previous studies have found that the product hydrogen peroxide is primarily responsible for suppressing the wound‐inducible defenses of the host plant. Using an antibody specific for glucose oxidase, we determined the effect of the host plant on the rate of secretion of glucose oxidase. Larval H. zea secrete microgram amounts of the enzyme glucose oxidase from their principal salivary glands, the labial glands. Larvae reared on different host plants produce varying amounts of glucose oxidase in their labial glands. We used a tissue printing procedure with our antibody to determine if larvae secrete glucose oxidase directly at the feeding or wound sites. Significant amounts of the enzyme are deposited at the feeding site, although some is deposited outside the feeding margins. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:106–113, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biosynthesis of fatty acid amide elicitors of plant volatiles by insect herbivores
Authors: Tumlinson James H. , Lait Cameron G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLarvae of several species of Lepidoptera produce fatty acid amide elicitors that induce the plants on which they feed to synthesize and release volatile organic compounds. The volatiles released by the plants act as cues that aid in host location by natural enemies of the herbivorous larvae. The elicitors are synthesized in the larvae by enzymes embedded in the membranes of the crop and anterior midgut tissues. The fatty acid precursors of the elicitors are obtained from the plants on which the caterpillars feed, while the amino acid moieties appear to be obtained from pools within the insects. The fatty acid amide elicitors are rapidly hydrolyzed in the midgut and hindgut by enzymes in the gut lumen. The role of these fatty acid amides in caterpillar metabolism is not yet understood. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:54–68, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence that the caterpillar salivary enzyme glucose oxidase provides herbivore offense in solanaceous plants
Authors: Musser Richard O. , Cipollini Don F. , Hum‐Musser Sue M. , Williams Spencer A. , Brown Judith K. , Felton Gary W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe insect salivary enzyme glucose oxidase (GOX) can inhibit wound‐inducible nicotine production in tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum. We examined whether salivary gland extracts of Helicoverpa zea lacking active GOX could still suppress nicotine in tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, and whether GOX could suppress wound‐inducible defenses of another Solanaceous plant, tomato Lycopersicon esculentum. Tobacco leaves were wounded with a cork borer and treated with water, salivary gland extracts with active GOX (SxG), or salivary gland extracts with inactive GOX (SxI). After three days, leaves treated with SxG had significantly less nicotine than all other wounded treatments. Neonates that fed on the terminal leaves of tobacco plants treated with SxG had significantly higher survival than neonates that fed on leaves treated with either SxI or water. This evidence supports the assertion that GOX is the salivary factor responsible for the suppression of tobacco plant nicotine production by H. zea saliva. Results for the NahG tobacco plants, which lack salicylic acid (SA) due to a transgene for bacterial SA hydroxylase, indicate that suppression of nicotine by GOX does not require SA. However, tobacco leaves that were wounded and treated with SxG had significantly higher levels of the SA‐mediated PR‐1a protein than leaves treated with SxI or water. Leaves of tomato plants wounded with scissors and then treated with SxG had trypsin inhibitor levels that were moderately lower than plants wounded and treated with purified GOX, water, or SxI. However, all the wounded tomato leaves irrespective of treatment resulted in lower caterpillar growth rates than the non‐wounded tomato leaves. Glucose oxidase is the first insect salivary enzyme shown to suppress wound‐inducible herbivore defenses of plants. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:128–137, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytotoxicant‐induced trophoblast dysfunction and abnormal pregnancy outcomes: Role of zinc and metallothionein
Authors: McAleer Mary Frances , Tuan Rocky S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNormal trophoblast function, including implantation, hormone production, and formation of the selectively permeable maternofetal barrier, is essential for the establishment and maintenance of the fetoplacental unit and proper fetal development. Maternal cytotoxicant exposure causes the destruction of these cells, especially the terminally differentiated syncytiotrophoblasts, and results in a myriad of poor pregnancy outcomes. These outcomes range from intrauterine growth retardation and malformation to spontaneous abortion or stillbirth. There is recent evidence that the metal‐binding protein, metallothionein, is involved in the protection of human trophoblastic cells from heavy metal‐induced and severe oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis. Metallothionein, with its unique biochemical structure, can both bind essential metal ions, such as the transcription modulator zinc, and yet allow their ready displacement by toxic nonessential metal ions or damaging free radicals. These properties suggest that metallothionein may be responsible not only for sequestering the cytotoxic agents, but also for altering signal transduction in the affected cells. Here, we review several identified causes of adverse pregnancy outcomes (specifically, prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke and alcohol, gestational infection, and exposure to environmental contaminants), discuss the role of zinc in modulating the cellular response to these toxic insults, and then propose how metallothionein may function to mediate this protective response. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 72:361–370, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms for the environmental regulation of gene expression
Authors: Gilbert Scott F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe environment can play a significant role in the production of phenotypes. However, the developmental mechanisms by which the environment can affect normal development are only now being elucidated. At least three paths have been found through which the environment can modify gene expression. The first is the neuroendocrine route, wherein the nervous system transmits signals from the environment to the endocrine system and the hormones alter gene expression. The second pathway involves environmental agents that change the methylation pattern of genes, thereby altering their transcriptional capacities. The third route involves the direct induction of gene expression in the host by its microbial symbionts. The normal environmental regulation of phenotype production should be considered a normal component of development and developmental biology. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 72:291–299, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response characteristics of the mitochondrial DNA genome in developmental health and disease
Authors: Knudsen Thomas B. , Green Maia L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis review focuses on mitochondrial biology in mammalian development; specifically, the dynamics of information transfer from nucleus to mitochondrion in the regulation of mitochondrial DNA genomic expression, and the reverse signaling of mitochondrion to nucleus as an adaptive response to the environment. Data from recent studies suggest that the capacity of embryonic cells to react to oxygenation involves a tradeoff between factors that influence prenatal growth/development and postnatal growth/function. For example, mitochondrial DNA replication and metabolic set points in nematodes may be determined by mitochondrial activity early in life. The mitochondrial drug PK11195, a ligand of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, has antiteratogenic and antidisease action in several developmental contexts in mice. Protein malnutrition during early life in rats can program mitochondrial DNA levels in adult tissues and, in humans, epidemiological data suggest an association between impaired fetal growth and insulin resistance. Taken together, these findings raise the provocative hypothesis that environmental programming of mitochondrial status during early life may be linked with diseases that manifest during adulthood. Genetic defects that affect mitochondrial function may involve the mitochondrial DNA genome directly (maternal inheritance) or indirectly (Mendelian inheritance) through nuclear‐coded mitochondrial proteins. In a growing number of cases, the depletion of, or deletion in, mitochondrial DNA is seen to be secondary to mutation of key nuclear‐coded mitochondrial proteins that affect mitochondrial DNA replication, expression, or stability. These defects of intergenomic regulation may disrupt the normal cross‐talk or structural compartmentation of signals that ultimately regulate mitochondrial DNA integrity and copy number, leading to depletion of mitochondrial DNA. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 72:313–329, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic and fetal programming of physiological disorders in adulthood
Authors: Lau Christopher , Rogers John M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the past decade, data from numerous epidemiological studies have indicated strong inverse associations between birth weight and risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, type 2‐diabetes, and other diseases in adulthood. The “Barker hypothesis” thus postulates that a number of organ structures and functions undergo programming during embryonic and fetal life. This developmental programming determines the set points of physiological and metabolic responses in adult life. Alterations of nutrient availability during gestation may lead to developmental adaptations, via hormonal maneuvers by the embryo and fetus that readjust these set points. These adaptive measures have short‐term benefits to the embryo and fetus, so that the newborn will be better prepared for the adverse environment (e.g., undernutrition). However, adequate nutritional support during postnatal life that enables catch‐up growth may create metabolic conflicts that predispose the adult to aberrant physiological functions and, ultimately, increased risk of disease. It is plausible that other adverse in utero conditions, including exposure to developmental toxicants, may similarly alter adult disease susceptibility. This article provides an overview of the Barker hypothesis, its supporting evidence, the current advances in understanding the biological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, and its implications for developmental toxicology. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 72:300–312, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A modular on‐line three‐dimensional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry approach to characterization of organelle proteomes
Authors: Johnson Kenneth L. , Loegering David A. , Gleich Gerald J. , Naylor Stephen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this work we describe the use of a modular multidimensional chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry approach for rapid identification of proteins. In particular we highlight the use of a strong cation exchange cartridge in conjunction with a membrane postconcentration cartridge and nano‐HPLC on‐line with tandem mass spectrometry to characterize the eosinophil granule organelle proteome. Details are provided of the analytical approach we have developed and we discuss some of the advantages compared with previously reported analyses, as well as providing some specific examples of novel proteins identified. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.