bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wie belt er nou nog? De veranderende opbrengst van de telefoontap
Authors: Odinot G. , de Jong D. 
Published: February 2025

Who's still calling? The changing results of the telephone tap
In the past decades, telecommunications traffic has grown explosively. There has been an enormous expansion of the use of mobile phones. In addition, the way in which these phones are used has changed as well. An ever growing number of mobile phones is connected to the Internet, and a growing share of communications take place through the Internet. As a result, communication gets increasingly fragmented, because of the various ways and channels available for communication. In this article, the authors discuss the possible implications of these developments for the use of the telephone tap as an investigative tool during criminal investigations. Furthermore, the authors examine the ways in which the internet tap can support or replace the use of the telephone tap. Finally, alternative investigation tools are discussed that might compensate the changing results of the telephone tap.
De exfiltratie van verdachte en veroordeelde criminelen
Authors: Fijnaut C. 
Published: February 2025

The exfiltration of accused and convicted criminals
The Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure and the related guidelines of the College of Procurators-General are for all sorts of historical and ideological reasons heavily restrictive when it comes to the use of cooperative witnesses in criminal proceedings. What strikes most is that even in very serious cases it is not possible to grant a witness complete or partial immunity in exchange for his important cooperation. This contribution describes the problems arising sometimes in criminal cases wherein prosecutors, despite the existing narrow framework, make a deal with such a witness. The article outlines not only the historical and international background of the use of cooperative witnesses, but also its contemporary legal framework in the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom and Germany. The outcome of this comparative exercise is that at least the current legal provisions should be evaluated and that this evaluation should take into account the system and experiences in other countries as well as the problems of serious crime in the Netherlands and the leniency policies that govern the efforts to contain serious white collar crime like e.g. cartels.
Veilig politiewerk: de basispolitie over geweld
Authors: Gieling M. , van der Torre E.J. 
Published: February 2025

Police cops and the use of violence
The ideologies of community policing are central to the work of the Dutch police. The aim is to combine a focus on relations with the community with law enforcement, including the use of physical force. The balance has shifted, however, in favour of social relations. This article reports on the findings of a recent study among executive police officers. It is shown that the physical demands of police work are neglected in the selection and education of policemen and -women. Furthermore, there is a need for improving the training of standard procedures and interventions with respect to the use of physical force. In addition, it is found that a majority of the respondents feel that the use of force – in a correct way and in appropriate situations – is underappreciated by those in higher positions, while at the same time the issue of avoidance behaviour is not addressed.
Hoog betrouwbaar organiseren in het OM
Authors: de Bruine H. , Fijn H. , de Beer P. 
Published: February 2025

Highly reliable organizing in Dutch public prosecution
This article deals with possibilities for the Public Prosecutor’s Office in the Netherlands to learn from high reliability organizations (HROs). The authors draw a picture on the basis of information, gathered between 2008 and 2010. While dealing with mistakes or faults much emphasis is often laid upon a professional attitude, written handbooks and discipline as essential conditions. The experience with HROs shows that at the same time mental processes are needed for fast detection and containment of developing problems. These mental processes, heaped together as ‘collective mindfulness’, refer to the picking up of weak signals and the resilient reacting upon incidents. The authors show to what extent the Public Prosecutor’s Office makes use of these processes. The level of training and education and the ‘hands on’ mentality of the average Public Prosecutor build a firm foundation for reliability. Reflection and to what extent knowledge is shared seem liable for improvement. Adapting (elements of) the HRO philosophy may prove an effective way to foster the actual exchange and use of knowledge within the Public Prosecutor’s Office and thus raise its reliability.
Surveilleren en opsporen in een internetomgeving
Authors: Oerlemans J.J. , Koops B.J. 
Published: February 2025

Police patrolling and downtracking on the Internet
Publicly available information on the Internet about people or criminal acts can be relevant to criminal investigations. This article analyses to what extent Dutch criminal procedure law allows open source intelligence for law-enforcement purposes. When more than ‘minor’ privacy interferences arise, an explicit investigatory power in the criminal procedure code is required. Minor infringements are allowed under the general task description in the Police Act 1993. It is unclear however when ‘substantial’ privacy infringements arise. On the basis of ECHR jurisprudence on foreseeability and the Dutch criteria for ‘systematic observation’, the authors conclude that Internet data-gathering will often require an explicit investigatory power and can only be used for criminal investigation with an order from the public prosecutor, but not, except for small-scale and ad hoc searches, for general police practice purposes. Because the Internet is much different in its nature from a decade ago and the investigatory powers are not in all respects easily applicable to Internet surveillance, the authors argue that the Dutch legislator must take action and make clear under which conditions information on the Internet can be gathered by law enforcement.
De valkuilen van de probleemgerichte politiezorg
Authors: Berghuis A.C. , de Waard J. 
Published: February 2025

The pitfalls of problem-oriented policing in the Netherlands
The Dutch police has embraced the concept of problem-oriented policing as an effective strategy to combat crime. This police strategy is based on information, analyses and cooperation with relevant stakeholders outside the police. The authors argue that the implementation of the concept of problem-oriented policing is essentially still in an infant stage due to tenacious internal en inter-organizational difficulties. More fundamental, the concept of problem-oriented policing is used in an intuitive and superficial manner, instead of introducing a more rigorous analytical one. Suggested is a more modest and disciplined approach, which functions not as an alternative for, but as a supplement to classical reactive policing.
De poort van het gevoel
Authors: Kansil T. 
Published: February 2025

The Dutch police in public debate
How should the police operate in the media and in public debate? This question has become more urgent since the rise of populism in The Netherlands. The media expect the police to give its views when incidents, riots, shocking crimes etc. happen. But to communicate effectively with the public it’s nowadays not enough to stick to ‘the facts’ and take an independent position above the various parties involved. Doing this is often misunderstood as denying the needs of people suffering from social security problems and not taking them seriously. The author discusses which media strategies the police could adopt to effectively handle security issues and clarify its position in democratic society.
Gekleurde ideeën
Authors: Janssen J. 
Published: February 2025

Coloured ideas; concepts behind the striving for diversity within the Dutch police
The Dutch police has a long tradition regarding the development of diversity policies. Although these policies also deal with issues concerning gender, (homo)sexuality, the position of the elderly and chronically ill or invalid employees, this contribution mainly focusses on diversity regarding the ethnic background of police officers and particular aspects of crime and safety within Dutch multi-ethnic society. First of all a brief historical (1950s till present) overview is presented of ideas and projects regarding this aspect of diversity. Furthermore a shift in focus is presented: diversity used to be a social issue and nowadays it is understood as a business issue. The difference between these two is explained and discussed. Finally some suggestions are made concerning future research.
Pionieren en formaliseren
Authors: van Buuren J. 
Published: February 2025

Pioneering and formalisation; the international interweaving of police work
International police cooperation is characterised by sometimes conflicting dynamics between informal security entrepreneurship and formal institutionalisation and centralisation. In spite of claims in governance literature that states are losing their commanding heights due to internationalisation, experience shows that states are in fact able and willing to control and steer international police networks. Whether matching processes of politicisation and bureaucratisation conflict with operational effectiveness remains to be seen. Both in politics and science the institutional approach is dominant in describing, explaining and evaluating international police cooperation. This runs the risk of losing sight of the ‘logic of practicality’ that in reality is very important for innovations and developments regarding cross-border cooperation. In the logical of practicality, dimensions like intuition, creativity, trust and perseverance are more important than rules, policy preferences or organisational charts.
De evaluatie van Nederland in het kader van de Universal Periodic Review
Authors: Verrest P.A.M. , Dopheide T. 
Published: February 2025

The evaluation of the Netherlands within the Universal Periodic Review
The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) was created by the Human Rights Council in 2006 as a tool to evaluate human rights standards in all 192 countries of the United Nations. It should be distinguished from the reviews by treaty-based bodies. These bodies are composed of independent experts and monitor the implementation of the human rights treaties. The UPR, on the other hand, is a peer review among countries on the whole spectrum of human rights. The Netherlands was evaluated for the second time in 2012. This article describes the background and procedure of the UPR. It then focuses more specific on the session of the Netherlands, by giving an impression of topics that were raised, as well as some reflections on both the session and the UPR itself.
Het Nederlandse detentierecht naar internationale maatstaven
Authors: de Jonge G. 
Published: February 2025

Dutch detention law measured by international standards
Dutch detention law seems to meet all standards of the normative European Prison Rules. There is however no reason for self-satisfaction, because other relevant international standards have so far received little attention. The author discusses the Bangkok Rules, the Istanbul Protocol, the Declaration of Malta on Hunger Strikers and the European Code of Ethics for Prison Staff. All of these documents give rise to adaptations or additions of existing Dutch penitentiary law. The author suggests that it would be best to develop a new general detention law containing basic norms for the treatment of everyone deprived of his freedom, irrespective of the detention’s legal title.
Mensenrechten begrensd: detentie in het vreemdelingenrecht
Authors: Cornelisse G. 
Published: February 2025

Human rights restricted: detention in immigration law
This article investigates the practice of immigration detention in the Netherlands, which has been fiercely criticized by international organizations and NGOs. It focuses in particular on three aspects of that measure: justification, implementation, and its use with regard to children. These issues are discussed in the light of human rights law, more in particular the case law by the European Court of Human Rights. It will be shown that this Court, by portraying immigration as a phenomenon implicating first and foremost territorial sovereignty, makes it difficult for immigrants’ individual interests to be addressed in substance, let alone to be perceived as rights. It is argued that the European Court of Justice in its application of EU law in this field is perhaps better suited to grant unwanted migrants their human rights than traditional human rights law has done so far.
Het internationaal recht en de gesloten jeugdzorg
Authors: Höfte S.J. , van der Helm G.H.P. , Stams G.J.J.M. 
Published: February 2025

International law and closed youth care institutions; recommendations for practitioners
During childhood, a child is entitled to receive special care and assistance. The child’s best interest should be a primary objective. The Dutch government has an obligation to guarantee the children rights. But do the closed youth care accommodations meet the requirements as stated in the International Child Rights Convention, as far as deprivation of liberty and treatment under coercion are concerned? The study concluded that some closed youth care institutions do not meet the requirements as stated in the above mentioned Convention. There is often no possibility of free expression, physical complaints may not be taken seriously, an adequate standard of living is not always provided and the level of education is often too low. Most of the minors indicate that they are bored during their stay in the accommodations. On this basis, limiting the fundamental rights of these youngsters is currently surrounded with inadequate guarantees.
De opmars van de private veiligheidszorg
Authors: de Waard J. , van Steden R. 
Published: February 2025

The advance of private security; a national and international perspective
Private security is traditionally a highly fragmented industry with a national focus. However, with the arrival of multinational brands in the market such as Group 4 Securicor and Securitas, we are witnessing a rise of global private security. After providing the latest statistics on the growth of this industry in the Netherlands, the authors give examples of how private security is evolving throughout the world. Issues that are further addressed include the opportunities and challenges (multinational) private security companies present to the Netherlands.
De privatisering van politietaken in Engeland en Wales
Authors: Loveday B. 
Published: February 2025

Privatising police services in England and Wales
The period of austerity which most of Europe is now experiencing is for the first time impacting on law and orders services, particularly the police service. This article gives an overview of the debate in England and Wales on the decision of the Coalition government to cut 20% to police spending and police numbers. An important instrument to reach this goal is the private outsourcing of tasks performed in the back office. The author discusses the public views on the performance and reliability of private security companies. Also the high rise of public police expenses are discussed against the background of declining crime levels.
De psychiater en toerekeningsvatbaarheid
Authors: Meynen G. 
Published: February 2025

Psychiatrist and criminal responsibility
Currently, there is a vivid debate in the Netherlands about the possible non-existence of free will and its implications for criminal law, in particular for the concept of ‘criminal responsibility’. Especially forensic psychiatrists who advise the court on a defendant’s legal insanity feel uneasiness because of this discussion on free will. In this contribution the author suggests to reconsider the current practice in the Netherlands in which psychiatrists explicitly advise the court on legal insanity and to consider the option to leave the judgment on legal insanity entirely to the judge. Meanwhile, of course, psychiatrists will have to inform the judge about the defendant’s mental condition at the time of the crime and its influence on the defendant’s behaviour. If needed, in order to optimize communication between the medical domain (psychiatrist) and the legal domain (judge), a legal insanity standard could be developed and introduced.
Strafrechtelijke verantwoordelijkheid en de neurowetenschappen
Authors: Vincent N. 
Published: February 2025

Legal responsibility and neuroscience
This paper argues that to the extent that legal responsibility hinges on mental capacities – capacities which are implemented in (brain) mechanisms – scientists working in the fields of behavioural genetics and neuroscience can assist courts to adjudicate responsibility in several ways. First, by studying what mechanisms paradigmatically fully responsible agents possess and how those mechanisms operate. Second, by developing techniques to more individually, accurately and less subjectively inspect people’s mechanisms to gauge their true mental capacities. Third, by studying how youth, advanced age, and mental disorders affect these mechanisms. And fourth, by developing interventions to create, restore and enhance the function of these mechanisms in order to create, restore and enhance people’s responsibility-relevant mental capacities.
Actieve verantwoordelijkheid in het strafrecht
Authors: van Stokkom B.A.M. 
Published: February 2025

Active responsibility in criminal justice. Towards a broader conception of ‘doing justice’
Criminal justice is oriented at retrospective responsibility: examining whether the defendant is guilty and imposing a punishment that fits the crime. In this article it is argued that prospective responsibility needs more attention: taking responsibility. We have to remind the offender of his obligations: pay his debt, repair the harm done, work to change his behaviour and enhancing his situation. We should also take account of the interests and needs of the persons concerned. It is also argued that stimulating active responsibility should take place within the logics of ‘doing justice’. Criminal justice cannot respond to the imperatives of care, well-being and problem-solving.
Vrije wil en verantwoordelijkheid in de strafuitvoering
Authors: Boone M.M. 
Published: February 2025

Free will and responsibility in penal execution
Responsibility of the prisoner for his own rehabilitation is a central element of ‘Modernising Imprisonment’, the masterplan that aims to reform the execution of the prison sentence in the Netherlands. The Secretary of Justice strives for an individual approach based on the points of departure of the Life Course Approach in criminology. This method is designed in different ways. A central element is that rehabilitation will only be offered in the near future to prisoners that show responsibility for their rehabilitation. Based on this starting point, a far-reaching system of advancing and degrading is introduced. Prisoners can deserve freedoms by showing responsible behaviour, but loose them again in case of irresponsible or unmotivated conduct. Three objections against this aspect of Modernising Imprisonment are discussed. First, the rehabilitation principle itself does not allow for such a far-reaching exclusion of categories of prisoners. Second, the high demands put on prisoners are not realistic given the characteristics of the prison population. Third, the assumption that a strict system of advancing and degrading will increase the effectiveness of sentencing is not well founded and cannot be derived from research.
De levenslange vrijheidsstraf internationaal vergeleken
Authors: van Zyl Smit D. 
Published: February 2025

Life imprisonment: An international comparative perspective
Life imprisonment is difficult to define. Sentences that are not called life imprisonment may also be indefinite sentences of detention which may result in the detention of offenders in prison until they die there. Even where a sentence is called ‘life imprisonment’ it may be difficult to ascertain for how long the offender will actually be held and what criteria will be applied to considering his eventual release. This paper sketches some recent developments in respect of indeterminate sentences that are not called life imprisonment, even though they amount to it in practice. It then turns to the question of life sentences that are imposed without provision for any fixed period after which they should be reconsidered. Questions are raised about the extent to which such sentences are acceptable in Europe, the United States and elsewhere, particularly in instances where at sentence there is an indication that the offenders may not be considered for release at all. It is argued that human rights law is moving towards requiring that all persons sentenced to life imprisonment should have a reasonable prospect of release. Given the widespread support for life imprisonment this paper seeks to raise some human rights concerns that arise with the use of this sentence. The concerns are essentially twofold. First, the sentence may be imposed in instances where it would be disproportionate punishment to do so. Secondly, the procedures for its implementation, in particular those that relate to the potential release of persons serving life sentences, may not be adequate to meet the requirement of a realistic prospect of release.
Levenslange gevangenisstraf: uitlevering en overlevering aan Nederland
Authors: Glerum V.H. 
Published: February 2025

Life imprisonment: Extradition and surrender to the Netherlands
In principle a Dutch life sentence is served in full. ‘Lifers’ can benefit from executive clemency. However, over the last 26 years clemency has been applied so sparingly as to call into question whether clemency for ‘lifers’ is a real possibility at all. Recently the European Court of Human Rights has refined its case-law on the compatibility of life sentences with Art. 3 ECHR, in the national context as well as in the context of extradition. This contribution discusses whether under Article 3 ECHR the Dutch practice of executing life sentences in full acts as a bar to extradition or surrender of a person who faces the imposition and/or execution of a life sentence in the Netherlands.
Het aanzien van de Staat
Authors: van Hattum W.F. 
Published: February 2025

The prestige of the State. On the execution of lifelong imprisonment in practice
In 1870 in the Netherlands the death penalty was replaced by the sanction nearest to that effect: lifelong imprisonment. For the government though this penalty was acceptable only in connection with the possibility of mercy. The sanction was to be executed humanely and should not result in torture. The way the sanction was executed since, the administration developed a policy of mercy taking into account the devastating effects of the sanction. This policy resulted in mental care for the convicted and his release after approximately twenty years imprisonment. More than hundred years later, about 2004, the policy of mercy changed. Since then, according to the responsible ministers, life imprisonment should end by the onset of death. In this article the practice under the old and the new policy is illustrated by a case study. The conclusion is that like the death penalty lifelong imprisonment corrodes the prestige of the State.
Naar een compensatoir regime voor levenslang- en zeer langgestraften
Authors: de Jonge G. 
Published: February 2025

Towards a compensatory regime for life and long-term prisoners
Though small in numbers life and long-term prisoners pose special problems for the Dutch prison administration in terms of their treatment. A new approach is to concentrate these prisoners in three units specially designated for them. It is still unclear however what the regime in those facilities will look like. The author argues for introducing there a ‘compensatory regime’ that can counteract to some degree the harmful effects of life and long-term imprisonment.