bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interlude
Authors: Luthman Johanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Lady Roos’s accusations against the countess of Exeter caused a public scandal in England, Roos remained in Italy, stubbornly refusing to return to England. When word reached him that the earl of Exeter was now willing to go to court against the Lakes and seemed to believe Roos’s version of the Lakes’ mistreatment of him, Roos became bolder in his exile. He still did not intend to go home. He wrote the king an extraordinary letter, in which he told his version of events at the fight at Cannons, presented the Lakes and his wife as evil personified, and excused his own actions. He briefly stated that the countess of Exeter, like himself, was innocent of all charges. He also imagined that Italians would have solved this family dispute by simply murdering all the offenders, offering a violent solution to wounded honor. Shortly after writing this missive to the king, Roos fell ill and died in Naples. Rumors swirled that he had been poisoned. At this point, he had converted to Catholicism. The main sources for this chapter are Lord Roos’s own letter to the king, and diplomatic correspondence reporting his death.
Protection as a spectrum
Authors: Verweijen Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on civilian protective agency has paid scant attention to forms of protection that are provided according to private logics, in particular, protection as a commodity or protection as part of relations of patronage. Yet in war-affected eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, as this chapter shows, soliciting private forms of protection constitutes a crucial way in which civilians try to shield themselves against physical, political, economic, and social insecurity. In eastern DRC, protection as a public good, protection as a commodity, and protection in the framework of individual and collective patronage are entangled in complex ways, and can be provided, even simultaneously, by the same armed actors. Moreover, the boundaries between these different forms of protection are porous and shifting, implying protection can best be conceptualized as located on a spectrum between more public and more private, more voluntary and more coerced forms. Identifying where on the spectrum protection is located is useful for better understanding civilian agency, including the degree and types of coercion civilians face from armed actors. In addition, a more nuanced conceptualization of protection helps draw attention to civilians’ time horizon, specifically whether they seek to avert immediate danger or try to ensure protection in the long term. Finally, it enables a better understanding of the longer-term effects of protection on social orders. In the case of eastern DRC, the effects of protection informed by private logics are mostly negative and include the militarization of dispute settlement and the erosion of trust in the state security services.
Trajectories of civilian resistance to criminal victimization in El Salvador and Nigeria
Authors: Moncada Eduardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do groups of victims of crime that emerge to resist criminal victimization instead end up becoming predatory criminal victimizers themselves? Across the developing world civilians use extra-legal violence to resist criminal victimization and protect themselves and their communities in settings where states are unable or unwilling to enforce the rule of law. But, over time, resistance can turn predatory wherein vigilante groups begin to target civilians with the types of crimes that they emerged to end in the first place. What are the processes through which resistance to protect civilians ends in predation? This chapter identifies two such pathways: an endogenous pathway that results when vigilante groups attempt to scale up their coercive capacity, and an exogenous pathway where vigilante groups collude with political entrepreneurs. The chapter argues that which pathway a vigilante group takes depends on whether they have a robust pre-existing organizational foundation that enables them to satisfy the societal demand for protection and end criminal territorial control.
Graham Greene's Journeys in Spain and Portugal
Authors: Villar Flor Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book deals with Graham Greene’s travels around Spain and Portugal in the 1970s and 1980s in the company of a Spanish scholar and Catholic priest, Leopoldo Durán, and offers new angles on a decisive period in the life of a writer who continues to inspire and to fascinate. This detailed reconstruction of Greene’s visits to Spain between 1976 and 1989 has been put together from among specialized archives holding Greene’s and Duran’s diaries and personal papers. If their friendship is itself remarkable, a lively account of it provides numerous anecdotes, the emergence of charming and/or enigmatic characters, and several untold stories: the hilarious attempt by a Spanish nobleman to establish a Graham Greene Foundation; the possible motivations of Greene’s first visit to Spain related to his role as an informant for MI6; the mysterious visits to an old English lady located in Sintra; or the writer's attempts in the early 1980s to establish links with the emerging Spanish socialism following a modus operandi that had borne fruit in Panama, Chile, Nicaragua, or Cuba. The process of inspiration to write Monsignor Quixote (1982) comes to the foreground in the trips that took place between 1976 and 1982, while a later phase (1983–89) contemplates events related to the repercussions of this novel. Therefore, it can be affirmed that the present book provides essential information to understand the novel that would become Graham Greene’s own favourite among all his extensive production.
Geographies of urban dominance
Authors: McGregor JoAnn , Chatiza Kudzai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter makes two conceptual contributions to debates over political dominance in urban contexts. First, it advocates a geographical approach that differentiates specific urban spaces, rather than treating capital cities as monolithic. Second, it calls for attention to the qualities of political dominance and change over time. This means looking beyond top-down strategies of co-optation or coercion and open forms of protest politics to explore authority and political manoeuvres within dominated locales. These arguments are grounded in a discussion of Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare. Zimbabwe’s ruling party, ZANU(PF), sought new modes of dominating the city after 2000, when voters turned to the Movement for Democratic Change. Opportunities for ‘generative’ patronage in this opposition-supporting capital were spatially concentrated and hinged on controlling land and new settlements on the city periphery. Dominance was co-constituted within these spaces, as residents mobilized themselves through the party for survival and access housing, and to lobby for regularization.
Self-organizing Molecules
Authors: Brazma Alvis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first part of this chapter discusses how order or disorder can be measured and introduces the concept of Kolmogorov complexity. Then it briefly explores the apparent nature’s tendency towards increasing disorder and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. This is followed by a discussion of the processes of self-assembly and self-organization, in which the state of physical matter ‘moves’ in the direction from disorder to order without contradicting the Second Law. The chapter also briefly discusses physics at a molecular scale, the concept of thermodynamic entropy and a related concept of free energy, the tendency to minimize which can be viewed as a driver of self-organizational processes. Several examples of molecular self-assembly and self-organization relevant to living systems are given.
Life on Earth
Authors: Brazma Alvis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how old Earth is, how old life on Earth is, how life and the recording of information emerged, and how evolution of life can be viewed as increasingly efficient means of information processing. It is shown that the main objects of Darwinian selection, which is at the basis of all known biological evolution, are pieces of information. It discusses how life began with polymer molecules accumulating information and the transition from pre-life to the first system of evolving replicators. Further, it looks at how a living cell emerged, how a complex eukaryotic cell emerged, as well as multicellularity, sexual reproduction, and then the animal brain. It shows that evolution can be viewed as learning. The last part of the chapter briefly discusses how animals communicate information to each other.
Assisting International Justice
Authors: Buitelaar Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the International Criminal Court—as the only permanent international court that addresses crimes against humanity, genocide, and war crimes—has important potential to end impunity and find justice for victims of these atrocities, it is dependent on others for almost all aspects of its functioning. Member states have often been fair-weather friends, which is why the Court has frequently relied on the peacekeeping operations that the UN deploys in the field. Assisting International Justice improves our understanding of the conditions under which UN peacekeepers address impunity in their mission areas. Over the past two decades, UN peacekeepers have provided logistical assistance and security to Court investigators, shared large amounts of information, and have even been involved in the arrest of Court suspects. But their track record has been inconsistent. Despite the empirical importance of this phenomenon, we know very little about the conditions under which it occurs. This book will seek to fill that gap, by presenting a first-of-its-kind single-country case study of assistance provided by the UN mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo and a plausibility probe of other peace operations in ICC situation countries. It relies on new empirical material, including over 130 interviews with key decision-makers and comprehensive archival research. The book will be of interest to readers interested in UN peacekeeping and international criminal justice, as it sheds light on how the UN navigates the terrain of conflict mediation and punitive accountability and the collaborative but contingent relationship between the UN and the ICC.
Introduction
Authors: Buitelaar Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Introduction outlines the research question posed by this book, posits the main argument, and discusses its aims and contributions. The chapter makes the case that there is variation in the assistance of UN peace operations to the ICC that is worth studying but is left unexplained by existing scholarship. It then details the explanations that the book offers. Moreover, this chapter describes the methodological approach that the book takes and argues that a single-country case study design is the most appropriate to answer the research question. It also offers a brief background on the International Criminal Court, UN peace operations, and how they came to cooperate with each other. The chapter closes by detailing the structure and outline of the rest of the book’s chapters.
‘Walking a tightrope without a net’
Authors: Buitelaar Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter studies the opening phase of the interactions between the UN’s peace operation in the DRC and the ICC, and shows how a set of activist decision-makers worked together to bring about substantial formal and informal cooperation. The ICC opened investigations in the DRC in June 2004 and relied heavily on the UN mission there to understand the conflict situation, obtain secure transports, and sometimes also for accommodation. The UN, though hesitant, provided much of this required support. This occurred despite the fact that the United States had explicitly told the mission that it did not support any cooperation with the ICC. The UN was even involved in an attempt to arrest the Number Two of Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army, who was an ICC fugitive. This chapter closes with the run-up to the 2006 elections, which coincided with the ICC’s first warrant in the DRC situation.
Balancing stability and arrest warrants (September 2006–December 2008)
Authors: Buitelaar Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the second phase in the interactions between MONUC and the ICC, which was shaped by much more restraint, especially on the side of the UN. The democratic elections of 2006 brought to power a legitimately elected government and the UN started to reconsider its role in the country, gearing towards a more deferential and supportive position than before the elections. The losers of the elections, moreover, escalated conflict in the east and the UN was heavily involved in trying to find a negotiated end to the violence. As the ICC started to produce more arrest warrants against individuals who were also involved in peace negotiations, the UN had to find a way to balance its efforts to promote stability in the DRC against its desire to help the ICC end impunity for atrocities committed there.
Peace first, justice later? (January 2009–March 2013)
Authors: Buitelaar Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes a significant souring of relations between the UN and the ICC. The 2009 DRC–Rwanda peace deal integrated the country’s largest rebel group (including several notorious war criminals) into the Congolese army. The UN, in turn, was supposed to engage in joint operations with this integrated army. The integration of Bosco Ntaganda into the Congolese army, and the UN’s alleged cooperation with this ICC-indicted war criminal, turned into a significant reputation crisis for the UN. Furthermore, the Congolese government suspended its cooperation with the ICC and this made it very difficult for the mission to provide any assistance to the ICC where it needed it the most, namely the arrest of fugitives. However, things changed again when Bosco Ntaganda mutinied from the army, initiating the M23 rebellion, after which the UN and the ICC found new ways of working together.
Centrist Anti-Establishment Parties and Their Struggle for Survival
Authors: Engler Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Centrist Anti-Establishment Parties and Their Struggle for Survival explores the electoral fate of new parties that promise little more than to be better than the “dishonest” political establishment. Initially extremely successful, many centrist anti-establishment parties (CAPs) do not survive more than a few consecutive elections. Nevertheless, some CAPs do endure. How do parties survive when newness is their only selling point? As the first book-length study on this type of party, the volume explores this question in Central and Eastern Europe, where CAPs have dominated politics for more than two decades. The book’s main argument focuses on CAPs’ electoral strategies after their first elections. It derives three strategies of survival that lead to more sustainable electoral support: a reframed protest strategy, an anti-corruption strategy, and a mainstream strategy. Combining quantitative data from an original expert survey with qualitative evidence from elite interviews, the book demonstrates that CAPs only survive when they abandon their initial strategy of pure protest. While strategic change is necessary for party survival, several failed attempts at transformation show that it is not sufficient. Whether a party successfully adopts a new strategy depends on how coherent its voters’ preferences are. Analyses of CAPs’ voter bases show that the more a CAP first attracted voters from both the left and the right, the more it struggles. Ideology, seemingly irrelevant to CAPs’ initial successes, eventually determines CAPs’ fates. These findings have implications for other European countries, where CAP-like parties, such as the Italian Five Star Movement, follow similar trajectories.
Trajectories of CAPs after Their Initial Breakthrough
Authors: Engler Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter illustrates how the electoral strategies of centrist anti-establishment parties (CAPs) have evolved throughout their life spans. The chapter uses an original data set measuring anti-corruption and anti-establishment claims and combines it with ideological data from the Chapel Hill Expert Survey to show that only parties that adopted one of the three strategies of survival managed to survive in the long run. The short-term patterns are less clear; however, two observations do stand out. First, although the original protest strategy might work in the short term, no party continued to use this strategy in the long term: CAPs either adopted a new strategy or failed to survive. Second, the mainstream strategy is the most commonly adopted strategy, but it has also led to the highest number of party deaths. The adoption of a new strategy of survival seems to be a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition of party survival.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recent groundswell of findings from a range of different fields provides overwhelming evidence that we are actually pre-wired (enabled), hard-wired (compelled), and soft-wired (pre-disposed) to be empathic, cooperative, and socially oriented. To examine how ultrasociality works in practice, this chapter introduces four crucially important cases of international cooperation: (1) the European integration project, (2) the international relations of space exploration, (3) the global nuclear weapons taboo, and (4) the worldwide climate change regime. The story of how each of these issues emerged as an unexpected example of widespread, international cooperation is central to showing why an ultrasocial lens is so valuable.
European Transformation
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the mid-1950s to the mid-1980s, the formal European project became, at various points in time, more transactional, while in more informal settings, the power of possibility continued to occupy people’s imaginations and also to fuel change. Key leaders were able to recall and re-energize the federalist idea and the federalist movement at various points in time. This dynamic between more transactional and more transformational periods has determined whether the European project has been closer to the core of the ultrasocial landscape or further away. It takes human agency and continued belief in the power of possibility to maintain such a momentum.
Conclusion to Part III
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human engagement with outer space shows how the draw of an idea, grounded in the ultrasocial landscape, has pulled people and countries together, even during periods of international conflict. It demonstrates the staying power of a cooperative idea, especially one that taps into our collective imagination. The impact of the Spaceflight Idea emerged out of the actions of non-state actors, including the regular public, and at key moments, permeated into the highest levels of governments. Various and wide-ranging efforts at space diplomacy, even during the height of the Cold War, made possible the numerous tangible outcomes in the 1970s and beyond.
The Climate Movement
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the emergence of the early climate movement before the rise of the transformational idea of net zero. In the 1980s and 1990s, the climate movement, initially rooted as it was in the earlier environmental movement, at first struggled to have an impact, both on society and on governments. However, understanding precisely why this happened is valuable in highlighting the ways in which leaders and strategies can sometimes undermine what would otherwise be an area of human interaction that not only taps into but also requires ultrasociality. The more traditional environmental groups stopped being the primary engine behind the net-zero idea as other dimensions of civil society stepped forward. Every region of the world developed climate change organizations that increasingly brought people together under the goal of stopping climate change and fostering regional and international cooperation at the same time.
Automating Autism
Authors: Keyes Os 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Keyes critiques how the use of contemporary Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies to ‘identify’ or ‘solve’ the ‘problem’ of autism reproduces the denial of autistic personhood. Keyes’s message is clear: the AI industry has no place deciding whether and how autists generate and communicate knowledge. The perspectives of autists speak for themselves. As Keyes argues, who is perceived to have self-knowledge and who has that ability denied to them has been of utmost concern to feminist movements. With the application of AI to these tasks, we must once again fight for the marginalised to have their authority over the recognition of their own capabilities and the definition of their own identities respected. AI’s ability to reinforce an unfounded ‘truth’ of disability is therefore an urgent area of feminist intervention.
Design Practices
Authors: Costanza-Chock Sasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay explores the paradox of ‘user-centred design’, a dominant design practice that prioritises ‘real-world’ users but excludes those who currently have no access to the technology in question. Which potential user groups are catered for and which are not is a political choice that often goes unnoticed in tech development. They ask that more attention is paid to the demographic from which the ‘unmarked’ generic user persona derives, and how it matches up with the average tech worker: white, cis-male, person with internet access, and digitally literate. As a remedy, they point to participatory practices and asks that keener attention is paid to how ‘users’ themselves innovate products. Costanza-Chock’s rallying call for ‘design justice’ paved the way in the artificial intelligence (AI) sector for work that did not merely attempt to neutralise harmful systems but called for their active re-orientation towards redress. This remains a go-to text for practitioners and academics alike when drawing up ethical design processes.
Liberal Theory and the Ethics of Immigration
Authors: Bulley Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The now burgeoning field of immigration ethics is comparatively new but has come to be dominated by an intra-liberal debate between liberal cosmopolitans and liberal nationalists. All sides appear to ignore hospitality. The first section of the chapter explores some of the marginal and limited ways in which hospitality has appeared in the field, especially via those international political theorists influenced by the work of Immanuel Kant and the natural law tradition. The second section uncovers the reasons behind hospitality’s marginalisation, showing how international political theory has limited its own ability to speak to public debates about everyday ethics through a shared foundation in liberal egalitarianism, a deeply ingrained Eurocentrism, and a method that abstracts from everyday forms of ethics in favour of general principles.
Introduction
Authors: Minks Amanda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction charts the conceptual areas framing Indigenous Audibilities and puts the case studies in broader context. First, it explores concepts of records, recordings, and the effects of inscribing Indigenous music through various technologies. The inscription and reproduction of Indigenous music took place in artistic projects of composition as well as documentary projects of preservation, which sometimes intersected. The text reconceptualizes the notion of archival thinking through attention to music, sound, and listening. An understanding of the role of institutions, networks, and power structures is also crucial for setting up the case studies. The introduction ends with a detailed chapter outline.