bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mexican diabroticite beetles: II. Test for preference of cucurbit hosts by Acalymma and Diabrotica spp.
Authors: Eben Astrid , Barbercheck Mary E. , Martín Aluja S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractField collected adult diabroticites were offered three Cucurbita spp. in various combinations. Three Acalymma and five Diabrotica (Chrysomelidae: Luperini) species were tested in feeding choice and no‐choice assays for their preference for bitter (cucurbitacin‐containing) over non‐bitter (without cucurbitacins) cucurbits, and for one of the two primary types of cucurbitacins. Tests were conducted in petri dishes and cages using plants in the cotyledon stage.All species significantly preferred the bitter over the non‐bitter cucurbits (C. pepo L. var. Crookneck) in the tests offering a choice between cucurbitacin B‐containing plants (C. pepo L. var. Ambassador) and no cucurbitacin‐containing plants. Six species significantly preferred cucurbitacin E‐containing plants (C. martinezii L. Bailey) over no cucurbitacin‐containing plants. Cucurbitacin B‐containing plants were significantly preferred over cucurbitacin E‐containing plants. The previously observed preferences in choice tests no longer occurred in no‐choice tests. In cage experiments, beetles did not show preferences for a certain cucurbit host.These observations are interpreted with regard to the kairomonal function of cucurbitacins for diabroticite beetles and the hypothesized evolutionary association between diabroticites and Cucurbitaceae.
Reproduction of Orius laevigatus and Orius albidipennis on pollen and Ephestia kuehniella eggs
Authors: Cocuzza G. E. , De Clercq P. , Van de Veire M. , De Cock A. , Degheele D. , Vacante V. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractReproduction and longevity of the anthocorid predators Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and Orius albidipennis (Reuter) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) were studied under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Three different diets were tested: eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth. Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, E. kuehniella eggs plus pollen, and pollen only. Small rooted plants of Spanish pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. ‘Creta’, long red) served as oviposition substrate and moisture source. In all treatments, total fecundity, oviposition period and female longevity of O. laevigatus were greater than that of O. albidipennis. When a diet of E. kuehniella eggs was supplemented with pollen, total fecundity of O. albidipennis was increased by about 40%. Female O. albidipennis fed only pollen laid five times less eggs than those fed flour moth eggs and pollen; also, longevity of females was shorter when only pollen was offered as food. Fecundity and longevity of O. laevigatus were not influenced when supplementing a diet of E. kuehniella eggs with pollen. Females of O. laevigatus receiving only pollen reduced egg production by about 60% but had a similar longevity as those receiving a diet including flour moth eggs. In either species, preoviposition period and egg hatch were not affected by diet. The ability of both anthocorids to use pollen as an alternative or additional food is discussed in relation to their practical use in integrated control programmes.
Effect of plants on the searching efficiency of a generalist predator: the importance of predator‐prey spatial association
Authors: Coll Moshe , Smith Lesley A. , Ridgway Richard L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn most studies of tritrophic interactions, the effect of plants on predators is confounded with changes in prey and predator behaviors after an encounter event. Here, we estimate how the effect of plants on prey distribution (in the absence of the predator) and on predator foraging behavior (in the absence of prey) may influence predation rate of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) in 11 plant by prey species combinations. The within‐leaf distributions of O. insidiosus and its prey overlapped most on bean plants. The predator's foraging behavior (e.g., walking speed, turning rate) also differed among plant species. Simulations, using the prey distribution data and predator's foraging patterns on leaf surfaces of each plant species, show that, overall, the searching efficiency of O. insidiosus was higher on leaves of bean and corn than of tomato. However, the predator's searching efficiency was not consistent within plant species. Thus, the combined effect of plants directly on the predator and indirectly through the prey influenced the predator's searching efficiency.
Foraging success of parasitoid wasps on flowers: interplay of insect morphology, floral architecture and searching behavior
Authors: Patt Joseph M. , Hamilton George C. , Lashomb James H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIntercropping with flowering herbaceous plants increases parasitoid survivorship, fecundity and retention and pest suppression in agroecosystems. Few studies, however, have examined the compatibility of parasitoid morphology and foraging ability with floral architecture. This study shows that floral architecture influences the selection of floral host resources used to provide nutrients to parasitoids in cropping systems. Parasitoid foraging performance was evaluated using real and artificial flowers which varied in degree of nectar accessibility for two eulophid parasitoids, Edovum puttleri Grissell and Pediobius foveolatus Crawford. Comparisons were made of searching performance on artificial flowers with nectars that were either scented (made from 1:1 honey‐water solution) or scentless (made from 1 m sucrose solution) and differences in head widths were compared with corolla apertures. Our results showed a disparity in the ability of E. puttleri and P. foveolatus to gain access to nectar from particular types of floral architectures. E. puttleri fed efficiently only from flowers with exposed nectaries while P. foveolatus foraged efficiently from flowers having either exposed nectaries or nectaries partially obstructed by petals and stamens. Neither wasp species could forage on flowers with cup‐ or tube‐shaped corollas because their heads are wider than the floral apertures. E. puttleri's foraging performance decreased as nectar inaccessibility increased in the artificial flowers, while P. foveolatus' foraging performance was uniform among the different artificial flowers. This indicates that E. puttleri has less propensity to search small openings for nectar than does P. foveolatus. The foraging success of both E. puttleri and P. foveolatus on artificial flowers was lower when 1 M sucrose solution was used as an artificial nectar rather than honey‐water solution, indicating that the wasps were stimulated and attracted by the nectar odor. Our systematic evaluation of floral architecture with respect to parasitoid foraging ability has enabled us to predict which types of flowers would serve as suitable floral host plants for parasitoids in the field. That is, only flowers with nectaries that are completely exposed would function as suitable floral host plants for E. puttleri, while P. foveolatus could forage on flowers with either exposed or partially exposed nectaries. Examples of potentially suitable floral hosts suggested from our study include dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) for both E. puttleri and P. foveolatus and coriander (Coriandrum sativa L.) for P. foveolatus.
Temporal and spatial changes in aphid and parasitoid populations following applications of deltamethrin in winter wheat
Authors: Longley Martin , Jepson Paul C. , Izquierdo Josep , Sotherton Nicolas 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe spatial and temporal effects of the pyrethroid insecticide, deltamethrin, on populations of cereal aphids and their primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids were investigated in a large scale field experiment in winter wheat. Four hectare plots were treated at the recommended field concentration or a reduced concentration representing one twentieth of field rate. A control plot was left unsprayed. Invertebrate populations were sampled at sites within a grid layout covering the whole plots, enabling the use of geostatistical analysis. Hymenopteran populations were monitored using transparent sticky traps and suction sampling. Aphid populations were recorded by visual counts. Monitoring continued for 36 days after treatment. The full rate deltamethrin treatment resulted in initial reductions of aphid populations by 78%. Primary parasitoid and hyperparasitoid populations were reduced in suction samples by 90% and 47% respectively, when corrected for control fluctuations. The reduced deltamethrin concentration caused reductions of aphid, primary parasitoid and hyperparasitoid populations of 40, 60 and 54% respectively. Aphid population recovery over the full rate plot occurred slowly and in a ‘patchy’ manner following treatment. No significant reinvasion gradients were detected. Aphid population density recovered more rapidly in the reduced rate treatment; with initial evidence for increased densities at the plot centre. Significant patterns of reinvasion were initially detected for both groups of Hymenoptera in the full rate treatment, suggesting that reinvasion of the sprayed area was taking place from untreated surrounding reservoirs. It was concluded that experiments that examine pesticide impacts within small plots will lead to underestimates of effects on dispersive groups including parasitic Hymenoptera.
Combined effects of night‐time temperature and allelochemicals on performance of a generalist insect herbivore
Authors: Stamp Nancy E. , Osier Tod L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTo assess the pattern of temperature influencing the effect of allelochemicals on growth of insect herbivores and to examine the potential effect of warmer nights due to global warming, we examined the simultaneous effects of allelochemicals and warmer night‐time temperatures on an insect herbivore (Spodoptera exigua; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Dietary chlorogenic acid, rutin and tomatine levels reflected those occurring naturally in the leaves of tomato, a hostplant of this herbivore. We compared the effects of four thermal regimes having a daytime temperature of 26 °C, with the night‐time temperature increased from 14 to 26 °C by increments of 4 °C. The effect of a particular allelochemical on developmental rate was similar among the four thermal regimes. Chlorogenic acid and tomatine each reduced final larval weight, but there was no effect of night‐time temperature. In contrast, rutin had no effect on final weight, whereas final weight declined with increasing night‐time temperature. Night‐time temperature did not influence amount eaten. Larvae ate less when chlorogenic acid or tomatine was in the diet. For each allelochemical, there were no allelochemical by thermal regime interactions. In addition, we compared the effects of allelochemicals and the thermal regime of 26:14 °C and constant 20 °C, which was the average temperature of the 26:14 °C regime. Developmental rate was lower at the constant 20 °C regime, chlorogenic acid and tomatine each depressed developmental rate, and there were no allelochemical by thermal regime interactions. Thus, regardless of the specific allelochemical or amount, the pattern of response at the fluctuating regime was similar to that at the constant temperature. In contrast, comparison of the thermal regime of 26:22 °C and constant 24 °C, which was the average temperature of the 26:22 °C regime, showed several allelochemical by thermal regime interactions. At the 26:22 °C regime, developmental rate was disproportionatly higher at the maximal rutin concentration compared to that at constant 24 °C. At the constant 24 °C, final larval mass was disproportionately lower at the moderate tomatine concentration compared to that at the 26:22 °C regime. Because these results differ from that of other studies examining another species, it appears that the response to incremental changes in night‐time temperature will reflect the allelochemicals and insect species tested. The contrast between the constant 24 °C and 26:22 °C regimes indicates that even small fluctuations (±2 °C ) in temperature over 24 h can yield differences in the response to an allelochemical.
Insect feeding on cucumber mediated by rhizobacteria‐induced plant resistance
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Kloepper Joseph , Tuzun Sadik , Yao Changbin , Wei Gang , Chambliss Oyette , Shelby Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSelect strains of plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were evaluated in greenhouse experiments with cucumber for induction of resistance against cucumber beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) feeding and the beetle‐transmitted cucurbit wilt disease. When beetles were given a choice between PGPR‐treated and nontreated cucumber, their feeding on stems and cotyledons and the severity of wilt symptoms were significantly lower on PGPR‐treated plants. HPLC analysis demonstrated that cotyledons from PGPR‐treated plants contained significantly lower concentrations of the cucumber beetle feeding stimulant cucurbitacin than nontreated plants. These results suggest that a mechanism for PGPR‐induced resistance against cucumber beetle feeding may involve a change in the metabolic pathway for cucurbitacin synthesis.
On the error term in an asymptotic formula for the symmetric square 𝐿-function
Authors: Lau Yuk-Kam 
Published: October 2003

Recently Wu proved that for all primes

q
q

,
\[

∑

f

L
(
1
,

sym

2

f
)
=

π
4

432

q
+
O
(

q

27

/

28

log
B

⁡
q
)

\sum _{f} L(1, \mbox {sym}^2f) =\frac {\pi ^4}{432}q +O(q^{27/28}\log ^B q)

\]
where

f
f

runs over all normalized newforms of weight 2 and level

q
q

. Here we show that

27

/

28

27/28

can be replaced by

9

/

10

9/10

.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Obstacles to democratization and pre‐conditions for transformative change are examined, as are changing evaluations of Mikhail Gorbachev. The weakness of the dissident movement in the first half of the 1980s and the modesty of expectations of change when Gorbachev succeeded Konstantin Chernenko as Soviet leader are noted. The radicalization of Gorbachev's policies is related to his learning process, to the strengthening of his political power between 1985 and 1988, and to societal pressures. Gorbachev outwitted the traditional holders of institutional power who imposed constraints upon the General Secretary's freedom of action but he was also responsible for the creation of new countervailing powers, more broadly based than the old ones, which ultimately undermined his institutional authority. The diversity of view within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union became increasingly apparent as the novel phenomenon of a serious reformer in the Kremlin allowed these divergent opinions to come out into the open.
The Power of Ideas and the Power of Appointment
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A back‐handed tribute to the power of ideas had been paid by the Soviet leadership prior to Gorbachev's coming to power through the lengths to which they went not only to promote official Marxism‐Leninism but also to keep out of circulation any heterodox political ideas. Gorbachev embraced new concepts more boldly than any previous General Secretary and engaged in a sharp struggle with conservative opponents of change within the Soviet establishment to have thinking that was radically new in the Soviet context accepted and acted upon. To some extent, the fresh ideas were codified into another orthodoxy known as ‘New Thinking’ or ‘New Political Thinking’, but the new openness meant that this was a fast‐changing body of doctrine, in which, for example, an endorsement by Gorbachev of ‘socialist pluralism’ quite rapidly was broadened into advocacy of ‘political pluralism’. Gorbachev's power of appointment went hand in hand with his support of new ideas. He was able to change the balance of influence before he could alter the balance of power, for he had a much freer hand in choosing aides and advisers than he had in elevating an ally to the Politburo. His changes to that body were also important, however, especially his rapid promotion of Alexander Yakovlev. Gorbachev's own ideas evolved in his discussions both with domestic advisers and with foreign politicians, especially such West European social democrats as Felipe Gonzalez. Conceptual change is an important species of political innovation in any society, especially in a system, such as the Soviet one, in which all political actions were required to adhere to an officially sanctioned ideology. Support for perestroika (reconstruction), democratization, pluralism, and glasnost (openness, transparency) and other heterodox ideas amounted to a conceptual revolution that had profound implications for Soviet politics and society.
Gorbachev and Political Transformation
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A central thesis of the book, elaborated especially in this chapter, is that from the outset of his General Secretaryship, Gorbachev was seriously interested in political change as well as in economic reform, but that in the course of the struggle to introduce it, he came to the realization that reform was not enough and that the political system had to be comprehensively transformed. The chapter discusses six stages of transformation between March 1985 and December 1991 as well as the fourfold nature of the transformation that was required: first, the movement from authoritarianism to political pluralism; second, the need to move from a command economy with virtually 100% state ownership of the means of production to a market economy with a substantial private sector; third, the need to create a genuine federation or a looser confederation in place of the pseudo‐federalism in which the aspirations of the more self‐conscious nations within the Soviet borders had been ruthlessly suppressed; and, fourth, the need to transform foreign policy. The dilemma for Gorbachev was that the fourfold transformation was an interlinked process: any three of these basic changes were likely to be undermined by the absence of a fourth; yet, as each was implemented to a greater or lesser degree, its side effects produced complications in the other spheres. Among the political changes analysed are the breakthrough represented by the Nineteenth Party Conference of 1988, the movement from party to state power, the advent of contested elections for a new legislature, the indirect election by that legislature of Gorbachev as President, and the failure to split the Communist Party.
Conclusions
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Of the four transformations outlined in Ch. 6, two of the four had, by the end of the 1980s, been successful beyond the dreams of Soviet dissidents and of the most optimistic Western observers at the time Gorbachev came to power. That is to say, the political system had become substantially pluralist and partially democratized and international relations had been still more comprehensively transformed. Economic reform and nationalities policy – along with some bad (as well as good) appointments – were, in contrast, areas of relative failure for Gorbachev. A decisively important achievement, however, was the dismantling of Communism (defined in the chapter) that occurred remarkably peacefully in a country that had been under Communist rule for seven decades. There was nothing inevitable either about the timing of the end of the Soviet state or about the way in which, under Gorbachev's leadership, the system was transformed. Taking all his mistakes and some undoubted failures into account – along, however, with the almost insuperable obstacles he had to overcome – Gorbachev has strong claims to be regarded as one of the greatest reformers in Russian history and as the individual who made the most profound impact on world history in the second half of the 20th century.
Holes
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Cowritten with his wife, Stephanie Lewis, this whimsical dialogue features Argle and Bargle debating the ontological nature of holes. Argle ingeniously defends the claim that a hole is just the lining of matter that surrounds it. Responding to Bargle's disinclination toward accepting a view that flouts common sense, Argle comments that philosophical argument involves “measuring [the] price” that one must pay in order to accept the contested position. It is a telling remark, given the “incredulous stares” that often greet Lewis's modal realism.
Anselm and Actuality
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Lewis demonstrates the infeasibility of attempting a nonmodal reformulation of Anslem's ontological argument. The key premise in Anselm's famous argument is the claim that “Something exists in the understanding, than which nothing greater can be conceived.” Lewis argues that the apparent credibility of the most promising, nonmodal rendering of this premise – viz. “There is an understandable being x, such that for no world w and being y does the greatness of y in w exceed the greatness of x in the actual world” – depends entirely on the illusion that the actuality of our world renders it “radically different from all other worlds – special in a way that makes it a fitting place of greatest greatness.” This illusion becomes obvious once we accept perhaps the most notable claim in this paper, viz. Lewis's indexical account of actuality. The substantive postscript includes an important retraction (viz. that impossible worlds do not exist) and several interesting discussions (e.g., concerning the anthropic principle and the specter of skepticism).
Counterpart Theory and Quantified Modal Logic
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In this landmark paper, Lewis outlines his theory of modality and counterparts. The eight postulates constitutive of Lewis's counterpart theory are expressed in an extensional first‐order language that replaces the modal operators (characteristic of traditional quantified modal logic) with four primitive predicates: ‘x is a possible world’, ‘x is in possible world y’, ‘x is actual’, and ‘x is a counterpart of y’. Upon presenting a scheme for translating sentences expressed in quantified modal logic into those expressed in his preferred extensional language, Lewis demonstrates that the latter is nevertheless a richer language; while every sentence of quantified modal logic may be translated into a sentence expressed in counterpart theory, the reverse is not the case. Lewis concludes the paper by considering the implications of his view for several well‐known topics (notably, Aristotelian essentialism). The postscript includes numerous additions and emendations (including a specification of the primitive predicate, ‘x is in possible world y’).
How to Define Theoretical Terms
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Lewis defends an account of the role of theoretical terms in scientific theories. Drawing on the work of Ramsey and Carnap, Lewis advocates the view that theoretical terms are implicitly defined by the scientific theories in which they figure; their meanings are to be characterized in functional terms, by reference to causal roles. According to Lewis, this understanding of theoretical terms (which would become influential in the development of functionalist theories of the mind) enables us to understand how one scientific theory may be reduced to another.
An Argument for the Identity Theory
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Lewis offers a functionalist argument for the type‐type psychophysical identity theory, according to which, as a matter of fact, mental experiences are type‐identical with certain neuro‐chemical brain states. Lewis summarizes his argument as follows: “The definitive characteristic of any (sort of) experience as such is its causal role, its syndrome of most typical causes and effects. But we materialists believe causal roles which belong by analytic necessity to experiences belong in fact to certain physical states. Since those physical states possess the definitive characteristics of experience, they must be the experiences.”