bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aesthetics
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The person generally held to be the founder of aesthetics as an independent philosophical discipline is Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1714–62). Certainly it was he who coined the word ‘aesthetics’, in a short treatise on poetry published in 1735. For Baumgarten, the purpose of art is to produce beauty, defined in terms of the ordered relationship between the parts of a whole. The point of beauty is to give pleasure and arouse desire. The finest beauty is to be found in nature, and therefore the highest aim of art is to imitate nature.
Research in simulation
Authors: Garden Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to provide a practical discussion about problems and concerns that are commonly encountered while engaging in research using patient simulation. Research is ‘the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and to reach new conclusions’(1), and entire textbooks of research methods are devoted to the key concepts embodied within this definition(2–4). Medical simulation includes a range of technologies, and its breadth of use spans skills training(5), performance evaluation(6), the determination of drug dosing regimes(7) and epidemiology(8). Irrespective of the specific domain and technology that is used, the defining feature is the absence of an actual patient(9) and the underlying rationale is based on a range of potential benefits (Table 18.1). From a research perspective these are particularly enticing, for example, in terms of the potential to enable a high degree of experimental control.
Simulation in nursing education and practice
Authors: O’Donnell John M , S Goode Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of simulation is neither new nor unfamiliar for most nursing educators. As professionals we have not been crediting many common nursing educational activities as ‘simulation’. Role playing and other forms of nonpatient interaction have long held a role in nursing educational approaches, with static mannequins such as ‘Mrs Chase’ in the 1930s foreshadowing the evolution of SimOne®, the first high fidelity simulator by three decades(1–3). The introduction of advanced, yet affordable, patient simulators has encouraged their widespread acquisition, and pushed nursing educators to explore this educational approach. While simulation training is not a panacea or whole-cloth replacement for traditional education in either the clinical or classroom settings, thought leaders in nursing education perceive the approach as supplementing clinical training, enriching current clinical experience, and in reinforcing didactic principles.
Simulation in paediatrics
Authors: Halamek Louis Patrick , Yaeger Kimberly Allison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before discussing paediatric simulation-based training, it is important first to define what is meant by the term ‘paediatric’. The adjective paediatric applies to the period of human development from birth (0 days) to young adulthood (21 years) of both male and female patients. Paediatric patients range from those born at a gestational age of 22–23 weeks (a little more than halfway through a full-term, 40-week pregnancy) and a birth weight of approximately 500 g, to young adults standing 2 m in height and weighing more than 100 kg. The anatomical, physiological, developmental, and psychological differences found across this spectrum of patients are wide ranging, and present tremendous challenges for those healthcare professionals charged with their care. These differences also present great challenges for those involved in paediatric simulation-based training. Realistically, simulating the wide range of body sizes, anatomial features, vital signs, physiological responses etc, present in this group of very diverse patients is a daunting challenge. Because of the complexity of paediatric healthcare, a large number of subspecialties have evolved over the past century. Just as in adult healthcare the field of paediatrics includes physicians, nurses and allied healthcare professionals with expertise in areas such as newborn intensive care (neonatology), paediatric critical care, cardiology, pulmonology, gastroenterology, nephrology, anaesthesiology, general surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, and multiple other medical and surgical domains.
Obstetric simulation
Authors: Deering Shad H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are few areas of medicine where simulation training is more necessary and potentially beneficial than obstetrics. Given the current medicolegal climate in developed countries, where there is the expectation of a perfect outcome with every delivery regardless of complications, the inability to predict when many common emergencies will occur on the labour and delivery ward, and the difficulties presented by resident work hour restrictions of 80 hours per week in the USA, obstetrics is the ideal field in which to apply simulation training.
Introduction
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Schlesewsky Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last ten years of the twentieth century might well be considered the ‘‘decade of the brain’’. With the advent of neuroimaging methods, and particularly of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the Weld of cognitive neuroscience thrived. The study of language posed no exception to this general development: in addition to providing a vehicle for more general goals in neuroscientific research, language soon became one of the major domains of neurocognitive investigation in its own right. On the one hand, the methodological advances suddenly offered a completely new perspective on the tradition of linking language-related functions with particular brain regions, a correlation which has intrigued scientists and non-scientists alike for at least two thousand years.
Methodological Prerequisites
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Schlesewsky Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brain responses at the level of higher cognition can essentially be characterized with respect to time and space. The temporal dimension is concerned with the question of ‘‘when’’ particular processes take place, for example with regard to the question of whether different linguistic information types become available at different points in time. In contrast to behavioral methods, which serve to characterize the output of a cognitive process (e.g. in the form of a button-press once an experimental participant has categorized a particular stimulus), neuroscientific methods with a high temporal resolution allow us to track the brain activity engendered by cognitive processes such as language comprehension or production in real time. The spatial dimension seeks to specify ‘‘where’’ specific aspects of cognitive processing take place in the brain.
Mapping Form onto Meaning: The Requirements For a Sentence Processor
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Schlesewsky Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to provide an introduction to the main issues in sentence processing. In particular, it is concerned with the question of which ‘‘ingredients’’ are required in a sentence processor and, by extension, with the possible relationship between the characteristics of the processing architecture and properties of the grammar. Furthermore, the specific characteristics of neurocognitive investigations of sentence comprehension and their consequences for psycholinguistic modeling will be emphasized.
Relational Structure
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Schlesewsky Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beyond constituent structure, the next level in the form-to-meaning mapping comprises the relations between different constituents in a sentence. Consider, for example, the dependency between a verb and its arguments: the lexical entry of the verb specifies how many arguments it requires (or is potentially compatible with), of which type these arguments are (e.g. whether they are NPs, PPs, etc.), which cases they bear in languages with morphological case marking, and so on. In addition, many languages require the verb to agree with one or more of its arguments with respect to features such as number, person, or gender. All of these properties are ‘‘relational’’ in the sense that the dependencies in question do not hold between an element and its position in the constituent structure but rather between different elements within that structure.
Information structure
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Schlesewsky Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of how the processing of sentence-internal relations is constrained by the discourse context in which these sentences occur has long been a major topic of investigation in the psycholinguistic literature (e.g. Crain and Steedman 1985). Whereas early studies within this domain were mainly concerned with factors such as referentiality and plausibility (see also Chapter 11), recent years have seen an increasing interest in possible influences of information structure.
Comparative genomics and the macroevolution of RNA viruses
Authors: Holmes Edward C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most interesting and important, yet understudied aspects of RNA virus evolution are the processes responsible for the diverse array of genome architectures employed by these infectious agents. Nestled within this general topic are some of the most intriguing of all questions raised in this book. To give a few specific examples: what explains the range of genome sizes in RNA viruses? What forces led to the evolution of segmented genomes? Why are some RNA viruses positive-sense and others negative-sense? Although of immense importance, these questions have, with few exceptions (notably Reanney 1982), rarely been addressed. The aim of this chapter is to suggest answers, albeit tentative ones, to these and a variety of other questions relating to the comparative genomics of RNA viruses. Although my conclusions are unlikely to be definitive, they should at least provide hypotheses for future testing. In doing so this chapter will also emphasize the evolutionary consequences of possessing highly restricted genome sizes: the small-genome dynamics I mentioned at the outset of this book.
Have-Possessives
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will be devoted to a validation of the following prediction: If a language has a Have-Possessive, it has balanced encoding of simultaneous different-subject sequences, and shared encoding of copular and locative/existential sentences. The investigation will cover all cases of ‘hard-core’ Have-Possessive encoding in the data base, but also those cases of Have-Drift which have resulted in a transitive structure of the possessive construction (see Chapter 6).
A Model of Predicative Possession Encoding
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the chapters of Part II, I have formulated and evaluated a set of four implicational statements, which were meant to correlate the typology of predicative possession with encoding options in two other domains, namely temporal sequencing and nonverbal predication. Reviewing the discussion, I feel confident in saying that all four of these statements can be said to be corroborated by the cross-linguistic facts.
Why use guidelines?
Authors: Nicholls Antony , Wilson lain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Doctors are busy, and need easy sources of quick information. Guidelines provide rapid assistance to clinical care, and have become a fact of modern medical life. They are not intended to supplant major textbooks or original research, but when properly written and used, they may improve the quality of care and the efficiency of health care provision. They may also decrease costs, reduce liability and risk, provide medical education, and help in determining legal standards of care. This book contains guidelines intended to improve the care of the surgical patient. The legal status of guidelines has been made unnecessarily controversial. Guidelines such as those in this book legally. constitute hearsay. That is, they cannot be quoted in court as being explicit instructions to act in a certain fashion.
Risk management
Authors: Campbell Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Risk is defined as ‘the possibility of incurring misfortune or loss’ and affects any health service in a variety of ways, including risks to patients, staff, visitors, buildings, and property. Risk management concerns the harnessing of information about possible risks, and taking steps to minimize them. The steps include: risk identification: what could go wrong? how could it happen risk analysis: how likely is an adverse event? how serious would it be? risk control: how can a risk be eliminated, or its effect reduced? risk funding. optimal insurance againstinevitable risks clinical incident reporting. when untoward events happen. Doctors are concerned primarily with the risks to patients (clinical risk management). They need to recognize the risks a procedure poses to each individual patient, and balance these risks against the likely benefits.
Principles of physiotherapy
Authors: Gamlen Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients undergoing major surgery and those with pre-existing pulmonary disease are seen prior to their operation. The preoperative assessment aims to identify pre-existing and potential problems and introduce the patient to the physiotherapy team. Relevant data is taken from the medical notes. Factors are identified which may lead to postoperative complications: smoking obesity immobility pre-existing pulmonary disease old age poor nutritional status cardiovascular disease. Instruction in breathing techniques and wound support is given. Analgesia is discussed - the patient must have sufficient pain relief to allow them to breathe deeply, move, and cough postoperatively. The patient is informed of any specific exercise plan and their expected progress.
Drowsiness, coma, and delirium
Authors: Munn Julia , Hardie Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coma is defined as a state of impaired consciousness, progressing from mild drowsiness to unrousable coma. The Glasgow coma scale (GCS, see Table 47.1) affords an objective way of assessing the depth of coma and thereby monitoring its progress. Delirium typically presents with irrational behaviour and agitation. Technically, it is defined as global cognitive impairment with impaired levels of attention and consciousness. Speech and movement may be increased or diminished, with disorientation, and disturbance of the normal sleep/wake cycle, and of perceptions leading to misinterpretations, illusions and hallucinations. The onset in a postsurgical patient is usually acute, and often at night. Being called to assess a drowsy, comatose, or delirious patient post­ operatively is one of the most taxing tasks for a junior doctor.
Fever
Authors: Munn Julia , Morgan Marina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The timing of postoperative fever suggests the diagnosis in most patients. Typical timings for the common causes of fever are given in Table 50.1, together with comments on frequency. A mild self-limiting fever is common during the first 2 postoperative days. Immediately after major surgery most patients have a low body temperature due to heat losses in theatre and impaired temperature regulation caused by anaesthesia. This is followed by a systemic response in which the metabolic rate is increased and energy stores are mobilized. This frequently causes mild pyrexia « 38°C). If temperature exceeds this, is prolonged, or is associated with systemic upset, other causes must be sought All bacterial infections can result in bacteraemia. The main risks of sepsis are the development of septic shock (the sepsis syndrome) and contamination of prostheses - joints, vascular grafts, heart valves, etc.
Moralistic Strictures and Political Reality: Further Quandaries
Authors: Coady C A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1, I concentrated on elucidating the outlook of political realism, introducing the idea of moralism, and beginning an interpretation of realism in its light. In particular, I explored what I called moralism of scope which, I argued, makes sense of many versions of the realist critique of morality by showing that a more plausible target for some realist criticisms is that form of moralism rather than morality itself. I also argued that once this adjustment is made, we will be less inclined to follow realists by attempting to displace morality with appeal to the national interest, an appeal which, in any case, has its own problems.
What is polycystic ovary syndrome?
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the name given to a condition resulting from an imbalance in sex hormone production. As a result of the hormonal imbalance, symptoms such as irregular periods, acne, excess facial and body hair, or scalp hair thinning may develop (Table 1.1).
What causes polycystic ovary syndrome?
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order for you to understand what happens in PCOS, it is important to understand the mechanism and control of the menstrual cycle and ovulation. Women have two ovaries located in the pelvis on either side of the uterus (womb). Their main functions are to produce sex hormones and develop eggs. All of the eggs that you have throughout your life are made before you are born and are stored in the ovaries in an immature form.
Coping with stress
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stress occurs when you perceive that you cannot handle the demands put on you. We all develop stress at some stage in our lives in response to both positive and negative life events. A little bit of pressure is actually a good thing as it motivates us, enhances our performance, and makes us focus on the tasks ahead (Fig. 7.1).
Treatment of subfertility
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infertility affects 10–15 per cent of all couples. About a third of women who are finding it difficult to become pregnant have problems ovulating, and PCOS is found in approximately 75 per cent of women who are not ovulating. However, please note that many women with PCOS do conceive naturally. If you are finding it difficult to become pregnant then this does not mean you will never be able to have a baby as there are several very effective treatments available.
Treatment of excess body hair
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hirsutism is the presence of excess facial or body hair in women in a malepattern distribution. It is a common complaint, with one study showing that up to 28 per cent of all women in the UK suffer from unwanted facial hair. PCOS is the most common cause of hirsutism. Approximately 70 per cent of women with PCOS develop unwanted hair at some stage of their lives. If you spend an hour a week secretly tweezering out unwanted facial hair, it can be particularly distressing and can make you feel very self-conscious.
Before you begin to try to lose weight
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People who try half-heartedly to lose weight are unlikely to succeed. In fact, a half-hearted attempt at losing weight might even to do more harm than good. Success breeds success, and vice versa, and trying to lose weight without succeeding may reduce the amount of confidence you have that you can lose weight in the future.
Polycystic ovary syndrome, carbohydrates, and the glycaemic index
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women with PCOS tend to fall into one of two groups: those who crave sweet foods (such as chocolate, cakes, sweets, crunchy nut cornflakes, etc.) and those who crave savoury foods (such as bread, pizza, mashed potato, etc.). All these women, regardless of which group they belong to, are actually craving the same thing—carbohydrates.
Verbal Nouns
Authors: Carnie Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of Verbal Nouns (henceforth VNs) in Irish grammar is pervasive. These forms perform the functions of gerunds (e.g. destroying), infinitives (e.g. to destroy), and more substantive deverbal nominals (e.g. destruction). In their less verbal usages, verbal nouns can be inflected for case, and less frequently for plurality. These inflections overlap slightly with the normal declension classes discussed in chapter 2, but also exhibit their own patterns. This is the topic of this chapter. I will not, however, be discussing how to form the verbal noun out of a verb; for information on that see Doyle (1992 and 2001). Here I focus only on the inflection of already existing verbal nouns.
1,200 Irish Nouns
Authors: Carnie Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter contains 1,200 Irish nouns, from all the declensions and sub-groups and plural types, fully declined for each case. A more complete list of Irish nouns with only the declension, subclass, plural type and gender is found in chapter 7. These lists were compiled from out of previously existing noun lists and dictionaries including: O hAnluain (1985), Christian Bros.
Cross-Modular Parallels in the Study of Phon and Phi
Authors: Nevins Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the variety of papers in this volume makes apparent, cp-features are relevant to many different domains of the grammar: syntax, semantics, morphology, pragmatics. Conspicuously absent from this list is phonology. In the current chapter, I wish to discuss the underlying unity of processes affecting φ features in different domains of the grammar, and I will argue that operations performed on cp-features in the syntax, in the morphology, and even in the pragmatics strongly parallel operations performed on articulatory features in the phonology.
Introduction: Thinking about time and living in time
Authors: Jaszczolt K M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘I have no time!’, ‘There isn’t enough time in a day!’, are some of the most common expressions used in the academic world these days. Fast-growing numbers of hours that academics are required to devote to administration, teaching, and grant applications make more and more people resort to com- plaints about time. Perhaps it is worth asking oneself, what exactly do such expressions mean? If I don’t have time, what is it exactly that I don’t have?
Let us imagine the following scenario. There is a ski lift going up a snowy mountain and a line of skiers waiting to catch it to be lifted up on their skis. The lift is moving at a certain steady speed and most of the skiers manage to latch on and go up, but some less experienced ones miss their slot or fall off the lift before they get to the top.
Time as modality
Authors: Jaszczolt K M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been pointed out that theories of time explain time either in terms of modality, as in Priorean logic, or in terms of space, where the moment or interval in time is understood analogously to a point or area in space (see Meyer 2002). We established in Chapter 1 that there is no real need to make such a choice: both the location and the detachment from the certainty of now are valid and important, albeit on different levels of analysis (physical world and human experience respectively), and are both used in current truth- conditional semantic theories. In this chapter, and in the remainder of this essay, I focus on the psychological time and present arguments in favour of the view that humans conceptualize time in terms of certainty and possibility. In other words, the concept of time supervenes on a more basic concept of modality.