bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calibration data for a circumaural headset designed for hearing testing
Authors: Michael Paul L. , Bienvenue Gordon R. 
Published: October 2005

Standard reference threshold levels for the new Telephonics circumaural headset using TDH−39 and TDH−50 earphones have been measured. Because the circumaural headset cannot be mounted meaningfully in the same suspension with a conventional supra-aural assembly, it was necessary to perform loudness balancing at threshold. The circumaural headset, furthermore, cannot be calibrated on the standard, NBS-9A coupler. Thus, it was necessary to develop a new coupler and to refine a new coupler measurement procedure. Data on the comparative attenuation and the subjective voltage and power sensitivities of the two headset designs are reported. Objective data from coupler measurements are also reported. Implications of these findings are discussed and reference-threshold sound-pressure levels for the two headset types using both the TDH−39 and the TDH−50 earphones are reported. In general, it was observed that the clincial use of the new Telephonics circumaural headset affords significantly greater attenuation of background noise and more consistent threshold responses than are seen with the conventional, supra-aural headset. Also, the circumaural earphone assembly can be calibrated on a flat-plate coupler with a consistency comparable to that found in calibrating the standard, supra-aural headset on an NBS-9A coupler.
Subject Classification: [43]85.86; [43]65.80.
Comments on ’’Measurement of frequency response and the multiple coherence function of the noise generation system of a diesel engine’’ [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 58, 635–642 (1975)]
Authors: Holmes P. J. , Mercer C. A. 
Published: October 2005

The main claim of a recent paper on diesel engine noise by Chung, Crocher, and Hamilton is questioned. In particular we discuss the influence of unmeasured correlated noise sources on the coherence technique used their paper.
Subject Classification: [43]50.50; [43]60.20.
Reply to ’’Comments on ’Measurement of frequency response and the multiple coherence function of the noise generation system of a diesel engine’ ’’ [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 951–952 (1976)]
Authors: Chung J. Y. , Crocker M. J. , Hamilton J. F. 
Published: October 2005

Explanations are given for the difficulties encountered by Holmer and Mercer concerning unmeasured correlated noise sources.
Subject Classification: [43]50.50, [43]60.20.
Ambient-noise horizontal directionality measurements with linear arrays
Authors: Wilson J. H. 
Published: October 2005

A Fourier analysis method is developed for estimating the symmetric part of the horizontal ambient noise field about a single heading from noise measurements by a linear array. The antisymmetric part of the noise field about the array cannot be measured due to the cylindrical symmetry of the array. In this method, the ambient noise field is expanded in a Fourier series and the Fourier coefficients are determined from the measurements. The number of Fourier coefficients that can be determined is equal to the number of nonoverlapping beams since the beam pattern acts as a spatial low-pass filter. This Fourier analysis method is superior to the procedure of dividing the array beam data by the beamwidth, especially in highly anisotropic noise fields. The full beam pattern of the array is used in the Fourier analysis method while dividing by the beamwidth automatically assumes infinitely thin beams. Dividing the array beam data by the beamwidth is justified only in isotropic noise fields. The Fourier series method is extended to estimate the antisymmetric part of the noise field about an array heading from measurements made at two array headings. Knowing the symmetric part of the noise field about two array headings allows the estimation of the antisymmetric part of the noise field about either heading if the noise field is stationary.
Subject Classification: [43]60.28, [43]60.30; [43]50.10.
Role of duration in disambiguating syntactically ambiguous sentences
Authors: Lehiste Ilse , Olive Joseph P. , Streeter Lynn A. 
Published: October 2005

The present study investigated whether listeners use the prosodic variable, duration, to disambiguate syntactically ambiguous sentences. Some of the sentences’ meanings could be represented by two distinct syntactic bracketings, e.g., ’’The hostess [[greeted] [the girl] [with a smile].’’ and ’’ The hostess [greeted] [[the girl] [with a smile.]].’’ Other sentences, while ambiguous, had a common syntactic bracketing, e.g., ’’[German teachers] visit Greensboro.’’ In this experiment the duration of words corresponding to ambiguous constituents of the sentences or containing ambiguous boundaries of the constituents was varied systematically. Subjects listened to the sentences and selected one of the two meanings. The results indicated that only sentences in which the two meanings were represented by two distinct syntactic bracketings were reliably disambiguated by durational cues. It is suggested that when the interstress interval spanning a major syntactic boundary is increased, listeners perceive the boundary’s presence.
Subject Classification: [43]70.30, [43]70.70.
Addendum to ’’Propagation in an inversion and reflection at the ground’’ [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59, 278–282 (1976)]
Authors: Embleton T. F. W. , Thiessen G. J. , Piercy J. 
Published: October 2005

The relevance of some earlier work in underwater acoustics to the subject paper is noted. Similar basic theory has been applied in underwater acoustics to the study of the location and shape of caustics caused be bundles of ray paths, and in the air acoustics to calculation of sound levels resulting from propagation via multiple paths that have a degree of coherence, in a turbulent medium, which depends on their separation.
Subject Classification: [43]28.40.
Flow excitation and coupling of acoustic modes of a side-branch gravity in a duct
Authors: Ingard Uno , Singhal Vijay K. 
Published: October 2005

As part of a broader study of flow noise in ducts, we have investigated the flow excitation of the acoustic modes of a side-branch cavity in a duct and report on evidence of coupling between the different cavity modes and between the cavity modes and the axial modes in the main duct.
Subject Classification: [43]28.65; [43]20.45.
Reply to ’’Comments on ’Sound propagation through a fluctuating stratified ocean: Theory and observation’ ’’ [John J. McCoy, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 1216–1217 (1976)
Authors: Munk W. H. , Zachariasen F. 
Published: October 2005

Useful theeorectical estimates for comparison with experiments can be obtained within the limitations of the Rytov formula.
Subject Classification: [43]30.20, [43]30.30.
Guidelines for the planning and preparation of illustrated technical talks
Authors: Hubbard Harvey H. 
Published: October 2005

Guidelines are presented for the preparation of illustrated talks which are audience oriented and which are aimed at the efficient transfer of technical information. Early decisions concerning the required number of slides are helpful in initial planning for a good-quality talk. Detailed considerations are the establishment of limited objectives, selection of appropriate slide material, development of a text which is well coordinated with the slides, and accurate timing.
Subject Classification: [43]10.60.
Diffusion loss in a stratified sound channel
Authors: Mellen R. H. , Browning D. G. , Goodman L. 
Published: October 2005

Low-frequency propagation measurements in sound channels often show a frequency-independent excess loss that is evidently caused by internal scatter from large-scale inhomogeneities. Using the Garrett–Munk internal wave spectrum (GM 75) as the scattering model, we have obtained an approximate solution of the ray-diffusion equation on the deep sound-channel axis. The estimated attenuation coefficient, ∠5×10−4 dB/km, is consistent with the smaller experimental values reported.
Subject Classification: [43]30.20; [43]20.20; [43]30.40.
Observations of volume scattering strength in the Northeast Atlantic
Authors: Smailes I. C. 
Published: October 2005

Measurements of volume backscattering strength have recently been made to a depth of 1500 m in the Northeast Atlantic. Scattering layers with strengths of −80 dB and −70 dB have been found at depths of approximately 500 and 1000 m, respectively. The layer at 1000 m has been shown to comprise fish shoals distributed with a density of 3.2 in 108 m3, each shoal having a target strength of about −6 dB and comprising about 50 fish. Each fish is thought to have a swimbladder resonant at 2 kHz at 1000 m and hence to have a radius of 1.6 cm. The shoals have been shown to vary with geographical location but not with the time of day, 1000 m being about the maximum depth of daylight penetration. The layer at 500 m does not vary much with geographical location but does exhibit diurnal variations due to the well-known vertical migration of fish in a diurnal cycle.
Subject Classification: [43]30.40.
Reflected and lateral waves for the Sommerfeld model
Authors: Stickler D. C. 
Published: October 2005

The Sommerfeld model, a constant-density isospeed half space over a second constant-density isospeed half space, has offered extensive insight into the role of the ocean bottom in acoustic propagation by exploiting properties of the ground or lateral wave and the specularly reflected waves. This paper presents some new results for this model. A uniform asymptotic expansion is obtained for the source and receiver on the interface, which reduces to the exact solution as either the density ratio or the sound-speed ratio approaches unity. In addition, this result shows the ground or lateral wave decays initially—not like 1/kr2, the classical result, but like 1/r, and as the index ratio approaches unity this region increases. For the source and receiver above the interface, the reflected fields are expressed in a uniform expansion involving the parabolic cylinder functions. Away from the critical ray these expressions reduce to the usual specular and lateral fields. The expressions reduce to the interface results and are not singular as the sound-speed index approaches unity, and confirm the above decay predictions for the lateral wave.
Subject Classification: [43]30.20, [43]30.30; [43]20.15.
On the parametric model of loose bonding of elastic half spaces
Authors: Banghar A. R. , Murty Gurajada S. , Raghavacharyulu I. V. V. 
Published: October 2005

In this paper, a unified approach of the possible bondings between two elastic half spaces is studied. Assuming that two elastic half spaces are separated by a Newtonion viscous liquid layer of thickness H, and of shear viscosity coefficient η, the condition for the existence of interfacial waves propagating along the layer is derived. This condition is separately examined in the three possible limits of η/H when H→0: (1) η is finite or tends to zero such that η/H→∞; (2) η tends to zero such that η/H→0; and (3) η tends to zero such that η/H≠0 finite. It is established that the case (1) corresponds to welded contact of solid half space studied by Stoneley and cases (2) and (3) correspond, respectively, to smooth and loosely bonded interface of solid half spaces. This theory established that η/H can be used under the above-stated limits as a measure of bonding at the interface, hence its inverse as a measure of smoothness.
Subject Classification: [43]35.24; [43]20.15.
Finite-element simulation of acoustic filters of arbitrary profile with circular cross section
Authors: Kagawa Yukio , Omote Toshio 
Published: October 2005

A finite-element approach is developed to simulate acoustic transmission systems of arbitrary profile with circular cross section. Sound-transmission characteristics are considered in which axisymmetric radial modes are taken into account. Some simple examples of acoustic filters with various profiles are calculated for which the numerical values are compared with the measured ones, as well as those of the one-dimensional models based on an electrical transmission line analogy. The procedure is a valid and powerful means to cope with filters of any profile and may pave the way to solutions of problems of this kind.
Subject Classification: [43]20.40; [43]85.32..
Example of acoustic model evaluation and data interpretation
Authors: Hanna J. S. 
Published: October 2005

Explosive data from a carefully controlled transmission-loss measurement in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean are used to evaluate, in detail, the capability of the AESD parabolic equation model. The analysis is performed on a path-by-path basis by comparison of computed (using a ray-tracing program) and measured travel-time differences. Sensitivtiy studies show that residual discrepancies could be attributed to uncertainties in source detonation depth and the assumption of piecewise-linear bathymetry. The data show an arrival with no ray-tracing counterpart; evidence, based upon its mean speed of propagation and the frequency dependence of its energy content, is presented to argue that it is an arrival ducted in the main sound channel. The behavior of this arrival with range is determined by the range dependence of the sound-speed environment.
Subject Classification: [43]30.20; [43]20.20.
Estimates of underwater sound (and infrasound) produced by nonlinearly interacting ocean waves
Authors: Hughes B. 
Published: October 2005

Estimates of sound (and infrasound) spectral levels are given using a theoretical model of acoustic production based on quadratic interactions of oppositely traveling ocean waves, and incorporating present day surface wave spectral models. It is shown that reasonable agreement with measurements exists for frequenices less than 10 Hz but predictions are 10–15 dB low and have the wrong spectral shape at higher frequencies.
Subject Classification: [43]30.40; [43]20.15; [43]30.70; [43]28.65.
Experimental investigation of acoustic transmission from air into a rough ocean
Authors: Lubard Stephen C. , Hurdle Patrick M. 
Published: October 2005

An experimental investigation to determine the acoustic transmission from a source in air to a hydrophone in a wind roughened ocean at shallow depression angles is described and the results presented. This experiment was conducted at the NUC Oceanographic Tower in 18-m-deep water. Data were obtained for acoustic frequencies of 500–4000 Hz and wind speeds of 3–15 knots. Short pulses of sound were used in order to distinguish the direct path from the bounce paths. The mean energy at the hydrophone was obtained by averaging the direct path energy over many independent pulses. The data show that more energy reaches the hydrophone in the rough ocean than predicted by the smooth surface theory, with the excess increasing for the shallower depression angles. The data also show that the transmission increases with increasing source frequency and ocean roughness and is independent of source altitude for the conditions considered. The experimental results are compared with a geometric rough surface model and show good agreement.
Subject Classification: [43]30.20, [43]30.25; [43]20.20.
Theory and numerical calculation of the acoustic field produced in metal by an electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer
Authors: Kawashima Katsuhiro 
Published: October 2005

The equations for calculating the acoustic field produced within a nonmagnetic metal by an interaction of eddy current with a static magnetic field were obtained on the assumptions that (1) an ultrasonic wave is generated by the electromagnetic force through classical and macroscopic phenomena; (2) the electric, magnetic, and elastic properties of the metal are linear, isotropic, and homogeneous throughout the metal, which occupies semi-infinite space; (3) the whole system is axially symmetric; and (4) eddy currents and elastic waves show a steady-state sinusoidal variation. The acoustic field produced by a specific electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer with axial symmetry was calculated numerically, and the results showed a well-defined ultrasonic wave beam, which was narrower than had been expected from the size of the transducer.
Subject Classification: [43]35.60; [43]85.48.
Scattering of normally incident Rayleigh waves by thin strips
Authors: Simons Donald A. 
Published: October 2005

The plane-strain problem of the scattering of a Rayleigh wave by a thin surface strip is formulated in terms of a pair of coupled integral equations, one of which is singular. The equations are equivalent to a set of boundary conditions which represent the effect of the strip on the substrate. A technique based on Gaussian approximation of the integrals is employed to solve the equations numerically for two representative cases over a range of wavelengths. The power reflection and radiation coefficients and the phase of the reflected surface wave are evaluated for the representative cases.
Subject Classification: [43]35.54; [43]20.15, [43]20.30.
Acoustical analysis, testing, and design of flow-reversing muffler chambers
Authors: Young Cheng-I James , Crocker Malcolm J. 
Published: October 2005

The transmission loss characteristics of flow-reversing muffler chambers were predicted by a numerical approach based on the finite element method. The theoretical model developed is described in this paper; its validity is established experimentally with a number of different chambers. The standing wave method was used to measure transmission loss and measurements were conducted with and without steady air flow. Depending on the inlet and outlet configurations, the flow-reversing chambers have two completely different transmission loss characteristics, one is similar to that for two sample expansion chambers in series and the other is similar to that for a side-branch resonator. Using the theoretical model developed, transmission loss curves were calculated for a large number of different flow-reversing chamber dimensions.
Subject Classification: [43]50.30, [43]50.40.
Scaling loudness, noisiness, and annoyance of community noises
Authors: Berglund Birgitta , Berglund Ulf , Lindvall Thomas 
Published: October 2005

The contribution of type and sound levels of community noises to the perception of loudness, noisiness, and annoyance was studied in a laboratory situation. The psychological attributes were precisely defined to the 30 observers, the method of magnitude estimation was used for scaling the attributes, and the scales were calibrated to a common unit of measurement. It was demonstrated that observers in carefully designed laboratory experiments are able to use and produce scales of loudness, noisiness, and annoyance for community noise. The relationships between the attributes were satisfactorily described by linear functions, the parameters being specific to the type of community noise. In general, community noises are judged to be more noisy (or annoying) than loud although the importance of noisiness relative to loudness varies with type of noise as well as loudness level. A linear model is suggested that describes community noises with regard to perceptual attributes. The model states that annoyance and noisiness are proportional to loudness, thus encouraging the viewpoint that psychoacoustical research may well concentrate on the attribute of loudness.
Subject Classification: [43]65.50, [43]65.52; [43]50.75, [43]50.20.
Method for estimating the audibility and effective loudness of sirens and speech in automobiles
Authors: Corliss Edith L. R. , Jones Frank E. 
Published: October 2005

By using the parameters for the ear and the equations for a ’’communication theory’’ model of the behavior of the ear, a family of masking curves can be drawn up which one can apply to the conditions prevalent in automotive vehicles. From the behavior of the ear and its ability to resolve sounds in noise, estimates can be made of the conditions under which sirens and speech communications will be audible within motor vehicles moving in traffic, and some estimate can also be made as to their potential for attracting notice. These quantities can be read off by graphic techniques. Examples of their use are given.
Subject Classification: [43]65.50, [43]65.75, [43]65.58 [43]50.70.
Analysis of compound action potential responses to tone bursts in the human and guinea pig cochlea
Authors: Eggermont J. J. 
Published: October 2005

In electrococholegraphy, compound action potentials (AP) are recorded from the human promontory and the guinea pig round window. High-pass noise masking and subtraction of AP responses at various high-pass cutoff frequencies give the narrow-band contributions to the whole nerve AP. Although the narrow-band contributions recorded from human and guinea pig ears differ essentially, this narrow-band concept makes it possible to derive a response area for a given type of stimulus, e.g., tone bursts. Within the response area, any combination of stimulus intensity and site on the cochlear partition evokes a detectable narrow-band response contributing to the whole-nerve AP. The main part of this contribution shifts basally the higher the stimulus intensity. Latency differences between responses from the various narrow bands are used to calcuate the traveling-wave velocity for the human cochlea, which ranges from about 20 m/sec at 10 kHz to 1 m/sec at 500 Hz. The amplitude and width of the narrow-band responses are closely related to the traveling-wave velocity in the narrow band. It is argued that the response area and the narrow-band-response concept offer a means to relate electrocochleography in the human subject to the results obtained from single-fiber studies in the normal and pathological animal cochlea.
Subject Classification: [43]65.26, [43]65.20, [43]65.22, [43]65.40.
Subjective equivalence of sinusoidal and random whole-body vibration
Authors: Griffin Michael J. 
Published: October 2005

An experiment conducted to compare the discomfort produced by whole-body sinusoidal vibration with that produced by one-third-, one-, and three-octave vibration spectra is described. Seated subjects were required to adjust the level of a variable test vibration such that it produced a degree of discomfort similar to that caused by a 10-Hz sinusoidal vertical whole-body vibration at 0.75 m/sec2 rms. The test stimuli were nine sinusoidal vibrations (at 3.15, 4.00, 5.00, 6.30, 8.00, 10.00, 12.50, 16.00, and 20 Hz); nine one- third-octave bands of random vibration centered at the above frequencies, three single-octave bands (centered at 4.00, 8.00, and 16.00 Hz) and a three-octave band (centered at 8.00 Hz). The results obtained by this method indicate that the mean equivalent discomfort produced by all the random motions employed in the experiment may be predicted by weighting the vibration spectra with a filter network. A suitable filter response is that determined from a contour of equal comfort for sinusoidal or one-third-octave random vibration.
Subject Classification: [43]65.70.
Psychophysical tuning curves of chinchillas
Authors: McGee Therese , Ryan Allen , Dallos Peter 
Published: October 2005

Psychophysical tuning curves were obtained on normal chinchillas using a shock-avoidance technique. Curves were measured at several levels and frequencies of the signal, and both simultaneous and forward masking were employed. The chinchilla curves were found to be similar to those obtained with human subjects by other researchers. Also, a comparison of the chinchilla psychophysical tuning curves with cat physiological tuning curves shows that the two are similar in shape and sharpness of tuning.
Subject Classification: [43]65.58, [43]65.68, [43]65.35, [43]65.75; [43]80.50.