bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure of the stridulatory apparatus and analysis of the sound produced by Smicronyx fulvus and Smicronyx sordidus (coleoptera, curculionidae, erirrhininae, smicronychini)
Authors: Hyder Donald E. , Oseto Christian Y. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWing folding spicules, elytral binding patches, and elytral locking devices of adult male and female seed weevils, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte and S. sordidus LeConte, involved in stridulation are described. Sound is produced by both sexes of the two species when the plectrum, paired conical teeth located along the anterior margin of the dorsally elevated seventh sternite, is struck against an elongate file, the pars stridens, on the under surface of the apical portion of each elytron. A second plectrum, on the sixth tergite, is well‐developed in males of both species and is used by males to produce sound before and during mating.Sex‐specific and species‐specific differences in the sound produced is attributed to structural variation in the pars stridens and the elytra. The pars stridens determines frequencies, while the elytra may further modify the sound. The frequency range for male S. fulvus is 1,000 cycles per second (cps) through 13,000 cps and for male S. sordidus is 2,500 cps through 13,000 cps. The frequency range for female S. fulvus is 2,000 cps through 11,500 cps and for female S. sordidus is 900 cps through 11,500 cps.
Muscle‐fiber architecture, innervation, and histochemistry in the diaphragm of the cat
Authors: Gordon D. C. , Hammond C. G. M. , Fisher J. T. , Richmond F. J. R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPrevious anatomical descriptions of the diaphragm have contained several contradictory findings. To validate and extend the previous work, diaphragmatic architecture, histochemistry, and end‐plate distribution were examined by use of a combination of anatomical methods, including fiber microdissections, cholinesterase staining, and enzyme histochemistry. Microdissections showed that musclefiber fascicles throughout the diaphragm contain both long fibers that run from origin to insertion and shorter fibers with intrafascicular terminations. Fibers with intrafascicular terminations were particularly common in the costal diaphragm, where they accounted for the majority of sampled fibers. The heterogeneity of fiber length was reflected in the pattern of end‐plate banding. Cholinesterase studies showed that fiber fascicles in cat and kitten diaphragms were crossed by two to four end‐plate bands distributed in discontinuous arrays across the width of the muscle. A similar pattern of multiple banding was also demonstrated in the adult and neonatal dog. However, rat and rabbit diaphragms had only a single, continuous end‐plate band. Histochemical studies of fiber types in different parts of the feline diaphragm showed that costal, crural, and sternal subregions had similar overall proportions of fiber types. However, type SO (slow oxidative) fibers were distributed more densely on the thoracic than the abdominal surface of costal and crural, but not sternal subregions. Type SO fibers were also concentrated in fiber fascicles bordering the esophageal hiatus.
Maturation of glomerular size distribution profiles in domestic fowl (Gallus gallus)
Authors: Wideman Robert F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPrevious histological evaluations of chick kidneys indicated nephrons continue to develop from embryonic foci for up to 6 weeks after hatching. The present study was conducted using an in vivo alcian blue staining technique to quantify posthatch changes in glomerular numbers and sizes in female domestic fowl at 1, 3, 5, 9, 12, 21, and 30 weeks of age. Changes in glomerular size distributions reflect changes in the heterogeneous nephron populations of avian kidneys. Foci of embryonic tissue were observed at the periphery of renal lobules up to 12 weeks of age. Glomerular numbers increased from 69,800/kidney at 1 week to 586,000/kidney at 12 weeks, with no further significant increase up to 30 weeks (599,000/kidney). The increase in glomerular number per gram kidney weight remained constant as kidney mass increased up to 12 weeks of age, after which the number of glomeruli per gram kidney weight declined significantly as kidney size increased without further addition of new nephrons. Glomerular size distribution profiles were constructed using eleven circumference categories. The peak number of glomeruli fell within the 0.11–0.14 mm category at 1 and 3 weeks; within the 0.15–0.18 mm category at 5, 9, and 12 weeks; and within the 0.19–0.22 mm category at 21 and 30 weeks. One and 3‐week‐old chicks had no glomeruli within the largest (⩾0.35 mm circumference) size categories, and 9–12‐week‐old birds had significantly fewer glomeruli in these categories than 21–30‐week‐old birds. These results demonstrate that posthatch renal maturation in domestic fowl involves the ongoing formation of new nephrons up to 12 weeks of age, with subsequent kidney growth (12–30 weeks of age) accomplished by enlargement of existing nephrons (nephron hypertrophy). The cumulative evidence indicates that nephrons destined to develop loops of Henle (mammalian‐type) develop first, with shorter (reptilian‐type) nephrons developing later as the kidneys enlarge.
Fine structure of the filiform papilla of beagle dogs
Authors: Iwasaki Shin‐Ichi , Miyata Ken 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLight and electron microscopic examination of the dorsal lingual epithelium of beagle dogs (Canis domesticus) revealed three different regions: that anterior to the filiform papillae, that posterior to the papillae, and an interpapillary region. Whereas the basal and suprabasal cells are similar throughout, differences characterize the intermediate and surface layers. Keratohyalin granules are common in the intermediate layers in the anterior and interpapillary regions, tonofibrils are prominent in the posterior region, and no keratohyalin granules occur. The surface layer of the interpapillary region is not keratinized, that of the anterior region shows soft keratinization, and that of the posterior region shows hard keratinization. The perimeter of keratohyalin granules is composed of ribosomes 10–20 nm in diameter.
Neural elements in the cruciate ligaments and menisci of the knee joint of the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis
Authors: Wink Carole S. , Elsey Ruth M. , Onge Michele St. , Zimny Marilyn L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractKnee joints from adult, juvenile, hatchling, and embryonic (full term) American alligators were dissected to reveal the cruciate ligaments and the medial and lateral menisci. Two anterior cruciate (major and minor), a posterior cruciate, an intermeniscal, and a meniscofemoral ligament were identified. In addition, we found a fourth internal ligament which has not been reported previously. Menisci and ligaments from left knees were fixed in formalin and processed for routine histological observation. Those from right knees were stained in bulk by using a gold chloride method and were either frozen and sectioned at 100 m̈m on a sliding microtome or were processed for paraffin sections at 30 m̈m. The morphology of the collagenous, cartilaginous, and vascular constituents of the tissues was similar to that of the dog, cat, and human. Nerve fibers were observed in all tissues sampled. Structures resembling Golgi tendon organs and Pacinian corpuscles were identified, reinforcing the theory that neural elements within cruciate ligaments and menisci may provide afferent input that affects the function of the knee joint.
Anatomy and innervation of the abdominal segmental muscles in larval and adult Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera)
Authors: Kalogianni E. , Consoulas C. , Theophilidis G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe external morphology, musculature, and the innervation of the abdominal segments were examined in larvae and adult Tenebrio molitor. In the larva, there are 26 pairs of muscles arranged at four different levels in the ventral, lateral, and dorsal region of each segment. In the adult, the number of muscles has been dramatically reduced and is limited to six pairs of muscles located at the dorsal and lateral region of the segment. These muscles, in either larval or adult stages, are innervated by two main nerves, n1 and n2, which originate from the segmental ganglia. The cell bodies of the motoneurons innervating the muscles of the 3rd abdominal segment are located in the 3rd and 2nd abdominal ganglia. Some cell bodies are retained throughout metamorphosis, but others disappear during the larva‐pupa transition.
Ultrastructural changes in micropylar cells and formation of the micropyle during oogenesis in the medaka Oryzias latipes
Authors: Nakashima S. , Iwamatsu T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractUltrastructural changes in differentiating micropylar cells and in the micropyle occur during oogenesis in the medaka, Oryzias latipes. A micropylar cell is not detectable in previtellogenic ovarian follicles. In the early vitellogenic phase, the micropylar cell becomes differentiated from neighboring granulosa cells by its electrondense cytoplasm. The micropylar cell in this phase characteristically displays an increase in rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, and tonofilaments around the nucleus. By the late vitellogenic phase, the enlarged micropylar cell extends a broad cytoplasmic process to the oocyte surface. A conspicuous feature of the process is a large bundle of microtubules oriented perpendicular to the oocyte surface. The inner surface of the micropylar canal has a spiral structure and is covered with the outermost layer of the chorion. In the postvitellogenic phase, the main cell body possesses many tonofilaments, mitochondria, Golgi complexes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the winding cytoplasmic process contains a twisted large bundle of microtubules with a bundle of tonofilaments as its core. The spiral structure of the micropylar vestibule and the micropylar canal reflects the twisting associated with elongation of fibrous bundles of the micropylar cell anchored on the chorion at the animal pole of the oocyte.
Early embryonic development and external features of developing embryos of the caddisfly, Nemotaulius admorsus (trichoptera: Limnephilidae)
Authors: Kobayashi Yukimasa , Ando Hiroshi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFormative processes of the blastoderm, germ disk, embryonic membranes, and germ band in the trichopteran Nemotaulius admorsus are described. Successive external changes of developing embryos are also described, chiefly on the basis of SEM data.The blastoderm is very thin, and a circular germ disk forms in its ventro‐posterior region about 32 hr after oviposition. Embryonic membranes are completed by fusion of amnio‐serosal folds extending from the margin of the germ disk. The germ disk then differentiates into a long germ band in situ. This process is similar to that of other trichopterans of the suborder Integripalpia (e.g., Neophylax concinnus and Neoseverinia crassicornis), but differs from that of Stenopsyche griseipennis (suborder Annulipalpia) in which the germ band and embryonic membranes are formed by deep invagination of the germ disk.The germ band or embryo, as in other trichopteran species, assumes a completely superficial position throughout development. The following description summarizes its external differentiation. An egg tooth develops at the top of the head capsule. Antennal rudiments become small as development advances. In the maxillary segment, the lacinial and galeal lobes are indistinguishable and united into one laciniogaleal complex. Thoracic appendages develop considerably during the embryonic period. Pleuropodia are formed in the first abdominal segment. Two pairs of appendage‐like swellings, a ventral and a medial pair, arise in each of the first eight abdominal segments, and homologies of these swellings and pleuropodia are discussed. Terminal hooks originate from the bilateral projections of the telson. Tracheal invaginations appear in the mesothoracic, metathoracic, and the first eight abdominal segments, but their openings or spiracles close later. Embryonic membranes rupture after revolution, and thus the secondary dorsal organ is formed.
Oral papillae of adults of the southern hemisphere lamprey Geotria australis
Authors: Cook R. D. , Hilliard R. W. , Potter I. C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe morphology, cell types, and innervation of the several small papillae (x̄ = 17) and two larger papillae, which together form a ring just outside the fimbriae surrounding the suctorial disc of adult Geotria australis, have been studied using various histological stains, including silver impregnation, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The epithelium of all papillae consists almost entirely of mucigenic cells. The multivillous and oligovillous cells, which are found elsewhere in the lamprey epidermis, were not observed, and Merkel and polyvillous cells are rare. Free nerve endings are common, however, in the basal layers of the epidermis. Unlike the small papillae, the two large papillae contain a core of skeletal muscle and a prominent layer of dermal collagen. In the submucosa of these large papillae, the nerves form a dense, compact layer that contains many large and probably sensory axons. It is suggested that the oral disc papillae of adult G. australis are encapsulated mechanosensory structures that play a role in enabling the animal to locate and attach to a suitable point on host fishes or other surfaces.
Breeding and post‐breeding structure of the vas deferens of the long‐toed salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum
Authors: Zalisko Edward J. , Larsen John H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe vas deferens of Ambystoma macrodactylum is composed of a peritoneal epithelium, connective tissue layer with fibroblasts, circular smooth muscle, capillaries, cells containing lipid, and a luminal epithelium composed of a single layer of cuboidal cells covered by a net of interconnected ciliated squamous cells. The cuboidal cells have abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and PAS + secretory vesicles. Squamous cells of breeding males consistently have tufts of ∼100 cilia located at one end of the long axis of each cell. These cilia may help distribute secretory products. The squamous cells, absent in post‐breeding males, are apparently sloughed into the lumen. Lipid vesicles are present throughout the cytoplasm of the cuboidal and squamous epithelial cells and are also in some cells of the connective tissue layer. These vesicles increase dramatically in number during the first 4 weeks after breeding and may serve as an energy pool for the next breeding season. Enzyme‐histochemical tests for testosterone synthesis were negative. In addition to the accumulation of lipid and the loss of squamous cells in the vas deferens, after breeding PAS + vesicle production is terminated. These alterations appear to represent energy conservation strategies employed by the sperm‐depleted vas deferens.
Density of muscle spindle profiles in the intrinsic forelimb muscles of the dog
Authors: Buxton Donald F. , Peck David 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe concept of parallel muscle combinations, in which spindle density is significantly higher in small muscles compared to their larger counterparts in large‐small muscle combinations acting across a joint, is supported by the results of this study regardless of the joint. Analysis of the canine data as well as previously published guinea pig forelimb and human pelvic limb data revealed no significant difference in spindle density between antigravity and non‐antigravity muscles. Furthermore, a gradual increase in spindle density from proximal to distal on the limb was not found, although spindle density was significantly higher in the intrinsic manus or pes muscles compared to more proximal limb muscles in all three species. The significant differences in spindle densities in parallel muscle combinations and in manus/pes versus proximal muscles are discussed relative to their possible role in the control of locomotion.
Development and evolution of the carotid circulation in geomyoid rodents in relationship to their craniomorphology
Authors: Brylski P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe diversity in cranial morphology of living geomyoids, including pocket gophers (Thomomys), spiny pocket mice (Heteromys and Liomys), desert pocket mice (Chaetodipus and Perognathus), and kangaroo rats and mice (Dipodomys and Microdipodops) is accompanied by only a few differences in their cephalic arterial circulation. The principal difference is the origin of the pterygopalatine artery, which serves the orbit and rostrum. In dipodomyines and perognathines it originates as a stapedial branch of the internal carotid artery and passes through the middle ear en route to the braincase. In geomyines and heteromyines it originates as an internal maxillary branch of the external carotid artery and enters the braincase directly. Either geomyines and heteromyines are convergent in this respect, or the currently recognized family Heteromyidae is paraphyletic. The stapedial artery is the same size in early embryos of T. bottae and D. merriami, but in the former species it fails to grow and disappears in juveniles. Comparison of developmental series of D. merriami and T. bottae revealed that the decline of the artery in the latter species is preceded by a greater degree of arterial coarctation, or narrowing, as it passes though the developing stapes. The loss of the stapedial artery is correlated with an enlarged masseter profundus muscle in T. bottae and with an unusually small stapes in T. bottae, H. desmarestianus, and L. salvini. I hypothesize that the primitive condition for geomyoids is the presence of both stapedial and internal maxillary arteries, that the stapedial artery was lost in geomyines and heteromyines because of the constraint on its size posed by the stapes, and that the stapedial artery was retained in dipodomyines because enlargement of the stapes accompanied bullar inflation in these taxa and lifted the constraint on the size of the stapedial artery.
The cycle of foilicuiar and interstitial cells (Leydig cells) in the testis of the marbled newt, Triturus marmoratus (caudata, salamandridae)
Authors: Fraile Benito , Saez Francisco Jose , Paniagua Ricardo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractUltrastructural examination of the marbled newt (Triturus marmoratus) testis throughout the annual cycle revealed that during the period of testicular quiescence (November–February), primordial germ cells proliferate within cords of filament‐rich epithelial cells that will become follicular cells (FCs). Fibroblast‐like cells surround the FCs and form the lobule‐boundary interstitial cells (ICs). During the period of germ cell development from primordial germ cells to round spermatids (March–June), the FCs surrounding the developing germ cells contain scanty cytoplasm with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and scarce filaments. With spermatid elongation (July–August), the FC size grows, its nucleus becomes irregularly outlined, and its cytoplasm displays abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, residual bodies, lipid droplets, and large vacuoles. After spermatozoon release by the FCs (August–September), the adjacent ICs increase their size and transform into Leydig cells with abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria with tubular cristae, and lipid droplets. During the period of testicular quiescence (November–February), the Leydig cells undergo involution, eventually developing the morphological attributes of mesenchymal cells. Intermingled among these cells, cords of filament‐rich cells are observed. During this period of the cycle, spermatozoon cysts supported by FCs are present. At the beginning of the germ cell proliferation period (March), these spermatozoa arc released, and the adjacent ICs undergo a transformation into Leydig cells similar to those observed in August‐September. Maturation and involution of ICs occur when testosterone levels are known to be rising and falling, respectively.
Ultrastructure and organization of circumventricular organs and endolymphatic tubules in the treefrog, Hyla versicolor
Authors: Kemnitz Christopher P. , Fox Linda M. , McNulty John A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe morphology and anatomical relationship of the paraphysis, anterior choroid plexus, and endolymphatic tubules of Hyla versicolor suggest that these structures may act as a functional unit to regulate composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Ependymal cells of both the paraphysis and the choroid plexus exhibit ultrastructural features (an extensive microvillar border, large intercellular spaces containing an amorphous material, and apically located mitochondria) which indicate active exchange between the blood and CSF. Mast cells (which may play a role in regulating vascular permeability) also occur on the brush border. The tubules of the endolymphatic sacs were found to lie in close relation with the dorsal portion of the paraphysis. The endolymphatic organ is known to play a role in systemic buffering during respiratory acidosis and may influence Na/K fluxes via calcium release. The association of the paraphysis with the endolymphatic tubules may therefore represent an important mechanism for ion regulation in the CSF of amphibians. The ultrastructure of the pineal organ agrees with descriptions for other species. No pineal stalk was present. Photoreceptor inner and outer segments project into a central lumen continuous with the third ventricle. Outer segments show signs of disorganization. Photoreceptor/neural dendrite contacts involve synaptic ribbons and conventional synapses.
Eye structure of Ophryotrocha puerilis (Polychaeta: Dorvilleidae)
Authors: Rhode Birgit 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe protandric hermaphrodite Ophryotrocha puerilis possesses one pair of eyes. They are located in the peristomium. Each light‐sensitive organ consists of one sensory cell and one to two supporting cell(s) embedded in a cup‐shaped reflector. The sensory‐supporting cell complex is enveloped by a basal lamina. This lamina is supposed to be identical with the neural lamella. Thus the eyes proper have to be regarded as protrusions from the brain, while epidermal cells seem to differentiate to crystalline cells (reflector) and are deposited onto the sensory complex.The reflector is built up by several cup‐shaped cells (juveniles, 4–5; adults, 10–12). Each of these cells comprises a multilayer of parallel‐oriented, membrane‐bound crystalline platelets which are thought to be guanine. The sensory cell is of the inverted rhabdomere type. Submicrovillar cisternae, typical for most polychaete eyes, are lacking. The first and always present supporting cell entirely envelops the sensory cell, thus forming the extracellular space around the rhabdomere. It does not contain any pigment granules. Often but not always a second supporting cell has been observed surrounding the sensory cell and first supporting cell. It is interpreted as a glial cell.In the sensory cell beneath the rhabdomere, pino‐ and phagocytosis can be observed and secondary lysosomes are found in high densities. Preliminary results seem to demonstrate that there is no distinct diurnal cycle of receptoral membrane recycling. In comparison with the ocelli of Dinophilidae, which have been interpreted as a dorvilleid‐related family, morphological differences and their application to phylogenetic considerations are discussed.