bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Great Depression: Can It Happen Again?
Authors: Wallis John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Could the Great Depression happen again? American economic historians have been asked this question perhaps more often than any other, and never more frequently than in the months following the Crash of 1987. The traditional answer has been a strongly qualified no-that we learned our lessons in the 1930s and those old mistakes will not be repeated, as long as policymakers keep their wits about them; that the ability of the economy to resist depression was strengthened during the New Deal, and that these reforms have prevented runaway depressions since 1933. Are these reforms really enough to prevent another Great Depression? Have the policymakers really learned their history lesson? The events of October and November 1987 leave considerable room for doubt.
Are Government GiveawaysReally Free?
Authors: Anderson Terry L , Hill Peter J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Imagine what would happen if the U.S. Treasury announced that on some future date it would give $100 bills to the first 1,000 people to enter the Treasury building. It is doubtful that the 1,000 people who received the money would be individuals who happened to wander into the building that day only to be completely surprised by their windfall. More likely, people would line up outside the Treasury to get the $100 bills. If they each believed a few knew of the bonanza, they might try to show up just a few minutes before the doors opened. If there was general knowledge of the free money, however, competition from other potential entrants would likely force people toward earlier arrival times. In the limit, each individual would be willing to forgo $100 worth of time and comfort to secure the prize.
Should We Reregulatethe Banks?
Authors: Sylla Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The financial crises of the 1970s and 1980s-the failures of banks and savings and loan (S&L) associations, the stock market crashes, the junk bond defaults, the collapses of securities firms, and the scandals associated with these events-have revived one of the oldest debates in American history. Should financial institutions, the holders and guardians of most of our money and savings, be regulated in order to assure that our assets are safely managed? Or are such regulations themselves a threat to the safe management of assets? These questions were certainly asked long ago, and on more than one occasion, but the answers given in earlier eras invariably led to reactions in the opposite direction at a later time. Hence, from first to last, our financial history has been marked by cycles of regulation and deregulation.
The Securities Exchange Commission: Where From, Where To?
Authors: Phillips Susan M , Zecher J Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although the creation of the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) is often attributed to the stock market crash of 1929, its establishment more properly should be seen as a response to the increased support for a regulatory program that promised to protect investors from manipulation and fraud. Over the years, SEC regulations have been modified only as a political response to economically influential groups rather than on economic grounds. Keeping this principle in mind, it is possible to predict the direction of future stock-market reforms with some degree of probability.
Does Science Shape Economic Progress-Or Is It the Other Way Around?
Authors: Rosenberg Nathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is widely believed that an industrial civilization, such as late twentieth-century America, depends upon scientific research for its continued economic success. Although there is no reason to doubt the long-term validity of this belief, it is often associated with a striking unawareness of the considerable extent to which new technologies can emerge without the assistance of recently acquired scientific knowledge. Indeed, to think of the lines of causation as running exclusively from new scientific findings to improved economic performance is highly selective and incomplete, and can lead to incorrect conclusions for the making of public policy.
The Origin of the Sherman Act
Authors: Stigler George J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If consensus were proof, there would be little uncertainty about the origin of the Sherman Act. A depressed agricultural sector still in 1890 a major part of the American economy-was casting about for sources of its economic troubles. One source was found in the deflation of the 1879-93 period and in the gold standard which brought it about. But monopolies-especially railroads for the farmer and the flourishing industrial trusts for everyone-were equally popular targets of complaints.
Legislative Intent and the Policy of the Sherman Act
Authors: Bork Robert h. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite the obvious importance of the question to a statute as vaguely phrased as the Sherman Act, the federal courts in all the years since 1890 have never arrived at a definitive statement of the values or policies which control the law’s application and evolution. The question of values, therefore, remains central to controversy about this basic law and its interpretation. More than one factor bears upon the answer to the question.
Wealth Transfers as the Original and Primary Concern of Antitrust: The Efficiency Interpretation Challenged
Authors: Lande Robert h. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The prevailing view is that Congress intended the antitrust laws only to increase economic efficiency. Others, however, contend that Congress was largely motivated by a number of social, moral, and political concerns. This Article presents a third view, one suggested by the antitrust laws’ legislative histories. This Article will argue that Congress passed the antitrust laws to further economic objectives, but primarily objectives of a distributive rather than of an efficiency nature.
The Land Scape of History
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What is history, and why should we study it? Is there such a thing as historical truth? Is history a science? One of the most accomplished historians at work today, John Lewis Gaddis, answers these and other questions in this short, witty, and humane book. The Landscape of History provides a searching look at the historian’s craft, as well as a strong argument for why a historical consciousness should matter to us today. Written in the tradition of Marc Bloch and E. H. Carr, The Landscape of History is at once an engaging introduction to the historical method for beginners, a powerful reaffirmation of it for practitioners, a startling challenge to social scientists, and an effective skewering of postmodernist claims that we can’t know anything at all about the past. It will be essential reading for anyone who reads, writes, teaches, or cares about history.
‘‘The Stronger and the Better Jews’’: Jewish Theological Responses to Political Messianism in the Weimar Republic
Authors: Mendes-Flohr Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the midst of the Bavarian revolution of 1918-1919, a group of students at the University of Munich organized a study circle to di’scuss the urgent social and political questions of the day. To distinguish themselves from the right-wing Corpstudenten, they fancied themselves to be a Freistudentenschaft, and met weekly in a local bookshop.1 In January 1919, they were addressed by Max Weber, who was soon to assume a professorship at the university. 2 In a room packed to overflowing (apparently an auditorium rather than the usual meeting place at the bookshop), Weber spoke to the enthralled students about the moral tasks and sociological boundaries of scholarship in the modem world. This lecture, delivered freely and without a pause, was recorded by a stenographer and later published under the title “Science as a Vocation.” Two months later, Weber once again addressed the students on a parallel theme, “Politics as a Vocation. “ In these now-famous lectures, the sociologist offered, in striking contrast to the heated rhetoric of the day, a cold analysis of what he regarded to be the misconceived idealism of the youths then ruling the streets of Munich.
Ethics in Nursing
Authors: Benjamin Martin , Curtis Joy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Written by a nurse and a philosopher, Ethics in Nursing blends the concrete detail of recurring problems in nursing practice with the perspectives, methods, and resources of philosophical ethics. It stresses the aspects of the nurse's role and relations with others --physicians, patients, administrators, other nurses -- that give ethical problems in nursing their special focus. Among the issues addressed are deception, parentalism, confidentiality, conscientious refusal, nurse autonomy, compromise, and personal responsibility for institutional and public policy. This third edition has been enlarged with new cases and case discussions related to AIDS and an additional chapter on the expanding scope of nursing ethics as it addresses issues related to scarce resources, cost containment, justice, and the possibilities of health care rationing.
Civic Humanism and Scientific Scholarship at Leiden
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1619 that intrepid traveler James Howell visited Leiden to see the university. He was not impressed. True, he appreciated the faculty, with its many scholars of European reputation. “Apollo,” he admitted, “hath a strong influence here.” But he found the buildings laughable by comparison with the great stone colleges that had transformed Oxford since the mid-sixteenth century: “Here are no Colleges at all, God-wot . . . nor scarce the face of an University.” And he found the climate and situation no laughing matter: “The Heaven here has always some Cloud in his Countenance, and from this grossness and spissitude of Air proceeds the slow nature of the Inhabitants.”1 Thirty years before, Fynes Moryson had been more impressed by the lectures, but he too had criticized the “ruinous College” where the estates of Holland maintained poor scholars and public plays and festivals “poorely” represented the Spanish siege that preceded the founding of the university. Twenty years later, John Evelyn found even more to say against the “college and schools, which are nothing extraordinary,” and the so-called “mag-nificus Professor” who accepted a fee of one rix-dollar for taking Evelyn’s oath and entering him as a student of the university.
Giap’s First Offensive Campaign 1950
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the year 1950 dawned, Giap was ready with a hundred-page plan to win the war. In this analysis, Giap foresaw the war as one of three phases. Phase I (now complete) included the initial retreat and avoidance of decisive combat by the Vietminh. In the second phase, the Chinese Communists would equip and train the Vietminh, permitting them to eliminate the northern border posts one by one. This was the current phase, and to Giap it was the critical one. The real race, as Giap saw things in early 1950, was between the aid furnished to the Vietminh by the Chinese Communists and the American assistance now beginning to flow to the French. In early 1950, Giap believed that the Chinese were winning this race, and he wanted to seize the advantage before the French received massive American materiel help. Phase III, as Giap saw it, would consist of a Vietminh general counteroffensive to be launched sometime in the future to destroy the French forces in Indochina or to drive them from the country.
Giap’s General Counteroffensive ,January 1951–May 1952
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By early December 1950, Giap closed his units in around the Tonkin Delta and began the immense job of establishing the logistic bases for his upcoming offensive. At first, he considered mounting a quick attack on the Delta, and boasted that he would put Ho back in Hanoi by the end of December.1 His probe of the French defenses north of Hanoi, however, brought him a stiff rebuff. French firmness, plus his own difficulties with logistic and troop movements, convinced Giap that he could not pull off a quick and easy victory, so he revised his timetable and settled back to complete his preparations.
An Indecent Interval 1973–1974
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The signing of the 1973 Paris Agreement ended Indochina War II and initiated Indochina War III. The agreement provided for a cease-fire in place, a provision which left a large North Vietnamese force in South Vietnam. It established two control commissions to oversee the cease fire and the execution of the agreement’s military provisions, but since both commissions operated on the principle of unanimity, they were powerless. The agreement set up a National Council of Concord and National Conciliation to plan and supervise elections, but this never functioned. The agreement did recognize the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG), a Communist satellite of North Vietnam, as a legitimate government competing with the Thieu regime in South Vietnam.
Why We Lost the War
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In my introduction I stated that I wrote this book in an attempt to learn how the most powerful nation in the world won every battle in Vietnam, but lost the war. Now, some eleven years later, I know the answer-at least, to my own satisfaction. But to be candid, I submit this answer with considerable misgiving. Indochina War II was a complex war, the most unusual one we Americans ever fought. It was a war critically influenced by events far removed from the battlefield, not only in space, but in discernible connection. Above all, it was a war waged in a critical, but indeterminate manner, in the uncharted depths of the American psyche and in the obscurity of our national soul.
The Consequences of Reform in Mental Health Law
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During periods of cataclysmic change, emotional reactions make objective evaluation all but impossible. Minor perturbations seem to have immense impact, and transitory phenomena are mistaken for permanent alterations. People who speak the loudest or the most provocatively are often mistaken as those most able to shape the course of events. Attempts to predict the future tend to begin with the most dramatic changes to date and to extrapolate upward. Factors that may slow or reverse the tide of reform routinely are ignored.
Multidimensional Pricing
Authors: Wilson Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters study the design of a tariff for a single product when each customer chooses only the number of units to purchase. This and subsequent chapters show how the methods used for a single product are applied to more elaborate problems of tariff design. This chapter begins with the simplest case in which a single product is supplied with several quality attributes chosen by the customer. The illustrations in §2 demonstrate that some firms differentiate their products in terms of quality dimensions that affect customers’ valuations of usage. In addition, firms often differentiate conditions of delivery, such as the time or place of use and the reliability or speed of delivery. These options allow a customer to assign some combination of quality attributes to each unit and pay a corresponding price for the combination selected. A key aspect is that the options are flexible, in the sense that a customer can select different quality attributes for different units of the same generic product.
The Future of Southern History
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Closest The Historian Can Legitimately Get to making pronouncements about the future is the recent past, and the closer the recent past gets to the present, the more insecure the historian feels in whatever he has to say about it. His instinct is to withdraw from the present, which is the brink of the future, and put distance between himself and the brink to gain the se­curity he likes to call “perspective.” The trouble with the future from the historian’s point of view is that it has not happened yet. Whatever glimpses beyond the brink I shall venture here will be afforded from a point well back from the edge.
Why the Southern Renaissance?
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Why The Southern Renaissance ever occurred is still something of a mystery. All that is attempted here is an analysis of some explanations that have been offered by others and a few additional speculations. Before turning to the critical why, how­ever, it is necessary to determine just what it is we are talking about. In the first place, we are stuck with a misnomer in the very word “renaissance.” For neither in its literal sense nor in its classic historical usage is this French word really applicable to what happened in the South.
History in Robert Penn Warren’s Fiction
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One Of The Appeals Robert Penn Warren has for historians is that it is he who has repeatedly taken the initiative, come for­ward to exchange views, and in his own work often addressed historical themes, problems, and theories and done so with sym­pathy, understanding, and originality. He has never written fic­tional history or what is commonly called “historical fiction,” but both his fiction and poetry are permeated with sensitivity, respect, and awareness for historical dimensions of human experi­ence.
A Short History of American History
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
American History Was First Written By Explorers and the earliest settlers. They wrote in the old tradition or were in­spired by it, as were historians of the next three centuries and more. It was essentially a literary tradition, that of an avocation or a “calling,” and its practitioners were as individual and auton­omous as poets or playwrights. They might think of themselves as learned or wise but not as scientists or professionals. They took pride in their prose and in the clarity and drama of their narrative and descriptive writing, and most of it was narrative.
Folklore
Authors: Bauman Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Term coined in 1846 by the British antiquarian William John Thoms, apparently a translation of the German term Volks kunde, introduced in 1787. Thoms’s “good Saxon compound, Folklore” has achieved wide currency in the world’s languages (including prominently Romance and Slavic languages), though sometimes in conjunction or competition with more local coin ages. Thoms defined folklore essentially by enumerating some of its forms: “The manners, customs, observances, superstitions, ballads, proverbs, etc., of the olden time.” Folklore names both the traditional cultural forms and the discipline devoted to their study, though in recent years the term folkloristics has gained increasing currency for the latter. The concept of folklore emerged in the late eighteenth century as part of a unified vision of language, CULTURE, literature, and ideology in the service of romantic nationalism. For Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803), the German philosopher whose romantic conception of das Volk and folk tradition in forms all subsequent understandings of folklore, the possession of a common language was the touchstone of a people’s distinctiveness, the source that gave rise to and sustained their sense of themselves as a separate, unique, social entity; language embodied the character, the inner being, of a Volk.
Dance
Authors: Kaeppler Adrienne L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A complex form of communication that combines the visual, kinesthetic, and aesthetic aspects of human movement with (usually) the aural dimension of musical sounds and sometimes poetry. Dance is created out of culturally understood symbols within social and religious contexts, and it conveys information and meaning as Ritual, ceremony, and entertainment. For dance to communicate, its audience must understand the cultural conventions that deal with human movement in time and space. Many definitions of dance have been proposed, but none has focused on its communicative aspects. With few exceptions writers simply assert without further elaboration that dance communicates, or else they focus on the narrative or mimetic potential of dance movement. From such assertions one can conclude only that the rigorous formulation and investigation of the communicative aspects of dance are still in their infancy.
Ritual
Authors: Rappaport Roy A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
May be defined as the Performance of more or less invariant sequences of formal acts and utterances not encoded by the performers. Many would argue that ritual is not simply one of many modes of communication available to humans but the one that has made other sorts of human communication possible, particularly those resting on language. Although popular understanding tends to associate ritual with the concerns or practice of religion, a fundamental aspect of the definition offered here is that it does not stipulate ritual’s subject matter. Ritual is understood to be a form or structure, that is, a number of features or characteristics in a more or less fixed relationship to one another. Events conforming to this definition occur outside religious contexts. Psychiatrists, for instance, have used the terms ritual and ceremony to refer both to the pathological behavior of obsessive-compulsives and to the healthy but stereotyped interactions between parents and children. In fact, usage does not have to be confined to the human species. Ethologists use the term to designate stereotypic dis plays through which members of a very large number of species communicate with their conspecifics (for example, the courtship rituals of great-crested grebes or fiddler crabs).
A Guide to NIH Grant Programs
Authors: Schwartz Samuel M , Friedman Mischa E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Each year thousands of biomedical and behavioural researchers submit grant applications to the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) for support of their research or research training activities. The majority of these applications are submitted to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). By describing the inner workings of the NIH extramural programs and providing practical information about grant programs and processes, this authoritative work is designed to help investigators gain a more favourable edge in obtaining support for their research proposals. It offers practical insights into a broad spectrum of the basic and clinical research interests of the 21 NIH research granting components, and identifies the various mechanisms of support. Descriptions, guidance, and advice are also provided on specific areas such as how to prepare a grant application; the peer review system, the procedures leading to award decisions, the responsibilities of the NIH staff in managing the review and referral of applications, and managing grant programs. Other extramural policies and procedures are covered such as the appeals system, animal welfare, the privacy act, and research involving human subjects. Legislation, funding, and the NIH budget are also discussed. Written by two former senior-level managers at the National Institutes of Health and current consultants to several USPHS agencies, A Guide to NIH Grant Programs is a valuable reference source for members of the biomedical and behavioural research community.