bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sam Greenhouse's years at the Census Bureau and the UNRRA
Authors: Keller Jay , Clark Cynthia Z. F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSam Greenhouse joined the Census Bureau as a clerk at an interesting time period for the agency. The first use of sampling in the decennial census occurred in 1940. There was a major expansion of the amount of data collected. The organization of the Census Bureau underwent radical changes, including the growth of the Population Division of which Greenhouse was a part, and the Office of Statistical Assistant was established. After the 1940 census Greenhouse was also part of a new intercensal program which became the forerunner of today's Current Population Survey, and was on hand for the transition of the physical location of the agency from Washington D.C. to Suitland, Maryland. After America's entry into World War II, Sam Greenhouse left the Census Bureau and worked with the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), designed to manage the support and eventual repatriation of refugees who would come under Allied control at the war's end. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sam Greenhouse: his contributions as a consultant to the Food and Drug Administration
Authors: O'Neill Robert T. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis paper recounts contributions made by Sam Greenhouse to the Food and Drug Administration during his tenure as an advisory committee member and as chair of the committee. The events and topics are taken from available recollections and minutes and selectively describe a range of topic areas and issues about which Sam Greenhouse played a substantial leadership role. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Group sequential large sample T2‐like χ2 tests for multivariate observations
Authors: Lachin John M. , Greenhouse Samuel W. , Bautista Oliver M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn many studies, a K degree of freedom large sample χ2 test is used to assess the effect of treatment on a multivariate response, such as an omnibus T2‐like test of a difference between two treatment groups in any of K repeated measures. Alternately, a K df χ2 test may be used to test the equality of K+1 groups in a single outcome measure. Jennison and Turnbull (Biometrika 1991; 78: 133–141) describe group sequential χ2 and F‐tests for normal errors linear models, and Proschan, Follmann and Geller (Statist. Med. 1994; 13: 1441–1452) describe group sequential tests for K+1 group comparisons. These methods apply to sequences of statistics that can be characterized as having an independent increments variance–covariance structure, thus simplifying the computation of the sequential variance–covariance matrix and the resulting sequential test boundaries. However, many commonly used statistics do not share this structure, including a Liang–Zeger (Biometrika 1986; 73: 13–22) GEE longitudinal analysis with an independence working correlation structure and a Wei‐Lachin (J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 1984; 79: 653–661) multivariate Wilcoxon rank test, among others. For such analyses, this paper describes the computation of group sequential boundaries for the interim analysis of emerging results using K df tests that are expressed as quadratic forms in a statistics vector that is distributed as multivariate normal, at least asymptotically. We derive the elements of the covariance matrix of multiple successive K df χ2 statistics based on established theorems on the distribution of quadratic forms. This covariance matrix is estimated by augmenting the data from the successive interim analyses into a single analysis from which the component sequential tests and their variance–covariance matrix can then be extracted. Boundary values for the sequential statistics can then be computed using the method of Slud and Wei (J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 1982; 77: 862–868) or using the α‐spending function of Lan and DeMets (Biometrika 1983; 70: 659–663) with a surrogate measure of information. An example is presented using the analysis of repeated cholesterol measurements in a clinical trial. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bacidia adastra, a new sorediate lichen species from Western Europe
Authors: Sparrius Laurens B. , Aptroot André 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBacidia adastra Sparrius & Aptroot is newly described from the Netherlands, Belgium, England and Germany. It is related to Bacidia arnoldiana s. lat. and differs from Bacidia caligans, B. neosquamulosa and B. viridescens by thallus structure and pigmentation of the excipulum and epithecium. It usually grows on acid or neutral, eutrophicated bark. It is characterized by the remarkable, pale green, thick, leprose thallus, the pale apothecia with aeruginose or dark brown flecks in the epihymenium and excipulum, and the hyaline hymenium and hypothecium.
New species and new records of Xanthoparmelia (lichenized Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae) from Western Australia
Authors: Elix John A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe following new species of Xanthoparmelia (Parmeliaceae) are described from Western Australia: X. cranfieldii Elix, X. elevata Elix, X. kimberleyensis Elix, X. monadnockensisX. nanoides Elix, X. nortegeta Elix, X. sleei Elix and X. toolbrunupensis Elix. In addition, X. luminosa (Elix) Hale and X. Victoriana Elix & J. Johnst. are reported from Western Australia for the first time.
Distribution patterns in the genus Peltigera Willd
Authors: Martínez Isabel , Burgaz Ana Rosa , Vitikainen Orvo , Escudero Adrián 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe distribution of sixty-six Peltigera species in 230 biogeographic provinces or 40 regions are presented. A hierarchical clustering approach, used to identify clusters of species with similar distribution patterns (floristic elements), resolved four groups made up of Neotropical, Southern Hemisphere, Antarctic and mainly Holarctic species. The Holarctic Kingdom is species rich with the highest number of Peltigera species and also the highest number of endemic species; the Australian and Cape Kingdoms have the lowest number of species and endemics. The species rich provinces are briefly discussed.
A new Lichenostigma on vagrant Aspicilia species
Authors: Calatayud Vicent , Barreno Eva 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLichenostigma radicans Calat. & Barreno, a lichenicolous fungus growing on vagrant Aspicilia species, is described as new to science from Spain. It is superficially similar to L. maureri, with cushion-like ascomata, but differing mainly by its ascomata connected at their base to immersed, brown, vegetative hyphae. Comments on the variability of iodine reactions of asci and ascospore walls, and on an associated conidial fungus with small bacilliform conidia, are given for L. maureri.
Evaluation of the Shepherd and Cushing (1980) model of density-dependent survival: a case study using striped bass (Morone saxatilis) larvae in the Potomac River, Maryland, USA
Authors: Rutherford Edward S , Rose Kenneth A , Cowan James H 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Quantifying the degree of density-dependence in stock–recruit relationships is critical to understanding fish population dynamics. The Shepherd and Cushing (1980) model couples a simple model of density-dependent larval growth with a constant rate of mortality to predict numbers surviving to recruitment. The model has not been evaluated using field data, nor have its predictions been compared with those from other models. Here, the S&C model, an individual-based model (IBM), and a regression model are applied to 8 years of field data for striped bass larvae in the Potomac River, Maryland, USA, to predict larval carrying capacity (K) and percentage of recruitment lost as a consequence of density-dependent growth. The IBM and the regression model were corroborated by comparing their predictions of average growth rates of larvae and relative recruitment strengths to observed values for the 8 years of field data. Although the IBM and the regression model differed in their predictions of several important intermediate variables, both models predicted higher values of K and lower values of density-dependent growth than did the S&C model. Over the 8 years, the IBM and the regression model predicted an average of 0.3 and 1.8% recruitment lost as a result of density-dependent growth, respectively. In contrast, the S&C model predicted much higher recruitment lost (average of 27%). Slight differences in the assumed rate of mortality used in the S&C model resulted in values of carrying capacity similar to those predicted by the IBM and the regression model. Difficulties in estimating parameters of the S&C model from field data are discussed.
Is there a trade‐off between the plant's growth response to elevated CO2 and subsequent litter decomposability?
Authors: Hoorens Bart , Aerts Rien , Stroetenga Martin 
Published: October 2003

Under elevated levels of atmospheric CO2, leaf N concentration usually decreases due to dilution of N by excess carbon. Thus, the larger the growth response to elevated CO2, the larger the decrease in leaf N concentration should be. This should, in turn, lead to a proportional decline in litter N concentration and litter decomposition rate. Thus, we hypothesize a trade‐off between a plant's growth response to elevated CO2 and subsequent litter decomposability. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the growth response, green leaf and leaf litter chemistry and litter respiration of six plant species grown under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the greenhouse.Growth response increased in the order Calluna vulgaris<Sphagnum cf. recurvum<Carex rostrata<Calamagrostis epigejos<Molinia caerulea<Vicia lathyroides. We did not consistently find the hypothesized patterns (between growth response and green leaf N concentration, green leaf and litter N concentration and between litter N concentration and litter respiration) in our six‐species dataset. To be able to draw more robust conclusions, we supplemented our six‐species dataset with data from the literature. Regression analyses on this larger dataset did reveal the hypothesized positive correlations between green leaf and litter N concentration and between litter N concentration and litter decomposition response ratios. However, there was no significant negative correlation between growth response and green leaf N concentration response ratios. As a result, also in the large dataset there was no trade‐off between growth response to elevated CO2 and litter decomposability. This implies that the productivity response of plant species to elevated CO2 is, in general, uncoupled from the decomposition response.
Hydrodynamic Interactions Between Rolling Leukocytes In Vivo
Authors: KING MICHAEL R. , KIM MICHAEL B. , SARELIUS INGRID H. , HAMMER DANIEL A. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of this study was to characterize the hydrodynamic interactions between rolling and free‐stream leukocytes in an in vivo model of selectin‐mediated rolling, and to identify those physical mechanisms that influence the dynamics of transient adhesion with the walls of postcapillary venules.Methods: Postcapillary venules of diameter 22–37 µm in the cheek pouch of anesthetized hamsters were visualized using intravital microscopy, with selectin‐mediated rolling occurring in response to surgical preparation.Results: Rolling velocity was found to be a strong function of the center‐to‐center separation with the nearest cell, and also was found to correlate strongly with the number of nearby cells. These effects are shown to be beyond that attributable to variations along the length of the vessel. Adherent leukocytes were observed to provide a nucleation site, precipitating further adhesion events of free‐stream cells.Conclusions: The dynamics of the transient adhesion of leukocytes to the vessel wall in postcapillary venules is strongly dependent on the local concentration of adherent leukocytes, due to the complex hydrodynamics induced by their presence. The results are shown to agree well with theoretical considerations of the flow field induced by multiple nearby cells, suggesting a need for the future exploration of multicellular effects in the microcirculation.
Early Hepatic Microvascular Injury in Response to Acetaminophen Toxicity
Authors: ITO YOSHIYA , BETHEA NANCY W. , ABRIL EDWARD R. , MCCUSKEY ROBERT S. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTObjective: The hepatic toxic response to acetaminophen (APAP) is characterized by centrilobular (CL) necrosis preceded by hepatic microvascular injury and congestion. The present study was conducted to examine changes in liver microcirculation after APAP dosing.Methods: Male C57Bl/6 mice were treated with APAP (600 mg/kg body weight) by oral gavage. The livers of anesthetized mice were examined using established in vivo microscopic methods at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 hours after APAP.Results: The levels of hepatic transaminases (i.e., alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate transaminase) increased minimally for up to 2 hours. Thereafter, their levels were significantly and progressively increased. The numbers of swollen sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) in periportal regions were increased (3.5‐fold) from 0.5 to 6 hours, and those in CL regions were increased (4.0‐fold) at 0.5 and 1 hour. The intensity of in vivo staining for formaldehyde‐treated serum albumin, which is a specific ligand for SECs, was reduced from 2 to 12 hours. Erythrocytes infiltrated into the space of Disse as early as 2 hours, and the area occupied by these cells was markedly increased at 6 hours. Sinusoidal perfusion was reduced from 1 through 12 hours, with a nadir (35% decrease) at 4 and 6 hours. Phagocytic Kupffer cell activity was significantly elevated from 0.5 through 12 hours. Although gadolinium chloride minimized the changes in sinusoidal blood flow and reduced ALT levels 6 hours after APAP, it failed to inhibit endothelial swelling, extravasation of erythrocytes, and CL parenchymal necrosis.Conclusions: These results confirm that APAP‐induced SEC injury precedes hepatocellular injury, supporting the hypothesis that SECs are an early and direct target for APAP toxicity. These findings also suggest that reduced sinusoidal perfusion and increased Kupffer cell activity contribute to the development of APAP‐induced liver injury.
Does menthol attenuate the effect of bupropion among African American smokers?
Authors: Okuyemi Kolawole S. , Ahluwalia Jasjit S. , Ebersole‐Robinson Maiko , Catley Delwyn , Mayo Matthew S. , Resnicow Ken 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTBackground  African Americans have higher tobacco‐related morbidity and mortality and are more likely to smoke menthol cigarettes than their white counterparts. This study examined differences between African American menthol and non‐menthol smokers in smoking characteristics and cessation.Methods  The study sample consisted of 600 African American smokers enrolled in a clinical trial that assessed the efficacy of sustained‐release bupropion for smoking cessation. Menthol (n = 471) and non‐menthol (n = 129) smokers were compared on smoking‐related characteristics and abstinence rates at 6 weeks and 6 months.Results  Menthol smokers were younger (41.2 versus 52.9 years), more likely to be female (73.7% versus 56.6%) and more likely to smoke their first cigarette within 30 minutes of waking up (81.7% versus 69.8%) compared to non‐menthol smokers (all P < 0.01). Cigarette taste (50% versus 40%, P = 0.054) was rated non‐significantly higher by menthol smokers. Seven‐day point‐prevalence abstinence from smoking at 6 weeks were 28% and 42% (P = 0.006) and at 6 months were 21% and 27% (P = 0.21) for menthol and non‐menthol smokers, respectively. At 6 weeks follow‐up, stepwise logistic regression revealed that among those younger than 50 years, non‐menthol smokers were more likely to quit smoking (odds ratio = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.03–3.95) as were those who received bupropion (odds ratio = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.32–3.39).Conclusion  African American menthol smokers had lower smoking cessation rates after 6 weeks of treatment with bupropion‐SR, thereby putting menthol smokers at greater risk from the health effects of smoking. Lower overall cessation rates among African Americans menthol smokers may partially explain ethnic differences in smoking‐related disease risks.
Changes in alcohol consumption following a reduction in the price of spirits: a natural experiment in Switzerland
Authors: Heeb Jean‐Luc , Gmel Gerhard , Zurbrügg Christoph , Kuo Meichun , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTAims  To discover what changes in alcohol consumption had occurred in subgroups defined by age, sex, volume of drinking and drinking occasions, following a reduction in the price of spirits in Switzerland in July 1999.Design  Quasi‐experimental. Longitudinal general‐population survey with baseline 3 months before and follow‐up 3 months after price change.Participants  Probabilistic telephone sample of 1347 individuals with at least monthly consumption on average in the previous 6 months at both interviews. The response rate at baseline was 74,8% and the attrition rate from baseline to follow‐up 20.2%.Measurements  Alcohol consumption was assessed by means of a beverage‐specific graduated‐frequency measure. High volume of drinking was defined as 40 + g/day for men and 20 + g/day for women. Binge drinking was defined as six + drinks on an occasion for men and four + drinks for women.Findings  Spirits consumption increased significantly (by 28.6%) in the total sample, and specifically in young males and in individuals who were low‐volume drinkers at baseline. Consumption of alcohol overall, or of wine or beer, did not change significantly. No indication of effects of substitution was found.Conclusions  Spirits consumption showed price‐responsiveness in the early postintervention period. This finding is of particular interest, as (a) the increase in spirits consumption took place at a time of generally declining consumption of alcohol in Switzerland; and (b) in contrast to the findings of most studies, the intervention, namely price reduction, increased availability.
Smoking reduction promotes smoking cessation: results from a double blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of nicotine gum with 2‐year follow‐up
Authors: Wennike Poul , Danielsson Tobias , Landfeldt Björn , Westin Åke , Tønnesen Philip 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTAim  To test the effect of nicotine gum and placebo in smokers not motivated or not able to quit smoking with regard to smoking reduction and smoking cessation.Design  This randomized study evaluated nicotine gum versus placebo for up to 1 year in 411 healthy smokers highly motivated to reduce cigarette use. Smoking reduction was defined as self‐reported daily smoking less than 50% of baseline and any decrease (1 p.p.m. or more) in carbon monoxide.Setting  Pulmonary department, Copenhagen, Denmark.Findings  The overall success rate for sustained smoking reduction was significantly higher at all time‐points for active versus placebo gum (6.3% versus 0.5% after 24 months). Nicotine gum achieved significantly higher point prevalence cessation rates than placebo at 12 and 24 months [11.2% versus 3.9% (odds ratio = 3.1; 95% CI, 1.4–7.2 and 9.3% versus 3.4% (odds ratio = 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2–7.1), respectively]. There was a linear relationship between decrease in number of daily cigarettes and decrease in plasma cotinine, exhaled carbon monoxide and plasma thiocyanate, with significantly greater reduction in the nicotine gum group after 4 and 12 months (maximum treatment duration) but not after 24 months. The decrease in toxin intake was smaller than the decline in daily cigarette consumption, suggesting that compensatory smoking occurred.Conclusions  Nicotine gum promoted cessation in this population of smokers unwilling to quit. Among reducers, the toxin intake correlated with reduced cigarette consumption although some compensatory smoking occurred.
Erythropoietin production in healthy volunteers subjected to controlled haemorrhage: evidence against a major role for adenosine
Authors: GLEITER C. H. , FREUDENTHALER S. , DELABAR U. , ECKARDT K. U. , MÜHLBAUER B. , GUNDERT‐REMY U. , OSSWALD H. 
Published: October 2003

1This study was carried out to assess the role of adenosine in the regulation of human erythropoietin (EPO) production. To this end we investigated in healthy volunteers whether the nonspecific adenosine antagonist theophylline increases and the adenosine uptake inhibitor dipyridamole decreases EPO production in response to an haemorrhage of 750 ml. 2Healthy male nonsmokers received i.v. in a parallel, randomized, single‐blind trial theophylline (loading dose 5 mg kg−1 over 20 min, followed by 0.5 mg kg−1 min−1), dipyridamole (0.21 mg kg−1 h−1) or placebo (0.9% NaCl) for 6 h following the phlebotomy. EPO concentrations were followed up to 72 h after phlebotomy. 3Following blood loss EPO concentrations increased during all treatments. The AUCEPO (0,72 h) were not statistically significantly different (theophylline: 398±30, dipyridamole: 301±15, placebo: 332±57 [mu ml−1 h]). Creatinine clearance and urinary cAMP excretion were unaltered by any treatment. Urinary excretion of adenosine was significantly increased during infusion of dipyridamole. Plasma renin activitiy was significantly increased during theophylline infusion. 4In our model of controlled, physiological stimulation of EPO production by haemorrhage, adenosine appears unlikely to play a major role as a mediator of renal EPO production.
Pharmacokinetics of inhaled drugs
Authors: LIPWORTH BRIAN J. 
Published: October 2003

1A high therapeutic ratio for the inhaled route of administration is achieved by delivering doses which achieve a high local concentration in the lung and relatively low levels of systemic absorption. 2Pharmacokinetic evaluation of drug absorption from the lungs provides an accurate and reproducible method for comparing different inhaler delivery systems, as well as for evaluating bioequivalence of generic drug formulations. 3The measurement of drug absorption from the lungs may also be applied to assess the effects of inhalation technique on drug delivery in vivo. For example with salbutamol delivered via a large volume spacer, lung bioavailability has been shown to be altered by factors such as the number of actuated puffs, inhalation‐actuation delay and washing procedure. 4Differences in drug delivery to the lungs between dry powder reservoir and pressurised metered‐dose aerosol devices translate directly into commensurate differences in clinical efficacy for delivery of both inhaled β2‐adrenoceptor agonists and corticosteroids. 5For inhaled corticosteroids, pharmacokinetic evaluation using oral charcoal to obviate alimentary absorption may be applied to quantify the relative gut and lung components of systemic bioavailability. In tandem with information on receptor potency and affinity, drug elimination and distribution, these data may help in part to explain observed differences between different inhaled corticosteroids in terms of their systemic bioactivity profiles. 6Studies are required to evaluate whether pharmacokinetic evaluation of lung absorption is a suitable way of quantifying delivery of nebulised aminoglycoside antibiotics, as for example in patients with cystic fibrosis. 7Pharmacokinetic evaluation appears to have an established role in the quantification of drug delivery to the lungs and provides important information which is complimentary to other techniques such as radiolabelled deposition. The next decade of research into pharmacokinetics of established and novel drugs and delivery systems is awaited with keen interest, and will hopefully provide a greater understanding into ways of optimising the benefit‐risk ratio for inhaled drugs.