bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A rooftop tuned mass damper frame
Authors: Johnson Jerod G. , Reaveley Lawrence D. , Pantelides Chris 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis article documents the analytical study and feasibility of placing a tuned mass damper in the form of a limber rooftop moment frame atop relatively stiff structures to reduce seismic acceleration response. Six existing structures were analytically studied using a suite of time history and response spectra records. The analyses indicate that adding mass in conjunction with a limber frame results in an increase in the fundamental period of each structure. The fundamental period increase generally results in a decrease in seismic acceleration response for the same time history and response spectra records. Owing to the limber nature of the rooftop frames, non‐linear analysis methods were required to evaluate the stability of the rooftop tuned mass damper frame. The results indicate the addition of a rooftop tuned mass damper frame reduces the seismic acceleration response for most cases although acceleration response can increase if the rooftop frame is not tuned to accommodate the specific structure's dynamic behaviour and localized soil conditions. Appropriate design of the rooftop tuned mass damper frame can result in decreased seismic acceleration response. This translates to safer structures if used as a retrofit measure or a more economical design if used for new construction. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase is expressed in microglia in the developing postnatal mouse brain
Authors: Mohri Ikuko , Eguchi Naomi , Suzuki Kinuko , Urade Yoshihiro , Taniike Masako 
Published: March 2003

AbstractHematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (HPGDS) is a PGD2‐synthesizing enzyme and is expressed in antigen‐presenting cells, mast cells, and other immunocompetent cells. We here report the HPGDS expression in microglia and the migration pathway of microglia in the developing mouse brain as detected by HPGDS immunohistochemistry. Expression of HPGDS mRNA peaked at postnatal day (PND) 10, decreased gradually thereafter, and reached a plateau at PND 20. The mRNAs for target molecules of PGD2, i.e., DP receptor (DPR) and CRTH2 receptor, showed developmental profiles overlapped to that of HPGDS. Most of the HPGDS+ cells at PND 10 had morphological characteristics of ameboid microglia and gave positive immunostaining with microglia‐specific markers such as RCA‐1, F4/80, or ER‐MP12. These specific markers became less detectable later on, but HPGDS was still expressed even in resting microglia. Thus, HPGDS is a useful marker for investigation of microglial development. Spaciotemporal evaluation of microglial development and migration with HPGDS immunostaining revealed the following three major possible migration pathways of microglia in the postnatal brain: from the lateral ventricle via subventricular zones to brain parenchyma; from the leptomeninges around the cerebellopontine angle to the cerebellar white matter; and from the overlying leptomeninges to the hippocampus, basal forebrain, and brainstem. GLIA 42:263–274, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metallothionein‐I overexpression alters brain inflammation and stimulates brain repair in transgenic mice with astrocyte‐targeted interleukin‐6 expression
Authors: Penkowa Milena , Camats Jordi , Giralt Mercedes , Molinero Amalia , Hernández Joaquín , Carrasco Javier , Campbell Iain L. , Hidalgo Juan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTransgenic expression of IL‐6 in the CNS under the control of the GFAP gene promoter, glial fibrillary acidic protein‐interleukin‐6 (GFAP‐IL‐6) mice, raises an inflammatory response and causes significant brain damage. However, the results obtained in the GFAP‐IL‐6 mice after a traumatic brain injury, such as a cryolesion, demonstrate a neuroprotective role of IL‐6. Thus, the GFAP‐IL‐6 mice showed faster tissue repair and decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis compared with control litter‐mate mice. The neuroprotective factors metallothionein‐I+II (MT‐I+II) were upregulated by the cryolesion to a higher extent in the GFAP‐IL‐6 mice, suggesting that they could be related to the neuroprotection afforded by the transgenic expression of IL‐6. To examine this possibility, we have crossed GFAP‐IL‐6 mice with transgenic mice overexpressing MT‐I (TgMT), producing double transgenic GFAP‐IL‐6 TgMT mice. The results obtained after cryolesion in GFAP‐IL‐6 TgMT mice, as well as in TgMT mice, consistently supported the idea that the increased MT‐I+II levels observed in GFAP‐IL‐6 mice are a fundamental and important mechanism for coping with brain damage. Accordingly, MT‐I overexpression regulated the inflammatory response, decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis significantly, and increased brain tissue repair in comparison with either GFAP‐IL‐6 or control litter‐mate mice. Overall, the results demonstrate that brain MT‐I+II proteins are fundamental neuroprotective factors. GLIA 42:287–306, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential proliferative response in the postischemic hippocampus, temporal cortex, and olfactory bulb of young adult macaque monkeys
Authors: Tonchev Anton B. , Yamashima Tetsumori , Zhao Liang , Okano Hideyuki 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe investigated the fate of proliferating cells in the adult monkey brain after global ischemia. We used the thymidine analogue bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label S‐phase cells and their progeny in Japanese macaques subjected to global cerebral ischemia for 20 min or to a sham operation. Subsequently, newly generated cells were identified by BrdU immunohistochemistry, and their immunophenotype was determined quantitatively, using specific markers. The ischemic insult significantly increased the number of proliferating cells in the hippocampus and temporal neocortex, where the majority BrdU‐labeled cells expressed markers for microglia (Iba1, CD68, and Ham56) or astrocytes (S‐100β and glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]). In contrast, the proliferation level in the parahippocampal region remained unchanged. This discrepancy prompted us to investigate the postischemic response in the olfactory bulb, a well‐known site of adult cell generation that is anatomically distant from the above‐mentioned regions but that is also subjected to the global ischemic insult. The olfactory bulb contained clusters of proliferating cells expressing markers for neural (Musashi1 and Nestin) and/or neuronal (class III β‐tubulin) progenitors; these were immunophenotypically distinct from other cell types. Their number and distribution were unaltered by ischemia. Our results demonstrate that cell proliferation and differentiation in the adult macaque brain and olfactory bulb are differentially affected by a common insult. GLIA 42:209–224, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of the Rap1 GTPase in astrocyte growth regulation
Authors: Apicelli Anthony J. , Uhlmann Erik J. , Baldwin Rebecca L. , Ding Hao , Nagy Andras , Guha Abhijit , Gutmann David H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant syndrome in which affected individuals develop nervous system abnormalities that might reflect astrocyte dysfunction. The TSC2 gene product, tuberin, encodes a GTPase‐activating protein (GAP) domain, which regulates the activity of Rap1 in vitro. To determine whether dysregulated Rap1, resulting from TSC2 inactivation, leads to increased astrocyte proliferation in vivo, we generated transgenic mice expressing activated Rap1G12V specifically in astrocytes. We observed no statistically significant difference in the number of astrocytes between wild‐type and GFAP‐Rap1G12V littermates in vivo; however, during log‐phase growth, we observed a 25% increase in GFAP‐Rap1G12V astrocyte doubling times compared to wild‐type controls. This decreased proliferation was associated with delayed MAP kinase, but not AKT, activation. Lastly, to determine whether constitutive Rap1 activation could reverse the increased astrocyte proliferation observed in transgenic mice expressing oncogenic RasG12V, we generated transgenic mice expressing both RasG12V and Rap1G12V in astrocytes. These double transgenic mice showed a striking reversion of the RasG12V astrocyte growth phenotype. Collectively, these results argue that the tumor suppressor properties of tuberin are unlikely to be related to Rap1 inactivation and that Rap1 inhibits mitogenic Ras pathway signaling in astrocytes. GLIA 42:225–234, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intercellular calcium waves in cultured enteric glia from neonatal guinea pig
Authors: Zhang Weizhen , Segura Bradley J. , Lin Theodore R. , Hu Yuexian , Mulholland Michael W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEnteric glia are important participants in information processing in the enteric nervous system. However, intercellular signaling mechanisms in enteric glia remain largely unknown. We postulated that intercellular calcium waves exist in enteric glia. Primary cultures of enteric glia were isolated from neonatal guinea pig taenia coli. Intracellular calcium in individual cells was quantified with fura‐2 AM microfluorimetry. Single‐cell stimulation was performed with a micromanipulator‐driven glass pipette. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM and analyzed by Student's t‐test. Mechanical stimulation of a single enteric glial cell resulted in an increase in intracellular calcium, followed by concentric propagation to 36% ± 3% of neighboring cells. Intercellular calcium waves were blocked by depletion of intracellular calcium stores with thapsigargin (1 μM). Pretreatment of enteric glia with the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 (1 μM) significantly decreased the percentage of cells responding to mechanical stimulation (6% ± 4%), but had no effect on waves induced by microinjection of the inositol trisphosphate (67% ± 13% vs. 60% ± 4% for control). Antagonism of inositol trisphosphate receptor attenuated intercellular calcium waves induced by both mechanical stimulation and microinjection of inositol trisphosphate. Uncoupling of gap junctions with octanol or heptanol significantly inhibited intercellular calcium wave propagation. Pretreatment of enteric glia with apyrase partially attenuated intercellular calcium waves. Our data demonstrate that enteric glial cells are capable of transmitting increases in intracellular calcium to surrounding cells, and that intercellular calcium waves involve a sequence of intracellular and extracellular steps in which phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, and ATP play roles. GLIA 42:252–262, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of S‐100 protein is related to neuronal damage in MPTP‐treated mice
Authors: Muramatsu Yasuko , Kurosaki Rumiko , Watanabe Hijiri , Michimata Mari , Matsubara Mitsunobu , Imai Yutaka , Araki Tsutomu 
Published: March 2003

AbstractS‐100β is a calcium‐binding protein expressed at high levels in brain and is known as a marker of brain damage. However, little is known about the role of S‐100β protein during neuronal damage caused by 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). To determine whether S‐100β protein is induced in glial cells after MPTP treatment, we investigated the expression of S‐100 protein immunohistochemically, using MPTP‐treated mice. We also examined the change of neurons and glial cells in mice after MPTP treatment. The present study shows that tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity decreased gradually in the striatum and substantia nigra from 1 day after MPTP treatment. Thereafter, TH‐immunopositive cells and fibers decreased in the striatum and substantia nigra at 3 days after MPTP treatment. In contrast, S‐100‐immunopositive cells and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐immunopositive cells increased markedly in the striatum and substantia nigra at 3 days after MPTP treatment. Seven days after MPTP treatment, S‐100‐immunopositive cells decreased in the striatum and substantia nigra. However, the number of GFAP‐immunopositive cells increased in these regions. In double‐labeled immunostaining with anti‐S‐100 and anti‐GFAP antibodies, S‐100 immunoreactivity was observed only in the GFAP‐positive astrocytes. These results provide evidence that astrocytic activation may play a role in the pathogenesis of MPTP‐induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, the present study demonstrates that S‐100 protein is expressed selectively by astrocytes, but not by microglia, after MPTP treatment. These results provide valuable information for the pathogenesis of the acute stage of Parkinson's disease. GLIA 42:307–313, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A follow‐up study of change in quality of life among persons with dementia residing in a long‐term care facility
Authors: Lyketsos Constantine G. , Gonzales‐Salvador Teresa , Chin Jing Jih , Baker Alva , Black Betty , Rabins Peter 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBackground:Dementia is a major public health problem. Increased attention is being paid to the quality of life (QOL) of people with this chronic disease. There have been no longitudinal studies of QOL change in dementia.MethodLongitudinal study of a cohort of 47 persons with dementia residing in a long‐term care facility. The QOL of participants was assessed at baseline using the Alzheimer's Disease Related Quality of Life (ADRQL) scale. At this time participants were also assessed on a series of other clinical measures. QOL was reassessed on the ADRQL scores two years later.ResultsThere was small but significant mean decline in ADRQL over the two‐year study interval. However, for 49% of participants, ADRQL scores did not change or improved. Small but significant declines occurred in all ADRQL domains, with the exception of ‘feelings and mood’. Of the baseline variables assessed, only a lower baseline ADRQL score was associated with greater decline in ADRQL score at follow‐up. There was no association between sociodemographic variables, baseline ratings of dementia severity (MMSE), ADL impairment, behavioral impairment, and depression, or MMSE change during follow‐up and ADRQL decline.ConclusionsAmong long‐term care residents with dementia there is a small decline in QOL ratings over two years. However, for nearly half, QOL ratings stay the same or improve. The ADRQL is a sensitive measure of change in QOL and is appropriate for use as an outcome measure in intervention studies. The predictors of QOL change are complex and require further study. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction rules for computed tomography in the dementia assessment: do they predict clinical utility of CT?
Authors: Condefer Kelly A. , Haworth Judith , Wilcock Gordon K. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractNeuroimaging is widely employed in the dementia assessment in refining clinical decision‐making. However, with rising interest in cost‐effective medical practice, efforts have been made in the literature to define clinical prediction rules that select for a subgroup of patients who would most likely benefit from neuroimaging. This short study examined the ability of a group of published clinical predictors to identify patients whose diagnoses or management would be influenced by CT scan results. The study finds that none of the published predictors bears a significant relationship to actual influence of CT scans in a group of memory clinic patients, highlighting the need for the development of clinical predictors for neuroimaging that will impact patient care. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Support in the community for people with dementia and their carers: a comparative outcome study of specialist mental health service interventions
Authors: Woods Robert T. , Wills Walter , Higginson Irene J. , Hobbins Joanne , Whitby Matthew 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate outcomes for carers receiving the Admiral Nurse Service, a specialist mental health nursing service for carers of people with dementia. In contrast to many community mental health teams, it works primarily with the caregiver, focuses exclusively on dementia and offers continuing involvement, throughout the caregiving career, including emotional support, provision of information and coordination of practical support.Method104 carers of people with dementia who were interviewed as soon as possible after being referred to a number of Admiral Nurse (AN) services or conventional services in neighbouring areas, and who were re‐interviewed eight months later, form the sample (43 AN; 61 comparison).ResultsThere were no significant differences between groups, controlling for initial score, on the primary outcome measure at follow‐up, the 28‐item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) or its sub‐scales, apart from anxiety and insomnia, where outcome was better for the AN group (p = 0.038). Follow‐up GHQ scores were associated with ratings of past and current relationship quality. There were no differences in survival in the community between the groups.ConclusionBoth conventional and AN services are associated with lower distress scores over an eight‐month period. Outcome for people with dementia (in terms of institutional placement) is no worse in the AN group, despite the carer focus. Some support is provided for a model of dementia‐specialist service which engages with the caregiver and continues involvement for as long as is required, rather than simply carrying out an assessment and referring the person back to social services or primary care. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of CT scan measurements of the medial temporal lobe in routine dementia diagnostics
Authors: Oksengaard A. R. , Haakonsen M. , Dullerud R. , Engedal K. , Laake K. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBackgroundAtrophy of the medial part of the temporal lobe is seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We studied the usefulness of CT scan measurements of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in elderly with suspected dementia.MethodsMTL measurements were done with callipers by three raters, blinded to the diagnosis and to each other, on scans from 110 subjects with suspected dementia from a memory clinic in Oslo, Norway and 36 participants included in the OPTIMA study, Oxford, England.ResultsThe correlation between the MTL and the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) was very low, and there was a marked overlap between Alzheimer and cognitively unimpaired subjects. The inter–rater reliability was lower on the Norwegian than on the OPTIMA scans (R = 0.48 vs R = 0.68), but this was partly explained by larger MTL readings (4.5 mm after adjustment for age, gender and MMSE sumscore) on the OPTIMA scans as the reliability was confounded by MTL width and was higher at larger MTLs. A wider scan width (3 mm vs 2 mm in the OPTIMA scans) can also contribute to differences in reliability.ConclusionsThe published threshold values regarding the CT scan MTL measurements for the diagnosis of AD may be invalid when applied by other radiology departments without a local standardisation and validation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The efficacy of galantamine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: comparison of patients previously treated with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to patients with no prior exposure
Authors: Mintzer J. E. , Kershaw P. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBackgroundAcetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) can provide benefits at the cognitive, behavioral, and functional levels to patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). With more AChEIs now available, treatment considerations may include whether the patient has had prior exposure to an AChEI.ObjectiveTo compare the effects of galantamine in patients with AD who were previously exposed to AChEIs with its effects in patients with AD who had no previous exposure, using a post hoc analysis.ResultsPatients in groups treated with galantamine 16 mg/day and 24 mg/day achieved statistically significant improvements in ADAS‐cog/11 scores in comparison with those who received placebo (naive: p = 0.003 and 0.005, respectively; prior exposure: p < 0.001 and 0.001, respectively). Similarly, a greater number of patients treated with galantamine 16 mg/day and 24 mg/day exhibited no change or improvement in their CIBIC‐plus scores compared to patients who received placebo (naive: p < 0.001 and p = 0.077, respectively; prior exposure: p = 0.005 and p = 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences in adverse events between naive patients and those with prior exposure to AChEIs.ConclusionsGalantamine is effective and safe in patients with AD, regardless of previous exposure to AChEIs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation of neuropsychological evaluation and SPECT imaging in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Lampl Yair , Sadeh Menahem , Laker Olga , Lorberboym Mordechai 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBackgroundMini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a very useful tool for diagnosing changes in cognitive functions by the general practitioner or other medical staff who is not familiar with neuropsychological tests. On the other hand, HMPAO brain SPECT has been shown to have a high sensitivity to detect neurodegenerative processes, which lead to dementia. The correlation between both methods is unknown. We compared both methods in order to find a rational evaluation tool for the practitioner to obtain a higher efficacy and cost effective way of using both methods.Patients and MethodsFifty‐one patients diagnosed as having Alzheimer's disease (AD) were examined. Each patient underwent MMSE analysis, as well as HMPAO brain SPECT. The severity of SPECT abnormalities was categorized into mild, moderate and severe. Statistical analysis was performed in order to evaluate the correlation between imaging findings and neuropsychological testing.ResultsMarginal inverse correlation was found between global MMSE SPECT imaging on right and left side (p = 0.05) and the left temporal region (p = 0.05). MMSE subgroup component of orientation was highly significantly inversely associated with SPECT imaging of right and left frontal region (p > 0.0001). The MMSE subgroup of immediate memory was significantly correlated to left and right temporal regions (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002 respectively). Age was not significantly correlated to global MMSE or any of its subtest components.ConclusionMMSE score has no linear correlation to SPECT perfusion findings. In cases of abnormal orientation score subgroup SPECT imaging is not recommended. In most instances, a combination of both methods should be employed by the general practitioner for further evaluation of dementia. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What to tell dementia caregivers—the rule of threes
Authors: Wald Claudia , Fahy Martin , Walker Zuzana , Livingston Gill 
Published: April 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo determine and prioritise what information dementia caregivers wish to know at the time of diagnosis and later on in the illness, and in what form this information should be presented.Method100 carers were recruited from community mental health teams (CMHT) and a memory clinic (MC). A semi‐structured Carer Interview was administered covering possible symptoms and management.ResultsCarers requested as much information as possible. There was no significant difference between CMHTs and the MC. After carers prioritised the information they wished to receive, we proposed a ‘rule of threes’. At diagnosis, carers want information about what dementia is, medications available and behavioural and psychiatric symptoms of dementia. In an early follow‐up appointment, they want information about services, the course of the illness and what to do in a crisis. In a later follow‐up appointment, they want information about support groups, benefits, and financial and legal issues. At a later stage, they want information about psychological therapies, the effects of the illness on carers and complementary treatments. Most carers wish to receive information from a health professional, backed up by written information.ConclusionsThe ‘rule of threes’ enables health professionals to make informed decisions about primacy of information and strategies to prevent carers becoming overloaded. Information should also be provided in written form and from support groups. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.