bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of: The Scientific Study of Mummies
Authors: Ubelaker DH 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Occasionally, forensic scientists are requested to examine mummified remains. Even relatively recent remains can become mummified under certain conditions. Preserved soft tissue of great antiquity from archeological contexts also can become the subject of forensic analysis. Such cases can prove challenging for the forensic scientist because many different factors can lead to unusual soft tissue preservation and human curiosity and travel can disperse such materials continents away from their original sources. Analysis of such cases requires not only specialized techniques and knowledge associated with preserved soft tissue but also awareness of the geographical and temporal range of cultural practices that can result in such preservation. This new book provides an overview of the relevant issues and a unique summary of the information needed to properly interpret mummified remains.
A Comparative Finite-Element Study of Hot Rolling and Plane Strain Compression Testing of Aluminum AA1050
Authors: Chen SP , van der Zwaag S 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
A comprehensive study on the comparison of hot rolling and plane strain compression testing (PSC) using the finite-element method (FEM) is reported in the present paper. The key physical variables during hot rolling and PSC testing of aluminum AA1050 are quantified and compared. The results show that the process variables, i.e., local stress, strain, strain rate, and temperature, vary from entry to exit and throughout the thickness of the work piece during hot rolling, while the evolution pattern of these parameters during PSC testing under a constant nominal strain rate is quite uniform. Therefore, for a given amount of nominal deformation (reduction), the loading history and the spatial distributions of these process variables are quite different in both cases. It is indicated that a further examination of the deformation history should be made when applying the relationships established from PSC testing to real industrial hot rolling operations.
Mechanistic-Empirical Characterization of Bonding Between Ultra-Thin White-Topping and Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Li S , Li Y , Way G , Noureldin S 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
This paper presents a mechanistic-empirical methodology to evaluate the effect of partial bonding on ultra-thin white-topping (UTW) pavement structure. Based on the analytical work conducted for unbonded and fully-bonded interfaces, this paper displays the intrinsic relation between interface bonding and structural capacity, and provides a practical approach torelate interface bonding condition to UTW pavement structure. Information presented herein will help pavement engineers understand the composite behavior of the interface, and improve the current procedures for designing UTW pavement. Also, this paper provides fundamentals for pavement engineers to estimate UTW interface bonding using Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) testing. It is concluded that the asphalt layer's Poisson ratio has only a minor effect on the stresses in UTW pavement. Bonding affects the stresses under edge and center loading more significantly than under corner loading. The effect of bonding on the curling stress depends on UTW panel size. If the panel size is very large (3 m × 3 m) or very small (0.6 m × 0.6 m), the effect of bonding is negligible. The curling stress decreases significantly as the bonding condition improves if the panel size is 1.8 m × 1.8 m or 1.2 m × 1.2 m. It is also demonstrated by employing the FWD deflection measurements that as the UTW pavement age increases, its interface bonding may deteriorate.
On the Possibility of Avoiding the Use of a Clip Gage When Testing Precracked Charpy-V Specimens in the Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Region
Authors: Lucon E , Scibetta M , van Walle E 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Fracture toughness testing using bend-type samples, such as precracked Charpy specimens, requires using a clip gage for measuring crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD). This paper demonstrates that it is possible to avoid using a clip gage and use instead machine crosshead displacement (MCD) as an approximation of load-line displacement; this simplifies considerably the test procedure, both in terms of mechanical operations and specimen instrumentation. This is particularly desirable for irradiated materials and when testing subsize specimens. Results obtained in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime from the analysis of 151 toughness tests show that reference temperatures calculated using the Master Curve methodology with CMOD and MCD are fully equivalent within a few degrees. The investigation has been conducted on different materials, test machines, full-size, and subsize specimens.
An Alternate Method to Determine Asphalt Content of Hot Mix Asphalt Using Volumetric Properties
Authors: Shaheed M S , Tarefder R A , Zaman M 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Accurate determination of asphalt content (AC) in hot mix asphalt (HMA) is essential to evaluate the performance characteristics of HMA pavements. The standard test methods for determining the AC, currently used by the Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) and other DOTs and asphalt industries, are time-consuming, environmentally unsuitable, and not applicable to several absorptive and dolomitic aggregates. This study has developed a systematic method for the determination of AC using volumetric properties of aggregate, asphalt, and HMA mix. The developed method employed the theoretical maximum specific gravity (Gmm) of an HMA mix, the bulk and apparent specific gravity of the aggregate (Gsb and Gsa), and the specific gravity of the asphalt binder (Gb). The CoreLok™ device is used to determine the volumetric properties of the aggregate and HMA mix. This developed method is easy to use, environmentally safe, time efficient, and accurate. Three different aggregates were selected for the study based on varying gradation, absorption, and ignition oven correction (IOC) factor. HMA mixes were prepared with each of these aggregates using 5.0 %, 5.5 %, and 6.0 % AC. For each of the mixes, AC was calculated using the proposed method and compared with the actual AC value. The predicted AC values were compared with AC values from the ignition oven method (AASHTO T 308) and the solvent extraction method (AASHTO T 164). Results showed that the proposed method predicted the AC of HMA mix accurately. The method introduces a correction factor (Cv), which needs to be determined during the design stage and specified on the mix design information. The Cv value is used to calculate AC by the proposed method during quality assurance and quality control at the production and service life of HMA.
Lack of a Fluoxetine Effect on Prednisolone Disposition and Cortisol Suppression
Authors: Carson Stanley W. , Letrent Kristen J. , Kotlyar Michael , Foose George , Tancer Manuel E. 
Published: May 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate the potential effect of fluoxetine, a cytochrome P450 isoenzyme inhibitor, on prednisolone disposition and cortisol suppression.Design. Sequential, two‐phase, crossover, open‐label pharmacokinetic study.Setting. General clinical research center.Subjects. Fourteen healthy volunteers.Intervention. A single intravenous dose of prednisolone 40 mg before and after 14 days of treatment with fluoxetine 20 mg/day for 5 days followed by 60 mg/day for 9 days to achieve steady‐state concentrations.Measurements and Main Results. Pharmacokinetic parameters of the prednisolone and resulting pharmacodynamic effects on the time course of plasma cortisol suppression before and after fluoxetine administration were evaluated. No significant differences were observed for the mean ± SD area under the prednisolone concentration–time curve (3739 ± 992 vs 3498 ± 797 μg·hr/L, respectively), clearance (8.58 ± 2.62 vs 8.92 ± 2.05 L/hr, respectively), volume of distribution (39.5 ± 12.4 vs 38.2 ± 9.9 L, respectively), elimination half‐life (3.32 ± 0.83 vs 3.05 ± 0.80 hrs, respectively), or duration of plasma cortisol suppression (23.5 ± 3.1 vs 22.0 ± 4.2 hrs, respectively).Conclusion. Fluoxetine administration did not significantly affect prednisolone disposition or prolong cortisol suppression. This finding suggests that coadministration of these agents is unlikely to result in clinically important pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic drug interactions. Prednisolone may be a useful alternative for patients who require both glucocorticoid and fluoxetine therapy.
Steroid‐Induced Diabetes Mellitus and Related Risk Factors in Patients with Neurologic Diseases
Authors: Iwamoto Takuya , Kagawa Yoshiyuki , Naito Yutaka , Kuzuhara Shigeki , Kojima Michio 
Published: May 2004

Study Objective. To determine the frequency of steroid‐induced diabetes mellitus (SDM) and the related risk factors in patients with neurologic diseases who receive high doses of steroids.Design. Retrospective chart review.Setting. Neurology ward of a university‐affiliated hospital.Patients. Twenty‐five patients with neurologic diseases who received prednisolone 30–60 mg/day orally after breakfast for more than 2 weeks.Measurements and Main Results. Plasma glucose concentrations were determined immediately before and 2 hours after each meal. Steroid‐induced diabetes mellitus was diagnosed if the patient had either a fasting glucose concentration of 126 mg/dl or greater, or a random glucose concentration of 200 mg/dl or greater. The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of whether SDM had developed (13 patients) or not (12 patients). Ages, body mass indexes, cumulative total doses and daily doses of prednisolone, duration of therapy, and serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were compared between the groups. Thirteen of the 25 patients were identified with SDM, and all of them had plasma glucose concentrations of 200 mg/dl or greater 2 hours after lunch. Mean age (59.1 ± 10.2 yrs) and cholesterol concentration after prednisolone treatment (226.8 ± 36.4 mg/dl) in the SDM group were significantly higher than those values in the non‐SDM group (41.3 ± 18.0 yrs and 188.1 ± 27.2 mg/dl, respectively, p<0.01).Conclusions. A close relationship among postprandial hyperglycemia, advanced age, and hypercholesterolemia is a characteristic of SDM in patients with neurologic diseases. Therefore, monitoring the plasma glucose concentration 2 hours after lunch may be useful to detect SDM in these patients.
Kurze Verankerungslängen mit Rechteckankern
Authors: Hegger Josef , Roeser Wolfgang , Lotze Dieter 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn der Zulassung Z‐15.6‐204 [1] des Deutschen Instituts für Bautechnik werden Halfen HDB‐E‐Anker mit rechteckigen Köpfen als Endverankerung in Rahmenknoten und Konsolen für die Anwendung gemäß DIN 1045‐1 und DIN 1045 geregelt. Durch die schlupfarme Verankerung der Zuggurtbewehrung ergeben sich Vorteile hinsichtlich der konstruktiven Durchbildung, der Tragfähigkeit und der Bauausführung. In diesem Beitrag werden die Zulassungsregelungen erläutert.
Optimierung des Betoniervorgangs und der Mindestbewehrung einer massiven Bodenplatte
Authors: Brühwiler Eugen , Denarié Emmanuel , Maître Michael , Herwig Andrin 
Published: May 2004

AbstractDas Verhalten einer massiven, fugenlosen und wasserdichten Bodenplatte in jungem Alter zeigt einen starken Einfluß der vor Ort herrschenden klimatischen Bedingungen während des Betoniervorgangs auf den erforderlichen Gehalt an Bewehrung. Messungen der Verformungen der Bodenplatte zeigten eine nur geringe Verformungsbehinderung der Bodenplatte. Die Mindestbewehrung begünstigt zudem eine bessere Verteilung der durch die inneren Verformungsgradienten erzeugten Eigenspannungen.
Berechnung von Holz‐Beton‐Verbunddecken
Authors: Kuhlmann Ulrike , Schänzlin Jörg , Michelfelder Birgit 
Published: May 2004

AbstractDie Vorteile von Holz‐Beton‐Verbunddecken und eine Optimierung der Querschnitte erzielt man nur, wenn die Einflüsse bekannt sind, denen sie unterliegen, und in der Berechnung erfaßt werden können. Für den Nachweis des Kurzzeitverhaltens steht u. a. das in DIN 1052 [1] genormte und von [2] entwickelte γ‐Verfahren zur Verfügung. Im Hinblick auf das Langzeitverhalten zeigt sich jedoch, daß die rheologischen Besonderheiten des Holz‐Beton‐Verbundbaus durch die üblichen Ansätze bisher nicht ausreichend genau berücksichtigt wurden. Der Beitrag stellt ein neuartiges Verfahren dar, das dies berücksichtigt.
Untersuchungen an den Spannverankerungen dreier Straßenbrücken in München
Authors: Sodeikat Christian , Schönemann Ulrich , Lautz Michael , Schießl Peter , Gehlen Christoph 
Published: May 2004

AbstractUntersuchungen zahlreicher Straßenbrücken in jüngster Zeit haben gezeigt, daß die Vorspannbewehrung im Bereich der Spannverankerungen häufig Korrosionsangriffen ausgesetzt ist. Gefährdet sind dabei sowohl die Ankerkonstruktion als auch die Spanndrähte im Verankerungsbereich. Im folgenden werden die baubegleitenden Untersuchungen während der Instandsetzung dreier Straßenbrücken in München dargestellt, bei denen infolge von Chloridangriff von außen und infolge von Tauwasserbildung innerhalb nicht vollständig verpreßter Spannanker erhebliche Korrosionsschäden entstanden sind.
Low‐Lying Excited States and Primary Photoproducts of [Os3(CO)10(s‐cis‐L)] (L=Cyclohexa‐1,3‐diene, Buta‐1,3‐diene)] Clusters Studied by Picosecond Time‐Resolved UV/Vis and IR Spectroscopy and by Density Functional Theory
Authors: Vergeer Frank W. , Matousek Pavel , Towrie Michael , Costa Paulo J. , Calhorda Maria J. , Hartl František 
Published: May 2004

AbstractCombined picosecond transient absorption and time‐resolved infrared studies were performed, aimed at characterising low‐lying excited states of the cluster [Os3(CO)10(s‐cis‐L)] (L=cyclohexa‐1,3‐diene, 1) and monitoring the formation of its photoproducts. Theoretical (DFT and TD‐DFT) calculations on the closely related cluster with L=buta‐1,3‐diene (2′) have revealed that the low‐lying electronic transitions of these [Os3(CO)10(s‐cis‐1,3‐diene)] clusters have a predominant σ(core)π*(CO) character. From the lowest σπ* excited state, cluster 1 undergoes fast OsOs(1,3‐diene) bond cleavage (τ=3.3 ps) resulting in the formation of a coordinatively unsaturated primary photoproduct (1 a) with a single CO bridge. A new insight into the structure of the transient has been obtained by DFT calculations. The cleaved OsOs(1,3‐diene) bond is bridged by the donor 1,3‐diene ligand, compensating for the electron deficiency at the neighbouring Os centre. Because of the unequal distribution of the electron density in transient 1 a, a second CO bridge is formed in 20 ps in the photoproduct [Os3(CO)8(μ‐CO)2(cyclohexa‐1,3‐diene)] (1 b). The latter compound, absorbing strongly around 630 nm, mainly regenerates the parent cluster with a lifetime of about 100 ns in hexane. Its structure, as suggested by the DFT calculations, again contains the 1,3‐diene ligand coordinated in a bridging fashion. Photoproduct 1 b can therefore be assigned as a high‐energy coordination isomer of the parent cluster with all OsOs bonds bridged.
Synthesis, complete characterization, and enantioselective electrokinetic separation of functionalized ruthenium complex enantiomers
Authors: Holder Elisabeth , Trapp Oliver , Trapp Gabriele , Marin Veronica , Hoogenboom Richard , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractElectrokinetic chromatography was employed to separate the enantiomers of two novel functionalized ruthenium(II) complexes with different polypyridyl coordination spheres. The use of anionic carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin as chiral mobile phase additive resulted in maximum efficiency and resolution for the enantiomer separation of both transition metal complexes. The syntheses of the [4‐(3‐hydroxypropyl)‐4′‐methyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine]‐bis(2,2′‐bipyridine)rethenium(II)‐bis(tetrafluoroborate) and [4‐(3‐hydroxypropyl)‐4′‐methyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine]‐bis(4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bypyridine)ruthenium(II)‐bis(tetrafluoroborate) complexes and their complete characterization by means of two‐dimensional 1H and 13C{1H} NMR techniques (1H–1H COSY and 1H–13C HMQC) as well as elemental analyses and MALDI‐TOFMS are described in detail. The functionalized complexes can be used as building blocks for further reactions with polymers, biopolymers, surfaces and nanoparticles. Chirality 16:363–368, 2004. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conjugate approximation with smoothing for hybrid photoelastic and FEM analysis
Authors: Ragulskis Minvydas , Ragulskis Liutauras 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMeaningful visualization of finite element method (FEM) results is important for building the ground for hybrid numerical–experimental techniques. This is not a straightforward procedure for photoelastic analysis as conventional FEM techniques are based on the approximation of nodal displacements, not stresses. Although the displacements are continuous at inter‐element boundaries, the calculated stresses are discontinuous due to the operation of differentiation. Conventional FEM would require unacceptably dense meshing for producing sufficiently smooth photoelastic fringe patterns. Therefore, there exists a need for the development of a technique for smoothing the generated photoelastic fringes representing the stress distribution and calculated from the displacement distribution. The proposed smoothing technique is based on the minimization of the augmented residual. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new rule for MESFET gate charge division based on the energy conservation principle
Authors: Kallio Antti I. , Valtonen Martti E. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe energy conservation problem in the MESFET gate charge model is presented. The energy conservation requirement leads to symmetrical transcapacitances in contradiction to the commonly accepted approaches. The transcapacitance symmetry is completely independent of device symmetry. The resulting small‐signal capacitances are reciprocal. Reciprocal capacitances are often considered charge non‐conservative because they do not contain transcapacitances, but in this approach reciprocity is the result of transcapacitance symmetry and the charge conservation problem is avoided since the charge‐based model includes the transcapacitances. A method for dividing the MESFET gate charge into gate‐drain and gate‐source portions based on the energy conservation rule is developed, and the method is applied to the well‐known Statz gate charge as an example. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CD8+ T cells regulate immune responses in a murine model of allergen‐induced sensitization and airway inflammation
Authors: Stock Philippe , Kallinich Tilmann , Akbari Omid , Quarcoo David , Gerhold Kerstin , Wahn Ulrich , Umetsu Dale T. , Hamelmann Eckard 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe role of CD8+ T cells in the development of allergic airway disease is controversial. On the one hand, CD8+ T cells are known to inhibit the development of airway hyperreactivity (AHR) in murine models of asthma. In humans, IL‐10‐producing CD8+ T cells were shown to act as regulatory cells, inhibiting both proliferation and cytokine secretion of T cells. On the other hand, CD8+ T cells can promote IL‐5‐mediated eosinophilic airway inflammation and the development of AHR in animal models. To examine this, we investigated the role of CD8+ T cells during the induction of allergen‐induced AHR and demonstrated a protective effect of CD8+ T cells. Depletion of CD8+ T cells prior to the immunization led to increased Th2 responses and increased allergic airway disease. However, after development of AHR, CD8+ T cells that infiltrated the lungs secreted high levels of IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐10, but little IFN‐γ, whereas CD8+ T cells in the peribronchial lymph nodes or spleen produced high levels of IFN‐γ, but little or no Th2 cytokines. These data demonstrate protective effects of CD8+T cells against the induction of immune responses and show a functional diversity of CD8+ T cells in different compartments of sensitized mice.
CD95 death‐inducing signaling complex formation and internalization occur in lipid rafts of type I and type II cells
Authors: Eramo Adriana , Sargiacomo Massimo , Ricci‐Vitiani Lucia , Todaro Matilde , Stassi Giorgio , Messina Carlo G. M. , Parolini Isabella , Lotti Fiorenza , Sette Giovanni , Peschle Cesare , De Maria Ruggero 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe investigated the membrane localization of CD95 in type I and type II cells, which differ in their ability to recruit and activate caspase‐8. We found that CD95 was preferentially located inlipid rafts of type I cells, while it was present both in raft and non‐raft plasma membrane sub‐domains of type II cells. After stimulation, CD95 located in phospholipid‐rich plasma membrane was recruited to lipid rafts in both types of cells. Similarly, CD95 cross‐linking resulted in caspase‐independent translocation of FADD/MORT1 and caspase‐8 to the lipid rafts, which was prevented by a death domain‐defective receptor. CD95 internalization was then rapid in type I and delayed in type II cells and showed a substantial correlation with the kinetics of Fas‐associated death domain (FADD)and caspase‐8 recruitment to lipid rafts. Finally, electron microscopy analysis showed that after CD95 stimulation lipid rafts aggregated in large clusters that were internalized in endosomal vesicles, where caspase‐8 underwent massive processing. Taken together, our data demonstrate that CD95 death‐inducing signaling complex formation and internalization in type I and type II cells occur in lipidrafts, which are a major site of caspase‐8 activation.
CREB function is required for normal thymic cellularity and post‐irradiation recovery
Authors: Baumann Sven , Kyewski Bruno , Bleckmann Susanne C. , Greiner Erich , Rudolph Dorothea , Schmid Wolfgang , Ramsay Robert G. , Krammer Peter H. , Schütz Günther , Mantamadiotis Theo 
Published: May 2004

AbstractRecent generation of genetically modified Creb1 mutant mice has revealed an important role for CREB (cAMP responsive element binding protein) and the related proteins CREM (cAMP responsive element modulator) and ATF1 (activating transcription factor 1) in cell survival, in agreement with previous studies using overexpression of dominant‐negative CREB (dnCREB). CREB and ATF1 are abundantly expressed in T cells and are rapidly activated by phosphorylation when T cells are stimulated through the T cell antigen receptor. We show that T cell‐specific loss of CREB in mice, in combination with the loss of ATF1, results in reduced thymic cellularity and delayed thymic recovery following sublethal irradiation but no changes in T cell development or activation. These data show that loss of CREB function has specific effects on thymic T lymphocyte proliferation and homeostasis in vivo.