bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
136 Awardee Talk: Effects of Monoglycerides on Intestinal Morphology and Immune Responses of Weanling Pigs Experimentally Infected with a Pathogenic Escherichia Coli
Authors: Park Sangwoo , Sun Shuhan , Kim Kwangwook , Sokale Adebayo O , Barri Adriana , Liu Yanhong 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of monoglycerides on intestinal morphology and immune responses of weanling pigs experimentally infected with Escherichia coli (E. coli) F18. Weaned pigs [n = 60; body weight (BW) = 6.49 ± 0.74 kg; around 21 d old] were individually housed and fed with one of four diets (15 replicates/diet): 1) control diet (CON); 2) CON+0.3% monoglycerides; 3) CON+3000 mg/kg ZnO; and 4) CON+50 mg/kg antibiotics (carbadox). The experiment lasted 28 days with 7 days before and 21 days after first inoculation (d 0). All piglets were orally challenged with E. coli F18 (1010 CFU/3 mL) for 3 consecutive days. Serum samples were collected on d 2, 5, and 21 post-inoculation (PI) to measure the concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, C-reactive protein, and haptoglobin. Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum segments were collected on d 5 PI (6 pigs/treatment) and on 21 PI (9 pigs/treatment) to measure intestinal morphology. Jejunal and ileal mucosa were also collected to measure the mRNA expression of immune responses related genes. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS with randomized complete block design. Supplementation of high dose ZnO tended (P = 0.056) to reduce serum haptoglobin on d 0, reduced (P &lt; 0.05) serum haptoglobin on d 2 and 5 PI, and reduced (P &lt; 0.05) serum C-reactive protein on d 21 PI. Pigs fed with monoglycerides had less (P &lt; 0.05) serum haptoglobin on d 5 PI, compared with CON. Pigs supplemented with high dose ZnO had more (P &lt; 0.05) goblet cell numbers per villus, greater (P &lt; 0.05) villi area and villi height, and greater (P &lt; 0.05) villi height:crypt depth ratio in duodenum than pigs in other treatments on d 5 PI. Supplementation of monoglycerides, high dose of ZnO, or antibiotics reduced (P &lt; 0.05) ileal crypt depth compared with CON on d 5 PI. Pigs in high dose ZnO group tended (P = 0.064) to have the largest villi height:crypth depth ratio in the ileum, followed by pigs in monoglycerides and antibiotics groups on 5 PI. Consistently, pigs fed with high dose ZnO expressed less (P &lt; 0.05) TNF α, IL6, IL10, IL12, IL1A, IL1B, and PTGS2 in ileal mucosa, compared with other treatments on d 5 PI. However, no difference in the expression of listed genes was observed between pigs fed with monoglycerides vs. high dose of ZnO. Pigs supplemented with monoglycerides expressed least (P &lt; 0.05) PTGS2 in ileal mucosa compared with other treatments on d 21 PI. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 0.3% monoglycerides reduced intestinal and systemic inflammation of weaned pigs infected with E. coli F18, although the efficacy was not comparable to high dose ZnO.
319 Effects of Branched-Chain Amino Acids to Lysine Ratios in Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles Diets on Growth Performance, Plasma Nitrogen Profile, Carcass Traits, and Economic Analysis in Growing-Finishing Pigs
Authors: Hong Jinsu , Clizer David , Cline Paul M , Samuel Ryan S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS) can replace portions of corn and soybean meal (SBM) in swine diets. However, high dietary inclusions of cDDGS can reduce growth performance. Therefore, the objectives were to identify effects of standardized ileal digestible (SID) branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) to lysine (Lys) ratios on the growth performance, blood amino acid profile, carcass traits, and economics of growing-finishing pigs fed diets with high inclusions of cDDGS. A total of 1,140 pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 28.7±0.7 kg] were housed in 45 pens of 25 or 26 pigs and fed one of five experimental treatment diets over four phases (two grower and two finisher) in a randomized complete block design: Phase 1: 25-50 kg, Phase 2: 50-75 kg, Phase 3: 75-100 kg, and Phase 4: 100-135 kg. The five dietary treatments were: 1) a corn-SBM based diet (PC); 2) a corn-SBM based diet with 30% cDDGS for the growing phase and 20% DDGS for the finishing phase (NC) with no adjustments for BCAA:Lys and the NC diet with SID BCAA:Lys targeted for our previously determined recommendations for the 3) growing phase (Grow): SID Val:Lys 73%, SID Ile:Lys 60%, and SID Leu:Lys 144%; 4) finishing phase (Finish): SID Val:Lys 78%, SID Ile:Lys 70%, and SID Leu:Lys 160-170%; 5) growing and finishing phases (Grow-Finish). One representative pig from each pen was bled at the end of the growing and finishing phases. After the 11-week-feeding trial, pigs were sent to a commercial abattoir to investigate carcass traits. Pigs fed the Finish treatment had a greater overall average daily gain (P &lt; 0.05) compared with pigs fed the other cDDGS treatments and had no difference in the overall average daily gain compared with pigs fed the PC treatment. Dietary treatments did not affect the hot carcass weight or carcass yield. However, dietary inclusion of cDDGS increased (P &lt; 0.05) the iodine value (IV) of the pork belly and the Finish treatment had the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) IV. The plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentration and the plasma concentrations of Leu, Val, and Phe for the growing phase and plasma concentrations of Ile and Val for the finishing phase were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed the Finish treatment than other cDDGS treatments. However, dietary treatments did not affect the PUN concentration at the end of finishing phase. Feeding the Finish treatment had a greater net income over feed and facility costs than PC treatment and net income was greater than other cDDGS treatments. In conclusion, feeding the cDDGS diet with SID BCAA:Lys ratio adjusted by the SBM inclusion for the finishing phase recommendation would have the greatest benefit for swine producers through improved growth performance and economic benefits.
242 Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Threonine to Lysine Ratio on Growth Performance of PIC Line 337-Sired Grow-Finish Pigs
Authors: Royall Rafe Q , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Vier Carine M , Spindler Matthew , Orlando Uislei A , Zaragoza Luis E , Lu Ning , Cast Wayne R , Wilson-Wells Danielle , Holen Julia , Betlach Alyssa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two studies were conducted to estimate the SID Thr:Lys requirement for growth and feed efficiency of PIC 337×1050 pigs from approximately 12- to 70-kg. In Exp. 1, 987 pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 11.8±0.32 kg] were used from 12- to 24-kg. In Exp. 2,875 pigs (initial BW = 43.4±0.58 kg] were used from 43- to 70-kg. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to dietary treatments in randomized complete block designs, with 21 to 27 pigs per pen with 8 and 7 replications per treatment (Exp. 1 and 2, respectively). Pens were provided 1 of 5 dietary treatments with increasing SID Thr:Lys ratios at 53, 58, 62, 65, and 68% in each experiment. Two corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 53 and 68% Thr:Lys ratios were blended to achieve target SID Thr:Lys treatment levels in each experiment. In Exp. 1 (12- to 24-kg), ADG and final BW increased (linear, P ≤ 0.006) while ADFI, G:F, Thr intake/d, and Thr intake/kg of gain increased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.001) as Thr:Lys ratio increased (Table). Additionally, Lys intake/d increased (quadratic, P &lt; 0.001) while Lys intake/kg of gain decreased (quadratic, P &lt; 0.001) with increasing Thr:Lys ratio. In Exp. 2 (43- to 70-kg), ADG, G:F, final BW, Thr intake/d and Thr intake/kg of gain also increased (linear, P ≤ 0.036) as dietary Thr:Lys increased. Moreover, Lys intake/kg of gain decreased (linear, P = 0.023) with increasing Thr:Lys. A quadratic polynomial (QP) model predicted a requirement at levels greater than 68% SID Thr:Lys for ADG from 12- to 24-kg, while a QP model suggested that maximum G:F was achieved at 61.8% SID Thr:Lys (Exp. 1). From 43- to 70-kg, QP models suggested maximum ADG and G:F were achieved at levels greater than 68% SID Thr:Lys (Exp. 2). However, similar fitting BLL models predicted no further improvement to G:F and ADG beyond 65 and 67% SID Thr:Lys, respectively. In summary, these results suggest the optimal SID Thr:Lys for 12- to 24-kg pigs is 61.8% for feed efficiency and greater than 68% for ADG. From 43- to 70-kg, the requirement was predicted at or above 65 and 67% SID Thr:Lys for G:F and ADG, respectively.
239 Effects of Increasing Soybean Meal in Corn- or Corn-Ddgs-Based Diets on Growth Performance of Early Finishing Pigs
Authors: Faccin Jamil , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the recent renewable fuels initiative, demand for soybean oil is expected to reach a record high. Consequently, there will be unprecedented amounts of soybean meal (SBM) produced and available. As a result, the opportunity will arise for increased usage of SBM in swine diets at the expense of feed-grade amino acids. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the maximum amount of SBM that can be added to early finishing pigs fed corn- (Exp. 1) or corn-DDGS- (Exp. 2) based diets. Experiment 1 used 625 pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 43.2 ± 0.68 kg], 70 pens with 9 or 10 pigs per pen, and 5 added SBM levels, 19.1, 22.6, 26.3, 29.9, and 33.4%, corresponding to crude protein levels of 13.1, 14.1, 15.2, 16.2, and 17.3%, respectively, with 14 replicate pens per treatment. Experiment 2 used 1,053 pigs (initially 39.1 ± 0.78 kg), 40 pens with 26 or 27 pigs, and 4 added SBM levels, 18.2, 23.5, 28.9, and 34.3%, corresponding to crude protein levels of 18.2, 23.5, 28.9, and 34.3%, respectively, with 10 replicate pens per treatment (Table). The diet with the highest level of SBM in each experiment contained no feed-grade amino acids. Minimum levels of Ile, Met & Cys, Thr, Trp, and Val were 58, 60, 65, 19.8, and 72% of lysine, respectively. The experimental diets were corn-SBM-based, and in Exp. 2, 20% DDGS was added to all diets. In both experiments, diets were isocaloric and formulated considering SBM NE at 100% of Corn NE. In Exp. 1, no differences were observed for BW (P = 0.42) and ADFI (P = 0.46); however, increasing SBM linearly increased ADG (P = 0.04), though the greatest change was from increasing SBM from 19.1 to 22.6%, and tended to quadratically improve feed efficiency (P = 0.09). In Exp. 2, with the inclusion of DDGS, no differences (P &gt; 0.32) were observed for any growth performance criteria. In conclusion, increasing levels of SBM (up to 33.4%) in early finishing pig diets linearly improved growth performance and feed efficiency in corn-soybean meal-based diets. However, when DDGS were included in the diet, pig performance was not affected regardless of the amount of SBM within the range from 18.2 to 34.3%. Replacing feed-grade amino acids by increasing the level of SBM in early finishing diets can improve growth performance, but this effect was not observed when DDGS were added to the diets.
244 Effects of Leucine and Histidine to Lysine Ratios in low Crude Protein Diets on the Productive Performance of Growing Pigs
Authors: Aymerich Pau , Soldevila Carme , Bonet Jordi , Coma Jaume 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This experiment aimed to determine the response of growing pigs to increasing Leu and His to Lys ratio in low crude protein (CP) diets. A total of 1,248 crossbred boars and gilts [Pietrain x (Landrace x Large White), with an initial body weight (BW) of 18.2 ± 2.40 kg (Mean±SD)], were placed in 96 pens, blocked by BW, and randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments. Pigs were fed experimental feeds for 33 days and individually weighed at days 0, 16 and 33. Standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys was kept constant at 1.04% in all feeds. In the low CP diets the ratio between SID Lys and CP did not exceed 7.1%. The first 2 treatments compared the effect of reducing CP (16.0 vs. 14.7%) without inclusion of L-His HCL and L-Leu. Additionally, the 2 other treatments aimed to analyze the effect of increasing SID Leu (91-98-105%) and SID His (29-30-30%) to SID Lys ratio starting in low protein feeds, by increasing crystalline Leu and His inclusion to reach the recommended ideal protein profile. In addition, all low protein feed included L-Ile. Data were analyzed in a linear mixed model with treatment and sex as fixed effects and block as random effect. Pre-planned contrasts were used to analyze the effect of reducing CP and of increasing Leu and His:Lys ratios in the low CP diets. Decreasing CP reduced ADG (0.621 vs. 0.596 kg; P = 0.008) and increased FCR (1.69 vs. 1.75; P &lt; 0.001) but did not significantly affect ADFI (P = 0.637). However, increasing the Leu and His:Lys ratios in the low CP diets did show a reduction in FCR (1.75 vs. 1.71; P = 0.003) and an increase in ADG (0.596 vs. 0.619 kg; P = 0.015) when comparing the two extreme levels. The intermediate His and Leu levels showed only significantly greater FCR (1.73 vs. 1.71; P = 0.033) and less ADG (0.599 vs. 0.619; P = 0.033) when contrasted with the highest ratios. Those differences resulted from the second phase of the trial, from day 16 to 33, as treatment effect was not significant from day 0-16 for neither ADFI (P = 0.644), ADG (P = 0.840) or FCR (P = 0.356). No significant differences were reported between the high protein and low protein diet with the greatest Leu and His:Lys ratio (P &gt; 0.10). In conclusion, growing pigs showed a negative response on growth and efficiency when fed low CP diets deficient in Leu and His. However, this negative effect was counterbalanced when Leu and His to Lys ratios were increased by synthetic supplementation.
151 The Effect of a Multi-Enzyme Containing Xylanase, β-Glucanase, Protease and Amylase Added to a High-Fiber Wheat-Barley-Rye-Based Diet Containing by-Products, on the Growth Performance of Weaned Pigs
Authors: Vinyeta-Punti Ester , Tactacan Glenmer , Dusel Georg , Velayudhan Deepak E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of a multi-enzyme complex on growth performance in weaned pigs fed a wheat-barley-rye-based diet containing fiber-rich by-products and with a low level of highly digestible protein and energy ingredients. Two experimental runs were performed, each with 96 (DE x DL) × Pi pigs [24–26 days of age; 8.0 ± 0.06 kg initial body weight (BW)] assigned to two treatments in 24 pens per run (4 pigs/pen, 2 males and 2 females; 12 pens/treatment/run) in a randomized block design. Pigs were allocated to treatment on the day of weaning. Treatments comprised: 1) a nutritionally adequate wheat-barley-rye-soybean meal-based diet with added wheat bran and rapeseed meal, containing 750 FTU/kg of a commercial Buttiauxella sp. phytase (ALT), and 2) the same diet supplemented with a multi-enzyme containing 4,000 U/kg xylanase, 200 U/kg β-glucanase, 2,000 U/kg protease and 100 U/kg amylase (ALT+multi-enzymes). Diets were formulated in two phases (Pre-starter, d 0–14; starter, d 15–42) and fed ad libitum as pelleted diets for 42 days. The analyzed content of crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber in ALT diets were, respectively, 4.0% and 11.5% in pre-starter, and 4.2% and 14.8% in starter phase. Body weight was measured at the start and end of each phase, feed intake was determined weekly. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using IBM SPSS 21 including run as a random effect. During pre-starter phase, average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were greater in pigs fed ALT+multi-enzymes vs. ALT, by 8.4% (232 vs 214 g/day) and 6.7% (300 vs. 281 g/day), respectively, although this was not statistically significant. During starter phase, pigs fed ALT+multi-enzymes exhibited increased ADG vs. ALT (+35 g/day or 5.5%; P &lt; 0.05). For the overall period (d 0 to 42), pigs fed ALT+multi-enzyme were, on average, 1.3 kg heavier than pigs fed ALT (P &lt; 0.05), ADG was increased by +32 g/day (4.4%; P &lt; 0.05) and FCR tended (P = 0.07) to be reduced (1.48 vs 1.44). Total feed costs per kg BW gain, exclusive of the cost of the enzymes, tended to be reduced in ALT+multi-enzymes vs. ALT, (-0.014 USD/kg BW gain, overall; P = 0.09). These results demonstrate that the multi-enzyme supplemented on top of phytase improved growth performance. Given the established mode of action of the individual enzymes, this may have been mediated by enhanced digestibility and utilization of nutrients in the ALT diet. In conclusion, supplementing a high-fiber mixed diet containing by-products and low inclusion of highly digestible energy and protein ingredients with a multi-enzyme complex improved growth performance in weaned pigs and led to economic benefit.
213 Increasing Growth Performance by Attenuating the Transportation Stress Response in Nursery Pigs Through L-Tryptophan Supplementation
Authors: Brizgys Lauren A , Richert Jacob A , Scaff Taw , Richert Brian T , Radcliffe John Scott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Weaning and transport stress impairs intestinal function and reduces nutrient absorption leading to reduced growth performance and feed efficiency. The objective of this study was to eliminate or reduce short- and long-term, transport-induced reductions in feed efficiency and growth by providing supplemental Tryptophan (Trp) above NRC (2012) pre- and/or post-weaning. A total of 480 pigs were blocked by sex, ancestry, and body weight (BW) and used in a RCB design with a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement of pre-weaning treatment (oral gavage of Trp at 0.35, 0.45, and 0.55 g/d (increasing every 5d) pre-weaning or control), transport (transported or not at weaning), post-weaning nursery treatment (1X or 2X NRC Trp). At farrowing pigs were blocked by sex, within litter, and randomly assigned to either a pre-wean Trp or control treatment, where Trp supplementation began on d 5 post-farrowing and stopped at weaning. Post-weaning Trp supplementation included a 3 d oral gavage of Trp and 2X Trp in the diet for the entire 42 d nursery period. At weaning, all pigs were blocked by sex, weaning weight and pre-wean treatment and randomly assigned to transport and post-wean treatments. Pigs were fed four nursery phases with diets containing 1X or 2X NRC recommended concentrations of Trp. There were 10 pens/trt with 6 pigs/pen (equal barrows and gilts). Individual BW were determined every 5 d pre-weaning and every 7 d post-weaning along with pen feed intakes. Data were analyzed as a RCB using GLM procedure in SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of pre-wean dietary treatment, transport treatment, and post-wean dietary treatment, the interactions, and random effect of replicate. Pre-weaning Trp supplementation had no effect on pre-weaning growth performance. A 3-way interaction of pre-wean treatment x transportation x post-wean treatment was observed for overall nursery BW (P = 0.0148) and ADG (P = 0.0175). This interaction was the result of post-weaning Trp supplementation increasing BW and ADG in all pigs, except for transported pigs that did not receive Trp pre-weaning. While there were 2-way interactions of pre-wean treatment x post-wean treatment on ADFI at week 1 ( P= 0.0123) and week 6 (P = 0.0297) and a 3-way interaction of pre-weaning treatment x transportation x post-weaning treatment at week 2 (P = 0.0092), there were no consistent or overall effects on overall ADFI or G:F. Tryptophan improves transported pigs BW and ADG when supplemented pre- and post-weaning but does not benefit transported pigs when only supplemented post-weaning, suggesting transportation induced reductions in BW and ADG can be mitigated by supplementing Trp prior to and following transportation.
229 Effect of Two Sources of Zinc on Growth Performance and Gut Health of Piglets with a Low or Normal Birth Weight
Authors: Negrini Clara , Luise Diana , Correa Federico , Amatucci Laura , Virdis Sara , Romeo Agathe , Minetto Axel , Bosi Paolo , Trevisi Paolo , Monteiro Alessandra 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element for piglets. The study aimed to compare effects of two Zn sources on piglets divided into two body weight (BW) categories. At birth, piglets were weighed and divided into low BW (LBW &lt; 1 kg) or normal BW (NBW &gt; 1 kg). At weaning (25 days of age, d 0), 64 piglets were divided into 4 groups (8 replicates of 2 piglets/group) as follows: 1) LBW piglets fed a standard diet plus 120 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4, 2) NBW piglets fed a standard diet plus 120 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 (CO), 3) LBW piglets fed standard diet plus 120 ppm of Zn from a potentiated Zn source (HiZox, HZ), and 4) NBW piglets fed a standard diet plus 120 ppm of Zn from a potentiated Zn source HZ. Growth performance was measured at d 0, d 9, d 14, and d 21. The fecal index was recorded daily. On d 9 and d 21, one piglet per replicate was slaughtered. Blood and gut tissue were collected to evaluate the immune and inflammatory status of the piglets. The groups were arranged using a 2 x 2 factorial design, considering the class of birth BW (LBW and NBW) and the diet (CO and HZ). For the diarrhea index, a generalized linear mixed model fitting a Poisson distribution was used. Other variables were analyzed with a linear mixed model, in which the diet, class of BW and their interaction were included as fixed factors and litter of origin was included as a random factor. Piglets from the NBW group had consistently greater BW throughout the study (P &lt; 0.01) than LBW piglets. The treatment HZ tended to improve BW gain from d 0 to d 9 and from d 9 to d 14 (P &lt; 0.10), and significantly influenced the G:F ratio (P &lt; 0.05). The fecal index was decreased by HZ from d 0 to d 14, and from d 0 to d 21 (P &lt; 0.01), particularly for LWB piglets (P-interaction &lt; 0.01). Haptoglobin and reactive oxygen metabolites decreased from d 9 to d 21 (P &lt; 0.01) in serum. Expression of the NFKB-2 gene was less in NBW piglets than in LBW piglets and in HZ groups. In conclusion, potentiated Zn positively influenced the growth performance of LBW and NBW piglets.