bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le financement de la culture à l’épreuve du Nouveau Fédéralisme aux États-Unis
Authors: Horowitz Harold 
Published: January 2024

The Support of Culture and New Federalism in the United States.
Since the Hatch Act of 1887, and up to the end of the 1970s, federal intervention in the cultural field has considerably increased. With President Reagan’s election in 1980 and his administration’s action, a new policy has been implemented. The reduction of aid programs and the transfer of responsibilities from Washington to the States were called «New Federalism». The objective was to reduce the role of ail government levels in comparison to private sector, by tax reductions, budgetary cuts, giving global grants to the States and by reducing and simplifying regulations. As a consequence of this policy in the cultural field, States and cities desperately look for an increase in their resources, whereas the federal government goes on with a policy wich is reducing them.
La justice administrative
Authors: Finocchi Renato , Midena Elisabetta 
Published: January 2024

Administrative Justice
Italian administrative justice is undergoing a crisis concerning as well its field of jurisdiction (based upon the distinction between subjective interests and legitimate rights) as its functioning. This phenomenon is particularly clear in view of the average time needed for court cases to come to an end, and the number of cases still to examine. Even more important : the system for protecting citizens has only a limited effectiveness, probably because it is still centered on squashing the decisions of administration. There is a pathological addition of the control of criminal courts which are more and more often the last possible instance. Will a reform be able to correct these flaws resulting from an accumulation of different layers of administrative justice regulations ?
L’administration de l’Assemblée nationale de la République du Sénégal — La théorie... et la pratique
Authors: Nzouankeu Jacques mariel 
Published: January 2024

The Administration of the National Assembly of the Republic of Senegal —
Theory ... and Practice.
The organization of the senegalese National Assembly is not very developped. This is due to the subordination of the Assembly to Government. Some legal texts, such as articles 51 and 52 of the Constitution of 1963 or the Internal Regulations of the Assembly are setting the framework of the organization and functionning of the Assembly’s administrative organs, and the status of its personnel. Practice however differs largely from the principles. But the senegalese authorities are conscious of the institution’s deficiencies and try to put them right by way of recent reforms.
La réforme administrative graduelle en Russie
Authors: Lesage Michel 
Published: January 2024

The Gradual Reform of Russian Administration.
Since december 12th 1993, Russia has a new Constitution, making of the Russian Federation ‘a democratic State applying the rule of Law, with a republican form of government’. The Constitution maintains a dual federal executive branch, which consists of the President — elected by universal suffrage — and a Government both responsible to the President and to the State Duma — the House of federal Parliament representing the nation as a whole. The President has undertaken a gradual administrative reform which deals with central government departments, the representative organs of local government, and the civil service.
La fonction de coordination
Authors: Dufourcq Bertrand 
Published: January 2024

The Coordination Function.
The growing diversification of international affairs, and thereforce the development of central administration in the ministry of Foreign Affairs hâve created the need for an instance able to exercise authority upon the whole range of the ministry’ s services. Since the permanent set up of a General Secrétariat in 1920, its rôle and place have varied. Internai service régulations in the department do not explicitly mention this coordinating function which results from a sériés of practices and traditions. The reform of the Ministry of Foreign affairs in september 1993 has confirmed and reinforced the General Secretary’s coordinating rôle.
La réforme des relations culturelles, scientifiques et techniques
Authors: Levitte Jean-David 
Published: January 2024

The General Directorate for Cultural, Scientific and Technical Relations and its Reform.
Cultural diplomacy has always been a major and original component of France’s foreign policy. Today, the general directorate for cultural, scientific and technical relations, with 12 000 officers working in 160 countries, is at the heart of a very dense network of 300 primary and secundary schools, 200 ‘alliances françaises’, 130 cultural centers or institutes and 30 research centers. Budgetary constraints make it necessary to look for a better efficiency of coopération tools in order to cope with a widening presence of french coopération throughout the world. This is why the reform of the general directorate must be fostered under the heading of intégration of human resources, procedures and structures.
Des cadres supérieurs en devenir
Authors: Rouban Luc 
Published: January 2024

Constantly Evolving Senior Managers.
The future of the administrative modernization policy depends mainly on the social and professional status granted to the senior administration managers. A systematic research conducted through a representative sample of senior executives reveals a certain number of problems at heart : discontent towards remunerations and careers, the feeling of a more intense politicization training and organization little adapted to team work. The administrative elite is however divided into many groups having sensitively different professional expectations. It appears that offer, demand and capacities of modernization are very unequal according to ministries but also according to whether the managers work in the central services or in the outside services. It seems that the dynamic of modernization now necessitates a new definition of the criteria of professional success but also a deep thought on the functions of the State.
Mobiliser les entreprises : faux débats, vraies questions et possibles avancées
Authors: Spizzichino Robert 
Published: January 2024

Mobilizing Enterprises for Urban Policy : False Debates, True Questions and Possible Progress
The private sector can actively contribute to urban policy through its competence and techniques. This leads to a multiplication of cooperation between private enterprises and public partners. But these initiatives meet numerous obstacles as well on the administrative as on the enterprises’ side : they stress the need of important changes in the legal framework and of a clear definition of the policy local and central authorities want to pursue. Enterprises also feel reticent to invest in a project which will transform their structures, their policy, their values and the culture of their personnel. The systems which have been established are not evolving as rapidly as the social situation in towns, but the challenge must be persistently met.
A la recherche d’un droit du domaine public : l’exemple de la Slovénie
Authors: Pirnat Rajko 
Published: January 2024

In Search of a Public Property Law : Slovenia’s Example.
In countries where the social property is predominant, whether it is State property or collective property, the creation, after the change of regime, of a public property was something completely new. In Yougoslavia, there were some basic rules on State property, but they were used as the constitutional foundations of nationalization and expropriation. After 1990, in Slovenia, it was necessary to decide what in State property was to be excluded from the denationalization. Among public property goods, the goods for everybody’s use have to be available, according to the Slovene law. On the other hand, the law does not say if the goods necessary to the public service have to be put in public property. Generally speaking, the Slovene system seems to evolve towards a submission to civil law, with only some special limitations, like the German system. However, these limitations being numerous, the definition of a general framework for public property is still necessary.
Les fonctions publiques à l’épreuve de la modernisation
Authors: Claisse Alain , Henry-Meininger Marie-Christine 
Published: January 2024

Civil Service face to Modernization.
The concept of modernization covers different realities, depending on the historical, political and institutional background. Nevertheless, Civil Service seems to lose its specific features and the difference with labour relations progressively disappear. Contractualization of civil service statute and decrease of the disparities between the rights and obligations of officials and employees characterize this evolution. But several contradictions appear, in the modernization process which put into question its efficiency and coherence : the conciliation between the cuts in public expenses and the delegation of responsibilities ; the increasing tendency to consider the citizen as a client ; the lack of political accountability and ethics.
La gestion du personnel
Authors: Herbig Gottfried 
Published: January 2024

Personnel Management.
The fullness and the quality of the way in which the activities of the civil service are carried out depend upon good personnel management of those working in public administration. Several particular features as the training System and security of tenure strongly influence the solutions which can be adopted. Management practices tend to overcome the rigidity of recruitment conditions and lock of mobility. Previsional planing needs to be developed as well as the link between performance and promotions.
Le contrôle de l’administration par les juridictions administratives
Authors: Oertzen Hans-Joachim von , Hauschild Christoph 
Published: January 2024

Judicial Review.
Germany’s administrative court structure operates at three levels. The first two levels are made up of the courts of the Länder (the administrative court and the superior administrative court) whose functioning and organisation does not vary much from Land to Land. At the top of the hierarchy administrative disputes are settled by the Federal Administrative Court. The Constitution of 1949 lays down the constitutional principle of control over the administration to be exercised by the administrative courts, and a statute gives these courts competence in all disputes concerning matters of public law.
La centralisation du système éducatif britannique : «le marché s’administre»
Authors: Fialaire Jacques 
Published: January 2024

The Centralisation of the British Education System : “the Market Rules”.
During the 1980s the organisation of education in the UK passed from the era of “local government” to a conception based upon a mixture of centralisation and entrepreneurial vision. The introduction of the national curriculum in the important 1988 law on schools marked the first stage of centralisation and has been followed by a growth in the areas of government intervention at the expense of local education authorities. In order to ensure a more efficient education system centralisation has been combined with a reinforcement of the managerial responsibilities of those in charge of schools, that is school governors and headteachers. The recent reforms aim to establish a “market” in education, relying upon an increase in financial support from businesses and upon the recognition of the powers of parents in their guise as “consumers” of education services.
Introduction -Les syndicats de fonctionnaires
Authors: Siwek-Poudesseau Jeanne 
Published: January 2024

Civil Servants' Trade Unions
Jeanne Siwek-Pouydesseau
Civil servants' trade unions are even more divided than unions in the private sector and the almost equal balance of power between reformists and protesters is a particular factor contributing to his situation. The exercise of trade union rights and the social relations within the administration have always been ambiguous, fluctuating between ritual institutionalisation and more open negociation practices. Given these conditions, is a real dialogue about reform really possible ? Evidence suggests that social diplomacy cannot be established without a minimum level of confidence, the introduction of which is beyond the scope of legal regulation.
La négociation interministérielle, une nouvelle voie pour le dialogue social ?
Authors: Pochard Marcel 
Published: January 2024

Interministerial Negociation : a New Means for Social Dialogue ?
Marcel Pochard
The question has arisen as to whether or not the conclusion of agreements is set to become progressively a normal, and no longer exceptional way of mediating social relations within the civil service. This would be a substantial change because, traditionally, relations have been governed rather more by dialogue or participation, than by negociation. Negociation allows for better consideration to be given to the preoccupations of ail concemed, but it also has limits depending upon the legal regulation to which each participant is subject, upon financial and political uncertainties and also upon the attitude of certain trade unions which systematically contest ail agreements. What is necessary, moreover, it to facilitate the decentralisation of collective bargaining.
Valoriser les statuts pour rénover le service public
Authors: Avignon Pierre 
Published: January 2024

Adding Value to the Status of Public Sector Employees in Order to Renovate the Public Service
Pierre Avignon
Civil servants and public sector employees have the feeeling that no good is to corne from the liberalisation of the public sector which is being encouraged by the European Commission, thus leading to a wide-spread feeling of defiance towards Europe. The question remains, therefore, as to the existence of a real political desire capable of promoting a social conception of Europe which is respectful of the security of employment in the public sector. But this objective cannot be achieved without recognition being given at European level to a distinct legal regime applicable to public services, and without an agreement of ail personnel concemed to demonstrate effectively that their status does not only confer rights upon them but also confers specifie duties towards the collectivity and towards their fellow citizens.
Quelle régulation sociale pour les entreprises publiques ?
Authors: Tixier Pierre Eric 
Published: January 2024

<i>Social Regulation for Public Enterprises :
What Sort of Regulation is Required ? </i>
Pierre-Eric Tixier
Situating the client at the centre of their activities, public enterprises have recently been looking towards improving their service. The resulting policies have been at the origin of numerous social conflicts. Three examples (EDF, RATP and the postal service) illustrate the problems inherent in the social regulation of public enterprises. In order to find solutions to these problems, it is necessary to take into account the form of any social compromises made, the structures in place for enabling representation, and the question of outcomes.
La Commission pour la simplification des formalités administratives : essai de partenariat entre l'administration et les usagers
Authors: Prada Jean 
Published: January 2024

The Commission for the Simplification of Administrative Formalities : Towards a Partnership Between the Administration and the Users
Jean Prada
Created in 1983, the Commission for the simplification of administrative formalities (COSIFORM) has as its aim the establishment of an organic link between service users and public authorities. It is a consultative body comprised of representatives of the administration and of service users. It operates under the strong political patronage of the Prime minister, which is an indispensable condition of the efficient execution of its tasks. Since its creation it has been asked to intervene on numerous occasions which reveal several dominant themes : the multiplication of administrative bodies, the coherency of requests emanating from these bodies, and the standardisation of their paper-work.
La codification en droit canonique
Authors: Toxé Philippe 
Published: January 2024

Codification in Canon Law.
The Latin Catholic church codified its laws twice, in 1917 and 1983. The first code was both a response to the need to establish order amongst what was an abundance of legislation, and a reflection of ideological motives. Yet, despite the undeniable qualities of the work which was undertaken, the codified legal norms soon revealed themselves to be incapable of adapting to changes brought about by modernisation. It was in the light of these various objections that the drafting of a new code began. The aim of the authors of the new code was to make the code more effective while reconciling legal certainty and responsiveness to change.
Le rôle du ministère de la justice en Espagne
Authors: Pau Pedron Antonio 
Published: January 2024

The Role of the Spanish Minister for Justice.
In Spain, the task of codification is conferred upon the General Commission on Codification. This Commission is composed of five services in charge of civil law, commercial law, public law, criminal law, and the law on procedure respectively. Its functions are variously to draft codes at the request of the minister for justice ; to revise existing legislation ; to write reports and deliver opinions upon legal questions raised by the government or the minister for justice ; and the technical and precise amendment of draft legislation.
La codification, facteur de croissance économique
Authors: Jacobs Scott 
Published: January 2024

Codification : a Factor in Economic Growth.
Codification represents an important tool for ameliorating the economic environment and establishing conditions which permit rapid growth. Indeed, on the one hand it allows governments to have better control over the increase in legislative texts and the proliferation of legal norms and, on the other hand, in improving transparency, it facilitates the promotion of competition and international commercial transactions.
Les inforoutes et les administrations publiques : une approche systémique ou organiciste
Authors: Baquiast Jean-Paul 
Published: January 2024

Information Super-highways and Public Administration : a Systemic Approach.
The development of information super-highways will bring about a redefinition of the relations which exist between the administration, businesses and citizens. This change will be just as important in areas where relations are based upon the expression of needs as in those concerned with the definition and implementation of means. One example of public policy which will be particularly affected by the eruption of new information technologies is that of training. Hence, a new delineation of roles will be necessary both in the area of information and orientation and in the establishment of programmes or indeed in that of training in the strict sense of the word. But, of course, these changes will only be noticeable in the sectors of society which are moving in this direction.
La politisation de l’administration britannique : ambitions, limites et problèmes conceptuels
Authors: Clifford Christopher , Wright Vincent 
Published: January 2024

Politicisation of British Civil Service : Ambitions, Limits and Conceptual Problems.
During the period in which the Conservative government was in power, there was no increase in the political activities of British civil servants who remain independent from any overt political activity. On the other hand, the period is characterised by systematic tendencies aimed at limiting the autonomy of civil servants and at assuring their obedience. This politicisation occurred in accordance with criticism emanating from Conservative quarters and followed a three-stage strategy : first, Conservatives undertook to reduce the influence and autonomy of the civil service, then a reform of its organisational and ideological culture was undertaken, and finally political control over civil servants was reaffirmed.
Administration locale et démocratie : réformes récentes en Australie
Authors: Marshall Neil 
Published: January 2024

Local Administration and Democracy : Recent Reforms in Australia
Recent local government reforms in Australia respond first of ail to economic preoccupations and aim to integrate principles of management into local structures, and to impose upon them the laws of the market and sharing of resources. But these reforms must also bear witness to the concern over protecting democratic values at local level. Evaluation of the impact of reforms on government functions seems to indicate that it remains rather low. In recent years the election of a federal government which defends rationalist principles has, however, accentuated the danger of privileging efficiency over democracy.
La planification, moteur de la réforme des grandes métropoles en Israël
Authors: Torgovnik Efraim 
Published: January 2024

National Planning, a Major Tool for Metropolitanization in Israel
In Israel, important reforms have been undertaken in regions dominated by an urban megalopolis. Adopting a rational choice, institutional approach, the study focuses on action from above which generates central-local governance coalitions of change. National planning is a major tool for activating a metropolitan-regional policy change. Action from above provides for incentives, resources, linkages and binding central-local policy coalitions. Given the relatively low success of efforts to establish an area-wide metropolitan governing system via administrative-political change of metropolitan regions, the institutional multi-jurisdictional interactive governance approach proposed here is more likely to produce a change in behaviour structures. This supports some of the major findings in the research of the role of relativity autonomous institutions and their capacity for change.
La transposition de la directive européenne sur la protection des données personnelles au Royaume-Uni
Authors: Raab Charles D. 
Published: January 2024

Transposition of the European Directive on Data Protection in the UK
While the transposition of the European directive into the domestic British legal order is at a more advanced stage than in a number of countries, it is still as yet incomplete. A study of the Data Protection Act 1984 and a comparison of this Act with the new 1998 Act makes it possible to chart the distance already covered and the stakes still to play for. The controlling body – the 'Registrar', in future the Commissioner – enjoys increased powers and will have to supervise the balance between the protection of private life and public access to information.
Les moyens de l’indépendance
Authors: Sernia Francesco 
Published: January 2024

Means of Independence.
In Europe, the normative guarantees which apply to supreme audit institutions are numerous and very often are contained within the Constitution or organic laws. Autonomy of budgetary management is widely respected and is also a factor ensuring independence. However, some expenditure may be subjected to particular restrictions. While the heads of these institutions enjoy their autonomy, this does not always correspond with that of the rest of their personnel, particularly those employees who assist in applying the control mechanisms. Generally speaking, there is a notably persistent tendency of the administration to intervene indirectly in order to influence matters.