bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Factor Regression Models in the “Large p, Small n” Paradigm
Authors: West Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I discuss Bayesian factor regression models with many explanatory variables. These models are of particular interest and applicability in problems of prediction, but also for elucidating underlying structure in predictor variables. One key motivating application here is in studies of gene expression in functional genomics. I first discuss empirical factor (principal components) regression, and the use of general classes of shrinkage priors, with an example. These models raise foundational questions for Bayesians, and related practical issues, due to the use of design-dependent priors and the need to recover inferences on the effects of the original, high-dimensional predictors. I then discuss latent factor models for high-dimensional variables, and regression approaches in which low-dimensional latent factors are the predictor variables. These models generalize empirical factor regression, provide for more incisive evaluation of factor structure underlying high-dimensional predictors, and resolve the modelling and practical issues in empirical factor models by casting the latter as limiting special cases. Finally, I turn to questions of prior specification in these models, and introduce sparse latent factor models to induce sparsity in factor loadings matrices. Embedding such sparse latent factor models in factor regressions provides a novel approach to variable selection with very many predictors. The paper concludes with an example of sparse factor analysis of gene expression data and comments about further research.
Football Pools, Premium Bonds
Authors: Haigh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1923, three telegraphists from Manchester rented offices to launch the first Football Pools competition. Fearing their current employers would disapprove, they disguised their identity through an obscure family link, and used ‘Littlewoods’ as a cover name. They distributed four thousand coupons to fans queuing to watch a Manchester United game, and just 35 people entered that first week. A few weeks later, only one coupon from ten thousand handed out to soccer fans in Hull was returned. At the end of the first season, the venture had made a loss, and two of the original partners dropped out, but John Moores carried on. Despite this unpromising beginning, the idea survived, and today ten million people play the Pools regularly. Although rival organizations run substantial competitions on similar lines, Littlewoods dominates the market and offers the largest prizes.
Bookies, the Tote, spread betting
Authors: Haigh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bookmaking grew up around horse racing, which still accounts for over 70% of the industry’s turnover. Wagers have been struck at racing in York, Doncaster, and Chester since the sixteenth century, but the first known professional bookmaker was a Harry Ogden, who worked at Newmarket Heath in 1794. In 1853, betting houses were banned, and for a hundred years only those who attended race meetings could (legally) place cash bets. Otherwise punters had to use credit, and to communicate with their ‘turf accountant’ by letter, telephone, or telegram. This transparent attempt to confine betting to the wealthier classes was circumvented by the use of runners who collected cash bets in the street. After betting shops were legalized in 1960, illegal bookmaking all but disappeared, and with it went the attempts to bribe the police, protection rackets, and associated gang violence.
Cosmology
Authors: Weinberg Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is unique in the detailed, self-contained, and comprehensive treatment that it gives to the ideas and formulas that are used and tested in modern cosmological research. It divides into two parts, each of which provides enough material for a one-semester graduate course. The first part deals chiefly with the isotropic and homogeneous average universe; the second part concentrates on the departures from the average universe. Throughout the book the author presents detailed analytic calculations of cosmological phenomena, rather than just report results obtained elsewhere by numerical computation. The book is up to date, and gives detailed accounts of topics such as recombination, microwave background polarization, leptogenesis, gravitational lensing, structure formation, and multifield inflation, that are usually treated superficially if at all in treatises on cosmology. Copious references to current research literature are supplied. Appendices include a brief introduction to general relativity, and a detailed derivation of the Boltzmann equation for photons and neutrinos used in calculations of cosmological evolution. Also provided is an assortment of problems.
The Cosmic Microwave Radiation Background
Authors: Weinberg Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the mid-1960s by far the greatest part of our information about the structure and evolution of the universe came from observations of the redshifts and distances of distant galaxies, discussed in the previous chapter. In 1965 a nearly isotropic background of microwave radiation was discovered, which has provided a wealth of new cosmological data. After reviewing the expectations and discovery of this radiation, this chapter will explore some of its implications. We will only be able to give a first look at the anisotropies in this radiation in this chapter. In Chapter 7 we will return to this very important topic, applying the analysis of the evolution of cosmological perturbations presented in Chapters 5 and 6, and in Chapter 10 we will consider the origin of these perturbations in the very early universe.
Islam, neglect and discovery
Authors: Hodgkin Luke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It should be clear from the present chapter that the traditional view of the Arabs as mere custodians of Greek learning and transmitters of knowledge is a partial and distorted one. (Joseph 1992, p. 344) A number of medieval thinkers and scientists living under Islamic rule, by no means all of them ‘Moslems’ either nominally or substantially, played a useful role of transmitting Greek, Hindu, and other pre-Islamic fruits of knowledge to Westerners. They contributed to making Aristotle known in Christian Europe. But in doing this, they were but transmitting what they themselves had received from non-Moslem sources.
Modernity and its anxieties
Authors: Hodgkin Luke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If in summing up a brief phrase is called for that characterizes the life center of mathematics, one might well say: mathematics is the science of the innite. (Weyl 1949, p. 66) Pure mathematics is the class of all propositions of the form ‘p implies q’, where p and q are propositions each containing at least one or more variables, the same in the two propositions, and neither p nor q contains any constants except logical constants.
Notes and suggestions for further reading
Authors: Coolen A C C , Kühn R , Sollich P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 5 we dealt with some unsupervised learning techniques, namely vector quantization and self-organized maps. The books by Kohonen [26] and by Ritter et al. [27] are good sources of further information on these; much of the early work on self-organizing maps was done in particular by Amari [28] and Kohonen [29]. We saw for vector quantization that this can be thought as learning a probability distribution from data. This point of view is rather powerful, and in fact lets one integrate unsupervised learning with Bayesian techniques: different probability models for the data can be given prior probabilities and these are combined with likelihood factors to determine how likely a given model is once the data have arrived.
Information theory and neural networks
Authors: Coolen A C C , Kühn R , Sollich P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Measuring information
Measuring information at first sight appears to be a somewhat vague and strange concept. Although especially those of us who are reasonably familiar with using computers will be used to thinking about information content (in terms of bits), we will find out that measuring information is not simply counting the number of bits in a data file but involves, somewhat surprisingly, concepts from probability.
Information theory and statistical inference
Authors: Coolen A C C , Kühn R , Sollich P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with applications of information theoretic concepts to problems of statistical inference, namely density estimation for a random variable X which is not completely specifield, in the sense that the full set of probabilities { p(x); x ∈ A } or, in the case of a continuous random variable, the probability density function are unknown. We shall consider two fundamentally different cases.
Notes and suggestions for further reading
Authors: Coolen A C C , Kühn R , Sollich P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many interesting phenomena relevant to the information processing capabilities of neural networks are clearly dynamical in nature, and can therefore not be investigated by techniques of equilibrium statistical mechanics because these concentrate on stationary states. However, for a large class of problems one is simply forced to accept this limitation in scope because their full dynamics turns out to be far too complicated to unravel with the analytical techniques currently available. As the present part of the book has demonstrated, a number of interesting properties of neural networks can nevertheless be investigated in some detail using equilibrium theory.
Long-term potentiation, cooperativity and Hebb’s cell assemblies: a personal history
Authors: McNaughton Bruce L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early history of the experimental work leading to the discovery that long-term potentiation (LTP) embodies Hebb’s principle of association is described. In addition, the fallacy underlying the sometimes presumed distinction between ’cooperativity’ and ’associativity’ in the induction of LTP is pointed out. Keywords: Hebb; cooperativity; associative; kindling; long-term enhancement; cell assembly Few people, perhaps scientists least of all, are able to agree on present reality. The likelihood of there being much agreement about history, especially among those who participated in it, is thus vanishingly small.
The Induction of N-methyl-o-Aspartate Receptor-Dependent long-term Potentiationt
Authors: Collingridge Graham L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of N-methyl-o-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) was established during the 1980s. In this article I present a personal reflection upon the role that my colleagues and I played in the discovery of the mechanism of induction of NMDA receptor-dependent LTP. I hope my NMDA receptors were working well in the 1980s as I try to recall the events leading up to the establishment of the mechanism of induction of LTP. My story begins in 1980 as I start my first postdoctoral position in the laboratory of Hugh McLennan, in Vancouver. Hugh was interested in L-glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain and was one of the pioneers in the identification of multiple classes of glutamate receptor.
Fusion pore modulation as a presynaptic mechanism contributing to expression of long-term potentiation
Authors: Choi Sukwoo , Klingauf Jurgen , Tsien Richard W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Working on the idea that postsynaptic and presynaptic mechanisms of long-term potentiation (LTP) expression are not inherently mutually exclusive, we have looked for the existence and functionality of presynaptic mechanisms for augmenting transmitter release in hippocampal slices. Specifically, we asked if changes in glutamate release might contribute to the conversion of ’silent synapses’ that show N-methyl-o-aspartate (NMDA) responses but no detectable cx-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) responses, to ones that exhibit.
Synaptic plasticity in the mesolimbic dopamine system
Authors: Thomas Mark J , Malenka Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are thought to be critical mechanisms that contribute to the neural circuit modifications that mediate all forms of experience-dependent plasticity. It has, however, been difficult to demonstrate directly that experience causes long-lasting changes in synaptic strength and that these mediate changes in behaviour. To address these potential functional roles of LTP and LTD, we have taken advantage of the powerful in vivo effects of drugs of abuse that exert their behavioural effects in large part by acting in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA); the two major components of the mesolimbic dopamine system.
Synaptic plasticity in animal models of early Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Rowan Michael J , Klyubin Igor , Cullen William K , Anwyl Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amyloid -protein (A ) is believed to be a primary cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent research has examined the potential importance of soluble species of A in synaptic dysfunction, long before fibrillary A is deposited and neurodegenerative changes occur. Hippocampal excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity are disrupted in transgenic mice overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein with early onset familial AD mutations, and in rats after exogenous application of synthetic A both in vitro and in vivo. Recently, naturally produced soluble A was shown to block the persistence of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the intact hippocampus. Sub-nanomolar concentrations of oligomeric A were sufficient to inhibit late LTP, pointing to a possible reason for the sensitivity of hippocampus-dependent memory to impairment in the early preclinical stages of AD. Having identified the active species of A that can play havoc with synaptic plasticity, it is hoped that new ways of targeting early AD can be developed.
Graph Decotnpositions
Authors: Diestel Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Graph Decompositions is the first book on a topic that belongs mainly to infinite graph theory. It offers a complete account of the theory of simplicial decompositions of graphs, from its origins in the 1930s right up to present-day research. In addition to being one of the most important tools in infinite graph theory, simplicial decompositions may be seen as a model for any kind of structural graph decomposition. The currently topical tree-decompositions, for example, have their origin in simplicial decompositions. The text is centred around a few guiding problems and concepts, such as the existence and the uniqueness problem of simplicial decompositions into primes, or the concept of excluded minors as a means of identifying a desired structure. It attempts to give as authentic a picture as possible of research in progress. To this end, it includes discussions of examples, proof strategies on the formation of new concepts, as well as numerous exercises and open problems. Graph Decompositions should prove attractive to any graph theorist or other mathematician interested in a new area of research, as well as to the advanced student looking for a lively and inspiring account of how such research evolves.
Project 5
Authors: Grandine Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ACME has a problem. Wile E. Coyote, one of ACME’s best clients for many years, is having trouble with his Locational Operative Responsive Avian Network unit, built by ACME to use radar to track down desert fowl. The LORAN unit provides enough information for most applications, but not for the application which Wile E. Coyote has in mind. The target he would most like to watch moves more quickly than the LORAN unit was designed to handle. Thus, he needs roughly ten times as much data transmitted in any given time period as he is currently getting. Because ACME needs to keep Wile E. Coyote as a customer, and because the management would rather not shell out the money to design a much improved LORAN unit, you have suggested to your boss that interpolation might solve the problem. In particular, you have agreed to help Wile E. Coyote obtain the necessary data to catch the desert bird he is after. If you are successful, ACME will retain Wile E. Coyote’s business. If you fail, then he will almost certainly transfer his business to ACME’s chief competitor, AJAX.
Project 8
Authors: Grandine Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on your past successes, Biro Kratt has recommended that you assist on a project of great importance to ACME. The Republic United Steel Truss division of ACME manufactured steel beams for a customer, Monolithic Engineering Steel Structures. These beams were used in the construction of a structure called the Unduly Gigantic Hanger. Several of the UGHs have shown signs of severe fatigue, and MESS is suing ACME, claiming that the beams produced by RUST are at fault. RUST maintains that the beams were made to specifications and believes that UGH is so constructed that the beams are subjected to forces beyond specifications. Your task is to analyze UGH to determine the forces to which the beams are subjected. The UGH is constructed with twenty seven (27) beams, or members, connected at eleven (11) joints. MESS has specified that each beam is required to withstand extension forces of up to 20 tons and compressive forces up to 17 tons without fatigue failure. Through a court order, ACME has obtained from MESS the data on the UGH. The figure shows what the UGH looks like. The loads are attached to joint 11.
Project 11
Authors: Grandine Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mechanical Operations Utility Staff for Engineering Technology for Research And Production, a division of ACME, is currently designing a new motor to be used in many of its products. The old motor is large, heavy, and relatively energy inefficient by modern standards, so ACME has decided to invest in the development of an improved motor to improve the quality of the products. Thus, many of the division’s employees are currently working on this project in order to build a better MOUSETRAP motor. In any case, the new MOUSETRAP motor project is well underway. In fact, a prototype is already functioning in the lab. However, the testing of this new motor is far from complete. One of the current projects is to determine the startup response of the motor. The MOUSETRAP lab has already made several measurements, but they do not yet have a good mathematical model of what is going on. They have asked SOLVE for assistance, and this assignment has landed in your lap. Being the helpful individual that you are, you have happily agreed to solve this problem.
Energy
Authors: Lunn Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a ski-jumper starts his run down the hill he has very little initial velocity. As he loses height so he gains speed. Conversely in order to gain sufficient height to reach a fire in a tall building the nozzle velocity of water from a fireman’s hose has to be of a high order of magnitude. There is some balancing mechanism between the work done overcoming the force of gravity and the change in the velocity of the particle. Some readers will be familiar with the one-dimensional formalism of energy. Newton’s second law leads us to a very clear description which we recapitulate here.
Rigid bodies: equations
Authors: Lunn Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Newtonian mechanics a rigid body (or solid object) has a particular significance. The equations are developed from an assumption which defines the relationship between the particles which collectively form the body. A rigid body is defined to be a collection of particles such that each particle remains in the same position relative to all other particles of the body. This ensures that the body retains its size, shape, and distribution of mass.
Two Topics in Nonlinear Stability
Authors: Sanz-Serna J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are several ways in which the word stability may be understood in a numerical analysis context. First of all, stability is used in expressions like ‘stability and consistency imply convergence’. In this first sense, stability refers to dependence of a numerical result on the data, and, as such, applies to most numerical computations, including numerical linear algebra, quadrature, differential equations, etc. This first notion is akin to the idea of ‘well posedness’. In fact, in many cases, a numerical procedure is said to be stable in this sense if it is well posed uniformly with respect to the relevant parameters, such as the dimension of the problem, grid-size, etc. In a second use, the term stability applies in connection with the long time behaviour of discretizations of time-dependent problems in ordinary or partial differential equations. The stability of discretizations of nonlinear differential equations, ordinary or partial, is the unifying theme of the present work. In Sections 4.2 to 4.8, we deal with the question of how best to define ‘stability’ of a nonlinear discretization so that the familiar ‘stability and consistency imply convergence’ holds.
Subdivision Schemes in Computer-Aided Geometric Design
Authors: Dyn N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computer Aided Geometric Design (CAGD) is a branch of applied mathematics concerned with algorithms for the design of smooth curves and surfaces and for their efficient mathematical representation. The representation is used for the computation of the curves and surfaces, as well as geometrical quantities of importance such as curvatures, intersection curves between two surfaces and offset surfaces.
The Theory of Radial Basis Function Approximation in 1990
Authors: Powell M J D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this work {f(x) : x ∈ ℝ} is a real valued function of d variables that is to be approximated by {s(x): x ∈ ℝ}. The radial basis function method gives many useful choices of s that have several advantages over piecewise polynomials. This approach to multivariable approximation is relatively new, however, so many of the most exciting properties have been proved to hold only in special cases. A coherent account of the known theory is presented. It includes some stunning results on orders of convergence and guaranteed nonsingularity of interpolation matrices. Therefore the author believes that radial basis function methods are becoming as important as piecewise polynomials although good software is not yet available for general computer calculations. We shall enjoy the theoretical discoveries that have been made so far and we will note some interesting conjectures. Earlier reviews of theory are presented by Dyn [12,13]. Many successful applications of radial basis functions are mentioned in ·a recent paper that provides an excellent survey of the practical side of the subject (Hardy [22]).
Smoothing Spline Curve Fitting
Authors: Dierckx Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 4 we saw that we can obtain excellent approximation results with free knot least-squares splines. A serious drawback of the method is its computational cost which increases enormously with the number of knots. Moreover, as this number increases, the chance of missing the optimal location, because of an inappropriate initial position, also grows. Therefore, the method should not be recommended for data sets for which it is not possible to obtain a satisfactory fit with, say, fewer than 10 interior knots.
In this chapter we will consider another approximation criterion which is specific to the use of splines. It will allow us to determine a satisfactory fit in a much faster and more flexible way. The knots will again be located automatically but here the knot placing strategy will only aim to be reasonably frugal with knots, not to find the minimal number nor the optimal location.