bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Press Freedom and the (Crooked) Path Toward Democracy
Authors: Sobel Cohen Meghan , McIntyre Hopkinson Karen 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Press Freedom and the (Crooked) Path Toward Democracy uses the perceptions of journalists in Rwanda, Uganda, and Kenya to examine mediascapes at varying stages of development and democracy-building—Rwanda, which experienced a genocide in 1994, is in relatively early (though fast-paced) stages of reconstruction; Uganda, which experienced a civil war in the 1980s and unrest in the 1990s, though arguably not to the extent of Rwanda’s genocide, can be considered in a middle stage of development; and Kenya, which has remained largely peaceful, can be understood as being in a more advanced stage of development. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork and a cross-national survey, this book provides an updated state of press freedom in these three countries and shows how a nation’s political and cultural intricacies complicate traditional media development frameworks and notions of press freedom. Much of the scholarship classifying global media systems has overlooked the world’s most developing nations, and among those that have included developing nations there exists a misguided premise that nations develop in a linear fashion—from non-democracy to democracy, and from a restricted press to a free press. In reality, the ebb and flow of political change, democratization, and backsliding calls for more historically informed views of media systems that do not fit into the confines of existing theories. A detailed set of considerations is put forth for understanding media systems outside the Western world; specifically, that each country’s distance from conflict, political benchmarks, international linkages, and civil society strength are central to understanding its degree of press freedom, development, and democratization.
Rwanda
Authors: Cohen Meghan Sobel , Hopkinson Karen McIntyre 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 shows that, despite nearly 30 years of widespread progress and development, lingering impacts from the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda permeate the country’s media. Multiple laws limit free expression in the name of genocide prevention, and international rankings indicate that the nation is not free. Yet, many Rwandan journalists believe they have a great deal of freedom and that outsiders don’t consider the country’s history. Journalists believe their role is to act as unifiers and right the wrongs of their predecessors who exacerbated the genocide, and public trust in the media remains high. McQuail’s (1983) theory of media development and Hachten’s (1981, 1996) developmental concept may be working in the short term, but in the long term may reinforce existing authoritarian power structures. While a positive relationship might exist between Rwanda’s distance from civil war and its degree of press freedom, this pattern may not hold in the future.
Another India
Authors: Anil Pratinav 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Another India tells the story of the world’s biggest religious minority. Weaving together vivid biographical portraits of a wide range of Indian Muslims—elite and subaltern, secular, and clerical; activist and apolitical—it brings the experience of the country’s Muslims under a single focus; and, by throwing light on the Indian Muslim condition during the first thirty years of independence, reflects on the true character of democratic India. What we have here is a rather different picture from received accounts of the “world’s largest democracy.” Challenging traditional histories of Nehru’s India, Pratinav Anil shows that minority rights were neglected right from independence. Despite its best intentions, the Congress regime that ruled for three decades was often illiberal, intolerant, and undemocratic. Muslims had to contend with discrimination, disadvantage, deindustrialisation, dispossession, and disenfranchisement, as well as an unresponsive leadership. Anil demonstrates how the Muslim elite encouraged depoliticization, taking up seemingly noble but largely inconsequential causes with little bearing on the lives of ordinary members of the community. There was no room for mass protests or collective solidarity in this version of Muslim politics. Another India explores this elite betrayal, whose consequences are still felt by India’s 200 million Muslims today.
The Revival and Re-Embedding of Somali Ports
Authors: Stepputat Finn , Ahmed Warsame M. , Qualonbi Omer , Wallisch Simon , Wasuge Mahad 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe chapter argues that port infrastructures have been a key asset in the sometimes violent politics of circulation and state formation after Somali state collapse. The control and development of seaports has had a decisive influence on the making and eroding of Somali state entities. It provides an overview of the conflictive history and recent revival of four major seaports on the Somali coast before zooming in on the changes that DP World’s investments brought to Somaliland’s Berbera port. It shows how this port has been dis-embedded from its previous social, political, and economic moorings in Berbera town only to be re-embedded in new relations. The latter afford both DP World and the Somaliland government increased control over the port’s governance and revenue compared to before the upgrading.
Common Architectures, Diverse Processes, and Trajectories
Authors: Rangoni Bernardo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows that to regulate the integration of European gas markets from the late 1990s to the present date, common experimentalist structures—notably the Madrid Forum—were used to a different extent across different issue areas, namely, less in network access than in tarification. Further, it highlights that in the two issues, experimentalism followed diverse trajectories, gradually declining in the former while persisting in the latter. Distributions of legal power, which were identically multipolar, cannot explain this variation in processes and trajectories. Instead, the chapter emphasizes the explanatory value of functional and political factors, which, moreover, were far from antithetical to one another. In network tarification, re-emerging uncertainty and opposition placed major pressures to use experimentalist structures steadily. In network access, by contrast, by the mid-2000s, the European Commission had become convinced that it knew the best rules already and, thanks to the support of the Austrian and German authorities, could impose such rules on other recalcitrant actors. In the attempt to overcome gridlock, finally, the Commission threatened to impose both specific positive rules—as distinctive of the shadow of hierarchy—and negative prohibitions and fines—as characteristic of penalty defaults—instead.
Similar Structures, Diverse Processes
Authors: Rangoni Bernardo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows that, despite the presence of comparable experimentalist networks (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications, BEREC; European Competition Network, ECN), the regulation of European communication markets over the past decade has witnessed sharply different governance processes. To regulate telecommunications, the European Commission embraced the hierarchical imposition and enforcement of stable rules regardless of, or even thanks to, the BEREC. However, to apply competition policy in digital markets, the Commission favoured experimentalist discretion for tech giants (namely, Google) combined with regular performance reviews and rule revisions. In the latter instance, furthermore, the Commission pursued experimentalist governance despite the extraordinarily centralized powers held in competition law. Rather than distributions of legal power, functional uncertainty and political opposition, both of which have been greater in digital than in telecommunication markets, explain the variation in governance processes between the two sub-cases. When employed, experimentalism travelled across distinct policy cycles, thus exhibiting durability. Finally, in this case, to enhance experimentalist processes’ effectiveness, actors relied exclusively on negative penalty defaults.
Experimentalist Architectures, Processes, Outcomes
Authors: Rangoni Bernardo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses how and why, to regulate the European market for financial services over the last decade, actors have used experimentalist structures extensively, notably the European Supervisory Authorities (ESAs) comprising the European Banking Authority (EBA), the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), and the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA). It shows that actors pursued experimentalist processes even where they were equipped with strongly centralized powers, as in the regulation of credit rating agencies (CRAs). Rather than distributions of legal power, what explains actors’ reluctance to favour hierarchical governance are functional as well as political pressures (namely, cognitive uncertainty and political opposition), which have been strong in the regulation of both CRAs and packaged retail and insurance-based investment products (PRIIPs). Finally, to aid their effectiveness in overcoming gridlock and delivering policy outcomes, experimentalist processes relied on the threat of negative sanctions as well as positive rules. Far from being antithetical to one another, penalty defaults and the shadow of hierarchy have thus worked in tandem.
Same Structure, Different Processes, and Trajectories
Authors: Rangoni Bernardo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows that, to regulate European pharmaceutical markets from the mid-1990s to the present date, the same experimentalist structure (the European Medicines Authority, EMA) has been used less for conventional medicines (namely, hydroxyethyl starch (HES) infusion solutions) than for innovative ones, including the COVID-19 vaccine most used in the European Union. The chapter further highlights that once employed, experimentalist processes can take both self-limiting and self-reinforcing trajectories. This variation in processes as well as trajectories is inconsistent with distributions of legal power, which were identical and firmly multipolar. Instead, it is in line with both uncertainty and opposition, which varied. For innovative medicines such as COVID-19 vaccines, the European Commission recognized its uncertainty and sought consensus with the EMA and the national authorities composing it. For conventional infusion solutions containing HES, by contrast, by the late 2010s, the Commission could rely both on an earlier blueprint—which reduced uncertainty—and a strong coalition led by Germany—which ensured comitology approval despite deviation from the scientific opinion of the EMA and most of the regulators sitting therein. To avoid breakdown, finally, in this case, experimentalist processes depended exclusively on the penalty-default mechanism.
Conclusion
Authors: Rangoni Bernardo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The final chapter summarizes the findings of the book and relates them to broader debates about non-hierarchical institutions, processes, and outcomes. It presents an analytical approach that builds on, but develops, contemporary debates in regulatory governance, itself a field drawing from law, public administration, and political science. The framework put forward differs from current literatures by adopting a broader definition of non-hierarchical governance, one that includes agency and actual policy processes. It suggests that scope conditions for non-hierarchical governance are not multipolar distributions of legal power, and not just functional demands, but also political opposition. It suggests that non-hierarchical governance is likely to be self-reinforcing and thus sustainable, thanks to both functional and political drivers, which bolster one another. It argues that non-hierarchical governance affects policy outcomes through a range of mechanisms rather than any single one and highlights that positive and negative mechanisms can be compatible rather than mutually exclusive. Finally, it discusses promising avenues for testing the conclusions from the book’s case studies more widely, expanding their scope both within and beyond the European Union.
Icelandic Nominalizations and Allosemy
Authors: Wood Jim 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe work aims to bring a basic, but detailed description of Icelandic nominalizations to bear on the general theoretical and architectural issues that nominalizations have raised since the earliest work in generative syntax. While nominalization has long been central to theories of argument structure, and Icelandic has been an important language for the study of argument structure and syntax, Icelandic has not been brought into the general body of theoretical work on nominalization. This book shows that Icelandic-specific issues in the analysis of Derived Nominals have broad implications that go beyond the study of that one language. In particular, Icelandic provides special evidence that Complex Event Nominals (CENs), which seem to inherit their argument structure from the underlying verbs, can be formed without nominalizing a full verb phrase. This conclusion is at odds with prominent theories of nominalization which claim that CENs have the properties that they have precisely because they involve the nominalization of full verb phrases. The proposal in this book develops a theory of allosemy within the framework of Distributed Morphology, showing how one single syntactic structure can get distinct semantic interpretations corresponding to the range of readings that are available to Derived Nominals. The resulting proposal demonstrates how the study of Icelandic nominalizations can both further our understanding of argument structure and shed new light on the syntax-semantics interface.
Style
Authors: Windeatt Barry 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter analyses the crucial role of stylistic variety in the exploration of love by such a stylistically self-conscious poem as Troilus and Criseyde. The chapter’s opening section focusses on a play of style in the poem’s alertness to distinctions of style and register. Then comes a section on the poem’s use of: romance vocabulary; terms linked with pagan belief; learned and scientific terminology; Troilus diction that overlaps with Chaucer’s Boethian translation, Boece; nonce words prefixed with un- and other uses of prefixes and suffixes. Next is a section on Chaucer’s use of hyperbole and superlative—and of oaths, acclamations, and endearments—concluding with the poem’s references to the heart. There follows analysis of the poem’s imagery: heat and cold; light and darkness; sight and blindness; navigation; binding and constraint; hunting and bird imagery. Two concluding sections address proverbial language and stylistic aspects of versification in Troilus.
Loss of Diel Circadian Clock Gene Cycling Is a Part of Grape Berry Ripening
Authors: Davies Christopher , Burbidge Crista A , Böttcher Christine , Dodd Antony N 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Diel cycles of gene expression are thought to adapt plants to 24-h changes in environmental conditions. The circadian clock contributes to this process, but less is known about circadian programs in developing reproductive organs. While model plants and controlled conditions have contributed greatly to our knowledge of circadian clock function, there is a need to better understand its role in crop plants under field conditions with fluctuating light and temperature. In this study, we investigated changes in the circadian clock during the development of grape berries of Vitis vinifera L. We found that the transcripts of circadian clock homologs had high-amplitude oscillations prior to, but not during, ripening. As ripening progressed, the amplitude and rhythmicity of the diel oscillations decreased until most transcripts tested had no significant fluctuation over the 24-h cycle. Despite this loss of rhythmicity, the majority of circadian clock genes investigated were expressed at or near their abundance at the nadir of their pre-ripening oscillation although the berries remained transcriptionally active. From this, it can be concluded that cycling of the canonical circadian clock appears unnecessary for berry ripening. Our data suggest that changes in circadian clock dynamics during reproductive organ development may have important functional consequences.
PHT1;5Repressed by ANT Mediates Pi Acquisition and Distribution under Low Pi and Salinity in Salt Cress
Authors: Wang Duoliya , Lv Sulian , Guo Zijing , Lin Kangqi , Zhang Xuan , Jiang Ping , Lou Tengxue , Yi Ze , Zhang Bo , Xie Wenzhu , Li Yinxin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSalinity and phosphate (Pi) starvation are the most common abiotic stresses that threaten crop productivity. Salt cress (Eutrema salsugineum) displays good tolerance to both salinity and Pi limitation. Previously, we found several Phosphate Transporter (PHT) genes in salt cress upregulated under salinity. Here, EsPHT1;5 induced by both low Pi (LP) and salinity was further characterized. Overexpression of EsPHT1;5 in salt cress enhanced plant tolerance to LP and salinity, while the knock-down lines exhibited growth retardation. The analysis of phosphorus (P) content and shoot/root ratio of total P in EsPHT1;5-overexpressing salt cress seedlings and the knock-down lines as well as arsenate uptake assays suggested the role of EsPHT1;5 in Pi acquisition and root-shoot translocation under Pi limitation. In addition, overexpression of EsPHT1;5 driven by the native promoter in salt cress enhanced Pi mobilization from rosettes to siliques upon a long-term salt treatment. Particularly, the promoter of EsPHT1;5 outperformed that of AtPHT1;5 in driving gene expression under salinity. We further identified a transcription factor EsANT, which negatively regulated EsPHT1;5 expression and plant tolerance to LP and salinity. Taken together, EsPHT1;5 plays an integral role in Pi acquisition and distribution in plant response to LP and salt stress. Further, EsANT may be involved in the cross-talk between Pi starvation and salinity signaling pathways. This work provides further insight into the mechanism underlying high P use efficiency in salt cress in its natural habitat, and evidence for a link between Pi and salt signaling.
Aggregate level research governance effects on particle physics: A comparative analysis
Authors: Tirado Mayra M , Nedeva Maria , Thomas Duncan A 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This paper contributes to understanding the effects of research governance on global scientific fields. Using a highly selective comparative analysis of four national governance contexts, we explore how governance arrangements influence the dynamics of global research fields. Our study provides insights into second-level governance effects, moving beyond previous studies focusing primarily on effects on research organizations rooted in national contexts. Rather than study over 100 countries across which our selected CERN-based particle physics global research field operates, we explore conditions for changing the dynamics of global research fields and examine mechanisms through which change may occur. We predict then minimal effects on the epistemic choices and research practices of members of the four local knowledge networks despite variations in governance arrangements, and hence no second-level effects. We assert a research field’s independence from governance depends on its characteristics and the relative importance to researchers of research quality notions. This paper contributes methodologically and has practical implications for policymakers. It suggests governance arrangements affect the epistemic choices and research practices of the local knowledge networks only when certain conditions are met. Policymakers should consider the context and characteristics of a field when designing governance arrangements and policy.
Research impact seen from the user side
Authors: Woolley Richard , Molas-Gallart Jordi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Impact assessment research has developed theory-based approaches to trace the societal impact of scientific research. Impact assessment typically starts from the perspective of a research investment, organization, or project. Research users, non-academic actors involved in knowledge production, translation, and application, are well represented in many of these approaches. Researcher users are usually positioned as contributors to research, recipients of research outputs, or beneficiaries of research-driven outcomes. This paper argues that impact assessment would benefit from a more comprehensive understanding and analysis of research valorization processes from the user perspective. The first half of the paper reviews key impact assessment literature to identify how research users are positioned and portrayed in relation to valorization processes. In the second half of the paper, we use the results of this review to propose a set of principles to guide a systematic approach to constructing user perspectives on research impact. We suggest four concepts for operationalization of this approach. The paper concludes that the addition of a more comprehensive research user perspective on research valorization would complement and enhance existing impact assessment approaches.
Anti-nuclear valosin-containing protein-like autoantibody is associated with calcinosis and higher risk of cancer in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Perurena-Prieto Janire , Viñas-Giménez Laura , Sanz-Martínez María Teresa , Selva-O’Callaghan Albert , Callejas-Moraga Eduardo Luis , Colobran Roger , Guillén-Del-Castillo Alfredo , Simeón-Aznar Carmen P 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Systemic sclerosis (SSc)-specific autoantibodies allow the diagnosis and predict the prognosis of SSc patients with different clinical characteristics. The aim of this study was to describe new SSc-related autoantibodies by a novel protein immunoprecipitation (IP) assay.

Methods
Serum samples and clinical data were collected from 307 SSc patients. Antinuclear autoantibodies were tested in all patients by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on HEp-2 cells. SSc-specific autoantibodies were evaluated with a commercial immunoblot and chemiluminescence immunoassay, and traditional RNA-IP. Patients negative for all these autoantibodies (n = 51) were further tested with a non-radioactive protein IP assay. Protein bands detected on SDS–PAGE were then analysed by mass spectrometry (MS) and confirmed by western blot (WB). Additional 56 patients with nucleolar pattern by IIF were tested by protein IP-WB.

Results
Five patients who underwent protein IP testing showed a 110-115kDa molecular weight band on SDS–PAGE and a homogeneous nucleolar pattern by IIF. MS identified the bands as nuclear valosin-containing protein-like (NVL). An additional positive patient was detected by IP-WB. As compared with the remaining 101 negative patients, anti-NVL positive patients showed a greater prevalence of calcinosis (100% vs 18.9%, P &lt; 0.001), and cancer (66.7% vs 8.9%, P = 0.002), with a particular association with synchronous cancer (OR = 16.3; P = 0.024).

Conclusion
We identified NVL as a new autoantibody target by a novel protein IP assay in SSc patients with a homogeneous nucleolar IIF pattern, testing negative for all known SSc-specific autoantibodies by commercial assays and RNA IP. Anti-NVL identifies a new clinical phenotype, characterized by calcinosis and cancer.