bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bank‐toe processes in incised channels: the role of apparent cohesion in the entrainment of failed bank materials
Authors: Wood Anna L. , Simon Andrew , Downs Peter W. , Thorne Colin R. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractNumerous processes may instigate bank retreat and the consequent collection of failed cohesive materials at the bank toe. Cohesion between the failed material and the substrate can provide additional strength to resist direct fluvial entrainment. Failed, cohesive material can act as a form of natural bank‐toe protection by consuming and diverting flow energy that may otherwise be used to further scour the basal zone of incising channels.Investigations in Goodwin Creek, Mississippi, have revealed the existence of apparent cohesion between failed, cohesive blocks and their underlying surface. The method used to assess this cohesion involved a pulley system mounted on a tripod and supporting a load cell. Mean and maximum apparent‐cohesion values of 1·08 kPa and 2·65 kPa, respectively, were measured in this way, identifying a source that bonds blocks to the underlying surface. Cohesion values and types vary spatially and temporally. Tensiometric tests beneath blocks suggest that cohesion resulting from matric suction alone may be as much as 3·5 kPa in summer and 1·8 kPa in winter.Apparent cohesion is believed to have been sufficient to help prevent removal of the largest blocks by a peak flow of 66·4m3&#38;sol;s on 23 September 1997. Maximum excess shear stress required to entrain a D75 block can be augmented by as much as 97% by the presence of apparent cohesion at the block–substrate interface when compared with a condition with zero apparent cohesion at the block underside. Given these findings, it is no longer sufficient to estimate block entrainment in the basal area from block size or bed roughness alone, as in a Shields‐type approach. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A three‐component end‐member analysis of streamwater hydrochemistry in a small Japanese forested headwater catchment
Authors: Katsuyama Masanori , Ohte Nobuhito , Kobashi Sumiji 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIntensive water sampling in conjunction with hydrological observations was conducted during three different rainstorms in order to understand the effects of rainfall events on the temporal variation of streamwater chemistry in a small headwater forest catchment. Concentrations of Na+ and SO42− decreased as the discharge rate increased. Hydrograph separation of the components was made using the three‐component model based on the end‐members mixing analysis (EMMA). The three end‐members were:

the groundwater in the saturated zone that prescribes the chemistry of the baseflow;
the throughfall that dilutes the streamwater;
the groundwater in the transient saturated zone prescribed, which was dependent on the groundwater level.
When the groundwater level was lower, only the two components, groundwater in the saturated zone and throughfall, affected the streamwater chemistry. When the groundwater level rose and the saturated zone spread, the groundwater in the transient saturated zone became the third component. When the groundwater in the transient saturated zone contributed to the discharge, this component became the dominant source and the streamwater chemistry was affected by the groundwater chemistry in the transient saturated zone. When this component was discharged as the saturation overland flow, the streamwater chemistry was greatly affected by this component. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical and isotopic methods for confirming the roles of wadis in regional groundwater recharge in a regional arid environment: a case study in Al Ain, UAE
Authors: Tang Changyuan , Machida Isao , Shindo Shizuo , Kondoh Akihiko , Sakura Yasuo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn arid environments groundwater may represent the most important source of water for sustaining life. The timing and nature of precipitation may induce infiltration and recharge on a small scale. The Al Ain region, UAE was chosen and from 1996 to 1997 studies were conducted to illustrate spatial distribution of recharge for groundwater by using chemical and isotopic methods. According to the field survey, UAE can be hydrogeologically classified into five parts: mountain area, wadis, sand dunes, inland sabkhas and coastal sabkhas, respectively. In this report, we studied a typical wadi, Wadi Mieshiq area. Upstream of the wadi, it was found that the groundwaters were characterized by low salinity. Stable isotopes of groundwaters in the wadi were lighter than those of the stream waters in the mountain area, since stream water was affected by evaporation before it infiltrated into the ground. The isotopes of recharged water into the wadi must have isotopically light values. From the results above, groundwater along the wadi was mainly derived from not only water from the mountain area but also infiltrated water during the flood period. Wadis are an important recharge region for groundwater. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subsurface runoff characteristics from a forest hillslope soil profile including macropores, Hitachi Ohta, Japan
Authors: Noguchi Shoji , Tsuboyama Yoshio , Sidle Roy C. , Hosoda Ikuhiro 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSubsurface flow within forest hillslopes is not well understood. A soil pit containing macropores was prepared and instrumented for subsurface flow measurements at the Hitachi Ohta Experimental Watershed. The subsurface flow from the soil profile was divided into five groups: the porous (including macropores) organic‐rich soil layer; three macropore groups in the mineral soil layer; and the mineral soil matrix excluding visible macropores. The outflow from the organic‐rich soil layer coincided with rainfall and depended strongly on rainfall intensity. Such a response is related to the location of the organic‐rich layer in the uppermost portion of the soil profile. One macropore in the mineral soil was connected directly to a hydraulically active fracture in the bedrock. Therefore, the flow from this macropore group was high and delayed relative to rainfall even though the group is located in the upper left portion of the mineral soil layer. Most of the hillslope discharge occurred from the soil matrix excluding visible macropores. Preferential flow pathways in the mineral soil, as evidenced by staining tests, contributed to stormflow. The flow from two macropores just above bedrock was generally very low and responded gradually to rainfall inputs. This minor outflow was influenced by preferential flow above bedrock. Four macropores in the upper right portion of the mineral soil layer did not connect to preferential flow pathways. Therefore, outflow from this group was measured only when large rain events occurred. Soil moisture, amounts and intensities of rainfall, and bedrock topography affected heterogeneous outflow from the soil profile. The expansion and extension of macropore networks might contribute to stormflow. Results indicate that hydrometric measurements are needed to support inferences derived from end member mixing analysis and topographic‐based hydrologic models related to complex preferential flow pathways in forest catchments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial resolution sensitivity of catchment geomorphologic properties and the effect on hydrological simulation
Authors: Yang Dawen , Herath Srikantha , Musiake Katumi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe geomorphologic area function and width function that characterize the forms of hillslope and river networks are two key parameters employed in the GBHM (geomorphology‐based hydrological model) for representing the hydrological processes together with other spatial information. One fundamental issue on the use of the geomorphologic properties is the spatial resolution sensitivity in both the threshold area for river network generation and digital elevation model (DEM) resolution. The threshold area is the minimum drainage area required to initiate the river; the DEM resolution depends on the available elevation data. In the present study, multifractal analysis was used to investigate the sensitivity of width functions extracted by different threshold areas and the sensitivity of area functions extracted from various resolutions of DEMs. Fifteen Japanese catchments were selected for the sensitivity analysis based on 250 m mesh DEM data. It was found that the river networks generated with larger threshold areas tend to lose the detailed scaling information. When the DEM mesh size increases, the river networks extracted with the same threshold area become sparser and the topography tends to be flat and scaling structures of the area functions become simpler. The runoff generations of the GBHM were influenced by the DEM resolution. The effect of the DEM resolution on the hydrological response is related to the temporal resolution with more influence on the hourly response compared with the daily response. From the relation between the scaling structure expressed by the multifractal spectrum and the hydrological response of a catchment, it was found that the detailed scaling information had more effect on the hydrological response of higher temporal resolution. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclin D1 expression in papillary superficial bladder cancer: Its association with other cell cycle‐associated proteins, cell proliferation and clinical outcome
Authors: Sgambato Alessandro , Migaldi Mario , Faraglia Beatrice , De Aloysio Graziella , Ferrari Paolo , Ardito Raffaele , De Gaetani Carmela , Capelli Giovanni , Cittadini Achille , Trentini Gian Paolo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCyclin D1 contributes to regulate G1 progression by forming a complex with different cyclin‐dependent kinases. It has oncogenic properties and is frequently overexpressed in several human tumor types. In our study, expression of cyclin D1 and Ki67, a proliferation marker, was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in human papillary superficial (pTa‐pT1) bladder cancers and was correlated with p27Kip1, p21Waf1 and c‐erbB‐2 expression, with p53 gene status and protein expression, ploidy and cancer progression. Cyclin D1 expression was neither associated with tumor stage nor with tumor grade but high cyclin D1 expression (≥25% positive nuclei) was significantly associated with p53 gene mutation (p = 0.012), low p21Waf1 (p = 0.015) and high p27Kip1 (p = 0.016) protein expression. Ki67 expression was not associated with tumor stage but a high proliferation index (≥10% positive nuclei) was significantly associated with high tumor grade (p = 0.001) and with DNA aneuploidy (p = 0.005). There was no significant difference in proliferative activity between high and low cyclin D1 expressor tumors. Patients whose tumors showed high expression of cyclin D1 displayed a significantly longer disease‐free survival (p < 0.001 by log‐rank test). Increased Ki67 expression was significantly associated with shorter disease‐free survival (p = 0.003). Both cyclin D1 (p = 0.027; RR = 1.898) and Ki67 (p = 0.047; RR = 1.932) protein expressions were independent predictors of reduced disease‐free survival on a multivariate analysis that also included p27Kip1 expression and tumor stage. The simultaneous presence of low cyclin D1, low p27Kip1 and high Ki67 expression defined a “high‐risk” group of patients who displayed a significantly increased risk of recurrence (p < 0.0001). These results suggest that evaluation of cell cycle‐associated markers can help to identify high‐risk patients and may affect the management of patients with papillary superficial bladder cancer. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testicular hyaluronidase induces tubular structures of endothelial cells grown in three‐dimensional colagen gel through a CD44‐mediated mechanism
Authors: Rahmanian Mehdi , Heldin Paraskevi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCultured brain capillary endothelial cells grown in a 3‐dimensional collagen gel can form tubular structures after stimulation by angiogenic factors. We found that treatment of such cultures with testicular hyaluronidase led to formation of tubular structures and cell survival. Anion‐exchange chromatography of the enzyme preparation on a MonoQ column revealed the presence of the angiogenic factor basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the flow‐through fraction, as determined by immunoblotting; part of the effect on endothelial cell morphogenesis could thus be ascribed to bFGF. However, adsorbed fractions eluted with increasing concentrations of NaCl, which exhibited hyaluronan‐degrading activity at neutral pH, did not contain bFGF but were still able to induce tube‐like structures of the endothelial cells. Streptomyces hyaluronidase failed to evoke the same effect. Interestingly, blocking of hyaluronan binding to CD44 receptors by the monoclonal antibody KM114 inhibited the effect of hyaluronidase, but not of bFGF, on endothelial cell tube formation. Our data suggest a CD44‐mediated specific role for certain populations of testicular hyaluronidase in the induction of angiogenesis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Upregulation of bcl‐2 is involved in the mediation of chemotherapy resistance in human small cell lung cancer cell lines
Authors: Sartorius Ute A. , Krammer Peter H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractChemotherapeutic drugs eliminate cancer cells by induction of apoptosis. Resistance to chemotherapy is partly due to a decreased apoptosis rate. Here we investigated resistance to anticancer drugs in 9 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines. Apoptosis was induced by cisplatin, doxorubicin and etoposide and was found to be independent of caspase‐8 expression. Since caspase‐8 is essential for signal transduction of death receptor‐mediated apoptosis, all known death receptor systems are thus not required for drug‐induced apoptosis in SCLC. Furthermore, we found that anticancer drugs could activate the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis without involvement of upstream caspases. Finally, by culturing 3 sensitive cell lines in subtherapeutic concentrations of etoposide, resistant cells were generated that exhibit cross‐resistance to cisplatin and doxorubicin. Drug resistance was paralleled by strong upregulation of Bcl‐2, which diminished apoptosis by inhibiting the loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and the release of cytochrome c. The role of bcl‐2 in these processes was supported by bcl‐2 transfection and antisense inhibition. These results indicate that Bcl‐2 contributes to drug resistance in SCLC, a finding that has profound therapeutic implications. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of hMSH6 in the development of hereditary and sporadic colorectal cancer revealed by immunostaining is based on germline mutations, but rarely on somatic inactivation
Authors: Plaschke Jens , Krüger Stefan , Pistorius Steffen , Theissig Franz , Saeger Hans D. , Schackert Hans K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractGermline mutations in human mismatch repair (MMR) genes yield a predisposition for the hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) syndrome. In contrast to hMLH1 and hMSH2, little is known about the overall involvement of hMSH6 in colorectal cancer. We investigated 82 tumors from patients who fulfilled the Bethesda guidelines for HNPCC as well as 146 sporadic tumors, analyzing microsatellite instability and expression of the 4 MMR proteins hMSH6, hMSH2, hMLH1 and hPMS2. Four tumors with lost expression and 1 tumor with cytoplasmic expression of hMSH6 were identified. Sequence analysis revealed germline mutations in 4 of the 5 patients, including 1 patient with sporadic disease. The lost or reduced expression of hMSH2 and hMLH1 was always identical to its heterodimerization partners, hMSH6 and hPMS2, respectively. Furthermore, hMSH2 expression was reduced upon hMSH6 deficiency. Abnormal expression of 1 or more of the 4 proteins was always associated with a high level of microsatellite instability (MSI‐H). Conversely, all but 1 of the 44 MSI‐H tumors had abnormal expression of 1 or more of the proteins, basically excluding additional genes associated with the MSI‐H phenotype. We conclude that the involvement of somatic or epigenetic hMSH6 inactivation in colorectal cancer is rare. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of HMG‐N2 binding to chromatin by butyrate‐induced acetylation in human colon adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Lührs Hardi , Hock Robert , Schauber Jürgen , Weihrauch Marc , Harrer Monika , Melcher Ralph , Scheppach Wolfgang , Bustin Michael , Menzel Thomas 
Published: September 2002

AbstractButyrate, a short chain fatty acid (SCFA), is generated by anaerobic fermentation of undigested carbohydrates within the colon. Butyrate enhances acetylation of core histones, a process directly linked to the formation of active chromatin and gene expression. However, additional chromatin components also contribute to the formation of transcriptionally active chromatin. The high mobility group protein N2 (HMG‐N2), a nonhistone protein, is involved in chromatin structure modulation. We examined the effects of butyrate on HMG‐N2 expression, hyperacetylation and chromatin binding. HT29 human adenocarcinoma cells were incubated with butyrate. Levels of HMG‐N2 mRNA and of total or acetylated HMG‐N2 protein were analyzed. Protein dynamics were investigated with transfected cells expressing HMG‐N2‐EGFP fusion proteins. Treatment of HT29 cells with butyrate led to significant hyperacetylation of HMG‐N2. Levels of HMG‐N2 protein remained unchanged. Northern blot analysis revealed a significant reduction in HMG‐N2 mRNA levels after treatment with butyrate. Analysis of HMG‐N2‐EGFP transfected HT29 cells demonstrated that butyrate treatment changes the binding properties of HMG‐N2‐EGFP to chromatin. In addition, butyrate treatment resulted in solubilization of endogenous acetylated HMG‐N2 into the supernatant of permeabilized cells. We demonstrate that butyrate treatment is associated with hyperacetylation of HMG‐N2 protein in HT29 cells. The modulation of this nonhistone chromatin protein resulted in altered binding properties to chromatin. This may represent an additional step in changing chromatin structure and composition with subsequent consequences for transcription and gene expression. Modulation of nonhistone chromatin proteins, like the ubiquitous HMG‐N2 proteins, may be partly responsible for the wide range of butyrate‐associated effects. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidant‐antioxidant status in relation to survival among breast cancer patients
Authors: Saintot Monique , Mathieu‐Daude Hélène , Astre Cécile , Grenier Jean , Simony‐Lafontaine Joelle , Gerber Mariette 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe role of plasma oxidant‐antioxidant status in survival after breast cancer surgery was investigated in a cohort of patients (n = 363) hospitalized in Southern France between 1989 and 1992. The median follow‐up was 8 years after surgery for histologically confirmed breast cancer. Plasma analyses were performed after diagnosis and before surgery and adjuvant therapy. We found an inverse relationship between plasma lipoperoxides (MDA) and tumor size at diagnosis, together with higher lipoperoxide levels in node‐negative tumors than in node‐positive ones (TNM). The longitudinal approach revealed an increased risk of recurrence for patients with plasma lipoperoxides in the highest tertile of the sample (RR = 2.1, 95%CI 1.1–4.0). In addition, the risk of recurrence increased (RR = 1.7, 95%CI 1.0–3.0), after adjustment for the known prognostic factors (TNM), for patients with plasma lipid‐adjusted vitamin E levels of over 22 μmol/l. The risk of breast cancer death was twice as great for patients with plasma lipid‐adjusted vitamin E levels above this value. Excesses of plasma lipoperoxides and vitamin E appear to be factors in poor prognosis for breast cancer‐specific survival (OVS) and disease‐free survival (DFS), respectively, independent of tumor characteristics at diagnosis. Several hypotheses are advanced to explain the possible role of plasma vitamin E as a factor in poor prognosis for survival. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of both skin and lung tumorigenesis by Car‐R mouse‐derived cancer modifier loci
Authors: Saran Anna , Zaffaroni Daniela , Pazzaglia Simonetta , Peissel Bernard , Galbiati Federica , Spinola Monica , Manenti Giacomo , Zanesi Nicola , Rebessi Simonetta , Mancuso Maria Teresa , Covelli Vincenzo , Dragani Tommaso A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe Car‐R outbred mouse line was phenotypically selected for high resistance to two‐stage skin tumorigenesis. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that a subset of genetic loci responsible for resistance to skin tumorigenesis of Car‐R mice might also inhibit lung tumorigenesis. Skin and lung tumorigenesis were induced in groups of Car‐R, SWR/J, (SWR/JxCar‐R)F1 and SWR/Jx(SWR/JxCar‐R) backcross mice by i.p. urethane initiation and skin TPA promotion. Car‐R mice showed a much lower susceptibility to both skin and lung tumorigenesis as compared to SWR/J mice, which are susceptible to both lung and skin tumorigenesis. The Car‐R‐inherited genome significantly inhibited both skin and lung cancer development in the F1 progeny of Car‐R with SWR/J mice. In the backcross population, skin and lung tumor phenotypes showed a statistically significant correlation, indicating that a subset of the cancer resistance alleles, which segregated in the Car‐R line during selection for resistance to skin carcinogenesis, provides resistance to both skin and lung tumorigenesis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of uridine and thymidine phosphorylase genes in human breast carcinoma
Authors: Kanzaki Atsuko , Takebayashi Yuji , Bando Hiroko , Eliason James F. , Watanabe Shin‐ichi , Miyashita Hitoshi , Fukumoto Manabu , Toi Masakazu , Uchida Takafumi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractUridine phosphorylase (UPase) and an angiogenic enzyme, thymidine phosphorylase (dThdPase) are involved in degradation of the pyrimidine nucleosides through phosphorolysis. The expression levels of UPase and dThdPase are higher in human solid tumors including breast carcinomas than in normal tissues. To clarify the correlation between the expression levels of UPase and dThdPase genes and the clinicopathological factors, mRNA levels of these enzymes were examined by RT‐PCR in 43 breast carcinomas. UPase gene expression was not correlated with dThdPase gene expression (regression coefficient R = 0.032). Although the expression level of the dThdPase gene was correlated with angiogenesis, detected by immunostaining endothelial cells (R = 0.66), that of UPase gene was not (R = 0.044). These results suggest that UPase does not have a strong angiogenic activity. The UPase gene expression levels in tumors of patients who relapsed were significantly higher than in those from patients who did not (p = 0.039). Although the expression levels of neither UPase or dThdPase were associated with age, pT, pN, pM, estrogen or progesterone receptor positivity, the patients with the higher levels of UPase gene expression had worse survival (p = 0.0038) than those with lower levels. In contrast, the expression of dThdPase gene was not related to relapse or survival of these patients with breast carcinoma. Our findings suggest that the expression level of UPase gene may be an independent prognostic marker in human breast carcinoma. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.