bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verdrängungschromatographische Stoffgruppenanalyse epoxydierter Mono‐ und Diolefine in Kohlenwasserstoffgemischen C10 bis C20 unter Verwendung von Fluoreszenzindikatoren
Authors: Eppert G. , Liebscher G. 
Published: December 2004

Displacement Chromatographic Molecule‐Type Analysis of Epoxidized Mono‐ and Diolefins in Hydrocarbon Mixtures C10 to C20 Using Fluorescent IndicatorsThe advantages of the refunctionalization of olefinic double bonds for the separation of hydrocarbon types on silicagel by direct displacement chromatography are discussed. In this connection the conversion of olefins to epoxides is suitable. Dimethylsulphoxide was used as a displacer and fluoresceine and malachite green as indicators. After desulphonation technical alkanesulphonates could be determined in the same way.
Cyclisierungsreaktionen β, γ‐ungesättigter Kohlensäurederivate. II. Reaktionen β, γ‐ungesättigter Carbamidsäurederivate mit elektrophilen Reagenzien ‐ Synthese von N‐substituierten Oxazolidin‐2‐onen
Authors: Mühlstädt M. , Widera R. 
Published: December 2004

Cyclization Reactions of β,γ‐Unsaturated Derivatives of Carbonic Acid. II. Reactions of β,γ‐Unsaturated Carbamic Acid Esters with Electrophilic Reagents — Synthesis of N‐Substituted Oxazolidine‐2‐onesN,N‐Disubstituted β,γ‐unsaturated urethans have been cyclized to N‐substituted oxazolidine‐2‐ones by dry hydrogen chloride in methylene chloride. The N‐substituted urethan 1a reacts with hydrogen chloride to form the urethan 2a and the 2‐oxazoline 3 Reaction of 1 with bromine yields the corresponding N‐substituted 5‐bromomethyl oxazolidine‐2‐ones 6
Untersuchungen zur Sulfochlorierung von Paraffinen. VII. Untersuchungen über die Chlorierung von definierten Alkansulfochloriden
Authors: Krebes S. , Pritzkow W. , Schmidt‐Renner W. , Schmitz K. 
Published: December 2004

Studies on Sulphochlorination of Paraffins. VII. Studies on the Chlorination of Individual Alkane SulphochloridesThe products of the chlorination of individual C2–C6 alkane sulphochlorides were studied by means of 13C‐n.m.r. spectroscopy. In no case a geminal chloro sulphochloride could be found, and only in very few cases chlorination at vicinal CH‐bonds took place. As in the sulphochlorination of alkane sulphochlorides the CH‐bonds geminal and vicinal to the sulphochloride group are strongly descativated. The results of 13C‐n.m.r. analyses were confirmed by the results of gaschromatography of the sulphonic acid dimethyl amides, formed by the reaction of the chlorination mixtures with dimethyl amine.
Komplexbildung eines linearen Amin‐Epoxid‐Polyadduktes mit Bariumrhodanid
Authors: Hörhold H.‐H. , Klemm D. , Klee J. 
Published: December 2004

Complex Formation of a Linear Amine Epoxide Polyadduct with Barium RhodanideN,N′‐Dibenzyl‐3,6‐dioxa‐octanediamine‐1,8 and the linear polyadduct (Mn = 8000) obtained from this amine and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A form 1:1 complexes with barium rhodanide in organic solutions. This result is of importance for the surface chemistry of epoxide resins in adhesive processes and for the interaction with mineral fillers.
Dreikomponentenreaktionen. X. Methoxychlorierung von Butadien. 2. Spektroskopische Strukturzuordnung einiger diastereomerer 1, 2, 3, 4‐tetrasubstituierter Butane
Authors: Beger J. , Schiefer H. , Schröder L. , Zschunke A. 
Published: December 2004

Three‐Component Reactions. X. Methoxychlorination of Butadiene. 2. Spectroscopic Studies of Some Diastereomeric 1, 2, 3, 4‐tetrasubstituted ButanesConformations and configurations of diastereomeric butane derivatives are discussed on the basis of their 1H‐n.m.r. and infrared spectra. Bulky substituents (chlorine, methoxy groups) on the terminal CC bonds were found predominantly gauche to each other in the meso and erythro isomers but not in the dl and threo isomers.
Einsatzmöglichkeiten von IR‐Messungen zur Konformationsbestimmung in Halogenheteracyclohexanen
Authors: Remane Horst , Borsdorf Rolf , Nord Gerhard , Pfestorf Ulla 
Published: December 2004

I.R. Spectroscopic Investigations of the Conformation of Halogen HeteracyclohexanesTwo different methods are tested for the determination of conformational free energy differences ΔG in some halo heteracyclohexanes by infrared spectroscopy. Both methods allow a semiquantitative determination of the ΔG‐values in these compounds. The results are critically discussed and compared with n.m.r.‐measurements.
Dienoligomerisierung. XVII. Nickelkomplexkatalysierte Codimerisierung von isomeren Octatrienen mit Propen
Authors: Füllbier H. , Gaube W. , Lange R. 
Published: December 2004

Dienoligomerization. XVII. Catalytic Codimerization of Isomeric Octatrienes with Propene by Nickel‐ComplexesCodimerizations of isomeric n‐octa‐1,3c,t,7‐triene 1, n‐octa‐1,3c,6t‐triene 2 and 3‐methylhepta‐1,4t,6‐triene 3 with propene 4 in the presence of cationic tetrakis‐(triethylphosphite)‐nickelhydride complex to form 4‐methyldeca‐1,5t,9‐triene 6, 4‐isopropenylocta‐2c,7‐diene 10, 4‐methyldeca‐1,5t,8t‐triene 12, 4‐isopropenylocta‐2c,6t‐diene 16, 3,6‐dimethylnona‐1,4t,7c,t‐trienes 17, 2,3,6,‐trimethylocta‐1,4t,7‐triene 19 and 3‐methyl‐4‐isopropenylhepta‐1,5c‐diene 22.The influence of the temperature on the reaction and a reaction mechanism is discussed.No codimers from octatrienes and isobutene were formed under the conditions of this work.
E.P.R. study on Cr(V) Complex Formation with thenoyltrifluoracetone and some monothio‐β‐diketones in nonaqueous medium
Authors: Russev P. , Bontchev P. R. , Mitewa M. , Müller H. 
Published: December 2004

EPR‐Untersuchungen zur Komplexbildung von Cr(V) mit Thenoyltrifluoraceton und einigen Monothio‐β‐diketonen in nichtwäßrigem MediumEs wurde die Komplexbildung von Cr(V) mit Thenoyltrifluoraceton und einigen Monothio‐β‐diketonen in Ethylalkohol, Acetonitril, Dimethylformamid, Formamid, Dimethylsulfoxid und Hexamethylphosphortriamid untersucht. Mittels EPR‐Spektroskopie wurde gefunden, daß Anzahl und Konzentration der Cr(V)‐Komplexe vom Lösungsmittel abhängen und mit steigender Donorzahl des Lösungsmittels zunehmen. Entsprechend NMR‐Untersuchungen koordinieren Lösungsmittelmoleküle am Cr(V). Ein Reaktionsschema zur Bildung von Cr(V) aus Cr(VI) wird vorgeschlagen.
Heterocycles with potential heterodienes. III. Synthesis and Cycloaddition of 4‐Carbomethylen‐3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐5‐pyrazolones
Authors: Tacconi G. , Invernizzi A. Gamba , Righetti P. P. , Desimoni G. 
Published: December 2004

Heterocyclen mit potentiellen Heterodienen. III. Synthese und Cycloaddition von 4‐Carbomethylen‐3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐5‐pyrazolen4‐Carbomethylen‐3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐5‐pyrazolone (4a, 4b) entstehen aus 2‐Pyrazoline‐, 5‐dion 2 und Benzoylmethylen‐ bzw. Carbomethomethylen‐triphenylphoranen (3a bzw. 3b) durch Wittig‐Synthese. 4a, 4b wurden durch IR‐und NMR‐Spektren gekennzeichnet. Sie reagieren „in situ”︁ mit Ethylvinylether zu den eis und trans 2,3‐Dihydropyran [2,3‐c] pyrazolen 5a, b bsw. 6a, b
31P‐NMR‐Untersuchungen N‐Aryl‐substituierter Iminotriphenylphosphorane: Hammettbeziehung zwischen 31P‐Verschiebung und Substituentenkonstanten
Authors: Bödeker J. , Köckritz P. , Köppel H. , Radeglia R. 
Published: December 2004

31P‐NMR Investigation of N‐Aryl‐substituted Iminotriphenylphosphoranes: Hammett Relationship between 31P Chemical Shift and Substituent ConstantsThe 31P chemical shifts of p‐ and m‐substituted N‐arylimino‐triphenylphosphoranes reflect the electronic influence of the substituents and can be correlated by a Hammett relationship. This new correlation was used for the estimation of σ‐ resp. σ‐values for p‐(CH3)2N‐, p‐C6H5CO‐ and p‐C6H5N  N‐groups as well as for β‐naphthyl‐ and pyridyl(4)‐rings. The applicability of a similar Hammett equation for the o‐substituted compounds is not possible.
Zur Chemie der 3‐Aroylimino‐3H‐1,2‐dithiole
Authors: Kibbel H. U. , Teller J. , Hansen P. , Reiter A. 
Published: December 2004

Reactions of 3‐Aroylimino‐3H‐1,2‐dithiolesThe thiolates 3 and 10 prepared from 3‐aroylimino‐4‐aroylthio‐5‐cyano‐3H‐1,2‐dithioles 1 with bases, react with alkylhalides and acylhalides to the corresponding 4‐S‐substituted compounds 6, 11 and 7, respectively. Treatment of the thiolates with 1‐chloropropanone gives the bicyclic compound 12 by intramolecular cyclization involving the 5‐cyano‐group. 3,6‐Bis‐(acylimino)‐3H,6H‐[4,3‐c] [1,2]‐dithioles 2 or 8 are prepared from the S‐acylated dithioles 1 or 7 and sulphur in pyridine/benzene. 1,2,4‐Triazines 13 are formed by the reaction of dithiol es 1 orthiolates 3 with phenylhydrazine. The thiolates give upon protonation the mesoionic dithioliumthiolates 4. Coordination compounds are obtained from the reaction of the thiolates with cations of 3d‐elements. On the basis of the chemical behaviour of the new 3‐acylimino‐1,2‐dithioles and the results of spectroscopic measurements a strong bonding interaction between the N‐acyl‐carbonylgroup and the dithiole ring system in these compounds is supposed.
Zur Berechnung der Temperaturabhängigkeit der kritischen Mizellbildungskonzentration endständiger Alkansulfonate
Authors: Sowada Rudolf 
Published: December 2004

Concerning the Calculation of the Temperature Dependence of Critical Mizellization Concentration Values for Terminal Alkane SulphonatesTschernikov's equation for calculating cM‐values of homologous sodium alkane‐1‐sulphonates at different temperatures has been modified. By means of this modified equation A values of Stauff/Klevens' equation have been calculated. These A values show a linear dependence on temperature.In a modified form presented in this paper Stauff/Klevens' equation can now be used for calculating cM‐values of homologous sodium alkane‐1‐sulphonates at different temperatures.
Untersuchungen zur Sulfochlorierung von Paraffinen. VIII. Untersuchungen über die Verseifung von definierten Alkansulfochloriden mit Natronlauge
Authors: Hampel M. , Just G. , Krebes W. , Pritzkow W. 
Published: December 2004

Studies on Sulphochlorination of Paraffins. VIII. Studies on the Hydrolysis of Individual Alkane Sulphochlorides by Sodium HydroxideThe hydrolysis of individual C1C5 alkane sulphochlorides by sodium hydroxide in dioxane/water (1:1) was kinetically studied at 25°C by means of stopped‐flow technique, measuring the change of electric conductivity.The rate constants were influenced by steric hindrance, but in all cases were higher than the rate constant for alkaline hydrolysis of benzene sulphochloride, which cannot react according to the elimination‐addition (sulphene) mechanism.The reaction enthalpy of the alkaline hydrolysis of four individual alkane sulphochlorides was determined by a simple calorimetric apparatus; the average value amounts to δRH = −239 kJ mol−1.
Struktur und Reaktivität heterosubstituierter Nitrile. 24 Kinetik und Mechanismus der Reaktion von o‐Phenylendiamin mit Arylcyanaten
Authors: Glatt Hans Horst , Bacaloglu Ilse , Ky Truong The , Boeriu Carmen , Bacaloglu Radu , Martin Dieter , Graubaum Heinz 
Published: December 2004

Structure and Reactivity of Heterosubstituted Nitriles. 24. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction of o‐Phenylen diamine with Aryl CyanatesThe second and third order rate constants for the reaction of o‐phenylene diamine with aryl cyanates to 2‐amino benzimidazole phenylester imide in water/dioxane have been determined by i.r. measurements. The reaction proceeds through a bimolecular and a trimolecular mechanism simultaneously. In the slow step of the bimolecular process an electrophilic attack of the aryl cyanate on o‐phenylene diamine takes place in a seven membered cyclic transition state. The slow step of the trimolecular mechanism consists of a nucleophilic attack of the diamine on a phenole aryl cyanate associate by a six membered cyclic transition state. The final products of both reactions are formed by successive fast reactions.
Chemiluminescence of a Linear Fluorescein Hydrazide
Authors: Nikokavouras J. , Zois J. , Vassilopoulos Perry G. A. 
Published: December 2004

Chemilumineszenz eines linearen FluoresceinhydrazidesDie Chemilumineszenz des durch Kondensation von Fluorescein mit Hydrazinhydrat unter Druck synthetisierten Fluoresceinhydrazides wird angegeben. Die Reaktion in wäß alkalischem Medium mit Wasserstoffperoxid und Hämin oder Ferricyanid gibt eine sehr schwache Chemilumineszenz. Die Reaktion mit Ozon in ethanolischen Lösungen gibt Chemilumineszenz mit einer Quantenausbeute von 6.4 × 10−5 Einstein · mol−1, in alkalischer Dimethylsulfoxidlösung ergibt sich eine Quantenausbeute von 6.2 × 10−5 Einstein · mol−1. Chemilumineszenzspektren werden angegeben.
Preparation and Reactions of Some New Fluorinated Keto‐stabilised Arsonium Ylides
Authors: Bansal Raj K. , Bhagchandani Gope 
Published: December 2004

Darstellung und Reaktionen einiger neuer fluorierter ketostabilisierter Arsonium‐YlideZwei neue fluorierte ketostabilisierte Triphenylarsoniumsalze 2a, b werden dargestellt, die bei der alkalischen Zersetzung die entsprechenden neuen Arsoniumylide 3a, b ergeben. Bei Zugabe von Perchlorsäure entstehen daraus die Perchlorate 4a, b.Bei der Reaktion der Ylide 3a, b mit aromatischen Aldehyden entstehen in hohen Ausbeuten die Fluorchalcone 5a–e, 6a–c ohne nennenswerte Epoxidbildung. Zwei neue fluorierte Diketoarsoniumylide 7a, b werden durch Acylierung der Monoketoarsoniumylide dargestellt. Die Verbindungen sind durch Elementaranalysen, IR‐ und NMR‐Spektroskopie belegt.
Steroide. 67. 16,17‐Aziridine des Östra‐1,3,5(10)‐trien‐3‐methylethers
Authors: Schönecker Brtuno , Ponsold Kurt 
Published: December 2004

Steroids. 67. 16,17‐Aziridines of 3‐Methoxy‐estra‐1,3,5(10)‐trieneReduction of the 16β‐azido‐17‐α‐mesyloxy‐ and 16α‐azido‐17β‐mesyloxy‐estra‐1,3,5(10)‐triene‐3‐methylether (2 and 10) with hydrazine hydrate and Raney nickel gives the 16,17‐trans‐aminoalcohol‐O‐mesylates 3 and 11. Treatment of 3 with basic reagents affords products of Wagner‐Meerwein rearrangement, 11 gives under analogous conditions the 16α‐amino‐17β‐hydroxy compound and the 16α, 17α‐aziridine. Smooth ring closure to the 16,17‐N‐mesylaziridines 6 and 13 can be achieved by reaction of the 16,17‐trans‐mesylamido‐mesyloxy compounds 8 and 12 with bases in DMSO. The torsional angles of the reactive groups are discussed.
Untersuchungen zur Sulfochlorierung von Paraffinen. IX. Substitutionsregelmäßigkeiten bei der Sulfochlorierung verzweigter Paraffine
Authors: Estel D. , Mateew K. , Pritzkow W. , Schmidt‐Renner W. 
Published: December 2004

Studies on Sulphochlorination of Paraffins. IX. Regularities of the Sulphochlorination of Branched‐chain ParaffinsIn the cases of 2‐methylbutane and 2‐methylpentane the formation of tertiary sulphochlorides in the sulphochlorination of the parent hydrocarbons could be established by means of 13C‐n.m.r.‐spectroscopy. The relative rates of the various CH‐bonds in 2‐methylbutane, 2‐methylpentane and 3‐methylpentane in the sulphochlorination reaction were determined. The relative rates of the tertiary CH‐bonds in the sulphochlorination were considerably lower than the corresponding values for the chlorination of the branched‐chain paraffins.
Elektrochemische Adamantylierung von reduktiv dehalogenierbaren Chinolinen
Authors: Dr. Hess Doz. U. , Huhn D. 
Published: December 2004

Electrolytic Adamantylation by Reductive Coupling of Quinolinylhalides in the Presence of 1‐BromoadamantaneElectrochemically generated anion radicals of a number of halogen‐substituted quinolines 1 a–g dehalogenate in N,N‐dimethylformamide to halogen anions and radicals, which may stabilize by hydrogen abstraction from the solvent. In the presence of 1‐bromoadamantane the fragments of reductive dehalogenation may be used synthetically for indirect generation of 1‐bromoadamantane‐radicals, which react predominantly to cross‐coupled 2‐ and 7‐monoadamantylated dihydroquinoline‐ and quinoline‐structures, independent of the original halogen position. If C‐2 is blocked, adamantylation takes place in the carbocyclic ring. Product distribution and cyclic‐voltammetric results are discussed in terms of mechanism.
Photochemie substituierter Cycloheptatriene. IX Zum photoreaktiven Zustand der sigmatropen Wasserstoffverschiebung
Authors: Abraham W. , Csongár Ch. , Kreysig D. 
Published: December 2004

Photochemistry of Substituted Cycloheptatrienes. IX. About the Photoreactive State in the Sigmatropic Hydrogen ShiftWe have studied the sigmatropic hydrogen shift in mono‐ and diarylcycloheptatrienes. From quenching and senzitation experiments is assumed that the sigmatropic H‐shift occurs in the singlet state. The population of the photoreactive state is in concurrence with the population of the fluorescent singlet state.We postulate a common pericyclic minimum for hydrogen shift of 7,3 and 1,4‐diarylcycloheptatrienes, respectively. In this minimum the excited Cycloheptatrienes have a more covalent than an ionic character. This was concluded from measurements of reaction quantum yields in dependence on substituents and solvents.
Photochemie von Aminoketonen. IV [1]. Synthese von 3‐Aryl‐pyrrolidinolen‐(3) durch Photocyclisierung von β‐Amino‐propiophenonen
Authors: Henning H.‐G. , Dietzsch Th. , Fuhrmann J. 
Published: December 2004

Photochemistry of Aminoketones. IV. Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐pyrrolidinols‐(3) via Photocyclization of β‐Amino‐propiophenonesPhotolysis (λirr ≥ 300 nm) of N‐benzyl‐N‐benzoyl‐β‐aminopropiophenones 6–9 in abs. ether affords a 47–50% yield of N‐benzoyl‐pyrrolidinols 12–18. The relative configurations of the diastereomeric 12–18 are determined by 1H‐n.m.r. spectroscopy. The different behaviour of the N‐acylated 6–9 in contrast to N,N‐dialkyl‐β‐aminopropiophenones is explained by assumption of a dipol‐dipol interaction between the keto and the amido carbonylgroups in the n,π*‐excited state.
Zur Protonenkatalysierten Decarbonylierung der Diphenyl‐ und Triphenylessigsäure
Authors: Ciuhandu G. , Dumitreanu A. 
Published: December 2004

Decarbonylation of Diphenylacetic and Triphenylacetic Acids Catalysed by ProtonsIn acetic acid solutions which contain less than 4 M H2SO4 the logarithm of the pseudo‐first order rate constant increases in a straight line with the Hammett acidity function −H0. At the same acidity and temperature the rate constant for triphenylacetic acid is higher by two orders of magnitude than for diphenylacetic acid.
Zur Interpretation des UV/Vis‐Spektralverhaltens substituierter Benzendiazoniumionen
Authors: Mustroph H. , Epperlein J. , Pietsch H. 
Published: December 2004

Interpretation of the UV/vis Spectral Behaviour of Substituted Benzenediazonium IonsIn order to synthesize new, potent, wide‐range photosensitive diazonium compounds, an explanation of the various influences on the position of the longest wavelength absorption band (λmax) of the diazonium ions should be given.For this purpose, SCF‐LCI calculations according to the Pariser, Parr, Pople method were made. The absorption behaviour of the diazonium ions can be explained on the basis of simple perturbation‐theoretical MO considerations. According to the regularities mentioned, it is possible to consider 4‐aminosubstituted benzenediazonium ions as meropolymethines. With the perturbation theory it is also possible to define the limit of λmax attainable with benzenediazonium compounds.
Über die katalysierte Flüssigphasenoxidation normalkettiger Alk‐1‐ene
Authors: Barth U. , Fiedler H. , Gross G. , Lauterbach G. , Schnurpfeil D. 
Published: December 2004

The Catalyzed Liquid‐Phase Oxidation of Normal Alk‐1‐enesThe efficiencies of various homogeneous soluble transition metal compounds to increase epoxide yields in the autoxidation of alk‐1‐enes were studied. Combinations of typical autoxidation and typical epoxidation catalysts were also used. It was proved through balance experiments, that in no case yields of 50% or more of the corresponding epoxides were obtained. The simple mechanism (epoxidation via allylic hydroperoxides) assumed only insufficiently reflects the reaction course.
Synthese von 2‐[Benzazolyl‐(2)]‐3,3‐bis‐(alkylthio)‐acrylnitrilen und Umsetzungen mit N‐Nucleophilen
Authors: Augustin Manfred , Dölling Wolfgang 
Published: December 2004

Synthesis of 2‐[Benzazolyl‐(2)]‐3,3‐bis‐(alkylthio)‐acrylnitriles and Their Reactions with N‐NucleophilesThe reactions of benzazolyl‐(2)‐acetonitriles 1 (1H‐benzimidazolyl‐, 1‐methylbenzimidazolyl‐, benzoxazolyl‐ and benzothiazolyl‐) with carbon disulfide in the presence of sodium hydride in dimethylsulfoxide and methylation yield the 2‐[benzazolyl‐(2)]‐3,3‐bis‐(alkylthio)‐acrylonitriles 3–5 reacting with amines to the keten‐S,N‐acetals 6–9.If dinucleophilic reagents are used heterocyclic systems 10–14 are formed.
Proton‐transfer reactions in excited electronic states ‐ Free Enthalpy Relations and Kinetic Deuterium Isotope Effects
Authors: Sühnel J. , Gustav K. 
Published: December 2004

Protonentransferreaktionen in angeregten Elektronenzuständen — Freie‐Enthalpie‐Beziehungen und kinetische Deuterium‐IsotopieeffekteFür Protonentransferreaktionen in angeregten Elektronenzuständen werden Freie‐Enthalpie‐Beziehungen und kinetische Deuterium‐Isotopieeffekte mit Hilfe der Multiphononentheorie der chemischen Reaktivität untersucht. Es wird ein Vergleich der theoretischen Freie‐Enthalpie‐Beziehungen mit allen gegenwärtigen verfügbaren experimentellen Daten entsprechender Reaktionsreihen durchgeführt. Modellrechnungen zeigen, daß unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen eine oszillierende Temperaturabhängigkeit des Isotopieeffektes zu erwarten ist. Damit kann die unterschiedliche Temperaturabhängigkeit des kinetischen Deuterium‐Isotopieeffektes für die Deprotonierung von 2‐Naphthol und Carbazol in Wasser erklärt werden.
Zur Wirkung kationischer Tenside auf das Spektrale Verhalten des sauren Triphenylmethanfarbstoffs Pentachrom Azurblau und seiner Metall‐(III)‐Komplexe ‐ Micelleffekt oder ternäre Komplexbildung?
Authors: Seidel A. , Hoyer E. 
Published: December 2004

The Effect of Cationic Detergents on the Spectral Properties of Pontachrome Azur blue and its Metal(III)‐complexes ‐ Micell Effect or Ternary Complex Formation?The results of studies of the metachromasy effect of pontachrome azur blue and its lakes, preferably with aluminium, and hexadecyl‐, tetradecyl‐, dodecyl‐ and decyltriethyl‐ammonium‐bromide, respectively can be explained on the basis of ternary complex formation. The surfactants can be applied at concentrations far below its critical micelle concentrations thus excluding micelle effects.
Elektrosynthese von N‐substituierten DL‐Arylglycinestern und 1,2‐Diarylamino‐1,2‐diarylethanen durch Kathodische Reduktion von Azomethinen in Gegenwart von CO2
Authors: Hess U. , Thiele R. 
Published: December 2004

Electosynthesis of N‐Substituted DL‐Arylglycineesters and 1,2‐Diarylamino‐1,2‐diarylethanes by Cathodic Reduction of Azomethines in the Presence of Carbon DioxideThe electroreduction of the N‐arylidene‐arylamines 1–12 in CO2‐saturated solvents of low proton availability as DMF at markedly more positive potentials than carbon dioxide end up in carboxylating the C‐atom and hydrogenating the nitrogen of the double bond. The resulting N‐arylsubstituted DL‐arylglycines and traces of carbamates may be isolated as esters, adding ethylchloride during the electrolysis. A competing pathway of the electrocarboxylation is the CC‐hydrodimerisation and the hydrogenation of the double bond, whose importance increases with the water content of the solvent. Based on cyclic‐voltametric evidence and product analysis the mechanism of the reductive electrocarboxylation reaction is discussed in terms of nucleophilic attack of the azomethine anion radical on a proton or CO2.