bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Silent Bared‐Teeth Face and the Crest‐Raise of the Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx): a Contextual Analysis of Signal Function
Authors: Laidre Mark E. , Yorzinski Jessica L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe functions of two visual signals of the mandrill [silent bared‐teeth face (SBTF) and crest‐raise (CR)] were investigated by quantifying the probability of each signal occurring across a set of distinct contexts. The motivation for the investigation was twofold: (1) SBTF had been interpreted in diverse and sometimes contradictory ways, and (2) CR had been interpreted as a distinct signal from SBTF, despite indications that the two signals grade into one another. In our investigation we considered four functions for both SBTF and CR (threat, submissive, conciliatory, and ambivalent), and we made specific predictions about the relative probability that a signal with each of these functions should occur in different contexts. To determine if SBTF and CR represent a single graded signal, we analyzed them separately and together. We predicted that if they represent a single graded signal, then they should exhibit similar patterns of occurrence across contexts when they were analyzed separately, and that these patterns should be strengthened when they were analyzed together. The results showed that both SBTF and CR met the predictions for conciliatory signals, occurring most often in non‐aggressive, non‐hostile contexts and least often in aggressive, hostile contexts. The results were also consistent with the hypothesis that SBTF and CR represent a single graded signal.
Analysis of Unbalanced Data by Mixed Linear Models Using the mixed Procedure of the SAS System
Authors: Spilke J. , Piepho H. P. , Hu X. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractUnbalanced data are a common problem in plant research based on designed experiments. Such data are often conveniently analysed using linear mixed models. Recent developments in mixed model theory have been implemented in major packages. This paper describes the use of the mixed procedure of the SAS System for the analysis of designed experiments. Special emphasis is given to the specification of options as depending on the assumed mixed model and on the unbalancedness in the data. In addition, we consider a compact representation of multiple comparisons for unbalanced data (letter display). Two small data sets are used to exemplify the methods.
Intercropping for the Improvement of Sorghum Yield, Soil Fertility and Striga Control in the Subsistence Agriculture Region of Tigray (Northern Ethiopia)
Authors: Reda F. , Verkleij J. A. C. , Ernst W. H. O. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract Striga hermonthica is a major biotic constraint in the dry and less fertile areas of northern Ethiopia. Emphasis is being placed on improved cropping systems to address the interrelated problems of Striga and soil fertility decline. The potential benefits of intercropping were investigated at two sites representing different environments for crop yield improvement, soil fertility maintenance and Striga control. Ten food legume and oilseed crop species were compared in inter‐row arrangement with sorghum under non‐fertilized conditions. In most cases, there was no significant negative impact of intercropping on sorghum growth and development. Among the intercrops, two cowpea varieties – cv. TVU 1977 OD and cv. Blackeye bean – produced the highest supplemental yield of up to 329 and 623 kg ha−1 grain and 608 and 1173 kg ha−1 biomass at Adibakel and Sheraro respectively. Treatment differences on Striga infestation and measured soil fertility indicators were not significant. Nevertheless, valuable grain and biomass obtained from the legume intercrops, without seriously compromising sorghum yield, could offer multiple benefits as a source of protein, additional income, feeds for animals and manure in the subsistence agriculture regions of northern Ethiopia.
Haemodynamics in leptospirosis: Effects of plasmapheresis and continuous venovenous haemofiltration
Authors: SIRIWANIJ TONGPRAKOB , SUTTINONT CHUANPIT , TANTAWICHIEN TERAPONG , CHUSIL SAUWALUCK , KANJANABUCH TALERNGSAK , SITPRIJA VISITH 
Published: February 2005

SUMMARY:Background:  Haemodynamics in leptospirosis may differ from that of sepsis because of frequently obeserved myocarditis and severe cholestatic jaundice. A haemodynamic study was therefore made in 10 patients with severe leptospirosis.Methods and Results:  All patients had pulmonary complications with a chest X‐ray showing either pulmonary oedema or infiltration. Renal failure was present in nine patients. Three patterns of haemodynamics were revealed. The first pattern was observed in six patients who showed increased cardiac index, decreased systemic vascular resistance, normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, normal pulmonary vascular resistance and hypotension. The pattern resembled that of sepsis. The second pattern shown in two patients with haemoptysis consisted of a normal cardiac index, normal systemic vascular resistance, normal blood pressure, normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The third pattern was observed in two patients with severe jaundice who had hypotension, a relatively low cardiac index, increased systemic vascular resistance and normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance. Plasmapheresis performed in two patients and continuous venovenous haemofiltration performed in two patients improved systemic haemodynamics and normalized blood pressure with a resolution of lung signs.
Overview of observational studies of low‐dose helical computed tomography screening for lung cancer
Authors: MANSER Renee L. , IRVING Louis B. , DE CAMPO Margaret P. , ABRAMSON Michael J. , STONE Christine A. , PEDERSEN Karen E. , ELWOOD Mark , CAMPBELL Donald A. 
Published: February 2005

Objective:  Lung cancer is a substantial public health problem in Western countries. Evidence from previous controlled trials of chest radiography and sputum cytology does not support lung cancer screening, but computed tomography (CT) screening has recently emerged as a more sensitive screening tool. For the present article, the available observational studies of low‐dose helical CT screening for lung cancer were reviewed.Methodology:  An evidence‐based review of all published observational studies of low‐dose helical CT screening for lung cancer, identified by an extensive search of Medline, was conducted.Results:  Eight observational studies of CT screening for lung cancer were identified. Relative to chest radiography, low‐dose helical CT is a sensitive screening tool and can detect a high proportion of small lung cancers at an early and resectable stage. The yield of sputum cytology in addition to CT screening appears to be relatively low. To date, 5‐year lung cancer survival of all individuals participating in baseline screening has not been reported for any of the studies.Conclusions:  Although these preliminary studies are very promising, it remains to be proven that the early detection and treatment of lung cancer will lead to a reduction in mortality. This issue will be addressed by randomized controlled trials. In the interim, the long‐term follow up of these observational studies could provide further insights.
Comparison of sputum induction using inhaled methacholine or hypertonic saline
Authors: JAMES Alan L. , MAXWELL Peta S. , ELLIOT John G. 
Published: February 2005

Objectives:  Hypertonic saline is recommended for the induction of sputum to assess airway inflammation. Methacholine is most commonly used to assess airway responsiveness. The aim of this study was to compare sputum induction by methacholine and hypertonic saline challenges, and the subsequent inflammatory cell differential counts.Methodology:  Subjects (n = 56) underwent inhaled hypertonic saline (4.5% for ≤ 15 min without bronchodilator pretreatment) and methacholine (maximum cumulative dose 4 µmol) challenges 1 week apart, in random order. Sputum was processed, and on cytospins stained with May–Grunwald–Giemsa, a total of 400 inflammatory plus squamous cells were counted to obtain a differential cell count.Results:  A satisfactory sputum sample was obtained from 29 subjects following hypertonic saline and also from 10 subjects following methacholine. For these 10 subjects, the mean percent macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes were similar after methacholine (64%, 26%, 7% and 1%) or hypertonic saline (67%, 26%, 6% and 1%). The results were similar for squamous cells (42% and 45%) and when asthmatics and nonasthmatics were compared separately.Conclusions:  Inhaled methacholine has a much lower yield of sputum induction compared with hypertonic saline. However, the differential sputum cell count is similar following both challenge agents.
Visible male nipple shadows in chest radiographs
Authors: OHWADA Akihiko , SATO Katsuhiko , TAMORI Yoshiki , YAMADA Takaharu 
Published: February 2005

Objective:  Annual company employee physical examinations are performed in Japan and include a chest X‐ray. Among nodular shadows observed in the lower lung field, nipple shadow is a normal structure to be differentiated, and understanding its characteristics in chest X‐rays aids in the interpretation of solitary nodular shadows.Methodology:  Chest X‐rays from male employees over 35 years of age at two different companies were analysed for anatomical location, morphology, and size of nipple shadows. If unilateral or bilateral solitary nodular shadows in the lower lung field coincided with the lead nipple marker, we defined it as ‘definitive’ nipple shadow. If the nodular shadow was observed to be stable for at least 2 years at the typical nipple position, we defined it as ‘possible’ nipple shadow without confirmation with nipple marking.Results:  Typical nipple position, from the analyses of definitive nipple shadows (n = 15), was between the ninth and tenth posterior ribs and within 60 mm from the inner margin of the rib. The nipple was oval or round and did not exceed 15 mm in size. Incidence of definitive and possible (n = 25) nipple shadows was estimated as 3.5% of examined males (n = 1150). Thoracic computed tomography scanning was conducted in four cases, of which three cases involved solitary nodular shadows that did not coincide with the nipple marker, and one was for a newly formed nodular lesion not detected in previous chest X‐rays.Conclusion:  Visible male nipple shadows are not rare and need to be differentiated among the solitary nodular shadows in the lower lung field.
Life History Studies on the Genus Trillium (Liliaceae) II. Reproductive Biology and Survivorship of Four Eastern North American Species
Authors: Kawano Shoichi , Ohara Masashi , Utech Frederick H. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract The stage class structures and the reproductive characteristics as well as energy allocation to reproductive activities were studied in four North American Trillium species (Liliaceae)—T. grandiflorum, T. erectum, T. undulatum and T. sessile. In addition, a comparison was also made of the life history characteristics of these four North American species with those of Japanese species.As a result, the stage class structures of these four species were discriminated for each species based on leaf area. The study revealed that they all possess similar depletion curves characterized by a conspicuous decrease of individuals belonging to the juvenile stages (from stage class 0 to 2). The switchover of stages, i.e, from one‐leaf to three‐leaved sterile stages, from three‐leaved sterile to fertile stages, or vice versa, was found to occur in different size ranges for each species. In all four species examined, reproductive allocation to total reproductive structures (RA) at the mature fruiting stage was almost independent of biomass, but the number of propagules produced per plant (Pn) was clearly dependent on the size of plants (individual biomass). Three species, T. grandiflorum, T. erertum and T. sessile, showed a proportional increase in Pn in response to the increase in RA, as found in four Japanese Trillium species, and also in a number of other perennial herbs growing in closed, stable and predictable environments with an outbreeding system. This trend, however, was not obvious in T. undulatum, i.e., Pn was independent of RA. With respect to seed characteristics, these species exhibited relatively high seed setting rates per ovule. Trillium undulatum showed very high fecundity, 92.40% and 85.38% in two years' samples, suggesting that this species is a typical inbreeder. Contrary to Japanese Trillium species, which showed proportional increase in seed weight in response to an increase in ploidy levels (from 2x to 6x), these diploid species showed wide variation in seed weight, ranging from 4.15 mg to 7.80 mg.
Regulatory Mechanisms of Reproductive Effort in Plants II. Plasticity in Reproductive Energy Allocation and Propagule Output of Glycine max Merr. (Leguminosae) Cultivated at Varying Densities and Nitrogen Levels
Authors: Nagai Yukio , Kawano Shoichi 
Published: February 2005

Abstract Plasticity in growth, reproductive energy allocation (RA), and reproductive output were studied in Glycine max Merr. Cv. Enrei (Leguminosae) grown under varying densities and soil nitrogen levels.Marked plastic responses were detected in individual biomass, the patterns of resource allocation to total reproductive structures (RA) and also to propagules, reproductive outputs, and propagule weight under changing densities and soil nitrogen levels. Plants cultivated at higher densities exhibited proportionately lower individual biomass, lower RA, lower seed output, and smaller seed size in response to increasing density and decreasing soil nitrogen levels, although some deviations were observed, especially in the highest density plot with no fertilization. Differences due to different N‐levels were not as great as those to changing density, which may in part be due to the fact that soybean has nitrogen‐fixing bacteria in root tubercles, just as in any other Leguminosae. Fecundity was also maintained at the similar high rates of 80–97% in all plots examined, although slight but steady decreases were noted with increasing density. This resemblance in fecundity may be due to its strong inbreeding system.Another important finding was that seed production under limited resource availability, notably lack of ample solar radiation due to strong interference at higher density plots, is exceedingly costly. This was most clearly exhibited by a sharp increase in relative energy partitioning to a single propagule in response to the increased density, the relative energy cost to a single propagule (RA) increasing from one to seven‐fold. The results obtained in this study coincide well with the findings made in other plants, e.g., Helianthus annuus, Oryza sativa, and Coix ma‐yuen, with the same experimental designs.
Life History Evolution in the Genus Trillium
Authors: Ohara Masashi 
Published: February 2005

Abstract Various life history characteristics were studied and compared for 27 species of the genus Trillium growing in Japan and eastern North America, in order to clarify the modes of life history, evolution within this genus. The 27 species showed notable differences in several life history traits, such as population structures and reproductive characteristics, including reproductive allocation, ovule number, reproductive output, propagule size, etc. Remarkable differences in life history traits were observed between pedicellate‐ and sessile‐flowered species. The pedicellate‐flowered species showed relatively larger individual biomasses, larger reproductive outputs, lower energy investment to a single propagule (RA), and smaller seeds. On the other hand, sessile‐flowered species were characterized by smaller individual biomasses, lower reproductive outputs, higher RA, and larger seeds. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) on the reproductive traits clearly revealed that the morphological and geographical differentiations in the genus Trillium were very closely related to the modes of differentiation in significant life history and demographic parameters.Of the various reproductive characteristics, differences in ovule number, reproductive output, seed setting rate, and seed weight clearly reflect the degree of differentiation in these significant fitness components of each species. In spite of the similarity in floral morphology, Japanese erect‐flowered species showed much larger ovule numbers and larger reproductive outputs than those of eastern North American erect‐flowered species. The declinate‐flowered species differed from erect‐flowered species in having lower seed‐setting rates. Furthermore, several sessile‐flowered species with vegetative reproduction exhibited lower ovule numbers and lower seed‐setting rates. These species with vegetative reproduction showed similar convex‐shaped population structures, while sexual reproducing species possessed population structures of a typical sigmoid type. Vegetative reproduction in the genus Trillium seems to have differentiated to supplement the inefficiency of offspring recruitment by sexual reproduction in ecologically somewhat unstable habitats, such as flood plains of rivers. However, these sessile‐flowered species showed higher relative energy allocations to single propagules (RA), suggesting that the energy cost of producing seeds proportionately increases in harsher and unstable habitats. The results of the present study clearly demonstrate that life history and demographic parameters of the species in the genus Trillium have differentiated in direct relation to different underlying environmental regimes peculiar to each species and species groups.
Variation in Outcrossing Rates in Eichhornia paniculata: The Role of Demographic and Reproductive Factors*
Authors: Barrett Spencer C. H. , Husband Brian C. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract A survey of 32 populations of the self‐compatible, tristylous, aquatic, Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae), from N. E. Brazil and Jamaica, was undertaken to examine the role of demographic and reproductive factors on variation in outcrossing rate (t), and to investigate the association between t and population genetic structure. Multi‐locus outcrossing rates, estimated using isozyme techniques, varied widely (t̂= 0.002–0.960) among populations and were uniformly distributed across the entire range of t. Sixty percent of variation in t̂ was explained by style morph diversity (E) and the frequency of selfing variants within populations (M). Population size (N) and plant density (d) also accounted for a significant portion of variation in t̂, particularly in Jamaica, where variation in style morph diversity was low.Outcrossing rates were significantly correlated with the proportion of loci that were polymorphic (P), the average number of alleles per polymorphic loci (Na), the average observed heterozygosity, (Ho), and the inbreeding coefficient (f̂). A strong regional effect was evident in the association of f̂ with P and Na. This largely results from the confounding effect of genetic bottleneck(s) and high levels of self‐fertilization associated with the colonization of Jamaica. Comparisons of f̂ with the equilibrium inbreeding coefficient, (Feq), indicated that outcrossing populations had a significant deficiency of heterozygotes, while selfing populations had an excess. This demonstrates that levels of heterozygosity cannot be accounted for by the mating system alone. Outcrossing rate variation in E. paniculata is controlled by a complex interplay of local demographic and genetic factors. These influences operate within contrasting regional contexts as a result of the different evolutionary histories of populations in N. E. Brazil and Jamaica.
Modelling the Coexistence of Annual and Perennial Plants in Temporally Varying Environments*
Authors: COHEN DAN 
Published: February 2005

Abstract The long‐term growth and coexistence of species with large mixed populations in varying environments were modelled for representative environments and life‐history characteristics of annual and perennial plants. The effects of the relationships between the means, variances, and covariances of seed yield, establishment, and survival, were explored by Taylor's expansion. The main findings are:1. Individual variation in reproductive success within generations has no effect on long‐term growth, which is determined only by the mean growth rate of the individuals of the species. 2. In annual species with nonoverlapping generations and without seed banks, the species with the largest mean log of the annual growth rate Y, that is the product of the average seed yield per plant and the establishment probability per seed, will win in competition with other species, independent of the correlations between the growth rates of the different species. In this case there is a negative tradeoff between the mean and the variance. 3. In perennial species with a lottery type of equal access to vacant sites, a high annual survival probability allows stable coexistence between perennial species with independent or negatively correlated variance in their mean annual product of seed production and establishment Y. 4. The coexistence range and the likely number of coexisting perennial species increase as a function of the variance of the common species, and is decreased by the variance of the rare species. The coexistence range is decreased by the covariance between the growth rates of the species, and between the survival of the rare species and its growth rate. 5. If mortality in the community of long‐lived perennials is synchronized, the generations become nonoverlapping, and the competitive dynamics become similar to that of annuals. 6. Coexistence between annual and perennial species is promoted if the covariances between the annual survival and the relative yield of perennials, and between the yields of perennials and annuals, decrease and become more negative. 7. Selection for seed yield and establishment in different conditions in annuals favours a generalist strategy with low variance between years which provides a moderate yield and establishment over a wide range of environmental conditions. In perennial plants, long‐term growth rate is determined by the lifetime seed yield and establishment. Because of strong competition with annuals in the more common conditions, selection in perennials favours instead a specialist strategy, with a high seed yield and establishment at relatively rare occasions in space and time, in which there is only weak competition with annuals. 8. Coexistence of annual species with a long‐lived seed bank in the soil is also made possible by independent variation in different years of the germination, seed yield and establishment of different species, analogous to the situation of perennial plants.