bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anagārika Dharmapāla and the Politics of Religion
Authors: Brekke Torkel 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Anagarika Dharmapala applied his new ideas on Buddhism by attempting to take over Buddhist sites in India, particularly Bodh Gaya. Buddhists had a special historical connection with Eastern India because this was where Buddha reached enlightenment and founded his religion. Dharmapala believed that the identity of Buddhist Sri Lanka was defined by its ties to the symbolic centre of their religion, which lay in the heart of India — the Bodh Gaya. His long struggle to gain control over Bodh Gaya was a struggle to define Buddhist identity for himself and the Sinhalese nation in relation to their symbolic centre.
1 Rights
Authors: Rodin David 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter explores the logical structure of rights and the right of self-defence. Drawing on jurist Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld’s theory of rights, it argues that self-defence is a justification, a feature which explains why a normally prohibited act becomes either not impermissible or is a positive good. The justification of self-defence consists in a simple Hohfeldian liberty to commit homicide (or a lesser assault). The exceptional nature of the liberty together with its recurring and readily identifiable nature enables it to function as a genuine right within legal and moral normative systems.
International Law
Authors: Rodin David 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter explores the concept of the right of national self-defence. National self-defence is conceived in international law as a right — a consideration capable of asserting normative force against the consequentialist requirements such as those of peace and security. By locating the notion of national-defence within a framework of ideas generated in the context of personal defensive rights, the Just War Theorist can show how a state’s military action in defending its own sovereign power can be morally justified.
Conclusion: Morality and Realism
Authors: Rodin David 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. It argues that a detailed analysis of the concepts of self-defence and national-defence can help identify and prevent the abuse of these concepts by politicians. By locating the conditions which can justify military action, we can identify the forms of military action which are, if not perfectly justified, close to being just compared to others. The need to rethink for traditional conceptions of international law and international ethics is also raised.
Rationality and Disagreement 9
Authors: Shafer-Landau Russ 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDistinguishes two strands of the classic antirealist argument from moral disagreement. The first has it that the extent of actual disagreement provides the basis of an inference to best explanation to antirealism. The second claims that ideal observers would disagree about moral matters, and this justifies an antirealist verdict. The author Replies to these criticisms in a number of ways, but the one the author likes the most invokes an ethics‐philosophy parallel. Since intractable disagreement among wise, informed and rational people about philosophical matters does not license a verdict of philosophical antirealism, it should not do so when the subject is ethics proper.
The Second Thousand Years
Authors: O'Collins SJ Gerald , Farrugia SJ Mario 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter describes the second millennium of Catholic Christianity, before and after the 1492 discovery of the Americas. Up to Columbus, European Catholicism was shaped by building programmes, religious foundations, the sacramentalizing of daily life, crises in the papacy, reform movements, and the rise of national states. After Columbus, Christianity expanded as Europeans spread around the world. Grave abuses helped to trigger the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation, which overlapped with the growth of the new learning facilitated by the invention of printing. The chapter closes with the coming of the world Church, symbolized by the Second Vatican Council (1962–5).
The Tripersonal God and the Incarnate Son
Authors: O'Collins SJ Gerald , Farrugia SJ Mario 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
After summarizing the emergence of Jewish monotheism and the personifications of divine activity (as Word/Wisdom and Spirit), the chapter moves to the way Jesus proclaimed the kingdom of God and claimed both a more than human authority and a unique, intimate relationship with God as Abba. This datum, along with their experience of his resurrection from the dead and the coming of the Holy Spirit, led Paul and other early Christians to worship Christ as divine Lord and the only Son of God. Thus, the New Testament laid the ground for the subsequent, creedal confession of God as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The chapter ends by spelling out the two natures and one person of Christ, along with his work as Saviour of the world.
The Life of Grace and the Hope of Glory
Authors: O'Collins SJ Gerald , Farrugia SJ Mario 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the present communion with God through Christ and the Holy Spirit and the consummation of this graced life in the final kingdom. The Catholic doctrine of grace emerged through two controversies. In the fourth and fifth centuries, Pelagius represented human beings as capable of achieving salvation largely through their own resources. In the sixteenth-century, Protestant Reformers highlighted the damage done by original sin, which has made human beings incapable of any good actions. In the twentieth-century, biblical, ecumenical, liturgical and patristic influences have enriched Catholic teaching on grace. The chapter ends by presenting Christ as the glorious destiny of the whole world, and by explaining the “last things”: death, resurrection, judgement, purgatory, heaven, and hell.
Catholic Moral Life and Teaching
Authors: O'Collins SJ Gerald , Farrugia SJ Mario 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter begins by recalling several developments in Catholic moral teaching and practice (on usury, torture, and slavery), and then examines some distinctive Catholic moral convictions: about respect for life, the sexual order, truth, justice, care for the needy, human dignity, and human rights. The chapter ends by proposing two fundamental principles for forming one’s moral conscience: the following of Christ and docility to the guidance of the Holy Spirit.
Current Challenges
Authors: O'Collins SJ Gerald , Farrugia SJ Mario 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Besides the economic, political, and social challenges that face all human beings, the Catholic Church must cope with various particular issues: the need for ongoing conversion to Christ; a better practice of collegiality and subsidiarity, which will reduce over-centralization; more room for the ministry of laywomen and laymen; a happier balance between dialogue with ‘others’ and the mission to proclaim Christ.
The State of the Question and Plan of this Book
Authors: Hill Charles E. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Reflects on the reception of the consensus by the majority, its resistance by a minority, and the consequences of the question for the academy and the Church. Outlines the three empirical bases for the consensus and sets the orientation for the study that will follow. Finally, it gives attention to a critical but seldom examined factor in the debate, the ‘quotation standard’ employed by scholars to determine literary borrowing on the part of early writers. While ‘clear’ or ‘explicit quotations’ are desired and often demanded before scholars will affirm that a given source was used by a given writer, such standards do not always accord with known practices in antiquity.
Gaius of Rome and the Johannine Controversy
Authors: Hill Charles E. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Gaius of Rome, thought to have been a presbyter or bishop in the early years of the third century, is said to have rejected both the Johannine Gospel and Apocalypse, attributing one or both to the heretic Cerinthus. Gaius very probably did reject the Apocalypse, but when legend and later scholarly accretions are untangled, the opinion that he opposed the Fourth Gospel is seen to be based upon very shaky evidence. In any case, neither he nor anyone else appears ever to have charged John’s Gospel with being gnostic, docetic, or with supporting such tendencies. Further, the belief that Gaius was a presbyter or bishop is based on a case of mistaken identity. The portrait of Gaius as a conserver of orthodox sensibilities in orthodox Rome, who wanted to enforce a long-held suspicion of the tainted Johannine Gospel, is a figment of the modern, critical imagination, attributable mainly to Walter Bauer.
The Evidence for a Johannine Corpus
Authors: Hill Charles E. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The five members of the Johannine corpus have been regarded as having taken quite distinct paths towards acceptance in the Church. In the second century, however, writers commonly used two, three, or more of the ‘Johannine’ writings as products of the same author, sometimes inter textually to interpret each other. This chapter examines the consciousness of a Johannine literary corpus in the second century and explores the possibility that there existed at one time a physical Johannine corpus, an edition of these writings in codex form. The ‘breakup’ of the Johannine corpus is then chronicled in the fluctuating fortunes of three of its members (2 and 3 John, and the Apocalypse) up to the time of the canon lists of the fourth and fifth centuries.
Models for Dynamic Macroeconomics
Authors: Bagliano Fabio-Cesare , Bertola Giuseppe 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Introduces methodological tools for dynamic analysis of macroeconomic phenomena: consumption and investment choices, employment, and unemployment outcomes, and economic growth. Discrete‐time dynamic optimization under uncertainty is introduced in Ch. 1 and applied to intertemporal consumption theory, with particular attention to empirical implementation. Chapter 2 focuses on continuous‐time optimization techniques and discusses the relevant insights in the context of partial equilibrium investment models. Chapter 3 applies previous chapters’ tools to dynamic labour demand, deriving the labour market equilibrium when both firms and workers face dynamic adjustment problems. Chapter 4 studies continuous‐time equilibrium dynamics of representative‐agent economies featuring both consumption and investment choices, with applications to long‐run growth issues. The role of externalities in more recent models of endogenous growth is carefully discussed. Chapter 5 studies the determination of aggregate equilibria in markets with decentralized trading, discussing the possibility of coordination failures and multiple equilibria. A search model of the labour market, focussed on the flows into and out of unemployment, is then analyzed and the dynamics of frictional unemployment are discussed. Many exercises can be found both within and at the ends of chapters, with extended solutions.
Dynamic Models of Investment
Authors: Bagliano Fabio-Cesare , Bertola Giuseppe 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIntroduces continuous‐time Hamiltonian and stochastic calculus techniques in the presence of convex adjustment costs or irreversibility constraints. Dynamic optimality conditions and phase diagram illustrations formalize important qualitative insights as to the role of expectations in the study of firms’ investment decisions, highlighting their forward‐looking character.
Adjustment Costs in the Labor Market
Authors: Bagliano Fabio-Cesare , Bertola Giuseppe 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Focusses on how uncertainty may be treated simply in a Markov chain environment where shocks occur with given probabilities across a well‐defined and stable set of possible states. Applications to dynamic labour demand and to the equilibrium dynamics of wages and employment are used to characterize the dynamic and average long‐run effects of mobility costs and employment protection legislation.
Seeing, Doing, and Knowing
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSeeing, Doing, and Knowing is a philosophical framework for thinking about sensory systems as active devices for data extraction B rather than, in the traditional way, as passive recorders of ambient energy patterns.Sensory systems are automatic sorting machines that assign real-world objects to classes. A sense feature is the property of belonging to such a class. A sensory experience, or sensation, is a label that the system uses in order to allow the organism access to the classifications that it has performed. This Sensory Classification Thesis (SCT), discussed in Chs 1–3, inverts the normally assumed relationship between sensory classes and sensations. Philosophers standardly hold that red is to be defined in terms of the sensation of red; here, sensations derive from sensory classes and are thus unsuitable for defining them. SCT is a simplification: some sensory systems order real-world objects in relations of similarity, and do not just put them into discrete classes (Chs 4–5).SCT makes sense of sensory specialization across species—different kinds of organisms employ different classification schemes to serve their idiosyncratic data-extraction needs (Chs 6–8). This leads to an output-driven account of sensory content. Sense features are defined in terms of their aptness for epistemic (not just sensorimotor) actions, and the content of sensations in terms of the features with which they are associated by an internal convention (Chs 9–11). This leads to a form of realism: sensory classifications are correct if the states of affairs in which they consistently occur are indeed right for the actions with which they are paired.Finally, the nature of object perception is explored: Chs 12–13 speculate about the psychological origins of sensory reference and of the feeling in perception that external objects are present (by contrast, for instance, with objects depicted in paintings and photographs).
Sensory Classification: The View from Psychology
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDescartes realized that the retinal image would have to be transformed into Amovements of the brain@ and then into ideas before it could become material for sensory or mental operations; he discovered what today is called Atransduction@. The current neurocomputational paradigm goes further: it sees sensory systems as processing transduced signals in the search for the occurrence of specific events or conditions and discarding all information irrelevant to these. When a particular feature is detected, the system enters into a characteristic state: for instance, a neuron might fire to signal the detection of a particular feature. A perceiver gains access to this event through a conscious sensation, which is in no way an image or picture. The features that a system detects in this way are often objective characteristics of external things. This opens the door to realism with respect to sensory classification.
Sensory Concepts
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA number of influential positions in the philosophy of perception are grounded in the idea that the sensory image is raw and unprocessed. Dretske holds that sensation is analogue: he neglects neurophysiological evidence for data extraction and overlooks the role of attention. Goodman=s inference from the ‘density‘ of sensation to its unprocessed character ignores the process of analogue conversion, or supplementation, as he calls it. Some philosophers argue that sensation has no structure: in fact, it possesses something parallel to syntactic structure. Other philosophers argue, on the contrary, that sensation must be conceptually articulated, but insist that such articulation must be ‘spontaneous‘: it is shown that some level of spontaneity is indeed found in sub-personally generated sensory concepts. Finally, it is argued that, pace Richard Heck, sensation provides us with a means by which to construct a descriptive vocabulary for sense features.
The Disunity of Colour
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractColour vision has evolved independently in a variety of species. It is widely assumed that this is a case of convergence, of the same function appearing in separated phylogenetic paths. It is much more likely to be an instance of Darwin=s Principle of Divergence, that is, of a specialized function that enables a species to exploit an environmental resource unavailable to its less specialized ancestor. On this account, colour vision has a different function in phylogenetically unrelated occurrences. Moreover, it is much more closely integrated with its predecessor, that is, black-and-white vision, than we might intuitively think, the latter carrying a good deal of the burden in colour discrimination.
Visual Objects
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractVision presents features as located in environmental things. In this chapter, the structure of this feature-locating scheme is investigated. Austen Clark argues, correctly, that visual features are presented to us as properties that belong to certain subjects. Clark, however, thinks that these subjects are regions of space: it is argued here that they are material objects capable of motion, not mere regions of space. Thus, vision presents the world in material object-feature terms. Other modalities employ different structures: audition, for example, attributes features to sounds, not material objects. Such differences among sense modalities with regard to their representations of space and their attributions of features argue that a purely a priori or functional treatment will miss philosophically important characteristics of sensation.
Hegel and the Theology of His Time
Authors: Hodgson Peter C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
In the introductions to his lectures, Hegel orients himself to the culture, philosophy, and theology of his time. He takes account of the novelty of philosophy of religion as a discipline, arguing that its object is not only religion as an aspect of human experience but also the knowledge of God by reason alone; as such it is a necessary branch of philosophy. He provides an analysis of the characteristics of modernity, focusing on its secularism, agnosticism, and compartmentalization of religion, which together comprise ‘the discord of our times’. He assesses previous and concurrent theologies, which for the most part fail to address this discord: metaphysical or classical theology, rational theology (the Enlightenment), historical theology, agnostic and ethicotheology (Kant), theology of feeling (Schleiermacher, Jacobi), atheism (Feuerbach), pantheism (Spinoza).
2 Rationalizing the Commandments II: The Soloveitchikian Method
Authors: Rynhold Daniel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe apparently contrasting method of rationalization of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik is subjected to a detailed critical analysis. Following a summary of Soloveitchik’s general method of descriptive reconstruction as presented in The Halakhic Mind, we first consider the scientific model of rationalization that Lawrence Kaplan finds within Soloveitchik’s reflections on halakhah. Despite humanistic and hermeneutic strands reminiscent of those found in the later thought of Wilhelm Dilthey, it is argued that ultimately this method remains a scientific explanatory method that attempts to subsume particular instances under general laws. There is, however, a contrasting model of rationalization found in The Halakhic Mind that is far more Gadamerian in tone, focusing on the meaning of the commandments rather than on their explanation. Some of the implications of the differences between the two models are discussed, though both models are argued to be highly conservative and lacking the capacity for objectivity.
5 The Priority of Practice
Authors: Rynhold Daniel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe present the alternative to the PoT approach to practical justification, which we term the Priority of Practice approach (PoP). This is developed by applying conceptual categories provided by Aristotle and certain contemporary philosophers, in particular, Charles Taylor and Bernard Williams, to an analysis of faith drawn from the Jewish tradition and some of the tentative remarks that Soloveitchik makes in his second model of rationalization. Simply stated, the PoP theorist holds that the rationality of a practice cannot be reduced to that of a set of discursive principles. The practice itself rather than any alleged propositional representation of it contains its own rationality, a non-discursive form of rationality that is irreducibly practical. According to the PoP theorist, there is such a thing as practical knowledge in a substantive sense that cannot be reduced to knowledge of principles and that can only be fully understood by participation in the practice itself, which provides us with our reasoned confidence.
Preliminaries
Authors: Menezes Flavio M. , Monteiro Paulo K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents the concept of a Bayesian Nash equilibrium as defined by Harsanyi (1967). His approach was to transform a game of incomplete information into one of imperfect information; any buyer who has incomplete information about other buyers’ values is treated as if he were uncertain about their types. A brief introduction to auctions is provided, and how these can be viewed as games of incomplete information is explained. The notations that will be used throughout the book are defined.
Common Value
Authors: Menezes Flavio M. , Monteiro Paulo K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses common value auction models where the value of the object being sold is the same for all players, but is not known at the time of the auction. Two examples are presented to illustrate the effects of the common value assumption in bidding behaviour and on the seller’s expected revenue. The first assumes that individual signals about the true value of the object are independently determined. In second example, signals are correlated.
Affiliated Values
Authors: Menezes Flavio M. , Monteiro Paulo K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents the notion of affiliation and analyses its implications for equilibrium bidding functions and revenue. The notion of affiliation in a general multivariate context, and how theorems are essential to understanding how affiliation works are discussed. Equilibrium behaviour is characterized in second-, and first-price, and English button auctions. The expected revenue comparisons for these three auction formats and the effects of risk aversion are examined.
Mechanism Design
Authors: Menezes Flavio M. , Monteiro Paulo K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses how auction theory under independent types can be presented as a mechanism design problem. It is shown that any two mechanisms that allocate the object in the same way and yield the same expected surplus to the individual with the lowest type will generate the same expected revenue for the seller. A general version of the Revenue Equivalence Theorem is presented and the optimal auction is characterized.