bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The “Signatures” of 1770
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those eighteenth-century visitors to Rapanui who otherwise described in detail everything they found on the island made no mention of written characters on wooden or other objects. The only indication of something approximating a script on Easter Island at this time issues from the pen of the second known European to have commanded an expedition to the island, Don Felipe Gonzalez de Haedo (1908: 47-8), in his orders for 19 November 1770: “You will cause the Paymasters to furnish you with a declaration of all that is done, to which you will procure the attestations of the recognised Chiefs or Caciques of the islanders, signed in their native characters”. The misleading translation would suggest that the Commander of the Viceroy of Peru’s South Pacific Expedition had had personal knowledge of “native characters” on Rapanui-if one did not discern that the original phrase “rubricate in the form of their characters” was simply assumptive.
Croft, Harrison, and Palmer
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The r87os were an exciting era in rongorongo research. The inscriptions had just been found. Copies of them were circulating throughout Europe. Their “ancient origins”, ostensibly “proving” both the provenance and high cultural attainment of the Polynesians, were strongly suspected. And, above all, an informant decipherment of the inscriptions was believed by nearly everyone involved in the adventure to be imminent. It was a period of intense scholarly preoccupation with rongorongo, one that would not come again until the 1950s.
Fantasts and Speculators
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Routledges’ remarkable Mana Expedition to Easter Island immediately struck a positive resonance among British and Commonwealth scholars of the Pacific. Clearly inspired by the Routledges, E. N. Fallaize (1916: 262) alerted the readers of Nature that: “About fifteen inscribed wooden tablets from the island are known to exist, one being in the British Museum [RR 19]”. The New Zealander H. D. Skinner, who twenty years later was to become “the dean of Polynesian anthropologists” (Marshall, 1956b: 59), wrote from London to Scoresby Routledge on 9 March 1917 that “if I get through this war” two Cambridge dissertations would be forthcoming from the Easter Island material he had personally collected (Routledge, 1914-15: Reel 4). Also in 1917, Henry Balfour (191T 374-7) pointed out in Folklore “striking counterparts” to rongorongo in designs employed in the Solomon Islands-this in the unhappy attempt to seek “confirmations” for his Melanesian hypothesis for the origin of Easter Island culture.
The Franco-Belgian Expedition of 1934-35 and Alfred Metraux
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Director of the MusÉe d’Ethnologie (today’s MusÉe de !’Homme) at the Trocadero in Paris, the celebrated French ethnologist Paul Rivet, was unduly excited by Guillaume de Hevesy’s claim of a possible genetic relationship between Easter Island’s rongorongo and the Indus Valley script. As soon as he could, Rivet journeyed with the Belgian ethnologist Henri Lavachery to Braine-le-Comte in Belgium in order to see Jaussen’s tablets for himself at the SSCC’s small ethnographic museum. It was here at this museum, Lavachery (1935a: 50) claimed, that both Rivet and he conceived the idea to initiate a Franco-Belgian archaeological and ethnological expedition to Easter Island that could test de Hevesy’s hypothesis through field data.
Categories of Inscriptions
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What did the rongorongo contain? It certainly wasn’t messages. As Macmillan Brown (1924: 80) correctly observed: “There could have been no real necessity on this minute surface of the globe and amongst a people constantly torn by feuds for any means of long-distance communication.” Nor did the Rapanui use the rongorongo to keep accounts, which, in other parts of the world, gave birth to the idea of writing; for this, they would simply have used knotted cords, as one finds throughout the Pacific region. “Without exception, unless we deny the authority and unanimity of the traditions, the [rongorongo] tablets were associated [by the Rapanui] with literary productions”, wrote Alfred Metraux (196s: 315). There is little argument among Easter Island scholars that the rongorongo inscriptions constituted the premissionary Rapanui’s sacral and profane oral traditions. These comprised many forms, most of which the Rapanui appear to have still remembered, if not always faithfully, at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Rongorongo Rites
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rongorongo complex constituted one of the most important social phenomena on premissionary Easter Island. The holding and reciting of a rongorongo artefact composed an integral part of the island’s most significant communal events. Be it an incised staff, tablet, rei miro, or some other object-it was prominently flourished and ritually sung at any number of formal gatherings. When Metoro Tau’a Ure was imitating rongorongo chanting for Bishop Jaussen (1893b: 253) in 1873, he recalled that the chanters used to gather in a circle and perform a chant “as a type of cult”. The object of such performances was evidently to imbue the special occasion with rongorongo’s inherent mana in order to assist the affected person, involved family, or community in the achievement of one or more specific goals.
The “Rongorongo Schools”
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1914-15, Katherine Routledge collected her largest amount of rongorongo information from the Rapanui korohua Kapiera and Te Haha. But these two elders’ accounts regarding the “rongorongo schools” of Easter Island substantially differed. And both contradicted the stories about the schools that Charli Teao of the next generation provided to Lavachery and Mètraux in 1934. For this reason, the following should perhaps be read with cautious scepticism.
Ta’u
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As mentioned earlier (pp. 288-91), the kouhau ta’u was the rongorongo category of inscription that contained a list of the kouhau koro (commemoration of a father’s deeds): it provided the name of each celebrant and the year of his koro celebration. This had nothing to do with the imitative ta’u “script” that was created on Rapanui in the 1880s to decorate various wooden artefacts for trade. It is this latter, imitative, post rongorongo phenomenon called ta’u that this chapter investigates.
Universalizability, Impartiality, Truth*
Authors: Wiggins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the relation of the demand that agents act upon judgments that are universalizable to the demand that agents adopt the moral point of view? ‘Universalizable’ being a term of art, let us begin with ‘moral point of view’. I cannot define this, but that need not prevent me from enlarging upon what one might ordinarily mean by the phrase. Borrowing from Hume and from other writers, perhaps we may say that, in so far as someone adopts the moral point of view, he will have to refer his actions, feelings, evaluations, complaints and exhortations to the point of view that is ‘common to him with others’. Departing from ‘his private and particular situation’, he must try to speak and think not only on behalf of himself but as if on behalf of others too.
Truth, Invention, and the Meaning of Life*
Authors: Wiggins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even now, in an age not much given to mysticism, there are people who ask ‘What is the meaning of life?’ Not a few of them make the simple ‘unphilosophical’ assumption that there is something to be known here. (One might say that they are ‘cognitivists’ with regard to this sort of question.) And most of these same people make the equally unguarded assumption that the whole issue of life’s meaning presupposes some positive answer to the question whether it can be plainly and straightforwardly true that this or that thing or activity or pursuit is good, has value, or is worth something. Finally, something even harder, they suppose that questions like that of life’s meaning must be among the central questions of moral philosophy.
Linear Syntax
Authors: Kathol Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While much of contemporary syntax equates grammatical structure with hierarchical organization, i.e. tree structures, this book argues for a critical reassessment of that premise. It argues that a crucial part of the description of German clausal syntax should be based on linear, rather than hierarchical concepts. This is done here by adopting 'topological fields'-a concept from traditional descriptive theory. Such fields are defined as syntactic position classes, that is, clusterings of continuous syntactic material, and are defined orthogonally to constituency. This idea is implemented in an extension of Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar that employs a separate level of flat linear organization called 'order domain'.
Topological Fields
Authors: Kathol Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a concise introduction to the description of Ger man clausal syntax in terms of syntactic position classes, that is, the approach in terms of what has come to be known in the traditional literature as Stellungsfeld or topologisches Feld (‘topological field’). As indicated by the name, a topologically-oriented analysis concerns itself exclusively with the linear distributional properties of the elements occurring in German sentences. Typically no claims are made regarding constituent structure or any hierarchical organization which may underlie the observed pattern.
Left-Peripheral Structures
Authors: Kathol Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has long been one of the core tenets of transformational syntax that move-a is constrained in such a way that movement can only target positions that are consistent with the x-theoretic status of the moved element.
Thus, while an x° category can only move into another head position, for instance 1 ° or c °, maximal projections are required to move into positions that are compatible with this level of projection, e.g., substitution into [Spec,XP]. Movements in which a maximal category moves into an x0 position or which involve substitution of a head into a specifier position are illicit. This constraint is thought to hold regardless of the environment in which the movement takes place and does not distinguish between root and subordinate clauses. If we focus our attention on dislocations of the wh-movement type, i.e., those involved in relative clause and question formation in German, the constraint on movement targets entails that the same type of landing site is involved regardless of whether wh-fronting occurs in a root or embedded clause.
Reproductive Rights: Feminism or Patriarchy?
Authors: Brazier Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The popular perception of the new reproductive technologies is of a medical marvel offering untold blessings to womanhood. Media cover age of each new development to assist the infertile to have children of their own invariably includes photographs of ecstatic mothers and bouncing infants. Assisted conception is vaunted as a vehicle for asserting women’s reproductive rights.
Reproductive Choice: A Muslim Perspective
Authors: Serour Gamal I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reproductive health is defined as a condition in which the reproductive process is accomplished in a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Reproductive health is not merely the absence of disease or disorders of the reproductive process. This implies that people have the ability to reproduce, to regulate their fertility, and to practise and enjoy sexual relationships. It also implies that women can go safely through pregnancy and childbirth, that fertility regulation can be achieved with out health hazards, and that people are safe in having sex.
The Post-menopause: Playground for Reproductive Technology? Some Ethical Reflections
Authors: Wert Guido De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently, most, if not all, clinics for in vitro fertilization used some sort of age limit with regard to their female patients. Women over 40 years of age were only seldom treated. This policy was accepted not because all gynaecologists agreed with Plato-who stated that women are allowed to produce children for society up until they are 40-but because of the poor success rate of IVF in older women. Every stage in the IVF process has been shown to be less effective when the source of the egg is an older woman.
Plato’s Reception of Parn1enides
Authors: Palmer John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Palmer presents a new and original account of Plato's uses and understanding of his most important Presocratic predecessor, Parmenides. Adopting an innovative approach to the appraisal of intellectual influence, Palmer first explores the Eleatic underpinnings of central elements in Plato's middle-period epistemology and metaphysics. He then shows how in the later dialogues Plato confronts various sophistic appropriations of Parmenides while simultaneously developing his own deepened understanding. Along the way Palmer gives fresh readings of Parmenides' poem in the light of the Platonic reception, and discusses Plato's view of Parmenides' relation to such key figures as Xenophanes, Zeno, and Gorgias. By tracing connections among the uses of Parmenides over the course of several dialogues, Palmer both demonstrates his fundamental importance to the development of Plato's thought and furthers understanding of central problems in Plato's own philosophy.
HIV Screening: Benefits and Harms for the Individual and the Community
Authors: Manuel Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From an ethical point of view HIV screening can be seen in terms of conflicting rights: society is entitled to protect itself from a serious danger, if need be by authoritarian measures; infected individuals are entitled to freedom, to ‘non-discrimination’, to the respect of their privacy, etc. Of course one may ponder on the validity and the possible limitations of these rights depending on the circumstances and the seriousness of the epidemic which concerns us. I will use in this chapter a more pragmatic approach, and will reflect on the benefits for the individual and for the community, on the real positive and negative effects of screening. Indeed, I see it as essential to adopt a perspective which reveals the true efficacy of such practices and to discuss the least ethically controversial methods.
Value-Pluralism
Authors: Skorupski John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A view with some considerable influence in current moral and political philosophy holds that there is a plurality of values, all of them fundamental and authoritative and yet, in some genuinely disconcerting way, in coflict. I shall call it ‘value-pluralism’.
It is a philosophical thesis. It does more than record the fact that choice often involves conflicts, moral and other, and that choosing can be a difficult and sometimes even an appalling thing to do. That experience any serious ethics must acknowledge. It is basic, but it is not a surprise, philosophically or otherwise; whereas the claim of the value-pluralist is meant to be philosophically surprising and significant. Further, value-pluralism is to be distinguished from what Mill, Moore, and Rawls call ‘intuitionism’ in ethics: the view that there is no single moral principle to which all principles of conduct must conform, but a number of moral principles all equally fundamental.1 ‘Deontological pluralism’ would be a good term for this view; it is a philosophical thesis, and certainly not uncontroversial-but value-pluralism is meant to go beyond it.
The Defining Features of Mind-Body Dualism in the Writings of Plato
Authors: Robinson T M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The works of Plato are unique on a number of counts, not least that they contain the first fully articulated account of the relationship between soul (psyche) and body (soma) in Western literature. The picture that emerges is not without its complexities, not to say apparent self contradictions; so we might usefully begin our examination with a brief, scene-setting discussion of what we know of the two notions before Plato’s time.
Body and Soul in Saint Paul
Authors: Heckel Theo k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often said that the physician cares for the body, the priest for the soul. But no more than the physician has soulless bodies to deal with, does the priest meet bodiless souls: believers have both body and soul. And yet it has often seemed, especially in Protestant theology, that the bodily side of belief could be ignored, leading many theologians to attempt to make Christianity a purely inward phenomenon: religion was concerned with the individual soul, and could justifiably leave social and political spheres aside. Right from the beginning of the Protestant movement, from Martin Luther himself, this unfortunate innerness seemed to be destined. Citing Saint Paul, the German reformer says, in his famous text ‘On the Freedom of the Christian’ (1520), that the freedom of the individual believer is neither outward nor bodily.1 Indeed, it is with the Apostle of the Gentiles that we come to the root of the question of what the body means for Christian existence.
Internalist Reasoning in Augustine for Mind-Body Dualism
Authors: Matthews Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle records no argument from Thales for ‘the real distinction’ between soul and body, to put the point in a Cartesian way. The conclusion of the argument from Thales seems to be quite compatible with a soul’s being, rather than a substance in its own right, merely an attribute, or a power, of certain bodies—a power of magnets, for example.
Physique and Moral
Authors: Azouvi François 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is not, however, the meaning that N. Malebranche understands in his Meditations chretiennes et métaphysiques (1683), when he introduces the opposition physique and moral in the framework of a discussion on general laws and the particular acts of volition of the Creator. ‘You are much more admirable’, he says to God, ‘when you cover the earth with fruits and flowers by the general laws of Nature, than when by particular volitions you send fire from heaven to reduce to ashes sinners and their cities.’
Polysemy: A Problem of Definition
Authors: Goddard Cliff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most basic premiss of the NSM approach is that semantic analysis must be conducted in natural language, rather than in terms of abstract technical formalisms, logical symbols, etc., because technical formalisms are not clear until and unless they are explained in ordinary language. As John Lyons (1977: 12) once remarked, ‘any formalism is parasitic upon the ordinary everyday use of language, in that it must be understood intuitively on the basis of ordinary language’. The NSM approach seeks to make a virtue of necessity, by basing its method of semantic representation as closely as possible on natural language. Natural language formulations also have the advantage of being more easily verified than abstract or technical formulations, since they make more direct predictions about usage (cf. Kempson 1977) and are directly accessible to the semantic intuitions of native speakers. The second basic premiss of the NSM approach is that the entire meaning of any semantically complex expression can be stated in terms of a reductive paraphrase, i.e. an equivalent expression composed exclusively of simpler meanings than the original.
Large Vocabulary Word Sense Disambiguation
Authors: stevenson Mark , Wilks Yorick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The methodology and evaluation of word sense disambiguation (WSD) as a distinct task are somewhat different from those of others in NLP, and one can distinguish three aspects of this difference, all of which come down to evaluation problems, as does so much in NLP these days. First, researchers are divided over using a general method (one that attempts to apply WSD to all the content words of texts, the large vocabulary approach taken in this paper) versus one that is applied to only a small trial selection of words (e.g. Schutze 1992; Yarowsky 1995). The latter researchers have obtained very high levels of success: Yarowsky quotes 97 per cent correct disambiguation for the small vocabulary over which his system operates, results close to the figures for other ‘solved’ NLP modules, such as part of speech taggers. The issue is whether these small word sample methods and techniques will transfer to general WSD over a more complete vocabulary. Others, besides ourselves (e.g. Mahesh et al. 1997; Harley and Glennon 1997) have pursued the general option on the grounds that it is the real task and should be tackled directly, even with rather lower success rates. The division between the approaches probably comes down to no more than the availability of gold standard text in sufficient quantities, which is more costly to obtain for WSD than other tasks. In this paper we describe a method we have used for obtaining more test material by transforming one resource into another, an advance we believe is unique and helpful in this impasse.
Disambiguation and Connectionism
Authors: Schütze Hinrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at word sense disambiguation from the perspective of the field of connectionism (Rumelhart et al. 1986; McClelland et al. 1986). We will bring two central concerns in connectionism to bear on designing a disambiguation algorithm: psychological plausibility and large-scale applicability. Several studies suggest that the concept of activation is crucial for explaining human word sense disambiguation (Kawamoto 1988; Tanenhaus et al. 1979; Swinney 1979). Activation is often modelled using vectors in a multi-dimensional real-valued vector space. We will propose that both senses and contexts of use of the ambiguous word be represented as directions in space, and that a context of use is assigned to the sense whose direction it coincides with. The important role of activation in explaing human word sense disambiguation motivates us to adopt such a vector space representation for contexts and senses. Another aspect of psychological plausibility considered important in connectionism is acquisition. In general, connectionist modelling tries to do without innate constraints or a large body of a priori knowledge unless there is good empirical evidence for hereditary or environmental structure that guides learning. The disambiguation algorithm proposed here acquires knowledge by grouping semantically similar contexts into context groups. The assessment of semantic similarity is one of the basic building blocks of human cognition. No psychologically implausible assumptions about strong innate or environmental structure are therefore necessary for our algorithm.
Morphological and Prosodic Alignment of Bulgarian Clitics
Authors: Legendre Géraldine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bulgarian clausal clitics include not only familiar object pronouns, but also tense/aspect auxiliaries, modal particles, negative particles, as well as interrogative particles. They display well-known properties associated with clitic elements cross-linguistically. For example, they are typically stressless and they display positional restrictions. In simple sentences, most Bulgarian clitics cluster in second position.