bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The biphasic nature of protein metabolism during pregnancy in the rat
Authors: Naismith D. J. , Morgan B. L. G. 
Published: June 2005

1. Additional protein given to malnourished rats early in pregnancy was found to increase substantially the weight and cellularity of their foetuses and placentas at term.2. This observation confirms the hypothesis that protein is stored in early pregnancy for use during the period of rapid foetal growth.
The rapid determination of carcass fat by the Foss-Let specific gravity technique
Authors: Woodward C. J. H. , Trayhurn P. , James W. P. T. 
Published: June 2005

1. Carcass fat was determined by extraction with tetrachloroethylene and measurement of the solvent's change in density. The results were comparable in precision to those of a reference method; the new method extracted storage lipid but little structural lipid.2. The technique is simple, rapid and appropriate for many nutritional studies.
Sulphur and cystine incorporation into rumen microbial protein
Authors: McMeniman N. P. , Ben-Ghedalia D. , Elliott R. 
Published: June 2005

1. In three series of experiments, Na235SO4was infused into the rumen of sheep consuming a variety of diets. The specific activity of the sulphur in the rumen H2S pool, rumen bacteria and of the S in bacterial cystine were determined.2. The results showed that, depending upon the diet, the proportion of total sulphur and cystine sulphur in rumen bacteria originating in the rumen H2S pool could be as low as 0.557 and 0.280 respectively.
Protein turnover in rats treated with Trienbolone acetate
Authors: Vernon Briman G. , Buttery Peter J. 
Published: June 2005

1. The anabolic agent Trienbolone acetate (3-oxo-17-β-hydroxy-4,9,11-estratriene acetate) given subcutaneously to female rats increased their growth rate compared with untreated controls (P < 0.001).2. The compound had little androgenic activity.3. The fractional synthetic and fractional degradative rates of the mixed muscle proteins were smaller in the treated rats than in the control rats.
Changes in adipose tissue of the rat due to early undernutrition followed by rehabilitation
Authors: Harris Patricia M. 
Published: June 2005

1. Male Black and White Hooded rats were allocated at birth to foster mothers in litters of three, nine or sixteen. At weaning animals from each of these litter sizes weread lib.-fed on a stock diet forming threead lib.-fed control groups. At weaning further animals from litters of nine and sixteen were fed on the stock diet in restricted amounts until 12 weeks of age. These undernourished animals were then rehabilitated by being allowedad lib.access to the stock diet.2. Five animals from each group were killed at various stages of the experiment, their bodies analysed for fat and nitrogen, and the size and number of cells determined in four specific fat depots.3. The previously undernourished rats failed to make a complete recovery and were significantly smaller thanad lib.-fed animals from the same litter size at 32 weeks of age when the experiment was terminated.4. The previously undernourished rats from litters of nine deposited a significantly greater proportion of fat in their bodies during rehabilitation thanad lib.-fed animals from litters of nine over the same gain in body-weight. The previously undernourished rats from litters of sixteen deposited the same proportion of fat in their bodies during rehabilitation asad lib.-fed animals from litters of three, nine and sixteen over the same gain in body-weight.5. There were no significant differences in apparent or total fat cell numbers betweenad lib.-fed animals and undernourished-rehabilitated animals at any of the four sites studied at 32 weeks of age.
Changes in adipose tissue of the rat due to early undernutrition followed by rehabilitation
Authors: Harris Patricia M. 
Published: June 2005

1. Male Wistar rats were allocated at birth to foster mothers in litters of three, nine or sixteen. At weaning animals from each litter size weread lib.-fed on a stock diet. Further animals from litters of nine and sixteen were fed on the stock diet in restricted amounts until 12 weeks of age and then rehabilitated by being allowedad lib.access to the stock diet.2. Five animals from each group were killed at 24 weeks of age and the size and number of cells determined in four specific fat depots.3. Animals reared in litters of sixteen and further undernourished from 3 to 12 weeks (group L16/U) had significantly fewer fat cells at all sites studied than animals reared in litters of three andad lib.-fed. Group L16/U animals also had significantly fewer observable fat cells at the epididymal site thanad lib.-fed animals reared in litters of nine. These results differ from those found in the Black and White Hooded rat where, after similar treatments, no significant differences in observable fat cell number were found.
Changes in adipose tissue of the rat due to early undernutrition followed by rehabilitation
Authors: Kirtland Janet , Harris Patricia M. 
Published: June 2005

1. Well-nourished rats were injected with tritiated thymidine at 15, 22, 28 or 84 d of age. At 1, 6, 11 and 16 d after injection animals from each group were killed, samples of adipose tissue were removed from two subcutanecus sites (abdominal and scapular) and separated, using collagenase (EC3.4.24.3), into ‘fat cell’ and ‘stromal cell’ fractions. The specific (radio)activity of DNA isolated from each fraction was measured. The specific activity of DNA isolated from two ‘deep body’ sites (perirenal and epididymal) was measured only in the animals injected at 84 d of age.2. Animals undernourished from birth up to 84 d of age were injected with tritiated thymidine at 22, 28 or 84 d of age. Animals were killed 1 and 11 d after injection, adipose tissue removed, and the specific activity of DNA measured. Other undernourished animals were rehabilitated from 84 to 107 d and injected at 91 d of age with tritiated thymidine. The animals were killed 1, 6, 11 and 16 d after injection, adipose tissue was removed from the subcutaneous and deep body sites and the specific activity of DNA determined as before.3. In well-nourished animals fat cell replication had largely ceased by 12 weeks of age in the subcutaneous depots. There were differences between the various sites of adipose tissue regarding the period of hyperplastic growth, its timing or rate of replication or both.4. In undernourished animals replication was slow in the subcutaneous depots compared with well-nourished animals of the same age. Rehabilitation from undernutrition stimulated replication which resulted in higher rates in all four depots examined compared with those in well-nourished animals.5. The findings are discussed in relation to the concept of a finite period of hyperplasia for adipose tissue.
The use of common salt (sodium chloride) fortified with iron to control anaemia: results of a preliminary study
Authors: Nadiger H. A. , Krishnamachari K. A. V. R. , Naidu A. Nadamuni , Narasinga Rao B. S. , Srikantia S. G. 
Published: June 2005

1. Iron-deficiency anaemia continues to be a major public health problem in all developing countries. Fortification of commonly consumed food items has been suggested as an effective method of preventing anaemia. Common salt (sodium chloride) has been identified as a suitable vehicle to be fortified with Fe in India.2. Common salt was fortified with ferric orthophosphate (3500 mg/kg) and sodium hydrogen sulphate (5000 mg/kg) to provide an additional 1 mg elemental Fe/g common salt consumed.3. After ascertaining the acceptability of the fortified salt with respect to its colour, taste and bioavailability a pilot feeding trial was conducted among residential schoolchildren in Hyderabad. Feeding of the fortified salt for a period of 1 year resulted in a significant increase in the haemoglobin level of these children. There was also a significant reduction in the prevalence of anaemia among children given the fortified salt.4. Before the same fortified salt is recommended as a public health measure to prevent Fe-deficiency anaemia among our population it is necessary that further large-scale community trials with this fortified salt are carried out particularly among the rural population.
Household food wastage in Britain
Authors: Wenlock R. W. , Buss D. H. , Derry B. J. , Dixon E. J. 
Published: June 2005

1. The total food and drink available for human consumption in the United Kingdom would provide approximately 13 MJ (3100 kcal)/person per d, while the energy intake recommended for the population is approximately 9.6 MJ (2300 kcal)/person per d. A proportion of this substantial difference must be due to wastage in the home as well as in catering establishments and during the storage, distribution and processing of food.2. As part of a general investigation of this problem, a representative sample of 1000 British households was asked to collect all the potentially-edible food wasted in their homes during 1 week, and to keep a record of the food, other than commercial pet food, which they gave to pets and wild birds. A total of 672 households co-operated fully, 338 in summer and 334 in winter. Each food sample received was weighed, and its energy content was determined calorimetrically.3. Significantly more waste food was collected in summer than in winter, equivalent to 9.3 MJ (2220 kcal)/household per week and 7.1 MJ (1700 kcal)/household per week respectively. In terms of energy, cereals, fat and meat wastage predominated, while in terms of weight, milk was more important and fat less so.4. Considerable quantities of otherwise edible food were also given to pets and birds, accounting on average for a further 2.4 MJ (570 kcal) and 3.0 MJ (710 kcal)/household per week in summer and winter respectively. The energy content of all food wasted in the home therefore averaged 11.7 MJ (2790 kcal)/household per week in summer and 10.1 MJ (2410 kcal)/household per week in winter, equivalent to 0.6 MJ (150 kcal) and 0.5 MJ (130 kcal)/person per d respectively. This is less than one-quarter of the gap between food supplies and the amount of food thought to be eaten in the UK.5. Food wastage was significantly influenced by the composition of the family, with adults wasting more in absolute terms than children, and larger households wasting less per person than smaller households. However, with few exceptions, neither income nor geographical region significantly affected the total amount of food wasted in the home.6. When assessed against the expected usage of food in the home, wastage accounted on average for 6.5% of the energy intake in summer and 5.4% in winter.
Duration of activities and energy expenditure of female farmers in dry and rainy seasons in Upper-Volta
Authors: Bleiberg Fanny M. , Brun Thierry A , Goihman S. , Gouba Emile 
Published: June 2005

1.Fifteen female farmers (aged 18–47 years) from two villages of the Mossi Plateau in Upper-Volta participated in a survey in which their daily activity pattern and their energy expenditure were assessed. Eight of the subjects were investigated twice, in March (dry season) when there is no agricultural activity, and in July–August (rainy season) when heavy physical work is performed: mostly hoeing, weeding and replanting sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) and millet (Pennisetum typhoïdes).2. The mean height was 1.57 m and the mean weight 50.6 kg. The average percentage of body fat, calculated from skinfold thickness, was comparable to that of European females but the triceps skinfold was more than 60% below the standard value (Jelliffe, 1969). The type of activities and the period of time spent on each activity changed significantly with the season. The mean energy output rose from 9.7 MJ (2320 kcal) in March to 12.1 MJ (2890 kcal) in July–August for a 55 kg standard weight.3. In this paper, the extent of both the dally activity pattern of women living in a subsistence agriculture and their energy output is estimated. The results suggest that during the rainy season, the energy requirements of female farmers are much higher than usually estimated.
Heat loss from humans measured with a direct calorimeter and heat-flow meters
Authors: Close W. H. , Dauncey M. J. , Ingram D. L. 
Published: June 2005

1. Heat loss from three men and three women was measured in a direct calorimeter over 2 or 3 h periods and compared with that determined simultaneously from heat-flow meters attached to the skin surface at the waist. The comparisons were made at each of four ambient temperatures, 15, 20, 25 and 30°. Each subject wore a cotton boiler-suit and minimal underwear.2. Oral temperatures and skin and clothing temperatures on both trunk and forearm were determined, thus enabling the subjects' internal and external insulation to be calculated.3. Heat loss determined by the meters was lower than that determined by the calorimeter. The difference increased with increase in ambient temperature. ‘Meter’ heat loss decreased linearly as ambient temperature was raised.4. It was concluded that heat-flow meters could provide a useful estimate of total heat loss when the evaporative component is low. The estimate might be improved if the subject is calibrated while wearing the meters in a calorimeter over several short periods. Heat-flow meters could therefore be of particular value in sedentary individuals, when the heart-rate method for estimating energy expenditure can be inappropriate.
The effect of dietary fibre on bile acid metabolism in rats
Authors: Brydon W. G. , Tadessea K. , Eastwood M. A. , Lawson Margaret E. 
Published: June 2005

1. Forty-eight male rats were fed sequentially for 14 d periods on diets containing different fibre contents.2. One of the high-fibre diets was a commercial pelleted diet. The other was a low-fibre diet supplemented with 200 g wheat bran/kg.3. At the end of each feeding period eight rats were killed. Liver microsomal cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.1.-) activity and bile acid content of small intestine and colon were determined.4. The different diets did not significantly alter the total intestinal bile acids, but affected the distribution and qualitative pattern in the colon and small intestine.5. On the high-fibre diets deoxycholate, and hyodeoxycholate tended to be increased.6. On the low-fibre diets the α-, β- and ω-muricholic acids tended to be increased.7. Liver microsomal cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity was lower in rats fed on the low-fibre and bran- supplemented low-fibre diets compared with that in rats fed on the commercial pelleted diet.
The level and distribution of carbohydrases in the small intestine mucosa of pigs from 3 weeks of age to maturity
Authors: Kidder D. E. , Manners M. J. 
Published: June 2005

1. The levels of the brush-border enzymes sucrase (sucrose glucohydrolase,EC3.2.1.48), isomaltase (oligo-1,6-glucosidase,EC3.2.1.10), maltases 2 and 3 (glucoamylase,EC3.2.1.3), lactase (β-galactosidase,EC3.2.1.23) and trehalase (EC3.2.1.28) and adsorbed pancreatic α-amylase (EC3.2.1.1) have been measured at twenty-one positions along the small intestines of eighty-four pigs of different ages ranging from 3 weeks to 4.5 years. The state of dilation of the intestine at the sampling points was noted.2. The levels of sucrase and isomaltase increased with age throughout the age-range studied. Trehalase and the glucoamylases increased with age up to 200–300 d of age. Lactase decreased with age over the whole age range.3. For the pigs above 10 weeks of age, the distribution pattern of the brush-border enzymes along the intestine did not change with age. Each enzyme had a characteristic distribution curve, with low values at the proximal and distal ends and a peak which was proximal in the instance of lactase and trehalase and approximately mid-way along the gut with sucrase, isomaltase and the glucoamylases.4. The pattern of distribution of the brush-border enzymes altered with age in the piglets, but approached the adult pattern by 8 weeks.5. Piglets weaned at 3 weeks had higher levels of sucrase, isomaltase and glucoamylases at 5 weeks than piglets left on the sow. At 8 weeks of age the piglets weaned at 3 weeks still had higher sucrase and isomaltase levels than those on the sow.6. There was a very close correlation between the sucrase and isomaltase levels, and between the maltase 2 and maltase 3 levels in all the samples, and a fairly close correlation between all these four enzymes.7. The level of α-amylase increased with age but showed no regular distribution pattern, its irregular fluctuations being related to the presence or absence of dilation of the intestine at the time of slaughter rather than to the position along the intestine.
Motor activity in the large intestine of the pig related to dietary fibre and retention time
Authors: Fioramonti J. , Bueno L. 
Published: June 2005

1. Large intestine electromyograms were recorded from four pigs receiving successively three diets containing different amounts of fibre (standard cereal diet, milk substitute and milk plus 170 g bran/kg). For each diet the mean retention time of a marker added to one meal was determined. Three occurrences of spontaneous constipation were also studied.2. Slow waves were observed in the colon only during 10% of the recording time at a frequency of 10.3 ± 1.1/min. Two kinds of spiking activity were recorded on the colon: short spike bursts of 0.5–2 s duration and long spike bursts of approximately 7 s duration. Long spike bursts alone were recorded on the caecum.3. The mean retention time of the marker was 40 h on the standard diet, 120 h on the milk-substitute diet, and 66 h on the milk plus bran diet.4. On the standard diet, approximately 1500 colonic long spike bursts were recorded daily and short spike bursts occupied 15% of the recording time. On the milk diet, the number of long spike bursts decreased significantly (P < 0.01) to 500/d and the short spike bursts increased significantly (P < 0.05) to take up to 21% of the time. Intermediate values (1100/d and 19%) were observed when bran was added to the milk diet. The lowest values for long spike bursts (300/d) and highest values for short spike bursts (44% of the time) were observed in constipation.5. It is concluded that long spike bursts are associated with propulsion of intestinal contents and that short spike bursts are non-propulsive.
Studies on the absorption of zinc by rat intestine
Authors: Davies N. T. 
Published: June 2005

1. A technique is described for the measurement of the extent of65Zn absorption by different regions of the intestine in the intact rat. Using this technique it was shown that the duodenum contributed 60%, the ileum 30% and the jejunum 10% to the over-all absorption of65Zn. Negligible absorption of65Zn occurred from the caecum and colon.2. Using ligated loops of rat duodenumin situ,65Zn absorption was shown to be rapid, with 1% of a 5 μg dose being transferred to the carcase within 1 min of intraluminal dosing.3. When65Zn was injected into ligated loops in a dose range of 1–200 μg Zn/ml the rate of absorpion was linear with respect to time over the first 15 min. The rates of65Zn absorptionv.dose of65Zn exhibited saturation kinetics indicating absorpion by a ‘carrier’ or enzyme-mediated process.4. The binding of65Zn to loop tissue showed biphasic kinetics which suggested that at low intraluminal concentrations of Zn (1–50 μg Zn/ml) binding was to specific sites whereas, at higher concentrations (50–200 μg Zn/ml), non-specific binding occurred.5. A study of the fate of mucosally bound65Zn showed that over the first 30 min a proportion of the65Zn was rapidly transferred to the carcase and this was probably associated with the rapid phase of65Zn absorption described previously. From 30 min up to 6 h after the initial binding,65Zn was also transferred to the carcase albeit at a much slower rate indicating a slow phase of Zn absorption. A study of the kinetics of this slow phase indicated that the loss of bound65Zn to the body was a saturable process indicating an enzyme or ‘carrier’-mediated process. A comparison of the kinetics of the slow and rapid phases of65Zn absorption suggests that these processes are distinct.6. Histological examination of mucosal tissue of loops exposed to 200 μg Zn/ml revealed no discernable damage. Similarly, no effect was observed on either arginine or glucose uptake by isolated duodenal loopsin situ, although this concentration of Zn completely abolished fluid uptake. A study of the effect of different doses of Zn showed that 50 μg Zn/ml inhibited mucosal fluid uptake by more than 50% and 100 μg Zn/ml by more than 90%. It was concluded that these effects were due to a specific action on the fluid-transfer process and not due to a general poisoning of the mucosa.
Effects of level of dietary copper sulphate and period of feeding on the laying, domestic fowl, with special reference to tissue mineral content
Authors: Stevenson Mary H. , Jackson N. 
Published: June 2005

1. A cereal-based diet containing 7.6 mg copper/kg was fedad lib. to laying hens for up to 48 d. Four other groups were given the control diet to which was added hydrated copper sulphate to provide 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg added Cu/kg.2. Hens were killed on day o and after 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 d. Records were kept of body-weight, food consumption, egg production and egg weight.3. After slaughter blood haemoglobin, packed cell volume, serum Cu and aspartate aminotransfferase- (AAT; EC 2.6. I. I) were measured. The liver, kidneys, a sample of breast muscle, oviduct, ovary and gizzard were weighed. Gizzard, spleen. liver and kidney tissue were examined histologically.4. The Cu, zinc and iron concentrations of liver, kidneys and breast muscle and the manganese concentrations of liver and kidneys were determined.5. Body-weight loss occurred at 500–2000mg added Cu/kg diet. Egg production was depressed by level of added Cu and period of time on the Cu-containing diets.6. Mean liver, kidney, oviduct and ovarian weights per unit body-weight were depressed by Cu in the diet and the effect increased with period of time on the diets. Mean gizzard weight per unit body-weight was increased by dietary added Cu and by time.7. Cu concentrations in the liver were increased by dietary level of added Cu and period of timeon the diet. Zn concentration in liver increased at 1000 and 2000 mg added Cu/kg diet and liver Fe concentration was increased at these levels. Histological examination of the gizzard indicated that the Cu content of the gizzard lining increased with dietary added Cu.