bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biliary fistula, gallstone ileus, and Mirizzi syndrome
Authors: Palavecino Martin , Pekolj Juan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Biliary fistula, gallstone ileus, and Mirizzi syndrome are clinical scenarios related to a prolonged history of gallstone disease. Preoperative diagnosis is crucial for correct treatment and is still challenging. Computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography have high diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Biliary fistula is an abnormal communication between the gall bladder and another organ. The most common is a cholecystoduodenal fistula. Gallstone ileus is a mechanical bowel obstruction due to an impacted gallstone. This is a high morbidity and mortality scenario. The main therapeutic objective is to release the obstruction. Surgical enterolithotomy is the most frequently used procedure. Two-stage and one-stage surgery have selective indications. The laparoscopic approach is increasing its applicability in these complex cases and is safe and effective when performed by experienced surgeons. The endoscopic approach has selective indications in some gastroduodenal and colonic obstructions. Mirizzi syndrome is a fistula between the gall bladder and the main biliary duct. It has four different types and each one has an adequate technique for treatment. The laparoscopic approach is preferable when feasible and performed by surgeons with expertise in complex biliary surgery.
Acute cholangitis, recurrent cholangitis, and management of common bile duct calculi
Authors: Triki Haitham , Boudjema Karim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Acute cholangitis is an acute inflammation and infection in the bile ducts leading to systemic infectious disease. It can be life-threatening. The most common cause is a bile duct calculus. Adequate resuscitation, broad-spectrum parenteral antibiotics, and biliary decompression are the key principles of the management. Biliary decompression can be achieved by endoscopic or percutaneous means. Surgery should be used only as a last resort. Recurrent cholangitis is often associated with intrahepatic lithiasis. Its management is challenging and aims to reduce the risk of recurrence and long-term complications including biliary cirrhosis and cholangiocarcinoma. Common bile duct calculi are generally related to the migration of stones from the gallbladder. It should be removed to reduce the risk of complications over time. In case of previous cholecystectomy, endoscopic treatment is the best option. Otherwise, the management of both common bile duct and gallbladder stones can be performed either by a combined endoscopy–surgical approach or by an exclusively surgical approach.
Heparins, fondaparinux, hirudin, bivalirudin, argatroban, and danaparoid
Authors: Olie Renske H. , ten Cate Hugo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Several parenteral anticoagulants are available for thromboprophylaxis as well as for treatment of both venous and arterial thrombosis. In this chapter, the mechanism of action, pharmacology, administration, and monitoring of heparin, low-molecular-weight heparins, fondaparinux, hirudin, bivalirudin, argatroban, and danaparoid are discussed. Indications and adverse effects are summarized, as well as reversal of effect in case of bleeding complications or urgent surgery. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is a rare but feared reaction to heparin treatment and requires discontinuation of the drug and alternative treatment with non-heparin anticoagulants such as argatroban, danaparoid or fondaparinux.
Thought Insertion, Mental Affordances, and Affectivity
Authors: Maiese Michelle 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Subjects ordinarily have a sense that our thoughts are afforded or solicited by aspects of our environment, or by our existing mental states. However, in cases of thought insertion, thoughts are not experienced as afforded. They seem so foreign and alien that subjects claim that they have been inserted in their mind by another source. Subjectivity and ownership remain intact in the sense that the thoughts are first-personally accessible via introspection; however, the subject lacks both a sense of ownership and a sense of agency. To make sense of how thoughts ordinarily are experienced as afforded, and how this ordinary experience is disrupted in cases of thought insertion, this chapter appeals to McClelland’s (2019) notion of ‘mental affordance’ and Dings’ (2018) observations about the phenomenology of affordance-responsiveness. It is argued that affectivity is central to our experience of affordances and that a disruption to ‘affective framing’ plays a central role in thought insertion.
Thought Insertion Delusion
Authors: Vilatta Emilia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thought insertion is a type of delusion that involves experiencing one’s thoughts as if they were someone else’s. In this chapter, it is argued that in order to understand what the delusional experience consists of, and how it is different from other alien thoughts, several factors need to be considered: (i) the occurrence of thoughts that appear as intrusive because of their unpleasant content and by the effect of the compartmentalization of the mind; (ii) a pattern of experiential avoidance that implies a pathological way of relating with the disturbing thoughts; (iii) phenomenological alterations in the sense of agency; and (iv) a number of cognitive biases that affect the process of adoption and evaluation of beliefs. The upshot is that a multifactorial approach is needed to explain how thought insertion delusion can arise.
Metacognitive Treatment in Patients with Thought Insertion
Authors: Ochoa Susana , García-Mieres Helena 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Symptoms of thought insertion can be considered malfunctions of metacognitive processes. In this chapter two metacognitive approaches that have showed empirical efficacy for the treatment of thought insertion have been presented. The first is Metacognitive Training, developed by Steffen Moritz and Todd Woodward. The second is Metacognitive Reflection and Insight Therapy, developed by the team of Paul Lysaker. Each section contains an explanation of the therapeutic approach, examples of techniques and illustrations with a clinical case. It concludes with an explanation of how both methods share the final aim of leading patients to become aware of thinking processes, and obtaining a complete experience of themselves as human beings in the world with a richer and more coherent sense of the self and personal narrative.
Molecular mechanisms of placebo responses
Authors: Yetman Hailey , Peciña Marta , Tiwari Arun , Vollert Jan , Hall Kathryn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The mechanisms underlying response to placebo treatments are largely studied through behavioral and neuroimaging studies. While behavioral studies effectively shed light on factors like information effects and expectations that influence placebo effects, and neuroimaging reveals the regions of the brain activated or inhibited during response to placebo, these approaches tell us little about the underlying molecular changes that influence placebo effects. To dissect the molecular pathways involved in mediating placebo effects, recent studies are investigating genomic and pharmacological effects on response to placebo treatments in experimental and clinical trial settings. Here we examine genetic and neurological correlates of placebo response in genomic and pharmacological clinical trials across several disease areas including irritable bowel syndrome, pain, depression, inflammatory disease, and COVID symptoms, and we discuss some of the many significant questions and challenges that remain.
Learned immune responses
Authors: Hölsken Stefanie , Schedlowski Manfred , Hadamitzky Martin , Heiss-Lückemann Laura 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Continuous treatment with immunomodulatory drugs is an inevitable prerequisite for many clinical conditions such as organ transplantation or inflammatory autoimmune diseases. However, the many adverse side effects drive the need to develop alternative, supportive treatment options to current immunopharmacological regimens, with the aim of minimizing the required drug dosages. One sophisticated approach capitalizes on learned immunopharmacological placebo responses, where the pairing of a novel taste as the conditioned stimulus (CS) together with the application of an immunomodulatory drug as the unconditioned stimulus modifies peripheral immune functions upon CS re-exposure. This chapter provides an overview on sophisticated strategies to behaviorally condition placebo responses in the immune system. It discusses translational aspects and putative applicability as well as limitations in clinical settings.
A model of placebo responses in antidepressant clinical trials
Authors: Zilcha-Mano Sigal , Rutherford Bret R. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A substantial proportion of the observed response to clinical treatment with antidepressants is not attributable to specific effects of the medication but rather to placebo responses. This chapter proposes a conceptual model for understanding placebo responses in antidepressant randomized clinical trials. It specifies factors contributing to placebo responses and focuses on those conceptualized as contributing to the therapeutic effect of placebos: expectancy and contact with the physician. It synthesizes the literature on each factor, with a special focus on whether and how each can be manipulated. A thorough understanding of the factors contributing to placebo responses, their neurobiological underpinning, and the manners in which they can be manipulated may result in the ability to optimize placebo response to the diverging needs of pharmacotherapy research and clinical practice: minimizing it in clinical trials and maximizing it in clinical practice.
Management of contextual factors to enhance placebo and minimize nocebo effects in clinical practice
Authors: Testa Marco , Rossettini Giacomo , Barbiani Diletta , Miciak Maxi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Though evidence-based, a specific treatment (“What to do”) might not be enough to achieve the best possible outcome. The contextual factors surrounding a treatment also influence results. Further, patients’ conditions are strongly associated with their experience. Therefore, the best therapy outcome results from the empowerment of the specific therapeutic effect with the abovementioned contextual effects. This adjunct effect is induced by correctly managing cognitive, relational, and environmental contextual factors. Among these, a central role is played by beliefs and expectations that shape how a person senses himself, the so-called mindsets, and by an empathic therapeutic relationship. An added value to the treatment is provided if the clinician owns the attitude and skills to help the patients update their negative mindsets and establish a safe and empathic therapeutic relationship. This chapter discusses how outcomes of treatment may be enhanced when providers learn to manage the contextual effect of the therapy (“How to do”).
A multitracer empirically driven approach to line-intensity mapping light cones
Authors: Sato-Polito Gabriela , Kokron Nickolas , Bernal José Luis 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
Line-intensity mapping (LIM) is an emerging technique to probe the large-scale structure of the Universe. By targeting the integrated intensity of specific spectral lines, it captures the emission from all sources and is sensitive to the astrophysical processes that drive galaxy evolution. Relating these processes to the underlying distribution of matter introduces observational and theoretical challenges, such as observational contamination and highly non-Gaussian fields, which motivate the use of simulations to better characterize the signal. In this work we present skyline , a computational framework to generate realistic mock LIM observations that include observational features and foreground contamination, as well as a variety of self-consistent tracer catalogues. We apply our framework to generate realizations of LIM maps from the multidark planck 2 simulations coupled to the universemachine galaxy formation model. We showcase the potential of our scheme by exploring the voxel intensity distribution and the power spectrum of emission lines such as 21 cm, CO, [C ii], and Lyman-α, their mutual cross-correlations, and cross-correlations with galaxy clustering. We additionally present cross-correlations between LIM and submillimetre extragalactic tracers of large-scale structure such as the cosmic infrared background and the thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect, as well as quantify the impact of galactic foregrounds, line interlopers, and instrument noise on LIM observations. These simulated products will be crucial in quantifying the true information content of LIM surveys and their cross-correlations in the coming decade, and to develop strategies to overcome the impact of contaminants and maximize the scientific return from LIM experiments.
Wavelength dependences of the optical/UV and X-ray luminosity correlations of quasars
Authors: Jin Chichuan , Lusso Elisabeta , Ward Martin , Done Chris , Middei Riccardo 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
The interband correlations between optical/ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray luminosities of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are important for understanding the disc–coronal connection, as well as using AGN as standard candles for cosmology. It is conventional to measure the X-ray luminosity at rest-frame 2 keV and compare to the UV luminosity at the rest-frame 2500 Å, but the wavelength dependence was never well explored. In this work, we adopt a well-defined sample of 1169 unobscured quasars in the redshift range 0.13–4.51, and apply the direct-correlation method to explore how the correlation with the 2 keV luminosity changes at different optical/UV wavelengths, from 1280 to 5550 Å where the spectral quality is high. We find that the luminosity at all UV continuum wavelengths correlates with the X-ray luminosity similarly to that at 2500 Å, and that these correlations are better than at the optical wavelengths. Strong self-correlation is also found in the broad-band optical/UV continuum, supporting the scenario that it is dominated by the disc emission. Correlations of various emission lines are also investigated (e.g. C iv, C iii], Mg ii, Hβ, and [O iii]λλ4959/5007), including the Baldwin effect and correlations involving linewidths. We find the forms of these line correlations are different, and they are also different from their underlying continua, suggesting various complexities in the line-generation process. We discuss these results in the disc-wind scenario. Our study confirms that the rest-frame 2500 Å is a good wavelength to represent the optical/UV continual properties of quasars, and shows the advantages of the direct-correlation method.
A near magnetic-to-kinetic energy equipartition flare from the relativistic jet in AO 0235 + 164 during 2013–2019
Authors: Cheong Whee Yeon , Lee Sang-Sung , Kim Sang-Hyun , Kang Sincheol , Kim Jae Young , Rani Bindu , Readhead Anthony C S , Kiehlmann Sebastian , Lähteenmäki Anne , Tornikoski Merja , Tammi Joni , Ramakrishnan Venkatessh , Agudo Iván , Fuentes Antonio , Traianou Efthalia , Escudero Juan , Thum Clemens , Myserlis Ioannis , Casadio Carolina , Gurwell Mark 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
We present the multiwavelength flaring activity of the blazar AO 0235 + 164 during its recent active period from 2013 to 2019. From a discrete correlation function analysis, we find a significant ($\gt 95~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) correlation between radio and gamma-ray light curves with flares at longer wavelengths following flares at shorter wavelengths. We identify a new jet component in 43 GHz Very Long Baseline Array data that was ejected from the radio core on MJD $57246^{+26}_{-30}$ (2015 August 12), during the peak of the 2015 radio flare. From the analysis of the jet component, we derived a Doppler factor of δvar = 28.5 ± 8.4, a bulk Lorentz factor of $\Gamma =16.8^{+3.6}_{-3.1}$, and an intrinsic viewing angle of $\theta _{\rm v}=1.42^{+1.07}_{-0.52}\textrm {~degrees}$. Investigation of the quasi-simultaneous radio data revealed a partially absorbed spectrum with the turnover frequency varying in the range of 10−70 GHz and the peak flux density varying in the range of 0.7−4 Jy. We find the synchrotron self-absorption magnetic field strength to be $B_{\rm SSA}=15.3^{+12.6}_{-14.0}\textrm {~mG}$ at the peak of the 2015 radio flare, which is comparable to the equipartition magnetic field strength of $B_{\rm EQ}=43.6^{+10.6}_{-10.4}\textrm {~mG}$ calculated for the same epoch. Additional analysis of the radio emission region in the relativistic jet of AO 0235 + 164 suggests that it did not significantly deviate from equipartition during its recent flaring activity.
The X-ray invisible Universe. A look into the haloes undetected by eROSITA
Authors: Popesso P , Biviano A , Bulbul E , Merloni A , Comparat J , Clerc N , Igo Z , Liu A , Driver S , Salvato M , Brusa M , Bahar Y E , Malavasi N , Ghirardini V , Robotham A , Liske J , Grandis S 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
The paper presents the analysis of optically selected GAMA groups and clusters in the SRG/eROSITA X-ray map of eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey, in the halo mass range 1013−5 × 1014 M⊙ and at z &lt; 0.2. All X-ray detections have a clear GAMA counterpart, but most of the GAMA groups in the halo mass range 1013−1014 M⊙ remain undetected. We compare the X-ray surface brightness profiles of the eROSITA detected groups with the mean stacked profile of the undetected low-mass haloes at fixed halo mass. Overall, we find that the undetected groups exhibit less concentrated X-ray surface brightness, dark matter, and galaxy distributions with respect to the X-ray-detected haloes. The mean gas mass fraction profiles are consistent in the two samples within 1.5σ, indicating that the gas follows the dark matter profile. The low-mass concentration and the magnitude gap indicate that these systems are young. They reside with a higher probability in filaments while X-ray-detected groups favour the nodes of the Cosmic Web. Because of the lower central emission, the undetected systems tend to be X-ray underluminous at fixed halo mass and to lie below the LX−Mhalo relation. Interestingly, the X-ray-detected systems inhabiting the nodes scatter the less around the relation, while those in filaments tend to lie below it. We do not observe any strong relationship between the system X-ray appearance and the active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity. We cannot exclude the role of the past AGN feedback in affecting the gas distribution over the halo lifetime. However, the data suggests that the observed differences might be related to the halo assembly bias.
A hot mini-Neptune and a temperate, highly eccentric sub-Saturn around the bright K-dwarf TOI-2134
Authors: Rescigno F , Hébrard G , Vanderburg A , Mann A W , Mortier A , Morrell S , Buchhave L A , Collins K A , Mann C R , Hellier C , Haywood R D , West R , Stalport M , Heidari N , Anderson D , Huang C X , López-Morales M , Cortés-Zuleta P , Lewis H M , Dumusque X , Boisse I , Rowden P , Collier Cameron A , Deleuil M , Vezie M , Pepe F A , Delfosse X , Charbonneau D , Rice K , Demangeon O , Quinn S N , Udry S , Forveille T , Winn J N , Sozzetti A , Hoyer S , Seager S , Wilson T G , Dalal S , Martioli E , Striegel S , Boschin W , Dragomir D , Martínez Fiorenzano A F , Cosentino R , Ghedina A , Malavolta L , Affer L , Lakeland B S , Nicholson B A , Foschino S , Wünsche A , Barkaoui K , Srdoc G , Randolph J , Guillet B , Conti D M , Ghachoui M , Gillon M , Benkhaldoun Z , Pozuelos F J , Timmermans M , Girardin E , Matutano S , Bosch-Cabot P , Muñoz J A , Forés-Toribio R 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
We present the characterization of an inner mini-Neptune in a 9.2292005 ± 0.0000063 d orbit and an outer mono-transiting sub-Saturn planet in a 95.50$^{+0.36}_{-0.25}$ d orbit around the moderately active, bright (mv = 8.9 mag) K5V star TOI-2134. Based on our analysis of five sectors of TESS data, we determine the radii of TOI-2134b and c to be 2.69 ± 0.16 R⊕ for the inner planet and 7.27 ± 0.42 R⊕ for the outer one. We acquired 111 radial-velocity (RV) spectra with HARPS-N and 108 RV spectra with SOPHIE. After careful periodogram analysis, we derive masses for both planets via Gaussian Process regression: 9.13$^{+0.78}_{-0.76}$ M⊕ for TOI-2134b and 41.89$^{+7.69}_{-7.83}$ M⊕ for TOI-2134c. We analysed the photometric and RV data first separately, then jointly. The inner planet is a mini-Neptune with density consistent with either a water-world or a rocky core planet with a low-mass H/He envelope. The outer planet has a bulk density similar to Saturn’s. The outer planet is derived to have a significant eccentricity of 0.67$^{+0.05}_{-0.06}$ from a combination of photometry and RVs. We compute the irradiation of TOI-2134c as 1.45 ± 0.10 times the bolometric flux received by Earth, positioning it for part of its orbit in the habitable zone of its system. We recommend further RV observations to fully constrain the orbit of TOI-2134c. With an expected Rossiter–McLaughlin (RM) effect amplitude of 7.2 ± 1.3 $\rm m\, s^{-1}$, we recommend TOI-2134c for follow-up RM analysis to study the spin–orbit architecture of the system. We calculate the Transmission Spectroscopy Metric, and both planets are suitable for bright-mode Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) atmospheric characterization.
Inferring warm dark matter masses with deep learning
Authors: Rose Jonah C , Torrey Paul , Villaescusa-Navarro Francisco , Vogelsberger Mark , O’Neil Stephanie , Medvedev Mikhail V , Low Ryan , Adhikari Rakshak , Anglés-Alcázar Daniel 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
We present a new suite of over 1500 cosmological N-body simulations with varied warm dark matter (WDM) models ranging from 2.5 to 30 keV. We use these simulations to train Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to infer WDM particle masses from images of DM field data. Our fiducial setup can make accurate predictions of the WDM particle mass up to 7.5 keV with an uncertainty of ±0.5 keV at a 95 per cent confidence level from (25 h−1Mpc)2 maps. We vary the image resolution, simulation resolution, redshift, and cosmology of our fiducial setup to better understand how our model is making predictions. Using these variations, we find that our models are most dependent on simulation resolution, minimally dependent on image resolution, not systematically dependent on redshift, and robust to varied cosmologies. We also find that an important feature to distinguish between WDM models is present with a linear size between 100 and 200 h−1 kpc. We compare our fiducial model to one trained on the power spectrum alone and find that our field-level model can make two times more precise predictions and can make accurate predictions to two times as massive WDM particle masses when used on the same data. Overall, we find that the field-level data can be used to accurately differentiate between WDM models and contain more information than is captured by the power spectrum. This technique can be extended to more complex DM models and opens up new opportunities to explore alternative DM models in a cosmological environment.