bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomass and Productivity of Tropical Forest
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What factors govern the dry matter content and limit the productivity of tropical forest? Tropical forest, which occupies 4% of this planet’s surface, produces 49 billion tons of dry matter per year, containing 22 billion tons of carbon, two-sevenths of the world’s primary production (Whittaker 1975). What the factors are that limit the productivity of tropical forest is now a fashionable question. Human activities are pouring 7.1 billion tons of carbon per year into the earth’s atmosphere, of which 53% is taken back by its various ecosystems (R. F. Stallard, p. c.). The remaining 3.3 billion tons of carbon (12 billion tons of CO2) remain in the atmosphere, increasing its CO2 content by 0.4% and contributing its mite to global warming (Schlesinger 1991).
The Role of Mutualism in Tropical Forest
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tropical forest confronts us with a paradox. On the one hand, it is notorious for intense, unbridled competition. Plants struggle with each other for the available light, water, or nutrients. The timber content of tropical forest (Tilman 1988), the abundance of lianes (Putz 1984), hemiepiphytes (Todzia 1986), and epiphytes (Benzing 1990) taking advantage of other plants’ wood, and the shadiness of the forest floor, all testify to the intensity of competition for light. In their struggle for water, trees of the evergreen forest in eastern Amazonia sink roots 18 m below the soil surface (Nepstad et al. 1994).
General Evaluation
Authors: Dickie George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I shall attempt to illustrate how Hume’s theory of taste is far superior to the other four theories discussed.
The main defect of Hutcheson’s theory of taste, viewed from the point of view of our intuitions about beauty, is that it focuses on only one, albeit complex, property as beauty-making. According to his theory, all properties except uniformity in variety are excluded from the domain of beauty. The most obvious, unfortunate exclusion is that of color, which on Hutcheson’s view is to be excluded because a color is a “simple” idea.
The reason that simple ideas such as color are excluded from the domain of beauty on Hutcheson’s theory is because he held that the internal sense of beauty is triggered only by complex ideas. He assumed that it is the external senses such as vision and hearing that, in addition to functioning cognitively, can also function affectively and respond to simple ideas to produce pleasure. On his view, color and other simple ideas can produce pleasure, but these ideas are not beauty-making because they do not interact with the sense of beauty to produce their pleasure.
Introduction: What Makes Life Worth Living?
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question “What makes life worth living?” assumes that life is or can be worth living. Perhaps this is an unwarranted assumption. The question “Is life worth living?” comes first. The question is not “Is life lived?” or even “Do people seek to live out their lives?” Nor is it “Do people care about going on-possibly for as long as possible-sometimes even longer than is sensible?” These are easy questions.
Is a Science of the Conscious Mind Possible?
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the prospects for a unified scientific theory of consciousness? Traditionally, mind, consciousness, and self have all named roughly the same thing, whatever it is that makes some individual a person. My conscious self is who I am. Can science explain the conscious self? That is the question. It is one that needs to be addressed if we are to deal honestly with the conflict between the scientific image of persons and our ordinary conception. Whether there can be a science of our conscious minds, of persons, of selves depends on two things: our smarts, and whether we are fully natural beings-animals, as it were.
Self-Confidences
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of us understand how a married person might come to recognize that she and her husband have grown apart, or not grown together, despite their good intentions and the seriousness with which they took their vows. And we understand how the situation might be experienced as sufficiently intolerable-for any variety of reasons-that the individual sees no choice but to inform her loyal and relatively contented spouse that she intends to leave him. Her future is unclear, and there are costs.
Introduction
Authors: Pesce Dolores 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This collection of essays about the motet of the Middle Ages and Renaissance grew out of a conference, “Hearing the Motet,” held at Washington University in February 1994. This gathering offered scholars and performers working in one or both of these periods the opportunity to share their ideas about this repertory and to discover where their findings intersected and di verged. The conference generated a lively interchange that I hope will continue through the availability of these papers in print. The volume additionally includes a few chapters by scholars who did not participate in the conference, but whose work illustrates a vital approach to the motet today. The title Hearing the Motet reflects an increasing concern among scholars and performers with bringing to light the diverse ways in which these works may have been heard in their own time. This quest involves investigations of different sorts: examining the social-historical situation that may have prompted the creation of a motet, whether a patron’s commission or an ideological response on the composer’s part; discovering the performance context and function of a motet, particularly with respect to the liturgy; reading the texts to uncover dual meanings possibly shared only by the composer and a select audience; reading the music to discover the attractiveness and innovative spirit it offered in its own time; and reading text and music together to uncover the ways in which composers made them serve one another to yield what can rightfully be called “music-poetic” creations.
For Whom the Bell Tolls: Reading and Hearing Busnoys’s Anthoni usque limina
Authors: Wegman Rob C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Postmodernism is said to celebrate the multiplicity of meanings in musical works. What is meant by this, principally, is this: since every composition admits a variety of possible interpretations (depending on who is performing or listening), no preferred interpretation can be claimed to be objectively true, that is, immanent in the music itself. If others hear or perform the same work as we do, it cannot be the work that compels us to prefer our interpretation over theirs. The reasons for our preference must lie rather in what makes us different from others: the particular beliefs, values, interests, and paradigms that are constitutive of our musical interpretation. Rather than expecting music to be aloof from this human diversity, we should celebrate its capacity to embrace it.
Conflicting Levels of Meaning and Understanding in Josquin’s O admirabile commercium Motet Cycle
Authors: Paula Higgins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Willem Elders has pointed out in an article on the use of chant in Josquin’s motets, Josquin’s settings of five antiphon texts used at Lauds, Vespers, and other canonical hours of the Feast of the Circumcision (1 January)”O admirabile commercium,” “Quando natuses,” a Rubum quern vid erat,” “Germinavit radix Jesse,” and “Ecce Maria genuit”-”form a cycle unique in the works of Josquin in that their liturgical function is clear.” This implies that something concrete is known about these motets and the context in which they would have been performed (that is, how they were “heard”) and presents them as a good subject for discussion in a conference devoted to “hearing the motet.”
Lasso as Historicist: The Cantus-Firmus Motets
Authors: James Haar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the course of the sixteenth century there was a perceptible growth of historical consciousness on the part of musicians and students of European musical culture. The music of classical antiquity was almost completely lost, but scholars of humanistic bent could and did make careful study of ancient writings about music. As for the musical traditions of postclassical Europe, chant of course continued to be sung and to be regarded as canonical; but there is no evidence that its historical development was of interest to, or even conceptualized by, anyone. Polyphony, though denigrated by some humanists and by sixteenth-century musicians under the humanist spell, was praised by many writers and was recognized as having run a historical course. But no one attempted to sketch a history of polyphonic practice from early organum, or even Notre Dame polyphony, onwards, in the spirit of Vasari; the surviving musical evidence was scattered, multinational and probably undecipherable, and really old music-apart from chant-was sometimes physically saved, in a way an object of veneration, but was not studied as sounding art.
Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
Authors: Fuller Gerald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The experimental methods presented in this monograph concern the interaction of light with complex materials for the purpose of elucidating aspects of structure and dynamics. The interactions range from simple transmission and reflection, to scattering and nonlinear responses. Measurement of changes in the properties of the light (polarization, intensity, or frequency) is used to infer the microstructural characteristics of the sample and for this reason, the basic nature of light propagation in macroscopic media must be understood. This chapter presents the basic field equations governing the propagation of electromagnetic waves and the boundary conditions by which they are constrained.
Applications and Case Studies
Authors: Fuller Gerald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews past research that has applied methods in optical rheometry to solve problems in the structure and dynamics of complex liquids. This review is organized according to the types of complex liquids that have been studied. In addition, several case studies are provided where the reader is introduced to specific applications that have been chosen to highlight various optical techniques and the interpretation of data. These studies chronicle the execution of the experiment, including the motivation of the choice of a particular technique, the design of the instrumentation, and the experimental procedures.
The Most Disarming Virus
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1980s, a strange new epidemic emerged among North American homosexual men. It was first seen in the large gay communities of New York and California among young men who were very sexually active. These men became mysteriously ill with infections and tumors that, according to previous experience, were rarely serious and rarely combined in the same individual. Certainly they had never been seen in epidemic proportions in such a narrowly defined risk group.
HIV Baby Booms: Epidemics Rise and Fall
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the confusion of Bru and Lai strains, the 1983 and 1984 work of Montagnier and Gallo produced desperately needed antibody tests to diagnose HIV infection and monitor blood supplies. In the United States and Europe, the tests performed quite well. In Africa, however, they seemed to give false-negative results: they did not detect the expected antibodies in patients who clearly had AIDS. For a year or two, this puzzle caused three rumors to circulate. Some researchers said the tests were simply no good. Some said that AIDS was not caused by HIV after all. Others argued that AIDS was indeed caused by HIV but also by other viruses. This last rumor proved closest to the truth.
HIV-2: The Sooty Mangabey Connection
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September of 1984, the year that HIV-1 was unmistakably identified as the prime cause of AIDS, a similar virus was isolated from Asian monkeys by Ron Desrosiers at Harvard’s New England Primate Center in Massachusetts. These research animals had an AIDS-like disease, as did Asian monkeys at several other US primate facilities. None had been infected in the wild. The Harvard animals had been infected by four rhesus macaques shipped in 1970 from the California Regional Primate Center, where they were exposed in the 1960s to sooty mangabeys. On testing, the sootys proved to be SIV-positive.
This epidemic among captive primates affected only Asian monkeys, not African monkeys. The AIDS-like immunodeficiency developed over about 10 years, and SIV infection was invariably traced to housing of Asian monkeys with sooty mangabeys or injection with their blood or tissues. The new viruses were called SIV mac and SIV stm since they were isolated from diseased rhesus macaques and stump-tailed macaques
Retrovirus Survival: The Human Threat
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The SHV story shows how a retrovirus can change and spread in new species, causing disease when it was previously harmless. The story also shows that a retrovirus generally stays in its natural host species, causing little or no harm, as long as that species is widely available. As long as talapoin monkeys stay in the western equatorial rain forest, for example, SRV appears not to infect other susceptible species nearby. It enters such hosts only rarely and with insufficient persistence to establish itself. SRV and its talapoin host are mutually adapted.
Retroviral movement appears to be largely a function of environmental instability since the main force for retrovirus survival is adaptation to environmental change. Such change may concern the microenvironment of a single host or the macrocnvironment of the host community, or a combination of both. The process seems to start at the macro level, where the main factor is the availability of susceptible hosts. After all, if an accustomed host is decimated, a virus dies with the host unless it happens to gain a foothold in a new species. The new host must be susceptible and close at hand, especially if close contact is needed for transmission.
The Ideal of Public Justification
Authors: D’Agostino Fred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Remember the problem. There are a variety of different conceptions of public justification, ranged along the dimensions identified in section 9. Where there is a plurality of conceptions and where the concept is needed to play some social role, there is need to identify or construct some public conception of that concept which is fit to serve this role. In order to do so, we can usefully consider to what extent each of the available conceptions approximates the ideal of public justification, which is determined, inter alia, by functional analysis. Any adequate public conception of X must be fit to play, with respect to the realm of X, the role of X in the circumstances of X. Rawls says: “There are certain formal conditions that it seems reasonable to impose. . . . The propriety of these formal conditions is derived from the task of principles of right in adjusting the claims that persons make on their institutions and one another. If the principles of justice are to play their role ... these requirements are natural enough.” In this chapter, I consider the requirements that are “natural enough” in relation to the project of public justification.
Introduction
Authors: Lowe John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Randy Newman, “” (1974) When Randy ’s “Rednecks” came out two decades ago it seemed to speak for a moment when the South had one foot in its , magnolia-scented, but racist past, and the other in the age of pickup trucks, Sunbelt cities, and country rock. Today, even that moment seems dated. Although the racial agonies the song also speaks of still exist in all areas of the , the southern “good old boy” has had to make room for professional women, African-Americans, and new immigrants like the Vietnamese, Cambodians, and Haitians.
An Interview with Brenda Marie Osbey
Authors: Lowe John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I first met Brenda Marie Osbey in 1985, when we were both Harvard Fellows; I was lucky enough to be introduced to her poetry and her gumbo in the same evening. Moses Nkondo had insisted I come to what promised to be a memorable reading at Radcliffe: “Brenda Marie is not to be missed, especially by a fellow southerner like you!” Moses was right; Brenda electrified the audience, and I eagerly accepted his offer to introduce us. I was immediately invited to a party that featured the famous gumbo and other delicacies that were delicious and exotic, even to a fellow southerner (my native Georgia, after all, is almost as different from New Orleans as Cambridge). Brenda had somehow made her small apartment an outpost of Louisiana, decorating it with tropical colors and filling its rooms with the aroma of her famous food. Little did I know that later that same year I’d be transplanting myself to Louisiana, where Brenda Marie’s cooking-both culinary and poetic-would find compelling visual and sensual equivalents.
Robert Olen Butler: A Pulitzer Profile
Authors: Sartisky Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert Olen Butler was awarded the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his volume of short stories A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain. Born in 1945 in Granite City, Illinois, Mr. Butler served in Vietnam as a U.S. Army counterintelligence translator. That service and his subsequent residency in Louisiana where he serves on the faculty of McNeese State University at Lake Charles were the basis of stories about Vietnamese living in America. Prior to A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain, Mr. Butler published six novels that, while well-reviewed, were never commercially successful, though they have since been reissued. These include The Alleys of Eden, Sun Dogs, Countrymen of Bones, On Distant Ground, Wabash, and The Deuce. His most recent novel is They Whisper. This interview was conducted in a single two-hour session in New Orleans in the spring of 1994. MS: Robert, I gather that winning the Pulitzer Prize has changed your life. Can you talk a little bit about how? RB: Yes, it has changed it in some obvious sort of surface ways and some rather deep and profound ways as well. On the surface, certainly my life has gotten extraordinarily busy. At first, after the prize was announced-I’m cursed with call waiting-about two hundred phone calls daisy-chained their way through my life in that first eight or ten days. The accumulation of phone messages and mail has been oppressive since the middle of April.
A Portrait of the Critic As a Young Man
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first quarter-century of Seldes’ life is fascinating for a range of instructive reasons. First, perhaps predictably, because the shaping of Seldes as a mature writer can so clearly be seen in his adolescence, his college experience, and his initial years as journalist and critic—covering World War I in particular. Even so, some striking shifts in his temperament and values must also be noted. Seldes’ life did not run along a smoothly guided monorail. For instance, the self-described cultural elitist at Harvard College (1910–14) became, within a decade, the most vocal American champion of popular culture. For the remainder of his entire career, Seldes would be widely recognized as a pioneering advocate for what he called the “lively” or popular arts.
Radio and Television
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the mid-1950s, when Seldes frequently gave guest lectures and mini-courses at colleges and universities, he was invariably identified as a (or as the) radio and television critic. That designation customarily appeared also as part of the byline in his free-lance journalism—appropriately so. Early in 1952 Seldes agreed to serve as a director of the National Association for Better Radio and Television, a non-profit corporation based in Los Angeles. That same year he produced a popular Bantam paperback titled Previews of Entertainment containing advance information about more than 700 films and television and radio shows, as well as legitimate theatre productions, as a guide for the pleasure-seeking public in the United States. Seldes hoped to achieve for show business what Duncan Hines had done for dining out. Because most people enjoyed three to four hours of leisure each day, and the options were clearly multiplying, how to choose wisely became a major concern.
Body Parts That Serve As Signals
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The combs of jungle fowl are a good example of body parts that serve purely as signals. They have no other practical purpose. The comb is bigger in roosters than in hens, in older males than in younger ones, and usually bigger in dominant males than in subordinate ones. The comb is a delicate, unprotected organ; it is full of blood vessels which, as we have seen, advertise the health of the bird. No wonder that cocks, when they fight, try to injure their rivals’ combs: a profusely bleeding comb may well determine the fight.
Babblers, Competition For Prestige, And The Evolution Of Altruism
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have been studying babblers since 1970 and continue to do so as of 1997, Babblers are the only birds in Israel that we know of that live permanently in groups. As a rule, most groups have three to twelve members, though some groups have reached twenty. Babblers stay in their territories year-round and cooperate to protect them against neighboring groups of babblers and nonterritorial individuals. In breeding season all members of the group-breeding adults, nonbreeding adults, and young-take care of a single nest in the territory.
The Miracle of Modern Medicine: The Ethics of Organ Transplantation and Artificial Organs
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medieval Catholic doctors practiced under the heavenly patronage of Saints Cosmos and Damien. According to legend, the two saints were brothers who practiced medicine in fourth-century Syria. Their reputation for skill was enhanced by their generosity in caring for the poor. One day, a certain Vincent, deacon of the local church, came to their clinic. An arrowhead was embedded in his leg, which was rotting away. The holy doctors took one look at the gangrenous limb and told the deacon that their treatments would be futile. He should, they advised, take himself to church and pray for a good death. Vincent followed their advice. While at prayer, he fell asleep (as often happens). Meanwhile, the holy doctors were visited by an angel who told them to go to the church, amputate the leg of a corpse laid out for burial, amputate the sleeping Vincent’s leg, and attach the dead limb to the living man. Vincent awoke with a sound leg, and patient and doctors praised the Lord.