bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance‐Based Contracting in Wisconsin Public Health: Transforming State‐Local Relations
Authors: Chapin John , Fetter Bruce 
Published: March 2003

Wisconsin has long served as a laboratory for American federalism. In the 1990s, its public health system depended on a delicate equilibrium among federal, state, and local agencies, with little prospect for additional public funding. This article describes how the Wisconsin Division of Public Health devised a new system of funding based on a quasi‐market model, which cut the link between reimbursement and costs and at the same time gave local governments greater flexibility in providing public health services.Although they are not even mentioned in the U.S. Constitution and they are subordinate to the state in Wisconsin, local governments provide the bulk of the state's public health services (Donoghue 1979). This paradoxical imbalance between legislative power and administrative responsibility was not at issue during the nineteenth century, when public health services were rudimentary. In 1839, municipalities obtained the power to establish boards of health, and by 1883, all municipalities were required to have their own boards of health, the costs of which were left to the local taxpayers.
The Demand for Electric Energy in Saudi Arabia: an Empirical Investigation
Authors: Diabi Ali 
Published: March 2003

The demand for electricity in Saudi Arabia has grown rapidly, and a number of factors account for this growth. The aim of this paper is to estimate the level of this demand and test for its main determinants. Cross‐sectional data (i.e. regional) spanning the period 1980–92 and several estimators are used to achieve reliable estimates of the short‐run and long‐run own‐price and income elasticities.The findings seem to be quite reasonable. First, the fixed effects method seems to fit the data better. Secondly, both the sign and the size of virtually all the elasticity estimates lie within the plausible range and most of them are statistically significant at ten per cent. Overall, the empirical evidence suggests that the demand for electricity in Saudi Arabia is both price‐ and income‐inelastic. However, the influence of urbanisation on electricity consumption is clearly larger than that of real income. Thirdly, the estimated speed of adjustment implies very short adjustment lags in the demand for electricity in Saudi Arabia. And finally, among the policy issues that are of relevance is the current pricing policy, which has been making the whole electricity sector suffer a loss.
The economic cost of oil or gas production: a generalised methodology
Authors: Stauffer Thomas 
Published: March 2003

Methods for calculating the full‐cycle, economic costs of new oil or gas production are compared and tested for accuracy. The basis method, originally pioneered by M.A. Adelman, is generalised and shown to be accurate over a wide range of conditions.The estimated “costs” are most accurate where reliable data on reserves are available, but useful results are still obtainable, as long as the reservoir decline rates can be approximately determined. Even where data on expenditures in the given area are not published, synthetic costs can still be estimated by extrapolation, as long as the drilling data are believed to be reliable.The methodology is illustrated for the case of the PDO concessions in Oman.
Towards a liberalisation of standing conditions for individuals seeking judicial review of Community acts: Jégo‐Quéré et Cie SA v Commission and Unión de Pequeños Agricultores v Council
Authors: Granger Marie‐Pierre 
Published: March 2003

BackgroundThe concept of ‘individual concern’, the main admissibility requirement for actions brought by individual applicants for the annulment of Community acts not addressed to them under Article 130 EC, has traditionally been interpreted restrictively by the Community courts, thereby constituting a nearly insurmountable obstacle for individual seeking judicial review of Community acts of general application. In a recent decision, the CFI, referring to the newly adopted EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (Article 47 on the right to an effective judicial remedy), proposed a new and more liberal interpretation of that requirement, thereby widening access to judicial review for individual, companies and representative groups. The Court of Justice has not followed up, but seems to leave the door open for further developments towards a liberalisation of standing conditions.
Repercussions of the Execution of William de Braose: a Letter from Llywelyn ab Iorwerth to Stephen de Segrave1
Authors: Crump J. J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Long overlooked because of its near illegibility, this draft of a letter sent by Llywelyn ab Iorwerth to Stephen de Segrave around midsummer 1230 illuminates the complex dynastic and political problems Llywelyn faced in the wake of the execution of William de Braose for his adultery with the prince's wife Joan. The affair and the subsequent execution created tensions between Llywelyn and the princes of southern Wales, as well as jeopardizing his good relations with the royal government and the Braose family, with whom Llywelyn had been negotiating a marriage for his son Dafydd. The letter underscores the importance of family ties in Llywelyn's diplomatic policies, and reveals the failure of the royal government, preoccupied by continental ambitions and distracted by factional dispute, to respond effectively to dangerous developments on the Welsh March. These unresolved tensions and royal inattention ultimately led to the outbreak of war in south Wales in 1231.
Christian days and knights: the religious devotions and court of David II of Scotland, 1329–71*
Authors: Penman Michael A. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article surveys the development of the religious devotions and court life of David II of Scotland (1329–71). Using contemporary government and chronicle sources it discusses the favour David showed to a wide range of chivalric and pious causes, many with special personal resonance for the second Bruce king. This patronage attracted widespread support for his kingship after 1357. However, David also had political motivation for these interests, namely his agenda of securing a peace deal with Edward III of England and overawing his Scottish magnate opponents. His political circumstances meant that his legacy of chivalric and religious patronage was obscured after his early death.
Land Administration in Medieval Japan: Ito no shô in Chikuzen Province, 1131–1336
Authors: Fröhlich Judith 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe topic of land administration is central in historical studies of medieval Japan, since it provides insight into the social and economic development during the medieval period and highlights the lives of various social groups, courtiers, clerics, warriors and peasants. Based on the case of Ito no shô, an estate in northern Kyushu, this article analyses the establishment of a wide system of land administration under courtiers and central religious institutions during the twelfth century and its decline during the thirteenth century. The concurrent rise of local land managers and their social and economic activities during the thirteenth century are also explored. Finally, an assessment is made of the impact of the Mongol invasions of 1274 and 1281 on economic and social development during the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, in particular the loss of influence of central authorities in regions remote from the capital and the formation of rural communities under the leadership of local warriors.
Housing inequality in urban China in the 1990s
Authors: Logan John R. , Bian Yanjie , Bian Fuqin 
Published: March 2003

Access to housing of sufficient space and quality has been a central element in social stratification in urban China. We examine the sources of housing inequality in 1993 in Shanghai and Tianjin, when a market reform process had been underway in the national economy for nearly fifteen years. The Chinese housing allocation system favors people with political position and connections, those of higher socio‐economic background, and those whose work units have greater organizational authority. There is only slight evidence that market reform has undermined this stratification order. To the contrary, there are reasons to believe that in some respects inequalities rooted in socialism are strengthened by institutional changes. These conclusions are reinforced by comparison to results of analyses of income inequality in the same cities.L'accès aux logements suffisamment spacieux et de bonne qualité est un élément central de la stratification sociale en Chine urbaine. Nous examinons les origines de l'inégalité du logement en 1993 à Shangai?? et Tianjin alors qu'un processus de réforme du marché dans l'économie nationale est en cours depuis presque quinze ans. Le système d'allocation de logements favorise les personnes qui ont une position et des contacts politiques, les personnes d'un milieu socio‐économique élevé et celles des unités de travail qui ont une plus grande autorité d'organisation. Il y a peu de preuves que les réformes du marché aient ébranlé cette stratification. Au contraire, il y a des raisons de penser que certaines inégalités dont l'origine remonte au socialisme sont fortifiés par les changements institutionnels. Ces conclusions sont renforcées par la comparaison des résultats des analyses des inégalités des revenus dans les mêmes villes.
Mixed Embeddedness: (In)formal Economic Activities and Immigrant Businesses in the Netherlands
Authors: Kloosterman Robert , Van Der Leun Joanne , Rath Jan 
Published: March 2003

Immigrants from non‐industrialized countries have become part and parcel of the social fabric of many advanced urban economies, including those in the Netherlands. A significant number of these migrants opt for setting up shop themselves. Lacking access to large financial resources and mostly lacking in educational qualifications, they are funnelled towards the lower end of the opportunity structure of these urban economies. To survive in these cut‐throat markets, many migrant entrepreneurs revert to informal economic activities that are strongly dependent on specific social networks – mostly consisting of co‐ethnics – to sustain these activities on a more permanent basis. To understand the social position of these migrant entrepreneurs and their chances of upward social mobility, one has to look beyond these co‐ethnic networks and focus on their insertion in the wider society in terms of customers, suppliers and various kinds of business organizations. To deal with this latter type of insertion, we propose the use of a more comprehensive concept of mixed embeddedness that aims at incorporating both the co‐ethnic social networks as well as the linkages (or lack of linkages) between migrant entrepreneurs and the economic and institutional context of the host society. We illustrate this concept by presenting a case study of Islamic butchers in the Netherlands.—Les immigrants des pays pas industrialisés sont devenus une part intégrale du tissu social de nombreuses économies urbaines développées, y compris celles des Pays‐Bas. Un nombre significatif de migrants choisissent de s’établir à leur compte. N’ayant pas accès à des ressources financières importantes et ayant peu de qualifications académiques, ils sont entraînés vers le bas des structures de débouchés de ces économies. Pour survivre dans ces économies très dures, beaucoup d’entrepreneurs immigrants retournent aux activités économiques informelles qui dépendent fortement des réseaux sociaux spécifiques – principalement co‐ethniques – pour soutenir ces activités de façon plus permanente. Afin de comprendre la position sociale de ces migrants entrepreneurs et leurs possibilités de mobilité sociale vers le haut, il faut regarder plus loin que ces réseaux co‐ethniques et explorer leur insertion dans la société en général par rapport aux clients, fournisseurs et divers types d’organisation commerciales. Pour traiter de ce type d’insertion, nous proposons d’utiliser un concept d’incorporation mélangée plus compréhensif qui a pour but d’intégrer à la fois les réseaux sociaux co‐ethniques et les liens (ou manque de liens) entre les migrants entrepreneurs et le contexte économique et institutionnel de la société d’acceuil. Nous illustrons ce concept par un cas d’étude de bouchers islamiques aux Pays‐Bas.
Social and Spatial Implications of Housing Reform in China
Authors: Wang Ya Ping , Murie Alan 
Published: March 2003

Research into eastern European housing reform indicates that privatization has been accompanied by processes of social and physical exclusion and segregation. Has the Chinese housing reform been accompanied by similar problems? This paper addresses this question by examining the early evidence on the social and spatial consequences of housing reform. It begins with a discussion of the particular social and spatial patterns of Chinese cities developed during the early years of Communist control and then examines the social and spatial impacts of housing reform. It is argued that although housing reform has brought significant changes to the housing provision system and improved many urban residents' living conditions, it has not entirely broken the traditional system. Reform was to a large extent carried out within work‐unit establishments and has had very different impacts for different social and economic groups. In addition, spatial impacts in urban areas have varied between old and new areas and between rich and poor areas.La recherche sur les réformes du logement en Europe de l'est montre que la privatisation a été accompagnée de processus d'exclusion et de ségrégation physique et sociale. La réforme chinoise du logement a‐t‐elle été accompagnée de problèmes identiques? Cet article examine les premières données sur les conséquences sociales et spatiales de la réforme du logement. Il commence par une discussion des modèles sociaux et spatiaux particuliers aux villes chinoises développés durant les premières années du contrôle communiste et examine ensuite l'impact social et spatial de la réforme du logement. Bien que la réforme du logement ait apporté des changements significatifs au système de provision du logement et amélioré les conditions de vie de nombreux résidents urbains, elle n'a pas entièrement rompu avec le système traditionnel. La réforme a été en grande partie conduite à l'intérieur des établissements d'unités de travail et a eu un impact très différent sur les divers groupes sociaux et économiques. De plus, les impacts spatiaux dans les régions urbaines ont varié selon que les régions sont anciennes ou nouvelles et riches ou pauvres.
Migrant Remittances in Greece and Portugal: Distribution by Country of Provenance and the Role of the Banking Presence
Authors: Karafolas Simeon 
Published: March 2003

The article examines migrant remittances per country of origin of remittances for two emigration countries, Greece and Portugal. It also examines the relationship between remittances and the number of banks of the emigration country in the host country.From the analysis it appears that remittances are concentrated in a small number of host countries – the US and Germany for the Greek case; France (mainly) and the US, Germany and Switzerland for the Portuguese case.Remittances followed similar trends, characterized by especially high growth during the 1970s and also during the second half of the 1980s. For both countries similar trends are observed regarding the relationship between remittances and remittances per migrant with the presence of banks of the home country at the important countries of origin of remittances.The growth of the banking presence in host countries had a significant impact on the growth of migrant remittances. However, remittances and migrant population are neither the unique nor main reason for banking expansion abroad. The common European financial and banking market is expected to play a major role in the banking presence abroad, particularly in European Union countries.
Informal but Effective: Regional Consultative Processes as a Tool in Managing Migration
Authors: Von Koppenfels Amanda Klekowski 
Published: March 2003

During the 1990s, the number of regional consultative processes focusing on migration increased significantly. These non‐binding fora brought together representatives of States, civil society and international organizations at the regional level to discuss migration‐related issues in a cooperative manner.Regional consultative processes, which are increasingly supported by governments, are partly a response to the growing complexity and diversity of international migration. Their emergence attests the importance that governments attach to a regional approach to migration management.Regional processes act informally, focusing on cooperative dialogue with an emphasis on information exchange and technical cooperation. The information exchange and confidence‐building that occurs in regional processes is quite important in terms of developing links between States and influencing the likelihood of future bilateral and multilateral agreements.This article focuses upon the development of regional processes, using examples as illustrations. It suggests that the development of regional processes can be understood in terms of a four‐stage model: first, the decision to address issues of concern in a cooperative regional forum; second, to agree upon a “common language”; third, to agree upon a list of goals and, fourth, a shift toward a more operational process.
AS Level Art: Farewell to the ‘Wow’ Factor?
Authors: Hardy Tom 
Published: March 2003

The new AS level modular examinations for year 12 students in England were introduced as part of the government's Curriculum 2000 reforms designed to bring greater breadth to year 12 and 13 experience. A uniform structure of two modules followed by a synoptic timed test has been imposed on all subjects by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority [QCA]. In AS Level Art the expressive study module requires evidence of a broad engagement with different generic art forms and visual language skills. The Thematic Study requires convergence towards specific outcomes in at least two media and the Timed Test of eight hours duration requires work towards a single theme with a preparatory period of six weeks. The paper arrives in January so the two coursework modules need to be completed in a little more than a term.The four assessment objectives are as follows:1 To record observations, experiences, ideas, information and insights in visual and other forms, appropriate to intentions.2 To analyse and evaluate critically sources such as images, objects, artifacts and texts, showing understanding of purposes, meanings and contexts.3 To develop ideas through sustained investigations and exploration, selecting and using materials, processes and resources, identifying and interpreting relationships and analysing methods and outcomes.4 To present a personal coherent and informed response, realising intentions and articulating and explaining connnections with the work of others.All four objectives need to be met in each module.Although some subjects have welcomed the change, it seems that fears raised by those concerned with the teaching of art during the consultation process have been born out by the experience of the last year. Previously art teachers were free to address skills and concepts in their own way and with regard to the different aptitudes, interests and learning styles of their students. The final submission, including the exam project, was marked as a whole relying on the professional experience of the teacher and moderators to balance the requirements of the syllabus with the transcendent, the ‘wow factor’. This paper questions the value of a tiered course that is at once superficial in its expectations, draconian in content, unrealistic in its timescale and discourages work of substance.
Craft Education in Finland: Definitions, Rationales and the Future
Authors: Garber Elizabeth 
Published: March 2003

The status, content, and social factors influencing craft education in Finland, a standard subject in comprehensive schools, were examined during interviews with craft teachers, craft teacher preparers, and educational administrators. In this paper, the following areas are examined: How are crafts defined? What rationales and cultural and social factors keep craft education robust and what factors threaten it? What is perceived as the future of craft education?The status, content, and social factors influencing craft education in Finland, a standard subject in comprehensive schools, were examined during interviews with craft teachers, craft teacher preparers, and educational administrators. In this paper, the following areas are examined: How are crafts defined? What rationales and cultural and social factors keep craft education robust and what factors threaten it? What is perceived as the future of craft education? interviewees for teaching craft in schools fell into five categories: craft provides 1) cognitive development in several dimensions, 2) learning about living in the world, 3) Finnish traditions and culture, 4) social and individual growth, and 5) a break from the demands of academic subjects. All interviewees seemed to agree that teaching crafts in Finland is changing in terms of how teachers are prepared, who writes curriculum, the content of the curriculum, and the configuration of craft in the comprehensive school curriculum. Some interviewees portended a decline in craft education in public schooling, while others embraced change as part of nation building.
Principles for Managing Community Relocation as a Hazard Mitigation Measure
Authors: Perry Ronald W. , Lindell Michael K. 
Published: March 2003

Permanent relocation of communities away from hazard‐prone areas is becoming an important mitigation option for emergency management authorities throughout the world. By moving citizens permanently, one realizes two special benefits. First, relocation prevents death or injury from hazards that are minimally subject to human control ‐‐ that is, where structural mitigation measures are ineffective and forewarning is insufficient for simple evacuation. Secondly, relocation provides monetary saving so that government hazard insurance programs need not pay for repeated restorations of the same residences in the same hazard areas over a period of years.Simultaneously, there are two inherent problems with the use of a relocation policy: it constitutes a serious intrusion into citizens' lives; and non‐hazard related relocations (such as for dam construction or urban redevelopment) have a long history of negative outcomes. This paper traces the history of a community relocation in the southwestern United States, documenting citizen needs and responses to the event. Then, based on the hazards research literature and the case data, a series of principles are elaborated for creating `positive' relocation experiences. In closing, the paper looks at the international use of relocation and the potential for applying the principles.
Contingencies of Western Asylum Policy: Coping with Dilemmas and Crises
Authors: ’t Hart Paul ’T. , Wijkhuijs Vina 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this essay:K.J. Bade and M. Weiner (Eds), Migration Past, Migration Future: Germany and the United StatesR. Münz and M. Weiner (Eds), Migrants, Refugees, and Foreign Policy: U.S. and German Policies Towards Countries of OriginK. Hailbronner and D.A. Martin (Eds), Immigration Admissions: The Search for Workable Policies in Germany and the United StatesK. Hailbronner, D.A. Martin and H. Motomura (Eds), Immigration Controls: The Search for Workable Policies in Germany and the United StatesP. Schuck and R. Münz (Eds), Paths to Inclusion: The Integration of Migrants in the United States and Germany