bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
Authors: Kline Lanning B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approximately 5% of all patients with head trauma manifest an injury to some portion of the visual system. Traumatic optic neuropathy is most frequently seen in males, most often following motor vehicle and bicycle accidents. The diagnostic challenge facing the clinician during the initial evaluation of such patients is considerable. The assessment of visual function is often difficult in an individual with an altered state of consciousness. If vision is found to be impaired, decisions must be made regarding further evaluation and management based on the site of injury.
Long-Term Mortality Experience of International Cohorts of Persons with Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses
Authors: Craig Thomas J , Tang Dei-In , Sartorius Norman , Laska Eugene M , Cancro Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mortality experience of persons with schizophrenia and related psychoses has been a topic of research interest for over a century (Simpson, 1988; Allebeck, 1989; Newman and Bland, 1991; Simpson and Tsuang, 1996). Usually, the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) is used to compare mortality rates in such individuals with those of the general population. Most recent studies, predominantly in industrialized countries (Lindelius and Kay, 1973; Weiner and Marvit, 1977; Ciompi, 1980; Black, Warrack, and Winokur, 1980; Herrmann, Baldwin, and Christie, 1983; Dube, Kumar, and Dube, 1984; Wood, Everson, Cho, and Hagan, 1985; Allebeck and Wisted, 1986; Seeman, 1986; Black and Winokur, 1988; Mortensen and Juel, 1990, 1993; Brown, 1997), have consistently found a twofold or greater SMR for schizophrenic samples compared to general population rates. Some of these studies have also found SMRs higher for the young male patients than for the old and for female rather than for male patients (Seeman, 1986; Simpson, 1988; Alle-beck, 1989). Reported mortality ratios tend to decline with longer lengths of stay for inpatients or duration of follow-up for community patients (Simpson, 1988).
The Rise Of Complementary And Alternative Therapies
Authors: Bausell R Barker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1990s, people whose job it was to study trends in health care began to notice the emergence of a strange phenomenon: ordinary people appeared to be turning en masse to what were variously termed ‘‘alternative,’’ ‘‘unconventional,’’ ‘‘New Age,’’ ‘‘complementary,’’ ‘‘complementary and alternative,’’ or ‘‘integrative’’ medical practitioners. True, some conventional physicians and their organizations likened these practices to eighteenthand nineteenth-century medical charlatanism stereotypically practiced from the backs of medicine wagons. But in truth many of these complementary and alternative medicine advocates practiced under the auspices (and blessings) of our most prestigious medical schools, such as those at Harvard and Stanford. They presented themselves with impeccable professional decorum, invoking science as the basis of their practices, reassuring their audiences that their research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, and publishing their articles in prestigious mainstream medical journals.
Hernias, Diets, and Drugs
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mr. Westin had noticed a protruding lump in his lower abdomen and a nagging pain in his groin area. He asked his HMO internist about it during a physical exam. The internist suspected a hernia and referred Mr. Westin to the HMO’s surgery department. The surgeon concurred. He indicated there was no urgency, but that the hernia should be repaired surgically sometime in the next year or so.
Why Physicians Cannot Know What Will Benefit Patients
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With these case examples of how value judgments penetrate even the most seemingly routine medical decisions, it is time to step back and look at the problem more systematically. This chapter sets out the core issue—the doctor cannot be expected to know what is best for his or her patients. Then in the next three chapters I will show some reasons why sometimes patient benefit has to be sacrificed to protect patient rights, why sometimes it has to yield to societal interests, and then set out a new limited role for twentyfirst-century physicians.
Abandoning Modern Medical Concepts: Doctor’s “Orders”; and Hospital “Discharge”;
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a new medicine is on the horizon, a new language will be needed. The old terms of modern medicine will no longer do. The civil rights and women’s movements sensitized us to the offensiveness of our standard, old language. We can no longer, in good conscience, refer to a Black man as a “boy”; or a woman as a “girl”; (or sometimes even a “lady”;). We can no longer with innocence use the masculine pronouns as surrogates for gender-neutral terms. Linguistic conventions that worked well in a former era are offensive once we realize that the old assumptions are indefensible.
Medicine Can’t “Indicate”;: So Why Do We Talk That Way?
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of doctor’s orders is problematic in a partnership model of medical decision making. Doctors use another set of term that is even more problematic. They talk about certain drugs or treatments being “medically indicated,”; certain treatments being “treatments of choice,”; and under certain circumstances procedures such as abortion or withdrawal of life support being “medically necessary.”; This odd talk needs to be exposed so that we see it for what it is: attempts to clothe value judgments in medicine with a garb of medical objectivity.
Are Fat People Overweight?
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A few years ago, the National Institutes of Health (NIH)—the federal government’s medical research institute complex in Bethesda, Maryland, and the most famous medical research facility in the world—issued a set of weight “standards”; that labeled anyone with a body mass index greater than 25 as “overweight”; and anyone with an index greater than 30 as “obese.”;1 The BMI takes into account both weight and height: Body weight in kilograms is divided by the square of one’s height expressed in meters. The authors believe the goal is to have a BMI below 25. Thus, by these federal guidelines, anyone 5t99 tall should weigh less than 169 lbs. and anyone 5544 tall 145 lbs. regardless of gender. One study that group relied on concludes that in the United States 54.9 percent of adults are overweight or obese.
The Boundaries of Mental Disorders
Authors: Paris Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most people experience psychological symptoms from time to time— most of us know, for example, what it feels like to be anxious or depressed. Does that mean that everyone has a mental illness? What is the boundary between mental disorder and the normal emotional experiences, the ups and downs, of everyday life? In medicine, illness (or disease) describes a process leading to impairment of normal physiological function.
Psychiatry’s Problem Children
Authors: Paris Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mood disorders are only one of the controversial diagnoses in modern psychiatry. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociative disorders, and personality disorders can be described as psychiatry’s ‘‘problem children.’’ Some of these diagnostic categories are valid, and some are not. All of them can be over-diagnosed.
Talk Therapies: The Need for a Unified Method
Authors: Paris Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research shows that psychotherapy is a form of treatment that patients need but do not always receive. Research also shows that no single method of psychotherapy has a monopoly on effectiveness (see Chapter 2), suggesting that the method should not be labeled according to different ‘‘schools of thought’’ but instead should be considered one, integrated discipline. How much time should psychiatrists spend practicing this discipline? And what ideally would its integrated form be? Let us focus on a few possibilities, first by revisiting, for the sake of contrast, a talk therapy that once was the very definition of the term.
Training Psychiatrists
Authors: Paris Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Icompleted my residency training in 1972. As I prepared to go into practice, the divisions within my specialty, discussed throughout this book, troubled me. I had some teachers who believed that talk therapies offered the best treatment for mental illness and others who believed that drugs were more effective and should replace psychotherapies. Because most teachers had radically different points of view regarding the best approach to treatment, students like me had to make our own choices.
Psychiatry and Society
Authors: Paris Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At one time, the media would ask psychiatrists to prognosticate about every problem under the sun. After all, they were supposed to be experts on the mind. In one famous incident, for example, a group of psychiatrists opposed the candidacy of Barry Goldwater for president in 1964 because they believed that his political views provided evidence of his mental instability. Even now, psychiatric opinion in the public arena is routinely solicited, especially after a terrible event. Osama bin Laden was described as mentally disordered in the weeks following 9/11, and every witness of that horrific day was primed in the media to be at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). More recently, in the days following the events at Virginia Tech during which a student gunned down more than 30 students and faculty before killing himself, the media interviewed several psychiatrists about what may have contributed to a murderous state of mind. Diagnoses ranging from paranoid schizophrenia to antisocial personality disorder to PTSD issued forth from psychiatrists on the evening news, none of whom knew the young man as a patient.
Boys Will Be Boys Disciplinary Power and the Production of Gender
Authors: Feder Ellen K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1977 George A. Rekers, a self-styled pioneer in the treatment of gender dysphoric behavior in children, together with his colleague James W. Varni, presented a case study of one of their subjects: Nathan was referred at the age of four years, and lived in an intact family with two sisters, aged five years and eleven years. Of etiological significance, Nathan had a chronic blood disorder which required that he remain indoors under very protective circumstances to avoid even mild physical injury. As a consequence, his peer play had been almost exclusively with his two sisters. There was limited interaction between Nathan and his father or any other male figure. He frequently verbalized his wish to be a girl, and identified himself predominantly with female roles, occasionally displaying pronounced femi-nine voice inflections. Even though both boys’ and girls’ dress-up were available at pre-school Nathan dressed exclusively in girls’ clothing. His stereotypic feminine gender-role behaviors elicited comments from other children, such as ‘You can’t be a little girl.’ This concerned Nathan’s teacher and parents, and ultimately led to referral for treatment.
Steam in’ 1952–6
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jazz is sometimes seen as a history of great individual voices, instrumental soloists whose sound has the indelible singularity of a fingerprint. Ever since Louis Armstrong began to burst out of his musical surroundings in the early 1920s, jazz progress tended to be defined by the evolution of the improviser’s approach, from Armstrong’s generation to the swing masters and from there through the bebop era. Studies of ‘jazz giants’ have tended to revolve around a lineage of such names. For the most part, though, the sound which lingers in listeners’ memories is of groups of players. Armstrong’s Hot Five, the orchestras of Goodman, Ellington and Basie, the Jazz Messengers, the Modern Jazz Quartet, the bands of Cannonball Adderley and Ornette Coleman, and on into the fusion era of Weather Report and Return To Forever: all these bands could boast star soloists, but it was their ensemble sound which lent them their distinction, and settled on them an enduring kind of listener loyalty.
So What? 1958–9
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 9 September 1958, the sextet was obliged to play at what amounted to a promotional concert for Columbia’s jazz division. With artists such as Davis and Brubeck helping to dominate jazz record sales, and with Duke Ellington (who had returned to the label after a period away), Billie Holiday and Jimmy Rushing on board, Columbia may not have had the hardcore credibility of such a leading independent as Blue Note, but they were selling many more records. The label decided to celebrate their position at the head of the market with a gala concert at New York’s Plaza Hotel, featuring Ellington, Holiday and Rushing as well as the Davis band. While there seems to have been no imperative to get a record out of the event, the sextet’s set was recorded anyway, and was eventually released for the first time in 1973 as Jazz At The Plaza Vol. 1 [1]. Jimmy Cobb recalled: ‘I remember having to play Sam Woodyard’s drums [Woodyard was Ellington’s drummer], which were set up in his configuration. Miles and the rest of the band were set up, it seemed, a long way away from me, like on the other side of the room.’ The inauspicious circumstances seemed to extend to the recording, which starts with Davis so close up in the mix that his first notes are shocking, and then finds him some way from the microphones on both ‘If I Were A Bell’ and ‘Oleo’.
Identification, Situational Constraint, and Social Cognition: Studies in the Attribution of Moral Responsibility
Authors: Woolfolk Robert L , Doris John M , Darley John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ascription of moral responsibility is ubiquitous in both everyday social interaction and institutionalized social practices. The ways in which people understand and assign responsibility have been of great interest to psychologists and cognitive scientists studying social cognition and the attribution of responsibility, as well as to philosophers working in ethical theory. However, the folk theories that social perceivers employ in ascribing responsibility remain incompletely understood.
On the dot
Authors: Humez Alexander , Humez Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the humble origins of its name (Anglo Saxon for "the speck at the head of a boil"), the dot has been one of the most versatile players in the history of written communication, to the point that it has become virtually indispensable. Now, in On the Dot, Alexander and Nicholas Humez offer a wide ranging, entertaining account of this much overlooked and miniscule linguistic sign. The Humez brothers shed light on the dot in all its various forms. As a mark of punctuation, they show, it plays many roles-as sentence stopper, a constituent of the colon (a clause stopper), and the ellipsis (dot dot dot). In musical notation, it denotes "and a half." In computerese, it has several different functions (as in dot com, the marker between a file name and its extension, and in some slightly more arcane uses in programming languages). The dot also plays a number of roles in mathematics, including the notation of world currency (such as dollars dot cents), in Morse code (dots and dashes), and in the raised dots of Braille. And as the authors connect all these dots, they take readers on an engaging tour of the highways and byways of language, ranging from the history of the question mark and its lesser known offshoots the point d'ironie and the interrobang, to acronyms and backronyms, power point bullets and asterisks, emoticons and the "at-sign." Playful, wide-ranging, and delightfully informative, On the Dot reveals how thoroughly the dot is embedded in our everyday world of words and ideas, acquiring a power inversely proportional to its diminutive size.
Dit Dah: codes to sigh for
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Illustrious people’s famous last words (actual or apocryphal) can fill volumes; perhaps it is time someone did a compendium of first words as well, or at least those first messages sent along any new medium of communication. In the case of Alexander Graham Bell, the first telephone message was an urgent request to his colleague Watson to come to him, as Bell had just spilled some battery acid on himself. (The phone Watson answered was in a neighboring building, so this was not as silly a request as it might have been had Watson been all the way across town.) Generally, however, the occasion is recognized as a momentous one, for which a suitably unforgettable inaugural line is crafted with some care well in advance. Neil Armstrong’s “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind,” his first words on alighting from the lunar lander onto the surface of the moon on July 20, 1969, were certainly not a spontaneous utterance, any more than was Samuel Finley Breese Morse’s first telegraph message sent to his
Mindless Statistics
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I once visited a distinguished statistical textbook author, whose book went through many editions and whose name does not matter. His textbook represents the relative best in the social sciences. He was not a statistician; otherwise, his text would likely not have been used in a psychology class. In an earlier edition, he had included a chapter on Bayesian statistics and also mentioned (albeit in only one sentence) that there was a development in statistical theory from R. A. Fisher to Jerzy Neyman and Egon S. Pearson.
Two Theories About the Cognitive Architecture Underlying Morality
Authors: Kelly Daniel , Stich Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we compare two theories about the cognitive architecture underlying morality. One theory, proposed by Sripada and Stich (2006), posits an interlocking set of innate mechanisms that internalize moral norms from the surrounding community and generate intrinsic motivation to comply with these norms and to punish violators. The other theory, which we call the M/C model, was suggested by the widely discussed and influential work of Elliot Turiel, Larry Nucci, and others on the “moral/conventional task.” This theory posits two distinct mental domains, the moral and the conventional, each of which gives rise to a characteristic suite of judgments about rules in that domain and about transgressions of those rules. We give an overview of both theories and of the data each was designed to explain. We go on to consider a growing body of evidence that suggests the M/C model is mistaken. That same evidence, however, is consistent with the Sripada and Stich theory. Thus, we conclude that the M/C model does not pose a serious challenge for the Sripada and Stich theory.
“The Original Essence of the Dance”: History, Community, and Classic B-Boy Records
Authors: Schloss Joseph G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every hip-hop deejay knows the cuts that b-boys favor: a few energetic, bongoladen tracks from the early ’70s: “Apache” (1973), “Give It Up or Turnit a Loose” by James Brown (1969), “T Plays It Cool” by Marvin Gaye (1972), “It’s Just Begun” by the Jimmy Castor Bunch (1972), “The Mexican” by Babe Ruth (1972), and a handful of others. These songs can be heard at any b-boy event, on the soundtrack to virtually any video that shows b-boying, and on a variety of b-boy-oriented mix tapes and compact discs.
Conclusions
Authors: Schloss Joseph G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
B-boying developed when dancers from across the African diaspora found themselves living together in New York City and created a new form based on their shared sensibilities. Like twins separated at birth who have an instant rela-tionship when they meet as adults, the descendants of enslaved Africans raised in Puerto Rico, Jamaica, the South Bronx, and elsewhere created b-boying from the common roots that they recognized in each other’s cultures. Knowing this, it should not be surprising that b-boying would have profound ties to the social, cultural, spiritual, and martial traditions that preceded it.
Somatoform Disorder
Authors: Dimario Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Somatization and conversion disorders comprise two identifiable entities for which, among other things, functional neurological deficits occur in the absence of an identifiable neurological disease or medical explanation. Common presentations of these pseudoneurological disorders are psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, psychogenic alterations in consciousness, and various forms of pseudoparalysis. Individual subjects will exhibit a panoply of seizure and postictal manifestations, many of which may be difficult to casually differentiate from true epileptic events.
Acute Care
Authors: Solomon Martin P , Satin David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our health-care system for the elderly is like an old overcoat. It looked good when first purchased many years ago, trim and well-fitted to our youthful shape, with stylish features that were appealing to the eye. As our nation grew and our population aged, the increasing size and complexity of our elderly population have stretched the fabric to its limits, leading to inadequate coverage and exposing the elderly to the harsh, cold realities of illness, confusion, and shame. At the same time, the sense of responsibility to insure that our elderly are cared for appears to have lost much of the moral and political imperative that brought us as a nation to confront this issue. Any discussion of this wretched garment that constitutes health care in America, now a patchwork of different efforts to hold together some form of cover, must be retrospective. Attempting to piece together each of the threads of the system into an understandable whole can only lead to frustration and disappointment. (Chapter 4 gives more detail about the development and structure of the U.S. health-care
Models of Disciplinary Practice
Authors: Safran-Norton Clare E , Neary Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The value of teamwork in providing health care for older adults has been a strongly held tenet of geriatric medicine. In a review of the team concept, Tsukuda dated the first mention of health-care teams to Richard Cabot, who in 1915 mentioned a team involving a physician, an educator, and a social worker. The evolution of teams continued through the twentieth century, with emphasis shifting in the 1970s from public health–oriented teams to those targeting the health-care needs of specific populations. Teamwork in geriatrics is of particular importance, given the growth in numbers of this group and the complex social and health-related needs of this population.
Functioning Interdisciplinary Teams
Authors: Buchwald LInda Y , Lowenstein Nancy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disorder which engenders a multitude of problems and needs, all of which present many challenges in the areas of medical management, psychosocial intervention, and neurorehabilitation. There are challenges relating to integration and use of community resources and advocacy and problems navigating the current health-care system with a complex, chronic disorder such as MS. Complexity is added by currently evolving criteria and guidelines set by insurance companies or health-care plans, as to different types and frequencies of covered services. The prescribing physician’s care must be integrated with insurance plan eligibility. Information regarding eligibility must be kept updated and accurate.