bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusions and Future Directions
Authors: Krebs Charles J , Boonstra Rudy , Boutin Stan , Sinclair A R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kluane Region of the boreal forest has been particularly well studied during this 10-year project, and we were fortunate to begin our project with a strong background of ecological research that had been carried out since the 1950s at the Arctic Institute of North America Kluane Research Station. The boreal forest is a large and diverse ecozone, and our studies have been done on one special part of it. This caution must form the back­ ground of all our conclusions. As scientists we will generalize to the boreal forests of North America, and we hope that our results will be found to apply in general to this ecozone from Alaska to Newfoundland. But, of course, we do not know if this is correct until further work has been done in many locations to look for generalities and for differences. Ecological research is both blessed and cursed by this dilemma of applicability as it sits midway between the elegant generality of physics and the complex special cases of sociology. We generalize our results as hypotheses for future evaluation.
Crossroads of Freedom
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest day in American history, and the turning point of the whole Civil War. At the point where Confederate troops invaded Maryland, poised to take Washington, the morale of the Union was at an all time low. It had suffered a series of defeats, it seemed that foreign governments were on the verge of recognizing the Confederacy and legitimizing its cause, and the Emancipation Proclamation had been shelved indefinitely. McPherson argues that the Union victory at Antietam sharply reversed all this, and gave the Union a new raison d'être in the form of Emancipation. McPherson combines a compelling narrative of the battle itself with a clear analysis of the political situation surrounding it. The final chapters discuss the aftermath of the battle, and its reputation as a pivotal moment in American history.
Indoor Air
Authors: Wigle Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Young children in developed countries spend over 90% of their time in homes, day-care centers, schools, motor vehicles, and other indoor environments. The EPA’s Science Advisory Board over the past several years has consistently ranked indoor air pollution among the top five risks to public health in the United States. Sources of indoor air contaminants include occupant behaviors (especially smoking), water, building materials, consumer products, pets, insects, fungi, inadequately ventilated cooking and heating devices, and influx of outdoor air pollutants. Children inhale relatively high amounts of air per unit body weight per day and play at floor level, where concentrations of airborne contaminants may be relatively high. Airborne contaminants can disrupt lung growth and function during early childhood, causing persistent functional deficits and respiratory diseases.
Water
Authors: Wigle Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction of chlorinated drinking water during the early twentieth century virtually eliminated cholera, typhoid fever, and other waterborne infectious diseases in the regions served. Chlorine, a potent oxidizing agent, not only kills microbial agents but also reacts with natural organic material in raw water to produce hundreds of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). These DBPs include trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, halophenols, halogenated furanones, and other halogenated hydrocarbons. There is limited epidemiologic evidence of associations between DBPs and adverse reproductive outcomes and certain cancers. Drinking water is also subject to contamination by natural sources (e.g., nitrate from agricultural operations), waste disposal (including leachates from hazardous waste disposal sites), and leakage from solvent storage containers. Trichloroethylene, for instance, is the most frequently reported organic contaminant in groundwater in the United States and is a probable human carcinogen; it has been used extensively as a degreaser in metal and automotive industries since the 1920s and was widely used in dry cleaning for several decades.
Schumann
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert Schumann, one of the most beloved composers of the Romantic movement, embodied the passion and imaginative spirit of his age. Known for his musical and literary genius and his legendary romance with his wife Clara, Schumann was also plagued with debilitative bouts of depression that led him to live his last days in a German mental asylum. This important new biography recreates the dynamics of this man and his music with unprecedented range, offering new insight into his final years and his lasting musical achievements. Based on Schumann’s recently published journals, letters, and new research, author Eric Jensen renders a balanced portrait of the composer with both scholarly authority and engaging clarity. Biographical chapters alternate with commentary on Schumann’s piano, choral, symphonic, and operatic works, demonstrating how the circumstances of his life helped shape the music he wrote at various periods. Chronicling the forbidden romance of Robert and Clara, Jensen offers a nuanced look at the evolution of their relationship. He also follows Schuman’s creative musical criticism, which championed the burgeoning careers of Chopin, Liszt, and Brahms and challenged the musical tastes of nineteenth-century Europe. Most importantly, he presents new evidence that Schumann—locked away in the asylum at Endenich—had returned sufficiently to health to justify his removal from confinement a year before his death. Like the innovations of his final compositions from 1845-1854, his sanity was overlooked and misunderstood by his contemporaries. Jensen corrects the historical record, illuminating the tragedy of Schumann’s final days and refuting the common dismissal of his final works as the result of an unstable mind. A significant addition to music literature, Schumann is the first authoritative biography of the composer written for general readers as well as music students and historians.
Childhood and Youth
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
School He Was An Average Student,” Recalled Emil Flechsig, a close friend of Schumann during his youth, “rather dreamy and inattentive. But what soon struck me about him was the absolute certainty in his own mind that one day he would become famous. In what he would be famous-that had yet to be determined-but famous whatever the circumstances.” The “dreamy and inattentive” side of Schumann’s personality-Schumann, the romantic and impractical visionary-has been broadly affirmed by his biographers. His ambition has been all but forgotten. Zwickau, the small and tranquil town in Saxony where Schumann spent his childhood and youth, was an unlikely location for one bent on achieving fame in the world. Although he was only twelve years old when he first met Flechsig, by that age Schumann realized that his pursuit of fame would best be accomplished in the arts. Flechsig’s query-”in what Schumann would be famous”-remained unanswered for some time. But in Schumann’s mind there were only two possibilities: music or literature. Musical life in Leipzig was unusually rich. The venerable Gewandhaus concerts, created in 1781, were among the earliest and most eminent in Europe. At the time of Schumann’s residence in Leipzig, the series comprised twenty concerts per season. Other concert series included the Euterpe (orchestral concerts founded in 1824), as well as a chamber music series featuring the Matthai Quartet.
The Oresteia
Authors: Shapiro Alan , Burian Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aeschylus’ famed plays Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, and The Eumenides comprise the Oresteia, which uses the dark and convoluted story of a family curse, and a long history of murder and revenge, to raise haunting questions about the nature and the price of justice. In Agamemnon , the Argive king reaches home following his victory in the Trojan War, only to meet his death at the hand of his wife, Clytemnestra. Horrible as this deed is shown to be, we also come to understand in the course of the play how justice has been satisfied by Agamemnon’s murder. The second play in the trilogy, The Libation Bearers (Choephoroe), portrays the vengeance of Agamemnon’s son Orestes, who returns from exile to exact the price of his father’s murder. With the aid of his sister Electra, Orestes kills Clytemnestra, and her lover, Aegisthus. By spilling his mother’s blood, however, he invites the wrath of the ancient Erinyes, or Furies, and they begin to pursue him. The Eumenides shows the Furies’ pursuit of Orestes, who is protected by the younger god Apollo. Orestes is ultimately tried for his crime in Athens, and Athena, goddess of wisdom, casts the deciding vote on his behalf, and releases him from the ancient familial blood-guilt. Athena persuades the Furies to accept the new legal justice and a new role in the polis, as Kindly Ones, who will bless the city of Athens and its land. In this exciting new translation, at once faithful to the original and as fully alive as a poem in English, Alan Shapiro and Peter Burian showcase the complexity and intricate imagery of this great work of Athenian tragic poetry.
Psychiatric Disorders: Anxiety, Panic, Depression, and Somatization
Authors: Cameron Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major question in the area of interoceptive processes is, Under what conditions do they appear to function improperly? Changes associated with medical or psychosomatic disorders-cardiac and gastrointestinal disorders-have already been discussed in Chapters 8 and 9. In this chapter, changes associated with psychiatric disorders will be addressed.
DDT and Its Analogues: New Insights into Their Endocrine-Disrupting Effects on Wildlife
Authors: Guillette Louis J , Kools Stefan A E , Gunderson Mark P , Bermudez Dieldrich S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the 1940s to the beginning of the 1960s, pesticide use was seen as a major weapon against agricultural and public health pests with relatively few important detrimental consequences. However, with the publication of Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson in 1962, the public and scientific communities began to look at pesticide use differently. Pesticides did have beneficial effects, but there was a cost, and in many cases, the cost was unknown. These compounds were poi sons, and DDT and related compounds were persistent pollutants capable of bio accumulation and bio magnification within food chains.
“These Fragments We Have Shored against Our Ruin”
Authors: Parsons Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1819, the poet Wordsworth fell to comparing the autumn birdsong with his own now elderly Muse. His thoughts turned to the fresh inspiration of the Greek poets; most of their work was lost, but perhaps scholarship might recover more: O ye who patiently explore The wreck of Herculanean lore, What rapture, could ye seize Some Theban fragment, or unroll One precious tender-hearted scroll Of pure Simonides.1 He was of course to be disappointed. The buried library of Herculaneum has not been good to Greek poets-at least, not so far. Egypt did better, at least for Pindar, once systematic digging for papyri began in the late nineteenth century; but even there Simonides, a poet whom longevity and productivity had made a classic in his lifetime and a legend thereafter, remained unrepresented until quite recently. Until 1959, indeed, all that survived was a scatter of quotations to contrast with the solid reputation. The miserable remains were last comprehensively collected and commented by Schneidewin in 1835.2 After that, much scholarship accrued but no more evidence. What Diehl could offer in his Anthologia Lyrica of 1925 was the same;3 but at least it offered all, indeed more than all, of what could reasonably be attributed to this poet. It was, in this respect, a backward step that the Oxford editions, which did now have new material to add, separated the lyric Simonides in Page from the elegiac Simonides in West, and both from the epigrams.which had by then been judged to be pseudepigraphic.4 It is a great merit of the Loeb by David Campbell5 that itreunites the scattered limbs; and we must hope that the commentary in preparation by O. Poltera will do the same.6 This is not just a matter of tidiness. In Simonides, we have a supreme example of the jobbing poet who is also a celebrity: a wider range of genres and correspondingly of styles and perhaps correspondingly of occasions than any Greek poet we know—and it is the juxtaposition of his fragments that highlights his activity.
Testing “Clinical” Risk Factors
Authors: Monahan John , Steadman Henry J , Appelbaum Eric Silver Paul S , Robbins Pamela Clark , Mulvey Edward P , Roth Loren H , Grisso Thomas , Banks Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As mentioned earlier, advice to clinicians on how to assess violence risk has usually consisted of emphasizing a set of “key” risk factors that clinicians are admonished to take into account when making predictive judgments. The MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study provided an opportunity to test the relationships between a large number of these proffered risk factors and subsequent violence. The previous chapter considered risk factors taken from the “criminological” tradition-gender, prior violence and criminality, child hood experiences, and neighborhood.
Policy Frameworks, Research, and K-12 Schooling
Authors: Hope Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking back over the last 100 years, one sees a clear overall advance for music in the schools. The expertise and dedication of professional music teachers have produced regular expansions of substance and scope. Policies supporting school music programs that demand the work of such professionals have been a resounding success for education, the art of music, and culture more generally. However, many other forces are at work developing ideas and values in society as a whole. All these forces are constituted and reconstituted into policy frameworks that wield powerful influences on decision making. Aspirations, content, expert and lay personnel, organizational structures, funding patterns, and many other elements combine and recombine over time. A policy framework is a constellation of such forces and resources moving together or in parallel to fulfill a common purpose. The influences of various policy frameworks are as complex as life itself, and as difficult to understand. It is easy to be blinded by simplicity, to get lost in complexity, and to be so involved in one policy framework that the others are obscure, unreal, or beyond reasonable engagement. All these positions are dangerous. Each can thwart or stop a progressing cause. Indeed, some forces and frameworks have hurt or destroyed specific music education programs, thus slowing, but not stopping, the aggregate development of the field.
Theory, Research, and the Improvement of Music Education
Authors: Westbury Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like their colleagues in the other fields of educational theory and research, most researchers and theorists in music education assume that as the knowledge and insights that they provide the field become incorporated as best practices in schools, the improvement or at least the enhancement of music education will result. They believe that their work offers, to use the term from the epigraph from Levine’s (1986) essay, a privileged foundation for better curricula and ways of teaching.1 This chapter will seek to problematize that assumption. I will take as my starting point and as my given that neither the basic or applied research of education nor the theory building of the field has had or is having any discernible systemic effects on music teaching in either schools or studios. And how theory and research might have such an impact remains, as Olson and Bruner (1998) remind us, “almost as mysterious as when such efforts first began.” I will be arguing here that this situation is inevitable because the vision of a foundational theory and research that lead to a better practice within schooling is in principle unrealizable. My argument is grounded in the praxial movement within educational theory, which has been well outlined for music educators by, for example, McCarthy (1999). However, I will not be seeking here to extend or develop the base for the praxial perspective insofar as it bears on music education. Instead I will direct the perspective toward both the metatheory of educational theory and research and the school, the institution that hosts much of the work of music education. I will be arguing, with Elliott (1994), that without a clear understanding of the school and schooling and its context, the seeming implications for practice of any “old” or “new” philosophy of music education, body of findings from empirical research, ambitious curriculum projects, or national curricula will run headlong into the brick wall of the institution.2 I will be arguing that it is only as we have an appropriate understanding of the school and its people, the enveloping context of any program, that we will be in a position to engage in realistic improvement and reform in music education, science education, or whatever-and that that improving work will not be theoretical or research-based in any traditional way.
Self-Regulation of Musical Learning A Social Cognitive Perspective
Authors: Mcpherson Gary E , Zimmerman Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade, researchers have taken various approaches to studying how musicians acquire and refine their skills as performers. Some of the most important research has been undertaken by music psychologists who have studied the quantity and quality of experts’ practice (Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Romer, 1993; Sloboda, Davidson, Howe, & Moore, 1996). Evidence across other pursuits such as poetry, painting, mathematics, chess, and sport (Bloom, 1985; Chase & Simon, 1973; Ericsson, 1996; Hayes, 1989; see further Lehmann & Davidson, this volume) confirm findings in music (Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Romer, 1993; Sloboda, Davidson, Howe, & Moore, 1996) that experts undertake vast amounts of practice over a period of more than 10 years to perfect their skills to mastery level (Hayes, 1989; Weisberg, 1999). In music, international level violinists invest more than 10,500 hours of “deliberate practice” on their instrument by the age of 20 (an average of almost 2 hours per day across a 15-year period), in contrast to around 8,000 hours for professional players and 4,000 hours for music teachers (Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Romer, 1993). One could assume from these findings that practice does indeed make perfect.
The Neurobiology of Music Cognition and Learning
Authors: Gruhn Wilfried , Rauscher Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last century has provided a wealth of important data about cognition and learning. However, with the cognitive revolution in developmental psychology and the rise of Piaget’s theory within developmental psychology, the emphasis shifted from learning to thinking. Consequently, we now know quite a bit about children’s thinking at different ages, but we know little about how they learn. The movement away from studying children’s learning reflected more than a shift in interest; it also reflected an assumption that development and learning are fundamentally different processes. However, learning and cognition are two sides of the same coin. What one knows is largely based upon what one has learned, and learning, of course, generates knowledge. Therefore, any theory of development that has little to say about how children learn is a seriously limited theory of development. Over the past decade, the emergence of the interdisciplinary field of cognitive neuroscience has led to the realization that the neural basis of cognition and learning can be empirically studied. Such investigations commonly lead to fresh insights and theories about a variety of developmental processes. This chapter reviews current research on the neural basis of music learning and cognition with the view that neuroscientific research is as relevant to musical processes as knowledge and concepts gained from the study of, for example, perception, emotion, and motor function. Where possible, we refer the reader to relevant chapters elsewhere in this Handbook for a greater degree of technical detail.
A Comparative Review of Human Ability Theory Context, Structure, and Development
Authors: Torff Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A quick look around the world yields abundant examples of impressive human accomplishments. People are able to set new records in athletics, publish groundbreaking scientific works, and produce beautiful and challenging new music and art. Examples such as these raise old and vexing questions about the human abilities involved in complex performances like those in athletics, science, music, and art. To what extent do complex performances require abilities unique to particular domains and disciplines (e.g., language, mathematics)? To what extent are complex performances dependent upon general abilities that cut across domains and disciplines? How and why did abilities take this form, over the aeons? How do abilities change with age and experience? How can they be fostered? These questions have been tackled over the centuries by a diverse group of psychologists, philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, educators, and others focused on cognition, learning, development, and education. Historically, complex performances have posed a daunting challenge for these researchers. Accordingly, psychological work in the last century has made more headway with simpler performances that are easily measured, especially ones in laboratory settings that allow researchers to control the context in which tasks and instruments are implemented. Complex performances are far harder to study, and the psychological literature reflects this fact. As a result, practitioners and educators in many disciplines find the psychological literature too remote to be of much value (Egan, 1992).
Making Music and Making Sense Through Music Expressive Performance and Communication
Authors: Kopiez Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music and Meaning Music itself seems to be an ideal medium to communicate meaning, perhaps much more effective than language. This may apply even if the meaning is not directly related to the musical structure itself but rather to associations evoked from listening to it. As Cook (1998, p. 3f.) demonstrates in his functional analysis of television commercials, “advertisers use music to communicate meanings that would take too long to put into words, or that would carry no conviction in them ... Rock stands for youth, freedom, being true to yourself “Seen from this point of view, we participate daily in a continual experiment in which meaning is attributed to music by watching commercials. This is true regardless of the situation in which we encounter music. Generalizing more broadly: whatever stimuli human beings encounter or whichever activities they take part in, there is a constant wish to seek meaning. Already by 1894 Bolton and Meumann had published two remarkable studies. Meumann’s review investigated the impressions formed by 17 subjects upon listening to an isochronous sequence of clicks, that is, a series of events with equal temporal distance. Similarly, the 28 subjects in Bolton’s study listened to isochronous clicks and were then “invited to say anything that suggested itself to them, whatever the character” (p. 184). When asked to count the clicks, the subjects-even those with no musical appreciation at all-used counting systems that grouped the clicks into units of 2 or 4. Both authors termed the effect tic-toe effect, which has today become known as subjective rhythmization.