bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Davids Flucht zu den Philistern (1 Sam. XXI 11ff .; XXVII-XXIX)
Authors: Klein Johannes 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDeutet man das doppelte Vorkommnis der Flucht Davids zu den Philistern nicht als einen Hinweis darauf, dass es sich um ein und dasselbe Ereignis handelt, sondern in dem Sinne, dass sich verschiedene Aktionen im Leben Davids wiederholen, gewinnen beim Betrachten der Gemeinsamkeiten einige Unterschiede an Bedeutung, die auf Entwicklungen hinweisen. Derselbe Effekt wird durch den chiastischen Aufbau des Komplexes 1 Sam. xxii-xxix erzielt und durch Leitworte und -sätze unterstützt. Im Wesentlichen geht es darum, dass David eine positive Entwicklung durchmacht, er wird klüger, gelassener, vorsichtiger und ehrfürchtiger, Saul hingegen eine negative, er trachtet David immer mehr nach dem Leben. Diese Deutung steht im Einklang mit der Aussage des Herzstücks, 1 Sam. xxv, in dem das Königtum von Saul auf David in prophetischer Weise übertragen wird. Angesichts der negativen Entwicklung Sauls erscheint die Flucht Davids notwendig. Die positive Entwicklung Davids zeichnet diesen als gebührenden Nachfolger aus.
Beyond the pale
Authors: MacMullan Terrance 
Published: April 2005

The recent growth of whiteness studies has brought whiteness under increasing scrutiny as a racial category that is both constructed and morally problematic. Two approaches dominate this relatively new discourse on the proper approach to whiteness. The first approach is eliminativism, which starts from the insight that the discursive categories of race, including whiteness, lack the biological ground that Enlightenment era theorists thought they had, and therefore calls for the elimination of the idea of race. The other, more heterogeneous, approach is that of the critical conservationists who agree with the general spirit of the eliminativists (namely that the idea of whiteness lacks a biological referent) but for various reasons do not think that racial categories should be eliminated. This article suggests an alternative to these two models of whiteness studies. The alternative is grounded in the pragmatism of W. E. B. Du Bois and John Dewey. It reconciles the two dominant approaches by showing how white folk can develop a determinate, historical critique of whiteness. The pragmatist method advocated here fragments whiteness into more authentic and liberatory cultural categories that recognize the unwarranted privileges associated with whiteness and takes action to relinquish them.
Reflection
Authors: Koch Tina , Mann Susan , Kralik Debbie , van Loon Antonia M. 
Published: April 2005

In this paper, four researchers describe reflection as a component of a participatory action research cycle. We draw on our experiences and learning while undertaking three research inquiries. In the first inquiry we listen and respond to the voices of Australian Aboriginal people who live with diabetes and we share an alternate story, where fear is turned into courage, as told by these Elders. The second inquiry involves email communications with women and men who live with a chronic illness and gives a facilitator’s reflections. And the third study is a capacity building process with women who have experienced child sexual abuse. These women have used/misused alcohol, licit/illicit substances, or gambling, which has contributed to their homelessness. Confronted by many of life’s obstacles, we gain a glimmer of hope as women describe the way in which they use the participatory process to make sense of their lives. It is argued that reflection occupies a central place is participatory action research cycles of ‘look, think and act’. ‘Look, think and act’ processes are appealing precisely because they are meaningful to research participants in their everyday lives. When these processes are internalised as modus operandi, they can be sustained throughout one’s life as a strategy for building capacity or ‘moving on’. ‘Moving on’ or transition is the theoretical focus that holds these inquiries together.
Osteopontin functionally activates dendritic cells and induces their differentiation toward a Th1-polarizing phenotype
Authors: Renkl Andreas C. , Wussler Julia , Ahrens Thomas , Thoma Käthe , Kon Shigeyuki , Uede Toshimitsu , Martin Stefan F. , Simon Jan C. , Weiss Johannes M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractOsteopontin (OPN) has been shown to have T helper 1 (Th1) cytokine functions in cell-mediated immunity. Deficiency of OPN is linked to a reduced Th1 immune response in autoimmunity, infectious disease, and delayed-type allergy. Dendritic cells (DCs) are central for the induction of T-cell–mediated immunity, when initially flexible DCs are instructed by priming signals and tissue-derived factors to adopt Th1, Th2, or regulatory T-cell–inducing phenotypes. Although OPN influences the cytokine secretion of T cells and macrophages, its effects on DC polarization remain an important missing link in the understanding of OPN functions in Th1 immunity. Here we demonstrate that OPN promotes the emigration of human DCs from the epidermis and functionally activates myeloid-type DCs, augmenting their expression of HLA-DR, costimulatory, and adhesion molecules. OPN induces their Th1-promoting tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) secretion, and enhances their allostimulatory capacity. In mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs), OPN stimulates IL-12 secretion by DCs, inducing elevated interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production by T cells. Naive Th cells stimulated by OPN-activated DCs show a Th1-polarized cytokine production. Our findings identify OPN as an important tissue-derived factor that DCs encounter when traveling from peripheral sites of activation to secondary lymphatic organs, which induces DC maturation toward a Th1-promoting phenotype.
Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Authors: Rajkumar S. Vincent , Kyle Robert A. , Therneau Terry M. , Melton L. Joseph , Bradwell Arthur R. , Clark Raynell J. , Larson Dirk R. , Plevak Matthew F. , Dispenzieri Angela , Katzmann Jerry A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe hypothesized that the presence of monoclonal free kappa or lambda immunoglobulin light chains in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), as detected by the serum free light chain (FLC) assay increases the risk of progression to malignancy. Of 1384 patients with MGUS from Southeastern Minnesota seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1960 to 1994, baseline serum samples obtained within 30 days of diagnosis were available in 1148. At a median follow-up of 15 years, malignant progression had occurred in 87 (7.6%) patients. An abnormal FLC ratio (kappa-lambda ratio &lt; 0.26 or &gt; 1.65) was detected in 379 (33%) patients. The risk of progression in patients with an abnormal FLC ratio was significantly higher compared with patients with a normal ratio (hazard ratio, 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-5.5; P &lt; .001) and was independent of the size and type of the serum monoclonal (M) protein. Patients with an abnormal serum FLC ratio, non–immunoglobulin G (non-IgG) MGUS, and a high serum M protein level (≥ 15 g/L) had a risk of progression at 20 years of 58% (high-risk MGUS) versus 37% with any 2 of these risk factors (high-intermediate risk), 21% with one risk factor (low-intermediate risk), and 5% when none of the risk factors were present (low risk).
The use of time-resolved fluorescence imaging in the study of protein kinase C localisation in cells
Authors: Stubbs Christopher D , Botchway Stanley W , Slater Simon J , Parker Anthony W 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
Two-photon-excitation fluorescence lifetime imaging (2P-FLIM) was used to investigate the association of protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) with caveolin in CHO cells. PKCα is found widely in the cytoplasm and nucleus in most cells. Upon activation, as a result of increased intracellular Ca2+ and production of DAG, through G-protein coupled-phospholipase C signalling, PKC translocates to a variety of regions in the cell where it phosphorylates and interacts with many signalling pathways. Due to its wide distribution, discerning a particular interaction from others within the cell is extremely difficult

Results
Fluorescence energy transfer (FRET), between GFP-PKCα and DsRed-caveolin, was used to investigate the interaction between caveolin and PKC, an aspect of signalling that is poorly understood. Using 2P-FLIM measurements, the lifetime of GFP was found to decrease (quench) in certain regions of the cell from ~2.2 ns to ~1.5 ns when the GFP and DsRed were sufficiently close for FRET to occur. This only occurred when intracellular Ca2+ increased or in the presence of phorbol ester, and was an indication of PKC and caveolin co-localisation under these conditions. In the case of phorbol ester stimulated PKC translocation, as commonly used to model PKC activation, three PKC areas could be delineated. These included PKCα that was not associated with caveolin in the nucleus and cytoplasm, PKCα associated with caveolin in the cytoplasm/perinuclear regions and probably in endosomes, and PKC in the peripheral regions of the cell, possibly indirectly interacting with caveolin.

Conclusion
Based on the extent of lifetime quenching observed, the results are consistent with a direct interaction between PKCα and caveolin in the endosomes, and possibly an indirect interaction in the peripheral regions of the cell. The results show that 2P-FLIM-FRET imaging offers an approach that can provide information not only confirming the occurrence of specific protein-protein interactions but where they occur within the cell.
Strain-specific differences in Neisseria gonorrhoeae associated with the phase variable gene repertoire
Authors: Jordan Philip W , Snyder Lori AS , Saunders Nigel J 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Background
There are several differences associated with the behaviour of the four main experimental Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains, FA1090, FA19, MS11, and F62. Although there is data concerning the gene complements of these strains, the reasons for the behavioural differences are currently unknown. Phase variation is a mechanism that occurs commonly within the Neisseria spp. and leads to switching of genes ON and OFF. This mechanism may provide a means for strains to express different combinations of genes, and differences in the strain-specific repertoire of phase variable genes may underlie the strain differences.

Results
By genome comparison of the four publicly available neisserial genomes a revised list of 64 genes was created that have the potential to be phase variable in N. gonorrhoeae, excluding the opa and pilC genes. Amplification and sequencing of the repeat-containing regions of these genes allowed determination of the presence of the potentially unstable repeats and the ON/OFF expression state of these genes. 35 of the 64 genes show differences in the composition or length of the repeats, of which 28 are likely to be associated with phase variation. Two genes were expressed differentially between strains causing disseminated infection and uncomplicated gonorrhoea. Further study of one of these in a range of clinical isolates showed this association to be due to sample size and is not maintained in a larger sample.

Conclusion
The results provide us with more evidence as to which genes identified through comparative genomics are indeed phase variable. The study indicates that there are large differences between these four N. gonorrhoeae strains in terms of gene expression during in vitro growth. It does not, however, identify any clear patterns by which previously reported behavioural differences can be correlated with the phase variable gene repertoire.
Lack of association between Chlamydia Pneumoniae serology and endothelial dysfunction of coronary arteries
Authors: Ferrari Markus , Werner Gerald S , Richartz Barbara M , Oehme Albrecht , Straube Eberhard , Figulla Hans R 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Background
Recent publications brought up the hypothesis that an infection with Chlamydia Pneumoniae (CP) might be a major cause of coronary artery disease (CAD). Therefore, we investigated whether endothelial dysfunction (ED) as a precursor of atherosclerosis might be detectable in patients with previous infection with CP but without angiographic evidence of CAD.

Methods
We included 16 patients (6 male / 10 female) of 52 consecutive patients with normal coronary angiography who had typical angina pectoris and pathologic findings in the stress test. Exclusion criteria were: active smoker, elevated cholesterol, hypertension, age > 65 years, diabetes mellitus, treatment with ACE-inhibitors, or known CAD. Blood sample analysis for serum titer against CP (aCP-IgG) was performed after coronary angiography. We looked for endothelial dysfunction analyzing the diameter of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) before and after acetylcholine (ACh) i. c. Quantitative analysis of luminal diameter (LD) was performed in at least two planes during baseline conditions and after ACh for 2 minutes in dosages of 7.2 μg/min and 36 μg/min with an infusion speed of 2 ml/min. Using Doppler guide wire, the coronary flow velocity was measured continuously in the LAD. The coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) was measured after 20 μg adenosine i. c.

Results
10 patients had an elevated aCP-IgG (> 1:8). 6 patients with negative titers (aCP-IgG ≤ 1:8) served as control (CTRL). Both groups were comparable in age, gender, angina class, results of non-invasive stress-test and the baseline values of LD and flow. In the CP positive group 3 patients (30%) did not show an increase of LD after ACh as evidence of ED. In the CTRL group 4 patients (67 %) had ED. There was no association between aCP-IgG and changes of coronary blood flow after ACh. All patients showed normal CFVR (3.0 ± 0.27) irrespective of their aCP-IgG values.

Conclusion
In patients with typical symptoms of coronary ischemia but without angiographically visible CAD and absence of other factors affecting the endothelial function, a previous infection with CP is not associated with endothelial dysfunction.
Diabetes (db/db) mutation-induced endometrial epithelial lipoapoptosis: Ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis of reproductive tract atrophy
Authors: Garris David R 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Background
The diabetes (db/db) mutation in C57BL/KsJ mice promotes a progressive cytolipidemia within the endometrial epithelial (EE) layer of the female reproductive tract which results in premature cellular and organ atrophy. The current studies focus on the ultrastructural and cytochemical changes which promote nuclear apoptosis and cytostructural disruption following the expression of endometrial hypercytolipidemia which promotes diabetes-associated organoinvolution and manifest infertility.

Methods
Control (normal:+/+) and diabetes (db/db) genotype groups were prepared for high resolution light microscopic analysis of cytolipidemia and nuclear apoptosis (TUNEL-labeled 3'-DNA fragmentation) indices and compared to the transmission electron (TEM) microscopic analysis of endometrial tissue samples collected from 8–16 week-old groups.

Results
Compared to controls, db/db mutation expression induced a dramatic increase in EE cytolipid vacuole volume and density within the epithelial endometrial layer. TEM analysis revealed that cytolipid vacuole accumulations initially aggregated at the baso-polar regions of UEE cells in response to the systemic hyperglycemic/hypertriglyceridemic conditions which characterized the (db/db) groups. Progressive cytoplasmic movement of the lipid pools into perinuclear compartments of affected EE cells induced nuclear isolation from organelles that were displaced towards peripheral cytoplasmic compartments. Cytochemical analysis of lipid vacuole accumulations indicated attraction towards, and incorporation within, the nuclear envelope of hyperlipidemic cells. Co-localization of nuclear apoptotic 3'-DNA fragments within identified hyperlipidemic EE cells was coincident with the cytochemical and ultrastructural identification of lipid penetration through the nuclear envelope in db/db mutants.

Conclusion
These results are the first cytochemical indication that the metabolic disturbances in db/db mutants which promote hypercytolipidemia are coincident with lipoapoptosis-induced nuclear dissolution, as denoted by DNA fragmentation analysis. The lipidemia-induced alterations in intracellular organelle and nuclear architectures suggests that the metabolic disturbances in glucose and lipid metabolic cascades in diabetes (db/db) mutants disrupts cytointegrity, culminating in nuclear disregulation (as indicated by lipoapoptosis) and eventual premature reproductive tract organoinvolution and resultant, manifest, reproductive sterility.
The Complications of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Prevention Trial (CAPT): rationale, design and methodology
Authors:   The Complications of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Prevention Trial study group
Published: April 2005

Background The Complications of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Prevention Trial (CAPT) is a randomized clinical trial to evaluate whether prophylactic laser treatment to the retina can prevent the complications of the advanced stage of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Methods CAPT is conducted in 23 clinical centers and in three central resource centers. The primary outcome measure is change in visual acuity; secondary outcomes include the incidence of complications of AMD, changes in other measures of visual functioning and vision-related quality of life. In total, 1052 patients with two high-risk eyes were enrolled. One eye was randomized to receive laser treatment and the other eye to observation. All patients were treated immediately after randomization and again at 12 months, dependent on clinical status. All patients are followed via study visits and telephone calls for a minimum of five years. Study visit procedures include established tests of visual function conducted by examiners masked to the treatment assignment of each eye, a biomicroscopic examination by CAPTophthalmologists, and photographs of each eye taken according to protocol and assessed by masked graders in a centralized Photograph Reading Center. Results This paper describes the CAPT study, including study rationale, operational structure, and measures implemented to ensure standardization of assessments, adherence to protocol, quality assurance, and maintaining follow-up. Several features related to study design and procedures that are specific to CAPT are highlighted, including clinic selection and judgements regarding patient eligibility. Conclusions An intervention that can reduce the risk of advanced AMD by 30% in the eyes of people with two high-risk eyes may halve the rate of bilateral blindness from AMD. It would also yield substantial savings in expenditures devoted to treating advanced AMD and the disability it causes, and enhance the quality of life for people at risk.
Treatment effects monitoring committees and early stopping in large clinical trials
Authors: Kiri Antariksha , Tonascia Susan , Meinert Curtis L 
Published: April 2005

Background Treatment effects monitoring is a process carried out over the course of a trial to determine whether it should continue unaltered. The purpose of monitoring is to protect persons enrolled from harm, caused either by exposure to an ineffective or harmful treatment or failure to provide a better treatment. The aim of this paper is to characterize treatment effects monitoring committees (TEMCs) as extant in published trials and to examine the effect of their presence on the premature stopping of a trial. Methods Trials published in 1990–1995 in the Annals of Internal Medicine, Archives of Internal Medicine, British Medical Journal, Journal of the American Medical Association, Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine or Controlled Clinical Trials were identi”ed via MEDLINE (4279 publications). Abstracts were screened to include only trials with parallel treatment designs and sample sizes of ¶200, reducing the set to 661 papers. Those papers were then read, reducing the set to 562 after exclusion of papers not reporting trial results. The results that follow come from a review of these 562 published papers and from the responses to two questionnaires. The ”rst was mailed to the corresponding author, and the second to the chair of the monitoring body or other contact as provided by the author in response to the ”rst questionnaire. Results Less than half (48%) of the 562 trials had TEMCs. Factors having a positive univariate relationship with the presence of a TEMC include National Institutes of Health (NIH) sponsorship, larger sample size, multicentered, longer data collection and follow-up, and mortality as an outcome. Most of the early stops occurred in trials with TEMCs (66 out of 78). The odds ratios for early stopping for trials with TEMCs versus those without TEMCs was 4.4 (CI: 2.3–8.5). Conclusions The evidence suggests that early stopping is associated with the presence of a TEMC, but a substantial number of trial reports do not mention the presence of a TEMC even when one was used to stop a trial early.
How Much Better Are the Most-Prestigious Journals? The Statistics of Academic Publication
Authors: Starbuck William H. 
Published: April 2005

Articles in high-prestige journals receive more citations and more applause than articles in less-prestigious journals, but how much more do these articles contribute to knowledge? This article uses a statistical theory of review processes to draw inferences about differences value between articles in more-prestigious versus less-prestigious journals. This analysis indicates that there is much overlap in articles in different prestige strata. Indeed, theory implies that about half of the articles published are not among the best ones submitted to those journals, and some of the manuscripts that belong in the highest-value 20% have the misfortune to elicit rejections from as many as five journals. Some social science departments and business schools strongly emphasize publication in prestigious journals. Although one can draw inferences about an author’s average manuscript from the percentage in top-tier journals, the confidence limits for such inferences are wide. A focus on prestigious journals may benefit the most prestigious departments or schools but add randomness to the decisions of departments or schools that are not at the very top. Such a focus may also impede the development of knowledge when mediocre research receives the endorsement of high visibility.