bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linguistic Engineering: Language and Politics in Mao's China. By JI FENGYUAN. [Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2004. 351 pp. $50.00. ISBN 0-8248-2536-5.]
Authors: Erbaugh Mary S. 
Published: March 2005

Can the nightmare of language control in Orwell's 1984 work in reality? Linguistic Engineering offers a detailed look at Cultural Revolution slogans and draconian punishments for ‘incorrect’ speech, especially in schools and the workplace. Ji offers much-needed evidence from linguistics and psychology that, even for Red Guards, new vocabulary for ‘class struggle’ against ‘cow ghosts and snake gods’ could not produce a complete or permanent change in thought. Language control is fortunately impossible, however much intellectuals or propagandists may wish. Mere exposure to a phrase does not mean people will learn it, much less believe it. Humans inevitably interpret the world by experience, context and possible rewards, using humour, subversion, indifference, and simple daily routine to find ways to live around even the most oppressive propaganda.Linguistic Engineering focuses mainly on the spoken language of political discussion groups and propaganda between 1966 and 1972, with additional examples from school textbooks, and some model literature and operas. Once labels like ‘rightist,’ ‘bad element’ or ‘capitalist roader’ became linked with everything from ostracism to job loss to prison, passionate battles erupted. Traditional four character phrases such as “confess without being pressed” (bu da zi zhao) grew heavily politicized. Other new vocabulary, however, such as ‘tractor’ or ‘work unit’ was a more benign reflection of new technology and social systems, and remains part of everyday life.Lazy research mars what should have been a better book. Most of the Chinese examples are lifted from English language secondary sources by political scientists, then back-translated (well) into Chinese. Other examples come from English language memoirs of former Red Guards. They are rather unevenly chosen and cited, but most examples have already received meticulous discussion over the past 30 years. This book uses the term ‘Maoist worship,’ for example, very simplistically, ignoring the extensive literature on the distinctions between religious rites and political rallies. The term ‘linguistic engineering’ itself, comes not from Stalin, but from his propagandist, Zhadnov, who said writers are “engineers of human souls.” Other sections are original, but less compelling (e.g. the heroine of the model opera, “On the Docks,” gets 42 per cent of the dialogue).
Socialism and Intrafirm Asset Allocation
Authors: Joerg Petra , Loderer Claudio , Roth Lukas 
Published: March 2005

Abstract We rely on a survey of Swiss firms to document deviation from first‐best for reasons of internal ‘fairness’ when allocating resources. This ‘socialist’ practice is more widespread in smaller than in larger firms. It ignores the reputation and past performance of the managers who apply for funding, but takes into account their hierarchical position and their past use of resources. Socialism is only partially explained by concerns about empire building and managerial optimism, and it is not meant to benefit shareholders.
A randomised comparison of microwave endometrial ablation with transcervical resection of the endometrium; follow up at a minimum of five years
Authors: Cooper Kevin G. , Bain Christine , Lawrie Lisa , Parkin David E. 
Published: March 2005

Objective  To compare long term outcomes following microwave endometrial ablation (MEA) or transcervical resection of the endometrium (TCRE).Design  Follow up of a randomised controlled trial.Setting  Gynaecology department of a large UK teaching hospital.Population/Sample  Two hundred and thirty‐nine participants in a randomised comparison of MEA with TCRE.Methods  Collection of patient completed postal questionnaires and operative databank review.Main outcome measures  Women's satisfaction with and acceptability of treatment, menstrual symptoms, changes in health‐related quality of life and additional treatments received.Results  Two hundred and thirty‐six of the original 263 women returned questionnaires (90%) after a minimum of five years post‐treatment. Women allocated to MEA were significantly more likely to be totally or generally satisfied with treatment (86%vs 74%; difference 12%, 95% CI 2% to 23%), to find it acceptable (97%vs 91%; difference 6%, 95% CI 1% to 13%) and would recommend it (97%vs 89%; difference 8%, 95% CI 1% to 14%). Bleeding and pain scores were highly significantly reduced following both MEA and TCRE, achieving amenorrhoea rates of 65% and 69%, respectively. The hysterectomy rate after a minimum of five years was 16% in the MEA and 25% in the TCRE arm.Conclusions  Both techniques achieve significant and comparable improvements in menstrual symptoms, and health‐related quality of life. While high rates of satisfaction with treatment and acceptability of treatment are achieved by TCRE, these are significantly lower than levels following MEA. These long term data, when combined with the trials' operative findings and known costs of both procedures, now inform us that MEA is a more effective and efficient treatment for heavy menstrual loss than TCRE.
Mechanical properties of femoral trabecular bone in dogs
Authors: Pressel Thomas , Bouguecha Anas , Vogt Ute , Meyer-Lindenberg Andrea , Behrens Bernd-Arno , Nolte Ingo , Windhagen Henning 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Studying mechanical properties of canine trabecular bone is important for a better understanding of fracture mechanics or bone disorders and is also needed for numerical simulation of canine femora. No detailed data about elastic moduli and degrees of anisotropy of canine femoral trabecular bone has been published so far, hence the purpose of this study was to measure the elastic modulus of trabecular bone in canine femoral heads by ultrasound testing and to assess whether assuming isotropy of the cancellous bone in femoral heads in dogs is a valid simplification.

Methods
From 8 euthanized dogs, both femora were obtained and cubic specimens were cut from the centre of the femoral head which were oriented along the main pressure and tension trajectories. The specimens were tested using a 100 MHz ultrasound transducer in all three orthogonal directions. The directional elastic moduli of trabecular bone tissue and degrees of anisotropy were calculated.

Results
The elastic modulus along principal bone trajectories was found to be 11.2 GPa ± 0.4, 10.5 ± 2.1 GPa and 10.5 ± 1.8 GPa, respectively. The mean density of the specimens was 1.40 ± 0.09 g/cm3. The degrees of anisotropy revealed a significant inverse relationship with specimen densities. No significant differences were found between the elastic moduli in x, y and z directions, suggesting an effective isotropy of trabecular bone tissue in canine femoral heads.

Discussion
This study presents detailed data about elastic moduli of trabecular bone tissue obtained from canine femoral heads. Limitations of the study are the relatively small number of animals investigated and the measurement of whole specimen densities instead of trabecular bone densities which might lead to an underestimation of Young's moduli. Publications on elastic moduli of trabecular bone tissue present results that are similar to our data.

Conclusion
This study provides data about directional elastic moduli and degrees of anisotropy of canine femoral head trabecular bone and might be useful for biomechanical modeling of proximal canine femora.
Development of depressed mood predicts onset of psychotic disorder in individuals who report hallucinatory experiences
Authors: Krabbendam Lydia , Myin‐Germeys Inez , Hanssen Manon , de Graaf Ron , Vollebergh Wilma , Bak Maarten , van Os Jim 
Published: March 2005

Objectives. Current psychological theories state that the clinical outcome of hallucinatory experiences is dependent on the degree of associated distress, anxiety, and depression. This study examined the hypothesis that the risk for onset of psychotic disorder in individuals with self‐reported hallucinatory experiences would be higher in those who subsequently developed depressed mood than in those who did not.Design. A prospective cohort study of a general population sample.Methods. A sample of 4,670 individuals with no lifetime evidence of any psychotic disorder were interviewed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Schedule (CIDI) at baseline and 1 and 3 years later. At Year 3, individuals with CIDI evidence of psychotic symptoms were interviewed by clinicians to identify potential onset of psychotic disorder. Psychotic disorder was specified at three levels; two involving severity of positive symptoms of psychosis, and one using additional clinical judgment of need for care.Results. Given the presence of hallucinatory experiences at baseline, the increase in risk of having the psychosis outcome at Year 3 was higher in the group with depressed mood at Year 1 than in the group without depressed mood at Year 1 (any level of psychotic symptoms: risk difference 17.0%, 95% CI −1.7, 35.7; severe level of psychotic symptoms: risk difference 21.7%, 95% CI 3.2, 40.2; needs‐based diagnosis of psychotic disorder: risk difference 16.8%, 95% CI 0.4, 33.3).Conclusion. The results are in line with current psychological models of psychosis that emphasize the role of secondary appraisals of psychotic experiences in the onset of clinical disorder.
Contemporary composite techniques: The impact of a forensically‐relevant target delay
Authors: Frowd Charlie D. , Carson Derek , Ness Hayley , McQuiston‐Surrett Dawn , Richardson Jan , Baldwin Hayden , Hancock Peter 
Published: March 2005

Purpose. Previous laoratory‐based research suggests that facial composites, or pictures of suspected criminals, from UK computerized systems are named correctly about 20% of the time. The current work compares composites from several such systems following a more realistic interval between seeing an ‘assailant’ and constructing a composite. Included are those used by police in the UK (E‐FIT, PROfit and sketch), and the USA (FACES), and a system in development (EvoFIT).Method. Participant‐witnesses inspected a photograph of a celebrity for 1 minute and then 2 days later constructed a composite from one of these systems using a procedure closely matching that found in police work; for example, the use of a Cognitive Interview and computer operators/artists who were appropriately trained and experienced. Evaluation was assessed mainly by asking independent observers to name the composites. Two common auxiliary measures were used, requiring composites to be matched to their targets (sorting), and photographs to be chosen from an array of alternatives (line‐up).Results. Composite naming was surprisingly low (3% overall), with sketches named best at 8%. Whereas composite sorting revealed a broadly similar pattern to naming, photo line‐ups gave a poor match.Conclusion. With a 2 days delay to construction, the results suggest that, while likenesses can be achieved, few composites would be named in police work. The composite sorting data provide further evidence that the computerized systems tested perform equivalently but are poorer than the manually‐generated sketches. Lastly, the data suggest that line‐ups may be a poor instrument for evaluating facial composites.
Association analysis of the dopamine transporter (DAT1)‐67A/T polymorphism in bipolar disorder
Authors: Keikhaee M.R. , Fadai F. , Sargolzaee M.R. , Javanbakht A. , Najmabadi H. , Ohadi M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn imbalance in the dopaminergic system in humans has been hypothesized to contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of psychiatric illnesses, including bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. We performed a case/control study on the DAT1 (HUGO approved symbol SL6A3) gene core promoter polymorphism −67A/T to analyze the possible association of either allele of this polymorphism with bipolar disorder. The allele and genotype frequencies of the polymorphism were studied in 136 patients and 163 controls, which were matched on the basis of sex, age, and ethnicity. The genotype frequencies in the patients group were as follows: AA 30.9%; AT 55.1%; TT 14% versus the genotype frequencies in the control group: AA 49%; AT 41.8%; TT 9.2% [χ2 = 10.3, df = 2, OR = 2.15 (95% CI 1.34–3.47, P ≤ 0.006]. The T‐allele of the −67A/T polymorphism revealed a ∼1.4‐fold excess in the patients group comparing with the controls (P ≤ 0.003). For the first time, these findings provide tentative evidence of the contribution of the DAT1 gene core promoter polymorphism to the etiopathophysiology of bipolar disorder at least in the Iranian population that we have studied. Interestingly, no allelic or genotype association was observed in the female patients (P ≤ 0.6 and P ≤ 0.7, respectively). Replication studies of independent samples and family‐based association studies are necessary to further evaluate the significance of our findings. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reevaluation and improved design of the TEM cell in vitro exposure unit for replication studies
Authors: Nikoloski Neviana , Fröhlich Jürg , Samaras Theodoros , Schuderer Jürgen , Kuster Niels 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell system developed by Litovitz et al. and utilized by Penafiel et al. for the exposure of cells in T25 flasks at 835 MHz has been reevaluated for the purpose of replicating the studies published by Penafiel. The original setup has been reconstructed as closely as possible, with improvements enabling blinded exposures, forced cooling and better repeatable positioning of the flasks, as well as tight exposure and environmental parameter control. The signal unit can simulate the original signal but also enables various other exposure schemes. The setup has been evaluated for four T25 flasks filled with 5 and 10 ml of cell medium by experimental and numerical means. Comparing E field, SAR and temperature measurements resulted in good agreement: <0.4 dB (4.5%) for E field and 0.48 dB (10.5%) for SAR. The overall average SAR within the medium is 6.0 W/kg at 1 W input power with a standard deviation of less than 52%. The temperature increase was determined to be 0.13 °C/(W/kg). This can be reduced to 0.045 °C/(W/kg) by applying active air flow cooling. The comparison of SAR values from temperature measurements with the corresponding simulated values resulted in excellent agreement. These results do not correspond to the previous study reporting an average SAR within the medium of 2.5 W/kg at an input power of 0.96W. Bioelectromagnetics 26:215–224, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Landmarks for the greater petrosal nerve
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Custis James W. , Salter E. George , Sheetz James , Zehren Steven J. , Oakes W. Jerry 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe anatomy of the greater petrosal nerve while within the middle cranial fossa is lacking in the English literature and must be well understood by the surgeon who operates in this area. Twenty‐two sides from six female and five male cadavers were examined. Measurements were made between the greater petrosal nerve as it coursed through the middle cranial fossa and surrounding structures such as the arcuate eminence and lateral wall of the middle cranial fossa. Mean distances from the arcuate eminence to the hiatus of the greater petrosal nerve into the middle cranial fossa measured 17.5 mm (SD = 2.2). The length of this nerve within the middle fossa was approximately 10 mm (SD = 2). From the lateral wall of the middle fossa to a midpoint of the greater petrosal nerve mean distances measured 39 mm (SD = 2.4). The mean distance from the foramen spinosum to the exit of this nerve inferior to the trigeminal ganglion measured 7 mm (SD = 1.8). These measurements will hopefully aid the surgeon who wishes to expose or avoid the greater petrosal nerve within the middle cranial fossa. Clin. Anat. 18:210–214, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axillopectoral muscle (Langer's muscle)
Authors: Turgut Hasan Basri , Peker Tuncay , Gülekon Nadir , Anil Afitap , Karaköse Mustafa 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn a routine dissection of the axillary fossa, a muscle originating from the coracoid process of the scapula and extending to the long head of triceps brachii muscle was observed. The mentioned muscle was adhering to both the triceps brachii muscle and the tendinous part of the latissimus dorsi muscle. This anatomical variation is referred to as axillary arch (Langer's muscle or axillopectoral muscle). The muscle mass was measured 9.6 cm in length and 1.4 cm in width. The accessory muscle can be a reason of an axillary mass and can exert pressure on the neighboring neurovascular bundle or lymph routes; thus, exposing a wide range of symptoms. Therefore, variations of this area should be kept in mind in surgical interventions. Clin. Anat. 18:220–223, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cancer, Medicaid enrollment, and survival disparities
Authors: Bradley Cathy J. , Gardiner Joseph , Given Charles W. , Roberts Caralee 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current article examined survival for adults < 65 years old diagnosed with breast, colorectal, or lung carcinoma who were either Medicaid insured at the time of diagnosis, Medicaid insured after diagnosis, or non‐Medicaid insured.METHODSThe authors hypothesized that subjects enrolling in Medicaid after they were diagnosed with cancer would explain disparate survival outcomes between Medicaid and non–Medicaid‐insured subjects. The authors used the Michigan Tumor Registry, a population‐based cancer registry covering the State of Michigan, to identify subjects who were diagnosed with the cancer sites of interest (n = 13,740). The primary outcome was all cause mortality over an 8‐year time period.RESULTSSubjects who enrolled in Medicaid after diagnosis with cancer had much lower 8‐year survival rates relative to Medicaid‐enrolled and non‐Medicaid subjects. These reductions in survival were partly due to a high proportion of lung carcinoma and late‐stage cancers within the sample of subjects who enrolled in Medicaid after diagnosis. The likelihood of death was two to three times greater for subjects enrolled in Medicaid relative to subjects who were not enrolled in Medicaid once the analysis was stratified by cancer site and stage.CONCLUSIONSDisparities in cancer survival were apparent between subjects enrolled in Medicaid and subjects not enrolled in Medicaid. From a policy perspective, cancer survival in the Medicaid population cannot be improved as long as 40% of the population enrolls in Medicaid after diagnosis with late‐stage disease. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Calculation of critical buckling loads for finite length externally constrained thin circular cylinders
Authors: Hexiang Lu , Jinhua Hou , Williams F. W. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe problem of the buckling of finite length externally constrained thin circular cylinders is solved to yield a generalized eigenvalue problem with constraint conditions. The solution is based on an inverse iteration procedure in which the non‐linear complementary equation is solved by a non‐smooth version of Newton's method that saves computer time and space when compared to a linear complementary algorithm. The numerical results show that the method proposed is effective and that the critical buckling load of the constrained cylinder is almost independent of the length of the cylinder, unlike the critical load of free (unconstrained) thin cylinders. In the direction of its axis, the shell is discretized by finite strips which circumferentially use straight bar and beam displacement functions. It is proved that when the widths of the strips approach zero, the geometrical relationships used in this paper approach those of Koiter–Sanders cylindrical shell theory. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel steroidogenic factor‐1 homolog (ff1d) is coexpressed with anti‐Mullerian hormone (AMH) in zebrafish
Authors: von Hofsten J. , Larsson A. , Olsson P.E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstractff1d is a novel zebrafish FTZ‐F1 gene with sequence characteristics indicating similar basic regulatory mechanisms as the previously characterized ff1 based on the presence of an FTZ‐F1 box in the DNA binding domain and an interactive domain (I‐Box) and an AF‐2 in the ligand binding domain. The highest sequence similarity was found between ff1d and ff1b (NR5A4), a gene previously shown to be a functional homolog to the steroidogenic factor 1 (SF‐1). The expression pattern of ff1d was comparable to ff1b both in brain and gonads in adults and in the pituitary and interrenal cells in embryos. SF‐1 is crucial in mammalian steroidogenesis and in sex determination by regulating the anti‐Mullerian hormone (AMH). In fish, AMH has not been described previously. In this study, we cloned a partial zebrafish AMH. AMH was detected in growing oocytes, the ovarian follicular layer and testicular Sertoli cells, similar to the mammalian pattern, suggesting a conserved role between zebrafish and mammalian AMH. Teleosts lack a gene homolog to SRY, which constitute the universal testis‐determining factor in mammalian sex determination. Comparison of sequences and expression patterns indicate that ff1d is a new candidate for sex determination and differentiation in a way similar to SF‐1, possibly involving AMH. Developmental Dynamics 233:595–604, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chiral Auxiliaries as Docking/Protecting Groups in Biohydroxylation:(S)‐Specific Hydroxylation of Enantiopure tert‐Butyl‐Substituted Spirooxazolidines Derived From Cyclopentanone
Authors: Münzer Dieter F. , Griengl Herfried , Moumtzi Alexandra , Saf Robert , Terzani Tullio , de Raadt Anna 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn enantiopure tert‐butyl‐substituted derivative of cyclopentanone, which is a vital member of the chiral docking/protecting group series, is employed, for the first time, to stereoselectively (90 % de) introduce an (S)‐configured hydroxyl group onto an unactivated carbon atom present in the cyclopentane ring using the fungus Beauveria bassiana ATCC 7159. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
2‐(Benzylsulfanyl)‐6‐chloro‐9‐isopropylpurine, a Valuable Intermediate in the Synthesis of Diaminopurine Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Taddei David , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe synthetic potential of a novel precursor of 2,6‐diaminopurine CDK inhibitors, 2‐(benzylsulfanyl)‐6‐chloro‐9‐isopropylpurine, is described. The Traube purine synthesis was chosen to prepare the required 2‐(benzylsulfanyl)hypoxanthine intermediate. Attempts to prepare its purin‐6‐yl methanesulfonic ester analogue failed. Conversion to the 6‐chloropurine derivative enabled the introduction of arylamines in the presence of catalytic amounts of acid. Further chemical variety was introduced on the purine through a regioselective Mitsunobu N‐9 alkylation. Oxidative cleavage of the 2‐(benzylsulfanyl) leaving group with an aliphatic amine was implemented as previously reported. Purvalanol A, a potent CDK inhibitor, was synthesised using this methodology. The template and intermediates were fully characterised by modern spectroscopic techniques and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)