bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutive modelling of aggregate interlock in concrete
Authors: Jefferson A. D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA model for formed cracks in concrete is presented. The model can be used in isolation for existing cracks or linked with other damage or plasticity models and applied once a crack has fully formed. It can be applied directly to interface finite elements or used to control the behaviour of crack planes in more general constitutive models that are applied to 2D and 3D continuum elements. The focus of the present development is on aggregate interlock and crack closing behaviour, which is examined from available experimental data. A contact function is derived and is used to differentiate between three contact states. These states are named open, where there is no contact, interlock, for which the stresses depend upon the nearest distance to the contact surface and closed, for which the stresses depend upon the relative displacements directly. The model is developed within an elasto‐plastic framework using effective stresses, which are related to the total stresses via a contact proportion function. The relationship between the effective normal and shear yield stresses is found to be parabolic and the yield shear stress to be dependent upon the opening and embedment displacements. The performance of the model is assessed against experimental data from shear‐normal tests and it is concluded that the model is able to represent the key characteristics of the behaviour of formed cracks in concrete. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mobile lipid production after confluence and pH stress in perfused C6 cells
Authors: Barba Ignasi , Mann Paul , Cabañas Miquel E. , Arús Carles , Gasparovic Charles 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNMR‐visible mobile lipid (ML) has been observed in aggressive tumors and also in in vitro tumor cell models subjected to growth‐inhibiting conditions, such as confluence or low‐pH stress. The aim of the present study was to determine if ML production after confluence or low pH stress in a cultured cell model of brain tumor is due to growth arrest alone. ML was observed in situ by one‐ and two‐dimensional 1H NMR in viable but growth‐arrested C6 glioma cells superfused for a period of 48 h after harvesting. The rate of ML production in cells harvested at subconfluence was compared to the rate in cells confluent for one cell cycle and to the rate in subconfluent‐harvested cells superfused at low pH (pH 6.1). Confluent‐harvested cells produced ML at a markedly greater rate than that of cells harvested at subconfluence, suggesting the involvement of prior cell–cell contact rather than simple growth arrest. A high rate was also observed in subconfluent‐harvested cells subjected to low pH, indicating that ML in pH‐stressed cells also does not arise from growth arrest alone. Furthermore, two‐dimensional data on the degree of unsaturation of the ML fatty acyl chains and one‐dimensional 31P and two‐dimensional 1H NMR data on the GPC content of the cells suggest distinct metabolic pathways for the production of ML following confluence and low‐pH stress. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abbreviations used:

ACSF

artificial cerebrospinal fluid

GPC

glycerophosphocholine

ICr

initial creatine

ML

NMR‐visible mobile lipid

PCr

phosphocreatine

PLA1

phospholipase A1

PLA2 phospholipase A2

TG triacylglycerol.
FAIR exempting separate T1 measurement (FAIREST): a novel technique for online quantitative perfusion imaging and multi‐contrast fMRI
Authors: Lai Song , Wang Jiongjiong , Jahng Geon‐Ho 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new pulse sequence, dubbed FAIR exempting separate T1 measurement (FAIREST) in which a slice‐selective saturation recovery acquisition is added in addition to the standard FAIR (flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery) scheme, was developed for quantitative perfusion imaging and multi‐contrast fMRI. The technique allows for clean separation between and thus simultaneous assessment of BOLD and perfusion effects, whereas quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) and tissue T1 values are monitored online. Online CBF maps were obtained using the FAIREST technique and the measured CBF values were consistent with the off‐line CBF maps obtained from using the FAIR technique in combination with a separate sequence for T1 measurement. Finger tapping activation studies were carried out to demonstrate the applicability of the FAIREST technique in a typical fMRI setting for multi‐contrast fMRI. The relative CBF and BOLD changes induced by finger‐tapping were 75.1 ± 18.3 and 1.8 ± 0.4%, respectively, and the relative oxygen consumption rate change was 2.5 ± 7.7%. The results from correlation of the T1 maps with the activation images on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis show that the mean T1 value of the CBF activation pixels is close to the T1 of gray matter while the mean T1 value of the BOLD activation pixels is close to the T1 range of blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracellular trafficking of a tagged and functional mammalian olfactory receptor
Authors: Ivic Lidija , Zhang Cen , Zhang Xinmin , Yoon Sung Ok , Firestein Stuart 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTagged G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been used to facilitate intracellular visualization of these receptors. We have used a combination of adenoviral vector gene transfer and tagged olfactory receptors to help visualize mammalian olfactory receptor proteins in the normal olfactory epithelium of rats, and in cell culture. Three recombinant adenoviral vectors were generated carrying variously tagged versions of rat olfactory receptor I7. The constructs include an N‐terminal Flag epitope tag (Flag:I7), enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion protein (EGFP:I7), and a C‐terminal EGFP fusion (I7:EGFP). These receptor constructs were assayed in rat olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and in a heterologous system (HEK 293 cell line) for protein localization and functional expression. Functional expression of the tagged receptor proteins was tested by electroolfactogram (EOG) recordings in the infected rat olfactory epithelium, and by calcium imaging in single cells. Our results demonstrate that the I7:EGFP fusion protein and Flag:I7 are functionally expressed in OSNs while the EGFP:I7 fusion is not, probably due to inappropriate processing of the protein in the cells. These data suggest that a small epitope tag (Flag) at the N‐terminus, or EGFP located at the C‐terminus of the receptor, does not affect ligand binding or downstream signaling. In addition, both functional fusion proteins (Flag:I7 and I7:EGFP) are properly targeted to the plasma membrane of HEK 293 cells. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 50: 56–68, 2002
A finite volume method with a modified ENO scheme using a Hermite interpolation to solve advection diffusion equations
Authors: Balaguer A. , Conde C. , López J. A. , Martínez V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper we have developed a finite volume ENO scheme, third‐order accurate, based on cell averages and a TVD Runge–Kutta time discretization to solve advection–diffusion equations in a two‐dimensional spatial domain. We have designed a special interpolating polynomial based on a modified ENO scheme and a Hermite procedure which avoids the excessive smearing in regions with sharpconcentration fronts and the overcompression effects produced by the modified ENO technique. Thesemodifications do not affect the non‐oscillatory philosophy since we compare divided differences inthe modified ENO scheme and in the evaluation of the Hermite polynomial derivatives. Numericalresults compare favourably with their respective analytical solutions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing Culture for Competitive Advantage at United Parcel Service
Authors: Soupata Lea 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCompetitive advantage traditionally is seen as a function of excellence in products, systems, marketing, or other operational attributes of a business. UPS has led in many of these areas. Its fundamental competitive strength, however, derives from the organization's unique culture, which has spanned almost a century, growing deeper all along. This culture provides solid, consistent roots for everything the company does, from skill training to technological innovation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Currents: Books in Brief
Authors: Lawton LaRoi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Roots and Future of Management TheoryProfit From the Core: Growth Strategy in an Era of Turbulence90 Days to Launch: Internet Projects on Time and on BudgetThe Six Sigma Revolution: How General Electric and Others Turned Process into ProfitsIn Good CompanyEvolve! Succeeding in the Digital Culture of TomorrowLessons from the Heart of American Business: A Roadmap for Managers in the 21st CenturyThe Passion Plan at Work: A Step‐by‐Step Guide to Building a Passion‐Driven OrganizationThe Inner Work of Leaders: Leadership as a Habit of MindCorporate Sin: Leaderless Leadership and Dissonant WorkersThe HR ScorecardPlace to Space: Migrating to Ebusiness ModelsBuilding the Integrated CompanyProtecting Your Company's Intellectual Property: A Practical Guide to Trademarks, Copyrights, Patents, & Trade SecretsGaming the System: Stop Playing the Organizational Game
Nigrostriatal pathway laterality in unlesioned old female rats
Authors: Mishima Akira , Fujii Tomoko , Matsumura Nobuko , Maruyama Daisuke , Hishikawa Keiichi , Nakaki Toshio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe investigated whether there is an imbalance in the nigrostriatal pathway in unlesioned young (8 weeks) and old (20 months) female rats. Rotation behavior and stepping tests were employed to evaluate the functional laterality of this pathway. In the absence of methamphetamine, there was no preference in the rotational direction in young rats but there was temporally consistent rotational preference in old rats. Methamphetamine injection (5 mg/kg, i.p.) uncovered the imbalance of rotational direction in young rats and enhanced in old rats. Old rat showed a temporally consistent rotational direction preference, as measured weekly for three consecutive weeks. Neither the presence nor the absence of methamphetamine affected rotational direction during the three weeks. Furthermore, statistical analyses revealed lateral malfunctions, which had been predicted from the methamphetamine‐induced rotational test, to be consistent with those revealed by the stepping test in old rats. On the other hand, there was no temporal consistency in young rats. These results suggest that old female rats have a persistent functional imbalance of the nigrostriatal pathway.
Analyzing and visualizing a discretized semilinear elliptic problem with Neumann boundary conditions
Authors: Hwang Tsung‐Min , Wang Weichung 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA semilinear elliptic equation dΔu − u + up =0 over the unit ball in ℝ2 with positive solution and the homogeneous Neumann boundary condition is considered. This equation models applications like chemotactic aggregation and biological pattern formation. Recent theoretical analyses on the equation suggest little continuous solution properties. Focusing on solving the discretized version of the equation, this work proposes an efficient algorithm that combines a newly developed discretization scheme on polar coordinates with a fast Fourier solver. An analysis of the induced matrix structures proves the algorithm converges to positive solutions; the analysis also establishes the q‐axial symmetry and monotonicity behavior of the solutions. Based on the q‐axial symmetry property, Numerical experiments were conducted to visualize various solution forms that are new to the best of our knowledge. The experiments also illustrated sensitivity behavior of the solutions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 261–279, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/num.10006
Refined mixed finite element method for the elasticity problem in a polygonal domain
Authors: Farhloul M. , Paquet L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to study a mixed formulation of the elasticity problem in plane polygonal domains and its numerical approximation. In this mixed formulation the strain tensor is introduced as a new unknown and its symmetry is relaxed by a Lagrange multiplier, which is nothing else than the rotation. Because of the corner points, the displacement field is not regular in general in the vicinity of the vertices but belongs to some weighted Sobolev space. Using this information, appropriate refinement rules are imposed on the family of triangulations in order to recapture optimal error estimates. Moreover, uniform error estimates in the Lamé coefficient λ are obtained for λ large. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 323–339, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/num.10009
Superconvergence of a finite element method for the biharmonic equation
Authors: Lin Jiafu , Lin Qun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCiarlet‐Raviart's scheme is a finite element method for solving the mixed formulation of the biharmonic equation. So far, there has been no superconvergence for the vorticity from this method if a general rectangular mesh is used. In this article, we deal with the biquadratic elements under the uniform rectangular mesh and prove for the first time a superconvergence for the vorticity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 420–427, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/num.10010
An hp‐adaptive refinement strategy for hypersingular operators on surfaces
Authors: Heuer Norbert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn adaptive refinement strategy for the hp‐version of the boundary element method with hypersingular operators on surfaces is presented. The error indicators are based on local projections provided by two‐level decompositions of ansatz spaces with additional bubble functions. Assuming a saturation property and locally quasi‐uniform meshes, efficiency and reliability of the resulting error estimator is proved. A second error estimator based on mesh refinement and overlapping decompositions that better fulfills the saturation property is presented. The performance of the algorithm and the estimators is demonstrated for a model problem. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 396–419, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/num.10011
Indecomposable quasi‐characteristics scheme on pyramidal stencil and its application for numerical simulation of two‐phase flows through heterogeneous porous medium
Authors: Kwak Do Young , Levin Mikhail P. , Lee Sungyun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new high‐resolution indecomposable quasi‐characteristics scheme with monotone properties based on pyramidal stencil is considered. This scheme is based on consideration of two high‐resolution numerical schemes approximated governing equations on the pyramidal stencil with different kinds of dispersion terms approximation. Two numerical solutions obtained by these schemes are analyzed, and the final solution is chosen according to the special criterion to provide the monotone properties in regions where discontinuities of solutions could arise. This technique allows to construct the high‐order monotone solutions and keeps both the monotone properties and the high‐order approximation in regions with discontinuities of solutions. The selection criterion has a local character suitable for parallel computation. Application of the proposed technique to the solution of the time‐dependent 2D two‐phase flows through the porous media with the essentially heterogeneous properties is considered, and some numerical results are presented. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 44–55, 2002
Development and testing of the patient expectations and satisfaction with prenatal care instrument
Authors: Omar Mildred A. , Schiffman Rachel F. , Bingham C. Raymond 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAddressing consumer needs requires the development of a valid means of specifically measuring pregnant women's satisfaction with prenatal care. This study's purpose was to develop items for, to pilot‐test, and to examine the structural validity of the Patient Expectations and Satisfaction with Prenatal Care (PESPC) instrument. Extant literature and information obtained from focus groups were used in the development. The PESPC was pilot‐tested with a sample of 114 pregnant women receiving prenatal care. To structurally validate the PESPC, data collected from 587 women who participated in a cross‐sectional, self‐administered survey were used. Structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis were used to develop and cross‐validate the PESPC. The PESPC was found to be structurally valid, and the subscales of Expectations and Satisfaction demonstrated acceptable levels of internal consistency. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24: 218–229, 2001
Variation in tuna fish catches in pacific prehistory
Authors: Fraser K.L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe archaeological evidence from Pacific faunal assemblages held in the Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa, is reviewed. An emphasis on inshore fish and fishing is demonstrated, while evidence for offshore fish, such as tuna, is slight. Yet ethnographic accounts of fishing in the Pacific often contain detailed descriptions of offshore fishing expeditions to catch pelagic fish, including tuna, and these fish continue to occupy a significant place in the cultural life of many Pacific island communities. The uneven representation of tuna in archaeological sites is not thought to derive from any known taphonomic process, but fairly represents the relative abundance of tuna in catches throughout the Pacific. Discontinuities in catch frequency do not follow any known variations in natural abundance, and the preferred explanation is cultural choice. Moreover, in sites where tuna were a major component of the catch, there appears to be a small but consistent decline in their relative abundance, again believed to reflect cultural–historical, rather than natural, processes. It is suggested that the social importance, as well as economic aspects of tuna fishing, need to be incorporated in explanations for the presence of tuna in archaeological sites. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency of cribra orbitalia in the subadult medieval population from Gruczno, Poland
Authors: Piontek J. , Kozlowski T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this work is to present data on the frequency of cribra orbitalia in the skulls of children from a Polish medieval population cemetery in Gruczno and to compare the results with the frequency of this phenomenon in adult populations. The frequency of cribra orbitalia was investigated in 92 skulls belonging to individuals who died between the ages of 0 to 15 years. The Hengen scale (1971) and the Nathan & Haas scale (1966) as modified by Robledo et al (1995) were used. The frequency of cribra orbitalia in children whose age at death was between 0 and 7 years was 47.1%, and in children who died between 7 to 15 years was 50.0%.The results described allow us to conclude that the living conditions of the medieval population of Gruczno did not guarantee the good health of children and adolescents. They were exposed to a variety of factors, in particular to pathological factors, disturbing their growth and development. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimum‐time control of systems with Coulomb friction: near global optima via mixed integer linear programming
Authors: Driessen Brian J. , Sadegh Nader 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis work presents a method of finding near global optima to minimum‐time trajectory generation problems for systems that would be linear if it were not for the presence of Coulomb friction. The required final state of the system is assumed to be maintainable by the system, and the input bounds are assumed to be large enough so that the role of maintaining zero acceleration during finite time intervals of zero velocity (the role of static friction) can always be assumed by the input. Other than the previous work for generating minimum‐time trajectories for robotic manipulators for which the path in joint space is already specified, this work represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first approach for generating near global optima for minimum‐time problems involving a non‐linear class of dynamic systems. The reason the optima generated are near global optima instead of exactly global optima is due to a discrete‐time approximation of the system (which is usually used anyway to simulate such a system numerically). The method closely resembles previous methods for generating minimum‐time trajectories for linear systems, where the core operation is the solution of a Phase I linear programming problem. For the non‐linear systems considered herein, the core operation is instead the solution of a mixed integer linear programming problem. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
State and output feedback design for robust tracking of linear systems with rate limited actuators
Authors: Lin Zongli , Pachter Meir , Banda Siva , Shamash Yacov 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA design technique (Control of Uncertain Systems with Bounded Inputs, Tarbouriech S, Garcia G, (Eds), Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, vol. 227, Springer: Berlin, 1997; 173–186) recently proposed for stabilization of a linear system with rate‐limited actuators is utilized to design feedback laws that cause the system output to track a desired command signal. This design technique combines two design techniques recently developed for linear systems with position limited actuators, piecewise‐linear LQ control (Automatica, 1994; 30: 403–416) and low‐and‐high gain feedback (IEEE Trans. Automat. Control, 1996; 41: 368–378), and hence takes advantage of both design techniques, while avoiding their disadvantages. In the case that only the output is available for feedback, the performance of the state feedback law is preserved by the use of a fast observer. An open‐loop exponentially unstable fighter aircraft is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control design method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of government in maintaining rural water supplies: caveats from Malawi's gravity schemes
Authors: Kleemeier Elizabeth 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMalawi earned a great deal of praise for its programme to build gravity‐fed piped water schemes in rural areas, because the government limited its own role by turning over many responsibilities to the community. Unfortunately, the government has not been able to provide the supporting services and recurrent financing necessary under even this limited role. As a result, the schemes are functioning at about 50% of capacity. These problems did not arise because programme designers and implementers neglected to plan for operation and maintenance. Rather, they thought that a very good system was in place. However, both observers and those directly concerned failed to identify or act on flaws in the planned system for a number of reasons, such as the blinding success of the construction programme, and a willingness to accept rather than evaluate underlying critical assumptions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.