bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A method of spotting retrieval of similar intervals using frame‐wisely renewing query
Authors: Sekimoto Nobuhiro , Nishimura Takuichi , Takahashi Hironobu , Oka Ryuichi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe authors propose a method called the Rutic method for detecting time‐series intervals similar to a sequentially entered time‐series query in a large‐scale time‐series database containing data such as video or audio data. Although conventional methods such as RIFCDP or IPM handled sequentially entered time‐series queries, they required a relatively large amount of calculations and were unsuitable for real‐time retrieval from a large database. The proposed method enables retrieval results for the sequentially entered time‐series query to be output for each entered frame. Since the Rutic method requires few calculations, it enables spotting retrieval to be implemented in real time. This paper describes the algorithm of the Rutic method and verifies its effectiveness by performing experiments using video retrieval to compare it with other methods. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(4): 65–76, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20072
Michael Additions of Aldehydes and Ketones to β‐Nitrostyrenes in an Ionic Liquid
Authors: Kotrusz Peter , Toma Stefan , Schmalz Hans‐Günther , Adler Andreas 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMichael additions of different aldehydes and ketones to β‐nitrostyrene and 2‐(β‐nitrovinyl)thiophene in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim]PF6) were studied. β‐Nitrostyrene was a better acceptor than 2‐(β‐nitrovinyl)thiophene, in terms of both reactivity and selectivity. Aldehydes proved to be better donors than ketones, which were themselves better than β‐diketones. L‐proline proved to be the best catalyst among seven organocatalysts tested. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Asymmetric Electrophilic α‐Amination of Carbonyl Groups
Authors: Greck Christine , Drouillat Bruno , Thomassigny Christine 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe electrophilic amination constitutes an unconventional C−N bond‐forming reaction. Asymmetric versions have been developed using chiral reagents or catalysts and starting from optically pure substrates. The aminated products can be obtained with high stereoselectivities. These methodologies are flexible routes for the synthesis of α‐amino acids and nitrogen heterocycles. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Diastereoselective Synthesis of β‐Amino‐α‐(trifluoromethyl) Alcohols from Homochiral α‐Dibenzylamino Aldehydes
Authors: Andrés José M. , Pedrosa Rafael , Pérez‐Encabo Alfonso 
Published: March 2004

AbstractHomochiral α‐dibenzylamino aldehydes, prepared from the corresponding α‐amino acids, react with trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane in THF at 0 °C to afford, in good yields and dr, β‐amino‐α‐(trifluoromethyl) alcohols; anti diastereomers were formed as major products in the trifluoromethylation reaction whereas syn diastereomers were obtained as single isomers in a two‐step procedure. Swern oxidation of the mixtures formed in the trifluoromethylation leads to the corresponding α‐dibenzylamino trifluoromethyl ketones which undergo diastereoselective reduction with sodium borohydride. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Computational Study on the Effects of Substituents and Functional Groups in the Isomerization of 1‐ and 2‐Substituted Propenes, Acetaldimines, and Aldehydes
Authors: Chuang Chi‐Hsiang , Lien Min‐Hsiung 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe have performed ab initio molecular orbital calculations on 1‐ and 2‐substituted propenes, acetaldimines, and aldehydes — H3CC(X)=Y and XCH2CH=Y (Y = CH2, NH, O; X = H, CH3, NH2, OH, F) — to investigate the effects that substituents and functional groups have on their isoelectronic (except X = H) tautomerism. Structures for all stationary points (keto forms, enol forms, and transitions states) were optimized at the HF/6−31G**, MP2(full)/6−31G*, and B3LYP/6−31G** levels of theory and were characterized by frequency calculations. We performed intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculations at the HF/6−31G** level of theory to connect the transition structures with their local minima along the reaction path. In the transition structures, the migrating H4 atom is slightly out of plane, with a dihedral angle H4−C2−C1−Y3 (d4) of < 12°. In the keto−enol and imine−enamine series, the keto forms are thermodynamically more stable than their counterparts by ca. 30 kcal·mol−1 regardless of the site of substitution. In the 2‐substituted propene (Y = CH2) series, the enol forms are lower in energy than the keto forms by ca. 3−10 kcal·mol−1. There is a very good linear correlation between the relative energies and the electronegativity (Pauling scale) of the non‐hydrogen atom in Y of the functional group C=Y; the coefficient of the linear regression ranges from 0.98624 to 0.99963 for the six tautomeric series at the G2 level of theory. We explain the effects that the substituents have on the relative energies in terms of the changes in bond dissociation energies (by means of isodesmic reactions) and the dispersion of the charge through resonance effects (NBO analysis). These “enolization” processes all have rather high activation energies of 56−78 kcal·mol−1 at the G2 levels of theory. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A Study of the Conjugate Addition of Thionucleophiles to 2(5H)‐Furanones
Authors: Busqué Felix , de March Pedro , Figueredo Marta , Font Josep , González Lluïsa 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSeveral new 4‐thio‐4,5‐dihydro‐2(3H)‐furanones were prepared by the conjugate addition reactions of different thioacids, dithioacids, xanthates and dithiocarbamates to 2(5H)‐furanones. When 5‐methyl‐2(5H)‐furanone was used as the electrophilic substrate, the reaction was diastereoselective affording exclusively thecis‐α,β‐disubstituted butanolides. Some adducts were selectively hydrolysed to deliver a free thiol functionality. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
First Evidence for Wheland Intermediates in Azo‐Coupling Reactions − Reactions between 1,3,5‐Tris(dialkylamino)benzene and Arenediazonium Salts
Authors: Boga Carla , Del Vecchio Erminia , Forlani Luciano 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe have investigated reactions between 1,3,5‐tris(1‐piperidyl)benzene and 1,3,5‐tris(4‐morpholinyl)benzene and 4‐substituted arenediazonium tetrafluoroborate salts, mainly by NMR spectroscopic measurements. The main products are σ complexes (Wheland‐like intermediates) which are formed in almost quantitative yields and are moderately stable compounds. From these covalent complexes, products of the azo‐coupling reaction may be obtained as salts or as free bases. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Efficient FeIII‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Ji Shun‐Jun , Zhou Min‐Feng , Gu Da‐Gong , Jiang Zhao‐Qin , Loh Teck‐Peng 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes through FeIII‐catalyzed electrophilic substitution reactions of indoles with various aldehydes in ionic liquid is described. It was found that the ionic liquids involving FeCl3·6H2O were the most efficient catalytic systems, and could be simply recycled without significant loss of activity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis of α‐Hederin, δ‐Hederin, and Related Triterpenoid Saponins
Authors: Plé Karen , Chwalek Martin , Voutquenne‐Nazabadioko Laurence 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe synthesis of α‐hederin (3‐O‐[α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1⇄2)‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl]hederagenin, 1), δ‐hederin (3‐O‐(α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl)hederagenin, 3), and three related triterpenoid saponins is described as part of a study of the structure−activity relationships between triterpenoid saponins and hemolytic activity. 4‐Methoxybenzyl α‐L‐arabinopyranoside (11) was synthesized first and then used to prepare the different arabinose acceptors. Glycosylation between the acceptors and 2,3,4‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (20) was performed in excellent yield to give the desired disaccharides. Coupling of the trichloroacetimidate derivatives of the disaccharides to allyl‐ or methylhederagenin gave the protected saponosides in high yields. The saponins and their corresponding methyl esters were then obtained in good to moderate yields after deprotection. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Video compression for multicast environments using spatial scalability and simulcast coding
Authors: Wan Wade K. , Chen Xuemin , Luthra Ajay 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA common problem with many video transmission applications is the wide range of available bandwidths between the server and different clients. These environments require efficient multicast video service, the capability to transmit and receive the same video sequence at different resolutions. Two approaches to achieve multicast service are scalable coding (dependent bitstream coding) and simulcast coding (independent bitstream coding). One would expect scalable coding to have higher coding efficiency because a scalable coded bitstream can exploit similar information in another bitstream. This reasoning would suggest that multicast implementations should only use scalable coding for maximum coding efficiency. However, this article shows results where simulcast coding has been found to outperform spatial scalability (one type of scalable coding). In this article, methods are described to select between simulcast coding and spatial scalability for multicast video transmission. These techniques can be used to determine the proper multicast coding approach for providing service to clients with different communication links. The methodology described can also be used to construct decision regions to guide more general scenarios or adaptively switch between the two coding approaches. A number of important results were obtained that may be directly applicable to commercial multicast systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 331–340, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10065
Macroblock‐based progressive fine granularity scalable video coding
Authors: Wu Feng , Li Shipeng , Sun Xiaoyan , Zeng Bing , Zhang Ya‐Qin 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA novel highly efficient macroblock‐based progressive fine granularity scalable (MBPFGS) video coding scheme that can optimally balance drifting errors and coding efficiency is proposed in this article. In order to improve coding efficiency, the existing PFGS video coding scheme uses a set of high‐quality references to predict the enhancement layers. However, potential drifting errors may arise because high‐quality references may not always be available at the decoder when channel bandwidth fluctuates. To solve this problem, we first analyze when drifting errors occur and how they will propagate. Then, an iterative model is established to estimate the drifting errors at the encoder. Meanwhile, three new INTER modes are proposed for the coding of macroblocks at the enhancement layers. One of these modes provides an effective and flexible method to reduce the drifting errors at low enhancement bit rates. Furthermore, we present a decision‐making mechanism to select the proper coding mode for each macroblock at the enhancement layers. Experimental results show that the proposed techniques can dramatically reduce drifting errors at low enhancement bit rates, while significantly improving coding efficiency, up to 2.3 dB in average PSNR, compared with MPEG‐4 FGS at moderate or high bit rates. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 297–307, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10071
Regulation of the voltage gated K+ channel Kv1.3 by the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4‐2 and the serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase SGK1
Authors: Henke G. , Maier G. , Wallisch S. , Boehmer C. , Lang F. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe stimulation of cell proliferation by insulin like growth factor IGF‐1 has previously been shown to depend on activation of voltage gated K+ channels. The signaling involved in activation of voltage gated K+ channel Kv1.3 includes the phosphatidylinositol‐3 (PI3) protein kinase, 3‐phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase PDK1 and the serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase SGK1. However, nothing is known about mechanisms mediating the stimulation of Kv1.3 by SGK1. Most recently, SGK1 has been shown to phosphorylate and thus inactivate the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4‐2. The present study has been performed to explore whether the regulation of Kv1.3 involves Nedd4‐2. To this end Kv1.3 has been expressed in Xenopus oocytes with or without coexpression of Nedd4‐2 and/or constitutively active S422DSGK1. In oocytes expressing Kv1.3 but not in water injected oocytes, depolarization from a holding potential of −80 mV to +20 mV triggers rapidly inactivating currents typical for Kv1.3. Coexpression of Nedd4‐2 decreases, coexpression of S422DSGK1 enhances the currents significantly. The effects of either Nedd4‐2 or of SGK1 are abrogated by destruction of the respective catalytic subunits (C938SNedd4‐2 or K127NSGK1). Further experiments revealed that wild type SGK1 and SGK3 and to a lesser extent SGK2 are similarly effective in stimulating Kv1.3 in both, presence and absence of Nedd4‐2. It is concluded that Kv1.3 is downregulated by Nedd4‐2 and stimulates by SGK1, SGK2, and SGK3. The data thus disclose a novel mechanism of Kv1.3 channel regulation. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 194–199, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidermal growth factor inhibits 14C‐α‐methyl‐d‐glucopyranoside uptake in renal proximal tubule cells: Involvement of PLC/PKC, p44/42 MAPK, and cPLA2
Authors: Jae Han Ho , Yeong Park Ji , Jung Lee Yun , Taub Mary 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe effect of EGF on 14C‐α‐methyl‐d‐glucopyranoside (α‐MG) uptake and its related signaling pathways were examined in primary cultured rabbit renal proximal tubule cells (PTCs). Epidermal growth factor (EGF) (50 ng/ml) was found to inhibit α‐MG uptake, a distinctive proximal tubule marker. The EGF effect was blocked by AG1478 (an EGF receptor antagonist) or genistein and herbimycin (tyrosine kinase inhibitors), respectively. In addition, the EGF‐induced inhibition of α‐MG uptake was blocked by neomycin and U73122 (phospholipase C inhibitors) as well as staurosporine, H‐7, and bisindolylmaleimide I (protein kinase C inhibitors). EGF was also observed to increase inositol phosphate formation. Furthermore, both the EGF‐induced inhibition of α‐MG uptake and increase of arachidonic acid (AA) release were blocked by AACOCF3 (a cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibitor), indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor), and econazole (a cytochrome P‐450 epoxygenase inhibitor). We examined the involvement of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in mediating the effect of EGF on α‐MG uptake. Indeed, EGF increased phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAPK and the EGF‐induced inhibition of α‐MG uptake as well as the stimulatory effect of EGF on AA release was blocked by PD 98059 (a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor), suggesting a causal relationship. However, inhibitors of PKC also prevented the EGF‐induced increase of AA release. In conclusion, EGF partially inhibited α‐MG uptake via PLC/PKC, p44/42 MAPK, and PLA2 signaling pathways. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 206–216, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CXCL12 chemokine up‐regulates bone resorption and MMP‐9 release by human osteoclasts: CXCL12 levels are increased in synovial and bone tissue of rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Grassi Francesco , Cristino Sandra , Toneguzzi Stefania , Piacentini Anna , Facchini Andrea , Lisignoli Gina 
Published: March 2004

AbstractChemokines are involved in a number of inflammatory pathologies and some of them show a pivotal role in the modulation of osteoclast development. Therefore, we evaluated the role of CXCL12 chemokine on osteoclast differentiation and function and we analyzed its expression on synovial and bone tissue biopsies from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Osteoclasts were obtained by 7 days in vitro differentiation with RANKL and M‐CSF of CD11b positive cells in the presence or absence of CXCL12. The total number of osteoclast was analyzed by Tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)‐staining and bone‐resorbing activity was assessed by pit assay. MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1 release was evaluated by ELISA assay. CXCL12 expression on biopsies from RA patients was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Osteoclasts obtained in the presence of CXCL12 at 10 nM concentration displayed a highly significant increase in bone‐resorbing activity as measured by pit resorption assay, while the total number of mature osteoclasts was not affected. The increased resorption is associated with overexpression of MMP‐9. Immunostaining for CXCL12 on synovial and bone tissue biopsies from both rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) samples revealed a strong increase in the expression levels under inflammatory conditions. CXCL12 chemokine showed a clear activating role on mature osteoclast by inducing bone‐resorbing activity and specific MMP‐9 enzymatic release. Moreover, since bone and synovial biopsies from RA patients showed an elevated CXCL12 expression, these findings may provide useful tools for achieving a full elucidation of the complex network that regulates osteoclast function in course of inflammatory diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 244–251, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SHP‐2 regulates the phosphatidylinositide 3′‐kinase/Akt pathway and suppresses caspase 3‐mediated apoptosis
Authors: Ivins Zito Christina , Kontaridis Maria I. , Fornaro Mara , Feng Geng‐Shen , Bennett Anton M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe Src homology domain 2 (SH2)‐containing tyrosine phosphatase SHP‐2 has been implicated in the regulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3′‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. The ability of SHP‐2 to regulate the PI3K/Akt pathway is suggested to result in the positive effect of SHP‐2 on cell survival. Whether SHP‐2 regulates insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1)‐dependent activation of Akt at the level of PI3K has yet to be established. Furthermore, the identification of the down‐stream apoptotic target engaged by SHP‐2 in cell survival also has yet to be determined. Here, we show that overexpression of a catalytically inactive mutant of SHP‐2 inhibited insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1)‐dependent PI3K and Akt activation. Consistent with the observation that SHP‐2 participates in pro‐survival signaling fibroblasts expressing a deletion within exon 3 of SHP‐2, which results in a truncation of the amino‐terminus SH2 domain (SHP‐2Ex3−/−), were hypersensitive to etoposide‐induced cell death. SHP‐2Ex3−/− fibroblasts exhibited enhanced levels of etoposide‐induced caspase 3 activity as compared to wild‐type fibroblasts and the enhanced level of caspase 3 activity was suppressed by a caspase 3‐specific inhibitor. Re‐introduction of wild‐type SHP‐2 into the SHP‐2Ex3−/− fibroblasts rescued the hypersensitivity to etoposide‐induced caspase 3 activation. The effects of abrogating SHP‐2 function on cell survival were not specific to the loss of the amino‐terminus SH2 domain of SHP‐2 since RNAi‐mediated knock‐down of SHP‐2 also reduced cell survival. Taken together, these data indicate that the catalytic activity of SHP‐2 is required to regulate the PI3K/Akt pathway and thus likely participates in anti‐apoptotic signaling by suppressing caspase 3‐mediated apoptosis. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 227–236, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic characterization of Pompeii and Herculaneum Equidae buried by Vesuvius in 79 AD
Authors: Di Bernardo G. , Galderisi U. , Del Gaudio S. , D'Aniello A. , Lanave C. , De Robertis M.T. , Cascino Antonino , Cipollaro M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractDNA extracted from the skeletons of five equids discovered in a Pompeii stable and of a horse found in Herculaneum was investigated. Amino acid racemization level was consistent with the presence of DNA. Post‐mortem base modifications were excluded by sequencing a 146 bp fragment of the 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene. Sequencing of a 370 bp fragment of mitochondrial (mt)DNA control region allowed the construction of a phylogenetic tree that, along with sequencing of nuclear genes (epsilon globin, gamma interferon, and p53) fragments, gave us the possibility to address some questions puzzling archaeologists. What animals—donkeys, horses, or crossbreeds—were they? And, given they had been evidently assigned to one specific job, were they all akin or were they animals with different mitochondrial haplotypes? The conclusions provided by molecular analysis show that the Pompeii remains are those of horses and mules. Furthermore one of the equids (CAV5) seems to belong to a haplotype, which is either not yet documented in the GenBank or has since disappeared. As its characteristics closely recall those of donkeys, which is the out group chosen to construct the tree, that appears to have evolved within the Equidae family much earlier than horses, this assumption seems to be nearer the truth. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 200–205, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Requirement of TGF‐β receptor‐dependent activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases (JNKs)/stress‐activated protein kinases (Sapks) for TGF‐β up‐regulation of the urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor
Authors: Yue Jianbo , Sun Baodong , Liu Guangming , Mulder Kathleen M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe have previously demonstrated that activation of the Ras/Mapk pathways is required for transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) induction of TGF‐β1 expression. Here we examined the role of the Ras/Mapk pathways in TGF‐β induction of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expression in untransformed intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). TGF‐β activated the stress‐activated protein kinases (Sapk)/c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases (JNKs) within 5–10 min, an effect that preceeded TGF‐β induction of uPAR expression in these cells. TGF‐β induction of both JNK1 activity and JunD phosphorylation was blocked by expression of a dominant‐negative mutant of the type II TGF‐β receptor (DN TβRII), a dominant‐negative mutant of MKK4 (DN MKK4), or a dominant‐negative mutant of Ras (RasN17), or by the addition of the JNK inhibitor SP600125. TGF‐β also induced AP‐1 complex formation at the distal AP‐1 site (−184 to −178) of the uPAR promoter within 2 h of TGF‐β addition, consistent with the time‐dependent up‐regulation of uPAR expression. The primary components present in the TGF‐β‐stimulated AP‐1 complex bound to the uPAR promoter were Jun D and Fra‐2. Moreover, addition of SP600125, or expression of DN MKK4 or DN TβRII, blocked TGF‐β up‐regulation of uPAR in IECs. Accordingly, our results indicate that TGF‐β activates the Ras/MKK4/JNK1 signaling cascade, leading to induction of AP‐1 activity, which, in turn, up‐regulates uPAR expression. Our results also indicate that the type II TGF‐β receptor (RII) is required for TGF‐β activation of JNK1 and the resulting up‐regulation of uPAR expression. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 284–292, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.