bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From snails to sciatic nerve: Retrograde injury signaling from axon to soma in lesioned neurons
Authors: Perlson Eran , Hanz Shlomit , Medzihradszky Katalin F. , Burlingame Alma L. , Fainzilber Mike 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe cell body of a lesioned neuron must receive accurate and timely information on the site and extent of axonal damage, in order to mount an appropriate response. Specific mechanisms must therefore exist to transmit such information along the length of the axon from the lesion site to the cell body. Three distinct types of signals have been postulated to underlie this process, starting with injury‐induced discharge of axon potentials, and continuing with two distinct types of retrogradely transported macromolecular signals. The latter include, on the one hand, an interruption of the normal supply of retrogradely transported trophic factors from the target; and on the other hand activated proteins emanating from the injury site. These activated proteins are termed “positive injury signals”, and are thought to be endogenous axoplasmic proteins that undergo post‐translational modifications at the lesion site upon axotomy, which then target them to the retrograde transport system for trafficking to the cell body. Here, we summarize the work to date supporting the positive retrograde injury signal hypothesis, and provide some new and emerging proteomic data on the system. We propose that the retrograde positive injury signals form part of a complex that is assembled by a combination of different processes, including post‐translational modifications such as phosphorylation, regulated and transient proteolysis, and local axonal protein synthesis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 58: 287–294, 2004
Cargo‐carrying motor vehicles on the neuronal highway: Transport pathways and neurodegenerative disease
Authors: Gunawardena Shermali , Goldstein Lawrence S. B. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWithin axons vital cargoes must be transported over great distances along microtubule tracks to maintain neuronal viability. Essential to this system are the molecular motors, kinesin and dynein, which transport a variety of neuronal cargoes. Elucidating the transport pathways, the identity of the cargoes transported, and the regulation of motor‐cargo complexes are areas of intense investigation. Evidence suggests that essential components, including signaling proteins, neuroprotective and repair molecules, and vesicular and cytoskeletal components are all transported. In addition newly emerging data indicate that defects in axonal transport pathways may contribute to the initiation or progression of chronic neuronal dysfunction. In this review we concentrate on microtubule‐based motor proteins, their linkers, and cargoes and discuss how factors in the axonal transport pathway contribute to disease states. As additional cargo complexes and transport pathways are identified, an understanding of the role these pathways play in the development of human disease will hopefully lead to new diagnostic and treatment strategies. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 58: 258–271, 2004
Retrograde transport of neurotrophins: Fact and function
Authors: Campenot Robert B. , MacInnis Bronwyn L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractRetrograde signals generated by nerve growth factor (NGF) and other neurotrophins promote the survival of appropriately connected neurons during development, and failure to obtain sufficient retrograde signals may contribute to neuronal death occurring in many neurodegenerative diseases. The discovery over 25 years ago that NGF supplied to the axon terminals is retrogradely transported to the cell bodies suggested that NGF must reach the cell body to promote neuronal survival. Research during the intervening decades has produced a refinement of this hypothesis. The current hypothesis is that NGF bound to TrkA at the axon terminal is internalized into signaling endosomes, with NGF in their lumens bound to phosphorylated TrkA in their membranes, which are retrogradely transported to the cell bodies, where TrkA activates downstream signaling molecules that promote neuronal survival and regulate many aspects of neuronal gene expression. This model has been extrapolated to retrograde signaling by all neurotrophins. We consider the evidence for this model, focusing on results of experiments with neurons in compartmented cultures. Results to date indicate that while the transport of signaling endosomes containing NGF bound to TrkA may carry retrograde signals, retrograde survival signals can be carried by another mechanism that is activated by NGF at the axon terminal surface and travels to the cell body unaccompanied by the NGF that initiated it. It is hypothesized that multiple mechanisms of retrograde signaling exist and function under different circumstances. The newly discovered potential for redundancy in retrograde signaling mechanisms can complicate the interpretation of experimental results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 58: 217–229, 2004
Physical test data for the appraisal of design procedures for bolted joints in pultruded FRP structural shapes and systems
Authors: Mottram J T , Turvey G J 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA review is presented of the tests undertaken to characterize bolted joints (no adhesive bonding) for pultruded fibre‐reinforced plastic (PFRP) structural shapes and systems. The review is written with regard to the appraisal of existing connection design procedures for plate‐to‐plate bolted joints. It is shown that 15 uncoordinated series of tests on single‐bolt and multi‐bolt double lap joints provide 800 ultimate strength results. Each of the series of tests had different objectives and so different joint variables were studied. This reflects the current state of guidance on joint design and installation in pultruders' design manuals and elsewhere, which is shown to be limited and inconsistent.By rationalizing the number of variables the authors have tested a further 900 joints in order to generate a larger database of strengths and modes of failure, which may be used to appraise connection design procedures, such as the Hart‐Smith and EUROCOMP Design Code and Handbook simplified and rigorous methods. Observations are made on the findings from 16 series of tests with respect to the current state of design of PFRP plate‐to‐plate bolted joints.
Complex seismic site effects in sediment‐filled valleys and implications on design spectra
Authors: Faccioli Ezio , Vanini Manuela 
Published: December 2003

AbstractEvidence of complex site effects in two‐dimensional geological configurations is illustrated first, and the related difficulties in interpreting ground motion observations are discussed, using weak motion data recorded in three alpine valleys in Northern Italy. While, on one hand, such valleys are mostly located in regions of low or moderate seismic hazard, where ground motion data are scarce, on the other hand investment in buildings and infrastructure has been substantial and may not always have been protected by adequate earthquake‐resistant provisions and zoning criteria. Moreover, experience and data obtained in regions hit by destructive earthquakes cannot be easily transferred to such a different context. The combined influence of one‐dimensional propagation effects on the dominant frequencies of motion, and of two‐dimensional effects on the amplification level and significant frequency band, are highlighted.Concerning design elastic spectra, estimates of response spectra on hard and soft soil are performed, using observed weak motion data and the empirical Green's functions method. Comparison of results with Eurocode 8 spectra shows that the latter may not be conservative at periods larger than 1 s. The relatively large response at such is related to the geological configuration of the valleys, which appear to require a reasonably accurate definition of their two‐dimensional geometry.
Students' perceptions of academic dishonesty in the chemistry classroom laboratory
Authors: Del Carlo Dawn I. , Bodner George M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAlthough the literature on both academic dishonesty and scientific misconduct is extensive, research on academic dishonesty has focused on quizzes, exams, and papers, with the virtual exclusion of the classroom laboratory. This study examined the distinctions undergraduate chemistry majors made between academic dishonesty in the classroom laboratory and scientific misconduct in the research laboratory. Across the spectrum of undergraduate chemistry courses, from the introductory course for first‐semester chemistry majors to the capstone course in instrumental analysis, we noted that students believe the classroom lab is fundamentally different from a research or industrial lab. This difference is so significant that it carries over into students' perceptions of dishonesty in these two environments. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 47–64, 2004
Teacher change in beliefs and practices in science and literacy instruction with English language learners
Authors: Lee Okhee 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis study examined patterns of change in beliefs and practices as elementary teachers learned to establish instructional congruence, a process of mediating academic disciplines with linguistic and cultural experiences of diverse student groups. The study focused on six bilingual Hispanic teachers working with fourth‐grade, mostly Hispanic students. The results indicated that teacher learning and change occurred in different ways in the areas of science instruction, students' language and culture, English language and literacy instruction, and integration of these areas in establishing instructional congruence. The results also indicated that establishing instructional congruence was a gradual and demanding process requiring teacher reflection and insight, formal training, and extensive support and sharing. Implications for further research in promoting achievement for all students are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 65–93, 2004
Online computer gaming: a comparison of adolescent and adult gamers
Authors: Griffiths M.D , Davies Mark N.O , Chappell Darren 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTDespite the growing popularity of online game playing, there have been no surveys comparing adolescent and adult players. Therefore, an online questionnaire survey was used to examine various factors of online computer game players (n=540) who played the most popular online game Everquest. The survey examined basic demographic information, playing frequency (i.e. amount of time spent playing the game a week), playing history (i.e. how long they had been playing the game, who they played the game with, whether they had ever gender swapped their game character, the favourite and least favourite aspects of playing the game, and what they sacrifice (if anything) to play the game. Results showed that adolescent gamers were significantly more likely to be male, significantly less likely to gender swap their characters, and significantly more likely to sacrifice their education or work. In relation to favourite aspects of game play, the biggest difference between the groups was that significantly more adolescents than adults claimed their favourite aspect of playing was violence. Results also showed that in general, the younger the player, the longer they spent each week playing.
Secondary motions of the knee during weight bearing and non‐weight bearing activities
Authors: Dyrby Chris O. , Andriacchi Thomas P. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that during a weight bearing activity such as walking, a dynamic range (envelope of motion) exists in the relationship between the secondary knee motions (anterior‐posterior (AP) translation, internalexternal (IE) rotation, and abduction‐adduction (Ab‐Adduction)) and knee flexion angle. In addition differences in the envelope of motion between a weight bearing and non‐weight bearing activity were tested. The hypothesis was evaluated by testing for differences (offsets) in secondary displacements at specific knee flexion angles during the walking cycle and seated leg extension (nonweight bearing). Kinematic measurements were obtained using a previously developed point cluster technique to analyze the sixdegrees of freedom movement of the knee. During walking, phase plots of the IE rotation and AP translation versus knee flexion demonstrated significant offsets from one phase of the gait cycle to another at the same flexion angle. During the non‐weight bearing activity, no significant offset in the secondary movement was found; the knee followed the same pathway of motion during the flexion and extension phase of this activity. The characteristics of the secondary motions during walking indicated that secondary knee movements are caused by the external forces (muscle, inertial and gravitational) that act on the knee during the various phases of the walking cycle. The boundaries of the envelope appear to reflect the characteristics of the passive restraints. The weight bearing secondary motion AP and IE rotation seen during a walking activity demonstrated an envelope of dynamic laxity that could potentially be used to evaluate functional instabilities at the knee. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hydroxyapatite Cement in Temporal Bone Surgery: A 10 Year Experience
Authors: Kveton John F. , Coelho Daniel H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives To describe the indications for successful use of hydroxyapatite cement (HAC) in temporal bone surgery.Study Design Retrospective case review.Methods One hundred nine temporal bone defects related to surgical approaches to the skull base, infection, neoplasms, or congenital defect in 102 adults and children were corrected using HAC over a 10‐year period. The results and complications were obtained through retrospective chart review.Results Ninety‐seven percent of temporal bone defects were successfully repaired using HAC, and the reconstruction remained stable over the course of this study. There was one case of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak. Wound infection occurred in three patients, which required reoperation and removal of the biomaterial.Conclusions HAC is a biomaterial that should be used as the primary method to reconstruct temporal bone defects. Proper use of this biomaterial results in restoration of the integrity of the temporal bone and elimination of cerebrospinal fluid leak as a postoperative complication.
Ossicular Reconstruction with Titanium Prosthesis
Authors: Martin Angela D. , Harner Stephen G. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives To evaluate the results when using titanium total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP) or partial ossicular replacement prosthesis (PORP) in chronic ear disease.Study Design Retrospective chart review was performed.Methods Sixty‐eight ossicular procedures using a titanium TORP (n = 30) or PORP (n = 38) were performed at a tertiary referral center between December 1999 and June 2002. The ossiculoplasty was performed either alone or in combination with other chronic ear surgery. Cartilage grafts were used universally. Nineteen percent were primary operations, and 6% were planned second stages. The majority were revision procedures. Follow‐up ranged from 3 months to 2.5 years.Results The prosthesis is easy to insert, well tolerated, and has a low extrusion rate. Average air‐bone gap (ABG) improvement was 13 dB with closure of the ABG to within 20 dB in 57% of cases. Hearing results were better for primary versus revision cases for PORPs versus TORPs and for intact canal wall (ICW) procedures versus canal wall‐down (CWD) procedures.Conclusion Titanium is a satisfactory material for use in ossicular reconstruction because of its ease of insertion, tissue tolerance, and low rate of extrusion. Caution is advised when selecting candidates for this procedure during revision surgery, especially if the canal wall and stapes superstructure are absent.
Bilateral Bone‐Anchored Hearing Aids (BAHAs): An Audiometric Evaluation
Authors: Priwin Claudia , Stenfelt Stefan , Granström Gösta , Tjellström Anders , Håkansson Bo 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives Since the technique to implant bone‐anchored hearing aids (BAHAs) with the use of osseointegrated implants was developed in 1977, more than 15,000 patients have been fitted with BAHAs worldwide. Although the majority have bilateral hearing loss, they are primarily fitted unilaterally. The main objective of this study was to reveal benefits and drawbacks of bilateral fitting of BAHAs in patients with symmetric or slight asymmetric bone‐conduction thresholds. The possible effects were divided into three categories: hearing thresholds, directional hearing, and binaural hearing.Study Design Prospective study of 12 patients with bilateral BAHAs.Methods Baseline audiometry, directional hearing, speech reception thresholds in quiet and in noise, and binaural masking level difference were tested when BAHAs were fitted unilaterally and bilaterally.Results Eleven of the 12 patients used bilateral BAHAs on a daily basis. Tests performed in the study show a significant improvement in sound localization with bilateral BAHAs; the results with unilateral fitting were close to the chance level. Furthermore, with bilateral application, the improvement of the speech reception threshold in quiet was 5.4 dB. An improvement with bilateral fitting was also found for speech reception in noise.Conclusions Overall, the results with bilateral fitted BAHAs were better than with unilaterally fitted BAHA; the benefit is not only caused simply by bilateral stimulation but also, to some extent, by binaural hearing. Bilateral BAHAs should be considered for patients with bilateral hearing loss otherwise suitable for BAHAs.
Long‐Term Results after Interval Therapy with Intratympanic Gentamicin for Menière's Disease
Authors: Lange Gert , Maurer Jan , Mann Wolf 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives The new single‐shot and interval treatment for Menière's disease with gentamicin was designed to avoid cochlear damage during treatment with gentamicin.Methods To date, 90 patients were treated with the single‐shot or interval gentamicin therapy. Fifty‐seven cases of Menière's disease were followed up prospectively between 2 and 4 years. During one treatment series, a maximum of three intratympanic gentamicin injections within 15 days were applied, each consisting of 0.3 mL (12 mg) of gentamicin (days 1, 8, and 15). Thirty of these 57 patients (53%) needed only one injection to be controlled (single‐shot treatment).Results Vertigo attacks were completely controlled in 95% and partially controlled in 5%, whereas hearing remained unchanged or even improved. Tinnitus as well as aural fullness were controlled in approximately 50% of the cases.Conclusion Our results with this group of patients after interval‐treatment or single‐shot application of intratympanic gentamicin demonstrate the effectiveness of this treatment modality with very low side effects, and, although our experience is still limited, it allows for expanding the indication on early cases of Menière's disease before permanent hearing loss occurs. Even cases of bilateral Menière's disease can be treated successfully using this method. Cochleotoxic side effects can be prevented by treatment intervals of 7 days.
Endoscopic Surgery for Recurrent Inverted Papilloma
Authors: Lee Ta‐Jen , Huang Shiang‐Fu , Lee Li‐Ang , Huang Chi‐Che 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis Inverted papilloma of the nose and paranasal sinuses is noted for its high rate of recurrence. The feasibility of endoscopic treatment for inverted papilloma has been shown in the literature; however, reports discussing the efficacy of endoscopic surgery for recurrent diseases are rare. The study determined the effectiveness of endoscopic surgery for recurrent inverted papilloma and described when endoscopic medial maxillectomy was indicated.Study Design Retrospective.Methods Seventeen patients with recurrent inverted papilloma were treated over a 10‐year period. Krouse's staging system was used for tumor grading. Because of the extent of the tumor in the majority (70.6%) of the patients, en bloc resection could not be regularly achieved; therefore, sequential segmental endoscopic surgery was the chosen treatment. Some diseases that extensively involved the maxillary sinus were treated by the combination of endoscopic medial maxillectomy (EMM) and sequential segmental surgery (SSES) to extirpate the whole disease.Results Efficacy was evaluated strictly by radiographic study. Successful treatment was accomplished in 14 (82.4%) patients. Three (17.6%) patients had residual disease; each required one revision surgery. None of the patients had recurrence at the time of writing. There were no major complications or associated malignancies encountered in the patients.Conclusion Endoscopic surgery is an effective treatment for recurrent inverted papilloma. Precise determination of the sites of tumor origin and attachment during the operation is the key to the successful treatment. Recurrent inverted papilloma tends to behave more aggressively and has a higher postoperative recurrence rate than the primary lesion. Stage III disease had a higher recurrence rate (27.3%) than that of other stages (0%).
Sleep Disordered Breathing: Surgical Outcomes in Prepubertal Children
Authors: Guilleminault Christian , Li Kasey K. , Khramtsov Andrei , Pelayo Rafael , Martinez Sandra 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective To evaluate the treatment outcomes of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in prepubertal children 3 months following surgical intervention.Study Design Retrospective investigation of 400 consecutively seen children with SDB who were referred to otolaryngologists for treatment.Method After masking the identities and conditions of the children, the following were tabulated: clinical symptoms, results of clinical evaluation and polysomnography at entry, the treatment chosen by the otolaryngologists, and clinical and polysomnographic results 3 months after surgery.Results Treatment ranged from nasal steroids to various surgical procedures. Adenotonsillectomy was performed in only 251 of 400 cases (68%). Four cases included adenotonsillectomy in conjunction with pharyngoplasty (closure of the tonsillar wound by suturing the anterior and posterior pillar to tighten the airway). Persistent SDB was seen in 58 of 400 children (14.5%), and an additional 8 had persistent snoring. Best results were with adenotonsillectomy.Conclusion SDB involves obstruction of the upper airway, which may be partially due to craniofacial structure involvement. The goal of surgical treatment should be aimed at enlarging the airway, and not be solely focused on treating inflammation or infection of the lymphoid tissues. This goal may not be met in some patients, thus potentially contributing to residual problems seen after surgery. The possibility of further treatment, including collaboration with orthodontists to improve the craniofacial risk factors, should be considered in children with residual problems.