bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Just Caring
Authors: Fleck Leonard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does it mean to be a “just” and “caring” society when we have only limited resources to meet unlimited health care needs? Do we believe that all lives are of equal value? Is human life priceless? Should a “just” and “caring” society refuse to put limits on health care spending? In Just Caring, Leonard Fleck reflects on the central moral and political challenges of health reform today. He cites the millions of Americans who go without health insurance, thousands of whom die prematurely, unable to afford the health care needed to save their lives. Fleck considers these deaths as contrary to our deepest social values, and makes a case for the necessity of health care rationing decisions. The core argument of this book is that no one has a moral right to impose rationing decisions on others if they are unwilling to impose those same rationing decisions on themselves in the same medical circumstances. Fleck argues we can make health care rationing fair, in ways that are mutually respectful, if we engage in honest rational democratic deliberation. Such civic engagement is rare in our society, but the alternative is endless destructive social controversy that is neither just nor caring.
The Characteristics and Determinants of Organizational Innovation in the Apparel Industry
Authors: Bailey Thomas , Sandy Carola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For several years, policymakers have advocated the adoption of work and human resource (HR) reforms, which are often called “high-performance” or “high-involvement” work organization. A growing number of reports, which systematically measure the effects of these practices, show that there are positive effects on quality, cost, financial performance, and productivity (Berg et al., 1996; Dunlop & Weil, 1996; Hustled & Becker, 1996; Ichniowski et al., 1997; Kocher & Oysterman, 1995; U.S. Department of Labour, 1993; Womack, Jones, & Roost, 1990). Yet despite the widespread enthusiasm, the diffusion of these apparently beneficial practices seems slow. Oysterman (1994) argued that nearly one-third of firms have made significant changes, but a 1996 review of the diffusion of HR innovations suggested that although a majority of firms have made some changes, “only a small percentage of businesses ... have adopted a full set of innovative work practices” (Ichniowski et al., 1996: 325). Furthermore, many of the firms that have made innovations often introduce reforms in a partial and truncated manner (Apple Baum & Bat, 1994; Basis, 1992), and history suggests that for many firms, reforms are short-lived (Bailey, 1993a).
The Role of Critical Care Nurses in Providing and Managing End-of-Life Care
Authors: Puntillo Kathleen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mr. Harper was a 56-year-old man with end-stage liver disease. He had been on the liver transplant waiting list for many months before his condition worsened, requiring this current admission to the ICU. His ICU clinical course was very unstable; he was being mechanically ventilated for acute respiratory failure and receiving continuous veno venous hemofiltration (CVVH) for acute renal failure.
The Roles of Ethnicity, Race, Religion, and Socioeconomic Status in End-of-Life Care in the ICU
Authors: Danis Marion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The way one experiences illness and death is profoundly influenced by race, cultural and religious background, and socioeconomic status. When patients and clinicians have common backgrounds, these influences can provide a shared understanding and framework for coping with these experiences. When a patient and clinician come from different cultural or religious backgrounds, grappling with the differences can be very difficult. The essence of good medical practice involves recognizing that differences are a universal reality and appreciating that both the physician and the patient are bound by beliefs, customs, experiences, prejudices, rules, and re sponsibilities.
AIDS
Authors: Rosen Mark J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the start of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic almost two decades ago, the demographics of acquired immu nodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the treatment of HIV-related disorders has seen more rapid and dramatic changes than perhaps any other illness in recent history. New preventive and therapeutic strategies changed the incidence of life-threatening diseases and their outcomes. Even though the number of pa tients with AIDS admitted to ICUs is far smaller than those with heart disease, lung disease, and cancer, our experience with AIDS shows clearly how new treatments change outcomes, which in tum influence medical practice and the attitudes of patients and providers about life-sustaining treatments and end-of life care. Also, political and social advocacy efforts engendered by the AIDS epidemic surely helped to catalyze progress in palliative care.
Direct Object Clitic Doubling in Albanian and Greek
Authors: Kallulli Dalina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A pervasive phenomenon in the languages of the Balkan is that of clitic doubling. This study investigates clitic doubling of direct objects in two of these languages: Albanian and Greek (MGrk). This undertaking is motivated by the need to gain deeper insight into the nature of clitic doubling constructions and in turn contributes to the general question of why clitic doubling appears at all. Doubling constructions are by their nature strongly reminiscent of object agreement constructions. Yet, there are essential differences between the two that beg for explanation.
Introduction
Authors: Goodwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapters in this volume focus on the analysis of how the talk of parties suffering from aphasia, and other language impairments resulting from trauma to the brain, is organized within talk-in-interaction. This volume provides a new, pragmatic, and interactive perspective for the analysis of aphasia and other neurological deficits (see also the special issue of Aphasiology, 13, nos. 4/5 [1999] edited by Ray Wilkinson and Lesser and Milroy 1993). Most research into the effects of brain damage on linguistic abilities has focused primarily on processes inside the individual patient, for example, what patterns of language breakdown can tell us about the cognitive architectures and brain structures implicated in normal language processing. Methodologically, patients’ abilities have typically been assessed in isolation from relevant interactive and pragmatic contexts. However, damage to the brain has equally important consequences for the organization of talk-in-interaction, the primordial site where language emerges as action in the lived social world, and the place where the results of brain damage become both visible and consequential for people’s lives. Moreover, it has long been recognized that traditional assessment measurements of language deficit do not correlate well with actual ability to engage successfully in real-world interaction.
Co-Constructing Lucy
Authors: Ramsberger Gail , Menn Lise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditional clinical practice in aphasia rehabilitation has been strongly influenced by the medical model. In this approach, rehabilitation emphasis is placed on the person with aphasia, and the desired outcome is a “cure” of the symptoms of aphasia, to the extent possible (Ramsberger, 1994). The medical orientation seems appropriate for people in the acute stages; numerous studies have clearly shown that much recovery of linguistic functioning takes place during the first few weeks or months postonset (Marshall & Phillips, 1983; Pashek & Holland, 1988). However, when significant continued improvement of aphasia symptoms can no longer be demonstrated, the medical perspective loses its relevance for further rehabilitation efforts. For people with chronic aphasia, another perspective on disability seems more relevant. In recent years, disability activists have argued that disability is best viewed from a social rather than a medical viewpoint (Barton, 1996; Linton, 1998). People may have physical, mental, or emotional differences from some norm, but the degree to which a person is disabled by those differences depends on the interaction of that person with the world in which he or she lives. Thus, the disabling nature of aphasia for two people is likely to be different even if their aphasia symptoms are similar in type and severity.
Anatomy and molecular architecture of the Neuromuscular junction
Authors: Engel Andrew G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an anatomically and functionally differentiated chemical synapse that transmits signals from the motor nerve terminal to the postsynaptic region of the muscle fiber. The number and position of NMJs on the muscle fiber and the configuration of nerve terminals and complexity of the postsynaptic region within the NMJ all vary between different phyla and species, different muscles in a given species, and different fibers in a given muscle. Despite these differences, all NMJs have five principal components: (J) a Schwann cell process, which caps the surface of the nerve terminal that faces away from the synaptic space; (2) a nerve terminal that contains the neurotransmitter; (3) a synaptic space, lined with basement membrane; (4) a postsynaptic membrane, which contains the receptor for the neurotransmitter; and (5) junctional sarcoplasm, which provides structural and metabolic support for the postsynaptic region (Fig. 1-1 ). In vertebrate voluntary muscle, the neurotransmitter is typically acetylcholine (ACh), the receptor is a nicotinic ACh receptor (AChR), and the synaptic space contains endplate (EP)-specific species of ACh es­terase (AChE). The presynaptic region consists of the nerve terminal covered by Schwann cell. The postsynaptic region consists of junctional folds lined by the postsynaptic membrane and the underly­ing junctional sarcoplasm.
Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis: Induction And Treatment
Authors: Lindstrom Jon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That rabbits immunized with the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) developed a disease that closely resembled myasthenia gravis in humans was the keystone of the hypothesis that myasthenia gravis in humans is an autoimmune disease. This chapter begins with a brief historical perspective on the discovery of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) and of the autoimmune nature of MG. Although the discovery of EAMG depended on the initial purification of AChRs, and although the mapping of epitopes on AChRs evolved along with studies of AChR structure, the structure and function of AChRs are not discussed in detail because they are the subject of Chapter 2 in this volume. The pathological mechanisms of EAMG are discussed in some detail. The AChR epitopes recognized by antibodies and T helper cells are also considered in some detail. Finally, experimental therapies and future prospects for specific immunosuppressive therapies are briefly discussed.
The case for reform antecedents for the woman’s Rights movement
Authors: Parker Alison M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The woman’s rights movement and the demand for woman suffrage emerged in the first half of the nineteenth century from a variety of other movements. Suffrage became the primary goal of the woman’s rights movement during the 1850s and remained so until women finally achieved the right to vote in 1920. In the early 1800s, however, it was not necessarily clear that suffrage would become the preeminent issue. Radical intellectuals and working-class women articulated concerns over the roles and rights of women, but often did so without demanding woman suffrage.
Gertrude Simmons Bonnin: For the Indian Cause
Authors: Jane Hafen P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The image is indelible: a little girl dressed in buckskin and moccasins, running free across the plains, her long black hair loose and “blowing in the breeze … no less spirited than a bounding deer.”1 All too soon, the temptation of “red, red apples” and a ride far away on the “iron horse” disrupted the eight-year-old’s paradise, and she was enrolled in a boarding school for American Indian children.2 That is how Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, the Yankton Sioux woman who called herself Zitkala Ša, remembered her childhood. Succumbing to assimilationist pressures, she grew up to become a teacher, writer, orator, musician, composer, and political activist. Though she never forgot that little girl, she could not reclaim her. Gradually distanced from her own tribe, she became an advocate for all Indians.
National Egoism
Authors: Porter Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are often told that by the late nineteenth century (if not earlier) the new sciences of ethnography and linguistics provided the conceptual tools needed to formulate a “modern” definition of the national community. The restrictive noble nation of the eighteenth century was long dead, made obsolete by the emergence of mass politics and the inclusive, democratized sociologies of the nineteenth century. Similarly, the “abstraction” of romantic nationalism, with its transcendent spirit and its mystical vocabulary, had been decisively repudiated. The prestige of the social sciences made it difficult to perceive the nation as an embodiment of the patriotic deed, and the politics of the Polish intelligentsia precluded any open endorsement of an elite hegemony over the national idea.
Potential Problem/Opportunity Analysis
Authors: Altier William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Potential Problem Analysis focuses on looking for negative or undesirable Unplanned Future Change. Potential Opportunity Analysis focuses on looking for positive or desirable Unplanned Future Change. The objective of Potential Problem Analysis is to prevent unplanned negative change from happening. The objective of Potential Opportunity Analysis is to pro mote the occurrence of unplanned positive change.
Why are Retirement Plans Different in the Nonprofit Sector?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like so many facets of American life, retirement plans throughout the United States are now governed by the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), as irrigated by the Employment Retirement Income Act of 1974 (ERISA). We did not write this book with the intention of making you an expert in these areas. If Anatole France thought that life was short and Proust was long, he would have gagged at the paper monolith that provides the rules by which Americans save for retirement, plans are operated, and retirement benefits are paid.
Surgical Therapy for Prevention of Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Adams Harold P , Bachinski Vladimir , Norris John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several operations are used to improve the blood supply to the brain or to remove a source for embolization (Table 11-1). The most widely studied operation is carotid endarterectomy, and also is the most commonly prescribed surgical procedure used in stroke prophylaxis. Other operations aimed at improving the cervical circulation in either the carotid or the vertebrobasilar circulation have been developed, but clinical studies testing the safety and the efficacy of these procedures are limited. During the last decade, endovascular techniques have been used to treat stenotic lesions in intracranial or extracranial arteries.
Evaluation of the Patient with Peripheral Neuropathy: The Challenges
Authors: Cornblath David R , Mendell Jerry R , Kissel John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The physician encountering a patient with suspected peripheral neuropathy is faced with three basic challenges. The first and most obvious challenge is to determine if the patient’s complaints and the physical findings are the result of a peripheral neuropathy, as similar symptoms can occasionally arise from disorders of the brain, spinal cord, anterior horn cell, neuromuscular junction, or muscle. The second challenge involves formulation of a complete differential diagnosis that will lead to proper identification of the type and cause of neuropathy. The third and perhaps most important challenge is to institute the appropriate therapy (pharmacologic if available, and supportive) to modify the basic disease process and improve the patient’s quality of life. Diagnosis and Management of Peripheral Nerve Disorders is divided into two parts to deal with these challenges. In Part 1, on “approach,” we attempt to provide the clinician with the necessary tools to determine if a peripheral neuropathy is the cause for a patient’s complaints. Information derived from these approaches will be valuable in localizing the site of nerve insult and will enable the clinician to formulate a differential diagnosis. In Part II, the management of individual disorders is addressed. One problem bridging the gap between approach and management is the pain generated from many different types of peripheral nerve insults. Pain is not neuropathy-specific, although it does occur more often in disorders predisposing to small nerve fiber damage (Fabry disease, amyloid polyneuropathy, diabetic polyneuropathy, to name a few). A chapter in Part 1 helps establish guidelines for both evaluating and managing the painful neuropathy, irrespective of cause.
Peripheral Neuropathy Associated with HIV Infection
Authors: Barohn Richard J , Kissel John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost 20 years have passed since neurologic complications were reported as part of the “gay immunosuppressed syndrome,” subsequently known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Neurologic diseases occurring in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been recognized since the earliest stages of the epidemic. Initially, emphasis focused on central nervous system involvement due to the HIV infection, secondary infections, or related malignancies. It soon became apparent that the peripheral nervous system was also involved in HIV-infected patients and that various neuromuscular diseases present at different stages of infection.
α-Galactosidase A Deficiency: Fabry Disease
Authors: Mendell Jerry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fabry disease is a rare, inborn error of glycosphingolipid catabolism, inherited as an Xlinked recessive disorder with an incidence of only 1 in 40,000. Deficient activity of the lysosomal hydrolase, cx-galactosidase A, causes a symptom complex of acroparesthesias, angiokeratoma, corneal and lenticular opacities, and anhidrosis. In 1897, two dermatologists independently described the condition: Fabry in Germany and Anderson in Great Britain. Fabry disease is the preferred eponymic designation used in most places in the world, except in England where is it called Anderson-Fabry disease. The disorder is sometimes referred to as angiokeratoma corporis diffusum, especially in the dermatology literature. The clinical manifestations result from accumulation of neutral glycosphingolipids, with cx-galactosyl moieties, in the lysosomes of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, and perineurial cells. There are no deposits of glycosphingolipids in Schwann cells or axons. Damage to the blood vessels of the brain, heart, and kidney is potentially life threatening. In the peripheral nerve, a severe painful neuropathy results. The deposits in the skin and eye cause the characteristic hallmarks of the disease, angiokeratomas and lens opacities. The predominant glycosphingolipid that accumulates is globotriaosylceramide (Fig. 25-1), with lesser amounts of galabiosylceramide. In patients with B or AB blood types, the cx-galactosyl moieties of blood group B contribute to the total pool of glycosphingolipid deposition.
Seizures
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seizures occur in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease for a variety of reasons, often indicating potentially treatable underlying conditions. Moreover, it is this author’s experience that patients with pre-existing epilepsy often experience an exacerbation as a direct result of HIV infection. This chapter deals with each of these aspects, but focuses on seizures related to HIV.
Medication-Related And Nutrition-Related Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probably of increasing concern among both patients and clinicians is the frequency of peripheral neuropathy caused by various medications used in the management of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)– infected patient. Some of the antiretroviral drugs, as well as medications used in treating opportunistic complications of HIV disease, can cause disabling peripheral neuropathy. Knowledge of these neuropathies is critical in order not to confuse them with potentially treatable conditions, such as cytomegalovirus, or conditions for which only symptomatic treatment is available, such as HIV-related distal symmetric sensory polyneuropathy.
Style and Presentation in the 20th Century
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the chapters on earlier centuries, we touched upon the effects on scientific prose of the formation of scientific societies and research institutes, the emergence of journals restricted to ever more narrow specialties, and the professionalization of science on a small scale in France during the 17th and 18th centuries and on a much larger scale in Germany, France, and England during the 19th century. Particularly important in the 20th century has been the hyperspecialization and global professionalization of science (Menard 1971). This has spawned a truly international network of authors, readers, publishers, and editors that supports the annual production of hundreds of thousands of articles in thousands of journals aimed at a discourse community for whom terms such as “renormalization,” “Fissurellidae,” “paratolylsulfonylmethylnitrosamide,’’ and “mRNA” can appear without definitions, and mathematical equations without apologies.
Disorders of Complex Visual Processing
Authors: Damasio Antonio r. , tranel, daniel , rizzo matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disorders of visual processing are one of the frequent consequences of neurologic disorders involving the cerebral hemispheres. These disorders can be evaluated at the bedside on the basis of history and neurologic exam, but the comprehensive appraisal of the defects requires neuropsychologic, neuro-ophthalmologic, and neuroimaging techniques. In this chapter, we review those disorders that are important either because of their frequency or because of their scientific implications.49,s2
The neuropsychologist Hans-Lukas Teuber is credited with a definition of agnosia. In his words, agnosia is “a normal percept stripped of its meanings”173- a definition that remains lapidary and applies well to what Lissauer designated as visual “associative” agnosias.118 (The definition does not apply to Lissauer’s visual “apperceptive” agnosias since visual perception is manifestly abnormal in “apperceptive” agnosias.) A current definition of visual agnosias, well in keeping with Teuber’s words, could read as follows: a disorder of cognition and behavior confined to the visual realm, in which an alert, attentive, intelligent, and nonaphasic patient who has normal visual perception gives evidence of not knowing the meaning of visual stimuli, that is, of not recognizing visual stimuli. We shall begin by examining the compo nents of this definition.