bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Did over-reliance on commercial catch rate data precipitate the collapse of northern cod?
Authors: Shelton Peter A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIt has been suggested that a number of “lessons” can be learned from the collapse of the northern cod stock off Newfoundland and Labrador. However, not all purported lessons have been validated with available data. One lesson is thought to be that over-reliance on commercial catch rate data and an incorrect assumption regarding the functional relationship between catch rate and population size were major contributors to overestimating stock size, precipitating the collapse. The current study describes calibration approaches used in assessments, and evaluates alternative functional relationships between commercial catch rates and stock size. In addition, historical population size is re-estimated using only research vessel data and compared with estimates obtained based on both commercial catch rate and research vessel data. Calibration with commercial catch rate contributed to overestimating stock size in some years, but there is no evidence that the assumed functional relationship between commercial catch rate and population size was a significant factor in the collapse.
Nutrition education for illiterate children in southern Madagascar – addressing their needs, perceptions and capabilities
Authors: Mahr Johanna , Wuestefeld Marzella , ten Haaf Joep , Krawinkel Michael B 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObjectiveA Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) study was conducted in three villages of Bekily District in southern Madagascar prior to the implementation of a health education programme with children. The participatory learning concept of the Child-to-Child approach was followed to involve the children in the planning and implementation of the programme, which was covered by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation.DesignTo this effect, qualitative research methods such as Participatory Learning and Action techniques (focus group discussions, mapping and matrix ranking, etc.) were applied.SubjectsThe survey was conducted between August and December 1999. It involved a total of 55 school-aged children (6–14 years) along with 21 mothers and 34 fathers, representing different ethnic groups and educational backgrounds.ResultsThe results show that children's KAP related to health and nutrition strongly reflect those of adults. They are not aware of a possible link between bad hygiene and the occurrence of diseases. According to them, diarrhoea or malaria is caused by consuming too large amounts of certain foods. Even if they know about certain elementary hygiene behaviours, they do not practise this in their everyday life.ConclusionA major objective of the health education programme for children should be to tackle the discrepancy between hygiene-related knowledge and behaviour. Through the participatory study approach the children revealed their ability to contribute to the programme development. In using appropriate communication channels, the Child-to-Child health education programme is expected to influence the health behaviours of both adults and children. The health education programme should be combined with a literacy programme to address the children's desire to learn reading and writing.
Complementary foods consumed by 6 – 12-month-old rural infants in South Africa are inadequate in micronutrients
Authors: Faber Mieke 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the nutrient composition of complementary foods consumed by 6–12-month-old South African infants.DesignNutrient intake was determined for infants who were recruited to participate in a randomised controlled trial using a single 24-hour dietary recall.Setting/subjectsInfants aged 6–12 months (n = 475) residing in The Valley of a Thousand Hills, a rural area in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.ResultsEnergy and protein intakes from complementary foods were adequate. Infants who consumed infant products (commercially available fortified infant cereals/ready-to-eat canned baby foods/formula milk powder) had significantly higher intakes of calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and vitamin C than infants who did not consume any infant products. For infants who consumed infant cereals (n = 142), these cereals provided 51% of total iron intake. Infant cereals provided more than 25% of total intake for magnesium, thiamine, niacin and vitamin B12. For infants consuming ready-to-eat canned baby foods (n = 77), these products contributed less than 15% of total intake for all the micronutrients. The nutrient density of the complementary diet was less than half the desired density for calcium, iron and zinc. Animal products were consumed by 17% of infants, 26% consumed dairy products and 18% consumed vitamin-A-rich fruit and vegetables during the 24-hour recall period.ConclusionThe nutrient composition of complementary foods among rural South African infants was inadequate, especially for iron, zinc and calcium. Strategies should be developed to improve the nutritional quality of their diets.
Women's iodine status and its determinants in an iodine-deficient area in the Kayes region, Mali
Authors: Torheim Liv E , Granli Gry I , Sidibé Cheick S , Traoré Abdel K , Oshaug Arne 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo assess iodine status and its determinants in women of childbearing age in a rural area in the Kayes region, Mali, West Africa.DesignCross-sectional study where women's iodine status was indicated by urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and level of goitre based on palpation. Salt iodine was assessed semi-quantitatively at household level. Individual characteristics were collected using questionnaires.SettingFifteen villages in a rural area in the Kayes region of Mali.SubjectsWomen aged 15–45 years (n = 423).ResultsMedian UIC was 2.7 μg dl−1, and only 6% of the women had adequate iodine status of UIC > 10 μg dl−1. Most women (60%) had visible goitre, and only 9% were classified as without goitre. Only 39% of the households were using salt with any iodine, and level of knowledge about salt iodisation was low. Main determinants of UIC were breast-feeding and level of salt iodisation; currently breast-feeding women had lower UIC, and UIC increased with increasing level of iodine in household salt. Prevalence of goitre was lower in older women with higher body mass index.ConclusionThe study indicates severe iodine deficiency in the study area. Urgent action is needed to improve the situation through enforcing salt iodisation legislation and increasing the level of knowledge about the importance of iodised salt in the population.
Nutrition and the burden of disease in New Zealand: 1997–2011
Authors: Stefanogiannis Niki , Lawes Carlene MM , Turley Maria , Tobias Martin , Vander Hoorn Stephen , Mhurchu Cliona Ni , Rodgers Anthony 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the burden of disease due to selected nutrition-related risk factors (high total blood cholesterol, high systolic blood pressure, high body mass index (BMI) and inadequate vegetable and fruit intake) in 1997, as well as the burden that could potentially be avoided in 2011 if small, favourable changes in the current risk factor distribution were to occur.DesignData on risk factor levels, disease burden and risk associations were combined using comparative risk assessment methodology, a systematic approach to estimating both attributable and avoidable burden of disease. Disease outcomes assessed varied according to risk factor and included ischaemic heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus and selected cancers.SettingNew Zealand.ResultsApproximately 4500 deaths (17% of all deaths) in 1997 were attributable to high cholesterol, 3500 (13%) to high blood pressure, 3000 (11%) to high BMI and 1500 (6%) to inadequate vegetable and fruit intake. Taking prevalence overlap into account, these risk factors were estimated jointly to contribute to approximately 11 000 (40%) deaths annually in New Zealand. Approximately 300 deaths due to each risk factor could potentially be avoided in 2011 if modest changes were made to each risk factor distribution.ConclusionsHigh cholesterol, blood pressure and BMI, as well as inadequate vegetable and fruit intake, are major modifiable causes of death in New Zealand. Small changes in the population distribution of these risk factors could have a major impact on population health within a decade.
Comparison between household budget survey and 24-hour recall data in a nationally representative sample of Polish households
Authors: Sekula W , Nelson M , Figurska K , Oltarzewski M , Weisell R , Szponar L 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObjectiveHousehold budget survey (HBS) data are used regularly for nutritional epidemiological purposes. The validity of HBS data, however, is not well established. The aim of this project was to compare HBS and individual nutrition survey (INS) data in a nationally representative sample of Polish households.DesignEstimates of food consumption and nutrient intake were compared between household food acquisition data collected over 1 month and a single 24-hour recall collected from every household member in a nationally representative sample of Polish households surveyed between September and November 2000. To facilitate the comparison, INS food consumption data excluded food eaten away from home and were modified using a computer program to estimate food ‘as purchased’ (including disaggregation of recipe data) and to allow for wastage.SettingPoland.SubjectsParticipants were 3716 individuals in 1215 households (representing co-operation rates of 86.2% and 89.2%, respectively).ResultsGood agreement was shown between median estimates of foods such as potatoes, vegetables (including processed), meat, meat products and poultry, and animal fats (excluding butter), but agreement was poor for bread and rolls, fruit, vegetable fats and oils, eggs and six other food groups. Estimates of energy and nutrient intake were within ±10% with the exceptions of polyunsaturated fats, potassium and vitamin C.ConclusionsPossible reasons for differences in findings between the two surveys include survey bias (e.g. social approval bias leading to overreporting of fruit), seasonal variations (e.g. high potato purchases between September and November) and aspects of the methodology (e.g. HBS data were based on records collected over 1 month, whereas 24-hour recall data were based on recalls collected from all household respondents on only 1 day and averaged for each household type). HBSs provide useful data for epidemiological research, but findings need to be interpreted in the light of other data regarding consumption, and numerous factors that may affect consumption need to be taken into account.
Knowledge of iodine nutrition in the South African adult population
Authors: Jooste PL , Upson N , Charlton KE 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the level of knowledge regarding iodine nutrition and its relationship with socio-economic status in the South African population.DesignA cross-sectional population survey collecting questionnaire information on knowledge of iodine nutrition and sociodemographic variables in a multistage, stratified, cluster study sample, representative of the adult South African population.SettingHome visits and personal interviews in the language of the respondent.SubjectsData were collected from one adult in each of the selected 2164 households, and the participation rate was 98%.ResultsOnly 15.4% of respondents correctly identified iodised salt as the primary dietary source of iodine, 16.2% knew the thyroid gland needs iodine for its functioning, and a mere 3.9% considered brain damage, and 0.8% considered cretinism, as the most important health consequence of iodine deficiency. Compared with respondents from high socio-economic households, respondents from low socio-economic households were considerably less informed about aspects of iodine nutrition covered in this study.ConclusionsThe knowledge level of iodine nutrition is low among South Africans, particularly among the low socio-economic groups. These data suggest that the international emphasis on brain damage resulting from iodine deficiency has not been conveyed successfully to the consumer level in this country.
Consumer perception versus scientific evidence about health benefits and safety risks from fish consumption
Authors: Verbeke Wim , Sioen Isabelle , Pieniak Zuzanna , Van Camp John , De Henauw Stefaan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the gap between consumer perception and scientific evidence related to health benefits and safety risks from fish consumption.DesignConsumer perceptions from a cross-sectional survey in March 2003 in Belgium were compared with scientific evidence based on a literature review.MethodA quota sampling procedure was used with age as quota control variable. Subjects completed a self-administered questionnaire including health benefit beliefs from fish, fish content and effect beliefs for nutrients and harmful substances.SubjectsAdults (n=429), who were the main person responsible for food purchasing in the household (284 women; 145 men), aged 18–83 years, from different regional, education, family size and income groups.ResultsFish is predominantly perceived as a healthy food that reduces risk for coronary heart disease, which corroborates scientific evidence. This perception is stronger among women than among men. In contrast with scientific evidence, 46% of the consumers believe that fish contains dietary fibre, whereas less than one-third is aware that fish contains omega-3 fatty acids and that this nutrient has a positive impact on human health. The gap between perception and evidence is larger among consumers with lower education. In general, consumers are better aware of the content and effect of harmful substances than of nutrients in fish.ConclusionsDespite conclusive evidence about the content and positive effect of omega-3 fatty acids in fish, related consumer awareness and beliefs are poor and often wrong. This study exemplifies the need for nutrition education and more effective communication about the health benefits of fish consumption.
Breast-feeding initiation and exclusive duration at 6 months by social class – results from the Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Kelly YJ , Watt RG 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObjectivesTo assess breast-feeding initiation and rates of exclusive breast-feeding for the first 6 months after birth, and to examine social class differences in breast-feeding rates.DesignFirst sweep of a longitudinal population-based survey, the Millennium Cohort Study.SettingFour countries of the UK.SubjectsSubjects were 18 125 singletons born over a 12-month period spanning 2000–01. Data were collected by parental interview on the initiation of breast-feeding and exclusivity at 1, 4 and 6 months after birth.ResultsOverall breast-feeding was initiated for 71% of babies, and by 1, 4 and 6 months of age the proportions being exclusively breast-fed were 34%, 3% and 0.3%, respectively. There were clear social class differences and mothers with routine jobs with the least favourable working conditions were more than four times less likely (odds ratio (OR) 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18–0.29) to initiate breast-feeding compared with women in higher managerial and professional occupations. Women in routine jobs were less likely to exclusively breast-feed their infants at 1 month (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.36–0.50) and 4 months (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.31–0.77) compared with women in higher managerial and professional occupations.ConclusionsClear social class differences in breast-feeding initiation and exclusivity for the first 4 months were apparent in this large UK sample. By 6 months, less than 1% of babies were being exclusively breast-fed. A co-ordinated multi-faceted strategy is required to promote breast-feeding, particularly among lower-income women.
Mortality attributable to higher-than-optimal body mass index in New Zealand
Authors: Mhurchu Cliona Ni , Turley Maria , Stefanogiannis Niki , Lawes Carlene MM , Rodgers Anthony , Vander Hoorn Stephen , Tobias Martin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObjectivesTo estimate the burden of mortality in New Zealand due to higher-than-optimal body mass index (BMI) in 1997, as well as mortality that could be avoided in 2011 with feasible changes in mean population BMI.SettingNew Zealand.DesignComparative risk assessment methodology was used to estimate the attributable and avoidable mortality due to high BMI. Outcomes assessed were ischaemic heart disease (IHD), ischaemic stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, colorectal cancer and postmenopausal breast cancer.ResultsIn 1997, 3154 deaths (11% of all deaths) in New Zealand were due to higher-than-optimal BMI (<21 kg m−2). This amounted to 83% of diabetes deaths, 24% of IHD deaths, 15% of ischaemic stroke deaths and 4% of all cancer deaths. If the projected increase in mean population BMI by 2011 was limited to 1.0 kg m−2rather than 1.3 kg m−2, approximately 385 deaths could be prevented annually, mainly from diabetes.ConclusionsThese results quantify the importance of higher-than-optimal BMI as a major modifiable cause of premature death in New Zealand. Intervention policies that would have only modest effects on slowing the rate of increase in mean population BMI by 2011 could still prevent hundreds of deaths annually.
The role of foreign direct investment in the nutrition transition
Authors: Hawkes Corinna 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the nutrition transition, focusing on highly processed foods.DesignData on FDI were identified from reports/databases and then compiled and analysed. A review of published literature on FDI into the food sector was conducted.SettingThe nutrition transition is a public health concern owing to its connection with the rising burden of obesity and diet-related chronic diseases in developing countries. Global health leaders are calling for action to address the threat. Highly processed foods often have considerable fat, sugar and salt content, and warrant closer examination.ResultsFDI into food processing, service and retail has risen rapidly since the 1980s, mainly from transnational food companies (TFCs) in developed countries. As FDI has risen, so has the proportion invested in highly processed foods for sale in the host market. FDI has proved more effective than trade in generating sales of highly processed foods, and enables TFCs to cut costs, gain market power and obtain efficiencies in distribution and marketing. The amount of FDI targeted at developing countries is increasing; while a disproportionate share enters the larger developing economies, foreign affiliates of TFCs are among the largest companies in low- and low- to middle-income countries. The effect of FDI is to make more highly processed foods available to more people. FDI has made it possible to lower prices, open up new purchasing channels, optimise the effectiveness of marketing and advertising, and increase sales.ConclusionFDI has been a key mechanism in shaping the global market for highly processed foods. Notwithstanding the role of demand-side factors, it has played a role in the nutrition transition by enabling and promoting the consumption of these foods in developing countries. Empirical data on consumption patterns of highly processed foods in developing countries are critically needed, but since FDI is a long-term investment vehicle, it is reasonable to assume that availability and consumption of highly processed foods will continue to increase. FDI can, however, bring considerable benefits as well as risks. Through its position ‘upstream’, FDI would therefore be an appropriate entry-point to implement a range of public health policies to ‘redirect’ the nutrition transition.
Longitudinal changes in dietary intake in Scottish women around the menopause: changes in dietary pattern result in minor changes in nutrient intake
Authors: Macdonald Helen M , New Susan A , Reid David M 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo examine dietary change that has occurred over 5 to 6 years.SubjectsA cohort of Scottish women (n=898) with a mean age of 47.5 years (range 45–54 years) at baseline.DesignDietary intake was assessed by validated food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and analysed using the UK Composition of Foods database.ResultsSince the first dietary assessment, mean daily energy intake had decreased from 8.2±2.3 to 7.9±2.2 MJ. The degree of low energy reporting (defined as ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate >1.1) had increased from 18.7% at baseline to 25.6% at follow-up. Low energy reporters were significantly heavier than ‘normal’ energy reporters (mean weight at follow-up, 68.9±12.6 vs. 66.8±11.3 kg) and could be deliberately restricting intake rather than underreporting. Overall there were decreases in intakes of red meat, processed meat and cheese, but increases in poultry and non-oily fish consumption. Consumption of bread, biscuits and cakes had gone down and there was an increase in cereal and rice/pasta consumption. Intake of potatoes had decreased whereas fruit intake had increased. There were small but statistically significant differences in intakes for most nutrients (>8% change). Nutrient intakes at both visits were similar across menopausal status and usage groups of hormone replacement therapy. Modifications to the computer version of the McCance and Widdowson nutrient database, which differed from the published version, were noted. These changes altered the original baseline values for our study.ConclusionsThe menopauseper seis not a period of marked change in nutrient intake. Caution is advised when using computer databases of food compositions for longitudinal studies.
Public health implications of meat production and consumption
Authors: Walker Polly , Rhubart-Berg Pamela , McKenzie Shawn , Kelling Kristin , Lawrence Robert S 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe high level of meat and saturated fat consumption in the USA and other high-income countries exceeds nutritional needs and contributes to high rates of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and some cancers. Affluent citizens in middle- and low-income countries are adopting similar high-meat diets and experiencing increased rates of these same chronic diseases. The industrial agricultural system, now the predominant form of agriculture in the USA and increasingly world-wide, has consequences for public health owing to its extensive use of fertilisers and pesticides, unsustainable use of resources and environmental pollution. In industrial animal production there are public health concerns surrounding feed formulations that include animal tissues, arsenic and antibiotics as well as occupational health risks and risks for nearby communities. It is of paramount importance for public health professionals to become aware of and involved in how our food is produced.