bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of CTE‐induced residual stresses around hard alpha particles on fatigue crack growth in Ti–6Al–4V
Authors: LAZ P. J. , CHAN K. S. , McCLUNG R. C. , LEVERANT G. R. 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTThe presence of hard alpha (HA) anomalies in titanium alloys represents a significant potential degradation to gas turbine component performance. Although HA defects in titanium alloys are rare, when they are present, they can crack and ultimately result in failure. In static fracture and fatigue test specimens, embedded HA defects had significantly higher fracture strengths than anticipated. The objective of this work was to determine if residual stresses caused by thermal expansion mismatch during material fabrication were the cause of the observed behaviour. The residual stress fields in and around surface and embedded HA particles in Ti–6Al–4V (Ti–6–4) were determined using an elasticity solution and measured coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) data. The calculated stress distributions serve as the foundation for comparisons of the local stress and the fracture strength, the stress intensity factor K and the crack growth threshold ΔKth, with the experimentally determined fatigue lives. The analytical results indicated that CTE‐induced residual stress around HA particles can contribute to the fatigue strength of Ti–6–4 by delaying microcracking of HA anomalies and reducing the driving force (effective ΔK) of the fatigue crack. Based on the analysis results, the differences between the surface and subsurface results as well as the difference between predicted and measured fatigue lives could be largely attributed to the residual stress effects caused by the mismatch of the particle and matrix properties.
Frost Prevention and Prediction of Temperatures and Cooling Rates using GIS
Authors: Halley V. , Eriksson M. , Nunez M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractRadiation frosts during clear and calm weather can damage crops in the growing season. In complex topography, large spatial variations in near surface temperatures occur, which makes it more difficult to predict frost events and plan preventive actions. One approach followed in this study is to embark on detailed measurements of temperatures at high spatial and temporal resolution. Data were collected in a small vineyard (0.5 km2) in north‐eastern Tasmania, Australia. Mobile measurements were used to register temperatures five times each night at two levels. A digital elevation model and a GIS (geographical information system) were used to create descriptive landscape parameters. Multiple linear regression was used to model temperatures and cooling rates as a function of topography. Between 50% and 60% of the variation in temperature was explained by the model. Variability in cooling rates was more difficult to describe. The efficiency of using wind machines for frost prevention was studied during one night. Due to topography, they were only efficient in parts of the property that were higher than the fans. At lower elevations, ground frost was not prevented. Proper location of wind machines is therefore important.
Staff who Work with People who have Intellectual Disabilities: The Importance of Personality
Authors: Rose John , David Gareth , Jones Christopher 
Published: November 2003

Background Previous research into stress in staff who work with people with intellectual disabilities has concentrated on the organizational determinants of stress and has tended to overlook the relative contribution of individual differences. A model was proposed to describe possible relationships between work‐based stressors, staff support, personality, coping strategy and psychological outcome.Methods A survey methodology was used with care staff in community‐based homes for people with intellectual disability.Results Analysis of the model explored how these variables might affect one another in their relationship to psychological outcomes. The most significant findings of this research was the direct effects found between personality (neuroticism), coping style (wishful thinking) and stress. A significant interaction was also observed between job demands and neuroticism.Conclusions These research findings highlight the importance of personality factors in determining stress levels in staff and suggest several possible intervention strategies. One intervention point may be to teach self‐management techniques to help some staff cope with periods of high demand, particularly those reporting high levels of neuroticism.
Study of the mechanism of Flavobacterium sp. for hydrolyzing organophosphate pesticides
Authors: Ortiz‐Hernández M.L. , Quintero‐Ramírez R. , Nava‐Ocampo A.A. , Bello‐Ramírez A.M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe biotransformation by Flavobacterium sp. of the following organophosphate pesticides was experimentally and theoretically studied: phorate, tetrachlorvinphos, methyl‐parathion, terbufos, trichloronate, ethoprophos, phosphamidon, fenitrothion, dimethoate and DEF. The Flavobacterium sp. ATCC 27551 strain bearing the organophosphate‐degradation gene was used. Bacteria were incubated in the presence of each pesticide for a duration of 7 days. Parent pesticides were identified and quantified by means of a gas‐chromatography mass spectrum system. Activity was considered as the amount (μmol) of each pesticide degraded by Flavobacterium sp. Also, structural parameters obtained by means of the CAChe program package for biomolecules, the reactivity index of phosphorus, of oxygen at the P=O function and of sulfur at the P=S function, and lipophilicity (log Poct) (ALOGPS v. 2.0) were obtained for each pesticide. Pesticides were hydrolyzed at the bond between phosphorous and the heteroatom, producing phosphoric acid and three metabolites. Enzymatic activity was significantly explained by the following multiple linear relationship:
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Finally, a mechanism of Flavobacterium sp. to hydrolyze pesticides was proposed.
Antidiabetic Drug Therapy of African‐American and White Community‐Dwelling Elderly Over a 10‐Year Period
Authors: Lindblad Catherine I. , Hanlon Joseph T. , Artz Margaret B. , Fillenbaum Gerda G. , Mccarthy Teresa C. 
Published: November 2003

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and predictors of antidiabetic medication use over a 10‐year period in a general population of African‐American and white community‐dwelling elderly.Design: Survey.Setting: Five adjacent counties (one urban and four rural) in the Piedmont area of North Carolina.Participants: Those aged 65 and older present at the baseline (n=4,136), second (n=3,234), third (n=2,508), and fourth (n=1,633) in‐person waves of the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly.Measurements: The use of six discrete categories of antidiabetic medications (insulin, first‐generation oral sulfonylureas, second‐generation oral sulfonylureas, metformin, oral combination therapy, and insulin combination therapy) was determined. Multivariate analyses, using weighted data adjusted for sampling design, were conducted to assess the association between antidiabetic medication use and race and other sociodemographic, health‐status, and access‐to‐healthcare factors at baseline and 10 years later.Results: Antidiabetic medications were taken by 21.4% of the population at baseline; this increased to 28.1% at the 10‐year follow‐up (P<.001). Insulin was the most commonly used drug at baseline (7.9%). The use of second‐generation sulfonylureas increased, and use of first‐generation sulfonylureas decreased over the 10‐year time period. Combination antidiabetic therapy and metformin use was infrequent throughout the study. Multivariate analyses revealed that, at baseline, African Americans were nearly twice as likely (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.93, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.46–2.54) to receive any antidiabetic medication as their white counterparts. Other significant (P<.05) factors were hypertension (AOR=1.38, 95% CI=1.03–1.84), stroke (AOR=1.98, 95% CI=1.43–2.73), one or more mobility difficulties (AOR=1.29, 95% CI=1.01–1.66), continuity of care (AOR=1.74, 95% CI=1.20–2.54), and multiple doctor visits (1–4 visits, AOR=1.69, 95% CI=1.08–2.65; ≥5 visits, AOR=3.15, 95% CI=1.95–5.07). Being underweight (AOR=0.45, 95% CI=0.30–0.67) and being cognitively impaired (AOR=0.60, 95% CI=0.41–0.87) were factors significantly (P<.05) associated with a decreased risk of antidiabetic medication use. At the 10‐year follow‐up, similar trends were seen associating these sociodemographic, health‐status, and access‐to‐healthcare factors with antidiabetic medication use.Conclusion: Antidiabetic medication use is common and increases over time for community‐dwelling elderly. Race is significantly associated with antidiabetic medication use, even after controlling for other sociodemographic, health‐status, and access‐to‐healthcare variables.
Selected As the Best Paper in the 1990s: Reducing Frailty and Falls in Older Persons: An Investigation of Tai Chi and Computerized Balance Training
Authors: Wolf Steven L. , Barnhart Huimnan X. , Kutner Nancy G. , Mcneely Elizabeth , Coogler Carol , Xu Tingsen ,   and the Atlanta FICSIT Group
Published: November 2003

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of two exercise approaches, tai chi (TC) and computerized balance training (BT), on specified primary outcomes (biomedical, functional, and psychosocial indicators of frailty) and secondary outcomes (occurrences of fall).Design: The Atlanta Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies and Intervention Techniques, a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial with three arms (TC, BT, and education (ED)). Intervention length was 15 weeks, with primary outcomes measured before and after intervention and at 4‐month follow‐up. Falls were monitored continuously throughout the study.Setting: Persons aged 70 and older living in the community.Participants: A total of 200 participants, 162 women and 38 men; mean age was 76.2.Measurements: Biomedical (strength, flexibility, cardiovascular endurance, body composition), functional instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and psychosocial well‐being (Center for Epidemiological Studies for Depression scale, fear of falling questionnaire, self‐perception of present and future health, mastery index, perceived quality of sleep, and intrusiveness) variables.Results: Grip strength declined in all groups, and lower extremity range of motion showed limited but statistically significant changes. Lowered blood pressure before and after a 12‐minute walk was seen following TC participation. Fear of falling responses and intrusiveness responses were reduced after the TC intervention compared with the ED group (P=.046 and P=.058, respectively). After adjusting for fall risk factors, TC was found to reduce the risk of multiple falls by 47.5%.Conclusion: A moderate TC intervention can impact favorably on defined biomedical and psychosocial indices of frailty. This intervention can also have favorable effects upon the occurrence of falls. TC warrants further study as an exercise treatment to improve the health of older people.
The Need for Comprehensive Evaluation in Science Education
Authors: KUMAR DAVID D. , ALTSCHULD JAMES W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article argues for policies regarding the implementation of evaluation as an integral part of science education reform. Approaches to evaluation should be made comprehensive enough to include multiple methods and, through their use, to gain in‐depth information on large‐scale science education programs and projects. There must be a sustained commitment from stakeholders such as the National Science Foundation to support the training of specialists in the evaluation of science education. Specialists who are able to arrive at independent conclusions that are meaningful and beneficial for science teaching and learning are needed. Evaluation recommendations posited by the authors should be put through careful analysis and feasibility testing before moving to widespread adoption.
TSGDB: a database system for tumor suppressor genes
Authors: Yang Yanming , Fu Li M. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Summary: A Web-based database system was constructed and implemented that contains 174 tumor suppressor genes. The database homepage was created to accommodate these genes in a pull-down window so that each gene can be viewed individually in a separate Web page. Information displayed on each page includes gene name, aliases, source organism, chromosome location, expression cells/tissues, gene structure, protein size, gene functions and major reference sources. Queries to the database can be conducted through a user-friendly interface, and query results are returned in the HTML format on dynamically generated web pages.
Availability: The database is available at http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~yy1/HTML-TSGDB/Homepage.html (data files also at http://www.patcar.org/Databases/Tumor_Suppressor_Genes)
MASV—Multiple (BLAST) Annotation System Viewer
Authors: Carter Kim , Bellgard Matthew 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Summary: Multiple (BLAST) Annotation System Viewer (MASV) is a tool designed to aid in the annotation of genomic sequences. MASV enables the researcher to compare and analyse differences in annotation and analysis, resulting from changes in databases, analysis program parameters and results. This provides a unique capability for the user to conduct further bioinformatics analysis from the information obtained.
Availability: http://cbbc.murdoch.edu.au/projects/masv/
THE ANDREWS–CURTIS CONJECTURE AND BLACK BOX GROUPS
Authors: BOROVIK ALEXANDRE V. , KHUKHRO EVGENII I. , MYASNIKOV ALEXEI G. 
Published: November 2003

The paper discusses the Andrews–Curtis graph Δk(G,N) of a normal subgroup N in a group G. The vertices of the graph are k-tuples of elements in N which generate N as a normal subgroup; two vertices are connected if one of them can be obtained from another by certain elementary transformations. This object appears naturally in the theory of black box finite groups and in the Andrews–Curtis conjecture in algebraic topology [3].We suggest an approach to the Andrews–Curtis conjecture based on the study of Andrews–Curtis graphs of finite groups, discuss properties of Andrews–Curtis graphs of some classes of finite groups and results of computer experiments with generation of random elements of finite groups by random walks on their Andrews–Curtis graphs.
THE STRUCTURE OF RESIDUATED LATTICES
Authors: BLOUNT KEVIN , TSINAKIS CONSTANTINE 
Published: November 2003

A residuated lattice is an ordered algebraic structure [Formula: see text] such that <L,∧,∨> is a lattice, <L,·,e> is a monoid, and \ and / are binary operations for which the equivalences [Formula: see text] hold for all a,b,c ∈ L. It is helpful to think of the last two operations as left and right division and thus the equivalences can be seen as "dividing" on the right by b and "dividing" on the left by a. The class of all residuated lattices is denoted by ℛℒThe study of such objects originated in the context of the theory of ring ideals in the 1930s. The collection of all two-sided ideals of a ring forms a lattice upon which one can impose a natural monoid structure making this object into a residuated lattice. Such ideas were investigated by Morgan Ward and R. P. Dilworth in a series of important papers [15, 16, 45–48] and also by Krull in [33]. Since that time, there has been substantial research regarding some specific classes of residuated structures, see for example [1, 9, 26] and [38], but we believe that this is the first time that a general structural theory has been established for the class ℛℒ as a whole. In particular, we develop the notion of a normal subalgebra and show that ℛℒ is an "ideal variety" in the sense that it is an equational class in which congruences correspond to "normal" subalgebras in the same way that ring congruences correspond to ring ideals. As an application of the general theory, we produce an equational basis for the important subvariety ℛℒCthat is generated by all residuated chains. In the process, we find that this subclass has some remarkable structural properties that we believe could lead to some important decomposition theorems for its finite members (along the lines of the decompositions provided in [27]).
FAST ISOMORPHISM TESTING IN ARITHMETICAL VARIETIES
Authors: GORAZD TOMASZ A. 
Published: November 2003

Let [Formula: see text] be a finitely generated, arithmetical variety such that all subdirectly irreducible algebras from [Formula: see text] have linearly ordered congruences. We show that there is a polynomial time algorithm that tests the existing of an isomorphism between any two finite algebras from [Formula: see text]. This includes the following classical structures in algebra: • Boolean algebras. • Varieties of rings generated by finitely many finite fields. • Varieties of Heyting algebras generated by an n–element chain.
Cobalt Tetraphenylporphine Electrocatalyzed N2O Reduction in DMF Solution
Authors: Tezuka Meguru , Iwasaki Masakazu 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The electrocatalytic reduction of N2O in the presence of cobalt tetraphenylporphine (CoTPP) was investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV). Based on the kinetical treatment of the data, the rate constant for the electron transfer to N2O from CoTPP dianion could be determined and the activation energy of the step was estimated as 39.5 kJ mol−1.
New In2O3(ZnO)m Photocatalysts with Laminal Structure for Visible Light-induced H2 or O2 Evolution from Aqueous Solutions Containing Sacrificial Reagents
Authors: Kudo Akihiko , Mikami Ikko 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
In2O3(ZnO)m powder with laminal structure like a superlattice showed photocatalytic activities for H2 evolution from an aqueous methanol solution and O2 evolution from an aqueous silver nitrate solution under visible light irradiation (λ &gt; 420 nm). Anodic photocurrent was also observed under visible light irradiation (λ &gt; 480 nm) when In2O3(ZnO)m sintered electrodes were employed. The band gaps of In2O3(ZnO)3 and In2O3(ZnO)9 were 2.6 and 2.7eV, respectively, which were smaller than those of In2O3 and ZnO of starting materials.
Tightly Packed Membranes Composed of 36-Membered Macrocyclic Diether Phospholipid Found in Archaea Growing under Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vents
Authors: Arakawa Kenji , Eguchi Tadashi , Kakinuma Katsumi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
We were the first to investigate the properties of the archaeal 36-membered macrocyclic diether phospholipid 1a in comparison with the corresponding acyclic counterpart 2a. Results from thermal analyses and monolayer studies indicated that the 36-membered macrocyclic diether lipid can aggregate to more tightly packed structures than the acyclic congener due to less motional freedom at the alkyl chain region.
The Development and Use of a Triage Protocol for Patients with Dental Problems Contacting an Out-of-hours General Medical Practitioner Cooperative
Authors: Horton Michael , Harris Rebecca V , Ireland Robert S 
Published: November 2003

Purpose of the study The number of patients contacting general medical practitioner (GMP) out-of-hours services with dental problems is perceived to be a significant problem by the medical profession. This study was undertaken to design and pilot a triage protocol that could be used by non-dental staff to refer callers with dental complaints for appropriate treatment. Basic procedures A triage protocol was designed to address the patient conditions considered to be relevant to emergency dental care. The triage protocol was piloted for three months at a GMP cooperative in North Wales, which provided an out-of-hours service for 61 GMPs. Baseline data were collected for three months prior to the introduction of the triage protocol. Main findings The study showed that the number of dental callers contacting the out-of-hours service was not as great as GMPs imagined, and was similar to other studies. The introduction of the triage protocol resulted in a rise in the number of callers asked to call the general dental practitioner (GDP) support line. The number of unregistered patients given the name of a dentist also increased. The need to make a second telephone call seemed not to affect patient satisfaction since when patients were later questioned on their experience, those who had used the service since the introduction of the triage protocol were more likely to be satisfied with the service. Principal conclusions This study provides some evidence that a triage protocol can be used successfully by non-dental staff to sift requests for out-of-hours emergency dental care.
Oral Signs and Symptoms as Predictors of Salivary Gland Hypofunction in General Dental Practice
Authors: Field E Anne , Longman Lesley P , Fear Simon , Higham Susan , Rostron Jocelyne , Willetts Robert M , Ireland Robert S 
Published: November 2003

Objective To evaluate the signs and symptoms of oral dryness as predictors of salivary gland hypofunction (SGH) in general dental practice. Design and setting Prospective study recruiting adult patients attending five general dental practices in Merseyside in 1999. Materials and method Patients were screened for subjective symptoms of oral dysfunction and clinical signs of oral dryness. Patients with oral symptoms or signs of SGH were invited to undergo sialometry. Results were analysed using multiple logistic regression. Results 1103 patients were screened for signs and symptoms of oral dryness, 115 reported continuous xerostomia, of these 65 were also clinically (subjectively) assessed as having a dry oral mucosa. One hundred and one patients attended for sialometry and 73% of these had objective evidence of SGH. Neither the patients’ complaints of oral dryness or the assessment of dryness of the oral mucosa were significant predictors of SGH. Conclusions Symptoms of oral dysfunction and clinical signs of oral dryness were not significant predictors of SGH in dental practice.
Flip‐Chip Applications, Underfill Materials
Authors: Shi Songhua , Wang Lejun , Wong C. P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWhen more people begin to enjoy the convenience of today's affordable, small size, powerful consumer electronics such as laptops, camcorders, and palm‐held digital cameras, they must realize that the trend in the electronics industry revolutionized by the invention of the transistor at Bell Labs in 1947 has moved to high performance, high reliability, miniaturization, and low cost. Today, the electronics industry is a most important industry that is a driving engine for science, technology, manufacturing, and the overall economy.Current electronic technology includes mainly IC fabrication and electronic packaging. Conceptually, electronic packaging encompasses four key functions: (1) power, (2) signal distribution, (3) thermal management and (4) protection. It includes everything from the discrete IC to the electronic system: small systems like cellular phones and PCs and large systems like mainframe computers and telephone central office electronic switching systems. Materials are the “heart and soul” of the next generation of electronic packaging which includes high density microvia printed wiring boards, ultralow dielectric constant dielectrics, integral passives (capacitors, resistors, inductors), flip‐chip solder joints and alternative conductor adhesives, underfills, and electrically and thermally conductive heat‐transfer materials.The packaging concepts and technologies themselves are undergoing amazingly rapid evolution. The evolution of packaging technology during the past three decades and demonstrates the ultimate measure of packaging, density of transistors on a motherboard or density of transistors on an IC is summarized. Some of the important parameters for electronic packages currently used or under development are listed. From these packaging development trends, we can see that all packaging technologies will ultimately converge to flip‐chip technology because only flip‐chip technology can meet the demands of miniaturization and high transistor density. It is the driver for twenty first century electronics.