bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A GFP‐based screen for growth‐arrested, recombinant protein‐producing cells
Authors: Yuk Inn H. Y. , Wildt Stefan , Jolicoeur Mario , Wang Daniel I. C. , Stephanopoulos Gregory 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe growth of anchorage‐dependent Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells is arrested upon serum deprivation; however, a portion of these cells remain viable for extended time periods in serum‐free culture. This work presents a strategy to both rapidly generate a heterogeneous population of CHO cells as well as to select for subpopulations that remain robust and continue to produce recombinant protein when their growth is arrested. Stable expression of recombinant proteins in mammalian cells is often a tedious and time‐consuming process because only a small percentage of transfected cells will express sufficient quantities of protein. To overcome the limitations associated with standard transformation and selection methods, bicistronic retroviral expression technology was used. First, bicistronic retroviral constructs encoding for both interferon gamma (IFN‐γ), the model therapeutic protein, and green fluorescent protein (GFP), the quantitative selectable marker, were generated. Next, recombinant retroviruses were obtained from transient transfection of a helper‐cell line and were used to infect susceptible CHO cells. Cells with the bicistronic expression module stably integrated into their genome fluoresce green and could thereby be easily isolated by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. Upon subjecting successfully infected cells to serum withdrawal, significant declines in cell viability and GFP expression occurred. After imposing this selection pressure on the cells for 8 days, GFP producers were isolated from the survivors by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting and expanded. To evaluate the effectiveness of the screening process, the selected cells were exposed to a second round of serum deprivation. Unlike the original cell population from which it was derived, the subpopulation remained robust and continued to stably express both GFP and IFN‐γ throughout the extended period of serum‐free culture. Within 2 weeks, cells selected for recombinant protein production under serum‐free conditions were successfully generated and isolated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 74–82, 2002.
Enhanced selection of an anaerobic pentachlorophenol‐degrading consortium
Authors: Tartakovsky B. , Manuel M.‐F. , Beaumier D. , Greer C. W. , Guiot S. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA rapid enrichment approach based on a pentachlorophenol (PCP) feeding strategy which linked the PCP loading rate to methane production was applied to an upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor inoculated with anaerobic sludge. Due to this strategy, over a 140‐day experimental period the PCP volumetric load increased from 2 to 65 mg L day−1 with a near zero effluent concentration of PCP. Dechlorination dynamics featured sequential appearance of 3,4,5‐chlorophenol, 3,5‐chloro‐ phenol, and 3‐chlorophenol in the reactor effluent. Profiling of the reactor population by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) revealed a correlation between the appearance of dechlorination intermediates and bands on the DGGE profile. Nucleotide sequencing of newly detected 16S rDNA fragments suggested the proliferation of Clostridium and Syntrophobacter/Syntrophomonas spp. in the reactor during PCP degradation. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 476–483, 2001.
Engineering temperature‐sensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) polymers as carriers of therapeutic proteins
Authors: Uludag Hasan , Norrie Bryan , Kousinioris Niki , Gao Tiejun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study was carried out to engineer N‐isopropylacrylamide (NiPAM) polymers that contain protein‐reactive N‐acryloxysuccinimide (NASI) and hydrophobic alkylmethacrylates (AMAs). These thermoreversible, protein‐conjugating polymers hold potential for retention of therapeutic proteins at an application site where tissue regeneration is desired. The lower critical solution temperatures (LCST) of the polymers were effectively controlled by the AMA mole content. The AMAs with longer side‐chains were more effective in lowering the LCST. Polymers without NASI exhibited a stable LCST in phosphate buffer and in serum over a 10‐day study period. The LCST of polymers containing NASI was found to increase over time in phosphate buffer, but not in serum‐containing medium. The LCST increase in phosphate buffer was proportional to the AMA content. The feasibility of localizing a therapeutic protein, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2), to a site of application was explored in a rat intramuscular injection model. The results indicated that polymers capable of conjugating to rhBMP‐2 were most effective in localizing the protein irrespective of the LCST (13–25°C). For polymers with no NASI groups, a lower LCST resulted in a better rhBMP‐2 localization. We conclude that thermosensitive polymers can be engineered for delivery of therapeutic proteins to improve their therapeutic efficacy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 510–521, 2001.
Fractionation of biological macromolecules using carrier phase ultrafiltration
Authors: Ghosh Raja 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article discusses a novel mode of operation for ultrafiltration processes termed Carrier Phase Ultrafiltration (CPUF). CPUF is based on a modification of dead‐end ultrafiltration. Macromolecular fractionation using ultrafiltration is strongly influenced by operating and physicochemical parameters and requires precise “fine‐tuning.” CPUF facilitates the fractionation of high value biological macromolecules at optimised conditions and has several advantages over conventional modes of ultrafiltration. In this article the fractionation of two model proteins, lysozyme (MW 14100) and myoglobin (MW 17000), by CPUF using 25‐kDa MWCO polysulfone membrane is discussed. Fractionation was carried out using two different CPUF modes, 1) pulse input CPUF and 2) step input CPUF. A high recovery of pure product was obtained in each case. These results are compared with those obtained from “conventional” ultrafiltration experiments. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 1–11, 2001.
Microbial growth by a net heat up‐take: A calorimetric and thermodynamic study on acetotrophic methanogenesis by Methanosarcina barkeri
Authors: Liu J.‐S. , Marison I. W. , von Stockar U. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo answer the intriguing question whether or not endothermic microbial growth exists, and in particular, to verify Heijnen and van Dijken's prediction (1992), acetotrophic methanogen, Methanosarcina barkeri, has been cultivated in a highly sensitive bench‐scale calorimeter (an improved Bio‐RC1 reaction calorimeter) in a pH auxostat fashion. A growth yield of 0.043 C‐mol C‐mol−1 has been obtained and a cell density as high as 3 g L−1 was attained. Heat uptake during growth has indeed been quantitatively measured with calorimetry, resulting in a heat yield of +145 kJ C‐mol−1. Thermodynamics of the growth of acetotrophic methanogens was analyzed in detail. The changes in Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy during growth of M. barkeri were compared with some typical aerobic and anaerobic growth processes of different microorganisms on various substrates. In the growth of M. barkeri on acetate, the retarding effect of the positive enthalpy change on the driving force of growth is overcompensated by the large positive entropy change, resulting from converting one organic molecule (acetic acid) to two gaseous products, CH4 and CO2. Both the enthalpy and the entropy increases are due partially to the transition of these two products into the gaseous phase. The thermodynamic role of this phase transition for the growth process is analyzed. Microbial growth characterized by enthalpy increase and correspondingly by a large increase in entropy may be called enthalpy‐retarded growth. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 170–180, 2001.
Variations in size and in symmetry of foramina of the human skull
Authors: Berge Jennifer K. , Bergman Ronald A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe goal of this report is to define an average size and size range for many of the skull's foramina and to determine in which paired foramina asymmetry is commonly found so that researchers and clinicians examining foramina may have an anatomical reference. The incidence of foraminal variations is also discussed. Information on skull foraminal size and symmetry is increasingly important because of the advancements in radiologic techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). These methods are making difficult diagnoses of pathologic conditions of skull foramina possible. The foramina of 100 randomly selected dry skulls were measured and the symmetry of paired foramina was noted. The average, largest, and smallest sizes for 29 different foramina and the length of one canal are listed. Information regarding the symmetry of 27 paired foramina and the length symmetry of the infraorbital canal was also gathered. Specific data collected for paired foramina include the percent of skulls in which (1) neither foramen of the pair was present, (2) both foramina of a pair were present, (3) both foramina of the pair are present and were both the same size within 0.5 mm, and (4) both foramina of a pair are present but there was greater than 0.5 mm difference in size between them. Clin. Anat. 6:406–413, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal digastric muscle with unilateral quadrification of the anterior belly
Authors: Çelik H.H. , Aldur M.M. , Özdemir B. , Akşit M.D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDuring dissection of the submental region we observed that the anterior belly of the left digastric muscle had four separate insertions. These muscle bands united in a common tendon as they continued with the posterior belly. This is an anatomical variation in the mylohyoid digastric muscle group in the floor of the mouth. When an asymmetry in the floor of the mouth is detected during diagnostic procedures, such as radiologic studies, anomalies of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle should be considered besides other reasons of asymmetry. Additionally, possible occurrence of such anomalies should be remembered during surgical procedures involving the submental region. This unique variation has not been reported in the literature. Clin. Anat. 15:32–34, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conscription of children in armed conflict—a form of child abuse. A study of 19 former child soldiers
Authors: de Silva Harendra , Hobbs Chris , Hanks Helga 
Published: August 2002

AbstractArmed combat in childhood is a form of child abuse. It may lead to serious consequences, including post‐traumatic stress disorder. The inherent emotional abuse and acts or omissions by caregivers may cause behavioural, cognitive, emotional or mental disorder in the child. Nineteen former child soldiers were interviewed in a rehabilitation centre using a standard questionnaire. Reasons for recruitment included: volunteered (18), hatred of enemy (revenge) (5), virtue of being a freedom fighter (martyrdom) (9), as a means of supporting their family (economic) (3). One child was abducted, 7 joined for fear of the ‘enemy’ abducting them, and in 5 a family member was killed by ‘enemy’ or own group. The children were involved in manual labour (15), guard duty (15), front‐line fighting (7), bomb manufacture (5), setting sea/land mines (5) and radio and communication (2). Fifteen were trained in firearms and 14 in self‐destruction. Twelve children attempted to or did run away and 11 refused to obey orders or argued. This led to various punishments, including kitchen duty, beatings, imprisonment, blackmail or death threats. A majority of the children felt sad and emotionally upset when they remembered their mother and family. Children's involvement in war, whatever the ‘justifications’ may be, should always be considered as forced, as they cannot truly comprehend their action in war. The responsibility must be taken by the adult caregivers. The following definition of the abuse of children in armed conflict is proposed: ‘The involvement of dependent, developmentally immature children and adolescents in armed conflict they do not truly comprehend, to which they are unable to give informed consent, and which adversely affects the child's right to unhindered growth and identity as a child’. Firm international agreement on guidelines for the lower age limit of recruitment of children into armed forces is required. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Honors programs: A case study of transfer preparation
Authors: Kane Herald R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis chapter traces the design and development of the San Diego City College Honors Program and its successful implementation of intersegmental transfer agreements—chief among them being the Transfer Alliance Program (TAP), with the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). It describes the recent historical context in which community college honors programs took on a strong leadership role in addressing deep systemic problems in the transfer function in California, a role that continues to this day. This chapter identifies the pivotal contributions of intersegmental transfer agreements like TAP in the development of honors programs at community colleges, and it emphasizes their implications for college students and faculty members.
Unrestricted availability of intracoronary stents is associated with decreased abrupt vascular closure rates and improved early clinical outcomes
Authors: Suh W. Warren , Grill Diane E. , Rihal Charanjit S. , Bell Malcolm R. , Holmes David R. , Garratt Kirk N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether the unrestricted availability of intracoronary stents is affecting abrupt vascular closure rates and early clinical outcomes. Intracoronary stents have improved procedural outcome despite their application in more complex lesions, but the impact of unrestricted availability of stents on abrupt closure and early clinical outcomes is unknown. Two cohorts were identified retrospectively from a coronary intervention registry: patients treated between 1988 and 1992 (n = 3,617) when stents were not generally available, and patients treated between 1994 and 1997 (n = 4,518) when stents were freely available. The late cohort patients consisted of more females; it also had greater comorbidity and more complex presentation. However, there was a significant reduction in the abrupt closure rates between the two time periods (7% vs. 4%, P < 0.0001). After adjusting for female gender, thrombus, and lesion angulation, the late cohort remained significantly associated with decreased odds of abrupt closure (odds ratio [OR] = 0.62, 95% upper and lower confidence intervals [CI] = 0.52–0.75, P = 0.0001). The late cohort also had decreased in‐hospital mortality (OR = 0.91, CI = 0.86–0.95, P = 0.0002) and major adverse clinical event (OR = 0.93, CI = 0.91–0.96, P = 0.0001). Unrestricted availability of intracoronary stents is associated with reduced abrupt closure rates and improved early clinical outcomes among patients undergoing coronary intervention despite treatment of high‐risk patients. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:294–302. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of left atrial compliance on left atrial pressure in pure mitral stenosis
Authors: Ko Young‐Guk , Ha Jong‐Won , Chung Namsik , Shim Won‐Heum , Kang Seok‐Min , Rim Se‐Joong , Jang Yangsoo , Cho Seung‐Yun , Kim Sung‐Soon 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn mitral stenosis (MS), left atrial (LA) pressure is commonly elevated because of increased LA afterload. There is a wide spectrum of LA pressure in patients with MS, however, despite a similar mitral valve orifice area. LA compliance is an important determinant of both cardiovascular performance and pathological physiology. Few data are available, however, regarding the effects of LA compliance on LA pressure. We hypothesized that LA pressure may be higher in patients with decreased LA compliance. We analyzed the right heart and transseptal catheterization data in 47 patients (41 female, mean age 40 ± 10 years) with pure MS and sinus rhythm. The magnitude of LA a and v waves was measured from transseptal catheterization. Fick's method was used to determine cardiac output. LA compliance was calculated by dividing the systolic rise in LA pressure (ΔPLA = PLA(v) − PLA(x)) into the stroke volume. LA size, mitral valve area (MVA), mean diastolic pressure gradient (MG), left ventricular (LV) end‐diastolic and end‐systolic dimensions were obtained by using two‐dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify independent factors determining LA pressure. The mean MVA was 0.95 ± 0.22 cm2. MG and LA dimension were 11.2 ± 5.2 mm Hg and 50.6 ± 5.2 mm, respectively. The mean LA pressure and cardiac output obtained by cardiac catheterization were 23.4 ± 8.4 mm Hg and 4.3 ± 1.5 L/min, respectively. The calculated LA compliance was 4.9 ± 2.8 cm3/mm Hg. Univariate analysis showed that factors associated with increased LA pressure were smaller MVA (r = −0.33, P < 0.05), higher MG (r = 0.69, P < 0.01) and lower LA compliance (r = −0.55, P < 0.01); among them, MG (beta coefficient 0.59, SE 0.19, P < 0.01) and LA compliance (beta coefficient ‐0.26, standard error 0.34, P < 0.05) were the strongest predictors of LA pressure. In conclusion, LA compliance, along with MG that reflects the severity of MS, is an important contributing factor determining LA pressure in patients with pure MS and sinus rhythm. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;52:328–333. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Membrane‐covered stents: A new treatment strategy for saphenous vein graft lesions
Authors: Baldus Stephan , Köster Ralf , Reimers Jacobus , Kähler Jan , Meinertz Thomas , Hamm Christian W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe restenosis rate after stenting of lesions in aortocoronary venous bypass grafts still has to be considered unsatisfactorily high. We investigated a new stent design characterized by an expandable polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) membrane in between two layers of struts. Five consecutive male patients (age 70 ± 6 years) were followed prospectively who presented with at least two de novo lesions in different grafts 13 ± 3 years after bypass surgery. A total of 11 lesions were treated located in grafts anastomosed to the circumflex (n = 3), to the LAD (n = 7), and to the right coronary artery (n = 1). Within the same procedure, every patient received membrane‐covered stents (n = 6) and conventional stents (n = 5) in either of their lesions. All patients underwent successful interventions. The minimal luminal diameter increased from 1.0 ± 0.5 to 2.9 ± 0.6 mm in lesions treated by the membrane‐covered stents and from 0.8 ± 0.4 to 2.4 ± 0.7 mm in the lesions treated by conventional stents. During follow‐up, four out of five patients required angioplasty for in‐stent restenosis of lesions covered by a conventional stent, whereas no patient underwent revascularization for a lesion treated by a membrane‐covered device. The mean minimal luminal diameter of lesions covered by a conventional stent decreased by 42% to 1.4 ± 0.6 mm; the mean minimal luminal diameter of the lesions treated by a stent graft declined by 9% to 2.8 ± 0.6 mm (P < 0.05). This series of intraindividual comparisons suggests that membrane‐covered stents may have the power to reduce in‐stent restenosis in obstructed aortocoronary venous bypass grafts. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:1–4. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trends in cardiac catheterization laboratories in the United States
Authors: Sheldon William C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions has periodically published a Directory of Cardiac Catheterization Laboratories in the United States. All known catheterization laboratories are surveyed and certain operational characteristics are queried. These surveys, in 1983, 1987, 1993, 1995 and 1998, have demonstrated a 2.5 fold increase in cardiac catheterization laboratories since 1983, corresponding increases in numbers of physicians that perform procedures, and in the numbers of procedures performed, reflecting advances in cardiovascular medicine and technology. These surveys have also documented the evolution of interventional techniques, and a shift away from film based imaging, to digitally based methods. These data provide a substrate for consideration of national cardiovascular objectives and planning of future resource allocation by cardiovascular physicians and their colleagues. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:40–45. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of the physiologic severity of coronary lesions using 3D IVUS: Validation by direct coronary pressure measurements
Authors: Takayama Tadateru , Hodgson John McB. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study was performed to determine whether three‐dimensional intravascular ultrasound (3D IVUS) could predict the physiologic significance of coronary lesions. Seventeen lesions were evaluated by means of 3D IVUS, pressure measurements, and quantitative coronary angiography. Physiologic parameters were calculated from the 3D IVUS measures using established equations and compared to values measured by pressure guidewire. IVUS minimum lumen area (MLA) correlated with fractional flow reserve (FFR; R2 = 0.55, P = 0.003) and pressure gradient (R2 = 0.52, P = 0.003). Lesion length (L) had a positive correlation with pressure gradient (R2 = 0.45, P = 0.007). By multivariate analysis, the only significant independent determinant of FFR was MLA/L measured by IVUS. The IVUS‐predicted pressure gradient and FFR were well correlated with values measured directly (R2 = 0.88, P < 0.001; R2 = 0.90, P < 0.001, respectively). The physiologic severity of coronary lesions is primarily influenced by lumen area and lesion length and can be established by 3D IVUS. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:48–55. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct coronary stenting without balloon or device pretreatment: Acute success and long‐term results
Authors: Stys Tomasz , Lawson William E. , Liuzzo John P. , Hanif Bashir , Bragg Lloyd , Cohn Peter F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractImprovements in coronary stents have made planned direct coronary stenting technically feasible, though safety, acute success, cost‐effectiveness, and long‐term results remain to be determined. Sequential patients eligible for direct stenting were prospectively characterized and treated with either direct or secondary stenting. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) such as cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel ischemia, or revascularization (TVR) were followed for 6 months post‐PCI. Enrollment included 128 direct (1.38 lesions/patient) and 69 secondary (1.39 lesions/patient) stented patients. Direct stenting was successful in 99% (with 5% crossover to secondary stenting) without major procedural complications and with a similar rate of vessel wall dissection or no‐reflow phenomenon (2.3% vs. 2.1%; P > 0.05) as the secondary stenting group. There was a trend toward less postprocedural CPK‐MB elevation in the nonacute MI patients with direct vs. secondary stenting (3% vs. 11%, respectively). At 6 months, there were no statistically significant differences in overall MACE. Direct stenting has a high success rate, low complication rate, and durable long‐term results. Procedural cost and time savings, less contrast use and radiation exposure make direct stenting attractive in properly selected patients. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:158–163. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.