bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation of a superconducting granular system on a honeycomb structure
Authors: Mancini G. , Natali R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA simulation of an elementary system of metallic superconducting grains arranged on a single honeycomb cell shows how, in the temperature region belowTcthe supercurrent depends on the structure angle. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical study of reaction channels for the weakly bound complex systems created with HF, CO2, and various amines
Authors: Chen Shyh‐Jong , Chen Cheng , Hong Yaw‐Shun 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis investigation conducted reaction channels of weakly bound complexes CO2…HF, CO2…HF…NH3, CO2…HF…NH2CH3, CO2…HF…NH(CH3)2, and CO2…HF…N(CH3)3 systems, using the Gaussian 98 package at the B3LYP/6‐311++G(3df,2pd) level. The syn‐fluoroformic acid or syn‐fluoroformic acid plus NH3 or amine conformers are more stable than the related anti‐fluoroformic acid or anti‐fluoroformic acid plus NH3 or amine conformers. However, the above‐mentioned weakly bound complexes are more stable than both the related syn‐ and anti‐type fluoroformic acid or acid plus NH3 or amine conformers and their related decomposed into CO2 + HF or CO2 + NHR3F (RH, CH3) combined molecular systems. Five reaction channels of the weakly bound complexes exist. Each channel includes weakly bound complexes and their related above‐mentioned systems. Moreover, each reaction channel contains two transition states. The transition state between the weakly bound complex and anti‐fluoroformic acid type structure (T13) is significantly higher than that of internal rotation (T23) between syn‐ and anti‐FCO2H (or FCO2H…NR3) structures. However, the above‐mentioned T13 can significantly decrease its energy by adding the third molecule NH3 or NR3 (RH or CH3). The more CH3 that is substituted in NR3 of the reaction channel, the lower the activation energy of the transition state in the system is affected. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Trapping 4‐fluorobenzyl chloride in human plasma with chemical derivatization followed by quantitative bioanalysis using high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Yang Eric , Wang Sherry , Bowen Chester , Kratz John , Cyronak Matthew J. , Dunbar Jacob R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA quantitative bioanalytical method involving chemical derivatization, solid phase extraction (SPE) and high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) was developed for the determination of 4‐fluorobenzyl chloride (4FBCl) in human plasma. 4FBCl is a volatile and reactive molecule that is very unstable in human plasma. In order to stabilize 4FBCl in plasma samples prior to storage, 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) was added, forming a stable quaternary amine salt derivative. A three‐step weak cation‐exchange SPE procedure was then employed to remove excess DMAP. The plasma extracts were analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS using a TurboIonspray interface and multiple reaction monitoring. Unlike 4FBCl, the quaternary amine derivative shows excellent sensitivity in electrospray mass spectrometry. The method was validated over a concentration range of 0.5–500 ng/mL using 45 μL of plasma. The maximum within‐run and between‐run precision observed in a three‐run validation for quality control (QC) samples was 12.5 and 7.6%, respectively. The maximum percentage bias observed at all QC sample concentrations was 11.9%. The method has proven to be robust and compatible with high‐throughput bioanalysis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry of 4‐sulfophenyl isothiocyanate‐derivatized peptides on AnchorChip™ sample supports using the sodium‐tolerant matrix 2,4,6‐trihydroxyacetophenone and diammonium citrate
Authors: Oehlers Leon P. , Perez Amy N. , Walter Ronald B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe reagent 4‐sulfophenyl isothiocyanate (SPITC) is an effective, stable, and inexpensive alternative to commercially available reagents used in the N‐terminal sulfonation of peptides for enhanced postsource decay (PSD) in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometric (MALDI‐TOFMS) analyses. However, suppression of ionization of sulfonated peptides due to sample and matrix contaminants such as sodium can be a problem when using prestructured MALDI target sample supports, such as the Bruker Daltonics AnchorChip™. We show that use of the salt‐tolerant matrix 2,4,6‐trihydroxyacetophenone containing diammonium citrate (THAP/DAC) as an alternative to α‐cyanohydroxycinnamic acid (HCCA) reduces the need for extensive washing of ZipTip‐bound peptides or additional on‐target sample clean‐up steps. Use of the THAP/DAC matrix results in selective ionization of sulfonated peptides with greater peptide coverage, as well as detection of higher mass derivatized peptides, than was observed for HCCA or THAP alone. The THAP/DAC matrix is quite tolerant of sodium contamination, with SPITC‐peptides detectable in preparations containing up to 50 mM NaCl. In addition, THAP/DAC matrix was found to promote efficient PSD fragmentation of sulfonated peptides. We demonstrated the utility of using the THAP/DAC MALDI matrix for peptide sequencing with DNA polymerase β tryptic peptide mixture, as well as tryptic peptides derived from Xiphophorus maculatus brain extract proteins previously separated by two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D‐PAGE). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing treatment effects in the presence of competing risks
Authors: Freidlin Boris , Korn Edward L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCompeting risks are often encountered in clinical research. In the presence of multiple failure types, the time to the first failure of any type is typically used as an overall measure of the clinical impact for the patients. On the other hand, use of endpoints based on the type of failure directly related to the treatment mechanism of action allows one to focus on the aspect of the disease targeted by treatment. We review the methodology commonly used for testing failure specific treatment effects. Simulation results demonstrate that the cause‐specific log‐rank test is robust (in the sense of preserving the nominal level of the test) and has good power properties for testing for differences in the marginal latent failure‐time distributions, whereas the use of a popular cumulative incidence based approach may be problematic for this aim. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracellular signalling of epinephrine in rat hepatocytes during fetal development and hepatic regeneration
Authors: Leoni S. , Spagnuolo S. , Terenzi F. , Marino M. , Bolaffi C. , Pulcinelli F. M. , Mangiantini M. T. 
Published: February 2005

The changes in intracellular calcium concentration and IP3 production after the addition of epinephrine were analysed in adult, fetal (20th–22nd day of intrauterine life), and regenerating rat hepatocytes (4 h–24 h after partial hepatectomy) to determine whether the signal transduction is the same in quiescent proliferating and differentiating cells.
The epinephrine treatment causes a significative cytosolic calcium transient in hepatocytes isolated in the last day of fetal life (22-day old) and in the early stage of regeneration (4 h). This effect is not significant in the previous stage of fetal life (20-day old) and at the onset of M phase of cell cycle after partial hepatectomy (24 h).
[3H]myo inositol incorporation into IP3 and IP4 is higher in 20 day fetal and regenerating hepatocytes with respect to the control. In these cells the epinephrine does not affect basal level of IP3 and IP4, while it causes a substantial increase of these inositol phosphates in adult hepatocytes.
[3H]myo inositol incorporation into PIP2 is very low at the 20th day of fetal life. Epinephrine has no effect on this parameter in fetal and regenerating hepatocytes.
Our results show that the epinephrine signal is mediated differently in proliferating and in quiescent hepatocytes.
Roles of Cyclophilins in Cancers and Other Organ Systems
Authors: Yao Qizhi , Li Min , Yang Hui , Chai Hong , Fisher William , Chen Changyi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCyclophilins are originally identified as cellular binding proteins for the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A. Many cyclophilins, including CypA, CypB, CypC, CypD, and Cyp40, have been discovered and shown to be ubiquitously distributed in many types of cells and organ systems. Recent investigations have uncovered many important properties and functions for cyclophilins including peptidyle‐prolyl‐isomerase activity and protein folding/repair; maintaining mitochondrial functions and involvement in apoptosis; roles in regulation of T‐cell function and inflammation; interaction with CD147; and pathogenesis of vascular disease, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, the expression and functions of cyclophilins may be correlated with tumor biology of several types of cancers including pancreatic carcinoma. Molecular mechanisms of cyclophilin‐mediated biologic events and future directions of research are discussed in this review. Understanding the roles of cyclophilins in cancers and other organ systems will be crucial in determining clinical applications for the treatment or diagnosis of human diseases.
Role of Gastrointestinal Hormones in Neuroblastoma
Authors: Gustafson W. Clay , De Berry Brittany B. , Evers B. Mark , Chung Dai H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAs a neuroendocrine tumor, neuroblastoma expresses various gastrointestinal (GI) hormones, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP), neurotensin, and somatostatin, which exert diverse cellular functions in neuroblastoma. In particular, we have recently found that GRP and its cell surface receptor, GRP‐R, are abundantly expressed in neuroblastomas. Moreover, more advanced‐stage neuroblastomas demonstrated an increased level of GRP‐R, suggesting an important role of GRP in aggressive tumor behavior. This review describes the role of several GI hormones commonly expressed in neuroblastoma and discusses in depth the mitogenic actions of GRP in neuroblastoma. In addition, the molecular mechanisms involved in the GRP‐induced stimulation of neuroblastoma cell growth are discussed. Our study results demonstrate a role of GRP as an autocrine/paracrine growth factor and elucidate involvement of specific intracellular signaling, the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase pathway, in the growth regulation of neuroblastoma.
Viability theory for an ecosystem approach to fisheries
Authors: Cury Philippe M. , Mullon Christian , Garcia Serge M. , Shannon Lynne J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMaintenance of overall ecosystem complexity is perceived as critical to the sustainability of ecosystem use. The development of an operational basis for an ecosystem approach to fisheries, however, faces many difficulties. On the research side, the challenge is in defining proper long-term, ecosystem-related objectives; determining meaningful reference values and indicators for desirable or undesirable states of the ecosystem; and developing appropriate data collection, analytical tools and models. The “viability” concept developed in economics by Jean-Pierre Aubin can be used to assist in the definition, selection of, and interaction among long-term objectives at an ecosystem level. It recognizes that ecosystems are complex assemblages of interacting and self-organizing natural and human components that cannot be predicted. Viability models define an ensemble of “viable states”, in contrast to undesirable states defined as such by ecological, economic, and/or social constraints. These constraints can be derived from fisheries objectives, conservation principles, scientific results of modelling, or precautionary principles, and correspond to limit reference points to be avoided. Viability theory does not attempt to choose any “optimal solution” according to given criteria, but selects “viable evolutions”. These evolutions are compatible with the constraints in the sense that they satisfy them at each time and can be delineated by the viability kernel. The southern Benguela marine ecosystem is presented as a first attempt for the application of this theory. In defining ecosystem-based objectives (and related issues such as target reference points), it seems more difficult to reach consensus among stakeholders on what is desirable than on what is undesirable (e.g. biological or economic collapse, species extinction, displacement of local rural communities). Expressed in the negative form or as limit reference points, ecosystem-based constraints can be considered simultaneously with current target reference points, such as maximum sustainable yield, using viability models. The viability approach can help to progressively integrate ecosystem considerations, such as conservation, into fisheries management.
An application of two techniques for the analysis of short, multivariate non-stationary time-series of Mauritanian trawl survey data
Authors: Erzini Karim , Inejih Cheikh A. O. , Stobberup Kim A. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Min/max autocorrelation factor analysis (MAFA) and dynamic factor analysis (DFA) are complementary techniques for analysing short (>15–25 y), non-stationary, multivariate data sets. We illustrate the two techniques using catch rate (cpue) time-series (1982–2001) for 17 species caught during trawl surveys off Mauritania, with the NAO index, an upwelling index, sea surface temperature, and an index of fishing effort as explanatory variables. Both techniques gave coherent results, the most important common trend being a decrease in cpue during the latter half of the time-series, and the next important being an increase during the first half. A DFA model with SST and UPW as explanatory variables and two common trends gave good fits to most of the cpue time-series.
The trophic spectrum: theory and application as an ecosystem indicator
Authors: Gascuel Didier , Bozec Yves-Marie , Chassot Emmanuel , Colomb Audrey , Laurans Martial 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Trophic spectra represent the distribution of biomass, abundance, or catch by trophic level, and may be used as indicators of the trophic structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems in a fisheries context. As a theoretical background, we present a simple ecosystem model of biomass flow reflecting predation and ontogenetic processes. Biomass trophic spectrum of total biomass can be modelled as the result of three major factors and processes: trophic efficiency, transfer kinetics, and extent of top-down control. In the simulations, changes in the spectrum highlight fishing impacts on trophic structure and reveal some functional characteristics of the underlying ecosystem. As examples of potential applications, three case studies of trophic spectra are presented. Catch trophic spectra allow description of structural differences among European fishing areas and periods. Abundance trophic spectra of coral-reef fish assemblages display different trophic signatures, characterizing different reef habitats in New Caledonia and highlighting fishing effects in a marine protected area context. Biomass trophic spectra of demersal resources off Northwest Africa show a shift in ecosystem structure that can be attributed to the rapid increase in fishing pressure during the past few decades. Off Senegal, total biomass remained fairly constant, suggesting a strong top-down control linked to fisheries targeting high trophic level species. Off Guinea, exploitation rates are spread over a wider range of trophic levels, and the total biomass of demersal resources tended to decrease. The trophic spectrum is concluded to be a useful indicator describing and comparing systems in time and space, detecting phase shifts linked to natural or anthropogenic perturbations, and revealing differences in ecosystem functioning.
A framework for ecosystem impacts assessment using an indicator approach
Authors: Livingston P.A. , Aydin K. , Boldt J. , Ianelli J. , Jurado-Molina J. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Assessment of the historical, present, and future states of marine ecosystems and the effects that humans and climate have on the state of an ecosystem are crucial to the scientific advice required to implement an ecosystem-based fishery management system. Management of federal groundfish fisheries in Alaska considers not just the target fishery, but also the possible impact those fisheries might have on other species and the ecosystem. Management actions have ranged from providing protection of endangered species in the region to preventing new fisheries from starting on key foodweb components such as forage fish. A scientific framework for providing ecosystem-based advice that puts the ecosystem first has been evolving over the past few years. This framework provides a way of assessing ecosystem factors that influence target species, the impact the target fishery may have on associated species, and ecosystem-level impacts of fishing. An indicator approach that describes ecosystem status, and trends and measures of human and climate influence has been developed to provide advice to fishery managers. This approach is now being expanded to utilize a variety of models to predict possible future trends in various ecosystem indicators. Future implementation challenges include the refinement of these predictive models, and the inclusion of climate into the models. Identification of sensitive and meaningful ecosystem indicators is also required before a more formalized decision-making process, one that includes ecosystem considerations, can be developed. Most important, the culture of fishery management and research organizations needs to change to embrace the ecosystem-based protections already mandated by various laws.
Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area
Authors: Schultz Robert T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAutism is a severe developmental disorder marked by a triad of deficits, including impairments in reciprocal social interaction, delays in early language and communication, and the presence of restrictive, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. In this review, it is argued that the search for the neurobiological bases of the autism spectrum disorders should focus on the social deficits, as they alone are specific to autism and they are likely to be most informative with respect to modeling the pathophysiology of the disorder. Many recent studies have documented the difficulties persons with an autism spectrum disorder have accurately perceiving facial identity and facial expressions. This behavioral literature on face perception abnormalities in autism is reviewed and integrated with the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature in this area, and a heuristic model of the pathophysiology of autism is presented. This model posits an early developmental failure in autism involving the amygdala, with a cascading influence on the development of cortical areas that mediate social perception in the visual domain, specifically the fusiform “face area” of the ventral temporal lobe. Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important ways in representations of the semantic attributes of people, social knowledge and social cognition. Social perception and social cognition are postulated as normally linked during development such that growth in social perceptual skills during childhood provides important scaffolding for social skill development. It is argued that the development of face perception and social cognitive skills are supported by the amygdala–fusiform system, and that deficits in this network are instrumental in causing autism.
Different Signaling and Cell Death Roles of Heterotrimeric G Protein α and β Subunits in the Arabidopsis Oxidative Stress Response to Ozone
Authors: Joo Junghee H. , Wang Shiyu , Chen J.G. , Jones A.M. , Fedoroff Nina V. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractArabidopsis thaliana plants with null mutations in the genes encoding the α and β subunits of the single heterotrimeric G protein are less and more sensitive, respectively, to O3 damage than wild-type Columbia-0 plants. The first peak of the bimodal oxidative burst elicited by O3 in wild-type plants is almost entirely missing in both mutants. The late peak is normal in plants lacking the Gβ protein but missing in plants lacking the Gα protein. Endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) are first detectable in chloroplasts of leaf epidermal guard cells. ROS production in adjacent cells is triggered by extracellular ROS signals produced by guard cell membrane-associated NADPH oxidases encoded by the AtrbohD and AtrbohF genes. The late, tissue damage–associated component of the oxidative burst requires only the Gα protein and arises from multiple cellular sources. The early component of the oxidative burst, arising primarily from chloroplasts, requires signaling through the heterotrimer (or the Gβγ complex) and is separable from Gα-mediated activation of membrane-bound NADPH oxidases necessary for both intercellular signaling and cell death.
An online study of Australian Enrolled Nurse conversion
Authors: Kenny Amanda J. , Duckett Stephen 
Published: February 2005

Aim.  This paper reports the findings of a study exploring the reasons why rural Enrolled Nurses have chosen to convert to level 1 of the nursing register.Background.  Whilst the Project 2000: A New Preparation for Practice report resulted in the cessation of second level or Enrolled Nurse training in the United Kingdom, Australia has continued to educate enrolled nurses. Currently Australia is facing critical shortages of level 1 nurses and nowhere is this more acute than in rural areas. There are indications that there are large numbers of rural Enrolled Nurses who are interested in ‘converting’ from level 2 to level 1 of the nursing register.Method.  Using a computer program that facilitates engagement and interaction, an ‘online’ focus group was conducted with 38 Enrolled Nurses undertaking a conversion programme at a rural university in Victoria, Australia. During a period of 2 months the Enrolled Nurses participated in a discussion focusing on their reasons for undertaking a conversion programme. Their responses were categorized into five interrelated broad themes.Findings.  These Enrolled Nurses suggested that disillusionment with their role and role ambiguity were the primary reasons for their decision to undertake a conversion programme. All participants suggested that their scope of practice as an Enrolled Nurse is significantly broadened in rural areas. They argued that, following conversion, they are in an ideal position to manage the diversity of rural nursing practice.Conclusions.  In Australia, Enrolled Nurse conversion has the potential to ease some of the workforce shortages, particularly in rural areas. By supporting Enrolled Nurses to undertake conversion programmes, rural areas may benefit from having nurses with the knowledge and skills to deal with the rural environment.