bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organic Microcavity Photodiodes
Authors: Lupton J.M. , Koeppe R. , Müller J.G. , Feldmann J. , Scherf U. , Lemmer U. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe interaction of light and matter lies at the heart of the principle of optoelectronic devices. By tuning the strength of the electric field component of the light wave, one can gain control over this interaction. A simple way of achieving this is by employing microcavities, which are one‐dimensional photonic structures. These give rise to an effective quantization of the light field in one direction. The largest enhancements in the strength of light–matter coupling are achieved for cavities with dimensions on the order of the effective wavelength of light. As organic materials have the very large oscillator strengths required for light–matter coupling, as well as excellent thin film forming properties, they are ideal materials with which to exploit tunable electron–photon coupling. We demonstrate the influence of the optical field strength in organic microcavity photodiodes. Besides allowing tunability of the response spectrum by varying the effective resonator thickness, a large increase in the photocurrent sensitivity is observed below the absorption threshold of the optically active material. The microcavity induced field enhancement plays a particularly important role under two‐photon excitation. In this case we observe a 500‐fold increase in the photocurrent response with respect to a non‐cavity device. This opens up a range of applications for organic microcavity photodiodes as nonlinear detector elements.
Electron Holography of Organic and Biological Materials
Authors: Simon P. , Lichte H. , Drechsel J. , Formanek P. , Graff A. , Wahl R. , Mertig M. , Adhikari R. , Michler G.H. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractElectron holography offers the advantage of high resolution imaging of electric and magnetic fields, which is rarely achieved by other microscopic techniques. The variety of scientific tasks investigated by electron holography extends from subatomic‐resolution imaging of inorganic crystal structures up to morphological studies of polymers or biological samples by making use of subtle differences in their chemical composition or density. In this paper, we discuss basic prospects and applications of holography in the field of organic semiconductor devices and biological samples, as well as in polymer science.
Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome: Ten year experience in the Israeli population
Authors: Shohat Mordechai , Frimer Helena , Shohat‐Levy Vered , Esmailzadeh Hormoz , Appelman Zvi , Ben‐Neriah Ziva , Dar Hanna , Orr‐Urtreger Avi , Amiel Aliza , Gershoni Ruth , Manor Esther , Barkai Gad , Shalev Stavit , Gelman‐Kohen Zully , Reish Orit , Lev Dorit , Davidov Bella , Goldman Boleslaw 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSecond trimester maternal serum biochemical markers, introduced between 1990 and 1995, were supplemented with new ultrasound methods at 14–16 weeks and first trimester biochemical markers between 1995 and 2000. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a Down syndrome (DS) prevention program among the Israeli Jewish population between 1990 and 2000. We collected data on the total number of prenatal tests performed on Israeli Jewish women, DS cases detected prenatally and DS livebirths in Israel during these years. We also studied the use of the newer screening tests in 1990, 1992, and 2000. Between 1990 and 1995, use of chromosomal studies for DS in this population increased from 11.3% to 21.6% and the percentage of cases detected prenatally from 53% to 70%. However, between 1996 and 2000, even with the new screening methods, the utilization rate remained similar (20.7% and 19.8%, respectively) and the percentage detected prenatally decreased to 61% in 2000. The total cost per case detected increased from $47,971 in 1990 to $75,229 in 1992, and to $190,171 in 2000. Between 1990 and 1995, improvement in the percentage of cases detected prenatally was associated with a significant increase in the amniocentesis rate—both are attributed to the introduction of second trimester maternal serum biochemical marker tests. Unexpectedly, the introduction between 1995 and 2000 of new genetic methods to assess the DS risk did not improve the percentage detected or reduce the amniocentesis rate, and was accompanied by an increased cost per case detected. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Left‐sided CHILD syndrome caused by a nonsense mutation in the NSDHL gene
Authors: Hummel Marybeth , Cunningham David , Mullett Charles J. , Kelley Richard I. , Herman Gail E. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractCongenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform nevus and limb defects (CHILD) syndrome is a rare X‐linked dominant malformation syndrome characterized by unilaterally distributed ichthyosiform nevi, often sharply delimited at the midline, and ipsilateral limb defects. At least two‐thirds of cases demonstrate involvement of the right side. Mutations in an essential enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, NAD(P)H steroid dehydrogenase‐like [NSDHL], have been reported in five unrelated patients with right‐sided CHILD syndrome and in a sixth patient with bilaterally, symmetric nevi and mild skeletal anomalies, but not with CHILD syndrome as originally defined. Although all of the molecularly diagnosed cases with the CHILD phenotype to date have had right‐sided disease, we report here a novel nonsense mutation (E151X) of NSDHL in an infant with left‐sided CHILD syndrome. This result demonstrates that both right‐ and left‐sided CHILD syndrome can be caused by mutations in the same gene. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neonatal diabetes mellitus, congenital hypothyroidism, hepatic fibrosis, polycystic kidneys, and congenital glaucoma: A new autosomal recessive syndrome?
Authors: Taha Doris , Barbar Maha , Kanaan Hassan , Williamson Balfe John 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe report on two sibs (of 4) with a syndrome of minor facial anomalies, proportionate IUGR, neonatal non‐autoimmune diabetes mellitus (NDM), severe congenital hypothyroidism (CH), cholestasis, congenital glaucoma, and polycystic kidneys. Liver disease progressed to hepatic fibrosis. The renal disease was characterized by large kidneys and multiple small cysts with deficient corticomedullary junction differentiation and normal kidney function. The phenotype observed in the two sibs was identical. Although a combination of liver, kidney, and pancreatic involvement has been described in Ivemark syndrome (hepato‐renal‐pancreatic syndrome), the coexistence of NDM, CH, and glaucoma in both sibs suggests the possibility that this combination of manifestations describes a new autosomal recessive syndrome. Mutation analysis for several candidate genes is warranted. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thyroid dysfunction in a patient with aglossia
Authors: Kantaputra Piranit , Tanpaiboon Pranoot 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe report a Thai girl who had aglossia, micrognathia, microsomia, collapse of mandibular arch, persistence of buccopharyngeal membrane, microcephaly, and mild developmental delay. Thyroid function tests indicated that she had subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid scan revealed normal uptake of the whole thyroid gland. Tongue morphogenesis is integrally linked to the normal development of thyroid gland, and abnormal tongue morphogenesis could potentially result in a functional thyroid disorder. We propose that micrognathia, microsomia, congenital absence of mandibular incisors, and collapse of the mandibular arch are the result of abnormal tongue development. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Narrowing the candidate region of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy‐like syndrome by deletion mapping in a patient with an unbalanced cryptic translocation t(2;6)(q37.3;q26)
Authors: Giardino Daniela , Finelli Palma , Gottardi Giulietta , De Canal Gabriella , Monica Matteo Della , Lonardo Fortunato , Scarano Gioacchino , Larizza Lidia 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe here describe a submicroscopic translocation affecting the subtelomeric regions of chromosomes 2q and 6q identified in a patient referred to us because of mental retardation, obesity, brachydactyly, and short stature. FISH analysis using subtelomeric probes showed a 46,XY,der(2)t(2;6)(q37.3;q26) in the propositus, and a balanced t(2;6) in his father and sister. FISH with region‐specific genomic clones made it possible to map the 2q37.3 breakpoint precisely to the region covered by BAC 585E12, and the 6q26 breakpoint to between the regions encompassed by 414A5 and 480A20. The 2q subtelomeric deletion has often been found in patients with Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO)‐like syndrome but, to the best of our knowledge, the 2q37.3‐qter monosomy ascertained in our patient is the smallest so far described within the syndrome's critical interval, and may thus enhance the search for the responsible genes. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between genetic variation in the Y chromosome and hypertension in myocardial infarction patients
Authors: García Eliecer Coto , González Pelayo , Castro Mónica G. , Alvarez Ruth , Reguero Julián R. , Batalla Alberto , Cortina Arturo , Alvarez Victoria 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in chromosome Y has been associated with blood pressure. In men, the risk of suffering from cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, could be influenced by one or more loci on chromosome Y. We genotyped 208 men who had suffered an early episode of myocardial infarction (MI) (≤55 years) and 178 healthy control men for two Y‐polymorphisms (a HindIII polymorphism in an alphoid satellite in the centromeric non‐recombining region and the −2627 T/C in the SRY gene). Frequencies were compared through a χ2‐test. Frequencies for the two polymorphisms did not differ between patients and controls. The alphoid‐HindIII polymorphism was not related to blood pressures in our population (HindIII+: diastolic, 80 ± 2; systolic, 129 ± 5. HindIII−: diastolic, 80 ± 2; systolic, 128 ± 3). Seventy‐six patients (37%) were hypertensives and had a significantly higher frequency of the HindIII+ allele compared to the normotensive patients (46 and 26%, respectively; P = 0.028). According to our data, the alphoid‐HindIII polymorphism in chromosome Y was not associated with differences in blood pressure in men from Asturias (Northern Spain). However, the HindIII+ allele increased the risk of suffering an early episode of MI among hypertensives. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of diet on dental development in four species of catarrhine primates
Authors: Dirks Wendy 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn this study, dental development is described in two pairs of closely related catarrhine primate species that differ in their degree of folivory: 1) Hylobates lar and Symphalangus syndactylus, and 2) Papio hamadryas hamadryas and Semnopithecus entellus. Growth increments in histological thin sections are used to reconstruct the chronology of dental development to determine how dental development is accelerated in the more folivorous species of each pair. Although anterior tooth formation appears to be unrelated to diet, both S. syndactylus and S. entellus initiate the slowest‐forming molar earlier than the related less‐folivorous species, which supports the hypothesis that dental acceleration is related to food processing. S. syndactylus initiates M2 crown formation at an earlier age than H. lar, and S. entellus initiates and completes M3 at an earlier age than P. h. hamadryas. Similar stages of M3 eruption occur earlier in the more folivorous species; however, the sex of the individual may also play a role in creating such differences. Although the age at M3 emergence is close to that reported for the end of body mass growth in lar gibbons, hamadryas baboons, and Hanuman langurs, M3 emergence may not be coupled to body mass growth in siamangs. Am. J. Primatol. 61:29–40, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative 3D analysis of the canal network in cortical bone by micro‐computed tomography
Authors: Cooper D.M.L. , Turinsky A.L. , Sensen C.W. , Hallgrímsson B. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractCortical bone is perforated by an interconnected network of porous canals that facilitate the distribution of neurovascular structures throughout the cortex. This network is an integral component of cortical microstructure and, therefore, undergoes continual change throughout life as the cortex is remodeled. To date, the investigation of cortical microstructure, including the canal network, has largely been limited to the two‐dimensional (2D) realm due to methodological hurdles. Thanks to continuing improvements in scan resolution, micro‐computed tomography (μCT) is the first nondestructive imaging technology capable of resolving cortical canals. Like its application to trabecular bone, μCT provides an efficient means of quantifying aspects of 3D architecture of the canal network. Our aim here is to introduce the use of μCT for this application by providing examples, discussing some of the parameters that can be acquired, and relating these to research applications. Although several parameters developed for the analysis of trabecular microstructure are suitable for the analysis of cortical porosity, the algorithm used to estimate connectivity is not. We adapt existing algorithms based on skeletonization for this task. We believe that 3D analysis of the dimensions and architecture of the canal network will provide novel information relevant to many aspects of bone biology. For example, parameters related to the size, spacing, and volume of the canals may be particularly useful for investigation of the mechanical properties of bone. Alternatively, parameters describing the 3D architecture of the canal network, such as connectivity between the canals, may provide a means of evaluating cumulative remodeling related change. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 274B:169–179, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High occurrence of a basicranial feature in Homo erectus: Anatomical description of the preglenoid tubercle
Authors: Zeitoun Valery 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe degree of differentiation between Western and Eastern Early Middle Pleistocene hominids (Homo erectus) is still under debate. On the one hand, the two populations are believed by some to belong to two separate taxonomic categories possessing their own exclusive features. On the other hand, they are considered by others to belong to a single but ubiquitous global population with regional specificities that are mainly due to variations in the frequency of certain features. In this context, an additional trait, the preglenoid tubercle (tuberculum anterius fossae mandibularis), may well shed light on the matter. The tubercle is often present on the anterior part of the fossa mandibularis at the anterior extent of the joint capsule and articular tubercle (tuber articulare) of fossils usually assigned to Homo erectus. This study describes the anatomy of the preglenoid tubercle, to indicate its occurrence and to try to improve its use in taxonomy and phylogeny, although its origin and functional significance have not yet been clarified. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 274B:148–156, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Circularly polarized light standards for investigations of collagen fiber orientation in bone
Authors: Bromage Timothy G. , Goldman Haviva M. , McFarlin Shannon C. , Warshaw Johanna , Boyde Alan , Riggs Christopher M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBone exhibits positive form birefringence dominated by and dependent upon the orientation of its collagen. The biomechanical efficacy of bone as a tissue is largely determined by collagen fibers of preferred orientation and distribution (and corresponding orientation of mineral crystallites), and evidence is accumulating to demonstrate that this efficacy extends to function at the organ level. This study has three aims. The first is to provide a Background to the study of circularly polarized light (CPL) investigations of collagen fiber orientation in bone. The significance of preferred collagen fiber orientation in bone, linearly polarized light and CPL imaging principles, and a short history of CPL studies of mammalian functional histology are reviewed. The second is to describe, in some detail, methodological considerations relating to specimen preparation and imaging appropriate for the quantitative analysis of preferentially oriented collagen. These include section transparency, section thickness, the uniformity of the illuminating system, and CPL paraphernalia. Finally, we describe a grey‐level standard useful for quantitative CPL, based upon mineralized turkey tendon, which shall be provided to investigators upon request. When due consideration is paid to specimen preparation and imaging conditions, quantitative assessment of collagen fiber orientation provides insight into the effects of mechanical loading on the skeleton. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 274B:157–168, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Joint Modelling of Repeated Measures and Survival Time Data
Authors: Ha Il Do , Park Taesung , Lee Youngjo 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn many clinical trials both repeated measures data and event history data are simultaneously observed from the same subject. These two types of responses are usually correlated, because they are from the same subject. In this article, we propose a joint model for the combined analysis of repeated measures data and event history data in the framework of hierarchical generalized linear models. The correlation between repeated measures and event time is modelled by introducing a shared random effect. The model parameters are estimated using the hierarchical‐likelihood approach. The proposed model is illustrated using a real data set for the renal transplant patients.
Utilities of the P‐value Distribution Associated with Effect Size in Clinical Trials
Authors: Hung H.M. James , O'Neill Robert T. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe P‐value, which is widely used for assessing statistical evidence in randomized comparative clinical trials, is a function of the observed effect size of the experimental treatment relative to the control treatment. The relationship of the P‐value with the observed effect size at study completion and the effect size anticipated at the design stage has potential usefulness in providing guidance for planning and interpretation of a clinical trial. The post‐trial power associated with a statistically significant P‐value from a completed study is also a random variable and its use may assist in planning a follow‐up trial to confirm the statistically significant findings in an initial study. A measure of robustness is explored to quantify the degree of sensitivity of the observed P‐value to potential bias that may be contained in the observed effect size.
Non‐Parametric Ecological Regression and Spatial Variation
Authors: Natário Isabel , Knorr‐Held Leonhard 
Published: September 2003

AbstractEcological studies aim to analyse the variation of disease risk in relation to exposure variables that are measured at an area unit level. In practice it is rarely possible to use the exposure variables themselves, either because the corresponding data are not available or because the causes of the disease are not fully understood. It is therefore quite common to use crude proxies of the real exposure to the disease in question. These proxies are rarely able to explain the disease variation and hence additional area level random effects are introduced to account for the residual variation. In this paper we investigate the possibility to model the effect of ecological covariates non‐parametrically, with and without additional random effects for the residual spatial variation. We illustrate the issues arising through analyses of simulated and real data on larynx cancer mortality in Germany, during the years of 1986 to 1990, where we use the corresponding lung cancer rates as a proxy for smoking consumption.
Poisson Regression with Change‐Point Prior in the Modelling of Disease Risk around a Point Source
Authors: Kokki Esa , Penttinen Antti 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBayesian estimation of the risk of a disease around a known point source of exposure is considered. The minimal requirements for data are that cases and populations at risk are known for a fixed set of concentric annuli around the point source, and each annulus has a uniquely defined distance from the source. The conventional Poisson likelihood is assumed for the counts of disease cases in each annular zone with zone‐specific relative risk and parameters and, conditional on the risks, the counts are considered to be independent. The prior for the relative risk parameters is assumed to be piecewise constant at the distance having a known number of components. This prior is the well‐known change‐point model. Monte Carlo sampling from the posterior results in zone‐specific posterior summaries, which can be applied for the calculation of a smooth curve describing the variation in disease risk as a function of the distance from the putative source. In addition, the posterior can be used in the calculation of posterior probabilities for interesting hypothesis. The suggested model is suitable for use in geographical information systems (GIS) aimed for monitoring disease risks. As an application, a case study on the incidence of lung cancer around a former asbestos mine in eastern Finland is presented. Further extensions of the model are discussed.
Parameter Redundancy in Multistate Capture‐Recapture Models
Authors: Gimenez Olivier , Choquet Rémi , Lebreton Jean‐Dominique 
Published: September 2003

AbstractMultistate capture‐recapture models are a powerful tool to address a variety of biological questions concerning dispersal and/or individual variability in wild animal populations. However, biologically meaningful models are often over‐parameterized and consequently some parameters cannot be estimated separately. Identifying which quantities are separately estimable is crucial for proper model selection based upon likelihood tests or information criteria and for the interpretation of the estimates obtained. We show how to investigate parameter redundancy in multistate capture‐recapture models, based on formal methods initially proposed by Catchpole and his associates for exponential family distributions (Catchpole, Freeman and Morgan, 1996. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B 58, 763–774). We apply their approach to three models of increasing complexity.
Improvement Over Transformed Auxiliary Variable in Estimating the Finite Population Mean
Authors: Shabbir J. , Yaab M.Z. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractFor estimating the finite population mean $ \bar Y $ of the study variable y, we propose a ratio‐type estimator which gives an improvement over estimators given by Upadhyaya and Singh (1999), Sisodia and Dwivedi (1981), and Singh and Kakran (1993). These estimators are compared by observing the bias and mean square error (MSE). In this empirical study, the suggested estimator under the optimal condition is found to be more efficient than the estimators mentioned above.