bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Do I Know If I Have Parkinson’s Disease?
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is not always simple. Even seasoned physicians may be troubled by certain cases. For the person with PD, recognizing that something is wrong may take months. The onset is insidious and symptoms may blend into the routine. Although tremor may provide a clear signal, many people do not experience this as one of their initial symptoms. Some of the manifestations of PD may be so subtle and nonspecific that they are not even appreciated as being abnormal. For example, they may be written off to age: “Of course I’m slowing down; I’m getting older.” Or some other explanation may seem plausible: “I walk bent over because my back hurts.” On the other hand, certain signs may be incorrectly attributed to PD. Not all tremor represents PD, and in fact the majority of people with tremor do not have PD. Parkinson’s disease is a clinical diagnosis made in the doctor’s office. The story plus examination findings provide the evidence. There are no laboratory tests that identify PD. The tests are primarily for the purpose of excluding other disorders and are often not needed (see chapter 7 on testing). In this chapter, we focus on the clinical clues that point us to the diagnosis.
Thinking, Memory, and Dementia
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is primarily a disorder affecting movement, but memory, judgment, and thinking may become impaired in some cases. The physician’s term for thinking, judgment, and memory is cognition. When impairment of cognition is substantial, irreversible, and interfering with activities of daily living, we term this dementia. Dementia may complicate otherwise typical PD, representing progression of the disease process. When this has been assessed in PD clinics, it is found in a minority of patients and usually late in the course. Thus, just because you have PD does not mean that you are destined to become demented. Moreover, not everyone with PD who complains of memory impairment is demented. There are other reasons why thinking and memory may be affected. Let’s consider this in more detail.
Treating Other Problems: Swelling, Skin Rashes, and Visual Symptoms
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several other conditions are common in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) that require treatment other than levodopa and related drugs. In this chapter we will address three problems that frequently develop in the context of PD: swollen legs, certain skin rashes, and visual distortions or blurring. Swelling of the legs is common among seniors in general. It is particularly common among seniors with PD but sometimes occurs in younger people with PD as well. People often worry that swelling is caused by poor circulation to their legs. Rather, it is often just the opposite; it results from poor circulation from the legs. Let’s briefly define terms so that we can consider this in more detail. Arteries carry blood with oxygen and nutrients to the major organs, muscles, skin, and so on. After the oxygen and nutrients have been extracted, the blood flows back to the heart via the veins.
Family, Friends, the Workplace, and Caregivers
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Should your PD diagnosis be disclosed to friends and family? Clearly your spouse needs to know, and rarely are there exceptions to this axiom. Disclosure beyond that, however, is a personal choice and depends on circumstances. Let’s think about some of the factors that weigh in this decision. If your PD is well controlled and you are experiencing no compromise of activities, it is not necessary to reveal the diagnosis. The PD medications are often effective in abolishing the signs of PD; others may not notice that anything is wrong. You may feel more comfortable not talking about your diagnosis of PD and that is perfectly fine. Sometimes it is easier to downplay the illness and focus on the positives in life. For some, it is important to talk about PD. Perhaps your sense of immortality has been shattered by the prospect of a chronic disease; if the mental burden weighs on your mind, then by all means, share this with appropriate friends and family. Talking about things that bother us helps make peace with ourselves and confront our shortcomings.
The Structure of Daily Positive Affect for Persons With Parkinson’s Disease: A Dynamic Factor Analysis
Authors: Shifren Kim , Hooker Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an impressive literature on the positive aspects of living with chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, coronary heart disease, and various forms of cancer (Benyamini, Idler, Leventhal, & Leventhal, 2000; Fournier, deRidder, & Bensing, 2003; Reich, Zautra, & Davis, 2003; Symister & Friend, 2003). Though this body of literature had been steadily growing since 1990, it increased substantially after the introduction of positive psychology (e.g., Peterson, 2000). Researchers interested in any aspect of the positive side of individuals and how they deal with illness and other negative life events have been encouraged to conduct studies that do not focus solely on the negative side of coping processes and outcomes. In fact, researchers have found that state-positive affect (i.e., short-term positive affect) is related to health while trait-positive affect is not (Casten, Lawton, Winter, Kleban, & Sando, 1997). Researchers have also discussed the adaptive functions of positive affect (PA) in the coping process, especially when dealing with chronic stressors (Folkman & Maskowitz, 2000).
Understanding Individual and Age Differences in Well-Being: An Experimental Attention-Based Approach
Authors: Isaacowitz Derek M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that there may be important links between thinking and feeling is not a new one. In clinical psychology, Beck’s influential theory of depression asserted that dysfunctional cognitions represent not just a symptom of depression, but rather a cardinal cause of the disorder itself. In the social cognitive study of emotion, links to cognition have been at the core of several controversial assertions. For example, the longstanding debate between Zajonc (1980, 1984) and Lazarus (1982) centered on whether cognition does or does not necessarily precede emotion. Additionally, Bower’s (1981) network theory made important assertions concerning the contextual links between emotional experience and memory. Only more recently, however, have researchers interested in the links between emotion and cognition turned from focusing either on the necessity of cognition for emotion or on the effects of emotion on memory to ask more refined questions about where and how emotion might affect cognition. In particular, rather than viewing information processing as a black box and using only memory measures to determine simply whether cognition had been impacted somehow by emotion, researchers have attempted to decompose information processing into more specific parts to better understand where the “action” may be linking emotion with processing of stimuli from the environment.
Multilevel Modeling of Motivation: A Self-Determination Theory Analysis of Basic Psychological Needs
Authors: Brown Kirk Warren , Ryan Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Motivation is, by its very nature, a dynamic process. Human motives and desires fluctuate in direction and strength according to inner promptings and environmental contingencies that can facilitate or inhibit the satisfaction of needs, and desires also vary as individuals negotiate their day-to-day lives. This dynamic character of motivation has implications for research designs and analytic approaches used to investigate it. Because traditional one-occasion, experimental, and longitudinal approaches typically provide very limited opportunities to model the dynamic variability of motivation, researchers have begun to pair nontraditional methods such as experience sampling with analytic tools such as multilevel modeling to extend our understanding of motivation as it operates in day-to-day contexts. In this chapter, we discuss recent research using multilevel approaches to modeling the variable nature of motivation and its consequences. Specifically, we focus on recent efforts to understand the expression of three basic psychological needs specified by self-determination theory (SOT; Oeci & Ryan, 2000; Ryan, 1995).
About Suicide Notes
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collections of suicide notes have been available since the middle of the nineteenth century. Some writings about suicide notes typically have been anecdotal; others have been collections of notes without comment. As the reader already knows, my study of suicidal phenomena began in 1949 with my discovery of hundreds of suicide notes in the vaults of the Los Angeles County Coroner’s office.
Consultation By Morton Silverman, M.D.
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This report might be called “The Man Who Knew Too Much.” I approach the study of an individual’s self-injurious death as a mystery that needs to be solved. Was it truly a suicide? Why was it a suicide? Does it “make sense” to me? Is it understandable? Often we are not left with much to study, other than the bare facts of the death and reports by police and medical examiners. In a relatively small minority of the cases a suicide note is left behind. So there is often much speculation about intent, motives, predisposing factors, and precipitating events.
The Idea of a Psychological Autopsy
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At my first meeting with Arthur’s mother, she presented to me a typed list of names and telephone numbers of other relatives, which also included Arthur’s long-term psychotherapist and the physician who attended him toward the end. She asked me if I would be interested in talking with these other people. Without knowing it, she was suggesting a psychological autopsy of Arthur’s enigmatic death.
Consultation by Robert E. Litman, M.D.
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1960s, with our colleagues at the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center (SPC), we conceptualized suicide as a crisis, and our treatment model was crisis intervention. We thought of the presuicidal state as one of transient perturbation following trauma or serious loss, especially the loss or threat of loss of something that the patient valued highly. We emphasized the necessity for helping people get through these time-limited stress periods so that natural healing could occur.
Consultation By Jerome Motto, M.D.
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are examining the suicide of Arthur, a 33-year-old Caucasian male physician and attorney. His death on a Sunday night resulted from an overdose of medication. On the day of his suicide, he spent time with his best friend and had a customary Sunday breakfast with his father. Neither of them detected anything unusual in his demeanor that might have presaged his impending action. He left a long and compassionate suicide note, apparently started on the preceding Friday night, that eloquently illustrates why he was characterized by some who knew him well as a loving and articulate man.
Consultation by Norman L. Farberow, Ph.D.
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arthur’s suicide was the result of a confluence of psychological factors with neurobiological and physiological factors. The most prominent of the psychological factors was a self-image in which he saw himself as inadequate, incapable, weak, and inferior. Those feelings about himself developed and were consistently reinforced during his childhood and adolescence.
Interview with the Sister
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SIS: I’m a sister of Arthur’s.1 Arthur committed suicide, that you know, and when you say why, what went on—he suffered his whole life. He was always in pain, and as much as we all felt we understood it, none of us really could understand it, because none of us was suicidal; and he was constantly in pain and constantly looking for some- thing that would make him feel happier, would make him feel better. He tried all different kind of things. He went first to medical school, and then changed his mind, that didn’t make him happy, so then he went to law school because medical school didn’t make him happy, thinking that maybe law school might make him happy. He was single and dating and then got married and wasn’t happy, so he got divorced. His whole life he was striving to find what would make him feel better and not feel the pain, and I think after trying all the things that he always thought—if I married, if I had a good career, if I have friends, if I have all these things—and once he obtained all these things, he realized that these things still weren’t making him feel out of pain, then I think his hopelessness just completely consumed him, and he couldn’t take the pain any more.
Interview with the Ex-Wife
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EX-WIFE: I’m a physician, a nephrologist, and I see patients. I’m also a researcher. I do research, and I have some familiarity with an autopsy. You create empirical research, but I do understand the idea of starting out with an open mind and seeing what comes. That you can’t start an endeavor such as this with a goal, looking for certain answers, because they don’t always come. I do understand that, but intellectually I am interested in whatever it is that you are able to learn. I don’t feel that there is really anything in particular that I need to get out of this or to learn in relation to Arthur. I am currently in my fourth year of psychoanalysis since my relationship with Arthur ended. So I feel like I’m getting what I need there. I’m learning about myself, and I’m answering any questions for myself that need to be answered. But I am interested intellectually in your thoughts. I know that you are going to speak to several people, and I’m just interested in what those thoughts would be.
Interview with the Girlfriend
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
GRL: I am 30 years old. I’m an office administrator for an engineering firm, and I have a wonderful family who live locally. I went on to college in this state, and after graduation with a psychology major I worked with disturbed adults for a couple of years. It was a lot of responsibility, and I was only 21 years old, so—I don’t know how that happened. What broke my heart was that I became immune to it. I was thinking of case evaluations: When new clients would come to the clinic, I would do their intakes, and I remember the first few times I did it, it was hard; but after six months it became so routine, and that’s one thing that I always look back on my life that it became routine, and these people were pouring out their hearts and souls to me, telling me when they first began to hear voices or when they first started becoming depressed, and I would just write it down and not really hear what they had to say.
Letter to the Mother
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here we are, practically at the end of this journey, in which I have tried to generate substantial information about the death of your son with the hope that you will find some new helpful insights and some anchors of solace. If one produces enough rich ore, there ought to be some valuable nuggets within it. You must know that I have had high regard and affection for you right from the beginning, and I hope you won’t find it inappropriate if I say that this is my special letter to you.
Energy and Momentum Principles
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The momentum and energy principles for a fluid element were introduced in sections 4.4 and 4.5, respectively. Here, we integrate those principles across a channel reach to apply to macroscopic one-dimensional steady flows. We conclude the chapter by comparing the theoretical and practical differences between the energy and momentum principles. We show in subsequent chapters how these energy and momentum relations can be applied to solve practical problems.
Cooper’s Europe and His Quarrel with America
Authors: Kennedy J Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gleanings in Europe, the massive five-volume project completed in 1838 by James Fenimore Cooper, marks the most ambitious effort by an antebellum American author to scrutinize the new nation from a critical, transnational perspective. Cooper’s ostensible subject, the curiosities of western Europe, facilitates a comparative analysis of his own country and its emerging national character. Having contemplated early American experience in such narratives as The Spy, The Pioneers, Lionel Lincoln, and The Last of the Mohicans, Cooper went abroad in 1826 to ensure that his daughters learned foreign languages, to arrange European publishing agreements, to seek relief from physical ailments, and to acquire a cosmopolitan understanding of cultural differences. Through DeWitt Clinton and Henry Clay he secured a nominal appointment as U.S. consul to Lyon, France, to “avoid the appearance of going over to the enemy” as an expatriate.1 His only prior glimpse of Europe had come two decades earlier during a youthful tour of duty with the U.S. Navy. When he returned as a celebrated novelist, Cooper made the grand tour, studied the human scene, and socialized as a literary lion, meeting the great and near great, all the while drawing inferences about manners, beliefs, politics, and national traits in the countries he visited.
Cooper’s Leatherstocking Conversations
Authors: Nelson Dana D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is an American, this new man?” Farmer James famously queries in one of the most anthologized passages of early American literature. In Letters from an American Farmer (1782), Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur offers, through a series of flctionalized letters, a look into the social, political, and emotional life of American colonists. He charts for the inquisitive European the extraordinary changes in attitude, lifestyle, family structure, and personal belief that the wider availability of land— and property’s guarantee of citizenship—made possible for more white commoners in the northern colonies.
Introduction
Authors: Mann Thomas E , Ornstein Norman J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bill That Brought House members to a fateful vote early on November 23, 2003, was not your average piece of legislation. It was the major social policy initiative of President George W. Bush and the top priority of his congressional leaders. Shortly before six o’clock in the morning on that Sunday, following a debate that began Saturday and a vote that began at 3 a.m., a House of Representatives described by the New York Times as “fiercely polarized”1 passed a bill to provide prescription drug benefits under Medicare. The 220 to 215 vote, begun under the normal procedure that routinely limits votes to fifteen minutes, took two hours and fifty-one minutes to complete; the Times piece said it took “an extraordinary bout of Republican arm-twisting to muster a majority.” Extraordinary it was. At exactly 3 a.m., Rep. Richard “Doc” Hastings (R-WA), presiding over the House, announced that the time for debate on the Medicare bill had expired. He said from the chair, “Members will have fifteen minutes to record their votes.” As Congress Daily described it,2 the roll call opened at 3:01 a.m., with seventeen Republicans immediately voting no.
The Seeds of the Contemporary Problem, 1969–1994
Authors: Mann Thomas E , Ornstein Norman J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We Arrived In Washington from the University of Michigan in the fall of 1969, set to work on Capitol Hill for a year as congressional fellows of the American Political Science Association. We shared a townhouse near DuPont Circle with two other colleagues, one of whom had a dog. On a balmy October evening just after our arrival, one of us took the dog out for a short walk. It did not last long. Before we had gone a block, the dog started to yelp and howl, for no apparent reason. Within thirty seconds, the reason was apparent: a tear gas canister spewing its contents was rolling down the street toward us. Soon, it was followed by more tear gas, and a crowd of people running toward us—followed in turn by police in full riot gear. A demonstration at the South Vietnamese Embassy on the other side of the circle had evidently gone awry. We stumbled back to the house through the tumult and choking gas fumes, closed the windows, put wet towels under the door frames, and waited out the storm. “Welcome to Washington,” said one of our roommates.
A Decade of Republican Control
Authors: Mann Thomas E , Ornstein Norman J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Electoral Tsunami that swept across the country in November 1994 left the once seemingly permanent Democratic majority in Congress stunned and dispirited. Forty years of uninterrupted Democratic control of the House— more than double the previous record—had created a wide-spread sense of entitlement and more than a trace of arrogance. Many Democrats had long believed that being in the majority was their birthright, not their temporary good fortune. Going into the election, they believed they would take a hit, even a substantial one, but with no real chance of losing enough seats to cost them that birthright. Equally stunned was the Democratic occupant of the White House. The magnitude and consistency of the swing to the Republicans left no doubt whatsoever that the electorate had repudiated President Clinton and his party of government. Clinton would soon feel it necessary to insist that, under the Constitution, the president is not irrelevant.
Why Study Children of Immigrants?
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States is commonly referred to as a country of immigrants. There is, of course, no question that other populations were here before. Various Native American nations and previous colonizers had populated this continent for centuries. But the country that we refer to as the United States of America was founded by immigrants to these lands. And thus the process of immigration has always been closely tied to the history of this country. We argue that this process is an integral part of the developmental niche of children of immigrants and, following contextual developmental theoretical frameworks, an important consideration in understanding these children’s development.
Foreigners from every conceivable corner of the world have come to these shores and have crossed its historically fluctuating boundaries. Depending both on the policies of the day toward immigration and the factors pushing citizens from their countries of origin, various groups have dominated the distinct waves of immigration that have made this country what it is today (Rumbaut & Portes, 2001). Initially, the preponderance of immigrants came from northern European countries; shortly thereafter, most came from southern Europe and other parts of the world. More recently, the majority are from Mexico, Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Asia (Shields & Behrman, 2004).