bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface Glycans ofCandida albicansand Other Pathogenic Fungi: Physiological Roles, Clinical Uses, and Experimental Challenges
Authors: Masuoka James 
Published: April 2004

SUMMARYAlthough fungi have always been with us as commensals and pathogens, fungal infections have been increasing in frequency over the past few decades. There is a growing body of literature describing the involvement of carbohydrate groups in various aspects of fungal disease. Carbohydrates comprising the cell wall or capsule, or as a component of glycoproteins, are the fungal cell surface entities most likely to be exposed to the surrounding environment. Thus, the fungus-host interaction is likely to involve carbohydrates before DNA, RNA, or even protein. The interaction between fungal and host cells is also complex, and early studies using whole cells or crude cell fractions often produced seemingly conflicting results. What was needed, and what has been developing, is the ability to identify specific glycan structures and determine how they interact with immune system components. Carbohydrate analysis is complicated by the complexity of glycan structures and by the challenges of separating and detecting carbohydrates experimentally. Advances in carbohydrate chemistry have enabled us to move from the foundation of composition analysis to more rapid characterization of specific structures. This, in turn, will lead to a greater understanding of how fungi coexist with their hosts as commensals or exist in conflict as pathogens.
Salmonella entericaSerotype Choleraesuis: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Disease, and Treatment
Authors: Chiu Cheng-Hsun , Su Lin-Hui , Chu Chishih 
Published: April 2004

SUMMARYNontyphoidSalmonellastrains are important causes of reportable food-borne infection. Among more than 2,000 serotypes,Salmonella entericaserotype Choleraesuis shows the highest predilection to cause systemic infections in humans. The most feared complication of serotype Cholearesuis bacteremia in adults is the development of mycotic aneurysm, which previously was almost uniformally fatal. The advances in diagnostic techniques, surgical care, and antimicrobial therapy have greatly improved the survival of these patients. However, the recent emergence of serotype Choleraesuis that is resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and, notably, fluoroquinolone antibiotics has aroused concern about the use of these agents for the empirical treatment of systemic infection caused by this organism. In view of the serious implications of the situation, the chain of transmission and mechanism of resistance should be carefully studied to reduce the spread of infection and threat to human health. To date, there are no vaccines available to prevent serotype Choleraesuis infections in humans. The availability, in the near future, of the genome sequence of serotype Cholearesuis will facilitate the development of effective vaccines as well as the discovery of new targets for novel antimicrobial agents.
Invasion of the Central Nervous System by Intracellular Bacteria
Authors: Drevets Douglas A. , Leenen Pieter J. M. , Greenfield Ronald A. 
Published: April 2004

SUMMARYInfection of the central nervous system (CNS) is a severe and frequently fatal event during the course of many diseases caused by microbes with predominantly intracellular life cycles. Examples of these include the facultative intracellular bacteriaListeria monocytogenes,Mycobacterium tuberculosis, andBrucellaandSalmonellaspp. and obligate intracellular microbes of the Rickettsiaceae family andTropheryma whipplei. Unfortunately, the mechanisms used by intracellular bacterial pathogens to enter the CNS are less well known than those used by bacterial pathogens with an extracellular life cycle. The goal of this review is to elaborate on the means by which intracellular bacterial pathogens establish infection within the CNS. This review encompasses the clinical and pathological findings that pertain to the CNS infection in humans and includes experimental data from animal models that illuminate how these microbes enter the CNS. Recent experimental data showing thatL. monocytogenescan invade the CNS by more than one mechanism make it a useful model for discussing the various routes for neuroinvasion used by intracellular bacterial pathogens.
DNA Vaccines against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in the Past Decade
Authors: Giri Malavika , Ugen Kenneth E. , Weiner David B. 
Published: April 2004

SUMMARYThis article reviews advances in the field of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and AIDS vaccine development over the last decade, with an emphasis on the DNA vaccination approach. Despite the discovery of HIV-1 and AIDS in humans nearly 20 years ago, there is no vaccine yet that can prevent HIV-1 infection. The focus has shifted toward developing vaccines that can control virus replication and disease progression by eliciting broadly cross-reactive T-cell responses. Among several approaches evaluated, the DNA-based modality has shown considerable promise in terms of its ability to elicit cellular immune responses in primate studies. Of great importance are efforts aimed at improvement of the potency of this modality in the clinic. The review discusses principles of DNA vaccine design and the various mechanisms of plasmid-encoded antigen presentation. The review also outlines current DNA-based vaccine strategies and vectors that have successfully been shown to control virus replication and slow disease progression in animal models. Finally, it lists recent strategies that have been developed as well as novel approaches under consideration to enhance the immunogenicity of plasmid-encoded HIV-1 antigen in various animal models.
Animal Pneumoviruses: Molecular Genetics and Pathogenesis
Authors: Easton Andrew J. , Domachowske Joseph B. , Rosenberg Helene F. 
Published: April 2004

SUMMARYPneumoviruses are single-stranded, negative-sense, nonsegmented RNA viruses of the familyParamyxoviridae, subfamilyPneumovirinae, and include pathogens that infect humans (respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus), domestic mammals (bovine, ovine, and caprine respiratory syncytial viruses), rodents (pneumonia virus of mice), and birds (avian metapneumovirus). Among the topics considered in this review are recent studies focused on the roles of the individual virus-encoded components in promoting virus replication as well as in altering and evading innate antiviral host defenses. Advances in the molecular technology of pneumoviruses and the emergence of recombinant pneumoviruses that are leading to improved virus-based vaccine formulations are also discussed. Since pneumovirus infection in natural hosts is associated with a profound inflammatory response that persists despite adequate antiviral therapy, we also review the recent experimental treatment strategies that have focused on combined antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory approaches.
Intraspecific Diversity ofYersinia pestis
Authors: Anisimov Andrey P. , Lindler Luther E. , Pier Gerald B. 
Published: April 2004

SUMMARYIncreased interest in the pathogenic potential ofYersinia pestishas emerged because of the potential threats from bioterrorism. Pathogenic potential is based on genetic factors present in a population of microbes, yet most studies evaluating the role of specific genes in virulence have used a limited number of strains. ForY. pestisthis issue is complicated by the fact that most strains available for study in the Americas are clonally derived and thus genetically restricted, emanating from a strain ofY. pestisintroduced into the United States in 1902 via marine shipping and subsequent spread of this strain throughout North and South America. In countries from the former Soviet Union (FSU), Mongolia, and China there are large areas of enzootic foci ofY. pestisinfection containing genetically diverse strains that have been intensely studied by scientists in these countries. However, the results of these investigations are not generally known outside of these countries. Here we describe the variety of methods used in the FSU to classifyY. pestisstrains based on genetic and phenotypic variation and show that there is a high level of diversity in these strains not reflected by ones obtained from sylvatic areas and patients in the Americas.
Electrochemistry of Dopamine β-Hydroxylase in Adsorbed State at a Gold Electrode
Authors: Ion Ana , Ljones Torbjørn , Banica Florinel G. 
Published: April 2004

Dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) adsorbed on gold electrode was investigated by electrochemical and quartz crystal microbalance methods. It was found that DBH can adsorb irreversibly on a gold electrode under open circuit conditions. In a neutral phosphate buffer, the adsorbed layer is stable to desorption within the potential range of 0.6 to -0.7 V vs Ag|AgCl (1 M KCl) electrode. At potentials positive than 0.8 V, adsorbed DBH undergoes an electrochemical oxidation involving probably tyrosine, tryptophan and histidine residues. This process is accompanied by DBH desorption and gold oxidation. In the cathodic potential region, from -0.2 to -0.7 V, DBH exhibits two reductions assigned to disulfide groups. No charge transfer reactions involving the copper centres in DBH have been noticed. However, DBH can bind reversibly copper(II) ions, which are not involved in the enzymatic activity and their presence was proved by voltammetry. The compactness of the adsorbed film was checked by cyclic voltammetry of selected redox probes at the DBH-coated electrode.
A new species of elongate seps from Udzungwa grasslands, southern Tanzania (Reptilia, Gerrhosauridae, Tetradactylus Merrem, 1820)
Authors: Menegon Michele , Moyer David , Salvidio Sebastiano , Sindaco Roberto 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA new Tetradactylus from Udzungwa Mountains is described on the basis of one adult male and one adult female. The species has tridactyle forelimbs with the longest toes bearing four scales, didactyle hind limbs, 14 dorsal longitudinal row scales, four femoral pores and frontoparietals in broad contact. This combination of morphological characters distinguishes the species from the similar T. eastwoodae, a South African endemic. The new species has smooth head scales, six ventral rows, and the male possess on either side of the vent a prominent claw-like scale lacking in the female. The species has been found in swampy montane grasslands at about 1880 m. It is syntopic with three other specialised grass lizards: Ellenberger's long-tailed Seps (Tetradactylus ellenbergeri), Zambian grass lizard (Cordylus macrolepis), and the Grass-top skink (Mabuya megalura).
Morphology of premetamorphic larvae of Lysapsus limellus (Anura: Pseudinae)
Authors: Candioti M .F. Vera 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe chondrocranium, visceral skeleton, mandibular, hyoid and hyobranchial musculature, buccal apparatus and buccopharyngeal cavity of premetamorphic larvae of Lysapsus limellus from Santa Fe, Argentina are described. The cartilaginous skeleton corresponds in general terms to that of a typical pond type tadpole. Some characteristic features are the flat triangular projection of the arcus subocularis quadrati, the scarce development of the cartilagines orbitales, the presence of the processus pseudopterygoideus and quadratoethmoidalis, the open fenestra basicranialis, and the presence of a reticulating cartilaginous connection between the spicula III, IV and the plana hypobranchialia. Regarding muscles, the most salient characters are the configuration of the m. levator mandibulae lateralis, with nasal insertion, and the presence of a discontinuous m. subarcualis rectus II-IV. The oral disc and buccal cavity show features that indicate a generalist-mesophagous diet, for example the presence of jaw sheaths, rows of keratodonts, filter structures on the buccal floor and roof, and a glandular epithelium in the ventral velum.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 and normal protein permeability in the lungs of critically ill patients: a case for low pathogenicity?
Authors: Verheij Joanne , Groeneveld AB Johan , Beishuizen Albertus , Lingen Arthur van , Simoons-Smit Alberdina M , Strack van Schijndel Rob JM 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Introduction
The pathogenicity of late respiratory infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in the critically ill is unclear.

Methods
In four critically ill patients with persistent pulmonary infiltrates of unknown origin and isolation of HSV-1 from tracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, at 7 (1–11) days after start of mechanical ventilatory support, a pulmonary leak index (PLI) for 67Gallium (67Ga)-transferrin (upper limit of normal 14.1 × 10-3/min) was measured.

Results
The PLI ranged between 7.5 and 14.0 × 10-3/min in the study patients. Two patients received a course of acyclovir and all survived.

Conclusions
The normal capillary permeability observed in the lungs argues against pathogenicity of HSV-1 in the critically ill, and favors that isolation of the virus reflects reactivation in the course of serious illness and immunodepresssion, rather than primary or superimposed infection in the lungs.
Outcome of Childhood Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia With All-Trans-Retinoic Acid and Chemotherapy
Authors: de Botton S. , Coiteux V. , Chevret S. , Rayon C. , Vilmer E. , Sanz M. , de La Serna J. , Philippe N. , Baruchel A. , Leverger G. , Robert A. , San Miguel J. , Conde E. , Sotto J.J. , Bordessoule D. , Fegueux N. , Fey M. , Parry A. , Chomienne C. , Degos L. , Fenaux P. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose To determine the results of treatment combining all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and chemotherapy (CT) in childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Patients and Methods Children (< 18 years) with newly diagnosed APL were included in the APL93 trial, treated by ATRA followed or combined with daunorubicin-cytarabine, and then randomly assigned between no maintenance, intermittent ATRA, continuous CT, or both. Results Of the 576 patients included in APL93 trial, 31 (5%) were children, including 22 girls (71%) and nine boys (29%). Thirty of the children (97%) obtained complete remission (CR). ATRA syndrome occurred in four children (13%), who all achieved CR, and headaches occurred in 12 children (39%), with signs of pseudotumor cerebri in five children (16%). Seven patients (23%) relapsed. None of the eight patients who received both ATRA and CT for maintenance relapsed. All relapsing patients achieved a second CR. Twenty-two patients remained in first CR after 43+ to 96+ months, six remained in second CR after 17+ to 66+ months, and three patients had died. The 5-year event-free survival (EFS), relapse, and overall survival rates were 71%, 27%, and 90%, respectively. No difference between adults and children included in the APL93 trial was seen for CR rate, 5-year relapse rate, EFS, and overall survival, but significantly better survival was seen in children after adjustment on WBC counts (P = .02) and incidence of microgranular M3 variant (P = .04). Conclusion ATRA combined with CT for induction and also probably for maintenance provides as favorable results in children with APL as in adults and currently constitutes the reference first-line treatment in both age groups.
Polymorphic Alu insertions in six Brazilian African‐derived populations
Authors: Cotrim Nelson Henderson , Auricchio Maria Teresa B.M. , Vicente João Pedro , Otto Paulo A. , Mingroni‐Netto Regina Célia 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAt least 25 African‐derived populations (quilombo remnants) are believed to exist in the Ribeira River Valley, located in the southern part of São Paulo State, Brazil. We studied four Alu polymorphic loci (APO, ACE, TPA25, and FXIIIB) in individuals belonging to six quilombo remnants in addition to individuals sampled from the city of São Paulo. The allelic frequencies observed in the quilombo remnants were similar to those previously observed in African‐derived populations from Central and North America. Genetic variability indexes (Fst and Gst values) in our quilombos were higher than the reported values for the majority of other populations analyzed for the same kind of markers, but lower than the variability usually observed in Amerindian groups. The observed high degree of genetic differentiation may be due to genetic drift, especially the founder effect. Our results suggest that these populations behave genetically as semi‐isolates. The degree of genetic variability within populations was larger than among them, a finding described in other studies. In the neighbor‐joining tree, some of the Brazilian quilombos clustered with the African and African‐derived populations (São Pedro and Galvão), others with the Europeans (Pilões, Maria Rosa, and Abobral). Pedro Cubas was placed in an isolated branch. Principal component analysis was also performed and confirmed the trends observed in the neighbor‐joining tree. Overall, the quilombos showed a higher degree of gene flow than average when compared to other worldwide populations, but similar to other African‐derived populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:264–277, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proximal chromosome 8q deletion in a boy with femoral bifurcation and other multiple congenital anomalies
Authors: Asamoah Alexnder , Nwankwo Martin , Kumar Savitri P. , Ezhuthachan Sudhakar G. , Van Dyke Daniel L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe describe a male infant with intra‐uterine growth retardation and multiple congenital anomalies including prominent forehead, broad nasal bridge, hypertelorism, small upturned nose, flat philtrum, micrognathia, cleft hard palate, low‐set and posteriorly rotated ears, short neck, micropenis, hypoplastic scrotum with prominent raphe and undescended testes, malformed lower extremities with contractures, bony protruberance of left thigh, bilateral absence of the fibula, bilateral equinovarus deformity with missing 4th toe on the right foot and short second fingers, congenital heart defect, renal anomalies, brain malformation, and bilateral choanal atresia. He was born at term by cesarean section because of breech presentation to a 19‐year‐old gravida 2 para 1 African‐American female who had no prenatal care. He was admitted to the NICU because of low birth weight, respiratory distress, rule out sepsis and multiple congenital anomalies. Birth weight was 1,475 g, birth length was 33.8 cm, and head circumference was 30 cm. He expired at 5.5 weeks of age. The parents declined a request for autopsy. Chromosome analysis on blood showed that his karyotype was 46,XY,del(8)(q11.23q13.3). FISH studies for 22q deletion were normal. Parental karyotypes were normal. There is a paucity of reported patients with this specific chromosome disorder and this boy appears to be severely affected compared with the few published cases. A gene on chromosome 8q may be involved in limb development. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between 7q31 markers and tourette syndrome
Authors: Díaz‐Anzaldúa Adriana , Joober Ridha , Rivière Jean‐Baptiste , Dion Yves , Lespérance Paul , Chouinard Sylvain , Richer Francois , Rouleau Guy Armand ,   the Montreal Tourette Syndrome Study Group
Published: April 2004

AbstractTourette syndrome (TS) is a complex neuropychiatric disorder with a strong genetic basis. Although no specific susceptibility genes have been identified for TS, cytogenetic studies in selected cases suggest the existence of a predisposing gene located in the 7q31 chromosomal region. In order to test the hypothesis of a possible relationship between this region and TS at the population level, we undertook a family based association study in a sample of French Canadian patients from Quebec. For this purpose, markers D7S522, D7S523, and D7S1516 were tested using the extended transmission disequilibrium test (e‐TDT). Marker D7S522 showed a biased transmission of alleles from heterozygote parents to their TS offsprings (allele‐wise TDT χ2 = 12.61, 4 df,P = 0.013, genotype‐wise TDT χ2 = 15.49, 7 df,P = 0.030). When the analysis was restricted to patients without ADHD or OCD comorbidity, similar results were observed both allele and genotype‐wise (χ2 = 10.68, 4 df,P = 0.03 and χ2 = 12.55, 5 df,P = 0.028, respectively). In addition, marker D7S523 was also associated (allele‐wise TDT χ2 = 18.37, 7 df,P = 0.01 and genotype‐wise TDT χ2 = 46.26, 17 df,P = 0.00016), and showed a tendency for association in the comorbidity‐free subgroup (genotype‐wise TDT χ2 = 18.7, 10 df,P = 0.044). Finally, marker D7S1516, contained in the inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase 2 like (IMMP2L) gene, also showed a tendency for association (genotype‐wise TDT χ2 = 32.87, 21 df,P = 0.048). These results may reflect the proximity of markers D7S522, D7S523, and possibly D7S1516 to a gene or regulatory region relevant to TS predisposition. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relation between oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral (OAV) dysplasia and three other non‐random associations of malformations (VATER, CHARGE, and OEIS)
Authors: Källén Karin , Robert Elisabeth , Castilla Eduardo E. , Mastroiacovo Pierpaolo , Källén Bengt 
Published: April 2004

AbstractUsing a statistical methodology, we aimed to identify a group of probable cases of oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral (OAV) dysplasia and to investigate possible relationships between different patterns of congenital malformations. Among 5,260 infants with multiple malformations collected from 4 large registers of congenital malformations, we identified 312 probable OAV cases. With the same technique, we have earlier defined epidemiological delineations of three other well‐known non‐random associations of congenital malformations (CHARGE, VATER, and OEIS). We found convincing relationships between OAV and VATER or CHARGE but none between OAV and OEIS or between the three malformation complexes CHARGE, VATER, and OEIS. An association between two conditions indicates similarities in pathogenesis or in etiology. We suggest that the connection between OAV and CHARGE could be related to a common pathogenetic mechanism: disturbed neural crest development. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ablepharon‐macrostomia syndrome in a 46‐year‐old woman
Authors: Brancati Francesco , Mingarelli Rita , Sarkozy Anna , Dallapiccola Bruno 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAblepharon‐macrostomia syndrome (AMS) is a rare condition reported to date in 13 patients worldwide. AMS is characterized by absent or short eyelids, absent eyebrows and eyelashes, macrostomia, and external ear abnormalities. Additional features include alopecia or sparse hair, hypoplastic malar region, redundant skin, rudimentary nipples, abnormal genitalia. While the AMS phenotype is well delineated in infants and children, clinical manifestations are rather poorly characterized in adulthood. Here, we report on an Italian woman who received a diagnosis of AMS at the age of 46 years after several surgical treatments. A clinical comparison between our patient and previously reported AMS cases aids in delineating the adult phenotype of AMS and further broadens the clinical spectrum of this condition. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.