bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RECONSIDERATION OF LEGAL DEVICES (HIYAL) IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE: THE HANAFĪS AND THEIR "EXITS" (MAKHĀRIJ)
Authors: Horii Satoe 
Published: January 2003

AbstractHiyal (sg. hīla) are "legal devices" or tools used to achieve a certain objective, lawful or not, through lawful means. Although it is generally agreed that hiyal are not merely "evasions of the law," their exact nature and place within Islamic jurisprudence remains an open question. To date, there have been only a few studies devoted to the subject and these have focused almost exclusively upon the Hanafīs, who developed hiyal into a special branch of the law, called makhārij, i.e. "exits". I shall examine here the doctrine of the Hanafīs together with that of the Mālikī/Medinese jurists, who were early witnesses for and against hiyal as conceived by the Hanafīs. On the basis of their understanding of law in terms of utility, the Hanafīs employed makhārij to provide remedies for those who sought them. As a particular transmission of Hanafī doctrine, the genre of makhārij sought to confirm the standard doctrine by discovering "exits" suggested therein. The Hanafī concern for the subject was shared by the Mālikīs, albeit from a different point of view. The Mālikīs discussed hiyal as jurisprudential materials that convey the validity of their doctrine as prescribing appropriate solutions. Thus, I conclude that both the Hanafīs and Mālikīs regarded hiyal as solutions drawn from the materials of jurisprudence in accordance with the spirit of law as interpreted by the jurists of their respective schools.
THE TREATMENT OF THE FOUNDLING (AL-LAQĪT) ACCORDING TO THE HANAFĪS
Authors:   Sujimon
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis essay examines the problems that arise for the foundling—in Arabic, the laqīt or manbūdh, terms that signify a child abandoned by its mother or its parents and found by others. There are only a few prophetic traditions on the subject, and most of the views expressed by Muslim jurists seem to be based on ijtihād.I focus here on the rules (ahkām, sg. hukm) governing the discovery of the foundling and the legal assumption regarding its freedom. I also discuss the religious and legal status of the foundling, doubt about its legitimacy, its maintenance and upbringing, and the application of the institution of the patronage (walā). In addition, I highlight the means by which a foundling may acquire a genealogical relationship (nasab) with the family of the person who looks after it.
MARGHĪNĀNĪ, HIS METHOD AND HIS LEGACY
Authors:   Meron
Published: January 2003

AbstractMarghīnānī represents the break between the classical and the post-classical periods in Hanafī law, a break that shaped the destiny of this law for at least seven centuries after him. Some of his innovations can be traced to religious motives, others to his pragmatic approach. Marghīnānī's legacy, echoes of which can by found in other systems of law, is the method in which he presents the legal material.
RELATIONS OF THE GEORGIAN MAMLUKS OF EGYPT WITH THEIR HOMELAND IN THE LAST DECADES OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Crecelius Daniel , Djaparidze Gotcha 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis study uncovers the close relations the Georgian mamluks of Egypt maintained with their homeland in the late eighteenth century. On the basis of a wide range of archival and published sources, including a series of four unique letters from Ibrahim Bey al-Kabir and important members of his household, the authors conclude that these Georgian mamluks retained their native language, were aware of the politics of the Caucasus region, received frequent visits from their parents or other relatives, and sent gifts to family members or gave money to build useful structures (a defensive tower, or even a church) in their native villages. Cette étude dévoile les étroites relations que les Mamelouks géorgiens en Egypte entretenaient avec leur pays natal à la fin du 18e siècle. Se fondant sur des sources variées d'archives et de documents publiés, dont une série de quatre lettres exceptionnelles d'Ibrahim Bey al-Kabir et d'importants membres de sa maison, les auteurs établissent que les Mamelouks géorgiens avaient conservé leur langue maternelle et étaient au courant de la politique dans la région du Caucase. Ils révèlent que leurs parents et d'autres membres de la famille leur rendaient souvent visite et qu'ils envoyaient des cadeaux à leurs familles ou des sommes d'argent pour édifier des bâtiments d'utilité publique (une tour de défense voire une église) dans leurs villages natals.
ON THE USE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY IN ISLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA
Authors: Lape Peter 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper reviews the use of archaeological and documentary sources in the understanding of the past in Island Southeast Asia. The relationship between these two sources of data (and data sources that cross the boundaries of these categories) has varied over time, depending on the availability of data, changing interpretive strategies and scholarly trends and influences. The wealth of documentary sources relevant to Island Southeast Asia's past, and the increasing availability of detailed archaeological data have increased the potential to understand the past in this region from a variety of points of view. While this potential has not yet been fully realized, in part due to an unsophisticated use of these separate lines of evidence, recent scholarship has pushed the boundaries and revealed new information and insights into this history. Cet article passe en revue l'utilisation de sources documentaires et archéologiques dans la connaissance du passé des îles du Sud-Est asiatique. La relation entre ces deux sources d'information (et les sources qui dépassent les limites de ces deux catégories) a évolué au fil du temps en fonction de la disponibilité des données, des changements dans les stratégies d'interprétation et des tendances et influences académiques. La richesse des sources documentaires utiles dans l'étude du passé des îles du Sud-Est asiatique, et la disponibilité croissante de données archéologiques détaillées ont permis, à plusieurs niveaux, de faciliter la compréhension du passé de cette région. Bien que ce potentiel n'ait pas encore été complètement exploité, en partie à cause d'une utilisation peu raffinée de ces distinctes catégories de preuves, des études universitaires récentes ont repoussé ces limites et ont dévoilé de nouveaux indices, permettant ainsi de mieux pénétrer l'histoire des îles du Sud-Est asiatique.
The Time of Your Life: One Thousand Moons
Authors:   Hancock
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe present work deals with four themes that relate to the problem of aging and time. They include questions of allometric scaling, the novelty of experience, the change in perception of time with age, and the certainty of death. Featured in each of these themes is the prominence of time and the manner in which poetic, scientific, and technologic facets of each theme are interwoven. The overall argument serves to dispel the chronometric dominance of time versus its behavioral reality.
EURIPIDES' HERAKLES AND THE PURSUIT OF IMMORTALITY
Authors:   Griffiths
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe argument of this paper is that the child figures in Euripides' Herakles provide important clues to the fundamental 'meaning' of the play. A sustained configuration of motifs linking Herakles' children to the figure of Kerberos is discussed as a central structural feature, augmented by detailed use of specific vocabulary. By removing the dog from Hades, Herakles provided Hera with an excuse to cloak her attack in the language of legal procedure, invoking ideas of immortality and divine order. This connection of ideas is shown to have particular relevance to contemporary 5th-century concerns about the rise of individualism and the threats to the traditional oikos structure. The thematic structure of the play is also discussed in the context of other mythological stories which link the death of one's own children to attempts to secure power over the processes of life and death.
The Green Eyed Monster: Linguistic Influences on Concepts of Envy and Jealousy in Russian and English
Authors: Stepanova Olga , Coley John 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe present study examined linguistic relativity in the domain of emotion terms. Exp. 1 showed that American English speakers use the word "jealous" to describe both situations involving envy and those involving jealousy, whereas Russian speakers describe emotions involved in the situations using the Russian terms revnuet and zaviduet in a mutually exclusive manner. Bilinguals performed according to the language they were tested in. In Experiment 2 we sought evidence for conceptual consequences of the difference in how emotion terms mapped onto situations for English and Russian speakers. In a non-linguistic triad sorting task, all subjects clearly distinguished jealousy situations from envy situations, but monolingual English speakers and bilinguals were more likely to see envy situations and jealousy situations as similar than Russian speakers. In a free sorting task, high agreement across all groups was shown in sorting jealousy, envy and control situations. However, native Russian speakers, in contrast to native English speakers, labeled the groups in a mutually-exclusive way. While providing some evidence for the weak view of linguistic relativity, overall the study shows that despite the difference in labeling the emotions of jealousy and envy, Russian speakers, English speakers and bilinguals are very similar in how they conceptualize emotionally-laden situations.
A Theory of Religious Modulation: Reconciling Religious Modes and Ritual Arrangements
Authors: Tremlin Todd 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe modal theory of Harvey Whitehouse provides not only a provocative explanatory grid for the concatenation of variables that comprise religious behavior but also a fruitful theoretical framework for organizing a range of studies by scholars approaching religion via the cognitive sciences. One example is work on the cognitive underpinnings of ritual arrangements that marks the careers of E. Thomas Lawson and Robert N. McCauley. Despite offering mutually exclusive hypotheses concerning the relation of ritual action to memory, Lawson and McCauley's work fits within Whitehouse's overarching modal approach. Other research, too, can be drawn into this framework. One variable not yet addressed by the modal theory is the role of conceptual schemes in shaping religious systems. Within the operational dynamics of religion, conceptual schemes matter, particularly as their contents include superhuman agent concepts — the central feature of religious representations and the object of religious response. This article argues for serious investigation of superhuman agent concepts within the framework of Whitehouse's modal theory, and it hypothesizes that psychological responses to contrasting conceptualizations of superhuman agents is one of the more important cognitive variables driving shifts, or "modulations" from doctrinal to more imagistic forms of religiosity.
Effects of salinity on tadpoles of the green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea)
Authors: Dickman Christopher , Christy Michelle 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe investigated the effects of various salinities on larval growth, metamorphosis and survival in the green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea). This large hylid was formerly common on the east coast of Australia, but now occurs in only a few scattered localities where rising salt is one of a number of potential threats. Tadpoles tolerated salinity up to 4% seawater (sw; 1.58‰) without apparent effect, but salinity of 5.5% sw (1.87‰) and above significantly decreased growth rates and increased mortality. Salinity of 10% sw (4.41‰) caused mortality of all individuals within 72 days, 20% sw within four days, and 25% sw within five hours. Salinities from 10-15% sw (4.41-6.73‰) were tolerated for short periods (up to 3 weeks) before significant weight loss and mortality resulted, indicating a detrimental cumulative effect with high salinity. Metamorphosis occurred frequently below 5.5% sw but did not occur above 5.5% sw. Although L. aurea tadpoles can tolerate moderate salinities, increased salinisation caused by substantial land clearing, urban run-off and accumulation of salt in some waterbodies may contribute to the reduction of populations.
A new species of Osteocephalus from Ecuador and a redescription of O. leprieurii (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) (Anura: Hylidae)
Authors: Hödl Walter , Jungfer Karl-Heinz 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe South American spiny-backed treefrog, Osteocephalus leprieurii, as previously understood, is a composite of several species. We redescribe it morphologically on the basis of specimens from French Guiana and add other data on the biology of the species. We describe O. mutabor n. sp., previously confused with O. leprieurii, from the Amazon Basin of Ecuador. The two species differ in coloration, vocalizations and ontogenetic colour change. Osteocephalus leprieurii is remarkable for bearing nuptial excrescences not only on the thumb, but also under the fingers and on the chin. The vocal sac is semicircular expanding posterolaterally. Osteocephalus mutabor n. sp. is characterized by numerous dark transversal bars on the dorsum and a semicircular vocal sac. The amount of keratinized tips on the dorsal granules in males of both species is dependent on sexual activity. Bajo el nombre de la rana arborícola de espalda espinosa Osteocephalus leprieurii, de Sur America, como se ha entendido anteriormente, se confundieron diferentes especies. Se describe de nuevo la especie morfológicamente en base a especimenes de la Guayana Francesa y se añaden otros datos sobre su biología. Describimos O. mutabor n. sp. de la Cuenca Amazónica Ecuatoriana. Ambas especies se diferencian en coloración, vocalizaciones y cambio ontogenético de color. Osteocephalus leprieurii se caracteriza por poseer excrecencias nupciales no solo en el pulgar, sino también bajo los dedos y la barbilla. El saco vocal es semicircular con expansión posterolateral. Osteocephalus mutabor n. sp. se caracteriza por tener rayas oscuras transversales en el dorso y un saco vocal semicircular. La cantidad de puntas queratinizadas en los gránulos dorsales de los machos de ambas especies depende de la actividad sexual.
Relationships of Tarentola (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from the Cape Verde Islands estimated from DNA sequence data
Authors: Brehm António , Jesus José , Harris D. James 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThirteen specimens of Tarentola from the Cape Verde islands were sequenced for 695 base pairs of 12S rRNA and cytochrome b mitochondrial genes, and analysed with published sequences. Our results support many of the relationships previously proposed. We report the presence of Tarentola gigas Bocage, 1875 on São Nicolau and Tarentola caboverdiana nicolauensis Schleich, 1984 on São Vicente. This increases the number of genetically distinct forms on these islands; hence community structure appears to be more complex than previously understood. We also sequenced seven individuals for 375 base pairs of the nuclear gene, C-mos. Two sites were variable, much less than expected given the high levels of differentiation based on mitochondrial DNA sequences.
Morphological variability of Podarcis hispanica (Sauria: Lacertidae) in Portugal
Authors: Crespo Eduardo , Vicente Luís , Sá-Sousa Paulo 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA total of 35 morphological characters (biometry, scalation, chromatic pattern) were studied through multivariate analyses on 10 populations sampled across the range of the Iberian wall lizard (Podarcis hispanica) in Portugal. Biometry clearly splits the samples into two different types. Differences in scalation between the two types were not clear, but multiple correspondence analyses showed that different chromatic patterns fit each of the types: one presented dark dorsal patterns (e.g. reticulated, eyeled, striped) and whitish-pearly belly, while the other showed green or yellow-brown patterns and yellow-orange belly. These two morphotypes constitute different molecular lineages and have different ranges of distribution.
The ethmoidal region and cranial adaptations of the neotropical aquatic snake Helicops infrataeniatus Jan, 1865 (Serpentes, Colubridae)
Authors: Dos Santos-Costa Maria Cristina , Hofstadler-Deiques Clarice 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe ethmoidal region of the snake Helicops infrataeniatus is described on the basis of serial sections. Cavernous tissue and a subnasal muscle circling the nasal vestibule were identified. These structures are related to the aquatic habit of this species, serving as a device for narrowing walls of the fenestra narina, which prevents the entry of water when the snake submerges. Observations related to behavior in captivity are also presented.
Effects of age, size and temperature on the advertisement calls of two Spanish populations of Pelodytes punctatus
Authors: Sánchez-Herráiz  , Barbadillo  , Esteban  , Castanet  , Márquez  
Published: January 2003

AbstractAdvertisement calls of males from two Spanish populations of parsley frogs (Pelodytes punctatus) were recorded. Body size (SVL, mass) and calling temperature were measured, and age was determined through skeletochronology of phalanges. Calling males were 2-7 years old in Valencia. In Burgos, males were 1-6 years old and the age structure was highly skewed with more than 50% of the sample of males being 1 year old. The range of body temperatures of calling males was similar in both sites (10-15.1°C in Valencia, and 10-17.5°C in Burgos). Males called with the typical two-note advertisement call A-B, although in Burgos it was common to hear A-only calls. In both populations repetition of the second note was rare. Calls of both populations showed a negative correlation between temporal parameters (note duration, inter-note interval, pulse rate) and body temperature. On the other hand, spectral parameters (dominant frequencies and dominant frequency ranges) were not correlated to temperature and correlation with body size (SVL, mass) was non-significant. Age was not significantly correlated with dominant frequency or with any other measured call parameter. Call frequency in Pelodytes is a poor predictor of male body size and does not convey information on age. Thus, any size-related mating trends could result from non-static calling parameters such as call intensity, or from mechanisms of malemale competition (e.g. chorus attendance).
Age determination of Daruma pond frog, Rana porosa brevipoda from Japan towards its conservation (Amphibia: Anura)
Authors: Misawa Yasuchika , Khonsue Wichase , Matsui Masafumi 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe age of a vulnerable frog, Rana porosa brevipoda from Japan was estimated using the now classical technique of skeletochronology. The mean age did not differ between the sexes but males were smaller in body size than females. Sexual maturity was attained in the fall of the year of metamorphosis in males and in the breeding season of the next year in females, and both sexes began to breed in the next year of metamorphosis. Both sexes similarly had minimum longevity of four years. The population age composition showed a rapid decrease in number of frogs with the increase of age. Growth parameters differed between sexes and males grew more rapidly and sexually matured at a smaller size than females. We comment on the peculiar pattern of postmetamorphic survival curves in R. porosa brevipoda as a threatened species. We also discuss the reason of decline in this species and suggest a measure of conservation.
Female reproductive cycle of the water frog Rana epeirotica in northwestern Greece
Authors: Tsiora  , Kyriakopoulou-Sklavounou  
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe reproductive cycle of female Rana epeirotica in Lake Ioannina, northwestern Greece was studied from 1998 to 1999. Young females reached sexual maturity at a weight of 26.3 g and a length of 67.2 mm. The annual cyclic changes in weight and histological composition of the ovaries showed that R. epeirotica has a single reproductive period each year. Weight changes of the oviducts followed those shown by the ovaries. A continuous change in the percentage and diameter size of the ovarian follicles through the annual cycle was found. Clutch size ranged from 600 to 2900 ova of 1.3 to 1.6 mm egg diameter. Ovarian weight, clutch size and ovum size were positively correlated to body weight. The weights of fat body and liver had a peak in August and November respectively and they both were reduced considerably during hibernation.
Mating pattern and hatching success in a population of the Andean frog Hyla labialis
Authors: Lüddecke Horst , Gutiérrez Gloria 
Published: January 2003

AbstractTo identify behavioural mechanisms and determine their influence on the mating pattern in a population of Hyla labialis, we integrated sampling results from the field with results from manipulated laboratory observations. We found no support for a large-male mating advantage based on male-male competition in shaping mating pattern. Members of naturally occurring mated pairs had body sizes representative of the entire population, and revealed a size-assortative mating pattern. This trend also appeared in the laboratory, when a gravid female had the opportunity to choose among two males of different body sizes. Larger females laid larger egg clutches, but larger males did not fertilise more eggs. However, the clutches of females clasped by proportionately larger males led to a higher percentage of hatchlings, suggesting that size-assortative mating improves fertilisation rate through cloacal apposition during spawning. Despite a significant negative correlation between male body size and dominant frequency of the advertisement calls, providing acoustic cues for females to discriminate among males, it seems that female mate choice leading to size-assortative mating is based only partially on call characteristics.
Genetic evidence of natural hybridization between Podarcis sicula and Podarcis tiliguerta (Reptilia: Lacertidae)
Authors: Capula Massimo 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAn allozyme survey revealed instances of natural hybridization between Podarcis sicula and P. tiliguerta from a locality of southern Sardinia. Pure specimens of both species together with some F1 hybrids were found, but no evidence of backcrossing was detected. The hybrid specimens appeared morphologically intermediate between the parent species. The absence of backcrossed individuals indicate that free interbreeding between the two species is unlikely. Hybrids were found in areas of habitat disturbance only.
The role of the midland water snake, Nerodia sipedon (Serpentes: Colubridae), as a predator: foraging behavior, kin recognition, and the response of prey
Authors: Himes John 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe midland water snake, Nerodia sipedon, is very abundant in portions of the southeastern U.S.A., where it may play an important role as a predator in freshwater communities. I examined whether foraging mode in naïve neonatal snakes was phenotypically plastic or canalized and I compared handling times and capture efficiencies for different prey types (juvenile fishes and frogs) between neonatal and adult snakes. I also tested for kin recognition by mother snakes by comparing their consumption of unrelated (non-kin) and related (kin) neonates according to time and the availability of alternative prey (fish). In addition, the response of prey in the presence and in the absence of snakes was tested by comparing the amount of time that juvenile fishes utilized areas containing different microhabitat complexities and by comparing the amount of time that fishes were actively moving. Overall, foraging mode was phenotypically plastic, handling times and capture efficiencies differed by prey type and snake size class, kin recognition was confirmed, and fishes did not alter their habitat selection or activity patterns in the presence of snakes.