bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Integrating Gate: A Device for Gaging in Open Channels
Authors: Doolittle H. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The integrating gate is a device for measuring the flow of liquids in open channels which, it is claimed, avoids some of the disadvantages of present methods, such as the weir, the rating flume, the venturi flame, etc. It consists of a freely swinging gate suspended in the channel and practically closing it. The flow of liquid causes this gate to assume an angle from the vertical, which angle is an index of the flow. Sufficient experimentation has been done to show that the error and individuality of different gates is small enough for practical purposes. The rating curve can be predetermined, and the loss of head through the gate is considerably less than in the weir or venturi flume.
The Solid–Injection Oil Engine
Authors: Shepherd H. F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The development of the solid-injection oil engine during the past three years has engaged the attention of many designers. Unfortunately, most of the information gained by experiments has been withheld from publication and the net result has been a duplication of laboratory and test-floor effort. The author has undertaken to present the most pertinent facts on the development of the engine from the former hot-surface unit and points out the influence of combustion-chamber design, spray angle and velocity, atomization, detonation, and other problems confronting the oil-engine designer.
Economy Characteristics of Stage Feedwater Heating by Extraction: Practical Computation and Maximum Realization of Extraction Gains for Power Plants of Present Trend in Design
Authors: Brown E. H. , Drewry M. K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Feedwater heating by extraction from the main unit, becoming increasingly important with rising steam pressures, complicates the computation of heat balance. The authors point out the influence of each possible factor in the computations, present a practical method for computing extraction cycles, and deal with various factors affecting turbine-room economy, these being more particularly enumerated in the first three paragraphs of the paper.
Analysis of a Machine-Shop Problem on a Quantity and Final-Economy Basis
Authors: De Leeuw A. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper discusses the nature, of the analysis which should be followed in determining the most economical method of machining work, either in large or small quantities. It leaves out of consideration all items excepting those relating to the actual machining processes. Particular attention is called to the difference between the saving of labor cost and the ultimate economy. As an example some of the operations on an automobile connecting rod are taken.
Industrial Applications of Metals at Various Temperatures
Authors: Spring L. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
From the time that James Watt utilized a pressure of 10 lb. per sq. in. in his steam-expansion engine, pressures have gone up very gradually to the 350 lb. per sq. in. now in common use. Increase in superheating temperature has been more rapid, but steady, during the twenty years since its general introduction. The author points out, however, that at the present moment a drastic and perhaps unwise change is taking place, since working pressures of 600 lb. per sq. in. will shortly be used in two or three plants, experiments with 1200 lb. pressure are to be tried out in small units in a commercial way and in England steam at its critical pressure of 3200 lb., when it is as heavy as water, is to be essayed. This increase in pressure holds out fascinating possibilities of high efficiency, and in the author’s opinion can be taken care of by increase in metal thickness. But since metals lose considerably in strength above 600 deg. fahr., he advises caution in going beyond the present limit of 315 deg. super-heat or a total temperature of about 750 deg. fahr.
There is another direction in which the properties of metals at high temperatures will have to be studied, and that is in the numerous gasoline cracking processes, where pressure has never exceeded 350 lb., but temperatures have risen to the high value of 1000 deg. fahr. in some instances. While little or no trouble with regard to materials in cracking processes has been experienced as yet, anxiety exists as to the consequences should any material containing flaws get into service. Cast steel has served welt under these conditions of moderate pressure and high temperature. For steam-turbine blades and valve seals certain non-ferrous materials (alloys containing a considerable percentage of nickel and copper) are being used and must be thoroughly studied at high temperatures. It may also be necessary to consider ferrous alloys in lieu of the plain carbon steels which have given satisfaction in steam work thus far.
Available Data on the Properties of Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys at Various Temperatures
Authors: Upthegrove Clair , White A. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The properties of non-ferrous materials at high temperatures have received far less attention than has been given ferrous materials, and even present interest is less than their importance warrants. The purpose of the paper is not to present all the work that has been done in this field but to set forth typical properties of various non-ferrous materials. Annealed electrolytic copper, for example, falls off rapidly in strength with increasing temperatures, while the elongation decreases somewhat slowly up to 400 or 500 deg. fahr., and then very rapidly to a minimum. In the rolled condition, electrolytic copper shows a slightly greater decrease in strength at lower temperatures. But this applies to tests in air. When copper is tested in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide, both strength and elongation remain practically unchanged until a temperature of about 950 deg. fahr. is reached. Similar phenomena indicate how readily the properties of copper at elevated temperatures are influenced by other factors than temperature, such as the presence of impurities, oxidizing or non-oxidizing conditions, degree of annealing, and so forth. Similar decreases in value with high temperature are observed for hardness of copper. As a rule similar effects are also observable for copper-tin, phosphor-bronze, gun metal, and other alloys, but the properties vary largely with the composition of any given type of alloy. Copper-nickel alloys in particular seem to possess very desirable properties for use at elevated temperatures.
The paper is a thorough and authoritative digest of existing information embracing almost the entire range of non-ferrous metals and alloys used on a large scale industrially.
The Increase in Thermal Efficiency Due to Resuperheating in Steam Turbines
Authors: Blowney W. E. , Warren G. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Experience has shown that as the ratio of the number of stages of a turbine operating in the superheated region to the number operating in the moisture region is increased, the actual thermal efficiency is improved at a rate far in excess of the theoretical value. The results of a large number of tests on turbines at different superheats have been analyzed to form a basis for calculating the gain in thermal efficiency due to resuperheating. In this paper, these results are given showing that the heat consumption of a turbine installation may be decreased from 6 to 7 per cent as a result of resuperheating the steam. There seems to be a rather broad pressure range at which the resuperheating may take place in order to show approximately the maximum saving. The probable gain due to more than one resuperheating has been obtained. These results indicate that, when taking into account the pressure drop in the resuperheaters, the gain possible by going to more than two stages of resuperheating would be very small. The effect of resuperheating upon the exhaust conditions and capacity of the turbine is discussed. Curves are presented to show that the gains due to the resuperheating and the regenerative cycles are very nearly independent of each other and that these features may be used in the same turbine, with the expectation that the savings due to both will be nearly additive.
High-Pressure-Bearing Research
Authors: Illmer Louis 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a synopsis of some research investigations into the laws of friction and deduces a practical method for determining friction coefficients as based upon a wide range of high-pressure-bearing practice. The author’s previously published study relating to perfect oil-borne lubrication is briefly reviewed, and it is now found that the identical underlying principles lead to a solution of friction problems where the oil film has been partially or wholly broken down under extreme pressure.
The paper is more particularly directed toward the intermediate field of friction that lies between perfect film and dry metallic friction. The analysis arrives at basic values for the corresponding friction coefficients and introduces a number of modifying constants for use under any given set of operating conditions.
The various kinds of bearing practice have been coördinated to secure results which will harmonize with expectations in practice. Suitable values are presented for determining the coefficient of friction for oil-borne journals; it is shown that the transition from a perfect film to a partial oil-film lubrication causes the friction coefficient to undergo a gradual change rather than an abrupt increase, depending primarily upon the ratio of the actual working pressure to the critical pressure. The friction coefficient applying to high working pressures is also found to vary inversely as the rubbing velocity and the temperature assumed by the bearing.
The oil supply, attendance, location, and structural conditions affect friction losses. Coefficients are furthermore dependent upon the method of working the lubricant between the rubbing surfaces since parallel flat faces do not have the same capacity for building up an oil film that is possessed by rotating journals. Certain factors have therefore been introduced to make due allowances for such differences in the bearing type.
The matter of pressure limits for slow-moving bearings has also been investigated and it is shown that the ultimate load capacity is partly fixed by the composition and the abrasive limits of the materials in rubbing contact.
The friction coefficient applying to partially oil-borne journals is found to be substantially independent of the materials in contact, but when such journals operate at slow speeds under extreme pressures, the character of materials used assumes a greater significance.
Mechanical Springs
Authors: Wood Joseph Kaye 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper treats the subject of mechanical springs collectively in the hope of clarifying theories of design and of assisting in the ultimate standardization of springs. After defining a mechanical spring and a mechanical spring material, it considers the general cases of a unit cube stretched by a tensile force, of replacing the cube by a bar, and of applying the load, transversely. From these are established load-deflection-rate formulas for flexure and torsion. Formulas for safe maximum load, safe maximum deflection, and safe maximum work are then derived in general terms containing constants which may be determined for stress method, material, form, etc. Under spring requirements of mechanical design, load-deflection characteristics are first considered, followed by those for safe maximum load and deflection and safe maximum work of resiliency. The paper then discusses the adaptability of springs to the requirements of mechanical design and the constants of material, dimension, stress method, and form of section. In the conclusion it is stated that the general or collective method of treating mechanical springs should eliminate much of the complexity and diversity of the subject.
An Experimental Investigation of Nozzle Efficiency
Authors: Wirt H. Loring 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper describes air-testing methods developed by the General Electric Co. for testing elements of turbines by simulating the conditions in the turbine with models and determining their relative performance, and from these results predicting the effect of similar changes on the turbine. The streamline and eddy flow through the passageway tested is clearly indicated by flow casts that show both the flow lines and the shape that caused them. The issuing stream of air is explored with impact tubes, static tubes and angle-measuring devices. A combined traversing, plotting and enlarging mechanism makes it possible to take a series of accurate impact traverses covering the whole of the jet. These traverses are mechanically evaluated and from them the efficiency of the nozzle is found by a method of graphical triple integration.
The paper gives curves from tests of two types of nozzles showing how improvement has been made and illustrating the value of the method in designing turbine elements. Illustrations of casts of other types of nozzles, right-angle bends and turbine exhaust hoods further emphasize the value and generality of the method.
The Zoelly Turbine-Driven Locomotive
Authors: Zoelly H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper, by the general manager of the Escher-Wyss Company and designer of the well-known locomotive turbine bearing his name, gives particulars regarding a 1000-hp. experimental condensing locomotive driven by a six-stage impulse turbine and employing a cooler for the condensing water in which air is brought into intimate contact with the water, heated and saturated with vapor, the heat necessary for evaporation being withdrawn from the water to be cooled. Mention is also made of a 2000-hp. locomotive of the same type now being built at the Krupp Works, Essen, which differs from the experimental machine only in a few sundry details; after which theoretical considerations regarding feedwater heating and recooling are discussed at some length. A table is included which presents calculations of the steam and coal consumptions of simple and compound condensing and non-condensing piston locomotives using superheated steam, and of the Krupp turbo-locomotive, all with and without feedwater heating, and shows the turbo-locomotive when employing feedwater heating and preheating of combustion air to have a coal consumption of but one-half that of a simple locomotive provided with a feedwater heater.
Boiler Furnaces for Pulverized Coal
Authors: Christie A. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Powdered coal is used more widely every year for furnaces under boilers. An analysis of the fundamentals of the combustion of the coal and of the effect of radiant heat and flame on the performance of such furnaces is presented in this paper. Certain features secondary to the furnace and dealing with preparing and drying coal and handling ash are also discussed briefly.
This analysis indicates that the following conditions are desirable for the highest efficiency and maximum capacity of a given furnace. Coal should be finely ground, thoroughly dry, and preheated before entering the furnace. Primary and secondary air should be highly preheated. Turbulence should exist inside the furnace. The walls should be water-cooled. New methods of handling ash and preventing the discharge of dust into the air should be developed. These will lead toward greater capacity for a given furnace volume and to higher boiler efficiencies.
Mechanical Problems of Hydraulic-Turbine Design
Authors: White William Monroe 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Having determined the general characteristics of a hydraulic turbine to suit a given set of hydraulic conditions, the various mechanical problems arising must then be solved. These relate to the casing, which may be either of concrete, steel plate, or a casting; the guide rancs, with reference to their shape, support, clearance, and material of construction; the runner, its shaft and bearings; the governing mechanism; etc. The solution of these problems is indicated by the methods used in the design of the 70,000-hp. unit recently put in service at the plant of the Niagara Falls Power Company, Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Test of a Uniflow Engine
Authors: Barrus Geo. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Records of tests of uniflow engines are rare. The paper describes tests of a four-cylinder, vertical engine of 400-kw. capacity at a speed of 300 r.p.m. Four series of tests were run at 100, 200, 300, and 400 kw., under the following conditions: saturated steam at 125 lb. pressure, atmospheric exhaust; saturated steam at 125 lb. pressure, 5 lb. back pressure; saturated steam at 150 lb. pressure, atmospheric exhaust; superheated steam at 150 lb. pressure, atmospheric exhaust.
The steam consumption ranged from 20.7 lb. per i.hp-hr. at 125 lb. pressure with atmospheric exhaust to 15.3 lb. per i.hp-hr. with superheated steam.
Normal Pitch—The Index of Gear Performance
Authors: Eaton G. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper brings out certain departures from previously accepted practice which are useful in the manufacture of heavy involute gearing, as they ease the performance during the breaking-in stage of operation. It shows that material improvement in performance may be secured by adopting the proper relation between the normal pitches of the driving and driven gears, measured at the point of tooth engagement. Finally, it outlines the development of normal-pitch indicators.
Steam Bleeding and Turbine Performance: Tests Showing Effect of Steam Bleeding on Total Power-Plant Efficiency, Also Effect of Changes in Vacuum and Superheat on Turbine and Condenser Performance
Authors: Zimmerman C. D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The primary object of this paper is to give the results of tests which show the improvement in overall steam-power-plant economy due to single-stage steam bleeding. Detailed results of the tests are also described which show the changes due to steam bleeding in boiler-unit efficiency, degree of superheat, and the performance of the turbine-condenser unit.
In order to complete the study of the effects of steam bleeding it was necessary to show the effects of changes in superheat and condenser back pressure on the turbine performance. The results of these tests are given in the second part of the paper and are of interest as a separate study of steam-turbine performance. With this in mind, additional data such as the effect of air in the turbine exhaust steam and effect of changes in initial steam pressure are also given. The change in superheat covered the range from 100 to 300 deg. fahr. and the condenser back pressure was of sufficiently low value to show the economical value for loads above 25,000 kw.
The tests were made at the Lake Shore Station of the Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co. and the turbine tested was a Curtis-type, 17-stage machine of 30,000 kw. capacity. Steam was bled from the 13th stage.
Charts for Studying the Oil Film in Bearings
Authors: Karelitz George B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
It has been shown several times that the hydrodynamical theory of lubrication satisfactorily explains the mechanism of lubrication. Since the necessary calculations are very complicated, the practical application of the theory, up to the present time, has been very difficult. The charts presented in the paper give the designer or investigator a means of determining with sufficient accuracy the shape and pressures in the oil film for bearings under different conditions.
The Heat-Balance Method of Testing Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Robinson M. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Centrifugal compressors are often driven by steam turbines with and without intervening gear trains. To determine the shaft power transmitted to the compressor by its driver, from efficiency tests on the turbine and estimates of the gear losses, involves considerable labor, time, and expense. The Heat-Balance Method herein described is simpler, and more direct. In this method, the principle is used that a balance exists between the mechanical energy supplied by the rotation of the shaft and the heat-energy increase in the air which is being compressed, the heat-energy increase in the cooling water used, and the heat lost from the casing, bearings and packings. With proper testing apparatus and due precautions, this heat energy may be accurately measured, and hence the power input established. Very satisfactory results have been secured by the application of this method. There are given details of the fundamental theory, some representative test data, and a complete description of the apparatus used.
The Specification and Control of Mechanical Springs
Authors: Wood Joseph Kaye 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper is another of a series on the general subject of springs which the author has presented recently. In the present paper the subject of specifications for the manufacture of springs and for spring materials is discussed. A list of the available specifications for heavy springs is given and the features of these specifications are tabulated. In the absence of specifications for small springs the author discusses the outline for such specifications and illustrates his method by a hypothetical case. He introduces the idea of a “load-deflection sector” to be used in place of a load-deflection curve and employs the idea in framing his sample specification.
Balancing Factors in the Use and Obligations Covering Ownership of Freight-Train Cars
Authors: Sillcox L. K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author discusses the development of railroad equipment to dale and points out some of the principles to be observed if railroads would continue to expand and become more efficient transportation agents.
The functions of transportation are first defined, following which is a general discussion of the limitations of railroad capacity because of terminal facilities. Terminal expenses also are treated at some length. There is a discussion of the slow-freight problem and recommendations for speeding up traffic are made. The matter of attaining the greatest utilization of equipment and materials is emphasized and recommendations made. Under this part of the paper the latest methods of car and locomotive repair are mentioned and their effect on the movement of freight emphasized. A very important part of the paper deals with the depreciation and retirement factors. A discussion of the aspects of design shows the great opportunity of engineers to assist in the solution of the problem of transportation by providing better equipment that will not require frequent repairs and which will, consequently, spend more time in actual service. In this connection the importance of standardization is emphasized.
Worm-Wheel Contact: Preliminary Report of A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Worm Gears
Authors: Buckingham Earle 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The object of this paper is to show how any worm-wheel contact condition can be determined by analysis and to point out in particular the probable influence of the nature of the contact lines between a worm and a worm wheel upon the lubrication conditions, efficiency, and load-carrying ability. Analyses of three helicoids are made and their equations given. The first of these, a convolute helicoid, had its generatrix tangent to a cylinder of any diameter concentric with the axis of the helicoid. The second, a screw helicoid, had its generatrix passing through the axis of the helicoid, and was one limiting case of the first, with the diameter of the base cylinder reduced to zero. The third, an involute helicoid, had its generatrix tangent to a concentric cylinder of such diameter that the helix angle at this diameter was the same as the angle of the generatrix with a plane perpendicular to the axis. The conjugate action of racks is discussed and equations given. An analysis of worm contact is made. Contact lines of screw helicoids used as worms and those of involute helicoids used as worms are discussed. Contact lines of screw helicoids with large helix angles, and involute helicoids with large helix angles also are treated.