bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance traits, hoof mineral composition, and hoof characteristics of bulls in a 112-day postweaning feedlot performance test
Authors: Sugg J. L. , Brown A. H. , Perkins J. L. , Phillips J. M. , Kellogg D. W. , Johnson Z. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate relations between hoof and performance data from bulls fed in a 112-day standardized postweaning feedlot performance test.

Animals and Design
Breeds included were Angus (n = 20), Brangus (n = 19), Hereford (n = 31), and Simmental (n = 53). Hoof measurements, scores, and a 0.5g hoof tissue sample were obtained from the right forefoot of bulls on days 1 and 112 of 4 tests conducted in 3 locations in Arkansas. Data were analyzed, using least squares ANOVA. The model used included an overall mean, breed, farm of origin within breed, initial age, and initial weight within breed and residual. Residual and canonical correlations of the traits studied were calculated.

Results
Residual correlations were found between some hoof minerals. Canonical correlations between performance traits and hoof minerals, between hoof characteristics and hoof minerals, and between hoof characteristics and performance traits were 0.62 and 0.45 (P < 0.05), 0.54 and 0.40 (P < 0.05), and 0.56 (P < 0.01) and 0.26 (P > 0.05), respectively.

Conclusions
These data suggest that a relation exists between performance traits and hoof mineral composition and hoof characteristics and mineral composition. The visual scoring system for these data did not genetically separate bulls on the basis of claw quality.

Clinical Implications
By selecting bulls with high claw quality, cattle producers are decreasing the chances of premature culling because of hoof laminitis. Therefore, by obtaining hoof measurements and mineral composition in a feedlot performance test, producers should have the tools to select bulls for increased lifetime performance.(Am J Vet Res 1996;57:291-295)
Attempt to pharmacologically modulate procoagulant activity of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated adherent bovine alveolar macrophages
Authors: Olchowy Timothy W. J. , Dean David F. , Bochsler Philip N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on lipopolysaccharide-induced procoagulant activity of bovine alveolar macrophages.

Design
Procoagulant activity was induced in bovine alveolar macrophages from 4 healthy Holstein calves aged 6 to 16 weeks by incubation with lipopolysaccharide. 3 anti-inflammatory drugs were used at 4 concentrations and 3 times to pretreat the alveolar macrophages. Results were analyzed to determine whether drug, concentration, or exposure period had a significant (P> 0.05) effect.

Procedure
Bovine alveolar macrophages, harvested by volume-controlled bronchoalveolar lavage, were pretreated for 30, 60, or 120 minutes with an anti-inflammatory compound (dexamethasone, flunixin meglumin, or phenylbutazone) at several concentrations (0, 1, 10, and 100 μM). Bovine alveolar macrophages were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli O55:B5) in the presence and absence of fetal bovine serum for 4 hours. Procoagulant activity was measured, using a chromogenic assay.

Results
None of the drugs was associated with a modification of procoagulant activity expression.

Conclusion
Use of these 3 anti-inflammatory drugs is unlikely to modify the extent of the fibrinous reaction commonly observed in cases of acute bovine respiratory tract disease complex.

Clinical Relevance
The alveolar macrophage has a key role in fibrin production. Assuming in vivo events mimic the in vitro model, is appears unlikely that administration of anti-inflammatory drugs will reduce the procoagulant activity of the bovine alveolar macrophages and the directly associated pulmonary fibrosis. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:659–663)
Serum α-tocopherol, vitamin A, and blood selenium concentrations, and glutathione peroxidase activity in llamas fed alfalfa hay
Authors: Dart Andrew J. , Kinde Hialu , Hodgson David R. , Peauroi John R. , Selby Arthur W. , Maas John , Fowler Murray E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To measure blood selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and serum concentrations of vitamin A and α-tocopherol, and to determine the correlation between blood selenium concentration and GSH-Px activity of llamas fed alfalfa hay.

Design
Mean (± SD) serum vitamin A and α-tocopherol concentrations, blood selenium concentrations, and GSH-Px activity were calculated from 9 sequential blood samples collected from llamas fed a diet of alfalfa hay.

Animals
15 clinically normal llamas (8 males, 7 females) between 10 and 14 months of age.

Procedure
Llamas were fed alfalfa hay for 40 days prior to sample collection and then for the duration of the trial. Vitamin E, selenium, and concentrations of vitamin A precursors were measured in the hay. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 6, 7, 9, 13, 20, 42, 64, and 98. Blood selenium concentrations were measured, using an inductively coupled spectrometric method. Blood GSH-Px activity was measured with a spectrophotometer, using a modification of a previously described assay. Isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography with florescent detection was used to determine serum α-tocopherol and vitamin A concentrations.

Results
The alfalfa hay contained 0.2 mg/kg of selenium, 5 mg/kg of vitamin E, and 0.9 mg/kg of vitamin A precursors. The mean (± SD) blood selenium concentration and GSH-Px activity were 0.179 ± 0.032 pg/ml and 25.76 ± 6.53 mU NADPH oxidized/min/mg of Hb, respectively, with a correlation coefficient of 0.97. The mean (± SD) concentrations for serum α-tocopherol and vitamin A were 128.1 ± 41.7 and 74.8 ± 5.5 μg/dl, respectively.

Conclusions
Blood selenium concentrations in llamas are highly correlated to GSH-Px activity. Blood selenium concentrations in llamas appear to be similar to other domestic ruminants and diets containing 0.2 mg/kg of selenium appear to provide an adequate dietary source. The concentrations of vitamin A precursors and vitamin E in the hay were below currently recommended dietary levels for llamas, and alfalfa hay appears to provide an unreliable source of vitamins A and E in this species. Further studies are required to determine optimal dietary concentrations and to substantiate a reference range for these vitamins in llamas. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:689–692)
Determination of the lifespan of erythrocytes from Greyhounds, using an in vitro biotinylation technique
Authors: Novinger M. Stewart , Sullivan Patrick S. , McDonald T. P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the RBC lifespan of Greyhounds, using an in vitro labeling technique.

Design
RBC from dogs were labeled with NHS-biotin and their disappearance measured over time to determine RBC lifespan.

Sample Population
5 Greyhounds that had been vaccinated against distemper, adenovirus 1 and 2 infections, parainfluenza, leptospirosis, parvovirus, and coronavirus infections, Bordetella bronchiseptica infection, and rabies the previous year; 3 sexually intact 14-month-old Beagles served as controls.

Procedure
After venipuncture for CBC, catheters were inserted in the cephalic vein of each dog. Butorphanol was then administered to achieve mild sedation and analgesia, and glycopyrrolate was administered to ensure maintenance of adequate heart rate during phlebotomy. Dogs were positioned in lateral recumbency; blood was removed via jugular venipuncture, using a standard laboratory donor blood bag containing citrate-phosphate-dextrose solution. Blood was transferred aseptically into sterile polystyrene containers and NHS-biotin was added. After incubation, the labeled RBC were reinfused into the dogs and the blood was allowed to recirculate for 1 hour before the first postinfusion sample was taken. At frequent intervals, blood to be analyzed was taken by jugular venipuncture, and the percentage of labeled cells was determined by flow cytometry.

Results
The mean RBC lifespan of non-Greyhounds was significantly longer than that of Greyhounds (104.3 ± 2.2 days vs 53.6 ± 6.5 days; P = 0.001). A negative linear correlation was also found between age of the Greyhounds and their RBC lifespan (P = 0.01, R2= 0.91).

Conclusions
The shorter RBC lifespan of the Greyhounds may explain the finding of macrocytosis reported in earlier work. The reason for the shorter RBC lifespan in Greyhounds may be caused by differences in Greyhound RBC membrane structure or accelerated RBC removal from the circulation. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:739–742)
Calculation of maximal removal rate of indocyanine green to measure hepatic functional mass in dogs by use of the nine-hour method
Authors: Furuhama Kazuhisa , Goi Shoko , Kawarabayashi Keiko , Maru Chikako , Inage Fujio 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To establish a versatile and reliable procedure for the determination of indocyanine green maximal removal rate (ICG Rmax) to measure hepatic functional mass in dogs within 9 hours (9-hour method).

Design
Relation between 9-hour and standard 3-day methods was examined.

Animals
101 healthy dogs.

Procedure
On investigation of the optimal technical conditions allowing completion of all procedures in a day, the appropriate IV administered doses of ICG were 0.125, 0.5, and 2.0 mg/kg of body weight, and the best blood sample collection times for obtaining plasma half-life at these 3 doses were before and 3, 6, and 9 minutes after ICG administration.

Results
Comparison of the 9-hour with 3-day method yielded a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.84, indicating close (P < 0.01) correlation. In the 9-hour method, mean ± SD of ICG Rmax in healthy dogs was 0.24 ± 0.09 mg/kg/min in male (n = 62) and was 0.23 ± 0.06 mg/kg/min in female (n = 21) Beagles, and was 0.21 ± 0.10 mg/kg/min in male (n = 11) and 0.20 ± 0.07 mg/kg/min in female (n = 7) mixed-breed dogs. In Beagles treated orally with carbon tetrachloride (0.1 ml/kg in gelatine capsules) thrice weekly during a 10-week period, plasma alanine transaminase activity plateaued at a high value (> 2,000 IU/L) on day 5, and remained at this value until the end of the study. The ICG Rmax changed accordingly: day 5, 0.17; day 10, 0.11; day 40, 0.05; and day 60, 0.06 mg/kg/min.

Conclusion
The 9-hour method for determination of ICG Rmax correlates favorably with the 3-day method.

Clinical Relevance
This procedure may be practically applied in veterinary clinics in terms of prediction of hepatic functional mass, and for diagnosis of hepatotoxicosis induced by certain compounds. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:803–806)
Ketoprofen concentrations in plasma and milk after intravenous administration in dairy cattle
Authors: DeGraves F. J. , Riddell M. G. , Schumacher J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine plasma and milk concentration-time profiles and pharmacokinetic variables after IV administration of ketoprofen to lactating dairy cows.

Design
Cows received a single IV bolus of ketoprofen (3.31 mg/kg of body weight). Blood and milk were collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 40, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 480 minutes. Ketoprofen concentrations in plasma and milk were determined.

Animals
6 clinically normal lactating Holstein cows.

Procedure
Plasma and milk samples were processed by solvent extraction, and ketoprofen concentrations were determined, using high-performance liquid chromatography with octadecyl silane reverse-phase guard and analytic columns. A computer polyexponential curve-stripping program was used to fit ketoprofen concentration-time data and to calculate pharmacokinetic variables.

Results
The lower limit of detection for ketoprofen in plasma was 18 ng/ml; the lower limit of quantification was 60 ng/ml. The lower limit of detection for ketoprofen in milk was 27 ng/ml; the lower limit of quantification was 90 ng/ml. Plasma ketoprofen concentration-time curves best fit an open two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Harmonic mean apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 0.11 (range, 0.095 to 0.13) L/kg, elimination half-life was 0.49 (range, 0.40 to 0.67) hour, and total clearance was 0.17 (range, 0.14 to 0.19) L/kg/h. Ketoprofen was detected in some milk samples, 10 to 120 minutes after administration, but all concentrations were below the limit of quantification. Adverse effects were not observed in cows given ketoprofen.

Conclusions
The elimination half-life for ketoprofen is short, and low concentrations of ketoprofen can be detected in normal milk, after IV treatment of cattle with ketoprofen. Milk and meat from cattle treated IV with ketoprofen should not be an important drug residue risk if appropriate withholding periods are used. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1031–1033)
Identification of foot-and-mouth disease virus-free regions by use of a standardized enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay
Authors: Bergmann Ingrid E. , Malirat Viviana , Dias Luis Eduardo , Dilandro Rosa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To assess the potential of a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) assay to monitor persistent foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viral activity in a livestock population.

Design
Cattle sera were obtained in Uruguay in 1992, 2 years after the last outbreaks of FMD. Prevalence of antibodies, as assessed by the EITB assay and by the conventional immunodiffusion in agarose gel method (virus infection-associated antigen [VIAA] test), was correlated with occurrence of FMD.

Sample Population
A total of 2,194 serum samples were acquired from animals at different farms and were separated according to age: animals < and > 2 years old.

Procedure
Specific antibodies to replicating virus were detected by use of the EITB assay that utilizes a set of 5 bioengineered nonstructural antigens as serologic probes.

Results
EITB-positive reaction was restricted to sera from cattle in areas with the last outbreaks of FMD during 1989-1990, and to animals > 2 years old. All cattle sera from regions that were free of clinical FMD since (or prior to) 1989 were EITB negative. In contrast, use of the VIAA test yielded a rather homogeneous distribution of positive results when regions without FMD during the last 4 years preceding sample collection were compared with those affected during 1989-1990. VIAA test-positive reaction was also found in sera from animals born after the last FMD outbreak.

Conclusions
The EITB assay proved to be a sensitive, specific, safe, rapid, and economic tool for monitoring the progress of FMD eradication programs, mainly because it eliminated false-positive results from the VIAA test (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:972–974).
Comparison of media and sera used for in vitro culture of equine superficial digital flexor tendon explants
Authors: Riley Christopher B. , Archer F. Joy , Bailey Jeremy V. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare the effects of different commercial nutrient media and sera on protein synthesis and maintenance of cellular density in cultures of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT).

Animals
8 healthy 2- to 4-year-old horses.

Procedure
First Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, Ham's F12 nutrient mixture, RPMI 1640 medium, minimum essential medium with Earle's salts, minimum essential medium with Hanks' salts, and a Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/Ham's F12 nutrient mixture with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) were compared. Then FBS, fetal equine serum, and donor horse serum, each at 5, 10, and 15% in RPMI 1640 medium, were compared. Explants were cultured in roller bottles at 37 C and aerated (50% O2/45% N2/5% CO2) daily. Rates of [3H]- proline incorporation were used as a measure of the rates of total protein and collagen synthesis on days 13 and 28. Matrix cellular density of explants at days 14 and 28 was measured by computerized image analysis.

Results
Equine SDFT explants were cultured in all media for up to 4 weeks. Proline incorporation was greatest in Ham's F12 nutrient mixture and in RPMI 1640 medium, with the concentration of proline in medium correlating to the in vitro response. Total proline incorporation was greater in 15% FBS than in 5 or 10% FBS. Other differences among sera were not detected. Matrix cell density in 15% donor horse serum was equivalent to that in uncultured controls and higher than that in most other sera at week 2.

Conclusion
The in vitro SDFT culture system described may be used in future studies to enhance knowledge of the biological and biochemical characteristics of intrinsic tendon healing. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1118–1123)
Reliability of carnitine concentrations measured in single postprandial urine samples from dogs
Authors: Sanderson Sherry , Osborne Carl , Lulich Jody , Pierpont Mary Ella , Gross Kathy , Ogburn Phillip , Koehler Lori , Carvalho Marileda 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the reliability of urine carnitine concentrations measured in single postprandial samples, compared with carnitine concentrations measured in 24-hour urine samples.

Animals
19 healthy Beagles.

Procedure
After emptying the urinary bladder by catheterization, dogs were fed a canned canine maintenance diet. Approximately 8 hours later, urine, plasma, and serum samples were obtained for determination of urinary carnitine fractional excretion and urine carnitine-to-creatinine concentration ratio. Results were compared with 24-hour urinary carnitine excretion rate.

Results
Fractional excretion of carnitine and urine carnitine-to-creatinine ratios correlated poorly with 24-hour urinary carnitine excretion.

Conclusion
Determination of 24-hour urinary carnitine excretion is recommended to measure urine carnitine concentrations in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57: 1185-1188)
Sensitivity of reproducing sows and suckling pigs to stray voltage
Authors: Robert Suzanne , Matte Jean-Jacques , Martineau Guy Pierre 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate whether stray voltage reduces welfare of sows and their litters, causes reproductive problems, or impairs growth and survival of suckling pigs.

Animals
120 gilts assigned randomly to 3 treatment groups: 2-V baseline plus 3-V pulses (2-5 V); 5-V baseline plus 3-V pulses (5-8 V); and control treatment (0-0 V).

Procedure
Behavior was recorded during gestation and lactation. Water and feed intakes were measured daily, milk composition was evaluated once during lactation, and hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, total protein, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, albumin, globulins, and fatty acids values were measured at mating, weeks 8 and 15 of gestation, parturition, and weaning. Prolific ability of sows, mortality and disease of suckling pigs, and growth rate until 56 days of age were recorded.

Results
Gilts under voltage were lying down more often and performing less abnormal behaviors than were control gilts. Behavior of sows and suckling pigs was not affected by treatments. Water and feed intakes were similar among treatments, except during week 1 of lactation where feed intake was lower in the control group. Fecundity and prolific ability of sows, percentage of stillbirth, growth rate of suckling pigs, and milk composition were similar among treatments. More suckling pigs died in 2-5-V group than in other groups, but diarrhea was more frequent in the control group. Blood metabolites were similar among treatment groups.

Conclusions
Transient stray voltage at values up to 8 V did not impair the welfare, reproductive performance, or health of sows and suckling pigs. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1245-1249)
Effects of serum separation tubes on serum benzodiazepine and phenobarbital concentrations in clinically normal and epileptic dogs
Authors: Boothe Dawn M. , Simpson Guy , Foster Tammy 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To characterize the effects of serum separation tubes (SST) on serum drug concentrations.

Sample Population
Clinically normal dogs (clorazepate, n = 7) or dogs with epilepsy (phenobarbital, n = 7) were studied in experiment 1, and samples submitted for therapeutic drug monitoring (n = 87) were studied in ex-periment 2.

Procedure
In experiment 1, blood containing either drug was placed in 2 types of 4-ml SST (SST-A and SST-B) and in nonserum separation tubes (non-SST [control]). Samples were processed, then stored at 20 to 22 C (both drugs) or 10 C (phenobarbital only). Aliquots were collected for 96 hours. The rate constant of disappearance and the percentage decrease of each drug over time were determined for each tube. For experiment 2, paired samples were collected in non-SST and SST and submitted by mail for therapeutic drug monitoring. The SST samples were either decanted from SST prior to shipment (group 1; n = 30) or mailed in SST with serum in contact with the silica gel (group 2; n = 57). Drug concentrations and drug elimination half-life were compared between groups. For both experiments, drugs were detected in samples, using polarized immunofluorescence.

Results
For experiment 1, the rate constant of drug disappearance for both drugs was greater in the 4-ml SST-A (P <0.0001). This SST also caused the greatest percentage decrease (20% for phenobarbital and 35% for benzodiazepines) at 96 hours. Refrigeration reduced the mean decrease in phenobarbital at 96 hours to 11%. For experiment 2, phenobarbital concentration was lower for both SST, compared with non-SST (P < 0.0005). Phenobarbital had decreased a mean 6.4 ± 0.5% in group-1 and a mean 30.5 ± 11.1% in group-2 (P < 0.0005) samples.

Conclusion
The SST should be avoided when collecting serum for monitoring of either phenobarbital or benzodiazepines.

Clinical Relevance
The SST can falsely decrease serum drug concentrations and should be avoided when collecting blood for therapeutic drug monitoring. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1299-1303)
Regulation of activation of bovine neutrophils by aggregated immunoglobulin G
Authors: Leino Lasse , Paape Max J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the role of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ in aggregated IgG (algG)-mediated cellular activation, and to determine how algG-induced activation is coupled to Ca2+ homeostasis in bovine neutrophils.

Sample Population
4 clinically normal, lactating Holstein cows, in their second lactation, which ranged between 60 and 150 days.

Procedure
algG was prepared by heating bovine igG, and C5a was obtained by activating fetal bovine serum with zymosan. Luminol-amplified chemiluminescence (CL) of isolated neutrophils was measured in the presence of algG or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The reaction mixture contained either Hanks’ balanced salt solution or Ca2+- and Mg2+-free Hanks’ balanced salt solution. Binding of algG to neutrophils was measured by flow cytometry after incubation with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated second antibody. Intracellular-free concentration [Ca2+] was measured in a fluorescence spectrofluorometer after incubation of neutrophils, loaded with the fluorescent dye fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester, with either algG or C5a.

Results
In a Ca2+- and Mg2+-containing reaction mixture, algG induced strong CL responses, whereas removal of extracellular divalent cations almost abolished the respiratory burst activity. The CL emission on stimulation with PMA was independent of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+. Examination of cells by flow cytometry after incubation with algG indicated that the binding of algG was identical in the presence and absence of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+. No increase in [Ca2+] was seen in fura-2 acetoxymethylester-loaded neutrophils after stimulation with algG. C5a induced a typical transient increase in [Ca2+].

Conclusions
algG-induced activation of bovine neutrophils is highly dependent on presence of extracellular divalent cations. This dependency is not caused by the need of divalent cations for binding of algG by neutrophils or because the influx of Ca2+ from the extracellular space is an integral component of algG-mediated activation pathway. Because need for extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ could be partially circumvented by pretreating neutrophils with PMA, it is possible that this activation pathway may involve a protein kinase C, which is not directly coupled to receptors for algG. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1312-1316)