bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haptophytes as components of marine phytoplankton
Authors: Thomsen Helge A , Buck Kurt R , Chavez Francisco P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Haptophyta comprises 11 unmineralized genera with approximately 80 species, and more than 200 coccolithophorid species allocated to about 70 different genera. Results from Pacific Ocean surveys indicate, based on epifluorescence microscopical counts, that the biomass and relative contribution of haptophytes to autotrophic biomass is relatively low, 13 ± 9%, and constant over a wide variety of environmental settings. Also the biomass contribution of haptophytess to the nanoplankton, 37 ± 20%, is remarkably consistent worldwide.
Students days at Manchester
Authors: Williams Trevor I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the academic world was largely terra incognita so far as the business-oriented Chesterfield household was concerned, the decision that Robert should read chemistry at a university more or less dictated that he should do so at Manchester. Apart from its geographical convenience, located no more than forty miles from Chesterfield, this would be the natural inclination of such a strongly Nonconformist family.
The first Chair
Authors: Williams Trevor I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The school of organic chemistry presided over by W. H. Perkin Jr at Manchester from 1892 until he was appointed Waynflete Professor at Oxford in 1912 was internationally famous, even in comparison with the great German schools, such as that of Emil Fischer in Berlin. To have been appointed Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator there at the early age of twenty-three augured well for Robinson’s future: he could reasonably expect to climb steadily up the academic ladder in Britain, and in the fullness of time achieve one of the more prestigious professorships—which, indeed, is what he did. At first sight, therefore, it is something of a surprise to find him applying, in 1912, for a newly created chair in the University of Sydney, literally on the other side of the world. Whatever the attractions of Australia it was undeniably remote, and cut off from the main stream of academic activity: the journey out from Britain occupied several weeks, and postal communication took just as long. Even within Australia communications were not good.
Systems of agricultural production in the Northern Littoral Region
Authors: Martin M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mediterranean coastal zone of Egypt, known as the Northern Littoral Region can be divided into two sections: 1. The north-west coastal zone, which comprises the arid zone west of Alexandria along the Mediterranean coast and includes El Amiriya, Burg el Arab, El Alamein, Sidi Abdel Rahman, El Daba, Fuka, Baqquish, Marsa Matruh, Sidi Barrani, and Salum at the Libyan border. The Qattara Depression and Siwa mark the southern regional boundaries inland, and the region is administered by the Marsa Matruh governorate.
Irrigation development programmes
Authors: Skold M D , Richardson E V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twentieth century events have brought an increasing population pressure to the cultivated lands of Egypt. In 1900 there was 0.29 ha of cropped area per caput, now only about one-third of that amount exists for each person (Table 16.1). The rapid population growth of the past 40 years is exerting a two-way pressure on the land base. Egypt is essentially a narrow valley stretching from Aswan to Cairo along the Nile River before fanning out into the Delta. Not only must the land supply a population increasing over the past three decades at a rate in excess of 2.4 per cent annually, but the agricultural land base itself is threatened by urban expansion (Adams 1985; Gardner and Parker 1985; Ikran 1980). To replace lands lost to the expanding space requirements of cities, reclamation of inherently less productive lands in the coastal areas and on the deserts has enabled the maintenance of a slightly increasing amount of cultivated land.
Fertilizers
Authors: El-Fouly M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Egypt has a long tradition of using chemical fertilizers, its first use of Chilean nitrates dating back to 1902. For over thirty years all chemical fertilizers were imported, until the local production of phosphate fertilizers started in 1936 and later the production of nitrogen fertilizers in 1951. The great demand for food, highly productive soil, availability of good quality irrigation water, optimum climatic conditions, and the use of new technology have contributed to a continuous increase in fertilizer production and thus, in fertilizer use. The increase in fertilizer use is influenced mainly by the following factors: cropping index and rotation, use of high yielding cultivars, degree of cultivation of newly reclaimed areas, requirements for subsidized fertilizers determined by the Ministry of Agriculture each season, amount of subsidies available for fertilizers, local production and the availability of fertilizers when they are needed. Tables 17.1 and 17.2 show the quantities of fertilizers distributed to farmers by the Principal Bank for Development and Agricultural Credit (PBDAC) between 1970 and 1990, together with the official fertilizer requirement (an amount fixed by Ministerial Decree each season) for the years 1981/2 until 1988/9.
Agricultural mechanization and farm equipment supply
Authors: Khan A U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cultivated land area in Egypt is about six million feddans which is about 3 per cent of the total land area. This is concentrated primarily in the Nile Valley and in the Nile Delta. The entire crop area is irrigated except for some rain-fed areas on the Mediterranean coast. The availability of additional water, due to the construction of the Aswan High Dam, led to increased cropping intensities on the old lands and the reclamation of over one million feddans of new desert lands. However, year-round irrigation has magnified drainage and soil salinity problems and this has affected the supply and quality of land.
The components of agriculture
Authors: Ren Chen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general meaning of agriculture in China is that agriculture consists of agriculture (i.e. cropping), forestry, animal husbandry, sideline activities, and fishery - that is, five types of activity. It should be noted that the term agriculture has two meanings in China: the broad meaning just described, or the narrow sense within that broad meaning as a synonym for cropping. The word agriculture in ‘gross output of industries and agriculture’, as quoted in the national statistics, denotes agriculture in the broad sense. The word agriculture in the name ‘Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fishery’ (MAAHF), denotes agriculture in the narrow sense. (This name has recently been shortened to ‘Ministry of Agriculture’.) To many Chinese, agriculture just means to cultivate land to grow crops. The people who grow crops may occasionally breed one or two pigs, keep a dozen or so fowl, plant trees around their house or village, or weave straw or bamboo articles in their spare time - but these are all minor activities. Of course, this is not the view of the minority nationalities who rely on animal husbandry. But they form only a very small proportion of the total population of China, and they make only a small contribution to the country’s total production. These minorities, then, are an exception, and the Chinese as a whole usually look upon crop cultivation as the mainstay of agriculture.
Infrastructure And Agricultural Inputs
Authors: Weixin Wang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Irrigation systems have a long history in China. The earliest recorded irrigation system was the Que Bei (Peony Pond), a reservoir project in the years 598-591 BC, to the south of the Huai He River in the present day province of Anhui. The renowned Dujiangyan irrigation scheme built in 256-251 BC has been in service for more than 22 centuries and is now watering farming areas of 587 000 ha in Sichuan province. However it was not until about the third century BC that there was an increase in irrigation projects. Before the eighth century AD such schemes were mainly constructed in North China, and thereafter mainly in southern China.
The rural economy
Authors: Dao Chen , Lifeng Xie , Chaohui Yao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In China, agriculture has always been regarded as an important part of the national economy. For the past 30 years agricultural policy has been drafted in accordance with the principle that ‘agriculture is the basis of the national economy and “grain” is the basis of that basis’. The background to the formulation of agricultural policy is that China has a population of one billion people, which is more than 20 per cent of the population of the world, but her cultivated area is only seven per cent of that of the world; hence food supply is the main problem to be solved.
Government and infrastructure
Authors: Woodward P R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sudan has had very unstable government since Independence in 1956, having been beset by repeated changes from liberal democracy to military rule and back again; two periods of civil war (the second of which is still not concluded at the time of writing, in December 1989); and a number of major changes to the structure of regional and local government and administration. It was proposed after the overthrow of former President Numeiri in April 1985 that, shortly, there should be a constitutional conference to review the whole future of Sudan’s system of government, but until that took place there should be a parliamentary constitution similar to that which was in operation before Numeiri took power in 1969.
Maturation of the immune response
Authors: Rowe Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The models of the immune system we have considered so far have treated the various components (B cells, antibodies, antigens, and so on.) as abstract objects which may be characterized by a few numerical parameters. While this sort of model is useful for getting a feel for how a complex system operates, we would like a model which allows us to include a bit more of the experimentally determined features of the cells and molecules of the immune system. We will examine such a model, proposed by Weinand (1990), in this chapter. Weinand’ s model deals with the specific problem of initial stimulation of the immune system with an antigen, and the subsequent maturation of the response through proliferation and hypermutation of the B cells.
WHY ARE PLAGUE AND TYPHOID SO DEADLY?
Authors: Lax Alistair J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am fond of pointing out to students that nine-tenths of the cells that make each of us what we are happen to be bacterial—only 10 per cent are our own cells. Of course this is not quite as horrifying as it seems, because the bacteria that inhabit our gut and live on our skin are about 10,000th the size of our own cells. Therefore, although our bacteria outnumber our cells by 10:1, they constitute only about 0.1 per cent of us in terms of weight. Nevertheless this highlights that not all bacteria are bad for us. Not only do we live quite happily with our harmless bacterial companions, but we actually need them to help us to digest food and to ward off dangerous bacteria.
Deviant Biology
Authors: Lax Alistair J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biological weapons hit the headlines in October 2001 with the US anthrax attacks. The anthrax scare in the USA was followed by the discovery of ricin-making equipment in London in early 2003 and the topic has stayed in the news ever since. The possibility that Iraq had retained a biological weapons programme was the justification for the 2003 Gulf War and led to post-war repercussions when bio-weapons could not be found. There is therefore no doubt about the potency of these weapons to cause alarm—even without their wide-spread deployment.
Finding My Feet
Authors: Wilkins Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On one of my visits to Cambridge to sit scholarship exams I walked out to the Solar Physics Observatory and rang the front door bell. I explained that I was busy making reflecting telescopes as well as taking scholarship exams. Roderick Redman, the Observatory Director, took me around the Observatory and told me that the next day Cyril Burch, who had exciting new ideas about making telescopes, would be having tea at his house and I ought to join the party. It was very exciting and I found the discussions with Burch very useful. Because of the rift between the Wilkinses and the Huttons, I knew nothing then about my grand- mother Mary Hutton’s many contacts with the Astronomer Royal at Cambridge.
Randall's Circus
Authors: Wilkins Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I arrived back in England in August. I found the nation very exhausted, like someone after a severe bout of flu. That was quite a shock after energetic California, which in comparison had been barely touched by the war. I hurried to Wylde Green to see my parents and younger sister Jasmine. They would have got my letter only a few days before, telling them that I would be alone – I had hesitated to give them news of my divorce. I realized that I had made a great mistake in sending the letter to my father at the school clinic where he worked. I had done so in order to protect my mother, but it must have been hard for my father to undertake his day of work after receiving such news. I had tried to be kind, but had not judged the situation well. Nevertheless, at home my parents seemed quiet and normal, and they did not assail me with questions. I ate excellent porridge again. My father was trying to finish writing his book about poverty and child health, and he sur- prised me by being more upset by my divorce than was my loving mother.
Crystal Ganes
Authors: Wilkins Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then came the very big news that DNA was the gene material. For about two years our lab had a special advantage in knowing this; the scientific community as a whole was still living in the belief that DNA was little more than an accessory to the proteins that were the basic element of genes. DNA had seemed much too simple to be gene material. We obtained this very important understanding of DNA because our lab had research students who were not weighed down by the authority of older scientists (Honor Fell, though an authority, did not throw her weight about). The crucial person was research student Geoffrey Brown, who was very bright and enquiring. He had graduated in 1929 in our Physics Department and had begun PhD work with Randall on the spectroscopy of cells. Geoffrey went to many conferences to learn about genetics and biochemistry. He also learned bio- chemistry from Dermott Taylor in the King’s Biochemistry Department. Taylor had worked in New York, and knew Avery, who had strong evidence that genes were DNA and not protein.
The Tower of Babel
Authors: Yaguello Marina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All natural languages have in common certain universal properties, or characteristics which can be used to define what human language is. For, beyond the extraordinary diversity of the languages spoken in the world, we need to recognize the fundamental unity of human language, what is specific to it as compared with non-human codes of communication. Humankind has always been aware of this, if only at a mythical level. It could even be argued that the myth of the Tower of Babel (the biblical explanation for the diversity of languages) and the nostalgia for the lost paradise of the single, primeval, pre-Babel language, find their echo in the contemporary search for language universals, the mental operations which under lie the workings of all languages.
Words as Signs
Authors: Yaguello Marina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But giving something a name is not the same as putting labels on objects, as the Academicians of Balnibarbi seem to think in Swift's Gulliver's Travels. They suggest replacing words--which have the disadvantage of differing from one language to another-by objects which one could carry around on one's back and use for communication. Apart from the obvious practical dis advantage of such a system, an object would be quite unable to indicate simply by virtue of its physical reality--the properties it possesses, or its membership of a class of objects, or whether it was countable or uncount able, present in, or absent from the context of communication: language, indeed, does not require objects to be present in order to refer to them, nor even that the objects exist.
Tweedledum and Tweedledee
Authors: Yaguello Marina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Word order is a characteristic feature of any syntactic system: its role is more or less important, depending on whether the language is an inflectional or an analytic one. In inflectional languages, such as Latin, Russian, or German, nouns are declined: their endings vary in order to indicate their function in the sentence-subject, object, instrument, location, etc. This is called declension and each separate form is a case. Declensions may also affect adjectives and determiners.
Classical genres: tragedy, comedy, satyr-plays, and epic
Authors: Lennard John , Luckhurst Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only blunt formulations can have much general truth, and the bluntest of all, that tragedies end in death and comedies in marriage, is true enough if understood to mean that tragedies habitually lead their consumers to expect a death,2 and comedies to expect a loving union. Sexuality and mortality are human constants, corresponding with other basic oppositions-joy/grief, company/solitude, rise/fall and many post-Aristotelian definitions of comedy and tragedy com bine these terms, for example to label tragedy as concerned with the fall of individuals, and comedy with the joys of company.
Religious genres: the liturgy, Mysteries, and Moralities
Authors: Lennard John , Luckhurst Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All drama may begin in religious ritual, and in many religions artistic performance of text and/or movement is central: Buddhism and Hinduism in particular have active concepts of sacred dance, as do some Jewish sects. In Islam modesty-codes make public female performance other than mourning unusual and some imams think acting an abdication of self-control like drunkenness. Christianity, especially Protestantism, has a history of anti-theatricality: theatre is associated doctrinally with the commandment against graven images (Exodus 20:4) and socially with supposed licentiousness, but the liturgy (the structure and formulae of a service including Communion) is itself performative, involving dialogue between priests and congregation, choric speech, and audience-participation in a mystery.
Eighteenth-and nineteenth century genres: burlesque, sentimental and gothic drama, pantomime, melodrama, music-hall, farce, and well-made plays
Authors: Lennard John , Luckhurst Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1662 William Davenant (1606-68) and Thomas Killigrew (1612- 83) were granted exclusive rights to perform drama in London, rights inherited by their successors, extended by the 173 7 Licensing Act, and ended only when the 1843 Theatre Regulation Act abolished theatrical monopoly. The relevant laws governed only non-musical drama, and other theatres found ways of operating by including songs, dancing, and musical interludes in their performances: thus legitimate and illegitimate theatre competed throughout the period 1662-1843, and theatrical monopoly profoundly affected generic developments.
The impact of technology: light, sound, radio- and TV-plays, and film-genres
Authors: Lennard John , Luckhurst Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of stage-lighting predates electricity. Renaissance dialogue often describes the quality of light to compensate for effects that could not be controlled: Kent in King Lear tells Oswald, “Draw you rogue, for though it be night, yet the Moone shines, Ile make a sop oth’ Moonshine of you” (2.2.30-2), and Mooneshine in the inset ‘Pyramus and Thisbe’ in Dream is an extended joke on necessity. Torches and ‘tapers’ (candles), frequently referred to in stage directions and dialogue, symbolically represent night as well as adding atmosphere, and emphasize what those in the theatrical world can and can’t see or hear, as in Paris’s tense nocturnal arrival at Juliet’s tomb:
The study
Authors: Lennard John , Luckhurst Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A written play-text must be written somewhere. One such space is evoked in Jonson’s ‘An Execration upon Vulcan’, written after fire destroyed his rooms and books in November 1623; the poem is a partial inventory both of his own books and of his mental furniture, suggesting the range of sources on which he drew. He mentions verse and prose romances, tales of adventure that many of his characters know and admire or scorn, the Talmud and Koran, classical works and translations, his own English Grammar, some poems, and a substantial work-in-progress about Henry V; books in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew borrowed from three notable scholars, Richard Carew (1555-1620), Robert Cotton (1571-1631), and John Selden (1584-1654), may have been among those destroyed.
Rehearsal and administrative spaces
Authors: Lennard John , Luckhurst Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rehearsal has long been mystified and academically neglected, but since 1900 has increasingly been recognized both as a process in its own right and as a vital component of performance deserving study.1 It is easy to assume that rehearsals use the stage itself, but commercial stages are usually occupied by another play/set during the rehearsal period of a new production, access may be impossible until just before opening, and many companies now use whatever adequate space is most easily (and cheaply) rentable.
The stage and auditorium
Authors: Lennard John , Luckhurst Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Space is neither neutral nor passive. Any given spatial relation of audience to performers limits some and enables other possibilities, and the processes whereby the costs of space and architecture, limits of technology and finance, and (imagined) needs of performance interact to determine the material forms of stages are highly complex-compare the state-funded building of a flagship theatre (Kennedy Center, NT), the charitably funded construction of Globe III, and the privately funded conversion of a pre-existing space into a black hole, all of which coexist.
Directors
Authors: Lennard John , Luckhurst Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rise of the director was perhaps the major phenomenon of twentieth-century theatre. Before c.1875-1900 the actor-manager or leading actor of a company dictated the organization of rehearsals, and a play’s overall artistic coherence was unimportant. In the late nineteenth century perceptions began to change, influenced by the Meiningen Court Theatre productions1 (1874-90) which featured careful choreography and emphasis on rehearsal-process; the rise of lbsenite playwrights who demanded coherent production-values to match their cause-and-effect plays; and Andre Antoine (1858-1943), who from the mid-1880s mounted Naturalist productions in small, independent theatres with rigour and artistic consistency.
Production staff, stage-crew, and front-of-house
Authors: Lennard John , Luckhurst Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cinema-goers usually leave as the credits roll and theatre-goers rarely trouble themselves with small-print in the programme, but without the work of scores of people professional performance would be impossible. Stage-historians need specific knowledge of theatre personnel to understand why and by whom particular decisions were made in a given theatre, and for play-readers and critics a general knowledge is a helpful defence against error. In 1927, for example, the distinguished bibliographer Ronald McKerrow (1872-1940) made”A Suggestion regarding Shakespeare’s Manuscripts”: