bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic enzyme expression in dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease: An in situ hybridization study
Authors: Kingsbury Ann E. , Cooper Mark , Schapira Anthony H. V. , Foster Oliver J. F. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTo clarify the role of neuronal complex 1 activity in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD), expression of mitochondrial mRNA encoding the ND1 subunit of mitochondrial complex I was examined by semiquantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry in melanized neurons of human substantia nigra in IPD cases and control subjects. Expression of mRNA encoding the glycolytic enzyme, aldolase C, was also examined in substantia nigra and other neurons of the midbrain and brain stem. ND1 mRNA expression was strong in melanized substantia nigra neurons but undetectable in nigral glia. Levels of expression in nigral neurons were higher than in neurons of the red nucleus or cranial nerve nuclei, but similar values were obtained in pontine neurons. ND1 mRNA expression was reduced by about 25% in melanized neurons in IPD. There was no relationship between ND1 expression per cell and disease duration or l‐dopa dosage in the IPD group. No change in ND1 expression was observed in pontine neurons in IPD, and ND1 expression in the locus ceruleus was also unchanged. Melanized nigral neurons expressed lower levels of aldolase C mRNA than other midbrain or brainstem populations in both control and IPD material. These findings suggest that dopamine neurons are more strongly dependent on mitochondrial energy metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation than other brainstem populations. Because mitochondrial complex I activity is significantly reduced in IPD, intrinsically low expression of glycolytic enzymes, together with disease‐related reduction in complex I activity, may be a contributory factor predisposing nigral neurons to injury.
Developmental genetics and early hominid craniodental evolution
Authors: McCollum Melanie A. , Sharpe Paul T. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAlthough features of the dentition figure prominently in discussions of early hominid phylogeny, remarkably little is known of the developmental basis of the variations in occlusal morphology and dental proportions that are observed among taxa. Recent experiments on tooth development in mice have identified some of the genes involved in dental patterning and the control of tooth specification. These findings provide valuable new insight into dental evolution and underscore the strong developmental links that exist among the teeth and the jaws and cranium. The latter has important implications for cladistic studies that traditionally consider features of the skull independently from the dentition. BioEssays 23:481–493, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Metabolic engineering of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) composition in recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium
Authors: Aldor Ilana , Keasling J. D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA recombinant strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (mutant in propionate‐activation activity) was metabolically engineered to control the composition of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxy‐ valerate) (PHBV), a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer with commercially desirable properties. A gene (prpE) encoding propionyl‐CoA synthetase was placed under the control of the IPTG‐inducible taclacUV5 promoter (PtaclacUV5) while the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis operon (phaBCA) from Acinetobacter sp. RA3849 was coexpressed under the control of the arabinose‐inducible araBAD promoter (PBAD). S. enterica, harboring both constructs, was grown in medium containing a fixed substrate concentration and the composition of the copolymer was varied between 2 mol% and 25 mol% 3‐hydroxyvalerate by controlling the IPTG level in the medium. This “dial‐a‐composition” system should find application in cases where the substrate concentration of a feedstream for PHBV bioplastic production is not adjustable. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 108–114, 2001.
Determination of propranolol concentration in small volume of rat plasma by HPLC with fluorometric detection
Authors: Kim H.K. , Hong J.H. , Park M.S. , Kang J.S. , Lee M.H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA simple, rapid and sensitive fluorescence high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to determine propranolol concentration in the small volume of rat plasma without the solvent extraction step using pronethanol as the internal standard. The analysis was accomplished using a 5 µm CAPCELL PAK analytical cyano column at room temperature and a mobile phase consisted of 1% aqueous acetic acid containing 0.2% triethylamine and acetonitrile (65:35, v/v; pH 3.8). The flow‐rate was kept at 0.5 mL/min and column effluent was monitored with a fluorescence detector at an excitation wavelength of 230 nm and an emission wavelength of 340 nm. Retention times for pronethalol and propranolol were 8.5 min and 10.5 min, respectively. Linear regressions for the standard curves were linear in the range 2–800 ng/mL, giving correlation coefficients above 0.998. The detection limit was 1.34 ng/mL. No analytical interference was observed from endogenous components in rat plasma. This simple and sensitive assay method was feasibly applied to the pharmacokinetic study of propranolol after intravenous administration of 2 mg/kg of propranolol to normal and carbon tetrachloride‐induced liver cirrhotic rats. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generational and age‐based differences in attitudes towards jury service*
Authors: Boatright Robert G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAnalysis of surveys of jurors, potential jurors, and the general public show significant differences in attitudes towards jury service by the age of the respondent. This study analyzes the degree to which these differences are the result of generational effects, in which younger citizens are likely to continue in their beliefs about jury service as they age, and the degree to which they are a result of a respondent's life circumstances—income, employment status, or family status—and are thus not likely to be carried with jurors as they age. The article shows that, while there are differences in confidence in the courts by age group, younger jurors are more confident in their own abilities to serve well as jurors but more skeptical of the court as a whole; most differences in attitudes towards jury service are linked to life‐cycle phenomena. As such, courts should work to provide assistance to particular age groups within the jury pool, including child care and appropriate compensation, if they are to attract jurors who are representative by age of the general public. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of relative coronary Doppler flow velocity reserve to stress myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: El‐Shafei Amr , Chiravuri Ravi , Stikovac Miodrag M. , El‐Badry Mahmoud A. , Donohue Thomas J. , Bach Richard G. , Aguirre Frank V. , Caracciolo Eugene A. , Bitar Saad , Wolford Thomas L. , Miller D. Douglas , Kern Morton J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTo compare relative coronary artery vasodilator reserve (rCVR = CVRtarget/CVRreference) to myocardial perfusion stress imaging, 48 patients with coronary artery stenoses (61% ± 16%; mean, ± SD; range, 30%–91%) had measurements of target and reference vessel CVR (Doppler‐tipped guidewire). rCVR was computed and compared to stress 201thallium or 99mtechnetium‐sestamibi myocardial tomography. Compared to 24 patients with negative stress imaging studies, 24 patients with positive stress studies had angiographically more severe stenoses (74% ± 13% vs. 44% ± 24%; P = 0.0005) with lower CVRtarget (1.68 ± 0.55 vs. 2.46 ± 0.74; P = 0.002) and lower rCVR (0.72 ± 0.22 vs. 1.0 ± 0.26; P < 0.003). Based on receiver‐operator characteristic (ROC) cut points (CVR > 1.9; rCVR > 0.75), compared to CVR, rCVR had similar agreement (Kappa 0.54 vs. 0.50), sensitivity (63% vs. 71%), specificity (88% vs. 83%), and positive predictive value (83% vs. 81%) with myocardial perfusion tomography. A concordant CVRtarget/rCVR only slightly increased sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values (77%, 90%, and 87%, respectively). Although rCVR, like CVR, correlates with stress myocardial perfusion imaging results, rCVR did not have significant incremental prognostic value over CVR alone for myocardial perfusion imaging. However, rCVR does provide additional information regarding the status of the microcirculation in patients with coronary artery disease and complements the CVR for lesion assessment. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:193–201. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimizing safe femoral access during cardiac catheterization
Authors: Spector Kenneth S. , Lawson William E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis article describes the natural variability of femoral arterial anatomy as seen by angiography in a standard position. An analysis of 60 consecutive peripheral angiograms revealed data on average vessel diameter, variability in that diameter and the level of bifurcation of the common femoral artery into its two main branches. The statistical likelihood of optimal femoral arterial access through a standard dermotomy placed midway between, and 3 cm below, the imaginary line extending from the superior anterior iliac spine to the pubic symphysis was calculated. Our research disclosed average vessel diameters of 6.6 mm (3.9–8.9 mm), 5.2 mm (2.5–9.6 mm), and 4.9 mm (2.7–7.6 mm) for the common femoral artery, superficial femoral artery and deep femoral artery, respectively. The bifurcation of the common femoral artery into its branches averaged 5.5 mm below the inferior margin of the femoral head in most cases (76% of the time). In our laboratory, the average distance from the inferior border of the femoral head to our actual arteriotomy was 14.0 mm. Using our standard dermotomy, we achieved this favorable access position in 97% of cases. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:209–212. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Randomized comparison of coronary angiography using 4F catheters: 4F manual versus “Acisted” power injection technique
Authors: Chahoud George , Khoukaz Souheil , El‐Shafei Amr , Azrak Elie , Bitar Saad , Kern Morton J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCompared with 6F catheters, diagnostic coronary angiographic and ventriculographic images with 4F catheters can be obtained with equivalent results using less radiographic contrast volume. Whether 4F coronary angiography would be superior using a power‐assisted, operator‐controlled technique compared with manual technique is unknown. To determine whether 4F coronary angiography using operator‐controlled power injection (Acist, Minneapolis, MN) was equivalent or superior to the 4F manual technique, 96 unselected patients undergoing transfemoral coronary angiography were randomized to 4F catheter using a power injection or manual technique. Procedural characteristics and angiographic quality scores were analyzed. Comparing the 4F manual with the 4F power‐injection technique, coronary angiographic quality scores were equivalent (left coronary artery 4.7 ± 0.5 vs. 4.7 ± 0.6, P = 0.99; right coronary artery 4.94 ± 0.2 vs. 4.88 ± 0.1, P = 0.21). Left ventriculography scores were lower in 4F Acist with similar contrast volumes. The total study contrast volume was significantly less in the 4F Acist group (119 ± 35 vs. 149 ± 49 ml, P = 0.001). Compared with the 4F manual contrast injection technique, diagnostic angiography through 4F catheters with power contrast injection resulted in equivalent coronary angiographic image quality with significantly less radiographic contrast volume. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:221–224. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of femoral artery pseudoaneurysm with percutaneous thrombin injection
Authors: Samal Aditya K. , White Christopher J. , Collins Tyrone J. , Ramee Stephen R. , Jenkins J. Stephen 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPseudoaneurysm formation of the femoral artery is a well‐known complication following catheter‐based vascular procedures. Ultrasound‐guided compression or surgical correction are commonly used for its repair. We describe a new method of treatment for femoral pseudoaneurysm. The pseudoaneurysm is visualized by contralateral angiography and thrombosed with a percutaneous thrombin injection while the distal vessel is isolated with a brief balloon inflation. Fluoroscopically guided percutaneous thrombin injection is a promising, minimally invasive technique for the treatment of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm, especially in patients with compromised distal circulation. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:259–263. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conditions for chiral asymmetry generation in the preparation of the chiral octahedral cobalt complex
Authors: Asakura Kouichi , Osanai Shuichi , Kondepudi Dilip K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe have reported that the random chiral asymmetry generation, which is a spontaneous preferential generation of one enantiomer, was observed in the synthesis of a chiral octahedral cobalt complex, cis‐[CoBr(NH3)(en)2]Br2. In this article, we review our studies to explain in this system the autocatalytic growth of small enantiomeric excess that arises due to statistical fluctuations. One important experimental finding was that the rate of chiral autocatalysis increased with increasing the degree of supersaturation. Furthermore, our numerical simulation indicates that even small inhomogeneities in the reaction system may play a significant role because their effect is amplified by the autocatalytic reaction under appropriate conditions. In a small volume, fluctuations in concentration can grow if the autocatalytic growth overcomes the diffusional loss of the excess concentration from this volume. This may makes the enantiomeric excess of the chiral complex randomly fluctuate from run to run. Chirality 13:435–440, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postnatal development of corticospinal axon terminal morphology in the cat
Authors: Li Qun , Martin John H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe corticospinal system undergoes important postnatal development, leading to the mature topography and specificity of connections. The purpose of this study was to determine the time‐course of development of corticospinal axonal branching and varicosity density within the cervical gray matter. Corticospinal neurons were labeled after small injections of the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine into the primary motor cortex of cats. Tracer injection and transport times were adjusted to examine labeling at 25, 35, 55, and 75 days and in adults. We measured the numbers and lengths of nonreconstructed terminal and preterminal branches and the numbers and locations of axon varicosities. We found significant age‐dependent increases in all morphologic measures. At 25 days, corticospinal axon branching was sparse, with only a few scattered varicosities. By day 35, the mean number of branches, varicosities per branch, and varicosity density increased. Several morphologic measures did not increase between day 35 and 55, but further changes occurred between 55 days and maturity. Beginning around day 55, there was extensive development of small terminal axon branches with high densities of varicosities. We also found, by using spatial point analysis, that there was an age‐dependent increase in varicosity clustering. Our results show for the first time that terminal and preterminal corticospinal axon branches increase in complexity during a protracted early postnatal period. This developmental period extended beyond the early postnatal period of activity‐dependent refinement of the topography of terminations. Comparison with the time‐course of maturation of the cortical motor representation revealed development of substantial, albeit incomplete, branching and varicosity density of CS axons before cortical motor circuits effectively drive their spinal targets. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:127–141, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐affinity neurotensin receptors in the rat nucleus accumbens: Subcellular targeting and relation to endogenous ligand
Authors: Pickel Virginia M. , Chan June , Delle Donne Karen T. , Boudin Hèlène , Pélaprat Didier , Rosténe William 
Published: September 2002

AbstractNeurotensin is present in selective mesolimbic dopaminergic projections to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell but also is synthesized locally in this region and in the motor‐associated NAc core. We examined the electron microscopic immunolabeling of the high‐affinity neurotensin receptor (NTR) and neurotensin in these subdivisions of rat NAc to determine the sites for receptor activation and potential regional differences in distribution. Throughout the NAc, NTR immunoreactivity was localized discretely within both neurons and glia. NTR‐labeled neuronal profiles were mainly axons and axon terminals with diverse synaptic structures, which resembled dopaminergic and glutamatergic afferents, as well as collaterals of inhibitory projection neurons. These terminals had a significantly higher numerical density in the NAc core than in the shell but were prevalent in both regions, suggesting involvement in both motor and limbic functions. In each region, neurotensin was detected in a few NTR‐immunoreactive axon terminals and in terminals that formed symmetric, inhibitory type synapses with NTR‐labeled somata and dendrites. The NTR labeling, however, was not seen within these synapses and, instead, was localized to segments of dendritic and glial plasma membranes often near excitatory type synapses. Neuronal NTR immunoreactivity also was associated with cytoplasmic tubulovesicles and nuclear membranes. Our results suggests that, in the NAc shell and core, NTR is targeted mainly to presynaptic sites, playing a role in the regulated secretion and/or retrograde signaling in diverse, neurotransmitter‐specific neurons. The findings also support a volume mode of neurotensin actions, specifically affecting excitatory transmission through activation of not only axonal but also dendritic and glial NTR. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:142–155, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNA in the brain and reproductive tissues of the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius
Authors: Rhen Turk , Crews David 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIncubation temperature during embryonic development determines gonadal sex in the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius. In addition, both incubation temperature and gonadal sex influence behavioral responses to androgen and estrogen treatments in adulthood. Although these findings suggest that temperature and sex steroids act upon a common neural substrate to influence behavior, it is unclear where temperature and hormone effects are integrated. To begin to address this question, we identified areas of the leopard gecko brain that express androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA. We gonadectomized adult female and male geckos from an incubation temperature that produces a female‐biased sex ratio and another temperature that produces a male‐biased sex ratio. Females and males from both temperatures were then treated with equivalent levels of various sex steroids. Region‐specific patterns of AR mRNA expression and ER mRNA expression were observed upon hybridization of radiolabeled (35S) cRNA probes to thin sections of reproductive tissues (male hemipenes and female oviduct) and brain. Labeling for AR mRNA was very intense in the epithelium, but not within the body, of the male hemipenes. In contrast, expression of ER mRNA was prominent in most of the oviduct but not in the luminal epithelium. Within the brain, labeling for AR mRNA was conspicuous in the anterior olfactory nucleus, the lateral septum, the medial preoptic area, the periventricular preoptic area, the external nucleus of the amygdala, the anterior hypothalamus, the ventromedial hypothalamus, the premammillary nucleus, and the caudal portion of the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Expression of ER mRNA was sparse in the septum and was prominent in the ventromedial hypothalamus, the caudal portion of the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and a group of cells near the torus semicircularis. Many of these brain regions have been implicated in the regulation of hormone‐dependent, sex‐typical reproductive and agonistic behaviors in other vertebrates. Consequently, these nuclei are likely to control such behaviors in the leopard gecko and also are candidate neural substrates for mediating temperature effects on behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:385–397, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple reaction time to chromatic changes along L&M‐constant and S‐constant cone axes
Authors: Díaz J. A. , Jiménez del Barco L. , Jiménez J. R. , Hita E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe present study uses simple reaction time (RT) to examine the temporal response to chromatic changes of the red‐green (L‐2M) and yellow‐blue (S‐(L+M)) chromatic opponent channels. The hue‐substitution method was adopted to negate the luminance channel and generate changes in the chromatic input. The equiluminant stimuli were distributed along three tritanopic and three red‐green confusion lines. RTs were measured at equiluminance from three reference stimuli with chromatic changes occurring in either the tritan or red‐green directions. These reference stimuli also allowed evaluation of the influence of chromatic adaptation level on RT. The results showed that the mean value of RT, for the cone‐input variation either of the L‐2M channel (S‐constant cone axis) or of the S‐(L+M) channel (L&M‐constant cone axis), was described by a similar law as for luminance variations (Piéron's law). Then, the sensitivity of the two channels for chromatic changes was equalized to study their relative response speed. In addition, for both axes, an increase in the chromatic adaptation level lengthens response delay. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 223–233, 2001
The delivery of a tele‐psychology service to Shetland
Authors: Simpson Susan , Deans George , Brebner Eileen 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper describes preliminary findings of a pilot project designed to evaluate a teleconferencing clinical psychology service between Aberdeen and Shetland. Over a 12‐month period, 10 clients were assessed face‐to‐face in Shetland, then attended an average of 12 therapy sessions each via a teleconferencing link with a clinical psychologist based in Aberdeen. The majority of clients reported that they were satisfied with the tele‐therapy, and some expressed a preference for this mode of communication because they felt it reduced confrontational aspects of contact and increased their perception of control. One client was not able to continue after two initial sessions due his discomfort at discussing his difficulties ‘in cyberspace’. The clinical psychologist was satisfied with using teleconferencing as a mode of providing treatment, and felt that therapeutic rapport was not compromised by the technology. A number of recommendations are made for consideration by those planning to deliver telepsychology services in future. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.