bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accelerating New Product Development: A Preliminary Empirical Test of a Hierarchy of Implementation
Authors: Nijssen Ed J. , Arbouw Arthur R. L. , Commandeur Harry R. 
Published: October 2003

Although time to market and a product's profitability are closely linked, simply speeding up new product development (NPD) is no guarantee of success. In fact, haphazardly adopting the numerous methods for accelerating NPD may jeopardize the potential success of the new product and the company.An article in a previous issue of The Journal of Product Innovation Management suggests that companies seeking to speed up their NPD process should take a hierarchical approach to implementing the various acceleration techniques. To improve the likelihood that efforts to accelerate NPD will pay off with shorter development time, greater market share, and improved profitability, it is recommended that a company start by focusing on simplification of the NPD process. From there, the company can proceed in sequence through techniques involving the elimination of unnecessary steps in the NPD process, parallel processing (i.e., performing two or more NPD steps at the same time), the elimination of delays, and speeding up of the NPD process.Ed J. Nijssen, Arthur R. L. Arbouw, and Harry R. Commandeur follow up on this earlier work by addressing several key questions regarding the proposed hierarchy of techniques for accelerating NPD. First, do companies that make extensive use of the proposed hierarchy develop new products faster than companies that do not? Second, do companies that make extensive use of the hierarchy enjoy better financial performance than those that do not? Third, regardless of the hierarchy, are products developed faster by companies that make more intensive use of acceleration methods than by companies that use fewer methods of acceleration? Finally, how does financial performance compare among companies that make more intensive use of acceleration methods without following the hierarchy and those that use fewer methods of acceleration?A survey of Dutch companies finds that the proposed hierarchy of techniques has a positive effect on NPD speed. The survey results also suggest that faster NPD is possible through the use of the various acceleration methods without regard for the order in which they are implemented. However, a strong positive relationship is evident between the hierarchy and the profitability of the product and the company. In other words, a random approach to NPD acceleration does not improve financial performance. By trying to accelerate NPD in accordance with the proposed hierarchy of methods, a company can avoid critical mistakes that might otherwise limit financial results.
Complementarity, Compatibility, and Product Change: Breaking with the Past?
Authors: Dhebar Anirudh 
Published: October 2003

Product managers are caught between a rock and a cliche (or two). The market response to “new” Coke seems to support those who argue, “If it ain't broke, don't fix it.” On the other hand, rapidly shrinking product life‐cycles lend credence to the notion that the only constant is change. Preserving the status quo places both the product and the company on a fast track to obsolescence. To remain competitive, companies need a structured approach to understanding and managing product change.Anirudh Dhebar offers such an approach by focusing on three interrelationships in which a product is involved. These interrelationships, or complementarities, are between a product and its users, other products with which the product is typically used, and databases that are created and repeatedly modified with the help of the product. These complementarities define the context in which the product is used. By understanding them, a company can better anticipate how a planned product change will affect consumers.In planning product changes, it is important to remember that effective use of the product requires compatibility between the product and its complements. A change that somehow disrupts the product's complementarities can be viewed as a break with the past. In other words, such a change creates a new version of the product which is incompatible with the old version.This type of change results in a switching cost for the consumer. That is, the consumer may have to invest time, money, and effort to reestablishing the complementarities that have been disrupted by the product change. For example, if a new software release includes significant changes to the user interface, consumers must weigh the potential benefits of any new features against the time and effort involved in relearning the interface. If these switching costs are too high, the new release will fail in the marketplace.When planning product changes, a company must recognize the extent of a product's complementarities, and assess how a break in any of them will affect consumers' switching costs. It is important to recognize that the switching costs and the perceived benefits of the new product version may not be the same for all consumers. Finally, careful consideration must be given to the implementation of the product change. For example, the company must decide whether to offer some sort of bridge that helps consumers make the break with the past. The company also needs to decide whether the change is implemented throughout the product line or only in selected models.
Enhancing Concept Test Validity by Using Expert Consumers
Authors: Schoormans Jan P. L. , Ortt Roland J. , de Bont Cees J. P. M. 
Published: October 2003

In standard concept testing practice, consumers may be invited to participate in a test if they use or possess the product. However, merely using or possessing a product is no guarantee that a consumer has the level of product knowledge that is necessary for judging the concept. Conducting a concept test with consumers who lack the necessary product knowledge may jeopardize the validity of the test results. That is, the results of such a concept test may not accurately indicate how consumers will evaluate the real product.To ensure the validity of concept test results, Jan Schoormans, Roland Ortt, and Cees de Bont suggest that consumers who are invited to participate in a concept test should possess a degree of product knowledge. When a consumer is asked to evaluate a concept, their product expertise allows them to understand product information faster, fill in missing information, and learn more easily. Consumers with product expertise are better able to discriminate between important and unimportant aspects of a product. They are also better able to infer benefits from a product's physical attributes.To explore the effects of consumer expertise on the quality of the evaluations provided by concept tests, the authors conducted two experiments, both of which resemble actual concept tests. The first experiment examines the effect of consumer expertise on the results of a concept test for a major innovation, Videotext. This experiment tests the hypothesis that the similarity between the evaluations of a concept and an actual product will be greater for consumers with a high level of product‐category expertise than for consumers with low product‐category expertise. The results of the experiment clearly support the idea that product‐category expertise enhances a respondent's ability to evaluate concepts in a test of major innovations. From this, it is concluded that only respondents with high product‐category expertise should be used for concept tests of major innovations.The second experiment explores the effects of product expertise on consumers' evaluations of a minor innovation, a redesigned coffee maker. This experiment tests two hypotheses. First, it is proposed that consumers with high product expertise give more consistent evaluations in a concept test than consumers with low product expertise. Second, it is suggested that consumers with product expertise generate more stable evaluations over time than consumers without product expertise. The results of this experiment clearly indicate that using consumers with moderate to high levels of product expertise is beneficial to the validity of the results from concept tests of minor innovations.
Avoiding Both Disinvestment and Speculation in Private Multifamily Housing
Authors: Goetz Rolf 
Published: October 2003

Maintaining the health of existing urban neighborhoods requires a radically different approach from that of simply intervening with recently developed housing tools such as Urban Renewal, FHA mortgages, FAIR plan insurance, HUD subsidized loans and the like. Instead, the dynamics of healthy and pathological neighborhoods must be more closely examined so the workings of the prevailing system can be identified. Housing policy has largely been formulated on the concept of housing “filtering or trickling down” while people move up, but this theory frequently fails to fit the facts.Neighborhood change and response to interventions often seem unpredictable. A new theory based on the inherent strength of existing stable urban neighborhoods to stave off forces that lead to disinvestment on the one hand, and speculation on the other, would be more useful than one that accepts deterioration and obsolescence as inevitable. This paper seeks to contribute to such a theory. While the data presented here are drawn from research in multi‐family housing, many of the inferences apply to single‐family housing as well.
Homeowner Warranties: A Study of the Need and Demand for Protection Against Unanticipated Repair Expenses
Authors: Brewster J. Alan , Crespi Irving , Kaluzny Richard , Ohls James , Thomas Cynthia 
Published: October 2003

The decision to purchase a home often is made without complete information concerning the structural soundness of the dwelling or the condition of its mechanical systems.This paper presents detailed information on the nature and magnitude of unanticipated home repair costs on the basis of data obtained from a HUD‐sponsored survey of some 1800 households that purchased existing homes two years prior to the survey. The potential market demand for home inspection and warranty programs is estimated on the basis of data obtained from a second survey of approximately 1800 recent home purchasers. Finally, the economic feasibility of two potential government warranty programs is examined and a number of tentative policy conclusions are drawn.
Optimal Real Estate Portfolios
Authors: Findlay M. Chapman , Hamilton Carl W. , Messner Stephen D. , Yormark Jonathan S. 
Published: October 2003

In recent years, increasing attention has been paid the problem of analyzing, evaluating and selecting real estate investments within the context of a portfolio. Most approaches simply attempt to adapt existing theory and models from the well‐developed literature of securities investments. Most adaptations or extensions to real estate are not without serious problems, however, because of several fundamental difficulties relating to optimization technology inadequacies and a general lack of reliable and consistent market data.This article deals with the major problems of utilizing some of the classic securities investment models for real estate. Further, a risk‐return model is advanced which overcomes most of the fundamental problems outlined earlier in the article.
Human Phagocytic Cell Responses toScedosporium apiospermum(Pseudallescheria boydii): Variable Susceptibility to Oxidative Injury
Authors: Gil-Lamaignere Cristina , Roilides Emmanuel , Lyman Caron A. , Simitsopoulou Maria , Stergiopoulou Theodouli , Maloukou Avgi , Walsh Thomas J. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTScedosporium apiospermum(Pseudallescheria boydii) is an emerging opportunistic filamentous fungus that causes serious infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. To gain insight into the immunopathogenesis of infections due toS. apiospermum, the antifungal activities of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), mononuclear leukocytes (MNCs), and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) against two clinical isolates ofS. apiospermumwere evaluated. Isolate SA54A was amphotericin B resistant and was the cause of a fatal disseminated infection. Isolate SA1216 (cultured from a successfully treated localized subcutaneous infection) was susceptible to amphotericin B.MDMs exhibited similar phagocytic activities against conidia of both isolates. However, PMNs and MNCs responded differently to the hyphae of these two isolates. Serum opsonization of hyphae resulted in a higher level of superoxide anion (O2−) release by PMNs in response to SA54A (amphotericin B resistant) than that seen in response to SA1216 (amphotericin B susceptible;P< 0.001). Despite this increased O2−production, PMNs and MNCs induced less hyphal damage to SA54A than to SA1216 (P< 0.001). To investigate the potential mechanisms responsible for these differences, hyphal damage was evaluated in the presence of antifungal oxidative metabolites as well as in the presence of a series of inhibitors and scavengers of antifungal PMN function. Mannose, catalase, superoxide dismutase, dimethyl sulfoxide, and heparin had no effect on PMN-induced hyphal damage to either of the two isolates. However, azide, which inhibits PMN myeloperoxidase activity, significantly reduced hyphal damage to SA1216 (P< 0.01) but not to SA54A. Hyphae of SA1216 were slightly more susceptible to oxidative pathway products, particularly HOCl, than those of SA54A. Thus,S. apiospermumis susceptible to antifungal phagocytic function to various degrees. The selective inhibitory pattern of azide with respect to hyphal damage and the parallel susceptibility to HOCl suggests an important difference in susceptibilities to myeloperoxidase products that may be related to the various levels of pathogenicity and amphotericin B resistance ofS. apiospermum.
Role of Actin Filament Network in
Burkholderia multivorans
Invasion in Well-Differentiated Human Airway Epithelia
Authors: Schwab Ute E. , Ribeiro Carla M. P. , Neubauer Heiner , Boucher Richard C. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACT

The role of the actin-based cytoskeleton in the internalization process of
Burkholderia multivorans
by well-differentiated human airway epithelia was investigated by immunohistology and confocal microscopy. Our data suggest that an intact actin cytoskeleton is required for biofilm formation but not single cell entry or paracytosis.
Mantle cell lymphoma with t(11;14) and unmutated or mutated VH genes expresses AID and undergoes isotype switch events
Authors: Babbage Gavin , Garand Richard , Robillard Nelly , Zojer Niklas , Stevenson Freda K. , Sahota Surinder S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIsotype switch commonly follows onset of somatic hypermutation in the germinal center (GC), with activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) as a prerequisite. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) with t(11;14) includes a subset with unmutated (UM) and a minor subset with mutated (MUT) VH genes. Here, we investigated whether switch events and AID expression occur in MCL. In 4 of 6 UM and 4 of 7 MUT MCLs, alternative tumor-derived Cγ,α,ϵ transcripts were identified. AID transcripts, including a splice variant, were common to both subsets. AID expression correlated with switch in 8 of 8 cases, but in 3 of 5 cases it occurred with switch absent. Circle transcripts (Iγ-Cμ/Iα-Cμ) were identified in 5 of 7 evaluated cases. In 1 of 12 cases, 12% of tumor cells expressed immunoglobulin L-restricted surface IgA. Ongoing switch recombination events appear to be a feature of MCL, likely restricted to a minor tumor subpopulation, with occasional variant sIg expression. UM MCLs implicate origins from pre-GC B cells and reveal switch events at ectopic sites. (Blood. 2004;103:2795-2798)
17-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) is effective in down-regulating mutated, constitutively activated KIT protein in human mast cells
Authors: Fumo Gerard , Akin Cem , Metcalfe Dean D. , Neckers Len 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMutations in the proto-oncogene c-kit cause constitutive kinase activity of its product, KIT protein, and are associated with human mastocytosis and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Although currently available tyrosine kinase inhibitors are effective in the treatment of GISTs, there has been limited success in the treatment of mastocytosis. 17-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), a benzoquinoid ansamycin antibiotic, which binds to heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) causes destabilization of various hsp90-dependent kinases important in oncogenesis. Treatment with 17-AAG of the mast cell line HMC-1.2, harboring the Asp816Val and Val560Gly KIT mutations, and the cell line HMC-1.1, harboring a single Val560Gly mutation, causes both the level and activity of KIT and downstream signaling molecules AKT and STAT3 to be down-regulated following drug exposure. These data were validated using Cos-7 cells transfected with wild-type and mutated KIT. 17-AAG promotes cell death of both HMC mast cell lines. In addition, neoplastic mast cells isolated from patients with mastocytosis, incubated with 17-AAG ex vivo, are selectively sensitive to the drug compared to the mononuclear fraction. These data provide compelling evidence that 17-AAG may be effective in the treatment of c-kit-related diseases including mastocytosis, GISTs, mast cell leukemia, subtypes of acute myelogenous leukemia, and testicular cancer. (Blood. 2004;103:1078-1084)
Thresholded scalogram and its applications in process fault detection
Authors: Jeong Myong K. , Chen Di , Lu Jye‐Chyi 
Published: October 2003

AbstractScalograms provide measures of signal energy at various frequency bands and are commonly used in decision making in many fields including signal and image processing, astronomy and metrology. This article extends the scalogram's ability for handling noisy and possibly massive data. The proposed thresholded scalogram is built on the fast wavelet transform, which can capture non‐stationary changes in data patterns effectively and efficiently. The asymptotic distribution of the thresholded scalogram is derived. This leads to large sample confidence intervals that are useful in detecting process faults statistically, based on scalogram signatures. Application of the scalogram‐based data mining procedure (mainly, classification and regression trees) demonstrates the potential of the proposed methods for analysing complicated signals for making engineering decisions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of Hilbert–Huang transform to non‐stationary financial time series analysis
Authors: Huang Norden E. , Wu Man‐Li , Qu Wendong , Long Steven R. , Shen Samuel S. P. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA new method, the Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT), developed initially for natural and engineering sciences has now been applied to financial data. The HHT method is specially developed for analysing non‐linear and non‐stationary data. The method consists of two parts: (1) the empirical mode decomposition (EMD), and (2) the Hilbert spectral analysis. The key part of the method is the first step, the EMD, with which any complicated data set can be decomposed into a finite and often small number of intrinsic mode functions (IMF). An IMF is defined here as any function having the same number of zero‐crossing and extrema, and also having symmetric envelopes defined by the local maxima, and minima respectively. The IMF also thus admits well‐behaved Hilbert transforms. This decomposition method is adaptive, and, therefore, highly efficient. Since the decomposition is based on the local characteristic time scale of the data, it is applicable to non‐linear and non‐stationary processes. With the Hilbert transform, the IMF yield instantaneous frequencies as functions of time that give sharp identifications of imbedded structures. The final presentation of the results is an energy–frequency–time distribution, which we designate as the Hilbert Spectrum. Comparisons with Wavelet and Fourier analyses show the new method offers much better temporal and frequency resolutions. The EMD is also useful as a filter to extract variability of different scales. In the present application, HHT has been used to examine the changeability of the market, as a measure of volatility of the market. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interphalangeal sesamoid bones of the great toe: An anatomic variant demanding careful scrutiny of radiographs
Authors: Davies M.B. , Abdlslam K. , Gibson R.J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe describe a patient who was found to have two sesamoid bones at the interphalangeal joint of the right great toe after radiographs for dislocation of the joint. Recognition of the sesamoids required careful scrutiny of the films. Interphalangeal sesamoids may cause painful callosities plantar to the joint or may become incarcerated in a dislocated joint. Our patient made a good recovery. The presence of sesamoid bones on the medial and lateral sides of the joint was unusual. Clin. Anat. 16:520–521, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In the Twilight Zone between [2]Pseudorotaxanes and [2]Rotaxanes
Authors: Jeppesen Jan O. , Vignon Scott A. , Stoddart J. Fraser 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA [2]pseudorotaxane, based on a semi‐dumbbell‐shaped component containing asymmetrically substituted monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene and 1,5‐dioxynaphthalene recognition sites for encirclement by cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) and with a “speed bump” in the form of a thiomethyl group situated between the two recognition sites, has been self‐assembled. This supramolecular entity is a mixture in solution of two slowly interconverting [2]pseudorotaxanes, one of which is on the verge of being a [2]rotaxane at room temperature, allowing it to be isolated by employing flash column chromatography. These two [2]pseudorotaxanes were both characterized in solution by UV/Vis and 1H NMR spectroscopies (1D and 2D) and also by differential pulse voltammetry. The spectroscopic and electrochemical data reveal that one of the complexes behaves wholly as a [2]pseudorotaxane, while the other has some [2]rotaxane character to it. The kinetics of the shuttling of cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) between the monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene and the 1,5‐dioxynaphthalene recognition sites have been investigated at different temperatures. The shuttling processes, which are accompanied by detectable color changes, can be monitored using UV/Vis and 1H NMR spectroscopies; the spectroscopic data have been employed in the determination of the rate constants, free energies of activation, enthalpies of activation, and the entropies of activation for the translation of cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) between the two recognition sites.
Historische Pigmente unter Laserbestrahlung: Restaurierung von Kulturgütern
Authors: Chappé Marie , Hildenhagen Jens , Dickmann Klaus , Bredol Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDie Verwendung von Laserstrahlung zur Reinigung kunsthistorischer Objekte etabliert sich in den letzten Jahren zunehmend. Ein besonders verbreitetes und schwieriges Problem sind dabei Farbfassungen. Sie reagieren sehr empfindlich auf Laserstrahlung. In dieser Studie wurde untersucht, mit welchen Parametern (Wellenlänge, Energiedichte) und in welchem Ausmaß reine Pigmente unter Laserbestrahlung verändert werden. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Farbveränderungen unterschiedliche Gründe haben kann: Sie können z.B. durch laserinduzierte Oxidation, Reduktion oder Phasenumwandlung verursacht werden.