bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Burch colposuspension for recurrent urinary stress incontinence following retropubic continence surgery
Authors: Maher Christopher , Dwyer Peter , Carey Marcus , Gilmour Donna 
Published: August 2005

Objective
To evaluate the Burch colposuspension with Cherney incision in women with recurrent urinary stress incontinence after retropubic continence surgery.Design
A retrospective review.Participants
All 53 women had recurrent urinary stress incontinence after retropubic continence surgery with an average of 2.1 (range 1–5) previous failed continence procedures per woman.Main outcome measures
Subjective and objective success rates and complications including detrusor instability, voiding difficulties and genital prolapse.Results
Forty‐seven women (89%) had no or occasional (< one episode per week) stress or urge incontinence. One woman had persistent stress incontinence and five urge incontinence. Forty‐two women (80%) rated their surgery as being highly successful and 38 women (72%) had no urinary leakage due to genuine stress incontinence or detrusor instability on repeat urodynamic evaluation. Three women (6%) developed de novo detrusor instability post‐operatively. Two women (4%) had voiding difficulties post‐operatively that necessitated the use of intermittent self‐catheterisation for at least four months. The median length of follow up was nine months (4–72). In 39 women (73%), marked retropubic fibrosis was found at the time of surgery.Conclusions
Marked retropubic fibrosis should be expected in women with recurrent stress inconti‐ nence after retropubic continence surgery. The Burch colposuspension with the assistance of the Cherney incision and sharp dissection of retropubic fibrosis is an effective and safe procedure for women with this condition.
Relationship of serum levels of endogenous relaxin to cervical size in the second trimester and to cervical ripening at term
Authors: Eppel W. , Kucera E. , Bieglmayer C. 
Published: August 2005

Objective
To assess whether cervical size in the early second trimester and cervical ripening at term may be related to serum levels of endogenous relaxin, 17R‐oestradiol or progesterone.Design
A cross‐sectional study investigating the relationship between hormone concentrations and cervical parameters as measured by ultrasound and Bishop score, respectively.Participants
Uncomplicated human pregnancies with normal fetal outcome, 72 women in the second trimester and 40 women at term.Methods
Vaginal ultrasound and palpation were used to estimate cervical parameters. Hormones were analysed either by dissociation‐enhanced fluoroimmunoassay (relaxin) or by automated electrochemiluminescent immunoassays.Results
Cervical length and diameter correlated positively during mid‐gestation and negatively at term. During mid‐gestation, but not at term, relaxin was significantly associated with cervical length and volume, and with progesterone. Bishop score only correlated inversely with progesterone at term.Conclusion
Corpus luteum function is reflected by progesterone and relaxin in the early second trimester. An impact of relaxin on cervical growth, previously demonstrated by animal models and in vitro experiments, was confirmed during human mid‐gestation. In contrast to many other species, human cervical ripening was not associated with endogenous relaxin at term, but with decreased progesterone.
Are high levels of oestradiol after implants associated with features of dependence?
Authors: O'Leary A. , Bowen‐Simpkins P. , Tejura H. , Rajesh U. 
Published: August 2005

Objective
To determine whether features of dependence develop in women receiving oestradiol implants, and if so, whether these features are related to serum oestradiol levels.Design
A questionnaire survey of women attending for implants over a six month period.Setting
An implant clinic in a district general hospital.Main outcome measures
Psychological symptoms and their relationship to serum oestradiol levels.Results
Women with serum oestradiol levels below 500 pmol/L were generally asymptomatic of psychological symptoms.Conclusion
Serum oestradiol levels of women receiving implants should be kept in the range of 300–500, pmol/L. Higher levels appear to be associated with the development of psychological symptoms which could be classified as features of dependence.
Analysis of Integration in Nursing Science and Practice
Authors: Whittemore Robin 
Published: August 2005

Purpose:

To clarify the definition of integration and to identify universal aspects of the experience of integration related to healing, health, and nursing care.
Design:

An integrative review concept analysis method was used. Relevant reports were identified by a computer‐assisted search using the keyword integration in CINAHL from 1966 to 2004 and by reviewing the reference lists of retrieved reports. The final sample included 56 reports; 36 were empirical and 20 were theoretical.
Methods:

Data were extracted from primary sources on the definition of integration, aspects of the process, antecedents, consequences, and facilitators. Data display matrices were used and were iteratively compared to derive a process model of integration related to health.
Findings:

A wide range of primary sources indicated that integration is an important aspect of healing or recovery from illness. Integration is defined as a complex person‐environment interaction whereby new life experiences (i.e., illness) are assimilated into the self and activities of daily living, thereby contributing to overall life balance.
Conclusions:

Results of this analysis indicate the importance of the concept of integration to the science and practice of nursing. The process of integration appears to be a significant phase that occurs between a diagnosis of illness and subsequent physical and emotional healing.
The Effect of Two Models of Supervision on Selected Outcomes
Authors: Uys Leana R. , Minnaar Ansie , Simpson Barbara , Reid Steve 
Published: August 2005

Purpose:

To evaluate the effect of training in two different supervisory models on the supervision itself, the quality of care, and job satisfaction of nurses in different service settings in a district health service (DHS) in South Africa.
Design:

As part of a larger health systems study, the results of supervision training were evaluated. The quantitative study was done in three health districts in South Africa.
Methods:

The modified matrix (MM) model of supervision was taught and implemented in District A, the Centre for Health and Social Studies (CHESS) model in District B, and the control was District C. Checklists based on direct observation and record reviews were used to measure quality of care (quality of hand‐over between shifts, nursing records, management of chronic diseases, and implementation of universal precautions). Questionnaires were used to measure perception of supervision and patient satisfaction. Chi‐square analysis was done.
Findings and conclusions:

Supervision ratings before and after the interventions differed significantly in the total sample, but not by district. In the district with the MM model, care for people with chronic diseases improved significantly, but other measures did not. The supervision training had some influence, but more measures of effectiveness of supervision training are needed.
Comparative evaluation of implant designs: influence of diameter, length, and taper on strains in the alveolar crest
Authors: Petrie Cynthia S. , Williams John L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjectives: Our aim was to analyze and compare systematically the relative and interactive effects of implant diameter, length, and taper on calculated crestal bone strains.Material and methods: Three‐dimensional finite‐element models were created of a 20‐mm premolar section of the mandible with a single endosseous implant embedded in high‐ or low‐density cancellous bone. Oblique (200‐N vertical and 40‐N horizontal) occlusal loading was applied. Cortical and cancellous bone were modeled as transversely isotropic and linearly elastic. Perfect bonding was assumed at all interfaces. A two‐level factorial statistical design was used to determine the main and interactive effects of four implant design variables on maximum shear strains in the crestal alveolar bone: diameter, length of tapered segment, length of untapered segment, and taper. Implant diameter ranged from 3.5 to 6 mm, total implant length from 5.75 to 23.5 mm, and taper from 0 to 14°, resulting in 16 implant designs.Results: Increasing implant diameter resulted in as much as a 3.5‐fold reduction in crestal strain, increasing length caused as much as a 1.65‐fold reduction, whereas taper increased crestal strain, especially in narrow and short implants, where it increased 1.65‐fold. Diameter, length, and taper have to be considered together because of their interactive effects on crestal bone strain.Conclusion: If the objective is to minimize peri‐implant strain in the crestal alveolar bone, a wide and relatively long, untapered implant appears to be the most favorable choice. Narrow, short implants with taper in the crestal region should be avoided, especially in low‐density bone.
Novel Sialic Acid Transporter of
Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Allen Simon , Zaleski Anthony , Johnston Jason W. , Gibson Bradford W. , Apicella Michael A. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
is an opportunistic pathogen and a common cause of otitis media in children and of chronic bronchitis and pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The lipooligosaccharides, a major component of the outer membrane of
H. influenzae
, play an important role in microbial virulence and pathogenicity.
N
-Acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) can be incorporated into the lipooligosaccharides as a terminal nonreducing sugar. Although much of the pathway of sialic acid incorporation into lipooligosaccharides is understood, the transporter responsible for
N
-acetylneuraminic acid uptake in
H. influenzae
has yet to be characterized. In this paper we demonstrate that this transporter is a novel sugar transporter of the tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic transporter family. In the absence of this transporter,
H. influenzae
cannot incorporate sialic acid into its lipooligosaccharides, making the organism unable to survive when exposed to human serum and causing reduced viability in biofilm growth.
Microarray-Based Detection of
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium Transposon Mutants That Cannot Survive in Macrophages and Mice
Authors: Chan Kaman , Kim Charles C. , Falkow Stanley 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

DNA microarrays provide an opportunity to combine the principles of signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) with microarray technology to identify potentially important bacterial virulence genes. The scope of DNA microarrays allows for less laborious screening on a much larger scale than possible by STM alone. We have adapted a microarray-based transposon tracking strategy for use with a
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium cDNA microarray in order to identify genes important for survival and replication in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage-like cells or in the spleens of BALB/cJ mice. A 50,000-CFU transposon library of
S. enterica
serovar Typhimurium strain SL1344 was serially passaged in cultured macrophages or intraperitoneally inoculated into BALB/cJ mice. The bacterial genomic DNA was isolated and processed for analysis on the microarray. The novel application of this approach to identify mutants unable to survive in cultured cells resulted in the identification of components of
Salmonella
pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2), which is known to be critical for intracellular survival and replication. In addition, array results indicated that a number of SPI1-associated genes, currently not associated with intracellular survival, are negatively selected. However, of the SPI1-associated mutants individually tested for intracellular survival, only a
sirA
mutant exhibited reduced numbers relative to those of wild-type bacteria. Of the mutants unable to survive in mice, significant proportions are either components of the SPI2 pathogenicity island or involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis. This observation is in agreement with results obtained in the original
S. enterica
serovar Typhimurium STM screen, illustrating the utility of this approach for the high-throughput identification of virulence factors important for survival in the host.
Fetuin-A, a Hepatocyte-Specific Protein That BindsPlasmodium bergheiThrombospondin-Related Adhesive Protein: a Potential Role in Infectivity
Authors: Jethwaney Deepa , Lepore Timothy , Hassan Saria , Mello Kerrianne , Rangarajan Radha , Jahnen-Dechent Willi , Wirth Dyann , Sultan Ali A. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTMalaria infection is initiated when the insect vector injectsPlasmodiumsporozoites into a susceptible vertebrate host. Sporozoites rapidly leave the circulatory system to invade hepatocytes, where further development generates the parasite form that invades and multiplies within erythrocytes. Previous experiments have shown that the thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP) plays an important role in sporozoite infectivity for hepatocytes. TRAP, a typical type-1 transmembrane protein, has a long extracellular region, which contains two adhesive domains, an A-domain and a thrombospondin repeat. We have generated recombinant proteins of the TRAP adhesive domains. These TRAP fragments show direct interaction with hepatocytes and inhibit sporozoite invasion in vitro. When the recombinant TRAP A-domain was used for immunoprecipitation against hepatocyte membrane fractions, it bound to α2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein/fetuin-A, a hepatocyte-specific protein associated with the extracellular matrix. When the soluble sporozoite protein fraction was immunoprecipitated on a fetuin-A-adsorbed protein A column, TRAP bound this ligand. Importantly, anti-fetuin-A antibodies inhibited invasion of hepatocytes by sporozoites. Further, onset of malaria infection was delayed in fetuin-A-deficient mice compared to that in wild-type C57BL/6 mice when they were challenged withPlasmodium bergheisporozoites. These data demonstrate that the extracellular region of TRAP interacts with fetuin-A on hepatocyte membranes and that this interaction enhances the parasite's ability to invade hepatocytes.
Synthesis of Melanin Pigment by
Candida albicans
In Vitro and during Infection
Authors: Morris-Jones Rachael , Gomez Beatriz L. , Diez Soraya , Uran Martha , Morris-Jones Stephen D. , Casadevall Arturo , Nosanchuk Joshua D. , Hamilton Andrew J. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Melanins are implicated in the pathogenesis of several important human diseases. This study confirmed the presence of melanin particles in
Candida albicans
in vitro and during infection. Dark particles were isolated from the digestion of
C. albicans
cultures and from infected tissue, as established by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence techniques.
An Integrated System for the Study of Wind-Wave Source Terms in Finite-Depth Water
Authors: Young Ian R. , Banner Michael L. , Donelan Mark A. , McCormick Cyril , Babanin Alexander V. , Melville W. Kendall , Veron Fabrice 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA field experiment to study the spectral balance of the source terms for wind-generated waves in finite water depth was carried out in Lake George, Australia. The measurements were made from a shore-connected platform at varying water depths from 1.2 m down to 20 cm. Wind conditions and the geometry of the lake were such that fetch-limited conditions with fetches ranging from approximately 10 km down to 1 km prevailed. The resulting waves were intermediate-depth wind waves with inverse wave ages in the range 1 &lt; U10/Cp &lt; 8. The atmospheric input, bottom friction, and whitecap dissipation were measured directly and synchronously by an integrated measurement system, described in the paper. In addition, simultaneous data defining the directional wave spectrum, atmospheric boundary layer profile, and atmospheric turbulence were available. The contribution to the spectral evolution due to nonlinear interactions of various orders is investigated by a combination of bispectral analysis of the data and numerical modeling. The relatively small scale of the lake enabled experimental conditions such as the wind field and bathymetry to be well defined. The observations were conducted over a 3-yr period, from September 1997 to August 2000, with a designated intensive measurement period [the Australian Shallow Water Experiment (AUSWEX)] carried out in August–September 1999. High data return was achieved.
Drop Axis Ratios from a 2D Video Disdrometer
Authors: Thurai Merhala , Bringi V. N. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Results from an experiment to measure the drop shapes using a 2D video disdrometer (2DVD) are reported. Under calm conditions, drops were generated from a hose located on a bridge 80 m above ground, this height being sufficient to allow drop oscillations to reach a steady state. The disdrometer data had to be carefully processed so as to eliminate the drops mismatched by the instrument and to remove the system spreading function. The total number of drops analyzed was around 115 000. Their axis ratio distributions were obtained for diameters ranging from 1.5 to 9 mm. The mean axis ratio decreases with increasing drop diameter, in agreement with the upper bound of the Beard and Chuang equilibrium shape model. The inferred mode of oscillation appears to be dominated by the oblate–prolate axisymmetric mode for the diameter range of 1.5 to 9 mm.
The mean axis ratio agrees well with two empirically fitted formulas reported in earlier studies. In addition, a linear fit was applied to the data for radar applications relating to rain retrievals from dual-polarization measurements. The 2DVD data taken in moderate stratiform rain were also analyzed in a similar way and the results agree with the artificially generated drop experiment, at least up to 4 mm. No data for larger diameters were available for stratiform precipitation. Finally, the fall velocity was examined in terms of drop diameter. The results closely follow an empirical formula fitted to the Gunn and Kinzer data as well as the Beard and Pruppacher data including a slight decrease in the terminal velocity with a diameter beyond 7 mm.
Response Functions for Arbitrary Weight Functions and Data Distributions. Part II: Response Function Derivation and Verification
Authors: Askelson Mark A. , Pauley Patricia M. , Straka Jerry M. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Distance-dependent weighted averaging (DDWA) is a process that is fundamental to most of the objective analysis schemes that are used in meteorology. Despite its ubiquity, aspects of its effects are still poorly understood. This is especially true for the most typical situation of observations that are discrete, bounded, and irregularly distributed.
To facilitate understanding of the effects of DDWA schemes, a framework that enables the determination of response functions for arbitrary weight functions and data distributions is developed. An essential element of this approach is the equivalent analysis, which is a hypothetical analysis that is produced by using, throughout the analysis domain, the same weight function and data distribution that apply at the point where the response function is desired. This artifice enables the derivation of the response function by way of the convolution theorem. Although this approach requires a bit more effort than an alternative one, the reward is additional insight into the impacts of DDWA analyses.
An important insight gained through this approach is the exact nature of the DDWA response function. For DDWA schemes the response function is the complex conjugate of the normalized Fourier transform of the effective weight function. In facilitating this result, this approach affords a better understanding of which elements (weight functions, data distributions, normalization factors, etc.) affect response functions and how they interact to do so.
Tests of the response function for continuous, bounded data and discrete, irregularly distributed data verify the validity of the response functions obtained herein. They also reinforce previous findings regarding the dependence of response functions on analysis location and the impacts of data boundaries and irregular data spacing.
Interpretation of the response function in terms of amplitude and phase modulations is illustrated using examples. Inclusion of phase shift information is important in the evaluation of DDWA schemes when they are applied to situations that may produce significant phase shifts. These situations include those where data boundaries influence the analysis value and where data are irregularly distributed. By illustrating the attendant movement, or shift, of data, phase shift information also provides an elegant interpretation of extrapolation.
Forecast Divergences of a Global Wave Model
Authors: Greenslade Diana J. M. , Young Ian R. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
One of the main limitations to current wave data assimilation systems is the lack of an accurate representation of the structure of the background errors. One method that may be used to determine background errors is the “NMC method.” This method examines the forecast divergence component of the background error growth by considering differences between forecasts of different ranges valid at the same time. In this paper, the NMC method is applied to global forecasts of significant wave height (SWH) and surface wind speed (U10).
It is found that the isotropic correlation length scale of the SWH forecast divergence (LSWH) has considerable geographical variability, with the longest scales just to the south of the equator in the eastern Pacific Ocean, and the shortest scales at high latitudes. The isotropic correlation length scale of the U10 forecast divergence (LU10) has a similar distribution with a stronger latitudinal dependence. It is found that both LSWH and LU10 increase as the forecast period increases. The increase in LSWH is partly due to LU10 also increasing. Another explanation is that errors in the analysis or the short-range SWH forecast propagate forward in time and disperse and their scale becomes larger. It is shown that the forecast divergence component of the background error is strongly anisotropic with the longest scales perpendicular to the likely direction of propagation of swell. In addition, in regions where the swell propagation is seasonal, the forecast divergence component of the background error shows a similar strong seasonal signal. It is suggested that the results of this study provide a lower bound to the description of the total background error in global wave models.