bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion of the Concept of Patient Advocacy
Authors: Mallik Maggie , Rafferty Anne Marie 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To examine the growth and diffusion through the USA and UK literature of nurses' claims to patient advocacy.Design: A bibliometric analysis of articles cited under the key descriptor “patient advocacy” in the International Nursing Index (INI) was undertaken. Analysis included output in 5‐year accumulations from 1976 to 1995, and was focused on quantity of output and exposition of concerns through interpretation of the titles. Citation mapping was undertaken to trace dominant influences in the diffusion process.Methods: Titles and countries of origin of the journal along with year of publication were organized into a database to provide quantitative material on comparative output from the USA and the UK. Citation profiles of key influencing authors were examined.Findings: A role in patient advocacy was proposed in the American nursing literature in the late 1970s and in the British literature a decade later. Support for the role was evident in its use in professional organizations and schools. The pattern of dissemination illustrates the influence of American nursing on the professional role of nurses in the UK.Conclusions: On the basis of a stages model for diffusion of an innovation, patient advocacy has reached only preliminary stages of acceptance as an innovation in nursing.
Recognizing and Labeling Sex‐based and Sexual Harassment in the Health Care Workplace
Authors: Madison Jeanne , Minichiello Victor 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To explore how registered nurses (RNs) recognized and labeled incidents of sex‐based and sexual harassment in the Australian health care workplace.Design: Qualitative, using 16 unstructured interviews with registered nurses in Australia.Methods: Verbatim transcripts were analyzed largely by inductive analysis. Key categories were identified as themes or concepts for analysis.Findings: RNs reported several indicators of sexual harassment, including the invasion of space, confirmation from others, lack of respect, the deliberate nature of the behavior, perceived power or control, overly friendly behavior, and a sexualized workplace. RNs rarely labeled harassing behaviors as sex‐based or sexual harassment.Conclusions: Many forces reduce the likelihood that RNs will correctly recognize and label unwelcome sexualized behavior as sexual harassment. Recognition is associated with a variety of workplace behaviors that sometimes precede harassment. Implications for the health care workplace are discussed.
Issues in Cross‐cultural Quality‐of‐Life Research
Authors: Corless Inge B. , Nicholas Patrice Kenneally , Nokes Kathleen M. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To examine cross‐cultural measurement of quality of life (QOL) and issues to consider in adapting quality‐of‐life instruments.Organizing Construct: Health‐related quality of life.Methods: Review of the literature on cross‐cultural QOL using the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), 1982 to February 2000, and Medline, 1966 to May 2000, databases.Findings: Use of research instruments beyond the samples with which they were initially tested, particularly if the new samples are cross‐cultural, presents considerable challenges. The findings indicate consideration of these problems: phenomenon of interest, cross‐cultural versus cross‐national, salience, conceptual equivalence, cultural hegemony versus cultural validity, cultural equivalence versus verbal equivalence, fidelity versus appropriateness, privacy versus disclosure, appropriateness of format, and resource utilization for translation. Although the literature indicates increased discussion of theoretical, conceptual, and operational approaches to measuring cross‐cultural QOL, problems continue in adapting instruments from one culture to another.Conclusions: Many issues about cross‐cultural QOL were identified. By addressing these issues, researchers can develop appropriately translated and validated quality‐of‐life instruments to advance knowledge about cross‐cultural QOL.
Unresolved Feelings of Guilt and Shame in the Maternal Role With Substance‐Dependent African American Women
Authors: Ehrmin Joanne T. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To identify care needs of African American women residing in an inner‐city transitional home for substance abuse, with the goal of facilitating their ability to move successfully through treatment and recovery.Design: Ethnography. The convenience sample consisted of 12 key participants and 18 general participants. Data were collected 1996–1998.Method: Participant observation and focused interviews were used to collect data. Participants were asked open‐ended questions designed to determine their care needs as they experienced treatment and recovery for substance abuse.Findings: Unresolved feelings of guilt and shame associated with perceptions of failure in the maternal role during their active addiction were discovered to be critical issue and possible barrier to successful treatment for African American women in a residential program for treatment of substance abuse.Conclusions: Unresolved feelings of guilt and shame associated with consequences of the use and abuse of substances, particularly with perceptions of failure in the maternal role, could serve as barriers to successful treatment and recovery for substance‐dependent African American women. Nursing actions designed to facilitate healing with these women could offer the potential for improved maternal and child health and well being.
Application of Leventhal's Self‐Regulation Model to Chinese Immigrants With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Jayne Rae L. , Rankin Sally H. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose and Background: To demonstrate the application of Leventhal's Self‐Regulation Model with a group of Chinese immigrants with type 2 diabetes.Design and Methods: Using qualitative methods and a convenience sample of 30 Chinese immigrants, interviews were analyzed by categorizing data according to the components of the Leventhal model. Participants were recruited from a U.S. West Coast Chinatown health center and were interviewed to identify beliefs about health and illness that are shaped by cultural factors.Findings: Application of the self‐regulation model indicated that participants were unclear about the etiology and chronicity of diabetes and interpreted the illness as stigmatizing. Coping strategies included wishful thinking, belief in powerful others, keeping diabetes a secret, and avoiding social situations. Participants lacked the ability to appraise the effects of their coping strategies.Conclusions: Health care providers can help people with type 2 diabetes develop critical‐thinking strategies instead of relying on sets of rules to gain control of blood glucose levels. The self‐regulation model was useful in profiling a vulnerable group whose diabetes management, social environment, and self‐image could be improved through thoughtful patient education strategies.
Ethics in Qualitative Research
Authors: Orb Angelica , Eisenhauer Laurel , Wynaden Dianne 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To critically examine ethical issues in qualitative research.Organizing Construct: The ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice are guides for researchers to address initial and ongoing tensions between the needs and goals of the research and the rights of participants.Methods: Research literature, ethics literature, and researcher experiences.Conclusions: Ethical principles can be used to guide the research in addressing the initial and ongoing issues arising from qualitative research in order to meet the goals of the research as well as to maintain the rights of the research participants.
African American Women's Experiences with Breast Cancer Screening
Authors: Phillips Janice M. , Cohen Marlene Zichi , Tarzian Anita J. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To describe the experience and meaning of breast cancer screening for African American women. Breast cancer screening offers the greatest hope of reducing breast cancer mortality and improving breast cancer outcomes. Despite the proliferation of initiatives targeting African American women, they continue to be first diagnosed only when they have late‐stage disease.Design and Methods: Using hermeneutic phenomenological research methods, 23 low‐and middle‐income African American women were interviewed to gain an understanding of their experiences with breast cancer screening.Findings: Participants varied in their experiences with breast cancer screening. Women spoke of a desire for a holistic approach to health that did not separate the breast from the rest of the body. This desire is indicated in the theme of minding the body, self, and spirit, along with themes of relationships and spreading the word about breast health issues.Conclusions: Interventions for African American women should include a focus on minding the body, self, and spirit to promote breast cancer screening, and should indicate the importance of relationships and spreading the word about breast cancer screening.
Are Nurses Adequately Prepared for End‐of‐Life Care?
Authors: White Kenneth R. , Coyne Patrick J. , Patel Urvashi B. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To determine end‐of‐life (EOL) care core competencies and educational needs from practicing oncology nurses and to describe the characteristics of the respondents that are associated with selection of the leading core competencies.Design and Methods: A researcher‐developed mailed descriptive survey to members of the Oncology Nursing Society in Georgia, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin in late 1999.Findings: Nearly all respondents indicated that EOL care was a part of their practice and that continuing education was important, but one‐third of the respondents had less than 2 hours of continuing education in 2 years. How to talk to patients and families about dying was the top‐rated core competency, consistent across age, educational level, practice role, and practice setting. Pain control and comfort care were also frequently selected as important EOL care issues about which more education is needed.Conclusions: Results show guidelines for improving educational curricula and considering characteristics of nurses when planning EOL educational programs.
A Representational Approach to Patient Education
Authors: Donovan Heidi Scharf , Ward Sandra 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To describe the theoretical basis for a representational approach to patient education and the application of this approach to the development, implementation, and preliminary evaluation of a representational intervention for pain management.Organizing Construct: Leventhal's common sense model (CSM) was a guide for this approach to patient education. The CSM is based on the idea that people have common sense beliefs, or representations, that guide how they cope with health problems. Theoretically based interventions derived from the CSM have not been reported.Methods: Steps included: (a) designing a general approach to educational interventions, centered on illness representations; (b) specifying an intervention (RIDPAIN) to facilitate coping with cancer pain; (c) pilot‐testing and revising the intervention; and (d) testing feasibility and acceptability of the intervention with 61 patients in a Midwestern American city.Findings: The RIDPAIN intervention was useful in eliciting misconceptions of pain and pain management from patients experiencing cancer pain. Many patients found RIDPAIN to be meaningful and useful, and they perceived it to have an effect on pain‐related beliefs and behaviors.Conclusions: This theory‐driven approach should be effective and widely applicable because it includes patients as active participants in all phases of the learning continuum, from information acquisition to behavior change.
A Conceptual Framework of Nursing in Native American Culture
Authors: Lowe John , Struthers Roxanne 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To depict the phenomenon of nursing in the Native American culture.Design: At the 1997 annual Native American Nursing Summit held on the Flathead Reservation in Montana, 203 Native American nurses, nursing students, and others who provide health care to Native American people attended and participated in focus groups that provided the data for this qualitative study. The participants represented many tribes from across the United States. Follow‐up in 1998 included a similar group of 192 participants.Methods: Native American nurses facilitated focus groups. The facilitators provided direction for the focus groups and supervised the data collection. Native American nurses with advanced degrees in nursing performed the data analysis utilizing theme, taxonomic, and componential analysis methods.Findings: Seven dimensions were identified in the data: (a) caring, (b) traditions, (c) respect, (d) connection, (e) holism, (f) trust, and (g) spirituality. Each dimension is essential to the practice of nursing in Native American culture. Together they provide the basis for a systematic approach to Native American nursing practice, education, research, and administration.Conclusions: The conceptual framework of nursing in the Native American culture, with its seven dimensions, shares dimensions with mainstream nursing, yet it differs in many important ways. This model can be used by Native American nurses to provide a structure for engaging in the profession of nursing. Further, it can be used by nurses of other cultures to understand nursing in the Native American culture and to provide health care to Native American people.
An International Imperative for Gender‐Sensitive Theories in Women's Health
Authors: Im Eun‐Ok , Meleis Afaf Ibrahim 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To propose gender‐sensitive theories as a future direction for theoretical development of women's health. Few theories pertain to women's health and illness experiences, with gender issues embedded in social, cultural, and historical contexts.Organizing Construct: Significance, definition, and philosophical bases of gender‐sensitive theories.Findings: Six major components should be incorporated in the development of gender‐sensitive theories: (a) gender as a major feature, (b) women's own words and experiences, (c) nature of women's experiences, (d) theorists' perspectives, (e) contexts, and (f) guidelines for actions.Conclusions: We believe that the development of gender‐sensitive theories in nursing could enable researchers to transcend androcentric and ethnocentric views on women's health, decrease gender inequity in health care, enhance women's well being, and ultimately contribute to knowledge development in nursing.
Physical Activity Research in Nursing
Authors: Robbins Lorraine B. , Pender Nola J. , Conn Vicki S. , Frenn Marilyn D. , Neuberger Geri B. , Nies Mary A. , Topp Robert V. , Wilbur JoEllen 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To present exemplars of physical activity research in nursing, illustrate the importance of physical activity research across the lifespan, and recommend directions for theory development and research.Methods: Studies of physical activity and exercise currently being conducted by nurse investigators were reported and critiqued by attendees of the Midwest Nursing Research Society 2000 Preconference session entitled “Promoting Physical Activity Among Diverse Groups Across the Health Continuum.” Physical activity and exercise literature during the past decade was reviewed. Databases searched included Medline, CINAHL, Wilson, and ERIC.Findings: Investigators have emphasized the need to evaluate the effects of theory‐based physical activity interventions designed to alter key correlates of physical activity identified through descriptive research.Conclusions: Regular physical activity is necessary for health promotion and disease prevention for all populations. Continued research in this important area of health behavior is critical to identify the most effective interventions to increase physical activity among diverse populations.
The Relationship of Social Norms to Use of Services and Caregiver Burden in Japan
Authors: Asahara Kiyomi , Momose Yumiko , Murashima Sachiyo , Okubo Noriko , Magilvy Joan K. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To develop an improved measure of ‘sekentei’ (a social‐psychological process that restricts behaviors that do not conform to social norms such as family caregiving) among family caregivers in Japan, and to describe the relationships among sekentei and caregiver's actual use of services, a reluctance to use services, and care burden.Design: Descriptive correlational study. Family caregivers (N=260) of impaired elders responded to a structured questionnaire.Methods: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess the construct validity of the sekentei scale for caregivers (SSC). With the SSC, the relationships among main variables were verified.Findings: The SSC showed satisfactory reliability and validity. Sekentei was significantly correlated with care burden, but not to actual use or reluctance to use services.Conclusions: Sekentei is an important factor related to caregiver burden in Japan. Further research might include the extent to which sekentei is a factor in care burden in other cultures.
Historical Analysis of Siderail Use in American Hospitals
Authors: Brush Barbara L. , Capezuti Elizabeth 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To explore the social, economic, and legal influences on siderail use in 20th century American hospitals and how use of siderails became embedded in nursing practice.Design: Social historical research.Methods: Numerous primary and secondary sources were collected and interpreted to illustrate the pattern of siderail use, the value attached to siderails, and attitudes about using siderails.Findings: The persistent use of siderails in American hospitals indicates a gradual consensus between law and medicine rather than an empirically driven nursing intervention. Use of siderails became embedded in nursing practice as nurses assumed increasing responsibility for their actions as institutional employees.Conclusions: New federal guidelines, based on reports of adverse consequences associated with siderails, are limiting siderail use in hospitals and nursing homes across the United States. Lowering siderails and using alternatives will depend on new norms among health care providers, hospital administrators, bed manufacturers, insurers, attorneys, regulators, and patients and their families.
Patients, Nurses, and Physicians Have Differing Views of Quality of Critical Care
Authors: Shannon Sarah E. , Mitchell Pamela H. , Cain Kevin C. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To compare patient, nurse, and physician assessments of quality of care and patient satisfaction in selected critical care units.Design: As part of a study of patient outcomes from critical care, data were collected between December 1991 and March 1993 from 489 patients, 518 nurses, and 515 physicians in 25 critical care units located in 14 hospitals in the U.S. Pacific Northwest.Methods: Views of patient satisfaction and quality of care were measured using standardized instruments. All data were aggregated to the unit level (N=25) and were normalized to a common scale for analysis.Findings: Physicians rated quality of care higher than did either patients or nurses within the same critical care unit, and nurses had the lowest perceptions of quality. Nurses and patients had similar views of patient satisfaction, but physicians tended to overestimate patients' satisfaction. However, physicians', nurses', and patients' scores varied considerably within and between units. Physicians' and nurses' views of quality and patient satisfaction were strongly related to processes such as MD‐RN collaboration and outcomes such as nurses' job satisfaction.Conclusions: Patients, nurses, and physicians viewed quality of care and patient satisfaction differently. Nurses' and physicians' perspectives were more related to their views of the work environment than to organizational factors, patient characteristics, or commonly used outcome measures.
How Nurses Learn Advocacy
Authors: Foley Barbara Jo , Minick M. Ptlene , Kee Carolyn C. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To describe how nurses develop the skill of advocating for patients.Design & Methods: Hermeneutic phenomenological research methods. Both reserve and active U.S. Army nurses who cared for patients associated with the military operation in Bosnia were individually interviewed to gain an understanding of their experiences of advocating for patients and how they developed their advocating practices.Findings: The constitutive pattern identified was Developing Advocating Practices. The themes comprising this constitutive pattern were Who I Am, Watching Other Nurses Interact with Patients, and Gaining Confidence.Conclusions: For the nurses in this study, developing advocating practices was more haphazard and situationally dependent than methodically taught in their nursing education programs. Nurses would have a stronger foundation in advocacy if nurse educators consciously teach advocacy and if nurse administrators support new graduates' advocacy in the work environment.
Chronic Stress, Sense of Belonging, and Depression Among Survivors of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Bay Esther , Hagerty Bonnie M. , Williams Reg A. , Kirsch Ned , Gillespie Brenda 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To test whether chronic stress, interpersonal relatedness, and cognitive burden could explain depression after traumatic brain injury (TBI).Design: A nonprobability sample of 75 mild‐to‐moderately injured TBI survivors and their significant others, were recruited from five TBI day‐rehabilitation programs. All participants were within 2 years of the date of injury and were living in the community.Methods: During face‐to‐face interviews, demographic information, and estimates of brain injury severity were obtained and participants completed a cognitive battery of tests of directed attention and short‐term memory, responses to the Perceived Stress Scale, Interpersonal Relatedness Inventory, Sense of Belonging Instrument, Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory, and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale;.Findings: Chronic stress was significantly and positively related to post‐TBI depression. Depression and postinjury sense of belonging were negatively related. Social support and results from the cognitive battery did not explain depression.Conclusions: Postinjury chronic stress and sense of belonging were strong predictors of post‐injury depression and are variables amenable to interventions by nurses in community health, neurological centers, or rehabilitation clinics. Future studies are needed to examine how these variables change over time during the recovery process.
Postpartum Depressed Women's Explanation of Depression
Authors: Ugarriza Doris Noel 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To gain empirically derived knowledge of postpartum depression upon which to base detection and intervention strategies.Design: From 1997 through 2000, a sample of 30 nonhospitalized women, self‐identified as postpartum depressed was recruited by network and “snowball sampling” to discuss their beliefs about postpartum depression. With reference to the Kleinman explanatory model of illness, their beliefs about postpartum depression and its treatment were contrasted to the biomedical model of postpartum depression.Methods: Content analysis was done to classify data into cause, effect, severity, expectations, fears, and suggestions for treatment. Results were compared with DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria.Results: Postpartum depressed mothers' explanatory model of depression differed from the DSM‐IV criteria for depression in that mothers' depiction was generally milder in form and consisted of sleep deprivation instead of sleep disorders. Also, mothers were confused, overwhelmed, and guilty about thoughts of hurting their babies. The mothers did not exhibit suicidal ideation. Mothers described the illness as severe and long lasting, causing multiple problems including marital discord.Implications: Mothers suggested more public education and support for new mothers to prevent and treat the disorder.