bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of milk fat replacement by PUFA enriched fats on n‐3 fatty acids, conjugated dienes and volatile compounds of fermented milks
Authors: Luna Pilar , Martín‐Diana Ana Belén , Alonso Leocadio , Fontecha Javier , Angel de la Fuente Miguel , Requena Teresa , Juárez Manuela 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA study was carried out to determine the profiles of fatty acids in fermented milks and dairy derivatives made with milk fat substituted by polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)‐enriched fat. In order to improve the organoleptic properties of those products, whey protein concentrates (WPC) were added during the manufacturing process. Interest was focused during manufacturing and storage period on the contents of “healthy” fatty acids, mainly conjugated linoleic acid and n‐3 PUFA. Contents of these fatty acids were not affected by the manufacture practices and neither did addition of WPC during manufacturing nor cold storage cause their decrease. Percentages of total n‐3 fatty acids in fat from dairy derivatives enriched in PUFA after 21 d of storage (1.45%) were very close to those obtained before processing (1.39%). Contents did not differ either substantially when WPC were added during manufacturing (1.46%). The increase of volatile compounds was also examined. Although a slight decrease in the total volatile content was observed, percentages of different compounds were not modified when milk fat was substituted by PUFA enriched fat.
Lipid‐activated nuclear receptors: from gene transcription to the control of cellular metabolism
Authors: Crestani Maurizio , Mitro Nico , De Fabiani Emma 
Published: July 2004

AbstractCellular homeostasis is maintained through a complicated network of signaling, transport and enzymatic events that take place in different compartments of the cell. The result of this composite network determines the cellular behavior in response to environmental challenges. Within this network, many cellular functions are regulated at the transcriptional level and consequently the comprehension of the molecular mechanisms of gene regulation is fundamental to fully understand how the cell reacts to environmental changes. Moreover, it offers an opportunity to find novel targets for the design of better strategies to improve healthy human nutrition and to treat metabolic diseases. In this framework, nuclear receptors have emerged as key regulators of many cellular functions in response to lipid action. In this review, we will discuss the new concepts on the biology of the recently “adopted” nuclear receptors sensing oxysterols (LXR), bile acids (FXR) and fatty acids (PPARs) and their function in the integrated regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. We will also address the role played by other orphan nuclear receptors, such as FTF, SHP and HNF‐4, acting in concert with these lipid‐sensing nuclear receptors in the regulation of cellular metabolism.
A palmitoleic acid ester concentrate from seabuckthorn pomace
Authors: Rüsch gen. Klaas Mark , Meurer Peter U. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe pomace from seabuckthorn juice production is generally considered waste. In this work it was utilized as a raw material for the production of a palmitoleic acid (cis‐Δ9‐C16) methyl ester concentrate. The raw material contains only about 15% palmitoleic acid in its oil. Concentration steps are air classifying (to remove the seeds, which do not contain valuable amounts of palmitoleic acid), transesterification, and distillation (to obtain a C16 fraction) and finally urea adduct crystallization (to remove saturates). A product containing of 82% palmitoleic acid methyl ester was obtained without using any methods unsuitable for technical application. Such a concentrate is not yet available on the market. For comparison macadamia nut oil was also used as a starting material, but regarding both economy and product quality seabuckthorn pomace is the superior raw material base.
Production and properties of 7,10,12‐trihydroxy‐8(E)‐octadecenoic acid from ricinoleic acid conversion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Kuo Tsung Min , Knothe Gerhard 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis study was undertaken to produce a novel antifungal compound, 7,10,12‐trihydroxy‐8(E)‐octadecenoic acid (7,10,12‐THOD), in large quantities for determining its properties by use of crude ricinoleic acid as converted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa NRRL B‐23260. A useful reactor process was developed by employing a unique aeration mechanism and a new agitation device. The aeration mechanism involved a filtered airflow constantly supplied from the top through two ports on the headplate at 220 mL/min and at varied rates as needed and regulated through a bottom sparger, to control foaming. The agitation device combined a marine impeller and an open turbine to overcome the early phase of oxygen depletion and enhance production yields. A yield of 40% was achieved after 77 h of reaction when down‐stream processing of the bioproduct was most suitable. 7,10,12‐THOD was crystallized from ethyl acetate extracts of the reactor broth following a sequential cooling process to −20 °C. The melting point of 7,10,12‐THOD was 94.5–95.0 °C. The 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR signals of all protons and carbons in the 2(E)‐ene‐1,4,6‐triol moiety of 7,10,12‐THOD were now assigned, also with the aid of various 2D techniques. 7,10,12‐THOD was found to exhibit a unique surface‐active property. This study provides basic information and process technology for potential new uses of 7,10,12‐THOD.
Defining pathways of loss and secretion of chemical messengers from astrocytes
Authors: Evanko Daniel S. , Zhang Qi , Zorec Robert , Haydon Philip G. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIt is becoming evident that glia, and astrocytes in particular, are intimately involved in neuronal signaling. Astrocytic modulation of signaling in neurons appears to be mediated by the release of neuroactive compounds such as the excitatory amino acid glutamate. Release of these transmitters appears to be driven by two different processes: (1) a volume regulatory response triggered by hypo‐osmotic conditions that leads to the release of osmotically active solutes from the cytoplasm into the extracellular space, and (2) intracellular calcium‐dependent vesicle‐mediated excytotic release. The regulatory volume decrease may be mediated by any of several different pathways that increase membrane permeability, thus allowing osmolytes to travel down their concentration gradient into the extracellular space. Such pathways include anion channels, hemichannels, P2X receptor channels, and transporters or multidrug resistance proteins. The excytotic release process may use calcium triggered synaptic like vesicle fusion or alterations in constitutive vesicle trafficking to the membrane. Determining the contribution of any of these release mechanisms requires agents that can be used to specifically block pathways of interest. Currently, many of the pharmacological compounds being used exhibit a great deal of cross‐reactivity between several of these pathways. For example, the popular anion channel inhibitor 5‐nitro‐2‐(3‐phenyl‐propylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB) is an efficient blocker of both hemichannels and vesicle loading. This demonstrates the need to more fully characterize the activities of the agents currently available and to choose pathway blockers carefully when designing experiments. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
D‐Serine as a glial modulator of nerve cells
Authors: Miller Robert F. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractUntil the last decade, it was widely accepted that D‐amino acids had no functional role in higher organisms, but that they were restricted to lower organisms, such as bacteria, where they are integrated into the proteoglycans of the cell wall. However, D‐serine proved to be an effective coagonist at the “glycine‐binding” site of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, and this observation led to chemical analyses that have now revealed the presence of high levels of D‐serine in the central nervous system, including many regions of the brain and retina. D‐Serine has been localized to astrocytes and can be released by glutamate through stimulation of AMPA receptors. A new enzyme, serine racemase has been localized to glial cells and converts L‐serine to D‐serine. Degradation of D‐serine takes place through D‐amino acid oxidase, an enzyme once thought to metabolize D‐amino acids from external sources. Although the “glycine‐binding” site of NMDA receptors was initially regarded as a saturated site, evidence in many brain regions has established that this site is not saturated and is therefore modulated by interactions between glial cells and neurons. In some, but not all, studies, D‐serine enhances NMDA‐mediated currents; a light‐evoked enhancement to NMDA currents has been reported in the retina. D‐serine also plays a role in synaptic and cellular development, particularly in the cerebellum, where the normal developmental sequences underlying synapse formation onto Purkinje cells and the migration of granule cells are dependent on NMDA receptors during a time when high levels of D‐serine are expressed in the Bergmann glia and other cerebellar astrocytes. D‐serine must be added to the list of agents through which glial cells participate in controlling the excitability of neurons. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial modulation of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction
Authors: Colomar Aurore , Robitaille Richard 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a cholinergic synapse that controls muscle contraction. Glial cells, called perisynaptic Schwann cells, surround nerve terminals at the NMJ. Transmitter release induced by repetitive nerve stimulation, elicit a frequency‐dependent activation of G‐protein‐coupled receptors on perisynaptic Schwann cells and the release of calcium from internal stores. In return, perisynaptic Schwann cells modulate synaptic activity during and following high‐frequency stimulation through short‐term plasticity. In the present review, we discuss evidence of glial involvement in the short‐term plasticity at the NMJ and the potential impact of such modulation on synaptic efficacy. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhancement of arsenic trioxide‐mediated apoptosis using docosahexaenoic acid in arsenic trioxide‐resistant solid tumor cells
Authors: Baumgartner Melanie , Sturlan Sanda , Roth Erich , Wessner Barbara , Bachleitner‐Hofmann Thomas 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIt has been shown that the polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can sensitize various tumor cells to reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐inducing anticancer agents. Recently, we demonstrated that DHA also enhances the apoptotic effect of clinically achievable concentrations (1–2 μM) of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in several As2O3‐resistant human leukemic cell lines via a ROS‐dependent mechanism. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether this combined effect of As2O3 and DHA is also applicable to As2O3‐resistant solid tumor cells. We have tested 12 different tumor cell lines, including MDA‐MB‐468, SK‐BR‐3, MCF‐7 (breast cancer), ES‐2, SKOV‐3 (ovarian cancer), HT‐29, SW‐620, LS‐174T (colon cancer), PC‐3 (prostate cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer), PANC‐1 (pancreatic cancer) and one primary melanoma cell line. With the exception of MDA‐MB‐468 and ES‐2, all cells were resistant to treatment with either As2O3 or DHA alone. However, combined treatment with As2O3 and DHA significantly reduced viability in 7 of the 10 As2O3‐resistant solid tumors tested. The cytotoxic effect of As2O3 and DHA was associated with the induction of apoptosis and a concomitant increase of intracellular lipid peroxidation products. Importantly, the combined effect of As2O3 and DHA was selectively toxic for malignant cells since no cytotoxic effect was observed in normal skin fibroblasts, human microvascular endothelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from healthy donors. Our data indicate that DHA may help to extend the therapeutic spectrum of As2O3 in the treatment of solid tumors since it may overcome de novo or acquired resistance to As2O3. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Global changes in the expression patterns of RNA isolated from the hippocampus and cortex of VX exposed mice
Authors: Blanton Jason L. , D'Ambrozio Jonathan A. , Sistrunk James E. , Midboe Eric G. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractOne of the established activities of the nerve agent VX is inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This inhibition affects the cholinergic nervous system by decreasing the activity of the neurotransmitter‐hydrolyzing enzyme cholinesterase (ChE). In an effort to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathways affected by low‐level exposure to VX, an expression profiling approach was used to identify genes with altered RNA expression patterns after exposure.Specifically, mice were exposed to 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 LD50 VX for a period of 2 weeks. At 2 h, 72 h, and 2 weeks after the final exposure, RNA was isolated from both the hippocampus and the cortex. Changes in gene expression levels were assessed by DNA microarray technology and grouped according to their expression patterns. Data presented here demonstrate that 2 weeks postexposure all up‐regulated gene expression has returned to pre‐exposure levels, including genes related to the central nervous system. Additionally, this investigation has revealed non‐AChE pathway genes involved in other neuronal functions that display altered expression profiles after VX exposure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:115–123, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20015
Comparison of genomic and cDNA sequences of guinea pig CYP2B18 and rat CYP2B2: Absence of a phenobarbital‐responsive enhancer module in the upstream region of the CYP2B18 gene
Authors: Yamamoto Midori , Mise Masashi , Matsumoto Sanae , Ito Shoich , Gohyama Noriko , Ishida Satoru , Sagara Yasuhiro , Omiecinski Curtis J. , Oguri Kazuta , Yamada Hideyuki 
Published: July 2004

AbstractPotential mechanisms were investigated whereby CYP2B18, a cytochrome P450 gene exhibiting high constitutive expression but only low levels of phenobarbital‐inducibility in the guinea pig liver, may be differentially regulated versus the highly inducible rat CYP2B2 gene. To comparatively assess potential regulatory sequences associated with CYP2B18, a guinea pig genomic library was screened enabling isolation of the CYP2B18 gene. The genomic screening process resulted in the identification of at least four closely‐related CYP2B18 genes, designated here as CYP2B18A‐D. Of these isolates, CYP2B18A exhibited sequence identical to that of the CYP2B18 cDNA. Further, the deduced amino acid sequence of the CYP2B18 cDNA was identical to that of N‐terminal and internally‐derived peptide sequences obtained in this investigation from CYP2B18 protein isolated from guinea pig liver. Genomic structural sequences were derived for CYP2B18A, together with the respective 5′‐upstream and intronic regions of the gene. Comparison of the CYP2B18A and CYP2B2 gene sequences revealed the lack of repetitive LINE gene sequences in CYP2B18A, putative silencing elements that effect neighboring genes, although these sequences were present in both 5′‐upstream and 3′‐downstream regions of CYP2B2. We determined that the phenobarbital‐responsive enhancer module was absent from the 5′‐upstream region as well as the intronic regions of CYP2B18A gene. We hypothesize that the compromised phenobarbital inducibility of CYP2B18A stems from its lack of a functional phenobarbital responsive enhancer module. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:124–130, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20016
Glibenclamide interferes with mitochondrial bioenergetics by inducing changes on membrane ion permeability
Authors: Fernandes Maria A. S. , Santos Maria S. , Moreno António J. M. , Duburs Gunars , Oliveira Catarina R. , Vicente Joaquim A. F. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe interference of glibenclamide, an antidiabetic sulfonylurea, with mitochondrial bioenergetics was assessed on mitochondrial ion fluxes (H+, K+, and Cl−) by passive osmotic swelling of rat liver mitochondria in K‐acetate, KNO3, and KCl media, by O2 consumption, and by mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψ). Glibenclamide did not permeabilize the inner mitochondrial membrane to H+, but induced permeabilization to Cl− by opening the inner mitochondrial anion channel (IMAC). Cl− influx induced by glibenclamide facilitates K+ entry into mitochondria, thus promoting a net Cl−/K+ cotransport, Δψ dissipation, and stimulation of state 4 respiration rate. It was concluded that glibenclamide interferes with mitochondrial bioenergetics of rat liver by permeabilizing the inner mitochondrial membrane to Cl− and promoting a net Cl−/K+ cotransport inside mitochondria, without significant changes on membrane permeabilization to H+. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:162–169, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20022
The physiology of insect auditory afferents
Authors: Mason Andrew C. , Faure Paul A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis review presents an overview of the physiology of primary receptors serving tympanal hearing in insects. Auditory receptor responses vary with frequency, intensity, and temporal characteristics of sound stimuli. Various insect species exploit each of these parameters to differing degrees in the neural coding of auditory information, depending on the nature of the relevant stimuli. Frequency analysis depends on selective tuning in individual auditory receptors. In those insect groups that have individually tuned receptors, differences in physiology are correlated with structural differences among receptors and with the anatomical arrangement of receptors within the ear. Intensity coding is through the rate‐level characteristics of tonically active auditory receptors and through variation in the absolute sensitivities of individual receptors (range fractionation). Temporal features of acoustic stimuli may be copied directly in the timing of afferent responses. Salient signal characteristics may also be represented by variation in the timing of afferent responses on a finer temporal scale, or by the synchrony of responses across a population of receptors. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:338–350, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New unusual miniature‐like wing mutation in Drosophila virilis
Authors: Kozeretska Irina A. , Gubenko Irina S. , Gorb Stanislav N. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA new recessive, sex‐linked, nonlethal in the homozygote, wing mutation in Drosophila virilis was studied using a hybridological assay, light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The mutants have abnormally small wings; the phenotype is attributed to a cell‐autonomous reduction in the size of the epidermal cells of the differentiating wing. The phenotype is also characterized by abnormally oriented wing hairs, wavy wing edge, temperature sensitivity, and some abnormalities in the wing veins. J. Morphol. 261:270–275, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basic fibroblast growth factor, neurofilament, and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivities in the myenteric plexus of the rat esophagus and colon
Authors: Chadi Gerson , Gomide Vânia Canterucci , Rodrigues de Souza Romeu , Scabello Rodrigo Torres , Maurício da Silva César 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe enteric nervous system consists of a number of interconnected networks of neuronal cell bodies and fibers as well as satellite cells, the enteric glia. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a mitogen for a variety of mesodermal and neuroectodermal‐derived cells and its presence has been described in many tissues. The present work employs immunohistochemistry to analyze neurons and glial cells in the esophageal and colic enteric plexus of the Wistar rat for neurofilament (NF) and glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAP) immunoreactivity as well as bFGF immunoreactivity in these cells. Rats were processed for immunohistochemistry; the distal esophagus and colon were opened and their myenteric plexuses were processed as whole‐mount preparations. The membranes were immunostained for visualization of NF, GFAP, and bFGF. NF immunoreactivity was seen in neuronal cell bodies of esophageal and colic enteric ganglia. GFAP‐immunoreactive enteric glial cells and processes were present in the esophageal and colic enteric plexuses surrounding neuronal cell bodies and axons. A dense net of GFAP‐immunoreactive processes was seen in the ganglia and connecting strands of the myenteric plexus. bFGF immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm of the majority of the neurons in the enteric ganglia of esophagus and colon. The two‐color immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence methods revealed bFGF immunoreactivity also in the nucleus of GFAP‐positive enteric glial cells. The results suggest that immunohistochemical localization of NF and GFAP may be an important tool in the study of the plasticity in the enteric nervous system. The presence of bFGF in neurons and glia of the myenteric plexus of the esophagus and the colon indicates that this neurotrophic factor may exert autocrine and paracrine actions in the enteric nervous system. J. Morphol. 261:323–333, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine structure and immunocytochemistry of monotreme hairs, with emphasis on the inner root sheath and trichohyalin‐based cornification during hair evolution
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe fine structure of hairs in the most ancient extant mammals, the monotremes, is not known. The present study analyzes the ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry for keratins, trichohyalin, and transglutaminase in monotreme hairs and compares their distribution with that present in hairs of the other mammals. The overall ultrastructure of the hair and the distribution of keratins is similar to that of marsupial and placental hairs. Acidic and basic keratins mostly localize in the outer root sheath. The inner root sheath (IRS) comprises 4–8 cell layers in most hairs and forms a tile‐like sheath around the hair shaft. No cytological distinction between the Henle and Huxley layers is seen as cells become cornified about at the same time. Externally to the last cornified IRS cells (homologous to the Henle layer), the companion layer contains numerous bundles of keratin. Occasionally, some granules in the companion layer show immunoreactivity for the trichohyalin antibody. This further suggests that the IRS in monotremes is ill‐defined, as the companion layer of placental hairs studied so far does not express trichohyalin. A cross‐reactivity with an antibody against sheep trichohyalin is present in the IRS of monotremes, suggesting conserved epitopes across mammalian trichohyalin. Trichohyalin granules in the IRS consist of a framework of immunolabeled coarse filaments of 10–12 nm. The latter assume a parallel orientation and lose the immunoreactivity in fully cornified cells. Transglutaminase immunolabeling is diffuse among trichohyalin granules and among the parallel 10–12 nm filaments of maturing inner root cells. Transglutaminase is present where its substrate, trichohyalin, is modified as matrix protein. Cornification of IRS is different from that of hair fiber cuticle and from that of the cornified layer of the epidermis above the follicle. The different consistency among cuticle, IRS, and corneous layer of the epidermis determines separation between hair fiber, IRS, and epidermis. This allows the hair to exit on the epidermal surface after shedding from the IRS and epidermis. Based on comparative studies of reptilian and mammalian skin, a speculative hypothesis on the evolution of the IRS and hairs from the skin of synapsid reptiles is presented. J. Morphol. 261:345–363, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.