bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of a regression model for standardizing lifetime racing performances of Thoroughbreds
Authors: Martin George S. , Strand Eric , Kearney Michael T. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine the relationship between prediction errors of a regression model of racing finish times and earnings or finish position; the relationship between standardized finish times, determined by use of this model, and earnings or finish position; and whether this model was valid when applied to data for horses that underwent surgical treatment.

Design—
Survey.

Sample Populatian—
Records of 6,700 healthy Thoroughbreds racing in Louisiana and of 31 Thoroughbreds with idiopathic left laryngeal hemiplegia that underwent surgical treatment.

Procedure—
Predicted and standardized finish times were calculated by use of the regression model for healthy horses, and the relationships between prediction error (actual – predicted finish time) and standardized finish times, and earnings and finish position, were examined. Then, the regression model was applied to data for horses with hemiplegia to determine whether the model was valid when used to calculate predicted and standardized finish times for lifetime performance data.

Results—
Prediction error and standardized finish times were negatively correlated with earnings and positively correlated with finish position and, thus, appeared to be reliable measures of racing performance. The regression model was found to be valid when applied to lifetime performance records of horses with laryngeal hemiplegia.

Clinical Implications—
Prediction error and standardized finish times are measures of racing performance that can be used to compare performances among Thoroughbred racehorses across a variety of circumstances that would otherwise confound comparison. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1641–1645)
Colonic nitrite and immunoglobulin G concentrations in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Gunawardana Subhadra C. , Jergens Albert E. , Ahrens Franklin A. , Niyo Yosiya 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To evaluate lavage analytes as markers of mucosal inflammation in healthy dogs and dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Design—
Case control study.

Animals—
9 healthy dogs and 10 dogs with IBD.

Procedure—
A polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution was administered into the dogs’colons via a rectal balloon catheter prior to colonoscopy. Lavage solution was allowed to remain intraluminally for 30 minutes and then was withdrawn. Lavage supernatant samples were immediately analyzed for total protein, IgG, and nitrite concentrations and myeloperoxidase activity. Mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained from the descending colon and histologically reviewed.

Results—
All dogs with IBD had mild to severe lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis, whereas 8 of 9 healthy dogs did not have substantial mucosal inflammation. Myeloperoxidase activity was not detected in lavage samples from healthy dogs or dogs with IBD. Total protein concentration was not significantly different between groups. Mean nitrite and IgG concentrations were significantly higher in samples from dogs with IBD (1.83 nmol/ml and 46 mg/dl, respectively), compared with samples from healthy dogs (0.245 nmol/ml and undetectable concentrations, respectively). Severity of lesions was not correlated with nitrite or IgG concentration.

Clinical Implications—
Assay of nitrite and IgG concentrations in colonic lavage fluid Is a simple, objective means of evaluating mucosal inflammation in dogs with IBD. Potential uses include monitoring response to treatment and evaluation of complex cases of chronic intestinal inflammation. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:318–321)
Glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations in the blood of healthy dogs and dogs with naturally developing diabetes mellitus, pancreatic β-cell neoplasia, hyperadrenocorticism, and anemia
Authors: Elliott Denise A. , Nelson Richard W. , Feldman Edward C. , Neal Larry A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To characterize glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) concentrations in the blood of dogs with disorders that may affect serum glucose or blood GHb concentrations, and to determine whether changes in GHb concentration correlate with changes in control of diabetes in dogs.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
63 healthy dogs, 9 dogs with anemia, 24 dogs with untreated hyperadrenocorticism, 12 dogs with pancreatic β-cell neoplasia, 23 dogs with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, and 77 diabetic dogs treated with insulin.

Procedure
Control of diabetes in dogs treated with insulin was classified as good or poor on the basis of history, physical examination findings, changes in body weight, and measurement of serum glucose concentrations. Sequential evaluations of control were performed and GHb concentration in blood was measured, by means of affinity chromatography, for 5 untreated diabetic dogs before and after initiating insulin treatment, for 10 poorly controlled diabetic dogs before and after increasing insulin dosage, and for 5 diabetic dogs before and after pancreatic islet cell transplantation.

Results
Mean (± SD) GHb concentration was 3.3 ± 0.8% in the blood of healthy dogs. Compared with results from healthy dogs, mean GHb concentration was significantly lower in the blood of dogs with anemia and pancreatic β-cell neoplasia and significantly higher in the blood of untreated diabetic dogs. Mean GHb concentration was significantly higher in the blood of 46 poorly controlled diabetic dogs, compared with 31 well-controlled diabetic dogs (7.3 ± 1.8 vs 5.7 ± 1.7%, respectively). Mean GHb concentration in blood decreased significantly in 5 untreated diabetic dogs after treatment (8.7 ± 1.9 vs 5.3 ± 1.9%). Mean GHb concentration in blood also decreased significantly in 10 poorly controlled diabetic dogs after control was improved and in 5 diabetic dogs after they had received a pancreatic islet cell transplant.

Clinical Implications
Measurement of GHb concentration in blood may assist in monitoring control of diabetes in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 211:723–727)
Prognostic factors for surgical treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas in dogs: 75 cases (1986–1996)
Authors: Kuntz Charles A. , Dernell William S. , Powers Barbara E. , Devitt Chad , Straw Rodney C. , Withrow Stephen J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine results of surgery for treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas in dogs and to identify prognostic variables that can be used to predict outcome.

Design
Retrospective case series.

Animals
Dogs with soft-tissue sarcomas that had surgical treatment only.

Procedure
Records were examined for clinically relevant data. Histologic samples were reviewed. Follow-up information was obtained by physical examination or telephone conversations with referring veterinarians or owners.

Results
75 dogs with soft-tissue sarcomas of the trunk and extremities were identified. Median age was 10.6 years. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors were of a significantly lower grade than other tumors. Tumors recurred locally in 11 of 75 (15%) dogs. Evaluation for lack of tumor cells at surgical margins was prognostic for local recurrence. Metastatic disease developed in 13 of 75 (17%) dogs. Tumor mitotic rate was prognostic for development of metastasis. Twenty-five of 75 (33%) dogs died of tumor-related causes. Percentage of tumor necrosis and tumor mitotic rate were prognostic for survival time. Median survival time was 1,416 days.

Clinical Implications
On the basis of a low local recurrence rate and high median survival time, wide excision of tumor margins or radical surgery appeared to be an effective means for managing soft-tissue sarcomas of the trunk and extremities. Analysis of histologic characteristics for prognosis supported use of preoperative biopsy. Surgical margins should be evaluated, and early use of aggressive surgery is indicated in the management of soft-tissue sarcomas in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1147–1151)
Multicenter clinical comparison of sedative and analgesic effects of medetomidine and xylazine in dogs
Authors: Tyner C. Lee , Woody Benny J. , Reid James S. , Chafetz Eric P. , Lederer Herbert A. , Norton James F. , Keefe Thomas J. , Jöchle Wolfgang 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate analgesic and sedative effects of medetomidine hydrochloride in dogs and to compare effects with those of xylazine hydrochloride.

Design
Randomized, controlled trial.

Animals
184 dogs that required sedation or analgesia for completion of minor diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

Procedure
Dogs were sedated with medetomidine, IV (750 μg/m2 of body surface area) or IM (1,000 µg/m2) or with xylazine, IV (1.1 mg/kg [0.5 mg/lb] of body weight) or IM (2.2 mg/kg [1 mg/lb]). Sedative effects were measured by scoring posture and response to noise. Durations of effects were determined by measuring time intervals between drug administration and changes in posture. Analgesic effects were measured by determining toe-pinch pressure needed to elicit a withdrawal response. Clinicians rated sedative and analgesic effects and ease with which diagnostic or therapeutic procedures could be performed.

Results
Posture and response to noise scores were significantly higher for dogs given medetomidine, IM, than for dogs given xylazine, IM, and for dogs given medetomidine, IV, than for dogs given xylazine, IV. Time to regaining sternal recumbency and time to regaining ability to stand were longest after IM administration of medetomidine. Toe-pinch pressures were not significantly different among groups. Clinicians rated overall analgesic and sedative effects as excellent significantly more often after administration of medetomidine than after administration of xylazine. Prevalence of adverse effects did not differ among groups.

Clinical Implications
Medetomidine and xylazine, at doses tested, were effective and safe, but results of subjective measurements indicated that medetomidine provided better sedation and analgesia than did xylazine. Specific α2-adrenergic antagonists (atipamezole, yohimbine) are available for control of adverse cardiovascular effects. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1413–1417)
Genus identification and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates from cows with acute mastitis in a practice population
Authors: Bezek David M. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine frequency and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens from cows with mastitis treated at a private practice during a 2-year period.

Design
Observational study.

Animals
Lactating dairy cows from 47 herds of 40 to 600 cows each.

Procedure
Bacteria isolated from milk samples were identified as coliforms. Staphylococcus spp, or Streptococcus spp, using selective media. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed, using the disk diffusion method with the following antibiotics: gentamicin, amikacin sulfate, penicillin G, penicillin G-novobiocin, ampicillin, cephalothin sodium, ticarcillin, ceftiofur, lincomycin, erythromycin, pirlimycin hydrochloride, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and polymyxin B.

Results
Of 354 samples tested, 82 (23.2%) yielded no growth. Of bacteria isolated, 54 (15.3%) were coliforms, 96 (27.1%) were Staphylococcus spp, and 94 (26.6%) were Streptococcus spp. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on 62.4% of all samples cultured. For Staphylococcus isolates, cephalothin was the most effective antibiotic in vitro for which a commercially available preparation exists. Penicillin G-novobiocin was the most effective antibiotic in vitro for Streptococcus isolates. Commercial antibiotic preparations approved for intramammary use were not effective in vitro against coliforms that were found to cause mastitis.

Clinical Implications
Mastitis caused by coliform organisms does not respond to commercial preparations intended for intramammary use; however, it may respond to parenterally administered antibiotics. Mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp or Streptococcus spp should be treated first with a cephalothin or penicillin G-novobiocin preparation. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:404-406)
Tuberculosis in adult beef cattle of Mexican origin shipped direct-to-slaughter into Texas
Authors: Brown William H. , de Anda Jorge Hernández 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate differences in prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in adult beef cattle that originated from different states in Mexico and were shipped direct-to-slaughter into Texas in 1995.

Design
Epidemiologic survey.

Animals
Approximately 65,000 adult beef cattle.

Procedures
Postmortem examinations of carcasses for detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection were conducted at slaughter plants in Texas. Specimens were collected from cattle with granulomatous lesions, stored in neutral-buffered 10% formalin or saturated sodium borate solution, and processed for histologic and bacteriologic diagnosis. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by state of origin. Difference between prevalences for different states was tested for significance (P< 0.05), using the proportion test.

Results
Overall prevalence of TB at slaughter in adult beef cattle that originated from Mexico was approximately 0.5/1,000 (34/65,233). Prevalence of TB in cattle that originated from Chihuahua (0.07) was significantly lower than that in cattle from Coahuila (0.80), Nuevo Leon (1.27), and Tamaulipas (1.81).

Clinical Implications
Prevalence of M bovis infection in adult beef cattle may be significantly different between states in the northern border region of Mexico. On the basis of disease prevalence and numbers of exported cattle and provided safeguards such as TB testing are continued, cattle from Chihuahua may pose a lower risk of TB transmission to Texas cattle than do cattle from Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas. To allow interstate/international movement of cattle from northern border states of Mexico, TB testing requirements should be continued. In the context of international trade, southern border states of the United States should continue collaborating with northern border states of Mexico to control and eradicate this disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:557-559)
Injuries and illnesses in working dogs used during the disaster response after the bombing in Oklahoma City
Authors: Duhaime Roberta A. , Norden Dianne , Corso Barbara , Mallonee Sue , Salman M. D. 
Published: December 2023

Objectives
To determine characteristics of working dogs used during the disaster response after the bombing in Oklahoma City and risk factors for injuries and illnesses of those dogs, and to document recommendations for future disaster responses.

Design
Survey.

Study Population
Information for 74 working dogs used at the bombing site.

Procedures
Dog handlers were identified and asked to complete a questionnaire. Questions were asked about the training and use of each dog, use of paw protection, injuries and illnesses incurred, possible effects after completion of duty at Oklahoma City, and handler's experience.

Results
Data were obtained for all 74 dogs used at the site. Handlers of 69 of 74 (93%) dogs responded. The dogs had been extensively trained and were used 491 dog-days at the site, with 46 dogs used in search, 14 in patrol, 12 in explosive-detection duty, and 2 in search/patrol. Fifteen (22%) dogs became ill. Nineteen (28%) dogs incurred 20 injuries. Footpad injuries constituted 18 of the injuries. Only 16 of 69 (23%) dogs were provided with paw protection. Dogs were more likely to be injured when they were used in a search capacity, were used during the first 2 days after the bombing, were German Shepherd Dogs, or were older.

Clinical Implications
Although working in a highrisk environment, injuries to dogs were few, and most were minor. Specific recommendations could facilitate use of dogs in disaster situations and improve safety for those dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212: 1202–1207)
Effect of intracameral administration of carbachol on the postoperative increase in intraocular pressure in dogs undergoing cataract extraction
Authors: Stuhr Charles M. , Miller Paul E. , Murphy Christopher J. , Schoster James V. , Thomas Chester B. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether intracameral injection of carbachol at the completion of phacoemulsification in dogs would prevent the increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) that can develop during the first 24 hours after surgery.

Design
Randomized controlled trial.

Animals
32 adult dogs undergoing elective unilateral or bilateral phacoemulsification.

Procedure
Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups with 8 dogs/group: phacoemulsification and intracameral administration of 0.5 ml of 0.01 % carbachol at the end of surgery; phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, and intracameral administration of 0.5 ml of 0.01 % carbachol; phacoemulsification and intracameral administration of 0.5 ml of balanced salt solution; and phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, and intracameral administration of 0.5 ml of balanced salt solution. Intraocular pressure was measured at 3 and 6 hours and the morning after surgery. Aqueous flare was also measured 6 hours and the morning after surgery.

Results
None of the dogs treated with carbachol developed postoperative ocular hypertension (ie, IOP > 27 mm of Hg), whereas 12 of 16 control dogs had ocular hypertension 3 hours after surgery. Intraocular pressure 3 hours after surgery was not significantly associated with phacoemulsification time or phacoemulsification power or with whether the dog received an intraocular lens implant. Severity of aqueous flare was similar for treated and control dogs.

Clinical Implications
Results suggested that intracameral administration of 0.01 % carbachol at the end of surgery was a safe and efficacious method of preventing the postoperative increase in IOP associated with phacoemulsification in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1885–1888)
Response to long-term enzyme replacement treatment in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Authors: Wiberg Maria E. , Lautala Hanna-Mari , Westermarck Elias 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To study response to long-term enzyme replacement treatment in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI).

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Animals
76 German Shepherd Dogs or rough-coated Collies with EPI and 145 clinically normal dogs of the same breeds.

Procedure
Questionnaires were sent to owners of dogs with EPI and owners of clinically normal dogs. Dogs with EPI had been given dietary enzyme supplements for at least 4 months. Relative frequency distributions of gastrointestinal tract and dermatologic signs, prevalences of typical signs of EPI (eg, weight loss, ravenous appetite, yellow and pulpy feces, high fecal volume), feeding regimens, and dietary intolerances were compared between dogs with EPI and clinically normal dogs.

Results
Gastrointestinal tract signs considered typical for dogs with EPI were almost completely controlled with dietary enzyme supplements in half of the dogs with EPI, and their general health was similar to that of clinically normal dogs. A poor treatment response was found in a fifth of dogs with EPI that had several signs that were typical of EPI. Signs most often persisting were high fecal volume, yellow and pulpy feces, and flatulence. Dermatologic problems were common, especially in German Shepherd Dogs with EPI. Treatment response was irrespective of breed. Nonenteric-coated enzyme supplements, powdered enzyme, and raw chopped pancreas were equally effective in controlling clinical signs. Although dietary sensitivities were common, use of adjunctive dietary treatment was minimal. Antibiotics were occasionally administered to half of the dogs with EPI.

Clinical Implications
Results of this study indicate that, with basically similar treatment regimens, response to long-term enzyme treatment in dogs with EPI varied considerably. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:86-90)
Evaluation of an acriflavine disk assay for differentiating Staphylococcus aureus from other staphylococci isolated from bovine milk
Authors: Wallace Richard L. , Queen W. Gregory , Hoblet Kent H. , Hogan Joseph S. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To develop an acriflavine disk assay for identification of Staphylococcus aureus and to test whether the acriflavine disk assay could be used to differentiate S aureus from other staphylococci isolated from bovine milk samples.

Design
Prospective study.

Sample Population
882 staphylococcal isolates from bovine milk samples and 3 S intermedius isolates from dogs.

Procedure
Paper disks saturated with various amounts of acriflavine were used in a growth inhibition assay to determine the amount of acriflavine that would most reliably differentiate S aureus from other staphylococci. For all isolates, hemolytic pattern, results of tube coagulase tests after 4 and 24 hours of incubation, growth on acriflavine-supplemented media, results of an acriflavine disk assay, and results of an automated identification system were determined.

Results
10 μg of acriflavine/disk was determined to be the most appropriate concentration for use in the assay. All 112 isolates identified as S aureus by the automated identification system were resistant to this concentration of acriflavine, and only 1 of 236 isolates identified as non-S aureus staphylococci was resistant. There was substantial agreement between results of using the acriflavine disk assay as a diagnostic criterion for differentiating S aureus isolates from non-S aureus staphylococci and results of the automated identification system. Agreement between results of determining hemolytic pattern and results of other diagnostic tests was only moderate.

Clinical Implications
The acriflavine disk assay, using 10 μg of acriflavine/disk, was a practical, accurate method for differentiating S aureus isolates from non-S aureus staphylococci. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:394-398)
Reference values for glucose tolerance and glucose tolerance status in cats
Authors: Link Karl R. J. , Rand Jacqueline S. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine the reference range for glucose tolerance, using a simplified glucose tolerance test (GTT), and to evaluate glucose tolerance status in cats.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
57 clinically normal cats.

Procedure
2 catheters were placed in the cephalic veins of nonsedated cats at least 3 hours before the test. Blood samples were obtained before (0 minutes) and 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after glucose (0.5 g/kg [0.23 g/lb] of body weight) was injected IV. Blood glucose concentration was measured by a glucose meter. Glucose half-life (t½) and disappearance of glucose (Kglucose) were calculated.

Results
Glucose tolerance in cats was considered normal when upper limits for glucose concentration were ≤ 159 mg/dl at 0 minutes, ≤ 322 mg/dl at 60 minutes, ≤ 238 mg/dl at 90 minutes, or ≤ 171 mg/dl at 120 minutes and glucose t½ was ≤ 94.7 minutes or Kglucose was ≥ 0.41 %/min. Impaired glucose tolerance in cats was defined as a glucose concentration ≥ 160 mg/dl at 0 minutes, ≥ 323 mg/dl at 60 minutes, ≥ 239 mg/dl at 90 minutes, or ≥ 172 mg/dl at 120 minutes. The frequency of impaired glucose tolerance was 2%. Five cats had stress-affected GTT. Significant differences in glucose t½ or Kglucose between cats < 7 and ≥ 7 years old were not found.

Clinical Implications
The simplified GTT and measurement of glucose concentration by a glucose meter provides a simple and low-cost method of assessing glucose tolerance status in cats that are normoglycemic after food is withheld. Use of absolute glucose concentrations overcomes the need to calculate glucose t½ values. The high glucose concentration at 0 minutes found in this study may reflect a more realistic concentration to use in assessing client-owned cats in a hospital environment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:492-496)