bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multivariate models
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter introduced the elementary measures of disease risk and rates per unit time, and methods for estimating and comparing them in groups of subjects. Any group is necessarily a somewhat artificial assemblage of a set of heterogeneous individuals, even though they may share some characteristics of interest. Some of this heterogeneity may be quantifiable, some not. (Of course, here we need only be concerned with characteristics that relate in some way to their risk of disease.) To the extent that this heterogeneity can be characterized, the epidemiologist could, of course, define further subgroups, but soon one is confronted with a multitude of groups, each with more unstable estimates of risk as their sample sizes get smaller, and it can become quite a challenge to discern the patterns in the data. For this purpose, this chapter introduces a general regression framework for modeling disease risks in individual or grouped data. The specific methods are special cases of what is known as the general linear model (GLM) framework, which is applicable to more than dichotomous disease data, but we will defer treatment of continuous and longitudinal data to Chapter 7, where we will introduce the further generalization of general linear mixed models (GLMMs).
Probability of causation and compensation
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1984, the U.S. Congress passed the Orphan Drug Act, which included a provision instructing the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to establish a set of “Radioepidemiologic Tables” that could be used to resolve various claims for compensation relating to exposure to ionizing radiation from government programs. These included the “atomic veterans” who had participated in nuclear weapons tests at the Nevada Test Site and the Pacific Proving Grounds in the Marshall Islands, the “downwinders” who were exposed to fallout from the Nevada Test Site, the uranium miners on the Colorado Plateau who provided the raw materials for the country’s nuclear weapons program, and various nuclear workers. In due course, NIH established a committee that prepared such a report (NIH 1985), under the oversight of another committee of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS 1984). These two reports established the scientific principles that have guided the enactment of legislation setting up compensation programs for these various groups and served as a reference for numerous radiation-related litigations in the private and public sectors for individuals not covered by these programs. The Radioepidemiologic Tables were updated in 2000 in the form of an interactive computer program (the Interactive Radiation Epidemiology Program, IREP (Kocher et al. 2008), available on the Internet at again with oversight by a new committee of the National Academy of Sciences (NRC 2000), which commented in depth on the scientific principles involved.
Reconciling History and Equal Citizenship in Israel: Democracy and the Politics of Historical Denial
Authors: Rouhana Nadim N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between citizenship and reconciliation in divided societies. Specically, it asks whether multicultural citizenship is possible in such societies without deliberating the historical circumstances that divide the national groups that comprise the state, reaching a moral agreement about historical narratives, and addressing past injustices. I argue that achieving democratic citizenship is not possible in these states without reconciliation and suggest that equality, the cornerstone of modern democratic citizenship, cannot be meaningfully realized without the tangible and intangible rectication of past injustices. In divided societies with historical injustice, equality will have to be redened so that the recognition and rectication of historical injustices is incorporated in the denition. Moreover, I will suggest that if a national group within a state cannot achieve equal democratic citizenship in this sense, the democratic credentials of the state are called into question.
Aboriginal Rights in Canada
Authors: Walters Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of reconciliation has become increasingly important to political theory and practice over the past decade. It has been invoked as a way of building peaceful relations between ethnic, cultural, and religious communities after periods of confiict or oppression—the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission providing the most famous example (Asmal et al. 1997). It has informed the design of power-sharing arrangements in societies divided by opposing factions, as in Northern Ireland (Porter 2003). It has shaped public discourse about the rights of indigenous peoples, both domestically, in countries like Australia, and internationally, in the committees and working groups of the United Nations (Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation 2000; U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2006). It is usually assumed that reconciliation offers to political discourse something that the liberal concepts of democracy, justice, equality, and the rule of law cannot—in particular, ideas of repentance, forgiveness, healing, and harmony.
Pension Fund Capitalism
Authors: Clark Gordon L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growth of pension funds has been nothing short of astronomical. Pension funds now dominate the world’s financial markets, affecting nations’ wealth, community development, and industrial well being. Yet little is known about their structure and organization. Pension funds and their agents in the investment industry control enormous sums of money, profoundly affecting the structure and performance of nation-states and the global economy. At the same time, it is also apparent that many western governments are retreating from the provision of ‘public good’ once thought essential to the fabric of urban life. Clark agues that if we are to understand the long-term future of the western economies (in general) and our communities (in particular), we need also to understand how institutional investors allocate assets, mobilize funds, and make investment decisions. There are few studies of the relationship between pension funds and the financial services industry. Pension Fund Capitalism fills an important gap in the literature as well as the intersection between pension funds and public policy.
A Comparative Analysis of Joint Environmental Policy-making
Authors: Liefferink Duncan , Mol Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter contains a comparative analysis of the findings presented in the foregoing three chapters. Such a comparative analysis can shed light on the conditions that are conducive for the emergence and functioning of various forms of JEP. The first section provides an overview of JEP arrangements in the three-case study areas in Austria, Denmark, and The Netherlands. The subsequent two sections explain the differences in the emergence and functioning of JEP between the issues, but especially between the three countries, using the conceptual tools of policy networks as presented in Chapter 2.
Stolen Goods: Joan Riviere
Authors: Jacobus Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joan Riviere is best known for her account of ‘womanliness ‘ as a defensive masquerade. Her bleak view of femininity as pathology-only ever at best a performance-has been appropriated for a variety of de essentializing and deconstructive versions of gender as performance (most influentially, in late twentieth-century feminist and film theory). Riviere ‘s critique of femininity emerged from her own struggle for personal and professional recognition during a period that coincided with the suffragette movement and the official founding of psychoanalysis in England. She entered analysis with Ernest Jones during the First World War, looking for a solution to personal problems that included depression, chronic ill-health, a breakdown, and lack of sexual fulfillment.
Flaying the Mind: Milner and the Myth of Marsyas
Authors: Jacobus Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marion Milner ‘s The Hands of the Living God (I 969) recounts her extraordinary sixteen-year analysis of a schizophrenic woman named Susan. Starting in 1943, towards the end of the war, the analysis continued throughout the 1950s until Susan eventually married. Milner ‘s book focuses on the prolific drawings (over 4,000 in nine months) which Susan began to bring to her part-way through the analysis.Susan ‘s drawings provide the basis for a complex creative and speculative interchange between patient and analyst that is unique not only because of its length but also because of the extent of its dependence on a visual medium. This is the surface on, or through, which Milner reads Susan, and by which Susan herself is enabled to enter a three-dimensional psychic world.
Coining Telepathy: Concept and Elaboration, 1882-1901
Authors: Luckhurst Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Telepathy was coined in December 1882 in the first volume of the house journal of psychical research: ‘we venture to introduce the words 1elaesthesia and Teupathy to cover all cases of impression received at a distance.’ My first chapter tracked the preconditions for the emergence of this object within the perturbations of scientized modernity in the 1870s, working with the insight that ‘the place of knowledge lays down the conditions for the appearance of the objects of science, for their validation as real, and for the terms on which they are knowable’. This chapter has a different task: to explore the epistemological resources bound into telepathy, and the constellation of knowledges that provided for its elaboration.
Parties and Party Systems in the European Union National and Supranational Dimensions
Authors: Bardi Luciano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Political parties were important actors in the development of the European Community (EC) and have subsequently played a significant role in the development of the EU. Especially after the European Parliament’s (EP) first direct elections in 1979, scholarly interest in the development and potential role of EU-specific parties (henceforth ‘Europarties’) has been conspicuous. Academic books and articles on the topic are too numerous to be individually discussed here, but must be understood within the framework of the general theoretical discussion on the nature and study of the EU. EU studies have long been at the centre of a very heated debate between the respective supporters of the International Relations and Comparative Politics approaches. This dichotomy stems from the views expressed in two articles (Moravcsik 1993; Hix 1994) that revitalized the theoretical debate after a protracted period dominated by empirical approaches. This debate is part of a wider discussion on the adequacy of the two disciplines for the study of the relationship between the international and domestic political systems.
Water: An Uncooperative Commodity
Authors: Bakker Karen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past century, in many countries, water management was characterized by the dominant role of the state as owner, manager, and regulator of water supply infrastructure. Yet state dominance of the water supply sector is relatively recent. Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, state involvement in water supply was limited; networked water supply, where it existed, was largely the preserve of private companies, or self-provisioning communities. The predominant role of the state in water supply management is, in most industrialized countries, a relatively recent historical development.
The Retreat of the Market? Re-regulation and Water Supply Industry Restructuring
Authors: Bakker Karen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 2001, the assets of Welsh Water were sold to a self-styled ‘people’s company’ named Gias Cymru (Blue/Green Wales). Gias Cymru is a not-for-profit private company limited by guarantee under the Companies Act 1985, with a structure modelled after BUPA—a private, non-profit association which is Britain’s largest non-governmental health insurance provider. Gias Cymru was formed for the sole purpose of purchasing the assets of Welsh Water from its American-owned parent company, Western Power. Owned by its members (mostly prominent Welsh citizens), prohibited from diversifying outside of its core water business, and wholly financed by debt, Gias Cymru promised an immediate and sustained reduction in water prices for its customers. Control of Welsh water, it proudly announced, had returned home to the Welsh people.
Conflict, Consensus, and Rationality in Environmental Planning
Authors: Rydin Yvonne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We all now recognize the importance of talk today. In policy settings, there are more and more calls for consultation, collaboration, and deliberation. This is particularly the case in environmental planning, with its disputes over genetically modified organisms, power plants, and new roads. Rydin provides an in-depth and fully theorized account of the role of talk or discourse within environmental planning, combining theory, reported research, and original empirical case studies. She highlights the problem that planners and others face when trying to expand the space for talk within planning situations and provides a detailed assessment of the prospects for consensus-building and deliberative democracy. She also highlights the role that discourse plays in legitimizing institutions of planning and discusses how a rationality of sustainable development may be embedded within new institutional arrangements.
Housing Land Policy
Authors: Rydin Yvonne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the key tasks that environmental planning is charged with concerns the allocation of land for residential development, that is, the formulation and implementation of housing land policy. This task provides a good case study from the institutional discourse approach because it invokes three of the four rationalities discussed above. First, it provides a good example of a particular form of procedural rationality; in the UK there are well-developed procedures in place for allocating development land.
The Traveller in the Evening
Authors: Paley Morton D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has never been a book about Blake’s last period, from his meeting with John Linnell in 1818 to his death in 1827, although it includes some of his greatest works. In The Traveller in the Evening, Morton Paley argues that this late phase involves attitudes, themes, and ideas that are either distinctively new or different in emphasis from what preceded them. After an introduction on Blake and his milieu during this period, Paley begins with a chapter on Blake’s illustrations to Thornton’s edition of Virgil. Paley relates these to Blake’s complex view of pastoral, before proceeding to a history of the project, its near-abortion, and its fulfillment as one of Blake’s greatest accomplishments as an illustrator. In Yah and His Two Sons the presentation of the divine, except where it is associated with art, is ambiguous where it is not negative. Paley takes up this separate plate in the context of artists’s representations of the Laocoon that would have been known to Blake, and also of what Blake would have known of its history from classical antiquity to his own time. Blake’s Dante water colours and engravings are the most ambitious accomplishment of the last years of his life, and Paley shows that the problematic nature of some of these pictures, with Beatrice Addressing Dante from the Car as a main example, arises from Blake’s own divided and sharply polarized attitude toward Dante’s Comedy. The closing chapter, called ‘Blake’s Bible’, is on the Bible-related designs and writings of Blake’s last years. Paley discusses The Death of Abel (addressed to Lord Byron ‘in the Wilderness’) as a response to its literary forerunners, especially Gessner’s Death of Abel and Byron’s Cain. For the Job engravings Paley shows how the border designs and the marginal texts set up a dialogue with the main illustrations unlike anything in Blake’s Job water colours on the same subjects. Also included here are Blake’s last pictorial work on a Biblical subject, The Genesis manuscript, and Blake’s last writing on a Biblical text, his vitriolic comments on Thornton’s translations of the Lord’s Prayer.
‘In Equivocal Worlds Up & Down are Equivocal’: Illustrations to The Divine Comedy
Authors: Paley Morton D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literary reputation of Dante was at a low point in England during much of the eighteenth century. This attitude was expressed in its most extreme form by Horace Walpole in a letter to William Mason dated 25 June 1782: ‘Dante was extravagant, absurd, disgusting, in short a Methodist parson in Bedlam.’1 Yet a counter movement was under way almost throughout the century, and it initially took the form of the appreciation of the episode of Count Ugolino in the Inferno. This was translated into English for the first time by Jonathan Richardson in the second of his Two Discourses of 1719.
Softer but Strong: Euroscepticism and Party Politics in Sweden
Authors: Aylott Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the term is used in a relative sense, Sweden is a Eurosceptical country. By autumn 2002, across the European Union (EU),2 just one in ten citizens was estimated to believe that his or her country’s membership of the EU was a ‘bad thing’. In Sweden, it was nearly one in four. On this and other measures, Sweden reported the largest group of negatively inclined respondents in any member state (European Commission 2003c). Although public hostility to EU membership has declined, as Figure 11.1 shows, Swedes’ doubts about the process of integration as a whole were illustrated in their emphatic vote to reject participation in Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in the referendum of September 2003.
European Party Cooperation and Post-Communist Politics: Euroscepticism in Transnational Perspective
Authors: Pridham Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much literature on Europeanization trends has tended to focus primarily on policy redirection and to a lesser degree on institutional adaptation with some vague attention to social and cultural matters. Political aspects of this now undeniable pattern have been little explored; and, that goes also for the study of political parties and European integration with some exceptions (Gaffney 1996). But growing evidence of the politicization of European Union (EU) affairs makes this deficiency ever more serious, especially as it relates to legitimacy problems of the EU system as demonstrated in referendums held over the past decade.
How Deep Is the Wider Europe? Elites, Europeanization, and Euroscepticism in the CEECs
Authors: Hughes James , Sasse Gwendolyn , Gordon Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European Union (EU) enlargement has been a decade-long process that still leaves undecided the debate of the early 1990s over whether there should be a deepening or widening of the EU. Enlargement has certainly provided an impetus for renewed debate over deepening in the EU, most notably in the constitutional treaty which resulted from the convention on Europe. The question remains, however, to what extent the enlargement to the Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs), the socalled new Europe, will spread thin the ideal of European integration.
Popular Palestine: The Holy Land as Printed Image, Spectacle, and Commodity
Authors: Bar-Yosef Eitan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure (1895) depicts a world embedded in biblical and Christian imagery: dashing home, still overwhelmed by his Pisgah sight, the anxious Jude tries not to think of ‘Apollyon lying in wait for Christian’ (p. 17). Yet, rather than signify the pilgrim’s other-worldly aspirations, Jude’s New Jerusalem represents a very practical progress: education, cultivation, self-help. Christminster, which acquires ‘a tangibility, a permanence, a hold on his life’ (p. 18), is the Promised Land of social mobility. Of course, as with the earthly Jerusalem, the distant view is often deceptive. When he finally settles in Christminster—as a stonemason, not a scholar—Jude visits an ‘itinerant exhibition, in the shape of a model of Jerusalem’, to which schools were admitted ‘at a penny a head in the interests of education’.
Thomas Hardy, A Biography Revisited
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Millgate's classic biography of Thomas Hardy, great novelist and poet, was first published in 1982. Much new information about Hardy has since become available, often in volumes edited or co-edited by Millgate himself, and many established assumptions have been challenged and revolutionized by scholarly research. In this extensively revised, fully reconsidered, and considerably-expanded new edition Millgate, the world's leading Hardy scholar, draws not only upon these new materials but upon an exceptional understanding of Hardy gained from long immersion in the study of his life and work. Many large and small aspects of Hardy's life are here freshly illuminated, including his family background, his fumbling self-education as a poet, his difficult relations with his first wife and hers with his family, his sexual infatuations, his secret collaborations with aspiring women writers, his clandestine composition of his own official biography, and the memory-invoking techniques by which he sustained his remarkable creativity into extreme old age. Thorough, authoritative and eminently readable, Thomas Hardy: A Biography Revisited will become the standard life of Hardy for a new generation.
6
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The General Strike is over,’ wrote Empson on Wednesday, 12 May. ‘I am disappointed, there was some hope of stopping mathematics, of being forced to do something active which might rouse crude enthusiasm and physical satisfaction, and some intellectual initiative. But no, the miners are the kindliest of men, and my door is closed. Incidentally I suppose it has been a great disaster politically, we shall yet see.’ There is no other indication in his papers that he had come to regard mathematics as a stagnant or enervating course of study, or that he needed to be prodded out of inertia.
The Making of Seven Types of Ambiguity: Influence and Integrity
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The briefest definition of Cambridge English would be: Contemporary, Comparative, College-based. We never troubled ourselves unduly about ‘covering the syllabus’; yet while Richards was at Cambridge, there was true balance between the centripetal force of his lectures and the more intimate college teaching. There was a general feeling that a student ought to have his wits stretched. We tended to prefer the difficult poets—Donne, or Marvell, or Eliot. ‘Strenuous’ was a word of praise. We were not very charitable to fools. The over-earnest young woman whom C. S. Lewis depicts in Rehabilitations (p. 97) is myself.
The Trials of Tokyo
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On his first night in Tokyo, Empson caused a farcical incident that might have marred relations with his hosts. After booking into the Station Hotel, not far from the Imperial Palace, he gamely set of in search of food, drink, and tobacco. When he returned, it was so late that the hotel had already been locked up for the night. He was far from sober and set about trying to force an entrance through a ground-floor window—which happened to give access only to the redbrick station next to the hotel. ‘