bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KNPC Blockchain Platform & the Digitization of the Shipment Nomination Process
Authors: Albaddah Khaled Hasan Mohammad 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study examines the potential of blockchain technology to streamline the Shipment Nomination and Preparation Process in the oil and gas sector. With the industry grappling with challenges related to inefficiencies, errors, and delays in traditional systems, there is a pressing need for digital transformation. The primary objective of this research is to explore how blockchain, with its inherent attributes of decentralization, immutability, and transparency, can enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness of this process.
A custom-built blockchain application was designed and implemented, focusing on digitizing the entire process, including real-time data sharing, digitization of physical documentation, and enhancing the coordination and communication among multiple stakeholders. The transition to the blockchain-based digital process required meticulous planning, effective stakeholder cooperation, and a comprehensive understanding of the traditional system to successfully integrate the existing procedures into the new digital platform.
The results revealed significant improvements in efficiency, accuracy, and cost savings, with reduced manual procedures, enhanced data accuracy, and considerable time savings. The blockchain application demonstrated a marked improvement by introducing digital capabilities into a traditionally manual system, mitigating many longstanding issues.
Moreover, the study highlighted the potential challenges in such a transition, including the integration of existing procedures into the digital platform, ensuring seamless stakeholder communication and cooperation, and implementing robust security measures and protocols.
The research findings provide valuable insights into the applicability of blockchain technology beyond its current applications, suggesting its potential to drive digital transformation across various industries and processes. The study also proposes avenues for future research, including an investigation into the integration of blockchain with other emerging technologies, expanding its transformative potential. It sets the stage for broader application and exploration of blockchain technology across various industries, emphasizing the transformative potential of digital technologies in streamlining operations and enhancing process transparency.
Predicting the Rock Hardness of Unconventional Shales Based on Elemental Compositions by Employing Artificial Neuron Networks
Authors: Hassan A. M. , Alkhayyal F. I. , Chan S. A. , Abdulraheem A. , Mahmoud M. A. , Humphrey J. D. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Understanding rock strength has profound significance in the petroleum industry. It assists in predicting the success of hydraulic fracturing in tight reservoirs, evaluates wellbore stability, and predicts drilling progress. Rock hardness is one of the most critical factors in assessing rock strength and durability. Different techniques are used to determine rock hardness including measurements and modeling approaches. However, these approaches suffer from several drawbacks, including time and cost of measurements. Hence, available information like rock composition can be utilized to produce reliable predictions of rock hardness. In this work, for the first time, rock hardness is estimated based on rock elemental analysis using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy on a suite of carbonate mudrocks. In this work, hardness measurements were made using the Equotip hardness test, and more than 700 samples were used to construct the predictive models, using artificial neuron networks (ANN). Measured data were grouped into two main sets which are training and testing groups, in order to build and test the ANN models. The predicted data were compared with HLD values measured by Leeb hardness tests, and different types of error indexes were determined to indicate the prediction performance. Before developing the ANN models, statistical analysis was carried out to establish the relationship between hardness and rock mineralogy. The impact of model inputs on the prediction performance was assessed. Three different ANN models of various inputs are discussed in this paper. The correlation coefficient analysis was used to classify and rank the inputs based on their importance. The inputs were classified based on their importance on the hardness into three groups; high, moderate, and low impact. The developed ANN models showed very acceptable performance with percentage errors of 7 to 7.7%, based on the model inputs. The ANN model structure was optimized in order to minimize prediction error, and the optimum ANN models are reported in this paper. Thereafter, a new equation was extracted from the developed ANN model to allow fast and better estimations of rock hardness. The developed equation can be applied to carbonate mudrocks to estimate the hardness based on the elements of Ca, Si, Al, Fe, Ti, and Mo. This work is the first time that hardness values have been modeled based on different rock elements using artificial neuron networks. The developed model can predict the hardness in a time-efficient manner and with high reliability compared to conventional hardness tests that may take longer measurement time.
A Simple Convincing Proto-Saturation Model for Clastics, Carbonate, and Tight Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Sugiharto Y. E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The primary goal of this study is to determine the irreducible water saturation in all types of reservoirs and highlight its significance in estimating hydrocarbon initial-in-place. Irreducible water saturation is strongly correlated to permeability and porosity, and it has a significant impact on reservoir characteristics. The irreducible water saturation refers to the quantity of water that is removable from the reservoir and occupies the reduced part of available effective porosity. It acts as a barrier preventing hydrocarbon accumulation. Accurately determining the irreducible water saturation is crucial for consistent and accurate interpretation of well log data, which, in turn, affects the estimation of oil and gas reservoir resources.
In conventional petrophysics, resistivity logs are commonly used to identify pay zones based on the resistivity contrast between hydrocarbons and formation water. However, when a pay zone exhibits saturation-dependent Archie exponents or contains conductive minerals, these logs become inadequate for identifying producing zones and providing insights into water mobility. Consequently, many potentially productive zones with high irreducible water saturations are often overlooked in various fields around the world.
Laboratory measurements offer accurate data on mobile water and irreducible water saturation, which includes bound water from clay and capillary. In this study, well log data results were utilized to calculate the irreducible water saturation in the reservoir. The analysis focused on the reliance of irreducible water saturation on the detailed pore structure. It was observed that irreducible water saturation decreases with increasing porosity and permeability. Additionally, factors such as pore and throat size, as well as the volume of clay or silt, impact the volume of irreducible water content. In tight gas reservoirs, the microscopic pore arrangement is more complicated, resulting in a higher proportion of micro-pores bound to water. Evaluating the reservoir requires attention to various factors that affects the saturation of irreducible water.
Overall, this paper emphasizes the importance of accurately determining the irreducible water saturation in reservoirs and highlights the need to consider multiple factors when evaluating reservoirs to avoid overlooking potentially productive zones with high irreducible water saturations.
BlueVault - High Safety Modular Containerized Energy Storage Solution
Authors: Settemsdal Stig Olav 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis paper discusses how containerization and increased systems integration of lithium-ion battery energy storage solutions (BESS) can help improve safety and dynamic performance and expand the range of use cases for energy storage in industrial and grid applications. Containerized systems enable "plug-and-play" installation and feature all ancillary systems and components integrated into a single package.The paper also discusses how safety concerns with batteries can be addressed through preventative measures, such as liquid cooling, fault propagation protection, and real-time condition monitoring of individual cell health. A containerized BESS is described that is suitable for any industrial, islanded grid, maritime or offshore application. The BESS utilizes several unique safety features that are designed to keep failures (i.e., faults) contained at the cell level, thus minimizing the risk of thermal runaway events during the lifetime. The paper will show how the BESS can be used in gas- or diesel-electric hybrid power systems to aid decarbonization. This is particularly relevant for island grids and vessels that have highly variable power consumption (e.g., onshore/offshore drilling installations, hydrogen production facilities, platform supply vessels (PSVs), passenger ferries, etc). Real-world applications have shown that the installation of batteries can lead to a 40-50% reduction in the runtime of onboard engines, up to a 25% reduction in fuel consumption, and for direct current (DC) grids operating with variable speed/frequency, up to 90% reduction in NOx emissions.
Key Factors in the Development of High Circulating Temperatures in Horizontal HPHT Wells
Authors: Sissenov O. , Rajadhyaksha S. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the major limiting factors when drilling horizontal HPHT wells is the circulating temperature of the mud exceeding the downhole tool specifications. This paper explains the key contributing factors to the development of high circulating temperature in deep horizontal wells and the major well design components that need to be addressed to establish the feasibility of the well.
In horizontal wells, frictional pressure loss increases with the measured depth (MD), whereas geothermal temperature remains constant. This causes a progressive increase of the downhole circulating temperature to the extent where it can become higher than the static temperature, and traditional ways of reducing the downhole mud temperature become less effective. The circulating temperature management described in this paper is based on a comprehensive approach, where the key contributing factors were reviewed to address this issue. This review includes frictional pressure loss management, particularly through the drill string, BHA design, and drilling parameters optimization.
The industry has traditionally relied on surface mud cooling systems and a strategy of premeditated circulation to cool down the BHA equipment to manage the downhole mud temperature, with mixed results in horizontal wells. Implementation of the comprehensive approach in managing the circulating temperature enables more efficient and consistent temperature management. This paper reviews one horizontal HPHT well, where the downhole circulating temperature was managed through the reduction of frictional pressure loss. This permitted drilling and logging of the well to be completed within the tool temperature rating. Based on the observations gained from this well and a number of other wells not included in this paper, a conclusion was drawn that the feasibility of long reach horizontal HPHT wells heavily depends on the ability to effectively manage the frictional pressure losses in the system. This requires a good understanding of the well temperature environment, mud behavior under the expected temperature and pressure in the high angle section, accurate estimation of heat exchange between the mud-and-pipe and mud and the wellbore, mud coolers efficiency, and BHA component specifications.
The paper proposes to address the common issue of excessive circulating temperature in horizontal high-temperature wells from an engineering standpoint through the implementation of the comprehensive approach in managing the frictional losses during circulation. The introduction of this approach in the well design process should enable longer reach horizontal high-temperature wells, which are currently limited due to downhole tool temperature ratings.
Live Digital Twin Improving Drilling Performance and Providing Foundation for the Realtime Data Quality Control
Authors: Karpov R. , Kojadinovic N. , Kokotovic U. , Zakirov K. , Valiullin K. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The paper presents a solution to the problem of qualitative determination of actual downhole loads and drilling parameters optimization performed employing a dynamic digital well model. The problem of the surface and downhole sensor's data quality is disclosed, and a solution for an aggregated data QAQC. Described the practical approach of the methodology used to timely and systematically improve operational excellence across organizations and well construction time improvement.
The dynamic digital twin in real-time delivers data quality assurance, efficiency analysis, and the ability to define optimal parameters. The selection of drilling parameters and an increase in ROP are carried out in real-time, based on the analysis of MSE. Quality control of sensors plays a key role in the process of evaluating effective downhole loads, and in identifying the current FFs. This paper describes process automation routines and real-time dynamic digital twin benefits to evaluate downhole state, and potential hazards, and look ahead. Presented the optimized pipe connection method which yields into 40 % weight-to-weight time reduction, best applicable in intermediate and production well sections drilling and overall substantial improvement in well delivery quality and timing.
Implementation of the ecosystem with live digital twin allowed us to perform optimized connection practices and obtain great results of connection time reduction. This resulted in drill time savings while drilling 11-⅝″ section (8h) and while drilling 8-½″ section (13.5h). Out of total savings of 21h, 15h goes to savings related to connection practice optimization measures. Applied measures in drilling practice were supported by monitoring the well condition via T&D and hydraulics real-time calculations, friction factors automated determination, and selection of drilling parameters to increase in ROP are carried out based on the analysis of MSE and data quality assurance tools. Thus, the contractor was provided with reliable clues about wellbore condition and hole cleaning issues, while the smart alarm system was alerting RTOC engineers timely, therefore planned optimization was successfully put in place while non-productive time has not been induced.
This paper presents a novel approach to real-time monitoring of the well construction process using a digital ecosystem with a live dynamic digital twin. Described detailed optimized connection method for 11-⅝» and 8-½″ hole sections, was successfully implemented on contractor facilities. This method also can be modified for slim wells drilling.
A Mathematical Model for Formation Caprock Integrity Incorporating Creep Deformation Mechanism: A Hydrogen Storage Seasonal Case Study
Authors: AlDhuhoori M. , Belhaj H. , AlHameli F. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This research effort aims at addressing the Geo-mechanical aspect of hydrogen underground storage, specifically caprock integrity tests using creep deformation modelling. This study also concentrates on time and injection rate dependent processes which might lead to permanent deformation of reservoir rocks during injection and production cycles due to the cyclical pore-pressure changes. The newly developed model includes a new term that accounts for pore expansion and compaction, and was coupled to the simplified power law. The model was then verified against uniaxial laboratory data and validated by comparing it to the power law model. The idea is to simulate several injection and production cycles of vast amounts of hydrogen into a reservoir that is saturated primarily by saline formation water (aquifer) under certain conditions to assess caprock integrity. In this study, several cycles of hydrogen injection and production seasonal periods are implemented which resulted in cyclical pressure changes on rocks (including stress-strain effect on mechanical behavior of caprocks). During the production period, the pore-pressure decreases and the pore volume decreases drastically resulting in a reduced possibility of rock failure. As for the injection period, the pore-pressure increases and the pore volume increase which resulted in the stress path, moving towards the failure envelope. A cube model was built to examine the effect of the newly developed model on a Japan case study which also showed no critical changes on the pore pressure indicating that the pore expansion and compaction that took place was very minimal.
A Pore-To-Process Digital Design Methodology for Life-Cycle Assessment of a Geothermal Power Plant
Authors: Behrang A. , Abbas H. , Istchenko C. , Solano A. , Kisra S. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The development and operation of geothermal plants play a vital role in the transition to sustainable and low-carbon energy systems. In this paper we presented a seamless and flexible pore-to-process digital solution for the design and assessment of geothermal systems, encompassing the geothermal reservoir, gathering network, and geothermal power plant. Our primary focus in this study is on the geothermal power plant. This includes a detailed analysis of the functionality and performance of two common geothermal power plants; 1. A single-flash power plant and a double-flash geothermal power plant within the overall system. This work shows that overall exergy efficiency of the studies geothermal power plants decreases overtime due to a decrease in the geothermal reservoir quality. The analysis performed in this study demonstrates that variation of the inlet separator pressure affects the overall plant behavior. The parametric studies also display the overall exergy efficiency of the power plants as well as the turbine power reduction as the inlet separator pressure increases. This is due to lower efficiency in converting the available energy into useful work. Our studies displayed that a substantial portion of the available exergy in the geothermal fluid is being dissipated in the condenser. Therefore, optimizing the condenser design and operation becomes a crucial factor for enhancing the overall efficiency of the studies of geothermal power plants.
Digitalization Potentials in Supporting Offshore Logistics
Authors: Suyyagh Hussam 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Energy production is one of the most important segments in the global economy, and at a larger scale, the oil and gas industry is one of its biggest sectors, Therefore, its offshore logistics and services support plays a crucial role in its operations.
Offshore logistics refers to the transportation of equipment, personnel, and supplies to offshore oil rigs and platforms. The logistics process involves a complex network of personnel, vessels, helicopters, trucks, warehouses and other assets that must be coordinated to ensure timely delivery of goods and services.
The process of reshaping services, products, and entire business models by the adoption of digital technologies is called digital transformation (Attaran, 2020, n.d.). According to a report by Statista, the spending by companies on services and technologies that will enable digital transformation is expected to reach US dollars 2.3 trillion by 2023 around the globe (Diaz, Smith, Landaeta & Padovano, 2020, n.d.).
This technical paper begins with the introduction of digital transformation and describes several types of digital technologies that are either utilized or can be utilized by the offshore logistics as a part of its full supply chain, aimed at understanding how digital transformation will positively impact the business value chain.
The paper addresses four main questions and provide answers to them; what is the significance of digital transformation in the Supply Chain, shipping, and offshore logistics? What are the drivers of digital transformation in the supply chain, shipping, and offshore logistics? What are the impacts of digital transformation on the offshore business value chain? And finally, what are the challenges of digital transformation in the supply chain, shipping, and offshore logistics?
Themes that emerged are drivers; Expectations of customers, Importance of Speed, Insight Of Customers, Artificial Intelligence is central to Business, The need to control cost, IoT, and Big data analytics, Surviving in the Business Realm. Challenges/barriers; Silos, Security Breaches, Budgeting, Lack of Necessary skills and talent, Resistance to Change and risk aversion, and Legacy procedures and systems.
Integrity of Buried Flexible Pipeline Using Numerical Approach
Authors: Chaitanya K. , Yurindatama D. T. , Singh N. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Unbonded flexible pipe is being adopted by many operators worldwide for short pipelines and where scrapping is not mandated from the perspective of service condition or practicality. Flexible pipes are also well suited for short connection subsea where field architecture does not permit rigid pipeline with large route radius. Utilisation of flexible pipes helps in combating corrosion which is one of the significant detriments for the oil and gas industry, and the cost of combating it can be substantially high. Corrosion not only affects the reliability and safe operation of the plant, but it can also impair the operator’s reputation. This paper outlines the extensive numerical investigations conducted on buried subsea unbonded flexible pipeline integrity through the understanding of its upheaval buckling behaviour. Currently, there are no simple guidelines to address the behaviour of buried flexible pipelines. Under hydrostatic and operational conditions, suitable recommendations for required cover depth are made vis-à-vis the envisaged vertical imperfections.
A non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) method using commercial software simulates the buried flexible pipeline behaviour. In the absence of any precedent, the simulation is complicated since the flexible pipeline is modelled using a beam element. However, it must be able to capture the actual axial and bending moment behaviour in response to the hydrostatic and operational pressure and temperature loads under the condition where the flexible pipe is trenched/buried. The elongation of flexible pipe is design dependent and linked with the operating envelope. However, several vertical imperfections in the middle are modelled to assess the propensity of upheaval buckling. The model also considers that the backfill is uniform along the pipeline route for the buried section. The bending radius of the flexible pipe is checked along the imperfection section to ensure its integrity.
The basis of behaviour and analysis for buried flexible pipelines differs from rigid pipeline systems. With a suitable technique, using non-linear finite element analysis while accounting for variation for initial seabed imperfection, buried flexible pipeline behaviour can be reasonably established. Also, with the inclusion of imperfection, buckle pressure/temperature becomes inversely proportional to imperfection heights. The larger imperfections require a smaller temperature to propagate upheaval buckling, and a more extensive cover depth would be needed to keep the pipeline in its position.
The methodology presented in this study can be applied for flexible pipe with route curvature and thus expands on the classical view of buried flexible pipeline integrity which typically considers that the buried pipeline is straight. Also, it is possible to identify scenarios where laying of flexible on seabed would be a feasible option without any requirement for trenching/burial or stabilization and hence reducing capital expenditure (CAPEX).