bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
301 Determining Individual Dry Matter Intake of Charolais Bulls from Ingestion Time Recorded with Rgb-D Cameras
Authors: Guarnido Lopez Pablo P , Ramirez-Agudelo Fredy , Ribeira-Ferreiro Emilia , Aouda Mohammed Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monitoring individual dry matter intake (DMI) may help decision-making of cattle producers to improve feed efficiency, health and welfare; however, classic methods to record DMI are expensive and time-consuming (Davison et al., 2021). Thus, since the last years new technologies, such as cameras and Deep Learning (DL) algorithms have been developed to capture individual animal performance in an easier and cheaper way. The aim of this work is to evaluate the capability of an RGB-D camera coupled to a DL algorithm to predict individual DMI of beef cattle. For this, 12 young Charolais bulls (581 ± 37) were recorded during 10 days after meal distribution though an Intel Realsense (TMD455) camera (12 mins per video at 5 frames per second) and their DMI was individually measured. The DL algorithm for video processing was the YOLO (V8). We first trained the model to characterize activity of the animals (biting, chewing, visiting, ruminating and others; Table 1) through manual labelling using 650 images randomly extracted form videos. The images were divided into three sets for training, validation, and testing, (60, 20, and 20%, respectively) and metrics used to evaluate the model were Precision (P), Recall (R) and the average precision (AP). Then, we estimated the ingestion time (IT) by summing predicted biting and chewing time. This predicted IT was compared with the real IT measured through a chronometer. Finally, a mixed effects model was used to predict individual DMI from IT. Results showed an average high precision for all activities predicted (P = 0.62, R = 0.83, AP = 0.81). In addition, activities encompassed on the IT also showed a high precision (AP &gt; 0.84). However, the confusion matrix showed a slight confusion between chewing and visiting (r = 0.14) activities. After processing activity of the animal, we observed a high correlation (r = 0.82, P = 0.001) between predicted and measured IT. Finally, we obtained a significant relationship between DMI and predicted IT (R² = 0.45, P = 0.001, RMSE = ±0.18kg DMI). The present work shows how new technologies such as RGB-D cameras associated to a trained DL algorithm could facilitate data acquisition on cattle farms, which may help decision-making of producers in terms of efficiency, health and welfare of the animal.
352 Effects of Including a Novel High-Anthocyanin Corn Cob Meal in a High-Roughage Diet on Performance and Gas Flux of Beef Cattle
Authors: Long Nathan S , Proctor Jarret A , Xu Wenwei W , Molsbee Morgan K , Piñeiro Juan M , Gouvea Vinicius N , Duhatschek Douglas , Foster Ryan C , Beck Matthew R , Griffin MacKenzie L , Smith Jason K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas emitted by cattle that is produced as a byproduct of ruminal fermentation. Dietary inclusion of anthocyanins has previously decreased in vitro CH4 production from both high- and low-roughage diets. Anthocyanins potentially sequester hydrogen in the rumen which may limit CH4 production from methanogenic bacteria. As such, feeding anthocyanins represents a promising CH4 mitigation strategy. Thus, the objective of this preliminary experiment was to determine the effects of replacing conventional [CONV; 0.04 mg anthocyanin×g-1 of dry matter (DM)] corn cob meal (CCM) with a novel high-anthocyanin (Hi-A) CCM [TAMZ101 corn hybrid (4.99 mg anthocyanin×g-1 DM; Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Lubbock, TX)] in a high-roughage (40% DM) diet on growth performance and gas flux of beef cattle. Steers (n =14; average initial body weight = 286 kg ± 17 kg) were trained to individual Calan bunks and randomly assigned to dietary treatments on d 0 using a completely randomized design, where 20% of total diet DM was either Hi-A or CONV CCM. The trial consisted of a 63-d feeding period in which carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, CH4 emission, and oxygen (O2) consumption (g×animal×d-1) were measured using a GreenFeed system (C-Lock Inc.; Rapid City, SD). Statistical analyses were conducted using JMP Pro v.16 (SAS Institute Inc.; Cary, NC) where individual animal served as the experimental unit and treatment was a fixed effect. Cook’s distance values were used to identify and remove outliers for each individual response variable. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05 with a tendency toward significance defined as 0.05 &lt; P ≤ 0.10. Due to insufficient statistical power, 10.2% and 5.7% numeric increases were statistically undetectable in total dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.13; 1-ß = 0.31) and average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.19; 1-ß = 0.25) when CONV CCM was replaced with Hi-A CCM. Similarly, marginal numeric differences in feed efficiency, CO2 emission, daily CH4 emission, and O2 consumption were statistically undetectable across treatments (P ≥ 0.18; 1-ß ≤ 0.22). Numeric differences in DMI of steers fed Hi-A CCM contributed to a 7.5% decrease (P = 0.05; 1-ß = 0.51) in CH4 yield (g CH4×kg DMI-1) when compared with steers fed CONV CCM. Treatment did not affect CH4 emission intensity (g CH4×kg ADG-1; P = 0.26; 1-ß = 0.19). Results from this preliminary experiment and a previous in vitro experiment indicate that anthocyanins from Hi-A CCM have CH4 mitigation potential in high-roughage diets. Further research is warranted to determine if anthocyanins are effective at reducing CH4 yield across a range of diet compositions and if anthocyanins from Hi-A CCM can be extracted, condensed, and repackaged into a delivery system that is both economically and logistically feasible.
PSV-16 Different Late Gestation Heat Stress Time-Windows and Their Effects on Newborn Holstein Calves from Northwest México
Authors: Del Río-Avilés Andrea D , Valles-Ibarra Dulce C , González-Valdéz1 Milagros G , Morales-Pablos Marcela I , Leyva-Corona José C , Sánchez-Castro Miguel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Exposure to heat stress (HS) during the dry period not only exerts negative effects on the welfare of pregnant cows, but also impairs the development of the fetus in the utero. When dams are subjected to late-gestation HS, affectations to their placental function and blood placental flow occur, generating fetal hypoxia and growth retardation of their calves. Since on the last 60 d of gestation bovine fetuses undergo through a phase of accelerated growth where they accrue around 60% of their birth weight, the number of days that their dams become exposed to HS during this period could affect differently their body weight and oxygenation status at birth. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of different late-gestation HS time-windows on the birth weight and oxygen saturation of newborn Holstein calves. The study was conducted at the Yaqui valley in northwest México, a semiarid zone where the temperature and humidity index (THI) exceeds the dairy cattle thermal threshold from mid-March to mid-October (~7 months). Under such environmental dynamic, all cows within this geographical zone experience HS at some point during their gestation; nonetheless, depending on the conception date of the cow, different late-gestation HS time-windows arise. To assess the influence of the number of days of intrauterine HS exposure during late gestation (e.g., days with an average THI &gt; 72 units), three intrauterine heat-stressed groups of calves were formed: G1 = calves born to dams exposed to HS less than 20 d within the last 60 d of gestation (n = 30), G2 = calves born to dams exposed to HS between 21 and 40 d within the last 60 d of gestation (n = 20), and G3 = calves born to dams exposed to HS for more than 40 d within the last 60 d of gestation (n = 16). Upon calving, variables such as sex, birth weight (BW, kg) and oxygen saturation (SpO2, %) were recorded. A general linear model that included the effects of sex of the calf and intrauterine HS calves’ group was implemented to analyze BW and SpO2. Harmonic means were compared via the Tukey-Kramer test. Harmonic means (±SE) for BW and SpO2 among groups were 42.42 ± 0.92, 40.84 ± 1.11, and 34.73 ± 1.24 kg, and 78.16 ± 2.71, 82.52 ± 3.28, and 82.29 ± 3.68 %, for G1, G2 and G3, respectively. Significant differences (P &lt; 0.001) were found only for BW, with calves of G3 exhibiting the lowest BW in comparison to calves within G1 and G2, which were not statistically different among themselves (P &gt; 0.05). Results of this study indicated that intrauterine HS exposures of &gt;40 d strive deleterious effects on fetal growth and reduce the BW of newborn Holstein calves from northwest México.
PSXI-16 Nitrogen Excretion and Urine Ph in Growing Pigs Decreased By Reducing Dietary Protein Concentrations
Authors: Kim Beob G , Son Jeonghyeon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of the present work was to determine effects of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) concentrations with indispensable amino acid (AA) supplementation on nitrogen balance and urinary pH in growing pigs. Three experiments were conducted using 12 barrows with an initial body weight of 29.9, 50.2, and 78.2 kg (standard deviation = 1.8, 2.2, and 3.7, respectively) individually housed in metabolism crates. In each experiment, a quadruplicated 3 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with 3 diets varying CP concentrations in each experiment and 2 periods per square was employed. In experiments 1 and 2, experimental diets based on corn, soybean meal, corn distillers dried grain with solubles, and rapeseed meal were formulated to contain 16.8, 15.0, and 13.2% CP as-fed basis and 16.8, 14.9, and 13.1% CP as-fed basis, respectively. In experiment 3, experimental diets based on corn and soybean meal were formulated to contain 15.1, 13.2, and 11.4% CP as-fed basis. All diets were supplemented with indispensable AA to meet all indispensable AA requirements. Each period consisted of a 5-day adaptation period followed by a 4-day collection period. On days 6 and 10, chromic oxide was added at 0.5% in morning meals as a marker and the marker-to-marker procedure was used for the quantitative collection of feces. Urine collection was initiated at 10:00 on day 6 and terminated at 10:00 on day 10. Polynomial contrasts were performed to test linear and quadratic effects of dietary CP concentrations on the response variables in each experiment. In all experiments, daily N intake was linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with decreasing dietary CP concentrations. Decreasing dietary CP concentrations resulted in linear reduction in daily fecal N excretion (P &lt; 0.05) in experiment 2 and linear reductions in daily urinary N excretion (P &lt; 0.05) in all experiments. Total N excretion linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with decreasing dietary CP concentration in all experiments. The urinary pH obtained from 30- and 50-kg pigs was linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with decreasing dietary CP concentrations. In conclusion, lowering dietary CP concentrations decreased N excretion and urinary pH in 30-, 50-, and 78-kg pigs.
PSXI-4 Study on Semantic Segmentation Technology for Efficient Manure Treatment in Pig Barn By Intelligent Cleaning Machine
Authors: Lee Sangho , Won Jin-ho , Jeon Jintack , Yang Changju , Kim Gookhwan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most pig barns, intensive breeding is being carried out, and social problems such as manure disposal and large-scale infectious diseases have emerged due to this livestock farming method. In particular, organic matter from the manure is decomposed and odorous gases such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are emitted. The emitted harmful gases cause problems such as causing stress in pig barns, reducing immunity, and causing various diseases. To solve these problems, cleaning robots for handling manure in pig barns have been developed, and algorithms for planning optimal routes for autonomous driving or methods for cost reduction due to efficient cleaning are being studied. Most cleaning robots currently in use, employ a method of treating accumulated manure by spraying high-pressure water from a stored water tank. If water can be sprayed only on areas that need cleaning, water consumption can be reduced, so we propose a technology that can determine this through a camera. If it is possible to determine whether cleaning is necessary by segmenting only manure from the image into objects, it is expected to significantly reduce unnecessary water consumption. The purpose of this study is to determine whether cleaning is necessary by dividing excrement into objects from images taken during autonomous driving with a camera mounted on the front of a cleaning robot. The final goal is to obtain a segmented image capable of recognizing only the manure part requiring cleaning from the captured image. The first step acquires image information using an RGB camera. At the beginning of the study, when the number of images is insufficient, the segmentation performance is checked through semantic segmentation using the difference between manure and other objects or backgrounds using image information. Depending on the segmentation performance and the number of acquired images, we plan to use a deep learning-based algorithm in the future. The ultimate goal of this study is to develop a technology for obtaining segmented images capable of recognizing excreta by utilizing image information from captured images. In addition, if only the manure part can be accurately recognized through this study, we plan to apply the technology of spraying water only to the necessary part by using it as information to determine whether cleaning is necessary from the segmented image. Through this, the company plans to apply the technology to self-driving cleaning robots to develop high-efficiency intelligent cleaning robots capable of efficiently handling manure. This achievement was made by the support of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, R&D project(421044043HD030)
PSIII-24 Effect of Curing Extent on Red Clover Hay and Silage in Situ Degradability Kinetics in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Ayala Diego Zamudio , De Castro Raphaella Alexandra , Jimenez Ana Paula , Cardoso Marcus , Poblete Joe B , Knight Colt W , Romero Juan Jose J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This objective was to evaluate the effects of insufficient (WET) or ample (CUR) curing on red clover silage (29.4 and 45.3% DM, respectively) and hay (65.1 and 89.1% DM, respectively) ruminal degradation. The red clover field was divided into 5 blocks and each block was divided into 2 plots and then assigned randomly to silage and hay. Hay was packed into mini-bales (~500 fresh g; ~232 kg DM/m3) and silage into mini-silos (19.5 L; ~214 kg DM/m3). Measurements were taken once storage processes had stabilized for hay and silage (50 and 78 d, respectively). Samples were ground to pass 4-mm screen and weighed (5 g DM) into 10 x 20 cm ANKOM R1020 in situ bags. Bags were hooked to a rope, placed in the ventral sac of the rumen of 2 dairy cows for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. All bags were removed simultaneously, washed, dried, and weighed. This procedure was conducted separately for each block. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (5 blocks) with a 2 (curing extents) x 2 (storage methods) factorial. Differences were declared at P ≤ 0.05. Discrete lag times were higher for WET than CUR (0.23 vs. 0 ± 0.08 h, respectively). The potentially degradable fraction was greater in hay than in silage (50.2 vs. 45.1 ± 1.32% of DM, respectively). Moreover, WET had a greater potentially degradable fraction than CUR (49.6 vs. 45.7 ± 1.32% of DM, respectively). The degradation rate was less in hay than silage (5 vs. 8 ± 0.4%/h, respectively). The WET treatment had a decreased degradation rate than CUR (5 vs. 7, respectively). The undegradable fraction was not different between WET and CUR hay (x̅ = 23.3 ± 1.13% of DM). In contrast, WET silage had a decreased undegradable fraction than CUR silage (17.1 vs. 20, respectively). In conclusion, haymaking increased the potentially degradable fraction relative to ensiling but reduced the rate of digestion. For both storage methods, curing reduced the potentially degradable fraction but increased the rate of digestion.
PSVI-24 A Phytogenic Feed Additive Improves Performance By Nellore Growing Bulls Grazing on Tropical Pastures
Authors: de Matos Isabelle Errobidarte , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Acedo Tiago S S , Perdigão Alexandre , Santana Yohana Clara Siqueira , Timóteo Silvia Isabella , Ferreira Cecília Ayala , Turner Tyler , da Silva Aline Gomes , Fernandes Henrique Jorge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effect of including a phytogenic additive in protein supplement on performance of grazing Nellore bulls during growing phase in the rainy season. One hundred and fourteen animals (iBW, 273 ± 4.46 kg) were allocated for 152 days in six paddocks of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (~7 ha each), with automatic feeders and scales (in drinkers, Intergado, Brazil); and randomly distributed in six treatments fed on protein supplement (30% Crude protein): 1) Negative Control (CON), with no additive; 2) Monensin (MON; positive control, 15 ppm) 3) Digestarom (DSM Nutritional Products) at 0.2 g· animal-1· /day-1 (D0.2); 4) Digestarom at 0.4 g· animal-1· /day-1 (D0.4); 5) Digestarom at 0.6 g· animal-1· /day-1 (D0.6) and 6) Digestarom at 0.8 g· animal-1· /day-1 (D0.8). Supplement offered and additives inclusion were adjusted weekly, based on the intake of the previous week. Supplement intake (SI, measured by the automatic feeders) and Average Daily Gain (ADGs; measured subtracting final and initial fast BW, divided by 152 days; and ADGf; measured by the automatic scales) were evaluated during this study. Data were analyzed by SAS PROC GLIMMIX and significance of 5% was adopted. Means of Digestarom levels were compared with the CON and MON, and of the MON was compared with the CON using a Dunnett test. MON reduced (P &lt; 0.05) SI (175 g/d) compared with CON (433 g/d) and all Digestarom levels (423, 303, 468 and 332 g/d respectively). D0.4 and D0.8 also reduced SI when compared with CON. The ADGs and the ADGf of animals on D0.6 (927 and 1.262 g/d) were greater (P &lt; 0.05) compared with CON (0.860 and 1.127 g/d) and MON (0.840 and 1.114 g/d). The other levels of Digestarom [D0.2 (0.886 and 1.107 g/d), D0.4 (0.823 and 1.054 g/d), and D0.8 (0.853 and 1.071 g/d)] did not differ from CON and MON. D0.6 did not reduce SI (compared with CON; P &gt; 0.05) and increased ADGs and ADGf (compared with CON and MON; P &lt; 0.05). Feeding Digestarom at the dose of 0.6 g· animal-1· /day-1 may increase BW gain of grazing growing bulls during rainy season.
PSXIII-16 Selected Feed Additives to Improve Diet Digestibility and Carcass Quality of Feedlot-Finished Angus Crossbred Steers
Authors: Neumann Mikael , de Souza André Martins , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Acedo Tiago S S , Marafon Fabiano , Semchechem Rogerio , Venancio Bruno José , da Costa Luísa , Baldissera Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementation using different feed additives on the apparent digestibility and carcass traits of feedlot-finished steers fed a diet consisting of 35% forage and 65% concentrate. This study was a randomized block experimental design with two treatments: Diet containing sodium monensin + virginiamycin (MO+VM, 20 ppm and 15 ppm, respectively); and Diet with a blend of essential oils (Crina Ruminants, 90 ppm) + exogenous α-amylase (Ronozyme Rumistar, 560 ppm) + 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 (Hy-D, 0.1 ppm), (EO+ENZ+HYD), with nine repetitions each (pens), where each experimental unit was represented by a pen (with two animals each). Thirty-six 50% Angus blood steers with an average initial weight of 400 kg were evaluated along an experimental period of 112 days, with 28 adaptation days and 84 evaluation days, divided into 3 periods of 28 days each. The digestibility evaluation was carried out at the end of the first and third experimental periods, both in a continuous time of 48 hours. For this, daily intake and leftovers were measured, total feces were collected, diets and leftovers from each pen were sampled for laboratory analysis. At the beginning and end of the experiment, using ultrasound, carcasses were analyzed for loin eye area, marbling ratio, subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), and rump fat thickness (RFT). Means were compared by ANOVA using the GLM procedure (SAS, 1993), adopting a significance level of 5%. Fecal output (kg· day-1), both in dry matter and natural matter, and fecal DM content were similar between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Feeding EO+ENZ+HYD reduced (P &lt; 0.05) fecal starch percentage by 20% and improved (P &lt; 0.05) the apparent digestibility of DM and starch (5.16%, 67.40% and 95.50%) compared with the use of MO+VM (6.41%, 66.47% and 94.27%). These better results suggest an effect of a more favorable fermentation of the diet caused by modulation of the ruminal microbiota, optimization in the use of starch and increase in microbial protein synthesis caused by supplementation with EO+ENZ+HYD. Animals supplemented with EO+ENZ+HYD had greater (P &lt; 0.05) RFT (12.22 mm) at slaughter compared with those supplemented with MO+VM (10.42 mm), and greater marbling and RFT gain over the finishing period (0.58 points and 7.50 mm) than those supplemented with MO+VM (0.32 points and 5.93 mm) after 112 days of feedlot. In conclusion, the blend of essential oils + exogenous α-amylase + 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 was effective in replacing the combination sodium monensin + virginiamycin, improving the apparent digestibility of DM and starch, as well as increasing marbling and carcass cover fat deposition of feedlot-finished steers.