bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes to Category C of the British List†
Authors: DUDLEY STEVE P. 
Published: September 2005

In its maintenance of the British List, the British Ornithologists’ Union Records Committee (BOURC) is responsible for assigning species to categories to indicate their status on the List. In 1995, the British Ornithologists’ Union (BOU) and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) held a conference on naturalized and introduced birds in Britain (Holmes & Simons 1996). This led to a review of the process of establishment of such species and the terms that best describe their status (Holmes & Stroud 1995) as well as a major review of the categorization of species on the British List (Holmes et al. 1998). The BOURC continues to review the occurrence and establishment of birds of captive origin in Britain. This paper summarizes the status of naturalized and introduced birds in Britain and announces changes to the categorization of many on the British List or its associated appendices (Categories D and E):Mute Swan Cygnus olor Categories AC change to AC2Black Swan Cygnus atratus Category E* – no changeGreylag Goose Anser anser Categories ACE* change to AC2C4E*Snow Goose Anser caerulescens Categories AE* change to AC2E*Greater Canada Goose Branta canadensis Categories ACE* change to C2E*Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis Categories AE* change to AC2E*Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiacus Categories CE* change to C1E*Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea Categories BDE* – no changeMuscovy Duck Cairina moschata Category E* – alert JNCCWood Duck Aix sponsa Category E* – no changeMandarin Duck Aix galericulata Categories CE* change to C1E*Gadwall Anas strepera Category A change to AC2Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Categories AE* change to AC2C4E*Red‐crested Pochard Netta rufina Categories AE* change to AC2E*Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis Categories CE* change to C1E*Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix Categories AE – no changeWestern Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus Categories BC change BC3Red‐legged Partridge Alectoris rufa Categories CE* change to C1E*Grey Partridge Perdix perdix Categories ACE change to AC2ECommon Pheasant Phasianus colchicus Categories CE* change to C1E*Golden Pheasant Chrysolophus pictus Categories CE* change to C1E*Lady Amherst's Pheasant Chrysolophus amherstiae Categories CE* change to C6E*Black‐crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Categories AE* – no changeSacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus Category E – no changeRed Kite Milvus milvus Categories AC change to AC3White‐tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla Categories ACE change to AC3ENorthern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis Categories AE* change to AC3E*Rock/Feral Pigeon Columbia livia Categories AE* change to AC4E*Rose‐ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri Categories CE* change to C1E*Barn Owl Tyto alba Categories AE* – no changeLittle Owl Athene noctua Category C change to C1
Host range in solitary versus gregarious parasitoids: a laboratory experiment
Authors: Traynor Ruth E. , Mayhew Peter J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBehavioural interactions among relatives may have consequences for many other traits. We tested the hypothesis that solitary parasitoids (displaying siblicidal behaviour in their larvae) have narrower host ranges than gregarious parasitoids (with tolerant larvae). In laboratory experiments, we compared parasitization success in two sister species of braconid wasp [Aphaereta genevensis(Fischer), solitary, andAphaereta pallipes(Say), gregarious (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiini)] on eightDrosophilaspecies or strains. Host species or strain was the most important factor affecting parasitization success, and some of this variation was accountable to host physiological defences. Although two hosts were more suitable for the solitary species, and one more suitable for the gregarious species, these differences were small, and there was no consistent difference across all hosts. Wasp body size was positively correlated with parasitization success in both wasp species. This may be because body size increases oviposition success, or the motivation to oviposit. InA. pallipesparasitization success peaked after 3–4 days, but later inA. genevensis. This is likely due to low life expectancy and high egg loads increasing oviposition tendency in youngA. pallipes, and egg limitation decreasing oviposition tendency in oldA. pallipes. These data suggest that interactions among wasp larvae do not greatly affect the size of the fundamental niche examined here. However, they show the potential for life history traits, which differ between the species as a likely consequence of larval interactions, to affect the extent of the realized niche.
Influence of mineral fertilization on food quality of oak leaves and utilization efficiency of food components by the gypsy moth
Authors: Giertych M.J. , Bąkowski M. , Karolewski P. , Zytkowiak R. , Grzebyta J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractHost plant quality is a key determinant of the performance of larvae of herbivorous insects. The effects of nitrogen and dolomite fertilization on the quality of pedunculate oak, Quercus robur L. (Fagaceae) foliage, as a food for gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae were evaluated. The seedlings were divided into five fertilization treatments (nonfertilized control, commercial nutrient solution, commercial nutrient solution + (NH4)2SO4, commercial nutrient solution + KNO3, and commercial nutrient solution + dolomite). The experiment was performed in Petri dishes, in each of which a fresh leaf from one treatment and one larva were placed. Insect performance assays, survival, development, growth, and food utilization were evaluated for each fertilization treatment. Leaf samples were assayed for nitrogen and other main nutrients, soluble carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds. The fertilizer treatment with added ammonium improved gypsy moth performance, and the amount of food eaten was the lowest in this treatment. Utilization of elements from the food depended on the element and on the fertilization treatment. The insect bodies retained 50–64% of the nitrogen and 55–79% of the phosphorus. The results show that the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and the efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) differ among the fertilization treatments, but it is not possible to define a general trend. Our results suggest that fertilization (especially ammonium) of host plants can increase herbivore performance, decrease the amount of food needed, and increase its utilization efficiency.
Impact of a glossy collard trap crop on diamondback moth adult movement, oviposition, and larval survival
Authors: Musser Fred R. , Nault Brian A. , Nyrop Jan P. , Shelton Anthony M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractOne component of developing a systematic approach for deployment of trap crops is to understand how the trap crop modifies pest behavior. Glossy‐leafed collards, Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala (Brassicaceae), were evaluated as a potential trap crop for diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), because they are attractive to P. xylostella adults and are a poor host for P. xylostella larvae compared to cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata. We used large field plots to measure the changes in adult, egg, and larval P. xylostella densities in cabbage when the trap crop was planted in the field. Furthermore, we planted the trap crop in dispersed and concentrated spatial arrangements to determine the impact of trap crop arrangement on the behavior of P. xylostella. In 2002, results showed that the presence of collards within a cabbage field reduced larval density on cabbage. In 2003, neither trap crop arrangement had a significant impact on P. xylostella larval density on cabbage. Adult moths aggregated in proximity to collards in 2002, but not in 2003. Egg and larval data in both years in all treatments showed that total oviposition was highest near a central release point, indicating that females lay many eggs before dispersing very far when suitable host plants are available. The mean direction of P. xylostella movement and oviposition from a central release point was not consistent or correlated to wind direction. Plant size of the trap crop in relation to the main crop and environmental factors may have been responsible for the inconsistent effectiveness of the trap crop.
Factors affecting the evolution of development strategies in parasitoid wasps: the importance of functional constraints and incorporating complexity
Authors: Harvey Jeffrey A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractParasitoid wasps have long been considered as model organisms for examining optimal resource allocation to different fitness functions, such as body size and development time. Unlike insect predators, which may need to consume many prey items to attain maturity, parasitoids generally rely on a limited amount of resources that are obtained from a single source (the host). This review discusses a range of ecophysiological constraints that affect host quality and concomitantly the evolution of development strategies in parasitoids. Two macroevolutionary differences in host usage strategies (idiobiosis, koinobiosis) are initially described. Over many years, particular attention has been paid in examining a range of quantitative host attributes such as size, age, or stage, as these affect idiobiont and koinobiont parasitoid development. Parasitoids and their hosts, however, constitute only a small part of an ecological community. Consequently, host quality may be affected by a broad range of factors that may operate over variable spatial and temporal scales. Intimate factors include aggressive competition with other parasitoids and pathogens for access to host resources, whereas less intimate factors include the effects of toxic plant compounds (allelochemicals) on parasitoid performance as mediated through primary and/or secondary hosts. It is suggested that future experiments should increase the levels of trophic complexity as these influence the evolution of life history and development strategies in parasitoids. This includes integration of a suite of direct and indirect mechanisms, including biological processes occurring in different ecological realms, such as above‐ground and below‐ground interactions.
Frequency, species and molecular characterization of oral Candida in hosts of different age in China
Authors: Qi Q. G. , Hu T. , Zhou X. D. 
Published: September 2005

Introduction:  Research indicates that host age is a determining factor in yeast carriage. From the neonatal period, humans go through several dentition periods, and the emergence and substitution of teeth and changes in living habits greatly change the environment of the oral cavity, and therefore influence colonization by oral commensal organisms, certainly including Candida spp. No previous study of Candida carriage by different age groups divided by dentition has been reported. This study supplies data on the geographical specificity of C. albicans genotypic subgroup distribution.Methods:  All test individuals came from a single geographical locale over a short period. Following mucosal swab sampling, CHROMagar Candida‐yeast differential media were used to determine the frequency of carriage and species. All C. albicans strains were confirmed by PCR and PCR using primers reported to span a transposable intron region in the 25S rRNA gene was used to determine genotypic subgroups.Results:  The results demonstrate that for the tested population, the frequency of Candida species and the distribution of C. albicans genotypic subgroups varied with age group. With increasing age, the frequency of C. albicans decreases, non‐C. albicans yeasts increases; Genotypic subgroup A is the dominating strain in the oral cavities of healthy young individuals.Conclusions:  The influence of dentition substitution on oral yeast carriage was minor.
The spin period—eccentricity relation of double neutron stars: evidence for weak supernova kicks?
Authors: Dewi J. D. M. , Podsiadlowski Ph. , Pols O. R. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Double neutron stars (DNSs), binary systems consisting of a radio pulsar and a generally undetected second neutron star (NS), have proven to be excellent laboratories for testing the theory of general relativity. The seven systems discovered in our Galaxy exhibit a remarkably well-defined relation between the pulsar spin period and the orbital eccentricity. Here we show, using a simple model where the pulsar is spun up by mass transfer from a helium star companion, that this relation can only be produced if the second neutron star received a kick that is substantially smaller (with a velocity dispersion of less than 50 km s−1) than the standard kick received by a single radio pulsar. This demonstrates that the kick mechanism depends on the evolutionary history of the NS progenitor and that the orbital parameters of DNSs are completely determined by the evolution in the preceding helium star–neutron star phase. This has important implications for estimating the rates of NS–NS mergers, one of the major potential astrophysical sources for the direct detection of gravitational waves, and for short-period gamma-ray bursts.
EVALUATING AND PREDICTING SURVEY EFFICIENCY USING GENERALIZABILITY THEORY
Authors: JOHNSON SANDRA , BELL JOHN F. 
Published: September 2005

A long‐term science performance monitoring program began in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland in 1980 with the first in an initial series of annual national sample surveys of the science performances of II‐, 13‐ and 15‐year‐old pupils. The assessment framework underlying this program is process‐oriented, consisting of a number of subcategories of science activity, some of which are assessed in practical mode. Pupils are randomly selected for testing according to a complex sampling scheme. Questions are also selected randomly to represent the various subcategories.From the start of this program, it was intended to appeal to generalizability theory for a suitable estimation paradigm, and in this paper some preliminary applications of G‐theory are described. The results of these applications would suggest that computerized question‐banking, domain‐sampling of questions, and G‐theory together provide a useful new technology for this kind of performance monitoring exercise. The issue of interpretability might still remain a problem, however, unless the question domains can be clearly defined, and can be reflected in the question pools with consistency over time.
A REJOINDER TO ALBANESE, “THE CORRECTION FOR GUESSING: A FURTHER ANALYSIS OF ANGOFF AND SCHRADER”
Authors: ANGOFF WILLIAM H. , SCHRADER WILLIAM B. 
Published: September 2005

Albanese is critical of the Angoff‐Schrader (1984) study for several reasons, mainly, the fact that it draws some of its data from volunteer student‐subjects. If this criticism is valid, and if we therefore decide to exclude all studies based on volunteer subjects, we necessarily discontinue virtually all experimentation. Albanese recognizes this, but offers no workable substitute for experimental studies. We find, on the other hand, no evidence that the use of volunteer subjects impaired the soundness of our conclusions.Albanese offers an index of his own construction for use in evaluating the Angoff‐Schrader data, and in applying it, comes to a different interpretation from that given by the authors. However, we find serious statistical flaws in his index when applied to our data. For example, we observe that when it is applied to small samples it yields uninterpretable results. After careful consideration of Albanese's reanalyses and interpretations, we stand firm in our original conclusion that formula scores are essentially invariant under different testing directions.
A Comparison of Three Variations on a Standard‐Setting Method
Authors: Norcini John J. , Lipner Rebecca S. , Langdon Lynn O. , Strecker Carolyn A. 
Published: September 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine whether two variations on the typical Angoff group standard‐setting process would produce sufficiently consistent results to recommend their use. Judgments obtained from a group of experts during a meeting were compared with judgments gathered from the same group before and after the meeting. The results indicate that differences between passing scores obtained with the three variations are relatively small, but those gathered before the meeting were less consistent than ratings gathered during and after the meeting. These results imply that judgments gathered after an initial traditional group‐process session can provide an efficient alternative mechanism for setting cutting scores using the Angoff method.This research was supported by The American Board of Internal Medicine, but does not necessarily reflect its opinions or policies.
Tunable Microelectromechanical Filters that Exploit Parametric Resonance
Authors: Rhoads Jeffrey F. , Shaw Steven W. , Turner Kimberly L. , Baskaran Rajashree 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Background: This paper describes an analytical study of a bandpass filter that is based on the dynamic response of electrostatically-driven MEMS oscillators. Method of Approach: Unlike most mechanical and electrical filters that rely on direct linear resonance for filtering, the MEM filter presented in this work employs parametric resonance. Results: While the use of parametric resonance improves some filtering characteristics, the introduction of parametric instabilities into the system does present some complications with regard to filtering. Conclusions: The aforementioned complications can be largely overcome by implementing a pair of MEM oscillators with tuning schemes and some processing logic to produce a highly effective bandpass filter.
What Can a Farm Animal Biography Accomplish? The Case of Portrait of a Burger as a Young Calf
Authors: Tsovel Ariel 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAgricultural reports and guides, nonhuman animal welfare studies, and animal rights reports attempt to document and convey the condition of nonhuman animals in agriculture. These disciplines tend to resist a prolonged and methodically versatile examination of individual animals. In his pioneer work, Lovenheim (2002), The author produced such a biographical documentation of calves in the dairy and meat industries. He provided an exceptionally prolonged and detailed tracing of their lives as individuals, establishing an emotional attachment in both documenter and reader. Yet, sentiments for the farmers, typical urban conceptions of communication with nonhuman animals, and difficulties in obtaining the relevant information limit Lovenheim's success and imply similar difficulties in other cases.
Changing Perspectives on Wildlife in Southern Africa, C.1840 to C.1914
Authors: Carruthers Jane 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis article analyzes how a number of writers in English articulated their attitudes toward southern Africa's indigenous mammal megafauna from c.1840 to just before the First World War. In changing contexts of declining wild animal numbers, it examines how attitudes and the expression of those attitudes—together with developments in biology—altered with the modernization of government and the economy. To some extent, it also explores the human and other values placed on certain species of animals, including ideas about extinction, notions of what constitutes "vermin," and evolving opinions on nature and environmental conservation. Some of the concerns discussed here include lines of thinking that continue, albeit much altered, into our own time.
Pigs and People: Sociological Perspectives on the Discipline of Nonhuman Animals in Intensive Confinement
Authors: Novek Joel 
Published: September 2005

AbstractHighly concentrated intensive confinement systems have become the norm in agriculture concerning nonhuman animals. These systems have provoked a lively debate from an animal welfare perspective. Sociologists can contribute to this debate by drawing parallels between the institutional regulation of human beings and of animals under confinement. Results of research on the transformation of Canadian hog production from the 1950s to the present—based on the evolution of plans for sow housing produced by the Canada Plan Service—showed a much tighter compression of hog bodies and reproduction in space and time. The prevalence of behavioral stereotypes, however, indicates imperfect animal socialization and reconfiguration. The concept of discipline is a useful perspective that could bridge the gap between the regulations of humans in industrial societies and of pigs in intensive confinement. This concept derived from elements of labor process and Foucauldian and post-humanist theories.
Validity of a Social Capital Measurement Tool in Vietnam
Authors: Thuy Huong Van Thi , Dewitt Darin , Harpham Trudy , Thu Huong Nguyen , Thap Long Tran , Thi Van Ha Nguyen , Tuan Tran , De Silva Mary 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAlthough there are now several instruments available to measure social capital in a quantitative manner, very few of them have been validated, and no published study has examined respondents' interpretation of the meaning of the questions. This article represents one of the first attempts to measure the validity of a quantitative social capital instrument. Young Lives is a study that includes quantitative measures of caregivers' social capital using the Short Adapted Social Capital Assessment Tool (Short A-SCAT). Vietnamese respondents' interpretations of questions on social capital were compared to the original intended meaning of the questions and to fieldworkers' interpretations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with two interpreters who were involved in translating the original questionnaire from English to Vietnamese, two supervisors and six interviewers. In-depth interviews were conducted with 24 female caregivers similar to the original respondents. Key concepts in social capital, like trust and sense of belonging, were interpreted similarly by all actors. Support was perceived narrowly by caregivers (limited to money and goods). Most problems arose from changes originating from translation from English to Vietnamese and by the changing nature of local political structures and how one refers to them. Overall validity appeared fairly high with a "correct interpretation" rate of 77 percent. There is now a valid tool for quickly and cheaply assessing social capital in a quantitative manner in Vietnam.
Bangladeshi Migrant Workers in Malaysia: The Construction of the "Others" in a Multi-Ethnic Context
Authors: Dannecker Petra 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis article concerns a dilemma that can be observed world-wide: nation-states are seeking to maximize the opportunities from economic globalization processes and transnational cooperation, and are simultaneously closing their doors to the forms of migration that these economic shifts have stimulated. In Malaysia, for example, migrant workers have contributed to the remarkable economic success, but are hardly ever mentioned in analyses of this "miracle economy". Due to economic restructuring and the economic downturns, migrants are increasingly treated as scapegoats for all kinds of problems Malaysia is facing. By analyzing the "Othering" of the Bangladeshi migrant community in Malaysia within this transformation process, it will be shown how through the interlocking aspects of movement and industrial growth concepts like national identity, citizenship and culture are getting challenged and renegotiated.