bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ecological study of caries experience, school performance and material deprivation in 5‐year‐old state primary school children
Authors: Muirhead Vanessa , Marcenes Wagner 
Published: July 2004

Abstract –  Aim:  To investigate whether measures of school performance and socioeconomic circumstances could be used as indicators of caries experience in 5‐year‐old Wandsworth state primary schoolchildren.Design:  An ecological study using aggregated caries data collected in the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry (BASCD) Oral Health Survey of 5‐year‐old children (2001), Jarman scores generated from national census data and matched by school postcodes (1991), school performance results in English, mathematics and Linguistic Awareness of Reading Readiness test (LARR; literacy) and free school meals recipient data from the Local Education Authority, Research and Evaluation Unit (2001).Setting:  State primary schools in the London borough of Wandsworth, UK.Subjects:  All 55 Wandsworth state primary schools including 1968 5‐year‐old pupils.Outcome measure: The school mean dmft score.Results:  Simple linear regression analysis demonstrated that school mean dmft was statistically significantly associated with all five explanatory variables: English (P = 0.001), mathematics (P = 0.002), LARR (P < 0.001), the percentage of children receiving free school meals (P < 0.001) and the school address Jarman score (P = 0.02). Stepwise multiple linear regression identified the LARR score and the percentage of children receiving free school meals as the strongest indicators of school mean dmft score explaining 41% of the variation in school mean dmft score.Conclusion:  Early school performance results in English, mathematics and LARR, the percentage of children receiving free school meals and school address Jarman scores were good indicators of school mean dmft scores in 5‐year‐old children in the Wandsworth state primary schools.
Can nonstandardized bitewing radiographs be used to assess the presence of alveolar bone loss in epidemiologic studies?
Authors: Merchant Anwar T. , Pitiphat Waranuch , Parker Jessica , Joshipura Kaumudi , Kellerman Mary , Douglass Chester W. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract –  Objective:  To compare periodontitis‐associated alveolar bone loss assessment by standardized and nonstandardized radiographs in clinical and epidemiologic studiesMethods:  Participants included 37 patients aged 21–66 years with prior nonstandardized bitewing radiographs scheduled to receive bitewing radiographs as part of their next routine dental care visit. Standardized bitewing radiographs were taken with a Rinn film holder to position the film in the mouth and align the X‐rays so that they were at 90° to the film. Before taking the radiograph the bite was registered in centric relation using a polyether impression material. One registered dental hygienist took and processed all the standardized radiographs. One dentist read all radiographs using a viewing box, magnifying lens, and periodontal probe with William's markings. Radiographic bone loss was measured to the closest millimeter at mesial and distal sites of the posterior teeth excluding third molars. The examining dentist was blinded to the participant's name, age, gender, or if the radiograph was standardized or nonstandardized.Results:  Mean bone loss (±SD) was similar in the standardized and nonstandardized groups (1.60 ± 0.72 mm versus 1.64 ± 0.85 mm), and the correlation was high (r=0.95). Periodontitis was defined as present if the participant had at least one site with 3, 4 and 5 mm bone loss. The Kappa statistics for concordance using these three cutoffs were good and ranged from 0.60 to 0.65. The sensitivity ranged from 72.7 to 80.8% and specificity from 88.5 to 90.9%.Conclusions:  Periodontitis assessed as mean alveolar bone loss or the prevalence of disease based on alveolar bone loss can be accurately and reliably evaluated from nonstandardized radiographs.
Caries decline in the primary dentition of Belgian children over 15 years
Authors: Carvalho J. C. , D'Hoore W. , Van Nieuwenhuysen J. P. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract –  Objectives:  (1) To investigate changes in caries prevalence in the primary dentition of children resident in Brussels, Belgium between 1983 and 1998, (2) to analyse associations between changes in caries and children's socioeconomic and ethnic aspects.Methods:  In the Brussels region, children in the first grade at the same schools were sampled in cohort 1983 (n=396) and cohort 1998 (n=473). Caries experience of Belgian and non‐Belgian nationals was summarized in dmf scores. The socioeconomic status of the children was established based on their parents’ education and profession. The children were categorized in eight subgroups in relation to their socioeconomic status, ethnic origin and cohort (SESEC subgroups).Results:  The percentage of caries‐free children increased significantly from 31.5% to 47.5%. A reduction was observed in the dmft scores from 3.9 to 2.3 (P < 0.001) and in the dmfs scores from 6.9 to 5.0 (P < 0.001). The odds ratio of being caries‐free was 2.5 times higher for privileged children and 2.3 times higher for children belonging to cohort 1998. The ancova analyses revealed that most of the SESEC subgroups showed significant reduction in dmft scores from 1983 to 1998 (P < 0.003).Conclusions:  Children resident in Brussels showed caries decline in their primary dentition over 15 years. Diversity in caries decline was associated with children's socioeconomic status and ethnic origin.
Complete dentures and oral health‐related quality of life – do coping styles matter?
Authors: Heydecke Guido , Tedesco Lisa A. , Kowalski Charles , Inglehart Marita R. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract –  Oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQOL) in edentulous patients with complete dentures is often impaired. This paper investigates the effect of different coping styles on OHRQOL.Purpose:  (a) To assess OHRQOL of edentulous patients with conventional complete dentures, and (b) to investigate if individual differences in these patients’ styles of coping with stress affect their OHRQOL.Materials and methods:  Data were collected from 249 fully edentulous patients with complete dentures (mean age: 66.0 years) who responded to a mailed survey (adjusted response rate: 48.8%). OHRQOL was measured with the 14‐item short form of the oral health impact profile (OHIP). Ratings of coping strategies were obtained using the 28‐item Brief COPE, an instrument measuring various styles of coping with stress. Linear regression analyses were used to explore the relationships between coping styles, background variables such as age, gender, income, and age of prosthesis, and the patients’ OHRQOL.Results:  About 35% of the respondents reported impacts from their oral conditions on their overall OHRQOL (OHIP‐14 total score) occasionally, fairly often, or often. Physical pain was even more prevalent, with 53.3% of the respondents reporting pain impacts. The linear regression model (P < 0.0001) explained 31.1% of the variation in the OHIP‐14 total score. The coping variables instrumental support, behavioral disengagement, substance abuse, denial, and religion were significant negative predictors of OHRQOL. Only emotional support was a significant positive predictor of OHRQOL.Conclusion:  Wearing conventional complete dentures has a significant impact on OHRQOL. This impact is moderated by the styles a patient uses to cope with stress. Using emotional support has a positive effect on OHRQOL, while other coping styles, namely instrumental support, behavioral disengagement, substance abuse, denial, and religion are significant negative predictors of OHRQOL.
Photochemotherapy inhibits angiogenesis and induces apoptosis of endothelial cells in vitro
Authors: Deng Hui , Yan Chun‐lin , Hu Yue , Xu Yu , Liao Kang‐huang 
Published: July 2004

Background: Photochemotherapy has long been used in the treatment of psoriasis; however, its mechanism has not been completely elucidated. Psoriasis is now regarded as an angiogenesis‐related disease. Recent studies indicated that the inhibition of angiogenesis by photochemotherapy could be an underlying mechanism. It was found that photochemotherapy can downregulate the expression of angiogenic factors in keratinocytes. However, the direct effect of photochemotherapy on endothelial cells has not been studied.Methods: In this study, we determined the effect of photochemotherapy on the proliferation of human microvascular endothelial cells through MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and cell cycle analysis. The migration assay and in vitro tube formation assay were used to investigate the migration properties and tube formation ability of human microvascular endothelial cells after psoralen plus UVA (PUVA) treatment. The apoptosis of endothelial cells elicited by photochemotherapy was also analyzed with fluorescence‐activated cell sorting analysis (FACS).Results: UVA (0.8–5.0 J/cm2) irradiation with the presence of 8‐methoxypsoralen (8‐MOP) (300 ng/ml) resulted in a dose‐dependent reduction in the cell viabilities of endothelial cells. FACS data showed an accumulation of cells in G0/G1 phase of cell cycle and apoptotic features of cell death after UVA irradiation with psoralen. The migration properties and tube formation ability of endothelial cells were dramatically inhibited by photochemotherapy.Conclusion: Our results showed that photochemotherapy inhibits angiogenesis and induces apoptosis of human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro, which may be a possible mechanism of photochemotherapy in the treatment of psoriasis.
In vivo measurement of 5‐aminolaevulinic acid‐induced protoporphyrin IX photobleaching: a comparison of red and blue light of various intensities
Authors: Nadeau Valerie , O'Dwyer Martin , Hamdan Khaled , Tait Iain , Padgett Miles 
Published: July 2004

Background: In recent years, 5‐aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) has become an increasingly popular photosensitizing drug for use in both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodetection (PD) of cancers. ALA metabolizes within tissue to form the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Like most photosensitizers, PpIX is fluorescent, and this fluorescence progressively decreases during PDT. This phenomenon is referred to as photobleaching.Aim: Our aim in carrying out this experiment was twofold: firstly, to compare the relative capacity of red and blue light to cause photobleaching; and secondly, to compare the capacity of a fixed light dose to cause photobleaching, when delivered at different intensities.Method: In this paper, we describe the implementation of a compact fluorescence spectrometer in monitoring the photobleaching of ALA‐induced PpIX in vivo on the skin of healthy volunteers.Results: We have been able to show that blue light causes more rapid photobleaching than red light, and that under illumination with red or blue light, delivery of a fixed light dose at a lower intensity results in more photobleaching.Conclusion: Comparison of the photobleaching rates suggests that a blue light intensity of 5 mW/cm2 gives the same rate of photobleaching as the typical red light PDT intensity of 100 mW/cm2. Further investigation of the correlation between PpIX photobleaching and PDT effect would be beneficial in interpreting the clinical significance of our findings.
Clinical and epidemiologic characterization of photosensitivity in HIV‐positive individuals
Authors: Bilu Donna , Mamelak Adam J. , Nguyen Ruby H.‐N. , Queiroz Pedro C. , Kowalski Jeanne , Morison Warwick L. , Martins Ciro R. 
Published: July 2004

Background: An increased prevalence and severity of cutaneous photosensitivity has been recognized in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, this disorder remains poorly characterized in terms of its epidemiology, predisposing factors, clinical, and environmental associations.Methods: To define the risk factors associated with the presence of photosensitivity among HIV‐positive individuals, a cross‐sectional study of 631 primary patient visits to an urban HIV Dermatology clinic between January 1997 and August 2001, inclusive, was conducted. A multivariate model was fit to estimate adjusted odds ratios for risk factors associated with photosensitivity diagnosis. Subsequently, a case‐series of the patients with photosensitivity was reported.Results: The overall prevalence of photosensitivity was 5.4%, while African‐Americans (AA) exhibited a prevalence of 7.3%. In the multivariate model, using highly active anti‐retroviral therapy (HAART) (OR=2.82, 95% CI: 1.13, 7.03) and being AA (OR=6.68, 95% CI: 1.56, 28.65) significantly increased the odds of photosensitivity. Patients with photosensitivity were more likely to present during periods of higher ultraviolet (UV) index (P=0.08). Two distinct clinical morphologies were noted: lichenoid and non‐lichenoid, eczematous. Sub‐morphologies in the non‐lichenoid group were suggestive of differences in immunologic profile and estimated UV exposure.Conclusion: Photosensitivity associated with HIV infection is an increasingly recognized dermatologic condition with a heterogeneous clinical presentation. AA ethnicity and HAART were independent indicators for the diagnosis of photosensitivity, whereas CD4+ and UV exposure had non‐significant associations. The subtleties in these and other clinical variables may directly aid in the recognition and diagnosis of this poorly characterized disorder.
Polymorphous light eruption (PLE) and a new potent antioxidant and UVA‐protective formulation as prophylaxis
Authors: Hadshiew I. M. , Treder‐Conrad C. , Bülow R. v. , Klette E. , Mann T. , Stäb F. , Moll I. , Rippke F. 
Published: July 2004

Background: Polymorphous light eruption (PLE) is the most common photodermatosis. While its etiology still remains elusive, pathogenesis seems to involve UVA‐induced oxidative stress and subsequent deregulation of antioxidative immune responses. Only few and often ineffective prophylactic and therapeutic measures exist to date.Methods: In our randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study, we compared the efficacy of a new topical formulation, consisting of 0.25%α‐glucosylrutin (AGR) (a natural, modified flavonoid), 1% tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) and a broad‐spectrum, highly UVA‐protective sunscreen (SPF 15) in a hydrodispersion gel vehicle, to a sunscreen‐only gel and vehicle. Thirty patients with a history of PLE were pretreated with either the above formulation, a similar preparation (with the same concentration for vitamin E and AGR, but a different UV filter system), placebo or a SPF 15 sunscreen‐only gel, 30 min prior to daily photoprovocation with UVA irradiations of 60–100 J/cm2 to 5 × 5 cm2 areas on the upper arms.Results: After 4 days, results revealed a statistically highly significant difference (P<0.001) between the antioxidant containing formulations and placebo, and sunscreen‐only formulation, respectively, in experimentally eliciting PLE. While only one patient developed clinical signs of PLE with accompanying itch in the area treated with the new antioxidant UV‐protective gel formulation, 62.1% of the placebo‐treated areas and 41.3% of the sunscreen‐only treated areas showed mild to moderate signs of PLE.Conclusion: Combining a potent antioxidant with a broad‐spectrum, highly UVA‐protective sunscreen is far more effective in preventing PLE than sunscreen alone or placebo and should thus be employed as the prophylaxis of choice for PLE.
Minimal erythema dose after multiple UV exposures depends on pre‐exposure skin pigmentation
Authors: Henriksen M. , Na R. , Ågren M.S. , Wulf H.C. 
Published: July 2004

Background/purpose: Phototherapy consists of multiple ultraviolet (UV) exposures. Most previous studies have focused on erythema following a single UV exposure in fair‐skinned persons. Although it is well known that phototherapy lowers the daily UV‐threshold dose for erythema in clinical practice, this is insufficiently documented under controlled experimental conditions. The purpose of this study was to quantify the change in the daily threshold for a dose specific erythema grade after 1–4 consecutive daily UV exposures.Methods: Forty‐nine healthy volunteers (skin type II–V) with varying pigmentation quantified by skin reflectance. Two UV sources were used: a narrowband UVB (Philips TL01) and a Solar Simulator (Solar Light Co.). Just perceptible erythema after 24 h was chosen as the minimal erythema dose (+); besides + and ++ were assessed.Results: We found a positive and significant exponential relationship between skin pigmentation and UV dose to elicit a specific erythema grade on the back after 1–4 UV exposures. After repetitive UV exposures the UV dose had to be lowered more in dark‐skinned persons compared with fair‐skinned persons to elicit a certain erythema grade. This applied to both UV sources and all erythema grades.Conclusion: In the dark‐skinned persons the daily UV dose after the 4 days UV exposure should be lowered by 40–50% to avoid burns compared with the single UV exposure. For the most fair‐skinned persons essentially no reduction in the daily UV dose was needed. Our results indicate that the pre‐exposure pigmentation level can guide the UV dosage in phototherapy.
No significant change of plasma β‐endorphin levels of psoriasis patients after synchronous balneophototherapy
Authors: Holló P. , Bender T. , Marschalkó M. , Gonzalez R. , Barna I. , Horváth A. 
Published: July 2004

Background/Purpose: Previous studies suggested that β‐endorphin has a pathogenic role in psoriasis: its increased plasma concentration may play a role in the neuroimmunological processes in the pathomechanism of the disease, and plasma β‐endorphin levels should reflect the changes in the patients' skin status. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of peripheral blood β‐endorphin levels in psoriatic patients in conjunction with changes in their skin symptoms after synchronous balneophototherapy.Methods: With synchronous balneophototherapy, 12 patients with extended skin symptoms of psoriasis were treated. The therapy followed the Regensburg protocol, consisting of a basic course of 35 sessions. Patients' skin status was characterized by evaluating the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score before and after the therapy course. Blood samples were taken before treatment, and 1 day after the last session, with symptom‐free skin. Plasma β‐endorphin levels were measured by a specific radioimmunoassay developed by the authors.Results: There was no significant change in plasma levels of β‐endorphin after clinical clearance of psoriatic skin symptoms.Conclusion: In this non‐randomized, uncontrolled study no significant difference could be detected between plasma β‐endorphin levels before and after a basic course of synchronous balneophototherapy in patients with psoriasis. Although β‐endorphin has many neuroimmunological effects, the changes of its plasma level do not consistently reflect the skin status. Inflammation in psoriatic skin lesions is probably not mediated directly by circulating β‐endorphin.
Specific Response of a Novel and Abundant
Lactobacillus amylovorus
-Like Phylotype to Dietary Prebiotics in the Guts of Weaning Piglets
Authors: Konstantinov Sergey R. , Awati Ajay , Smidt Hauke , Williams Barbara A. , Akkermans Antoon D. L. , de Vos Willem M. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT

Using 16S rRNA gene-based approaches, we analyzed the responses of ileal and colonic bacterial communities of weaning piglets to dietary addition of four fermentable carbohydrates (inulin, lactulose, wheat starch, and sugar beet pulp). An enriched diet and a control diet lacking these fermentable carbohydrates were fed to piglets for 4 days (
n
= 48), and 10 days (
n
= 48), and the lumen-associated microbiota were compared using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of amplified 16S rRNA genes. Bacterial diversities in the ileal and colonic samples were measured by assessing the number of DGGE bands and the Shannon index of diversity. A higher number of DGGE bands in the colon (24.2 ± 5.5) than in the ileum (9.7 ± 4.2) was observed in all samples. In addition, significantly higher diversity, as measured by DGGE fingerprint analysis, was detected in the colonic microbial community of weaning piglets fed the fermentable-carbohydrate-enriched diet for 10 days than in the control. Selected samples from the ileal and colonic lumens were also investigated using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and cloning and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. This revealed a prevalence of
Lactobacillus reuteri
in the ileum and
Lactobacillus amylovorus
-like populations in the ileum and the colon in the piglets fed with fermentable carbohydrates. Newly developed oligonucleotide probes targeting these phylotypes allowed their rapid detection and quantification in the ileum and colon by FISH. The results indicate that addition of fermentable carbohydrates supports the growth of specific lactobacilli in the ilea and colons of weaning piglets.
Purification and Characterization of Two Distinct Metalloproteases Secreted by the Entomopathogenic Bacterium
Photorhabdus
sp. Strain Az29
Authors: Cabral C. M. , Cherqui A. , Pereira A. , Simões N. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT

Photorhabdus
sp. strain Az29 is symbiotic with an Azorean nematode of the genus
Heterorhabditis
in a complex that is highly virulent to insects even at low temperatures. The virulence of the bacteria is mainly attributed to toxins and bacterial enzymes secreted during parasitism. The bacteria secrete proteases during growth, with a peak at the end of the exponential growth phase. Protease secretion was higher in cultures growing at lower temperatures. At 10°C the activity was highest and remained constant for over 7 days, whereas at 23 and 28°C it showed a steady decrease. Two proteases, PrtA and PrtS, that are produced in the growth medium were purified by liquid chromatography. PrtA was inhibited by 1,10-phenantroline and by EDTA and had a molecular mass of 56 kDa and an optimal activity at pH 9 and 50°C. Sequences of three peptides of PrtA showed strong homologies with alkaline metalloproteases from
Photorhabdus temperata
K122 and
Photorhabdus luminescens
W14. Peptide PrtA-36 contained the residues characteristic of metzincins, known to be involved in bacterial virulence. In vitro, PrtA inhibited antibacterial factors of inoculated Lepidoptera and of cecropins A and B. PrtS had a molecular mass of 38 kDa and was inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline but not by EDTA. Its activity ranged between 10 and 80°C and was optimal at pH 7 and 50°C. PrtS also destroyed insect antibacterial factors. Three fragments of PrtS showed homology with a putative metalloprotease of
P. luminescens
TTO1. Polyclonal antibody raised against PrtA did not recognize PrtS, showing they are distinct molecules.
Ambiguities in Kreitton logos?
Authors:   Papageorgiou
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn the Agon of Aristophanes' Clouds, Pheidippides has to choose Kreitton logos or Hetton logos in order to get the proper education at Socrates' thinking-shop. Kreitton logos's account is a praise of old-time education. He praises courage, endurance and hard work but at the same time his account is full of sexual remarks. In an influential discussion, Dover found a paradox at the heart of Kreitton logos's account: "Kreitton logos is obsessed with boys' genitals", according to Dover. In this article, I shall argue that in the context of archaic and classical Greece desire is compatible with temperance, and, accordingly, that the message of the speaker is not undermined by the copious references to sex. Using evidence from the orators, as well as philosophical texts, I argue that the call for temperance is not subverted by the lurid details, and that Kreitton logos's account can be seen as a call for modesty and self-control. I also question the approach to characterization in comedy underlying interpretations which see Kreitton logos's account as subverted by the dramatist.