bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the ICare® rebound tonometer with the Goldmann tonometer in a normal population
Authors: Fernandes P. , Díaz‐Rey J. A. , Queirós A. , Gonzalez‐Meijome J. M. , Jorge J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) using a new induction/impact rebound tonometer (ICare®) in comparison with the Goldmann applanation tonometer (AT).The left eyes of 46 university students were assessed with the two tonometers, with induction tonometry being performed first. The ICare® was handled by an optometrist and the Goldmann tonometer by an ophthalmologist.In this study, statistically significant differences were found when comparing the ICare® rebound tonometer with applanation tonometry (AT) (p < 0.05). The mean difference between the two tonometers was 1.34 ± 2.03 mmHg (mean ± S.D.) and the 95% limits of agreement were ±3.98 mmHg. A frequency distribution of the differences demonstrated that in more than 80% of cases the IOP readings differed by <3 mmHg between the ICare® and the AT.In the present population the ICare® overestimates the IOP value by 1.34 mmHg on average when compared with Goldmann tonometer. Nevertheless, the ICare® tonometer may be helpful as a screening tool when Goldmann applanation tonometry is not applicable or not recommended, as it is able to estimate IOP within a range of ±3.00 mmHg in more than 80% of the population.
Interacciones Planta‐Nodriza en Lophophora diffusa (Cactaceae) en un Desierto Subtropical de México1
Authors: Zúñiga Bertha , Malda Guadalupe , Suzán Humberto 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTOne of the two species from the genus Lophophora is the false peyote Lophophora diffusa, an endemic cactus species of the xerophytic shrubland at Querétaro, México, considered threatened from illegal extraction due to its hallucinogenic and medicinal properties. We analyzed the spatial distribution of L. diffusa and its association with the locally dominant shrub species with the system SADIE (Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs). We also studied the principal microclimatic factors (light, temperature, and humidity) beneath the canopy of the possible nurse plant species. The use of SADIE is a new approach to study the mechanisms of spatial distribution. Lophophora diffusa and the shrub species presented an aggregated distribution with patches and gaps, as indicated by the values of Ia= 4.179 for L. diffusa and Ia= 1.660 for the vegetation. Lophophora diffusa was positively associated with the arboreal vegetation, particularly with Larrea tridentata and Acacia sororia, but was negatively associated with Celtis pallida and Myrtillocactus geometrizans. Microclimate evaluation indicated that C. pallida canopy significantly reduced radiation and temperature compared to the other species (L. tridentata, A.sororia y P. laevigata). We had expected L. diffusa to exhibit a positive spatial association with C. pallida; however, the reduction in light availability apparently limited seedling establishment of L. diffusa.
Microbial Biomass, Respiration, and Decomposition of Hura crepitans L. (Euphorbiaceae) Leaves in a Tropical Stream1
Authors: Abelho Manuela , Cressa Claudia , Graça Manuel A. S. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe processing of leaves in temperate streams has been the subject of numerous studies but equivalent tropical ecosystems have received little attention. We investigated leaf breakdown of a tropical tree species (Hura crepitans, Euphorbiaceae), in a tropical stream using leaf bags (0.5 mm mesh) over a period of 24 days. We followed the loss of mass and the changes in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations and respiration rates associated with the decomposing leaves. The breakdown rate was fast (k=−0.0672/d, kd=−0.0031/degree‐day), with 81 percent loss of the initial mass within 24 days. This high rate was probably related to the stable and high water temperature (22°C) favoring strong biological activity. Respiration rates increased until day 16 (1.1 mg O2/h/g AFDM), but maximum ATP concentrations were attained at day 9 (725 nmol ATP/g AFDM) when leaf mass remaining was 52 percent. To determine the relative importance of fungi and bacteria during leaf decomposition, ATP concentrations, and respiration rates were determined in samples treated with antibiotics, after incubation in the stream. The results of the samples treated with the antifungal or the bacterial antibiotic suggest a higher contribution of the fungal community for total microbial biomass and a higher contribution of the bacterial community for microbial respiration rates, especially during the later stages of leaf decomposition. However, these results should be analyzed with caution since both antibacterial and antifungal agents did not totally eliminate microbial activity and biomass.
Foliage Density of Branches and Distribution of Plant‐Dwelling Spiders1
Authors: De Souza Andréa Lúcia Teixeira , Martins Rogério Parentoni 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTWe compared the abundance of foliage‐living spiders among seven widespread plant species comprising a gradient of levels of structural complexity in a tropical savannah‐like region in southeastern Brazil. Spider abundance among plant species was positively related to the foliage density of their branches. A field experiment using artificial branches was carried out to isolate foliage density effects on spider abundance, thus controlling both biomass and texture effects. Artificial branches were attached to branches of three plant species with similar foliage density, Baccharis dracunculifolia, Diplusodon virgatus, and Microlicia fasciculata. Two treatments were set up: artificial branches with higher foliage density attracted more spiders than those with lower foliage density. The guild structure of hunting spiders was compared among vegetative branches of three plant species with different levels of foliage density: B. dracunculifolia, D. virgatus, and Bidens gardneri. Stalker, and ambusher spiders were more abundant on branches of B. dracunculifolia, which had the highest foliage density. Foliage‐runners constituted the dominant guild on D. virgatus and B. gardneri, which have lower foliage density branches. Our results suggest that branch architecture is the most important factor determining the abundance of plant‐dwelling spiders in the study area independently of branch biomass, leaf surface area or texture.
The Influence of Ants on the Foraging Behavior of Birds in an Agroforest1
Authors: Philpott Stacy M. , Greenberg Russell , Bichier Peter 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTAnts limit bird foraging success via interference or exploitative competition. We compared bird foraging (number and duration of visits, bird species visiting) on ant (Azteca instabilis)‐infested and ant‐free tropical trees (Inga michelianaandAlchornea latifolia). Ants did not affect the number of bird visits or the number of species visiting. Ant presence shortened visit duration (overall and for insectivores) only onA. latifoliawhere ant activity was higher. Ants may thus hinder bird foraging on some tropical trees potentially shaping how predators affect arthropod communities; yet ant effects depend on bird foraging guild and ant activity.
Some Developmental Correlates of Scarcity
Authors: Williams Lawrence K. 
Published: August 2005

Investigating the 'culture of poverty' is currently in vogue. Given the recent focus on the poor within the United States, the values, family structure, and behavior of the poor are being examined and re-examined. If nothing else, this activity seems to be uncovering the fact that the poor in the United States are not unlike the poor of many other cultures. Most of the research has been, and is, centered on the adult; in particular, on the discrepancies between the adult poor and the 'Protestant ethic' middle class society as it is reflected, if not in the reality of the middle class itself, at least in the mind of the reseacher. This paper explores the development and maintenance of the value system associated with the poor by focusing on the concept of scarcity.2 Further, it attempts to explain the transmission of these values through child-training activities; that is, to dig beneath the vague concept of socialization. The base for the research reported here is in Peru. Learning theory models are examined, along with more anthropological and sociological perspectives. The essential elements for combining these diverse viewpoints involve the concepts of predictability and control of the environment.
Political Sociology in the United States: A Case Study of Theoretical Change and Continuity
Authors: Wasburn Philo C. 
Published: August 2005

Political sociology is viewed as an interdisciplinary hybrid rather than as a subfield of sociology. Nevertheless, some of the basic features of research in political sociology conducted in the United States are those characteristic of American sociology in general. American political sociology has emphasized social-psychological research and has focused on the conditions of the stability of Western political democracies. These and certain other related orientations have handicapped the analysis of protest, violence, change and the political development of non-industrial societies. Confronted by the spectre of worldwide vehement political protest, conflict and change, political sociology seems likely to develop new paradigms to deal with such phenomena. Such paradigms may direct greater attention to the works of anthropologists, economists and traditional political scientists. The paradoxical result would be that American political sociology would appear to become increasingly interdisciplinary while actually establishing itself more firmly within the intellectual tradition within which Western sociology originated.
Interaction in Violence
Authors: Shoham S. Giora , Ben-David Sarah , Rahav Giora 
Published: August 2005

The aim of the study is the examination of the actual process of eruption of the violent act. The study, therefore, concentrates on a stimulus-response interaction and examines the nature of the provocation, the nature of the reaction, and the relationship between the two factors. These three components constitute one cycle, and each cycle acts as a stimulus to the subsequent one. If the first cycle of interaction is not clear to the parties, the interaction will tend to escalate in its intensity until the meaning of Alter's action is clarified; then, if it is perceived as provoking it could erupt into violence. Or, if Alter's meaning was finally defined by Ego as neutral or friendly, the tension will subside and jocular friendship might ensue. However, if the interaction is still ambiguous, the initial cycles might be forgotten, and the subsequent cycles, even if ambiguous, will be defined as provoking, and violence may erupt.
Has the Research Challenge to Motivation—Hygiene Theory Been Conclusive? An Analysis of Critical Studies
Authors: Grigaliunas Ben , Wiener Yoash 
Published: August 2005

Since its publication, Motivation-Hygiene (M-H) theory (Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman, 1959) has made a wide impact on the field of job attitudes and motivation. The theory with its implications has produced a large following of proponents as well as a significant number of critics and has created a major controversy in the history of Industrial Psychology. In 1967, Whitsett and Winslow attempted a detailed analysis of research studies critical to M-H theory. They pointed out that many investigations were characterized by methodological flaws, misrepresentation of results and gross misunderstanding of M-H theory. In the last several years, the number of critical articles has not declined. Some old flaws, pointed out by Whitsett and Winslow, have persisted and new issues have emerged. Many of the critical studies have concluded that M-H theory is not valid. Korman (1971), discussing it in a textbook, stated: 'Conclusions by Dunnette, Campbell, and Hakel (1967) based on their work, as well as that of Ewen, et al. (1966), among others, seem to have effectively laid the Herzberg theory to rest in terms of the degree to which it is supported by well-designed studies.' (p. 149).
Majority and Minority Perceptions and Behavior in Cross-Cultural Teams
Authors: Webber Ross A. 
Published: August 2005

Four hundred and fifty-six students were constituted into 1 14 four-person cross-cultural teams in which the three man majority in each group were American White Males. An American White Female, American Black Male or Foreign Male was the single minority member. After 13 weeks of joint tasks, data on roles claimed for self and attributed to others were collected by questionnaire and essay. Interviews supplemented the questionnaire. The American White Male majority claimed task leadership for themselves or attributed it to other AWM's. They perceived all minorities as generally following and contributing relatively little. In turn, most minority members did not claim leadership. Those few that did strive for leadership were usually rejected. American White Females tended to respond with complementary stereotypic behavior: they were relatively passive, claimed non-leadership, adhered to group norms and were cooperative. In contrast, American Black, European and Latin American Males tended to violate group norms and frequently to withdraw from the team. Japanese males remained active in their groups and tried to conform but were sometimes excluded by the majority.
Child Rearing and Education in the Synanon School
Authors: Gould Edward 
Published: August 2005

This paper proposes to examine in some depth Synanon's innovative experiment in collective child rearing and education. A detailed description of the Synanon School is presented, including its history and development, organization, and census data on its 200 resident children by age, sex, race, and time in Synanon. The school's functioning is discussed with special emphasis on the following areas: (a) Synanon as a new, emerging self-contained community with its own life style and value system; (b) The educational concepts and philosophical tenets which underly Synanon, its school curriculum and practices; (c) Synanon's unique and extensive use of small group processes to foster change at the individual, social, and institutional levels; (d) Its child rearing practices, role of parents, utilization of many adults as parenting figures, and socialization techniques that rely extensively on peer group influences. Frequent references are made to the Israeli Kibbutz system as an analagous model for communal child rearing and education. Differences and similarities between Synanon's emerging 'Community Parenting' model and the Kibbutz system are pointed out. Questions are also raised as to possible strengths and weakness of Synanon's approach to collective child rearing. The paper concludes with some observations on the significance and implications of Synanon's 'in vivo' experiment in alternative models of social organization, child rearing and education.
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich: A Study of the Structural Requisites of Organization
Authors: McDonough John J. 
Published: August 2005

The paper utilizes Solzhenitsyn's novel, One day in the life of Ivan Denisovich, to portray the operation of organization structure at its least understood level as a psychological artifact. The novel provides a rare opportunity to observe structure 'in action' at the level of the organizing scheme employed by the central character, Shukhov, in his quest for survival. The unencumbered view of structure in operation as a psychological artifact leads to an understanding of the paradox which organization structure presents to organization analysts and theoreticians. The principal source of the paradox lies in an understanding of the transformation process which structure performs at the psychological level. The organizing power of structure lies in its ability to reduce a complex field of relationships into a manageable set of objects and categories. In the process of this transformation the very medium of thought is altered in a way that, by definition, obscures the field of relationships whose interplay defines the basic structural requisites of the situation. As a result, our understanding of structure either in relation to a given situation or as a phenomenon is distorted by the fact that it is the form which structure takes rather than the substantive function which it performs which draws our attention. The paper concludes with the argument that an understanding of this paradox takes the mystique out of structure and provides the first step in the development of a conceptual scheme which will provide a basis for the more systematic study of structure.
A Boolean Analysis of Interpersonal Perception
Authors: Alperson Burton L. 
Published: August 2005

Laing, Phillipson, and Lee (1966) have developed an ingenious technique, the Interpersonal Perception Method (IPM), for the determination of the degree to which the members of a dyad agree on important issues, understand one another, feel understood, and realize the understanding of the other member. Unfortunately, a number of problems make it unlikely that the potential of the IPM will be realized: (a) it is nearly impossible to avoid getting tangled in complex semantics, (b) relationships among terms are obscure, (c) derivation of terms is completely intuitive and sometimes ambiguous, and (d) scoring procedures are tedious and difficult. Boolean analysis of the IPM makes its truth-functional structure explicit. In so doing it removes the need for intuitive derivations of terms; it clarifies the structure of IPM relation ships; it substantially reduces scoring efforts; and it provides a logical and rigorous substructure for the IPM which allows it to be developed as a general method for the study of interpersonal phenomenology. The analysis also reveals that of the 30 original IPM determinations, 15 are either redundant or superfluous. Boolean analysis makes the IPM readily adaptable to a wide variety of investigations. A general technique for the derivation of terms is demonstrated and a sample set of determinations for evaluation of marital therapy is derived.
Explaining Deviant Behaviour: The Social Context Of `Action' and `Infraction' Accounts in the Probation Service
Authors: Hardiker Pauline , Webb David 
Published: August 2005

The most familiar sociological image of the probation officer sees him firmly committed to some variant of a psycho-pathological view of deviancy in which both society and volition are disregarded. It was from this assumption that the research sprang, the purpose being to examine the treatment ideologies held by probation officers. But from focussed interviews, it was clear that explanations of deviancy offered by the probation officers were wider than anticipated, encompassing both determinist and voluntarist accounts of behaviour. It is suggested that the structural context of probation work - utilitarian justice and casework treatment notions - creates more `space' for offering a greater variety of explanations than has often been appreciated. And, in offering these explanations probation officers do not necessarily reinterpret their clients' accounts which were sometimes accepted and at other times rejected. How the cases were explained appears to depend on the circumstances of the case. The more serious the offender's criminal history or his personal or social problems, the more likely it was that the probation officer thought in determinist terms offering an `action' account. But equally, the respondents recognised the sometimes voluntary nature .4 delinquency, though this was generally in less serious cases.
Vertical Mobility in Britain: A Structured Analysis
Authors: Hope Keith 
Published: August 2005

Earlier work (Hope, 1974, 1975a) demonstrated `no change' in social mobility between the Glass inquiry of 1949 and the Oxford inquiry of 1972. However the mobility investigated was that known as exchange mobility (other synonyms being pure, perfect, fluidity and circulation mobility), which is defined as departure of observed mobility from perfect mobility. When the man in the street speaks of mobility he usually means something much more specific, namely mobility up or down a vertical hierarchy. The present paper investigates the meaning of perfect mobility by disaggregating the model for it into discrete, additive components, and it shows how the vertical dimension may be represented in a mobility analysis by just one of the many degrees of freedom which are associated with exchange mobility. Implications for comparative analysis, and also for investigation of the relations between vertical and class mobility, are discussed. The theoretical developments of this paper stem from the apparently novel observation that the `additive model' of status inconsistency analysis is formally identical with the `perfect mobility' model of social mobility analysis.
Social Policy, Social Administration and the Social Construction of Welfare
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: August 2005

Teaching and research in social administration have been dominated by the study of the public social services. Some of the limitations of this approach have been exposed by the perpetuation and growth of inequality in welfare state societies. Existing conceptions of social policy do not provide an adequate framework for the study of the social production and exploitation of inequality. The tendency to equate social policy with the institutionalized welfare state has reinforced the insular tendencies in British social administration, overemphasized the importance of government in the distribution of resources and fostered a false image of the benevolent state as the embodiment of welfare principles. Alternative definitions of social policy are needed to ensure that the analysis of welfare is more comprehensive than that carried out so far within the framework of social administration. It is argued that the essential aspect of social policies are their distributional implications or outcomes. Social policies may be made implicitly or explicitly, by a wide range of social institutions and groups, including the state. The task of social policy analysis is to evaluate the distributional impact of existing policies and proposals and the rationales underlying them. In such analyses attention will be focussed less on the problems of individuals or clients, than on the behaviour of organizations, professions and classes in order to balance descriptions of the institutional framework through which the welfare state is administered with analysis of the social production and maintenance of inequality. Unless social policy teaching and research adapts its tools and methods to take account of these social factors it is likely to become increasingly detached from the real world of social welfare.
Teaching Ethnographic Data Analysis on Postgraduate Courses in Sociology
Authors: Halfpenny Peter 
Published: August 2005

To appreciate the analytic issues posed by ethnographic data, students must be taught to set those issues against the sociological approach within which the analysis is embedded, for sociology is a pluralistic discipline characterized by many different approaches and the meaning and importance of analytic techniques differ across approaches. Some of the approach-based differences in the analysis of ethnographic data are briefly described. Three different teaching methods and four different objectives in research methods courses are identified. Time constraints on postgraduate courses and the deficiencies of undergraduate research methods training strongly suggest that the teaching method most remote from real research be adopted in pursuit of the most limited objective. Yet, it is argued, this suggestion should be resisted in favour of the teaching method that actively engages students in, and thereby gives them the ability to do, independent research.