bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eggs
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The biology of eggs and egglaying is perhaps as complicated as anything that animals do. The oology of birds and their close relatives is more complex than that of most animals because birds’ eggs are shelled. As a consequence, birds are freed of certain constraints, although they must attend to a range of others that are insignificant to most animals. The aggregate body of knowledge pertaining to birds’ eggs is considerable, and a good fraction of it has to do with their shells, to which a major part of this chapter will testify.
The brood reduction strategy
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The material discussed in Chapter 18 outlines the considerable range of environ mental variables that influence reproductive success. Two variables, clutch size and mortality of eggs, prove to be critical factors in reproductive success. Columba livia has a practically invariant clutch size of two eggs (Chapter 6), which sets an obviously low maximum to the number of offspring that can be reared at any one nesting effort. But this limit has an interesting corollary: the variance in reproductive success is not great relative to average reproductive success, a point considered later in this chapter. When nestling mortality occurs, the normal brood is reduced to one or zero.
Pigeon colonies
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feral pigeon pairs may nest alone, sometimes at good distances from other pairs, and they may nest in groups. Using even restrictive definitions of coloniality that require nesting pairs to be close to one another, generally to feed outside the nesting area, and to be organized by a number of social and flock-organized phenomena (e.g., Kharitonov and Siegel-Causey 1988), feral pigeons are straight forward colonial birds. That ferals can also nest singly, widely dispersed from other pairs, simply means that colonial behavior is not obligatory for ferals, along with the other species subsumed in the epigraph above.
Abundance and density
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The numbers of pigeons in cities are difficult to estimate. But, estimates are likely to be proportional to actual numbers, and they have relative utility, as in comparing abundance in various parts of a city. Big cities usually have larger populations of pigeons than smaller cities (e.g. Gorski and G6rska 1979). But, such a relationship may well be violated, even though feral pigeons are known to have strong commensal ties to humans. Speirs et al. (1970) present data showing that presence of pigeons may depend only vaguely on the human population and commercial structure of a town.
Heavy metals and other pollutants
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two broad categories of factors of the physical environment can be recognized. The first, climatic or weather factors are importantly associated with events during breeding, wintering, commuting, feeding, and so forth. All such factors- temperature, photoperiod, wind, rainfall, humidity, etc.-have been reviewed in earlier chapters. The aim of this chapter is to discuss a second group of environ mental factors, which, in the general scheme of things, are called pollutants. Although they are products of human activity, we decided to give them space in a special chapter, because they significantly impact the lives of feral pigeons; there is, as a consequence, a considerable literature on the subject.
Nonhomogeneous dynamical systems
Authors: Sandefur James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let’s reconsider our study of savings accounts. The affine dynamical system escribes a savings account paying 100I per cent interest, compounded annually, in which we add an additional b dollars each year. In reality, our salary will hopefully be increasing, so each year we will be able to add more money to our savings account than we did the previous year. To study this, we need to consider dynamical systems in which we do not add a constant b, but instead add an amount that is a function of time, that is, dynamical systems of the form This is called a first-order nonhomogeneous dynamical system.
Introduction
Authors: Moore Janice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here we have the stuff of science fiction: Alien beings enter hosts and twist host behavior to sinister purposes This literary device has been used by many writers as a vehicle for exploring the nature of free will and the value of independent behavior. The thought of some slimy, abhorrent glob inhabiting one’s body (the aliens rarely look like Greek gods) can also be trusted to evoke a mixture of loathing, disgust, and alarm in the reader, thereby making the story that much more engrossing.
Life Cycles: Blueprints For R
0
Authors: Moore Janice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If parasite transmission, avoidance, or resistance are processes that greatly influence R0, then parasite life cycles are the blueprints of those processes, the keys to understanding when and how transmission happens, when and how it can be avoided. Because the purpose of this chapter is to enhance appreciation of parasitological phenomena that subtend behavioral aspects of the Basic Model, it is organized according to modes of transmission.
Behavioral Alterations and Avoiding Parasites
Authors: Moore Janice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you are ever in India or Nepal during the fly season and have occasion to watch captive elephants (of the sort that take tourists into the jungle), you may have the opportunity to see yet another kind of behavior imposed by the presence of parasites. Elephants that swat their backs and sides with branches are not performing stereotypic behavior out of boredom. They are not necessarily cooling themselves. They are using tools to repel blood-feeding flies (fig. 4.1). Switching intensifies with fly activity, and elephants that are given branches can reduce median fly count by almost half (Hart and Hart 1994).
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Moore Janice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of parasites and host behavior is a field that is overdue some attention. This may seem like a strange comment as we squint through the dust flurries, not yet settled, surrounding Hamilton and Zuk’s (1982) suggestion that parasites should influence mate selection. It is true that the proposal of that hypothesis set off something akin to a scientific stampede. The resulting literature was rich and exposed new questions and new ways to look at mate selection.
The Neurobiology of Disturbances of the Self Autonoetic Agnosia in Schizophrenia
Authors: Keefe Richard S E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phenomenology of Autonoetic Agnosia in Schizophrenia
The characteristics that embody the self are so broad that it is difficult to reach consensus on a circumscribed definition of self. According to Webster’s American Collegiate Dictionary, the definition of the self is “the union of elements (as body, emotions, thoughts, and sensations) that constitute the individuality and identity of a person.” In this sense, individuality refers to the quality or state of being indivisible, as well as having a separate and distinct existence from others. Thus, one of the primary features of the self is an embodiment of what is intemal, as distinguished from what is external to it.
Impaired Insight in Schizophrenia Advances from Psychosocial Treatment Research
Authors: Lysaker Paul H , Bell Morris D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lack of insight or unawareness of illness has long been observed in individuals with schizophrenia (Wilson, Ban & Guy, 1986; Greenfield, Strauss, Bowers, & Mandelkern, 1989). It represents a puzzling phenomenon in which patients, despite all evidence to the contrary, appear not to know they are ill and behave in a manner grossly inconsistent with their own best interests. For example, such a patient may tell his clinicians he has no symptoms, enjoys life, and needs no medication despite the fact that he lives in perpetual fear of an anonymous assassin, has no friends, is unable to work, and appears sleepless, unkempt, and malnourished.
Extinction Patterns In The North American Pleistocene Herpetofauana
Authors: Holman J Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “why” of the extinction of mammalian fantilies, genera, and species-and to a somewhat lesser extent, bird taxa-during and at the end of the Pleistocene has been a hotly debated issue in recent decades (e.g., Martin and Wright, 1967; Kurten and Anderson, 1980; Martin and Klein, 1984). The general impression among paleoherpetologists, however, is that the continental North American herpetofauna has been in a sort of “holding pattern” for the past 1.9 million years (Holman, 1991b).The truth of the matter is that many paleoherpetologists choose not to study Pleistocene amphibians and reptiles because they think there is not much exciting to learn. On the contrary, it would seem that if this herpetological stability in the face of Pleistocene changes is really true, the question “What attributes have allowed the herpetofauna to survive the stresses that have caused dramatic extinctions in other classes during the Pleistocene?” is an extremely provocative one. We shall first consider extinction patterns in continental North America (excluding Mexico) based on an analysis of the 170 faunas detailed in this book thus far. This will include a short discussion of the validity of some of the Pleistocene herpetological taxa that are currently considered to be extinct. Then we shall discuss some possible modifications of what we call the “Pleistocene herpetological stability concept,” and finally we will address “whys” of this proposed stability and possible future areas of study.
Modeling Interactions of Carbon Dioxide, Forests, and Climate
Authors: Luxmoore Robert J , Baldocchi Dennis D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 levels are rising, forests are responding, and climate is changing. This combination of facts and premises may be evaluated on a range of temporal and spatial scales with the aid of computer simulators describing the interrelationships among forest vegetation, litter and soil characteristics, and meteorological variables. In this chapter, some insights into the effects of climate on the transfer of carbon and the converse, effects of carbon transfer on climate, are offered as a basis for assessing the significance of feedbacks between vegetation and climate under conditions of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration.
Vegetation Geography and Global Carbon Storage Changes
Authors: Prentice I Colin , Sykes Martin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The terrestrial biosphere currently stores”“ 560 petagrams (Pg) (=1015 g) carbon in plant biomass and a further”“ 1500 Pg carbon in soil organic matter (these and other figures in this paragraph are from W. H. Schlesinger 1991 and are representative of values in the current literature). Residence times of this carbon range widely, from &lt;1 year for deciduous leaves and fine roots to &gt;1000 years for refractory soil compounds. About 120 Pg carbon are taken up from the atmosphere annually through (gross) primary production, and a similar amount is returned to the atmosphere through autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration. These annual fluxes amount to a considerable fraction of the 720 Pg carbon currently in the atmosphere. Atmospheric CO2 takes centuries to equilibrate with the large reservoir of carbon in the ocean; thus, any consistent trend in the annual balance of primary production and respiration (net ecosystem production [NEP]) can significantly influence the evolution of atmospheric CO2 over the time scales of global change.
Will the Warming Speed the Warming?
Authors: Woodwell George M , Mackenzie Fred T , Houghton R A , Apps Michael J , Gorham Eville , Davidson Eric A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A significant body of experience, much of it summarized in the preceding chapters, suggests that there are mechanisms entrained by a change in global climate that tend to increase the trend of temperature change, whatever the trend and its original cause may be. In the case of a warming, there is a possibility that the warming itself may cause a series of further changes in the earth that will speed the warming. If so, what are the mechanisms involved and how seriously might our current appraisals of the speed and severity of the warming be in error? Will the warming speed the warming? If so, for how long and by how much? The global climatic system involves a complicated array of primary and secondary causes that influence global temperature and many other climatic factors.
Passion and Reason
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Passion and Reason, Lazarus draws on his four decades of pioneering research to bring readers the first book to move beyond both clinical jargon and feel-good’ popular psychology. In plain, accessible language, Lazarus explains how emotions are aroused, how they are managed, and how they critically shape our views of ourselves and the world around us. Dr Lazarus explores the latest findings on the short and long-term causes and effects of various emotions, including the often conflicting research on stress management and links between negative emotions and heart disease, cancer, and other aspects of physical and psychological health.
The Nasty Emotions: Anger, Envy, and Jealousy
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anger, Envy, And Jealousy are among the most powerful and socially troublesome emotions. It is fitting, therefore, that we begin with this trio. We call them the nasty emotions because to some extent all share a desire to harm others, or oneself, and so may lead to all sorts of problems for individuals, their community, and our society at large.
Coping and the Self-Management of Emotion
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter Is Dedicated to coping because it is so central to our health and daily experiences. Coping shapes our emotions, but its most important function is to manage those emotions once aroused, as well as the sometimes troubling situations that provoke them. Coping is what we do and think in an effort to manage stress and the emotions associated with it whether or not these efforts are successful. In other words, even if we fail at a coping task, a great deal of energy, thought, and action has gone into it. When a goal has been blocked or its integrity threatened, people struggle to prevent the harm from happening or to overcome it. If nothing can be done, they work hard to accept and deal with the reality, and get on with their lives.
Final Thoughts
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Our Introduction we emphasized two themes. The first is that emotions are a product of personal meanings that depend on what is important to us-in other words, our commitments-and what we believe about our selves and the world in which we live. The second is that each emotion has its own dramatic plot or story, defined by the personal meanings we give to an experience. To understand our emotions requires that we know these plots. Throughout the book we have elaborated on these themes, enlarged them, and looked at additional issues and features of emotions, providing case histories to concretize what we have been saying.
The Scope of Cognitive Science
Authors: Dodwell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Picturing the nature of self and mind has always been at the forefront of human inquiry, the earliest myths and legends gradually yielding to rational thought and eventually to scientific investigation. In its most recent version this enterprise is now called cognitive science.
Inquiries into the human condition have always been polarized into two camps. On the one hand are the passionate advocates of humanity’s special status at the pinnacle of creation, seeing man as a being of freedom and unbounded creative potential—the idealistic view.
Mathematics and the Mind
Authors: Dodwell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 6 we had an example of how a mathematical model can form the basis for a theory of perception, perhaps of more general aspects of cognition also. But the existence of mathematics and mathematical thinking has another and even more fundamental bearing on our inquiry. The existence of mathematics and mathematical thinking in fact pose prodigious problems for cognitive science, especially as this is expressed in the standard model. On the one hand mathematics can be seen as a pure product of human creativity, but on the other it gives us a uniquely powerful means of coming to grips with the natural world. It is in us, but it also binds us to what is external to our conscious mentation. So, mathematics and mathematical thinking can, and must, play a very special role in any attempt to understand cognition, not least in the business of trying to identify cognitive activity with brain processes. Hence, this whole chapter is devoted to the topic—and it will again assume a prominent place in the final chapter.
Brain Damage in Aphasia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By definition, aphasia is the result of brain damage; therefore, a neuropathology of aphasia exists. Both the type of pathology and the location of the brain lesion are significant to the clinicians caring for an aphasic patient. Techniques that demonstrate lesion type and site are crucial to the neuropathology of aphasia. Several generalizations can be offered (Benson, 1979a):
Aphasia is produced lry damage to brain structures. Neuropathological pro cesses that involve nonbrain portions of the nervous system (e.g., cranial nerves) and secondary neurological dysfunctions such as systemic or psychogenic disorders do not produce aphasic language syndromes. Metabolic and toxic disorders (e.g., hepatic encephalopathy) produce a broad, overall disruption of brain function, not a focal aphasia. Also, because language loss, by definition, is a requirement for aphasia, congenital and developmental disorders in which language failed to develop cannot be considered sources of aphasia.
Communication Disturbances in Aging and Dementia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a cognitive ability, language is relatively insensitive to age effects (Bayles and Kaszniak, 1987). In fact, an individual’s language capabilities commonly increase during the lifespan, with continued improvement observed into the 60s. Some deterioration in language capability can be seen during normal aging, however, becoming evident around age 75 (Albert, 1988) to 80 (Benton, Eslinger, and Da masio, 1981). In addition, linguistic decline is evident in some types of dementia. Language disorder is a distinguishing feature of Alzheimer’s disease (Cummings and Benson, 1992) and it can be the initial, and for some time the only, cognitive impairment in progressive aphasia (Kirshner et al., 1984; Mesulam, 1982). In contrast, speech disorders are features of a number of subcortical disorders that produce dementia (e.g., Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease). To characterize the communication disturbances of dementia, the language alterations that occur with normal aging must first be reviewed.
From Garbagne to the Coast of Bohemia, or, Assume a Japan
Authors: Tabb William K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“If I want to imagine a fictive nation, I can give it an invented name, treat it declaratively as a novelistic object, create a new Garbagne, so as to compromise no real country by my fantasy ... I can also-though in no way claiming to represent or analyze reality itself ( these being the major gestures of Western discourse )-isolate somewhere in the world (far away) a certain number of features ... , and out of these features deliberately form a system. It is this system which I shall call Japan.” “For the real environment is altogether too big, too complex, and too fleeting for direct acquaintance. We are not equipped to deal with so much subtlety, so much variety, so many permutations and combinations. And although we have to act in that environment, we have to construct it on a simpler model before we can manage with it. To traverse the world men must have maps of the world.
The Case of the Automobile Industry
Authors: Tabb William K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1920s U.S. automobiles dominated world trade, and motor vehicles dominated American manufacturing exports. It is central to our story that a half century later the Toyota system duplicated Henry Ford’s great achievement in revolutionizing the industry and transforming its nation’s producers into world leaders. The automobile is the machine that remade the world 3; it is also the core of the Japanese drive to export preeminence in the postwar period. While automobiles were only 2.4 percent of Japan’s total exports in 1960, they accounted for nearly 10 percent a decade later, over 20 percent of the total in 1980 (the year Japan became the number one auto exporter), and more than a quarter of all exports by 1986. After that, Japanese strategy was to service foreign markets from localized production facilities, although exports from Japan continued to be a serious bone of contention because they made up most of the U.S. trade deficit. Forty-five percent of Japanese automotive production is exported. The leader of the charge was Toyota, which in the mid-1980s held 30 percent of exports and an even more impressive 43 percent of the market domestically (which was divided among ten Japanese producers and a few European luxury cars).
The Industrial Relations Regime
Authors: Tabb William K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on Japan stresses the greater efficiency of technology and the organization of production with a bow to the high savings rate, good work habits, and education system. Debate over the role of the state and alleged mercantilist policies typically rounds out the discussion. Just as we have seen that the Japanese developmentalist state needs to be understood historically in the context of the complexities of Japan’s unique development, so, too, is the idea that Japanese work hard needs to be interrogated with some care. The emphasis in this chapter is on ways in which the social relations structure production and the uniqueness of the Japanese industrial relations regime about which there are some disagreements, as this chapter’s epigraphs convey.
Overaccumulation, Speculation, and Corruption
Authors: Tabb William K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“‘Everyone gets a part of the action when you corner a share, especially the politicians,’ he complained. In return, the politicians were able to introduce banking contacts to speculators. Suzuki noticed that ruling Diet members Toshia Komoto and Entaro Itoyama conducted two of the greatest corporate raids of the early 1970s. These were, however, exceptionally high-profile instances of stock market killings channelled into politics. The preferred route was a collusive arrangement among the speculators, politicians and a local bank manager who provided a large line of credit.
Some Characteristics of a Developmental Theory for Early-Onset Delinquency
Authors: Patterson Gerald R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The task of a developmental theory for delinquent behavior is to explain both the stability and the changes in a form that characterizes the trajectories of antisocial individuals over time. In what sense can a behavioral event be both stable and yet change over time? The research strategies and findings that relate to this crucial question constitute a section in the discussions that follows. Given that the focus for the theory is crime, there are several additional concerns that must be addressed, such as why crime rates vary across nations and across time. These issues force us to consider developmental mechanisms in broader contexts and form a second major focus of this chapter.