bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Round-houses, settlement, and society
Authors: Harding D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In attempting to interpret archaeological traces of houses, we might Wrst consider what factors inXuenced their construction and use. Sanders (1990) identiWed seven such factors. Two were environmental, namely climate and topography; three were variable according to circumstance, namely available materials, level of technology, and economic resources; and two were cultur- ally Wxed, namely function and cultural conventions. The last category, though the least visible archaeologically, would be for many archaeologists and social anthropologists the most important. These factors will also aVect the archaeological survival of houses, whilst research strategies and recovery techniques deployed by archaeologists, as already indicated, will further condition our capacity to recognize and recover the surviving evidence. In interpretation, Carsten and Hugh-Jones (1995b, 45) actually complained that social anthropologists since Le´vi-Strauss tended to overstate the importance of ritual aspects of social life to the detriment of the study of everyday aspects of community living, a concern that sometimes has resonance in relation to archaeological discussions. Sanders (1990, 45) acknowledged that ‘interpret- ations of function are generally founded on the formula ‘‘form follows function’’ and/or on assumptions from loose ethnographic parallels and ancient textual records’. The application of ethnographic parallels by archae- ologists may sometimes be less than rigorous in failing to recognize that they can only illuminate general principles rather than explaining speciWc features of houses from an unrelated culture. ‘Meanings’, as Carsten and Hugh-Jones (1995, 46) stressed, ‘constantly shift within cultures, and they have no inher- ent cross-cultural validity. However, although the meanings of a house may be speciWc, the patterns by which these are generated . . . are much more general.’ If form follows function it need not follow that only one form can satisfy the same function. Furthermore, identifying function may not be so straightfor- ward.
Why use drugs?
Authors: Robson Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We live in an age of unprecedented reliance upon drugs. Whether it is a prescription medicine, an ‘over-the-counter’ pharmaceutical or a herbal remedy, pills and potions are seen by many as a quick and easy solution to problems which have little or nothing to do with medical disorders. Family doctors are besieged by distressed and demanding people who would much rather walk out of the surgery with a prescription than set about the more demanding task of finding practical solutions to their economic, social, and interpersonal difficulties. In this context it is hardly surprising that there is an equally unprecedented appetite for ‘recreational’ psychoactive drugs.
Alcohol
Authors: Robson Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is impossible to say just how long ago it was that humans first learnt to ferment sugars into alcohol, but the founders of the Babylonian Empire were brewing beer 4,000 years before the birth of Christ. An Egyptian papyrus dating from around 3,500 Bc describes wine-making techniques, and knowledge of the process had reached the Atlantic coast of Europe by 2,500 BC. Alcohol partially displaced the ritual and medical roles of cannabis and opium which were being cultivated by Stone Age farmers. From that time onwards alcohol has been produced wherever humans have settled.
Introduction: Reception as Conversation
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classical past is a pervasive presence in English poetry from the early Middle Ages to the present day, and particularly in the centuries which are the main concern of the present volume. Many of the most prominent English poetic forms – epic, verse-tragedy, ode, formal satire, elegy, pastoral, verse-epistle – derive from classical precedent. English writers have regularly invoked what they took to be the assumptions and criteria of ancient literary criticism. And a long line of English poets has devoted substantial energy and practised artistry to the direct translation of Greek and Latin verse, a topic which will be a central concern of this book. Thus, when the late Philip Larkin remarked that ‘to me the whole of classical and biblical mythology means very little, and I think that using them today not only fills poems full of dead spots but dodges the writer’s duty to be original’,1 he was giving voice, in a deliberately provocative manner, to sentiments that he knew to be unrepresentative even of such well- known contemporaries as W. H. Auden and Louis MacNeice, let alone of the great poets of the past. English writers, to be sure, had often noted the dangers of excessive or injudicious use of classical material, or expressed more open hostility to classical influences.
‘The English Homer’: Shakespeare, Longinus, and English ‘Neoclassicism’
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussions of the relations between English writers and the classics have, whatever the precise nature of their larger assumptions or local conclusions, generally focused on the impact of classical literature and culture on those English writers’ work, whether by considering the broader effects of classical education and scholarship, or the specific responses of English writers to particular classical authors and themes. But the reception of the classics is also a topic which can have important implications when considering the afterlife of certain English writers themselves.
Dryden’s ‘Baucis and Philemon’
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a letter to William Wycherley of 26 December 1704, Alexander Pope wrote of Dryden that ‘those Scribblers who attack’d him in his latter times, were only like Gnats in a Summer’s evening, which are never very troublesome but in the finest and most glorious Season; (for his fire, like the Sun’s, shin’d clearest towards its setting).’ Pope’s remark may seem strange to the modern reader accustomed to regard Dryden as primarily a political poet, and the satires and religious poems of the 1680s as the summit and core of his achievement. However, Pope’s would have been the more familiar view to readers in the century after Dryden’s death. The poet’s friend Sir Samuel Garth wrote in 1717 that ‘as his earlier Works wanted no Maturity, so his latter wanted no Force, or Spirit.’ Similarly, and in the same year, William Congreve, another friend, and Dryden’s chosen literary heir, wrote that Dryden’s ‘Parts did not decline with his Years: But ... he was an improving Writer to his last, even to near seventy Years of Age; improving in Fire and Imagination, as well as in Judgement: Witness his Ode on St. Cecilia’s Day, and his Fables, his latest Performances’.
Some Varieties of Pope’s Classicism
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Educated eighteenth-century English culture was permeated at every level by the art, history, mythology, philosophy, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. School and university curricula were dominated by the study of classical (and particularly Latin) texts, in ways that had changed little since the Renaissance. Schoolboys and undergraduates were drilled not only in classical poetry, philosophy, and oratory but also in the historical, geographical, medical, math- ematical, and legal lore of the ancient world. Figures from republican Rome attained the status of cult heroes among the English ruling classes. Eminent politicians and land-owning grandees had themselves sculpted in the manner and garb of virtuous Romans. Young aristo- crats and gentlemen on the Grand Tour visited the monuments of Rome, and later Herculaneum and Pompeii, and brought back with them physical relics of the classical past. (Travel to Greece became more common as the century progressed.) Parliamentary speakers modelled their orations on those of Cicero and Demosthenes.
Neural specializations for speech and pitch: moving beyond the dichotomies
Authors: Zatorre Robert J , Gandour Jackson T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that speech processing relies on unique, encapsulated, domain-specific mechanisms has been around for some time. Another well-known idea, often espoused as being in opposition to the first proposal, is that processing of speech sounds entails general-purpose neural mechanisms sensitive to the acoustic features that are present in speech. Here, we suggest that these dichotomous views need not be mutually exclusive.
Language processing in the natural world
Authors: Tanenhaus Michael K , Brown-Schmidt Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The authors argue that a more complete understanding of how people produce and comprehend language will require investigating real-time spoken-language processing in natural tasks, including those that require goal-oriented unscripted conversation. One promising methodology for such studies is monitoring eye movements as speakers and listeners perform natural tasks. Three lines of research that adopt this approach are reviewed: (i) spoken word recognition in continuous speech, (ii) reference resolution in real-world contexts, and (iii) real-time language processing in interactive conversation.
More on sets and functions
Authors: Sutherland Wilson A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we assumed familiarity with a certain amount of notation and terminology about sets and functions; but some readers may not yet be as much at ease with the concepts in the present chapter. In topology the idea of the inverse image of a set under a map is much used, so it is good to be familiar with it. If you are at ease with Definitions 3.1 and 3.2 below, then you could safely skip the rest of this chapter. (If in doubt, skip it now but come back to it later if necessary.)
Metric spaces
Authors: Sutherland Wilson A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The motivation for metric spaces comes from studying continuity. We begin by rephrasing Definition 4.29 using more English and no Greek: a real-valued function of a real variable is continuous at a if we can make the distance f (x) f (a) between f (x) and f (a) as small as we please by choosing x so that the distance x a between x and a is sufficiently small.
Connected spaces
Authors: Sutherland Wilson A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intuitively a connected space is one which does not fall apart into two or more pieces. To make this mathematical we need a precise definition of ‘fall apart’. We should probably agree that in the real line the sub-space [0, 1] is connected while the subspace [0, 1] [2, 3] is not. But what about the subspace Q of R, or the subspace of the plane consisting of the graph of y = sin(1/x) for x &gt; 0 together with the line segment on the y-axis joining the points (0, 1) and (0, 1) (see Figure 12.1)? It is not so easy to decide intuitively whether these should be considered to be connected.
Mathematics teaching, teachers and students at St Andrews University, 1765–1858
Authors: Craik Alex D D , Roberts Alonso D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
St Andrews University in Scotland has had a chequered six-hundred-year history. The mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth century was a period of slow recovery from near-ruin and dereliction. Yet among the professors and assistants were some notable scholars and teachers, and several former students rose to national prominence. We outline the university environment, the teaching of mathematics at St Andrews, and the careers of its main teachers and most notable students. Nicolas Vilant was Professor of Mathematics for over forty years, from 1765 to 1807; but, incapacitated by ill-health, he mostly employed a series of assistants to teach in his stead.
The Cambridge Ritualists, 1876–1924: A Study of Commensurability in the History of Scholarship
Authors: Lubenow W C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we are to be true and worthy heretics we need not only new heads, but new hearts, and, most of all, that new emotional imagination, joint offspring of head and heart which is begotten of enlarged sympathies and a more sensitive habit of feeling. About the moral problem this is nothing mysterious; it is simply the old, old question of how best to live together. We no longer believe in an unchanging moral law imposed from without. We know that a harder incumbency is upon us; we must work out our law from within. Greek studies were important in the nineteenth century because they contained properties of stabilization and subversion and served as an agent of liberalism.
Organ-specific autoantibodies
Authors: Bird A G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are conditions in which structural or functional damage to tissues or organs result from immunological mechanisms. Either humoral or cellular mechanisms or both can be responsible for the pathology seen in these diseases. The ease of detection of antibodies reacting with a range of tissue antigens has led to the description of a large range of autoantibody specificities. Some react against common cell constituents such as nuclear components or mitochondrial antigens and are thus detectable in different tissue substrates in contrast to those with restricted tissue specificity. The presence of autoantibodies does not necessarily imply an underlying disease process, especially in elderly subjects. Cellular immune responses are, for technical reasons, more difficult to identify and have received less attention. This is partly because of the need to separate and culture lymphocytes in order to identify specific T-cell responses, the relative scarcity of appropriate target tissues and the severe MHC restriction imposed on the study of T-lymphocyte responses.
Detection of immune complexes and antibody mediated target cell lysis
Authors: Oldstone Michael B A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experience with a large number of viral infections in animals and humans indicates that immune complexes form and can be detected both in the circulation, as well as in target tissues, where they localize. Presumably, the interaction of viral antibody with virus or viral antigens in the circulation during acute and chronic virus infection not only serves as a marker for the presence of virus but also produces immune complexes that commonly cause nephritis and arteritis. Immune complex deposits are the source of tissue damage that is immunopathologically similar in humans and animals and is likely to be responsible for several of the signs and symptoms that accompany acute viral infections.
Synthetic peptides as antigens
Authors: Dyrberg Thomas , Kofods Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antibodies have always had a prominent place in the armamentarium available to research. In general, antibodies to complex antigens obtained from immunized animals or through hybridoma technology are characterized by a high degree of specificity; however, the exact position of the binding site on the antigen is only rarely known. Further, the production of such antibodies requires that the antigen is available, either in a purified state or as part of a heterogeneous mixture. One approach to circumvent some of these problems has been to generate antibodies to defined epitopes of proteins, using synthetic peptides, representing sequences of the proteins in question, as antigens (1-3).
Isolation of potassium currents
Authors: Lancaster B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Potassium movement across the membrane can occur in the form of up to seven different currents. The challenge for the experimenter then is not to isolate potassium from other ionic currents, but to separate these variants of K current from each other. To start with a framework we will consider the following broad categories of K current that have been identified-although be warned that complications to this scheme will appear later.
Phosphorothioate-based site-directed mutagenesis for singles-tranded vectors
Authors: Sayers Jon R , Eckstein Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis allows the molecular biologist to alter a defined nucleotide sequence within a gene in a precise manner. This alteration, a mutation, may be a single mismatch, i.e. a transition or transversion, or it may involve the insertion or deletion of one or more bases. The effect of a mutation may manifest itself in the production of a new protein on expression of the modified gene. Most often the proposed active site of an enzyme is manipulated in this way. However, protein engineering is not the only application for site-directed mutagenesis (1. 2). The technique also has applications in the study of molecular recognition. Alterations in promoter sequences (3), repressor binding sites, and other regulatory sequences can be systematically introduced and the effect of the changes studied. The basic approach to oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis results in low mutational efficiency for the variety of reasons discussed in Chapter 1. As a consequence large numbers of putative mutant clones must be screened in order to obtain a clone with the required sequence. This involves a lot of effort and often the use of large amounts of radioactivity for hybridization screening or the sequencing of large numbers of clones. Thus, several strategies have been developed which aim to increase the efficiency of the basic site-directed mutagenesis procedure. Our method provides one such solution, while others are presented in Chapters 1 and 2 of this volume.
Recombination and mutagenesis of DNA sequences using PCR
Authors: Horton Robert McArn , Pease Larry Readington 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction makes possible a new method for engineering genes and is useful for both mutagenesis and recombination of sequences. This approach has significant advantages over current techniques because it is fast, straightforward, and not limited by the need for restriction sites. The development of recombinant DNA technology can be divided into three generations. The first generation approaches take advantage of natural recombination mechanisms in vivo to map and study genes. Into this category would fall classical genetic linkage analysis, and the use of mechanisms for homologous recombination between phages, for example, to generate sets of random recombinants between related genes. The second generation began with the use of restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase to specifically take genes apart, and put them back together in new combinations in vitro. It was the advent of this technology that made the field of molecular genetics what it is today.
Electron microscopical enzyme histochemistry
Authors: Van Noorden Cornelis J F , Hulstaert Caesar E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Good preservation of the ultrastructure of tissues and cells is a prerequisite for an adequate localization of enzyme activity at the electron microscopical level. For light microscopical purposes, tissue preservation is not as critical because the resolution of the microscope generally excludes enzyme localization within organelles or other cytoplasmic structures. Morphology is usually preserved by chemical fixation but for the localization of enzyme activity cells and tissues cannot be fixed in a similar way as for morphological ultrastruc- tural investigations, because the majority of enzymes are inactivated rapidly by fixation.
Three-dimensional electron microscopy of tissues and cells
Authors: James Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) visualization and analysis of structures is of such considerable importance to investigators in many biomedical and other disciplines that it requires no justification. A fundamental difficulty in many subjects is that the 30 structures of interest are either opaque or too small to be seen without microscopical facilities. The smallest of structures requires the use of the electron microscope, which immediately places several important constraints upon the investigator. First, only extremely small portions of a structure can be analysed. Second, only dead and biased representations of the biological structures can be studied. Third, the most likely specimen preparation to be of use is a section of sufficient thinness to allow either light or a beam of electrons to penetrate, to yield a visible image or generate a photographic negative. Such a section is variously either relatively ‘thick’ or ‘thin’ according to the dimensions of the test objects under study, which is either limited in the total amount of information it contains or possesses inherent artefacts limiting adequate visualization when examined by two dimensional (2D) microscopical techniques in which all images are essentially projections.
Liquids
Authors: Eylers John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The starting point for any analysis of circulatory systems is a simple model of a Newtonian fluid (i.e. a fluid whose viscosity is independent of the rate at which it is sheared) flowing through a rigid walled pipe of uniform diameter (Figure la). Under conditions of constant flow rate and laminar flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure drop per unit length and the fourth power of the radius while inversely proportional to the viscosity. Consequently small changes in radius are of much greater significance than small variations in pressure head or viscosity.
Overview of structural mechanics
Authors: Biewener Andrew a. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organisms must contend with the physical characteristics of their environment as they carry out a wide range of physiological and mechanical functions. Particular structural solutions must be evolved to meet particular biological demands, both within and external to theorganism. The application of engineering principles to living (and fossil) organisms, and to the materials of which they are built, represents an important interdisciplinary approach that can facilitate and help to open new insights into our understanding of organismal design and function. An understanding of this relationship is also important in terms of how organisms respond and adapt to changes in their physical environment. Although biomechanics has seen a recent growth in a number of fields within the biological sciences, the approach has had a long history (1, 2).
Compartment models
Authors: Wiegert Richard g. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Models are abstractions of reality. They must possess at least some of the attributes of the system of interest, but none possess all or even a large fraction of such attributes. Models are of many kinds: a painting of a landscape, for example, is a model of reality in the sense that it suggests something of the ecosystem it represents. Such models are static— they cannot be used to simulate the changes in a system with time. Dynamic models can simulate changes with time; they were introduced in Chapter 8 by way of simple, single-compartment models.
The spinal cord as an in vitro preparation
Authors: Bagust Jeffery 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction
The last decade has seen an explosive increase in the use of isolated mammalian nervous system preparations for the study of the biophysics, physiology, and pharmacology of the central nervous system (CNS) (1, 2, 3). They offer to the mammalian brain researcher advantages that previously were only available to those working on isolated invertebrate nervous systems:
absence of anaesthetic agents
control over the composition of the medium surrounding the tissue, allowing known concentrations of test compounds to be added
improved mechanical stability; movements caused by respiration and blood pressure are eliminated
control over activity entering the system; inputs from other brain areas and the peripheral nervous system are removed
improved visibility of structures within the preparation allows electrodes to be guided accurately by visual means to the recording site
experimental convenience; once isolated the tissue is classified as a preparation and is not subject to the legislation that controls the use of living animals in experiments.