bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moving Beyond the Individual: Examining the Effects of Domestic Violence Policies on Social Norms
Authors: Salazar Laura F. , Baker Charlene K. , Price Ann W. , Carlin Kathleen 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTo be effective, criminal justice policies should affect the underlying social norms for which the policies were enacted. This study sought to determine whether public perceptionsof criminal justice policies on domestic violence affected social norms. Two waves of data were collected via a telephone survey where a random probability sample of 973 residents was drawn from 4 communities. A structural equation model was tested and confirmed. Results provided strong support for the hypothesis that perceptions of criminal justice policies have direct effects on attitudes toward criminal justice response, and indirect effects on victim‐blaming attitudes, both underlying social norms related to domestic violence. The enactment of criminal justice policies, therefore, may have an impact beyond victims and perpetrators and lead to a transformation of the community through the emergence of new social norms. Public awareness campaigns designed to disseminate criminal justice policies may be instrumental in provoking social change.
Using the ESID Model to Reduce Intimate Male Violence Against Women
Authors: Sullivan Cris M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDescribed how the Experimental Social Innovation and Dissemination (ESID) model was successfully used to reduce intimate male violence against women. Following the principles of ESID, the experimental social innovation involved providing trained paraprofessional advocates to work one‐on‐one with women who had been assaulted by partners or ex‐partners. Advocates worked with women for 10 weeks, assisting them in obtaining needed community resources such as legal assistance, housing, education, and employment. Two hundred seventy eight women who had exited a domestic violence shelter program were randomly assigned to the experimental or control condition. Participants were interviewed 6 times over a period of 2 years: pre‐ and postintervention (10 weeks later), and at 6, 12, 18, and 24‐month follow‐up. Women who received the intervention reported less violence over time as well as higher social support and perceived quality of life. The relevance of the ESID model in addressing this as well as other significant social problems is discussed.
HIV, Sex, and Social Change: Applying ESID Principles to HIV Prevention Research
Authors: Fernández M. Isabel , Bowen G. Stephen , Gay Caryl L. , Mattson Tiffany R. , Bital Evelyne , Kelly Jeffrey A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe HIV epidemic has been the most significant public health crisis of the last 2 decades. Although Experimental Social Innovation and Dissemination (ESID) principles have been used by many HIV prevention researchers, the clearest application is the series of model‐building and replication experiments conducted by Kelly and colleagues. The model mobilized, trained, and engaged key opinion leaders to serve as behavior change and safe‐sex endorsers in their social networks. This paper illustrates how ESID principles were used to develop, test, and disseminate an innovative social model and discusses the challenges of applying ESID methodology in the midst of a public health emergency.
Women in families: feminist therapy and family systems*
Authors: Osborne Kate 
Published: November 2003

Current family therapy has as its basis the concept of the family as a system. Systems theory has developed a set of explanations that are frequently functional in nature; they are often applied as though they assume that within a system a common goal is worked towards as in biological systems. For example, the concept of homeostasis is used in much the same way as Cannon (1929) used it to describe the mechanisms of stability within biological systems such as body temperature regulation. Here all the components of the system co‐operate to maintain body temperature within certain limits.This functional assumption of a common aim amongst components of a system to achieve balance should be compared with a pluralist systems analysis which does not assume such commonality of goals. For example, a pluralist analysis could highlight the conflict inherent amongst different subsystems when one subsystem has more power than the other. At a theoretical level it can be seen that family systems theory has restricted itself to a limited set of assumptions about the explanatory concepts it uses. An analysis of women's psychology which has emerged through the developments of feminist therapy can enrich the theory and practice of family therapists.
On doing research: the dream and the reality
Authors: Gale Anthony 
Published: November 2003

The principal concern of this essay is to offer practical and personal guidance to professional therapists who wish to engage in research in family therapy. It is not a paper about research design or experimental/observational/survey methods; rather the focus is upon the experience of engaging in research. It attempts to destroy a few common myths about researchers, research, and the motives of researchers and those whom they research. Research is seen as a continuing and evolving process (rather than a product) which can intrude in many aspects of the individual's life; it can affect motives, working relationships, organizational composure, personal family life, and personal self‐esteem. Research is thus like most other forms of employment. Research, as an activity, must be seen in terms of systems dynamics, resistance to change, and hopefully, in terms also, of self‐actualization and the refreshment of professional parts that other addictions cannot reach.Recommendations are made for the structuring of research activity, in the light of the research model presented.
Change: How do we recognize it?
Authors: Dallos Rudi , Aldridge David 
Published: November 2003

The paper seeks to examine the working assumptions that guide us as therapists engaged in the attempt to facilitate change in families. It summarizes a piece of preliminary research based on the responses of a group of therapists working in different agencies. A questionnaire on change was developed and given to the therapists followed by a group discussion.The results suggest that therapy teams, and families, have common sense ideas about:

the beginning, and end of a period of change;
types of change—those falling into four categories; of behavioural, structural, communication and experiential.

Our results suggest that difficulties in therapy may be associated with a failure amongst the therapists in a team to negotiate their mutual assumptions about change. In addition the process of therapeutic change is seen as involving a negotiation between the family and the therapists about what will count as change.The data were gathered from a group of therapists attending a local meeting of the Association for Family Therapy in Plymouth.
Minor miracles or logical process? Therapeutic interventions and techniques
Authors: McLeod Wayne 
Published: November 2003

This paper highlights the construction of Therapeutic Interventions. The ideas presented here, many in the form of techniques, are intended to provide therapists–experienced and not so experienced–with a new focus for problems that are frequently seen in general family therapy practice.A detailed format has been included on how the author routinely goes about constructing interventions.
Working briefly with reluctant clients: child protective services as an example
Authors: Weakland John H. , Jordan Lynn 
Published: November 2003

Therapists and counsellors often are faced with reluctant clients and constraining circumstances. Such difficulties are especially prevalent and severe in casework in child protective services ‐ the parents of abused or neglected children are all involuntary clients, case loads are large, and time is limited.Drawing on experience in applying and modifying prior work at the Brief Therapy Center of MRI to work in child protective services of a Northern California county, this article suggests general principles for effective intervention in such difficult circumstances and illustrates these with specific case examples.Since consideration of extreme conditions is often helpful in dealing with parallel but less extreme ones, the authors' aim and hope is that readers will find this article helpful not solely in child protective work but also in the much wider territory where similar obstacles to effective counselling also occur.
Gestational diabetes mellitus: Compliance with testing
Authors: Moses Robert G. , Webb Alison J. , Comber Christine D. , Walton John G. , Coleman Keith J. , Davis Warren S. , McCosker Clive J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAn audit of birth records of two public and one private hospital was undertaken, over a 6‐month period, to determine compliance with the local policy that all women are tested for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Overall 92.1% of women were tested for GDM. When those women who delivered their babies early or who had no prenatal care were excluded, then there was 95.3% compliance with the advice for universal testing.
Placental biopsy by frozen section: Does it have a role in evaluation of fetal well‐being?
Authors: Mendilcioglu Inanc , Kilicarslan Bahar , Gurkan Zorlu Cahit , Karaveli Seyda , Uner Mine , Trak Bilal 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAim:  To assess the effectiveness of post‐partum placental biopsy and frozen section evaluation in diagnosing pregnancy disorders.Study design:  Between January and July 1998, biopsies were carried out on 100 newly delivered placentas. Biopsies were carried out using a 14‐gauge needle, and frozen section evaluations were reviewed. These were compared to the standard evaluation of histological evaluation of the whole placenta sections. Specimens were evaluated by standard placental pathologic criteria.Results:  Villous oedema which is associated with antenatal hypoxia was observed with a sensitivity of 78%, and specificity of 97%, yielding a positive predictive value of 84% in frozen section compared to standard placental evaluation. No statistical difference was observed in the evaluation of dysmaturity, intravillous fibrin agglutination and chronic villitis between frozen sectioning and whole placenta sections. Increased syncytial knots were detected with a sensitivity of 45% and specificity of 98%.Conclusion:  Placental biopsy by frozen sectioning might be a useful and quick method of evaluation for placental pathology. Theoretically, fetal status could be more precisely evaluated by combining prenatal placental biopsy by permanent section with conservative ante‐partum well‐being tests.
Maternal satisfaction with childbirth and intrapartum analgesia in nulliparous labour
Authors: Dickinson Jan E. , Paech Michael J. , McDonald Susan J. , Evans Sharon F. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective:  To assess maternal satisfaction with childbirth and intrapartum pain relief in nulliparous women labouring at term.Methods:  Prospective randomised clinical trial comparing epidural and non‐epidural analgesic techniques on term labour outcomes in nulliparous women. Within 24 h of delivery the women were surveyed regarding their opinions about the birthing experience and the allocated analgesic regimen. A postal survey was conducted 6 months post‐partum to assess opinions about intrapartum analgesia in a subsequent pregnancy.Results:  A total of 992 women were randomised to receive continuous midwifery support (CMS) or epidural (EPI) analgesia on presentation for delivery. There was a high crossover rate from CMS to EPI (61.2%) and a lesser non‐compliance rate in the EPI group (27.8%). The early post‐partum recollections revealed a high satisfaction with epidural analgesia and lower satisfaction with alternative pain relief measures. Ten percent of women in the CMS group reported negative feelings about their allocated pain relief compared with 1% in the EPI group (P < 0.001), and 10% of all women reported negative feelings about their overall childbirth experience. At the 6‐month post‐partum survey factors associated with the planned use of epidural analgesia in a subsequent pregnancy were induction of labour (odds ratio (OR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2, 4.7) and prior utilisation of epidural analgesia (OR 28.1, 95% CI 14.5, 54.7).Conclusions:  Maternal satisfaction with intrapartum analgesia was significantly higher with epidural analgesia than non‐epidural analgesic techniques. Overall satisfaction scores for labour and delivery were high regardless of analgesic approach, reflecting the multiple issues other than pain relief that are involved in the childbirth experience.
Die “Niederlage der Zivilisation” und der “heulende Triumph der unterdrückten Triebwelt”: Die Erzählung ‘Der kleine Herr Friedemann’ als Modell der Anthropologie Thomas Manns
Authors: Kristiansen Børge 
Published: November 2003

Diese Analyse der frühen Erzählung Der kleine Herr Friedemann von Thomas Mann hat zwei Zielsetzungen. Sie will einerseits durch eine hermeneutisch reflektierte close reading zu einem besseren Verständnis des Textes dieser Erzählung beitragen. Dieses Verfahren scheint angesichts der in der sich immer noch primär an der Quellenerforschung interessierten neueren Thomas‐Mann‐Forschung bestehenden Angst vor Textberührung unmittelbar gerechtfertigt zu sein. Um sich aber hermeneutisch legitimieren zu können, blieb eine solche Textanalyse auf den Horizont der strukturell entscheidenden Orientierungen Thomas Manns bezogen. Dadurch konnte nicht nur eine seit Jahren maßgebliche Auslegung dieser Erzählung (G. Kluge: 1967) in ihren grundlegenden Thesen korrigiert, sondern zugleich der Nachweis erbracht werden, wie sich die auch für einen Großteil der viel späteren Werke Thomas Manns verbindliche Anthropologie schon in dieser frühen Erzählung konstituiert. Die Arbeit schließt deshalb mit Überlegungen zur Figurendarstellung der späteren Romane und Erzählungen ab.
Und wenn uns eines Tages dieses Tun Und was an uns geschieht gering erschiene Und uns so fremd, als ob es nicht verdiene, daß wir so mühsam aus den Kinderschuhn um seinetwillen wachsen ‐: Ob die Bahn vergilbter Spitze, diese dichtgefügte blumige Spitzenbahn, dann nicht genügte, uns hier zu halten? Sieh: sie ward getan.Ein Leben ward vielleicht verschmäht, wer weiß? Ein Glück war da und wurde hingegeben, und endlich wurde doch, um jeden Preis, dies Ding daraus, nicht leichter als das Leben und doch vollendet und so schön als sei's nicht mehr zu früh, zu lächeln und zu schweben. (Rainer Maria Rilke, Die Spitze II)
Relationship between tongue coating and secretory‐immunoglobulin A level in saliva obtained from patients complaining of oral malodor
Authors: Hinode Daisuke , Fukui Makoto , Yokoyama Nozomi , Yokoyama Masaaki , Yoshioka Masami , Nakamura Ryo 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to confirm the relationships between oral malodor and periodontal condition, oral malodor and tongue coating, and to investigate the secretory‐immunoglobulin A (S‐IgA) level in saliva in relation to the accumulation of tongue coating.Methods: Fifty‐four patients complaining of oral malodor were included in the study. Their periodontal conditions, tongue coating status and salivary characteristics (flow rate, protein and S‐IgA concentrations) were assessed in addition to the level of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in oral cavity. The patients were divided into three groups according to their tongue coating level.Results: There are significant relationships between oral malodor and specific periodontal parameters used. The degree of tongue coating was also significantly correlated with the amount of H2S, CH3SH and the total amount of VSC determined. The concentration of S‐IgA in the group identified as slight tongue coating was significantly higher than in the moderate or the severe group. By Western immunoblotting analysis, a high level of S‐IgA specific to Streptococcus species was recognized in all groups, whereas the reactivity of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum with S‐IgA was very weak in both the slight and the moderate groups.Conclusion: Data herein indicate that tongue coating is closely related to oral malodor. Furthermore, S‐IgA in saliva may influence the accumulation of tongue coating, and S‐IgA antibodies directed to Streptococcus species may play a role in protective immunity against the initial colonization of tongue plaque.
Effects of periodontitis and smoking on the microbiota of oral mucous membranes and saliva in systemically healthy subjects
Authors: Mager Donna L. , Haffajee Anne D. , Socransky Sigmund S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBackground/aim:  To examine the differences in the proportions of 40 bacterial species in samples from eight oral soft‐tissue surfaces and saliva in systemically healthy adult subjects with and without periodontitis and in smokers and nonsmokers.Methods:  Saliva and microbial samples were taken from eight oral soft‐tissue surfaces in 229 systemically healthy subjects stratified by periodontal and smoking status. Subjects included 84 periodontally healthy and 145 periodontitis individuals. Of these, there were 182 nonsmokers and 47 smokers. Soft‐tissue samples were taken using a “buccal brush” and saliva was taken by expectoration. All samples were individually evaluated for their content of 40 bacterial species using checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization. The percentage of total DNA probe count was determined for each species at each sample location and averaged across subjects. The significance of differences among the proportions of the 40 test species at different sample locations was sought in these populations using the Kruskall–Wallis test and adjusted for multiple comparisons.Results:  When stratified for periodontal status or smoking status, microbial profiles at most sites did not differ significantly. Generally, periodontal pathogens were found at higher levels on the soft tissues of periodontitis subjects than in periodontally healthy subjects, and at higher levels in smokers than nonsmokers. Few significant differences were found, although trends in the populations were noted.Conclusions:  Small differences in the proportions of bacterial species were observed on soft tissues and in saliva comparing periodontally healthy and periodontitis subjects. Somewhat greater differences between smokers and nonsmokers were found; however, these were not statistically significant.
Wound healing of degree III furcation involvements following guided tissue regeneration and/or Emdogain®
Authors: Donos N. , Sculean A. , Glavind L. , Reich E. , Karring T. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBackground: The use of enamel matrix proteins (EMD) has been recently introduced as a new treatment alternative for periodontal regeneration. However, no histological studies are available investigating the effect of EMD in the treatment of degree III furcation involvements.Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the healing of mandibular degree III furcation involvements histologically following treatment with guided tissue regeneration (GTR), EMD and a combination of EMD and GTR.Material and Methods: Degree III furcation involvements were surgically created at the teeth 36, 37, 46, 47 in three monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Spontaneous healing of the defects was prevented by placing impression material into the defects. After 6 weeks, full‐thickness flaps were elevated at the buccal and lingual aspect of the experimental teeth. Following removal of all granulation tissue from the furcation defects, scaling/root planing and conditioning of the root surfaces with 24% EDTA gel, the defects were treated with one of the following treatment modalities: (i) EMD, (ii) GTR or (iii) a combination of EMD and GTR. The defects serving as control did not receive any treatment, except from complete coverage with coronally displaced flaps. After 5 months of healing, the animals were killed and perfused with 10% buffered formalin for fixation. The experimental teeth with surrounding tissues were dissected free, decalcified in EDTA, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. 8 μm thick histological sections were cut and stained and subsequently examined under the light microscope.Results: The histological analysis revealed that with GTR or combined EMD and GTR treatment, new attachment formation (new cementum with inserting collagen fibers) had occurred on almost the entire circumference of the furcation and new bone was almost filling the defect in the situations where the membrane was not exposed. The sites treated only with EMD exhibited new attachment and new bone formation to a varying extent, while the control sites presented only limited new attachment and bone formation.Conclusion: The results provided histological evidence suggesting that both GTR and EMD may result in true periodontal regeneration, and suggest that this type of healing might be favored by such treatments in comparison with flap surgery.
Increased release of IL‐12p70 by monocytes after periodontal therapy
Authors: Fokkema S. J. , Loos B. G. , De slegte C. , Burger W. , Piscaer M. , Ijzerman Y. , Van der velden U. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives: It has been suggested that periodontal inflammation may result in an altered immune response. The peripheral immune capacity in periodontitis patients can be investigated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated whole blood cell cultures (WBCC), known to reflect the behavior of monocytes in particular. A previous study in our laboratory revealed that monocytes in the stimulated cultures from periodontitis patients behaved functionally different compared with controls. The present study investigated whether this different response of periodontitis patients' monocytes is intrinsic or acquired.Material and Methods: The release of inflammatory mediators was measured in Escherichia coli LPS‐stimulated WBCC from 12 periodontitis patients before and after periodontal therapy. In addition, the total leukocyte and leukocyte differentiation counts were also determined in the patients before and after therapy.Results: The levels of interleukin (IL)‐12p70 in cell culture supernatants increased two times and those of prostaglandin E2 showed a trend towards reduction after therapy, whereas the levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐12p40 and tumor necrosis factor‐α did not change. The total number of white blood cells was decreased after periodontal therapy.Conclusions: After periodontal therapy, the functional phenotype of the peripheral blood monocytes from patients was reconstituted, resembling that of subjects without periodontitis.