bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Steady-state response characteristics of a pulse oximeter on equine intestine
Authors: Schmotzer Wayne B. , Riebold Thomas W. , Rowe Kenneth E. , Scott Edward A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The steady-state response characteristics of a pulse oximeter were evaluated on intestinal segments of seven clinically normal halothane-anesthetized horses. Arterial oxygen tension > 200 mm of Hg, end tidal carbon dioxide from 30 to 35 mm of Hg, and systemic mean arterial pressure > 70 mm of Hg were maintained throughout the recording periods. Values for percentage of pulse oximeter oxygen saturation, pulsatile blood flow, and percentage of signal strength were recorded from jejunum, ileum, cecum, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, and descending colon. Probe placement on intestinal segments was recorded as over or not over visible subserosal or transmural vessels. There was no significant difference between median values on the basis of vessel codes for pulse oximeter oxygen saturations, pulsatile flow, and signal strength. Median values recorded for pulse oximeter oxygen saturation were 93% from jejunum and ileum and 95% from cecum, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, and descending colon; median values for pulsatile flow were 576 from jejunum, 560 from ileum, 560 from cecum, 574 from left ventral colon, 578 from left dorsal colon, and 560 from descending colon; median values for signal strength were 50% from jejunum, 67.5% from ileum, 60% from cecum, 75% from left ventral colon, 50% from left dorsal colon, and 52.5% from descending colon. Median values obtained from each anatomic location were not significantly different for pulsatile flow or signal strength. Median pulse oximetry oxygen values recorded from jejunum and ileum were significantly lower than values obtained from other intestinal segments. When calculated arterial oxygen saturation was compared with oxygen saturation determined by the pulse oximeter, pulse oximeter oxygen saturation was consistently lower by 6.7% (jejunum and ileum) and 4.7% (cecum, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, and descending colon). Equine and human absorption spectra were generated and compared for reduced hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin at wavelengths of 600 nm (red) to 950 nm (infrared). Extinction coefficients calculated at wavelengths used by the pulse oximeter (660 nm and 940 nm) were nearly identical. The pulse oximeter is a self-calibrating instrument that displays oxygen saturation, heart rate, plethysmographic waveform, and signal strength indicator. Probe application was rapid and easy. Response time for the appear ance of a plethysmographic waveform ranged from 5 to 25 seconds.
Cardiovascular effects of halothane anesthesia after diazepam and ketamine administration in beavers (Castor canadensis) during spontaneous or controlled ventilation
Authors: Greene Stephen A. , Keegan Robert D. , Gallagher LeRoy V. , Alexander Jack E. , Harari J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Fourteen adult beavers (Castor canadensis) weighing 16.5 ± 4.14 kg (mean ± sd) were anesthetized for surgical implantation of radio telemetry devices. Beavers were anesthetized with diazepam (0.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (25 mg/kg) administered im, which provided smooth anesthetic induction and facilitated tracheal intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with halothane in oxygen via a semiclosed circle anesthetic circuit. Values for heart rate, respiratory rate, esophageal temperature, direct arterial blood pressure, end-tidal halothane concentration, and end-tidal CO2 tension were recorded every 15 minutes during the surgical procedure. Arterial blood samples were collected every 30 minutes to determine pH, PaO2, and PaCO2. Values for plasma bicarbonate, total CO2, and base excess were calculated. Ventilation was spontaneous in 7 beavers and controlled to maintain normocapnia (PaCO2 approx 40 mm of Hg) in 7 others. Vaporizer settings were adjusted to maintain a light surgical plane of anesthesia. Throughout the surgical procedure, all beavers had mean arterial pressure < 60 mm of Hg and esophageal temperature < 35 C. Mean values for arterial pH, end-tidal CO2, PaO2, and PaCO2 were significantly (P < 0.05) different in spontaneously ventilating beavers, compared with those in which ventilation was controlled. Respiratory acidosis during halothane anesthesia was observed in spontaneously ventilating beavers, but not in beavers maintained with controlled ventilation. All beavers recovered unremarkably from anesthesia.
Isolation of a major form of pepsinogen from gastric mucosa of horses
Authors: Khittoo G. , Vermette L. , Nappert G. , Lariviere N. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In mammalian species studied previously, pepsinogen consisted of biochemically different groups of isozymogens. By use of gel filtration chromatography and electrophoresis, we isolated a predominant pepsinogen from the gastric mucosa of a horse. Peptide mapping with V8 protease revealed differences with its porcine homologue. However, porcine and equine pepsinogens, when activated to pepsin, had a similar pattern of activity when hemoglobin was used as substrate. Those results suggest that differences must exist in the primary structure of the pepsinogens of the 2 species.
Evaluation of flow cytometric counting procedure for canine reticulocytes by use of thiazole orange
Authors: Abbott David L. , McGrath John P. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
An automated reticulocyte counting method that used a flow cytometer and the nucleic acid staining dye, thiazole orange, was developed. Anticoagulated (edta) blood specimens were suitable for flow cytometric reticulocyte counting when stored at 4 C for 96 hours after collection. Thiazole orange-stained samples were stable for 5.5 hours after staining when stored capped at 20 C and protected from light. Flow cytometric and manual microscopic reticulocyte counts were compared for counts in the 0.27 to 5.32% range (as determined by flow cytometry) and 0.10 to 4.90% range (as determined by 1 technician). Although the results of flow cytometric analysis generally correlated well (r = 0.821) with manual counts, there was poor correlation between the procedures for counts ≤ 2.0% (r ≤ 0.272). Linearity of flow cytometric counts over the range 0.27 to 14.46% was excellent (r = 0.999). Withinrun precision of flow cytometric counts (% coefficient of variation [cv] = 3 to 5) was superior to manual microscopic counts obtained by one technician (% cv = 19 to 23) and to manual microscopic counts, which were an average of counts done by 3 technicians (% cv = 8 to 18). Comparable flow cytometric counts were obtained by counting 50,000 or 100,000 blood cells in the flow cytometer.
Proteoglycan synthesis and content in articular cartilage and cartilage repair tissue in horses
Authors: Richardson Dean W. , Clark Charles C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Hexosamine concentration, dna concentration, and [35S]sulfate incorporation for articular cartilage obtained from various sites in the metacarpophalangeal and carpal joints of horses were measured. The same measurements were made on the repair tissue filling full-thickness articular defects in the intermediate carpal bone and on cartilage surrounding partial-thickness defects 6 weeks after the defects were created arthroscopically.
Cellularity (measured as dna concentration), proteoglycan content (measured as hexosamine concentration), and proteoglycan synthesis (measured as [35S]sulfate incorporation) varied according to the site sampled. Cartilage from the transverse ridge of the head of the third metacarpal bone and the radial facet of the third carpal bone had the lowest hexosamine concentration, whereas rate of proteoglycan synthesis was lowest in cartilage from the transverse ridge of the head of the third metacarpal bone and the distal articular surface of the radial carpal bone.
Repair tissue filling a full-thickness cartilage defect at 6 weeks was highly cellular. It was low in proteoglycan content, but was actively synthesizing these macromolecules. In contrast, the cartilage surrounding a partial-thickness defect was unchanged 6 weeks after the original defect was made.
Concentrations of amino acids in the plasma of neonatal foals with septicemia
Authors: Zicker Steven C. , Spensley Michael S. , Rogers Quintan R. , Willits Neil H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Concentrations of amino acids in the plasma of 13 neonatal foals with septicemia were compared with the concentrations of amino acids in the plasma of 13 age-matched neonatal foals without septicemia. Analysis of the results revealed significantly lower concentrations of arginine, citrulline, isoleucine, proline, threonine, and valine in the plasma of foals with septicemia. The ratio of the plasma concentrations of the branched chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine) to the aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine), was also significantly lower in the foals with septicemia. In addition, the concentrations of alanine, glycine, and phenylalanine were significantly higher in the plasma of foals with septicemia. Therefore, neonatal foals with septicemia had significant differences in the concentrations of several amino acids in their plasma, compared with concentrations from healthy foals. These differences were compatible with protein calorie inadequacy and may be related to an alteration in the intake, production, use, or clearance of amino acids from the plasma pool in sepsis.
Celiac trunk cannulation for obtaining abomasal lymph from cattle
Authors: Baker David G. , Gershwin Laurel J. , Snider Theron G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Cannulation of the celiac trunk was surgically performed in 26 Holstein steers. The procedure was successful in 23 (88.5%) of the steers. Twenty-two of the steers were infected either naturally or experimentally with the abomasal nematode, Ostertagia ostertagi and/or other gastrointestinal parasites. The remaining 4 steers were not infected. Lymph obtained after surgery was used in various immunologic and biochemical assays. Daily lymph flow rate and total and differential wbc counts were determined after surgeiy in 4 of the infected and 3 of the noninfected steers. Steers were euthanatized for tissue specimen collection 7 days after surgery. At the time of euthanasia, lymph was still flowing from the cannula of 13 (56.5%) of the steers in which surgeiy was successful. This surgical procedure represents a valuable technique for studying at the local level, immunologic and physiologic responses of cattle to infection with O ostertagi.
Assessment of toxicosis induced by high-dose administration of milbemycin oxime in Collies
Authors: Tranquilli Wm. J. , Paul A. J. , Todd K. S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Fifteen Collies, previously having mild reactions to ivermectin challenge (120 μg/kg of body weight; 20 times the recommended dosage level), were studied to evaluate the effects of milbemycin oxime administration at 5 and 10 mg/kg (10 and 20 times the manufacturer's recommended dosage). Five replicates, comprising 3 dogs each, were formed on the basis of body weight. Within replicates, each dog was randomly allocated to treatment with 5 or 10 mg of milbemycin/kg or served as a untreated control. Dogs were examined repeatedly for signs of toxicosis for 4 days after treatment and daily thereafter. Two of 5 dogs treated at 5 mg/kg (10 × ) developed signs of mild depression on the day of treatment, but were normal 24 hours after treatment. All 5 dogs treated at 10 mg/kg (20 × ) developed signs of mild depression and ataxia by 6 hours. Signs persisted for 24 hours in 3 dogs. Two of these dogs also had mydriasis, whereas 3 salivated excessively. All dogs recovered completely by day 2 after treatment. The results of this study demonstrated that Collies sensitive to the effects of 120 μg of ivermectin (20 × )/kg show similar sensitivity to the effects of milbemycin oxine administered at 10 mg/kg (20 x). We conclude that ivermectin and milbemycin commercial formulations have similar margins of safety and that milbemycin toxicosis appears to be dose-dependent in Collies with a demonstrated sensitivity to ivermectin.
Location of open reading frames coding for equine herpesvirus type-1 glycoproteins with homology to gE and gI of herpes simplex virus
Authors: Elton Debra M. , Bonass William A. , Killington Richard A. , Meredith David M. , Halliburton Ian W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The dna fragments representing the entire short unique region and part of the repeat sequences of the equine herpesvirus type-1 genome were cloned into plasmid vectors. The approximate positions of the junctions between the short unique region and the inverted repeats were then located by restriction endonuclease mapping. Two open reading frames coding for potential glycoproteins have been identified within the short unique region, using dna sequence analysis. The predicted amino acid sequences of these open reading frames had extensive homology to the herpes simplex virus glycoproteins gE and gl and the related glycoproteins of pseudorabies virus and varicella-zoster virus.
Effect of diet on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis in horses
Authors: Schumacher J. , Wilson R. C. , Spano J. S. , Hammond L. S. , McGuire J. , Duran S. H. , Kemppainen R. J. , Hughes F. E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Gentamicin sulfate-induced nephrotoxicosis was compared in 2 groups of horses fed different rations. Four horses were fed only alfalfa hay, and 4 other horses were fed only whole oats. Seven days after initiation of the diet, all horses were given gentamicin iv (5 mg/kg of body weight) every 12 hours for 22 days. Urinary-y-glutamyltransferase to urinary creatinine (uggt:UCr) ratio was calculated daily, and serum concentration of gentamicin was measured at 1 and 12 hours after drug administration. Results indicated that horses fed oats had greater renal tubular damage than did horses fed alfalfa. Mean uggt:UCr for horses fed alfalfa was 47.1 ± 18.8 and was 100.0 ± 19.0 for horses fed oats (P = 0.007). The uggt:UCr in horses fed oats was > 100 for a total of 54 days; horses fed alfalfa had uggt:UCr > 100 for only 7 days. Two horses not given gentamicin were fed only oats and 2 were fed only alfalfa. These horses had mean uggt:UCr of 17.6 ± 2.2 and 30.5 ± 3.0, respectively. Mean peak and trough concentrations of gentamicin were statistically different for horses fed oats and those fed alfalfa (peak 23.16 ± 1.87 and 14.07 ± 1.79 μg/ml, respectively [P = 0.0001], and trough, 1.81 ± 0.69 and 0.71 ± 0.70 μg/ml, respectively [P = 0.0270]). Mean half-lives of gentamicin (estimated from peak and trough concentrations) for horses fed alfalfa (2.58 ± 0.26 hours) and horses fed oats (2.88 ± 0.27 hours) were not significantly different. Horses fed only oats had greater degree of gentamicininduced nephrotoxicosis than did those fed only alfalfa.
Tumor necrosis factor as a potential mediator of acute metabolic and hormonal responses to endotoxemia in calves
Authors: Kenison Dale C. , Elsasser Theodore H. , Fayer Ronald 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effects of coliform endotoxin (e) and recombinant bovine tumor necrosis factor α (tnf) were compared with respect to clinical signs of disease and changes in plasma metabolite and pituitary and pancreatic hormone concentrations in calves. In addition, changes in plasma tnf concentration during each challenge exposure were quantitated by use of radioimmunoassay. Healthy Holstein bull calves with mean body weight of 90 kg were each given, in order, on different days, saline solution (5.0 ml, iv, day 1, n = 4), e (type 055:B5, 1.0 μg/kg of body weight iv, day 2, n = 4) and tnf (5.0 μg/kg iv, day 9, n = 3). Jugular venous blood samples, rectal temperature reading, and pcv were obtained at hourly intervals before (2 hours) and after challenge exposure. The pcv increased (P < 0.05) after e and tnf administrations for the first 5 hours, then returned to normal in calves given E, but decreased and remained low in calves given tnf through 24 hours. Plasma triglyceride and nonesterified free fatty acids concentrations were increased through 10 hours (P < 0.05) after e administration, whereas triglyceride and nonesterified free fatty acids concentrations were not significantly affected by tnf administration. Increase in blood glucose concentration at 1 hour after administration of e and tnf was followed by prolonged hypoglycemia that lasted through 6 hours. Changes in plasma insulin concentration paralleled the observed changes in glucose concentration, initially increased at 2 hours after e and tnf (P < 0.05) administrations, but then tended to decrease below control values thereafter. Plasma growth hormone and luteinizing hormone concentrations decreased after e and tnf administrations to almost nondetectable values through 4 hours after dosing, returning to normal values by 8 hours. The data indicate similarities in physiologic response of calves to e and tnf and suggest a role for acute production of tnf as a mediator of e responses.
Erythrocyte cation content and sodium transport in Siberian Huskies
Authors: Wilson Owen , Dixon Earl 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Adult mixed-breed dogs and Siberian Huskies were used to study erythrocyte cation and water contents, as well as sodium transport kinetics. Erythrocyte sodium, potassium, and water contents, as well as sodium efflux and influx kinetics, were measured. Lithium efflux studies were also performed, because previous studies reported involvement of this ion in sodium transport kinetics. Sodium, potassium, and water contents in erythrocytes from mixed-breed dogs were significantly (P < 0.05) different from those of Siberian Huskies when cells were washed in an isotonic sodium-free medium. Lithium efflux in hypertonic choline chloride was found to be significantly (P < 0.048) different in erythrocytes obtained from Siberian Huskies, compared with those from mixed-breed dogs. Additionally, sodium efflux in isotonic choline chloride was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in erythrocytes isolated from Siberian Huskies. Under these experimental conditions, sodium efflux was inhibited by 10 mM LiCl in erythrocytes of both groups. Amiloride (0.2 mM) was found to be a potent inhibitor of Na+ and Li+ efflux. These data indicate that Na+ metabolism may be altered in erythrocytes of Siberian Huskies, and may provide important insight into some of the erythrocyte transport abnormalities associated with specific human diseases in which erythrocyte cation content and sodium transport kinetics are altered.
Treatment of left laryngeal hemiplegia in Standardbreds, using a nerve muscle pedicle graft
Authors: Fulton I. C. , Derksen F. J. , Stick J. A. , Robinson N. E. , Walshaw R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The efficacy of a nerve muscle pedicle (nmp) graft in restoring upper airway function was evaluated in exercising horses with induced left laryngeal hemiplegia. The nmp graft was created from the first cervical nerve and the omohyoideus muscle and transplanted into the left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle. Seven adult Standardbreds were trained to exercise on a treadmill inclined at 6.38°. With the horses at rest and exercising at 4.2 and 7.0 m/s, the following variables were recorded: peak inspiratory and expiratory transupper airway pressures (defined as the pressure difference between a lateral tracheal catheter and a mask catheter), peak inspiratory and expiratory air flow, inspiratory and expiratory impedance, tidal volume, minute ventilation, heart rate, and respiratory frequency. Measurements were made before left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy (lrln), 28 days after lrln, and 12, 24, and 52 weeks after the nmp graft (n = 5) or sham operation (n = 2). Before lrln, exercise increased inspiratory and expiratory air flow and transupper airway pressure, whereas the impedance was unchanged. After lrln, transupper airway inspiratory pressure and impedance were significantly greater and inspiratory air flow was significantly less than baseline values at 7.0 m/s. The sham operation did not improve airway function. Twelve weeks after insertion of the nmp graft, inspiratory impedance and inspiratory air flow were significantly different (improved) from lrln values. Twenty-four weeks after insertion of the nmp graft, inspiratory impedance was not significantly different from lrln values. Fifty-two weeks after insertion of the nmp graft, inspiratory impedance was not significantly different from the baseline value and was significantly less than the value after lrln. We conclude that the nerve muscle pedicle graft can restore upper airway function within 52 weeks in horses with induced left laryngeal hemiplegia.
Effect of vaccination with the R mutant Escherichia coli (J5) antigen on morbidity and mortality of dairy calves
Authors: Daigneault J. , Thurmond M. , Anderson M. , Tyler J. , Picanso J. , Cullor J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A prospective cohort study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (J5) vaccination in dairy calves. Calves on 2 units were vaccinated when they were 2 to 3 days old and 2 weeks later with the J5 antigen or they were left unvaccinated, and were observed during the first 60 days of age for morbidity and mortality. Events recorded were death, the first case of illness, the first sign of a respiratory tract condition, the first sign of diarrhea, and the first treatment. The time to death or to a morbid event was examined as a function of vaccination status, using the Cox model of survival analysis, where serum IgG concentration at 2 to 3 days of age and gender of the calf were included to control confounding. Signs of morbidity in 517 calves were followed, 189 from unit 1 and 328 from unit 2. Vaccination was associated with a 2.15-fold reduction in risk of death on unit 2 (P = 0.042), but with a 2.43-fold increase in risk of death on unit 1 (P = 0.0035). The only association found between vaccination and morbidity was a 1.34-fold reduction in risk of respiratory tract signs for vaccinated calves on unit 2 (P = 0.055). Necropsy results and clinical investigations indicated that calves on unit 1 were poorly nourished and emaciated. Antibodies to J5 2 weeks after vaccination were significantly (P = 0.0002) lower in calves on unit 1 than in calves on unit 2. The findings offered a possible explanation for the adverse vaccination effect in calves on unit 1. Results suggested that vaccination with J5 antigen may be highly beneficial in preventing deaths of reasonably well-managed calves, but may be contraindicated in poorly managed calves.