bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What’s the Point of a Development Strategy?
Authors: Sen Amartya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is a “development strategy” a smart thing to have? It looked like that when development economics was born as a new subject in the late l 940s. A state could do wonders, it seemed, with a well thought-out design of development. Many economists-Nurkse (1953), Lewis (1955), Baran (1957), Leibenstein (1957), Tinbergen (1958), Kindleberger (1958), among others-outlined their respective views of how to get development going. There were, of course, sceptics, too, such as Hirschman (1958), who saw development less as a planned than as a spontaneous process, often emerging from undesigned chaos rather than from designed order. But the balance of opinion in the circle of development economists was very definitely on the side of “strategists” rather than “anti-strategists”.Things have moved on from there. Views have changed. Faith in government’s ability to do good things has dwindled. The increased appreciation of the role of markets over that of governments also tends to make the reliance on public policy and development strategy deeply suspect. Indeed, development strategy has ceased to be an attractive term. It is often seen a.5 the airing of Napoleonic ambitions by a bureaucracy with a solid record of bungling, blundering and botching.
The Development of National Governance Principles in the Netherlands
Authors: Iterson Ad Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how the connections between governance principles, collective actors, and workplace relations have developed in the Dutch busi¬ness system. In order to identify the governance principles (Kristensen, this volume) which regulate the formation and interaction of social groupings in the Netherlands, attention will first be directed to the geographical and socio-economical characteristics of late medieval ‘Holland ‘ and, next, to the early history of the Republic of the Netherlands (seventeenth century) when the rebellious Dutch provinces gained unity and identity in their combat against the Spanish overlordship and the ubiquitous water, and when merchant elites grasped the opportunities offered by expanding over¬ seas trade and the favourable location of the maritime part of the Netherlands.
Competition in Regulated Industries
Authors: Helm Dieter , Jenkinson Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The UK has pioneered the introduction of competition into previously monopolistic utility industries. Competition has been introduced progressively, starting with BT, and continuing with the gas and electricity industries, where it is to be completed during 1998. In water, competition has so far been restricted to new developments, and it is said that it will be phased in once the initial franchises expire. These radical policy innovations have been controversial, and raise significant generic problems concerned with market design, regulation, corporate strategy and income distribution. The lessons from the UK provide an essential input into liberalization throughout the world, as well as helping to shape the transitional arrangements already in place in the UK. This volume brings together independent experts with the specialist regulators to provide a comprehensive analysis of the issues. The common themes are drawn together in the introduction. The volume will be essential reading for utility companies, regulators, politicians and policy advisors.
Party-Army Relations in China: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Joffe Ellis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is axiomatic among observers that in the transition to the post-Deng era, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) will play a pivotal role. This is understandable. Until now, the army has been a central force in Chinese politics owing to the unique Party-army relationship that has existed since the founding of the Communist regime. Although this relationship will change in the near future, the importance of the military will not: they will remain indispensable backers of the new leadership. This is because they command the forces which may be used to determine the outcome of an elite power struggle, displace rebellious local figures, put down a mass uprising or even carry out a coup.
From Handshake to Contract: Intellectual Property, Trust, and the Social Structure of Academic Research*
Authors: Liebeskind Julia Porter , Oliver Amalya Lumerman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Academic science is one area of human activity where trust—in the form of scientific credibility—plays an essential role. Indeed, the entire social structure of academic science comprises a network of trust relationships that are built up through personal experiences, through reputation, and through institutional supports. Without these trust relationships, science itself cannot advance. However, this social structure may be altered when the values and interests of its members change. In this chapter, we describe how the increasing commercial value of scientific discoveries in molecular biology has transformed the notion of trust within the academic scientific community, leading to changes in the social structure of this academic field.
The Determinants of Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Authors: Wood Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the innovation process has become an important component of the policy interest in small firms in the UK (see for example ACOST, 1990) and in the Europe Union as a whole (see European Commission, 1995). The reason for this appears to be the mounting evidence that SMEs, here defined to be firms with fewer than 500 employees, play a vital role in the innovation process. Cohen and Levin (1989) suggest that it is far from clear that large firms are now the most important source of innovations. Recent empirical studies have highlighted the important and growing contribution SMEs have made to total innovation output (Pavitt, Robson, and Townsend, 1987; Acs and Audretsch, 1988, 1991). Mueller (1988) argues that ‘the small or newly-born firm is a primary source of new products and innovations’ (p. 40).
Systems Psychodynamics in the Service of Political Organizational Change
Authors: Neumann Jean E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Comprehensive organizational changes normally touch employees’ emotional and political concerns. Employees who lead and implement such changes cope with challenges to their interests by engaging in political activities. Typically, they enact psychological dynamics in the service of overt and covert aims. These dynamics, inherent in social systems change, can be both functional and dysfunctional. However, in particularly messy and confusing situations, psychological dynamics may be so severe that valid political concerns cannot be addressed effectively.
Women, Work, and Children: Behavioural and ldeational Change in the United States
Authors: Rindfuss Ronald R , Brewster karin l. , Kavee Andrew l. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social demographic explanations of fertility behaviour have typically focused on the transition from high to low fertility. Early theoretical statements emphasized the impact of structural factors, including increased child survival, higher educational attainment, urbanization, and a shifting occupational structure (Notestein 1953). However, as the evidence from historical studies and the contemporary developing world accumulated (Coale 1973; Teitelbaum 1975), it became apparent that such structural explanations provided only a partial understanding of the monumental changes taking place in fertility behaviour. The evidence suggested the importance of culture and ideational change; accordingly, these factors have come to assume a more prominent place in social demographic explanations of fertility behaviour over the past two decades or so (Coale 1973; Lesthaeghe 1983; Coale and Watkins 1986; Watkins 1991; Mason 1992; Entwisle et al. 1996).
Patterns of Fertility and Nuptiality in a Fishing Village in Southwestern Tokugawa Japan
Authors: Tsuya Noriko O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study examines patterns of fertility and nuptiality amongst women born in the early nineteenth century in a fishing village called ‘Nomo’ in the southwest island of Kyushu, Japan. Using the local population registers called shūmon-aratame-chō (SAC), we seek to account for the nature of the relationship between childbearing and marriage in the Japanese past. The primary objective of this study is to analyse patterns and characteristics of fertility of cohorts of women through their reproductive years, and nuptiality patterns are analysed here as a major demographic event interrelated to childbearing. Thus, this study does not deal with, nor has enough information to discuss, the marriage and family systems in fishing villages in eighteenth-century Japan.
The Social Science View of Entrepreneurship: Introduction and Practical Applications
Authors: Swedberg Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic argument of this introduction —as well as the rationale for this whole reader —is that the social sciences have a very important contribution to make, not only to the theoretical understanding of entrepreneurship but also to entrepreneurship as a practical enterprise.1 This viewpoint has tended to get lost in the surge of studies in this field, which has characterized the development during the last ten to fifteen years within the business school community. The social sciences, I argue, can provide new and fresh ideas about the theory and practice of entrepreneurship, by looking at innovative business behaviour in other times, in other societies, and in other cultures-and also by looking at entrepreneurship from novel angles and from the perspective of a much wider range of actors than is commonly done.
When a Thousand Flowers Bloom: Structural, Collective, and Social Conditions for Innovation in Organization
Authors: Kanter Rosabeth Moss 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Innovation consists of a set of tasks carried out at the micro-level by individuals and groups of individuals within an organization. These microprocesses are in turn stimulated, facilitated, and enhanced-or the opposite-by a set of macro-level conditions. Some of these structural and social factors are more important at certain stages than at others. This paper suggests that a dynamic model of innovation is needed which connects the major tasks in the innovation process to those structural arrangements and social patterns which facilitates each. Four major innovation tasks are discussed: (1) idea generation; (2) coalition building; (3) ideal realization; and (4) transfer, or diffusion. The importance of flexibility, breadth or reach, and, particularly, integration are emphasized.
Introduction
Authors: Swedberg Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Networks in Silicon Valley" the role of industrial networks in Silicon Valley is studied. "Entrepreneurship and Culture: The Case of Freddy; the Strawberry Man" uses an anthropological approach to study entrepreneurship and adds an existentialist twist to the analysis. Ethnic Entrepreneurs, the last article, finally; differs from the others in that it summarizes many years of research on a specific topic: ethnicity and entrepreneurship. The richness of this last article gives a sense of what sustained academic attention can lead to; and it thereby also gives a sense of the kind of empirical sophistication we can look forward to in many other areas, if the current boom in entrepreneurial studies continues.
Research and Technological Development
Authors: Sharp Margaret , Pereira Tiago Santos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Policies to promote research and technological development (R TD) within the EU are of relatively recent origin. No recent was made to the subject in the Treaty of RomeI and although there were a number of initiatives seeking to promote joint action (Guzzetti 1995; Peterson and Sharp 1998: ch. 2), it was not until the early 1980s that a series of strong Comrnunity initiatives emerged. These were prompted by the perception at that time of a major technological gap between the perfonnance of Conununity enterprises and their US and Japanese counterparts, especially in the important area of electronics. The diffrrent initiatives were rapidly drawn into an overall Framework Programme which has developed into one of the important areas of policy, comanding an annual budget of over 3 billion euros and subject to co-decision procedures between Council and Parliament Box 1). Nevertheless, it is important to realize that 3 billion euros is less than 5 per cent of the EU’s total annual budget and less than 4 per cent of the total expenditures on R&D by all the national governments of the EU-15 (Peterson and Sharp 1998: ch. 1). In other words, while EU initiatives have acquired a relatively high profile, they rely for their impact on the ‘marginal’ nature of their activities. Their clout lies in their providing extra resources on top of non11al national expenditures.
Psychological Perspectives of Organizational Learning
Authors: Maier Gunter W , Prange Christiane , Rosenstiel Lutz von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years the term ‘organizational learning’ has appeared increasingly in scientific and nonscientific publications alike. It stems from an analogy, namely, the idea that a goaloriented social structure, such as an organization, is able to learn like an organism. This interest in organizational learning is fueled by social and economic challenges confronting many organizations: the globalization of markets and ever keener worldwide competition, the shortening of development cycles for individual products, demographic shifts in the world’s industrialized countries, and reduction in the half-life of knowledge, among others (e.g. Prange 1999).
The Treatment of Organizational Learning in Management Science
Authors: Pawlowsky Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A theme commonly found in the literature on management is the need for concepts of organizational change that are suitable for an increasingly turbulent and complex business environment. However, the interpretative framework for these concepts encompasses a number of scenarios, including ones for a postindustrial society, a service economy, and a knowledge society. All these scenarios capture aspects of radical change that is occurring in economic and social conditions: a declining importance of physical assets and a growing importance of intangible assets. Management is confronted not only with new combinations and patterns of old variables but also with fun-damental shifts in the logic of business itself and in the assets with which business deals.
A Review and Assessment of Organizational Learning in Economic Theories
Authors: Boerner Christopher S , Macher Jeffrey T , Teece David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One principal goal of economics is to help understand innovation and change. It is therefore surprising to many observers that mainstream economics has largely failed to develop a coherent approach to one of the primary means by which individuals innovate and change: learning. For the purposes of this chapter, learning is defined as the acquisition and use of existing knowledge and/or the creation of new knowledge with the purpose of improving economic performance. Strictly speaking, only individuals possess the ability to create knowledge. However, organizations provide a context within which individual learning takes place (Marshall 1965).
Thinking Historically about Organizational Learning
Authors: Fear Jeffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on organizational learning and evolutionary theories of the enterprise often evoke the phrase ‘path dependency’, a social science translation of the insight that ‘history matters’. History matters because learning-be it social, organizational, or personal-is a difficult process, requiring one to evaluate the past, and perhaps reconsider it, to alter the present and confront the future. Schiller (1784/1970) viewed history unfolding as ‘a long chain of events [that] extends from the present moment back down to the beginning of the human race, which mesh into one another as cause and effect’ (p. 370). If one agrees with Schiller, then persons, organizations, or nations can never entirely escape the past. In order to forge a new link in the historical chain, they must still acknowledge the past ‘chain of events’, even if they reject it by taking a stand against previous ways of thinking and acting. By definition, then, learning implies having some sense, some knowledge, of one’s accumulated experience so that one can initiate change.
Change in Socioeconomic Values as a Trigger of Organizational Learning
Authors: Rosenstiel Lutz von , Koch Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organizational learning is a vital process by which organizations adapt to change in their social, political, or economic setting. Organizational learning triggered by a shift in socioeconomic values constitutes a special case of such change. Learning can be considered at two levels: as direct behavioral adaptation and as the development of general strategies of learning and adaptation (Argyris and Schon 1978). This chapter is focused on a particular process of organizational learning, one characterized by value change, a phenomenon that requires adaptation.
The Social Constitution of Organizations and its Implications for Organizational Learning
Authors: Child John , Heavens Sally J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our understanding of organizational learning has been handicapped by the failure to incorporate an adequate conception of organizations. Argyris and Schon (1978) recognized the problem in one of the earliest and most influential publications on the subject, when they posed the question: ‘What is an organization that it may learn?’ (p. 9).
Effects of Emotion on the Process of Organizational Learning
Authors: Scherer Klaus R , Tran Veronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For decades a somewhat narrow interpretation of Max Weber’s emphasis on the rational nature of the bureaucratic organization (Albrow 1992; Putnam and Mumby 1993) has led organization theorists to keep their theorizing and research sterile-uncontaminated by the unsavory mention of emotion or affect. One of the reasons for avoiding affect is the long-standing philosophical tradition in which anything emotional is considered ‘passion’ and hence a threat to rationality. Traces of these deep-seated attitudes can still be found in the rationalistic currents of the literature on organizational behavior and organizational learning (Flam 1990a, b). Ashforth and Humphrey (1995) argued that rationalist thought has led to institutionalized mechanisms for regulating the experience and expression of emotion in the workplace, mechanisms such as neutralizing, buffering, prescribing, and normalizing emotion.
Consultants as Agents of Organizational Learning:The Importance of Marginality
Authors: Antal Ariane Berthoin , Krebsbach-Gnath Camilla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Considering the growing emphasis that organizational scholars place on embeddedness and open systems, it is striking that theory-building about organizational learning has focused almost exclusively on the role of internal agents of the organization. This narrow scope is all the more surprising at a time when ever more consultants are being hired to help companies solve a variety of problems and improve or stabilize their market position through such initiatives as reengineering, total quality, cultural change, and lean management. The trend toward globalization has only intensified the need for organizations to review their strategies, structures, and processes. All such initiatives require organizations to engage in significant learning processes, which range from increasing the efficiency of current procedures to introducing radically new structures and ways of thinking about the organization and its markets. In order to contribute to closing the gap in theory building, we explore the many roles that consultants play in either promoting or hindering organizational learning and discuss how consultants and clients alike shape the conditions for both kinds of impact.
Rules and Organizational Learning: The Behavioral Theory Approach
Authors: Kieser Alfred , Beck Nikolaus , Tainio Risto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine a clerk in an outlet of a manufacturing organization. His or her task entails monitoring the stocks of materials and parts on hand. As soon as the stock of a material or part reaches its reorder point, the person has to fill out an order form and send it to the purchasing department. Such a simple organizational rule solves a number of problems. It ensures that the probability of interruptions in the production process remains low, keeps inventories small, and thereby avoids tying up capital unnecessarily. The clerk does not need to know about pending orders or stocks of finished products. He or she can ‘produce’ acceptable solutions just by applying the rule. Of course, the solutions resorted to by the clerk are appropriate only if the reorder points have been set in a way that minimizes production halts and inventories. Momentarily leaving aside the question of how these reorder points are determined, we assert that the rule is a repository for organizational knowledge.
Practices and Tools of Organizational Learning
Authors: Pawlowsky Peter , Forslin Jan , Reinhardt Rudiger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sooner or later the question arises as to how to implement organizational learning. On the one hand, conceptual models are of little use if they do not provide practical ways to develop and maintain a learning organization. On the other hand, the literature is full of ‘how-to’ articles and books, and the number of tools and instruments promising to foster a learning organization is overwhelming. Unfortunately, these resources do not offer criteria that help one know when to select which tool or instrument. Such criteria can only be derived from theory or from practical experience, that is from empirical patterns of evidence for making assumptions.
Scenarios and Their Contribution to Organizational Learning: From Practice to Theory
Authors: Galer Graham S , Heijden Kees van der 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter an organizational learning perspective is adopted in an attempt to make sense of the experience gained through the use of scenarios as a vehicle for management thinking. Over many years of practice a typology of scenarios and their uses has emerged and we identify first two types that have proved the most important: framework and project scenarios. The significance of this typology’s evolution is then considered in relation to an established theory of organizational learning. Because scenario planning is largely a prac-titioner’s art, it can be interpreted most fruitfully as experiential learning that integrates crucial aspects such as reflection, theory building, and action, as modeled in the learning cycle described by Kolb (Kolb and Rubin 1991).
Organizational Learning and Knowledge: Reflections on the Dynamics of the Field and Challenges for the Future
Authors: Antal Ariane Berthoin , Dierkes Meinolf , Child John , Nonaka lkujiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This handbook has been designed to cover a substantial range of approaches to organizational learning and knowledge. Such diversity is a natural part of the maturation process in a dynamic intellectual field. From the multiple narratives, however, we discern certain trends in the treatment of key themes over the past three decades and certain tendencies in the development of the language to describe and analyze organizational learning processes. This concluding chapter traces the developments we perceive as relating to language and themes in the field. It then outlines the ideas we feel are the most stimulating to pursue in the coming years.