bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Heating And Confinement Of Stellarator And Heliotron Plasmas
Authors: Wakatani Masahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Heliotron E was completed in 1980 to provide experimental proof of principles of the heliotron device. Table 8.1 shows the parameters of the heliotron devices built to investigate currentless toroidal plasma confinement in the 1980s; the Heliotron E (H-E), the Heliotron DR (H-DR), the ATF, and the CHS. In 1982, the H-E demonstrated that high-power ECRH (Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating) using a gyrotron is the most suitable method for producing currentless plasmas. Recent development of the high-power and high-frequency gyrotron was remarkable and one gyrotron can produce an RF power output of about 500kW at 140GHz. The next target of research and development is a continuously working gyrotron. This is necessary for the next generation of experiments, such as the LHD and the W7-X. However, in a heliotron reactor, ECRH may be only required to produce an initial target plasma for NBI (Neutral Beam Injection) or ICRF (Ion Cyrotron Range of Frequency) heating, and pulsed operation of the gyrotron seems sufficient for ignition.
The Color of Welfare
Authors: Quadagno Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thirty years after Lyndon Johnson declared a War on Poverty, the United States still lags behind most Western democracies in national welfare systems, lacking such basic programs as national health insurance and child care support. Some critics have explained the failure of social programs by citing our tradition of individual freedom and libertarian values, while others point to weaknesses within the working class. In The Color of Welfare, Jill Quadagno takes exception to these claims, placing race at the centre of the "American Dilemma," as Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal did half a century ago. The "American creed" of liberty, justice, and equality clashed with a history of active racial discrimination, says Quadagno. It is racism that has undermined the War on Poverty, and America must come to terms with this history if there is to be any hope of addressing welfare reform today. From Reconstruction to Lyndon Johnson and beyond, Quadagno reveals how American social policy has continually foundered on issues of race. Drawing on extensive primary research, Quadagno shows, for instance, how Roosevelt, in need of support from southern congressmen, excluded African Americans from the core programs of the Social Security Act. Turning to Lyndon Johnson's "unconditional war on poverty," she contends that though anti-poverty programs for job training, community action, health care, housing, and education have accomplished much, they have not been fully realized because they became inextricably intertwined with the civil rights movement of the 1960s, which triggered a white backlash. Job training programs, for instance, became affirmative action programs, programs to improve housing became programs to integrate housing, programs that began as community action to upgrade the quality of life in the cities were taken over by local civil rights groups. This shift of emphasis eventually alienated white, working-class Americans, who had some of the same needs--for health care, subsidized housing, and job training opportunities--but who got very little from these programs. At the same time, affirmative action clashed openly with organized labor, and equal housing raised protests from the white suburban middle-class, who didn't want their neighborhoods integrated. Quadagno shows that Nixon, who initially supported many of Johnson's programs, eventually caught on that the white middle class was disenchanted. He realized that his grand plan for welfare reform, the Family Assistance Plan, threatened to undermine wages in the South and alienate the Republican party's new constituency--white, southern Democrats--and therefore dropped it. In the 1960s, the United States embarked on a journey to resolve the "American dilemma." Yet instead of finally instituting full democratic rights for all its citizens, the policies enacted in that turbulent decade failed dismally. The Color of Welfare reveals the root cause of this failure--the inability to address racial inequality.
Legal Aspects of Conscientious Objection: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Noone Michael F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Shakespeare’s The Life of Henry V one of the private soldiers waiting to do battle at Agincourt muses on the morality of Henry’s mission: “But if the cause be not good, the King himself hath a heavy reckoning to make, when all those legs and arms and heads, chopped off in a battle, shall join together at the latter day [of judgment], and cry all, ‘We died at such a place’. . . . Now, if these men do not die well, it will be a black matter for the King that led them to it.” The king, in disguise, responds at length, asserting, “Every subject’s duty is the King’s, but every subject’s soul is his own.” In this statement, the sovereign attempted—as many sovereign governments still do—to create two mutually exclusive categories: the realm of action, which the state is free to regulate; and the realm of conscience, which, in most democratic societies, the state is expected to avoid. The categories are attractive, but false: By regulating or demanding action, the state creates conflicts of conscience, and it is within this zone of conflict that the law attempts to accommodate—if not to reconcile—these conflicting demands.
Chattel or Person?
Authors: Wegner Judith Romney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mishnah is a book of legal rules produced by Jewish sages in second-century Palestine and is to a great extent still binding upon Orthodox Jews. In this pioneering work, Judith Wegner scrutinizes the mishnaic laws governing women, in an attempt to determine the image and status of women in the patriarchy the Mishnah portrays. She focuses on a specific question: did the Mishnah’s creators regard women as persons, entities possessing legal rights, powers, and duties, or mere chattels, the property of some person or other? Considering a wide range of issues including women’s ability to give legal testimony and enter into religious vows, the penalties for rape and seduction and the rules pertaining to betrothal, marriage, and divorce, Wegner discovers a curious paradox. In some circumstances the Mishnah clearly regards women as full legal persons, with the same rights and responsibilities as the adult Israelite male. At other times, however, the system treats women as virtual chattels of the men who control their lives. Through close analysis of individual cases, Wegner isolates the factors that generate differences in the treatment of women. She finds that these differences hinge on whether a woman is legally independent, or subject to some man’s jurisdiction. The crucial point, she demonstrates, is the locus of ownership of the woman’s sexual and reproductive function. Whoever owns a woman’s sexuality exercises a degree of control over that function - and hence over the woman in question - that greatly resembles an owner’s control of a chattel. For this reason the personhood of minor daughters, wives, and certain widows is circumscribed, whereas “emancipated” women such as adult daughters, divorcees, and most widows are virtually autonomous. Going beyond any previous study of the status of women in Jewish law, Chattel or Person? sheds new light on the almost indelible marks left by archaic socio-legal systems on attitudes toward women in modern western cultures. By enlarging our understanding of women in antiquity, it serves not only to illuminate the workings of one particular ancient system, but also to highlight some of the problems facing feminism in our time.
A Preface to Mark
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Preface to Mark is a literary study which, from the standpoint of newer critical methodologies, explores two questions. First, Bryan attempts to determine what kind of text Mark would have been seen to be, both by its author and by others who encountered it near the time of its writing. He examines whether Mark should be seen as an example of any particular literary type, and if so which. It is argued that a comparison of Mark with other texts of the period leads inevitably to the conclusion that Mark’s contemporaries would broadly have characterized his work as a “life.” Second, Bryan looks at the evidence that exists to indicate whether Mark, like so much else of its period, was written to be read aloud. He points out ways in which Mark’s narrative would have worked particularly well as rhetoric. The first examination of Mark as a whole in the light of contemporary studies of orality and oral transmission, A Preface to Mark not only shows us Mark in its original setting, but also suggests ways in which our own encounter with Mark’s text may be significantly enriched. Its accessible style will serve as a good introduction to the Gospel for students as well as the general reader.
The Effectiveness of the Hindu Sacrament (Samskara):Caste, Marriage, and Divorce in Bengali Culture
Authors: Nicholas Ralph W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Kinship in Bengali CultureRonald Inden and I analyzed the symbolic constitution and meaning of kinship in Bengal at a level of generality that we think is shared by most Bengali Hindus. Our most significant discoveries concern how relatives are categorized, the love relationships among them, and the existence of alternative dominant and subordinate patterns of classifying kin together with corresponding alternatives for the proper display of love. The general importance of this portion of the analysis lies in our demonstration that, rather than separating relatives into two opposed categories, as consanguines and affines, the Bengali system classifies them into two overlapping categories. Although these are matters of intense interest to students of kinship, they are not important to most people, and they are not the subjects of this essay. Marriage seems to be more intrinsically interesting than the classification of kin, and it seems to be a universal practice.
Hinduism: Sati and Its Defenders
Authors: Hawley John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only half a decade ago, the phrase “Hindu fundamentalism” would have had an odd ring. Americans thought of fundamentalists as Christian, Muslim, or even Sikh, but not as Hindu or Buddhist: these religions did not seem to lend themselves to militancy. Recent events in India and Sri Lanka have greatly altered this perception. Hinduism no longer seems so tolerant and quiescent, and it has become commonplace for the press to designate as “fundamentalists” the Hindus who confronted Muslims and their one-time protectors, the secular state, over the issue of whether a temple to the god Rama should be constructed on the site in Ayodhya where he is supposed to have been born.
What Explains the Growth of Developing Countries?
Authors: Blomström Magnus , Lipsey Robert E , Zejan Mario 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growing literature on income and productivity convergence among countries seems to suggest that the developing countries have benefited to a relatively small degree from being backward (see, e.g., Baumol 1986, Baumol, Blackman, and Wolff 1989, and Zind 1991). Over the last 40 years, only a few developing countries have joined the “convergence club.” The majority have gained on the highest-income countries, the United States and Canada, but have lost ground relative to the industrialized countries as a group.
Staying Behind, Stumbling Back, Sneaking Up, Soaring Ahead: Late Industrialization in Historical Perspective
Authors: Hiking Takashi , Amsden Alice H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A small number of “late”-industrializing countries have experienced dramatic economic growth since World War II, thereby pushing the phenomenon of economic convergence beyond Western nations. As Table 11-1 indicates, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, and Mexico have significantly increased their share of world production in the twentieth century. They have succeeded in industrializing even though their leading enterprises have not enjoyed the competitive asset of pioneering technology. This characteristic marks a critical departure from the past experiences of the leading enterprises of Britain, and then of the United States and Germany, which conquered world markets by successfully generating new manufacturing technology.
Shocks
Authors: Burlaga L F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In MHD, as in ordinary gas dynamics, there exist surfaces across which the physical fields change discontinuously and on either side of which the field is constant (e.g., see Landau and Lifshitz, 1960; Burlaga, 1971a, Richter et al., 1985a). These surfaces include both nonpropagating structures (tangential discontinuities and contact discontinuities) and propagating structures (rotational discontinuities and shock waves). In reality, each type of surface has an internal structure determined by plasma processes, but this structure is ignored in the MHD fluid approximation.
Female Representations and Interpreting the Odyssey
Authors: Schein Seth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The representation and description of a variety of females-human women, goddesses, and monsters-are among the most striking features of the Odyssey. For the most part, women and the goddess Athena are described or represented by the voice of the poem’s (implied) narrator; other goddesses and nonhuman females occur mainly in the stories told in the first person by Odysseus, sometimes in secondary narrative by characters whom Odysseus quotes and whose accounts, as in the case of Kirke’s description of the Sirens, he seems to accept.
Between Skylla and Penelope: Female Characters of the Odyssey in Archaic and Classical Greek Art
Authors: Cohen Beth , Buitron-Oliver Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Odyssey is the only surviving epic poem that describes the Return of a Greek hero after the Trojan war. Thus it portrays neither the heroism and tragedy of war nor the normal order of daily life in peace, and in Classical antiquity it must have presented a particular challenge for visual artists. It is memorably rich in unusual physical adventure and suspenseful psychological drama, and ancient artists tapped both of these aspects as they struggled with the compositional difficulties of representing fantastic creatures from Odysseus’ exploits as well as with representing the poem’s subtler nuances of human characterization, particularly from its account of the hero’s homecoming.
Sirens, Muses, and Female Narrators in the Odyssey
Authors: Doherty Lillian Eileen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To judge by the frequency with which it has been evoked or adapted in ancient and modem works of art, the episode of the Sirens is one of the most compelling in the Odyssey- one of those passages that are most likely to resonate in the imaginations of readers. It can be a shock, then, even to one who knows the epic well, to be reminded that Odysseus’ account of the episode takes just thirty-five lines-less than a page and a half in the Oxford Classical Text edition --and that the snatch of the Sirens’ song we are allowed to hear is only eight lines long.
Christianizing Homer
Authors: MacDonald Dennis Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study focuses on the apocryphal Acts of Andrew (c. 200 AD), which purports to tell the story of the travels, miracles, and martyrdom of the apostle Andrew. Traditional scholarship has looked for the background of such writings in Jewish and Christian scriptures. MacDonald, however, breaks with that model and looks to classic literature for the sources of this story. Specifically, he argues that the Acts represent an attempt to transform Graeco-Roman myth into Christian narrative categories by telling the story of Andrew in terms of Homeric epic, in particular the Odyssey. MacDonald presents a point-by-point comparison of the two works, finding the resemblances so strong, numerous, and tendentious that they virtually compel the reader to consider the Acts a transformative “rewriting” of the epic. This discovery not only sheds valuable light on the uses of Homer in the early church but also significantly contributes to our understanding of the reception of Homer in the empire as a whole.
Content and Form in Philodemus: The History of an Evasion
Authors: Porter James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is important is to recover our senses. We must learn to see more, to hear more, to feel more. Our task is not to find the maximum amount of content in a work of art, much less to squeeze more content out of the work than is already there. Our task is to cut back content so that we can see the thing at all. Jensen’s publication, in 1923, of the remains of a book from On Poems by Philodemus brought to light one of the richest sources we currently have on the state of poetic theory during the Hellenistic period, and on the connections between those developments and their classical antecedents in Plato and Aristotle. Figures known only by name or for obscure achievements, such as Neoptolemus of Parium and Crates of Mallos, were drawn out of their prior darkness and isolation and restored to an importance that subsequent research has only reaffirmed.
Against Capital Punishment
Authors: Haines Herbert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the first full account of anti-death penalty activism in America during the years since the ten-year moratorium on executions ended in 1976. It traces the successful assault on capital punishment during the 1960s and the struggle of abolitionists against the backlash that has steadily gained momentum since the mid-1970s, and diagnoses the reasons for their inability to mobilize widespread opposition to executions. Finally, it assesses the prospects for the future of the death penalty in the United States.
The Practical Application of Monte Carlo Models
Authors: Joy David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The remainder of this book is devoted to the application of Monte Carlo models to a variety of problems in electron microscopy and microanalysis. The programs developed in Chaps. 3 and 4 provide only the framework that models the basic details of the electron interaction. We will now develop a variety of algorithms that, when implemented as PASCAL procedures and functions, can be used to transform these generic Monte Carlo models into programs customized to solve a particular problem. Before proceeding to these applications, however, there are a few practical considerations that are worth discussing. We have developed two types of Monte Carlo model, the single scattering model, which attempts to account for every elastic interaction suffered by the incident electron, and the plural scattering model, which considers only the resultant effect of scattering events occurring within some specified segment of the electron trajectory. These model share much of the same physics, and so, when properly used, can be expected to give comparable results. It is, however, necessary to decide what constitutes proper usage. An important general property of these models is what we shall call, by analogy with photographic film, their granularity. This concept expresses the idea that the Monte Carlo model is taking what is in reality a continuous sequence of scattering events and modeling it as a discrete series of independent events, just as a piece of film takes a picture and breaks it down into fragments the size of the grains making up the emulsion. The finer the grain size of the film, the higher the resolution of the image; and the finer the granularity (i.e., the step size) of the Monte Carlo simulation, the better the quality of the model generated. In the case of the single scattering model, the step size is of the order of the elastic mean free path and thus (depending on energy) is between a few nanometers and a few tens of nanometers, while for the plural scattering model, the step size is a fraction of the Bethe range and varies from tens of nanometers to fractions of a micrometer. In modeling some effect, it is therefore necessary to ensure that the granularity.
Insidious Foes
Authors: Macdonnell Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nazi Germany's efforts to weaken the United States by subversion failed miserably. Bungling spies were captured and half-hearted efforts at sabotage came to nothing. Yet anyone who lived through WWII remembers the chilling posters warning Americans that "Enemy Agents Have Big Ears" and "Loose Lips Sink Ships." Even Superman joined the struggle against these insidious foes. In 1940, polls showed that 71% of Americans believed a Nazi Fifth Column had penetrated the country. Almost half were convinced that spies, saboteurs, dupes, and rumor-mongers lurked in their own neighborhoods and work-places. These fears extended to the White House and Congress. In this book, Francis MacDonnell explains the origins and consequences of America's Fifth Column panic, arguing that conviction and expedience encouraged President Roosevelt, the FBI, Congressmen, Churchill's government, and Hollywood to legitimate and exacerbate American's fears. Gravely weakening the isolationists, fostering Congress's role in rooting out Un-American activities, and instigating the creation of the modern intelligence establishment, the Fifth Column scare did far more than sell movie tickets, comic books, and pulp fiction. Insidious Foes traces the panic from its origins in the minds of reasonable Americans who saw the vulnerability of their open society in an age of encroaching totalitarianism.
Corporate Restructuring And The Restructured World Of Senior Management
Authors: Useem Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, hostile acquisitions, leveraged buyouts, and organizational restructurings remade the corporate landscape, for worse and for better. Plants closings, company mergers, and divisional downsizings shortened work careers and decimated employment communities. At the same time, process reengineering, flexible work methods, and streamlined hierarchies improved employee productivity and product quality. The two faces of restructuring, the devastation and the renewal, reshaped virtually all company investments and programs. The two faces also reshaped executive work. Senior management confronted more stressful work and less career security. They also faced less resistant work ranks and more generous compensation.
Introduction
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1604 and 1650, at least forty-eight new religious houses for women—more than one a year—were established in the city of Paris and its suburbs. This book tells the story of the revival of Catholic institutions and spirituality that produced such a stunning burst of religious construction and, more particularly, of the lay and religious women who built, supported, and inhabited these houses. It is a book about women (and men) who lived their lives on a plane of spiritual involvement that, extreme even in their own time, is in many respects shocking today. Tracing the rise of a newly ascetic and penitential religious fervor to the last, tumultuous stages of the civil and religious wars that reduced France to near anarchy in the late sixteenth century, the book explores the impact of this ascetic spirituality on the Catholic renewal that followed. I argue that the spiritual imperatives of self-mortification and renunciation of will that lay at the heart of this penitential piety profoundly influenced not just seventeenth-century religious life but also the values and behavior of devout lay people.