bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molluscan sperm ultrastructure: correlation with taxonomic units within the gastropoda, cephalopoda and bivalvia
Authors: Healy John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Increasingly it is becoming apparent that comparative ultrastructural studies of sperm and spermiogenesis shed new light onto previously unresolved taxonomic and phylogenetic problems in many animal groups (Wirth, 1984; Jamieson, 1987, 1991). The utility of this work rests on the fact that sperm morphology is conservative for many taxa, and is therefore a good or at least very useful indicator of relationships. For this reason, the ‘naturalness’ of taxa can, in many cases, be assessed through correlation with sperm features. In relation to the Mollusca, a number of recent papers have dealt with the taxonomic and/or phylogenetic potential of sperm ultrastructure in the Gastropoda (Melone et al., 1980; Giusti, 1971; Giusti and Selmi, 1982a,b; Giusti et al., 1992; Kohnert and Storch, 1984a,b; Koike, 1985; Healy, 1982-1989a, 1990a-c,1991, 1993a,b; Healy and Willan, 1984, 1991a,b; Jamieson et al., 1991; Hodgson and Bernard, 1988; Hodgson and Foster, 1992; Hodgson and Chia, 1993), the Cephalopoda (Healy, 1989b, 1990d,e, 1993), the Bivalvia (Gharagozlou Van Ginneken and Pochon-Masson, 1971; Kubo, 1977; Popham, 1979; Healy, 1989c; Hodgson and Bernard, 1986; Hodgson et al., 1990) and the Polyplacophora (Hodgson et al., 1988; Buckland-Nicks et al., 1990). Useful morphological data have also been forthcoming from sperm studies dealing largely with functional aspects of molluscan gamete development and functional biology (e.g. Anderson and Personne, 1976; Hylander and Summers, 1977; Lewis et al., 1980; Buckland-Nicks et al., 1982, and many other papers -see references).
Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other names: Garza Cabecinegra in Spanish; Héron mélanocéphale in French; Schwarzhalsreiher in German. Ardea melanocephala Anon. Vigors and Children, 1826, in Denham and Clapperton’s Travels, Vol. 2, App. xxi, p. 20 1: near Lake Chad. The Black-headed Heron is a medium, black, grey, and white heron commonly found in the grasslands of Africa.
White-bellied Heron Ardea insignis
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other names: Imperial Heron, Great White-bellied Heron in English; Garza Ventriblanca in Spanish; Héron impérial in French; Kaiserreiher in German Baifu lu in Chinese. Ardea insignis Hume 1878, ‘Stray Feathers’ vi, p. 470: Sikkim terai, Bhutan duars. The White-bellied Heron is a very large, brownish- grey heron. It is the second largest living species of heron.
Purple Heron Ardea purpurea
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Goliath Heron is a unique heron due to its large size and its dependency on very large fish. It has a suite of adaptations to accommodate this role. Its large bill can handle large fish. It legs, relatively long even for its great size, allow it to access deeper water where the large fish are. Its solitary habits likely are required to access this scarce resource. Catching large fish is neither frequent nor efficient, and handling becomes even more problematical. However, its low-key foraging technique conserves energy.
Pied Heron Egretta picata
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other names: Pied Egret, Allied Egret, White- headed Egret ( juvenile) in English; Garceta Pie in Spanish; Aigrette pie in French; Elsterreiher in German. Ardea (Herodias) picata Gould, 1845. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 62: Port Essington, Northern Territory. The Pied Heron is a small black and white heron, with black head and head plumes, white neck and black body. ADULT: The Pied Heron typically has a uniquely black face and crown that forms a crest with elongated black plumes.
Black Heron Egretta ardesiaca
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The typical habitats of this species, namely reed beds in extensive shallow inundation zones and temporary rainfall basins, are a not uncommon situation on many African river systems. So why this species, which has some ability to move about, has such a restricted distribution is unclear. Further study of the breeding and feeding biology of this species relative to water fluctuations and specific nesting habitat requirements is needed. The apparent low nesting success and vulnerability to predators need to be bet- ter understood in order to assess their true impact.
Tricoloured Heron Egretta tricolor
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Africa, and July–August in west Africa. The Black Heron nests in trees over water. It can also nest on bushes and in reed beds. It nests in single-and mixed- species colonies of herons, ibis, and cormorants.Typically there are 50–100 Black Heron nests in a colony. However, in Africa, a few nests may occur within a larger colony or it may form huge colonies, for example a colony of 10 000 pairs of Black Herons was reported from Madagascar in 1950.The nest is a solid structure of twigs in tree nests, placed 1–6 m above water.
Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However, it just as typically forages on damp grass- lands. It defends all-purpose breeding and feeding territories during nesting but is less aggressive outside the nesting season. Much can be learned from this species about flexibility among solitary herons. Other names: Blue Heron, Blue Gaulin in English; Garceta azul, Garza azul, Garza blanca, Garza pinta, in Spanish; Aigrette bleue, Petit héron bleu, Crabier bleu, Crabier noir, Aigrette bleue, Petit Héron Bleu in French; Blauriher in German; Garça-azul, Garça- morena in Portuguese.
Chinese Egret Egretta eulophotes
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Little Egret is a species characterized by its flexibility, which permits a diversity of ecological strategies across its large range. Among populations currently identified as Little Egrets there is considerable variation in bill, leg, and plumage, some of which have ecological implications. Coastal populations tend to have shorter legs and stockier bills, probably to feed on harder prey. In dimorphic populations, the ratios of colour forms differ geographically, probably as a response to slightly differing selective pressures in different habitat conditions.
Rufous-bellied Heron Ardeola rufiventris
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ponds, streams and ditches. Having trees and bushes nearby appears to be important for escape. Its distinctive seasonal plumage change and migration pattern between Africa and Madagascar are unique to the species.The African part of its annual cycle is particularly mysterious. Other names: Garcilla Ventrirroja in Spanish; Héron à ventre roux in French; Rotbauchreiher in German. Ardea rufiventris Sundevall, 1851. Of. K. Vet. Akad. Forh., Stockholm, for 1850, p. 110: ‘Caffaria superior’ Mooi River, Potchefstroom, Transvaal, South Africa.
Eurasian Bittern Botaurus stellaris
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The North American Bittern is a solitary bird of dense emergent marshes. It feeds and breeds in isolation, in defended territories deep in the marsh thicket. It feeds by Walking carefully and very slowly, working its way through the vegetation, particularly near the edges of tall vegetation. It Stands for long periods and transitions to Walking extremely slowly. It hunts its prey, primarily fish and insects, with great patience. Its Boom call claims its territory and advertises its personal presence.
Dwarf Bittern Ixobrychus sturmii
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is not a well-understood heron, despite being relatively easy to observe. It feeds in rice fields and other open herbaceous wetlands by Walking slowly stalking prey, taking invertebrates and relatively large fish. It has a substantial repertoire of behaviours to use in locating and capturing prey and can also make use of a variety of habitats, especially agricultural situations. Much remains to be learned.
Zigzag Heron Zebrilus undulatus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other names: Vermiculated Heron in English; Avetigre Enana, Garza Cebira in Spanish; Socof- ziguezague in Portuguese; Onoré zigzag in French; Zickzackreiher in German. The Zigzag Heron is a small, short-tailed, black- crested, cryptically coloured dark heron of dense South American forests. ADULT: The Zigzag Heron’s head and neck are mottled grey with a black crest forming a prominent mane, giving the bird a thick-headed appear- ance (Davis et al. 1980). The bill is relatively short and dark. It may be all black, but it may also have a black or grey upper bill and horn or yellow lower bill.
Melanism
Authors: Majerus Michael E N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Melanism: Evolution in Action describes investigations into a ubiquitous biological phenomenon, the existence of dark, or melanic, forms of many species of mammals, insects, and some plants. Melanism is a particularly exciting phenomenon in terms of our understanding of evolution. Unlike many other polymorphisms, the rise of a melanic population within a species is a visible alteration. Not only this, but melanism may sometimes occur dramatically quickly compared to other evolutionary change. Examples of melanism include one of the most famous illustrations of Darwinian natural selection, the peppered moth. This book, the first written on melanism since 1973, gives a lucid and up-to-date appraisal of the subject. The book is divided into ten chapters. The first four chapters place melanism into its historical and scientific context, with illustrations of its occurrence, and physical and genetic properties. Chapters 5-9 look in more detail at melanism in moths and ladybirds, explaining the diversity of evolutionary reasons for melanism, and the complexities underlying this apparently simple phenomenon. The final chapter shows how the study of melanism has contibuted to our understanding of biological evolution as a whole. Written in an engaging and readable style, by an author whose enthusiasm and depth of knowledge is apparent throughout, this book will be welcomed by all students and researchers in the fields of evolution, ecology, entomology, and genetics. It will also be of relevance to professional and amateur entomologists and lepidopterists alike.
Genealogies and geography
Authors: Barton N H , Wilson I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any set of homologous genes can be traced back to a single common ancestor, and so their evolutionary relationship can be described by a genealogy, such as that shown in Fig. 3.1a. With asexual reproduction, every gene has the same ancestry. For example, since human mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally. there is no opportunity for recombination, and o all mitochondria must trace back to one maternal ancestor. By contrast. sexual reproduction allows recombination, so that different genes, or even different segments of the same gene, have different genealogies (Fig. 3.lb). The ancestral lineages of each gene might coincide, so that even in a sexual population, one individual might by chance contribute the entire future ancestry (top of Fig. 3.1 b). In the more distant past. all segments of the genome presumably trace back to one ancestral gene, via successive duplications. Here, however, we will be concerned with the immediate genealogy, and what this tells us about current evolutionary processes. The discordant genealogies generated by recombination allow natural selection to select efficiently on individual loci, and also give us very much more information about the whole population. However, it makes it difficult (if not impossible) to estimate the whole set of genealogies that give the relationships between genomes, and greatly complicates the inferences that can be made from that set. In this chapter we analyse the structure of genealogies where genes diffuse through a two-dimensional habitat, and discuss how genealogical information might be used to estimate the rate and pattern of gene flow.
NMR and its Applications to Living Systems
Authors: Gadian David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a technique that is extensively used as a means of obtaining clinical images. In the form of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), the technique can also be used to study tissue chemistry. In this revised and updated second edition, the technique of NMR is introduced, and the ways in which MRI and MRS can be used to study living systems are discussed, with an emphasis on applications in man. There are chapters which illustrate applications of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and imaging (MRI), including the new methods of functional imaging. Chapters also cover the basic principles of the techniques, the parameters that characterize NMR signals, instrumentation, and pulse sequences.
Pulse sequences
Authors: Gadian David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of new pulse sequences has been a major theme of research in magnetic resonance for many years, and has provided much of the basis for the continued progress in imaging and spectroscopy. For example, the studies described in Chapter 4 illustrate the various ways in which specialized imaging sequences can be used, not only for the visualization of specific structures, but also for the investigation of tissue function and pathophysiology. In this final chapter, we discuss in more detail some of the more widely used pulse sequences. We show that these sequences, which involve appropriate combinations of radiofrequency pulses and pulsed magnetic field gradients, can generally be built up on a modular basis, and that pulse sequences used for spectroscopy have many features in common with those used for imaging.
Structural chemistry
Authors: Simonettat† Massimo , Gavezzotti Angelo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chemistry has a very important part in the scientific and technological wonders of our times. The composition of planetary atmospheres and interstellar clouds has been probed, superconductivity has been obtained at easily accessible temperatures, fibres a few millimeters thick can lift tons of weight, millions of tiny charges can be manipulated in microscopic chips to store and process information. The codes of life and evolution have been cracked, and the genes of micro-organisms can be cut and spliced to induce the production of useful substances. Much of this has been made possible by our detailed knowledge of the intimate structure of matter at a molecular level, which has in turn produced the well-established theories of modern chemistry. At the same time, comprehensive and relatively simple theories have been constructed to account for the quantum behaviour of atoms and molecules, and phenomena like tunneling or Pauli forces are now explained. The non-classical, elusive properties of electron and nuclear spin are widely exploited for chemical characterization.
The potential energy surface and the meaning of internuclear distances
Authors: Kuchitsu Kozo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theoretical framework for the concept of molecular structure is based on the Born-Oppenheimer approximation (Born and Oppenheimer 1927; Ballhausen and Hansen 1972). Except in the case of strong vibronic interaction, the electronic motion is solved for a set of fixed nuclear positions; the electronic wavefunction contains the molecule-fixed nuclear coordinates as parameters, instead of variables, because the influence of the momentum of the nuclear motion operating on the electronic wavefunction is ignored. The electronic energy in a certain electronic state, represented as a function of the nuclear coordinates, corresponding to the potential energy function for the nuclear motion (i.e. The intramolecular vibration). [n this Born-Oppenheimer scheme, the potential function for the nuclear motion is assumed to be independent of the nuclear masses and, therefore, the potential function should be independent of isotopic substitution.
Excited States and Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine
Authors: Bensasson R v. , Land E J , Truscott T G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Excited states and free radicals are involved in the normal physiology of living systems; in pathological processes including lipid peoxidation, inflammation, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and ageing; in the mechanism of action of drugs, such as quinone antitumour agents, and in the photochemotherapies such as the PUVA therapy of skin diseases and PDT of cancer. The chief aim of this text is to introduce the reader to this rapidly expanding field, which lies at the borderlines of physics, chemistry, biology, pharmacology, and medicine, and, in particular, to explore how time-resolved spectroscopic methods have found solutions at the molecular level to biological and medical problems. In the first three chapters, the nature of excited states and free radicals, and the fast kinetic and spectroscopic techniques for their study are described. Amongst the biological areas described in the subsequent chapters are: activated oxygen species; DNA; proteins; carotenoids and photosynthetic reaction centres; photodermatology and melanogenesis; and aspects of cancer related to radio-, chemo-, and photodynamic therapy.
A dedication, some history, and a brief overview
Authors: Symons M C R , Gutteridge J M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book was originally conceived because we both were keen on the ‘Fenton reaction’ from our different points of view-and we realized that it was (at that time!) the 100th anniversary of his classic paper. As well as saying something about Fenton himself, we also give very brief surveys of the ‘history’ of the other main participants (or? protagonists?), oxygen and iron. This book is not intended to be an overview of current literature, but a critical commentary on the major issues and controversies-presented from the disparate viewpoints of a chemist and a biochemist. Since we wanted both viewpoints to be expressed, we have avoided the temptation to produce a composite compromise.
Free radicals
Authors: Symons M C R , Gutteridge J M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 we give an overview of free radicals, using the chemist’s definition. We start with a consideration of the transient nature of radicals, showing how most are extremely reactive and, hence, have short lifetimes, and can never be isolated. We than give an overview of the most common methods for generating radicals, which includes a discussion of chain reactions, which are key processes in lipids. This takes us to a consideration of methods for discovering if a given reaction proceeds via radical intermediates, and finally, to a brief consideration of one of the dangers in such diagnoses-a problem that involves iron.
Natural iron ligands
Authors: Symons M C R , Gutteridge J M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers some of the naturally occurring iron ligands that are important in human biology and medicine. The body takes great care to sequester iron in non- or poorly reactive forms and, therefore, much of the discussion is focused on how safely sequestered iron can become biologically available to drive oxidative reactions. Here we define ‘natural’ iron chelators and complexing agents as those that occur in biological systems as well as those that are synthesized by microorganisms and subsequently isolated and purified for use in biological studies.
Superoxide, peroxides, and iron in biological systems
Authors: Symons M C R , Gutteridge J M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxidative stress has been described as an imbalance between pro-oxidants, such as iron, superoxide, and peroxides, and antioxidants in favour of the former (Sies, 1991). If imbalance continues for long enough molecular damage will result. During normal metabolic balance, however, trace amounts of iron, superoxide, and peroxides can play essential signal, trigger, and messenger functions by interacting between the membrane and the nucleus, as well as between different cells. Some of these important relationships are explored in greater detail in this chapter. Also these reactive agents are harnessed by the immune system using cells such as macrophages and neutrophils to attack invading microorganisms.
Boiling, Condensation, and Gas-Liquid Flow
Authors: Whalley P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heat transfer phenomena involving boiling and condensation are an important aspect of engineering in the power and process industries. This book, aimed at final year undergraduates and graduate students in mechanical or chemical engineering, deals with these phenomena in detail. The first part of the book describes gas-liquid two-phase flow, as a necessary preliminary to the later discussion of heat transfer and changes of phase. A detailed section on calculation methods shows how theory can be put to practical use, and there are also descriptions of some of the equipment and plant used in the process and power industries.
Robots and Screw Theory
Authors: Davidson Joseph K , Hunt Kenneth H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robots and Screw Theory describes the mathematical foundations, especially geometric, underlying the motions and force-transfers in robots. The principles developed in the book are used in the control of robots and in the design of their major moving parts. The illustrative examples and the exercises in the book are taken principally from robotic machinery used for manufacturing and construction, but the principles apply equally well to miniature robotic devices and to those used in other industries. The comprehensive coverage of the screw and its geometry lead to reciprocal screw systems for statics and instantaneous kinematics. These screw systems are brought together in a unique way to show many cross-relationships between the force-systems that support a body equivalently to a kinematic serial connection of joints and links. No prior knowledge of screw theory is assumed. The reader is introduced to the screw with a simple planar example yet most of the book applies to robots that move three-dimensionally. Consequently, the book is suitable both as a text at the graduate-course level and as a reference book for the professional. Worked examples on every major topic and over 300 exercises clarify and reinforce the principles covered in the text. A chapter-length list of references gives the reader source-material and opportunities to pursue more fully topics contained in the text.
Introduction To Pool And Convective Boiling
Authors: Collie John G , Eng F R S F , John R , Phil Thome D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The object of this chapter is to introduce the subject of boiling, particularly for the case where the fluid is evaporated in a stagnant pool or a heated channel or duct. The elementary thermodynamic aspects of the liquid vapour phase change are briefly reviewed to provide a background to a discussion of the basic aspects of bubble nucleation and growth. This, in turn, leads to a qualitative description of the heat transfer regimes present when a stagnant liquid is boiled in a container such as an electric kettle. Finally, the various modes of heat transfer encountered when a liquid is circulated through a heated channel are described and classified by means of a boiling map which enables the detailed features of convective boiling to be dealt with in sequence in the succeeding chapters.