bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explorations of a trust approach for nursing ethics
Authors: Peter Elizabeth , Morgan Kathryn Pauly 
Published: March 2003

Explorations of a trust approach for nursing ethicsTrust has long been acknowledged as central to nurse–patient relationships. It, however, has not been fully explored nor‐matively. That is, trust must be examined from a perspective that encompasses not only reliability and competence, but also good will within nursing relationships. In this paper, we explore how a trust approach, based on Annette Baier’s work on trust in feminist ethics, could help inform future developments in nursing ethics. We discuss the limitations of other approaches such as those based on contracts, paternalism, and care. By drawing out central features of Baier’s theory, we demonstrate how it can help overcome the problems of these previous models. In doing so, we emphasise the importance of combining the ethics of care and justice, acknowledging vulnerability and the potential for evil in nursing relationships, and politically situating the ethical concerns of nursing.
Academics and practitioners: nurses as intellectuals
Authors: Holmes Colin A. 
Published: March 2003

Academics and practitioners: nurses as intellectualsIn the author's experience, nurse educators working in universities generally accept that they are ‘academics’, but dismiss suggestions that they are ‘intellectuals’ because they see it as a pretentious description referring to a small number of academics and aesthetes who inhabit a conceptual world beyond the imaginative capacity of most other people. This paper suggests that the concept of the ‘intellectual’, if not the word itself, be admitted into nursing discourse through the adoption of a non‐élitist Gramscian understanding, similar to the more recently formulated conception of the reflective practitioner. According to the Italian Marxist scholar Antonio Gramsci, intellectuals are those people who develop ways in which to construct the conditions of their own existence, a possibility he believed was open to all. It is suggested that, from a Gramscian perspective, all nurses are intellectuals to varying degrees, and nurse educators should not only be nurturing their own intellectualism but also the potential for intellectualism as it exists within each individual. The ways in which this project are related to Habermasian critical theory are also briefly outlined.
Transformative unlearning: safety, discernment and communities of learning
Authors: Macdonald Geraldine 
Published: March 2003

Transformative unlearning: safety, discernment and communities of learningThis paper aims to stimulate awareness about the intellectual and emotional work of ‘unlearning’ in knowledge workers in the emerging learning age. The importance of providing a safe space for dialogue to promote transformative learning, through building ‘communities of learning’, is highlighted. Unlearning is conceptualized within a transformative education paradigm, one whose primary orientation is discernment, a personal growth process involving the activities of receptivity, recognition and grieving. The author utilizes the metaphor of an unfolding spiral path to explore her experience of needing to ‘unlearn’ a trusted nursing practice prior to ‘learning’ new best caring practices related to infant sleep positions. Macro and micro approaches to facilitating unlearning in organizations, in learners and in nurses are suggested.
‘Patient satisfaction’: knowledge for ruling hospital reform — An institutional ethnography
Authors: Rankin Janet M. 
Published: March 2003

‘Patient satisfaction’: Knowledge for ruling hospital reform — An institutional ethnography Driven by funding restraint, Canadian health‐care has undergone over a decade of significant reform. Hospitals are being restructured, as text‐based practices of accountability bring a new business‐orientation into hospital and clinical management. New forms of knowledge, generated through records of various sorts, are a necessary resource for managing care in the new environment. This paper's research uses Canadian sociologist Dorothy E. Smith's institutional ethnographic methodology to critically analyse one instance of text‐based management. I analyse information about ‘patient satisfaction’ as it is generated through a patient survey (in which I was implicated through my involvement with a hospitalized family member). Subsequently, I have studied the management environment into which that information would be entered. I argue that in the instance analysed, the information becomes part of a dominant consumer oriented healthcare discourse that subordinates concerns about ‘what actually happened’ as a professional caregiver would have known it. On this basis, I contend that this sort of taken‐for‐granted approach to making decisions about quality care in hospitals may be seriously, even dangerously, flawed.
Epidemiological study on sleep habits and insomnia of new outpatients visiting general hospitals in Japan
Authors: Ishigooka Jun , Suzuki Makihiko , Isawa Shinano , Muraoka Hideo , Murasaki Mitsukuni , Okawa Masako 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA large scale epidemiological survey of sleep habits, specifically for insominia, was conducted using 6277 new outpatients from 11 general hospitals in Japan. They were requested to answer a questionnaire newly designed for this study, which consisted of 34 questions concerning socio‐demographic characteristics, current medical conditions, sleep habits, current or past sleep complaints, symptoms of parasomnia, use of hypnotics/anxiolytics and other aspects of daily life. Insomnia was the focus of analysis using χ2 statistics and, additionally, logistic regression to explore the predictors of insomnia. Bedtime was 23:30 and wake‐up time was 6:35 on average, with a mean sleep time of 6.77 h on weekdays. The number of subjects with current sleep complaints was 1276, of which 735 (11.7% of the total sample) had insomnia lasting for 1 month or more. Only 37.6% of those were taking hypnotics and/or anxiolytics. Old age, female sex, neurology, psychiatry, early bedtime, late wake‐up time, living alone and dissatisfication with the bedroom environment for sleep were found to be associated with long‐term insomnia. This study helps to provide a framework for further studies using the general population.
General hospital psychiatry from the perspective of medical economics
Authors: Hosaka Takashi , Aoki Takayuki , Watanabe Toshiyuki , Okuyama Toru , Kurosawa Hisashi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of consultation–liaison (C‐L) psychiatry from the perspective of medical economics, by comparing a part‐time and full‐time psychiatric department. One full‐time (5 days per week) psychiatrist began work at a general hospital (GH‐A), and one part‐time (once per week) psychiatrist had been working at another general hospital (GH‐B). Both general hospitals are teaching hospitals of the same size. The number of patients and the medical reimbursements were investigated each month and compared. This study demonstrated that the establishment of C‐L psychiatry was economically profitable in contrast with what was the common belief among general hospital administrators. Also, the differences in the total number of patients (GH‐A : GH‐B = 500 : 35–50 patients/month) and the total reimbursement (GH‐A : GH‐B = 3 million : 2–300 000 yen/month) was not explained by the number of working days (GH‐A : GH‐B = 5 : 1 day/week). The full‐time model of C‐L psychiatry has also indirect effects (i.e. educational and relieving effects) on the hospital staff. Promoting the establishment of C‐L psychiatry requires many evidence‐based studies that demonstrate the necessity for C‐L psychiatry and can directly persuade hospital directors.
The influences of family environment on personality traits
Authors: Nakao Kazuhisa , Takaishi Jyo , Tatsuta Kenji , Katayama Hisanori , Iwase Madoka , Yorifuji Kazuhiro , Takeda Masatoshi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn order to clarify the influences of family environment on the development of personality traits, 150 children (104 males and 46 females, mean age 13.2 ± 2.4 years) who had been interviewed at the Child Guidance Clinic in Osaka were investigated. From 13 behavioral characteristics (activity, talkativeness, sociability, social skills, rule‐keeping, will, aggression, emotional control, imagination, anxiety, maturity, intelligence, and neuroticism), factor analysis identified three personality traits: extraversion, maturity, and intellect. The effects of family environment (maternal and paternal participation in child rearing before and after 4 years of age, child‐rearing style, parental relationship, sibling relationship, number of siblings, birth order, and socioeconomic status) on these personality traits were examined based on a structural equation model. The results found, first, that extraversion was negatively associated with overprotection/interference and with maternal participation in child rearing. Maturity correlated with high socioeconomic status, appropriate child‐rearing style, and paternal participation in child rearing. Intellect was related to high socioeconomic status and maternal participation in child rearing. Second, path analysis with selected variables revealed that 8% of variance in extraversion, 14% in maturity, and 10% in intellect was due to family environment. Third, children with high introversion or high intellect had stronger influences from family environment than did those with high extraversion or low intellect.
Effects of prolactin‐releasing peptide (PrRP) on sleep regulation in rats
Authors: Zhang Shi‐Qing , Kimura Mayumi , InouÉ Shojiro 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe present study examined in rats how prolactin‐releasing peptide (PrRP), a new hypothalamic hormone, infused centrally during the dark period affects sleep and plasma levels of prolactin (PRL). At a dose of 0.1 nmol, PrRP increased only rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, whereas with 1.0 nmol both non‐REM sleep and REM sleep were enhanced. However, 10.0 nmol of PrRP increased only non‐REM sleep with a febrile response. The levels of plasma PRL were elevated during the infusion of PrRP with 0.1 and 1.0 nmol. Consequently, the increased release of PRL correlated with significant increases in REM sleep, but not in non‐REM sleep.
Esophageal pressure and apnea hypopnea index in sleep‐disordered breathing
Authors: Watanabe Takuya , Mikami Akira , Shigedo Yoshihisa , Motonishi Masamichi , Honda Hideharu , Kyotani Kyoko , Uruha Shigehiko , Terashima Kiyoji , Teshima Yoshio , Sugita Yoshiro , Takeda Masatoshi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSeverity of negative esophageal pressure (Pes) and apnea hypopnea index (AHI) were investigated in six cases of upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) and 11 cases of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The severity of negative Pes was represented by the highest peak (Pes Max) and the number of increased episodes (more than 13.5 cmH2O) per h (NPesI13.5). There was no significant correlation between Pes indices and AHI. Pes Max and NPesI13.5 were not different among severe OSAS (AHI > 30), mild OSAS (AHI < 30) and UARS. Apnea hypopnea index failed to represent the severity of negative Pes, which is an important aspect of the pathophysiology of sleep‐disordered breathing.
Effect of 3 mg melatonin on jet lag syndrome in an 8‐h eastward flight
Authors: Takahashi Toshiharu , Sasaki Mitsuo , Itoh Hiroshi , Ozone Motohiro , Yamadera Wataru , Hayshida Ken‐Ichi , Ushijima Sadanobu , Matsunaga Naoki , Obuchi Keita , Sano Hidetaka 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn order to assess the effect of melatonin on jet lag a field study was undertaken. The process of re‐entrainment of circadian melatonin rhythm was investigated in six subjects. Except during 24‐h blood sampling, the subjects were exposed to natural zeitgeber (time giver) outdoors and given 3 mg melatonin at 23:00 h. The subjects were exposed to bright sunlight from 3000 to 12 000 lx. All of them showed orthodromic re‐entrainment with taking melatonin, while two out of the six did not show orthodromic re‐entrainment without taking melatonin. Melatonin accelerated the rate of the re‐entrainment of the circadian melatonin rhythm. Melatonin was useful to jet travel from Tokyo to Los Angeles.
Effects of short nap and exercise on elderly people having difficulty in sleeping
Authors: Tanaka Hideki , Taira Kazuhiko , Arakawa Masashi , Toguti Hiroki , Urasaki Chisae , Yamamoto Yukari , Uezu Eiko , Hori Tadao , Shirakawa Shuichiro 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of short nap and exercise on the sleep quality of elderly people who reported difficulty in sleeping. ‘Interventions’ such as short nap after lunch and moderate‐intensity exercise in the evening were carried out for 4 weeks. After the ‘interventions’, wake time after sleep onset significantly decreased and sleep efficiency significantly increased, which showed that sleep quality was improved. The frequency of nodding in the evening significantly decreased. These results demonstrated that the proper awakening maintenance in the evening was effective in improving sleep quality. After the ‘intervention’, mental health was also improved with improving sleep quality.
A survey of junior high school students’ sleep habit and lifestyle in Okinawa
Authors: Arakawa Masashi , Taira Kazuhiko , Tanaka Hideki , Yamakawa Kenji , Toguchi Hiroki , Kadekaru Hatuko , Yamamoto Yukari , Uezu Eiko , Shirakawa Shuichiro 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA survey was made of the sleep and lifestyle activity patterns of 3754 students from 14 different junior high schools on Okinawa Island. The survey showed that bedtimes became progressively and significantly later as students ascended to higher grades, resulting in adolescent sleep debt. The later adolescents retired to sleep, there appeared significantly greater numbers suffering from insufficient sleep, who found difficulty in waking up, who arose later in the mornings, and who failed to eat breakfast. The study indicated that along with later bedtimes, staying up late resulted in deterioration of sleep health, poor dietary habits and feeling ill, contributing to sleepiness during class.
Subjective sleep quality and sleep problems in the general Japanese adult population
Authors: Doi Yuriko , Minowa Masumi , Uchiyama Makoto , Okawa Masako 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTo dimensionally describe subjective sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and estimate the prevalence rate of sleep problems (PSQI global score > 5) in the general Japanese adult population, 1871 subjects randomly selected from the 1995 Census were examined. The PSQI component scores (mean ± SD) widely ranged (e.g. 0.04 ± 0.31 in hypnotic medication use for males aged 20–29 years, 0.03 ± 0.18 in hypnotic medication use for females aged 20–29 years, 1.10 ± 0.94 in sleep latency for males aged 80 or older, 1.52 ± 1.03 in sleep latency for females aged 80 or older). Statistical significance was found in each component score among age groups by gender. The PSQI global scores (mean ± SD) by age groups ranged from 4.00 ± 2.59 to 5.02 ± 3.89 for males (P < 0.39) and 4.30 ± 2.34 to 6.75 ± 4.10 for females (P < 0.001). The respective prevalence rates of sleep problems were 26.4% (95% CI = 23.6, 29.3) for males and 31.1% (95% CI = 28.1, 33.9) for females.
Relationships between serum magnesium levels and clinical background factors in patients with mood disorders
Authors: IMADA YUZO , YOSHIOKA SHIN‐ICHI , UEDA TOSHIYUKI , KATAYAMA SEIJI , KUNO YOSHIE , KAWAHARA RYUZO 
Published: March 2003

AbsractWe measured serum magnesium (Mg) levels in 71 in‐patients and out‐patients with mood disorders and in 30 healthy controls and investigated the relationships between serum Mg levels and clinical background factors. Serum Mg levels were found to be significantly higher in patients with mood disorders than in controls. Serum Mg levels showed no significant correlation with patient sex, age, diagnosed subtype and disease phase in the mood disorder group. Serum Mg levels in patients with major depressive disorder who were taking psychotropic drugs were not significantly different from levels seen in patients with major depressive disorder who were not taking psychotropic drugs. These results suggest that the high serum Mg levels noted in patients with mood disorder are related to the underlying disorder itself and are not influenced by clinical background factors.
Biogeography of sexual and asexual populations inBostrychia moritziana(Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: West John A. , Zuccarello Giuseppe C. 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYBostrychia moritziana(Sonder ex Kützing) J. Agardh is recorded from many regions around the world. Our laboratory culture investigations have verified a sexual life cycle in isolates from Australia, Venezuela, Colombia, South Africa, Fiji, New Zealand and Indonesia. By contrast, asexual isolates producing successive generations of tetrasporophytes in laboratory culture and, presumably, in the field, are known from Australia. New Caledonia and Japan. In Australia, asexual reproduction is absent only in Victoria. In Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland, 99% of the isolates have asexual reproduction. In New South Wales (NSW), asexual and sexual populations are often intermixed. Of the 176 worldwide field collections, 58% were vegetative, 39% were tetrasporic, 2% were female and 1% were male. After several years of observations on the asexual isolates in culture, at least 30 successive asexual tetrasporophytic generations have developed. Only two asexual isolates (3558 and 3575) from NSW have formed a single male and female gametophyte in culture. In a self‐cross of 3568, the carpospores developed into tetrasporophytes that recycled asexually. All outcrosses done with normal sexual isolates produced normal carposporophytes and the carpospores developed into tetrasporophytes that also recycled asexually. Asexual populations may arise repeatedly by loss of meiosis in tetrasporangia of sexual populations. Asexual reproduction apparently does not diminish the overall dispersal and abundance in the field. Our present bio‐geographic data show that sexually reproducing popuiations ofB. moritzianaoccur worldwide, while asexuaily reproducing populations are confined to the western Pacific.Bostrychia bisporaWest et Zuccarello, initially described on the basis of its asexual reproduction to distinguish it fromB, moritziana, is now reduced to synonymy withB. moritziana.
Rapid extraction of high‐quality genomic DNA from Porphyra yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Nakajima Maiko , Kitade Yukihiro , Iitsuka Osamu , Fukuda Satoru , Saga Naotsune 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYWe developed a simple, rapid and stable method for extraction of high molecular weight DNA from the marine red alga Porphyra yezoensis Ueda using both guanidium treatment and QIAGEN™ kit (Funakoshi, Tokyo, Japan). The method does not require expensive equipment and complex steps. The DNA yield averaged 1.5 μg 100 mg−1 of Porphyra tissue and the A260/A280 and A230/A260 ratios of the DNA were approximately 1.8 and 0.4, respectively. It was of sufficient quality to be used for not only polymerase chain reactions but also other DNA manipulation techniques such as restriction digestion and construction of genomic libraries.
Acoustic parameters of voluntary cough in healthy non‐smoking subjects
Authors: Olia Paolo Michele , Sestini Piersante , Vagliasindi Mario 
Published: March 2003

Objective:The aim of this study was to explore cough in healthy subjects.Methodology:We studied 234 coughs generated by 24 (12 males) healthy non‐smokers (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) 103 ± 8% of predicted), who had no significant differences in FEV1 and age between males and females. For each subject, several bouts of voluntary coughing were recorded using a personal computer with an A/D converter (sampling rate 10 kHz, 8 bit resolution) and the first and second coughs of each bout were analysed using short‐time Fast Fourier Transformation. For each cough we studied the three phases that are produced. In particular, we studied the duration of the three parts, loudest frequency in the first part, lowest and highest frequencies, number of continuous frequencies and lowest and highest continuous frequencies in the second part, and the loudest frequency of the third part if present.Results:We found significant differences between males and females in length of the first part (41.4 ± 14 vs 44.7 ± 10.4 msec, P = 0.04), loudest frequency of the first part (362 ± 145 vs 449 ± 145 Hz), lowest frequencies (282 ± 100 vs 348 ± 135 Hz) and highest continuous frequencies (3877 ± 571 vs 4147 ± 362 Hz; P < 0.001) of the second part. An interesting finding was that healthy males and females had the same number of continuous frequencies. Different frequencies are probably a consequence of anatomical differences in airway geometry involved in the cough.Conclusion:In cough frequency spectrum studies the differences between the two sexes should be taken into account to reduce the variability of the results.
Changes in malondialdehyde levels in bronchoalveolar fluid and serum by the treatment of asthma with inhaled steroid and beta2‐agonist
Authors: Ozaras Resat , Tahan Veysel , Turkmen Serdar , Talay Fahrettin , Besirli Kazim , Aydin Seval , Uzun Hafize , Cetinkaya Ali 
Published: March 2003

Objective:Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Recent data suggest that clinical indices of the patients with asthma may not correlate with the underlying inflammatory process. We aimed to measure the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is a marker of lipid peroxidation, a free radical‐mediated process, before and after a well‐accepted treatment of asthma.Methodology:Nine non‐smoking females and five non‐smoking males with mild–moderate asthma were included. Twenty‐four age‐ and sex‐matched, non‐smoking healthy people (17 females and seven males, mean age 32.1 years, range 20–59) were included for control. After initial evaluation, spirometry, broncoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and blood sample were maintained. The patients were treated with twice‐daily salmeterol inhaler (100 μg/d) and fluticasone propionate inhaler (500 μg/d). One month later the investigations were repeated. Serum MDA levels before treatment were compared with both the levels after treatment and levels of controls. Malondialdehyde levels of BAL were compared before and after treatment.Results:Serum MDA level of the patient before treatment was 6.7 ± 0.8 nmol/mL, significantly higher than that of healthy controls; 3.8 ± 0.4, P < 0.001. One month after the treatment, serum MDA level decreased to 5.3 ± 0.7 nmol/mL (P < 0.001). However, this level is still significantly higher than healthy controls (P < 0.0001). Forced expiratory volume in 1 s level of the patients increased from 2.43 ± 0.79 L to 3.50 ± 1.21 L after the treatment (P < 0.001).Conclusion:Although treatment with beta2‐agonist and corticosteroid inhalers for the duration of 1 month reduced lipid peroxidation significantly, it was still at a level significantly higher than healthy controls. The treatment may need a longer duration to improve lipid peroxidation or an alternative regimen which is more effective in controlling inflammation may be warranted.