bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral health of southern Chinese children and adolescents with severe hypodontia
Authors: WONG A. T. Y. , MCGRATH C. , MCMILLAN A. S. 
Published: June 2005

Summary.Objective.  The aim of this study was to assess the oral health condition of southern Chinese children and adolescents with severe hypodontia.Methods.  This was a cross‐sectional clinical study in the dental teaching hospital in Hong Kong. Twenty‐five children and adolescents with severe hypodontia, and a comparison group of 25 age‐ and gender‐matched controls took part. Verified clinical examination techniques were used to assess the pattern of missing teeth, tooth spacing, dental caries, periodontal condition, enamel defects, and tooth wear. Statistical comparisons were made between groups using independent Student t‐tests and chi‐square tests.Results.  The mean number of congenitally missing permanent teeth in the severe hypodontia group was 9·1 (SD = 5·0), with the maxillary lateral incisor being the most common missing tooth (14·5%). There were significant space discrepancies in both jaws between groups (P < 0·001). Caries prevalence was low with no difference between groups. There was no difference in periodontal condition between groups, with about half of the participants having no gingival inflammation. The severe hypodontia group had more enamel defects (P = 0·043), enamel hypoplasia (P = 0·044) and tooth wear (P = 0·005) than the comparison group. Three of the severe hypodontia group had ectodermal dysplasia.Conclusions.  The oral health condition of southern Chinese children and adolescents with severe hypodontia was good in terms of caries experience and periodontal health. However, the increased prevalence of developmental defects of enamel and tooth wear complicates already complex interim and definitive prosthodontic management, and may increase psychosocial impact.
Sealant and composite bond strength to enamel with antibacterial/self‐etching adhesives
Authors: EMINKAHYAGIL N. , GOKALP S. , KORKMAZ Y. , BASEREN M. , KARABULUT E. 
Published: June 2005

Summary.Introduction.  The enamel in pits and fissures undergoing preventive or ultraconservative resin restorations may be affected by secondary caries. An antibacterial adhesive bond may be a useful choice to prevent and reduce demineralization.Objectives.  The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strength of an experimental antibacterial bond, a self‐etch bond, and an ormocer‐based adhesive bond using an ormocer‐based fissure sealant and a composite resin on intact enamel.Methods.  Twenty‐four extracted human molars were sectioned bucco‐lingually to obtain two flat and sound enamel surfaces. Forty‐eight specimens were randomly assigned into four groups. The groups were prepared to receive the following treatments: (1) Admira Bond + Admira Seal (n = 10); (2) ABF Bond + Admira Seal (n = 11); (3) Clearfil SE Bond + Clearfil AP‐X (n = 12); and (4) ABF Bond + Clearfil AP‐X (n = 11). A cylindrical mould was placed over the bonded surface, and both materials were applied according to the instructions. The teeth were thermocycled 500 cycles between 5 and 55° with a dwell time of 30 s. For shear bond strength testing, the load was applied vertically to the base of the mould. The cross‐head speed was 5 mm min−1.Results.  The maximum load that a specimen can withstand until failure was determined and shear bond strength was calculated by dividing the load at failure by the surface area of the mould. The results (median, minimum and maximum, respectively) for the four groups were: (1) 7·9, 4·2 and 13·6 MPa; (2) 8·6, 2·6 and 15·9 MPa; (3) 5·9, 5·3 and 8·2 MPa; and (4) 8·8, 3.0 and 19·2 MPa. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U‐tests were performed for the statistical analysis. Groups 3 and 4 were statistically significantly different (P = 0·005; P < 0·05). There was no statistically significant difference between the sealant and composite groups for ABF (P = 0·375). Fracture sites were viewed by microscope under × 16 magnification to determine if the mode of failure was adhesive or cohesive. The results (number of adhesive failed specimens and number of cohesive failed specimens, respectively) for the four groups were: (1) 7 and 3; (2) 3 and 8; (3) 2 and 9; and (4) 8 and 3.Conclusion.  The ABF bond has sufficiently physical qualities to be used under fissure sealant and composite resin on uncut enamel, its antibacterial efficiency notwithstanding.
Clients’ perceptions of support received from health visitors during home visits
Authors: Plews Caroline , Bryar Rosamund , Closs Jose 
Published: June 2005

Aims and objectives.  The current study sought to identify how many mothers from 149 visits carried out by seven health visitors identified support as a feature of the visit, whether this type of support was unique to the health visitor and what support meant to them. These responses were then compared with the taxonomies of social support from the social support literature.Background.  Some studies of client perceptions describe support as an element of home visits by health visitors. However, the importance, relevance and impact on the client of this support are not described in detail. Social support theory suggests that there are tangible benefits to people's well‐being and their ability to cope with various challenges that may arise from individuals’ perceptions of receiving support.Design.  Qualitative study using semistructured interviews.Methods.  Seven volunteer health visitors recruited 149 women into the study.These clients were interviewed by the researcher, usually within one week of the home visit by their health visitor. The discussions were audio‐taped and the resulting transcripts analysed using content analysis.Findings.  Thirty‐seven women identified receiving support which they said was only available from the health visitor. The relevance of this support to the mother and the impact on her well‐being varied within the group suggesting differing perceptions of support by clients according to their personal situation. There was a correspondence between the descriptions of support given by the women and the taxonomies of social support from the social support literature.Conclusion.  For some interactions between clients and their health visitors the existing theory of social support may provide an explanation of how health visitors contribute to clients’ perceived ability to cope and well‐being.Relevance to clinical practice.  Social support may be defined as a possible outcome of health visiting. This concept will have use within educational programmes to demonstrate to students how health visiting can have an impact on clients’ well‐being. Similarly, the concept could be used to investigate and record health visiting practice.
Radical prostatectomy: men's experiences and postoperative needs
Authors: Burt Jean , Caelli Kate , Moore Katherine , Anderson Melissa 
Published: June 2005

Aims and objectives.  This study sought to explore men's experiences after radical prostatectomy and whether they perceived their preoperative teaching adequately prepared them for postoperative recovery. Tape‐recorded telephone and face‐to‐face interviews were conducted at days 2, 7 and 21, and 3 and 12 months postdischarge.Background.  Although verbal and written instruction about postoperative expectations and care are provided routinely before radical prostatectomy, patients express concern about a lack of preparation in managing urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction.Design.  This qualitative descriptive study explored in‐depth men's experiences during the year following their surgery.Methods.  Multiple, tape‐recorded, semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with 17 participants and a single, in‐depth, face‐to‐face interview was conducted 12 months postoperatively with a subset of five men selected for their reflective and descriptive abilities.Results.  Although participants received comprehensive written and verbal information preoperatively, it was not sufficient to foster their management of all postoperative sequelae. Telephone follow‐up, used as a data collection strategy, was helpful in fostering adjustment after surgery and relieved anxiety caused by side effects of surgery and unanswered questions.Conclusions.  Pre‐ and postoperative teaching needs to make allowances for the impact of stress on the recall and processing of information. Written information in itself is not adequate to answer necessary questions and provide reassurance. Follow‐up telephone support is recommended as a way of fostering adjustment after surgery.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study shows that: (i) Written information in itself is not adequate to answer necessary questions and provide reassurance, (ii) Nurses need to be prepared, both educationally and psychologically, to observe non‐verbal cues and to address questions and concerns that are rarely voiced in ways that indicate their significance to the person and (iii) Men may not speak about sexuality issues in ways that accurately reflect the extent of their worry and/or distress about erectile dysfunction.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a phenomenological study of patients’ experiences
Authors: Barnett Margaret 
Published: June 2005

Aim.  The purpose of this study is to explore the experience of living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by investigating the subjective phenomenon as described by the patient.Background.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is now recognized as one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases in the United Kingdom, with a high prevalence of morbidity and mortality. As the disease progresses, symptoms increase which gradually influence all aspects of the lives of those affected by it.Method.  A phenomenological approach was identified as the most appropriate method to gain an understanding of living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The data were obtained from 10 participants using unstructured interviews to capture detailed experiences verbatim. Analysis, based on the framework of Diekelmann et al. (The NLN Criteria for Appraisal of Baccalaureate Programs: A Critical Hermeneutic Analysis, NLN Press, New York, 1989), was employed to interpret the data and determine shared themes that evolved during the course of the research.Results.  The data revealed valuable insights, from a patient's perspective, into the impact chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had on their daily lives. The accounts obtained from participants, many of who had severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, illustrate the detrimental effects of this debilitating disease. Breathlessness was identified as the most troublesome symptom leading to anxiety, panic and fear. Participants also described feeling frustrated and tired because of their breathlessness, which led to loss of social activity. This also resulted in a loss of their role within the family including loss of intimacy in personal relationships. Despite this, half of the participants felt they had a fairly good quality of life.Conclusion.  The use of phenomenology as a research methodology fulfilled the aim of gaining a greater understanding of the experiences of living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It provided valuable insights into how patients view the overall impact and their subsequent degree of coping with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from day to day.Relevance to clinical practice.  Whilst there is no cure for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and medical interventions have limited effect, health professionals can do much to improve patient's symptoms and experiences of living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by listening to how their symptoms affect them and adapting coping strategies. It is hoped that the themes revealed in this study generate additional understanding and insight for future innovative practice.
Drug errors, qualitative research and some reflections on ethics
Authors: Armitage Gerry 
Published: June 2005

Aims and objectives.  Observational methods as part of a qualitative approach have been specifically employed in the study of drug error and have undeniable strengths. This position paper will examine some recent research raising a number of ethical, and tangentially, methodological issues concerning the qualitative study of drug errors within United Kingdom National Health Service hospitals. Reflections on the views and ethical conduct of other qualitative researchers are provided to contextualize the discussion.Background.  The impact of a drug error, and any resultant adverse event can be significant. The human and financial costs are considerable. Establishing an accurate estimation of the frequency of adverse event and reporting rates has been difficult; additionally, methodological weaknesses in medical error research have sometimes caused further difficulties. Unsurprisingly, observational studies and for that matter, a whole range of other methods are now being considered in the quest to establish both understanding and predictability in relation to medical error.Relevance to clinical practice.  It is argued here that any participants in medical error research should be treated in a way that takes account of the prevailing culture of health care and, in the United Kingdom, the current ethos of government policy on medical error. This requires gaining informed consent, promoting transparency in method, and providing the opportunity for participants to learn. Effective error researchers can clearly increase the available knowledge in this critical area but ethical considerations and their chosen methods should show an appropriate level of respect for their participants. Carefully implemented qualitative approaches can help realize such respect.
Viral dynamics during tenofovir therapy in patients infected with lamivudine‐resistant hepatitis B virus mutants
Authors: van der Eijk A. A. , Hansen B. E. , Niesters H. G. M. , Janssen H. L. A. , van de Ende M. , Schalm S. W. , de Man R. A. 
Published: June 2005

Summary.  Tenofovir, an antihuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug, has activity against lamivudine‐resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutants. To describe the efficacy of tenofovir in patients with lamivudine‐resistant hepatitis B we applied two investigative approaches based on mathematical models of viral dynamics: the individual nonlinear fitting and the mixed‐effect group fitting approaches.Eleven chronic HBV patients on lamivudine for a median of 176 weeks (range: 72–382) with YMDD mutation‐related HBV‐DNA breakthrough received ‘add‐on’ tenofovir 300 mg once‐daily, while maintaining their existing therapy. Sequential sera were taken at day 1 (t = 0 and t = 8 h), days 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28 and every 4 weeks thereafter, and HBV‐DNA levels were assessed using a validated quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.Median baseline log HBV‐DNA was 8.62 (range: 6.48–9.76 log HBV‐DNA). Tenofovir treatment resulted in a mean (±SD) log HBV‐DNA decline of 1.37 ± 0.51 in the first phase, 2.54 ± 0.91 after 4 weeks, and 4.95 ± 0.90 log HBV‐DNA after 24 weeks. The median effectiveness of blocking viral replication in the individual fit model was 93% (range: 73–99) for η = 0 and 93% (range: 59–99) for η = 1. There was only a small difference between the efficacy parameter ‘ɛ’ of the individual nonlinear fitting and mixed‐effect group fitting on the biphasic exponential model.These data show that tenofovir has good efficacy in blocking viral replication in HBV patients with lamivudine‐induced drug‐resistant HBV mutants, but effectiveness varies greatly among individuals. Both models can be used to describe viral decay during tenofovir therapy.
Normal Anatomical Imaging of the Thorax in Three Dogs: Computed Tomography and Macroscopic Cross Sections with Vascular Injection
Authors: Rivero M. A. , Ramírez J. A. , Vázquez J. M. , Gil F. , Ramírez G. , Arencibia A. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to provide a new reference for interpretation of the normal anatomy of the canine thorax as imaged using computed tomography (CT). Three mature dogs, all mixed breed males, were used for this study. The dogs were sedated, anaesthetized and maintained in sternal recumbency. CT study from the first to the thirteen thoracic vertebra was performed with a TOSHIBA 600HQ scanner (third generation equipment). Dogs were killed and vascular‐injection technique was performed: red latex and blue latex filled vascular system. Injected dogs were frozen and sectioned with an electric bandsaw, the cuts matched as closely as possible to the CT images. The CT images from this study are intended as a reference for clinical CT imaging studies of the thoracic cavity of the dog and for interpreting lesions of the thorax and associated structures.
Testicular Dynamics in Syrian Hamsters Exposed to Both Short Photoperiod and Low Ambient Temperature
Authors: Sato T. , Tachiwana T. , Takata K. , Tay T. W. , Ishii M. , Nakamura R. , Kimura S. , Kanai Y. , Kurohmaru M. , Hayashi Y. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe object of this study was to determine the details of morphological dynamics of spermatogenesis in Syrian hamsters exposed to both short photoperiod and low ambient temperature. Eight‐week‐old male hamsters, kept in a long photoperiod (14 h L, 10 h D), were transferred to a short photoperiod (6 h L, 18 h D) and kept there for 13 weeks to induce testicular regression. Some hamsters were then transferred from the room at 23°C to that at 5°C (5°C group). Remaining hamsters were continuously kept at 23°C (23°C group). Thereafter, the morphology was examined. As a result, it took only 8 weeks until spermatogenesis recovered in the 23°C group. However, it was not until 20 weeks that spermatogenesis was recognized in the 5°C group. As the regulation of seasonal testicular activity is characterized by coordinated shifts in the relationships among mitosis, meiosis, and apoptosis, the changes in the proliferative and apoptotic activities were examined. Although no significant difference in proliferative activity of spermatogonia between the 5°C and the 23°C groups was confirmed, a notable increase in the rate of apoptosis was observed in the 5°C group. Furthermore, this increase was more salient during the hibernation period. These findings suggest that both cold ambient temperature and hibernation caused the delay of testicular recrudescence and this delay arose from the increase of apoptotic activity but not the change in proliferative activity in spermatogonia in the 5°C group.
Postnatal Development of the Secretory Activity of the Goat Subcommissural Organ. A Reissner's Fibre and Angiotensin II Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Castañeyra‐Martín M. , Carmona‐Calero E. M. , Pérez‐González H. , Martínez‐Peña y Valenzuela I. , Ormazabal‐Ramos C. , Pérez‐Garcia C. G. , Marrero‐Gordillo N. , Trujillano‐Dorado A. , González‐Marrero I. , Castañeyra‐Perdomo A. 
Published: June 2005

SummarySubcommissural organ (SCO) secretory activity of the goat (variations of Capra hircus, that live in arid conditions) was examined during the postnatal development, using specific antibodies against the Reissner's fibre (AFRU) and angiotensin II (AAGII). The SCO was strongly stained with the anti‐glycoproteins that form the Reissner's fibre and lightly marked with the anti‐angiotensin II. The AFRU‐immunoreactivity (ir) was found in the ependymal and hypendymal cells and in the ventricular and peripheral secretory routes of the goat SCO. The amount AFRU increases at 6 months and decreases at adult age. In contrast, the anti‐angiotensin II‐ir was mainly found in the adult age, not being practically observed at one postnatal month. The AAGII‐ir was mainly found in ependymal cells in which AFRU‐ir was downregulated. In addition, we detected the presence of double immunostained for AFRU and AAGII in ependymocytes of the pre‐commissural and subcommissural parts. In conclusion the present results may suggest a functional interrelation between AAGII and the secretory activity of the SCO of this kind of goat.
A Systematic Study of Brain Base Arteries in the Wild Boar (Sus scrofa scrofa)
Authors: Oliveira J. C. D. , Campos R. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThis study aimed at describing and systematizing the arteries of the base of the brain of the wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa). Thirty‐three heads were used, of which 30 were injected with latex, and three with acrylic dental resin through the common carotid arteries. The brain carotid artery arose from the rostral epidural rete mirabile, and divided into a rostral and a caudal branch. The rostral branch gave off the middle cerebral artery and then continued as rostral cerebral artery. The latter branched into lateral rhinal, internal ethmoidal and medial rhinal arteries. The rostral cerebral artery joined its contralateral homologue, becoming the single rostral inter‐hemispheric artery. The caudal branch emitted the caudal cerebral artery and the tectal arteries, and then fused with the branch of the opposite antimere, joining the basilar artery. The rostral cerebellar arteries derived from this point. The basilar artery originated from the anastomosis between the arteries derived from the caudal epidural rete mirabile of each antimere. The basilar artery extended rostrally, giving off as main collateral branch the caudal cerebellar artery. The basilar artery presented a significant decrease in diameter before joining the caudal branches of the brain carotid arteries. The cerebral arterial circle was rostrally and caudally closed.
The Canine Right Caudal and Accessory Lobe Pulmonary Veins: Revised Anatomical Description, Clinical Relevance, and Embryological Implications
Authors: Holt D. E. , Cole S. G. , Anderson R. B. , Miscelis R. R. , Bridges C. R. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryNecropsy dissections were performed on nine dogs to provide an anatomical description of the right caudal and accessory lobe pulmonary veins. In all dogs, the pulmonary vein from the right caudal lung lobe initially paralleled the right caudal lung lobe bronchus, running cranially, medially, and ventrally. It diverged from the bronchus at the level of the pulmonary artery and bronchus of the accessory lung lobe. At this point, the pulmonary vein from the right caudal lung lobe coursed dorsal to the pulmonary artery and bronchus of the accessory lung lobe. Medial to the bronchus of the accessory lung lobe, it received the pulmonary vein from the accessory lung lobe on its ventral surface. Within the pericardium, this common venous trunk merged with the caudal aspect of the left atrium either with or immediately adjacent to the left caudal lobe pulmonary vein. These findings were corroborated during surgical dissection to achieve isolation of the heart in five dogs as part of an experimental study on intravascular gene delivery to the heart. These anatomical findings are relevant to clinical and experimental surgery and raise interesting questions about the embryological development of pulmonary veins in the dog.