bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Gets Lupus?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three to five percent of Americans develop an autoimmune disease in their lifetime if we include thyroiditis and Type I diabetes. How many lupus patients are there in the United States? It is not as easy to answer this question as it might seem. In 1997, the National Arthritis Data Workshop estimated that there were as few as 239,000 Americans with SLE. These numbers, however, do not include those patients who have discoid lupus or drug-induced lupus. On the other hand, the Lupus Foundation of America and the Arthritis Foundation have suggested that between 500,000 and 1 million Americans have one of the four forms of lupus (see Table 2.2).
Prescriptions for Choral Excellence
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In shaping choral tone, directors often wish to improve the sound of their choir, but are challenged to pinpoint underlying problems or to guide singers toward solutions. Now, in Prescriptions for Choral Excellence, skilled vocal pedagogue Shirlee Emmons and leading choral director Constance Chase equip choral directors with the practical tools they need to help singers achieve peak choral performance. Drawing on years of experience, Emmons and Chase help choral directors and singers effectively diagnose and resolve problems. They cover topics ranging from breath management and diction to range and intonation, and much more. Beyond describing vocal difficulties, the book provides concrete instructions on how to apply the concepts in day-to-day rehearsal and performance. The numerous practical exercises and planning aides allow directors to maximize both time and talent to elicit the highest potential from their singers. While grounded in the most up-to-date research in voice science, the discussion of vocal anatomy and function is accessible to readers with no previous knowledge of voice science. Going beyond other vocal and choral guidebooks, the authors also apply the most current theories in leadership principles and group dynamics to choral settings, helping directors translate their natural musicality and charisma into inspiring and motivational leadership. A comprehensive and unique blend of practical expertise, voice science, and leadership psychology, Prescriptions for Choral Excellence is an invaluable guide for all choral directors seeking to create memorable and remarkable performances.
The Warm-Up and Training Period
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are some who posit that choral singers actually have little need to warm up, that the music itself will train requisite skills, and that only the greater vocal demands placed upon soloists require a warm-up. Still others feel a responsibility to address the warm-up issue, but are nonetheless uncertain of the effectiveness of their efforts. Many directors search for the “perfect” warm-up exercises to settle the question. No single such warm-up regimen exists, underscoring the need for directors to develop their ability to diagnose and prescribe, that is, to assess a situation and be equipped to address it. Singers should no more attempt to plunge into rehearsal without a warm-up than a quarterback would start to run with the ball or a hurdler to begin his race without a warm-up. Simply because the singer’s muscles are, for the most part, invisible to the eye does not mean that they require less attention than the muscles of any other athlete, for singing is an athletic event. Prominent vocal researcher Ingo Titze has said that a singer’s vocalizations are exactly like the stretching warm-ups never, ever skipped by other small-muscle athletes such as tennis players and golfers. The professional lives of these athletes depend on their muscles being at tip-top readiness for action. To them, readiness means winning or losing. To singers and their conductor it means the difference between a good or bad performance.
Leadership Theory for Reference
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The matter of leading a group, a choral group in particular, is a multifaceted issue. It is incumbent upon directors to refine their awareness, and to develop and practice leadership skills that enable healthy group function. Those choirs that proceed through the rehearsal-to-performance cycle in a healthy, interdependent manner are the choirs that are most likely to perform consistently. The leadership skills required of directors to produce such effort are over and above their musical/vocal/technical skills. When strong leadership skills combine with high musical/vocal/technical skills, then these directors’ choirs are most likely to perform consistently at a high level.
Practice and Imagery
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Choral directors, indeed all musicians, have invested long hours of their lives practicing something, whether it be piano, voice, conducting, violin, trumpet, or all of the above. All musicians were trained in technique and repertoire. Yet how many of us were trained to practice effectively? There is no academic course in how to practice. Many of us were probably left to our own devices about how to accomplish individual mastery. It is practice of the right kind that leads to the highest levels of skilled performance. Practicing the wrong things, the wrong techniques, or the wrong strategies actually impedes genuine progress. Choristers’ ability to learn from experience and from rehearsal is of utmost importance for the director. Correct practice produces positive changes in vocal and musical performance and ensures that such gains are relatively permanent. The same psychological principles that guide effective practice apply directly to rehearsing a choir. How does the choral director know what techniques, what strategies are the right ones, except by experience? Learning only by experience takes time. Adopting selected techniques from the new research on practice, which follows, will be immensely useful when one does not have years of experience.
Implications of Plio-Pleistocene Hominin Diets for Modern Humans
Authors: Cordain Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the anthropology community, there has been a long and sustained interest in the diets and eating patterns of Plio and Pleistocene hominins, primarily because these nutritional practices provide a glimpse into their varied and distinctive lifeways, activities, and cultural patterns. In contrast, until relatively recent times, the nutritional and medical communities have largely ignored anthropological dietary information for a variety of reasons, not the least of which is its perceived lack of immediate relevance to their respective disciplines. Beginning in the mid 1980s, a series of key publications in mainstream medical and nutrition journals (Eaton and Konner, 1985; Eaton, Konner, and Shostak, 1988; Eaton and Nelson, 1991; Eaton, 1992) triggered an increased awareness of the relevance of ancestral diets to the health and well being of modern peoples. Because of that insight as well as others gleaned from a variety of medical branches of learning, an entirely new academic discipline was born, dubbed “evolutionary medicine” (Williams and Neese, 1991), or sometimes “Darwinian medicine” (Williams and Nesse, 1991) The primary tenet of evolutionary medicine is that the profound changes in the environment (e.g., in diet and other lifestyle conditions), which began with the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry approximately 10,000 years ago, occurred too recently on an evolutionary timescale for natural selection to adjust the human genome (Eaton and Konner, 1985; Williams and Neese, 1991).
The Consent of the People: Presidential Secrecy and the First World War
Authors: Olmsted Kathryn S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June 1918, federal agents invaded the plant of a small Washington, D.C., publisher, searching for the printing plates for a book that promoted “seditious” ideas. Why Your Country Is at War and What Happens to You After the War charged that a cabal of bankers and public officials had manipulated the country into joining the Great War in Europe. The author, a former Congressman from Minnesota named Charles A. Lindbergh Sr., claimed that he had discovered the real truth about the war. “I believe that I have proved,” he argued, “that a certain ‘inner circle,’ without official authority and for selfish purposes, adroitly maneuvered things to make it practically certain that some of the belligerents would violate our international rights and bring us to war with them.”
White House of Horrors: Nixon, Watergate, and the Secret Government
Authors: Olmsted Kathryn S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout His Career, Richard Nixon always worried that un-American forces were conspiring to subvert the republic. As the tapes of his Oval Office conversations reveal, he viewed himself as a soldier in the battle against “the liberal media,” disloyal Democrats, the “intellectuals,” and Jews. Then, in June 1971, all of these groups seemed to unite in one terrifying plot. “We’re up against an enemy, a conspiracy,” he told two of his top aides, Chief of Staff Bob Haldeman and National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger. “They’re using any means. We are going to use any means. Is that clear?”
A New Dispensation
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christians Are Generally Aware Of Many Distinctions Between what they call the Old Testament and the New Testament: distinctions in language (Hebrew versus Greek), in time period (from creation and many centuries thereafter versus the first century of the Christian era), and in content (patriarchs, prophets, and kings versus apostles, disciples, and the itinerant ministry of Jesus). But to what degree is the Old Testament as binding on Christians as the New? Or is the New Testament the fulfillment of—or replacement for—the Old?
Other Reactions to Assault
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depression is also a common reaction to rape. Research suggests that depression experienced by survivors is not as long lasting as anxiety, although research findings are mixed on this topic. Some studies showed that about half of rape survivors were depressed for a long time after the assault, even up to an average of 22 years postassault. It has also been found that women who were raped more than one time were more likely to suffer from depression.
Where Do I Go From Here?
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hopefully, by this point, you have made it through the therapy program. We hope you have found it helpful. Where do you go from here? Do you feel you made good progress in this program? Does your therapist agree? If so, it sounds like you may be ready to terminate treatment. We discussed in Chapter 14 how to determine if you would benefit from more sessions. You can use that evaluation to help determine the best road for you now. Even if you feel you responded well to this program, you can identify areas that you need to continue to work on. Now, you can decide which of the techniques were most helpful to you and continue to use them when you work on these areas. It is highly likely you can do it on your own. You may use this client workbook for your continued self-work.
Beginnings
Authors: Lesch John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1913, Paul Ehrlich stood before an audience of the Seventeenth International Medical Congress in London and predicted substantial progress in the chemotherapy of bacterial diseases within the next five years. His optimism was based in part on confidence that the combined efforts of many researchers would be bent to the task. The principle of viribus unitis (with united forces) was happily borne out, he said, by the international congress where thousands, gathered “from all countries of the world, have come to bear witness that in science all boundaries between nations have fallen.”
Into the Maelstrom
Authors: Lesch John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Little more than a month elapsed between I.G. Farben’s application for a patent on the compound that became Prontosil and Adolf Hitler’s assumption of office as Reich Chancellor on January 30, 1933. By the time that Hitler took his own life in his Berlin bunker in April 1945, Prontosil and its descendants of the second generation of sulfa drugs, produced by an international effort of research and development, had transformed medical management of bacterial infections. Gerhard Domagk had been awarded a Nobel Prize. Both Allied and Axis armies had made extensive use of sulfa drugs, with considerable impact on morbidity and mortality on both sides.
Accommodation and Survival
Authors: Lesch John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beginning in 1935, research on sulfonamides at Elberfeld proceeded in a changed environment. With the wraps off Prontosil, I.G. Farben’s product was exposed to international competition both in the marketplace and in research laboratories. In France, where German patents were not recognized, a copy of Prontosil soon went on the market under the trade name Rubiazol. After the therapeutic action of sulfanilamide was made known by the Pasteur Institute team in November 1935, the new “fragment” compound could be used in place of its parent, and the way was opened for development of a second generation of sulfonamides no longer modeled on Prontosil. The search for new derivatives was taken up in France, Britain, Switzerland, the United States, and elsewhere, forcing the Elberfeld research establishment into repeated reassessments of the needs and priorities of research. A National Socialist regime that emphasized military preparedness and the push for autarky brought increasing pressure on industry to protect German commercial advantage and strategic interests by preventing access to vital technical and scientific information by potential enemies.
Did Ronald Reagan Makethe Berlin Wall Fall Down?
Authors: Schweizer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1980s witnessed a series of fascinating and important events, but none was as world-changing as the collapse of the Soviet Empire. The demise of the communist edifice in Europe meant close to a billion people found themselves suddenly out from under totalitarian rule. The nuclear sword that had been hanging over the planet seemed to vanish, and the Cold War, which had so dominated American politics for more than a generation, was history. The approach that Ronald Reagan took in challenging the Soviet Union tells us much about why it collapsed, how Reagan viewed the world, and his faith in the revolutionary power of freedom.
The Privatization Of everdayy Life: Public Polic Y, Public Services, And Public Space In The 1980s
Authors: Schulman Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1981, President Ronald Reagan appeared before the National Assembly of Business at the Sheraton Washington Hotel. In his typically folksy style, Reagan saluted those better days before Big Government corrupted American life. He recalled a bygone era of volunteerism, when neighbor helped neighbor and neither besuited bureaucrats nor soul-sapping social workers intruded into the wholesome worlds of church, town, and family.
The Social Art
Authors: Macaulay Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Social Art is an engagingly written, highly accessible tour through the world of languages. Macaulay uses jokes, anecdotes, quotations, and examples to introduce readers to the full range of current linguistic knowledge, covering in 35 chapters, topics like language acquisition, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, dialects, conversation, narrative, swearing, and many others. In this revised and expanded second edition, Macaulay brings the book up to date with the last decade of progress in linguistics, adding more American examples, and updating bibliographies. Two new chapters have been added, on theories of language development and on the evolution of language. The Social Art is perfect for general readers and students who want to learn about what it is that linguists do.
Give a Dog a Name
Authors: Macaulay Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is paradoxical that people know so little about the nature of language. Scholars from fields as various as philosophy, computer science, psychology, lexicography, and what is sometimes called “the science of language”—linguistics—have been studying language for a very long time. Their efforts have produced enough printed material to fill a fair-sized library. Yet little of what they have discovered has trickled down to the general public and debates over political, educational, and cultural issues such as literacy, bilingual education, or the alleged deterioration of the English language tend to be conducted in terms of the folk beliefs of the participants and with little reference to the “experts.” This is perhaps as much the fault of the experts as it is of the general population. Linguists, in particular, have generally been mainly interested in the abstract nature of linguistic structure, which they have studied without reference to the people using it or the situations in which it is used. This approach has led to some remarkable discoveries about the nature of language but, not surprisingly, it usually takes some technical knowledge to appreciate their significance. In recent years more and more linguists have begun to look at the ways in which people use language, and many of their findings are more accessible to the lay public. This book is an attempt to summarize some of the results of both kinds of linguistic scholarship in a form that ordinary readers can understand.
Sex Differences
Authors: Macaulay Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More nonsense has been produced on the subject of sex differences than on any linguistic topic, with the possible exception of spelling. Perhaps this is appropriate. The relations between the sexes have generally been considered a fit topic for comedy. In his book Language: Its Nature Development and Origin, Otto Jespersen has a chapter entitled “The Woman” in which he manages to include every stereotype about women that was current at the time. It is almost unfair to quote directly but even in the 1920s Jespersen should have known better, particularly since he lived in Denmark where women have traditionally shown an independent spirit. Here are a few examples: There can be no doubt that women exercise a great and universal influence on linguistic development through their instinctive shrinking from coarse and gross expressions and their preference for refined and (in certain spheres) veiled and indirect expressions. Men will certainly with great justice object that there is a danger of the language becoming languid and insipid if we are always to content ourselves with women’s expressions.
The Evolution of Language
Authors: Macaulay Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion of the origin of language has come a long way since 1866 when the Socie´te´ de Linguistique in Paris banned the publication of any more articles on the topic on the grounds that there was insufficient evidence to support any theory. The topic more or less languished for the next century until it was paradoxically reinvigorated by Noam Chomsky’s famous rejection of the notion that language could have developed through the processes of natural selection. This stimulated scholars in a number of fields to search for evidence that would contradict Chomsky’s view. These efforts, in turn, spurred those linguists who agreed with Chomsky to find arguments to refute the claims of scholars who supported an evolutionary view of language. The problems with the evolution of language are compounded by uncertainty about when to date the emergence of homo sapiens, the ancestor of present-day human beings. Perhaps as long as four million years ago creatures who were presumably our ancestors began to walk upright, probably for reasons to do with the search for food. This development had far-reaching consequences, both physiological and social. In physiological terms it led to the flattening of the chest, lowering of the larynx, and better control over breathing. At the same time, for reasons that are still not clearly understood, the upright posture probably contributed to a change in body size, and perhaps also to an increase in brain size. It also allowed the hands to be free for a variety of purposes, including throwing missiles at prey targets, which increased the opportunities for hunting. Thus, the change to an upright posture had long-range effects on human evolution.
The History of English
Authors: Macaulay Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some time between 6000 and 4000 B.C. there was spoken in the eastern part of what is now Europe a language that is thought to have been the ancestor of most (but not all) present-day European languages (see chapter 27). At a later date some of the tribes belonging to this group began to move westward. The first group relevant to the history of English are the Celts. This is not because modern English is directly descended from Celtic but because the Celts occupied most of Britain. Prior to the Celts there were Picts about whom we know little and about their language even less. The Celts spoke a language that is the ancestor of contemporary Irish, Gaelic, and Welsh. The Celts lived relatively undisturbed in Britain until the year a.d. 43 when the Romans invaded and within a few years gained control of what is now England. The north (Scotland) and west (Wales) of Britain remained Celtic, as did Ireland, and those are the areas where Celtic languages remain today, although spoken only by a minority of the populations.
Pronouns
Authors: Macaulay Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whatever the influence language has on the way that we think, there is no doubt that a language may sometimes require the people who speak that language to pay particular attention to certain aspects of human interaction. There are features that are obligatory in one language but not in another. A clear example is the use of second-person address terms. In French, for example, the comment You are ill can be expressed either as Tu es malade or as Vous êtes malade. In purely grammatical terms tu es is the second-person singular pronoun with a singular form of the verb être (“to be”) and vous êtes is the second-person plural pronoun with the plural form of the verb être. However, both are addressed to one person as can be seen from the adjective malade, which is singular. If the reference had been to more than one person the utterance would have been Vous êtes malades. In French there is a choice between using tu and vous when addressing one person. The rules governing this choice are complex and depend upon the relationship between the speaker and addressee. Choice of pronoun depends upon such matters as the age, position, and intimacy of the speakers; both may use the same pronoun in addressing each other or one may use tu but expect to be addressed with vous in return, and conversely. However, the crucial point is that the choice must be made. It is impossible to avoid making a choice if a second-person singular pronoun form is being used.