bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
دور العُرف في بيان الأحكام الشرعية "دراسة تطبيقية عند الإمام الصنعاني (تــ :1182 هــ) من خلال كتابه: سبل السلام"
Authors: شباله مطيع محمد عبده احمد 
Published: January 2024

يهدف البحث إلى التعريف المختصر بالإمام الصنعاني وبحياته العلمية، وبيان مكانة العرف، وإبراز أقوال العلماء في حجيته، وموقف الإمام الصنعاني منه في المسائل التطبيقية التي وردت في البحث من خلال كتابه: (سبل السلام)، ولتحقيق هذا الهدف اعتمد الباحث على المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي والمقارن؛ وقسّم البحث إلى مقدمة ومبحثين وخاتمة ؛ في المقدمة جرى التعريف بمصطلحات البحث ، وبيّن المبحث الأول حجية دليل العرف في الاسلام وأنواعه وشروط العمل به ، أما المبحث الثاني وضّح استعمال الإمام الصنعاني للعرف في بيان الأحكام الشرعية في مسائل المعاملات والأخلاق وأبواب الفقه الأخرى في أربعة عشرة مسألة .
وقد توصل البحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج، أهمها:
إنَّ الإمام الصنعاني لم يصرح بحجية العرف باعتباره دليلاً مستقلاً من أدلة الأحكام، ولكنه فسّر بعض الأحكام الفقهية ووجهها مستعيناً بالعرف، وقد ظهر ذلك في مواطن متعددة من خلال كتابه: (سبل السلام)، وشأنه في ذلك شأن المذاهب التي لم تصرح بحجية بالعرف، لكنها تستعين به في الكشف عن الأحكام وبيانها.
وقد ظهر أنَّ العرف انقسم إلى: صحيح وفاسد، ومن جهة ماهيته انقسم إلى: عرف عملي وقولي، كما وضع العلماء لقبوله شروطاً محددة، وتبيّن أنَّ المالكية والأحناف قد توسعوا في الاستدلال بدليل العرف، ولم يعتبره الزيدية والشافعية والحنابلة في المشهور من مذهبهم دليلاً مستقلاً من أدلة الأحكام، ولكل من الفريقين أدلته، وهي مزبورة في البحث، والذي يُظهر أنَّ القائلين بحجية العرف هم أسعد بالدليل.
معنى الحياة لدى النازحات اليمنيات في محافظة صنعاء
Authors: العزعزي نجلاء أحمد عبدالله عبدالرحمن 
Published: January 2024

يهدف البحث الحالي إلى التعرف على مستوى معنى الحياة لدى النازحات اليمنيات في محافظة صنعاء وأمانة العاصمة، والتعرف على الفروق في مستوى معنى الحياة تبعاً لمتغير(العمر، المستوى التعليمي، الحالة الاجتماعية، مدة النزوح)، وقد استخدمت الباحثة المنهج الوصفي، وتكونت عينة البحث من (500) نازحة تم اختيارهن بالطريقة العشوائية الطبقية، واستخدمت الباحثة مقياس معنى الحياة من إعداد (محمد حسن الأبيض،2010م)، وأظهرت نتائج البحث أن مستوى معنى الحياة لدى النازحات إيجابي وفوق المتوسط ، وأظهرت النتائج أنه توجد فروق في مستوى معنى الحياة لدى النازحات وفقاً لمتغير (العمر والمستوى التعليمي والحالة الاجتماعية)، ولا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في مستوى معنى الحياة تبعاً لمتغير ( المدة الزمنية للنزوح) و توصي الباحثة بإقامة البرامج الارشادية والبرامج والدورات لتعزيز وتدعيم معنى الحياة لدى النازحات اليمنيات وتثقيفهن بأهمية المعنى في الحياة ووضع الخطط وتحديد الأهداف والسعي لتحقيقها بقدر الممكن وأهمية إيجاد المعنى في المعاناة واكتشاف نقاط القوة وتعزيزها وتطوير جوانب الضعف وتنمية القدرات والمهارات.
Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns in Pediatric Enteric Fever: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Md. Atiqul Islam  , Sheuly Begum  , Mohammad Mostafizur Rahman  , Md.Mizanur Rahaman  , AKM Tajuddin Bhuiyan  
Published: January 2024

Background: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the antibiotic sensitivity patterns among pediatric patients with enteric fever at the Department of Paediatrics, Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, during the period from July 2005 to June 2006. The primary objective was to identify the prevalent antibiotic sensitivities in order to enhance the efficacy of treatment strategies for typhoid fever in children. Methods: Ninety-eight suspected cases of enteric fever, aged between 2 and 12 years, were selected from admissions to the above-mentioned hospital. Blood culture and sensitivity testing were performed for Salmonella typhi and paratyphi. Demographic information, pre-admission antibiotic usage, and sensitivity profiles to various antibiotics, including Ceftriaxone, Cefixime, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin, Amoxicillin, Imipenem, Nalidixic acid, and Ampicillin, were analyzed. Results: The majority of patients (62.2%) were in the 5-9 years age group, and males constituted 61.22% of the study population. Blood cultures revealed 71.44% sensitivity for Salmonella typhi and 28.57% for paratyphi. Among the antibiotics tested, Ceftriaxone exhibited 100% sensitivity, followed by Cefixime (80.2%), Chloramphenicol (78.57%), Ciprofloxacin (65.20%), Azithromycin (60%), Amoxicillin (54.6%), Imipenem, Nalidixic acid (Intermediate sensitive, 56.3%), Ciprofloxacin (Intermediate sensitive, 25%), and Ampicillin (Intermediate sensitive, 18.8%). Nearly half of the patients (47.3%) received antibiotics before admission, and 43.8% of culture-positive patients had a history of pre-admission antibiotic use. Conclusion: The study concludes that understanding antibiotic sensitivity patterns is crucial for successful typhoid fever treatment in children. Ceftriaxone and Cefixime emerged as highly effective, while the unnecessary use of antibiotics prior to admission may influence sensitivity patterns. This information underscores the importance of judicious antibiotic prescribing practices to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes in pediatric enteric fever cases.
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Identification Causes Leaf Spot Disease in Cempaka (Magnolia elegans (Blume.) H.Keng) Seedling and Its Control Techniques
Authors: Irawan Arif Irawan , Anggraeni Illa Anggraeni , Margaretta Margaretta Christita 
Published: January 2024

This research purposes to identify the pathogen causing leaf spot in cempaka seedling and its control technique. Identify cause of disease is necessary to know precise technique control. Identification of disease was conducted in macroscopic appearances and microscopically to determine pathogens. Identification is done by using the determination key of fungi. The results showed that the early signs of leaf spot disease on cempaka seedlings in the nursery are streaks or spots on the leaf surface with distinct boundaries. Leaf spots are formed generally brown surrounded by darker boundaries. The result shows leaf spot disease on cempaka seedling was caused by fungal pathogen Colletotrichum sp. Techniques for controlling the disease can be done by isolating the infected seeds, reducing the intensity of canopy, and using the appropriate fungicides.
Le genre des fleurs
Authors: Durand Mickaël 
Published: January 2024

Cet article s’intéresse à trois catégories de genre que l’on retrouve à Tahiti, en Polynésie française : les māhū, les raerae et les femmes trans. À partir d’une enquête par entretiens réalisée dans le cadre d’une étude ethnographique, il explore l’articulation entre identité de genre et sexualité. Ces trois catégories constituent des variations du processus de féminisation de Polynésiens assignés hommes à la naissance. L’article présente d’abord ces trois catégories et leurs différences, tout en insistant sur leur porosité. Il avance alors qu’une logique de distinction sous-tend l’auto-identification de soi comme « trans ». Dans un second temps, l’article analyse la sexualisation des hommes masculins par les māhū/raerae/femmes trans, et réciproquement. Il appert que pour les personnes rencontrées qui s’identifient à l’une de ces catégories, la sexualité avec des hommes masculins contribue à la féminisation de soi.
Les transmasculinités iraniennes
Authors: Azadi Bahar 
Published: January 2024

En Iran, la chirurgie affirmative du genre, ou Amali tasdiqi jinsiyat en persan, a été légalisée en 1982 par le biais d’une fatwa. Nous étudions dans cet article la construction contemporaine de différentes modalités de transmasculinité et la manière dont les hommes trans exercent leur masculinité par adhésion ou résistance à la masculinité idéalisée. L’incarnation masculine, le corps transmasculin et ses distinctions, et enfin le mariage hétéronormatif seront analysés comme des pratiques principales de la subjectivation transmasculine. En privilégiant une approche narrative, des entretiens approfondis avec 16 hommes trans iraniens ont été réalisés en Iran, à Denizli (en Turquie) et à Paris, entre 2015 et 2017. Cinq entretiens individuels et deux séances de groupe de parole ont également été organisés en avril 2022.
Effect of Spring Goshoerami Mulberry Leaf Extract on Second Commercial Cocoon Crop under Temperate Climatic Condition
Authors: Qadri S. Farth Iqbal , Ganie N. A. , Dar K. A. , Bashir Masarat 
Published: January 2024

Nutrition plays an important role in silkworm rearing. It improves the growth, development, health and feed consumption, thereby improving the commercial traits. As reported, the mulberry leaf under Kashmir climatic condition during Summer/autumn season is nutritionally poor. In Kashmir Valley 90% of silkworm rearers mostly do rearing only once in a year i.e during spring season and lesser number of rearers goes for second rearing during summer/ autumn season because of less productivity and poor quality cocoon crops. Fortification of leaves by supplementing nutrients and using them for feeding the silkworm is a useful technique to increase their economic value. Several attempts have been made to enhance the cocoon yield and silk content through supplement of amino acids on mulberry leaf. However supplement of amino acids on mulberry leaf may not be economical and is not easily assessable to farmers. Silkworm, Bombyx mori L., is a monophagous insect that drives all required nutrients for its growth and development from mulberry leaf. Hence the present study was undertaken to study the efficacy of fortification of spring leaf extract of Goshoerami on growth and commercial traits of double hybrid FC1 (CSR6×CSR26) × FC2 (CSR2×CSR27) of silkworm Bombyx mori L. during second commercial rearing. The results showed, that application of aqueous extract of spring mulberry leaf fed silkworm larvae shows significantly higher in terms of body weight, cocoon weight, shell weight, yield and silk filament length in all the treatments over the control. However the highest body weight (44.143 g/10) mature larval, Single cocoon weight (1.967g), single shell weight (0.471g), shell ratio percentage (23.921 %) and silk filament length (1,159.66 mtr) were recorded at 10% fortification. In order to promote the use of spring leaf extract for fortification among the silkworm rearers further studies are required in consultation with Department of Sericulture of the U T of Jammu and Kashmir.
National Surveillance Data on the Epidemiology of Meningitis in Niger, 2005 - 2020
Authors: Alkassoum S. I.  , Abdoulaye Z.  , Goni A.  , Amadou O.  , Djibo A.  , Emoud T.  , Ibrahim M. L.  , Adeossi E.  
Published: January 2024

Background: Bacterial meningitis is a major public health problem, especially in low-income countries. We analyzed national surveillance data and isolates from Niger to describe the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis from 2005 to 2020.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of nationwide case-based surveillance data of all reported meningitis cases in Niger from 2005 to 2020. Modified case definition was used to classify the cases.
Results: A total of 47,953 suspected meningitis cases and 3,276 deaths (CFR=6.83%) were reported, corresponding to an incidence of 189.01 cases per 100,000 population. The male represented 55.41% ( sex-ratio male : female = 1.30) and 40.52% were 5 -14 y. A total of 29,998 cases were reported through RNL, of which 10,979 (36.60%) were confirmed, of which 6,149 (56.01%), were confirmed by culture. The predominant organism identified was N. meningitidis serogroup A (33.91%). All regions reported meningitis cases and a consistent and substantial reduction was seen in confirmed NmA cases, with no cases occurring in the country after the completion of mass campaigns. Nevertheless, other pathogen species and Nm variants, including NmX, NmC, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, have become more prevalent.
Conclusion: Increased surveillance of multiple serogroups throughout is necessary, as well as consideration of vaccination with combination vaccines rather than just using a single strain as is currently the case with NmA.
Musculoskeletal disorders in relation to age and occupation in Swedish construction workers
Authors: Holmström Eva , Engholm Göran 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBackgroundPhysical exposure load varies between trades in the construction industry. Our hypothesis is that the prevalence of MSD in a trade, reflects the level of physical exposure; the aim of the study was to describe MSD in relation to age and occupation within the industry.MethodsThe study is based on data from self‐administered questionnaires filled out by 85,191 males in the Swedish construction industry.ResultsConstruction workers had higher age‐adjusted prevalence of MSD than foremen and office workers. In general prevalence rates increased steadily with age. Scaffolders showed the highest prevalence of MSD in all body locations. Elevated prevalence of neck disorders was found in crane operators, insulators, and painters, and of lower back and lower extremity disorders in roofers and floorers.ConclusionMSD increase with age. The variation between trades of MSD prevalence seems to correspond to the variation with respect to physical exposure. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:377–384, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low levels of occupational exposure to arsenic and antimony: Effects on lysosomal glycohydrolase levels in plasma of exposed workers and in lymphocyte cultures
Authors: Goi Giancarlo , Bairati Chiara , Massaccesi Luca , Sarnico Michela , Pagani Anna , Lombardo Adriana , Apostoli Pietro 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBackgroundHeavy metals have been shown to alter the mechanism and release of lysosomal enzymes. In the present study, the activities of lysosomal glycohydrolases were determined in order to evaluate the asymptomatic toxic effects of low levels of exposure to arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) in art glass workers.MethodsN‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG), β‐D‐glucuronidase (GCR), α‐ and β‐D‐galactosidase, α‐D‐glucosidase, and α‐D‐mannosidase were determined by a fluorimetric assay in the plasma of 26 art glass workers. Lymphocytes cultured in the presence of different species of As and Sb served as an in vitro model for the study of the protective action of selenium and zinc.ResultsNo significant difference in the plasma levels of the various enzymes was detected in art glass workers or control subjects. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that secretion of lysosomal glycohydrolases was increased by Sb (225%) and decreased by As (57%) at the same concentration of elements (200 μg/L). The addition of bivalent selenium to the culture neutralized the effects of both metals, while zinc chloride did not show any protective effect.ConclusionsAs for the plasma glycohydrolases, no praecox signs of toxicity related to a low concentration of As and Sb was evident in art glass workers. This may be due to the antagonistic effects demonstrated by these two metals in vitro. Their different mechanism of action on release of glycohydrolases is being discussed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:405–412, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perceived and measured hearing ability in construction laborers and farmers
Authors: Kerr Madeleine J. , McCullagh Marjorie , Savik Kay , Dvorak Leah A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBackgroundConstruction and farming are characterized by small independently operated enterprises; few are included in hearing loss prevention programs. This study describes perceived and measured hearing ability among construction laborers and farmers in order to further the Healthy People 2010 goal to reduce noise‐induced hearing loss (NIHL).MethodsConstruction laborers (n = 147) and farmers (n = 150) had screening audiograms at their workplace and a farm show, respectively. The relationship of the audiograms with a one‐item measure of perceived hearing ability was explored using non‐parametric statistics.ResultsAt the 4,000 Hz frequency, indicative of NIHL, a high percentage of both groups exhibited hearing loss greater than 25 dB: laborers 53%, farmers 67%. Perceived hearing ability was significantly worse (P < 0.05) for workers with a measured hearing loss. The sensitivities of perceived hearing loss compared to audiometry ranged from 0.30 to 0.72 suggesting that perceived hearing loss was not a good indicator of actual hearing loss in this sample.ConclusionsThe poor relationship between perceived and actual hearing loss in this study suggests that best practice requires inclusion of audiometric screening as part of a complete hearing loss prevention program. Future development of an improved instrument to measure perceived hearing ability may be useful in assessing this dimension of hearing. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:431–437, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Highly Functionalized Organomagnesium Reagents Prepared through Halogen–Metal Exchange
Authors: Knochel Paul , Dohle Wolfgang , Gommermann Nina , Kneisel Florian F. , Kopp Felix , Korn Tobias , Sapountzis Ioannis , Vu Viet Anh 
Published: September 2003

AbstractOrganomagnesium reagents occupy a central position in synthetic organic and organometallic chemistry. Recently, the halogen–magnesium exchange has considerably extended the range of functionalized Grignard reagents available for synthetic purposes. Functional groups such as esters, nitriles, iodides, imines, or even nitro groups can be present in a wide range of aromatic and heterocyclic organomagnesium reagents. Also various highly functionalized alkenyl magnesium species can be prepared. These recent developments as well as new applications of organomagnesium reagents in cross‐coupling reactions and amination reactions will be covered in this Review.
New Cyanopeptide‐Derived Low MolecularWeight Thrombin Inhibitors
Authors: Radau Gregor , Gebel Jana , Rauh Daniel 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThrombosis is the result of defective regulation of the hemostasis system. This cardiovascular disorder may lead to deep vein thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The majority of current drug research is focused on finding inhibitors of thrombin — the global player in hemostasis. In our work, we emphasize investigation of the marine environment to yield new lead structures from marine organisms like blue‐green algae (cyanobacteria). This article deals with the design, syntheses, and inhibition tests of new lowmolecularweight thrombin inhibitors utilizing cyanopeptides, the secondarymetabolites of cyanobacteria with interesting biological activities, as new lead structures. Starting with aeruginosin 98‐B (2) as a lead structure, we have developed and synthesized new, selective acting inhibitors of thrombin (RA‐1001 and RA‐1002), which are suitable targets for further structure‐activity studies.
1‐N‐Substituted Thiocarbamoyl‐3‐phenyl‐5‐thienyl‐2‐pyrazolines: Synthesis and Evaluation as MAO Inhibitors
Authors: Gökhan Nesrin , Yeşilada Akgül , Uçar Gülberk , Erol Kevser , Bilgin A. Altan 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTwelve new 1‐N‐substituted thiocarbomoyl‐3‐phenyl‐5‐thienyl‐2‐pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated their for antidepressant, anxiogenic and mammalianmonoamine oxidase (MAO)‐A and Binhibitory activities by in vivo and in vitro tests. MAO was isolated and purified from the mitochondrial pellet of bovine liver homogenates and human platelets. All of the new compounds inhibited the total MAO activity of liver homogenates and the inhibition was found to be time‐dependent. Four compounds (3 i—3 l) inhibited MAO‐B selectively and irreversibly in a classical non‐competitive manner with IC50 values in the range of 22.00—91.50 μM. The rest of the compounds appeared to be non‐selective reversible inhibitors. Itwas suggested that the p‐methoxy group on the phenyl ring in the compounds increased the inhibitory effect and selectivity towardMAO‐B. The reversible and unselective inhibition of MAO by the remaining compounds was suggested to be related to their properties of actingability to act as both as substrate and inhibitor at the same time. However, none of the novel compounds showed antidepressant activity as expected suggesting formation of inactive metabolites. We conclude that the compounds appeared as which functioned as selective MAO‐B inhibitors might have promising features as therapeutic properties in the treatment of Parkinson disease. In vivo studies are needed to verify this hypothesis.
Contribution of Lateral Substituents in Symmetrical and Non‐symmetrical Heptane‐bisammonio Compounds to the Allosteric Stabilization of N‐methylscopolamine Binding to Muscarinic M2 Receptors
Authors: Staudt Markus , Tränkle Christian , Mohr Klaus , Holzgrabe Ulrike 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAllosteric modulators are able to enhance or decrease the equilibrium binding of orthosteric agonists or antagonists. The treatment of Alzheimer's disease and the organophosphorus poisoning can take advantage of the enhancement of the ligand binding. Prerequisite is the formation of ternary complexes consisting of the receptor protein, the orthosteric ligand, e. g. N‐methylscopolamine (NMS), and the alloster optimized for the corresponding orthoster. In this study, heptane‐bisammonio compounds were optimized with regard to the orthosteric antagonist NMS. Comparing pairs of compounds characterized by phthalimides, cyclohexanedicarbonic acid imide and succinimides at both ends or a phthalimide at one end and either of the three imides at the other end stressed the importance of an aromatic moiety at both ends of the heptane‐bisammonio chain.
Syntheses of 2, 5‐Dialkylfuran and Tetrahydrofuran Carbinols and Their Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Krauss Jürgen , Unterreitmeier Doris , Antlsperger Dorothee 
Published: September 2003

Abstract2, 5‐Dialkylfuran and tetrahydrofuran compounds as structural elements of Annonaceae acetogenins like Asitrocinwere synthesized starting from furfural by Grignard reactions, lithiation of the furan ring and addition of aliphatic aldehydes. Hydrogenation of the furan rings over Pd‐catalyst gave the corresponding tetrahydrofurans. All resulting compounds showed no or rather less antimicrobial activity against grampositive, gram‐negative bacteria and fungi compared to tetracycline or clotrimazol but high cytotoxic activity against HL 60 cell line determined in the MTT assay.
Zur Pluralisierung im Luthertum des 17. Jahrhunderts und ihrer Bedeutung für die Deutungen von ‚Natur’︁
Authors: Trepp Anne‐Charlott 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBuilding on methodological considerations in cultural history and historical anthropology, the following contribution proceeds from the concept of ‚nature’︁ rather than from ‚natural science’︁, with the former understood here as the object of culturally determined projections, values and practices. This ‚constructive’︁, practice‐oriented concept of nature exposes perceptions of and attitudes towards nature that, owing to the usual reduction of nature to natural science, would otherwise have remained hidden, but which may well be essential to its constitution. To a certain extent, the term ‚nature’︁ continues the terminological extension from ‚natural science’︁ to ‚natural philosophy’︁, but as a heuristic device it more strongly implies the significance of culturally mediated practices and dynamics. The essay raises the following questions: Which religious conceptions entered into which attitudes towards nature and which religious expectations and interpretive matrices were the motivating forces behind which studies of nature?The figures within seventeenth‐century Lutheranism who shaped and promoted nature‐oriented attitudes and practices were not the ‚orthodox’︁ scholars more strongly tied to academic and controversialist theology, but rather reform‐oriented theologians critical of the church. In the context of the inner differentiation and pluralization of seventeenth‐century Lutheranism, these reform‐oriented groups not only inspired innovate theological projects but also assumed a leading role, along with liked‐minded Christian laypersons, in interpreting and studying ‚nature’︁.