bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meaning to Mean It
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Laidlaw James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Murti Pujak Jains insist that it is necessary that one means to mean. This idea was acknowledged by virtually all our informants at the Dadabari temple. At the same time however, there was no confidence that not having meant disqualifies the/?w/« as a, puja. It is no help to think of this as a ‘contradiction’ to be explained away as the result of a ‘pure’ intention-oriented Jainism having been corrupted by a ritual-oriented Hindu world. For it continues a debate about action and intention which has been conducted within Jainism and which has resurfaced right up to the present. In this chapter we shall attempt to show how alive these issues still are, how they compare with similar questioning during the Christian Reformation, and how their remaining unresolved gives rise to the extraordinary combination of behavioural discipline and imaginative freedom which characterizes Jain religious practice in general and the puja in particular.
The Evocation of Mood
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Laidlaw James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We said earlier that people coming to the temple for puja encounter ritualized acts, as it were, ready for them to perform. These acts have no intrinsic meaning but the)’ are ‘apprehensible’, waiting to be acted out in different modes and given symbolic meanings by the celebrants. This is an observation about the acts, not about the actor who performs them. But there are a few ritualized acts that are sometimes treated differently.
Conclusion
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Laidlaw James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book has been an account of ritualization, and of the responses to it. The pivotal transformation which ritualization effects is to sever the link, which is present in everyday life, between the actors’ intentions and the identity of the acts they perform. Commonly when this happens in everyday life, when you say something you do not intend to say, for example, it is a mistake. But ritual action is anything but a mistake: one of the definitive features of ritual is the consistent displacement of intentional meaning. So one of its enigmas, which we cannot claim to have solved comprehensively, is why people go on doing things in ritual ways when ritualization only serves to make them ‘pointless’.
Constitutionalism: Procedural Limits and Political Ends
Authors: Johnson Nevil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Constitutional design and change never occur in a vacuum or in what might be called laboratory conditions. Such efforts are bound to reflect the impact of all kinds of practical problems and political demands. At the same time they will express a range of normative assumptions or more explicit commitments about social life and relationships which are to be found in whatever society it is that we are considering. It follows, of course, that constitutional arrangements and the formal documents in which they may be expressed reveal great variation and diversity: constitutions come in all shapes and sizes.
The Constraints on Constitutional Change in Franee
Authors: Carcassonne Guy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Constitution of the Fifth Republic is the sixteenth France has adopted since 1789.1 The first Constitution lasted one year; the second was never enforced; while the remainder have varied in duration from twenty-one days2 to sixty-five years.3 The multitude of constitutions arises on the one hand from a combination of the French taste for geometrical architecture and written law and, on the other, from an ideological conception of what a constitution is. Those characteristics led each political faction to have its own idea of what a constitution should amount to, each of them assumed to be both complete and rational. Thus, any change in political forces throughout the nineteenth century almost inevitably produced a new supreme law. The consequence of such practices has been that it has taken more than a century and a half for the French people and their political representatives to understand and accept that a constitution should be the definition of common rules rather than a partisan weapon.
Constitutionalism and Constitutional Change in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Hendrych Dusan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After November 1989 there was a general awareness that a humiliating period of Czechoslovakian history had ended and that a new era was beginning. This feeling was prevalent still in 1990, when the idea of an open democratic society, together with the trans formation of the economy from state control to a market model, informed the political programmes of most election groups and coalitions. Moreover, the electoral successes of those who had emphasized such solutions testified to the fact that such programmes were favoured by a large section of the citizens of Czechoslovakia.
The Agenda of Constitutional Change in Europe: Adaptation, Transformation, and Internationalization
Authors: Hesse Joachim Jens , Johnson Nevil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is no exaggeration to suggest that constitutional arrangements throughout Europe are exposed to a powerful ‘wind of change’. But this wind blows with differing degrees of intensity, and perhaps in different directions, according to where we look on the continent. In its Eastern parts the collapse of the Soviet Union has imposed the need for a radical transformation of political life and institutions. At the same time the countries affected by this political upheaval are anxious to reconstruct their economies and to connect up with global economic structures and relationships which impose their own pressures and, not least, demand a capacity to compete in world markets.
The Constitutional Arrangements of Federal Systems A Sceptical View from the Outside
Authors: Saunders Cheryl 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Federalism has been defined as combining self-rule with shared rule. In a system of government, self-rule usually involves a territorial base and always requires a degree of autonomy, or final responstbility, for each level of government. This feature in particular distinguishes federations from decentralized unitary systems and can be used to advantage where a federation is working well. Each of the governments between which rule is shared operates directly on individual members of the community. In contrast, in confederal systems, the direct relationship is likely to lie between the central government and the member states.
EU Cohesion Policy: Facts, Figures, and Issues
Authors: Wishlade Fiona 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the last decade, the process of European integration has placed increasing emphasis on the promotion of economic and social cohesion. Under the Single European Act, the implementation of the Community’s common policies and the completion of the internal market were to take account of this objective and contribute to its achievement. This commitment is strengthened under the Treaty on European Union, where not only the implementation but also the formulation of policy must take cohesion into consideration. The most high-profile aspect of the EU concerned with cohesion was the reform of the structural funds agreed in 1988. This involved not only a complete overhaul of the administration and implementation of the funds, but also a significant increase in budget allocations; these were set to double over the period 1987-93. Negotiations during 1993 culminated in new structural fund regulations for the period 1994-9 bringing some further, albeit less dramatic, changes and additional financial resources. By the end of the decade, ‘Structural Actions’ (the cohesion fund and the structural funds) will account for over 35 per cent of EU spending-some 27.4 billion ECU in 1999-compared with 7 billion ECU, or just 19 per cent of the budget, in 1987 (Commission 1994c; Eurostat 1992).
Cholera: A Victory for Medicine?
Authors: Bourdelais Patrice 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among the great epidemics of the past, cholera appears today as one of the diseases which has been conquered by advances in medicine. However, for the last 20 years a seventh pandemic of cholera has been raging in an increasing number of countries, and medical men have been unable to check its spread. It is clear that medical progress cannot have been the sole explanation for the waxing and waning of epidemic diseases, and more generally for the decline in mortality. The study of cholera epidemics from their first appearance in Europe towards the end of the first third of the nineteenth century to the present day, makes it possible to estimate how much of the increasing decline in the number of cases and of victims of the disease can be attributed directly to progress in medical knowledge and techniques and the development of new methods of protection, and how much is due to social and cultural factors. Paradoxically, during recent years improvements in medical knowledge have not necessarily resulted in improvements in public health in the short run or even the medium-long run; indeed, they may have led to a relaxation in vigilance. Does this somewhat pessimistic point of view survive an analysis of long-run changes? If a seventh pandemic were, indeed, developing, it has not, up to now, reached the developed countries. Can an historical analysis provide the reason for this development? For a long time the development of cholera pandemics appears to have been independent of the state of medical knowledge. During the first (1817-24) and the second (1829-37) pandemics, the progress of contagion was similar in areas in which Western medicine had little influence, and in Russia or in Europe. For more than a year, in 1830-31, the newspapers regularly carried stories about the progress of the disease towards northwestern Europe. However, the majority of articles were reassuring, particularly in France and in Great Britain.
Exchange Rate Regimes in Developing Countries
Authors: Joshi Vijay 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to set out the issues involved in the choice of exchange rate regime in developing countries. Two assumptions which we believe to be realistic are made in the course of the analysis. First, we assume that the major currencies of the world will continue to float against one another (though there may be some zones of stability like the European Monetary System). While there is a sporting chance that some scheme to moderate the swings in their exchange rates will be successfully introduced and implemented, we think it unlikely that the industrial countries will return to anything resembling fixed rates. Second, we assume that most developing countries will continue to maintain some controls on capital movements even if they move towards liberalizing trade. Again, whatever one’s views about the wisdom of maintaining capital controls, this assumption is surely a realistic prediction of how governments of developing countries will act in the near future.
Vision and Reality of Public Sector Management: The Indian Experience
Authors: Mulji Sudhir 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the end of the Second World War, the belief that poor countries would have to depend upon state-owned enterprises for rapid development was more widely held than one would now care to admit. Although Bhagwati and Desai (1970, p. 127) argue that ‘the phenomenal growth of the public sector in India during the three Plans is to be attributed largely to the ‘socialist’, ideological goals which the Indian National Congress embraced as early as the 1930s and to the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru during the period of recent planning’, it is unlikely that state enterprises would have received quite as much support if there had not been strong economic arguments for establishing them. General collectivist ideas apart, the notion of semi-autonomous corporations acting for the common weal had already met with academic approval. This after all was the age of Keynes, and as early as 1913 he had pleaded, in the teeth of considerable local opposition, for a state-owned central bank for India. In regard to England, at first, he was content to observe the evolutionary trends. He believed that the Bank of England had already been socialized. On the occasion of the centenary of Walter Bagehot’s birth, Keynes wrote:
Positive Freedom, Markets, and the Welfare State
Authors: Dasgupta* Partha 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The comparative merits of market and certain distinguished non-market resource allocation mechanisms have continually been at the centre of debate in economics and political philosophy. Doubtless they will remain there. For here one faces the grandest of human concerns, embracing as it does issues bearing on liberty and welfare, the aspirations of people, their potential and realized capabilities, and the fulfilment of their needs. It enables us to see individuals in a social context, to ask about the possible features of a civil society, the obligations that people may have to themselves, to one another, and to agencies. Then again, we are able to enquire into the obligations that agencies have to people and to one another, the extent to which responsibility needs to be delegated among offices and persons, the role that dispersed information may play in answers to these, and so on. The debate is central to any discussion of the kind of society we ought to aspire to be members of.
1948 and After
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this new collection of essays, three of which appear here for the first time, Benny Morris examines and elucidates aspects of the Arab exodus from Palestine in 1948, focusing on Israeli decision-making and the causes of the mass exile. He deals with the transfer of Majdal's (Ashkelon's) Arabs to Gaza in 1950 and the initial absorption of the Palestinian refugees in the Arab host countries in 1948-9, and looks at why a number of Arab villages in key areas of Israel along the highways linking Tel Aviv with Jerusalem and Haifa did not go into exile voluntarily and were left in place by the Israeli authorities. He examines the attitudes towards the Palestinian Arabs, as they evolved during the 1948 war, of Israel's two main parties, Mapai and Mapam; how the battle for the harvest of 1948 affected the exodus; how the Israeli Defence Forces' Intelligence Service analysed the Arab exodus; and how Yosef Weitz, a Jewish National Fund official, and the two `Transfer Committees' he chaired, helped promote the Palestinian exodus during 1948-9. In his introduction, Dr Morris examines past and present Israeli historiography, analysing the shift from the `old' official Israeli histories to the `new history' of the 1980s. He identifies the major points of controversy between the two approaches and the direction in which Israeli historiography is now moving.
Models of High Inflation
Authors: Heymann Daniel , Leijonhufvud Axel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What is the cause of inflation? This seems a straightforward question and a likely place to begin. Yet it is one of those questions to which no one’s answer commands universal assent and over which contentious debate goes on without an end in sight. This suggests that the question itself is less straightforward than it looks at first. Inflation is the observable outcome of a complex process of political and economic interaction in society. In such a context, ‘cause-and-effect’ language easily becomes misleading. Behind the rise in a general price index lies the pricing decisions of innumerable firms and individuals. In a non-trivial sense, those actions are the most direct ‘cause’ of inflation. But, of course, the decisions to revise prices are motivated by market and policy signals. And these, in tum, are at the end of other chains of causation. Each asserted cause brings into view one or more prior causes of which it may be the effect—and some of these causal chains loop back on themselves, effects at one stage becoming causes at another. Building a complete model of these economic and ‘extra-economic’ interactions is an impossible task. Of necessity, the economist must begin by deciding which links between variables he will concentrate on and how far he should try to go in the quest for a ‘deep enough’ explanation. How these decisions should be made is never obvious. In the absence of a comprehensive inflation theory, alternative models coexist. Each of them has its strengths and its weaknesses.
High Inflations and Contemporary Monetary Theory
Authors: Heymann Daniel , Leijonhufvud Axel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mill’s famous dictum gives concise expression to a view of the foundations of monetary theory that still governs virtually all work in the subject. It has been quoted innumerable times as a well-formulated piece of time-honoured wisdom suitable for trotting out on ceremonial occasions. But there is something puzzling about its popularity. For, surely, there is a tension between the two parts of Mill’s statement that at least borders on outright contradiction: Why should it matter when an ‘intrinsically insignificant thing’ gets ‘out of order’? The tension can, of course, be resolved in one of two ways. On the one hand, one might suppose that when the contrivance gets out of order, the rise in transactions costs will cause people to conduct their regular business somewhat ‘less quickly and commodiously’ without money. If their real transactions were largely unaffected, that would prove money to be ‘intrinsically insignificant’ all right.
The Evolution of Economic Organization in Contemporary Societies
Authors: Prodi Romano 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When we assess the availability and use of physical resources and their role in eco nomic growth and performance, one fact is salient. The enormous changes during the last generation have produced entirely unexpected results in terms of how these resources are organized, combined, and managed. The novel characteristic of the last generation of economic development is the weak correlation between the availability of resources and prospects for long-term growth in all countries of the world. This very simple observation can be taken for granted now, but it refutes the received wisdom of the past. All empirical data demonstrate that land and raw materials have not been the foundations of the economic growth of the last generation. Granted, serious short-term crises can be induced by a lack of raw materials, as was demonstrated by the oil crises of the 1970s and 1980s. In analyses of long-term growth, however, a complete schism emerges between the possession of material resources and the level of development. This surprising finding should change our views of world economic development.
The Impact of Population Change on Environment: An Overview
Authors: CLARKE JOHN I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rapid world population growth and global environmental change are two of the great concerns of our age, and for many people they are closely linked. In this chapter we examine those links. Concern about world population growth spread after the mid-twentieth century, when it became apparent that rapid mortality declines in the developing countries were not accompanied by comparable fertility declines. Annual rates of natural increase in some developing countries rose as high as 3-4 percent, far in excess of those previously experienced by industrialized countries during their slower demo graphic transition in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Concern about global environmental change and environmental degradation in general is more recent, dating particularly from the 1970s. It is more a product of the space age, when satellite imagery has highlighted the global unity of the earth’s ecosystem, the interdependence of environmental and human phenomena, and hu manity’s increasing ability to exploit resources and to wreak ever more drastic environmental damage (e.g., Davis, Bernstam, and Sellers, 1989). If anything, global environmental change currently attracts even more attention and alarm, in the West at least, than world population growth, not only because some of those living in the resource-exploiting industrialized countries feel more directly responsible, but also because of the unforeseen consequences of the phenomena of ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect, and climatic change, as well as the growing general awareness of the complexity of ecological interrelationships.
Structural and Spatial Economic Changes and their Effects on Recent Urbanization in China
Authors: Li Jing Neng 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The economic reforms begun in China in 1979 have had profound effects on the development of the Chinese economy and population, generating many structural and spatial economic changes. Studies of their implications for China’s urbanization, as well as deeper analysis of the patterns of urbanization in China’s different regions, are therefore needed, despite the serious data problems con fronting such an analysis. The data used in this chapter are mainly from China’s State Statistic Bureau (CSSB), the Ministry of Public Security, the Institute of Economic Research of the State Planning Commission and relevant surveys made by the Institute of Population and Development Research of Nankai University and other population institutes.
Urban Housing Reforms in China, 1979-89
Authors: Lee Yok-Shiu F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In early 1989, the China Daily printed an apprehensive account of the ongoing reform experiments in urban housing. Under the headline ‘Reform in housing at crossroads’, the author noted that ‘progress over the whole country last year [1988] failed to meet government expectations. Many large cities, including some provincial capitals, have been less than enthusiastic about implementing reform’ (31 January 1989). This worrying observation, increasingly found in the official Chinese press, is revealing because it was made just one year after the State Council announced in early 1988 its decision to enforce housing reforms in all urban areas in China within three years (Tong Zengyen 1988: 11). It signifies the existence of major difficulties in extending reform programmes beyond a few cities and hints at some fundamental flaws in the overall approach and policy design of the current reform programmes.
Industrial Location Policies and the Urbanization Process in Brazil
Authors: Haddad Paulo Roberto 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Macro-economic and sectoral economic policies are not neutral in their urban and regional effects in large countries where there are heterogeneous socio economic and cultural contexts among the geographical areas. Policy-makers intend that these policies should be non-spatial in their conception and results; but when they are implemented across a territory with differing economic and social organization, development structures, and growth dynamics, impacts differ among the regions and urban subsystems. Therefore, in a large country, each macro-economic and sectoral policy always subsumes an implicit urban and regional policy that is sometimes even more relevant and decisive for the inter regional distribution of growth effects than well-known explicit policies for regional and urban development.
Urbanization in India: An Overview
Authors: Visaria Pravin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
India, the second most populous country of the world, had a population close to 820 million on 1 October 1989 when the seminar organized by the IUSSP was held in Ahmedabad. By 1992, the population had grown to about 870 million. The pro portion of urban population in India increased from about 11 per cent in 1901 to 18 per cent in 1951 (a few years after independence) and to a modest 26 per cent at the time of the 1991 census. The total urban population in India (including an estimated figure for the state of Jamu and Kashmir where the 1991 census was not conducted) was about 217 million. Had it formed a separate country, urban India alone would have been the fourth most populous country of the world (after China, India, and USA).