bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implicit and explicit integration of von Mises plasticity
Authors: Dunne Fionn , Petrinic Nik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we shall return to the constitutive equations for plasticity introduced in Chapter 2 and see how they may be integrated and how the Jacobian or tangent stiffness may be obtained from them. We shall explore both implicit and explicit schemes for the integration of the constitutive equations. To start, we shall consider small strain, time-independent, linear isotropic hardening plasticity before looking at kinematic hardening and viscoplasticity. First, we return to the determination of the plastic multiplier.
Superplasticity
Authors: Dunne Fionn , Petrinic Nik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Superplasticity is the ability of some materials to undergo very large, irreversible, tensile elongations without necking and failing. Generally, a very fine grain structure is required (a typical grain size will be of the order of 1 μm) and a deformation temperature of about 0.5 Tm is necessary to enable the appropriate superplastic deformation mechanisms to operate. Two common superplastically formed classes of material are aluminium and titanium alloys, which are used extensively in the aerospace and aeroengine industry. Superplastic forming exploits the ability of the material to undergo very large tensile elongations in metal sheet stretch forming and blow moulding processes, and has many advantages for the manufacture of complex shapes in sheet metal using simple low pressure pneumatic forming equipment.
Porous plasticity
Authors: Dunne Fionn , Petrinic Nik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have so far considered plasticity and viscoplasticity processes in which it has been assumed that the deforming material has been incompressible. There are some materials, however, for which this is not the case. An important example is in the processing of metal powders in which, generally at elevated temperature, the powder is consolidated by plastic deformation and the elimination of the porosity. During the process, significant volume changes occur because of the removal of the porosity. A further example of compressible or porous plasticity is that in which significant voiding develops in a material undergoing plastic deformation resulting from a damage process (e.g. creep cavitation). Again, while possibly small, volume changes occur during the deformation and the incompressibility condition no longer holds. A feature of the constitutive equations in porous plasticity is that there becomes a dependence on mean stress as we shall see shortly. In this chapter, we introduce the porous plasticity model of Duva and Crow and outline its implementation into ABAQUS using both a UMAT material subroutine and the simpler ABAQUS CREEP routine. For simplicity, within the UMAT, we use explicit integration of the constitutive equations and employ the initial stiffness as the material Jacobian.
Creep in an aero-engine combustor material
Authors: Dunne Fionn , Petrinic Nik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aero-engine components operating under in-service conditions are often subjected to a range of complex cyclic mechanical and thermal loading, leading to combined creep and cyclic plasticity. The polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy (C263) is a commercial alloy used for stationary components in aero-engines such as combustion chambers, casings, liners, exhaust ducting, and bearing housings. It is a fine-precipitate strengthened alloy at 800°C, with a precipitate solvus temperature of 925°C (Betteridge and Heslop, 1974). Combustion chamber applications require the material to undergo temperature fliuctuations between 20°C and 950°C, and the temperature range is therefore such that the precipitate solvus can be exceeded during in-service operation. significant microstructural change is therefore likely to occur during ordinary operation, leading to quite profound changes in the creep mechanisms in the material, controlling both deformation and component life.
The Mesoamericans and the ‘All-American Ball Game’
Authors: Loadman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The oldest known sample of rubber was reputed to have been found in 1924, in Germany, fossilised in lignite deposits, and some sixty million years old. It is described by Schidrowitz and Dawson in History of the rubber industry (1952). This could be the same material described by Auleytner in 1953, which was again found in Germany and dated to the Eocene period, some thirty million years ago. The last-known location of this was the Jagiellonian University, Cracow in 1994, from whence it appears to have vanished. Apart from this, and one reference to very bouncy balls by Herodotus, who attributed their origins to the Lydians, the early history of rubber is solely a story of the ‘New World’, centred around the equatorial regions of South America and Mexico.
What’s in a Name?
Authors: Loadman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At this point it is appropriate to consider what plants provide us with latex (hence rubber), the varieties which exist, and their relative merits to the rubber collectors of two centuries ago. Natural rubber, India rubber, or caoutchouc are all names for the solid elastic material isolated, one way or another, from the ‘milk’ or latex of various plants. Whilst these plants tend to occur in the tropics, there are many which grow in the temperate zones and also produce this material, although not in any commercial sense. Perhaps the most common sources in the UK are the dandelion and the goldenrod—snap their stalks and the white fluid is latex, which will dry to give rubber. Latex is therefore the white milk like fluid which is obtained by wounding the plant. In the case of the most common commercial source today, the tree Hevea braziliensis, a sloping incision is cut in the outer bark from which the latex will ‘bleed’ and the wound is refreshed by removing slivers from the surface of the cut on subsequent tapping days.
The Battles of the Giants—Charles Goodyear
Authors: Loadman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first of our giants is Charles Goodyear who was born at Oyster Point, close to New Haven, Connecticut, in December 1800. Five years later the family moved to Union City, which would eventually become Naugatuck, and here his father, Amasa, opened a mill which manufactured a range of agricultural implements.
The Battles of the Giants—Thomas Hancock
Authors: Loadman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second giant in the story of rubber vulcanisation is Thomas Hancock, who was as unlike Goodyear as one could imagine. He lived in the same house most of his adult life, he never married but looked after his extended family of nine adopted nieces and nephews, he concentrated on one project at a time, made that work, hopefully made money from it, and researched new ideas in his very limited spare time. He also believed in patents, as we shall see (with one notable exception), and took out a total of fourteen relating to rubber and gutta-percha between 1820 and 1847. One thing he did share with Goodyear was the same fascination, although not obsession, with that sometimes sticky, sometimes brittle, and sometimes even useful material, rubber.
The Heavy Mob
Authors: Loadman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However much natural and synthetic rubber the world is able to produce it would be useless without the machinery to make something from it. Britain was lucky in that the industrial revolution had begun some years before Hancock started his experiments, but, in terms of the size and mass of the equipment required to process rubber, it was still in its infancy. In part, this was due to a lack of available and useable power.
The Rot sets in
Authors: Loadman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of vulcanisation in the middle of the nineteenth century was believed to be rubber’s Holy Grail and, whilst in part this was true, it gave rise to other problems which had to be resolved. Now that vulcanised rubber products could be manufactured, it was more obvious than ever that there still remained forces at work which rendered them useless after a relatively short period of time. Hancock, in his classic book on rubber techno logy, published in 1857, repeated the observation which he had first made in about 1826: ‘The injurious effects of the sun’s rays upon thin films of rubber we discovered and provided against before much damage accrued.’ He had obviously realised at a very early stage in his ‘rubber career’ that sunlight induced degradation of rubber, but in spite of his assertion it was certainly not ‘pro vided against’. What Hancock did not realise was that light catalysed degradation was oxidation and it was left to Spiller, in 1865, to show that degraded rubber had, in fact, been oxidised. The song in Fig. 13.2 found in a magazine from the 1860s, but without any suggestion as to how old it might be, certainly indicates that there was complete awareness in the trade of the problems with proofed cloth.
Death and Destruction
Authors: Loadman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whatever is done to extend the life of a vulcanised rubber article, it will eventually fail to give satisfactory service or meet minimum legal requirements and will have to be disposed of. In today’s world there is an explicit presumption in favour of ‘recycling’, although historically ‘dumping’ would be a better word. In 1996 the American artist, Meg Belichick, was so distressed at the state of the Gowanus Canal, which she saw every day as she travelled between her home and studio in Brooklyn, that she handcrafted one hundred books with lead covers and letterpress printed rubber pages interspersed between historical photographs to chart its history from a pristine state to a badly polluted waterway. The lead and rubber were symbolic of the pollutants. This is not the only time that rubber, waste, and art have joined three-in-a-bed. In the mid-nineteenth century the journalist and author, Nathan D. Urner, produced the ‘weepie’ shown in Fig. 14.1. Many countries, but by no means all, have now legislated against the dumping seen by Meg Belichick, whilst in those countries the ‘little ash girl’ no longer exists.
Timeline
Authors: Loadman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any chronology must be both subjective and selective. This can be no more true than in the case of ‘rubber’, which is now known to have been in use for over 3500 years. Those who have used it have been primitive natives, lost civilisations, and those developing the most sophisticated instruments and equipment of today. Just two areas of application illustrate this breadth of applicability. The same material that is used to make delicate medical devices such as surgeons’ gloves and condoms is also used in the treads of supersonic aircraft tyres.
Machines that Learn
Authors: Morgan Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of learning arose early in the history of switching circuits. Many switching problems are just too difficult to solve by working out the wiring diagram in advance. An example is automatic car number plate recognition, where the input is a TV image of the number plate, and the desired output is a string of letters and numbers. The problem is that some number plates have black numbers, others have white, and all of them vary in brightness depending on the weather and time of day. We would be wasting our time trying to find a letter such as ‘B’ by looking for a particular value of lightness – say a mid-grey – in the number plate.
Frames of Reference
Authors: Morgan Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the 1870s the long task of finding out which parts of the brain do what was well under way. In 1861 Paul Broca, in France, had discovered a language centre in the left frontal lobe of one of his patients – ‘Tan’, so called because this was the only word he could utter after his brain injury. In 1870, the year of the Franco-Prussian war and the Paris Commune, Fritsch and Hitzig showed that a weak electric current applied to a small part of the frontal cortex of a dog produced movement of the limbs on the opposite side of the body. They had discovered the motor cortex, damage to which in man produces paralysis of voluntary movement.
The Secretion Theory of Consciousness
Authors: Morgan Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘When Cabanis said that thought was a function of the brain, in the same sense as bile secretion is a function of the liver, he blundered philosophically,’ wrote Thomas Henry Huxley to the Reverend E. McGlure in 1891. Huxley was referring to the French philosopher and physiologist Pierre Jean George Cabanis (1757–1808). Spotting the nature of Cabanis’s alleged blunder is not rocket science. Bile is produced by a particular kind of cell in the body. We can trace the biochemical pathways that make bile-producing cells different from other cells.
Introduction and basic concepts
Authors: Matoušek Jirří , Nešetřil Jaroslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this introductory chapter, we first give a sample of the problems and questions to be treated in the book. Then we explain some basic notions and techniques, mostly fundamental and simple ones common to most branches of mathematics. We assume that the reader is already familiar with many of them or has at least heard of them. Thus, we will mostly review the notions, give precise formal definitions, and point out various ways of capturing the meaning of these concepts by diagrams and pictures. A reader preferring a more detailed and thorough introduction to these concepts may refer to the book by Stewart and Tall [9], for instance.
The number of spanning trees
Authors: Matoušek Jirří , Nešetřil Jaroslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a given graph G, let T (G) denote the number of all spanning trees of G. For example, we have T (K 3) = 3 (so we really count all possible spanning trees, not just nonisomorphic ones). In this chapter, we present several proofs of the following result:
Generating functions
Authors: Matoušek Jirří , Nešetřil Jaroslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we are going to present a useful calculation technique. The basic idea, quite a surprising one, is to consider an infinitesequence of real numbers and associate a certain continuous function with it, the so-called generating function of the sequence. Problems about sequences can then be solved by calculations with functions.
The evolution of separate sexes: a focus on the ecological context
Authors: Ashman Tia-Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sexual-system evolution has a long rich history of theoretical study, which has guided empirical explorations and the recent expansion of ideas concerning the role of ecological context in gender separation. ın this chapter, ı first provide a brief overview of theoretical understanding of a prominent sexual-system transition, namely, the gynodioecy pathway for the evolution of dioecy from hermaphroditism. ı then review empirical support for several predictions based on theory and use these as a springboard to both highlight the strengths of existing theory and show how its limitations have helped reveal the importance of ecological context for the evolution of dioecy.
Floral biology of hybrid zones
Authors: Campbell Diane R , Aldridge George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hybridization between closely related species is relatively common in angiosperms and can create a natural hybrid zone. We review recent experimental studies of floral biology in pairs of hybridizing species, emphasizing comparisons of the floral morphology and nectar rewards of hybrid plants with that of their progenitors, and quantifying the influence of these floral traits on pollinator behaviour and prezygotic and post-zygotic reproductive isolation. Floral traits of hybrids can be intermediate or transgressive. Floral differences between species, which in one case are attributable to particular chromosomal regions, can have differing impacts on interspecific flights by pollinators. A simulation model of mating in a hybrid zone between ıpomopsis aggregata and ıpomopsis tenuituba shows that behavioural responses by hummingbird and hawk-moth pollinators affect pre-zygotic ethological isolation more strongly than mechanical isolation.
Prelude
Authors: Chiswell Ian , Hodges Wilfrid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notation ‘A B’ is shorthand for ‘If A then B’, or ‘A implies B’, or sometimes ‘the implication from A to B’, as best suits the context. Do not confuse it with the notation “From Chapter 3 onwards, the symbol” is not shorthand; it is an expression of our formal languages. The safest way of reading it is probably just ‘arrow’ (though in Chapters 2 and 3 we will discuss its translation into English). The notation ‘N’ can be read as ‘the set of natural numbers’ or as ‘the natural number structure’, whichever makes better sense in context. (See Example 5.5.1 for the natural number structure.
Propositional Logic
Authors: Chiswell Ian , Hodges Wilfrid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Likewise the natural deduction ‘proof’ of (φ (ψ φ)) is strictly not a proof of a statement; it is a pattern of infinitely many proofs of different statements. Such patterns are called formal proofs. So we are studying patterns that infinitely many diﬀerent statements could have. These patterns are the real subject matter of mathematical logic. To study them closer, we work with formal languages which are designed to express the patterns that are important for arguments.
Quantifier-Free Logic
Authors: Chiswell Ian , Hodges Wilfrid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though the arguments are simple, they are beyond the capacities of Chapters 2 and 3. In the present chapter we will formalise (a), and Chapter 7 will take care of (b). Our formalisation will use a language LR, the ‘Language of Relations’. Like LP, it allows diﬀerent choices of signature. The languages LR(σ), for any sig- nature σ, are known as first-order languages. (The name contrasts them with second-order languages; see (7.43).) The proof rules and semantics of first-order languages are known as first-order logic or as predicate logic.
Between Motivation And Control: Psychological Accounts Of Voluntary Action
Authors: Prinz Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychologists are experimentalists. They run experiments—mostly inspired by theoretical considerations. They ask theoretical questions and use experimental methods to answer them. In psychological experiments participants are exposed to well-controlled experimental environments. Experimental environments and experimental tasks need to be decontextualized—in the sense that one tries to exclude or neutralize all kinds of uncontrollable factors. In one sense, environments like this put severe constraints on the participant’s room for manoeuvrings, since they require her to perform certain pre-specified responses to certain pre-specified stimuli. Hence, there seems to be no room for voluntary action. Still, even in a highly constrained situation like this, voluntary action comes into play at the time when the participant listens to the instruction and tries to prepare herself for performing the task accordingly (assuming she is co-operative and does not wish to thwart the experiment altogether).
Voluntary action from the perspective of Social-personality psychology
Authors: Bayer U C , Ferguson M J , Gollwitzer P M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social-personality psychologists have traditionally devoted little attention to the theoretical and empirical analysis of the issue of voluntary action. We see two different reasons for this: According to the behaviourist perspective (e.g. Tolman, 1925), purposeful or goaldirected behaviour was solely used as a descriptive category to refer to behaviour that was performed in a certain way (e.g. with great persistence). Motivational theories prevalent in traditional social and personality psychology (e.g. Murray, 1938) conceptualized humans as being mechanically driven by basic needs and instincts, thus preventing an analysis of human action in terms of volition.
Culture And Human Development In A Theory Of Action Beliefs
Authors: Nuckolls Charles w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The position advanced in this chapter is that the concept and perception of voluntary action develops through systematic violations of intuitive cognitive assumptions. It bears a resemblance, therefore, to concepts that Pascal Boyer calls ‘religious’. Superhuman agencies—the essential characteristic, according to Boyer, of all religious systems—possess features that are salient and memorable chiefly by virtue of their power to violate natural ontologies (Boyer, 1994, 2001; see also Lawson & McCauley, 1990). In other words, we grow up expecting certain things to happen, such as ‘things fall when dropped’, and these developmentally prescribed intuitions become our ‘ontologies’. We fashion our gods by imagining how these expectations can be violated, for example, ‘gods float, hover, fly, and otherwise act unconstrained by gravity’. One of these so-called natural ontologies, to extend the Boyer hypothesis, is agency.
Concluding remarks
Authors: Newton Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the main contribution of research to bird population management is to identify the factors that limit population sizes. Without knowledge of the limiting factors, the management of any bird population is bound to be hit and miss. It is important to distinguish between the external (environmental) factors that influence populations and the internal (demographic) features that these factors affect. External factors include resources (notably food supplies) and natural enemies (predators, parasites). Internal (demographic) features include the rates of births and deaths, immigration, and emigration—the net effects of which mediate the influence of external factors to determine population trend.
Current theory of host-parasite interactions
Authors: Toft Catherine A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Peter Price emphasizes in his foreword, ecologists and evolutionary biologists virtually ignored parasites until recently, even as a source of mortality for host species of primary interest. Ecologists have now, finally, turned their attention to parasites. As if in compensation, much of the recent, seminal work on parasite-host interactions in ecology and evolutionary biology has given hosts an ancillary role, focusing instead mainly on the parasites (e.g. Anderson and May 1978, 1979; May and Anderson 1978, 1979; Price 1980; Marshall 1981). The chapters in this book focus on the interaction between parasites and hosts but emphasize the host species–the book itself is delimited to a certain host taxon (i.e. birds).
A Global Plant Species Information System (GPSIS): ‘blue skies design’ or tomorrow’s workplan?
Authors: Bisby Frank A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of planning a global diversity information system (GPSIS) was minuted at the first TDWG meeting in 1985. It was dubbed ‘the blue skies design’ and thought of as an abstract issue not practical in the near term. Our progress five to eight years on, both in technology and know-how, is such that a global system clearly is a real possibility. If there are difficulties in creating one now they arise from professional uncertainties-exactly how would the knowledge be best agreed and organized-and scientific policy issues-how will members of the community, both individual and institutional, co-operate in the venture.