bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serotonin 1A receptor ligands act on norepinephrine neuron firing through excitatory amino acid and GABAA receptors: A microiontophoretic study in the rat locus coeruleus
Authors: Szabo Steven T. , Blier Pierre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt was previously shown that the excitatory effect of the 5‐HT1A agonist 8‐OH‐DPAT on firing activity of locus coeruleus (LC) norepinephrine (NE) neurons and the inhibitory action of the 5‐HT1A antagonist WAY 100,635 are dependent on the presence of 5‐HT neurons, whereas the inhibitory action of the 5‐HT2 agonist DOI is not. Using in vivo extracellular unitary recordings performed in anesthetized rats, iontophoretic applications of the excitatory amino acid antagonist kynurenate attenuated the enhancement in firing produced by glutamate and kainate. In contrast, GABA applications decreased the firing activity of NE neurons which was attenuated by the enhancement produced by glutamate and kainate. In contrast, GABA applications decreased the firing activity of NE neurons which was attenuated by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline. 8‐OH‐DPAT (10–60 μg kg−1, i.v.) produced a dose‐dependent enhancement in the firing activity of NE neurons that was abolished in the presence of kynurenate application. The selective 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist WAY 100,635 (100 μg kg−1, i.v.) suppressed NE firing which was reversed by the selective 5‐HT2A antagonist MDL 100,907 (200 μg kg−1, i.v.). In the presence of bicuculline, the inhibitory effect of WAY 100,635 was blunted. These results suggest that WAY 100,635 mainly attenuates NE neuron firing by blocking inhibitory 5‐HT1A receptors on glutamatergic neurons, thereby enhancing glutamate release and activating excitatory amino acid receptors, possibly of the kainate subtype, on 5‐HT terminals. The ensuing increased 5‐HT release would then act on excitatory 5‐HT2A receptors on GABA neurons that would ultimately mediate the inhibition of NE neurons. The prevention of the excitatory action of 8‐OH‐DPAT on NE neuron firing by kynurenate is also consistent with this neurocircuitry. Synapse 42:203–212, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuronal differentiation and synapse formation occur in space and time with fractal dimension
Authors: Waliszewski Przemyslaw , Konarski Jerzy 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe analysis of a set of experimental data obtained by an independent team of researchers confirms that neuronal differentiation or synapse formation do occur in time and space with fractal dimension. The interacting cells create first a dynamic system with its own attractor, (i.e., a fragment of time and space where the dynamic processes occur and where no further evolution of the system is possible at all owing to the action of the intrasystemic forces unless some extrasystemic forces act upon it). This attractor is then modified in the active manner by the differentiating cells until the system attains a degenerated stationary state and differentiation ends. The fractal structure of the system is also lost in the course of tumor progression. Our data indicate that the cellular system can attain the degenerated stationary state, leaving the attractor with a fractal dimension directly or undergoing diversification into many attractors and going through the areas of deterministic chaos. Since evolution of the cellular system is driven by the cooperative dynamic processes, as reflected by the changes of the mean fractal dimension between the intervals of the Gompertzian curve, it is likely that cells differentiate into neurons and create synapses with a conjugated probability and non‐Gaussian distribution rather than with the classical probability and the Gaussian distribution. These findings can help to optimize features of artificial neural networks. They also define a simple in vitro biological model for biophysical and biochemical studies on natural neural networks. Synapse 43:252–258, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroprotective properties of 17β‐estradiol, progesterone, and raloxifene in MPTP C57Bl/6 mice
Authors: Callier Sophie , Morissette Marc , Grandbois Michelle , Pélaprat Didier , Di Paolo Thérèse 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrevious work from our laboratory showed prevention of 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced dopamine depletion in striatum of C57Bl/6 mice by 17β‐estradiol, progesterone, and raloxifene, whereas 17α‐estradiol had no effect. The present study investigated the mechanism by which these compounds exert their neuroprotective activity. The hormonal effect on the dopamine transporter (DAT) was examined to probe the integrity of dopamine neurons and glutamate receptors in order to find a possible excitotoxic mechanism. Drugs were injected daily for 5 days before MPTP (four injections, 15 mg/kg ip at 2‐h intervals) and drug treatment continued for 5 more days. MPTP induced a decrease of striatal DAT‐specific binding (50% of control) and DAT mRNA in the substantia nigra (20% of control), suggesting that loss of neuronal nerve terminals was more extensive than cell bodies. This MPTP‐induced decrease of striatal [125I]RTI‐121 specific binding was prevented by 17β‐estradiol (2 μg/day), progesterone (2 μg/day), or raloxifene (5 mg/kg/day) but not by 17α‐estradiol (2 μg/day) or raloxifene (1 mg/kg/day). No treatment completely reversed the decreased levels of DAT mRNA in the substantia nigra. Striatal [125I]RTI‐121 specific binding was positively correlated with dopamine concentrations in intact, saline, or hormone‐treated MPTP mice. Striatal NMDA‐sensitive [3H]glutamate or [3H]AMPA specific binding remained unchanged in intact, saline, or hormone‐treated MPTP mice, suggesting the unlikely implication of changes of glutamate receptors in an excitotoxic mechanism. These results show a stereospecific neuroprotection by 17β‐estradiol of MPTP neurotoxicity, which is also observed with progesterone or raloxifene treatment. The present paradigm modeled early DA nerve cell damage and was responsive to hormones. Synapse 41:131–138, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of drinking water disinfection by‐products in Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Kargalioglu Yahya , McMillan Brian J. , Minear Roger A. , Plewa Michael J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe analyzed the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the drinking water disinfection by‐products (DBPs) bromoform (BF), bromoacetic acid (BA), dibromoacetic acid (DBA), tribromoacetic acid (TCA), chloroform (CF), chloroacetic acid (CA), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), 3‐chloro‐4‐(dichloromethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2[5H]‐furanone (MX), and potassium bromate (KBrO3) in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, and RSJ100 ± S9. Solvent controls of DMSO and ethanol and a positive control of ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) were also analyzed. We developed a rapid microplate‐based method to determine the cytotoxicity of the DBPs and we determined their mutagenic potencies. The distributions of the rank order for the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of these DBPs were compared and the structure‐function relationships were identified. TA100 –S9 was the most sensitive strain for these DBPs. The rank order of the mutagenic potency adjusted with a cytoxicity factor was MX > BA > EMS > DBA > DCA > CA with TBA, TCA, BF, and CF not mutagenic. From a structure‐function perspective, the brominated acetic acids were more cytotoxic and mutagenic than their chlorinated analogs. BA was 150× more mutagenic than CA. The mutagenic potency of the haloacetic acids was inversely related to the number of halogen atoms of the molecule. BA was 36× more mutagenic than DBA. The differential cytotoxicity expressed by the DBPs indicated that a cytotoxicity analysis enhanced the sensitivity of the mutagenicity data, which resulted in an enhanced precision for comparing their relative mutagenic strengths. This information is critical when conducting quantitative structure‐function analysis of these hazardous agents. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:113–128, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Teratogenic effects of Doxorubicin in rats at midgestation and at term
Authors: Menegola Elena , Broccia Maria Luisa , Renzo Francesca Di 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDoxorubicin (DOXO) is an anticancer drug widely used against leukaemias and solid tumours. Doxorubicin is teratogenic in laboratory species, as demonstrated by a number of in vivo and in vitro experiments. In our in vitro study, the endoderm of the primitive gut and the caudal mesenchymes have been the main target tissues, while oxidative stress has been excluded as a mechanism in Doxorubicin‐related abnormalities. The aims of the present work are the confirmation of our previous in vitro results (obtained on rat embryos cultured from 9.5 to 11.5 d.p.c.) in an in vivo model (midgestation) and the comparison of the abnormalities observed in the embryos at midgestation with malformations observable at term of pregnancy. For this purpose, pregnant rats were i.p. treated on 9.5 and 10.5 d.p.c. with DOXO. Embryos were analysed on 11 d.p.c., while foetuses were externally and viscerally analysed on 20 d.p.c. (term of gestation). The data collected at midgestation confirm the specific embryotoxic effects (particularly to the primitive gut and the caudal mesenchyme) previously observed in vitro. The data collected at term show the endoderm derivatives (gastrointestinal apparatus and respiratory tract) as the primary target organs, supporting the idea that the teratogenic activity of Doxorubicin is mediated by specific toxic effects directed to the primitive gut. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:283–293, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micronucleus incidence and their chromosomal origin related to therapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients: Detection by micronucleus and FISH techniques
Authors: Acar Hasan , Çalişkan Ümran , Demirel Sennur , Largaespada David A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMicronucleus assay and dual color‐fluorescence in situ hybridization (DC‐FISH), using centromere‐specific and whole chromosome‐specific painting probes, are considered a useful screening test to determine the incidence of micronucleus, their origin and contents. The patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), who had undergone chemotherapy, were analysed before and after treatment with vincristine, methotrexate, daunomycin, prednisone, and asparaginase. The incidence of micronuclei after the antileukemic agent treatment was significantly higher than before the treatment. Application of DC‐FISH using a combination of whole chromosome‐specific painting probes and the same chromosome‐specific α‐satellite centromeric probe showed that there were no significant differences in the micronucleus incidence for any specific chromosome (chromosomes 7, 8, 11, 17, X, and Y). There were no significant differences between the incidence of centromere‐positive micronuclei and the incidence of centromere‐negative micronucleus. We concluded that antileukemic agents induced the somatic genetic damage but this damage is not related to any specific chromosome studied. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:341–347, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Advocating for equitable science‐learning opportunities for girls in an urban city youth club and the roadblocks faced by women science educators*
Authors: Davis Kathleen S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article reports on a study that examined the obstacles women science educators faced as they facilitated Explorers, an after‐school science program for girls aged 6–12. The program aimed to provide girls with opportunities to legitimately participate in science activity. Explorers was one of several programs offered by the Foothills City Youth Club (FCYC) in a racially diverse urban center in the Southwestern United States. The youth club was meant to serve the needs of children and youth in that community. Through analysis of field notes, interviews, and documents, the social structures and forces that impeded the implementation of practices and the acquisition of capital are described. They include: (a) inadequate funding and community support, (b) conflicting beliefs between FCYC leaders and community leaders about the needs of boys and girls, and 3) inequitable decision‐making structures of the community. Underlying beliefs, structures, and practices within the community weakened the FCYC in many ways, interrupted the leadership's attempts to meet their goals as they worked with the community's children, and brought to the surface issues of bias and oppression. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 151‐163, 2002
An International Comparison of Employee Welfare Plans
Authors: Oliver Elizabeth Goad , Cravens Karen S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article describes the typical benefits offered by private and governmental employee welfare plans for 14
countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, South
Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the United States). These descriptions allow managers of
multinational firms to consider local employee welfare norms when establishing benefit provisions for operations
outside of the home country of the multinational. Employee benefits warrant management attention due to the
significant portion that benefits represent in the overall compensation package for employees, and because of
the need to offer benefits that are competitive in local labor markets. Because the difficulties in managing a
multinational firm are perhaps manifested most dramatically in terms of personnel, it is important to understand
factors that affect providing benefits to employees. Preliminary research indicates that the cultural
orientation of managers indeed has an impact on the provision of employee benefits in multinational firms.
Ultimately, upper management of multinationals may need to decide between a standardized benefit package
available to all subsidiaries or customized benefit programs for subsidiaries in individual countries. Managers
must consider cultural norms apparent in the benefits offered by government and private entities in a local
market,as well as their own cultural predilections. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Design for Proof: An Approach to the Design of Domain-Specific Languages
Authors: Anderson Stuart , Tourlas Konstantinos 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.
We propose that the domain of a Domain-Specific Language (DSL) can be characterised by:
1. the class of environments in which systems developed in the language are expected to operate; and
2. the class of properties which such systems are expected to possess.
The design of DSLs should therefore include the development of a proof system that eases the task of proving the properties in the class identified for the anticipated operating environments.
We develop these ideas in the context of industrial computing systems by presenting a semantics and proof system for a language based on IEC 1131-3, the international standard programming language for programmable controllers.
Of particular significance in this example is the use of a diagrammatic representation and the development of a proof system for a class of invariance properties that requires only local knowledge of the structure of diagrams.
LΩUI: Lovely ΩMEGA User Interface
Authors: Siekmann Jörg , Hess Stephan , Benzmüller Christoph , Cheikhrouhou Lassaad , Fiedler Armin , Horacek Helmut , Kohlhase Michael , Konrad Karsten , Meier Andreas , Melis Erica , Pollet Martin , Sorge Volker 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.

The capabilities of a automated theorem prover's interface are essential for the effective use of (interactive) proof systems.
L
Ω
UI
is the multi-modal interface that combines several features: a graphical display of information in a proof graph, a selective term browser with hypertext facilities, proof and proof plan presentation in natural language, and an editor for adding and maintaining the knowledge base.
L
Ω
UI
is realized in an agent-based client-server architecture and implemented in the concurrent constraint programming language Oz.
Significance of Serum Type IV Collagen Level of Hepatectomized Patients with Chronic Liver Damage
Authors: Shimahara Yasuyuki , Yamamoto Naritaka , Uyama Naoki , Okuyama Hiroaki , Momoi Hirohito , Kamikawa Tatsuhiko , Terajima Hiroaki , Iimuro Yuji , Yamamoto Yuzo , Ikai Iwao , Kushihata Fumiki , Kiyochi Hidenori , Kobayashi Nobuaki , Yamaoka Yoshio 
Published: August 2002

Type IV collagen, one of the serum markers for hepatic fibrosis, was measured perioperatively in patients with and without chronic liver damage to investigate whether this parameter changes in response to acute stress to the liver and can predict the surgical risk of hepatic resection. The serum type IV collagen level was significantly elevated in patients with liver cirrhosis. There were significant correlations between serum type IV collagen levels and the indocyanine green clearance test and cholinesterase activity, although the correlation coefficients were not high. The size of the resected hepatic mass was not the primary factor to influence the postoperative serum type IV collagen level. In patients with liver cirrhosis, the postoperative serum type IV collagen level increased significantly compared to that in patients with normal liver or chronic hepatitis. Postoperative liver failure occurred in
0%, 11.6%, and 44.4% of patients with preoperative serum type IV collagen levels of <150, ? 150 to 300, and ? 300 ng/ml,
respectively. In those with postoperative liver failure, the serum type IV collagen levels were significantly higher both pre‐ and postoperatively compared to those in patients with uneventful courses.
Several preoperative liver function tests indicated that type IV collagen is an independent risk factor for postoperative liver failure.
Thus perioperative measurement of the serum type IV collagen levels seemed to be useful for predicting the risk of hepatic resection in patients with chronic liver damage.
Reconstructive Intestinal Surgery after Open Management of Severe Intraabdominal Infection
Authors: Kriwanek Stephan , Gschwantler Michael , Beckerhinn Philipp , Armbruster Christian , Roka Rudolf 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOpen management (OM) of severe intraabdominal infection often is complicated by fistula formation and the need for complex reconstructive procedures. From 1988 to 1998 a series of 145 patients were treated by OM. Of these patients, 24 developed intestinal fistulas and 42 had to be treated by discontinuity resections prior to OM for intestinal perforations or anastomotic insufficiency. Of the patients with fistulas or enterostomies, 61% survived. Reconstructive surgery was performed after infections had completely subsided. Patients were examined on follow‐up, and the quality of life was assessed by 36‐item short‐form health survey questionnaires. Restorative surgery was performed in 32 of 40 patients 102 days (median) after beginning OM. All patients survived. Anastomotic leakage developed in six patients (18%). Thirty patients (94%) were followed up; 70% indicated their quality of life to be good. Despite a higher rate of anastomotic problems than with elective visceral operations, reconstructive intestinal surgery after OM may be performed without mortality and satisfying long‐term outcome.
Appraisal of Treatment Strategy by Staging Laparoscopy for Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer
Authors: Yano Masahiko , Tsujinaka Toshimasa , Shiozaki Hitoshi , Inoue Masatoshi , Sekimoto Mitsugu , Doki Yuichiro , Takiguchi Shuji , Imamura Hiroshi , Taniguchi Masaaki , Monden Morito 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMore accurate preoperative staging is necessary to determine the treatment strategy for locally advanced gastric cancer. Thirty‐two patients with T3 or T4 gastric cancer expected to undergo curative resection based on conventional examinations underwent staging laparoscopy. The disease stages determined were compared with those obtained by conventional methods. The discrepancy rate of disease staging was 16 of 32 (50.0%), with down‐staging in 5 of 32 (15.6%) and up‐staging in 11 of 32 (34.4%). Of the 32 patients, 13 (40.6%) were found to have unsuspected peritoneal dissemination. The positive predictive value for peritoneal metastasis by staging laparoscopy was 100%, whereas the negative predictive value was 89% (17/19). The accuracy rate was 94%. After laparoscopy, 15 of the 32 (46.9%) were diagnosed as candidates for curative resection. Of these 15 patients who underwent surgery, 13 (86.7%) underwent curative resection (1 R0 and 12 R1); the remaining two underwent R2 resection because of peritoneal metastasis that was undetected by staging laparoscopy. Patients with tumors judged noncurable by laparoscopy (n= 11) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In 7 of the 11 cases, salvage surgery was done (one R0, three R1, three R2 resections). A second staging laparoscopy was performed in four cases to determine the indication for salvage surgery. Three of the four were judged to be curable and underwent curative resection. Staging laparoscopy is an effective tool for detecting unsuspected peritoneal metastasis, and it can increase the curative resection rate and decrease unnecessary laparotomy for advanced gastric cancer. Second‐look laparoscopy enables accurate assessment of the chemotherapeutic response, which can help in decisions about salvage surgery.
Future of Urologic Laparoscopy
Authors: Matsuda Tadashi , Kawakita Mutsushi , Terachi Toshiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLaparoscopy has become increasingly popular in urology, reducing the invasiveness of treatment and shortening the period of convalescence. Adrenalectomy is one of the procedures most widely accepted for urologic laparoscopy. During the twenty‐first century, most urologic operations will likely be performed laparoscopically, benefiting from advancements in medical engineering. The development of new tissue approximation methods, tissue retrieval systems, microlaparoscopic instruments, sensor technology, and telerobotics, as well as virtual reality, will contribute to the establishment of safe, easy laparoscopic urologic surgery.
International Society of Urology in the Twenty‐first Century
Authors: Aso Yoshio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe International Society of Urology (SIU) has revised its by‐laws and reformed its system to adjust to the changes of the new millennium. The most important role the SIU can play at present is to fill the gap between developing and developed countries, which can be accomplished through the sister center program. After having achieved this primary aim, international cooperative work at a higher level can be considered through establishment of various institutes to bolster the high standard of world urology.