bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From the fireball to the present
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If, as is currently believed to be the case, non-baryonic matter perturbations are present and have already evolved significantly by the epoch of recombination, then at recombination the baryons will start to fall into the potential wells defined by the non-baryonic perturbations. The baryonic density fluctuations quickly catch up the non-baryonic fluctuations in amplitude and the two types of matter perturbation then evolve together (Fig. 6.1).
Ultra-Fast MRI
Authors: Jones Richard A , Brookes Jason A , Moonen Chrit T W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brain activation is known to lead to enhanced perfusion which, together with other physiological changes (e.g. blood volume, oxygen consumption), results in a decreased deoxyhaemoglobin concentration in regions of neuronal activity (Ogawa et al. 1990). This effect is referred to as the BOLD (blood oxygenation level dependent) effect and is by far the most commonly used method for fMRI studies and manifests itself as a slight increase in the strongly T2* (or T2) weighted MR images used for fMRI studies. BOLD signal changes occur both in the tissue (extra-vascular BOLD effect) and within the vasculature (intra-vascular BOLD effect). Non-BOLD related intra-vascular signal changes can also occur within larger vessels due to in-flow effects.
Registration, atlases and cortical flattening
Authors: Jenkinson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen in previous chapters, £MRI analysis involves taking a series of low resolution functional images and analysing these to produce a map of brain regions which are thought to have been significantly activated by experimental stimulation. As well as these (relatively low resolution) functional images, an £MRI experiment will also normally include a single high resolution structural MR scan. This can be used in a variety of ways to provide more advanced interpretation and analysis of the initial low resolution £MRI activation maps.
Experimental Number Theory
Authors: Villegas Fernando Rodriguez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This graduate text, based on years of teaching experience, is intended for first or second year graduate students in pure mathematics. The main goal of the text is to show how the computer can be used as a tool for research in number theory through numerical experimentation. The book contains many examples of experiments in binary quadratic forms, zeta functions of varieties over finite fields, elementary class field theory, elliptic units, modular forms, along with exercises and selected solutions. Sample programs are written in GP, the scripting language for the computational package PARI, and are available for download from the author’s website.
Analysis of Topographically Organized Patterns of Response in fMRI data: Distributed Representations of Objects in the Ventral Temporal Cortex
Authors: Haxby James V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ventral object vision pathway in the human brain has a complex functional architecture, characterized by topographically organized patterns of differential responses to faces and different object categories that can be measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We have developed a new method for analyzing these patterns of response, topographic pattern analysis. This method is a major departure from previous, standard methods for analyzing functional neuroimaging data. Whereas previous methods were designed to find clusters of voxels with similar response properties, topographic pattern analysis is designed to detect reliable patterns of differences among the responses of voxels. Previous methods increase signal-to-noise by averaging the responses across voxels, obscuring between-voxel differences.
The Cartography of Human Visual Object Areas
Authors: Malach R , Avidan G , Lerner Y , Hasson U , Levy I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central theme underlying primate visual cortex research is the attempt to gain insight into cortical function through its parcellation, i.e. identifying the rules that subdivide the cortical surface into differentiable entities. With the advent of non-invasive functional imaging of the human brain, rapid progress has been obtained in such research. Here we will discuss our work on this issue, focusing on high-order, ventral stream, visual areas. We can identify functional division lines across all cortical scales. Most globally, on the dorsoventral axis, ventral stream areas can be segregated from dorsal stream ones by modulating the subject’s task, e.g. attending to the orientation versus the identity of an object will activate dorsal versus ventral stream regions, respectively.
Neural Representation of Object Images in the Macaque Inferotemporal Cortex
Authors: Tanifuji Manabu , Tsunoda Kazushige , Yamane Yukako 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information about visually presented objects is transmitted from the primary visual cortex (V1) to the inferotemporal cortex (IT) through multiple prestriate areas in macaque monkeys. To understand neural mechanisms of perception and recognition of objects through their visual images, response properties of neurons in the anterior part of the IT cortex, defined architectonically as area TE, have been investigated extensively. Because of the position- and size-invariant response properties of those neurons, this area is believed to correspond to lateral occipital cortex (LOC) in the human ventral visual pathway (Malach et al. 1995).
Human Brain Imaging Reveals a Parietal area Specialized for Grasping
Authors: Culham Jody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to reveal a region of the anterior intraparietal (AIP) sulcus that is activated during visually guided grasping (versus reaching) actions for which information about object shape and size is required to preshape the hand. Human AIP is a potential homolog of macaque AIP, an area containing neurons that are activated by the viewing and grasping of specific shapes. Like macaque AIP, human AIP is active during both the vision and action phases of a delayed grasping trial. Human AIP is not activated by the visual presentation of two-dimensional images of objects, and does not seem to be an all-purpose object-processing area.
A Framework for the Investigation of Directed Cortical Interactions: Theoretical background and application to dynamic sensorimotor mapping
Authors: Goebel Rainer , Roebroeck Alard , Kim Dae-Shik , Formisano Elia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We present a general framework for the investigation of directed interactions of activated brain areas using time-resolved fMRI and vector autoregressive (VAR) modeling in the context of Granger causality. This framework can be extended by including information on anatomical connectivity patterns from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We apply the proposed approach to a dynamic sensorimotor mapping paradigm. In an event-related fMRI experiment, subjects performed a visuomotor mapping task for which the mapping of two stimuli (‘faces’ versus ‘houses’) to two responses (‘left’ or ‘right’) alternated periodically between the two possible mappings.
Where to now?
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Doing statistics is exciting. In the analysis of any new data set, surprises, both good and bad, will always occur. The results can never be fully predicted in advance-or the study would not have been carried out in the first place. No two studies, or the resulting data sets, are ever really similar, even in the same subject area, so that there is rarely a dull moment. This should be true for all users of statistics. Many of the readers of this book will become specialists in some field, only using statistics as a tool.
Systematics and evolution
Authors: Gibson David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grasses are the dominant plants of grasslands (Chapter 1) and of agriculture. The systematics and evolution of this large, diverse, and phylogenetically advanced family are described in this chapter. Agrostology is the science of grass classification, and, as noted by Gould (1955), is essential to the study of grassland. However, the taxonomic treatment of the grasses has a fascinating history in itself as investigators moved from the use of primary morphological and anatomical characters to include cytogenetic, physiological, and molecular characters allowing the development of increasingly evolutionarily informative classifications (Stebbins 1956). The evolution of this family, although still incompletely understood, represents an interesting example of adaptation and co-evolution with environmental and biotic factors, especially aridity and grazing.
Topics on Analysis in Metric Spaces
Authors: Ambrosio Luigi , Tilli Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on lecture notes from the Scuola Normale this book presents the main mathematical prerequisites for analysis in metric spaces. Supplemented with exercises of varying difficulty it is ideal for a graduate-level short course for applied mathematicians and engineers. The book covers abstract measure theory, Hausdorff measures, Lipschitz functions, covering theorems, lower semicontinuity of the one-dimensional Hausdorff measure, Sobolev spaces of maps between metric spaces, and Gromov-Hausdorff theory, all developed in a general metric setting. The existence of geodesics (and more generally of minimal Steiner connections) is discussed in general metric spaces and, as an application of the Gromov-Hausdorff theory, even in some cases when the ambient space is not locally compact. A brief and very general description of the theory of integration with respect to non-decreasing set functions is presented following the Di Giorgi method of using Cavalieri's formula as the definition of the integral.
Planted forest in tropical countries
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1960s there has been an enormous increase in forest plantations in the tropics. By 2000 almost 40% of the global estate of 187 million ha of plantations was in the tropical and subtropical areas we are considering in this book (FAO 2001a). Though some countries commenced plantation establishment earlier than others, the recent upsurge in planting has occurred nearly everywhere and most countries have begun social forestry programmes or are committed to large afforestation projects.
What to plant?
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a plantation project is initiated, which species to plant is the most important decision. The species selected not only influences silvicultural practice, but also greatly affects the management and utilization of the crop. Moreover, once the choice is made it must remain until the end of the rotation; the cost of cutting prematurely one crop to replace it with another of superior species is formidable.
Forest nurseries
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each year many millions of tree seedlings are raised in nurseries for use in plantations throughout the world. In the tropics there is a great variety of forest nurseries. Size alone ranges from a villager’s own plot of perhaps only 50 or 100 seedlings in an assortment of containers, to large, highly organized, nurseries covering several hectares and producing several million plants annually. The use of nursery raised plants is generally the most efficient and effective way of establishing a plantation, although direct seeding is practised successfully by aircraft in inaccessible areas and where a protective tree cover is more important than wood production.
Plantation maintenance
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several silvicultural operations are needed to ensure that a plantation is adequately established and protected up to the production stage in industrial forestry and canopy closure or desired tree-size in environmental and social forestry. They are often referred to collectively as tending operations. Globally, only 70% of new plantations established annually are judged successful (FAO 2001a). In India, state plantations have an average of 60–70% survival but private plantings vary from 25% to 50% (Bahuguna 2001) and is one reason why yields from tropical plantations in general have often been very low, frequently less than 50% of their productive capacity (Pandey 1995).
Protective afforestation
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns the role trees and forests play in protecting the environment, which is an extremely important aspect of forestry. Forests are a key element in the landscape. They provide a natural buffer, which assists in maintaining ecological balance and supply raw materials to communities as well as providing protective services. Forest poli-cies must reflect these multiple functions and forest management must respond accordingly. Forest practices need to ensure the health and vitality of forests if they are to be managed sustainably and fulfill their protective role especially the protection of water resources, soil protection, buffering local climate through control of wind and other conservation, and recreational functions (Göttle and Sene 1997).
LD mapping and the coalescent
Authors: Hein Jotun , Schierup Mikkel H , Wiuf Carsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to introduce concepts that are important for understanding the challenge of finding genes underlying complex diseases through linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping. It has a bias towards the current use of coalescent theory in the field. Consequently, important research areas such as disease etiology, linkage analysis, and family-based association mapping are only superficially treated.
LD mapping is a rapidly growing research field fuelled by the hope that it may ldea to the identification of genes and gene variants underlying com- plex, multigenic traits, such as common diseases (e.g. cancers, Alzheimer ‘s, diabetes, schizophrenia). Classical quantitative genetics and linkage map- ping, while being successful in localising genes for Mendelian diseases, have only very limited success in identifying susceptibility genes which are char- acterised by smaller and context-dependent (genetic and environmental) effects. There is no guarantee that LD mapping will be more successful, but enthusiasm for LD mapping has recently increased because of the large amount of genetic markers that have become available for humans, and soon will be available for a number of other species. More than 5 million SNP markers are now publicly available (see Table 1.1). These can be used for genome-wide scans of association between markers and disease status at densities averaging one marker per kilobase. However, typing is still expensive (even though the price per genotype decreases rapidly), and the common strategy for investigation of a given trait is to localise interesting regions of the genome by more traditional linkage mapping.
A prelude to long-term potentiation
Authors: Andersen Per 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Searching for premonitory studies of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), there is a paucity of data. While synaptic enhancement during repetitive activation was studied in several reports from many groups between 1955 and 1967, the reported after-effects were short, at the most lasting a few minutes. Responses lasting for more than 1 hour were not reported until 1973. Keywords: long-term potentiation; synaptic plasticity; hippocampus; augmentation LTP is a highly popular topic in neuroscience research. The great interest is generated by its properties, making it a useful candidate for cellular processes supporting learning behaviour.
Long-term potentiation and memory
Authors: Morris Richard G M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of long-term potentiation (LTP) transformed research on the neurobiology of learning and memory. This did not happen overnight, but the discovery of an experimentally demonstrable phenomenon reflecting activity-driven neuronal and synaptic plasticity changed discussions about what might underlie learning from speculation into something much more concrete. Equally, however, the relationship between the discovery of LTP and research on the neurobiology of learning and memory has been reciprocal; for it is also true that studies of the psychological, anatomical and neurochemical basis of memory provided a developing and critical intellectual context for the physiological discovery.
Bidirectional synaptic plasticity: from theory to reality
Authors: Bear Mark F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theories of receptive field plasticity and information storage make specific assumptions for how synapses are modified. I give a personal account of how testing the validity of these assumptions eventually led to a detailed understanding of long-term depression and metaplasticity in hippocampal area CAI and the visual cortex. The knowledge of these molecular mechanisms now promises to reveal when and how sensory experience modifies synapses in the cerebral cortex. Keywords: long-term depression; metaplasticity; visual cortex; ocular dominance plasticity; Hebb; Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro (BCM) theory.
GluR2 protein-protein interactions and the regulation of AMPA receptors during synaptic plasticity
Authors: Duprat Fabrice , Daw Michael , Lim Wonil , Collingridge Graham , Isaac John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AMPA-type glutamate receptors mediate most fast excitatory synaptic transmissions in the mammalian brain. They are critically involved in the expression of long-term potentiation and long-term depression, forms of synaptic plasticity that are thought to underlie learning and memory. A number of synaptic proteins have been identified that interact with the intracellular C-termini of AMPA receptor subunits. Here, we review recent studies and present new experimental data on the roles of these interacting proteins in regulating the AMPA receptor function during basal synaptic transmission and plasticity.
Expression mechanisms underlying long-term potentiation: a postsynaptic view
Authors: Nicoll Roger A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This review summarizes the various experiments that have been carried out to determine if the expression of long-term potentiation (LTP), in particular N-methyl-o-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent LTP, is presynaptic or postsynaptic. Evidence for a pre-synaptic expression mechanism comes primarily from experiments reporting that glutamate overflow is increased during LTP and from experiments showing that the failure rate decreases during LTP. However, other experimental approaches, such as monitoring synaptic glutamate release by recording astrocytic glutamate transporter currents, have failed to detect any change in glutamate release during LTP.
Long-term potentiation: outstanding questions and attempted synthesis
Authors: Lisman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article attempts an overview of the mechanism of NMDAR-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) and its role in hippocampal networks. Efforts are made to integrate information, often in speculative ways, and to identify unresolved issues about the induction, expression and molecular storage processes. The pre/post debate about LTP expression has been particularly difficult to resolve. The following hypothesis attempts to reconcile the available physiological evidence as well as anatomical evidence that LTP increases synapse size. It is proposed that synapses are composed of a variable number of trans-synaptic modules, each having presynaptic release sites and a postsynaptic structure that can be AMPAfied by the addition of a hyperslot assembly that anchors 10-20 AMPA channels.
Intuitionistic Logic And Heyting Algebras
Authors: Dunn J Michael , Hardegree Gary M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We here present a Hilbert-style formalism for the sentential calculus H due to Heyting (1930). We assume an infinite set of atomic sentences, binary connectives →, ∧, v for implication, conjunction, and disjunction respectively, and a unary connective ⌝ for negation. The axioms consist of all sentences of the following forms:
The uniqueness of prime decompositions
Authors: Diestel Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we explore the extent to which simplicial decompositions and simplicial tree-decompositions into primes are unique. Clearly, the extreme case of such uniqueness would be that any two prime decompositions of a graph consisted of the same set of factors, arranged in the same order. The latter, however, is almost never true: even in cases of graphs for which the factors in any two prime decompositions are the same, the order of these factors is likely to vary greatly. We shall therefore not consider this order aspect of uniqueness.
Decompositions into small factors
Authors: Diestel Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this last chapter concerned with the theory of simplicial decompositions we shall be looking at the problem of decomposing a given graph G into induced subgraphs of cardinality strictly less than that of G, or strictly less than some given cardinal a; such subgraphs will informally be called small. (Needless to say, all our graphs will be infinite, and some will be more infinite than others.1) Most, though not all, of the decompositions we consider will be simplicial-but even when they are not, simplicial decompositions will provide the key to their construction.
Character Tables of Commutative Association Schemes
Authors: Bannai Eiichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to discuss many examples of commutative as sociation schemes and their character tables. Here we explain the intention of our present research direction as well as our recent results in [4,5, 7, 8,] in an informal way without referring to technical details. This paper was mostly written in June 1988. In submitting this final version in these Proceedings in June 1989, I did not try to update this paper systematically. Instead, in order to show some new development, I added several references at the end. This paper is aimed at mathematicians whose primary interest is in finite group theory or closely related areas. We should be very pleased if this paper provokes them to be interested in this subject and to join us in pursuing this research direction.A preliminary version of this paper was published in Japanese in the Proceedings of Japan Math. Soc. Algebra Symposium held at Fukui in July 1987. Another survey paper (43) on the related subjects aiming at more general readers and putting more emphasis on the role of orthogonal polynomials, is to be published in the Proceedings of NATO-AS! on Orthogonal Polynomials and their Applications held at the Ohio State University, May 22-June 3, 1989. This paper and [43] will supplement each other to some extent.
What to Solve?
Authors: Gofman Judita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Solving mathematical problmes is a favourite pastime of many people, from school students to professional research mathematicians. The aim of this book is to provide a wide variety of problems suitable for teenagers and students which will stimulate interest in mathematical ideas and methods outside the usual school syllabus. The problems vary in their difficulty, but are all intended to encourage independent investigation, to demonstrate different approaches to problem-solving, and to illustrate some of the famous problems that famous mathematicians have attempted to solve. For each problem the author has provided hints and a detailed discussion of their solution. Consequently, the book will provide a valuable teaching resource for schools, teacher training, and university mathematics courses. The problems themselves range from the easy to the unsolved and will provide much enjoyment for all those fascinated by mathematical ideas.