bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 4‐, 5‐, and 6‐Methyl‐2,2′‐Bipyridine by a
N
egishi Cross‐Coupling Strategy: 5‐Methyl‐2,2′‐Bipyridine
Authors: Smith Adam P. , Savage Scott A. , Love J. Christopher , Fraser Cassandra L. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

5‐Methyl‐2, 2′‐bipyridine

R 2‐Amino‐5‐methylpyridine

I 2‐Hydroxy‐5‐methylpyridine 1

5‐Methyl‐2(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) oxypyridine 2

R 2‐Bromopyridine

P 5‐Methyl‐2, 2′‐bipyridine 3
1,4,7,10‐Tetraazacyclododecane
Authors: Reed David P. , Weisman Gary R. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

1, 4, 7, 10‐Tetraazacycls‐docane

R Dithiooxamide

I 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9‐ Hexahydrocliimidazo [1, 2‐a: 2′, 1′‐c] pyrazine 1

P 1, 4, 7, 10‐Tetraazacycls‐docane 2
(1′R)‐(−)‐2,4‐O‐Ethylidene‐
D
‐Erythrose and Ethyl (E)‐(−)‐4,6‐O‐Ethylidene‐(4S,5R,1′R)‐4,5,6‐Trihydroxy‐2‐Hexenoate
Authors: Fengler‐Veith M. , Schwardt O. , Kautz U. , Krämer B. , Jäger V. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

(1′R)‐(−)‐2,4‐O‐Ethylidene‐D‐erythrose

R D‐Glucose and paraldehyde

I (1′R)‐(−)‐4,6‐O‐Ethylidene‐D‐glucose

(1′R)‐(−)‐2,4‐O‐Ethylidene‐D‐erythrose

14 P Ethyl(E)‐(−)‐4,6‐O‐ethylidene‐(4S,5R,1′R)‐4,5,6‐trihydroxy‐2‐hexenoate
1‐Oxo‐2‐Cyclohexenyl‐2‐Carbonitrile
Authors: Fleming Fraser F. , Shook Brian C. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

1‐Oxo‐2cyclohexenyl‐2‐carbonitrile

R 1‐Cyclopentene acetonitrile

P 1‐Oxo‐2‐cyclohexenyl‐2‐carbonitrile
Molybdenum Carbonyl‐Catalyzed Alkynol Cycloisomerization: Preparation of 2‐Phenyl‐2,3‐Dihydrofuran
Authors: McDonald Frank E. , White Brian H. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

2‐Phenyl‐2,3‐dihydrofuran

R Styrene oxide

I 1‐Phenyl‐3‐butyn‐1‐ol 1

P 2‐Phenyl‐2,3‐dihydrofuran 2
Synthesis and Utilization of Indium (I) Iodide for in Situ Formation of Enantioenriched Allenylindium Reagents and their Addition to Aldehydes: (2R,3S,4S)‐1‐(tert‐Butyldiphenylsilyloxy)‐2,4‐Dimethyl‐5‐Hexyn‐3‐ol
Authors: Johns Brian A. , Grant Charsetta M. , Marshall James A. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

(2R,3S,4S)‐1‐(tert‐butyldiphenylsilyloxy)‐2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐hexyn‐3‐ol

R (R)‐3‐(tert‐Butyldiphenylsilyloxy)‐2‐methylpropanal

(R)‐3‐Butyn‐2‐yl methanesulfonate

P (2R,3S,4S)‐1‐(tert‐butyldiphenylsilyloxy)‐2,4‐dimethyl‐5 hexym‐3‐ol
Dicyclohexylboron Trifluoromethanesulfonate
Authors: Abiko Atsushi 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Dicyclohexylboron trifluorormethanesulfonate

R Cyclohexene

Borane‐dimethyl sulfide complex; trifluorormethanesulfonic acid

I Dicyclohexylborane

P Dicyclohexylboron trifluorormethanesulfonate
Camphorquinone and Camphorquinone Monoxime
Authors: White James D. , Wardrop Duncan J. , Sundermann Kurt F. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Camphorquinone

R (+) ‐ Camphor 1

P (1R,4S)‐(−)‐Camphorquinone 2

Camphorquinone monoxime

R (1R,4S) (−)Camphorquinone 2

P (1R,4S)‐(−)‐Camphorquinone monoxime 3
(2S)‐(−)‐3‐exo‐(Dimethylamino)Isoborneol [(2S)‐(−)‐
DAIB
]
Authors: White James D. , Wardrop Duncan J. , Sundermann Kurt F. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

(2S)‐(−)‐3‐exo‐(Dimethylamino)isoborneol, [(2S)‐(−)‐DAIB]

R (−)‐Camphorquinone 1

I (2S)‐(−)‐3‐exo‐Aminoisoborneol 2

(1R,2S,6R,7S)‐1,10,10‐Trimethyl‐4‐oxo‐5‐aza‐3‐oxatricyclo [5.2.1.0] decone 3

N‐methyl‐(1R,2S,6R,7S)‐1,10,10‐trimethyl‐4‐oxo‐5‐aza‐3‐oxatricyclo [5.2.1.0] decone 4

P (2S)‐(−)‐3‐(−)‐exo‐(Dimethylamino)isoborneol 5
(S)‐3‐(tert‐Butyloxycarbonylamino)‐4‐Phenylbutanoic Acid
Authors: Linder Michael R. , Steurer Steffen , Podlech Joachim 
Published: April 2004

Abstract(S)‐3‐(tert‐Butyloxycarbonylamino)‐4‐phenylbutanoic acidR Boc‐phenylalanineI (S)‐3‐(tert‐Butoxycarbonylamino)‐1‐diazo‐4‐phenylbutan‐2‐oneP (S)‐3‐(tert‐Butyloxycarbonylamino)‐4‐phenylbutanoic acid
3‐(4‐Bromobenzoyl)Propanoic Acid
Authors: Seed Alexander J. , Sonpatki Vaishali , Herbert Mark R. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

3‐(4‐Bromobenzoyl)propanoic acid

R Bromobenzene

Soccinic anhydride

P 3‐(4‐Bromobenzoyl)propanoic acid
Preparation of 1‐Butyl‐3‐Methyl Imidazolium‐Based Room Temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Dupont Jairton , Consorti Crestina S. , Suarez Paulo A. Z. , de Souza Roberto F. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

P 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate

1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate

R 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride

Potassium hexafluorophosphate

P 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
Synthesis of 1,2:4,5‐Di‐
O
‐Isopropylidene‐
D
‐Erythro‐2,3‐Hexodiulo‐2,6‐Pyranose. A Highly Enantioselective Ketone Catalyst for Epoxidation
Authors: Tu Yong , Frohn Michael , Wang Zhi‐Xian , Shi Yian 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

1, 2:4,5‐Di‐
O‐
isopropylidene‐beta‐D‐fructopyranose

D‐Fructose

1,2:4,5‐Di‐
O‐
isopropylidene‐D‐erythro‐2, 3‐hexadiulo‐2, 6‐pyranose

Perchloric acid

Pyridinium chlorochromate
(4
S
)‐4‐(1‐Methylethyl)‐5,5‐Diphenyl‐2‐Oxazolidinone
Authors: Brenner Meinrad , La Vecchia Luigi , Leutert Thomas , Seebach Dieter 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

N‐(tert‐Butoxycarbonyl)‐L‐valine methyl ester

(4S)‐4‐(1‐Methylethyl)‐5,5‐diphenyl‐2‐oxadolidinone

(S)‐[1‐Hydroxydiphenylmethyl)‐2‐methylpropy] carbamic acid, tert‐butyl ester

Phenylmagnesium bromide
Intra‐ and Intermolecular
K
ulinkovich Cyclopropanation Reactions of Carboxylic Esters with Olefins: Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan‐1‐ol and
trans
‐2‐Benzyl‐1‐Methylcyclopropan‐1‐ol
Authors: Kim Se‐Ho , Sung Moo Je , Cha Jin Kun 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan‐1‐ol

Trans‐2‐Benzyl‐1‐methylcyclopropan‐1‐ol

Methyl 5‐hexenoate

Chlorotitanium triisopropoxide

Butylmagnesium chloride

Cyclopentylmagnesium chloride
Copper(
I
)‐Catalyzed Preparation of (
E
)‐3‐Iodoprop‐2‐enoic Acid
Authors: Dixon Darren J. , Ley Steven V. , Longbottom Deborah A. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

(
E
)‐3‐Iodoprop‐2‐enoic acid

Copper iodide

Hydriotic acid

Propiolic acid
Preparation and Use of a New Difluorocarbene Reagent. Trimethylsilyl 2‐Fluorosulfonyl‐2,2‐Difluoroacetate:
n
‐Butyl 2,2‐Difluorocyclopropanecarboxylate
Authors: Dolbier W. R. , Tian F. , Duan J.‐X. , Chen Q.‐Y. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

n‐Butyl 2,2‐difluorocyclopropanecarboxylate

Trimethylsilyl 2‐fluorosulfonyl‐2, 2‐difluoroacetate

Chlorotrimethylsilane

2‐Fluorosulfonyl‐2, 2‐difluoroacetic acid

n‐Butyl acrylate

Sodium fluoride
Helicenebisquinones: Synthesis of a [7]Helicenebisquinone
Authors: Paruch Kamil , Vyklický Libor , Katz Thomas J. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

3, 6‐Diacetyl‐9, 10‐dimethoxyphenanthrene

3, 6‐Bis[1‐(triisopropylsiloxy)ethenyl]‐9,10‐dimethoxyphenanthrene

Triethylamine

1, 4‐Benzoquinone

6, 13‐Bis(triisopropylsiloxy)‐9,10‐dimethoxy[7]helicenebisquinone
Amines, Aromatic
Authors: Vogt Peter F. , Gerulis John J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical and Chemical Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.2.1.Acetylation and Similar Reactions2.2.2.N‐Alkylation and Condensations2.2.3.C‐Alkylation2.2.4.Cyclization2.2.5.Diazotization2.2.6.Halogenation2.2.7.Nitration2.2.8.Oxidation2.2.9.Sulfonation2.2.10.Reduction2.2.11.Other Reactions3.Production3.1.Reduction3.1.1.Chemical Reduction3.1.2.Catalytic Hydrogenation3.2.Nucleophilic Substitution3.2.1.Exchange of Halide3.2.1.1.Activated Halides3.2.1.2.Unactivated Halides3.2.2.Exchange of Hydroxyl and Ether Groups3.2.3.Exchange of Sulfo Groups3.3.Other Processes4.Economic Aspects5.Toxicology, Occupational Health, and Environmental Protection5.1.Toxicity5.2.Exposure Limits5.3.Protective Measures5.4.Environmental Monitoring
Anthraquinone
Authors: Vogel Axel 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Properties

3.

Production

3.1.

Oxidation of Anthracene with Chromic Acid

3.2.

Vapor‐Phase Oxidation of Anthracene with Air

3.3.

Naphthalene Process

3.4.

Synthesis from Phthalic Anhydride and Benzene

3.5.

Styrene Process

3.6.

Environmental Considerations

4.

Purification, Quality Requirements, and Analysis

5.

Uses

6.

Economic Aspects

7.

Toxicology
Lead Alloys
Authors: Prengaman R. David 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties of Lead and Lead Alloys3.Lead ‐ Antimony Alloys3.1.Binary Lead ‐ Antimony Alloys3.2.Lead ‐ Antimony ‐ Tin Alloys4.Lead ‐ Calcium Alloys4.1.Binary Lead ‐ Calcium Alloys4.2.Lead ‐ Calcium ‐ Aluminum Alloys4.3.Lead ‐ Calcium ‐ Tin Alloys5.Lead ‐ Tin Alloys6.Lead ‐ Copper Alloys7.Lead ‐ Silver Alloys8.Lead ‐ Tellurium Alloys9.Low‐Melting Alloys10.Reactive Lead Alloys11.Occupational Health and Safety
Noble Gases
Authors: Häussinger Peter , Glatthaar Reinhard , Rhode Wilhelm , Kick Helmut , Benkmann Christian , Weber Josef , Wunschel Hans‐Jörg , Stenke Viktor , Leicht Edith , Stenger Hermann 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.1.1.Single‐Component Systems2.1.2.Two‐ and Multicomponent Systems2.2.Chemical Properties2.2.1.Chemistry of Helium, Neon, and Argon2.2.2.Chemistry of Krypton2.2.3.Chemistry of Xenon2.2.4.Radon Compounds2.2.5.Molecular Structures of Noble Gas Compounds2.2.6.Noble Gas Clathrate Compounds3.Occurrence and Availability3.1.Terrestrial Occurrence3.2.Occurrence of Radioactive Isotopes3.3.Lunar and Solar Occurrence4.Extraction and Isolation4.1.Isolation From Air4.1.1.Helium and Neon4.1.2.Argon4.1.3.Krypton and Xenon4.2.Helium Extraction from Natural Gases4.2.1.Crude Helium Extraction4.2.1.1.Low‐Temperature Fractionation4.2.1.2.Crude Helium Extraction by Permeation Processes4.2.2.Purification of Helium4.2.2.1.Purification of Helium by Pressure Swing Adsorption4.2.2.2.Other Processes for Purification of Helium4.2.3.Example of a Complete Process4.3.Isolation of Argon from Ammonia Purge Gases5.Liquefaction of Helium5.1.Processes for Liquefaction of Helium5.1.1.Recuperative Processes5.1.2.Regenerative Processes5.2.Gas Purification for Helium Liquefiers5.3.Examples of Helium Cryo Plants5.3.1.Liquefier Using the Claude Process5.3.2.Liquefier Using the Stirling Process5.3.3.Helium Cryo Plant Using the Gifford ‐ McMahon (GM) Process5.4.Process Developments6.Quality Specifications and Analysis7.Uses7.1.Welding7.2.Illumination7.3.Other uses8.Storage and Transportation9.Economic Aspects
Optical Materials
Authors: Hofmann Christian 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Optical Properties of Optical Materials2.1.Refraction and Dispersion2.2.Interfacial Properties2.3.Birefringence2.4.Absorption and Scattering3.Effect of Optical Material on Imaging3.1.Effect of Refractive Index on Optical Imaging3.2.Effect of Dispersion on Optical Imaging3.3.Effect of Partial Dispersion on Optical Imaging3.4.Effect of Transmittance on Optical Imaging4.Optical Glasses5.Colored or Filter Glasses6.Optical Crystals7.Optical Plastics8.Manufacturing Techniques8.1.Processing of Optical Glasses8.2.Casting of Optical Thermosets8.3.Processing of Thermoplastic Optical Components
Protective Gases
Authors: Toman Wladimir , Grelle Friedrich , Menges Heike , König Stefan 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Protective Gases in Safety Technology

3.

Protective Gases in Food Technology

4.

Protective Gases in Metallurgy and Smelting

4.1.

Introduction of Gases through Permeable Elements in Metallurgical Vessels

4.2.

Protection of Molten Metals from the Ambient Atmosphere

4.3.

Use of Protective Gases in the Converter

4.4.

Use of Protective Gases in Heat Treatment of Metallic Components

5.

Protective Gases for Gas‐Shielded Arc Welding Processes
Pyridine and Pyridine Derivatives
Authors: Shimizu Shinkichi , Watanabe Nanao , Kataoka Toshiaki , Shoji Takayuki , Abe Nobuyuki , Morishita Sinji , Ichimura Hisao 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Pyridine and Alkylpyridines2.1.Properties2.2.Production2.2.1.Separation from Tar2.2.2.Synthesis from Aldehydes or Ketones with Ammonia2.2.3.Synthesis from Acrylonitrile and Ketones2.2.4.Synthesis from Dinitriles2.2.5.Dealkylation of Alkylpyridines2.2.6.Synthesis of 5‐Ethyl‐2‐Methylpyridine from Paraldehyde and Ammonia2.2.7.Synthesis from Nitriles and Acetylene2.2.8.Other Synthetic Methods2.3.Quality Specifications, Storage, and Transportation2.4.Uses2.5.Economic Aspects3.Pyridine Derivatives3.1.Vinylpyridines3.2.Bipyridines3.3.Quaternary Pyridinium Salts3.4.PyridineN‐Oxides3.5.Piperidines3.6.Halopyridines3.7.Pyridinecarbonitriles, Carboxylic Acids, and Carboxamides3.8.Aminopyridines3.8.1.2‐Aminopyridine3.8.2.Other Aminopyridines3.9.Pyridinols3.10.Pyridyl Alcohols3.11.Pyridinecarbaldehydes3.12.Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemicals4.Toxicology4.1.Acute Toxicity4.2.Subacute and Chronic Toxicity4.3.Mutagenicity and Ecotoxicity
Refractory Ceramics
Authors: Routschka Gerald , Granitzki Karl‐Ernst 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Historical Aspects3.General Classification and Nomenclature4.Raw Materials5.Production5.1.Production of Coarse‐Grained Refractory Products5.2.Production of Fine‐Grained Refractory Ceramics5.3.Brick Dimensions and Dimensional Tolerances5.4.Packaging, Storage, and Storage Time5.5.Quality Assurance6.General Composition, Properties, and Testing7.Types of Refractory Ceramics7.1.Dense, Shaped Refractory Products7.1.1.Silica Bricks and Fused‐Silica Ceramics7.1.2.Fireclay and High‐Alumina Bricks7.1.3.Basic Bricks7.1.4.Zircon‐ and Zirconia‐Containing Bricks7.1.5.Carbon and Graphite Bricks7.1.6.Carbon and Graphite‐Containing Refractories7.1.7.Silicon Carbide Bricks7.1.8.Fine‐Grained Oxide and Nonoxide Ceramics7.1.9.Fusion‐Cast Bricks7.1.10.Refractory Ceramics with Low Thermal Expansion7.2.Unshaped Refractory Materials7.3.Heat‐Insulating Ceramic Materials7.3.1.Insulating Bricks7.3.2.Insulating Refractory Bricks7.3.3.Refractory Ceramic Fibers8.Selection, Use, and Industry‐Specific Consumption of Refractory Ceramics9.Toxicology and Occupational Health10.Economic Aspects
Soaps
Authors: Schumann Klaus , Siekmann Kurt 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Historical Aspects3.Raw Materials4.Production4.1.Basic Principles4.1.1.Saponification of Neutral Oils4.1.2.Saponification of Fatty Acids4.1.3.Saponification of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters4.2.Industrial Production of Soap Bases4.2.1.Kettle Saponification4.2.2.Continuous Saponification Processes4.2.3.Batch Processes4.3.Drying4.4.Storage4.5.The Finishing of Soap Base5.Characteristic Features of the Most Common Types of Soap5.1.Toilet Soaps5.2.Other Soap Products6.Syndets7.Environmental Protection8.Quality Control and Analysis9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology
Sodium Amide
Authors: Lange Ludwig , Triebel Wolfgang 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties of a Solution of Sodium in Liquid Ammonia2.2.Physical Properties of Sodium Amide2.3.Chemical Properties2.3.1.Chemical Properties of Na ‐ NH3Solution2.3.2.Chemical Properties of Sodium Amide3.Production4.Safety Aspects5.Uses6.Transport Regulations
Sodium Sulfates
Authors: von Plessen Helmold 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Sodium Sulfate1.1.History and Natural Occurrence1.2.Properties1.3.Extraction and Production1.3.1.Crystallization and Calcination1.3.2.Production as a Byproduct of the Chemical Industry1.3.3.Production from Natural Sources1.3.4.Production of Sodium Sulfate1.4.Exploitation of Byproduct Sodium Sulfate1.4.1.Electrochemical Decomposition of Sodium Sulfate1.4.2.Conversion Processes1.4.3.Reduction Processes1.5.Uses1.6.Quality Specifications and Analysis1.7.Occupational Health and Environmental Protection1.8.Economic Aspects2.Sodium Hydrogensulfate
Solvents
Authors: Stoye Dieter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Definitions2.Physicochemical Principles2.1.Theory of Solutions2.2.Dipole Moment, Polarity, and Polarizability2.3.Hydrogen Bond Parameters2.4.Solvation2.5.Solvents, Latent Solvents, and Non‐Solvents2.6.Dilution Ratio and Dilutability2.7.Influence of Molecular Mass on Solubility2.8.Dissolution and Solution Properties3.Physical and Chemical Properties3.1.Evaporation and Vaporization3.2.Hygroscopicity3.3.Density and Refractive Index3.4.Viscosity and Surface Tension3.5.Vapor Density3.6.Thermal and Electrical Data3.7.Flash Point, Ignition Temperature, and Ignition Limits3.8.Heats of Combustion and Calorific Values3.9.Chemical Properties4.Toxicology and Occupational Health4.1.Toxicology4.2.Occupational Health5.Environmental and Legal Aspects5.1.Environmental Protection5.2.Laws Concerning Dangerous Substances5.3.Fire Hazard5.4.Waste6.Purification and Analysis7.Uses7.1.Solvents in Paints7.2.Solvents in Paint Removers7.3.Solvents in Printing Inks7.4.Extraction7.5.Extractive Distillation7.6.Chromatography7.7.Solvents for Chemical Reactions7.8.Solvents for Recrystallization7.9.Solvents in Film Production7.10.Solvents for Synthetic Fibers7.11.Solvents for Rubber, Plastics, and Resin Solutions7.12.Solvents for Degreasing7.13.Solvents for Dry Cleaning7.14.Solvents in Aerosol Cans and Dispensers8.Economic Aspects9.Solvent Groups9.1.Aliphatic Hydrocarbons9.2.Cycloaliphatic Hydrocarbons9.3.Terpene Hydrocarbons and Terpenoids9.4.Aromatic Hydrocarbons9.5.Chlorinated Hydrocarbons9.6.Alcohols9.7.Ketones9.8.Esters9.9.Ethers9.10.Glycol Ethers9.11.Miscellaneous Solvents
Steroids
Authors: Müller Renate 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Nomenclature2.Sterols2.1.Cholesteroland Related Compounds2.2.Vitamin D2.3.MethylSterols3.Bile Acids4.SteroidHormones5.Sapogenins6.Steroid Alkaloids7.SteroidLactones
Terpenes
Authors: Eggersdorfer Manfred 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.General1.1.Definition and Basic Structures1.2.Occurrence1.3.Biosynthesis1.4.Biodegradation1.5.Importance and Extraction2.Acyclic Monoterpenes2.1.Myrcene2.2.Ocimene2.3.2,6‐Dimethyl‐2,4,6‐octatriene3.Monocyclic Monoterpenes3.1.p‐Menthane3.2.α‐Terpinene3.3.Terpinolene3.4.p‐Cymene3.5.1,8‐Cineole4.Bicyclic Monoterpenes4.1.3‐Carene4.2.Pinane4.3.2‐Pinane Hydroperoxide4.4.2‐Pinanol4.5.Camphene5.Acyclic Sesquiterpenes6.Monocyclic Sesquiterpenes6.1.Bisabolene6.2.Bisabolol7.Bicyclic Sesquiterpenes8.Tricyclic Sesquiterpenes9.Acyclic Diterpenes10.Acyclic Triterpenes11.Toxicology
Vanadium and Vanadium Compounds
Authors: Bauer Günter , Güther Volker , Hess Hans , Otto Andreas , Roidl Oskar , Roller Heinz , Sattelberger Siegfried 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.History2.Properties3.Occurrence4.Processing of the Raw Materials to Vanadium Compounds4.1.Iron Ores and Titanomagnetites as Raw Materials4.2.Processing of Other Raw Materials5.Production of Vanadium, Ferrovanadium, and Other Alloys5.1.Reduction Behavior of Vanadium Oxides5.2.Production of Vanadium Metal and its Alloys5.3.Ferrovanadium5.3.1.Production from Vanadium Oxides5.3.2.Direct Production from Slags and Residues5.4.Production of Other Vanadium Master Alloys6.Uses7.Vanadium Compounds8.Analysis9.Economic Aspects10.Environmental Protection and Toxicology
Veterinary Drugs
Authors: Sams Richard 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Antibiotics and Antibacterial Drugs

1.1.

Sulfonamides

1.2.

β‐Lactam Antibiotics

1.3.

Tetracyclines

1.4.

Aminoglycosides/Aminocyclitols

1.5.

Macrolide Antibiotics

1.6.

Amphenicols

1.7.

Tiamulin

1.8.

Peptide Antibiotics

1.9.

Ionophore Antibiotics

2.

Antimycotics

3.

Coccidiostats

4.

Parasiticides

4.1.

Avermectin Derivatives

4.2.

Benzimidazole Derivatives

4.3.

Imidazothiazole Derivatives

5.

Anti‐inflammatory Drugs

5.1.

Nonsteroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs

5.2.

Steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs

6.

Respiratory Stimulants

7.

Anesthetics

8.

Narcotic Agonists and Antagonists

9.

Antihistamines
Vinegar
Authors: Ebner Heinrich , Follmann Heinrich , Sellmer Sylvia 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical and Chemical Properties3.Acetic Acid Fermentation4.Raw Materials4.1.Alcohol4.2.Water4.3.Nutrients5.Production5.1.Microorganisms5.1.1.Summary and Classification5.1.2.Required Properties of Industrially Used Strains5.1.3.Industrially Used Strains5.1.4.Genetic Improvement5.1.5.Bacteriophages5.2.Biochemistry5.2.1.Ethanol5.2.2.Sugar5.2.3.Acetate5.2.4.Carbon Dioxide5.2.5.Nitrogen5.2.6.Growth Factors5.3.Physiology5.3.1.Oxygen Demand and Total Concentration5.3.2.Lack of Ethanol5.3.3.Specific Growth Rate5.3.4.Specific Product Formation5.3.5.Concentration and Temperature5.3.6.Overoxidation5.4.Industrial Processes5.4.1.Submerged Vinegar Fermentation5.4.1.1.Semicontinuous and Continuous Fermentations5.4.1.2.Two‐Stage Processes5.4.1.3.The Frings Acetator5.4.1.4.Further Trends in Submerged Processes5.4.1.5.Other Submerged Fermentation Processes5.4.1.6.Continuous Culture and Cell Recycle5.4.1.7.Semicontinuous Culture and Cell Recycle5.4.2.Surface Fermentation5.4.2.1.History5.4.2.2.New Experiments with Surface Fermentation5.4.3.Trickle Processes5.4.4.Experiments with Immobilized Acetic Acid Bacteria5.4.5.Environmental Protection5.5.Treatment of Raw Vinegar5.5.1.Storage and Quality5.5.2.Filtration5.5.3.Pasteurization5.5.4.Bottling and Shelf Life6.Constituents of Vinegar7.Analysis of Vinegar8.Use of Vinegar9.Economic Aspects
Whitewares
Authors: Schüller Karl‐Heinz 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Definitions and Classification

3.

Porous Whitewares: Earthenware

3.1.

Types of Earthenware

3.2.

Structure and Properties

3.3.

Raw Materials

3.4.

Fabrication of Tableware and Fancy Goods

3.5.

Fabrication of Wall and Floor Tiles

3.6.

Glazing of Earthenware

3.6.1.

Composition and Properties

3.6.2.

Glaze Stresses

4.

Vitrified Whitewares: Porcelain and China

4.1.

Types of China and Porcelain

4.2.

Physical Properties

4.3.

Chemical Properties

4.4.

Raw Materials

4.5.

Special Types of China and Porcelain

4.6.

Porcelain Structure: Theoretical Background

4.7.

Fabrication of China and Porcelain

4.8.

Standards

5.

Technical Ceramics

5.1.

Steatite Whitewares

5.2.

Cordierite Whitewares
Inner‐sphere complexes of divalent cations with single‐stranded poly(rA) and poly(rU)
Authors: Kankia Besik I. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA combination of ultrasound velocimetry, density, and UV spectroscopy has been employed to study the hydration effects of binding of Mn2+ and alkaline‐earth cations to poly(rA) and poly(rU) single strands. The hydration effects, obtained from volume and compressibility measurements, are positive due to overlapping the hydration shells of interacting molecules and consequently releasing the water molecules to bulk state. The volume effects of the binding to poly(rA), calculated per mole of cations, range from 30.6 to 40.6 cm3 mol‐1 and the compressibility effects range from 59.2 × 10‐4 to 73.6 × 10‐4 cm3 mol‐1 bar‐1. The volume and compressibility effects for poly(rU) are ∼17 cm3 mol‐1 and ∼ 50 × 10‐4 cm3 mol‐1 bar‐1, respectively. The comparative analysis of the dehydration effects suggests that the divalent cations bind to the polynucleotides in inner‐sphere manner. In the case of poly(rU) the dehydration effects correspond to two direct coordination, probably between adjacent phosphate groups. The optical study did not reveal any effects of cation on the secondary structure or aggregation of poly(rU). In the case of single‐helical poly(rA) binding is more specific: dehydration effects correspond to three to five direct contacts and must involve atomic groups of adenines, and the divalent cations stabilize and aggregate the polynucleotide. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004