bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Effect of Water Repellent Treatment on Flame Retardant Properties of Fabric
Authors: Shekar R. Indu , Kasturiya N. , Raj H. , Mathur G. N. 
Published: August 2002

Inherently flame retardant fibre blended with dope treated flame retardant fibre (KR/VR), fabric and dope treated flame retardant fibre (TR) were treated with fluorocarbon emulsion at different concentrations, curing temperature so as to investigate the effect of above parameters on repellency properties and their implication on flame retardant properties. The repellency properties were evaluated by contact angle, spray rating and oil repellency, whereas, flame retardant properties were evaluated by limiting oxygen index and char length. Thermal studies (TGA) were also carried out so as to study the possible changes in thermal chemistry of the fabrics. The fabrics were finally evaluated on Kawabata system for the objective evaluation of hand properties in terms of low stress mechanical properties and thermal insulation. The thermogravimetric studies elucidate that there is no change in the thermal chemistry of the fabric treated with fluorocarbon emulsions. The blended fabric (KR/VR) exhibited overall satisfactory performance (both functional and hand properties) compared to TR fabric.
Management of Pulmonary Disease in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Robinson Christine A. , Kuhn Robert J. 
Published: August 2002

Cystic fibrosis is the most common, life-shortening autosomal recessive disease, affecting approximately 1 in 3400 live births in the United States. Gastrointestinal and pulmonary manifestations are most common. With the introduction of pancreatic enzyme and vitamin supplementation, lung disease accounts for the vast majority of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis. The lungs of cystic fibrosis patients are essentially normal at birth but demonstrate evidence of airway inflammation and infection in early infancy. A vicious cycle of inflammation, infection and obstruction ultimately leads to destruction of airways, impairment of gas exchange and death. Current pharmacological management of pulmonary disease targets reducing airway obstruction, controlling infection and more recently, controlling inflammation. An increased recovery of unusual and highly resistant bacteria from patients with more advanced disease has been observed. Aggressive treatment of acute pulmonary exacerbations with combination antibiotic therapy for two to three weeks has shown pronounced beneficial effects. The routine use of prophylactic antistaphylococcal antibiotics is still controversial. Although current pharmacologic treatment is symptomatic, new agents are being developed and studied that target the underlying defect in the CFTR protein. This review focuses on current pharmacologic management of pulmonary disease in patients with cystic fibrosis and the role of new agents emerging for the treatment of this disease.
Spray Foam Beyond HCFC-141b
Authors: Feighan J. , Stewart R. , Singh S. , Abisaleh T. 
Published: August 2002

Sprayed rigid foam is a significant segment of the polyurethane industry, and as in other rigid foam segments, spray foam formulators need to find ways to meet current product requirements when the use of HCFC-141b is phased out in January 2003. Due to some of the unique characteristics of the spray foam industry, though, the choice of a replacement blowing agent is perhaps more complex than in any other rigid foam sector. The alternatives receiving the most consideration today are HFC-245fa, hydrocarbons, and water. All of these potential blowing agents have significant hurdles to overcome before they could serve as satisfactory replacements for HCFC-141b in the spray foam market. As of May 1999, a firm commitment to commercialize HFC-245fa has not been made. The use of hydrocarbons in spray would require significant improvements in safe handling procedures and modifications to spray equipment due to flammability issues. And with water-blown systems, dimensional stability and adhesion are two technical hurdles that must be overcome. It is conceded as well that insulation performance (as measured by initial k-factor) will not be as good for a water-blown foam as with HCFC-141b. It was because of the lack of an obvious HCFC-141b replacement for the spray foam industry that Huntsman Polyurethanes decided to investigate possible solutions. Any alternative would need to meet the processing and handling requirements that are currently met with HCFC-141b systems. The objective of this work is to develop zero-ODP (ozone depletion potential) technology that meets the performance characteristics that are currently achieved with HCFC-141b spray foam roofing systems. The focus of this paper is on the development of water-blown technology for roofing systems. Foams were processed via high-pressure spray equipment in a controlled environment. The study looked at the effect of polyol, catalyst, blowing agent, and processing variables on foam quality.
The Susceptibility to Failure of the Constituents of Particulate Two-Phase Composites
Authors: Antretter T. , Fischer F. D. 
Published: August 2002

In many composites consisting of hard and brittle inclusions embedded in a ductile matrix, failure can be attributed to particle cleavage followed by ductile crack growth in the matrix. Both mechanisms are significantly sensitive to the presence of residual stresses. On the one hand, particle failure depends on the stress distribution inside the inclusion which in turn is a function of various geometrical parameters such as the aspect ratio and the position relative to adjacent particles as well as the external load. On the other hand, it has been observed that the absolute size of each particle plays a role as well and will therefore be taken into account in this work by means of the Weibull theory. Unit cells containing a number of randomly oriented elliptical inclusions serve as the basis for the finite element calculations. The numerical results are then correlated to the geometrical parameters defining the inclusions. The probability of fracture has been evaluated for a large number of inclusions and plotted versus the particle size. The parameters of the fitting curves to the resulting data points depend on the choice of the Weibull parameters. Similarly, the distribution of matrix stresses has been recorded depending on the particle content and the external loading conditions. A method to determine the Weibull parameters based on the numerical results will be pointed out. Residual stresses due to quenching of the material tend to reduce the risk of particle cleavage but promote fracture of the matrix.
Fiber Optic Sensors and Smart Fabrics
Authors: El-Sherif Mahmoud A. , Yuan Jianming , Macdiarmid Alan 
Published: August 2002

This paper presents novel work on developing fiber optic micro-sensors and integrating them into soldiers’ uniforms. These fiber optic sensors can be used to sense various battlefield hazards in real-time, such as chemical and biological warfare threats, above-normal field temperatures, and other hazards. The developed fiber optic sensors use multifunctional materials as modified cladding materials, which can sense various environmental conditions. Appropriate materials can be chromogenic materials, chemical or biological agent, conducting polymer and others. The sensing function is based on their ability to change the light propagation characteristics of optical fibers. Two types of materials, (1) thermochromic material, segmented polyurethane-diacetylene copolymer (SPU) [synthesized at the University of Akron (UA)], and (2) conducting polymer, polyaniline [synthesized at the University of Pennsylvania (U of P)], have been successfully used in this feasibility study to prove the concept of the design and development of the optical fiber sensors. Segmented polyurethane-diacetylene copolymer was selected as the thermochromic material for temperature sensor application. Polyaniline was chosen as the photo-chemical polymer for chemical sensor application. The developed methodology for building these sensors includes modifying the regular optical fibers, by replacing the fiber passive cladding with those sensitive materials. The integration of the sensory system into textile structures, done in collaboration with the North Carolina State University (NCSU), also showed good progress. An overview on the developed methodology and technical achievement is presented.
Characteristics and Their Intelligent Control of Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Yamazaki Yoshitake , Watanabe Tadao , Tani Junji , Alyoshin Vladislav , Krasilnikova July , Krasilnikov Ilya 
Published: August 2002

Nanostructured materials (NSM) belong to a completely new class of materials with important characters, covering a wide field of applications in the near future. Their properties come from peculiar features of their structure. The NSMs consist of small crystalline grains (CG) the order of a few nanometers. There are large amount (about 50%) of atoms in defect positions near the boundaries of the CGs, called the interfacial component (IC). Compositions of both the nm-sized IC and CGs yield different characteristic properties of NSMs from those of usual bulk materials. To develop advanced sharp, functional materials, we need to study the fundamental rules of their behavior by means of both field-theoretical (FT) and microcanonical-MetropolisMonte Carlo (M3C) methods. In two dimensional (2D) and 3D NSMs the following main characteristics were derived: (1) structural properties and their intelligent control, (2) behavior of annealing, i.e., temperature-cycle, (3) the hysteresis phenomena, and (4) nonequilibrium behavior of the hierarchically metastable states and their intelligent control. Here control-mechanisms of grain interface were also found.
The Persistence of Electrostatically Seeded Endothelial Cells Lining a Small Diameter Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Vascular Graft
Authors: Bowlin Gary L. , Meyer Andrew , Fields Charles , Cassano Anthony , Makhoul Raymond G. , Allen Cynthia , Rittgers Stanley E. 
Published: August 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the persistence of electrostatically seeded endothelial cells (ECs) lining an expanded polytetrafluorethylene (e-PTFE) graft after one week exposure to in vivo circulation in a canine femoral artery bypass model. This was accomplished by visualizing the PKH 26 (red fluorescent) label placed in the EC membranes prior to the seeding procedure. Furthermore, this study was performed to confirm that thesourceof the ECs lining thegraft werethosefrom theinitial inoculum. Methods: This evaluation consisted of harvesting autologous, canine jugular vein ECs, PKH 26 labeling of the ECs, electrostatic EC seeding the e-PTFE grafts (4 mm GORE-TEX®, Length = 6 cm), implanting thegrafts (femoral artery model) for one week, and explanting the grafts for light, fluorescent and scanning electron microscopy evaluations of the luminal surface. Results: The unseeded grafts (controls) had a mean fluorescence surface coverage of 6.82 ± 7.19%, while the EC seeded grafts had a mean of 90.3 ± 14.3% which is significantly (p<0.001) different from the controls. Overall, the seeding timeincluding the EC harvesting and PKH 26 labeling protocol was approximately 75 min. Conclusions: The electrostatically seeded ECs persisted after implantation of the graft as demonstrated by the PKH 26 labeling data. The fluorescent data also demonstrated that the neointima formed (EC luminal surface coverage) one week after implantation was in fact derived from the ECs initially seeded as determined by the abundance of the labeled ECs.
Micro-Scale Electrohydrodynamic Pumped High Performance Actuation
Authors: Kashani R. , Kang S. , Hallinan K. P. 
Published: August 2002

A new type of actuation device has been conceptualized that meets the needs of both large displacement force and bandwidth within a package more compact than the currently available magnetostrictive and stack-type piezoelectric actuators of similar rating. This concept relies on micro-scale electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pumping of a dielectric liquid within small channels. Configured as an actuator, the EHD pump(s) would be used to move fluid between two reservoirs—each having a compliant membrane that interfaces to the world to provide the means to achieve vibration cancellation or micro actuation. Ordinarily limited to generating flow in macroscale applications, the EHD pump, when operating in a thermal induction mode, is shown to exhibit an exciting scaling law as its size is reduced. As the pump volume to surface area decreases, the energy going toward increasing pressure in the pump has an increasingly larger effect. Since the volume/surface area is proportional to 1/ a, where a is the characteristic width or diameter of the channels comprising the pump, the pressure head generated scales similarly. Analytical and numerical studies have shown the EHD-pumped actuator to be capable of delivering equal force and bandwidth to magnetostrictive and stack-type piezo actuators, but with considerably greater displacement and a smaller size. Further, this type of actuator offers the possibility for deployment in active vibration control or micro actuation applications at significantly greater temperatures than for piezoelectric and magnetostrictive devices.
The Influence of “Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Substrates” on the Final Quality of Coated Fabrics
Authors: Zadhoush A. , Khoddami A. , Aghakhani M. 
Published: August 2002

Finishing of textile fabrics used in directly coated fabrics plays an important role in the final quality of the products. The amount of surface fibres in the textile substrate is directly related to the amount of surface defects in the final coated fabrics. In this research work defuzzing was carried out on the selected fabrics by common industrial procedures, such as shearing and singeing. Biopolishing was carried out on loom state fabrics and defuzzed samples. The rate of hydrolysis was studied by measuring the weight loss as well as microscopical analysis. Quantitative analysis of the surface defects was carried out by image analysis. The results obtained show clearly the influence of defuzzing, particularly biopolishing, on the enhancement of the surface quality of PVC coated fabrics.
Damage Accumulation During Multiple Stress Level Fatigue of Short-Glass-Fiber Reinforced Styrene-Maleic Anhydride
Authors: Hoppel Christopher P. R. , Pangborn Robert N. , Thomson Robert W. 
Published: August 2002

Multi-stress fatigue of short-glass-fiber-reinforced styrene-maleic anhydride (S/MA) composite materials has been studied. Specimens were tested in tension-tension fatigue ( R = 0.1) in two patterns: high-stress fatigue followed by low-stress fatigue (high-low) and low stress followed by high stress (low-high). Results were analyzed using the Palmgren-Miner cumulative damage law. High-low fatigue gave Miner’s sums very close to unity, and Miner’s sums below unity were obtained for low-high fatigue. A minimum value below unity for low-high fatigue corresponded to a regime in which the first block of cycling was carried to 15% of the life. These results were interpreted by evaluating the evolution of damage and the role of plastic deformation in the fatigue behavior. The high-stress fatigue created a more extensive region of crazing in the matrix material. This plastic deformation increased the mechanical clamping force on the short fibers, making the composite more resistant to subsequent low-stress fatigue testing. When specimens were tested in low-stress fatigue first, cracking occurred in the composite without as much plastic deformation. These cracks were extended by subsequent high-stress fatigue, leading to earlier failure of the composite.
Early-Life Digital Media Experiences and Development of Atypical Sensory Processing
Authors: Heffler Karen Frankel , Acharya Binod , Subedi Keshab , Bennett David S. 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceAtypical sensory processing is challenging for children and families, yet there is limited understanding of its associated risk factors.ObjectiveTo determine the association between early-life digital media exposure and sensory processing outcomes among toddlers.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis multicenter US study used data that were analyzed from the National Children’s Study (NCS), a cohort study of environmental influences on child health and development, with enrollment from 2011 to 2014. Data analysis was performed in 2023. The study included children enrolled in the NCS at birth whose caregivers completed reports of digital media exposure and sensory processing.ExposuresChildren’s viewing of television or video at 12 months (yes or no), 18 months, and 24 months of age (hours per day).Main Outcomes and measuresSensory processing was reported at approximately 33 months of age on the Infant/Toddler Sensory Profile. Quadrant scores (low registration, sensation seeking, sensory sensitivity, and sensation avoiding) were categorized into groups representing typical, high, and low sensory-related behaviors, and multinomial regression analyses were performed.ResultsA total of 1471 children (50% male) were included. Screen exposure at 12 months of age was associated with a 2-fold increased odds of being in the high category of low registration (odds ratio [OR], 2.05; 95% CI, 1.31-3.20), while the odds of being in the low category instead of the typical category decreased for sensation seeking (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.35-0.87), sensation avoiding (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.50-0.94), and low registration (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.44-0.92). At 18 months of age, greater screen exposure was associated with increased risk of high sensation avoiding (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.03-1.46) and low registration (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.04-1.44). At 24 months of age, greater screen exposure was associated with increased risk of high sensation seeking (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.02-1.42), sensory sensitivity (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.05-1.49), and sensation avoiding (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03-1.42).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, early-life digital media exposure was associated with atypical sensory processing outcomes in multiple domains. These findings suggest that digital media exposure might be a potential risk factor for the development of atypical sensory profiles. Further research is needed to understand the relationship between screen time and specific sensory-related developmental and behavioral outcomes, and whether minimizing early-life exposure can improve subsequent sensory-related outcomes.
Aβ38 and Aβ43 do not differentiate between Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Authors: Dargvainiene Justina , Jensen‐Kondering Ulf , Bender Benjamin , Berg Daniela , Brüggemann Norbert , Flüh Charlotte , Markewitz Robert , Neumann Alexander , Röben Benjamin , Röcken Christoph , Royl Georg , Schulte Claudia , Wandinger Klaus‐Peter , Weiler Caroline , Margraf Nils G. , Kuhlenbäumer Gregor 
Published: January 2024

AbstractDifferential diagnosis between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers is challenging. A recent study suggested that the addition of Aβ38 and Aβ43 to a standard AD biomarker panel (Aβ40, Aβ42, t‐tau, p‐tau) to improve the differential diagnosis. We tested this hypothesis in an independent German cohort of CAA and AD patients and controls using the same analytical techniques. We found excellent discrimination between AD and controls and between CAA and controls, but not between AD and CAA. Adding Aβ38 and Aβ43 to the panel did not improve the discrimination between AD and CAA.
Racialized Inequities in Knee Arthroplasty Receipt After Osteoarthritis Diagnosis in the US Military Health System
Authors: Sowa Hillary , Patzkowski Jeanne , Ismawan Johanes , Velosky Alexander G. , Highland Krista B. 
Published: January 2024

ObjectiveThe goal was to evaluate institutional inequities in the US Military Health System in knee arthroplasty receipt within three years of knee osteoarthritis diagnosis when accounting for other treatments received (eg, physical therapy, medications).MethodsIn this retrospective observational cohort study, medical record data of patients (n = 29,734) who received a primary osteoarthritis diagnosis in the US Military Health System between January 2016 and January 2020 were analyzed. Data included receipt of physical therapy one year before diagnosis and up to three years after diagnosis, prediagnosis opioid and nonopioid prescription receipt, health‐related factors associated with levels of racism, and the primary outcome, knee arthroplasty receipt within three years after diagnosis.ResultsIn a generalized additive model with time‐varying covariates, Asian and Pacific Islander (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45–0.74), Black (IRR 0.52, 95%CI 0.46–0.59), and Latine (IRR 0.66, 95%CI 0.52–0.85) patients experienced racialized inequities in knee arthroplasty receipt, relative to white patients (all P < 0.001).ConclusionsIn the present sample, Asian and Pacific Islander, Black, and Latine patients were significantly less likely to receive a knee arthroplasty, relative to white patients. Taken together, system‐level resources are needed to identify and address mechanisms underlying institutional inequities in knee arthroplasty receipt, such as factors related to systemic and structural, institutional, and personally mediated racism.
In Situ Self‐Aggregation of Spirulina Skeleton Fibers Enhances the Efficacy of Anti‐Tumor Thermal Immunotherapy
Authors: Qi Yong‐Dan , Zhuang Ze‐Nan , Zeng Si‐Min , Tang Ying , Cheng Han , Cheng Si‐Xue , Zhang Xian‐Zheng 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe lack of broad‐spectrum tumor antigens, limited immunogenicity of antigens, and immunosuppressive microenvironment in tumors have impeded the development of cancer vaccines. To address this issue, a vaccine platform is developed based on Spirulina skeleton fibers loaded with gold (Au) nanoparticles (Au@E‐SP). Upon subcutaneous administration, Au@E‐SP self‐aggregates in situ and forms a 3D vaccine scaffold owing to its elongated and helical architecture. Through the aggregation of Au@E‐SP, Au nanoparticles are concentrated, which significantly enhances the local photothermal effect and releases more tumor‐associated antigens. In addition, the retained E‐SP serves as a natural immune adjuvant that sustainably reverses the immunosuppressive microenvironment in vivo. Combining these advantages, the vaccines induce a potent anti‐tumor immune response, effectively inhibiting tumor recurrence and metastasis. This strategy utilizes microalgae as a self‐adjuvant vaccine, providing a promising avenue for further research in tumor immunotherapy.