bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body composition in baboons: Evaluating a morphometric method
Authors: Rutenberg Gary W. , Coelho Anthony M. , Lewis Douglas S. , Carey K. Dee , McGill Henry C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine whether noninvasive morphometric measurements of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) can reliably predict lean body mass and fat mass in this species. Crown‐rump length, triceps circumference, and skinfold measures at the neck, subscapular, suprailiac, and triceps sites were obtained prior to necropsy from 21 clinically normal infant baboons at 18 weeks of age and from 22 clinically normal adolescent baboons at 5 years of age. At necropsy, the lean body mass and body fat mass were measured using gravimetric methods. Pearson's correlations and regression analysis were used to test the relationship between direct measures of lean and fat mass obtained at necropsy with calculated estimates based on morphometric measures obtained prior to death. Our null hypothesis was that the morphometric measures (individually or in combination) were not related to direct measures of fat mass or lean mass. Non‐linear and multiple regression estimators, by age and gender, were derived and provided increased predictability. Our results indicate that (1) morphometric measures can accurately predict lean body mass in male and female baboons; (2) morphometric measures used to predict lean body mass change with age; (3) morphometric measures are strongly associated with body fat mass at 18 weeks of age but are not as strongly associated with body fat mass in 5‐year‐old baboons; (4) triceps circumference provides the best single indicator of lean body mass for both genders and age periods; (5) baboons are like humans in that adolescent females tend to accumulate body fat while males of the same age tend to develop lean mass; and (6) combinations of these morphometric measurements explain between 70% and 100% of the variability and can be used to estimate lean and fat mass in baboons.
Relations among whole blood serotonin and sex, age, diet, and social status in Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Bowden Douglas M. , Brammer Gary L. , Fredrickson Timm , Raleigh Michael J. , Dougherty Amy , Short Robert A. , Williams Darrell D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWhole blood serotonin (WBS) determinations were made in 56 pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) with approximately equal numbers in three age groups: young‐adult (4–5 years), middle‐aged (13–14 years), and old (over 18 years). The animals were housed in ten living groups with one female and male of each age group in each living group. Half of the groups were fed a diet high in lipid, cholesterol, simple sugars, and sodium; the other half received a restricted diet. Three determinations per animal showed WBS levels to be stable at two times of day and at a 1‐week interval, and individual differences were stable over several months' time. The mean WBS concentrations in M. nemestrina were found to be considerably higher than those reported for other species. The mean levels in females were almost 25% higher than in males. No significant effects of age, diet, or dominance status were detected.
Pregnancy, gestation and parturition in free‐ranging tana river crested mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus galeritus)
Authors: Kinnaird Margaret F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMean gestation for seven free‐ranging Tana River crested mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus galeritus) is 180 days (SE = 4.49). All females showed postconception sexual swellings after the first 2 months of pregnancy, and two of the seven copulated with males at this time. One birth was observed; observations of a second infant began less than 1 hr after birth. Details of parturition are given, with responses of group members to the events. Adult and juvenile females showed more sustained interest in the new infants than adult or juvenile males.
Social relationships of immigrant and resident female mountain gorillas. I. Male‐female relationships
Authors: Watts David P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAdult males are important social partners for all females in mountain gorilla social groups, but male‐female relationships can vary in association with variation in female residence status, male age and mating status, and relatedness. Such variation occurred in a large group observed over a 3‐year period. All females associated and interacted affiliatively relatively often with a young silverback with whom all mated. Long‐term resident females also did so with an old, non‐breeding male to whom most were related, but recent immigrants spent little time near him and had few non‐aggressive interactions with him. The old male made agonistic interventions to support relatives; interventions in female conflicts by the younger male tended to ameliorate competitive differentials that immigrants faced and may have helped him to retain them as mates. Males aggression toward females was common, most probably served as a mating tactic, and did not involve resource competition. Extensive grooming by an adolescent male suggests that males may also use affiliative behavior to develop mating relationships. Females may have competed for proximity with and social access to the younger silverback; competitive success could influence how well females and their offspring are protected by silver‐backs, but the extent of such competition was not clear. Large group size may have heightened differentiation of male‐female relationships and competition among females, but comparative data from smaller groups generally corroborate the findings from the large group. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proximate and ultimate influences on the regulation of mating in the great apes
Authors: Nadler Ronald D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLaboratory research on the great apes has revealed similarities in the proximate regulation of sexual behavior by hormonal, social, and spatial variables but differences among the species in various sexual and reproductive characteristics. Laboratory research indicated that all three species of great ape exhibited heightened female sexual motivation during the midcycle, periovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, consistent with an interpretation of estrus. All three species were also similar in terms of mating at other times in the cycle as a result, primarily, of male sexual initiative/agression. Field research on the sexual behavior and social organization of the great apes under natural conditions suggested that the species differences were related, in part, to the species' mating systems—that is, to differences in intermale competition and female choice at estrus. Consideration of both proximate and ultimate influences on behavioral regulation facilitates the separate objectives of research directed primarily toward one or the other type of influence. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dominance relations among adult females in a free‐ranging group of Japanese monkeys at Katsuyama
Authors: Nakamichi M. , Itoigawa N. , Imakawa S. , Machida S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDominance relations among adult females in the Katsuyama group of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) were analyzed. Dominance relations among female relatives of 6 or more years of age corresponded almost exactly to those predicted by Kawamura's principles [Primates, 1:149–156, 1958] in the four highest‐ranking kin‐groups. According to these principles, 1) a mother is dominant to her daughter and 2) among sisters, the younger is dominant to the older. However, 9 of the remaining 11 middle‐and low‐ranking kin‐groups included dyads in which dominance relations did not correspond to those expected from Kawamura's principles. Within the dominance rank order, of all 74 adult females of 6 or more years of age, individuals of the high‐ranking kin‐groups always ranked adjacent to members of their own kin‐group, while individuals in middle‐ and low‐ranking kin‐groups tended to be ranked independently of members of their own kin‐groups. These results indicate that, since females of a high‐ranking kin‐group form a cohesive matrilineal unit, it may be very difficult for females of other kin‐groups to break into the dominance rank order that exists among females of the high‐ranking kin‐groups. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neighbor effect: evidence of affiliative and agonistic social contagion in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Videan Elaine N. , Fritz Jo , Schwandt Melanie , Howell Sue 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrevious studies of captive chimpanzees have demonstrated the “neighbor effect,” or social contagion, with respect to agonistic vocalizations and behaviors. The present study considers whether there is a relationship between behavior patterns in focal animals and the auditory signals of neighboring social groups. Using focal‐group sampling, we collected 172.5 hr of data on 51 subjects (25 females and 26 males) housed in 10 social groups. We performed two‐tailed Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed‐rank tests to determine whether the relative frequency of the vocalizations (high vs. low) affected the behaviors. In keeping with past research, we found that agonistic noises and vocalizations from neighboring social groups had a significant effect on the rates of focal‐group bluff displays, pant‐hoots, and aggression (P<0.05). In addition, we also found significant relationships between grooming behavior and vocalizations in focal groups, and grooming vocalizations from neighboring groups (P<0.05). The results suggest that social contagion is not limited to aggressive behaviors, but also occurs for affiliative behavior patterns. Am. J. Primatol. 66:131–144, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interpopulation differences in exudate feeding of pygmy marmosets in Ecuadorian Amazonia
Authors: Yépez Pablo , De La Torre Stella , Snowdon Charles T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLocal variations in fruit‐ and leaf‐eating have been reported for some primate species; however, similar variations in exudate‐feeding of pygmy marmosets, one of the most specialized neotropical primate species, have not been studied. In our 3‐year study of four populations of pygmy marmosets in northeastern Ecuador, we characterized their exudate‐feeding behavior by describing the use of exudate sources. We tested whether the use of exudate species was related to ecological factors such as the availability of exudate species in an area. We estimated the daily activity budgets of the groups with 1‐hr scan samples and found significant interpopulation differences in the time spent on exudate feeding. We recorded a total of 18 exudate species used in the four populations; however, the populations differed in the total number of species used and in the preferred species. The most commonly used plant species wereSterculia apetalaat San Pablo,Cedrela odorataat Sacha,Inga marginataat Amazoonico, andParkia balsleviiat Zancudo. We recorded the presence and abundance of the 18 exudate species in 90‐m transects in the home range of each group and in one additional control area that contained no marmosets, for each population. Differences in the most‐used exudate species among populations did not appear to be related to the availability of these species in each population, i.e., the marmosets did not use at random the exudate species available within their range, nor did they use more often the exudate species that were more abundant in their home ranges. One implication of our results for conservation is that protecting exudate resources based on data from only one area will not be sufficient to preserve pygmy marmosets in all populations. Am. J. Primatol. 66:145–158, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age differences in neophilia, exploration, and innovation in family groups of callitrichid monkeys
Authors: Kendal R.L. , Coe R.L. , Laland K.N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe prevailing assumption in the primate literature is that young or juvenile primates are more innovative than adult individuals. This innovative tendency among the young is frequently thought to be a consequence, or side effect, of their increased rates of exploration and play. Conversely, Reader and Laland's [International Journal of Primatology 22:787–806, 2001] review of the primate innovation literature noted a greater reported incidence of innovation in adults than nonadults, which they interpreted as (in part) a reflection of the greater experience and competence of older individuals. Within callitrichids there is contradictory evidence for age differences in response to novel objects, foods, and foraging tasks. By presenting novel extractive foraging tasks to family groups of callitrichid monkeys in zoos, we examined, in a large sample, whether there are positive or negative relationships of age with neophilia, exploration, and innovation, and whether play or experience most facilitates innovation. The results indicate that exploration and innovation (but not neophilia) are positively correlated with age, perhaps reflecting adults' greater manipulative competence. To the extent that there was evidence for play in younger individuals, it did not appear to contribute to innovation. The implications of these findings for the fields of innovation and conservation through reintroduction are considered. Am. J. Primatol. 66:167–188, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Galago locomotion in Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Off Eileen C. , Gebo Daniel L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractVery few locomotor studies have been conducted on galagos. This is surprising given their interesting anatomy and ecology, as well as their increasing species diversity. In this study we investigated locomotion and postures in two sympatric galagos species (Galagoides thomasi and Galago matschiei) living in Kibale National Park, Uganda. G. thomasi uses arboreal quadrupedalism and leaping, while G. matschiei is more leaping‐oriented. Both species utilize small oblique branches in the mid‐canopy. These similarities in substrate use are most likely due to the similar body sizes and anatomies of the two species, as well as to the structure and availability of trees in Kibale National Park. Lastly, we compare the locomotor patterns of G. thomasi and G. matschiei with those observed in the few other quantitative locomotor studies available for galagos. Am. J. Primatol. 66:189–195, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Febrile seizures in the predisposed brain: A new model of temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Scantlebury Morris H. , Gibbs Steve A. , Foadjo Berline , Lema Pablo , Psarropoulou Caterina , Carmant Lionel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe atypical febrile seizure has important clinical implications because of its association with the mesial temporal lobe epilepsy syndrome, which is the most common of the intractable epilepsies. However, whether a causal relation exists between these conditions is currently unknown. We have previously shown that a focal cortical lesion induced in the neonatal rat predisposes to the development of atypical hyperthermic seizures. We show here that 86% of the lesion plus hyperthermia group experience development of spontaneous recurrent seizures recorded from the amygdala ipsilateral to the lesion. Control rats did not have spontaneous recurrent behavioral or electrographic seizures. Lesioned rats with hyperthermic seizures also showed an impaired performance on the Morris water maze when compared with naive control rats, suggesting mild deficits in learning and memory. These findings support a link between the atypical febrile seizure and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, and at the same time establish a new model for this condition through which new preventative and therapeutic strategies can be tested. Ann Neurol 2005
Investigation of Ligand‐Receptor Systems by High‐Resolution Solid‐State NMR: Recent Progress and Perspectives
Authors: Luca Sorin , Heise Henrike , Lange Adam , Baldus Marc 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSolid‐state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) provides a general method to study molecular structure and dynamics in a non‐crystalline and insoluble environment. We discuss the latest methodolo gical progress to construct 3D molecular structures from solid‐state NMR data obtained under magic‐angle‐spinning conditions. As shown for the neurotensin/NTS‐1 system, these methods can be readily applied to the investigation of ligand‐binding to G‐protein coupled receptors.
Molecular modeling directed synthesis of a bicyclic analogue of the δ opioid receptor agonist SNC 80
Authors: Jung Bettina , Englberger Werner , Wünsch Bernhard 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn order to find novel δ opioid receptor agonists, the pharmacophoric benzhydryl moiety of the lead compound SNC 80 (1) was dissected and the phenyl residues were attached to different positions of the 6,8‐diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane core system (4). The position of the carboxamido group, the stereochemistry, the C3/C4 bond order and the kind and length of the spacer X were considered. The resulting compounds were compared with the four energetically most favourable conformations of SNC 80 by a multifit analysis. These calculations led to the structures 5‐10, which fit best to SNC 80. Herein the synthesis of one of these compounds (9) is described. Starting from (S)‐glutamate two alternative routes are detailed to obtain the key intermediate 14. A variation of the Dieckmann cyclization, which uses trapping of the first cyclization product with ClSiMe3 provided the mixed acetal 20, which was carefully hydrolyzed to yield the bicyclic ketone 17. Stereoselective addition of phenylmagnesium bromide, dehydration, LiAlH4 reduction and exchange of the N‐6 residue afforded the designed compound 9. The affinities of 9 towards δ, μ, κ and ORL1 receptors were determined in receptor binding studies with radioligands. Only moderate receptor affinity was found.
Combined seismic tomographic and ultrashallow seismic reflection study of an Early Dynastic mastaba, Saqqara, Egypt
Authors: Metwaly Mohamed , Green Alan G. , Horstmeyer Heinrich , Maurer Hansruedi , Abbas Abbas M. , Gh. Hassaneen Abdel‐Rady 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMastabas were large rectangular structures built for the funerals and burials of the earliest Pharaohs. One such mastaba was the basic building block that led to the first known stone pyramid, the >4600‐year old Step Pyramid within the Saqqara necropolis of Egypt. We have tested a number of shallow geophysical techniques for investigating in a non‐invasive manner the subsurface beneath a large Early Dynastic mastaba located close to the Step Pyramid. After discovering that near‐surface sedimentary rocks with unusually high electrical conductivities precluded the use of the ground‐penetrating radar method, a very high‐resolution seismic data set was collected along a profile that extended the 42.5 m length of the mastaba. A sledgehammer source was used every 0.2 m and the data were recorded using a 48‐channel array of single geophones spaced at 0.2 m intervals. Inversions of the direct‐ and refracted‐wave travel times provided P‐wave velocity tomograms of the shallow subsurface, whereas relatively standard processing techniques yielded a high‐fold (50–80) ultrashallow seismic reflection section. The tomographic and reflection images were jointly interpreted in terms of loose sand and friable limestone layers with low P‐wave velocities of 150–650 m s−1 overlying consolidated limestone and shale with velocities > 1500 m s−1. The sharp contact between the low‐ and high‐velocity regimes was approximately horizontal at a depth of ca. 2 m. This contact was the source of a strong seismic reflection. Above this contact, the velocity tomogram revealed moderately high velocities at the surface location of a friable limestone outcrop and two low‐velocity blocks that probably outlined sand‐filled shafts. Below the contact, three regularly spaced low velocity blocks probably represented tunnels and/or subsurface chambers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetometric prospection of various types of large ditched enclosures in Bohemia
Authors: Křivánek Roman 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA systematic combination of aerial and subsequent geophysical surveys over the six years of the ‘Settlement Patterns in Prehistoric Bohemia’ project yielded much new and often surprising information about the nature of archaeological sites, features and locations in the agricultural lowlands of Bohemia. Newly discovered and verified large ditches represent a group of very diverse and often, in Bohemian archaeology, atypical linear features. The results of large‐area magnetometric surveys aided in mapping locations more precisely and in the overall separation of linear features, as well as in choosing among probable archaeological interpretations of the sites. Future archaeological verification of more of these identified atypical situations by test trenches would provide more precise dating, and perhaps unambiguous interpretations of prehistoric sites. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remote sensing of cloud‐to‐ground lightning location using the TOGA of sferics
Authors: Ramachandran V. , Kumar S. , Kishore A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUsing the Time Of Group Arrival (TOGA) of sferics about 3700 cloud‐to‐ground (CG) flashes were recorded in one year (2003) in the largest island, Viti Levu in Fiji. A maximum CG flash density of 0.49 flashes/km2per year was recorded in two locations in the island. The seasonal variation showed enhanced lightning incidences during November–April and the diurnal variation showed peak activity from 14:00–16:00 h local time. Five‐year data of the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) aboard the NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite are also presented, which show good correlation of seasonal and diurnal variations with those obtained from TOGA measurements. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Some aspects of systematic error in the ECMWF model
Authors: Jung T. , Tompkins A. M. , Rodwell M. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFirst, systematic errors of short‐range and medium‐range Z500 forecasts are described along with their changes since the early 1980s. Then systematic cloud error will be described. Finally, the capability of the ECMWF model to simulate the Madden‐and‐Julian Oscillation is assessed. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Comparison of some sigma schemes for estimation of air pollutant dispersion in moderate and low winds
Authors: Essa Khaled S. M. , Mubarak Fawzia , Khadra Sanaa Abu 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOne of the most important parameters in plume dispersion modeling is the plume growth (dispersion coefficients σ). Different models for estimating dispersion parameters are discussed to establish the relative importance of one over the others. Comparisons were made between power law functions, standard, split sigma and split sigma theta methods. We use the double Gaussian expression for calculating concentration in this comparison. The results show that, with low wind speed (<2 m/s), split sigma and split sigma theta methods give much better results than other methods, while, with wind speed greater than 2 m/s, the power law function methods give more plausible results. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Analysis of a regularized, time‐staggered discretization method and its link to the semi‐implicit method
Authors: Frank J. , Reich S. , Staniforth A. , White A. , Wood N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA key aspect of the recently proposed Hamiltonian particle‐mesh (HPM) method is its time‐staggered discretization combined with a regularization of the continuous governing equations. In this article, the time discretization aspect of the HPM method is analysed for the linearized, rotating, shallow‐water equations with orography, and the combined effect of time‐staggering and regularization is compared analytically with the popular two‐time‐level semi‐implicit time discretization of the unregularized equations. It is found that the two approaches are essentially equivalent, provided the regularization parameter is chosen appropriately in terms of the time step Δt. The article treats space as a continuum and, hence, its analysis is not limited to the HPM method. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society