bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A randomized, double‐blind comparison study of EMLA® and ELA‐Max® for topical anesthesia in children undergoing intravenous insertion
Authors: KOH JEFFREY L , HARRISON DALE , MYERS ROBERT , DEMBINSKI ROBERT , TURNER HELEN , McGRAW TERRENCE 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground : Topical anesthetics may help reduce discomfort associated with procedures involving needle‐puncture, such as intravenous (i.v.) insertions, in children. EMLA® cream has become a common, noninvasive therapy for topical anesthesia in children. ELA‐Max® is a recently introduced topical anesthetic cream marketed as being as effective in producing topical anesthesia after a 30‐min application as EMLA® is after a 60‐min application. The purpose of this research was to compare ELA‐Max® at 30 min with EMLA® at 60 min for providing topical anesthesia for i.v. insertions in children.Methods : Sixty children, ages 8–17 years, requiring an i.v. were randomized to receive either the 30 min application of ELA‐Max® (n = 30) or the 60 min application of EMLA® (n = 30). Children rated any pain associated with the i.v. insertion using a 100‐mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The anesthesiologist assessed the presence of blanching at the site and rated the difficulty of placing the i.v.Results : There was no clinically or statistically significant difference in pain ratings (P = 0.87) between the ELA‐Max® (mean = 25.7) and the EMLA® (mean = 26.8) groups. ELA‐Max® caused significantly (P = 0.04) less blanching than EMLA®, however there was no difference in the anesthesiologists’ rating of the difficulty of the i.v. placement between the groups (P = 0.73).Conclusion : Results from this study support the claim that a 30‐min application of ELA‐Max® (with occlusion) is as effective as a 60‐min application of EMLA® (with occlusion) for producing topical anesthesia for i.v. insertion in children.
The effect of epidural vs intravenous analgesia for posterior spinal fusion surgery
Authors: O'Hara Jerome F. , Cywinski Jacek B. , Tetzlaff John E. , Xu Meng , Gurd Alan R. , Andrish Jack T. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground : The study objective was to compare epidural vs intravenous postoperative analgesia in posterior spinal fusion surgery patients.Methods : This prospective, double‐blinded, randomized study was performed in a tertiary care teaching hospital involving 31 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II adolescent/young adult patients scheduled for elective posterior spinal fusion surgery for idiopathic scoliosis. Patients were divided into three treatment groups according to the epidural solution infused: group 1 (n = 10) 0.1% bupivacaine + 5 μg·ml−1 fentanyl; group 2 (n = 12) 0.0625% bupivacaine + 5 μg·ml−1 fentanyl; group 3 (n = 9) 0.9% sodium chloride (placebo). During general anesthesia all patients received a directly placed midthoracic epidural catheter with a set infusion rate followed by morphine sulfate intravenous patient‐controlled analgesic device postoperatively. Morphine sulfate usage and visual analog scores were evaluated at 4 h intervals postoperatively for up to 96 h. Postoperative time to liquids, solid food, ambulation, length of stay, discontinuation of Foley catheter, and side effects were recorded.Results : No consistent difference was detected on intravenous morphine dose usage, visual analog scores, or estimated pain scale over the whole follow‐up period. No difference was observed in the epidural groups in time to oral intake of liquids or solids, ambulation, bowel sounds, or length of stay when compared with placebo.Conclusions : By evaluating morphine sulfate usage between groups, the analgesic effectiveness of continuous thoracic epidural analgesia bupivacaine and fentanyl doses used revealed no significant improvement over intravenous morphine sulfate analgesia alone in patients after posterior spinal fusion surgery.
Telemedicine in wound healing
Authors: Jones Sophie M , Banwell Paul E , Shakespeare Peter G 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBetter care for patients and improved health care depends on the availability of good information which is accessible when and where it is needed. The development of technology, more specifically the Internet, has expanded the means whereby information can be acquired and transmitted over large distances enabling the concept of telemedicine to become a reality. Telemedicine, defined as the practise of medicine at a distance, encompasses diagnosis, education and treatment. It is a technology that many thought would expand rapidly and change the face of medicine. However, this has not happened and during the last decade although certain telemedicine applications, such as video‐consulting and teleradiology, have matured to become essential health care services in some countries, others, such as telepathology, remain the subject of intensive research effort. Telemedicine can be used in almost any medical speciality although the specialities best suited are those with a high visual component. Wound healing and wound management is thus a prime candidate for telemedicine. Development of a suitable telemedical system in this field could have a significant effect on wound care in the community, tertiary referral patterns and hospital admission rates.
STUDY OF CHITOSAN COATINGS ON NANOPARTICLES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: TAN W. B. , ZHANG Y. 
Published: December 2004

Of late, much work and interest had been generated in the fields involving nanoparticles. Due to their nanometer scale, these particles have been proven to be promising in diverse applications such as electronics and medicine, amongst others. In addition, an emerging and attractive use of nanoparticles as biotherapeutic delivery agents within the body was introduced. However, in order to use these nanoparticles in any biomedical application, they must be rendered biocompatible. In this paper, we attempt to coat chitosan, a naturally-occurring polymer which is biocompatible, biodegradable and nontoxic, onto the surfaces of nanoparticles. 5 nm gold ( Au ) nanoparticles were chosen for our study as they are commercially available. The presence of a chitosan shell not only renders these nanoparticles biocompatible, the amino and hydroxyl groups of chitosan also allow the immobilization of many biotherapeutic agents. The relationship between the concentration of the chitosan used in the coating process and the thickness of the chitosan shell formed is investigated. It is hoped that the results of this study can also be applied to other nanoparticles, in addition to Au , that are intended to be used in bioapplications.
Multi-modal Interaction with Mobile Navigation Systems (Multimodale Interaktion mit Mobilen Navigationssystemen)
Authors: Wasinger Rainer , Krüger Antonio 
Published: December 2004

Summary
Navigation systems have seen significant advancements in recent years. They now exist for desktop computers, automobiles, and mobile devices. They are able to adapt to many different situational contexts and now provide a solid foundation for a wide range of location based services. Mobile multi-modal interfaces have seen similar advancements over the past few years as technologies previously designed for powerful mainframe computers are gradually swept into the reach of mobile devices. This paper describes a multi-modal user interface that has been integrated into a pedestrian navigation service called the Personal Navigator, and a closely interleaved shopping assistant called the Mobile ShopAssist. We describe the wide range of input interaction and output presentation that we believe mobile systems should provide and describe the importance for context-aware systems to adapt their user interfaces to the surrounding environment.
Embodied Conversational Characters: Wandering between the Digital and the Physical World (Digitale Weltenwanderer: Synthetische Charaktere zwischen Realität und Virtualität)
Authors: André Elizabeth , Dorfmüller-Ulhaas Klaus , Rist Thomas 
Published: December 2004

Summary
The objective to develop more human-centered, personalized, and at the same time more entertaining interfaces immediately leads to the metaphor of an embodied conversational agent that employs gestures, mimics, and speech to communicate with the human user. Looking at past and current projects, the current paper discusses an ongoing and manifold evolution of embodied conversational agents from conversational settings with single presenters to interactive performances where the user may participate both as an observer and a presenter. We report on new trends, such as the integration of characters in mixed realities as well as endeavours to endow characters with social behaviors.
Modeling Non-Verbal Behavior in Multimodal Conversational Systems (Modellierung nicht-verbalen Verhaltens in Multimodalen Dialogsystemen)
Authors: Pfleger Norbert , Alexandersson Jan 
Published: December 2004

Summary
Non-verbal behavior is an integral part of conversational dialog. When people engage in dialogue they utilize non-verbal behavior both to structure the flow of the conversation as well as to provide feedback about their current understanding of the discourse while the other one is speaking. In this article, we investigate the function of non-verbal behavior and show how it is integrated into a discourse model used within a conversational dialogue system.
Accessible Multimedia: Status Quo, Trends and Visions (Barrierefreies Multimedia: Bestandsaufnahme, Trends und Visionen)
Authors: Wagner Susanne , Prinz Ronald , Bierstedt Christoph , Brodowsky Walter , Schlenker-Schulte Christa 
Published: December 2004

Summary
In this paper, we discuss issues of accessibility of multimedia applications and web pages with respect to average as well as impaired computer users. The current situation of in-accessibility of multimedia applications and web pages is analyzed with respect to informational and technical deficits. Trends, laws and current research projects are discussed with respect to an improvement of accessibility of electronic media.
Asymmetrische Evolutionsstrategien (Asymmetrical Evolution Strategies)
Authors: Hildebrand Lars 
Published: December 2004

Zusammenfassung
Asymmetrische Evolutionsstrategien sind Optimierverfahren, die den evolutionären Algorithmen zuzuordnen sind. Durch Entwicklung einer asymmetrischen Verteilungsfunktion ist es möglich, die Leistungsfähigkeit und die Robustheit dieses Optimierverfahrens in Regionen zu bringen, die den evolutionären Algorithmen bisher vorenthalten waren. Insbesondere für ingenieur-wissenschaftliche Problemstellungen bietet sich die asymmetrische Evolutionsstrategie als schnelles, einfach zu implementierendes und robustes Optimierverfahren an.
Silence and Solidarity across a Watershed of War: The Heritage of U.S. Complicity in Guatemala
Authors: Watanabe John M. 
Published: December 2004

Finger in the Wound: Body Politics in Quincentennial Guatemala. Diane M. Nelson. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999. 427 pp.Rigoberta Menchú and tile Story of All Poor Guatemalans. David Stoll. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999. 336 pp.
The Relationship Between Nanoscale Structure and Electrochemical Properties of Vanadium Oxide Nanorolls
Authors: Sun D. , Kwon C. W. , Baure G. , Richman E. , MacLean J. , Dunn B. , Tolbert S. H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we explore the relationship between the nanoscale structure and electrochemical performance of nanoscale scrolls of vanadium oxides (vanadium oxide nanorolls). The vanadium oxide nanorolls, which are synthesized through a ligand‐assisted templating method, exhibit different morphologies and properties depending upon the synthetic conditions. Under highly reducing conditions, nearly perfect scrolls can be produced which have essentially no cracks in the walls (well‐ordered nanorolls). If the materials are produced under less reducing conditions, nanorolls with many cracks in the oxide walls can be generated (defect‐rich nanorolls). Both types of samples were examined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) to characterize their local structure, local redox state, and nanoscale structure. After ion‐exchange to replace the templating ammonium ions with Na+, the ability of these materials to electrochemically intercalate lithium reversibly was investigated. In sweep voltammetry experiments, the well‐ordered nanorolls showed responses similar to those seen in crystalline orthorhombic V2O5. In contrast, the defect‐rich vanadium oxide nanorolls behaved electrochemically more like sol–gel‐prepared vanadium oxide materials. Moreover, the specific capacity of the well‐ordered nanorolls was about 240 mA h g–1 while that of the defect rich nanorolls was found to be as much as 340 mA h g–1 under these same conditions. Disorders on both the atomic and nanometer length scales are believed to contribute to this difference.
Preparation of an Amphiphilic Resin‐Supported BINAP Ligand and Its Use for Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Phenylboronic Acid in Water.
Authors: Otomaru Yusuke , Senda Taichi , Hayashi Tamio 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2,3,4,5‐Tetrasubstituted Isoxazolidines via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition.
Authors: Sridharan Vellaisamy , Muthusubramanian Shanmugam , Sivasubramanian Shanmugaperumal , Polborn Kurt 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
7‐Oxo‐3,7‐dihydro‐ and 1,2,7‐Trioxo‐1,2,3,7‐tetrahydropyrano[3,2‐e]indoles.
Authors: Khoshtariya T. E. , Bochoidze L. T. , Batsikadze K. T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
6‐Arylamino‐3‐methyl‐7H‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines: Novel N‐Arylamidine Structures.
Authors: Yanchenko V. A. , Demchenko A. M. , Lozinskii M. O. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Medial prefrontal cortex control of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus response to psychological stress: Possible role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
Authors: Spencer Sarah J. , Buller Kathryn M. , Day Trevor A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been strongly implicated in control of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) response to stress. Because of the paucity of direct projections from the mPFC to the PVN, we sought to investigate possible brain regions that might act as a relay between the two during psychological stress. Bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the rat mPFC enhanced the number of Fos‐immunoreactive cells seen in the PVN after exposure to the psychological stressor, air puff. Altered neuronal recruitment was seen in only one of the candidate relay populations examined, the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST). Furthermore, bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the BNST caused a significant attenuation of the PVN response to air puff. To better characterize the structural relationships between the mPFC and PVN, retrograde tracing studies were conducted examining Fos expression in cells retrogradely labeled with cholera toxin b subunit (CTb) from the PVN and the BNST. Results obtained were consistent with an important role for both the mPFC and BNST in the mpPVN CRF cell response to air puff. We suggest a set of connections whereby a direct PVN projection from the ipsilateral vBNST is involved in the mpPVN response to air puff and this may, in turn, be modulated by an indirect projection from the mPFC to the BNST. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:363–376, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison between δ‐opioid receptor functional response and autoradiographic labeling in rat brain and spinal cord
Authors: Pradhan Amynah Amir Ali , Clarke Paul Brian Sydenham 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe distribution of δ‐opioid receptors (DORs) in the rat central nervous system has been previously characterized by radioligand binding and immunohistochemistry. However, the functional neuroanatomy of DORs has not been mapped in any detail; this is potentially important, because these receptors appear to be primarily cytosolic. Opioid receptors can couple to Gi/o G proteins, a process that is detected by agonist‐stimulated [35S]guanylyl‐5′‐O‐(γ‐thio)‐triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS) binding. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the distribution of functional DORs, as assessed by [35S]GTPγS autoradiographic labeling in response to the DOR agonist deltorphin II. For comparison, adjacent sections were labeled with [125I]deltorphin II or the DOR antagonist [125I]AR‐M100613. In all three assays, μ‐opioid receptors were blocked pharmacologically. The distributions of [125I]deltorphin II and [125I]AR‐M100613 were highly correlated but not identical. Deltorphin II increased [35S]GTPγS binding in a concentration‐dependent and naltrindole‐sensitive manner. The regional [35S]GTPγS response to deltorphin II was only moderately predicted by agonist or antagonist radioligand binding (r = 0.67 and 0.50, respectively). [35S]GTPγS responses to deltorphin II were strongest in the extended striatum (caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle) and cerebral cortex. In contrast, some areas reported to mediate DOR analgesia (brainstem, spinal cord) possessed a much lower [35S]GTPγS response. These findings demonstrate the existence of a partial mismatch between DOR radioligand binding and [35S]GTPγS response. This divergence possibly reflects regional heterogeneity in G‐protein receptor coupling, or in the subcellular localization of DOR. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:416–426, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photic input pathways that mediate the Drosophila larval response to light and circadian rhythmicity are developmentally related but functionally distinct
Authors: Hassan Jana , Iyengar Balaji , Scantlebury Nadia , Rodriguez Moncalvo Veronica , Campos Ana Regina 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe Drosophila melanogaster larval photosensory organ that mediates the response to light consists of bilaterally symmetrical clusters of 12 photoreceptors. These are distinguished on the basis of expression of the rhodopsins Rh5 and Rh6. The Rh6‐expressing cells correspond to the Hofbauer‐Buchner (H‐B) eyelet found later in the posterior margin of the adult compound eye and recently shown to function as an input pathway in the entrainment of circadian rhythmicity in adult Drosophila. In addition, the axons of the larval photoreceptors are found in intimate association with a subset of the main circadian pacemaker neurons located in the developing accessory medulla, the small ventral lateral neurons (LNv). The observed spatial overlap between components of the circadian circuitry, input pathway, and pacemaker neurons—and the larval visual organ—suggest a functional relationship between these two photosensory input pathways. In this study we determined the requirement of specific rhodopsin‐expressing photoreceptors including the presumptive H‐B eyelet and pacemaker neurons in the larval locomotory response to visual stimuli. Our results demonstrate that two of the most important components of the neuronal circuitry underlying circadian rhythmicity in Drosophila, namely, the extraretinal H‐B cluster and the circadian pacemakers, while in intimate association with the larval visual system are not required for the larval motor response to light. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:266–275, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Galectin‐1 supports survival of naive T cells without promoting cell proliferation
Authors: Endharti Agustina Tri , Zhou Yan Wen , Nakashima Izumi , Suzuki Haruhiko 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNaive T cells do not proliferate but remain alive in vivo. In contrast, naive T cells rapidly die in an in vitro culture, suggesting that some factors that are present at the sites of naive T cell circulation in vivo but missing in the bovine serum‐containing culture medium, are necessary for their survival. The present study was designed to search for such factors. By functional screening of the cDNA library from murine lymph node‐derived stromal cells (LNS) that effectively support the survival of naive T cells, we found that nascent polypeptide‐associated complex (α−NAC) promoted T cell survival. A conditioned medium derived from culture supernatant of Cos7 cells transfected with α−NAC gene supported T cell survival, indicating that α−NAC induced production of soluble factor(s) that were secreted into the medium. By examining the products that were cloned from a functional screening of the cDNA library from α−NAC‐transfected NIH3T3 cells but were not detected in that from control vector‐transfected cells, galectin‐1 was found as a soluble factor in the conditioned medium of the LNS. Our study demonstrates the novel role of galectin‐1 as a soluble factor that functions to maintain naive T cell survival without inducing cell proliferation.
The murine gamma‐herpesvirus‐68 MK3 protein causes TAP degradation independent of MHC class I heavy chain degradation
Authors: Boname Jessica M. , May Janet S. , Stevenson Philip G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe murine gamma‐herpesvirus‐68 MK3 protein has an intricate interaction with the peptide loading complex that involves MK3 stabilization, a rapid degradation of MHC class I heavy chains, and a slower degradation of TAP. Here we have used tapasin chimeras to distinguish functionally the different immune evasion mechanisms of MK3. Tapasin was cloned in two alternatively spliced forms that differed by a single transmembrane valine residue. Each restored antigen presentation and MK3 function in tapasin‐deficient cells. The transmembrane/cytoplasmic portion of tapasin, linked to the extracellular domain of CD8, also restored TAP stability and MK3 stability in tapasin‐deficient cells. MK3 did not associate with or degrade MHC class I in these cells, which lacked the endoplasmic reticulum domain of tapasin, but degraded TAP at least as efficiently as when full‐length tapasin was present. The un‐degraded MHC class I consequently showed impaired maturation. The fact that MK3 required intact tapasin to degrade MHC class I but only the transmembrane/cytoplasmic portion of tapasin to degrade TAP indicated that these two immune evasion functions operate independently.
Eotaxin‐1‐regulated eosinophils have a critical role in innate immunity against experimental Brugia malayi infection
Authors: Simons Jonathan E. , Rothenberg Marc E. , Lawrence Rachel A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUsing two models of filarial infection in which Brugia malayi microfilariae (Mf) are contained in distinct anatomical compartments, in blood or tissue sites, we have demonstrated a critical role for eotaxin‐1 in parasite clearance. In the first model, implantation of adult B. malayi into the peritoneal cavity of eotaxin‐1–/– mice resulted in increased Mf survival associated with a dramatic reduction in peritoneal cavity eosinophilic infiltration. In the second model Mf were injected intravenously into eotaxin‐1–/– mice; Mf clearance from the blood was more rapid than in wild‐type mice and was associated with a pronounced blood eosinophilia, resulting from the inability of eosinophils to migrate to tissue sites in the absence of eotaxin‐1. (Eotaxin‐1 + IL‐5)–/– mice had extended Mf survival in the blood and significantly reduced blood eosinophil levels. Interestingly, rapid clearance of a secondary Mf infection following immunization was unaltered in either eotaxin‐1–/– mice or (eotaxin‐1 + IL‐5)–/– mice. Eosinophil peroxidase levels were high during primary, but not secondary infection, suggesting that eosinophil degranulation is important during primary Mf clearance. Thus, our data show that the presence of eosinophils is critical for innate clearance of B. malayi Mf infection, whereas rapid clearance of secondary infections is independent of both eotaxin‐1 and IL‐5.