bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cigarette Smoking, Periodontal Disease, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Hyman Jeffrey J. , Reid Britt C. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Cigarette smoking is a significant risk factor for both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and periodontal disease. The goal of this study was to better understand the role of smoking in a possible relationship between periodontal disease and COPD.Methods: The study population consisted of 7,625 participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) during 1988‐1994 who were aged 30 years or older when examined and who received a spirometric examination. The data analysis employed logistic regression models and accounted for the complex sampling design used in NHANES III.Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, there was no statistically significant association between periodontal disease and COPD among former or non‐smokers. Current smokers with ≥4 mm mean loss of attachment had an odds ratio of 3.71 (95% confidence interval: 1.74, 7.89).Conclusions: These results suggest that cigarette smoking may be a cofactor in the relationship between periodontal disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The key role played by smoking in the etiology of both periodontal disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease suggests that much of the observed increase in risk may actually reflect the exposure to smoking. Additional research into smoking‐related effect modification is needed to clarify the role of periodontal disease in the etiology of smoking‐related systemic diseases. J Periodontol 2004;75:9‐15.
Influence of Age on Combined Effects of Cyclosporin and Nifedipine on Rat Alveolar Bone
Authors: Spolidorio L.C. , Spolidorio D.M. , Nassar P.O. , Nassar C.A. , Holzhausen M. , Almeida O.P. 
Published: February 2005

Background: There is some evidence showing that cyclosporin A (CsA) and nifedipine (NIF) affect bone metabolism. The purpose of this work was to study the effects of CsA and NIF, given alone or concurrently, on alveolar bone of rats of different ages.Methods: Rats 15, 30, 60, and 90 days old were treated daily with 10 mg/kg body weight of CsA subcutaneously injected and/or 50 mg/kg body weight of NIF/day given orally for 60 days. Alveolar bone of the first lower molars was morphologically and stereologically evaluated in serial 5 µm bucco‐lingual paraffin sections, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels were measured in all animals at the end of the experimental period.Results: Rats treated with CsA or NIF alone or CsA and NIF concurrently showed decreased alveolar bone density. CsA was more effective than NIF. A significant decrease in serum calcium was found only in animals treated with CsA or CsA/NIF. The results were similar regardless of age.Conclusions: These results indicate that the decrease in the alveolar bone volume in rats caused by CsA and NIF alone or concurrently is not age dependent. Furthermore, NIF (50 mg/kg) did not further increase the loss of alveolar bone volume induced by CsA (10 mg/kg). J Periodontol 2004;75:268‐272.
Comparison of Probes for Microbial Contamination Following Use in Periodontal Pockets of Various Depths
Authors: Holt Lorie A. , Williams Karen B. , Cobb Charles M. , Keselyak Nancy T. , Jamison Connie L. , Brand Valerie S. 
Published: February 2005

Background: It has been speculated that periodontal probes can transmit periodontal pathogens from site to site. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential for bacterial transmission as a function of periodontal probe design.Methods: Four different periodontal probes were used to measure probing depths ranging from 0 to 3 mm and ≥4 mm. Following measurement of each pocket, probes were transported to a laboratory and cultured on blood agar, and colony forming units (CFUs) were determined for total aerobic, anaerobic, and darkpigmented colonies (DPCs). Eight randomly selected probe tips, representing each probe type and probing depth category, were selected for examination by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine distribution and morphotypes of adhering microbes.Results: Results showed no statistically significant main effect for probes with respect to CFUs. However, there was a statistically significant increase in CFUs for deeper pockets when compared to pockets 0 to 3 mm. SEM observations were consistent among groups, regardless of probe design or probing depth. All probes exhibited a rough surface texture. Microbes were observed as single organisms or in aggregates and were adherent along the entire length of the probe up to the maximum probing depth.Conclusions: There was no difference in CFUs obtained as a function of periodontal probes. The rough surfaces of the probes used in this study likely promoted bacterial adherence through two different mechanisms: through scraping of the pocket walls by the roughened surfaces of the probe and by the high surfacefree energy of the metal probes, facilitating bacterial adherence. J Periodontol 2004;75:353‐359.
Total Proteoglycan and Chondroitin‐4‐ Sulfate Levels in Gingiva of Patients With Various Types of Periodontitis
Authors: Vardar Saynur , Baylas Haluk , Zihniog͠lu Figen , Emingil Gülnur , Buduneli Nurcan , Atilla Gül 
Published: February 2005

Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the total proteoglycan (PG) and chondroitin‐4‐sulfate (C4S) levels in gingival tissue samples obtained from patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and chronic periodontitis (CP) before therapy (baseline) and 1 month after completion of non‐surgical periodontal therapy.Methods: Gingival tissue samples were obtained from 10 AgP and 10 CP patients before initiation of treatment (baseline) and 1 month after non‐surgical periodontal treatment. The control group comprised 10 systemically and periodontally healthy subjects. Total PG and C4S levels were determined by biochemical techniques. PG levels were analyzed using a modified Bitter and Muir method. C4S assay was carried out using chondroitin sulphate lyase AC and chondroitin‐6 sulphate sulphohydrolase enzymes. The results were tested statistically using parametric tests.Results: The clinical periodontal parameters demonstrated significant decreases in the periodontitis groups (P <0.05) after treatment, and there was no significant difference between AgP and CP groups at baseline and after treatment (P >0.05). At baseline, total PG and C4S levels in both of the periodontitis groups were significantly lower than that of the control group (P <0.05). One month after the non‐surgical periodontal treatment, total PG levels in the periodontitis groups were comparable to the control group (P >0.05), whereas C4S levels in the AgP group were significantly lower than the other study groups (P <0.05). In the CP group, total PG and C4S levels increased significantly (P = 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively) after non‐surgical periodontal treatment, but they did not increase in the AgP group (P >0.05).Conclusion: The significant increases observed in total proteoglycan and chondroitin‐4‐sulfate levels after non‐surgical periodontal treatment in the CP group but not in the AgP group may suggest that healing patterns differ between the two periodontitis types in terms of PG and C4S composition of extracellular matrix. J Periodontol 2004;75:393‐398.
Comparison of the Use of a Toothpick Holder to Dental Floss in Improvement of Gingival Health in Humans
Authors: Lewis Maurice W. , Holder‐Ballard Cassandra , Selders Robert J. , Scarbecz Mark , Johnson Howard G. , Turner Edgar W. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Although advances have been made in modulation of host inflammatory response in periodontal therapy, it is important to control the bacterial challenge to the host immune system through conventional therapy and improvement of personal oral hygiene. Although toothbrushing is generally performed, interdental cleaning is not as common. This study compared the use of dental floss to a toothpick holder in the improvement of gingival health.Methods: Participants were examined and those with clinical gingivitis or slight chronic periodontitis were included in the study. O'Leary plaque, interproximal plaque index (IPI), and Eastman interdental bleeding index scores (EIBI) were recorded at baseline and following appointments. Forty‐two females and 13 males ranging from 18 to 50 years in age were randomly divided into either a dental flossing group or toothpick holder using group. Each was given instructions in the use of the oral hygiene device and examined 2, 6, and 12 weeks following baseline. At 12 weeks, 27 floss users and 20 toothpick‐holder users completed the study.Results: Plaque scores were reduced in both groups as the study progressed. Mean O'Leary plaque scores decreased signi‐ ficantly for both methods from baseline to week 12 (P <0.05). The EIBI and IPI scores decreased in mean scores over time for each method (P <0.05). A correlation was found between the O'Leary plaque index and the IPI scores (P <0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study found that the use of dental floss or toothpick holder resulted in no significantly different effect in the improvement of gingival health. J Periodontol 2004; 75:551‐556.
Treatment of Intrabony Defects With Enamel Matrix Proteins or Barrier Membranes: Results From a Multicenter Practice‐Based Clinical Trial
Authors: Sanz Mariano , Tonetti Maurizio S. , Zabalegui Ion , Sicilia Alberto , Blanco Juan , Rebelo Helena , Rasperini Giulio , Merli Mauro , Cortellini Pierpaolo , Suvan Jean E. 
Published: February 2005

Background: This prospective multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial compared the clinical outcomes of enamel matrix proteins (EMD) versus placement of a bioabsorbable membrane in conjunction with guided tissue regeneration (GTR).Methods: Seventy‐five patients with advanced chronic periodontitis were recruited in seven centers in three countries. All patients had at least one intrabony defect of ≥3 mm. Heavy smokers (≥20 cigarettes/day) were excluded. The surgical procedures included access for root instrumentation using the simplified papilla preservation flap and either the application of EMD or the placement of a GTR membrane. At baseline and 1 year following the interventions, clinical attachment levels (CAL), probing depths (PD), recession (REC), full‐mouth plaque scores, and full‐mouth bleeding scores were assessed. A total of 67 patients completed the study.Results: At 1 year, the EMD defects gained 3.1 ± 1.8 mm of CAL, versus 2.5 ± 1.9 mm for GTR defects. Probing depth reduction was 3.8 ± 1.5 mm and 3.3 ± 1.5 mm, respectively. A multivariate analysis indicated that the differences between EMD and GTR treatments were not significant while a center effect and baseline PD significantly influenced CAL gains. No significant differences in terms of frequency distribution of the outcomes were observed. All cases treated with GTR presented at least one surgical complication, mostly membrane exposure, while only 6% of EMD treated sites displayed complications (P <0.0001).Conclusions: The results of this trial failed to demonstrate superiority of one treatment modality over the other. GTR outcomes in this trial were lower than anticipated based on previous evidence. This was attributed to the high prevalence of post‐surgical complications in the GTR group. J Periodontol 2004;75:726‐733.
A Targeted Review of Study Outcomes With Short (≤7 mm) Endosseous Dental Implants Placed in Partially Edentulous Patients
Authors: Hagi D. , Deporter D.A. , Pilliar R.M. , Arenovich T. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Generally, threaded root‐form endosseous dental implants are thought to perform poorly in short lengths (i.e., <10 mm). However, whether modifications in implant surface geometry will improve performance of short threaded implants is less clear.Methods: The relationship between dental implant failure rates and their surface geometry, length, and location (maxilla versus mandible) was explored in the published literature. Using a MEDLINE search (1985 through 2001), studies were sought with the following criteria: 1) data suitable to calculate failure rates of implant lengths ≤7 mm versus >7 mm; 2) data separable into maxillary versus mandibular results; 3) criteria for “failure” clearly defined; and 4) minimal functional period of 2 years.Results: Twelve papers were identified as follows: eight with machined threaded implants, two with acid‐treated threaded implants, and two with sintered porous‐surfaced press‐fit implants. The following results were found: 1) machined surface implants experienced greater failure rates than textured surface implants; 2) with the exception of sintered porous‐surfaced implants, 7 mm long dental implants appear to have higher failure rates than those >7 mm length; and 3) with textured surface implants, higher failure rates were more likely in the maxilla than in the mandible, but with machined surface implants there were no differences in failure rates between maxilla and mandible.Conclusions: Dental implant surface geometry is a major determinant in how well these implants perform in short lengths, defined here as lengths of ≤7 mm. While threaded implants show higher failure rates in short versus longer lengths, sintered poroussurfaced implants perform well in the defined “short” lengths. More studies are needed to better assess the performance of short, acid‐washed threaded implants. J Periodontol 2004;75:798‐804.
Accuracy of Supported Root Ratio Estimation From Projected Length and Area Using Digital Radiographs
Authors: Chen Ssu‐Kuang , Pan Ju‐Hung , Chen Chung‐Ming , Jeng Jeng‐Ywan 
Published: February 2005

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of supported single‐root surface ratio estimated from the length and projected area of the tooth, using digital dental radiographs.Methods: Eight extracted, single‐root teeth were three‐dimensionally digitized using a contact technique for surface area measurement. The data were then processed using engineering application software and length, projection area, and true surface area of the root at a designated length were obtained. Based on these three measurements, the accuracy of the supported surface area ratio measurement at different lengths of the root was evaluated.Results: The largest mean errors from linear and area estimation were 9.58% and –1.16%, respectively. The 95% confidence intervals were all positive, indicating that linear measurements overestimated supported ratio. T tests showed that linear estimations resulted in significant differences in all eight teeth and area estimations in five teeth. When analyzing the supported ratio of the alveolar bone receding from the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) toward the apex of the root at each mm, linear estimation showed significant differences down to 8 mm, while area estimation showed significant differences only up to 2 mm.Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that a reliable estimate of the ratio of root surface area supported by alveolar bone cannot be determined from linear or area data. However, when the marginal bone destruction exceeds 2 mm from the CEJ, area estimation does not show a significant difference in the supported region. As demonstrated in this study, root surface ratio estimation function could be an advantage of digital dental x‐ray systems in which projected root area is readily observed. J Periodontol 2004;75:866‐871.
Efficacy of Ibuprofen‐Hydrocodone for the Treatment of Postoperative Pain After Periodontal Surgery
Authors: Betancourt James W. , Kupp Leo I. , Jasper Samuel J. , Farooqi Owais A. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Previous studies have shown that non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have significant benefits in the control of postoperative pain after periodontal or oral surgical procedures. The combination of a peripherally acting NSAID with a centrally acting opioid drug is found to be more effective. The purpose of this study was to compare an alternative combination of ibuprofen 400 mg with 5 mg of hydroxycodone to ibuprofen 400 mg used alone in the management of pain following periodontal surgery.Methods: This study used a double‐masked cross‐over design with the patients acting as their own controls. Twelve patients underwent two periodontal surgeries in different quadrants of the same dental arch at least 2 weeks apart. A standardized amount of local anesthetic and similar extent and duration of surgery for each side was required. The patients received four doses of medication at predetermined intervals and filled out a visual analog pain scale every 2 hours for the first 12 hours after surgery.Results: The overall pain reported by the patients on visual analog scale was 1.55 (SE ± 0.16), out of a possible 10. More pain was reported with ibuprofen alone, 1.81 (SE ± 0.12), compared to the ibuprofen with hydrocodone combination, 1.30 (SE ± 0.16). The difference was statistically significant (P <0.05).Conclusion: The findings suggest that a combination analgesic preparation of ibuprofen (400 mg) with hydrocodone (5 mg) results in better pain control compared to ibuprofen used alone. J Periodontol 2004;75:872‐876.
Periodontal Attachment Loss in an Urban Population of Brazilian Adults: Effect of Demographic, Behavioral, and Environmental Risk Indicators
Authors: Susin Cristiano , Vecchia Caroline F. Dalla , Oppermann Rui V. , Haugejorden Ola , Albandar Jasim M. 
Published: February 2005

Background: There is little information about the occurrence and risk factors of periodontal diseases in developing countries. This study describes the clinical attachment loss (CAL) in an adult Brazilian population and performs a risk assessment of demographic, behavioral, and environmental exposures.Methods: A representative sample of 853 dentate individuals (age: 30 to 103 years) was selected by a multistage probability sampling method. The subjects had a full‐mouth clinical examination of six sites per tooth and were interviewed using a structured written questionnaire.Results: Seventy‐nine percent (79%) and 52% of the subjects and 36% and 16% of the teeth per subject had CAL ≥5 and ≥7 mm, respectively. A multivariable model showed that 40 to 49 and ≥50 years olds had 3.0 and 5.9 times higher risk for moderate CAL and 7.4 and 25.4 times higher risk for severe CAL, compared to the 30 to 39 years olds. Moderate cigarette smokers had a significantly higher risk for moderate (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 2.1) and severe CAL (RRR = 3.4), and heavy smokers had a higher risk for moderate (RRR = 3.0) and severe CAL (RRR = 8.2) compared to non‐smokers. A significantly higher risk for severe CAL was also present in males (RRR = 1.6), subjects with low (RRR = 1.8) or medium socioeconomic status (RRR = 1.6), and those with a history of irregular dental visits (RRR = 2.1). Diabetic status and race did not show significant associations with CAL after adjusting for other effects.Conclusions: This Brazilian population had a high occurrence of attachment loss. A population‐based strategy that includes the establishment of prevention and health promotion programs targeting high‐risk groups is highly desirable for controlling the high occurrence of attachment loss in this population. J Periodontol 2004;75:1033‐1041.
Clinical and Microbiological Effects of Topical Subgingival Application of Hyaluronic Acid Gel Adjunctive to Scaling and Root Planing in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Xu Yi , Höfling K. , Fimmers R. , Frentzen M. , Jervøe‐Storm P. M. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Hyaluronic acid (HA) has shown anti‐inflammatory effects in gingivitis therapy. The potential benefits of local subgingival application of HA adjunctive to scaling and root planing (SRP) were evaluated in this study.Methods: Twenty patients with chronic periodontitis were included in this split‐mouth study. Sulcus fluid flow rate (SFFR) and sulcus bleeding index were monitored at baseline and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 12 weeks; probing depth and clinical attachment level were monitored at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks. Subgingival plaque samples were also taken at these same three appointments to determine the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythensis, and Treponema denticola. All patients were treated with full‐mouth scaling and root planing (SRP); in addition, an HA gel was administered subgingivally in the test sites every week for 6 weeks.Results: An improvement of all clinical variables was observed (P <0.05) in both groups. Clinically, no difference between test and control sites could be found. No difference between test and control sites was seen in the tested microorganisms.Conclusions: No clinical or microbiological improvement was achieved by the adjunctive use of HA gel compared to SRP alone. Only SFFR was affected by the use of HA in terms of a more rapid reduction of SFFR in the test sites. J Periodontol 2004;75: 1114‐1118.
Leucine‐Rich Amelogenin Peptide: A Candidate Signaling Molecule During Cementogenesis
Authors: Boabaid Fernanda , Gibson Carolyn W. , Kuehl Melissa A. , Berry Janice E. , Snead Malcolm L. , Nociti Francisco H. , Katchburian Eduardo , Somerman Martha J. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Cementum is a critical mineralized tissue; however, control of its formation remains undefined. One hypothesis is that enamel matrix proteins/peptides secreted by ameloblasts and/or epithelial rest cells contribute to the control of cementum formation via epithelial‐mesenchymal interactions. Here, we focused on determining whether or not leucine‐rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP), translated from an alternatively spliced amelogenin RNA, altered cementoblast behavior.Methods: Immortalized murine cementoblasts (OCCM‐30) were exposed to LRAP and evaluated for: 1) proliferative activity; 2) gene expression using Northern blot for Cbfa1 (core binding factor alpha‐1); OCN (osteocalcin), OPN (osteopontin), and real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for OPG (osteoprotegerin); and RANKL (receptor activator of NF‐ κB ligand); 3) signaling pathway using inhibitors of PKA (THFA), PKC (GF109203X), and MAPK (UO126); and 4) mineralization evaluated by von Kossa and Alizarin‐red.Results: LRAP had no effect on cell proliferation up to 6 days, with a decrease in cell growth observed at the highest dose by 9 days versus untreated cells. LRAP down regulated OCN and up regulated OPN in a dose‐ and time‐response fashion, and inhibited the capacity of mineral nodule formation. Transcripts for OPG were increased in LRAP‐treated cells compared to control, but RANKL mRNA levels were not affected. Core binding factor alpha (Cbfa) mRNA, expressed constitutively, was not affected by LRAP. Signaling pathway assays suggested involvement of the MAPK pathway, since the addition of the MAPK inhibitor suppressed OPN expression in LRAP‐treated cells.Conclusion: Leucine‐rich amelogenin peptide appears to have a direct effect on cementoblast activity that may prove significant during development as well as in regeneration of periodontal tissues. J Periodontol 2004;75:1126‐1136.