bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Decline of Sovereignty? Politics and Immigration Restriction in Liberal States
Authors: Freeman Gary P. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines the theory of declining sovereignty and pervasive restrictionism in the politics of immigration in Western nations. It is argued that the situation is not grave as it seems despite numerous obstacles to immigration control. In fact, state control of migration is increasing rather than decreasing over time. It cites the need to disaggregate this highly complex policy arena and develop particularized generalizations about each component of overall immigration policy.
Citizenship Rights for Non‐Citizens: France, Germany, and The Netherlands
Authors: Guiraudon Virginie 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter analyses the causes of convergence in the area of foreigner’s rights in Western Europe, based on a comparative study of foreigner’s rights in France, Germany, and the Netherlands since 1974. The Netherlands is shown to have granted the most rights to foreigners by allowing them to vote in local elections, and guaranteeing their cultural rights under the country’s minority policy. Domestic and international explanations on immigration and citizenship inferred from literature are reviewed, and a new model on controlling the expansion of political debate on foreigner’s rights is discussed.
Multicultural Race Relations in Britain: Problems of Interpretation and Explanation
Authors: Favell Adrian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter analyses race relations in Britain. It discusses Muslims and multiculturalism in Britain, British Europhobia, British and European immigration politics, and the history of multicultural race relations in Britain. Much of the problems of British multiculturalism are attributed to its support for the concept of “multiculturalism in one nation,” which hinges on the shaky idea of British national unity. It raises the possibility of British blacks and Asians being excluded from a re-emerging English nationalism.
Poverty and Undernutrition
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA large share of the population in many developing countries suffers from chronic undernutrition. This book provides a detailed comparative study of undernutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia, the two worst affected areas, and provides policy advice for those concerned in nutrition‐cum‐development worldwide. The book concentrates on five theoretical and empirical challenges that undernutrition poses: what undernutrition is, who and how many the undernourished are, where they are, when they are undernourished, and why. Two main measurement methods are conventionally used for estimating the prevalence of undernutrition by country and providing answers to the other w‐questions. One of the methods, proclaimed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), is focused on the distribution of national food supplies (calorie availability) across households and a minimum per person calorie norm. The other method, championed mainly by the World Health Organization (WHO), is based on anthropometric assessments of individuals’ heights and weights. The two methods that provide conflicting answers to all the w‐questions are critically examined from theoretical, conceptual, as well as empirical (data) perspectives. The aggregate food‐supply approach is found to be the least reliable and, moreover, irrelevant for some urgent policy purposes, such as targeting undernourished households in intervention schemes. Also, the anthropometric indicators of undernutrition have serious limitations, but these are less difficult to rectify, and they have more policy relevance. A main conclusion of the policy analysis is that undernutrition is mainly a problem of food affordability at the household level, rather than food availability at the national level. Hence, however measured, undernutrition can never be seriously alleviated unless its root cause, poverty, is attacked.
Characterization and Measurement of Undernutrition: Controversies and Consensus
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSome of the basic nutrition and economics concepts to be used later in the book are defined and explained. These include the energy identity and the energy balance, as well as the genetic potential and the adjustment paradigms of what constitute undernutrition. The two main methods for measuring and quantifying undernutrition are briefly presented. Some of the long‐standing measurement controversies, to be analysed at length in subsequent chapters, are mentioned here.
Related Empirical Evidence
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRelationships similar to the ones contained in the model developed in Ch. 3 have been examined empirically in several previous studies. In this chapter, it is argued that causality has been misinterpreted in some of these earlier works. Moreover, some previous empirical results seem implausible in the light of the theory and model presented in Ch. 3. It is further argued that some of the studies suffer from omitted variable bias and that simultaneity has not been properly controlled. Suggestions for improvements in empirical testing are offered.
Calorie Availability in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe national per‐capita food (calorie) availability is by far the most important parameter in the FAO estimations; it explains 97% of the variation in the inter‐country estimates of the prevalence of undernutrition. In this chapter, the methods used by the FAO to gauge national food supplies (the food balance sheets) are scrutinized, with special attention to sub‐Saharan Africa (where undernutrition is by far the most prevalent according to the FAO). The FAO method is found to be very subjective and the estimates for this region are highly unreliable and, most probably, downward biased. The most compelling evidence of bias comes from South Asia, where the primitive methods still in use in sub‐Saharan Africa for estimating acreage under crops were replaced by scientific methods in the 1960s. It was then found that crops (acreage) had previously been underestimated by some 25% in India and Pakistan.
Calorie Intake and Distribution: Estimates from the Consumption Side
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractGiven the importance of national per‐capita calorie availability in the FAO estimations of undernutrition, this chapter takes a second look at this parameter; now from the consumption side. Estimates of per‐capita calorie consumption from various food and expenditure surveys in several countries are compared with corresponding supply‐side estimates derived by the FAO, and huge mismatches are found. The main methodological flaws in most food consumption surveys from developing countries are identified and the conclusion is that these surveys are, with notably few exceptions, as unreliable as the FAO's food balance sheet estimates. It is also found that the estimates of the distribution of available calories across households, one of the three key parameters in the FAO model, are highly unreliable and in no single case, nationally representative. The evidence on peoples’ actual calorie expenditures by the only reliable method there—the Doubly Labelled Water Method—is unfortunately far too scant to permit any generalizations whatsoever.
Minimum Calorie‐Expenditure Requirements for Individuals
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe calorie norm set up by the FAO to delineate the undernourished in a population has, as its foundation, estimates of the minimum calorie‐expenditure requirements of individuals of different ages and sexes, which are subsequently aggregated to the household level (see Ch. 9). The individuals’ minimum calorie requirements are those needed to maintain the lowest body weight that medical studies have found to be consistent with unimpaired health and also to pursue some relatively light physical (work) activity. In this chapter, the many difficulties encountered in the estimations of these minimum requirements are analysed. It is further revealed that the FAO has based its requirements for adults on obsolete data on the basal metabolic rate (BMR), taken from sample populations that are not representative for people living in a tropical climate. The FAO has hence overestimated the calorie requirement in its norm by some 10%.
From Individual Calorie Requirements to Per‐Capita Calorie Cut‐Off Points
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe hurdles encountered in going from estimating calorie requirements for individuals to establishing a minimum per person calorie norm for households are analysed in Ch. 9. Households’ per person minimum calorie requirement differs according to household structure (size, age, and sex composition), but the FAO has no data for a single population on this distribution, or its correlation to the distribution of households’ availability of calories. Therefore, the FAO has established a uniform norm for all households in respective populations, which reflect the minimum per person calorie requirement of a household with the same age and sex composition as the population as a whole in the respective country. This short cut invariably means that a bias is introduced in the estimates of the prevalence of undernutrition; some households with below‐average requirements will be erroneously classified as undernourished, while other households with above average requirements will erroneously be classified as well nourished. The net bias will be large for certain combinations of values of the key parameters, and also of varying size for different countries, signifying compromised comparability across countries.
Anthropometric Indicators of Undernutrition: Measurements and Evidence
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter sets out by assessing the uniform height and weight norms established by the WHO, which are conventionally used to gauge the anthropometric status of people of different age and sex, worldwide. The available estimates of the prevalence of undernutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia are compared to estimates from other regions. Most observations are for young children and, to a lesser extent, for females of reproductive age. The anthropometric status of these population groups in the various countries, along age and gender lines and also the rural/urban divide, are mapped. A puzzling finding is that the prevalence of undernutrition, when measured by anthropometrics—both in young children and adult women—is by far the highest in South Asia, while the (FAO) food‐supply‐based estimates find the incidence to be the highest in sub‐Saharan Africa (also see Ch. 18).
Anthropometric Indicators: Measurement and Selection Biases?
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn this chapter, the main technical measurement problems encountered in assessing the anthropometric status of people are analysed. While anthropometric height and weight observations are simple and inexpensive to collect, and the measurements can be derived reasonably accurately (unbiased) even under field conditions, there are unresolved problems. One such problem is to establish the exact age of children; another is to obtain nationally representative samples. There is also the deplorable fact that practically no anthropometric assessments have been made of school‐age children, adolescents, male adults, and elderly people, inducing a selection bias. A further problem is that in most developing countries, only infrequent assessment of anthropometric status has been made, which makes monitoring of changes over time unreliable.
Anthropometric Failure: Morbidity and Mortality Risks
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractStarts with the question of whether anthropometric failure as such, or the consequences of being stunted and/or underweight, should be the main concern (there are different schools of thought). Another issue discussed is that inadequate anthropometric status can be the consequence of primary illness rather than under‐ or malnutrition. Furthermore, the links from anthropometric failure in various dimensions and increased risks for impaired health and functions in subsequent periods are identified. A simple model for delineating the share of child mortality that is attributable to anthropometric failure is suggested, and some tentative estimates are produced for sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia. Also, the consequences of child anthropometric failure (for those surviving) later in adult life are analysed (e.g. cognitive ability, labour productivity, and reproductive capacity).
On Reasons for Child Mortality and Anthropometric Failure
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn econometric model is set up with the aim of explaining the inter‐country difference in child mortality, and also in the prevalence of underweight among young children. The subsequent tests suggest that (low) per‐capita income is by far the most significant determinant of both mortality and underweight. Also, income‐level adjusted measurements of adult literacy, provision of basic public services (health care, sanitation, and safe water), and a dummy variable for sub‐Saharan African countries, turn out significant. All in all, the model explains some 80% of the inter‐country (73 observations) variation in child mortality. The test of child underweight is somewhat less powerful: per‐capita income, degree of urbanization, and a dummy for the six South Asian countries, explain some two‐thirds of the inter‐country variance.
Excess Mortality, Economic Growth, and Public Action in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFollowing up on the quantitative analysis in the preceding chapter (15), revealing excess child mortality in sub‐Saharan Africa, a more qualitative analysis of the public sector in the countries in this region is provided in Ch. 16. The public resources spent on health care and education, in these countries, are not abnormally small (given the income levels), but the quality of the services is, with few exceptions, dismal. Moreover, the resource allocation is biased towards curative health care in big cities and higher education. Often, less than half the rural population has access to basic health care and primary education. Lack of economic growth and political misallocation of resources are found to be at the bottom of the problem.
Growth, Public Action, and Well‐Being: What Can Sub‐Saharan Africa Learn from Others?
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe basic question is what governments in sub‐Saharan Africa can learn from researched experience in other parts of the world so as to break the present deadlock. If ever the political urge to seriously reduce the plights of the population (ill health, undernutrition, illiteracy, excess mortality) is to come forth in the sub‐Saharan African countries, there are two main (not mutually excluding) policy routes ahead. One is a reallocation of existing resources to these ends, while simultaneously improving the quality of the public services. This, it is argued, could help to some extent, but present income levels in these countries are far too low for resource reallocation to be a final remedy. From both supply and demand perspectives, the only long‐term solution is to accomplish economic growth (with an equitable profile) that alleviates the root cause for undernutrition and other health and social plights, i.e. economic poverty.
Synthesis and Conclusions
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis final chapter first summarizes the main reasons why the FAO method for estimating undernutrition fails and why the anthropometric approach—despite shortcomings—is to be preferred. It also offers some tentative answers to some of the puzzles identified earlier, e.g. why the incidence of undernutrition is by far the largest in sub‐Saharan Africa while in South Asia, it depends on what indicator of undernutrition is consulted. Finally, this chapter critically discusses the main policy advice emanating from the FAO on how to alleviate undernutrition: enhancement of national food production. It is argued that the emphasis should be on food affordability rather than food availability. Food affordability for the poor can only be accomplished through equitable and broad‐based economic growth that reduces poverty. Economic poverty is the basic cause of not only undernutrition but also of most other social and health‐related plights facing people in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia.
Introduction: New Challenges, New Questions, New Directions
Authors: Carroll Susan J. , Liebowitz Debra J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter suggests general research needs and directions for research on women and American politics. The authors call upon researchers to think in more complicated ways about the category “women,” employ a more diverse range of research methods, expand existing conceptions of the “political,” conduct research that is relevant to activists as well as academics, and add a comparative perspective to their work.
Accounting for Women's Political Involvement: The Perennial Problem of Recruitment
Authors: Githens Marianne 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter reviews existing research about women's political recruitment focusing on women's participation in electoral politics and social movements and civic organizations. Githens proposes an agenda for future research on women's political recruitment that includes attention to the importance of identity politics, reference groups, perceptions of opportunity structures, political role styles, and role models.
The Gender Gap: Old Challenges, New Approaches
Authors: Norris Pippa 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter reviews existing research about the gender gap in voting and partisanship, focusing on explanations that emphasize issue voting, socio‐economic differences, feminist mobilization, and value change. Norris suggests a research agenda for examining women's voting behaviour and public opinion that employs multi‐method approaches, is sensitive to social context, and that analyses data over time and cross‐nationally.
Assessing the Media's Impact on the Political Fortunes of Women
Authors: Kahn Kim Fridkin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter reviews existing research about the media's treatment of women in politics. Kahn suggests an agenda for future research that includes analysis of: news treatment of women public officials, the effectiveness of women candidates’ media strategies, gender differences in politicians’ relationship with the press, gender differences among journalists in reporting on political news, and the effects of media on the political socialization of children.
A Portrait of Continuing Marginality: The Study of Women of Color in American Politics1
Authors: Cohen Cathy J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter reviews existing research about the political behaviour of women of colour while arguing that women of colour are still largely invisible and thus experience continuing marginality in studies of American politics. Cohen suggests that future researchers should disaggregate the category of women of colour, broaden of the definition of the “political,” utilize research findings to help improve the lives of women of colour, and continue to develop basic knowledge on the political participation of women of colour.
Broadening the Study of Women's Participation
Authors: Ackelsberg Martha A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter reviews existing research on women's political participation outside electoral politics and traditional forms of participation. Ackelsberg suggests an agenda for future research that includes a focus on: the mobilization of women activists, the changes in consciousness that activism brings, the effectiveness of various strategies employed by activists, and the possible contributions of activism to resolving theoretical dilemmas.
National Identity
Authors: Miller David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractNations must be clearly distinguished from states on the one hand and ethnic groups on the other. A nation is a community (1) constituted by shared belief and mutual commitment, (2) extended in history, (3) active in character, (4) connected to a particular territory, and (5) marked off from other communities by its distinct public culture. The modern idea of nationality is distinguished from older beliefs about cultural differences between peoples by its emphasis on collective self‐determination. Although national identities involve elements of myth, this does not show that it is irrational to embrace them. Nor do they prevent individuals making their own choices about how to live.
The Ethics of Nationality
Authors: Miller David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEthical universalism—the view that at the basic level our moral duties to others do not depend on our relationships to them—cannot accommodate special duties to fellow‐countrymen. The strength of the rival view, ethical particularism, is that it connects people's duties to their identity, and thus better explains moral motivation. The content of national obligations is in itself somewhat indeterminate, but is given concrete form within the public culture of each nation, and in formal practices of reciprocity. Finally, ethical particularism is compatible with the recognition of universal human rights.
National Self‐Determination
Authors: Miller David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFrom the perspective of the nation, national self‐determination is valuable (1) as a means of implementing social justice; (2) as a means of protecting the national culture; (3) as an expression of collective autonomy. States, moreover, are likely to function most effectively when they embrace a single national community. This helps create trust between citizens, allowing them (1) to solve collective action problems, (2) to support redistributive principles of justice and (3) to practice deliberative forms of democracy. National self‐determination does not entail state sovereignty, and is consistent with recognizing international obligations, including duties of justice. It licences secession only in cases where the claims of the would‐be secessionists cannot be met by institutions of partial self‐determination (e.g. devolved government).
Nationality and Cultural Pluralism
Authors: Miller David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe principle of nationality defended in this book is contrasted with conservative nationalism on one side and radical multiculturalism on the other. Conservative nationalists treat national identities as rigid and authoritative, and therefore resist the changes in identity that immigration, for example, requires. Radical multiculturalists support the political expression of group identity, but fail to see how a secure sense of national identity can benefit minority groups. It is a defensible aim of public policy to integrate groups into such an identity, in particular, through the education system. Cultural minorities can legitimately demand equal treatment, but special rights for such groups are in general unjustified.
Conclusion
Authors: Miller David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Cultural cosmopolitanism is superficially attractive, but the opportunity to sample diverse cultures is realistically open only to members of the economic elite. For everyone else, the arguments in defence of nationality advanced in this book should carry weight. The principle of nationality defended here is not illiberal in its implications, although liberals who embrace it may have to change their opinions on issues such as the value of political participation and the cultural neutrality of the state.