bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tanzania
Authors: Fengler Wolfgang 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter on elections and electoral systems in Tanzania follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables, with data given for Tanganyika 1958–1962, Zanzibar 1957–1963, and Tanzania 1965–1995. The tables are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no referendums); 2.2 Electoral Body 1957–1995 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1957–1995 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums (none held); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1957–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1958–1995; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1962–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1961–1998.
Togo
Authors: Stroux Daniel 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTogoThis chapter on elections and electoral systems in Togo follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1958–1998 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1958–1998 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1961–1992 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1958–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1958–1994; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1961–1998 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.
Uganda
Authors: Schmidt Siegmar 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Uganda follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no referendums); 2.2 Electoral Body 1961–1996 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1961–1996 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1962–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly 1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1961–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament (the national assembly) 1961–1996; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1962–1998.
Recruitment into the European Parliament
Authors: Norris Pippa 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter continues the theme of looking beyond institutional structures and formal rules to the abilities, skills, and experiences of individuals in order to gain a fuller picture of the effectiveness and legitimacy of the European Parliament. This is placed within the framework of theories of professionalization and theories of social representation. In terms of career politicians, the EP is found to be as highly professionalized as national parliaments, which may be expected to promote continuity and cohesion in policy‐making. On the other hand, this may be argued to make politicians increasingly out of touch with the concerns of the European public, which is compounded by the fact that the profile of the MEPs largely reflects the well‐known social biases evident throughout political elites.
Which Political Competencies for Which Political Level?
Authors: Wessels Bernhard , Kielhorn Achim 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Why has economic integration been followed by political integration, and what are the factors of resistance working against it? This chapter takes a rationalistic and institutional perspective on the process of shifting competencies in the EU. Drawing on the debate about globalization, the hypotheses that the globalization of problems and the globalization of the economy are of crucial importance are tested, and are found to clearly support policy shift. From the debate about institutions as constraints and facilitators of action, a further two hypotheses are derived. Vested interests are found to place an institutional constraint on political flexibility, and national institutional settings are found to account for the differences in support for shifting competencies between members of national parliaments.
Institutional Change and the Future Political Order
Authors: Wessels Bernhard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter describes the current preferences for institutional change and the future political order in the EU. It is not clear which institutional means might help narrow the gap between state building and democracy, improving co‐ordination, control, and linkages. The differences and tensions in attitudes between countries, levels and ideological groups seem to be so considerable as to imply that consensus on a European political order, and thereby its construction itself, is far from feasible.
Germany
Authors: Derlien Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The author of this chapter on the national co-ordination of European Union (EU) policy in Germany contends that, in order to arrive at a more balanced picture of the efficiency of German EU policy co-ordination, the various aspects of the term ‘Europa-Politik’ need to be distinguished more carefully than experts on the EU usually do; accordingly, the chapter draws on the polity–policy–politics distinction and other policy classifications customary in the field of policy analysis in the pursuit of four objectives. First an analysis is made of the already well documented structural arrangements in Bonn, the Länder and Brussels for co-ordinating various policy types in the multilevel decision-making system; the German co-ordination machinery is described as basically a two-track system consisting of a diplomatic track built and a sectorized expert track. Second, substantive policy interdependencies reflected and articulated within the departmental division of labour (as well as on the other two layers of the European decision-making system) are explored as to their issue salience and their bearing on the politics dimension of Europa-Politik. Third, the place of politics (and politicians) in the apparently diplomat- and bureaucrat-dominated, expert-driven German subsystem of the European political system is considered more systematically, and it is contended that the German pattern of ex post co-ordination is ultimately superior to a practice of ex ante co-ordination of all policy matters regardless of their salience. Fourth, the French and the British co-ordination systems, which emphasise ex ante central co-ordination, are considered and pronounced as less thorough than their image suggests; their emphasis on ex ante central co-ordination is explained by the more defensive nature of the two governments towards European integration in the past and, in the case of Britain, by features of the Westminster system that allow more hierarchical interministerial relations than does a coalition government, or a federal system.
Spain
Authors: Molina Ignacio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to examine the national co-ordination of European Union (EU) policy in Spain. It concentrates on the processes that take place in Madrid, and using a threefold categorization, examines the mechanisms used by central government in its dealings with the other main actors involved in the process. The first set of relationships are horizontal, and relate to non-governmental actors, including the Parliament, political parties, and interest groups; the second set are vertical, or more precisely intergovernmental, and concern relations between the centre and the periphery under the surveillance of the Constitutional Court; the third set are internal, and relate to intragovernmental co-ordination within the central administration and the core executive. These three sets of relationships are examined in the three main sections of the chapter. It is argued that Spain’s politico-constitutional uniqueness has been retained, and even reinforced within the EU, and that the Spanish case appears to challenge the assumption that Europeanization is hollowing out the state, since the Spanish state, here identified with its central government, has been strengthened since accession.
Greece
Authors: Spanou Calliope 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter analyses the national co-ordination of European Union (EU) policy in Greece, seeking to show that in terms of formal arrangements the country is more or less in tune with other EU members, although co-ordination deficiencies are often apparent and pronounced. The chapter highlights the ‘inanimate’ character of the arrangements in place and their neutralization by the absence of clear priorities set at the political level and diffused throughout the political–administrative system. The co-ordination scheme is described as looking like a truncated pyramid, where everything is in place apart from the unifying element at the top. It is further argued that although the existing arrangements are apparently well entrenched, they are not unalterable, and that what is essentially required is leadership from the centre and for government to lay down general orientations in the European policy domain; the core executive needs to take daring decisions and mark clear priorities so that ultimately it becomes possible to give a sense of direction. The three main sections of the chapter discuss the prerequisites of co-ordination, the ‘truncated pyramid structure’ of the Greek administrative system, and the missing link of governmental steering.
The Classical Heritage in Adam Smith's Ethics
Authors: Vivenza Gloria 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDeals with Smith's moral philosophy and singles out the influences of the main classical philosophies on Smith's treatise. There are clearly recognizable echoes from Greek philosophy (Plato and Aristotle), from the Hellenistic philosophies (Stoicism and Epicureanism), and from Roman Stoicism. This chapter shows the relationship of Smith's well‐known moral concepts (prudence, self‐interest, self‐control, justice, benevolence) with their classical antecedents.
The Lectures on Jurisprudence and Roman Law
Authors: Vivenza Gloria 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDeals with the classical influences that may be found in the Lectures on Jurisprudence, two sets of notes taken by Adam Smith's students. Smith's lectures are studied in the mainstream of modern jurisprudential thought, with references to natural law theories, and to the evolutionary approach led by Montesquieu and followed by important Scottish thinkers. This chapter stresses the relevance of Roman law and jurisprudence for Adam Smith's lectures, and the influence that the Roman legal system had on his general ideas about jurisprudence.
Adam Smith and Ancient Literature
Authors: Vivenza Gloria 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDeals with Adam Smith's Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, i.e. with the set of lecture notes discovered and published in the twentieth century. The chapter follows Smith's exposition, which starts with poetry and after it illustrates prose in its main forms, namely history, didactic writing, oratory. The relationship of Smith's treatment of rhetoric and literature with important aspects of his subsequent thought is illustrated.
Social Norms, Culture and Beliefs
Authors: Basu Kaushik 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter explores the importance of social norms and beliefs in the economy. It argues that the prosperity of the economy is affected by attitudes towards work, level of mutual trust, standard of ethics, and social norms. It uses the act of exchange to elucidate the importance of social norms as a foundation of economic activity. It discusses equilibrium-selection norms, understanding social norms in terms of evolutionary games, and positive and normative beliefs.
On Advising Government
Authors: Basu Kaushik 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter analyses the economists’ practice of giving advise to governments. It identifies a scope to the task of advising governments, which may have to be done differently from the current method. To make room for advice that will not fall on deaf ears, it is necessary to move away from the Walrasian world to one in which information is imperfect and asymmetric. It argues that advice often takes the form of persuasion in reality, that social institutions work to align the interests of the adviser and advisee, and that moving away from the assumption that preferences are mutually known provides a new strategic dimension to communication where the communicator seeks to influence the belief of the listener about the communicator’s preference.
Welfare and Interpersonal Comparisons
Authors: Basu Kaushik 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter discusses some preliminaries of welfare economics, i.e., the meaning of welfare and interpersonal comparisons. It focuses on the informational feasibility of some ethical systems. It highlights an influential method of interpersonal comparison, propounded by the Chicago approach and widely used in labour economics and evaluating institutions, that suffers from the problem of inconsistency.
Utilitarianism and Rights
Authors: Basu Kaushik 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines utilitarianism and consequentialism as moral principles of decision-making, and the scope of rights and individual liberty. It argues that it is possible to distinguish between anti-consequentalism and rule-consequentalism, and that rule-consequentalism should be followed in such situations. Adherence of utilitarianism must not be understood as using the utilitarian principle for every decision in all walks of life. It is proposed that rule utilitarianism is compatible with legal rights.
Strategic Asset Allocation
Authors: Campbell John Y. , Viceira Luis M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOne of the most important decisions many people face is the choice of a portfolio of assets for retirement savings. The leading academic paradigm of portfolio choice, the mean‐variance analysis of Markowitz, does not give adequate guidance for this long‐term investment problem because it assumes that investors care only about the mean and variance of return over a single short period. The book develops an alternative paradigm, the inter‐temporal model of Merton, into an empirically usable framework with the following implications. The safe asset for a long‐term investor is not a Treasury bill, but a long‐term inflation‐indexed bond that provides a stable stream of real income. A nominal bond is a good substitute for an inflation‐indexed bond only if inflation risk is low. There is evidence that stock returns are mean‐reverting, with bull markets tending to follow bear markets and vice versa; this suggests that long‐term investors should increase their average stockholdings but should also vary their stockholdings with the overall level of the stock market. Investors with a stable stream of labour income can afford a greater exposure to stock market risk.
Introduction
Authors: Campbell John Y. , Viceira Luis M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe mean‐variance paradigm has the strong implication that all investors should hold risky assets in the same proportion. Financial planners typically advise conservative investors to tilt their risky portfolios towards bonds and away from stocks; this has been called the “asset allocation puzzle” since it contradicts standard mean‐variance analysis. Financial planners also argue that long‐term investors can afford greater exposure to stock market risk. This book will show how financial planners’ advice can be justified by an inter‐temporal model of a rational investor. The model ignores some important real‐world issues, including diversification of individual stocks, transactions costs, taxation, and the biases identified by research in behavioural finance.
Sources of Chinese Economic Growth, 1978-1996
Authors: Bramall Chris 
Published: October 2003

AbstractChinese economic growth in the transition era between the deaths of Mao Zedong in 1976 and Deng Xiaoping in 1997 has been exceptionally rapid by historical and international standards. However, and contrary to the conventional wisdom espoused by the Washington consensus, it is shown here that only a small part of Chinese growth can be explained by trade, foreign direct investment, and the mobilization of surplus labour. Instead, growth has been driven by China's state‐led industrial policy, and facilitated by the many favourable industrial and infrastructural legacies of the Maoist era. But the Chinese developmental state did not emerge from a vacuum. Rather, its existence and effectiveness depended upon the limited degree of inequality of income and wealth in China at the end of the 1970s. As inequality has increased over the course of the 1980s and 1990s, so the ability of the Chinese state to promote growth has diminished.
Introduction: The Dengist Restoration
Authors: Bramall Chris 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOutlines the key themes in the literature on Chinese growth. The orthodoxy assiduously promoted by the IMF, the World Bank, and the US government has claimed that Chinese growth after 1978 fell well below potential and that the growth which has occurred is unsustainable without a rapid and thoroughgoing transition to capitalism, an analysis that unites gradualists and advocates of shock therapy. Heterodox critics of the Washington consensus rightly point out that this type of account is misconceived because it pays inadequate attention to the positive role played by China's developmental state. But heterodox analyses are incomplete because they offer at best an incoherent explanation of the origins of this developmental state.
Theories of Growth
Authors: Bramall Chris 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThere is a vast theoretical and empirical literature on the determinants of economic growth. This literature is critically assessed in this chapter. It looks at theories that focus on initial conditions, the scope for catch‐up, physical investment, human capital formation and innovation in turn, and concludes that attempts to separate out the influence of these factors using neo‐classical growth‐accounting frameworks are unconvincing. As Kaldor pointed out many years ago, we cannot distinguish between a shift in the production function and a movement along it; we need to recognize the complexity of the growth process and the inter‐dependence of causal factors. A mono‐casual theory must necessarily be incomplete as an explanation of Chinese economic growth.
The Maoist Legacy and the Literature
Authors: Bramall Chris 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe orthodoxy has long dismissed the notion that Maoist economic development helped lay the foundations for subsequent economic growth in China. However, as this chapter notes in introducing the proximate sources of growth discussed in this and the next six chapters, there is a body of research that points to the positive legacies of the Maoist era in terms of education, transport, and irrigation. Most of this literature takes the view that the Chinese economy in the late Maoist era had enormous potential but was under‐performing because of structural weaknesses and incentive failures. The new policies of the transition era had the effect of unlocking this potential.
Social Capability and the Capital Stock at the End of the Maoist Era
Authors: Bramall Chris 
Published: October 2003

AbstractHere we outline the extent of the physical and human capital legacies from the Maoist era. One such legacy was a well‐developed irrigation system, much of which was completed in the late 1960s and 1970s. The industrial legacy was more mixed, mainly because much of the investment of the 1960s and 1970s was channelled into the defence sector, especially Third Front projects in western China. Nevertheless, transition‐era China inherited extensive stocks of industrial capital, as well as transport infrastructure. Perhaps most importantly of all, the Maoist development strategy was successful in vastly increasing rural literacy rates and thus creating a potential industrial workforce.
The Role of Surplus Labour
Authors: Bramall Chris 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates that attempts to explain Chinese growth in terms of the transfer of surplus labour from agriculture to industry are unconvincing. The Lewis model, out of which labour‐surplus theories have evolved, offers a number of insights. However, this type of model ignores the point that surplus labour was created by the transition strategy itself; it was not a legacy. It also underestimates the problems involved in transforming the Chinese peasantry into an industrial proletariat, as well as the demand side difficulties caused by inter‐provincial migration. By depressing industrial productivity, labour migration hindered rather than helped the Chinese growth process.
The Growth of Productivity
Authors: Bramall Chris 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA central feature of orthodox explanations of East Asian growth is that they assign at best a subordinate role to productivity growth. Part of the reason is the use of total factor productivity, a concept both theoretically flawed and empirically unreliable. Single‐factor productivity measures and more qualitative evidence on innovation are much more reliable indicators, and in China's case these all show significant across‐the‐board productivity gains. Even state‐owned industry, whether based in the cities or newly set up by local government, enjoyed significant gains. The literature notwithstanding, the Chinese evidence demonstrates that state ownership is compatible with dynamic efficiency.
Differences in Prefectural Growth Rates
Authors: Bramall Chris 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter applies the theory developed in previous chapters to the growth process in four very different Chinese regions: Suzhou (in the Yangzi delta), Wenzhou (in coastal Zhejiang province), Wenjiang (on the Chengdu plain in Sichuan) and Liangshan (in the mountainous south‐west of Sichuan). It shows that differences in growth rates between these four––output in Suzhou grew almost twice as fast as in Liangshan––can be explained in terms of the interaction of economic geography, catch‐up, factor accumulation, and productivity growth. Liangshan was handicapped by its location, by its low literacy rate, by its modest accumulation rate, and by the inability of its agricultural sector to release labour. By contrast, Suzhou was privileged in all these respects, and its growth rate reflected the fact.