bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Skeleton in the Cupboard
Authors: Starr Martin P. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Wilfred Talbot Smith’s birth, the concealment of his parentage, his paternal family and upbringing as a virtual orphan and out-of-wedlock “upstairs-downstairs” child in Victorian England. Smith was warehoused out of sight of the socially and politically prominent Cox family. Smith is rescued from a substandard boarding school by a paternal aunt who ensures that he receives a proper education at Bedales School. Smith’s parentage is revealed to him. Smith is apprenticed to a cabinetmaker before he makes his emigration to Canada.
A Master of the Temple
Authors: Starr Martin P. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the transcendent results of Stansfeld Jones’s initiation as a “Master of the Temple” in 1916 and acceptance as Crowley’s “magical son,” which leads to the transformation of Jones’s worldview away from Crowley’s doctrines of the path of initiation on the kabbalistic Tree of Life. The resulting doctrinal divide begins to sever his relations with Crowley. Smith’s sexual relations with Emily Talbot and her daughter Katherine present a more mundane disjunction; their resulting “free and easy arrangement,” as envisioned by Crowley, works to undermine the cohesion of OTO members in Vancouver.
Nemo Abest
Authors: Starr Martin P. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the activities of Charles Stansfeld Jones, who leaves Vancouver for New York to study with Crowley. Together they practice magic of the spiritualist type incorporating sex and drugs. Wilfred Smith experimented with ether. Cecil Frederick Russell is introduced into the circle of Crowley disciples. Stansfeld Jones wavers on severing his connection to Ordo Templi Orientis. Aleister Crowley and Jones open relations with Scottish Rite Freemasons in Detroit who have expressed interest in the “esoteric Masonry” of the OTO, leading quickly to their rejection of Crowley in the face of public and private scandal.
Viator in Regnis Arboris
Authors: Starr Martin P. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Wilfred Smith’s final separation from his mistress and fellow member of the Ordo Templi Orientis, Emily Talbot. The activities of the OTO in Detroit and British Columbia end. Smith and Stansfeld Jones relocate to Chicago. Smith is understood to have assumed the grade of “Master of the Temple.” Theodor Reuss dissolved his relationship in OTO with Crowley due to the latter’s promulgation of the Law of Thelema in it. Crowley claims to depose Reuss as head of OTO. Reuss issues an OTO charter to Stansfeld Jones for North America, which sets up the conflict over Crowley’s claim to rule over all English-speaking countries. Disciples Max Schneider and his wife Leota Harris are destined to play dissimilar roles with Stansfeld Jones, Smith, and Crowley.
The End of the Beginning
Authors: Starr Martin P. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers Charles Stansfeld Jones and his revelation of the reversal of the Tree of Life coterminously with Aleister Crowley’s self-proclamation as the Magus of the Aeon and World Teacher whose “Word” is “Thelema.” Crowley’s one-sided conflict with Annie Besant and Charles Leadbeater over Krishnamurti as World Teacher escalates. Crowley denounces the Universal Brotherhood (UB) as a fraud and declares that its obligations are void. Charles Stansfeld Jones breaks publicly with Crowley; Wilfred Talbot Smith regretfully accepts the severance of all his esoteric bonds with his mentor Jones; Smith begins correspondence with Crowley directly.
Chants before Battle
Authors: Starr Martin P. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the entrance of the disciples Louis Culling and Roy Leffingwell into the Ordo Templi Orientis and the circle of Wilfred Talbot Smith and Regina Kahl. Publicity regarding the murder of a drama student of Regina Kahl brings attention to OTO in Hollywood; there is no connection, but the “cult” stereotype of OTO prevails in the press. The introduction of Jack and Helen Parsons to Wilfred Smith and Regina Kahl is the start of the breakup of their relationship. Crowley puts Smith’s OTO activities—theirs being the only lodge in existence—under the supervision of Smith’s rival Karl Germer, who has relocated to New York. Crowley begins testing the waters for removing Smith from control over the OTO in Hollywood.
Hoc Id Est
Authors: Starr Martin P. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter details the depression that Smith suffers after he is exiled by Crowley. His efforts over three decades to build the Ordo Templi Orientis are gradually erased. Crowley dies in 1947. As with the death of Reuss, succession to headship of OTO after Crowley remains in doubt, along with its future. Smith resumes relationship with Jack Parsons and again attempts to correspond with Germer, who encourages him to confer OTO degrees again on a single candidate. Parsons dies in an explosion in 1952. Smith builds his final home in Malibu (“Hoc Id Est,” this is it) where he meets Germer in person for the first time, along with Marcelo Ramos Motta. Smith dies at home in 1957, survived by Helen and their son, but otherwise forgotten.
Liberal Adversary Democracy
Authors: Redish Martin H. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the political theory of liberal adversary democracy. It establishes two foundational points, both normative and historical, on which the remainder of the book builds: (1) historically, adversary democratic theory—a form of “possessive pluralist” political theory which recognizes the self-interest and conflict inherent in American democracy—provides the foundation of American constitutionalism, and (2) as a normative matter, adversary democracy serves as a type of “bodyguard” to assure achievement of the vital values of liberal democracy, including maintenance of individual dignity and self-realization associated with a liberal democratic governmental form. In this way, liberal adversary theory constitutes a paradoxical form of “skeptical optimism,” essential for the proper functioning of a liberal democratic system.
Due Process as Liberal Adversary Democracy
Authors: Redish Martin H. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter applies the political synthesis of liberal and adversary democratic theory shaped in Chapter 1 to the context of procedural due process, constitutionally guaranteed in both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the US Constitution. The chapter explains how liberal adversary democratic theory is essential to the understanding and application of liberal adversary democracy. Central to adversary democracy is an inherent mistrust of anyone other than the individual or those chosen by the individual to protect their own personal or political interests. This skepticism applies especially to government officials—including judges—who are subject to countless potential outside pressures, as well as associative and dissociative incentives in regard to individuals whom those officials have the power to coerce or punish. The logical implication of this form of democratic theory, then, is the triggering of the two “bookends” of adversary democratic due process: (1) the imposition of strict prophylactic protections of adjudicatory neutrality and independence, and (2) individual litigants’ almost inalienable right to their “day in court” before their property, liberty, or life is threatened. While modern due process doctrine on occasion pays lip service to both of these concerns, the overwhelming role played by utilitarianism in the shaping of modern due process doctrine has caused courts far too often to dismiss or ignore these vital concerns. The shift to the theoretical focus on liberal adversary democracy as the foundation of modern due process will dramatically alter this situation, as the remaining chapters will clearly demonstrate.
Private Contingent Fee Lawyers, Public Power, and Procedural Due Process
Authors: Redish Martin H. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter serves as a bridge between the chapters focused on issues of complex litigation, on the one hand, and those chapters focused on pure issues of constitutional law, on the other hand, because it contains elements of both. It concerns the modern trend of states to employ private contingent fee attorneys to bring complex public nuisance suits against private entities, rather than use full-time government attorneys to conduct such suits. The chapter raises concerns about such a practice, because lawyers motivated solely by their personal financial interests are far less likely to take into account the public interest in deciding whether to pursue litigation. The problem is made more troubling by the fact that contingent fee practice involves an all-or-nothing gamble. While even government attorneys act as advocates, rather than as neutral adjudicators, because they have no direct financial incentive in the success of individual cases they can still, as a general matter, be trusted to pursue the public interest when they invoke the power of the state against private entities.
Power and Institutions in Iran
Authors: Kamrava Mehran 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the Islamic Republic, institutional change has had two, interrelated consequences. First, institutional flexibility and adaptability has given the system a fair amount of resilience and survivability. Not only does Iran’s hybrid authoritarianism feature the safety valves of presidential and parliamentary elections, it is one that has survived self-inflicted wounds domestically, persistent stagnation and underperformance, growing public dissatisfaction, the loss of key figures through terrorism, sabotage and assassinations by Israel, the animosity of neighbors, and unrelenting hostility from the United States. A second, related development has been the increasing tilt of the Islamic Republic toward authoritarianism. Institutional adaptability in Iran has been in a particular direction, namely that of concentration of power within one in a constellation of institutions. The presidency’s powers have declined, and so have those of the parliament. The judiciary has become yet another filter for cleansing the system of nonconformists and critics. The Sepah has become as much of a praetorian guard as it is meant to defend the fruits of the revolution. And, the velayat-e faqihhas become the central nodal point from which all political power emanates. The Islamic Republic’s hybrid authoritarian system has become far more authoritarian and a lot less hybrid.
Elections in Iran Rewards and Risks for Authoritarian Rule
Authors: Akbarzadeh Shahram , Pargoo Mahmoud 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Elections present a mix of risks and rewards for the regime, depending on how they are held. Every election is a struggle to maintain a balance in a continuum of benefits and challenges, and to ultimately optimize the benefits to the regime. Constitutionally, the Iranian political system is designed to contain the significance of elections and manage their impact within the power structure. The non-elected Guardians Council can disqualify candidates and vet and reject laws passed by the parliament, and the Supreme Leader can indirectly dismiss the president. However, the regime does not always use these instruments to their full potential, leaving space for political debate, and sometimes electoral defeat. Elections provide the regime with domestic and international legitimacy, enable the regime to shift the blame of policy failures onto the opposition, and serve as a safety valve by preventing the radicalization of the opposition. However, these benefits are intertwined with associated challenges.
Iran’s Foreign Policy Institutions
Authors: Divsallar Abdolrasool 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Iran’s foreign policy establishment has evolved in different ways from what the Islamic Republic’s constitution stipulated. The constant attempt of political groups and individual elites to raise their share of rents, combined with a perpetual pressure of external and internal threats, have largely impacted the development of foreign policy institutions. It has caused high levels of personalization and contextualization in Iran’s foreign policy establishment. That has made it difficult to observe any major long-term plan for modern institution building practices that can regulate and make the decision-making process transparent, even for the system’s insiders. Moreover, foreign policy institutions developed in a way that has prevented the formation of strong institutions. Being judged by their potential in solving immediate crises, the role and status of foreign policy institutions are in constant state of change.
Holding Our Breath
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the question, What was learned about respiratory illnesses during the COVID-19 pandemic? COVID-19 was not the only respiratory illness in circulation at that time. The chapter examines what was learned by efforts to prevent COVID-19 with regard to preventing illnesses such as flu and respiratory syncytial virus. It also discusses the trade-offs involved in these prevention efforts.
Does Today Matter More Than Tomorrow?
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses how overinvesting in the present can result in neglecting to engage with the long-term issues that shape health. In the context of COVID-19, this meant sometimes focusing on short-term mitigation of the threat posed by the pandemic at the expense of focusing on the long-term challenges associated with these measures, such as the mental health challenges linked with lockdowns.
The Limits of Our Science
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses what science can and cannot do in the context of decision-making about complex, evolving challenges such as COVID-19. The chapter suggests science should be cautious about informing decisions about such challenges, that scientists should be mindful of their own biases, and that it should be remembered that scientists are human and liable to be influenced by the prestige and media visibility of the type many of them experienced during the pandemic.
Listening to the Spirit
Authors: Stauffer Aaron 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Broad-based community organizing (BBCO) is perhaps the most successful and most widely used form of political participation supported by American religious institutions. As organizing groups become more religiously diverse, however, so do the conceptions of sacred value that ground organizing in the first place. It may seem that to hold something as sacred—human life, a land, or a natural resource, for example—only serves to further entrench us in our enclaves and threaten the solidarity of any constituency. This book tells a different story. Using auto-ethnography from over a decade of interfaith BBCO experiences, Listening to the Spirit makes a case for the political role of sacred value in BBCO, especially as they show up in two organizing practices: the “listening campaign” and the “relational meeting.” Listening to the Spirit addresses the political limits in organizing by arguing for building deeper solidarity through sacred values and provides Christians with political theological tools to understand the relational meeting and listening campaign as religious practices. Drawing on discussions of racial capitalism, radical democracy, feminist theory, and philosophical theology, Listening to the Spirit advances a Christian social ethics that crafts a political theological framework to interpret these organizing practices in ways that Christians have traditionally understood in terms of the Holy Spirit. When Christian engage in these organizing practices they are “listening to the Spirit” as it calls them out into public life and into the work of economic and political power.
The “New” New Journalism, and Lots of It
Authors: Nichols Tom 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the decline of journalism from reported and edited facts chosen by editors into a consumer driven, for-profit entertainment system, including the growth of cable and alternative “news,” and the emergence of journalists whose background is in the mechanics of journalism rather than subject matter expertise. The chapter also includes recommendations for readers on becoming better consumers of journalism and its products.
Introduction
Authors: McLean Kate C. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter serves as introduction to the volume, making the argument that the American value of individual responsibility for change is a master narrative perpetuated by cultural entities, including the scientific community. It also considers that such a narrative perpetuates an overprioritization of the individual to the denial of the system and structures in which the individual is living. A call is made for greater awareness of the complicity of the scientific community in perpetuating such narratives.
Transgressions as an Opportunity for Change?
Authors: McLean Kate C. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Transgressions are examined as a special opportunity for change because of the threat to identity that they engender. When one has harmed others, one’s self comes into question and the desire to change from a person who harms other to one who does not arises. The chapter focuses on large transgressions, such as sexual assault, which may more seriously threaten identity. Data on how transgressions are narrated are reviewed, examining how stories from perpetrators and victims can serve to maintain oppressive master narratives. Opportunities for change are shaped by the cultural expectations for stories from perpetrators and victims.
Spenser’s Legends of Sōphrosunē
Authors: Van der Laan Sarah 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter reexamines Renaissance allegories of the Odyssey to reveal the unsuspected complexity of The Faerie Queene’s uses of the Odyssey and its allegorical tradition. In book 2, Guyon’s heroic temperance lies in unwavering resistance to pleasures of many kinds. But Renaissance allegories explored Odysseus as a figure of the temperate and therefore virtuous experience of pleasure, and the uses of pleasure in an active, heroic life of statesmanship and wisdom. Spenser’s Legend of Temperance engages the full range of allegorical and epic traditions to count the human cost of Guyon’s vision of temperance and the poetic costs of a strictly moralized epic poetics. No sooner has Guyon destroyed the Bower of Bliss than book 3 reopens the problems of eros, experience, and pleasure, again through engagement with the Odyssey and its epic successors. The Legend of Chastity resumes the quest for an Odyssean epic telos: a marriage that reconciles public duty and private desire and provides the foundation for social harmony and lasting peace. But Spenser’s poem repeatedly frustrates the expectations of Odyssean closure it raises. Odyssean marriage, and the foundation for stability and renewal it promises, lies beyond its grasp. The Faerie Queene foregrounds instead the blockages and failures that delay or derail marriage, and their social causes and consequences. The Odyssey itself is pushed to the poem’s margins, where it lingers as a phantom reminder of alternative solutions to the problems of eros, pleasure, and marriage in a public, heroic life.
The Choice of Penelope
Authors: Van der Laan Sarah 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria, Claudio Monteverdi’s 1640 operatic adaptation of the Odyssey, intervenes forcefully on the protofeminist side of the questione delle donne, the enduring Renaissance polemic over the nature and social roles of women. This chapter extensively surveys the bitter debates over whether Penelope could be an exemplary figure—and if so, of what virtues. These debates provide the context for a study of the surviving materials from the various stages of the opera’s composition: the tendentious translation of the Odyssey by the conservative controversialist Lodovico Dolce, the libretto by Giacomo Badoaro based on Dolce’s translation, and Monteverdi’s music and extensive revisions of Badoaro’s text. These layers of materials preserve multiple perspectives on the questione delle donne. While Badoaro’s libretto—which circulated unrevised—intensifies Dolce’s antifeminist tendencies, Monteverdi’s revised libretto and score resist the misogynist tendencies of early seventeenth-century Venetian discourse. Monteverdi consistently privileges Penelope’s experiences, endows her with heroism, and confers on her a broader range of virtues than Venetian discourse would lead one to expect. Reaching back to earlier and more sympathetic interpretations of Penelope’s character and exemplary virtues, he tempers the libretto’s misogynistic resonances to present a more sympathetic characterization of Penelope and a more equal view of her marriage to Odysseus. By emphasizing the comparability, even the identity, of Penelope’s experiences and virtues to Ulisse’s, Monteverdi restores the couple’s likeness of mind to his version of the Odyssey and reiterates the Odyssey’s claims for marriage as epic subject and epic telos.
Spindle oscillations in thalamic circuits
Authors: Destexhe Alain , Sejnowski Terrence J. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter covers the key mechanisms of the genesis of spindle oscillations by thalamic circuits. It argues that large-scale network modelling can provide a single coherent framework that unifies the results concerned with modelling thalamic oscillations. The oscillatory behaviour of thalamic networks varies in different preparations. The chapter explains that, essentially, spindle waves are a hallmark of slow-wave sleep so oscillations typically appear during the initial stages of slow-wave sleep (stage II). It cites how 7–14 Hz frequency, phase relationships and the waxing-and-waning of spindle oscillations can be accounted for in models having accurate biophysical parameters for the intrinsic and synaptic currents' kinetics, but they can be inconsistent with the observations that the isolated thalamic reticular (RE) nucleus shows spontaneous oscillations in vivo.
A physiological role for sleep oscillations
Authors: Destexhe Alain , Sejnowski Terrence J. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter looks into the physiological role of sleep oscillations. It provides an overview of other types of thalamocortical oscillations in slow-wave sleep (SWS) while considering cortical models and the impact of thalamic inputs on neocortical neurons. Meanwhile, the spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical oscillations present how alternating fast and slow waves could consolidate information acquired previously during wakefulness. The chapter then discusses a hypothetical scenario for memory consolidation during sleep being consistent with all of the known electrophysiological properties of sleep oscillations. It explains that biophysically plausible mechanisms consistent with the growing behavioural evidence indicated how sleep serves to consolidate memories.