bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of violent elderly in the emergency department
Authors: Ganzini Linda , Edwards Pam , Surkan Pamela J. , Drummond David J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe objective of the study was to determine (1) the incidence of violent acts committed by elderly patients in an emergency department and (2) the characteristics of these violent elderly patients compared to non‐elderly violent patients. A 5‐year retrospective review was undertaken of all dangerous behaviour incident reports (DBRs) in an urban Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Information abstracted from DBRs included descriptions of verbal or physical aggression, use of a weapon, injury to others and outcome of the incident. Demographic information, psychiatric and medical diagnoses and frequency of medical center use were obtained by medical record review. Twenty‐one violent elderly persons (age 60 years and over) were compared to 190 non‐elderly violent persons (under age 60). Eighty‐one per cent of the aged patients had a psychiatric diagnosis, most commonly alcohol dependence or a psychotic disorder. Old patients had more medical illness than young patients, but both groups were frequent users of medical services (mean 4.4 emergency department visits or hospitalizations for elderly vs 3.7 for non‐elderly in the year before incident). There were no differences between the two age groups in characteristics of the perpetrators, nature of the violent episodes or outcomes. Violent elderly persons in the emergency department are likely to have both medical and psychiatric illness and use medical services frequently. They are not distinctly different from younger violent patients.
Psychiatric morbidity in elderly attenders at an accident and emergency department
Authors: Walker Zuzana , Leek Catherine A. , D'ath Penny J. , Katona Cornelius L. E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe point prevalence of depression and dementia, their effect on length of admission and outcome and the extent to which they were detected by the attending doctor were assessed in 109 elderly patients presenting with physical illness at an accident and emergency department. Depression and dementia were assessed using the Brief Assessment Schedule (BAS). Twenty‐seven percent were found to be depressed and 16% demented. The only feature associated with depression was female gender. Depressed patients stayed in hospital significantly longer and had a worse outcome at 14 days than patients not depressed. This was independent of the severity of their physical illness. Only 10% of the psychiatric morbidity was detected by the attending doctor.
Decline in quality of life for patients with severe dementia following a ward merger
Authors: Bredin Kathleen , Kitwood Tom , Wattis John 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe effect of a ward merger on the quality of life of patients with severe dementia in a mental hospital was investigated by means of the observational method of dementia care mapping (DCM). Nineteen patients in two long‐stay wards were included in the study prior to the merger. Fourteen of these were observed in the merged ward, together with five newly admitted patients. Key DCM indicators showed that the quality of life of patients included in both phases of the study had declined significantly. This may be explained, in part at least, in terms of a cycle of demoralization and depersonalization' in the interaction of staff and patients. Further research is required into the dynamics of this cycle.
Delusional depression in elderly patients: Characteristics and relationship to age at onset
Authors: Baldwin Robert C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn a prospective study, 34 patients with delusional depression were compared with 100 non‐psychotically depressed patients and a subgroup of 30 age‐ and sex‐matched control patients. Depressed patients with delusions were more likely to be single, especially single men. The most common delusions were those of persecution and hypochondriasis. There were no striking differences in other depression symptoms and no evidence for the hypothesis that delusional depression is associated with a later age of depression onset.
To what extent is dementia underreported on british death certificates?
Authors: Morgan Kevin , Clarke David 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOf 1042 elderly people randomly sampled from the community in a longitudinal study of ageing, 512 had died in the period 1985–1994, with 44 of these deaths occurring among respondents who, at clinical interview, met DSM‐III‐R criteria for dementia. The presence of dementia, however, was recorded on only 15 (34%) of the 44 death certificates from this group. This low level of recording was not significantly related to the patient's gender, age or place of death. The likelihood of dementia being recorded was also unrelated to date of death, with earlier (1985–1990) and later (1990–1994) certificates showing similar levels of non‐recording. Analyses of all 512 certificates showed that cases of dementia were 2.5 times more likely than the non‐demented to have bronchopneumonia recorded as a principal cause of death. These results confirm earlier links between dementia and death from respiratory disease but suggest that, when assessed in random community samples, the extent to which dementia is under reported on British death certificates is greater than previously estimated.
Factors determining interrater agreement with rating global change in dementia: The cibic‐plus
Authors: Boothby H. , Mann A. H. , Barker A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractGlobal ratings of change were obtained from 17 clinicians on eight patients, as though participating in an antidementia drug trial. Simultaneous rating was made possible by the use of videotaped semi‐standardized interviews, and clinical change was simulated by providing raters with adjusted initial assessment documentation representing the situation 6 months earlier. In a second study, seven more ratings were obtained on the two patients who had commanded best and worst agreement in order to clarify important variables for levels of agreement. The main finding was that levels of interrater agreement on a global rating of change (which included carer information) varied widely from patient to patient. An important contributor to this variation was carer information. The order in which information for rating had been presented was found to be of overriding importance; if carer information was presented before patient information, considerably higher levels of agreement were achieved on the global rating than if the reverse order was used.
Personality traits and frontal lobe dementia
Authors: Lebert Florence , Pasquier Florence , Petit Henri 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe diagnosis of frontal lobe dementia (FLD) involves the assessment of affect. Three affective states predominate in FLD: apathy, elation and emotionalism. Nineteen FLD patients were investigated for a relationship between affective changes and premorbid personality traits. The negative results support the hypothesis that mood changes in FLD have a neurological basis and are important in early diagnosis.
Patterns of two psychogeriatric hospitalization services in israel: A one‐year survey
Authors: Heinik Jeremia , Barak Yoram , Salgenik Igor , Elizur Avner 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe compare two different approaches to inpatient psychiatric hospitalizations in the elderly (age 65+) in Israel. In one, 79 patients were hospitalized during the year 1993 in specialized psychogeriatric wards, at Sha'ar Menashe (ShM) psychiatric hospital. In the other, 133 patients were hospitalized during the same period in general psychiatric wards, at Abarbanel (Ab) psychiatric hospital. This study retrospectively evaluates: demographic data, sources of referral, characteristics of emergency admissions, psychiatric history, psychiatric diagnoses, use of medical services, and outcome measures (length of hospitalization, death rates, nursing status at discharge, placement at discharge). Rate of admission (per 100 000 population) is 2.2‐fold higher at ShM than at Ab. The two centres differ significantly in sources of referral (closer links with geriatric services at ShM) and the use of medical services (prevailing use of medical ambulatory services and the hospital's internal medicine wards at ShM, while at Ab more patients were referred for general hospital evaluations). All other variables studied (demographics, characteristics of emergency admissions, psychiatric history, psychiatric diagnoses, outcome measures) were similar between the two centres. The discussion emphasizes the 'audit' orientation of the study. It also stresses the surprising lack of differences between centres in some major variables, and frames research questions for future use.
Scopolamine‐induced cognitive impairment as a predictor of cognitive decline in healthy elderly volunteers
Authors: Barker Andrew , Jones Roy , Simpson Pauline , Wesnes Keith 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThere are theoretical grounds for believing that scopolamine‐induced cognitive deficit may be predictive of future cognitive decline. In the present study, 22 healthy elderly volunteers were reassessed 3 years after a scopolamine challenge. Although there was little overall change in mean cognitive test scores over time, in two out of 10 tests scopolamine‐induced decrement was related to subsequent decline.
Delusions of pregnancy and delivery in elderly women
Authors: Curran Julie S. M. , Pugh Rhiannon E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe occurrence of delusional pregnancy in three elderly women is reported. Although two of the three patients had dementia, psychodynamic factors were nevertheless thought to contribute to the formation of the beliefs. The cases draw attention to the occurrence of this delusional belief in elderly female patients and illustrate the importance of considering psychodynamic factors in understanding psychopathology in organic disorder.
Suicide in the elderly in antiquity
Authors: Seidel Geoffrey 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSelf‐killing in the elderly of the Greco‐Roman world is explored through the study of 89 case descriptions and an investigation of ancient philosophical and medical writings. Social, political and ethical dimensions are prominent as well as medical and psychiatric ones, and the related issue of euthanasia cannot be avoided. Physical illness and to a lesser extent mental illness were significant causes of suicide in the elderly. Historical data can contribute towards an informed debate on these issues in today's world.
Analysis of functional MRI time‐series
Authors: Friston K. J. , Jezzard P. , Turner R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA method for detecting significant and regionally specific correlations between sensory input and the brain's physiological response, as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is presented in this paper. The method involves testing for correlations between sensory input and the hemodynamic response after convolving the sensory input with an estimate of the hemodynamic response function. This estimate is obtained without reference to any assumed input. To lend the approach statistical validity, it is brought into the framework of statistical parametric mapping by using a measure of cross‐correlations between sensory input and hemodynamic response that is valid in the presence of intrinsic autocorrelations. These autocorrelations are necessarily present, due to the hemodynamic response function or temporal point spread function. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective auditory attention effects in tonotopically organized cortical areas: A topographic ERP study
Authors: Alcaini Marie , Giard Marie‐HéLène , Echallier Jean‐Fraņois , Pernier Jacques 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis study reinvestigates some aspects of the neurophysiological mechanisms of auditory selective attention, by testing the hypothesis that auditory attention can exert a selective control over the sensory processing of acoustic stimuli in tonotopic auditory cortex. Event‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from human subjects while they listened selectively to a tone sequence in one ear and ignored a concurrent sequence of a different frequency in the opposite ear. The tone frequencies were 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 Hz in separate sequences, and were delivered at a constant rate of one every 800 ms. The effects of attention were analyzed in the difference waves obtained by subtracting ERPs to ignore tones from those of the same tones when attended. The earliest effect of attention (70–80 ms post‐stimulus) was found to present the same spatio‐temporal organization as the obligatory, sensory‐evoked N1 wave, with similar tonotopic changes in scalp distribution with the tone frequencies. At longer latencies, two other attentional effects were observed, of probable endogenous origin: one around 175 ms post‐stimulus, possibly originating from non‐tonotropic auditory cortex, and the latest one (after 300 ms) from non‐specific areas. The results support the hypothesis of a genuine sensory gating mechanism for auditory attention, taking place in tonotopic auditory cortex at an early stage of sensory processing, even in low attentional load conditions. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution à la connaissance de la réaction d'extension de cycles selon Demjanow
Authors: Naves Y. R. , Bachmann P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLa fraction d'hydrocarbures qui accompagne le cyclocitronellol et les triméthyl‐cyeloheptanols lorsqu'on applique la réction d'extension cyelique de Demjanow à la dihydro‐cyclogéranylamine, contient, à côté de triméthyl‐1,1,4‐cycloheptènes, du méthylène‐2‐triméthyl‐1,1,3‐cyclohexane.
Recherches sur les chromatophores IV. Sur la structure des chromatophores de la carotte
Authors: Straus Werner 
Published: December 2004

Abstract1) La structure microscopique des chromoplastes de la carotte consiste en «petits anneaux» (granules, grana) qui sont disposés en ligne droite ou en forme de cercle les uns à côté des autres. L'association linéaire des petits anneaux a un caractère fibrillaire. La disposition parallèle de plusieurs fibrilles forme une texture réticulaire dont les mailles peuvent e'tre de grandeur différente selon la grandeur des anneaux. Le chromoplaste peut contenir plusieurs couches superposées de systèmes annulaires. Tous les anneaux sont d'aspect granuleux. De plus grands anneaux permettent de distinguer qu'ils sont eux‐mêmes composés de très petits anneaux. La structure plus détaillée des petits anneaux n'a pas pu être perçue au microscope.
Die Frage nach der Aufrollung von Fadenmolekeln in strömenden Lösungen
Authors: Kuhn Werner , Kuhn Hans 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFadenmolekeln hochpolymerer Stoffe, welche in ruhender Lösung eine statistisch wahrscheinlichste Gestalt (loses Knäuel) haben, erfahren in strömender Lösung nicht nur Richtungsänderungen der Fadenachse; vielmehr werden durch die von der strömenden Flüssigkeit ausgeübten Kräfte auch Änderungen der Gestalt, insbesondere Änderungen des Abstandes h zwischen Molekelanfangs und ‐endpunkt erzwungen.
Zur Chemie und Morphologie der basischen Salze zweiwertiger Metalle X. Das hochbasische Zinkhydroxychlorid III
Authors: Feitknecht W. , Weidmann H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie Zusammensetzung wurde bei zwei etwas verschieden hergestellten Präparaten durch Analyse ermittelt. Bei Präparat I wurden 100 cm3 0,1‐m. ZnCl2‐Lösung mit 60% der äquivalenten Laugenmenge versetzt, bei Präparat II mit 80%. Beide Fällungen wurden 5 Monate in Jenaerglaskolben unter der Mutterlauge altern gelassen. Nach dem Isolieren wurden sie mit Wasser und Aceton Ausgewaschen und im Vakuum bis zur Gewichtskonstanz getrocknet.
Metal Complexes with Macrocyclic Ligands. XI. Ring size effect on the complexation rates with transition metal ions
Authors: Leugger Alex P. , Hertli Liselotte , Kaden Thomas A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe 12‐16 membered tetraazamacrocycles 1‐6 were synthesized, their protonation constants and complexation kinetics measured at 25° and I = 0.50. The results of Table 1 Show that pK is strongly influenced by the ring size whereas pK and pK are relatively insensitive to it. This can be understood in terms of electrostatic interactions of the positive charges when located on adjacent amino groups.The kinetics of complex formation between the macrocyclic ligands and several transition metal ions have been studied by pH‐stat and stopped‐flow techniques and the results have been analyzed as bimolecular reactions between the metal ion and the different protonated species of the ligands. The rate constants, given in Table 2, show that the macrocycles react less rapidly than analogous open chain amines. However, for a given protonated species of the ligand the rate of complexation follows the order Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Co2+ > Ni2+ which parallels the sequence of their water exchange rates. For the diprotonated tetraamines LH reacting with Cu2+ the slower rates seem to be mainly a consequence of electrostatic interactions, since a correlation between logk and pK exists. For LH+, however, the complexation rates of a metal ion with the different macrocycles are all in one order of magnitude and do not depend in a regular way on the ring size or the basicity of the ligand. It is therefore suggested that in this case other factors such as unfavourable preequilibria must be considered as important.
The Dianions of Pyrene and Pyrene Isomers as (4n)π‐Perimeters
Authors: Müllen Klaus 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMetal reduction of pyrene and of pyrene isomers under carefully controlled conditions yields the corresponding dianions. The properties of the neutral compounds and of the dianions are studied via 1H‐NMR. spectroscopy. Whereas the former exhibit similar behaviour, the charge distribution within the dianionic species proves to be very different. As a consequence, some of the polycyclic dianions can be regarded essentially as (4n)π‐perimeters, an approach which is satisfactorily rationalized by simple MO‐models. Further evidence in favour of this bonding scheme comes from the ESR. spectroscopic measurement of the spin density distribution within the corresponding radical anions.
Identification of Twenty‐one Novel Constituents of Oriental Tobacco Flavour (Nicotiana tabacumL.) including (E)‐3‐methyl‐non‐2‐en‐4‐one, pentadecan‐15‐olide, 8α, 13:9α, 13‐diepoxy‐15, 16‐dinorlabdane, (Z)‐octadec‐9‐en‐18‐olide, and (E)‐2‐ethylidene‐6, 10, 14‐trimethyl‐pentadecanal
Authors: Demole Edouard , Enggist Paul 
Published: December 2004

AbstractInvestigation by gas liquid chromatography of a small but organoleptically typical subfraction of Oriental tobacco condensate led to the identification of 47 compounds. Of these 21 have hitherto not been reported as Oriental tobacco constituents, and 14 appear to be novel to all tobacco types. The latter are (E)‐3‐methyl‐non‐2‐en‐4‐one (1), (E)‐1‐(2, 3, 6‐trimethylphenyl)‐but‐2‐en‐1‐one (3), pentadecan‐15‐olide (12), 8α, 13:9α, 13‐diepoxy‐15, 16‐dinorlabdane (17), (Z)‐octadec‐9‐en‐18‐olide (18), (E)‐2‐ethylidene‐6, 10, 14‐trimethylpentadecanal (21), the norlabdanoids 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, tridecan‐2‐one, and 2‐phenylethyl isovalerate. The macrolides 12 and 18 represent the first musk compounds detected in tobacco. Identification were made by direct comparison (MS. and/or 1 H‐NMR./IR.) with the authentic chemicals synthesized whenever necessary.
Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity of the Dogfish (Squalus acanthias) α‐melanotropins I and II, and of related peptides
Authors: Eberle Alex , Chang Yao‐Shih , Schwyzer Robert 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation is to provide synthetic proof for the structure of dogfish (Squalus acanthias) α‐MSH and to investigate the consequences of the presence of methionine in position 13 and the lack of the N‐terminal acetyl group in this hormone. Because of the facile oxidation of methionine (13) during handling or storage, a number of specifically oxidized hormones (Met4 and Met13) as well as tripeptides belonging to the C‐terminal second message sequence were investigated. All the products were prepared by classical methods in homogeneous solution; intermediate and end products were extensively purified and characterized (Tables 3 and 4). The assays for melanotropic activity were performed in vitro with the modified reflectometric assay using the skin of Rana pipiens. It is concluded that the structures assigned to dogfish α‐MSH I and II are correct and that the isolated samples contain slight quantities of [13‐methionine (S‐oxide)]dogfish α‐MSH and [4, 13‐bis‐methionine (S‐oxide)]dogfish α‐MSH. The peptides with methionine in position 13 are as active in this assay as those containing valine. This also holds for the NH2/OH interchange distinguishing dogfish α‐MSH I from dogfish α‐MSH II. However, the lack of the N‐terminal acetyl group strongly reduces the biological activity. Its introduction into dogfish α‐MSH I results in a product that is equipotent with mammalian α‐MSH. These and other conclusions are discussed in detail.
The kinetics of the bimolecular self‐reaction of t‐butyl radicals in solution. II. Disproportionation/combination ratios
Authors: Schuh Hans‐Herbert , Fischer Hanns 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDisproportionation/combination ratios Pd/Pc of self‐reacting t‐butyl radicals are determined as a function of solvent and temperature. the observed large solvent and temperature dependences are ascribed to anisotropic reorientational motions of the radicals during their encounter in the solvent cage. Results for other alkyl radicals are compatible with this concept.
Michael‐Addition von Thiocarbonsäureestern Anwendung bei der Synthese von (±)‐Jasminketolacton
Authors: Gerlach Hans , Künzler Peter 
Published: December 2004

Michael addition of carbothioates. Application to the synthesis of (±)‐jasmine ketolactoneIt is shown that the lithium enolate of S‐t‐butyl thioacetate adds to 2‐cyclopentenone in the β‐position and that fluoride ions catalyze the 1, 4‐addition of the trimethylsilyl enol ether of S‐t‐butyl thioacetate (5) to 2‐cyclopentenone (4) to give 6. These novel versions of the Michael addition have been applied to a synthesis of jasmonoid compounds. Cleavage of the trimethylsilyl enol ether in 6 with tetrabutylammonium fluoride produced the corresponding ketone enolate which could be trapped in situ by alkylation with 1‐bromo‐5‐(2′‐tetrahydropyranoxy)‐2‐pentyne (7) to form 8. Removal of the alcohol protecting group in 8, followed by partial hydrogenation of the triple bond over Lindlar palladium and mercury ion promoted hydrolysis of the carbothioate moiety in 9, led to 5′‐hydroxy jasmonic acid (10, Scheme 3). 10 was converted into the S‐(2‐pyridyl) carbothioate and cyclized in dilute benzene solution under the influence of silver ion to give (±)‐jasmine ketolactone (1, Scheme 4), a component of the essential oil of Jasminum grandiflorum, in 72% yield. Similarly, methyljasmonate (2, Scheme 2) was obtained from 6 by the reaction with 1‐bromo‐2‐pentyne and tetrabutylammonium fluoride followed by methanolysis and partial hydrogenation of the triple bond.
The Partition Coefficient of Protonated Antihistamines. Its calculation and interpretation in terms of hydrophobic fragmental constants
Authors: Testa Bernard , Murset‐Rossetti Livia 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe octanol/water partition coefficient (P+) of nineteen monoprotonated antihistaminic drugs has been measured. These values are compared with the partition coefficient (P) of the neutral molecules, suggesting the variations in partition coefficient seen upon protonation to obey simple rules. Indeed, the (log P–log P+) values are multiples of a constant term 0.28 (Rekker's ‘magic constant’ cM[6]), each functional group contributing with a fixed incremental value. The incremental values are confirmed by multiple linear regression analysis, and their physical significance is discussed.