bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of antiretroviral agents on carbohydrate metabolism in HIV‐1 infected pregnant women
Authors: Beitune Patrícia El , Duarte Geraldo , Foss Milton César , Montenegro Renan Magalhães , Spara Patricia , Quintana Silvana Maria , Figueiró‐Filho Ernesto Antonio , da Costa Antonio Gadelha , Filho Francisco Mauad 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackgroundDespite the correlation between the use of protease inhibitors (PI) and adverse metabolic glycemic events, no prospective study has examined these parameters in pregnant women who use these drugs.MethodsA prospective study was conducted on 57 pregnant women to investigate the effect of antiretroviral drugs (ARV) on the carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy. The women were divided into three groups: ZDV Group, 20 HIV‐1 infected women taking ZDV; TT Group, 25 patients on triple antiretroviral treatment (ZDV + 3TC + NFV); and Control Group, 12 pregnant women. Blood samples were obtained during the first visit for the determination of fasting plasma glycemia, when the patients were also submitted to a 75 g oral glucose test (OGTT‐75g). These procedures were performed four times along pregnancy.ResultsThe median values of the area under the glycemia curve (AUC) determined over a period of 120 min between the 33rd and 38th week were 11 685 mg/dL for the Control Group, 13 477 mg/dL for the ZDV Group, and 13 650 mg/dL for the TT Group (p = 0.049). There was an increase in the AUC along pregnancy for all three groups studied, regardless of the treatment used, although this increase was significant only in the TT Group (p = 0.001). The antiretroviral agents had no deleterious effects on prematurity, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction rates, or on Apgar score.ConclusionAn association was detected between the use of PI and the development of carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy. The antiretroviral agents had no deleterious effects on perinatal prognosis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phenotypic and genetic clustering of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in Chinese families with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Li J. K. Y. , Ng M. C. Y. , So W. Y. , Chiu C. K. P. , Ozaki R. , Tong P. C. Y. , Cockram C. S. , Chan J. C. N. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the familiality and clustering of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MES) predominantly in families with young‐onset diabetes from the Hong Kong Family Diabetes Study.MethodsOne hundred and seventy‐nine families (913 subjects) were ascertained through a diabetic proband. Anthropometry, glucose homeostasis, blood pressure and lipid levels were examined. Familial aggregation and inter‐relationships of these traits were examined by recurrence risk ratio, heritability, genetic and environmental correlations.ResultsOne hundred and forty families (78%) had at least one subject with early‐onset T2DM (age‐at‐diagnosis ≤40 years). MES was highly prevalent in probands (53%) and siblings (25%). Recurrence risk ratios in siblings were high for T2DM (4.3), hypertension (2.9) and central obesity (2.0). Body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, plasma insulin, triglyceride, HDL‐cholesterol levels, insulin resistance and beta‐cell function had high estimates of heritability (0.45–0.63). Bivariate quantitative analyses revealed differential contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the phenotypic correlation between metabolic trait pairs. Obesity indices showed the strongest phenotypic correlation with other traits, and were significantly influenced by genetic factors (genetic correlation = 0.29–0.60).ConclusionThere was significant familial aggregation of T2DM and related phenotypes including obesity, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. The clustering of metabolic traits is likely due to genetic effects, interacting with shared and unique lifestyle/environmental factors. The high familiality suggests that screening for MES is important, especially in families with young‐onset diabetes, and that the families in HKFDS are valuable subjects for genetic studies of these metabolic diseases. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age‐related anthropometric remodelling resulting in increased and redistributed adiposity is associated with increases in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese subjects
Authors: Thomas G. Neil , Tomlinson Brian , Hong Athena W. L. , Hui Stanley S. C. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackgroundAgeing promotes increases in the prevalence of components of the metabolic syndrome, which obesity often underlies.MethodsWe report the relationship between ageing, obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors in 694 community‐based Chinese subjects in gender‐specific groups of three age ranges: 20.0–39.9 (young), 40.0–59.9 (middle‐aged) and 60.0–79.9 (old‐aged) years.ResultsBody mass index (BMI) values were similar in males in each age group, but waist and percentage body fat increased (6.6, and 39.5%, both p < 0.001, respectively), from young to old‐age groups, as did blood pressure and glycated haemoglobin levels (all p < 0.001). In the females, increases (all p < 0.001) in percentage body fat (29.3%) were accompanied by greater increases in BMI (10.3%) and waist (19.2%) than the males. Blood pressure, glycated haemoglobin, total and LDL‐cholesterol and triglyceride levels increased linearly with age (all p < 0.001).ConclusionAge‐related increases in central adiposity and percentage body fat were associated with increasingly adverse cardiovascular risk factor profiles. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reaction of tellurium tetraiodide with 2,3‐dihydro‐1,3‐diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene
Authors: Kuhn Norbert , Abu‐Rayyan Ahmed , Piludu Carla , Steimann Manfred 
Published: July 2005

Abstract2,3‐Dihydro‐1,3‐diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene 1 (Carb, R1 = iPr, R2 = Me) reacts with TeI4 to give the carbene adduct CarbTeI2 (3). The crystal structure of 3 consists of T‐shaped monomeric fragments linked by weak Te. I interactions to form infinite helical chains. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:316–319, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20090
New 7‐phosphanorbornenes derived from 2‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐ and 1‐cyclohexyl‐3‐ methyl‐2,5‐dihydro‐1H‐phosphole 1‐oxides
Authors: Kovács János , Szabó Nóra Balázsdi , Nagy Zoltán , Ludányi Krisztina , Keglevich György 
Published: July 2005

AbstractNovel 7‐phosphanorbornene derivatives, such as 4, 5, 10, and 11 were synthesized utilizing 1‐phenyl‐2‐methyl‐2,5‐dihydro‐1H‐phosphole oxide (1) and 1‐cyclohexyl‐3‐methyl‐2,5‐dihydro‐1H‐phosphole oxide (7) as the starting materials. Products 4 and 10 were prepared by trapping the corresponding phosphole oxide intermediates (3 and 9, respectively) by N‐phenylmaleimide, while 5 and 11 were obtained by the dimerization of 3 and 9, respectively. The trapping reaction was studied in details; on one hand, bromo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐phosphole oxides (6‐1 and 6‐2) were pointed out as the intermediates, on the other hand, the trapping reaction was optimized. Bri‐ dged P‐heterocycles 4, 5, 10, and 11 were tested in the fragmentation‐related phosphorylation of methanol. Hydrogenation of phosphanorbornenes 4 and 5 led to the corresponding phosphanorbornanes (12 and 14, respectively) and to a reductive type of retro cycloaddition. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:320–326, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20097
Transformations of benzothiadiphosphole system: General one‐pot synthesis of 1,2,5‐dithiaphosphepines and their precursor phosphanethiols
Authors: Baccolini Graziano , Boga Carla , Mazzacurati Marzia , Monari Magda 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTreatment, at room temperature, of benzothiadiphosphole 1 with BrMg(CH2)5MgBr gives intermediate A, which was allowed to stand for about 3 h at room temperature. The subsequent addition of RMgX to the reaction mixture and the final treatment with an excess of S8 and water affords the dithiaphosphepine sulfide 8 in good yields. The structure of this new heterocyclic system, containing both an SS unit and a PS group, is confirmed by an single crystal X‐ray structure determination. If the reaction is carried out without final treatment with sulfur we obtain, using PhMgBr as mono‐Grignard reagent, the corresponding ring‐opened product 11b, which can be easily transformed into the corresponding ring‐opened sulfide 12b by simple treatment with elemental sulfur. Further addition of sulfur to 12b gives quantitatively the cyclic dithiaphosphepine sulfide 8b. The two phosphanethiols 11b and 12b are of considerable interest. In fact, recently, attention has increasingly been paid to the coordination chemistry of polydentate ligands incorporating both thiolate and tertiary phosphine groups, also known as SPS pincer ligands. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:339–345, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20099
2‐Benzothiazolyl‐N‐(arenesulfonyl)‐sulfinimidoyl fluorides
Authors: Pashinnik Valeriy E. , Guzyr Alexander I. , Borovikov Alexei V. , Shermolovich Yuriy G. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract2‐Benzothiazolyl‐N‐(arenesulfonyl)‐sulfinimidoyl fluorides were synthesized by the treatment of benzothiazolyl‐2‐sulfur trifluoride with sulfonamides. The reaction of 2‐benzothiazolyl‐N‐ (p‐toluenesulfonyl)‐sulfinimidoyl fluoride with tert‐ butylamine and morpholine gave 2‐benzothiazolyl‐ N‐(arenesulfonyl)‐sulfinimidoyl amides. The reaction of 2‐benzothiazolyl‐N‐(p‐toluenesulfonyl)‐sulfinimi‐ doyl fluoride or 2‐benzothiazolyl‐15N‐(p‐tosyl)sul‐ finimidoyl fluoride with S‐trimethylsilylbenzenethiol gave di(benzothiazolyl‐2) disulfide, fluorotrimethylsi‐ lane and N,N′‐bis(p‐toluenesulfonyl)‐N,N′‐bis(phenyl‐ thio)‐hydrazine or 15N,15N′‐bis(p‐toluenesulfonyl)‐15N, 15N′‐bis(phenylthio)‐hydrazine, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:352–356, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20102
Synthesis and analytical characterization of novel pyridyl‐substituted 1,1′‐ethenedithiolato complexes
Authors: Schubert Karsten , Goerls Helmar , Weigand Wolfgang 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSome 1,1′‐ethenedithiolato complexes of nickel(II), palladium(II), and platinum(II) with different phosphine ligands, such as PPh3, PEt3, and dppe were prepared. Starting from 2‐, 3‐ as well as 4‐pyridyl methyl ketone, the complexes 1–15 were obtained in an one‐pot synthesis through reaction with carbon disulfide, using potassium‐tert‐butylate as a base. They were characterized by 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR, mass spectra, infrared spectra, and UV–VIS spectra. The molecular structures of the (Ph3P)2PdII complex 9 containing the 3‐pyridyl‐ethenedithiolato ligand and of the (Et3P)2PtII complex 12 containing the 4‐pyridyl‐ethenedithiolato ligand were determined. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:369–378, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20103
Preparation of 1,3‐diphosphabuta‐1,3‐dienes from sterically encumbered phosphaalkyne and phosphaethenyllithium
Authors: Ito Shigekazu , Miyake Hideaki , Sugiyama Hiroki , Yoshifuji Masaaki 
Published: July 2005

AbstractKinetically stabilized 2‐lithio‐1‐(2,4,6‐tri‐t‐butylphenyl)‐1‐phosphapropene was allowed to react with a bulky phosphaalkyne Mes*CP (Mes* = 2,4,6‐t‐Bu3C6H2) followed by quenching with iodomethane or benzyl bromide to give the corresponding 1,3‐diphosphabuta‐1,3‐dienes. The presence of the bulky Mes* group on the 1‐phosphorus atom prevents intramolecular [2+2] cyclization and gave the PCPC skeleton, whereas Mes*CP reacted with half an equivalent of nucleophile to afford the PCPC four‐membered ring compounds. X‐ray crystallography of 4‐benzyl‐1,3‐diphosphabuta‐1,3‐diene confirmed the molecular structure showing conjugation on the 1,3‐diphosphabuta‐1,3‐diene moiety. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:357–360, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20104
Crystal structure of germanium(II) dichloride solvated by tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Tian Xin , Pape Tania , Mitzel Norbert W. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe thermally highly unstable tetrahydrofuran solvate of germanium(II) dichloride (GeCl2 · 2THF) was crystallized, and its crystal structure was determined. It consists of a chain of GeCl2 units connected by secondary Cl···Ge contacts [3.846(2) Å] in which each Ge atom is coordinated to two molecules of THF. Two weak hydrogen bonds of the CH ··· ClGe type in GeCl2 · 2THF were also detected both with lengths of 2.90(3) Å. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:361–363, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20105
PH‐functional o‐phosphinophenols— synthesis via methoxymethylethers and screening tests for Ni‐catalyzed ethylene polymerization
Authors: Heinicke Joachim , He Mengzhen , Karasik Andrej A. , Georgiev Igor O. , Sinyashin Oleg G. , Jones Peter G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractVarious primary and secondary 2‐phosphinoaryl methoxymethylethers were prepared via orthometallation of methyl‐ and methoxy‐substituted aryl methoxymethylethers and subsequent reaction with aminochlorophosphines, followed by alcoholysis and reduction with excess LiAlH4. Incomplete reduction provides 2‐methoxymethoxy‐substituted cyclotetraphosphines, isolated and characterized by X‐ray crystal structure analysis in one case. An example of the facile P‐alkylation of primary to secondary representatives is also given. Secondary 2‐phosphinophenols, obtained by selective cleavage of the MOM‐protection group, and even the primary 2‐phosphino‐4‐methylphenol react with Ni(COD)2 to form ethylene polymerization catalysts. 4‐Methoxy groups cause a strong increase of the molecular weights and a bimodal molecular weight distribution of the polymerization products; neither effect is observed for tertiary phosphinophenolate/Ni polymerization catalysts. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:379–390, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20107
Synthesis and magnetic properties of new dinuclear iron(II) complexes of a phenylene‐bridge shiff base analogue dinucleating ligand
Authors: Weber Birgit , Kaps Eike 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe synthesis and magnetic behavior of four new dinuclear iron(II) complexes Fe22a‐d × 4Py with the iron in an octahedral coordination sphere is presented in this paper. The complex c is a high‐spin complex over the whole temperature range investigated, while the complexes a,b, and d perform a partial low‐spin ⇔︁ high‐spin spin transition. In case of Fe22b × 4Py, X‐ray structure analysis of the HS/LS state was possible, showing that in one molecule both iron centers are either in the low‐spin or sin the high‐spin state. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:391–397, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20108
Reactive EC(p‐p)π‐systems 53 [1]: Reactivity studies on perfluoro‐2‐arsapropene: [2+2]‐cycloaddition reactions and quantum chemical calculations
Authors: Albers Thomas , Grobe Joseph , Van Duc Le , Maulitz Andreas H. , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe extremely labile perfluoro‐2‐arsapropene F3CAsCF2 (1) has been generated by an improved pyrolysis process of Me3SnAs(CF3)2 and found to be stabilized by the presence of hexamethyldisiloxane and tert‐butylphosphaethyne, thus allowing (i) reactivity studies with alkyne derivatives like tBuCP, (iPr)2NCP, MeCCN(iPr)2, HCCOEt and (ii) a full NMR investigation of 1 (19F, 13C). Due to the instability of 1 and some of the products, the [2+2]‐cycloaddition reactions gave the expected arsaphospha‐ and arsa‐cyclobutene derivatives, respectively, in moderate to good yields, but in some cases contaminated with side and/or decomposition products. Unequivocal characterization of the novel compounds was accomplished by spectroscopic in‐ vestigations (1H, 13C, 19F, 31P NMR, IR, MS) supported by comparison with the data of the more stable phosphorus analogues. An interesting isomerization was observed for the 2‐dialkylamino‐4,4‐difluoro‐ 1‐trifluoromethyl‐1‐arsa‐3‐phospha‐2‐cyclobutenes yielding the more stable 3‐dialkylamino‐2,4‐difluoro‐ 1‐trifluoromethyl‐1‐arsa‐2‐phospha‐3‐cyclobutenes. Quantum chemical calculations [B3LYP/6‐311+ G(d,p)] of HAsCH2, F3CAsCF2, and F3CPCF2 were carried out to compare the length of the AsC double bond with the literature data and to elucidate substituent effects on its electronic structure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:406–419, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20118
The thermodynamic stability of P8, A CBS‐Q study
Authors: Denk Michael K. , Hezarkhani Azardokht 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe thermodynamic stabilities of P2, P4, and three P8 cage structure were investigated through high‐precision CBS‐Q calculations. The CBS‐Q values for the bond energy of P2 (ΔEo: +115.7 kcal mol−1) and the formation of P4 from P2 (Δ Eo:‐56.6 kcal mol−1) were in excellent agreement with the experimental values (Eo: +117 and ‐56.4 kcal mol−1 respectively). Among the P8 cages, the cubane structure was the least stable (Δ Eo +37 kcal vs. 2×P4). The most stable P8 isomer adopts a cuneane structure resembling S4N4, and is more stable than white phosphorus at T = 0 K (Δ Eo −3.3 kcal mol−1), but still unstable under standard conditions for entropic reasons (Δ Go of +8.1 kcal mol−1 vs. 2×P4). The CBS‐Q energies represent significant revisions (6–20 kcal mol−1) of previous computational predictions obtained by high‐level single method calculations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:453–457, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20119
Protonation of some cyclic triphosphenium ions
Authors: Burton Jenny D. , Deng Robert M. K. , Dillon Keith B. , Monks Philippa K. , J. Olivey Richard 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSeveral cyclic triphosphenium ions of various ring sizes have been successfully protonated to form the corresponding triphosphane di‐ium dications, either by a tBuCl/AlCl3 mixture and/or by triflic acid. The latter reagent appears to be harsher, however, sometimes leading to decomposition. The new dications have been identified in solution by 31P NMR spectroscopy; recording the spectra proton coupled as well as decoupled has enabled 1JPH as well as 1JPP to be evaluated in most cases. The protonated derivatives of three compounds could not be observed, with only decomposition products being detected. In the case of the triphosphenium ion derived from bis‐1,4‐diphenylphosphinobutane (dppb), clear spectroscopic evidence for an intermediate in the decomposition process of the di‐ium dication has been obtained, enabling a plausible mechanism to be proposed. In addition, a novel triphosphorus‐containing trication with a norbornane‐like structure has been detected, and characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, as a minor product from the protonation of the triphosphenium ion derived from cis‐bis‐1,2‐diphenylphosphinoethene (dppE). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:447–452, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20124
Coordination of phosphanide and trialkylsilylphosphanide ligands at pentacarbonyltungsten fragments: An NMR spectroscopic and structural investigation
Authors: Rotter Thomas , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Mayer Peter , Westerhausen Matthias 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTrialkylsilylphosphanide ligands as pentacarbonyltungsten adducts such as the anions [((CO)5W)2P(H)SiR3]− and [(CO)5W‐PHSiR3]− with R = Me, iPr, and tBu are prepared by the reaction of (thf)W(CO)5 with MP(H)SiR3 or by the metathesis reaction of ((OC)5W)2PHLi2 with ClSiR3 and characterized by NMR spectroscopy with a focus on 183W‐NMR experiments. The solvent‐separated ion pair (tmeda)K+ [((OC)5W)2P(H)SiiPr3]− crystallizes as a coordination polymer with a rather large PSi bond length of 228.1 pm. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:420–425, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20128
Enantiopure phosphacymantrene‐2‐carboxaldehyde and some of its derivatives
Authors: Deschamps Bernard , Mathey François 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe resolution of η5(2‐formyl‐3,4‐dimethylphospholyl)(triphenylphosphine)‐manganesedicarbonyl 1 has been carried out by chromatography of the acetals derived from (S,S)‐1,2‐diphenylethane‐1,2‐diol. The enantiopure 2‐diphenylphosphinomethyl 4 and diphenylmethylimino 5 derivatives have been prepared from 1. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:458–460, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20130
[(α‐Imino)enamino]phosphonium salts from propyne iminium salts and a phosphorane imine
Authors: Rahm Rainer , Espenlaub Sigrid , Werz Udo R. , Maas Gerhard 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPropyne iminium triflates R1C(N+R3R4)CCR2 CF3SO readily react with Ph3PNPh to form 1:1 adducts which formally result from a metathetical addition of the phosphorane imine across the triple bond of the alkyne. These adducts are best described as enamino‐phosphonium salts or iminio‐substituted phosphorus ylides. The configuration of these salts has been determined from NMR data and an X‐ray crystal structure analysis of salt 3h. The base‐induced elimination of the PPh3 substituent from enamino‐phosphonium salt 3a was studied. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:437–446, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20131
Effect of hydroxyapatite coating crystallinity on dissolution and osseointegration in vivo
Authors: Xue Weichang , Liu Xuanyong , Zheng Xuebin , Ding Chuanxian 
Published: July 2005

AbstractHydroxyapatite (HA) coating with different crystallinities were deposited by plasma spraying and vapor‐flame treatment process. Their crystallinities are about 55 and 98%, respectively. These coatings were implanted in cortical bone, muscle, and marrow of dogs. The dissolution and osseointegration behavior were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation histological analysis. The results obtained indicated that after implanted in muscle, a bone‐like apatite layer was formed on the surface of as‐sprayed coating, which was not observed on the surface of the treated coating. The as‐sprayed coating has the ability to induce new bone formation on its surface after implanted in marrow. In contrast, the treated coating displays a limited bone bioactivity. The vapor‐flame process diminishes the short‐term osseointegration properties of the HA coating, but no significant affection was found after three months implantation. Either in muscle or in cortical bone, treated coating exhibits higher stability than the as‐sprayed coating, in some conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005