bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IP router architectures: an overview
Authors: Aweya James 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the emerging environment of high performance IP networks, it is expected that local and campus area backbones, enterprise networks, and internet service providers (ISPs) will use multigigabit and terabit networking technologies where IP routers will be used not only to interconnect backbone segments but also to act as points of attachments to high performance wide area links. Special attention must be given to new powerful architectures for routers in order to play that demanding role. In this paper, we identify important trends in router design and outline some design issues facing the next generation of routers. It is also observed that the achievement of high throughput IP routers is possible if the critical tasks are identified and special purpose modules are properly tailored to perform them. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of different congestion control strategies for low priority controllable traffic in packet switched backbone networks
Authors: Pulakka K. , Harju J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is expected that a significant part of the data flows of future multi‐service packet switched backbone networks will use low priority, non‐real‐time data transmission services of the networks. The common benefit for both user applications and network operators is that the data flows of the low priority services could use the free capacity of the networks, after the load of higher priority data flows. Congestion control methods are needed for these low priority data flows to reach an optimal utilisation level of the networks, high throughput and low packet loss ratios. This kind of low priority data transmission service which adjusts the data rates of the data flows according to the data rate changes of higher priority data flows, but does not guarantee any specific service for these data flows, is called a controlled load service. In this paper, we have compared the performance, efficiency and scalability of four different congestion control methods designed for the controlled load service. Two of these methods were based on very simple congestion control algorithms and the other two used relatively complex control algorithms based on control methods utilising computational intelligence. The principal aim of this study was to research how remarkable were the effects that the different complexities of the congestion control methods had on the achieved level of service. The simulation tests indicate that the complexity of the methods clearly affects the performance and efficiency of the methods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An enhanced explicit rate algorithm for ABR traffic control in ATM networks
Authors: Long Y. H. , Ho T. K. , Rad A. B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA high performance, low computational complexity rate‐based flow control algorithm which can avoid congestion and achieve fairness is important to ATM available bit rate service. The explicit rate allocation algorithm proposed by Kalampoukaset al.is designed to achieve max–min fairness in ATM networks. It has several attractive features, such as a fixed computational complexity ofO(1) and the guaranteed convergence to max–min fairness. In this paper, certain drawbacks of the algorithm, such as the severe overload of an outgoing link during transient period and the non‐conforming use of the current cell rate field in a resource management cell, have been identified and analysed; a new algorithm which overcomes these drawbacks is proposed. The proposed algorithm simplifies the rate computation as well. Compared with Kalampoukas's algorithm, it has better performance in terms of congestion avoidance and smoothness of rate allocation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fite stain positivity in Rhodococcus equi: Yet another acid‐fast organism in respiratory cytology—a case report
Authors: Echeverri Carolina , Matherne Jason , Jorgensen James H. , Fowler Larry J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRhodococcus equi is an aerobic Gram‐positive and acid‐fast coccobacillus that may cause cavitary pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts such as HIV‐infected patients. Numerous Grocott's methenamine silver (GMS)‐positive organisms were initially noted on the direct smear; a minor number of acid‐fast organisms were seen in the Thin‐Prep® slide. Since the abundant mucous material with the attached organisms seen in conventional smears may be lost in liquid‐based preparations, more sensitive stains such as Fite, as well as a more diligent search for organisms, is needed. This case illustrates the importance of careful selection and evaluation of special stains in sputum specimens. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:244–246, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Significance of histiocytes in cervical smears from peri/postmenopausal women
Authors: Tambouret Rosemary , Bell Debra A. , Centeno Barbara A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHistiocytes in cervicovaginal smears from peri‐ or postmenopausal women have been viewed as a potential indicator of endometrial neoplasia, but recent studies have refuted that view. This study further defines the clinical significance of such findings. All cervical smears were selected from women (≥50 yr) in whom the presence of histiocytes was mentioned; pertinent clinical history, follow‐up information, and selected slides were reviewed. Among 105,225 total cervicovaginal smears from a 3.5‐yr period, 106 smears from 103 women were identified. Forty‐two patients (41%) were on hormone replacement therapy (2 on tamoxifen), and 23 (22.3%) patients experienced vaginal bleeding, all of whom had biopsy or cytology follow‐up. Ten (9.6%) patients had no follow‐up, 35 (32%) had repeat smears only, and 58 (56.3%) had endometrial/endocervical sampling. In 28 patients, the index smear was categorized as other than within normal limits or benign cellular changes; of these, 24 had subsequent tissue sampling and 4 had cytology follow‐up. Of the patients with tissue sampling, 51 (84%) had benign findings (including polyps), 2 (3.5%) had hyperplasia, and 5 (10%) had adenocarcinoma. All 5 patients with adenocarcinoma had endometrial glandular cells on the smear, and 4 had vaginal bleeding. One patient with hyperplasia had vaginal bleeding, and the other was on tamoxifen and had endometrial glandular cells on the smear. None of the patients having only histiocytes on their smears and no clinical symptoms or risk factors had endometrial adenocarcinoma or hyperplasia. These findings support the conclusion that the presence of histiocytes alone on cervicovaginal smears from peri‐ or postmenopausal women is nonspecific and of no major clinical significance in the absence of other clinical or cytologic findings. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:271–275, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Xanthine‐analog, KMUP‐2, enhances cyclic GMP and K+ channel activities in rabbit aorta and corpus cavernosum with associated penile erection
Authors: Lin Rong‐Jyh , Wu Bin‐Nan , Shen Kuo‐Pyng , Huang Chun‐Hsiung , Liu Zee‐Ing , Lin Chiu‐Yin , Cheng Chang‐Jenq , Chen Ing‐Jun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe pharmacological properties of KMUP‐2 were examined in isolated rabbit aorta and corpus cavernosum smooth muscle (CCSM). KMUP‐2 caused relaxations that were attenuated by removed endothelium, high K+, and pretreatment with the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors methylene blue (10 μM) and ODQ (1 μM), a NOS inhibitor, L‐NAME (100 μM), a K+ channel blocker TEA (10 mM), a KATP channel blocker glibenclamide (1 μM), a voltage‐dependent K+ channel blocker 4‐AP (100 μM), and the Ca2+‐dependent K+ channel blockers apamin (1 μM) and charybdotoxin (ChTX, 0.1 μM). The relaxant responses of KMUP‐2 (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 μM) together with a PDE inhibitor, IBMX (0.5 μM), had additive effects on rabbit aorta and CCSM. Additionally, KMUP‐2 (100 μM) also affected cGMP metabolism, due to its inhibiting activity on PDE in human platelets. KMUP‐2 (0.1–100 μM) further induced an increase of intracellular cGMP levels in the primary cultured rabbit aortic and CCSM cells. These increases in cGMP content were abolished in the presence of methylene blue (100 μM) and ODQ (10 μM). Obviously, the relaxant effects of KMUP‐2 on rabbit isolated tissues are more sensitive in CCSM than in aorta. Moreover, KMUP‐2 also stimulated NO/sGC/cGMP pathway and subsequent elevation of cGMP by blockade of PDE and enhanced opening of K+ channels in rabbit aorta and CCSM. KMUP‐2 (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/kg), similar to KMUP‐1 and sildenafil, caused increases of intracavernous pressure (ICP) and duration of tumescene (DT) in a dose‐dependent manner. It is concluded that both the increases of cGMP and the opening activity of K+ channels play prominent roles in KMUP‐2‐induced aortic smooth muscle and CCSM relaxation and increases of ICP in rabbits. Drug Dev. Res. 55:162–172, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of aggregation of platelets lacking the P2Y1 receptor
Authors: Fabre Jean‐Etienne , King Brian F. , Koller Beverly H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe recent generation of mice deficient for the P2Y1 receptor has allowed us to directly examine the contribution of this nucleotide receptor in ADP‐induced aggregation both in isolated platelets and in vivo thrombosis. Studies utilizing the P2Y1‐deficient platelets clearly demonstrated that the P2Y1 receptor alone is not sufficient for describing the various effects induced by ADP on platelets. While no increase in intracellular calcium was observed in the platelets lacking P2Y1, the ability of ADP to decrease intracellular cAMP was unaltered. An additive and unexpected observation is the partial aggregation induced by exposure of P2Y1‐deficient platelets to high levels of ADP. This suggests that additional ADP receptors are expressed by platelets and that these receptors can induce partial aggregation of platelets in the absence of measurable changes in intracellular calcium. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms involved in the platelet response to ADP and examines various hypotheses that attempt to explain the pathway leading to partial aggregation of P2Y1 platelets in response to ADP. Drug Dev. Res. 52:150–155, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascades in P2Y receptor‐mediated trophic activation of astroglial cells
Authors: Neary Joseph T. , Lenz Guido , Kang Yuan , Rodnight Richard , Avruch Joseph 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe trophic actions of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides on astroglial cells in the central nervous system may be important in development as well as injury and repair. Here we summarize recent findings on the signal transduction mechanisms and gene expression that mediate the trophic effects of extracellular ATP on astrocyte cultures, with a particular emphasis on mitogenesis. Activation of ATP/P2Y receptors leads to the stimulation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, which play a crucial role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Inhibition of ERK and p38, members of two distinct MAPK cascades, interferes with the ability of extracellular ATP to stimulate astrocyte proliferation, thereby indicating their importance in mitogenic signaling by P2Y receptors. Signaling from P2Y receptors to ERK involves phospholipase D and a calcium‐independent protein kinase C isoform, PKC; this pathway is independent of the phosphatidylinositol‐phospholipase C / calcium pathway which is also coupled to P2Y receptors. Pharmacological studies suggest that astrocytes may express an as‐yet uncloned P2Y receptor that recruits a novel MEK activator in the ERK cascade. Extracellular ATP can also potentiate fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐2‐induced proliferation, and studies on interactions between ATP and FGF‐2 signaling pathways have revealed that although ATP does not activate cRaf‐1, the first protein kinase in the ERK cascade, it can reduce cRaf‐1 activation by FGF‐2. As intermediate levels of Raf activity stimulate the cell cycle, the partial inhibition of FGF‐induced Raf activity by ATP may contribute to the enhancing effect of ATP on FGF‐2‐induced astrocyte proliferation. Activation of P2Y receptors also leads to nuclear signaling, and the use of DNA arrays has shown that treatment of astrocytes with extracellular ATP results in the up‐ and downregulation of a number of genes; studies to determine which of these genes are regulated by MAPKs are now in progress. Elucidation of the components of MAPK pathways linked to P2Y receptors and subsequent changes in gene expression may provide targets for a new avenue of drug development aimed at the management of astrogliosis which occurs in many types of neurological disorders and neurodegeneration. Drug Dev. Res. 53:158–165, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analgesic efficacy of the combination metamizol+morphine after subchronic treatment in rats
Authors: Ramírez Adriana Miriam Domínguez , Delgadillo Gloria Patricia Hernández , Martínez Rosa Ventura , Reval Ma. Irene Díaz , López‐Muñoz Francisco Javier 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the present study, the analgesic efficacy and the possible development of tolerance produced by the combination metamizol+morphine (562.3:5.6 mg/kg) during subchronic treatment (6 and 12 days) in arthritic rats using the PIFIR model was evaluated. This combination of metamizol+morphine produced the maximum analgesic efficacy (AUCE = 353.4 ± 24.7 au) when compared with morphine 5.6 mg/kg (AUCE = 196.6 ± 35.3 au), metamizol 562.3 mg/kg (AUCE = 262.8 ± 10.2 au), and morphine 10 mg/kg (AUCE = 316.6 ± 31.0 au) given in a single dose. The results were essentially the same when the combination was administered for 6 (AUCE = 325.4 ± 13.1 au) or 12 days (AUCE = 354.5 ± 9.6 au). In addition, the duration of the effect was longer when the combination metamizol+morphine was administered either in single or subchronic treatment. Development of tolerance to the analgesic effect was observed after 6 and 12 days of morphine administration. However, the analgesic effect produced by the metamizol+morphine combination remained constant (near 100%) during both subchronic treatments. The present data demonstrate that metamizol significantly attenuates the development of tolerance to morphine. The mechanism involved in this effect of metamizol remains to be determined. Drug Dev. Res. 51:260–267, 2000. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth curve analyses are best suited to examine the relation between developmental pathways and selective breeding: Comment on Hofer, Shair, Masmela, & Brunelli, “Developmental effects of selective breeding for an infantile trait: The rat pup ultrasonic isolation call”
Authors: Michel George F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHofer, Brunelli, Shair, & Masmela (2001) provide valuable information about the effects of selective breeding on rat‐pup behaviors and physiology. Although the design and statistical analytic techniques employed are typical of those used to evaluate behavioral development in animals, I offer several suggestions about how to evaluate the influence of selective breeding on developmental pathways using modern statistical techniques. As Hofer et al. demonstrate, the development of rat behavior and physiology can be an excellent model for examining the relation between selection and development. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 247–250, 2001
Testing neural models of the development of infant visual attention
Authors: Richards John E. , Hunter Sharon K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSeveral models of the development of infant visual attention have used information about neural development. Most of these models have been based on nonhuman animal studies and have relied on indirect measures of neural development in human infants. This article discusses methods for studying a “neurodevelopmental” model of infant visual attention using indirect and direct measures of cortical activity. We concentrate on the effect of attention on eye movement control and show how animal‐based models, indirect measurement in human infants, and direct measurement of brain activity inform this model. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 226–236, 2002. DOI 10.1002/dev.10029
Outstanding questions about phonological processing in dyslexia
Authors: Ramus Franck 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is widely accepted that developmental dyslexia results from some sort of phonological deficit. Yet, it can be argued that phonological representations and their processing have been insufficiently tested in dyslexia research. Firstly, claims about how tasks tap into certain kinds of representations or processes are best appreciated in the light of an explicit information‐processing model. Here, a cognitive model of lexical access is described, incorporating speech perception, reading and object recognition. The model emphasizes that phonological forms of lexical items are distinct from non‐lexical phonological representations. Secondly, phonology, as a linguistic discipline, teaches us that there is much more to it than phonemic categorization and awareness. The phonological level of representation also embodies phonotactic regularities, patterns of phoneme assimilation and alternation, as well as supra‐segmental knowledge pertaining to syllable structure, stress, intonation and rhythm. All these aspects are in part language‐dependent, and therefore must be learnt by children in order to become proficient native speakers and listeners. If phonological representations were affected in dyslexia, dyslexic children would presumably have difficulties acquiring these aspects of their language. This prediction is as yet untested. A possible research agenda is outlined, aiming to provide a more comprehensive assessment of the phonological theory of dyslexia. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pseudoparadoxical impulsivity in restrictive anorexia nervosa: A consequence of the logic of scarcity
Authors: Fessler Daniel M. T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo explain an apparently paradoxical pattern wherein sufferers of restrictive anorexia nervosa exhibit both rigorous self‐restraint and episodic impulsivity.MethodThe experimental, historical, and clinical literatures were examined for evidence of psychological and behavioral changes accompanying severe dietary constriction; such changes were noted and compared with those reported to occur in anorexics.ResultsIncreased impulsivity in association with dietary constriction is described in diverse literatures. A number of lines of evidence suggest that the serotonergic system mediates this change.DiscussionMany forms of impulsivity can be understood as having once constituted fitness‐enhancing responses to resource scarcity. It is suggested that an evolved psychological mechanism calibrates the individual's sensitivity to risk in light of future prospects. Self‐injurious behaviors are explicable as misfirings of such a mechanism. Similarly, excessive exercising by anorexics may reflect the misdirection of reward systems that normally encourage adaptive increases in ranging behavior under conditions of scarcity. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 376–388, 2002.
Screening Chinese patients with eating disorders using the eating attitudes test in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Sing , Kwok Kathleen , Liau Carmen , Leung Tony 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the Chinese Eating Attitudes Test (EAT‐26) in screening patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) in Hong Kong.MethodA consecutive series of Chinese patients with BN (N = 67) and typical (fat phobic; N = 65) and atypical (nonfat phobic; N = 44) AN underwent clinical assessment and completed the EAT‐26. Results were compared with those of Chinese female undergraduates (N = 646).ResultsThe mean EAT scores for bulimic and typical AN patients were significantly higher than those of undergraduates, but the scores of atypical AN patients were anomalously low. The dieting and bulimia factor scores and body mass indices entered the classification tree. When compared with using the conventional EAT‐26 cutoff, the misclassification rate for typical AN, atypical AN, and BN changed from 41.4% to 52.3%, 88.6% to 43.2%, and 23.9% to 29.9%, respectively.DiscussionUsing the EAT‐26 in the conventional manner would lead to an underestimate of atypical AN in community surveys. Complementary use of a classification tree improved the prediction of atypical AN, but the EAT‐26 remains a suboptimal screening instrument for the community epidemiological study of AN. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 91–97, 2002.
Binge eating disorder and night eating syndrome: Psychological and behavioral characteristics
Authors: Napolitano Melissa A. , Head Susan , Babyak Michael A. , Blumenthal James A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThe present study was designed to examine the psychological and behavioral characteristics associated with both night eating syndrome (NES) and binge eating disorder (BED) in 42 males and 41 females who were enrolled in a university‐based weight loss center.MethodIndividuals were classified into one of four groups: NES only (N = 23), BED only (N = 13), both NES and BED (N = 13), or no diagnoses of an eating disorder (N = 34). Analyses of covariance (covarying for age and gender) were conducted to compare patients with BED and NES.ResultsNES patients scored lower on disinhibition than BED patients (p < .01). Also, individuals who met criteria for both disorders scored higher than NES only patients on state anxiety (p < .01), disinhibition (p = .08), and trait anxiety (p = .08).DiscussionThese results suggest that NES represents a subcategory among the obese, which also overlaps with binge eaters. In addition, anxiety distinguished individuals who met criteria for both disorders from patients who were diagnosed with either NES or BED. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 193–203, 2001.
An eating disorder curriculum for primary care providers
Authors: Gurney Valerie W. , Halmi Katherine A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectivePrimary care providers frequently lack adequate training in treating eating disorders. This study examined the effectiveness of an eating disorder curriculum designed to address the lack of knowledge among primary care providers.MethodMedical social workers completed four intensive training sessions, each lasting 75 min. Participants completed questionnaires assessing eating disorder knowledge, perceived ability to treat eating disorders, and practice behaviors, before and after training as well as at 6‐month follow‐up.ResultsThe eating disorder curriculum resulted in a significant increase in eating disorder knowledge and a moderate improvement in practice behaviors such as screening new patients for an eating disorder. Training did not significantly change providers' perceived ability to intervene.DiscussionThe results of this pilot study suggest that brief intensive training can increase providers' knowledge and change their routine clinical practices, resulting in increased rates of detection and intervention in the primary care setting. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 209–212, 2001.