bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender, classifiers, and diachrony in Khasian
Authors: Ring Hiram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Khasian family is striking in exhibiting both grammatical gender and numeral classifier
systems, as well as the additional feature of grammatical plural marking within numeral classifier phrases (Rabel 1961; Nagaraja 1985; Ring 2015). Located in the Northeast Indian state of Meghalaya in an area well
known as a contact zone for cultures and language groups (Chelliah & Lester
2016), this group of lects belongs to the Austroasiatic phylum, but remains separated from their closest
relatives by Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman languages. As gender marking in particular is unusual for Austroasiatic
languages, it is currently an open question how this system arose. This paper provides a description of the gender and
classifier systems in Khasian varieties as well as an initial hypothesis for how gender developed, based on an ongoing
research project among the Khasian group.
Automatic term recognition and legal language
Authors: Pérez María José Marín 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools offer language scholars a wide array of possibilities to
examine, amongst other, the lexicon in any text collection. This research was designed as an attempt to try to measure
the degree of precision of three of these methods (Chung 2003; Drouin 2003; Scott 2008a) through
their implementation on two corpora of Spanish and British judicial decisions which revolve around the topic of
immigration. In addition, the last section of this chapter explores the lexical inventories extracted by each method
(the top 500 candidate terms (CTs) in each case) by grouping them into ad hoc thematic categories,
the most numerous being, as was to be expected, legal terms, followed by territory,
evaluative items, crime and family.
Bilingual legal terminology in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Clara Ho-Yan , Cham Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aims of this chapter are to describe the development of bilingual legal terminology in Hong
Kong, to identify current issues and to explore future directions, including finding appropriate strategies to
translate English legal terms into Chinese, based on key recent examples. Having been under the British rule for more
than 150 years, Hong Kong is for the first time in history translating the entire common law system into Chinese. This
process of “legal bilingualism” started at the legislative level and then extended to the judicial level, with the
first bilingual law enacted in 1989 and the first English judgment translated into Chinese in 1995. However, there has
been criticism of some newly coined Chinese legal terms. It is hoped that while the translation of case law continues,
more suitable methods will be adopted to translate English legal terms into Chinese, that meet both the local needs of
this post-colonial city and the needs of the Chinese world at large.
Definitions in law across legal cultures and jurisdictions
Authors: Jopek-Bosiacka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Legal definitions organize legal texts; they create new legal concepts and clarify general language
words for maximum precision. As such, they are subject to rigid drafting constraints. A comparative analysis of
definitions (in common law, continental law, and that of the European Union) reveals various semantic, stylistic,
text, or discursive conventions which mirror the differences between legal systems and legal cultures. The analysis
integrates tools and selected methodologies from linguistics, legal theory, legal logic, logical semiotics, and
comparative law. The point of reference will be the Anglo-Saxon, EU, and Polish legislative drafting guidelines. Model
definitions are presented. A focus on the formulation of definitions across legal systems and cultures can contribute
to the systematization of knowledge on definitions in law.
Frame approach to legal terminology
Authors: Engberg Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Central in this chapter are affordances of applying a frame approach to the representation of legal
knowledge and the relation to legal terminology. The first part introduces the basic idea of linguistic meaning as
based on the knowledge held by language users. It is followed by a presentation of frame semantic approaches that have
been used for representing legal terminology. The next section discusses conceptual dynamics as an aspect on which
frame approaches have special attention. The final section presents a method for constructing a broad basis for
conceptual comparisons for lawyers as well as for translators in a frame format as well as an example for how
translators may take advantage of such a frame representation.
The importance of being patterned
Authors: Pontrandolfo Gianluca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of the chapter is to provide an overview of the main research perspectives that can be
adopted to analyze the multifaceted area of legal phraseology. This field is receiving greater attention within legal
discourse studies also thanks to the key contribution of corpus linguistics, which has both demonstrated the
centrality of phraseological patterns in legal language and provided researchers with powerful analytical tools. After
defining and classifying legal phraseology from different yet complementary standpoints, the chapter exemplifies old
and new research perspectives and reviews a selection of methods adopted to study this distinctive trait, as well as
some applications. It aims at showing the advantages and disadvantages of using patterning in the discursive
construction of legal texts.
Legal terminology of the European Union
Authors: Robertson Colin D. , Mac Aodha Mairtin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses EU (European Union) language and terminology, commencing with the EU legal
context. EU law constitutes a legal order created by agreement between Member States under international law. This
legal order creates the context for terms, with legal texts as the sites of engagement, each containing different
domains of terminology. The EU legal order is multilingual, and each text comprises a single multilingual message.
This singularity generates pressure towards equivalence in meaning with consequences for drafting,
translation, and terminology. Implications and examples are drawn from environmental law. Meanings are determined by
the Court of Justice of the European Union. EU legal language and terminology is amenable to analysis through the use
of corpora. Terminological information is recorded and diffused via IATE.
Legal terms, concepts and definitions in the transposition of EU law
Authors: Doczekalska Agnieszka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Definitions play an important role in national and EU legal acts. This paper tackles the role of
definitions in the transposition process during which national legislation is drafted to achieve the results described
in EU directives. Seven models of term/concept transfer from EU law into national law are indicated. The analysis of
the models, based on the implementation of directives into Polish law, reveals that the transposition of a term,
concept, and its definition into national law is not the only possible scenario applied in national legislation. The
chapter explains how national drafters modify a term, concept or definition and why they decide to omit the EU term,
concept or definition in national legal acts.
Legal lexicography and legal information tools
Authors: Nielsen Sandro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Legal lexicography concerns dictionaries as information tools for needs-adapted information
search. The objective is to develop principles and guidelines that help lexicographers design, evaluate, make and use
legal dictionaries that fulfil specific types of need of specific types of user in specific types of situation
concerning law, its terms, and its language. Therefore, legal dictionaries provide help in many situations, e.g., in
term management processes. Legal dictionaries deal with legal terms in both systematic and alphabetical set-up and
presentation forms, are descriptive and prescriptive, and provide help to clarify terms using methodological and
systematic approaches. Finally, legal dictionaries are information tools that assist users in encoding and decoding,
and cater for the information needs of lawyers as well as non-lawyers.
Machine translation and legal terminology
Authors: Killman Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses machine translation (MT) with an eye to legal terminology. The translation
of legal terms and phrasemes may be fraught with contextual complexities, and context has long been the Achilles’ heel
of MT. Nevertheless, neural MT (NMT) and statistical MT (SMT) have made considerable progress in recent years, thanks
to data-driven approaches making use of potentially related corpora to overcome contextual obstacles. Such approaches
and the potential frozenness or repetitiveness of legal terms and phrases may allow MT to overcome some of these
obstacles. This chapter reviews contextual complexities surrounding legal terminology, NMT and SMT architectures, and
research on MT and legal translation to determine what might be expected from data-driven MT in this context.
Multilingual legal terminology databases
Authors: Chiocchetti Elena , Lušicky Vesna , Wissik Tanja 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on multilingual legal terminology databases (MLTDBs) and their specific
features. We address the aspects influencing the structure of MLTDBs, i.e., the number of legal systems, the different
usage scenarios, and target users. We describe the steps within a typical workflow for creating MLTDBs, i.e., needs
analysis, design, documentation, term extraction, compilation of terminological entries, revision and quality assurance, maintenance, and dissemination, highlighting differences with
other domains. We list the roles involved in legal terminology work, considering not only human users but also the
increasing role played by machines as a new type of user of terminological data for various
applications. Finally, we discuss aspects of quality management, planning, assurance, and control in MLTDBs, including
relevant standards.
Ordinary meaning in common law legal interpretation
Authors: Mouritsen Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Judges in the United States frequently appeal to the concept of “ordinary meaning” when tasked with
interpreting legal texts. Yet U.S. judges lack a shared, coherent definition of what “ordinary meaning” actually means
and they lack a shared, coherent method for discovering “ordinary meaning”. This chapter addresses some of the ways
that U.S. judges characterize “ordinary meaning”. It also discusses how judges go about searching for “ordinary
meaning.” The chapter also proposes that legal interpreters should place more reliance in usage evidence when tasked
with interpreting a legal text and finding its “ordinary meaning”.
Terminological features of the Chinese legal language
Authors: Cao Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay, Chinese legal linguistic features, specifically, the terminological features, are
discussed, in terms of the Chinese legislative language. It first outlines the historical and cultural developments
and context in which classical Chinese conception of law was situated in traditional China, and the emergence and
development of the modern Chinese legal language as a peculiar translated legal language. It then highlights the key
terminological features of the modern Chinese legal language and some of its complexities with selected illustrative
examples from Chinese legal terminology.
Terminological variation and conceptual divergence in EU Law
Authors: Bajčić Martina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both terminological variation and conceptual divergence can undermine the uniform application and
interpretation of EU law. However, even if terminological convergence is upheld, conceptual divergence can
nevertheless be manifested in varying interpretations of EU concepts at the level of the Member States. Highlighting
the distinction between terminological variation and conceptual divergence, the present chapter puts the focus of
attention on the European standard of the right of withdrawal. By means of a corpus-informed and legal analysis of the
terms used for the latter concept in several EU languages attempt is made to explain the multiple dimensions of EU
terms, namely the phenomena of term variation and meaning modulations. It is proposed to expand the context of
studying variants in EU law in regard to conceptual divergence and legal design.
Variation of legal terms in monolingual and multilingual contexts
Authors: Biel Łucja 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the variation of legal terminology – types, distribution, attitudes
towards it and causes in monolingual and multilingual settings. The chapter proposes the typologies of legal variants
according to: formal/conceptual distance (linguistic, denominative, conceptual), time (synchronic, diachronic),
acceptance (preferred, permitted, deprecated, proposed) and distribution (intrasystemic, intersystemic, hybrid
variants). Attitudes to legal variants vary: linguistic and denominative variation tends to be regarded as
undesirable – as a violation of the consistency and continuity principles while conceptual variation may be a useful
drafting technique. The final part adapts Freixa’s (2006) typology of the
causes of variation (functional, dialectal, discursive, cognitive, interlinguistic) to the legal context, extending it
to include causes related to formal and conceptual properties of terms that trigger variation in translation.
Intersectionality and the gendered discussion around Muslim Canadian politicians on Twitter
Authors: Al-Rawi Ahmed , Einifar Mina , Chun Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study investigates users’ gendered attitudes towards Muslim Canadian politicians on Twitter with regard to
intersectionality. Its purpose is to understand the tone and intersectional dimensions of Twitter users’ responses to Muslim
Canadian politicians and the gendered responses to them. Therefore, we extracted all the available Twitter replies to 11 Muslim
men and women politicians. Using a mixed method approach, we investigated how the public engages with Muslim politicians by
focusing on intersectional characteristics. Results show that Muslim politicians are not directly under attack because of their
religion unless they engage in public discussion of Islamic issues. Overall, both men and women politicians received higher
numbers of negative replies than positive ones. Women received more personal replies while men received more professional ones.
For both men and women politicians, personal attributes such as nationality, gender, and religion were used as a means for
discriminating against them. However, we found that replies to women were more likely to be stereotypical and refer to
characteristics of their identity and their appearance. The digital analysis shows, however, that men politicians were more
trolled than their women counterparts and that the quality of attacks differed as well.
The discursive construction of solidarity by Ghanaian female parliamentarians
Authors: Sarfo-Kantankah Kwabena Sarfo , Ngula Richmond Sadick , Nartey Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on issues of women has largely focused attention on, among others, power asymmetries and gender stereotypes, with less emphasis on positive linguistic mechanisms of women. Drawing on a critical discourse analytical approach and using Ghanaian parliamentary debates as data, this paper examines how female members of parliament (MPs) construct solidarity. The paper finds that, first, Ghanaian female MPs construct solidarity by positioning themselves as agents and the voice of (Ghanaian) women by using the inclusive-we and our/us. Second, the MPs engage in solidarity formation for (Ghanaian) women empowerment by championing the cause of women and calling for female empowerment. Third, the MPs demonstrate solidarity through congratulatory messages that highlight the achievements of (Ghanaian) women. Finally, the MPs resist discourses that discriminate against (Ghanaian) women. This paper highlights the need for marginalized voices to be centred in CDA research and contributes to the burgeoning scholarship on reparative critical practices.
Differential object marking in Barese
Authors: Andriani Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article describes the behaviour of differential
object marking (DOM) in Barese in the light of a preliminary study conducted
by the author, which is here refined and rectified thanks to sets of novel
data. A variety of referents along the Definiteness Scale is considered and
discussed, and these suggest that DOM in Barese is obligatory with highly
specific and referential determiner-less elements, but it becomes optional,
if not ungrammatical, with nouns modified by an overt functional element,
e.g. (in)definite determiners, numerals, or quantifiers. Furthermore, two
structural contexts block DOM in Barese, namely the co-occurrence of human
direct and indirect objects, and whenever the DO is embedded under a
perception verb.
Corsican DOM
Authors: Giancarli Pierre-Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After focusing in a previous work (Giancarli, 2014) on the global factors involved in
the emergence of DOM in Corsican, we would like here, based on a corpus
almost twice as large, to concentrate on the local factors. We identify two:
the DOM-ed object is either the marker of a scanning operation or a
designator. Being able to cover most of the uses in Corsican and even
integrate some marginal uses, these two factors branch into four (the
scanning operation can be performed with or without totalization, and
designators can be rigid or flaccid) while they can at the same time be
reduced to an invariant: a DOM-ed object is an argument set out of
contrast.
Differential object marking in a dialect of Sicily
Authors: Guardiano Cristina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This contribution proposes an overview of the
distribution of a-marked objects in a Romance dialect of
Sicily, focusing on the relation between a-marking and the
syntactic properties of the nominal structure in object position. The
following properties are considered: type of lexical head (pronouns vs.
nouns); coding of the Person feature on the lexical head and its relation
with the functional head D; type of noun (proper names, kinship nouns, other
nouns); lexical realization of the determiner (D head); definiteness and
animacy of the object; Number. It will be shown that, in the dialect
explored, a-marking is constrained by two major
restrictions: (1) a-marking is only possible if the head D
is phonetically realized, and (2) [+human] referents must
be a-marked.
The dative/accusative alternations in Old Romanian
Authors: Hill Virginia , Mardale Alexandru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper contrasts the dative/accusative alternations
in Romance languages with Romanian: In Romance, this alternation mediates
the emergence of a DOM particle for direct objects, in addition to the
preservation of the same particle with the indirect object (morphological
extension). The case assigning property of this particle is paramount in
both contexts. On the other hand, in Romanian, the dative/accusative
alternation ends up with the complete substitution of one syntactic pattern
by the other in the same position; e.g., dative inflected direct objects of
Old Romanian (theme/patient theta-role) are substituted by accusatives with
or without DOM in Modern Romanian. The change concerns the general option
for analytical versus synthetic case in the grammar, irrespective of DOM.
This contrast confirms the conclusions of previous studies that the
development of DOM in Romanian involves different morpho-syntactic patterns
than those proposed for Romance languages (e.g., Spanish), especially with
respect to the origin and function of the DOM particle and the pairing of
case marking on DP and the theta-roles they spell out.
Differential object marking in kinship terms and animacy hierarchies in Old Sardinian
Authors: Kanazawa Yusuke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to illustrate the
characteristics of Differential Object Marking (DOM) in kinship
terms in Condaghe di San Pietro di Silki written in
Logudorese Sardinian, and to demonstrate that the animacy hierarchy which
governs the occurrence of DOM varies depending on the grammatical
number of the direct object. In singular numbers, kinship terms are
distinguished from animate common nouns in relation to the occurrence of
DOM. On the other hand, in plural numbers, kinship terms and
animate common nouns are not distinguished from each other as regards the
occurrence of DOM. To conclude, we will structure animacy
hierarchies regarding the occurrence of DOM and of the definite
article.
Parametric variation in differential object marking in
Italo-Romance
Authors: Ledgeway Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article provides an exhaustive review of the known
variation found in the distribution of differerential object marking across
the dialects of Italy, including those of central and northern Italy, in
order to identify the relevant dimensions of microvariation in relation to
information structure, animacy, specificity, person, number and the head vs
phrasal distinction. Despite some similarities with other Romance varieties,
there are some notable differences in the distribution of differential
object marking in the dialects of Italy. Based on this examination, a
parametric hierarchy is developed which maps the differing licensing
conditions on differential object marking across Italy in an attempt to
highlight the precise pragmatic, semantic and syntactic parameters involved
in the observed patterns of distribution, their nature and their possible
interactions.
A micro-comparative approach to DOM in language-contact
environments
Authors: Odria Ane , Pineda Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper focuses on the interaction between Spanish
DOM, on the one hand, and Basque and Catalan DOM on the other. We thus
address the contact situation attested among these languages from a
micro-comparative perspective and we base on both diachronic as well as
synchronic data. In Basque the phenomenon is attested in Southwestern1 varieties, that is, in those varieties which are in contact with Spanish. In
Catalan, it is widespread across most dialects, except for Roussillon
Catalan (spoken in France), which aligns with Basque Northeastern
varieties, also in contact with French. In both languages, the use of DOM
has traditionally been considered by the prescriptive grammars as the result
of the influence and pressure of Spanish, although several factors lead us
to relativize the impact of such contact scenario.
Revisiting “Eye of the day”
Authors: van Dam Kellen Parker 
Published: November 2023

AbstractA particular lexical construction for “sun” composed of morphemes for “eye” and either “day” or “sky” has been widely reported for Austronesian languages.Urban (2010)made the case for this phenomenon as an areal feature originating in Austronesian, with attestation in Austroasiatic and Tai-Kadai varieties, but absent in Sino-Tibetan. A follow-up (Blust 2011) argued for the possibility of independent genesis across the languages, while reiterating the absence of the feature in Sino-Tibetan. This paper presents a large scale survey of Tibeto-Burman language varieties. Data from this region show widespread occurrence of the phenomenon in distinct constructions, arguing against contact as the inciting factor. Instead, this paper argues for multiple innovation events, with only small scale regional spread through contact. Data are analysed from approximately 250 doculects from a wide range of sources, including newly elicited data for Bodo-Garo, Maringic and Northern Naga varieties.