bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperament, character, and personality disorders: etiologic, diagnostic, treatment issues
Authors: Svrakic D. M. , Draganic S. , Hill K. , Bayon C. , Przybeck T. R. , Cloninger C. R. 
Published: March 2003

Svrakic DM, Draganic S, Hill K, Bayon C, Przybeck TR, Cloninger CR. Temperament, character, and personality disorders: etiologic, diagnostic, treatment issues. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002: 106: 189–195. © Blackwell Munksgaard 2002. Objective: In this paper, we explore the underlying dimensional structure of personality disorder, propose a novel approach to its diagnosis, and outline our concepts of its etiology and treatment based on the seven factor psychobiological model of temperament and character. Method: Temperament and character traits were evaluated in a consecutive series of 109 psychiatric out‐patients, with or without personality disorder and varying mood and anxiety states. Results: Low scores on character dimensions consistently correlated with high symptom counts for personality disorder. Each subtype of personality disorder created a unique combination of correlations with the four temperament traits. Conclusion: Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) temperament and character traits efficiently diagnose personality disorder and differentiate its individual subtypes. Character traits are used to diagnose the presence and the severity of personality disorder, whereas temperament traits are used for differential diagnosis. The distinction between temperament and character provides an attractive theoretical basis for etiological postulates and treatment of personality disorder.
Incidental radiological findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging in first‐episode psychosis and chronic schizophrenia
Authors: Lubman D. I. , Velakoulis D. , McGorry P. D. , Smith D. J. , Brewer W. , Stuart G. , Desmond P. , Tress B. , Pantelis C. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  To investigate whether patients with first‐episode psychosis or chronic schizophrenia have an increased incidence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain abnormalities compared with control subjects.Method:  Totally 340 clinical MRI reports [Controls (n=98), first‐episode psychoses (n=152), chronic schizophrenia (n=90)] were reported by a neuroradiologist blind to diagnosis and subsequently categorized using referral criteria (immediate, urgent, routine or no referral).Results:  Thirty percent of all scans were reported by a neuroradiologist as abnormal, but the majority required no referral. Patients with chronic schizophrenia were more likely to have clinically significant abnormal scans than patients with first episode psychosis or control subjects. In four patients the MRI findings led to the discovery of previously unsuspected pathology.Conclusion:  Patients with chronic schizophrenia have an increased prevalence of incidental brain abnormalities. A small proportion of patients with chronic schizophrenia and first‐episode psychosis benefitted directly from MRI scanning.
Seasonal distribution of suicide in alcoholism
Authors: Brådvik Louise , Berglund Mats 
Published: March 2003

Brådvik L, Berglund M. Seasonal distribution of suicide in alcoholism. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002: 106: 299–302. © Blackwell Munksgaard 2002. Objective: To investigate the seasonal distribution of suicide in alcohol dependence and to make a comparison with unnatural death in alcoholism and suicide in other diagnostic groups. Method: Multiaxial ratings of all patients admitted to the Department of Psychiatry in Lund enabled the selection of patients with alcohol dependence (n=1312) during 1949–1969. When followed up to 1997 a total of 102 (99 men) alcoholic patients had taken their own life. Reference groups were patients with severe depression and autopsy cases with other diagnoses. Results: The alcoholic patients showed a peak during the second quarter of the year (34%, P < 0.05). Other diagnostic groups of suicide and unnatural death in alcoholism did not show any overrepresentation in the spring. Conclusion: Male alcoholics showed a spring peak of suicide as opposed to other diagnostic groups.
Detention of the mentally ill in Europe – a review
Authors: Zinkler Martin , Priebe Stefan 
Published: March 2003

Objective: The frequency of compulsory admission varies widely across Europe. Although there has been some research on a nation‐wide level, no work has been done to compare mental health legislation in different countries in relation to detention rates and to patients' perception of hospital detention. Method: Databases and government statistics were searched for regional, national and European data. Legal frameworks were compared and reviewed in relation to patients' and professionals' views. Results: Nearly 20‐fold variations in detention rates were found in different parts of Europe. Criteria for detention of the mentally ill are broadly similar when it comes to patients at risk to themselves or others. However different rules apply for involuntary treatment in the interest of the patient's health. Conclusion: Variations in detention rates across Europe appear to be influenced by professionals' ethics and attitudes, sociodemographic variables, the public's preoccupation about risk arising from mental illness and the respective legal framework.
Suicidal behaviour of psychiatric in‐patients
Authors: Spießl H. , Hübner‐Liebermann B. , Cording C. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: The study aimed to examine suicidal behaviour before and during in‐patient care in a psychiatric state hospital. Method: Based upon a psychiatric basic documentation system prevalence and risk factors of in‐patient suicides, suicide attempts and suicidal thoughts were investigated over an 11‐year period from 1989 until 1999. Results: A total of 30 in‐patient suicides were found among 21 062 patients. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis the risk of hospital suicide increases for patients with schizophrenia, higher cumulative length of stay, previous suicide attempt, part‐time employment and training/retraining. Predictors of suicide attempt during hospitalization are suicide attempt on admission, personality disorder, suicidal thoughts on admission, schizophrenia and affective disorder. Conclusion: As Schizophrenics represent the high‐risk group of in‐patient suicide, suicide prevention should be a major goal in their treatment. More frequent suicide risk assessment is recommended particularly before granting a leave or an outing.
Duration of untreated psychosis and its correlates in first‐episode psychosis in Finland and Spain
Authors: Kalla O. , Aaltonen J. , Wahl‐ström J. , Lehtinen V. , Cabeza I. García , De Chávez M. González 
Published: March 2003

Kalla O, Aaltonen J, Wahlström J, Lehtinen V, García Cabeza I, González de Chávez M. Duration of untreated psychosis and its correlates in first‐episode psychosis in Finland and Spain. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002: 106: 265–275. © Blackwell Munksgaard 2002. Objective: To examine the association of duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) with early course characteristics in first‐episode psychosis in Finland and Spain. Method: Eighty‐six patients from Finland (49) and Spain (37) were evaluated on various early course characteristics. Results: The mean value of DUP was 4.0 months (median 2 months) for the Finnish patients and 9.9 months (median 2 months) for the Spanish ones. In both groups, long DUP was associated with insidious onset, poor global functioning, and laboral incapability. Among the Finnish patients exclusively, long DUP correlated with a weak earlier social network, instability of professional identity, long duration of prodromal symptoms, psychological dependency on the family, and criticism by the parents of the patient. Among the Spanish patients only, longer DUP was associated with more severe positive symptoms at admission. Conclusion: There are universal psychosocial factors influencing DUP, but also cultural differences may have an impact on the treatment delay.
The effect of alcohol consumption on cost of care in severe psychotic illness: a report from the UK700 study
Authors: Laugharne R. , Byford S. , Barber J. A. , Burns T. , Walsh E. , Marshall S. , Tyrer P. 
Published: March 2003

Laugharne R, Byford S, Barber JA, Burns T, Walsh E, Marshall S, Tyrer P. The effect of alcohol consumption on cost of care in severe psychotic illness: a report from the UK700 study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002: 106: 241–246. © Blackwell Munksgaard 2002. Objective: Alcohol misuse in psychotic patients is common and leads to poor treatment outcome. This study examines the relationship between alcohol consumption and cost of care in patients with a severe psychotic illness. Method: Patient care was evaluated over 2 years for 708 patients. Patient reported alcohol consumption was evaluated at initial interview. The outcome measure was cost of care over2 years. Results: There was no difference in mean cost of care between non‐drinkers, moderate and heavy drinkers. Increased alcohol consumption (measured as a continuous variable, adjusted for baseline characteristics) was associated with lower cost of care. Conclusion: Heavier alcohol consumers did not incur more treatment costs and may, indeed, cost less than other patients. This may reflect higher levels of drinking being associated with better overall functioning, poorer engagement with services or exclusion from services.
Suicide attempts in women with bulimia nervosa: frequency and characteristics
Authors: Corcos M. , Taïeb O. , Benoit‐Lamy S. , Paterniti S. , Jeammet P. , Flament M. F. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  This study aimed to estimate the lifetime frequency of suicide attempts in a large referred population of women with DSM‐IV bulimia nervosa (BN), and to compare demographic and clinical characteristics of those who had attempted suicide and those who had not.Method:  A total of 295 women (202 with BN purging type, 68 with BN non‐purging type and 25 with anorexia nervosa binge/eating purging type) were assessed using a semi‐structured interview and self‐rated questionnaires.Results:  Suicide attempts were frequent (27.8% of women), often serious and/or multiple. Women who had attempted suicide differed significantly from those who had not for earlier onset of psychopathology, higher severity of depressive and general symptoms, and more impulsive disordered conducts, but not for the core symptoms or severity of BN.Conclusion:  Interventions targeting depressive and impulsive features associated with BN are essential to reduce the risk of suicide attempt in women with this disorder.
Birth cohort effects in New South Wales suicide, 1865–1998
Authors: Morrell S. , Page A. , Taylor R. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  To examine birth cohort effects in New South Wales (NSW) suicide data (1865–1998).Method:  Aggregate suicide data were examined after controlling for age and period using descriptive statistics and Poisson regression modelling. Three approaches were applied to address the non‐identification of age, period and cohort in age–period–cohort (APC) models of suicide.Results:  Apparent cohort effects in male and female suicide using a minimum constraints APC model of age, period and cohort were no longer present in female suicide when a surrogate period APC model was used, and were absent in both male and female suicide when identifiable cohort effects were isolated using a ‘drift’ adjusted approach to APC modelling.Conclusion:  Increases in youth suicide rates in NSW occurring since the 1960s cannot be attributed to cohort effects, such as family influences on development. The causes of youth suicide are thus effects operating contemporaneously.
Obstetrical complications and the development of postpartum depressive symptoms: a prospective survey of the MATQUID cohort
Authors: Verdoux H. , Sutter A. L. , Glatigny‐Dallay E. , Minisini A. 
Published: March 2003

Verdoux H, Sutter AL, Glatigny‐Dallay E, Minisini A. Obstetrical complications and the development of postpartum depressive symptoms: a prospective survey of the MATQUID cohort. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002: 106: 212–219. © Blackwell Munksgaard 2002. Objective: To prospectively investigate in a cohort of pregnant women the association between obstetrical complications (OCs) and depressive symptomatology in the early postpartum period. Method: A total of 441 pregnant women attending the State Maternity Hospital in Bordeaux were interviewed during the third trimester of pregnancy, then at 3 days and 6 weeks after birth. Maternal depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Data on a large range of pregnancy, delivery and neonatal somatic adverse events were collected by interviewing the mothers. Data on OCs were rated using the McNeil–Sjöström scale for OCs. A dimensional definition of postnatal depression (EPDS summary score 6 weeks after delivery) was used to explore the relationships between OCs and early postnatal depressive symptoms. Results: Exposure to severe OCs during pregnancy was associated with more intense depressive symptoms in the early postnatal period, independently from demographic characteristics, marital adjustment, parity, and a history of depressive or anxiety disorder during pregnancy (adjusted B=0.16, 95% CI 0.007, 0.30, P=0.04). No association was found between the severity of postnatal depressive symptoms and labour/delivery or neonatal complications. Conclusion: Severe pregnancy complications may increase the severity of postnatal depressive symptoms by acting as acute or chronic stressors during pregnancy. The links between OCs, maternal psychopathology, and child development, need to be explored further.
Differential effectiveness of newer and older antidepressants appears mediated by an age effect on the phenotypic expression of depression
Authors: Parker G. 
Published: March 2003

Parker G. Differential effectiveness of newer and older antidepressants appears mediated by an age effect on the phenotypic expression of depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002: 106: 168–170. © Blackwell Munksgaard 2002. Objective: A possible mechanism whereby the serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants may not (overall) be as effective as the tricyclic (TCA) antidepressants is explored. Method: Clinical psychiatrists rated the effectiveness of past antidepressant medications in a clinical panel study of patients with a major depressive disorder, with 200 having previously received a TCA and 219 an SSRI. Results: Analyses indicated decreased SSRI effectiveness with age in those with the melancholic subtype. TCA effectiveness appeared uninfluenced by age and depressive subtype. Conclusion: Findings suggest why the broader‐based TCAs may be more effective than the SSRIs in implicating age and depressive subtype influences.
Medication adherence of individuals with a first episode of psychosis
Authors: Coldham E. L. , Addington J. , Addington D. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To determine rates of adherence to antipsychotic medication in first episode patients and the correlates of adherence in this group.Method: Subjects were the first 200 admissions to an Early Psychosis Program. Adherence was determined on a three‐point scale. Symptoms, medication side‐effects, quality of life, substance use and family involvement were examined longitudinally.Results: In their first year in the program 39% were non‐adherent, 20% inadequately adherent, and 41% adherent. Non‐adherent patients demonstrated more positive symptoms, more relapses, more alcohol and cannabis use, reduced insight, and poorer quality of life. They were younger, had an earlier age of onset and less likely to have a family member involved in treatment.Conclusion: Results for this group are similar to those reported in the literature. Correlates are often the consequence of non‐adherence. Non‐compliance has to be anticipated and relationships maintained with patients and families to intervene as soon as possible to minimize the consequence of non‐compliance.
Age‐related adverse drug reactions to clomipramine
Authors: Stage K. B. , Bech P. , Kragh‐S&oslash;rensen P. ,   Danish University Antidepressant Group
Published: March 2003

Objective:&numsp;The aim of this study was to determine whether age itself is a significant factor in predicting adverse drug reactions in depressed inpatients treated with clomipramine.Method:&numsp;The study involved 150 hospitalized, depressed patients treated with 150&thinsp;mg clomipramine per day. Changes in orthostatic blood pressure during treatment as well as the patients' complaint about side‐effects was examined with regard to age. The sample was divided into younger (<56) and older (56&ndash;70) groups.Results:&numsp;No significant differences between younger and older subjects were found on any of the 44 side‐effects recorded. However, older depressed patients suffer from more pronounced orthostatic hypotension than younger patients.Conclusion:&numsp;Older depressed patients who have been treated with clomipramine suffer from more severe orthostatic hypotension than younger patients. However, with the right precautions it is safe to treat older patient up to the age of 70 years with a tricyclic antidepressant.
Involvement of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in protracted alcohol withdrawal
Authors: Kiefer F. , Andersohn F. , Jahn H. , Wolf K. , Raedler T. J. , Wiedemann K. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:&numsp;Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has been shown to inhibit the effects of corticotrophin releasing hormone, corticotrophin and cortisol, and to influence affective and anxiety symptoms in man. We tested the hypothesis of whether ANP is associated with endocrine and psychopathological disturbances during acute alcohol withdrawal.Method:&numsp;ANP and cortisol plasma concentrations were studied in alcoholics during in‐patient detoxification and in healthy controls. Additionally, craving, depressive mood and anxiety were assessed.Results:&numsp;Although mean ANP levels increased significantly in alcoholics between days 1 and 14, they remained diminished compared to controls. Separating a subgroup of alcoholics with a decrease of ANP levels during withdrawal, these individuals revealed significantly elevated scores for mean and maximum craving and a trend to an elevated self‐rated anxiety on day 14.Conclusion:&numsp;We suggest that a dysregulation of ANP plasma levels during alcohol withdrawal may contribute to symptoms of protracted withdrawal such as craving and anxiety.
Leukocytosis and hypoalbuminemia in mixed bipolar states: evidence for immune activation
Authors: Cassidy Frederick , Wilson William H. , Carroll Bernard J. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: Although activation of an immune response during major depressive episodes has been reported, less is known about changes during manic and mixed bipolar episodes.Method: Albumin and leukocyte levels were compared between subjects in manic and mixed bipolar episodes. Neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte levels were compared between the two groups.Results: Albumin levels were lower in mixed manic subjects as opposed to pure manic subjects and in the combined groups levels were lower in females than in males. Leukocyte levels were higher in mixed manic patients compare with pure manic patients. Both neutrophil and monocyte levels were higher in the mixed manic patients but lymphocyte levels were no different.Conclusion: Leukocytosis and hypoalbuminemia during mixed manic states suggest immune activation in mixed mania similar to depression. This finding also tends to support the recognition of mixed mania as a distinct bipolar state.
Prediction of aggression on a locked psychiatric admissions ward
Authors: Nijman H. , Merckelbach H. , Evers C. , Palmstierna T. , à Campo J. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: The present study evaluates the accuracy of clinical and archival predictors of patients' aggressive behaviour on a locked admissions ward.Method: Over a 9‐month period, staff members estimated the likelihood that patients would become aggressive during their stay in the ward. These unaided clinical assessments were obtained with Visual Analogue Scales (VASs) administered before the end of the first full day of admission. Archival predictions were based on demographic variables (e.g. gender, number of previous admissions, diagnosis) derived from patients' admission forms. Aggressive behaviour was recorded with the Staff Observation Aggression Scale‐Revised (SOAS‐R).Results: Clinical predictions of aggression were found to be moderately accurate. On the basis of clinical estimates, 75% of the patients were correctly classified as becoming aggressive or not.Conclusion: Although a body of evidence indicates that unaided clinical prediction of violent recidivism after hospital discharge does not perform well, it may be quite accurate in estimating short‐term aggression risks during acute psychiatric admission.
Psychiatric symptoms in neurologically asymptomatic Huntington's disease gene carriers: a comparison with gene negative at risk subjects
Authors: Berrios G. E. , Wagle A. C. , Marková I. S. , Wagle S. A. , Rosser A. , Hodges J. R. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: Psychiatric profiles of two at‐risk groups [Huntington's disease (HD) gene carriers and non‐carriers] were compared by means of a computerized battery and a structured interview. Method: To avoid confounding, only subjects who were free from neurological and cognitive deficits (neurologically asymptomatic) were included in the study. To avoid evaluation biases, all subjects were seen before the genetic testing was undertaken. Results: Gene carriers had significantly worse recognition memory and scored higher in measures of irritability than controls. The groups also differed in terms of the factor structure of their psychiatric symptoms. None of the subjects qualified for a psychiatric diagnosis at the time of assessment. Conclusion: The groups differed with respect to their profile of psychiatric symptoms. It is hypothesized that these differences are the expression of different mechanisms, i.e. that cognitive deficits relate more to genetic factors and neurotic complaints more to being brought up in a disturbed family background. Issues concerning instrument sensitivity, selection bias and the advantage of seriatim assessments are discussed.
Child related strain and maternal mental health: a longitudinal study
Authors: Nærde A. , Tambs K. , Mathiesen K. S. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To explore how normal age‐related behaviour patterns and medical status affect maternal mental health in children aged 1.5–4 years. Method:& Data were collected via questionnaires from a population‐based sample. Outcome variable was the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL‐25). Multiple regression analyses were used to assess the extent to which changes in the predictors (sociodemographic variables, chronic strains, negative life events, maternal somatic health and social support) explained changes in maternal distress. Results: Changes in strain related to children and child care‐taking predicted changes in maternal mental distress stronger than the other explanatory variables. Only effects of changes in child care‐taking were significant for both time periods. Conclusion: Changes in maternal symptoms of anxiety and depression appear to be influenced by changes associated with children's behaviour, their medical status and child care‐taking arrangements.