bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between parental bonding and core beliefs in anorexic and bulimic women
Authors: Leung Newman , Thomas Glyn , Waller Glenn 
Published: February 2003

Objective. The role of core beliefs in the psychopathology of eating disorders has been considered in recent years. Young (1994) hypothesized that unhealthy core beliefs originate from the experience from the first few years of life. The aim of the present study was to consider whether perceived parental bonding might explain the development of such beliefs in eating disordered women.Method. The participants were 30 anorexics, 27 bulimics and 23 comparison women who completed measures of core beliefs and perceived parental bonding.Results. There were significant differences in perceived parental bonding behaviours across groups. The association between parental bonding and core beliefs were much stronger in the anorexic group than that in either the bulimic or the control group. In particular, a perceived low level of parental care was predictive of the presence of some unhealthy core beliefs in anorexic women.Conclusion. Longitudinal research is needed to confirm these findings among anorexic and bulimic women. Clinically, these findings provide insight into the possible origins or core beliefs, and hence might aid their challenge in schemafocused cognitive therapy.
Underlying assumptions and core beliefs in anorexia nervosa and dieting
Authors: Cooper Myra , Turner Hannah 
Published: February 2003

Objective. To investigate assumptions and beliefs in anorexia nervosa and dieting.Design and method. The Eating Disorder Belief Questionnaire (EDBQ), was administered to patients with anorexia nervosa, dieters and female controls.Results. The patients scored more highly than the other two groups on assumptions about weight and shape, assumptions about eating and negative self‐beliefs. The dieters scored more highly than the female controls on assumptions about weight and shape.Conclusions. The cognitive content of anorexia nervosa (both assumptions and negative self‐beliefs) differs from that found in dieting. Assumptions about weight and shape may also distinguish dieters from female controls.
The role of cognitive vulnerability and stress in the prediction of postpartum depressive symptomatology
Authors: Grazioli Rachel , Terry Deborah J. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. The present study was designed to test the diathesis‐stress components of Beck's cognitive theory of depression and the reformulated learned helplessness model of depression in the prediction of postpartum depressive symptomatology.Design and methods. The research used a two‐wave longitudinal design ‐ data were collected from 65 primiparous women during their third trimester of pregnancy and then 6 weeks after the birth. Cognitive vulnerability and initial depressive symptomatology were assessed at Time 1, whereas stress and postpartum depressive symptomatology were assessed at Time 2.Results. There was some support for the diathesis‐stress component of Beck's cognitive theory, to the extent that the negative relationship between both general and maternal‐specific dysfunctional attitudes associated with performance evaluation and Time 2 depressive symptomatology was strongest for women who reported high levels of parental stress. In a similar vein, the effects of dysfunctional attitudes (general and maternal‐specific) associated with performance evaluation and need for approval (general measure only) on partner ratings of emotional distress were evident only among those women whose infants were rated as being temperamentally difficult.Conclusion. There was no support for the diathesis‐stress component of the reformulated learned helplessness model of depression; however, there was some support for the diathesis‐stress component of Beck's cognitive theory.
Diabetes mellitus and the rate of cognitive ageing
Authors: Bent Nuala , Rabbitt Patrick , Metcalfe David 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. There is some evidence that besides affecting peripheral neural function diabetes may also cause more widespread changes in the central nervous system which reduce cognitive efficiency and so, also, independence and quality of life. The present study explores whether diabetes mellitus is a compounding factor in average declines in cognitive performance observed in old age.Design. A sample of diabetics and controls were compared on a battery of cognitive tasks previously used in cognitive ageing research.Methods. Thirty‐three insulin dependent (IDDM), 135 non‐insulin dependent (NIDDM) diabetics and 2191 non‐diabetics aged between 50 and 91 years were compared on two tests of general intellectual ability, and on three tests of verbal memory.Results. Overall, the combined IDDM and NIDDM groups had significantly lower average scores than the controls group on all cognitive tasks. Detailed analyses revealed most cognitive impairment for the NIDDM sub‐group whose condition was managed by hypoglycaemic drugs, slightly less for those managed by diet, and no impairment for the IDDM group. These effects were independent of age, depression, socio‐economic status, and presence of other illnesses.Conclusions. Together with other recent studies these data emphasize the need for early detection and effective management of diabetes in older patients.
Adapting the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test Extended Version (RBMT‐E) for people with restricted mobility
Authors: Clare Linda , Wilson Barbara A. , Emslie Hazel , Tate Robyn , Watson Peter 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. The study aimed to facilitate use of the RBMT‐E with people who have impaired mobility by devising substitute tasks for the route and message subtests that do not require the individual to move around, and by presenting normative data for these substitute tasks.Design. A within‐subjects design was used to assess a standardization sample. Participants completed two parallel versions of the tasks in counter‐balanced order in two test sessions approximately 1 week apart.Methods. Substitute versions of the route and message subtests not requiring the individual to move around the test room were devised using commercially available materials. These were administered to participants along with other RBMT‐E subtests. Scores for each version were compared for the group as a whole and for subgroups divided according to age, gender and IQ. Based on the results, profile scores were derived for each task using box plot analysis. The participants (N = 111) were part of the standardization sample for the RBMT‐E and comprised consecutive series of recruits in two centres, Cambridge (UK) and Sydney (Australia)Results. Normative data are presented in the form of mean scores for the group as a whole, for men and women, for people aged under 30, 30 to 50 and over 50 years, and for people with an IQ of either 90‐110 or over 110. Profile score transformations for the011011substitute tasks are provided.Conclusions. Where mobility preclude the use of the route and message subtests of the RBMT‐E, the ‘model’ tasks described here can be substituted and profile scores calculated. 011011This allows clinicians to obtain a full spectrum of subtest scores for the RBMT‐E with mobility‐impaired patients, thus allowing the calculation of a total profile score.
The transtheoretical stages of change as a predictor of premature termination, attendance and alliance in psychotherapy
Authors: Derisley Jo , Reynolds Shirley 
Published: February 2003

Objective. The Transtheoretical Model proposes that clients' stage of change will predict their engagement in therapy. This study tested the hypotheses that clients with high Precontemplation scores would prematurely terminate from therapy and that clients with high Action scores would attend a greater number of sessions and establish a more positive therapeutic alliance.Design. Using a within‐subjects design, baseline measures of stage of change were used to predict the number of sessions attended, premature drop‐out from therapy, and the therapeutic alliance after sessions one and three.Methods. Sixty clients completed the Stages of Change Scales and the Brief Symptom Inventory prior to therapy. The therapeutic alliance was assessed after the first and third therapy session using the Agnew Relationship Measure.Results. The specific hypotheses were not supported. Premature termination from therapy was predicted by high level of initial symptom severity and low Contemplation scores. Positive therapeutic alliance at session one and session three was predicted by high Contemplation at baseline.Conclusions. These results suggest that the Transtheoretical Model, which was developed in the context of interventions for behavioural change, may not be directly generalizable to outpatient psychotherapy populations. However, Contemplation did predict premature termination and engagement. This implies that with adaptation the model may be a useful adjunct to psychotherapy assessment.
Patient‐rated therapeutic relationship and outcome in general practitioner treatment of psychological problems
Authors: Cape John 
Published: February 2003

Objective. To explore the association between therapeutic relationship and clinical outcome in general medical practitioner (GP) treatment of emotional problems.Design. Correlational analyses of patient and observer measures of GP consultations with 3‐month clinical outcomes.Method. Patients of nine GPs, presenting with emotional problems as assessed by the 30‐item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐30), were interviewed and completed a questionnaire about their experience of their consultation with the GP. The audiotaped consultations were coded by external observers for patient involvement, doctor empathy and amount of the consultation that involved listening interactions (patient talking and doctor listening). After 3 months the patients completed a postal follow‐up questionnaire including the GHQ‐30 and a single item measure of patient perceived change.Results. Fifty‐seven patients provided follow‐up data. Interview and questionnaire measures of patient perceptions of their relationship with the GP in the consultation predicted both GHQ‐30 outcome at 3 months (partial correlations controlling for initial GHQ‐30, r = .30 and r = .36) and patient perceived change on the single item measure. Observer ratings of patient involvement and doctor empathy predicted patient rated change on the single item measure, but not follow‐up GHQ‐30. Observer coded listening interactions were unrelated to both outcome measures.Conclusion. The results indicate an association between patient perceptions of how GP and patient related in the consultation and reduction in symptom severity 3 months later.
Perception, mental imagery and reality discrimination in hallucinating and non‐hallucinating schizophrenic patients
Authors: Böker Koen B. E. , Hijman Ron , Kahn René S. , de Haan Edward H. F. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. In this study the hypothesis was tested that hallucinations result from confusing external and internal stimulus sources, i.e., perception and imagery, respectively.Design and methods. Thirteen hallucinating and 19 non‐hallucinating schizophrenic patients, as well as 14 control participants performed multiple tests of perception, vividness of mental imagery and the ability to discriminate between them (reality discrimination). These functions were tested in both the auditory and the visual modalities.Results. There were no group differences on perceptual acuity. The results on one imagery task indicated that for the hallucinating patients, the relative, but not the absolute, level of vividness of mental images might be higher in the auditory modality, which was the modality in which 12 of the patients also experienced hallucinations, than in the visual modality. Finally, there was a positive relationship between severity of (auditory) hallucinations and reality discrimination problems.Conclusions. Hallucinations may result from increased vividness of mental imagery, and their severity increases with larger impairments in reality discrimination. It is recommended that research into, and cognitive behavioural therapy for, hallucinations should also focus on their sensory qualities.
Symptom severity, personal and social variables after armed robbery
Authors: Richards David 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. To investigate the relative importance of personal and social variables on post‐trauma symptom recovery.Design. Prospective survey of armed robbery victims.Methods. Fifty‐one consecutive armed robbery victims were assessed immediately and at 1 month post‐raid for post‐traumatic stress. One month post‐raid, crisis support, causal attribution and coping were also measured. Thirty‐one of the sample were assessed for symptoms 6 months after the raid.Results. Both the main and follow‐up samples had high levels of post‐traumatic stress symptoms immediately after the raid which reduced significantly 1 month later and, for the follow‐up subsample, further still 6 months later. Higher levels of symptoms at 1 month and poor crisis support were associated with higher levels of symptoms at follow‐up.Conclusions. Purposeful coping, symptom severity and social support effect post‐trauma recovery.
Process research in understanding and applying psychological therapies
Authors: Llewelyn Susan , Hardy Gillian 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. Research on the process of psychological therapy aims to demonstrate how therapy works, partly to increase understanding, but primarily to increase effectiveness by pointing to the crucial ingredients which effect change. This paper aims to demonstrate some of the reasons why process research should be undertaken in the attempt to increase therapeutic effectiveness.Methods. A model of scientific inquiry suggests three broad types of process research: (1) studies which describe behaviours and processes occurring within therapy sessions (exploratory studies); (2) studies which investigate the links between specific psychotherapy processes and treatment outcome (hypothesis testing); (3) studies which examine the links between specific psychotherapy processes and theories of change (theory development). Using this typology, we describe key aspects of process research: what it is; what has been studied; the limitations of existing research.Results. Descriptive studies have deepened understanding of the therapeutic process; however, a large number of reliable process‐outcome links have been hard to establish. Comparative studies have been rare. Studies which are linked to models of change and which attempt to track therapist responsiveness are more complex and have been more promising. Most studies are beset by methodological difficulties.Conclusions. There are a number of promising future research possibilities and methods. Despite methodological challenges, the field is developing and research is encouraging. We argue that process research has a significant place in advancing our understanding of the complexity of therapeutic change, and hence in facilitating theory development and effective therapeutic interventions.
Social anxiety and disfigurement: The moderating effects of fear of negative evaluation and past experience
Authors: Kent Gerry , Keohane Steve 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. To examine the relevance of social anxiety and past experience to the social and psychological consequences of disfigurement.Method. One hundred and forty‐one patients on the psoriasis register at a dermatology clinic responded to a postal survey which was designed to examine the effects of psoriasis on quality of life as it was related to clinical severity, level of social anxiety and patients' previous experiences of acceptance or rejection.Results. Psoriasis was most relevant for quality of life for those patients whose condition was visible on their face and hands and who reported a high fear of negative evaluation. Current quality of life, fear of negative evaluation and HAD anxiety scores were only tentatively related to the nature of previous experiences.Conclusions. Although direction of causality cannot be ascertained from these results, they suggest that interventions designed to reduce social anxiety could be used to help people who are having difficulty in adjusting to disfiguring medical conditions.
The Revised version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED‐R): First evidence for its reliability and validity in a clinical sample
Authors: Muris Peter , Steerneman Pim 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. The Revised version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED‐R) is a 66‐item self‐report questionnaire that intends to measure the entire spectrum of DSM‐defined anxiety disorder symptoms in children. The current study was a first attempt to examine the reliability and validity of the SCARED‐R in a clinical setting.Methods. Forty‐eight children (25 children with anxiety disorders and 23 children with disruptive disorders) aged between 8 and 17 years completed the SCARED‐R and the Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children at their first visit to an outpatient treatment centre.Results. Results showed that in this sample of clinically referred children, the SCARED‐R was reliable in terms of internal consistency, correlated significantly with an alternative measure of childhood anxiety (the Fear Survey Schedule for Children‐Revised), and discriminated well between children with anxiety disorders and children with disruptive disorders.Conclusions. It can be concluded that the SCARED‐R is a valuable addition to the arsenal of self‐report instruments that are used for the assessment of childhood anxiety.
An experimental investigation of thought suppression and anxiety in children
Authors: Gaskell Sarah L. , Wells Adrian , Calam Rachel 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. This study aimed to explore the effects of thought suppression in children ‐ in particular, whether trying to suppress a thought leads to an immediate and/or delayed increase in its occurrence. The influence of anxiety on children's performance in the experimental paradigm was also examined.Design. Participants were allocated to conditions in a between‐groups experimental design devised on the basis of thought suppression methodologies reported in the adult literature.Methods. One‐hundred and twelve participants were recruited from local primary schools and randomly allocated to four experimental conditions. Children in all conditions monitored the occurrence of a target thought (either neutral or anxiety‐provoking) by tapping their hand on a table each time the thought came to mind during two consecutive experimental periods. During the first period, half the children were asked not to think about the target thought, while the remaining half were asked to think about anything. During the second period, all children were instructed to think about anything.Results. No evidence was found for either an immediate or a delayed increase in frequency of target thoughts as a consequence of suppression attempts. State and trait anxiety were, however, found to influence children's performance during these experimental tasks and were associated with increased intrusions under certain conditions.Conclusions. The results of this study suggest that the experimental thought suppression paradigm is workable with 7‐11‐year‐old children. The methodological, theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Cognitively oriented psychotherapy for early psychosis (COPE): A 1‐year follow‐up
Authors: Jackson Henry , McGorry Pat , Henry Lisa , Edwards Jane , Hulbert Carol , Harrigan Susy , Dudgeon Paul , Francey Shona , Maude Dana , Cocks John , Power Paddy 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. Cognitively oriented psychotherapy for early psychosis (COPE) is aimed at facilitating the adjustment of the person, and at preventing or alleviating secondary morbidity in the wake of the first psychotic episode.Design. A total of 80 people participated in the initial trial and completed assessments on a range of outcome measures. Post‐treatment assessment results from a non‐randomized controlled trial of COPE have been previously reported. The present paper describes the results obtained from 51 patients who attended a follow‐up assessment 1 year subsequent to the end‐of‐treatment assessment.Method. The 51 patients formed three groups: (1) those who were offered and accepted COPE; (2) those who were offered COPE but refused it, and continued to receive other services from the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre (EPPIC) (refusal subjects); and (3) those who were offered neither COPE nor any other continuing treatment from EPPIC (control subjects).Results. At 1‐year follow‐up, there was only one significant difference and this was between the COPE and refusal groups on the Integration/Sealing Over (I/SO) measure (p = .008). End‐of‐treatment differences were mostly sustained over the 1‐year follow‐up period. When the complete sample of 80 was considered, there were no differences between the three groups in terms of hospital admissions, community episodes, or time taken to first in‐patient re‐admission.Conclusions. The study was weakened by the poor follow‐up rates in the two control groups. This reduced power to detect differences between groups on the seven major measures. However, the relapse data gathered on the complete set of 80 patients were discouraging and suggest that the present formulation of COPE does not confer any advantage to those patients receiving the therapy over those not receiving the therapy.
Simulated malingering in pain patients: A study with the Pain Patient Profile
Authors: McGuire Brian E. , Harvey Allison G. , Shores E. Arthur 
Published: February 2003

Objective. To investigate the utility of the Pain Patient Profile (P3) in detecting those who are faking or exaggerating complaints of pain while attempting to avoid detection.Method. A control group of pain patients (‘Pain Controls’; PC; N=62) was compared with a general clinical group who did not report pain but were instructed to simulate malingered pain (‘General Rehabilitation Simulators’, GR; N=34); and a group whose primary problem was chronic pain who were instructed to exaggerate the extent of their pain and related problems (‘Pain Simulators’ PS; N=26).Results. Both groups of simulating participants reported significantly higher scores on all clinical scales (anxiety, depression, somatization) compared with nonsimulating control participants and were more likely to obtain an abnormal T‐score on the clinical scales. The validity scale was able to differentiate the PS group from the PC group, but the GR group was not differentiated from the PC group by the validity scale.Conclusions. The results indicate that with further study, the P3 may be a useful adjunct to the clinical assessment of symptom magnification in pain claimants.