bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Baboon-Human Liver Transplants: The Pittsburgh Case
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1992, physicians at the University of Pittsburgh performed a lengthy operation to replace the failing liver of a 35-year-old man with the liver of a 15-year-old male baboon. The man’s own liver had been destroyed by the hepatitis-B virus. He also had been infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, the virus that causes AIDS) for at least five years. The patient was deemed ineligible for a human liver transplant because it was feared that the new organ would also be destroyed by the hepatitis. Baboon livers are believed to be resistant to this disease. Although more than 25 doctors observed the surgery, the patient’s identity was kept confidential.2 By the time the transplant was performed, he required continuous hospital care and had lapsed into a coma. The physicians felt that he was near death and in urgent need of a replacement liver. Five days after the operation, the patient was able to eat and walk, and after one month, he was transferred out of the intensive care unit. However, he suffered from several infections, renal failure, and other health problems that required treatment. About two months after the procedure, the patient was readamitted because he had become jaundiced. Two weeks later, he had a massive stroke and died.4 Physicians attributed the patient’s death to an infection that had entered his brain. The HIV infection did not appear to contribute to the death.
Can animal aggression be studied in an ethical manner?
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aggression is a behavior found almost universally in the animal kingdom. It is an unprovoked, hostile act that poses a threat to the victim. It is shown in many ways, including threatening body movements, vocalization, fighting, wounding and infliction of pain, sexual attack, and killing. Commonly, animals act aggressively to exclude others from their territory, to capture food, and to control populations. Displays of aggression are influenced by age (newborns and infants below a certain age do not fight), by the physical environment, by previous social experience, and by the aggression level in a particular community. One manifestation of aggression is infanticide-the killing of young by adults. It occurs in several species of animal. Human infanticide is practiced in several cultures to control population, to favor the birth of a particular sex, usually male, and in waging war. In nonhuman animals, infanticidal behavior has been described as a type of social pathology induced by overcrowding and by intense competition for scarce resources. Some investigators have suggested that infanticide may be a genetically influenced aspect of an animal’s “normal” behavioral repertory-an adaptive strategy in circumstances of shortage of food, for example. It could be interpreted as a normal matem’al culling of the litter under those conditions.
Risk and the Authority of Ends
Authors: Hiskes Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within liberal theory it is clear that consent is an important-perhaps the only legitimate-basis of political obligation, in addition to providing, as in Locke’s theory, a significant source of moral obligations. Obligations, in turn, always establish authority of some variety, if only in the minimal sense of “authorizing” a set of expectations as legitimate for some person or persons to hold as a consequence of our having entailed an obligation. If, as we saw in chapter two, the obligation is moral, the actual authority of the persons (or community) to whom we are obliged does not necessarily entitle them to do any more than attempt to persuade us to live up to our obligations or possibly to shun us if we do not. If, on the other hand, the obligation is legitimately construed as political obligation, consent grants a fuller range of legitimate authoritative responses. As we have seen, liberalism’s troubles with political obligation and authority are not really solvable by its construal of consent, because such consent would need to be explicit and expressed, yet liberal societies offer few if any opportunities for acts of expressed consent.
A Preliminary Study
Authors: Schachter Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the criticisms occasioned by the work of Schenker and his school, one has been especially persistent. It is that Schenkerian analysis, whatever insight it may give in many respects, fails to do justice to rhythm, that crucial element without which there could be no music. One might tend to brush aside such an objection if it were expressed only by those unconvinced by Schenker’s approach. However, musicians who subscribe to many of Schenker’s views have also voiced this criticism.
Bach’s Fugue in B Major, Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I, No. 21
Authors: Schachter Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In principle the analysis of a fugue should present no problems essentially different from those encountered in other types of music. Fugal procedures, after all, grow out of the contrapuntal and harmonic elements fundamental to tonality. And two fugues by the same composer may well differ by at least as much as two rondos, two sonata movements, or two nocturnes.
Understanding Consent in Sexual Assault
Authors: Baker Brenda M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1983, Canada replaced its rape law with the offense of sexual assault. The sexual assault law took the form of a multitiered offense recognizing different severities of sexual violation, incorporating sexual assault, sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party or causing bodily harm, and aggravated sexual assault. The new classification was designed both to respect gender neutrality as required by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedo msand to emphasize that sexual aggression against women and other persons should be viewed as a crime of violence and domination rather than one of sexual passion. It acknowledged feminist arguments that rape is not about sex but about power. At the same time, legal reforms were introduced to help strengthen women’s equality by removing obstacles to legal enforcement of their claims to sexual security and sexual integrity. These also served to bring sexual assault law into line with broader principles of criminal law and criminal procedure. They included removal of spousal immunity, removal of any requirement for corroboration evidence, lifting of statutes of limitation, and the introduction of constraints on the use of evidence of past sexual history.
Defining Wrong and Defining Rape
Authors: Hampton Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many wrongful acts against women, which in our time have finally been criminalized, were not until rather recently perceived as wrong by the larger society. For example, rape by a husband of a wife, and battery of wives generally, have historically been seen as legally and (by some) even morally permissible (as permissible as a farmer’s beating his stubborn mule) and thus as legally permissible. In our own time, the idea that such behavior can be justified still clings to our criminal law and criminal practices despite heavy attack. In part, this is reflected in the legal definition of rape, which in various criminal codes is generally understood as intercourse with a woman-normally understood to be someone other than the man’s wife-by force or threat of force, against her will and without her consent.1 It is hard to shake the thought embedded in this society that you can’t be raped by your husband.
The “Scottsboro Case”
Authors: On Bat-Ami Bar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “Scottsboro Case” is far from a single case in the legal sense. Its name is derived from that of a town in Jackson County, Alabama, the county’s seat in March 1931. This was where the legal proceedings began that revolved around the rape charges made by Roby Bates (17 years old) and her friend Victoria Price (21 years old or perhaps even 27 years old), both White, poor, and underemployed mill workers, against Olen Montgomery (18 years old), Clarence Norris (18 years old), Haywood Patterson (18 years old), Ozie Powell (16 years old), Willie Roberson (16 years old), Charlie Weems (20 years old), Andy Wright (19 years old), Roy Wright (14 years old), and Eugene Williams (15 years old), all temporary workers, African American, and poor. The proceedings ended in 1938 in Decatur, Alabama, where they were moved in 1933, following a request from the defense for a change of venue. This happened after Bates recanted her testimony while working with the defense team of 1933; two U.S. Supreme Court decisions that found for the defense, one in 1932 in Powell v. Alabama and the other in 1935 in Norris v. Alabama; a negotiated dropping of charges against Montgomery, Roberson, Williams, and Roy Wright in 1937; and the beginning of what were expected to be long-term incarcerations for Norris (sentenced to death but the sentence was commuted to life; he was paroled in 1944), Patterson (sentenced to 75 years but escaped in 1948), Weems (sentenced to 75 years and paroled in 1943), Andy Wright (sentenced to 90 years and paroled in 1944), and Powell (who would have been released with Montgomery, Roberson, Williams, and Roy Wright, following the negotiated agreement between the prosecution and the defense, but instead was sentenced to 20 years after pleading guilty to assaulting a sheriff; he was paroled in 1946).
The 1930s: The Rumba Era
Authors: Roberts John Storm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the afternoon of Saturday, April 26, 1930, a full house filed back after the intermission at New York’s Palace Theater. The curtain rose, and the course of Latin music in the United States was changed. The first Broadway appearance of Don Azpiazu’s Havana Casino Orchestra was important less for what was played than for how it was played. Don Azpiazu brought American audiences, for the first time, authentic Cuban dance music, complete with the maraccas, claves, guiros, bongos, congas, and timbales that were to become so widespread that their Cuban origin is now almost forgotten.
The 1950s: Mambo Time
Authors: Roberts John Storm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1950s, Latin music made a major change of course. It achieved its greatest popular outreach during the early part of the decade, but at the cost of a dilution (not of the best examples, but of the average) which contributed to its decline as a nationally popular style. In the latter years there was both a retrenchment and a return to the Latin roots for refreshment.
Investigation of Outbreaks
Authors: Weber David J , Menajovsky L Bernardo , Wenzel Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The historical foundations of infectious disease epidemiology are surveillance and outbreak investigations. Surveillance traces its heritage to William Farr, who in his 42 years (1838-1880) as statistician to the General Register Office in London developed and implemented such epidemiologic techniques as the standardized collection of morbidity and mortality data, the assessment of the determinants of the public health, and the application of these data to the prevention and control of disease (Susser 1975, Langmuir 1976). Modern outbreak investigative techniques date to John Snow, who investigated an outbreak of cholera in London in 1854, linked acquisition of cholera to use of water from the Broad Street pump, and terminated the epidemic by removing the pump handle (Winkelstein 1995, Brody 1999).
Natural Selection and the Evolution of Adaptive Genetic Variation in Northern Freshwater Fishes
Authors: Robinson Beren W , Schluter Dolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fishes inhabiting depauperate northern postglacial lakes and rivers have lately experienced high rates of divergence and species formation. The study of these fishes provides insight into how genetic variation in populations is molded by divergent environmentally based selection and how genetic variation and selection interact to cause rapid diversification. We summarize patterns of variation and divergence in the trophic traits of these fishes and show that (1) populations in depauperate environments often have elevated levels of niche-based phenotypic variation, which regularly takes the form of trophic or resource polymorphisms, and which appear to represent cases of character release; (2) much of this variation is genetically based and is the product of disruptive selection; (3) parallel patterns of diversification occur within and among populations; (4) in some instances this process has led to stable species coexistence despite gene flow and incipient to full-blown sympatric speciation; and (5) a reserve of genetic variation persists in most postglacial fishes that may allow a response to certain kinds of environmental change. Contemporary patterns of variation reflect a recent history of natural selection that has operated since the last glaciation some 15,000 years ago, but they may also reflect species-level selection that has occurred over the much longer time scale of millions of years representing many glacial periods.
Understanding Natural Selection on Traits That Are Influenced by Environmental Conditions
Authors: Nager Ruedi G , Keller, Lukas F , Noordwijk Arie J Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To predict microevolutionary responses to changing environments, genetic effects on a trait need to be separated from those of environmental factors. Resemblance between family members in ecologically important traits can be estimated by long-term studies of populations with marked individuals of known decent. The observed resemblance, however, can be caused by genetic and environmental factors, and determining their relative importance requires a detailed understanding of the way genotype and environment influence the phenotype. Phenotypic plasticity provides a useful theoretical framework in which to study the influence of genes and environment on the phenotype. Field experiments have limited ability to measure genotype-by-environment interactions because experimentally induced environmental variation is usually small relative to natural variation. To study the proximate control of the phenotype, we propose ecophysiological experiments combined with measurements of environmental conditions at the individual scale. To understand the evolution of a trait, we must consider the pattern of environmental heterogeneity, the form of natural selection within each environment, and possible effects of past environments. We present a framework for such studies and illustrate it with the timing of reproduction in great tits (Parus major). The expression of laying date. depends strongly on local environmental conditions and the correct timing of the bird ‘s nestling period in relation to food availability has important fitness consequences.
Detecting Inheritance with Inferred Relatedness in Nature
Authors: Ritland Kermit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many species, the inheritance of phenotypes in the wild is difficult to demonstrate. Several obstacles stand in the way. Often it is difficult to perform artificial matings or crosses. Attributes of life history, including long generation times, mortality, and movements, can make scoring phenotypes difficult. In addition, genotype-by-environment interactions can distort estimates of genetic variation. If one is to study patterns of adaptive genetic variation for phenotypic traits, adequate demonstration of their inheritance is desirable, preferably “in nature; ‘ The purpose of this chapter is to describe how non manipulative methods, based on estimation of natural relatedness, might allow us to demonstrate inheritance of a trait, whether simply inherited or polygenic.
The Electroencephalogram in Tuberous Sclerosis
Authors: Westmoreland Barbara F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous publications on the electroencephalographic (EEG) findings in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)’note a high incidence of EEG abnormalities in patients with TSC. My experience confirms this opinion. The EEGs of 361 patients with TSC were analyzed to determine the relationship between the EEG findings and seizures, age at onset of seizures, mental retardation, and other clinical concomitants of TSC. The patients included 201 males and 160 females with ages ranging from 2 days to 63 years at the time of the EEG recording.
Quality and Accountability
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States has made more sustained efforts to set standards for acceptable quality of long-term care services, and to hold programs accountable for meeting those standards, than other countries. Despite all these efforts, good quality has eluded definition, let alone universal achievement. In part, the conceptual problem is rooted in the highly personal and subjective reactions that people have to their care and their life circumstances. The long-term care consumers’ view of quality combines a personal and internal response to the events and conditions they experience with a basic expectation that the technical quality meets some standard. Few long-term care consumers have stopped to ponder the trade-offs they might be willing to make if they had to choose between technical quality of care and quality of life. They presume they can obtain both. Despite much of the current rhetoric about the need to choose between these concepts, there is no reason to assume that the consumers are wrong in their basic belief that they can and should have both.
Jealous Afterthoughts
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some twenty years ago, I published an essay entitled “Jealous Thoughts” (198oa [chap. 3 here]) in which I argued (among other things) that the possibility of jealousy is not eliminable without the sacrifice of much else, including erotic attachment. While I don’t believe the world has much changed in this respect, and so my basic view has also not changed much, I do have some further thoughts about jealousy—in particular in relation to issues of identity and of ambivalence. It is those that I would like to discuss here.
Boring From Within: Endogenous versus Reactive Boredom
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Was Berryman’s mother right? Is all boredom from within? The question is in fact ambiguous. Whether or not there should always be an internal cure for boredom, there is a separate question of whether the source of bore-dom is itself always internal (and yet a further question of whether selfgenerated emotions should be regarded as pathological by virtue of their source). Mrs. Berryman may have been more concerned with cure than source. Causal treatments, treatments that get at the root of a problem, must depend on the nature of the problem, in particular its source, but symptomatic treatments come from wherever they come from and work whenever they work.
Pride and Identity
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How is it that pride has gone from being one of the traditional seven deadly sins to becoming, in recent decades, the banner under which social movements have declared their objectives (Black Pride, Gay Pride, and so on)? How are we to understand the shift from a theology of sin to a politics of self-assertion (and an accompanying psychology of self-esteem)? Is it simply that times have changed? That, God having died, attitudes have changed—so that what once was thought to precede a fall now seems a condition of rising? Or is it perhaps that the nature of pride is to be understood differently in the two contexts? There may be an inherent ambiguity in pride: associating it on the one hand with arrogance, conceit, egotism, and vanity, and on the other hand with self-respect, self-esteem, self-confidence, dignity. (On certain readings, these may all be seen as different kinds or degrees of self-love.) Thus at different times, different aspects of the nature of the emotion come to be given prominence. Or is the difference in the objects? One place to start is with the recognition that the object, and the subject, of the traditional sin was the individual. The social movements that argue for pride are concerned with groups. How do individual and group identity come together in pride?
“Does The Professor Talk to God?” Learning from Little Hans
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Freud never worked with children. Indeed when, early in his psychoanalytic theorizing, a question arose for him about the excremental interests of children, he wrote to his friend Fliess asking for information, adding: “Why do I not go into the nursery and experiment with Annerl? … I have no time for it, and the womenfolk do not support my researches” (1985 [1887–1904], 230, Letter of February 8, 1897).
Dynamics, Chaos, and Prediction
Authors: Mitchell Melanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dynamical systems theory (or dynamics) concerns the description and prediction of systems that exhibit complex changing behavior at the macroscopic level, emerging from the collective actions of many interact- ing components. The word dynamic means changing, and dynamical systems are systems that change over time in some way. Some examples of dynamical systems are The solar system (the planets change position over time) The heart of a living creature (it beats in a periodic fashion rather than standing still) The brain of a living creature (neurons are continually firing, neurotransmitters are propelled from one neuron to another, synapse strengths are changing, and generally the whole system is in a continual state of flux)
Self-Reproducing Computer Programs
Authors: Mitchell Melanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 described some of the history of ideas about how life has evolved. But a couple of things were missing, such as, how did life originate in the first place? And what exactly constitutes being alive? As you can imagine, both questions are highly contentious in the scientific world, and no one yet has definitive answers. Although I do not address the first question here, there has been some fascinating research on it in the complex systems community.
Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Mitchell Melanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After he answered the question “Can a machine reproduce itself?” in the affirmative, von Neumann wanted to take the next logical step and have computers (or computer programs) reproduce themselves with mutations and compete for resources to survive in some environment. This would counter the “survival instinct” and “evolution and adaptation” arguments mentioned above. However, von Neumann died before he was able to work on the evolution problem.
Computing with Particles
Authors: Mitchell Melanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1989 I happened to read an article by the physicist Norman Packard on using genetic algorithms to automatically design cellular automaton rules. I was immediately hooked and wanted to try it myself. Other things got in the way (like finishing my Ph.D. thesis), but working on this idea was always in the back of my mind. A few years later, with thesis finished and a research job at the Santa Fe Institute, I finally had the time to delve into it. A young undergraduate student named Peter Hraber was hanging around the institute at that time, looking for something to work on, so I recruited him to help me with this project. We were soon after joined by a graduate student named Rajarshi Das, who had independently started a similar project.