bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
"Wading in Grace”
Authors: Tick Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the height of her career in the early 1950s, Crawford witnessed her experimental idea of using American traditional songs in music education become accepted as a part of the “American heritage” that shaped postwar culture. If, as Michael Kammen has written, that phrase became a “virtual cliche” in the years following World War II in a period when “traditionalism kept pace with modernism at least in the realm of national taste:’ then the range of requests to use material from her books gives ample evidence of the breadth of the consensus toward a musical past. She answered letters granting permission to reproduce folk songs from such groups and individuals as the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, the Board of Christian Education and Pub lication, the public-school music textbook company Silver Burdett, the pub lishers of the fourteen-volume series called Childcraft, an educational motion picture production company making a film for Los Angeles County public schools, a teacher planning to make a record for preschool hard-of-hearing children, and the Bank Street School music specialist Beatrice Landeck. “Old Molly Hare” and the “Boll Weevil” had found their homes.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Woodruff D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the nineteenth century, there appeared a new group of academic disciplines that took culture as a primary object of scientific study. These included anthropology in its many varieties, human geography, culture history, and branches of psychology that focused on culture. In other fields, the concept of culture became a significant part of the apparatus of interpretation. Bodies of theory about culture emerged, often overleaping the boundaries between disciplines. The development of these “cultural sciences” was an international phenomenon to which people of all major European nations and the United States contributed. But distinctive national approaches also revealed themselves, each largely shaped by the public context of intellectual life in a particular country.
Historical Economics and Cultural History
Authors: Smith Woodruff D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The disciplines on which this book primarily concentrates—anthropology, Völkerpsychologie, and human geography—re all clearly cultural sciences as that term has been used here. That is, in all three disciplines, the dominant theoretical patterns throughout the nineteenth century focused mainly on the culture concept and featured the traditional nomothetic aim of liberal social science extended by a heightened emphasis on empirical research. Two other disciplines closely linked in origin and theoretical orientation with these cultural sciences were historical economics and cultural history. In some senses, they can be regarded as cultural sciences themselves in that the culture concept had a central place in both. Both encompassed nomothetic approaches to understanding, although the nomothetic aim came to be seriously questioned in each-more so than in anthropology or human geography. Both disciplines became involved in the methodological disputes that were central to the revolution in German social science at the tum of the century. The cultural sciences on which we have concentrated thus far remained at the periphery of those debates. This chapter will briefly examine historical economics and cultural history as cultural sciences. It will focus on their connections to the other cultural sciences and the extent to which their most important theoretical patterns developed in response to common factors that influenced all of the cultural disciplines. Because of the methodological struggles in which historical economists and cultural historians engaged, the chapter also presents an opportunity to consider links between nomothetic cultural science and other major tendencies in social studies.
Intellectual Politics and Cultural Science in the Wilhelmian Era
Authors: Smith Woodruff D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many German academics specializing in the social and cultural sciences experienced a quickening of their interest in politics in the early 1890s and perceived an opportunity to exert an influence on the nation’s future that they had not had in many years.’ The opportunity arose in part from obvious sources, including the fall of Bismarck in 1890, the adoption of the “New Course” by the Caprivi government, and the appearance of highly divisive issues (such as those surrounding the Caprivi policy of lowering tariffs) that encouraged the disputants to seek academic buttressing for their positions. In addition, the colonial movement had recently demonstrated the ability of imperialism to mobilize educated Germans for political action. This demonstration was taken to heart by alert politicians-who increasingly tried to tie domestic issues to those of foreign and imperial policy in order to gamer the support of the educated-and by politically oriented academics, who did the same thing. The latter recognized that they had a chance of affecting politics by focusing their fields of study on major issues (such as the social question and its political cognate, the growing power of the Social Democrats) within some sort of nationalist ideological context.
Lebensraum—Theory and Politics in Human Geography
Authors: Smith Woodruff D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far we have been concerned with the interaction between politics and cultural science mainly from the standpoint of how the the former affected the latter. The relationship can, of course, go the other way. The fact that ideologies or current political issues can influence the structure of theory in the social sciences is often due to the previous absorption into ideology of concepts and vocabulary from the world of theory. And ideas from social science, even those adopted in politics mainly as a form of legitimation, can become important guidelines for policy in their own right. Darwinism, for example, was used throughout Europe in the later nineteenth century to legitimate preexisting ideologies (laissez1aire liberalism, imperialism, etc.). But the Darwinian conception of the dynamics of life also strongly affected the ways in which social Darwinists constructed the political world around them. Theoretical structures with strong affinities to ideologies can, by influencing political thinking, also influence the outcome of politics.
Separationism Is Moderated
Authors: Cohen Naomi W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the turn of the century, the customary zeal of the strict separationists was slowly tempered. Graver challenges faced by the rapidly expanding and maturing Jewish community-the unremitting persecution of Russian Jewry under the czars, the plight of the new immigrants, the entrenchment of racial anti-Semitism at home-reordered priorities, consumed resources, and generated fear. American Jews lost their nineteenth-century optimism and worried more about “mah yomru ha-goyim” (what will the gentiles say) to Jewish attacks on a Christian-flavored public religion. At the same time Jewish spokesmen were forced to concede that church-state separa tion was no longer an adequate guarantee of Jewish security. The rights of a “people” or a “race,” labels increasingly foisted on the Jewish com munity by Jews as well as by Christians, lay beyond the bounds of separation.
Philadelphia
Authors: Crunden Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philadelphia was no hotbed of cultural innovation. It had been the second city of the British Empire during the Age of Franklin, but had lost that status by 1800. By the middle of the nineteenth century it was stodgy and dull, devoid of innovation in literature, derivative everywhere else. But since Franklin’s day, it had been a city of institutions, a city where cultural life was possible. Not everyone was devoted to the making of money. Children could grow up in homes where books, music, and art were taken for granted, however antique the forms might be. Institutions also drew students, and these could mix with the children of the faculty, or from the professional classes, or from a less likely institution such as the local branch of the U.S. Mint.
Reconstruction in Morphology
Authors: Koch Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The linguistic literature gives little guidance on how to do morphological reconstruction. I propose a few basic procedures for morphological reconstruction and compare them to procedures needed for other kinds of linguistic reconstruction. Since so much of morphological reconstruction depends on knowing what morphological changes are possible, I present a typology of morphological change with comments on the reconstruction procedures that follow from each. Finally I illustrate the methodology in a few case studies where aspects of the morphology of Australian languages, principally of the Arandic subgroup’ of Central Australia, are reconstructed. The comparative linguist who wants to do morphological reconstruction will not find much guidance in the existing literature on how to go about the task. This stands in sharp contrast to the copious discussions available on the comparative method for reconstructing phonology. On the other hand, we find statements acknowledging that non phonological reconstruction is more difficult than phonological reconstruction because of the lack of regularity in changes and our more limited understanding of what kinds of changes are natural or common (Hock 1991: 609 f, 592).
Beyond Minimalism
Authors: Brater Enoch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I first thought of writing a book about Beckett’s plays of the seventies and eighties, it seemed to me that the playwright had em barked on the exploration of an entirely new dramatic mode-new, at least, for him. Gone were the very recognizable moods of Waiting for Godot and Endgame, plays with which my generation had grown up.Beckett's later dramatic works defy generic classification as pure theatre, poetry, or prose. Instead, Brater argues, they forge a new aesthetic for themselves. Analysing Beckett's use of disjointed body imagery; mask; abstract monologue; and the experimentation in film and video in the 1980s, Brater demonstrates Beckett's truly avant-garde departure from our concepts of the `theatrical'.
The Eye in Not I
Authors: Brater Enoch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is difficult to tell if Not I is primarily spectacle or literature-’ill seen,’ or ‘ill said.’ Certainly in production one is all but overwhelmed by the sheer persuasiveness of the image: a mouth staring out at us from otherwise ‘empty’ theater space. Disembodied, suspended in space, and throbbing with a constant pulsation of lips, teeth, tongue, and saliva, Mouth gives shape to words and phrases as segmented as itself. Never formulating any structure as unified or coherent as a sentence, Mouth opens this play with an unintelligible verbal onslaught, gets beaten into life as she rises toward an agonizing scream, th n settles down once more into a dull, incomprehensible drone. At the other side of the stage is a silent, elongated, hooded figure, ‘sex undetermina ble,’ standing on an invisible podium four feet above stage level, covered from head to bottom of platform in the folds of a djellaba. This mysterious, towering figure interrupts the monologue at four strategic moments, raising its arms ‘in a gesture of helpless compassion,’ then slowly returns them to its sides.
Monologue, Impromptu, and Mask
Authors: Brater Enoch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Piece of Monologue and Ohio Impromptu demonstrate how Beckett’s work in the mechanical media has shaped scripts written for live performance. What has been potential becomes concrete: in these works the playwright sets aside the technology for recording dialogue and in its place subjects his actor’s voice to the same metronomic considerations. Controlled by a precise rhythm and marshalled by the repetition of image and sound, the language of each play has been designed to mark the tempo of an action which is fundamentally verbal. In Beckett’s early plays the effect of the action is in the dialogue, but here the situation is different: the effect of the dialogue is the dramatic action. Within the language of Beckett’s late plays we therefore handle referential details with reverence, since we are granted so few. What is normally considered stage direction is contextually written as dialogue, which will develop and contain the rising action as well. Usually one searches for elements of structure, such as exposition, introduction, rising action, and recognition, in the dialogue rather than in the stage directions. But in these plays the relationship between the two, a ‘movement impossible to follow let alone describe,’1 is the source of the drama and the tension. In A Piece of Monologue and Ohio Impromptu the conflict is not in a character’s problem; the conflict is in language.
Play as Performance Poem
Authors: Brater Enoch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Rockaby Beckett’s mature style achieves a somber elegance and a quiet dignity that is both original and sharply defined. Although this piece was produced before Ohio Impromptu, Catastrophe, and What Where, its dimensions develop a bold stage image which is at once more elusive, more disturbing, and more essentially profound. The play, which had its world premiere performance in Buffalo, New York, on April 8, 1981, continues Beckett’s preoccupation with a small-scale play written specifically for a prerecorded voice in conflict with live stage action. A strange mixture of the carefully controlled and the spontaneous, the drama, whose sole protagonist is a woman dressed in black and whose only scenery is a rocking chair, restricts its subject matter and directs our attention instead to the formal integrities of the play as a text for performance.
Berkeley at War
Authors: Rorabaugh W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Berkeley, California stood at the center of the political, social, and cultural upheaval that made the 1960s a unique period in American history. In Berkeley at War, W.J. Rorabaugh, who attended the graduate school of the University of California at Berkeley in the 1970s, presents a lively, informative account of the events that changed forever what had once been a quiet, conservative white suburb. Rorabaugh's meticulously researched, authoritative narrative covers the entire period, from the rise of the Free Speech Movement to the growth and increasing militance of a black community struggling to end segregation; from the emergence of radicalism and the anti-war movement to the blossoming "hippie" culture; and from the explosive conflict over People's Park to the beginnings of modern-day feminism and environmentalism. An invaluable account of its time and place, Berkeley at War anchors the sixties in American history, both before and since that colorful decade.
Life Table
Authors: Carey James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A life table is a detailed description of the mortality of a population giving the probability of dying and various other statistics at each age (Pressat, 1985). There are two general forms of the life table. The first is the cohort life table, which provides a longitudinal perspective in that it includes the mortality experience of a particular cohort from the moment of birth through consecutive ages until no individuals remain in the original cohort. The second basic form is the current life table, which is cross-sectional. This table assumes a hypothetical cohort subject throughout its lifetime to the age-specific mortality rates prevailing for the actual population over a specified period. These are often referred to in ecology as time-specific life tables and are used to construct a synthetic cohort.
Population I: Basic Concepts and Models
Authors: Carey James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Population dynamics is concerned with population rate of change. This notion is different in an important respect from the rate of speed of a physical object like an automobile (Keyfitz, 1985). Suppose a mite population is 100 at the beginning of a week and 120 at the end of the week, then by analogy with the automobile its rate would be 20 mites per week. To become a population rate this has to be divided by the population at the start of the week. Therefore the population is growing at a rate of 20/100 or .20 per individual per week. Expressed in slightly different ways, this means that every individual in the population is increasing its percentage of the total by 20% weekly or by a factor of 1.2.
The Life of Robert Hooke
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The intellectual biography of Robert Hooke should he written by a committee of experts-a large committee. Hooke has done so much and contributed to so many fields of human endeavor that no single author could possibly do him justice. Besides Richard Waller’s 1705 summary of Hooke’s life in The Posthumous Works, the best biographies remain those of Margaret ‘Espinasse and E. N. da C. Andrade, dating to the 1950s. Gunther’s multivolume chronicle of Hooke’s life and work is an invaluable source. Yet even these excellent accounts can only touch upon certain aspects in his life while emphasizing others. And of course, the publication of Hooke’s diary in 1935 has illuminated both his personality and facts in his life.1 Many articles dealing with individual points in Hooke’s life have been written over the last 40 years. When a team of scholars led by Michael Hunter and Simon Schaffer (1989) recently convened for a much needed symposium on Hooke, what came forth, albeit of distinct value, was a collection of articles on some specific but disjointed aspects of Hooke’s life and work. Although it was not the goal of this symposium to represent Hooke in one conference and volume, their effort, with its broad range of topics, demonstrates the difficulty or impossibility of such a task.
The food tangle
Authors: Roughgarden Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I grudgingly concede that there is more to the Caribbean than Anolis. This chapter is about the other populations that anoles interact with - their predators, parasites, and prey. This chapter fills out the picture of where anoles fit into the entire ecosystem and raises the issue of how to move beyond a single tier in an ecosystem, as represented by the anoles, to understand how, in some sense, an entire ecosystem functions.
Comparative Scandinavian Syntax
Authors: Holmberg Anders , Platzack Christer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Syntactically the Scandinavian languages fall into two groups, one comprising Icelandic, Old Scandinavian, and Faroese, the other comprising modern Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. Between these two groups there is a number of syntactic differences involving a wide variety of syntactic constructions. These differences are the principal subject matter of this book. The claim which we will try to substantiate is that these syntactic differences can all be derived from a more fundamental difference between the two groups of languages regarding the system of inflections: The languages in the former group have a rich system of subject-verb agreement morphology and case morphology while the languages in the latter group have no subject-verb agreement morphology and a highly impoverished system of case morphology. The main purpose of this book is to construct a theory of the role that agreement and case morphology play in the syntax of the Scandinavian languages, and by extension in Universal Grammar. Let us take an example: In the unmarked word order of a finite clause in Icelandic, the subject is followed by the finite verb or auxiliary, which in turn is followed by adverbs and other clausal constituents including non-finite verb forms, as in (1.1):(Icelandic)
Null Subjects, Small pro, and the Role of Agr
Authors: Holmberg Anders , Platzack Christer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will contain a discussion of various differences between ISc. :md MSc. related to Spec-IP, differences that are due to the presence of nominative Agr in the former type of languages and the lack of nominative Agr in the later type. Generally speaking, ISc. displays much more freedom with respect to Spec-IP than MSc. does: thus, in MSc., every finite clause must have a phonetically realized nominative subject in Spec-IP (or a trace of such a subject),1 whereas in ISc. we find cases with empty subjects and oblique subjects, in addition to nominative subjects. None of the modern Germanic languages accepts referential null subjects of the type found, for example, in many Romance languages; thus for instance (41a,b) contrast sharply with the Italian sentence (4.lc). 3, 4 This chapter has two aims: firstly, we want to show how the verb second phenomenon is analyzed in terms of our general theory of sentence structure, finiteness, and nominative Case outlined in chapter two above, and secondly, we want to show the effect on subordinate clause word order of the presence of Agr in ISc. and its absence in MSc.
Sigmund Freud’s Psychosocial Identity
Authors: Loewenberg Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whoever knows only one thing about Freud knows something wrong, which is to say, knows something that standing alone is out of balance and is therefore only a partial truth. I will place Freud in the fecund cre ative historical-sociological tradition of those who are marginal to mainstream Western culture; they are in Western culture but not of it. The excitement of their lives and discoveries is that they are initially pe ripheral to the larger society, they stand on its boundaries, and therefore they have a cultural vantage point of both clarity of perception and vulnerability-and their discoveries are adopted by the culture to become central to its intellectual corpus.
Social Groups
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nobility was the smallest yet the dominant class of Russian society. Detailed and comprehensive surveys of its size and territorial distribution before 1782 are lacking. Kliuchevskii estimated that the capital nobility consisted of 6,385 males in 1681. Since the nobility of Petersburg and Moscow gubernias constituted about 30 percent of the total nobility of the twenty-six gubernias of central Russia in 1782 and 1816, the size of the Russian nobility in 1681, if the same ratio applied, would have been about 19,000 males. We know that it was 37,000 in 1744 and 53,360 20 years later. By the end of Catherine’s reign it had grown to 68,320 males (1795), and the census of 1816 reported a total size of 96,600 in Russia proper.
Concept and Scope of Police Authority
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Challenges to the legitimacy of the social and political order lacked any intellectual tradition justifying resistance to established authority, and only served to confirm the inflexible grip of the ruling class and its ideological apparatus on politics and society. As a result, that order remained, at least until the end of the eighteenth century, a self-policing world in which police attitudes permeated politics, administration, and social relations. The shattering of the traditional social order in the 1860s would generate a growing challenge to the legitimacy of the political order and, with it, the development of autonomous tendencies and the need for an ever more extensive police network to keep them in line.
Financial Agencies
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The management of public finances is the single most important function of government. Without adequate revenue, properly accounted for, a government’s freedom of action is severely circumscribed, both in the conduct of foreign policy and in building the foundations of a civilized society. Taxation affects the well-being of the population, and tax policy is a powerful tool of social engineering. Great controversies over power relationships in government and society are inseparable from bitter conflicts over the apportionment of the tax burden.