bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enamel matrix proteins in the treatment of intra‐bony defects
Authors: Francetti Luca , Del Fabbro Massimo , Basso Matteo , Testori Tiziano , Weinstein Roberto 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBackground: A growing flow of recent evidence indicates enamel matrix derivative (EMD, Emdogain®) as a useful tool for the regeneration of periodontal tissues. This prospective clinical study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of EMD combined with surgical treatment of periodontal intra‐bony defects, as compared with surgery alone, up to 24 months of follow‐up.Methods: Twenty‐four intra‐bony defects were treated in 24 patients in a single clinical centre. Each defect had intra‐bony depth (IBD) ≥4 mm and probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥6 mm. Patients were randomly assigned to either test or control group. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), PPD and periodontal attachment level (PAL) were assessed at baseline pre‐surgical examination at the site to be treated. Full mouth plaque score (FMPS) and full mouth bleeding score (FMBS) were also evaluated. Twelve patients were treated by simplified papilla preservation flap technique (control group), while 12 patients were treated with the same surgical technique plus EMD after ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid root conditioning (test group). Any probing at the involved sites was avoided in the first year post‐surgery. Radiographs were taken at baseline, 12 and 24 months after surgery using customized bite blocks. Intra‐bony defect depth (IBD) and angle (IBA) were measured from X‐rays by a computer‐aided technique. At 12 and 24 months post‐surgery, FMPS, FMBS, PI, GI, PPD, PAL and radiographic IBD and IBA were assessed. The difference between each follow‐up and baseline, and between groups at each follow‐up was evaluated for the above parameters by standard statistical methods.Results: In both groups, clinical and radiographic parameters were improved at either 12 or 24 months when compared with baseline. The test group displayed better outcomes when compared with the control group for IBD, PPD, and PAL gain at 12 months, and only for PAL and IBD gain at 24 months. No adverse event related to the use of EMD was reported.Conclusions: The surgical procedure used in the present study, aiming for maximum preservation of the regenerative potential of periodontal tissues, showed per se excellent results. The use of EMD as an adjunct to periodontal surgery in the treatment of angular defects possibly enhances periodontal regeneration rate.
A randomized clinical trial on the short‐term clinical and microbiological effects of the adjunctive use of a 0.05% chlorhexidine mouth rinse for patients in supportive periodontal care
Authors: Santos Sagrario , Herrera David , López Elsa , O'Connor Ana , González Itziar , Sanz Mariano 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the clinical and microbiological activity of a new mouth rinse formulation, used as an adjunct to oral hygiene, for patients in supportive periodontal care.Patients and Methods: This was a randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial with two groups: test group, rinsing twice per day with the test product (with 0.05% chlorhexidine and 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride); and control group, rinsing with a placebo. Treated chronic periodontitis patients were included, and two visits were rendered, baseline, and after 15 days. Clinical outcome variables included plaque and gingival indices, and probing pocket depth. Subgingival samples were processed by culturing. Patient‐based variables and adverse effects were also assessed. Outcome variables were compared by t‐test, χ2, and Mann–Whitney test.Results: The results belonged to 33 patients. Plaque and gingival indices, and the log of bacterial total counts were reduced in the test group (p0.01), but differences between groups were only statistically significant (p<0.05) for plaque and bacterial counts. A significant reduction in the proportions of flora (p<0.05) and frequency of detection (p=0.01) of Porphyromonas gingivalis was observed in the test group.Conclusions: The newly formulated mouth rinse demonstrated short‐term plaque‐inhibitory activity. This was associated with a reduction in the total load of anaerobic subgingival microflora.
Effects of toothbrushing frequency on proliferation of gingival cells and collagen synthesis
Authors: Yamamoto Tatsuo , Tomofuji Takaaki , Ekuni Daisuke , Sakamoto Tomonori , Horiuchi Masazumi , Watanabe Tatsuo 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBackground: Mechanical stimulation by toothbrushing enhances proliferation of fibroblasts and junctional epithelium (JE). These changes in gingiva may depend on the interval between toothbrushing. The effects of toothbrushing frequency on proliferation of gingival fibroblasts and basal cells of JE were evaluated.Methods: Twelve mongrel dogs were used. Each tooth was brushed for 20 s at 1.96 N. The subepithelial connective tissue of JE was examined for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)‐positive fibroblasts and procollagen type‐I C‐peptide (PIP)‐positive fibroblasts. JE was examined for PCNA‐positive basal cells.Results: Gingiva that received brushing twice a day showed increases in the density of fibroblasts and ratio of PCNA‐positive fibroblasts to total fibroblasts at 4 weeks. The ratio of PIP‐positive fibroblasts increased at 8 weeks in gingiva brushed twice a day and once a day. PCNA‐positive basal cell ratio increased at 4 weeks in gingiva brushed twice a day and once a day.Conclusions: A high frequency of brushing was associated with increased numbers of PCNA‐positive fibroblasts, PIP‐positive fibroblasts and PCNA‐positive basal cells. Gingival cell proliferation increased and reached a plateau earlier in gingiva brushed twice a day than in gingiva brushed once a day.
Longitudinal monitoring of subgingival colonization by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and crevicular alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase activities around orthodontically treated teeth
Authors: Perinetti Giuseppe , Paolantonio Michele , Serra Emanuela , D'Archivio Domenico , D'Ercole Simonetta , Festa Felice , Spoto Giuseppe 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives: During orthodontic treatment, changes in subgingival plaque colonization and tissue inflammation and remodelling have been described. This study uses a longitudinal design to examine subgingival colonization of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in order to assess whether these parameters have potential as biomarkers of tissue responses to orthodontic tooth movement in humans.Materials & Methods: Twenty‐one patients (ages: 11.2–22.5; mean 17.1±3.3 years) participated in the study. An upper canine from each patient undergoing treatment for distal movement served as the test tooth (DC), and its contralateral (CC) and antagonist (AC) canines were used as controls. The CC was included in the orthodontic appliance, but was not subjected to the orthodontic force; the AC was free from any orthodontic appliance. The subgingival plaque and GCF around the experimental teeth was harvested from both mesial and distal tooth sites immediately before appliance activation and on day 28. Clinical gingival condition was evaluated at the baseline and at the end of the experimental period. Aa colonization was determined by culture methods, while ALP and AST activities were evaluated spectrophotometrically.Results: Throughout the study, the clinical conditions worsened in both the DCs and the CCs as compared with the baseline, whereas no significant differences were found between the DCs and the CCs, or between mesial and distal sites of each of these teeth on day 28. In the ACs, clinical parameters remained at baseline levels throughout the study. Similar results were found for Aa colonization, which increased significantly on day 28 in the DC and CC groups. On day 28, ALP and AST activities were significantly elevated in all sites from the DC and CC groups as compared with the ACs, where, conversely, enzymatic activities remained at the baseline levels. However, ALP activity in the DC group was significantly greater than in the CCs at mesial (tension) sites on day 28, while AST activity in the DCs was significantly elevated as compared with the CC group at the distal (compression) sites. Greater ALP activity in the DC group was observed at the tension sites compared with the compression sites on day 28.Conclusions: Our results suggest that Aa subgingival colonization, and ALP and AST activities in GCF reflect the tissue responses that occur in the periodontium during orthodontic treatment.
Individual‐based models of cod movement and population dynamics
Authors: Edwards H. J. 
Published: December 2003

Many fish species undergo seasonal changes in distribution, as a result of horizontal migrations between feeding, nursery and spawning grounds. Exploring the processes involved in these movements may be the key to understanding interactions with other species, man and the environment, and is therefore crucial to effective fisheries management. Recent tagging experiments providing information on the distribution of migratory fish stocks have indicated pronounced regional and temporal differences in the migratory behaviour of cod, suggesting complex interactions between this commercially important fish species and the environment.This paper presents a model of the horizontal movements of demersal fish, principally cod, using an individual‐based modelling approach to explore and predict the relationship between demersal fish movements and key environmental and ecological factors. The model simulates the basic biological processes of growth, movement and mortality, and is driven by the analysis of physical tagging data recorded by electronic data storage tags (DSTs). Results show that the incorporation of behavioural data from DSTs into spatially explicit individual‐based models can provide realistic simulations of large‐scale fish stocks, thus giving a better understanding of their basic ecology and allowing more effective management of commercially important fish species. Possibilities of future improvements and extensions to the model are discussed.
Neonatal Group B streptococcal infection at the Mount Hope Women's Hospital, Trinidad
Authors: Ali Z. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective  To determine the incidence of early onset Group B streptococcal (GBS) infection in neonates at the Mount Hope Women's Hospital, Trinidad over the period 1996–97.Design and methods  This retrospective study included all babies with a positive blood culture for GBS during the study period.Results  There were 9866 live births (LB) of whom 29 were diagnosed as early onset GBS disease. The incidence was 2.9/1000 LB. 37.9% of babies were preterm and 65.5% were delivered to primiparous women. Rupture of amniotic membranes occurred within 12 h of delivery in 55% of infected babies. Four of the 29 infected babies died and all were preterm.Conclusion  The incidence of early onset neonatal GBS sepsis was five to six times higher in this series than that reported in the USA and UK. An intervention policy to control this preventable disease is urgently needed.
Developmental, behavioural and somatic factors in pervasive developmental disorders: preliminary analysis
Authors: Whiteley P. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives  To ascertain the frequency of parental reporting of selected variables related to development, behaviour and physiology in subgroups diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) and identify any significant intragroup differences.Design  Retrospective cross‐sectional analysis of records of patients (n = 512) held on a computerized database with a chronological age between 3 and 11 years resident in the UK/Republic of Ireland and with a formal diagnosis of autism, Asperger syndrome (AS) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Methods  Non‐parametric analysis (P > 0.01) of the frequency of specific variables for PDD subgroups reported by parents/primary caregiver.Variables included  timing of symptom onset, presence of skills acquired prior to symptom onset, indications of regression and regression events, current language, history of viral infections, history of ear problems, achievement of continence, current skin complaints, current bowel habits and adverse events at parturition.Results  Preliminary results showed general agreement with the principle diagnostic differences between the PDD subgroups with patients diagnosed with AS showing an increased frequency of skills acquired before symptom onset (two‐ to three‐word phrase speech, toileting skills) and a decreased frequency of regression in acquired skills when compared with other PDD subgroups. Developmental milestones such as the achievement of bowel and bladder continence were also more frequently reported for the AS group. Infantile feeding problems defined as vomiting, reflux, colic and failure to feed were more frequently reported for the AS group as was a reported history of the bacterial skin infection impetigo. Results are discussed with reference to relationships between behavioural and somatic factors in PDD.
Care co‐ordination and key worker schemes for disabled children: results of a UK‐wide survey
Authors: Greco V. , Sloper P. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAim  To investigate the prevalence and nature of care co‐ordination and key worker services for disabled children and their families.Methods  Postal survey of 225 Children with Disabilities Teams across the UK.Results  Out of 159 questionnaires returned (70%), 35 (22%) reported having a care co‐ordination scheme, with 30 (19%) of these providing key workers for families. The majority had multiagency and parent involvement in setting up and overseeing the schemes. However, multiagency funding was less common and funding for many schemes was short term. Different models of key working were apparent. Five schemes employed full‐time key workers. In 21 schemes, professionals key worked with a few families as part of a larger case load, and in three schemes, both types of key workers were employed. Most schemes provided initial or ongoing training for key workers, but a few provided neither of these.Discussion  The proportion of areas having care co‐ordination or key worker services is consistent with findings on research with parents of disabled children, which reports that less than one‐third of families have a key worker. The extent of multiagency involvement in planning and overseeing the operation of the service was positive but joint funding was more problematic. There was considerable variation in service models and as yet, little is known about whether or how such variations relate to outcomes for children and families. Further research will investigate these issues.
Mothers’ mental health and infant growth: a case–control study from Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Authors: Rahman A. , Lovel H. , Bunn J. , Iqbal Z. , Harrington R. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBackground  Epidemiological studies in Pakistan show high rates of depression in women, while rates of malnutrition in children are also high. This study aimed to determine whether poor maternal mental health is associated with an increased risk of infant undernutrition.Methods  Clinic‐based case–control study. A total of 172 consecutive infants and their mothers attending for 9‐month measles immunization were recruited over a 3‐month period. Eighty‐two undernourished infants [weight for age below the National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS)/World Health Organization (WHO) third centile] were matched to 90 controls (weight for age above 10th centile), and their mothers interviewed for mental distress using the Self‐Reporting Questionnaire (WHO SRQ‐20, a psychiatric screening instrument). Infants’ exposure to maternal distress (score ≥ 10 on SRQ‐20) and other potential risk or protective biological, social, socio‐economic and family factors were measured.Results  Mental distress determined by WHO SRQ‐20 was associated with increased risk of undernutrition in infants (odds ratio 3.91, 95% confidence interval 1.95–7.86). This association remained significant after controlling for birthweight and social factors.Conclusion  Exposure to maternal mental distress is associated with undernutrition in 9‐month infants in urban Pakistan. These mothers may represent a group whose children are at higher risk of ill health, and potentially be a specific target for advice on infant care. Early recognition and treatment of mental health problems in mothers may help reduce morbidity and mortality rates in children.
Absence from childcare for respiratory illness
Authors: Slack‐Smith L. M. , Read A. W. , Stanley F. J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBackground  This population‐based study investigated prospectively collected absence for respiratory illness data in two types of formal childcare (centre day care and family day care) in Perth, Western Australia, and factors associated with such absence.Methods  All centres (n = 11) and 95% of family day care caregivers (n = 130) selected at random from licensing lists agreed to participate. Demographic details were obtained from a parental questionnaire and absences were recorded prospectively. Characteristics of the child and family were described using univariate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Multivariable analysis including generalized estimating equations was used to investigate having at least one absence for respiratory illness, having two or more absences, and having six or more absences.Results  No statistically significant difference between care types for having had at least one absence episode for respiratory illness (OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.92–2.04) was found. Children who attended care for more days per week (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.26–1.56) and those in the study for more weeks (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.05) were more likely to be absent for respiratory illness. Those children in care for a greater number of hours per day were less likely to be absent (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.80–0.97). Family history of bronchitis was also associated with absence for respiratory illness (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.32–2.63).Conclusions  Statistically significant factors which had an impact on absence for respiratory illness were primarily those relating to the time spent in childcare and to family history of bronchitis.
Children's beliefs about the importance of gender in transgression situations
Authors: Sorbring E. , Palmérus K. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective  In previous research, several variables are shown to have an impact on children's perception of gender. The aim of this study was to examine the relation between discipline methods and the child's beliefs about the importance of gender in transgression situations.Methods  In this study, variables such as type of siblings, socioeconomic status, child's sex, parental values and shared responsibility are controlled for. Two hundred and five 8‐year‐old children in Sweden were interviewed about discipline methods in five transgression situations and their parents were asked to fill in a battery of questions.Results  The results show that harsher discipline methods, such as behaviour modification, physical restraint and physical punishment, relate to stronger beliefs about the importance of gender in transgression situations.
The health of Swedish‐speaking and Finnish‐speaking schoolchildren in Finland
Authors: Saarela J. M. , Finnäs F. S. A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBackground  It is well known that Swedish‐speaking adults in Finland have higher life expectancy and better health than their Finnish‐speaking counterparts. Among young people, similar comparisons have been scarce. The present paper aims to compare the health of Swedish‐speaking and Finnish‐speaking schoolchildren.Methods  Survey data from 1997, representing children at grades 8 and 9 of compulsory school in a bilingual region, are analysed with the help of logistic regression models. Self‐rated health as well as objective measures of health are explored.Results  We find that Swedish‐speaking schoolchildren are healthier than Finnish‐speaking ones in terms of objective measures of health, whereas there is no difference between language groups in terms of self‐assessed health. Self‐rated health seems to reflect well‐being in a very broad context rather than objective health from a medical perspective. Risk factors and health behaviours being equal, both language groups consequently assess their health in a similar manner.Conclusions  Policy makers should be careful when advocating the health needs of schoolchildren based on survey results concerned with self‐assessed health measures, particularly when they are concerned with targeting measures towards specific subgroups of the population. Self‐rated health is obviously not well suited for reflecting overall and specific needs of medical assistance and expertise for schoolchildren.
Parental review of service uptake during the pre‐school period
Authors: Wiseman P. T. , Wakeman A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis article outlines the development and analysis of the results of a community‐led survey undertaken in year 1 of a 3‐year period of evaluation for a first wave Sure Start programme. The survey had initially been suggested as a means of collecting data that was required, at the time, by the central Sure Start unit, however, its potential outside of this specific evaluative purpose was also recognized. In addition to providing important pointers for the future development of the programme, the findings give insight into a community within the west midland conurbation, and reviews the support that carers have accessed during the first 4 years of their youngest child's life. Their feelings and opinions are presented and demonstrate factors that influence the involvement of carers in this and other related programmes.
Infant hospitalization and maternal depression, poverty and single parenthood – a population‐based study
Authors: Guttmann A. , Dick P. , To T. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives  There is variation in rates of hospitalization for young children which is unexplained by differences in health. We used population‐based survey data to examine the contribution of family sociodemographic and psychodynamic factors to the risk of hospitalization in children under the age of 2 years in Canada.Methods  Baseline data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (a population‐based study of child health and well‐being) were used. A weighted sample of 332 697 (unweighted n = 2184) children between the age of 12 and 24 months, whose biological mother reported data on hospitalization over the past year, were included. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the risk of hospitalization by sociodemographic and psychodynamic factors controlling for important biological covariates.Results  The overall proportion of children who were hospitalized was 11.2%. After adjusting for prematurity, the only statistically significant biological factor associated with the risk of hospitalization was reported present health [odds ratio (OR) 4.04, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 2.93, 5.58]. However, three family variables were significantly associated with hospitalization: low income adequacy (OR 1.66, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.40), single parenthood (OR 1.55, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.34) and maternal depression (OR 1.81, 95% CI: 1.22, 2.69). Having a parent who is a recent immigrant to Canada is associated with a reduced risk of hospitalization (OR 0.53, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.78).Conclusions  Most of the significant associations with hospitalization in the first 2 years of life in the Canadian population relate to the overall family's social and mental health. Maternal depression is a treatable disorder which if recognized might prevent some infant morbidity.