bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fear-Avoidance Models of Chronic Pain: An Overview
Authors: Asmundson Gordon J G , Norton, Peter J , Vlaeyen Johan W S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade there has been a burgeoning of research aimed specifically at better understanding the role that fear, anxiety, and avoidance behavior play in the development and exacerbation of chronic pain following apparently healed acute musculoskeletal injury or benign (harmless) somatic conditions. Although reviewed in recent years (Asmundson et al. 1999; Vlaeyen and Linton 2000), this literature has continued to grow, has clarified associations with parallel lines of investigation (e.g. the anxiety disorders), and is now stimulating new and exciting practical applications designed to reduce pain chronicity and associated disability.
Disuse and Physical Deconditioning in Chronic low Back Pain
Authors: Verbunt Jeanine A , Seelen Henk A , Vlaeyen Johan W S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, physical disuse has been presented as one of the perpetuating factors for chronicity in theoretical research models on pain (Hasenbring et al. 1994; Vlaeyen et al. 1995a). Disuse, or a decreased level of physical activity in daily life, would lead to physical deconditioning or an extremely low level of physical fitness. For several decades, physical reconditioning has been proposed in clinical practice as a goal in the treatment of patients with chronic pain, resulting in a variety of rehabilitation programs based on reconditioning. However, inactivity has not only become a topic in chronic pain management, but also in general medicine.
Assessment of fear and anxiety associated with pain: Conceptualization, methods, and measures
Authors: McNeil Daniel W , Vowles Kevin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on issues concerning the assessment of fear and anxiety associated with pain, with three major purposes. One intent is to identify and discuss conceptual issues that have implications, including epistemological ones, for our understanding of negative affect that is related to pain. A second point is to discuss methods of measurement and application of these methods to fear of, and anxiety associated with, pain in both acute and chronic populations. Finally, a third aspect of this chapter is a review of major assessments, providing an overview of other available tools as well. In addressing this third point, it is hoped that this work will provide a reference and review of currently available measures of pain-related fear and anxiety for use in clinical and research settings.
The Management of Pain-Related Fear in Primary Care
Authors: Balderson Benjamin H K , Lin, Elizabeth H B , Korff Michael Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fear of pain and activity level are emerging as primary determinants of functional voutcomes in patients with chronic or recurrent back pain (e.g. Frost et al. 1998; Mannion et al. 1999; Moffett et al. 1999; Abenhaim et al. 2000). In some back pain patients, fears of (re)injury or harmful movements of the spine are common. These fears can result in patients avoiding normal activities; a phenomenon called fear-avoidance (Lethem et al. 1983; Asmundson et al. 1999; Vlaeyen and Linton 2000).
Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for Chronic pain: An Overview with Specific Reference to Fear and Avoidance
Authors: Williams Amanda C de C , McCracken Lance M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Behavioral methods were introduced into the treatment of pain (Fordyce et al. 1968; Fordyce 1976; Sanders 1979) with a mixture of concern for patients for whom the rapidly developing techniques and pharmacopeia for pain relief were disappointing, and of therapeutic optimism about the scope of application of behavioral principles. Within the behavioral framework, pain was not the problem as it was unknowable by any direct means, but pain behavior was a problem both to the patient and to those around him or her. Such behavior as limping, guarding, moaning, grimacing, and withdrawal from normal activities caused secondary disability by deconditioning and created social distance and practical and material problems for the patient and his or her family.
HIV-1 structural and regulatory proteins and neurotoxicity
Authors: Stefano Mariantonietta Di , Sabri, Farideh , Chiodi Francesca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neuropathological findings associated with HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD) are the presence of multinucleated giant cells formed through the fusion of uninfected to infected macrophages, macrophage activation, reactive astrocytosis, neuronal loss, dendritic degeneration, and decreased synaptic density (Epstein and Gendelman 1993; Glass et al. 1993; Sanders et al. 1998; Nath and Geiger 1998; Masliah et al. 1997). Loss of neurons during HIV-1 infection occurs through apoptosis (Kaul et al. 2001). Neuronal apoptosis correlates with neuropathological findings such as axonal damage and microglial activation, whereas the correlation between apoptosis of neurons and the clinical signs of HAD is less clear (Adle-Biassette et al. 1999). On the other hand, HAD finds its neuropathological associates in the alterations of the architecture of synaptic structures and dendritic injuries (Masliah et al. 1997).
Protection against HIV-1 gp120 and HIV-1 Tat neurotoxicity
Authors: Kandanearatchi Apsara , Nath Avindra , Lipton Stuart A , Masliah, Eliezer , Everall Ian Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now clear that HIV infection of the brain is accompanied by a complex series of events that pathologically results in inflammatory changes, neuronal damage, and death. Clinically, those affected can develop a range of cognitive impairments that, when severe, can result in a profound dementia with a poor prognosis. Understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms that result in cellular damage may therefore identify pathways that can be targeted to ameliorate this process and thus prevent HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Two candidates implicated in pathogenesis are the envelope viral protein gp120 and the regulatory transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein. In this chapter a few of the salient features of the mechanisms of toxicity will be outlined that may be relevant to protective strategies against gp120 and Tat. A more comprehensive review of neurotoxicity is covered in Chapters 4.1–4.3.
Neurological disease produced by maedi–visna and caprine arthritis–encephalitis viruses, lentiviruses of sheep and goats
Authors: Andrésdóttir Valgerdur , Torsteinsdóttir, Sigurbjörg , Georgsson Gudmundur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maedi and visna are diseases that were brought to Iceland with the importation of apparently healthy sheep of the Karakul breed in 1933. Maedi (an Icelandic word for dyspnea) is an interstitial pneumonia, and visna (meaning wasting) is an encephalomyelitis. Epidemiological studies suggest that, of the 20 sheep that were imported, two were healthy carriers, one giving rise to an epizootic of maedi in the northern part of the country, the other causing an epizootic of both maedi and visna in the south-west part of the country. Due to the long preclinical period and the insidious onset of maedi and visna, the diseases had spread unnoticed to many flocks when first recognized 6–7 years after the importation (Pálsson 1976).
Treatment of opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection
Authors: Clifford David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The physician caring for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection will encounter patients requiring treatment of opportunistic infections that were very rare in the era prior to HIV but are routinely encountered in practices of immunodeficient patients. The advent of HIV has brought both a challenge and an opportunity to enhance our understanding of these infections, and to improve therapeutic approaches to them. In this chapter the major opportunistic infections of the nervous system that are uniquely increased in the setting of HIV will be addressed. However, the astute clinician must never forget that HIV patients are subject to any complication or illness, or may have several complications occurring simultaneously. Thus, it is an invitation to error if one approaches the HIV patient thinking only of the set of complications addressed in this monograph, or seeking only a single best diagnosis.
Everyday impact of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
Authors: Marcotte Thomas D , Heaton, Robert K , Albert Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuropsychological (NP) impairment is common in HIV infection. Rates of neurocognitive dysfunction range from approximately 30% in individuals in the early, medically asymptomatic phase of the disease (Bornstein et al. 1992; Heaton et al. 1995; Stern et al. 1991; White et al. 1995; Grant et al. 1987) to 55% in persons with an AIDS-defining opportunistic condition (Heaton et al. 1995). These impairments can range from mild, in which the deficits are detectable only via comprehensive NP testing and do not significantly affect everyday functioning, to HIV-associated dementia, the most severe HIV-related neurocognitive disorder in which there are marked difficulties in activities of daily living.
Coping, methamphetamine, and HIV-1
Authors: Patterson Thomas L , Semple Shirley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
studies conducted with mostly White, HIV+ gay and bisexual men reported that escape avoidance coping was related to poor adjustment, whereas active positive coping was associated with better adjustment (Blaney et al. 1990; Namir et al. 1990; Nicholson and Long 1990; Reed et al. 1990; Wolfe et al. 1990). In more recent years, studies of coping and psychological adjustment have focused on larger and more diverse samples of HIV+ individuals, including gay and bisexual men, women, intravenous drug users, and ethnic minorities.
Roles of tobacco litigation in societal change
Authors: Daynard Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Litigation plays at least six different roles in tobacco control. First, the most common and least dramatic role is ordinary enforcement of tobacco-control laws. Laws frequently ban sales to minors, smoking in public places, and certain types of advertising. The governments that impose these laws have the burden of enforcing them, which may involve litigation against violators. Second, too frequently governments enforce tobacco-control laws sporadically or not at all, creating the opportunity for NGOs either to bring law enforcement actions directly, or to sue their governments to force them to do their job, depending on whether courts will permit NGOs to take such actions.
Treatment of tobacco dependence
Authors: Kunze Michael , Groman E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will review the state of the art of treatment of tobacco dependence, based on recent international recommendations and will also point out to some additional findings, especially those generated by the Nicotine Institute Vienna, the first specialized institution in Austria, founded 1998 to reduce the burden of tobacco­ related diseases (Groman et al. 1999b).
Devising the items
Authors: Streiner David L , Norman Geoffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first step in writing a scale or questionnaire is, naturally, devising the items themselves. This is far from a trivial task, since no amount of statistical manipulation after the fact can compensate for poorly chosen questions; those that are badly worded, ambiguous, irrelevant, or—even worse—not present. In this chapter we explore various sources of items, and the strengths and weaknesses of each of them. The first step is to look at what others have done in the past. Instruments rarely spring full grown from the brows of their developers. Rather, they are usually based on what other people have deemed to be relevant, important, or discriminating. Wechsler (1958), for example, quite openly discussed the patrimony of the subtests that were later incorporated into his various IQ tests. Of the 11 subtests which comprise the adult version, at least nine were derived from other widely used indices.
Concurrency semantics based on metric domain equations
Authors: Bakker J W De , Rutten J J M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We show how domain equations may be solved in the category of complete metric spaces. For five example languages we demonstrate how to exploit domain equations in the design of their operational and denotational semantics. Two languages are schematic or uni form. Three have interpreted elementary actions involving individual variables and inducing state transformations. For the latter group we discuss three denotational models reflecting a variety of language notions considered. A central theme is the distinction, within the non-uniform setting, of linear time versus branching time models. Throughout, fruitful use is made of the technique of obtaining seman tic mappings, operators, etc. asfixed points of higher-order functions. A brief discussion of the relationship between bisimulation and one of the domains considered concludes the paper.
Digital topology: a comparison of the graph-based and topological approaches
Authors: Kong T Y , Rosenfeld Axd A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In image processing, the study of the topologiral properties of binary images has usually been based on adjacency relations defined on the black and white point sets (most often a combination of the so-called 4-, 8-, 6-, 18-. and 26-adjacency relations). We call this the graph based approach to digital topology.
Turing in the Land of O(z)
Authors: Feferman* Solomon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After having published his fundamental and justly famous paper “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem” (1936- 3 7), followed in 1937 by a detailed proof of the equivalence between his notion of computability and Church’s notion of λ -definability, Alan Turing produced a third quite distinctive and substantial paper in mathematical logic, entitled “Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals” (1939). There Turing took up quite systematically the natural idea of trying to overcome the Godelian incompleteness of formal systems, by means of transfinite iteration of principles which serve to overcome incompleteness locally.
The Busy Beaver Game and the Meaning of Life
Authors: Brady Allen H , Life the Meaning of 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The representation of the Universal Computing Machine in the guise of the stored-program digital computer is now well known among serious students of computer science. On the periphery, a modem generation of technologists seems unable to conceive of a time when “computer” meant “a person who computes” and the concept of “programming” was not ubiquitous. For practical reasons, a modem computer is much more complex than is minimally necessary to achieve universality. The original formulation of a Universal Computing Machine (Turing 1936-7) involved a table based upon 15 symbols and 28 states with no restriction imposed on the length of a sequence of atomic acts (“move” and “print”) permitted prior to a change in state. An aboriginal use of macros simplified the description.
The Price of Programmability
Authors: Conrad Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Programmability and computational efficiency are fundamental attributes of computing systems. A third attribute is evolutionary adaptability, the ability of a system to self-organize through a variation and selection process. The author has previously proposed that these three attributes of computing are linked by a trade-off principle, which may be roughly stated thus: a computing system cannot at the same time have high programmability, high computational efficiency, and high evolutionary adaptability (e.g., Conrad 1972, 1974, 1985). The purpose of the present paper is to outline the reasons for the trade-off principle in a manner which, though not entirely formal, is sufficiently detailed to allow for a well-defined formulation. We also consider the implications of the principle, first for alternative computer architectures suited to solving problems by methods of evolutionary search and second, for limits on the capacity of programmable machines to simulate nature and duplicate intelligence.
Finite Physics
Authors: Finkelstein* David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since I wish to make an offering to the spirit of Alan Turing and at the same time must write about what I do, I propose to examine here how some concepts central to Turing’s work in logic and computer theory, such as finiteness, completeness, hierarchy, self-reference, and universality, are expressed in the physics I have been studying lately. In the two-way traffic between physics and computers, what physics has given computers is mostly hardware, the basic computing elements themselves. The return to physics from computer science has been, in the first place, computational power, creating whole new fields, such as soliton theory, chaotic dynamics, and lattice quantum field theory. But in the second place, since the birth of computer theory there has also been a diffusion of concepts: for example, to mention an extreme case, the concept of the physical world as computer. Turing was involved in all of these transactions, but this paper concerns the conceptual one.
Randomness, Interactive Proofs, and Zero-Knowledge - A Survey
Authors: Goldreich Oded 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract. Recent approaches to the notions of randomness and proofs are surveyed. The new notions differ from the traditional ones in being subjective to the capabilities of the observer rather than reflecting “ideal” entities. The new notion of randomness regards probability distributions as equal if they cannot be told apart by efficient procedures. This notion is constructive and is suited for many applications. The new notion of a proof allows the introduction of the notion of zero-knowledge proofs: convincing arguments which yield nothing but the validity of the assertion. The new approaches to randomness and proofs are based on basic concepts and results from the theory of resource-bounded computation. Elements of this theory are presented only to the extent required for the description of the new approaches. This survey is not intended to provide an account of the more traditional approaches to randomness (e.g., Kolmogorov Complexity; see also Bennett’s account in this volume) and proofs (i.e., traditional logic systems). Whenever these approaches are described it is only in order to confront them with the new approaches.
Effective Processes and Natural Law
Authors: Rosen Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most remarkable confluences of ideas in modem scientific history occurred in the few short years between the publication of Gödel’soriginal papers on formal undecidability in 1931, and the work of McCulloc hand Pitts on neural networks, which appeared in 1943. During these twelve years, fundamental interrelationships were established between logic, mathematics, the theory of the brain, and the possibilities of digital computation, which still literally takes one’s breath away to contemplate in their full scope. It was believed at that time, and still is today, over half a century later, that these ideas presage a revolution as fundamental as that achieved by Newton three centuries earlier.
Complexity Theory and Interaction
Authors: ning Uwe Schö 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complexity theory is dealing with resource-bounded universal computing devices, and the most common device used is the Turing machine. The boundedness in resources affects either the space (the number of tapesquares allowed) or the time (the number of elementary steps allowed). This kind of standard complexity theory has developed further in various ways. One particular interesting extension is the structural one, and one major issue in structural complexity theory is to develop (Turing machine) models which allow some kind of interaction with their environment, and to study these new models and corresponding complexity classes.
From Categorial Grammar to Bilinear Logic
Authors: Lambek Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The syntactic calculus, also known as ‘ bidirectional categorial grammar’, is a kind of logic without any structural rules, other than the obligatory reflexive law and cut-rule. It had been inspired by multilinear algebra and non-commutative ring theory and was developed with applications to linguistics in mind. Here we shall confine attention to the associative version, although a non-associative version has also been studied [L 1961, Kandulski 1988, Došen 1988, 1989]. It differs from a very rudimentary form of Girard’s linear logic [Girard 1987, 1989] by the absence of the interchange rule which licenses commutativity. Because of its roots in non-commutative algebra and syntax, all appearance of commutativity is forbidden. The notation, which goes back to a pre-historic collaboration with George Findlay, was carefully chosen to reflect this absence of commutativity: the order of two letters was never to be wantonly interchanged, yet all rules were to be preserved under left-right symmetry, the guiding slogan being ‘ symmetry without commutativity’. It must be admitted, however, that the notation, proposed for linguistics [L 1958] and ring theory [L 1966], caught on in neither field (with some recent exceptions in linguistics).
Semantics for Substructural Logics
Authors: Ono Hiroakia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we will discuss algebraic and Kripke-type semantics for logics lacking some or all structural rules, which are now called sub structural logics(for general information on sub structural logics, see, for example, Dosen [6], Ono [23] and Troelstra [33]). Various kinds of semantics for sub structural logics have been introduced and studied in recent years; for instance, (intuitionistic) phase structures (Girard [9], Abrusci [1]), pretopologies(Sambin [31], [32]), quantales(Rosenthal [27], [28], Yetter [34]), Kripke-type semantics (Dosen [4], [5], Ono-Komori [26], Ono [22]) and coherence semantics(Girard [9], also Troelstra [33]).
Lambda Terms with Functional Symbols and Decidability in Certain Closed Categories
Authors: Soloviev Sergei V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a close connection between sub structural logics, weak systems of lambda terms and closed categories of different types. Normalizationlike procedures on lambda terms provide decision procedures for equality of morphisms in free closed categories [1,2,7]. A decision procedure for cartesian closed (CC) categories was obtained by using ordinary typed lambda terms related to the (&,⇒)-fragment of the intuitionistic propositional calculus with the constant I (truth). Some weak systems of lambda terms (cf. [4,5]) provide decision procedures for symmetric monoidal closed (SMC) categories, non-symmetric monoidal closed categories etc. (see [7]). It would be interesting to apply this apparatus to categories that are not free, i.e. categories where some morphisms do not belong to the closed structure and/or satisfy additional equations.
Temporal Reference
Authors: Ranta Aarne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Temporal reference can be studied formally by introducing a time scale, a set of points of time. Various verbs can be categorized as propositional functions over the time scale. In English sentences in which those verbs are used, the time argument is sometimes made explicit by means of an adverbial of time, sometimes omitted. Certain time adverbials are close to canonical names of time points, indicating them explicitly ( on September 9, 1992, at 8.22). Certain adverbials are indexical (then, at the same time, five minutes later). Ellipsis is sometimes existential, sometimes indexical. Moreover, the time argument affects the tense of the verb, which remains as a trace left of the time argument even if it is omitted itself.