bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the thermal resistance of scale on the inner surfaces of boiler tubes
Authors: Makishi Osamu , Fujii Tetsu , Kawabe Atsushi , Tamagawa Tadashi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes a method of measurement of the thermal resistance of scale on the inner surface of a boiler tube. The principle of the method is to measure the temperature rise due to the scale when the tube is radiantly heated from outside. An experiment was performed with a test piece composed of three tubes 300 mm in length, which had been cut out from a supercritical pressure boiler. A 120 mm × 140 mm area of the test piece was radiantly heated, boiling of water took place inside the tubes, and the temperature at the crest of the tube was measured with welded thermocouples 80 µm in diameter. Similar measurement was performed after cleaning the inside of the tubes with hydrochloric acid, and both measured data were compared. As an example of the results, the difference of the temperature rise was 8.24 K for a heat flux of 100 kW/m2, and the estimated thermal resistance of the scale was 0.082 m2K/kW. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(2): 117–127, 2002; DOI 10.1002/htj.10020
Predicting the capacity of a heat exchanger by a thermal network method
Authors: Kaga Kunihiko , Yamada Kenichi , Kotoh Satoru , Ogushi Teturo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this paper a thermal network method using the effective specific heat model of a refrigerant with phase change is proposed for predicting the capacity of a plate‐fin and tube‐type heat exchanger. The effective specific heat model can attain an accurate result of a condenser's heat exchanging capacity when it has a small number of elements. By comparing calculated results with those of an experiment, it is found that the error in the condenser's calculated capacity is less than 1% when the range of subcool temperature is from 15 to 22 K at the outlet of refrigerant flow. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(2): 128–140, 2002; DOI 10.1002/htj.10021
Phospholipid metabolism and depression: the possible roles of phospholipase A2 and coenzyme A‐independent transacylase
Authors: Horrobin David F 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPhospholipids make up 60 per cent of the dry weight of the brain. They are essential for neuronal and especially for synaptic structure and play key roles in the signal transduction responses to dopamine, serotonin, glutamate and acetyl choline. The unsaturated fatty acid components of phospholipids are abnormal in depression, with deficits of eicosapentaenoic acid and other omega‐3 fatty acids and excesses of the omega‐6 fatty acid arachidonic acid. Correction of this abnormality by treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid improves depression. The fatty acid abnormalities provide a rational explanation for the associations of depression with cardiovascular disease, immunological activation, cancer, diabetic complications and osteoporosis. The abnormalities cannot be explained by diet, although diet may attenuate or exacerbate their consequences. A number of enzyme abnormalities could explain the phenomena: phospholipase A2, and coenzyme A‐independent transacylase are strong candidates. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the feasibility of designing new antidepressants
Authors: Pinder Roger M 
Published: September 2002

AbstractModern antidepressants lack many of the side‐effects and much of the toxicity of the first generation tricyclics and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Knowledge of the receptor interactions that are responsible for poor tolerability and potential lethality in overdosage has enabled the design of agents that have low or no affinity for such receptors. Nevertheless, even the second generation selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and the noradrenaline and serotonin specific antidepressants (NaSSAs) have not substantially improved upon the efficacy of the older agents. They still take some time to be effective, although venlafaxine and mirtazapine may be faster in onset than SSRIs, and they leave a substantial minority of patients unaffected.Innovative new antidepressants may be based upon a variety of mechanisms, including receptors, G‐proteins, second messengers, gene transcription factors and the hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal axis, but their availability may be hindered by recent advances in pharmaceutical research technology. Thus, the creation of large chemical libraries containing millions of new entities has increased structural diversity, but pharmacological evaluation has narrowed down to simple assays in high‐throughput screening systems. Such assays depend to a major extent on how well they reflect the biological aetiology of the disease under study. While new antidepressant moieties will undoubtedly emerge, optimal use of the new research tools will necessitate a more sophisticated level of knowledge about the true causes of depression. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antidepressant activity and calcium signaling cascades
Authors: Paul Ian A 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAlthough antidepressant treatments produce clear effects on monoaminergic neuronal function, the link between these effects and therapeutic response to treatment is controversial. Previous studies have demonstrated that antagonists of the NMDA receptor‐gated calcium ionophore result in antidepressant‐like responses in rodents and humans. Likewise, antidepressant treatments produce regionally selective adaptation of the NMDA receptor suggestive of diminished capacity to gate calcium into receptive neurons. Similarly, voltage‐dependent calcium channel antagonists have been reported to produce antidepressant‐like effects in rodents. A major target of increases in subcellular calcium concentration is nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which liberates NO in response to stimulation. Recently, we have demonstrated that nitric oxide synthase antagonists produced antidepressant‐like response in both in vivo preclinical screening procedures and in post‐mortem in vitro studies of β‐adrenoceptor density. We propose: 1) that interruption of the Ca2+‐calmodulin‐NOS‐guanylyl cyclase subcellular signaling pathway at any point will produce antidepressant‐like effects; 2) that the acute actions of antidepressants in preclinical screening procedures are a consequence of their ability to disrupt Ca2+‐calmodulin‐NOS‐guanylyl cyclase signaling; 3) that chronic but, not acute treatment with antidepressants results in adaptation of the Ca2+‐calmodulin‐NOS‐guanylyl cyclase signaling pathway; 4) that this adaptation is necessary for the achievement of the therapeutic actions of antidepressants and; 5) that major depression is accompanied by an alteration (hyperactivity?) of subcellular Ca2+ signaling. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antidepressants in clinical practice: limitations of assessment methods and drug response
Authors: Kennedy Sidney H , Eisfeld Beata S , Meyer Jeffrey H , Bagby R Michael 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThere is a recognized gap between knowledge derived from ‘efficacy’ data — based on usually brief randomized controlled trials and findings in natural practice ‘effectiveness’ studies. In considering the limitations of current antidepressants in clinical practice, we have selected three clinically important issues to examine in a natural practice data base that has been in existence for several years. These relate to: (1) Diagnostic heterogeneity and potential advances using functional brain imaging; (2) Variability of outcome measures during treatment and (3) Time to response and prediction of outcome. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation and generalization of temperature‐based methods for calculating evaporation
Authors: Xu C.‐Y. , Singh V. P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSeven temperature‐based equations, each representing a typical form, were evaluated and compared for determining evaporation at two climatological stations (Rawson Lake and Atikokan) in north‐western Ontario, Canada. The comparison was first made using the original constant values involved in each equation, and then using the recalibrated constant values. The results show that when the original constant values were used, larger biases existed for most of the equations for both stations. When recalibrated constant values were substituted for the original constant values, six of the seven equations improved for both stations. Using locally calibrated parameter values, all seven equations worked well for determining mean seasonal evaporation values. For monthly evaporation values, the modified Blaney–Criddle method produced least error for all months for both stations, followed by the Hargreaves and Thornthwaite methods. The Linacre, Kharrufa and Hamon methods showed a significant bias in September for both stations. With properly determined constant values, the modified Blaney–Criddle, the Hargreaves and Thornthwaite methods can be recommended for estimating evaporation in the study region, as far as temperature‐based methods are concerned. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of WEP model and its application to an urban watershed
Authors: Jia Yangwen , Ni Guangheng , Kawahara Yoshihisa , Suetsugi Tadashi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA distributed hydrological model, water and energy transfer processes (WEP) model, is developed to simulate spatially variable water and energy processes in watersheds with complex land covers. In the model, state variables include depression storage on land surfaces and canopies, soil moisture content, land surface temperature, groundwater tables and water stages in rivers, etc. The subgrid heterogeneity of land use is also taken into consideration by using the mosaic method. For hydrological processes, evapotranspiration is computed by the Penman–Monteith equation, infiltration excess during heavy rains is simulated by a generalized Green–Ampt model, whereas saturation excess during the remaining periods is obtained by doing balance analysis in unsaturated soil layers. A two‐dimensional simulation of multilayered aquifers is performed for groundwater flow. Flow routing is conducted by using the kinematic wave method in a one‐dimensional scheme. For energy processes, short‐wave radiation is based on observation or deduced from sunshine duration, long‐wave radiation is calculated according to temperatures, latent and sensible fluxes are computed by the aerodynamic method and surface temperature is solved by the force–restore method. In addition, anthropogenic components, e.g. water supply, groundwater lift, sewerage drainage and energy consumption, etc. are also taken into account. The model is applied to the Ebi River watershed (27 km2) with a grid size of 50 m and a time step of 1 h. The model is verified through comparisons of simulated river discharges, groundwater levels and land surface temperatures with the observed values. A comparison between water balance at present (1993) and that in the future (2035) is also conducted. It is found that the hydrological cycle in the future can be improved through the implementation of infiltration trenches for the storm water from urban canopies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of pipeflow on hydrological process and its relation to landslide: a review of pipeflow studies in forested headwater catchments
Authors: Uchida Taro , Kosugi Ken'ichirou , Mizuyama Takahisa 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSince the 1980s, several field studies of pipeflow hydrology have been conducted in forested, steep headwater catchments. However, adequate information is lacking with regard to questions as to how representative these previous studies are and how widespread the phenomena might be. Thus, the aim of this study is to review some studies of pipeflow hydrology on forested steep hillslopes. Several points were clarified. (1) The maximum discharge of pipeflow was mainly determined by the soil pipe diameter. When the condition of both the soil pipe diameter and the slope gradient in forest soil were similar to those in peaty podzol, the maximum discharge of pipeflow on forest slopes was slighter than that in peaty podzol. (2) Pipeflow was delivered from a variety of sources, and the contributing area of pipeflow extended as the soil layer became wetter. Therefore, the dominant contributor (new water and old water) was varied and the contribution of pipeflow to streamflow increased with the increase of rainfall magnitude. (3) The roles of pipeflow in the storm runoff generation processes demonstrated two roles: the concentration of water and the rapid drainage to downslopes. Thus, soil pipes can increase the peak discharge from the hillslope and decrease the peak lag time of the storm hydrograph, when compared to the unpiped hillslope. (4) The roles of pipeflow on hydrological process suggested that the soil pipes contribute to the slope stability by increasing the rate of soil drainage and limiting the development of perched groundwater conditions. However, if the rate of water concentration to the soil pipe network is in excess of the pipeflow transmission capacity, the cavity of the soil pipe could readily be filled with water during a rain event, increasing pore water pressure in the surrounding matrix. In this case, the soil pipe induced slope instability. (5) Moreover, pipe erosion has significant impact on the runoff characteristics of pipeflow, since pipe erosion contributed to a change in the limited drainage capacity of soil pipe. Thus, pipe erosion plays an important role in shallow landslide initiation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Somatic mutations of the lysyl oxidase gene on chromosome 5q23.1 in colorectal tumors
Authors: Csiszar Katalin , Fong Sheri F.T. , Ujfalusi Aniko , Krawetz Stephen A. , Salvati Eugene P. , Mackenzie James W. , Boyd Charles D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLysyl oxidase (LOX), a copper‐dependent amine oxidase, has been implicated in tumor suppression and cell growth regulation. The chromosomal locus of LOX, 5q23, is affected by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in colon cancer, suggesting that the LOX gene could be affected by LOH and consequently, loss or reduction of LOX function contribute to the tumorigenic process. Identification of microsatellite markers within the LOX locus has allowed us to map the LOX gene within the 5q23.1 region. Analysis of this locus and flanking loci in matched tumor and blood DNA samples from a panel of colorectal cancer patients, demonstrated that 38% (16/42) of informative samples were affected by LOH or allelic imbalance. Furthermore, 75% (6/8) of these tumor samples were shown to have significantly reduced LOX mRNA levels. Similar reduction in LOX levels were detected in a panel of matched normal colon and colon tumor samples. Tumor samples demonstrating LOH by RFLP, were subject to mutational analysis, including RT‐PCR, exonic deletion detection by PCR, cDNA and genomic DNA sequencing, and were found to have a spectrum of alterations and mutations affecting the LOX gene. These results confirm that loss or reduction of LOX function during tumor development is a direct consequence of somatic mutations and is associated with colon tumor pathogenesis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reevaluation of the cellular immune response in breast cancer patients vaccinated with MUC1
Authors: Musselli Cristina , Ragupathi Govindaswami , Gilewski Teresa , Panageas Katherine S. , Spinat Yael , Livingston Philip O. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractConjugation of antigens to a carrier protein like keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) has proven effective in clinical trials for inducing antibodies against selected tumor antigens. The impact of this approach on T‐cell immunity has not been previously tested. We utilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained at leukapheresis from 6 breast cancer patients vaccinated 4 times each with a 106‐amino acid‐long MUC1 peptide conjugated with KLH plus immune adjuvant QS‐21. Proliferation after 6 days of in vitro culture and an interferon gamma ELISPOT assay with and without 6 days of in vitro sensitization with the immunizing antigen were used. Parallel experiments employed the use of the cytokine IL2. Our results indicate that despite a high response to KLH in all patients with precursor frequencies as high as 1/120 peripheral blood lymphocytes and augmentation of proliferation in excess of 200‐fold after vaccination, the T‐cell response against MUC1 peptide was minimal and inconsistent. The strength and consistency of the vaccine‐induced T‐cell response against KLH in these patients excludes general immune incompetence and assay insensitivity or inconsistency as explanations for the weak and inconsistent response against MUC1. We conclude that for any report of augmented T‐cell responses against MUC1 to be convincing, one or more postimmunization blood samples will be needed to demonstrate augmented MUC1‐specific immunity consistently on multiple occasions. Assuming this criteria, convincing induction of T‐cell immunity against MUC1 by vaccination has yet to be described. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of the mucosal epithelium microenvironment on Langerhans cells: Implications for the development of squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix
Authors: Giannini Sandra L. , Hubert Pascale , Doyen Jean , Boniver Jacques , Delvenne Philippe 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe have addressed the notion that the initiation and progression of human papillomavirus associated cancer of the uterine cervix are associated with alterations of Langerhans cells (LC) within the mucosal squamous epithelium. Since the transformation zone (TZ) of the cervix is the site where the majority of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) are initiated, in contrast to the exocervix, we decided to investigate the influence of the local microenvironment within the TZ on the function and density of LC. We show that the TZ is associated with a significant reduction in the density of immature LC (CD1a/LAG) compared to the exocervix. In contrast, the development of SILs is attributed with a relative increased density of immature LC, compared to the TZ. Furthermore, we show that this variability in LC density is correlated with a differential expression of TNFα and MIP3α within the micro‐environment of the TZ and SILs. Both TZ and SIL epithelium‐derived LC, in the presence of allogeneic PBMC, induced lower levels of proliferation and IL2 production and higher levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL10 in comparison to the exocervix. Nevertheless, the epithelium‐derived LC in SILs exhibits a reduction in their functional activity, relative to the TZ. Together our studies suggest that the immunosurveillance within the epithelium of the TZ may be intrinsically perturbed due to the altered expression of chemokines/cytokines and the concomitant diminished density of LC. Furthermore, following HPV infection and the development of SILs, the function of LC may be further incapacitated by viral associated mechanisms. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of cell cycle progression and apoptosis by β‐carotene in undifferentiated and differentiated HL‐60 leukemia cells: Possible involvement of a redox mechanism
Authors: Palozza Paola , Serini Simona , Torsello Angela , Boninsegna Alma , Covacci Valeria , Maggiano Nicola , Ranelletti Franco O. , Wolf Federica I. , Calviello Gabriella 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAlthough epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that a high intake of vegetables containing β‐carotene lowers the risk of cancer, recent intervention studies have revealed that β‐carotene supplementation to smokers resulted in a high incidence of lung cancer. We hypothesized that β‐carotene may act as a pro‐ or anticancerogenic agent by modulating pathways involved in cell growth and that such a modulation may involve a redox mechanism. To test this hypothesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis and redox status were evaluated in undifferentiated and dimethylsulfoxide‐differentiated HL‐60 cells exposed to β‐carotene. The carotenoid modified cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. These effects were more remarkable in undifferentiated cells than in differentiated cells. In accord with these findings, in undifferentiated cells, β‐carotene was more effective in decreasing cyclin A and Bcl‐2 expression and in increasing p21 and p27 expression. Neither Bcl‐xL nor Bax expression were significantly modified by the carotenoid. From a mechanistic point of view, the delay in cell growth by β‐carotene was highly coincident with the increased intracellular reactive oxygen species production and oxidized glutathione content induced by the carotenoid. Moreover, α‐tocopherol minimized the effects of β‐carotene on cell growth. These data provide evidence that β‐carotene modulates molecular pathways involved in cell cycle progression and apoptosis and support the hypothesis that a redox mechanism may be implicated. They also suggest that differentiated cells may be less susceptible to the carotenoid than highly neoplastic undifferentiated cells. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevention of chemotherapy‐related toxic side effects by infection with adeno‐associated virus type 2
Authors: Eisold Sven , Dihlmann Susanne , Linnebacher Michael , Ryschich Eduard , Aulmann Michael , Schmidt Jan , Schlehofer Joerg R. , Ridder Ruediger , von Knebel Doeberitz Magnus 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDrug resistance and toxic side effects are major limiting factors in the clinical use of antineoplastic chemotherapy. Patients with pancreatic cancer generally do not benefit from chemotherapy. The nonpathogenic adeno‐associated virus type 2 (AAV‐2) has been shown to sensitize human tumor cells to γ irradiation and chemotherapeutic drugs. In the present study, we characterized the therapeutic role of AAV‐2 infection in combination with 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)–based chemotherapy on pancreatic cancer cells in an animal model. In Lewis rats bearing s.c. implants of syngeneic DSL6A pancreatic cancer cells, intratumoral infection with AAV‐2 (MOI 10E8 i.u.) in combination with 5‐FU (5 or 50 mg/kg body weight) resulted in significantly reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival time compared with 5‐FU single therapy. Most surprisingly, AAV‐2‐infected rats remained in a much better physical condition compared to their noninfected counterparts. While rats treated with 5‐FU single therapy lost weight, were sluggish and died within 4 months after tumor implantation, animals infected with AAV showed much better vigilance, with body weight, leukocyte number and hemoglobin levels similar to healthy rats. In particular, 5‐FU‐related side effects like thrombocytopenia and leukopenia were significantly reduced in animals treated with the combination regimen. By in vitro analysis, human (Capan‐1 and DANG) pancreatic cancer cell lines were shown to be sensitized to 5‐FU chemotherapy to an extent similar to DSL6A cells. AAV‐2 infection enhanced 5‐FU‐induced apoptosis by a factor of 8 to 14 in both human and rat pancreatic cancer cell lines. The data suggest that infection with the nonpathogenic AAV‐2 significantly improves both chemotherapy efficacy and physical appearance and offers a novel strategy in cancer treatment. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.