bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cell cycle
Authors: Sorrentino V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of a series of processes at the end of which one cell gives rise to a pair of genetically identical daughter cells. This is achieved by correct coupling of two events, DNA replication and chromosome segregation, which are temporally separated in the eukaryotic cell cycle. The synthesis of DNA takes place during the S (synthetic) phase, while chromosome segregation occurs during mitosis (M). In most cell types there are usually intervals between S and M phases called gaps. The first gap, G1, is observed between mitosis and the S phase, and the second gap, G2, follows the S phase and leads to mitosis. Mitosis comprises prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (1, 2). Although cell division usually follows mitosis, some exceptions to this rule exist such as in early stages of Drosophila embryo, when a few cycles of DNA replication and mitosis occur before cell division is executed. In a similar fashion, multinucleate cells in Physarum polycephalum may be formed through a series of mitoses not followed by cell division (3). In the cell cycle there are two interacting components: (1) the ‘mechanical’, which refer to DNA replication, mitosis, and cytokinesis; and (2) the ‘regulatory’, which refer to events in G1 that control entrance into the S phase and those in G2 that regulate entry into mitosis. The accuracy of the cell cycle events depends primarily on accurate chromosome replication and segregation, which is achieved by carefully controlling that the preceding steps are completed before others begin. Cells have therefore to complete DNA replication before they enter mitosis, and must accurately align all chromosomes in the mitotic spindle before segregating them. Damage to these mechanisms, which results in failure to control accurately cell cycle events, can cause alterations and mutations that may cause cell death or cancer.
The fibroblast growth factor family: multifunctional regulators of cell proliferationt‡
Authors: Burgess W H , Winkles J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polypeptide growth factors are modulators of cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. These functions are thought to be mediated primarily by extracellular binding to high-affinity cell surface receptors and subsequent alterations of cellular metabolism and gene expression. The complete cascades of growth factor-induced signal transduction are not known and are likely to be different for the various growth factor families. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family presently consists of eight structurally related polypeptides. These proteins have been referred to under many different names (Table 7.1). A variety of cell surface FGF receptors (FGFR) has also been characterized. A comprehensive review of all aspects of the FGF family is beyond the scope of any chapter. In the following we attempt to outline the most general features of this growth factor family and focus detailed discussion on the areas most directly related to the themes of this volume and those of our own research.
The real world
Authors: Humphries Christopher J , Parenti Lynne R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have established as one aim of cladistic biogeography production of area cladograms--hierarchical relationships of areas derived from cladograms of taxa. Inherent in our support for this aim is the principle that biogeographic studies must be based on sound systematics, a notion nearly universally upheld by other biogeographers (e.g. Darlington 1957, 1965; Croizat 1964; Good 1964; Brundin 1966; Rosen 1976; Nelson and Platnick 1981; Vari and Weitzman 1990; Brooks and McLennan 1991). Where vicariance and cladistic biogeographers diverge most significantly from dispersalist biogeographers is in the conviction that schemes of relationship of taxa (cladograms) within a biota are basic and fundamental to any biogeographic study, rather than are, for example, hypotheses of dispersal capabilities (vagility) of individual taxa, or estimates of centres of origin (e.g. Briggs 1984, 1986, 1995).
Aquatic and Wetland Plants of India
Authors: Cook Christopher D K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume is a reference and identification manual for the vascular plants found in permanent or seasonal fresh water in the subcontinent of India south of the Himalayas. About 660 species are described and the style of the text is accessible both to experts and to those with only a little botanical training. All the plants are illustrated by line drawings showing the diagnostic features. The importance of wetlands to life on Earth is now generally accepted. This is the first such Flora to cover wetland plants for this entire geographical area, replacing and supplementing many local Floras. It will enable scientists and conservationists to identify the plants with accuracy and to build on this information to promote conservation. This is a most valuable contribution to systematic botany by an international recognized scientist.
Ecology and Evolution in Anoxic Worlds
Authors: Fenchel Tom , Finlay Bland J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a book about the natural history of oxygen-free environments and their microbial inhabitants. Life originated in the pre-oxic world, and anoxic conditions still persist in many places on Earth such as lake sediments, the guts of ruminants, and the deep waters of some marine basins. The authors draw on evidence from geology, biochemistry, ecology, and evolutionary systematics to describe the forces which shape the structure, function, heterogeneity, and evolution of anaerobic communities, and also to discuss the nature of early life on Earth.
Invasion of predators
Authors: Shigesada Nanako , Kawasaki Kohkichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Predators include carnivores such as lions and tigers, herbivores such as zebras and elephants, and omnivores such as humans and apes. Predation exists not only among mammals, but in all levels of species including birds, fishes, insects, bacteria, etc. As we saw in Chapter 2, because of the extensive damage to agriculture, cases of invasion by herbivorous insects have been well documented. Parasites or parasitoids which lay eggs in the larvae of such plant-eating pests can also be considered as predators. Insect pests can be biologically controlled by introducing parasitoids which are their natural enemies. Although massive outbreaks of insect pests are rarely seen in their native land, when an insect pest is introduced to a new location it is usually unaccompanied by its natural enemy, and thus is often able to multiply without control (Pimentel, 1986). A successful example of pest control by introducing its natural enemy is seen in the control of the Icerya purchasi outbreak in California.
Birds of paradise in human tradition and culture
Authors: Frith Clifford B , Beehler Bruce M , Cooper William T , Mcguire Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ships’ crews of the earliest intrepid voyages to reach the shores of New Guinea were the first to witness the degree to which the indigenous cultures venerated and used birds of paradise. As exploration of the region and observation of local cultures increased it became apparent that the birds of paradise represented an important source of wealth and custom, as well as spiritual totems; their displays, behaviour, and forest life history served as a source of myth and religion.
What can phylogenetic patterns tell us about the evolutionary processes generating biodiversity?
Authors: Philippe Hervé , Adoutte André 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although perhaps not fully appreciated by all ecologically oriented evolu tionary biologists, there is a deep and necessary inter-relationship between the knowledge of pattern (i.e. phylogeny) and process (i.e. mechanisms) in all studies of comparative biology and especially in those devoted to the analysis of biodiversity and adaptation. This has been eloquently argued in several papers and manuals (Felsenstein 1985; Coddington 1988; Brooks and McLennan 1991; Harvey and Pagel 1991; Hillis and Bull 1991; Stearns 1992; Lauder et al. 1993; Avise 1994) and we do not intend to rephrase all the arguments here. Instead, after briefly summarizing these arguments, we will take the proposal one step further: we will ask whether, in some instances, a phylogenetic pattern cannot in itself be indicative of an underlying evolu tionary process. We will reverse the usual procedure in which one seeks in the phylogeny a framework, a confirmation, or a control to an adaptive hypothesis, and we will focus instead on cases where the evolutionary hypothesis is actually revealed by the pattern. More specifically, we will focus upon the unresolved multifurcations which are found in an increasing number of molecular phylogenetic trees, and we will ask whether these correspond to explosive evolutionary radiations. If such is the case, then the analysis of the phylogenetic pattern will provide a major clue about the generation of biodiversity. The idea of extracting information on tempo and mode of evolution from molecular phylogenies is largely due to Harvey and co-workers (Nee et al. 1992, 1994). These authors have devised powerful methods to infer birth and death rates from the knowledge of the phylogeny of extant species (Harvey et al. 1994). Here, we will limit ourselves to the question of radiations as seen through molecular phylogenies, with special emphasis on the identification and elimination of possible artefacts leading to unresolved branching orders.
Colony-level variation of sex ratios
Authors: Crozier Ross H , Pamilo Pekka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have so far seen that the intrinsic asymmetries of relatedness in most social insect groups have probably been involved in the evolution of eusociality itself, and certainly have led to a fundamental conflict of interest between queens and workers. In the development of the theory dealing with these phenomena we have touched on the importance of the interaction between colonies in populations: such interactions between colonies of different characteristics affect the sex allocation pattern of each. We close this book by considering this topic directly.
Maternal investment and post-natal growth in bats
Authors: Kunz Thomas H , Stern April A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We analysed post-natal growth data for body mass from 33 species of free-ranging and captive bats, using the logistic growth equation. When these data were examined by means of linear regression and covariance analysis, we found that growth rates decreased linearly with increasing asymptotic body mass. When we removed the effect of body mass, growth rates showed no significant differences with respect to diet (insect or fruit), taxonomic affiliation (Megachiroptera or Microchiroptera), growth condition (captive or free-ranging), or basal metabolic rate. Climate (tropical or temperate) was the only variable that had a significant effect on post-natal growth rates, with temperate bats growing faster than tropical species. This climatic effect was also evident when insectivorous bats were examined separately. While post-natal growth rates may provide a valuable index of maternal investment, milk energy output of females during lactation should provide the most direct link between the environment and growth of pups. Milk composition and milk-energy output as indices of maternal investment have been investigated in only a few species of bats. From the limited dat available it appears that the milk of insectivorous species contains a higher percentage of dry matter, fat and protein than does that of frugivorous species.
Lactation in vespertilionid bats
Authors: Wilde Colin J , Kerr Marian A , Knight Christopher H , Racey Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lactating pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) feed one, occasionally two, young from two thoracic mammary glands for about four weeks. Throughout lactation, suckling is interrupted each night as the bats forage for food, sometimes over considerable distances. The energetic costs of milk secretion and aerial foraging are considerable and, particularly at times of food shortage, are accommodated by a reduction in body temperature and torpor in the lactating animal. The mammary gland is also subject to this fall in temperature, so that milk secretion is likely to undergo pronounced diurnal variation, a situation similar to that in rodents, where it is dependent on the daily feeding pattern. Milk secretion is tailored to the intermittent suckling pattern by local regulatory mechanisms within the mammary gland, which respond to the frequency or completeness of milk removal. This mechanism is shared by other species but appears to be a predominant influence in bat mammary tissue, so much so that the developmental changes it induces obscure those changes usually associated with stage of lactation.
Synchrony and seasonality of reproduction in tropical bats
Authors: Heideman Paul D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reproductive synchrony and seasonality appear to be typical of most species of bats in the tropics (Racey 1982). Reproductive synchrony and seasonality will be favoured under two conditions. First, the environment must have pre dictable seasonal variation and second, individuals must be able to maximize fitness by timing a critical reproductive stage to coincide with the season of optimal conditions for that stage. Because the terms synchrony and seasonality
The physiological ecology of hibernation in vespertilionid bats
Authors: Thomas Donald W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chiropteran hibernation is characterized by prolonged bouts of torpor punctuated by periodic returns to endothermy. Laboratory studies indicate that these arousals are energetically very costly and, in the absence of feeding, they account for over 75% of winter fat depletion. Thus, knowledge of the organization and factors causing arousals is central to any analysis of winter energy balance.
To examine the organization of torpor and arousals, I placed temperature-sensitive radio tags on 18 hibernating Myotis lucifugus and monitored their superficial body temperatures over a 30-40-day period. Bats roused during all times of the day and there was no evidence for any significant temporal clustering of arousals. The first arousal provoked by handling lasted significantly longer (13.9 h) than subsequent natural arousals (5.0 h). During most first torpor bouts (10 of 11), but few subsequent bouts (one of 17), body temperature showed a slow positive drift of 0.82 °C/day up to a mean of 3.0 °C above ambient temperature. Torpor bouts accompanied by a drift in body temperature were significantly shorter (4.9 days) than those where body temperature fluctuated around 0.5 °C above ambient temperature (15.1 days). This study indicates that hibernating bats do not exhibit an endogenous circadian rhythm regulating the timing of arousals. Handling results in an increase in energy expenditure of 11.8 kJ above that typical of a 15.3 day torpor-arousal cycle. I examine the regulation of arousals and the energetic constraints that bats face during hibernation.
Conservation biology of an endangered species: field studies of greater horseshoe bats
Authors: Jones Gareth , Duverge P Laurent , Ransome Roger D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We overview an autecological study of the endangered greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum in south-west England. Bats from a woodland site generally emerged earlier than did bats from an exposed roost, except in early spring when tree leaf cover was minimal. Foliage around the roost may benefit bats by extending foraging time and reducing predation. Bats older than one year foraged between 2 and 4 km from their day roosts. Hence conservation of foraging habitats within this range is important. Ancient semi-natural deciduous woodland was used intensively by foraging bats during spring, while during late summer the bats fed mainly over pasture. Woodland was usually warmer than pasture, and the relative temperature difference between the two habitats was greatest at low temperatures. Insect abundance increased rapidly above 6-10 °C. Hence, in spring, it may be more profitable for bats to forage in woodland. The shift to feeding over pasture was associated with the dominance of Aphodius dung beetles in the diet during summer. Juveniles foraged independently of their mothers before weaning. Prime foraging habitat close to the maternity roost is probably important to initial and long-term juvenile survival. The hibernation requirements of R. ferrumequinum are briefly reviewed. Insights into the foraging needs (e.g. commuting distances) of other species may be gained from predictions based on flight morphology.
Maldi MS as a new method for the analysis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) with molecular masses up to 150 kDa
Authors: Nordhoff* E , Kirpekar* F , Hahner† S , Hillenkamp† F , Roepstorff* P 
Published: November 2023

abstract
The introduction of electrospray ionization (ESI) (Meng et al. 1988) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) (Karas and Hillenkamp 1988) as new and very efficient soft ionization techniques for mass spectrometric analysis of labile molecules has revolutionized the traditional strategies and methods for the characterization of biomolecules. Mass spectrometric protein analysis with ESI and MALDI MS have now been refined to a state where it is unsurpassed by any other protein-chemical technique in speed, sensitivity, specificity, and in the ability to handle complex mixtures.
Applications of secondary ion mass spectrometry in plant physiology
Authors: Lazof Dennis B , Goldsmith Jack G , Linton Richard W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is not intended as an overview of the broad range of possible applications of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in plant physiology. Rather, two specific areas of plant physiology will be considered in which important advances have already been made: metal toxicity and plant nutrition. The penetration of aluminium across root tissue and into cells has been investigated in both root tips and more mature root regions. Also, the transport of Ca2+ to the apical meristem has been investigated. Some of the results from these SIMS analyses will be presented and discussed according to their physiological significance. The emphasis here, however, is on the demonstration of the types of plant physiological issues that can be approached through SIMS using these studies as examples. The major limitations to quantitative treatment of such data are discussed.
Procedures for deriving ES cell lines from the mouse
Authors: Brook Frances A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although germline-competent mouse ES (mES) cell lines are widely available, most are derived from substrains of the 129 mouse. This strain and, to a lesser extent, C57BL/6 and BALB/c have proved to be the predominant ones from which mES cell lines have been derived, not least because the testing for germline competence is a time-consuming and laborious process, and therefore efforts have been focused on deriving lines from preferred strains. There are many situations in which it is desirable to derive novel mES cell lines, and from mice other than 129 and C57BL/6. The 129 mouse is not favoured as a strain in which to develop model systems (1, 2), and so extensive backcrossing usually is required to transfer genetic modifications from a 129 background to the strain of choice. (Even then, the DNA immediately upstream and downstream of a targeted locus would remain of 129-strain origin.) In many areas of mouse genetics, much time and effort has been invested in working with a particular strain (few mutants are maintained on a 129 background), and the availability of the corresponding mES cell lines would be highly advantageous for gene targeting and in vitro differentiation studies. Furthermore, emerging techniques for the generation of mice that are entirely mES cell-derived benefit from the use of cell lines from hybrid, rather than inbred 129 or C57BL/6, mice in terms of increased efficiency of production and viability of live-born offspring (Chapter 3).
Quanta
Authors: Atkins P W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quanta provides a non-mathematical and highly visual account of the concepts of quantum mechanics widely encountered in chemistry and related disciplines. Entries - ordered alphabetically - range in length from one paragraph to several pages, and describe the physical significance of each topic with simplicity and precision. Each entry is extensively cross-referenced and ends with a guide to sources of further information. This exciting new work continues the tradition of the first edition, which quickly established itself among students and teachers as a rich source of clear, concise explanations of quantum concepts. The text has been completely rewritten: all topics have been brought up to date, and there are many more illustrations and numerous new entries. The book will be invaluable to students for its brief non-mathematical summaries of key concepts, to instructors as a source of explanations, illustrations, and references, and to all practising scientists searching for an interesting, accessible account of any aspect of quantum chemistry.
Introduction to the Rietveld method
Authors: Young R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, Dr Rietveld has provided an account of the inception and early development of his method and of the growth of its acceptance from being initially ignored to the very widespread and vigorous use in many fields that it now enjoys. In this chapter, we provide a general introductory account of what the method is and how it works. First, why do we prefer to call this method the Rietveld method rather than ‘profile refinement’ or, better, whole-pattern-fitting structure refinement (PFSR)? The answer to the first part is that the principal goal is to refine crystal structures, not profiles. The things actually being refined are parameters in models for the structure and for other specimen and instrument effects on the diffraction pattern. The answer to the second part of the question has both a trivial part and an important part. The trivial part is that PFSR is a clumsy name.
The flow Of radiation in a polycrystalline material
Authors: Sabine Terence M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essence of the Rietveld method for the reduction of powder diffraction data is minimization, by least squares methods, of the magnitude of the difference between the observed values of the ordinates of the powder pattern, Yiobs, and the values of these ordinates, Yicaic, obtained from a model of the scattering system. The individual differences are allocated weights proportional to the reciprocal of the variance of the observed ordinate. As is pointed out in Chapter 3, it is a consequence of the Gauss–Markov theorem that this procedure will provide the best unbiased estimates of the values of the quantities contained in the model if, and only if, the expected value of the error term is zero. To satisfy this condition the model must reflect the physical parameters of the scatterer, that is, the model must be free from systematic error. For this to be so, all processes which modify the intensities of the incident and diffracted beams during their passage through the specimen must be incorporated in the model in their correct parametric form.