bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemically Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Balasubramanian Kannan , Burghard Marko 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSince their discovery, carbon nanotubes have attracted the attention of many a scientist around the world. This extraordinary interest stems from their outstanding structural, mechanical, and electronic properties. In fact, apart from being the best and most easily available one‐dimensional (1D) model system, carbon nanotubes show strong application potential in electronics, scanning probe microscopy, chemical and biological sensing, reinforced composite materials, and in many more areas. While some of the proposed applications remain still a far‐off dream, others are close to technical realization. Recent advances in the development of reliable methods for the chemical functionalization of the nanotubes provide an additional impetus towards extending the scope of their application spectrum. In particular, covalent modification schemes allow persistent alteration of the electronic properties of the tubes, as well as to chemically tailor their surface properties, whereby new functions can be implemented that cannot otherwise be acquired by pristine nanotubes.
Lead chemicals—compliance with environmental regulations
Authors: Hurley Daniel W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEarly recognition of certain hazards in the manufacture and use of lead chemicals resulted in industry programs to monitor and protect the worker. Unlike many other chemicals where problems have been identified only recently, experience has provided a good base for meeting the new, more stringent regulations affecting lead chemicals. Current, scheduled, and proposed OSHA and EPA regulations will be summarized, and engineering, product physical form and packaging solutions will be discussed. Problems to be addressed will include handling of raw materials and finished products during lead stabilizer manufacture, shipment and handling and use in plastic compounding and processing plants. Options currently available, technologies under development, and factors affecting option selection will be reviewed. Long‐term experience with lead chemicals supports the optimism regarding the feasibility of compliance.
Innovative products and techniques for minimizing exposure to cadmium during compounding and processing of PVC
Authors: Jennings Thomas C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article will deal with three distinct approaches to minimizing cadmium exposure. In the first approach, the pros and cons of eliminating cadmium completely will be discussed. In the second approach, the formulation of cadmium stabilizers in unique physical forms to reduce exposure will be discussed. Lastly, engineering aids to reduce the exposure to state‐of‐the‐art cadmium‐containing products will be discussed.
Effects of processing conditions and aging on the fracture toughness of rigid PVC pipe materials
Authors: Mandell J. F. , Darwish A. Y. , McGarry F. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractResults for given for the fracture toughness of rigid polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipe materials over a range of test temperatures as a function of extrusion temperature. The fracture toughness is shown to be reduced as the extrusion temperature is reduced below standard conditions. The transition temperature for valid fracture toughness tests is increased by reducing the extrusion temperature. The results of a fractographic analysis are also presented, including quantitative data for the extent of drawn, fibrillated material at the crack tip. Although annealing above Tg reduces the fracture toughness relative to as‐received pipes, no significant effect of controlled physical aging could be identified.
Rigid PVC lubricants—an empirical viewpoint
Authors: Ditto Paul E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractField observations of lubricant type and level control are presented with the intent of promoting laboratory routes to developing better rigid formulations. Calcium stearate is identified as a gelation promoter. PE wax is described as a very effective gelation retarder. POPE is an effective slip agent, ineffective retarder, and slight promoter. It is obvious that more understanding of the functions of lubricants is needed to permit on‐line formulation adjustment.
The effects of various levels of calcium carbonate upon certain physical properties of flexible PVC
Authors: Pederson J. A. , Irvine J. L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe effect of various levels of calcium‐carbonate filler on the physical properties of flexible PVC ranges from no effect on volume resistivity to a dramatic effect on processability. The effects are dependent upon the mean particle size and coating of the filler. Processors need to recognize the quantitative relationship between levels of calcium carbonate in flexible PVC and the resin's physical properties.
Conductive PVC composites: Part 1. Physical and electrical properties
Authors: Kleiner L. W. , Pazur A. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractConductive‐plastic enclosures, to compete successfully in the electronics industry, must be easily and rapidly moldable into a low‐cost, lightweight, structurally sound, flame‐retardant, and electrically‐conductive rigid part. Such a material must combine the design flexibility and moldability of a plastic with the EMI shielding properties approaching those of a metal. PVC filled with aluminum flake makes an excellent conductive composite, provided it is correctly formulated and processed. A critical concentration of metallic filler must be used; it is a function of the plastic formulation; the uniformity of the filler's dispersion; the filler type, size, and morphology; and the method by which it was compounded into the resin.
Conductive PVC composites: Part 2. Processing performance
Authors: Pazur A. S. , Kleiner Lothar W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPVC‐based plastics have a good record for injection‐molding processability, early deficiencies having been corrected with additives. Because metallic flakes have unusual aspect ratios compared with conventional fillers, it has been necessary to determine the general effects of flake on injection molding. Specific objectives of the investigation were to verify processing latitude, set guidelines for optimum processing, determine the effects of processing on physical and electrical properties, and look for unusual effects due to filler configuration. Flow properties of the PVC composite were shown to be adequate for the majority of applications, and mold‐filling ability of the PVC composite was found equal to that of flame‐retarded polycarbonate and close to that of flame‐retarded ABS.
Dynamic modelling of the continuous emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride
Authors: Penlidis A. , Hamielec A. E. , Macgregor J. F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA dynamic model for the continuous emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride (VCM) in a train of stirred tank reactors has been developed. This model can predict monomer conversion, polymer particle size distribution (PSD), molecular weight distribution and long and short chain branching frequencies under non‐steady reactor operation during startup, reactor switching and during unstable operation when conversion and polymer and polymer particle properties oscillate with time. The model has been used to design a flexible reactor train configuration which operates in a stable mode and can produce latexes with a wide range of properties including a bimodal polymer particle size distribution.
Interaction between polyvinylchloride resins and di‐2‐ethylhexylphthalate
Authors: Crose G. P. , Glatti F. , Pippa R. , Vidotto G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe interaction of two polyvinylchloride (PVC) resins, having different morphology, with di‐2‐ethylhexylphthalate plasticizer has been studied in a Brabender plastograph. Isothermal interaction occurring as a function of time, has been followed by recording the mixing resistance (torque) and determining, by means of a differential calorimeter, the fraction of the plasticizer free and interacted with the resin, on samples drawn out of the Brabender cell at different times. The interaction between PVC resins and di‐2‐ethylhexylphthalate X plasticizer in the temperature range of 63.7 to 74.3°C and with resin/plasticizer ratios varying from 1.11 to 3.33, has been determined to be:described formally by the first order kinetic law as it concerns the resin interacted as a function of time;dependent, as far as speed is concerned, on the morphology of resins namely on the specific surface area of the resin and depending whether or not there is a skin on the surface of the particles;independent of the resin/plasticizer ratio, at least in the examined range of ratios;affected by temperature according to an activation energy of 73 Kcal/mole for both the examined resins.The mixing torque recorded during the interaction kinetics of the plasticizer with the resins, has been found to be mainly affected by the outer surface state of the resin particles, namely by the concentration (which varies with the time) of the plasticizer in the surface layer of the particles.Systems constituted by PVC resins and di‐2‐ethylhexylphthalate, with the same resin/plasticizer ratio, interacting at different temperatures, show mixing torques coincident when plotted versus the concentration of the plasticizer in the surface layer of the particles.
Interaction of plasticizers with PVC: Phase behavior and thermomechanical properties of plasticized PVC
Authors: Boo Hwee‐Khim , Shaw Montgomery T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe hypothesis that plasticizer phase separation broadens glass transition temperatures when the temperature of a PVC/plasticizer formulation is raised was tested using dynamic mechanical analysis and NMR. NMR is a reasonable tool for detecting the phases. Phase separation in the vicinity of Tg is an explanation for the broadening of the transition region. But a variety of behavior is possible depending on the details of the measurement of Tg and on the thermal history of the sample. Phase separation broadening is in addition to the broadening caused by changes in the dimensionality of the damped Debye lattice described by Tobolsky.
The analysis of hydrogen chloride as a combustion product using a gas filter correlation analyzer
Authors: Smith Gregory F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHydrogen chloride (HCl) is a very difficult gas to measure, and its measurement is usually done by a batch procedure. The utility of a gas filter correlation analyzer (GFCA) for analysis of HCl as a combustion product in the cone calorimeter has been evaluated. The GFCA analyzer is a continuous on‐line method. Optimum components and operating conditions for the sample transfer line from the cone calorimeter to the GFCA were determined in experiments where constant boiling hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used. The sample transfer line should be designed to prevent water vapor condensation in the transfer line or in the measurement cell of the GFCA. HCl will condense into any condensed water resulting in analytical losses. To avoid this, the sample transfer line should be constructed out of PTFE and include a dryer. Also, any segment of the sample transfer line ahead of the dryer should be heat wrapped and maintained above the boiling point of water. The GFCA analyzer was also evaluated in the cone calorimeter with PVC combustion products. For combustion products, 20 to 30% losses of HCl occurred in the sample transfer line. These were a constant amount of 34 ppm of HCl in the constant boiling acid experiments and 53 ppm in the combustion experiments. A mathematical model relating the response of the GFCA to the concentration of HCl in the duct of the cone calorimeter was developed. Important factors are the delay time in the sample transfer line, the losses in the sample transfer line, and mixing in the detection cell, By integrating the GFCA concentration‐time profile and correcting for the losses in the sample transfer line the total yield of HCl can be accurately measured. The GFCA analyzer is an on‐line method, gives fast and accurate results, and is highly useful for the measurement of HCl as a combustion product.
Moisture absorption by PVC plastisol components
Authors: Marshall Richard A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMoisture can be absorbed from the air by PVC plastisols and by the fused product. Water in plastisols can contribute to defects in films, sheet goods and foam products, usually in the form of depressions or craters. Water absorbed by thermoformable foam PVC sheets can result in defects in the molded product, often appearing as wrinkles. Correlation between the sum of the water absorbed by individual PVC plastisol components and the water absorbed by a fused thermoformable foam sheet suggests that moisture sensitivity of the product can be minimized by selecting plasticizers and PVC resins having low moisture absorption.
TPE and subambient behaviors of flexible PVC
Authors: Woo Lecon , Ling Michael T. K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn experimental investigation was undertaken on the thermoplastic elastomer and subambient behaviors of flexible PVC. From cyclic mechanical testing, it was determined that adequate TPE performance can be obtained, especially at low frequencies. Combined with rheology data, a model consistent with crystallite tie points was reaffirmed. The subambient impact toughness was found to be a sigmoidal function of temperature. Very encouraging agreements were obtained between impact toughness and prediction on dissipations based on dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).
An Ensemble Study of Wet Season Convection in Southwest Amazonia: Kinematics and Implications for Diabatic Heating
Authors: Cifelli Robert , Carey Lawrence , Petersen Walter A. , Rutledge Steven A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDual-Doppler radar data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Large Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (TRMM-LBA) field campaign are used to determine characteristic kinematic and reflectivity vertical structures associated with precipitation features observed during the wet season in the southwest region of Amazonia. Case studies of precipitating systems during TRMM-LBA as well as overarching satellite studies have shown large differences in convective intensity associated with changes that develop in low-level easterly flow [east regime (ER)] and westerly flow [west regime (WR)]. This study attempts to examine the vertical kinematic and heating structure of convection across the spectrum of precipitation features that occurred in each regime.Results show that convection in the ER is characterized by more intense updrafts and larger radar reflectivities above the melting level, in agreement with results from lightning detection networks. These regime differences are consistent with contrasts in composite thermal buoyancy between the regimes: above the boundary layer, the environment in the ER is characterized by a greater virtual temperature excess for near-surface rising parcels. Both regimes showed a peak in intensity during the late afternoon hours, as evidenced by radar reflectivity and kinematic characteristics, consistent with previous studies of rainfall and lightning in the Rondônia (TRMM-LBA) region. After sunset, however, convective intensity in the WR decreases much more abruptly compared to the ER. In the stratiform–weak convective region, the ER showed both reflectivity and kinematic characteristics of classic stratiform structure after sunset through the early morning hours, consistent with the life cycle of mesoscale conjective systems (MCSs). Apparent heating (Q1) profiles were constructed for each regime assuming the vertical advection of dry static energy was the dominant forcing term. The resulting profiles show a peak centered near 8 km in the convective regions of both regimes, although the ER has a broader maximum compared to the WR. The breadth of the ER diabatic heating peak is consistent with the more dominant role of ice processes in ER convection.
Baicalein, a component of Scutellaria radix from Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT), leads to suppression of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human myeloma cells
Authors: Ma Zi , Otsuyama Ken-ichiro , Liu Shangqin , Abroun Saeid , Ishikawa Hideaki , Tsuyama Naohiro , Obata Masanori , Li Fu-Jun , Zheng Xu , Maki Yasuko , Miyamoto Koji , Kawano Michio M. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
In the search for a more effective adjuvant therapy to treat multiple myeloma (MM), we investigated the effects of the traditional Chinese herbal medicines Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT), Gui-Zhi-Fu-Ling-Wan (GZFLW), and Huang-Lian-Tang (HLT) on the proliferation and apoptosis of myeloma cells. HLJDT inhibited the proliferation of myeloma cell lines and the survival of primary myeloma cells, especially MPC-1- immature myeloma cells, and induced apoptosis in myeloma cell lines via a mitochondria-mediated pathway by reducing mitochondrial membrane potential and activating caspase-9 and caspase-3. Further experiments confirmed that Scutellaria radix was responsible for the suppressive effect of HLJDT on myeloma cell proliferation, and the baicalein in Scutellaria radix showed strong growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in comparison with baicalin or wogonin. Baicalein as well as baicalin suppressed the survival in vitro of MPC-1- immature myeloma cells rather than MPC-1+ myeloma cells from myeloma patients. Baicalein inhibited the phosphorylation of IkB-α, which was followed by decreased expression of the IL-6 and XIAP genes and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Therefore, HLJDT and Scutellaria radix have an antiproliferative effect on myeloma cells, especially MPC-1- immature myeloma cells, and baicalein may be responsible for the suppressive effect of Scutellaria radix by blocking IkB-α degradation. (Blood. 2005;105:3312-3318)
Risk-Reducing Salpingo-Oophorectomy in BRCA Mutation Carriers: Role of Serial Sectioning in the Detection of Occult Malignancy
Authors: Powell C. Bethan , Kenley Eric , Chen Lee-may , Crawford Beth , McLennan Jane , Zaloudek Charles , Komaromy Miriam , Beattie Mary , Ziegler John 
Published: December 2004

Purpose Women who carry deleterious mutations of BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes have up to a 54% lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer. After childbearing, women at high risk increasingly choose bilateral risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO). Two recent studies of BRCA mutation carriers reported occult malignancy in 2.5% of women undergoing RRSO. This study aimed to increase this detection rate using a protocol. Methods In 1996, the University of California San Francisco Gynecologic Oncology Program instituted a surgical-pathologic RRSO protocol that was composed of complete removal and serial sectioning of both ovaries and fallopian tubes, peritoneal and omental biopsies, and collection of peritoneal washings for cytology. We report the pathologic findings in 67 BRCA mutation carriers according to the degree of adherence to this protocol. Results Of the 67 procedures, the protocol was followed completely or partially in 41 (61%). Seven occult malignancies were discovered, four in the fallopian tube and three in the ovaries. Six of these were microscopic, and all seven (17%) were found in specimens from complete or partial protocol procedures as opposed to standard procedures (P = .026). Other variables such as age, parity, BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, or type of surgery did not alter the strong effect of protocol procedure on the cancer detection rate. Conclusion A rigorous operative and pathologic protocol for RRSO increases the detection rate of occult ovarian malignancy in BRCA mutation carriers nearly seven-fold. If confirmed, this finding will alter postoperative management because additional staging, chemotherapy, and follow-up may be necessary in affected women.
Malignant Breast Tumors After Radiotherapy for a First Cancer During Childhood
Authors: Guibout Catherine , Adjadj Elisabeth , Rubino Carole , Shamsaldin Akthar , Grimaud Emmanuel , Hawkins Mike , Mathieu Marie-Christine , Oberlin Odile , Zucker Jean-Michel , Panis Xavier , Lagrange Jean-Léon , Daly-Schveitzer Nicolas , Chavaudra Jean , de Vathaire Florent 
Published: December 2004

Purpose To assess the specific role of treatment and type of first cancer (FC) in the risk of long-term subsequent breast cancer (BC) among childhood cancer survivors. Patients and Methods In a cohort of 1,814 3-year female survivors treated between 1946 and 1986 in eight French and English centers, data on chemotherapy and radiotherapy were collected. Individual estimation of radiation dose to each breast was performed for the 1,258 patients treated by external radiotherapy; mean dose to breast was 5.06 Gy (range, 0.0 to 88.0 Gy) delivered in 20 fractions (mean). Results Mean follow-up was 16 years; 16 patients developed a clinical BC, 13 after radiotherapy. The cumulative incidence of BC was 2.8% (95% CI, 1.0% to 4.5%) 30 years after the FC and 5.1% (95% CI, 2.1% to 8.2%) at the age of 40 years. The annual excess incidence increased as age increased, whereas the standardized incidence ratio decreased. On average, each Gray unit received by any breast increased the excess relative risk of BC by 0.13 (< 0.0 to 0.75). After stratification on castration and attained age, and adjusting for radiation dose, FC type, and chemotherapy, a higher risk of a subsequent BC was associated with Hodgkin’s disease (relative risk, 7.0; 95% CI, 1.4 to 30.9). Conclusion The reported high risk of BC after childhood Hodgkin’s disease treatment seems to be due not only to a higher radiation dose to the breasts, but also to a specific susceptibility.
Gene Expression Profiling in Seminoma and Nonseminoma
Authors: Port M. , Schmelz H.U. , Stockinger M. , Sparwasser C. , Albers P. , Pottek T. , Abend M. 
Published: December 2004

Purpose Gene expression profiles of seminoma were compared with nonseminoma to get insights into tumorigenesis. Materials and Methods Eleven testicular tumor biopsies (five pure seminoma, six nonseminoma; pT1N0M0 to pT2N2M1) and biopsies from unaffected sites were analyzed once per patient using a macroarray (1,176 genes). On the same patients, six genes were validated using real-time quantitative (RTQ) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Additionally, in a separate cohort of 19 patients, 24 genes selected from the macroarray were measured using RTQ-PCR. Results (1) The agreement in gene expression was 94% between the two methods and two different patient cohorts. (2) Two features in gene expression were independent of the tumor entity: Most changes of gene expression occurred in five functional groups like “cell cycle” and “apoptosis.” Genes within these groups were almost similarly (> 80%) up- or downregulated. (3) Nonseminoma were characterized by downregulated genes (75%), but in seminoma, upregulated genes (64%) prevailed. Furthermore, 64.4% of those genes that were differentially expressed in both tumor entities were usually upregulated in seminoma but downregulated in nonseminoma. A reverse pattern was found in 24.4% of such genes. Eleven percent of these genes showed a similar up- or downregulation in gene expression in both tumor entities. Conclusion Seminoma in this preliminary study can be differentiated from nonseminoma due to almost opposing gene expression profiles (89% of the significantly differentially expressed genes) and are in line with the histological discrimination of both tumor entities. Underlying mechanisms and implications regarding the origin and tumor progression of both entities are discussed.