bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Titanium and Titanium Alloys
Authors: Seagle Stan R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTitanium, the ninth most abundant element, is used principally as an oxide in paint filler for its high refractory index and as a metal in aerospace and industrial applications for its high strength‐to‐density ratio and excellent corrosion resistance. This article covers the locations and reserves of principal ore bodies and their conversion by sulfate or chloride refining processes to high purity oxides for the pigment industry, and the subsequent conversion by magnesium reduction to metallic sponge for the metal industry.The principal metal consolidation melting processes to produce ingots from sponge are reviewed, along with the metalworking processes for converting ingots to mill products. The influence of alloying elements on properties and microstructure is discussed, along with the mechanical properties and characteristics of the principal alloys used in aerospace and industrial applications. Methods and procedures related to the fabrication of metal components into useful application components are covered. The primary uses of both the oxide and the metal are summarized, along with the economics associated with the production of the metal and oxide.
Uranium and Uranium Compounds
Authors: Clark David L. , Keogh D. Webster , Neu Mary P. , Runde Wolfgang 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAn overview of uranium and uranium compounds with an emphasis on their relevance to chemical technology is provided. Uranium and its compounds have many uses both potential and applied, examples include nuclear fuel, radiation shielding, and kinetic energy penetrators. These uses have a substantial economic impact, the aspects of which are provided. Sections are provided which illustrate the occurrence, recovery, and radiochemistry of uranium as well as the properties and preparation of uranium metal. A broad overview of uranium coordination and organometallic compounds is also provided. Drawbacks to the application of uranium and uranium compounds in many processes include the chemical reactivity of the metal and the inherent radioactivity of uranium isotopes. As such, health and safety factors which must be taken into account while working with uranium are discussed.
Clays, Uses
Authors: Sennett Paul 
Published: August 2004

AbstractClay minerals are widely used in many industries and usage typically depends on physical and chemical properties. Kaolin clay finds a large market in ceramics, paper, paint, plastics, and rubber, and in many other uses. The properties of kaolins depend primarily on processing methods. Bentonites, because of fine particle size and expanding lattice characteristics, are used in large amounts for applications such as a binder for foundry sands and iron are pelletizing, as viscosity control agents for oil well drilling fluids, and as adsorbents. Other clay minerals such as halloysite and attapulgite are less important commercially but have significant value in several applications. Clays are also used as chemical feedstocks.
Vinyl Alcohol Polymers
Authors: Marten F. Lennart 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) is a highly crystalline polyhydroxy polymer produced by the hydrolysis of poly(vinyl acetate), as the vinyl alcohol monomer is not available. The polymer is water‐soluble, possesses excellent tensile strength, abrasion resistance, superior oxygen barrier properties, as well as excellent emulsification and protective colloid properties, and exhibits solvent, oil, and grease resistance that are matched by few other polymers. Poly(vinyl alcohol) undergoes chemical reactions in a manner similar to other secondary polyhydroxy alcohols. Fully biodegradable, the polymer is considered a nonhazardous material according to the American Standard for Precautionary Labeling of Hazardous Industrial Chemicals.Industrial applications are all based on and limited by the use of water solutions. The polymer is not considered thermoplastic because the degradation temperature is below the melting point. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is commercially available in granular and powdered form. Grades include both fully hydrolyzed and partially hydrolyzed products. A wide variety of molecular weight and hydrolysis is commercially available. Principal end uses include textile sizing, adhesives, protective colloid for emulsion polymerization, paper coating, cement and mortar additive, poly(vinyl butyral), fibers, and films.
Vinylidene Chloride Monomer and Polymers
Authors: Wessling R. A. , Gibbs D. S. , DeLassus P. T. , Obi B. E. , Howell B. A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractVinylidene chloride is a versatile monomer used primarily for making vinylidene chloride copolymers. These copolymers are mostly used in food packaging to provide a good barrier to mass transport. Most applications rely on the low permeation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. However, the polymers have also been shown to have good barrier to flavors and aromas. These copolymers are available in three formats. First, resin for extrusion into film or sheet represents the largest segment. Typically, coextrusion is used because only a small amount of vinylidene chloride is necessary for the barrier and other polymers can provide the strength. Second, resin is used for solution applications. A thin layer is coated onto a substrate. Third, latex is used for coating. The coatings from solution or latex dry clear. Vinylidene chloride homopolymer does not have commercial application because its melting temperature is too high to extrude without degradation, and it does not dissolve in a suitable solvent for coating.
Polymer Colloids
Authors: Takamura Koichi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTypical industrial polymer colloids (also known as latexes) have 50–60% polymer content, with particles ranging in size from 100 nm to 250 nm in diameter dispersed in water. They are produced by the emulsion polymerization process, and are used for a wide range of industrial applications including paints, paper coatings, adhesives and carpet backing. Among these polymer colloids, styrene–butadiene copolymers, polyacrylates, and vinyl acetate homopolymers and copolymers account for 95% of the total production worldwide, which is expected to exceed 9 (dry) million metric tons in the year 2004. The polymer colloids transform into a polymer film upon drying at above the critical temperature, known as the minimum film forming temperature. Resultant films can be clear or opaque, hard or tacky, and plastic or elastic, depending upon the needs. Though the polymers are hardly visible, they provide critical properties in various industrial applications. This article discusses the relationship between three polymer parameters; electrokinetic properties, rheological properties and polymer particle morphology, as they correlate to industrial applications.
Experimental analysis of floc size distribution under different hydrodynamics in a mixing tank
Authors: Bouyer Denis , Liné Alain , Do‐Quang Zdravka 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe goal of this report is to analyze the relationship between characteristic floc size and hydrodynamics in a mixing tank. The first question addressed concerns the relation between an average floc size and the viscous dissipation rate of kinetic energy. A first series of flocculation experiments were conducted in a mixing tank with two impellers (a Rushton turbine and a Lightnin A310 impeller) for equivalent dissipated power conditions. The average floc size is shown to depend on the global dissipation rate; it does not depend on the impeller type. However, the floc size distributions are significantly different for each impeller. The second question addressed concerns the dependency of the floc size on the history of mixing. A second series of experiments consisted of flocculation, breakup, and reflocculation stages. These experiments showed that the average floc sizes are similar after flocculation or reflocculation steps, but, once again, the floc size distributions can be very different with different impellers. The flocculation phenomena analyzed in this study mainly occur in the viscous subrange, with maximum floc size on the order of Kolmogorov microscale. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2064–2081, 2004
Relationship between idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, eosinophilic leukemia, and systemic mastocytosis
Authors: Bain Barbara J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractChronic eosinophilic leukemia is a neoplastic condition with persistent eosinophilia as the major hematological abnormality and with the eosinophils being part of the neoplastic clone. Some cases can be recognized by traditional hematological criteria, but many can be recognized only when a clonal cytogenetic or molecular genetic abnormality is demonstrated. A range of cytogenetic and molecular genetic abnormalities has been recognized, including both those seen in other myeloid malignancies (such as trisomy 8, monosomy 7, and 20q−) and those that are particularly linked to eosinophil differentiation (such as rearrangements of PDGFRB, FGFR1, and PDGFRA, the latter with formation of a FIP1L1–PDGFRA fusion gene). The discovery of the FIP1L1–PDGFRA fusion gene has led to the recognition that many patients who would previously have been regarded as having idiopathic hypereosinophilia actually have chronic eosinophilic leukemia. The same fusion gene has also been found in patients with hypereosinophilia and atypical bone marrow mast cells but whether this syndrome should be regarded as a variant of eosinophilic leukemia or as a variant of systemic mastocytosis remains to be established. Am. J. Hematol. 77:82–85, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the thrombopoietin‐receptor gene, but not the thrombopoietin gene, with differences in platelet count
Authors: Zeng She Min , Murray Jeffrey C. , Widness John A. , Strauss Ronald G. , Yankowitz Jerome 
Published: August 2004

AbstractLittle is known about the mechanisms explaining the wide variation in platelet counts (PLT) and other hematologic parameters in humans. We previously showed that the sex‐based difference in hematocrit was associated with nucleotide variation in the erythropoietin receptor gene (EPOR). We sought to identify new polymorphisms of the human thrombopoietin (TPO) and thrombopoietin receptor (TPOR) genes to determine any associations with blood PLT counts. We screened TPO and TPOR for polymorphisms using single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA sequencing. Association of polymorphisms was studied in 304 normal subjects with low or high PLT counts. Distribution of allelic frequency was analyzed by the Chi‐square statistic. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with two alleles were found in TPO and TPOR. The TPO SNP was a G to A transition at nucleotide 5753, and the TPOR SNP was a C to A transversion at position 550 in the 5′‐promoter area. The allelic frequencies were 0.54 for G and 0.46 for A of TPO, and 0.62 for C and 0.38 for A of TPOR in a Caucasian population. The frequency of the TPOR allele “C” was significantly higher in subjects with high PLT count (>258 k/mm3) versus low PLT count (<224 k/mm3) and in males with high PLT count (>258 k/mm3) versus males with low PLT count (<212 k/mm3). In contrast, the frequency of the TPO alleles was not related to blood PLT counts. An association of TPO and TPOR allele distribution to red and white blood cell parameters was seen. These new SNPs found for the human TPO and TPOR genes help explain variations in blood PLT counts and may be useful in patient studies related to the roles of TPO and/or TPOR in disease. Am. J. Hematol. 77:12–21, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymorphism distribution of Int13, Int22, and St14 VNTRs in a Mexican population and their application in carrier diagnosis of hemophilia A
Authors: Martínez Gallegos Rafael , Benítez Aranda Herminia , Navarrete Carmen , Peñaloza Espinoza Rosenda , Salamanca Gómez Fabio , Arenas Aranda Diego 
Published: August 2004

AbstractVariable nucleotide tandem repeats (VNTR) Int13, Int22, and St14 were analyzed to determine polymorphic distribution in normal individuals from Mexico's central region and their efficacy in detecting hemophilia A carriers. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out on 166 X chromosomes from unrelated Mexicans, and the same method was applied to detect carriers in hemophilia A families. Screening revealed the existence of at least eight different alleles for Int13, 4 alleles for Int22, and 10 alleles for St14. Their heterozygosity rates were 41.3%, 52.6%, and 83%, respectively. Compared to Caucasians, the Mexican population showed a markedly low heterozygosity rate for the Int13 marker. However, Int22 showed a heterozygosity that was similar to Turkish and Chinese populations. The St14 marker was the most informative in carrier diagnosis, and a new 680‐bp allele not previously reported was detected. Carrier diagnosis was performed in 39 women from eight different hemophilia A families. Fifteen (38%) females were not carriers, 16 (41%) females were carriers, and 8 (21%) were homozygous. Determination of polymorphisms in VNTR markers revealed that St14 was the most useful for hemophilia A carrier detection in Mexico. Am. J. Hematol. 77:1–6, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Five Fanconi anemia patients with unusual organ pathologies
Authors: Unal Selma , Ozbek Namık , Kara Abdurrahman , Alikaşifoĝlu Mehmet , Gümrük Fatma 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that presents with variable organ abnormalities, progressive cytopenia, and susceptibility to the development of several malignancies. Although some of the organ pathologies such as microcephaly, microphthalmia, skin dyspigmentation, urogenital system involvement, and radial ray skeletal abnormalities are relatively common, there are some other abnormalities that are rarely associated with the disease [Alter BP. In: Nathan DG, Oski FA, editors. Hematology of infancy and childhood. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003. p 259–273]. In this paper, five cases of unrelated FA patients with unusual organ pathologies, including chronic obstructive lung disease, lipodystrophy, Sprengel's deformity, diaphragmatic hernia, and inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN) are presented. Recognition of unusual pathologies associated with FA is important in order to improve our understanding of the relationship between the disease and presenting organ pathologies. Am. J. Hematol. 77:50–54, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A rare inherited coagulation disorder: Combined homozygous factor VII and factor X deficiency
Authors: Menegatti Marzia , Karimi Mehran , Garagiola Isabella , Mannucci PierMannuccio , Peyvandi Flora 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe combined presence in the homozygous state of more than one recessively transmitted coagulation defect may rarely occur in countries with a high rate of consanguinity. In an Iranian family consisting of two parents (second cousins) and two affected siblings, initial phenotypic analysis led to a diagnosis of mild FX deficiency (10–19% FX activity, 42–54% FX:Ag), and genotyping revealed a new homozygous missense mutation in the corresponding gene (Ser3Cys). As both of the sibs had a severe bleeding history that was not compatible with mild deficiency of FX, further phenotypic analysis revealed the additional presence of severe FVII deficiency (<1% FVII activity; 63–111% FVII:Ag) associated with the homozygous missense gene mutation Cys310Phe. In this kindred, lack of identification of the double coagulation defect might have led not only to incomplete understanding of the clinical phenotype but also to an incorrect prenatal diagnosis. Am. J. Hematol. 77:90–91, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trisomy 8 in Philadelphia‐negative cells during imatinib therapy
Authors: Bernardeschi P. , Fiorentini G. , Rossi S. , Dentico P. , Simi P. , Guidi S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTargeted therapy with imatinib selectively suppresses Philadelphia‐positive cells in chronic myeloid leukemia cells, with reappearance of apparently normal hemopoiesis in a considerable number of patients. Recently, clonal abnormalities have been observed in Philadelphia‐negative cells during imatinib therapy, the biologic and prognostic significance of which is actually unknown. A case of trisomy 8 occurring in Philadelphia‐negative cells, which was treated by bone marrow transplantation, is reported. Chromosomal abnormalities in Philadelphia‐negative cells do not seem to herald disease transformation, but the long‐term prognosis may be influenced by an increased incidence of myelodysplasia in younger patients. Am. J. Hematol. 77:88–89, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bronchus‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma arising in a patient with bronchiectasis and chronic Mycobacterium avium infection
Authors: Gaur S. , Trayner E. , Aish L. , Weinstein R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe describe a 67‐year‐old woman with bronchiectasis and Mycobacterium avium complex infection who underwent wedge resection of her pulmonary infiltrates because they were progressing despite antibiotic therapy. In addition to the expected granulomatous changes, she was found to have a B‐cell lymphoma of bronchus associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Despite normal bone marrow morphology, marrow involvement was demonstrated by flow cytometry. Her lymphoma remains suppressed with antimycobacterial therapy 6 months after resection of bulk disease. Am. J. Hematol. 77:22–25, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Follow‐up of sickle cell disease patients with priapism treated by hydroxyurea
Authors: Saad Sara T.O. , Lajolo Camila , Gilli Simone , Marques José Francisco C. , Lima Carmen S. , Costa Fernando F. , Arruda Valder R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractHydroxyurea is one of the most successfully used therapies for sickle cell disease. Results of many clinical trials point to hydroxyurea administration for patients with frequent painful crises and acute chest syndrome. Priapism is one of the complications that could be prevented by hydroxyurea, but there are few reports demonstrating the results. Since November 1993, hydroxyurea has been used in our clinic for preventing priapism in patients with stuttering or major attacks who are still capable of achieving intercourse on demand. Five patients were enrolled in the study, and 4 cases benefited by this treatment. After the initial treatment for the acute attack, all five patients developed stuttering priapism. Hydroxyurea was then introduced at the initial dose of 10 mg/kg, and as the hydroxyurea dosage increased, the number or length of priapism episodes decreased. One to two months after the maximal dose (20–35 mg/kg) was introduced, the episodes disappeared. In two patients, we were forced to administer over 30 mg hydroxyurea/kg to abort the episodes, and, in another patient, 25 mg/kg was necessary. All patients present normal sexual activity. Hydroxyurea was discontinued in two patients, but stuttering priapism reappeared. Hydroxyurea was then re‐introduced, and priapism disappeared. One patient, using 20 mg hydroxyurea/kg, had a 6‐year remission of priapism after hydroxyurea administration; however, he experienced stuttering priapism, 1 month before a major attack, that progressed to impotence. During that month, he did not seek medical attention. In conclusion, the data here presented suggests that hydroxyurea may prevent priapism attacks in sickle cell disease, probably at higher doses than usually prescribed for painful crisis prevention. Am. J. Hematol. 77:45–49, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical and molecular aspects of 23 patients affected by paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Authors: Boschetti Carla , Fermo Elisa , Bianchi Paola , Vercellati Cristina , Barraco Fiorenza , Zanella Alberto 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe reviewed clinical and molecular data of 23 consecutive unrelated patients affected by paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) (19 with hemolytic PNH, 3 with aplastic anemia/PNH, and 1 with myelodysplasia/PNH syndrome) with a mean follow‐up of 11.8 years. Five patients had thrombotic episodes, and 10 needed regular blood transfusions; 2 died for cerebral hemorrhage and kidney failure, and 2 spontaneously recovered from PNH. Twenty different PIG‐A gene mutations were detected in 21/23 patients: 15 frameshift, 1 splicing, 2 nonsense, and 2 missense mutations. Two mutations (DelG341 and IVS2 +1g‐a) were detected twice. A PIG‐A mutated clone was also revealed in the two patients in complete clinical remission. One patient with aplastic anemia/PNH syndrome was treated with two courses of antilymphocyte globulin and cyclosporin with partial sustained response. Six patients were given rHu‐EPO 150 U/kg/day sc for at least 6 months: one became transfusion‐independent for 8 months and then discontinued treatment for clinical complications; one displayed a mean rise of Hb of 1.5 g/dL and is currently maintaining Hb levels higher than 9 g/dL after 54 months of therapy. Mutation specific quantitative‐competitive PCR showed that the rise of hemoglobin was related to an increase of PIG‐A negative molecules, suggesting that the efficacy of rHu‐EPO therapy may be due to the stimulation of the abnormal clone. Am. J. Hematol. 77:36–44, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cavernous sinus thrombosis presenting with diplopia in an allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipient
Authors: Gupta Vikas , Keller Anne , Halliday William , Sanche Stephen , Hassegawa Wanda , Messner Hans , Kiss Thomas , Lipton Jeffrey 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAlthough neurological complications are common in patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplant (alloBMT), cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) has rarely been described. An allograft recipient is described who presented with diplopia and developed CST in the early post‐transplant period likely caused by a filamentous fungus. Clinical course and serial radiological studies of this patient are described and correlated with autopsy findings. Am. J. Hematol. 77:77–81, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome complicating cytotoxic chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies
Authors: Tam C.S. , Galanos J. , Seymour J.F. , Pitman A.G. , Stark R.J. , Prince H.M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractReversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) is an uncommon but distinctive clinicoradiological entity comprising of headache, seizures, visual disturbance, and altered mental function, in association with posterior cerebral white matter edema. With appropriate management, RPLS is reversible in the majority of cases. Previous reported associations of RPLS include hypertension, eclampsia, renal failure, and use of immunosuppressive drugs; reports in the adult hematology setting are rare. We report two cases of adults undergoing treatment for hematological malignancies who developed RPLS, and we emphasize the importance of early recognition and institution of appropriate management in reducing the risk of development of permanent neurological disability. Am. J. Hematol. 77:72–76, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Practical approach to the diagnosis and management of thrombocytopenia associated with tirofiban treatment
Authors: Mulot Agnès , Moulin Frédéric , Fohlen‐Walter Anne , Angioi Michael , Sghaier Mohammed , Carteaux Jean‐Pierre , Lecompte Thomas , de Maistre Emmanuel 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAnti‐GPIIb/IIIa associated thrombocytopenia has been reported in most large trials, but very little data is available regarding tirofiban. We report three cases of thrombocytopenia, most likely attributed to tirofiban (two moderate and one severe). For each patient, laboratory investigation has allowed us to exclude another cause of thrombocytopenia, particularly heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia. Platelet count recovery could be earlier with tirofiban than with abciximab. Some suggestions are proposed for practical management of these patients with persistent thrombotic risk, who are sometimes candidates for cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Am. J. Hematol. 77:67–71, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.