bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Old age pensions
Authors: Pestieau Pierre 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In ageing Europe, pension systems are the social protection program receiving the widest attention. It appears that the cost of social protection programs depends not only on increasing longevity, but also on the effective age of retirement that, as we have seen in the last decades, has been decreasing in most European countries. Most pension systems in Europe are redistributive and based on pay-as-you-go financing. Therefore, we show that reforms are called for, but that they face huge political resistance. We also discuss the issue of privatization of pension systems, its reasons, and its limits. Expenditures on pensions between 1980 and 1998 (in % of GDP) increased in all 15 European countries, except Ireland and Luxembourg. The largest increases in expenditure occurred in Greece and Italy. Today Austria, Belgium, Germany, Greece, France, Italy and Sweden all have relatively high shares of pension expenditure in GDP, while the UK and Ireland have relatively low shares compared to the EU15 average. Over the same period, all countries experienced some increase in the population aged 65 years and over, with the exception of Austria. Population ageing is likely to have a significant impact on pension expenditure over the next 20 years and beyond.
Introduction
Authors: Milne Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first edition of this book was based on a set of lectures that I gave at the Institute of Advanced Studies in Vienna in 1992, and subsequently taught in the Economics Department, Queen’s University. My brief was to provide a series of ten lectures that surveyed and introduced recent asset-pricing models in Finance, using mathematical techniques and microeconomic theory at the level of Varian Microeconomic Analysis(1992), or Mas-Colell, Whinston and Green Microeconomic Theory(1995). With these prerequisites the book should be accessible to any first-year graduate student who has a good grounding in microeconomic theory and general equilibrium theory. Necessarily this book is not complete, and omits much that is important in terms of generality and detail. To make the book complete in that sense would triple its length and increase the level of mathematical difficulty substantially.
Multiperiod Asset Pricing: Complete Markets
Authors: Milne Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
So far, we have restricted attention to two-date models. Although this is instructive for introducing basic ideas of arbitrage, aggregation, and diversification, we require a multiperiod framework to capture a range of intertemporal problems. For example, we would like to investigate the term structure of interest rates, complicated multi period derivative securities, the dynamics of stock prices, and dynamic hedging strategies. It will turn out that our two-period analysis has laid an important foundation for this analysis. By choosing an appropriate dynamic framework, we can generalize our two-date results, and obtain obvious sophisticated reinterpretations of familiar results.
Discrete Stochastic Integrals, Multiperiod Factor Pricing, and Continuous-Time Models
Authors: Milne Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this section we relate our factor pricing results in Chapter 14 to the representation of asset prices in terms of stochastic integrals. Many discussions of asset pricing (see Harrison and Kreps, 1979; Harrison and Pliska, 1981; Duffie, 1988; Dothan, 1990) begin by assuming that asset prices are described by discrete or continuous stochastic integrals.
Defining the Problems: Colonial Science and the Origins of Conservation at the Cape, 1770–1860
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Veld, forests, water, and wild animals were critical natural resources for Khoisan and African people, as well as the landowners who were increasingly the backbone of the colonial economy. Colonial regimes were alive to the dangers of overexploitation. At the Cape, attempts at regulation—along European lines—began soon after Company rule was established. Comments and debates about environmental degradation are evident surprisingly early in the history of European settlement. They arose from the emerging understandings of the environment, from the experience of farmers, and from international scientific advances that framed environmental problems in new ways.
Insolvency of Individuals
Authors: Fletcher Ian F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the issues to be considered are those arising from the insolvency of individuals. Strictly speaking, English law reserves the term ‘bankruptcy ‘ for the procedure whereby the estate of an individual debtor is liquidated and distributed among the bankrupt’s creditors according to a predetermined, statutory regime. Where the insolvent debtor is a legal person––such as a company formed and registered under law––a different procedure known as winding up (also termed ‘liquidation’) is employed. In observing this dichotomy between individual and corporate insolvency, and in maintaining separate procedures for each, English law keeps company with a number of other Common Law jurisdictions, including those of Australia and New Zealand and (less strictly) Canada.
Latin America, Scandinavia, and the NAFTA Countries
Authors: Fletcher Ian F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Historically, the first examples of international treaties which attempted in some way to make provision for the better regulation of cross-border insolvencies were bilateral treaties, concluded between states which were either close neighbours geographically, or which had particularly close relationships involving commerce and trade between their citizens. There were numerous examples of such treaties in the period between the eighteenth and the mid-twentieth century. In the context of their period, they were able to offer useful solutions to the most basic, and still the most common, of the factual situations that can be experienced in cross border insolvency, namely where the significant assets and liabilities are dispersed between only two jurisdictions.
The Council of Europe Convention of Istanbul, 5 June 1990
Authors: Fletcher Ian F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The European Convention on Certain International Aspects of Bankruptcy, concluded under the auspices of the Council of Europe, was opened for signature in Istanbul on 5 June 1990. For ease of reference and identification, the Convention is usually known as the Istanbul Convention. Article 34 of the Convention states that it will enter into force after a minimum of three ratifications have been lodged in accordance with Article 33. To date, eight of the Member States of the Council of Europe have signed the Istanbul Convention, but only one –– Cyprus –– has ratified it. With the passing years there is increasing reason to doubt whether the Convention will succeed in attracting even the minimum number of ratifications necessary to enable it to enter into force.
UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency
Authors: Fletcher Ian F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The various regional initiatives examined in Chs. 5, 6, and 7 include examples of a variety of different approaches to the challenge of achieving a more orderly and effective solution to the problems with which this book is centrally concerned. The problems experienced in concluding and implementing several of the treaties and conventions which have been examined above suggest that, despite their undoubted potential to serve as vehicles for effective international cooperation, the effort involved in negotiating and bringing into effect a regionally-based treaty of a commercially sophisticated nature is likely to be substantial. Indeed, the greater the degree of practical utility that is sought by means of such a treaty, the greater the difficulty in bringing it to fruition, and hence the greater the risk of ultimate failure.
Speech and Social Engagement
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are many respects in which spoken language can be treated as an aspect of social ceremonial, and thus (to stay with Collingwood’s metaphor) as one of the ‘daughters of the dance’. There are some striking cases. For example in the Yolngu area of North-East Arnhem Land, there are two sets of dialects. The first is the usual geographical spread of variants. The second set, the styles of speech known as Thuwala and Thuwal, better termed ‘sociolects’, are not related to geography but to the conceptual division of the Yolngu people into two complementary and exogamous moieties. These moieties cut across all local dialects, and are always found paired within marriages and across the generations. Children grow up speaking according to their mother’s moiety style, but later switch to their father’s. The actual difference between the ‘sociolects’ consists of a rule about vowel deletion in certain grammatical morphemes, resulting in a distinctly different rhythm of speech.
The Dialectics of Gender and Generation
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our lives are lived, in many ways like those of other species, along the trajectories of sex/gender and of age. Both are obviously rooted in biological or organic life. But unlike the other species, human beings make abstractions out of these ideas, play around with their significance, turning them into ordering principles and arguing about their proper role in social life. The personal, experiential aspects of living our lives as social creatures are among the themes explored in the next chapter. Here, I present some of the analytical tools which anthropologists have fashioned in order to pinpoint and compare the moving choreography by which we relate to each other through conventionalized principles of gender and age, a domain of study conventionally dubbed ‘kinship and marriage’. It is important to remember that the links of human kinship are not simply biological facts but are life data made salient through shared moral and theoretical perceptions.
Human Bodies, Social Persons, and Conscious Selves
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Can we imagine such a thing as ‘a person’ in the abstract? Try. The figure which spontaneously comes to mind must surely have some very specific features-whether male or female, baby or adult, healthy or sick, hopeful or exhausted, happy or angry, Japanese or Irish, dressed or undressed, friend or stranger. Fairly soon, we need to ask not only ‘What is a person?’ —but in the suggestive phrase of Christina Toren, who they are. In criticizing ‘natural science’ models of the human person, she claims that for her, ‘The fundamental question from an anthropological perspective is how do people become who they are?’
Anthropology as a Human Science: Conversations with History and Religion
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The human capacity for productive labour, and for language (our old self images as ‘the Toolmaker’ and the ‘Speechmaker’ respectively) are still robust ways of summing up our nature as a species. But Terry Eagleton’s interesting comments in the quotation above also draw our attention to the way that humans (with these capacities) are ‘actually inserted into their environs’. We must then ask, what are those environs? Eagleton clearly has more in mind than surrounding forests. He is referring implicitly to social environs, to the context of collective human life within which we grow up and acquire physical habits, language, an ear for music, an eye for art, and so on, all those things which complete our humanity.
The Assembly of Ladies
Authors: Boffey Julia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Assembly of Ladies, the single anonymous poem in this anthology, is a woman’s dream, recounted retrospectively by a lady to a man with whom she falls into conversation. Like the dream of TG, it concerns the offering of pleas at a court, but here the plaintiffs are all women, and the figure from whom they seek redress is not Venus but Lady Loyalty. Unlike TG, no answer to the complaints is given in the dream, and the women who make them are simply promised fuller hearing by Lady Loyalty at a future parliament.
Women at Home and Abroad I: Aristocratic Adulteresses and Patriotic Wives
Authors: Mccreery Cindy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The gallantry of the present period will, probably, make a greater é clat in the annals of the polite world than all the histories of court intrigues that have engaged the attention of any preceding historian or biographer; and we flatter ourselves that the anecdotes which we shall be able to furnish, will be the means of handing down to posterity a lively idea of the prevailing beauties, and their most zealous admirers, of this aera. My charming Bride! It was a strange perversion of Taste, that led me to consider the delicate timidity of your deportment, The role of wife was fundamentally important yet controversial in late eighteenth-century English society.
English Law and Convention Concepts
Authors: Oliver Dawn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among Professor Harlow’s many contributions to public law have been her writings on the public-private divide in English law, or more accurately on the absence of any real such divide. In her article’ “Public” and “Private” Law: Definition without Distinction’1 she argued that the distinction is ‘wholly incompatible with the English tradition and is unlikely to contribute in any meaningful way to the solution of the many problems which modern administrative law has to overcome’.
Integration and the Europeanization of the Law
Authors: Sweet Alec Stone 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Carol Harlow blends the concerns of the lawyer and the social scientist as well as anyone in the world. Given the focus of her research, how legal systems actually operate, with what social consequences, one might see blending as an obvious or natural move. Yet, traditional legal scholarship prefers determining what the law is, rather than tracing how actors make it work; it typically defends obsolete distinctions between ‘law’ and ‘politics’; and it still shies from adopting perspectives considered somehow ‘external’ to the law.
Somerset House, 23 April 1796
Authors: Hoock Holger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the afternoon of Saturday, 23 April 1796, some one hundred guests-foreign princes and ambassadors, ministers of the British Crown, members of both Houses of Parliament and London aldermen, bishops and noblemen, connoisseurs, collectors, scholars, and artists-filed into the Academy’s entrance hall at Somerset House and ascended the elliptical staircase to the Great Exhibition Room. Those who arrived early took the opportunity to pre view the Academy summer show undisturbed by the crowds which would throng the apartments from the following Monday. The exhibition was well worth viewing, if we trust Anna Larpent’s and Horace Walpole’s judgement, indeed, ‘the best Exhibition that had been for some time.’ Meanwhile, Messrs. Richold and Mollard of the Freemasons’ Tavern in Great Queen Street were putting the finishing touches to a lavish annual Academy banquet. Many guests, even peers of the realm, had lobbied vigorously over previous weeks to secure an invitation; others had requested to be seated next to a friend or political associate, or someone they were eager to get to know.
On Male Liberation
Authors: Sawyer Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Male liberation calls for men to free themselves of the sex-role stereo- types that limit their ability to be human. Sex-role stereotypes say that men should be dominant; achieving and enacting a dominant role in relations with others is often taken as an indicator of success. ‘Success,’ for a man, often involves inﬂuence over the lives of other persons. But success in achieving positions of dominance and influence is necessarily not open to every man, since dominance is relative and hence scarce by definition. Most men in fact fail to achieve the positions of dominance that sex-role stereotypes ideally call for. Stereotypes tend to identify such men as greater or lesser failures, and in extreme cases, men who fail to be dominant are the object of jokes, scorn, and sympathy from wives, peers, and society generally.
White Hero Black Beast: Racism, Sexism and the Mask of Masculinity
Authors: Hoch Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The continual celebration of a certain consciousness of manhood, of masculinity, of what it means to be male, has been rudely interrupted in the past fifteen years by the rise of movements against male chauvinism. The charge of chauvinism (or racism), reasonably enough, attempts to identify the ‘oppressor’ and separate him from the oppressed. But this is only the first step. To eliminate oppression, one has to destroy its social roots, and to do this one has to have at least some idea of the precise processes, interests, fears, repressions and institutional structures which create chauvinists (or racists). Without this, the implication might all too readily persist that the male is naturally a chauvinist (or the white a racist), and such a supposition if left unchallenged could actually fortify the oppression by uniting all males (or whites) on its side and providing them with an apparently biological basis for their behaviour.
‘Muslim Brothers, Black Lads, Traditional Asians’: British Muslim Young Men’s Constructions of Race, Religion and Masculinity
Authors: Archer Louise 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite the growth of academic interest in masculinity, issues around black masculinity remain largely undertheorized. British Muslim men are noticeably absent in the literature, despite their increasing representation in public discourses as fundamentalist, ‘ultimate Others’ (Phoenix, 1997). This article uses a critical feminist approach to explore young Muslim men’s construction of racialized, gendered identities. Discussion groups were conducted with 24 young British Muslims, aged 14–15 years. Half of the groups were conducted by the white, British, female author, and the other half by a British-Pakistani female researcher. Particular attention is given to the young men’s use of discourses of hegemonic masculinity in their negotiations between ‘Muslim’, ‘black’ and ‘Asian’ masculinities. Issues are also raised with regard to the role of the researcher(s) and the interaction of ‘race’ and gender between interviewers and participants in the production of research.
The Literary Galleries and the Field of Art
Authors: Calè Luisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IN 1737, picture dealers were flooding the country with ‘Ship Loads of dead Christs, Holy Families, Madona’s, and other dismal Dark Subjects’. Eight years later, after making this complaint under the name of ‘Britophil’, William Hogarth painted his self-portrait and chose to rest his bust, and therefore his fame, on volumes of Shakespeare, Milton, and Swift. Associating with the poets, Hogarth gave visual shape to what was a recurrent reply to Dubos and later Montesquieu and Winckelmann. While these foreigners claimed that art was alien to the British national character due to a climate hampering the imagination, British responses indicated in Shakespeare and Milton the counter- proof and promise of British genius.
The Plot of Adam and Eve
Authors: Calè Luisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
REPRESENTING Adam and Eve on canvas was no easy task. To follow Satan from Hell to Eden, from rebellion to temptation, Fuseli had to anticipate and negotiate his readers’ expectations. In a review of Eve appearing before Adam at Macklin’s Poets’ Gallery in 1788, the St James’s Chronicle had approved of Eve’s impersonation of Venus de Medici; Adam, however, failed to combine ‘the Form of the Apollo of Belvidere, united with that of the Gladiator’. That expectation for a sublime male form was satisfied by the monotonously Herculean Satan and Adam in Boydell’s Milton edition. If turning readers into spectators meant meeting statuesque expectations, the visual templates for the heroic male form were well defined from the first two pictures at the Milton Gallery, which introduce Satan as a Michelangelesque male prototype. Painted among the last, between 1797 and 1799, after Westall’s pictures for Boydell were published and on view, these 4-metre canvases are also the gallery’s largest pictures.
Henry Jessey, Sarah Wight, and the Struggle to Make Women’s Bodies into Knowledge
Authors: Fissell Mary E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Women petitioners and preachers of the 1640s and early 1650s questioned some of the customary limits of female gender roles in early modern England. Noisy and insistent, they proposed new kinds of equality with men. These women emphasized both their spiritual equality with men and their rights to speak out in public. Preaching women, however, were only part of the explosion of religious diversity during the Civil War and Interregnum. Other women burst into prominence as prophets, visionaries, and seekers. Some, such as Anna Trapnel and Elizabeth Poole, took public roles, speaking to members of the government.
Culpeper’s Radical Book
Authors: Fissell Mary E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1651 Nicholas Culpeper published a midwifery manual that proposed new ways of thinking about women’s reproductive bodies. Many of the ideas in the book were not novel, but the connections he made between women’s reproductive bodies and the politics of knowledge were new. Just as Thomas Raynalde’s 1545 book was shaped by the turmoil of the Reformation, Culpeper’s work was structured by the gender troubles of the 1640s. His book offers readers a model of the relationship between men and women that is grounded in the body itself. In the midst of a world turned upside down by civil war, Culpeper imagined the human body as a source of stability and an image of appropriate relations between men and women. He presented this source of stability in engaging prose that made no apologies for its subject matter. Unlike earlier writers such as Raynalde or Henry Jessey, Culpeper did not worry about male readers or about the improprieties of writing about female bodies. He revelled in them. His book became a model for a new kind of writing about women’s bodies that made them representations of larger social relations.
The Restoration Crisis in Paternity
Authors: Fissell Mary E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The process of making babies continued to be a site for arguments about gender relations and political disorder in the 1660s and 1670s. Although Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660, political stability did not follow. His marriage to Catherine of Braganza proved childless, and concerns about who would succeed Charles were coloured by the all too fresh memories of the traumas of the two previous decades. Again and again, people feared the return of the upheavals of 1641. Their fears were amplified by a series of crises, plots, and scandals whose narratives were told and retold in various forms of political propaganda.
Venture Capital and the Structure of Capital Markets: Banks versus Stock Markets
Authors: Black Bernard S , Gilson Ronald J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Contrasting capital markets in the USA with those of Japan and Germany has become a commonplace activity. The USA has a large number of comparatively small banks that play a limited role in the governance of large corporations, and a well-developed stock market with an associated market for corporate control that figures prominently in corporate governance.