bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL NUTRITION
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Morgan Hugh J. 
Published: June 2004

1. Certain anaerobic bacteria grow under aerobic conditions in plain broth in the presence of sterile unheated plant tissue.
2. Aerobic growth of anaerobic bacteria under the above conditions may be related to the presence of growth-accessory substances, and to the action of oxidizing-reducing systems of plant tissue in the destruction of toxic peroxides of bacterial origin.
THE EFFECT OF INORGANIC SALTS ON THE CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER OBSTRUCTION OF THE DUODENUM
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

The chemical changes in the blood of dogs treated with various inorganic salts after obstruction of the duodenum are reported.
Two dogs treated with sodium chloride survived approximately six times as long as the average untreated animal, one living 22 days, the other 24 days.
Ammonium chloride was found to produce an acidosis. The administration of potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and magnesium chloride did not prevent the usual rise in non-protein nitrogen and fall in chlorides, and the fatal outcome.
Iodides seemingly hasten the toxic process. Sodium bromide appears to have an inhibitory action upon it, but much less than that of sodium chloride.
Sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, sodium citrate, monosodium phosphate, and disodium phosphate failed to alter the course of the intoxication.
Atropine and pilocarpine were without therapeutic value in preventing the changes characteristic of intestinal obstruction.
GROWTH-INHIBITORY SUBSTANCES IN PNEUMOCOCCUS CULTURES
Authors: Morgan Hugh J. , Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

The known factors concerned in the autoinhibition of growth of pneumococcus are:
1. The accumulation of acid products of metabolism, resulting in unfavorable reaction changes in the medium.
2. The exhaustion of the nutritive substances of the medium.
3. Under certain cultural conditions the formation and accumulation of peroxide in the medium.
STUDIES ON OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Neill James M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Anaerobically grown pneumococci rapidly form peroxide upon exposure to molecular oxygen.
2. The peroxide-forming activity of pneumococci varies with different strains, and with the age of the cell.
3. Peroxide production by pneumococcus can proceed under conditions of reaction and temperature that do not permit active growth and multiplication of the cell.
QUANTITATIVE FACTORS IN "TEST-TUBE INFECTION."
Authors: Bloomfield Arthur L. , Felty Augustus R. 
Published: June 2004

In the preceding experiments an attempt has been made to work out on a mathematical basis certain laws of "test-tube infection" with special reference to the relation of dosage and activity of culture to resulting growth in favorable and unfavorable media. It has been shown that neither lag nor dosage is of great importance when dealing with a highly favorable medium, but that with an unfavorable medium both determine very directly the outcome of the inoculation.
Certain analogies have been drawn between these test-tube results and the observed phenomena of human and animal infection. If conditions are actually similar in the latter there is a simple explanation of several of the puzzles of epidemiology. It becomes intelligible why a carrier of pathogenic bacteria may reside in a community without producing infection of the susceptibles about him in spite of the fact that they actually acquire the organisms, why crowding results in the spread of infection, and why the introduction of unusually susceptible people into a community where carriers are present leads not only to infection of these susceptibles but to infection of the general population.
The experiments further raise the query whether alterations in natural vegetative activity of bacteria as well as specific alterations in virulence are of importance in explaining the spread of infection.
Finally, it should be said that the present experiments are not regarded as evidence for any hypothesis of human infection. They merely furnish interesting analogies. Further work with animals along the same lines is in progress.
INDICATIONS OF TISSUE SPECIFICITY IN A TRANSPLANTABLE SARCOMA
Authors: Strong Leonell C. 
Published: June 2004

1. A sarcoma of the mouse which has proved to be transplantable to a great variety of strains of mice does not furnish an exception to the theory that transplantability is controlled by genetic factors, since this tumor possesses some characteristics that are more than probably genetic.
2. The phenomenon of the assumption of tissue specificity on the part of the host may possibly be of genetic origin.
3. The evidence suggests that the gonads have some influence on the assumption of tissue specificity on the part of the host.
4. The growth rate of the transplanted tumor may possibly be correlated with the genetic constitution of the host.
THE EFFECT OF ANESTHESIA AND OF SEDATIVES ON THE SERUM THERAPY OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTULISM
Authors: Bronfenbrenner Jacques J. , Weiss Harry 
Published: June 2004

When guinea pigs are fed large amounts of botulinus toxin, they develop symptoms of intoxication within 6 hours and die usually within 12 hours after the feeding of toxin. If very large amounts of toxin are introduced intraperitoneally, the animals may show symptoms of intoxication at the end of the 1st hour and die usually within 2 hours following the administration of toxin.
If these animals are placed under anesthesia following the administration of toxin, the intoxication proceeds much more slowly.
Anesthesia, by ether, is effective in this manner whether the toxin is given per os or intraperitoneally. The life of guinea pigs kept under ether after the administration of lethal amounts of toxin is prolonged by a period approximately equal to that during which the administration of the anesthetic is continued. When anesthesia is discontinued, the intoxication proceeds at its usual rate. It appears, therefore, that administration of ether delays the rate of intoxication but does not alter the toxin or the nature of the mechanism of intoxication. Anesthesia thus delays the progress of intoxication not only when administered immediately after the intake of toxin, but when administered much later after the intoxication has already progressed far enough to cause definite objective symptoms of poisoning. At this late stage of intoxication, the unsupported serum therapy of botulism in guinea pigs usually remains without effect. If, however, the animals are anesthetized at this time and kept under the influence of ether for some time, antitoxin therapy becomes effective. Indeed the antitoxin treatment can be delayed further for several hours, provided the animal is kept under anesthesia during the interval.
Results of a similar nature were obtained with luminal sodium, nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture, and morphine used in place of ether.
In view of the fact that the published data indicate that botulinus antitoxin has thus far failed to give beneficial results in the treatment of botulism in human beings because, as it would seem, of the rapid progress of intoxication, any method of delaying the progress of intoxication to supplement the antitoxin therapy deserves consideration.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte 
Published: June 2004

The assumption has been made in preceding papers that, at a given concentration of 1:10,000, in the vessels used in our experiments, a monomolecular oriented layer was formed. Such a layer might be supposed to prevent the free escape of water molecules from the surface into the air, at least to a certain extent.
In order to check this assumption, the rate of evaporation of solutions of serum at different concentrations was measured. It was found that, under the conditions of the experiments, in a progression of dilutions from 10–1 to 10–6, the slowest evaporation took place at a concentration of 1:10,000. In a few cases (less than 20 per cent), evaporation was slower at a different concentration, but always within the same range (between 10–3 and 10–5), not far from 10–4.
THE VIABILITY OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS IN CERTAIN SOLUTIONS CONTAINING GELATIN
Authors: Meleney Frank L. , Zau Zung-Dau 
Published: June 2004

1. The findings of Robertson, Sia, and Woo with regard to the preservative action of 0.1 per cent gelatin in suspending fluids for the pneumococcus have been confirmed for the streptococcus.
2. In gelatin-citrate, gelatin-Locke's, and gelatin-"20:1" solutions, the streptococcus will live for 3 days or longer at room temperature and for 12 hours or longer at incubator temperature in dilutions as high as 100 cocci per cc.
3. The gelatin in 0.1 per cent concentration maintains life at a fairly constant numerical level for from 15 to 24 hours. These fluids may therefore be used for certain quantitative biologic tests.
4. In slightly higher concentrations of gelatin, there is actual growth which suggests that even in 0.1 per cent concentrations the gelatin has a nutrient action.
5. There is also evidence that gelatin affords some protection against the mechanical injury of the dilution process.
6. The toxic action of unbalanced salts, the possible lytic action of water, and the autolytic action of the organisms themselves are all delayed by the presence of gelatin, but eventually these actions take place in the same manner that has been described before by many observers and as here observed for solutions without gelatin.
7. The life of streptococci is maintained in these gelatin solutions through a relatively wide zone of hydrogen ion concentration.
CHANGES IN THE VOLUME OF PLASMA AND ABSOLUTE AMOUNT OF PLASMA PROTEINS IN NEPHRITIS
Authors: Linder G. C. , Lundsgaard C. , Van Slyke D. D. , Stillman E. 
Published: June 2004

1. We have not observed gross increases in plasma volume in glomerulonephritis, nephrosis, or nephrosclerosis, even when the concentration of plasma proteins was much below normal. Our results indicate the probability that "hydremic plethora" does not occur.
2. The low protein concentration frequently observed in the plasma in nephritis is not due to increased plasma volume but to a decrease of the total amount of plasma protein in the body.
3. Changes in plasma volume showed no constant relationship to changes in edema.
GLYCOSURIA IN DIPHTHERIA
Authors: Hibbard Cleon Melville , Morrissey Michael J. 
Published: June 2004

(1) There is a transitory glycosuria in diphtheria, which is found frequently in the severe cases and is usually present in the fatal ones.
(2) This glycosuria is often associated with albuminuria.
(3) Injections of diphtheria antitoxin are occasionally followed for a few days by a slight glycosuria.
A SECOND CASE OF GONORRHŒAL SEPTICÆMIA AND ULCERATIVE ENDOCARDITIS WITH OBSERVATIONS UPON THE CARDIAC COMPLICATIONS OF GONORRHŒA
Authors: Thayer William Sydney , Lazear Jesse William 
Published: June 2004

(1) An acute gonorrhœal urethritis may be the starting point for a grave general septicæmia with all its possible complications.
(2) These infections may be mixed or secondary, due to the entrance into the circulation of organisms other than the gonococcus, or they may be purely gonococcal in nature.
(3) Endocarditis is an occasional complication of gonorrhœa.
(4) This endocarditis may be transient, disappearing with but few apparent results, or it may leave the patient with a chronic valvular lesion, or it may pursue a rapidly fatal course with the symptoms of acute ulcerative endocarditis.
(5) The endocarditis associated with gonorrhœa is commonly due to the direct action of the gonococcus, hut may be the result of a secondary or mixed infection.
(6) Pericarditis may also occur as a complication of gonorrhœa, but it is less frequent than endocarditis. It may, as in the case of the latter, be the result either of a pure gonococcal or of a mixed infection.
(7) Grave myocardial changes, necroses, purulent infiltration, embolic abscesses are common in the severe gonococcal septicæmias.
(8) In instances of gonococcal septicæmia the diagnosis may, in some cases, be made during life by cultures taken from the circulating blood according to proper methods.
REPORT OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON THE DILUTION METHOD OF IMMUNIZATION FROM RABIES
Authors: Cabot Follen 
Published: June 2004

1. I have simplified the dilution method by using a stock glycerine emulsion of the virulent cord, from which the desired dilutions can be readily prepared. The proportion of glycerine should not exceed ⅕ part, if it is desired to retain the full virulence of the emulsion.
2. There is some danger of giving rabies to animals in the dilution immunization treatment, a danger which is not present in the Pasteur method.
3. The dried-cord method does not rest solely upon the principle of dilution, but is based also upon attenuation of the virus.
4. The Pasteur method being entirely free from the element of danger which pertains to the glycerine dilution method and resting upon a sounder experimental basis is the one to be preferred.
THE THERMAL DEATH-POINT OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN MILK AND SOME OTHER FLUIDS
Authors: Smith Theobald 
Published: June 2004

1. Tubercle bacilli when suspended in. distilled water, normal salt solution, bouillon and milk, are destroyed at 60° C. in 15 to 20 minutes. The larger number are destroyed in 5 to 10 minutes.
2. When tubercle bacilli are suspended in milk, the pellicle which forms during the exposure at 60° C. may contain living bacilli after 60 minutes.
THE BEHAVIOR OF THE LEUCOCYTES DURING COINCIDENT REGENERATION AND THYROID-INDUCED METAMORPHOSIS IN THE FROG LARVA, WITH A CONSIDERATION OF GROWTH FACTORS
Authors: Jordan H. E. , Speidel C. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Coincident progressive and regressive changes are induced in the tail of the frog larva by simultaneous thyroid administration and removal of a portion of the tail. The rate of growth of the regenerating tail is greatest in animals not treated with thyroid, next greatest in animals treated with thyroid 2 days after tail removal, somewhat less in animals treated with thyroid simultaneously with tail removal, and least in those treated with thyroid 2 days before removal of the tail.
2. The leucocytes chiefly concerned are neutrophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes, hemoblasts, and lymphoid phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages). The neutrophils further tissue lysis, the lymphoid phagocytes remove tissue débris. The lymphocytes are apparently not numerous enough to exert any important growth-promoting influence. The hemoblasts represent merely a part of the general reaction to thyroid treatment. Eosinophils are absent except for a few that appear in the late stages. Basophils of mesenchymal origin are present in the later stages of thyroid-treated animals. These appear to differentiate further into eosinophils.
3. The rate and amount of growth are correlated directly with the degree of crowding of cells, and inversely with the degree of vascularity. The greatest crowding and least vascularity occur in animals not treated with thyroid, somewhat less crowding and greater vascularity in those treated with thyroid 2 days after tail removal, still less crowding and somewhat greater vascularity in those treated with thyroid at the time of tail removal, and finally, least crowding and greatest vascularity occur in animals treated with thyroid 2 days before tail removal. These results support the views of Burrows (4) upon the mechanism of growth stimulation of cells.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF A RABBIT RESPIRATORY INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

The onset of spontaneous snuffles in rabbits at The Rockefeller Institute is preceded by the appearance in the nasal passages of Bacterium lepisepticum.
The active stages of snuffles infection are associated with the presence in these passages of large numbers of this bacterium.
Spontaneous recovery from snuffles is associated with a diminution in number or a disappearance of these bacteria from the nasal passages.
Various experimental procedures reduce the resistance of rabbits to spontaneous snuffles.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF A RABBIT RESPIRATORY INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits were bred at The Rockefeller Institute with special relation to protection from exposure to Bacterium lepisepticum. These healthy rabbits were then submitted to intranasal instillation of a given dose of cultures of Bacterium lepisepticum. The results of the inoculation were various according to the natural degree of resistance of the individual animals.
The following graded effects could be distinguished: Some of the animals became (1) short time carriers of Bacterium lepisepticum; others (2) long time carriers of the same organism; some developed (3) local nasal infection (snuffles) of short duration; others (4) local nasal infection (snuffles) of long duration; while yet others had (5) snuffles, followed by pneumonia and signs of general infection after a few weeks; and finally there were instances of (6) local nasal discharge attended by general infection and pneumonia after a few days.
The effects produced in any given healthy stock depend also upon the degree of virulence of Bacterium lepisepticum of which great differences exist among the same and different strains.
DIET AND TISSUE GROWTH
Authors: Moise Theodore S. , Smith Arthur H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The toxicity of chloroform varies according to the diets used in these experiments in the following order of decreasing susceptibility of the animals: high fat &gt; standard &gt; high carbohydrate &gt; high protein diets.
2. On the high fat and high carbohydrate diets there may be a more or less marked proliferation of the endothelium and the connective tissue stroma in the necrotic area producing in some instances scars resembling the picture of an early cirrhosis.
3. On the diets studied, standard, high carbohydrate, high protein, and high fat, the most active and rapid repair is observed on the standard balanced diet. On the high fat diet the reparative process is definitely delayed in comparison with the others. There are only slight differences between the high carbohydrate and high protein diets which suggest but do not conclusively show a more rapid repair with the latter diet.
LEAD STUDIES
Authors: Aub Joseph C. , Reznikoff Paul 
Published: June 2004

These three papers have developed the following facts, which suffice to explain completely the anemia of lead poisoning.
In vitro, the exposure to a very small amount of lead greatly changes the surface of the red blood cells. Their permeability to water is so altered that they shrink and are incapable of swelling as much as normal cells. With this is associated a marked increase in the resistance to different osmotic surroundings—demonstrated by far less hemolysis than normal in salt solution of very low concentrations. The "leaded" cells, however, are relatively short lived, and hemolyze readily as the result of slight trauma. These observations can also be demonstrated in vivo as experiments with rabbits with acute lead poisoning show. In addition to these effects on permeability, lead alters the physical properties of red blood cells so that they lose their normal stickiness and are no longer agglutinated by the sera of different isoagglutinating groups. All these changes are evidence of an effect on the surface of the cell; the interior of the cell does not undergo disturbances; at least, the physiological properties of the hemoglobin remain normal. The chemical reaction which causes these physical changes in the cell is a precipitation of insoluble lead phosphate and a formation of acid. This causes the "leaded" red blood cell to change from an elastic distensible sac, to one which is contracted, relatively inelastic and brittle. In such condition the cell can poorly withstand the trauma involved in circulation of the blood, and this lack of resistance probably explains the marked destruction of peripheral blood in lead poisoning.
DIET AND TISSUE GROWTH
Authors: Smith Arthur H. , Moise Theodore S. 
Published: June 2004

The relative toxicity of chloroform given subcutaneously to rats fed on two diets deficient in respect to their nitrogenous components, the sole sources of protein in which were, respectively, gliadin and gelatin and to rats without food, is as follows: gelatin diet &gt; fasting &gt; gliadin diet.
The rate of regeneration of liver cells after chloroform poisoning in rats fed a diet in which gliadin is the only protein is about as rapid as that in animals fed a diet containing casein as the source of nitrogen. The rate of regeneration on a food containing its nitrogen as gelatin and also during fasting is definitely slower than that in animals fed the gliadin food.
The results of these experiments indicate that the requirement for the essential amino acids for growth of individual organs of the body is less than that for correlated growth of the whole body.
A COMPARATIVE METHOD FOR TESTING THE ENZYMES OF LIVING HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Thompson William P. , Meleney Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method is presented for the quantitative comparison under various conditions of the activity of the lipolytic enzyme of the hemolytic steptococcus. The speed of acid production as shown in the color change from pH 8.0 to 7.2, when the living streptococcus is suspended in association with ethyl butyrate, is considered to be indicative of the amount of ferment elaborated by the organism.
2. The lipolytic action is a function of living, actively growing organisms such as are present in 4 to 8 hour cultures.
3. The speed of the lipolytic action is approximately in linear proportion to the concentration of the organisms.
4. The lipolytic action is most rapid at 37.5°C., slower at 50°, and absent at 62°.
5. The organisms are partially destroyed and the lipolytic action is markedly delayed by previous heating to 55°C. for 10 minutes. Both the organisms and the lipolytic activity are completely destroyed by continued contact with this temperature for 30 minutes.
6. Increasing the virulence of the organism for rabbits by repeated animal passage does not increase the lipolytic action.
7. The predilection of the hemolytic streptococcus for the subcutaneous fat in local streptococcus infection associated with extensive superficial gangrene cannot be explained on the basis of an increase of lipolytic ferment in the organisms recovered from these cases over that of heterologous strains of streptococci.
THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

1. The method for the concentration and purification of the soluble specific substance of Pneumococcus has been improved.
2. Highly purified specific substance of Type II pneumococcus of polysaccharide nature is shown to be recovered essentially unchanged after precipitation by immune serum, by uranyl nitrate, by basic lead acetate, or by safranine.
3. Marked chemical differences are shown to exist between the specific substances of Type II and Type III pneumococcus, although both react as polysaccharides.
4. The weight of evidence is considered to be in favor of the view that the specific substances of Pneumococcus Types II and III are actually polysaccharide derivatives.
5. The immunological significance of the foregoing view is discussed.