bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of indolent non‐hodgkin lymphoma in patients with type 1 human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Levine Alexandra M. , Sadeghi Saeed , Espina Byron , Tulpule Anil , Nathwani Bharat 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThere is recent evidence that the incidence of indolent non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) appears to be increased in persons with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The current study was conducted to describe the clinical, immunologic, and pathologic characteristics of indolent B‐cell lymphoma in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).METHODSThe current report was a retrospective study of 10 cases of indolent NHL identified from the AIDS‐Lymphoma Registry at the University of Southern California School of Medicine. These patients were compared with 336 consecutive patients with systemic intermediate/high‐grade AIDS‐related NHL who were diagnosed and treated at a single institution.RESULTSThe pathology of the indolent cases included follicular lymphoma (five patients), small lymphocytic lymphoma (two patients), and one case each of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), monocytoid B‐cell, and marginal zone lymphoma. When comparing the indolent lymphomas with the intermediate/high‐grade AIDS‐NHL cases, no differences were observed with regard to demographic characteristics or history of prior opportunistic infection. HIV patients with indolent lymphomas were found to have a significantly higher median CD4+ lymphocyte count compared with patients with intermediate/high‐grade NHL (531 /mm3 vs. 90 /mm3) (P < 0.0001). Bone marrow involvement was significantly more common in indolent NHL cases (50%) versus intermediate/high‐grade NHL cases (17%) (P = 0.02). The median survival for patients with indolent NHL was significantly longer compared with patients with intermediate/high‐grade NHL (66.8 months vs. 7.1 months) (P = 0.007).CONCLUSIONSIndolent lymphomas occurring in patients infected with HIV appear to differ from intermediate/high‐grade lymphomas with regard to immune status and propensity for bone marrow involvement and prolonged survival. The median survival in the group of HIV‐seropositive patients with indolent NHL examined in the current study was found to be comparable to that reported in HIV‐negative individuals. Cancer 2002;94:1500–6. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10368
Docetaxel/cisplatin as first‐line chemotherapy in patients with head and neck carcinoma
Authors: Baur Martina , Kienzer Heinz‐Roland , Schweiger Johannes , DeSantis Maria , Gerber Erich , Pont Jörg , Hudec Marcus , Schratter‐Sehn Annemarie Ulrike , Wicke Wolfram , Dittrich Christian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this Phase II study was to assess the clinical activity and toxicity of docetaxel (D) and cisplatin (P) in patients with locally advanced unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN).PATIENTSOf 34 patients, 30 were eligible for treatment with D 80 mg/m2 on Day 1 and P 70 mg/m2 on Day 2. Therapy was repeated every 3 weeks. At the start of chemotherapy, the tumors had the following extensions: locoregional, n = 15; distant metastatic, n = 2; and relapse, n = 13.RESULTSOverall, the rate of objective responses in the population of all eligible patients based on an intention‐to‐treat analysis was 53%, with a 95% confidence interval (CI; 34.33–71.66%). Two patients had complete disease remission (pathologic), 4 patients had complete disease remission (clinical), 10 patients had partial disease remission, 3 patients had no change in disease status, and 7 patients had disease progression. The duration of objective response was median 5+ months (range 3–8+ months). Eleven patients (37%) had Grade 4 granulocytopenia and three patients (10%) had Grade 3 granulocytopenia (grades were based on the classification of the National Cancer Institute of Canada‐Common Toxicity Criteria). Six patients died of septicemia.CONCLUSIONSOverall, the combination of D and P represents a highly active chemotherapeutic regimen for the treatment of patients with SCCHN. However, because of the high toxicity of this regimen, prophylactic administration of antibiotics and hematopoietic growth factors is essential as is a three‐day corticosteroid premedication regimen. Above all, this combination of drugs is not recommended for treatment of patients with a World Health Organization performance status of >1. Cancer 2002;94:2953–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10574
Association of prediagnosis endoscopy with stage and survival in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia
Authors: Cooper Gregory S. , Yuan Zhong , Chak Amitabh , Rimm Alfred A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDBarrett esophagus, a consequence of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease, is a premalignant condition for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and, possibly, the gastric cardia. However, the actual use and clinical impact of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in screening and surveillance for Barrett esophagus are unknown.METHODSA cohort included 1633 patients with adenocarcinoma (777 esophagus, 856 cardia) who were 70 years or older. They were diagnosed between 1993 and 1996 and were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program registry. All claims for upper endoscopy and a diagnosis of Barrett esophagus from 1991 through 1 year before diagnosis were identified from linked Medicare files.RESULTSOne or more upper endoscopies before diagnosis were performed in 9.7% of patients (13.0% esophagus, 6.8% cardia) and a diagnosis of Barrett esophagus was present in only 3.7% of patients. A shift toward earlier stage at diagnosis was observed in patients with previous endoscopy or Barrett diagnosis. For example, 62% of patients with esophageal and 49% of patients with cardia tumors who underwent previous endoscopy presented with in situ or local stage carcinoma, compared with 35% and 27% of other patients, respectively. Receipt of endoscopy was also associated with a reduced risk of death for esophageal adenocarcinoma (relative hazard 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.57–0.93; P = 0.01), but not for adenocarcinoma of the cardia.CONCLUSIONSReceipt of upper endoscopy at least 1 year before diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, which may reflect prediagnosis screening, was associated with an earlier tumor stage and improved survival. These data support the role of endoscopic screening and surveillance for Barrett esophagus and highlight the underdiagnosis of populations at risk. Cancer 2002;95:32–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10646
Postnatal refinement of auditory nerve projections to the cochlear nucleus in cats
Authors: Leake Patricia A. , Snyder Russell L. , Hradek Gary T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStudies of visual system development have suggested that competition driven by activity is essential for refinement of initial topographically diffuse neuronal projections into their precise adult patterns. This has led to the assertion that this process may shape development of topographic connections throughout the nervous system. Because the cat auditory system is very immature at birth, with auditory nerve neurons initially exhibiting very low or no spontaneous activity, we hypothesized that the auditory nerve fibers might initially form topographically broad projections within the cochlear nuclei (CN), which later would become topographically precise at the time when adult‐like frequency selectivity develops. In this study, we made restricted injections of Neurobiotin, which labeled small sectors (300–500 μm) of the cochlear spiral ganglion, to study the projections of auditory nerve fibers representing a narrow band of frequencies. Results showed that projections from the basal cochlea to the CN are tonotopically organized in neonates, many days before the onset of functional hearing and even prior to the development of spontaneous activity in the auditory nerve. However, results also demonstrated that significant refinement of the topographic specificity of the primary afferent axons of the auditory nerve occurs in late gestation or early postnatal development. Projections to all three subdivisions of the CN exhibit clear tonotopic organization at or before birth, but the topographic restriction of fibers into frequency band laminae is significantly less precise in perinatal kittens than in adult cats. Two injections spaced ≥2 mm apart in the cochlea resulted in labeled bands of projecting axons in the anteroventral CN that were 53% broader than would be expected if they were proportional to those in adults, and the two projections were incompletely segregated in the youngest animals studied. Posteroventral CN (PVCN) projections (normalized for CN size) were 36% broader in neonates than in adults, and projections from double injections in the youngest subjects were nearly fused in the PVCN. Projections to the dorsal division of the CN were 32% broader in neonates than in adults when normalized, but the dorsal CN projections were always discrete, even at the earliest ages studied. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:6–27, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen‐induced dendritic spine elimination on female rat ventromedial hypothalamic neurons that project to the periaqueductal gray
Authors: Calizo Lyngine H. , Flanagan‐Cato Loretta M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNeurons of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) that project to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) form a crucial segment of the motor pathway that produces the lordosis posture, the hallmark of female rat sexual behavior. One suggested mechanism through which estrogen facilitates lordosis is by remodeling synaptic connectivity within the VMH. For instance, estrogen alters VMH dendritic spine density. Little is known, however, about the local VMH microcircuitry governing lordosis nor how estrogen alters synaptic connectivity within this local circuit to facilitate sexual behavior. The goal of this study was to define better the neuron types within the VMH microcircuitry and to examine whether estrogen alters synaptic connectivity, as measured by dendritic spine density, on VMH projection neurons. A retrograde tracer was injected into the PAG of ovariectomized rats treated with vehicle or estradiol. Retrogradely labeled VMH neurons were filled with Lucifer yellow, then immunostained for estrogen receptor‐α (ERα). VMH neurons that project to the PAG had more dendrites than functionally unidentified neurons. Additionally, VMH projection neurons could be subdivided into those located within the cluster of ERα‐containing neurons and those medial to the cluster. Estrogen decreased spine density by 57% on the long primary dendrites of VMH projection neurons located within the ERα cluster but not on projection neurons medial to the cluster. Only 4% of the VMH projection neurons expressed ERα. These results suggest that estrogen may facilitate sexual behavior by decreasing spines selectively, via an indirect mechanism, on a subset of VMH neurons that project to the PAG. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:234–248, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adult neurogenesis produces a large pool of new granule cells in the dentate gyrus
Authors: Cameron Heather A. , Mckay Ronald D.G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractKnowing the rate of addition of new granule cells to the adult dentate gyrus is critical to understanding the function of adult neurogenesis. Despite the large number of studies of neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus, basic questions about the magnitude of this phenomenon have never been addressed. The S‐phase marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) has been extensively used in recent studies of adult neurogenesis, but it has been carefully tested only in the embryonic brain. Here, we show that a high dose of BrdU (300 mg/kg) is a specific, quantitative, and nontoxic marker of dividing cells in the adult rat dentate gyrus, whereas lower doses label only a fraction of the S‐phase cells. By using this high dose of BrdU along with a second S‐phase marker, [3H]thymidine, we found that young adult rats have 9,400 dividing cells proliferating with a cell cycle time of 25 hours, which would generate 9,000 new cells each day, or more than 250,000 per month. Within 5–12 days of BrdU injection, a substantial pool of immature granule neurons, 50% of all BrdU‐labeled cells in the dentate gyrus, could be identified with neuron‐specific antibodies TuJ1 and TUC‐4. This number of new granule neurons generated each month is 6% of the total size of the granule cell population and 30–60% of the size of the afferent and efferent populations (West et al. [1991] Anat Rec 231:482–497; Mulders et al. [1997] J Comp Neurol 385:83–94). The large number of the adult‐generated granule cells supports the idea that these new neurons play an important role in hippocampal function. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:406–417, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of CART neurons in the rat and human hypothalamus
Authors: Elias Carol F. , Lee Charlotte E. , Kelly Joseph F. , Ahima Rexford S. , Kuhar Michael , Saper Clifford B. , Elmquist Joel K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) is a recently described neuropeptide widely expressed in the rat brain. CART mRNA and peptides are found in hypothalamic sites such as the paraventricular nucleus (PVH), the supraoptic nucleus (SON), the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH), the arcuate nucleus (Arc), the periventricular nucleus (Pe), and the ventral premammillary nucleus (PMV). Intracerebroventricular administration of recombinant CART peptide decreases food intake and CART mRNA levels in the Arc are regulated by leptin. Leptin administration induces Fos expression in hypothalamic CART neurons in the PVH, the DMH, the Arc, and the PMV. In the current study, we used double label in situ hybridization histochemistry to investigate the potential direct action of leptin on hypothalamic CART neurons and to define the chemical identity of the hypothalamic CART neurons in the rat brain. We found that CART neurons in the Arc, DMH, and PMV express long form leptin‐receptor mRNA, and the suppressor of cytokine signaling‐3 (SOCS‐3) mRNA after an acute dose of intravenous leptin. We also found that CART neurons in the parvicellular PVH, in the DMH and in the posterior Pe coexpress thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) mRNA. CART neurons in the magnocellular PVH and in the SON coexpress dynorphin (DYN), and CART cell bodies in the LHA and in the posterior Pe coexpress melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD‐67) mRNA. In the Arc, a few CART neurons coexpress neurotensin (NT) mRNA. In addition, we examined the distribution of CART immunoreactivity in the human hypothalamus. We found CART cell bodies in the PVH, in the SON, in the LHA, in the Arc (infundibular nucleus) and in the DMH. We also observed CART fibers throughout the hypothalamus, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and in the amygdala. Our results indicate that leptin directly acts on CART neurons in distinct nuclei of the rat hypothalamus. Furthermore, hypothalamic CART neurons coexpress neuropeptides involved in energy homeostasis, including MCH, TRH, DYN, and NT. The distribution of CART cell bodies and fibers in the human hypothalamus indicates that CART may also play a role in the regulation of energy homeostasis in humans. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:1–19, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuropeptide expression in rat paraventricular hypothalamic neurons that project to the spinal cord
Authors: Hallbeck Martin , Larhammar Dan , Blomqvist Anders 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) exerts many of its regulatory functions through projections to spinal cord neurons that control autonomic and sensory functions. By using in situ hybridization histochemistry in combination with retrograde tract tracing, we analyzed the peptide expression among neurons in the rat PVH that send axons to the spinal cord. Projection neurons were labeled by immunohistochemical detection of retrogradely transported cholera toxin subunit B, and radiolabeled long riboprobes were used to identify neurons containing dynorphin, enkephalin, or oxytocin mRNA. Of the spinally projecting neurons in the PVH, approximately 40% expressed dynorphin mRNA, 40% expressed oxytocin mRNA, and 20% expressed enkephalin mRNA. Taken together with our previous findings on the distribution of vasopressin‐expressing neurons in the PVH (Hallbeck and Blomqvist [1999] J. Comp. Neurol. 411:201–211), the results demonstrated that the different PVH subdivisions display distinct peptide expression patterns among the spinal cord–projecting neurons. Thus, the lateral parvocellular subdivision contained large numbers of spinal cord–projecting neurons that express any of the four investigated peptides, whereas the ventral part of the medial parvocellular subdivision displayed a strong preponderance for dynorphin‐ and vasopressin‐expressing cells. The dorsal parvocellular subdivision almost exclusively contained dynorphin‐ and oxytocin‐expressing spinal cord–projecting neurons. This parcellation of the peptide‐expressing neurons suggested a functional diversity among the spinal cord–projecting subdivisions of the PVH that provide an anatomic basis for its various and distinct influences on autonomic and sensory processing at the spinal level. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:222–238, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radial glia development in the mouse olfactory bulb
Authors: Puche Adam C. , Shipley Michael T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRadial glia are critical for cell migration and lamination of the cortex. In most developing cortical structures, radial glia, as their name suggests, extend processes from the ventricle to the pia in regular parallel arrangements. However, immunohistochemical labeling from several laboratories suggests that radial glia have a more branched morphology in the olfactory bulb. To investigate the morphology of radial glia in the mouse olfactory bulb we (1) labeled radial glia and olfactory receptor neuron axons at 24‐hour intervals by immunohistochemistry; and (2) developed a novel method of generating and applying “nanocrystals” of 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐ tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) to the ventricle surface such that the processes of single olfactory bulb radial glia are labeled in the embryonic olfactory bulb. We examined the structure and interactions of radial glia with ingrowing olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) axons in late embryonic olfactory bulb development. These results showed that olfactory bulb radial glia do not form straight parallel structures as do radial glia in the neocortex but rather have a convoluted trajectory from the ventricle to the bulb surface. Moreover, olfactory bulb radial glia consistently extend tangential branches at the level of the internal plexiform layer. Beginning at embryonic day 17.5, two types of radial glia can be distinguished: type I radial glia have a process that extends from the ventricle into the glomerular layer. These apical processes form highly restricted tufts, or “glial glomeruli” at the same time that ORN axons are forming “axonal glomeruli.” In type II radial glia the apical process does not enter the glomerular layer but instead ramifies within the external plexiform layer. The tight spatiotemporal relationship between the glomerulization of radial glia processes and ORN axons during development suggest that radial glia processes could play a role in the formation and/or stabilization of mammalian glomeruli. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:1–12, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasticity of neurohypophysial terminals with increased hormonal release during dehydration: Ultrastructural and biochemical analyses
Authors: Miyata Seiji , Takamatsu Hiroyuki , Maekawa Shohei , Matsumoto Naoko , Watanabe Kazutada , Kiyohara Toshikazu , Hatton Glenn I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractArginine vasopressin‐ (AVP) and oxytocin‐ (OXT) secreting magnocellular neurons undergo gross structural changes with chronic physiological stimulation. Here, we investigated subcellular aspects of plasticity in rat neurohypophysial terminals during dehydration. Ultrastructural analyses demonstrated that chronic dehydration by 2% NaCl drinking for 7 days significantly decreased the numbers of neurosecretory granules and microvesicles but not the numbers of mitochondria. Moreover, in dehydrated rats, terminals making neurovascular contacts enlarged, whereas terminals in apposition to astrocytes, i.e., neuroglial contacts, became smaller. Western blot analyses demonstrated significant decreases in the levels of F3 and Thy‐1 together with those of AVP‐ and OXT‐neurophysin, but the levels of synaptophysin, SNAP‐25, and GAP‐43 were unchanged. Both F3 and Thy‐1 were recovered in the buffer‐insoluble pellet, and phosphatidyl inositol‐specific phospholipase C treatment released both molecules from the crude membrane fraction, indicating that they are attached to terminal membranes by glycosylphosphatidyl inositol anchors. Confocal microscopic observations demonstrated that F3 colocalized with Thy‐1 in the same terminals of magnocellular neurons. In contrast, the level of calretinin, a Ca2+ binding protein was significantly increased with chronic dehydration. Thus, the present results suggest that enhancement of neurovascular contacts results from rearrangement of terminal‐astrocyte and terminal‐vessel contacts rather than enlargement or sprouting of magnocellular terminals themselves. The down‐regulation of F3 and Thy‐1 may contribute to enhancement of neurovascular contacts that accompany increased peptide release during dehydration. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:413–427, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatiotemporal pattern of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate‐diaphorase reactivity in the developing central nervous system of premetamorphic Xenopus laevis tadpoles
Authors: McLean David L. , Sillar Keith T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have catalogued the progressive appearance of putative nitric oxide synthase (NOS)‐containing neurons in the developing central nervous system (CNS) of Xenopus laevis. Xenopus embryos and larvae were processed in wholemount and in cross section using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate‐diaphorase (NADPH‐d) histochemistry as a marker for NOS within the CNS. The temporal sequence of NADPH‐d reactivity identified discrete groups and subgroups of neurons in the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain on the basis of their morphology, location, and order of appearance during development. A proportion of these groups of neurons appeared to be important in sensory processing and motor control. Staining also appeared at specific stages in the spinal cord, the retina, and the skin. After the appearance of labelling, NADPH‐d reactivity continued in each of the cell groups throughout the stages examined. We found no evidence for staining that subsequently disappeared at later stages in any cell group, indicating a persistent rather than transient role for NO in the Xenopus tadpole CNS. These results are discussed in light of recent findings on possible roles for NADPH‐d‐positive cell groups within the developing motor circuitry. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:350–362, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.