bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lanceheads in Land-Bridge Islands of Brazil
Authors: Sawaya Ricardo J , . Barbo Fausto E , Grazziotin Felipe G , Marques Otavio A. V. , Martins Marcio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gigantism and dwarfism are relatively well-known phenomena in island vertebrates. Land-bridge islands off the Brazilian coast house subsets of the Atlantic Forest biota and can be considered as natural experiments for evolutionary studies. The common lancehead, Bothrops jararaca, is a medium-sized pitviper widely distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. It feeds on ectothermic frogs, lizards, and centipedes when juvenile, and on endothermic mammals and birds when adult. Four out of six insular species of lanceheads could be considered as dwarfs when compared to the mainland forms (53.7% to 85.3% of snout-vent length). As there are no mammals on the islands, insular forms feed on ectothermic prey, supporting the “diet alteration hypothesis,” in which body size is the outcome of prey availability. Phenotypic plasticity regarding body morphology and diet may have played important roles in the evolution of body size in this snake complex.
Paradise Lost
Authors: Robert Sandfoss Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A robust insular population of Florida Cottonmouth snakes, Agkistrodon conanti, formerly inhabited Seahorse Key and was characterized by an unusual trophic association with colonially nesting waterbirds. Unexpectedly, in April of 2015, the entire colony of waterbirds abandoned Seahorse Key for nesting purposes. The loss of rookery provided an opportunity to assess the ability of cottonmouths to respond to the loss of a major food resource. Analyses of data collected from snakes pre- and post-bird abandonment on measures of abundance, body condition, diet, and home range, combined with comparative studies of stress physiology and immune performance, revealed the abandonment event has had a rapid, negative effect on the cottonmouth snakes. When and if bird nesting activities will return to Seahorse Key remains an open question. Some waterbird nesting activity that formerly occurred on Seahorse Key has shifted to nearby Snake Key and appears to be benefitting cottonmouths on that island.
Welcome to Paradise
Authors: Claunch Natalie M , Clancy Keara L. , Harman Madison E. A. , Hengstebeck Kodiak C , Juárez-Sánchez Diego , Haro Daniel , Hartmann Arik , Vilchez Mariaguadalupe , McKee Rebecca K , Sutton Amber , Romagosa Christina M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Globalization has led to the transport of commodities and plant and animal stowaways to once isolated islands. In some cases, these non-native stowaways become established and alter the island ecosystems where introduced. The introduction of the Brown Treesnake, Boiga irregularis, to Guam is perhaps the better-documented example of an introduced snake on an island. However, it is not the first or only example: among others, California Kingsnakes (Lampropeltis californiae) have established in the Canary Islands, several species have established on the Balearic Islands, and Brahminy Blind Snakes (Indotyphlops braminus) have established on islands worldwide. This chapter summarizes documented introductions of snakes to islands, highlighting the pathways attributed to their introduction, impacts associated with these introductions, and response and prevention efforts in place to manage snake introductions on islands. Throughout, the authors integrate information gained from study of Boiga with parallels and differences to other snake species introduced to islands.
Beyond Codification
Authors: Fossen Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the views of practical judgment that are (implicitly) presupposed by current approaches to political legitimacy. In social science, Max Weber’s redefinition of legitimacy as a descriptive term remains a source of confusion because it drives a wedge between the concept’s practical use and its scholarly meaning. Meanwhile, the predominant moralist and realist approaches in political philosophy construe the task of a theory of legitimacy as a codification project: a quest for the right principles to adjudicate struggles for legitimacy. As such, they share a basic normativist assumption: that judging legitimacy is a matter of applying such principles to a case at hand. Contrary to appearances, Rawls and Habermas do not endorse this quest for a theoretical solution to the question of legitimacy, and their accounts of the principles of legitimacy offer clues toward an alternative, pragmatist account of judgment.
Judgment as Timecraft
Authors: Fossen Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do events, like a revolution, a coup, or a contested election, bear on the legitimacy of a regime? This question is addressed by rethinking the relations among legitimacy, judgment, and time. Existing universalist and contextualist theories of legitimacy fail to capture the significance of events because they treat the meaning of events as given to judgment. By contrast, the view proposed here casts the temporality of judgment “in the present progressive,” as responding to and partaking in events. The chapter reconceptualizes political time and clarifies the idea of multiple temporalities. It introduces the notion of timecraft to analyze how multiple timelines intersect and clash in struggles for legitimacy. This is illustrated with reference to the Tahrir Square uprisings in Egypt and a protest against the Dutch monarchy. The chapter closes by reflecting on three virtues of judgment in relation to time: kairos, virtù, and responsiveness.
Change of the Guard
Authors: Inbari Motti , Bumin Kirill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late March 2021, we commissioned a survey among 700 evangelical and born-again Christians under thirty. Chapter 4 discusses a significant and growing generational divide within the U.S. evangelical community. More than 4 out of 10 young evangelicals told us that their views of the Israeli–Palestinian dispute and their sympathies for Israel or Palestinians are not impacted by their religion. We also find that perceptions of Palestinian treatment matter greatly to these under-30 evangelicals. Among those respondents who perceive the Palestinian treatment by Israel as mostly fair, the odds of expressing strong support for Israel rise almost twofold in comparison to respondents who perceive the Palestinians’ situation as largely unfair. Our study also confirms that both postmillennialist and amillennialist eschatological views reduce support for Israel, but we also show that postmillennialism’s impact is significantly more deleterious and provide a conceptual framework to explain why this is the case.
Young Evangelicals Speak for Themselves
Authors: Inbari Motti , Bumin Kirill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 seeks to understand how young evangelicals rationalize and justify their attitudes toward the Israeli–Palestinian dispute, and how they articulate those positions in their own words. Content analysis of under-30 respondents’ written comments generates some novel insights. For example, we find that religious justifications for support dominate only among those who are sympathetic toward Israel. Close to 60% of young evangelicals who support Israel ground their preference in religious reasoning (particularly, in the biblical promises of the Abrahamic covenant), while a plurality (48%) of Palestinian supporters use political/social justice arguments and references to the Palestinian victimhood as reasons for their support for the Palestinians. Thus, despite the declining popularity of premillennialism, biblical literalism rooted in the Abrahamic covenant remains a powerful force in shaping evangelical attitudes toward Israel. We also demonstrate that intuition can function as a powerful shortcut that shapes young evangelicals’ political preferences about the Israeli–Palestinian dispute.
The Criminalization of Coercive Control
Authors: Fitz-Gibbon Kate , Walklate Sandra , Meyer Silke , Reeves Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debate and law reform activity surrounding the need to criminalize coercive and controlling behaviors has spanned the globe. Those in favor of criminalization argue that the law sets the standard for acceptable behavior. Others urge caution, noting that law reforms introduced to improve responses to different forms of violence against women have historically brought about unintended consequences that undermine women’s access to justice. This debate has occurred largely in the absence of any significant evidence regarding the views of victim-survivors of domestic and family violence. Drawing on the findings of an Australian national survey of victim-survivors’ views on the criminalization of coercive control, this chapter addresses this knowledge gap. Privileging the voices of victim-survivors of coercive control, their views are explored on the role of law, the benefits and risks of criminalizing coercive control, and the (potential) impacts of criminalization on justice and safety outcomes for them.
The Criminalization of Psychological Violence in Brazil
Authors: Ávila Thiago Pierobom de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brazil criminalized in 2021 “psychological violence” against women, an abusive conduct similar to “coercive control.” It provided for more severe penalties than prior existing crimes, such as death threats. This chapter discusses the challenges of defining subtle forms of psychological violence in criminal law, the legal system’s resistance to provide adequate recognition, and the possible unintended consequences of criminalization. Psychological violence requires a new and complex investigation paradigm, one that is active, sensitive, comprehensive, and dynamic. Legal enunciation risks narrowing the definition of a complex phenomenon and the inadequate recognition by the criminal justice system risks reinforcing invisibility. The criminalization of psychological violence may produce the unintended consequence of strengthening the state’s power over women’s lives.
Criminal Justice Responses to Domestic Violence in Fiji
Authors: Cokanasiga Jojiana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1990s, specific legislation on domestic violence was increasingly called for in Fiji by women’s groups. It was not until 2009 that Fiji’s domestic violence law was finally enacted, establishing Fiji’s domestic violence protection order system. The domestic violence protection order system was designed to ensure easy application and access to legal protection from domestic violence. Breach of a protection order results in a criminal offense. Data collected from the Fiji courts by the Fiji Women’s Rights Movement illustrate an increasing number of applications for protection orders were lodged in Fiji’s Criminal Division of the Magistrate’s Court. Between the years 2012 and 2017, there were 5,839 applications for domestic violence restraining orders lodged by men, while twice as many, 12,765, were lodged by women. This chapter explores the implementation of the domestic violence order protection system in Fiji.
Operationalizing Coercive Control
Authors: Burman Michele , Brooks-Hay Oona , Friskney Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Domestic Abuse (Scotland) Act 2018, modeled on the concept of coercive control, made it a statutory offense for someone to engage in a course of behavior that is abusive or threatening toward their partner or ex-partner. Proponents argued that existing criminal offenses failed to capture the ongoing and cumulative nature of domestic abuse and obscured the gendered dynamics of power and control that characterize it. The act was intended to properly reflect the experience of those subject to coercive control, ensure more effective investigation and prosecution, and facilitate a victim’s access to justice. This chapter draws on interviews with police officers of varying rank to consider how the domestic abuse offense has influenced their practice and the resulting survivor experience. Our analysis indicated opportunities, complexities, concerns and challenges around its interpretation and implementation. This raises questions about the extent to which meaningful change can be legislated into police practice.
Student Efforts
Authors: Salem Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this four-part chapter, evidence of the “rhetoric of autonomy” (Wilson 2004) in modern composer narratives fuels a renewed interest in Boulez’s influences and teachers. Strong emphasis is placed on seeing, reading, and hearing the influence of teachers in Boulez’s writings and works despite his limited citations of them. A revisionist perspective saturates the review of Boulez’s relationship to two composition teachers, Olivier Messiaen and René Leibowitz, including a consideration of Boulez’s limited cohort at the Paris Conservatory. Finally, the emergence of Boulez’s original voice is tied to revision as a fundamental element of his creative process, with mention of his early student compositions.
Self-Ordained
Authors: Salem Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is in three parts. The first introduces Boulez’s connection to electronic music studios and the beginnings of his relationships with Karlheinz Stockhausen and Henri Pousseur. Boulez’s early training with Pierre Schaeffer at what would become the Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète (GRMC) in Paris is contrasted with his later interest in the electroacoustic techniques of the Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR) in Cologne. In the second part, Boulez’s infamous “Schoenberg is Dead” essay is read as a critical turn in his shift from dodecaphony to integral serialism. The essay leads to a broader discussion of Boulez’s writings from this period, including his turn to musical structuralism. The third section of this chapter provides a revisionist perspective on Structures, Book 1. Boulez used similar creative processes in Structures to those used in Livre pour quatuor and Polyphonie X, but he also spent roughly four years reconsidering his approach as he completed the three chapters of his “book” for their eventual premiere in 1955. The chapter ends with a revisionist look at the reception of Structures and its role in Boulez’s oeuvre.
Nationalized Elections
Authors: Carson Jamie L , Sievert Joel , Williamson Ryan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the existing research on nationalization has focused on its increased presence in elections. Indeed, in recent decades, local politics has seemed to matter significantly less as politics has gradually become much more focused on the president and national politics. However, this is not the first time in American political history that nationalization has been so prevalent. While today’s candidates running for local or statewide office are often judged by the party at the top of the ticket, it was also the case that, throughout most of the 19th century, candidates from the same party had no choice but to run on an identical partisan ballot. The institutions in place during the 19th century necessarily induced high levels of partisan loyalty among those voting. This chapter examines much of this historical literature to provide a broader historical context for understanding nationalization.
Evidence of Nationalization across Time
Authors: Carson Jamie L , Sievert Joel , Williamson Ryan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines elections in the 19th century and more recently and finds remarkable similarities across what are often perceived as very different political eras. During the 19th century, high levels of nationalization were driven largely by institutional factors which forced voters to select among candidates based on party affiliation rather than more candidate-specific factors. Following some late 19th-century reforms, voters were given the chance to more easily select among candidates of different parties, which ultimately contributed to a less nationalized electoral environment in the ensuing decades. In time, nationalization again increased. This time, though, it was less about institutions and more about the behavior of political elites and parties. Although the forces that drive nationalization may differ across historical periods, the effects on election outcomes, the incumbency advantage, polarization, and voter behavior vary in predictable ways regardless of the factors producing increased or decreased nationalization.
Contextualizing Nationalization
Authors: Carson Jamie L , Sievert Joel , Williamson Ryan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides greater context for the nationalization that was observed in the 2020 elections. These races were again highly nationalized affairs, but some candidate-specific effects emerged on occasion. However, those effects were by and large too small to change the outcome of most elections. This effect carried over into the 2021 elections and is likely to continue to do so indefinitely barring a significant change in the electoral environment, which seems quite unlikely given current political events. The chapter also pays special attention to how nationalization shapes candidate endorsements in the modern era as well as how it complicates electoral accountability, which bears important implications for governing and representation in the future.
Conclusion: Rebuilding Again
Authors: Dynner Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hasidic Jews lost many beloved religious role models in the Holocaust and confronted unprecedented challenges to their worldview. Several dynasties virtually disappeared, having lost their rebbes and potential heirs. Yet surviving Hasidic and Bais Yaakov leaders managed to rally their followers and rebuild thriving Hasidic and Orthodox communities in new centers in America and Israel. Each coped with the recent tragedy and new contexts in different ways. Some became more insular and militant; others, such as Lubavitch, became more evangelical. Nearly all retained the same faith in formal, institutionalized Torah study as the best and only response to crisis, a conviction that had been nourished during the final years of Polish Jewry.
On the Reception of Bach’s Organ Works in Nineteenth-Century Leipzig
Authors: Stinson Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates how three nineteenth-century musicians based in the city of Leipzig (Friedrich Rochlitz, Carl Ferdinand Becker, and Hermann Schellenberg) responded to two early editions of organ works by Bach, one from 1803–1806 devoted to chorale settings, and another from 1845 containing free works. Rochlitz may have been a Bach fanatic, but he was not an organist, and he maintained that Bach’s penchant for thick, imitative textures in his organ chorales resulted in music better suited to the eyes than the ears. Becker and Schellenberg were professional organists, and both were great champions of Bach’s organ music, but they objected to pieces in the edition they reviewed that differed from their notion of idiomatic writing for the instrument. Schellenberg’s favorite organ works may have been the Fantasy and Fugue in G Minor, BWV 542, which he arranged for organ, four hands, and four feet, and which he transcribed for piano, four hands.
Keeping Up with the Corporations
Authors: Brock Clare R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 expands the narrative to the advocacy behavior of all interest groups in the agricultural sector, and further establishes the role of partisan polarization in increasing lobbying efforts over time, largely due to the more contentious, slow, and gridlocked nature of policymaking. This chapter finds that the increase in polarization over the past twenty years has required an increasing amount of effort from interest groups lobbying Congress. The findings are backed by interview evidence in which lobbyists express clear awareness of and strategic response to party polarization, utilizing tactics such as providing information, facilitating communication and coordination among members, and building coalitions across the partisan aisle. Overall, it is clear that polarization has an important effect on lobbying strategies, from changing the sheer quantity of lobbying in Congress to altering the techniques that interest groups find to be most successful for achieving their preferred policy outcomes.
Commitment
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The parties commit themselves when each assumes the risks and burdens provided for by the terms of a contract. Generally, the parties do not have a duty to negotiate in good faith. Nevertheless, in some situations a party may be liable before a final commitment is made. A party is liable for acquiring propriety information, for misrepresentation, and for breaking a promise made before or during negotiations. The parties have a duty to negotiate in good faith if they have so agreed. If their agreement is unclear, they should be obligated to do so if the agreement was intended to lock in a favorable bargain or to enable one party to make expenditures or to confer a benefit on the other party which will only be of value if a final contract is made.
Enforcement by Third Parties
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the paradigm case of a donee beneficiary, a third party should be allowed to recover under the same principles that govern the enforcement of a donative promise. Enforcement enables a would-be donor to confer a benefit gratuitously on the third party without enriching any other party at the donor’s expense. In the paradigm case of a creditor beneficiary, a third party should be able to recover under the same principles that govern the enforceability of a contract of exchange. Each party gives up something to get something in return that each values more, and no one is enriched at another’s expense.
Basic Positions in Metaethics
Authors: Kagan Shelly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces some of the main positions that one might take with regard to metaethical questions about the existence and nature of moral facts. It explores the distinction between cognitivists, who hold that substantive first-order moral sentences are truth apt, and noncognitivists, who deny this. Among cognitivists, it distinguishes between nihilists, who insist that all moral claims are actually false, and moral realists, who hold that some moral claims are indeed true. Finally, different versions of moral realism are distinguished, including constructivism, which holds that moral facts reduce to facts about relevant minds, and simple realism, which holds that certain basic moral properties cannot be reduced further.
Explanation
Authors: Kagan Shelly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genuine facts explain things. But it is far from clear that moral facts, if there were such things, would explain anything at all, so that may provide a reason to deny the reality of moral facts. This chapter explores this challenge, and asks, first, whether moral facts might indeed play a role in explaining various empirical facts. Reductionist accounts of moral properties seem to point to a promising way to meet the explanatory requirement, but such accounts raise complicated questions about reductionism and explanation and whether the normative aspect of moral facts plays a genuine role in the relevant explanations. Alternatively, perhaps the challenge can be met if by abandoning the assumption that the explanatory requirement can only be satisfied if it is an empirical fact that is being explained.