bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RELATION BETWEEN SMARTPHONE USAGE IN CHANGES OF OCULAR BIOMETRY COMPONENTS AND REFRACTION AMONG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: MARCO ANGELO LIWAN  , MARLYANTI NUR RAHMAH  , HABIBAH SETYAWATI MUHIDDIN  , FIRDAUS KASIM  , NOOR SYAMSU  , AHMAD ASHRAF AMALIUS  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction & Objectives : Digital media is currently being increasingly used in recent years. The development of the visual system begins as soon as a child is born through visual stimulation and interaction with the environment that develops comprehensively with the general development of children. Smartphone usage affects eye developmental process. Explain the effect of ocular biometry components and refraction change in elementary school children due to duration of smartphone usage
Methods : A one-year cohort prospective study was taken on 6-8-year-old children in the selected elementary school in South Sulawesi, Indonesia divided into two groups focused on the duration of smartphone usage and its relationship to changes in ocular biometric components and refraction.
Results : The ocular biometry will develop in 6 and 12 months. The axial length, corneal diameter, keratometry, central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth increased, spherical equivalent experienced a myopic shift, while the lens thickness decreased. Smartphone usage of more 3 hours had a significant difference compared to smartphone usage less than 3 hours in changes in the axial length of the eyeballs at 6 and 12 months, spherical equivalent on examination 12 (p<0.05), while other tests were not significant (p>0.05).
Conclusion : Smartphone usage more than three hours per day will cause a significant change in ocular biometry and refraction
COMPARISON OF SITA STANDARD 24-2 WITH SITA FASTER 24-2C PROGRAM ON HUMPHREY FIELD ANALYZER IN ASSESSING VISUAL FIELD DEFECTS OF GLAUCOMA PATIENTS
Authors: Rianti Nuzul , Satari Karmelita , Gustianty Elsa , Prahasta Andika , Rifada R. Maula , Umbara Sonie 
Published: February 2024

Introduction & ObjectivesIntroduction: Periodical perimetry examination to detect and determine the rate of glaucomaprogression continues to be a challenging task, because it depends on many factors. Besides, thereis now a paradigm shift which central visual field defects occur earlier. SITA Standard (SS) 24-2 isthe clinical standard for glaucoma examination, but there were studies reporting on the prevalenceof central visual field defects not detected. SITA Faster (SFR) 24-2C was developed to addresscurrent shortcomings, but the performance has yet to be formally and independently assessed.Objectives: To compare the global indices (Mean Deviation, Pattern Standard Deviation, Visual FieldIndex) and test duration between SS 24-2 and SFR 24-2C program.
MethodsThis is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. Subjects aged >18 years whodiagnosed with glaucoma and whose visual fields unaffected by other condition besides glaucomawere included. All subjects underwent testing of both programs.
ResultsThis study was conducted in 94 eyes of 66 patients. Comparison of global indices and test durationbetween the two programs was carried out by the Wilcoxon test. The mean results of MD and PSDglobal indices were not significantly different, however there was a difference in the mean VFI of1.5% between the two programs. The test duration of SFR 24-2C was 55.03% faster.
ConclusionThere was no significant difference in the MD and PSD global indices, but there was a significantdifference in the VFI, as well as the test duration between the two programs.
Uncovering the Uncommon Nocardia Keratitis: Early Recognition of Its Pathognomonic Characteristic to Save Vision
Authors: Maria Astrid Claudia  , Ismi Zuhria  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Nocardia keratitis is a rare bacterial infection. Global prevalence is below 2%. Mimicking a fungal infection and slow-growth bacteria in culture leads to improper management and an increased risk of permanent vision loss. This case highlights the pathognomonic infiltrate seen in Nocardia keratitis.
Case Illustration : A 41-year-old male presented with a four-week history of redness of the left eye, associated with ocular pain, tearing, photophobic, and decreased vision following an injury caused by a grasshopper while riding a motorcycle two weeks before. Visual acuity was hand movement. Conjunctival and ciliary injection, mid-periphery corneal “wreath-pattern” infiltrate with satellite lesions, corneal thinning, and hypopyon were found. Topical antibiotics and antifungals were given empirically earlier with little to no effect. Progressive hypopyon necessitated paracentesis. After seven days of inoculation, a culture test showed slow-growing Nocardia sensitive to amikacin and tobramycin. Treatment then changed to an amikacin subconjunctival injection and tobramycin eye drops. The epithelial defect was resolved, but leukoma and neovascularization were found; thus, keratoplasty was planned.
Discussion : Corneal involvement of Nocardia may occur in several forms. Slowly progressive symptoms, satellite lesions, and cotton-wool-like infiltrate can mimic fungal infection. However, it has a pathognomonic characteristic, a pinhead-sized infiltrate forming a “wreath-pattern” in the mid-periphery cornea. Familiarity with this classical pattern could prevent neovascularization, endophthalmitis, corneal perforation, and that cause vision loss.
Conclusion : Due to slow-growth inoculation of Nocardia, clinicians should be aware of this pathognomonic presentation to aid in early diagnosis and proper treatment that leads to favorable outcomes and salvage vision in most cases.
A RISK FACTOR STUDY OF VISUAL ACUITY IN PTERYGIUM PATIENTS ON BAWEAN ISLAND, INDONESIA, 2023
Authors: Handayani Rizki Matta , Jelita Erdina Hana , Handayani Rizki Matta , Kaptuti Ujik Unari Dwi , Anandita Faizal Ablansah 
Published: February 2024

Introduction & ObjectivesPterygium is associated with excessive exposure to sunlight and UV rays in the eyes. This causesisland countries in Asia which are in the "pterygium belt", including Indonesia, to have a highprevalence of pterygium. Other risk factors, such as gender, age, and medical conditions, such asblood pressure and diabetes, have also been linked to this chronic eye disease. However, of themany studies that have examined pterygium and its risk factors, very few have linked these riskfactors to the severity or grade of the pterygium. This study aimed to study the correlation betweenpterygium severity and its risk factors, within the people of Bawean Island, Indonesia.
MethodsThis research was an analytic cross-sectional, with the research sample selected by total samplingmethod based on the results of a diagnosis performed by ophthalmologists. The research variablewere visual acuity (good-blindness), the severity / grade of pterygium (I-IV), gender, age,occupational group, pterygium location, blood pressure, and fasting blood sugar.
ResultsFrom 62 patients with pterygium, 75,8% categorized as grade IV, and 41,93% has a moderate toblindness visual acuity. More than half of the patients are old female above 50 years old with 40,32%has an occupational risk of sunlight exposure.
ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that although all the risk factors studied did not have a significantyon the visual acuity, age (p=0,13) and occupational groups (p=0,20) are determinant factors on thevisual acuity of pterygium patients on Bawean Island, Indonesia.
Monovision versus multifocal intraocular lens implantation in cataract patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Fadhli Waznan  , Yosilia Nursakina  , Aydan Jalil Rancakbudi  , Syska Widyawati  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction & Objectives : Modern cataract surgery technique entails replacing the crystalline lens with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL). While the standard monofocal IOL implantation with monovision technique has been cost- effective and provided patients with good visual acuity, multifocal IOLs present the prospect of spectacle-free vision despite various adverse outcomes. It remained contentious whether multifocal IOLs were superior to monovision. Our review provide an up-to-date assessment of monovision vs. multifocal IOL implantation's visual acuity and spectacle independence following cataract surgery.
Methods : A systematic search was performed in April 2023 on six databases (Medline, SCOPUS, Proquest, EBSCO, Embase, and PubMed). Studies were extracted for the following outcome of interest: monovision, multifocal intraocular lens, spectacle independence, and visual acuity. All studies published up to April 2023 were reviewed. Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB 2) was used to screen studies for risk of bias where appropriate. A meta-analysis was done to quantify any reported quantitative data.
Results : Ten studies were identified. Pooling analysis for uncorrected binocular distance visual acuity and binocular uncorrected near visual acuity showed no difference between monovision vs. multifocal IOL (SMD 0,31; 95% CI -0,21 to 0,82 and SMD 0,41; 95% CI -0,58 to 1,40, respectively). Spectacle independence showed monovision was inferior to multifocal IOL (OR 0,22; 95% CI 0,08 to 0,61; heterogeneity I2=75%).
Conclusion : Current evidence showed that multifocal IOL had comparable visual acuity to monovision with slightly higher likelihood of being spectacle-free. Despite that, monovision can be an efficacious and affordable option to be implemented in countries with high cataract burden.
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) or Chronic-Relapsing Inflammatory Optic Neuropathy (CRION)?: A Challenge in Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Alia Arianti, MD  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction : Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a chronic inflammatory, immune-mediated central nervous system disease targeting the AQP4-water channel membrane protein of the optic nerve and the spinal cord. This case report aims to present a case of seroconverting NMOSD which was initially diagnosed as chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION).
Case Illustration : 15-year-old female with recurrent, steroid-dependent optic neuritis of the LE. During the first attack, brain MRI showed optic nerve inflammation with normal brain findings. Initial test for AQP4-IgG, MOG-Ab and ANA profile were negative. The diagnosis of CRION was made. Treatment with corticosteroid and immunosuppressant agent was maintained for one year. After treatment cessation, however, LE optic neuritis recurred with bilateral lower limb weakness. Spinal MRI showed signs of longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis. Re-testing for AQP4-IgG showed positive result. Diagnosis of NMOSD was made, and the patient was treated with high-dose intravenous corticosteroid followed by oral dose, and immunosuppressant. Final visual acuity of the LE was 1.0, with minimal residual visual field defect and good motor function.
Discussion : During the initial attack, the patient did not meet the 2015 NMOSD international consensus diagnostic criteria. The AQP4-IgG was negative and no other corresponding signs and symptoms. The criteria was met one year after: optic neuritis, LETM and positive seroconversion of AQP4-IgG.
Conclusion : Diagnosing NMOSD is at times challenging especially during initial attack. Retesting of the AQP4- IgG is at times necessary in seronegative patients, especially in children showing ADEM-like event with optic neuritis and LETM to achieve diagnosis and proper treatment strategy.
Implementation of Integrated People-Centered Eye Care at Sub-District Level in Barru
Authors: Rakatama Rahmat Priyangga , Amalius Ahmad Ashraf , Faisal Andi Akhmad , Kamaruddin Muhammad Irfan 
Published: February 2024

Purpose: Integrated People-Centered Eye Care (IPCEC) was initiated by the World Health Organization as a global strategy in community-centred and integrated health services. In Indonesia, the Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness survey showed the largest number of moderate and severe visual impairment was found in South Sulawesi, particularly uncorrected refractive error (33.8%). The results of this study are expected to initiate and introduce IPCEC-based eye health services and promotion at the sub-district level.
Methods: The program started with advocacy of eye health programs at the sub-district level to policy makers. In schools, education and training for visual acuity examination were given to teachers. All children who failed the screening or have ocular abnormalities are referred to eye care center. Mass counseling and examination were also carried out at the health center simultaneously with screening for mass cataract surgery at the Barru District Hospital.
Results: Implementation of IPCEC was welcomed by Barru District government. School eye health program conducted by the teachers in 5 schools screened 1263 students with 90.74% of the students had normal visual acuity. Mass screening at the Pekkae and Pancana Public Health Centers found that most participants had cataracts (58%) followed by refractive error (38%).
Conclusion: Visual acuity examination among school-age children by the teacher will improve early detection of refractive errors. Screening by eye health worker at public health center needs to be carried out to identify blindness causes often found in the community, and proceed with prescribing drugs, eyeglasses, and mass cataract surgery as definitive step in eradicating blindness.
Initial Outcome of Subconjunctival Bevacizumab for Corneal Neovascularization - a Case Series
Authors: DEZCA NINDITA  , Anang Tribowo  , Petty Purwanita  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Corneal neovascularization (CNV) has a variety of causes and threatens corneal clarity, thus optimal visual acuity. Conventional medical management includes topical steroids and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors like doxycycline. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents have demonstrated promise but remain off-label for this indication.
Case Illustration : We present three patients with corneal neovascularization varied in etiology who underwent subconjunctival injection of Bevacizumab . Case 1: a-female-69 years old came with blurred vision after had Stephen Johnson Syndrome which affect her cornea. The examination revealed opacification of cornea accompanied by neovascularization at 5 until 9 o’clock position up to edge of pupil in the left. Case 2: a-male-47 years old presented corneal haze with neovascularization almostin all corneal region on background of fungal keratitis. Case 3: a-male-63 years old who underwent penetrating keratoplasty of indication corneal lekoma following an episode of fungal keratitis. There was opacity in all corneal region and neovascularization in 360 degree of limbus. All of these patients showed regression of neovessel after first injection of bevacizumab.
Discussion : Corneal neovascularization is a condition caused by disruption homeostasis in which proangiogenic balanced by antiangiogenic, thereby maintaining avascularity. Bevacizumab as VEGF-A-binding proteins could prevent VEGF-A from binding cell surface receptors.
Conclusion : Subconjunctival injection of Bevacizumab can be considered as a treatment for corneal neovascularization. It has shown promising effects in recess neovascularization in cornea regardlessthe etiology.
NEUROPROTECTIVE ROLE OF VITAMIN D3 ON GANGLION CELL-INNER PLEXIFORM LAYER THICKNESS IN NMDA-INDUCED RETINAL EXCITOTOXICITY MODEL OF GLAUCOMA
Authors: Margareth Ezra , Nugroho Trilaksana , Dharma Andhika Guna , Rahmi Fifin L , Maharani  , Istiadi Hermawan 
Published: February 2024

Introduction & ObjectivesRetinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage can affect the thinning of the GCC layers, which is the nervefiber layer, the ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer. The loss of RGC and inner plexiformlayer (IPL) is strongly correlated with the loss of visual field defect. RGC and inner plexiform layerare potential targets to evaluate the progression of glaucoma. Glaucoma treatment not only focus onreducing IOP. Decreasing IOP according to the target pressure often can’t stop the process of RGCdamage and make it permanently and irreversible. Vitamin D3 is known as neuroprotector which hasthe ability to protect RGC and prevent layer thinning of GC-IPL in retina. The aim of this study is todetermine the effect of oral Vitamin D3 on the GC- IPL layer thickness in retinal of Wistar rats withNMDA-induced glaucoma model.
MethodsGlaucoma Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups. The treatment group was given oral Vitamin D3 ata dose of 500 IU/kgBW/day for 10 weeks. GC-IPL layer thickness in retinal was examined byHematoxylin Eosin staining. Data were collected and processed then used with Independent T Test.(significant p<0.05)
ResultsThe mean GC-IPL layer Thickness in the treatment group was 77,59 ± 15,15 ?m and 35,32 ± 4,04?m in the control group. There was a significant different between two group ( p = <0,001 )
ConclusionVitamin D3 has a neuroprotective effect on ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer Wistar rats in NMDAinducedexcitotoxicity model of glaucoma
Management of Full Thickness Traumatic Macular Hole In An 7-Year-Old Boy : A Case Report
Authors: Amin Ramzi 
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Traumatic macular hole (TMH) formation is uncommon, usually occurs in young males, and the incidence varies in the literature from 1 to 9%.The study by Chen et al reported that early vitrectomy resulted in significantly higher rate of TMH closure compared to initial observation (100% vs 66.7%, respectively)
Case Illustration : A 7yo boy presented with diminution of vision in right eye (RE) of 2 months duration.There was history of trauma on the right eye. Visual acuity (BCVA) was 6/60 and 6/6 in RE and LE (Left Eye) respectively.Dilated fundus examination of OD revealed a full thickness macular hole (FTMH). SSOCT of OD confirmed the presence of an FTMH (with minimal hole diameter of 850 microns) with cystoid changes at the edges.The patient underwent vitrectomy followed with ILM peeling and advised facedown position for a week. At postoperative week one, BCVA was improved 6/9. SSOCT showed type 3 hole closure. BCVA improved to 6/7.5 at 1 months.
Discussion : The study by Chen et al. was the first multicenter, prospective, comparative case study that attempted to address the outcomes of patients with TMHs comparing observation to early vitrectomy. Authors reported that early vitrectomy resulted in significantly higher rate of TMH closure compared to initial observation (100% vs 66.7%, respectively). The child in our case was resulted in good outcome.
Conclusion : Early vitrectomy in full thickness traumatic macular hole in a young age resulted the good outcome.
EARLY POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION FOLLOWING FILTRATION SURGERY IN DR. KARIADI GENERAL HOSPITAL SEMARANG 2020-2022
Authors: Zulfa Mazidah , Puspasari Denti , Maharani  , Rahmi Fifin L 
Published: February 2024

Introduction & ObjectivesFiltration surgery is the most frequent surgery in managing glaucoma. Although trabeculectomy isgenerally a safe and effective procedure, complications can occur. The purpose of the study was todescribe the early postoperative complications in patients who had undergone filtration surgery.
MethodsThis study was a retrospective study that uses secondary data from electronic medical records ofpatients who had filtration surgery between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2022, in KariadiHospital Semarang. Preoperative data include age, gender, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, andtype of glaucoma. The incidence of early postoperative complications was described up to 3 weeks offollow-up.
Results287 eyes were obtained from 266 patients who underwent filtration surgery. 168 eyes (58.5%) hadphaco-trabeculectomy, 117 eyes (40.77%) had trabeculectomy and 2 eyes (0.7%) had ECCEtrabeculectomy.Primary angle closure glaucoma (126 eyes, 43.9%) was the most common type ofglaucoma treated with filtration surgery. During the 3-week follow-up period, 93 eyes (32.4%)experienced an early complication with trabeculectomy being more common (17.42%) thancombined surgery. The commonest complication found was hypotony in 69 eyes (24%). Othercomplications include hyphema (3.14%), transient intraocular pressure elevation (3.14%), blebleakage (2.09%), suprachoroidal haemorrhage (0.7%), subhyaloid haemorrhage (0.35%) and retinalhaemorrhage (0.35%).
ConclusionThis study found the most common early postoperative complication of filtration surgery washypotony. This complication occurs frequently after trabeculectomy.
Severe Ocular Manifestations in Stevens-Johnson syndrome : a case report
Authors: Eric Jansen  , Dian Wikaningtyas  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a severe mucocutaneous reactions, characterized by cell death in the epidermis, resulting in blistering and sloughing. Hypersensitivity reaction to drug causes the majority of SJS cases. Ocular involvement occurs in 80% of patients in the acute phase.
Case Illustration m A 38-year-old female was consulted to the ophthalmology department with diagnosis of Stevens- Johnson syndrome (SJS). She complained of bilateral eye redness and blurred vision. She was first admitted to the Emergency Department with complaints of burning sensation, progressive rash, and blistering skin all over her body for the past 2 weeks. Ophthalmology examination revealed a visual acuity of no-light perception (NLP) for both eyes. The anterior segment examination in both eyes showed the palpebra was edema and lagophthalmos, conjunctival hyperemia and corneal ulcer, while the posterior segment could not be identified. The patient was hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to her symptoms and clinical findings. She was treated with combination of systemic intravenous antibiotics and steroid, eye drops and eye ointment. After 2 weeks, she was able to blink partially. She was discharged after 20 days of intensive treatment.
Discussion :
Conclusion : Ocular manifestations in SJS are a significant aspect of the disease that can lead to severe visual impairment or even blindness. A multidisciplinary approach to managing SJS is necessary to prevent and treat the ocular manifestations of the disease effectively.
Efficacy and safety of Orthokeratology in Moderate and High Myopia Patients at Vio Optical Clinic During Januari 2020- December 2022 : A Retrospective Study
Authors: WENI PUSPITASARI  , Ajeng Kartika Ayu Putri  
Published: February 2024

Introduction & Objectives : Orthokeratology (OK) lens causes flattening of the cornea to reduce refractive power temporarily. The purpose of the current study was to determine efficacy, defined in terms of refractive correction, and common adverse effects in Indonesian population.
Methods : Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of OK for myopia correction and visual acuity (VA) changes in moderate and high myopia patients at Vio Optical Clinic Grand Galaxy Bekasi during January 2020 – December 2022
Results : Methods: In this retrospective study, 129 eyes with moderate and high myopia met the inclusion criteria of this study. Each subject wore the lens for 8 to 9 hours while asleep. The efficacy and safety were assessed after 1, 4, and 12 weeks follow up. Result: All subjects divided into two groups: 106 eyes (82.2%) had moderate myopia and 23 eyes (17.8%) had high myopia. The median age was 18 years old (ranging from 5 - 45 years). The spherical equivalent of VA of two groups decreased significantly in 1 and 4 weeks compare to pre-lens (p<0.001). LogMar uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of two groups showed improvement in 1 and 4 weeks compare to pre-lens (p<0.001). There were no severe complication in moderate myopia patients. There were three subjects of corneal staining were recorded in high myopia
Conclusion : This study indicates orthokeratology is a safe and effective to correct myopia. Using orthokeratology can improve UCVA within one week and one month after OK lens in moderate and high myopia patients. There were mild complication in high myopia patients.