bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Associated with lmmunosuppression
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lymphoproliferative disorders develop with increased frequency in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy for prevention of rejection of transplanted organs (posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder) or for the management of chronic autoimmune disease. A striking feature of these disorders is the frequent association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and spontaneous regression with reduction or withdrawal of the immunosuppressive therapy.
Storage and Deposition Disorders
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Several disorders are characterized by abnormal deposits of lipids, proteins, or foreign materials in lymph nodes. Deposits in these disorders may be intracellular or extracellular and may be associated with characteristic histopathologic changes. Llpid deposits in lymph nodes include lipogranulomata and the lipidoses, storage disorders due to hereditary lysosomal enzyme deficiencies.
Proliferations of Histiocytes and Dendritic Cells
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The term “histiocyte” is applied to two distinct cell types: monocyte-macrophages and dendritic cells (Cline, 1994; van Voorh et al, 1983). Monocyte-macrophages are derived from blood monocytes, are actively phagocytic, are rich in lysosomal enzymes, and play their major role in antigen processing. Monocyte-macrophages in the lymph node include the sinus and tingible body macrophages. Dendritic cells, in contrast, are of uncertain derivation, weakly phagocytic, poor in lysosomal enzymes, and play their major role in antigen presentation. Dendritic cells in the lymph node include the Langerhans’ cells, follicular dendritic cells, and interdigitating reticulum cells. Recent evidence suggests that both monocyte-macrophages and dendritic cells are derived from a common monocyte-dendritic cell precursor in the bone marrow (Santiago-Schwartz et al, 1994). Proliferations of monocyte-macrophages include “true” histiocytic lymphoma and “malignant histiocytosis,” virus-associated and reactive hemophagocytic syndromes, and sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. Proliferations of dendritic cells include Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, follicular dendritic cell tumors, and interdigitating reticulum cell tumors; the latter two tumors constitute “true” reticulum cell sarcomas of lymph nodes (Weiss et al, 1990).
Lymph Node Inclusions
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lymph node inclusions refer to the presence in lymph nodes of heterologous elements normally not found in lymph nodes including a variety of epithelial, glandular, mesothelial, and nevus cell elements. Lymph node inclusions result from developmental abnormalities (emb:ryologic rests), metaplasia of entrapped mesothelium, or benign transport of heterologous elements. Lymph node inclusions are generally not of clinical significance but must be carefully distinguished from metastatic tumors which they may closely resemble. Lymph node inclusions may rarely be the explanation for neoplasms of heterologous elements arising in lymph nodes (Shenoy et al, 1987).
Lymph Node Metastases
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lymph nodes are a frequent site of metastases of nonhematopoietic malignant tumors. Lymph node metastases occur most frequently in carcinoma and melanoma but also occur in some sarcomas, including epithelioid sarcoma, clear cell sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and, occasionally, malignant fibrous histiocytoma (Enzinger and Weiss, 1995). Lymph node metastases are a manifestation of regional or systemic dissemination. Lymph node metastases may be diagnosed in lymph nodes removed for diagnostic evaluation in patients presenting with unexplained lymphadenopathy or in lymph nodes removed at staging or therapeutic lymphadenectomy in patients with a previously diagnosed malignant neoplasm. Recognition of lymph node metastases and distinction from malignant lymphoma is of major clinical importance because of differences in therapy and prognosis (Hainsworth and Greco, 1993).
Introduction
Authors: Blair William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1970s proved troublesome for the Confederacy as worldwide events stimulated a reevaluation of the southern cause. Vietnam shook the American psyche in many ways, but it also taught a hard lesson about what an outnumbered people could accomplish against a foe with superior resources and firepower. New efforts to write the histories of people previously outside of the mainstream--combined with the experience of Vietnam and disenchantment with the overt nationalism of the Cold War-affected the way Americans understood their own Civil War. A generation that treated nationalism more skeptically, if not cynically, found Confederate patriotism wanting. Scholars rediscovered discontent on the Confederate home front: the bread riots that broke out in at least seven southern cities in 1863, the desertion that plagued the Confederate armies, and the public anger over legislation that put the poor into the army while the rich stayed at home. By the 1990s, the scholarly consensus held that southerners did not have what it took to win spiritually-that the reason for Confederate defeat lay not on the battlefield but in a failure of national heart, especially when compared to the efforts of the North Vietnamese or the various nationalist groups that resumed hostilities after the Soviet Union collapsed.
A Slave Society Goes To War
Authors: Blair William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After learning the fate of Fort Sumter and Lincoln’s call for 75,000 troops to quell the rebellion, a Shenandoah Valley farmer assembled his sons. “Boys,” began the Augusta County Unionist, “this war is over the nigger. You can do what you want to fight or get substitutes.” Joseph, the second oldest son, replied: “Well, I have the niggers-guess I ‘ll fight.”1 Few phrased matters so crudely or linked the war so closely to slavery. Instead, most Confederate Virginians pointed to Lincoln’s proclamation as “revolutionizing” the state by providing compelling evidence that “subjugation was the object, subjugation of all who would not subscribe to the creed of the conqueror.” Although a Richmond editor proclaimed that slavery “begets and fosters the war spirit,” people interpreted dissolution of the Union as necessary to preserve liberty against an increasingly tyrannical government that would use force against southerners-a statement easily proved by the army gathering across the Potomac River.Z Virginia offers a fairly typical example of the way Confederates understood their reasons for separz,ting from the Union.
Deciding to Go to Graduate School
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some of you think that deciding to go on to graduate school is the easiest decision in the world. And it is. You love learning about the natural world, delight in the thought of the investigative process, and are enticed by the idea of contributing to society and its body of knowledge. You have a calling, and proceeding on to advance your education is an effortless move that is undertaken with relish. For you, deciding not to go on to graduate school is the difficult decision to make. You probably have heard through the grapevine that there is little employment opportunity, money, or job security in science today. Funding for research is tight, and hard work and dedication no longer guarantee a career. If you are convinced that there is nothing you would rather do than dedicate your life to science, then these Ivery true) observations probably should not dissuade you; do not give up on your dream. Likewise, if you love science, and strongly desire a career in a science related field !such as wildlife management) where a graduate degree would be helpful, the trials you are about to encounter should be bearable. However, if your interest is piqued by science, but you are unsure if you want to make it a career, graduate school may not be for you. Without a powerful drive, the full-time effort and unflagging perseverance required, combined with the gloomy employment situation, will make you miserable. Graduate school is a long, hard road, with inherent major stresses, and, although good times and enchanted moments will certainly transpire, the many years that you will spend there will be no picnic. You will work very hard, be tested and challenged repeatedly, forfeit much, and feel overwhelmed much of the time.
Classes, Tournal Clubs, Lab Meetings, and Seminars
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While a first- or second-year graduate student may spend a lot of time working on research, he or she is also expected to partake in a number of important activities away from the field or lab bench. Of these, attending classes will be the most time-consuming, although the other activities, including seminars, lab meetings, and journal clubs, which continue throughout the graduate years, are equally important for his education. It is only through many fronts that a naive student is molded into a functioning scientist. Classes The class requirements for first-year graduate students vary from department to department and from university to university. A past trend to reduce the number of required courses has resulted in some departments making few demands in this area. Still, today most departments do insist that students take a number of classes during their first, and usually second, years. These classes, some of which are left to the student’s discretion, provide general and some specific background knowledge of a discipline so that research can be carried out intelligently. (It is often possible to petition to substitute an unrequired course for a required one, or to drop a core requirement altogether if one’s background warrants it. Petitioning to make exceptions in one’s case concerning requirements or rules of all types is quite common in graduate school.) Some of the electives can be chosen (in consultation with the advisor) to provide the tools of the trade.
Some Additional Aspects of Graduate School Life: Lab Notebooks, Etiquette, Competition, Luck
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Scientists who have long been involved in research know from experience that there is nothing as important as taking careful and detailed notes on the experiments they run. New students know this, too, but not from the same perspective. Students often view the practice of keeping a carefully detailed notebook as something one does to appear orderly and productive; a notebook is seen as a dated “list” in essence, an account of what one has worked on. But a notebook should not be looked upon as merely a dusty record of labors past. It is a dynamic and active part of the research process, as important to the interpretation of the data as the data themselves.
The End Is in Sight: Writing the Dissertation
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Something strange happens to students in their last year as they struggle to finish up their final experiments. As they see the end approaching, as they perform techniques for the last few times (techniques they may have performed hundreds of times before), they grow more and more restless, more and more impatient. Even recalling what they have been through-the stress, the hurdles, the physical work-is exhausting. These students are weary of the whole graduate school thing, weary even of the projects that once held their interest. In short, they have reached the point where they can no longer stand being students. They picture what life will be like at the next, perhaps postdoctoral, stage of their careers; they seek a fresh start on exciting new research in some other lab, perhaps in some other part of the country. The work they are doing now is holding them back; every little delay at this point, such as the need to do another analysis, an experiment that has to be repeated, an error that has to be rectified, is irksome and intolerable. They have reached the breaking point. They want out.
Firms, Markets, and Hierarchies Introduction and Overview
Authors: Carroll Glenn R , Teece David J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is about transaction cost analysis, a major theoretical perspective of the social sciences. Transaction cost analysis originated in economics with several seminal articles by Ronald Coase, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. The perspective has since broadened its base and now envelops all the social sciences and addresses a variety of research questions not previously considered the purview of economic theory. It is perhaps the single most influential theory found in the social sciences.
Revisiting Legal Realism The Law, Economics, and Organization Perspective
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The contrast between American Legal Realism, which ‘ran itself into the sand’ (Schlegel, 1979, p. 459), and the law and economics movement, which is ‘perhaps the most important development in legal thought in the last quarter century’ (Posner, 1986, p. xix), is dramatic. That one foundered while the other flourished is explained largely by the absence of an intellectual framework for Legal Realism and the use by law and economics of the powerful framework of neoclassical economics.
The Study of Organizations and Evolving Organizational Forms through History Reflections.from the Late Medieval Family Firm
Authors: Greif Avner 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Williamson, 1982, has observed that the data source most suitable for the study of organizations and organizational innovations is business history. The diversity of economic environments and organizations utilized through out history may provide the variety required for evaluating the extent to which organizations effect economic growth and the generality of organizational theory. Furthermore, historical studies of organizations are likely to stimulate the extension of organizational theory and provide a unique perspective regarding organizational innovations.
Knowledge And Belief In American Public Life
Authors: Kloppenberg James T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Knowledge Is Not What it used to be. Almost three decades have passed since Thomas Kuhn first rocked the confidence of the scientific community by explaining scientific revolutions in terms of paradigm shifts rather than as straightforward advances in knowledge. Since that time, students of the human sciences have followed Kuhn’s lead, teaching us to speak less of progress than of historicity, less of certainty than of undecidability, less of explanation than of thick description, less of universals than of prejudices, forms of life, and communities of discourse. Foundations have evaporated across the disciplines; establishing authoritative claims has grown increasingly problematical as all knowledge has fallen under the scrutiny of a hermeneutics of suspicion.
Cognitive Changes Associated with Persisting Behavioral Effects of Early Psychosocial Stress in Rhesus Monkeys: A View from Psychobiology
Authors: Kraemer Gary W , ier Jocelyne Bacheval 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until the mid-1950s, it was commonly accepted that insults to the usual psychosocial or cognitive development of the child were causal factors in the later development of psychopathology. There was considerable diversity in proposed causal mechanisms. Psychoanalytic theory focused on challenges to the formation of the ego and defense mechanisms and on later inability to cope with ongoing stressors as a result of unresolved conflicts (Freud, 1969). Behaviorist theory focused on early conditioning and learning that leads to abnormal responses to stressors and deficient coping behavior later in life (Skinner, 1953). Psychological explanations of the cause of abnormal behavior became less prominent, however, following the discovery of pharmacological agents that were effective in treatment of depression and schizophrenia.
Theoretical Integration
Authors: Dohrenwend Bruce P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter, I argued that there are three groups of studies that provide an environmental analogue to the behavioral genetic twin, family, and adoption studies that have proved so persuasive in demonstrating a role for genetic factors in most major types of psychiatric disorder. The environmental triad consists of studies of extreme situations such as exposure to combat and natural disasters; epidemiological research showing that overall prevalence of psychiatric disorders and, in men or women, the specific subtypes of schizophrenia, major depression, antisocial personality disorder, alcoholism, substance use disorders, and post-traumatic stress dis order (PTSD) are inversely related to socioeconomic status (SES); and a quasi-experimental investigation of the social causation-social selection issue posed by these SES differences.
Looking the Other Way (1920-1930)
Authors: Geisst Charles R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1920s were years of great contradiction. Business, employing new technologies eagerly sought by the public, began to circumvent the antitrust laws as flagrantly as at any time in the past. It became the decade of the consumer, who was bitten by the urge to purchase automobiles, radios, and appliances as never before.
A Religious Sect: The Unification Church
Authors: Galanter Marc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Unification Church was established in the United States early in the course of its evolution as a religious sect, at a time when intense conversion experiences and fervent commitment were reflected in the way new members were engaged. Because of this, studies of the church during this period of expansion and active recruitment offer insight into the nature of the zealous feelings that can emerge in the early stages of such sects. The church provides examples of the idiosyncrasies of a religious sect, yet it also illustrates the underlying principles governing behavior in those charismatic groups that reach some form of accommodation with the society around them.
Alternative Healing In The Medical Mainstream
Authors: Galanter Marc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two recent developments illustrate how spiritually oriented recovery movements are entering into medical settings. One is religious, the other secular. They show how ideologic commitment can introduce an alternative medical technique into established medical settings. In the first, an organization of fundamentalist Christian psychiatrists has drawn on their beliefs to treat patients who share the same faith. The second is quite different: zealous alcoholic patients have co-managed a hospital-based clinic with its medical staff, promoting stronger engagement of new patients and greater cost efficiency. We will see how accepted standards for health care can be modified by such developments, where the forces observed in charismatic groups play a role in conventional medical care.
The Aa Example
Authors: Galanter Marc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A contemporary charismatic healing group such as Alcoholics Anonymous provides a model of an effective, inexpensive social instrument that can be used to treat certain psychological problems, and the operation of this group can be understood by comparing it with charismatic religious sects. Members of M healing groups are highly cohesive; they maintain a system of shared beliefs and their behavior is strongly influenced by the group. Despite these points of similarity to religious sects, however, important differences emerge. For example, the behavioral demands of such a healing group relate only to the recovery from illness, not to unrelated aspects of their members’ lives such as the occupation they should pursue or how they should manage their family relations. Religious sects generally have a universalist philosophy and a code of behavior touching on all aspects of the lives of their adherents.
Policy
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Science Education Reformers have identified three barriers to change in American classrooms: the state of science curricula, the state of teachers’ knowledge, and public awareness of the need for educational reform in science. Most current science curricula are designed to have students memorize a vast number of unrelated facts rather than having them explore in depth an integrated series of concepts and principles that cut across traditional disciplines and prepare them for a lifetime of learning. Most teachers have been trained in the former style of curriculum and therefore are often unprepared to implement the latter. The public is generally unaware of these issues and is less interested in science education than in reading and mathematics, for example.
Finance
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What Fiscal Issues might arise from implementing reforms in science education? How might we deal with the related problems? This chapter answers these questions by assessing the existing resource base for education; reporting what we know about how these resources are being spent currently; reviewing the contemporary debate over whether and how dollars make a difference in the improvement of pupil performance; and assessing the costs of implementing an ambitious reform initiative with goals such as Project 2061’s. The chapter argues that there is more to understanding the fiscal implications of science education reform than developing projections of expected dollar costs and speculating about how easy or hard it will be to raise the necessary money. It concludes with recommendations for enhancing the prospects of the successful implementation of the Project 2061 vision of reform at several levels of the educational system.
Materials and Technology
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Perhaps At No Time in the history of schooling in the United States has the use of technology1 in schools been more widely hailed as a crucial ingredient for quality education. There seem to be countless potential uses for satellite-linked classrooms, for CD-ROMs that hold previously unimagined amounts of information, and for an “information superhighway” whose power has just begun to be tapped. Educators and the general public are eager to see some of those potential uses put into practice. Likewise, science and mathematics education reformers are eager to see technology used effectively in American classrooms. However, while we believe wholeheartedly in the power of technology to make a positive impact on education, we urge educators, policymakers, and the public at large to approach educational technologies with an eye towards their educational value first and their technological glamour second.
The Civil War and its Consequences
Authors: Ayers Edward L , Mittendorf Bradley C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Civil War was the most important event in the history of the South. Free or slave, black or white, male or female, rich or poor, the war changed the landscape of people’s lives. From the moment it began, the war unleashed changes few could have imagined. To the surprise of virtually everyone, it brought slavery to an abrupt end. It brought death to one fourth of the white men of military age in the South. It brought a lifetime of suffering to those Southerners who survived as wounded veterans or as widows and orphans. It brought the devastation of the agricultural economy. It brought an ignominious end to the national political power of the white South.