bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographic poverty traps? A micro model of consumption growth in rural China
Authors: Jalan Jyotsna , Ravallion Martin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHow important are neighbourhood endowments of physical and human capital in explaining diverging fortunes over time for otherwise identical households in a developing rural economy? To answer this question we develop an estimable micro model of consumption growth allowing for constraints on factor mobility and externalities, whereby geographic capital can influence the productivity of a household's own capital. Our statistical test has considerable power in detecting geographic effects given that we control for latent heterogeneity in measured consumption growth rates at the micro level. We find robust evidence of geographic poverty traps in farm‐household panel data from post‐reform rural China. Our results strengthen the equity and efficiency case for public investment in lagging poor areas in this setting. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Socio‐economic distance and spatial patterns in unemployment
Authors: Conley Timothy G. , Topa Giorgio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the spatial patterns of unemployment in Chicago between 1980 and 1990. We study unemployment clustering with respect to different social and economic distance metrics that reflect the structure of agents' social networks. Specifically, we use physical distance, travel time, and differences in ethnic and occupational distribution between locations. Our goal is to determine whether our estimates of spatial dependence are consistent with models in which agents' employment status is affected by information exchanged locally within their social networks. We present non‐parametric estimates of correlation across Census tracts as a function of each distance metric as well as pairs of metrics, both for unemployment rate itself and after conditioning on a set of tract characteristics. Our results indicate that there is a strong positive and statistically significant degree of spatial dependence in the distribution of raw unemployment rates, for all our metrics. However, once we condition on a set of covariates, most of the spatial autocorrelation is eliminated, with the exception of physical and occupational distance. Racial and ethnic composition variables are the single most important factor in explaining the observed correlation patterns. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alcohol abuse and employment: a second look
Authors: Terza Joseph V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBased on data from the 1988 Alcohol Supplement of the National Health Interview Survey, Mullahy and Sindelar (1996) (M&S) find, for both men and women, that alcohol abuse results in reduced employment and increased unemployment. The estimates from which they drew these inferences were obtained via the instrumental variables (IV) method, which was implemented in order to account for the potential endogeneity of problem drinking. Though these IV estimates qualitatively supported the prior expectation that problem drinking damages individuals' labour market prospects, they were not found to be statistically significant. The present paper revisits this research and offers a new estimation method which, in addition to accounting for endogeneity, explicitly allows for the inherent non‐linearity of the underlying regression structure. The new method is applied to the same data and variable specifications as those used by M&S for the male subpopulation. Consistent with their results, problem drinking is found to have a positive effect on the probability of unemployment and negative effect on the likelihood of being employed. Unlike their result, however, the latter estimate is statistically significant. An appealing feature of the new method is that it accommodates the likely possibility that alcohol abuse effects are heterogeneous with respect to the observed and unobserved characteristics of individuals in the population. To illustrate this fact, abuse effects are computed for two widely differing subgroups of the population. The large differential between the estimated effects for these two subpopulations demonstrates the potential importance of accounting for heterogeneity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parameterization of effective ice particle size for high‐latitude clouds
Authors: Boudala Faisal S. , Isaac George A. , Fu Qiang , Cober Stewart G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA parameterization has been developed for mean effective size Dge in terms of ice water content (IWC) and temperature using in situ measurements of ice crystal spectra, cloud particle shapes and particle cross‐sectional area A from four research projects conducted in latitudes north of 45° N. The cloud microphysical measurements were made using PMS 2D optical probes, a PMS forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP), and Nevzorov total water and liquid water content probes. The IWCs derived from particle spectra using three different methods were compared with IWC measured with the Nevzorov probe (IWCNev). The contribution of small particles to the total mass was estimated by integrating a gamma distribution function that was fitted to match the measured FSSP concentrations. The Dge was calculated from the derived IWC and total cross‐sectional area per unit volume Ac.This analysis indicates that there are significant differences among the schemes used to derive the IWC. It was found that the IWC derived based on the Cunningham scheme and IWCNev have the highest correlation: r2 = 0.78. After considering small particles, the derived IWC almost matched the IWCNev. The average estimated contribution of small particles to the Ac was 43%. The average estimated contribution of small particles to the total IWC, however, was 20%. Since Dge is directly proportional to the ratio IWC/Ac, the addition of small particles reduced the derived Dge considerably. The largest changes in Dge associated with small particles, however, occur at the coldest temperature and at low IWC, reaching up to 45% for temperatures less than −25° C. Generally, Dge and IWC increase with increasing temperature. Good agreement between the parameterized Dge and derived Dge from measurements were found when small particles were included. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Modelling carbon‐coupled energy and water dynamics of a boreal aspen forest in a general circulation model land surface scheme
Authors: Wang Shusen , Grant Robert F. , Verseghy Diana L. , Andrew Black T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) processes and the C‐coupled energy and water dynamics were developed in the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS). The ecosystem C and N simulations include plant photosynthesis and respiration, plant tissue growth, senescence, root N uptake, soil heterotrophic respiration, and N mineralization and immobilization. These simulations are driven by variables (i.e. leaf temperature and water potential, and soil temperature and moisture) obtained from the C‐coupled energy and water balance simulations and feed back the model‐determined vegetation parameters (i.e. leaf area index, stomatal resistance, root length and distribution), which in turn control the land surface energy and water processes. In this paper, we introduce the C‐coupled energy and water balance scheme. The water flow process developed for the soil–plant–atmosphere system includes leaf and canopy stomatal resistance driven by leaf net CO2 fixation, plant water capacitance, and soil rhizosphere and plant root resistances. This water flow scheme is dynamically coupled with the canopy energy balance so that the full water balance and energy balance equations can be solved simultaneously. The model was run at a time step of 30 min and tested in a stand‐alone mode driven by meteorological observations obtained at the old aspen (Populus tremuloides) site in the southern study area of the Boreal Ecosystem–Atmosphere Study (BOREAS). Results show that the model reproduced the observed diurnal and seasonal patterns of energy fluxes fairly well. Canopy conductance in the mid‐growing season was simulated to reach above 0.5 mol m−2 s−1. Plant water capacitance was found to buffer the plant water flow process significantly and affect the canopy latent heat exchange under dry soil conditions. Comparisons of modelled and measured daily evapotranspiration in the two years of 1994 and 1996 gave the root‐mean‐square error of 0.71 mm day−1 and correlation coefficient of 0.75. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Predicting rainfall in the Dutch Caribbean—more than El Niño?
Authors: Martis Albert , van Oldenborgh Geert Jan , Burgers Gerrit 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA strong lagged relationship between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and rainfall in the main rain season (October–January) on the leeward islands of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire is found. It can easily be used for skilful seasonal predictions, with an anomaly correlation coefficient r ≈ 0.6 at lag 4 months on historical data. The other two seasons, February–May and June–September, also show correlations with ENSO that can be exploited for predictions, r = 0.4 to 0.5. In the February–May dry season there is also a lagged correlation with sea‐surface temperature (SST) in the Pacific Ocean off the Central American coast that can be used to increase the forecast skill. A June–September small rains season correlation to equatorial Atlantic Ocean SST is absent in earlier data. Most of these results are also applicable to other stations in northern South America. Regressions with the circulation show that the main intermediate factors are upper‐level divergence and vorticity, and at lower levels a veering of the trade winds. This modifies the descending limb of the sea–continent breeze circulation that is responsible for the dry zone off the coast. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Changes in seasonal mean maximum air temperature in Romania and their connection with large‐scale circulation
Authors: Tomozeiu Rodica , Busuioc Aristita , Stefan Sabina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper investigates the temporal and spatial variability of the seasonal mean of maximum air temperature in Romania and its links with the large–scale atmospheric circulation. The Romanian data sets are represented by time series at 14 stations. The large‐scale parameters are represented by the observed sea‐level pressure (SLP) and geopotential height at 500 hPa (Z500). The period analysed was 1922–98 for winter and 1960–98 for all seasons. Before analysis, the original temperature data were tested to detect for inhomogeneity using the standard normal homogeneity test. Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) were used to analyse the spatial and temporal variability of the local and large‐scale parameters and to eliminate noise from the original data set. The time series associated with the first EOF pattern of the SLP and mean maximum temperature in Romania were analysed from trend and shifts point of view using the Pettitt and Mann–Kendall tests respectively. The covariance map computed using the Z500 and the seasonal mean of maximum temperature in Romania were used as additional methods to identify the large‐scale circulation patterns influencing the local variability.Significant increasing trends were found for winter and summer mean maximum temperature in Romania, with upward shifts around 1947 and 1985 respectively. During autumn, a decreasing trend with a downward shift around 1969 was detected. These changes seem to be real, since they are connected to similar changes in the large‐scale circulation. So, the intensification of the southwesterly circulation over Europe since 1933 overlapped with the enhancement of westerly circulation after the 1940s could be the reason for the change in winter mean maximum temperature. The slight weakening of the southwesterly circulation during autumn could be one of the reasons for the decrease in the regime of the mean maximum temperature for autumn seasons. Additionally, the covariance map technique reveals the influence of the North Atlantic oscillation in winter, East Atlantic Jet in summer and Scandinavian (or Euroasia‐1) circulation pattern in autumn upon mean maximum air temperature. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Simulated turbulent fluxes over land from general circulation models and reanalyses compared with observations
Authors: Sheppard R. , Wild M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTurbulent fluxes over land in three general circulation models (GCMs) and the three reanalyses are compared with long‐term measurements. Observations were obtained from a variety of sources, including GEBA, Cabauw, The Netherlands, and two newly analysed sites. The intercomparison reveals a wide range of values between the models. The latent heat flux in two of the models shows good agreement with observations. These models benefit from accurately simulated radiative fluxes. The other models tend to overestimate the latent heat flux as long as there is sufficient soil moisture available. This overestimation is caused by a variety of reasons, including: a too intense zonal flow from the ocean to the interior of the continent, which produces an excessive moist advection, thereby increasing precipitation and evaporation; and a high insolation and soil moisture, producing excessive latent heat flux in summer. Where soil moisture is limited too early, an excessive decrease in latent heat flux is apparent towards the end of summer. The sensible heat flux in the models varies when compared with the observations due to the following possibilities: in models that exhibit an excessive summer drying, too much available energy will be partitioned into the sensible heat flux at the end of summer, since there is no water available for evaporation; in models where radiation is overestimated, the excessive available energy will lead to an overestimated sensible heat flux. Despite the continuous assimilation of observations from the global observing system in the reanalyses, the range of uncertainties is not reduced when compared with the GCMs. Thus, although the reanalysis project was developed to aid the validation of GCMs, it appears to be difficult to accomplish this in the case of the turbulent fluxes. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
The spatial and temporal variability of the surface mass balance in Antarctica: results from a regional atmospheric climate model
Authors: van Lipzig Nicole P. M. , Meijgaard Erik van , Oerlemans Johannes 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA 14 year integration with a regional atmospheric model (RACMO) is used to obtain detailed information on the Antarctic surface mass balance and to understand the mechanisms that are responsible for the spatial and temporal distribution of the surface mass balance. The model (Δx = 55 km) uses the parameterizations of the physical processes from the ECHAM4 general circulation model and is driven from the lateral boundaries by the 15 year re‐analyses of the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ERA‐15). Sea surface temperature and sea ice extent are prescribed from observations.The model is evaluated with in situ measurements of surface pressure, 2 m temperature, and surface mass balance. Generally, good agreement is found between model output and measurements, although in the interior of the ice sheet the temperatures are slightly too high in summer. The 14 year mean surface mass balance averaged over the grounded Antarctic ice 〈B〉 is 156 mm water equivalent per year. A statistical relation between precipitation and topographical parameters is derived from model output. Half of the spatial variance in precipitation can be explained by a relation between precipitation and distance to the coast. Locally, the direction of the atmospheric flow is important; in Ellsworth Land and Wilkes Land the surface mass balance is larger than expected on the basis of topography alone, because of flow directed inland. The year‐to‐year variability in 〈B〉 is similar to the value found in ERA‐15 (standard deviation of annual mean values is 6 to 7% of the 14 year mean) and is determined by the atmospheric circulation and not by variations in temperature or humidity. In the interior of the ice sheet, seasonality of precipitation is mainly determined by temperature, but, near the coast, the dynamics of the flow are important. For example, in Dronning Maud Land the precipitation is highest in autumn, when the upslope component of the wind vector at 500 hPa is largest. Year‐to‐year variations in seasonality of precipitation are large and might affect proxies for meteorological variables in ice cores. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Who says change can be managed? Positions, perspectives and problematics
Authors: Palmer Ian , Dunford Richard 
Published: August 2002

Abstract

We pick up a current challenge in the change management literature — whether change can be managed. The answer to this question depends upon the underlying image one has of both managing and change.

We develop a model based upon two images of managing (management as controlling; management as shaping) and three images of change outcomes (intended, partially intended and unintended).

From this we identify six views on managing change: directing, navigating, caretaking, coaching, interpreting and nurturing.

We outline different theories associated with each of these views.

Theorists and practitioners hold differing images of what ‘managing change’ actually means — which leads them to talk past each other when attempting to engage in dialogue around how change can be managed.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘But does it work?’ Perceptions of the impact of management consulting
Authors: Wright Christopher , Kitay Jim 
Published: August 2002

Abstract

The performance and legitimacy of management consultants have come under increasing criticism within the business press, while academic literature has emphasized the often intangible nature of consulting services.

Based on extensive interview data, we find that consultants and clients commonly rely on subjective assessments of consulting impact and ‘impression management’.

A countervailing ‘high‐impact’ rhetoric is discerned among large consulting firms which stresses the measurable, bottom‐line results of consulting interventions.

We interpret this discourse as a legitimation strategy aimed at countering the growing critique of consulting. However, we note that this strategy has served to heighten client expectations and that consultants continue to face the dilemma of successfully managing client perceptions of consulting success.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison between reconstituted and fresh skim milk chemical and electrochemical acidifications
Authors: Bazinet Laurent , Ippersiel Denis , Gendron Christine , Tétreault Claudia , René‐Paradis Josée , Beaudry Jocelyne , Britten Michel , Mahdavi Behzad , Amiot Jean , Lamarche François 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the electrochemical and chemical acidification of reconstituted and fresh skim milk in terms of electrodialytic parameters, precipitation kinetics, chemical composition and physicochemical and functional properties of isolates produced by bipolar membrane electro acidification (BMEA). The electrodialytic parameters were not influenced by the type of milk when both milks were compared at a similar protein and salt content. The difference in precipitation kinetics observed between the two milks, whatever the acidification procedure, can be explained mainly by a difference in salt content. Isolates produced by BMEA showed similar physicochemical and functional properties (except for foaming capacity) to isolates produced chemically. The main factor affecting the composition and the physicochemical and functional properties was the pre‐treatment of milk prior to acidification: it had a higher impact on the functional properties than the acidification treatment itself.Copyright © 2002 Crown in the right of Canada. Published for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Non‐Arrhenius and non‐WLF kinetics in food systems
Authors: Peleg Micha , Engel Robert , Gonzalez‐Martinez Consuelo , Corradini Maria G 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe classic Arrhenius and WLF equations are commonly used to describe rate–temperature relations in food and biological systems. However, they are not unique models and, because of their mathematical structure, give equal weight to rate deviations at the low‐ and high‐temperature regions. This makes them particularly useful for systems where what happens at low temperatures is of interest, as in spoilage of foods during storage, or where the effect is indeed exponential over a large temperature range, as in the case of viscosity. There are systems, however, whose activity is only noticeable above a certain temperature level. A notable example is microbial inactivation, for which these two classical models must be inadequate simply because cells and spores are not destroyed at ambient temperature. For such systems a model that identifies the temperature level at which the rate becomes significant is required. Such an alternative model is Y = ln{1 + exp[c(T − T
c)]}
m, where Y is the rate parameter in question (eg a reaction rate constant), Tc is the marker of the temperature range where the changes accelerate, and c and m are constants. (When m = 1, Y at T ≫ Tc is linear. When m ≠ 1, m is a measure of the curvature of Y at T ≫ Tc.) This model has at least a comparable fit to published rate–temperature relationships of browning and microbial inactivation as well as viscosity–temperature data previously described by the Arrhenius or WLF equation. This alternative log logistic model is not based on the assumption that there is a universal analogy between totally unrelated systems and simple chemical reactions, which is explicitly assumed when the Arrhenius equation is used, and it has no special reference temperature, as in the WLF equation, whose physical significance is not always clear. It is solely based on the actual behaviour of the examined system and not on any preconceived kinetics.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Morphological, thermal, rheological and noodle‐making properties of potato and corn starch
Authors: Singh Narpinder , Singh Jaspreet , Singh Sodhi Navdeep 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA comparison between the morphological, thermal, rheological and noodle‐making properties of corn starch and potato starches separated from five different potato cultivars was made. The granule size and shape of all starches differed significantly. Potato starch granules were comparatively larger than corn starch granules, while the transition temperatures were found to be higher for corn starch. Consistency coefficients and flow behaviour indices measured by back extrusion were higher for potato starches than for corn starch. Stickiness of cooked starch pastes was observed to depend upon their consistency coefficient. The gels made from all potato starches showed higher gel strength than those from corn starch. The gel strength of starches from both corn and potato increased during refrigerated storage. The amylose content, swelling power, solubility and light transmittance values of potato starches were significantly higher than those of corn starch. Noodles made from potato starches had higher cooked weight and cooking loss than corn starch noodles. Texture profile analysis revealed that potato starch noodles also had higher hardness and cohesiveness than corn starch noodles. Hardness of cooked noodles from all starches increased and cohesiveness decreased during storage. Noodles made from starches of higher viscosity exhibited higher hardness and cohesiveness. Textural differences among cooked starch noodles appeared to be associated with morphological, thermal and rheological properties of corn starch and potato starches.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry