bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Thermodynamic Approach to the Enhancement of Reliability and the Optimization of Energy Efficiency of Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Al-Mamari Ahmed , Al-Azri Nasser , Al-Rawahi Nabeel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Aerothermodynamic performance of centrifugal compressors is substantially influenced by the variation in suction parameters and distortion in the internal clearances or the gas flow profile. Furthermore, deposits buildup can also affect the rotordynamic response of the system which can result in excessive vibration amplitudes due to the change in the synchronous dynamic forces acting on the rotor-bearing system. Therefore, thermodynamic performance analysis is an effective diagnostic tool for optimizing energy consumption and the reliability of the compressor through early prediction of machine failure and efficiency deterioration. This work introduces an approach to modeling and monitoring of the thermodynamic performance of centrifugal compressors. The approach relies on GERG-2008 equation of state for calculating gas properties at suction and discharge states. Additionally, Huntington 4-point method is used for evaluating the polytropic efficiency and polytropic head. A computer algorithm has been developed to Calculate the thermal and caloric properties of the gas at the compressor suction and discharge using GERG-2008 equation of state. In addition, it evaluates the polytropic head and efficiency using Huntington 4-Point Method. The program was also designed to Generate corrected performance maps based on the existing suction conditions and the manufacturer as-tested maps. The code can be run on historical data and produce trend plots for polytropic efficiency with temperature, pressure, flow rate, and speed. The calculated gas properties and polytropic efficiency were validated against literature results. Moreover, the developed algorithm was tested on several machines to assess their efficiency and energy consumption over different periods of time. The generated trends can be utilized to diagnose the root cause of efficiency degradation. Overall, the developed approach provides accurate and instantaneous results that can assist the compressor end-users in making critical decisions regarding the optimum time to halt operation of the highly demanding machines for carrying out major maintenance activities.
A Novel Integrated Approach to Characterize Transition Zone in a Low Relief Marginal Field
Authors: Kobenko Igor , Farmer Russell George , Mohamed Alyazia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Marginal Field developments require robust understanding of reservoir lateral and vertical extension, facies distribution, saturation profiles and uncertainty.
This paper highlights a reservoir study of a Lower Cretaceous unit of the Thamama Group, located within the Eastern UAE, close to existing major oil producing fields. The results of an integrated petrophysical approach in modelling a low structural relief, complex carbonate reservoir, complicated by the presence of transition zone and post-sedimentary imbibition effects will be showcased.
Static (core, logs) and dynamic data (pressure, sampling, well tests, PLT) from wells in the study area and nearby fields helped build a robust rock classification and saturation model. Saturations below present day FWL were evaluated as residual due to post-sedimentary regional reservoir tilting which is supported by the presence of both tar and bitumen in the core.
NMR was used to derive an independent dataset to define petrophysical groups, reservoir saturation modelling, irreducible water saturation and identification of transition zone intervals for well perforation planning. These predictions were complemented by MICP saturation models using paleo-FWL and tested with fluid sampling in new wells.
NMR capillary pressure-based saturation profiles showed excellent agreement with log derived (Archie) saturation and drainage SHF model results, supporting the rock typing and reservoir properties evaluation. MICP saturation models, representing drainage cycles, were not used directly but as complementary support to identify transition zones using paleo-FWL depth.
Predictions of irreducible Sw and transition zone heights were directly confirmed with fluid sampling stations, demonstrating the additional value of NMR derived capillary pressure data for saturation modelling and alternative rock typing.
Saturations below present day FWL were evaluated as trapped residual hydrocarbon due to post-sedimentary reservoir tilting, which occurred regionally. The presence of tar and bitumen on core supported the concept of the reservoir undergoing imbibition. Sampling showed water.
An Innovative Automatic Alarm System for Early Kick or Influx Events by a Machine Learning Based Abnormal Flowback Detection
Authors: Chao MU , Paterson Graeme , Jian Zhao , Tao Yu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During drilling operations, kick or influx events are threatening the safety of operating personnel and the environment; thus, early and accurate detection of the potential kick or influx becomes essential. Kicks frequently happen while making connections because when the pumps are turned off, the circulating flow rate decreases to zero, and the pressure exerted on the formations moderates to the hydrostatic pressure. Flowback fingerprinting, an analysis method for interpreting and comparing flowback patterns, has been widely used in the industry recently for early kick and loss detection during connection operations. However, the flowback fingerprinting, usually conducted manually by skilled engineers, lacks timeliness and accuracy in some scenarios. This paper presents an innovative solution to enable detecting abnormal flowbacks automatically by leveraging data-driven and machine learning based algorithm, including smart safe envelope, mud transfer filter and trip tank change detection.
The new system automatically monitors the flowback volume vs. time data and compares them with a safe envelope in real time. The safe envelope is formed by a machine learning process, which performs clustering and curve-fitting based on historical normal flowbacks in the current well. Uncertainty is also included in the process to determine the upper and lower bound of the envelope. During each connection period, if the flowback curve deviates from the safe envelope, it will be identified as abnormal flowback and alarms will notify the users. During the operation, the safe envelope is automatic updated adaptively based on the characteristics of current flowback, e.g., the hole depth and the flow rate before turning off the pumps. This fully automated system greatly improves the accuracy and timeliness of abnormal flowback detection while minimizing the frequency of false alarms. Besides, the smart alarms could be sent to users by mails or mobile app which makes the reaction and decision-making more in time and convenient.
The new system has been evaluated on previously drilled wells. In this paper, the capability of the new system is presented in one case studies by means of streaming actual well data, in which alarms were successfully triggered before the influx events occurred. The case studies demonstrate the capability and benefits for the entire workflow and how they can significantly reduce operation risks and non-productive time.
Advanced 3D Geomechanical Modelling of Seismic Fault Pattern Above the Crest Structure in a Giant Oilfield, Offshore Abu Dhabi
Authors: Tsusaka K. , Hussein A. M. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Prediction of fault and fracture distribution is a key to incorporate enhancement of matrix permeability in reservoir modelling and to avoid excessive mud loss or kick in drilling engineering. The current study sought to model the fault pattern induced by updoming and regional tectonic activities in a giant oil field, offshore Abu Dhabi. The study applied finite element analysis to reproduce the present-day crest structure. The boundary conditions were applied by following updoming and regional tectonic lateral extension that the studied field has experienced simultaneously. The analysis calculated accumulation of rock strain and produced a discrete fracture network which corresponded with the magnitude of the rock strain. Mechanical anisotropy of rock mass due to the development of fractures was incorporated in subsequent numerical steps. The distribution of the rock strain was compared with location and pattern of fractures modelled by a clay-based analogue model at laboratory, seismic fault system and fractures acquired in the field. The distribution of rock strain by the numerical simulation showed good agreement with the major fracture pattern of the analogue model and seismic faults distribution which represent the northwest to southeast in the crest and the west-northwest to east southeast in the flank. In terms of the distribution of sub-seismic faults, the orientation of the fractures was evaluated by considering mechanism of shear-slip and tensile opening based on the stress tensor in each of the grid cells in the simulation. Shear fractures develop at oblique angle to the direction of the principal stresses based on the Mohr Coulomb criterion. Tensile fractures are orientated normal to the least principal stress. The orientation of the fractures estimated in the simulation also showed reasonable agreement with that of the fractures interpreted in the locations except for the near-top of the crest. The three-dimensional geomechanical numerical simulation presented in this study significantly aids the evaluation of the distribution of sub-seismic faults by combining the results of analogue model and seismic interpretation. The simulation technology presented has already been applied by combining with seismic interpretation for the purpose of prediction of the areas where fractures highly develop in the overburden intervals in the studied field.
First Application of Wave Equation Based-AVO Inversion on a Carbonate Reservoir in UAE
Authors: Ahmed J. , Mahmood H. , Al-Naqbi S. , Aljaberi A. , Doulgeris P. , Gonza;ez H. , Zhang M. , Denitez P. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Carbonate reservoirs, by definition, present additional challenges compared to clastic sections in seismic reservoir characterization. The lower porosities often hinder the robust detection of fluids using traditional inversion methods, and the whole rock less sensitive to AVO (Amplitude Versus Offset). Additionally, many carbonate reservoirs exhibit property contrasts that greatly surpass the 0.1 reflection coefficient, where linear convolutional models best approximate the seismic signal effectively. The WEB-AVO Reservoir Characterization technology addresses key uncertainties in onshore carbonate reservoirs arising from inherent heterogeneities and lateral porosity variations, first because of the nature of the derived properties, which are the inverses of the Bulk Modulus (Compressibility), inverse of the Shear Modulus (Shear Compliance) and the Bulk Density. These properties serve as direct parameters for reservoir properties of interest. Notably, Compressibility being approximately three times more sensitive to fluids than Acoustic Impedance (Gisolf, 2016). enabling fluid detection in lower porosity ranges when compared to Acoustic Impedance. In addition, the nature of WEB-AVO, being based on the full wave equation and not the linearization of Zoeppritz equations, allows it to inherently handle the scattering seismic often present in carbonate sections. This includes interbed multiples and mode conversions, which can be a major challenge, especially with the land data. The technology also accounts for transmission effects. This minimizes the need for significant preconditioning for the inversion, as the scheme has the full physics required for acquired seismic data, as opposed to having to modify the acquired seismic data to fit the linear inversion models.
WEB-AVO was tested on onshore seismic data from the R Field, Abu Dhabi. WEB-IMI analysis was conducted to understand the scattering patterns in the subsurface and optimize the inversion window. The study aims at generating well-validated elastic properties that are directly related to reservoir properties spatially, using data that has not undergone gather preconditioning. These properties were later validated using the blind well test and its lateral predictability to capture the heterogeneity of the reservoir away from the wells.
This technique removes the small-reflectivity and primaries-only limitations of linear and reflectivity-based inversion schemes. Additionally, it enables the determination of elastic parameters that are more directly connected to rock properties of interest, such as porosity. In this geological setting, the ability to work on gathers in the presence of multiples has a significant positive impact on both cost and turn-around time.
New Downhole Wet-Mate Design Resulted in Capex Reduction
Authors: Almasri Abdulrakeeb , Joubran Jounathan , Alsadah Adnan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Intelligent completions in multizone wells require hydraulic control lines connected to the surface to maintain functionality. To reduce capital expenditure (Capex) of failed equipment, such as an electrical submersible pump (ESP), the industry required a reliable method to remove the upper completion without the complexity and uncertainty of unsetting one or more packers and pulling out the entire completion.
This paper will discuss the essential aspects of a new hydraulic wet-mate design, its qualification, and installation methods over numerous ESP wells combined with an intelligent completion that resulted in zero nonproductive time (NPT), with full control of the lower intelligent completion. Additionally, the future of this technology will be discussed, such as the addition of a direct-connect electrical wet mate that requires no orientation to the hydraulic wet-mate design for a complete two-trip intelligent completion.
The downhole wet-mate connector success is directly related to the design simplicity. The tool is concentric and requires no specific orientation for a successful wet mate. It also has the ability to run in highly deviated wells with a wide range of casing sizes without modifications from 7 into 9 5/8 in. Another crucial design feature is the soft-release mechanism that allows for the removal of the upper portion of the wet mate (male) from the lower portion (receptacle), without excessive overpull, such as overcoming a shear ring or snap latch. This ability allows the wet mate to be separated without excessive overpull that could damage the tool permanently. The qualification process included multiple iterations of pressure and temperature testing around the performance envelope, debris testing, and for the electrical portion, a test with high-salinity brine while recording the downhole pressure and temperature gauges.
De-completing an intelligent completion well can be complex, particularly when multiple packers require release. ESPs typically have a life span of approximately 5 years. The downhole wet-mate tool enables ESP replacement without disturbing the intelligent completion, which provides a significant advantage, especially in a multizone well equipped with multiple hydraulic-controlled interval control valves (ICVs).
Cost savings: Overall risk reduced by removing the need to retrieve the entire intelligent completion from the well and the re-spooling of additional control lines and related clamps and accessoriesStab in and stab out without rotation
Efficiency improvements: Soft-release device reduces the risk of system damage
This paper will discuss the aspects of a reliable wet-mate completion tool and highlight the concurrent successful installations that prove the design and deployment methods are sound.
Cost Effective Solution for Liquid Loading Elimination & Ensuring Production Sustainability
Authors: Maher Manar , Albadi Mohamed , Ahmed Zeeshan , Shaker Ashraf , Al Zarouni Abdulla , Al Bairaq Ahmed , M. Douglas Mahmood , Negi Rohit , Murphy Robert , George Joel , Brehme Moritz , Palomo Arturo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A cost-effective solution for liquid loading elimination and ensuring production sustainability was needed.
A liquid loading issue was identified by a client in UAE in one of their gas wells. Market scanning was conducted looking for a viable solution that could be implemented across fields. Liquid loading occurs when the gas velocity is insufficient to carry the produced liquid to the surface. The accumulation of the liquid in the wellbore produces astatic liquid column causing a decline in the well production or prevents it from producing over time.
A velocity string, a small-diameter tubing string run inside the production tubing of a well as a remedial treatment, was selected as a solution for this well. The velocity string works by reducing the flow area and increasing the flow velocity to enable produced liquids to be carried to the surface.
An evaluation of revised well performance was carried out for the gas-producing well before installing a velocity string in it. Well production data, fluid properties, and reservoir details were collected and production modeling through various sizes of velocity string was performed. It was deduced that a string with an outer diameter of 2.375-in. would provide a stable production rate minimizing periodic coiled tubing interventions. To overcome reduced fluid capacity through the velocity string, a sliding sleeve door was installed to allow annular flow enhancing the overall production volume.
The installation was performed by hanging the velocity tubing string with a thru tubing hanger inside the production tubing without the need to kill the well which eliminated formation damage issues.
The velocity string completion design allowed for accessibility to the existing safety valve, and it provided landing profiles for the installation of deep barriers or gauge hangers in the well in the future.
The well was put under production through the tubular section for its performance evaluation and the annular production through the sliding sleeve door was considered based on the evaluation.
The velocity string extends the continuous production life of the mature wells before plug and abandonment, or expensive workover operations are executed. Currently, the well is producing without any intervention for more than 16 months. Successful trial of the velocity string system in this candidate well as an economical and minimal footprint solution can be implemented across fields.
It also avoids any formation damage which occurs during well killing as velocity string installation is a live well operation and is a solution that can be designed to suit any well with various well environmentexperiencing liquid loading issues.
Riding the Wave: One-Touch Automatic Salt Segmentation by Coupling SAM and SegGPT
Authors: Koeshidayatullah Ardiansyah 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDeep learning has transformed the way geological interpretations are conducted for subsurface energy exploration. Seismic image processing and interpretation are the most active areas where deep learning has been implemented to optimize the overall workflow. Among different seismic features, the identification and delineation of salt bodies often present a challenge in seismic interpretation. Salt boundary interpretation is important for understanding salt tectonics and velocity model building for seismic migration. Recent works have applied deep learning to help the identification of salt bodies with remarkable results. However, a large volume of high-quality labeled datasets is required to achieve good accuracy. Such a labeling task is costly, time-consuming, and prone to human error. This limitation hinders the progress of deep learning applications in seismic interpretation. With the rise of generative models, such as ChatGPT and zero-shot deep learning models, it is currently possible to train deep learning models with no or very minimum labeling and pre-training for a specific task. In this study, we utilized the recently introduced Segment Anything Model (SAM) to segment the salt bodies with only a few points or a line and coupled it with Segment Everything In-Context (SegGPT) for the surrounding features (i.e., non-salt bodies). The results show that the model could successfully identify and segment salt bodies with the one-touch method and show comparable accuracy with other conventional deep learning methods, achieving a mean intersection over union (mIoU) value of 0.85. For the first time, this study presents an application of combined generative and zero-shot models for seismic interpretation, particularly salt bodies identification. The proposed model has the potential to be applied to other features in seismic interpretation that would significantly optimize the process. The proposed model also allows the implementation of a greener deep learning model with a lower carbon footprint.
Novel Multi-Functional Chemistry to Maximize Performance in Paraffin Coated Acid Soluble Scale Cleanups
Authors: Rosanel Morales 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gradual diminution of the flow path of hydrocarbon in the near-wellbore area is actively linked to formation damage accumulation and a reduction in well productivity. Organic deposition in the formation and wellbore area can result from the use of hydrochloric acid (HCl) during acidizing, especially in the presence of free iron and organic liquids such as diesel, kerosene, or gasoline. Laboratory evaluation of the nature of the crude oil and stimulation fluids indicates the potential severity of the problem. This test is called acid sludge test.
Utilization of inorganic acid like HCl for inorganic deposits removal, like calcium carbonate and iron sulfide, has become one of the most common methods for well clean-up and stimulation. Unfortunately, due to the nature of the produced fluids (hydrocarbon), organic deposits like paraffin compounds under certain conditions, come out of solution, creating a coating on the inorganic scale, minimizing the performance of the acid job. Typical aromatic solvents utilized to address the organic deposits are not highly effective, as they are not fully miscible in the volume of the acid, and only dissolve a specific weight of paraffin before the solvent’s power is exhausted.
A multipackage formulation has been developed, fully miscible in acid, maximizing the performance of the scale dissolution, by effectively de-oiling and penetrating the organic coating layer build-up on calcium carbonate and iron sulfide scales in shorter soaking periods. This novel formulation cleans spontaneously by diffusion, breaking and solubilizing the organic deposits and providing the following additional benefits: Water-wets the surfaces (near-wellbore area, downhole equipment, tubing, and flowlines), including paraffin particles, preventing the re-agglomeration further down in the system.Improves formation oil mobility by reducing the capillary pressure in the formation.Prevents emulsion creation and acid sludge formation during acid jobs as formulation is fully miscible in acid.
The work in this paper studies the effect of this novel chemistry when it is used in acid jobs, and presents case history information on testing, chemical application, and subsequent field results across the Permian Basin in unconventional production.