bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bronchospasm
Authors: LaGrew Joseph , Chadwick Adam , Gonzalez Sandra , Mehta Sonia 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Bronchospasm is a relatively common occurrence in the perioperative period with estimates as high as 20% in high-risk patients. Consideration of relative risk, disease severity and control, and examination and presentation on the day of surgery must be balanced with the response to short-acting beta agonists immediately before surgery and the need for surgery. Risk factors for bronchospasm are primarily modifiable and include poorly controlled or undiagnosed asthma, poorly controlled chronic bronchitis, smoking or second-hand smoke exposure, current or recent upper respiratory tract infection, gastroesophageal reflux disease, insufficient depth of anesthesia, and with endotracheal intubation, thoracic or abdominal surgeries. As inflammation and bronchoconstriction worsen, air trapping occurs, leading to rising airway pressures. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction can help to compensate initially, but increasing inflammation may obliterate this response. Intravenous epinephrine in low doses helps to stabilize mast cells, preventing further inflammation, and acts as a bronchodilator. Epinephrine is the treatment of choice in bronchospasm with inadequate ventilation in addition to positive pressure ventilation with appropriate expiratory time. After successful treatment, identifying the underlying etiology of bronchospasm is helpful in preventing future episodes.
Foreign Bodies in the Airway and Esophagus
Authors: Moore Lauren , Wester Tracy , Ellis Alison 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Foreign body removal is a common emergency managed by the anesthesiologist, especially in pediatrics. Foreign bodies of the airway or esophagus occur purposefully or accidentally. In the pediatric population, children have a tendency to immediately place any accessible objects in their mouths. Foreign bodies in the airway are risk factors for obstruction given the smaller size of pediatric airways and can cause a localized inflammatory reaction, making them harder to remove with the passage of time. Large foreign bodies in the esophagus can impinge upon the trachea and cause stridor, retching, or anorexia. While foreign body aspiration is less common in adults, it remains an urgent concern because of airway reactions to the foreign body and concern for postobstructive pneumonia. Anesthesiologists manipulate airways daily and therefore the risk of losing a tooth into the airway or esophagus is ever present in patients.
Laryngospasm
Authors: LaGrew Joseph , Chadwick Adam , Gonzalez Sandra , Mehta Sonia 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Laryngospasm has an estimated incidence of 0.78% and is found in higher proportions in the pediatric and neonatal populations, with certain types of surgeries and medical comorbidities. Infants, children, and those undergoing oropharyngeal, esophageal, and airway surgeries as well as hypospadias repair are associated with increased risk of laryngospasm. Non modifiable risk factors include obesity with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), recent or active upper respiratory tract infection (URI), passive cigarette smoke exposure, airway manipulation, volatile anesthetics, depth of anesthesia, use of supraglottic airway, and supraglottic secretions, blood, and tumors/masses. Effective screening and balancing the need for surgery against the risk of laryngospasm is critical to preoperative assessment. Treatment focuses on inhibiting the glottic reflex by removing stimulation, providing stimulation of afferent relaxation of the cords, deepening anesthesia, or paralyzing the patient. While other methods may effectively treat laryngospasm, paralysis is the definitive treatment for laryngospasm for a patient refractory to other methods or who is in extremis. Identifying the underlying cause is critical once ventilation is restored to prevent recurrence.
Arrhythmias
Authors: Francis Loren R. , Nelson Eric W. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Arrhythmias are a common perioperative complication. How a patient tolerates an arrhythmia depends on the heart rate, how long the arrhythmia lasts, and if the patient has coexisting cardiac disease. Arrhythmias may present as a previously known comorbidity or as a new condition. They may be the result of inadequate anesthesia, a surgical cause, or a myocardial abnormality. Some arrhythmias, such as certain bradycardias, heart block, and atrial arrhythmias, do not require immediate treatment if the patient is hemodynamically stable. On the other hand, there are arrhythmias that cause hemodynamic instability and require urgent intervention with medication, electrical and mechanical support, or advanced cardiac life support (ACLS). It is important as an anesthesiologist to quickly diagnose, identify the cause, and treat any arrhythmia that may occur during the perioperative period. Patients with internal pacemakers and/or defibrillators should be allotted special consideration. If there is concern for electromagnetic interference during the procedure (such as monopolar cautery above the umbilicus), the pacemaker should be placed in an asynchronous mode to avoid undersensing and the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator should be disabled to prevent oversensing.
Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA) and Asystole
Authors: Sotillo Claudia , Mohamed Basma 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Cardiac arrest in the perioperative setting is caused by multiple etiologies and pathologies that are different from the non-perioperative setting. Cardiac arrest in the operating room is unique in that it is witnessed by providers who are familiar with the patient’s comorbidities, the event is usually preceded by hemodynamic instability, and the underlying etiology can be rapidly identified. Early identification of patients in crisis can prevent further progression to cardiac arrest and preclude the initiation of advanced cardiac life support. In turn, this directly affects prognosis by allowing the anesthesiology team to provide focused, etiology-based resuscitative efforts and early mobilization of advanced levels of care. Causes of cardiac arrest in the perioperative setting are quite different compared to out-of-hospital or in-hospital arrest. Cardiac causes can be related to anesthetic sympatholytic effects, vagotonic effects of surgical manipulation, severe hypovolemia in bleeding patients, or blockade of cardiac accelerator fibers associated with neuraxial anesthesia. Respiratory causes of cardiac arrest can be related to hypoxia that is associated with difficult airway management or bronchospasm. As a result, management of cardiac arrest in the perioperative setting should focus on certain differentials related to the anesthetic and surgical causes of arrest. This chapter will focus on the common causes of pulseless electrical activity (PEA)/asystole in the perioperative period and will provide the anesthesiology team with a step-by-step guide to help predict, prevent, and manage PEA/asystole in these patients.
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Authors: Wendling Adam , Lopez Brandon 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a devastating condition that develops during pregnancy, delivery, or shortly thereafter. Incidence varies by inclusion criteria from as low as &lt;2 out of 100,000 pregnancies to as high as 1 out of 8000 with a mortality rate from 10% to 60% depending on inclusion criteria and initial presentation. Of those that survive, as many as 85% suffer severe disability. Pathophysiology of the condition remains largely unknown. Risk factors for AFE are nonspecific and do not warrant an alteration of routine obstetric management for this rare condition. AFE classically presents with severe hemodynamic instability or cardiac arrest, severe respiratory distress, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or seizures or coma not otherwise explained. Treatment is largely supportive. Recent large registries are providing insight into common factors in parturients who suffer AFE. Promising future treatment strategies could include C1 esterase inhibitor concentrates, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and cardiopulmonary bypass.
The Style and Spirit of Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Douaihy Antoine , Gold Melanie A. , Gutman Gail , Romo Dina 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
As trainees, we have good intentions and we want to help our patients make healthy choices. The spirit of Motivational Interviewing (MI) calls for practitioners to recognize the critical elements of autonomy and self-determination in their relationships with patients. This chapter focuses on the differences in styles of communicating (i.e., directing, following, and guiding). The guiding approach is discussed herein as the primary method for conducting MI. The guiding style calls for a collaboration with the patient, whereby the practitioner exhibits acceptance and accurate empathy for the patient. Such an environment provides a valuable opportunity for practitioners to evoke patients’ own priorities and their associated thoughts and feelings. The process results in the patient’s ability to resolve ambivalence and adopt behaviors consistent with healthful outcomes. A personal reflection is offered by one of the authors, describing how she developed the spirit of MI and how it helps her in relating to patients.
Motivational Interviewing, Cardiovascular Health, and Diabetes Care
Authors: Salahuddin Daniel , Davis Esa Matius 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) contribute to a significant degree of morbidity and mortality in our society. This chapter reviews the application of Motivational Interviewing (MI) in primary care settings, with a specific focus on diabetes management and primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of CVD. MI is well suited to addressing these conditions as they can be effectively treated with lifestyle and behavior modification. We provide a review of the literature on MI in medical settings. We also present an overview of MI strategies that are useful to prepare medical trainees for engaging with patients. These interventions increase patients’ intrinsic motivation to improve self-management of their health and optimize their overall health outcomes. We present case vignettes of using MI strategies to address common but complex primary care conditions. A personal reflection is offered by one of the authors who discusses the importance of “being MI” rather than “doing MI.”
Integrating Community Psychiatry and Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Morra Joshua T. , Cohen Daniel , Armstead Melinda , Douaihy Antoine 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Concerns around medication adherence, substance use, and other behavioral determinants of patient health are commonplace in community psychiatry. Patients seen in outpatient community treatment programs often experience multiple behavioral comorbidities, and effective care often requires an engaged and collaborative treatment relationship. Motivational Interviewing (MI) can be an ideal fit as it assists a largely disempowered patient population to identify their strengths and aspirations and promotes autonomy around decision-making. The need for MI with its core skillset and strategies in community psychiatry seems clear. There is just one problem: community systems of care are not structured with this approach in mind. In this chapter, we introduce a novel framework for understanding the natural synergies and dissonances of “motivational psychiatry.” We offer an account of what well-integrated community practice can look like. We also review the higher order skillsets needed to mitigate the logistical and philosophical tensions that emerge when MI becomes a way of practice.
Motivational Interviewing in Pediatric Settings
Authors: Blackburn Katelin , Burke Pamela 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Pediatric settings generally provide health care to children from birth to age 21 years, typically in an alliance with their parent(s). Motivational Interviewing (MI) has been widely used with adults and adolescents; however, its use with school age children has been less well studied. In order to provide a context for when MI may be appropriate for use with children at various developmental stages, we present a summary of relevant cognitive, verbal, and social-emotional milestones. We also provide examples of integrating MI use with parents and children at all levels, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Threaded throughout this chapter are examples of the “spirit” of MI in action and applications of core MI skills, including OARS or open-ended questions, affirmations, reflections, and summaries, in the context of the MI processes, which involves engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning.
Cryptococcus neoformans requires the TVF1 gene for thermotolerance and virulence
Authors: Ueno Keigo , Nagamori Akiko , Honkyu Nahoko Oniyama , Kataoka Michiyo , Shimizu Kiminori , Chang Yun C , Kwon-Chung Kyung J , Miyazaki Yoshitsugu 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is the primary causative agent of cryptococcosis. Since C. neoformans thrives in environments and its optimal growth temperature is 25–30°C, it needs to adapt to heat stress in order to cause infection in mammalian hosts. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of an uncharacterized gene, CNAG_03308. Although the CNAG_03308 deletion strain grew as well as the parent strain KN99, it produced yeast cells with abnormal morphology at 37°C and failed to propagate at 39°C. Furthermore, the deletion strain exhibited slower growth at 37°C in the presence of congo red, which is a cell wall stressor. When cultured at 39°C, the deletion strain showed strong staining with fluorescent probes for cell wall chitin and chitosan, including FITC-labeled wheat germ agglutinin, Eosin Y, and calcofluor white. The transmission electron microscopy of the deletion strain revealed a thickened inner layer of the cell wall containing chitin and chitosan under heat stress. This cell-surface altered deletion strain induced dendritic cells to secrete more interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-23 than the control strains under heat stress. In a murine infection study, C57BL/6 mice infected with the deletion strain exhibited lower mortality and lower fungal burden in the lungs and brain compared to those infected with the control strains. Based on these findings, we concluded that CNAG_03308 gene is necessary for C. neoformans to adapt to heat stress both in vitro and in the host environment. Therefore, we designated the CNAG_03308 gene as TVF1, which stands for thermotolerance and virulence-related factor 1.
Machine learning and structure formation in modified gravity
Authors: Betts Jonathan C , van de Bruck Carsten , Arnold Christian , Li Baojiu 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
In general relativity, approximations based on the spherical collapse model such as Press–Schechter theory and its extensions are able to predict the number of objects of a certain mass in a given volume. In this paper, we use a machine learning algorithm to test whether such approximations hold in screened modified gravity theories. To this end, we train random forest classifiers on data from N-body simulations to study the formation of structures in lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) as well as screened modified gravity theories, in particular f(R) and nDGP gravity. The models are taught to distinguish structure membership in the final conditions from spherical aggregations of density field behaviour in the initial conditions. We examine the differences between machine learning models that have learned structure formation from each gravity, as well as the model that has learned from ΛCDM. We also test the generalizability of the ΛCDM model on data from f(R) and nDGP gravities of varying strengths, and therefore the generalizability of extended Press–Schechter spherical collapse to these types of modified gravity.
Machine learning uncovers the universe’s hidden gems: A comprehensive catalogue of C iv absorption lines in SDSS DR12
Authors: Monadi Reza , Ho Ming-Feng , Cooksey Kathy L , Bird Simeon 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
We assemble the largest C iv absorption line catalogue to date, leveraging machine learning, specifically Gaussian processes, to remove the need for visual inspection for detecting C iv absorbers. The catalogue contains probabilities classifying the reliability of the absorption system within a quasar spectrum. Our training set was a sub-sample of DR7 spectra that had no detectable C iv absorption in a large visually inspected catalogue. We used Bayesian model selection to decide between our continuum model and our absorption-line models. Using a random hold-out sample of 1301 spectra from all of the 26 030 investigated spectra in DR7 C iv catalogue, we validated our pipeline and obtained an 87 per cent classification performance score. We found good purity and completeness values, both $\sim 80{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, when a probability of $\sim 95{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ is used as the threshold. Our pipeline obtained similar C iv redshifts and rest equivalent widths to our training set. Applying our algorithm to 185 425 selected quasar spectra from SDSS DR12, we produce a catalogue of 113 775 C iv doublets with at least 95 per cent confidence. Our catalogue provides maximum a posteriori values and credible intervals for C iv redshift, column density, and Doppler velocity dispersion. We detect C iv absorption systems with a redshift range of 1.37–5.1, including 33 systems with a redshift larger than 5 and 549 absorbers systems with a rest equivalent width greater than 2 Å at more than 95 per cent confidence. Our catalogue can be used to investigate the physical properties of the circumgalactic and intergalactic media.
Internal kinematics of dwarf satellites of MW/M31-like galaxies in TNG50
Authors: Martínez-García Alberto Manuel , del Pino Andrés , Łokas Ewa L , van der Marel Roeland P , Aparicio Antonio 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
We present a kinematic study of a thousand of dwarf satellites of MW/M31-like hosts from the IllustrisTNG50 simulation. Internal kinematics were derived for all the snapshots to obtain a historical record of their rotation velocity in the plane of the sky (|VT|) and the amplitude of their velocity gradients along the line of sight ($A_{\rm grad}^{v_z}$) measured from the host. For the majority of the satellites, we initially detected rotation in the plane of the sky (65 per cent) or velocity gradients (80 per cent), and this was progressively reduced to 45 per cent and 68 per cent at z = 0, respectively. We find that the evolution of the rotation in the plane of the sky and the velocity gradients differs according to type of dwarfs, which could be explained in terms of their different masses and orbital histories. We observe that interaction with the host has an impact on the evolution of the internal kinematics of the satellites. The rotation signal of the satellites is progressively reduced during pericentric passages, the first pericentre being especially disruptive for the initial kinematics. We observe temporary increases in $A_{\rm grad}^{v_z}$ during pericentric passage caused by tidal interaction with the host, $A_{\rm grad}^{v_z}$ increasing as the satellites approach their pericentre and dropping as they move away. In summary, we conclude that the presence of detectable rotation in dwarf satellites is not uncommon, and that the evolution of their internal kinematics is clearly affected by their interaction with the host.
Exotic image formation in strong gravitational lensing by clusters of galaxies – IV. Elliptical NFW lenses and hyperbolic umbilics
Authors: Meena Ashish Kumar , Bagla Jasjeet Singh 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
A source lying near a hyperbolic umbilic (HU) singularity leads to a ring-like image formation, constituting four images with high magnification factors and lying in a small region of the lens plane. Since (based on our earlier work) the observed number of HU image formations in cluster lenses is expected to increase in the future, it is timely to investigate them in more detail. Like fold and cusp singularities, HU also satisfies the magnification relation, i.e. the signed magnification sum of the four images equals zero. This work presents a detailed study of the HU magnification relation (Rhu) considering the elliptical Navarro–Frenk–White (eNFW) lens profile suitable for cluster scale dark matter haloes. Our results show that for an isolated eNFW lens, Rhu is more sensitive to ellipticity than its mass or concentration parameter. An ellipticity greater than 0.3 results in Rhu lying close to zero with a small scatter around it. A substructure near the HU image formation causes the average Rhu value to deviate from zero and increases the scatter, with the amount of deviation depending on the image type near which the substructure lies. However, a population of substructures in the lens plane (equivalent to the galaxies inside the cluster) does not significantly shift the average Rhu value from zero but increases the scatter around it. We find that Rhu ≃ 0 for HU image formation in the Abell 1703 cluster. Repeating this test in other clusters with HU formations can be a useful indicator of substructure in cluster haloes.
“Here I Stand I Can Do No Other”: Martin Luther in German and American Biopics
Authors: Wipfler Esther P. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The famous Protestant leader in history, Martin Luther (1483–1546), has been represented in film since 1911. Though standing at the end of an iconographical tradition that goes back to Luther’s lifetime, his portrayal in feature films has been anything but uniform. As this chapter shows, his on-screen story has had several mythmaking purposes that have served the ideological projects of different nations. Luther films have always been—apart from some exceptions at the very beginning of the history of the genre—ambitious undertakings. As far as we know, all the initiators of these movies sympathized with the protagonist and his issues, and so for them, the historical figure required a form on film adequate to his status as a national myth in Germany or a church founder in America.
Protestant Ambivalence Toward Allegory in Wim Wenders’s The Scarlet Letter
Authors: Redling Erik 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter picks up on the idea that European auteurs experiment with cinematic styles in reaction against Hollywood’s mainstream films and shows how Wim Wenders, who shares with Luther and other reformers a Protestant skepticism toward allegory, tends to use a plain style of camera work in his film adaptation of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, Der Scharlachrote Buchstabe (1973). Wenders’s adaptation counters the dominant allegorical mode found in earlier Scarlet Letter movies such as the critically well-regarded 1926 American silent film. As the chapter points out, however, Wenders is at the same time drawn toward the allegorical mode, as he intends to shift his movie from a mere literal meaning to a transliteral dimension of meaning.
“Where Were You?” The Problem of Evil in Terrence Malick’s The Tree of Life
Authors: Scott Mark S. M. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that Terrence Malick’s acclaimed art film The Tree of Life (2011) explores the mystery of evil through biblical symbolism, particularly from the Book of Job. Through an experimental narrative, viewers witness a midwestern family face loss and the crises of faith it engenders. Malick’s own youngest brother, Lawrence, a gifted guitarist, committed suicide, so the film, which wrestles with the loss of a brother and son, functions both as a semi-autobiographical artistic tribute to him and as a profound theological meditation on the meaning of suffering. The chapter argues that the poetic imagery and reflective voice-overs—Malick’s stylistic signatures—contribute to his aesthetic exploration of theodicy.