bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Culture Studies of the Devils River Minnow
Authors: Gibson J R , Fries J N 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Requirements for indoor culture of the threatened Devils River minnow Dionda diaboli were developed and refined. Spawning over gravel previously occurred in experimental systems with a riffle area under a compressed seasonal cycle (temperature and photoperiod). Subsequently, spawning occurred without the riffle area and seasonal cycle. Given only gravel (15- 25 mm) and rock (40–80 mm) as spawning substrate, more eggs were found in the gravel (Mann-Whitney tests, P &lt; 0.001). Additionally, pairwise breeding was achieved in both wild-stock and first-generation fish; average survival from egg to fry was improved from about 25% to 45%; a growth curve was developed, in which fish averaging 7 mm total length (TL) grew to an average of 35 mm TL in 192 d; growth rate was noted to decline as culture density increased (nonlinear regression, P &lt; 0.001). Sexually dimorphic characteristics (yellow fins, blue body coloration, and nuptial tuberculation) and aspects of spawning behavior (substrate necessity, territoriality, and mating) are discussed.
Efficacy of Common Disinfectants against Mycobacterium marinum
Authors: Mainous Mary E. , Smith Stephen A. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Mycobacteriosis is an important bacterial disease of freshwater, brackish-water, and marine fishes. In addition to affecting many species of wild and cultured fish, the aquatic mycobacterial species present a potentially important zoonotic risk to humans. Reduction or elimination of the causative pathogen from an aquarium or aquaculture facility is therefore paramount. This study examined a variety of commercially available disinfectants for their efficacy in reducing or eliminating Mycobacterium marinum. In this study, ethyl alcohol (50% and 70%), benzyl-4-chlorophenol/phenylphenol (1%), and sodium chlorite (mixed as 1:5:1 or 1:18:1 [base : water : activator]) were the most effective disinfectants evaluated; each reduced or eliminated the number of detectable M. marinum within 1 min of contact time. Sodium hypochlorite (50,000 mg/L) was moderately effective but required a minimum contact time of 10 min to reduce bacterial counts. Ethyl alcohol (30%), N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (1:256; two formulations), and potassium peroxymonosulfate– sodium chloride (1%) did not substantially reduce bacterial counts even after 60 min of contact time.
Sexual dimorphism of cusp dimensions in human maxillary molars
Authors: Kondo Shintaro , Townsend Grant C. , Yamada Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCusp dimensions of human maxillary molars were compared between males and females to determine whether the later‐developed, distal cusps displayed greater sexual dimorphism than the earlier‐developed, mesial cusps, and whether the later‐forming second molar displayed greater sexual dimorphism than the first molar. First and second permanent molar crowns (M1 and M2) were measured indirectly, using dental casts obtained from 117 Japanese (65 males and 52 females). Measurements included maximum mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters and the diameters of the four main cusps: the paracone, protocone, metacone, and hypocone. Mean values of crown dimensions were larger in males than in females for both M1 and M2, but the sexual difference in protocone diameter of M1 was not significant. The protocone in M1 showed the least amount of sexual dimorphism, followed by the metacone, hypocone, and paracone, while in M2, the percentage sexual dimorphism corresponded to the order of cusp formation: paracone, protocone, metacone, and hypocone. With the exception of the paracone diameter, M2 showed greater sexual dimorphism than M1. Sexual dimorphism was not always greater in the later‐developed, distal cusps of M1 or M2, but the protocone, the most important cusp in terms of occlusal function, displayed the least dimorphism in M1. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphometric analysis of lumbar vertebrae in extinct Malagasy strepsirrhines
Authors: Shapiro Liza J. , Seiffert Cornelia V.M. , Godfrey Laurie R. , Jungers William L. , Simons Elywn L. , Randria Gisèle F.N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrevious research on subfossil lemurs has revealed much about the positional behavior of these extinct strepsirrhines, but a thorough quantitative analysis of their vertebral form and function has not been performed. In this study, 156 lumbar vertebrae of Pachylemur, Archaeolemur, Megaladapis, Mesopropithecus, Babakotia, and Palaeopropithecus (11 species in all) were compared to those of 26 species of extant strepsirrhines and haplorhines. Lumbar shape was compared among species, using a principal components analysis (PCA) in conjunction with selected vertebral indices. The first principal component revealed strong separation between Palaeopropithecus at one extreme, and Archaeolemur/Pachylemur at the other, with Babakotia, Mesopropithecus, and Megaladapis in an intermediate position. Palaeopropithecus has markedly shorter spinous processes and wider laminae than do the other subfossil taxa, consistent with sloth‐like, inverted suspensory postures. The moderately reduced lumbar spinous processes of Babakotia, Mesopropithecus, and Megaladapis are convergent with those of lorisids and Pongo, reflecting antipronogrady, but a less specialized adaptation than that of Palaeopropithecus. Archaeolemur and Pachylemur share relatively elongated spinous processes, in conjunction with other features (e.g., transverse process orientation and relatively short vertebral bodies) indicative of pronograde, quadrupedal locomotion characterized by reduced agility. All subfossil taxa exhibit adaptations emphasizing lumbar spinal stability (e.g., relatively short vertebral bodies, and transverse processes that are not oriented ventrally); we believe this probably reflects convergent mechanical demands connected to large body size, irrespective of specific locomotor mode. Reconstructions of positional behavior in subfossil lemurs based on lumbar vertebrae are largely consistent with those based on other aspects of the postcrania. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Derivatization chemistries for determination of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in brain microdialysis samples by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection
Authors: Yoshitake T. , Kehr J. , Todoroki K. , Nohta H. , Yamaguchi M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe present paper provides an overview on currently developed derivatization chemistries and techniques for determination of monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (5‐HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in microdialysis samples by microbore liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. In mild alkaline conditions, 5‐hydroxyindoles and catecholamines react with benzylamine (BA), forming highly fluorescent 2‐phenyl‐4,5‐pyrrolobenzoxazoles and 2‐phenyl(4,5‐dihydropyrrolo) [2,3‐f]benzoxazoles, respectively. However, for derivatization of DA a higher fluorescence intensity was achieved for reaction with 1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine (DPE) rather than with BA, therefore for simultaneous determination of 5‐HT, NE and DA in brain microdialysates, a two‐step derivatization with BA followed by DPE was developed. The detection limits for 5‐HT, NE and DA were 0.2, 0.08 and 0.13 fmol, respectively, in an injection volume of 20 µL, which corresponds to concentrations of 30, 12 and 19.5 pm, respectively in standard solution prior to derivatization. The experimental data presented demonstrate the ability of the technique to simultaneously monitor neuronally releasable pools of monoamine neurotransmitters in the rat and mouse brains at basal conditions and following pharmacological treatments or physiological stimuli. These techniques play an important role in drug discovery and clinical investigation of psychiatric and neurological diseases such as depression, schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Osteoporosis and rate of bone loss among postmenopausal survivors of breast cancer
Authors: Chen Zhao , Maricic Michael , Pettinger Mary , Ritenbaugh Cheryl , Lopez Ana Maria , Barad David H. , Gass Margery , LeBoff Meryl S. , Bassford Tamsen L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDBreast cancer diagnosis and treatment may put women at higher risk for osteoporosis in later life.METHODSIn a subgroup of participants in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, authors of the current study investigated differences in bone mineral density (BMD, measured by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry) between breast cancer survivors (n = 209) and a noncancer reference group (n = 5759).RESULTSIn comparison to the reference group, breast cancer survivors had significantly lower total body BMD value (0.989 vs. 1.013 g/cm2, P = 0.001) and total hip BMD value (0.823 vs. 0.845 g/cm2, P = 0.02) at baseline after adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, years since menopause, and clinical center. These lower BMD levels were largely explained by lower usage of hormone therapy (HT) among survivors: after additional statistical adjustment for HT, hip BMD values were 0.834 versus 0.844 g/cm2 (P = 0.26), and total body values were 1.005 versus 1.013 g/cm2 (P = 0.33) for survivors and reference women, respectively. More than 77% of survivors with osteoporosis were undiagnosed by their healthcare providers, and this was similar to the undiagnosed rate in the reference group (85.7%). Longitudinally, breast cancer survivors in this study did not demonstrate an accelerated rate of bone loss compared with the reference population.CONCLUSIONSAssociated with lower HT usage, postmenopausal survivors of breast cancer were more likely to have low BMD in comparison to other women of the same age; and many of these survivors with osteoporosis were undiagnosed. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Pigment cell distributions in different tissues of the zebrafish, with special reference to the striped pigment pattern
Authors: Hirata Masashi , Nakamura Kei‐Ichiro , Kondo Shigeru 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe orderly pigment pattern of zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a good model system for studying how spatial patterns form in animals. Recent molecular genetic studies have shown that interactions between the pigment cells play major roles in pattern formation. In the present study, we performed comparative transmission electron microscopy of pigment cells, in order to clarify the structural interactions of pigment cells in tissues with and without a striped pattern. In patterned tissues, pigment cells were distributed as a one‐cell‐thick sheet. The layer order of the sheets is always kept strictly. In tissues without a striped pattern, the layer order was often disturbed or the cells were distributed in a scattered, double‐sheeted, or an accumulated pile. Our observations suggest that the underlying mechanism that controls the vertical order of the pigment cells is related to that controlling the stripe pattern. Developmental Dynamics 234:293–300, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuropilin‐1a is involved in trunk motor axon outgrowth in embryonic zebrafish
Authors: Feldner Julia , Becker Thomas , Goishi Katsutoshi , Schweitzer Jörn , Lee Percy , Schachner Melitta , Klagsbrun Michael , Becker Catherina G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNeuropilin‐1, a receptor for axon‐repellent semaphorins and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), functions both in angiogenesis and axon growth. Here, we show strong expression of neuropilin‐1a in primary motor neurons in the trunk of embryonic zebrafish. Reducing the expression of neuropilin‐1a using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides induced aberrant branching of motor nerves, additional exit points of motor nerves from the spinal cord, and migration of neurons out of the spinal cord along the motor axon pathway in a dose‐dependent manner. These phenotypes could be partially rescued by coinjecting neuropilin‐1a mRNA. Other axons in the spinal cord and head appeared unaffected by the morpholino treatment. In addition, neuropilin‐1a morpholino treatment disturbed normal formation of blood vessels in the trunk of 24 hours postfertilization embryos, as shown by microangiography. Morpholinos to VEGF also disturbed formation of blood vessels but did not affect motor axons, indicating that correct formation of blood vessels is not needed for the growth of primary motor axons. Morpholinos to the semaphorin 3A homologs semaphorin 3A1 and semaphorin 3A2 also had no effect on motor axon growth. However, combined injections of neuropilin‐1a morpholino, at a concentration that did not elicit axonal aberrations when injected alone, with VEGF, semaphorin 3A1, or semaphorin 3A2 morpholinos synergistically increased the proportion of embryos showing aberrant motor axon growth. Thus, neuropilin‐1a in primary motor neurons may integrate signals from several ligands and is needed for proper segmental growth of primary motor nerves in zebrafish. Developmental Dynamics 234:535–549, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantum dots are powerful multipurpose vital labeling agents in zebrafish embryos
Authors: Rieger Sandra , Kulkarni Rajan P. , Darcy Dan , Fraser Scott E. , Köster Reinhard W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecently, inorganic fluorescent contrast agents composed of semiconductor materials have been introduced to biological imaging approaches. These so‐called quantum dots provide unique and promising properties unreached by organic fluorophores, but their use as contrast agents within live organisms has been limited, probably due in part to concerns about their in vivo tolerance. Using transparent zebrafish embryos, we challenged quantum dots with a series of intravital imaging problems. We show that quantum dots provide a high fluorescent yield within targeted tissues, possess immense photostability, can be targeted to specific subcellular compartments, remain within targeted cells as lineage tracers, are easily separable from conventional organic fluorescent dyes, and are fixable, allowing them to be used in combination with immunohistochemistry after live recordings. Thus, quantum dots combine the specific advantages of different organic fluorescent contrast agents and promise to become the first fluorophore feasible for long‐lasting intravital time‐lapse studies. Finally, we show by colabeling blood vessels of the vasculature and major axon tracts of the nervous system that, for establishing these networks, the same guidance cues might be used in some body parts, whereas in others, both networks appear to develop independently from one another. Thus, the bright fluorescence of quantum dots will help to unravel many open questions in the fields of embryology, cell biology, as well as phenotyping and disease diagnosis. Developmental Dynamics 234:670–681, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tenascin‐C is involved in motor axon outgrowth in the trunk of developing zebrafish
Authors: Schweitzer Jörn , Becker Thomas , Lefebvre Julie , Granato Michael , Schachner Melitta , Becker Catherina G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMotor axons in the trunk of the developing zebrafish exit from the ventral spinal cord in one ventral root per hemisegment and grow on a common path toward the region of the horizontal myoseptum, where they select their specific pathways. Tenascin‐C, a component of the extracellular matrix, is concentrated in this choice region. Adaxial cells and other myotomal cells express tenascin‐C mRNA, suggesting that these cells are the source of tenascin‐C protein. Overexpressing an axon repellent fragment containing the cysteine‐rich region and the epidermal growth factor‐like repeats of tenascin‐C led to retarded growth of ventral motor nerves between their spinal exit point and the horizontal myoseptum. Injection of a protein fragment containing the same part of tenascin‐C also induced slower growth of motor nerves. Conversely, knock down of tenascin‐C protein resulted in abnormal lateral branching of ventral motor nerves. In the zebrafish unplugged mutant, in which axons display pathfinding defects in the region of the horizontal myoseptum, tenascin‐C immunoreactivity was not detectable in this region, indicating an abnormal extracellular matrix in unplugged. We conclude that tenascin‐C is part of a specialized extracellular matrix in the region of the horizontal myoseptum that influences the growth of motor axons. Developmental Dynamics 234:550–566, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway plays multiple roles during gastrointestinal tract development
Authors: De Santa Barbara Pascal , Williams Jerrell , Goldstein Allan M. , Doyle Adele M. , Nielsen Corinne , Winfield Sarah , Faure Sandrine , Roberts Drucilla J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway plays an essential role during gastrointestinal (GI) tract development in vertebrates. In the present study, we use an antibody that recognizes the phosphorylated and activated form of Smad1, 5, and 8 to examine (by immunohistochemistry) the endogenous patterns of BMP signaling pathway activation in the developing GI tract. We show that the endogenous BMP signaling pathway is activated in the mesoderm, the endoderm, and the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the developing chick GI tract and is more widespread than BMP ligand expression patterns. Using an avian‐specific retroviral misexpression technique to activate or inhibit BMP signaling pathway activity in the mesoderm of the gut, we show that BMP activity is required for the pattern, the development, and the differentiation of all three tissue types of the gut: mesoderm (that forms the visceral smooth muscle), endoderm (that forms the epithelium), and ectoderm (that forms the ENS). These results demonstrate that BMP signaling is activated in all the tissue layers of the GI tract during the development and plays a role during interactions and reciprocal communications of these tissue layers. Developmental Dynamics 234:312–322, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel amplicons on the short arm of chromosome 7 identified using high resolution array CGH contain over expressed genes in addition to EGFR in glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Rossi Michael R. , La Duca Jeffrey , Matsui Sei‐Ichi , Nowak Norma J. , Hawthorn Lesleyann , Cowell John K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAmplification of a defined chromosome segment on the short arm of chromosome 7 has frequently been reported in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), where it is generally assumed that it is the result of over expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene that provides the selective pressure to maintain the amplification event. We have used high resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to analyze amplification events on chromosome 7p in GBM, which demonstrates that, in fact, several other regions distinct from EGFR can be amplified. To determine the changes in gene expression levels associated with these amplification events, we used oligonucleotide expression arrays to investigate which of the genes in the amplified regions were also over expressed. These analyses demonstrated that not all genes in the amplicons showed increased expression, and we have defined a series of over expressed genes on 7p that could potentially contribute to the development of the malignant phenotype in these tumors. The global analysis of amplification afforded by aCGH analysis has improved our ability to define numerical chromosome abnormalities in cancer cells and has raised the possibility that genes other than EGFR may be important. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The in vitro growth and activity of sheep osteoblasts on three‐dimensional scaffolds from poly(L/DL‐lactide) 80/20%
Authors: Gugala Zbigniew , Gogolewski Sylwester 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCritical‐size bone defects usually require the use of autogenous bone grafts to heal. Harvesting of bone is traumatic, and results in high morbidity of donor site. A potential alternative to bone graft may be a bone substitute with adequate biocompatibility and biological properties produced from ceramics and/or bioresorbable or biodegradable polymers. In the present study, sheep osteoblasts isolated from cancellous bone chips were seeded and cultured for 1, 2, and 3 weeks on porous poly(L/DL‐lactide) 80/20% scaffolds. The cell morphology was assessed from rhodamine staining and scanning electron microscopy, cell growth, and activity from the measurements of DNA, alkaline phosphatase activity, and total protein amount in the cell lysate, and mineral deposits from EDAX and van Kossa staining. The cells attached firmly to the scaffold walls, grew deeply into the pores, and exhibited morphology typical of osteoblasts. Mineralized noduli with a Ca/P ratio of 1.4 to 1.8 found in the scaffold indicated that the cells had maintained their osteoblastic phenotype. The amount of DNA, alkaline phosphatase activity, and the total amount of proteins increased with time of culturing, although at 3 weeks the cells did not yet reach the contact inhibition. These results demonstrate that three‐dimensional porous poly(L/DL‐lactide) 80/20% scaffolds provide a suitable substrate for the attachment and growth of primary osteoblasts, and might potentially be used as bone defect fillers and in the design of tissue‐engineered bone substitutes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Multidifferentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells in three‐dimensional collagen gel cultures
Authors: Yoneno Kiyoshi , Ohno Shigeru , Tanimoto Kotaro , Honda Kobun , Tanaka Nobuaki , Doi Takeyoshi , Kawata Toshitsugu , Tanaka Eiji , Kapila Sunil , Tanne Kazuo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a great therapeutic potential resulting from their ability to differentiate into multiple tissues when cultured under specific conditions. However, it has not been clearly demonstrated whether or not MSCs exhibit a multidifferentiation potential in three‐dimensional collagen gel cultures. This study was conducted to explore the multidifferentiation potential of MSCs cultured in three‐dimensional collagen gels. Human MSCs were cultured in 0.3% collagen gel for 20 days in chondrogenic differentiation medium (CDM), and for 14 days in osteogenic differentiation medium (ODM). Increases in GAG deposits, intensity of toluidine blue staining, and mRNA expressions of chondrogenic markers (type II collagen and type X collagen) were found in human MSCs cultured in the collagen gel maintained in CDM. Positive staining for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red, and increases in mRNA expressions of osteogenic markers (type I collagen, bone sialoprotein and ALP) were noted in the MSCs maintained in ODM. These findings emphasize that human MSCs have an ability to differentiate into both bone and cartilaginous tissues in three‐dimensional collagen gel cultures, indicating potential clinical applications of MSC transplant therapy with collagen gel as a scaffold for bone or cartilage regeneration in complicated tissue defects. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005