bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Analysis of a Simple Hyperbolic Metamaterial Wave Splitter
Authors: Zhao Xiangfeng , Huang Hui 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Wave splitter for TE and TM wave is critical components in the integrated optics. Current technologies mainly rely on two types of designs to separate TE and TM waves: directional coupler type and branch type, but these designs are generally complex. By exploring the transmission behavior of the waves in the hyperbolic metamaterial and the distinct dispersion relationships of TE and TM waves in these materials, we have designed a wave splitter with a simple structure. Under different parameter conditions, we can get the pure TE wave or pure TM wave in the transmission region. Furthermore, if the specific condition is satisfied, we can even get the pure TE wave in the reflection or transmission region and the pure TM wave in the other region at the same time. All theoretical analysis results have been verified by using COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software.
Research on 3D Equipment Modeling Technology of 500 KV Substation
Authors: Tong Donghui , Zhang Lisha , Jin Honghan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A three-dimensional simulation system for a flexible wire layout of a 500 KV substation is developed by using a hierarchical design method in this work. Firstly, the scenario model and device model for the 500 KV substation are established as the physical models. Then, the data model, flexible wire mathematical model, and connection model are established to form the rule models for the 500 KV substation. Finally, the three-dimensional simulation diagram of the 500 KV substation soft wire layout is generated by system integration. The system can quickly and accurately generate the three-dimensional simulation drawing of 500 KV substation soft wire by only seven structural parameter setting modules, achieving the purpose of programmable design. The simulation system software is proved to be feasible and correct by the data of several 500 KV substations.
Modeling of nonlinear characteristics of switched reluctance motor based on optimized RBF neuron network
Authors: Li Yiqian , Ma Qishuang , Xu Ping 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The strong nonlinearity of switched reluctance motor (SRM) makes it difficult to establish an accurate mathematical model of its electromagnetic characteristics. In this paper, an artificial neural network modeling method is adopted to estimate the nonlinear flux linkage characteristics of a four-phase SRM. Based on the samples obtained by experimental measurement, a radial basis function neural network is trained and further optimized using the K-Means algorithm. The modeling accuracy of the optimized flux linkage model is analyzed in detail and also verified by dynamic simulation of a direct instantaneous torque control system of the motor.
Intelligent anomaly detection method for power and electricity data based on cubic exponential smoothing model
Authors: Yang Jing , Liu Kunpeng , Deng Zhidong , Zhang Mingjie , Gong Lihua 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
During the operation of the power system, abnormal electricity data are inevitably generated. How to efficiently detect and identify these abnormal data is a crucial component of power system state estimation, and it is also the foundation for the safety and stability of power system operation. Traditional anomaly detection methods only focus on specific power system characteristics, and there are problems with high computational complexity and low accuracy. To address the shortcomings of traditional methods for anomaly detection in power and electricity data, a smart anomaly detection method for power and electricity data based on a cubic exponential smoothing model is proposed. The cubic exponential smoothing model uses historical data to predict the current regional electricity consumption and then subtracts the predicted value from the true value to obtain the residual term. Finally, the DBSCAN density clustering algorithm is used to cluster the residual term, achieving the recognition of abnormal electricity data. We conduct an experimental comparison of regional electricity consumption data of a certain power grid. The results indicate that the proposed method has achieved good results in both detection rate and false alarm rate indicators in the intelligent detection of abnormal data in power and electricity consumption.
Frequency Offset Methods for Large-Scale Deployment of LoRa: A New Strategy to Reduce Data Retransmission
Authors: Nian Yongyao , Wang Haili , Zhang Junqin 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
LoRa technology, renowned for its extensive range and robust anti-interference capabilities, has emerged as a linchpin for myriad IoT applications, ranging from agricultural intelligence to smart metering. Yet, its potential for large-scale deployment remains stymied by significant packet conflict issues at the gateway, particularly pronounced in extensive networks involving thousands of endpoints. Such conflicts, exacerbated during network reboots, instigate a domino effect of retransmissions, power consumption, and channel resource wastage, culminating in severely impeded communication efficiency. A pivotal challenge arises from the concurrent data uploads by numerous terminals, coupled with the restrictive uplink channel choices due to limited carrier frequencies and spreading factors. While existing solutions like phase, power, and inherent frequency offsets offer avenues for distinguishing between packet conflicts, they are riddled with practical constraints. This paper introduces a novel approach, leveraging a controlled frequency offset for LoRa symbols. Grounded in the fundamentals of LoRa demodulation, this innovative strategy promises to tackle large-scale congestion without adding system intricacy.
Detection Model of Substation Personnel Safety Protection Tools Based on Improved YOLOv5
Authors: Peng Shiyi , Liao Haoshuang , Zhong Weichun , Tong Zhipeng , Li Changdong , Qiu Zhibin 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Substation operation and maintenance personnel face the hazards of high voltage and strong current in their work. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately and promptly detect the condition of safety protection tools for these personnel. This paper proposes a detection model that enhances YOLOv5‘s substation personnel safety protection tool detection capabilities. The CBAM attention mechanism was integrated into the YOLOv5 model using this approach, while the feature fusion network PANet was replaced with the CB-BiFPN structure. Finally, DIoU was used instead of GIoU loss function to improve the convergence speed and detection accuracy of the model. Experimental results demonstrate that our improved YOLOv5 model achieves high accuracy and fast processing speed with a mean average precision (mAP) of 89.23% at 32 frames per second (FPS). Our proposed method outperforms other related object detection models such as Faster RCNN, SSD, and YOLOv5 in terms of performance metrics. This study improves safety protection tool detection accuracy and provides valuable insights for real-time safety management and control in substations.
Voltage Sag Data Generation Based on the Probabilistic Diffusion Model
Authors: Zhong Jun , Zhang Hongzhao , Hu Ziheng , Zhang Huaying , Sun Ruichen , Dong Kun , Wang Zitong , Zhao Jianfeng 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
To effectively analyze and mitigate voltage sag phenomena using deep learning techniques, a diverse and representative dataset of voltage sag events is essential. However, the available voltage sag dataset obtained from monitoring systems is often limited in quantity and lacks comprehensive coverage of various sag types. In this paper, the achievement of generating high-quality voltage sag waveforms that closely resemble real-world scenarios is accomplished by leveraging the diffusion model’s ability to capture complex data distributions. Our study focuses on modifying the diffusion model to capture the specific characteristics of voltage sag waveforms. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in generating realistic voltage sag datasets, highlighting its potential for various applications in power system analysis and planning.
Design and evaluation of EMPIX2, a 100 kfps, high dynamic range pixel detector readout ASIC for electron microscopy
Authors: Wei T. , Yang H. , Deng Z. , Xue T. , Wang X. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
EMPIX2 is a novel hybrid pixel detector readout ASIC for electron microscopy with a
maximum frame rate of 100 kfps and a very large dynamic range (5 × 105:1). It
features 128 × 128 square pixels at a pitch of 150 μm. Adaptive gain switching and
charge pump technology are applied to enhance the dynamic range. The pixels can operate in two
modes: pulse mode and continuous mode. In pulse mode, ultra-fast gain switching enables a rapid
response to pulsed electron sources, making it highly suitable for UEM applications. In continuous
mode, the power consumption and dynamic range are optimized for STEM applications. The readout is
frame-based, and digital image data is output by 64 pairs of LVDS drivers working in DDR mode at a
clock frequency of 400 MHz. A dedicated data acquisition system was developed for the transmission
and processing of the image data. Preliminary verification of the readout chip was performed using
an on-chip calibration source.
Oxygen self-supplied nanoparticle for enhanced chemiexcited photodynamic therapy
Authors: Liang Liman , Wang Yueying , Zhang Chensa , Chang Yulu , Wang Yuzi , Xue Jinyan , Wang Lu , Zhang Fan , Niu Kui 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising strategy for effective cancer treatment. However, it still faces severe challenges, including poor laser penetration and insufficient oxygen (O2) in solid tumors. Here, we constructed intelligent O2 self-supplied nanoparticles (NPs) for tumor hypoxia relief as well as effective chemiexcited PDT. Oxygen-carrying NPs (BSA@TCPO NPs) were obtained via the self-assembly of bovine serum albumin (BSA), bis[3,4,6-trichloro2-(pentyloxycarbonyl)phenyl]oxalate (TCPO), perfluorohexane (PFH), and chlorin e6 (Ce6). In H2O2-overexpressed tumor cells, TCPO in the NPs reacted with H2O2, releasing energy to activate the photosensitizer Ce6 and generate cytotoxic singlet oxygen (1O2) to kill tumor cells in a laser irradiation-independent manner. Moreover, the O2 carried by PFH not only reduced therapeutic resistance by alleviating tumor hypoxia but also increased 1O2 generation for enhanced chemiexcited PDT. The remarkable cytotoxicity to various cancer cell lines and A549 tumors demonstrated the advantage of BTPC in alleviating the hypoxic status and inhibiting tumor growth. Our results demonstrate that BTPC is a promising nanoplatform for cancer therapy.
Generalised quantum speed limit for arbitrary time-continuous evolution
Authors: Thakuria Dimpi , Srivastav Abhay , Mohan Brij , Kumari Asmita , Pati Arun Kumar 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The quantum speed limit describes how quickly a quantum system can evolve in time from an initial state to a final state under a given dynamics. Here, we derive a generalised quantum speed limit (GQSL) for arbitrary time-continuous evolution using the geometrical approach of quantum mechanics. The GQSL is applicable for quantum systems undergoing unitary, non-unitary, completely positive, non-completely positive and relativistic quantum dynamics. This reduces to the well known standard quantum speed limit (QSL), i.e. the Mandelstam-Tamm bound when the quantum system undergoes unitary time evolution. Using our formalism, we then obtain a quantum speed limit for non-Hermitian quantum systems. To illustrate our findings, we have estimated the quantum speed limit for a time-independent non-Hermitian system as well as for a time-dependent non-Hermitian system namely the Bethe-Lamb Hamiltonian for general two-level system.
Estimating the Long-Run Cost Function of the Potato Crop in Al-Nasr and Al-Salam Sub-District for the Fall Season 2021
Authors: Alzobaee Mustafa Maged Soleman , Al-Samurai Hassan Thamir Zanzal 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The research aims to estimate the long-term cost function of the potato crop for the Fall harvest (2021), and calculate the optimal size of production, the optimal area, and the output supply function, The research relied on the cross-sectional data obtained by the researcher through the personal interview, and it included 181 farms out of 599 farms, which constitute 30.2% of the total farms in Al-Nasr and Al-Salam district, according to the statistics of the study area division, The research used Eviews 10 and Excel software to estimate the long-run cost function and represent its economic derivatives, The results showed that the optimal cost-reducing production volume is 5663.33 kg/dunum, and the average actual production volume was 5484.80 kg/dunum, The optimal area of the field is 24.35 dunums, while the average actual area was 4.06 dunums, The study showed that the lowest price that a farmer can offer his crop is 195.642 thousand dinars / ton, The results also showed that more than half of the sample farms operate according to economies of scale, The study recommends the necessity of cultivating at optimum sizes and taking advantage of economies of scale to reduce waste in costs to the least possible.
High Resolution Dynamical Downscaling of Air Temperature and Precipitation using WRF-ARW Model Over Iraq
Authors: Ahmed Raghad H. , Roomi Thaer O. , Hussain Hazim H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model to simulate precipitation variability throughout the Middle East, especially Iraq, is evaluated in this study. The Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF v 4.2.1) was used. Using a two-way nesting technique and Mercator projection, the WRF model was set up with two nested grids with high regional resolution at 30 km (WRF30km) and 10 km (WRF10km) horizontal grid spacing. From the surface to 50 hPa, both domains have 41 vertical levels. The outer domain covers the Middle East region and the smaller one covers the Iraq region. The ARW supports horizontal nesting, allowing higher resolution over a region of interest, by introducing additional grids, which is available only for horizontal refinement. The nested grids are rectangular and are aligned with the parent (coarser) grid within which they are nested. To predict many atmospheric parameters WRF-ARW model was used based on the initial conditions taken from National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) records for the period from 23 to 25 of march 2019. The study area is essentially an area bounded by longitudes 35°-55° and latitudes 29°-38° typically including the area of Iraq. The WRF-ARW model was set up on a Linux platform with a 10 km grid size in the zonal and meridional directions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the two WRF tools dynamical downscaling and nesting) at high resolution (30 and 10 km), for simulating rainfall and temperature over Iraq.
A study of the Characteristics of Wastewater on the Euphrates River in Iraq
Authors: Hussein Aasim Jasim , Al-Darraji Mustafa Nuhad , Rasheed Mohammed , Sarhan Mohammed Abdulhadi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Heavy metal toxicity and persistence are becoming major issues for people. These heavy metals mostly gather in wastewater from effluents released by different industries. The effectiveness of hazardous metal particle removal is currently just one recent trend in research; another is the efficient re-use of these particles as catalysts. The study was conducted for five sites on the Euphrates River in Anbar Governorate, western Iraq (Al Muḩammadī, Al-Khalidiya, Al-Habbaniya, Al-Saklawiya, Amirya Al-Falluja) with four stations for each site (the beginning of the estuary, after the estuary and before the estuary) and for four seasons (Summer, Autumn, Winter and Spring) from October 2021 to October 2022 to study spatial and temporal variation on the physical and chemical properties of the Euphrates River water in these locations. Sampling sites on the Euphrates River were selected based on these sites of waste, pollutants and heavy metal components that may flow into the river without environmental control. So, the study aimed at investigating the distribution of heavy metals (HMs: Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd)) in the sediments of the river for five sites in the west of Iraq. In the edge of the river (water) the Hardness, Salinity, algaes have been examined and for (sediments) the compounds (nitrite (NO2) and Sulfate (SO4)) and HMs concentration were measured too, and a qualitative study was conducted during the different seasons and sites. 79 types of algae were identified and some species prevailed in all studied sites. The quantitative study showed an increase in the number of algae species indicative of pollution in the sites in each station (the beginning, before and after the estuary), which confirms that these sites are affected by the untreated sewage pollutants thrown into the Euphrates River in those sites. The average concentrations of HMs and compounds in the sediments were as follows: SO4> NO2>Mn>Fe>Cu>Ni>Pb>Cd. The analysis showed that the pollution of cites by the HMs was as follows Al Muḩammadī, Al-Khalidiya, Al-Habbaniya, Al-Saklawiya, Amirya Al-Falluja cites concentrations are higher in sediments.
Biological and Ecological Monitoring Using Epiphytic Diatoms on Two Aquatic Plants to Estimate the Water Quality of Habbaniyah Lake, Western Iraq
Authors: Al-Anzy Dua’a Hameed Shukry , Al-Tamimi Abdul-Nasir Abdulla Mahdi , Sharqi Mohamed Musleh 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The current study was conducted in Habbaniyah Lake in Anbar Governorate - western Iraq, starting from February 2022 tol July 2022. Five sites were chosen to collect water samples and epiphytic diatoms attached to two aquatic plants, Phragmites australlis (Cav.) Trin. and Ceratophylum demsrsam L.. The current study aims to employ the quality and quantity of the epiphytic diatoms community attached to the host aquatic plants to estimate the quality of the lake water, by conducting a set of environmental indicators that included biological indicators. 102 species of Bacillariophyceae class were identified. Where 84 species were diagnosed on the Ceratophyllum, while 61 species were diagnosed on the Phragmites In the current study, a set of ecological indices was conducted to characterize the water quality of Habbaniyah Lake, which included three biological indices: the Tolerance Pollution Index (PTI), where the lake was described as moderately polluted, to record values whose averages ranged (1.65-2.35), and Trophic Diatomic Index (TDI), whose average values ranged from (55.62 - 58.72), where the lake was described as mesotrophic and Shannon Diversity Index, where the waters of Lake Habbaniyah were described as having medium biodiversity, recording average values (2.22 - 2.50). An environmental index was conducted, which is the Canadian Water Quality Index (CCME), where it recorded values that ranged from (76.59 - 78.66), where the lake water was described as of moderate (Fair) quality and often threatened or weak from time to time, and the water condition deviates from the required level. or desired.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Biofilm Association Protein (BapA) Amplicons in Salmonella spp. Isolated from Broiler (Ross 308) in Thi-Qar Province/Iraq
Authors: Gharkan Noor Hasan , Hanan Zaman Kareem , Abdulkareem Ali A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted to isolate Salmonella bacteria from broiler (Ross 308). A total of 184 fecal samples were collected from birds, showing symptoms of salmonella infection, from two different fields in Thi Qar Governorate in Al-Islah and Al-Fadhlia Districts. 30 isolates infected with Salmonella were diagnosed, by biochemical tests, API 20 E test and molecularly INVA gene. In this study, the BapA gene responsible for biofilm production was studied. Ensure its presence in isolates of broiler feces, the target piece has been amplified, to determine the effect of variations in the BapA gene on the weights and performance of the study birds, and knowing the extent to which the gene is related to the production of biofilms. The result of the nitrogen base sequencing was to obtain nine genetic mutations in the target segment of the gene, 7 of these mutations were silent mutations, it has no effect on study birds and two mutations are of the type of missense mutation, their effect was to change the amino acid code, where the first boom was in the site 130, changed the nitrogenous base from A to C, changed the amino acid from isoleucine to arginine, and change the code from ATA > CTA, led to a change in the genotype with the mutation, the birds with the CC mutant genotype, suffers from a lack of weight and weak immunity, as for the second boom in the site 571, it changed the nitrogenous base from T to C. The amino acid changes from valine to alanine, change the code from GTG > GCG, thus, mutations led to a change in genotypes, the birds with the mutant genotype were also CC, their weights were somewhat similar to the weights of the uninjured birds, the bacteria were weak or non-producing biofilms.
The Side Effect of Oil Refineries on Environment: As a mini Review
Authors: Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Jasim Dheyaa J. , Jassam Safiyya A. , Jasim Hayder M. , Ameen Hawzhen Fateh M. , Al-Robai Hazim Aziz 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Reviewing how much environmental pollution, such as air, soil, and water pollution, which in turn has an effect on the environment, is impacted by oil refineries’ hazardous and destructive emissions is the purpose of the current study. Petroleum refineries can be enormous, wide factories with a lot of pipe running throughout, transporting streams of fluids via distillation columns and other chemical processing machinery. One of the major issues with this is the conflict between the economic benefits and the need for refineries throughout the world on the one hand, and environmental concerns on the other. The most frequent gases released into the environment around refineries are, in general, sulphur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Furthermore, heavy metals including cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc are also discharged into the environment along with other compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, toluene, and phenol. In general, Living close a refinery has been demonstrated to have cumulative, long-term health effects due to hazardous fumes, chemical spills, and explosions, according to several studies. Some of the detrimental health effects include an increased risk of developing asthma, malignancies, birth defects, neurological and cardiovascular damage, breathing difficulties, and blood disorders.