bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intact‐protein based sample preparation strategies for proteome analysis in combination with mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Hong , Hanash Sam 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe complexity of tissue and cell proteomes and the vast dynamic range of protein abundance present a formidable challenge for analysis that no one analytical technique can overcome. As a result, there is a need to integrate technologies to achieve the high‐resolution and high‐sensitivity analysis of complex biological samples. The combined technologies of separation science and biological mass spectrometry (Bio‐MS) are the current workhorse in proteomics, and are continuing to evolve to meet the needs for high sensitivity and high throughput. They are relied upon for protein quantification, identification, and analysis of post‐translational modifications (PTMs). The standard technique of two dimensional poly‐acrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) offers relatively limited resolution and sensitivity for the simultaneous analysis of all cellular proteins, with only the most highly abundant proteins detectable in whole cell or tissue‐derived samples. Hence, many alternative strategies are being explored. Numerous sample preparation procedures are currently available to reduce sample complexity and to increase the detectability of low‐abundance proteins. Maintaining proteins intact during sample preparation has important advantages compared with strategies that digest proteins at an early step. These strategies include the ability to quantitate and recover proteins, and the assessment of PTMs. A review of current intact protein‐based strategies for protein sample preparation prior to mass spectrometry (MS) is presented in the context of biomedically driven applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:413–426, 2005
Proteome analysis in the study of lymphoma cells
Authors: Joubert‐Caron Raymonde , Caron Michel 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis review provides an overview on recent studies in the field of proteome analysis of lymphoma cells, and highlights the potentials of such studies for a better knowledge of drug effects at the molecular level. After giving general information on the field of proteome analysis of lymphoma cells, some characteristics of the strategies used during this analysis are pointed out, such as cell extraction strategies and affinity captures. Therefore, the issue of proteome analysis of lymphoma cells content will be covered with respect to those protein extracts that can be prepared in saline solutions, such as cytoplasm proteins, or that are associated with the cell membranes. The question of which kinds of information have been retrieved from lymphoma‐cell proteomics is discussed on the basis of several examples—lymphoma cell‐mapping studies and constitution of protein databases, and comparative proteome analysis studies of the modifications that result from a drug treatment. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:455–468, 2005
Mechanical, Chemical and Tribological Properties of the Nickel‐free High‐Nitrogen Steel X13CrMnMoN18‐14‐3 (1.4452)
Authors: Koch S. , Büscher R. , Tikhovski I. , Brauer H. , Runiewicz A. , Dudzinski W. , Fischer A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDue to the fact that the risk of Ni‐allergies are more and more important for modern therapies, the need of Ni‐free implant materials becomes increasingly vital. Beside Co‐ and Ti‐base alloys the new Ni‐free high‐Nitrogen steels might offer an attractive alternative to these expensive materials. The high‐Nitrogen and Ni‐free stainless steel X13CrMnMoN18‐4‐3 (1.4452) is investigated in the solution annealed state as to its corrosion, fatigue and sliding wear behaviour in Ringer solution. Under all test stresses this steel revealed a better behaviour as the conventional 316L‐type X2CrNiMo18‐15‐3. When compared to literature data of solution annealed Ni‐containing high‐Nitrogen steels and Ni‐free Co‐base alloys the 1.4452 shows similar bahaviour. The good fatigue behaviour is attributed to the low stacking fault energy resulting in the total absence of climbing and cross slip. The corrosion properties can be related to the amount of dissolved N. The sliding wear behaviour in a self‐mating contact benefits from both the low stacking fault energy and the characteristic corrosion mechanisms. Together with the elsewhere reported non‐cytotoxicity the steel X13CrMnMoN18‐4‐3 (1.4452) can be considered being suitable for medical applications.
Modelling of Protein‐Protein Interactions of Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2 (BMP‐2) by 3D‐Rapid Prototyping
Authors: Laub M. , Chatzinikolaidou M. , Rumpf H. , Jennissen H. P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRecently we were able to apply the technique of 3D‐Rapid Prototyping (3D‐RP) to the construction of highly accurate three‐dimensional plastic models of biomolecules [Laub, M. et al. (2001), Materialwiss. Werkstofftech. 32, 926]. These models are derived from x‐ray crystallographic data and therefore represent exact replicas of the depicted molecules. Due to their accuracy these models should be suitable for the modelling of protein‐protein‐interactions. In a first study using 3D‐Rapid Prototyping models of bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) we were able to identify a novel structural motive on the concave side of this protein which we termed anthelix since a left‐handed helix (radius ca. 0.8–1 nm, pitch 8–9 nm) can be fitted into this groove. Based on these structural findings we identified a 15mer polypeptide (KNMTPYRSPPPYVPP) from the Brookhaven database as a potential physiological ligand. Molecular docking studies using a geometric recognition approach confirmed the anthelix as a possible binding site for this peptide. However in affinity chromatography experiments no binding between BMP‐2 and the immobilized peptide was observed.As the question arose whether 3D‐Rapid Prototyping is in general suitable for modelling protein‐protein interaction we used dimeric BMP‐2 to study exemplary monomer‐dimer interaction. Molecular docking studies using the monomeric BMP‐2 subunits predicted a structure which is nearly identical to that found in dimeric BMP‐2 (root mean square deviation < 1 Å) proving the suitability of geometric docking. 3D‐RP‐BMP‐2‐monomers (size 140 mm × 75 mm × 65; magnification ca. 22 × 106 fold) constructed from dimeric BMP‐2 could be assembled by hand yielding a structure highly homologous to dimeric BMP‐2. Differences between the 3D‐Rapid Prototyping model of dimeric BMP‐2 and the assembled monomers arose in several gaps at the interface between the two monomers which are not visible in the dimeric structure. These gaps can be explained by the way the solvent‐accessible molecular surface is generated. During this process an exterior probe sphere is rolled over the spherical atoms of the molecule. Distances between the monomers smaller than the diameter of this sphere are bridged thus resulting in a coherent surface.We conclude that 3D‐Rapid Prototyping is in general eligible for the modelling of protein‐protein‐interaction though there are further efforts needed to increase our understanding of this process.
Inorganic materials as drug delivery systems in coronary artery stenting
Authors: Karoussos I. A. , Wieneke H. , Sawitowski T. , Wnendt S. , Fischer A. , Dirsch O. , Dahmen U. , Erbel R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRecent studies proved coronary stent implantation to be superior over conventional angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. However, restenosis remains one of the most crucial problems in interventional cardiology. Inflammatory infiltrates and foreign body reactions can be found in the tissue surrounding the struts in stenting. Thrombogenesis, proliferation of α‐actin expressing cells (smooth muscle cells) and hyperplasia of the intima occur. In order to improve the biocompatibility of the stents, new stent designs and stent coatings have been developed. One advantage of stent coating is the combination of mechanical stability of the stent with the biocompatibility of the coating. The coatings are divided into active and passive coatings. Passive coatings improve the biocompatibility of the stent, while active coatings may suppress neointima proliferation by releasing anti‐inflammatory or antiproliferative substances. Immunosuppressive drugs (tacrolimus, sirolimus) and cytostatic drugs (paclitaxel) have been tested in several studies and showed promising results. However, it could also be demonstrated that polymer‐coated stents used as a matrix for drug release reduced the hyperplasia of the intima. However, after dissipation of the immunosuppressants or cytostatics, the presence of the polymer itself lead to a delayed inflammation and proliferation causing restenosis. Thus, efforts have been made to develop inorganic coatings that are suitable for drug loading. One promising approach is a new nanoporous alumina coating. Preliminary tests with this coating revealed favourable loading characteristics and sustained drug release in vivo. The present article provides an overview on different approaches for stent coatings.
Multiple, distinct actions of metal ions on cellular signaling processes
Authors: Vijverberg H. P. M. , Leinders‐Zufall T. , Westerink R. H. S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFrom a neurotoxicological perspective, we have investigated effects of Pb2+ and other divalent metal ions on membrane signaling by voltage‐, Ca2+‐ and ligand‐gated ion channels using voltage clamp and patch clamp techniques. The results from our and other studies of the effects of metal ions reported in the literature are summarized here and demonstrate that metal ions cause multiple, distinct effects on a variety of membrane signaling processes. A situation similar to that with membrane ion channels applies to the effects of metal ions on intracellular signaling. Effects on exocytosis, a resultant of highly integrated and complex intracellular signaling, indicate that Pb2+ is a substitute for intracellular Ca2+ in the triggering the fusion and release of exocytotic vesicles. Despite the relatively detailed knowledge of metal effects at the molecular level, few specific cellular targets associated with specific toxic effects of metals have been identified. Such knowledge is essential for the understanding of metal toxicity.
Homeostasis and Cellular Functions of Zinc
Authors: Beyersmann D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractZinc is an element that is essential for cell proliferation and differentiation. Zinc is a structural constituent of a great number of proteins including metabolic enzymes, cellular signaling proteins and transcription factors. The total intracellular concentration of zinc and the intracellular concentration of the available ion are carefully controlled. The homeostasis of zinc is maintained by regulation of zinc uptake and elimination but also on the level of intracellular sequestration in zinc storing vesicles, so‐called zincosomes, and by controlled nucleo‐cytoplasmic distribution. A major tool of these processes is the zinc binding protein metallothionein which serves as a zinc storing protein and a zinc transporter to the nucleus in the course of cell cycling and differentiation. There is increasing evidence for a direct signaling function of zinc at all levels of cellular signal transduction. Zinc has been found to modulate cellular signal reception, second messenger metabolism, protein kinase and protein phosphatase activities, and it may activate or inhibit the DNA binding of transcription factors. Zinc ions specifically activate the transcription factor MTF‐1 which controls the expression of the genes for metallothionein and the zinc transporter protein ZnT‐1. There is increasing evidence that zinc ions function as modulators of cell proliferation and differentiation. Zinc becomes cytotoxic if its extracellular concentration exceeds the capacity of the zinc homeostatic system. Elevated extracellular zinc concentrations lead to a breakdown of the zinc transporting system of the plasma membrane. The resulting enhanced intracellular zinc concentration evokes the activation of programmed cell death (apoptosis), whereas at even more elevated zinc concentration, cell necrosis is the dominant form of cell death.
Endovascular Stent‐Grafts for Thoracic Aortic Disease
Authors: Eggebrecht H , Baumgart D , Herold U , Rasusch S , Naber Chr , Haude M , Barkhausen J , Jakob H , Erbel R 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDiseases of the descending thoracic aorta pose a significant therapeutic challenge. The standard therapy for thoracic aneurysms or dissection is open surgical repair with prosthetic graft replacement of the diseased segment, requiring major thoracotomy. Despite important advances in surgical techniques, mortality and morbidity rates remain high. Endovascular stent‐graft placement which is performed via the femoral route provides an attractive treatment alternative for thoracic aortic diseases. Due to its minimal‐invasive approach, endovascular repair is also applicable for patients with contraindication to major surgery. Early results are encouraging, documenting low mortality and complication rates. However, long‐term results, particularly concerning the long‐term durability of the endoprostheses, are lacking, so far. Results of prospective randomized trials that compare the outcomes of endovascular repair with those of standard therapy are required before a widespread use of stent‐grafts can be recommended.
Reduction of multiple‐access interference for optical CDMA systems
Authors: Liu Maw‐Yang , Tsao Hen‐Wai 
Published: June 2004

AbstractInterference reduction via a cancellation scheme for synchronous optical CDMA systems is discussed. Based on integrating over one bit duration of the received optical signal, the interfering signals can be estimated and cancelled by the desired correlator. Irrespective of high or low load, our proposed method can precisely estimate the interference. Furthermore, thermal noise, APD noise, and interference are included in the analysis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 1–3, 2001.
Miniaturized 20 GHz CPW quadrature coupler using capacitive loading
Authors: Singh R. Baliram , Weller T. M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper describes coplanar waveguide (CPW) quadrature couplers that utilize metal–insulator–metal (MIM) capacitors at each corner, eliminating the need for air bridges and significantly reducing the coupler footprint. A 20 GHz coupler on high‐resistivity silicon with branch lengths of 40° (660 μm) is presented—the area is 80% smaller than a conventional design. A measured insertion loss of ∼4.5±0.5 dB was achieved at 20 GHz. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 3–5, 2001.
Transmission line–periodic circuit representation of planar microwave photonic bandgap structures
Authors: Rahman M. , Stuchly M. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPlanar photonic bandgap structures have been modeled using the theory of transmission lines and periodic circuits. The method allows for fast and accurate computation of the dispersion diagram, and thus prediction of the stopbands for two directions of propagation. Results obtained by the proposed analytic method are in agreement with previously published numerical data for two structures. Additional numerical evaluations of the reflection phase with the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method confirm the validity of the analytic model within the limits of its applicability. They also further confirm previous observations that wave propagation in directions other than two principal axes results in a narrower stopband. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 15–19, 2001.
A new harmonic‐suppressed tunable microstrip‐ring bandpass filter
Authors: Park Hyun‐Joo , Park Ji‐Yong , Lee Jong‐Chul , Kim Jong‐Heon , Lee Byungje , Kim Nam‐Young 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA new bandpass filter that is composed of two‐stage microstrip‐ring resonators with a center frequency of 5.775 GHz and a bandwidth of 100 MHz is presented in this paper. For the suppression of unnecessary harmonics, low‐pass filters are integrated into a microstrip‐ring resonator. A harmonic suppression ratio of about 35 dB for this structure is obtained. Also, a varactor‐tuned microstrip‐ring bandpass filter with harmonic suppression is suggested, and an insertion loss of 6 dB and a tuning bandwidth of 450 MHz are obtained. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 26–29, 2001.
Optical control of microstrip matching section
Authors: Hindy Moataza A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis work presents a wideband millimeter‐wave matching technique between active devices with very small impedances and conventionally used antennas. The matching section is an optically controlled microstrip‐taper line. Impedance transformation from 75 to 6.5 Ω is gradually obtained with minimum reflections and losses. The average transmitted power is more than 80%. The terminal impedance can be controlled by the power of the laser source, optical wavelength, or by changing the lifetime of the semiconductor substrate. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 29–33, 2001.
A Bayesian network (BN) decoder for direct‐conversion microwave and millimeter‐wave six‐port receivers (SPRs)
Authors: Mireux Olivier , Brault Jean‐Jules , Bosisio Renato G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn this paper, learning algorithms are used to decode QPSK data in a direct‐conversion hardware (QPSK‐unimode) microwave/millimeter‐wave receiver using an application‐specific six‐port module. Two different algorithms, theK‐means and Bayesian network, are considered for operation of the decoder to recoverIQdata from QPSK modulated signals. Bit‐error‐rate (BER) results versus noise level (Eb/N0) are presented after a brief data‐collecting period involving fewer than 500 data points. Results of the Bayesian network forEb/N0=−3 dB andEb/N0=−9 dB are presented, using the same data‐gathering period. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 33–38, 2001.
High‐directivity patch antenna with both photonic bandgap substrate and photonic bandgap cover
Authors: Qiu Min , He Sailing 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA new patch antenna system, which has both a photonic bandgap (PBG) substrate and a PBG cover, is proposed in the present paper. The impedance, radiation pattern, and directivity of such an antenna are studied by the finite‐different time‐domain method. The results show that the directivity of the PBG antenna is significantly improved. The dependence of the directivity on the frequency and other parameters is also studied. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 41–44, 2001.
Theoretical analysis of distortion effects in analog externally modulated lightwave systems
Authors: Betti S. , Giaconi M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA theoretical model is presented for the performance evaluation of multichannel systems based on an electro‐optic external modulator. It is able to explain the asymptotic behavior of the signal‐to‐intermodulation ratio against modulating signal power. In particular, it is verified that, above a given threshold value, the useful signal is deeply stifled, while the distortions maintain constant. The model provides a simple method to calculate such a threshold value, above which the system performance is fully degraded. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 46–48, 2001.
Loss inclusion via dyadic Green's function modifications for microstrip structures with complex media: Interfacial exponential field behavior within conductor *
Authors: Krowne Clifford M. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract2‐D field behavior within a metal strip is used to correct the dyadic Green's function for a microstrip structure containing complex‐layered media so that the attenuation constant can be determined. In thex‐direction, the field is built to display exponential dependence. The strip width is explicitly taken into account, along with the metal thickness and conductivity. New Green's function expressions of the structure are found consistent with a full‐wave electromagnetic code employing zero thickness extent conductors for the guiding metal. Implications for numerical implementation are covered. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 54–60, 2001.
Monitoring of OSNR by using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer
Authors: Tao Zhenning , Chen Zhangyuan , Fu Libin , Wu Deming , Xu Anshi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe introduce a novel technique to monitor the optical signal‐to‐noise ratio (OSNR) using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The error of the novel method is less than 0.5 dB when the OSNR is between 10 and 40 dB in the best working case. In practice, the dynamic range reduces to 10–30 dB because of the influence of polarization, crosstalk, and signal bit rate. The key advantage of this method is its low cost. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 63–65, 2001.
Communities at Risk: A Community Perspective on Urban Social Problems
Authors: Denhardt Robert B. , Glaser Mark A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractUrban social problems might be better approached with the understanding that each individual community at risk has its own peculiar mix of social, economic, and cultural attributes that define its problems and potential solutions. Paramount among these problems are issues of leadership and social cohesion. Community intervention strategies need to take such differences into account and provide specific rather than generic solutions.
The Transformative Power of Governance
Authors: Potapchuk William R. , Crocker Jr. Jarle P. , Schechter William H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWhether under the banner of reinventing government, systems reform, community building, or comprehensive community initiatives, these forces of civic renewal are beginning to alter fundamentally the political, economic, and social face of America's cities and counties. Public‐private partnerships are cleaving through old boundaries, redefining who has responsibility for the public good. Collaboration and consensus building are transforming relationships among diverse stakeholders who were rarely found at the same table even a few years ago.
Questions to Ask: Components of the Civic Index
Authors: Okubo Derek , Gates Christopher T. , Rubio‐Cortes Gloria 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe Civic Index provides a method and a process for identifying community strengths and weaknesses and then structuring collaborative solutions to problems. It offers communities a means of undertaking a self‐evaluation of their civic infrastructures. Creating civic infrastructure is not an end in itself. Rather, it is a community's first step toward building its capacity to deal with critical issues. Citizens can use the Civic Index to analyze their community's civic infrastructure by asking a series of questions about the community. During the initial steps of a stakeholder process, citizens can assess their community's components and later come to agreement on the desired condition of the twelve components of the new Civic Index.
Exploring Community Change: Causes, Effects, and Motivation
Authors: Bloom David A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe National Civic League has begun a two‐year exploration of communities across the United States to discover answers to one simple question: How do communities change? Drawing on the Civic Index and other models of community process, this project will explore change by identifying the factors that influence communities to adopt new and different ways of doing, perceiving, and discussing. In this article, project coordinator David A. Bloom poses questions and presents models that clarify the processes of change and that examine closely the variables influencing and shaping those processes.