bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methyl Jasmonate Modulates Peroxidase Activity in Sunflower Varieties Affected by Pathogenic Fungi
Authors: Zaki Noor A. , Alfalahi Ayoob O. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (Meja) is a volatile phythormone that contributes many plant critical processes, especially under biotic and abiotic stresses. Thus, Meja found to effectively regulating the biosynthesis of other plant hormones and/or enzymes, like preoxidase (POD). However, Meja specifically affects the plant antioxidant defense system, particularly POD activity are still an area of ongoing research. The current results pointed to a clear effect of the applied Meja concentration in shaping the entire response to the biotic oxidative stress resulted from the three pathogenic fungi Fusarium solani. and Macrophomina phaseolina. The higher concentration of Meja had a greater effect on both gene expression and POD enzymatic activity, which indicates the Meja importance in stimulating the defense system of sunflower varieties through which sunflower plants deal with the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to the pathogenic infection. The different varieties showed different ability to cope with biotic stress represented by the three used pathogenic fungi, especially the antioxidants enzymatic activity. Sakha variety proved to have the most effective POD enzymatic activity compared to the other two Ishaqi and Aqmar sunflower varieties. Meja concentrations in its maximum level (3 μM), was more effective in stimulating the antioxidant activity in term of enzymatic activity of POD. Notably, R. solani had a greater effect on the antioxidant defense system, as it resulted in higher levels of POD enzymatic activity in the three sunflower varieties. Further investigation maybe required to better understand the Meja ability to promote the plant antioxidant system, thus the possible protective mechanisms against plant pathogens.
Effect of Mushroom Agaricus bisporus on the Biodegradation of Agricultural Residues and the Quality of the Resulting Compost
Authors: Hussein Ahmad M. , Mutlag Nihad H. , Arab Karrar A. H. , Dalool Kawther R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted in 2022 in the laboratories of the College of Agriculture / University of Kufa, and aimed to use various agricultural residues to grow the mushroom Agaricus bisporus, in addition to using the same plant residues as biological fertilizers for plant growth. It was found that the growth medium prepared from wheat straw led to the best radial growth rate of white mushroom A. bisporus, after 6 days of inoculation, followed by rice straw and rice husks media. The results showed that the vegetative growth of A. bisporus is not pathogenic to the seeds of cress, wheat and barley and did not cause the seed rot. The results showed that there was an increase in the percentage of protein, fiber and chitinase enzyme in wheat straw decomposed by the mushrooms compared to the normal straw not treated with mushrooms. The antagonism of edible mushroom A. bisporus with a number of pathogenic fungi was tested on P.S.A. It was found that mushrooms had a high antagonism that of level 2 according to the Bell scale against the pathogenic fungi Alternaria sp, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium sp and Fusarium solani, and of level 3 against Aspergillus niger, after 5 days of growth on the medium.
First Report of Acrophialophora jodhpurensis Causing Root Rot and Seedling Damping-Off of Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) in Karbala Province, Iraq
Authors: Khudier Nibras H. T. , Abdalmoohsin Rajaa G. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Pepper is an important vegetable crop in Iraq and worldwide. During a survey conducted in 2022 in Karbala Province, Iraq, an epidemic root rot disease affecting pepper plants was observed. Based on morphological appearances, pathogenicity assessment and rDNA-ITS sequence analyses, the fungal causing this disease was identified as Acrophialophora jodhpurensis (OQ102241.1). To best of our knowledge, this is the first record of A. jodhpurensis fungus causing root rot on pepper crop in Karbala, Iraq.
Phylogenetic Relationship of Iraqi Vespa orientalis Linnaeus 1771 Wasps Using Mitochondrial CO1
Authors: Aljassani Afrah Abdulzahra , Al-Esawy Mushtaq , Augul Razzaq Shalan , Alisawi Osamah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Oriental wasps are scavengers, and they have also represented an enormous issue for beekeepers, they destroy beehives and reduce the flight of bees. In addition, the sting of hornets may cause medical problems, which differ according to the response of the individuals, including severe sensitivity, swelling, and slight pain. This study provides the first molecular phylogeny of the oriental wasp Vespa orientalis L. in Iraq. Mitochondrial DNAs of the 547bp fragment cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) area were sequenced and analyzed from 10 wasp specimens collected in the north, middle, and south of Iraq. The CO1 gene found in the Iraqi isolates was used to create a Bayesian interference. Maximum likelihood (ML) was used to create the phylogenetic tree. Results, according to the results of the phylogenetic analysis, the CO1 gene may be used to positively identify every sample, and there is a close connection between the sequences of samples from various regions of Iraq, with 100% of the samples clustering together. PCR successfully amplified 547bp products for all examined oriental wasp samples. Considering the similarity in the sequences, the Iraqi local species are classified as V. orientalis. Conclusion, in this study, V. orientalis isolates which were collected from different geographical regions in Iraq were closed and there was low variation. The DNA barcode component of CO1 was found to be an effective method for the quick and precise identification of Iraqi oriental wasps.
Synergistic of Trichoderma virede and Beauveria bassiana to Biocontrol Tomata Against and Bemisia tabaci
Authors: Matrood Abdulnabi A. A. , Fotouhifar Khalil-Berdi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In Iraq, Bemisia tabaci is a major Tomato pest that causes significant crop losses, which lowers farmers’ revenue. The purpose of this study was to detect entomopathogenic fungus from dead whiteflies and to assess their relative frequency and different structural characteristics. Only two fungal species, Trichodrema virede and Beauveria bassiana, with relative frequencies of 15.07 and 10.94%, respectively, were validated microscopically as recognised entomopathogenic species out of the 11 fungal species isolated from the whitefly cadavers. The 7th day following inoculation was when T. virede and B. bassiana had the largest mortality impact on B. tabaci nymphs and adults, with an average mortality of more than 60% (with a concentration of 106 conidia/ml). In comparison to nymphs, suspension T.virede and B.bassiana. were significantly twice as pathogenic.
Feeding Preference of Tobacco Whitefly on Some Solanaceae Family Plants and the Effect of Growth Regulators Salicylic Acid and Paclobutrazol in Reducing Infection
Authors: Al-Thalag Muhammad Jasim , Muhammad Al-Jalal Haitham M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Adults of the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gen, preferred to lay eggs primarily on the leaves of the tomato plant, followed by the eggplant plant, and then, to a lesser extent, the pepper plant. The averages were 1.96, 1.48, and 1.24 eggs/cm2, respectively. The tomato plant was significantly superior to the eggplant and pepper plant in the number of existing nymphs. On the leaves, while the eggplant plant was significantly superior to the pepper plant, which recorded the lowest number of nymphs, and the averages were 2.12, 0.88, and 0.27 nymphs/cm2. Plant growth regulators showed an effective role in reducing the number of different stages of the insect indirectly by improving many of the structural and chemical characteristics of the plant, as the treatment of plants with paclobutrazol and salicylic acid at a concentration of 200 PPM contributed to reducing the number of eggs by 61.55 and 57.49%, respectively. Also, the number of nymphs on leaves decreased by 65.09 and 68.54%, respectively.
Evaluation of the Humic Acid Efficiency and the Bioagent Chaetomium globosum in Controlling Fusarium Wilt Disease in Tomato
Authors: Madhi Qusai Hattab , Jumaah Ahmed Malik , Dagher Ghassan Mahdi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Fusarium wilt disease presents a significant menace to tomato plants, necessitating effective preventative measures. Five isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici from infected tomato plants from different regions in Missan province, each showing varying levels of pathogenicity. Differences in the ability of tomato seedlings to be infected by these isolates were also observed during a pot experiment, ranging from highly pathogenic to non-pathogenic. To address this issue, the efficacy of the bioagent Chaetomium globosum and humic acid in controlling the pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and improving the growth indicators of tomato plants in the presence of the causative fungus. Two concentrations of humic acid (8 and 4 mL/l) were tested to determine their efficacy in reducing the growth of pathogenic fungi in vitro. We found that the growth of the pathogenic fungi decreased to 41.06% at a concentration of 8 ml/l, compared to the control, which showed no growth. Moreover, when used alone or in combination with humic acid, C. globosum significantly reduced the percentage and severity of infection. The treatment involving the interaction between the bioagent and humic acid at a concentration of 8 ml/l recorded an infection percentage of 14.4% and an infection severity of 11.87%, compared to the pathogenic fungus treatment that resulted in 53% infection and 43.80% severity, respectively. Moreover, the use of C. globosum and different concentrations of humic acid raised all growth indices in all treatments whether in the presence or absence of pathogenic funus. These improvements included increased fresh and dry weight of the shoot and root, enhanced plant height and leaf area, as well as a significant increase in the content of total phenols and total chlorophyll in the leaves. The findings of this study highlight the potential of C. globosum and humic acid as effective control measures against fusarium wilt disease in tomato plants. The results indicate their ability to suppress the pathogenic fungus and promote plant growth. These findings hold promise for the development of sustainable agricultural practices.
Morpho-Taxonomic Study of Stink Bug Mustha spinosula (Lefebrve, 1831) (Hemiptera : Pentatomidae) in Dohuk Governorate – Iraq
Authors: Hamid Ahmed Waleed , Sabr Ahmed Jameel 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A stink bug Morpho-taxonomic study was conducted for the stink bug Stink bugs belong to the family Pentatomidea and superfamily: Pentatomoidea, of the order Hemiptera and suborder Heteroptera, Musta spinosula, collected from different regions of Dohuk Governorate / Bandawiyah - Sheikh Hassan -, Malta, Al-Salihiya in 9/3/2022, 9/10/2022, 9/16/2022, 20/9/2022, 23/9/2022, 26/9/2022, 30/9/2022. Of the ornamental and fruit trees, olive bushes and walnut trees, the study showed that the body is large in size and has a black color, and the head, abdomen and chest contain triangular-shaped teeth, large scutellum, Spermathecal bulb is contains three finger-like processes.
The Level of Application of Scientific Recommendations to Control some Diseases Affecting Vegetable Crops in Fayda District / Nineveh Governorate
Authors: Al-Salamiy Amein Abdullah Hussein , Al-Ajeeli Sahab Ayid 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The study aimed to measure the level of application of farmers of scientific recommendations to combat diseases that affect some vegetable crops in the district of Faida / Nineveh Governorate, as well as to find a correlation between the level of application of farmers of scientific recommendations and sets of the independent variables The study included all vegetable crop farmers in the Fayda area, which numbered (130) farmers, of whom (30) farmers were excluded in the pre-test and the number of farmers subject to the study became (100) farmers. The results of the study showed that the level of application of farmers to scientific recommendations was generally average tends to rise, and the results also showed that the level of application of farmers to scientific recommendations was average tends to rise in the field of cucumber pests, and the level of application of scientific recommendations to combat some diseases in the field of diseases and pests of the pepper crop is described as high tends to average. The research concluded that many farmers need more extension activities that would raise their ability on how to apply techniques for controlling vegetable pests, and also concluded the importance of crystallizing a positive trend for farmers towards the application of scientific recommendations to control vegetable pests because of their importance in improving and increasing the production of vegetable crops. The research recommended intensifying events and extension activities to reach the largest number of farmers, and increase their knowledge of the types of pesticides, methods of use and dates of spraying them on the crop.
Competition Between the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata, and the Peach Fruit Fly, Bactrocera zonata Under the Agricultural Ecosystem in Central Iraq
Authors: Abu-Ragheef Ali Hasan Harfash , Al-Behadili Farhan J. M. , Abbas Shihab Ahmed 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The fruit fly is found all over the world. Ceratitis capitata and the peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata are among the most damaging fruit pests in the world, causing serious economic and environmental losses and damages. The study was carried out in the Baghdad province in the locations of Al-Taji and Al-Rashidiyah to determine the seasonal presence of C. capitata and B. zonata. Males were trapped using sexual pheromone traps. The results showed that B. zonata flies collected in traps had higher population densities than C. capitata flies. The findings also revealed that the presence of B. zonata was highest in mid-November and lowest in February and March. The results show that, unlike C. capitata, B. zonata can endure high temperatures. The study’s findings revealed a competitive displacement of B. zonata at the expense of C. capitata, whose presence reduced over the study season, which lasted from 1/3/2022 to 15/2/2023. This type of research aids in understanding the time map of these pests, which aids in anticipating the times of their appearance, allowing farmers to select the most optimal times for economically feasible treatment and when the pests approach crucial economic limitations. At the same time, it will supply essential data to interested parties, researchers, and companies that can be used in future studies.
Efficacy of Indigenous Entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana Isolate for the Control Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Khadim Zahraa J. , Alhilfi Ali Zachi Abdulqader 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Spodoptera littoralis is a serious threat to tomato production worldwide as it can cause yield losses. The farmers used to use synthetic chemical insecticides to control this pest, which unfortunately selects resistant populations and entails public health risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana isolate against different stages of S. littolars life. Results show high significant differences between the three concentrations of suspensions and fungi exudates of B. bassiana in addition differences among time of exposure on ratio of eggs hatching of S. littoralis the high rate of affected of B. bassiana suspension registered at concentration of 1×108 and at concentration 75% of B. bassiana exudates it was reached 32.28% and 34.15% respectively. The study showed that the mortality on 1st and 6th instar larvae of S. littoralis increased as concentration of fungi exudates of B. bassiana increased, it had been 20.51%, 24.65%and 33.45% at concertation 25%, 50%and 75% on 1st instar and reached 3.33%,7.78% and 12.67% on 6th instar of S. littoralis larvae respectively. Moreover suspension fungi of B. bassiana superior at the concentration 1×10 8conidia/1ml of distilled water in the mortality of 1st and 6th instar of S. littolaris larvae with a mortality rate 35.41% and 15.37% respectively.the results showed eggs and 1st instar of of S. littolaris larvae more sensitive to suspensions and fungi exudates of B. bassiana than the 6th instar.
Effect of Calcium Chloride and Gibberellic Acid on the Vegetative Growth of Two Cultivars of Gladiolus Gladiolus hybrid L.
Authors: Abdulwahab Mahmood Mohammed , Altaee Alaa Hashim Younis 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted inside the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering / College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul during the agricultural season 2022-2023. To study the effect of spraying with different concentrations of calcium chloride (0, 500, 1000) mg. L-1 and spraying with gibberellic acid at concentrations of (0, 100, 200) mg. L-1 and the interaction between them in vegetative of two cultivars of Gladiolus Gladiolus hybrid. L. They are Nova lux with yellow flowers and Trader Lux with red flowers. The corms were planted on 17/3/2022, then sprayed 30 days after planting the corms with three sprays and three concentrations of calcium chloride (0,500, 1000) mg.L-1 The plants were also sprayed with gibberellic acid, with three sprays and three concentrations (0, 100, 200), The period between one spray and another was two weeks. The spraying was done with gibberellic acid after 35 days of planting the corms. The study was carried out using a factorial experiment in the design of completed randomized sectors R.C.B.D within split plots with three replications, each experimental unit included (7) cormat for each replicate. The research results of were analyzed statistically with the (SAS) program and tested statistically using Duncan’s multinomial test at the probability level of 0.05. It was found that the red cultivar recorded the largest plant height, which reached 129.905 cm, the largest leaf length, which reached 102.584 cm, and the largest number of leaves, which reached 9,980 leaves. Plant-1, and the largest leaf area of the plant, amounting to 401.656 cm2. plant-1, and the largest dry weight of the leaves, amounting to 12.567 g. The yellow variety plants also recorded the largest values for the percentage of total chlorophyll in the plant, which amounted to 0.984%. The treatment with gibberellic acid at a concentration of 200 mg also resulted. L-1 led to a significant increase in all studied traits.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer and Seaweed Extract in Growth and Yield Broad bean Vicia faba L.
Authors: Al-Zubaidy Noha Waleed Qader 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the field of vegetables / of Horticulture and landscape Design Department / Faculty of Agriculture / University of Mosul_ during the season 2021-2022, to study the Effect of Organic Fertilizer and Seaweed Extract in Growth and Yield Broad bean, The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RBCD) and with three replications, the local Broad beans cultivar was used (Crystal), the first factor included spraying with organic fertilizer humic acid (H) at a concentration (0, 1, 2) ml.L-1 and the second factor spraying with seaweed extract (Super) (S) at a concentration (0, 1, 2) ml.L-1, and control treatment (0), and by four sprays, the results of the table that there is a significant superiority in the treatments of spraying with organic fertilizer and seaweed extract in the characteristics of vegetative growth and yield, compared to the comparison treatment for all concentrations and treatments used.
Effect of Amino Acids Addition and Spraying with Glutathione and Kaolin in Growth Apricot Transplants
Authors: Al-hayani Mohammed A. M. , Al-Hadethi Mustafa E. A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted in a lath house, Dept. Of Hort. and Landscape, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Univ. Baghdad, Al-Jadriya during 2022 growing season to investigate influence of liquid organic fertilizer (Siapton 10 L) and spraying with glutathione and kaolin on some vegetative growth characteristics and leaf mineral content of two year’s old of “Red” apricot transplants. Factors of study experiment included addition of two levels of liquid organic fertilizer (Siapton 10 L) containing a group of amino acids to soil, without addition (S0), and 3 ml.transplant-1 (S3), while glutathione spray was sprayed with three levels; without spray (G0), spraying at 200 mg.L-1 (G200) and spraying at 400 mg.L-1 (G400), As for kaolin spray, they were sprayed in three levels (0, 500, and 1000 mg.L-1), which are denoted by symbols K0, K500, and K1000, respectively. Treatments were replicated three times (three transplants in experimental unit) at factorial experiment in a RCBD and thus number of transplants used was 162 transplants. The experimental results showed that liquid organic fertilizers at 3 ml.L-1(S3) significantly increased in plant height of 27.47 cm, highest leaf area of 20.51 cm2, leaf nitrogen content of 1.42 % and leaf phosphor content of 0.26 %. Results also showed that glutathione spray especially at 400 mg.L-1 (G400), showed significant superiority in increased in plant height of 27.60 cm, leaf area of 22.89 cm2, leaf nitrogen content of 1.44 % and leaf phosphor content of 0.30 %. Kaolin spray also affected, especially spraying at 1000 mg.L-1 and gave highest increasing of plant height of 26.37 cm, highest leaf area of 18.17 cm2, leaf nitrogen content of 1.41 % and leaf phosphor content of 0.25 %. Twice and triple interactions between study factors significantly affected in all studied traits.
Reaction of Tomato Hybrids to Different Ripeness in Conditions of a Multi-Tube Hydroponic, Soil and Lighting Options
Authors: Al-Rukabi Maad N. M. , Leunov Vladimir I. , Tarakanov Ivan G. , Tereshonkova Tatiana A. , Khovrin Alexander N. , Selyansky Alexander I. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The aim of the study was response tomato hybrids in a multi-tube hydroponic technology in a polycarbonate greenhouse and the effect of different lighting in a phytotron on tomato plants. A study was conducted at All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Production, Moscow region, Russia and the laboratory of artificial climate (RSAU – MTAA). Eleven tomato hybrids were studied, differing in ripeness groups, by comparing their reactions in a hydroponic system (Phytopyramide) and a greenhouse system (soil). The effect of seven different spectral lighting modes on four hybrids under phytotron conditions (growth chamber) was also studied. Observations revealed a significant effect of hydroponic on maturation period. Hydroponic vertical cultivation has shown excellent results in obtaining an early tomato harvest and an increase in yield per m2 compared to a ground greenhouse. A higher marketable production was obtained with Ruddy ball F1 (25.51 kg/m2) compared to (9.92 kg/m2) in the soil greenhouse. Dichromatic light had the greatest effect on photosynthesis, while monochromatic light had the greatest effect on height growth. An increase in leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) was obtained with (blue+red) light (620.06) compared to monochromatic green light (319.88). Monochromatic red (23.81 cm) had the greatest lighting effect on plant height compared to monochromatic blue (12.62 cm) the least.