bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Histological Changes in the Small Intestine of Rats Artificially Reared on Different Milk Substitutes
Authors: Harvey David , Austin Hilary , Mahon Michael , Harris Philip F. , Tonkiss John , Smart James L. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryGrowth of the small intestine was studied in rats reared normally by their mothers (MR) or artificially reared (AR) by intragastric infusion of milk substitutes from postnatal day 5. Two milk substitutes were used: one high in carbohydrate and low in protein as compared with rats' milk (Messer) and the other closely resembling rats' milk in its composition (Auestad). Pups reared on these formulae are termed ARM and ARA, respectively. Pups were killed at 7, 12, and 20 days for quantitative histological measurements on transverse sections of duodenum and ileum. They included cross‐sectional areas of muscle and of mucosa and submucosa combined (other tissue), internal and external perimeters, and length of longest villus profile. Artificial rearing affected mucosal and submucosal measures, but did not affect muscle. The effects depended on age, type of milk substitute, and site within the small intestine. There was a tendency for deficient growth of small intestine in the early stages of artificial rearing, especially in the ileum of ARA pups. Enhancement of growth as shown by cross‐sectional area of mucosa and submucosa and by longest villus profile occurred later—by 12 days in the duodenum and by 20 days in the ileum of ARM pups. Enhanced growth was less evident in ARA rats, being apparent only in the duodenum, and not until 20 days were the cross‐sectional area of mucosa and submucosa and the longest villus profile increased.
Hyperosmolal Feedings and Gastrointestinal Blood Flow and Oxygenation in Newborn Lambs
Authors: Buchanan Donald E. , Holzman Ian R. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryHyperosmolal feedings have been implicated as a cause of potential disruption to the physiology of the neonatal intestinal tract. To evaluate this we studied eight awake lambs (11 ± 2 days old) with chronically implanted catheters in the portal sinus, descending aorta, and left and right ventricles. Blood flow (Q) was calculated with the radionuclide‐labeled microsphere technique and O2 delivery (DO2) and consumption (VO2) by the Fick principle using blood O2 contents. Lambs were studied initially after a 4‐h fast and sequentially at 2, 3, and 4 h after eating a hyperosmolal (590 mOsmol) formula. Cardiac output (mean ± SEM, 332 ± 22 ml ± min‐1 ± kg‐1) and whole animal VO2 (16.5 ± 2.5 ml O2 ± min‐1 kg‐1) remained stable. Total gastrointestinal (GI) blood flow increased 28% by 3 h. Small intestine Q increased 21% 3 h after feeding and then returned to baseline. Similarly, large intestinal Q increased 77% after feeding and remained elevated. There was no effect on stomach Q. Total GI vascular resistance fell 28% 3 h after feeding then returned to baseline. DO2 to the GI tract increased at 3 h and returned to baseline. There was no change, though, in GI VO2 (3.9 ± 0.4 ml O2 ± min‐1 ± 100 g‐1) or in the extraction (VO2/DO2) of oxygen (21.2 ± 1.8%) during the study. Furthermore, there was no evidence for GI tract acidosis at any time. Systemic organ blood How (except hepatic arterial blood flow) remained unchanged. While hyperosmolal feedings caused a GI hy‐peremia confined to the small and large intestine, they had no effect on intestinal VO2, nor did they produce disturbances that might be related to more serious diseases.
Comparison of Dietary Therapy and Portacaval Shunt in the Management of a Patient with Type IB Glycogen Storage Disease
Authors: Borowitz Stephen M. , Greene Harry L. , Gay James C. , Neblett Wallace W. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA patient with glyeogen storage disease type IB (GSD‐Ib) is described. Beginning at age 34 months, the patient was managed with dietary measures, including nocturnal intragastric feedings. Therapy caused substantial biochemical and clinical improvement while the patient remained hospitalized; chronic noncom‐pliance at home, however, resulted in profound growth failure and biochemical abnormalities. Due to a previous case report describing clinical, biochemical, and hemato‐logical improvement following a portacaval shunt in a similar patient, portacaval shunt was performed in our patient at age 13 years. During the 12 months following surgery, there was no improvement of our patient's growth or of biochemical or hematological abnormalities. Due to the lack of improvement following surgery. 24‐hour constant infusion intragastric feedings were instituted and have been associated with substantial benefit.
Measurement of the Milk Intake of Breast‐Fed Infants
Authors: Arthur P. G. , Hartmann P. E. , Smith M. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryInfant test weighing and maternal test weighing are two independent methods for determining milk intake by the breast‐fed infant. The sources of error in both these test weighing methods were examined with particular emphasis on the importance of evaluating and correcting for evaporative water loss (EWL). EWL ranged from 3 to 94% of the mother's change in weight after a single breast feed and from 3 to 55% of the infant's change in weight after a single breast feed. Correcting for EWL during a breast feed involved determining the time between the pre‐ and postfeed weighings and measuring the rate of EWL after breast feeding. Significant correlations (p < 0.001) were found between milk volume intake measured by test weighing the mother and correcting for maternal EWL, and milk volume intake measured by test weighing the infant and correcting for infant EWL. An improved method for measuring 24‐h milk intakes by maternal test weighing using a sensitive electronic balance and correcting for EWL is described. The milk intakes, corrected for EWL, ranged from 690–1,041 g/24 h. If no correction for EWL was made then the average overestimate of milk intake by maternal test weighing was 14 ± 6%.
Long‐Term Effects of Early Kwashiorkor Compared with Marasmus. I. Physical Growth and Sexual Maturation
Authors: Galler Janina R. , Ramsey Frank C. , Salt Patricia 
Published: January 2024

SummaryPhysical growth and sexual maturation were measured in a follow‐up study of Barbadian girls and boys aged 11–18 years with histories of kwashiorkor (n 54) or marasmus (n 56) in their first year of life. They were compared with healthy neighborhood children matched by sex and age who had normal patterns of growth in early childhood (n 59). Girls with histories of marasmus hail significant delays in the onset of menarche compared with healthy comparison girls. However, their rate of growth during the previous 2 years was accelerated, and the differences in size were smaller than at the earlier testing, confirming catch‐up. This pattern was not evident for girls with histories of kwashiorkor, who did not differ from the healthy comparison girls on either onset of menarche. Tanner ratings of sexual maturation, or measures of physical growth. In contrast, boys with histories of kwashiorkor or marasmus did not differ from healthy comparison boys in physical growth or Tanner ratings at these ages.
Membranous Obstruction of the Inferior Vena Cava with Budd‐Chiari Syndrome in Children
Authors: du P. Hoffman H. , Stockland B. , von der Heyden U. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryMembranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with Budd‐Chiari syndrome is a rare condition in children. Nine children with tins lesion are described, eight of them from the Ovambo tribe in Namibia. Clinical features included hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites, and dilated superficial abdominal veins draining cephalad below the umbilicus. Liver enzymes and serum proteins were slightly abnormal in most cases, and the ascitic fluid, when present, had a high protein content. Liver histology showed a wide range of changes, from almost normal to signs of severe chronic congestion. Angiographic appearance varied from a thin membrane between the IVC and right atrium to nonvisualization of the IVC except for dilated collaterals. Simultaneous injection of contrast medium into catheters positioned in the upper IVC and right atrium, through both the femoral and antecubital routes, is the most accurate way of demonstrating the extent of the obstruction and the patency of the hepatic veins.
Exercise‐Induced Gastroesophageal Reflux in an Athletic Child
Authors: Motil Kathleen J. , Ostendorf Judy , Timothy Bricker J. M. , Klish William J. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryExercise‐induced gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is described in an athletic child with chronic abdominal pain and vomiting in conjunction with strenuous exercise. Although continuous 24‐h pH probe monitoring was negative for GER, simultaneous pH probe and exercise stress testing treadmill) showed a prolonged, continuous episode of acid reflux throughout exercise and the 30‐min recovers phase. The authors are unaware of other cases of 'exercise‐induced GER in children and suggest that simultaneous pH probe and exercise stress testing may be a useful technique to evaluate exercise‐induced symptoms in children. Moreover, the presence of acid reflux during stress may warrant exercise restriction during the early management of reflux esophagitis.
Effect of Soy Protein on the Small Bowel Mucosa of Young Infants Recovering from Acute Gastroenteritis
Authors: Iyngkaran N. , Yadav M. , Looi L. M. , Boey C. G. , Lam K. L. , Balabaskaran S. , Puthucheary S. D. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe effect of soy protein on the small bowel mucosa of 18 infants with acute gastroenteritis was studied. The infants were maintained on a protein hydro‐lysate formula for 6–8 weeks, following which they were readmitted for soy protein challenge studies. Jejunal biopsy was performed before and 24 h after challenge. On the basis of the clinical and histological reaction to soy protein challenge, three groups were identified. Group 1 consisted of three infants who had clinical and histological reaction. There was associated depletion of mucosal enzymes, lactase, sucrase, malatase, alkaline phosphatase, and blood xylose levels. Group 2 consisted of seven infants who had histological reaction but no clinical symptoms. Two of these seven infants, however, developed clinical reaction when rechallenged with soy protein 2 and 90 days later. Following challenge, mucosal enzymes and blood xylose levels were depressed in five of the seven infants tested. Group 3 consisted of eight infants who did not have either a clinical or a histological reaction. The mucosal enzymes and blood xylose levels were not depressed in four infants tested. The present study shows that the small bowel mucosa of some young infants recovering from acute gastroenteritis remains sensitive to soy protein for a variable period of time. The feeding of soy protein to these infants may result in the persistence of mucosal damage and perpetuation of diarrhea. These findings have an important bearing in the nutritional management of infants recovering from AGE; the exclusion of soy protein from the diet of these infants, particularly during the period when the mucosa is damaged, may reduce the risk of the development of soy protein sensitive enteropathy and the attendant complication of protracted diarrhea.
Effects of Cytochalasin B on the Synthesis and Secretion of Plasma Proteins by Developing Rat Liver
Authors: Kaufman Stuart S. , Tuma Dean J. , Park Jung H. Y. , Grandjean Carter J. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryAntimicrotubular drugs such as colchicine impair plasma protein secretion markedly less from developing liver than from mature tissue, suggesting the reduced participation of microtubules in hepatic protein secretion during liver development. In order to evaluate the possible contribution of microfilaments to protein export by immature liver, we incubated slices prepared from adult and gestation day 19 fetal rat liver for up to 4 h with the antimicrofilamentous agent cytochalasin B and with colchicine in various concentrations. In adult tissue, cytochalasin B did not reduce either the synthesis or secretion of [14C]leucine‐labeled proteins and albumin. Cytochalasin B decreased apparent albumin synthesis by fetal liver, but otherwise, its effects on [14C]leucine incorporation did not differ from those observed in the adult. In contrast with leucine, the uptake of [3H]glucosamine into both adult and fetal liver was reduced by cytochalasin B. When this reduced uptake was normalized to that in corresponding control incubations, [3H]glucosamine incorporation into glycoproteins was markedly diminished in fetal slices, but was unaffected in the adult. Despite this age‐dependent difference, cytochalasin B only minimally affected glycoprotein secretion in each group. Cytochalasin B never modified the antisecretory effects of colchicine. These results suggest that during early development, liver protein synthesis is more sensitive to toxic effects of cytochalasin B than during adulthood. However, microfilaments are not required for plasma protein export at either time.
Food Proteins and Maturation of Small Intestinal Microvillus Membranes (MVM). II. Binding of Gliadin Hydrolysate Fractions and of the Gliadin Peptide B3142
Authors: Stern Martin , Gellermann Barbara , Belitz Hans‐Dieter , Wieser Herbert 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTo investigate in vitro interactions between gliadin peptide fractions that have been shown to be toxic to celiac small intestinal mucosa in humans and small intestinal microvillus membranes (MVM) from rats during postnatal maturation, MVM were prepared from newborn, 18‐day‐old preweanling, and adult rats. Partially hydrolyzed gliadin peptide fractions B1‐B4, and the pure gliadin peptide B3142 were radioiodinated and used for binding assays. Miniature ultracentrifugation was used for separation of unbound material. Binding of gliadin fractions to MVM was weak and nonspecific in terms of lacking saturation and inhibition. There was no inhibition of binding by mannan. Enzyme pretreatment of MVM (trypsin, neuraminidase, phospholipase C) did not result in any significant change of binding. Compared with peptides prepared from bovine serum albumin as a control, there was no significant difference in binding of gliadin peptide fractions to MVM. Thus, a lectin‐like effect of gliadin peptides toward MVM, or the existence of a specific intestinal surface receptor for gliadin peptides appeared improbable. There were, however, consistent maturational changes in MVM binding in that newborn MVM bound more B1‐B4 and B3142 compared with adult controls (p < 0.001). Nonspecific binding of gliadin fractions to MVM might be related to the initiation of nonspecific in vitro effects of gliadin, particularly toward the immature small intestine. The MVM binding model in the rat clearly does not provide a system for studying celiac disease pathogenesis, but it might help clarify basic processes in the interaction between food‐derived substances and elements of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier.
Excessive Fecal Taurine Loss Predisposes to Taurine Deficiency in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Thompson Geoffrey N. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryElevation of the ratio of glycine:taurine‐conjugated bile acids (G/T ratio) is thought to contribute to fat malabsorption in cystic fibrosis (CF). The cause, extent, and reversibility of taurine deficiency in CF were assessed using balance studies in 6 subjects (ages 8–14 years) who were supplemented with taurine (0.24–2.4 mmol/kg/24 h) for 1 week. Taurine reduced the G/T ratio both in serum and duodenal juice in all children. The mean fecal taurine loss in CF subjects [10.8 μmol/kg/24 h ± 9.9 (SD), range 0.9–27.9] was much greater than that in controls (< 0.1 μmol/kg/24 h, n = 4) and approximated the dietary taurine intake (mean 14.6 ± 4.4 μmol/kg/24 h, n = 12). Absorption of an oral taurine load appeared to be normal in CF. Excessive fecal taurine loss appears to predispose CF children to bile acid taurine deficiency, a deficiency that can be corrected by oral taurine supplements.
Pancreatic Function Testing in Meconium Disease in CF
Authors: Lands Larry , Zinman Raezelle , Wise Melvin , Kopelman Hinda 
Published: January 2024

SummaryWe report two infants with cystic fibrosis (CF), presenting with meconium ileus and meconium plug, who had no clinical or biochemical evidence of pancreatic insufficiency during infancy. They underwent pancreatic secretory function testing at 11 and 9 months of age, respectively. Both patients had sufficient lipase and colipase secretion to maintain normal digestion of fat, confirming that meconium disease in CF does not necessarily imply pancreatic insufficiency and the need for enzyme supplementation in infancy. Nonetheless, we documented markedly reduced enzyme secretion in both patients, implying a potential role for the pancreas in the pathogenesis of meconium disease, even when clinical pancreatic insufficiency is absent. In addition, our patient with meconium ileus had a severely limited fluid secretory capacity (10.3% of mean normal values). In contrast, the patient with the milder presentation of meconium plug had a far greater ability to secrete fluid (75% of mean normal), but had poorer pancreatic proteolytic activity. We suggest that impaired fluid secretion may be a very significant factor in the pathogenesis of meconium ileus, and we speculate that an inability to maintain sufficient intraluminal fluid relative to the degree of pancreatic proteolytic deficiency may more adequately explain the risk of occurrence and the severity of intestinal obstruction in CF than either factor alone.
Graft‐versus‐Host Disease
Authors: Kessler Bradley H. , Cochran William J. , Wagner Milton L. , Hawkins Hal K. , Klish William J. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryBone marrow transplantation is an accepted form of treatment for aplastic anemia and end‐stage hematological malignancies. Despite a satisfactory outcome in selected patients, more than one‐half develop acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), characterized typically by involvement of the skin, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. We describe an unusual case in which a 10‐year‐old girl developed gastrointestinal symptoms as the only manifestation of GVHD. The patient presented with a rectovaginal fistula and had clinical, radiological, and histological features of gastrointestinal GVHD without evidence of liver or skin involvement.
Celiac Disease in Two Different Population Groups of South Tirol
Authors: Pittschieler Klaus , Reissigl Hans , Mengarda Giuseppe 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe expression of celiac disease is assumed to be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Our study investigated the prevalence and HLA type in two different ethnic groups: a German group and an Italian group living in South Tirol. Intermarriages are rare between these population groups. The live birth rate during 1973–1982 (10 years) was 42,739 for the German group and 14,874 for the Italian group. Fifty people with celiac disease, born during this period, were diagnosed according to the ESPGAN criteria: 45 were German and five were Italian. The incidence in the German group was 105 per 100,000, and 33 per 100,000 in the Italian group. HLA typing was performed in 40 patients, and in 50 German and 50 Italian controls. Of the patients with celiac disease, 43% were positive for HLA B8, 85% for DR3, and 66% for DR7. Although lower, no difference was found in the expression of HLA B8, DR3, and DR7 in the Italian and German controls. The data presented here strongly suggest that there is little association between the incidence of the disease and HLA type in the two ethnic populations. However, from preliminary data, it is postulated that the age of the infant when gluten is added to its diet will affect the incidence of celiac disease.
A Prospective Survey of Serial Maternal Serum Zinc Levels and Pregnancy Outcome
Authors: Higashi Akimasa , Tajiri Akiko , Matsukura Makoto , Matsuda Ichiro 
Published: January 2024

SummarySerum zinc levels were monitored serially in pregnant women. Compared with those of age‐matched nonpregnant women, their serum zinc levels were significantly decreased in the first trimester (p < 0.005) and further decreased in the second trimester (p < 0.005) but then remained unchanged until delivery. Cord blood zinc levels and the ratio of cord blood to maternal serum zinc at delivery were significantly higher in preterm than term (≥ 37 weeks) infants (p < 0.05, p < 0.05). The maternal serum zinc level in the second trimester was not related to the birth weights of the infants. Mothers with serum zinc levels of <65 μg/dl in the last trimester showed a higher incidence of birth weights of less than the 50th percentile (p < 0.005) and also of less than the 25th percentile (p < 0.005) on term delivery. The incidences of birth weights of less than the 10th percentile on term delivery were similar for mothers with serum zinc levels of ≥65 μg/dl. This observation suggested that a relatively lower birth weight may be associated with lower maternal serum zinc levels in the third trimester, but an additional factor (factors) is also involved in the outcome of low birth weight infants.
Effect of Zinc Level in the Refeeding Diet in Previously Starved Rats on Plasma Somatomedin C Levels
Authors: Cossack Zafrallah T. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryWhite male growing rats were fed rat chow diet for 4 days after which they were fasted for 72 h. At the end of fasting, rats were allotted into four dietary treatments that varied only in the level of zinc (Zn): Zndeficient group (ZnD), 30. 90. and 140 ppm of Zn. A group of eight rats were not fasted and were fed the rat chow diet throughout the experimental period. Blood was obtained at intervals from all groups for the measurements of Zn and somatomedin C (SMC) in the plasma. Eight rats were randomly selected at zero time (t0) and at the end of fasting period were killed for the measurement of tibia Zn. At the end of refeeding, all rats were killed for tibia Zn determination as well. Results showed that plasma SMC decreased to the hypopituitary level at the 3rd day of fasting. At 48 and 72 h of refeeding. the levels of plasma SMC increased significantly in all experimental groups and the differences among groups were not significant. The levels of SMC in groups fed 140 and 90 ppm of Zn continued to increase significantly with progressive refeeding. However, in groups fed 30 ppm and ZnD diets the levels of SMC started to decline after 72 h of refeeding. The levels of plasma Zn followed similar trend as SMC levels. In addition, the levels of Zn in the tibia were comparable in all groups with SMC and plasma Zn levels at the end of fasting or refeeding period. Previous reports showed that plasma SMC level is a more reliable index used to monitor nutritional responses; thus, it could be concluded that the level of Zn in the diet should be considered carefully when planning nutritional intervention for severe malnutrition or starvation.