bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunotherapy and Vaccines
Authors: Cryz Stanley J. , Granstrom Marta , Gottstein Bruno , Perrin Luc , Cross Alan , Larrick James 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Historical Aspects1.2.Principles and Definitions1.2.1.Antigens1.2.2.Antibodies1.2.3.Immune Response1.2.4.Active Immunization1.2.5.Passive Immunization1.2.6.Genetic Engineering2.Bacterial Vaccines2.1.Diphtheria Vaccine2.2.Tetanus Vaccine2.3.Pertussis Vaccine2.4.Typhoid Fever Vaccine2.5.Streptococcus pneumoniaeVaccine2.6.Shigella Vaccines2.7.CholeraVaccine2.8.Vaccines Against Nosocomial Pathogenes2.9.Meningococcal Meningitis Vaccine2.10.Tuberculosis Vaccine2.11.Escherichia coliVaccines2.12.Neisseria gonorrhoeaeVaccine2.13.Hemophilus influenzaeType b Vaccines3.Viral vaccines3.1.Measles Vaccine3.2.Mumps Vaccine3.3.Rubella Vaccine3.4.Combined Measles ‐ Mumps ‐ RubellaVaccine3.5.Polio vaccine3.6.Hepatitis b Vaccine3.7.Rabies Vaccine3.8.Influenza Vaccine3.9.Varicella Vaccine3.10.Yellow Fever Vaccine3.11.Tick‐Borne Encephalitis Vaccine3.12.Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine3.13.Smallpox Vaccine3.14.Rift Valley Fever Vaccine4.Vaccines against Parasites4.1.Vaccines against Helminths4.1.1.Vaccines against Schistosoma4.1.2.Vaccines against Nematodes4.1.2.1.Gastrointestinal Nematodes4.1.2.2.Tissue‐Invading Nematodes (Filariidae)4.1.3.Vaccines against Cestodes4.2.Malaria Vaccine4.2.1.Strategy for Malaria Vaccine Development4.2.2.Sporozoite Vaccines4.2.3.Asexual Blood Stage Vaccine4.2.3.1.Merozoite Surface Antigens4.2.3.2.Rhoptry antigens4.2.3.3.Antigens Associated with the Membrane of Infected Erythrocytes4.2.3.4.Other Proteins and Synthetic Peptides4.2.4.Sexual Stages‐Transmission Blocking Immunity5.Immunotherapy5.1.Gamma Globulin Preparations5.1.1.Standard Immune Serum Globulin5.1.2.Immunoglobulin for Intravenous Use5.1.3.Hyperimmune Globulins and Antitoxins5.1.4.Production Requirements5.2.Prophylaxis with Immune Serum Globulin5.3.Prophylaxis with Hyperimmune Globulins5.4.Therapy with Immune Serum Globulin5.5.Prophylaxis and Therapy with Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG)5.5.1.Viral Infection5.5.2.Bacterial Infection5.5.3.Noninfectious Diseases5.5.3.1.Therapeutic Effect of IVIG5.5.3.2.Mechanism of Action5.6.Prophylaxis and Therapy with Plasma and Other Blood Products5.7.Adverse Effects of Gamma Globulin Preparations5.8.Future Prospects6.Immunotherapeutic Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies6.1.Introduction6.2.Bacterial Targets6.3.Viral and Chlamydial targets6.4.Parasite Targets
Iodine and Iodine Compounds
Authors: Lyday Phyllis A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Occurrence5.Production6.Quality Specifications, Transportation, and Storage7.Uses8.Economic Aspects9.Inorganic Iodine Compounds10.Organic Iodine Compounds11.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Iron Compounds
Authors: Wildermuth Egon , Stark Hans , Friedrich Gabriele , Ebenhöch Franz Ludwig , Kühborth Brigitte , Silver Jack , Rituper Rafael 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Iron Sulfates1.1.Iron(II) Sulfate1.2.Iron(III) Sulfate2.Iron Chlorides2.1.Iron(III) Chloride2.2.Iron(II) Chloride3.Iron Pentacarbonyl3.1.Properties3.2.Production3.3.Quality Specifications and Analysis3.4.Safety, Storage, and Transportation3.5.Uses3.6.Economic Aspects3.7.Toxicology and OccupationalHealth4.Iron Compounds, Miscellaneous5.Iron Compounds for the Treatment of Anemia6.Regeneration of Iron‐Containing PicklingBaths6.1.Sulfuric Acid Pickling Solutions6.1.1.Crystallization6.1.2.Electrolysis6.2.Hydrochloric Acid Pickling Solutions6.3.Nitric and Hydrofluoric Acid Pickling Solutions
Indirect aggression in the media: A content analysis of british television programs
Authors: Coyne Sarah M. , Archer John 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to determine how much indirect aggression occurs in television programs popular among British adolescents. Previous research has mainly focused on violence in the media rather than examining this more manipulative and subtle type of aggression. A content analysis of 228 hours of television programming revealed that indirect aggression was portrayed in 92.04% of all episodes analyzed. It was portrayed more frequently than physical and verbal aggression. Females were more likely to be shown as indirect aggressors than were males, while males were more likely to be portrayed as physical aggressors. Attractive aggressors were more likely to use indirect than other types of aggression. Indirect aggression was often found to be justified, realistic, and rewarded. We conclude that programs that are not considered violent may still contain a large amount of other types of aggression. Aggr. Behav. 30:254–271, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of N‐Alkoxy Amines via Catalytic Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
Authors: Kirner Hans‐J. , Schwarzenbach Franz , van der Schaaf Paul A. , Hafner Andreas , Rast Valérie , Frey Markus , Nesvadba Peter , Rist Guenther 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSterically hindered N‐alkoxy amines 3 are synthesized in good yields by coupling nitroxides 2 with hydrocarbyl radicals generated in situ by t‐BuOOH hydrogen abstraction from hydrocarbons. The reaction is catalyzed by copper halides as well as by onium iodides.
Vigabatrin, the GABA‐transaminase inhibitor, damages cone photoreceptors in rats
Authors: Duboc Agnès , Hanoteau Nöelle , Simonutti Manuel , Rudolf Gabrielle , Nehlig Astrid , Sahel Jose A. , Picaud Serge 
Published: April 2004

AbstractEpileptic patients experienced an irreversible loss of their peripheral visual field upon treatment with vigabatrin (gamma‐vinyl GABA), an inhibitor of the GABA degrading enzyme, GABA transaminase. Subsequently, central visual function was reported to also be irreversibly altered. This visual loss is associated with a decrease in the electroretinogram measurement localizing the deficit to the retina. To investigate its cellular origin, we treated rats daily with vigabatrin for 45 days. Two days after arresting this treatment, rats exhibited an irreversible decrease in the photopic electroretinogram, the flicker response, and the oscillatory potentials. These functional alterations were associated with a peripheral disorganization of the outer retina. However, photoreceptor damage was not limited to these disorganized areas, but cone inner and outer segments were severely injured in more central areas and their numbers were irreversibly decreased by 17 to 20%. Ultrastructural examination of the retina confirmed the presence of major photoreceptor damages, which were further supported by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and caspase‐3 activation both indicative of photoreceptor apoptosis. This study suggests that the visual field loss in vigabatrin‐treated epileptic patients may result from a sequence of events starting from cone cell injury to a more severe disorganization of the photoreceptor layer.
Synthesis and characterization of aspartate polymer complexes
Authors: El‐Mossalamy E. H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractOligomeric polyester, namely poly(tetramethylene asparate) (PTMA), was synthesized From D,L‐aspartic acid and 1,4‐butanediol by a melt codensation technique. Polyester–metal complexes were synthesized by the reaction of PTMA with hydrated acetates of Fe(III), Pd(IV), and UO2(II) in DMSO. The polyester–metal complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, UV–Vis, IR spectral studies, magnetic susceptibility measurements and 1H‐NMR. Mossbauer spectra of mixed samples of Pd‐PTMA and Fe(II)‐PTMA with a ratio of 1 : 2 mol showed the iron(III) oxide formed in early stages of the decomposition at 250°C is mainly fine‐grained and as the temperature is increased, well‐crystalline hematic is formed. Above 250°C, the Mossbauer spectrum showed the typical six‐line pattern of magnetically oriented Fe(III) oxide, but at 800°C, the spectrum showed quadrupole interaction characteristic of PdFe2O4 spinel. The metal ions were found to be six—coordinated with two water molecules as additional ligands besides oxygen and nitrogen atoms of polyester repeating units. Thermogravimetric analysis (DTA‐TG) showed that co‐ordination polymers are thermally more stable than polyester; the activation parameters for both decomposition steps were calculated and discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 942–947, 2004
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of novel poly(ether urea)s
Authors: Mehdipour‐Ataei Shahram , Sarrafi Yaghoub , Pirjel Mehdi Amiri 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTwo diamines, 2,6‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)pyridine and 2,6‐bis(5‐amino‐1‐naphenoxy)pyridine, were prepared through the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of 4‐aminophenol and 5‐amino‐1‐naphthol, respectively, with 2,6‐dichloropyridine. Poly(ether urea)s were synthesized through the polyaddition reactions of these diamines with aromatic, semiaromatic, and cycloaliphatic diisocyanates. All the monomers and polymers were fully characterized, and physical properties of the polymers, including the thermal behavior, thermal stability, solubility, and solution viscosity, were studied. The polyureas showed improved thermal stability. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 961–965, 2004
Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) gelation in the brabender measuring mixer. I. Equilibrium state between sliding, breaking, and gelation of PVC
Authors: Tomaszewska Jolanta , Sterzyński Tomasz , Piszczek Kazimierz 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis article discusses the first part of the Brabender typical torque process curves. Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC; Polanwil S‐61) was processed at various temperatures between 160 and 200°C with blade speeds in the range of 5–40 min−1. The morphological changes of the processed compound was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, and the degree of gelation was estimated on the basis of DSC thermograms. The values of torque minimum strongly depends on temperature. Shear rate affects mainly the time of reaching the minimum torque. The grains are disintegrated into the nonuniform particles and aggregates of the dimensions between 20 and 4 μm. The significant variation of the gelation degree was found for the sample produced in the same conditions and unloaded from Brabender chamber at minimum of torque. It was found that the value of the minimum of torque described momentary equilibrium state between sliding of breaking grains and increasing degree of PVC gelation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 966–971, 2004
Theoretical aspects of fiber spinning
Authors: Vrentas J. S. , Vrentas C. M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA new coordinate expansion based on a Taylor series is used to derive the one‐dimensional approximation to unsteady isothermal jet flows. The expansion procedure is carried out for an isothermal, Newtonian jet with no surface tension and air drag, and it can be used to derive a higher order approximation to the flow field. Two new formulations have been derived for the eigenvalue problem for fiber spinning stability for negligible inertia and gravity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 986–993, 2004
Are standardized EMSs useful in local authorities? A study of how a tool from the private sector is used in the public sector
Authors: Norén Hanna , Malmborg Fredrik von 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFollowing the trend in the private sector, standardized environmental management systems (EMSs) have been introduced in several local authorities around the world. When the tool is transferred from the private sector to the public, one can ask how useful the tool is in the new environment, since the private and the public sectors are two different types of social sphere, with different institutional logics. Taking a closer look at the situation in Sweden, this paper aims to investigate the applicability of standardized EMSs in local authorities and the public sector in general. Based on qualitative interviews with public officers in two municipalities in Sweden, it is argued that EMSs are useful in municipalities. However, the study also reveals that an EMS seems to be more suitable for technical service administrations and municipally owned companies than social service administrations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Multi‐Step Application of Immobilized Reagents and Scavengers: A Total Synthesis of Epothilone C
Authors: Storer R. Ian , Takemoto Toshiyasu , Jackson Philip S. , Brown Dearg S. , Baxendale Ian R. , Ley Steven V. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe total synthesis of the cytotoxic antitumour natural product epothilone C has provided a stage for the exploitation and further development of immobilized reagent methods. A stereoselective convergent synthetic strategy was applied, incorporating polymer‐supported reagents, catalysts, scavengers and catch‐and‐release techniques to avoid frequent aqueous work‐up and chromatographic purification.
Transient scattering of plane waves from an inclusion with a unilateral frictional contact interface—a 2D time domain boundary element analysis
Authors: Feng Yang‐De , Wang Yue‐Sheng , Zhang Zi‐Mao 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper is the continuity of our previous work (Commun Numer Meth Engng 2003; 19: 25–36) which applies the 2D time domain boundary element method (BEM) to solve the transient scattering of SH waves by an inclusion with a unilateral frictional contact interface. The case of the plane wave (P and/or SV wave) incidence is studied. Localized slip and separation at the interface caused by strong incident waves are considered. Therefore the interface involves three different kinds of unknown intervals: slip, separation and stick regions. In order to determine the unknown intervals, an iterative technique is developed. As an example, we compute the scattering of P waves by a cylinder of circular cross‐section embedded in an infinite solid. Numerical results for the near field solutions are presented. The distortion of the response waves and the variation of the interface states are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Special wave basis finite elements for very short wave refraction and scattering problems
Authors: Bettess Peter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFinite elements for very short wave scattering problems have recently been developed by various authors. These have almost exclusively dealt with the Helmholtz equation. The elements have been very successful, in terms of drastic reductions of the number of degrees of freedom in the numerical model. However, most of these elements are not directly applicable to problems in which the wave speed is not constant, but varies with position. Many wave problems fall into this latter category. The present paper demonstrates how concepts used in ray tracing approaches, for problems with varying wave speed, such as wave refraction in coastal areas, can be borrowed and applied to the new types of elements. The paper gives no numerical results, but outlines how the method can be extended, in a relatively simple manner, to solve a much larger class of wave problems, of great interest. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the calculation of normals in free‐surface flow problems
Authors: Walkley M. A. , Gaskell P. H. , Jimack P. K. , Kelmanson M. A. , Summers J. L. , Wilson M. C. T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe use of boundary‐conforming finite element methods is considered for the solution of surface‐tension‐dominated free‐surface flow problems in three dimensions. This class of method is based upon the use of a moving mesh whose velocity is driven by the motion of the free surface, which is in turn determined via a kinematic boundary condition for the normal velocity. The significance of the method used to compute the normal direction at the finite element node points for a C0 piecewise‐polynomial free surface is investigated. In particular, it is demonstrated that the concept of mass‐consistent normals on an isoparametric quadratic tetrahedral mesh is flawed. In this case an alternative, purely geometric, normal is shown to lead to a far more robust numerical algorithm. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of mixed‐parallelism on parallel implementations of the Strassen and Winograd matrix multiplication algorithms
Authors: Desprez F. , Suter F. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn this paper we study the impact of the simultaneous exploitation of data‐ and task‐parallelism, so called mixed‐parallelism, on the Strassen and Winograd matrix multiplication algorithms. This work takes place in the context of Grid computing and, in particular, in the Client–Agent(s)–Server(s) model, where data can already be distributed on the platform. For each of those algorithms, we propose two mixed‐parallel implementations. The former follows the phases of the original algorithms while the latter has been designed as the result of a list scheduling algorithm. We give a theoretical comparison, in terms of memory usage and execution time, between our algorithms and classical data‐parallel implementations. This analysis is corroborated by experiments. Finally, we give some hints about heterogeneous and recursive versions of our algorithms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A PC cluster system employing IEEE 1394
Authors: Hyoudou Kazuki , Ozaki Ryota , Nakayama Yasuichi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we describe the design and evaluation of a PC cluster system in which IEEE 1394 is applied. Networks for parallel cluster computing require low latency and high bandwidth. It is also important that the networks be commercially available at low cost. Few network devices satisfy all of the above requirements. However, the IEEE 1394 standard provides a good compromise for fulfilling these requirements. We have used IEEE 1394 devices, which support a 400 Mbps data transfer rate, to connect the nodes of a PC cluster system which we have designed and implemented. We have implemented two communication libraries. One is a fast communication library called CF for IEEE 1394. The other is a MPI layer library on the CF library. Experimental results show that CF achieves a 17.2 microsecond round‐trip time. On application benchmarks, the system was considerably faster than TCP/IP over Fast Ethernet. Even though the system was constructed at very low cost, it provides good performance. Using the IEEE 1394 standard is thus a good solution for low‐cost cluster systems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polynuclear and Extended Coordination Compounds from Preorganized Bimetallic Components: Tuning the Magnetic Properties of Dinickel(II) Building Blocks
Authors: Leibeling Guido , Demeshko Serhiy , Bauer‐Siebenlist Bernhard , Meyer Franc , Pritzkow Hans 
Published: April 2004

AbstractVarious dinucleating pyrazole ligands with chelating side arms in the 3‐ and 5‐positions of the heterocycle have been shown to form NiII/azido complexes, where the metal ions are spanned by the pyrazolate, and an azido bridge. Four new complexes have been characterized by X‐ray crystallography and variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility studies. The Ni···Ni distance, and hence the intra‐dimer coordination mode of the azide (μ‐1,1 or μ‐1,3), is determined by the chelate arm length, such that the magnetic properties of the bimetallic units can be controlled. The intramolecular coupling between the NiII (S = 1) ions was found to be ferromagnetic (J = +4.0 ± 0.5 cm−1) in the case of [L1Ni2(N3)(NO3)2] (1) with a μ‐1,1 azide, but antiferromagnetic (J = −25.7 ± 0.3 cm−1) for [L2Ni2(N3)](ClO4)2 (2) with a μ‐1,3 azide. Such bimetallic units can serve as building blocks for the construction of high‐nuclearity NiII/azide compounds, as demonstrated for the tetranuclear complexes [L12Ni4(μ‐1,1‐N3)2(μ‐1,3‐N3)2](BPh4)2 (3), and [L3Ni2(N3)3]2 (4). Complex 3 was obtained by the replacement of the labile nitrates in 1 by additional azido ligands, that bridge the two [L1Ni2(N3)]2+ subunits in the μ‐1,3 mode. Complex 4 incorporates two additional azides, and two of its azido linkages were found in the rare μ‐1,1,3 binding mode (albeit with relatively long Ni−N bond lengths). The magnetic properties of the tetranuclear species were as predicted from the building blocks and the respective azide binding, with ferromagnetic intra‐dimer and antiferromagnetic inter‐dimer exchanges, yielded an overall S = 0 ground state. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Diorganotin Derivatives of 2,5‐Dimercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole
Authors: Ma Chunlin , Zhang Junhong , Li Feng , Zhang Rufen 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTwo novel trinuclear tin oxo clusters [(C2S3N2)R6Sn3O(OH)Y]·L [R = CH3, Y = OH, L = 1·5H2O (1); R = PhCH2, Y = OEt, L = 0 (2)], a pentanuclear tin macrocycle [(CH3)2Sn(C2N2S3)]5·CH2Cl2·3H2O (3) and [(PhCH2)4Cl2Sn(C2S3N2)] (4) have been synthesized by the reaction of 2,5‐dimercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole with dialkyltin dichloride in ethanol (95%) or dichloromethane. Complexes1−4have been characterized by elemental analysis and IR,1H,13C and119Sn NMR spectroscopy. The structures of1−3have been determined by X‐ray crystallography. Complexes1and2display a unique tricyclic structure consisting of fused five‐membered Sn2ON2and four‐membered Sn2O2rings that form a planar N2Sn3O2skeleton, with a distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination at tin. Complex3is a pentanuclear 35‐membered tin macrocycle containing the crown thioether‐type ligand in which all five tin atoms bond to the sulfur and nitrogen atoms with distorted octahedral geometries. The structures of complexes1and3are stabilized by hydrogen bonds or intermolecular non‐bonding S···S interactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis and Characterization of a Series of Lanthanide Complexes Constructed from Orotic Acid
Authors: Li Xing , Shi Qian , Sun Daofeng , Bi Wenhua , Cao Rong 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe solution reaction of orotic acid (2,6‐dioxo‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyrimidine‐4‐carboxylic acid, H3dtpc) and Ln(NO3)3·6H2O (Ln = La, Ce) or Ln2O3 (Ln = Pr, Nd) yielded five complexes [{Ln(aH2dtpc)2(bH2dtpc)(H2O)4}·H2O]n (Ln = La 1, Ce 3), [La(aH2dtpc)2(cH2dtpc)(H2O)6]·4H2O (2), and [Ln(aH2dtpc)2(OH)(H2O)6]·(H3dtpc)2·7H2O (Ln = Pr 4, Nd 5). Complexes 1 and 3 possess 1D chain structures, 2 is a mononuclear structure, and 4 and 5 are mononuclear complexes that are extended into infinite honeycomb structures through hydrogen bonding interactions. The hydrothermal reaction of orotic acid and Ln2O3 (Ln = La, Nd, Eu, Gd, Er) produced five polymeric complexes [Ln(dHdtpc)(OH)(H2O)]n (Ln = La 6, Nd 7, Eu 8, Gd 9, Er 10), which contain isostructural 3D frameworks with ladder‐like chains formed by LnIII, a µ3‐OH bridge and an orotate spacer. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
On the Electronic Structure of Mesitylnickel Complexes of α‐Diimines — Combining Structural Data, Spectroscopy and Calculations
Authors: Klein Axel , Feth Martin P. , Bertagnolli Helmut , Záliš Stanislav 
Published: April 2004

AbstractNew organometallic nickel complexes of the type [(α‐diimine)Ni(Mes)Br] and [(α‐diimine)Ni(Mes)2] (Mes = mesityl = 2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl) were prepared and characterised spectroscopically in detail. A combination of spectroscopic techniques (XRD, EXAFS, absorption, resonance Raman) and quantum chemical (DFT) calculations reveals the interplay of the diimine ligands and the mesityl or bromine co‐ligands with the nickel centre. The low‐lying electronic transitions are assigned as mixed MLCT/L′LCT or MLCT/XLCT due to low‐lying accepting π*‐orbitals centred on the diimine ligands and mixed metal/co‐ligand MOs as donor levels. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)