bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synucleins in glaucoma: Implication of γ‐synuclein in glaucomatous alterations in the optic nerve
Authors: Surgucheva Irina , McMahan Belinda , Ahmed Farid , Tomarev Stanislav , Wax Martin B. , Surguchov Andrei 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSynucleins are small proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases and some forms of cancer. They are studied predominantly in the brain; information about their presence and functions in ocular tissues is scarce. Here we describe the localization of three members of the synuclein family in the optic nerve of donors with different types of glaucoma compared with control samples from donors without ocular diseases. We did not find significant differences in the localization of α‐ and β‐synucleins in the optic nerve or retina of glaucoma patients compared with controls, whereas considerable redistribution of γ‐synuclein occurred in the glaucomatous optic nerve compared with control eye without glaucoma. In the optic nerve from control and glaucomatous individuals, nerve bundles are immunopositive for γ‐synuclein; however, a strong γ‐synuclein‐immunopositive staining in a subset of glial cells was observed in the lamina and postlamina cribrosa regions of the optic nerve only in glaucoma patients. In the optic nerve of rats with episcleral vein cauterization used as an animal model of glaucoma, the quantity of both γ‐synuclein mRNA and protein was decreased compared with the optic nerves of control animals. Incubation of rat astrocyte culture at elevated hydrostatic pressure reduced the amount of γ‐synuclein but did not affect the quantities of actin and glial fibrillary acidic protein. These data suggest that significant changes in the pattern of expression and/or localization occur in the glaucomatous optic nerve for γ‐synuclein but not for α‐ and β‐members of the synuclein family. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypoxanthine impairs morphogenesis and enhances proliferation of a neuroblastoma model of Lesch Nyhan syndrome
Authors: Ma Margaret H. Y. , Stacey N. Charles , Connolly Gerald P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExtracellular purines have essential roles in neuronal development; hence, disruptions in their metabolism as reported in Lesch Nyhan syndrome (LNS) could result in developmental abnormalities. The deficiency of hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) in LNS leads to increased hypoxanthine and uric acid production. We have reported that HGPRT‐deficient B103‐4C neuroblastoma, a neuronal model of LNS, proliferated less and differentiated more than their HGPRT‐positive B103 counterparts. Here, we sought to determine whether differences in proliferation and differentiation would occur when these cells were cultured in the presence of hypoxanthine or in a hypoxanthine‐/serum‐free chemically defined media (NBMN2). In media with 1% serum, hypoxanthine (50 μM) significantly increased the proliferation of both cell lines with a greater effect on B103‐4C cells. In 1% serum media, hypoxanthine increased differentiation of B103 but decreased B103‐4C differentiation. In NBMN2, B103 proliferated far more than B103‐4C, but both cell types differentiated to the same extent. These results are interpreted to suggest that elevated levels of central nervous system (CNS) hypoxanthine as reported in LNS may affect neuronal development, and to implicate hypoxanthine and abnormal neuronal development as causative factors in the etiology of LNS. J. Neurosci. Res. 63:500–508, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early detection of the start of the wet season in semiarid tropical climates of western Africa
Authors: Dodd Doris E.S. , Jolliffe Ian T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn earlier paper (Jolliffe IT, Sarria‐Dodd DE. 1994. International Journal of Climatology 14: 71–76) investigated the problem of deciding when the wet season has started in tropical and sub‐tropical climates. In particular, methodology based on linear discriminant analysis was developed for using data from the current season to make the decision, rather than relying only on information from previous seasons. It was shown, for three stations in eastern Africa, that the methodology was potentially valuable. The present study is much larger, using data from 24 stations, covering a range of annual rainfall totals, in western Africa. It is confirmed that linear discriminant analysis can indeed be useful in detecting when the wet season has started, and hence in deciding when to plant crops. As well as being a larger analysis than that reported previously, the present study also extends the previous work by investigating an alternative definition of the start of the wet season and by including ‘date’ as a potential explanatory variable. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Developments and prospects in synoptic climatology
Authors: Yarnal Brent , Comrie Andrew C. , Frakes Brent , Brown David P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDevelopments in synoptic climatology in the 1990s included advances in traditional synoptic climatology, empirical downscaling, and dynamical downscaling (i.e. regional climate modelling). The research emphasis in traditional, empirical–statistical approaches to synoptic climatology shifted from methodological development to applications of widely accepted classification techniques, including manual, correlation‐based, eigenvector‐based, compositing and indexing schemes. In contrast, most efforts in empirical downscaling, which became a well‐established field of synoptic climatology during the 1990s, were directed to model development; applications were of secondary concern. Similarly, regional climate models (RCMs) burst onto the scene during the decade and focused on model development, although important progress was made in linking or coupling RCMs to regional or local surface climate systems. This paper discusses prospects for the future of traditional synoptic climatology, empirical downscaling and regional climate modelling. It concludes by looking at the present role of geographic information system (GIS) concepts in synoptic climatology and the potential future role of GIS to the field. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Spatial and temporal variabilities of rainfall in tropical South America as derived from Climate Prediction Center merged analysis of precipitation
Authors: Matsuyama H. , Marengo J.A. , Obregon G.O. , Nobre C.A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe investigated the spatial and temporal variabilities of Climate Prediction Center merged analysis of precipitation (CMAP) in tropical South America from 1979 to 1998. First, we validated CMAP using other hydrometeorological data. In comparison with the high‐density precipitation data of the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) Ver. 2, CMAP reproduces the spatial pattern well, although it underestimates (overestimates) heavy (light) precipitation. CMAP also reproduces the interannual variability well, compared with the discharge data of the River Amazon.Next, we applied the rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) to CMAP after subtracting the annual cycle. Simultaneous and lag correlations were calculated among the scores of REOFs 1 to 4, the southern oscillation index, and the dipole index of the Atlantic. REOF 1 (15%) represents the north–south pattern that exhibits the maximum precipitation in the summer hemisphere. REOF 2 (12%) indicates the gradual decrease of precipitation in the northern part of tropical South America, reflecting the effect of the Atlantic. REOF 3 (11%) exhibits an east–west pattern related to El Niño. In REOF 4 (7%), the centre of the factor loading is located in Colombia, and the score jumps abruptly around 1985–86.The Lepage test detected the abrupt increase of CMAP in 1985–86 around Colombia. Since such a jump is not found in GHCN Ver. 2, the discontinuous changes of CMAP and REOF 4 around 1985–86 are artificial and peculiar to CMAP. In this region, CMAP should be applied with caution when evaluating recent trends and the interannual variability. The importance of the abrupt increase of precipitation around Colombia is also addressed. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
A Weichselian deglaciation model applied to the Early Permian glaciation in the northeast Karoo Basin, South Africa
Authors: Haldorsen Sylvi , Von Brunn Victor , Maud Rodney , Truter Edward D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt generally is assumed that the Early Permian Gondwana deglaciation in South Africa started with a collapse of the marine ice‐sheet. The northeast part of the Karoo Basin became ice‐free as a result of this collapse. The deglaciation here probably took place under temperate glacial conditions. Three glacial phases have been identified. Phase 1: the marine ice retreat of 400 km over the northeast Karoo Basin, which may have been completed over a few thousand years. The glaciers grounded in the shallower areas around the shore of the basin. Phase 2: the smaller, now mainly continental ice‐sheet here re‐stabilised and remained more or less stationary for several tens of thousand years. During this phase, between 50 and 200 m of massive glaciomarine mud with dropstones accumulated in the open, marine basin that became ice‐free during Phase 1. Isostatic uplift, as a response to the first rapid deglaciation phase, can be traced in the inland part of the region. Phase 3: the final deglaciation may have taken 10 to 20 kyr. After this time no new ice sheet was built up over southern Africa. The entire Early Permian deglaciation of the northeast Karoo Basin was completed within thousands rather than millions of years. Phases 1 and 3 had lengths similar to typical Quaternary deglaciations, whereas Phase 2 was a long, stable phase, more similar to a full Quaternary glaciation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐Raman study of Ba1 − xSrxTiO3 ceramics
Authors: Dobal P. S. , Dixit A. , Katiyar R. S. , Garcia D. , Guo R. , Bhalla A. S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA Raman spectroscopic study was performed to investigate Ba1−xSrxTiO3 ceramics prepared using a solid‐state reaction technique. A single‐phase perovskite structure of the ceramics was verified and no mechanical stresses or grain size effects were identified within the sensitivity of the Raman micro‐probe. The tetragonal to cubic transition temperature that was found to decrease linearly from 137 to 7 °C with increasing Sr content from x = 0.00 to x = 0.35 corroborated the dielectric results on single crystals. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resonant light scattering and luminescence in multimode vibronic systems: time‐dependent representation
Authors: Hizhnyakov V. , Tehver I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe resonant secondary emission of light by impurity centres in crystals was studied, based on the Kramers and Heisenberg dispersion equation in time representation. The problem of the classification of the secondary emission is overviewed for an archetype model of a molecular centre. It is demonstrated that the Kramers and Heisenberg equation describes the ordinary and hot luminescence and the Rayleigh and the Raman scattering. The effects of the inhomogeneous distribution of zero‐phonon transitions on different components of resonant secondary emission are described. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex Raman amplitude recovery and dynamics from the Raman excitation profile: application to iodobenzene and azulene
Authors: Feng Z. W. , Lee Soo‐Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecovering the complex amplitude or phase from an intensity, which is given as the modulus square of the amplitude, is a problem common to diverse physical areas. The focus of this paper is on the Raman excitation profile — the Raman intensity of a mode as a function of the excitation energy — which is given by the modulus square of the Raman amplitude. Three methods, with different principles, are presented for amplitude or phase recovery: the dispersion or energy‐frame method; the z‐transform or time‐frame method; and the maximum entropy method. A comparison function technique is introduced to address the usual situation where the measured intensity is band‐limited. There are two classes of problems, minimum phase and non‐minimum phase, and the mapping from the intensity to the complex amplitude may not be unique. The non‐minimum phase situation occurs when the analytically extended complex amplitude, with the energy E replaced by ξ = γ − iE, has zeros in the right‐half complex plane. These zeros have implications for the system dynamics. An algorithm is presented to search for the critical zeros. The characteristics of the zeros are studied with a two‐mode harmonic model, and the theory is applied to the Raman excitation profiles of iodobenzene and azulene. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase transition in WO3 microcrystals obtained by sintering process
Authors: Filho A. G. Souza , Filho J. Mendes , Freire V. N. , Ayala A. P. , Sasaki J. M. , Freire P. T. C. , Melo F. E. A. , Julião J. F. , Gomes U. U. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe vibrational properties of WO3 ceramics in the 30–300 K temperature range were probed by Raman spectroscopy. Starting with WO3 ceramics at room temperature presenting monoclinic (V) and triclinic (VI) mixed phases, structural transitions related to decreasing temperature were observed. At low temperatures a monoclinic (VII) and a new mixed phase were observed, the former characteristic of WO3 bulk and the latter associated to microcrystals. The analysis of the spectra indicated that the new phase develops gradually and it comes mainly from the monoclinic (V) phase. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sherry wine vinegar: physicochemical changes during the acetification process
Authors: Morales M L , Tesfaye W , García‐Parrilla M C , Casas J A , Troncoso A M 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe quality of a wine vinegar is determined by the raw wine substrate and the acetification process employed in its production. Attempts to characterise vinegars have been based on these two features, along with variables such as total extract, glycerol, organic acids, volatile compounds and phenolic composition. When the final products are analysed, it is difficult to evaluate to what extent quality differences are due to the raw material or to differences in production methods, so it is necessary to determine the influence of each feature separately. The present work focuses on monitoring physicochemical changes during the acetification of sherry wine by submerged culture. ANOVA showed significant differences for ethanol, acetic and lactic acids and some volatile compounds (methanol, 1‐propanol, 2‐methyl‐1‐propanol, 2‐methyl‐1‐butanol, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, acetoin, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate). However, no statistical changes were found for phenolic compounds during acetification. The phenolic composition of the final product was determined by the substrate employed. In addition, the influence of cycle duration on the chemical composition was studied; the only compound affected by this factor was 2‐methyl‐1‐butanol.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Gas chromatographic analysis of alkylresorcinols in rye (Secale cereale L) grains
Authors: Ross Alastair B , Kamal‐Eldin Afaf , Jung Charlotta , Shepherd Martin J , Åman Per 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA method was established for fast and easy analysis of 5‐n‐alkylresorcinols in rye grains, considering effects of milling (intact grains versus flour), extraction solvent (ethyl acetate, methanol and acetone), extraction volume per gram of sample (20 and 40 ml) and extraction time (3, 6, 18 and 24 h). For intact kernels, extraction of 1 g samples with ethyl acetate (40 ml, 24 h) is recommended. The ease of extraction is consistent with the presence of alkylresorcinols in the outer layers of the kernel and their absence in the endosperm. The extracts were analysed (without further purification or derivatisation) by gas chromatography using methyl behenate (C22:0, fatty acid methyl ester) as internal standard. Alkylresorcinols were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the major homologues were found to contain alkyl chains of C17:0, C19:0, C21:0, C23:0 and C25:0. The methodology was then applied to analyse the alkylresorcinol content in 15 rye cultivars grown at two locations in Sweden. Total alkylresorcinol contents varied within the range 549–1022 µg g−1, and the average percentages of the different alkylresorcinols were: 17:0, 23%; 19:0, 32%; 21:0, 26%; 23:0, 11%; and 25:0, 8%.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Follow‐up of sentinel node negative breast cancer patients without axillary lymph node dissection
Authors: Schrenk Peter , Hatzl‐Griesenhofer Margit , Shamiyeh Andreas , Waynad Wolfgang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer patients at our institution and to report the follow‐up status of node‐negative patients with removal of only the sentinel node.MethodsA total of 247 breast cancer patients underwent sentinel node (SN) mapping between June of 1996 and September of 2000. The SN was identified by using a combination of vital blue dye and a radiolabeled colloid.ResultsA SN was identified in 227 of 247 patients (91.9%). One hundred forty‐five were SN negative, 82 were SN positive. All SN‐positive patients underwent axillary dissection of level I and II, whereas 83 patients with a negative SN had SN biopsy only. Median follow‐up of these patients at 22 months revealed no axillary recurrence; the morbidity resulting from SN biopsy was negligible.ConclusionsAlthough the follow‐up is very short, SN biopsy only in node‐negative breast cancer patients had no negative impact on the axillary failure rate and resulted in negligible morbidity. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;77:165–170. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of galium arsenide diode laser on human periodontal disease: A microbiological and clinical study
Authors: Yilmaz Selçuk , Kuru Bahar , Kuru Leyla , Noyan Ülkü , Argun Dilek , Kadir Tanju 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThe present study is aimed to describe short‐term results on selected microbiological and clinical parameters obtained by treatment with soft laser in conjunction with methylene blue and/or mechanical subgingival debridement in human periodontal disease.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTen patients, in whom each dental quadrant was randomly designated to receive one of four types of treatment procedures, were included in the study. Groups of quadrants received: scaling/root planing (SRP); laser application (L); SRP combined with L (SRP/L); oral hygiene instructions (OHI). Four single rooted teeth (one in each quadrant), having an interproximal site with a probing depth of 4 mm mesio‐buccally, were selected in each patient. The selected teeth were first assessed for microbiological (one site/tooth) and then for clinical variables (six sites/tooth). Supragingival irrigation with methylene blue was performed prior to laser application. The microbiological (proportions of obligate anaerobes) and clinical measurements (plaque and gingival indices, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth) were evaluated over a period of 32 days.ResultsOnly the SRP/L and SRP groups provided significant reductions in the proportions of obligate anaerobes before and after treatments with no significant differences in between. Parallel to the microbiological changes, both SRP/L and SRP resulted in similar clinical improvements, whereas L alone revealed a limited effect similar to OHI.ConclusionWithin the limits of this study, methylene blue/soft laser therapy provided no additional microbiological and clinical benefits over conventional mechanical debridement. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:60–66, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diode laser hair removal of the black patient
Authors: Greppi Ivani 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThe 810‐nm wavelength diode laser can safely and successfully treat all skin types, including dark pigmented skin.Study Design/Materials and MethodsEight Fitzpatrick level V–VI skin type patients, four of which presented with the diagnosis of pseudofolliculitis barbae, were treated with the diode laser for hair removal using low‐energy settings and long pulse duration.ResultsAll eight patients had excellent results with unwanted hair greatly reduced, and pseudofolliculitis barbae resolved.ConclusionsDiode lasers can be used on dark pigmented skin with positive outcomes. Complications such as hypopigmentation, or hyperpigmentation occurred, but all were transient and resolved within a few months. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:150–155, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contact laser‐assisted neuroendoscopy can be performed safely by using pretreated ‘black’ fibre tips: Experimental data
Authors: Willems Peter W.A. , Vandertop W. Peter , Verdaasdonk Rudolf M. , van Swol Christiaan F.P. , Jansen Gerard H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveLaser‐assisted endoscopic neurosurgery by using conventional fibres requires the use of high‐power laser light. Because this is potentially hazardous, we developed a pretreated fibre tip and evaluated tissue effects in vitro and in vivo.Study Design/Materials and MethodsBy applying a highly absorbing coating to the front of the ball tip, almost all laser light is transformed into thermal energy, instantly producing ablative temperatures at the tip itself. The temperature distribution was examined by using an in vitro thermal imaging technique. The in vivo effect on rabbit cerebral tissue was examined macroscopically and histologically.ResultsBy using a conventional fibre tip, ablation was not observed, despite the use of high energy and power (20 W for 10 seconds), whereas histology and thermal imaging demonstrated deleterious effects deeply into the cerebral tissue. By using the coated fibre tip, ablation was observed at low energy and power (1 W for 1 second) with thermal effects restricted to superficial structures.ConclusionsWe show that laser‐assisted neuroendoscopy can only be considered to be safe when pretreated “black” fibre tips are used, as laser light damages deep structures. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:324–329, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Permeabilization and recovery of the stratum corneum in vivo: The synergy of photomechanical waves and sodium lauryl sulfate
Authors: Lee Shun , McAuliffe Daniel J. , Kollias Nikiforos , Flotte Thomas J. , Doukas Apostolos G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and Objective:Photomechanical waves render the stratum corneum permeable and allow macromolecules to diffuse into the epidermis and dermis. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined action of photomechanical waves and sodium lauryl sulfate, an anionic surfactant, for transdermal delivery.Study Design/Materials and Methods:A single photomechanical wave was applied to the skin of rats in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate. The sodium lauryl sulfate solution was removed and aqueous solutions of rhodamine‐B dextran (40 kDa molecular weight) were applied to the skin at time points 2, 30, and 60 minutes post‐exposure. The presence of rhodamine‐B dextran in the skin was measured by fluorescence emission spectroscopy in vivo and fluorescence microscopy of frozen biopsies.Results:The use of sodium lauryl sulfate delayed the recovery of the stratum corneum barrier and extended the time available for the diffusion of dextran through it.Conclusion:The combination of photomechanical waves and surfactants can enhance transdermal drug delivery. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:145–150, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.