bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN BACTERIAL CYTOLOGY PRODUCED BY CATIONIC POLYPEPTIDES
Authors: Spitznagel John K. 
Published: June 2004

The antibacterial action of cationic polypeptides has been found to be correlated with changes which they produce in the cytochemical reactions of the bacterial cells. Bacterial cells ordinarily stain with cationic dyes at pH values above 7. Treatment with cationic polypeptides rendered them stainable with the anionic dye fast green at pH 8.1. This change occurred parallel to loss of bacterial viability.
An anionic, biological substance, mucin, was found to inhibit the usual conversion of bacterial cells from strong basophilia to strong acidophilia in the presence of cationic polypeptide. This inhibitory action was paralleled by inhibition of the toxicity of the cationic polypeptides for the bacterial cells. It was found that the basic protein, globin, which has a lesser pK than total calf thymus histone, was less toxic for E. coli and less effective in causing the bacterial cells to become stainable with the anionic dye at high pH.
Staining with fast green at pH 8.1 appeared to provide presumptive evidence of lethal interaction between certain bacterial cells and cationic polypeptides such as total histones. It is suggested that the method may prove to be useful in the detection of lethal interaction between cationic polypeptides of the host and bacteria residing in host tissues.
STUDIES ON TUBERCULIN FEVER
Authors: Moses John M. , Atkins Elisha 
Published: June 2004

Certain characteristics of tolerance which develops to the pyrogenic effects of old tuberculin (OT) in BCG-vaccinated rabbits have been described.
Rabbits made tolerant by several injections of OT lost their ability to produce detectable amounts of endogenous pyrogen (EP) in response to the specific agent (OT) but mobilized normal amounts of EP when given a small unrelated stimulus. On the other hand, when this stimulus followed shortly after an initial tuberculin fever of sufficient magnitude, release of additional EP was suppressed, presumably due to an inhibitory effect of the EP previously mobilized by tuberculin.
Similarly, a single large dose of endotoxin almost completely suppressed the response of sensitized rabbits to OT given several hours later. Since several spaced injections of the same dosage were ineffective, this phenomenon does not appear to be attributable to the known mechanisms by which endotoxins promote non-specific resistance to toxicity and infection. Tolerance to tuberculin could not be definitely shown following an injection of Newcastle disease virus which also produces a circulating EP, and it has been inferred that endotoxin blocks the pyrogenic action of antigen on host tissues directly rather than through mobilizing EP.
On the basis of these observations, the relationship of specific to non-specific tolerance to tuberculin fever has been compared in terms of the ability of such tolerant animals to mobilize EP to heterologous stimuli and it is concluded that the two forms of tolerance are different. Furthermore, the fact that a number of unrelated agents produce tolerance non-specifically supports the concept that there may be a common source of EP released by a number of stimuli, including endotoxins and myxoviruses, as well as antigen in specifically sensitized hosts.
DEMONSTRATION OF AN EPITHELIAL ANTIGEN IN COLON BY MEANS OF FLUORESCENT ANTIBODIES FROM CHILDREN WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Authors: Broberger Ove , Perlmann Peter 
Published: June 2004

Thirteen sera from children with ulcerative colitis were examined for antibodies reacting with constituents of human colonic tissue by means of immunofluorescent methods. 3 out of 10 sera reacted positively when tested by the direct staining method while 6 out of 13 reacted positively when tested by the indirect method with conjugates of rabbit anti-human gamma globulin. The specificity of the reactions could be confirmed by inhibition tests. 16 sera from healthy children and adults yielded completely negative results. The staining capacity of various sera was correlated to their hemagglutinating titer when they were tested with sheep erythrocytes, coated with phenol-water extract of human colon. Absorption experiments indicated that the stainable antigen was also present in the extracts used for the hemagglutination experiments.
In unfixed tissue sections, fluorescent antibodies were adsorbed onto the epithelial cells of the mucosa. Adsorption on epithelial basement membranes could not be demonstrated. Fluorescent H agglutinins, isolated from eel serum, were adsorbed onto the same mucosal structures of human colon (blood group O) as the antibodies in the sera of patients with ulcerative colitis. However, any immunological relationship between H substance and the colonic antigen of ulcerative colitis could be ruled out by cross-inhibition and hemagglutination inhibition experiments.
Fluorescent serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis also stained sections of human colon but the localization of the stainable antigens was different from that visualized with the ulcerative colitis sera. Inhibition experiments indicated that the rheumatoid arthritis serum contained antibodies staining colon antigens different from those reacting with antibodies in the ulcerative colitis sera. Sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus or with the nephrotic syndrome, which all hemagglutinated erythrocytes coated with colon extract, did not stain the sections of the colon tissue either because of suboptimal antibody concentration or because of a difference in type or localization of the antigen.
STUDIES ON NATURAL ANTIBODIES TO GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Authors: Michael J. Gabriel , Whitby James L. , Landy Maurice 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the origin, occurrence, and properties of natural antibodies to Gram-negative bacteria in the normal serum of several species. Antibody was measured by a procedure based on the bactericidal reaction carried out under conditions in which activity was a function of the amount of antibody contributed by the test serum.
Antibody to seven genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae were demonstrated in normal human serum. The specificity of these antibodies was affirmed by absorption with homologous bacteria and by inhibition of bactericidal activity with purified homologous somatic antigen. Absorption with graded amounts of bacterial suspensions showed that a large excess of bacteria led to non-specific removal of antibodies. Analogous findings were also made with immune antibody.
As determined by quantitative absorption tests no difference could be found in the avidity of natural and immune antibody. Natural antibody in the serum of various species differed considerably as regards their lability to heat, but in parallel tests immune antibody of each species was significantly more heat-stable.
The time and appearance of the antibodies varied in young animals, of different species. Mice developed these antibodies at the earliest age, with guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits following in that order.
Serum from germ-free rats and chickens had no demonstrable antibodies to E. coli or S. typhosa whereas these antibodies were present in the serum of litter mates reared under conventional conditions. On the other hand germ-free and conventional mice did not differ appreciably as regards the levels of these same antibodies.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Mäkelä O. , Nossal G. J. V. 
Published: June 2004

The DNA-synthesizing capacity of single antibody-forming cells was tested by a combination of micromanipulatory and autoradiographic techniques. Rats were immunized with S. adelaide flagellin, a protein antigen known to contain significant contamination with somatic (O) antigen. Single cells from secondarily immunized rats were tested for production of anti-H and anti-O antibodies by previously described and newer techniques. Positive antibody producers were transferred onto clean dry slides by micromanipulation, and autoradiographs were performed. When rats had received tritiated thymidine 1 hour before killing, labeling of antibody-forming cells was taken to imply that the cell was preparing for further mitotic division. It was found that on the 2nd and 3rd day of a secondary response, many of the antibody-producing cells in the nodes (chiefly plasmablasts) were incorporating tritiated thymidine. At the height of the cellular response, however, at 4 and 5 days, the majority of active antibody producers (chiefly mature plasma cells) were incapable of DNA synthesis. There appeared to be an inverse relationship between the antibody-forming and DNA-synthesizing capacities of the cell population under study; as more of the cells studied formed detectable antibody, fewer of them incorporated the DNA precursor.
The age of plasma cells was also studied. Animals were killed at the height of the cellular immune response, having previously received an injection of tritiated thymidine 1 to 48 hours before killing; i.e., at 63 to 110 hours after their secondary stimulus. As the interval between isotope injection and killing increased, the proportion of antibody-forming cells showing labeling increased. With an interval of 30 hours, about half the antibody-forming cells were labeled and of 48 hours, over 95 per cent were labeled. This was taken as evidence that, few, if any, antibody-forming cells found at the height of a secondary response were more than 48 hours old.
On the basis of these experiments and those reported in the accompanying paper, a simplified scheme showing the development of an antibody-forming clone in the secondary response was proposed.
IMMUNE CYTOLYSIS: ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC LOCALIZATION OF CELLULAR ANTIGENS WITH FERRITIN-ANTIBODY CONJUGATES
Authors: Easton John M. , Goldberg Burton , Green Howard 
Published: June 2004

Immune gamma globulin has been coupled to ferritin by the diisocyanate method of Singer. The final product ("ferroglobulin") had approximately 13 per cent of its gamma globulin coupled to ferritin, and roughly half of its ferritin coupled to gamma globulin. The uncoupled gamma globulin could be removed by ultracentrifugal sedimentation of the free ferritin and the ferritin-antibody conjugates. The characteristics of the native antibody were retained by the ferritin-antibody conjugates, for they could be precipitated by anti-gamma globulin antisera, and when used as antibodies, they reacted specifically with soluble and cellular antigens.
Ferroglobulin preparations made from rabbit antisera against whole ascites tumor cells were incubated with the cells, and the location of ferritin determined by electron microscopy of thin-sectioned material. It was found that the immune ferroglobulins localized specifically on antigens of the cell membrane. Some of the ferritin label entered the cells by pinocytosis, but the ferritin-antibody units did not appear able to pass directly through the cell membrane into the cytoplasmic matrix.
When cells were incubated with ferritin-labeled antibody and complement, antibody could be located in the cytoplasmic matrix, and it therefore appeared that complement action was required before antibody could pass directly through the cell membrane. This finding was consistent with previous observations that the plasma membrane of an antibody-complement treated cell becomes permeable to large molecules.
In broken cell preparations incubated with ferroglobulin, antibody combined with amorphous material and with structures derived from cell membranes and from smooth membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. The data favor the concept that antigens contained within the membranous structures are most important in the formation of cytotoxic antibodies.
The reported experiments support the view that cytotoxic antibodies fix primarily to surface antigens of the cell membrane. The subsequent action of complement establishes the permeability defect that induces the osmotic lysis of the cell and permits antibody to pass into the cell where it may act in a similar fashion on intracellular organelles.
THE LOCALIZATION OF IN VIVO BOUND COMPLEMENT IN TISSUE SECTIONS
Authors: Lachmann P. J. , Müller-Eberhard H. J. , Kunkel H. G. , Paronetto F. 
Published: June 2004

A technique has been described for the demonstration of a human complement component by an immunofluorescent method. The component detected is ß1C-globulin, a moiety of the third complement component, which has previously been obtained in pure form and to which a specific antiserum has been prepared.
It has been shown in a model system that the binding of ß1C-globulin as shown by immunofluorescence is strictly equivalent to complement fixation as assessed by standard serological methods.
This technique has been applied to the detection of in vivo bound complement in pathological human tissues. It was found that in vivo complement binding occurs in the lesions of several human diseases, but not elsewhere in the same tissues. In a rather limited survey of diseases that has been carried out, in vivo complement binding was found particularly in systemic L.E., various nephritides, and amyloidosis, as well as in single cases of some other diseases.
The spectrum of in vivo complement binding has been compared with that of γ-globulin binding (7S and 19S types) and with the demonstration of in vitro complement fixation and rheumatoid factor fixation. It was distinct from each of these. Rheumatoid factor fixation, detected by anti-19S antiserum showed promise as a method for the detection of antigen-antibody complexes and aggregated γ-globulin in tissue sections.
The interpretation of these findings in regard to the nature of the binding sites, and their possible significance in regard to pathogenic mechanisms have been discussed.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
Authors: Midgley A. R. , Pierce G. B. 
Published: June 2004

Through the use of immunohistochemical techniques, human chorionic gonadotropin has been localized to syncytiotrophoblastic cells of immature placenta, hydatidiform mole, chorioadenoma destruens, and choriocarcinoma. No gonadotropin has been detected in cytotrophoblast. Evidence is discussed which suggests that syncytiotrophoblast is the cell of origin of human chorionic gonadotropin.
The observation that formalin fixation did not alter the ability of human chorionic gonadotropin to react with its specific antibody permitted the study of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues stored in the tissue collection. In addition, the excellence of histologic preparations following formalin fixation facilitated cytologic identification.
PROPERTIES OF ACATALASIC CELLS GROWING IN VITRO
Authors: Krooth Robert S. , Howell R. Rodney , Hamilton Howard B. 
Published: June 2004

Acatalasia, a disease due to homozygosity for a Mendelian gene, is characterized by the absence of the enzyme catalase from the tissues of the human body. Red cells from heterozygotes have enzyme activities about one-half normal. In this paper, the development of cell lines from skin biopsies on an affected homozygote, a heterozygote, and eight control patients is described. The cell type is the euploid "fibroblast."
It was found that acatalasic cells lacked the enzyme, even after growing for many months in a medium rich in catalase. The control lines all had mean catalase activities double or more that of the heterozygous line. Selection experiments, in which the growth of cells exposed for 20 minutes to varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide was measured, did not provide a system for preferentially eliminating acatalasic cells.
Certain other experiments bearing on the enzymatic defect in this disease were performed.
THE ROLE OF IMMUNITY IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL HEMATOGENOUS PYELONEPHRITIS
Authors: Sanford Jay P. , Hunter Betty W. , Souda Lona L. 
Published: June 2004

Hematogenous pyelonephritis was produced in rats utilizing multiple strains of Escherichia coli, a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and a strain of Proteus mirabilis.
Three patterns of hematogenous pyelonephritis occurred which represent an interrelationship between an immune response to the infecting bacteria and the development of obstructive uropathy as a consequence of infection. First, the course of pyelonephritis due to strains of Escherichia coli was acute, self-limited, and associated with the development of circulating agglutinins. Following healing, this pattern of infection was associated with acquired resistance to reinfection with the same bacterial strain. Second, the course of pyelonephritis due to a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae type C was chronic. This infection was not associated with the production of circulating agglutinins against encapsulated strains. Acquired resistance to reinfection by the homotypic strain could not be demonstrated following eradication of infection but was produced by the passive transfer of concentrated antiserum. Third, pyelonephritis due to Proteus mirabilis was associated with circulating agglutinins and resistance to reinfection with the same organism following eradication of infection, yet the course was chronic. The chronicity appeared to be the consequence of obstructive uropathy resulting from calculi which developed during the course of the infection.
Resistance to reinfection was demonstrated in infections with strains of E. coli and P. mirabilis. The resistance is associated with specific immunity as demonstrated by the observation that: (a) it is type-specific, (b) it is of at least 3 months' duration, and (c) it can be passively transferred by means of rabbit antiserum. Since K. pneumoniae failed to evoke capsular antibodies in the rat, resistance to infection with K. pneumoniae was produced only by means of passively transferred concentrated rabbit antiserum and not by prior infection.
Immunity can be demonstrated to have a significant role in the pathogenesis of experimental hematogenous pyelonephritis only in the absence of obstructive uropathy.
ESCHERICHIA COLI ASSOCIATED WITH COLOSTRUM-FREE NEONATAL PIGS RAISED IN ISOLATION
Authors: Lecce James G. , Reep Bryan R. 
Published: June 2004

Escherichia coli 08 was the most frequent coliform isolated from the blood and liver of morbid and dead neonatal, colostrum-free piglets raised under extremely sanitary conditions. This strain accounted for 67 per cent of the typable E. coli. The next most numerous strain occurred at a frequency of 6 per cent. Hence, E. coli 08 was considered the main coli enteropathogen in our experimental, isolated environment.
In random samples of the feces of healthy and diarrhetic neonatal piglets, 24 per cent of the typable E. coli was type 08. When a directed effort was made to isolate E. coli 08 from the feces of neonatal piglets in a healthy, colostrum-free litter, this strain was isolated from 17 per cent of the total E. coli colonies examined. Thus, the enteropathogen E. coli 08 was ubiquitous in the feces of piglets in our environment, making up approximately 20 per cent of the fecal E. coli.
85 per cent of the bacteremia and death in which E. coli was isolated from blood or liver occurred in piglets fed diets void in bovine and porcine gamma globulin.
Tube agglutination tests demonstrated that agglutinins to E. coli 08, and other serotypes as well, were present in bovine colostrum and to a lesser extent in porcine colostrum. These agglutinins were practically lacking in solutions of porcine and bovine gamma globulin.
Feeding 109 E. coli 08 bacteria to 2-week-old, colostrum-free, gamma globulin-free, 08 agglutinin-free piglets did not produce visible disease.
THE ROLE OF INTERFERON IN VACCINIA VIRUS INFECTION OF MOUSE EMBRYO TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Glasgow Lowell A. , Habel Karl 
Published: June 2004

The production of an interferon-like substance by vaccinia virus is described. The physical properties of vaccinia interferon are shown to be similar to those of previously reported interferons.
Data defining the role of vaccinia interferon in cell resistance and in establishment and maintenance of a carrier culture are presented.
Elimination of virus from an infected culture is demonstrated and the role of interferon in the recovery process is considered.
AN IMMUNOLOGIC STUDY OF TWO METABOLICALLY ACTIVE PEPTIDES FROM THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
Authors: Friesen Henry , Irie Minoru , Barrett Richard J. 
Published: June 2004

Peptides I and II, two metabolically active peptides from porcine pituitary glands, stimulated antibody production in rabbits. The antiserum obtained had antibodies which interacted with peptides I and II from porcine pituitaries, peptides I and II from human pituitaries, and fraction H prepared by Rudman from hog pituitaries. None of the other pituitary preparations tested showed any interaction with peptides I and II.
All three preparations stimulated the release of free fatty acids from rabbit adipose tissue in vitro. Antiserum inhibited this biological action to a different extent in each of the three preparations. Following an intravenous injection of peptides I and II there was a rapid rise in the plasma concentration of free fatty acids in rabbits. Injection of antiserum together with peptides I and II failed to block the rapid increase in free fatty acids. However, an injection of at least ten times the minimal amount of peptides I and II which raised the plasma free fatty acid concentration produced no increase in a rabbit with a high antibody titer to these peptides.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THE SENSITIVITY OF NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC MOUSE CELLS TO THE CYTOTOXIC ACTION OF ISOANTIBODIES
Authors: Möller Erna , Möller Göran 
Published: June 2004

Experiments were performed to study the mechanisms of the sensitivity of normal and neoplastic mouse cells to the cytotoxic action of humoral isoantibodies.
A quantitative in vitro absorption procedure was used to compare the residua] hemagglutinin titer of a certain isoantiserum after the absorption of a known volume with known cell numbers. The cell numbers were adjusted so as to yield the same average total cell surface area. Lymph node cells and various solid and ascites tumor cells of strain A and C3H origin were used. It was found that different cell types differed with regard to their concentration of isoantigenic surface receptors. High correlation coefficients were found between the cytotoxic sensitivity and the concentration of isoantigenic receptors.
It was shown that tumor cells which were partially or completely resistant to a single isoantiserum could be made sensitive to humoral isoantibodies provided that they were treated with mixtures of antisera, produced in different donor genotypes against the same target genotype, since each individual genotype reacts against a different antigen combination. This supports the concept that cytotoxic sensitivity is related to the surface concentration of reactive sites.
Hematopoietic liver cells of newborn mice, which are completely resistant to isoantibodies, and spleen and lymph node cells of adult animals which are highly sensitive, were compared with regard to their ability to take up fluorescein-conjugated normal mouse serum in vitro. No differences were found between their visible pinocytotic uptake. Similar experiments were performed with various ascites tumor cells having different cytotoxic sensitivity. All tumor cells studied had a low pinocytosing ability which was not correlated to their sensitivity to humoral isoantibodies.