bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Late Neolithic human skeletons, a recent discovery in the Netherlands
Authors: Pasveer J. M. , Uytterschaut H. T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecently, two Late Neolithic skeletons belonging to the Single Grave Culture (ca. 4500 BP) were discovered in the province of North‐Holland. It is the first time that such complete and well‐preserved skeletons of this age have been found in The Netherlands. Both skeletons were subjected to an extensive and close examination in order to gain more information about these two individuals and their way of life. Application of different methods resulted in the determination of the sex (a male and a female), the age at death and the stature of the skeletons. Pathological features could be established in the female skeleton by means of radiography. The male skeleton was incomplete owing to animal scavenging. The tooth marks on the bones were studied in an attempt to discover the circumstances of death. In order to obtain information about the diet of the two individuals, the dental microwear and the remains of plaque and calculus were investigated. This investigation demonstrates the importance of physical anthropological studies with regard to the reconstruction of life in the past.
The palaeopathology of a finger dislocation
Authors: Dreier Frederick G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Ruffner collection, a Late Period (AD 500–1800), northern California skeletal sample, was analyzed for osteopathology. A probable fifth‐finger dislocation of the right first and second phalanx was observed in a female aged 25–35 years at death. Traumatic adduction forced the second and third phalanges to slip laterally, upward and back about 10 mm, upon the dorsal surface of the first phalanx. Apparently, the medial collateral ligament of the interphalangeal joint was torn, making reduction impossible. As a result of the luxation, the flexor digitorum profundus slipped laterally and was fixed along the lateral surface of the distal end of the first phalanx. Over time, fusion of the joint restricted the flexion movement and left an abnormally aligned finger.
Detection of blood proteins in ancient human bone using ELISA: A comparative study of the survival of IgG and albumin
Authors: Cattaneo C. , Gelsthorpe K. , Phillips P. , Sokol R. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractABSTRACT The immunological identification of species‐specific blood proteins in skeletal remains has an important role in the reconstruction of ancient dietary, ritual and domestic behaviour. However, which protein provides the most suitable target for such work has not been considered previously, and the present investigation was carried out on human bone to assess the relative merits of IgG and albumin.Extracts of bone from 31 individuals (from the English Civil War, medieval, Early Saxon, Roman, Iron Age and Bronze Age periods) were tested by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies. Albumin was detected in 23 of the 31 skeletons, including those from the Iron and Bronze Ages, whereas IgG was identified in only one; this difference was very highly significant (P < 0.0005, χ2 30.0). The better detection rate for albumin was thought to be due to its higher original blood level, inherent differences in survival pattern being considered unlikely. Testing the same extract for both proteins in the same assay system ensured that any effects due to soil factors, burial conditions, physical integrity of the bone, chronological age, amount of original specimen, method of analysis and type of reagent were the same for each part of the study, thus permitting a valid comparison of antigen survival to be made. Control samples, including fresh and ancient animal bone extracts and human and animal sera, confirmed that the results were consistent and specific, with no cross‐reactivity between human and animal material, and that as little as 10 ng of protein was detectable.In summary, the investigation compared the suitability of IgG and albumin for osteoarchaeological studies using a highly specific, sensitive and versatile ELISA; the results showed that albumin was a far better target molecule for such work and that it can survive in ancient bone for long periods of time.
Slipped proximal femoral epiphysis in a priest from the medieval period
Authors: Knüsel Christopher J. , Chundun Zoë C. , Cardwell Peter 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring the course of a routine analysis of a cemetery burial population associated with the medieval hospital of St Giles, Brough, North Yorkshire, the partially excavated burial (No. 1423) of a priest, as identified through the associated chalice and paten dating to the medieval period, was observed to exhibit osseous changes commensurate with those of an untreated slipped proximal femoral epiphysis. Secondary osseous changes were noted that may indicate habitual positional behaviour subsequent to the injury.
An assessment of the value of bone density measurements to archaeoichthyological studies
Authors: Nicholson Rebecca A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper reviews the meaning of the term ‘density’ and the problems associated with the methods of density determination for animal bones in archaeology. It has often been assumed that density is the intrinsic property of most influence in controlling the rate of a bone's decay. Values for whole bone density have been published only for large mammal bone, however. Fish bone appears to be particularly vulnerable to decay, and usually a restricted range of skeletal elements are recovered from archaeological sites. The object of this study was to examine the relationship between fish bone density and the ability of the bone to survive on occupation sites and in archaeological deposits. A set of ‘density’ measurements was established for the bones of cod (Gadus morhua). The usefulness of these measurements as a predictive tool in archaeoichthyological studies is assessed. It was found that ‘density’ as measured did not explain adequately the relative survival of skeletal elements after mechanical abrasion and weathering, or within archaeological deposits.
Unilateral spondylolysis
Authors: Waldron Tony 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOf 54 vertebrae with spondylolysis, five were found with a unilateral lesion. The unilateral lesion was sometimes associated with hypoplasia of the ipsilateral lamina or by differences in the size and position of the facet joints and by posterior wedging on the affected side. Radiologically there may be sclerosis in the pedicle on the normal side. In one case a healed fracture was noted on the apparently normal side indicating that the lesion originally had been bilateral.
Serial craniectomies for intracranial infection 5.5 millennia ago
Authors: Zias Joe , Pomeranz Shlomo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA skull found in a burial cave near Jericho with evidence of craniectomies dating approximately 5500 years ago had signs of frontal sinusitis and intracranial infection. The location of the three craniotomies in the frontal bone of this skull and evidence of the infection bursting from the sinus intracranially suggest that this is the oldest known cranial surgery performed due to symptoms of a medical aetiology : epidural infection.
Multi‐element analysis for dietary reconstruction at a balearic Iron Age site
Authors: Subirà M. E. , Malgosa A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe number of studies using trace elements as indicators of diet has increased with time, but the majority have used few elements and a small sample. The present study has as a principal objective a multi‐element analysis of diet in a large sample in which diagenetic changes have been shown to be unimportant. The analysis was made using concentrations of seven elements—Sr, Ba, Mg, Cu, Zn, V and Ca—in 197 individuals from the necropolis of ‘S' Illot des Porros’ (Majorca, Spain). The results show that these individuals would have had a mixed diet with a high meat component, principally of marine origin (molluscs and fish), but with an important consumption of seeds and cereals and a low proportion of vegetables.
Diaphyseal remodelling in leprosy: A radiological and palaeopathological study
Authors: Andersen Johs G. , Manchester Keith , Ali Rozina Shahzady 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDiaphyseal remodelling is a pathological process of the proximal phalanges, metatarsals and metacarpals in all established types of clinical leprosy. It is suggested that the changes are the result of sympathetic neuropathy and alteration of peripheral vascular bed dynamics selectively stimulating extracortical osteoclastic and endosteal osteoblastic activity. There is an overall loss of diaphyseal cortical diameter, either in concentric or knife‐edge pattern. There is extracortical absorption of bone and coincident endosteal bone deposition. Ultimately, there is diaphyseal pathological fracture, and subsequent resorption of the distal and proximal remnants due to combined continued diaphyseal remodelling and achroosteolysis.
Osteoarthritis in a Black Death cemetery in London
Authors: Waldron Tony 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAge‐specific prevalence rates were determined in a group of skeletons recovered from a Black Death plague pit in London. The disease showed the expected increase in prevalence with age but these rates were lower than those in the contemporary population and the disease was more frequent in men than in women. In the majority of cases the disease affected one joint only and there were no cases of generalized osteoarthritis. The sites most commonly affected were the facet joints of the spine, the acromioclavicular joint and the hands; there were relatively few cases in which the large joints were affected but the knee was slightly more frequently affected than the hip.
Turner Teeth and childhood caries in a protohistoric California Indian population
Authors: Schulz Peter D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree instances of unusual enamel defects are reported from a late prehistoric and protohistoric non‐agricultural California Indian population. The defects, consisting of irregular absence of enamel over much of the crown of single premolars, with no corresponding hypoplastic defects in the remainder of the dentition, are typical of Turner teeth. Such defects are a consequence of pulp exposure from severe caries infections in the primary dentition. Their presence is suggestive of unusually high levels of childhood caries experience for a non‐agricultural population, a suggestion borne out by examination of the deciduous dentitions.
Chemical changes in buried animal bone: Data from a postmedieval assemblage
Authors: Locock Martin , Currie Christopher K. , Gray Stephen 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMacroscopic chemical analysis of animal bone recovered from dated excavation contexts of known pH from Castle Bromwich Hall, West Midlands, UK, allows an assessment of the rate and effects of bone decomposition, and the evaluation of current models of chemical decay. The results show great variation, and it is suggested that factors such as mechanical disturbance have a more significant effect on the differential destruction of excavated bone assemblages than chemical decay. The implications of this conclusion for the attempted reconstruction of past faunas, diet and behaviour are summarized, recommending caution in the acceptance of assemblages as unbiased samples.
Fork formation and other signs of osteophagia on a long bone swallowed by a red deer stag (Cervus elaphus)
Authors: Kierdorf Uwe 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA right anterior cannon bone (os metacarpale 3 + 4) of a red deer that was found in the reticulum of a 7‐year‐old red deer stag is described. The bone, which had accidentally been swallowed by the stag, showed clear signs of bone chewing (osteophagia), the most prominent being the formation of a fork at its distal end. Knowledge of the possible bone changes brought about by ruminant osteophagia may prevent the erroneous interpretation of skeletal remains as being worked by hominids.
An investigation into the practice of cranial deformation among the Pre‐Columbian peoples of northern Chile
Authors: Gerszten Peter C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn investigation was carried out into the practice of artificial cranial deformation (ACD) among the Pre‐Columbian inhabitants of northern Chile. Four hundred and fifteen skulls, representing a period of 7000 years, were examined of which 88.9 per cent were deformed. The practice was carried out equally between men and women. The techniques used in head deforming varied over time among the different cultural groups that inhabited the region. By analysis of the methods used in ACD, it can be demonstrated that head deforming may yield information significant to the study of the political and cultural changes that occurred throughout the prehistory of the region. As a form of stylistic behaviour, which may be viewed as a strategy of information exchange, ACD was found to be a significant cultural artifact that may serve to mark territory or social boundaries, reaffirm ethnicity, and maintain and strengthen exchange networks. Certain pathological consequences were found to be the result of ACD, including an increase in the prevalence of wormian bones, occipital bone necrosis, and an abnormal closing pattern of the cranial sutures. No evidence was found that ACD is associated with a deviated nasal septum or osteomas of the external auditory canal.
A recently excavated odontome from medieval Canterbury, Kent
Authors: Anderson T. , Andrews J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring archaeological excavation of St George's church, Canterbury, 269 skeletons ranging from early medieval to late nineteenth century were recovered. A medieval female aged ca. 23–28 years displayed an unusual dental anomaly, an odontome. Odontomes are infrequent in clinical dentistry. A search of the literature suggests that very few archaeological examples have been published and our specimen is the first excavated case reported from Britain. Archaeological material, if subject to radiographic examination, provides a unique source of information for the prevalence of odontomes from prehistoric to modern times.
Limits of incremental growth in seasonality studies: The example of the clariid pectoral spines from the Byzantino‐Islamic site of Apamea (Syria; sixth to seventh century AD)
Authors: Van Neer Wim 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn evaluation is given of the value for seasonality studies of incremental growth in the pectoral spines of the Nile catfish Clarias gariepinus. The subfossil spines used for this study are from a Byzantino‐Islamic site in Syria, and probably all derive from animals captured on the floodplain during the yearly inundation of the nearby Orontes river, although only 45 per cent of the spines could be recognized as deriving from fish captured during that period. It is believed that the inability to date accurately the season of capture of the other specimens is due to disadvantages inherent in the growth cycle of the fish. For the moment it is possible to determine the season of death only of individuals that were taken during a period of rapid growth.
A possible case of metastatic carcinoma in a middle Sican burial from Batán Grande, Perú
Authors: Baraybar José Pablo , Shimada Izumi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe skeleton of a young to middle‐aged adult excavated at the base of the Pre‐Incaic pyramid of Huaca Las Ventanas, northern coast of Peru, shows an osteoplastic formation on the fifth lumbar vertebra compatible with a diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma, possibly from the prostate gland.
The use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in ancient skeletons
Authors: Spigelman Mark , Lemma Eshetu 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe polymerase chain reaction has been used to extract ancient DNA from a wide range of different types of material. We have considered the possibility of finding residual bacterial DNA in bone that may have been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis using this technique. We propose a method of collecting samples and testing for the presence of degraded genetic material in ancient bone. The steps of the polymerase chain reaction are detailed and discussed, as are those for the preparation of the bone sample. Results obtained would suggest that this technique could have wide application in osteoarchaeological research by giving us new information on diseases of antiquity. Future avenues for the investigation of bacterial DNA in ancient bone are suggested.
Ohalo II man—unusual findings in the anterior rib cage and shoulder girdle of a 19000‐year‐old specimen
Authors: Hershkovitz I. , Edelson G. , Spiers M. , Arensburg B. , Nadel D. , Levi B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe analysis of the skeletal remains of Ohalo II man, aged 30–40 years at death and dated to 19 000 years BP, shows advanced and highly unusual ossification of the lower costosternal cartilage; the right humerus is morphologically larger and considerably more robust than the left; degenerative changes were noted unilaterally in the right glenohumeral, acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints. There is a marked asymmetry of the atlas, axis and occipital condyles. The changes in the costochondral area of the lower anterior rib cage are considered to represent an infectious chronic osteomyelitic process. The marked discrepancy in size between the left and right shoulder girdles and humeri, and the evidence of degenerative disease exclusively on one side only may be the result of a traumatic brachial plexus nerve palsy. The asymmetrical atlas and axis are most probably anatomical variants that do not reflect clinical pathology.
The distribution of osteoarthritis of the hands in a skeletal population
Authors: Waldron Tony 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe distribution of osteoarthritis of the hands was studied in 101 skeletons from archaeological sites in England. The results are similar to those found in epidemiological studies of modern populations. Osteoarthritis of the hands was more common in females than in males, and in females tended to involve a greater number of joints. The distal and proximal interphalangeal joints were commonly affected, the former more frequently than the latter, but otherwise the disease was largely confined to the first ray of the hand, centred on the trapezium. It is concluded that the pattern of osteoarthritis in the hand has probably not changed greatly over several hundred years.
Diaphyseal aclasis in citizens of ancient Jericho
Authors: Lyall H. A. , Mann G. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree cases of multiple osteochondromatosis are reported among 843 skeletons excavated from the site of the ancient city of Jericho. Radiocarbon dating and archaeological evidence both suggest that two of the skeletons date from about 1700 BC. These skeletons represent the earliest known cases of diaphyseal aclasis.
A preliminary study of patterns of replication in Scoring linear enamel hypoplasias
Authors: Danforth Marie Elaine , Herndon Kristrina Shuler , Propst Kathryn B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn order to investigate replicability in scoring linear enamel hypoplasias 59 anterior teeth were evaluated by three observers. Hypoplasias were identified with low‐power microscopy and by the unaided eye. Location on the tooth was determined through caliper and micrometer measurement as well as assignment to tooth ‘thirds’. Hypoplasia size was determined through measurement of episode width and comparison with a cast designed to categorize types of hypoplasia severity. Intra‐observer analysis showed consistent scoring of about 65 per cent of individual hypoplasias between rounds, with high replicability in episode location, size and severity using all methods tested. Inter‐observer error was similarly low for episode size and location, but consistent scoring of individual hypoplasias between observer pairs ranged between 21 and 39 per cent. It is likely that the most important factor in the low level of replicability is the slight size of the majority of hypoplasias involved. Thus, the results suggest that further work should be directed toward developing the minimum threshold for scoring episodes. Other issues include measures to control ‘drift’ in scoring procedures over time, and procedures to score large cervical hypoplasias in canines, which can appear as multiple episodes with magnification. Among the various scoring methods tested, determination of episode location was highly replicable using all three techniques. Episode width was also highly replicable using the micrometer, but the cast association proved less successful.
First discovery of the ancient dingo‐type dog in Polynesia (Pukapuka, Cook Islands)
Authors: Shigehara Nobuo , Matsu'Ura Shuji , Nakamura Toshio , Kondo Megumi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA Dingo‐type dog skeleton was excavated in Pukapuka Island of the Cook Islands with an estimated age of about 350 years. Luomala (1960) suggested that an investigation of the breed of Polynesian dogs would provide clues to the history of migration of the Polynesians, who domesticated the dogs. The Pukapuka dog skeleton is morphologically similar to the dingo and suggests some racial or economical interchange among Australia and Polynesian islands before contact with western civilization.
Immunological diagnosis of multiple myeloma in a medieval bone
Authors: Cattaneo C. , Gelsthorpe K. , Phillips P. , Waldron T. , Booth J. R. , Sokol R. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn inhibition enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies has been used to confirm the diagnosis of IgA type multiple myeloma in a small fragment (< 10 g) of cranium from a medieval female. Further testing by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting showed that the IgA was mainly polymeric, suggesting that the individual would have suffered from a hyperviscosity syndrome. This is the first time that immunological assays have been used to diagnose multiple myeloma in ancient human tissue and have permitted speculation on associated clinical symptoms.
An analysis of chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia in a pre‐columbian human population using radiographic–pathological correlation
Authors: Sheth Pulin A. , Sartoris David J. , Resnick Donald , Tyson Rose , Haghighi Parviz 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRadiologic‐pathologic correlation is employed in pre‐Columbian tibia specimens as a means of understanding the characteristic alterations induced by untreated chronic osteomyelitis.
Septic bone changes in leprosy: A clinical, radiological and palaeopathological review
Authors: Andersen Johs G. , Manchester Keith , Roberts Charlotte 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInfective lesions of bone in leprosy are of two types. In the rhinomaxillary syndrome, superficial infective changes in the bones of the maxilla are due to the presence of Mycobacterium leprae. Lytic foci in the medulla or the outer cortical surface may be due to Mycobacterium leprae at the site as granulomatous lesions. The most frequent infective bone changes in leprosy are, however, sequelae of regional anaesthesia and soft tissue ulceration. The bone lesions are due to pyogenic bacteria and the nature of these infective lesions is similar to that in non‐leprous conditions. The pyogenic lesions in leprosy are restricted to the bones of the hands, feet and lower legs.