bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How sleep is related to fatigue
Authors: Lavidor Michal , Weller Aron , Babkoff Harvey 
Published: March 2003

Objectives: It is evident that sleep patterns have direct effects on fatigue. However, the multidimensionality of fatigue may imply that complex patterns of relationships exist between fatigue and sleep characteristics. We aimed to study the correlations between fatigue and quantitative and qualitative sleep measurements, while taking into consideration depression and somatization which are known to affect both sleep and fatigue. We predicted that sleep quality, unattained by the effects of somatization and depression, would affect perceived fatigue more than the quantitative characteristics of sleep.Design: Employing a cross‐sectional design, hypotheses were addressed using multiple hierarchical regression analyses according to established methods.Methods: Data were gathered from a targeted, randomly selected adult sample (N = 278) by means of subjective sleep reports, a mental health inventory, somatization inventory, several fatigue questionnaires and a demographic questionnaire.Results: Fatigue was significantly predicted by depression scores, somatization levels and subjective sleep quality, but not quantitative sleep characteristics such as sleep latency, nocturnal awakenings and early morning arousals. Depression levels were positively and significantly related to all aspects of fatigue except physical fatigue and fatigue that responds to rest and sleep. Physical fatigue was correlated with somatization, but not depression.Conclusions: The data further our understanding of the multifaceted nature of human fatigue and underline the greater importance of perceived sleep quality, compared to other sleep characteristics, in predicting fatigue.
Evidence for the independence of positive and negative well‐being: Implications for quality of life assessment
Authors: Huppert Felicia A. , Whittington Joyce E. 
Published: March 2003

Objectives: Evidence is accumulating that positive mental states are more than the absence of symptoms, and may play an independent role in health outcomes. The aim of this study is to compare the characteristics and determinants of positive and negative mental states in a population sample.Design: A novel analysis of data was undertaken from the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐30) which was completed by 6,317 participants in the Health and Lifestyle Survey at Time 1 and 3,778 at Time 2, 7 years later.Methods: We derived a positive well‐being scale (POS‐GHQ) based on positive responses to the positive items of the GHQ‐30, and compared it to a standard symptom measure (CGHQ). Discriminant function analyses were performed to establish which demographic, health and social variables best accounted for scores on each scale.Results: The distributional properties of the two scales, together with the results of the discriminant analyses, demonstrate a degree of independence between positive and negative well‐being. Over one third of the sample obtained either low scores on both positive and negative well‐being measures or high scores on both measures. Disability and lack of social roles were important determinants of psychological symptoms, but had less influence on positive well‐being. Having paid employment was an important determinant of positive well‐being but had less influence on psychological symptoms. We also found that 7‐year mortality was predicted more strongly by the absence of positive well‐being than by the presence of psychological symptoms.Conclusions: These findings point to the need to include measures of positive well‐being in studies of health outcomes and quality of life assessment.
How Efficiently Can We Target Prolific Offenders?
Authors: Townsley Mike , Pease Ken 
Published: March 2003

This report looks at the magnitude of crime perpetrated by the most active offenders in a particular police area and places it in the context of a research programme which seeks to integrate and render locally useful the major findings of applied criminology. The results are contrasting. In terms of all crime, the group of offenders nominated did not appear to contribute substantially to levels of crime. The level of burglary did not bear any relationship to the availability of nominated burglars. The volume of vehicle-related crime (unlawful taking, theft of and theft from a motor vehicle) did vary according to the number of nominated offenders available. Breaking down to neighbourhood level, only one area displayed a relationship between levels of vehicle crime and the availability of nominated offenders to commit crime. Furthermore, there was some evidence that this group accounted for a component of other crime types, namely burglary and criminal damage. Two areas failed to produce any meaningful relationship between nominated offenders and crime levels. The results have major implications for the mechanism used to nominate prolific offenders and the resources used to target such individuals. It is argued that refinement and local application of the kinds of analysis described here would be of great utility in shaping offender-targeting practices.
Challenges of Materials Technology for low Consumption Vehicle Concepts
Authors: Friedrich H.E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe material strategy in the automobile industry is geared towards product features such as consumption reduction (lightweight design), performance gain in the powertrain, safety, improved comfort and enhanced driving pleasure, or towards new functions and effects achievable using materials, surfaces and layers. All of these features are required to meet the criteria of low‐cost and environmentally‐friendly producibility and resources recovery. Lightweight design has a key role to play in the development of vehicles with low consumption and emissions. Some examples and current trends are reviewed in this article.
Investigation of Dislocation Microstructures Formed in Heavily Deformed Metals Through the Combined Use of EBSD and TEM
Authors: Richard V. , Chiron R. , Gerber P. , Gaspérini M. , Bacroix B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNew applications of the electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) technique for studying dislocation microstructures are presented. Examples from copper and steel samples are given to illustrate the links between crystallographic measurements and dislocation microstructure. The purpose of combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and EBSD is to obtain quantitative information about the evolution and heterogeneity of the dislocation microstructure, and how it depends on the texture of the material.
Conjugated Polymer Actuators for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Smela E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractConjugated polymers are electroactive and have found applications as artificial muscles. Actuators that have been developed over the last decade have now reached the early stages of commercialization, particularly for use in biomedical devices. This article reviews the motivation for using this class of actuator, the types of devices that have been fabricated, and some of the biomedical applications that are being developed. Recommendations are presented for future work on understanding the actuation mechanisms, on actuator design, and on the measurement of metrics.
Exploring Chiral Space en route to DPC 963: A Personal Account
Authors: Nugent William A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDPC 961 and DPC 963 are non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for the treatment of HIV. These drug candidates contain a chiral quaternary center, which can be installed via addition of lithium cyclopropylacetylide to an N‐acylketimine in the presence of a chiral moderator. This account describes our efforts to identify a cost‐effective moderator by rapidly preparing, screening, and optimizing libraries of enantiopure β‐amino alcohols. The result is a highly enantioselective process that has been used to produce these NNRTIs on a metric ton scale.
Lonza: 20 Years of Biotransformations
Authors: Shaw Nicholas M. , Robins Karen T. , Kiener Andreas 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBiotransformations are an important tool in organic synthesis, especially for the production of chiral molecules, and where chemical reactions are not possible or inefficient. Lonza is a major custom manufacturer of intermediates for the life science industries, and uses biocatalysis in many of its processes. A synthetic route may have one or more biotransformation steps. This article gives a number of examples of syntheses that involve biotransformations for the production of both achiral and chiral intermediates, at development and production scales. For each example the reasons and advantages of using a biotransformation are given.
Industrialization of the Microbial Resolution of Chiral C3 and C4 Synthetic Units: From a Small Beginning to a Major Operation, a Personal Account
Authors: Kasai Naoya , Suzuki Toshio 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis account describes the research and development of the microbial resolution of chiral C3 and C4 synthetic units through to the production stage. These chiral C3 and C4 synthetic units are mainly used for the production of various pharmaceuticals, new materials such as liquid crystals, chiral polymers, and natural compounds as well as in basic chemical research. The research started in 1983 and the industrial plant was built in 1994. The development is still ongoing and is being broadened to include C4 chiral units, chiral propylene glycol, and so on. This project started as simple research on the activated sludge from an epichlorohydrin plant and evolved through many events and much research to an industrial production. We describe the various implications and the flow of events in the research and development through to the production of these chiral C3 and C4 synthetic units.
Practical Heterogeneous Catalysts for Epoxide Production
Authors: De Vos Dirk E. , Sels Bert F. , Jacobs Pierre A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn overview of heterogeneous epoxidation catalysts is given, with an emphasis on practical parameters such as catalyst productivity, turnover numbers and stereoselectivity. Special focus is directed towards catalysts that have resulted from research in the authors' group.
AgOTf‐Catalyzed Aza‐Diels–Alder Reactions of Danishefsky's Diene with Imines in Water
Authors: Loncaric Catherine , Manabe Kei , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAza‐Diels–Alder reactions of Danishefsky's diene with imines in water took place smoothly in the presence of a catalytic amount of silver triflate to afford dihydro‐4‐pyridones in high yields. The silver triflate‐catalyzed three‐component reactions starting from aldehydes, amines, and Danishefsky's diene were also performed efficiently. In the three‐component reactions with benzaldehyde, the addition of a non‐ionic surfactant was found to be effective.
Novel Reductive Amination of Nitriles: An Efficient Route to 5‐Hydroxypiperidone‐Derived N,N‐Acetals
Authors: Vink Mandy K. S. , Schortinghuis Christien A. , Mackova‐Zabelinskaja Antonina , Fechter Martin , Pöchlauer Peter , Castelijns A. Marianne C. F. , van Maarseveen Jan H. , Hiemstra Henk , Griengl Herfried , Schoemaker Hans E. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract5‐Hydroxypiperidin‐2‐one is a versatile building block for the preparation of potentially biologically active compounds. We detail an enantioselective biocatalytic approach towards its synthesis using (S)‐hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL)‐mediated cyanohydrin formation, followed by hydrogenation. By adjusting the conditions of the latter step, we were able to obtain 5‐hydroxypiperidinone‐derived (bicyclic) N,N‐acetals via an unprecedented reductive amination of the nitrile group, as well as form N‐alkylated 5‐hydroxypiperidinone in a single step from the same cyanohydrin intermediate.
Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Bismetallative Cyclization of Enynes in the Presence of Bu3SnSiMe3 Using N‐Heterocyclic Carbene as a Ligand
Authors: Sato Yoshihiro , Imakuni Noriko , Mori Miwako 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIt was found that a nucleophilic N‐heterocyclic carbene could be utilized as a ligand for Pd(0)‐catalyzed bismetallative cyclization of enynes in the presence of Bu3SnSiMe3. An imidazolium salt having a bulky alkyl group attached to both nitrogen atoms of its imidazol‐2‐ylidene skeleton or an imidazolinium salt is suitable as a ligand precursor. The cyclized products obtained from this cyclization have both a vinylsilane moiety and a homoallylstannane moiety, whose utility in synthetic organic chemistry has been proven by transformation into cyclopropanol derivatives.
Base‐Catalysed Hydrogenation of Sulphur‐Containing Aldehydes
Authors: Vu Thi‐Thu‐Ha , Kumbhar Pramod S. , Figueras François 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe present work reports the first selective catalytic hydrogenation of bifunctional compounds containing a carbonyl and sulphur moieties, using hydrogen transfer from alcohols and a basic catalyst. The reaction was performed in batch at 371 K at atmospheric pressure with 3‐mercaptopropionaldehyde, thiophene‐2‐carboxaldehyde, 5‐bromothiophene‐2‐carboxaldehyde and 4‐methylthiobenzaldehyde. The only product of reaction was the alcohol, formed with yields >80%, except with 3‐mercaptopropionaldehyde which did not give the alcohol but rather afforded unidentified heavy products. 5‐Bromothiophenemethanol was obtained with 100% yield in 3 h. The reaction obeys a mechanism of competitive adsorption of the reactants, and the reaction rates are higher than those reported for supported rhodium catalysts.
Catalytic Conversions in Water. Part 22: Electronic Effects in the (Diimine)palladium(II)‐Catalysed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: ten Brink Gerd‐Jan , Arends Isabel W. C. E. , Hoogenraad Marcel , Verspui Göran , Sheldon Roger A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe electronic effects in the (diimine)Pd(II)‐catalysed aerobic oxidation of alcohols were investigated from the viewpoint of both the catalyst and the alcohol. A ‘push–pull' mechanism is operative, where both electron‐donating substituents on the benzyl alcohol (ρ=−0.58) and electron‐withdrawing groups on the 4,4′‐disubstituted‐2,2′‐bipyridine ligand (ρ=+0.18) increase the reaction rate. The results indicate partial reduction of the palladium centre in the transition state of the rate‐limiting step.
Enantioselective [4+2] Cycloaddition of Buta‐1,3‐dienes to Alkyl Glyoxylates Catalyzed by the Chiral (Salen)Chromium(III) Complex
Authors: Kwiatkowski Piotr , Asztemborska Monika , Caille Jean‐Claude , Jurczak Janusz 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThermal and high‐pressure [4+2] cycloadditions of buta‐1,3‐diene (3), cyclohexa‐1,3‐diene (5), and 2,3‐dimethylbuta‐1,3‐diene (6) to alkyl glyoxylates of type 2 ( Rn‐Bu, i‐Pr, t‐Bu), catalyzed by chromium complex (R,R)‐1, leading to the corresponding cycloadducts 4, 7 and 8 with relatively high enantioselectivity, are described.
Selective Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds and Carboxylic Acids with Platinum Group Metal Catalysts
Authors: Anderson Ross , Griffin Ken , Johnston Peter , Alsters Paul L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe use of platinum group metal (PGM) catalysts for the selective oxidation of various primary and secondary alcohols under mild conditions is described. High throughput screening (HTS) techniques have been used to identify trends in catalyst activity and product selectivity. Using air as oxidant and water as solvent 5% Pt, 1% Bi/C has been identified as an efficient catalyst for the transformation of 2‐octanol to 2‐octanone and 1‐octanol to octanoic acid. To improve aldehyde selectivity the promotion of Pt/Al2O3and Ru/C catalysts has been investigated. The use of H2O2as oxidant has been demonstrated as a suitable alternative to air.
Automated Enzyme Screening Methods for the Preparation of Enantiopure Pharmaceutical Intermediates
Authors: Yazbeck Daniel R. , Tao Junhua , Martinez Carlos A. , Kline Billie J. , Hu Shanghui 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn a pharmaceutical environment, the need for efficient and practical screening techniques has become vital in the search for ideal enzymes that can be used in the preparation of drug intermediates. This paper describes a general high throughput screening (HTS) protocol that has been validated by a number of global projects within Pfizer. It outlines the procedures for the preparation of screening kits, as well as protocols for reaction set‐up, optimization and analysis. The need for such protocols in routinely evaluating the use of solvent engineering in enzymatic hydrolysis reactions is also outlined, with several examples provided. The advantages and disadvantages of a number of complementary analytical tools that are being used in the analysis of enzymatic reactions are also discussed.
An Expeditious Synthesis of 1‐(4‐Chlorophenyl)‐3,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butanone by a Ligand‐Free Palladium‐Catalyzed α‐Arylation of Pinacolone: Scale‐Up and Effect of Base Concentration
Authors: Prashad Mahavir , Liu Yugang , Repič Oljan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn efficient and large‐scale synthesis of 1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butanone (1) by an α‐arylation of pinacolone (2) with 1‐bromo‐4‐chlorobenzene (3) in the presence of palladium acetate and sodium t‐butoxide in toluene is described. An increase in the concentration of sodium t‐butoxide to 2.5–3.0 equivalents suppressed the formation of over‐arylated products. These ligand‐free conditions afforded a yield of 1 that was comparable to those obtained by using a ligand.
Effects ofMECP2mutation type, location and X‐inactivation in modulating Rett syndrome phenotype
Authors: Weaving Linda S. , Williamson Sarah L. , Bennetts Bruce , Davis Mark , Ellaway Carolyn J. , Leonard Helen , Thong Meow‐Keong , Delatycki Martin , Thompson Elizabeth M. , Laing Nigel , Christodoulou John 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRett syndrome (RTT) is a clinically defined disorder that describes a subset of patients with mutations in the X‐linkedMECP2gene. However, there is a high degree of variability in the clinical phenotypes produced by mutations inMECP2, even amongst classical RTT patients. In a large‐scale screening project, this variability has been examined by looking at the effects of mutation type, functional domain affected and X‐inactivation. Mutations have been identified in 60% of RTT patients in this study (25% of whom were atypical), including 23 novel mutations and polymorphisms. More mutations were found in classical patients (63%) compared to atypical patients (44%). All of the pathogenic mutations were de novo in patients for whom parent DNA was available for screening. A composite phenotype score was developed, based on the recommendations for reporting clinical features in RTT of an international collaborative group. This score proved useful for summarising phenotypic severity, but did not correlate with mutation type, domain affected or X‐inactivation, probably due to complex interactions between all three. Other correlations suggested that truncating mutations and mutations affecting the methyl‐CpG‐binding domain tend to lead to a more severe phenotype. Skewed X‐inactivation was found in a large proportion (43%) of our patients, particularly in those with truncating mutations and mutations affecting the MBD. It is therefore likely that X‐inactivation does modulate the phenotype in RTT. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐injurious behavior in young boys with fragile X syndrome
Authors: Symons Frank J. , Clark Renee D. , Hatton Deborah D. , Skinner Martie , Bailey Donald B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this study, we distributed surveys to 67 families of young boys with fragile X syndrome to determine the prevalence, onset, form, function, location, and correlates of self‐injurious behavior. Fifty‐five surveys were completed (82%). The mean age of the boys at the time of the survey was 80 months (range = 20–144). Self‐injurious behavior (SIB) was reported for 58% of the participants with a mean age of onset of 31 months. The mean number of forms of self‐injury was 2 per participant. Biting was the most commonly reported form of self‐injury with the fingers and back of the hand disproportionately targeted as the most prevalent self‐injury body site. There was no linear increase in risk of SIB with age past 25 months. SIB was reported as most likely to occur following the presentation of difficult task demands or changes in routine. Significant group differences were found between overall ratings of problem behavior for boys with self‐injury compared to those without self‐injury. Groups did not differ on measures of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), autism status, adaptive behavior, or age first medicated. Results are discussed in terms of future research designed to further elucidate the behavioral phenotype of fragile X syndrome. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship of deficits of FMR1 gene specific protein with physical phenotype of fragile X males and females in pedigrees: A new perspective
Authors: Loesch D.Z. , Huggins R.M. , Bui Q. M. , Taylor A. K. , Hagerman R. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe effect of deficit of the FMR1‐gene product (FMRP) on physical phenotype was investigated using a robust modification of the maximum likelihood estimators for pedigree data. The approach is a powerful method of examining genotype–phenotype relationships because it adjusts for intra‐familial variation, and the robust modification allows violation of distributional assumptions in the data to be overcome by objectively down‐weighting unusual observations. The data on 19 age‐ or height‐adjusted physical measures including head, trunk and limb measures and height and weight from 110 extended fragile X families (including 185 fragile X males and females and 120 normal relatives) were related to the FMRP levels assessed in peripheral blood lymphocytes. A significant interaction between FMRP and age was also included in the models for some measures. The results have demonstrated a linear effect of progressively reducing levels of FMRP on the values of a majority of physical measures considered in the study. The most evident effect of FMRP deficit in sexes combined was in decreasing body height and limb length, and in increasing head height and the degree of connective tissue involvement (measured by the middle finger extension angle). Heritability estimated from the complex FMRP models showed the highest values for height and limb length, and the lowest for weight, finger extension angle and some facial measures. On the basis of the present data, a possible mechanism by which the FMRP deficit impacts physical phenotype is discussed. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutation screening of FOXP2 in individuals diagnosed with autistic disorder
Authors: Gauthier Julie , Joober Ridha , Mottron Laurent , Laurent Sandra , Fuchs Marketa , De Kimpe Violaine , Rouleau Guy A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAlthough it is well established that genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of autistic disorder (AD), no specific genes have as yet been implicated. Genetic epidemiological data, particularly the sharp fall in concordance rates from monozygotic to dizygotic twins, indicate that the mode of transmission of this disorder is complex and may involve several genes. The 7q31 locus has been repeatedly linked to AD, suggesting that this chromosomal region is likely to harbor a susceptibility gene for AD. Recently, variations in the FOXP2 gene were reported to be responsible for a severe speech and language disorder. Because of the chromosomal location of FOXP2 (7q31) and the putative implication of the 7q31 region both in autistic and in language disorders (a feature of AD), it has been hypothesized that FOXP2 may be implicated in the pathophysiology of AD. To test this hypothesis, we screened the FOXP2 gene coding sequence for mutations in subjects diagnosed with AD and in normal controls. We identified four silent polymorphisms that were equally distributed between patients and controls. Using an intra‐family association design, we identified no transmission disequilibrium in any of the four identified alleles, suggesting that the FOXP2 gene does not play a significant role in AD. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.