bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Phenomenon of Prophery
Authors: Sawyer John F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prophets are first and foremost ‘proclaimers’. This seems to be the primary meaning of the Hebrew word nabi, as applied to the vast majority of biblical prophets. In most cases they were believed to have supernatural powers, but they are distinguished from diviners, sorcerers, necromancers, and the like, for which various other Hebrew terms are regularly used (cf. Deut. 18: 10–11). Their special status is indicated by two other distinctive terms used in a number of passages, ‘men of God’ (e.g. 1 Sam. 9; 1 Kgs. 13) and ‘servants of God’ (e.g. 2 Kgs. 21: 10; 24: 2). But the chief word throughout the Hebrew Bible is nabi, and it is a measure of the distinctiveness of the phenomenon that the word has been borrowed by English, where ‘nabi’ and ‘nabism’ are occasionally used in preference to the nearest English equivalents. It is significant too that the earliest Greek translators chose to translate nabi, not by the word mantis (from which words like ‘necromancy’ are derived), but by prophetes ‘interpreter’, from which our English word ‘prophet’ is derived (e.g. 1 Cor. 12: 29). ‘Prophecy’ means both prediction (foretelling) and proclamation (forthtelling), so that ‘prophets’ include not only people with supernatural powers, able like Cassandra, for example, to foresee events in the future, but preachers like St Francis of Assisi, John Wesley, Martin Luther King and other ‘proclaimers’ as well.
The Prophets (III): Daniel to Malachi
Authors: Sawyer John F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Christian canon, Daniel is promoted from the Writings to a place among the Major Prophets, alongside Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel. He is not actually called a prophet in the book and, although his visions, his trances, his ability to predict, his intercession for his people (9), and his challenging of royal authorities roughly fit the conventional prophetic role, the language, style, imagery and content of the book are in most respects very different from any other prophet. In fact Daniel (alongside Noah and Job) is remembered as one of three men who ‘delivered their own lives by their righteousness’ (Ezek. 14: 14), and this is actually how he is represented in the book that bears his name.
Cities Real and Desired
Authors: O’Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When, in 412 or thereabouts, Augustine2 began to write the City of God, the Christian religion had for a century enjoyed a privileged position in the Roman empire. It owed this position pre-eminently to one man: Constantine, the first Christian emperor, who gained control over the western part of the empire by his victory at the battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312, and favoured and patronized Christianity in the western provinces from that time.
The Period of Maturity
Authors: Badawi M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Arabic theatre did not assert itself in Egypt without a struggle. Even when good plays were being written drama was generally regarded as mere entertainment and not as serious literature, and the theatre for a long time continued to be looked upon as a place of immorality with which no self-respecting man (or woman, for sure) should be associated. As late as the early twenties Tawfiq al-Hakīm had to hide the fact that he was the author of plays, and when his secret was revealed his scandalized father decided to send him off to Europe to pursue his higher legal studies in France (in 1925), in the hope that his absence might help him to break his link with the disreputable theatre world at home. It was not until the early 1930s that drama and acting acquired a modicum of respectability. This was due to the increasing number of well-educated and highly born young men who became involved in the theatres, either as authors, or actor/managers, together with the rapid growth of theatre criticism in newspapers as well as in several magazines, devoted to the theatre, which began to appear in increasing numbers in the 1920s.
Deus absconditus: Some Notes on the Bearing of the Hiddenness of God upon Butler’s and Pascal’s Criticism of Deism
Authors: Babolin Albino 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some scholars have recently called attention to certain structural similarities between Butler and Pascal. One of the most interesting aspects of this relationship is the role that the topic of Deus absconditus plays in their critical attitude to deism (Pascal was a severe critic of early deism; déisme is a word that occurs, in a quite definite sense, in his Lettres provinciales, letter XVI, and three times in a crucial fragment of his Christian apologetic). For John Barker, Butler’s view about probability as ’the very guide of life’ is reminiscent of Pascal’s Wager, and Butler’s familiarity with Pascal ’makes it likely he was conversant with Pascal’s reasoning in a more than general way’. There may also be echoes of the Pensées in Butler’s sermons upon human nature. Nevertheless, for Barker, beyond these broad impressions, a pro-found dissimilarity separates the Pensiées from the Analogy, making the Analogy, for all its aims, point more in the direction of mid-eighteenth-century rationalism than to the balance between faith and reason represented by Pascal.
The ‘Spiritual Sovereign’: Butler’s Episcopate
Authors: Cunliffe Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time he became a bishop Joseph Butler had completed the work which has engaged the attention of philosophers and theologians. The Rolls Chapel Sermons and the Analogy of Religion were the fruit of the years between 1719 and 1736, the work of a man in the prime of life. Though retiring by nature Butler had not dropped entirely from public view during these years, despite Queen Caroline’s tenuous awareness of his fate. After his resignation of the Rolls preachership in 1726 he spent the greater part of his time in the rectory at Stanhope, until the prompting of his old friend Thomas Secker and the reliable patronage of the Talbot family drew him back to London, as chaplain to Lord Chancellor Talbot in 1733 and as a member of the circle of clerical intellectuals around Queen Caroline, to whom he became clerk of the closet in 1736, the year in which the Analogy was published.
Early Life and Intellectual Background(1685 —1713)
Authors: Berman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Berkeley, Ireland’s most famous philosopher, was born in (or near) the town of Kilkenny on 12 March 1685. His early years were spent at Dysart Castle, overlooking the river Nore, two miles from Thomastown in Co. Kilkenny. Little is known of his early life or his parents. His father came from Staffordshire in England, but Berkeley considered himself Irish, or what we would now call Anglo,,Irish.1 As a young man, he refers in his notebooks to ‘We Irish men’.2 He also noted ‘Mem: that I was [sceptical crossed out] distrustful at 8 years old and consequently by nature disposed for these new Doctrines’ (PC, no. 266). In 1696 he entered Kilkenny College, formerly the school of Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) and William Congreve (1670--1729), where he remained for four years. Here, too, we have little information, although we may assume that he showed early signs of ability, since he was placed, unusually, in the second highest class.
The Middle Years(1713—1721)
Authors: Berman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Berkeley’s varied career seems to fall naturally into three periods, each marked by an idealistic cause or crusade. In the previous three chapters I examined the first period, in which he developed his immaterialist philosophy, a philosophy which he hoped would reform philosophy and lead men to a radically theistic or spiritualistic view of the world. This period, of philosophical idealism, began while Berkeley was still a student and was effectively completed with the publication of the Three Dialogues in 1713, when he was a young man of twenty eight. The third and final period spans the years 1735 to 1753, his later middle and old age, when, as Bishop of Cloyne, he advocated a medicine called tarwater, which he believed would cure or alleviate all physical ills. I shall be examining this final period, of medical idealism, in Chapter 7. From an outward point of view, both the first and third periods were largely uneventful. This is in sharp contrast to the middle period, 1714-34, which is the subject of this and the next chapter.
The Bermuda Project (1722–1731)
Authors: Berman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after failing to obtain St Paul’s, Dublin, in 1716, Berkeley left Britain on his second Continental tour. He went as tutor or travelling companion to St George Ashe, the son of the prelate whose ordination of him six years earlier had provoked the ire of Archbishop King. This tour was to be more extensive and adventurous than his first. It lasted some four years, during which Berkeley gained a wide appreciation of the arts. He apparently took little delight in music at the time, having, as he said, ‘eyes but no ears’ (Life, 76). Most of his time was spent in Italy: first in Turin, then in Rome viewing the galleries and antiquities, then touring in Apulia, and visiting the island of Ischia. It also now appears (from the evidence of his signature in the visitor’s book of the University of Padua) that he was in the north of Italy and spent much of 1719 in the Republic of Venice.
Philosophical Theology (1732—1735)
Authors: Berman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alciphron is Berkeley’s longest book and his most comprehensive statement on religion. It was composed while he was in Rhode Island and published in 1732, soon after his return to London. During the next three years he issued four shorter works which have a bearing on his theological system. The unity and strength of this system has not been appreciated, probably because commentators have concentrated on Berkeley’s better known philosophical writings of 1709—13. Alciphron has also suffered from dismissive judgments, even from admirers of Berkeley, like J. S. Mill and Leslie Stephen. Thus Stephen calls it ‘the least admirable performance of that admirable writer’. And Mill is even more damning: ‘were it not the production of so eminent a man, it would have little claim to serious attention. ‘ That these judgements are very far from the mark, I now hope to show.
Introduction
Authors: Heine Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gregory of Nyssa’s treatise on the inscriptions of the Psalms has been neglected in modem studies of his works. It has never been translated into a modem language, nor been the subject of a monograph. Very few articles have made it their central concern. Regarded as one of his earlier writings, it has been passed over as somewhat artificial in its exegesis, and as somewhat immature in its teaching about the spiritual life compared to his more mature exegetical and spiritual writings. The De virginitate, in contrast, which is recognized as Gregory’s first work, has frequently been both translated and studied.
Conclusion
Authors: Heine Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gregory has taken over the general topics treated in the introductions to Christian commentaries on the Psalter for the overall structure of his treatise. Some of these topics had themselves already been taken over by Gregory’s predecessors from philosophical commentaries on Plato and Aristotle. Gregory may have adopted this form of commentary introduction for his treatise because he found what earlier Christian authors had said about the inscriptions of the psalms in the introductory section of their commentaries. The discussion of some of the inscriptions in the introductions in these commentaries also occurred in conjunction with other topics of introduction, such as the order of the psalms.
Introduction
Authors: Martin Roderick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many politicians and journalists-mainly but not exclusively Conservative-the balance of power between management and unions has been the central issue in political economy of the 1980s. Trade unions have been seen as the decisive influence on the level of inflation, and on the level of unemployment. Trade unions coerce management into con ceding higher wages than firms can realistically afford, leading to cost push inflation when the higher costs are passed on in higher prices. Higher prices lead to lower competitiveness, falling sales volumes, and increasing unemployment. Alternatively, firms may attempt to control their overall costs by increasing productivity, and reducing the number of employees, thereby adding to the level of unemployment via an alternative route. Union power also contributes to unemployment by making it difficult to reduce wages for particular groups of workers, especially young workers, thus preventing potential employees from ‘pricing themselves into jobs’.
The Influence of Bargaining Power on the Outcomes of Collective Bargaining
Authors: Martin Roderick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For both management and unions the use of bargaining power is a means to an end, influencing the terms of the effort-reward bargain, not an end in itself; the outcomes of the process are therefore the central concern. Outcomes may be viewed from the perspective of either party, or from the perspective of society as a whole. This study is primarily concerned with the extent to which unions or management achieve their objectives; the effect of their achieving their objectives-or the way in which they attempt to achieve them-on the macro-economy is a derivative issue; as suggested in the Preface, politicians have seen union-sponsored wage push as a major source of inflationary pressure. Full discussion of the econometric issues raised by wage inflation is outside the scope of this chapter, although comments are made in the concluding section.
Sectarian Studies: Assumptions, Sources, Scope, and Methods
Authors: Wilson Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even though, in many particulars, they differ from one another, the separate and distinctive groups of religious believers that are generally designated as sects or as new religious movements may be said to constitute a field of readily recognizable social phenomena. Initially, they were distinguished from the dominant prevailing form(s) of religion within a society, and this not merely nor even primarily by virtue of their relative minority status (since the dominant denomination in one society may be a minority in another, as are Catholics in England or Episcopalians in Scotland, without thereby being considered as sects) but by their evident divergence in doctrine, practice, social ethos, and form of sociation. Today, they are, by these same criteria and most specifically by their social ethos and the conduct that exemplifies it, also readily distinguished from the generality of the secular society.
American Sects: Their Impact on Europe
Authors: Wilson Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not all sects evolve within the continuity of one society; many of them increasingly, and increasingly effectively, mission overseas, and their development reflects the diversity of the societies into which they spread. Religious diffusion does not, of course, for long proceed from only one centre, and in recent centuries there has been a reversal of the balance of religious trade between countries from that which prevailed in earlier centuries. Leaving aside those patterns of migration that have seen Muslim and Hindu, Sikh and Buddhist communities establish themselves in Europe and America, and the Westernized off-shoot new religious movements that claim association with these exotic traditions, Christian sectarianism has also displayed a proclivity, either by dint of migrating votaries or of local conversions, to become disseminated throughout the Christianized world, and even beyond.
Guild, Union, Profession, And Proletariat
Authors: Halsey A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE ‘key profession’ may have dug its own grave. It faces a future of mass higher education after a quarter of a century of adaptation to the consequences of its own successes. Survey at the time of Robbins showed The British Academics to be ‘basically conservative; even those who are boldest and least conservative in their own intellectual lives want to preserve and strengthen the institutions which make their scientific and scholarly achievements possible. Expansion means change; change holds promise, but also a threat ⃛‘(Halsey and Trow 1971: 465). The expansion has occurred, its scale if not its shape following and going beyond the target set in the Robbins report. What then has happened to the academic professions?
Retrospect
Authors: Halsey A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE decline of donnish dominion was written in the stars from the moment that the ancient civilizations of the Near East began to form an abstract alphabet (Goody 1968). Literacy thereby became potentially a democratic possession. Access to human capital became intrinsically available to all. Nevertheless, a long and incomplete evolution has been needed to turn potential into reality. The history of popular communication from usable alphabet through the printing press to modern information technology has been a very slow process, albeit accelerating in our own time. The process has been slow because to democratize communication also requires transformation of virtually every aspect of social structure. People are bound together by power and authority, by interest and sentiment, by habituation and learning, as well as by words and numbers. Vast changes of human society were therefore required to work out all the implications of this original linguistic revolution. Nor is the journey complete. The scope and reach of higher learning never ceases.to unfold. It is built into the modern social project of ever-increasing human command over nature, prolonging life, ceaselessly hungering after economic growth, and permitting more widespread leisure. The pull of professional needs and the push of democratic demands for access continually press for expansion in face of limited public and private resources. Higher education comes at the end of the process as the conspicuous international growth industry of the twentieth century. It is a worldwide phenomenon with ancient roots. We have been concerned in this study with its record in a particular country: but the background of transition out of pre-industrial to industrial society deserves a brief review as it is now, following Max Weber, the standard interpretation of social development among sociologists of education.
Prospect
Authors: Halsey A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE future of higher education in Britain was, at least in the legislative sense, settled by the Further and Higher Education Act of April 1992. Yet financially, socially, educationally, and politically this law left everyone in a state of great uncertainty. It was, of course, predictable that the binary system was over when I laid down my pen in 1991. The government had already announced the absorption of the polytechnics into the mainstream system and had invited them all to choose a new name for their own new university. The furore and the manoeuvrings in this nominal exercise need not detain us. Where is De Montfort or Glasgow Caledonian or London Guildhall? The complete list of polytechnics becoming universities appears below, together with seven other new degree¬ granting institutions. There were 3 3 English and Welsh polytechnics and 1 5 Scottish Central Institutions before the transforming merger began. There are now 88 UK universities (123 institutions counting separately the constituent colleges of the universities of London and Wales).
Introduction
Authors: Brewer John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In President de Klerk’s address at the opening of parliament on I February 1991, in which he effectively announced the dismantling of all the legal pillars which supported apartheid, the issue of policing warranted special mention at the end of the speech. He noted the enormous pressures already placed on the police hut emphasized that in ‘the new South Africa’, the police will have to be ‘manned and managed properly’: ‘A professional and well-trained police force, which fis) not subject to political expediency, [is] the best guarantee for the maintenance of a safe environment in which everybody is able to live and work.’
Policemen Versus Pukkah Soldiers: 1914–1926
Authors: Brewer John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period covered in this chapter is marked by the SAP’s first full year and the government’s first major review of policing in the 1926 The Water Commission. During this time, the modernization of the police proceeded apace and centralization was finally achieved, with the SAP becoming the single national police force, ensuring that the state had strict control over the police. But the police continued to suffer from the peculiarities of South African society and politics. Police professionalism was hampered by the tension within the police between the civil and colonial policing models, and the negative effects of the state’s policies on race were ongoing. These effects were two-fold. The police continued to perform extraneous duties for the state in regulating and monitoring race relations, but they also bore the consequences of wider social conflicts between the British and Afrikaners, and between Black and White South Africans.
The Second Phase of Apartheid: 1960–1975
Authors: Brewer John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 1960 was significant for South Africa and, with hindsight, for the police. The country voted to become a Republic in 1960, and the peak of Black protest was reached with Sharpeville. From this point Black political opposition declined, went underground, militarized, and mostly abroad, forcing the police to focus on the external rather than internal threat, to develop counter insurgency skills, and rapidly to expand its manpower and resources. It was not until the Soweto uprising in 1976 that the focus changed again to the internal threat. Apartheid’s second phase began in earnest in 1960, taking South Africa in a direction opposite to that suggested in Macmillan’s famous ‘winds of change’ speech of that year. To reinforce the impression that the SAP was entering a new era, Commissioner Rademeyer retired in I960, cutting links with past conflicts within the police during the war, to be replaced by Lt.-Gen. du Plooy, a former member of the Special Branch, symbolic, perhaps, of the SAP’s future.
Does the Sociological Viewpoint Bear on the Theistic Vision?
Authors: Martin David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sociologists share with those who study cosmology or bio logy or chemistry a body of methods, of heuristic devices, and of more or less accepted conclusions, some of which may be expressible in generalizations, of greater or less scope. When con fronted with the issue of theism, sociologists, in common with colleagues in other disciplines, scan and question their assumptions and conclusions to see whether they forbid or exclude certain possibilities, in this case the existence of God.
‘And Never the Twain Shall Meet’? Gender Segregation and Work Histories
Authors: Scott Alison Macewen , Burchell Brendan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at the effect of gender segregation on women’s and men’s work histories, particularly their chances of job promotion and occupational mobility. There has been much interest recently in using work history analysis to reveal the specificity of women’s working patterns. As is well known, the structure of most women’s labour-force participation is strongly affected by their domestic roles and these roles have different effects at different points in the life cycle.