bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Family as Battlefield
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In some cultures, including French culture, married couples are tradition ally where power with regard to family names is exercised. If a Marie Dupont marries a Jean Dubois she becomes Marie Dubois, while also changing title, from Miss to Mrs. This was long considered to be normal and it took feminist campaigns to do away with the difference between Mrs and Miss in the USA (to be replaced by the neutral Ms), while in France we have seen Marie Dupont marry Jean Dubois and become either Marie Dupont-Dubois or Mme Marie Dupont. But it remains difficult for a Marie Dupont, who has written a book under her married name, and so has become known under the name of Dubois, to return to her maiden name after a divorce, for example. Although the operation is obviously legal, it is socially awkward, so ingrained are the conventionalities. Clearly married couples are where power with regard to family names is exercised, the power of the husband over the wife.
Markets and Languages
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multilingualism is, as we have seen, the language situation most frequently found in the world, and it naturally poses problems of communication. Every day, everywhere, hundreds of thousands of people meet, and need to communicate but do not have the same language. Now trade is the social activity that encounters this problem the most often: how to buy from and sell to people with a different language? In fact, every time that a person needs to communicate, he or she finds the means. Maurice Delafosse describes, for example, the way in which exchanges were man aged in West Africa during the Middle Ages:
A New Start? Cartesian Metaphysics and the Emergence of Modern Philosophy
Authors: Cottingham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many of his writings, Descartes conspicuously presented himself as an innovator. Announcing his philosophical programme to the public in 1637, he likened himself to an architect, designing a town from scratch: ancient cities which have grown up over many years, with many different hands ‘patching up (raccommoder) buildings by adapting old walls’, are generally ill proportioned compared with those ‘laid out by the planner on levelled ground’ (AT vi. 11; CSM i. 116). The intellectual autobiography which opens the Discourse is that of a rebel who proposes not to build on the inherited wisdom of the past, but to demolish it and start afresh. And the sooner the better; ‘as soon as I was old enough to escape from the control (la sujection) of my teachers, I entirely abandoned book learning’ This direct and vigorous propaganda for the ‘new’ philosophy (as it came to be called in the later seventeenth century, and indeed even within Descartes’s own lifetime) must have struck Descartes’s readers more forcibly than we can easily imagine today. For nowadays, to break new ground is the goal of every aspiring writer whether in the arts or sciences-in some respects it is the very criterion of success. By the start of the eighteenth century the modern race for originality had begun to gather speed (witness the bitter priority dispute between the followers of Leibniz and Newton over the infinitesimal calculus).
Introduction
Authors: McConchie R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tendency to regard the lexicon as a part of the language with an existence independent of its other components or of the conceptual structure of the society of which that language is an expression should be resisted. The very existence of dictionaries may of course conduce to such a notion, but word and concept are, if not always coextensive, at least inextricably connected. Separating them leads to much fruitless historical speculation as to the ‘adequacy’ of the lexicon of the language, a linguistic phenomenon which is virtually as large as the capacity of its speakers to conceptualize, and practically as large as it needs to be at any one time; hence what is at stake is not the adequacy or the inadequacy of its wordstock, but the nature of the lexicalization of concepts, whether through metaphoric substitutions, description and periphrasis, the various forms of neo logism, or through borrowing or calques. The limits to the process will be largely those consequent upon the pre-existing semantic webs already established in the language by its users.
The Medical Lexicon and the OED
Authors: McConchie R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much attention has been paid so far to examining what it is that a corpus of corrections to the OED incorporating many sixteenth century medical terms might reveal about the dictionary and the way in which it has been compiled. The emphasis has been on what the OED might have incorporated had it wished, or would have incorporated had it access to the source of the data, and something has already been shown of how well the OED registered, or failed to register, this particular corpus. It ought to be possible to learn something from the dictionary’s history as well, even though it is only partly recorded. The practices of other workers-readers, sub editors, and other helpers-should also be considered where the evidence is available. However, a record of editorial decisions by its editors and other workers unfortunately does not exist, and in any case, even if such decisions had been minuted, it does not follow that they would have been scrupulously adhered to in the Scriptorium, let alone outside it. This chapter therefore considers the editorial practices which bore directly upon the collection of medical terms, their acceptance or rejection, their field marking, and changes to these policies which occurred during the history of the OED. It also considers the actual practices of the OED workers, from editors to readers, and the relative weightings given to various sources of lexical data as far as the present evidence will allow.
Humean Doubts about the Practical Justification of Morality
Authors: Dreier James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humeans doubt that there is any categorical justification of morality, in that they doubt that practical reason demands compliance with morality. In this essay I examine the grounds for their scepticism. One kind of ground is dubious. After exposing its flaws, I explain why there is a plausible ground for scepticism anyway.
Practical Theory
Authors: Cullity Garrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The critics of ethical theory concur in making the following claim: ethical theory seeks to impose on our ethical thinking a structure which there is no good reason for us to submit it to. But they hold this for different reasons. A first line of objection is that the onus lies on the theorist to show why our thinking should aspire to conform to any ethical theory, and that this onus remains undischarged. A second goes further. It is not just that the onus lies on the theorist to show why our thinking should aspire to conform to his theory; rather, there are decisive reasons why it should not. One popular way of arguing this has been to maintain that holding our ethical thinking responsible for its justification to an ethical theory would itself be morally objectionable (perhaps because it would alienate us from the values to which that thinking is responsive).
The Structure of Practical Reason
Authors: Gaut Berys 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The structure of practical reason needs to be specified in at least two fundamental respects. On the one hand, we need an account of the relation between reason and motivation. This is the motivational aspect of reason. Practical reasons, reasons to act, must be capable of motivating an agent, for reasons guide action, and therefore an agent must be capable of acting on them under suitable conditions. These conditions are specifiable in terms of rationality: plausibly it is analytic that reasons motivate an agent in so far as she is rational and aware of the reasons. For this truism about rational motivation to yield a more substantive truth requires a specification of the powers by virtue of which an agent is rational and is appropriately motivated. A further structural aspect of practical reason that needs to be specified is the relation of practical reason to the good. This is the evaluative aspect of practical reason.
Kantian Rationalism: Inescapability, Authority, and Supremacy
Authors: Brink David O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kant appears to be the ultimate rationalist about moral psychology In claiming that moral requirements express categorical imperatives, he defends the existence of objective moral requirements that are part of practical reason and are supposed to have overriding authority. I want to examine and assess different strands in Kant’s rationalism. In particular, I believe that in claiming that moral requirements are categorical imperatives Kant commits himself to three distinguishable claims. (a) If moral requirements are categorical imperatives, they are objective or inescapable; their application to an agent does not depend on the agent’s own contingent inclinations or interests.
A Theory of Freedom and Responsibility
Authors: Smith Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once we equip ourselves with a suitable version of the dispositional theory of value we can solve the various metaphysical, epistemological, and motivational puzzles that standardly arise in meta-ethics. So, at any rate, I have argued.
Even if I am right about this, however, it might be thought that another set of problems in meta-ethics remains, problems which the dispositional theory of value goes no way towards solving. These are problems about the nature of freedom and the conditions of moral responsibility. A solution to these problems, it might be said, requires some super-added theory about the nature of the moral agent, something about which the dispositional theory of value remains silent. My task in the present essay is to address this concern and to show that it is unfounded. The dispositional theory delivers an intuitive and compelling conception of freedom. It delivers, more or less in and of itself, a plausible conception of the responsible moral agent.
Narrative Comprehension: Text, Knowledge, and Inference-Making
Authors: Emmott Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although we rarely notice it, we are all the time engaged in constructing hypotheses about the meaning of the text. The reader makes implicit connections, fills in gaps, draws inferences and tests out hunches; and to do this means drawing on a tacit knowledge of the world in general and of literary conventions in particular. The text itself is really no more than a series of ‘cues’ to the reader, invitations to construct a piece of language into meaning.
Do We Have a Determinate Conception of Finiteness and Natural Number?
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I’m going to begin with a rather familiar worry, about whether we have a determinate understanding of second-order quantification. Then I will consider an analogous worry about whether we have a determinate under standing of the notion of finiteness. At first blush the case for the second worry seems quite analogous to the case for the first but for various reasons doubts about the determinacy of the notion of finiteness may seem harder to take seriously than doubts about the determinacy of second-order quantification.
Neo-Fregeans: in Bad Company?
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a time, Frege believed that he had solved the central problem of the foundations of mathematics. He believed so firmly until 1902, when Russell wrote to announce the contradiction, and hopefully until 1906, when he recognized his inability to resolve it. He then concluded that he had failed in his life’s ambition, to provide sure foundations for arithmetic. Crispin Wright, however, beJieves that he ought not to have despaired so soon. He should have recast his whole exposition: for, if only he had realized it, he had solved the central problem.
Britain and Ireland: The Varying Significance of Language for Nationalism
Authors: Barbour Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we are concerned with two states: the Republic of Ireland (sometimes also referred to in English by its Irish name Eire), and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the UK), along with the UK dependencies of the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. These two states are commonly referred to as ‘Ireland’ and ‘Britain’, but these terms are problematic, since ‘Ireland’ also designates the island of Ireland, part of which, Northern Ireland, is within the United Kingdom. ‘Britain’ is problematic, since some regard it as synonymous with ‘Great Britain’, which for others means only the larger of the two major islands in the archipelago, or England, Scotland and Wales. I shall refer to the two major islands, with their respective smaller offshore islands, as ‘Ireland’ and ‘Great Britain’ respectively, and I shall refer to the states as ‘the Republic of Ireland’ and ‘the United Kingdom’ or ‘the UK’ respectively. The term ‘United Kingdom’ is appropriate when referring to the state, the political structure, but ‘Britain’ is more appropriate when referring to national identity, since ‘United Kingdom’ is a cold, formal, political designation, with which, I would argue, few identify. I would even suggest that the United Kingdom is a state, a political structure, while Britain is a nation, a human population. This view is supported by the fact that many de jure citizens of the UK, Irish nationalists in Northern Ireland, consider their nationality to be Irish and not British.
France: ‘ One state, one nation, one language’?
Authors: Judge Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The premiss ‘one state, one nation, one language’ seems an obvious one to the vast majority of French people, with the possible exception of some in areas where regional languages were and continue to be spoken. The aim of this chapter is to discover why this view of citizenship is so generally accepted and whether this is a permanent feature of French life. It is also to investigate whether there is credible political opposition to this view from the proponents of the regional languages. Before suggesting an answer, a number of issues have to be addressed. The first is conceptual: how the French define the terms ‘state’, ‘nation’, ‘people’, and ‘nationalism’ and how these concepts relate to language (Section 3.2). The second issue is to consider the languages other than French that were spoken in Prance, in what contexts they were and are spoken, and their links with nationalism (Section 3.3). It is also necessary to understand how French emerged as a distinct language (Section 3.4.), how the concept of a nationally imposed ‘French’ language developed, and how extensive legislation ensured that it became closely identified with nationhood (Section 3.5).
Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity
Authors: Trudgill Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many areas of Europe have seen a transition from ethnic identities based on traditional cultural practices and religion (with language playing some part), to national identities with a strong territorial dimension, often with language as a highly important marker of identity. A transition of this kind is particularly clear in the area covered by the Greek and Turkish states, which are hence treated together here. Their combined treatment is also merited by the long inclusion of Greece within the Turkish-ruled Ottoman Empire.
Poetic Language
Authors: Berg Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding two parts of this monograph, attention has been focused upon the implications of language processing for language structure and change. A third area to which processing aspects can be applied is the structure of poetry, which is not identical to what is standardly referred to as’linguistic structure. The reason for this non-identity is simply that (traditional) poetry, in its accentuation of the formal side of language, employs devices which play a very limited role in everyday language use. The most salient of these devices is rhyming, which is highly characteristic of poetry but untypical of ordinary speaking.
Intransitive Predication
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intransitive Predication constitutes a major contribution to the study of typological linguistics and theoretical linguistics in general. Basing his analysis on a sample of 410 languages, Leon Stassen investigates cross-linguistic variation in one of the core domains of all natural languages. The author views this domain as a `cognitive space', the topography of which is the same for all languages. It is assumed to consist of four subdomains, which correspond to a four-way distinction between the semantic classes of event predicates, property predicates, class predicates, and locational predicates. Leon Stassen offers a typology of the structural manifestations of this domain, in terms of the nature and number of the formal strategies used in its encoding. He discusses a number of abstract principles which can be employed in explaining the cross-linguistic variation embodied by the typology. In the final chapter, he brings together the research results in a universally applicable model, which can be read as a `flow chart' for the encoding of intransitive predications in different language types.
The Typology of Intransitive Predication
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the foregoing chapters we have established a number of basic characteristics of the domain of intransitive main predicate encoding. We have assumed that the predicates in this domain can be divided into four semantic sets, which form the predicate categories of verbs, adjectives, nominals, and locationals. In the formal encoding of these four categories, a language maximally has three different strategies at its disposal. These three strategies are prototypical, in that they are associated with the encoding of one specific predicate category; if some other category is encoded by the strategy as well, this must be rated as a case of strategy takeover. The formal features of the three encoding strategies have been shown to be as follows:
Non-Tensed Languages
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tensedness universals formulated in (9.17) claim that, out of four logically possible clusterings, only the nouny-tensed and the verby-non-tensed clusterings will be attestable in natural language. Having tested the empirical validity of this prediction for the nouny-tensed clustering, we will now do the same for the second prediction. Thus, we will look at those languages in which predicate adjectives are taken over by the verbal strategy, and see whether or not their verbal systems can be rated as non-tensed in the sense of Definition (9.8). In Section 4.5 we designated these languages as A-Languages Uages. Areas in which this language type is the norm are East and South-East Asia, the Indic and Pacific Ocean, North America, considerable parts of Central and South America, and Sub-Saharan Africa. In the following sections we will examine these areas in tum.
Problematic Cases
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With very few exceptions, the languages discussed in the foregoing two chapters can be evaluated as corroborations of the tensedness universals in a straightforward way. The present chapter takes a look at languages and language areas for which this assessment is problematic to some extent. These problem cases come in several different kinds. First of all, of course, there are the outright counter-examples to the claims made by the tensedness universals. Thus, a language which is non-tensed but nouny, or a language which is tensed but verby, will pose a problem for our claims in the strongest way possible. However, cases of this kind are very rare, so that their occurrence can be written off as marginal. A far greater problem is created by the fact that, for a not inconsiderable number of languages, the evaluation of the tensedness universals is impeded by the uncertain status of the language with respect to one or both of the relevant parameters. Both Tensedness and Adjectival Encoding are gradual parameters.
Evaluation and Explanation
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that the tensedness universals have been evaluated for each individual language in the sample, it is time for a general assessment. In the foregoing three chapters we have examined the correlation between the value settings on two different parameters-the Tensedness Parameter and the Adjective Parameter. It has turned out that these value settings are gradual in both cases; that is, both parameters define a continuum between two extremes. The Tensedness Parameter can have the value of Tensed, or Nom-Tensed, or some in-between value, which we have labelled as (various degrees of) Mixed tense-aspect encoding. Similarly, on the Adjective Parameter a language may adopt the extreme settings of No UNY or YERBY, or some intermediate setting of Split/Shift adjectival encoding. Now, if the settings for these two parameters were completely independent of one another, one would expect a more or less even distribution of the nine logically possible combinations of these settings. In reality, however, we find that these combinations are heavily restricted, in that two of them, when taken together, cover over 85 per cent of the languages in the sample. In Chapter 10 we have identified the Blngguages, which feature a combination of the Tensed setting on the Tensedness Parameter and the No UNY setting on the Adjective Parameter. Diametrically opposed are the A-Languages (see Chapter 11), in which Non-Tensedness and Verbiness are combined. As these are the two combinations which are predicted by the Tensedness Hypothesis, we can conclude that the tensedness universals formulated in (9.17) receive considerable empirical support from ourdata base.
Real Times and Possible Worlds
Authors: Dyke Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are ways in which David Lewis’;s theory of genuine modal realism is analogous to a tenseless token-reflexive account of time. At the semantic level Lewis offers an indexical account of actuality which is formally analogous to an indexical account of temporal terms such as ‘now’; and ‘presenf. At the ontological level there appears to be an analogy between Lewis’;s account of all possible worlds being equally real, and the doctrine of the tenseless theory that all times are equally real.
The Tensed vs. Tenseless Theory of Time: A Watershed for the Conception of Divine Eternity
Authors: Craig William Lane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although theologians in the Judaeo-Christian tradition agree that God is eternal (without beginning or end of existence), they differ profoundly concerning the nature of divine eternity. The biblical data are not wholly determinative with respect to this question, leaving theologians divided as to whether God’;s eternity is to be construed as timelessness or as infinite omnitemporality.