bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Status, conservation, and the future
Authors: Pratt H Douglas , Jeffrey Jack , Conant Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I first visited Hawai’i in 1974, I was opti-mistic about the Hawaiian honeycreepers. After all, even though many were very rare, several had been rediscovered in the previous decade, and a new one had just been found on the windward slope of Haleakala. Surely, it seemed, more suppos-edly extinct species still clung to existence in some remote forest refuge where no one had looked for many years. I was naive enough to think that those that had lasted until ‘enlightened’ modern times would get the help they needed and survive. I never expected to study birds that would be extinct in my lifetime.
Toucans, Barbets and Honeyguides
Authors: Short Lester L , Horne Jennifer F M , Gilbert Albert Earl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book covers in unmatched detail the life history, relationships, biology, and conservation of all the world's toucans, barbets, and honeyguides. These number 133 species, found in tropical regions around the world. The toucans are especially well-known because of their dramatic bills and their association with the Amazon rainforest. The authors have been working with these birds for over 20 years, and their knowledge and expertise in these groups is unrivalled. Much of the information in this book has never previously been published. The colour plates, painted by well-known US artist Albert Earl Gilbert, are probably the best paintings of these birds ever produced.
Forest ecology and genetics
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A forest ecosystem is the product of the climate, geology, terrain and soil, and of the trees, shrubs, animals, fungi, and other organisms living and interacting together on the site. The canopy of leaves and branches supported by the tree stems intercepts incoming radiation and precipitation in the form of rain, snow, or mist. Some radiation is reflected back to the atmosphere and some precipitation is evaporated from the surface of the crowns but the larger proportion of these enter the forest ecosystem together with nutrients borne by rain, dust, and aerosols. The canopy also affects the flow of air over and through the upper parts of the forest, making it turbulent.
Shelterwood systems
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shelterwood systems are those high forest systems in which the young crop is established under the overhead or side shelter of the old one; at the same time the old crop protects the site. The term ‘shelterwood systems’ includes systems of successive regeneration fellings together with the selection system. In general though not universally, the shelterwood systems aim at natural regeneration whereas the clear cutting system, usually though not invariably, must rely on artificial regeneration. Under the clear cutting system, using natural regeneration, the area to be regenerated is cleared in a single felling and restocked in one season. However, this is possible only where conditions are unusually favourable for natural regeneration, and where it is not necessary to retain any part of the old crop to protect the young one against frost, drought, or other dangers.
Cambrian
Authors: Jialu Yang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inaccuracy of palaeomagnetic data for the Cambrian period, which is dated about half a billion years ago, means that the knowledge of palaeo biogeography, palaeoclimatology, and geotectonics must be applied to its plate reconstruction. Scientists (Zoninshain et al. 1977; Ziegler et al. 1979; Scotese et al. 1979, 1990; Palmer 1981; Lin Jinlu et al. 1985) consider that most Cambrian plates were located in low latitudes and only a few of them may have reached middle latitudes. All the continents, except Gondwana, were small and scattered, although further studies may substantiate the further dismembering of an originally integral plate or reintegration of plates. Figure 3.1 shows the palaeobiogeographical provincialization of the world, using the base map of reconstruction of Franconian age (Late Can1brian) compiled by Scotese et al. (1979, 1990) plus the following modifications on the location of some plates:
Ordovician
Authors: Zhiming Li 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of new marine invertebrate faunas came into being in Ordovician times, and the generally rather monotonous features of the Cambrian biota were changed. Among the fauna were trilobites, graptolites, articulate brachiopods, nautiloids, and rugose and tabulate corals, which are of great significance in stratigraphical correlation and subdivision, biofacies analysis, and palaeobiogeographical provincialization. Many scholars, such as Whittington and Hughes (1972), Jaanusson (1973), Berry (1974, 1979), Lu Yanhao et al. (1976), Chen Junyuan (1980), Sweet and Bergstrom (1984), Cocks and Fortey (1988, 1990), Bergstrom (1990), and Finney and Chen (1990), have studied Ordovician palaeobiogeographical provincialization based on the groups of organisms that they specialized in.
The brown trout: a successful polytypic species
Authors: Elliott J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After reviewing briefly the taxonomy of the family Salmonidae, a summary is provided of past problems in naming brown trout. Next the geographical distribution of brown trout is summarized, first the native distribution and then the world distribution of this successful fish. Finally the life cycle is examined. A brief review shows that large variations in the life cycle are common for many species in the family Salmonidae. This is followed by a more detailed review of life-cycle variation in brown trout. The overall conclusion from the work described in this chapter is that the brown trout is a highly successful, global species exhibiting a range of quantitatively complex life cycles.
Burrows and burrowing animals: an overview
Authors: Meadows Azra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wide range of animals, including man, are known to burrow in terrestrial and aquatic environments, and burrows have been recorded well back in the fossil record. Burrow size and shape is a characteristic of each species. The size of burrows can range from a few millimetres to many metres in length. Burrows may be either simple or complex, may run vertically or horizontally in sedimentary strata, and sometimes may have many branches and chambers. Animal burrows have a number of functions. They can be built for protection from extreme environmental conditions or for defence from predators. Some species dig burrows for foraging or use them as a food store. Others use them as a site for reproductive activities and later as a nursery for young or larval stages. Occasionally a burrow is shared by two species, or an abandoned burrow may be recolonized by another species. All these activities have significant impacts on the environment, such as increased soil fertility caused by soil mixing, changes in the structure of plant communities, increased exchange of chemicals across the sediment-water interface, enhanced microbial activity and alterations in soil and sediment stability and erosion.
Effects of two infauna! polychaetes on sediment shear strength and permeability: an experimental approach
Authors: Meadows Peter S , Hariri M S B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organisms living m the top metre or so of sediments can have major effects on the physical and chemical properties of sediments caused by bioturbation (burrow construction and maintenance), feeding processes and movement within the sediment (Dillon & Zimmerman 1970; Rhoads 1974; Berner 1980; Lee & Swartz 1980; Meadows 1986; Meadows & Tufail 1986).
Ceylon
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hugging the southern tip of the Indian subcontinent is Sri Lanka or Ceylon. The Ancient Greek geographers knew the island as Taprobane, hence the botanical specific epithet Taprobanicus. Strategically situated on the principal sea route between East and West, it was a meeting place, an international market, for merchants from Africa and Arabia, the Malay Archipelago, and China. One of its best-known landmarks, Adam’s Peak, was revered by Muslims as the spot where Adam took his last look at the Garden of Eden; Chinese monks made pilgrimages to the island to worship Buddhist relics; Victorian settlers, enchanted by its lush vegetation and equable climate, christened it the Pearl of the Indian Ocean. Europe first learned of the existence of the island through officers in Alexander’s army. Megasthenes at the Maurya court in the Fourth century BC was told that Taprobane ‘has palm-groves where the trees are planted with wonderful regularity all in a row, in the way we see the keepers of pleasure-parks plant out shady trees in the choicest spots’. Classical authorities gave contradictory dimensions for the island which covers about 25 000 square miles; it is not as large, in fact, as Ireland. They believed it to be the largest island in the known world; both Ptolemy and Pliny had it stretching into the southern hemisphere. Even as late as the sixth century the Alexandrian monk, Cosmas, calculated its length to be 900 miles (it is, in fact, 290 miles at its longest). Ibn Batuta (1304--c.1378), perhaps the greatest of all medieval travellers, covered some 75000 miles during 30 years wandering through Asia and Africa, visiting every Muslim state. His pilgrimage, punctuated by frequent marriages and desertions, brought him to Ceylon in 1344. As a devout Muslim, he climbed Adam’s Peak to pray at the blessed footprint of Adam. On his ascent he admired ‘flowers of various colours, with the red rose, about the size of the palm of the hand, upon the leaves of which they think they can read the name of God and of his prophet’. This has been identified as Rhododendron arboreum subsp. nilagiricum and must be the earliest mention of any rhododendron in South Asia although it was not until 1817 that a John Davy recognized it as being a member of that genus.
The Search For Useful Plants
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a memorandum on the resources of British India submitted to the Government of India in 1894, George Watt, its leading economic botanist, postulates that in so far as cultivated plants are concerned, India had ‘borrowed far more than she has given’. Critics who not infrequently accuse European powers, and Britain in particular, of exploiting India’s natural resources tend to overlook or to minimize their contributions to the country’s prosperity. The introduction of plants of commercial value has diversified its economy and changed the eating habits of the nation. Indeed all countries have benefited from the migration of the world’s economic and ornamental plants which has taken place through several millennia. Basic food crops like wheat and barley were brought by early colonizers from Western Asia, the cradle of Western civilization, to India. Traces of these cereals found in the remains of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus Valley civilization suggest links with ancient Mesopotamia. Indian sugarcane noted in the Artharveda (before 800 BC) had reached the eastern Mediterranean sometime after AD 636 by way of Iran. Rice cultivation had spread from the Far East across India to Mesopotamia by the seventh century BC. Very likely the crops of China and Japan reached South Asia through the valleys of Assam or the sea route around the Malay Archipelago. The orange, believed to have originated in China, is mentioned for the first time in Indian literature in the Caraka Samhita, a medical treatise of AD 100 or earlier. Another well-known citrus fruit common in the tropics, the sour lime (Citrus aurantiifolia), is a native of India. Tamarindus indica, cultivated in many parts of India, may have been brought to India through the agency of Arab traders who are also credited with transporting the African baobab (Adansonia digitata) to the west coast, probably during Mughal times.
Transportation Of Plants
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The global traffic in plants had more failures than successes until 1833 when Dr Nathaniel Ward invented the Wardian case. Tender exotics were especially susceptible to climatic changes on voyages of several months’ duration, and for much of the seventeenth century British botanists and gardeners concentrated on hardy North American plants which had only to endure the relatively short passage across the Atlantic. We learn from Van Reede’s despatch in March 1691 to his Governors, Directors, and Commanders in the Cape, Persia, India, and Ceylon that seeds from their outposts were not fit for sowing when they reached Holland, the result, possibly, of either being too old when collected or having been packed in damp conditions. His advice was that preference should always be given to ‘young, hard and bone-dry seeds’. It would seem that those sent in bags were more prone to decay than boxed consignments.
Epilogue
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 1907 Sir Joseph Hooker complained to J. S. Gamble at Dehr a Dun that ‘ Botany seems to be dead in India ’ 1. With the disintegration of the Botanical Survey of India there was now no central authority to speak on behalf of botany, no organized scientific opinion to command the attention and respect of the Government of India.
Morphogenesis-related changes in extracellular matrix induced by retinoic acid
Authors: Morriss-Kay Gillian , Mahmood Radma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a “classic” teratogen in that it induces different patterns of malformations when mammalian embryos are exposed to it at different developmental stages. The developmental stage at which exposure to a teratogen leads to a specific malformation outcome is the critical period for that teratogen and malformation. For instance, the critical period for RA-induced craniofacial malformations is at or before the early neural plate stage of development; cleft palate and limb reduction defects have their own critical periods at later stages of embryogenesis. Investigation of developmental events at the time of the critical period, in both normal and RA-treated embryos, can provide important insights into both the normal roles of RA and the early alterations at the onset of abnormal development. At the critical period for craniofacial malformation, embryonic structure is relatively simple (Fig. 13.l(a)), consisting of neural plate and primitive streak regions. In the primitive streak region, epithelial cells of the epiblast are converted to mesenchyme; these “primary mesenchyme” cells migrate laterally and rostrally (anteriorly) within a glycosaminoglycan-rich extracellular matrix (Morriss and Solursh 1978a). Primary mesenchyme cells underlying the neural plate have a more elaborately structured matrix (sec Fig. 13.4(a)), so that this part of the embryo has the characteristic appearance of interacting tissues. In this article we consider the possibility that early events in RA-induced craniofacial malformations involve alteration of the molecular composition and physical structure of the extracellular matrix. We begin by considering the evidence for identifying the early neural plate stage as the critical period.
The cloning of tumour suppressor genes
Authors: Housman David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The identification of a class of genes whose action is required to regulate cell growth and whose absence leads to unregulated cell proliferation can be attributed to two lines of experimental investigation. The term tumour suppressor gene is most clearly associated with the pioneering somatic cell genetic work of Dr Harris and his collaborators and contemporaries in the late 1970s. Terms such as anti-oncogene were first associated with the work of Knudson (1971) and his collaborators who carried out a statistical analysis of the age of onset of childhood cancers and suggested that a specific small number of rate-limiting events was involved in the aetiology of childhood cancers and that hereditary predisposition could reduce the number of such steps to a single rate-limiting event. These two intellectual pathways in fact crossed and merged in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The demonstration that a series of genes exhibiting precisely the characteristics of these negative regulators of cell growth played a key role in the aetiology of a series of both childhood and adult cancers has led to a dramatic shift in our perception of the pathway to tumorigenesis. The number of tumour suppressor genes which have thus far been isolated and characterized remains small relative to the number of oncogenes identified to date.
Montiniaceae
Authors: Gregory Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Takhtajan (1983) considered this family to consist of the monotypic Montinia Thunb., a shrub with a distribution in mountainous areas of southern Africa to Angoia, and Grevea Baillon, which has three species, one is a liana growing in west central Africa, and two are tree species occurring in east Africa (one of them present in Madagascar also). A third monospecific genus, Kaliphora Hook. f., which is a Madagascan endemic with the habit of a shrub or small tree, growing in evergreen forests, was doubtfully placed by Takhtajan in the Melanophyllaceae (Cornales), but work by Ramamonjiarisoa (1980) and Carlquist (1989) suggests it is better placed here.
Saxifragaceae
Authors: Gornall By R J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The circumscnpt10n of this family corresponds to Engler’s tribe Saxifrageae minus Vahlia Thunb. (Takhtajan 1987). The latter is better placed in its own family on account of aspects of its anatomy, chemistry and embryology (q.v.). The Saxifragaceae thus consist of about 600 species in about 30 genera, of which the largest is Saxifraga L. with about 450 species. The plants are herbaceous, rhizomatous (rarely bulbiliferous) perennials (monocarpic in some Saxifraga species), or occasionally biennials or annuals (some Saxifraga species). The family has a chiefly montane, holarctic distribution, although its range extends southwards down the Andean cordillera to Tierra del Fuego. Western N. America and eastern Asia are centres of diversity for the family in terms of genera represented.
Droseraceae
Authors: Gregory Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This family comprises four genera of carnivorous plants: Drosera L. has about 125 species, while the other three genera are monospecific. Aldrovanda L. is an aquatic, rootless herb with a world-wide distribution excluding the New World and Pacific. Dionaea Ellis (Venus’s flytrap) grows in semi-savannah areas in N011h and South Carolina, USA, and Drosophyllum Link is a scrambler or sub-shmb, restricted to Portugal, Spain and Morocco, mainly in coastal areas. Drosera occurs world-wide, but about half the species are confined to SW Western Australia; most species have basal rosettes, others have leafy stems and a few species are climbers; vegetative reproduction is common, by tubers, stolons, rhizomes, and leaf buds (gemmae). In general, carnivorous plants are intolerant of shade and grow in soils poor in nutrients, which may be subject at times to water-logging and fires.
The scale of the human enterprise and biodiversity loss
Authors: Ehrlich Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since every species and population can be assigned intrinsic (and perhaps practical) value, we should be concerned with both the number and rate of extinctions (P. R. Ehrlich and A. H. Ehrlich 1981,1992). It also seems reasonable to place value on the proportion of a higher taxon that is disappearing: the annual loss of 1000 species from the class Aves would be considered as substantially more serious than the loss of 1000 species from the class Insecta, and the extinction of the only remaining coelocanth would be deemed a scientific tragedy.
The Flora Graeca Story
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first scholarly treatise that tells the remarkable story behind the making of the Flora Graeca, the monumental collection of illustrations and descriptions of plants in Greece, Cyprus and Turkey. First described by Dioskorides in the sixth century, the flora and fauna of the Levant was neglected until the gentlemen botanists-naturalists John Sibthorp and John Hawkins, accompanied by illustrator Ferdinand Bauer, travelled there. Bauer produced a class of paintings superior to anthing of their kind in existence then, and his work was to become one of the most valuable treasures of the University of Oxford. Based on the original diaries, letters, and specimens, this fine work is illustrated with the original illustrations which are still housed at the Department of Plant Sciences there.
Bauer’s Work for Sibthorp and Hawkins
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas Sibthorp had come home to Cowley House, Bauer arrived in a country he had never visited and a visited where he knew no one; he was a foreigner and his command of English was poor. Being neither a professor. a don, nor a student, he did not belong to Oxford society—effectively the university—but was only the draughtsman of the Sherardian Professor. thus ranking just slightly above a servant. The Oxford winters were less cold than those in Feldsbcrg, the summers less hot, but more important for an illustrator working with colour there were many grey days with a reduced quality of the light. Bauer had to adapt.
The Biology Of Hymenoptera
Authors: Hanson Paul E , Gauld Ian D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Costa Rica hymenopterans have been collected in all major terrestrial habitats, from the coastal man grove swamps to the peaks of the highest mountains. Although none has yet actually been collected in fresh water, a species of Hydrophylita, a trichogrammatid genus known to attack submerged eggs of dragonflies, has recently been captured in Malaise traps in the country (see Chapter 11.19). The different life zones referred to in Chapter 1 support rather different hymenopterous communities. In the hot, seasonally dry and rather open tropical deciduous forests of the northwest a variety of aculeates are relatively common, including representatives of small and bio logically little-studied groups such as the Sierolomorphidae and brachycistidine Tiphiidae. In these dry forests several species of the larger Hymenoptera are yellow and brown or brown and blackish banded. Some ichneumonid species are dichromic, with a yellow ochre and brown patterned individuals in dry forests and a black and lemon yellow coloured individuals in wet forests or in dry forests during the wet season (Gauld, 1991). As one moves from the deciduous forest to the lowland moist or wet forests the number of social insect species apparently increases (e.g. see Janzen, 1983). Species of stingless bees and ants abound, as do the less noticeable non social, but numerous, yellow and black patterned chalcidids, whose hovering flight resembles that of stingless-bees, and the tiny orange and black scelionids that parasitize katydid eggs. Reddish braconids with dark patterned wings may be seen among the under growth while black and white banded ichneumonids are occasionally glimpsed, almost invisible as they fly through shafts of sunlight.