bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schwann cells transplanted into the CNS
Authors: Raisman G. , Lawrence J.M. , Brook G.A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA small volume of purified Schwann cells, cultured from early postnatal rat sciatic nerve, was injected into the hippocampus or fimbria of syngeneic adult hosts. The procedure caused minimal structural disturbance at the transplantation site, with close graft‐host contact and maximal opportunity for integration.The donor Schwann cells were identified by a combination of light and electron microscopic features (which include characteristic deep and complex infoldings of a well marked nuclear envelope), antigenic profile (especially low affinity nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity), uptake of fluorescent latex microspheres and autoradiography of [3H]thymidine‐labelled dividing cells.The donor Schwann cells adopted a distinctive elongated form, with a central, ovoid nucleus flanked by processes which were up to 300 μm long, and which ranged from swollen segments with a diameter as large as 12 μm down to thread‐like fibres of 1 μm or less with growth cone‐like expansions. Transplanted cells migrated from the graft, particularly along blood vessels, and could permeate all cytoarchitectonic regions of the adjacent host hippocampal neuropil. Donor Schwann cells also migrated along the longitudinal axis of the fimbria, where they were interspersed in parallel with the interfascicular glial rows and axons.The grafted cells induced a transient but marked host astrocytic hypertrophy, which did not appear to impede the migration of the donor Schwann cells.The transplanted Schwann cells did not form peripheral myelin (as detected by Po immunoreactivity), and it is not clear whether they survive beyond the period at which we detect them.
Immunohistochemistry of glial reaction after injury in the rat: Double stainings and markers of cell proliferation
Authors: Schiffer D. , Giordana M.T. , Cavalla P. , Vigliani M.C. , Attanasio A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe astrocytic reaction in the rat after brain injury has been studied immunohistochemically for intermediate filaments (GFAP and vimentin), also with double staining procedures, and for markers of proliferation (BrdU and PCNA). GFAP‐positive reactive astrocytes appeared around the lesion, where they were vimentin‐positive and at a distance. BrdU and PCNA showed a high labelling index around the wound at day 2 and scattered positive nuclei were also found at a distance in the ipsilateral side. BrdU‐positive astrocytes represented a minor fraction of GFAP‐ and vimentin‐positive astrocytes. The expression of vimentin persisted at least 15 days after the lesion. Our results could suggest that distant reactive astrocytes originate through hypertrophy while those close to lesion arise by hyperplasia from mature or immature glial cells. The hypothesis is formulated that cells of the periventricular matrix contribute to the post‐traumatic proliferative activity.
Developmental regulation of adult cortical morphology and behavior: An animal model for mental retardation
Authors: Bachman Eric S. , Berger‐Sweeney Joanne , Coyle Joseph T. , Hohmann Christine F. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the behavioral performance in adult mice which, as neonates, had received lesions to cortically projecting, cholinergic basal forebrain neurons. The nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nBM) provides the primary cholinergic innervation to cerebral cortex. Lesions in the nBM in neonatal mice result in transient cholinergic denervation and persistent abnormalities in cortical morphology and cytoarchitecture. These cortical abnormalities resemble pathologies observed in a number of developmental disabilities in humans, including Down Syndrome. Balb/CByJ mice received lesions to the nBM 12–24 hr after birth; littermates served as controls. Behavioral testing began 8 weeks after the lesion and included assessments of spontaneous motor activity, retention (a passive avoidance task) and cognition (the Morris swim task). Following behavioral testing, a subset of mice was killed for Nissl and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histology. The cortical morphology in these brains was evaluated and ranked by the experimenter, who was blind to the lesion and behavioral studies. The lesioned mice exhibited increased spontaneous activity as compared to littermate controls. The lesioned mice were also severely impaired in performance of the retention and cognitive task; they showed decreased passive avoidance retention latencies and increased swim maze latencies as compared to controls. The brains of all of the lesioned mice exhibited cortical morphological abnormalities that ranged from slight to severe. Cortical AChE intensity and distribution in the brains of the lesioned mice, however, were comparable to those of controls. In correlation studies of behavioral and morphological data, motor activity did not correlate with either passive avoidance retention or swim maze latencies. Additionally, cortical cytoarchitectural abnormalities did not correlate with motor activity. Cortical cytoarchitectural abnormalities did, however, correlate with both passive avoidance and swim maze latencies, i.e. severely abnormal cortical morphology predicted low passive avoidance retention latencies and high swim maze latencies. These data indicate that cortical cytoarchitectural abnormalities resulting from nBM lesions in neonates correlate with impairments on the cognitive task, but not with the activity measures, in adult mice. Thus, in this lesion model, and by extrapolation in developmental disabilities in humans, structural changes in the cortex which result from transient disruption of cortical cholinergic innervation may lead to persistent cognitive impairments in adulthood.
Analysis of the characteristics of projects in diverse industries
Authors: Tukel Oya Icmeli , Rom Walter O. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractSolution procedures for resource‐constrained project scheduling problems are usually validated using simulated data. In many cases, however, a technique that provides quality schedules for simulated data performs poorly on actual projects, because the simulated data might not reflect all the characteristics of real projects. Furthermore, projects in various industries might possess different characteristics. In this paper, we analyze the responses to an empirical study of project managers. The survey was conducted nationwide, and was designed to identify and categorize characteristics of projects in various industries as well as performance measures and constraints. A variety of statistical techniques are used to describe project profiles, ranging from simple descriptive statistics to multivariate analysis. The results demonstrate that while many common project characteristics exist, there are noticeable differences in projects across industries. Some unexpected results are discovered, especially related to project managers' objectives and the constraints they are subject to in establishing schedules. For example, for many project managers, maximizing project quality is more important than other scheduling objectives examined in the literature. Furthermore, results show that project managers are constrained by the availability of labor resources more often than other types of constraints, such as budget or raw materials.
Expression of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator and its receptor is up‐regulated during tendon healing
Authors: Xia Wei , de Bock Charles , Murrell George A. C. , Wang Yao 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) system has been implicated in cell migration, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix synthesis and tissue remodelling. However, little is known about the role of the system in tendon healing. We used a rat Achilles tendon model to study mRNA and protein expression of uPA and its receptor (uPAR) during tendon healing using immunohistochemical, Northern and Western blot analyses. Time‐dependent increases in uPA/uPAR mRNAs and proteins, maximal on days 4–7 and 7–14 respectively, were found following Achilles tendon division. Interestingly, uninjured control tendons expressed uPA mRNA and protein, but little uPAR transcripts and protein. On day 14 following Achilles tendon division, uPA receptor protein increased 12.6‐fold (p < 0.001) while uPA itself increased only 1.3‐fold (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that both uPAR/uPA positive staining cells were increased in the healing tendon tissue section. These findings show for the first time that uPA, and especially its receptor uPAR, are up‐regulated during tendon healing. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Prenatal Imaging of Congenital Cerebral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Authors: Yamada Takashi , Takeuchi Kyousuke , Masuda Yukiko , Moriyama Toshitake , Kitazawa Souhei , Maruo Takeshi 
Published: April 2003

A case of fetal brain tumor, which appeared after 32 weeks’ gestation, is presented. Prenatal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a large heterogeneous mass in the right supratentorial region and left enlarged ventricle. A male fetus weighing 2,616 g was delivered at 34 weeks’ gestation by cesarean section and died on the 37th day of life due to rapid growth of the tumor. Following autopsy, the pathohistological examination revealed primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Magnetic resonance imaging in the prenatal management of the congenital brain tumor is efficient in evaluating the expansion and margin of the tumor and intratumoral bleeding, which are not demonstrated by ultrasonography.
The Risk of Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis after External Beam Radiotherapy of Graves’ Orbitopathy
Authors: Akmansu Muge , Dirican Bahar , Bora Huseyin , Gurel Ozgur 
Published: April 2003

<i>Purpose:</i> In order to estimate the risk of radiation-induced carcinogenesis after external beam radiotherapy of Graves’ orbitopathy, we made dosimetric measurements with thermoluminescent dosimeters in a male Rando phantom using our treatment technique. <i>Methods:</i> We produced dose-volume histograms from 5-mm CT slices using our treatment planning system. In this way we estimated the irradiation dose received by the main surrounding organs such as the brain, the bone and the eyeball. We use 6-MV X-ray for the treatment of Graves’ orbitopathy and our total dose is 2,000 cGy, 200 cGy per fraction. Clinical target volume was limited to the retrobulbar orbital content and medial rectus muscle, sparing the lenses, lacrimal glands and the sella turcica. All dosimetric measurements with thermoluminescent dosimeters were made 3 times. <i>Results:</i> We found that the dose to the right lens was 101.6 mGy and to left lens 103.4 mGy. Average absorbed doses to red bone marow, thyroid, lung, esophagus, bone surface, skin and brain, respectively, were estimated to be 523, 21, 4, 5, 81, 29, 47 mGy. Then, using tissue weighting factors specified by the International Commission of Radiation Protection, the resulting total effective dose was calculated to be 66.8 mSv. <i>Conclusion:</i> The risk factor for fatal cancer development derived from human epidemiological data is presently assumed to be 10% per Gy. In patients treated by our method of retro-orbital external beam radiotherapy for Graves’ orbitopathy, there is a 0.0067 (or 7 per 1,000 persons or 0.7%) risk of developing fatal radiation-induced cancer.
Costs and concentration of cancer care: evidence for pancreatic, oesophageal and gastric cancers in National Health Service hospitals
Authors: Bachmann Max , Peters Tim , Harvey Ian 
Published: April 2003

Objectives: To examine relationships between the cost of hospital cancer care and the degree of specialisation of patients' doctors and hospitals as indicated by their annual case-loads. Methods: Three cohorts comprising 2294 patients with cancers of the pancreas, oesophagus and stomach in 29 acute National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in south-west England and South Wales were followed prospectively for a year. For each patient, prognostic variables, service activity and survival data were recorded, and the hospital cost of cancer care and cost per year survived were estimated. Costs were estimated from quantities of resource units provided and a single set of unit costs. Costs per day survived after presentation to hospital were calculated as estimates of cost-effectiveness. Linear regression analyses examined the effects on total costs, and on costs per day survived of doctors' and hospitals' annual patient volumes, adjusting for prognostic variables and treatments. Results: General ward care rather than specific treatments and investigations accounted for most of total costs. Costs per patient increased significantly with increasing doctor volumes. After adjustment for prognosis and treatments, however, cost-volume relationships were U-shaped, reflecting more active intervention by higher volume doctors, along with little activity and long stays among patients of lower volume doctors. Cost per day survived also had U-shaped relationships with doctor volumes. Regression models using continuous rather than categorical volume terms fitted the data best. Conclusions: Doctors' specialisation is at least as important for efficiency and effectiveness as hospitals' specialisation. Cost and cost per day survived increased and then decreased with increasing doctor volumes, highlighting the need for critical attention to costs as services become highly specialised. Specialisation occurs along a continuum, with no clear volume threshold effects on survival or costs.
Development of a framework for knowledge translation: understanding user context
Authors: Jacobson Nora , Butterill Dale , Goering Paula 
Published: April 2003

Objective: To develop a framework that researchers and other knowledge disseminators who are embarking on knowledge translation can use to increase their familiarity with the intended user groups. Methods: The framework was derived from a review and analysis of the knowledge translation literature and from the authors' own experience with a variety of user groups. Results: The framework consists of five domains: the user group, the issue, the research, the knowledge translation relationship, and dissemination strategies. Within each domain, the framework includes a series of questions. The questions provide the researcher with a way of organizing what he or she already knows about the user group and the knowledge translation project, of identifying what still is unknown, and of flagging what is important to learn. Conclusions: Most researchers wishing to engage in knowledge translation are moving out of their own familiar contexts. By using this framework, researchers will learn about the new contexts in which they find themselves. The insights they gain will increase their familiarity with the user group, thus aiding in the implicit goal of the interactive model of knowledge translation: making the researcher a part of the user group context.
Pathways approaches to homelessness research
Authors: Clapham David 
Published: April 2003

AbstractResearch on homelessness has focused on either structural forces or individual actions or, where both are considered, has failed to find an effective way of analysing the two sets of factors together. This article looks at one way of doing this through the adoption of a ‘pathways’ framework. The article reviews existing pathways research on homelessness and argues that existing studies do not analyse the interaction of structural and action elements. A stronger theoretical framework is outlined and emphasis placed on the discourses which shape the nature of services for homeless people and the actions of both staff and homeless people themselves. Understanding of the interaction between these two groups is vital if the nature of homelessness is to be comprehended. A research method is needed which focuses on homelessness discourses and their restructuring and shaping through interaction in order that the aim of a holistic analysis can be achieved. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Homelessness in the US: an ethnographic look at consumption strategies
Authors: Hill Ronald Paul 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis article provides an overview of scholarship on the lived consumption experience of homeless people in the US. Three ethnographic studies are the input for this integration, and the results are expressed thematically to be consistent with this methodological form. Internal dialogue from two short stories concerning single adult males and female‐headed families is used to make the themes come alive for the reader. The article concludes with a brief summary of these findings and implications for future homelessness research. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemischer Apparatebau im Aufbruch?
Authors: Weiß E. , Praus S. , Rudolph J. , Lietzmann A. , Mense T. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDie ACHEMA stellt eine eindrucksvolle Leistungsschau des Apparatebaus dar, die im engen Zusammenhang mit den epochalen Entwicklungen der Verfahrens‐ und Prozesstechnik steht. Dies ist ein günstiger Zeitpunkt, um über die Entwicklungschancen nachzudenken. Der Großanlagenbau hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten eine beträchtliche Korrektur erfahren, was sich besonders auf den deutschen Apparatebau ausgewirkt hat. Wirtschaftliche Zwänge lieferten einen zusätzlichen Anstoß für einen beachtlichen Schrumpfungsprozess. Der Apparatebau muss sich in der Zukunft auf zwei Standbeine konzentrieren: Hochqualifizierte Standardapparate und neuartige Produkte, die im engen Zusammenwirken mit der Verfahrenstechnik entwickelt werden müssen, um für neue Technologien und Prozessstrategien die erforderliche Hardware auf den Markt zu bringen. Der Beitrag nennt Gebiete, in denen sich der allgemeine technische Fortschritt manifestiert, aber auch aus der apparatetechnischen Sicht werden Anstöße vermittelt, wie ein gehobenes Qualitätsniveau der Produkte erreicht werden kann. Hierbei handelt es sich durchaus um Eigenschaften, die sich letztlich im wirtschaftlichen Ergebnis niederschlagen.
Lipase‐Catalysed Regioselective Acylations in Combination with Regioselective Glycosylations as a Strategy for the Synthesis of Oligosaccharides: Synthesis of a Series of Fucosyllactose Building Blocks
Authors: Rencurosi Anna , Poletti Laura , Russo Giovanni , Lay Luigi 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA family of five regioisomeric protected fucosyllactoses has been synthesised in only 14 overall steps from the easily available benzyllactoside. The adopted strategy combines enzymatic regioselective protection, introduction of orthogonal protecting groups and regioselective glycosylations on partially unprotected lactosidic acceptors. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis of Novel 4‐(2‐Oxoethylidene)azetidin‐2‐ones by a Lewis Acid Mediated Reaction of Acyldiazo Compounds
Authors: Cainelli Gianfranco , Giacomini Daria , Galletti Paola , Quintavalla Arianna 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe report the synthesis of a class of 4‐(2‐oxoethylidene)azetidin‐2‐ones by a novel Lewis acid mediated reaction of acyldiazo compounds with 4‐acetoxyazetidin‐2‐ones. Using this approach, C‐3‐and C‐4‐substituted 4‐alkylideneazetidin‐2‐ones were obtained depending on the choice of starting azetidinone and α‐diazocarbonyl compound. The products reveal excellent Z diastereoselection of the C‐4 double bond. Variable amounts of E isomers are obtained depending on the nature of the C‐3 side chain, the Lewis acid, and the β‐lactam protection. VT NMR spectroscopic experiments and X‐ray structural analysis of crystalline derivatives demonstrate the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond in Z isomers, which drives the stereochemical outcome of the reaction. A possible mechanism for this novel reaction is proposed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Risk selection and matching in performance‐based contracting
Authors: Lu Mingshan , Albert Ma Ching‐to , Yuan Lasheng 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis paper examines selection and matching incentives of performance‐based contracting (PBC) in a model of patient heterogeneity, provider horizontal differentiation and asymmetric information. Treatment effectiveness is affected by the match between a patient's illness severity and a provider's treatment intensity. Before PBC, a provider's revenue is unrelated to treatment effectiveness; therefore, providers supply treatments even if their treatment intensities do not match with the patients' severities. Under PBC, budget allocation is positively related to treatment performance; patient–provider mismatch is reduced because patients are referred more often. Using data from the state of Maine, we show that PBC leads to more referrals and better match between illness severity and treatment intensity. Moreover, we find that PBC has a positive but insignificant effect on dumping. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rigid‐body dynamics in the isothermal‐isobaric ensemble: A test on the accuracy and computational efficiency
Authors: Shinoda Wataru , Mikami Masuhiro 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe have developed a time‐reversible rigid‐body (rRB) molecular dynamics algorithm in the isothermal‐isobaric (NPT) ensemble. The algorithm is an extension of rigid‐body dynamics [Matubayasi and Nakahara, J Chem Phys 1999, 110, 3291] to the NPT ensemble on the basis of non‐Hamiltonian statistical mechanics [Martyna, G. J. et al., J Chem Phys 1994, 101, 4177]. A series of MD simulations of water as well as fully hydrated lipid bilayer systems have been undertaken to investigate the accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm. The rRB algorithm was shown to be superior to the state‐of‐the‐art constraint‐dynamics algorithm SHAKE/RATTLE/ROLL, with respect to computational efficiency. However, it was revealed that both algorithms produced accurate trajectories of molecules in the NPT as well as NVT ensembles, as long as a reasonably short time step was used. A couple of multiple time‐step (MTS) integration schemes were also examined. The advantage of the rRB algorithm for computational efficiency increased when the MD simulation was carried out using MTS on parallel processing computer systems; total computer time for MTS‐MD of a lipid bilayer using 64 processors was reduced by about 40% using rRB instead of SHAKE/RATTLE/ROLL. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 920–930, 2003
The evolution of the concept of medicalization in the late twentieth century
Authors: Nye Robert A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis article attempts to outline a history of the critique of medicalization that developed in the 1960s in the work of Thomas Szasz, R. D. Laing, Michael Foucault, and others that was applied in their work to medical and psychiatric theory and practice, the penal system, and public health systems. This article follows the development of Foucault's own work on “governmentality” that emphasized the individualization and internalization of the themes of medicalization and the application of these ideas by his disciples to contemporary medical developments. Finally, the author explores recent historiography in the history of medicine and public health that supports this thesis of individualization that both undermines and reconfigures the older notion of medicalization. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.