bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortical bone maintenance and geometry of the tibia in prehistoric children from Nubia's Batn el Hajar
Authors: Van Gerven Dennis P. , Hummert James R. , Burr David B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe relationship between advancing age in adults and patterns of cortical bone maintenance has been extensively documented for archaeological populations (Dewey, et al., 1969; Van Gerven et al., 1969; Perzigian, 1973). Most recently, this research has been expanded to include a more thorough consideration of the geometric properties of bone in relationship to adult age changes (Martin and Atkinsin, 1977; Ruff and Hayes, 1983). To date, however, few studies have documented subadult patterns of cortical bone maintenance in archaeological populations and none have incorporated the relationship between patterns of cortical bone loss and gain and the changing geometric properties of growing bone. Using a sample of 172 tibias from children excavated from the Medieval Christian site of Kulubnarti, located in Nubia's Batn el Hajar, the present research examines the relationship between percent cortical area, bone mineral content, and cross‐sectional moments of inertia. Among these children, bone mineral content increases steadily from birth in spite of a reduction in percent cortical area during early and late childhood. It appears, therefore, that tissue quality of the bone is not adversely affected by the reduction. Furthermore, the reduction in percent cortical area in later childhood corresponds to a dramatic increase in bending strength measured by cross‐sectional moments of inertia. Thus, whether this cortical reduction is due entirely or in part to either normal modeling or nutritional stress, the tissue and organ quality of the bone is not adversely affected.
Australopithecine taxonomy and phylogeny in light of facial morphology
Authors: Rak Yoel 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe beginning of specialization characterizing the robust australopithecines is manifested in almost every aspect of the masticatory system of Australopithecus africanus. Of particular significance is the presence of two massive bony columns on both sides of the nasal aperture that support the anterior portion of the palate. These columns—the anterior pillars—are viewed as a structural response to the greater occlusal load stemming from the beginning stages of molarization of the premolars and exerted on the more anterior part of the dental arcade. In A. africanus the molarization process is, indeed, just in its initial phase, but the still considerable protrusion of the palate relative to the more peripheral facial frame increases the need for pillars. The anterior pillars and the advancement of the inferior part of the infraorbital plate (the origin of the masseter) play a major role in molding the facial topography of A. africanus. The absence of the pillars and the common position of the masseteric origin lead us to define the face of A. afarensis as the most primitive of the australopithecines and allow us to discriminate between its facial morphology and that of A. africanus. The presence of anterior pillars in the face of the latter places it clearly in the robust australopithecine clade.
Observations on the formation and persistence of radiopaque transverse lines
Authors: Hummert James R. , Van Gerven Dennis P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe formation and persistence of radiopaque transverse lines have been assessed in the living in clinical studies of growth, nutrition, and disease. Lines have also been used by many researchers in the analysis of patterns of childhood stress in prehistoric skeletal materials, although most of this research has been undertaken on adult bones.However, how reliable and useful are transverse lines for interpretations of stress? The precise etiologies for their appearance are varied and controversial, and lines are also known to resorb during both childhood and the adult years. Sex differences in both their formation and persistence have also been reported.To assess better the viability of lines as indicators of stress, the present research analyzes rates of formation, distribution frequencies, and the persistence of transverse lines in individuals aged birth to 50 + years from a single archaeological population. The results suggest that while transverse lines may be analytically useful as subsidiary criteria for more fully understanding the biological well‐being of prehistoric populations, caution should be exercised in the interpretations made concerning childhood stress, particularly when using adult bones.
Isolation by distance, linguistic similarity, and the genetic structure on Bougainville Island
Authors: Relethford John H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrevious research has revealed extensive genetic variation among villages on Bougainville, in the Solomon Islands. Using previously published gene frequency data for seven loci, the role of isolation by distance in structuring genetic variation on Bougainville was reanalyzed. Newer methods of kinship estimation show that earlier estimates of the isolation by distance parameters were low. The fit of the model is highly significant (R2 = 0.409; P < 0.001), and the parameter estimates indicate high isolation: a = 0.0538, b = 0.1978, L = −0.0057. Several methods of residual analysis were applied in order to determine factors affecting the fit of the model. Linguistic similarity has a significant effect on genetic variation once the effects of geographic distance are taken into account. Population‐specific deviations from the expected model may be explained, in part, in terms of population history. Compared to other human populations, Bougainville Island shows an even greater among‐group variation than has been suggested previously.
Transmissible and nontransmissible components of anthropometric variation in the Alexanderwohl Mennonites: II. Resolution by path analysis
Authors: Devor Eric J. , McGue Matt , Crawford Michael H. , Lin Paul M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA study of the intergenerational transmissibilities of 34 anthropometric measures from the Alexanderwohl Mennonite congregations of Kansas and Nebraska is presented. Results presented tend to confirm the suggestion made previously by us (Devor et al., 1985) that patterns of transmissibility conform to a concept of “functional multifactorial complexes” operating in the body in a way analogous to the “field” concept of dental morphology.
Intra‐ and interobserver concordance in classifying dental morphology
Authors: Nichol Christian R. , Turner Christy G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA sample of 50 Kodiak Island Eskimo dental casts were observed, using standard reference plaques, three times by one observer and once by a second observer, for 47 graded and discrete morphological characters of the dentition and jaws. Although the frequency of both intra‐ and interobserver scoring differences between observation sessions are relatively high for some characters, statistical analysis reveals that differences are largely random in direction and cancel out. Most dental morphological variants can be observed in a ranked fashion with adequate within‐ and between‐observer reliability. However, four traits present both within‐ and between‐observer difficulties: the tuberculum dentale, the canine distal accessory ridge, marginal accessory cusps of the upper first premolar, and the anterior fovea on the lower first molar.
Dental pathology of prehistoric residents of Oregon
Authors: Hall Roberta L. , Morrow Robert , Henry Clarke J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDentitions of 208 prehistoric skeletal specimens from five geographic regions of Oregon were studied to describe their dental status. Comparisons were made of the incidence of specific pathologies among regions and between jaws. Maxillary premortem tooth losses were significantly higher than mandibular tooth loss. A relatively high caries incidence occurs in samples from the Willamette Valley and Klamath Basin where plant foods were used aboriginally to a significant extent. A high frequency of abscesses was recorded in the Klamath Basin and the Lower Columbia River sample, which also showed the highest levels of attrition. Each of the five subsamples shows patterns of dental pathology consistent with former use of natural resources.
Grip strength, muscle fatigue, and body composition in nomadic Turkana pastoralists
Authors: Little Michael A. , Johnson Brooke R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTests of hand grip strength and hand grip muscle fatigue were conducted on Ngisonyoka Turkana pastoralists of northwest Kenya to explore some of the functional relationships between activity and body composition. The test of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of hand grip flexors was conducted on 151 Turkana and 38 U.S. men and women. The fatigue test was conducted on the same number of subjects who were instructed to attempt to maintain 80% of the MVC for 90 seconds. The results of these tests, combined with arm measurements of size and body composition, were used to evaluate muscle size and strength relationships and to estimate muscle fiber type distribution in the forearm. MVC values of Turkana men were low by U.S. and European standards. The low values resulted from smaller Turkana muscle areas. MVC values of Turkana women were comparable to those of U.S. and European women, reflecting comparable muscle areas. The fatigue curves of Turkana and U.S. men and women suggest that slow‐twitch aerobic muscle fibers predominate for the hand grip flexors of the Turkana pastoralists.
Miocene fossil cercopithecoids from Kenya
Authors: Benefit Brenda R. , Pickford Martin 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFossil cercopithecoid material from Ngeringerowa, Ngorora, and Nakali, dated at between 8.5 and 10.5 m.y., is described. The specimens are the only cercopithecoid remains dated between 15 and 6 m.y. from sub‐Saharan Africa. The mandible of asmall colobine from Ngeringerowa (similar in size to Colobus verus) is assigned to a new genus and species, Microcolobus tugenensis. Unlike other colobine genera, the symphysis of Microcolobus lacks an inferior transverse torus. A colobine lower M1 or 2 from Nakali is longer and narrower than molars of M. tugenensis, indicating that it may belong to a distinct taxon. A P4 from Ngorora cannot be assigned confidently to subfamily, due to its unique metaconid morphology. The relationship between the new genus and other Miocene monkeys is considered.
Analysis of repeated reported adult statures
Authors: Boldsen J. , Mascie‐Taylor C. G. N. , Madsen B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA large sample of women reported their heights on two occass; ons with an 11‐year time lag. The differences between the two reportings did not conform to the normal distribution hypothesis of measurement errors. The correlation coefficient between the two reportings was closed to the lower range of those between measured and reported heights. Mean reported stature was found to rise with time. The difference between the height reported at the two occasions could, when neglecting the miscoded cases, be described by a Laplace distribution.
ABO blood groups in a natural population of black‐handed tamarins (Saguinus midas niger)
Authors: Schneider Horacio , Hamel Maria Lucia Harada , De Oliveira Corvelo Tereza Cristina 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEighty‐one black‐handed tamarins from the Tucurui region were tested for human type ABO blood groups by salivary inhibition tests. Eleven belonged to the A group, 45 to B, and 25 to AB. The serum samples were tested for the presence of agglutinins having specificities like those of humans. The ABO system appeared to be polymorphic, with three alleles occurring at the following frequencies: A = 0.26, B = 0.66, and O = 0.08. The observed distribution fitted the expected on the basis of Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium.
Sibling similarity in development of covariation among physical traits in early childhood
Authors: Kobyliansky E. , Livshits G. , Otremsky I. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe studied the sibling similarity in development of covariation among body size characters (body weight (W), body length (S) and head circumference (HC) in Tel Aviv infants from birth up to 2 years of age. We investigated the effects of parental geographic origin, profession, age, current residence, and of family size. Multiple regression analysis with “dummy” procedure established that none of these variables had any significant effect on the aforementioned anthropometric traits. The matrices of phenotypic and genetic correlations, based on sibling similarity data, among age‐specific W, S, and HC (measured for 12 different ages) were subjected to principal component analysis in order to elucidate patterns over the age groups. The patterns of both analyses, phenotypic and genetic, were quite similar: one factor in each (first genetic and second phenotypic) had a high positive correlation with early, first 2–3 months of life, W, S, and HC. Three other extracted factors correlated strongly, each with late W, S, and HC, respectively. The results of additional principal component analyses of age‐specific W, S, and HC matrices separately, indicate the possibility of existence of two genetic subsystems, the first determining early postnatal stages of human ontogeny, and the second, later phases of child development.
Relative lower extremity length in Mexican American and in American Black and White youth
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Brown Kathryn H. , Zavaleta Antonio N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStature, sitting height, estimated leg (subischial) length and the sitting height/stature ratio are compared in Mexican American, American White and American Black boys 9 through 14 years of age and girls 12 through 17 years of age. Mexican American youth are shorter in stature and have absolutely shorter lower extremities. The sitting height of Mexican American youth is similar to that of Black youth and shorter than that of White youth. The sitting height/stature ratio is virtually identical in Mexican American and White youth, indicating similar proportions of lower extremities to stature. In contrast, Black youth have absolutely and relatively longer lower extremities than Mexican American and White youth. These results would thus seem to suggest that reference data for the body mass index (BMI) based on American White youth can be used with Mexican American youth, while race‐specific values may be necessary for American Black youth. However, ethnic variation in physique, perhaps frame size, may be a factor which should be more systematically considered in evaluating the utility of the body mass index.
Femoral diaphyseal histomorphometric age determinations for the Shanidar 3, 4, 5, and 6 Neandertals and Neandertal longevity
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Thompson David D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHistomorphometric analysis of femoral diaphyseal fragments from the Shanidar 3, 4, 5, and 6 Neandertals provide age at death estimates of 41 (± 6.7), 36 (± 6.7), 40 (± 6.7), and 24(± 6.7) years. These determinations are in agreement with previous macroscopic age assessments. Since the Shanidar 3, 4, and 5 (and slightly younger Shanidar 1) individuals are among the oldest known Neandertals, these age determinations suggest that significant postre‐productive survival was rare among the Neandertals and a phenomenon primarily of anatomically modern humans.
Human remains of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis from the pleistocene deposit of Sants Croce Cave, Bisceglie (Apulia), Italy
Authors: Mallegni F. , Piperno M. , Segre A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe paper deals with a Neanderthal human femur, recovered during excavations in Sants Croce Cave, Bisceglie. The cave also yielded Mousterian lithic industry and fauna indicating a paleoclimate condition with dry‐warm tendency and savannah landscape. Metrical, morphometrical, and morphological analysis, and the comparison with Neanderthal specimens show that the femur belonged to an adult individual. It particularly shows great affinities with the analogous specimens from La Ferrassie 1 and 2, Spy 2, and Fond de Forêt, which are similar in size and, above all, show similar archaic morphological traits.
Radiographic and visual assessment of alveolar pathology of first molars in dry skulls
Authors: Linn J. , Srikandi W. , Clarke N. G. , Smith T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThere are many reports in the literature relating to the dental pathology of ancient peoples. In most instances only visual observations of alveolar lesions have been made, precluding assessment of covert dental lesions. The present paper was undertaken to compare the incidence of alveolar dental lesions determined by both visual and radiographic methods in a group of Australian aboriginal skulls. First molars of the right side were used for the comparison; approximately ten percent more lesions were found by the radiographic method. The data demonstrated the limitation of either technique alone.The strong association between pulp exposure and furcal, angular, and apical lesions suggests that pulpal lesions provoke periodontal changes that have traditionally been assigned to a gingival etiology. The location of the lesions within the periodontium would appear to be determined by the location of the pulpal pathology and the pathways through dentin between that location and the periodontal ligament.
Note on the choice of statistic for testing hypotheses regarding seasonality
Authors: O'brien Kevin F. , Holbert Donald 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Kolmogorov‐Smirnov one‐sample test and the Pearson chi‐square test are discussed regarding their application for testing hypotheses of seasonality in births. This paper addresses some points mentioned in an earlier paper by McCullough and argues that the chi‐square procedure may be the better test.
Neandertal radial tuberosity orientation
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Churchill Steven E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExamination of adult and immature Neandertal radii demonstrates that the medial versus anterior orientations of their radial tuberosities fall within recent human ranges of variation, but on the average their radial tuberosities are significantly more medially, as opposed to anteromedially, oriented. This more posterior positioning of their radial tuberosities implies a maintenance of an effective moment arm for M. biceps brachii through the full range of supination, an interpretation which fits with the hypertrophy of and increased moment arms for their forearm pronator muscles. It is an additional indication of the muscular hypertrophy evident elsewhere in Neandertal upper limbs.
Morphological clues to genetic species: Multivariate analysis of greater Galago sibling species
Authors: Masters Judith , Lubinsky David 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSeveral studies conducted in diverse fields indicate the presence of a genetic discontinuity within the taxon Galago crassicaudatus E. Geoffroy—the thick‐tailed bushbaby. One of these areas is morphology. This contribution details a statistical analysis of skull material classified under this taxon in order 1) to confirm the objective existence of two morphotypes, and 2) to investigate the characters that allow the skull types to be distinguished. Emphasis is placed on multivariate techniques, although univariate and bivariate techniques are included where they are felt to be appropriate. All statistical analyses point to the reality of the morphological discontinuity between the groups. This is true even when size considerations have been reduced by rescaling the data. The results support separation of the populations at a specific level: G. crassicaudatus and G. garnettii. In addition, the structural changes observed in the two taxa—including an increase in overall size in G. crassicaudatus—are indicative of a divergence in preferred habitats: G. garnettii is adapted to more mesic environmental conditions, and to a softer, less fibrous diet than is its more robust sibling.
Hominid molars from a middle stone age level at the Mumba Rock Shelter, Tanzania
Authors: Bräuer Günter , Mehlman Michael J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThree hominid molars were recovered from a depth of 7.0–7.1 meters in the Mumba Shelter at Lake Eyasi, northern Tanzania. Geological context of the finds and archaeological data indicate that people with a Middle Stone Age technology were using the Mumba locality intermittently whenever retreat of lake waters allowed access to the site. Uranium series dates suggest an age on the order of 130,000 years bp for the teeth and stone tools. Based on morphological analyses, the dental remains probably belonged to one individual and appear to be the crowns of two upper permanent M2s and one lower permanent M2. Crown areas are very small, even in comparison to the variation exhibited by recent African populations. Crown patterns have no archaic features. These teeth are smaller than any verifiable archaic Homo sapiens examples; thus, they may represent early anatomically modern Homo sapiens.
Secular changes in the angle of divergence of the first two metatarsals in the Japanese
Authors: Funakoshi Kimitake 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis investigation concerns secular changes of the intermetatarsal M1‐M2 angle in the foot of Japanese, from the prehistoric Jomon period to early modern times. The divergence of the first metatarsal from the second in both sexes in the reconstructed tarsometatarsal bones gradually decreased during this period. In addition, the difference between sexes or sides in each period is small and statistically insignificant. With time, the first metatarso‐cuneiform angles, in both sexes, also decreased in parallel with the reduction of the intermetatarsal M1‐M2 angle, while the second metatarsocuneiform angles in both sexes increased. Both may play a role in decrease of the intermetatarsal M1‐M2 angle. A conspicuous angular divergence of the first metatarsal from the second one occurred in comparatively recent times. This change would be accelerated by modification in life‐style, together with the effects of footwear.
An analysis of crania from Tell‐Duweir using multiple discriminant functions
Authors: Keita S. O. Y. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHistorical and archaelogical evidence suggests that the Iron Age biblical city of Lachish had a multinational population of diverse geographical origins. A multivariate analysis of crania, using canonical discriminant functions and metric variables, tends to confirm this. The approach employed stresses that population discriminant analysis studies should be both biologically and statistically legitimate. An ecological interpretation of the data suggests a research design for analyzing the affinities of cranial series. Similarities probably should be assessed in an analytical space containing the widest possible range of variation.
Stature variation in the British American colonies: French and Indian war records, 1755–1763
Authors: Steegmann A. Theodore , Haseley P. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPersonnel records kept by military units of American colonials during the French and Indian War (1755–1763) are analyzed for relationships between environmental factors and stature. A robust American economy and direct access to high‐quality food were apparently critical to tallness of this white American male sample. American‐born men were taller at all ages than those who had migrated from Europe. January temperatures, rural versus urban birth, and ethnicity also showed stature relationships within the American‐born group; thermal effects were by far the strongest of the non‐nutritional factors.