bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How a Superportfolio Emerges: Long-Term Capital Management and the Sociology of Arbitrage
Authors: Mackenzie Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the contested boundaries that define the discipline of sociology, none is more crucial than the divide between sociology and economics. Despite his synthesizing ambitions, Talcott Parsons played a critical role in reinforcing this divide. The economy, argued Parsons and Smelser (1956: 7) is a ‘differentiated subsystem of a more inclusive social system’. Conventional neoclassical economics could, Parsons believed, quite appropriately be applied to that subsystem. The technical core, so to speak, of the workings of market economies was the business of economists, not of sociologists.
The Return of Bureaucracy: Managing Dispersed Knowledge in Global Finance
Authors: Clark Gordon L , Thrift Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the public mind, the paraphernalia of international finance are well known: the trading floor full of shouting, brightly colored bodies, the dealing room full of macho adrenaline addicts, periodic financial crises signaled by serious-looking commentators standing outside the headquarters of a troubled financial institution, and so on. It would be fair to say that these kinds of images are foremost in many academic minds as well, but translated into the underlying processes that they are assumed to represent: a frantic search for profit, the hyper-speed of communication driven by remorseless technological advance, and the crisis-prone nature of capitalism.
Injuries Causing Death
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two different situations to consider. The first is where an injury has resulted in a condition which will later result in the death of the claimant, who has not yet died. A common example is a person who has contracted an illness which is likely to result in premature death. The second situation is where death has happened and the survivors of the deceased wish to bring a claim.
Provisional Damages
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The traditional method of compensating a claimant for a chance of future deterioration is to award an additional amount of damages for the chance as part of a single, final lump sum award. The added award is a proportion of the full damages which would compensate for the deterioration, and the proportion is decided according to the likelihood of the deterioration. The reasoning is often not made explicit: the judge simply announces that he has taken into account the risk of deterioration in making his award. On this basis, the assessment of damages will almost always be wrong. If the deterioration is avoided, the claimant has received too much; and if it does happen he has received too little.
The Meaning Of The Concept Of Concentration
Authors: Varona Edurne Navarro , Galarza Andres Font , Crespo Jaime Folguera , Alonso Juan Briones 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recital 20 of Regulation 139/2004 defines concentrations in such a manner as to cover operations bringing about a lasting change in the control of the undertakings concerned and therefore in the structure of the market. The principle of Recital 20 is explained and developed in the five paragraphs of Article 3 of the new Merger Regulation. Paragraph 1 distinguishes between two general methods of concentration: mergers and takeovers. Paragraph 4 deals with joint ventures, and states that those that carry out the functions of an independent economic entity on a permanent basis are concentrations. Paragraphs 2 and 3 define the concept of control.
Commission Policy As Regards Joint Ventures Within The Scope Of The Merger Regulation
Authors: Varona Edurne Navarro , Galarza Andres Font , Crespo Jaime Folguera , Alonso Juan Briones 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regulation 1310/97 and the Notice on the concept of full-function joint ventures of 2 March 19981 led to a major change in the Commission ‘s policy as regards joint ventures that come within the Merger Regulation. This new policy was con- firmed by Regulation 139/2004. In order to understand the scope and consequences of this new policy, first it is necessary to explain what the situation was before Regulation 1310/97 came into force. Prior to this Regulation, the former Merger Regulation had laid down a distinction that became the subject of interminable academic debate during the initial years of its application, both in legal and economic circles, regarding the difference between concentrative and cooperative joint ventures.
Community Dimension
Authors: Varona Edurne Navarro , Galarza Andres Font , Crespo Jaime Folguera , Alonso Juan Briones 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new Merger Regulation is based on a division of competences between the Commission, which has the power to examine concentrations with a Community dimension, and national competition authorities, which assess concentrations with a national dimension. This clear delimitation of competences is consistent with the need to deal rapidly and efficiently with the structural modifications set out in the previous Chapter, at the least cost possible for undertakings and the market. The aim continues to be to avoid the previous system (which still exists for concentrations not covered by the Merger Regulation), which entailed certain undertakings involved in one concentration having to notify separately the authorities in different Member States.
Definition Of Relevant Market
Authors: Varona Edurne Navarro , Galarza Andres Font , Crespo Jaime Folguera , Alonso Juan Briones 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The definition of relevant market is of fundamental importance in the control of concentrations. The Commission bases its policy on the systematic analysis of the markets affected by a concentration and considers that this analysis must be expressly reflected in its decisions. Clearly, the market definition used in a specific case determines the framework in which the analysis of the impact of the concentration on competition will be carried out. The definition of both the relevant product market and the relevant geographic market constitute in themselves the identification of the competitive forces to which undertakings are subject. As a result, the evaluation of the impact that a concentration may have on the conditions of competition is to a great extent determined by the framework established when defining the relevant market.
Creation Or Reinforcement Of An Individual Dominant Position
Authors: Varona Edurne Navarro , Galarza Andres Font , Crespo Jaime Folguera , Alonso Juan Briones 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Test of compatibility with the common market. Special features of the concept of dominant position contained in the Merger Regulation Article 2(3) of the new Merger Regulation states as follows: A concentration which would significantly impede effective competition, in the common market or in a substantial part of it, in particular as a result of the creation or strengthening of a dominant position, shall be declared incompatible with the common market. This text therefore establishes a means of evaluating concentrations on the basis of structural market considerations and not in terms of industrial policy or other similar policies.
Oligopolies And Collective Dominant Positions
Authors: Varona Edurne Navarro , Galarza Andres Font , Crespo Jaime Folguera , Alonso Juan Briones 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It took the Commission almost three years to tackle properly oligopolies under the Merger Regulation, Nestlé/Perrier being the first case in which oligopolistic markets were examined in depth. It is a remarkable coincidence that the first oligopoly case where approval of a merger creating collective dominance was subject to conditions and obligations concerned the French market for mineral water, since Cournot, one of the first economists to develop models to analyse oligopolies, was French
Restrictions on competition in concentrations: the application of article 81 of the EC treaty to Joint ventures and ancillary restrictions
Authors: Varona Edurne Navarro , Galarza Andres Font , Crespo Jaime Folguera , Alonso Juan Briones 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The system established by Regulation 1310/97 and consolidated by Regulation 139/2004 not only introduced an important new means of allocating competences between different jurisdictions in the assessment of concentrations and an extension of the scope of the established procedure for the control of Community concentrations. It also involved a significant change in the assessment criteria used by the Commission in determining whether or not a concentration is compatible with the common market.
Conclusion
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Introduction to this book opened with a written self-description of the physiognomy of a late seventeenth-century English protestant merchant named Samuel Jeake, owner of, among other things, four ‘books on physiognomy’. I have tried to show how the indistinct emblematic image of Jeake’s physiognomy, which arises through the present-day reader’s mind via the written words Jeake used to describe himself, can be grasped through the play of the shadows and the light of the ongoing reconfiguration of the relationship between what was understood to be ‘science’, ‘art’, ‘natural magic’, and ‘occult’ in early modern European culture.
Grand Theories And Mid Range Theories Cu Lt Ural Effects On Theorizing And The Attempt To Understand Active Approaches To Work
Authors: Frees Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is true of all human behavior, theory building is based on environmental forces and on person factors. It has been my curse and my blessing to be overactive. My overactive nature led me to believe that it was good to be active and to be in control of things. Therefore, I quickly embraced theories that seemed to correspond with this prejudice. The three theories that seemed to encompass what I stood for were Rotter’s cognitive behaviorist theory (Rotter, Chance, and Phares, 1972), Seligman’s learned helplessness theory (Seligman, 1975), and Hacker’s action (regulation) theory (Hacker, 1973; Volpert, 1974). Both Rotter’s as well as Hacker’s theories were indirectly related to a common source.
Recent Developments in Below-the-Line Marketing Communications
Authors: Fill Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rapid growth and development of technology over the past two decades has had an enormous impact on the form and nature of the marketing communications used by organizations. Originally, mass communications, predominantly advertising, represented the only realistic way of reaching large audiences in a cost-effective manner. Advances in information systems and technology (IST) have enabled new channels and communication tools to be developed, which in turn has stimulated the design of alternative, more targeted, and personalized communication opportunities. Two main forms of communication can be identified: (a) advertising (which uses paid-for media) and (b) all other tools (which do not use paid- for media).
Linking Resource Allocation to Strategy
Authors: Bower Joseph L , Doz, Yves L , Gilbert Clark G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989 was a watershed event. Although 400,000 Soviet troops remained in East Germany, and the economy was completely cut off from the West by separate laws and a non-convertible currency, it was clear that the economic tectonic plates were going to shift. The East German market would open. How should a major multinational manufacturer of consumer goods respond to events that clearly affected their business in Europe? Conventional thinking about corporate strategy would lead one to imagine the process of making strategy to begin with the assembly of a corporate-level task force to study the demand and competitive conditions in the market that would soon be opening. Some assessment of strengths and weaknesses and opportunities and threats (SWOT) would follow.
Corporate Intervention in Resource Allocation
Authors: Eisenmann Thomas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Part III, we discussed how senior executives manage traditional, ‘bottom-up’ resource allocation processes to shape strategy. In Part IV, we now consider circumstances in which corporate executives bypass bottom-up processes altogether and assume responsibility for defining investment plans.Part IV explores two interrelated issues regarding the role of the corporate office within large, complex, diversified companies. First, when should a CEO play the primary role in defining unit-level strategies, rather than simply reviewing and ratifying proposals advanced by lower-level executives? Second, when should a diversified corporation reduce its equity ownership in certain business units below 100 per cent, thereby relaxing corporate control over strategic resource allocation processes within these units?.
Private Law Regimes Applicable to Seafarers
Authors: Fitzpatrick D , Anderson M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seafarers’ rights can exist at several different levels. At the highest theoretical level, those rights may exist in the form of public international law Conventions made between States. Some of these rights and the means of their enforcement at the international and the national level have been considered in the preceding Chapters. Of much more immediate concern to seafarers themselves will be their actual rights at sea level, for example, their rights against their employer to receive wages or to obtain compensation for injury. Lawyers would generally classify these rights as private law rights, namely, rights arising between individuals (including companies for these purposes) as opposed to public law rights which may exist between or against States (including States authorities).
Introduction to National Chapters
Authors: Fitzpatrick D , Anderson M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The countries are a mixture of what are regarded primarily as flag States or crew supply States, and countries that play an important role as port States. They include traditional maritime States such as Greece, Norway and the UK, and registers created to attract tonnage but without a traditional maritime heritage, such as Panama, Liberia and Cyprus. Amongst the countries discussed, Brazil and Norway have established second or international registers, and Russia is considering such a development. The 12 jurisdictions are of wide geographical spread and incorporate a mixture of sources of law. All the countries are members of the United Nations, the International Labour Organization and the International Maritime Organization.
Norway
Authors: Fitzpatrick D , Anderson M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Norway developed as a seafaring nation as a consequence of its long coastline and inaccessible mountainous interior. Since the turn of the century, Norway has been one of the world’s leading shipping nations. However, with the development of open and offshore registers after the Second World War, Norway experienced a steady decline in the size of its commercial fleet. In response to this, in 1987, the government 7created a second register, the Norwegian International Ship Register (the NIS).1 The NIS sought to restore the international competitiveness of the fleet through tax incentives and more flexible manning regulations, and represented a viable alternative to flagging out. The NIS is open to foreign shipowners, but despite being presented as an international register, only a minority of ships on the register are beneficially owned and controlled in foreign countries.2
Panama
Authors: Fitzpatrick D , Anderson M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years, the Republic of Panama has been the leading country providing an open registry for vessels. The modern register dates from the enactment of Law 8 of 1925 which eliminated the requirement of Panamanian citizenship and residency to register a vessel. The adoption by Panama of a more liberal maritime law, together with the desire to avoid the prohibition laws of the United States (US), served to attract an increasing number of foreign vessels to the Panamanian fleet in the 1920s. But the phenomenon of open registers, or flags of convenience, was of little significance until after the Second World War when, inter alia, the desire of US shipowners who had maintained a dominant position during the war to keep a strong position in the peacetime trade, while avoiding paying US taxes and high labour costs, provided a further boost to flags of convenience, and in particular the Panamanian fleet.
Introduction
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book seeks to make two contributions to the scholarly literature on European integration. First, it addresses important questions about the relationship between two central projects in European integration: Eco- nomic and Monetary Union (EMU) and eastern enlargement of the Euro- pean Union (EU). What are the implications of these projects for each other, for the wider process of European integration, and—above all—for east central Europe? What do they tell us about the asymmetric nature of power, and about how power is exercised, and its location changing, in contemporary Europe? The book extends EMU studies eastwards.
The First Shall Be the Last? Hungary’s Road to EMU
Authors: Greskovits BeB4la 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2004, the Hungarian government announced that it might not introduce the euro before 2010. This development was surprizing given that professional observers had predicted, and the National Bank of Hungary planned, a much more ambitious entry date, 2006. Why has the former pacesetter, Hungary, become a laggard? Why did Hungary fall so far short of compliance with most of the macroeconomic convergence criteria for euro entry? Analysts point either to the government’s unwillingness or incapacity to tighten fiscal policy or to the lack of coordinated fiscal and monetary policies as the direct causes of failure.
Economic Adjustment and the Euro in New Member States: The Structural Dimension of Fit
Authors: Jones Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The negative referenda outcomes on the European Constitutional Treaty in France and the Netherlands in May–June 2005 encouraged a wave of speculation about the future viability of the euro and the progress of EU enlargement. Some claimed that the Euro Area would fall apart, others that the EU would stop expanding. Speculation also touched on where the two issues intersect: the enlargement of that group of EU countries using the euro.
Financial Market Governance: Evolution and Convergence
Authors: Nagy Piroska MohaB4csi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transformation of the financial sector in CEE—understood as the eight new EU member states plus Bulgaria, Romania and Croatia—has been one of the fastest and most dramatic in recent economic history. In the matter of a short decade and a half, the sector has transformed from a state-dominated mono-bank system, which performed quasi-fiscal operations on behalf of the government, into a reasonably effective, market-based system with many new competing banks providing increasingly sophisticated financial services (Table 12.1).
Transaction Structure and Process
Authors: Chong Seung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘mergers and acquisitions’ is used in business parlance to refer to those activities in which companies and businesses are bought, sold, taken-over, or combined. Technically, the term refers to two discrete legal actions – an ‘acquisition’ and a ‘merger’ – the latter of which reflects the US roots of the term. A merger refers to a merger of two companies where two separate entities are merged to form a single entity. Mergers are permitted under the corporation laws of various US states and are a common way to achieve a business combination. In China, statutory mergers and divisions are permitted and they are therefore considered below.
In contrast, it is not possible to combine a business by way of a merger, for example, in Hong Kong and England. Notwithstanding this, the term ‘mergers and acquisitions’ has gained international currency and is used to describe business combinations whether or not a particular jurisdiction permits statutory mergers. The corollary of a merger is a division and this legal action should also be considered as part of the term ‘mergers and acquisitions’.
Interests in Subsidiaries and Branches
Authors: Chong Seung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Warranty 1 dealt with the due establishment, approval, and capitalization of the target Company. Warranty 2 deals with the subsidiary interests of the target Company. In the PRC, there are specific rules governing the establishment of subsidiary interests and the issues that arise from the application of these rules are addressed in this Chapter II–
Where the target Company is a foreign investment enterprise, much of the impetus for the establishment of subsidiaries and branches comes from trying to overcome certain regulatory obstacles to doing business in China. First, foreign investment enterprises are initially approved to operate only from a single location. Secondly, until recently and then only subject to certain limitations, foreign investment enterprises were generally not permitted to engage in domestic trade, meaning that they could only sell goods that they themselves manufactured. A foreign investment enterprise could not buy and sell third party goods, including those manufactured by its foreign parent company or an affiliated foreign investment enterprise. Thirdly, a foreign investment enterprise can only provide after-sales service for its own products, not even for those of an affiliated enterprise in China or those of its other group members imported into China.
Management and Employees
Authors: Chong Seung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of the worker in the PRC is, for reasons associated with the founding of the People’s Republic, a traditionally important one with several exhortatory provisions in the Constitution referring to workers’ rights, duties, and aspirations. It should therefore be of no surprise that the PRC has legislated broadly on employment and employee related matters. This fact, together with certain peculiarities of the PRC labour market, present numerous challenging issues for both the Seller and Buyer.
Warranty 7.1 suggests that a list of all employees, directors, legal representatives, and supervisors of each Group Company, together with their corresponding details, be listed in a schedule. An alternative may be to include the information in the Disclosure Letter. The task of compiling the information required may require considerable effort.
Proceedings, Dissolution, and Insolvency
Authors: Chong Seung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers two topics: (i) proceedings in which a Group Company is, or is likely to be, involved; and (ii) whether any Group Company is in the stages of being dissolved or has become insolvent. Proceedings are not limited to litigation in the People’s court but also include arbitration and administrative proceedings. Where a company is dissolved, it can be in the context of a solvent liquidation or an insolvent liquidation. Both scenarios are discussed in this chapter.
This is the traditional heart of the warranty. The Buyer will want to know if any Group Company is engaged in litigation. The Buyer may not be concerned with all litigation matters so the warranty could be qualified to refer only to ‘material’ litigation. What is ‘material’ could be defined to mean something that has a material adverse effect. Alternatively, a monetary ‘bright line’ test can be introduced so that what is ‘material’ can be defined by reference to a specific cost or value. Yet another alternative is to define materiality by excluding debt claims arising in the ordinary course of business: this can also be combined with a monetary threshold.