bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plag1 and Plagl2 are oncogenes that induce acute myeloid leukemia in cooperation with Cbfb-MYH11
Authors: Landrette Sean F. , Kuo Ya-Huei , Hensen Karen , van Waalwijk van Doorn-Khosrovani Sahar Barjesteh , Perrat Paola N. , Van de Ven Wim J. M. , Delwel Ruud , Castilla Lucio H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRecurrent chromosomal rearrangements are associated with the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The frequent inversion of chromosome 16 creates the CBFB-MYH11 fusion gene that encodes the fusion protein CBFβ-SMMHC. This fusion protein inhibits the core-binding factor (CBF), resulting in a block of hematopoietic differentiation, and induces leukemia upon the acquisition of additional mutations. A recent genetic screen identified Plag1 and Plagl2 as CBFβ-SMMHC candidate cooperating proteins. In this study, we demonstrate that Plag1 and Plagl2 independently cooperate with CBFβ-SMMHC in vivo to efficiently trigger leukemia with short latency in the mouse. In addition, Plag1 and Plagl2 increased proliferation by inducing G1 to S transition that resulted in the expansion of hematopoietic progenitors and increased cell renewal in vitro. Finally, PLAG1 and PLAGL2 expression was increased in 20% of human AML samples. Interestingly, PLAGL2 was preferentially increased in samples with chromosome 16 inversion, suggesting that PLAG1 and PLAGL2 may also contribute to human AML. Overall, this study shows that Plag1 and Plagl2 are novel leukemia oncogenes that act by expanding hematopoietic progenitors expressing CbFβ-SMMHC.
The Role of Venlafaxine in the Treatment of Obsessive—Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Phelps Nicole J , Cates Marshall E 
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the published literature regarding the use of venlafaxine in the treatment of obsessive—compulsive disorder (OCD). DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (1996–March 2004) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–March 2004) were searched using the terms venlafaxine and obsessive—compulsive disorder. A bibliographic search was conducted as well. DATA SYNTHESIS: Successful treatment of OCD with venlafaxine has been reported in case reports, open trials, and blinded trials versus active comparators. The only placebo-controlled trial did not find statistically significant improvement with venlafaxine treatment; however, methodologic limitations may have influenced those results. Venlafaxine appears to be as efficacious as clomipramine, but is preferable to this agent in terms of safety and tolerability. Venlafaxine seems to be similar to paroxetine with respect to both therapeutic effects and adverse effects, but may be inferior to paroxetine when used for nonresponders to previous serotonin-reuptake inhibitor therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Although the relative scarcity of data precludes definitive conclusions, available evidence suggests that venlafaxine is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of OCD. Unfortunately, it has not shown any unique advantages relative to currently available medications.
CAP Forum on E‐Business: Assurance Reporting for XML‐Based Information Services: XARL (Extensible Assurance Reporting Language)*
Authors: BORITZ J. E. , NO WON G. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTExtensible business reporting language (XBRL) is an XML‐based method for financial reporting. XBRL was developed to provide users with an efficient and effective means of preparing and exchanging financial information over the Internet. However, like other unprotected data coded in XML, XBRL (document) files (henceforth “documents") are vulnerable to threats against their integrity. Anyone can easily create and manipulate an XBRL document without authorization. In addition, business and financial information in XBRL can be misinterpreted, or used without the organization's consent or knowledge. Extensible assurance reporting language (XARL) was developed by Boritz and No (2003) to enable assurance providers to report on the integrity of XBRL documents distributed over the Internet. Providing assurance on XBRL documents using XARL could help users and companies reduce the uncertainty about the integrity of those documents and provide users with trustworthy information that they could place warranted reliance upon. A limitation of the initial conception of XARL was its tight linkage with the XBRL document and the comparatively primitive approach to codifying the XARL taxonomy. In this paper, we have reconceptualized the idea of XARL as a stand‐alone service for providing assurance on potentially any XML‐based information being shared over the Internet. While our illustrative application in this paper continues to be XBRL‐coded financial information, the code that underlies this version of XARL is a significant revision of our earlier implementation of XARL, is compatible with the latest version of XBRL, and moves XARL into the Web services arena.
Defective Postnatal Neurogenesis and Disorganization of the Rostral Migratory Stream in Absence of theVax1Homeobox Gene
Authors: Soria José Miguel , Taglialatela Paola , Gil-Perotin Sara , Galli Rossella , Gritti Angela , Verdugo José Manuel Garcia , Bertuzzi Stefano 
Published: December 2004

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the sources of adult neural stem cells (ANSCs) in the mouse brain. Precursor cells proliferate in the SVZ and migrate through the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulb (OB), where they differentiate into granule and periglomerular cells. Few transcription factors are known to be responsible for regulating NSC proliferation, migration, and differentiation processes; even fewer have been found to be responsible for the organization of the SVZ and RMS. For this reason, we studied the ventral anterior homeobox (Vax1) gene in NSC proliferation and in SVZ organization. We found thatVax1is strongly expressed in the SVZ and in the RMS and that, in the absence ofVax1, embryonic precursor cells proliferate 100 times more than wild-type controls,in vitro. The SVZ ofVax1-/-brains is hyperplastic and mostly disorganized, and the RMS is missing, causing a failure of precursor cell migration to the OBs, which as a result are severely hypoplastic. Moreover, we found thatVax1is essential for the correct differentiation of ependyma and astrocytes.Together, these data indicate thatVax1is a potent regulator of SVZ organization and NSC proliferation, with important consequences on postnatal neurogenesis.
Palladium Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of (

Z

)‐1‐Heptenyldimethylsilanol with 4‐Iodoanisole: (

Z

)‐1‐Heptenyl)‐4‐methoxybenzene
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Wang Zhigang 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

1‐Iodo‐1‐hepyne

Butyllithium

(
Z
)‐1‐Iodo‐1‐heptene

(
Z
)‐1, 1‐Dimethyl‐1‐heptenyl silanol

(
Z
)‐1‐Heptenyl‐4‐methoxybenzene
Heck Reactions of Aryl Chlorides Catalyzed by Palladium/Tri‐tert‐butylphosphine: (E)‐2‐Methyl‐3‐Phenylacrylic Acid Butyl Ester and (E)‐4‐(2‐Phenylethenyl)benzonitrile
Authors: Littke Adam F. , Fu Gregory C. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract(E)‐2‐Methyl‐3‐phenacrylic acid butyl esterBis(tri‐tert‐butylphosphine)palladium(E)‐4‐(2‐Phenylethenyl)benzonitrileTris(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium
Synthesis of 1,2:5,6‐Dianhydro‐3,4‐
O
‐isopropylidene‐
L
‐mannitol
Authors: Nugiel David A. , Jacobs Kim , Tabaka A. Christine , Teleha Chris A. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

1,2:3,4:5,6‐Tri‐
O‐
isopropylidene‐L‐Mannitol

L‐Mannitol acid beta lactone

Lithium borohydride

3,4‐
O‐
Ispropylidene‐L‐mannitol

1,2:5,6‐Dianhydro‐3,4‐
O‐
isopropylidene‐L‐mannitol
Generation of Nonracemic 2‐(

t

‐Butyldimethylsilyloxy)‐3‐butynyllithium from (

S

)‐Ethyl Lactate:
Authors: Marshall James A. , Yanik Mathew M. , Adams Nicholas D. , Ellis Keith C. , Chobanian Harry R. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

(S)
‐4‐(Butyldimethylsiloxy)‐2‐pentynal

(S)‐
Ethyl 2‐(‐
tert‐
butyldimethoxysiloxy)propanoate

Rochelle salt

DIBAL‐H

(S)‐
2‐
(tert‐
Butyldimethylsiloxy)propanal

1‐Dichloro‐(3
S)‐(tert‐
butyldimethylsiloxy)‐2‐butyl
p‐
toluenesulfonate
Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids with Sodium Chlorite Catalyzed by
TEMPO
and Bleach: 4‐Methoxyphenylacetic Acid
Authors: Zhao Matthew M. , Li Jing , Mano Eiichi , Song Zhiguo J. , Tschaen David M. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

4‐Methoxyphenethyl alcohol

4‐Methoxyphenylacetic acid

2,2,6,6,‐Tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (TEMPO)

Sodium hypochlorite
The Use of Polystyrylsulfonyl Chloride Resin as a Solid Supported Condensation Reagent for the Formation of Esters: Synthesis of
N
‐[(9‐Fluorenylmethoxy)carbonyl]‐
L
‐aspartic Acid; α‐
tert
‐Butyl Ester, β‐(2‐Ethyl[(1
E
)‐(4‐nitrophenyl)azo]phenyl]amino]ethyl Ester
Authors: Zander Norbert , Frank Ronald 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

Disperse Red 1

N‐[(9 H‐fluoren‐9‐ylmethoxy)carbonyl]‐L‐aspartic acid, 1‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl) ester

N‐Methylimidaole
Boric Acid Catalyzed Amide Formation from Carboxylic Acids and Amines:
N
‐Benzyl‐4‐phenylbutyramide
Authors: Tang Pingwah 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

N
‐Benzyl‐4‐phenylbutyramide

4‐Phenylbutyric acid

Boric acid

Benzylamine
Development of autoimmune arthritis with aging via bystander T cell activation in the mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Kobayashi Masaru , Yasui Natsuo , Ishimaru Naozumi , Arakaki Rieko , Hayashi Yoshio 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectiveA wide spectrum of extraglandular manifestations may occur in patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS), but the mechanisms responsible for in vivo progression are still obscure. We undertook this study to evaluate the age‐related changes during the development of extraglandular autoimmune lesions, including arthritis, in the murine model of primary SS, and to evaluate the possible relationship between age‐related disturbance of activation‐induced cell death and the in vivo kinetics against autoantigens.MethodsA total of 126 NFS/sld mice were investigated at ages 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 18, 20, and 24 months. Cytokine production was tested using culture supernatants from anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody–stimulated T cells. Anti–single‐stranded DNA (anti‐ssDNA) antibodies, Ig isotypes (IgG1, IgG2a), rheumatoid factor (RF), and anti–type II collagen (anti‐CII) antibodies were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Proliferative T cell responses against each of 3 recombinant α‐fodrin proteins and against CII were analyzed.ResultsAutoimmune arthritis developed in SS model mice until age 24 months. Significant elevations in serum levels of RF, anti‐ssDNA antibodies, and anti‐CII antibodies were found in aging SS model mice. A high titer of serum autoantibodies against α‐fodrin fragments (containing different epitopes that were originally identified in primary SS model mice) was frequently detected in young and aged SS model mice. Moreover, we found that α‐fodrin autoantigen induced Th1 immune responses and accelerated disturbance of Fas‐mediated T cell apoptosis in aged SS model mice.ConclusionThese results indicate that age‐related disturbance of activation‐induced cell death via bystander T cell activation may play a crucial role in the development of autoimmune arthritis in a murine model of SS.
Dietary risk factors for the development of inflammatory polyarthritis: Evidence for a role of high level of red meat consumption
Authors: Pattison Dorothy J. , Symmons Deborah P. M. , Lunt Mark , Welch Ailsa , Luben Robert , Bingham Sheila A. , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Day Nicholas E. , Silman Alan J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the association of red meat and other specific dietary components in predicting the development of inflammatory polyarthritis.MethodsThis nested case–control study was conducted within a prospective population‐based study of cancer incidence (European Prospective Investigation of Cancer in Norfolk [EPIC‐Norfolk]). EPIC‐Norfolk recruited 25,630 subjects ages 45–75 years between 1993 and 1997. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline using a 7‐day food diary, and the information was analyzed using dietary analysis software. Patients with new cases of inflammatory polyarthritis were identified by linkage with the Norfolk Arthritis Register, a primary care–based inception study of inflammatory polyarthritis, and were matched for age and sex to 2 controls from EPIC‐Norfolk. The risk for development of inflammatory polyarthritis was compared between subjects in the highest and lowest tertiles of dietary intake using conditional logistic regression and was expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).ResultsBetween 1993 and 2002, 88 new patients with inflammatory polyarthritis were identified and matched with 176 controls. Among patients, the level of red meat intake was higher (P= 0.04) and that of vitamin C was lower (P= 0.03) compared with intake among controls, but no difference in total energy intake was observed. Patients were more likely to be smokers. After adjusting for total energy intake, smoking, and other possible dietary confounders, subjects with the highest level of consumption of red meat (OR 1.9, 95% CI 0.9–4.0), meat and meat products combined (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–4.9), and total protein (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.1–7.5) were at an increased risk for inflammatory polyarthritis.ConclusionA high level of red meat consumption may represent a novel risk factor for inflammatory arthritis or may act as a marker for a group of persons with an increased risk from other lifestyle causes.
Accuracy of veterans administration databases for a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Singh Jasvinder A. , Holmgren Aaron R. , Noorbaloochi Siamak 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the accuracy of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code 714 for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis in a Veterans Administration (VA) hospital database and to examine the effects of adding laboratory and pharmacy data to ICD code 714 on accuracy of RA diagnosis.MethodsWe drew a random sample of patients from all Minneapolis VA rheumatology clinic patients who had at least 1 rheumatology clinic visit between January 2001 and July 2002. Charts of 184 patients were reviewed. The gold standard for RA diagnosis was chart documentation of RA diagnosis by a rheumatologist on ≥2 visits >6 weeks apart. The data definitions of RA diagnosis included presence of ICD code 714 alone or various combinations of ICD code 714, a positive rheumatoid factor (RF), and prescription for a disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD). Accuracy of data definitions of RA was assessed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and area under the receiver operator characteristics curve.ResultsDiagnosis by ICD code 714 had 100% sensitivity, but specificity was only 55% because of a false‐positive rate of 34%. The addition of a positive RF and/or a DMARD prescription to ICD code 714 dramatically improved specificity to 83–97% and positive predictive value to 81–97%; however, sensitivity decreased to 76–88%. Diagnosis by ICD 714 alone had the highest negative predicative value of 100%. The area under the curve was the greatest when both ICD code 714 and a positive RF were included, and the least when ICD code alone was used.ConclusionICD code 714 in the VA administrative database is a very sensitive screening tool for identifying patients with RA in the rheumatology clinic population. Addition of the presence of a DMARD prescription and/or a positive RF to selection criteria improves specificity of the diagnosis.
Akt phosphorylation is a risk factor for early disease recurrence and poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Nakanishi Kazuaki , Sakamoto Michiie , Yamasaki Susumu , Todo Satoru , Hirohashi Setsuo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDPatients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who showed early massive disease recurrence due to hematogenous intrahepatic metastasis after curative resection had a poor prognosis. The authors previously reported that Akt phosphorylation was correlated with hematogenous intrahepatic metastasis, using HCC cell lines.METHODSThe authors analyzed clinicopathologic features and the status of selected biologic markers, including phosphorylated Akt, to identify risk factors for early disease recurrence and poor prognosis in HCC. In the current series, 49 postoperative patients developed intrahepatic disease recurrence within 6 months (Group 1) and 86 patients remained disease recurrence free > 3 years after resection (Group 2). Group 1 was further divided into 2 subgroups: 19 patients who died of disease recurrence within a year after resection (Group 1A) and 27 patients who survived > 1 year (Group 1B).RESULTSUsing univariate analysis, the risk factors for early disease recurrence were tumor size, macroscopic classification, tumor differentiation, microscopic capsule infiltration, microscopic portal vein (MPV) invasion, microscopic intrahepatic metastasis (MIM), and positive immunostaining for phosphorylated Akt, Ki‐67, and p53 (P < 0.05). The risk factors for poor prognosis were the number of intrahepatic metastases, tumor differentiation, and positive immunostaining for phosphorylated Akt and Ki‐67 (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk factors for early disease recurrence were MPV invasion, MIM, and positive immunostaining for phosphorylated Akt, and that the risk factors for poor prognosis were positive immunostaining for phosphorylated Akt and Ki‐67 (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONSThe current clinical study showed the critical involvement of Akt phosphorylation in the aggressiveness of HCC. The potential benefits of surgery should be assessed carefully in patients with any of these risk factors. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Covariate adjustment in family‐based association studies
Authors: Whittemore Alice S. , Halpern Jerry , Ahsan Habibul 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFamily‐based tests of association between a candidate locus and a disease evaluate how often a variant allele at the locus is transmitted from parents to offspring. These tests assume that in the absence of association, an affected offspring is equally likely to have inherited either one of the two homologous alleles carried by a parent. However, transmission distortion was documented in families in which the offspring are unselected for phenotype. Moreover, if offspring genotypes are associated with a risk factor for the disease, transmission distortion to affected offspring can occur in the absence of a causal relation between gene and disease risk. We discuss the appropriateness of adjusting for established risk factors when evaluating association in family‐based studies. We present methods for adjusting the transmission/disequilibrium test for risk factors when warranted, and we apply them to data on CYP19 (aromatase) genotypes in nuclear families with multiple cases of breast cancer. Simulations show that when genotypes are correlated with risk factors, the unadjusted test statistics have inflated size, while the adjusted ones do not. The covariate‐adjusted tests are less powerful than the unadjusted ones, suggesting the need to check the relationship between genotypes and known risk factors to verify that adjustment is needed. The adjusted tests are most useful for data containing a large proportion of families that lack disease‐discordant sibships, i.e., data for which multiple logistic regression of matched sibships would have little power. Software for performing the covariate‐adjusted tests is available at http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HRP/epidemiology/COVTDT. Genet. Epidemiol. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) is pivotal for recognition of S. aureus peptidoglycan but not intact bacteria by microglia
Authors: Kielian Tammy , Esen Nilufer , Bearden Edward D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractToll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a pattern recognition receptor that plays an important role in enabling cells of the innate immune system to recognize conserved structural motifs on a wide array of pathogens including gram‐positive bacteria. Although microglia have recently been shown to express TLR2, the functional significance of this receptor in mediating microglial activation remains unknown. To ascertain the importance of TLR2 in microglial responses to S. aureus and its cell wall product peptidoglycan (PGN), we evaluated primary microglia from TLR2 knockout (KO) and wild‐type (WT) mice. TLR2 was found to play a pivotal role in PGN recognition and subsequent activation in primary microglia, as demonstrated by the attenuated expression of TNF‐α, IL‐12 p40, MIP‐2, and MCP‐1 in PGN‐treated TLR2 KO microglia compared with WT cells. In contrast, the responses of TLR2 KO and WT microglia to S. aureus were qualitatively similar, indicating that alternative receptors are responsible for recognizing intact bacteria. Microarray analysis confirmed that TLR2 plays a central role in PGN recognition by primary microglia. The expression of MyD88, a central adapter molecule in TLR‐dependent signaling, was similar in both TLR2 KO and WT microglia, suggesting that the defect in PGN recognition by the former is not due to alterations in this key signaling intermediate. These findings reveal the complex nature of gram‐positive bacterial recognition by microglia, which occurs, in part, through engagement of TLR2. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Invited reaction: The utilization of training program evaluation in corporate universities
Authors: Torres Rosalie T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis reaction piece briefly reviews the findings from the Bober and Bartlett study of training evaluation use in corporate universities. It then focuses on the importance of context in understanding and facilitating evaluation use. The author suggests an alternative interpretation of particular findings based on a deeper consideration of the evaluation context in the settings studied. Additional suggestions for considering context are to identify the role of evaluation in organizational decision‐making processes and identify the how and why of less prevalent uses of evaluation at particular sites. The piece concludes with a discussion of the purposes that the Bober and Bartlett study serve (their detailed accounts of the evaluation use literature and their methodology, and findings about instrumental uses of training evaluation), as well as a call for empirical studies investigating how evaluation use can best facilitate organizational learning.
Structural characterization of poly(diethylsiloxane) in the crystalline, liquid crystalline and isotropic phases by solid‐state 17O NMR spectroscopy and ab initio MO calculations
Authors: Kimura Hideaki , Kanesaka Sho , Kuroki Shigeki , Ando Isao , Asano Atsushi , Kurosu Hiromichi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe structure of poly(diethylsiloxane) (PDES) has been characterized using solid‐state NMR of 17O. The sample studied had a weight‐average molecular weight of 2.45 × 105. The sample was prepared by utilizing the cationic ring‐opening polymerization of 17O‐enriched hexacyclotrisiloxane. Solid‐state NMR of 17O‐enriched PDES was measured on the low‐temperature β1 phase, the high‐temperature β2 phase, the two‐phase system consisting of the liquid crystal and isotropic liquid phase and the isotropic phase. From these data, the molecular structure and dynamics of PDES in the various phases were characterized via the chemical shifts of 17O, and electric field gradient parameters were determined from NMR and ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations. In addition to the solid‐state NMR of 1H, 13C and 29Si previously reported on these samples, knowledge of the dynamic behavior of PDES as inferred from the NMR of 17O in the present study was enhanced significantly. Further, the potential of combining the experimental NMR of 17O with ab initio MO calculations to characterize the dynamics of polymers containing oxygen is demonstrated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.