bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Policing Reform in Northern Ireland
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter builds on the arguments presented in John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary, Policing Northern Ireland: Proposals for a New Start (Belfast: Blackstaff 1999), arguments that were widely seen as influencing the findings of the Independent Commission on Policing (the Patten Commission). The chapter analyses the Commission's report and the controversy surrounding its implementation by Secretary of State Peter Mandleson. It discusses the relationship between the struggle over police reform and the stalemate in Northern Ireland's political institutions, and argues that the successful completion of policing reform is essential to the Agreement's consolidation.
Years of Uncertainty 1976–2000
Authors: Halsey A. H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe final quarter of the twentieth century brought, at first, institutional arrest, retrenchment, and reduced funding for both research and teaching. Then came the 1992 decision, paradoxically, by a Conservative government, to admit the polytechnics and other institutions of higher education to university status. Thus, there was a renewed and greater expansion of students and teachers of university sociology. In the meantime, the SSRC had been replaced by the ESRC after the Rothschild report.Optimists now held that sociology was flourishing especially in the light of the feminist movement. The number of chairs rose to over 200.Two views of sociology emerged. One is that sociology is a polysyllabic plague subverting the political order; the other is that sociology is a modern assemblage of theory and method with potential for the reform of imperfect society. The two views fight for supremacy.
The Professors
Authors: Halsey A. H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to look at the British sociological professoriate, describing its changing composition as it expanded, its career patterns, productivity, attitudes towards teaching and research, and exits. The professors are divided into four cohorts by birth (up to 1930, 1931–44, 1945–49 and 1950 +). The details of the survey on which our description is based are in Appendix 1 below. Trends in national origin, religion, type of education, qualifications, publications, preference for research, political outlook, view of decline of sociology, attitudes to career, and comparison with alternative careers are tabulated.
Epilogue in Eight Essays
Authors: Halsey A. H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractI chose seven contemporary figures in British sociology, representing what I took to be the various current strands in the subject. They were Bauman, Crouch, Giddens, Oakley, Platt, Runciman, and Westergaard. What, given the foregoing attempt, would you have done if asked to write a history of sociology in Britain in the twentieth century? It then occurred to me that I should answer the same question, which opens the chapter. I had not seen their answers nor they mine.Their answers are largely autobiographical though Crouch writes most obviously in a European context. All are optimistic about the future of the subject and most are regretful about its past. I am rather pessimistic about its future, fearing especially the threat of Max Steuer's ‘pretend social science’; but rather less condemnatory of its past. Perhaps it is or was ‘a moment in history’; perhaps it will again be a source of ‘public intellectuals’ (Giddens) or even ‘a discipline of unchallenged scientific and scholarly standing’ (Runciman).
A Theory of Public Service Motivation
Authors: Grand Julian Le 
Published: August 2004

AbstractUses the material from the two previous chapters to develop a new theory of public service motivation. The theory allocates a key role to the sacrifice involved in performing altruistic acts, arguing that the degree of sacrifice is positively related to the amount of altruistic acts undertaken (at least up to a point). It relates this to economic and psychological theories of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Goes on to discuss some of the theory's implications for policy design, examining, inter alia, principal‐agent theory, incentive contracting, non‐profit organisations and the development of ‘robust’ incentive structures. It also discusses the morality of exploiting people's willingness to undertake altruistic acts.
Health Care
Authors: Grand Julian Le 
Published: August 2004

AbstractExamines the development of robust incentive structures in health care, using two examples from British health care: the holding of budgets for hospital care by organisations of primary‐care physicians (General Practitioner practices and, more recently, Primary Care Trusts), and the payment of hospital specialists or consultants. It concludes that it is possible to design policies that offer robust incentives to medical professionals, that empower patients, but that avoid the problems of unfettered patient choice. Devices such as allowing budget‐holding professionals to keep surpluses on their budget, providing those surpluses are spent in a way that improves patient care, or paying professionals fee‐for‐service at a rate that incorporates some sacrifice compared with alternatives, help align knightly and knavish motivations.
Humanitarian Intervention in the Balkans
Authors: Morris* Nicholas 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAssesses the success of the two humanitarian interventions in the Balkans – Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999 – from the perspective of humanitarian organizations. It argues how, ironically, the effectiveness of organizations such as UNHCR can dissuade powerful states from taking the necessary steps to address the root causes of massive human rights violations. Slow and ambiguous action from the international community can raise false expectations on the part of suffering civilians, and embolden those who commit atrocities. The author argues that the political, military, and humanitarian strands of interventions are always closely interwoven, and draws a series of lessons from the Balkans experience: the need for the international community to act early, credibly, and consistently; the importance of preserving the identity of a humanitarian operation; the imperative to end the impunity of those who orchestrate and commit massive violations of human rights; and the importance of engaging the United Nations.
Manifest Activity
Authors: Yaffe Gideon 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Manifest Activity examines Thomas Reid's efforts to provide answers to a host of traditional philosophical questions concerning the nature of the will, the powers of human beings, motivation, and the relation between human action and natural change. The concept of ‘active power’ stands at the centre of Reid's philosophy of action. He holds that actions are all and only the events of which some creature is the ‘efficient cause’, and he thinks a creature is the efficient cause of an event just in case it has the power to bring that event about and exerts it. Reid's conception both of human actions and changes in nature is deeply teleological. He holds that to exert a power is to direct an event towards an end, and he holds that all changes, whether actions or events in nature, flow from the exertion of power. The book explains the details of this view, Reid's reasons for holding it, and its implications to our understanding of action, agency, and our relation to the natural world.
From Power to Mind: An Argument from the Power to Exert
Authors: Yaffe Gideon 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This is the first of two chapters examining Reid's arguments for the claim that only a thing with a mind can be endowed with the power to bring an event about. The argument under discussion here proceeds, roughly, as follows: Anything that has a power also has the power to exert that power. The power to exert is the will, or the power to choose, or bring things about for a particular purpose. But since only a thing with a mind could possibly have a will, it follows that only a thing with a mind could have a power. The chapter looks at this argument in some detail and argues that, among other things, the argument depends on a conception of exertion – of choice or volition – under which exertions are events with respect to which someone is necessarily active, and a view about the limitations of our imaginative powers: we are not capable of imagining mental powers that differ in kind from those we find through introspection to possess.
From Power to Mind: An Argument from the Power to Do Otherwise
Authors: Yaffe Gideon 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter examines a second argument for Reid's claim that only a thing with a mind can be endowed with the power to bring an event about. The argument discussed here proceeds as follows: Anything that has a power to bring an event about also has the power to prevent that event from being brought about. A creature that has both these powers must also be capable of choosing between these two options on the basis of a preference for one over the other. But since only a creature with a mind is capable of forming preferences, it follows that only a creature with a mind can have a power. Like the argument discussed in ch. 1, Reid's employment of this argument reveals important philosophical commitments in his theory of action. In particular, it is argued that the argument depends on a particular construal of cases that seem, on their face, to involve agents with the power to act, but no power not to. The argument also depends on a view of the nature of preference, as distinguished from desire; Reid construes preferences as the psychological products of a rational process of weighing those things we desire.
From Change to Power
Authors: Yaffe Gideon 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The conclusion Reid reaches through the arguments discussed in chs. 1 and 2, if true, expresses a teleological conception of changes that result from the exercise of power; the conclusion shows that every event that is brought about through the exercise of a power is directed towards an end, or serves a purpose. This chapter examines Reid's further claim that, in fact, every event – every change in the nature of the world – is the product of the exercise of power; thus, all change is necessarily end‐directed. Reid's discussion of both Hobbes's and Hume's views regarding the question of whether or not change ubiquitously flows from power is examined. Although Reid takes the claim that all events flow from the exertion of power to be believed naturally and non‐inferentially, it is argued that his teleological conception of such changes nonetheless commits him to the acceptance of an argument not unlike Hobbes's for the claim that all events flow from the exercise of active power.
The Influence of Motives: The Push of Law?
Authors: Yaffe Gideon 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with Reid's arguments against the other, and more plausible way to construe the motive–action relation causally: there are laws linking motives with actions, e.g. the law that says that we always act on the strongest motive. Reid offers a trio of arguments against this view, and all three are examined in this chapter. The first attacks the claim that it is, in fact, a law that we always act on the strongest motive. The argument proceeds by showing that in every way in which we might construe ‘strength of motive’, the putative law is either false, or trivially, analytically, true. The second argument attacks not the claim that some particular putative law governs the motive–action relation, but, instead, the claim that any law could. The argument claims that in cases in which any one of a number of acts will equally serve an end, there is, in fact, no motive for the particular act chosen; but if it is possible to act with no motive at all, then it is not generally true that actions follow from motives in a law‐like way. The third argument exploits an analogy with advice claiming that the motive–action relation is like the relation between advice and action in accordance with it; since the latter relation is not causal, Reid thinks, neither is the former. The chapter aims to reveal the presuppositions of all three of Reid's arguments and reconstruct them in the most plausible way possible.
Conclusion: Agent Causation and the Regress of Effort
Authors: Yaffe Gideon 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Agent‐causal views of free action claim that there is a relation that holds between the agent and his free act that is both basic and causal; according to such view, there is no reducing the special relationship between an agent and his free act to a relation of events or states of the agent to the event, which is his action. It is often said that Reid was an agent‐causalist. This short conclusion investigates the question of whether or not this is so by offering a solution, on Reid's behalf, to the following problem: According to Reid, an agent is the efficient cause of an event if he has the power to bring the event about and exerts that power. However, the agent is either the efficient cause of his exertion of power, or he is not. If he is, then he must have the power to exert, and must exert that power: down this road seems to lie regress. If he is not, then it seems peculiar to say he is the efficient cause of his act; how can he cause his act if he doesn’t cause the event that triggers it? Theorists interested in rescuing Reid's view have followed the first road, but tried to avoid the seemingly inevitable regress. In this conclusion to the book, this road is followed, but in a different way from that of previous commentators on Reid. It is argued that the notion of ‘trying’, peculiar as it is, resists the regress problem and that, for Reid, to exert a power is just to try to do something. From this it emerges that Reid is an agent‐causalist, but of a very different sort from those contemporary philosophers who label themselves as such.
Economic Policy, Distribution, and Poverty: The Nature of Disagreements
Authors: Kanbur Ravi 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The end of history lasted for such a short time. If the early 1990s raised hopes of a broad‐based consensus on economic policy for growth, equity, and poverty reduction, the late 1990s dashed them. The East Asian crisis and the Seattle debacle saw to that. In the year 2000, the governors of the World Bank, whose mission it is to eradicate poverty, could meet only under police protection, besieged by those who believe instead that the institution and the policies it espouses cause poverty. The street demonstrations in Prague, Seattle, and Washington DC, are one end of a spectrum of disagreement, which includes vigorous debate in the pages of the leading newspapers, passionate involvement of faith‐based organizations, and the genteel cut and thrust of academic discourse.
Growth is Good for the Poor
Authors: Dollar David , Kraay Aart 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe world economy grew well during the 1990s, despite the financial crisis in East Asia. However, there is intense debate over the extent to which the poor benefit from this growth. The two quotes above exemplify the extremes in this debate. At one end of the spectrum are those who argue that the potential benefits of economic growth for the poor are undermined or even offset entirely by sharp increases in inequality that accompany growth. At the other end of the spectrum is the argument that liberal economic policies such as monetary and fiscal stability and open markets raise incomes of the poor and everyone else in society proportionately.
Growth, Inequality, and Poverty: Looking Beyond Averages
Authors: Ravallion Martin 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The recent backlash against globalization has given new impetus to an old debate on whether the poor benefit from economic growth. We seem to have irreconcilable positions about how much the world's poorest benefit from economic growth, growth that is fuelled by greater openness to foreign trade and investment. On the one hand, we have unyielding opinions that growth is poverty‐reducing, drawing on recent research work, which found that average incomes of the poorest quintile moved almost one‐for‐one with average incomes overall. And on the other hand, we have commentators who are equally confident that rising inequality is choking off potential benefits to the poor.
Producing an Improved Geographic Profile of Poverty: Methodology and Evidence from Three Developing Countries
Authors: Demombynes Gabriel , Elbers Chris , Lanjouw Jean O. , Lanjouw Peter , Mistiaen Johan , Özler Berk 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis study implements a methodology for estimating poverty in Ecuador, Madagascar, and South Africa, at levels of disaggregation that to date have not generally been available. The methodology is based on a statistical procedure to combine household survey data with population census data, imputing into the latter, a measure of per capita consumption from the former. The countries have few similarities; yet, the study demonstrates that in all three, the poverty estimates produced from census data are both plausible and satisfactorily precise. The study illustrates how the resulting poverty estimates can be represented in maps, thereby conveying much information about the magnitude of poverty across localities, as well as the precision of estimates, in a way that can be readily absorbed by non‐technical audiences.
A Decomposition of Inequality and Poverty Changes in the Context of Macroeconomic Adjustment: A Microsimulation Study for Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Grimm Michael 
Published: August 2004

AbstractProposes a microeconomic decomposition of the evolution of income inequality in Côte d’Ivoire in the 1990s, allowing in‐depth analysis of the evolution of the distribution of income. It shows, for instance, that the increase in income inequality in Abidjan was the result of changes in the sociodemographic population structure and of changes in unobserved earnings determinants, even though higher activity, inflows in wage labour, a drop in returns to schooling, and the Ivorian/non‐Ivorian wage differential worked toward a more equal distribution. Concerning the link between growth and inequality, it is interesting to note that both negative income growth in Abidjan as well as positive income growth in rural Côte d’Ivoire, were connected with rising inequality.
Growth, Income Distribution, and Poverty: A Review
Authors: Bigsten Arne , Levin JÖrgen 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis study reviews recent research dealing with relationships between economic growth, income distribution, and poverty. This generally fails to find any systematic pattern of change in income distribution during recent decades—nor does it find any systematic link from fast growth to increasing inequality. The level of initial income inequality is not a robust explanatory factor of growth, but some recent empirical studies have found a negative impact of asset inequality on growth. Countries that have been successful in terms of economic growth are also very likely to have been successful in reducing poverty. Growth can be substantial if the policy and institutional environment is right.
Britain
Authors: Ungern-Sternberg Thomas Von 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe chapter on property insurance in Britain emphasizes the following points: In property insurance, administrative costs typically use up over 35% of premium income. In the case of terrorism insurance, the government decided to provide cost‐free, stop‐loss insurance, to prevent the market from breaking down. This step turned out to be an efficient intervention in the insurance market. When the country was hit by subsidence damages, the premiums and excesses for the owners in high‐risk areas rose dramatically. The fact that insurance contracts can be renegotiated every year means that the owners have only a very incomplete coverage.
France
Authors: Ungern-Sternberg Thomas Von 
Published: August 2004

AbstractStudies catastrophe insurance in France. The French system is fundamentally flawed. The state has fixed a compulsory nationwide uniform premium rate, and offers to reinsure all insurance companies at similar conditions. There is a natural tendency for the good risk insurance companies to buy only little cover from the state. The bad risks make full use of the low cost reinsurance provided. The system has had to be recapitalized in the year 2000 but the fundamental flaws remain. The insurance companies are making a lot of money at the cost of the taxpayer.
Trends in International Migration in and from Africa
Authors: Adepoju Aderanti 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAfrica is a region of considerable, essentially intra‐continental migration, consisting of regional movement by refugees, undocumented migrants, and seasonal labour migrants. Emigrants to northern countries include skilled workers, students, semi‐skilled and unskilled workers and recently autonomous female migrants. The trends and patterns of international migration in and from Africa are shaped by rapid population growth, unstable politics, escalating ethnic conflicts, persistent economic decline, poverty, and environmental deterioration. The traditional pattern of migration is increasingly feminizing, migration destinations are diversifying, movements are more clandestine and spontaneous, and commercial migration is rapidly replacing labour migration.
Mexican Migration to the United States: The Effect of NAFTA
Authors: Martin Philip L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMigration has more often been the source of conflict than cooperation in Mexico‐US relations. The US accepts immigrants from and trades with many nations, but virtually all Mexican migrants head for the US, and most Mexican trade is with the US. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which went into effect on January 1, 1994, was expected to convert this migration relationship into a trade and investment relationship. Trade may eventually be a substitute for migration between Mexico and the US, but during the 1990s there was a hump or increase in Mexico‐US migration.
Immigrants in the U.S. Economy
Authors: Zhou Min 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDescribes patterns of labour‐market insertion among foreign‐born workers in the US. Using the Labour Utilization Framework (LUF) and the 1990 US Census data, it shows that nationality groups differ in how they are integrated into the labour force and that there are differential economic consequences associated with different patterns of labour force utilization. Immigrants are generally economically active and do not seem to be severely blocked from gaining labour‐market entry; but once working they are mostly underemployed. The study calls for future research on labour‐market dynamics to examine the significance of race and ethnicity and the uniqueness and selectivity of international migration.
Labor Export Strategies in Asia
Authors: Hugo Graeme , Stahl Charles 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAlthough a great deal of attention has focused on government attempts to stop or reduce immigration to developed nations, little has been paid to policies and programs related to emigration. Argues that sending‐country policies do strongly influence the scale and composition of emigration, both legal and undocumented. Across Asia, governments in labour‐exporting nations have been very active in developing a range of strategies to influence the scale and composition of labour out‐migration. Unfortunately, such policies have been unfolded in an empirical vacuum and there has been little research available to inform their development and implementation. Researchers must work to develop a deeper understanding of the consequences and effectiveness of different labour export policies.