bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
England Under The Norman And Angevin Kings 1075–1225
Authors: Bartlett Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This vivid and and comprehensive account of the politics, religion, and culture of England in the century and a half after the Norman Conquest lays bare the patterns of everyday life, and increases our understanding of medieval society at a time when England was more closely tied to Europe than ever before. This was a period in which the ruling dynasty and military aristocracy were deeply enmeshed with the politics and culture of France. The book describes their conflicts and their preoccupations: the sense of honour, the role of violence, and the glitter of tournament, heraldry, and Arthurian romance. The author explores the mechanics of their government, and analyses the part played by the Church at a time of radical developments in religious life and organization. He investigates the role of ordinary men and women: the fundamental importance of the peasant economy, the growing urban and commercial arenas; and also their outlook on the world, including their views on the past; on sexuality; on animals; on death, the undead and the occult. The result is a fascinating and complex account of a period which begins with conquest and ends in assimilation.
Warfare
Authors: Bartlett Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although England was dominated by an aristocracy trained in armed combat, it was, by the standards of the time, a relatively peaceful country Large-scale warfare was rare. The endemic violence of Wales, to which the Anglo-Normans contributed so much, occasionally spilled over into the counties of the Welsh .March, and the Scots did make incursions across the Border, but such incidents were uncommon.
Cosmologies
Authors: Bartlett Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period 1075–1225 is one of the great ages of historical writing in England. History was not an academic subject, pursued by the masters of the emerging schools, but it was read and written by thoughtful and literate men in the monasteries and in the courts of kings, bishops, and barons. Because it did not form part of the syllabus of higher education, history was not subjected to the process of systematization and explication for pedagogic purposes that can be observed in the development of rhetoric, logic, theology, law, and natural science.
Plantagenet England 1225-1360
Authors: Prestwich Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this thorough and illuminating work, Michael Prestwich provides a comprehensive study of Plantagenet England, a dramatic and turbulent period which saw many changes. In politics it saw Simon de Montfort's challenge to the crown in Henry II's reign and it witnessed the deposition of Edward I. In contrast, it also saw the highly successful rules of Edward I and his grandson, Edward III. Political institutions were transformed with the development of parliament and war was a dominant theme: Wales was conquered and the Scottish Wars of Independence started in Edward I's reign, and under Edward III there were triumphs at Crécy and Poitiers. Outside of politics, English society was developing a structure, from the great magnates at the top to the peasantry at the bottom. Economic changes were also significant, from the expansionary period of the thirteenth century to years of difficulty in the fourteenth century, culminating in the greatest demographic disaster of historical times, the Black Death. In this volume in the New Oxford History of England Michael Prestwich brings this fascinating century to life.
Government
Authors: Prestwich Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are very dive rent opinions of government in England in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. One view is that the country enjoyed a remarkably sophisticated bureaucratic system; another is that it subverted from a surfeit of government, with quite unnecessarily complex administrative procedures that achieved little. No other country in western Europe approached it in terms of the complexity of both central and local government. There was what at times appears to have been an obsession with supervision, control, and above all record-keeping. The quantity of documents produced increased rapidly in the course of the thirteenth century.
Politics Under Henry III
Authors: Prestwich Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the evening of 4 August 1265 the mutilated body of Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, lay on the battle Weld of the Green Hill outside Evesham. This gruesome scene dominates the story of the politics of Henry III’s reign; it was the culminating point of a ferocious civil war. Yet, for all that there was at times much bitter faction Whiting, for the thirty years from the early 1230s England had been at peace. The civil war of John’s Wall months on the throne, and of the early years of Henry III’s minority, lay in the past. If it were not for the bloody events of the civil war of 1264-5, Henry’s reign might be seen as one in which brutal convict was replaced by political manoeuvring, in which groups of foreigners were integrated into English society with increasing success, and as one in which major advances were made in government and law.
Conclusion
Authors: Prestwich Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
England in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries was in many ways a cosmopolitan country. Under Henry III many of the leading Wgures in the realm were not English in origin; not only were there the court favourites from Savoy and Poitou, but the king’s main opponent, Simon de Montfort, was a Frenchman. There were many prominent foreigners in the English Church, including Boniface of Savoy, archbishop of Canterbury, Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester, and Peter of Aigueblanche, bishop of Hereford. Westminster abbey owed its inspiration in architectural terms to France. Edward I relied greatly upon the Savoyard Otto de Grandson; GeoVrey de Geneville was another important supporter of the king. Edward’s great castles in Wales owed much to the influence of the Savoyards, and above all Master James of St George.
Centre and Periphery 1900-1936: National Integration and Regional Nationalisms Reconsidered
Authors: Fusi Aizpúrua Juan Pablo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regional nationalisms have been in Spain like the Anglo-Irish question in British politics, ‘One of those desperate problems of internal government which admit of no smooth and satisfying solutions’, to put it in H. A. L. Fisher’s classic words. This became evident in the years between 1900 and 1936 and has remained so ever since. Basque nationalism constituted the main obstacle to political stability in the transition towards democracy after General Franco’s death in 1975.
Crime, Justice, and Discretion in England 1740—1820
Authors: King Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The criminal law has often been seen as central to the rule of the 18th century landed elite in England. This book presents a detailed analysis of the judicial process - of victim's reactions, pretrial practices, policing, magistrates hearings, trials, sentencing, pardoning and punishment - using property offenders as its main focus. The period 1740-1820, the final era before the coming of the new police and the repeal of the capital code, emerges as the great age of discretionary justice, and the book explores the impact of the vast discretionary powers held by many social groups. It reassesses both the relationship betweeen crime rates and economic deprivation, and the many ways that vulnerability to prosecution varied widely across the lifecycle, in the light of the highly selective nature of pretrial negotiations. More centrally, by asking at every stage who used the law, for what purposes, in whose interests and with what effects, it opens up a number of new perspectives on the role of the law in eighteenth century social relations. The law emerges as the less the instrument of particular elite groups and more as an arena of struggle, of negotiation and of compromise. Its rituals were less controllable and its merciful moments less manageable and less exclusively available to the gentry elite than has been previously suggested. Justice was vulnerable to power but was also mobilised to constrain it. Despite the key functions that the propertied fulfilled, courtroom crowds, the counter-theatre of the condemned and the decisions of the victims from a very wide range of backgrounds had a role to play, and the criteria on which decisions were based were shaped as much by the broad and more humane discourse which Fielding called the "good mind" as by the instrumental needs of the propertied elites.
Introduction
Authors: King Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book focuses on one central and particularly contested aspect of the law—property crime and the ways it was dealt with, defined, and perceived. Using both a detailed study of the Essex court records and more diverse sources drawn from all over England, it attempts to construct a social history of the process by which those accused of property crime were handled both formally and informally by the institutions, groups, and individuals responsible for the administration of the criminal law, as well as analysing those who found themselves on the receiving end of the law. It focuses on the final period of what has recently been called’ “Old Regime” criminal justice’, on the last three-quarters of a century before both the repeal of the bloody code and the introduction of professional police forces. This was, it could be argued, the golden age of discretionary justice in England. The whole criminal justice system was shot through with discretion—about this at least almost all historians of crime agree (as did contemporaries, whether they advocated criminal law reform or opposed it). The criminal justice system relied on the participation of a wide range of social groups at almost every stage in the prosecution process and gave them extensive discretionary powers. Although the formal criminal law and the legal handbooks sometimes appeared rigid and inflexible, in reality the administration of the eighteenth-century criminal justice system created several interconnected spheres of contested judicial space in each of which deeply discretionary choices were made. Those accused of property offences in the eighteenth century found themselves propelled on an often bewildering joumey along a route which can best be compared to a corridor of connected rooms or stage sets.
Sentencing Policy and the Impact of Gender and Age
Authors: King Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any accused person who failed to avoid being convicted of an indictable property crime by finding an appropriate escape route during pretrial negotiations, committal proceedings, grand jury hearings, or petty jury trial faced a bleak set of prospects in the eighteenth century. Fines or nominal periods in gaol were very occasionally employed but the range of punishments used against the vast majority of convicted property offenders was stark and un-compromising. By 1740 there were no widely used sentences equivalent to modem non-custodial and non-corporal sanctions, such as community service orders, conditional discharges, or probation orders. Convicted property offenders faced humiliation, pain, incarceration, deprivation, separation, death. The specific combination of these sensations experienced by any particular individual depended on the sanction selected for him or her. For a few fraudsters a public, painful, and occasionally health-threatening spell in the pillory would be the final destination.
Kinship and Marriage
Authors: Telban Borut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To enter into a discussion on kinship in the 1990s involves re-engaging arguments which had already dominated anthropological discourse for 100 years when Levi-Strauss (1965) presented his Huxley Memorial Lecture more than thirty years ago. The cultures of New Guinea have been crucial in many of these discussions. Although it would be far beyond the scope of this book to consider in any detail kinship systems elsewhere in New Guinea, as neither Ambonwari nor Karawari as a language group has been studied before, I find myself under an obligation to present a concise description of the Ambonwari system. This will, I hope, shed new light on other kinship systems of Sepik societies.
Spirits
Authors: Telban Borut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently many ethnographers have tended to look at items of material culture as mere objects, either as art objects or in terms of an interest in their production, the materials used and decorations applied. In his discussion of Trobriand canoes Malinowski (1922: 105-23) argued that such descriptive accounts do not tell us much about the function of these objects, about people’s emotional attitudes towards them, or about their social implications and cultural importance. It seems obvious today that to separate the objects of material culture from their social and cultural contexts and from the particular historical moment in which they were fashioned constitutes a misinterpretation of their essential aspects. Such things belong to the world which is determined by people through their imagination and cosmology. At the same time they reciprocally influence people’s perception and experience of them. In Ambonwari such ‘objects’ can be classified into two groups: first, those things which are used in daily life such as tools, weapons, and all other things which are handled daily by people, helping them to carry out their activities; second, those objects which represent the embodiment of spirits and are therefore regarded as beings themselves. The second group, as I will show, is the province of men. I argue that by manipulating the visibility of these spirits Ambonwari men seek control over their own existence.
Landscape and wlemory
Authors: Hastrcp Kirsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the hay harvest in Sudursveit in 1982 I was told that the yield from one tun (infield), always fell short of expectations. The young farmer explained to me that there was an dldg (spell), upon it. However much the field looked like other fields, and often it would look even more promising, something would invariably go wrong. The farmer had no opinion when or why this dldg had occurred, it was a retrospective explanation of present-day experience. As such it has affinities all over the world where people have to cope conceptually with haphazard misfortune. At another level, it also points to the fact that the Icelandic landscape is deeply ‘marked’, even if there are no ruins of ancient palaces. It is marked by a history that goes beyond local memory, but which is part of a collective consciousness of space.
The Pastoral Domestic Economy
Authors: Sneath David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cultural Models and the Household
Gender roles and an associated division of labour remain central elements in Mongolian culture. Layers of symbolism exist to express these cultural forms, and in some ways they remain stronger as parts of a conceptual scheme than as a practical guide to work. However, these principles remain the greatest single factor in the allocation of tasks in most pastoral households. The female sphere of competence and responsibility includes preparing food products (such as cheeses, yoghurt, and blood-sausage) cooking, making and repairing clothes, washing, childcare, cleaning the ger, milking, making tea, and looking after animals close to the ail. Women and children also usually collect the dried dung that is used for fuel. In fact some of these tasks may be done by men from time to time, but the responsibility for their completion is generally held to be that of the senior woman of the household. Seniority plays an important part in the amount and type of work that women do. Adult daughters and young wives who have married into a household usually do more work than older women, although the more senior women can sometimes provide as much childcare as the busy mothers of the children.
The Impact of Cattle-Keeping on the Wildlife, Vegetation, and Veld Products
Authors: Perkins Jeremy S , Stuart-Hill Greg , Kgabung B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Botswana’s semi-arid climate, periodic droughts, poor soils, and lack of perennial water supplies, coupled with its Protectorate status of indirect colonial rule by the British, meant that at Independence in 1966 it was one of the least developed countries in the world. Rapid economic growth has ensued, due primarily to the exploitation of diamond reserves in the Kalahari (Moma 1979), but also to foreign aid and a generous EU agreement on beef exports. The latter is commonly termed the Beef Protocol Agreement. It has been severely criticized from some quarters for directing the country along a trajectory of development that is widely regarded as being both environmentally unsustainable and socially and economically damaging, except to a small influential minority of large cattle-owners (Perkins and Ringrose 1996).
Introduction
Authors: Goodman Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a study in Japan of what it has become fashionable in Britain to call the ‘socially excluded’ or the ‘underclass’, namely the sector of the society which is so far removed from the political and economic levers of power that it has virtually no say in the way that it is treated. It seeks to answer the question of what happens to such people in Japanese society and why.
The Effectiveness of Yoōgoshisetsu as a Form of Child Protection
Authors: Goodman Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is, of course, more than one way to measure the effectiveness of the care offered in yoōgoshisetsu. One of the easiest is probably in terms of material needs. Children in homes tend to be well dressed and well groomed. Even the smallest children have their own clothes which are cleaned and ironed for them. Indeed, care staff often feel that looking after the children’s clothes is a full-time job in itself. In most homes there is an abundance of toys for children to play with. Some of these are old toys that have been donated to the home, but many are new, either donated by local companies or bought by visitors or supporters of the home.
Dualism And Hierarchy
Authors: Forth Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Society in the Keo region of the eastern Indonesian island of Flores reveals a pervasive pairing of villages, clans, and other groups. Apart from introducing a hitherto undescribed population, this study, deriving from fieldwork conducted by the author over a period of 15 years, analyses a form of society that has occupied anthropologists since the inception of their discipline: morphological dualism, or dual organization. Drawing on a notion of encompassment inspired by Dumont's theory of 'hierarchy', the author interprets dualistic social forms as products of a continuous process of combination and a tendency to create binary wholes through the partial assimilation of junior by senior partners. While Keo exemplifies a variant of a widespread eastern Indonesian pattern of binary classification and asymmetric marriage alliance, the analysis shows how Keo morphological dualism cannot be reduced to the categories of a dual classification nor to unique or exclusive forms of reciprocity or functional complementarity. Exploring these issues through original ethnographic studies of numerous Keo domains and settlements, the book is of critical relevance not just to dualism, but to a variety of continuing concerns in contemporary social anthropology, including the concept of 'descent', the social construction of inequality, and connections between ritual practice (especially animal sacrifice), and social order.
Vernacular Literacy in New Minority Settings in Europe
Authors: Chloros Penelope Gardner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vernacular literacy for migrant populations represents a further complication compared with vernacular literacy for indigenous groups. The 1953 Unesco report, which recommended that all children should have the right to education in their ‘mother tongue’, did not lead to any widespread implementation of the latter. Reasons for this range from a lack of theoretical precision as to what the concept of ‘mother tongue’ is intended to mean (see Introduction to this volume and Section 2.2 below) to the fact that a nation’s resources to introduce new teaching programmes may be limited in proportion to the number of dialects or vernaculars in which such teaching needs to be conducted.
Tradition, Trial, and Error: Standard and Vernacular Literacy in China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia
Authors: Kwan-Terry Anna , Luke k. K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unity and diversity in time and space, in the meaning but perhaps even more so in the value and significance of literacy, both fascinate and promise to reward close study. In this chapter we attempt just such a study, if only in a small way. We restrict ourselves to East and South-East Asia, and within that region we make special reference only to those areas with which we are most familiar that is, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia.
Language and Reality in Plato’s Cratylus
Authors: Ackrill J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cratylus is a curious dialogue, and it is perhaps not surprising that it has not been a favourite among scholars or among philosophers, at least until recently. About half of the dialogue, a great chunk in the middle, speculates about the etymology of Greek words in a manner that is sometimes amusing, but often just boring. The arguments in the other half used to be interpreted in a rather narrow way, as concerned with the origin of language, or with the suitability of particular names to particular things. More recently, serious and complicated philosophical issues have been found to be raised by these argumentative parts of the Cratylus, though there remains dispute as to how many of the issues were in Plato’s own mind, and also as to how the various parts of the dialogue hang together. The typical modern approach will regard the etymological section of the dialogue as only mildly interesting, but will discover in the rest of it material relevant to a number of important topics in the philosophy of language, philosophical logic, and metaphysics-topics carried forward in the Theaetetus and Sophist. As usual with Plato, fundamental ideas are presented in a very simple way; but it is often instructive to get back from sophisticated modern discussions to the basic essentials.
Bradley And Floating Ideas
Authors: Holdcroft David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a fundamental tenet of Bradley’s metaphysics that every idea in some sense qualifies reality. Yet prima facie there are many ideas which do not, so that it could be argued that: When an idea is taken as false it may even be repelled and denied. And, apart from this, ideas may be recognised as merely imaginary, and, taken in this character, they float suspended above the real world.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenthal David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite dramatic recent advances in studying the mind, there is still strikingly little consensus about the nature of consciousness. Doubtless this is in part because theorists often use the term ‘conscious’ for different phenomena, and don’t always clarify which they are talking about. And even when they do, they often fail to characterize the relevant phenomena in terms that are neutral as regards competing theories, and subsequent theorizing inherits the bias of those characterizations. These problems in picking out and describing the phenomena hinder efforts to reach agreement about consc10usness.