bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Force Field and Centrifugal Distortion Constants of Nitrosyl Fluoride
Authors: Cook R. L. 
Published: January 2005

The microwave spectrum of nitrosyl fluoride, NOF, has been reinvestigated in the microwave region and extended into the millimeter wave region. Some 80 transitions, consisting of both ``a''- and ``b''-type transitions, have been measured and assigned. These data provide the information required for a centrifugal distortion analysis which yields the following ground-state rotational parameters (megacycles per second): A=95 189.77,B=11 844.12,C=10 508.31,τxxxx=−0.099630,τzzzz=−15.586926,τxxzz=0.418629,τxzxz=−0.289581,HJK=2.339×10−6andHKJ=−4.946×10−5.
Combination of infrared data and microwave data yields the following quadratic potential constants millidynes per angstron, fr1=2.09,  fr2=15.08,  fα/d2=1.08,  fr1r2=1.85,  fr1α/d=0.17. Here fr1 and fr2 are the N-F and N-O bond force constants, respectively, and fα is the bond-bending force constant.
Canonical Realizations of Lie Symmetry Groups
Authors: Pauri M. , Prosperi G. M. 
Published: January 2005

A general theory of the realizations of Lie groups by means of canonical transformations in classical mechanics is given. The problem is the analog to that of the characterization of the projective representations in quantum mechanics considered by Wigner, Bargmann, and others in the case of the Galilei and the Lorentz group. However, no application to particular groups is given in this paper.
It turns out that the generators yτ of the infinitesimal transformations in a canonical realization of a Lie group 𝒢 satisfy relations of the form {yρ, yσ} = cρστyτ + dρσ, where cρστ are the structure constands of 𝒢 and dρσ are constants depending on the particular realization.
It also turns out that any canonical realization of 𝒢 can be reduced to a fundamental typical form by means of a constant canonical transformation in the phase space of the system. This typical form allows one to obtain a complete characterization of all the possible canonical realizations of 𝒢. Once a suitable definition of ``irreducible'' canonical realization is given, a simple classification can be obtained in terms of the values of certain functions of the generators yτ (canonical invariants).
Recalling the correspondence {} → [], formal analogy appears to be achieved with the quantum mechanical case. Even more, a parallel development of the outlined theory in quantum mechanics is of interest in the construction of the invariant operators (even in case of non-semisimple groups) and of complete systems of commuting observables acting within the irreducible representations.
A Method for Measuring the Rheological Properties of Materials of Great Consistency Such as Asphalts
Authors: Thelen Edmund 
Published: January 2005

It has been found that when an ASTM penetrometer needle is allowed to sink into a material such as asphalt for a series of successive time intervals, the rate of flow varies linearly with the shearing stress as calculated from these equations: a=7.854×10−5(Pf−Pi)t,    b=0.098×104 W0.001571(Pf+Pi)−0.0521,when a =rate of flow in cm3/sec.,
b =shearing stress in dynes/cm2,
Pf =final penetration during interval t, in decimillimeters,
Pi =initial penetration during interval t, in decimms.,
t =time interval in seconds,
W =weight of needle and instrument head in grams.
The first penetration in hard materials and the first several penetrations in soft materials give erratic data; otherwise no systematic errors have been observed, and accuracy depends upon the skill of the operator. As expected from plastometric theory and from previous work by other investigators: (1) Results are almost independent of the shearing stress used; (2) The mobility is affected by the shape of the surface of the material at the point of punch, while the yield value is unaffected; (3) Minus log m, which is mathematically equal to log viscosity when f=0, varies linearly with the temperature. (4) Yield values for asphalts from a particular crude stock vary linearly with the percent asphaltene content—the concentration of zero yield value being at 21.8 percent. (5) On aging, an asphalt increases in yield value and decreases in mobility. The author finds that on air-blowing two particular charge stocks, the melting point can be predicted from the mobility at 77 degrees F: m.p.=(−logm−r)/s+77,when r and s are constants characteristic of the charge stock.
RELATION OF LONG LINE CURRENTS TO SOIL CORROSION
Authors: Gill Stanely , Rogers W. F. 
Published: January 2005

``Stray currents'' from street electric railways and the like give rise to rapid corrosion of buried pipe lines. A type of currents similar to ``stray currents,'' but which occur at long distances from any possible external source of electric current, has been found on pipe lines. These currents are known as ``long line currents'' and are supposed to originate between the soil and the pipe. They frequently follow the pipe for miles without any change in amperage. To determine possible influence of these currents upon corrosion, measurements of their value were made on an 8-inch oil line upon which much corrosion trouble had been experienced. The line was removed from the ground and the extent of corrosion determined by inspection. Electrical resistivities of numerous samples of soil were determined.
From the data obtained, the following conclusions are drawn:
1. Discharge or accumulation of electric currents of the class which have been termed ``long line currents'' is, in general, without influence upon corrosion of buried pipe lines.
2. Electrical resistivity of soil correlates to a certain extent with corrosion of buried pipe; the relationship is not sufficiently consistent to be of practical value.
3. There is no consistent relationship between soil resistivity and the accumulation or discharge of ``long line currents.''
Information objects are hot, documents are not: the use of identifiers in online publishing
Authors: Cousins Jill , Neylon Eamonn 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTThe role of the Digital Object Identifier in allowing users to access required information with the minimum of effort and then to link to other relevant information is discussed. Its application to a commercial service at a high level of granularity, www.BlackwellSynergy.com, the online journal website of Blackwell Publishing Ltd, is described. The paper covers services for the user such as deep linking and discovery, services for the publisher such as viral marketing tools as well as a definition of an information object, and a possible future for the DOI.
Developing a model for e‐prints and open access journal content in UK further and higher education
Authors: Swan Alma , Needham Paul , Probets Steve , Muir Adrienne , Oppenheim Charles , O'Brien Ann , Hardy Rachel , Rowland Fytton , Brown Sheridan 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTA study carried out for the UK Joint Information Systems Committee examined models for the provision of access to material in institutional and subject‐based archives and in open access journals. Their relative merits were considered, addressing not only technical concerns but also how e‐print provision (by authors) can be achieved – an essential factor for an effective e‐print delivery service (for users). A ‘harvesting’ model is recommended, where the metadata of articles deposited in distributed archives are harvested, stored and enhanced by a national service. This model has major advantages over the alternatives of a national centralized service or a completely decentralized one. Options for the implementation of a service based on the harvesting model are presented.
Spreading the word: who profits from science publishing? A symposium held at the EuroScience Open Forum
Authors: Anguelov Simeon , Baruch Pierre , Praderie Françoise 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTAn account is given of the first EuroScience Open Forum and specifically of a symposium within it on the publication of scientific research. The scene‐setting presentations and the summary of the discussions are set out.
To publish or not to publish: that is the question?
Authors: Hemmings Brian , Rushbrook Peter , Smith Erica 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the factors that either encourage or discourage academics from publishing in peer‐reviewed sources. The authors draw on the findings of a study conducted at a large regional university in Australia. The findings, which are based on both quantitative and qualitative data, reveal that confidence in writing for peer‐reviewed publications was the chief factor in accounting for publication output. Other factors related to publishing output included gender, a strong work ethic, completion of a doctoral degree and seniority. The authors conclude that university managers could facilitate the production of publishing output by a number of means, e.g. targeting the building of writing confidence, supporting female academics, and offering incentives to pursue and complete doctoral studies.
Critical issues in the development of STM journal publishing
Authors: Hunter Karen 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTAccess to generations of scientific literature has never been more widespread. The advent of electronic publishing has improved the spread and speed of access while at the same time reducing unit costs. The current ‘open access’ debate raises interesting questions about the future of publishing and archiving. The declining growth of author‐pays titles, however, suggests that innovations that are sustainable long term and do not threaten the quality and integrity of scholarship are likely to be within the framework of the established model.
On synthetic technologies: the book, the university, the Internet
Authors: Yu Pauline 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTThis article examines the ‘synthetic’ – i.e. constructed and recombinant – histories of the book, the university and the Internet to argue that the vitality of the institution that links them all, the university press, will depend on yet further syntheses. These will include, in particular, an increasing commitment to the collaborative development of innovative digital technologies.
Too Paradoxical for Paradoxes: The Role of the Cynics in Two Mid-Sixteenth-Century French Texts, Charles Estienne's
Paradoxes
and Philibert de Vienne's
Le Philosophe de Court
Authors: Roberts Hugh 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

This article proposes an analysis of the role of the ancient Cynics in two mid-sixteenth-century French paradoxes or mock encomia. The Cynics, most famously represented by Diogenes of Sinope, constituted the most paradoxical school of ancient philosophy, since they devoted their lives to challenging convention (
doxa
) through seriocomic performance. The tradition of the mock encomium, particularly as inspired by Lucian, is seen to have influenced Erasmus, Rabelais, Montaigne and Bruscambille. The Cynics stand for a provocative paradoxical extreme to be rejected, sanitized or embraced. In Charles Estienne's
Paradoxes
, the Cynics are rendered less paradoxical than in other contemporary works so as to maintain the purely rhetorical nature of the text. In Philibert de Vienne's
Le Philosophe de court
, the paradoxical nature of ancient Cynicism is recognized but rejected as an unacceptable extreme. The presence of Diogenes is none the less disturbing: he not only unsettles the uneasy equilibrium between sociable anti-courtliness and neo-Cynicism, he also stands out as a dangerously radical example of self-fashioning. The Cynics are thereby seen to have the unusual effect of obliging playful texts to reveal their ideological ground.
Pour une lecture girardienne des
Bonnes
de Genet
Authors: Killeen Marie-Chantal 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Entées sur le rite, le sacré et l'immolation des victimes, les pistes de lecture traditionnelles des
Bonnes
de Jean Genet s'inscrivent dans ce que René Girard a appelé ‘l'ordre sacrificiel’. En somme, on y affirme que le rite des bonnes est innervé par le désir de purger leur haine pour leur maîtresse. Or, en simplifiant des sentiments beaucoup plus complexes et ambivalents qu'elle ne le laisse paraître, cette interprétation fait l'économie de la fascination qu'exerce Madame sur les bonnes, ainsi que la répulsion qu'éprouve chacune des sœurs face à son double. A travers les dérapages du jeu, on s'aperçoit petit à petit que la maîtresse n'est en fait qu'un écran servant à masquer le fait que c'est l'
autre
que l'on vise dans la cérémonie. En pointant Madame comme bouc émissaire du rite, cet article s'étaie sur le concept girardien du désir mimétique, moteur caché du mécanisme victimaire. Cette étude des
Bonnes
permet notamment de prendre en compte les éléments du jeu que les lectures dites ‘sacrificielles’ passent le plus souvent sous silence, tout en montrant en quoi la pièce de Genet, par sa liquidation du processus victimaire, dévie radicalement de la voie qu'esquisse Girard.

SOLANGE: Claire, je te défie de nous accuser d'un crime précis.
Death, Subjectivity, Temporality in Baudrillard and Heidegger
Authors: Hanlon Nick 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

This article explores the relationship between Baudrillard and Heidegger on the theme of death, and the implicit questions of subjectivity and temporality that this relationship raises. The Heideggerian concept of
Befindlichkeit
(‘situatedness’), crucial to the German philosopher's thinking on death, facilitates the uncovering of an aporia in Baudrillard's theorizing on temporality. This aporia leads us to a broader questioning of the later Baudrillard's astructurality, and, more generally, an approach to thinking involving pure critique, rather than (taking account of the
physis-logos
dynamic) advancing alternative structures which are open to critique: morphological structures, as they may be termed.

‘[…] Plus encor que la Vie,
La Mort nous tient souvent par des liens subtils’.

Baudelaire, ‘Semper Eadem’,
Les Fleurs du mal
Use of Chronic Epilepsy Models in Antiepileptic Drug Discovery: The Effect of Topiramate on Spontaneous Motor Seizures in Rats with Kainate‐induced Epilepsy
Authors: Grabenstatter Heidi L. , Ferraro Damien J. , Williams Philip A. , Chapman Phillip L. , Dudek F. Edward 
Published: January 2005

Summary:  Purpose: Potential antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are typically screened on acute seizures in normal animals, such as those induced in the maximal electroshock and pentylenetet‐razole models. As a proof‐of‐principle test, the present experiments used spontaneous epileptic seizures in kainate‐treated rats to examine the efficacy of topiramate (TPM) with a repeated‐measures, crossover protocol. Methods: Kainic acid was administered in repeated low doses (5 mg/kg) every hour until each Sprague–Dawley rat experienced convulsive status epilepticus for >3 h. Six 1‐month trials (n = 6–10 rats) assessed the effects of 0.3–100 mg/kg TPM on spontaneous seizures. Each trial involved six pairs of TPM and saline‐control treatments administered as intraperitoneal injections on alternate days with a recovery day between each treatment day. Data analysis included a log transformation to compensate for the asymmetric distribution of values and the heterogeneous variances, which appeared to arise from clustering of seizures. Results: A significant effect of TPM was observed for 12 h (i.e., two 6‐h periods) after a 30‐mg/kg injection, and full recovery from the drug effect was complete within 43 h. TPM exerted a significant effect at doses of 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg, and the effects of TPM (0.3–100 mg/kg) were dose dependent. Conclusions: These data suggest that animal models with spontaneous seizures, such as kainate‐ and pilocarpine‐treated rats, can be used efficiently for rapid testing of AEDs with a repeated‐measures, crossover protocol. Furthermore, the results indicate that this design allows both dose–effect and time‐course‐of‐recovery studies.
Detection of Epileptiform Activity by Human Interpreters: Blinded Comparison between Electroencephalography and Magnetoencephalography
Authors: Iwasaki Masaki , Pestana Elia , Burgess Richard C. , Lüders Hans O. , Shamoto Hiroshi , Nakasato Nobukazu 
Published: January 2005

Summary:  Purpose: Objectively to evaluate whether independent spike detection by human interpreters is clinically valid in magnetoencephalography (MEG) and to characterize detection differences between MEG and scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Methods: We simultaneously recorded scalp EEG and MEG data from 43 patients with intractable focal epilepsy. Raw EEG and MEG waveforms were reviewed independently by two experienced epileptologists, one for EEG and one for MEG, blinded to the other modality and to the clinical information. The number and localization of spikes detected by EEG and/or MEG were compared in relation to clinical diagnosis based on postoperative seizure freedom. Results: Interictal spikes were captured in both EEG and MEG in 31, in MEG alone in eight, in EEG alone in one, and in neither modality in three patients. The number of detections ranged widely with no statistical difference between modalities. A median of 25.7% of total spikes was detectable by both modalities. Spike localization was similarly consistent with the epilepsy diagnosis in 85.2% (EEG) and 78.1% (MEG) of the patients. Inaccurate localization occurred only in those cases with very few spikes detected, especially when the detections were in one modality alone. Conclusions: Interictal epileptiform discharges are easily perceived in MEG. Independent spike identification in MEG can provide clinical results comparable, but not superior, to EEG. Many spikes were seen in only one modality or the other; therefore the use of both EEG and MEG may provide additional information.
Pattern‐sensitive Epilepsy: Electroclinical Characteristics, Natural History, and Delineation of the Epileptic Syndrome
Authors: Radhakrishnan Kurupath , Louis Erik K. St. , Johnson Judith A. , McClelland Robyn L. , Westmoreland Barbara F. , Klass Donald W. 
Published: January 2005

Summary:  Purpose: To elucidate the electroclinical features and long‐term outcome of patients with pattern‐sensitive epilepsy. Methods: We reviewed the clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) findings of 73 (43 female and 30 male) patients in whom pattern‐sensitive epilepsy was diagnosed at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A.) from 1950 through 1999. We contacted patients and their relatives by letter or telephone to obtain the latest seizure and quality‐of‐life outcomes. Results: The median age at onset of seizures was 12.8 years (range, 0.6–32.9 years). Most patients had absence, myoclonic, or generalized tonic–clonic seizures. Interictal epileptiform discharges in the EEG were detected in 61 (83.6%) patients and were generalized in 54 (74%). Paroxysmal epileptiform discharges in the EEG elicited with standard patterns were all generalized in two thirds of patients but were restricted to the posterior head region in one‐third. Eight (11%) patients did not exhibit photosensitivity. Television was the most common precipitant [30 patients (41%)]. Twenty‐nine patients gave a clear history of one or more seizures precipitated while viewing environmental patterns such as window screens, garments, tablecloths, and ceiling tiles; the rest of the patients admitted that they preferred to avoid looking at patterned objects because these objects made them uncomfortable. The electroclinical features suggested juvenile myoclonic epilepsy in 14 patients, progressive myoclonus epilepsy in three, progressive familial cerebellar ataxia with myoclonus in two, and severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy in one. During a median follow‐up period of 15.7 years, 25 (45.5%) of 55 patients who were followed up for ≥5 years achieved complete seizure remission. The median age at remission was 24.4 years. The absence of progressive neurologic disease was correlated significantly with remission; a family history of seizures showed a trend in favor of remission. More than two thirds of the patients did not consider the seizures an impediment to their family life or to educational and occupational achievements. Conclusions: Although pattern sensitivity as a trait occurs in various epileptic syndromes, pattern‐sensitive epilepsy is a readily distinguishable subtype of the visually provoked reflex epilepsies. In our opinion, the location and extent of the excitable region or regions within the visual cortex concerned with different attributes of visual function dictate susceptibility to a specific trigger (intermittent light, pattern, or color) or closely related multiple triggers and the resultant electroclinical phenomenon.
Interleukin‐4 and Dexamethasone Counterregulate Extracellular Matrix Remodelling and Phagocytosis in Type‐2 Macrophages
Authors: Gratchev A. , Kzhyshkowska J. , Utikal J. , Goerdt S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlternatively activated macrophages (Mφ2) are induced by Th2 cytokines and by glucocorticoids (GC), and can be distinguished from classically activated effector macrophages (Mφ1) on the basis of their anti‐inflammatory properties. In addition, Mφ2 are involved in Th2/Th1 skewing, enhance antigen uptake and processing and support tissue remodelling and healing. In order to elucidate the heterogeneity of Mφ2 population systematically, we analysed a number of genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, inflammation and phagocytosis in Mφ2 populations generated with interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) or GC. Using real‐time polymerase chain reaction, we demonstrated that the ECM component, tenascin‐C, is stimulated by IL‐4, whereas it is suppressed by dexamethasone. The ECM remodelling enzymes – MMP‐1 and MMP‐12 – and tissue transglutaminase (TG) showed a similar regulation pattern. FXIIIa, another putative Mφ2‐associated TG, was synergistically regulated by IL‐4 and GC. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay analysis revealed that the production of Mφ2‐associated chemokines, AMAC‐1, MCP‐4 or TARC, was induced by IL‐4 and was modulated by GC. Phagocytosis of opsonized and non‐opsonized particles was stimulated by GC, whereas IL‐4 had only a modulatory effect, what may be partially explained by the expression pattern of hMARCO, a scavenger receptor for non‐opsonized particles, that was strongly and selectively induced by GC. In conclusion, stimulation of Mφ with IL‐4 and GC regulate antagonistically the expression of ECM remodelling‐related molecules and phagocytosis of opsonized and non‐opsonized particles.
Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms and Genetic Association with Coeliac Disease in the Finnish Population
Authors: Woolley N. , Mustalahti K. , Mäki M. , Partanen J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCoeliac disease (CD) is an intestinal disorder caused by intolerance to dietary gluten in susceptible individuals. The HLA‐DQ genes are major risk factors for CD, but other genes also play an important role in the disease susceptibility. Immune‐mediated mechanisms are known to underlie the pathogenesis of CD. We studied single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, interleukin (IL)‐10, IL‐6, interferon (IFN)‐γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α genes in the Finnish population using family‐based association approach. In addition, we genotyped a trinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain‐related protein A (MICA) gene, located in the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) region in the vicinity of TNF‐α. To control the effect of linkage disequilibrium between HLA‐DQ genes and MICA and TNF‐α, an HLA‐stratified association analysis was performed. We did not find evidence of association between TGF‐β1, IL‐10, IL‐6 and IFN‐γ polymorphisms and CD susceptibility. No association was found for any of the MICA alleles independently of DQ genes, whereas TNF‐α−308 A allele was slightly overrepresented on chromosomes carried by CD patients compared with control chromosomes, indicating that either TNF‐α, or another gene in linkage disequilibrium with it, could confer increased susceptibility to CD. This result supports the earlier findings that the HLA region harbours a novel susceptibility factor in addition to HLA‐DQ.