bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Separatist Mistake
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A DEEP mistake has colored value theory1. The mistake is believing in the general separability of the aesthetic and the moral. This mistake extends to insisting that the aesthetic is separated from all other human ends and activities— the scientific, political, religious, economic, and so on. I am concerned with the aesthetic and the ethical, but I believe that much of what I say applies to the other areas of human value. A variety of factors have led to and reinforced this mistake. But first let us consider three examples that foreground the issue. Gauguin: The example of the life of this French painter has recently figured in several writings of moral philosophers who discuss what is referred to as the “overridingness thesis.” (I summarize this discussion later.) Gauguin, with some remorse, left or, to put it less neutrally, deserted his family in order to travel to Tahiti to devote himself to a kind of painting that he evidently believed he could succeed at only in that island environment. Many people, even those who could not themselves possibly turn their backs on familial obligations, appreciate, even admire his decision.
“What poems are many private lives”: The Emerson Brothers
Authors: Bosco Ronald A , Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The combined intellectual and imaginative instincts of a philosopher, a historian, and an idealist steeped in humanistic tradition and possessing the rarest sensibility are required to conceive and then express in so few words a sentiment that acknowledges the poetry residing in the recesses of “many private lives.” For Ralph Waldo Emerson, a master of humanistic tradition who possessed the liberal sensibility of one conversant in multiple disciplines, the ability to articulate this sentiment in 1834 meant that he had personally assimilated two fundamental truths about human experience.
Works for Piano in a Central European Style
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Granados grew up playing the music of Schumann, Chopin, and Liszt. This Central European literature was the sum and substance of his musical infancy and adoles-cence, and it supplied the foundation for everything he was later to do. Not only did he play this music, but he no doubt improvised many waltzes and mazurkas à la Chopin during his stints as a café entertainer. As noted earlier, Pedrell was astounded at his knowledge of repertoire and ability to acquire music. By this he meant not only Granados’s facility, his capacity to get the notes “under his fingers” quickly, but also his complete assimilation of the melodic gestures, harmonic language, and rhythmic traits that distinguish a composer’s style.
Goyescas
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most famous and enduring of Granados’s majismo creations is the piano suite in two “books” entitled Goyescas: Los majos enamorados (Goyescas: The Majos in Love). The individual numbers of book 1 are “Los requiebros” (The Flirtations), “El colo- quio en la reja” (Dialogue at the Window), “El fandango de candil” (The Fandango by Candlelight), and “Quejas o La maja y el ruiseñor” (Complaints, or The Maja and the Nightingale); of book 2, “El amory la muerte” (Love and Death) and “Epílogo: Serenata del espectro” (Epilogue: The Ghost’s Serenade).
Neurologic Manifestations of Acid-Base Derangements, Electrolyte Disorders, and Endocrine Crises
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critically ill patients, by nature of their illness, display a gamut of homeostatic imbalances. These aberrations are not always consequential, and overlapping or simultaneously mounting physiologic disturbances do not in all instances explain the neurologic features at the bedside. What the ultimate clinical response will be in any given patient with any degree of acute metabolic crisis is virtually impossible to predict.
Metarepresentation and Conceptual Change: Evidence from Williams Syndrome
Authors: Carey Susan , Johnson Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abnormal development sometimes provides a unique vantage point from which to view normal development. Data on autism has enriched our understanding of the normal development of a theory of mind (Baron-Cohen, 1995; Baron-Cohen, Leslie, & Frith, 1985; Frith, 1989). The analysis of data from deaf children who are late learners of American Sign Language has extended our understanding of normal language ac quisition (Newport, 1990), and data from blind children has been brought to bear on the question of the role of visual input in language acquisition (Landau & Gleitman, 1985).
Exterminations of Bird Populations
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many bird species of oceanic islands have become extinct in modern times after Europeans reached the islands. These extinctions have been caused by direct and indirect effects of humans, such as habitat destruction, introductions of mammalian predators and herbivores, introductions of nonnative bird species, and overhunting. Recent discoveries of subfossil birds at archaeological sites have revealed even more extinctions that occurred after oceanic islands had first been settled by preindustrial peoples but before modern literate observers or ornithologists arrived. Still other island species, while still extant today, have suffered drastic range contractions through extinctions of their populations on some islands. Extinctions of island birds are best known for Hawaii, New Zealand, and the Mascarenes, but they have now been documented for all paleontologically explored Pacific islands east of the Solomons, as well as for the West Indies and South Atlantic islands (e.g., Olson & James 1982, Steadman & Olson 1985, Steadman 1989, 1993, 1995,James & Olson 1991, Steadman& Kirch 1998, Steadman et al. 1999).
Family Composition
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part III completes the presentation of background material by introducing Northern Melanesia’s resident native avifauna, whose colonization routes and speciation are analyzed in the remainder of the book. This chapter describes the avifauna’s family composition and compares it with that of the principal source avifauna, the avifauna of New Guinea. Chapters 9-12 go on to discuss variation in total number of resident bird species among Northern Melanesian islands and variation in ecologically important properties (level of endemism, habitat preference, abundance, and dispersal ability, plus number, area, and species richness of islands occupied)among Northern Melanesian bird species.
Proximate Origins of Northern Melanesian Populations
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the main routes by which the ancestors of Northern Melanesia’s bird populations arrived? Can one identify not only the proximate geographic source of the colonists, but also a more ultimate geographic source from which those colonists originated? These and related questions about colonization routes form the subject of part IV of our book. To illustrate the types of evidence available for answering these questions and to understand the distinction between proximate and ultimate origins, let us begin with an example: the origins of the Northern Melanesian population of Blyth’s hornbill, Rhyticeros plicatus. Blyth’s hornbill, whose distribution, taxonomy, and relationships are detailed on p. 387 of appendix 1, is the sole species of its family occurring in New Guinea and Northern Melanesia. The hornbill family as a whole (Bucerotidae) consists of 14 genera with about 45 species, of which 22 species live in Africa, 19 in the Indomalayan region, four (including R. plicatus) in Wallacea, and only one (R. plicatus) in the Australian region (Sanft 1960, Forshaw amp; Cooper 1983-94, Kemp 1995). The four species of Wallacea and the Australasian region belong to two genera, both of which have their other populations concentrated in the Indomalayan region.
The Problem of Speciation
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most unyielding problems of evolutionary biology has been the problem of speciation. How does one species give rise to several daughter species? Darwin was confronted by this problem in 1837, when he began to study the collections that he had accumulated during the voyage of the Beagle. The philosopher John Herschel referred to speciation as the “mystery of mysteries.” Sadly, Darwin failed to arrive at the correct answer to this question in his book On the Origin of Species, whose title suggests that it is devoted to the question’s solution. In reality, Darwin’s book is instead devoted to establishing the fact of evolutionary change with time (see fig. 0.1 for the distinction) and to elucidating the mechanism of natural selection that underlies evolutionary change.
Conclusions about Speciation
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This last section of the book brings together our conclusions. The present chapter begins by assembling our conclusions about speciation: we reconsider the biological species concept, use the separate snapshots of species distributions to reconstruct the course of speciation with its main trends and variants, and discuss the establishment of isolates and the role of peripheral isolates. Chapter 35 examines species differences as expressed in the evolution of dispersal, the so-called taxon cycle, and the heterogeneity of the montane avifauna. In the final chapter, we suggest some promising directions for future research. Consider again the historical background of the biological species concept. When scholars began in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to classify, describe, and name natural history specimens, ranging from birds and plants to rocks, they understandably used a phenetic (morphological, typological) species concept for birds and plants just as they did for rocks. That concept could be applied by a museum taxonomist sorting out natural history specimens that someone else had collected and of which the taxonomist had no field experience. For instance, among Northern Melanesian birds, the bright green male and the bright red female of the eclectus parrot, Eclectus roratus, were initially described as separate species; the high percentage of missexed specimens in the nineteenth century postponed the day when taxonomists would recognize the true relationship of these two taxa.
Vocal Requirements of Twentieth-Century Music: Common Characteristics
Authors: Mabry Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the singer’s most important goals should be the development of a smooth legato connection between pitches, enabling the vocal tone to flow from one register of the voice to the next without undue stress on the musculature controlling the action of the vocal cords. Pedagogues disagree when establishing a practice routine for the development of this essential vocal technique. Some concentrate on elongating the sung vowels while making the intermittent consonants short and crisp.
The New Language of Notation
Authors: Mabry Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Notation, whether traditional or modern in concept, is full of variables. When it is translated into sound it is not possible to have an exact replica of that notation with each performance. The performers’ musical finesse and sensitivity, and their intellectual understanding of the musical symbols and their ramifications, contribute to the final interpretation of the simplest musical notations. When the notations are more complex and less well understood, these factors have a greater effect on the outcome.
Early Years and Education 1920-1939
Authors: Prebble John , Weber Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter Dennis N[itchell was born on 29 September 192() in a two-story semi-detached house at H) Rustic Avenue in the middle-class London suburb of Mitcham, Surrey. His fother, Christopher Gibbs Mitchell, was 31 and his mother, Kate Beatrice Dorothy (nee Taplin) Mitchell, was 27. They had married in 1914 just before World War l broke out An older son, Christopher John (Bill) Mitchell, was born in 1916.The Mitchell family was from DorSE&gt;t, but it is not dear how many generations may have lived there or what occupation they followed. Family lore was that they were descended from seventeenth-century French Huguenot immigrants named Nfichelle and the name had beenanglicized to Mitchell. Although some of the family suspect that a few of their ancestors were engaged in smuggling,l Peter Mitchell liked to think that at least some of his forebears had been pirates in the English Channel.2 What is certain is that Peter Mitchell’s grandfather, Christopher Mitchell, was trained as a stone mason but rose to be manager of a quarry in Portland, the Portland Stone Works. Christopher Mitchell was ambitious and an able businessman whose investments included the firm Minimax, which made fire extinguishers and of which he later became director. Probably in the 188ns he moved to Peckham, London, and became a clerk of works employed by the London County Council. His quMrying expertise led to his forming a pMtnership with Matthew Ascot Rowe, who had made his fortune in the United States. The firm Rowe and Mitchell brought granite from quarries in Alderney to London to make road surfacing for the various London boroughs. Christopher Mitchell married Margaret Way of Weymouth and had two sons, Christopher Gibbs Mitchell, born in 1889, and Godfrey Way Mitchell, born in 1891.
Daily Rhythms In Single-Cell Organisms
Authors: Palmer John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We will now leave human-rhythm studies and return to other interesting members of the living kingdom; the next few chapters will build a background of knowledge leading to the discoveries of the clockworks described in Chapter 9.
The majority of chronobiologists work only on multicellular organisms, but, as you have already seen, single-cell plants and animals also undergo clock-controlled rhythms that are fascinating and fundamental to the arcana surrounding the living clock. We will look at a few more examples in this chapter.
Let’s begin with algal rhythms that do not match the period of the tide; these rhythms are equal in length to the interval of a day.
One reads—usually annually—of the appearance of large colored stains forming in the ocean just offshore. If that is all that happened, even though it could be pictured by a TV camera, and even though the spot may be blood colored as it sometimes is, it would probably not be worthy of news hype.
Chaeronea 2 August 338 B.C.
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 359 B.C., Philip of Macedon became king of his country. For some time, he had to suppress rival contenders to the throne, but he managed to solidify his claim and began turning Macedon from a second-rate power into the base of a world empire. He did this through the development of the Macedonian army into the finest fighting machine of the age. Spending time in Thebes in his early twenties, Philip became an admirer of things Greek and fashioned his political skills after the best minds of Greece at the time. The timing of his rise to power is key, for the Greek city-states were more divided than usual. Philip was able to play power politics in Greece by cajoling, complimenting, threatening, or bribing various factions into cooperating with him.
Kai-Hsia 203 B.C.
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Established in the eleventh century B.C., the Chou dynasty had been seriously weakened after the loss of its capital city in 771. The dynasty reestablished itself to the east in Loyang in the central Chinese plains. It flourished for a time, but by the fourth century B.C. a number of rulers began to claim independence for their regions. Eight kingdoms emerged, and, although the Chou dynasty officially still existed, each of the kings strove to establish his for a century and a half(401-256 B.C.) in what has come to be called the Era of the Warring States. In 256, a new ruler came to the throne of the westernmost state, Ch’in. As ruler, his title was Ch’in Shi Huang-ti. Between 230 and 221 B.C., Shi Huang-ti conquered his seven rivals and unified China into an empire. His reign was relatively brief, and he left behind no strong successor after his death in 210, so rebellions quickly began breaking out across the new empire.
Beth-Horon October(66)
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
War between the ancient Jews and the Romans seems, in retrospect, almost a foregone conclusion. Since the first direct Roman influence in the area, that of the consul Pompey in 63 B.C., the worldly Romans and the religious Jews had too little in common to ever live together peacefully. Pompey’s support of one claimant to the Judean throne over his brother led to a long series of incidents in which the ruling power of Rome offended the Jews. For the next century, Rome installed one ruler after another, each loyal to his benefactor to the detriment of the locals. Under the reign of King Herod (43-4 B.c.), foreign culture, especially foreign religious practices, became an everyday and much resented part of Jewish life. Herod’s Hellenistic views, as well as his brutal actions toward anyone he perceived as a threat, provoked an orreaction led by the Pharisee sect-pious legalises with a reverence for the Torah as it applied to all facets of everyday life.
Chalons 20 June 451
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The population called Huns by Europeans emigrated from Asia, where they were probably called the Hsung-nu of modern China. Their origins are impossible to define accurately, but it is supposed that they were a forerunner of the Mongols and were possibly the reason the first section of the Great Wall of China was built. Unable to expand into the more settled regions of China, the Hsung-nu migrated westward over several centuries, driving other populations before them. Other peoples of similar stock may have populated as far as Finland, and the “barbarian” invasions that aided in toppling the Roman Empire were both racially similar to and driven westward by the Hsung-nu. They spread over a vast area and fought everyone with whom they came in contact, defeating and demanding tribute from tribes south of the Caucasus that were part of the later Persian Empire. After they crossed the Don River in modern Russia in 375, these nomads came to be called “Huns,” and their arrival put pressure on the Alans, Goths, and other eastern European tribes. Through the latter part of the fourth century into the first quarter of the fifth, they conquered territory north of the Danube as far west as modern Germany, with occasional raids against the Eastern Roman Empire’s capital of Constantinople.
Constantinople August 717-15August 718
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mohammed the Prophet had a public career of 10 years, 622-632. He died without publicly naming a successor, and his close associate Abu Bakr was elected to succeed him. His time in power was only 2 years. Upon his death, Omar reigned as caliph, or deputy, the religious and political head of lslam. For 10 years, Omar oversaw the spread of lslam into Byzantine territory, Persia, Syria, modern Iraq, and Egypt. It spread farther under the caliphate of Othman (644-656), ultimately reaching the Atlantic shore of North Africa, as well as Armenia and Afghanistan in the east. Othman was assassinated, however, and thereafter Islam split into two major factions: the followers of Mohammed’s nephew Ali became the Shi’ites, and the supporters of the Syrian governor Muawiya started the Sunni faction. Muawiya finally came to exercise control by establishing the Umayyad dynasty, which ruled from Damascus between 661 and 750.
Hakatabay November 1274 and June-August 1281
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1259, Kubilai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, established himself as the first monarch of the Yuan dynasty in China. As he was in the process of imposing Mongol rule over all of China, only the crumbling Sung dynasty in southern China remained as yet unconquered. With Mongol hegemony in place over Korea, Kubilai looked at the island nation ofJapan as his next target. In 1268, he sent envoys to theJapanese government, demanding recognition of his suzerainty over Japan. The alternative, Kubilai was clear in pointing out, was war. The Japanese leadership at the time was in the hands of an 18-year-old, Hojo Tokimune. He was head of the bakufu, the military administration that ruled in the name of the emperor. The threat could not be treated as anything but genuine; Japanese contacts in Koreaand ship captains from the Sung ports assured the bakufu of the aggressive Mongol nature.
Trafalgar 21 October I 805
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After his failed venture in Egypt in 1798, Napoleon managed to land squarely on his feet. He overthrew the ruling body of the French government, the Directory, and established a three-member Consulate, with himself as First Consul. He broke up the alliance of countries arrayed against him, the 2nd Coalition (England, Austria, and Russia), by defeating the Austrians at Marengo in June 1800. Then he faced his greatest enemy, England. Napoleon knew that to make successful war against England he would need both allies and ships. To this end, he attempted forming a coalition of his own, but the Royal Navy’s victory in the Battle of Copenhagen in April 1802 scuttled it. Still, he hoped that by negotiation or conquest he could control the ports of Europe. That would give him, he reasoned, the bases to amass a multinational fleet and at the same time deny the English trade access into the Continent. In the meantime, a naval demonstration toward Egypt should draw the bulk of the English Royal Navy there, giving Napoleon the opportunity to rush an invasion fleet of small craft across the English Channel.
Antietam (Sharpsburg) 17 September 1862
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the election of 1860, the prospect of living under Republican President Abraham Lincoln held no appeal for Americans in the Southern states. They viewed him as an abolitionist who would work to end slavery, upon which the economy of the South was largely based. The Southern states had long held views of states’ rights, wherein the federal government in Washington should have little influence over the decisions made at the state level. Starting in mid-December, Southern states followed South Carolina’s lead in seceding from the Union, the ultimate states’ rights action. By early February 1861, seven states had formed the Confederate States of America and elected Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as their president. This may have proven a viable attempt at independence, but on 12 April 1961 the newly formed Confederate army opened fire on Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. The fort was garrisoned by Union troops, who surrendered after some 38 hours of artillery fire. Until this point, the actions of the Southern states was one of political theory. Once that first shot was fired, however, Lincoln’s decisions were made for him. This was rebellion, and he had no choice but to call for volunteers.