bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
At the End of a Journey: The Risks of Cold-War Thinking in a New Era
Authors: Butler Lee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is distressingly evident that, for many people, nuclear weapons retain an aura of utility, of primacy, and of legitimacy, that justifies their existence well into the future, in some number, however small. The persistence of this view, which is perfectly reflected in the modifications of US nuclear-weapons policy in recent years, lies at the core of the concern that moves me so deeply. This abiding faith in nuclear weapons was inspired and is sustained by a catechism instilled over many decades by a priesthood who speak with great assurance and authority. I was for many years among the most avid of these keepers of the faith in nuclear weapons, and for that I make no apology. Like my con temporaries, I was moved by fears and fired by beliefs that date back to the earliest days of the atomic era.
Poverty and Income Distribution
Authors: Ellis Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to link the livelihoods approach put forward in Chapter 2 to the wider body of knowledge concerning poverty and inequality in rural areas of low-income countries. After providing a brief overview of poverty concepts and policy agendas in this section, the chapter goes on to relate poverty measurement to the livelihoods context, and to consider arguments and case-study evidence that have been put forward linking livelihood strategies to income levels and to income inequality. As elsewhere in this book, diversification is utilised as a key theme helping to illustrate the interactions between livelihood strategies, poverty and inequality.
Main Banks, CrAuthorConcentration, and the Resolution of Financial Distress in Japan
Authors: Brian J. Hall , Weins Tein David E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How important are firm-bank relationships? It is often argued that bank relationships are important in overcoming financial frictions that can distort the behaviour of firms. Such bank relationships are thought to be especially important when firms are in financial distress because informationgathering and monitoring performed by banks may help to overcome informational and free-rider problems associated with diffuse debt-holding. Thus, firms with strong ties to banks may be able to weather financial distress better than firms without such ties, giving such firms a more stable, informed, and committed source of financing. Consistent with this, there is some evidence that firms with strong bank ties are able to maintain investment after the onset of financial distress better than firms without such ties.1
Conceptualizing Women’s Empowerment in Countries of the North
Authors: England Paula 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Policy-makers and scholars have recently given substantial attention to the question of whether the empowerment of women in poorer, Southern nations can contribute to policy goals such as decreasing fertility and increasing economic development (United Nations, 1994; McIntosh and Finkle, 1995). But should they care about women’s empowerment in the relatively affluent, highly industrialized nations, lying largely in the Northern hemisphere?1 Feminists advocate women’s empowerment for women’s own sake in all nations, even if it does not contribute to other policy goals, arguing that women’s basic human rights include having living standards and power equal to that of men. In this view, women’s empowerment does not need to contribute to any policy goals other than equality for women to be of scholarly and policy interest. If one agrees with this, as I do, then it is important to study the empowerment of women in the nations of the North, despite the fact that these nations’ fertility is already at or below replacement levels and average levels of consumption are probably as high or higher than is ecologically sustainable.
The compliance record
Authors: Lachowski Zdzislaw 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The relevance and viability of an international agreement can be measured by the extent to which the agreement is implemented and by the degree of compliance with its terms. The record of CSRM implementation is generally positive, but the history of post cold-war CSHM compliance also provides numerous cases in which states have not conformed or have only partially conformed to the provisions of the Vienna Document.
Does money determine UK inflation over the long run?
Authors: Hendry David F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Inflation has long been the focus of theoretical, empirical, and policy debates, yet despite a huge literature, there are few eclectic studies of long runs of data. Most analyses have adopted specific perspectives or objectives, such as testing the impact of money growth on inflation, or building a model of price determination from costs and mark-ups. When other determinants may matter, little confidence can be placed in the outcomes of partial analyses. Here, we contrast a model of UK inflation over the last century and a quarter-where most extant theories of inflation are given the opportunity to matter, so that no ‘single cause’ explanation is imposed from the outset-with a model based on an inverted money-demand equation (from Ericsson et al. 1998).
Monetary policy: general discussion
Authors: Morgan Marys. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In writing down this little three-equation system I meant at least two of those equations to refer to blocks of equations. One of the studies that I was talking about, the one by Brayton et al. (1997), was using as their model the Fed’s existing model which has, say, fifty stochastic equations and a bunch of identities, but the logical structure of it was as I was describing. So I did not feel that anything I was saying really hinged on the model being small.
Growth models and the explanation of the forces behind development processes
Authors: Labini Paolo Sylos 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Modern economic theory was born little more than two centuries ago with Adam Smith as a science concerning the economic development of nations; today we have a formal science based on an essentially static framework; only after the Second World War we have had a number of growth models, most of which share the serious shortcomings of neoclassical economics, whose foundations are static.
Interdisciplinary Legal Scholarship As Guilty Pleasure: The Case of Law and Literature
Authors: Baron Jane B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Legal scholarship has increasingly borrowed from other, non-law, disciplines; as it has done so, legal scholars have taken increasing interest in the possibilities and limits of interdisciplinarity. Tellingly, virtually all discussions of interdisciplinary scholarship call upon two related metaphors. The first is a metaphor of border-guarding. This is an immigrant—emigrant scholarship, employing tropes of insiders and outsiders, residents and aliens; it relies on images of imperialism, scavenging, and parasitism. The second metaphor is one of fidelity. This metaphoric realm employs tropes of seduction, enchantment, betrayal, faithlessness and abandonment, calling on images of marriage, adultery, and divorce. The two metaphors are linked by a common theme, the theme of boundaries that can be respected or crossed.
The Bible, Law and Liberation: Towards A Politico-Legal Hermeneutics of the Sermon on the Mount
Authors: Gearey* Adam 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is only with a proper consideration of the Bible that law and literature can achieve its promised radical insights into the law. Given the confines of this paper, the focus will be on an episode from the New Testament, the Sermon on the Mount in Matthew’s Gospel. It will be argued that this is the key passage for a realization of the critical and counter-hegemonic energies of the Bible. Why a literary reading of the Bible? This assumes, already, a perspective outside faith; but this should be seen not so much as a rejection, but a dialogue. The usefulness of the literary is that it allows the reader to take the position of an interpreter neither completely within nor outside the Christian tradition. It allows a reading that attempts to explain both why the Bible remains a profoundly provocative text, while resisting the dogmatic restraints which come from being wholly within a Christian theological perspective.
Rivka Yoselewska on the Stand: The Structure of Legality and the Construction of Heroic Memory at the Eichmann Trial
Authors: Douglas Lawrence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last pages of Eichmann in Jerusalem, Hannah Arendt arrogates unto herself the voice of juridical authority, supplying the missing terms of the decision that she believes should have been written by the Jerusalem court. Whatever we may think of this imagined act of judicial usurpation, it highlights Arendt’s belief that the Eichmann trial was, in the final analysis, a legal failure. At the heart of her critique lies a strict and formal separation between the legal and the extralegal—specifically, the belief that, as she put it, ‘the purpose of a trial is to render justice, and nothing else; even the noblest of ulterior purposes [such as teaching history] ... can only detract from the law’s main business: to weigh the charges brought against the accused, to render judgment, and to mete out due punishment’.
Victorian Narrative Jurisprudence
Authors: Krueger Christine L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Advocacy by legal scholars on behalf of narrative in legal reasoning might strike students of Victorian social problem literature as urging us ‘back to the future’. On the one hand, we may be heartened that members of one of the professions which discredited literary authors as sources of political insight are promoting the value of storytelling in deciding court cases and deliberating public policy. Their vision of public discourse recalls the cultural conditions of the last century, when men of letters, if not women, might also be men of law, and when overtly political literature commanded sufficient public attention on social questions to be considered pernicious by some jurists, like Sir James Fitzjames Stephen. Once again, the voice of Shelley is heard in the land: ‘poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world’. If esteemed law school professors like Robert Weisberg say so, perhaps it is, after all, true. On the other hand, as much as we may be drawn to this heady blend of imagination and social activism—a combination which probably attracted many of us to our field of study and might promise to return literature from its exile on the margins of hedonistic consumerism—it is difficult to ignore the objections raised by literary historical scholarship on the rise of print culture, the professionalization of authorship, and, above all, the intimate connections between aesthetics and the bourgeois social order.
Mauvais Sang: The Flight of the Female
Authors: Powrie Phil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘MA u v A Is Sang’ is, famously, the first major section of Rimbaud’s Une saison en enfer. This is a collection of prose poems of revolt and disillusion in which Rimbaud rejects the society he lives in and harks back to more ‘primitive’ ancestors, longing for an escape which he knows he cannot have. The collection ends in what one of the editors of his work has called ‘a desperate serenity’ (Rimbaud I 972: 958). The film of the same title thus immediately establishes its pitch: iconoclastic revolt, disillusion, regret. Rimbaud is not the only intertext, and I shall be exploring the significance of the many other intertexts in the first part of this chapter, before discussing the noirish intersection between sexuality and revolt. But here I would like to stress the iconoclastic element, since this film caused a considerable sensation when released, as can be judged by some of the comments made by reviewers:
Conclusion
Authors: Powrie Phil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
THE films of the r 980s studied in this book have shown a tendency to dwell on the discomfiture of the male. This has usually been at the expense of women characters, exemplifying Mulvey’s view of mainstream cinema. Women are either relegated to the status of erotic objects, fetishized so that they will not threaten; or the male becomes the object of desire, the women being blamed or punished. For example, Le Papet is given a tragic apotheosis in Manon des Sources, the granddaughter being ‘married off’ and given little weight in the film’s closure, in spite of the film’s title, compared to the self-inflicted pain of the patriarch who has unwittingly caused his son’s death. Alex in Mauvais Sang dies a hero, the ‘fault’ being Anna’s because she did not love him. Antoine in Tenue de soiree ‘becomes’ a woman and ends up controlling the narrative’s truth value by his final gaze at the camera, while Monique, who was already a ‘woman’, ‘becomes’ less than one, relegated to the position of the dog at the end of the conjugal bed. Even films by women have been problematic. Coup de foudre excludes the typically aggressive male while yearning for the lost father. And in Trois hommes et un couffin, where the men are constructed as mothers, the film yearns for their lost laddishness.
The West
Authors: Millard Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The West is more than simply a geographical region of the United States, it is the cardinal direction that has come to represent, with all its frontier associations, something uniquely American. As Wallace Stegner put it, ‘America is the West’. Expressing a sense of the vast open spaces west of the Mississippi, Gertrude Stein wrote that ‘In the United States there is more space where nobody is than where any¬ body is. That is what makes America what it is’. Frederick Jackson Turner famously argued in 1893 that ‘American social development has been continually beginning over again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion west ward with its new opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American character’. Turner believed that the history of European colonization of the West, the experience of the frontier, represented the first truly American experience, and argued that it was in the West that the United States really distinguished itself from Europe.
Consumerism, Media, Technology
Authors: Millard Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The United States is overwhelmingly a free-enterprise culture, a market economy in which commercial and industrial progress is fundamental to the structure and fabric of society, and in the twentieth century America has been in the vanguard of technological and business innovation associated especially with mass production and investment capital. In American capitalism the forces of the marketplace are paramount and concepts of private ownership, property, and the drive towards profit are integral to social organization. As Henry Ford once said, ‘There is something sacred about big business. Anything which is economically right is morally right.’ Moreover, there is often a close association between the idea of freedom and economic prosperity;
Morocco
Authors: Jack Belinda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
That a francophone literature emerged both later and less prolifically in Morocco than was the case in Algeria can be explained by a number of differences between the two countries, in particular their relationships with France. The French colonial, and more specifically cultural, influence in Morocco was less marked. Nor was there a significant French colonial literature or body of texts written by Frenchmen about Morocco, on which Moroccan writers could draw, or against which they could write, re-forming the Moroccan and the country in a different image.
Lebanon
Authors: Jack Belinda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The French presence in the Lebanon begins with the Crusades. The French language, however, in an already polyglot country, became important only in the sixteenth century when Frarnçois I signed agreements with the Ottomans (1535) allowing the entry of traders and missionaries who were to act as the purveyors of French culture and, most importantly, of the language.
The Republic at its Zenith, II: 1659-1672
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A new era commenced in both parts of the Netherlands with the end of the great Franco-Spanish war of 1635-59. The peace of the Pyrenees (1659) which concluded the Franco-Spanish conflict, a struggle which dominated the affairs of western Europe for a quarter of a century, also signalled a fundamental change in Spain’s role in the Netherlands and in that of the Republic in the southern provinces. Before 1659, the Republic had had no role in the south and, since 1648, it had been free of any entanglement by land liable to threaten its security or commerce. The Dutch had come under heavy pressure from England. But the English threat, severe though it was, was confined to the maritime sphere and the Indies. Until 1659, Spain had shouldered the burden of containing French power in western Europe and of fortifying the south Netherlands.
Denouement
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The revolutionary government in Paris decided to acknowledge the Batavian Republic but, at the same time (yielding to pressure at home to extract compensation for the war the Republic had fought against France, since 1793), a 100 million guilder indemnity was imposed and States Flanders and Venlo, Roermond, and Maastricht annexed to France. Ceding States Flanders also meant that the Republic had to accept the permanent lifting of the Scheidt restrictions which had been in force since 1585.
Conquest and settlement
Authors: Frame Robin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During this period all the countries of the British Isles were affected by conquests and colonization. To some extent these may be regarded as flowing, however indirectly, from the victory of Duke William of Normandy at Hastings in October 1066. But they also need to be viewed in a European setting, and not merely because the political link between England and Normandy inaugurated by the Norman Conquest continued to affect Britain and Ireland for several generations. The archipelago was just one of the areas exploited by the French-speaking aristocracy rooted in the former Roman province of Gaul, whose expansion, at its height during the late eleventh and twelfth centuries, also led to the creation of principalities and lordships in the western and eastern Mediterranean. Occasionally an individual career provides a reminder of the broader scene: William Pantulf, founder of the line of barons of Wern in Shropshire, had been in the circle of Robert Guiscard in southern Italy. The growth of population that marked these centuries is also significant. It prompted an enlargement of the area of land under cultivation and offered opportunities for entrepreneurial lordship. These trends, which peaked in England in the second half of the thirteenth century, had obvious implications for the extension of Anglo-Norman activity into Wales and Ireland.
Declining advantage: the British economy
Authors: Garside W R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The success and stability of the British economy during most of the 1990s masks the extent to which there has been growing concern since at least the last quarter of the nineteenth century over the country’s economic performance compared to that of Europe and America. Indeed, relative as opposed to absolute economic ‘decline’ has been the dominant framework of interpretation of economic change for the greater part of the twentieth century. If we limit ourselves to an aggregate measure of economic output, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per head, fluctuations in which affect the economy’s overall rate of growth, it is clear that the country’s performance for the greater part of the century in real terms has been good in relation to its own past but less favourable when compared to other major industrialized nations, as Table 6.1 shows.
Subjects, Power, and l&lt;nowledge: Description and Prescription in Feminist Philosophies of Science
Authors: Longino Helen E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Feminists, faced with traditions in philosophy and in science that are deeply hostile to women, have had practically to invest new and more appropriate ways of knowing the world. These new ways have been less invention out of whole cloth than the revival or re-evaluation of alternative or suppressed traditions. They range from the celebration of insight into nature through identification with it to specific strategies of survey research in the social sciences. Natural scientists and lay persons anxious to see the sciences change have celebrated Barbara McClintock’s loving identification with various aspects of the plants she studied, whether whole organism or its chromosomal structure revealed under the microscope.
The End of Agreement: Collective Labour Law, 1964– 1970
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 4, we saw how the Labour Governments of 1964 and 1965 sought to modernize the economy; and how that initiative became subverted into a series of increasingly desperate manreuvres to control wage inflation. What began in 1964 as a great exercise in identifying and implementing positive economic and industrial strategies had by 1968 become a search for short-term defensive tactics to protect incomes policies dependent on coercion as the consensus necessary to sustain them proved increasingly lacking. For a number of reasons, which are of great interest and concern to us in this narrative, the Labour government responded to this set of problems by making plans for significant changes in the structure of labour legislation, plans published in the White Paper In Place of Strife in January 1969. Those proposals were to prove abortive, but the political struggle which they produced did much to weaken the Labour government and led to the election, in 1970, of a Conservative government pledged to introduce its own legislation to reform industrial relations-enacted in due course as the Industrial Relations Act 1971.
Reducing the Power of Trade Unions, 1979–1990
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter and the next, we describe the history of labour legislation and government policy relating to labour legislation from 1979 to 1990. This means that we are concerned with the labour legislation policy of the three successive Conservative governments elected in 1979, 1983, and 1987, and with the period during which Margaret Thatcher was the Prime Minister.1 One of the main concerns of this book is to relate the developments of these years to those of the period from the end of the Second World War down to 1979. That relationship appeared to redefine itself as the 1980s progressed, and as the changes in labour legislation policy appeared to be more and more fundamental, and greater and greater in their cumulative effect. Hindsight seemed increasingly to confirm that 1979 had been a watershed, and to illuminate the enormity of the transformation brought about since then.