bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Past Decade of Experience With Isolated Hepatic Perfusion
Authors: Grover Amelia , Alexander H. Richard 
Published: November 2004

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Discuss the principles of regional therapy for unresectable primary or metastatic cancer confined to the liver. Explain the principles of isolated perfusion of the liver. Describe the efficacy and toxicity of isolated perfusion of the liver.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Metastatic or primary unresectable cancers confined to the liver are the sole or life-limiting component of disease for many patients with colorectal cancer, ocular melanoma, neuroendocrine tumors, or primary colangio- or hepatocellular carcinomas. Regional treatment strategies including infusional chemotherapy and local ablative therapy are under investigation, but have limitations with respect to the clinical conditions under which they can be employed. Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) was first clinically applied over 40 years ago, but because of its technical complexity, the attendant potential morbidity, and the lack of documented efficacy, it has not enjoyed consistent or widespread evaluation. In light of the antitumor activity with isolated limb perfusion with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and melphalan in patients with unresectable extremity sarcoma or in transit melanoma, this regimen has been administered via IHP at several centers worldwide for patients with unresectable liver cancers. IHP with TNF and melphalan can result in significant regression of advanced refractory cancers from multiple histologies confined to the liver. Patient selection is important to ensure good results with minimal morbidity and mortality. Work to define the appropriate clinical groups is ongoing at many clinical centers.
Increased blood–brain barrier permeability with thymidine phosphorylase deficiency
Authors: Szigeti K. , Sule N. , Adesina A. M. , Armstrong D. L. , Saifi G. M. , Bonilla E. , Hirano M. , Lupski J. R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy is an autosomal recessive multisystemic disorder caused by thymidine phosphorylase deficiency. Whereas the pathomechanism of the secondary mitochondrial dysfunction has been extensively studied, that of the leukoencephalopathy has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that the white matter hyperintensities on T2‐weighted magnetic resonance images reflect disturbance of blood–brain barrier function. Albumin immunohistochemistry disclosed quantitative (p < 0.01) and qualitative differences between the mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy and control brains, indicating that loss of thymidine phosphorylase function impairs the integrity of the blood–brain barrier. Ann Neurol 2004
α‐Synuclein pathology does not predict extrapyramidal symptoms or dementia
Authors: Parkkinen Laura , Kauppinen Tarja , Pirttilä Tuula , Autere Jaana M. , Alafuzoff Irina 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIntracytoplasmic aggregation of α‐synuclein protein as Lewy bodies in the brainstem neurons is diagnostic for Parkinson's disease, whereas if this process also occurs in the cortical neurons, it is considered pathognomonic for dementia with Lewy bodies. However, the link between α‐synuclein incorporation into inclusions, neuronal dysfunction, and clinical symptoms needs to be clarified. Another important issue of the pathogenetic puzzle is to understand where α‐synuclein pathology begins and how it progresses in the brain. To study this, we collected all cases from autopsy material (N = 904) that had α‐synuclein pathology in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, substantia nigra, and/or basal forebrain nuclei. In this way, our study has a unique design because the selection of material is entirely based on the presence of α‐synuclein pathology regardless of clinical phenotype. Retrospective clinical assessment then showed that only 32 (30%) of 106 α‐synuclein–positive cases were diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disorder. The distribution or load of α‐synuclein pathology did not permit a dependable postmortem diagnosis of extrapyramidal symptoms or cognitive impairment. Some neurologically unimpaired cases had a reasonable burden of α‐synuclein pathology in both brainstem and cortical areas, suggesting that α‐synuclein–positive structures are not definite markers of neuronal dysfunction. Ann Neurol 2004
Kontrolliertes Erhitzen mit Mikrowellen in der modernen organischen Synthese
Authors: Kappe C. Oliver 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDie offene Flamme konnte erst gezielt als Heizquelle für Reaktionsgefäße in der Synthesechemie verwendet werden, nachdem Robert Bunsen 1855 den nach ihm benannten Brenner erfunden hatte. Der Bunsen‐Brenner wurde später durch den Heizpilz, das Ölbad und die Heizplatte als Wärmequellen für chemische Reaktionen abgelöst. In den vergangenen Jahren ist das Erhitzen und Beschleunigen chemischer Reaktionen durch Mikrowellenenergie populär geworden. Diese Heiztechnik hat sich von einer Laborkuriosität zu einer etablierten Methode entwickelt, die an Universitäten und in der Industrie stark genutzt wird. Die effiziente Verringerung der Reaktionszeiten (von Tagen und Stunden auf Minuten und Sekunden) ist nur einer der vielen Vorteile des schnellen Erhitzens mit Mikrowellen (“microwave flash heating”). Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über neuere Anwendungen des kontrollierten Mikrowellenerhitzens in der modernen organischen Synthese und diskutiert einige grundlegende Vorgänge.
Controlled Microwave Heating in Modern Organic Synthesis
Authors: Kappe C. Oliver 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAlthough fire is now rarely used in synthetic chemistry, it was not until Robert Bunsen invented the burner in 1855 that the energy from this heat source could be applied to a reaction vessel in a focused manner. The Bunsen burner was later superseded by the isomantle, oil bath, or hot plate as a source for applying heat to a chemical reaction. In the past few years, heating and driving chemical reactions by microwave energy has been an increasingly popular theme in the scientific community. This nonclassical heating technique is slowly moving from a laboratory curiosity to an established technique that is heavily used in both academia and industry. The efficiency of “microwave flash heating” in dramatically reducing reaction times (from days and hours to minutes and seconds) is just one of the many advantages. This Review highlights recent applications of controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis, and discusses some of the underlying phenomena and issues involved.
Bioaccessibility of inorganic arsenic species in raw and cooked Hizikia fusiforme seaweed
Authors: Laparra J. M. , Vélez D. , Montoro R. , Barberá R. , Farré R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSamples of Hizikia fusiforme edible seaweed, a commercially available dried food with high concentrations of total arsenic (t‐As) and inorganic arsenic (i‐As), both raw and cooked (boiling at 100 °C, 20 min), were selected for the bioaccessibility study. Cooking caused a significant reduction in the concentrations of t‐As (30–43%) and i‐As (46–50%), despite which the i‐As contents in the cooked product were high (42.7–44.6 µg g−1 seaweed). An in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (pepsin, pH 2, and pancreatin–bile extract, pH 7) was applied to the seaweed to estimate arsenic bioaccessibility (maximum soluble concentration in gastrointestinal medium) of t‐As, i‐As, arsenic(III) and arsenic(V). The influence of the gastric and intestinal stages of the in vitro digestion method was evaluated. The gastric stage is the key stage in the solubilization of both t‐As and i‐As. The bioaccessible i‐As in raw seaweed (54.0–66.5%) increases after cooking (78.3–84.4%), a fact that is considered to be of interest because this is the usual form in which this seaweed is ingested. Speciation of the i‐As in the bioaccessible fraction revealed a different arsenic(III)/arsenic(V) relationship in the product when raw or cooked. When raw, the majority species was arsenic(III) after either the gastric or the gastrointestinal stage, whereas in the cooked product it depended on the batch analysed, with bioaccessible arsenic(III) contents of 7.1–25.4 µg g−1 of dried seaweed, which represents 5–17% of the i‐As tolerable daily intake. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheological behavior and thermal properties of poly(butyl acrylate‐co‐2‐ethylhexyl acrylate)‐grafted vinyl chloride resin
Authors: Pan Mingwang , Zhang Liucheng , Yuan Jinfeng , Shi Xudong 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe rheological behavior and thermal properties of a poly(butyl acrylate‐co‐2‐ethylhexyl acrylate) [P(BA‐EHA)]‐grafted vinyl chloride (VC) composite resin [P(BA‐EHA)/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)] and its materials were investigated. The rheological behavior, thermal stability, and Vicat softening temperature (VST) of P(BA‐EHA)/PVC were measured with capillary rheometry, thermal analysis, and VST testing, respectively. The effects of the P(BA‐EHA) content and the polymerization temperature of grafted VC on the rheological behavior of the composite resin were examined. The weight loss of the composite resin and its extracted remainder via heating were analyzed. The influence of the content and crosslinking degree of P(BA‐EHA) and the polymerization temperature of the grafted VC on VST of the materials was determined. The results indicated the pseudoplastic‐flow nature of the composite resin. The flow property of the modified PVC resin was improved because of the incorporation of the acrylate polymer. The molecular weight of PVC greatly influenced the flow behavior and VST of the composite resin and its materials. The flowability of the composite resin markedly increased, and the VST of its materials decreased as the polymerization temperature of the grafted VC increased. The initial degradation temperature of the composite resin increased as the P(BA‐EHA) content increased. The VST of the samples was enhanced a little as the content of the crosslinking agent increased in P(BA‐EHA). As expected, the composite resin, with good impact resistance, had better heating stability and flowability than pure PVC, whereas the VST of the material decreased little with increasing P(BA‐EHA) content. Therefore, P(BA‐EHA)/PVC resins prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization have excellent potential for widespread applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 419–426, 2005
α‐Amylase immobilized by Fe3O4/poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) magnetic composite microspheres: Preparation and characterization
Authors: Qiu Guang‐Ming , Zhu Bao‐Ku , Xu You‐Yi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFe3O4/poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) core–shell composite microspheres, suitable for binding enzymes, were prepared using magnetite particles as seeds by copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride. The magnetite particles were encapsulated by polyethylene glycol, which improved the affinity between the magnetite particles and the monomers, thus showing that the size of the microspheres, the amount of the surface anhydrides, and the magnetite content in the composite are highly dependent on magnetite particles, comonomer ratio, and dispersion medium used in the polymerization. The composite microspheres, having 0.08–0.8 μm diameter and containing 100–800 μg magnetite/g microspheres and 0–18 mmol surface‐anhydride groups/g microsphere, were obtained. Free α‐amylase was immobilized on the microspheres containing reactive surface‐anhydride groups by covalent binding. The effects of immobilization on the properties of the immobilized α‐amylase [magnetic immobilized enzyme (MIE)] were studied. The activity of MIE and protein binding capacity reached 113,800 U and 544.3 mg/g dry microspheres, respectively. The activity recovery was 47.2%. The MIE had higher optimum temperature and pH compared with those of free α‐amylase and showed excellent thermal, storage, pH, and operational stability. Furthermore, it can be easily separated in a magnetic field and reused repeatedly. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 328–335, 2005
Fuel Cell Membrane Materials by Chemical Grafting of Aromatic Main‐Chain Polymers
Authors: Jannasch P. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAn extensive world‐wide pursuit for new efficient fuel cell membranes materials is currently motivating research on proton‐conducting ionomers based on durable aromatic main‐chain polymers. In this context, most ionomers have been prepared either by direct sulfonation of polymers, using for example fuming sulfuric acid, or by direct polymerizations using different sulfonated monomers. Far less exploited are chemical grafting reactions carried out to introduce sulfonic acid units, or alternative acidic units, directly on the polymer main‐chain, or on side‐chains to the polymer main‐chain. This versatile method offers very interesting possibilities, not only to control the degree and the site of sulfonation, but also when it comes to manipulating the molecular mobility of the sulfonic acid units and their distance from the polymer main‐chain. The length and nature of the grafted units have shown to have a large influence on for example the water‐uptake characteristics and conductivity of ionomer membranes, especially at temperatures above 100 °C. Grafting can also be used to introduce other useful functions to the polymers, or to crosslink membranes. This paper reviews various grafting reactions carried out on aromatic main‐chain polymers, especially polybenzimidazoles and polysulfones, to prepare membrane materials, as well as the characteristics of these materials regarding their use in fuel cells.
Yeast and Macroinvertebrate Communities Associated with Leaf Litter Decomposition in a Second Order Stream
Authors: Sampaio Ana , Cortes Rui , Leão Cecília 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe composition of yeast and macroinvertebrate communities was studied on black alder, blue gum eucalyptus and English oak leaves decaying in a stream during a six‐month period. ANOVA analysis showed significantly different values (p < 0.0001) of yeast and macroinvertebrate densities among the three leaf litters. Some yeast species such as Cryptococcus albidus (Saito), C. laurentii (Kufferath), Rhodothorula glutinis (Fresenius), R. colostri (Castelli), and Debaryomyces hansenii (Lodder and Kreger‐van Rij) were present in all litter types. Other yeasts were restricted to a specific type of litter. Macroinvertebrates were dominated by collectors‐gatherers on oak and eucalyptus leaves. Shredders reached highest densities in alder leaves. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stomach remodeling‐associated changes of H+/K+‐ATPase β subunit expression in Xenopus laevis and H+/K+‐ATPase‐dependent acid secretion in tadpole stomach
Authors: Ikuzawa Masayuki , Yasumasu Shigeki , Kobayashi Ken‐Ichiro , Inokuchi Tomofumi , Iuchi Ichiro 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThrough subtractive hybridization, H+/K+‐ATPase β subunit mRNA, highly expressed in the larval stomach of Xenopus laevis, was isolated. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the H+/K+‐ATPase β subunit mRNA was exclusively expressed in manicotto gland cells of the larval stomach, not in any other cell. Northern blot analysis showed that metamorphosis‐associated changes of the H+/K+‐ATPase β subunit mRNA expression in the stomach were characterized by high expression in tadpoles, a considerably lower expression in metamorphosing tadpoles, and a re‐increase of expression in froglets. Further in situ hybridization showed that the decrease of expression correlated with the degeneration of larval type epithelium in the manicotto gland, while the re‐increase correlated with the differentiation of oxynticopeptic cells of the adult type stomach. Moreover, the H+/K+‐ATPase β subunit mRNA was expressed in adult epithelial primordia. Such changes were found in thyroid hormone‐induced precocious metamorphosis. Based on studies using this ATPase as well as xP1 and PgC (pepsinogen C) as molecular markers, this study discusses a probable cell lineage involved in metamorphosis‐associated stomach remodeling. The pH of luminal contents of the larval stomach was found to be lower than 2. In addition, the pH of an isolated stomach changed from 7.2 to lower than 4 after incubation in Ringer's solution, suggesting acid production from the larval stomach. This is the first demonstration of the H+/K+‐ATPase‐mediated acid production and secretion in the larval stomach of Xenopus laevis. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:992–1002, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New approaches to receiver operating characteristic methods in functional magnetic resonance imaging with real data using repeated trials
Authors: Nandy Rajesh Ranjan , Cordes Dietmar 
Published: November 2004

AbstractReceiver operating characteristic (ROC) methods are useful tools for evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of various postprocessing algorithms used in fMRI data analysis. New ROC methods using real fMRI data are proposed that improve a previously introduced method by Le and Hu (Le and Hu, NMR Biomed 1997;10:160–164). The proposed methods provide more accurate means of estimating the true ROC curve from real data and thereby aid in the comparative evaluation of a wide range of postprocessing tools in fMRI. The mathematical relationships between different ROC curves are explored for a comparison of different ROC methods. Examples using real and simulated data are provided to illustrate the ideas involved. Magn Reson Med 52:1424–1431, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel double contrast MRI technique for intramyocardial detection of percutaneously transplanted autologous cells
Authors: Baklanov Dmitri V. , Demuinck Ebo D. , Thompson Craig A. , Pearlman Justin D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBone marrow cells (BMC) labeled with iron particles can be injected into the heart and detected with MRI. Improvement in conspicuity of labelled cells would be advantageous. This study examined if double contrast with iron oxide and Gd‐DTPA enhances cell MRI after transvascular transplantation in myocardial infarction. Ten pigs with week‐old myocardial infarction had transvascular peri‐infarct delivery of microspheres alone (Group I, n = 3) or mixed with iron‐labeled BMCs (Group II, n = 7). Gradient‐echo MRI before and 1 min after systemic Gd‐DTPA administration produced regions of interest with hypoenhancement that were compared to contralateral regions for contrast‐to‐noise (CNR) and signal‐to‐noise (SNR) ratios. All hearts were harvested for gross and microscopic analysis. Areas of focal hypoenhancement corresponding to the BMCs were detected in the myocardium in Group II. Early after administration of Gd‐DTPA CNR increased from 17.58 ± 8.5 to 27.25 ± 15.8 (P < 0.05) and SNR from 24.87 ± 9.6 to 35.08 ± 15.5 (P < 0.05). There was no hypoenhancement in Group I. Tissue examination confirmed presence of iron‐containing cells and microspheres in corresponding segments of the heart. The distribution of microspheres was similar between the groups. Double contrast with cellular iron and Gd‐DTPA in surrounding myocardium resulted in improved cell localization by MRI. Magn Reson Med 52:1438–1442, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
B factor dependence of the temporal characteristics of brain activation using dynamic apparent diffusion coefficient contrast
Authors: Harshbarger Todd B. , Song Allen W. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFunctional MRI studies to date have been generally performed using the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast mechanism. Recently, it has been proposed that dynamic change in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), measured using intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) weighting, can be used as a robust functional contrast mechanism. Based on the differences in the timing characteristics compared to the BOLD activation, the ADC contrast can be selectively sensitized to upstream vascular pools (e.g., arterial networks). In this study we further investigated the timing characteristics of the functional ADC contrast using multiple degrees of IVIM weighting. It was found that the time course in the high b factor range lagged behind that of the low b factor range, indicating that the low b factor ADC contrast included contributions from the larger and faster moving arteries, and the smaller arterioles and capillaries downstream were reflected in the high b factor changes. These changes help confirm the arterial origin of the ADC contrast and offer a direction to improve the localization of activity to small vessel networks. Magn Reson Med 52:1432–1437, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduction of magnetic field inhomogeneity artifacts in echo planar imaging with SENSE and GESEPI at high field
Authors: Yang Qing X. , Wang Jianli , Smith Michael B. , Meadowcroft Mark , Sun Xiaoyu , Eslinger Paul J. , Golay Xavier 
Published: November 2004

AbstractGeometric distortion, signal‐loss, and image‐blurring artifacts in echo planar imaging (EPI) are caused by frequency shifts and T relaxation distortion of the MR signal along the k‐space trajectory due to magnetic field inhomogeneities. The EPI geometric‐distortion artifact associated with frequency shift can be reduced with parallel imaging techniques such as SENSE, while the signal‐loss and blurring artifacts remain. The gradient‐echo slice excitation profile imaging (GESEPI) method has been shown to be successful in restoring tissue T relaxation characteristics and is therefore effective in reducing signal‐loss and image‐blurring artifacts at a cost of increased acquisition time. The SENSE and GESEPI methods are complementary in artifact reduction. Combining these two techniques produces a method capable of reducing all three types of EPI artifacts while maintaining rapid acquisition time. Magn Reson Med 52:1418–1423, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Burkitt lymphoma in a child with Joubert syndrome
Authors: Brinkman Josanne , de Nef Jaak J.E.M. , Barth Peter G. , Verschuur Arnauld C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractJoubert syndrome is a rare disorder, characterized by hypoplasia, or aplasia of the cerebellar vermis, hypotonia, ataxia, and psychomotor retardation. The molecular basis underlying the disease is still unknown. There are various syndromes, which are associated with malignancies. Previously known associations between Joubert syndrome and tumors, are benign soft tissue tumors of the tongue and laryngeal lymphangioma. This report describes a 17‐year‐old boy known with Joubert syndrome, who was diagnosed with Burkitt lymphoma. The boy received chemotherapy, which successfully induced complete remission. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.