bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic triblock copolymers by iron‐mediated atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Ibrahim Khalid , Starck Paul , Löfgren Barbro , Seppälä Jukka 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and n‐butyl methacrylate (n‐BMA) was initiated by a poly(ethylene oxide) chloro telechelic macroinitiator synthesized by esterification of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with 2‐chloro propionyl chloride. The polymerization, carried out in bulk at 90 °C and catalyzed by iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate in the presence of triphenylphosphine ligand (FeCl2 · 4H2O/PPh3), led to A–B–A amphiphilic triblock copolymers with MMA or n‐BMA as the A block and PEO as the B block. A kinetic study showed that the polymerization was first‐order with respect to the monomer concentration. Moreover, the experimental molecular weights of the block copolymers increased linearly with the monomer conversion, and the molecular weight distribution was acceptably narrow at the end of the reaction. These block copolymers turned out to be water‐soluble through the adjustment of the content of PEO blocks (PEO content >90% by mass). When the PEO content was small [monomer/macroinitiator molar ratio (M/I) = 300], the block copolymers were water‐insoluble and showed only one glass‐transition temperature. With an increase in the concentration of PEO (M/I = 100 or 50) in the copolymer, two glass transitions were detected, indicating phase separation. The macroinitiator and the corresponding triblock copolymers were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, size exclusion chromatography analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5049–5061, 2005
The synthesis of novel aliphatic bis(acenaphthelene) reactive monomers
Authors: Wooster Tim J. , Abrol Simmi , Hey Jeffrey M. , MacFarlane Douglas R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractNovel aliphatic‐bridged bis(acenaphthalene)s are synthesized and evaluated as potential precursors to high‐temperature reactive monomers. It was found that as the length of the aliphatic bridging unit increased, the thermal stability of bis(acenaphthalene) increased and melting point decreased. The use of an alternative route for the introduction of the reactive vinyl group resulted in a dramatic increase in monomer purity. The increase in monomer purity resulted in the creation of a processing window that enabled samples to be melt cast prior to polymerization, greatly improving their suitability as high‐temperature polymers. Polymerized samples were found to have high thermal stability, indicating they have potential as high temperature materials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43:5072–5082, 2005
Preparation and characterization of redox cellulose Langmuir–Blodgett films containing a ferrocene derivative
Authors: Ifuku Shinsuke , Tsujii Yoshinobu , Kamitakahara Hiroshi , Takano Toshiyuki , Nakatsubo Fumiaki 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe 3‐ferrocenoylpropanoyl group, one of the redox species, was introduced at C‐2 and/or C‐3 positions of 6‐O‐(4‐stearyloxytrityl)cellulose. The spreading behavior of the cellulose derivatives on the water surface and the properties of Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films were investigated. The surface pressure–area isotherm of the cellulose monolayer was changed by the subphase temperature. Uniform monolayers of 6‐O‐(4‐stearyloxytrityl)cellulose 3‐ferrocene propionate (STCFc) could be deposited successively onto several substrates by the horizontal lifting method at 10 mN m−1, and this produced X‐type LB films. The successive uniform depositions of STCFc were confirmed by ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra. X‐ray diffraction measurements indicated that the thickness of the STCFc molecules in the LB films was 1.99 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements supported the idea that hydrocarbon chains in the LB films were highly ordered (trans‐zigzag) and oriented considerably perpendicular to the surface of the substrate. Moreover, the CO group of the ferrocenoyl groups was perpendicular to the surface of the substrate, and the ferrocene group was occupied in the water phase. Cyclic voltammograms for the STCFc monolayer on a gold electrode exhibited surface waves. The interfacial electron‐transfer process between the redox site incorporated into the cellulose LB monolayer and the electrode surface was fast enough at a scanning rate lower than 100 mV s−1. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5023–5031, 2005
Preparation and polymerization of a water‐soluble, nonbonding crosslinking agent for a mechanically crosslinked hydrogel
Authors: Kubo Masataka , Matsuura Toyohiro , Morimoto Hiromi , Uno Takahiro , Itoh Takahito 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA novel water‐soluble cyclic macromonomer based on a cyclic potassium polyacrylate was prepared. The radical polymerization of acrylamide in the presence of the cyclic macromonomer was carried out to obtain a mechanically crosslinked polyacrylamide. The terpolymerization of acrylamide, sodium acrylate, and the cyclic macromonomer gave a mechanically crosslinked polyelectrolyte with high swellability. The mechanically crosslinked polyelectrolyte exhibited large volume shrinkage in a water solution of Cu(II) salt. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5032–5040, 2005
High electroluminescent properties of conjugated copolymers from poly[9,9‐dioctylfluorenyl‐2,7‐vinylene]‐co‐(2‐(3‐dimethyldodecylsilylphenyl)‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene)] for light‐emitting diode applications
Authors: Jin Sung‐Ho , Jung Hwan‐Hee , Hwang Chan‐Koo , Koo Dae‐Sung , Shin Won Suk , Kim Yeong‐Inn , Wook Lee Jae , Gal Yeong‐Soon 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA new series of copolymers with high brightness and luminance efficiency were synthesized using the Gilch polymerization method, and their electro‐optical properties were investigated. The weight‐average molecular weights (Mw) and polydispersities of the synthesized poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorenyl‐2,7‐vinylene) [poly(FV)], poly[2‐(3‐dimethyldodecylsilylphenyl)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene] [poly(m‐SiPhPV)], and poly[9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluorenyl‐2,7‐vinylene]‐co‐(2‐(3‐dimethyldodecylsilylphenyl)‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene)] [poly(FV‐co‐m‐SiPhPV)] were found to be in the ranges of (8.7–32.6) × 104 and 2.3–5.4, respectively. It was found that the electro‐optical properties of the copolymers could be adjusted by controlling the feed ratios of the comonomers. Thin films of poly(FV), poly(m‐SiPhPV), and poly(FV‐co‐m‐SiPhPV) were found to exhibit photoluminescence quantum yields between 21% and 42%, which are higher than those of MEH‐PPV. Light‐emitting diodes were fabricated in ITO/PEDOT/light‐emitting polymer/cathode configurations using either double layer (LiF/Al) or triple layer (Alq3/LiF/Al) cathode structures. The performance of the polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) with triple layer cathodes was found to be better than that of the PLEDs with double layer cathodes in poly(FV) and poly(FV‐co‐m‐SiPhPV). The turn‐on voltages of the PLEDs were in the range of 4.5–6.0 V, with maximum brightness and luminance efficiency up to 9691 cd/m2 at 16 V and 3.27 cd/A at 13 V, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5062–5071, 2005
The antisite LuAl defect‐related trap in Lu3Al5O12:Ce single crystal
Authors: Nikl M. , Mihokova E. , Pejchal J. , Vedda A. , Zorenko Yu. , Nejezchleb K. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAbsorption, radioluminescence and thermoluminescence spectra were measured for a set of Lu3Al5O12:Ce samples consisting of a bulk single crystal and Liquid Phase Epitaxy‐grown films prepared from the same raw materials. The triple peak structure within 120–200 K distinguished in thermolu‐ minescence glow curves of the bulk crystals was ascribed to an electron trap arising due to the LuAl antisite defect. The depth of the trap associated with the dominant peak at 142 K was evaluated using the initial rise method. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Defect structure of ZrO2‐doped rare earth perovskite scintillators
Authors: Stanek C. R. , Levy M. R. , McClellan K. J. , Uberuaga B. P. , Grimes R. W. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe efficiency of scintillator materials is decreased by processes associated with electrons or holes trapped at point defects. It therefore follows that minimizing the concentration of the defects responsible for trapped electrons/holes will in‐ crease the scintillator efficiency. It has been proposed that annealing or doping oxide scintillators with aliovalent ions can change the concentration of point defects (M. Nikl, phys. stat. sol. (a) 178, 595 (2000) [1]). Here, we predict the defect structures corresponding to ZrO2 doping in a series of rare earth aluminate (REAlO3) perovskites. From these calculations, we predict the mechanism leading to the decrease in oxygen vacancy concentration (the predominant electron trap in REAlO3). We propose this mechanism to be an example of “defect engineering”, where a particularly egregious defect is traded for a less deleterious defect. These results can be used to further optimize such scintillator materials.imageA perfect REAlO3 orthorhombic perovskite unit cell (a), compared to the same unit cell with the defects associated with ZrO2 doping, namely $ {\rm Zr}^\bullet _{\rm RE} $, $ {\rm Zr}^\bullet _{\rm Al} $ and $ {\rm O}'' _{\rm i} $ (b).(© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Repeatability of the sonographic assessment of fetal sucking and swallowing movements
Authors: Levy D. S. , Zielinsky P. , Aramayo A. M. , Behle I. , Stein N. , Dewes L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo test the repeatability of sonography in the assessment of fetal sucking and swallowing movements.MethodsEighty normal fetuses of pregnant women with no systemic abnormalities were examined sonographically at 30–38 weeks of gestation. Sucking and swallowing movements were observed for 15 min and the face was visualized in frontal and lateral views. The examinations were recorded for later analysis by two independent observers and the 95% limits of agreement (Bland and Altman) method was used for inter‐ and intraobserver comparison.ResultsThe mean ± SD number of swallowing movements, sucking bursts and total sucking movements recorded by Observer 1 were 8.3 ± 4.7, 9.9 ± 9.3 and 35.8 ± 48.0 and the equivalent values for Observer 2 were 8.2 ± 4.8, 9.8 ± 9.3 and 36.4 ± 49.0, respectively. The mean (95% limits of agreement) interobserver difference was 0.1 (−1.4; 1.6), 0.1 (−2.2; 2.3) and −0.6 (−9.0; 7.9), and the mean (95% limits of agreement) intraobserver difference was 0.4 (−3.1; 3.9), 0.1 (−2.0; 2.2) and 1.0 (−10.7; 12.7) for swallowing movements, sucking bursts and total sucking movements, respectively.ConclusionsThe high degree of intra‐ and interobserver repeatability disclosed in the sonographic analysis of fetal sucking and swallowing movements supports the applicability of sonographic assessment in normal fetuses. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Population dynamics of Rattus argentiventer, Rattus losea, and Rattus rattus inhabiting a mixed‐farming system in the Red River Delta, Vietnam
Authors: Brown Peter R. , Tuan Nguyen Phu , Singleton Grant R. , Hue Dao Thi , Hoa Phung Thi , Ha Phi Thi Thu , Tan Tran Quang , Van Tuat Nguyen 
Published: September 2005

AbstractRodent pests cause significant damage to lowland irrigated rice crops in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. Data from a 4‐year study were examined to look at the population dynamics of the ricefield rat, Rattus argentiventer (representing 50% of captures), the lesser ricefield rat, Rattus losea (30% of captures), and the black rat, Rattusrattus complex (9% of captures) that inhabit the irrigated mixed‐cropping system. We tested the hypothesis that these rodent species were breeding in response to the availability of high‐quality food provided by crops rather than in response to rainfall. The abundance of rodents fluctuated annually, with a main peak following the spring rice crop, and a secondary peak following the summer rice crop. There was a strong relationship between the monthly abundance of rats and rainfall, but a weak relationship between monthly rates of increase and rainfall. There were distinct peaks in breeding activity during the reproductive stages of the rice crops suggesting that changes in crop stages were more important than rainfall in this seasonal, but irrigated agroecosystem. The modal litter size for R. argentiventer was 8 (mean of 8.67±0.20 SE, range 2–16), where the mode for R. losea, was 7 (mean of 7.32±0.15 SE, range 3–14). Management of these species needs to be conducted prior to the onset of the main breeding seasons.
the value of patient hydration prior to bone scintigraphy
Authors: stace s. m. , huggett s. m. , denton b. k. , harries a. m. 
Published: September 2005

the aim of this study was to establish whether hydration prior to radiopharmaceutical injection, in addition to post injection hydration, contributed any value to image quality during bone scintigraphy. two hundred patients referred for bone imaging over a four month period were randomised into two groups. group a was issued with instructions to hydrate pre and post injection, and group b was only advised to hydrate between injection and scan. equal regions of interest (roi) were then drawn on each image: firstly over the femoral diaphysis, and secondly over the contra-lateral adductor area. the total number of gamma counts from the bone roi and the soft tissue roi was then expressed as a ratio, and a mean value for each group was established.the mean ratio for group a was found to be 2.25, and for group b 2.30. a t test of variance confirmed that there was no statistical difference between the ratios of the groups (t = 50.272, n = 5100, p = 50.618). it was concluded that hydration levels prior to bone scintigraphy injection, where it is preserved post injection, have no significant effect on the bone-soft tissue (b:st) ratio in the image.
patients with multiple sclerosis: their experiences and perceptions of the mri investigation
Authors: laidlaw a. , henwood s. 
Published: September 2005

this qualitative study investigated multiple sclerosis (ms) patients' holistic experience of magnetic resonance imaging (mri). with support from the ms society, eight individuals with ms were interviewed using unstructured, tape-recorded interviews.the holistic experience was overall a negative one. the most negative aspects being cited as the lack of support and information around the time of diagnosis. the loss of control felt by individuals was also an import ant issue, which led patients to pursue self-empowerment by actively seeking out information and support.the study suggests improvement in information to patients attending for mri is essential, along with adequate support (including details about the ms society) being offered at the time of receiving confirmed diagnosis and results. the study shows that for some patients, there is a long lasting negative effect from the scan, which impacts on other activities, as well as affecting the patients' willingness to undergo future imaging.
Oligonucleotide arrays: information from replication and spatial structure
Authors: Upton Graham J. G. , Lloyd Julie C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMotivation: The introduction of oligonucleotide DNA arrays has resulted in much debate concerning appropriate models for the measurement of gene expression. By contrast, little account has been taken of the possibility of identifying the physical imperfections in the raw data.Results: This paper demonstrates that, with the use of replicates and an awareness of the spatial structure, deficiencies in the data can be identified, the possibility of their correction can be ascertained and correction can be effected (by use of local scaling) where possible. The procedures were motivated by data from replicates of Arabidopsis thaliana using the GeneChip® ATH1-121501 microarray. Similar problems are illustrated for GeneChip® Human Genome U133 arrays and for the newer and larger GeneChip® Wheat Genome microarray.Availability: R code is freely available on request.Contact: gupton@essex.ac.uk
Energy landscape of k-point mutants of an RNA molecule
Authors: Clote P. , Waldispühl J. , Behzadi B. , Steyaert J.-M. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Motivation: A k-point mutant of a given RNA sequence s = s1, …, sn is an RNA sequence s′=s1′,…,sn′ obtained by mutating exactly k-positions in s; i.e. Hamming distance between s and s′ equals k. To understand the effect of pointwise mutation in RNA, we consider the distribution of energies of all secondary structures of k-point mutants of a given RNA sequence.
Results: Here we describe a novel algorithm to compute the mean and standard deviation of energies of all secondary structures of k-point mutants of a given RNA sequence. We then focus on the tail of the energy distribution and compute, using the algorithm AMSAG, the k-superoptimal structure; i.e. the secondary structure of a ≤k-point mutant having least free energy over all secondary structures of all k′-point mutants of a given RNA sequence, for k′ ≤ k. Evidence is presented that the k-superoptimal secondary structure is often closer, as measured by base pair distance and two additional distance measures, to the secondary structure derived by comparative sequence analysis than that derived by the Zuker minimum free energy structure of the original (wild type or unmutated) RNA.
Contact: clote@bc.edu
Supplementary information:
METIS: multiple extraction techniques for informative sentences
Authors: Mitchell A. L. , Divoli A. , Kim J.-H. , Hilario M. , Selimas I. , Attwood T. K. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Summary: METIS is a web-based integrated annotation tool. From single query sequences, the PRECIS component allows users to generate structured protein family reports from sets of related Swiss-Prot entries. These reports may then be augmented with pertinent sentences extracted from online biomedical literature via support vector machine and rule-based sentence classification systems.
Availability:
Contact: mitchell@ebi.ac.uk
Supplementary information:
MILVA: An interactive tool for the exploration of multidimensional microarray data
Authors: D'Alimonte Davide , Lowe David , Nabney Ian T. , Mersinias Vassilis , Smith Colin P. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Motivation: Clustering techniques such as k-means and hierarchical clustering are commonly used to analyze DNA microarray derived gene expression data. However, the interactions between processes underlying the cell activity suggest that the complexity of the microarray data structure may not be fully represented with discrete clustering methods.
Results: A newly developed software tool called MILVA (microarray latent visualization and analysis) is presented here to investigate microarray data without separating gene expression profiles into discrete classes. The underpinning of the MILVA software is the two-dimensional topographic representation of multidimensional microarray data. On this basis, the interactive MILVA functions allow a continuous exploration of microarray data driven by the direct supervision of the biologist in detecting activity patterns of co-regulated genes.
Availability: The MILVA software is freely available. The software and the related documentation can be downloaded from . User ‘surrey’ as username and ‘3245’ as password to login. The software is currently available for Windows platform only.
Contact: d.lowe@aston.ac.uk
Overcompensation and adaptive plasticity of apical dominance in Erysimum strictum (Brassicaceae) in response to simulated browsing and resource availability
Authors: Rautio P. , Huhta A‐P. , Piippo S. , Tuomi J. , Juenger T. , Saari M. , Aspi J. 
Published: September 2005

In the cases where overcompensation has been observed in monocarpic herbs, overcompensation is associated with an apically dominant shoot architecture of intact plants, increased lateral branching following herbivory, and increased reproductive success as a consequence of damage. The compensatory continuum hypothesis expects overcompensation to be more prevalent in resource rich environments compared to poor environments. This is paradoxical since in resource rich conditions the intact plants should branch most vigorously and hence any further increase in branch number should lead to lower seed yield. An explanation could be that apical dominance is rather insensitive to changes in resource availability, and that overcompensation is possible in conditions where plants experience meristem limitation (due to apical dominance) in relation to available resources.We explored the branching patterns and fitness responses of tall wormseed mustard (Erysimum strictum) to simulated browsing, soil nutrients, and competition in common garden. Competition increased apical dominance and reduced plant fitness whereas fertilization had the reverse effects. Simulated browsing increased lateral branching and had little impact on plant fitness. Fitness overcompensation was observed only among plants grown in competition and in the absence of fertilization – the most resource poor treatment combination in the experiment. The results contradict both with the compensation continuum and the assumption that apical dominance shows no or very little plasticity in relation to growing conditions. Because directional selection gradients on branch number were invariantly positive irrespective of growing conditions, we propose that, in spite of phenotypic plasticity of apical dominance, the plants appear to be meristem rather than resource limited, and that meristem limitation is strongest in conditions where intact plants produce fewest lateral branches. Our results deviate from the compensation continuum because resource availability affected compensation ability more strongly through phenotypic plasticity of shoot architecture rather than via changes in resource availability per se.
Effects of phenanthraquinone on allergic airway inflammation in mice
Authors: Hiyoshi K. , Takano H. , Inoue K.‐I. , Ichinose T. , Yanagisawa R. , Tomura S. , Kumagai Y. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryBackgroundDiesel exhaust particles (DEP) enhance allergic airway inflammation in mice (Takano et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 36–42). DEP consist of carbonaceous nuclei and a vast number of organic chemical compounds. However, it remains to be identified which component(s) from DEP are responsible for the enhancing effects. 9,10‐Phenanthraquinone (PQ) is a quinone compound involved in DEP.Objective
To investigate the effects of PQ inoculated intratracheally on allergic airway inflammation related to ovalbumin (OVA) challenge.Materials and Methods
We evaluated effects of PQ on airway inflammation, local expression of cytokine proteins, and allergen‐specific immunoglobulin production in mice in the presence or absence of OVA.Results
In the presence of OVA, PQ (2.1 ng/animal) significantly increased the numbers of eosinophils and mononuclear cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as compared with OVA alone. In contrast, the numbers of these cells around the airways were not significantly different between OVA challenge and OVA plus PQ challenge in lung histology. PQ exhibited adjuvant activity for the allergen‐specific production of IgG1 and IgE. OVA challenge induced significant increases in the lung expression of IL‐4, IL‐5, eotaxin, macrophage chemoattractant protein‐1, and keratinocyte chemoattractant as compared with vehicle challenge. However, the combination of PQ with OVA did not alter the expression levels of these proteins as compared with OVA alone.Conclusion
These results indicate that PQ can enhance the immunoglobulin production and the infiltration of inflammatory cells into alveolar spaces that are related to OVA, whereas PQ seems to be partially responsible for the DEP toxicity on the allergic airway inflammation.