bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated seizure abatement in humans using electrical stimulation
Authors: Osorio Ivan , Frei Mark G. , Sunderam Sridhar , Giftakis Jonathon , Bhavaraju Naresh C. , Schaffner Scott F. , Wilkinson Steven B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe need for novel, efficacious, antiseizure therapies is widely acknowledged. This study investigates in humans the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of high‐frequency electrical stimulation (HFES; 100–500Hz) triggered by automated seizure detections. Eight patients were enrolled in this study, which consisted of a control and an experimental phase. HFES was delivered directly to the epileptogenic zone (local closed‐loop) in four patients and indirectly, through anterior thalami (remote closed‐loop), to the other four patients for every other automated seizure detection made by a validated algorithm. Interphase (control vs experimental phase) and intraphase (stimulated vs nonstimulated) comparisons of clinical seizure rate and relative severity (clinical and electrographic) were performed, and differences were assessed using effect size. Patients were deemed “responders” if seizure rate was reduced by at least 50%; the remaining patients were deemed “nonresponders.” All patients completed the study; rescue medications were not required. There were 1,491 HFESs (0.2% triggered after‐discharges). Mean change in seizure rate in the local closed‐loop group was −55.5% (−100 to +36.8%); three of four responders had a mean change of −86% (−100 to −58.8%). In the remote closed‐loop, the mean change of seizure rate was −40.8% (−72.9 to +1.4%); two of four responders had a mean change of −74.3% (−75.6 to −72.9%). Mean effect size was zero in the local closed‐loop (responders: beneficial and medium to large in magnitude) and negligible in the remote closed‐loop group (responders: beneficial and medium to large). HFES effects on epileptogenic tissue were immediate and also outlasted the stimulation period. This study demonstrates the feasibility and short‐term safety of automated HFES for seizure blockage, and also raises the possibility that it may be beneficial in pharmaco‐resistant epilepsies. Ann Neurol 2005;57:258–268
Synthesis of magnesium dicyclopentadienide catalyzed by titanium and vanadium derivatives
Authors: Maslennikov Stanislav V. , Ignatyev Roman A. , Piskounov Alexandr V. , Spirina Irina V. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSynthesis of magnesium dicyclopentadienide from metal and cyclopentadiene in THF is effectively catalyzed by the derivatives of vanadium and titanium. The kinetics of the synthesis, as well as thermodynamic parameters of reagents adsorption on the magnesium surface, have been determined. The process catalyzed by titanium derivatives is accompanied by the quantitative hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene to cyclopentene whereas the catalysis by vanadium derivatives leads to hydrogen gas evolution. A number of reaction intermediates including Cp2TiCl, Cp2TiH2MgCl, Cp2Ti(cyclo‐C5H7) and Cp2V, were identified by the electron spin resonance method. The equilibrium constants, enthalpies and entropies of adsorption of metal halides on the magnesium surface were calculated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tricarbonylchromium complexes of styrenes in radical copolymerization
Authors: Grishin Dmitry F. , Semyonycheva Ludmila L. , Illichev Ilya S. , Artemov Alexander N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe organometallic monomers styrenetricarbonylchromium and p‐methylstyrenetricarbonylchromium were copolymerized in ethyl acetate solutions with methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate using azobisisobutyronitrile at 50 °C and a binary system including di‐tert‐butylperoxytriphenylantimony at 30 °C as the free‐radical initiators. Comonomers are proposed to form a molecular complex based on the results of ultraviolet and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. A kinetic study shows that chromium‐containing monomers at high concentrations in the mixture reduce the rate of copolymerization. The addition of styrenetricarbonylchromium to butyl acrylate significantly slows down the autoacceleration. The reactivity ratios of the comonomer pairs, namely, styrenetricarbonylchromium–methyl methacrylate, styrenetricarbonylchromium–butyl acrylate and p‐methylstyrenetricarbonylchromium–methyl methacrylate, were determined using the method of Kelen–Tudos for low conversion polymerizations.Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diethyl‐ and dibutyltin dihalide complexes of 1‐methyl‐2(3H)‐imidazolinethione: synthesis, structure and antibacterial activity
Authors: Casas J. S. , Martínez E. García , Jorge M. L. , Russo U. , Sánchez A. , González A. Sánchez , Seoane R. , Sordo J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe compounds [SnR2X2(Hmimt)] (R = Et, Bu; X = Cl, Br; Hmimt = 1‐methyl‐2(3H)‐imidazolinethione) and [SnEt2X2(Hmimt)2] (X = Cl, Br) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and IR, Raman, Mössbauer and NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn) spectroscopy. An X‐ray study of the crystal structure of [SnEt2Cl2(Hmimt)2] shows all‐trans octahedral stereochemistry with the tin atom coordinated to two ethyl carbon atoms, two chlorine atoms and the sulfur atoms of the two Hmimt ligands. Hmimt exhibits antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (MIC = 6.25 μg ml−1), and all the complexes inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as well as B. subtilis, with MIC values of 12.5 μg ml−1, 6.25 μg ml−1 and 3.12 μg ml−1 respectively, for the most active complex, [SnBu2Cl2(Hmimt)]. Only [SnEt2Cl2(Hmimt)] shows activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 50 μg ml−1). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization and toxicity of new heterobimetallic complexes of platinum(II) and palladium(II)
Authors: Sharma Kripa , Fahmi Nighat , Singh R.V. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHeterobimetallic complexes of the type [M(C6H6N2)2(M′)2(R)4]Cl2 have been synthesized by the direct reaction of [M(C6H8N2)2]Cl2 with Group 4 or 14 organometallic dichlorides Ph2M′Cl2,Me2M′Cl2 or Cp2M″Cl2 in 1:2 molar ratio in MeOH (M = Pd or Pt, M′ = Si or Sn and M″ = Ti or Zr). The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, electronic, 1H NMR and IR spectra, magnetic susceptibilities and conductivity measurements. These studies showed that the compounds are monomers and dimagnetic in nature, with a square‐planar geometry around palladium and platinum metals. Both the free ligands and their metal complexes were screened for antimicrobial activity on different species of pathogenic fungi and bacteria and were found active in this respect.Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption of aqueous inorganic mercury and methylmercury on suspended kaolin: influence of sodium chloride, fulvic acid and particle content
Authors: de Diego Alberto , Tseng Chun Mao , Dimov Nicolai , Amouroux David , Donard Olivier F. X. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe main tendencies in the adsorption of dissolved inorganic mercury (Hg2+) and methylmercury (MeHg+) on suspended kaolin particles have been investigated in synthetic aqueous solutions. The influence of NaCl, fulvic acid (FA) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the system has been studied at a constant pH of 7.2. The experiments were arranged according to a full factorial design with three factors (NaCl, FA SPM) at low (−) and high (+) levels. A central point (0) was repeated four times to estimate the reproducibility of the results. The low and high levels investigated were 0–35 g l−1, 0–10 mg l−1 and 0.5–5 g l−1 for the concentrations of NaCl, FA and kaolin respectively. In order to match the linear range of the analytical technique the total concentration of mercury (as Hg2+ or MeHg+) in the synthetic suspensions was 25 ng ml−1. After chemical stabilization of each suspension, the Hg2+ or MeHg+ content in the clear filtrate was determined by an automated hyphenated technique combining the following steps: (i) derivatization by hydride generation, (ii) preconcentration by cryogenic trapping, (iii) separation by packed column gas chromatography and (iv) detection by quartz furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The removal of Hg2+ and MeHg+ from the solution via adsorption on particles ranged, respectively, from 12.4 to 94.9% and from 1.7 to 45.6% of the total mercury compound concentration. High concentrations of NaCl led to lower adsorption rates of both mercury species. The adsorption of MeHg+ was enhanced in the presence of FA, whereas that of Hg2+ was clearly diminished. High levels of SPM promoted the adsorption of both Hg2+ and MeHg+ on kaolin particles. Several experiments were also conducted to check the adsorption rate of Hg2+ and MeHg+ on natural particles collected in the Gironde estuary. The results confirmed the general trends observed when using reference kaolin particles. The results presented here will be helpful for groups modelling the physico‐chemical behaviour of mercury in estuary conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dicumyl peroxide cross‐linking of nitrile rubbers with different content in acrylonitrile
Authors: Valentín J. L. , Rodríguez A. , Marcos‐Fernández A. , González L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe scope of this article is the study of peroxide curing of two nitrile rubbers with low and high nitrile content. The peroxide efficiency can be much higher than one, and the polymer structure determines the mechanism of cross‐linking. In the rubber with low nitrile content, the peroxide radical may give rise to a polymerization reaction between adjacent double bonds generating a heterogeneous network with a negative effect on the vulcanizate properties. On the contrary, in the nitrile rubber with high nitrile content, this negative effect it is not present or is present to a lesser extent, and their vulcanizates show good physical properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1–5, 2005
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of two‐component amphiphilic polyoxyethylene–containing multiblock copolymers
Authors: Xie Hong‐Quan , Xie Dong , Chen Xian‐Yuan , Guo Jun‐Shi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAmphiphilic (oxyethylene–oxypropylene) and (oxyethylene–styrene) multiblock copolymers, both with high molecular weights, were synthesized by coupling poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) or with telechelic dihydroxy polystyrene using 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate as a coupling agent, respectively. The polymerization conditions were investigated. The products were purified and characterized by IR, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, and membrane osmometry and identified as multiblock copolymers. Crystallinity of the two kinds of multiblock copolymers was determined by DSC. They showed good emulsifying properties. Their complexes with LiClO4 showed high room‐temperature conductivities from 3 × 10−5 to 4 × 10−4 S/cm at 30°C. High molecular weight (oxyethylene–oxypropylene) multiblock copolymers, at a weight ratio of PEG/PPG = 6/4, behave like thermoplastic elastomers. The (oxyethylene–styrene) copolymer functions as a good compatibilizer for the blend of chlorohydrin rubber and polystyrene. An amount of only 3 wt %, based on the blend, is needed to increase the tensile strength of the blend almost sixfold. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1295–1301, 2005
Chiral recognition ability of oligopeptide derivatives consisting of glutamyl residues
Authors: Yoshikawa Masakazu , Nagai Yasuharu , Moriguchi Koji , Hiraoka Satoshi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of the constituting amino acid residue [Glu(OBzl)] number on the chiral recognition ability was investigated. Chiral recognition sites were prepared from oligopeptide derivatives (constituting amino acid residue number = three–five) by adopting alternative molecular imprinting. It was made clear that with a constituting amino acid residue number of four, the tetrapeptide derivative of Glu(OBzl) is the best candidate material to generate a chiral recognition site among eight types of oligopeptide derivatives in the study. The affinity constant between Ac‐L‐Trp and a chiral recognition site ranged from 3.4 × 103 to 1.08 × 104 mol−1 dm3, depending on the number of Glu(OBzl) residues in an oligopeptide derivative. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1302–1309, 2005
Dielectric relaxation spectra of chemically treated woods
Authors: Sugiyama M. , Norimoto M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe changes in the dielectric properties of absolutely dried Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.) wood caused by chemical treatments were investigated. Eight kinds of chemical treatments with various levels of weight percentage gain (WPG) were performed. Through the application of the Cole–Cole circular arc law to the results of the dielectric measurements in the frequency range of 1 kHz to 1 MHz at −60°C, the relaxation spectrum was calculated. The relaxation magnitude (ε0 − ε∞) was reduced by formalization, acetylation, propylene oxide, and phenol–formaldehyde resin treatments, in which chemical reactions occurred between the OH groups in the cell wall and the added reagents. On the other hand, the generalized relaxation time (τm) decreased with increasing WPG, except for acetylation, for which τm decreased up to a WPG level of 20% and then increased. In poly(ethylene glycol) impregnation, (ε0 − ε∞) decreased with increasing WPG up to about 50% and then increased, whereas τm linearly decreased with increasing WPG. No significant changes in these parameters were recognized for the wood methyl methacrylate composite and heat treatment. With the steam treatment, τm increased. The distribution of the relaxation times was broad in acetylation and narrow in propylene oxide treatment and poly(ethylene glycol) impregnation. However, it remained almost unchanged in the other treatments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 37–43, 2005
Poly(N‐phenylmaleimide‐co‐β‐methyl hydrogen itaconate): Synthesis, characterization, and copper(II)‐ion‐binding properties
Authors: Pizarro Guadalupe del C. , Marambio Oscar G. , Jeria‐Orell Manuel , Huerta Margarita R. , Rivas Bernabé L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe radical copolymerization of N‐phenylmaleimide was carried out with β‐methyl hydrogen itaconate at 70°C for 12 h. The copolymers were characterized by elemental analysis, thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The monomer reactivity ratios were determined by the Kelen–Tüdös and Fineman–Ross methods. These values demonstrated that the copolymerization reaction produced statistical copolymers with a tendency to alternation. The retention capacity of the copolymers for Cu2+ ions varied from 296 to 348 mg/g at pHs 5 and 7. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1361–1367, 2005
Influence of zinc oxide during different stages of sulfur vulcanization. Elucidated by model compound studies
Authors: Heideman G. , Datta R. N. , Noordermeer J. W. M. , Baarle B. van 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe addition of zinc oxide (ZnO) as an activator for the sulfur vulcanization of rubbers enhances the vulcanization efficiency and vulcanizate properties and reduces the vulcanization time. The first part of this article deals with the reduction and optimization of the amount of ZnO. Two different rubbers, solution‐styrene‐butadiene rubber and ethylene–propylene–diene rubber, have been selected for this study. The results demonstrate that the curing and physical properties can be retained when the level of ZnO (Red Seal) is reduced to 1 or 2 phr, respectively. Of particular interest is nano‐ZnO, characterized by a nanoscale particle distribution. The cure characteristics indicate that with nano‐ZnO, a reduction of zinc by a factor of 10 can be obtained. In the second part, model compound vulcanization is introduced to investigate the effects of ZnO during the different stages of vulcanization. Experiments are described with two models, squalene and 2,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene, both with benzothiazolesulfenamide‐accelerated vulcanization systems. The results demonstrate the influence of ZnO during the different stages of the vulcanization. With ZnO present, a marked decrease can be observed in the sulfur concentration during an early stage of vulcanization, along with a slight delay in the disappearance of the crosslink precursor. The crosslinked product distribution is influenced as well. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1388–1404, 2005
Preparation, characterization, and metal binding behavior of novel chelating resins containing sulfur and polyamine
Authors: Qu Rongjun , Wang Chunhua , Ji Chunnuan , Sun Changmei , Sun Xiangrong , Cheng Guoxiang 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSeveral kinds of polyamine‐type chelating resins containing sulfide were synthesized by the reaction of polyamines, such as ethanolamine (EA), ethylenediamine (EDA), diethylenetriamine (DETA), and triethylenetetramine (TETA), with poly[4‐vinylbenzyl (2‐benzenesulfonate ethyl) sulfide] (PSMP), which was itself prepared by the reaction of poly[4‐vinylbenzyl (2‐hydroxyethyl) sulfide] (PSME) with benzenesulfonal chloride in pyridine solution. Factors affecting syntheses of PSMP, such as solvents, reaction temperature and time, and ratio of reactants, were investigated. Structures of the above resins were confirmed by FTIR and elemental analysis. Their surface morphology and pore structures were observed on a SEM and determined by the BET method, respectively. Adsorption experiments showed that these resins exhibit better adsorption selectivity for noble metal ions and Hg(II) than other heavy ones. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1558–1565, 2005
Hydrazinium salts as thermally latent initiators in the polymerization of glycidyl phenyl ether
Authors: Kim Moon Suk , Lee Sang Bong , Lee Kyu Wan , Endo Takeshi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNovel hydrazinium salts, N,N‐dimethyl N‐benzyl N′‐benzyl N′‐benzoyl hydrazinium hexafluoroantimonate (2) and N,N‐dimethyl N‐benzyl N′‐(2‐propyl) N′‐benzoyl hydrazinium hexafluoroantimonate (3) were synthesized from hydrazinium salt (1) with the corresponding alcohol. Their initiator activities were examined in the polymerization of glycidyl phenyl ether (GPE). The polymerization of GPE did not proceed with 2 and 3 below 60 and 100°C but proceeded rapidly above those temperatures, respectively. It was found that 1–3 served as thermally latent initiators in the polymerization of GPE. The initiating species and terminating species were identified as the proton or alkyl cation and aminimide, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1439–1442, 2005
Spinning and properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/organomontmorillonite nanocomposite fibers
Authors: Guan Guo‐Hu , Li Chun‐Cheng , Zhang Dong 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBy in situ polycondensation, a intercalated poly(ethylene terephthalate)/organomontmorillonite nanocomposite was prepared after montmorillonite (MMT) had been treated with a water‐soluble polymer. This nanocomposite was produced to fibers through melt spinning. The resulting nanocomposite fibers were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The interlayer distance of MMT dispersed in the nanocomposite fibers was further enlarged because of strong shear stress during processing of melt spinning. This was confirmed by XRD test and TEM images. DSC test results showed that incorporation of MMT accelerated the crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), but the crystallinity of the drawn fibers just had a little increasing compared with that of neat PET drawn fibers. Also compared with pure PET drawn fibers, tensile strength at 5% elongation and thermal stability of the nanocomposite fibers were improved. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1443–1447, 2005
Use of epoxy–phenolic lacquers in food can coatings: Characterization of lacquers and cured films
Authors: Manfredi L. B. , Ginés M. J. L. , Benítez G. J. , Egli W. A. , Rissone H. , Vázquez A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLiquid and cured epoxy–phenolic lacquers used as can coatings were characterized. Tinplate was used as the base material, which was coated with lacquers of different epoxy to phenolic ratios (EPRs) from a commercial source. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used together to obtain helpful information about the degree of curing and the composition of the lacquers. From FTIR analysis, we were able to infer that the lacquers were composed of a high‐molecular‐weight diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A type epoxy resin and a resol‐type phenolic resin. In addition, from FTIR spectra, we estimated the EPRs of lacquers applied on the tinplate and detected if they had been overcured. The EPRs of the applied lacquers were estimated also from DSC analysis. From TGA, we detected undercuring in the applied lacquers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1448–1458, 2005
Crosslinking and biodegradation of poly(butylene succinate) prepolymers containing itaconic or maleic acid units in the main chain
Authors: Teramoto Naozumi , Ozeki Mayuka , Fujiwara Ikue , Shibata Mitsuhiro 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPoly(butylene succinate)‐based prepolymers containing itaconic acid units or maleic acid units in the main chain were synthesized through the condensation reaction of 1,4‐butanediol, succinic acid, and itaconic acid or maleic acid. The resulting prepolymers, with weight‐average molecular weights in the several thousands, were cured at 115°C with benzoyl peroxide to produce crosslinked polyesters that were insoluble in chloroform. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that the glass‐transition temperature rose with crosslinking and that the melting temperature and heat of melting decreased with crosslinking. These results implied that crosslinking was successfully carried out and that the crystallinity of the polymer decreased. The crosslinked polymer showed lower biodegradability in the biochemical oxygen demand assay with activated sludge but retained some biodegradability. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1473–1480, 2005
New melamine–formaldehyde–ketone polymers. II. Dissolution of melamine in reactive solvents prepared from cyclohexanone
Authors: Głowacz‐Czerwonka Dorota , Kucharski Mieczysław 
Published: January 2005

AbstractReactive solvents of melamine were prepared from cyclohexanone and excess of formaldehyde in the presence of triethylamine catalyst. The solubility of melamine in the solvents was evaluated and the mechanism of dissolution explained on the basis of 1H‐NMR and IR spectroscopy. Attempts to cure the melamine solutions resulted in melamine–formaldehyde–cyclohexanone polymers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 77–85, 2005