bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Presentation, Risk Factors, and Comparison of Laboratory Diagnostics for Seasonal Influenza Virus Among Cambodians From 2007 to 2020
Authors: Rachmat Agus , Kelly Gerard C , Tran Long Khanh , Christy Nathaniel , Supaprom Chonthida , Heang Vireak , Dul Sokha , Garcia-Rivera Jose A , Prom Satharath , Sopheab Heng , Brooks John S , Sutherland Ian J , Corson Karen S , Letizia Andrew G 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
Despite its global significance, challenges associated with understanding the epidemiology and accurately detecting, measuring, and characterizing the true burden of seasonal influenza remain in many resource-poor settings.

Methods
A prospective observational study was conducted in Cambodia at 28 health facilities between 2007 and 2020 utilizing passive surveillance data of patients presenting with acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI) to describe the prevalence of influenza A and B and characterize associated risk factors and symptoms using a questionnaire. A comparison of rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) results was also conducted.

Results
Of 30 586 total participants, 5634 (18.4%) tested positive for either influenza A or B, with 3557 (11.6%) positive for influenza A and 2288 (7.5%) positive for influenza B during the study. Influenza A and B were strongly associated with the rainy season (odds ratio [OR], 2.30; P &lt; .001) and being from an urban area (OR, 1.45; P &lt; .001). Analysis of individual symptoms identified cough (OR, 2.8; P &lt; .001), chills (OR, 1.4; P &lt; .001), and sore throat (OR, 1.4; P &lt; .001) as having the strongest positive associations with influenza among patients with AUFI. Analysis comparing RIDTs and rRT-PCR calculated the overall sensitivity of rapid tests to be 0.492 (95% CI, 0.479–0.505) and specificity to be 0.993 (95% CI, 0.992–0.994) for both influenza type A and B.

Conclusions
Findings from this 14-year study include describing the epidemiology of seasonal influenza over a prolonged time period and identifying key risk factors and clinical symptoms associated with infection; we also demonstrate the poor sensitivity of RIDTs in Cambodia.
Combination Antifungal Therapy for Invasive Mucormycosis in Immunocompromised Hosts: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Lu Brian , Ha David , Shen Sa , Ferguson Toll Jessica , Kim Ailin , Kim Sarah , Mui Emily , Deresinski Stan , Holubar Marisa , Alegria William 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Combination antifungal therapy for invasive mucormycosis remains controversial and is inconsistently defined in prior studies. In a cohort of patients with immunocompromised status and invasive mucormycosis, we found no difference in 6-week mortality with up-front or salvage combination therapy as compared with monotherapy.
Venice
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
No city stirs the imagination more than Venice. From the richly ornamented palaces emerging from the waters of the Grand Canal to the dazzling sites of Piazza San Marco, visitors and residents alike sense they are entering, as fourteenth-century poet Petrarch remarked, “another world.” During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Venice was celebrated as a model republic in an age of monarchs. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it became famous for its freewheeling lifestyle characterized by courtesans, casinos, and Carnival. When the city fell on hard times following the collapse of the Republic in 1797, a darker vision of Venice as a place of decay, disease, and death took hold. Today tourists from around the globe flock to the world heritage site as rising sea level threatens its very foundations. This comprehensive account reveals the adaptations to its geographic setting that have been a constant feature of living on water from Venice’s origins to the present. It examines the lives of the women and men, noble and common, rich and poor, Christian and Jew, who built the city and its vast empire that stretched from Northern Italy to the eastern Mediterranean. It details Venice’s urban transformations in response to environmental vulnerability, industrialization, and mass tourism. It also considers the city’s dramatically changing political role—its power as a city-state, regional-state, and overseas empire, and its impact on the development of fascism. Throughout, the city’s cultural achievements in architecture, painting, and music are highlighted.
From Ducal to Communal Venice
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter charts the evolution of Venice from a monarchical (ducal or dogal) form of government into a communal one, an early form of republican government. This was a twofold process: the reining in of the doge through the requirement that he swear an oath of office known as the promissione, and the development of new, more representative bodies (the Greater and Lesser councils) that restricted his power to act independently. Other changes accompanied this evolution: the bureaucracy grew and the city took on a new form. The church of San Marco was rebuilt for a third and final time, Piazza San Marco was expanded, and Rialto emerged as the city’s wholesale market. The city became more compact and other lagoon settlements declined as Rialto/Venice rose.
The Fourth Crusade and the Creation of a Mediterranean Empire
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter charts the course of the Fourth Crusade which resulted in the overthrow of the Byzantine Empire and the creation of Venice’s overseas domain, known as the stato da mar. It examines the ways by which Venice acquired empire: conquest, purchase, settlement. Not interested in territory per se, Venice wanted trading posts and water refueling stations for its ships. It explores the huge expansion of Venetian trade and trade routes, including into the Black Sea, and the trade routes to India and China, the latter pioneered by Marco Polo. It also shows how urban infrastructure projects, especially the creation of fondachi (hospice/warehouses) for foreign merchants, the Arsenal, and the Mint, supported Venetian trade. The chapter considers how Venice used both hard and soft power to assert its trade monopoly over the Adriatic and its growing trade and military rivalry with Genoa.
Society and Politics in the Thirteenth Century
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the evolution of Venetian society and politics over the course of the thirteenth century. At the beginning of the century, the nobility remained ill-defined; and for the first time, the popolo and their organization into guilds and confraternities comes into focus. But many remained outside these structures. As the city continued to grow, the communal government and bureaucracy expanded. The increasing density of the urban environment fostered greater surveillance and police powers as the commune asserted its control over streets and canals. A particular type of domestic architecture developed that was adapted to the city’s amphibious environment. The mendicant orders also played a major role in urban expansion. By the end of the century, the popolo had been excluded from power, and the nobility (defined by the event known as the Serrata) had emerged as a hereditary caste. The Venetian Republic was born.
EU Law and Sports: A Match Made in Hell or in Heaven?
Authors: Maduro Miguel Poiares 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter challenges the current model of sports governance autonomy and argues that only the EU is in a position to bring democratic accountability and rule of law principles into sports governance and ought to do so. The chapter starts by reviewing the extent to which sports private governance bodies are failing in delivering on the public good entrusted to them from sports integrity to the openness and competitive balance of sports competitions. It then proceeds to link those failures to systemic governance failures in those bodies. It identifies and challenges the traditional justifications put forward to justify the almost absolute form of regulatory autonomy and private governance granted to sports governance bodies. It goes on to argue not only that autonomy ought to be limited but that, even when and where it does make sense to recognize such autonomy, it needs to be conditional on subjecting their structures of governance to principles of democracy, rule of law, fundamental rights, accountability, and transparency. The final section argues that only the EU is in a position to do this and puts forward different alternatives on how it can be achieved. It also argues that, in doing so, the EU presents to its citizens an important democratic added value.
The Crusade for the Holy Grail of Competitive Balance
Authors: Mataija Mislav , Mavroidis Petros C 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The specificity of sport is a concept acknowledged on both sides of the Atlantic. In the US it is linked to a (limited) exception from antitrust laws. In Europe, the application of the rules on free movement of persons, services, and workers, as well as antitrust, has left some room for it. But whereas the US has gone full steam ahead to regulate competitive balance, Europe has not. In this contribution, inspired by the work of Steve Weatherill and others, we ask the question whether the observed differentiated approach is justified because of the nature of competition on the two sides of the Atlantic, ie closed leagues in the US, and promotion/relegation in Europe.
(Teaching) The Integrity of the EU’s Internal Market
Authors: Shuibhne Niamh Nic , Baleva Dayana , Dimitrijewitsch Jovan , Jukes Rhian , Kotrba Antonín , Schaupp Lukas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This co-produced chapter traces the teaching and learning of the ‘Integrity of the EU’s Internal Market’ LLM course at Edinburgh Law School during the spring semester of the 2020–21 academic year. It shows how Steve Weatherill’s research—especially his Yearbook of European Law article on ‘The Several Internal Markets’ (2017) and his subsequent work on Brexit—underpinned the foundations of the course and provoked both teacher and students to interrogate and reflect more deeply on the nature, coherence, and fragility of the internal market. It considers questions of integrity from a conceptual perspective and then tests and evolves them in the context of complexities within and across the internal market’s four freedoms; with respect to how market and non-market objectives intersect; and in terms of how the EU’s internal market relates to the markets beyond its borders. It concludes by offering post-course thoughts from the students on what it was like to learn through this thematic approach and from the teacher on the future of education on EU internal market law.
Animist Time and the White Anthropocene
Authors: Allen-Paisant Jason 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter examines Aimé Césaire’s commitment to more-than-human existence alongside that of a number of other African/diasporic thinkers, setting his work in relation to a rigorously accounted for set of predecessors—life philosophy, anthropology, poetics of Africa and its diasporas—and establishing a continuity of diasporic thought around the body and around interspecies collaboration and co-existence. While the age of climate disaster has begun to turn the Western civilizational ethos of the human person into an object for thought in many quarters, the author’s entry point into the conversation is through Afro-diasporic knowledge systems that evidence construals of the human being not rooted in the Western paradigm of the individual. The chapter emphasizes the fact that animist thinking systems have for centuries, due to the violences of modernity, existed in a parallel space and time to what the author calls ‘capitalist time’ and proposes that the failures and crises of Western industrial/technological civilization warrant renewed examinations of their benefits in human living practices. This comes full circle on the opening discussion (in Chapter 1) of the fate of a certain view of ‘poetry’ (as incantation, participation, cultivation) in modernity.
Introduction
Authors: Davenport Caillan , Malik Shushma 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis book consists of a series of case studies examining the representation of Roman emperors across more than two thousand years of history from antiquity to the present. The case studies cover a range of different texts, media, and contexts, ranging from histories, coins, and statues of the Roman imperial period to twentieth-century novels and museum exhibitions. This introductory chapter sets out the methodological and theoretical frameworks for the case studies and the volume as a whole. It first examines the mechanics of representation and theories of classical reception before exploring several key themes: the relationship between history and fiction; the rhetoric and creativity of images; the transmission of the Roman past; and the representation of Rome in imperialistic contexts.
Epilogue
Authors: Davenport Caillan , Malik Shushma 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter draws together the main themes of the volume. It argues that Roman emperors have functioned (and continue to function) not only as models of kingship, but as a way of structuring the past, present, and future of states and individuals and of expressing the relationships between them. The ideas of contingency, collection, and curation that lie behind these phenomena are summed up by the concept of representation. We argue that representation is a process which arises from the interaction of human imagination with specific media, genres, and discourses.
An Introduction to Courts’ and Principles-Based Interpretivism
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis book focuses on courts and financial disputes. We speak of ‘constitutional law’, ‘civil law’, or ‘administrative law’, but of ‘financial regulation’ as if finance’s rules and norms were something alien to, or distinct from, ‘law’. This emphasizes finance’s peculiarities, including the presence of regulatory norms, the use of soft law, the norm-producing status of administrative authorities, and the relevance of global standard-setting bodies i. In turn, finance presents unique problems for the law. Yet, this chapter shows that only law and courts can answer those problems by providing finance with the certainty it needs to operate, and the elasticity it needs to evolve. It offers many examples where, using principles-based interpretivism, courts reconcile finance’s technical complexity with a respect for the rule of law, especially when different pieces of legislation are inspired by different, sometimes competing goals or ‘narratives’. The chapter also argues that courts’ principles-based interpretivism can correct certain biases, and bolster the legitimacy of financial law. Alternative views, such as rules-based positivism or pragmatism do not fully capture the role of courts in financial law.
Finance, the Rule of Law, and the Courts
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos 
Published: February 2024

AbstractChapter 2 illustrates the necessity of law and courts in finance more explicitly by focusing on three fronts. First, legal institutions are essential to explain financial development, as well as its flaws. Very different theories about what institutions can foster (inclusive) development are coincident in signalling the role of law, and incidentally, of courts. Secondly, the role of law is essential in crises, where financial stability is at stake. Contrary to some authors, who argue that in such cases law is somewhat ‘suspended’, we argue that law needs to be central, in order to ensure that any solutions adopted are legitimate, and that the legal measures adopted in a crisis can be sensibly applied once the conditions have changed. Thirdly, crises are but one example of conflicts that cannot be solved by a merely literal application of specific rules or precedents, because these ‘hard cases’ (in Dworkin’s words) present a collision of principles or values, where the role of courts and interpretation is essential.
Courts and Financial Contract Disputes
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter analyses how courts have dealt with financial contract conflicts. First, the chapter analyses the disputes over the validity of the contract, resulting from problems of the ‘capacity’ to conclude the contract, and the contravention by the contract of mandatory provisions or public policy. Secondly, the chapter analyses the disputes concerning the ‘representations’ made by financial intermediaries to their clients, especially during the marketing stage, including the duties of broker-dealers and financial advisers in the US, the implied duties of transparency of banks during the marketing stage under private law, i.e. absent specific regulatory provisions, and the impact of mandatory provisions that regulate the marketing process, e.g. MiFID rules, or rules on financial advice, in actions under private law, e.g. contract voidness, avoidance, or damages, as well as the challenges when the contract included clauses exempting financial intermediaries from liability, or stating that clients should rely on a specific set of facts. Thirdly, the chapter analyses disputes over the interpretation of financial contracts, e.g. loans or derivatives, including the applicable interpretative standards, the interpretation of events of default, post-default clauses, such as the ‘flawed asset’ provisions under ISDA contracts, or materially adverse change (MAC) clauses.
Conclusion
Authors: Bryant Joan L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The conclusion reflects on the enduring significance of race challenges as the push to cultivate race consciousness came to dominate reform endeavors. It explores how W. E. B. Du Bois and other race men claimed “the color line” as a discursive space from which to promote a collective racial consciousness while continuing to condemn Jim Crow practices that restricted opportunities for Black Americans to live and progress. It explains Alain Locke’s attempt to reconceptualize race and citizenship, with concepts of “social race” and “culture-citizenship” that would foster a New Negro identity. The analysis points to an expanding appreciation for divergent race constructions to explain how the multivocal discourse of race that historian Evelyn Higginbotham explicates became a feature of reform in the early twentieth century. It proposes an alternate conceptualization that to account for the diverse practices of race that yield varied configurations.
Old Heads
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins with a description of the Combahee River, noting that the black water of the 40-mile-long tidally influenced river was caused by the tannic acid leached from trees lining the floodplains. It discusses the enslaved people’s flight to freedom on the Combahee River and how they were faced with the constant danger of snakes, alligators, and quicksand-like pluff mud. It also highlights Harriet Tubman’s experiences on the Blackwater River, which taught her to read and navigate across a landscape with a group of freedom seekers who were scared, inexperienced, and desperate to secure their freedom. The chapter recounts how the Combahee River became home to the winter country estates of some of South Carolina’s most elite families. It mentions formerly enslaved men and women that testified in the U. S. Civil War Pension about the rice planter families that held them in bondage and exploited their labor.
Stolen Children
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter talks about tobacco farmer Atthow Pattison’s bequeathment of Rit Green, Harriet Tubman’s mother, to his granddaughter, Mary Pattison after his death. It explores the typical norm of the time wherein wealthy white Southern girls and women inherit enslaved people who would take care of them, their children, and their homes and would help them maintain the proper station of a lady. It also analyzes Atthow’s motivation to limit Rit Green’s servitude by the Act of 1790, which allowed manumission of enslaved people under age 50 by deed or will. The chapter recounts the “abroad marriage” of Tubman’s parents as they were enslaved by two different slaveholders, which eventually ended in separation as Rit’s slaveholder decided to move away. It points out Tubman’s refusal to learn how to weave and to be forced to live and work in close proximity with white folks as her first acts of rebellion.
Freedom Seekers
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter talks about the enslaved men, women, and children that faced the auction block on Maryland’s Eastern Shore in the second quarter of the 19th century. It describes the enslaved people that were auctioned off and marched through town on a slave coffle, bound by ropes around their necks, staples around their arms, and driven by the whip. It also highlights Eliza Brodess’ decision to put Harriet Tubman and her brothers up for sale, forcing them to face a bleak prospect of either being sold as slaves for life out-of-state or running away and facing starvation, exposure, wild animals and slave catchers. The chapter recounts how certain slaveholders sometimes explicitly threatened those they held in bondage with sale to slave traders from the South. It considers running away as a heart-breaking decision for enslaved people as they would leave behind family members that would almost certainly be sold away as slaves for life.
Beaufort’s Boatmen
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Blacks in Beaufort and on the Sea Islands that were suspicious of whites and their motives, noting how looting by Union soldiers from refugees reinforced their fears. It highlights the requirement of cotton agents, superintendents, and Special Treasury Agents for refugees to till the soil under their supervision after the Sea Island crop was harvested. It also mentions northern abolitionists that were well informed about the refugees’ condition through the relief committees and determined that Harriet Tubman was needed in Port Royal. The chapter recounts Adams Gillmore, who engineered the fortification of Tybee Island by building artillery batteries on mud flats. It highlights the capture of Fort Pulaski on April 11, 1862, which was a second victory for the Union and solidified its control of the Atlantic Coast south of Charleston.
“Great Sufferers”
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The chapter recounts the profound fall-out from the Combahee River, which threatened the whole grainery of the State. It considers Colonel James Montgomery and other officers of the Second South Carolina Volunteers and Third Rhode Island battery as foreign officers who violated international law governing the conduct of one sovereign nation, the United States of America, toward another, the Confederate States of America. It also points out how Montgomery’s war on private citizens was subversive of the rules and customs of war, dating back to the Crusades. The chapter talks about the white commanders and Black soldiers that had broken the state laws of South Carolina and would be executed as insurrectionists and traitors to the state if caught. It cites Captain John F. Lay’s official report on the Confederate Army on how they were mortified and humiliated by a parcel of negro wretches calling themselves soldiers and degraded whites.