bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Özbey Sonya N. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThat conceptions of animality are often tied to those of humanity and social difference is an oft-mentioned observation in critical animality studies. While the interplay between the categories of animality, gender, descent, and ability is undeniable, our analyses of discussions of these themes in Spinoza’s oeuvre and the Zhuangzi demonstrate that the precise reach of the human-animal binary is not always straightforward. The conclusion to Part V discusses the fact that liberatory or oppressive representations of different undervalued groups do not always inflect each other in neatly discernible ways, nor do they always relate to representations of animality directly. While this does not undo the conceptual commingling of human and animal realities, it does reveal further sites of exploration for critical human-animal studies.
Introduction
Authors: Gohdes Anita R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The first chapter of this book sets the stage by tracing the development of global Internet penetration across different types of government and showing that autocratic governments have been catching up to their democratic counterparts. It then discusses how cyber controls—technologies that enable online censorship and surveillance—are now part and parcel of repressive states’ strategies aimed at maintaining and increasing their authority. In reflecting on recent research highlighting the pervasiveness of cyber controls, it then motivates the book’s central research question: Have cyber controls affected the nature of traditional, violent, forms of state repression and, if so, how? The remainder of the chapter offers a brief summary of the argument, the empirical approach taken to answer the question and concludes with a plan of the book.
Online controls and repression in Syria
Authors: Gohdes Anita R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter provides an overview and brief history of digital politics and repression in Syria. It commences with pre-conflict digital politics and then briefly recounts the conflict’s initial trajectory, paying special attention to the unprecedented role social media played in mediating and amplifying the dynamics of violence. The chapter continues with a discussion of the data and methodological approach that form the basis of studying online controls and regime violence in Syria. It highlights the innovations in measurement and estimation of repression, using fine-grained documentation on atrocities committed by the Syrian regime. It concludes with an outlook of the next two chapters, by summarizing the empirical approach used to analyze the relationship between cyber controls and repression in Syria at both the national and regional level.
Global evidence
Authors: Gohdes Anita R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a global comparative analysis of the relationship between Internet outages and state repression. Due to the covert nature of digital surveillance, the global analysis focuses on Internet shutdowns as the observable implication that can most reliably be measured across different countries and time. Taking into account the most important determinants for violent state repression, the results show that nationwide disruptions of the Internet are associated with higher levels of state-ordered repression
Mapping Texts
Authors: Stoltz Dustin S. , Taylor Marshall A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Mining is the dominant metaphor in computational text analysis. When mining texts, the implied assumption is that analysts can find kernels of truth-they just have to sift through rubbish first. In this book, Stoltz and Taylor encourage text analysts to work with a different metaphor in mind: that of mapping. When mapping texts, the goal is not necessarily to find these meaningful needles in the haystack, but instead to create reductions of the text to document patterns. Just like with cartographic maps, though, the type and nature of the textual map is dependent on a range of decisions on the part of the researcher. Creating reproducible workflows is therefore critical for the text analyst. Mapping Texts offers a practical introduction to computational text analysis with step-by-step guides on how to conduct actual text analysis workflows in the R statistical computing environment. The focus is on social science questions and applications, with data ranging from fake news and presidential campaigns to Star Trek and pop stars. The book walks the reader through all facets of a text analysis workflow-from understanding the theories of language embedded in text analysis all the way to more advanced and cutting-edge techniques. The book should prove useful not only to social scientists, but anyone interested in conducting text analysis projects.
Extended Inductive
Authors: Stoltz Dustin S. , Taylor Marshall A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Inductive analysis entails finding latent groupings of texts (or text units) or relations between texts (or text units) without preconceived notions about those groupings or relations. This chapter continues down this path by extending our core methods to more complex and involved techniques: inferential topic modeling, structural topic modeling, word embeddings, and document similarities.
Extended Deductive
Authors: Stoltz Dustin S. , Taylor Marshall A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Deductive analysis entails searching for a meaning in our corpora. Researchers commonly hand-label a manageable random sample of documents, using these labels to build classifiers, validate classifications, or both. Here, we’ll discuss using labels to build classifiers (i.e. supervision) and use these labels to validate classifications. We’ll also explore using pretrained models to classify documents and using inference with text networks as a way to test relational hypotheses with texts.
Reservoir hosts
Authors: Salkeld Dan , Hopkins Skylar , Hayman David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Pathogens exist within host communities where some host species act as important reservoirs of infection. In some cases, pathogens are maintained by a single wildlife host reservoir species or population, as with leprosy and armadillos. In many other cases, pathogens are transmitted among multiple host species, which vary in their competency as reservoir hosts. When many reservoir host species exist, low competency hosts may cause a dilution effect, but it is difficult to predict where and when dilution may occur. Overall, it can be difficult to determine which reservoir host species are the most important for maintaining transmission in the host community. Host community models that aim to describe the different roles of interacting species can be a valuable way to understand local pathogen dynamics, especially when considering the oft-overlooked interactions of non-reservoirs.
Infectious diseases in ecosystems
Authors: Salkeld Dan , Hopkins Skylar , Hayman David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Most disease ecology studies focus on a single host and a single parasite species, but disease dynamics occur in complex ecosystems with multiple pathogens, hosts, and non-host species. When a pathogen strongly impacts one species, it can have rippling effects up and down food webs. These cascading effects have occasionally been documented with serendipitous long-term data and careful experiments, several of which are described in this chapter. Additionally, when parasites interact within the host species, disease outcomes for co-infected hosts may be better or worse than single parasite infections. This chapter describes parasites with an ecosystem-level perspective, and these insights can be used to decide how best to control pathogen transmission (for the benefit of hosts) or to conserve parasite biodiversity (for the benefit of parasites and ecosystems).
The Banking Union: From the Past to the Future
Authors: Alexander Kern 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the Banking Union’s institutional and legal structure and considers the future challenges and institutional and legal gaps that remain for it to promote a more stable European banking sector. In doing so, the chapter discusses how the ECB’s role as a bank supervisor is evolving in response to EU legislation that requires banks to identify and manage environmental and social risks. This chapter also critically analyses the institutional design of the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) and the legal principles governing the SRM’s use of resolution tools, such as bail-in. This chapter also discusses some of the fiscal implications of the SRM that arise because of the creation of the Single Resolution Fund (SRF) that can be drawn upon to pay for bank resolutions. The SRF consists of mandatory levies on covered banks and other financial institutions that is expected to grow to €66 billion in 2024 and, in the meantime, will be supplemented by funding from the resolution funds of SRM Member States along with a taxpayer subsidized fiscal guarantee by these states. This chapter considers the Banking Union’s legal and institutional framework, and its efficacy in managing future challenges and financial risks that arise from macroprudential systemic risks and environmentallly unsustainable economic activity, along with the geo-political challenges involving the use of financial sanctions.
EU Fiscal Coordination: Past and Present
Authors: Estella Antonio 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
There are three main rules of fiscal governance that are inside the EU’s institutional realm, and two other rules that are outside the EU’s institutional framework. The three rules inside the EU’s institutional realm are the 3 per cent deficit and the 60 per cent public debt limits; the close to balance or in surplus rule; and the no bail-out clause. The two rules that are outside the EU’s legal framework are the structural deficit rule of 0.5 per cent GDP and the rule that Eurozone Member States will be rescued if the euro is at stake. Lawyers’ honest efforts to come up with a coherent interpretation of this regulatory jumble remain just that; the fact of the matter is that all these rules form an incoherent whole. As a result, a criterion must be set in order to give pre-eminence to some of them over others. This chapter argues that this criterion should be credibility, and analyses it in detail.
Never Waste A Good Crisis: On The Emergence of an EU Fiscal Capacity
Authors: Amtenbrink Fabian , Markakis Menelaos 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The European sovereign debt crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic have arguably led to a transformation of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) that is ongoing, albeit this was almost always not reflected in the text of the EU Treaties. The measures adopted in response to the two crises were either aimed at or nevertheless had the effect of addressing some of the glaring omissions in the EMU framework. The question that this contribution seeks to answer is whether the two crises have given European integration a significant and lasting impulse towards a greater fiscal capacity or even a fiscal union in the Euro area. To this end, the benchmark is first defined: what exactly is meant by fiscal capacity and fiscal union, as well as what instruments are linked thereto (section II). Thereafter, a brief account is given of the status quo prior to the two crises (section III). This is followed by an analysis of the measures taken in response to the sovereign debt crisis and, subsequently, the Covid-19 pandemic (section IV). It will be argued that, while certainly not providing a permanent solution to the EMU’s shortcomings, the measures that were taken to address the economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic are geared towards the (temporary) increase of the budgetary capacity of the EU on the basis of centralized debt issuing, and include crisis management tools that specifically aim to deal with asymmetric shocks. The two major crises may have given European integration a significant impulse towards a greater fiscal capacity by contributing to its major building blocks, notably in light of what these measures may foreshadow. We conclude with a forward-looking discussion on the other, missing elements for the creation of a greater fiscal capacity and a more complete fiscal union, whilst noting that risk-sharing mechanisms in the EMU remain work in progress (section V).
EU Budget and Spending Powers
Authors: Fasone Cristina 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter is structured as follows. It first deals with the constitutional principles shaping the EU budget, examining whether the principles of fiscal federalism are amongst them. Secondly, it analyses the EU expenditures, considering how their composition has evolved over time and how the interinstitutional balance on the relevant decisions has changed. Thirdly, it critically assesses the expenditures’ cycle, focusing on the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF), on the annual budget’s adoption, its execution, and discharge. Finally, the chapter concludes with an overview of the main innovations introduced by NextGenerationEU in relation to the EU budget and expenditures, reflecting on the input and the direction of evolution they can bring to fiscal federalism in the Union.
Fiscal Union by other Means?
Authors: Hinarejos Alicia 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
When considering fiscal integration in the European Union, the picture that emerges is a piecemeal one: an incomplete framework with only certain elements in place. This is a multi-level system with very unequal distribution of fiscal powers between the EU and national levels. What are the consequences of this incomplete framework, this unequal distribution of fiscal powers within EMU? We know that central fiscal tools (from the centre’s own spending power, to intergovernmental transfers, or the use of central taxation as an automatic equalizing mechanism) are essential in addressing imbalances and challenges such as economic shocks. Yet these are precisely the sorts of tools that the EU does not have, or not to an effective degree. After the Euro area sovereign debt crisis, this meant a turn to other, more limited mechanisms—an attempt to address these challenges through other means, including strengthening budgetary discipline and surveillance or creating funds for financial assistance. These actions also include the adoption of non-standard measures of monetary policy by the European Central Bank (ECB), on which this chapter focuses. The analysis will show how these actions fit within the framework of an incomplete fiscal union, and how they represent, in part, an attempt to plug some of the gaps in fiscal integration. While these actions seem justified and have been considered legal by the Court of Justice of the EU, this chapter will also discuss the concerns and constitutional conflict to which these actions have given and continue to give rise.
Introduction
Authors: Beeley Philip , Hollings Christopher 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The tremendous growth of the mathematical sciences in the Europe of the early modern period was reflected contemporaneously in an increasingly sophisticated level of practical mathematics in fields such as merchants’ accounts, instrument making, teaching, navigation, and gauging. Mathematics in many ways shaped the knowledge culture of the age, extending through the Industrial Revolution to the nineteenth century. In this first chapter, we set the scene for the varied examples of practical mathematics that follow in the remaining essays. We begin with a preliminary discussion of the example of seventeenth-century England before moving out into the wider contexts covered by this book. We summarize the contents of the following chapters and draw out common themes.
Introduction
Authors: Wang Yuan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The introduction briefly situates the work in the context of Sino-African relations and African politics literatures. It then details the phenomenon of the growing presence of China in Africa, and lays out the essential research puzzle: Why do projects that are similar in nature develop along very different trajectories in different African states? This empirical puzzle about railway functionality sheds light on the varying state effectiveness in achieving policy objectives. The chapter lays out the often overlooked aspect in China-Africa structural asymmetry: African agency, in particular how African political leaders can be the central factor that determines Sino-African cooperative projects. The introduction also briefly discusses the research methods of process tracing, and outlines what is to come in the rest of the manuscript.
Struggle to reconstruct
Authors: Wang Yuan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 continues the theme of political championship and project delivery by tracing the process of the Chinese-sponsored Benguela railway in Angola. Throughout its initiation between 2003 and 2006 and its construction from 2006 to 2017 to its present operation, the railway lacked former President Dos Santos’ commitment. This chapter explains the rationale behind this lack of political commitment by showing that Angola’s rich resource endowment allows it to maintain a highly coherent centralized state. The Benguela railway was not strategically salient to the Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA) administration, whose survival was dependent on the cohesion and loyalty of the elites combined with their resource endowment and patronage systems. The chapter also briefly shows that with similar bureaucratic and Chinese factors, the Kilamba Kiaxi project, which provided housing for ministerial employees and MPLA loyalists, was protected from failure thanks to the championship of the president.
Big brother and small boy?
Authors: Wang Yuan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 engages with the broader Sino-African relations and the dependency–extraversion debate. It explores how and why African actors, particularly political leaders, were able to effectively exercise their agency and shape the project trajectory despite the China–Africa power asymmetry. It argues that Chinese-financed and -constructed projects in Africa coincided with rulers’ strategies for political survival in the host countries. Instead of reducing their dependence on external economies, African rulers tend to utilize their dependent positions through foreign trade and financial support. Internationally, they strategically assess their available choices to ensure that the state receives the largest amount of foreign funding and on the most favourable terms. Domestically, they instrumentalize the Chinese-sponsored projects and Chinese loans to demonstrate their performance legitimacy and feed the patronage machines. The fragmented nature of Chinese actors in Africa further helps to balance the asymmetric relationship by diluting China’s power and enhancing African agency.
Conclusion
Authors: Wang Yuan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Conclusion synthesizes the book’s major findings and emphasizes African agency, in particular the agency of African political leaders, in shaping Sino-African infrastructure projects. The book proposed a two-step answer to the overarching puzzle of why Chinese-financed and -constructed projects that are similar in nature develop different trajectories in different African states. First, it is the primacy of African domestic politics, rather than the ‘Chineseness’, that determines the trajectories of Chinese-sponsored projects. Second, it is the agency of African political leaders’ commitment to and intervention in the project, rather than institutional factors such as bureaucratic capacity, that define the effectiveness of infrastructure delivery; that is, the political championship theory. The chapter also suggests directions for future scholarly inquiry and offers applications of the research for policy-makers and business decision-makers.
Cosmopolitan Elites
Authors: Huju Kira 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Cosmopolitan Elites narrates the birth, everyday life, and fracturing of a Western-dominated global order from its margins. It examines diplomats of the elite Indian Foreign Service, many of whom were present at the founding of this order, set out to remake it in the name of a radically anti-colonial global subaltern, but often ended up seeking status within its hierarchies through social mimicry of its most powerful actors. This is a book about the struggles of belonging: it revisits what it takes to be a recognized member of international society and asks what the experience of historically marginalized actors inside the diplomatic club can tell us about the evident woes of global order today. In interrogating how Indian diplomats learned to live under a Westernized world order, it also offers a sociologically grounded reading on what might happen in spaces like India as the world transitions past Western domination. An awkward balancing act animates the order-making of India’s cosmopolitan diplomats: despite a genuine desire to strive towards a postcolonial world founded on diversity and difference. India’s cosmopolitans have sought to leverage their cultural capital to find social parity in a politically unequal world. Cosmopolitanism operates inside this balancing act not as an international ethic upholding an equal, tolerant, or liberal global order, but rather as an elite aesthetic which presumes cultural compliance, diplomatic accommodation, and social assimilation into Western mores.
Epilogue
Authors: Huju Kira 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Epilogue considers what a reflexive sociological reading of Indian diplomats tells us about a wider set of questions about cosmopolitanism, diversity, and domination under Western-led order. It elaborates on the limits of a liberal understanding of recognition that focuses purely on formal admission, considering instead the importance of the social recognition function of actually existing cosmopolitanism. It asks whether some rendition of the cosmopolitan ideal can—or ought to—be salvaged, and how it might be reimagined for the sake of a more genuinely pluralistic world. There is nothing natural or obvious about the existence of the cosmopolitan elite, or the way that very particular readings of worldliness and inclusion in international society have come to captivate our imagination. It is the normalization of dominant Westerncentric, post-aristocratic narratives that make the social constitution of the cosmopolitan elite seem commonsensical, even inevitable. Denaturalizing and contextualizing the elite aesthetic of cosmopolitanism allows us to analyse the oxymoron inherent in the very notion of a ‘cosmopolitan elite’—and to understand how this elite reproduces itself in the face of global and local change.
Introduction
Authors: Balbi Gabriele 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The introduction frames the core arguments and explains the title of the book: why is the digital revolution an “ideology”? This volume aims to tell the story of an idea, probably the most powerful idea of recent decades: that digitization constitutes a revolution, a break with the past, a radical change for human beings who find themselves living through it. This idea is so powerful that has proved capable of reaching across global societies between the second half of the twentieth century and the first decades of the twenty-first. A truly global ideology made up of discussions, which are surprisingly similar even in distant countries and cultures, of stereotypes repeated and renewed over time, of a linear vision of history that leads from an analog world to an inevitably digital one. The introduction discusses the “ideological nature” of the digital revolution, the fact that it has become a vision, a contemporary “mythology”, and a dominant paradigm of the present. At the end of the Introduction, all the chapters are summarized.