bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Social Context of Young Children's Peer Victimization
Authors: Hanish Laura D. , Ryan Patti , Martin Carol Lynn , Fabes Richard A. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract The goal of this study was to investigate differences in the social context of peer victimization for preschoolers and kindergarteners. Data were collected from 168 children. For preschoolers, neither social acceptance nor friendships were significantly related to peer victimization. Instead, playing with peers and exposure to aggressive peers were associated with higher rates of peer victimization. For kindergarteners, exposure to aggressive peers also contributed to the risk for peer victimization, but being liked by peers and having friends were inversely related to victimization, thereby providing a buffering effect. The developmental implications of these findings are discussed.
A Comparison of Majority‐race Children With and Without a Minority‐race Friend
Authors: Lease A. Michele , Blake Jamilia J. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract Majority‐race (black or white)1 elementary school children with and without a minority friend (black or white) in their classroom were compared on measures of social, behavioral, and affective characteristics. Analyses focused on 260 4th through 6th grade students who were racial majorities in their classrooms and had at least one reciprocated friendship in the classroom‐based peer group. Overall, the results were consistent with the scenario that majority children with minority friends are high status, prosocial, and socially satisfied members of the peer group, compared to majority children without a cross‐race friendship, although race and gender differences were observed. In contrast, class‐level characteristics (e.g. class size, the proportion of participating children in each classroom of the majority race, and the number of minority‐race children in the classroom) were not predictive of whether a majority child had a cross‐race friendship or not. Implications for the current status of black– white relations among our youth were discussed.
Target Specificity of Subjective Relationship Measures: Understanding the Determination of Item Variance
Authors: Kiesner Jeff , Nicotra Eraldo , Notari Giorgia 
Published: January 2005

Abstract The present study was conducted to test the ability of two subscales from the Friendship Quality Questionnaire (FQQ; Parker & Asher, 1993) to discriminate between different target friendships. This was done by testing for mean differences between targets, and by using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to examine the factor structures for these measures when the responses for different targets were considered together. Participants were 293 Italian middle‐school students. Both subscales (Validation and Caring, and Conflict and Betrayal) showed mean differences between the best friend and the second and third best friends, but only the validation and caring subscale demonstrated differences between the second and third best friends. Factor analyses showed that for both subscales some items were able to discriminate between friends whereas others were not. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated the existence of target‐specific factors, as well as a common ‘individual differences’ factor. Practical and theoretical issues regarding the different sources of item variance are discussed.
Developmental language disorders – a follow‐up in later adult life. Cognitive, language and psychosocial outcomes
Authors: Clegg J. , Hollis C. , Mawhood L. , Rutter M. 
Published: January 2005

Background:  Little is known on the adult outcome and longitudinal trajectory of childhood developmental language disorders (DLD) and on the prognostic predictors.Method:  Seventeen men with a severe receptive DLD in childhood, reassessed in middle childhood and early adult life, were studied again in their mid‐thirties with tests of intelligence (IQ), language, literacy, theory of mind and memory together with assessments of psychosocial outcome. They were compared with the non language disordered siblings of the DLD cohort to control for shared family background, adults matched to the DLD cohort on age and performance IQ (IQM group) and a cohort from the National Child Development Study (NCDS) matched to the DLD cohort on childhood IQ and social class.Results:  The DLD men had normal intelligence with higher performance IQ than verbal IQ, a severe and persisting language disorder, severe literacy impairments and significant deficits in theory of mind and phonological processing. Within the DLD cohort higher childhood intelligence and language were associated with superior cognitive and language ability at final adult outcome. In their mid‐thirties, the DLD cohort had significantly worse social adaptation (with prolonged unemployment and a paucity of close friendships and love relationships) compared with both their siblings and NCDS controls. Self‐reports showed a higher rate of schizotypal features but not affective disorder. Four DLD adults had serious mental health problems (two had developed schizophrenia).Conclusion:  A receptive developmental language disorder involves significant deficits in theory of mind, verbal short‐term memory and phonological processing, together with substantial social adaptation difficulties and increased risk of psychiatric disorder in adult life. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Comparison of the DSM‐IV combined and inattentive types of ADHD in a school‐based sample of Latino/Hispanic children
Authors: Bauermeister José J. , Matos Maribel , Reina Graciela , Salas Carmen C. , Martínez José V. , Cumba Eduardo , Barkley Russell A. 
Published: January 2005

Background:  The aim of this investigation was to examine the construct validity and distinctiveness of the inattentive type (IT) and combined type (CT) of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in a Latino/Hispanic sample.Method:  A comprehensive assessment was conducted with a clinically diagnosed school‐based sample of 98 children aged 6 to 11 (CT = 44; IT = 25; control group = 29).Results:  Both ADHD groups were impaired on academic achievement measures, presented more ADHD‐type behaviors during math and vigilance tasks, and exhibited greater internalizing symptoms. The IT group had a later onset of inattention symptoms, presented more sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms, was less prone to initiate social interactions or to be assertive and more self‐controlled in social interchanges, was less likely to have externalizing behaviors, had mothers who reported less child‐related family stress, and was less impaired in their adaptive functioning.Conclusions:  Findings supported the construct validity of ADHD in this culturally different sample and suggested that the CT and IT represent distinct disorders.
The Stroop revisited: a meta‐analysis of interference control in AD/HD
Authors: Van Mourik Rosa , Oosterlaan Jaap , Sergeant Joseph A. 
Published: January 2005

Background:  An inhibition deficit, including poor interference control, has been implicated as one of the core deficits in AD/HD. Interference control is clinically measured by the Stroop Colour‐Word Task. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to investigate the strength of an interference deficit in AD/HD as measured by the Stroop Colour‐Word Task and to assess the role of moderating variables that could explain the results. These moderating variables included: methods of calculating the interference score, comorbid reading and psychiatric disorders, AD/HD‐subtypes, gender, age, intellectual functioning, medication, and sample size.Methods:  Seventeen independent studies were located including 1395 children, adolescents, and young adults, in the age range of 6–27 years. A meta‐analysis was conducted to assess the effect sizes for the scores on the word and the colour card as well as the interference score.Results:  Children with AD/HD performed more poorly on all three dependent variables. The effect sizes for word reading (d = .49) and colour naming (d = .58) were larger and more homogeneous than the effect size for the interference score (d = .35). The method used to calculate the interference score strongly influenced the findings for this measure. When interference control was calculated as the difference between the score on the colour card minus the score on the colour‐word card, no differences were found between AD/HD groups and normal control groups.Discussion:  The Stroop Colour‐Word Task, in standard form, does not provide strong evidence for a deficit in interference control in AD/HD. However, the Stroop Colour‐Word Task may not be a valid measure of interference control in AD/HD and alternative methodologies may be needed to test this aspect of the inhibitory deficit model in AD/HD.
Aggression, social cognitions, anger and sadness in bullies and victims
Authors: Camodeca Marina , Goossens Frits A. 
Published: January 2005

Background:  The present study aimed to investigate children's social information processing (SIP) and emotions in the bullying situation, taking into account reactive and proactive aggression. More specifically, we investigated the way in which children interpret social information, which goals they select, how they evaluate their responses and which emotions they express in hypothetical situations.Method:  The participants comprised 242 Dutch children (120 girls and 122 boys; mean age: 117.2 months), who were assigned by means of peer nominations (Salmivalli, Lagerspetz, et al., 1996) to one of the following roles: bully (n = 21), follower of the bully (n = 38), victim (n = 35), defender of the victim (n = 48), outsider (n = 52) and not involved (n = 32). Sixteen children (including 3 bully/victims) were not given any role. The reactive and proactive aggression scale (Dodge, & Coie, 1987) was filled out by teachers in order to test the association between these types of aggression and involvement in bullying. Children were presented with ambiguous scenarios and responded to questions about attribution of intent, goal selection and emotions (anger and sadness). In addition, two questionnaires were administered to children: one assessed perceived self‐efficacy in performing aggression, inhibiting aggression and using verbal persuasion skills, and the other assessed expected outcomes from behaving aggressively or prosocially.Results:  Results showed that while reactive aggression was common in bullies and victims, proactive aggression was only characteristic of bullies. Both bullies and victims, compared to the other children, scored higher on hostile interpretation, anger, retaliation and ease of aggression. Bullies and followers claimed that it was easy for them to use verbal persuasion, while victims turned out to be the saddest group. All children, irrespective of their role in the peer group, thought that aggressive as well as prosocial behavior was more likely to produce desired results from a friendly peer than from an aggressive one.Conclusions:  Bullies and victims seem to be similar in reactive aggression, SIP, and in the expression of anger, but the motivations which lead to their behavior may be different, as well as the final outcomes of their acts.
Foetal testosterone, social relationships, and restricted interests in children
Authors: Knickmeyer Rebecca , Baron‐Cohen Simon , Raggatt Peter , Taylor Kevin 
Published: January 2005

Background: Sex‐differences exist in some areas of human social behaviour. In animals, foetal testosterone (fT) plays a central role in organising the brain and in later social behaviour. fT has also been implicated in language development, eye‐contact, and spatial ability in humans.Methods: Fifty‐eight children (35 male and 23 female), whose fT was analysed in amniotic fluid, were followed up at age 4. Their mothers completed the Children's Communication Checklist, a questionnaire assessing language, quality of social relationships and restricted interests.Results: fT was negatively correlated to quality of social relationships, taking sex‐differences into account. fT was also positively correlated with restricted interests in boys.Conclusions: These findings implicate fT in both social development and attentional focus. They may also have implications for understanding the sex ratio in autism.
Practitioner Review: The contribution of attachment theory to child custody assessments
Authors: Byrne James G. , O'Connor Thomas G. , Marvin Robert S. , Whelan William F. 
Published: January 2005

Background:  The area of child custody assessments continues to fail to meet the evidence‐based threshold now established in clinical practice. This is despite the existence, for many years, of published guidelines governing the practice of custody assessments available from a number of professional bodies.Methods:  This article reviews the potential of attachment theory to contribute to the conceptualization of custody evaluations, clinical assessment, and the development of evidence‐based practice. Particular attention is paid to specific instruments used to assess attachment in clinic and non‐clinic settings.Results:  Guidelines concerning child custody assessments highlight the particular importance of assessing attachment and parent–child relationship quality. However, measures often used in the course of a custody assessment are not backed up with empirical research, and the measures that are supported by empirical research have been slow to influence practice. There may be conceptual and measurement advantages of considering an attachment research‐informed custody assessment.Discussion:  Attachment theory has obvious conceptual relevance for the child custody context. Further clinical research is needed to demonstrate the usefulness of attachment research measures; research of this kind may shed important light on the development and resilience of affectional bonds.
Effect of Education on School‐Age Children's and Parents' Asthma Management
Authors: Horner Sharon D. 
Published: January 2005

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. Asthma affects 7.4% of school‐age children, with poor children or members of ethnic minorities disproportionately affected.DESIGN AND METHODS. A quasiexperimental, year‐long pilot study tested the effectiveness of an intervention that included school‐based small‐group education for children with home‐based education for parents. Pretest and two posttest measures were collected.RESULTS. Forty‐four families completed the study (41% African American, 36% European American, 23% Mexican American), with 46% coming from poor or working‐class families. Asthma management in the treatment group was lower than the comparison group at baseline, but improved significantly at 6 months and stabilized at 12 months, a trend that was most pronounced among the poorer children.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Improvements in asthma management point to the need for ongoing asthma education to address learning needs of the children and families.
Reducing the use of diagnostic imaging in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: Validation of a risk assessment strategy
Authors: Goergen Stacy K , Chan Thomas , De Campo John F , Wolfe Rory , Gan Eng , Wheeler Michael , McKay John 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectives:  The aims of this study were to measure the: (i) effects of implementation of a new risk assessment strategy for patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) on the use of imaging and D‐dimer assay; (ii) negative predictive value for PE of a combination of low risk and negative D‐dimer assay; and (iii) compliance of ED clinicians with the strategy.Methods:  A non‐randomized clinical trial was conducted in the ED of a 720‐bed teaching hospital between November 2002 and August 2003. Study subjects with suspected PE were compared with 191 randomly selected historical controls. The risk assessment strategy of Kline et al. was disseminated and implemented.Results:  The negative predictive value for PE was 99% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 97–100%) in 114 patients with low risk and negative D‐dimer. There was a 21% absolute reduction in the rate of imaging following the implementation of the risk assessment strategy (56% vs 77%, P < 0.001).Conclusion:  Low risk combined with a negative D‐dimer result may allow exclusion of PE without imaging.
Prospective analysis of the effect of physician experience with the FAST examination in reducing the use of CT scans
Authors: Ma O John , Gaddis Gary , Steele Mark T , Cowan David , Kaltenbronn Kary 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjective:  The objective of this study was to examine the effect of ultrasound experience level on emergency physicians’ Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) exam accuracy and emergency physicians’ confidence in using FAST findings to assist in managing patients with blunt trauma.Methods:  This prospective, consecutive enrolment study evaluated adult trauma team activation blunt trauma patients. Based on the number of post‐training FAST exams carried out, 11 attending emergency physicians were grouped into A (<25 exams, n = 4), B (26–50 exams, n = 4) or C (>50 exams, n = 3). The FAST exam was carried out prior to other diagnostic studies. The emergency physicians were asked to prospectively judge their perception of the need for surgery, abdominal CT or no further tests. All study patients ultimately underwent CT, diagnostic peritoneal lavage or laparotomy. Among each physician group, the number of subsequent CT scans deemed necessary by the emergency physician after a ‘normal’ FAST was calculated and compared.Results:  Accuracy was greatest in group C. Sixty‐nine of 80 patients in group A had a normal FAST exam; emergency physicians deemed CT necessary in 68/69 cases (99%; confidence interval [CI] 92–100%). Eighty‐two of 98 patients in group C had a normal FAST exam; emergency physicians deemed CT necessary in 19/82 cases (23%; CI 15–34%). Physicians in groups B and C were less likely to order CT after a normal FAST than group A (P < 0.001).Conclusions:  FAST accuracy was greatest among more experienced emergency physicians. A normal FAST exam assisted more experienced emergency physicians with the perceived need to order significantly fewer CT scans than less experienced emergency physicians.
CPR before defibrillation in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest: A randomized trial
Authors: Jacobs Ian G , Finn Judith C , Oxer Harry F , Jelinek George A 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjective:  Current resuscitation guidelines recommend that defibrillation be undertaken as soon as possible in patients suffering a cardiac arrest where the cardiac rhythm is either ventricular fibrillation (VF) or ventricular tachycardia (VT). Evidence from animal and clinical studies suggests that outcomes may be improved if a period of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is given prior to defibrillation. The objective of this study was to determine if 90 seconds of CPR before defibrillation improved survival.Methods:  Patients suffering non‐paramedic witnessed VF/VT cardiac arrest were randomized to receive either 90 seconds of CPR before defibrillation (treatment) or immediate defibrillation (control). The study was carried out in Perth, Western Australia between June 2000 and June 2002. The primary endpoint was survival to hospital discharge with secondary endpoints of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival at 1 year.Results:  A total of 256 patients underwent randomization. Baseline characteristics including response intervals were similar in both groups. Survival to hospital discharge in the CPR first group was 4.2% (5/119) compared with 5.1% (7/137) for the immediate defibrillation group (OR 0.81; 95%CI. 0.25–2.64). No difference in those achieving ROSC was observed between the groups (OR 1.16; 95% CI 0.49–2.80).Conclusion:  Ninety seconds of CPR before defibrillation does not improve overall survival in patients suffering VF/VT cardiac arrests. Further studies to evaluate various aspects of this treatment strategy are required as published outcomes to date are inconclusive.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Grouper Iridovirus and Comparison of Genomic Organization with Those of Other Iridoviruses
Authors: Tsai Chih-Tung , Ting Jing-Wen , Wu Ming-Hsien , Wu Ming-Feng , Guo Ing-Cherng , Chang Chi-Yao 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTThe complete DNA sequence of grouper iridovirus (GIV) was determined using a whole-genome shotgun approach on virion DNA. The circular form genome was 139,793 bp in length with a 49% G+C content. It contained 120 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) with coding capacities ranging from 62 to 1,268 amino acids. A total of 21% (25 of 120) of GIV ORFs are conserved in the other five sequenced iridovirus genomes, including DNA replication, transcription, nucleotide metabolism, protein modification, viral structure, and virus-host interaction genes. The whole-genome nucleotide pairwise comparison showed that GIV virus was partially colinear with counterparts of previously sequenced ranaviruses (ATV and TFV). Besides, sequence analysis revealed that GIV possesses several unique features which are different from those of other complete sequenced iridovirus genomes: (i) GIV is the first ranavirus-like virus which has been sequenced completely and which infects fish other than amphibians, (ii) GIV is the only vertebrate iridovirus without CpG sequence methylation and lacking DNA methyltransferase, (iii) GIV contains a purine nucleoside phosphorylase gene which is not found in other iridoviruses or in any other viruses, (iv) GIV contains 17 sets of repeat sequence, with basic unit sizes ranging from 9 to 63 bp, dispersed throughout the whole genome. These distinctive features of GIV further extend our understanding of molecular events taking place between ranavirus and its hosts and the iridovirus evolution.
Role of CCL11 in Eosinophilic Lung Disease during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
Authors: Matthews Stephen P. , Tregoning John S. , Coyle Anthony J. , Hussell Tracy , Openshaw Peter J. M. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major viral pathogen of infants and the elderly. Significant morbidity is caused by an overexuberant mixed lung cell infiltrate, which is thought to be driven by chemokines. One of the main chemotactic mediators responsible for the movement of eosinophils is CCL11 (eotaxin). Using a mouse model of eosinophilic bronchiolitis induced by RSV, we show here that treatment in vivo with a blocking antibody to CCL11 greatly reduces lung eosinophilia and disease severity. In addition, anti-CCL11 caused a striking inhibition of CD4-T-cell influx and shifted cytokine production away from interleukin-5 without reducing the resistance to viral replication. These results suggest that in addition to influencing eosinophil diapedesis and survival, anti-CCL11 has an action on T cells. These studies strengthen the case for anti-CCL11 treatment of Th2-driven diseases.