bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language families, linguistic areas and language situations
Authors: Goddard Cliff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we survey the diversity of languages in East and Southeast Asia, both in terms of their sheer numbers and in terms of their genetic (“family tree”) groupings. We will expand on the fact that mainland Southeast Asia is a linguistic area where languages share many features, despite belonging to six different language families. Then we will run through the language situations in East and Southeast Asia country by country.
Ideal Agents and Ideal Observers in Epistemology
Authors: Zagzebski Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epistemology is an intrinsically normative discipline. Knowledge, justification, certainty, understanding, rationality, and intellectual virtue are all objects of investigation because epistemologists think each of them is good in one of the ways of being good-the desirable, the admirable, or both. Epistemology is also normative in the narrow sense of the normative since it focuses attention on how we ought to form and maintain beliefs. Epistemology needs value theory to provide the wider theory of the good and the ought of which the epistemic good and ought are forms.1 In this paper I will argue that the epistemological analogue of an Ideal Observer Theory or an Ideal Agent Theory can be used to anchor the normative concepts of epistemology and can resolve important disputes over foundationalism, contextualism, and the problem of the alignment of rationality and truth.
If You Know, You Can’t Be Wrong*
Authors: Kaplan Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I write this, I am looking out on a beautiful little Venetian garden. There are trees, a rosebush, vines, begonias, and a couple of small palms. The sun is shining and traffic on the Grand Canal is occasionally visible through the trees. How do I know any of this, you ask? How do I know, in particular (say), that there is a rose­ bush in the garden? My answer is that I see it. I know it in the way I know every­ thing else about the world around me. By experience: by seeing, smelling, feeling, hearing, tasting things. In this case, it is by seeing the rosebush that I know it is in the garden. But there is a line of reasoning to the effect that my answer to your question-my rendering of what it is for me to know the world around me by experience---must be mistaken.
From Knowledge to Understanding
Authors: Elgin Catherine Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Science, Spencer (1940: 77) contends, is organized knowledge. No doubt science is organized. Nevertheless, epistemologists speaking ex cathedra should deny that it is knowledge. ‘Knowledge’ is a factive. An opinion is not knowledge if it is not true. But even the best scientific theories are not true. Although science may produce some justified or reliable true beliefs as by products, if the best contemporary science is good science, the main deliverances of good science are not knowledge.The analysis of ‘knowledge’ that yields this untoward verdict accords with our intuitions about the proper use of the term.
Epistemological Puzzles about Disagreement
Authors: Feldman Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disagreements among intelligent and informed people pose challenging epistemological issues. One issue concerns the reasonableness of maintaining one’s beliefs in the light of such disagreement. Another concerns the possibility of there being cases in which both parties to a disagreement are reasonable in maintaining their beliefs. Attitudes toward disagreement are diverse. At one extreme are people who regard those with whom they disagree as enemies to be discredited, humiliated, and defeated. These people view disagreement as a kind of combat in which ‘victory’ is the measure of success. This attitude is especially prominent in some political exchanges. At another extreme are those who find disagreement unpleasant and preach a kind tolerance. This is especially prominent in religious disagreements.
The Archaeology of Medieval Plant Foods
Authors: Moffett L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike the historical evidence for plant foods, which is concentrated in the late medieval period, remains from throughout the Middle Ages of the plants them- selves are commonly found on archaeological sites in England. The majority of these remains are ‘seeds’ in the broadest sense of the term, but can also include whole fruits, parts of flowers, stems, and even roots and tubers. These can provide physical evidence of the plants used by people and sometimes this evidence can also suggest ways in which the plants might have been used or the methods of processing them for use. Dating of archaeobotanical remains is usually less precise than that of many historical documents. The information that can be deduced from archaeobotanical remains, however, is often very different from that in documents and the two sources can complement each other, to provide important contributions to the study of medieval agriculture, horticulture, and the use of wild plants. This chapter focuses on food plants alone, although mention will be made of straw and chaff remains from cereals.
From Cu and Sceap to Beffe and Motton
Authors: Sykes N J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the medieval period cattle and sheep were, with pigs, the main meat-providing animals, but the value of their flesh was often outstripped by demand for their milk, manure, and traction or wool. Since cattle and sheep were often managed intensively for these secondary products, any study of beef and mutton consumption must be viewed against the backdrop of the medieval economy. Between the fifth and sixteenth centuries England witnessed considerable economic change which surely influenced dietary practices. As the documentary record does not cover the whole period or the activities of all social classes, animal bone studies provide one of the best opportunities to ascertain the scale of these influences. This chapter looks in detail at the archaeological evidence for cattle and sheep; Chapter 6 centres on the evidence for pigs, combining for the late medieval period in particular both historical and archaeological material; and Chapter 7 focuses on the late medieval historical record, especially for information that is more opaque in the archaeological material, such as the use of specialized meat products and offal, dietary change, quantities consumed, and some elements of dairy foods.
Fish Consumption in Medieval England
Authors: Serjeantson D , Woolgar C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Middle Ages fish was, for some, a convenient and possibly free food. For others, it was at least another possibility in the face of the Church’s restrictions on the consumption of meat, but it might offer more. A Wycliffe sermon, arguing that in the eyes of Christ fishing was a nobler activity than the genteel art of hunting, noted that fish were closer than meat to the food that men will have in Paradise. As penitential food, there was an enormous demand for fish from many sections of society, particularly in Lent but also on the regular fast days throughout the year. These attitudes towards the eating of fish can be seen in historical sources for the later Middle Ages, but how far back into the early medieval period do they go? The archaeological and historical evidence for the consumption of fish in medieval England is complementary in many ways. Most usefully, archaeology shows which fish were eaten in the earlier Middle Ages, before household accounts and other written evidence become available. Historical sources reflect particularly the experience of the households of the wealthy and the religious, providing important information about the dynamics of consumption, season- ality, and dietary impact. Archaeology can widen the range of material to be considered, though unfortunately its potential is also very limited for revealing the eating habits of the peasantry.
The Consumption and Supply of Birds in Late Medieval England
Authors: Stone D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The consumption of birds in late medieval England is often summed up by reference to one event: the enthronement feast for Archbishop Neville in 1465, which, it was said, included 400 pigeons, 2,000 chickens, 204 cranes, 104 pea- cocks, 1,200 quails, 400 swans, 400 herons, 100 capons, 400 plovers, 4,000 mallards and teals, 204 bitterns, 200 pheasants, 500 partridges, 400 woodcocks, 100 curlews, and 100 egrets. But while this conveys a sense of the munificence of this occasion and the status and availability of birds in the mid-fifteenth century, it tells us little about their wider role in the medieval world. This chapter explores the documentary evidence for the consumption and supply of birds in England between the twelfth century and the sixteenth, as a complement to the archaeological evidence discussed in Chapter 9. It suggests that birds did play a significant part in lordly diet, albeit usually on a more modest scale, but also that they represent one of the best-documented aspects of peasant economic behaviour and provide tangible evidence of changing patterns of consumption following the Black Death—and in this the historical sources fill one of the most significant gaps in the archaeological record.
Group Diets in Late Medieval England
Authors: Woolgar C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late medieval England, there were two principal reasons for group diets, that is the fashioning or restriction of consumption for a common purpose. Foremost was the link between diet, religion, and virtue with the state of the body beyond the physical. The moral impact of this belief was wide; the dietary consequences were in practice restricted to that part of the population, a minority, who had regular access to meat and who could afford substitutes, often expensive, such as fish. The second principal motive for group diets—identity or social competition— was similarly restricted to those with the resources to choose their food. Two further grounds had a narrower impact. Diet was an essential component of valetudinarianism and medicine. This led to consistent patterns of consumption among some groups of the young, the old, and for some individuals and groups, male and female. There were, finally, uniform patterns that resulted from communal living or common purpose, for example, the result of the provision- ing of armies, or food in an institutional setting. In each case the group might live physically together, but one need not conceive group diets solely in this way. A pattern of diet might identify an individual as part of a wider or dispersed grouping. Equally, one might find in a group living together, such as an aristocratic household, perhaps as many as half a dozen distinct dietary regimes for different parts of the establishment.
Conclusion
Authors: Woolgar C M , Serjeantson D , Waldron T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This examination of food and drink has ranged widely, from the day-to-day diet of individuals to the macrocosm of demography, from analyses of the role of individual commodities to studies exploring the complexity and variety of consumption. Prominent among the themes of this book are long-term changes in diet, defined in terms of the overall levels of availability of food, the range of foodstuffs, and the effects of diet in terms of nutrition. Some changes were widespread; others affected some groups of society or regions to a greater degree. On a general level, medieval diet contrasted with the prehistoric period and with some aspects of post-medieval consumption. There were other long-term patterns of importance, related to seasonality, religion, and status. In this, causality and dietary change can be seen to have had a complex interaction. Advances in the technology of agriculture or fishing, the relationship between the animal economy and humans, the rise in urbanization with its demands for provisioning of urban centres, and cultural links with new trading patterns, all show close connections between the economy and diet.
The Narratives of the Reverend John Quick
Authors: Marshall Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus, Reader, I have obliged you with a great (and perhaps matchless) rarity ‘. Our thanks are due to the ever-modest John Dunton. The return of Mother Leakey ‘s ghost, conjured out of silence and neglect by an opportunist Grub Street hack, brings together many of the competing stories set in train by the disgraceful life, and the ambiguous death, of John Atherton seventy years before.
Communism and Nationalism (1848-1941)
Authors: Mevius Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first sight, looking solely at Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels’s publications, communism and nationalism seem utterly incompatible. First, to Marx, history was a progression of class struggles, the most recent being those between the feudal order and the bourgeoisie, and the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would culminate in Socialism, a classless society in which the means of production were shared. Classes, not nations, were the primary actors in this process.
The Policy of National Unity and the Soviet Factor (Autumn 1944—Spring 1945)
Authors: Mevius Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the autumn of 1944, Germany’s Eastern European allies collapsed one after the other. In Romania, King Michael deposed Marshal Antonescu and declared war on Germany on 25 August, the Red Army occupied Bulgaria on 5 September, and Finland signed a ceasefire with the Soviet Union on 19 September. The wartime national front policy could now be put into practice. In Bulgaria, a coup d’tat supported by the Red Army put the communist-dominated ‘Fatherland Front’ into power, and in Romania communists took part in the new Provisional Government and formed the ‘National Democratic Front’ in October 1944.
Conflicting National Policies (1945—1947))
Authors: Mevius Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important lessons the MKP learnt from its election defeat in 1945 was the necessity of presenting the party’s national image. The party’s national line continued unabated, and many of the same problems that characterized the national policy in 1944 and 1945 continued to obstruct the party during 1945 and 1947. The ‘national lines’ of the Romanian and Czechoslovak communist parties were damaging to the national image of the MKP.
Introduction
Authors: Clark James G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At this time Nicholas Radcliffe wrote books against the opinions of the heretic John Wyclif and whilst he lived William Binham also determined brilliantly against the same opinions; Simon Southerey has turned many away from the errors of the same John with his preaching: these are all monks of this place and are all professors of the sacred page. Simon is skilled in the art of versification and is also very knowledgeable in astronomy and in the art of poetry is held to be the most learned in the whole kingdom . In our own day, Thomas Hatfield, who became bishop of Durham, was brought up in this monastery. Master John Barnet was also raised here from his youth, whence he has risen to hold three prelacies, first in the church of Worcester, then of Bath, then, by papal provision, of Ely.
Conclusion
Authors: Clark James G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When he first introduced Thomas Walsingham and his Chronica maiora to Elizabethan readers in 1574, Matthew Parker felt compelled to apologize for the ‘antiquitatis crassities’, the crudeness of the style and the credulity of the author which obscured the kernel of historical truth contained in the text.1 Parker’s comments reflect the sensitivity which fragmenta monastica could still arouse in England almost forty years after the final dissolutions.
Heroes Like Us? The Second Generation Rediscovers the Volunteers
Authors: Mclellan Josie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If even veterans could not identify with the unnaturally perfect and prematurely dead heroes of the International Brigades, it is hard to imagine how the rest of the population was expected to. But despite this, many East Germans who had not even been born in 1936 were drawn to the Spanish Civil War. Rather than seeing the war as a rehearsal for the GDR, as the SEO did, they saw it as an inspiring alternative to existing state socialism. For East German citizens, whose opportunities for travel were limited, the idea of travelling to a Mediterranean country and joining an indigenous liberation struggle was exotic and exciting.
Stalinism and Silence
Authors: Mclellan Josie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thanks to eyewitness accounts such as Orwell ‘s Homage to Catalonia and an extensive historiography of political repression in Spain, Western readers have come to see Stalinism as a central part of the Spanish Civil War. ‘ The East German reading public, however, was presented with a negative of Western historiography. The phenomenon of Stalinism was almost entirely absent in GDR accounts, and the word itself was almost totally taboo. If the problem was referred to at all, it was under the guise of ‘the cult of personality ‘, referring specifically to Stalin himself ( Political repression in the GDR was also a no—go area, and the victims of the political purges of the 1930s and 1950s remained unmourned. The dual taboo of Stalinism went well beyond the bounds of the Spanish Civil War to cover virtually any negative aspects of the communist movement, before and after the founding of the GDR.
The Cosmological Argument
Authors: Mawson T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I’m going to start with a presentation of the Cosmological Argument given by Frederick Copleston in a radio debate with Bertrand Russell.1 Here ’s the argument as Copleston puts it: First of all, I should say, we know that there are at least some beings in the world which do not contain in themselves the reason for their existence. For example, I depend on my parents, and now on the air, and on food and so on.
The Problem of Absolute Universality
Authors: Parsons Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Very often, when we make general statements, there is an explicit or contextually understood restriction. ‘All ravens are black’; is a generalization about ravens. It is now standardly understood as applying a quantifier restricted to ravens to the predicate ‘is black’;. We can read it as not saying anything about objects other than ravens. When leaving an airplane with my wife, she might ask, ‘Were you sure to take everything’; Clearly that refers to the possessions I brought onto the plane (and perhaps such of hers as she took me to be responsible for). So a negative answer would not be implied by my not having taken the in-flight magazine or the airsickness bag from the pocket in front of my seat.
Beyond Plurals
Authors: Rayo Agustèn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have two main objectives. The first is to get a better understanding of what is at issue between friends and foes of higher-order quantification, and of what it would mean to extend a Boolos-style treatment of second-order quantification to third- and higher-order quantification. The second objective is to argue that in the presence of absolutely general quantification, proper semantic theorizing is essentially unstable: it is impossible to provide a suitably general semantics for a given language in a language of the same logical type.
All Things Indefinitely Extensible
Authors: Shapiro Stewart , Wright Crispin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The direct concern of our chapter is not with unrestricted quantification. Or at least: not unrestrictedly unrestricted quantification quantification over absolutely everything there is. Our direct concern is with whether it is admissible to quantify over sets without restriction whether it is coherent to speak of, and have bound variables ranging over, all pure sets, or all pure set-like totalities (see also Shapiro, 2003). (‘Well, but didn’;t you just do so?’;) Closely connected questions, also within our focus, are whether it makes sense and if so, what kind of sense to speak of all cardinal numbers, or all cardinalities, and all ordinal numbers, or all order-types of well-orderings.
Is it too much to Ask, to Ask for Everything?;
Authors: Weir Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the time our quantifications generalize over a restricted domain. Thus in the last sentence, ‘most of the time’; is arguably not a generalization over all times in the history of the universe but is restricted to a sub-group of times, those at which humans exist and utter quantified phrases and sentences, say. Indeed the example illustrates the point that quantificational phrases often carry an explicit restriction with them: ‘some people’;, ‘all dogs’;.
Inclusion: building the national community in propaganda and practice
Authors: Stephenson Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The creation of a ‘national community’, or Volksgemeinschaft, was an aspiration of the Nazi leadership that remained at best only partially fulfilled. As an ideal, it had considerable appeal in the early 1930s as the remedy for a Germany riven by political and social divisions and wracked by the stresses of the Great Depression. It was less apparent before Hitler came to power that the character of the national community would be defined as much by those who were excluded from it as by those who were to be its members.
The Third Reich in post-war German memory
Authors: Moeller Robert G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1959, the philosopher Theodor Adorno sharply criticized his fellow countrymen in the Federal Republic of Germany for failing to accept responsibility for the crimes of National Socialism; he took them to task for their inability to ‘come to terms with the past’. Doubtless Adorno’s own past contributed to his anger. As the subtitle of his recollections of his experiences in emigration revealed, National Socialism had left him with ‘reflections from a damaged life’; it had driven him to the United States, a country he did not understand and never fully adopted, forced him to work in a language that did not allow him the nuance that he found essential for philosophy, and confronted him with a world of mass murder that brought him to reflect on the meanings of Auschwitz and the accident of his own survival.
Introduction
Authors: Morfee Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antonin Artaud (1896–1948) was a man of many parts: his creative intellect travelled across both generic and conceptual boundaries and he was poet, playwright, essayist, novelist, actor, producer, theoretician of the theatre, and artist. He has also been feted as a schizophrenic, druguser, and internee, and posthumously further roles were thrust upon him as the following generation saw him as cultural iconoclast or as an example of suffering, failure, and the descent of a great literary intellect into madness. But all agree that his energies were channelled towards the exploration and perhaps even the creation of the self within the artistic act.
Self-Presence, Thought, And Language
Authors: Morfee Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The critical heritage on Artaud’s early writings largely agrees that they are an exposition of a failure to think and a failure to write, overshadowed by a paralysing sense of physical pain. What primarily occupies Artaud, we are told, is his experience of loss of thought, an experience of suffering, paralysis, degeneration, absence, what Blanchot definitively dubbed, in his article of this name, ‘la cruelle raison poetique’. The title of this chapter might thus seem surprising, for, whatever Artaud says about thought and language, avid readers of criticism might say, it has little to do with anything as positive as selfpresence.