bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Nuclear Factor‐κB in Interleukin‐8 Expression by Human Adenoidal Fibroblasts
Authors: Takaki Minoru , Ushikai Masoto , Deguchi Kohji , Nishimoto Kengo , Matsune Shoji , Kurono Yuichi 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis The production of cytokines by adenoids is known to be associated with inflammation of nasopharynx and the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion. However, the role of adenoids in producing inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) is not yet clear. In the present study, expression of IL‐8 in adenoidal fibroblasts was investigated at the level of transcription factors. Further, the effects of clarithromycin, a 14‐member ring macrolide, on IL‐8 gene expression and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activation in adenoidal fibroblasts were evaluated.Study Design In vitro study for the production of inflammatory cytokine from human adenoidal fibroblasts.Methods Adenoidal fibroblasts were incubated with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae endotoxin or interleukin‐1β. Then the expression of IL‐8 and the influence of NF‐κB inhibitor and clarithromycin were evaluated. Interleukin‐8 protein production was assessed by ELISA, and IL‐8 messenger RNA production was measured by Northern blot analysis and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Activation of NF‐κB and inhibition of its activation were determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.Results The expression of both IL‐8 protein and messenger RNA in adenoidal fibroblasts was enhanced by Haemophilus influenzae endotoxin and interleukin‐1β and was positively correlated with increases in NF‐κB activity. Treatment of cells with the NF‐κB inhibitor N‐tosyl‐L‐phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone, as well as with clarithromycin, reduced expression of IL‐8 and NF‐κB activity in a dose‐dependent manner.Conclusions Results suggest that adenoidal fibroblasts produce IL‐8 in response to endotoxin through NF‐κB activation. The inhibitory effects of clarithromycin on NF‐κB activation and IL‐8 production in adenoidal fibroblasts might explain, in part, the mechanism of this drug in improving otitis media with effusion.
Long‐Term Results of Endonasal Sinus Surgery in Sinonasal Papillomas
Authors: Kraft Marcel , Simmen Daniel , Kaufmann Thomas , Holzmann David 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective To assess the value of endonasal sinus surgery in the management of sinonasal papillomas.Study Design Retrospective study including 43 patients operated on for sinonasal papilloma in a long‐term follow‐up.Methods In 26 cases (60%) an endonasal approach, in eight cases (19%) an external approach, and in four cases (9%) a combined procedure was performed to remove these tumors. Five septal lesions (12%) were resected under direct vision. The original sections and charts of all patients were reviewed to assess clinical data. Follow‐up information was available for 42 of our patients (98%) with a mean follow‐up of 62 months.Results Histologic examination revealed 34 cases of inverted papilloma (79%), five cases of exophytic papilloma (12%), and four cases of columnar cell papilloma (9%). Malignancy occurred in 4 of 43 patients (9%), and recurrences developed in 8 of 42 patients (19%). Two of these recurrences happened after endoscopic sinus surgery (two inverted papillomas), three after lateral rhinotomy (three inverted papillomas), one after a combined procedure (one inverted papilloma), and two after simple resection (two exophytic papilloma).Conclusions In keeping with our experience, the endonasal endoscopic approach, often in combination with a medial maxillectomy, is favored for the treatment of sinonasal papilloma because of a lower recurrence rate and a better cosmetic result. In some larger tumors and lesions in difficult locations, better visualization can be obtained by a combined external and endonasal approach.
Cell Proliferation in the Endolymphatic Sac In Situ After the Rat Waldeyer Ring Equivalent Immunostimulation
Authors: Yan Zhen , Wang Ji‐Bao , Gong Shu‐Sheng , Huang Xiang 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis It has been recognized that immunological mechanisms could be involved in the pathogenesis of different inner ear disorders, such as progressive sensorineural hearing loss, Meniere's disease, and even sudden deafness. The endolymphatic sac acts as an immune control organ for the inner ear and has been considered as an effector site of the mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue. The purpose of the study was to determine the potentially immunological relationship between endolymphatic sac and Waldeyer ring equivalent, one of the most important affector organs in mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue.Study Design Animal model.Methods Thirty‐six rats were employed. Two animals were killed for histological observation of Waldeyer ring equivalent, and another 34 animals were randomly divided into experimental and control groups and received bilateral intranasal immunizations with keyhole limpet hemocyanin or Freund adjuvant, respectively. The ears of immunized animals and control animals were examined for keyhole limpet hemocyanin–positive memory cells and immunoglobulin G–positive plasma cells with the technique of immunohistochemical analysis. The histopathological changes and cell proliferation in those ears were also assessed.Results There were paired and organized lymphoid tissues in the lateral wall of the first choana in the rat. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin–positive lymphocytes appeared within the endolymphatic sac at 3 days after the first anti‐genetic stimulus of the Waldeyer ring equivalent. Endolymphatic hydrops in the cochlea, elevated amounts of immunocompetent cells, and increased activity of cell proliferation within the endolymphatic sac were also considered after four intranasal injections of keyhole limpet hemocyanin.Conclusion Presumably, endolymphatic sac is supplied with immunocompetent cells from Waldeyer ring equivalent and has an ability of co‐reaction with Waldeyer ring equivalent.
Natural history of untreated otitis media
Authors: Rosenfeld Richard M. , Kay David 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis: Data from cohort studies and untreated groups in randomized controlled trials can be identified through systematic literature review and synthesized with meta‐analysis to estimate natural history of acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME). Study Design: Systematic literature review and meta‐analysis. Method: Source articles were identified by MEDLINE search through August 2002 plus manual crosschecks of bibliographies and published meta‐analyses. Data were abstracted independently by two investigators and combined with random effects meta‐analysis to estimate spontaneous resolution, 95% confidence intervals (CI), and heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis was performed. Results: Sixty‐three articles met inclusion criteria. AOM symptoms improved within 24 hours without antibiotics in 61% of children (95% CI, 50–72%), rising to 80% by 2 to 3 days (95% CI, 69–90%). Suppurative complications were comparable if antibiotics were withheld (0.12%) or provided (0.24%). Children entered recurrent AOM trials with a mean rate of 5.5 or more annual episodes but averaged only 2.8 annual episodes while on placebo (95% CI, 2.2–3.4). No AOM episodes occurred in 41%, and only 17% remained otitis prone (3 or more episodes). OME after untreated AOM had 59% resolution by 1 month (95% CI, 50–68%) and 74% resolution by 3 months (95% CI, 68–80%). OME of unknown duration had 28% spontaneous resolution by 3 months (95%, CI 14–41%), rising to 42% by 6 months (95% CI, 35–49%). In contrast, chronic OME had only 26% resolution by 6 months and 33% resolution by 1 year. Conclusions: The natural history of otitis media is very favorable. Combined estimates of spontaneous resolution provide a benchmark against which to judge new or established interventions. The need for surgery in children with recurrent AOM or chronic OME should be balanced against the likelihood of timely spontaneous resolution and the potential risk of learning, language, or other adverse sequelae from persistent middle ear effusion. Further research is needed to identify prognostic factors that can target children unlikely to improve spontaneously for earlier intervention.
Ossicular chain reconstruction: Titanium versus plastipore
Authors: Hillman Todd A. , Shelton Clough 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective: To compare the complication rate and hearing results of a new, lightweight, titanium ossicular replacement prosthesis with Plastipore prostheses (Xomed, Jacksonville, FL). Study Design: Retrospective. Methods: Charts were reviewed for type of operation, type of prosthesis used, extrusion rate, prostheses failure rate, and hearing thresholds at multiple frequencies and at multiple follow‐up points. The dependant variable for hearing results was the four‐frequency average air‐bone gap. Results: There were 84 patients undergoing tympanoplasty with the Plastipore prosthesis and 53 with the titanium. There was one extrusion in the titanium group. There was an additional single incidence of prosthesis failure in the titanium group. Overall hearing results were comparable with an air‐bone gap average of 19.3 dB in the Plastipore group compared with the titanium group with an air‐bone gap of 22.0 dB (P = .08). Sixty percent of patients had a postoperative air‐bone gap of 20 dB or less in the Plastipore group. In the titanium group, 45.3% achieved a 20 dB or less postoperative air‐bone gap. Plastipore had a lower air‐bone gap than the titanium when a canal wall up operation was performed (17.8 vs. 23.9 dB) and tended toward a lower air‐bone gap when a total ossicular prosthesis was needed (22 vs. 27 dB) (P < .07). Conclusion: The titanium prosthesis is a new ossicular replacement prosthesis that provides excellent visualization during insertion and provides hearing results that are comparable with Plastipore. The Plastipore prosthesis performed better in canal wall up mastoidectomy situations and tended toward better performance when a total ossicular replacement prosthesis was needed.
Connexin 26 mutations and nonsyndromic hearing impairment in Northern Finland
Authors: Löppönen Tuija , Väisänen Marja‐Leena , Luotonen Mirja , Allinen Minna , Uusimaa Johanna , Lindholm PÄIvi , Mäki‐Torkko Elina , Väyrynen Mirja , Löppönen Heikki , Leisti Jaakko 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective: The aims of the present study were to evaluate the role of the gap junction protein β‐2 gene (GJB2), encoding connexin 26 (Cx26), in children with moderate to profound prelingual nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing impairment (HI) and to investigate the carrier frequencies of the GJB2 gene mutations in a control population in Northern Finland. Methods: Mutation analysis was performed by direct sequencing and carrier detection by conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis further confirmed by direct sequencing. Results: Cx26 mutations were found in 15 of 71 (21.1%) (67 families) children with HI. Homozygosity for the mutation 35delG was shown to be the cause of HI in 13 of 15 (86.7%) children. Homozygosity for the M34T genotype was found in one child, and compound heterozygosity for the M34T/V37I genotype was found in another. Five families of those with suspected familial HI (29.4%) and six families out of those with sporadic HI (12.0%) had a homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation. The carrier frequency for the mutation 35delG was 1 of 78 (4 of 313) and that for the M34T was 1 of 26 (12 of 313). Conclusion: 35delG/35delG genotype was found to be a significant cause of moderate to profound prelingual nonsyndromic sensorineural HI in Northern Finland. M34T/M34T genotype was seen in only one child, but the carrier frequency of the M34T allele was about three times higher than that of the 35delG mutation.
Total thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease
Authors: Friguglietti Celso U. M. , Lin Chin S. , Kulcsar Marco A. V. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The use of total thyroidectomy in thyroid cancer treatment is not unanimous, and it is even more controversial when this procedure is advocated for benign diseases. On the other hand, the complication risk may have an increase up to 20 times in repeat operations for recurrence. The objective of the study was to evaluate the use of total thyroidectomy in benign diseases, multinodular goiter, and Graves disease to justify the authors' preference. Study Design: Retrospective study of use of total thyroidectomy in benign diseases. Methods: Retrospective study of 1789 patients who underwent thyroidectomies from June 1990 to December 2000. Indication, extension of thyroidectomy, cancer incidence, and complications were analyzed. Results: Total thyroidectomy was performed in 81.19% of 456 patients with nontoxic multinodular goiter, 93.93% of 33 with toxic multinodular goiter, 93.93% of 66 with recurrent multinodular goiter, and 49.18% of 122 with Graves disease. Thyroid cancer was found in 16.62%, 9.09%, 3.03% and 5.73% of patients, respectively. Transitory and permanent hypoparathyroidism, hematoma requiring surgical intervention, and transitory and permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury occurred in 12.27%, 1.61%, 0.26%, 1.88%, and 0.35% of the patients undergoing total thyroidectomy, respectively. Permanent complications of total thyroidectomy for nontoxic multinodular goiter and Graves disease were similar to nontotal thyroidectomy. Use of total thyroidectomy for nontoxic multinodular goiter increased from 53.33% of the patient to 81.19%, on average, with a concomitant increase of cancer diagnosis from 11.11% to 16,62%. The authors performed total thyroidectomy for all patients with Graves disease. Conclusion: Total thyroidectomy is the treatment of choice for multinodular goiter and thyroiditis, when there is bilateral gland involvement posterior to middle thyroid veins, and for Graves disease because it decreases the likelihood of future repeat operations for recurrent disease and thus the associated risks, when performed safely.
Foresight and courage: Levi Cooper Lane, MD, a model head and neck surgeon
Authors: Abemayor Elliot 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives: To detail the life and achievements of Levi Cooper Lane, MD, author of the first American textbook on surgery of the head and neck. Methods: Literature search and analysis. Results/Conclusions: While some of Lane's observations have been diluted by the passage of time, the lessons imparted by his life and work merit continued study by contemporary head and neck surgeons.
Lateral pharyngoplasty: A new treatment for obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome
Authors: Cahali Michel B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective: The role of the lateral pharyngeal muscular walls in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is crucial. My objective is to describe a surgical procedure for splinting the lateral pharyngeal walls in patients with OSAHS and report the initial results. Study Design: Prospective randomized pilot study performed in an academic tertiary center as part of a doctoral thesis. Patients and Methods: Ten adults with OSAHS, originally selected for treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, underwent the lateral pharyngoplasty procedure, which consists of a microdissection of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle within the tonsillar fossa, sectioning of this muscle, and suturing of the created laterally based flap of that muscle to the same‐side palatoglossus muscle. In addition, a palatopharyngeal Z‐plasty is performed to prevent retropalatal collapse. Results: Lateral pharyngoplasty improved sleep and daytime symptoms related to OSAHS. After at least 6 months of follow‐up, the median apnea‐hypopnea index decreased from 41.2 to 9.5 (P = .009) and the median total sleep time spent in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and in stages 3 plus 4 non‐REM sleep increased from 14.1% to 22.1% (P = .059) and from 5.3% to 16.3% (P = .037), respectively. Also, there was statistically significant improvement in snoring, daytime sleepiness, and overall impact of the disease on quality of life. Swallowing disturbances lasted a median of 14.5 days after the surgeries, and all patients returned to normal subjective swallowing function in the follow‐up. Conclusions: Lateral pharyngoplasty is a safe and straightforward approach to lateral pharyngeal muscles and has produced appreciable benefits for OSAHS patients.
Combined reconstruction of congenital auricular atresia and severe microtia
Authors: Siegert Ralf 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives: Due to their embryologic developments, auricular atresia and severe microtia are in most cases combined malformations. The aims of this study were to develop a surgical technique for combined esthetic and functional reconstruction with a minimum of operations and to evaluate the results. Study Design: Prospective clinical evaluation. Patients and Methods: Fifty‐two patients with third‐degree microtia and congenital aural atresia with a sound‐conducting block of about 50 dB were treated as described here. In the first operation, autogenous cartilage is harvested and the auricular framework fabricated and implanted. In addition, the tympanic membrane and the external ear canal are prefabricated and stored in a subcutaneous pocket. In the second step, the elevation of the new framework is combined with the operation for atresia utilizing the prefabricated tympanic membrane and external ear canal. In the third step, the cavum conchae is deepened and the external ear canal opened and covered with a skin graft. Results: Seventy‐six percent of the patients had a final conducting hearing loss of 30 dB or less. No restenosis of the new external ear canal was observed. The esthetic results of the constructed auricles are shown. Conclusion: With this combination of plastic surgery for the auricle and functional surgery for the middle ear, no additional operations are necessary, and the prefabrication of the external ear canal and the tympanic membrane gives stable and reliable results. Therefore, we think that this combined technique offers the best chance for an optimal esthetic and functional rehabilitation of patients with these malformations.
Temporal bone abnormalities associated with hearing loss in waardenburg syndrome
Authors: Madden Colm , Halsted Mark J. , Hopkin Robert J. , Choo Daniel I. , Benton Corning , Greinwald John H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The objectives were to correlate audiometric thresholds with radiological findings and to determine the prevalence of inner ear radiological abnormalities in patients with hearing loss and Waardenburg syndrome. Study Design: The study was a retrospective review of patients with Waardenburg syndrome identified in a pediatric hearing‐impaired population and human genetics clinic. Methods: Nine children with Waardenburg syndrome were identified. Eighty‐nine children without sensorineural hearing loss served as control subjects. Clinical data, audiometric thresholds, and radiographic temporal bone measurements in these children were analyzed. Results: Seven children were identified with hearing loss and Waardenburg syndrome. Four children had Waardenburg syndrome type 1, and three children had Waardenburg syndrome type 2. The overall prevalence of hearing loss in the total study population with Waardenburg syndrome was 78%. The mean pure‐tone average was 99 dB. All of the children had sensorineural hearing loss. The hearing outcome was stable in 86% of the children. Twelve temporal bones were available for radiological analysis by computed tomography. Enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct was found in 50% of the CT scans. There was a significant difference in measurements of vestibular aqueduct width at the midpoint between the patients with Waardenburg syndrome and the control group (P < .05). There were also significant differences in the measurements of the vestibule (P = .0484), internal auditory canal (P = .0092), and modiolus (P = .0045) between the children with Waardenburg syndrome and the control group. Conclusion: A profound sensorineural hearing loss was characteristic of the study population with Waardenburg syndrome. Overall, 100% of patients with hearing loss and Waardenburg syndrome had temporal bone anomalies on at least one measurement of their inner ear, and 50% had an enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct at the midpoint. As shown by computed tomography, enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct and the upper vestibule, narrowing of the internal auditory canal porus, and hypoplasia of the modiolus are features of Waardenburg syndrome.
Modeling the structure of the respiratory syncytial virus small hydrophobic protein by silent‐mutation analysis of global searching molecular dynamics
Authors: Kochva Uzi , Leonov Hadas , Arkin Isaiah T. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHuman respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) encodes a small hydrophobic (SH) protein, whose function in the life cycle of the virus is unknown. Recent channel activity measurements of the protein suggest that like other viroporins, SH may assemble into a homo‐oligomeric ion channel. To further our understanding of this potentially important protein, a new strategy was implemented in order to model the transmembrane oligomeric bundle of the protein. Global searching molecular dynamic simulations of SH proteins from eight different viral strains, each at different oligomeric states, as well as different lengths of the putative transmembrane domain, were undertaken. Taken together, a total of 45 different global molecular dynamic simulations pointed to a single pentameric structure for the protein that was found in all of the different variants. The model of the structure obtained is a channel‐like homopentamer whose minimal transmembrane pore diameter is 1.46 Å.
The Humicola grisea Cel12A enzyme structure at 1.2 Å resolution and the impact of its free cysteine residues on thermal stability
Authors: Sandgren Mats , Gualfetti Peter J. , Paech Christian , Paech Sigrid , Shaw Andrew , Gross Laurie S. , Saldajeno Mae , Berglund Gunnar I. , Jones T. Alwyn , Mitchinson Colin 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAs part of a program to discover improved glycoside hydrolase family 12 (GH 12) endoglucanases, we have extended our previous work on the structural and biochemical diversity of GH 12 homologs to include the most stable fungal GH 12 found, Humicola grisea Cel12A. The H. grisea enzyme was much more stable to irreversible thermal denaturation than the Trichoderma reesei enzyme. It had an apparent denaturation midpoint (Tm) of 68.7°C, 14.3°C higher than the T. reesei enzyme. There are an additional three cysteines found in the H. grisea Cel12A enzyme. To determine their importance for thermal stability, we constructed three H. grisea Cel12A single mutants in which these cysteines were exchanged with the corresponding residues in the T. reesei enzyme. We also introduced these cysteine residues into the T. reesei enzyme. The thermal stability of these variants was determined. Substitutions at any of the three positions affected stability, with the largest effect seen in H. grisea C206P, which has a Tm 9.1°C lower than that of the wild type. The T. reesei cysteine variant that gave the largest increase in stability, with a Tm 3.9°C higher than wild type, was the P201C mutation, the converse of the destabilizing C206P mutation in H. grisea. To help rationalize the results, we have determined the crystal structure of the H. grisea enzyme and of the most stable T. reesei cysteine variant, P201C. The three cysteines in H. grisea Cel12A play an important role in the thermal stability of this protein, although they are not involved in a disulfide bond.