bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single and co-inoculation of biofilm-forming rhizobacteria with macroalgae extract increase barley productivity in organic matter-limited soil
Authors: Çam Sedat , Küçük Çiğdem , Karakaş Dikilitaş Sema , Sezen Göksal , Almaca Ahmet , Cevheri Cenap 
Published: February 2024

Context Limitation in soil organic matter interferes with plant growth and productivity. Chemical fertilisers can provide limiting nutrients to plants, especially in barren soil, but they have detrimental effects on living organisms; therefore, plant growth-promoting (PGP) rhizobacteria may be an alternative to synthetic fertilisers to improve plant tolerance to nutrient stress. Aims This study evaluated the effects of single and co-inoculation of two PGP rhizobacterial strains with macroalgae (Cladophora glomerata) extract on barley growth. We also tested the ability of the respective strains to produce biofilm and exopolysaccharide (EPS) at different pH values under in vitro conditions. Methods Plants were cultivated in an organic matter-limited alkaline soil under field conditions. Key results All treatments increased barley growth parameters to some extent. Growth parameters increased most in Bacillus + macroalgae extract (B + MA) and Bacillus + Azotobacter + macroalgae extract (B + A + MA) treatments. These two treatments significantly enhanced shoot length by 22.9–25.7%, dry weight of shoot + spike by 118.2–154.5%, total weight of grains by 76.5–78.1%, and number of grains per spike by 94.8–112.1% in comparison with the control. The respective two treatments also increased biofilm formation and EPS production in response to alkaline pH. Conclusions Barley productivity may be increased by using PGP strains with greater potential to produce biofilm and EPS, and inoculating them with macroalgae extract. The B + MA treatment could be applied singly or in combination with Azotobacter. Implications Single or co-inoculation of such PGP bacteria with macroalgae extract may be commercialised to enhance barley productivity in organic matter-limited soils.
Intelligent fault diagnosis of ultrasonic motors based on graph-regularized CNN-BiLSTM
Authors: Li Peng , Qin Taichun , Zhang Aibo , Li Xingqiu 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The ultrasonic motor (USM) is peculiarly prone to failure due to continuous high-frequency friction-related power transfer, whose failure mechanisms are remarkably different from traditional induction motors. Intelligent fault diagnosis provides a way to alarm and avoid catastrophic losses proactively. However, previous studies using deep learning usually ignore the inherent geometric structure of the signal distribution. This paper proposes an intelligent multi-signal fault diagnosis framework for USMs to restore the linear or nonlinear manifold structure by preserving the internal structure by integrating graph regularization with deep neural networks. Firstly, the one-dimensional CNN to learn spatial correlations and BiLSTM to exploit temporal dependencies are coalesced to build the deep neural network. Then, an improved k-nearest neighbor graph is proposed to protect the geometric structure information and force the latent features to be more concentrated within their classes. Moreover, the layer in the deep architecture to integrate graph regularization is designed to reduce computation cost, and an adaptive decay strategy is considered to adjust the coefficient of graph regularized automatically. A two-stage training algorithm is developed by considering the time to calculate the graph regularization term. Finally, the proposed multi-signal fault diagnosis framework is validated using datasets from the fault injection experiment of similar USMs in China’s Yutu rover of Chang’e lunar probe. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively discriminate different fault types.
Characterization of flexural acoustic waves in optical fibers using a fiber-tip interferometer
Authors: Miguel Bello-Jiménez , Erika Hernández-Escobar , Yareli Navarro-Martínez , Rosa López-Estopier , Marco Hernández-Arriaga , Olivier Pottiez , Manuel Durán-Sánchez , Baldemar Ibarra-Escamilla , Miguel Andrés 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
An experimental study using a fiber-tip interferometer (FTI) to characterize traveling flexural acoustic waves (TFAWs) along an optical fiber is reported. The measurements carried out with the FTI are performed following two different procedures: one of them relies on adjusting the interferometer at the quadrature condition and the other extracts the information from the amplitudes of the fundamental and second harmonic of the interference signal. From our measurements, the detection limit of the FTI is 0.5 nm and the upper limit of the linear regime is 30 nm. These results validate the use of the FTI to detect nanometric displacements associated to the amplitude of acoustic waves along an optical fiber. Parameters such as the acoustic wavelength, attenuation coefficient, and phase velocity are measured for a range of acoustic frequencies around the 2 MHz region. Furthermore, and supported by the in-fiber acousto-optic (AO) effect produced by TFAWs, parameters associated to an acoustic wave packet such as the group velocity and the group attenuation coefficient are also determined. This set of experimental results provide useful information of the mechanisms underlying the propagation of TFAWs along an optical fiber and its corresponding AO effect.
Robust procedures in processing measurements in geodesy and surveying: a review
Authors: Duchnowski Robert , Wyszkowska Patrycja 
Published: February 2024

AbstractOutlying observations are undesirable but possible elements of geodetic measurements. In such a context, the primary and trivial solution is to repeat ‘suspected’ observations. The question arises: what if the measurements cannot be performed again, or if one cannot flag outliers easily and efficiently? In such a case, one should process data by applying methods that consider the possible occurrence of outlying observations. Historically, except for some previous attempts, the statistical approach to robust estimation originates in the 60 s of the 20th century and refers to the pioneer papers of Huber, Tukey, Hampel, Hodges, and Lehmann. Also, the statistical procedures known as data snooping (data dredging) were developed at a similar time. It took not a long time before robust procedures were implemented for processing geodetic observations or adjustment of observation systems. The first works of Baarda and Pope encouraged other scientists or surveyors to elaborate robust procedures adapted for geodetic or surveying problems, which resulted in their rapid development in the last two decades of the 20th century. The question for the 21st century is whether robustness is still an important issue relating to modern measurement technologies and numerical data processing. One should realize that modern geodetic techniques do not decrease the probability of outlier occurrence. Considering measurement systems that yield big data, it is almost certain that outliers occur somewhere. The paper reviews different approaches to robust processing of geodetic observations, from the data snooping methods, random sampling, M-estimation, R-estimation, and Msplitestimation to robust estimation of the variance coefficient. Such a variety reflects different natures, origins, or properties of outliers and the apparent fact that there is no best and most efficient and universal robust approach. The methods presented are indeed the basis for future solutions based on, e.g. machine learning.
Tuning the magnetic properties of hard–soft Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe10Al2O19 and Ni0.1Co0.9Fe2O4 nanocomposites via one pot sol–gel auto combustion method for permanent magnet applications
Authors: Abarna S T , Ezhil Vizhi R 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Permanent magnets generate magnetic fields that can be sustained when a reverse field is supplied. These permanent magnets are effective in a wide range of applications. However, strategic rare-earth element demand has increased interest in replacing them with huge energy product (BH)max. Exchange-coupled hard/soft ferrite nanocomposites have the potential to replace a portion of extravagant rare earth element-based magnets. In the present, we have reported the facile auto combustion synthesis of exchange-coupled Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe10Al2O19 and Ni0.1Co0.9Fe2O4 nanocomposites by increasing the content of soft ferrite over the hard from x = 0.1 to 0.4 wt%. The XRD combined with Rietveld analysis reflected the presence of hexaferrite and spinel ferrite without the existence of secondary phases. The absorption bands from the Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis proved the presence of M–O bonds in tetrahedral sites and octahedral sites. Rod and non-spherical images from TEM represent the hexaferrite and spinel ferrite. The smooth M–H curve and a single peak of the switching field distribution curve prove that the material has undergone a good exchange coupling. The nanopowders displayed an increase in saturation magnetization and a decrease in coercivity with the increases in the spinel content. The prepared nanocomposites were showing higher energy products. The composite with the ratio x = 0.2 displayed a higher value of (BH)max of 13.16 kJ m−3.
Passively mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser with single and double wavelength pulses based on germanene saturable absorber
Authors: Ding Jiashuai , Liu Xueyao , Li Tuo , Zou Xiaofeng , Yu Yanfeng , Xu Nannan , Shang Xinxin , Lu Hua , Cheng Chen , Huang Pu , Zhang Huanian , Li Dengwang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we focus on the single crystal material germanium (Ge), which is fabricated into saturable absorbers (SAs) employing liquid phase exfoliation, and validate it with an erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL). The Ge SA was obtained with a modulation depth of 9.8% and a saturation intensity of 11.02 MW cm−2. The single-wavelength mode-locked pulse with a minimum pulse width of 847 fs was obtained at a cavity length of 10.5 m. In addition, at a cavity length of 106 m, a dual-wavelength mode-locked phenomenon was obtained in which the central wavelengths were located at 1559.20 nm and 1561.31 nm. The experimental results show that Ge nanosheets in an EDFL provide a strong basis for the development of nonlinear optics and have a wide range of applications in the field of pulsed fiber lasers.
The physical mechanism of stochastic calculus in random walks
Authors: Lee Chern , Ye Hai , Li Hui 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Stochastic differential equations (SDEs) play an important role in fields ranging from physics and biology to economics. The interpretation of stochastic calculus in the presence of multiplicative noise continues to be an open question. Commonly, the choice of stochastic calculus rules is largely based on empirical knowledge and lacks quantitative substantiation. In this study, we introduce a functional method that quantitatively links stochastic calculus rules to the underlying physical mechanisms in random walks. For a given diffusion coefficient, we construct three models to exemplify the physical features of conventional stochastic calculus. Our work provides a new perspective for quantitatively addressing state-dependent noise and aims to contribute to the understanding of the physical factors underlying uncertainty in SDEs.
The ghost algebra and the dilute ghost algebra
Authors: Nurcombe Madeline 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We introduce the ghost algebra, a two-boundary generalisation of the Temperley–Lieb (TL) algebra, using a diagrammatic presentation. The existing two-boundary TL algebra has a basis of string diagrams with two boundaries, and the number of strings connected to each boundary must be even; in the ghost algebra, this number may be odd. To preserve associativity while allowing boundary-to-boundary strings to have distinct parameters according to the parity of their endpoints, as seen in the one-boundary TL algebra, we decorate the boundaries with bookkeeping dots called ghosts. We also introduce the dilute ghost algebra, an analogous two-boundary generalisation of the dilute TL algebra. We then present loop models associated with these algebras, and classify solutions to their boundary Yang–Baxter equations, given existing solutions to the Yang–Baxter equations for the TL and dilute TL models. This facilitates the construction of a one-parameter family of commuting transfer tangles, making these models Yang–Baxter integrable.
Constructing universal phenomenology for biological cellular systems: an idiosyncratic review on evolutionary dimensional reduction
Authors: Kaneko Kunihiko 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The possibility of establishing a macroscopic phenomenological theory for biological systems, akin to the well-established framework of thermodynamics, is briefly reviewed. We introduce the concept of an evolutionary fluctuation–response relationship, which highlights the tight correlation between the variance in phenotypic traits caused by genetic mutations and by internal noise. We provide a distribution theory that allows us to derive these relationships, which suggests that the changes in traits resulting from adaptation and evolution are considerably constrained within a lower-dimensional space. We explore the reasons behind this dimensional reduction, focusing on the constraints posed by the requirements for steady growth and robustness achieved through the evolutionary process. We draw support from recent laboratory and numerical experiments to substantiate our claims. The universality of evolutionary dimensional reduction is presented and potential theoretical formulations for it are discussed. We conclude by briefly considering the prospects of establishing a macroscopic framework that characterizes biological robustness and irreversibility in cell differentiation, as well as an ideal cell model.
Satellite data for environmental justice: a scoping review of the literature in the United States
Authors: Sayyed Tanya Kreutzer , Ovienmhada Ufuoma , Kashani Mitra , Vohra Karn , Kerr Gaige Hunter , O’Donnell Catherine , Harris Maria H , Gladson Laura , Titus Andrea R , Adamo Susana B , Fong Kelvin C , Gargulinski Emily M , Soja Amber J , Anenberg Susan , Kuwayama Yusuke 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In support of the environmental justice (EJ) movement, researchers, activists, and policymakers often use environmental data to document evidence of the unequal distribution of environmental burdens and benefits along lines of race, class, and other socioeconomic characteristics. Numerous limitations, such as spatial or temporal discontinuities, exist with commonly used data measurement techniques, which include ground monitoring and federal screening tools. Satellite data is well poised to address these gaps in EJ measurement and monitoring; however, little is known about how satellite data has advanced findings in EJ or can help to promote EJ through interventions. Thus, this scoping review aims to (1) explore trends in study design, topics, geographic scope, and satellite datasets used to research EJ, (2) synthesize findings from studies that use satellite data to characterize disparities and inequities across socio-demographic groups for various environmental categories, and (3) capture how satellite data are relevant to policy and real-world impact. Following PRISMA extension guidelines for scoping reviews, we retrieved 81 articles that applied satellite data for EJ research in the United States from 2000 to 2022. The majority of the studies leveraged the technical advantages of satellite data to identify socio-demographic disparities in exposure to environmental risk factors, such as air pollution, and access to environmental benefits, such as green space, at wider coverage and with greater precision than previously possible. These disparities in exposure and access are associated with health outcomes such as increased cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, mental illness, and mortality. Research using satellite data to illuminate EJ concerns can contribute to efforts to mitigate environmental inequalities and reduce health disparities. Satellite data for EJ research can therefore support targeted interventions or influence planning and policy changes, but significant work remains to facilitate the application of satellite data for policy and community impact.
The role of repowering India’s ageing wind farms in achieving net-zero ambitions
Authors: Norman James , Maycock Amanda C , Troccoli Alberto , Dessai Suraje 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
India’s ambitious net-zero climate goals include plans for a four-fold increase in current levels of wind energy generation by 2030. Many existing wind farms in India occupy sites with the best wind resources nationally but use older, smaller turbines that achieve lower capacity factors compared to modern turbine designs. A strategy of replacing existing wind turbines with state-of-the-art models (termed repowering) could boost capacity factors and ensure maximal use of available wind resources. However, a nationwide assessment of the potential wind generation increases resulting from repowering is currently lacking for India. Here, we present the first validated synthetic wind generation dataset for India based on reanalysis data and show that full repowering of the existing fleet of wind turbines could boost capacity factors by 82% nationwide (from 0.19 to 0.35). Our assessment of attainable capacity factors under full repowering exceeds equivalent estimates within the National Electricity Plan of India and national decarbonisation pathways compiled by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), suggesting less total installed capacity is required to achieve specific generation outcomes than previously estimated. Ongoing technological progress, leading to increased turbine dimensions, will drive capacity factors beyond the levels estimated here, which could further add to the generation benefits of repowering. Yet, despite the higher average output from a repowered fleet of wind generators, substantial variability in generation across timescales persists, highlighting the increasing need for power system flexibility within a decarbonised energy system.
Gravitational Landau levels and the chiral anomaly
Authors: Stone Michael , Howland Porter , Kim JiYoung 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A popular physical picture of the mechanism behind the four-dimensional chiral anomaly is provided by the massless Dirac equation in the presence of constant electric and magnetic background fields. The magnetic field creates highly degenerate Landau levels, the lowest of which is gapless. Any parallel component of the electric field drives a spectral flow in the gapless mode that causes particles to emerge from, or disappear into, the Dirac sea. Seeking a similar picture for the gravitational contribution to the chiral anomaly, we consider the massless Dirac equation in a background spacetime that creates gravitational Landau levels. We find that in this case the resulting spectral flow, with its explicit particle production, accounts for only a small part of the anomalous creation of chiral charge. The balance is provided by the vacuum expectation charge arising from the spectral asymmetry.
The role of intervention mechanisms on a self-organized system: dynamics of a sandpile with site reinforcement
Authors: Sy P B , Batac R C 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We revisit the sandpile model and examine the effect of introducing site-dependent thresholds that increase over time based on the generated avalanche size. This is inspired by the simplest means of introducing stability into a self-organized system: the locations of collapse are repaired and reinforced. Statistically, for the case of finite driving times, we observe that the site-dependent reinforcements decrease the occurrence of very large avalanches, leading to an effective global stabilization. Interestingly, however, long simulation runs indicate that the system will persist in a state of self-organized criticality (SOC), recovering the power-law distributions with a different exponent as the original sandpile. These results suggest that tipping the heavy-tailed power-laws into more equitable and normal statistics may require unrealistic scales of intervention for real-world systems, and that, in the long run, SOC mechanisms still emerge. This may help explain the robustness of power-law statistics for many complex systems.
Qualitative and quantitative enhancement of parameter estimation for model-based diagnostics using automatic differentiation with an application to inertial fusion
Authors: Milder A L , Joglekar A S , Rozmus W , Froula D H 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Parameter estimation using observables is a fundamental concept in the experimental sciences. Mathematical models that represent the physical processes can enable reconstructions of the experimental observables and greatly assist in parameter estimation by turning it into an optimization problem which can be solved by gradient-free or gradient-based methods. In this work, the recent rise in flexible frameworks for developing differentiable scientific computing programs is leveraged in order to dramatically accelerate data analysis of a common experimental diagnostic relevant to laser–plasma and inertial fusion experiments, Thomson scattering. A differentiable Thomson-scattering data analysis tool is developed that uses reverse-mode automatic differentiation (AD) to calculate gradients. By switching from finite differencing to reverse-mode AD, three distinct outcomes are achieved. First, gradient descent is accelerated dramatically to the extent that it enables near real-time usage in laser–plasma experiments. Second, qualitatively novel quantities which require

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parameters can now be included in the analysis of data which enables unprecedented measurements of small-scale laser–plasma phenomena. Third, uncertainty estimation approaches that leverage the value of the Hessian become accurate and efficient because reverse-mode AD can be used for calculating the Hessian.
Theory and practice: Defining indirect effects for science and management
Authors: O'Neal Sarah L , Schindler Daniel E , Spanjer Andrew R , Barrett Hannah S , Chow Michelle I , Smits Adrianne P , Evrard Raye , Lee Timothy S 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIndirect ecological effects—in which interactions of two species are modified by another species or abiotic factor—are generally considered equal to or greater in magnitude than direct effects. The ecological literature describing indirect effects suffers from redundancy and confusion regarding terminology and quantification, limiting its utility to regulators working to estimate indirect relative to direct effects in assessing environmental risks of development. To evaluate consideration for indirect ecological effects in regulatory practice, we reviewed 24 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documents for proposed US mining projects to compare the treatment of indirect effects in the regulatory versus ecological literature. A clear dichotomy between regulatory and academic definitions of indirect effects suggests that NEPA documents overlook scientifically defined ecological impacts of development. Consequently, for scientific inquiry to be useful to regulators and for regulation of development to comprehensively assess risks, multidisciplinary efforts are urgently needed to bridge the gap between ecological science and environmental management.