bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties of long bones in dogs
Authors: Markel Mark D. , Sielman Emily , Rapoff Andrew J. , Kohles Sean S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Basic research in canine mechanics must be performed to better understand the forces and moments the appendicular skeleton must withstand. This type of research may allow surgeons to make substantial advances in total joint replacement and fracture fixation design and may enhance our understanding of bone remodeling and fracture occurrence in relation to exercise and trauma. In our study, craniocaudal bending stiffness, mediolateral bending stiffness, axial compressive stiffness, and torsional stiffness of the humerus, femur, radius, and tibia of dogs was determined, using nondestructive bending, compression, and torsional tests. Entire diaphyseal and middiaphyseal properties of these long bones were evaluated. Bones also were tested to failure in torsion to quantify the failure properties of these long bones. Left to right variability was examined to validate the use of contralateral limbs as the control condition for experimental studies. There were no significant right to left differences in entire diaphyseal mechanical properties for any of the long bones, except for compressive stiffness of femurs. Homotypic differences in entire diaphyseal mechanical properties, if present, ranged from 8.0 to 35% for the 4 long bones (power = 0.8). For middiaphyseal mechanical properties, there were no significant right to left differences in the 4 long bones, except for craniocaudal bending stiffness of tibias. The homotypic differences in middiaphyseal mechanical properties, if present, ranged from 7.2 to 62% for the 4 long bones (power = 0.8). In all bones and loading modes, middiaphyseal stiffness was greater than entire diaphyseal stiffness (P < 0.0001). In torsional energy to failure and maximal torsional displacement at failure, entire diaphyseal properties were significantly (P < 0.0001) higher than middiaphyseal properties. In axial compression, there were no entire diaphyseal or middiaphyseal mechanical property differences among the 4 bones. In craniocaudal bending, humeruses were significantly (P < 0.05) more stiff than the other 3 bones in the entire diaphysis, and were more stiff than radiuses and tibias in the middiaphysis. In mediolateral and craniolateral bending and in torsion, radiuses were less stiff, in the entire diaphysis and in the middiaphysis, than were the other 3 bones (P < 0.05). In torsion, there were no significant differences in energy to failure or in maximal displacement at failure among the 4 bones, either in the entire diaphysis or middiaphysis.
Biological half-life of aerosolized 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate in various lung regions of clinically normal Beagles
Authors: Steyn Phillip F. , Gillette Sharon , Gillette Edward L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The biological half-life (TB) of aerosolized 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate was determined in 14 lung regions of 18 clinically normal Beagles. Three groups of lung regions or volumes were identified on the basis of significantly (P < 0.05) different TB. Group A (mean ± SD TB, 82 ± 21 minutes) included the transversely oriented cranial and caudal nonperihilar regions. Group B (mean ± SD, 61 ± 15 minutes) represented all sagittally oriented lung regions and the entire lung field. Group C (mean ± SD, 49 ± 11 minutes) included the transversely oriented cranial and caudal perihilar regions. Clearance of 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate is considered a function of transepithelial transport into the blood, as well as bronchial transport via the mucociliary transport mechanism.
Prolonged gestation, decreased triiodothyronine concentration, and thyroid gland histomorphologic features in newborn foals of mares grazing Acremonion coenophialum-infected fescue
Authors: Boosinger Timothy R. , Brendemuehl James P. , Bransby David L. , Wright James C. , Kemppainen Robert J. , Kee David D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Newborn foals of mares grazing on Acremonium coenophialum-infected fescue pasture throughout gestation or from gestation day 300 to parturition had increased gestation duration and decreased serum triiodothyronine concentration. Pregnant mares were allotted to 4 treatments: grazing continuously on endophyte-free (E−) fescue, grazing continuously on endophyte-infected (E+) fescue, grazing on E+ fescue from gestation day 300 to parturition, and grazing on E+ fescue from conception to gestation day 300. Morphometric studies indicated that foals born to mares exposed to endophyte late in gestation had large, distended thyroid follicles lined by flat cuboidal epithelial cells. Mean triiodothyronine concentration in foals exposed to endophyte (395.2 ng/dl) was decreased (P < 0.01), compared with mean values in control foals (778.0 ng/dl). Thyroxine and reverse triiodothyronine concentrations were not significantly different among groups. Foal organ weight as a percentage of foal body weight was not significantly different among experimental groups.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein and calcium homeostasis during the periparturient period of dairy cows
Authors: Kocabagli Nese , Riond Jean-Luc , Spichiger Ursula E. , Wanner Marcel 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Plasma and milk concentrations of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) at various stages of pregnancy and lactation were determined in thirtynine 3- to 16-year-old Brown Swiss and Red Holstein × Simmental dairy cows originating from 4 herds. Eighteen of the cows were separated into 2 groups: low-parity (lp, n = 8) cows if they were in their first or second pregnancy and high-parity (hp, n = 10) cows if they were in their third or greater pregnancy. Blood samples were collected from each cow on 1 occasion, 15 to 5 days before calving, and blood and milk samples were collected daily during 6 days after calving. Serum total and ionized calcium (Catot and Ca2+, respectively) and milk Catot concentrations were also quantified.
A transient postpartum decrease of serum Catot and Ca2+ concentrations was observed, whereas milk Catot concentration was constant. Plasma concentration of PTHrP was detected in 11 of 21 cows by use of an immunoradiometric assay (range, 0.45 to 1.82 pmol/L). Daily mean (± sd) colostrum and milk PTHrP concentrations ranged from 3.25 (± 3.23) to 4.69 (± 1.36) nmol/L in lp cows and 2.74 (± 0.5) to 5.95 (± 0.33) nmol/L in hp cows. In all cows of the hp group and most cows of the lp group, milk PTHrP concentration was highest in the day-1 sample. Milk PTHrP concentration correlated positively with milk Catot concentration in hp cows (r = 0.5959, P < 0.0001). In contrast, there was a negative relation between milk PTHrP and milk Catot concentrations in lp cows (r = −0.3285, P < 0.02). Milk PTHrP concentration was not correlated with serum Ca2+ concentration at postpartum days 5 and 6, when serum Catot and Ca2+ concentrations had returned to prepartum values. Because correlation did not exist between the lowest serum Ca2+ values and milk PTHrP concentration of the corresponding day, milk PTHrP concentration most likely is not a major determinant of Ca transport into milk and the PTHrP released into the blood stream is most likely not a major determinant of the endocrine regulation of serum Catot and Ca2+.
Thus, although it is involved, PTHrP is not a major factor in the integrative endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine regulation of Ca homeostasis in lactating cows. It is hypothesized that Ca may be actively transported from blood into milk with a process modulated by PTHrP. These data suggest that PTHrP produced by the mammary gland is most likely not involved in the pathogenesis of parturient paresis (milk fever) in dairy cows.
Comparison of volume-conducted far-field short-latency glossopharyngeal nerve evoked potentials recorded from the scalp with similarly obtained near-field potentials from the solitary nucleus in dogs
Authors: Venker-van Haagen Anjop J. , van den Brom Walter E. , Peeters Marijke E. , Barbas-Henry Heleen A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In 11 dogs, potentials recorded from the scalp and from the solitary nucleus after stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve were compared. The far-field potentials recorded from the scalp consisted of negativity, with peak latency of 2.10 to 3.45 milliseconds (mean, 2.93 milliseconds), followed by positivity, with peak latency of 3.20 to 5.95 milliseconds (mean, 4.86 milliseconds) and duration of 4.65 to 6.95 milliseconds (mean, 5.70 milliseconds). The near-field potentials recorded from the solitary nucleus consisted of positivity, with peak latency of 2.15 to 2.70 milliseconds (mean, 2.45 milliseconds), followed by negativity, with peak latency of 4.05 to 5.05 milliseconds (mean, 4.39 milliseconds) and duration of 4.45 to 5.80 milliseconds (mean, 5.21 milliseconds). Comparison of the far-field potentials (n = 10) with the near-field potentials (n = 5) indicated that polarity of the waves was reversed and that the first peak’s latency was slightly (approx 0.5 milliseconds) longer in the scalp-recorded far-field potentials. Neither the difference in latency of the second peak nor the difference in its duration, measured from the onset of the potentials to the return to the baseline of the activity, was significant. The results strongly suggest that the response in the solitary nucleus evoked by electrical stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve is the source of at least part of the scalp-recorded responses to stimulation of the same nerve. The scalp-recorded far-field potentials could, therefore, be characterized as volume conducted from the evoked response in the solitary nucleus.
Body weight, heart weight, and heart-to-body weight ratio in Greyhounds
Authors: Schoning Polly , Erickson Howard , Milliken George A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Heart and body weights were obtained from 230 Greyhounds during necropsy. Sex and age were recorded for each Greyhound. Twenty-nine racing and 21 nonracing Greyhounds among the 230 dogs were compared. Heart-to-body weight ratio was calculated. Statistical analysis was done to determine the effects of age, sex, and racing on heart and body weights and heart-to-body weight ratio.
In adult Greyhounds, mean ± SD body weight was 28.4 ± 3.1 and 31.5 ± 2.8 kg, heart weight was 355.6 ± 52.8 and 381.4 ± 50.8 g, and heart-to-body weight ratio was 1.3 ± 0.2 and 1.2 ± 0.2% for females and males, respectively. Heart and body weights were significantly different between sex and age groups and among nonracing and racing males. However, heart-to-body weight ratio was not significantly different among age, sex, or racing groups.
Eicosanoid concentrations in digital venous blood from horses with chronic laminitis
Authors: Owens Jane G. , Kamerling Steven G. , Keowen Michael L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The eicosanoids are a family of lipid-derived autocoids that are released in response to a variety of physical and hormonal stimuli. In this study, prostaglandin E2 (pge2) and leukotriene B4 (ltb4) were measured in the digital veins of clinically normal horses and horses with chronic laminitis to determine whether these arachidonic acid metabolites have a role in mediating signs of hoof pain and lesions associated with chronic laminitis. Horses were evaluated at rest and after a brief exercise period, to determine whether eicosanoids are released into the circulation after mild concussion. Digital vein eicosanoid concentrations in horses with signs of hoof pain attributable to chronic laminitis were not different than those in clinically normal horses. There was no difference in resting and postexercise pge2 or ltb4 concentrations. Mean digital vein pge2 concentration for the 2 groups was 187.18 pg/ml, whereas mean digital vein ltb4 concentration for the 2 groups was 74.71 pg/ml. These data do not support the hypothesis that pge2 and ltb4 have a role in mediating the signs of pain and pathologic features of chronic laminitis.
Effect of xylazine, cisapride, and naloxone on myoelectric activity of the ileocecocolic area in cows
Authors: Steiner Adrian , Roussel Allen J. , Iselin Urs 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effect of xylazine, cisapride, and naloxone on myoelectric activity of the ileum, cecum, and proximal loop of the ascending colon (plac) was determined in 4 healthy Jersey cows implanted with 8 pairs of bipolar electrodes. A 4 × 4 Latin square design was used. The treatments included xylazine (0.04 mg/kg of body weight), cisapride (0.08 mg/kg), naloxone (0.05 mg/kg), and 0.9% sodium chloride solution (20 ml). All treatments were administered IV during early phase I of the migrating myoelectric complex in the ileum. Myoelectric activity was recorded for 4 hours after treatment, and data were analyzed for each hour separately.
Xylazine significantly (P < 0.05) increased the duration of phase I of the first migrating myoelectric complex in the ileum to 220.72 ± 26.89 minutes, compared with 30.91 ± 10.11 minutes after administration of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The number of cecocolic spikes per minute per electrode and the duration of cecocolic spike activity (percentage of recording time) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased for the first 3 hours, and the number of propagated spike sequences in the cecum and PLAC was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased for the first 2 hours after administration of xylazine. Significant difference was not found between control and either cisapride or naloxone treatment of healthy cows. However, during hour 1 after treatment with cisapride, number of spikes per minute, duration of spike activity, and number of propagated spike sequences were highest, compared with the other treatments.
It was concluded that naloxone at the dosage used in this study was not suitable for medical treatment of cecal dilatation in cattle, when hypomotility of the cecum and PLAC must be reversed. Xylazine should not be used for relief of signs of pain in cases of cecal dilatation, because it significantly reduced myo electric activity of the cecum and PLAC for at least 2 hours after treatment. Furthermore, results of this study indicated a trend (P > 0.05) toward increase of cecocolic myoelectric activity after administration of cisapride. It is the authors’ opinion that the potential benefit of cisapride for medical treatment of cecal dilatation in cattle needs further evaluation.
Effect of sodium hexametaphosphate on dental calculus formation in dogs
Authors: Stookey George K. , Warrick Janice M. , Miller Linda L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A series of studies was conducted to identify a practical measure for preventing dental calculus formation in dogs. The studies involved a colony of 27 Beagles that received an initial dental prophylaxis. The dogs were then stratified on the basis of their normal rate of calculus formation and randomly assigned to parallel groups within each strata. During 4-week test periods, a variety of experimental regimens were instituted, followed by clinical assessments of calculus. Major observations were that a crystal growth inhibitor, soluble pyrophosphate, incorporated into a dry dog food modestly reduced calculus formation when used at high concentrations; anticalculus effects attributable to this agent were significant (P < 0.05) only when it was used as a surface coating; the coating of dry dog chow or plain biscuits with a calcium sequestrant, sodium hexametaphosphate (hmp), provided the greatest benefit and resulted in significant (P < 0.05) reductions in calculus formation of about 60 to 80%, depending on the dosage regimen; and the feeding of a single daily snack of 2 hmp-coated plain biscuits (0.6% hmp) decreased calculus formation by nearly 80%. We concluded that the coating of dry dog chow or plain dog biscuits with hmp is an effective means of reducing calculus formation in dogs.
Effects of long-term zearalenone administration on spermatogenesis and serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin values in male rats
Authors: Milano Guillermo D. , Becú-Villalobos Damasia , Tapia M. Ofelia 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Body and testis weights, serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin values and volume fractions of Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, early and late primary spermatocytes, and round and long spermatids were evaluated in 70-day-old male rats treated orally with 20 mg of zearalenone/kg of body weight daily for 5 weeks. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum prolactin concentration was consistently observed during the 5 weeks of treatment with zearalenone. Significant changes were not observed in any of the other variables evaluated.
Comparative analyses of peritoneal fluid from calves and adult cattle
Authors: Anderson David E. , Cornwell Dean , Anderson Lane S. , St-Jean Guy , Desrochers André 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Reference values for hematologic variables change with increasing age in cattle. Therefore, the purpose of the study reported here was to describe the peritoneal fluid constitutents of clinically normal young calves, and to compare cellular concentration and distribution in blood and peritoneal fluid of young calves with those of adult cattle.
Eight healthy 8-week-old male Holstein calves and 8 healthy 3- to 8-year-old Holstein cows were studied. Peritoneal fluid was collected from calves along the ventral midline, 4-cm cranial to the umbilicus. Abdominocentesis was performed in the region of the lower right flank in adult cattle. Correlation analysis, using the Pearson's correlation coefficient, and regression analysis were performed for blood and peritoneal fluid data from calves. Data from calves were compared with those of cows, using Wilcoxon's rank sum test. A P value < 0.05 was considered significant for all tests.
Calves had significantly lower blood eosinophil count (P < 0.003) and plasma protein concentration (P < 0.001) than did cows. Calves had significantly higher peritoneal fluid nucleated cell (P < 0.05) and mononuclear cell (P < 0.05) counts, but lower peritoneal fluid eosinophil cell count (P < 0.003) than did cows. For calves, nucleated cell and lyphocyte cell counts in the blood had a high, positive correlation with those of peritoneal fluid. However, the prediction equation for nucleated cell count accounted for a modest proportion of variability. A prediction equation for peritoneal fluid lymphocyte cell count was established.
On the basis of results of this study, reference ranges established for peritoneal fluid constituents of clinically normal adult cattle may not be appropriate for interpretation of peritoneal fluid analysis of calves.
Effect of long-term administration of a prolonged release formulation of bovine somatotropin (sometribove) on clinical lameness in dairy cows
Authors: Wells S. J. , Trent A. M. , Collier R. J. , Cole W. J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A matched case-control study design was used to assess the effects of long-term administration of a prolonged release formulation of bovine somatotropin (sometribove) on clinical lameness and limb lesions in dairy cows. Cows treated with sometribove for at least 2 lactations (cases) and nontreated dairy cows matched by herd, parity, age, and stage of lactation (controls) in 8 herds were evaluated for clinical lameness (as assessed by gait abnormality) and limb lesions by 2 observers, using a standardized scoring procedure at a single herd visit. Although a high proportion of the study cows were clinically lame (43%), an association was not detected between chronic administration of sometribove and prevalent lameness. Of 21 types of limb lesions identified, 2 were positively associated and 2 were negatively associated with long-term sometribove use. Superficial laceration of the tarsus (odds ratio [or] = 2.1) and superficial swelling of the metatarsophalangeal joint (or = 4.5) were positively associated with sometribove treatment, whereas femoral lesions (or = 0.2) and superficial lacerations of the femur (or = 0.14) were negatively associated with sometribove treatment.
Effectiveness of the ivermectin sustained-release bolus in the control of bovine nematodosis
Authors: Yazwinski T. A. , Featherston H. , Tucker C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the nematocidal effectiveness of the ivermectin sustained-release bolus throughout its 135-day delivery period.

Design
Twenty-four naturally infected calves were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 equivalent experimental groups: group-T1 calves were untreated controls, group-T2 calves each received a sustained-release bolus on trial day 0, and group-T3 calves were rendered nematode-free and used at 35-day intervals during the study as tracers. One contaminated pasture was used for all principal calves for the 135-day grazing interval of the study. Calves of groups T1 and T2 were also artificially administered mixed infective nematode larvae at intervals during the grazing period, after which, all calves were confined to concrete for 21 days prior to necropsy.

Animals
All calves were approximately 6 months old on trial day 0, weighed from 136 to 216 kg, and were of mixed breeding and sex.

Procedure
At intervals during the study, feces from all calves were analyzed for nematode egg counts, and all calves were weighed and examined for bolus retention (T2 calves only). For nematode recovery, all calves were necropsied 21 to 22 days after removal from the contaminated pasture.

Results
Parasitic populations of Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Bunostomum, and Oesophagostomum spp were significantly reduced in cattle treated with the ivermectin sustained-release bolus.

Conclusion
The nematocidal activity of the ivermectin sustained-release bolus proved highly effective, with > 98% efficacy for all nematode species present.
Influence of four diets on uric acid metabolism and endogenous acid production in healthy Beagles
Authors: Bartges Joseph W. , Osborne Carl A. , Felice Lawrence J. , Unger Lisa K. , Koehler Lori A. , Bird Kathy A. , Chen Menglan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the influence of 3 diets used to dissolve or prevent ammonium urate uroliths in dogs, and a diet formulated for growth, on 24-hour excretions of uric acid, ammonia, net acid, titratable acid, bicarbonate, and creatinine: 24-hour urine volumes: pH values of 24-hour urine samples; plasma uric acid concentration; serum creatinine concentration; and endogenous creatinine clearance values.

Design
Randomized block.

Animals
Six reproductively intact female Beagles, 3.9 to 4.2 years old, weighing 8.5 to 11.1 kg.

Procedures
Four diets were evaluated for their ability to dissolve magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (struvite) uroliths (diet S); to minimize uric acid excretion (diet U); to minimize clinical signs associated with renal failure (diet K); and to promote growth in pups (diet P). Each diet was fed for 14 days; then 24-hour urine samples were collected. An adult maintenance diet was fed during a 7-day washout period.

Results
Consumption of diet U was associated with lowest plasma uric acid concentration, lowest 24-hour urinary uric acid, ammonia, titratable acid, and net acid excretions, lowest endogenous creatinine clearance values, highest 24-hour urinary bicarbonate excretion and urine pH values, and highest 24-hour urine volumes. Consumption of diet P was associated with opposite results; results of consumption of diets S and K were intermediate between those for diets U and P.

Conclusion
Consumption of diet U by healthy Beagles is associated with reduced magnitude of urinary excretion of uric acid and ammonia, with alkaluria, and with polyuria, which may be beneficial in the management of ammonium urate uroliths in dogs.

Clinical Relevance
Results support use of diet U for management of ammonium urate urolithiasis in dogs.(Am J Vet Res 1996;57:324-328)