bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hoof size, shape, and balance as possible risk factors for catastrophic musculoskeletal injury of Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Kane Albert J. , Stover Susan M. , Gardner Ian A. , Bock Kirsten B. , Case James T. , Johnson Bill J. , Anderson Mark L. , Barr Bradd C. , Daft Barbara M. , Kinde Hailu , Larochelle Danielle , Moore Janet , Mysore Jagannatha , Stoltz James , Woods Leslie , Read Deryck H. , Ardans Alex A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate hoof size, shape, and balance as risk factors for catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries (CMI), including suspensory apparatus failure (SAF) and cannon bone condylar fracture (CDY) in Thoroughbred racehorses.

Animals
95 Thoroughbred racehorses that died between 1994 and 1996.

Procedure
38 quantitative measures of hoof size, shape, and balance were obtained from orthogonal digital images of the hoof and were compared between case horses with forelimb CMI (70), SAF (43), and CDY (10) injuries and control horses whose death was unrelated to the musculoskeletal system (non-CMI, 25). Comparison of group means between cases and controls was done using ANOVA, and multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios.

Results
Odds of CMI were 0.62 times lower for a 5- mm increase in ground surface width difference and 0.49 times lower for a 100-mm2 increase in sole area difference. Odds of SAF were 6.75 times greater with a 10° increase in toe-heel angle difference and 0.58 times lower with a 100-mm2 increase in sole area difference. Odds of CDY were 0.26 times lower with a 3° increase in toe angle, 0.15 times lower with a 5- mm increase in lateral ground surface width, and 0.35 times lower with a 100-mm2 increase in sole area difference.

Clinical Relevance
Decreasing the difference between toe and heel angles should decrease risk of SAF for Thoroughbred racehorses and should be considered in addition to increasing toe angle alone to help prevent catastrophic injury. Trimming the hoof to perfect mediolateral symmetry may not be a sound approach to avoiding injury. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59: 1545-1552)
Dynamics of cell-associated viremia and antibody response during the early phase of lentivirus infection in sheep
Authors: Juste R. A. , Kwang J. , de la Concha-Bermejillo A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine patterns of cell-associated viremia and antibody responses during the early phase of ovine lentivirus (OvLV) infection in sheep.

Animals
18 neonatal lambs.

Procedures
12 lambs were inoculated intratracheally with OvLV within 24 hours after birth; 6 lambs were inoculated with noninfected cell culture supernatant. Degree of cell-associated viremia was measured every other week for 16 weeks by use of a limited dilution assay. Antibody responses to OvLV transmembrane (TM) and p25 proteins were determined weekly by use of a recombinant ELISA. Neutralizing antibody responses were measured before and 8 and 16 weeks after inoculation.

Results
Degree of cell-associated viremia peaked between 2 and 6 weeks after inoculation and then decreased. For inoculated lambs, mean anti-p25 titer peaked 5 weeks after inoculation then slowly declined, whereas mean anti-TM and neutralizing antibody titers increased steadily. Over time, mean degree of cell-associated viremia was negatively correlated with mean anti-TM titer. Maximum individual degree of cell-associated viremia was positively correlated with maximum individual anti-TM titer.

Conclusions
Results suggest that after experimental inoculation, OvLV replicates actively for several weeks and that an increase in anti-TM titer coincides with a decrease in degree of cell-associated viremia. Although the role antibodies play in protecting against lentivirus infection remains uncertain, understanding the dynamics of the antibody response may have important implications for diagnosis of OvLV infection, and antibodies may prove to be valuable markers for prediction of infection and disease. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:563–568)
In vivo effect of Pasteurella haemolytica infection on bovine neutrophil morphology
Authors: Clarke Cyril R. , Confer Anthony W. , Mosier Derek A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether characteristic changes in neutrophil morphology caused in vitro by Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin (LKT) can be observed in vivo by electron microscopic examination of infected tissue chamber fluids and pneumonic lungs.

Animals
7 mixed-breed beef calves.

Procedure
Tissue chambers were implanted subcutaneously in 3 calves and were inoculated with P haemolytica or phosphate-buffered saline solution. Chamber fluid samples, obtained at 8 and 32 hours after inoculation, were examined, using electron microscopy. Experimental pneumonia was induced in an additional 4 calves by transthoracic inoculation with P haemolytica. These calves were euthanatized at 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after inoculation and lung sections were examined, using transmission electron microscopy.

Results
On examination, using transmission electron microscopy, neutrophils in lung sections and tissue chamber fluids had cytoplasmic and nuclear changes indicative of irreversible cell injury, including cell swelling, loss of plasma membrane ruffling, mitochondrial swelling, autolytic vacuolation, disruption of plasma membrane, nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis, and karyorrhexis. On examination, using scanning electron microscopy, leukocytes obtained from tissue chambers did not have their typical convoluted surfaces, but appeared rounded and swollen or shrunken with pitted surfaces.

Conclusions
Pasteurella haemolytica-induced changes in neutrophil morphology in vivo were similar to those previously induced by in vitro exposure of neutrophils to LKT. Changes were suggestive of injury initiated by damage to the plasma membrane, which is consistent with the mechanism of action of pore-forming cytolysins.

Clinical Relevance
Pasteurella haemolytica LKT appears to be an important virulence factor in vivo; a fact that should be addressed in the development of vaccines. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:588–592)
Urolithiasis in dogs I: Mineral prevalence and interrelations of mineral composition, age, and sex
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Franti Charles E. , Ruby Annette L. , Johnson Deedra L. , Thurmond Mark 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compile and statistically analyze selected data from a large number of canine urinary calculi.

Sample Population
11,000 specimens: 5,781 from female dogs, 5,215 from male dogs, and 4 from dogs of unrecorded sex.

Procedure
Records were used to compile information from all canine calculi analyzed between July 1981 and January 1994. Interrelations of mineral composition, location of specimens within the urinary tract, age and sex of affected dogs, and number of previous episodes of urolithiasis were determined.

Results
Approximately 70% of the specimens were from a first episode of urolithiasis. Calculi were located in the urinary bladder of 93.1% of females and 79.0% of males, and in the upper urinary tract of 4% of females and 2% of males. Calculi were found in multiple sites in 23.1% of males and 5.2% of females. Significantly higher proportions of struvite, apatite, and urate were found in uroliths from females; oxalate, cystine, silica, and brushite were significantly more prevalent in males. Sixty-one percent of specimens from males and 29% from females were composed of a single mineral substance. The most common mineral combination of 2 or more minerals included struvite and apatite. An additional 67 specimens from male dogs and 49 from female dogs contained other mineral combinations. In 48% of specimens from males and nearly 62% of specimens from females, the minerals formed several distinct layers of differing composition.

Conclusions
Male and female dogs form urinary calculi composed of 1 or more of several distinct minerals. Prevalence of canine uroliths differs between ages and between the sexes. Many specimens contain complex layering of minerals; most specimens were found in the urinary bladder.

Clinical Relevance
Sex and age of dogs, mineral types of likely calculi in males versus females, and their anatomic location are important considerations for clinicians when evaluating risk in dogs with urolithiasis. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:624–629)
Urolithiasis in dogs IV: Survey of interrelations among breed, mineral composition, and anatomic location of calculi, and presence of urinary tract infection
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Franti Charles E. , Johnson Deedra L. , Ruby Annette L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compile and analyze selected data from a large number of canine urinary calculus specimens that were subjected to quantitative, layer-by-layer mineral analysis.

Sample Population
11,000 canine urinary calculus specimens: 5,781 from female dogs, 5,215 from male dogs, and 4 from dogs of unrecorded sex.

Procedure
Records of the Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California were used to compile information regarding urinary calculus specimens from dogs. Records surveyed were of all canine calculi submitted for analysis between July 1981 and January 1994. Results analyzed included those of a mixed-breed group and 26 common breeds of stone-forming dogs. Interrelations of breed, sex, and age of the affected dogs, mineral composition of the specimens, and associated urinary tract infections were analyzed statistically.

Results
Proportions of culture-positive specimens were significantly correlated between the sexes (r = 0.494, P = 0.008). Staphylococcus intermedius was isolated most often from either sex, ranging from 36.1% (Basset Hounds) to 67.9% (Pekingese) of cultured specimens from females and 8.7% (Chihuahuas) to 71.4% (Scottish Terriers) of specimens from males. The second most frequently isolated bacterial species, Escherichia coli, ranged from 0% in males of 2 breeds and females of 4 breeds to 25% in Cairn Terrier males and 19.4% in Basset Hound females. Streptococcus spp were the third most frequently isolated bacterial species. Significant correlations between the sexes were found for percentages of calculi located in the urinary bladder (r = 0.490, P = 0.008), and for calculi voided in the urine (r = 0.503, P = 0.006).

Conclusions
Breed and sex differences in prevalence of urolithiasis- and mineral-associated bacterial infections are numerous. Staphylococcus intermedius was the most common isolate from specimens from all but 3 of 54 breed/sex groupings. For either sex, streptococcal infections were significantly related to proportions of calculi passed in the urine. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:650–660)
Purification of two equine pepsinogens by use of high-performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Sayegh Ayman I. , Anderson Neil V. , Harding Joseph W. , Cerpovicz Paul , DeBowes Richard M. , Ritter Robert C. , Baker Gordon J. , Reeck Gerald 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To purify and characterize pepsinogens in equine gastric mucosa.

Sample Population
Stomachs collected from 2 healthy horses at necropsy.

Procedure
After collection, stomachs were placed immediately in ice before storage at −48 C. After slow thawing, the mucosa was scraped off while the tissue was immersed in 0.1 M potassium phosphate (pH 7.4) at 4 C, then was homogenized. The filtered extract was subjected to anion-exchange chromatography. Fractions that were found to contain pepsin or pepsinogen were further chromatographed. Individual fractions were tested for pepsinogen or pepsin content by monitoring proteolytic activity at pH 2 and 3, respectively. Fractions from all columns were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to confirm molecular weight of pepsinogens and pepsin.

Results
Two pepsinogens and at least 1 pepsin were purified from equine gastric mucosa.

Conclusions
On the basis of molecular mass, equine gastric mucosa contains 2 pepsinogens.

Clinical Relevance
Results of this study will enable future development of an ELISA or radioimmunoassay for use in the diagnosis of equine gastric ulceration. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:114–118)
Effect of various short-term storage methods on viability of cancellous bone fragments
Authors: McAnulty Jonathan F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine effects of various storage methods on ex vivo viability of cancellous bone fragments.

Sample Population
Cancellous bone fragments obtained from 4 New Zealand White rabbits.

Procedure
Cancellous bone fragments were stored for 3 hours on ice in 1 of 5 preservation solutions or in 0.9% NaCI. Fragments were then reperfused (37 C) in oxygenated physiologic buffer solution for 1 hour. Cellular viability in fragments was assessed by ethidium monoazide labeling and fluorescence microscopy.

Results
Viability in fresh cancellous bone ranged from 85 to 100% (mean ± SEM, 88 ± 7%). Storage of fragments significantly reduced viability. Viability in bone fragments stored at 22 C in blood-soaked sponges or 0.9% NaCI solution was 63.8 ± 3 and 65.2 ± 7%, respectively. Use of cold 0.9% NaCI solution reduced viability to 53.6 ± 3%. Viability was significantly better for fragments stored in cold phosphate-buffered sucrose (70.4 ± 2%) and EuroCollins (71.4 ± 3%) solutions. After warm reperfusion, viability was best for fragments stored in cold phosphate-buffered sucrose (70.2 ± 4%), EuroCollins (72.6 ± 3%), or UW lactobionate solutions (69.6 ± 3%), compared with those stored in cold 0.9% NaCI (47.6 ± 3%) or hypertonic citrate (53.0 ± 3%) solutions or blood-soaked sponges (57.2 ± 3%).

Conclusions
Hypothermic storage in solutions designed to prevent temperature-dependent cell injury were best for maintaining cancellous bone fragment viability.

Clinical Relevance
Hypothermia may be advantageous for use in storing cancellous bone fragments during procedures that dictate a prolonged period between harvest and placement of graft fragments. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:63–67)
Sedative effects of intramuscular administration of a low dose of romifidine in dogs
Authors: Lemke Kip A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate sedative effects of IM administration of a low dose of romifidine in dogs.

Animals
13 healthy adult Beagles.

Procedure
Physiologic saline solution (0.2 ml), 0.1% romifidine (10, 20, or 40 µg/kg), or 10% xylazine (1 mg/kg) was given IM in a crossover study design. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, hemoglobin saturation, and scores for sedation, muscle relaxation, posture, auditory response, and positioning response were recorded before and at regular intervals for up to 240 minutes after drug administration.

Results
Scores for sedation, muscle relaxation, posture, auditory response, and positioning response increased in a dose-dependent manner after romifidine administration. Sedation induced by the highest dose of romifidine (40 µg/kg) was comparable to that induced by xylazine (1 mg/kg). Heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature decreased in a dose-dependent manner after romifidine administration, but hemoglobin saturation did not change.

Conclusions and Clinical Implications
Romifidine (10, 20, or 40 µg/kg, IM) is an effective sedative in dogs, but causes a decrease in heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60: 162-168)
Breakage and deformation characteristics of hypodermic devices under static and dynamic loading
Authors: Hoff S. J. , Sundberg P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To characterize the strength and limitations of hypodermic needles to reduce the risk of leaving broken needles in the flesh of animals.

Sample Population
Skin of porcine cadavers.

Procedure
Stainless steel needles of various gauges combined with aluminum and plastic hubs were subjected to standard test-stand conditions to compare strength under various loading regimens. A device that simulated animal motion was constructed to test breakage characteristics during animal movement.

Results
Needles and needle/hub assemblies were resilient to needle breakage, except when bent needles were straightened and a load reapplied. Needle gauge and length drastically affected strength. For 16- and 20-gauge needles, a 1.0-in needle was 1.6 times stronger than a 1.5-in needle. Adding animal movement for 20-gauge, 1.5-in needles resulted in a 40% increase in hub failures for plastic, compared to aluminum hub needles.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Findings of this study are important considerations for meat packers to address in their Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points plans.(Am J Vet Res 1999;60:292–298)
Measurement of synovial fluid and serum concentrations of the 846 epitope of chondroitin sulfate and of carboxy propeptides of type II procollagen for diagnosis of osteochondral fragmentation in horses
Authors: Frisbie David D. , Ray Christopher S. , Ionescu Mirela , Poole A. Robin , Chapman Phillip L. , McIlwraith C. Wayne 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether serum or synovial fluid concentrations of chondroitin sulfate epitope 846 and carboxy propeptides of type II collagen (CPII) can be used to diagnose osteochondral fragmentation (OC) in horses.

Animals
38 horses with unilateral OC of the radiocarpal (n = 31) or intercarpal (33) joints and 8 clinically and radiographically normal horses.

Procedures
For horses with OC, serum and synovial fluid concentrations of epitope 846, CPII, and keratan sulfate (KS) were determined, along with synovial fluid WBC counts and total protein concentrations. Serum epitope 846, CPII, and KS concentrations were measured in control horses.

Results
Synovial fluid epitope 846 and total protein concentrations were significantly higher in the joints with OC than in unaffected joints, but CPII and KS concentrations and WBC counts were not. Synovial fluid total protein and 846 epitope concentrations were linearly related to grade of OC. Serum epitope 846 and CPII concentrations were significantly higher in horses with OC than in control horses. Discriminant analysis allowed 27 of 34 (79%) horses to be correctly classified as having or not having OC on the basis of serum epitope 846 and CPII concentrations.

Conclusions
Results suggest that serum and synovial fluid concentrations of epitope 846 and CPII are associated with OC. Increases in concentrations of epitope 846 and CPII suggest that increased synthesis of cartilage aggrecan and type II procollagen may be associated with OC.

Clinical Relevance
Measurement of serum epitope 846 and CPII concentrations may be useful in the diagnosis of OC in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:306–309)
Granuloma development in cattle after intratonsilar inoculation with Mycobacterium bovis
Authors: Palmer Mitchell V. , Whipple Diana L. , Rhyan Jack C. , Bolin Carole A. , Saari Dennis A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine the temporal development of tuberculous lesions in cattle inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis.

Animals
15 mature crossbred cows obtained from a herd with no history of M bovis infection.

Procedure
Inoculation of cattle was done by intratonsilar instillation of 1.48 × 105 to 5.4 × 107 colony-forming units of M bovis strain 2045T. At 3 to 4 hours, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 8 weeks after inoculation, tissues were examined for gross and microscopic lesions and processed for isolation of M bovis.

Results
Retropharyngeal lymph nodes from cattle examined 4 weeks after inoculation contained microgranulomas consisting of aggregates of macrophages with few neutrophils. Retropharyngeal lymph nodes from all cattle examined 6 and 8 weeks after inoculation contained multiple, large, coalescing granulomas consisting of central areas of necrosis with mild fibrosis, numerous macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, multinucleated giant cells, and neutrophils. Three of 8 cattle examined 6 or 8 weeks after inoculation had lesions in nonretropharyngeal sites with morphologic characteristics similar to that seen in retropharyngeal lymph node granulomas from cattle examined 4 weeks after inoculation.

Conclusion
Granulomas can develop in draining lymph nodes of cattle in as little as 4 weeks after inoculation via intratonsilar instillation of M bovis. Intralesional morphologic changes between 4 and 6 weeks after inoculation indicate an increase in cellular chemotaxis and differentiation. Dissemination of bacteria to distant sites most likely was by lymphatic and hematogenous routes after establishment of the primary infection in retropharyngeal lymph nodes. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:310–315)
Flow cytometric analysis of canine colonic mucosal lymphocytes from endoscopically obtained biopsy specimens
Authors: Sonea Ioana M. , Harkins Kristi , Wannemuehler Michael J. , Jergens Albert E. , Merten Ellen A. , Sacco Randy E. , Cunnick Joan E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To validate use of canine colonic biopsy specimens obtained via endoscopy as a source of mucosal lymphocytes (ML) for flow cytometric analysis.

Sample Population
Mucosal biopsy specimens from 10 adult dogs.

Procedure
Mucosal lymphocyte subsets obtained from excised colon were compared with ML subsets obtained from biopsy specimens obtained by use of an endoscopic forceps (6 dogs). Endoscopic colonic biopsy specimens from 4 other dogs were used to define whether obtained ML were predominantly of intraepithelial or lamina propria origin. Mucosal lymphocytes were isolated and labeled, using commercially available monoclonal antibodies directed against canine cell surface antigens. Lymphocyte subsets (cytotoxic or helper T cells; B cells) were determined by use of flow cytometric analysis.

Results
A large number of viable ML was obtained after dissociation of the colonic epithelium from excised colon (45.5 ± 21.5 × 106) and endoscopic (7.2 ± 3.4 × 106) biopsy specimens. Lymphocyte subsets obtained with both methods were identical for each dog and consisted predominantly of intraepithelial lymphocytes, with some lymphocytes from the lamina propria. Collagenase digestion of excised colon also yielded a large number of viable lymphocytes from the lamina propria (56.7 ± 20.4 × 106), but collagenase digestion of endoscopic biopsy specimens was less rewarding.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
A representative sample of viable intraepithelial ML is obtainable from endoscopic biopsy specimens. Flow cytometric analysis, a minimally invasive technique, can be used to study ML of client-owned animals. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:346-353).