bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consolidation and ossiﬁcation
Authors: Westwood J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the suffering, the war years were in one sense easier years because, as in 1812, the state and the people grew closer. At the end of the war there was a more relaxed atmosphere, which Russians hoped would continue. Instead, there was a return to the old ways. Unlike most of the other ex-belligerents, the USSR turned its back on change and returned to the 1930s. The western influences that had penetrated during the war were one of the prime objects of attack. ‘Soviet patriotism’, which resembled Russian chauvinism, was propagandized at the same time as western books, films, music (especially jazz), and technical or social achievements were vilified. In a 1947 admonition to Soviet writers, Zhdanov expressed himself in terms worthy of Nicholas I’s publicists:
Shocks and therapies
Authors: Westwood J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1989 census had indicated that 51 per cent or 147,386,000 of the USSR’s population lived in the Russian Republic. The next biggest republic, the Ukrainian, contained 18 per cent, and the other republics had much smaller populations. With the exception of the three Baltic states and Georgia, the former union republics had agreed in late 1991 to form the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Papon and the Colonial Origins of Police Violence
Authors: House Jim , Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 1958 the French government, faced with a crisis in the Paris police force, flew Maurice Papon from Algeria into the capital to provide strong leadership to the Prefecture of Police and to accelerate the battle against the Front de libération nationale. During the remaining four years of the Algerian War Papon was the architect of a novel and far-reaching police and intelligence system. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the origins of this ‘Papon System’ by following the career of the Prefect from Vichy through the politically unstable years of the Fourth Republic. The aim is not to provide a comprehensive biography of Papon but to take note of those key experiences through which he built up expertise in counter-insurgency and, in particular, techniques for the policing of minority populations and nationalist insurgents that he would adapt later to the Paris context. Secondly, throughout this period (c.1940–58), Papon shared the traditional culture of the prefectoral corps which, as loyal servants of the Republic, affected to stand independent of party politics.
The FLN Counter-State and Police Repression, 1958–1961
Authors: House Jim , Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 1958 the government of Félix Gaillard was shaken by serious unrest within the ranks of the Paris police force, a crisis that led to the removal of the Prefect of Police Lahillone and his replacement by Maurice Papon. On Thursday 13 March a mass rally to protest about failure to pay a ‘danger bonus’ got out of hand and some 2,000 officers, incited and led by right-wing elements, marched from the Prefecture to the National Assembly shouting, ‘Dides au pouvoir!’, ‘Fellagas assassins!’, and anti-Semitic slogans. The Palais Bourbon was invaded and the session of parliament had to be suspended. An emergency Cabinet meeting the following day appointed Papon as Prefect of Police on the recommendation of the Interior Minister, Bourgès-Maunoury.
The Police Crisis and Terror, July to 16 October 1961
Authors: House Jim , Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the summer of 1961 the Algerian War was reaching a tense and critical phase, with negotiations between the French government and the Gouvernement provisoire de la République algérienne (GPRA) at Évian (20 May to 13 June) and Lugrin (20–8 July). The ongoing talks and the prospect of Algerian independence, far from creating a situation in which both sides could readily agree to a cessation of hostilities, a reduction in armed conflict and loss of life so as to establish a positive ambience for negotiation, generated a phase of profound political instability in which both sides were riven by internal divisions.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: House Jim , Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Part I showed, the repression of 17 October 1961 represented the paroxysm of routinized state violence carried over and adapted into the metropolitan sphere. We also saw that Papon was relatively successful in working around the potential limits due legal process placed on repressive intervention and circumvented opposition within sectors of the state apparatus and among elected officials. This routinization of state violence also stemmed from the long-term absence of influential counter-balances within civil society. This absence is a key issue for the historian seeking to understand the reactions to anti-Algerian repression after 17 October, and the short and longer term impact of such reactions relating in particular to the memorial afterlives of the events.
Fragmented Reactions to State Violence, September–November 1961
Authors: House Jim , Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analysts have tended to assume that, because the events of 17 October soon largely disappeared from political and media debate, this must have been because there had been few protest reactions at the time. As we shall see, the picture in late 1961 was rather more complex, with the tensions and power relations already highlighted in the previous chapter resulting in the marginalization of the FLN, a fragmented left, and public opinion hostile to Algerians. The analysis now turns to the impact of these factors on the forms and levels of reactions to anti-Algerian repression that culminated on 17 October.
The Marginalization of 17 October 1961(1961–1968)
Authors: House Jim , Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses further key developments that contributed to the political marginalization of the October events. To do so, we need to extend the time-scale after October 1961 to include the five-month period of greater anti-fascist unity on the left separating 17 October from Charonne (8 February 1962). This allows for a clearer understanding of the context in which the Charonne killings—and the reactions to them—took place, and a firmer assessment of the markedly more significant protests after Charonne than after 17 October. The analysis then follows the impact of the decision by the Communist left to commemorate Charonne, a politically charged investment that further eclipsed the visibility of 17 October, giving the two events very different afterlives.
Emergent Memories, 1980–1997?
Authors: House Jim , Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses how and why the visibility of the events of 17 October gradually resurfaced in political and media debate between 1980 and 1997, in the light of political and social developments in both France and Algeria. Whereas in the 1960s and 1970s, low-level transmission of memory regarding 17 October took place mostly on an inter-personal basis within the family or radical left organizations and movements, in the 1990s, building on the impact of the antiracist movements of the 1980s that saw descendants of Algerian migrants emerge as significant collective political actors in France, new groups formed with a strategy of bringing the memories of 17 October onto the public stage. Their aim was to formulate specific demands for official recognition, truth, and justice and to transmit an awareness of 17 October to wider sectors of French society.
Pleasures
Authors: Hendy David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So much campaigning, so many years of complaining. Sometimes it was easy to forget that for most listeners, most of the time, the pleasures to be gained from Radio Four outweighed all the irritations. They did, after all, stick with it. Sometimes they expressed their utter devotion to it. Even for producers who could see nothing but bureaucracy, penny-pinching, and job losses all around them at the BBC, Radio Four still offered a place where good programmes survived and new ones might be conjured up from time to time. So after describing all the provocations and the rows, there is a need to redress the balance.
Empire Families
Authors: Buettner Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What was life like for the British men, women, and children who lived in late imperial India while serving the Raj? Empire Families treats the Raj as a family affair and examines how, and why, many remained linked with India over several generations. Due to the fact that India was never meant for permanent European settlement, many families developed deep-rooted ties with India while never formally emigrating. Their lives were dominated by long periods of residence abroad punctuated by repeated travels between Britain and India: childhood overseas followed by separation from parents and education in Britain; adult returns to India through careers or marriage; furloughs, and ultimately retirement, in Britain. As a result, many Britons neither felt themselves to be rooted in India, nor felt completely at home when back in Britain. Their permanent impermanence led to the creation of distinct social realities and cultural identities. Empire Families sets out to recreate this society by looking at a series of families, their lives in India, and their travels back to Britain. Focusing for the first time on the experiences of parents and children alike, and including the Beveridge, Butler, Orwell, and Kipling families, Elizabeth Buettner uncovers the meanings of growing up in the Raj and an itinerant imperial lifestyle.
Long Periods
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abalain, Hervé. Le Pays de Galles: Identité, modernité [Wales: Identity, Modernity] (Crozon: Éditions Armeline, 2000), 300p.Anderson, David. ‘John Muir birthplace, Dunbar’ [history of the site at 126–28 High Street], Transactions of the East Lothian Antiquarian and Field Naturalists’ Society 24 (2000), 1–7.Andrews, D.D. (ed.) ‘Historic buildings notes and surveys 1998’, Essex Archaeology and History 3rd ser. 30 (1999), 232–49.Aughton, Peter. Bristol: a people’s history (Lancaster: Carnegie, 2000), vi, 266p.
England 1066–1500 A: General
Authors: Crouch David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ambrisco, A.S. ‘Cannibalism and cultural encounters in Richard Coeur de Lion’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies29:3 (1999), 499–528.Britnell, Richard H. ‘Introduction’ [Daily life in the middle ages], A23, 1–4. 941. Hallam, Elizabeth (ed.) Chronicles of the age of chivalry(London: Salamander, 2000), 320p. [Brief extracts from chronicles with brief essays on varied subjects.]Higgins, Iain Macleod. Writing east: the ‘travels’ of Sir John Mandeville(Philadelphia (PA): University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997), ix, 335p.Morley, Beric M.; Miles, Daniel W.H. ‘Nave roof, chest and door of the church of St Mary, Kempley, Gloucestershire: dendrochronological dating’, Antiquaries Journal80 (2000), 294–6.
Britain 1815–1914
Authors: Taylor miles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Briggs, Asa.‘Britain 1900’, History Today 50:12 (2000), 31–37. 2633. Davis, John. ‘Modern London’, A210, 125–50.Ifans, Dafydd. ‘Francis Kilvert and Wales’, Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion ns 6 (1999), 66–89.Clinton, Catherine (ed.) Fanny Kemble’s journals(Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press, 2000), 201p.Knox, William W. The industrial nation: work, culture and society in Scotland, 1800–present (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999), xv, 368p.Matthew, Colin. ‘Introduction: the United Kingdom and the Victorian century, 1815–1901’ [The nineteenth century: the British Isles 1815–1901], A145, 1–40.Matthew, Colin. ‘Conclusion: fin-de-siècle ’, A145, 293–99.Pugh, Martin. Britain since 1789: a concise history (Basingstoke and New York: Macmillan and St Martin’s Press, 1999), x, 254p. [1st published as Storia della Gran Bretagna, 1789–1990(Roma: La Nuova Italia Scientifica, 1997).]
Medieval Wales
Authors: Pryce Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arnold, Christopher J.; Davies, Jeffrey L. Roman and early medieval Wales (Stroud: Sutton, 2000), viii, 216p.Davies, R. Rees. ‘Owain Glyn Dŵr a’i apêl’ [Owain Glyn Dwr and his appeal], Y Traethodydd155 (2000), 198–209.Davies, R. Rees. ‘Shakespeare’s Glendower and Owain Glyn Dŵ r’, The Historian[London] 66 (2000), 22–25.Jones, John Gwynfor. ‘Owain Glyndŵr a gwrthryfel y Cymry 1400–1415’ [Owain Glyndwr and the revolt of the Welsh 1400–1415], Taliesin 110 (2000), 24–40.White, Richard. ‘Caernarfon and the origins of the kingdoms of Gwynedd’, Caernarvonshire Historical Society Transactions 61 (2000), 23–39.Wyatt, David. ‘Gruffudd ap Cynan and the Hiberno-Norse world’, Welsh History Review 19:4 (1999), 595–617.
Ireland To c .1640
Authors: Davis Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Altholz, Josef L. (ed.) Selected documents in Irish history(London: M.E. Sharpe, 2000), viii, 152p.Archaeological inventory of County Cork, volume 4 (Dublin: Stationery Office, 2000).Duffy, Seán; et al. Atlas of Irish history (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1997), 144p.Ivic, Christopher. ‘Incorporating Ireland: cultural conflict in Holinshed’s Irish Chronicles ’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 29:3 (1999), 473–98.Lydon, James. ‘Historical revisit: Edmund Curtis, A history of medieval Ireland(1923, 1938)’, Irish Historical Studies31(1999),535–48.
Ireland Since c .1640
Authors: Cunningham Bernadette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anonymous. ‘Major accessions to repositories relating to Irish history, 1997 and 1998’, Irish Historical Studies31 (1999), 558–61.Anonymous. ‘Public Record Office of Northern Ireland: recent accessions of interest to the social and economic historian’, Irish Economic and Social History 27 (2000), 75–76.Brennan, Michael. Dearc Fhearna its history and environs: Dunmore caves an epitome of local history (Ballyfoyle: The author, 2000), 64p.Browne, Bernard. Living by the pen: a biographical dictionary of County Wexford authors (Old Ross: The author, 1997), iv, 168p.Canavan, Tony. ‘The profession of history: the public and the past’, A188, 226–41.
Empire To 1783
Authors: Bowen H V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (Jr.) (eds.) Africana: the encyclopedia of the African and African American experience (New York: Basic Civitas Books, 1999), xxxvii, 2095p.Armitage, David. ‘The British conception of Empire in the eighteenth century’, A6, 91–107.Bailyn, Bernard. ‘The first British empire: from Cambridge to Oxford. An essay-review of The Oxford History of the British Empire, volume I: The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century, and volume II: The Eighteenth Century’, William and Mary Quarterly 57:3 (2000), 647–59.Bowen, H.V. ‘400 years of the East India Company’, History Today 50:7 (2000), 47–53.
Dryden and Pope
Authors: Ricks Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Augustan poetry is remarkable for its literary allusion; the poetry creates meanings, comprehends judgements, and animates experiences, by bringing into play other works of literature and their very words. This is ‘the Poetry of Allusion’, to cite the subtitle of Reuben Brower’s Alexander Pope.1 I should like to consider the implications of J. B. Broadbent’s words: ‘Literary allusion can be a lesson in the abuse of authority, as well as in the generous spending of an inheritance. We need an essay on “The poet as heir”.’2
Plagiarism
Authors: Ricks Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the President—the previous President—of the British Academy invited me to give this lecture, I took up the terms in which he had written, and proposed the subject of plagiarism: ‘It relates to “scholarly debate”; it has “general public interest”; and I even like the dark thought that it’s something “the Academy exists to promote” …’. Judge then of my pleasure when, in his Presidential Address for 1997, the President announced that the lecture would be ‘on “Plagiarism”, not a subject which the Academy exists to promote, but one in which we all have an interest’.1
University Life
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although they are closely associated with the world of established English universities, particularly Cambridge, the Stracheys, unlike the families of some of Lytton’s close friends, the Stephens, for example, or the Keynes, had no traditional connection with the English universities. One or two Stracheys with a particular interest in mathematics had gone to Cambridge in the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries, but they were rare exceptions. Until the second half of the nineteenth century, British universities with their largely classical curriculum offered little to a family interested primarily in science, engineering, and imperial administration.
Work, Income, and Changing Career Patterns
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The changing social status of the Strachey family, particularly the decline from the landed origins of his parents in the eighteenth century to their professional upper middle-class position in the nineteenth, was a subject of great interest and some regret to Lytton Strachey. He was impressed by the energy and the will evident in his parents and their contemporaries, but disliked their values, their taste, and many aspects of their way of life—symbolized as it was for him by the family’s massive, ‘portentous’, ugly, and inconvenient house at 69 Lancaster Gate.
Grasping Objects and Contents
Authors: Elugardo Reinaldo , Stainton Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine Andrew walks into a room, holds up a cigarette, and says ‘From France’ to Sylvia. We think it is obvious that, in this case, Andrew could easily convey a proposition. Let us agree that Andrew communicates, about the cigarette, that it is from France. A singular proposition. He can do this because, as will be obvious to both Andrew and Sylvia, what Andrew means clearly is not the property λx. from-France(x). How could he mean that? Thus, to treat him as co-operating, Sylvia must ﬁnd a proposition meant, and the most obvious one is precisely this singular proposition. Supposing that what is communicated is this proposition, consider now what expression was produced.
Ignorance of Meaning
Authors: Segal Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An argument is available to demonstrate that the cognitive content a subject associates with a term differs from the term’s Burgean social content. I show that the same argumentative strategy can be used to argue that cognitive content is holistic. After defending this application of the strategy, I discuss the ramifications of this holistic conclusion for both first-personal knowledge and scientific knowledge of meaning.
What is the Acquisition Argument?
Authors: Miller Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Semantic realism, as I shall understand it in this paper, is the combination of the views (1) that sentential understanding is constituted by grasp of truth conditions and (2) that the notion of truthwhich figures therein is essentially epistemically unconstrained. In a single slogan, understanding a sentence consists in some cases in grasp of potentially recognition-transcendent truth conditions. For example, a semantic realist about the past holds that our understanding of ‘Caesar sneezed fifteen times on his 19th birthday’ consists in grasp of its truth condition,where this is capable of obtaining even though there is no guarantee that we shall be able, even in principle, to recognize that that is so.
Crucial Factors in the Origins of Word-Meaning
Authors: Steels L , Kaplan F , Mcintyre A , Looveren J Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have been conducting large-scale public experiments with artificial robotic agents to explore what the necessary and sufficient prerequisites are for word-meaning pairs to evolve autonomously in a population of agents through a self-organized process. We focus not so much on the question of why language has evolved, but rather on how. There are many good reasons to use language once it has come into existence; for example, for establishing and maintaining group coherence, for transmission of cultural knowledge such as tool use, etc. But these reasons only explain why verbal behaviour is reinforced. They do not explain how this verbal behaviour might emerge or become complex. Our hypothesis is that when agents engage in particular interactive behaviours that in turn require specific cognitive structures, they automatically arrive at a language system. This interactive behaviour should be a natural outgrowth of co-operative behaviour (if this were not the case, the behaviour would be unlikely to emerge),
Creations of Pre-Modern Human Minds: Stone Tool Manufacture and Use by Homo habilis, heidelbergensis, and neanderthalensis
Authors: Mithen Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern humans, Homo sapiens, first appear in the fossil record 130,000 years ago in East Africa. By 100,000 years ago their skeletal remains are found in Southern Africa and the Near East. During the next 60,000 years they colonize the Old World, seeming to reach Australia by 55,000 years ago and Europe by 40,000 years ago. Quite when they entered the Americas remains unclear; some archaeologists believe there is evidence for occupation at least 30,000 years ago, but others place colonization closer to 12,500 years ago.
Introduction
Authors: Kershaw Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nazi social aims were extraordinarily ambitious. They amounted to no less than a revolution in attitudes and values, a transformation of subjective consciousness more than of objective realities. The German people were to be mobilized in the cause of the nation through the replacing of all class, religious, or regional allegiances by massively intensified national self-awareness. Given the depth of the cleavages in German society, only briefly overcome in the patriotic euphoria of 1914, a movement aiming to ‘educate’ national unity into the people would inevitably have to employ a high level of manipulation coupled with an even higher degree of repression of unbending, ‘nonconformist’ attitudes.
Reactions to the Persecution of the Jews
Authors: Kershaw Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The significance of the Jewish Question for the ‘broad mass’ of the German population in the Third Reich is a complex issue which has prompted frequent speculative generalization but little systematic exploration. Alongside the apologetic, much heard in Germany since the end of the war, that the persecution of the Jews could be put down to the criminal or insane fixations of Hitler and the gangster clique of top Nazis around him in the face of widespread disapproval by the mass of Germans in so far as they knew and understood what was going on, exists the counter-generalization, favoured by some Jewish historians, of a German people thirsting for a ‘war against the Jews’, in which anti-Semitism, based on a centuries-old tradition of persecution, played a central role in providing Hitler’s support from the German people and in motivating the popular adulation of the Fuhrer.
The Economic Pressures of War
Authors: Kershaw Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nub of the Nazi social message was that Germany’s former class-ridden society had been replaced by a class- and status-transcending ‘national community’ (Volksgemeinschaft), where the only differences between equal members of the nation were those resulting from ability and achievement. From what we saw in earlier chapters which explored the subjective responses of the peasantry, the working class, and varied sections of the middle class, the most obvious propaganda failure of the Nazis was their inability, in the light of the social and economic reality of the Third Reich, to make this social message sound convincing.