bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheological and sensory properties of lemon pie filling
Authors: Hill Margaret A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A range of lemon pie fillings containing the ingredients corn starch, sugar, lemon juice, egg yolk and water have been prepared using a constant weight mixture design. There were five ingredients in the system and four ratio variables Xl to X4 were used. A central composite design was employed resulting in 25 formulations. Dynamic rheological measurements were made on the formulations using the Carri-Med Controlled Stress Rheometer. Multiple regression analysis of the results has produced models which predict the effect of each ratio variable Xl, X2, X3 and X4 on the rheological parameters , and G’. Linear, squared and interaction terms were included fn the models. Sensory analysis using magnitude estimation evaluated the characteristics of thickness, sweetness and lemon flavour; statistical analysis (multiple regression) was used in the same way as for the rheological data yielding again three predictive models. Perceived sweetness at an approximately constant level of sugar to water is depressed by the addition of lemon juice and corn starch but enhanced by egg yolk.
Calcium-dependent solubility and rheological properties of some plant polysaccharides
Authors: Stephen Alistair M , Linder Peter W , Churms Shirley C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extraction of pectic material from the leaves of Aloe ferox is largely dependent on the removal of calcium ions. Juice squeezed from leaf, and hot-water extracts of the residual pulp, contain mineral salts and polysaccharides low in uronic acid residues. Treatment with aqueous oxalate, citrate or phosphate permits the extraction from pulp of good yields of polysaccharide that forms viscous solutions and, on restoration of Ca2+ ion, gels. Dialysis of the ammonium salt of the pectic polysaccharide ( 50% -GalEA content) against flowing tap water yielded a gel inside the membrane, the metal ion content of which, in comparison with that in the exterior aqueous medium, showed the relative selectivity coefficients for Ca:Mg:Na:K to be in the approximate ratio 100:20:7:20. Further dialysis against distilled water lowered the percentages of ions present in dried gel to Ca2+ 8.7, Mg2+ 0.14, Na+ 0.32 and K+ 0.23. Steric-exclusion chromatography showed a value of 40 000 for the molecular weight of the soluble pectic salt, raised to 330 000 on addition of Ca2+; this was followed by gel formation. Exudate from Cycad cones, a mannoglucuronoglycan with ramified acidic rhamnoarabinogalactan attached to Man in the core, consists of a weak gel from which a low molecular weight (10 000) fraction is extractable with aqueous ethanol. The residual gel is readily dispersed in aqueous sodium carbonate and then has mol. wt. 180 000, not increased on Ca2+ addition although viscosity lowering does result. The solution properties of the two types of polysaccharide, which resemble those of Khaya grandifoliola gum and gum ghatti respectively, are dependent on the relative dispersions of uronic acid groups in the different molecular structures.
Rheological behaviour and sol-gel transition of galactomannan/kappa-carrageenan blends
Authors: B.Fernandes P , Alves M P Gon , L.Doublier J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sol-gel transition zone of mixtures of a galactomannan(locust bean gum or guar gum) with JC-carrageenan has been studied by oscillatory shear and viscosity measurements at 1s0c. Phase diagrams were established for these blends, relating the total polymer concentration of the mixed system to the JC-carrageenan/galactomannan ratio. From these phase diagrams, the JC-carrageenan content at which the sol-gel transition takes place can be estimated. This was found to be constant, whatever the total polymer concentration investigated and was lower than in the case of JC-carrageenan alone.
Kappa carrageenan-mannan interaction: a theoretical approach
Authors: Tvaroska I , Rochas C , R.Taravel F , Turquois T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A computer program SAINT has been developed for the investigation of the structure and for the prediction of minimum-energy structure of polysaccharide polysaccharide complexes. The energy minimization is carried out on internal geometrical parameters, namely bond angles, torsional angles and five parameters describing the mutual orientations of polysaccharide chains. For this purpose, the non-derivative method of conjugated directions is used. This procedure was applied to computer modeling of the interactions between models of kappa carrageenan and mannan. It is shown that the interaction between two chains influences the structure of the individual polysaccharide molecule and that in the minimum-energy structures of the complex, the conformation of the chains does not correspond to the lowest energy.
The texture of short dough biscuits produced from reconstituted flours
Authors: Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A soft wheat flour was subjected to a series of fractionation/reconstitution experiments. Reconstituted flours were used in the production of short dough biscuits and their quality was compared to those from original unfractionated flour. The aim was to produce biscuits from the reconstituted flour with similar characteristics to those from the original (control} flour. The main quality parameter was taken as biscuit texture as this is of major importance in the consumer acceptance of biscuits. Biscuits produced from a flour reconstituted after a fractionation procedure that did not include a lipid-depletion step were of similar dimensions and colour to control biscuits. Biscuits from this reconstituted flour, however, were twice as hard as those from the control flour. In order to produce biscuits with similar texture to those from control flour it was necessary to adopt a fractionation procedure in which the flour was first depleted in lipid, by extraction with petroleum ether, prior to further (aqueous} fractionation. Biscuits from flour produced in this way were of similar colour and dimensions to those from control flour and were only slightly harder.
Effect of non-adsorbing polymer on dispersion stability
Authors: M.Clegg S , J.Snowden M , A.Williams P , D.Robb I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper describes work carried out on the behaviour of model silica particles dispersed in water containing non-adsorbing (carboxymethyl cellulose and polystyrene sulphonate) polymers. The pair potentials of the particles have been calculated using current quantitative models of depletion flocculation and DLVO theory, with the depth of the secondary minima in the energy curves being used as an index for the onset of flocculation. The depletion flocculation of the particles by polystyrene sulphonate shows excellent agreement between theory and experimental observations, but this was not the case for carboxymethyl cellulose. The discrepancies between theory and experiment may be explained in terms of the high polydispersi!Y of the carboxymetbyl cellulose samples, particularly with respect to the charge distribution as a function of chain length.
Preparation, physical properties and potential food applications of enzymically-debranched araban from sugar-beet
Authors: M.Cooper J , .Mccleary B V , R.Morris E , K.Richardson R , M.Marrs W , J.Hart R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enzymic debranching of sugar beet arabinan yields essentially linear chains of 50-80 1,5-linked a-L-arabinofuranosyl residues. Solutions of this material ("araban") at sufficiently high concentration (typically 10-20% w/w) develop a cohesive, but spreadable, gel-like structure on storage at or below ambient temperature. Electron microscopy shows a network of randomly oriented microfibrils around 200 nm in length. Gel strength (storage modulus, G’) rises dramatically with concentration (c), 20% samples being about 80 times stronger than those prepared at 10% w/w. The onset of gelation occurs far more rapidly at higher concentrations, with gel-times (at 20’C) decreasing from about 15 hours at 10% w/w to about 30 minutes at 20%. Reduction in temperature also accelerates gel formation (by just over a factor of two between 25’C and l0’C). The gels are stable to comparatively high temperature, with final loss of cohesion occurring at ∼7oc for the weakest samples, increasing to ∼9oc for the strongest. The potential of araban for use in fat replacement, and in other food and non-food applications is discussed.
Microgels, superswelling gels and macrogels from alginates. New possibilities for an old polymer?
Authors: Smidsrod Olav , Moe Storker T , Draget Kurt , Skjak-Braek Gudmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last decade there has been an increasing interest in the use of alginates in biotechnological, biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. The use of alginate as an immobilization material for cells and biocatalysts is an example of this trend (1). These new applications set new specifications on alginates with respect to purity, chemical composition, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. In addition, a detailed understanding of the gelling mechanism is necessary for manipulation of the gelling process to obtain gels of the right strength, porosity, size, shape and homogeneity. In this paper we shall review some of our recent research in this field and explore if some of the new findings could have an impact on the use of alginate as food additive and see if they point towards possibilities for new applications.
Turbidity study of casein micelles
Authors: Sano Yoh , Niki Ryoy A , Ama Kaoru Kohy , Nishinari Katsuyoshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Casein micelles of different sizes were prepared by centrifugation and the distribution of particle sizes was analyzed by turbidity measured with a conventional visible spectrophotometer. The molecular weight and the diameter of casein micelles determined by turbidity correlated fairly well to the centrifugation speeds. The higher the speed the smaller the casein micelles. Aggregation and gelation of casein micelles in the presence of rennet was studied as a function of micelle sizes. The smallest micelle had the shortest gelation time, the largest rate constant and also the largest saturated elastic modulus of three size micelles.
Chain associations of konjac mannan in fibres and gels
Authors: P.Millane R , L.Hendrixson T , J.Morris V , Cairns P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The crystal structure of native (acetylated) konjac glucomannan has been studied using x-ray fiber diffraction. The polysaccharide packs isomorphously with the crystal structure of mannan II. Molecular modelling, and measurements of the crystallite size in moist fibers, indicate that the crystal structure incorporates only acetate free segments of the glucomannan. These results suggest a role for such structures in junction zones of konjac mannan gels.
Routine analysis of acacia gums by dynamic light scattering
Authors: White Roger , W.Anderson Douglas M , Claes Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) can be used on-line in conjunction with the liquid chromatography of molecules to determine translational diffusion coefficients (Dt) and hydrodynamic radii (Rh) . From this data, relative molecular weights can also be calculated. Laser light scattered by molecules moving in solution under Brownian motion fluctuates in intensity as the motion proceeds. The time scale of this fluctuation is related to Dt for the molecules under observation and can be computed. The Dt measurement is fundamental and does not rely on any form of calibration. The Rh of the molecule is obtained from the Stokes-Einstein equation and the molecular weight calculated by means of an empirically derived algorithm.
Cytogenetics in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Gibbons B , Czepulkowski B H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past, cytogenetic analysis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) has been hampered by the difficulty of obtaining good quality chromosomes. Poor spreading, fuzzy chromosomes, and indistinct bands meant that only about 50% of analysed cases were classified as having an abnormal clone. In addition, a number of cases also had metaphase spreads which were classified as unanalysable, and consequently failed.
Use of protein phosphatase inhibitors in intact cells
Authors: Hardie D Grahame 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A widely used approach for studying the roles of protein phosphorylation is the pharmacological one, i.e. to study the effects of cell-permeable inhibitors or activators of the enzymes which catalyse changes in phosphorylation. In the case of protein kinases, such compounds have been available for some time, and their use is described in Chapter 4. Recently, a variety of very potent, cell-permeable inhibitors of serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatases have been discovered, and their impact has been considerable.
Immunoassays for growth factors
Authors: Capper Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term growth factors is typically applied to those proteins that are involved in cellular proliferative responses such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Although immunoassays for these and several other growth factors have been described, there are also many immunoassays described for cytokines and lymphokines such as the interleukins, (e.g. IL-1), and tumour necrosis factors (TNF). They can also be regarded as having proliferative or growth promoting actions. Furthermore, from an immunoassay point of view there are no real differences between developing an assay to a growth factor or a cytokine, and so I will refer to principles and examples applicable to both types of protein in this chapter.
Antibodies and crossmatching for transplantation
Authors: Martin Susan , Claas Frans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alloantibodies directed against HLA antigens can be produced in response to three different types of stimuli: • pregnancy • blood transfusion • transplantation The method of antigen presentation, the dose of antigen, and hence the nature of the response differs for each of these stimuli which can all have occurred in a potential transplant recipient.
Isolation and culture of factordependent haemopoietic cell lines
Authors: Spooncer E , Boettiger D , Dexter Mdt.M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our ability to stimulate proliferation and development of haemopoietic progenitor cells in vitro in clonal assays has led to a greater understanding of the hierarchical nature of the haemopoietic system, and an appreciation of the relationships between different cell lineages (see Appendix 1). These assays provided the means for the development of methods to enrich, and therefore to characterize, the various colony-forming cells, and to purify and isolate growth factors that are essential for the survival, growth, and differentiation of both multipotent and more developmentally restricted progenitor cells. Once these factors have been cloned, questions related to their interactions with target cells and target cell responses are raised. For example: what determines whether or not cells undergo self-renewal rather than differentiation? Following receptor binding, how are signals transduced that lead to the complex events seen upon addition of growth factors? What are the molecular mechanisms underlying the choice of developmental options that manifests as lineage committment? With normal bone marrow cells, these questions are very difficult to approach since self-renewal ability and multipotentiality are characteristics of stem cells that are few in number, and which (so far) have proved refractory to attempts to induce self-renewal in vitro as a ‘pure’ cell population.
Compositional analysis of glycoproteins
Authors: Manzi Adriana E , Varki Ajit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once a protein has been purified to homogeneity (or radiochemical purity in the case of metabolically-labelled molecules), it is of interest to know if it is a glycoprotein. Several indirect methods can be used to detect the presence of sugars on the protein (e.g. lectin blotting, periodate oxidation/biotin hydrazide coupling, metabolic-labelling with radioactive monosaccharides). This chapter concerns itself with the next step: obtaining an accurate compositional analysis of a glycoprotein in terms of the molar ratios of the various monosaccharides present on it. In some cases, the techniques described in this chapter may serve as the first indication that oligosaccharides are indeed present on a protein. This chapter is primarily focussed on glycoproteins from animal sources, which tend to have a restricted number of types of monosaccharides: o-galactose, o-mannose, o-glucose, L-fucose, oxylose, N-acetyl-o-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-o-galactosamine, uronic acids, and non-ulosonic acids (sialic acids).
The biological and molecular basis for cell tropism in HIV
Authors: Planelles Vicente , Li Qi-Xiang , Chen Irvin S Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the primary etiologic agent for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV exhibits high genetic variation, which results in a wide variety of biological phenotypes displayed by different strains of this virus. Phenotypic heterogeneity of HIV is found in replication kinetics, susceptiblity to serum neutralization, antiviral drug resistance, induction of cytopathicity, and host range specificity. The host range of HIV, also termed ‘tropism’, constitutes a complicated scenario. Different strains of this virus show varying abilities to infect a spectrum of cell types in vivo as well as in vitro. The ability of HIV isolates to infect certain tissues and cell types has been associated with different pathologic manifestations. Tropism can arise from viral sequence variation in combination with environmental selection mechanisms. This chapter will discuss the current knowledge of tropism of HIV and its molecular determinants.
7 The molecular biology of human T-cell leuketnia viruses
Authors: Gitlin Scott D , dittmer Jürgen , Reid Robert L , Brady John N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human I-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) was first described in the early 1980s following the isolation of the virus from cell lines established from an American patient with a cutaneous I-cell lymphoma (1). At approximately the same time, a similar virus (adult I-cell leukemia retrovirus; ATLV) was independently isolated from a Japanese patient with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) (2). Based on the homology between the viral genome and viral antigens, the name HTLV-1 was proposed for viruses previously designated HTLV or ATLV. Another member of the HTLV subfamily, HTLV-11, was first isolated from the transformed I-lymphocytes of a patient with a relatively benign T-cell variant of hairy cell leukemia and later from a second patient with both a T-cell lymphoproliferative disease and hairy cell leukemia with a B-cell phenotype (3, 4). Recently, HTLV-11 has also been isolated from Guaymi indians in Panama (5).
The molecular biology of the human spumavirus
Authors: Flugel Rolf M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty years after the first isolation and morphological characterization of a human spumaretrovirus (HSRV) from the lymphoblastoid cells of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient (1) and 5 years after the first molecular-biological characterization of this isolate (2, 3), spumaviruses have begun to attract significant research interest. The spumaviruses are of interest for several reasons: 1. Spumaviruses, also called foamy viruses, occupy a biological niche that sets them significantly apart from other retroviruses and, in particular, from the intensely studied oncoviruses (4, 5).
Proline Isomerization as a Rate-Limiting Step
Authors: Nall Barry T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For our generation the deduction of the form, function, and biological consequences encoded by a protein's primary structure is the major challenge in biophysics. An understanding of the protein folding code is needed to bridge the gap between information-bearing molecules and the functional chemistry of the three-dimensional world in living systems. As the means of gathering sequence information outstrips our ability to determine structures experimentally, the problem of learning how to infer three-dimensional structure from amino acid sequence is gaining in importance. A priori approaches demonstrate the necessity of a close interaction between experiment and theory. Faced with almost overwhelming complexity, theoreticians need experimental information to narrow the focus of theoretical solutions. To avoid becoming unwieldy and to maximize the potential for success, solutions to the folding problem must include only required aspects of the sequence-structure relationship. Thus, theoretical attempts at solving the folding problem rely increasingly on an experimentally-determined mechanistic understanding of the details of structure reformation in refolding.
How the Protein Folds in the Cell
Authors: Hlodan Roman , Hartl F Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to fold in the cell, the newly synthesized polypeptide chain has to negotiate an environment far more complex than that faced by the unfolded chain in vitro. First, the cellular concentration of nascent chains can be quite high. In E. coli for example, the concentration of ribosomes is 50 micromolar (1) and local concentrations of nascent chains may well be even higher. Most proteins aggregate during refolding in vitro at much lower concentrations than those likely to be found in vivo. Secondly, unlike the test-tube which provides a single compartment, living cells are subdivided into several subcompartments. For example, many proteins synthesized in the eukaryotic cell have to be transported across the membranes of organelles such as mitochondria or the endoplasmic reticulum, and are only allowed to fold once they have reached their final destination. As the protein folds in cellulo, it may also be subject to various processing events, important both for its function and in determining its extra- or intracellular location.
| Topological selectivity in site-specific recombination
Authors: Marshall Stark W , Boocock Martin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In conservative site-specific recombination, DNA molecules are broken in both strands at two separate predetermined points, and the ends are rejoined to new partners, without any synthesis or degradation of the DNA (Fig. la). The reactions are catalysed by specialized recombinase proteins and may involve other protein accessory factors. Many site-specific recombination systems have been identified in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and several systems have been reconstituted in vitro. In studying these systems, one of the main aims has been to attempt to understand the mechanisms by which selectivity for recombination between sites in particular relationships is achieved. It has become apparent that DNA topology plays a crucial role in this selectivity. In vivo, site-specific recombination has a variety of functions, including switching of gene expression, control of plasmid copy number, resolution of plasmid multimers to monomers, bacteriophage integration and excision, and transposon co-integrate resolution.