bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Encoder–decoder with pyramid region attention for pixel‐level pavement crack recognition
Authors: Yao Hui , Liu Yanhao , Lv Haotian , Huyan Ju , You Zhanping , Hou Yue 
Published: November 2023

AbstractTimely and accurate extraction of pavement crack information is crucial to maintain service conditions and structural safety for infrastructures and reduce further road maintenance costs. Currently, deep learning techniques for automated pavement crack detection are far superior to traditional manual approaches in both speed and accuracy. However, existing deep learning models may easily lose crack details when processing images containing complex background textures or other noises. Although many studies have alleviated this challenge by introducing attention mechanisms, especially the non‐local (NL) block, which has the ability to efficiently capture long‐range dependencies to facilitate crack pixel capture, the huge computational cost of NL makes the inference time of the model too long, which is not conducive to practical implementation. In this study, a new module, namely, the pyramid region attention module (PRAM), was developed by combining the pyramid pooling module in the pyramid scene parsing network and optimized NL, which can achieve global multi‐scale context integration and long‐range dependencies capture at a relatively lower computational cost. By applying PRAM to deep skip connections in the modified U‐Net, an effective crack segmentation model called CrackResU‐Net was developed. The test results on the existing CrackForest dataset showed that CrackResU‐Net not only achieved an F1 score of 0.9580 but also took only 25.89 ms to process an image with a resolution of 480 × 320, which had advantages in accuracy and speed, compared with several other state‐of‐the‐art crack segmentation approaches. It was fully demonstrated that this approach could realize automatic fast and high‐precision recognition of pavement cracks for engineering purposes.
Global variability of vascular and peritoneal access for chronic dialysis
Authors: Ghimire Anukul , Shah Samveg , Okpechi Ikechi G. , Ye Feng , Tungsanga Somkanya , Vachharajani Tushar , Levin Adeera , Johnson David , Ravani Pietro , Tonelli Marcello , Thompson Stephanie , Jha Vivekananda , Luyckx Valerie , Jindal Kailash , Shah Nikhil , Caskey Fergus J. , Kazancioglu Rumeyza , Bello Aminu K. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAimVascular and peritoneal access are essential elements for sustainability of chronic dialysis programs. Data on availability, patterns of use, funding models, and workforce for vascular and peritoneal accesses for dialysis at a global scale is limited.MethodsAn electronic survey of national leaders of nephrology societies, consumer representative organizations, and policymakers was conducted from July to September 2018. Questions focused on types of accesses used to initiate dialysis, funding for services, and availability of providers for access creation.ResultsData from 167 countries were available. In 31 countries (25% of surveyed countries), >75% of patients initiated haemodialysis (HD) with a temporary catheter. Seven countries (5% of surveyed countries) had >75% of patients initiating HD with arteriovenous fistulas or grafts. Seven countries (5% of surveyed countries) had >75% of their patients starting HD with tunnelled dialysis catheters. 57% of low‐income countries (LICs) had >75% of their patients initiating HD with a temporary catheter compared to 5% of high‐income countries (HICs). Shortages of surgeons to create vascular access were reported in 91% of LIC compared to 46% in HIC. Approximately 95% of participating countries in the LIC category reported shortages of surgeons for peritoneal dialysis (PD) access compared to 26% in HIC. Public funding was available for central venous catheters, fistula/graft creation, and PD catheter surgery in 57%, 54% and 54% of countries, respectively.ConclusionThere is a substantial variation in the availability, funding, workforce, and utilization of vascular and peritoneal access for dialysis across countries regions, with major gaps in low‐income countries.image
Resilience, Accelerated Aging, and Persistently Poor Health: Diverse Trajectories of Health in Malawi
Authors: Hoang Cung Truong , Kohler Iliana V. , Amin Vikesh , Behrman Jere R. , Kohler Hans‐Peter 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIndividuals age at vastly different rates resulting in significant within‐population heterogeneity in health and aging outcomes. This diversity in health and aging trajectories has rarely been investigated among low‐income aging populations that have experienced substantial hardships throughout their lifecourses. Utilizing 2006–2019 data from the Malawi Longitudinal Study of Families and Health and estimating group‐based trajectory models, our analyses identified three distinct lifecourse health trajectories: (1) comparatively good initial mental and physical health that persisted throughout the lifecourse (“resilient aging”), (2) relatively good initial mental and physical health that started to deteriorate during mid‐adulthood (“accelerated aging”), and (3) poor initial mental and physical health that further declined over the lifecourse (“aging with persistently poor health”). For both physical and mental health, men were more likely to enjoy resilient aging than women. Predictors other than gender of trajectory membership sometimes confirmed, and sometimes contradicted, hypotheses derived from high‐income country studies. Our analyses highlight the long arm of early life conditions and gender in determining aging trajectories and show that a nontrivial subpopulation is characterized by aging with persistently poor health. The study uncovers widening gaps in health outcomes between those who age with resilience and those who experience accelerated aging.
Skin branding for jaundice in children: A brutal cultural dermatosis
Authors: Arun Babu Thirunavukkarasu , Nagendran Prabhakaran 
Published: November 2023

AbstractDermatological conditions associated with socio‐cultural and religious practices, known as “cultural dermatoses,” are commonly seen in medical practice. This article presents seven cases of children who underwent skin branding for jaundice in Southern India. Skin branding, a traditional healing method, involves applying heated objects to cause third‐degree burns. Healthcare providers should be aware of these cultural practices to avoid misdiagnosis.
Photoprotective measures among adolescents stratified by region: An analysis utilizing the National College Health Assessment
Authors: Shareef Sarah J. , Jackson Shanelle , Lane Brittany N. , Kallabat Ellanya , Boopathy Deepika , Fakhoury Joseph W. , Lim Henry W. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackground/PurposeExposure to sunlight has been shown to cause pigmentary alterations, photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. Understanding photoprotective patterns in adolescent populations is beneficial to public health initiatives. We utilized data provided by the American College Health Association's National College Health Assessment to evaluate photoprotective behaviors among adolescent populations.MethodsBehavioral questions related to photoprotection were analyzed from the American College Health Association (ACHA) National College Health Assessment (NCHA) (Version III).ResultsWhen comparing races, Black/African American respondents had the lowest association of practicing photoprotective behaviors in comparison to white respondents (p < .05). When comparing US geographic regions, the south had the lowest association of photoprotective measures (p < .05).LimitationsThe response rate of each institution varied, although there was still a large quantity of respondents. Finally, we cannot discern the specific reasoning for adolescent populations not using sunscreen.ConclusionThese data identify demographics where efforts to enhance education on photoprotective behaviors, specifically among skin of color and southern population, to support public health initiatives.
Rapid response of nonstructural carbohydrate allocation and photosynthesis to short photoperiod, low temperature, or elevated CO2 in Pinus strobus
Authors: Chang Christine Y. , Unda Faride , Mansfield Shawn D. , Ensminger Ingo 
Published: November 2023

AbstractDuring autumn, decreasing photoperiod and temperature temporarily perturb the balance between carbon uptake and carbon demand in overwintering plants, requiring coordinated adjustments in photosynthesis and carbon allocation to re‐establish homeostasis. Here we examined adjustments of photosynthesis and allocation of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) following a sudden shift to short photoperiod, low temperature, and/or elevated CO2 in Pinus strobus seedlings. Seedlings were initially acclimated to 14 h photoperiod (22/15°C day/night) and ambient CO2 (400 ppm) or elevated CO2 (800 ppm). Seedlings were then shifted to 8 h photoperiod for one of three treatments: no temperature change at ambient CO2 (22/15°C, 400 ppm), low temperature at ambient CO2 (12/5°C, 400 ppm), or no temperature change at elevated CO2 (22/15°C, 800 ppm). Short photoperiod caused all seedlings to exhibit partial nighttime depletion of starch. Short photoperiod alone did not affect photosynthesis. Short photoperiod combined with low temperature caused hexose accumulation and repression of photosynthesis within 24 h, followed by a transient increase in nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Under long photoperiod, plants grown under elevated CO2 exhibited significantly higher NSCs and photosynthesis compared to ambient CO2 plants, but carbon uptake exceeded sink capacity, leading to elevated NPQ; carbon sink capacity was restored and NPQ relaxed within 24 h after shift to short photoperiod. Our findings indicate that P. strobus rapidly adjusts NSC allocation, not photosynthesis, to accommodate short photoperiod. However, the combination of short photoperiod and low temperature, or long photoperiod and elevated CO2 disrupts the balance between photosynthesis and carbon sink capacity, resulting in increased NPQ to alleviate excess energy.
The forms of climate action
Authors: Almeida Paul , González Márquez Luis Rubén , Fonsah Eliana 
Published: November 2023

AbstractScientific research on the mechanisms to address global warming and its consequences continues to proliferate in the context of an accelerating climate emergency. The concept of climate action includes multiple meanings, and several types of actors employ its use to manage the crisis. The term has evolved to incorporate many of the suggested strategies to combat global warming offered by international bodies, states, nongovernmental organizations, the private sector, and social movements. The present work offers a classification scheme to build a shared understanding of climate action through a lens of environmental justice and just transitions developed by sociologists and others. The classification system includes major institutional and noninstitutional forms of climate action. By identifying the primary forms of climate action, analysts, scholars, policymakers, and activists can better determine levels of success and how different forms of climate action may or may not complement one another in the search for equitable solutions in turning back the rapid heating of the planet.
Beyond ‘heightism’ and ‘height premium’: An anthropology and sociology of human stature
Authors: Lasco Gideon 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis review article examines the meanings and materialities of human stature, from serving as a marker of human difference to shaping the socio‐spatial experiences of individuals. I introduce existing perspectives on height from various disciplines, including biomedical discourses on the factors (e.g. nutrition, genetics) that determine height, economic discourses on how the average heights of populations have changed over time, sociobiological and psychological discourses that assume a pre‐cultural, evolutionary “height premium”, and popular discourses on heightism and height discrimination. Drawing from a diverse range of scholarship since Saul Feldman called for a “sociology of stature” in the 1970s, I then present ways in which height and height differences have figured in various domains of human experience, from employment and education to sports and social relationships. Finally, I survey people's attempts to become taller or shorter, and the implicit values that inform such height‐making practices. What these figurations and practices show, I argue, is that height intersects with notions of race, class, gender, and beauty – but is irreducible to any of them, and is thus best viewed as a distinct, embodied form of distinction, difference, and inequality. I conclude by proposing a research agenda for future work.
Pragmatic Ambiguity, Implicatures, and Translation1
Authors: Francesch Pau , Payrató Lluís 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe goal of this work is to put forward a pragmatic and translational framework for analysing target texts (TT) and source texts (ST) containing conversational implicatures that lead to pragmatic ambiguity. Ambiguity, sensu lato, is deemed to be related to indeterminacy and vagueness. Nevertheless, in the strict sense, ambiguity is understood as ‘more than a single processing instruction for a given utterance’. More specifically, pragmatic ambiguity arises whenever differences in cultural conventions between SL speakers and TL speakers lead to differences in the existence, meaning and salience of implicatures among ST and TT. Using real translation cases selected from a purpose‐built corpus containing fiction written and oral texts, we show which pragmatic ambiguities translators come across, and how translation techniques are used, either to maintain ambiguity or to select one intended processing instruction.
Traction suture fixation technique using a capsular tension ring fragment for severe lens displacement during cataract surgery in dogs
Authors: Fukumoto Shinya , Minamoto Tomomi 
Published: November 2023

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the traction suture fixation technique for severely displaced lenses (≥180°) using a capsular tension ring (CTR) fragment during cataract surgery in dogs, and to retrospectively investigate its clinical outcomes.Animals StudiedEight dogs (nine eyes).ProceduresThe medical records of dogs with severe lens displacement (≥180°) due to cataracts that underwent traction suture fixation during cataract surgery using a CTR fragment at the Grand Animal Hospital (Hyogo, Japan) between November 2019 and September 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. The retrieved data included the signalment, type of CTR, and postoperative outcomes.ResultsA single CTR fragment was used to fix the capsular bag to the sclera in six eyes, and two CTR fragments were used at two sites in three eyes. The lengths of the CTR fragments used were 1 one‐fifth fragment, 3 one‐fourth fragments, and 8 one‐third fragments. Postoperative complications included uveitis (nine eyes), glaucoma (one eye), posterior iris adhesion (one eye), corneal ulcer (one eye), and intracorneal stromal hemorrhage (one eye). Vision was maintained in all dogs during the follow‐up period (2 months to 2 years and 8 months) without recurrent capsular bag displacement.ConclusionsThis technique can correct and stabilize capsular bag displacement relatively easily through a small incision during cataract surgery in dogs with severe lens displacement. Intraocular lens implantation was also possible.
On the YOLOv4 Architecture for Fast and Real Time Congenital Heart Disease Detection Via Ultrasound Videos
Authors: Nasrudin Muhammad , Iriawan Nur , Fithriasari Kartika , Apriliyanti Pravitasari Anindya , Hidayat Taufiq 
Published: November 2023

Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is one of the most frequent cardiac defects in infants, and it is becoming more common. Various research studies have been conducted for CHD identification based on clinical and non-clinical data. This study conducts an artificial intelligence system for real-time congenital heart disease (CHD) detection using ultrasound videos. The YOLOv4 (You Only Look Once) is employed for localizing the congenital defect through ultrasound videos. The performance is evaluated by mean Average Precision (mAP) which compares the classification results with the medical ground truth. The model has great performance in CHD detection with mAP values of training data of 98.36% for YOLOv4 and 87.24% for YOLOv4 tiny. This is useful for doctors and radiologists who require a simple, fast, yet accurate model for the detection of CHD.
Insights Into Frictional Brush Seal Hysteresis
Authors: Phan H. M. , Pekris M. J. , Chew J. W. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brush seals offer a superior sealing effectiveness compared to labyrinth seals. However, widespread use of brush seals is constrained by deleterious behaviors such as pressure-stiffening and hysteresis. For the latter, the bristles bend during the shaft incursion process and do not fully recover during the shaft retraction process. An opening gap is created, which increases seal leakage unless the pressure load drops to a certain level. In this work, analytical and numerical models based on a single bristle are proposed to capture the seal's response to shaft displacement with and without pressure loading. The models are validated using static stiffness tests at an unpressurized condition from literature. The main results show that modeling of the backing ring friction is essential to capture the bristle hang-up behavior. Shaft friction dominates at unpressurized conditions, while backing ring friction dominates at high pressure loading. An expression for shaft hang-up displacement has been derived. A sensitivity study shows that seals with shallow lay angle, short bristle length, and large bristle diameter are less prone to hang-up problems. The models developed in the present framework have been shown to qualitatively capture the pressure stiffening, hysteresis, bristle hang-up, and shaft rotation effects.
Test Temperature Selection Procedures for Small Specimen Master Curve Tests Considering the Possibility of Inhomogeneous Materials
Authors: Yamamoto Masato , Kirk Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Test temperature selection can be challenging in Master Curve tests following JEAC4216[1] or ASTM E1921[2], especially in situations when the available number of specimens are limited. In PVP2022-82754[3], the authors proposed an easy and objective procedure for selection of the next test temperature during a series of Master Curve KJc tests assuming sampling of a homogeneous material and demonstrated that a valid To can be obtained with high assurance using only N = 12 specimens even with a low KJclimit associated with a small specimen size of 4mm thick. In the present study, a series of Monte-Carlo analyses sampling from ideal bimodal KJc data sets, which are defined as the summation of two different homogeneous KJc groups that follow the assumption of the Master Curve Weibull distribution, demonstrated that the proposed test temperature selection procedure also works for the material with bimodality for a wide variety of combinations of reference temperature, To, yield stress σYS(RT), and bimodality. In general, it took 12 to 14 specimens to obtain a valid To with ≥ 95% success rate. Even in exceptional cases with the combination of relatively higher To, lower σYS(RT), and higher bimodality, a valid To can be obtained with high success using 16 specimens. It was found that those extreme cases require a few more specimens not because of the temperature selection procedure but because the KJc values sampled in such extreme conditions from higher toughness population of bimodal distribution are not free of censoring due to the plastic deformation even within the test temperature range within T = To ±50°C as specified in E1921.
Validation of Deformation in Crystal Plasticity When Modelling 316H Stainless Steel for Use in Pressure Vessels
Authors: Horton Edward W. , Spadotto Julio C. , Smith Albert D. , Donoghue Jack M. , Knowles David , Connolly Brian , Pickering Ed J. , Mostafavi Mahmoud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The safety critical nature of high temperature/pressure power plants means that understanding the mechanical behaviour of materials used remains a priority. Current design and assessment codes are conservative due to the macroscale estimates used in their construction so to improve these standards the mesoscale should be taken into account. A commonly used method to simulate this lengthscale is crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) which allows for efficient simulation of mesoscale phenomena.
This paper presents and validates key components of a crystal plasticity model used to predict the deformation seen within 316-H stainless steel at elevated temperature. This validation is done by capturing intra-granular (type-III) stress profiles obtained using cross correlation of high resolution electron backscatter diffraction patterns (HR-EBSD) at different stages during loading to 3% plastic strain. Two exercises were performed to investigate the model’s ability to predict the correct active slip systems and slip transmission across boundaries.
The model was found to be able to correctly predict the most active slip system seen experimentally in 90% of grains. In addition to this the stress gradients observed near boundaries showed larger magnitudes at higher grain boundary misorientations in both the model and the experiment. The stress distributions explored matched between model and experiment for some boundaries but not all types. This may be due to the over simplification of the simulation geometry.
Comparison of Fatigue Models in API 1183 for Predicting Fatigue Life of Pipeline Dents
Authors: Zhu Xian-Kui 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pipeline dents are mechanical damage caused by a third party in buried pipelines during construction or maintenance repair. Since 2008, the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) has sponsored a large pipeline dent program on experimental tests, integrity assessment, and inline inspection of pipeline dents with and without interfacing other anomalies. For more than ten years, many experimental data, numerical results and assessment models have been developed. On this basis, American Institute of Petroleum (API) recently published a recommended practice (RP) 1183 – Assessment and Management of Pipeline Dents. This API code provides the pipeline industry “standard methods” for evaluating severity and predicting fatigue life of pipeline dents with a single peak.
This paper discusses fatigue methods prescribed in API RP 1183 for predicting fatigue life of pipeline dents. This API standard provides two types of dent fatigue criteria. One is screening methods based on dent fatigue life in Sections 7.4.1, 7.4.2, and 7.4.3 of API 1183. The other is assessment methods for predicting fatigue life of dents in Section 8.3.4. Because of complexity of fatigue methods and math equations given in the content, Annexes A.1 to A.5 in API 1183 provide a set of standard examples for calculating fatigue life, determining restraint condition, and evaluating the screening and assessment methods for plain dents. However, after careful examination, it was found that many issues and errors exist in this new API standard. In particular, comparisons using these Annex examples in API 1183 showed self-inconsistence between the screening methods and the assessment method. This paper presents the detailed fatigue life calculations, comparisons, and self-inconsistent results of the dent screening and assessment methods given in API 1183. On this basis, recommendations are made on how operators should use API RP 1183, and what actions API should take to improve this code.