bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cover Picture: Construction of the Six‐ and Five‐Membered Aza‐Heterocyclic Units of the Isoindoloisoquinolone Nucleus by Parham‐Type Cyclization Sequences − Total Synthesis of Nuevamine (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 16/2005)
Authors: Moreau Anne , Couture Axel , Deniau Eric , Grandclaudon Pierre 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe cover picture shows a specimen of Berberiis darwinii Hook gathered in Southern Chile, in the vicinity of Ciudad Orsono. One can also see a photo of W. E. Parham (1922−1976) who developed a new annulation process that has been applied for the total synthesis of Nuevamine, the first isoindolo[1,2‐a]isoquinolone known to occur in nature and that has been isolated from this plant. Details are discussed in the article by A. Couture et al. on p. 3437 ff.
Underpotential Deposition and Stripping of Lead at Disorganized Monolayer‐Modified Gold Electrodes
Authors: Herzog Grégoire , Arrigan Damien W. M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUnderpotential deposition (UPD) and stripping of Pb2+ at thiol‐based disorganized monolayer‐modified gold electrodes was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry (EQCM). Electrodes modified with mercaptoacetic acid or mercaptoethane sulfonic acid were studied. Due to the proximity of the potentials for the Pb UPD and thiol reductive desorption, achievement of a UPD‐stripping voltammetry methodology for determination of low concentrations of Pb2+ was not successful. However by comparison of the CV and EQCM data and consideration of the possible mass changes per mole electrons transferred in light of the other species present in solution, possible mechanisms are put forward for the deposition and stripping of Pb2+ at thiol‐modified electrodes.
Estimation of freshwater and material fluxes from the Yangtze River into the East China Sea by using TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data
Authors: Zhang Jiqun , Xu Kaiqin , Qi Lianhui , Yang Yonghui , Watanabe Masataka 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn order to determine material fluxes in rivers by non‐contact methods, it is essential to estimate river discharge first. Although developed and optimized for open oceans, satellite radar altimetry has the potential to monitor variations in the levels of inland waters such as lakes and rivers. Making use of the concept of an ‘assumed reference point’, we converted TOPEX/Poseidon satellite altimetry data on water level variations in the Yangtze River (Changjiang) to ‘water level’ data. We also used ‘water level’ time‐series data and in situ river discharge to establish a rating curve. By use of the rating curve, we converted data on ‘water level’ derived from 7 years (1993–99) of TOPEX/Poseidon data to actual river discharge. On the basis of statistical correlation between discharge and nutrient concentration data collected in 1987–88 and in 1998–99, we estimated the total amounts of freshwater and material fluxes transferred by the Yangtze River during the 1990s. The result reveals that an overall, but very slight, increase in freshwater and material fluxes occurred during the 1990s. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiation between weathered kerosene and diesel fuel using automatic thermal desorption‐GC‐MS analysis and the likelihood ratio approach
Authors: Zadora Grzegorz , Borusiewicz Rafal , Zieba‐Palus Janina 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe identification of various petroleum products, which can be used to set a fire, is one of the tasks of a forensic examination. One of the analytical problems is differentiation of weathered kerosene and diesel fuel samples, analysed with automatic thermal desorption‐GC‐MS technique, because there are only small quantitative differences in their chemical compositions. The presented research showed that the observed differences in the analysed samples of kerosene and a diesel fuel, which were weathered at the time of burning, were systematic and significant. Therefore, it was possible to distinguish them on the basis of information about the relative content of n‐alkanes (C11H24–C15H32) when statistical methods (cluster analysis and likelihood ratio approach) were applied.
A proteomic analysis of cold stress responses in rice seedlings
Authors: Cui Suxia , Huang Fang , Wang Jie , Ma Xiao , Cheng Yongsheng , Liu Jinyuan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUsing proteomic analysis, an investigation aimed at a better understanding of the molecular adaptation mechanisms of cold stress was carried out in rice (Oryza sativa). The seedlings were exposed to a progressively low temperature stress treatment from normal temperature to 15, 10, and 5°C. Proteins were extracted from the leaves collected from both control and stressed seedlings. By fractionation, approximately 1700 protein spots were separated and visualized on CBB‐stained 2‐D gels. Sixty protein spots were found to be up‐regulated in responding to the progressively low temperature stress and displayed different dynamic patterns. As an initial work, 41 of these proteins were identified using MALDI‐TOF MS or ESI/MS/MS. These cold responsive proteins, besides two proteins of unknown function, include four factors of protein biosynthesis, four molecular chaperones, two proteases, and eight enzymes involved in biosynthesis of cell wall components, seven antioxidative/detoxifying enzymes, and proteins linked to energy pathway, as well as a protein involved in signal transduction. The functional proteomes illuminate the facts, at least in plant cell, that protein quality control mediated by chaperones and proteases and enhancement of cell wall components play important roles in tolerance to cold stress. Using TargetP program, the subcellular localization of the identified proteins was analyzed. Proteins (43.9%) were predicted to be located in the chloroplasts, implying that chloroplast proteome is virtually subjective to cold stress. The physiological implications, revealed from the experimental data, are discussed in context of a complex metabolic network in plant cells responsive to cold stress.
Fluorinated alcohols as surface‐active agents in cationic photopolymerization of epoxy monomers
Authors: Sangermano M. , Bongiovanni R. , Priola A. , Pospiech D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFluorinated alcohols were used as surface modifying agents, through chain transfer mechanism in cationic UV curing of an epoxy system. The fluorinated alcohols were able to induce surface modification already at very low concentration (below 1 wt %). It has been shown that the surface modification depended on the concentration of the fluoroalcohols, on the length of the fluoroalkyl chain, and on the length of the methylene spacer between the fluorinated chain and the OH group. The strong increase on hydrophobicity in the presence of the synthesized fluorinated alcohol, CF3(CF2)9(CH2)10OH, was attributed to the higher fluorocontent of the chain as well as to a self‐organization effect. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4144–4150, 2005
Insecticidal activity of 23 essential oils and their major compounds against adult Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis) (Aphididae: Homoptera)
Authors: Sampson Blair J , Tabanca Nurhayat , Kirimer Nes'e , Demirci Betul , Baser K Husnu Can , Khan Ikhlas A , Spiers James M , Wedge David E 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEssential oils from 23 species of plants comprising 14 genera and 4 plant families were obtained by Clevenger‐type water distillation. The major compounds in these essential oils were identified with GC‐MS and their insecticidal activity against adult turnip aphids, Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis), tested with dosage‐mortality bioassays. We examined mortality only for viviparous adults because sizeable aphid populations on crucifer (Brassicaceae) hosts are largely produced by these wingless, parthenogenic females. Twenty‐two of the oils were directly applied to aphid females in randomized blocks at concentrations of 0.0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg ml−1. Essential oils mixed with a non‐toxic emulsifying agent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), more easily penetrated the waxy insect cuticle. Probit analysis and LC50 at three different exposures showed aphids were quickly incapacitated and killed by aliphatic aldehydes, phenols and monocyclic terpenes contained in Bifora and Satureja oils and at applied concentrations as low as 0.3 to 1.0 mg ml−1. Only enough Pimpinella isaurica oil and its three phenylpropanoid fractions were available for testing at a single concentration of 10 mg ml−1. We could not spare any additional P. isaurica oil for testing at other concentrations. Phenylpropanoids isolated from P. isaurica oil when recombined or left naturally blended in the oil were highly bioactive against L. pseudobrassicae at 10 mg ml−1. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Equilibration kinetics of TiO2 single crystal at elevated temperatures
Authors: Nowotny J. , Bak T. , Nowotny M. K. , Sorrell C. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe equilibration kinetics of single‐crystal TiO2 were determined in the rapid kinetics regime (within the first 10 h) within narrow ranges of oxygen activities, p(O2), under the conditions of 1198–1323 K and p(O2) = 10–10–105 Pa. The determined chemical diffusion coefficient, Dchem, is observed to exhibit a complex dependence on p(O2). Comparison of Dchem for single‐crystal and polycrystalline TiO2 demonstrates that the grain boundaries have a retarding effect on the transport of defects. The present work represents the first assessment of the effect of nonstoichiometry on well defined Dchem for TiO2 within a wide range of p(O2). (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ghosts of B‐type Wheat Starch Granules in Concentrated KI/I2 Solution
Authors: Hayashi Miho , Kiribuchi‐Otobe Chihako , Seguchi Masaharu 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWhen B‐type (2.0–8.0 µm) wheat starch granules containing various amounts (2.1–25%) of amylose were treated with 25% KI/10% I2 solution, low‐amylose (below 10% amylose) B‐type wheat starch granules changed to the ghost form. It is known that A‐type (25–35 µm) wheat starch granules change to the ghost form and show a typical double structure (a black‐brown central portion and red‐brown surrounding portion), however, the B‐type wheat starch ghosts did not show the same double structure but rather a simple (red‐brown portion) sack form. The relative ghost areas in the B‐type wheat starch granules were highly correlated to the amylose content (%), which was similar to the results of A‐type starch granules. This suggests that the amylose molecule in B‐type starch contributes to the structural stability of the starch granule.
Resistance to photoinhibition of photosystem II and catalase and antioxidative protection in high mountain plants
Authors: STREB P. , FEIERABEND J. , BLIGNY R. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTIn leaves of three alpine high mountain plants, Homogyne alpina, Ranunculus glacialis and Soldanella alpina, both photosystem II (PSII) and the enzyme catalase appeared to he highly resistant to photoinactivation under natural field conditions. While the Dl protein of PSII and catalase have a rapid turnover in light and require continuous new protein synthesis in non‐adapted plants, little apparent photoinactivation of PSII or catalase was induced in the alpine plants by translation inhibitors or at low temperature, suggesting that turnover of the Dl protein and catalase was slow in these leaves. In vitro PSII was rapidly inactivated in light in isolated thylakoids from H. alpina and R. glacialis. In isolated intact chloroplasts from R. glacialis, photoinactivation of PSII was slower than in thylakoids. Partially purified catalase from R. glacialis and S. alpina was as sensitive to photoinactivation in vitro as catalases from other sources. Catalase from H. alpina had, however, a 10‐fold higher stability in light. The levels of xanthophyll cycle carotenoids, of the antioxidants ascorbate and glulathione, and of the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase were very high in S. alpina, intermediate in H. alpina, but very low in R. glacialis. However, isolated chloroplasts from all three alpine species contained much higher concentrations of ascorbate and glutathione than chloroplasts from lowland plants.
Age‐ and infection‐related maturation of the nasal immune response in 0–2‐year‐old children
Authors: van Benten I. J. , van Drunen C. M. , Koopman L. P. , van Middelkoop B. C. , Hop W. C. J. , Osterhaus A. D. M. E. , Neijens H. J. , Fokkens W. J. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  The hygiene hypothesis suggests that exposure to micro‐organisms influences development of the immune system in children.Methods:  In this study, we examined nasal immune responses in the first 2 years of life in relation to age of children and the number of viral infections they have experienced. Nasal brushes were taken during rhinovirus‐ (n = 20) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)‐induced (n = 7) upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), and of controls (n = 40).Results:  The number of macrophages were higher during URTI and increased with age. The number of T lymphocytes increased with age in controls and were higher during URTI at all ages. We found an age‐related decrease in the number of interleukin (IL)‐4‐ and IL‐10‐positive cells in controls, while the number of IL‐12‐positive cells remained unchanged. Changes in T lymphocyte and IL‐4 cell number were stronger related to the age of the child than to the number of respiratory infections, while the opposite was true for macrophages.Conclusions:  In infants, we found an infection‐ and age‐related increase respectively for nasal macrophages and T lymphocytes during URTI. Furthermore, the number of IL‐4‐ and IL‐10‐positive cells decreased with age. Whether this maturation reflects a natural age‐related maturation, the degree of exposure to respiratory infections, or possibly both, could not be resolved and needs further study.
A local strain method for the evaluation of welded joints fatigue resistance: the case of thin main‐plates thickness
Authors: CASAVOLA C. , NOBILE R. , PAPPALETTERE C. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTCurrent procedures for evaluating fatigue strength of welded structures may not be consistent with the real fatigue behaviour of welded joints. A local strain method for the prediction of the WELded joints FAtigue REsistance (WELFARE), by local strain measurements at the weld toe, was recently proposed on the basis of fatigue tests on more than 10 series of welded joints (T, cruciform, angular and butt joints) in structural steel, with 10–25 mm main‐plate thickness. This paper reports fatigue test results obtained from 30 cruciform and butt welded joints (3–5 mm thick) under two load ratios (0.1 and −1) in order to extend the applicability of the method to thin welded joints.
The EIFS distribution for anodized and pre‐corroded 7010‐T7651 under constant amplitude loading
Authors: CRAWFORD B. R. , LOADER C. , WARD A. R. , URBANI C. , BACHE M. R. , SPENCE S. H. , HAY D. G. , EVANS W. J. , CLARK G. , STONHAM A. J. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper reports results from SICAS, an experimental programme to evaluate the effectiveness of the equivalent initial flaw size (EIFS) approach in managing the structural integrity effects of pitting corrosion. Fatigue crack growth and life tests were conducted on anodized and pre‐corroded 7010‐T7651. The corrosion pits that initiated fatigue were then measured using the SEM. These data were analysed statistically to identify the pit geometric parameter(s) that influenced fatigue life. Projected pit area had the strongest effect, while pit depth and pit width were each statistically insignificant. The EIFS distribution for corroded 7010‐T7651 was then calculated. Examination of the probability distribution of the ratio of EIFS area to pit area allowed the derivation of a scatter factor that gave safely conservative fatigue life predictions for the corroded material.
A new method for assessing high‐temperature crack growth
Authors: FOOKES A. J. , SMITH D. J. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTExperimental creep crack growth (CCG) test data are obtained by following standards that characterize CCG rates using the C* parameter. Such data are then used in high‐temperature failure assessment procedures. An alternative approach to defect assessment at high‐temperature failure is an extension of the R6 failure assessment diagram (FAD). At high temperature, creep toughness, Kcmat, can be estimated from CCG tests and replaces low‐temperature toughness in R6. This approach has the advantage that it is not necessary to establish a creep fracture regime, such as small‐scale, primary or widespread creep. Also, a new strain‐based FAD has been developed, potentially allowing variations of stress and temperature to be accommodated. In this paper, the results of a series of crack growth tests performed on ex‐service 316H stainless steel at 550 °C are examined in the light of the limitations imposed by ASTM for CCG testing. The results are then explored in terms of toughness and presented in FADs.
On the transfer of specimen J–R curve to piping components with throughwall circumferential flaw
Authors: PAVANKUMAR T. V. , CHATTOPADHYAY J. , DUTTA B. K. , KUSHWAHA H. S. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTTransferability of the specimen J–R/J–T curve to the component level is an important issue in the field of fracture mechanics. Towards this goal, fracture experiments have been carried out on single‐edge bend (SE(B)) and compact tension (CT) specimens and throughwall circumferentially cracked straight pipes/elbows of 200 mm nominal bore (NB) diameter. The pipe material is SA 333 Gr 6 steel (low strength and high toughness material) and specimens are machined from the pipes. Subsequently, elastic–plastic finite‐element analyses have been carried out on these cracked components/specimens in order to evaluate the stress triaxiality levels. It is found that the triaxial levels for these cracked components are similar. Hence, similar fracture behaviour is expected for these components. Consequently, one of the pipe J–R curves is used as a reference J–R curve to consider the crack growth in the analysis and the load deformation behaviour of other pipes/elbows is predicted. The load deformation behaviour of the piping components is also predicted using an extrapolated J–R curve from a specimen that exhibits the similar triaxiality level to that of the cracked components. The predicted results are in good agreement with the experiments.
The transition to work of newly qualified speech and language therapists: implications for the curriculum
Authors: Brumfitt Shelagh M. , Enderby Pam M. , Hoben Kirsten 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUpon qualifying with a speech and language therapy degree, the therapist has to be prepared to work with a wide range of client groups and to cope within a specific work context. Little research has been carried out on the effectiveness of their training programme and the extent to which it meets the needs of employers or individual therapists. This study reports on the views of managers of newly qualified speech and language therapists and on the newly qualified speech and language therapists themselves. The results showed that different issues were highlighted by the two groups and indicated the importance and value of applied knowledge and placement learning. Managers and newly qualified therapists agreed that general work skills, such as administration, required some workplace learning, some of which might be pursued in non‐clinical settings. Bridging the gap between clinical theoretical study and clinical application was another theme in common with newly qualified therapists, who suggested that observed clinical practice with feedback assisted them substantially in this area. Cooperation between universities and health service managers is needed to plan smoother pathways into full‐time employment.
Exploiting learning moments: varying forms of educational supervision in basic surgical education
Authors: Brigley Stephen J. , Robbé Iain J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEducational supervision by hospital consultants continues to be a central support for the learning in practice of junior doctors. Among medical educators, the consensus view is that the quality of clinically based teaching will be uplifted by the introduction of learner‐centred, facilitative methods. However, a qualitative evaluation of the surgical education of senior house officers (SHOs) has produced evidence that surgeon educators (SEs) worked with varying teaching perspectives as they adapted their supervisory practice to particular service conditions. The teaching of surgical trainees was a pragmatic art, involving shifting judgements in which SEs integrated knowledge content and pedagogic skills with the trainee's needs in a given context. This ability to move flexibly, and sometimes rapidly, around a wide repertoire of teaching expertise will be essential if SEs are to assist junior doctors in making sense of surgical experiences in increasingly restrictive and unpredictable service conditions.
Increased High‐frequency Oscillations Precede in vitro Low‐Mg2+ Seizures
Authors: Khosravani Houman , Pinnegar C. Robert , Mitchell J. Ross , Bardakjian Berj L. , Federico Paolo , Carlen Peter L. 
Published: August 2005

Summary:  Purpose: High‐frequency oscillations (HFOs) in the range of ≥80 Hz have been recorded in neocortical and hippocampal brain structures in vitro and in vivo and have been associated with physiologic and epileptiform neuronal population activity. Frequencies in the fast‐ripple range (>200 Hz) are believed to be exclusive to epileptiform activity and have been recorded in vitro, in vivo, and in epilepsy patients. Although the presence of HFOs is well characterized, their temporal evolution in the context of transition to seizure activity is not well understood. Methods: With an in vitro low‐magnesium model of spontaneous seizures, we obtained extracellular field recordings (hippocampal regions CA1 and CA3) of interictal, preictal, and ictal activity. Recordings were subjected to power–frequency analysis, in time, by using a local multiscale Fourier transform. The power spectrum was computed continuously and was quantified for each epileptiform discharge into four frequency ranges spanning subripple, ripple, and two fast‐ripple frequency bands. Results: A statistically significant increasing trend was observed in the subripple (0–100 Hz), ripple (100–200 Hz), and fast‐ripple 1 (200–300 Hz) frequency bands during the epoch corresponding to the transition to seizure (preictal to ictal). Conclusions: Temporal patterns of HFOs during epileptiform activity are indicative of dynamic changes in network behavior, and their characterization may offer insights into pathophysiologic processes underlying seizure initiation.