bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zinc in liver disease
Authors: Grüngreiff K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe essentiality of zinc for humans was first documented by Prasad in the 1960s. During the past 35 years, zinc deficiency in humans a result of nutritional factors and several disease states has been recognized. Many of the clinical features of liver cirrhosis have been linked to zinc deficiency, including loss of body hair, testicular atrophy, poor appetite, immune dysfunction, altered taste and smell, reduced vitamin A and thyroid hormone metabolism, altered protein metabolism, delayed wound healing, and diminished drug elimination capacity. One of the most interesting and novel aspects concerning the presumable role of zinc deficiency in producing clinical features of liver cirrhosis is the possible relationship between zinc and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Long‐term zinc supplementation in patients with HE improves neurological symptoms and metabolic parameters. In Wilson's disease, an inherited defect of hepatic copper, zinc is used for maintenance as well as treating presymptomatic, pregnant, and pediatric patients. Zinc may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C. This work is an attempt to review the information available in this field to understand the important role that zinc plays in the pathogenesis and therapy of several liver diseases. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 15:67–78, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical kinetic modeling study of shock tube ignition of heptane isomers
Authors: Westbrook Charles K. , Pitz William J. , Curran Henry C. , Boercker Janice , Kunrath Eric 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHigh‐temperature detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms are developed for all nine chemical isomers of heptane (C7H16), following techniques and models developed previously for other smaller alkane hydrocarbon species. These reaction mechanisms are tested by computing shock tube ignition delay times for stoichiometric heptane/oxygen mixtures diluted by argon. Although no corresponding experiments have been reported in the literature for most of these isomers of heptane, intercomparisons between the computed results for these isomers and comparisons with available experimental results for other alkane fuels are used to validate the reaction mechanisms as much as possible. Differences in the overall reaction rates of these heptane isomers are discussed in terms of differences in their molecular structure and the resulting variations in rates of important chain branching and termination reactions. The implications of these results regarding ignition of other alkane fuels are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 868–877, 2001
Inter‐firm sharing of process knowledge: exploring knowledge markets
Authors: Bell David G. , Giordano Richard , Putz Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMarkets and communities are two modalities of knowledge exchange between firms; and this study concludes with a model that addresses the tension between the two modalities. The model resulted from an exploratory study conducted under the umbrella of a national consortium, using the methodology of participatory action research. The study involved three large multinational firms, where one firm supplied knowledge of three different processes used in product development to two other non‐competitive firms outside their supply chain. The knowledge was shared within the framework of an intervention that included the following: (1) individual work with process‐related course materials via the web or compact disc, followed by (2) interactive group sessions supported by videoconference facilities and led by a process expert from the supplying firm. Empirical data were gathered by interviewing participants before and after the intervention, and by observing interactive group sessions. Findings from the empirical data describe rationales for inter‐firm sharing of process knowledge, which illustrate a market modality of exchange; and describe practices for effective knowledge sharing, which illustrate aspects of a community modality of exchange. The model induced from these findings compares the situational setting, constellation of meanings and associated knowledge sharing practices for both modalities of exchange: market and community. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deforestation effects on vegetative regeneration and soil quality in tropical semi‐evergreen degraded and protected forests of Bangladesh
Authors: Islam K. R. , Ahmed M. R. , Bhuiyan M. K. , Badruddin A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTropical forests of the world are degrading at an alarming rate because of human‐induced activities. This study was conducted to determine the consequences of deforestation on the natural regeneration of vegetation and soil quality in tropical, semi‐evergreen protected and degraded forest ecosystems of Bangladesh. In each forest ecosystem, 20 matured trees were randomly selected for laid‐out experimental plots by placing the tree stand at the center of the plot. The number of vegetative species, height, basal area, crown percentages and species richness were measured. The selected soil properties were determined. The vegetation in the protected forest site was denser with an abundance of species than in the degraded forest site. The primary forest regenerative species were dominated by the dipterocarps in both forest sites. The most alarming difference was that of an abrupt decline in regenerative forest species accompanied by an increase in exotic shrubs, grasses and vines typical of open habitats in the degraded forest site. These shrubs (e.g.Melastaoma,Lantana camara,Clerodendrum infortunatumandJasminiumspp.) and grasses and vines (e.g.Imperata cylindrica,Imperata arundinacea,Mikania scandenes,Saccharum spontaneumandEupatorium odoratum) are gradually replacing the primary forest regenerative species in the degraded forest site. The soil quality of the degraded forest site has deteriorated over time due to preferential removal of finer particles and organic matter by accelerated water erosion. As a result, natural regeneration of primary forest species, especially dipterocarps, is severely affected by the direct effects of biotic interferences and attendant processes of soil quality degradation from deforestation. In contrast, degraded forest sites under regular protection have shown slow, but gradual, increase in crown frequency, enhanced recruitment and recovery of primary forest species, species abundance, and an improvement in soil quality. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plant invasion and management in turf‐dominated waste landfills in South Korea
Authors: Kim K. D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA floristic survey was conducted in turf‐dominated fields on some waste landfills in South Korea, to quantify the degree of plant invasion in those degraded lands. The dominant species, except turf (Zoysia japonica), wereConyza canadensis,Setaria viridis,Digitaria sanguinalisandAster tripolium. Mean species number declined linearly with distance from the edge of the turf stands. Biomass of each species ranged between 0.1 g and 122.6 g, decreasing linearly with distance from the edge of the stand and declining exponentially with turf coverage. Mean soil moisture storage and organic matter content were 12.59 per cent and 5.81 per cent, respectively. Sum of relative cover, frequency and biomass of all species with environmental variables (distance from the stand edge, turf cover, soil moisture storage, soil organic matter content and the ratio of species number of exotic plants to that of native plants) were ordinated by DCA (detrended correspondence analysis). The first axis of the DCA was positively correlated with distance from the stand edge and turf cover and the second axis of the DCA was negatively correlated with soil organic matter content. Highly and lowly invasive species were indicated from DCA results. From analysis of dispersal type, barochore and anemochore were the most widespread of other dispersal types but it was suggested that anthropochore played an important role in plant invasion in these degraded wastelands. Establishment of an edge transition zone, enhancement of turf cover and reduction in traffic is recommended as management options for turf fields. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel laser system and laser irradiation method reduced the risk of carbonization during laser interstitial thermotherapy: Assessed by MR temperature measurement
Authors: Atsumi Hideki , Matsumae Mitsunori , Kaneda Michihiro , Muro Isao , Mamata Yoshiaki , Komiya Taizo , Tsugu Atsushi , Tsugane Ryuichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and Objective:To establish laser interstitial thermotherapy (LITT) for intracranial tumors, the authors investigated a method to regulate localized temperature generated by interstitial laser irradiation using magnetic resonance (MR) temperature mapping.Study Design/Materials and Methods:A diode laser system and six different types of optical‐fiber system were developed for LITT. The characteristics of temperature profiles produced by each laser‐fiber system were investigated with MR temperature measurement (the water proton chemical technique), and differences in the temperature profile induced by two laser‐irradiation methods (continuous and intermittent) were observed.Results:All fiber systems with the exception of the diffuse‐projection fiber system, created a spherical temperature profile. Carbonization sometimes occurred around the bare‐end fiber tip upon high power laser irradiation. The diffuse‐projection fiber system produced a cylindrical temperature distribution, and the temperature profile showed a more gradual temperature elevation than the bare‐end fiber. No carbonization occurred at the tip of the diffuse‐projection fiber system. In addition, the utilization of the intermittent irradiation method also increased temperature gradually. Fiber‐system modification and intermittent irradiation reduced laser‐beam intensity and the risk of carbonization.Conclusion:The use of a diffuse‐projection fiber system which intermittently transmits a reduced intensity laser beam is an effective tool to regulate temperature during LITT using MR temperature measurement. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:108–117, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The social–psychological bases of anticonsumption attitudes
Authors: Zavestoski Stephen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article proposes that the increasing number of individuals voluntarily reducing their levels of consumption may be motivated by underlying social–psychological stress related to living in a consumer society. Of the three primary motivational bases of the self (esteem, efficacy, and authenticity), it is argued that only self‐esteem and self‐efficacy can be acquired through consumption. The current growth of the voluntary simplicity movement, it is argued, is among those individuals who have met the need for esteem and efficacy through consumption, but have failed to achieve a sense of authenticity. Evidence from interviews with participants in the voluntary simplicity movement is presented in support of this proposition. Anticonsumption attitudes, it is concluded, result from a process of self‐inquiry triggered by the failure to feel authentic through one's consumption activities. Implications of anticonsumption attitudes in reaction to consumer culture are discussed. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Materialism as an attempt to cope with uncertainty
Authors: Chang LinChiat , Arkin Robert M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThree studies tested the hypothesis that people may turn to materialism when they face uncertainties in modern life. Study 1 showed that anomie and self‐doubt are significant predictors of materialistic orientations; other plausible antecedents have less predictive value. In Study 2, participants experiencing chronic self‐doubt showed a higher level of materialism if they were primed to experience doubt and insecurity. In Study 3, participants with chronic perceptions of anomie showed a higher level of materialism if they were primed with the concept of normlessness. Together, these three studies show that some people turn to materialism when they experience uncertainty within the self (self‐doubt) or perceive uncertainty relating to society (anomie). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation of transcription of the intracellular interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist gene by AP‐1 in mouse carcinoma cells
Authors: La Eunhye , Rundhaug Joyce E. , Pavone Amy , Fischer Susan M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInterleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) is involved in many processes, including epidermal inflammation and hyperplasia after irritation or injury. However, the mechanism by which intracellular IL‐1Ra (icIL‐1Ra) expression is regulated in mouse keratinocytes has not been reported. We found that the CH72 mouse carcinoma cell line constitutively expresses the icIL‐1Ra mRNA. To study the transcriptional factors responsible for the constitutive expression of icIL‐1Ra, we functionally characterized 4.5 kb of the 5′ flanking region of the human icIL‐1Ra gene in these cells. We first demonstrated that icIL‐1Ra expression in these cells was regulated at the level of transcription. Deletion analysis of the promoter showed that regulatory elements for constitutive expression were located −158 to −49 bp upstream of the transcription start site for icIL‐1Ra. We investigated the cis‐ and trans‐acting factors required for icIL‐1Ra expression. An activating protein‐1 (AP‐1) site was identified as the positive regulatory element necessary for the constitutive expression of the icIL‐1Ra promoter in CH72 cells. Moreover, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and cotransfection experiments showed that c‐jun and c‐fos proteins bound to the AP‐1 site and functionally transactivated the icIL‐1Ra promoter in mouse carcinoma CH72 cells. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple manifestations of X‐ray–induced genomic instability in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells
Authors: Romney Carla A. , Paulauskis Joseph D. , Nagasawa Hatsumi , Little John B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCarcinogenesis is postulated to follow a multistep cascade in which the first genetic event may destabilize cells and thereby facilitate the induction of subsequent mutations within the same cell. It has recently been shown that exposure to ionizing radiation can in itself induce a persistent, heritable genetic instability in cells. To further investigate this phenomenon, we utilized a mutationally unstable population derived from a single Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell that survived X irradiation. We exposed these cells to a second dose of radiation, selected hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) mutant subclones, and identified the type of mutations involved. We found complete deletions, continuous tract partial deletions, single‐exon deletions, discontinuous‐exon deletions (“skip mutations”), and point mutations (changes of less than 100 bp) among the isolated HPRT mutants. We hypothesized that the skip mutation clones might be more likely to demonstrate genomic instability. To test this hypothesis, mutant subclones were screened for three markers of genetic instability: alteration of minisatellite sequences, change in telomere length, and induction of chromosomal aberrations. Clones with skip mutations and single‐exon deletions possessed elevated frequencies of minisatellite alterations and chromosomal aberrations, particularly rings and dicentrics. All mutant clones showed longer telomere terminal restriction fragment lengths than did wild‐type cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that irradiation may induce a global instability phenotype, since the multiple alterations observed are mechanistically distinct, heritable cellular modifications that arose in the clonogenic progeny of the irradiated cells. Skip mutations may be one manifestation of this instability, but their presence was not specifically associated with the other genetic alterations. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaporative light‐scattering detection coupled to microcolumn liquid chromatography for the analysis of underivatized amino acids: Sensitivity, linearity of response and comparisons with UV absorbance detection
Authors: Cobb Z. , Shaw P. N. , Lloyd L. L. , Wrench N. , Barrett D. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMicrocolumn chromatography (1.0 mm to 0.3 mm column i.d.) of underivatized amino acids coupled to evaporative light‐scattering (ELS) detection demonstrated good baseline stability using perfluorinated carboxylic acid ion‐pairing agents of varying alkyl chain lengths (C2–C8) and concentrations (1–8 mM). Under the gradient elution conditions used, the baseline stability and the limits of detection for amino acids were better with ELS detection than those obtained with UV absorbance detection. Microcolumn chromatography enabled good mass sensitivity to be achieved with the ELS detector with as little as 0.5 ng of amino acid being detectable on‐column with a 0.3 mm i.d. column under gradient conditions. Excellent linearity was obtained for calibration standards of four different amino acids over three orders of magnitude (0.5–500 ng on‐column; R2=0.98 or better). From the data presented it can be concluded that ELS detection can be advantageously linked with microcolumn chromatography to give better sensitivity and improved linearity compared with conventional chromatography. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 13: 169–175, 2001
Factors impacting on quality of life in Parkinson's disease: Results from an international survey
Authors:   The Global Parkinson's Disease Survey (GPDS) Steering Committee
Published: August 2002

AbstractCurrent management guidelines for the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are limited due to the lack of knowledge of factors that influence health‐related quality of life (HRQL). To assess the HRQL of people with PD, and to systematically identify and evaluate those factors (other than disease severity and medication, which could have an impact), we undertook a cross‐sectional, randomized selection, multicenter international survey of patients with PD, caregivers, and clinicians. Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with subjects in six countries. Disease severity, medication, and other factors hypothesized to influence HRQL were assessed using a combination of specially developed questionnaires and validated instruments including the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire‐39 (HRQL), Hoehn and Yahr Stage (disease severity), and Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI; depression). Multiple linear regression models were used to demonstrate whether the factors investigated contribute significantly to HRQL. The results obtained indicated that Hoehn and Yahr stage and medication explained only 17.3% of the variability in HRQL of patients with PD, although both were significant (R2 = 0.173, P < 0.05). Other factors increased the explanatory power to adjusted R2 = 0.597, with BDI being the most significant predictor of variability in HRQL (adjusted R2 = 0.582; P < 0.001), followed by “Satisfaction with the explanation of the condition at diagnosis” and “Current feelings of optimism” (both P < 0.05). These factors, in addition to disease severity and medication, explain 59.7% of the variability in HRQL across the population. In conclusion, depression (as measured by the BDI) in PD, “satisfaction with the explanation of the condition at diagnosis” and “current feelings of optimism” have a significant impact on HRQL. The completion of this initial analysis is the first step towards developing management guidelines that truly influence the HRQL of patients with PD. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Clinical–Pathological study of levodopa complications
Authors: Rajput Azi H. , Fenton Mark E. , Birdi Sam , Macaulay Rob , George David , Rozdilsky Bohdar , Ang Lee C. , Senthilselvan Ambikaipakan , Hornykiewicz Oleh 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe sought to determine the continued benefit and the pattern of motor complications of long‐term levodopa treatment in Parkinson's disease. Patients were evaluated between 1968 and 1996. Only those who had an adequate levodopa trial and in whom autopsy revealed Lewy body Parkinson's disease were included. Total levodopa and mean daily dose were calculated in each case. Dyskinesia, wearing‐off and on‐off were collectively classified as motor adverse effects and reported as cumulative incidence. Forty‐two patients (male, 30; female, 12) with mean 15.9 years of illness and 9.1 years follow‐up received on average 500‐mg levodopa daily over 9.8 years. Seventeen of 21 patients assessed during the last 18 months of life reported some motor benefit. Adverse effects were seen in 71.4% of patients. The most common was dyskinesia, in 61.9%; wearing‐off in 35.7%; and on‐off in 16.7% of patients. The earliest adverse effect was dyskinesia and the last to emerge was on‐off. Isolated dyskinesia was seen in 35.7% and wearing‐off in 7.1% of patients; 15.5% of patients developed dyskinesia after 2.6 years and 31% after 6.4 years on levodopa. We concluded that levodopa benefit declined and adverse effects increased with time. Dyskinesia was the earliest and the most common isolated adverse effect. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.
Correlates of functional disability in essential tremor
Authors: Louis Elan D. , Barnes Livia , Albert Steven M. , Cote Lucien , Schneier Franklin R. , Pullman Seth L. , Yu Qiping 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe decision to treat patients with essential tremor (ET) is based primarily on the functional impact of the tremor. Correlates of functional disability, apart from the severity of the tremor itself, have not been studied. The objective of this work was to study correlates of functional disability in ET, and to present data on the extent of functional disability in community‐dwelling ET cases.ET cases and age‐matched control subjects were ascertained from a tertiary referral center at Columbia‐Presbyterian Medical Center and a community in northern Manhattan, N.Y. Subjects underwent a 2.5‐hour evaluation, including a tremor disability questionnaire, a videotaped tremor examination rated by a neurologist, a performance‐based test of function, quantitative computerized tremor analysis, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and the depression module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV.Seventy‐six (85.4%) of 89 cases reported disability on ≥1 item on the disability questionnaire. In multivariate linear regression analyses, current major depression, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale score, age, and tremor severity were independently correlated with performance‐based test scores. Twenty‐seven (73.0%) of 37 community cases reported disability on ≥1 (mean = 8.4) item on the questionnaire, and 25 (67.6%) demonstrated moderate or greater difficulty on ≥1 (mean = 4.2) task in a performance‐based test.Depression, anxiety, and age, independent of the severity of tremor, were associated with greater functional disability in ET, so that these factors must be considered when assessing the impact of new treatments in ET. Among a group of community‐dwelling cases, approximately three‐quarters reported disability, suggesting that the number of individuals who might receive some benefit from advances in the treatment of ET is probably a great deal larger than previously thought. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.