bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Honest Illusion: Valuing for Nietzsche’s Free Spirits
Authors: Hussain Nadeem J Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a widespread, popular view — and one I will basically endorse— that Nietzsche is, in one sense of the word, a nihilist. As Arthur Danto put it some time ago, according to Nietzsche, ‘there is nothing in [the world] which might sensibly be supposed to have value.’ As interpreters of Nietzsche, though, we cannot simply stop here. Nietzsche’shigher men, Ü bermenschen, ‘genuine philosophers’, free spirits— the types Nietzschewants to bring forth from the human, all-too-human herds he sees around him with the ﬁsh hooks, as he says, of his books— seem to engage in what looks like valuing.
Two Jonsonian Court Masques
Authors: Ravelhofer Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Masque of Queen es (1609) has often been interpreted as the struggle between a patriarchal king, a queen who wished to promote her own vision of a female court, and a poet caught in between.1 Much has been written about Ben Jonson’s subtle stratagems to give heroic queens of the past (and present) a voice, and yet nod at the male authority figure of James. This renders the lack of interest in what made the queens most conspicuous on stage all the more surprising. The key to their striking performance was not the text—in which they, as silent masquers, had the least share—but their physical appearance. To recover these lost physical aspects of a Jonsonian masque, this chapter considers the importance of dance and costume in The Masque of Queenes (thereafter called Queenes ), and Oberon . The impact of colours, fabrics, sounds, and movements during a masquing night will be read vis-à-vis the representation of performance in manuscript and print.
Senegal: The Emergence of a National Lingua Franca
Authors: McLaughlin Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addressing the relationship between language and national identity in the African context I take the term national identity to have two different meanings: the first of these is a population’s relationship and sense of belonging to a nation-state, and the second is the identity of an individual nation-state within the international world order. Based on the first meaning, Senegal can best be described as a predominantly Wolof-speaking nation, while on the international scene it is a francophone state. The African nation-state is in itself a relatively recent phenomenon, dating in most cases from the early 1960s when African colonies were granted independence from European colonial powers. Clearly, contemporary African states did not grow out of pre-existing indigenous political structures: their boundaries are artefacts of rivalries and negotiations between the European powers who eventually exerted political and economic hegemony over their respective colonies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
South Africa: The Rocky Road to Nation Building
Authors: Mesthrie Rajend 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
South Africa is a country which has witnessed spectacular and far-reaching changes from the 1990s until the present, having emerged as a constitutional democracy with equal rights for all races and ethno-linguistic groups only in 1994. Prior to this, the country was subject to two forces of colonization and the assertion of their associated languages, Dutch rule from the mid-seventeenth century and British from the early nineteenth century. It then experienced a twentieth century dominated by increasing racial separation and inequality under the system of apartheid, which took colonial dynamics to an extreme and promulgated a near-complete segregation of people into four main groups: White, Black, Indian, and Coloured. In the colonial period first Dutch and then Dutch and English were imposed as the official languages of the territories within South Africa. The twentieth century saw the rapid rise of Afrikaans as the language of power in the Union of South Africa. This was a form of Dutch which had emerged since early European settlement showing considerable influence from local languages, and which came to be seen and promoted as a central symbol of White Afrikaner nationalism during the course of the twentieth century. Under the domination of apartheid, recognition was given to indigenous African languages, but only in their designated ‘homelands’, areas within South Africa assigned the status of self-governing territories and demarcated along ethno-linguistic lines, KwaZulu being the homeland established for Zulu-speaking people, KwaNdebele that of Ndebele-speakers, and so on. The Afrikaner government thus supported a Herderian view of nation–language–culture, and saw not one nation but many nations in the territory, which would be allowed to ‘develop separately’ (Alexander 1989). These homelands had little legitimacy in the eyes of the Black population, however, as they were illresourced, primarily rural, and sustained the apparent divide-and-rule policy of the White government. The extremism of apartheid finally came to a head in the late 1970s and 1980s, with the country close to civil war and under increasing international
Identity and Commitment: Sen’s Fourth Aspect of the Self
Authors: Davis John B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amartya Sen has made examination of the behavioral foundations of economics and their connection to three different interpretations of the “privateness” of the individual a central theme of his work. He has also associated this examination with the issue of how we might talk about the self or the identity of individual. This paper argues that while Sen frames his views about identity primarily in terms of social identity or in connection with how individuals identify with others, his thinking about social identity derives from his understanding of commitment and its association with a fourth aspect of the self that provides the basis for an account of individual or personal identity.
Socrates’ Deliberative Authoritarianism
Authors: Hatzistavrou Antony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the current ‘orthodox’ interpretation of the moral philosophy of Plato’s early dialogues, Socrates is an archetypal anti-authoritarian philosopher. He is considered to advocate individual moral autonomy and rule out subordination to the authority of another person in moral decision-making. Popper claims, for example, that Socrates wanted individuals to ‘learn to make up their minds, and to rely, critically, on their decisions, and on their insight’ on moral matters. Klosko ascribes to Socrates a demand that ‘the individual become morally autonomous and rule himself’ based on his belief that ‘every individual has the capacity to develop his rational faculties and be governed by them’. Vlastos argues that for Socrates ‘everyone of us would have the royal art, each of us would pursue the “examined life”, we would all be ruled in our individual lives by our personal knowledge and vision of the good’. Finally, Gulley explains Socrates’ demand that ‘the individual must be free to realise his own good’ on the basis of the importance Socrates assigns to the moral worth of the individual.
Zeno Unlimited
Authors: Hasper Pieter Sjoerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When it comes to Zeno’s paradoxes, it is difficult to distinguish interpretation from attempts at solving them. How to make sense of arguments which are deliberately paradoxical and thus challenge the basics of common sense, without finding out what is wrong with them? This interplay between historical interpretation and philosophical analysis is often fruitful enough, sharpening our view of what is going on in the arguments under consideration. However, the balance of power in the interplay is easily disturbed, as the perceived clarity of philosophical analysis may come to guide our interpretative efforts at the expense of our sensitivity to the details of the historical evidence.
Methexis and Geometrical Reasoning in proclus’ Commentary on Euclid’ s Elements
Authors: Harari Orna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The addition of the imagination to the Platonic account of geometrical objects is aimed at accommodating geometrical certainty with geometrical reasoning. The correlation between discursive reason and geometrical objects accounts only for the former; the immateriality of the objects of discursive reason accounts for the precision of geometrical objects, the truth of geometrical propositions, and the role of geometry in emancipating the soul from sensation (49. 7–24). Yet geometrical reasoning requires material objects. In geometrical proofs the objects under consideration are constructed and compared with each other. For instance, geometry considers whether lines, angles, and figures are equal or unequal to each other and requires one to bisect lines, to construct figures, or to inscribe them in others.
Addiction as Defect of the Will: Some Philosophical Reflections
Authors: Wallace R Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is both common and natural to think of addiction as a kind of defect of the will. Addicts, we tend to suppose, are subject to impulses or cravings that are peculiarly unresponsive to their evaluative reflection about what there is reason for them to do. As a result of this unresponsiveness, we further suppose, addicts are typically impaired in their ability to act in accordance with their own deliberative conclusions. My question in this paper is whether we can make adequate sense of this conception of addiction as a volitional defect. In particular, I want to focus on some philosophical assumptions, from the theory of action, that bear directly on the very idea that addiction might impair the agent’s volitional capacities.
Ressentiment, Value, and Self-Vindication: Making Sense of Nietzsche’s Slave Revolt
Authors: Wallace R Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In its broad outlines the account of the origin of modern morality that Nietzsche offers in the first essay of his Genealogy is reasonably clear. The account begins with the postulation of two different schemes of value, organized around the pairs of opposites good/bad and good/evil, which are associated respectively with the contrasting personality types of the noble and the slave. Characteristic of the slavish personality structure are the negative affects of hatred and ressentiment, which, deprived of a natural outlet, become pent up and fester within the psyche of the powerless until reaching ‘monstrous and uncanny proportions’ (GM, I. 7).1
Actions, Reasons, and Causes
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the relation between a reason and an action when the reason explains the action by giving the agent’s reason for doing what he did? We may call such explanations rationalizations, and say that the reason rationalizes the action. In this paper I want to defend the ancient-and commonsense-position that rationalization is a species of causal explanation. The defence no doubt requires some redeployment, but it does not seem necessary to abandon the position, as has been urged by many recent writers.
The Individuation of Events
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a familiar embarrassment in asking identity questions of this sort that comes out clearly if we rephrase the question slightly: when are two events identical? Or, when is one event identical with another? It seems only one answer is possible: no two events are identical, no event is ever identical with another. It is hopeless to try to improve matters by asking instead, when is an event identical with itself? For again, only one answer is possible: always.
Mental Events
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mental events such as perceivings, rememberings, decisions, and actions resist capture in the nomological net of physical theory. How can this fact be reconciled with the causal role of mental events in the physical world? Reconciling freedom with causal determinism is a special case of the problem if we suppose that causal determinism entails capture in, and freedom requires escape from, the nomological net. But the broader issue can remain alive even for someone who believes a correct analysis of free action reveals no conflict with determinism. Autonomy (freedom, self-rule) may or may not dash with determinism; anomaly (failure to fall under a law) is, it would seem, another matter.
On Saying That
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘I wish I had said that’, said Oscar Wilde in applauding one of Whistler’s witticisms. Whistler, who took a dim view of Wilde’s originality, retorted, ‘You will, Oscar; you will’.1 This tale reminds us that an expression like ‘Whistler said that’ may on occasion serve as a grammatically complete sentence. Here we have, I suggest, the key to a correct analysis of indirect discourse, an analysis that opens a lead to an analysis of psychological sentences generally (sentences about propositional attitudes, so-called), and even, though this looks beyond anything to be discussed in the present paper, a clue to what distinguishes psychological concepts from others.
A Coherence Theory of Truth and Knowledge
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay I defend what may as well be called a coherence theory of truth and knowledge. The theory I defend is not in competition with a correspondence theory, but depends for its defense on an argument that purports to show that coherence yields correspondence. The importance of the theme is obvious. If coherence is a test of truth, there is a direct connection with epistemology, for we have reason to believe many of our beliefs cohere with many others, and in that case we have reason to believe many of our beliefs are true. When the beliefs are true, then the primary conditions for knowledge would seem to be satisfied.
The Invention of an Algorithmic Biology
Authors: Bullock Seth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biology and computing might not seem the most comfortable of bedfellows. It is easy to imagine nature and technology clashing as the green-welly brigade rub up awkwardly against the back-room boffins. But collaboration between the two fields has exploded in recent years, driven primarily by massive investment in the emerging field of bioinformatics charged with mapping the human genome. New algorithms and computational infrastructures have enabled research groups to collaborate effectively on a worldwide scale in building huge, exponentially growing genomic databases, to ‘mine’ these mountains of data for useful information, and to construct and manipulate innovative computational models of the genes and proteins that have been identified.
Richard Dawkins and the Problem of Progress
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Directionalist common sense surely wins on the very long time scale: once there was only blue-green slime and now there are sharp-eyed metazoa. One of the many attractive things about the writings of Richard Dawkins is his willingness to state his positions clearly and forcefully. No hiding of ideas in ambiguity or of saying one thing in the text and then qualifying it to death with a thousand footnotes. In the language of the Bible, Dawkins lets his yea be yea and his nay be nay. Nowhere has Dawkins been more forthright than in his endorsement of the idea of evolutionary progress. He believes in it, he has said so many times, and he has argued for it. Yet, perhaps surprisingly, this is a controversial position, with today’s evolutionists split down the middle on the issue.
The Skeptic’s Chaplain: Richard Dawkins As A Fountainhead of Skepticism
Authors: Shermer Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the weekend of 12 to 14 August 2001, I participated in an event entitled ‘Humanity 3000’, whose mission it was to bring together ‘prominent thinkers from around the world in a multidisciplinary framework to ponder issues that are most likely to have a significant impact on the long-term future of humanity’. Sponsored by the Foundation for the Future—a non-profit think tank in Seattle founded by aerospace engineer and benefactor Walter P. Kistler—long-term is defined as a millennium. We were tasked with the job of prognosticating what the world will be like in the year 3000. Yeah, sure. As Yogi Berra said, ‘It’s tough to make predictions, especially about the future’. If such a workshop were held in 1950 would anyone have anticipated the World Wide Web? If we cannot prognosticate fifty years in the future, what chance do we have of saying anything significant about a date twenty times more distant?
Do Word Meanings Exist?
Authors: Hanks Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My contribution to this discussion is to attempt to spread a little radical doubt. Since I have spent over 30 years of my life writing and editing monolingual dictionary definitions, it may seem rather odd that I should be asking, do word meanings exist? The question is genuine, though: prompted by some puzzling facts about the data that is now available in the form of machine-readable corpora. I am not the only lexicographer to be asking this question after studying corpus evidence. Sue Atkins, for example, has said “I don’t believe in word meanings” (cited as the title of a paper by Kilgarriff, 1997e–also in this volume, Ed.), and Eugene Nida (1997) is one of many who have insisted that words only have meaning in context. It is a question of fundamental importance to the enterprise of sense disambiguation. If senses don’t exist, then there is not much point in trying to “disambiguate” them – or indeed do anything else with them. The very term disambiguate presupposes what Fillmore (1975b) characterized as “checklist theories of meaning”. Here I shall reaffirm the argument, on the basis of recent work in corpus analysis, that checklist theories in their current form are at best superficial and at worst misleading. If word meanings do exist, they do not exist as a checklist. The numbered lists of definitions found in dictionaries have helped to create a false picture of what really happens when language is used.
Parasomnias mainly early in the night when lightly asleep
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of these types of parasomnia are more common in children than was originally thought. Again, it is appropriate for the possibility of an underlying condition that requires investigation and treatment to be considered, but this will not often be the case.
Bruxism or teethgrinding is forceful grinding and clenching of the teeth in a paroxysmal fashion, sometimes producing a loud grinding noise at night without the person being aware. This usually occurs in light sleep, but may occur at any stage of sleep. It is thought to be particularly common in adults (although it is a serious problem in only a minority) and can be caused, for example, by stress.
Characteristics Of Patients In Headache Centres
Authors: Göbel Hartmut , Heinze Axel , Heinze-Kuhn Katja , Roth Andrea , Rüschmann Hans-Heinrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Headache clinics can be divided into three principal categories. The first category includes outpatient practices that offer special headache consultations. In Germany, further specialist training for physicians choosing to specialize in the field of pain management has been available since 1998. A large percentage of doctors who have attained this additional qualification work in outpatient practice settings. The second organizational category includes neurological clinics that offer outpatient headache consultations. These facilities serve extended regions. The third organizational category applies to specialized headache centres. These are either affiliated with large hospitals or are independent establishments. Ideally, headache centres such as these are autonomous, have a multiprofessional team and are geared exclusively toward the care of patients who are affected by severe headaches.
Imaging And Other Tests In Headache Diagnosis
Authors: Evers Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imaging and other tests in headache diagnosis are among of the most controversial issues in the routine work of headache clinics. On the other hand, there is nearly no evidence-basing research in this field and most of the recommendations rely more on consensus guidelines than on systematic research. This review focuses on some basic information on the relevant diagnostic methods for headache diagnosis; in addition, the limitations and pitfalls of the different methods will be addressed. It has to be made clear that imaging and other tests in headache treatment are not able to positively diagnose a distinct primary headache disorder. Their role is to exclude (or prove) underlying causes of secondary headache disorders, which, however, can only be diagnosed in about 7–8 per cent of all headache patients, in contrast about 92 per cent of all headache patients have primary headaches.
Introduction
Authors: Dubow Saul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the end of apartheid the Cape has become a prime international destination. Tourists who marvel at the majesty of Table Mountain, travel through the wine lands, appreciate the distinctive architecture of Cape Dutch homesteads, are startled by the richness of the Cape Horal kingdom, or applaud the conscious multiculturalism of its cosmopolitan society, all participate knowingly or unknowingly in the re-enactment of core themes in Cape identity. Many of these tropes were carefully cultivated by nineteenth- and early twentieth-century writers and publicists who imagined the Cape as a unique offshoot of Europe, located at the tip of Africa.
Conclusion: The Renationalization of Knowledge
Authors: Dubow Saul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1949, a year after the election which brought the National Party to power with its slogan of apartheid, Prime Minister D. F. Malan was called upon to open the African Regional Scientific Conference in Johannesburg. The event attracted around 100 delegates from Europe, the United States, and colonial Africa, and there were high hopes that it would inaugurate a new era of cooperation in the subcontinent. Basil Schonland was closely involved with the arrangements and, indeed, had been one of its progenitors. At the 1946 British Commonwealth Scientific Conference in London, where he proudly led the South African delegation (and was showered with personal honours), Schonland had called for the establishment of an African Research Committee to look closely at the requirements of the continent.
The Case Against Perfection: What ‘s Wrong with Designer Children, Bionic Athletes, and Genetic Engineering
Authors: Sandel* Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Breakthroughs in genetics present us with a promise and a predicament. The promise is that we may soon be able to treat and prevent a host of debilitating diseases. The predicament is that our newfound genetic knowledge may also enable us to manipulate our own nature— to enhance our muscles, memories, and moods; to choose the sex, height, and other genetic traits of our children; to make ourselves ‘ ‘better than well. ‘ ‘ When science moves faster than moral understanding, as it does today, men and women struggle to articulate their unease. In liberal societies they reach first for the language of autonomy, fairness, and individual rights. But this part of our moral vocabulary is ill equipped to address the hardest questions posed by genetic engineering. The genomic revolution has induced a kind of moral vertigo.