bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic Analysis of the Relation of Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis to the Photodamage and Repair of Photosystem II in Synechocystis
Authors: Allakhverdiev Suleyman I. , Nishiyama Yoshitaka , Takahashi Shunichi , Miyairi Sachio , Suzuki Iwane , Murata Norio 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The photosynthetic machinery and, in particular, the photosystem II (PSII) complex are susceptible to strong light, and the effects of strong light are referred to as photodamage or photoinhibition. In living organisms, photodamaged PSII is rapidly repaired and, as a result, the extent of photoinhibition represents a balance between rates of photodamage and the repair of PSII. In this study, we examined the roles of electron transport and ATP synthesis in these two processes by monitoring them separately and systematically in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. We found that the rate of photodamage, which was proportional to light intensity, was unaffected by inhibition of the electron transport in PSII, by acceleration of electron transport in PSI, and by inhibition of ATP synthesis. By contrast, the rate of repair was reduced upon inhibition of the synthesis of ATP either via PSI or PSII. Northern blotting and radiolabeling analysis with [35S]Met revealed that synthesis of the D1 protein was enhanced by the synthesis of ATP. Our observations suggest that ATP synthesis might regulate the repair of PSII, in particular, at the level of translation of the psbA genes for the precursor to the D1 protein, whereas neither electron transport nor the synthesis of ATP affects the extent of photodamage.
The Universe
Authors: Simons Peter 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIt is often said by philosophers that the term ‘the universe’ is illegitimate, whether because the notion of ‘all things’ is incoherent, or inconsistent, or cannot even be meaningfully expressed. The reasons may be drawn from metaphysics, or logic, or the philosophy of language, or the philosophy of mathematics. In this essay I argue that the term is legitimate, withstanding all criticisms, and that there is a single best meaning for it, which is that it is a semantically plural term standing equally for every existing object.
‘Forty‐two’, said Deep Thought, with infinite majesty and calm.(Douglas Adams, The Hitch‐Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy)
Shareability and Objectivity
Authors: Sullivan Arthur 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe aim of this essay is to work toward a better understanding of the metaphysical status of meaning by critically examining two arguments – one is Plato’s, the second Frege's – along the following lines:

P1: Meaning is shared in successful communication.
P2: Successful communication occurs.
C: Therefore, meaning is objective.

The first two sections are dedicated to expounding and justifying the two premises; the third distinguishes some relevant notions of objectivity. Sections four and five discuss the arguments of Plato and Frege, with a view to paring away some potentially misleading ways of speaking, and avoiding any slippage among distinct senses of ‘objective’. The sixth section analyses the content of the claim that abstract objects exist. I conclude by criticizing some assumptions, and drawing some morals, about the place of meaning in one's metaphysical world‐view.
Sense and Simplicity: Wittgenstein's Argument for Simple Objects
Authors: Tejedor Chon 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper puts forward an alternative interpretation of the argument for simple objects advanced in the 2.0s of the Tractatus. In my view, Wittgenstein derives the simplicity of objects directly from his account of possible states, complex objects and senseful propositions. The key to Wittgenstein's argument is the idea that, if there were no simple objects, possible states would not be necessarily possible. If this were the case, however, there would be no senseful language, in Wittgenstein's view. One of the subsidiary aims of this paper is to question the idea that Wittgenstein posits simples because, without them, language would be infinitely analysable.1
The Income Splitting Method: Is it Good for Both Marriage Partners?
Authors: Wrede Matthias 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper analyzes how deviating from individual taxation affects married couples. The focus is on time allocation, on investment in family-specific human capital and on distribution of income within the family. Two insights are discussed in detail. First, the distribution of tax-reduction gains due to the income splitting system depends on whether the family has been started or not. After marriage, joint taxation increases redistribution among family members. Second, although joint taxation reduces the tax burden of the family, it might harm the marriage partner that is more productive in household production provided that potential marriage partners foresee the effects of joint filing on the time allocation within the family.
The antiquity of the nation? Critical reflections from the ancient Near East
Authors: Routledge Bruce 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Debates over the antiquity/modernity of the nation have often made use of evidence from the ancient Near East. In doing so, these debates employ the distant past principally as a ‘mirror’ of the present, using contrast or similitude to argue for a particular understanding of nations and nationalism since the eighteenth century. In this manner, both ‘Modernist’ and ‘Perennialist’ approaches incorporate pre‐modern contexts into the categories and priorities of modernity. This article critically reviews several influential studies on nations and nationalism in light of ancient Near Eastern evidence in order to highlight the narrowing of possibilities that this practice involves. I argue that the cost of this narrowing is not so much a misunderstood past as a mystified present.
The last refuge of a scoundrel: patriotism, militarism and the Russian national idea*
Authors: Sperling Valerie 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.In a nation‐state, where ethnic and territorial borders coincide, patriotism may easily have an exclusivist‐nationalist component, and be used to serve the goals of politicians hoping to mobilise the population for destructive goals. In a multinational state like Russia, the militaristic patriotism that Yeltsin's and Putin's administrations promote can also carry that risk. The Russian state leadership's use of a militaristic patriotism as a means to generate popular support risks unleashing ethnic chauvinism and the military domination of civilian institutions. Such phenomena cast doubt on the prospects for Russia's state‐building process to proceed along liberal democratic lines. Non‐governmental organisations, such as Russia'sCommittee of Soldiers' Mothers, however, have devised an alternative vision of patriotism, relying on rule of law and the observance of civil rights, and thereby hold out a slim hope for reframing Russian patriotism and building a peaceful democracy.
Source memory for the color of pictures: Event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) reveal sensory‐specific retrieval‐related activity
Authors: Cycowicz Yael M. , Friedman David 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRemembering the context (i.e., source) in which an event occurred reveals episodic memory effects (EM) in the event‐related brain potentials (ERP). In some verbal source memory experiments, a late prefrontal EM effect has been observed. In a different, pictorial source memory paradigm, a late, parieto‐occipital EM effect was recorded. To assess whether these two EM effects stemmed from differences in task paradigms or from source‐attribute differences, ERPs were recorded during source memory retrieval for object colors in two tasks. In the sequential task, old/new judgments were followed by source judgments (i.e., color). In the exclusion task, source memory judgments coincided with recognition judgments. For both tasks, late, parietao‐occipital EM effects were observed. These findings suggest that it is not the nature of the task, but rather the perceptual characteristics of the source that lead to the presence of the parieto‐occipital EM effect. The data further imply that memories for perceptual attributes such as color are stored in and retrieved from sensory‐specific cortical areas.
The effect of stimulus modality and task difficulty on attentional modulation of blink startle
Authors: Neumann David L. , Lipp Ottmar V. , McHugh Meredith J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe effects of the sensory modality of the lead stimulus and of task difficulty on attentional modulation of the electrical and acoustic blink reflex were examined. Participants performed a discrimination and counting task with either two acoustic, two visual, or two tactile lead stimuli. In Experiment 1, facilitation of the electrically elicited blink was greater during task‐relevant than during task‐irrelevant lead stimuli. Increasing task difficulty enhanced magnitude facilitation for acoustic lead stimuli. In Experiment 2, acoustic blink facilitation was greater during task‐relevant lead stimuli, but was unaffected by task difficulty. Experiment 3 showed that a further increase in task difficulty did not affect acoustic blink facilitation during visual lead stimuli. The observation that blink reflexes are facilitated by attention in the present task domain is consistent across a range of stimulus modality and task difficulty conditions.
The real‐time polymerase chain reaction‐guided modulation of immunosuppression enables the pre‐emptive management of Epstein–Barr virus reactivation after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Cesaro Simone , Murrone Antonio , Mengoli Carlo , Pillon Marta , Biasolo Maria A. , Calore Elisabetta , Tridello Gloria , Varotto Stefania , Alaggio Rita , Zanesco Luigi , Palù Giorgio , Messina Chiara 
Published: December 2004

SummaryTo assess a real‐time polymerase chain reaction‐based modulation of immunosuppression in patients with an increasing Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) viral load, we studied 79 paediatric allogeneic stem cell transplantations (allo‐SCT) performed between January 1998 and December 2003. EBV reactivation was observed in 42 of 79 patients (53%) after a median time of 45 d from allo‐SCT: 37 (88%) and five (12%) patients had received the graft from an unrelated and a related donor respectively (P = 0·001). Twenty‐eight patients (67%) had a viral load ≥300 genomic copies ×105 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and antithymocyte globulin was the only factor significantly associated with EBV reactivation (P = 0·001, RR 7·1). Among these 28 patients, immunosuppression was suspended and reduced in 17 and 11 patients respectively. Overall, post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease was diagnosed in one of 79 patients (1%). The pre‐emptive modulation of immunosuppression in patients with EBV reactivation and a viral load ≥300 genomic copies ×105 PBMC did not negatively influence transplant‐related mortality, overall survival or event‐free survival. In conclusion, EBV reactivation is frequent even in ‘low risk’ patients and the pre‐emptive modulation of immunosuppression enables it to be managed safely, with no significant flare in graft‐versus‐host disease status.
Darbepoetin alpha for the treatment of anaemia in low‐intermediate risk myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Musto Pellegrino , Lanza Francesco , Balleari Enrico , Grossi Alberto , Falcone Antonietta , Sanpaolo Grazia , Bodenizza Carlo , Scalzulli Potito Rosario , Sala Antonio La , Campioni Diana , Ghio Riccardo , Cascavilla Nicola , Carella Angelo Michele 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThirty‐seven anaemic subjects with low‐to‐intermediate risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) received the highly glycosylated, long‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating molecule darbepoetin‐alpha (DPO) at the single, weekly dose of 150 μg s.c. for at least 12 weeks. Fifteen patients (40·5%) achieved an erythroid response (13 major and two minor improvements, respectively, according to International Working Group criteria). Such results are currently maintained after 7–22 months in 13 of the responders, one of whom required iron substitutive therapy during the treatment. One patient relapsed after 4 months. Another responder died after 5 months because of causes unrelated to the treatment. No relevant side‐effects were recorded. At multivariate analysis, significant predictive factors of response were baseline serum levels of endogenous erythropoietin <100 IU/l, absent or limited transfusional needs, no excess of blasts and hypoplastic bone marrow. This study suggests that DPO, at the dose and schedule used, can be safely given in low‐intermediate risk MDS and may be effective in a significant proportion of these patients.
R255h Amino acid substitution of protein Z identified in patients with factor V Leiden mutation
Authors: Kemkes‐Matthes Bettina , Matthes Karl J. , Souri Masayoshi , Koseki‐Kuno Shiori , Ichinose Akitada 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe clinical significance of diminished protein Z in plasma is controversial. Studies in mice demonstrated that deficiency of protein Z dramatically increases the prothrombotic tendency of factor V Leiden mutation. This finding was confirmed by initial results in humans, indicating that thromboembolism in factor V Leiden patients with lowered protein Z level occurs earlier than in patients with normal protein Z levels. Consequently, the aim of our present study was to find out whether genetic alterations of protein Z were demonstrated in patients with factor V Leiden mutation and early onset of thromboembolic disease. DNA‐sequencing of the protein Z gene was performed in two patients with factor V Leiden mutation, early onset of thromboembolism, and lowered protein Z levels. In both patients, R255H substitution of the protein Z gene was identified. Subsequently, the R255H substitution was also found in 12 of 132 additional patients. Patients presenting with the R255H substitution in addition to factor V Leiden mutation showed thromboembolic events more frequently than factor V Leiden patients without R255H substitution of the protein Z gene. In conclusion, R255H substitution of the protein Z gene seems to influence clinical symptoms of thromboembolism in factor V Leiden patients.
Non‐minimum‐phase wavelet estimation using second‐ and third‐order moments
Authors: Lu Wenkai 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a new algorithm for estimating non‐minimum‐phase seismic wavelets by using the second‐ and higher‐order statistics (HOS) of the wavelets. In contrast to many, if not most, of the HOS‐based methods, the proposed method does not need to assume that subsurface seismic reflectivity is a non‐Gaussian, statistically independent and identically distributed random process. The amplitude and phase spectra of the wavelets are estimated, respectively, using the second‐order statistics (SOS) and third‐order moment (TOM) of the wavelets, which will, in turn, be derived from the HOS of the seismic traces. In our approach, the wavelets can be ‘calculated’ from seismic traces efficiently; no optimization or inversion is necessarily required. Very good results have been obtained by applying this method to both synthetic and real‐field data sets.
Airborne gravimetry using a strapped‐down LaCoste and Romberg air/sea gravity meter system: a feasibility study
Authors: Verdun J. , Klingelé E.E. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTMarine gravimeters mounted on stabilized platforms are commonly used in aircraft to perform airborne gravity measurements. The role of the stabilized platform is to level the sensor mechanically, whatever the aircraft attitude. However, this compensation is generally insufficient due to the sensitivity of modern gravity sensors. Correcting the offlevel error requires that an offlevel correction calculated from positioning data be added to gravimeter measurements, which complicates not only the processing, but also the assessment of precision and resolution.This paper is a feasibility study describing the levelling of a completely strapped‐down LaCoste and Romberg gravimeter for airborne gravimetry operation, by means of GPS positioning data. It focuses on the calculation of the sensor offlevel correction needed for the complete gravity data processing. The precision of the offlevel correction that can be achieved, in terms of GPS data precision and gravity wavelengths, is theoretically studied and estimated using the gravity and GPS data acquired during the Alpine Swiss French airborne gravity survey carried out in 1998 over the French Western Alps. While a 1 cm precision of GPS‐determined baseline coordinates is sufficient to achieve a 5 mGal precision of the offlevel correction, we maintain that this precision has to reach 1 mm to ensure a 1 mGal precision of the offlevel correction at any wavelength.Without a stabilized platform, the onboard instrumentation becomes significantly lighter. Furthermore, the correction for the offlevel error is straightforward and calculated only from GPS data. Thus, the precision and the resolution of airborne gravity surveys should be estimated with a better accuracy.
Electromagnetic fields in a steel‐cased borehole
Authors: Lee Ki Ha , Kim Hee Joon , Uchida Toshihiro 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTThe development of an electromagnetic numerical modelling scheme for a magnetic dipole in an arbitrary casing segment in an inhomogeneous conductivity background has been difficult, due to the very high electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability contrasts between the steel casing and the background medium. To investigate the effect of steel casing efficiently, we have developed an accurate but simple finite‐element modelling scheme to simulate electromagnetic fields in a medium of cylindrically symmetric conductivity structures. In order to preserve the cylindrical symmetry in the resulting electromagnetic fields, a horizontal loop current source is used throughout. One of the main advantages of the approach is that the problem is scalar when formulated using the azimuthal electric field, even if the casing is both electrically conductive and magnetically permeable. Field calculations have been made inside the cased borehole as well as in another borehole which is not cased. Careful analyses of the numerical modelling results indicate that the anomaly observed in a cross‐borehole configuration is sensitive enough to be used for tomographic imaging.
Relationship between small‐scale structural variability and simulated vegetation productivity across a regional moisture gradient in southern Africa
Authors: Caylor K.K. , Dowty P.R. , Shugart H.H. , Ringrose S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe observed variability in vegetation structure within landscapes was used as the basis for model estimates of the range of annual productivity of landscape patches at four sites along a moisture gradient in southern Africa ranging from 879 to 365 mm mean annual rainfall. Principal components of patch‐scale variability in leaf area, woody biomass and vertical leaf profiles were derived from intensive characterization of the small‐scale spatial structure of woody vegetation at each site. For each site, the mean and extremes of the principal component distribution parameterized an ecophysiology model of vegetation productivity. Vegetation was most heterogeneous at intermediate locations along the rainfall gradient. Variability in vegetation structure led to a range of annual productivity within one site (600 mm) that accounted for 68% of the total range in mean productivity across all sites. Patch‐scale estimates of tree productivity were found to be primarily correlated to annual rainfall (r2=0.66, P=0.001) and not woody leaf area (r2=0.01, P=0.75), while grass productivity was found to be related to values of woody leaf area (r2=0.77, P<0.001) and not annual rainfall (r2=0.11, P=0.29). This result indicates that life‐form interactions have a significant role in controlling vegetation productivity across the rainfall gradient. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of considering heterogeneity rather than mean structure when modeling productivity, particularly when considering dynamic vegetation structure, where differences between landscape patches may not be well represented in the mean structure.
Root production is determined by radiation flux in a temperate grassland community
Authors: Edwards Everard J. , Benham David G. , Marland Louise A. , Fitter Alastair H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAccurate knowledge of the response of root turnover to a changing climate is needed to predict growth and produce carbon cycle models. A soil warming system and shading were used to vary soil temperature and received radiation independently in a temperate grassland dominated by Holcus lanatus L. Minirhizotrons allowed root growth and turnover to be examined non‐destructively. In two short‐term (8 week) experiments, root responses to temperature were seasonally distinct. Root number increased when heating was applied during spring, but root death increased during autumnal heating. An experiment lasting 12 months demonstrated that any positive response to temperature was short‐lived and that over a full growing season, soil warming led to a reduction in root number and mass due to increased root death during autumn and winter. Root respiration was also insensitive to soil temperature over much of the year. In contrast, root growth was strongly affected by incident radiation. Root biomass, length, birth rate, number and turnover were all reduced by shading. Photosynthesis in H. lanatus exhibited some acclimation to shading, but assimilation rates at growth irradiance were still lower in shaded plants. The negative effects of shading and soil warming on roots were additive. Comparison of root data with environmental measurements demonstrated a number of positive relationships with photosynthetically active radiation, but not with soil temperature. This was true both across the entire data set and within a shade treatment. These results demonstrate that root growth is unlikely to be directly affected by increased soil temperatures as a result of global warming, at least in temperate areas, and that predictions of net primary productivity should not be based on a positive root growth response to temperature.
Large‐scale plant light‐use efficiency inferred from the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2
Authors: Still Christopher J. , Randerson James T. , Fung Inez Y. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe combined atmospheric CO2 measurements, satellite observations, and an atmospheric transport model in an inverse modeling framework to infer a key property of vegetation physiology, the light‐use efficiency (LUE) of net primary production, for large geographic regions. We find the highest LUE in boreal regions and in the northern hemisphere tropics. Within boreal zones, Eurasian LUE is higher than North American LUE and has a distinctly different seasonal profile. This longitudinal asymmetry is consistent with ecological differences expected from the much greater cover of deciduous vegetation in boreal Eurasia caused by the vast Siberian forests of the deciduous conifer, Larch. Inferred LUE of the northern hemisphere tropics is also high and displays a seasonal profile consistent with variations of both cloud cover and C4 vegetation activity.