bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Development-Focused Allocation of the Special Drawing Rights
Authors: Aryeetey Ernest 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The original purpose of the Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was to increase international liquidity, but here the emphasis is on the potential role of SDR creation in providing funds for development finance. The chapter describes the historical development of ‘regular’ SDRs, including their purpose and the problems associated with their creation and allocation. It then introduces the recent proposals for development‐oriented SDRs, and analyses these proposals with a focus on the arguments for and against them. Next, the mechanisms proposed for the creation of development SDRs are discussed, including the institutional and structural changes in international finance that may support their creation. The concluding section of the chapter assesses the effects of development SDRs on the resource situation in poor (developing) countries and how they will be perceived.
Mechanisms underlying duodeno‐gastric reflux in man
Authors: Koek G. H. , Vos R. , Sifrim D. , Cuomo R. , Janssens J. , Tack J. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract  Background:  Recent studies suggest that duodeno‐gastro‐oesophageal reflux (DGER) contributes to the occurrence of reflux oesophagitis and Barrett's oesophagus. The mechanisms underlying duodeno‐gastric reflux (DGR), a prerequisite for DGER, are poorly understood.Aims:  To study the occurrence of DGR in relation to interdigestive and postprandial gastroduodenal motility.Subjects and methods:  Ten healthy subjects underwent stationary gastroduodenal manometry with simultaneous duodenal and antral Bilitec® recording 4 h before and 5 h after ingestion of a liquid meal. Eight volunteers underwent the same study, with administration of erythromycin postprandially.Results:  During the interdigestive phase II, all volunteers had short DGR episodes. Postprandially, DGR occurred in all subjects, on average 39 ± 28 min after the start of the meal, and was cleared from the stomach after 242 ± 23 min. Induction of increased antral motility and of a premature phase III, by administration of erythromycin, was associated with faster gastric DGR clearance. However, there was no direct temporal relationship between erythromycin‐induced gastric phase III and erythromycin‐induced DGR clearance.Conclusion:  In healthy subjects, duodenogastric reflux occurs sporadically in the interdigestive state and is a normal phenomenon in the postprandial period. Erythromycin induces faster clearance of DGR from the stomach, which depends on enhanced antral contractile activity rather than premature phase III.
The urological management of the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Heyns Chris F. , Fisher Megan 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYIn people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) both the CD4 T‐cell count and the viral load are used to monitor disease progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). CD4 counts of <500/mm3 are associated with opportunistic infections and certain malignancies, so‐called ‘AIDS‐defining’ conditions. Highly active antiretroviral therapy, using combinations of reverse transcriptase inhibitors and/or protease inhibitors, can improve considerably the prognosis of people who are HIV‐positive, but such therapy is not yet widely available in many developing countries. People with AIDS are predisposed to urinary tract infection (UTI) by uncommon bacteria and pathogens, e.g. fungi, parasites and viruses, which may affect any urogenital organ; treatment should be culture‐specific and long‐term, because there is a tendency to recurrence, infection with multiple organisms and resistant isolates. Voiding dysfunction in patients with AIDS is usually a result of neurological complications caused by opportunistic infections, and has a poor prognosis. Of patients with AIDS, 30–50% develop a cancer, especially Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). KS may involve any urogenital organ, but is usually part of systemic disease. Small lesions on the external genitalia can be treated with laser, cryotherapy or surgical excision, larger lesions with radiotherapy, and disseminated or visceral KS with multidrug chemotherapy. NHL may involve the kidneys, testes and retroperitoneal lymph nodes, thus obstructing the ureters, which may require ureteric stenting or percutaneous nephrostomy. NHL can be treated with radiotherapy and combination chemotherapy. Urolithiasis in patients with AIDS may be caused by indinavir, a protease inhibitor, but the more common types of stones may also occur. Fluid‐electrolyte and acid‐base disturbances are common in patients with advanced AIDS, secondary to vomiting, diarrhoea, malnutrition or septicaemia. HIV‐associated nephropathy occurs in 10–30% of patients, and often leads to renal failure. Testicular atrophy is common, leading to infertility, erectile dysfunction (ED) and decreased libido. Treatment for ED must include counselling about strategies to reduce the transmission of HIV. The risk of HIV transmission after parenteral exposure to blood from an HIV‐positive patient is relatively low (0.2–0.4%); the urologist can reduce the risk of transmission during surgery by adopting certain precautions. After occupational exposure to HIV, chemoprophylaxis with antiretroviral medication can significantly reduce the probability of HIV transmission.
Accumulation of ligands for aryl hydrocarbon and sex steroid receptors in fish exposed to treated effluent from a bleached sulfite/groundwood pulp and paper mill
Authors: Hewitt L. Mark , Pryce Andrea C. , Parrott Joanne L. , Marlatt Vicki , Wood Craig , Oakes Kenneth , Van Der Kraak Glen J. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The accumulation of ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and fish sex steroid receptors was investigated using two separate controlled fish exposures to final effluent from a bleached sulfite/groundwood mill in New Brunswick, Canada. In the first experiment, hepatic tissue extracts from exposed fish were fractionated according to lipophilicity. Fractions with different octanol-water (Kow) partition coefficients were tested for the presence of bioavailable chemicals that function as ligands for the AhR in H4IIE cells, rainbow trout hepatic estrogen receptors (ER), goldfish testicular androgen receptors (AR), and goldfish sex steroid binding protein (SSBP). Fish accumulated ligands for each receptor after 4-d exposure to effluent. Single fractions contained ligands for the AhR and the ER, while multiple fractions competed for the AR and SSBP. Fish also accumulated ligands for the AhR and SSBP from Saint John River dilution water, indicating upstream sources of bioactive substances. Semipermeable-membrane devices deployed concurrently with fish accumulated ligands from effluent for all receptors except the ER. In the second experiment, accumulated ligands were evaluated after exposure of fish to effluent for two different durations and following a depuration period. Hepatic mixed function oxygenase activity and whole-liver hormonal activity, measured as binding to SSBP, returned to background following 6 d depuration and were reduced but still significant after 12-d exposure to effluent. Whole-liver extract affinities for the AR were maintained after extended exposure and depuration, indicating the potential for AR ligands to bioaccumulate. The accumulation of AhR ligands and ligands for sex steroid receptors provides a mechanistic linkage to effects on growth, development, and performance of fish exposed to effluent from this and other mills.
Changes in growth and secondary sex characteristics of fathead minnows exposed to bleached sulfite mill effluent
Authors: Parrott Joanne L. , Wood Craig S. , Boutot Peter , Dunn Susan 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Yellow perch captured downstream of a bleached sulfite mill had reduced gonads zeandfecundity, and circulating steroid levels declined in goldfish exposed to final effluent for 21 d. To assess bleached sulfite mill (BSM) effluent, long-term fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) growth and reproduction tests were carried out in a flow-through bioassay trailer at the mill secondary treatment lagoons. Fertilized P. promelas eggs were hatched in effluent (0, 1, 3.2, 10, 32, 50, and 100% final effluent with 10 ng/L ethinylestradiol as a positive control compound) and monitored through to 30, 60, and 125 d posthatch. The effluent caused a significant increase in the growth of fish; this effect was evident within 30 d. Fish had changes in secondary sex characteristics at maturity: Male fish had ovipositors in effluent concentrations as low as 3.2%. Higher effluent concentrations (32–100%) resulted in a majority of fish that looked externally like females. Changes in external sex characteristics were the most sensitive endocrine disruption–specific endpoints and required four months of exposure. Exposure to low BSM effluent concentrations (3.2%) resulted in female fish that had male sex characteristics (tubercles and dorsal fin dots). This masculinization of female fish was statistically significant at 10% effluent and was not seen in control fish. Concentrations of final effluent in the Saint John River (Canada) range from less than 1% to 15%, depending on the season and river flow. The research assesses some of the changes seen in fathead minnows exposed to this complex effluent, and demonstrates a threshold of &lt;10% BSM effluent for the most sensitive effects.
Effects of pulp mill effluent on benthic assemblages in mesocosms along the Saint John River, Canada
Authors: Culp Joseph M. , Cash Kevin J. , Glozier Nancy E. , Brua Robert B. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
We used mesocosms toexamine the impact of different concentrations of pulp mill effluent (PME) on structural and functional endpoints of a benthic assemblage in the Saint John River (NB, Canada) during 1999 and 2000. Previous studies on this effluent's effects produced conflicting results, with field surveys suggesting a pattern of mild nutrient enrichment, while laboratory toxicity tests linked effluent exposure to moderate contaminant effects. Experimental treatments included three concentrations of sulfite pulp mill effluent (0, 5, 10% v/v PME). Endpoints for the assessment included algal biomass and taxonomic composition, benthic invertebrate abundance and composition, and insect emergence. Low concentrations of PME increased periphyton biomass and caused changes in community structure within the diatom-dominated community. Pulp mill effluent addition had little effect on several structural endpoints measured for benthic invertebrates, including abundance and taxonomic richness, but significantly changed community composition. For both periphyton and benthic invertebrates, community composition endpoints were more sensitive indicators of PME exposure. Insect emergence was a highly relevant functional endpoint. When benthic and emerged insects were combined, total abundance increased with PME addition. Results from two trophic levels, which provided multiple lines of evidence, indicated that the main impact of these PME concentrations is nutrient enrichment rather than effluent toxicity. Our findings also suggest that benthic invertebrate and periphyton assemblages, algal biomass production, and insect emergence are sensitive response measures. Future studies may confirm this observation. The consideration of both functional and structural endpoints at different trophic levels can greatly improve our understanding the effects of discharges to rivers. Such an understanding could not have been obtained using standard assessment techniques and illustrates the value of mesocosms and the benthic community assemblage approach in environmental assessment.
Source of toxicity in storm water: Zinc from commonly used paint
Authors: Kszos Lynn Adams , Morris Gail W. , Konetsky Belinda K. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A Department of Energy site in Paducah, Kentucky (USA), stores thousands of cylinders of depleted uranium hexa-fluoride. Breaches of the cylinders could result in the release of uranium and hydrogen fluoride. Beginning in 1996, a program was begun to paint the cylinders in order to prevent corrosion of the cylinders and the surfaces of the storage yards were converted to concrete. In 1998, storm water from the cylinder storage yards was found to be toxic to Ceriodaphnia, at concentrations exceeding limits in the site's discharge permit. A six-month study was conducted to identify the source of the toxicity in the storm water. Ceriodaphnia toxicity tests with the storm water resulted in 48-h median lethal concentrations (LC50) ranging from 12 to 94%; zinc concentrations in the storm water ranged from 0.08 to 0.54 mg/L. Acute toxicity tests with zinc and linear regression identified that zinc concentrations in the storm water were sufficient to account for the toxicity observed. By tracking the sources to the discharge point, newly painted cylinders were identified as the source of the zinc in the storm water. Rainwater collected directly from the painted cylinders contained up to 13 mg Zn/L. Laboratory and field tests showed that topcoating the cylinders would reduce the amount of zinc in the runoff from the cylinders.
Sensitivity of water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) and bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) seedlings to manganese enrichment under water-saturated conditions
Authors: McLeod Kenneth W. , Ciravolo Thomas G. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In anaerobic soils of wetlands, Mn is highly available to plants because of the decreasing redox potential and pH of flooded soil. When growing adjacent to each another in wetland forests, water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) had 10 times greater leaf manganese concentration than bald cypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Richard). This interspecific difference was examined over a range of manganese-enriched soil conditions in a greenhouse experiment. Water tupelo and bald cypress seedlings were grown in fertilized potting soil enriched with 0, 40, 80, 160, 240, 320, and 400 mg Mn/L of soil and kept at saturated to slightly flooded conditions. Leaf Mn concentration was greater in water tupelo than bald cypress for all but the highest Mn addition treatment. Growth of water tupelo seedlings was adversely affected in treatments greater than 160 mg Mn/L. Total biomass of water tupelo in the highest Mn treatment was less than 50% of the control. At low levels of added Mn, bald cypress was able to restrict uptake of Mn at the roots with resulting low leaf Mn concentrations. Once that root restriction was exceeded, Mn concentration in bald cypress leaves increased greatly with treatment; that is, the highest treatment was 40 times greater than control (4,603 vs 100 μg/g, respectively), but biomass of bald cypress was unaffected by manganese additions. Bald cypress, a tree that does not naturally accumulate manganese, does so under manganese-enriched conditions and without biomass reduction in contrast to water tupelo, which is severely affected by higher soil Mn concentrations. Thus, bald cypress would be less affected by increased manganese availability in swamps receiving acidic inputs such as acid mine drainage, acid rain, or oxidization of pyritic soils.
Biotransformation and genotoxicity of fluoranthene in the deposit-feeding polychaete Capitella sp. I
Authors: Palmqvist Annemette , Selck Henriette , Rasmussen Lene Juel , Forbes Valery E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as fluoranthene (Flu), are of environmental concern because of their persistence, toxicity, and mutagenic properties. In this study we examined the genotoxicity of Flu to Capitella sp. I using the comet assay. We assessed patterns of DNA damage as a function of uptake route and as a function of exposure and depuration time and related levels of DNA damage to published information on Flu-metabolite formation. Exposure to approximately 30 μg Flu/g dry-weight sediment or 50 μg Flu/L seawater resulted in significant DNA damage. The degree of DNA damage was time dependent during both exposure and depuration, and although exposure route had no effect on the maximum degree of DNA damage occurring, it did influence the time course of damage. Levels of damage declined despite continued exposure to Flu, providing evidence for the induction of one or more DNA repair mechanisms. Comparison with Flu-metabolite profiles suggests that DNA damage is associated with the production of aqueous metabolites. The transitory nature of the DNA damage and repair process may contribute important insights into the mechanisms of toxicant effects at the molecular level but limits the usefulness of such endpoints as biomarkers of exposure or effect in ecotoxicological studies.
The relationship between disinfection by-product formation and structural characteristics of humic substances in chloramination
Authors: Wu Wells W. , Chadik Paul A. , Delfino Joseph J. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The influence of structural characteristics of humic substances on disinfection by-product (DBP) formation was investigated for seven humic substances isolated from aquatic and terrestrial sources. The structural characterizations included 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. The aqueous humic substances were chloraminated at pH 7.0 and 8.5, with and without the presence of the bromide ion, and analyzed for total organic halogen (TOX), trihalomethanes (THMs), and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Aromatic contents determined by 13C NMR and differential UV absorbance at 254 nm statistically correlated with TOX formation for the humic substances investigated at p &lt; 0.08. In contrast, a lack of correlation was observed for THM and HAA formation and these parameters. This paper also compiles relevant literature and discusses the contrasting reaction response of DBP precursor material to chlorination and chloramination.
A method for predicting bioavailability of rare earth elements in soils to maize
Authors: Wang Wei-Sheng , Shan Xiao-Quan , Wen Bei , Zhang Shu-Zhen 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A single-extraction procedure using low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOA) as extractant and the first and second steps of a three-step extraction procedure recommended by the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR; now European Community Standards, Measurement and Testing Programme, Brussels, Belgium) were performed to extract the light rare earth elements (LREEs) La, Ce, Pr, and Nd from wet rhizosphere soil. The extracted soil solutions were successively filtered through membranes with a pore size of less than 0.45 μm and a molecular weight cutoff of less than 1 kDa, which were termed colloidal and truly dissolved fractions, respectively. Apoplastically and symplastically bound LREEs in maize roots were experimentally distinguished by ultrasound-assisted desorption with 1 mM CaCl2 solution at 0°C in ice-cooled water bath. When the LMWOAs extraction method was used, a good correlation was obtained between LREEs in soil colloidal and truly dissolved fractions and LREEs bound to apoplasm and symplasm of maize root. Both apoplastically and symplastically bound LREEs are the result of bioavailability. However, a poor correlation was obtained between LREEs in fractions water soluble, exchangeable and carbonate bound (B1) and Fe-Mn oxide bound (B2) of the BCR method and LREEs in apoplasm and symplasm and in intact roots. Hence, the LMWOAs extraction method is recommended for measuring the bioavailability of LREEs in soils.
Copper tolerance in fathead minnows: I. The role of genetic and nongenetic factors
Authors: Kolok Alan S. , Peake Elizabeth B. , Tierney Laura L. , Roark Shaun A. , Noble Robert B. , See Kyoungah , Guttman Sheldon I. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Swim performances of male and female fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) from three different suppliers were determined before and after an 8- to 9-d exposure to 175 μg/L copper (Cu). The reduction in swim performance (delta) due to the Cu exposure varied widely among individual fish, but was surprisingly consistent from one supplier to the next and between males and females. Genetic analysis of the individuals revealed significant correlations between delta and genotypic variation at the glucosephosphate isomerase-1, phosphoglucomutase-1, and lactate dehydrogenase-2 enzyme loci. Based upon delta, the most Cu-resistant fathead minnows were bred together, as were the most Cu-susceptible individuals and two groups of unselected minnows. Larvae produced by each group of adults were subjected to a survival test. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for larvae produced by Cu-resistant adults was significantly greater than the LC50s for the control groups. Surprisingly, the LC50 for the larvae produced by Cu-susceptible adults was also significantly greater than the LC50s for the control groups, but not significantly different from the larvae produced by Cu-resistant parents. While Cu tolerance has a genetic component in fathead minnows, the Cu tolerance of larval fish appears to be influenced by nongenetic as well as genetic factors.
Metallothionein-like protein in the least killifish Heterandria formosa and its role in cadmium resistance
Authors: Xie Lingtian , Klerks Paul L. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins ubiquitous in animals. They function in metal regulation and detoxification. An MT-like protein was separated by gel-permeation high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the least killifish Heterandria formosa exposed to 6 mg/L of Cd for 26 h. Western blot analysis showed that this protein cross-reacted with a cod-MT antibody. We quantified MT-like protein levels by the Cd-hemoglobin saturation assay in fish from two Cd-resistant and two control laboratory populations. Fish from the resistant populations had higher MT-like protein levels than those from the control populations; this difference was found for basal levels and for levels after 26 h of exposure to Cd. Our results suggest that the MT-like protein detoxified Cd in the least killifish and accounted for at least part of the increased resistance in the Cd-resistant laboratory populations.