bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Achaemenids and Seleucids in Georgia
Authors: Braund David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to construct the history of Colchis as it developed from the later stages of the colonial processes which were explored in the previous chapter. Vital to that history is the Persian empire and, thereafter, its Seleucid successor in the region, though ancient Georgia has seldom been considered in these broad imperial contexts. Persian cultural influences combined with Greek impact both from the coast and from the Hellenistic powers of the south. Influences came also from the steppe, north of the Caucasus, which seem to have had a more significant place in the development of the region than has usually been acknowledged. And, of course, these external influences blended with a local culture which, already by the fifth century bc, was a plurality of sub-cultures, as we saw in the previous chapter.
Iberia under the Principate
Authors: Braund David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strabo’s remarks are confirmed by archaeology. Under the Prin dpate, Iberia was densely settled, particularly -along the course of the Cyrus and especially at its junctions with other rivers. The evidence of burials indicates a steady rise from the first century AD in the population of Mtskheta, the Iberian capital located at the junction of the Cyrus and Aragvi. Much of its population enjoyed the trappings of prosperity. Tiles had been in common use in Iberia from the third century RC, at least;” well before the Principate, even dwellings away from the capital could boast tiled roofs such as Strabo describes, as at Tsikhia Gora, on the bank of the Cyrus, some 40 km. west of modern Tbilisi. In and around Mtskheta itself there were grander buildings from the Hellenistic period, such as the so-called columned hall at Bagineti in Greater Mtskheta. There were also bath-houses reminiscent of Rome, possibly inspired by contact with the Roman empire proper and perhaps even built by Roman craftsmen.
War in Lazica: The Fifth and Sixth Centuries
Authors: Braund David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fifth and sixth centuries are characterized by conflict in Transcaucasia. For the first time since Pompey, great foreign armies fought in Lazica. Hitherto there had been only Roman garrisons, stationed along the coastal strip. Now much larger Byzantine forces sought to penetrate beyond the coast into the hinterland and even to establish strongpoints there. Now too there were Persian forces, active for the first time in Lazica itself and even penetrating successfully to the coast It is seldom sufficiently stressed that from after the middle of the fifth century to 522 Lazica was in Persian hands, as it was again, briefly, some two decades later.
Charges of Provincial Maladministration under the Early Principate
Authors: Carolyn Higbie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The oppression of the provinces in the late Republic is a familiar story. Cicero observed that it continued in spite of the increasing severity of the laws and the condemnation of many defendants (de off. ii 75). Tacitus thought that the provinces were not averse to the institution of the Principate since under the government of senate and people the laws had given them little protection against the greed of the magistrates; violence, influence and money had prevailed in the courts (Ann.i 2). Among modern scholars there is a strong impression that with Augustus a great improvement in the standards of government set in. The correctness of this belief cannot be strictly refuted; yet the extent of the improment may be exaggerated.
The ‘Fiscus’ and its Development
Authors: Carolyn Higbie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a recent article Mr Fergus Millar has propounded the hypothesis that in the first two centuries of the Principate the term ‘fiscus’ always refers to the emperor’s private wealth and is indistinguishable from such terms as ‘res familiaris’. In support of this view he has collected a great mass of useful material where the term ‘fiscus’ is actually used. Some of this evidence undoubtedly accords very well with his contention, and indeed no one can reasonably deny that the term is often employed in the sense stated. But many other texts which he cites only fortify his thesis if what he seeks to prove is already assumed, and can readily be interpreted in accordance with the view that ‘fiscus’ has more than one meaning.
Procuratorial Jurisdiction
Authors: Carolyn Higbie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In A.D. 53 Claudius secured from the senate a grant of jurisdiction to his procurators. Who were the procurators concerned? What kind of jurisdiction did they receive? Was the Claudian innovation permanent? Tacitus’ account (Ann., XII, 60) has been recently the subject of renewed discussion, notably of two important articles by Mr. Fergus Millar, with whose conclusions I am not in full agreement. He is, however, right in my judgement in holding in his first article that when in the last sentence of the chapter Tacitus mentions libertos quos rei familiari praefecerat he is again referring to jurisdiction, and not to the political power of the gre freedman secretaries; the expression used would suit only the a rationibus, not the ab epistulis or a libellis, who were not in charge of the resfamiliaris. On this interpretation Tacitus implies that jurisdiction was granted even to freedmen, if they held the post of procurator.
Greek Cavalry c.500-300
Authors: Spence I G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THIS chapter outlines the main features of Greek cavalry in the fifth and fourth centuries, placing the cavalry in its historical context, and providing the reader with a quick introductory survey of its history and organization in the different poleis (cities). The survey is organized geographically, covering four broad areas: the Peloponnese, Central Greece, Northern Greece, and Italy-Sicily. Each of these regions placed rather a different emphasis on its cavalry arm, with the role of cavalry in mainland Greece becoming increasingly important, and the cavalry tradition increasingly strong, the further north one looks. The Peloponnesians in general apparently had little in the way of a cavalry tradition and most states do not seem to have had any true cavalry to speak of until either the end of the fifth or the start of the fourth century.
Historiography in the Third Century AD
Authors: Potter D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the only contemporary accounts of Roman political history to survive from the period between the civil war of 238 and the reign of Constantine are the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle and the great inscription of Sapor at Naqsh-i-Rustam, it is not true that there was a hiatus in the writing of traditional history during these years —at least not in Greek. Serious historical writing in Latin seems to have given way to imperial biography in the reign of Hadrian, and it would appear that there was no historian of note who wrote in Latin to cover the period after AD 96.
Consular Friends of the Elder Pliny
Authors: Birley Anthony R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some writers make an impact through their own power and resonance. Minor performers engage interest because a lot is known about them. Pliny the procurator and his nephew the consul, while standing in useful contrast, form a unique pair by value and variety of the evidence. The collection of letters renders the Transpadane milieu; and one of them expounds, in vivid and copious detail, a life spent in fanatical devotion to erudition and duty.
Introduction
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The project of this book is to consider ancient Greek thinking about personality and selfhood, as presented in Greek epic, tragedy, and philosophy. Such a project could be approached in several different ways. I begin by defining the form it takes here, by contrast with other possible forms. At the same time, I clarify what senses of ‘personality’ and ‘selfhood’ are at issue in this book.
Being a Hero
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter, I have used the distinction between subjective (specifically, post-Cartesian) and objective psychological models and between individualist (specifically, post-Kantian) and participant ethical models to identify certain positions in the debate about the character of Homeric deliberation, and to contribute to that debate. I have also used the discussion of the patterns of practical reasoning and ethical motivation embodied in the Iliad deliberative monologues to give some illustration of what is involved in the claim that an objective-participant conception of the person underlies Greek poetry and philosophy.
Prelate
Authors: Vaggione Richard Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Emperor Constantius of tradition is almost always a doctrinaire bully, a committed ‘Arian’ unalterably opposed to Nicaea. But while it is certainly true that he was the only one of Constantine’s sons to show real interest in theology,the imperial ‘Arian’ of the historians is largely an echo of his last and most negative portraits in the pages of Athanasius and Hilary. In their eyes he was nothing less than a latter-day Nero or Decius. Undoubtedly easily swayed and suspicious,his successive positions as ruler very often mirror a general perplexity,and still more frequently the needs of a practical politician. Then again, there was unquestionably a personal element in his twenty-five-year feud with Athanasius. Still, though he had no compunction about harrying ‘Nicenes’, there is little to suggest the fanatic of legend. Hilary himself went so far as to call him bonus ac religiosus, and on at least one occasion did not think it wasted effort to address him as ‘most pious emperor’.
Aidōs
Authors: Cairns Douglas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first study in English to examine across the range of Greek literature one of the most crucial terms in Greek ethical and social discourse, aidos. Commonly rendered ̀shamé, ̀modestý, or ̀respect́, aidos is also notoriously one of the most elusive and difficult Greek words to translate. In this book Dr Cairns discusses the nature and application of aidos and other relevant terms in a number of authors, with particular emphasis on their manifestations in epic, tragedy, and philosophy. He shows that the essence of the concept is to be found in its relationship with Greek values of honour, in which context it can recognize and respond to the honour of both the self and others. It thus involves both self- and other-regarding behaviour, competitive and co-operative values. Despite this crucial relationship with systems of honour, however, the possession of aidos at no stage rules out the sort of commitment to internalized standards or ideals which we might associate with conscience.
First-Person Fictions: Pindar’s Poetic ‘I’
Authors: Lefkowitz Mary R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This collection of essays, written over a period of almost thirty years, deals with one problem: who is the `I' in the odes of the most celebrated ancient Greek poet, Pindar? Since antiquity, the complex and allusive language of the first-person statements has provoked many different answers. Professor Lefkowitz describes the function and nature of Pindar's `I'-statements and proposes a controversial solution that would cause some histories of Greek literature to be rewritten. Rather than accept the view that the identity of the speaker could be subject to instant and unannounced change, she proposes that the voice of the victory odes is the poet himself, in his most professional persona. Professor Lefkowitz also refutes the traditional belief that the odes were sung by a chorus. She shows that in most, if not all cases, they were sung as solos and that Pindar was continuing the tradition established by the Homeric bards.
The First Person in Pindar
Authors: Lefkowitz Mary R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The victory ode is a curious and somewhat paradoxical form of art. As we know it, from the extant works of Pindar and Bacchylides, it appears to be in the tradition of the songs of the bards and the lyric poets, that is, an address by a single poet to his audience. For example, in the opening lines of Pindar’s Second Olympian Ode (‘Hymns that rule the lyre I which god, which hero, which man shall we sing?’) the ‘we’ is clearly Pindar, since the invocation to ‘hymns’ and the first person verb ‘we shall sing’ indicate that the speaker is concerned with the composition of song, in other words, that he is a poet. But 0. 2 and most of Pindar’s other odes were not presented (or so scholars have always assumed) by the poet himself, as were the songs of the Homeric bards, but by choruses, like the dithyramb and the choral odes of tragedy.
Pindar’s Lives
Authors: Lefkowitz Mary R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The average man has great difficulty in dealing with ideologies; he needs concrete personifications…It is here, and not merely in curiosity and sensationalism, that the origin of the public’s interest in the person of the artist lies. This interest, moreover, cannot be satisfied with the usually dull facts of the artist’s external life, for his personality is inquired into, not for human or psychological reasons, but in order that he be made the concrete representation of his world. In this, also, the public completes the process of artistic selfcreation that the artist alone cannot achieve and would not if he could. (Rank (1959), 217-18.)
The Poet as Athlete
Authors: Lefkowitz Mary R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of the greatest surviving lyric poetry is not love nor death but athletic games. That we have manuscripts only of Pindar’s Victory Odes is a result of a selection made by schoolmasters in late antiquity, but we are lucky to have victory odes rather than hymns or dithyrambs or paeans, because unlike most other Greek public poetry they are written for and about contemporary men, rather than gods or the great heroes of the past. As such they tell us something about the values of aristocratic society, that is, why the games were thought so important that, as Pindar puts it, ‘the victor has sweet fair weather for the rest of his life on account of the contests [he has won]’ (0. i. 97-9); or, in more practical terms, ‘[the victor) would be more honourable for his fellow citizens to look on, and he would get a highly visible front seat ,:t the games, and he would get his provisions from the public storehouse, and a gift from his city that he could put in a treasury’ (Xenophanes 21 B 2. 6-9, i. 128 D-K).
Pliny the writer
Authors: Healy John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The deterioration in the political situation during the first century AD inevitably had far-reaching consequences on the content and character of the literature of the period. This resulted from opposition to imperial rule, the basis of which apparently lay in a sentimentalized view of the Republic, and in a concept less philosophical than political, namely that government should be in the hands of the best men, or best man, which, of course, meant the old oligarchy— naturally led by the dissidents themselves. Their Republican heroes were the Younger Cato,1 Marcus Brutus,2 and Gaius Cassius.
Extravagance
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extravagance is a vital aspect of the high poetry in our period which readers arc particularly unwilling to enjoy or accept; it is important for an appreciation of the whole literature. It is also centrally related to our special themes of greatness and reality. It well merits its own chapter. We shall again spend the first half of the chapter on high poetry, where the matter is of special importance, and then turn to consider some other writers: again the matter illuminates both genre and individuality. In looking at the high poetry, and at Seneca’s prose, we shall concentrate on extravagance in physical description; it is a type that readers seem to find particularly disconcerting, and the concentration will enable us to see differences among the authors more clearly. On other writers we shall broaden our scope. We shall begin, however, with a word on ancient critics, who have greatly affected modern responses to lavishness and hyperbole in this literature; we shall for once allow ourselves some mention of Greeks.
Seleukos’ Acquisition.
Authors: Grainger. John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Seleukos Nikator’s army occupied Syria in 301 BC, it was only the latest in a long series of such armies. In the last hundred years, Syria had been repeatedly traversed by military forces, both hostile and friendly, though the difference between the two was probably not clear to the suffering peasantry. And before that, the land had been ruled by a succession of alien governors sent from ever more distant imperial capitals, first Assur, then Babylon, then Persepolis. None of these governors or rulers or military commanders had shown any interest in Syria itself or the Syrians themselves, except as a source of taxes and provisions. This was true, also, of the Macedonians, the latest alien conquerors, who had ruled since Alexander’s conquest in 333, but these, for the first time in four centuries, had shown some interest in taking measures to increase the resources of Syria; this process was to culminate in Seleukos’ spectacular series of urban foundations, soon after he arrived.
Critics and Champions
Authors: Stockton David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A. H. M. Jones began his essay on ‘The Athenian Democracy and its Critics’ with the observation that ‘It is curious that in the abundant literature produced in the greatest democracy of Greece there is no statement of democratic political theory’; and he went on to list among its critics the ‘Old Oligarch’, Socrates, Thucydides, Plato, and Aristotle. Aristotle ‘is the most judicial in his attitude, and states the pros and cons, but his ideal was a widely based oligarchy’.
General Introduction
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every society produces minorities, which may be ethnic, linguistic, social, religious, or physical. While most types of minorities may change, physical anomalies, especially congenital, have occurred with similar frequency throughout human history. In ancient Egypt and Greece physical beauty, defined in terms of proportion, was highly admired, even to excess. What happened to those who conformed neither to these ‘ideal proportions’ nor to norms of human appearance? Were they rejected as beings outside the world of creation, who disturbed the established order and should be killed or hidden? Were they objects of curiosity and derision? Or were they associated with higher powers and integrated within the socio-religious system of the community? How did the ancients explain the causes of congenital physical defects? This book examines the case of dwarfism.
Palaeopathology
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diagnosis of a disturbance of development can be established principally by inspection of the spine, the long bones, and the skull, including an examination of the pituitary cavity, which may show an enlargement due to a tumour. This diagnosis is often prevented by incomplete human remains which can easily mislead; for example, fragmentary remains of children might be mistaken for those of proportionate dwarfs. Similarities between different conditions, such as those included in the short-limbed category, may not allow an accurate diagnosis, but only a statement of a range of possible disorders.
Iconographic Conventions
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Egyptian art the rendering of the human body conformed to a rigid system of conventions which remained largely unchanged throughout the dynastic period. The normal human figure has ideal proportions, fixed in a canon applied through guidelines or squared grids. The body has two relatively equal parts,1 and is divided by six horizontal guidelines in the Old Kingdom, eighteen squares to the hair line from the Middle Kingdom on, and twenty-one to the eyeline from the twenty-fifth dynasty onwards.2 Robins has demonstrated that this canon closely follows natural proportions, which were characterized by long distal segments in the limbs, as in Blacks. These proportions may be emphasized; she notes that in some figures ‘the combined height of the femur and the tibia occupies more than half the body height, which is a greater proportion than in real life’.
Human Dwarfs
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our information on the position of short-statured people in daily life is based essentially upon iconography. Most representations come from funerary monuments—tomb reliefs and stelae, sarcophagi, statuary—which were meant to recreate for the deceased the conditions of his daily life on earth. Few depictions have been found in settlements (statuary) and cult contexts (temple reliefs, votive stelae, and figure vases).
Physical Minorities
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How was a short-statured person accepted in Greek communities? Did a dwarf child receive the same education as a normal child? Once adult, did he possess and exert the same rights as his contemporaries? Could he be elected to a magistracy? If severely crippled did he benefit from private or public assistance? No dwarf is mentioned in the sources describing Greek laws and customs. Information on the Greek attitude towards physical deviance must, as was the case for Egypt, be sought in secondary sources, such as accounts of the exposure of abnormal children and of legal provisions for the disabled.
S: Skeletal Remains
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Skull, clavicles, vertebrae, upper limbs (ulnae, radius). Formerly London, Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. Present location unknown. E. W. A. H. Jones, J. of Anat. 66 (1932), 569-73 (achondroplasia); G. Brunton, Mostagedda and the Tasian Culture (London, 1937), 42 (‘Upper part of a male dwarf’); A. Bley er, Ann. Med. Hist. 2 (1940), 306 (achondroplasia); Ortner/Putschar, Pathological Conditions, 331.
Roman Nature
Authors: Beagon Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pliny̓s Natural History has too often been regarded as simply a quarry for quaint stories-a view which has tended to overshadow its overall structure and purpose. Dr Beagon redresses the balance and illuminates the Natural History as the work of an author with an identifiable mode of thinking and a coherent attitude towards his clearly-stated theme, Nature. Taking its cue from Pliny, the book examines his cosmology and in particular his portrayal of the relationship between Nature and the creation he considered her greatest, Man. Author and work are also placed in their wider literary and historical context. Pliny himself emerges no longer as a faceless compiler, but as a character with a valuable contribution to make to an understanding of intellectual attitudes in the first century AD. A more typical Roman than most of the intellectual authors studied today, he can offer a much more accurate picture of the Roman in his `natural' setting.