bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arteriosclerotic brain atrophy
Authors: Alzheimer Alois 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAlthough Alzheimer is best known for the disease which bears his name and which was given its eponymous title by Kraepelin (1910), he established his reputation on his work on arteriosclerotic dementia, about which he wrote very extensively (1895, 1897, 1898, 1902, 1913). This early paper on the topic is concise and lacks the extensive, repetitive and extremely detailed neuropathological descriptions which are features of many others. Both in this paper and elsewhere, Alzheimer shows striking originality which is usually associated with modesty and generous attributions of primacy to those who may have described what he is writing about before him. This paper is naturally marked by the preoccupation with the separation of arteriosclerotic dementia from general paralysis of the insane since he was writing at a time when syphilis was probably the commonest cause of dementia. He shared the concerns and aims of Binswanger (1894), whose name is now associated with subcortical vascular disease. Both here and in his later publications, Alzheimer gave clear clinical guidelines which might allow his contemporaries to distinguish vascular dementia from general paralysis and senile dementia. The paper was presented at the yearly congress of the Society of German Alienists in Dresden in 1894 and published in the Allgemeine Zeitschift für Psychiatrie (1895). Alzheimer's style of writing is at times ponderous, opaque and repetitive. We have attempted to preserve as much as possible of the text's flavour while trying to make it comprehensible. We hope that it will draw some attention to Alzheimer's importance in the evolution of the concept of vascular dementia.
A follow‐up study of psychogeriatric day hospital patients with dementia
Authors: Woods Jonathan P. , Phanjoo Andre L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOne hundred and fifty‐five patients suffering from dementia who attended a psychogeriatric day hospital in 1985 were reviewed three years later. This review was performed to determine what proportion of discharges from the unit were unplanned or unforeseen and to look for any patterns in the care experienced by different groups of patients. The discharges were classified as planned or unplanned and by the living circumstances to which discharged. The outcome of patients surviving at follow‐up was also classified by living circumstances. Forty‐five per cent of discharges were unplanned. Significant differences were noted when comparing patients who had been living alone and those living with their spouses. The former, if institutionalized, were more likely to be admitted to a residential or nursing home whereas the latter were more likely to have been admitted to hospital. More of those living alone were alive at follow‐up. The findings of this study support the view that day hospital provision has little effect on the eventual need for long‐term care and that this need is related to the attitude and stamina of careers.
Acute psychiatric hospitalization for patients with irreversible dementia
Authors: Rabins Peter V. , Nicholson Marie C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe charts of 121 patients who suffered from an irreversible dementing illness and were admitted to an acute psychiatric unit were retrospectively reviewed. Agitated behavior was the most common reason for admission but a variety of other behavioral and mood symptoms were also cited as leading to admission. Nursing care needs were greater for patients who were agitated, delirious or suffered from Alzheimer'disease. Agitated patients were more likely to be discharged to a nursing home.
The rationale of patient allocation for psychogeriatric assessment
Authors: Handy S. , Chithiramohan R. N. , Ballard C. G. , Bannister C. , Rusca R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOur review of 100 patients using the Camdex and Crichton assessment schedules shows that the severity of illness and degree of dependency are similar in day hospital and impatient assessment groups. The main predictors of allocation for inpatient assessment and eventual placement in long‐stay geriatric wards were restlessness, irritability, the need for assistance with self‐care and physical illness. More planning and resourcess need to be mobilized in the assessment of dementia patients and the treatment of problem behaviours.
The effectiveness of validation therapy in dementia—a pilot study
Authors: Morton Ian , Bleathman Christine 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe results of a pilot study investigating the effects of a weekly validation therapy group in demented subjects are presented. Five patients were studied and the effects of the intervention on their mood, behaviour and sociability were quantified using standardized instruments. There was some increase in levels of interaction. These results are discussed and the need for further research into the benefits of this therapy is highlighted.
Deaths in psychiatric care
Authors: Black Dawn , Jolley David 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe significance of deaths among psychiatric inpatients has been reviewed in brief and a glimpse of the future suggested by a study of the characteristics of 100 patients dying in a general hospital psychiatric unit. Though suicide was a common cause of death among the few young patients dying, it did not occur among the elderly, who usually died of natural causes. Dementia and depression were more frequent diagnoses than schizophrenia and “other diagnoses” which still dominate mental hospital deaths and very long terminal admissions were unusual. Most patients had been admitted on more than one occasion and had received a great deal of extramural care and treatment—they represent a very disabled group. Multiple physical pathology was identified in many at the time of admission and new pathology arose during admission. Almost half of male deaths were sudden, but women often endured prolonged and distressed deaths and these require enlightened management.
Neuroleptic side‐effects—the “rabbit syndrome”
Authors: Almeida Joyce H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDevelopment of the “rabbit syndrome” as a side‐effect of long‐term neuroleptic treatment is described in a 75‐year‐old man residing in hospital. Awareness of this orofacial movement disturbance is particularly important, as unlike tardive dyskinesia it responds favourably to anticholinergic agents.
Aggression in psychiatric hospitalized geriatric patients
Authors: Meyer J. , Schalock R. , Genaidy H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractData are presented that summarize the antecedents and consequences of aggressive episodes among geriatric (60°+) patients. The most common antecedents included being asked to do something, with verbal intervention being the principal preceding intervention. The aggressive behaviors were directed at staff slightly more often than towards another patient, with seclusion being the primary intervention used. Among diagnostic groups, geriatric patients diagnosed as schizophrenic or organically mentally disordered exhibited more aggression than similarly diagnosed non‐geriatric patients. Aggressive episodes were more frequently exhibited during the day shift (7 am—3 pm) and during winter, with significantly fewer during the fall. Environmentally based, less restrictive intervention strategies are also discussed.
Facial expressions in severely demented patients—a stimulus–response study of four patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type
Authors: Asplund Kenneth , Norberg Astrid , Adolfsson Rolf , Waxman Howard M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe ability to exhibit facial expressions was studied in four patients with severe dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT), by means of the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and physiological responses (heart rate, respiration, skin temperature) under pleasant and unpleasant stimulus conditions. Complex facial expressions that could be interpreted as expressions of emotions were not seen. An increase in the number of facial movements and changes in the physiological responses were seen most markedly under the unpleasant stimulus condition. The patients' reactions during the assumed pleasant stimulus conditions indicated comfort. Different reactions were obtained among the patients. The importance of developing further methods to identify and interpret facial movements in nurse‐patient relationships is emphasized.
The ageing of the third world: tackling the problems of community surveys. Part I: Brazil–a young country grows old
Authors: Veras Renato P. , Murphy Elaine 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPopulation ageing is now a phenomenon not only of developed countries but increasingly also of developing Third World countries. In this article (Part I) Brazilian statistics are presented to illustrate the process of demographic transition in a developing country. The characteristics of the elderly population in terms of age, sex, marital status, urban/rural distribution and literacy are analysed in the light of recent changes.
Quantitative CT scan analysis in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: I. Computerized planimetry of cerebrospinal fluid areas
Authors: Förstl Hans , Burns Alistair , Jacoby Robin , Eagger Sarah , Levy Raymond 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSixty patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and 30 age and sex‐matched healthy controls were examined by cranial computed tomography (CT). We undertook this study to evaluate a simple and unbiased quantitative method for the estimation of ventricular and subarachnoid spaces by measuring areas of defined Hounsfield units (HUs) in four symmetric quadrants: left and right anterior, left and right posterior. The DAT patients showed a significant enlargement of all ventricles and all measured subarachnoid spaces (p< 0.001). These effects were not related to the age but to the diagnosis. They correlated with the duration of disease and partly with the degree of global cognitive impairment. Seventy‐eight per cent of the patients and controls could be classified correctly by means of the planimetric measurements.
Relationship between alcohol intake, age of onset and duration of Alzheimer's disease: A pilot survey of 84 autopsy‐confirmed cases
Authors: Bidaut‐Russell Michelle , Grossberg George T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLittle is known about the drinking habits of individuals who develop Alzheimer's disease. A pilot survey of 84 autopsy‐confirmed Alzheimer cases was carried out to explore a possible role of alcohol consumption in the onset and duration of Alzheimer's disease. Information on the drinking habits of deceased patients for a 15‐year period prior to the onset of the disease was obtained from a surrogate respondent (next of kin) and from the patients' medical records. Alzheimer patients' drinking patterns were comparable to those of the general population. Patients with a history of alcohol abuse did not develop Alzeimer's disease at an earlier age than abstainers or occasional, light or moderate drinkers. Although not statistically significant, duration of survival in Alzheimer's disease was a few years shorter in patients with a history of alcohol abuse.
Computer‐assisted CT measurements in late paraphrenics with and without Schneiderian first‐rank symptoms: A preliminary report
Authors: Howard R. J. , Förstl H. , Almeida O. , Burns A. , Levy R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractComputer‐assisted measurements were made on the computed tomography (CT) scans of 14 patients meeting ICD‐9 diagnostic criteria for late paraphrenia, seven of whom had exhibited one or more first‐rank symptoms during their illness. When the CT scans of all 14 late paraphrenics were compared with those of an age‐matched healthy control group, there were no significant differences with regard to planimetric measurements of brain and ventricle areas. Comparison of the scans of late paraphrenics with first‐rank symptoms and those without them demonstrated that late paraphrenics without first‐rank symptoms had a greater degree of cerebral atrophy, which was significantly so for the left frontal lobe. The findings support the observation that late paraphrenia is a heterogeneous condition which is comprised of a group with first‐rank symptoms who probably represent late‐onset schizophrenia and a group without first‐rank symptoms who have structural brain abnormalities and a presumed organic substrate for their symptoms that is impossible to exclude through clinical evaluation.
Sociodemographic change and the elderly population of England and Wales
Authors: Grundy Emily M. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSociodemographic characteristics in later life are associated with differentials in both health status and the need for health and other services. An understanding of how sociodemographic changes affect both ageing individuals and the elderly population is therefore important for health care planning. Three aspects of this issue are considered. Changes in the demographic composition of the elderly population, including projected increases in the number of very old people and in the ratio of men to women, are discussed in the first section. The second section based on longitudinal data, concerns sociodemographic differentials in age‐related household changes, and shows that, for example, both housing tenure and density of the local elderly population seem to be associated with differentials in the probability of moving into an institution. In the third section possible influences on the supply of informal support are considered. At the moment there is no evidence that working women or the divorced are less likely than others to live with an elderly parent (including an elderly parent they care for), but further work in this area is needed.
Assessing the environmental quality of long‐stay wards for the confused elderly
Authors: Bowie Peter , Mountain Gail , Clayden David 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article describes the requirements for a system of evaluating the quality of the environment on long‐stay wards for elderly demented patients. For the purposes of the study, environment is defined as the physical and social conditions on the ward. A review of available measures of environmental quality is provided. The creation of six rating scales to assess environmental quality is described including tests of their reliability and validity. Problems encountered during the development of the rating scales are discussed.
Obsessive compulsive disorder arising in a 75‐year‐old woman
Authors: Bajulaiye Rotimi , Addonizio Gerard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPresented is the case of a 75‐year‐old woman with obsessive compulsive disorder with an unusual age of onset at age 72 years. The patient was resistant to various treatments, but responded to lithium augmentation of fluoxetine.
Short report: Effect of premorbid intelligence on the Mini‐Mental State and IQCODE
Authors: Christensen Helen , Jorm Anthony F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTwo groups of elderly men were tested on the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) and the National Adult Reading Test (NART). The first group consisted of eminent academics and scientists and the second of retired blue‐collar workers. The high education group scored better on the MMSE, but not on the IQCODE. The MMSE was found to correlate with the NART, but the IQCODE did not. These results indicate that the IQCODE, unlike the MMSE, is unaffected by premorbid ability and education.
Elderly Chinese‐ and Caucasian‐Americans compared on measures of psychic distress, somatic complaints and social competence
Authors: Raskin Allen , Chien Ching‐Piao , Lin Keh‐Ming 
Published: December 2004

AbstractElderly Chinese‐Americans residing in the community were compared to a sample of elderly community resident Caucasian‐Americans on tests that measured psychological and somatic complaints, mood states and ability to perform activities of daily living. Contrary to expectations based on prior results, the Chinese‐Americans did not admit to more somatic distress or somatic symptoms than their Caucasian‐American counterparts. Rather, they reported less somatic as well psychic distress than the Caucasian‐Americans with few exceptions such as greater concern about memory loss. Chinese‐Americans showed greater moderation in expression of emotions and feelings than the Caucasian‐Americans. Chinese‐American women, however, rated themselves as less proficient in the performance of activities of daily living such as use of public transportation, handling of finances and caring for household chores than the Chinese‐American men and Caucasian‐American men and women.
‘Negative symptoms’, health, depression, and level of functioning among nursing home residents
Authors: Meeks Suzanne , Gibson Lori L. , Walker Kathy P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA six‐month longitudinal design was used to assess the relations among functinal ability, medically disabling conditions, cognitive function, depression, and negative psychiatric symptoms in a nursing home sample. Seventy intermediate and skilled care residents were interviewed, with 51 completing the six‐month follow‐up. Negative symptoms were found to be related approximately equally to physical disability, boredom, and depression, but were not strongly predicted by any study variables. The most stable relationship observed was that between negative symptoms and functioning in the realm of activities of daily living (ADL). Negative symptoms predicted change in ADL functioning across the six‐month period of the study. The findings have possible implications for predicting mortality and focusing interventions on what appears to be a general decline syndrome in nursing home elderly.
Is there a desolation effect after dementia? A comparative study of mortality rates in spouses of dementia patients following admission and bereavement
Authors: Ryan D. H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMortality rates following patient admission and patient death were measured in the surviving spouses of a sample of dementia patients admitted to a psychogeriatric unit between 1971 and 1986. The vital status of 85% of spouses was confirmed, and the ratio of observed to expected deaths (SMR) was calculated using regional and national mortality statistics.Spouse mortality following first admission to hospital was significantly lower than expected (p < 0.006), and spouse deaths following bereavement were significantly fewer than expected (p < 0.026). When male and female spouse mortality rates were compared, no significant differences were found, but there was a trend towards lower mortality in female spouses.The results give no support to the theory that hospital admission often follows a breakdown in the health of a caring spouse. Previous studies have shown an increase in mortality following conjugal bereavement, but the spouses of dementia patients were relative survivors and outlived their married and widowed counterparts in the general population. The possible relationships between dementia, anticipatory grief, and the impact of bereavement on the health of the surviving spouse are discussed.
The geriatric depression scale: Rater‐administered or self‐administered?
Authors: O'Neill Desmond , Rice Iris , Blake Patricia , Walsh J. B. , Coakley Davis 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA need exists for a simple screening instrument for depression in the elderly which may be applicable in mild to moderate dementia. The GDS is a simple 30‐item instrument whose role in screening for depression in dementia is controversial. This may relate to problems with its use as a self‐administered questionnaire with unclear guidelines as to which subjects may be aided by the rater. We assessed the GDS as a staff‐administered and a self‐administered instrument in 100 elderly medical patients. There was a significant difference between the mean scores for each mode of presentation. This may account in part for the discrepancies between published studies on the GDS in dementia. In the absence of strict guidelines for the original mixed mode of application, the GDS should be considered as a staff‐administered questionnaire exclusively.
Primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type in twins: Initial findings from the Maudsley Hospital Twin Register
Authors: Karlinsky Harry , Macdonald Alison M. , Berg Joseph M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn detailed published accounts to date of 40 twin pairs one or both of whom were said to have Alzheimer's disease (AD), 16 of 35 monozygotic (MZ) pairs were described as concordant for the disease and the remaining 19 pairs as discordant, while of the five pairs of dizygotic (DZ) twins two pairs were designated as concordant. However, these data have emerged almost exclusively from selective case reports and volunteer samples, resulting in an over‐representation of MZ twins that complicates the overall interpretation of the data. In an effort to reduce such ascertainment bias, we screened for diagnoses consistent with AD in the Maudsley Hospital Twin Register, which consists of twins registered at the Bethlem Royal and the Maudsley Hospitals (London, UK) since 1948. Seven twins were identified who met criteria for primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type. Available details of their affected status as well as of the status of their co‐twins are presented and discussed.
Neuropsychological differentiation of Alzheimer's disease from vascular dementia
Authors: Barr Amy , Benedict Ralph , Tune Larry , Brandt Jason 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether cognitive test performances alone could distinguish patients with probable Alzheimer's disease from those with probable vascular dementia. Sixty‐eight outpatients with clinical diagnoses of either Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia were administered a brief battery of neuropsychological tests. Scores from the Boston Naming Test and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test were identified as most discriminating of the groups. Seventy‐seven per cent of the sample was correctly classified by a stepwise discriminant function analysis. Results of this study indicate that selected neuropsychological tests have moderate concurrent utility in the differential diagnosis of dementia.
Geriatric care on a ward without nurses
Authors: Benjamin Lisa C. , Spector John 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe Multiphasic Environmental Assessment Procedure (MEAP; Moos and Lemke, 1984) was used to assess three long‐stay settings within a geriatric hospital, one of which is a non‐nursing unit committed to the philosophy of residents viewing the setting as their own home. Findings suggest positive outcomes for residents on the nonnursing unit, and support the view that types of care fostering independence and personal responsibility of elderly residents in their setting may be associated with increased mental functioning and activity. The lack of trained nursing staff had no detrimental effect on any measure of resident life, and some specific caring practices on the unit may be interpreted as having a positive outcome for residents.