bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Style, discourse and constraint in adjustment to chronic illness
Authors: Radley Alan 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper discusses the problem of adjustment to chronic illness in terms of the demands of the patient's body and the constraints of culture. Criticism is offered of explanations which reduce such adjustment to a form of functional adaptation, either to symptoms or to social expectations taken separately. The argument is made that social constraints are embodied in everyday conduct, while bodily changes are made sensible through meanings engendered within discourse. Utilising findings from a study of coronary patients and their spouses the paper describes differences between the situations of those who confront and oppose illness and those who modify their lives as they accommodate to it. A discussion is offered of the different transformations of illness experience as these relate to the role‐settings of those concerned. This is used to set out a general thesis on style as a contextualisation of illness‐ experience, articulated in the co‐ordination of bodily action and social categories.
Ideology in the clinical context: chronic illness, ethnicity and the discourse on normalisation
Authors: Anderton Joan M. , Elfert Helen , Lai Magdalene 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper is based on a comparative study examining how Chinese and white families manage the care of a chronically ill child. The circumstances of their lives that shape their experience of illness are explored. It is argued that the ideologies which underpin Western health care practices, in this case, the ‘ideology of normalisation’, often differ from the perspectives held by non‐Western immigrants, and others who do not have access to the ideology. The discrepancies in viewpoints between patients and practitioners can lead to a different set of goals in the treatment encounter, with the possibility of misunderstandings in the clinical context.The ‘ideology of normalisation’ is used to show how professional ideologies serve as a means of separating out families into those who comply and those who do not. In other words, the ideology, and the moral discourse on normalisation, permit professionals to evaluate families and to categorise them. This categorisation has consequences for patient care, they might be refused treatment. Yet, this ideology is not based merely on ‘value‐free professional theories’, but is located within the moral order. The socio‐political, economic and historical factors that underpin the ideology are discussed.
Coming clean: the symbolic use of clinical hygiene in a hospital sterilising unit
Authors: Rawlings Barbara 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe hospital Theatre Sterile Supplies Unit cleans and provides sterile instruments for use in operating theatres. The strict standards of cleanliness, based on scientific notions of clinical hygiene, are maintained at the everyday level by people such as ancillary workers, nurses and doctors organising their activities, movements and understandings according to known rules. Since clinical hygiene is related to advanced microbiological discoveries, an instrument cannot be judged sterile by the naked eye. The judgement is made on the basis of what is believed to be happening to the instrument (e.g. processes it goes through; places it has been). The paper, based on an empirical study, notes the conceptual relationship between primitive and western notions of hygiene, and examines the ways that rules are used in the everyday accomplishment of instrument sterilisation.
Addressing individual difficulties in reading: issues relating to Reading Recovery and Pause, Prompt, Praise
Authors: Wearmouth Janice 
Published: February 2004

AbstractRecently the DfES has issued guidance on ways to address the needs of students who experience difficulties in literacy through Wave Three provision in the National Literacy Strategy (DfES, 2002). This guidance raises the issue of what kind of programmes might be initiated in mainstream schools that will improve what is available generally for pupils who experience difficulties. The original Literacy Taskforce report (1997) named Reading Recovery (RR) as one programme suitable for this purpose. It is not the only programme with 'proven' efficacy, however. This article compares RR and another New Zealand‐based programme, Pause, Prompt, Praise (PPP) with which it has a number of characteristics in common, in order to examine particular issues which are important to ensure that a particular programme can meet individual children's literacy needs and also have the potential for adoption by LEAs and schools in the current national curricular context. These issues are the underpinning rationales, assumptions about the reading process and questions of resources, ownership and control (Openshaw et al., 2002).
Moving from reader response to critical reading: developing 10–11‐year‐olds' ability as analytical readers of literary texts
Authors: McDonald Lorraine 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis article presents aspects of a research study into how a group of ten‐ and eleven‐year‐old students (in 5th Grade in Sydney, Australia) were apprenticed to view a literary text from critical reading positions. These ways of reading were an alternative to their more typical reader response interpretations of texts. The article contrasts ‘non‐critical’ and ‘critical’ classroom talk through a close examination of transcript excerpts, and compares these kinds of talk as discrete ways of thinking and speaking. The article argues for a response‐analytical continuum which may support young readers in moving towards critical reading practices.
Transforming what they read: helping eleven‐year‐olds engage with Internet information
Authors: Pritchard Alan , Cartwright Victoria 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis article explores an issue of great current concern: how do we help primary aged children to engage with, and to benefit from, information from the Internet? The notion of ‘engagement’ is considered in the context of constructivist learning theory. A short case study based on a small‐scale research project in a primary school classroom in England is presented in order to illustrate the difficulties that arise when children undertake information handling work involving access to vast amounts of information. The end products from two groups of children are found to be far from what might have been expected from children of their ability, background and experience. Engagement with the ideas contained in non‐fiction texts is isolated as a crucial factor. Approaches, including the EXIT model, are presented and considered as ways in which engagement might be encouraged.
Children writing funny stories: some reflections on the impact of collaborative talk
Authors: Pearson Caroline 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis article describes work undertaken with a class of Scottish Primary Six children (aged 10) that encouraged them to write humorous stories. It reflects on the impact of different teaching approaches, in particular exploring how teacher‐led input combined with opportunities for peer talk might serve to influence children's writing. The aims were first, to investigate whether, through ‘mini lessons’, children's story schemas could be expanded to include ideas about incongruity, and second, to discover how independent talking in pairs might encourage children to take up and reformulate ideas given in the initial teacher‐led input. During the sessions following the ‘mini lessons’, many opportunities for paired talk were offered. These were found to lead to a reinterpretation of ideas of incongruity, and to affect the selection and devising of voices for characters. The children's talk often gave evidence of a marked ability to describe humour and act it out orally, but analysis of the written stories reveals difficulties in writing down comic events. This has implications for the role of the teacher in finding ways to intervene sensitively to introduce new strategies.
Insights from a social model of literacy and disability
Authors: Brewster Stephanie 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis article considers the role of literacy in the lives of four people with physical disabilities. Interviews with them reveal that despite experiencing potential barriers to participating in literacy activities, literacy is nevertheless an important dimension to their identities. Limitations of the traditional models of disability and literacy are explored and alternative, social models are found to offer a more helpful framework, in which engagement with text is seen in the context of people's lives. It is suggested that interventionists still have some way to go before their practice will fully reflect these perspectives.
“It came alive outside my head.” Developing literacies through comparison: the reading of classic text and moving image
Authors: Bousted Mary , Ozturk Alayne 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis article reports on a term's work with students in Initial Teacher Education (ITE) in which the adult classic text Silas Marner was studied in both written and film form (Eliot, 1994; BBC/Fo, 1985). Through an extended consideration of the structures employed by different forms of narrative, students were invited to consider the knowledge and skills they brought to the development of their own response to different texts. Concurrently they were encouraged to consider the needs of their prospective pupils, as expert readers of moving image, and as novice readers of classic fiction. Crucial to the teaching and learning experience was the consideration of the different, expanding notions of literacy, including visual literacy, tele‐literacy and moving‐image literacy. A key consideration was the interrelationship between these, with narrative as the key link, and the exploration of how these literacies could be mutually supportive within the framework of ‘school’ literacy. The importance of paying explicit attention to the pedagogical practices that foster an engagement with and development of these different literacies was highlighted, as was the need to experience the reading of whole texts in order to foster the development of response.
From scripted instruction to teacher empowerment: supporting literacy teachers to make pedagogical transitions
Authors: Fang Zhihui , Fu Danling , Lamme Linda Leonard 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe article describes a longitudinal professional development project in rural Florida (USA) schools that supports the efforts of inservice teachers to make pedagogical transitions from total reliance on prepackaged commercial programmes to making informed decisions about curriculum and pedagogy autonomously. It demonstrates that in order to initiate and sustain qualitative changes in teaching practices, conscious efforts must be made to address a multitude of barriers at the administrative, professional and personal levels. It suggests that professional development efforts in education must recognise the complex, multifaceted and lifelong nature of becoming and being an effective literacy teacher.
Genetic variation in COL17A1 and the development of bullous pemphigoid
Authors: Winsey Samantha , Lonie Lorne , Allen Jill , Bunce Mike , Marshall Sara E. , Wojnarowska Fenella 
Published: February 2004

Background:  Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune blistering disease of the skin characterized by autoantibody attack on collagen XVII.Objectives:  To characterize the genetic complexity of COL17A1, the gene which encodes for the autoantigen collagen XVII. The data will be used to determine whether there is an association between polymorphisms and haplotypes of COL17A1 and genetic susceptibility to development of BP.Methods:  The genetic complexity in COL17A1 was deduced by screening and then sequencing the gene. Haplotypes were constructed from the resulting polymorphisms using the statistical programme PHASE. The linkage disequilibrium (D′) between the polymorphisms was deduced from haplotypic data using the statistical programme GOLD. Association of the polymorphisms and haplotypes was tested for, in a cohort of BP patients and controls.Results:  Screening of COL17A1 for genetic variation was carried out in 29 individuals of North European caucasoid origin, and it revealed 19 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in approximately 14.7 kb of sequence. These variants resulted in 60 different haplotypes in 191 individuals, of which 13 occurred above 1% in the population. D′ between the variants was found to be extensive, have a low correlation with physical distance and to extend over 33.8 kb. No association was found with any of the polymorphisms or haplotypes and development of BP, when tested for, in a cohort of patients and controls.Conclusion:  This study provides an extensive description of the genetic variation in COL17A1 and shows no association of the genetic variants with susceptibility to BP.
An association study of asthma and total serum immunoglobin E levels for Toll‐like receptor polymorphisms in a Japanese population
Authors: Noguchi E. , Nishimura F. , Fukai H. , Kim J. , Ichikawa K. , Shibasaki M. , Arinami T. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryBackground
The prevalence of atopic diseases has been increasing in developed countries. This could be explained by the hygiene hypothesis, which states that exposure to specific infections or endotoxins during infancy drives the maturing immune system towards a Th1 phenotype and away from the Th2 phenotype, which is associated with allergic diseases. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) play important roles in the signalling of many pathogen‐related molecules and endogenous proteins associated with immune activation.Objective
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether polymorphisms in genes encoding TLRs are associated with asthma or total serum IgE levels.Methods
We screened the 5′ flanking and coding regions of the TLR2,TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 genes for polymorphisms by direct sequencing of DNA from 32 asthmatics, and analysed the effect of the polymorphisms on the development of atopic asthma and on total serum IgE levels.Results
We identified 16 variants in TLRs. The transmission disequilibrium test of the families revealed that none of the alleles or haplotypes were associated with asthma or total IgE levels (P>0.05). However, we found an insertion/deletion polymorphism in the 5′ untranslated region of TLR2, and an expression construct containing the deletion allele showed lower luciferase activity than the wild‐type alleles, suggesting that the deletion allele has reduced transcriptional activity.Conclusion
Our results indicate that polymorphisms in TLRs are not likely to be associated with the development of atopy‐related phenotypes in a Japanese population.
Maternally delivered nutritive allergens in cord blood and in placental tissue of term and preterm neonates
Authors: Edelbauer M. , Loibichler C. , Nentwich I. , Gerstmayr M. , Urbanek R. , Szépfalusi Z. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryBackground
The proliferation of cord blood mononulear cells in response to nutritive and inhalant allergens implies intrauterine exposure with resulting T cell priming. However, the mechanisms triggering these fetal allergen‐specific immune responses are incompletely understood.Methods
We studied the placental release of endogenous β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) and ovalbumin (OVA) by the use of an open ex vivo placental perfusion model. Preterm and term placentas were obtained immediately after delivery to recover functionally active fetal and maternal circulations. Fetal and maternal perfusate samples were collected throughout the perfusion experiments with medium. Matched cord blood samples were collected separately. All samples were tested for the presence of OVA and BLG by allergen‐specific ELISAs.Results
In 16 out of 19 placentas, the nutritive allergens could be detected both in fetal and maternal perfusate samples. Fetal wash out levels of the allergens BLG and OVA from the placental tissue of preterm and term deliveries were observed in traces and up to 44.4 and 2.6 ng/mL, respectively. In cord blood of preterm and term neonates, BLG and OVA could be detected at concentrations up to 16.7 and 5 ng/mL, respectively.Conclusion
These findings provide direct evidence for the release of tiny amounts of nutritive allergens from placental tissue indicating diaplacental allergen transfer and fetal exposure to nutritive allergens in vivo.
Differential modulation of mediator release from human basophils and mast cells by mizolastine
Authors: Triggiani M. , Giannattasio G. , Balestrieri B. , Granata F. , Gelb M. H. , De Paulis A. , Marone G. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryBackground
Basophils and mast cells play a major role in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders by releasing several proinflammatory mediators. Some histamine H1 receptor antagonists exert anti‐inflammatory activities by modulating mediator release from basophils and mast cells.Objective
To study the in vitro effects of mizolastine, an H1 receptor antagonist, on the release of eicosanoids, histamine and IL‐4 from human basophils and lung mast cells.Methods and results
Mizolastine (10−7–10−5 m) concentration‐dependently inhibited the release of cysteinyl leukotriene C4 from anti‐IgE‐stimulated basophils (IC50: 3.85±0.28 μm) and mast cells (IC50: 3.92±0.41 μm). The same concentrations of mizolastine did not affect anti‐IgE‐induced prostaglandin D2 release from lung mast cells. In contrast, mizolastine enhanced up to 80% IgE‐mediated histamine release (EC50: 4.63±0.14 μm) from basophils, but not from mast cells and it significantly potentiated IL‐4 release from basophils induced by anti‐IgE. Mizolastine did not affect histamine release from basophils induced by formyl peptide, whereas it inhibited cysteinyl leukotriene C4 release (IC50: 1.86±0.24 μm). Blockade of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and arachidonic acid mobilization by pyrrolidine‐1 did not alter the effect of mizolastine on histamine release from basophils, thereby excluding accumulation of arachidonic acid metabolic intermediates as the cause of this effect. Mizolastine did not influence anti‐IgE‐induced activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase‐1 and ‐2 (ERK‐1 and ‐2) in human basophils.Conclusions
Mizolastine efficiently inhibits LTC4 synthesis in human basophils and mast cells presumably by interfering with 5‐lipoxygenase. In contrast, it enhances histamine and IL‐4 release only from anti‐IgE‐stimulated basophils. Therefore, mizolastine differentially regulates the production of mediators from basophils and mast cells in a cell‐ and stimulus‐specific fashion.
Inflammatory cell profiles and T‐lymphocyte subsets in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and severe persistent asthma
Authors: Tsoumakidou M. , Tzanakis N. , Kyriakou D. , Chrysofakis G. , Siafakas N. M. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryBackground
Severe persistent asthma (SPA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are both associated with non‐reversible airflow limitation and airway neutrophilia.Objective
To compare inflammatory cell profiles and T lymphocyte subsets between SPA and COPD patients with similar severity of airflow limitation.Methods
Sputum induction and lung function tests were performed in 15 COPD patients aged (mean±SD) 68±8 years, ex‐smokers, mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) 45% of predicted (%pred) and 13 SPA aged 55±10 years, non‐smokers, mean FEV1 49%pred. All patients were on inhaled steroid treatment. Eight asthmatics exhibited irreversible airflow limitation. Differential cell count, metachromatic cell count and double immunocytochemistry for the analysis of T lymphocyte subsets were performed on sputum slides.Results
COPD patients had increased sputum neutrophils in comparison with SPA (P<0.03), but similar to SPA with fixed obstruction. In COPD sputum neutrophils negatively correlated with the lung transfer factor for carbon monoxide (KCO) (r=−0.462, P=0.04). SPA showed significantly increased eosinophils and metachromatic cells vs. COPD patients (P<0.04, P<0.007, respectively). Increased CD4/CD8 and decreased CD4‐IFN‐γ/CD4‐IL4+ cell ratio (P<0.001) were found in SPA vs. COPD. In SPA, CD4/CD8+ cell ratio correlated with sputum eosinophils (r=0.567, P=0.04).Conclusion
In spite of treatment with inhaled steroids, SPA and COPD exhibit distinct sputum inflammatory cell patterns, although SPA with fixed airflow limitation and COPD patients have similar numbers of neutrophils.
Biological characterization of glutaraldehyde‐modified Parietaria judaica pollen extracts
Authors: Ibarrola I. , Sanz M. L. , Gamboa P. M. , Mir A. , Benahmed D. , Ferrer A. , Arilla M. C. , Martínez A. , Asturias J. A. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryBackground
Allergoids are widely used in specific immunotherapy (SIT) for the treatment of IgE‐mediated allergic diseases, but all techniques for standardization of conventional allergic extracts may not be appropriate for standardization of a glutaraldehyde (GA)‐modified extract because of the unique characteristics of these extracts.Objective
To assess an accurate methodology for standardization of chemically modified extracts.Methods
GA‐modified extracts from Parietaria judaica pollen were purified by diafiltration. Biochemical properties were investigated by determination of amino groups, chromatography, and SDS‐PAGE. The IgE‐binding activity was determined by skin prick test, enzyme allergosorbent test inhibition, basophil activation, and histamine release tests. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from P. judaica pollen‐allergic subjects were stimulated with either native or allergoid extracts, and proliferation was measured.Results
Biochemical data indicated a high degree of allergen polymerization resulting in extract components higher than 100 kDa. IgE‐binding activity, both in vivo and in vitro, was reduced by more than 99.8%. Both allergen and allergoid induced PBMC proliferation and synthesis of blocking IgG antibodies at similar rates. Moreover, no evidence of introduction of new determinants by chemical modification was found.Conclusions
The preparation of GA‐modified extracts by diafiltration is faster and more reliable than previous chromatographic methods. These modified extracts have drastically reduced their allergenicity while maintaining their immunogenicity, and therefore they can be used in safer and shortened schedules of SIT.
Effect of repeated intradermal injections of heat‐inactivated Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin in adult asthma
Authors: Shirtcliffe P. M. , Easthope S. E. , Weatherall M. , Beasley R. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryBackground
There are a number of reports in the Chinese medical literature from the last 30 years regarding the efficacy of repeated doses of heat‐inactivated bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) in established asthma. There is also epidemiological and experimental evidence that exposure to mycobacteria has the potential to suppress the development of asthma/atopy.Methods
Thirty‐one Mantoux‐negative adults with stable moderately severe asthma who were skin prick test positive to house dust mite were randomized to receive one injection (0.1 mL) a week for 4 weeks of heat‐inactivated BCG or normal saline. Markers of asthma severity (including peak flow, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, major and minor exacerbations, symptom scores and β‐agonist use), blood eosinophil and IgE levels were monitored for 3 months.Results
There were no statistically significant differences between the treatment group and placebo for any of the outcome variables. The recruitment to the trial was halted early and the number of injections reduced in a number of patients due to excessive local reactions to BCG.Conclusions
In addition to the lack of efficacy of repeated heat‐inactivated BCG injections, the occurrence of severe local reactions will limit the therapeutic application of this approach in asthma.