bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Levan
Authors: Rhee Sang‐Ki , Song Ki‐Bang , Kim Chul‐Ho , Park Buem‐Seek , Jang Eun‐Kyung , Jang Ki‐Hyo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical Structures of LevanOccurrencePhysiological Functions of LevanChemical Analysis and DetectionSpectrophotometryHigh‐Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)Other MethodsBiosynthesis of LevanEnzymology of Levan SynthesisGenetic Basis of Levan SynthesisRegulation of Levan SynthesisBiodegradation of LevanEnzymology of Levan DegradationGenetic Basis of Levan DegradationRegulation of Levan DegradationBiotechnological Production of LevanIsolation and Screening for Levan‐producing StrainsFermentative Production of LevanIn vitroBiosynthesis of LevanRecovery and Purification of LevanCommercial Production of LevanMarket Analysis and Cost of Levan ProductionLevan CompetitorsProperties of LevanApplications of LevanMedical ApplicationsPharmaceutical ApplicationsAgricultural ApplicationsFood ApplicationsOther ApplicationsPatentsCurrent Problems and LimitsOutlook and Perspectives
Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids from Gram‐Positive Bacteria
Authors: Lazarevic Vladimir , Pooley Harold M. , Mauël Catherine , Karamata Dimitri 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical StructuresCell Wall Teichoic AcidTeichuronic AcidsBiosynthesis and Genetics of Poly(GroP)Polymerizing Enzyme System for Poly(Glycerol Phosphate) Teichoic AcidThe Genetic Basis of the Biosynthesis of the Soluble PrecursorsTranscriptional Regulation of Wall Teichoic Acid Genes inB. subtilis168Biosynthesis and Genetics of Poly (3‐O‐β‐D‐Glucopyranosyl N‐Acetylgalactosamine 1‐Phosphate)Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of MutantsGenes Involved in Synthesis of Soluble PrecursorsUDPGalNAcGenetics of Polymerizing Enzyme SystemBiosynthesis and Genetics of theB. subtilis168Cell Wall Teichuronic AcidsBiodegradationBiological Roles Associated with Cell Wall Teichoic and Teichuronic AcidsHorizontal Transfer of Genes for Wall Teichoic Acid SynthesisRole of the D‐Alanine Substituent of Wall Teichoic Acid and of the Overall Cell Wall Negative ChargeThe pH Gradient Across the Cell WallCell Wall Teichoic Acid and Upkeep of the Cell ShapeApplications
Schizophyllan
Authors: Rau Udo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionAcknowledgementHistorical OutlineChemical StructureChemical AnalysisOccurrence and Physiological FunctionBiosynthesisMolecular GeneticsBiodegradationProductionBatch CultivationContinuous CultivationDownstream ProcessingCell SeparationPurification and Concentration of SchizophyllanWorld MarketPropertiesApplications and PatentsOutlook and Perspectives
Alginates from Algae
Authors: Draget Kurt Ingar , Smidsrød Olav , Skjåk‐Bræk Gudmund 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical StructureConformationOccurrence and Source DependencePhysiological FunctionChemical Analysis and DetectionChemical Composition and SequenceMolecular MassDetection and QuantificationBiosynthesis and BiodegradationProduction: Biotechnological and TraditionalIsolation from Natural Sources / Fermentative ProductionMolecular Genetics andin vitroModificationCurrent and Expected World Market and CostsAlginate ManufacturersPropertiesPhysical PropertiesMaterial Properties“Biological” PropertiesApplicationsTechnical UtilizationMedicine and PharmacyFoodsRelevant PatentsOutlook and PerspectivesAcknowledgements
Cellulose
Authors: Klemm Dieter , Schmauder Hans‐Peter , Heinze Thomas 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroduction and Historical OutlineOccurrenceNatural SourcesSynthetic CelluloseStructure and AnalysisHydrogen BondingCrystal StructureMorphologyAnalysisPhysiological FunctionBiosynthesisSynthesis of Substrates for the Polymerizing EnzymePolymerizing Enzyme System and Enzymology of BiosynthesisGenetic Basis of SynthesisRegulation of SynthesisSummarizing Open Questions in Research on Plant Cellulose SynthesisBiodegradationIntracellular BiodegradationExtracellular BiodegradationBiotechnological ProductionPropertiesPhysical and Material PropertiesChemical PropertiesApplications of Cellulose and Its DerivativesTechnical ApplicationsOther ApplicationsRelevant Patents for Biosynthesis, Biodegradation, and Biological ApplicationsCurrent Problems and LimitationsOutlook and Perspectives
Proteins Containing Nonnatural Amino Acids
Authors: Sisido Masahiko 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineExtension of Amino AcidsChemical AminoacylationExtension of Codons (Four‐base Codons)Adaptability of Four‐base Codons in the Ribosome System and Extension to Five‐base CodonsNonnatural Base Pairs for Codon ExtensionIn‐vitro Protein Synthesis in the Presence of tRNAs that are Amino‐acylated with Nonnatural Amino AcidsPurification and Identification of Nonnatural MutantsMultiple Incorporation of Nonnatural amino acids by using Different Orthogonal Four‐base CodonsMutants that Contain a Single Nonnatural Amino Acid at Random PositionsCombination of In‐vitro Synthesis and Chemical Synthesis for Screening Nonnatural Mutants and for Large‐scale ProductionIn‐vivo Synthesis of Nonnatural MutantsExamples of Specialty Functions of Nonnatural MutantsFluorescence LabelingElectron Transfers Inside Protein FrameworksOutlook and PerspectivesAcknowledgments
Non‐ribosomal Biosynthesis of Linear and Cyclic Oligopeptides
Authors: von Döhren Hans 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical IntroductionProteins and Protein Domains in Non‐ribosomal Peptide Synthetase SystemsAdenylate DomainsCarrier Domains for the Transport of IntermediatesCondensation Domains and Related Epimerization DomainsThioesterase DomainsN‐methyltransferase DomainsOxidation and Reduction DomainsThe Reaction CycleThe Multi‐step Assembly LineSide ReactionsTailoring ReactionsIsolation and Cloning of Biosynthetic Gene ClustersOccurrence and Detection of NRPS ClustersStructure of NRPS Clusters in ProkaryotesEukaryotic NRPS SystemsManipulation of NRPS SystemsMetabolic Engineering and Heterologous ExpressionGenetic Alterations of ProgrammingOutlook and Perspectives
High‐toughness Spider Silk Fibers Spun from Soluble Recombinant Silk Produced in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Karatzas Costas N. , Chretien Nathalie , Duguay François , Bellemare Annie , Zhou Jiang Feng , Rodenhiser Andrew , Islam Shafiul A. , Turcotte Carl , Huang Yue , Lazaris Anthoula 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineProduction of rc‐Spider Silk ProteinsOver‐expression of Soluble rc‐Spider silk Proteins in Mammalian CellsSecretion of rc‐Dragline Spider Silk proteinsLarge‐scale Production of rc‐Spider Silk ProteinsPurification and Characterization of rc‐Spider Silk ProteinsProduction of rc‐Spider Silk Proteins in the Milk of Transgenic AnimalsGeneration of Transgenic Mice for the Spider Dragline Silk GenesMammary Gland Production of Spider Dragline Silk ProteinsRecombinant Spider Silk‐based Fiber SpinningSpin Dope Preparation, Fiber Spinning and CharacterizationFiber Post‐Spinning TreatmentPerspective on the Formation of Silk Fibers and the Spinning ProcessApplications of rc‐Spider Silk Fibers, and ProspectsPatentsChronological Summary of PatentsConclusionsAcknowledgments
Collagens and Gelatins
Authors: Brodsky Barbara , Werkmeister Jerome A. , Ramshaw John A. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineEarly BackgroundThe Golden Age of Collagen Discoveries: Composition, Conformation, and Fibril OrganizationAmino Acid Sequence, Genetic Diversity, and PrecursorsChemical StructureUnusual Amino Acid Features and Post‐translational ModificationsCross‐links Between Collagen ChainsStructure of the Collagen Triple HelixOccurrence and Function of CollagenFibril‐forming CollagensNon‐fibrillar CollagensBiosynthesis and Biochemistry of CollagenPhysiologyBiodegradationPolypeptide Models of CollagenMolecular Genetics and Collagen DiseasesChemical Analysis and DetectionProduction and ApplicationsBiomedical Applications of CollagenGelatin Production and ApplicationsRecombinant Collagen and GelatinImmunological Response to Collagen ProductsPatentsOutlook and PerspectivesAcknowledgements
Extra‐Organismic Adhesive Proteins
Authors: Lucas Jared M. , Vaccaro Eleonora , Waite J. Herbert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionOccurrenceBarnaclesAlgaeMusselsMolecular GeneticsFunctional BiomechanicsMeasurement of Adhesion StrengthApplications of Mussel Adhesive ProteinsMucoadhesion and Surface ChemistryCorrosion InhibitorsSynthetic BiomimicsOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Adhesives, Coatings, and Bioplastics from Protein Sources
Authors: Vaz Cláudia M. , de Graaf Leontine A. , Mulder Wim J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineIndustrial ProteinsTypes of Industrial ProteinsProtein PropertiesProtein ModificationsProtein Processing TechniquesApplications of Industrial ProteinsAdhesivesCoatingsSurfactantsBioplasticsControlled‐release SystemsOutlook and Perspectives
Metabolism of Natural Polymeric Sulfur Compounds
Authors: Dahl Christiane , Prange Alexander , Steudel Ralf 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical StructuresHydrogen Sulfide and Inorganic PolysulfidesChemistry, Structures and CharacterizationOccurrenceMetabolism under Oxidative ConditionsMetabolism under Reductive ConditionsElemental and Biologically Produced SulfurChemistry, Structures and CharacterizationOccurrenceMetabolism under Oxidative ConditionsMetabolism under Reductive ConditionsPolythionatesChemistry, Structures and CharacterizationOccurrenceMetabolism under Oxidative ConditionsMetabolism under Reductive ConditionsOrganic PolysulfanesChemistry, Structures and CharacterizationOccurrenceMetabolism under Oxidative ConditionsMetabolism under Reductive ConditionsSummaryOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Modular Polyketide Synthases
Authors: Dieckmann Ralf , Schwecke Torsten 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineErythromycin BiosynthesisThe Erythromycin Gene ClusterThe DEBS‐ProteinsThe Biosynthetic Gene Cluster for RapamycinOther Modular Polyketide SynthasesNRPS/PKS HybridsGeneration of Novel Polyketides via Genetic EngineeringRelocation of the Thioesterase DomainDomain SwappingRecombination of ModulesOutlook and Perspectives
Biodegradable Plastics from Cellulose and Lignocellulosics
Authors: Yoshioka Mariko 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlinePlastics from Cellulose AcetatePlasticization of CA with Dibasic Acid Anhydrides and Monoepoxides during Melt‐processing, and Their BiodegradabilitiesCellulose Acetate Plasticized by Grafting with Cyclic EstersPlastics from Lignocellulose and Applications to Biodegradable PolymersPlasticization of Wood by Benzylation and Blending with PolycaprolactoneBio‐ and Photo‐degradabilities of BzW and BzW/PCL CompositesProductionOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Biodegradation of Synthetic Water‐Soluble Polymers
Authors: Swift Graham 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineDefinitionsDisposal Options for Biodegradable Water‐Soluble PolymersTest Methods for Biodegradable Water‐Soluble PolymersBiodegradable Water‐Soluble PolymersCarbon‐Chain PolymersPoly(Vinyl Alcohol)PolycarboxylatesHeteroatom Chain PolymersPolyesters and PolyamidesPolyethersModified Natural PolymersGraft PolymersChemical Modification of PolysaccharidesSummary
Biodegradation of Polydioxanone
Authors: Nishida Haruo 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure

Chemical Analysis and Detection

Functions

Hydrolyzability

Depolymerizability

Physiology

Biodegradation

In‐vivo Degradation

Enzymatic Degradation

Microbial Degradation

Production

PDO

PPDO

Producers, Costs, and World Market

Applications

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Tribological behavior of micrometer‐ and nanometer‐Al2O3‐particle‐filled poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) copolymer composites used as frictional materials
Authors: Shao Xin , Xue Qunji , Liu Weimin , Teng Mouyong , Liu Honghua , Tao Xuquan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMicrometer‐ and nanometer‐Al2O3‐particle‐filled poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) composites with filler volume fractions ranging from 1 to 12.5 vol % were prepared by hot compression molding. We evaluated the tribological behaviors of the PPESK composites with the block‐on‐ring test rig by sliding PPESK‐based composite blocks against a mild carbon steel ring under dry‐friction conditions. The effects of different temperatures on the wear rate of the PPESK composites were also investigated with a ball‐on‐disc test rig. The wear debris and the worn surfaces of the PPESK composites were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, and the structures of the PPESK composites were analyzed with IR spectra. The lowest wear rate, 7.31 × 10−6 mm3 N−1 m−1, was obtained for the composite filled with 1 vol %‐nanometer Al2O3 particles. The composite with nanometer particles exhibited a higher friction coefficient (0.58–0.64) than unfilled PPESK (0.55). The wear rate of 1 vol %‐nanometer‐Al2O3‐particle‐filled PPESK was stable and was lower than that of unfilled PPESK from the ambient temperature to 270°C. We anticipate that 1 vol %‐nanometer‐Al2O3‐particle‐filled PPESK can be used as a good frictional material. We also found that micrometer‐Al2O3‐particle‐filled PPESK had a lower friction coefficient at a filler volume fraction below 5%. The filling of micrometer Al2O3 particles greatly increased the wear resistance of PPESK under filler volume fractions from 1 to 12.5%. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 993–1001, 2005
Preparation of sodium salts of N‐sulfonic acids by sulfomethylation of nitro oligomers obtained from waste rubbers
Authors: Karaivanova M. , Kodunova A. , Pavlova St. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe sulfomethylation of nitro oligomers obtained from waste rubbers (NO‐GWR) with sodium hydroxymethane sulfonate was studied in aqueous–alkali solutions from 50 to 80°C for reaction times of 3.5–5.5 h with weight ratios of 1.0:0.3–0.6. The initial NO‐GWR was produced by the oxidation/destructive nitration of waste rubbers with nitric acid in a heterogeneous medium. The influence of the reaction conditions on the yields and functional compositions of the sodium salts of two types of N‐sulfonic acids was investigated. Some of the nitro groups transformed into sulfaminate groups at 80°C or lower. One type of N‐sulfonic acid was isolated from its sodium salt by ion exchange. The oligosulfo derivatives were characterized by elemental and thermal analyses, IR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, and the number‐average molecular weight. The sodium salts of the N‐sulfonic acids obtained from NO‐GWR possessed functional compositions similar to those of sodium salts from butadiene–styrene nitro oligomers prepared from butadiene–styrene latexes. Therefore, NO‐GWR obtained from available raw materials can be used as the initial derivative for the preparation of salts of N‐sulfonic acids instead of the nitro oligomers used now from elastomers. The salts can be used in galvanic coating techniques as brighteners. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1002–1013, 2005
Volume phase transition in poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) gels in seawater at high pressures
Authors: Kato Eiji 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe swelling behavior of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) gels in seawater at high pressures up to ∼40 MPa is examined in terms of human activity at deep sea. The neutral gel in seawater undergoes a continuous volume transition at 26°C at atmospheric pressure. Addition of the ionic group (sodium acrylate) does not have much effect on the swelling properties of the gels in seawater except that the transition temperature is somewhat increased. At high constant pressures up to ∼40 MPa, the gels undergo a continuous volume transition at 26–28°C as the temperature varies. Normally, the gel takes a swollen state at deep sea. The ratio of the volume change associated with the transition is more than 10, which is 3 times larger than that obtained by changing the pressure at a constant temperature. The results suggest a possibility that the phase transition of PNIPA gels is utilized for producing mechanochemical energy at deep sea. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1069–1072, 2005
Synthesis and secondary structure of oligo(α‐isobutyl β,L‐aspartate)s
Authors: García‐Martín M. G. , García‐Alvarez M. , Martínez de Ilarduya A. , Campos L. , Galbis J. A. , Muñoz‐Guerra S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe oligo(β‐peptide)s, hexa(α‐isobutyl β,L‐aspartate) (Hex‐AIBLA) and octa(α‐isobutyl β,L‐aspartate) (Oct‐AIBLA), were synthesized in solution by using standard coupling methods. Powder x‐ray diffraction showed that the octamer crystallized in the two helical crystal forms known to exist in the homologous poly(β‐peptide), whereas the hexamer seemed to adopt an extended conformation. Both CD and 1H‐NMR spectra of Oct‐AIBLA in MeOH revealed the presence of a regularly folded conformation in this solvent, presumably the 314 helix. The helix‐to‐coil transition of Oct‐AIBLA was observed to take place upon heating in both MeOH and CHCl3, in the second case associated with a not‐well‐defined aggregation–disaggregation process. The spectroscopic evidence obtained on the presence of folded structures in Hex‐AIBLA were much weaker than for the octamer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2005
Novel application of oxygen‐transferring membranes to improve anaerobic wastewater treatment
Authors: Kappell Anthony S. , Semmens Michael J. , Novak Paige J. , LaPara Timothy M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAnaerobic biological wastewater treatment has numerous advantages over conventional aerobic processes; anaerobic biotechnologies, however, still have a reputation for low‐quality effluents and operational instabilities. In this study, anaerobic bioreactors were augmented with an oxygen‐transferring membrane to improve treatment performance. Two anaerobic bioreactors were fed a synthetic high‐strength wastewater (chemical oxygen demand, or COD, of 11,000 mg l−1) and concurrently operated until biomass concentrations and effluent quality stabilized. Membrane aeration was then initiated in one of these bioreactors, leading to substantially improved COD removal efficiency (>95%) compared to the unaerated control bioreactor (∼65%). The membrane‐augmented anaerobic bioreactor required substantially less base addition to maintain circumneutral pH and exhibited 75% lower volatile fatty acid concentrations compared to the unaerated control bioreactor. The membrane‐aerated bioreactor, however, failed to improve nitrogenous removal efficiency and produced 80% less biogas than the control bioreactor. A third membrane‐augmented anaerobic bioreactor was operated to investigate the impact of start‐up procedure on nitrogenous pollutant removal. In this bioreactor, excellent COD (>90%) and nitrogenous (>95%) pollutant removal efficiencies were observed at an intermediate COD concentration (5,500 mg l−1). Once the organic content of the influent wastewater was increased to full strength (COD = 11,000 mg l−1), however, nitrogenous pollutant removal stopped. This research demonstrates that partial aeration of anaerobic bioreactors using oxygen‐transferring membranes is a novel approach to improve treatment performance. Additional research, however, is needed to optimize membrane surface area versus the organic loading rate to achieve the desired effluent quality. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Affinity‐enhanced protein partitioning in decyl β‐D‐glucopyranoside two‐phase aqueous micellar systems
Authors: Lam Henry , Kavoosi Mojgan , Haynes Charles A. , Wang Daniel I.C. , Blankschtein Daniel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLiquid–liquid extraction in two‐phase aqueous complex‐fluid systems has been proposed as a scalable, versatile, and cost‐effective purification method for the downstream processing of biotechnological products. In the case of two‐phase aqueous micellar systems, careful choices of the phase‐forming surfactants or surfactant mixtures allow these systems to separate biomolecules based on size, hydrophobicity, charge, or specific affinity. In this article, we investigate the affinity‐enhanced partitioning of a model affinity‐tagged protein—green fluorescent protein fused to a family 9 carbohydrate‐binding module (CBM9‐GFP)—in a two‐phase aqueous micellar system generated from the nonionic surfactant n‐decyl β‐D‐glucopyranoside (C10G1), which acts simultaneously as the phase‐former and the affinity ligand. In this simple system, CBM9‐GFP was extracted preferentially into the micelle‐rich phase, despite the opposing tendency of the steric, excluded‐volume interactions operating between the protein and the micelles. We obtained more than a sixfold increase (from 0.47 to 3.1) in the protein partition coefficient (Kp), as compared to a control case where the affinity interactions were “turned off” by the addition of a competitive inhibitor (glucose). It was demonstrated conclusively that the observed increase in Kp can be attributed to the specific affinity between the CBM9 domain and the affinity surfactant C10G1, suggesting that the method can be generally applied to any CBM9‐tagged protein. To rationalize the observed phenomenon of affinity‐enhanced partitioning in two‐phase aqueous micellar systems, we formulated a theoretical framework to model the protein partition coefficient. The modeling approach accounts for both the excluded‐volume interactions and the affinity interactions between the protein and the surfactants, and considers the contributions from the monomeric and the micellar surfactants separately. The model was shown to be consistent with the experimental data, as well as with our current understanding of the CBM9 domain. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biosynthesis reaction mechanism and kinetics of deoxynucleoside triphosphates, dATP and dGTP
Authors: Bao Jie , Ryu Dewey D.Y. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe enzyme reaction mechanism and kinetics for biosyntheses of deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) and deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) from the corresponding deoxyadenosine diphosphate (dADP) and deoxyguanosine diphosphate (dGDP) catalyzed by pyruvate kinase were studied. A kinetic model for this synthetic reaction was developed based on a Bi‐Bi random rapid equilibrium mechanism. Kinetic constants involved in this pyruvate kinase catalyzed phosphorylation reactions of deoxynucleoside diphosphates including the maximum reaction velocity, Michaelis‐Menten constants, and inhibition constants for dATP and dGTP biosyntheses were experimentally determined. These kinetic constants for dATP and dGTP biosyntheses are of the same order of magnitude but significantly different between the two reactions. Kinetic constants involved in ATP and GTP biosyntheses as reported in literature are about one order of magnitude different from those involved in dATP and dGTP biosyntheses. This enzyme reaction requires Mg2+ ion and the optimal Mg2+ concentration was also determined. The experimental results showed a very good agreement with the simulation results obtained from the kinetic model developed. This kinetic model can be applied to the practical application of a pyruvate kinase reaction system for production of dATP and dGTP. There is a significant advantage of using enzymatic biosyntheses of dATP and dGTP as compared to the chemical method that has been in commercial use. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.