bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late Miocene movement within the Himalayan Main Central Thrust shear zone, Sikkim, north‐east India
Authors: Catlos E. J. , Dubey C. S. , Harrison T. M. , Edwards M. A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn the Sikkim region of north‐east India, the Main Central Thrust (MCT) juxtaposes high‐grade gneisses of the Greater Himalayan Crystallines over lower‐grade slates, phyllites and schists of the Lesser Himalaya Formation. Inverted metamorphism characterizes rocks that immediately underlie the thrust, and the large‐scale South Tibet Detachment System (STDS) bounds the northern side of the Greater Himalayan Crystallines.In situTh–Pb monazite ages indicate that the MCT shear zone in the Sikkim region was active atc.22, 14–15 and 12–10 Ma, whereas zircon and monazite ages from a slightly deformed horizon of a High Himalayan leucogranite within the STDS suggest normal slip activity atc.17 and 14–15 Ma. Although average monazite ages decrease towards structurally lower levels of the MCT shear zone, individual results do not follow a progressive younging pattern. Lesser Himalaya sample KBP1062A records monazite crystallization from 11.5 ± 0.2 to 12.2 ± 0.1 Ma and peak conditions of 610 ± 25 °C and 7.5 ± 0.5 kbar, whereas, in the MCT shear zone rock CHG14103, monazite crystallized from 13.8 ± 0.5 to 11.9 ± 0.3 Ma at lower grade conditions of 525 ± 25 °C and 6 ± 1 kbar. TheP–T–tresults indicate that the shear zone experienced a complicated slip history, and have implications for the understanding of mid‐crustal extrusion and the role of out‐of‐sequence thrusts in convergent plate tectonic settings.
Origin and evolution of the Escambray Massif (Central Cuba): an example of HP/LT rocks exhumed during intraoceanic subduction
Authors: Schneider J. , Bosch D. , Monié P. , Guillot S. , García‐Casco A. , Lardeaux J. M. , Torres‐Roldán R. Luís , Trujillo G. Millán 
Published: April 2004

AbstractHigh‐pressure (HP) metabasites from the Sancti Spiritus dome (Escambray massif, Central Cuba) have been studied in order to better understand the origin and evolution of the Northern Caribbean boundary plate during the Cretaceous, in a global subduction context. Geochemical and petrological studies of these eclogites reveal two groups with contrasting origins and pre‐subduction metamorphic histories. Eclogites collected from exotic blocks within serpentinite (mélange zone) originated from a N‐MORB type protolith, do not record pre‐eclogitic metamorphic history. Conversely eclogites intercalated in Jurassic metasedimentary rocks (non‐mélange zone) have a calc‐alkaline arc‐like origin and yield evidence for a pre‐subduction metamorphic event in the amphibolite facies. However, all the studied Escambray eclogites underwent the same eclogitic peak (around 600 °C at 16 kbar), and followed a cold thermal gradient during their exhumation (estimated at around 13.5 °C km−1), which can suggest that this exhumation was coeval with subduction. Concordant geochronological data (Rb/Sr and Ar/Ar) support that the main exhumation of HP/LT rocks from the Sancti Spiritus dome occurred at 70 Ma by top to SW thrusting. The retrograde trajectory of these rocks suggests that the north‐east subduction of the Farallon plate continued after 70 Ma. The set‐off to the exhumation can be correlated with the beginning of the collision between the Bahamas platform and the Cretaceous island arc that induced a change of the subduction kinematics. The contrasting origin and ante‐subduction history of the analysed samples imply that the Escambray massif consists of different geological units that evolved in different environments before their amalgamation during exhumation to form the present unit III of the massif.
Assessing the impact of oral health on the life quality of children: implications for research and practice
Authors: McGrath Colman , Broder Hillary , Wilson‐Genderson Maureen 
Published: April 2004

Abstract –Traditionally, child oral health has been assessed using clinical parameters of disease and deformity. However, there is a growing interest in the psychosocial impact of oral health among children. This commentary outlines the value and need for assessing child oral health‐related quality of life (COHQoL). COHQoL has implications for oral health needs assessment (at an individual and population level) and for evaluating outcomes from specific treatments, initiatives and dental services overall. In addition, it could prove to be a useful adjunct tool for evidence‐based dentistry research and practice. Theoretical and practical considerations in assessing the complex psychosocial construct of oral health among children are discussed: the use of general versus oral health‐specific measures, the development of tools for children, the use of generic versus condition‐specific measures, and the measurement of ‘positive’ oral health. Recommendations for research and practice are presented.
Evaluation of the Malmö‐Model‐Former Graduates' Perception
Authors: Nilner* M , Rohlin* M. 
Published: April 2004

The aim was to evaluate graduates' perception with a problem‐based curriculum in dental education.We surveyed past graduates from the first five courses (graduated between 1994‐1999) regarding their perception with the curriculum in Malmö. The survey included demographic data, questions targeted on their under‐graduate education, questions on their professional practice and present support for competence development education. The graduates were asked to answer short questions and mark on a VAS ranging from ‘not at all’ (0) to ‘quite well’ (10). We used reply envelopes with real first‐class stamps. Until now there were 110 responses (70% response rate).The great majority (92%) considered the education to prepare them well (above 6 on the VAS) for their profession. Over 90% rated their education higher than 6 on the VAS. The short answers on strengths and weaknesses of the education are presently being analysed. It was obvious that the level of professional satisfaction was high (90% of the answers being 6–10). Their answers on whether they could influence their present working situation were very spread, from not at all to quite well. The extent to which they can influence their own as well as their team's competence development was on the other hand rather high. Based on the results of this evaluation and of two other evaluations, which will also be elucidated, we conclude that the Malmö‐model meets the needs of the dental professional well.
External Examiners and Immediate Post Qualification Clinical Dental Training in Europe
Authors: Moody G. H. 
Published: April 2004

Background:  A conversation at the ADEE Conference in Bern, 2001, revealed an apparent diversity in the use and role of External Examiners in dental undergraduate examinations in ADEE‐associated schools. There also appeared to be considerable variation in the amount of post‐graduate supervised clinical training.Aims:  (i) To elicit information on the use of External Examiners in dental undergraduate examinations. (ii) To acquire information about immediate post‐qualifying supervised clinical experience and training.Method:  Questionnaire to the 205 Dental Schools listed in the ADEE Directory in 35 European countries.Results:  Eighty‐two (40%) completed questionnaires were returned.Of these 82 schools, 43 (52.4%) did not use External Examiners. The remaining 39 (47.6%) used an External Examiner at least once during the under‐graduate course. All 39 used an External Examiner in ‘Finals’, 34 in all clinical examinations and 30 in pre‐clinical examinations.Thirty out of 39 allowed external examiners to scrutinize papers before the examination.Although 31/39 were asked to advise on problems during examinations, only 26/39 were consulted about the fate of ‘failed’ candidates and 23/39 asked to adjudicate in such instances.Following qualification, graduates from 38/82 schools experienced some form of supervised further clinical training ranging from 3 months to 2 years. The majority (21/38) were trained for 1 year and 13 for 2 years.However, 30/82 (36.5%) schools produced graduates who qualified without any external assessment and without the benefit of any post‐qualifying supervised training.Conclusions:  Although the questionnaire response rate is low, it is clear that there are disparities in practice with regard to the use of external examiners and post‐graduate training, which need to be evaluated if dental undergraduate standards in Europe are to converge.
Topics of Special Interest in an Emergency Medicine Course for Dental Practice Teams
Authors: Weber S. , Müller M. , Koch T. 
Published: April 2004

Considering increasing life expectancy and population comorbitity, not only dentists but also nursing staff should gain knowledge and skills in treatment of patients in acute life‐threatening situations. In cooperation with the State Dental Council, a 1‐day course in the management of medical emergencies based on the ERC ALS guidelines was held for primary care dental practice teams.Following a short lecture series (2 hours), a systematic skills‐training session (6 hours) was performed in small groups, addressing the following subjects: BLS, airway management and ventilation, intravenous techniques, manual and automated external defibrillation, ALS and resuscitation routine in a typical dental practice setting. For all skills‐training sessions, life‐like manikins and models were utilized and the emergency scenarios were simulated by the use of a universal patient simulator (SimMan®, MPL/Laerdal).At the end of the course, an evaluation questionnaire was completed by all candidates to find out in which emergency situations the dental practice teams now felt well trained or incompetent. In the first course with 32 participants, 13 were dentists and 19 were dental nurses. In the evaluation results, 53% of both, dentists and nurses, stated to be competent in cardiac arrest situations. 95% of the nurses, but only 69% of the dentists, thought that an automated external defibrillator should be available in the dental practice. 26% of the dentists felt unable to treat patients with anaphylactic reactions adequately, whereas 37% of the nurses felt incompetent in respiratory emergencies.
Model of the viscoelastic behaviour of skin in vivo and study of anisotropy
Authors: Khatyr Fouad , Imberdis Claude , Vescovo Paul , Varchon Daniel , Lagarde Jean‐Michel 
Published: April 2004

Background: The single‐axis extension test is relatively little used to study the mechanical properties of human skin in vivo. A campaign of tests was carried out with an original, modern machine developed in our laboratory. It can perform extension or compression tests using servo‐controlled position or force in different directions. The load can either be of the extension or monotonous compression type, creep or relaxation. The results obtained were used to develop a viscoelastic model. The elastic modulus calculated helps us to determine the main directions of anisotropy on the forearm.Methods: We use a new in vivo single‐axis extension machine (patent no. FR03/09220 application in progress). With it, we can carry out monotonous, creep and relaxation tests on the forearm. An associated finite elements model enables conversion to the intrinsic parameters of the skin under stress and strain from external stress applied in force and displacement. From the tests, we can propose a viscoelastic model and the identification of his parameters. We carried out tests in four directions with respect to the axis of the forearm of 63 people of different ages.The present report is limited to a brief presentation of the experimental set‐up used, and a more complete presentation of the viscoelastic model and how it is defined and also the work on the anisotropy in the elastic domain.Results: The viscoelastic model proposed has only four intrinsic parameters: elasticity parameters Ee and Eve and viscosity parameters ɛve and A. Skin being considered as orthotropic, we were able to determine the average main direction of 63 people, which is of 5.33±5.78 around the longitudinal axis of the arm. An average modulus E1 (ave)=6.57E5 (Pa) can be found in the direction close to the axis of the arm and E2 (ave)=1.30E5 (Pa) in the perpendicular direction and a G12=1.32E5 (Pa) shear modulus.Conclusions: The parameters obtained with the viscoelastic model are independent of the type of load, the same coefficients enable a correct representation in creep and relaxation tests. The main directions vary from one person to another, Young's modulus in these directions could be an indicator for dermatologists and cosmeticians.
Use of an intraluminal guide wire in linear microdialysis probes: effect on recovery?
Authors: Klimowicz Adam , Bielecka‐Grzela Stanislawa , Groth Lotte , Benfeldt Eva 
Published: April 2004

Background/purpose: For microdialysis studies in the skin, laboratory‐made linear probes are often used. Probes can be assembled with or without a stainless‐steel guide wire in the lumen of the dialysis fibre. From a theoretical viewpoint, this will alter the performance of the probe. The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro microdialysis recovery using probes with and without an internal guide wire, employing two different model drugs and a range of perfusate flow rates.Methods: In vitro microdialysis recovery experiments were performed with and without internal guide wires at perfusion flow rates from 1 to 15 μL/min, using either salicylic acid or metronidazole as test compounds at 5 mg/L. Phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was used as perfusate. Dialysates were analysed by a validated HPLC assay with spectrophotometric detection.Results: For both test compounds, the mean microdialysis recovery did not differ significantly between microdialysis probes with and without an internal guide wire at lower flow rates. At very high flow rates (10–15 μL/min), a significant difference in recovery could be seen for probes with internal guide wires when compared with probes without.Conclusion: The use of a stabilizing internal guide wire in linear microdialysis probes did not influence the in vitro recovery of microdialysis at volumetric flow rates below 10 μL/min. These are the flow rates most frequently used for in vivo microdialysis studies in the skin.
Mid‐infrared in vivo depth‐profiling of topical chemicals on skin
Authors: Notingher Ioan , Imhof Robert E. 
Published: April 2004

Background/purpose: Thermal emission decay–Fourier transform infrared (TED–FTIR) spectroscopy is a non‐contact and non‐destructive analytical technique and was used in this study to detect the presence of external chemicals on human skin in vivo. The detection was possible due to the ability of the TED–FTIR technique to acquire the mid‐infrared spectrum of the outmost layers (less than 10 μm) of Stratum Corneum (SC) and the ability to identify the absorption bands of the chemical.Methods: As an illustration of such measurements, propylene glycol (PG) was applied on human stratum corneum and depth‐resolved TED–FTIR spectra of the SC were measured to quantify the concentration of PG in deeper layers of SC.Results: The mid‐infrared spectrum of the surface 0.7 μm layer of skin had 50% contribution from SC and 50% from PG. At 3 h after application, the contribution of PG at the surface decreased to 7% as PG molecules diffused deeper into the skin and were lost at the surface. At a depth of 6 μm, the maximum concentration was 20% after 25 min after PG application.Conclusions: This work shows the feasibility of the TED–FTIR technique to detect the presence of chemicals on human SC in vivo and without contact, and for a wide range of other applications, such as detection of toxic chemicals used as warfare (vesicant agents like sulphur mustard and organophosphate nerve agents), pesticides, and other toxins on fruit and vegetable skins, water, or even other contaminated surfaces.
Functional Properties ofBorrelia burgdorferi recA
Authors: Liveris Dionysios , Mulay Vishwaroop , Schwartz Ira 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACTFunctions of theBorrelia burgdorferiRecA protein were investigated inEscherichia coli recAnull mutants. Complementation withB. burgdorferi recAincreased survival ofE. coli recAmutants by 3 orders of magnitude at a UV dose of 2,000 μJ/cm2. The viability at this UV dose was about 10% that provided by the homologousrecAgene. Expression ofB. burgdorferi recAresulted in survival ofE. coliat levels of mitomycin C that were lethal to noncomplemented hosts.B. burgdorferiRecA was as effective asE. coliRecA in mediating homologous recombination inE. coli. Furthermore,E. coliλ phage lysogens complemented withB. burgdorferi recAproduced phage even in the absence of UV irradiation. The level of phage induction was 55-fold higher than the level in cells complemented with the homologousrecAgene, suggesting thatB. burgdorferiRecA may possess an enhanced coprotease activity. This study indicates thatB. burgdorferiRecA mediates the same functions inE. colias the homologousE. coliprotein mediates. However, the rapid loss of viability and the absence of induction inrecAexpression after UV irradiation inB. burgdorferisuggest thatrecAis not involved in the repair of UV-induced damage inB. burgdorferi. The primary role of RecA inB. burgdorferiis likely to be a role in some aspect of recombination.
GldI Is a Lipoprotein That Is Required for
Flavobacterium johnsoniae
Gliding Motility and Chitin Utilization
Authors: McBride Mark J. , Braun Timothy F. 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACT

Cells of
Flavobacterium johnsoniae
glide rapidly over surfaces by an unknown mechanism. Seven genes (
gldA
,
gldB
,
gldD
,
gldF
,
gldG
,
gldH
, and
ftsX
) that are required for gliding motility have been described. Complementation of the nonmotile mutants UW102-41, UW102-85, and UW102-92 identified another gene,
gldI
, that is required for gliding motility.
gldI
mutants formed nonspreading colonies, and individual cells were completely nonmotile. They were also resistant to bacteriophages that infect wild-type cells, and they failed to digest chitin. Introduction of wild-type
gldI
on a plasmid restored colony spreading, cell motility, phage sensitivity, and the ability to digest chitin to the
gldI
mutants.
gldI
encodes a predicted 199-amino-acid protein that localized to the membrane fraction. Labeling studies with [
3
H]palmitate indicated that GldI is a lipoprotein. GldI is similar to peptidyl-prolyl
cis/trans
-isomerases of the FK506-binding protein family and may be involved in folding cell envelope protein components of the motility machinery.
A 12-Base-Pair Deletion in the Flagellar Master Control Gene
flhC
Causes Nonmotility of the Pathogenic German Sorbitol-Fermenting
Escherichia coli
O157:H
−
Strains
Authors: Monday Steven R. , Minnich Scott A. , Feng Peter C. H. 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACT

An atypical, Stx2-producing, pathogenic
Escherichia coli
O157:H
−
strain has been isolated with increasing frequency from hemolytic uremic syndrome patients in Germany. The lack of the H7 antigen coupled with the strain's ability to ferment sorbitol and express β-glucuronidase have complicated its detection and identification. In this study, we have determined that the loss of motility in these German sorbitol-fermenting (SF) O157 strains is due to a 12-bp in-frame deletion in
flhC
that is required for transcriptional activation of genes involved in flagellum biosynthesis. Either complementation with a functional
flhC
or repair of this mutation restored H7 antigen expression and motility. PCR analysis of several nonmotile
E. coli
O157 strains from various geographical sources confirmed that the 12-bp
flhC
deletion is found only in the cluster of German SF O157 strains, providing a potentially useful marker by which these atypical strains can be identified. The loss of motility via mutations in the
flhDC
operon that we observed in the German SF O157 strains is consistent with a similar phenomenon currently observed in a significant subset of other important gram-negative pathogens.
A New Amidohydrolase from
Bordetella
or
Alcaligenes
Strain FB188 with Similarities to Histone Deacetylases
Authors: Hildmann Christian , Ninkovic Milena , Dietrich Rüdiger , Wegener Dennis , Riester Daniel , Zimmermann Thomas , Birch Olwen M. , Bernegger Christine , Loidl Peter , Schwienhorst Andreas 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACT

The full-length gene encoding the histone deacetylase (HDAC)-like amidohydrolase (HDAH) from
Bordetella
or
Alcaligenes
(
Bordetella/Alcaligenes
) strain FB188 (DSM 11172) was cloned using degenerate primer PCR combined with inverse-PCR techniques and ultimately expressed in
Escherichia coli
. The expressed enzyme was biochemically characterized and found to be similar to the native enzyme for all properties examined. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 1,110 bp which encodes a polypeptide with a theoretical molecular mass of 39 kDa. Interestingly, peptide sequencing disclosed that the N-terminal methionine is lacking in the mature wild-type enzyme, presumably due to the action of methionyl aminopeptidase. Sequence database searches suggest that the new amidohydrolase belongs to the HDAC superfamily, with the closest homologs being found in the subfamily assigned acetylpolyamine amidohydrolases (APAH). The APAH subfamily comprises enzymes or putative enzymes from such diverse microorganisms as
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Archaeoglobus fulgidus
, and the actinomycete
Mycoplana ramosa
(formerly
M. bullata
). The FB188 HDAH, however, is only moderately active in catalyzing the deacetylation of acetylpolyamines. In fact, FB188 HDAH exhibits significant activity in standard HDAC assays and is inhibited by known HDAC inhibitors such as trichostatin A and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Several lines of evidence indicate that the FB188 HDAH is very similar to class 1 and 2 HDACs and contains a Zn
2+
ion in the active site which contributes significantly to catalytic activity. Initial biotechnological applications demonstrated the extensive substrate spectrum and broad optimum pH range to be excellent criteria for using the new HDAH from
Bordetella/Alcaligenes
strain FB188 as a biocatalyst in technical biotransformations, e.g., within the scope of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase inhibitor synthesis.
The Gas Vesicle Gene Cluster from
Microcystis aeruginosa
and DNA Rearrangements That Lead to Loss of Cell Buoyancy
Authors: Mlouka Alyssa , Comte Katia , Castets Anne-Marie , Bouchier Christiane , Tandeau de Marsac Nicole 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACT

Microcystis aeruginosa
is a planktonic unicellular cyanobacterium often responsible for seasonal mass occurrences at the surface of freshwater environments. An abundant production of intracellular structures, the gas vesicles, provides cells with buoyancy. A 8.7-kb gene cluster that comprises twelve genes involved in gas vesicle synthesis was identified. Ten of these are organized in two operons,

gvpA
I

A
II

A
III

CNJX
and
gvpKFG
, and two,
gvpV
and
gvpW
, are individually expressed. In an attempt to elucidate the basis for the frequent occurrence of nonbuoyant mutants in laboratory cultures, four gas vesicle-deficient mutants from two strains of
M. aeruginosa
, PCC 7806 and PCC 9354, were isolated and characterized. Their molecular analysis unveiled DNA rearrangements due to four different insertion elements that interrupted
gvpN
,
gvpV
, or
gvpW
or led to the deletion of the

gvpA
I

-A
III

region. While
gvpA
, encoding the major gas vesicle structural protein, was expressed in the
gvpN
,
gvpV
, and
gvpW
mutants, immunodetection revealed no corresponding GvpA protein. Moreover, the absence of a gas vesicle structure was confirmed by electron microscopy. This study brings out clues concerning the process driving loss of buoyancy in
M. aeruginosa
and reveals the requirement for gas vesicle synthesis of two newly described genes,
gvpV
and
gvpW
.