bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cointegration of firm strategies within groups: a long‐run analysis of firm behavior in the Japanese steel industry
Authors: Nair Anil , Filer Larry 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis paper uses cointegration analysis to study the competitive interaction among firms within the integrated and minimill groups in the Japanese steel industry. The use of cointegration analysis overcomes some of the limitations associated with prior attempts at modeling firm behavior within groups, and allows us to model strategies that take considerable time to adjust. Results indicate that several strategies displayed slow adjustment characteristics. All of the strategies that displayed these properties were cointegrated within the group. Finally, over the long run, the rate of strategic response to ‘shocks’ in the system varied across members and strategies: some converged, while others diverged from the group relationship. We conclude by discussing the relevance of our findings to research on strategic groups and competitive dynamics among firms. Thus the paper contributes to the literature on strategic groups and competitive dynamics, and illustrates the use of cointegration analyses to study the competitive behavior of firms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Qualification initiative surface technology: offer, need, networks
Authors: Baron Waldemar 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAuf die Überwindung von Innovationsbarrieren nicht‐technischer Art im Bereich moderner Oberflächentechnik insbesondere bei (kleinen und mittleren) Unternehmen zielt das laufende Projekt “Wissenstransfer Oberflächentechnik”, das im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) vom VDI‐Technologiezentrum Düsseldorf durchgeführt wird. Teil des Projektes ist eine Qualifizierungsinitiative zur Oberflächentechnik. Dabei geht es zunächst darum, die fachspezifischen Bildungsangebote besser zugänglich zu machen, den Qualifizierungsbedarf zu ermitteln sowie Qualifizierungsnetze zu konzipieren und entsprechende Anregungen zu geben. Ergebnisse werden im Rahmen von Fachtagungen, über ein Internetportal sowie mittels intensiver Pressearbeit und einer Schriftenreihe Wissenstransfer Oberflächentechnik an interessierte Stellen transportiert und verbreitet. Im Sinne strategischer Allianzen werden zahlreiche Partner und Institute mit einschlägiger Kompetenz in die Aktivitäten einbezogen, mit Teilanalysen beauftragt sowie für Fachveranstaltungen gewonnen.
Otto von Guericke and the Founding of the Science of Air Pressure
Authors: Streitenberger Peter , Schneider Ditmar 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAus Anlass des 400. Geburtstages von Otto von Guericke würdigt der vorliegende Beitrag die überragende Bedeutung Guerickes für die Herausbildung der auf der experimentellen Methode basierenden neuen Naturwissenschaft im 17. Jahrhundert. Guericke gilt unbestritten als Erfinder der Vakuumluftpumpe und hervorragender Experimentator, der durch seine publikumswirksamen Experimente eindrucksvoll die Wirkungen des atmosphärischen Luftdrucks demonstrierte. Weniger bekannt sind dagegen seine physikalisch‐interpretatorischen Leistungen, ohne die er nicht unabhängig zur Lehre vom Luftdruck gelangt wäre. Im folgenden Beitrag wird daher gezeigt, dass Guericke durch eine Reihe subtiler Vakuumexperimente und deren physikalische Deutung sowie durch die Übertragung der Prinzipien der Hydrostatik von Flüssigkeiten auf Gase auch wichtige Beiträge zur Begriffsentwicklung der Physik geleistet hat.
A Three‐Pathway Pore Model Describes Extensive Transport Data from Mammalian Microvascular Beds and Frog Microvessels
Authors: WOLF MATTHEW B. 
Published: December 2002

ABSTRACTObjective: To show that a three‐pathway pore model can describe extensive transport data in cat and rat skeletal muscle microvascular beds and in frog mesenteric microvessels.Methods: A three‐pathway pore model was used to predict transport data measured in various microcirculatory preparations. The pathways consist of 4‐ and 24‐nm radii pore systems with a 2.5:1 ratio of hydraulic conductivities and a water‐only pathway of variable conductivity. The pore sizes and relative hydraulic conductivities of the small‐ and large‐pore systems were derived from a model fit to reflection coefficient (σ) data in the cat hindlimb. The fraction (αw) of total hydraulic conductivity (Lp) or hydraulic capacity (LpS) contributed by the water‐only pathway was uniquely determined for each preparation by a fit of the three‐pathway model (parameters fixed as above) to σ data measured in that preparation. These parameter values were unchanged when the model was used to predict diffusion capacity (permeability‐surface area product, PdS) data in the cat or rat preparations or diffusional permeability (Pd) data in frog microvessels. The values for Lp or LpS used to predict diffusional data in each preparation were taken from the literature. Predictions of Pd ratios for solute pairs were also compared with experimental data.Results: The three‐pathway model closely predicted the trend of PdS or Pd experimental data in all three preparations; in general, predicted Pd ratios for paired solutes were quite similar to experimental data. For these comparisons, the only parameter varied between these preparations was αw.It varied considerably, from 7 to 16 to 41% of total in frog, rat, and cat preparations. Individual PdS or Pd experimental data were closely predicted in the cat but somewhat overestimated in the frog and rat. This result could be due the use of Lp or LpS values in the model that were affected by methodological problems. Calculated hydraulic conductivities of the water‐only pathway in the three preparations were quite similar.Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis of a common structure of the transmembrane pathways in these three, very different, microcirculatory preparations. What varies considerably between them is the total number of soluteconducting pathways, but not their dimensions, nor the hydraulic conductivities of their water‐only pathways. Because of the wide variation of αw among these preparations, the ratio of Pd to Lp for any solute is not constant, but the deviation from constancy may not be detectable because of errors in the experimental data.
ZM323881, a Novel Inhibitor of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor‐Receptor‐2 Tyrosine Kinase Activity
Authors: WHITTLES C.E. , POCOCK T.M. , WEDGE S.R. , KENDREW J. , HENNEQUIN L.F. , HARPER S.J. , BATES D.O. 
Published: December 2002

ABSTRACTObjective: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) increases vascular permeability and angiogenesis in many pathological conditions including cancer, arthritis, and diabetes. VEGF activates VEGF‐Receptor 1(VEGF‐R1) and VEGF‐Receptor 2 (VEGF‐R2), which autophosphorylate to initiate a signaling cascade resulting in angiogenesis and increased microvascular permeability. Here we describe a novel VEGF‐R2 selective inhibitor, ZM323881 (5‐{[7‐(benzyloxy) quinazolin‐4‐yl]amino}‐4‐fluoro‐2‐methylphenol), that is a potent and selective inhibitor of VEGF‐R2 tyrosine kinase in vitro (IC50 < 2 nM), compared with other receptor tyrosine kinases, including VEGF‐R1 (IC50 > 50 µM).Methods: Endothelial cell proliferation was assayed by 3H‐thymidine incorporation in response to VEGF‐A ± ZM323881. The effect of ZM323881 on VEGF‐mediated permeability was measured in frog microvessels using the Landis Michel technique. To ensure that ZM323881 was effective in frogs, western analysis was performed on protein extracted from frog lungs incubated in the presence or absence of VEGF‐A or VEGF‐A with ZM323881.Results: ZM323881 inhibits VEGF‐A‐induced endothelial cell proliferation (IC50 = 8 nM) and VEGF‐R2 tyrosine phosphorylation in vitro. VEGF‐A‐mediated increases in vascular permeability in perfused mesenteric microvessels in vivo were reversibly abolished by both ZM323881 and the class III receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor PTK787/ZK222584.Conclusions: These data suggest that VEGF‐R2 phosphorylation is necessary for VEGF‐A‐mediated increases in microvascular permeability in vivo.
Mast Cell Tryptase Degrades HDL and Blocks Its Function as an Acceptor of Cellular Cholesterol
Authors: Lee Miriam , Sommerhoff Christian P. , von Eckardstein Arnold , Zettl Frank , Fritz Hans , Kovanen Petri T. 
Published: December 2002

Objective—In human atherosclerotic lesions, degranulated mast cells are found in the vicinity of macrophage foam cells. Mast cell granules contain tryptase, a tetrameric serine protease requiring glycosaminoglycans for stabilization. No endogenous inhibitors have been described for tryptase, and the physiological functions of the enzyme are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of human tryptase on the integrity of high density lipoprotein (HDL)3and on its ability to release cholesterol from cultured mouse macrophage foam cells.Methods and Results—Incubation of HDL3with tryptase led to degradation of its apolipoproteins. Tryptase predominantly degraded a quantitatively minor subfraction of HDL3that is lipid poor, exhibits electrophoretic pre-β mobility, and contains either apolipoprotein A-I or apolipoprotein A-IV as its sole apolipoprotein. Moreover, tryptase caused functional changes in HDL3by destroying its ability to promote high-affinity efflux of cholesterol from macrophage foam cells, ie, the pre-β-HDL-dependent component of the process. Human aortic proteoglycans increased the ability of tryptase to proteolyze HDL3, suggesting that the proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix of the arterial intima provides an appropriate environment for the extracellular actions of tryptase.Conclusions—By depleting pre-β-HDL, mast cell tryptase may impair the initial step of reverse cholesterol transport and will then favor cellular accumulation of cholesterol during atherogenesis.
Time-Resolved Total Internal Reflection Fluorometry Study on Chemical and Structural Characteristics at Water/Oil Interfaces
Authors: Ishizaka Shoji , Kitamura Noboru 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
Structures and characteristics of water/oil interfaces at the molecular level are reviewed. Dynamic fluorescence anisotropy of Sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) and excitation energy transfer from SR101 to Acid Blue 1 (AB1) at water/oil interfaces were studied by using time-resolved total internal reflection (TIR) fluorometry. The results indicated that a water/carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) interface was sharp with respect to the molecular size of SR101 (∼10 Å), while a water/1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) interface was relatively rough compared to the water/CCl4 interface. The present results were also compared with those predicted from molecular dynamic simulations and the thermally capillary wave theory. Furthermore, on the basis of fluorescence dynamic measurements of Sulforhodamine B (SRB) adsorbed at a water/oil interface, a relationship between thickness/roughness and the polarity at the interface was discussed.
Saccharide Effect on the Deswelling Process of the Thermosensitive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Gel
Authors: Kato Norihiro , Sakai Yasuzo , Takahashi Fujio 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
The kinetic parameters of deswelling and the change of a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) for poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gel, poly(NIPAAm) gel, were investigated in the presence of glucose and other sugars as hydrophilic probes. The enthalpy of activation (ΔH≠) and the entropy of activation (ΔS≠) for deswelling were influenced by the concentration of additive sugars. Plots of ΔH≠ against TΔS≠ fell on a straight line, of which the slope was approximately 0.91–0.94. This result shows a compensation effect of the free energy of activation (ΔG≠) concerning the relationship between ΔH≠ and ΔS≠ for deswelling of poly(NIPAAm) gel. The molecular interaction between sugar and water clusters involved with the polymer is responsible for the compensation effect between ΔH≠ and ΔS≠. The equatorial hydroxy groups of sugar molecules interact easily with water clusters around the hydrophobic isopropyl groups (the iceberg) to form hydrogen bonds, which give rise to change the situation of polymer hydration. A decrease of the LCST has close connections with the number of equatorial hydroxy groups of sugars as additives. The LCST decrease in sugar solutions was regarded as the situation change of polymer hydration in the iceberg.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Polymeric and Dimeric Forms of an Oxotitanium(IV) Complex with a Tetradentate Schiff Base Ligand
Authors: Tsuchimoto Masanobu 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
Polymeric and dimeric forms of an oxotitanium(IV) complex with a tetradentate Schiff base ligand, [TiO (salen)]·0.33CH3OH (1) (H2salen: N,N′-disalicylidene-1,2-ethanediamine) and [{TiO(salen)}2]·2DMF (2), were prepared by the reaction of the Schiff base ligand with [{TiO(acac)2}2] (H2acac: acetylacetone) in methanol and in DMF, respectively. X-ray crystal structure analyses of both complexes were carried out. Complex 1 has a linear ···Ti=O···Ti=O··· chain structure with the Ti=O and O···Ti distances being 1.705(2)–1.706(2) and 2.095(2)–2.134(2) Å, respectively. Complex 2 has a dimeric di-μ-oxo structure with the Ti–O distances being 1.804(2) and 1.907(2) Å. A strong band at 744 cm−1 in the IR spectrum of 1 was assigned unambiguously to the Ti=O stretching band by an 18O-labelling experiment.
Syntheses, Structures, and Properties of Vanadium(III) Complexes with the Hexadentate Ligand, Tetramethylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetate, N,N′-Bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine-N,N′-diacetate, and N,N′-Bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,3-propanediamine-N,N′-diacetate
Authors: Kanamori Kan , Kyotoh Ayako , Fujimoto Kazuya , Nagata Kiyonori , Suzuki Honoh , Okamoto Ken-ichi 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
Vanadium(III) complexes with the hexadentate ligand, tetramethylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetate (tmdta), N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine-N,N′-diacetate (bpedda), and N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,3-propanediamine-N,N′-diacetate (bppdda), have been prepared. The structures of the tmdta (1) and bpedda (3) complexes have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The stereochemical property of complex 1 was compared with that of the corresponding Cr(III) complex (2), whose structure was also determined by X-ray crystallography. The tmdta complexes adopt a distorted octahedral structure, including a seven-membered chelate ring formed by the tetramethylenediamine moiety of the tmdta ligand. The bpedda complex has been determined to be a heptacoordinate complex with a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry. The isolated bppdda complex has been characterized to be a μ-oxo dinuclear vanadium(III) complex on the basis of its spectral features. The tmdta and bpedda complexes do not yield a corresponding μ-oxo dinuclear vanadium(III) complex on base hydrolysis.
Temperature Dependence of the Probability of Chain Growth for Hydrocarbon Formation by Electrochemical Reduction of CO2
Authors: Ougitani Yasushi , Aizawa Tatuya , Sonoyama Noriyuki , Sakata Tadayoshi 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
The temperature dependence of the probability of chain growth was studied for hydrocarbons formed at Fe and Ni electrodes by electrochemical CO2 reduction. The faradaic efficiency for hydrocarbons increased with increasing temperature. The distribution of the produced hydrocarbons followed well the Schultz Flory equation. The probability of chain growth increased with increasing temperature. Based on the temperature dependence of the probability of chain growth, the mechanism of the electrochemical Fischer Tropsch reaction is discussed.
Trigonal-Bipyramidal Geometry in a Cobalt(II) Complex with an Unsymmetrical Tripodal Ligand
Authors: Lim Jong-Wan , Mikuriya Masahiro , Sakiyama Hiroshi 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
A cobalt(II) complex with bis[2-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)ethyl][(pyrazol-1-yl)methyl]amine (bppa), [CoCl(bppa)][B(C6H5)4]·C2H5OH, was synthesized and characterized by measurements of the magnetic moment and the electronic spectra. The X-ray crystal structure shows that the compound has a distorted trigonal bipyramid with a N4Cl coordination environment.
Aqueous Micellar Medium in Organic Synthesis: Alkylations and Michael Reactions of Benzotriazole
Authors: Mashraqui Sabir Hussain , Kumar Sukeerthi , Mudaliar Chandrasekhar Dayal 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
The feasibility of aqueous micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in catalyzing C–N bond formation has been studied with respect to N-alkylations of benzotriazole (Bt). Alkylations with various alkylating agents and the addition of Bt across activated double bonds in the Michael fashion occurred successfully in fair-to-good yields in the aqueous micellar regime. These reactions provided a mixture of N-1 and N-2 alkylated products, with a marked preference for N-1 over N-2 isomers. Micellar catalysis has been evaluated experimentally to indicate over a 50% micellar contribution to these alkylations in contrast to their aqueous counterparts. Since, N-alkyl benzotriazoles are of potential biological interest, the present micellar procedure offers a convenient alternative to other available methods.
Highly Enantioselective Cyclopropanation of Styrenes and Diazoacetates Catalyzed by 3-Oxobutylideneaminatocobalt(II) Complexes, Part 1. Designs of Cobalt Complex Catalysts and the Effects of Donating Ligands
Authors: Ikeno Taketo , Sato Mitsuo , Sekino Hiroyuki , Nishizuka Asae , Yamada Tohru 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
Highly enantioselective cyclopropanation of styrene derivatives and diazoacetates was effectively catalyzed by reasonably designed 3-oxobutylideneaminatocobalt(II) complexes, whose ligands were prepared from 1,2-dimesitylethylenediamine and alkyl 3-oxobutanoates. The steric demand of the diamine unit of the complexes seriously influenced the enantioselectivity, and the ester groups on their side chains somewhat improved the trans-selectivity. Addition of a catalytic amount of N-methylimidazole significantly accelerated the reaction and enhanced the enantioselectivity due to its coordination to the center cobalt atom of the complex as an axial ligand. Alcoholic or aqueous alcoholic solvents were also effective particularly for the cyclopropanation of 1-substituted 1-phenylethylenes to achieve high enantioselectivity in aqueous methanol.
Highly Enantioselective Cyclopropanation of Styrenes and Diazoacetates Catalyzed by 3-Oxobutylideneaminatocobalt(II) Complexes, Part 2. Semiempirical Analysis of Diastereo and Enantioselectivities
Authors: Ikeno Taketo , Iwakura Izumi , Yamada Tohru 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
A semiempirical analysis using the PM3(tm) method was performed on the 3-oxobutylideneaminatocobalt(II) complexes-catalyzed cyclopropanation. Although the energy diagram calculated by the PM3(tm) method had a contradiction, where the product was less stable than the reactant, the structures and the energies of the reactant and the transition state obtained by the PM3(tm) method could be relatively reliable by comparing with the results based on the density functional theory. Analysis of the transition states by the PM3(tm) method indicated that the olefin approached parallel to the cobalt-carbene bond with bisecting an O1–Co–O2 angle. It was revealed that the transition state affording the (1S,2S)-arylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid ester corresponding to the (1S,2S)-cobalt complex was the most stable, because of the lowest steric repulsion among the aryl group of the diamine unit, the ester moiety, and the approaching olefin. It was clarified that the enantioselectivity occurred due to the repulsion between the aryl group of the diamine unit and the ester moiety and that the diastereoselectivity was controlled by the repulsion between the ester moiety and the approaching olefin.
Spectroscopic and Product Studies of the Effect of Para Substituents on the Reactivity of Triplet Bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)carbenes
Authors: Hu Yingmo , Ishikawa Yui , Hirai Katsuyuki , Tomioka Hideo 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
A series of diazobis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)methanes (1) bearing eight symmetrical para di-substituents have been prepared and photolyzed to generate the corresponding carbenes (2). Product analysis studies showed that carbenes (2) decay mainly either by dimerization to form tetra(aryl)ethylene (3) or by attack at an o-methyl group to afford 1,2-dihydrobenzocyclobutenes (4) by way of o-quinodimethanes (6) in solution. The zero-field splitting parameters, D and E, were measured in matrices of different viscosities and are analyzed in terms of a sigma-dot (σ•) scale of spin-delocalization substituent constants. Fairly good correlation with σ• was found for the D values of 32 in its minimum energy geometry. Stabilities of 32 were estimated either by measuring the temperature at which the triplet carbene signals disappeared upon thawing the matrix or by analyzing the decay kinetics of 32 in a degassed solution at room temperature. They are examined in terms of the D values in matrix at low temperature and in terms of product distributions in solution at room temperature.
Calorimetric Investigations of Phase Transitions Occurring in Molecule-Based Materials in Which Electrons Are Directly Involved
Authors: Sorai Michio 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
New types of phase transitions occurring in molecule-based materials have recently drawn great attention, in which electrons are directly involved. In this paper are given calorimetric investigations aimed at the elucidation of the mechanisms governing such phase transitions as (i) spin crossover phenomena occurring between high- and low-spin states in transition-metal complexes, (ii) intramolecular electron transfers in mixed-valence complexes, (iii) neutral-to-ionic transitions due to charge transfer mechanism, and (iv) thermochromic phenomena due to a change in coordination geometry. Since a change in the electronic state is strongly coupled with a change in the lattice, it turns out that the transition mechanisms always include interplays with various molecular motions in the lattice. In all these systems, a large change in the electronic energy is compensated by the entropy term due to these molecular motions.
The Surface Reaction Mechanism on Al(111)
Authors: Nakajima Tohru , Yamashita Koichi 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
A surface reaction mechanism in the aluminum chemical vapor deposition (Al-CVD) method using dimethylaluminum hydride (DMAH) as the material gas has been studied using quantum chemical methods. Density functional theory (DFT) and a cluster model were used to calculate the potential energies and the structures of adsorbates and transition states of surface reactions. We have obtained the result that the hydrogen molecule and trimethylaluminum (TMA) are easily produced, while methane cannot be formed as a reaction product of Al-CVD because of the large barrier height, although the latter reaction path is thermodynamically accessible.
New Interpretation of the Transfer Coefficient in Electrochemistry
Authors: Sakata Tadayoshi , Nakamura Hideo 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
A new theory and interpretation of the transfer coefficient based on electrostatic screening of the electrode potential is proposed. A new theory constructed based on the Debye–Hückel theory could quantitatively explain the dependence of transfer coefficient on the ionic strength of the electrolyte solution. The experimental results of the transfer coefficient for hydrogen evolution and Fe3+ / Fe2+ redox reactions were analyzed by this theory. It demonstrates that the transfer coefficient represents the electrostatic screening of the electrode potential by ions in the electrolyte solution near to the electrode. It is also shown theoretically that the information on the “electron transfer distance” is contained in the transfer coefficient.