bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of quality control validation and relationships with total error quality goals and bias in the interpretation of laboratory results
Authors: Freeman Kathleen , Klenner‐Gastreich Stefanie , Korchia Jérémie 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe objective of a quality system is to provide accurate and reliable results for clinical decision‐making. One part of this is Quality Control (QC) validation. QC validation is not routinely applied in veterinary laboratories. This leads to the inappropriate usage of random QC rules without knowing the Probability of error detection (Ped) and Probability of false rejection (Pfr) of a method. In this paper, we will discuss why QC validation is important, when it should be undertaken, why QC validation is done, and why it is not commonly done. We will present the role of total analytical error (TEa) in the QC validation process and the challenges when a consensus TEa has not been published. Finally, we will also discuss the possibilities of ‘gray zone’ determinations and mention the effects of bias on the quality of results. Reasons for the low prevalence of performing QC validation may include (a) lack of familiarity with the concept, (b) lack of time and resources needed to conduct QC validation, and (c) lack of TEa goal for some measurands. If no TEa is available, the user may elect to use a ‘reverse approach’ to QC validation. This uses the CV and bias generated from the evaluation of QC measurements, specifying Ped, Pfr, and N (number of QC measurements/run). This identifies the lowest total error that can be controlled under these defined conditions, thus enabling the laboratory to have an estimate of the ‘gray zone’ associated with results generated with a specific assay.
Simplification of Venturi-Meter Calculations
Authors: Warren Glenn B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author describes a method which he has devised for the simplification of the calculations involved in the venturi-meter measurement of the flow of compressed air, and which reduces the work of one determination to a simple slide-rule computation requiring but a few settings. The method is based on the venturi-meter formula as given by Herbert H. Reynolds in Trans.Am.Soc.M.E., Vol. 38, p. 799, and can be easily applied to any venturi meter used for the measurement of a gas.
Design of Flywheels for Reciprocating Machinery Connected to Synchronous Generators or Motors
Authors: Doherty R. E. , Franklin R. F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This problem, although long since understood in a fundamental way, has never been completely worked out. It has been largely a matter of chance whether the flywheel installed has given trouble or satisfactory operation. As covered by the literature, the problem has not been sufficiently understood by many of the engine and compressor builders, or by generator and motor builders. But what is more important, most of those who have understood the problem have found not only a lack of reliable design constants necessary for the calculation, but also that the calculation itself was too involved and laborious to be carried out. Yet all will agree that if the thing can be calculated with practical accuracy and expedition, it would be highly desirable.
The purpose of this paper is to present a way to do this. It gives in part the results of a rather extended investigation as outlined in Par. 3 below. The results given here are: (a) a complete solution of the problem of flywheel moment as related to the crank effort, synchronizing force and damping force; (b) modification of (a) for practical calculation; (c) a short method for determining the crank effort from the engine or compressor design; (d) practical method of determining the “initial angular deviation” from the crank-effort curve; (e) tests confirming the equations; and (f) discussion of the electrical forces involved and of the limitations which must be imposed upon power fluctuations.
Boiler and Furnace Economy
Authors: Jacobus D. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
That it is possible to effect material savings in power plants is evident, according to the author, when it is considered that fifty or even a hundred per cent more fuel is burned in some cases than would be required by plants of the best economy. It does not follow, however, that it would pay to replace all plants of low efficiency by those having a higher efficiency. There are many factors which must be taken into consideration before deciding that a new investment is warranted, and each case must be considered individually in order to determine whether or not it will pay to replace an existing plant by one of more economical type, or to add apparatus to increase the efficiency.
The present paper accordingly deals with such questions as when it will pay to use economizers in a new plant; the most economical rating at which to operate a boiler; limitations imposed on efficiency by inability of furnace brickwork to withstand temperatures available with many classes of fuel; furnace volume and length of flame travel; where air heaters are of a special advantage; importance of employing properly trained men for boiler operation; information afforded by flue-gas analyses, etc., etc.
The author points out in closing that furnace and boiler design must be coördinated in order to secure the best results. It is impossible to separate the boiler efficiency from the efficiency of the stoker and furnace in such a way that the value obtained for the former will depend solely on the construction of the boiler and not be influenced through the construction of the stoker and furnace. The stoker and furnace efficiency is influenced by the delayed or secondary combustion between the boiler tubes and this cannot be included in any analysis, neither can the loss due to excess air be correctly divided between the boiler and furnace.
The Evaporation of a Liquid Into a Gas
Authors: Lewis W. K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author investigates the mechanism of the evaporation of a liquid into a gas as applied to such processes as are found in gas scrubbers, humidifiers, dehumidifiers, water coolers, air driers, etc. He establishes the formula for calculating the humidity of air from wet- and dry-bulb thermometer readings, and shows that the coefficient of heat transfer divided by the coefficient of diffusion equals the humid heat of the gas.
The Bending and Torsion of Multi–Throw Crankshafts on Many Supports
Authors: Timoshenko S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author considers the bending and torsion of multi-throw crankshafts on many supports. The assumptions made to simplify the problem are (1) that the crankshaft is simply supported at the middle cross-sections of the journals, and (2) that each throw is considered as a rod whose cross-sections are small in comparison with the length. On these assumptions a system of equations for determination of bending moments at the supports is obtained. The application of these equations to the case of twist and bending of a three-throw crankshaft on four supports is considered in detail and the diagrams of bending moments for a numerical example are given.
A Graphical Study of Journal Lubrication (Part II)
Authors: Howarth H. A. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The present paper continues the investigations of journal lubrication originally reported to the Society a year ago in a paper of the same title covering the case of a journal completely surrounded by its bearing. The case of a partial bearing is considered in the following paper. The method of analysis leads to the formation of charts for the study of partial-bearing design problems, and some typical examples are solved with the use of these charts.
The Effect of Inaccuracy of Spacing on the Strength of Gear Teeth
Authors: Franklin Lloyd J. , Smith Charles H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In a paper presented before the Society in 1912, Professor Guido H. Marx reported results of an extended series of tests to determine the strength of gear teeth at pitch velocities from 0 to 500 ft. per min. During the discussion of this paper it was suggested that further tests he made in order to obtain definite data as to the effect of inaccuracy of spacing on the strength of the teeth at high speeds. At the instance of Professor Marx the authors undertook such a series of tests, the results obtained and a description of the apparatus and procedure employed being given in the present paper.
Among other things the authors found that, in a broad way, at pitch velocities of 1000 ft. per min. and upward, gears whose inaccuracies of spacing do not exceed 0.001 in. will carry twice the load of those having inaccuracies of spacing of 0.006 in.; and that the strength of gears having inaccuracies of spacing of the order of 0.002 in. is about half-way between the two. An error of 0.006 in. in the size of teeth tested is much more than will ordinarily be found in first-class commercial cut gears.
Intakes for Power Plants: Including a Description of Experiments and Results on a Large-Scale Model
Authors: Angus Robert W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to set forth the desirable features of intakes placed in rivers or other bodies of water for supplying water for hydraulic turbines and other equipment. The paper makes special reference to protection against ice and other large floating substances. It includes a description and discussion and conclusions with reference to an extensive set of experiments made by the author at Niagara Falls, Canada, on a large model of the Niagara River, their immediate object being the design of a suitable intake for the Queenston hydroelectric plant.
A Method for the Economic Design of Penstocks
Authors: Doolittle H. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author presents an original, simple graphic method for the economic design of penstocks. Given a certain flow of water, length of piping, and profile of penstock, curves can be rapidly drawn for pipes of varying diameter which indicate the frictional loss and its value in dollars. Other curves indicate the cost of a certain diameter of piping, which includes such items as the cost of pipe in place, interest, and depreciation. The costs being plotted as ordinates, and the lengths of pipe as abscissas, the total area under a curve representing the summation of these curves indicates the total cost for any diameter of piping selected. It is therefore possible to determine by inspection the most economical system. In view of the large number of variables entering into the problem, it is believed that the method presented should be of considerable help to the designer, and should eliminate guesswork in the selection of suitable pipe diameters.
A Graphical Study of Journal Lubrication (Part III)
Authors: Howarth H. A. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper continues the investigation of journal lubrication reported to the Society under the same title in 1923 and 1924. Friction curves are here presented for central and offset partial bearings whose curvature radius exceeds that of the journal. The characteristics of fitted partial bearings are then studied, including their carrying capacities and friction.
Rough Turning with Particular Reference to the Steel Cut
Authors: French H. J. , Digges T. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Tests described in this report extend portions of Taylor’s original investigations in rough turning carbon steels to current commercial high-speed tool and structural alloy steels. They were made primarily to show the effect upon tool performance of variation in chemical composition and mechanical properties of the steel cut, and accordingly include lathe tests on carbon, nickel, low- and high-chromium, chromium-vanadium, chromium-molybdenum, and nickel-chromium steels having tensile strengths between 65,000 and 195,000 lb. per sq. in. However, many of the tests with the customary high-tungsten-low-vanadium steel tools were duplicated with low-tungsten-high-vanadium or cobalt high-speed steel tools, and there is included a partial study of the effects of cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, and coolants upon tool life and the power required in cutting. Graphical representation of results is employed, wherever possible, to show the laws of cutting.
Kinematics of Cams, Calculated by Graphical Methods
Authors: Schreck H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper presents the application of graphical methods for the calculation of velocity and acceleration of cams. The theory of the graphical methods is explained, its application to problems comprising various shapes of cams is presented, and changes in kinematic conditions due to variation in the shape of the cam are described. These results are shown in tables and plotted in graphs in order to present a comparison of the forces produced by the various cams. Particular care has been taken to describe the graphical methods in such a way that they can be readily employed in every-day work without referring each time to the theoretical analyses.
So far as the author is aware, no such demonstration and comparison of cams has thus far been published and it is his wish that this very simple graphical method may find wide employment with engineers who use cams in their work.
The Problem of Solid Fuel Injection in High-Speed Flexible Oil Engines
Authors: Attendu A. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The “flexible” oil engine, the author states, is one which must be capable of starting from cold on its own fuel without preheating of that fuel or the aid of a combustion chamber or electric appliances, or by the preliminary use of a lighter oil for warming-up purposes. It must be able to start cold at 70 to 100 r.p.m., idle to 125 r.p.m. or about, and run from that speed up to a maximum which varies from 1000 r.p.m. for trucks, light marine engines, and the like, to 1800 to 2000 r.p.m. as required for aviation. The author describes his recent work in the development of a system of solid fuel injection that will meet the demands of the flexible engine, and gives particulars of a new type of fuel pump and an injector provided with a mixing chamber in the cylinder head which he believes will lead to the desired result.
Direct-Fired Powdered-Fuel Boilers with Well-Type Furnaces at Charles R. Huntley Station
Authors: Cushing H. M. , Moore R. P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The 1926 extension to the Charles R. Huntley Station in Buffalo includes the addition of four 1250-hp. boilers, each with water-cooled furnace walls and 76 per cent economizer surface. The paper describes the evolution of the furnace design, gives reasons for the selection of pulverized coal, and the adoption of the direct-fired system, and presents the operating results. Tests embodied in the paper show unit efficiencies in excess of 85 per cent within the operating range of the equipment—from 125 per cent to 550 per cent of rating of boiler and walls.
The Flow of Heat Through Furnace Hearths
Authors: Keller J. D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author points out the lack of definite knowledge upon which the engineer can base calculations of heat losses through furnace hearths. The solid or non-ventilated type of hearth is discussed, and certain conclusions as to relations of heal flow to shape and construction are reached. The greater part of the paper is devoted to an explanation of the methods used in arriving at these conclusions. A series of formulas and examples illustrating their use are given for each of the several types of hearths discussed. The question of value and methods of insulation is carefully considered.
The Reciprocating Dry-Vacuum Pump
Authors: Weeks Walter S. , Letchworth Pierre E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper is concerned with the number of strokes that must be made by a pump to produce a given pressure in a tank.. The theory of a vacuum pump with clearance is presented, and a formula is derived which gives the requisite number of strok.es and which involves the dead-end vacuum expressed as a fraction of a perfect vacuum, the desired vacuum expressed in the same manner, and a factor which involves the volume of the tank, the displacement of the pump, and its clearance. Experiments were carried on by the authors to test the accuracy of their formula, and the causes for deviation are discussed in the paper.
Destruction Test of a 66-In. Forged Steel Penstock Pipe
Authors: Cox John L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The section of pipe tested is representative of a portion of one section of the penstock of the Big Creek Power Plant No. 2, near Los Angeles, Calif., of the Southern California Edison Co., with the object of determining the elastic limit and ultimate strength, as well as the deformation and behavior under high pressure.
Details and specifications of the pipe section are given as well as a description of the test arrangements and measuring apparatus. The test is described and the results are given in tabular and graphic form.
The pipe reached its elastic limit at a pressure of 2150 lb. corresponding to a tangential stress of 25,000 lb. per sq. in. in the steel of the walls, the measured proportional limit of the steel at the ends being 24,500 lb. The pipe failed at a pressure of 5300 lb., which, by the approximation of the extended Birnie formula, would correspond to a fiber stress of 62,000 lb. per sq. in., compared with an actual tensile strength of 67,750 lb. The external expansion was 6 in. in diameter, or 8.3 per cent. The internal expansion was 6-3/8 in. in diameter or 9.63 per cent. The mean expansion of the wall was 8.96 per cent. The reduction in wall thickness at the mid-length of the pipe at the fracture was 3/16 in. or 6.25 per cent. The paper closes with a discussion of the results of the test.
The Economic Field for Large Diesel Engines
Authors: Pollister Edward B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author defines a large Diesel engine as one ranging from 2500 to 25,000 hp. He cites the successful performance of marine Diesels, and gives figures showing that the aggregate horsepower of such engines now being built or installed is over three times that of marine steam turbines. He points out territory far removed from coal mines and where a cheap supply of fuel oil makes the use of the Diesel engine especially desirable. Over half of the fuel oil consumed in generating electric power, he states, could be saved by burning it in Diesels rather than under boilers. Diesel generating stations cost about the same as modern steam plants, around $135 per kw. Diesels have characteristics which especially fit them for use as auxiliaries in steam and hydroelectric power plants. The paper concludes with a brief consideration of the use of large Diesel engines in industrial plants.
Pulp-Grinder Control Reduces Paper Costs
Authors: Meyer Adolph F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Large amounts of power are used in grinding wood pulp for use in paper, and unregulated pulp-grinder loads vary greatly and rapidly. This paper describes a governor for controlling water-wheel-driven and motor-driven pulp grinders and points out the economies effected through such regulation. Governors operating on the waterwheel gate are impracticable and undesirable for the purpose of controlling the speed of waterwheels driving pulp grinders. The Meyer governor maintains uniform friction load, and thereby uniform speed, by varying the pressure with which the wood is pushed against the grindstones. As a speed regulator for water-wheel-driven grinders it is actuated by turbine speed. As a load regulator for motor-driven grinders it is actuated by the load on the grinder motors, which it maintains constant. This paper also describes a master regulator by means of which the total kilowatt load on a given system is maintained constant. The master regulator functions through the load regulators on the individual grinder motors. It automatically distributes the increases or decreases in total grinder load necessitated by decreases or increases in load elsewhere in the system, equally or in any other desired proportion, among the several motors by automatically changing the load setting of the individual regulators. The rate of action of the master regulator to correct load changes is proportional to the variation of the total load from normal at the given moment. No electrical contacts or relays are used, yet great sensitiveness is secured.
Radio Developments Applied to Aircraft
Authors: Dellinger J. H. , Diamond H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper, the authors point out the need for equipment and methods, that will reduce the weather hazards of air transportation. Radio offers great possibilities as an aid to flight. Research work carried on by the Bureau of Standards has lead to developments, through which weather and landing conditions can be communicated to pilots while in flight and through course navigation, flying can be done satisfactorily regardless of fog. Many interesting applications of radio to aircraft are described.
Landing Speed of Airplanes
Authors: Lee John G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Results of a large number of wind-tunnel and flight tests on the maximum lift of wings are presented, analyzed, and compared. Curves are given showing the relationship between the shape and lift of wings and for the landing speeds obtained with different wing loadings and lift coefficients. The subjects of sinking speeds, landing impacts, and the effect of flaps and slots are discussed in relation to landing speed and the general problem of easy landing.
Recent Developments in Air Transport
Authors: Johnson P. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author, after pointing out that there are 21,000 miles of established airways and 1600 airports in the United States, discusses the recent rapid growth of air-mindedness on the part of the public. As an index of this he estimates that 12,000 planes will be built in 1929 as against 622 in 1919, which latter were mostly military craft. He predicts greatly increased employment of planes for mail transportation, their speedy adoption for handling express matter, and their very general use for passenger travel.
Relation Between Commercial Airplane Design and Commercial Uses of Airplanes
Authors: Wright T. P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper presents some of the problems of the airplane designers, together with an indication of a trend in airplane design which it is felt possibly may take place. The following topics are discussed: fundamental requirements, design elements, commercial uses of airplanes, and airplane designs.
Under the last item, an attempt is made to analyze the points discussed in the preceding ones, with a view to suggesting certain design arrangements which seem most logically to fulfil the requirements which the airplane so designed must meet.
Stress Distribution in Rotating Disks of Ductile Material After the Yield Point Has Been Reached
Authors: Nadai A. , Donnell L. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper covers a study of the distribution of stress in a rotating disk of ductile material (of uniform thickness, with and without a central hole) after the yield point has been passed. Curves are computed showing the growth of the “plastic” region at different speeds, until the whole disk has become plastic. General methods are developed, and applied to examples for finding the complete distribution of stresses and strains in such disks.
While the conditions assumed are seldom exactly realized, the results should throw light on many practical problems as well as form a starting point for a more complete investigation of more complex problems of plastic flow in ductile materials.