bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disturbed communication in schizophrenia: the role of poor pragmatics and poor mind-reading
Authors: LANGDON R. , COLTHEART M. , WARD P. B. , CATTS S. V. 
Published: October 2002

Background. Disturbed speech in schizophrenia may reflect pragmatic deficits of expressive language. Pragmatic comprehension deficits also occur in schizophrenia. This study investigated whether poor ‘mind-reading’ (i.e. a general difficulty with inferring and monitoring other people's thoughts) causes pragmatic language impairments of both expression and comprehension in patients with schizophrenia.Method. Mind-reading (or theory of mind) was tested in patients with schizophrenia and in healthy controls using a false-belief picture-sequencing task. Pragmatic comprehension skills were assessed using a test of non-literal speech interpretation. Clinical ratings of formal thought disorder (FTD) indexed the expressive language deficits of patients. To control for possible contributory effects of executive dysfunction, inhibitory control was tested using capture picture-sequences and executive-planning was tested using the Tower of London task.Results. False-belief picture-sequencing, understanding of irony and understanding of metaphors were all selectively impaired in the patients. Poor mind-reading (indexed by high error rate in sequencing false-belief stories) was associated with poor understanding of irony, but was unrelated to poor understanding of metaphors. Whereas poor appreciation of irony and poor mind-reading were associated with high ratings of positive formal thought disorder, high ratings of negative formal thought disorder were associated with poor understanding of metaphors and executive dysfunction.Conclusions. Whereas poor mind-reading may contribute to positive aspects of formal thought disorder and impaired appreciation of irony in patients with schizophrenia; negative features of formal thought disorder and poor understanding of metaphors appear better explained by abnormal semantics. Overall, the findings of this study support the view that the functional basis of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia is not unitary.
Genetic epidemiology in a molecular age
Authors: PAYKEL EUGENE 
Published: October 2002

In this issue we publish three genetic epidemiology papers (Agrawal et al. 2002; Johnson et al. 2002; Wichers et al. 2002). Psychological Medicine in recent years has had genetic epidemiology as one of its major themes. We also publish some molecular genetic papers. This is a time when the development of molecular genetic technologies, which have already enabled the sequencing of the entire human genome, has been widely and appropriately hailed as a major advance, promising to generate a revolution in the understanding of causes of all human disease, including psychiatric, and in the discovery of new drugs. Psychological Medicine now has a distinguished American Editor from the world of genetic epidemiology in the person of Kenneth Kendler. This editorial, by his British editorial counterpart, is deliberately non-expert, and a view of the psychiatric future of genetic epidemiology from outside the field.The basic findings for heritability of major psychiatric disorders have become well established and replicated in some decades of research. Family studies were followed by twin studies and adoption studies which established on a much firmer basis that a substantial element in the familiality was genetic. Disappointingly, the genes still remain to be identified with certainty. That is the task of molecular genetics. It is becoming increasingly clear that the task will not be an easy one, because for the most part we seem to have multi-gene disorders, with a number of or many genes of small effect, requiring large samples and quantitative trait methods to elucidate (Plomin et al. 1994).
Machine translation: potential for progress
Authors: Smith Ross 
Published: October 2002

A status report on a controversial and much-maligned area of technological
research and development.Machine Translation does not often make the headlines, though it can happen. In the non-English-speaking world, at least, the last time the spotlight briefly fell on this normally unexciting activity was in September 1998, at the height of the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal. The report on the case by the Independent Council, Kenneth Starr, containing an account of the President's intimate dealings with Miss Lewinsky, was placed on the Internet and to satisfy the morbid curiosity of surfers everywhere was immediately translated into the world's major languages using the free translation software available on a number of WWW sites. The results, not surprisingly, were laughable. A capable human being would have had a hard enough time translating such a potent combination of technical and colloquial English: the MT applications were quite out of their depth. The silliest gaffes appeared in newspapers and everyone agreed that the on-line MT programs were useless; the subject was soon forgotten.
Englishised names?
Authors: Tan Peter K. W. 
Published: October 2002

An analysis of naming patterns among ethnic-Chinese Singaporeans.The study of names (or, to give it its Sunday name, onomastics) has
not always been accorded high academic prestige and is often thought of as a non-specialist's hobby horse. The fact that most books on naming in bookshops seem to address only prospective parents who need to name their child also does not give the study a high standing. In the university context, this is not something that receives a lot of attention, except within semantics and philosophy where the status of names (as opposed to other words) has been discussed; and within the history of English where place names are studied in relation to their etymology. In this journal, though, attention has been given to commercial names (Banu & Sussex (2001), McArthur (2000)) because of interesting instances of hybridisation involving English and other languages.
Global English infiltrates Bulgaria
Authors: Griffin Jeffrey L. 
Published: October 2002

Following his article ‘Global English invades Poland’
(ET50, Apr 97, Vol 13.2), the author explores the comparable impact of English on advertising
in a second Eastern European nation.Global English continues its unchecked spread, not only as the second language
of choice for more people than any other, but also as an infiltrator whose words creep
into the fabric of other languages through such avenues as film, television, popular music,
the World Wide Web, advertising and youth culture.
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and Arabic Science
Authors: Schramm Matthias 
Published: October 2002

The article argues that Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and his court played
a unique role in the transfer and diffusion of Arabic science (with its Greek, Hebrew and Christian elements). Scientists at the court translated and elaborated upon it. Moreover, there existed a two-way traffic of scientific knowledge between Frederick and his court scholars, on the one hand, and several oriental courts and their scientists on the other hand. Thus the reader gains a view of Frederick's scientific activities from the Arab
perspective, too.Frederick's contribution to the existing biological sciences of his time was his “Book of Falconry”, which was exceptional in the then contemporary approach and methods employed in those fields. Even in this treatise on falconry, Frederick drew upon the
fund of knowledge of Arab practitioners. This chain of arguments concerning Arabic science is situated within the setup of Frederick's oriental political practice and sumptuous court life.
In the Service of the Reich: Aspects of Copernicus and Galileo in Nazi Germany’s Historiographical and Political Discourse
Authors: Remmert Volker R. 
Published: October 2002

ArgumentFocus of this paper is on the historiographical fate of Nicholas Copernicus and Galileo Galilei in Nazi Germany. Both played interesting roles in Nazi propaganda and the legitimization of Nazi political goals. In the “Third Reich,” efforts to claim Copernicus as a German astronomer were closely linked to revisionist policies in Eastern Europe culminating in the war-time expansion. The example of Galileo’s condemnation by the Catholic Church in 1633 became a symbol of its unjustified opposition to new “scientific” results, namely Nazi racial theory. After Catholic opposition against Nazi racial theory had reached a peak in 1937, the Galileo affair was turned into an instrument of Nazi propaganda against the Catholic Church.Auch der Historiker steht in der Zeit, nicht über ihr.Das Ewigkeitspostament hat er verloren.Siegfried Giedion
The Analytic Ideal of Chemical Elements: Robert Boyle and the French Didactic Tradition of Chemistry
Authors: Gyung Kim Mi 
Published: October 2002

ArgumentHistorians have accorded a privileged status to the analytic ideal of elements as a distinctive marker of “modern” chemistry. Boyle’s and Lavoisier’s have been used to characterize their modernity, which has in turn justified their status as the founding fathers of modern chemistry. It has been difficult, however, to establish a viable connection between these two fathers or the genealogy of their definitions. I argue in this paper that French didactic tradition gave rise to the definition Boyle stated in the Sceptical Chymist, or the analytic/philosophical ideal of elements. He did not endorse the definition he gave, but criticized its lack of analytic rigor and philosophical sophistication. His critique served as a negative heuristic, leading to Nicolas Lemery’s analytic ideal of “chemical principles” as distinct from “natural principles.” Lemery’s definition survived in French didactic tradition, as is evidenced in Macquer’s and Guyton’s textbooks which provided direct precedents for Lavoisier’s analytic ideal of “elements or principles.”
Physiological Optics and Physical Geometry
Authors: Hyder David Jalal 
Published: October 2002

ArgumentHermann von Helmholtz’s distinction between “pure intuitive” and “physical” geometry must be counted as the most influential of his many contributions to the philosophy of science. In a series of papers from the 1860s and 70s, Helmholtz argued against Kant’s claim that our knowledge of Euclidean geometry was an a priori condition for empirical knowledge. He claimed that geometrical propositions could be meaningful only if they were taken to concern the behaviors of physical bodies used in measurement, from which it followed that it was posterior to our acquaintance with this behavior. This paper argues that Helmholtz’s understanding of geometry was fundamentally shaped by his work in sense-physiology, above all on the continuum of colors. For in the course of that research, Helmholtz was forced to realize that the color-space had no inherent metrical structure. The latter was a product of axiomatic definitions of color-addition and the empirical results of such additions. Helmholtz’s development of these views is explained with detailed reference to the competing work of the mathematician Hermann Grassmann and that of the young James Clerk Maxwell. It is this separation between 1) essential properties of a continuum, 2) supplementary axioms concerning distance-measurement, and 3) the behaviors of the physical apparatus used to realize the axioms, which is definitive of Helmholtz’s arguments concerning geometry.
The Foundations of Geometry and the Concept of Motion: Helmholtz and Poincaré
Authors: Heinzmann Gerhard 
Published: October 2002

ArgumentAccording to Hermann von Helmholtz, free mobility of bodies seemed to be an essential condition of geometry. This free mobility can be interpreted either as matter of fact, as a convention, or as a precondition making measurements in geometry possible. Since Henri Poincaré defined conventions as principles guided by experience, the question arises in which sense experiential data can serve as the basis for the constitution of geometry. Helmholtz considered muscular activity to be the basis on which the form of space could be construed. Yet, due to the problem of illusion inherent in the subject’s self-assessment of muscular activity, this solution yielded new difficulties, in that if the manifold is abstracted from rigid bodies which serve as empirical justification of the geometrical notion of space, then illusionary bodies will produce fictive manifolds. The present article is meant to disentangle these difficulties.
Helmholtz and the Psychophysiology of Time
Authors: Debru Claude 
Published: October 2002

ArgumentAfter having measured the velocity of the nervous impulse in the 1850s, Helmholtz began doing research on the temporal dimensions of visual perception. Experiments dealing with the velocity of propagation in nerves (as well as with aspects of perception) were carried out occasionally for some fifteen years until their final publication in 1871. Although the temporal dimension of perception seems to have interested Helmholtz less than problems of geometry and space, his experiments on the time of perception were technically rather subtle and seminal, especially compared with experiments performed by his contemporaries, such as Sigmund Exner, William James, Rudolf Hermann Lotze, Ernst Mach, Wilhelm Volkmann, and Wilhelm Wundt. Helmholtz’s conception of the temporal aspects of perception reflects the continuity that holds between psychophysiological research and the Kantian philosophical background.
Activation of the extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT) from rat expressed in 293 cells
Authors: Gründemann Dirk , Koschker Ann‐Cathrin , Haag Christine , Honold Cornelius , Zimmermann Tim , Schömig Edgar 
Published: November 2002

The extraneuronal monoamine transporter from rat (EMTr) was heterologously expressed by stable transfection in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and characterized in radiotracer experiments.
EMTr‐mediated uptake of 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+) was saturable, with a Km of 151 μmol l−1 and Vmax of 7.5 nmol min−1 mg protein−1.
Compared to the human orthologue EMTh (gene symbol SLC22A3), EMTr was about two orders of magnitude more resistant to most inhibitors, including disprocynium24 and corticosterone.
Strikingly, inhibitors and substrates at low concentration stimulated EMTr‐mediated transport above control level with MPP+ and noradrenaline as substrate, but not with cimetidine. Results were confirmed with EMT from mouse.
With different IC50‐values for different substrates, the standard method to calculate Ki‐values is not applicable.
Our experiments suggest that activation is not caused by changes in membrane potential or trans‐stimulation. Since the extent of activation depends markedly on the chemical structure of the monitored substrate, involvement of a receptor‐mediated signalling pathway or recruitment of transporter reserve are implausible.
To explain activation, we present a kinetic model which assumes two binding sites for substrate or inhibitor per transporter entity, possibly resulting from the assembly of homodimers.
Activation explains previous reports about inhibitor‐insensitive catecholamine transport in rat brain.
We speculate that activation may serve to keep the transporter working for specific substrates in the face of inhibitors.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 910–918. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704926
Removal of Infected Canine Cemented Total Hip Prostheses Using a Femoral Window Technique
Authors: Dyce Jonathan , Olmstead Marvin L. 
Published: November 2002

Objective—To evaluate a femoral window technique for retrieval of cemented total hip prostheses.Study Design—Retrospective clinical study.Animals—Twelve dogs with infection of a cemented modular total hip prosthesis.Methods—Implant removal was performed by an extended craniolateral approach to the hip and proximal femur without trochanteric osteotomy. The femoral cement mantle was fragmented and removed with simple orthopedic instrumentation by a lateral femoral window that was repaired using cerclage wires. Surgical technique, intraoperative and postoperative complications, bacterial culture results, histopathologic findings, and completeness of cement removal were recorded. Follow‐up radiographs were taken 5 to 9 weeks postoperatively. Long‐term follow‐up information was obtained by client questionnaire. Functional outcome was assessed by scoring ability to stand, sit, walk, run, play, climb stairs, and get into a car.Results—Prosthesis retrieval was performed 2 to 41 months after implantation (median, 14 months). Complete removal of femoral cement was achieved in 10 dogs. A nondisplaced femoral fissure, extending proximally from the window, was an intraoperative complication in 2 dogs.Staphylococcusspp was most commonly isolated (6 dogs) from interfacial membrane samples. Systemic antibiotic therapy, dependent on susceptibility testing, was administered for 3 to 10 weeks postoperatively. There was radiographic evidence of osteotomy healing at 5‐ to 9‐week reassessment. Recurrence of osteomyelitis was not observed. Long‐term functional outcome was considered mildly abnormal.Conclusions—The lateral window was an effective technique for retrieval of retained femoral cement.Clinical Relevance—Removal of an infected prosthesis using this technique generally resulted in a clinical outcome comparable to that withab initiofemoral head and neck excision.
Nucleocapsid Protein-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection and Differentiation of Antibodies against European and North American Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Seuberlich Torsten , Tratschin Jon-Duri , Thür Barbara , Hofmann Martin A. 
Published: November 2002

ABSTRACT

Two types of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) have been reported, the European type (EU PRRSV) and the North American type (US PRRSV). We developed a dual enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of serum antibodies directed against either of the two PRRSV types. This tandem PRRS ELISA is based on affinity-purified recombinant nucleocapsid protein expressed in
Escherichia coli
. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed by using the IDEXX HerdChek PRRS ELISA and the indirect immunofluorescence assay as reference tests. A total of 1,571 sera originating from the United States, Europe, and two PRRS-free countries, i.e., Switzerland and New Zealand, were used for validation of the tandem PRRS ELISA. The new test performed at least as well as the reference tests in regard to sensitivity (0.94 for the US PRRS ELISA and 0.93 for the EU PRRS ELISA) and specificity (0.96 for the US PRRS ELISA and 0.99 for the EU PRRS ELISA). Positive sera were correctly differentiated in 582 of 591 cases, indicating a high differentiation capability of this dual ELISA. The robustness and repeatability of the test were assessed and found to be appropriate for diagnostic applications. Taken together, the data indicate that the tandem PRRS ELISA described here is the first differentiation ELISA for PRRSV serology based on recombinant antigen. It is convenient with respect to antigen production, and it is reliable, economical, and highly sensitive and specific. Thus, it is considered to be a powerful tool for routine diagnostics, epidemiological surveys, and outbreak investigations.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Gene Polymorphisms, Leukocyte Function, and Sepsis Susceptibility in Blunt Trauma Patients
Authors: Majetschak Matthias , Obertacke Udo , Schade F. Ulrich , Bardenheuer Mark , Voggenreiter Gregor , Bloemeke Brunhilde , Heesen Michael 
Published: November 2002

ABSTRACTThe tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) −308 G/A and TNF-β NcO1 polymorphisms have been described to be associated with an increased risk for sepsis in critically ill patients. Functional consequences associated with these polymorphisms remain unclear. We compared the genotype distribution of these TNF polymorphisms with susceptibility to severe sepsis and leukocyte function in blunt trauma patients (n= 70; mean injury severity score, 24 points [range, 4 to 57). Severe sepsis was defined according to the American College of Chest Physicians-Society of Critical Care Medicine consensus conference criteria. Genotyping for the NcO1 polymorphism (alleles TNFB1 and TNFB2) was performed by PCR and digestion of the products with NcO1, and that for the TNF-α −308 G/A polymorphism (alleles TNF1 and TNF2) was performed by real-time PCR. Leukocyte function was assessed by measurement of the production of endotoxin-induced cytokines (TNF-α, interleukin-6 [IL-6], and IL-8) in whole blood. TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For the genotypes of the TNF-α −308 G/A polymorphism, differences in the frequency of development of severe sepsis were not detectable. Patients developing severe sepsis after trauma were significantly more likely to posses a homozygous genotype of the TNF-β NcO1 polymorphism. Compared with heterozygotes, the odds ratio for the TNFB2/B2 genotype for the development of severe posttraumatic sepsis was 11 (P= 0.01), and that for the TNFB1/B1 genotype was 13 (P= 0.014). TNF-α −308:TNF-β NcO1 haplotype analysis showed that the TNFB2:TNF2 haplotype is significantly negatively associated with development of severe sepsis. Patients homozygous for the TNFB1 or TNFB2 allele showed a persistently higher cytokine-producing capacity during at least 4 to 8 days after trauma than the heterozygotes. In patients homozygous for the TNF1 allele, a higher TNF-α- and IL-8-producing capacity was found only at day 1 after trauma. Although the TNF-β NcO1 polymorphism appears to be less likely to be causative for development of severe sepsis after trauma, it is thus far the only genetic marker identified which can be used as a relevant risk estimate for severe sepsis in trauma patients immediately after the injury.
Streptokinase Promotes Development of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (CD26) Autoantibodies after Fibrinolytic Therapy in Myocardial Infarction Patients
Authors: Cuchacovich Miguel , Gatica Héctor , Vial Paula , Yovanovich Jorge , Pizzo Salvatore V. , Gonzalez-Gronow Mario 
Published: November 2002

ABSTRACTDipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) (CD26) plays a critical role in the modulation and expression of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We recently reported that sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus contained low levels of DPP IV and high titers of anti-DPP IV autoantibodies of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG classes and found a correlation between the low circulating levels of DPP IV and the high titers of anti-DPP IV autoantibodies of the IgA class. Since streptokinase (SK) is a potent immunogen and binds to DPP IV, we speculated that patients with autoimmune diseases showed higher DPP IV autoantibody levels than healthy controls as a consequence of an abnormal immune stimulation triggered by SK released during streptococcal infections. We assessed this hypothesis in a group of patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction, without a chronic autoimmune disease, who received SK as part of therapeutic thrombolysis. Concomitant with the appearance of anti-SK antibodies, these patients developed anti-DPP IV autoantibodies. These autoantibodies bind to DPP IV in the region which is also recognized by SK, suggesting that an SK-induced immune response is responsible for the appearance of DPP IV autoantibodies. Furthermore, we determined a correlation between high titers of DPP IV autoantibodies and an augmented clearance of the enzyme from the circulation. Serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) increased significantly after 30 days of SK administration, while the levels of soluble IL-2 receptor remained unchanged during the same period, suggesting a correlation between the lower levels of circulating DPP IV and higher levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in serum in these patients.