bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Status Preference, Wealth and Dynamics in the Open Economy
Authors: Fisher Walter H. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The implications of status preference in a simple open economy model are investigated in this paper. The open economy is modeled as a continuum of identical representative agents who have preferences over consumption and status. In the paper status is identified as relative wealth, which takes the form of relative holdings international financial assets. A symmetric macroeconomic equilibrium is derived in which status is the source of transitional dynamics for domestic consumption and the current account balance. This result illustrates another way to combine transitional dynamics with interior equilibria in the small open economy Ramsey model with perfect capital mobility. We also show that status preference plays a critical role in influencing the open economy’s adjustment to government expenditure and world interest rate shocks.
Difficulties in Family Therapy Evaluation I. A Comparison of Insight vs. Problem‐Solving Approaches II. Design Critique and Recommendations
Authors: SLIPP SAMUEL , KRESSEL KENNETH 
Published: August 2004

In Part 1, an outcome study comparing two methods of family treatment, is reported. Families were randomly assigned to one of two forms of conjoint therapy: an Insight‐oriented treatment (N = 10) or a Problem‐Solving intervention (N = 10). The results on self‐report measures of family functioning indicate that the Problem‐Solving intervention produced more favorable changes after three months. Experienced therapists did better than inexperienced therapists in the Insight‐treatment condition but level of experience did not make a difference in the Problem‐Solving therapy. A group of eight families who dropped out of the Insight‐treatment group provided data on correlates of premature termination.In Part II, the study is critically reviewed. The practical obstacles to implementing an experimental design in a clinic setting are considered. Special attention is given to issues involving the selection of treatment and control conditions: sampling and the measurement of outcome. Alternatives to experimental designs are considered.
Fixation and Regression in the Family Life Cycle
Authors: BARNHILL LAURENCE R. , LONGO DIANNE 
Published: August 2004

In spite of the obvious fact that families differ significantly depending upon their current stage of the life cycle, most of the family therapy literature focuses on intervening in ongoing family interaction without specific attention to the dimension of family development. Family sociologists, on the other hand, while not dealing with modifying family functioning, have provided more detailed tools with which to understand variations in family functioning based on stages of family development. Our work with families in acute distress suggests the need to increase the specificity with which our assessments and interventions are tailored, by incorporating the family developmental view.This paper explores the utility of the family developmental view using the concepts of fixation and regression in the family life cycle. These concepts were found to be relatively refined and quite pragmatic assessment devices that assist therapists in specifying developmental issues of the family. Case examples of actual families in crisis are presented in order to demonstrate the utility of these conceptual tools.
Aged care staff perspectives on oral care for residents: Western Australia
Authors: Paley Glenys A. , Slack‐Smith Linda M. , O'Grady Martin J. 
Published: August 2004

Objective:  To determine manager and staff perceptions of oral health and dental service issues for residents in aged care facilities in the Perth Metropolitan Area, Western Australia.Design:  Focus groups and face‐to‐face semi‐structured interviews with aged care facility managers and staff.Setting and subjects:  Personnel at 12 facilities (high‐level and low‐level care) located in the Perth Metropolitan Area participated in the study. Interviews were conducted with 14 facility managers. Focus groups and face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 40 facility staff.Results:  Managers and staff had similar views regarding most issues. While resident oral health was considered important, regular oral care programmes were limited or lacking. In general, high care facility residents did not have regular dental checkups, while those in low‐level care facilities usually visited their own dentist for checkups or treatment. Barriers to maintaining regular oral care included: resident non‐compliance; financial concerns; lack of co‐operation from family; mobility issues; and lack of interest from dental professionals. Suggested improvements to current services included regular on‐site visits, staff education and specialised dental professionals.Conclusion:  Residents face many barriers to maintenance of adequate oral health care, particularly those who are functionally dependent and cognitively impaired. There is an urgent need for appropriate oral care programmes for aged care residents, which include dentists with aged care experience and continuing education for facility staff. Any major programmes should be evaluated carefully.
Development of oral home telecare programme for the home‐dwelling elderly: a pilot study
Authors: Tomuro Kaori 
Published: August 2004

Objectives:  The aim of the pilot study was to develop and evaluate a telecare programme for home‐dwelling elderly to provide education on oral and general health care.Design:  A field trial with a computer system linking a university with a structured network.Subjects:  A group of home‐dwelling elderly males with a mean age of 73.3 years.Methods:  Qualitative assessment following videophone interviews with clients and their families.Results:  Clients and families were able to gain a better understanding and knowledge of oral health care particularly the skills required to perform new oral care procedures.Conclusions:  Preventive oral homecare via videophone offers the potential for providing a long‐term structure for maintaining oral health particularly with limited social resources.
Ten‐year cross‐sectional and incidence study of coronal and root caries and some related factors in elderly Swedish individuals
Authors: Fure Solveig 
Published: August 2004

Objective:  The 10‐year incidence of dental caries was related to some associated factors in a random sample of 65, 75 and 85‐year‐old inhabitants of Gothenburg.Subjects:  Of the 208 persons examined at baseline, 102 (49%) participated in the follow‐up examination; 56, 37 and nine, respectively, in the different age groups. For the purpose of time‐trend comparisons, a new random sample of 98 individuals aged 55 years was examined.Results:  Ninety‐five per cent of the participants had developed one or more carious lesions during the 10‐year period and the incidence of coronal and root caries increased with age. In the 65‐year‐olds, 9% of the root surfaces had decayed during the period, compared with 25% in the 85‐year‐olds. Secondary caries predominated over primary caries and prosthetic crowns accounted for 70% of the restored tooth surfaces. Twenty per cent of the individuals were daily smokers and 61% were taking drugs with hyposalivatory side‐effects. The mean saliva secretion rates were lower in the older groups compared with the ‘younger’ ones. The overall salivary counts of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli had increased during the period and the values were highest in the oldest age groups. Salivary levels of lactobacilli and mutans streptococci, number of teeth, daily numbers of cigarettes and drugs and oral hygiene were the best predictors of the incidence of caries.Conclusion:  The findings indicate that there is an increased risk of dental caries with age owing to unfavourable caries‐related factors.
Application of short‐form oral health impact profile on elderly Japanese
Authors: Ikebe Kazunori , Watkins Catherine A. , Ettinger Ronald L. , Sajima Hidenori , Nokubi Takashi 
Published: August 2004

Objectives:  The purpose of this study was to use the oral health impact profile (OHIP‐14) to evaluate the impact of oral disease on the quality of life of a group of independently‐living elderly persons in an urban area of Japan.Subjects:  A total of 1244 participants of the Senior Citizen's College, who attended the lectures once a week. They were community‐dwelling, independently‐living people over 60 years of age.Measurements:  Japanese version of the short‐form OHIP‐14.Results:  Internal reliability for the 14 items overall was very high (Cronbach's α = 0.95). Report of ‘painful aching’ and ‘uncomfortable to eat’ were the two most highly scored items using the mean sum OHIP‐14 score. A multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the sum OHIP‐14 score had significant associations with self‐assessment of general health, dental status, and a perceived need for dental treatment. However, age, gender, dissatisfaction with financial status or education level was not significantly associated with the sum OHIP‐14. Compared with that of other countries, the items were ranked similarly, whereas the perceived magnitudes of the problems were quite different from other population.Conclusions:  The OHIP‐14 in Japanese had a high internal reliability, was significantly associated with dental status and comparable ranking for items when compared with studies from other countries.
Undergraduate teaching in gerodontology in Austria, Switzerland and Germany
Authors: Nitschke Ina , Müller Frauke , Ilgner Alexander , Reiber Thomas 
Published: August 2004

Objective:  To survey the present state of undergraduate teaching in the domain of gerodontology in Germany, Switzerland and Austria.Study participants:  All universities of Austria (A), Germany (D) and Switzerland (CH).Protocol:  A questionnaire on undergraduate teaching in gerodontology was mailed to all Deans (A: n = 3; CH: n = 4; D: n = 31) and all independent departments except paediatric dentistry and orthodontics (A: n = 11; CH: n = 15; D: n = 111).Results:  The questionnaires were completed and returned by 29 Deans (A: n = 2; CH: n = 4; D: n = 23) and 102 departments (A: n = 7; CH: n = 8; D: n = 87). In Austria, gerodontology is a very small component of the dental curriculum and the Deans did not want this to be increased. Most German universities claimed to teach some aspects of gerodontology to undergraduate students and 87.4% of the Deans voted for separate lectures in gerodontology. In Switzerland, gerodontology seems well established. The results of questionnaires from the independent departments revealed that in all three countries lectures were more prevalent (A: n = 0; CH: n = 4; D: n = 6) than practical training in nursing homes (A: n = 0; CH: n = 3; D: n = 6).Conclusion:  Considering the demographical shift which is leading to an increasing proportion of elderly in the population, the weighting of gerodontology in the undergraduate dental curriculum should be considered for revision in Austria and Germany.
The Religious System of Global Society: A Sociological Look at Contemporary Religion and Religions
Authors: Beyer Peter 
Published: August 2004

AbstractControversies within religious studies over the categories of religion and religions are reflective of changes in religion that correspond to the historical development of global society in recent centuries. The globalization of society has created social conditions that encourage the differentiation of religion as a distinct modality of social communication based on binary codes and centred on institutionalized programmes that flow from these. The result has been the gradual construction and imagining of an ambiguous but nonetheless observable and operative global religious system. From its beginnings in early modern Western Christianity, the system has spread haltingly and gradually to the rest of the world. Similar to the way the spread of the global political system brought about the discovery and construction of nations, the development of the religious system has resulted in the crystallization of ‘religions’, especially but not exclusively what we now call the world religions. The examples of Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Chinese religion are discussed briefly as illustration.
The Politics of Pure Land Buddhism in India
Authors: Amstutz Galen 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPure Land Buddhism achieved its primary influence in East Asia because it supplied a nonmonastic, autonomous source of religious authority and practice to middle elites in those cultural regions. In contrast Pure Land failed to achieve any success in India. The explanation for the marginalization of Indian Pure Land is probably sociopolitical: Pure Land teachings tended to bypass not only the authority of the Hindu brahmins, but even the authority of Buddhist renunciate orders. Indian social history did not produce any significant middle elites concerned with such non-gurucentric religious authority. As a result, Buddhist India did not produce any innovations in the upâya of religious institutionalization in Buddhism.
Exodus III 19B and the Interpretation of Biblical Narrative
Authors: Addinall Peter 
Published: August 2004

AbstractGod tells Moses that the king of Egypt will not let the Hebrews go, not even by a mighty hand. It is, however, a basic theme of the Exodus narrative that the king of Egypt is in fact compelled to let the Hebrews go by the mighty hand of Yahweh. From ancient times to the present commentators and translators have in general either eliminated the contradiction by re-writing the text or adopting a forced interpretation of it. A different but by no means novel approach to the text removes the contradiction and at the same time poses a challenge to much generally accepted analysis of biblical narrative.
Jesaja X 18
Authors: Dafni Evangelia 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDer Wortkomplex (Jes. x 18) ist ein hapax legomenon und wird im allgemeinen als sprichwörtliche Redewendung betrachtet, die das "ganz und gar" zum Ausdruck bringt. Dieser Wortkomplex ist m.E. mit (1 Sam. xv 3 u.a.) und (Nu. v 3) zu vergleichen, weil alle drei aus Einzelwörtern bestehen, die vor allem und grundsätzlich der at.lichen Anthropologie angehören. Jedoch beachtenswert ist, daß bei den bisherigen Jesaja-Kommentatoren keine anthropologische Bewertung der an der betreffenden Stelle vorhandenen Kombination von und gibt. Das Gleiche gilt ebenso auch für die at.liche anthropologische Forschung, die m.W. die Jesaja-Stelle nicht gebührend beachtet hat. In meinem Aufsatz versuche ich durch eingehende Untersuchung a) der Textzusammenhänge, b) der im Alten Testament vorhandenen ähnlichen und im allgemenen vergleichbaren Wortkomplexe sowie c) der Evidenz der alten Übersetzungen dem eigentlichen Sinn von näherzukommen.
Biblical Historiography and Literary History: A Programmatic Survey
Authors: Kallai Zecharia 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe issue addressed concerns relative literary chronology, involving the quest for historicity of literary witnesses and their literary history. The question of historicity was elsewhere shown to be bound up with the basic historiographical concepts embodied in the literary compositions. The manifestation of these concepts facilitates observations concerning literary relativity. The study of the literary history based on historiographical data and considerations pertains to two important facets. One is the primary and dependent formulation of historiographical concepts and the other is the changing manner of application of these patterns. Historiographical and geographical features that reflect the early monarchy figure in a specific manner up to the end of the first commonwealth, and as of Ezekiel, in Ezra and Nehemiah, as well as in Chronicles, a change in the application of these motifs is to be noted. The exilic period is, therefore, an incisive stylistic boundary.
The Transformation of Race Relations in Malaysia: From Ethnic Discourse to National Imagery, 1993-2003
Authors: Lee Raymond L.M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMalaysians are under no illusion that they have shed their racial identities to embrace a single national identity. Yet the multiculturalism practiced in contemporary Malaysia seems to be compatible with a patriotic nationalism espoused by the government. This compatibility has the appearance of multiculturalism surviving the ordeal of postcolonial racial politics. The turbulence of racial politics seems to have been surpassed by a revitalized nationalism that does not blatantly erase racial heritage. The question of race relations in Malaysia is therefore a question of how multiculturalism and nationalism are successfully presented as icons of integration, overshadowing the more gritty issues of racial politics. These issues are not denied, but have become less transparent as national identity is developed in an arena of new images.
Promoting African 'Owned and Operated' Development: A Reflection on The New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD)
Authors: Edozie R. Kiki 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThough a very recent new African international regime spearheaded by the 'Renaissance' foreign policy of a Post Apartheid African leadership, Africa's New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) reflects important departures in 'African Affairs' policy, allowing for more integrated African development as well as for new forms of participation for the continent in the global economy.Nevertheless, while representing in theory and practice a long-standing debate across the continent on issues involving economic development and globalization, in 2001, during the incipient stages of NEPAD's establishment, the general sentiment toward its goal as a continental 'self reliant' path to development – 'owned' by Africans – was heavily criticized by African policy analysts. The criticism charged that because NEPAD followed a development strategy that relied on global capital and dependent development, its objectives were doomed to fail despite the document's pan nationalistic intentions.The current article explores the extent to which NEPAD's ideological vision to combine collective political nationalism ushered in by the African Renaissance with economic globalization is plausible and achievable as a viable and realizable response to the world's poorest continent's millennium development goals. The article further analyzes the intellectual roots of NEPAD's G-8 induced African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) revealing the shortcomings of approaching African development from the global hegemony of democracy and good governance.The article thus concludes alternatively that NEPAD's winning strategy may come from the development blueprint's emerging status as a continental regional institution driven by a renewed pan Africanist ideology.
A single amino acid determines preference between phospholipids and reveals length restriction for activation ofthe S1P4 receptor
Authors: Holdsworth Gill , Osborne Daniel A , Pham TrucChi Thi , Fells James I , Hutchinson Gillian , Milligan Graeme , Parrill Abby L 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Background
Sphingosine-1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) are ligands for two related families of G protein-coupled receptors, the S1P and LPA receptors, respectively. The lysophospholipid ligands of these receptors are structurally similar, however recognition of these lipids by these receptors is highly selective. A single residue present within the third transmembrane domain (TM) of S1P receptors is thought to determine ligand selectivity; replacement of the naturally occurring glutamic acid with glutamine (present at this position in the LPA receptors) has previously been shown to be sufficient to change the specificity of S1P1 from S1P to 18:1 LPA.

Results
We tested whether mutation of this "ligand selectivity" residue to glutamine could confer LPA-responsiveness to the related S1P receptor, S1P4. This mutation severely affected the response of S1P4 to S1P in a [35S]GTPγS binding assay, and imparted sensitivity to LPA species in the order 14:0 LPA > 16:0 LPA > 18:1 LPA. These results indicate a length restriction for activation of this receptor and demonstrate the utility of using LPA-responsive S1P receptor mutants to probe binding pocket length using readily available LPA species. Computational modelling of the interactions between these ligands and both wild type and mutant S1P4 receptors showed excellent agreement with experimental data, therefore confirming the fundamental role of this residue in ligand recognition by S1P receptors.

Conclusions
Glutamic acid in the third transmembrane domain of the S1P receptors is a general selectivity switch regulating response to S1P over the closely related phospholipids, LPA. Mutation of this residue to glutamine confers LPA responsiveness with preference for short-chain species. The preference for short-chain LPA species indicates a length restriction different from the closely related S1P1 receptor.
Function and evolution of the serotonin-synthetic bas-1 gene and other aromatic amino acid decarboxylase genes in Caenorhabditis
Authors: Hare Emily E , Loer Curtis M 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Background
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) enzymes catalyze the synthesis of biogenic amines, including the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine, throughout the animal kingdom. These neurotransmitters typically perform important functions in both the nervous system and other tissues, as illustrated by the debilitating conditions that arise from their deficiency. Studying the regulation and evolution of AADC genes is therefore desirable to further our understanding of how nervous systems function and evolve.

Results
In the nematode C. elegans, the bas-1 gene is required for both serotonin and dopamine synthesis, and maps genetically near two AADC-homologous sequences. We show by transformation rescue and sequencing of mutant alleles that bas-1 encodes an AADC enzyme. Expression of a reporter construct in transgenics suggests that the bas-1 gene is expressed, as expected, in identified serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons. The bas-1 gene is one of six AADC-like sequences in the C. elegans genome, including a duplicate that is immediately downstream of the bas-1 gene. Some of the six AADC genes are quite similar to known serotonin- and dopamine-synthetic AADC's from other organisms whereas others are divergent, suggesting previously unidentified functions. In comparing the AADC genes of C. elegans with those of the congeneric C. briggsae, we find only four orthologous AADC genes in C. briggsae. Two C. elegans AADC genes – those most similar to bas-1 – are missing from C. briggsae. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that one or both of these bas-1-like genes were present in the common ancestor of C. elegans and C. briggsae, and were retained in the C. elegans line, but lost in the C. briggsae line. Further analysis of the two bas-1-like genes in C. elegans suggests that they are unlikely to encode functional enzymes, and may be expressed pseudogenes.

Conclusions
The bas-1 gene of C. elegans encodes a serotonin- and dopamine-synthetic AADC enzyme. Two C. elegans AADC-homologous genes that are closely related to bas-1 are missing from the congeneric C. briggsae; one or more these genes was present in the common ancestor of C. elegans and C. briggsae. Despite their persistence in C. elegans, evidence suggests the bas-1-like genes do not encode functional AADC proteins. The presence of the genes in C. elegans raises questions about how many 'predicted genes' in sequenced genomes are functional, and how duplicate genes are retained or lost during evolution. This is another example of unexpected retention of duplicate genes in eukaryotic genomes.