bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of novel pesticides based on phytoalexins: Part 2. Quantitative structure–activity relationships of 2‐heteroaryl‐4‐chromanone derivatives
Authors: Yang Guangfu , Jiang Xiaohua , Yang Huazheng 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPhytoalexins are low‐molecular‐weight chemicals that immune systems of plants produce and accumulate in response to infections, especially those of fungal origin. Although their content is not high in plants, yet they have shown unique fungicidal activity and played an important role in the defence system of plants. In searching for novel environmentally benign fungicides with high activity, the structures of flavanone derivatives, one of the most important phytoalexins groups, have been modified via bioisosteric substitution and a series of 2‐heteroaryl‐4‐chromanones were designed and synthesized. They showed good fungicidal activities against rice blast disease, Pyricularia grisea (Sacc). Their IC50 values were tested in vitro and the relationship between structure and fungicidal activity was analyzed quantitatively using a Hansch–Fujita approach. The results showed that hydrophobicity was very important for fungicidal activity and there is apparently an optimum hydrophobic property for the molecules at a log Pow value of about 2.7. In addition, the results indicated that electronic effects played an important role in binding with the receptor and that the CO group was probably a electron‐accepting site. The quantitative structure–retention correlative equation of the title compounds was also established.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Automated structural assignment of derivatized complex N‐linked oligosaccharides from tandem mass spectra
Authors: Ethier Martin , Saba Julian A. , Ens Werner , Standing Kenneth G. , Perreault Hélène 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGlycoprotein function is controlled by several biological factors, one of them being the structure of carbohydrate chains (glycans) attached to specific amino acids of the protein backbone. Changes in glycan structures have been shown to modify the secondary and tertiary conformation of glycoproteins, thus their function. Powerful analytical tools are available for the characterization of sugar structures, and recently mass spectrometry (MS) has been increasingly useful for this purpose. Manual interpretation of tandem mass spectrum is possible but tedious. Automated interpretation should speed the analysis and enhance the results obtained. A new computer program for automated interpretation of tandem MS spectra of complex N‐linked glycans oligosaccharides from mammals will be described. N‐Linked oligosaccharides standards were derivatized with 1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐5‐pyrazolone (PMP) and analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)‐tandem MS. Simulated tandem mass spectra of other common glycans were also generated to test the algorithm. The MALDI‐MS/MS spectra featured resolved isotopic distributions for the [M + H]+ and fragment ions of oligosaccharides. These isotopic distributions complicated the automated analysis of the spectra and were removed to leave only monoisotopic peaks. An algorithm was written for this purpose, yielding simplified tandem mass spectra. Another algorithm is then used to determine the structure of the oligosaccharide. A score is then given to each structure, depending on agreement with experimental results. The program successfully assigned the true structure in 24 out of the 28 cases (86%) and the true structure was among the three top scoring structures in all cases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hippocampal expression of c‐fos is not essential for spatial learning
Authors: Zhang Jianhua , McQuade Jill M. Slane , Vorhees Charles V. , Xu Ming 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe formation of long‐term memory is thought to involve underlying changes in synaptic strength. Many studies have focused on the mechanisms of spatial learning behavior in mammals that is critically dependent on the proper function of the hippocampus. Because of the enduring nature of long‐term memory, it is thought that gene expression is involved in this process. The immediate early gene (IEG) c‐fos encodes a transcription factor. The c‐Fos proteins form heterodimeric proteins with the c‐Jun family proteins and the resulting AP‐1 transcription complex plays a key role in coupling short‐term events elicited by stimuli received at the cell membrane to long‐term neuroplastic changes by regulating gene expression. c‐fos is induced in the hippocampus after spatial learning. Despite this knowledge, the precise role of c‐fos in memory formation and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. To start investigating the role of c‐fos in learning and memory and underlying mechanisms, we evaluated spatial learning capabilities using mice carrying a hippocampal region‐specific mutation of c‐fos. We found that the c‐fos mutant mice exhibit normal spatial learning behaviors in both the Morris water maze and the Barnes maze tests compared to control mice. Our results suggest that hippocampal c‐fos expression is not essential for spatial learning. Synapse 46:91–99, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Holocene Environmental Variability in Southern Greenland Inferred from Lake Sediments
Authors: Kaplan Michael R. , Wolfe Alexander P. , Miller Gifford H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSediments from Qipisarqo Lake provide a continuous Holocene paleoenvironmental record from southern Greenland. Following deglaciation and glacio-isostatic emergence of the basin from the sea ∼9100 cal yr B.P., proxies of lake paleoproductivity, including biogenic silica and organic matter, increased markedly until 6000 cal yr B.P. and thereafter remained stable over the ensuing warm three millennia. Subsequent decreases in these proxies, most dramatically between 3000 and 2000 cal yr B.P., show the lake's responses to initial Neoglacial cooling. Intervals of ameliorated limnological conditions occurred between 1300 and 900 and between 500 and 280 cal yr B.P., briefly interrupting the decreasing trend in productivity that culminated in the Little Ice Age. Increased lake productivity during the latter half of the 20th century, which reflects the limnological response to circum-arctic warming, still has not reached peak Holocene values. The Neoglacial climate of the last 2000 yr includes the most rapid high-amplitude environmental changes of the past nine millennia. The Norse thus migrated around the North Atlantic Ocean region in the most environmentally unstable period since deglaciation. Lacustrine sediment records provide a context with which to consider future environmental changes in the Labrador Sea region. In particular, any future warming will be superposed on a regional climate system that is currently exhibiting highly unstable behavior at submillennial timescales.
RESONANCE STATES FROM POLES OF THE RELATIVISTIC S-MATRIX
Authors: KALDASS H. , BOHM A. , WICKRAMASEKARA S. 
Published: October 2002

A state vector description for relativistic resonances is derived from the first order pole of the jth partial S-matrix at the invariant square mass value [Formula: see text] in the second sheet of the Riemann energy surface. To associate a ket, called Gamow vector, to the pole, we use the generalized eigenvectors of the four-velocity operators in place of the customary momentum eigenkets of Wigner, and we replace the conventional Hilbert space assumptions for the in- and out-scattering states with the new hypothesis that in- and out-states are described by two different Hardy spaces with complementary analyticity properties. The Gamow vectors have the following properties: (i) They are simultaneous generalized eigenvectors of the four velocity operators with real eigenvalues and of the self-adjoint invariant mass operator M =(Pμ Pμ)1/2 with complex eigenvalue [Formula: see text]. (ii) They have a Breit–Wigner distribution in the invariant square mass variable [Formula: see text] and lead to an exactly exponential law for the decay rates and probabilities.
Formation of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Material from a Silica Template by a One-Step Chemical Vapour Infiltration Process
Authors: Vix-Guterl Cathie , Boulard Séverine , Parmentier Julien , Werckmann Jacques , Patarin Joël 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
A well-ordered mesoporous carbon material has been prepared by a one-step chemical vapour infiltration process starting from a MCM-48 silica template.
Comparison of the enthalpic relaxation of poly(lactide–co‐glycolide) 50:50 nanospheres and raw polymer
Authors: Bailey N. A. , Sandor M. , Kreitz M. , Mathiowitz E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe phenomenon of enthalpic relaxation was evaluated for poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA, 50:50), in terms of storage of nanospheres for use as a controlled drug delivery system. Samples were stored for different times and temperatures below the glass transition temperature (Tg). Relaxation occurred at a significant rate up to 15 degrees below the Tg of 39.2°C. The effect of polymer morphology was considered by comparing the relaxation kinetics of the raw polymer with that of nanospheres formed using a novel technique. The nanospheres were shown to have a larger change in heat capacity at the glass transition and a longer average relaxation time than that of the raw polymer, and the relationship between these two parameters was discussed. For both the raw polymer and the nanospheres, relaxation was found to occur at a significant rate at room temperature. The storage of this system at subambient temperatures was therefore deemed important for maintaining the physicochemical properties of the system. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 1868–1872, 2002
Pure component recovery from polyamide 6/6 6 mixtures by selective dissolution and reprecipitation
Authors: Kartalis C. N. , Poulakis J. G. , Tsenoglou C. J. , Papaspyrides C. D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA selective dissolution/reprecipitation technique was applied for the effective recovery of Polyamide 6 (PA 6) and Polyamide 6 6 (PA 6 6) from their mixtures. The proposed process comprises mainly selective polyamide dissolution in an appropriate solvent at a specific temperature, reprecipitation of the polymer from the solution by addition of a nonsolvent, washing, and drying. A model mixture of virgin PA 6 and PA 6 6 pellets was initially tried, whereas in a following stage the selective dissolution technique was applied for the recovery of a PA‐copolymer layer from a three‐layered bottle end product also containing HDPE and EVA. End‐group analysis, dilute solution viscometry, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to assess the molecular weight preservation and crystallizability of the recycled polyamides. The recycled materials demonstrated excellent retention of the properties studied, although in the copolymer case, due to hydrolysis, a molecular weight decrease was detected, accompanied with a slight compositional shift, favoring the PA6 6 presence in the final product. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 1924–1930, 2002
Regulation of osteoclast differentiation and function by receptor activator of NFkB ligand and osteoprotegerin
Authors: Shiotani Aya , Takami Masamichi , Itoh Kanami , Shibasaki Yoshinobu , Sasaki Takahisa 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe differentiation and functions of osteoclasts (OCs) are regulated by osteoblast‐derived factors. Receptor activator of NFkB ligand (RANKL) is one of the key regulatory molecules in OC formation. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a novel secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis and binds to RANKL. We examined the biological actions of macrophage‐colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF), RANKL, and OPG on the differentiation of OCs isolated from cocultures of mouse osteoblastic cells and bone marrow cells. Preosteoclasts (pOCs) and OCs were characterized by their ultrastructure and the expression of OC markers such as tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and vacuolar‐type H+‐ATPase. pOCs formed without any additives expressed TRAP, but showed little resorptive activity on cocultured dentine slices. TRAP‐positive pOCs treated with M‐CSF began to fuse with each other, but lacked a ruffled border (RB) and showed almost no resorptive activity. pOCs treated with RANKL became TRAP‐positive multinucleated cells, which expressed intense vacuolar‐type H+‐ATPase along the RB membranes and exhibited prominent resorptive activity. Such effects of RANKL on pOCs were completely inhibited by the addition of OPG. OPG inhibited RB formation in mature OCs and reduced their resorptive activity, and also induced apoptosis of some OCs. These results suggest that 1) RANKL induces differentiation of functional OCs from pOCs, 2) M‐CSF induces macrophage‐like multinucleated cells, but not OCs, 3) OPG inhibits RB formation and resorptive activity in mature OCs, 4) OPG also induces apoptosis of OCs, and 5) RANKL and OPG are, therefore, important regulators of not only the terminal differentiation of OCs but also their resorptive function. Anat Rec 268:137–146, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloning and expression of 32 kDa ferritin from Galleria mellonella
Authors: Kim Beom Su , Lee Chang Seok , Seol Ji Yeon , Yun Chi Young , Kim Hak R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe have sequenced a cDNA clone encoding 32‐kDa ferritin subunit in the Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella. The 32‐kDa ferritin subunit cDNA was obtained from PCR using identical primer designed from highly conserved regions of insect ferritins. RACE PCR was used to obtain the complete protein coding sequence. The 32‐kDa ferritin subunit encoded a 232 amino acid polypeptide, containing a 19 leader peptide. The iron‐responsive element (IRE) sequence with a predicted stem‐loop structure was present in the 5′‐untranslated region of the wax moth 32‐kDa ferritin subunit mRNA. The 32‐kDa sequence alignment had 78 and 69% identity with Manduca sexta and Calpodes ethlius (G), respectively. The G. mellonella ferritin subunits showed minimal identity with each other (19%). The glycosylation site (Asn‐X‐Ser/Thr) was found in the 32‐kDa subunit but not in the 26‐kDa subunit. Northern blot analysis showed that the mRNA expression of the 32‐kDa ferritin was detected in the fat body and midgut. The fat body expression increased after 6 h and the mRNA in midgut dramatically increased about 3‐fold the expression level at 12 h after iron feeding. Western blot revealed that a protein level of the 32‐kDa subunit is abundant in midgut after 12 and 24 h iron feeding. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 51:80–90, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of tube formula to distributional problems in multiway layouts
Authors: Kuriki Satoshi , Takemura Akimichi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecently, an integral geometric method called the tube method has been actively developed. The tube method gives us a powerful tool to tackle problems where conventional matrix theory such as the singular value decomposition cannot be applied. The aim of this paper is to survey several recent applications of the tube method to distributional problems in multiway layouts which are of practical importance but hardly handled by conventional methods. Null distributions of test statistics of the following three testing problems are discussed: (i) A test for interaction in three‐way layout based on the three‐way analogue of the largest singular value. (ii) Testing independence in ordered categorical data by maximizing row and column scores under order restriction. (iii) Detecting a change point in two‐way layout with ordinal factors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of dose and input rate on the brain penetration of BMS‐204352 following intravenous administration to rats
Authors: Krishna Rajesh , Palme Holly , Zeng Jianing , Srinivas Nuggehally 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBMS‐204352 is a novel maxi‐K channel opener that is being developed for the treatment for stroke. The current study was designed to evaluate the plasma and brain pharmacokinetics of BMS‐204352 in rats, in particular, assessing the effect of dose and input rate on brain penetration of BMS‐204352. Rats (3 animals/group/time point) received a single intravenous dose of BMS‐204352 as 5 mg/kg bolus, 5 mg/kg 30 min infusion, 5 mg/kg 60 min infusion, and 10 mg/kg bolus dose, into the jugular vein. Terminal blood (for plasma) and brain samples were collected for up to 9 h post‐dose and samples were analyzed for the concentrations of intact BMS‐204352 using a validated liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric method (LC/MS/MS). As dose increased from 5 to 10 mg/kg, both BMS‐204352 Cmax and AUC values increased in plasma and brain, somewhat greater in proportion to the increment in dose. Whereas the peak concentrations of BMS‐204352 were affected by infusion time, overall AUCs were comparable across the bolus and infusion groups. Terminal disposition (T‐half ranged from 1.6 to 2.7 h) of BMS‐204352 was unaltered as a function of input rate. BMS‐204352 crossed the blood–brain barrier with brain‐to‐plasma (B/P) ratios of approximately 7–11. Brain‐to‐plasma ratios appeared to be independent of dose and infusions produced somewhat higher brain penetration (B/P of ca. 11) as compared to bolus (B/P of ca. 7–8) dose. The decline of BMS‐204352 in the brain paralleled that of plasma independent of the input rate and dose. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facilitating process control teaching and learning in a virtual laboratory environment
Authors: Murphy T. , Gomes V. G. , Romagnoli J. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe rapid pace of technological developments and the high cost of engineering equipment, pose several challenges to traditional modes of engineering education. Innovations in education are desirable. In particular, education on practical aspects of engineering and personnel training can be enhanced through the use of virtual laboratories. Such educative experiences allow a student to better understand the theoretical aspects of the discipline in addition to its integration with practical knowledge. In this work, the development, set‐up and application of a virtual twin heat exchanger plant is described. The philosophy and methodology of our approach is described, including the implementation details and our experience in using it. The effectiveness of the platform in educating students and in training industrial personnel is described. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 10: 79–87, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com.); DOI 10.1002/cae.10011
Cross‐institutional assessment: Development and implementation of the On‐line Student Survey System
Authors: Hoare Raymond , Besterfield‐Sacre Mary , Ertman Dan , Gerchak Jessica , Johnson Troy , Shields Robert , Shuman Larry 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAs ABET has increased the need for routine student assessments, engineering faculty are faced with the problem of doing this in an efficient manner that minimizes the time required to conduct, tabulate, and analyze the requisite surveys. To meet this need, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh have developed the On‐line Student Survey System (OS3) to facilitate EC 2000 assessment and cross‐institutional benchmarking. OS3 allows multiple engineering schools to conduct customized, routine program evaluations using Web‐based surveys specifically designed to meet EC 2000 objectives. Since its inception, seven engineering schools have adopted OS3. This article provides an overview of the system, a des‐cription of its survey instruments, and an evaluation of the system. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 10: 88–97, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com.); DOI 10.1002/cae.10013
The signaling adapter protein PINCH is up‐regulated in the stroma of common cancers, notably at invasive edges
Authors: Wang‐Rodriguez Jessica , Dreilinger Anna D. , Alsharabi Ghazwan M. , Rearden Ann 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDPINCH is an LIM (double zinc finger domain) protein that functions as an adapter at a key convergence point for integrin and growth factor signal transduction. Because no information is available regarding its expression in vivo in human tissues, this study evaluated the distribution and abundance of PINCH in patients with breast, prostate, lung, colon, and skin carcinomas.METHODSA polyclonal antibody was raised to a purified 6‐histidine PINCH fusion protein and used to evaluate 74 cases comprising 33 breast carcinomas (21 ductal carcinomas, 6 lobular carcinomas, 4 ductal carcinomas in situ, 2 lobular carcinomas in situ), 22 prostate carcinomas, 5 colon carcinomas, 6 lung carcinomas (3 adenocarcinomas and 3 squamous carcinomas), and 8 skin carcinomas (4 basal cell carcinomas and 4 squamous cell carcinomas) by immunoperoxidase histochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues. Lysates of frozen tissue from the epithelium of two normal breasts and six breast carcinomas were evaluated by immunoblotting.RESULTSImmunostaining for PINCH was increased in the cytoplasm of fibroblastoid cells in areas of the tumor‐associated stroma in all carcinomatous tissues evaluated. The most intense stromal immunostaining for PINCH was noted at invasive edges, particularly in breast carcinomatous tissue. Immunoblotting of lysates from normal breast and breast carcinomatous tissue confirmed that PINCH protein expression was markedly increased in breast carcinomatous tissues.CONCLUSIONSPINCH is up‐regulated in tumor‐associated stromal cells, particularly at invasive edges, and may be a marker for stroma manifesting the ability to facilitate invasion. Because of this and because PINCH functions as a “molecular switch” in signal transduction, PINCH may be a new target for drug discovery aimed at the tumor‐associated stroma. Cancer 2002;95:1387–95. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10878
Developmental cell death in vivo: Rescue of neurons independently of changes at target tissues
Authors: Bunker Gillian L. , Nishi Rae 
Published: October 2002

AbstractProgrammed cell death is a prominent feature of neural development that is regulated by a variety of cell–cell interactions. We used the avian ciliary ganglion to dissect the relative contributions of target tissues vs. ganglionic inputs in regulating cell death. The two populations of the ciliary ganglion innervate different targets: choroid neurons innervate vasculature, whereas ciliary neurons innervate the iris and ciliary body. By counting after labeling all neurons with Islet‐1 and choroid neurons with anti‐somatostatin, we determined that α‐bungarotoxin (α‐btx) at 12.5 μg/day rescued only ciliary neurons, whereas 75 μg/day rescued both ciliary and choroid neurons. It is unlikely that α‐btx acted by blocking nerve transmission at both targets because the choroid vasculature lacked transcripts for α‐btx binding molecules. In addition, no inherent trophic activity could be ascribed to α‐btx, and survival could not be attributed to differences in total trophic activity of eyes from saline vs. α‐btx–treated embryos. In contrast, the α7 antagonist α‐methyllycaconitine (MLA) rescued ciliary neurons at 2.6 μg/day, whereas 26 μg/day rescued choroid neurons. Nerve terminals of ciliary neurons rescued with α‐btx were significantly larger; however, differences in nerve terminal size or branching of axons were not observed in ciliary neurons rescued with MLA or choroid neurons rescued by either MLA or α‐btx. Our results suggest that neuronal survival can be promoted independently of changes at the target tissues when orthograde signals acting by means of neuronal α7 nicotinic receptors are blocked. J. Comp. Neurol. 452:80–92, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.