bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of degradation products of alkylphenol polyethoxylates in municipal wastewaters and rivers in Tokyo, Japan
Authors: Isobe Tomohiko , Takada Hideshige 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of nonylphenoxy acetic acid (NP1EC), nonylphenol monoethoxy acetic acid (NP2EC), nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), and nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO) was developed. The method was applied to environmental samples to demonstrate the distribution and behavior of nonylphenol polyethoxylates and their degradation intermediates in aquatic environments in Tokyo, Japan. In sewage treatment plants, more than 85% of NP, OP, and NP1EO were removed, whereas NP1EC and NP2EC were generated during the treatment. Concentrations of NP1EC and NP2EC in secondary effluents (1.9–2.9 μg/L) were higher than those of NP and NP1EO (0.12–0.63 μg/L). In river waters, NP1EC and NP2EC concentrations (0.11–2.8 μg/L) were higher than NP and NP1EO concentrations (&lt;0.015-3.4 μg/L), with some exceptions. In surface sediments, neither NP1EC nor NP2EC was detectable (&lt;0.01 μg/g dry wt) whereas NP and NP1EO were detected significantly (0.03–1.82 μg/g dry wt and 0.04–0.46 μg/g dry wt, respectively).
Bioavailability and assimilation of sediment-associated benzo[a]pyrene by Ilyodrilus templetoni (oligochaeta)
Authors: Lu Xiaoxia , Reible Danny D. , Fleeger John W. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-amended sediment was desorbed by a sequential batch method using an isopropanol solution wash. The observed isotherm showed no evidence of desorption resistance, as indicated by increased partitioning to the solid phase at low concentrations. This was consistent with the prediction of minimal desorption resistance for highly hydrophobic compounds using a biphasic model. Bioavailability of BaP in desorbed sediments was assessed by toxicokinetic measures of uptake, bioaccumulation, and elimination in the deposit-feeding, freshwater tubificid oligochaete Ilyodrilus templetoni. Worms were exposed to sediments with BaP concentrations of approximately 26 and 11 μg/g dry weight sediment after desorption for one and three batches, respectively. The I. templetoni tissue concentration attained an apparent steady state after approximately one month and resulted in a biota-sediment accumulation factor of approximately 1.3 for both sediments. This is consistent with the paradigm that pore-water concentration predicts the uptake of organic contaminants into lipids despite the literature data showing that the major uptake route for BaP is likely from the ingestion of sediment particles. Ilyodrilus templetoni exhibited a high assimilation efficiency (80%) during a single-gut passage, a low elimination rate (ke = 0.0032 h−1), and negligible biotransformation of sediment-associated BaP.
A comparative study of an accelerated life-test model and a toxicokinetics-based model for the analysis of Porcellio scaber survival data
Authors: Ren Shijin 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Statistical models have long been used for reliability analysis and risk assessment. In the present study, an accelerated life-test model was used to analyze a set of dose-time-response data obtained with the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber. Survival data were experimentally obtained by exposing P. scaber to diazinon (a nonpersistent insecticide) at six concentrations between 2 and 11.31 μg/g (toxicant/soil). Survival data are presented on a weekly basis. The accelerated life-test model assumed a log-normal distribution and constant variance across all diazinon concentrations. Model parameters were obtained by maximum likelihood estimation. The accelerated life-test model was compared to a toxicokinetics-based model reported in the literature. Survival predictions made by both models were compared with the observed data. Both the accelerated life-test model and the toxicokineticsbased model underestimated toxicity at a diazinon concentration of 8 μg/g. Overall, however, the accelerated life-test model outperformed the toxicokinetics-based model, with survival predictions closer to the observed data in most cases and a stronger correlation between predicted and observed survivals. However, as a statistical model, the accelerated life-test model did not reveal mechanistic information, and only statistical and distributional interpretations of its model parameters could be made.
Thyroid hormone status in gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups from the baltic sea and the atlantic ocean in relation to organochlorine pollutants
Authors: Sørmo Eugen Gravningen , Jussi Ivar , Jussi Mart , Braathen Marte , Skaare Janneche Utne , Jenssen BJørn Munro 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Mrine apex predators, such as the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus), are exposed to high concentrations of organochlorine (OC) compounds via biomagnification in the food web. These lipophilic pollutants are transferred from the female to her offspring during lactation, and there is particular concern for endocrine disruption in the offspring. Herein we examined associations between the blubber concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and metabolites, chlordanes, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones (thyroxine [T4] and tri-iodothyronine [T3]) in free-ranging, newly weaned gray seal pups from the Baltic Sea and the Norwegian waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Concentrations of total T3 (TT3) and free T3 (FT3) were significantly lower in the polluted seals from the Baltic Sea. Blubber concentrations of the sum of the analyzed PCB congeners (ΣPCBs) and the sum of the DDT compounds (ΣDDTs) were correlated negatively with plasma TT3 and FT3 concentrations. The results from this study indicate that OCs may affect levels of thyroid hormones in free-ranging gray seal pups, and that more focus should be put on T3 when addressing the possible effects of OCs on thyroid hormone function and status in nonrodent species.
Bioaccumulation of metals in Eisenia fetida after exposure to a metal-loaded bauxsol™ reagent
Authors: Maddocks Greg , Reichelt-Brushett Amanda , McConchie David , Vangronsveld Jaco 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The present sudy investigated the acute toxic effects of a metal-loaded Bauxsol™ reagent (MLBR), containing more than 6,450 mg kg−1 of bound metal, on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Bauxsol is manufactured by Virotec Global Solutions of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. The E. fetida were exposed to 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80% treatments of MLBR plus cow manure for 28 d. Good motility and no mortality of E. fetida were found in all treatments after 28 d of exposure. The greatest bioaccumulation of metals by E. fetida occurred in the 20 and 40% MLBR treatments. The bioaccumulation of metals in the worms and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were less than the reported toxicity thresholds to cause mortality and less than the reported BAF for moderately contaminated soils, indicating that metals bound to Bauxsol reagents are mostly nonbioavailable. Analyses of the 20% MLBR treatment at 28 d using a sequential extraction procedure showed that more than 95% of the metals are bound within the Fe/Mn oxide fractions. However, changes occurred in metal fractionation after exposure to E. fetida for Cd/Cr, and Fe/Mn. The data also showed that the exchangeable (1 M MgCl2) and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure extractant are useful as indicators of metal bioavailability from MLBR to E. fetida.
Importance of acclimation to environmentally relevant zinc concentrations on the sensitivity of Daphnia magna toward zinc
Authors: Muyssen Brita T. A. , Janssen Colin R. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Daphnia magna was acclimated for six generations to an acclimation range of 0.02 to 74 μg/L of Zn2+. This range was determined by combining physicochemical water characteristics of European surface waters with total Zn concentrations in these waters in such a way that they resulted in minimal and maximal free (i.e., assumed bioavailable) Zn ion activities. No significant differences were found in acute Zn tolerance between the different acclimation concentrations: Average 48-h median effective concentration (EC50) values ranged from 608 ± 94 to 713 ± 249 μg/L of Zn2+. Also, no significant shifts in chronic tolerance were observed: Average 21-d EC50 (based on net reproductive rate) ranged from 91 ± 20 to 124 ± 22 μg/L of Zn2+. However, at test concentrations less than the 21-d EC50, acclimation significantly increased the reproductive capacity of the offspring produced. This indicates that metal acclimation is not necessarily accompanied by an increase in tolerance but also may manifest in other responses (e.g., reproduction rate). Organisms acclimated to a range from 6 to 22 μg/L of Zn2+ produced significantly more offspring than organisms acclimated to lower and higher Zn concentrations in test concentrations up to 50 μg/L of Zn2+. This range corresponds to a previously established optimal concentration range for D. magna. Bioconcentration factors indicated that Zn was actively regulated in the acclimation range tested.
Effects of sulfachlorpyridazine in MS·3-arable land: A multispecies soil system for assessing the environmental fate and effects of veterinary medicines
Authors: Boleas Sara , Alonso Carmen , Pro Javier , Babín M. Mar , Fernández Carlos , Carbonell Gregoria , Tarazona José V. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A multispecies soil system (MS·3) has been used to evaluate the ecological effects of veterinary pharmaceuticals in soil as a result of routine agricultural practices. Different experimental conditions were tested and the variation of the different parameters was evaluated for a final design. A protocol for the MS·3-arable land is presented here. Emergence of seedlings, plant elongation and biomass, earthworm mortality, and soil microbial enzymatic activities have been selected as toxicological endpoints for soil organisms. Toxicity tests were conducted with the leachate on aquatic organisms (in vitro fish cell lines, daphnids, and algae). The system was used for assessing the effects of the antimicrobial sulfachlorpyridazine that was tested in triplicate at concentrations of 0.01, 1, and 100 mg/kg. The chemical was mixed uniformly with a 20-cm depth soil column to resemble the distribution of manure within arable soil. Reversible and nonreversible effects on soil enzymatic activities were observed at 1 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Earthworms were not affected. Significant reduction of plant elongation and biomass was observed at the highest concentration. Degradation and leaching contributed to the dissipation of sulfachlorpyridazine from the soil column. The undiluted leachate was highly toxic to Daphnia magna. The parent chemical was assumed responsible for the leachate toxicity although the role of mobile metabolites could not be excluded fully. No significant effects were observed for green algae Chlorella vulgaris and for the rainbow trout established cell lines RTG-2 (rainbow trout gonads) and RTL-W1 (rainbow trout liver). The MS·3 system offers a cost-effective experimental approach to measure simultaneously fate and effects of chemicals on a realistic soil system under controlled laboratory conditions. The advantages of using MS·3-effect endpoints are discussed.
Early–life-stage toxicity in offspring from exposed parent medaka, Oryzias latipes, to mixtures of tributyltin and polychlorinated biphenyls
Authors: Nakayama Kei , Oshima Yuji , Nagafuchi Ken , Hano Takeshi , Shimasaki Yohei , Honjo Tsuneo 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The present study examined the effectsoftributyltin (TBT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and mixtures ofboth chemicals on reproduction in Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes. For 21 d we gave groups of medaka freeze-dried brine shrimp flakes contaminated with a mixture of either 0, 1, 5, or 25 μg TBT g1 plus 0 or 25 μg PCBs g1. We measured the fecundity and fertility of the parent fish and assessed the deformity, hatchability, time-to-hatching, and swim-up failure rate of the next generation. Fertilization success in the third week of the administration period was significantly decreased by administration of 25 μg TBT g−1 (77%) compared with the control group (87%). Both TBT and PCBs were transferred maternally into the eggs of the next generation, causing early life–stage toxicity. Administration of 1 μg TBT g1 was not toxic to embryological development, but abnormal eye development (i.e., small eyes or no eyes) occurred when TBT at the same concentration was mixed with PCBs (6.4%). Administration of TBT alone significantly decreased hatchability and increased swim-up failure, and administration of PCBs alone significantly increased time-to-hatching. Statistical analysis by two-way analysis of variance detected an interaction between TBT and PCBs in these three parameters. TBT induces abnormal development of the eyes, reduced hatchability, and increased swim-up failure, whereas PCBs delay time-to-hatching. Administration of mixtures of TBT and PCBs has more adverse effects on the developmental stage of medaka than does that of each chemical alone.
Variations of nitrate and sulfate in the atmosphere on days of high and low particulate matters
Authors: Kuo Chung-Yih , Chen Hsin-Hong , Shih Jeng-Fu , Wong Ruey-Hong 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Particulate matters with aerodynamicdiameter less than 10 μm (PM10) were collected with high-volume samplers for four periods of consecutive samplings. Each period included a high PM10 (defined as PM10 ≥110 μg/m3) episode. The concentrations of all ionic species of high PM10 day (HPD) samples were higher than those of low PM10 (defined as PM10 &lt; 110μg/m3) d (LPD) samples. Using the ionic concentrations of HPD samples at each station divided by those of LPD samples at respective stations, the results showed thatNO 3− increased most from LPD to HPD among the eight ionic species examined. A high mean value (3.15) of NO 3−/elemental carbon (EC) ratio of HPD divided by that of LPD indicates that concentration variations due to chemical formation and nonchemical factors apparently were higher than those of the concentration variations due to nonchemical factors alone. The NO 3−/SO 2−4 ratio of HPD divided by that of LPD ranged from 1.62 to 3.92 for the four periods. The results indicate that more nitrate than sulfate had formed during high PM10 episodes. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the percentage of NH 4+ associated with nitrate and sulfate decreased and the percentage that could be explained by Ca2+ and Na+ increased on HPD. The reactions of HNO3 and H2SO4 with sea salt particles and with aqueous carbonates on soil particles during HPD were considered the main causes leading to these variations.
Effect of interaction between density dependence and toxicant exposure on population growth rate of the potworm Enchytraeus doerjesi
Authors: Kramarz Paulina , Zwolak Malgorzata , Laskowski Ryszard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Laboratory cultures of the potworm Enchytreaus doerjesi were exposed to zinc-contaminated soil at nominal concentrations 0, 75, 150, 300, or 600 mg Zn/kg dry weight for four weeks (one generation) at five different initial densities (5, 10, 20, 40, or 80 individuals per 20 g soil). The final culture numbers and the instantaneous population growth rate, ri were used as measures of culture response to both factors. In all treatments, the number of individuals increased during the experiment; thus, all the cultures exhibited positive ri values. The population growth rates decreased significantly with increasing Zn concentration and were also affected by the initial density. However, the latter effect was nonlinear and the initial density of 20 individuals resulted in the highest ri values throughout the whole range of Zn concentrations tested, while the lowest population growth rates were recorded for the highest initial density. Significant interaction between zinc toxicity and population size was found for the two lowest initial densities, where synergistic effects were noted. No effect of density on zinc toxicity was found at initial densities of 20 to 80 individuals, most probably because the animals were fed ad libitum and thus were not food limited.
Three patients with hallucal polydactyly and WAGR syndrome, including discordant expression of Wilms tumor in MZ twins
Authors: Brémond‐Gignac Dominique , Gérard‐Blanluet Marion , Copin Henri , Bitoun Pierre , Baumann Clarisse , Crolla J.A. , Benzacken Brigitte , Verloes Alain 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe WAGR contiguous gene deletion syndrome is a combination of Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genito‐urinary abnormalities, and growth and mental retardation which is invariably associated with an 11p13 deletion. We report two monozygotic twins and a third, unrelated patient with WAGR syndrome and additional clinical features not usually associated with WAGR. Both twins had developmental delay, growth deficiency, severe ocular involvement (nystagmus, aniridia, cataracts), atrial septal defect and two uncommon findings: agenesis of the corpus callosum and duplication of the halluces. One twin developed Wilms tumors aged 19 months while her sister remained tumor free by the age of 6.5 years. The singleton patient showed typical WAGR syndrome and preaxial hallucal polydactyly. Molecular cytogenetic studies refined the identification of the extent of the deleted segments, which were not identical in the two families. The two deletions included the PAX6 and WT1 genes as previously reported in typical WAGR patients. The unusual anomalies described in this report, may represent the expression of low penetrant traits associated with haploinsufficency of one or more of the genes present in the deletion (PAX6 is expressed in CNS) or may indicate epistatic influences of modifier genes on the expression of gene(s) present in the WAGR region. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autosomal recessive mesoaxial synostotic syndactyly with phalangeal reduction maps to chromosome 17p13.3
Authors: Malik Sajid , Percin Ferda E. , Ahmad Wasim , Percin Sitki , Akarsu Nurten A. , Koch Manuela C. , Grzeschik Karl‐Heinz 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPreviously we have described a novel and distinct form of non‐syndromic osseous syndactyly segregating in an autosomal recessive pattern in a consanguineous Pakistani family. The limb findings include mesoaxial reduction of the fingers, synostoses of the third and fourth metacarpals with associated single phalanges, fifth finger clinodactyly, and preaxial webbing of toes. We identified another published report of this phenotype in a large, inbred Turkish family. In the present study we mapped the phenotype in the Pakistani and Turkish families to chromosome 17p13.3 (multipoint LOD score 5.1). The identification of a single locus for this complex limb malformation in two families with distinct ethnic backgrounds supports the hypothesis that this is a distinct form of syndactyly. Since this form of syndactyly is phenotypically distinct from the previously described eight types, we propose to name this phenotype mesoaxial synostotic syndactyly with phalangeal reduction (MSSD, type IX syndactyly, Malik–Percin type). © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Why are rare traits unilaterally expressed?: Trait frequency and unilateral expression for cranial nonmetric traits in humans
Authors: Hallgrímsson Benedikt , Donnabháin Barra Ó , Blom Deborah E. , Lozada Maria C. , Willmore Katherine T. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBased on an analysis of nonmetric trait databases from several large skeletal series in Northern Europe and South America, representing 27 bilateral traits, we report a predictable relationship between the frequency of nonmetric traits and the probability that they are expressed bilaterally. In a wider sampling of traits and populations, this study thus confirms the findings of an earlier study by Ossenberg ([1981] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 54:471–479), which reported the same relationship for two mandibular traits. This trend was previously explained by extending the multifactorial threshold model for discontinuous traits to incorporate either separate thresholds for unilateral or bilateral expression, or by a fuzzy threshold in which the probability of bilateral expression increases away from the median threshold value. We show that the trend is produced under the standard multifactorial threshold model for discontinuous traits simply if the within‐individual or developmental instability variance remains relatively constant across the range of liability. Under this assumption, the number of individuals in which one side but not the other is pushed over the threshold for trait formation will be a larger proportion of the number of individuals expressing the trait when the trait frequency is low. As trait frequency increases, the significance of within‐individual variance as a determinant of trait formation decreases relative to the genetic and among‐individual environmental variance. These results have implications for interpreting nonmetric trait data as well as for understanding the prevalence of unilateral vs. bilateral expression of a wide variety of discontinuous traits, including dysmorphologies in humans. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:14–25, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic diversity of JC virus in the Saami and the Finns: Implications for their population history
Authors: Ikegaya Hiroshi , Zheng Huai‐Ying , Saukko Pekka J. , Varesmaa‐Korhonen Leena , Hovi Tapani , Vesikari Timo , Suganami Hideki , Takasaka Tomokazu , Sugimoto Chie , Ohasi Yasuo , Kitamura Tadaichi , Yogo Yoshiaki 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe JC virus (JCV) genotyping method was used to gain insights into the population history of the Saami and the Finns, both speaking Finno‐Ugric languages and living in close geographic proximity. Urine samples from Saami and Finns, collected in northern and southern Finland, respectively, were used to amplify a 610‐bp JCV‐DNA region containing abundant type‐specific mutations. Based on restriction site polymorphisms in the amplified fragments, we classified JCV isolates into one of the three superclusters of JCV, type A, B, or C. All 15 Saami isolates analyzed and 41 of 43 Finnish isolates analyzed were classified as type A, the European type, and two samples from Finns were classified as type B, the African/Asian type. We then amplified and sequenced a 583‐bp JCV‐DNA region from the type A isolates of Saami and Finns. According to type‐determining nucleotides within the region, we classified type A isolates into EU‐a1, ‐a2, or ‐b. Most type A isolates from Saami were classified as EU‐a1, while type A isolates from Finns were distributed among EU‐a1, EU‐a2, and EU‐b. This trend in the JCV‐genotype distribution was statistically significant. On a phylogenetic tree based on complete sequences, most of the type A isolates from Saami were clustered in a single clade within EU‐a1, while those from Finns were distributed throughout EU‐a1, EU‐a2, and EU‐b. These findings are discussed in the context of the population history of the Saami and the Finns. This study provides new complete JCV DNA sequences derived from populations of anthropological interest. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:185‐193, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.