bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation and function of small heat shock protein genes during amphibian development
Authors: Heikkila John J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractSmall heat shock proteins (shsps) are molecular chaperones that are inducible by environmental stress such as elevated temperature or exposure to heavy metals or arsenate. Recent interest in shsps has been propelled by the finding that shsp synthesis or mutations are associated with various human diseases. While much is known about shsps in cultured cells, less is known about their expression and function during early animal development. In amphibian model systems, shsp genes are developmentally regulated under both normal and environmental stress conditions. For example, in Xenopus, the shsp gene family, hsp30, is repressed and not heat‐inducible until the late neurula/early tailbud stage whereas other hsps are inducible at the onset of zygotic genome activation at the midblastula stage. Furthermore, these shsp genes are preferentially induced in selected tissues. Recent studies suggest that the developmental regulation of these shsp genes is controlled, in part, at the level of chromatin structure. Some shsps including Xenopus and Rana hsp30 are synthesized constitutively in selected tissues where they may function in the prevention of apoptosis. During environmental stress, amphibian multimeric shsps bind to denatured target protein, inhibit their aggregation and maintain them in a folding‐competent state until reactivated by other cellular chaperones. Phosphorylation of shsps appears to play a major role in the regulation of their function. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of obsessive‐compulsive disorder in patients who have comorbid major depression
Authors: Abramowitz Jonathan S. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMany patients who have obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) also meet criteria for additional diagnoses such as mood, anxiety, and personality disorders. The presence of severe depression, and major depressive disorder per se, impedes response to treatment for OCD that uses the best available treatments. In this article, the comorbidity data in OCD are reviewed, then the relationship between depression and OCD treatment outcome is reviewed. Next, the derivation and implementation of a treatment program specifically for depressed OCD patients are illustrated with a case example. The article closes with a discussion of implications and directions gleaned from this single case study. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
TNF‐α expression is transcriptionally regulated by RANK ligand
Authors: Zou W. , Amcheslavsky A. , Takeshita S. , Drissi H. , Bar‐Shavit Z. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractTumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α is known for its osteoclastogenic and resorptive activities. Induction of osteoclastogenesis by receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) is accompanied by increased TNF‐α expression. In the present study we investigated the mechanism by which RANKL induces expression of TNF‐α in osteoclast precursors. The macrophage‐like cell‐line, RAW 264.7 was used as a model for osteoclast precursors. To examine if RANKL‐mediated increase in TNF‐α expression involves increased stability of its transcript, RAW264.7 cells were treated with or without RANKL, and then a transcription inhibitor was added. At different time points, TNF‐α and L32 mRNA levels were examined. TNF‐α mRNA stability was not altered by RANKL. We next measured directly the transcription rate of TNF‐α by a run‐on assay and found that RANKL increases TNF‐α transcription rate by 2.9‐fold in RAW264.7 cells. We further characterized this transcriptional induction of TNF‐α by RANKL. Gel shift assays using nuclear extracts derived from RANKL‐treated RAW264.7 cells show increased specific NF‐κB binding activity on the murine TNF‐α promoter. Gliotoxin, known for its ability to inhibit NF‐κB activation blocked RANKL‐induced TNF‐α expression. We finally used 1,260 bp of the murine TNF‐α promoter fused to luciferase, as well as four mutants of this promoter carrying mutations in each of the four NF‐κB sites to stably transfect RAW 264.7 cells. Reporter activity was increased in response to RANKL in wild type promoter transfected cells, whereas treatment of the mutants' transfected cells did not elicit reporter activity. In conclusion, RANKL induces TNF‐α expression via a transcriptional mechanism, depending on the NF‐κB sites in the TNF promoter. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of addition of amino acids on microfiltration behavior of a microorganism slurry
Authors: Ohmori Kazushige , Iritani Eiji 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe effect of the addition of amino acids on the microfiltration behavior of Escherichia coli (E coli) and Corynebacterium glutamicum (C glutamicum) slurry was examined using a dead‐end microfilter. It was found that the average specific filtration resistance, αav, of a slurry of microorganisms increased markedly by adding amino acids. Amino acid concentration ranged from 110 to 876 mol m−3. However the same concentration of ammonium chloride did not increase αav. The cells were found to disperse in the presence of lysine, and this caused an increase in αav. In the case of kaolin slurry, αav was not affected by adding amino acids. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
An alternative for pre‐treatment of high‐strength raw whey wastewaters: submerged membrane bioreactors
Authors: Hasar H , Kinaci C , Unlu A 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe direct treatment of whey wastewater at various sludge ages (10–75 days) and high biomass concentration (above 50 g mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) dm−3) in a submerged membrane bioreactor (sMBR) is described. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of raw whey varied in the range of 60 and 90 g dm−3. After feeding the sMBR with raw whey, effluent COD reduced to about 20 g dm−3. The effluent was free of suspended solids and total coliform bacteria. Total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate (Ortho‐P) in the influent varied between 204 and 880 mg dm−3 and between 180 and 620 mg dm−3, and effluent TP and Ortho‐P reduced to 113 and 109 mg dm−3, respectively. The ammonium and nitrate concentrations in the influent were in the ranges of 3.4 and 120 mg dm−3 and 10 and 503 mg dm−3, respectively. The effluent ammonium concentration varied between 17.6 and 198 mg dm−3 and nitrate concentrations varied between 0.9 and 69 mg dm−3. Effluent turbidity varied between 23 and 111 FAU (Formazin Attenuation Unit). The results show that sMBR is an effective pre‐treatment system for high‐strength agro‐wastewaters because of its ability to reduce the pollution load. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Nickel and cobalt sorption on anaerobic granular sludges: kinetic and equilibrium studies
Authors: van Hullebusch Eric D , Zandvoort Marcel H , Lens Piet NL 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe kinetics and equilibria of sorption of the divalent metal ions cobalt and nickel onto anaerobic granular sludge are described. Single component and binary equimolar systems were studied at different pH values (pH 6, 7 and 8). The kinetic modelling of metal sorption by anaerobic granular sludge has been carried out using Lagergren equations. On fitting the experimental kinetic data both in first‐ and pseudo‐second‐order equations, the regression analysis of a pseudo‐second‐order equation gave a higher r2 value, indicating that both external mass transfer and intra‐particle diffusion are involved in the sorption process. The experimental isotherm data were analysed using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson equations. The Redlich isotherm, a combination of the Langmuir and Freundlich equations, was found to have the highest regression correlation coefficients at pH 7. At pH 8, the Langmuir mechanism dominated for cobalt and nickel adsorption. In contrast, at pH 6, the Freundlich equation gave a better correlation coefficient which suggests a more heterogeneous adsorption at that pH. The maximal adsorption capacity of the granular sludge, as determined by the Langmuir equation, for cobalt or nickel in single systems (8.92 mg g−1 Co TSS; 9.41 mg g−1 Ni TSS, pH 7) compared with binary systems (8.06 mg g−1 Co TSS; 8.43 mg g−1 Ni TSS, pH 7) showed no great difference in the accumulation of these metals onto granular sludge. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Critical gas velocity in a three‐phase internal loop airlift reactor with low‐density particles
Authors: Muthukumar Karuppan , Prasad Balakrishnan Naveen , Velan Manickam 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn the present investigation the effects of the addition of organic additives (propanol, benzoic acid, iso‐amyl alcohol and carboxymethyl cellulose) on the critical gas velocity, (Usg)c, in an internal airlift loop reactor with low‐density particles (Nylon‐6 and polystyrene) were reported. Whereas the (Usg)c was reduced by adding the above additives, it increased with solids loading and density of the particles. The draft tube‐to‐reactor diameter ratio (DE/D) in the range of 0.5–0.6 gave minimum (Usg)c values. The proposed dimensionless correlation predicted the experimental data well. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetics of reductive degradation of Orange II in aqueous solution by zero‐valent iron
Authors: Mu Yang , Yu Han‐Qing , Zhang Shu‐Juan , Zheng Jia‐Chuan 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe reductive degradation of Orange II in aqueous solution by zero‐valent iron was investigated. The degradation of Orange II followed pseudo‐first‐order kinetics at various pH values and initial Orange II levels, but the formation of sodium sulfanilate, a major reductive product of Orange II, followed zero‐order kinetics. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Splenic hamartoma: Presentation on contrast‐enhanced sonography
Authors: Chou Yi‐Hong , Chiou Hong‐Jen , Tiu Chui‐Mei , Chiou See‐Ying , Hsia Cheng‐Yuan , Tsay Shyh‐Haw 
Published: September 2004

AbstractSplenic hamartoma is a rare benign tumor of the spleen. It is usually found incidentally at autopsy or splenectomy. We report a case of splenic hamartoma that was discovered during medical workup for vague upper abdominal pain. Abdominal sonography demonstrated a well‐demarcated, slightly hypoechoic splenic solid mass; the mass was markedly enhanced on color Doppler sonography after injection of microbubble contrast agent. This finding may help to distinguish splenic hamartomas from other relatively common splenic tumors, such as hemangiomas or metastases. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:425–428, 2004
Mycobacterium sp., Rhodococcus erythropolis, and Pseudomonas putida behavior in the presence of organic solvents
Authors: De Carvalho Carla C.C.R. , Da Cruz Alexandra A.R.L. , Pons Marie‐Nöelle , Pinheiro Helena M.R.V. , Cabral Joaquim M.S. , Da Fonseca M. Manuela R. , Ferreira Bruno S. , Fernandes Pedro 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis work aimed at studying the behavior and tolerance of Mycobacterium sp. NRRL B‐3805, Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14 and Pseudomonas putida S12 cells in the presence of various concentrations of water miscible (ethanol, butanol, and dimethylformamide, up to 50% v/v) and water immiscible solvents (dodecane, bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate and toluene, up to 5% v/v). When incubated in the presence of these solvents, the cells were found to have lower tolerance to butanol and toluene than to the remaining solvents. Nevertheless, the concentrations of solvents endured by the tested strains show that they are quite solvent‐tolerant, confirming their potential as biocatalysts in nonconventional systems. Microscopic observation of samples showed that the hydrophobic Mycobacterium sp. and R. erythropolis cells were able to aggregate to protect the population under stress conditions. Comparison of the results obtained at the single cell level by fluorescence microscopy and colony development on agar plates indicated that the primary effects of most solvents tested were on the cell membrane and replicating capability of the cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:215–222, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improvement of microanatomical research by combining corrosion casts with MicroCT and 3D reconstruction, exemplified in the circulatory organs of the woodlouse
Authors: Wirkner Christian S. , Richter Stefan 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA SkyScan‐1072 high‐resolution desktop microtomograph was used to visualize the 3D morphology of the circulatory system of Porcellio scaber (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Isopoda) at the micrometer level. Prior to MicroCT investigation, the circulatory system was injected with a fast‐hardening resin, permitting a better contrast of the vascular structures that are normally hollow after fixation. Stacks of tomographic images were used to reconstruct the circulatory system three‐dimensionally. The spatial resolution achieved by the microtomograph is about 3.5 μm. The technique provides detailed tomographic images of the inner organs and makes precise 3D reconstructions of the circulatory system in arthropods possible. The results were compared with conventional histological data. MicroCT permits a high number of specimens to be screened in a short time, which is essential for the improvement of modern morphological research in a cladistic framework. Histological techniques, however, are still essential for gathering information at the cellular level. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:250–254, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric synthesis of L‐[4‐13C]lysine by alkylation of oxazinone derivative as a chiral glycine equivalent
Authors: Takatori Kazuhiko , Hayashi Akira , Kajiwara Masahiro 
Published: September 2004

AbstractL‐[4‐13C]Lysine (2) was synthesized from sodium [2‐13C]acetate (3) and Dellaria's oxazinone 1 as a chiral glycine equivalent. Wittig reaction of the glycinal 7 and 13C‐labeled phosphonium ylide 5, prepared from sodium [2‐13C]acetate (3), gave the α, β‐unsaturated ester 8. The ester 8 was converted to the allylic bromide 10. Alkylation of the oxazinone 1 with 10 proceeded with high diastereoselectivity. Ethanolysis, hydrogenation of the double bond with diimide, removal of the chiral auxiliary, and hydrolysis gave L‐[4‐13C]lysine (2). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimized synthesis of four isotopically labeled (13C‐enriched) phenolic acids via a malonic acid condensation
Authors: Robbins Rebecca J. , Schmidt Walter F. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractFour isotopically (13C)‐labeled phenolic acids (caffeic [M + 3], sinapic [M + 2], p‐coumaric [M + 6] and ferulic [M + 6] acids) were synthesized via a simple one‐step malonic acid condensation with a series of aldehydes. The aldehydes and the malonic acid were variously labeled and unlabeled to vary the enriched sites. 13C and 1H NMR analyses together confirmed the labeled positions. LC/MS confirmed the masses. These acids are intended for use as internal standards for isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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In vitro and in vivo metabolism of pyronaridine characterized by low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization
Authors: Lee Jaeick , Son Junghyun , Chung Suk‐Jae , Lee Eung‐Seok , Kim Dong‐Hyun 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe in vitro and in vivo metabolism of pyronaridine, an antimalarial agent, was investigated in rats and humans. In vitro incubation of pyronaridine with rat and human liver microsomes resulted in the formation of 11 metabolites, with pyronaridine quinoneimine (M3) as the major metabolite. The structures of pyronaridine metabolites were characterized on the basis of the product ion mass spectra obtained under low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID) ion trap mass spectrometry. Both pyronaridine (m/z 518) and M3 (m/z 516) produced the same product ion (m/z 447). These results could be explained by the characteristic neutral loss of a 69 Da fragment from M3 via γ‐H rearrangement and 1,7 sigmatropic shift, whereas the neutral loss of a 71 Da fragment from the pyronaridine occurred by charge site‐initiated heterolytic cleavage. These fragmentations were further supported by the tandem mass spectrum of D3‐pyronaridine. Other metabolites generated in the microsomal incubations were carbonylated, hydroxylated and O‐demethylated derivatives. Pyronaridine and its metabolites were detected in both feces and urine after intraperitoneal administration to rats. The in vivo metabolic profile in rats was different from the in vitro profile. M3, a chemically reactive quinonimine, was not detected whereas O‐demethylated derivatives (M14, M15, M16, and M19) were identified in fecal and urinary extracts. The role of quinoneimine metabolites in pyronaridine‐caused toxicity should be further evaluated, although these metabolites or their conjugates were not detected in urine and feces. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic immunization and comprehensive screening approaches in HLA‐A2 transgenic mice lead to the identification of three novel epitopes in hepatitis C virus NS3 antigen
Authors: Martin P. , Parroche P. , Chatel L. , Barretto C. , Beck A. , Trépo C. , Bain C. , Lone Y.C. , Inchauspé G. , Fournillier Anne 
Published: September 2004

AbstractInterferon‐γ (IFNγ)‐producing CD8+ T cells have been shown to play a key role in the control or eradication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. In particular, T cells specific of the non‐structural protein 3 (NS3) are often associated with control of viremia. The aim of the study was to identify novel HLA‐A2 restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes specific of NS3 using a combination of comprehensive approaches. HLA‐A2.1 transgenic mice were immunized with a DNA vaccine optimized for NS3 specific epitope presentation and induced CD8+ T cell reactivity was screened using 42 algorithm‐predicted peptides as well as a library of 78 overlapping 15‐mer peptides spanning the whole protein. Three epitopes mapping within the NS3 protease (GLL: aa 1038–1047) or helicase (ATL: aa 1260–1268 and TLH: aa 1617–1625) were identified. These epitopes, which display similar and high in vitro binding capacities to soluble HLA‐A2 molecules, are able to induce either cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and/or IFNγ‐producing T cells. Comparative in vitro target cell sensitization studies revealed a higher immunogenicity of the GLL peptide as compared with both ATL and TLH peptides. This peptide was capable to recall in vitro HCV‐specific IFNγ and IL‐10‐producing T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of chronically infected patients. These data increase the pool of NS3‐specific CD8+ T cell epitopes available to analyze HCV associated immunity and could contribute to the design and evaluation of candidate vaccines. J. Med. Virol. 74:397–405, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of human respiratory syncytial virus genotype specific antibody responses in infants
Authors: McGill A. , Greensill J. , Marsh R. , Craft A.W. , Toms G.L. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractInfection and reinfection of infants with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) occur despite the presence of serum anti‐viral glycoprotein antibodies similar to those, which afford protection in animal models of infection. Antigenic variation of the viral glycoproteins between different genotypes of the virus which co‐circulate in the population may contribute to the ability of the virus to escape from antibody‐mediated protection. In this study, we have investigated whether human infants infected with HRSV produced antibody responses recognising the antigenic differences between different contemporary genotypes of virus. Acute and convalescent sera from 26 infants were analysed for antibody responses to the glycoproteins of the virus isolated from their respiratory tract and to representative viruses of homologous and heterologous genotypes. All infants developed antibodies with similar reactivity for viruses of all contemporary isolates and genotypes when measured in an immunofluorescence assay against unfixed virus infected cells. However, when antibody responses to the individual glycoproteins were measured in a surace plasmon resonance (SPR) assay, although all infants developed genotype cross‐reactive antibodies to the F glycoprotein, anti‐G antibodies were detectable in only half of the infants and in all cases these were genotype specific. Possession of no or only genotype specific antibodies to the G glycoprotein may contribute to the susceptibility of infants to reinfection. In both assays, reactivity of anti‐glycoprotein antibodies with the sub‐group A archetypal strain, A2, was markedly lower than with any contemporary virus tested indicating that this strain alone is unsuitable for accurate assessment of infant antibody responses. J. Med. Virol. 74:492–498, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lysolecithin induces demyelination in vitro in a cerebellar slice culture system
Authors: Birgbauer Eric , Rao Tadimeti S. , Webb Michael 
Published: September 2004

AbstractDemyelination is a hallmark of several human diseases, including multiple sclerosis. To understand better the process of demyelination and remyelination, we explored the use of an in vitro organotypic cerebellar slice culture system. Parasagittal slices of postnatal Day 10 (P10) rat cerebella cultured in vitro demonstrated significant myelination after 1 week in culture. Treatment of the cultures at 7 days in vitro (DIV) with the bioactive lipid lysolecithin (lysophosphatidylcholine) for 15–17 hr in vitro produced marked demyelination. This demyelination was observed by immunostaining for the myelin components myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and 2′, 3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase (CNPase). After a transient demyelinating insult with lysolecithin in vitro, the cultures recovered with oligodendrocyte differentiation recapitulating a normal time course; there was initially re‐expression of CNPase and MBP during this recovery, and this was followed by MOG. In addition, there seemed to be some limited remyelination during the recovery phase. Lysolecithin thus induces demyelination in an in vitro organotypic cerebellar slice culture system, providing a model system for studying myelination, demyelination, and remyelination in vitro. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypothyroidism impairs long‐term potentiation in sympathetic ganglia: Electrophysiologic and molecular studies
Authors: Alzoubi K.H. , Bedawi A.S. , Aleisa A.M. , Alkadhi K.A. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractElectrophysiologic and molecular techniques were used to study the effect of adult‐onset hypothyroidism on synaptic plasticity in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. Ganglia excised from adult thyroidectomized and sham‐operated rats were subjected to a brief high‐frequency stimulation of the preganglionic nerve to express long‐term potentiation (gLTP). Western blotting was carried out to determine the protein levels of key signaling molecules that may be involved in the expression of gLTP. Input/output relationship in ganglia from hypothyroid rats indicated a normal basal synaptic transmission, whereas activity‐dependent types of synaptic plasticity, posttetanic potentiation (PTP) and gLTP, were impaired. Immunoblot analysis showed that both calcium/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) and phosphorylated CaMKII (P‐CaMKII) levels were reduced markedly in hypothyroid rat ganglia compared to those from euthyroid controls. Additionally, protein levels of nitric oxide synthase‐1, heme oxygenase‐2, calmodulin, protein kinase C (PKC), and calcineurin were also reduced in hypothyroid rat ganglia. The results indicate that abnormally low basal levels of signaling molecules may be responsible for hypothyroidism‐induced impairment of gLTP in superior cervical ganglia. In addition, the results indicate that synaptic plasticity in sympathetic ganglia may involve a molecular sequence of events similar to that proposed for LTP in the hippocampus. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.