bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Representation of visual stimuli in inferior temporal cortex
Authors: Gross Charles G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In primates, inferior temporal (IT) cortex is crucial for the processing and storage of visual information about form and colour. This article reviews the properties of IT neurons and considers how these properties may underlie the perceptual and mnemonic functions of IT cortex. The available evidence suggests that the processing of the facial image by IT cortex is similar to its processing of other visual patterns. Faces and other complex visual stimuli appear to be represented by the pattern of responses over a population of IT neurons rather than by the responses of specific ‘feature detectors’ or ‘grandmother’ cells. IT neurons with adult-like stimulus properties are present in monkeys as young as six weeks old.
Modelling face recognition
Authors: Bruce Vicki , Burton A Mike , Craw Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much early work in the psychology of face processing was hampered by a failure to think carefully about task demands. Recently our understanding of the processes involved in the recognition of familiar faces has been both encapsulated in, and guided by, functional models of the processes involved in processing and recognizing faces. The specification and predictive power of such theory has been increased with the development of an implemented model, based upon an ‘interactive activation and competition’ architecture. However, a major deficiency in most accounts of face processing is their failure to spell out the perceptual primitives that form the basis of our representations for faces. Possible representational schemes are discussed, and the potential role of three-dimensional representations of the face is emphasized.
Regression, Sequenced Measurements and Coherent Calibration
Authors: Brown P J , Mäkeläinen T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We use the tractable Normal-Inverted-Wishart prior distribution to assign prior structure to q + 1 variables. It is desired to predict one variable, the response, from the other q variables coherently with respect to varying q. Here we consider situations where these q variables are realistically a subsample from a continuous process. In this context we introduce the notion of structural coherence. Application is to spectroscopic analysis of a mixture where each datum is a spectral curve.
Reconciling Costs and Benefits in Experimental Design
Authors: Farrow M , Goldstein M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We consider the design of experiments, the objective of which may be to learn about the values of several different quantities and which may involve costs of more than one type. In particular, medical experiments may give information on several different quantities and will generally involve ethical costs as well as financial costs. Experimenters may be unwilling to specify explicit trade-offs, for example between information gained and costs or between financial and ethical costs. We suggest an approach to exploring the set of possible designs and presenting the results of this exploration in a way that may help those who must choose the design to come to a decision. The degree 0f detail necessary in the prior belief specification depends upon the assumptions that can be made about the form of an underlying utility function. We illustrate our approach with a medical example.
Bayesian Parametric Models for Lifetimes
Authors: Mendel Max B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paper develops a systematic procedure for constructing probability models for unit lifetimes. It identifies the smallest class of such models that suffice for selecting a cost-optimal maintenance or operating policy. Lifetime-cost functions are introduced, replacing the classical failure rate functions for specifying model classes. It is shown how these classes can be represented through Bayesian parametric models. To illustrate, several common lifetime models and their finite population analogs are derived, including the exponential, the Weibull, Freund’s multivariate exponential, and a new multivariate Weibull.
Bands of Probability Measures: a Robust Bayesian Analysis
Authors: Moreno Elías , Pericchi Luís R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This class allows considerable freedom on tail behaviour as long as the upper and lower measures L, U have different tails. This property is inherited from the class of interval of measures (DeRobertis and Hartigan, 1981), from which probability bands are obtained by restricting attention to those measures that integrate to one. Although the analysis of this restricted class is somewhat more involved, the restriction is quite natural and may lead to much smaller posterior ranges of the quantities of interest. General results for this model and some illustrations for two dimensional likelihoods are given. Comparison with interval of measures are also made.
Growth variation and comparative growth homeostasis
Authors: Brush G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction
This chapter is a suffilllary of recent attempts to analyse variation in growth. The purpose is not to tabulate variance nor to use it to quantify statistical uncertainty, but to describe how variation accumulates during the process of growth. The results will indicate that a portion of the environmental contribution to growth variation is expected to accumulate in a distinctive pattern. This pattern will be modelled in an attempt to quantify the interaction between environmental conditions which disrupt growth and the ability of homeostatic mechanisms to compensate.
Mother’s morale and infant health in Ethiopia
Authors: Almedom A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous studies have examined infant health in relation to nutritional status and physical growth performance. Studies which demonstrated the complexities of the relationships, particularly those between nutrition and morbidity, some more than two decades ago, continue to influence current research (Scrimshaw et al. 1968, 1969; Mata et al. 1977, Mata 1978; Tomkins 1981; 1986; Black et al. 1984; Tomkins and Watson 1988; Aaby 1988; Ulijaszek 1990). Malnutrition makes infants susceptible to infection and infection leads to the failure to make effective use of nutrients and thus leads to malnutrition.
Inside the gurrnganngara: social processes and demographic genetics in north-east Arnhem Land, Australia
Authors: White N G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Yolngu today number approximately 3200 and occupy an area of about 26000 square kilometres, bounded by coastline to the north and east and river systems to the south and west (Fig. 14.1). These people, referred to variously as Murngin, Wulamba, and Malag, as well as Yolngu, are the subject of a substantial social anthropological literature, much of it relating to their complex social organization and religion, including art and ritual (see for example Warner 1937; Thomson 1949; Berndt 1951, 1952; Williams 1986; Morphy 1991).
Community sentences and the work of the Probation Service
Authors: Hine Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 1 January 1991, there were 138 721 offenders currently under the supervision of the Probation Service. During 1991, 129 463 offenders commenced a period of community supervision or post-custodial licence with the service. These figures from Probation Statistics England and Wales 1991 show that well over a quarter of a million offenders were subject to supervision by the Probation Service at some time during that year, a volume often not appreciated by people outside the service.
Parole
Authors: Ditchfield John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1965 White Paper ‘The Adult Offender’ proposed that prisoners who had shown promise or determination to reform should be able to earn a further period of freedom on parole (i.e. over and above the one-third remission they already earned) of up to one-third of sentence. It argued that: Prisoners who do not of necessity have to be detained for the protection of the public are in some cases more likely to be made into decent citizens if, before completing the whole of their sentence, they are released under supervision with a liability to recall if they do not behave ... What is proposed is that a prisoner’s date of release should be largely dependent upon his response to training and his likely behaviour on release. A considerable number of long-term prisoners reach a recognisable peak in their training at which they may respond to generous treatment, but after which, if kept in prison, they may go downhill.
Ethnic differences
Authors: Fitzgerald Marian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book was seminal in comprehensively raising issues about racial prejudice, discrimination, and disadvantage, a key reference source for groups campaigning for government action on these problems. Yet when official statistics on ‘race’ and crime began to enter the public domain some ten years later, the response of these groups was ambivalent. The publication in 1982 by the Metropolitan Police Commissioner of figures selected to show an over-representation of black offenders in street crime relative to their presence in the population at large was roundly condemned; yet the same data sources were used by the black-led ‘scrap sus’ campaign to demonstrate discrimination by the police (Demuth 1978).
Input and output
Authors: Payne R W , Lane P W , Digby P G N , Harding S A , Leech P K , Morgan G W , Todd AD , Thompson R , Wilson G Tunnicliffe , Welham S J , White R P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how to read data values into Genstat and how to print them out. It also looks at some of the more general aspects of input and output, such as the use of files for storing different kinds of information.
As already mentioned (1.1), Genstat statements may be typed in at the keyboard or stored in files and executed as a complete program. Similarly, data can be typed in directly or read, from files that have been prepared in advance. Many directives produce output that can either be displayed on the screen or stored in output files. Usually Genstat programs, data, and output are stored in character files. These are easily manipulated by other programs, such as text editors or word processors; so they can easily be viewed or modified on the screen of the PC or terminal, or printed out if hard copy is required.
Graphical display
Authors: Payne R W , Lane P W , Digby P G N , Harding S A , Leech P K , Morgan G W , Todd AD , Thompson R , Wilson G Tunnicliffe , Welham S J , White R P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genstat can produce graphical output in two distinctively different styles. These are line printer graphics and high-resolution graphics. As the name suggests, line-printer graphics are designed for printing on ordinary printers, and are also suitable for display on terminals and 4PC screens. The standard character set, made up of letters, digits, and punctuation characters, is used to produce a graphical representation of the data. This will be of low resolution, typically 24 rows by 80 columns for screen display, 132 by 48 or 80 by 60 for a printer; but this is quite adequate for many uses within Statistics, such as producing a scatterplot or histogram of raw data or checking the distribution of residuals. The advantage of this form of output is that no special equipment, such as a graphics terminal or plotter, is required; also the graphics form an integral part of the Genstat output, and can thus be interspersed with other results during the analysis of your data. Histograms, graphs, and contour plots can be produced in this basic style.
Population genetic studies on national minorities in China
Authors: Omoto Keiichi , Hirai Momoki , Harihara Shinji , Misawa Shogo , Washio Keiko , Tokunaga Katsushi , Saitou Naruya , Yamazaki Kentaro , Du Ruofu , Hao Luping , Yuan Yida , Xu Jiujin , Jin Feng , Hu Jiaoyu , Wei Xierong , Li Shizhe , Zhao Hong , Zhang Zhi , Niu Keyi , Du Chuanshu , Liu Bao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From 1985 to 1991 we carried out a joint Japanese-Chinese population genetic study on national minority groups in China. At least 55 such groups are registered in China, and it is clearly impossible to sample most of these groups in 6 years. We therefore planned to concentrate only on groups living in eastern China. The reason for this choice is that we intended to clarify the genetic origins of the Japanese.
Periodic and rolling samples and censuses
Authors: Kish Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Table 1 lists the major types of population surveys now conducted in the USA and in many industrialized countries. Some of these are conducted even more widely, and decennial censuses cover most countries today. I refer here to population surveys of persons, families, households, and dwellings, also to characteristics and variables based on them. As for surveys of other populations – of agriculture, industry, commerce – we shall mention them in the next section, as well as other types of surveys. The surveys listed here are mostly repeated and periodic, and mostly done by the government; in the USA mostly by the US Bureau of Census (USBC). They are mostly national surveys, though others may be regional or even local in scope; or cover only some subpopulation.
Scientific Inference and Predictions; Multiplicities and Convincing Stories: A Case Study in Breast Cancer Therapy¹
Authors: Berry² D R , Thor A , Cirrincione C , Edgerton S , Muss H , Marks J , Liu E , Wood W , Budman D , Perloff M , Peters W , Henderson I C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bayesian approach has great potential for contributing methodology and ways of thinking about scientific inferences. In theory the Bayesian approach is elegant and easy: Apply Bayes’ theorem. And recent calculational advances allow for finding posterior and predictive distributions that were once intractable. However, most scientific inferences and decision problems involve multiplicities and other complications. Assessing one’s prior distribution and specifying likelihood models are not easy in the presence of multiplicities. Assessment is especially difficult when there are disparate sources of information-such as when different experiments use treatment variations and when the experimental units are themselves different. We discuss the role of discovery and prediction in science and describe a subjective process of evaluating data-based hypotheses. Any model-such as one we give-that captures the essence of a data-based hypothesis is questionable.
Bayesian Histograms
Authors: Hartigan J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A histogram is a density talking a finite number of values. In a Bayesian setting, we consider various prior distributions over the set of possible histograms, which permit convenient computation of the posterior distribution over histograms given the data. How can a single summary histogram be selected from this posterior distributionã The obvious density estimate is the average posterior histogram density at each point, but this estimate is not in general a histogram, even if the prior distribution is over histograms. One possibility for a single summary histogram is the mode of the posterior distribution over histograms; another is the envelope histogram with the maximum number of cells such that every horizontal segment intersects both the 95% envelope and the 5% envelope of the histogram densities. The envelope histogram conveys information about both the estimate and the variability of the estimate at each point; we can use it, for example, to make quantitative assertions about the presence of more than one mode. We consider a class of Bayesian histograms that are location and scale invariant; the same relative inference about densities is made in any interval, given the same relative distribution of observations in the interval. Histograms and density estimates of this type are compared with histograms of equal cell sizes in a number of data sets.
A Note on Histogram Approximation in Bayesian Density Estimation
Authors: Andreev A , Arjas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Bayesian density estimation, it is in practice necessary to restrict the space of density functions in some way, in order to arrive at an effectively finite parametrization. Here we consider piecewise constant functions as an approximating family. We show that if such functions are used to support an approximation of the “true” prior, then, under a set of natural conditions, the corresponding approximation will hold for the posterior.
A Comparison of Sequential Learning Methods for Incomplete Data
Authors: Cowell* R G , Dawid* A P , Sebastiani** P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deterministic and stochastic methods to approximate a mixture distribution which arises in learning with incomplete data are compared in a simple problem. Simulation results suggest that a simple deterministic method based on moment matching gives a very good approximation of the exact mixture distribution. This also works well when combined with an initial stochastic updating.
Spherically Symmetric Bayes Estimators for a Linear Subspace of a Normal Law
Authors: Fourdrinier* D , Wells** M T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory of Bayesian least squares for the normal law is developed for priors supported on a linear subspace of the parameter space. We assume that a spherically symmetric distribution is used as a prior in conjunction with normal sampling distribution. In order to underline the intrinsic aspect of our results, the coordinate-free approach is adopted. Examples which illustrate the theory are presented.
Stochastic Deformable Templates and Object Tracking
Authors: Phillips D B , Smith A F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bayesian analyses of complex structures in images using sophisticated deformable shape models are rendered possible by recent advances in Markov chain Monte Carlo methodology. We consider extending the templates into a dynamic setting to allow for object tracking in image sequences. Our method combines a well-known analytic approach to non-linear dynamic modelling, the extended Kalman filter, with MCMC algorithms designed to sample object templates from suitably-defined likelihood functions. The approach is illustrated using some real face image sequences, where the aim is to track the face and predict its next position.
Graphical Methods for Simulation-Based Bayesian Inference
Authors: Vounatsou P , Smith A F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We suggest graphical methods for summarizing simulation-based outputs for the purpose of inference, with emphasis on Bayesian hypotheses testing, model comparison and criticism. We discuss the application of some well-known graphical methods of exploratory data analysis to simulation-based Bayesian inferences and, in particular, we test hypotheses about mean/variance equality of several normal and multinormal populations.
Building, drawing and ‘artificial perspective’
Authors: Field J V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the twentieth-century eye, correct perspective seems an obvious contribution to making a picture more naturalistic. However, the invention of mathematical rules for this purpose does not seem to have a direct link with the increased naturalism which is a feature of the painting of the fourteenth century. It was not a painter who invented a method of showing objects exactly in accordance with the laws of optics: Brunelleschi was, as we have already noted, trained as a gold smith, and he was, as far as we know, never a member of the guild that painters belonged to, namely that of the Physicians and Apothecaries (Medici e Speziali), or of the painters’ confraternity, the Company of St Luke (Compagnia di San Luca).
Comparing Curves and Surfaces
Authors: Bowman Adrian W , Azzalini Adelchi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 4 some simple inference was carried out by assessing whether a covariate had any effect on a response. In Chapter 5 the special case of comparing nonparametric and parametric models was discussed. This topic was also mentioned in Chapter 2 where a normal shape for densities was considered. In this chapter nonparametric models for different groups of data are compared. Both density estimates and nonparametric regression curves are considered.
Convergence to equilibria for fluid models of certain FIFO and processor sharing queueing networks
Authors: Bramson Maury 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The qualitative behavior of open multiclass queueing networks is currently a topic of considerable activity. An important goal is to formulate general criteria for when such networks possess equilibria, and to characterize these equilibria when possible. Fluid models have recently become an important tool for such purposes. We are interested here in two families of such models. The first consists of FIFO fluid models of Kelly type, that is, the discipline is first-in, first-out, and the service rate depends only on the station. The second consists of a family of processor sharing fluid models, where the fraction of time spent serving a class present at a station is proportional to the quantity of the class there, and all of the service goes into the “first customer” of each class. We refer to members of this second family as head-of-the-line proportional processor sharing (HLPPS) fluid models. To study both families of models, we introduce entropy functions associated with the states of the systems. Appropriate estimates show that for both families, if the traffic intensity function is at most 1, then the fluid models converge exponentially fast to equilibria with fixed concentrations of customer types at each queue. When the traffic intensity function is strictly less than 1, the limit is always the empty state and occurs after a finite time. A consequence is that generalized Kelly and HLPPS networks with traffic intensity strictly less than 1 are positive Harris recurrent, and hence possess unique equilibria. The results for FIFO models presented here are demonstrated in Bramson (1996a); the results for HLPPS models will appear in Bramson (1996b).
Optimal draining of fluid re-entrant lines: some solved examples
Authors: Weiss Gideon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a fluid re-entrant line fluid moves in sequence through buffers 1, ... , K which are partitioned between I machines. Each machine can divide its effort continuously between the buffers it serves and flow rates out of the buffers are proportional to the effort. It is desired to find flow rates over period (0, T) that empty the line with minimum average inventory, equivalently cycle time. This formulation is a first approximation to a transient re-entrant line queueing network, which in turn models many industrial processes, e.g. semiconductor wafer fabrication. The problem can be formulated as a continuous linear program, with a very special structure. In this paper we discuss some properties of the optimal solutions, and these properties enable us to solve several examples. The solutions themselves are quite instructive. We also outline some ideas for an efficient algorithm to solve the problem.
Queue lengths and departures at single-server resources
Authors: Connell Neil O’ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I will review and illustrate some large deviation results for queues with interacting traffic, both for shared buffer and shared capacity models. These results are examples of a general scheme which can be applied to an endless variety of network problems where the goal is to establish probability approximations for aspects of a system (such as queue lengths) under very general ergodicity and mixing assumptions about the network inputs.