bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geminivirus VIGS of endogenous genes requires SGS2/SDE1 and SGS3 and defines a new branch in the genetic pathway for silencing in plants
Authors: Muangsan Nooduan , Beclin Christophe , Vaucheret Herve , Robertson Dominique 
Published: May 2004

SummaryVirus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a sequence‐specific RNA degradation process that can be used to downregulate plant gene expression. Both RNA and DNA viruses have been used for VIGS, but they differ in their mode of replication, gene expression, and cellular location. This study examined silencing mediated by a DNA virus, cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV), in several silencing‐deficient Arabidopsis mutants. A DNA VIGS vector derived from CaLCuV, which silenced chlorata42 (ChlI) needed for chlorophyll formation, was used to test endogenous gene silencing responses in suppressor of gene silencing (sgs)1, sgs2, sgs3, and Argonaute (ago)1 mutants defective in sense transgene‐mediated post‐transcriptional silencing (S‐PTGS). SGS2/silencing defective (SDE)1, SGS3, and AGO1 are each dispensable for silencing mediated by transgenes containing inverted repeats (IR‐PTGS), and SGS2/SDE1 is dispensable for RNA VIGS. We show that DNA VIGS requires both SGS2/SDE1 and SGS3, regardless of the orientation of 362 nt ChlI transcripts produced from the viral DNA promoter. Viral DNA accumulation is slightly higher, and viral symptoms increase in sgs2 and sgs3, whereas overexpression of SGS2/SDE1 mRNA results in decreased viral symptoms. Mutants affected in SGS1 and AGO1 function are only delayed in the onset of silencing, and have a small effect on chlorophyll accumulation. DNA VIGS is unaffected in defective DNA methylation (ddm)1/somniferous (som)8 and maintenance of methylation (mom)1 mutants, impaired for TGS. These results demonstrate that SGS2/SDE1 and SGS3 are needed for endogenous gene silencing from DNA viruses, and suggest that SGS2/SDE1 may reduce geminivirus symptoms by targeting viral mRNAs.
Reversal of acquired cisplatin resistance by modulation of metallothionein in transplanted murine tumors
Authors: SAGA YUJI , HASHIMOTO HIROSHI , YACHIKU SUNAO , IWATA TATSUYA , TOKUMITSU MASAYUKI 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBackground: The platinum‐based chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin is involved in a broad spectrum of activities against human systemic malignancies. However, acquired resistance to cisplatin reduces its clinical efficacy. Elucidation of the molecular basis of cisplatin resistance is required to improve the effectiveness of cisplatin. In the present study, the mechanism of acquired resistance to cisplatin was studied in C3H mice inoculated with MBT‐2 murine bladder tumor cells.Methods: C3H mice were subcutaneously inoculated with 1.0 × 106 MBT‐2 cells/mouse on day 0. The mice were given intraperitoneal injections of 10 µmol/kg cisplatin and subcutaneous injections of 1000 µmol/kg propargylglycine, an inhibitor of gamma‐cystathionase, once a day for 10 consecutive days from day 11 to day 20.Results: The metallothionein content of the tumors was increased to twice the control level by repeated administration of cisplatin. Co‐administration of propargylglycine reduced metallothionein induction in the tumors and markedly enhanced the antitumor activity of cisplatin. In contrast, the glutathione content in the tumors did not change from the control level after cisplatin administration. The platinum accumulation in tumors treated with cisplatin alone was 1.7‐fold greater than when propargylglycine was administered concomitantly. The platinum concentrations changed in accordance with the metallothionein contents.Conclusions: These observations suggest that metallothionein, but not glutathione or reduced platinum accumulation, might play a role in the acquired resistance to cisplatin of C3H mice inoculated with MBT‐2. Moreover, reversal of this resistance might be possible by biochemical modulation of metallothionein.
Assessment of a protocol for prophylactic antibiotics to prevent perioperative infection in urological surgery: A preliminary study
Authors: KANAMARU SOJUN , TERAI AKITO , ISHITOYA SATOSHI , KUNISHIMA YASUHARU , NISHIYAMA HIROYUKI , SEGAWA TAKEHIKO , NAKAMURA EIJIRO , KINOSHITA HIDEFUMI , MOROI SEIJI , ITO NORIYUKI , KAMOTO TOSHIYUKI , OKUNO HIROSHI , HABUCHI TOMONORI , SENDA KAZUYOSHI , ICHIYAMA SATOSHI , OGAWA OSAMU , YAMAMOTO SHINGO 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBackground: The aim of the present study was to assess the usability and efficacy of our new protocol of prophylactic antibiotic use to prevent perioperative infection in urological surgery.Methods: We prospectively investigated 339 cases of typical urological surgery in our department between April 2001 and March 2002 (group I). We classified surgical procedures into four categories by invasiveness and contamination levels: category A, clean less invasive or endoscopic surgery; category B, clean invasive or clean contaminated surgery; category C, urinary tract diversion using the intestine; and category D, infected surgery. Antibiotics were administrated intravenously according to our protocol: category A, first or second generation cephems or penicillins during the operative day only; category B, first and second generation cephems or penicillins for 3 days; and category C, second or third generation cephems for 4 days. Category D was excluded from the analysis. To judge perioperative infections, the wound condition and general conditions were evaluated in terms of the surgical site infection (SSI) as well as remote infection (RI) up to postoperative day (POD) 14. We retrospectively reviewed 308 patients who underwent urological surgery between April 2000 and March 2001 (group II) as reference cases that were administered antibiotics without any restriction.Results: Perioperative infection rates (SSI + RI) in group I and group II were 25 of 339 (7.4%) and 35 of 308 (11.4%), respectively. Surgical site infection rates of categories A, B, and C in group I were 1.8%, 7.6%, and 30.0%, respectively, while those in group II were 2.0%, 7.4%, and 46.2%, respectively. There was no significant difference in infection rates in terms of RI and SSI between group I and group II. The amounts, as well as the prices, for intravenously administrated antibiotics and oral antibiotics decreased to approximately half and one‐fifth, respectively.Conclusion: Our protocol effectively decreased the amount of antibiotics used without increasing perioperative infection rates. Thus, our protocol of prophylactic antibiotic therapy would be recommended as an appropriate method for preventing perioperative infection in urological surgery.
Cavernous hemangioma of the urinary bladder in an 8‐year‐old child
Authors: IKEDA TETSUHIRO , SHIMAMOTO KENJI , TANJI NOZOMU , OHOKA HIROJI , NISHIO SHUNJI , YOKOYAMA MASAYOSHI , IKEDA MINORU 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAn 8‐year‐old boy was admitted to Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan, for the further investigation of a 5‐month episode of gross hematuria accompanied by lower abdominal pain. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a solid tumor measuring 3 cm in diameter of the bladder wall. Cystoscopy demonstrated a red, wide‐based, nodular tumor situated on the dome of the bladder. Histological examination of tissue taken at hot biopsy showed fibrolipoma. In consideration of potential malignancy, a partial cystectomy was carried out after informed consent was given. Histological examination of the resected specimen showed it to be cavernous hemangioma.
Prognostic value of nuclear area index in patients with bladder cancer
Authors: YUSUP ANWAR , KANAMARU HIROSHI , AOKI YOSHITAKA , SAIKAWA SHIGEKI , MORIYAMA NORIHIRO , OYAMA NOBUYUKI , AKINO HIRONOBU , OKADA KENICHIRO , YOKOYAMA OSAMU 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBackground: To assess the prognostic usefulness of the nuclear area index (NAI), a new nuclear morphometric parameter expressed as the mean nuclear area (MNA) ratio of cancer to normal transitional cells in patients with bladder cancer, who have undergone radical cystectomy.Methods: Measurements of the nuclear areas of cancer and normal transitional cells were carried out on the histological slides of 73 patients with bladder cancer. The clinical usefulness of MNA, NAI, grade, and TNM categories for the prediction of the cause‐specific survival of the patients was examined.Results: The median values of MNA and NAI in the 73 patients were 39 µm2 and 1.2, respectively. Cause‐specific survival rates of the patients were calculated according to stage (T1–2 vs T3–4), grade (grade 2 vs grade 3), MNA (<39 µm2vs≥39 µm2) and NAI value (<1.2 vs≥1.2). Using univariate analysis, all these parameters were statistically significant prognostic factors. However, by multivariate analysis, NAI was the only independent variable for the survival of the patients (P < 0.01). Cause‐specific survival rates of patients with NAI values of less than 1.2 were significantly higher than those with NAI values of 1.2 or more, in both grade 2 and grade 3 tumors.Conclusions: These results suggest that NAI could provide improved prognostic information for patients with bladder cancer.
Combined adrenal adenoma and myelolipoma in a patient with Cushing's syndrome: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: HISAMATSU HIROSHI , SAKAI HIDEKI , TSUDA SATOSHI , SHIGEMATSU KAZUTO , KANETAKE HIROSHI 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMyelolipoma is an uncommon benign tumor of unknown etiology and adrenal myelolipoma is rarely associated with endocrine disorders. We report a 67‐year‐old woman with Cushing's syndrome due to left adrenal adenoma associated with myelolipoma. The patient underwent laparoscopic left adrenalectomy and pathological examination revealed an adrenocortical adenoma associated with myelolipoma. To the best of our knowledge, 25 cases of endocrine dysfunction associated with myelolipoma have been reported in the English and Japanese literature. We review and discuss the pathogenesis of adrenal myelolipoma.
Effects of sextant transrectal prostate biopsy plus additional far lateral cores in improving cancer detection rates in men with large prostate glands
Authors: KOBAYASHI TAKASHI , NISHIZAWA KOJI , WATANABE JUN , OGURA KEIJI , MITSUMORI KENJI , IDE YOSHIHIRO 
Published: May 2004

AbstractPurpose: To determine whether additional, far lateral cores improve the diagnostic performance of transrectal sextant biopsy in men with large prostate glands.Methods: Men with prostate volumes of 50 mL or greater in transrectal ultrasonography who were suspected of prostatic adenocarcinoma were prospectively enrolled. Biopsy criteria were defined as 2.0 ng/mL or greater of serum total prostate‐specific antigen and/or abnormal findings on digital rectal examination. Four cores of far lateral biopsies were added to the standard sextant technique.Results: Of 104 patients enrolled in the present study and undergoing biopsy, 14 (13.5%) were diagnosed as having prostate cancer and 27 (26.0%) were diagnosed as having prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) or an atypical gland. There were no cases where cancer was only detected in the additional cores, whereas PIN/atypical gland was uniquely detected from the additional, far lateral sites in eight of the 27 patients who were diagnosed with this condition.Conclusions: Although the number of patients diagnosed as having PIN/atypical gland might increase with the addition of far lateral cores, this additional sampling does not improve cancer detection rates in men with large prostate glands.
Rectosigmoidal bladder utilizing intussuscepted ileal segment: A surgical technique for urinary diversion and experiences in 30 patients
Authors: OHYAMA CHIKARA , TSUCHIYA NORIHIKO , HABUCHI TOMONORI , SATO KAZUNARI , SATOH SHIGERU , SHIMODA NAOTAKE , KATO TETSURO 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBackground: We previously reported that the ileocecal rectal bladder consists of interposition of an intussuscepted ileocecal segment between the ureters and the rectum for those in whom the urethra is not available. Although the ileocecal rectal bladder has been well accepted by most patients, it requires an extensive preparation along the ascending colon. We present a modified operation technique (rectosigmoidal bladder) by using the ileal segment alone as an interposing antireflux component and by using the sigmoidal segment to augment the rectal capacity.Methods: From February 1993 to July 2002, 30 patients with a median age of 64 years underwent construction of a rectosigmoidal bladder. Median follow‐up period was 26 months (range, 13–125). The follow up was carried out using clinical and functional assessments such as evacuation status, serum chemistry and radiographic evaluation of the upper urinary tracts and rectosigmoidal pouch. To assess the postoperative health‐related quality of life, we carried out a survey comparison of the ileocecal rectal bladder patients and the rectosigmoidal bladder patients.Results: No operative or urinary diversion‐related postoperative mortality was encountered. All rectosigmoidal bladders had sufficient capacity, with no evidence of urinary reflux or daytime incontinence. When compared with our previous procedure, the ileocecal rectal bladder, the present procedure had advantages with respect to complications with urine‐fecal leak and acidosis. There were no differences in mean operation time, or in the health‐related quality of life survey, between the two procedures.Conclusions: Our experience showed that this technique should be considered for those in whom the urethra is not available.
Increased detection of clinically significant prostate cancer by additional sampling from the anterior lateral horns of the peripheral zone in combination with the standard sextant biopsy
Authors: MIYAKE HIDEAKI , SAKAI IORI , HARADA KEN‐ICHI , HARA ISAO , ETO HIROSHI 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBackground: The objective of the present study was to investigate whether obtaining an increased number of biopsy cores by sampling additional areas, along with the standard sextant biopsy, results in a higher rate of detection of potentially insignificant prostate cancer.Methods: We included 130 patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy at our institution between January 1999 and June 2003 after being diagnosed as having prostate cancer based on systematic prostate biopsies that included the areas examined by standard sextant biopsies and the bilateral anterior lateral horns (ALHs) of the peripheral zone (PZ). Several clinicopathological factors were analyzed, focusing on the significance of additional sampling from ALHs in relation to the incidence of potentially insignificant cancer, which was defined as organ confined disease with tumor volume less than 0.5 cc and Gleason scores <7.Results: According to the location of positive biopsy results, these 130 patients were divided into three groups as follows: 61 patients (46.9%) with cancer detected from the cores taken by standard sextant biopsy only (group A), 15 (11.6%) from ALHs of the PZ only (group B), and 54 (41.5%) from both sites (group C). There were no significant differences in age, incidence of abnormal digital rectal examination, prostate volume, or biopsy Gleason score among these three groups; however, pretreatment serum PSA value in group C was significantly higher than that in groups A or B. Pathological examinations of radical prostatectomy specimens demonstrated that there were no significant differences in the incidence of lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion and perineural invasion, or Gleason score among the three groups; however, group C had a significantly larger tumor volume than groups A or B. Furthermore, insignificant tumor was detected in eight patients in group A (13.1%), two in group B (13.3%), and four in group C (7.4%).Conclusion: These findings suggest that the additional sampling of biopsy cores from ALHs does not appear to increase the detection of potentially insignificant cancer, and that biological tumor characteristics seem to be similar irrespective of cancer location on the needle biopsy.
Potentially Inappropriate Prescribing in Ontario Community‐Dwelling Older Adults and Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Lane Christopher J. , Bronskill Susan E. , Sykora Kathy , Dhalla Irfan A. , Anderson Geoffrey M. , Mamdani Muhammad M. , Gill Sudeep S. , Gurwitz Jerry H. , Rochon Paula A. 
Published: May 2004

Objectives: To compare patterns of potentially inappropriate drug therapy prescribing in community‐dwelling older adults and nursing home residents in Ontario, Canada.Design: A retrospective cohort study using administrative databases.Setting: Ontario community and nursing home facilities.Participants: All 1,275,619 older adults aged 66 and older in Ontario (1,216,900 community‐dwelling and 58,719 nursing home residents) who were dispensed at least one prescription from the comprehensive provincial drug plan in 2001. In Ontario, the provision of clinical pharmacy services is mandated in the nursing home setting. No comparable program exists for older adults in the community setting.Measurements: Potentially inappropriate drug prescribing was compared between community‐dwelling and nursing home residents in two categories: those to always avoid and therapies considered rarely appropriate to prescribe.Results: Of the 1,275,619 adults in the cohort, nursing home residents were older (mean age±standard deviation=84.2±7.6 vs 75.0±6.5, P<.001), included more women (73.3% vs 57.7%, P<.001), had higher comorbidity scores (measured by the number of distinct drug therapies dispensed in the prior year (10.7±6.8 vs 7.2±5.7, P<.001) and Charlson comorbidity scores (1.4±1.6 vs 0.9±1.5, P<.001)) than community‐dwelling individuals.Community‐dwelling older adults were significantly more likely to be dispensed at least one drug therapy in the always avoid or rarely appropriate category than nursing home residents (3.3% vs 2.3%, P<.001). Using a logistic regression model that controlled for age, sex, and comorbidity (number of distinct drug therapies dispensed in the prior year), nursing home residents were close to half as likely to be dispensed one of these potentially inappropriate drug therapies as community‐dwelling older adults (odds ratio=0.52, 95% confidence interval=0.49–0.55, P<.001).Conclusion: Potentially inappropriate drug therapy in the always avoid and rarely indicated categories is dispensed less often to nursing home residents than to older community‐dwelling adults. Clinical pharmacist services, which are mandated in the nursing home setting, may be responsible for these differences in Ontario, Canada.
Persistent Nonmalignant Pain and Analgesic Prescribing Patterns in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Won Aida B. , Lapane Kate L. , Vallow Sue , Schein Jeff , Morris John N. , Lipsitz Lewis A. 
Published: May 2004

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of analgesics used, their prescribing patterns, and associations with particular diagnoses and medications in patients with persistent pain.Design: Cross‐sectional study.Setting: Nursing homes from 10 U.S. states.Participants: A total of 21,380 nursing home residents aged 65 and older with persistent pain.Measurements: Minimum Data Set (MDS) assessments on pain, analgesics, cognitive, functional, and emotional status were summarized. Logistic regression models identified diagnoses associated with different analgesic classes.Results: Persistent pain as determined using the MDS was identified in 49% of residents with an average age of 83; 83% were female. Persistent pain was prevalent in patients with a history of fractures (62.9%) or surgery (63.6%) in the past 6 months. One‐quarter received no analgesics. The most common analgesics were acetaminophen (37.2%), propoxyphene (18.2%), hydrocodone (6.8%), and tramadol (5.4%). Only 46.9% of all analgesics were given as standing doses. Acetaminophen was usually prescribed as needed (65.6%), at doses less than 1,300 mg per day. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were prescribed as a standing dose more than 70% of the time, and one‐third of NSAIDs were prescribed at high doses.Conclusion: In nursing home residents, persistent pain is highly prevalent, there is suboptimal compliance with geriatric prescribing recommendations, and acute pain may be an important contributing source of persistent pain. More effective provider education and research is needed to determine whether treatment of acute pain could prevent persistent pain.
Incidence of Tooth Loss and Prosthodontic Dental Care: Effect on Chewing Difficulty Onset, a Component of Oral Health–Related Quality of Life
Authors: Gilbert Gregg H. , Meng Xiaoxian , Duncan R. Paul , Shelton Brent J. 
Published: May 2004

Objectives: To quantify incidence of tooth loss, prosthodontic dental restoration, and chewing difficulty onset and the effect of tooth loss and prosthodontic restoration on chewing difficulty onset.Design: A prospective cohort study of oral health and related behaviors with in‐person interviews and clinical examinations conducted at baseline and 24 months. Telephone interviews were conducted every 6 months between these sessions.Setting: A community‐based sample of four counties in north Florida.Participants: Eight hundred seventy‐three persons who had at least one tooth and were aged 45 and older at baseline.Measurements: Persons were queried regarding onset of chewing difficulty, an important component of oral health–related quality of life (OHRQoL). The chewing index of Leake, with minor revision, was the primary outcome of interest. Tooth loss was measured using direct clinical examination. Dental care use was reported during each interview.Results: Approximately 22% of participants reported tooth loss during follow‐up. Fixed prosthodontics (crowns and bridges) was the most common form of new prosthodontic treatment. People who reported tooth loss were 2.7 times more likely to report chewing difficulty onset than people without tooth loss (P<.001). Having fewer occluding pairs of teeth at baseline was significantly associated with an increased probability of chewing difficulty onset. People who received removable prosthodontic treatment were much less likely to report chewing difficulty onset than people who did not (P<.01).Conclusion: Incident tooth loss and removable prosthodontic restoration strongly predicted chewing difficulty, an important component of OHRQoL.