bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Jungeblut C. W. , Berlot J. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Guinea pigs injected intravenously with massive doses of India ink before active sensitization exhibited occasionally a more or less marked, decreased sensitiveness to the reinjection of the antigen.
2. The serum of rabbits which had received massive doses of India ink before the sensitizing injections, showed approximately the same titer of anaphylactic antibodies as that of sensitized normal control animals, as demonstrated by the degree of passive sensitization induced in guinea pigs.
3. The precipitin titer of sensitized rabbits blocked with massive doses of India ink was somewhat lower than that of sensitized normal controls. In one instance, the intravenous injection of smaller doses of India ink was followed by a higher precipitin titer. No uniform relation was found between the height of the precipitin titer and the anaphylactic power of the antiserums.
4. One blocking injection of India ink given to guinea pigs before passive sensitization did not interfere with the occurrence of anaphylactic shock nor alter its nature.
THE SKIN RESPONSE OF RABBITS TO NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Andrewes Christopher H. , Derick Clifford L. , Swift Homer F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits inoculated intradermally with certain strains of green streptococci have well marked lesions which, after reaching a maximum size in 24 to 48 hours and then beginning to retrogress, show in over 50 per cent of the animals a secondary increase in size and other signs of inflammation about 8 or 9 days after inoculation.
2. This secondary reaction may follow the inoculation of a variety of strains of green-producing streptococci from various sources, of indifferent streptococci, and occasionally of pneumococci.
3. The inoculation of hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, Micrococcus catarrhalis, or Bacillus coli has not been followed by this secondary reaction.
4. The secondary reaction is not due to increased activity of the injected bacteria since the lesions are usually sterile at the time it occurs and since the secondary reaction occurs after inoculation of killed organisms as well as after that of living ones.
5. A second inoculation of green streptococci into a rabbit within 9 weeks of a first injection is followed by a primary but not by a secondary reaction. This inhibition of the secondary reaction is not specific; for the phenomenon of secondary reaction can be completely inhibited by previous inoculations of the rabbit with any living streptococcus and usually with pneumococci. Killed organisms are less effectual.
6. Preliminary injection with staphylococci, Micrococcus catarrhalis, and Bacillus coli has not prevented the appearance of a secondary reaction in response to subsequent injections of green streptococci.
7. The agent responsible for the secondary reaction has not as yet been determined; its nature is discussed. The phenomenon is possibly a form of allergic reaction.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS IN RESISTANCE TO BILE FLOW TO THE INTESTINE
Authors: Elman Robert , McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

Under specially controlled conditions in the healthy unanesthetized dog we have measured the resistance offered to the flow of bile through the lower common duct.
The average resistance 4 to 12 hours after a feeding was found to correspond to the pressure of a column of bile 100 to 120 mm. in height.
After a 24 to 72 hour fast the resistance was such as to support a much higher column of bile, one of 300 mm. at times. The exhibition of food to the fasting animal usually precipitated a reflex lessening in the resistance to the flow of bile to the intestine, the actual taking of food always brought it about. This was transient and was soon followed by a period of increased resistance lasting 10 to 30 minutes after food had entered the stomach. There succeeded a drop in resistance which was gradual and fluctuating.
We have observed an increase in the resistance to the flow of bile into the intestine after alkali has entered the stomach, and a decrease after acid has been administered.
We attribute the sudden changes chiefly to the activity of the sphincter of Oddi.
THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE FIBROBLAST AND THE MACROPHAGE
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Monocytes and tissue macrophages become identical in appearance when they live under identical conditions. Macrophages cultivated in nutrient and non-nutrient media acquire different structures. Monocytes and tissue macrophages are mere functional variations of a single type.
2. The structure of the segregation apparatus and of the mitochondria of monocytes and macrophages depends on the composition of the pericellular fluid and on the metabolic state of the cells.
3. The monocyte and the macrophage are endowed with a number of physiological properties which become apparent when they grow in pure cultures.
4. The knowledge of these fundamental characteristics explains the behavior of the cells within the organism.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Hance Robert T. , Murphy James B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Hard x-rays prevent the formation of pigment in the hair follicles of mice, with result that hair previously black comes in white.
2. Exposure of the ventral side of a mouse to the x-rays causes the hair on the back to come in white about 40 to 50 days after it has whitened the hairs on the abdomen.
BIOLOGY OF BACTERIUM LEPISEPTICUM
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Burn Caspar G. 
Published: June 2004

1. From 1922 to 1926, mucoid types of Bact. lepisepticum have proved more prevalent that "D" types in certain rabbit communities.
2. The bacteria from the mucoid colonies are larger than the "D" type; "G" variants are very small. All types are largest during the period of logarithmic growth. Differences in size appear to be determined chiefly by the amount of "cytoplasmic" substance.
3. The mucoid colony is larger and appears watery as compared with the "D" colony.
4. Fermentation tests, indole and nitrate reduction reactions of mucoid and "D" types and their variants are similar.
5. The acid agglutination zone of the mucoid type is similar to that of the "D" type.
6. The mucoid type is more stable in suspension than the "D" type.
7. The negative potential of mucoid types is similar to that of the "D" and higher than that of "G" variants.
8. The behavior of the mucoid type of bacilli in fluid media differs from that of the "D" strains in the following respects. About 500 or more mucoid organisms per c., inoculated into plain broth, will grow; "D" strains require seedings of at least 100,000. A lag of 3 to 48 hours duration occurs in the growth of mucoid strains, according to the amount of original seeding. This is considerably longer than that observed for the "D" strains. The period of multiplication is relatively long—24 to 48 hours—and the maximum number per cc. does not exceed 600,000,000. "D" strains reach 1,000,000,000 per cc. within 24 hours. "G" variants appear very slowly in mucoid cultures as contrasted with "D" strains, where their occurrence is rapid and abundant. The presence in the broth of blood or other oxygen-absorbing substances enables less than ten mucoid organisms per cc. to multiply without lag and to reach a maximum number of about 600,000,000 per cc. in 24 to 48 hours. "D" strains reach a count of 1,000,000,000 per cc. within 12 hours under similar conditions.
9. "D" and mucoid strains, inoculated into 750 cc. of plain or blood broth, and incubated at 37°, remain alive for more than 12 months. The numbers per cc. decrease to about 1/1000 of the maximum after the first 6 weeks. Subsequently, the rate of decrease is slower. The original strains are gradually replaced by "intermediate" and "G" colonies.
10. The various mucoid strains proved similar in their antigenic properties. "D" strains were also mutually related, but no cross-agglutination between "D" and mucoid types was demonstrable.
EFFECT OF THE AMINO ACIDS AND DIALYZABLE CONSTITUENTS OF EMBRYONIC TISSUE JUICE ON THE GROWTH OF FIBROBLASTS
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Carrel Alexis 
Published: June 2004

The ultrafilterable constituents of embryonic tissue extract are unable to support cell life in vitro. They stimulate cell migration and possibly multiplication, without increasing the mass of the tissue.
Embryonic tissue extract freed from amino acids by dialysis still retains a considerable part of its growth-promoting properties.
The area of growth of tissues in embryonic tissue extract free from amino acids is appreciably less than that with the whole extract, probably owing to the denaturation of part of the protein, or perhaps to the inactivation or loss of an enzyme.
The addition of either the ultrafilterable components or an artificial mixture of amino acids to this dialyzed extract increases the area of cell migration but does not restore all the activity lost on dialysis.
The observed differences in growth of tissue, due to the addition or removal of dialyzable and ultrafilterable constituents of the extract, prove that the amino acids produce a more active cell migration and possibly multiplication, but no building up of new protoplasm.
THE VISCOSITY OF THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER OBSTRUCTION OF THE UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

Estimations of the viscosity of the whole blood and plasma of the dog after experimental upper gastrointestinal tract obstruction are reported.
With cardiac obstruction there is a rapid and marked rise in the viscosity of the whole blood and some increase in the viscosity of the plasma.
The changes after pyloric obstruction are similar to those observed after cardiac obstruction.
After obstruction of the upper jejunum only slight changes are observed.
The increase in viscosity parallels quite closely the degree of the toxemia. It is unaccompanied by any marked concentration of the blood.
EFFECTS OF LIGHT ON NORMAL RABBITS, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ORGANIC REACTION
Authors: Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M. 
Published: June 2004

A group of 50 normal male rabbits kept under conditions of constant light that had none of the shorter ultra-violet rays and another group kept in constant darkness for 2 to 12 weeks were observed clinically and subjected to postmortem examination for the purpose of determining the effect of these environmental conditions upon general body health and the weights of organs. A similar group of 50 rabbits caged in an ordinary animal room for the same period, and two groups of 40 and 20 rabbits respectively, which had recently been brought into the laboratory, served as controls.
It was found that the general health of the rabbits was not impaired by the artificial light or the exclusion of light. The gain in body weight which occurred in all groups was especially marked in the case of those kept under conditions of constant light.
The incidence of spontaneous disease recognizable clinically during the experiment was extremely low and of a mild character and did not obviously disturb the health of the animal. It was found at postmortem examination, on the other hand, that 59.3 per cent of the rabbits caged indoors, that is in the light, dark, or unaltered rooms, and 58.3 per cent of those recently brought to the laboratory had visible lesions of some kind. The great majority of these lesions, however, were of a slight grade, and none appeared to have any deleterious effects upon the general physical state of the animals.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

1. Animals immunized with the formalinized filtrates of young toxic cultures of B. botulinus produce an antitoxic serum poor in precipitins.
2. Animals immunized with the formalinized filtrates of old and partly autolyzed toxic cultures produce an antitoxic serum containing precipitins.
3. Animals immunized with toxin-free autolyzed bacteria produce a serum free from antitoxin but rich in specific precipitins.
4. Animals immunized with the filtrates of an atoxic variant produce a serum free from antitoxin but rich in precipitins for the homologous toxin.
5. Animals immunized with the washed bacteria of the atoxic variant produce a serum that contains no antitoxin, but is rich in precipitins for the homologous toxin.
6. Removal of the precipitins by flocculation with a non-toxic antigen does not materially reduce the antitoxic value of a serum.
7. Removal of the proteins of the antigen by add coagulation removes the specific precipitable substance.
8. All the sera that contain precipitins produce the specific flocculus when combined with homologous toxins, anatoxins, or with the filtrates of the atoxic variant. The flocculation is restricted within the type. The amount of the precipitate and the width of the zone vary approximately with the estimated amount of bacterial protein in the antigen that is used for the immunization of animals.
We conclude, therefore, that the toxin-antitoxin flocculation is a specific bacterial precipitation phenomenon.
THE NATURE OF THE TOXIN-ANTITOXIN FLOCCULATION PHENOMENON
Authors: Bronfenbrenner J. J. , Reichert Philip 
Published: June 2004

1. Animals immunized with the formalinized filtrates of young toxic cultures of B. botulinus produce an antitoxic serum poor in precipitins.
2. Animals immunized with the formalinized filtrates of old and partly autolyzed toxic cultures produce an antitoxic serum containing precipitins.
3. Animals immunized with toxin-free autolyzed bacteria produce a serum free from antitoxin but rich in specific precipitins.
4. Animals immunized with the filtrates of an atoxic variant produce a serum free from antitoxin but rich in precipitins for the homologous toxin.
5. Animals immunized with the washed bacteria of the atoxic variant produce a serum that contains no antitoxin, but is rich in precipitins for the homologous toxin.
6. Removal of the precipitins by flocculation with a non-toxic antigen does not materially reduce the antitoxic value of a serum.
7. Removal of the proteins of the antigen by add coagulation removes the specific precipitable substance.
8. All the sera that contain precipitins produce the specific flocculus when combined with homologous toxins, anatoxins, or with the filtrates of the atoxic variant. The flocculation is restricted within the type. The amount of the precipitate and the width of the zone vary approximately with the estimated amount of bacterial protein in the antigen that is used for the immunization of animals.
We conclude, therefore, that the toxin-antitoxin flocculation is a specific bacterial precipitation phenomenon.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF RABBITS TO INFECTION BY THE INHALATION OF VIRULENT PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. , Branch Arnold 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits are very susceptible to infection by inhalation of Type I pneumococci.
2. When rabbits are exposed to a pneumococcus spray the bacteria readily penetrate into the lower respiratory tract. The pneumococci which reach the periphery of the lungs as a result of this procedure usually disappear within a few hours but a generalized and fatal septicemia frequently later appears. Pneumococci may then be recovered from the periphery of the kidney, liver, and spleen. In the animals which die pleurisy and pericarditis are common but pneumonia does not occur.
3. Rabbits may recover from pneumococcus septicemia.
THE OCCURRENCE AND TREND OF SPONTANEOUS VARIATIONS IN ORGAN WEIGHTS OF NORMAL RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Van Allen C.M. 
Published: June 2004

Records of organ weights of normal rabbits covering a period of 3½ years were analyzed with a view to determining first, whether any significant variations of an orderly character could be demonstrated and, second, the general trend of the variations that occurred.
It was found that many organs showed decided variations in weight which assumed the form of definite annual cycles. In addition, there was some evidence of a second cycle covering a period of years. These changes were most marked in the case of the endocrine glands (including the testicles), the lymphoid organs, and the liver.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

The inoculation of a chimpanzee with cultures and a passage strain of Bartonella bacilliformis induced local reactions which, while definite and characteristic, progressed less rapidly and were much less striking than those in the control rhesus monkey. Bartonella bacilliformis was demonstrated in the blood corpuscles with difficulty, and the fever was slight compared with the high and persistent fever of the rhesus monkey. In both the swelling of the lymph glands was an early symptom and constantly present. Definite anemia developed in the chimpanzee only after accidental infection with Rocky Mountain spotted fever and may have been due to either one or both infections, though it disappeared when the blood had become negative by culture for Bartonella bacilliformis and the local lesions had disappeared. Incidentally, the chimpanzee was found in this one instance to be less susceptible to the spotted fever than Macacus rhesus and guinea pigs.
In the ourang-utan, also, Bartonella bacilliformis induced a mild systemic and local infection. A rise of temperature occurred 10 days after inoculation) and fever continued for a week, though it was decidedly less severe than that in the control rhesus. The lesions induced by scarification were less definite than those which arose at the sites of intradermal inoculation. Bartonella bacilliformis was recovered from the blood on the 9th and on the 16th days after inoculation and from nodules excised on the 33rd and 53rd days. A few erythrocytes containing the organism were demonstrated in stained smears, but prolonged search was required to find them.
The symptoms and lesions observed in the chimpanzee and ourangutan as a result of infection with Bartonella bacilliformis are far milder than those of rhesus monkeys and show less resemblance to human Oroya fever or verruga.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF CELL CONSTITUENTS OF ENCAPSULATUS PNEUMONIÆ (FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS)
Authors: Julianelle Louis A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The soluble specific substance of Friedländer's bacillus is non-antigenic when dissociated from the cell. It is different for each type and it is highly reactive in the corresponding anti-S serum.
2. The nucleoprotein is antigenic, induces the species or protein antibody which reacts with capsule-free cells and protein derived from all types. Antiprotein sera do not react with either the encapsulated cell or the polysaccharide derived from it, and they offer no protection against infection.
3. Anti-R and antiprotein sera are identical in their behavior.
4. The carbohydrate of Friedländer's bacillus is demonstrable in filtrates of actively growing cultures and in the blood and urine of infected animals.
5. The protein is demonstrable in filtrates of only old, disintegrating cultures.
BACTERIUM PNEUMOSINTES IN CLINICAL INFLUENZA IN NEW YORK CITY IN 1926
Authors: Gates Frederick L. ,   In Association with William Owens.
Published: June 2004

The presence of Bacterium pneumosintes has been demonstrated in nasopharyngeal washings from 2 patients in a sporadic outbreak of clinical influenza in New York City in March, 1926. 2 strains of bacteria morphologically similar to Bact. pneumosintes, but differing in certain cultural characters, and 2 other anaerobic filter-passing organisms were also isolated from the 9 patients examined.
The blood serum of 16 among 17 persons convalescent from clinical influenza, and of 6 among 10 supposedly normal persons, agglutinated 1 or more strains of Bact. pneumosintes.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

By means of vital staining with indicators a study has been made of the changes in reaction and in certain other attributes of a tissue abruptly rendered ischemic. Grafts of mouse skin have been employed as test material. It has been found that almost at once after implantation vigorous grafts become notably acid as compared with the normal skin and that they survive and "take" despite the acid condition, which remains at a maximum for several days. Weak or injured grafts on the contrary tend to be as alkaline as their surroundings, if not more so. Through experiments directed to the purpose reasons for this difference have been found in the lessened metabolic activities of the cells of the injured skin, and in an increased permeability which leads to a generalized suffusion of the damaged tissue with the alkaline lymph and an abnormally rapid escape of carbon dioxide from it. The influence of these factors to determine the reaction of tissues dying within the body has not been sufficiently taken into account in considering the chemical changes that occur after cell death, and some revision of current views regarding these as they affect small necrotic masses would seem called for.
Carbon dioxide penetrates so readily into the living skin as to cause some local increase in the hydrogen ion concentration within cutaneous regions exposed to an atmosphere of it, even when the local circulation and the ventilation by way of the lungs have not been interfered with. It penetrates injured skin with especially great ease.
Tissue acidosis and edema not infrequently occur together; but no relationship between them of cause and effect has been made out.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Rous Peyton , Beattie W. W. 
Published: June 2004

The introduction into the blood stream of dilute hydrochloric acid or sodium carbonate in quantities not too great to be compatible with life results in marked alterations in the color of certain of the matrix tissues stainable in vivo with phthalein indicators. Connective tissue in its various forms, and tendon and cartilage all become relatively more acid or alkaline than the normal. The hue of the kidney cortex also changes, as might be expected from its functions. The pancreas and lymph nodes, on the other hand, appear unaffected even when the injection is pushed to the extreme; and the slight to negligible alterations in the hue of the liver may be due to changes in the color of the associated secretion. The matrix tissues just mentioned behave as if unable to maintain a reaction of their own; whereas the elements of the parenchymal organs would seem to make their own conditions even when so much acid or alkali has been injected as will lead to death of the animal.
Injections of lactic acid are well tolerated and it is difficult to bring about alterations in the color of the phthalein-stained matrix tissues by means of them. Salt solution, and sugar in large amount cause no changes in color such as would indicate changes in reaction.
The results with the various phthalein indicators are in close accord, attesting that the information these give under vital conditions is reliable.