bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burnout, job stress and attitudes towards the use of force by Norwegian police officers
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Mikkelsen Aslaug 
Published: June 2005

PurposeAlthough many studies have considered burnout in the human services, little research on burnout has focused on police officers. This study aims to examine the relationship between burnout and police officers' attitudes towards the use of force and attitudes towards the use of social skills to solve problems.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 766 police officers in Norway using anonymously completed questionnaires.FindingsPolice officers reporting higher levels of cynicism also held more favorable attitudes towards the use of force; police officers reporting higher levels of professional efficacy also held more favorable attitudes towards the use of social skills to solve problems.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research needs to examine these findings in other countries and using longitudinal research designs.Practical implicationsOrganizations are advised to monitor burnout levels of front‐line service workers and introduce structures and processes to reduce burnout levels.Originality/valueThis study has value for senior police management and employment counselors.
Inclusive foresight
Authors: Loveridge Denis , Street Penny 
Published: June 2005

PurposeMost public foresight programmes in the 1990s limited participation to technological experts in the identified fields. However, almost all the programmes had an implied social dimension and several concluded that more inclusive participation was needed in future programmes. The paper aims to discuss how inclusiveness might be achieved.Design/methodology/approachAt first sight extending participation seems eminently possible. Inclusiveness is a matter of definition and process that has been encountered in other foresight style activities where the opinions of the polity need to be taken into account. Definitions and processes form the core of our approach, using ideas from human behaviour, sustainability and corporate governance.FindingsLearning how to extend participation has started through the German FUTUR programme and the creation of some online discussion forums. Some other programmes in The Netherlands (1996) and the UK (from 1998 onwards) have attempted to become more inclusive, with varying degrees of success.Research limitations/implicationsThe discussion is restricted to exploring some general principles related to making foresight programmes more inclusive. Some of the detail has been worked out but is not complete enough to be discussed.Practical implicationsInclusiveness introduces specific management and process needs, if foresight programmes are to be extended into the social sphere without their becoming chaotic. The principles discussed imply a need for a change in mind‐set for foresight sponsors and practitioners.Originality/valueNone of these ideas have been used in practice and to that extent are original.
DOES WORKSHARING WORK? SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE IAB‐ESTABLISHMENT PANEL
Authors: Andrews M. J. , Schank T. , Simmons R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecent policy debate in Europe suggests that a shorter workweek will lead to more jobs (worksharing). We derive and estimate a model where the firm employs two types of workers, some working overtime, the rest standard hours. Worksharing is not always a prediction of the theory. Using German establishment‐level panel data (the IAB‐ESTABLISHMENT panel), 1993–1999, we find no evidence of pro‐worksharing effects except in small plants in the East German non‐service sector. There is evidence that a cut in standard hours lowers the proportion of overtime workers in a plant, as predicted by the theory, and increases the proportion of standard‐time plants.
CHINA'S ECONOMIC GROWTH: WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM MULTIPLE‐BREAK UNIT ROOT TESTS?
Authors: Li Xiao‐Ming 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper investigates China's economic growth by performing multiple‐break unit root tests on the data of national and sectoral output and output per worker to identify their steady‐state and transitional growth paths. The evidence generated suggests that the growth behaviour of the Chinese economy is consistent with endogenous growth theory. The results of multiple‐break unit root tests are then explained within the endogenous growth framework, using historical observations on how the evolution of economic institution/environment causes changes in some institutional parameters and hence in the steady‐state growth rate of GDP per worker.
THE DETERMINANTS OF LATENESS: EVIDENCE FROM BRITISH WORKERS
Authors: Clark Ken , Peters Simon A. , Tomlinson Mark 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUsing a sample of male and female workers from the 1992Employment in Britainsurvey, we estimate a generalised grouped zero‐inflated Poisson regression model of employees' self‐reported lateness. Lateness is higher for males, private sector workers and in service industries. Reflecting theoretical predictions from both psychology and economics, we model lateness as a function of incentives, the monitoring of, and sanctions for, lateness within the workplace, job satisfaction and attitudes to work. Various aspects of workplace incentive and disciplinary policies turn out to affect lateness; however, controlling for these, an important role for job satisfaction remains.
Primary care in the treatment of functional gastrointestinal symptoms in Japan: prescription preferences and impression of results
Authors: Hongo M. , Kanatsuka H. , Sugawara A. , Nagasaki Y. , Endo Y. , Karahashi K. , Shoji T. , Sagami Y. , Aoki I. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryBackground : Functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are common in primary care. However, proper pharmacological approaches have not yet been established. The reason for a lack of proper approaches may be attributable to the lack in clarity of their pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Meta‐analysis of pharmacological approaches to functional GI disorders failed to identify the solid cluster of patients’ symptoms.Aim : The aim of this study is to assess the perspective of primary care doctors concerning prescriptions for functional GI symptoms, evaluate the efficacy of the drugs prescribed, and the need for medication for these symptoms.Method : Questionnaires were sent to primary care doctors, and a total of 149 responses were obtained. Efficacy of each medication was evaluated by the number of doctors favouring the category, and the respective impressions of prescriptions given.Results : Symptoms of heartburn were well controlled by anti‐secretory drugs (H2RAs and PPIs), while appetite loss and abdominal gurgling were not controlled by any medications.Conclusions : This survey reveals differences in need for various prescription drugs in functional GI symptoms.
Mucosal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression of gastroduodenal lesions in Crohn's disease
Authors: Moriyama T. , Matsumoto T. , Jo Y. , Yada S. , Hirahashi M. , Yao T. , Iida M. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryBackground:  The stomach and the duodenum are frequent sites of involvement by diminutive lesions in Crohn's disease (CD).Aim:  To assess mucosal proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in gastroduodenal lesions of CD.Methods:  13C‐Urea breath test and upper endoscopy were performed in 29 CD patients and seven control subjects, and biopsy specimens were obtained from the gastric cardia and the duodenum. Histology and mucosal levels of IL‐1β, IL‐8/CXCL8 and RANTES/CCL5 were assessed and compared according to the presence of gastric cardial lesion [bamboo joint‐like appearance (BJA)] and duodenal lesion (notched appearance, aphthous erosion and polypoid lesion). In 11 CD patients, these procedures were repeatedly performed after administration of famotidine.Results:  H. pylori was less frequently positive in CD patients than in controls (10% vs. 71%, P = 0.003). Prevalence of cardial and duodenal lesion was significantly higher in CD than in controls (59% vs. 0%, P = 0.008 for gastric lesion; 45% vs. 0%, P =0.034 for duodenal lesion). There were no differences in IL‐1β, IL‐8 and RANTES between CD and controls. Duodenal mucosal IL‐1β and IL‐8 were significantly higher in positive duodenal lesion than in negative duodenal lesion. However, there were no such differences with respect to cardial lesions. Endoscopic findings remained unchanged after administration of famotidine, while there was a trend towards decreases in IL‐1β and IL‐8 in the gastric cardia.Conclusions:  The pathogenesis of diminutive lesions of CD may be different between the stomach and the duodenum. Famotidine may not have a therapeutic effect on duodenal lesion in CD.
Comparison of hemostatic effects by route of H2 receptor antagonist administration following endoscopic mucosal resection in patients with neoplastic gastric lesions
Authors: Satoh K. , Yamamoto H. , Kawata H. , Osawa H. , Hanatsuka K. , Kita H. , Sunada K. , Hirasawa T. , Yoshizawa M. , Ajibe H. , Satoh Y. , Sunada F. , Sugano K. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryBackground : To date, there has not been an in‐depth investigation to identify differences in the effects of bleeding prevention among different routes of administration of H2 receptor antagonists to treat gastric ulcers following endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR).Aim : To prospectively compare the frequency of bleeding following EMR between patients treated with intravenous(IV) famotidine and those with oral famotidine.Methods : Fifty‐three patients with neoplastic gastric lesions (33 carcinoma and 20 adenoma) treated by EMR were included. Subjects underwent EMR with circumferential mucosal incision assisted by submucosal injection of sodium hyaluronate (EMRSH), followed by IV or oral (PO) administration of famotidine at a dosage of 40 mg/day for 2 days. Patients with odd ID numbers were assigned to IV therapy (30 cases) while even numbers were given PO therapy (23 cases). Frequencies and endoscopic findings of bleeding during the first 2 days after EMR were examined.Results : Frequency of bleeding within 2 days after EMR was 3 and 4% in IV and PO patients, respectively, showing no significant difference. No significant difference was seen in the endoscopic findings of bleeding and therapy, either, with respective IV and PO findings at 23 and 26%.Conclusions : No significant difference was observed in frequency of bleeding within 2 days after gastric EMR between IV and oral administrations of famotidine.
I am atopic, but why don't I develop allergy? the association between atopy and clinical expression of allergic disease
Authors: Church M. K. , McGill J. I. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryAlthough there is a close association between the atopic status of an individual and the development of allergic disease, this relationship is not straightforward because different individuals with similar atopic characteristics can present either with clinical manifestations of different allergic conditions (including asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and food allergy) or even with no allergic disease. Evidence suggests that the atopic status of an individual is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, and that defects in target organs and involvement of co‐triggers may additionally be required for the development of specific allergic phenotypes. Genetic linkage studies, employing specific polymorphism screening techniques, have demonstrated that allergic disease is linked to a number of genes and that each gene assumes a variable role in different individuals. This suggests that no single gene is important, but that interaction between several genes and environmental factors is likely to determine the allergic phenotype. More recent studies, nevertheless, have suggested that certain genes may play a more predominant role in the clinical expression of a specific phenotype. In this context, the ADAM‐33 gene appears likely to play an important role in asthma while the serine protease inhibitor Kazal‐type 5 (SPINK5) gene may influence the clinical expression of atopic dermatitis. In view of the biological role of lympho‐epithelial Kazal‐type‐related inhibitor, the protein encoded by SPINK, we hypothesize that SPINK5 may be associated with epithelial defence by lowering its ability to resist allergen penetration.
One airway, one disease?
Authors: Fokkens W. J. , Braunstahl G.‐J. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryEpidemiological evidence suggests that asthma and rhinitis frequently occur as co‐morbid conditions in the same patients, with about 80–90% of asthmatic patients having rhinitis symptoms and about 20–50% of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) having clinical asthma. Furthermore, rhinitis often precedes the onset of clinical asthma and independently increases the risk for developing asthma by up to 3‐fold. There is increasing evidence that AR and asthma are linked and may therefore be manifestations of the same airway disease, rather than two distinct diseases of the nose and the lung. Similarly, some studies have demonstrated that treatment of either condition in co‐morbid disease may result in improvement of the other. Although several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the pathophysiological link between the upper and the lower airways, the precise mechanisms underlying the link between AR and asthma are not clearly understood. Natural and experimental allergen provocation indicates that inflammation of the nasal and bronchial mucosa is important, because it is triggered by factors common to both mucosae and plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of both AR and asthma. More recent data suggest that bidirectional systemic inflammation involving the bone marrow is also likely to be important, since allergen provocation leads to up‐regulation and release from the bone marrow of haemopoietic eosinophil/basophil progenitor cells, which migrate to the tissues and undergo differentiation and activation in situ. Studies of intranasally applied corticosteroids and antihistamines (particularly cetirizine) have shown beneficial effects in both the upper and lower airways of patients with seasonal AR, and provide additional indirect support for this mechanism.
Epidemiology and economics of allergy treatment
Authors: Arrigo C. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryEpidemiological studies have suggested that although the prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) is increasing worldwide, there is a wide variation in the distribution of this condition within different populations; the prevalence of nasal allergies appears to be lower in Eastern Europe and South and Central Asia, compared with Western Europe and other English‐speaking countries, including Australia, New Zealand, and the USA. Recent epidemiological surveys performed according to Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines suggest that the new AR classification of intermittent and persistent AR is both independent and not equivalent to the traditional classification of seasonal AR and perennial AR, respectively. Studies investigating the economic impact of AR have demonstrated that the disease exerts a significant economic burden on society, given the high prevalence of the condition and its impact on direct medical costs and indirect costs. Other studies have indicated that the overall economic burden of AR is compounded by the prevalence of comorbid conditions such as asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and upper respiratory tract infections, which are often associated with AR. Furthermore, there is evidence that the lack of treatment, undertreatment, or non‐adherence to treatment can increase the overall cost of treatment for AR. Collectively, these studies suggest that the economic impact of AR and its comorbidities are considerable and driven by the epidemiology of these conditions.
The Effect of Aspartame on Migraine Headache
Authors: Koehler Shirley M. , Glaros Alan 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISRecently, three pilot studies have proposed that the addition of products containing aspartame to thediets of migraine headache sufferers may produce a significant increase in the frequency of theirmigraines. The present study was a controlled thirteen‐week, double‐blind, randomized cross‐over studycomparing the effect of aspartame to that of a matched placebo on the frequency and intensity of migraineheadache. The results of this study indicated that the ingestion of aspartame by migraineurs caused asignificant increase in headache frequency for some subjects. The implications of these findings andsuggestions for further research are discussed.
Acute Inflammation of the Temporomandibular Joint Presenting as Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia Case Report and Hypothesis
Authors: Turkewitz L. Jay , Levin Morris 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISThis report details an acute inflammation of the temporomandibular joint presenting as classicaltrigeminal neuralgia, responsive to anticonvulsant medication. Based upon this case report, we proposethat peripheral stimuli may trigger central trigeminal pain pathways. Peripheral mechanisms of trigeminalhyperexcitability should be excluded when the diagnosis of tic doloreaux is entertained.
Significance of EMG Surface Electrode Placement Models and Headache Findings
Authors: Hudzinski Leonard G. , Lawrence Gary S. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISShould muscle contraction headache be measured and treated from the traditional bifrontal muscle sites? Fivestudies report significant positive correlations between headache parameters and frontalis surfaceelectromyogram (EMG) levels. In contrast, four sets of authors who analyzed the relationship failed to find asignificant relationship.The purpose of this study is to investigate whether headache and nonheadache EMG levels in chronic musclecontraction headache patients were higher than in nonheadache‐matched controls using both conventional andmore inclusive EMG electrode placement sites.Twenty‐five patients experiencing chronic muscle contraction headache (experimental group) and twenty‐fiveage‐matched nonheadache subjects (control group) comprised this study. Experimental group subjects weremonitored twice while having a headache and twice while not having headache prior to beginning therapy. Datafrom the experimental group were compared with that of the control group who indicated “seldom if everexperiencing headache.” EMG data were collected and statistically compared using the conventional bifrontalmodel, the Cram‐Scan model and a Schwartz‐Mayo profiling method on all persons in this study.Results indicate the Schwartz‐Mayo placement followed by the Cram‐Scan model were superior indisciminating between the headache and nonheadache groups. The most conclusive finding is that the bifrontalplacement model appears antiquated in its ability to provide meaningful diagnostic information and may not besufficient for patient assessment and efficient therapy. Determining the existence of muscle contraction andmodes of treatment may be more effectively reached using multisite EMG monitoring rather than the traditionalbifrontal placement.
The ferritin light‐chain homologue promoter in Aedes aegypti
Authors: Pham D. Q.‐D. , Chavez C. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPromoters that direct the expression of antipathogenic molecules to primary sites of pathogenic invasions provide a means to interfere with these invasions. Thus, they have the potential to be used in mosquito control. However, exogenous elements are known to lower the fitness of most insects, and given the ability of insects to evolve rapidly, all currently known promoters could be rendered useless. As transgenic mosquitoes may be a major component in the fight against mosquito‐borne diseases, the identification of new mosquito promoters is needed. The promoter of the Aedes aegypti ferritin light‐chain homologue (LCH) gene, a gene whose expression is induced in gut tissues during blood feeding has been identified and mapped. Transfection data indicate that the ferritin LCH promoter is a strong promoter. DNase I footprinting data and Transfac analyses suggest that the ferritin LCH promoter contains putative GATA, E2F, NIT2, TATA and DPE sites. These data together provide the first detailed map of a known ferritin LCH gene.
Male‐killingSpiroplasmanaturally infectingDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Montenegro H. , Solferini V. N. , Klaczko L. B. , Hurst G. D. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractElucidation of the mechanism of action of selfish genetic elements is difficult outside species with well‐defined genetics. Male‐killing, the phenomenon whereby inherited bacteria kill male hosts during embryogenesis, is thus uncharacterized in mechanistic terms despite being common and important in insects. We characterized the prevalence, identity and source of the male‐killing infection recently discovered inDrosophila melanogasterin Brazil. Male‐killing was found to be present in 2.3% of flies from Recife, Brazil, and was uniquely associated with the presence ofSpiroplasmainfection. The identity of sequences across part of the 16S and across the 16S−23S ITS region indicated that the male‐killing infection ofD. melanogasterwas very closely related toS. poulsonii, the source of the male‐killing infection inwillistonigroup flies also found in South America. The sequences of two further protein‐coding genes indicated theD. melanogasterinfection to be most closely related to that found inD. nebulosa, from thewillistonigroup. Our data suggest that the establishment ofD. melanogasterin South America was associated with the movement of male‐killing bacteria between species.
Developmental expression patterns of four chemosensory protein genes from the Eastern spruce budworm, Chroistoneura fumiferana
Authors: Wanner K. W. , Isman M. B. , Feng Q. , Plettner E. , Theilmann D. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChemosensory proteins (CSPs) are associated with insect sensory organs, including the sensillum lymph in some cases. However, they are also commonly expressed in nonsensory tissues that lack gustatory and olfactory neurones. We characterized the sex and development specific expression patterns of four CSP genes from the Eastern spruce budworm (ESB) using Northern blots. CfumAY426540.2 was detected at high levels in adult moths. Conversely, CfumAY426538 was expressed in all stages except adult moths, and was most abundant during late stages of the 6th instar. CfumAY701858 was expressed in all stages, while CfumAY426539 was detected less frequently, at specific developmental stages such as the 5th to 6th instar moult. During a natural moult, and a premature moult induced by the ecdysteroid agonist tebufenozide, CfumAY701858 and CfumAY426539 were up‐regulated, while CfumAY426538 appeared to be down‐regulated. Our results suggest that some members of the CSP gene family from the ESB may be involved in development, including moulting.
Evaluation of a mobile learning organiser for university students
Authors: Corlett Dan , Sharples Mike , Bull Susan , Chan Tony 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper describes a 10‐month trial of a mobile learning organiser, developed for use by university students. Implemented on a wireless‐enabled Pocket PC hand‐held computer, the organiser makes use of existing mobile applications as well as tools designed specifically for students to manage their learning. The trial set out to identify the most‐used tools for such a learning device and their patterns and problems of usage. The primary uses of the organiser were communication, time‐management and access to content. No single application took precedence. The results from an analysis of questionnaire surveys and focus groups indicate that there was a demand for institutional support of mobile learning, in particular to provide course content and timetabling information. Wireless connectivity was crucial to the usefulness of the organiser. Usability issues relating to the hardware and software had considerable impact on the students' usage and satisfaction with the system.