bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Mechanisms Leading to Large Unsteady Pressure Fluctuations in a Gas Turbine Testing Facility
Authors: Hill D. J. , Defoe J. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper is a detailed computational study of the flow within a scale model of a gas turbine engine testing facility. At mass flows representative of tests for large, high bypass ratio turbofans, large amplitude low-frequency pressure fluctuations have been observed experimentally at full- and model-scale. These can be so large as to have deleterious effects on downstream facility components. Improved, delayed, detached eddy simulations (IDDES) of the scale model facility are carried out two operating points using OpenFOAM: one where the high amplitude fluctuations occur, and another where they do not. By comparing detailed assessments of the unsteady flow fields for both conditions, the underlying physical mechanism responsible for the problematic pressure fluctuations is identified. The first key finding is that the shape of the chamber housing the engine being tested can result in excitation of a cut-on mode leading to high-pressure amplitudes and propagation. The second key outcome is that the shear layer shedding frequency will only lead to high amplitudes of pressure fluctuation if the excited mode causes periods of high/low pressure that are synchronized around the circular shear layer. An analytical model is derived for predicting whether tonal propagation occurs. Finally, it is found that far downstream flow behavior is mostly determined by the excitation in the test chamber, with minimal downstream dissipation.
Multimodal vaccination targeting the receptor binding domains of
Clostridioides difficile
toxins A and B with an attenuated
Salmonella
Typhimurium vector (YS1646) protects mice from lethal challenge
Authors: Winter Kaitlin , Houle Sébastien , Dozois Charles M. , Ward Brian J. 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

Developing a vaccine against
Clostridioides difficile
is a key strategy to protect the elderly. Two candidate vaccines using a traditional approach of intramuscular (IM) delivery of recombinant antigens targeting
C. difficile
toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) failed to meet their primary endpoints in large phase 3 trials. To elicit a mucosal response against
C. difficile
, we repurposed an attenuated strain of
Salmonella
Typhimurium (YS1646) to deliver the receptor binding domains (rbd) of TcdA and TcdB to the gut-associated lymphoid tissues, to elicit a mucosal response against
C. difficile
. In this study, YS1646 candidates with either rbdA or rbdB expression cassettes integrated into the bacterial chromosome at the
att
Tn
7
site were generated and used in a short-course multimodal vaccination strategy that combined oral delivery of the YS1646 candidate(s) on days 0, 2, and 4 and IM delivery of recombinant antigen(s) on day 0. Five weeks after vaccination, mice had high serum IgG titers and increased intestinal antigen-specific IgA titers. Multimodal vaccination increased the IgG avidity compared to the IM-only control. In the mesenteric lymph nodes, we observed increased IL-5 secretion and increased IgA
+
plasma cells. Oral vaccination skewed the IgG response toward IgG2c dominance (vs IgG1 dominance in the IM-only group). Both oral alone and multimodal vaccination against TcdA protected mice from lethal
C. difficile
challenge (100% survival vs 30% in controls). Given the established safety profile of YS1646, we hope to move this vaccine candidate forward into a phase I clinical trial.

IMPORTANCE

Clostridioides difficile
remains a major public health threat, and new approaches are needed to develop an effective vaccine. To date, the industry has focused on intramuscular vaccination targeting the
C. difficile
toxins. Multiple disappointing results in phase III trials have largely confirmed that this may not be the best strategy. As
C. difficile
is a pathogen that remains in the intestine, we believe that targeting mucosal immune responses in the gut will be a more successful strategy. We have repurposed a highly attenuated
Salmonella
Typhimurium (YS1646), originally pursued as a cancer therapeutic, as a vaccine vector. Using a multimodal vaccination strategy (both recombinant protein delivered intramuscularly and YS1646 expressing antigen delivered orally), we elicited both systemic and local immune responses. Oral vaccination alone completely protected mice from lethal challenge. Given the established safety profile of YS1646, we hope to move these vaccine candidates forward into a phase I clinical trial.
OxyR-regulated T6SS functions in coordination with siderophore to resist oxidative stress
Authors: Li Changfu , Wei Zhiyan , He Xinquan , He Haiyang , Liu Yuqi , Zuo Yuxin , Xiao He , Wang Yao , Shen Xihui , Zhu Lingfang 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

The formation of reactive oxygen species is harmful and can destroy intracellular macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNA, even leading to bacterial death. To cope with this situation, microbes have evolved a variety of sophisticated mechanisms, including antioxidant enzymes, siderophores, and the type VI secretion system (T6SS). However, the mechanism of oxidative stress resistance in
Cupriavidus pinatubonensis
is unclear. In this study, we identified Reut_A2805 as an OxyR ortholog in
C
.
pinatubonensis
, which positively regulated the expression of T6SS1 by directly binding to its operon promoter region. The study revealed that OxyR-regulated T6SS1 combats oxidative stress by importing iron into bacterial cells. Moreover, the T6SS1-mediated outer membrane vesicles-dependent iron acquisition pathway played a crucial role in the oxidative stress resistance process. Finally, our study demonstrated that the T6SS1 and siderophore systems in
C. pinatubonensis
exhibit different responses in combating oxidative stress under low-iron conditions, providing a comprehensive understanding of how bacterial iron acquisition systems function in diverse conditions.

IMPORTANCE

The ability to eliminate reactive oxygen species is crucial for bacterial survival. Continuous formation of hydroperoxides can damage metalloenzymes, disrupt DNA integrity, and even result in cell death. While various mechanisms have been identified in other bacterial species to combat oxidative stress, the specific mechanism of oxidative stress resistance in
C. pinatubonensis
remains unclear. The importance of this study is that we elucidate the mechanism that OxyR-regulated T6SS1 combats oxidative stress by importing iron with the help of bacterial outer membrane vesicle. Moreover, the study highlights the contrasting responses of T6SS1- and siderophore-mediated iron acquisition systems to oxidative stress. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of bacterial iron acquisition and its role in oxidative stress resistance in
C. pinatubonensis
under low-iron conditions.
Candidatus
Methanosphaera massiliense sp. nov., a methanogenic archaeal species found in a human fecal sample and prevalent in pigs and red kangaroos
Authors: Pilliol Virginie , Morsli Madjid , Terlier Laureline , Hassani Yasmine , Malat Ihab , Guindo Cheick Oumar , Davoust Bernard , Lamglait Benjamin , Drancourt Michel , Aboudharam Gérard , Grine Ghiles , Terrer Elodie 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

Methanosphaera stadtmanae
was the sole
Methanosphaera
representative to be cultured and detected by molecular methods in the human gut microbiota, further associated with digestive and respiratory diseases, leaving unknown the actual diversity of human-associated
Methanosphaera
species. Here, a novel
Methanosphaera
species,
Candidatus
Methanosphaera massiliense (
Ca
. M. massiliense) sp. nov. was isolated by culture using a hydrogen- and carbon dioxide-free medium from one human feces sample.
Ca
. M. massiliense is a non-motile, 850 nm Gram-positive coccus autofluorescent at 420 nm. Whole-genome sequencing yielded a 29.7% GC content, gapless 1,785,773 bp genome sequence with an 84.5% coding ratio, encoding for alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases promoting the growth of
Ca
. M. massiliense without hydrogen. Screening additional mammal and human feces using a specific genome sequence-derived DNA-polymerase RT-PCR system yielded a prevalence of 22% in pigs, 12% in red kangaroos, and no detection in 149 other human samples. This study, extending the diversity of
Methanosphaera
in human microbiota, questions the zoonotic sources of
Ca
. M. massiliense and possible transfer between hosts.

IMPORTANCE

Methanogens are constant inhabitants in the human gut microbiota in which
Methanosphaera stadtmanae
was the only cultivated
Methanosphaera
representative. We grew
Candidatus
Methanosphaera massiliense sp. nov. from one human feces sample in a novel culture medium under a nitrogen atmosphere. Systematic research for methanogens in human and animal fecal samples detected
Ca
. M. massiliense in pig and red kangaroo feces, raising the possibility of its zoonotic acquisition. Host specificity, source of acquisition, and adaptation of methanogens should be further investigated.
Achieving ultra-low and -uniform residual magnetic fields in a very large magnetically shielded room for fundamental physics experiments
Authors: Ayres N. J. , Ban G. , Bison G. , Bodek K. , Bondar V. , Bouillaud T. , Bowles D. , Chanel E. , Chen W. , Chiu P.-J. , Crawford C. B. , Naviliat-Cuncic O. , Doorenbos C. B. , Emmenegger S. , Fertl M. , Fratangelo A. , Griffith W. C. , Grujic Z. D. , Harris P. G. , Kirch K. , Kletzl V. , Krempel J. , Lauss B. , Lefort T. , Lejuez A. , Li R. , Mullan P. , Pacura S. , Pais D. , Piegsa F. M. , Rienäcker I. , Ries D. , Pignol G. , Rebreyend D. , Roccia S. , Rozpedzik D. , Saenz-Arevalo W. , Schmidt-Wellenburg P. , Schnabel A. , Segarra E. P. , Severijns N. , Svirina K. , Tavakoli Dinani R. , Thorne J. , Vankeirsbilck J. , Voigt J. , Yazdandoost N. , Zejma J. , Ziehl N. , Zsigmond G. , nEDM collaboration at PSI The 
Published: January 2024

AbstractHigh-precision searches for an electric dipole moment of the neutron (nEDM) require stable and uniform magnetic field environments. We present the recent achievements of degaussing and equilibrating the magnetically shielded room (MSR) for the n2EDM experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute. We present the final degaussing configuration that will be used for n2EDM after numerous studies. The optimized procedure results in a residual magnetic field that has been reduced by a factor of two. The ultra-low field is achieved with the full magnetic-field-coil system, and a large vacuum vessel installed, both in the MSR. In the inner volume of $$\sim 1.4~\hbox {m}^3$$

∼
1.4

m
3

, the field is now more uniform and below 300 pT. In addition, the procedure is faster and dissipates less heat into the magnetic environment, which in turn, reduces its thermal relaxation time from $$12~\text {h}$$

12

h

down to $$1.5~\text {h}$$

1.5

h

.
Public perception of generative AI on Twitter: an empirical study based on occupation and usage
Authors: Miyazaki Kunihiro , Murayama Taichi , Uchiba Takayuki , An Jisun , Kwak Haewoon 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe emergence of generative AI has sparked substantial discussions, with the potential to have profound impacts on society in all aspects. As emerging technologies continue to advance, it is imperative to facilitate their proper integration into society, managing expectations and fear. This paper investigates users’ perceptions of generative AI using 3M posts on Twitter from January 2019 to March 2023, especially focusing on their occupation and usage. We find that people across various occupations, not just IT-related ones, show a strong interest in generative AI. The sentiment toward generative AI is generally positive, and remarkably, their sentiments are positively correlated with their exposure to AI. Among occupations, illustrators show exceptionally negative sentiment mainly due to concerns about the unethical usage of artworks in constructing AI. People use ChatGPT in diverse ways, and notably the casual usage in which they “play with” ChatGPT tends to be associated with positive sentiments. These findings would offer valuable lessons for policymaking on the emergence of new technology and also empirical insights for the considerations of future human-AI symbiosis.
Magnetic behavior of a diatomic molecule with spin-1 on the Bethe lattice
Authors: Albayrak Erhan 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThermal fluctuations in magnetizations and magnetic phase diagrams of a diatomic molecule are investigated on the Bethe lattice (BL) with coordination number $$q=3$$

q
=
3

by using the exact recursion relations (ERR). Each molecule is assumed to interact with others via its atoms in terms of various bilinear interaction parameters. They involve the interaction of atoms within each molecule as well as the interaction of atoms between the molecules. Each site is also considered to have an active crystal field. Following the determination of the average magnetization of the molecule and its atoms in the central molecule of the BL in terms of ERR, their thermal fluctuations and potential phase diagrams are thoroughly analyzed. Numerous phase regions, ordered (O), i.e., ferromagnetic (FM) or antiferromagnetic (AFM), paramagnetic (P), and random (R), are discovered. The phase boundaries between these phases are obtained in terms of first- and second-order and random phase transition lines. Therefore, various critical phenomena, including tricritical point (TCP), bicritical point (BCP), critical end point (CEP) and reentrant behavior (RB), are observed.
An Efficient Hybrid Deep Learning Accelerator for Compact and Heterogeneous CNNs
Authors: Qararyah Fareed , Azhar Muhammad Waqar , Trancoso Pedro 
Published: January 2024

Resource-efficient Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are gaining more attention. These CNNs have relatively low computational and memory requirements. A common denominator among such CNNs is having more heterogeneity than traditional CNNs. This heterogeneity is present at two levels: intra-layer type and inter-layer type. Generic accelerators do not capture these levels of heterogeneity, which harms their efficiency. Consequently, researchers have proposed model-specific accelerators with dedicated engines. When designing an accelerator with dedicated engines, one option is to dedicate one engine per CNN layer. We refer to accelerators designed with this approach as single-engine single-layer (SESL). This approach enables optimizing each engine for its specific layer. However, such accelerators are resource-demanding and unscalable. Another option is to design a minimal number of dedicated engines such that each engine handles all layers of one type. We refer to these accelerators as single-engine multiple-layer (SEML). SEML accelerators capture the inter-layer-type but not the intra-layer-type heterogeneity.

We propose the Fixed Budget Hybrid CNN Accelerator (FiBHA), a hybrid accelerator composed of an SESL part and an SEML part, each processing a subset of CNN layers. FiBHA captures more heterogeneity than SEML while being more resource-aware and scalable than SESL. Moreover, we propose a novel module, Fused Inverted Residual Bottleneck (FIRB), a fine-grained and memory-light SESL architecture building block. The proposed architecture is implemented and evaluated using high-level synthesis (HLS) on different Field Programmable Gate Arrays representing various resource budgets. Our evaluation shows that FiBHA improves the throughput by up to 4
x
and 2.5
x
compared to state-of-the-art SESL and SEML accelerators, respectively. Moreover, FiBHA reduces memory and energy consumption compared to an SEML accelerator. The evaluation also shows that FIRB reduces the required memory by up to 54%, and energy requirements by up to 35% compared to traditional pipelining.
Pooled CRISPR Screening Identifies P-Bodies as Repressors of Cancer Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Fang Liang , Zhang Li , Wang Mengran , He Yuhao , Yang Jiao , Huang Zengjin , Tan Ying , Fang Ke , Li Jun , Sun Zhiyuan , Li Yanping , Tang Yisen , Liang Weizheng , Cui Huanhuan , Zhu Qionghua , Wu Zhe , Li Yiming , Hu Yuhui , Chen Wei 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental cellular process frequently hijacked by cancer cells to promote tumor progression, especially metastasis. EMT is orchestrated by a complex molecular network acting at different layers of gene regulation. In addition to transcriptional regulation, posttranscriptional mechanisms may also play a role in EMT. Here, we performed a pooled CRISPR screen analyzing the influence of 1,547 RNA-binding proteins on cell motility in colon cancer cells and identified multiple core components of P-bodies (PB) as negative modulators of cancer cell migration. Further experiments demonstrated that PB depletion by silencing DDX6 or EDC4 could activate hallmarks of EMT thereby enhancing cell migration in vitro as well as metastasis formation in vivo. Integrative multiomics analysis revealed that PBs could repress the translation of the EMT driver gene HMGA2, which contributed to PB-meditated regulation of EMT. This mechanism is conserved in other cancer types. Furthermore, endoplasmic reticulum stress was an intrinsic signal that induced PB disassembly and translational derepression of HMGA2. Taken together, this study has identified a function of PBs in the regulation of EMT in cancer.

Significance:
Systematic investigation of the influence of posttranscriptional regulation on cancer cell motility established a connection between P-body–mediated translational control and EMT, which could be therapeutically exploited to attenuate metastasis formation.
Why Do Real Wages Stagnate in Japan and Korea?
Authors: Chun Hyunbae , Fukao Kyoji , Kwon Hyeog Ug , Park Jungsoo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the reasons behind the slowdown in real wages for Japan and Korea based on the aggregate and industry-level data for the respective countries. The findings suggest the following. First, both at the aggregate and industry level, there is a significant slowdown in both countries in the post-1995 period regarding labor productivity, which explains the overall slowdown in real wages. Second, the main reason for the gap between the growths in real wages and labor productivity is found to be the changes in the labor's terms of trade, which is defined as the consumer price index to GDP deflator ratio. Thus, the wage–labor productivity gap is not systematically connected to changes in labor income shares. Finally, the fall in the labor's terms of trade may be potentially related to an emphasis on exports and strong technological upgrading toward higher productivity growth products in both countries’ economic development.
Topics in the Haystack: Enhancing Topic Quality through Corpus
Expansion
Authors: Thielmann Anton , Reuter Arik , Seifert Quentin , Bergherr Elisabeth , Säfken Benjamin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Extracting and identifying latent topics in large text corpora have gained increasing importance in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Most models, whether probabilistic models similar to Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) or neural topic models, follow the same underlying approach of topic interpretability and topic extraction. We propose a method that incorporates a deeper understanding of both sentence and document themes, and goes beyond simply analyzing word frequencies in the data. Through simple corpus expansion, our model can detect latent topics that may include uncommon words or neologisms, as well as words not present in the documents themselves. Additionally, we propose several new evaluation metrics based on intruder words and similarity measures in the semantic space. We present correlation coefficients with human identification of intruder words and achieve near-human level results at the word-intrusion task. We demonstrate the competitive performance of our method with a large benchmark study, and achieve superior results compared with state-of-the-art topic modeling and document clustering models. The code is available at the following link: https://github.com/AnFreTh/STREAM.
Common Flaws in Running Human Evaluation Experiments in NLP
Authors: Thomson Craig , Reiter Ehud , Belz Anya 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
While conducting a coordinated set of repeat runs of human evaluation experiments in NLP, we discovered flaws in every single experiment we selected for inclusion via a systematic process. In this squib, we describe the types of flaws we discovered, which include coding errors (e.g., loading the wrong system outputs to evaluate), failure to follow standard scientific practice (e.g., ad hoc exclusion of participants and responses), and mistakes in reported numerical results (e.g., reported numbers not matching experimental data). If these problems are widespread, it would have worrying implications for the rigor of NLP evaluation experiments as currently conducted. We discuss what researchers can do to reduce the occurrence of such flaws, including pre-registration, better code development practices, increased testing and piloting, and post-publication addressing of errors.
End of Cycle or Continuity of Bolivia’s Democratic-Cultural Revolution?
Authors: González Paredes Jorge Hugo 
Published: January 2024

Despite running for a fourth term as president and winning in the first round in October 2019’s presidential elections, Evo Morales was violently overthrown in a civilian, police, and military coup. This event provided rationales for the leftist detractors of the MAS government to float the end-of-cycle theory with regard to Bolivia. Various perspectives were involved in this debate: the approach of the postextractivist/postdevelopmentalist left, the critique of the autonomist left, the approach of the doctrinaire/revolutionary left, and the perspective of the progressive left, which is sympathetic to the Morales government. Because of a lack of understanding of the reconfiguration under way of international dependency relations under neoliberalism, the end-of-cycle theory distorts reality, specifically with regard to Bolivian politics. A pesar de postularse para un cuarto mandato como presidente y ganar en la primera vuelta de las elecciones presidenciales de octubre de 2019, Evo Morales fue derrocado violentamente en un golpe de estado civil, policial y militar. Este evento sirvió de base para que los detractores izquierdistas del gobierno del MAS plantearan la teoría del fin de ciclo con respecto a Bolivia. En este debate se involucraron varias perspectivas: el enfoque de la izquierda posextractivista/posdesarrollista, la crítica de la izquierda autonomista, el enfoque de la izquierda doctrinaria/revolucionaria y la perspectiva de la izquierda progresista, que de hecho simpatiza con el gobierno de Morales. Debido a la falta de comprensión en torno a la reconfiguración en curso de las relaciones de dependencia internacional bajo el neoliberalismo, la teoría del fin de ciclo distorsiona la realidad, particularmente en lo que respecta a la política boliviana.