bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A MEANS OF INCREASING THE TUBERCULOSTATIC EFFECT OF KNOWN CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
Authors: Eiseman B. 
Published: June 2004

By incorporating a known tuberculostatic agent on one end of a surface-active molecule, an increased in vitro effect on the tubercle bacillus has been obtained.
This activity is presumably due to the concentration of the drug molecules at or beneath the mycobacterial cell boundary.
Whether the surface-active drug actually penetrates the lipid, or lipoprotein complex that is so characteristic of the mycobacteria is only problematic. According to comparable purely physical-chemical experiments, such a penetration is quite likely.
Increase in tuberculostatic effect of over 1000-fold has been attained by rendering surface-active the drugs included in this study. The quantitative evaluation of this increase in activity has been obtained by measuring drug action both when its surface-active properties are functional, and when these properties have been selectively abolished by a specific surface-active antagonist.
It is believed that the molecular orientation of a surface-active drug about a bacterial cell accounts for one component of its antibacterial action. Certain previously described surface-active antituberculous drugs and antibiotics have been examined in light of this interpretation.
It may be anticipated that the more potent tuberculostatic drugs such as streptomycin could be made more effective by incorporating the molecule into a surface-active compound, according to the principles herein described.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FEVER CAUSED BY BACTERIAL PYROGENS
Authors: Bennett Ivan L. 
Published: June 2004

The relationship of the fever caused in rabbits by bacterial pyrogens to the fever produced by the injection of the sterile exudates of acute inflammation was investigated by recording the responses of normal and pyrogen-tolerant animals to injections of exudate. Exudates were produced by the intrapleural injection of turpentine in dogs.
The duration of the febrile response in rabbits after a single dose of exudate was found to be much shorter than the fever following an injection of bacterial pyrogen.
Animals given daily injections of exudate demonstrated no tolerance to its fever-promoting effect.
Animals tolerant to bacterial pyrogens showed no diminution in responsiveness to exudates.
Daily injections of exudate failed to establish tolerance to bacterial pyrogens in rabbits.
It is concluded that the fever-promoting property of sterile exudates is not due to the presence of bacterial pyrogen.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF PTEROYLGLUTAMIC ACID TO THE GROWTH OF PSITTACOSIS VIRUS (STRAIN 6BC)
Authors: Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: June 2004

p-Aminobenzoic and pteroic acids antagonize the inhibition of the growth of psittacosis virus (strain 6BC) by sulfadiazine in a competitive manner. Pteroylglutamic acid exerts a non-competitive type sulfonamide antagonism.
The effects of certain analogues of pteroylglutamic acid and of pteroic acid on the growth of psittacosis virus and its inhibition by sulfadiazine are reported.
The implications of these findings with regard to the possible synthesis of pteroylglutamic acid by psittacosis virus and its suggested rôle as an essential factor for growth of this virus are discussed.
EPIDEMIC DIARRHEAL DISEASE OF SUCKLING MICE
Authors: Cheever F. Sargent , Mueller J. Howard 
Published: June 2004

Four strains of mice—Harvard, Schwentker, CFW (Carworth Farms), and C (National Cancer Institute)—have been kept and bred underidentical conditions over the course of a year in order to determine the effect of strain, of litter, and of season upon the incidence of diarrheal disease among the suckling mice.
1. Significant strain differences were limited to CFW mice. A consistently lower percentage of these mice were weaned in comparison to the others.
2. The effect of litter was definite and consistent: In all four strains first litters fared worse than second and third ones, while fourth and fifth litters showed the highest percentage of mice weaned.
3. The effect of season seemed clear cut only in the case of one strain CFW; the highest percentage of mice weaned were observed during the summer months and the lowest during the autumn and early winter.
INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN THE HAMSTER
Authors: Friedewald William F. , Hook Edward W. 
Published: June 2004

A study of influenza virus infection in the hamster has yielded the following results:
1. Two influenza A strains (Ga. 47 and PR8) multiplied readily in the hamster lung, although no lung lesions were produced during six serial passages. On further passage both viruses abruptly acquired the capacity to produce pulmonary consolidation and death of the animals.
2. Extracts of the lungs during the early passages contained complement-fixing antigen and infectious virus, as revealed by titration in mice and embryonated eggs. Agglutinins for chicken, human, and guinea pig red cells, however, were not demonstrable at this time. With further passage a close correlation was observed between the capacity of the virus to produce lung lesions in the hamster and to agglutinate mammalian types of red cells. In addition, quantitative changes in the virus population were demonstrated in the lung extracts by complement fixation tests and titrations in mice and eggs.
3. Incubation at 37°C. was effective in bringing out agglutinins in high titer for chicken red cells in lung extracts, which originally failed to agglutinate chicken cells but agglutinated mammalian red cells. This method did not increase the titers of mammalian cell agglutinins.
4. The body temperature of the hamster was found to decrease within 1 to 4 days after inoculation of influenza virus. In the early passages the temperature returned to normal within 24 hours, but with the development of the pathogenic strain of virus the temperature remained at subnormal levels until death.
5. The Lee strain of influenza B virus produced pulmonary lesions in the hamster on the first passage and no increase in pathogenicity of the virus occurred during eleven serial passages. Virus was demonstrable in extracts of the lungs by all the methods used and no difference was observed in its capacity to agglutinate fowl and mammalian types of red cells.
The implications of these findings are considered briefly in the discussion.
THE EFFECT OF CHICK EMBRYO EXTRACT ON THE GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGY OF TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Bloch Hubert 
Published: June 2004

Aqueous extracts of 11-day-old chick embryos enhance the growth of tubercle bacilli in oleic acid-albumin media.
These extracts also increase the tendency of virulent strains to exhibit the serpentine pattern of growth and confer this property on avirulent variants which normally grow unoriented in clumps.
Growth in the presence of chick embryo extract slightly increases the virulence of the virulent strains but does not confer virulence on the avirulent variants.
THE NEOPLASTIC POTENTIALITIES OF MOUSE EMBRYO TISSUES
Authors: Smith William E. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

The observation that adenomas develop very rapidly in the pulmonary tissue of mouse embryos implanted together with methylcholanthrene, in adult animals, has led to tests of the neoplastic potentialities of this tissue in utero. C strain females in the latter half of pregnancy were injected with urethane and the lungs of their young were searched for adenomas. None could be perceived with certainty in embryos at term or in mice just born, but they were several times found 3 days after birth and they were frequent and much larger in 10-day-old animals. The controls showed none. After 60 to 70 days they were often visible in the gross. Corroboratory findings were obtained in A mice. No parallelism could be perceived in the incidence of the tumors in mothers and offspring.
The adenomas arose from tissue devoid of any sign of preliminary local disturbance. Mitoses were abundant in them and they grew rapidly for a while, but within 2 months cell division had almost ceased. By this time however many of the neoplasms were as big as any adenomas in the urethanized mother animals and in some instances twice as big. While growing fast they underwent little differentiation, but this took place when proliferation slowed and in consequence the tumors came to have the morphology of the spontaneous and induced adenomas of adults.
The neoplastic cells were derived from alveolar elements, yet in proportion as differentiation of them occurred they came to resemble the epithelial cells lining the small bronchioles. Occasionally the resemblance to bronchial epithelium was complete, save that the cytoplasm of the tumor cells was slightly basophilic. The following conclusions seem justified:—
1. The injection of urethane into pregnant female mice of the C strain frequently initiates the development forthwith of pulmonary adenomas in the young she is carrying.
2. Some of the pulmonary cells of mouse embryos well along toward term possess the ability to be neoplastic.
3. The adenomatous change finds swift expression in young creatures because of conditions implicit in their youth. The rapid proliferation of the tumor cells is almost entirely due to these conditions, not to the neoplastic state as such.
4. Adenomatous change prior to birth is intrinsically the same process as that occurring in the adult creature.
5. The adenomatous state does not prevent the cells of young mice from undergoing the maturation that takes place in normal elements of the same sort as the organism grows older. Though the proliferative activity natural to youth and the unnatural activity consequent on neoplastic change are summated in the young organism, they still are separable.
THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN SKIN COLLAGEN AS STUDIED WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Gross Jerome , Schmitt Francis O. 
Published: June 2004

1. The structure of the collagen fibrils of normal human skin corium has been investigated with the electron microscope.
2. Under the conditions of observation the fibrils ranged in width from about 700 to 1,400 A with 1,000 A as the value occurring most frequently. They showed little tendency to fray longitudinally as is characteristic of tendon fibrils; when fracture of fibrils occurred it was usually in planes transverse to the axis.
3. The axial repeating periods observed in fibrils stained with phosphotungstic acid or shadowed with chromium or platinum range from about 500 to 800 A, the maximum occurring between 620 and 660 A. The average period in fibrils from infant skin does not differ significantly from that of adult and aged skin.
4. Depending on conditions of preparation, intraperiod fine structure, in the form of cross-bands, was observed in varying detail. The most detailed pattern commonly observed contains six bands of characteristic density and position.
5. Shadowed plastic replicas of dried collagen fibrils reproduce much of the structure commonly seen in shadowed fibrils. Replicas of moist fibrils show considerably less surface contouring than do dried fibrils. Replicas from smears of connective tissue fragments on glass show detailed structure, indicating the feasibility of applying this technique to biopsy material.
6. Infant skin differs from adult skin in having considerably greater amounts of amorphous material, little of which is strongly adherent to the collagen fibrils.
HEREDITARY OSTEOPETROSIS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H. 
Published: June 2004

The manifestations and course of an hereditary disease of the rabbit are reported. The condition is present at birth and is invariably fatal, generally in the 4th and 5th weeks of age. Retardation and eventual cessation of growth with marked reduction in size are conspicuous characteristic symptoms.
The condition, which first occurred in the backcross progeny of a pure bred Dutch male rabbit, is inherited. It is determined by the expression of a simple recessive unit factor, affected individuals being homozygous for the factor. Rabbits heterozygous for the factor are identified only by appropriate breeding tests. The condition is not sex-linked.
The disease has a remarkable resemblance to osteopetrosis or marble bone disease of infants and children with respect to signs and general course and also, as may be stated in anticipation of later discussions (5, 6), to the characteristic abnormal condition of the skeleton.
MYOSITIS IN MICE FOLLOWING INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION OF VIRUSES OF THE MOUSE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS GROUP AND OF CERTAIN OTHER NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES
Authors: Rustigian Robert , Pappenheimer Alwin M. 
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the local effects following intramuscular injection of various neurotropic viruses.
Early massive necrosis of muscle fibers accompanied by edema and acute inflammatory reaction is produced by Jungeblut's SK virus even in low concentrations.
Similar but more slowly developing lesions follow the introduction of mouse encephalomyelitis GD-VII and FA strains. Strain 4727 (TO type) produces inflammatory changes with fibrosis in the intermuscular septa and necrosis of scattered individual fibers. The relatively avirulent FV strain (TO type) was not pathogenic for skeletal muscle.
The Mitchell strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus gives rise to a profuse lymphocytic and monocytic infiltration of the fat and connective tissue but does not cause necrosis of muscle fibers.
No significant lesions resulted from intramuscular injection of the murine-adapted human poliomyelitis Lansing virus, the HF strain of herpes, a strain of Eastern equine encephalitis virus, or a still unidentified demyelinating mouse virus.
Evidence is presented that the mouse encephalomyelitis virus GD-VII and Jungeblut's SK virus multiply locally in the injected limb. The GD-VII virus has been passed through four muscle to muscle passages and muscle lesions have been elicited at the same time.
Specific and complete protection against myositis was obtained by anti-GD-VII and anti-SK rabbit sera.
CAPSULAR REACTIONS AND SOLUBLE ANTIGENS OF TORULA HISTOLYTICA AND OF SPOROTRICHUM SCHENCKII
Authors: Neill James M. , Castillo Carlos G. , Smith Robert H. , Kapros Charles E. 
Published: June 2004

The present paper deals with reactions between antiserums and the capsules of Torula histolytica (Cryptococcus hominis or Torulopsis neoformans) and of Sporotrichum schenckii. The reactions, although similar in principle to the capsular swelling seen in Quellung tests of bacteria, present a special interest because the microorganisms are larger in size and more complex in structure than bacteria.
That the reactions on the capsules were caused by immunologically specific antibodies was shown by the fact that the capsular reactivity of the serums was directly related to their capacities to agglutinate suspensions and to precipitate soluble antigens of Torula and of Sporotrichum, and by the fact that the capsular reactivity was removed from the serums by absorption with soluble antigens of the respective fungi.
The soluble antigens included partially purified products from broth cultures of Torula and of Sporotrichum, a partially purified product from Sporotrichum-infected mice, and a purified polysaccharide from a culture of Torula grown in a synthetic medium. The purified polysaccharide was highly reactive in precipitation tests with unabsorbed serum, and its ability to absorb the Torula capsular reactivity from the serums indicates that the major antigens on the surface of encapsulated Torula cells are polysaccharides, identical with or similar to the product used in the present study.
ONE-STEP GROWTH CURVES OF VARIOUS STRAINS OF INFLUENZA A AND B VIRUSES AND THEIR INHIBITION BY INACTIVATED VIRUS OF THE HOMOLOGOUS TYPE
Authors: Henle Werner , Rosenberg Evelyn B. 
Published: June 2004

One-step growth curves of five strains of influenza A, one strain of swine influenza, and three strains of influenza B virus have been analyzed.
The influenza A and swine influenza strains showed constant periods of 5 to 6 hours before newly formed virus was liberated from the infected cells, whereas 8 to 10 hours elapsed in the case of the influenza B strains.
The yield of virus in the allantoic fluids, i.e. the number of ID50 released for every ID50 of seed virus adsorbed, was consistently higher in the case of the influenza A and swine influenza strains than in that of the influenza B viruses.
Interruption of the cycle by injection of inactivated virus subsequent to infection can be achieved by any of the strains of the homologous type. However, cross-tests between influenza A and swine influenza virus led only to partial inhibition of virus growth.
THE SPECIFIC ANTIGENS OF VARIANTS OF SHIGELLA SONNEI
Authors: Baker Edgar E. , Goebel Walther F. , Perlman Ely 
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that phase variation of Sh. sonnei is accompanied by changes in morphology and antigenic structure. Two mutants of the Phase I organism (IIS and IIR), which were studied, elaborate somatic antigens which are immunologically identical. The purified lipocarbohydrate-protein antigens of the Phase I and IIS microorganisms are chemically similar yet immunologically distinct and specific. By inference the same should hold true of the antigen of IIR, but it has not yet been investigated in this relation.
It is suggested that when Sh. sonnei undergoes variation from Phase I to IIS the immunological changes occurring are dependent upon a change in the enzyme systems responsible for the synthesis of the lipocarbohydrate-protein constituent.
DIETARY EFFECTS ON ANEMIA PLUS HYPOPROTEINEMIA IN DOGS
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Doubly depleted dogs (anemic and hypoproteinemic) respond favorably to all the diet proteins used in the above experiments.
Egg products (whole egg, albumin, or egg yolk) are well utilized by these dogs. Egg proteins favor the production of plasma protein and in some experiments the output of plasma protein is actually more than the output of hemoglobin. In contrast fresh beef muscle favors hemoglobin production—the output being 3 or 4 times that of plasma protein.
The processed egg albumin fed in Table 4 was not well utilized and there was weight loss.
Beef muscle (fresh or processed) gives a total blood protein output about twice that with egg feeding and there is a striking preponderance of hemoglobin output.
Beef heart and salmon muscle show a pattern much like beef muscle. The total blood protein output is below that due to beef muscle.
A TYPE-SPECIFIC PROTEIN FROM PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Austrian Robert , MacLeod Colin M. 
Published: June 2004

The isolation and characterization of a type-specific M protein from pneumococcus are described. This protein is similar chemically in all respects studied to the M proteins of group A streptococci. No immunological crossreactions have been observed, however, between M proteins of the two species.
Strains of capsular type I pneumococcus have been encountered which contain different M proteins. The same is true for capsular type II pneumococcus. It is apparent, therefore, that the capsular polysaccharides and M proteins can vary independently of each other.
THE MECHANISM OF ACTIVE CEREBRAL IMMUNITY TO EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Schlesinger R. Walter 
Published: June 2004

Continued serial brain-to-brain passage of strains of W.E.E. virus in mice has yielded variants which kill mice with increased rapidity. Their rate of multiplication in the mouse brain has been found to be correspondingly increased.
At 1 hour after intracerebral inoculation of various amounts of W.E.E. virus, only 3.5 to 10 per cent of the expected amount of virus was recovered from the infected brains.
In infected mouse brains, the period of active viral multiplication was preceded by a latent phase which lasted a considerably shorter time in the case of a "fast" than in that of a "slow" variant.
In brains inoculated with various amounts in excess of minimal lethal doses the rates of multiplication tended to converge with the result that the maximum titer was reached after about the same period of time. After inoculation of smaller amounts, the rates of viral multiplication tended to parallel each other.
Vaccinated mice may be fully resistant to maximal intracerebral doses of a slowly multiplying strain while they are not at all or only partly protected against a rapidly multiplying one derived from it. This difference is demonstrable even though fast and slow variants are, as far as can be tested, serologically identical. The difference in response may be masked if animals are immunized with relatively large doses of vaccine.
The bearing of these findings on certain practical problems has been pointed out.
CARDIAC LESIONS PRODUCED IN RABBITS BY MASSIVE INJECTIONS OF BOVINE SERUM GAMMA GLOBULIN
Authors: More Robert H. , Waugh Douglas , Kobernick Sidney D. 
Published: June 2004

Granulomatous lesions of the valves and valve rings have been produced in 52 per cent of rabbits treated by massive intravenous administrations of bovine gamma globulin in such a way as to establish a state of anaphylactic hypersensitivity in the animals. The incidence of the lesions is greater than has heretofore been reported as produced by the use of any type of foreign protein injection in rabbits.
The use of a purified protein antigen has resulted in the production of several different types of lesions; namely, a granulomatous inflammation of heart valves and valve rings, a glomerulonephritis, and an arteritis.
The lesions of the heart cannot be regarded as being identical with the lesions of human rheumatic fever, but they are considered to be sufficiently similar to warrant a continuation of this approach to the study of the etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatic fever in man.
QUANTITATIVE AIR-BORNE TUBERCULOSIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Heppleston A. G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Pulmonary tuberculosis in unselected rabbits, induced by primary quantitative air-borne infection with human type tubercle bacilli, may retrogress or progress. Some animals whose disease was in a stationary condition might have fallen into one of the above groups had the experiments been prolonged.
2. Within the limits of the observations natural resistance or susceptibility appears to be the chief factor in determining the course of the disease.
3. Following the development of the primary lesions the tuberculin reaction became positive but thereafter proved to be an unreliable indicator of the course of the disease.
4. Tubercle bacilli can be recovered from macroscopically normal lung tissue of rabbits several weeks after primary infection.
5. Reinfection did not induce the formation of new lesions nor alter the course of the disease caused by the primary infection.
SEROLOGICAL STUDIES IN RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: Fischel Edward E. , Pauli Ruth H. 
Published: June 2004

1. An attempt was made to repeat and extend various tests which have been presumed to demonstrate specific antigens and antibodies in rheumatic fever.
2. The "phase reaction" appears to be an inconstant phenomenon probably related to a colloidal abnormality of the serum, rather than to a specific antigen-antibody system.
3. No specific autoantibodies to human tissue extracts were demonstrable by complement fixation or by the collodion particle technique. Variable results were noted with the same test sera on different occasions, and positive reactions with control tissues and control sera were observed.
4. The possibility should be considered that autoantibodies are not necessarily specific for rheumatic fever but may be manifestations of the occurrence of a type of reaction similar to a biologically false positive Wassermann reaction.