bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HTTP header based phishing attack detection using machine learning
Authors: Shukla Sanjeev , Misra Manoj , Varshney Gaurav 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn the past, many techniques like blacklisting/whitelisting, third‐party, search engine, visual similarity, heuristic, URL features, and website content were used for anti‐phishing. Search engine‐based, third‐party assisted tools and blacklist/whitelist fail to identify new phishing attacks resulting in high FPR. Heuristic and visual similarity approaches are slow, whereas URL and web content‐based techniques do not mimic the dynamic content of current websites and hence cannot stop zero‐day attacks. A study was conducted to understand the critical features used in the past for anti‐phishing, and we found 16 HTTP header features that were novel. In this paper, we have developed a real‐time, highly scalable, feature‐rich anti‐phishing detection technique based on ML that extracts the HTTP headers (predominantly security headers) from web pages to identify them as legitimate or phished. It is observed that phishing sites are short‐lived and are created to achieve a specific objective, like stealing the credential of a user. Once the goal is met, the sites are pulled down immediately. Hence these sites do not take pain to use the security features of web technology and only focus on making the site as similar as possible to the original website. Test results based on our novel features show high accuracy of 97.8% with an average response time of 1.57 s. We have created multiple datasets for different scenarios, like a dataset for website creation through phishing tools and a new dataset for testing unseen phishing attacks. The results thus obtained show detection accuracy of 99% and 95%, respectively.
Synthesis of {CB11} Monocarborane Sulfonamides by B2‐Selective Rhodium‐Catalyzed B−H Activation
Authors: Ye Zehua , Sun Jizeng , Jin Yujie , Lin Chuhao , Liu Jiyong , Duttwyler Simon 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe synthesis of monocarborane sulfonamides is reported. The methodology relies on coupling of the anionic {CB11} boron cluster to sulfonyl azides. Under rhodium catalysis and with the assistance of a pyridine or pyrimidine directing group at the C1 position, the cluster undergoes B−H activation. Conditions have been identified that lead to B2‐selective mono‐sulfonamidation with concomitant loss of N2. The protocol requires no additional ligand, oxidant or base and enables B−N bond formation with various monocarborane and sulfonyl azide inputs. The new products possess the structure [1‐(heteroaryl)‐2‐(NHSO2Ar)−CB11H10]− and have been fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In addition, three solid state structures confirm the particular B2 substitution pattern. Furthermore, the stoichiometric reaction of the pyridinyl monocarborane precursor with Rh(III) affords a cyclometalated complex with a direct B−Rh bond that has also been characterized by X‐ray crystallography.
Altered gut microbiome, bile acid composition and metabolome in sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis
Authors: Aliwa Benard , Horvath Angela , Traub Julia , Feldbacher Nicole , Habisch Hansjörg , Fauler Günter , Madl Tobias , Stadlbauer Vanessa 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundSarcopenia in liver cirrhosis is associated with low quality of life and high mortality risk. The pathogenesis has yet to be fully understood. We hypothesized that gut microbiome, bile acid (BA) composition and metabolites differ between cirrhotic patients with and without sarcopenia and contribute to pathogenesis.MethodsCirrhotic patients with (n = 78) and without (n = 38) sarcopenia and non‐cirrhotic controls with (n = 39) and without (n = 20) sarcopenia were included in this study. Faecal microbiome composition was studied by 16S rDNA sequencing, serum and faecal BA composition by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and metabolite composition in serum, faeces and urine by nuclear magnetic resonance.ResultsBacteroides fragilis, Blautia marseille, Sutterella spp. and Veillonella parvula were associated with cirrhotic patients with sarcopenia, whereas Bacteroides ovatus was more abundant in cirrhotic patients without sarcopenia. We observed significantly elevated secondary BAs, deoxycholic acid (DCA; P = 0.01) and lithocholic acid (LCA; P = 0.02), and the ratios of deoxycholic acid to cholic acid (DCA:CA; P = 0.04), lithocholic acid to chenodeoxycholic acid (LCA:CDCA; P = 0.03) and 12 alpha‐hydroxylated to non‐12 alpha‐hydroxylated BAs (12‐α‐OH:non‐12‐α‐OH BAs; P = 0.04) in serum of cirrhotic patients with sarcopenia compared with cirrhotic patients without sarcopenia, indicating an enhanced transformation of primary to secondary BAs by the gut microbiome. CA (P = 0.02) and the ratios of CA:CDCA (P = 0.03) and total ursodeoxycholic acid to total secondary BAs (T‐UDCA:total‐sec‐BAs, P = 0.03) were significantly reduced in the stool of cirrhotic patients with sarcopenia compared with cirrhotic patients without sarcopenia. Also, valine and acetate were significantly reduced in the serum of cirrhotic patients with sarcopenia compared with cirrhotic patients without sarcopenia (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression further confirmed the association of B. ovatus (P = 0.01, odds ratio [OR]: 12.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 168.1; 2.2), the ratios of 12‐α‐OH:non‐12‐α‐OH BAs (P = 0.03, OR: 2.54, 95% CI: 0.99; 6.55) and T‐UDCA:total‐sec‐BAs (P = 0.04, OR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.06; 0.98) in serum and stool CA:CDCA (P = 0.04, OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.62; 0.99), and serum valine (P = 0.04, OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 1.02; 1.00) with sarcopenia in cirrhosis after correcting for the severity of liver disease and sex.ConclusionsOur study suggests a potential functional gut microbiome–host interaction linking sarcopenia with the altered gut microbiomes, BA profiles and amino acids pointing towards a potential mechanistic interplay in understanding sarcopenia pathogenesis.
Simplified risk stratification in early cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis based on age: A report from an institution with zero mortality
Authors: Matsui Yugo , Yao Siyuan , Ishikawa Kana , Homma Shusaku , Hosokawa Shinichi , Murakami Teppei , Kan Takatsugu , Nakajima Sanae , Harada Takehisa , Arii Shigeki 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackground/PurposeThe existing risk stratification for early cholecystectomy in patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) is complex. This study aims to establish a simpler risk assessment for surgical complications after cholecystectomy based on age group.MethodsThis single‐center retrospective observational study enrolled 350 patients diagnosed with AC who underwent early cholecystectomy within 72 h of diagnosis from 2013 to 2021. Patients were divided into three subgroups based on age: young (<65 years), elderly (65–79 years), and very elderly (≥80 years). Since no mortality was observed, risk factors for the Clavien‐Dindo (CD) grade ≥ II complications were identified within the entire cohort and in each subgroup.ResultsThere were 120 young, 130 elderly, and 100 very elderly patients. The overall prevalence of complications with CD grade ≥ II was 11.1%. Age and Tokyo Guidelines 18 (TG18) severity were independent risk factors for surgical complications in the whole cohort. Subgroup analysis revealed that there was no independent risk factor in the young group. Meanwhile, age and poor physical status were independent risk factors in the elderly group, and TG18 severity in the very elderly group.ConclusionEvaluation of only age, physical status, and TG18 severity may be sufficient for risk stratification of surgical complications of AC.
Computed Tomography–Measured Psoas Density Predicts Outcomes After Enterocutaneous Fistula Repair
Authors: Lo Wilson D. , Evans David C. , Yoo Taehwan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundLow muscle mass and quality are associated with poor surgical outcomes. We evaluated computed tomography (CT)–measured psoas muscle density as a marker of muscle quality and physiologic reserve and hypothesized that it predicts poor outcomes after enterocutaneous fistula repair (ECF).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients 18–90 years old with ECF who failed nonoperative management, requiring elective operative repair at The Ohio State University (2005–2016), and who received preoperative abdomen/pelvis CT scan with intravenous contrast within 3 months of the operation. Psoas Hounsfield unit average calculations were measured at the L3 level. One‐year leak rate, mortality (90 days, 1 years, and 3 years), complication risk, length of stay, dependent discharge, and 30‐day readmission were compared with Hounsfield unit average calculation (HUAC).ResultsOne hundred patients met inclusion criteria. Patients were stratified into interquartile ranges based on HUAC. The lowest HUAC interquartile was our low muscle quality (LMQ) cutoff, which was associated with 1‐year leak (relative risk [RR] = 2.10, P < .005), 1‐year mortality (RR = 2.22, P < .04) and 3‐year mortality (RR = 2.13, P < .007), complication risk (RR = 1.54, P < .001), and dependent discharge (RR = 2.50, P < .004) compared to patients without LMQ.ConclusionsPsoas muscle density is a significant predictor of poor outcomes in ECF repair. This readily available measure of physiologic reserve can identify patients with ECF who have increased risk and may benefit from additional interventions and recovery time before operative repair.
Effects of release method on the survival, somatic growth, and body condition of headstarted turtles
Authors: Wijewardena Tharusha , Mandrak Nicholas E. , Paterson James E. , Davy Christina M. , Edge Christopher B. , Lentini Andrew M. , Litzgus Jacqueline D. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractHeadstarting involves ex situ rearing of vulnerable life stages, then releasing individuals into the wild once they are larger and less vulnerable to predation. Sometimes, headstarted animals display underdeveloped behaviors that may lead to an acclimation period of reduced survival and growth after release. Using data from a 6‐year headstarting program, we tested whether the early release condition affected survival, body condition, and somatic growth rate in 2 groups of headstarted Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) released into Rouge National Urban Park (RNUP) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The first group included turtles released directly into the wild (i.e., hard release). The second group included turtles released into an in situ enclosure in which individuals remained for a week without food supplementation before being fully released into the wild (i.e., delayed release). Release condition did not affect survival or growth rate. In the delayed‐release group, body condition initially declined rapidly and remained low for up to 1 year after release. Given the lack of wild juveniles in RNUP, we compared body condition of headstarted turtles at various time points since release to similar‐sized wild juveniles from 2 other Ontario populations, one from Algonquin Provincial Park (APP) and one near Lake Erie (LE). Body condition of headstarted turtles was similar to those of wild APP turtles regardless of release method, and higher than those of wild LE turtles. Our results indicate that delayed release did not improve post‐release outcomes for headstarted turtles in an urban landscape and headstarted turtles sustain similar health metrics as wild turtles.
Treatment Modality Impact on Patient‐Reported Quality of Life in Human Papilloma Virus‐Associated Oropharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Plonowska‐Hirschfeld Karolina A. , Gulati Arushi , Stephens Erika M. , Ochoa Edgar , Xu Mary Jue , Ha Patrick K. , Heaton Chase M. , Yom Sue S. , Chan Jason W. , Algazi Alain , Kang Hyunseok , Ryan William R. 
Published: September 2023

ObjectiveTo prospectively compare the impact of treatment modality on patient‐reported quality of life (QOL) in human papillomavirus‐associated oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma (HPV + OPSCC).Study DesignProspective cohort study.SettingAcademic medical center.MethodsOne hundred one patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition T1‐3 N0‐2 HPV + OPSCC completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Core questionnaire and Head and Neck Module pretreatment and 3‐month and 1‐year posttreatment. Mean score changes were compared to published minimal clinically important differences.ResultsPatients underwent surgery alone (SA: N = 42, 42%), surgery with adjuvant radiation (S‐RT: N = 10, 10%), surgery with adjuvant chemoradiation (S‐CRT: N = 8, 8%), definitive radiation (RT: N = 11, 11%), or definitive chemoradiation (CRT: N = 30, 30%). SA, S‐[C]RT, and [C]RT patients all reported clinically significant difficulty with sense of taste/smell persisting at 1 year. S‐[C]RT and [C]RT patients reported statistically and clinically significant worse salivary dysfunction and problems with social eating at 1 year than SA. S‐[C]RT patients reported statistically and clinically significant worse fatigue and head and neck pain compared to [C]RT and SA patients at 3 months, but normalized at 1 year. S‐CRT compared to S‐RT had statistically and clinically worse physical and role functioning and swallowing difficulties at 3 months but this difference was resolved by 1‐year posttreatment.ConclusionHPV + OPSCC patients after SA report the lowest posttreatment QOL impact, whereas after S‐CRT report the highest symptom burden. Careful selection for definitive surgery is important given the possibility of adjuvant CRT. Patients can experience persistent sense taste and smell difficulties at 1 year with all treatment modalities.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 134:1687–1695, 2024
Variables Affecting Cochlear Implant Performance After Loss of Residual Hearing
Authors: Thompson Nicholas J. , Dillon Margaret T. , Nix Evan P. , Overton Andrea B. , Selleck A. Morgan , Dedmon Matthew M. , Brown Kevin D. 
Published: September 2023

ObjectiveDetermine variables that influence post‐activation performance for cochlear implant (CI) recipients who lost low‐frequency acoustic hearing.MethodsA retrospective review evaluated CNC word recognition for adults with normal to moderately severe low‐frequency hearing (preoperative unaided thresholds of ≤70 dB HL at 250 Hz) who were implanted between 2012 and 2021 at a tertiary academic center, lost functional acoustic hearing, and were fit with a CI‐alone device. Performance scores were queried from the 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24‐month post‐activation visits. A linear mixed model evaluated the effects of age at implantation, array length (long vs. mid/short), and preoperative low‐frequency hearing (normal to mild, moderate, and moderately severe) on speech recognition with a CI alone.Results113 patients met the inclusion criteria. There was a significant main effect of interval (p < 0.001), indicating improved word recognition post‐activation despite loss of residual hearing. There were significant main effects of age (p = 0.029) and array length (p = 0.038), with no effect of preoperative low‐frequency hearing (p = 0.171). There was a significant 2‐way interaction between age and array length (p = 0.018), indicating that older adults with mid/short arrays performed more poorly than younger adults with long lateral wall arrays when functional acoustic hearing was lost.ConclusionCI recipients with preoperative functional low‐frequency hearing experience a significant improvement in speech recognition with a CI alone as compared to preoperative performance—despite the loss of low‐frequency hearing. Age and electrode array length may play a role in post‐activation performance. These data have implications for the preoperative counseling and device selection for hearing preservation candidates.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 134:1868–1873, 2024
Denitrification and the challenge of scaling microsite knowledge to the globe
Authors: Robertson G. Philip 
Published: September 2023

AbstractOur knowledge of microbial processes—who is responsible for what, the rates at which they occur, and the substrates consumed and products produced—is imperfect for many if not most taxa, but even less is known about how microsite processes scale to the ecosystem and thence the globe. In both natural and managed environments, scaling links fundamental knowledge to application and also allows for global assessments of the importance of microbial processes. But rarely is scaling straightforward: More often than not, process rates in situ are distributed in a highly skewed fashion, under the influence of multiple interacting controls, and thus often difficult to sample, quantify, and predict. To date, quantitative models of many important processes fail to capture daily, seasonal, and annual fluxes with the precision needed to effect meaningful management outcomes. Nitrogen cycle processes are a case in point, and denitrification is a prime example. Statistical models based on machine learning can improve predictability and identify the best environmental predictors but are—by themselves—insufficient for revealing process‐level knowledge gaps or predicting outcomes under novel environmental conditions. Hybrid models that incorporate well‐calibrated process models as predictors for machine learning algorithms can provide both improved understanding and more reliable forecasts under environmental conditions not yet experienced. Incorporating trait‐based models into such efforts promises to improve predictions and understanding still further, but much more development is needed.
Psychometric testing of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Work Instability Scale in employed people with fibromyalgia
Authors: Hammond Alison , Tennant Alan , Brown Tamara , Prior Yeliz , Ching Angela , Parker Jennifer 
Published: September 2023

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the study was to establish whether the Rheumatoid Arthritis Work Instability Scale (RA‐WIS), in its current form, is applicable for use with employed people with fibromyalgia (FM) to identify the risk of work disability and need for work rehabilitation.MethodsContent validity was first investigated using cognitive debriefing interviews. Participants completed a postal questionnaire. Construct validity was assessed using Rasch analysis. Concurrent validity included testing between the RA‐WIS and work (e.g., Workplace Activity Limitations Scale) and health (FM Impact Questionnaire‐Revised (FIQ‐R) scales. Two weeks later, participants were mailed a second questionnaire to measure test‐retest reliability.ResultsInterviews were conducted with 13 participants with FM. All RA‐WIS items were considered very or extremely relevant by almost all participants, with only one suggesting other items (anxiety and brain fog). Questionnaire responses were analysed from 156 employed participants: 94% women; 45.71 (SD 10.05) years of age; with time since FM diagnosis 2.99 (4.17) years (symptom duration 8.36 (SD 7.16) years). The RA‐WIS mostly satisfied Rasch model requirements and a Rasch transformation scale was created. Concurrent validity was generally good (rs = 0.55–0.66) with work scales and the FIQ‐R. Internal consistency (Person Separation Index values) was consistent with group use in FM, not individual level use. Test‐retest reliability was excellent, with intraclass coefficient (2, 1) = 0.90.DiscussionThe RA‐WIS is valid and reliable for group use in employed people with FM. However, further work is needed to develop a WIS for individual use in FM.
Normal postvoid residual urine in healthy adults
Authors: Lim Li Yi , Yang Stephen Shei‐Dei 
Published: September 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo establish a normal reference value of postvoid residual (PVR) urine volume in “healthy” adults.MethodsAdults were recruited to undergo uroflowmetry and PVR. Those with neurological disorders, malignancy, diabetes, known lower urinary tract dysfunction, and urinary tract infection within the previous 3 months, were excluded from the study. Constipation was defined as Rome IV ≥ 2.ResultsOf the 883 adults enrolled in this study, 194 (22.3%) did not complete the questionnaires or perform the uroflowmetry, 103 (11.7%) met ≥1 exclusion criteria and thus were excluded. In addition, 30 and 38 uroflowmetry were excluded due to artifacts and low bladder volume (BV) (<100 mL), respectively. Finally, 515 uroflowmetry and PVR data from adults aged 36–89 (mean: 59.0 ± 9.5) were examined. There was a significant nonlinear relationship between BV and PVR (p < 0.05), with PVR significantly increased when BV was around 528 mL. Women had lower PVR than men (p < 0.05). PVR also increased as the International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS) increased. PVR was unaffected by age and functional constipation. A multivariate analysis revealed that BV (p < 0.05) and IPSS (p < 0.05) had significant influence on PVR, but age, gender, and Rome IV score did not. The 90th and 95th percentiles of PVR for men were 73.2 mL (25% of BV) and 102.6 mL (30% of BV), respectively, while for women they were 60.5 mL (21% of BV) and 93.8 mL (27% of BV), respectively.ConclusionWomen had lower PVR than men. The 90th percentile or 95th percentile of normal adults' PVR may serve as the upper limit of normal PVR, and readings above this level may necessitate additional evaluation and treatment. Further studies are required to substantiate these recommendations.
e‐Service‐learning in an interdisciplinary course of plant and insect biodiversity and pollinator health
Authors: Ye Dan , Pennisi Svoboda V. , Braman Susan Kristine , Rich Christy M. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis article presents a synopsis of an interdisciplinary asynchronous online science service‐learning course for upper undergraduates and graduate students. The design process, structure of the course, pedagogical approaches, and specific goals are described. Discussions, analyses, and evaluations from both students and university faculty highlight the experience and lessons learned from the process. Our study shows that our approach impacted students positively, including developing a more positive attitude toward biodiversity protection and some behavioral changes in their personal life as well as their professional life.
Ochratoxin a in human serum samples collected in Southern Italy from healthy individuals and individuals suffering from different kidney disorders
Authors: Breitholtz‐Emanuelsson Anna , Minervini Fiorenza , Hult Karl , Visconti Angelo 
Published: September 2023

AbstractOchratoxin A was determined in human serum samples, collected in the south of Italy in November 1992, using ion‐pair liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. The samples were collected from healthy people (65 subjects) as well as from people with different kidney disorders. Five different kinds of kidney disorders were represented: transplanted subjects (13), chronic glomerulonephritis (8), renal calculus or cyst (6), chronic renal failure (13), and subjects treated by dialysis (28). The mean and median concentrations of ochratoxin A in the healthy group was 0.53 and 0.44 ng/ml serum, respectively. The highest mean concentration was found in the group of patients treated by dialysis, 1.4 ng/ml serum. A higher incidence of samples containing >0.44 ng ochratoxin A/ml serum was found in the dialysis group, compared to the other groups. Comparing the mean concentrations by Student's t‐test, a significant difference was found between the mean concentrations of the healthy group and of the group of patients treated by dialysis (P < 0.01). No other significant differences were found when comparing the groups two at a time.