bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coding bit rate scalability of MPEG audio data
Authors: Nakajima Yasuyuki , Yoneyama Akio , Sugano Masaru , Yanagihara Hiromasa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUsers previously had to use transcoding methods in which a coded audio stream was decoded and the decoded audio then reencoded at the desired bit rate. Data processing of coded audio therefore usually involves complex and time‐consuming tasks. In this paper, we describe three algorithms for bit rate scaling on coded MPEG data domains. One is a bandwidth limitation method to cut higher frequency components until the target data rate is satisfied. A second method uses a requantization process where a quantization step in each subband is modified, and a third method also utilizes a requantization process with a psychoacoustic model from bit allocation information obtained in the bitstream in order to improve bit rate scaling efficiency. The simulation results show that the requantization process provides very high conversion efficiency and that sound quality nearly equal to that of direct coding can be obtained by utilizing the psychoacoustic model. It was also shown that very fast scaling (factor of six) can be achieved compared with the conventional baseband transcoding method. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(10): 47–56, 2001
Optimal slip ratio estimator for traction control system of electric vehicle based on fuzzy inference
Authors: Kataoka Hiroaki , Sado Hideo , Sakai Ichiro , Hori Yoichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper we propose an optimal slip ratio estimation method based on fuzzy inference. One of the major advantages of electric vehicles is the quick and precise torque response of the electric motor, which realizes a novel traction control system. To prevent skidding, optimal slip ratio control has been successfully developed. It maintains the slip ratio at the optimum value that gives the maximum driving force. The remaining problem is how to generate the optimal slip ratio command sent to the controller. First we show that effective estimation of the optimal slip ratio is difficult to perform by the simple gradient method, which is a well‐known optimization method. But various experimentally obtained data can be easily incorporated into fuzzy inference, and therefore its estimation performance can be easily improved by the accumulation of human experience. This is a major advantage in the nonlinear estimation of real road‐tire characteristics. The effectiveness of the proposed estimation and control methods is confirmed by numerical simulation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(3): 56–63, 2001
Sensorless salient‐pole PM synchronous motor drive in all speed ranges
Authors: Takeshita Takaharu , Usui Akira , Matsui Nobuyuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a position sensorless drive of salient‐pole PM synchronous motors in all speed ranges including zero speed. Two position and speed estimation algorithms using the current differences between the actual and the estimated currents are proposed. One is based on the back emf estimation in the medium‐ and high‐speed ranges. Another is based on the position dependency of the winding inductances in the low‐speed ranges including zero speed. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been verified with a six‐pole, 1.5‐kW, 1500‐rpm test motor. Stable sensorless speed control from zero to 3000 rpm within ±100% load torque range was achieved. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(3): 64–73, 2001
Social support in a changing Europe: an analysis of three post‐communist nations
Authors: Goodwin Robin , Nizharadze George , Luu Lan Anh Nguyen , Kosa Eva , Emelyanova Tatiana 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDespite the continuing interest in social transitions among social scientists, there has been little analysis of the impact of societal change on personal relationships. One important factor in helping individuals deal with the stresses associated with rapid transitions is social support. In our first study, 450 manual workers, students and entrepreneurs in Russia, Georgia and Hungary completed structured questionnaires assessing demographic and value predictors of the perception of support availability and the support they obtained to deal with changes in their societies. In our second study, the same respondents participated in semi‐structured interviews investigating the relationship between their work lives and support networks. Our findings demonstrate the importance of culture, occupation and values for both the perception and reception of support, and underline the multifaceted manner in which different work experiences in different nations influence support networks. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glutathione S‐transferase T1‐null genotype interacts synergistically with heavy smoking on lung cancer risk
Authors: Hou Sai‐Mei , Fält Susann , Nyberg Fredrik 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe studied the influence of genotype for glutathione S‐transferase T1 (GSTT1) on susceptibility to lung cancer among 184 Swedish lung cancer patients (88 never‐smokers and 96 ever‐smokers) and 162 matched population controls (79 never‐smokers and 83 ever‐smokers), with special emphasis on gene–environment interactions. Cases had significantly lower frequency of the GSTT1‐null genotype than that of controls among never‐smokers (4.6 vs. 16.5%, P = 0.02), whereas the frequencies were very close to each other among smokers (7.4 vs. 7.2%). Cases with high packyears of smoking, however, had a significantly higher frequency of the GSTT1‐null genotype compared to that of cases with low packyears (18.3 vs. 5.6%, P = 0.005). Adjusted for age and gender, the GSTT1‐null genotype appeared to be protective against lung cancer among never‐smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 0.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.07–0.7), although it was associated with an increased risk for lung cancer among smokers (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 0.8–5.9), mainly attributed to the group of heavy smokers (>23 packyears; OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 0.7–17.3). Heavy smoking conferred a threefold increased risk for lung cancer (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.3–5.0) among GSTT1‐positive individuals, but a ninefold increased risk when combined with the GSTT1‐null genotype (OR = 9.3, 95% CI = 1.9–46.3, relative to GSTT1‐positive light smokers). This joint effect was further demonstrated by a positive interaction between the GSTT1‐null genotype and packyears of smoking. The risk of lung cancer increased steeply with increasing packyears among GSTT1‐null smokers, whereas no such effect was seen among GSTT1‐positive smokers. We conclude that the GSTT1‐null genotype may strengthen the effect of heavy smoking on lung cancer risk. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:83–86, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screening breast cancer patients for ATM mutations and polymorphisms by using denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Atencio David P. , Iannuzzi Christopher M. , Green Sheryl , Stock Richard G. , Bernstein Jonine L. , Rosenstein Barry S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAll 62 coding exons of the ATM gene, along with 10–20 bases of the intronic region flanking each exon, were screened for DNA base sequence alterations by using denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) in a series of 52 breast cancer patients. Six (12%) of these patients exhibited a total of eight different novel germ‐line mutations that do not represent common polymorphisms. Of these, three patients possessed four nonconservative missense mutations while two conservative missense and two synonymous mutations were detected in the other three patients. In addition, 43 patients were found to have a total of 141 DNA sequence variations representing 21 different common polymorphisms and rare variants. An analysis of the relationship between the presence of a novel ATM mutation and either patient demographics or tumor properties demonstrated a significant difference between African Americans (3/7 = 43%) and other ethnic groups (3/45 = 7%, P = 0.026). None of the other characteristics examined was found to be related to mutation status. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:200–208, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deterministic and stochastic analyses of a nonlinear system with a Biot visco‐elastic element
Authors: Spanos Pol D. , Tsavachidis Spyro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the paper the Biot hysteretic model involving an infinite collection of elements whose dynamic characteristics are specified through a probability density‐like function is re‐examined; in the limit case, the Biot model yields a dynamic system with ideal hysteretic damping which is known to be problematic for random vibration analysis. It is shown that bona fide Monte Carlo simulations can be conducted for the Biot model by treating, cautiously, the integrodifferential equation which is involved; this is based on recursive calculations of double integrals encountered in the representation of the system dynamics. The numerical results which pertain to the Monte Carlo studies are further used to assess the accuracy of a statistical linearization procedure adopted in determining the response of the hysteretically damped system to white noise. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Initial hydrologic and geomorphic response following a wildfire in the Colorado Front Range
Authors: Moody John A. , Martin Deborah A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA wildfire in May 1996 burned 4690 hectares in two watersheds forested by ponderosa pine and Douglas fir in a steep, mountainous landscape with a summer, convective thunderstorm precipitation regime. The wildfire lowered the erosion threshold in the watersheds, and consequently amplified the subsequent erosional response to shorter time interval episodic rainfall and created both erosional and depositional features in a complex pattern throughout the watersheds.The initial response during the first four years was an increase in runoff and erosion rates followed by decreases toward pre‐fire rates. The maximum unit‐area peak discharge was 24 m3 s−1 km−2 for a rainstorm in 1996 with a rain intensity of 90 mm h−1. Recovery to pre‐fire conditions seems to have occurred by 2000 because for a maximum 30‐min rainfall intensity of 50 mm h−1, the unit‐area peak discharge in 1997 was 6.6 m3 s−1 km−2, while in 2000 a similar intensity produced only 0.11 m3 s−1 km−2. Rill erosion accounted for 6 per cent, interrill erosion for 14 per cent, and drainage erosion for 80 per cent of the initial erosion in 1996. This represents about a 200‐fold increase in erosion rates on hillslopes which had a recovery or relaxation time of about three years. About 67 per cent of the initially eroded sediment is still stored in the watersheds after four years with an estimated residence time greater than 300 years. This residence time is much greater than the fire recurrence interval so erosional and depositional features may become legacies from the wildfire and may affect landscape evolution by acting as a new set of initial conditions for subsequent wildfire and flood sequences. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Random controls on semi‐rhythmic spacing of pools and riffles in constriction‐dominated rivers
Authors: Thompson Douglas M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAverage pool spacing between five and seven bankfull widths has been documented in environments throughout the world, but has limited theoretical justification in coarse‐bedded and bedrock environments. Pool formation in coarse‐bedded and bedrock channels has been attributed to bedrock and boulder constrictions. Because the spacing of these constrictions may be irregular in nature, it is difficult to reconcile pool‐formation processes with the supposedly rhythmic spacing of pools and riffles. To address these issues, a simulation model for pool and riffle formation is used to demonstrate that semi‐rhythmic spacing of pools with an approximate spacing of five to seven bankfull widths can be recreated from a random distribution of obstructions and minimum pool‐ and riffle‐length criteria. It is assumed that a pool–riffle couplet will achieve a minimum length based on dominant‐discharge conditions. Values for the minimum‐length assumption are based on field data collected in New England and California, while the theoretical basis relies on the demonstrated hydraulic response of individual pools to elongation. Results from the simulations show that the location of pools can be primarily random in character, but still assume an average spacing between four and eight bankfull widths for a variety of conditions. Field verification data generally support the model but highlight a highly skewed distribution of pool‐forming elements and pool spacing. The relation between pool spacing and bankfull widths is attributed to the common geometric response of these features to dominant‐discharge conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling mean annual sediment yield using a distributed approach
Authors: Van Rompaey Anton J. J. , Verstraeten Gert , Van Oost Kristof , Govers Gerard , Poesen Jean 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper a spatially distributed model for the calculation of sediment delivery to river channels is presented (SEDEM: SEdiment DElivery Model). The model consists of two components: (1) the calculation of a spatial pattern of mean annual soil erosion rates in the catchment using a RUSLE (Revised Soil Erosion Equation) approach; and (2) the routing of the eroded sediment to the river channel network taking into account the transport capacity of each spatial unit. If the amount of routed sediment exceeds the local transport capacity, sediment deposition occurs. An existing dataset on sediment yield for 24 catchments in central Belgium was used to calibrate the transport capacity parameters of the model. A validation of the model results shows that the sediment yield for small and medium sized catchments (10–5000 ha) can be predicted with an average accuracy of 41 per cent. The predicted sediment yield values with SEDEM are significantly more accurate than the predictions using a lumped regression model. Moreover a spatially distributed approach allows simulation of the effect of different land use scenarios and soil conservation techniques. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Causes of 20th century channel narrowing in mountain and piedmont rivers of southeastern France
Authors: Liébault F. , Piégay H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExtensive channel narrowing in southeastern France provides an illustration of geomorphic response to land‐use changes. The study region comprises a range of environments, from large piedmont and intramountain gravel‐bed rivers, to small mountain streams. Field measurements and analysis of historical data demonstrate two distinct periods of channel change. From 1850 to 1950, channel narrowing is interpreted to be the result of a recovery process in response to widespread channel destabilization induced by major floods during the second half of the 19th century. At the time, the largely deforested basins were highly responsive to flooding, whereas the recovery process was accelerated by floodplain and basin‐scale land use changes (afforestation) and torrential control works, which in turn reduced sediment delivery and enabled vegetation development in channels. From 1950 to 1970, channel narrowing accelerated in most of the studied rivers. This recent phenomenon is considered as a human‐induced fluvial adjustment, directly related to forest development on river margins and human abandonment of intensive floodplain land uses. At the same time, long‐profile degradation occurred as a result of long‐term bedload supply decrease. In small mountain streams, channel narrowing is mainly explained by channel incision which seems to progress from upstream where sediment sources are progressively stabilized by afforestation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of heat shrinkable and flame‐retardant EVA/CSM blends
Authors: Chowdhury S. Ray , Das C. K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA plastic (EVA) was blended with elastomer (CSM) with and without curatives. The elastomer phase (amorphous) contributed markedly to the shrinkability and most important is, took up a major amount of additive flame‐retarding agent thus not affecting much the heat shrinkability of the plastic i.e. as a whole the blend. When the elastomer phase was crosslinked the flame‐retardancy, due to a reduction of combustible volatile product, was increased. Additive flame‐retardants hamper the heat‐shrinkability of the blend to some extent depending on various factors such as blend composition, temperature, curing etc. The depression of shrinkability in the presence of flame‐retarding agent was less for the cured sample and elastomer‐rich blend compared with the uncured and plastic‐rich blend, respectively. It was found that with an increase in the cure time and elastomer content the shrinkability as well as flame‐retardancy was increased. At high temperature the sacrifice of the shrinkability in the presence of flame‐retardants increased, for a particular blend. The shrinkability and flame‐retardancy of a cured sample was higher than that of an uncured sample. The highest flame‐retardancy was obtained in the presence of Sb2O3/Chlorohor. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution, monotone solution of the adjoint shallow‐water equations
Authors: Sanders Brett F. , Bradford Scott F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA monotone, second‐order accurate numerical scheme is presented for solving the differential form of the adjoint shallow‐water equations in generalized two‐dimensional coordinates. Fluctuation‐splitting is utilized to achieve a high‐resolution solution of the equations in primitive form. One‐step and two‐step schemes are presented and shown to achieve solutions of similarly high accuracy in one dimension. However, the two‐step method is shown to yield more accurate solutions to problems in which unsteady wave speeds are present. In two dimensions, the two‐step scheme is tested in the context of two parameter identification problems, and it is shown to accurately transmit the information needed to identify unknown forcing parameters based on measurements of the system response. The first problem involves the identification of an upstream flood hydrograph based on downstream depth measurements. The second problem involves the identification of a long wave state in the far‐field based on near‐field depth measurements. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a family of finite moving‐average trend filters for the ends of series
Authors: Gray Alistair G. , Thomson Peter J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA family of finite end filters is constructed using a minimum revisions criterion and based on a local dynamic model operating within the span of a given finite central filter. These end filters are equivalent to evaluating the central filter with unavailable future observations replaced by constrained optimal linear predictions. Two prediction methods are considered: best linear unbiased prediction and best linear biased prediction where the bias is time invariant. The properties of these end filters are determined. In particular, they are compared to X‐11 end filters and to the case where the central filter is evaluated with unavailable future observations predicted by global ARIMA models as in X‐11‐ARIMA or X‐12‐ARIMA. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genome‐wide analysis of sixteen chordomas by comparative genomic hybridization and cytogenetics of the first human chordoma cell line, U‐CH1
Authors: Scheil Stefanie , Brüderlein Silke , Liehr Thomas , Starke Heike , Herms Jochen , Schulte Michael , Möller Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCytogenetic information on chordomas is rudimentary and restricted to GTG‐banding analysis of 26 cases worldwide. In this study, we present the chromosomal imbalances detected in a series of 16 chordomas (10 sacrococcyeal, five sphenooccipital, and one spinal) from 13 patients using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). On average, 3.2 losses and 4.2 gains were detected per tumor. The most common DNA copy number alterations were losses on chromosomal arms 3p (50%) and 1p (44%). Losses of 3p were detected in five of seven primary chordomas. Therefore, the loss of 3p might be an early event in chordoma genesis. The most common gains involved 7q (69%), 20 (50%), 5q (38%), and 12q (38%). Additionally, we raised the first human chordoma cell line, U‐CH1, from a recurrence of a sacral chordoma. U‐CH1 and its parent tumor had almost the same CGH profile. According to GTG‐banding and multicolor FISH, U‐CH1 has the following clonal chromosomal abnormalities: der(1)t(1;22), del(4), +del(5), +del(6), +7, del(9), del(10), +der(20)t(10;20), +21. Thus, the novel permanent human chordoma cell line U‐CH1 has chordoma‐typical cytogenetic aberrations. Our data suggest that tumor suppressor genes or mismatch repair genes (located at 1p31 and 3p14) and oncogenes (located in 7q36) might be involved in chordoma genesis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization assay for the detection of 3q21 rearrangements in myeloid malignancies
Authors: Wieser Rotraud , Schreiner Ulrike , Pirc‐Danoewinata Hendrati , Aytekin Metin , Schmidt Helmut H. , Rieder Harald , Fonatsch Christa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn myeloid malignancies, chromosome rearrangements involving band 3q21 are associated with a particularly poor prognosis of the disease. Their sensitive and unequivocal detection is therefore of great clinical importance. In this report, we describe the establishment of an interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay that complements classical cytogenetic analysis in the diagnosis of such aberrations. PACs that map centromeric and telomeric of known 3q21 breakpoints were labeled with different fluorescent dyes, and the separation of the normally colocalizing signals was used as an indicator of the presence of a 3q21 rearrangement. Two cell lines and 10 primary samples from myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients with 3q21 rearrangements were investigated using the newly established method. The rate of false positivity was determined in 27 control samples from patients with various types of myeloid malignancies. In addition to providing a sensitive and rapid test for the detection of 3q21 aberrations, the interphase FISH assay yields preliminary information about the localization of individual breakpoints. Six of the 10 breakpoints in the patient samples map to an only recently described breakpoint cluster region (BCR) 60 kb centromeric of the originally reported 3q21 BCR. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the molecular basis of the clinical features associated with 3q21 rearrangements. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Geoarchaeology at Gilman Falls: An Archaic quarry and manufacturing site in central Maine, U.S.A.
Authors: Sanger David , Kelley Alice R. , Berry Henry N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInterdisciplinary investigations at the Milford Reservoir, central Maine, resulted in excavation and analysis of a Middle Archaic quarry and manufacturing site at Gilman Falls, dated to between 7300 and 6300 yr B.P. Lithological analysis indicates that the majority of the artifacts came from very local outcrops, providing low‐grade metamorphic rocks. Native Americans used a specialized technique to reduce the granofels and other rocks to long rods, artifacts commonly placed in local cemeteries. The Gilman Falls site was largely abandoned once these artifacts were no longer in vogue. Therefore, access to particular bedrock outcrops seems to have played an important role in site selection. Gilman Falls and other early to middle Holocene sites are preserved where bedrock sill dams ponded water that deposited fine sand. Early site sedimentation history is paralleled by a drainage change in the headwaters of the Penobscot River. Evidence for lower mid‐Holocene lake levels and a period of higher temperatures and lower precipitation may correlate with the sedimentation history. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.