bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Familial breast carcinoma risks by morphology
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Granström Charlotta 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDFamilial risks in patients with breast carcinoma have not been assessed by morphologic types of medically verified cancers. Reliable data on familial risks would help to establish prevention programs and guide clinical decisions.METHODSWe used the nationwide Swedish Family‐Cancer Database to calculate standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for invasive and in situ breast carcinomas in women with mothers and sisters. This database has information on 10.2 million individuals and on more than 13,000 morphology‐specific breast carcinomas.RESULTSSIRs for all invasive breast carcinomas were 1.82 (95% CI 1.71–1.93) for breast carcinoma in the mother and 1.89 (1.70–2.01) for breast carcinoma in a sister. The respective risks were 1.81 and 1.85 for a mother and sisters with ductal breast carcinoma. The SIRs were equally for lobular, tubuloductal, comedo, and mucinous breast carcinomas. However, the SIRs for lobular carcinoma were lower than those for the ductal type, whereas the opposite trend was noted for the comedo and mucinous type; none of the differences were significant. The risks for all morphologic types were highest when both a mother and a sister were affected, SIR 3.19 (2.36–4.22). The risks for in situ breast carcinomas were 2.09 (1.78–2.44) for an affected mother, 2.24 (1.88–2.85) for an affected sister, and 5.23 (2.59–9.39) when both a mother and a sister were affected.CONCLUSIONSThe data suggest that the familial risk of breast carcinoma is independent of the morphologic type. The higher risks in in situ cancer may be due to medical surveillance. The risks were identical from a mother or sister proband, suggesting that recessive effects are unlikely as a heritable cause of breast carcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:3063–70. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10555
Serum arginase activity in postsurgical monitoring of patients with colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Porembska Zofia , Skwarek Anna , Mielczarek Magdalena , Barańczyk‐Kuźma Anna 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDColorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies. In the current work, the role of arginase as a diagnostic marker in patients with recurrent CRC and colorectal liver metastases (CRCLM) was studied.METHODSArginase activity was monitored in serum from 40 patients with primary CRC and from 100 patients with CRCLM. Blood was taken before and after patients underwent tumor resection. Studies were conducted for 3 years.RESULTSPreoperative arginase activity in serum from patients with CRC and CRCLM was much greater compared with the arginase activity in serum from healthy control blood donors. One and two cut‐off levels of increased arginase activity were observed in patients with CRC and CRCLM, respectively. After patients underwent tumor resection, the arginase activity decreased to normal values in both patients with CRC and patients with CRCLM. Activity levels remained low in patients who did not develop recurrent CRC or CRCLM (first or second). In patients who developed subsequent recurrences or metastases that appeared after surgery, during 3 years of surveillance, a significant rise in serum arginase activity was observed. The clinical prognosis for patients was worst when the postoperative serum arginase activity was very high, because those patients more often developed second liver metastases or died.CONCLUSIONSThe authors conclude that the determination of serum arginase activity may be a complementary test to confirm the occurrence of CRC and may be useful for the early diagnosis of patients who develop recurrent CRC and/or CRCLM. Cancer 2002;94:2930–4. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10563
Distribution of two splice variants of the glutamate transporter GLT‐1 in the developing rat retina
Authors: Reye Peter , Sullivan Robert , Pow David V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe distributions of a carboxyl terminal splice variant of the glutamate transporter GLT‐1, referred to as GLT‐1B, and the carboxyl terminus of the originally described variant of GLT‐1, referred to hereafter as GLT‐1α, were examined using specific antisera. GLT‐1B was present in the retina at very early developmental stages. Labelling was demonstrable at embryonic day 14, and strong labelling was evident by embryonic day 18. Such labelling was initially restricted to populations of cone photoreceptors, the processes of which extended through the entire thickness of the retina and appeared to make contact with the retinal ganglion cells. During postnatal development the GLT‐1B‐positive photoreceptor processes retracted to form the outer plexiform layer, and around postnatal day 7, GLT‐1B‐immunoreactive bipolar cells appeared. The pattern of labelling of bipolar cell processes within the inner plexiform layer changed during postnatal development. Two strata of strongly immunoreactive terminals were initially evident in the inner plexiform layer, but by adulthood these two bands were no longer evident and labelling was restricted to the somata and processes (but not synaptic terminals) of the bipolar cells, as well as the somata, processes, and terminals of cone photoreceptors. By contrast, GLT‐1α appeared late in postnatal development and was restricted mainly to a population of amacrine cells, although transient labelling was also associated with punctate elements in the outer plexiform layer, which may represent photoreceptor terminals. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:323–330, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers and their possible role in blood flow control in crotaline snake infrared receptor organs
Authors: Hisajima Tatsuya , Kishida Reiji , Atobe Yoshitoshi , Nakano Masato , Goris Richard C. , Funakoshi Kengo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe used transmission electron microscopic montages to examine the composition of nerve bundles serving the infrared pit organs of two species of crotaline snakes, Agkistrodon blomhoffii and A. brevicaudus. In the three main bundles, the myelinated fibers totaled 2,200–3,700, and unmyelinated fibers 2,400. We also discovered for the first time two accessory bundles composed almost entirely of unmyelinated fibers running alongside the main bundles, containing an average total of 3,300 unmyelinated fibers vs. an average of 10 myelinated fibers. Thus, the average total of unmyelinated fibers was nearly twice that of myelinated fibers. To study the nature of the unmyelinated fibers, we did double staining immunohistochemistry with antibodies for substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in combination with and without capsaicin pretreatment. SP and VIP immunoreactive varicose fibers ran straight toward the center of the pit membrane in parallel with arterioles and venules, and also formed a dense network around the periphery of the membrane. There were three types of fibers: fibers containing only SP, fibers containing only VIP, and fibers containing both peptides. SP‐only fibers were distributed singly throughout the pit membrane and in small bundles around the periphery. SP+VIP fibers were distributed sparsely in the pit membrane and around its periphery. VIP‐only fibers were distributed throughout the pit membrane and were of smaller diameter than SP and SP+VIP fibers. After treatment with capsaicin, most of the three types of varicose fibers disappeared from the central part of the pit membrane, but those around the periphery remained unaffected. The capsaicin‐sensitive fibers may be unmyelinated sensory types, and the unaffected ones may be autonomic nerve fibers. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:319–329, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroepithelial bodies: A morphologic substrate for the link between neuronal nitric oxide and sensitivity to airway hypoxia?
Authors: Brouns Inge , Van Genechten Jeroen , Scheuermann Dietrich W. , Timmermans Jean‐Pierre , Adriaensen Dirk 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCurrently, the significance of nitric oxide (NO) in the respiratory tract is a matter of great interest because NO is believed to play a major role in the physiological regulation of airway function but also in lung pathology. What is especially intriguing with respect to the present investigation, are reports that the pulmonary expression of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) is altered as a result of airway hypoxia. We examined the possible relationship between intrapulmonary nitrergic structures and pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs), chemoreceptor‐like epithelial cell groups that are known to have all necessary components for oxygen perception. Tyramide‐enhanced immunostaining for nNOS was combined with known markers for NEBs in an ontogenetic study of rat lungs. From postnatal day 2 onward, nNOS‐immunoreactive (‐IR) neuronal cell bodies, present mainly in the lamina propria at all levels of intrapulmonary airways, were seen to give rise to remarkable intraepithelial terminal arborizations that invariably colocalized with NEBs. nNOS immunoreactivity was absent from the vagal calbindin D28k(CB) ‐IR and the spinal calcitonin gene‐related peptide(CGRP) ‐IR extrinsic sensory nerve fiber populations that our group reported earlier to selectively contact NEBs. Quantitative analysis showed that all NEBs receiving nNOS‐IR terminals were also contacted by CGRP‐IR nerve fibers, whereas approximately 55% were additionally contacted by CB‐IR nerves. The reported nitrergic neurons did not express the cholinergic marker vesicular acetylcholine transporter and were always surrounded by a basket of CGRP‐IR nerve terminals. In conclusion, part of the pulmonary NEBs selectively receive extensive nitrergic nerve terminals that originate from intrinsic neurons. Together with literature data on lung physiology and pharmacology, some interesting suggestions for the functional significance of the association between pulmonary CGRP‐IR NEBs, nNOS‐IR neurons, and CGRP‐IR afferents described in the present study, are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:343–354, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of sex and estrus cycle on the sexual dimorphisms of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus: Stereological evaluation and golgi study
Authors: Dulce Madeira M. , Ferreira‐Silva Luís , Paula‐Barbosa Manuel M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNeurons in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) display structural and biochemical sex differences in response to estrogen. Despite this fact, reports on sex differences in the morphology of the VMN are restricted to its volume and synaptic patterning. The aim of this study was to characterize the neuroanatomical sexual dimorphisms in the VMN and to investigate whether endogenous changes in ovarian steroid secretion influence such dimorphisms. The VMN of adult male rats and intact, aged‐matched female rats killed on proestrus and diestrus day 1 was examined by using stereological methods applied to conventionally stained sections and Golgi‐impregnated material. The VMN contained 55,000 neurons in rats of both sexes, but its volume was, on average, 1.25 times larger in males than in females. The volume was greater in proestrus than in diestrus rats due to parallel changes in the neuronal somatic size. Unlike the dorsomedial division, neurons in the ventrolateral division had longer dendritic trees in proestrus than in diestrus females and males. The spine density was consistently higher in females than in males in both VMN divisions. In addition, in the ventrolateral part the magnitude of the sex differences varied across the estrus cycle, and reached the greatest value when females were in proestrus. The volume of the neuropil was significantly larger in males than in females, and was not affected by the estrus phase. Our results reveal that the magnitude of the neuroanatomical sex differences in the VMN vary across the estrus cycle due to the trophic influence of estrogen upon its neurons. They also show that the fundamental sex difference in the structure of the VMN is accounted for by the neuropil components. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:329–345, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Daily variation in the distribution of glycogen phosphorylase in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of Syrian hamsters
Authors: Harley Carolyn W. , Farrell Rosemarie C. , Rusak Benjamin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDynamic changes in astrocytic processes in the Syrian hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) have been reported with maximal process extension in the light phase and maximal process retraction in the dark phase of a daily light:dark cycle. In the present study, we asked whether dynamic changes occur in the distribution of an astrocytic metabolic marker, glycogen phosphorylase (GP), using a histochemical assay to reveal the distribution of both active and total GP, in the hamster SCN. Changes in glial acidic fibrillary protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity also were assessed using a relative optical density measure (ROD). We observed changes in the localization and distribution of GP both in the SCN and in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) as a function of time of day. In the light phase, there were concentrated, large, dot‐like deposits of GP throughout the SCN and PVN on an empty background.
In the dark phase, diffuse, small, granular particles were seen throughout both nuclei. Selectively, in the dark‐phase SCN, these granular particles formed a rim of intense GP reactivity on the lateral, ventral, posterior, and medial borders. Significantly higher levels of GP reactivity were seen in anterior sections of the medial optic chiasm in the light phase. GFAP‐immunoreactive astrocytic processes had higher ROD levels in the dark phase. In conclusion, the astrocytic metabolic marker, GP, exhibits a significant daily variation in localization in both the SCN and the PVN that correlates with dynamic changes in the distribution of astrocytic processes in the SCN. Increased GP activity also occurs in astrocytes among optic fibers subjacent to the SCN during light input. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:249–258, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The inner ear macular sensory epithelia of the Daubenton's bat
Authors: Kirkegaard Mette , Jørgensen Jørgen Mørup 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe inner ear macular sensory epithelia of the Daubenton's bat were examined quantitatively to estimate the area and total number of hair cells. Ultrastructural examination of the sensory epithelium reveals two main types of hair cells: the chalice‐innervated hair cell and the bouton‐innervated hair cell. The existence of an intermediate type, with a nerve ending covering the lateral side of the hair cell, indicates that the chalice‐innervated hair cells are derived from bouton‐innervated hair cells. Thus, at least a part of the bouton‐innervated hair cells forms a transitional stage. A number of immature as well as apoptotic hair cells were observed. It is suggested that a continuous production of new hair cells takes place in mature individuals, probably based on transdifferentiation of supporting cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:433–444, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presence of luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone fragments in the rhesus monkey forebrain
Authors: Terasawa Ei , Busser Brian W. , Luchansky Laure L. , Sherwood Nancy M. , Jennes Lothar , Millar Robert P. , Glucksman Mark J. , Roberts James L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPreviously, we have shown that two types of luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) ‐like neurons, “early” and “late” cells, were discernible in the forebrain of rhesus monkey fetuses by using antiserum GF‐6, which cross‐reacts with several forms of LHRH. The “late” cells that arose from the olfactory placode of monkey fetuses at embryonic days (E) 32–E36, are bona fide LHRH neurons. The “early” cells were found in the forebrain at E32–E34 and settled in the extrahypothalamic area. The molecular form of LHRH in “early” cells differs from “late” cells, because “early” cells were not immunopositive with any specific antisera against known forms of LHRH. In this study, we investigated the molecular form of LHRH in the “early” cells in the nasal regions and brains of 13 monkey fetuses at E35 to E78. In situ hybridization studies suggested that both “early” and “late” LHRH cells expressed mammalian LHRH mRNA. Furthermore, “early” cells predominantly contain LHRH1‐5‐like peptide and its cleavage enzyme, metalloendopeptidase E.C.3.4.24.15 (EP24.15), which cleaves LHRH at the Tyr5‐Gly6 position. This conclusion was based on immunocytochemical labeling with various antisera, including those against LHRH1‐5, LHRH4‐10, or EP24.15, and on preabsorption tests. Therefore, in primates, a group of neurons containing mammalian LHRH mRNA arises at an early embryonic stage before the migration of bona fide LHRH neurons, and is ultimately distributed in the extrahypothalamic region. These extrahypothalamic neurons contain LHRH fragments, rather than fully mature mammalian LHRH. The origin and function of these neurons remain to be determined. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:491‐504, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ionotropic glutamate receptors during the development of the chick retina
Authors: Silveira Dos Santos Bredariol Andréa , Emi Hamassaki‐Britto Dânia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGlutamate is the main neurotransmitter of photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells of the vertebrate retina. Three main classes of ionotropic glutamate receptors comprising different subunits can be distinguished: AMPA (α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxasolepropionate), KA (kainate), and NMDA (N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate). This study was undertaken to characterize the AMPA (GluR1, GluR2/3, and GluR4), KA (GluR5/6/7), and NMDA (NR1) ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits and to determine their distribution during the development of the chick retina by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Western blotting analysis at 1 day after hatching indicated that the antibodies against GluR1, 2/3, 4, and 5/6/7 and NR1 recognized specifically a single band of 100–110 kDa. In turn, immunohistochemistry at P1 showed that all subunits were expressed in cells of the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers of the chick retina, mostly amacrine and ganglion cells, and their processes in the inner plexiform layer. In addition, stained processes in the outer plexiform layer were observed with the antibodies against GluR2/3, GluR4, and GluR5/6/7. Although all subunits appeared around E5–E6 in the prospective ganglion cell layer, and later in the prospective inner nuclear layer, the distribution of cells containing these glutamate receptor subunits revealed distinct ontogenetic patterns. This multiplicity of glutamate receptors may contribute to different processes that occur in the chick retina during development.J. Comp. Neurol. 441:58–70, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A numerical method for the heat equation with non‐smooth corner conditions
Authors: Jumarhon Bartur 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we show that a direct application of a high‐order finite difference method to the solution of the heat equation involving non‐smooth corner conditions does not yield high‐order convergence. We also show that, it is sometimes possible to improve the convergence rate by combining the finite difference method with the numerical calculation of a simple integral. Numerical results are presented to compare the convergence of this new approach with that of the Crank–Nicolson method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local discontinuous Galerkin methods for elliptic problems
Authors: Castillo P. , Cockburn B. , Perugia I. , Schötzau D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we review the development of local discontinuous Galerkin methods for elliptic problems. We explain the derivation of these methods and present the corresponding error estimates; we also mention how to couple them with standard conforming finite element methods. Numerical examples are displayed which confirm the theoretical results and show that the coupling works very well. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control strategies for timestep selection in simulation of coupled viscous flow and heat transfer
Authors: Valli A. M. P. , Carey G. F. , Coutinho A. L. G. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis work investigates the use of control strategies for timestep selection and convergence rate improvement of non‐linear iterative processes in the finite element solution of 2D coupled viscous flow and heat transfer. The present solution method employs a decoupled scheme, where the finite element flow formulation is based on a penalty Galerkin method and the heat transfer computations use a traditional Galerkin formulation. We compare the efficiency of the control strategies for timestep selection with another heuristic adaptive stepsize selection scheme. Numerical results for representative Rayleigh–Benard–Marangoni problems confirm that the non‐dimensional kinetic energy could be a suitable parameter to improve the timestep selection when co‐ordinated with the convergence control of non‐linear iterations. We find approximate solutions with a much smaller number of steps without any significant loss of accuracy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Illuminant invariance from a single reflected light
Authors: Brill Michael H. , Finlayson Graham 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article presents an algorithm for computing an illuminant‐invariant quantity inherent in a single pixel of an imaged object color. The invariance pertains for two different assumptions about the illuminant spectrum: the photoreceptor sensitivities and the reflectance spectrum of the object. For one regime the illuminant spectrum is exponential, the photoreceptor sensitivities are equal‐width Gaussians, and the reflectance is also Gaussian. For the other regime the illuminant is a Wien approximation to a blackbody radiator, the photoreceptor sensitivities are narrow band in wavelength, and the reflectance is unconstrained. The existence of two regimes for the invariant testifies to its robustness. Computing this invariant over all pixels in an image will assist object‐color recognition (machine‐vision color constancy) without resorting to the usual assumption that illuminant variation over a scene is gradual compared to reflectance variation over that scene. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 45–48, 2002
Relationship between brightness/luminance ratio and additivity‐law failure
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu , Sobagaki Hiroaki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe degree of additivity‐law failure of a mixture color consisting of two component chromatic colors has very complex characteristics depending on the used component colors and their mixing conditions. It is significantly affected by the mixture‐color chromaticity and by the brightness/luminance ratio at the chromaticity. A simple relationship was derived between the following quantities: degree of additivity‐law failure, additivity‐law luminance (luminance of the mixture color derived by postulating additivity law), and brightness/luminance ratio at the chromaticity of the mixture color. This relationship can be applied to any additivity‐law failure experiment and any formula on brightness/luminance ratio. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 185–190, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10045
A hue rectangle and its color metrics in a modified opponent‐colors system
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the proposed modified opponent‐colors system, the hue regular rectangles show the chromatic coordinates of any chromatic colors better than hue circles. In the hue rectangles equihue and equichroma loci are shown together with equigrayness loci. In the color perception space of the modified opponent‐colors system, a city‐block metric must be used instead of a Euclidean one for distance. The reason for this is described in detail. The proposed color perception space constitutes a regular octahedron. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 171–179, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10046