bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monarchy restored and remembered
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lytton Strachey captured perfectly the sense of dismay which swept the country as news of Victoria’s failing health was announced: It appeared as if some monstrous reversal of the course of nature was about to take place. The vast majority of her subjects had never known a time when Queen Victoria had not been reigning over them. She had become an indissoluble part of their whole scheme of things, and that they were about to lose her appeared a scarcely possible thought.
Death and image
Authors: Butler Marilyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After completing Persuasion in August 1816, Jane Austen wrote a preface for Northanger Abbey, describing the previous attempt to publish. Henry had bought back the original manuscript of ‘Susan’—now renamed ‘Catherine’—from Benjamin Crosby that year. But Austen again put it aside: ‘Miss Catherine is put upon the Shelve for the present, and I do not know that she will ever come out’ (Letters, 333). She had suffered back pain during the summer of 1816, and that autumn fell ill with a variety of symptoms: nausea, diarrhoea, muscle weakness, and fatigue.
Polemicist and teacher
Authors: Campbell Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On returning to London, Milton took lodgings at the house of a tailor called Russell in St Bride’s Churchyard (near Fleet Street), where he inaugurated his career as a schoolmaster by assuming responsibility for the education of his nephews Edward and John Phillips. He soon moved to a large house in Aldersgate Street, where he was able to take on additional pupils. Milton’s life in the 1640s was divided between his duties as a teacher and his avocation as a polemicist involved in the controversy about church government and initiating a debate about divorce.
Milton’s Paradise
Authors: Campbell Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The restoration of Charles II was proclaimed on 8 May 1660, and Milton went into hiding at the house of an unidentified friend in Bartholomew Close (West Smithfield). On 16 June an order for Milton’s arrest was issued, and on 13 August a proclamation ordering books by Milton to be called in for burning was published; on 27 August copies of his books were duly burnt by the public executioner at the Old Bailey. Milton’s life hung in the balance until 29 August, when the Act of Free and General Pardon, Indemnity and Oblivion was given the royal assent; Milton was not named as an exception to the general pardon, so he escaped the death penalty, while none the less remaining liable to arrest and assassination.
Structural Irrationality
Authors: Scanlon T M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many normative claims are substantive claims about reasons—claims, for example, about the reasons that a person in certain circumstances has to do or to believe something. But not all normative claims are substantive claims about reasons. In particular, some claims about what it would be irrational for someone to do are normative claims, but not claims about the reasons that person has. Here are some examples.
Introduction
Authors: Aarts Bas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eubulides of Megara’s celebrated Paradox of the Sorites (or Heap) brings to the fore the problems we face in setting up boundaries in the world around us: when can we call a collection of grains a heap? When we have one or ten or fifty? Is there a cut-off point such that a certain number of grains of sand form a heap, but n– grains do not? What about a man with three hairs; is he bald? What if he has one thousand hairs? And again, is there a point at which we can say ‘a man with n hairs is bald, but a man with n+1 hairs is not’? Similarly, if we line up the Mona Lisa in the Louvre with ninety-nine faithful copies that differ only minutely from each other, such that the original painting ML is virtually indistinguishable from ML+1, and ML+1 is virtually indistinguishable from ML 2 etc., can we then identify a particular painting in the line-up where we must say, ‘this painting bears no resemblance to the Mona Lisa’? Philosophers have often struggled with the problem of delimitation, and with the setting-up of boundaries.
Modelling Syntactic Gradience
Authors: Aarts Bas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters we have looked at two ways in which grammar can be said to display gradience. Form classes can be subsectively gradient in displaying intra-categorial prototype effects, such that we can speak of typical nouns, adjectives, and verbs, or they can be intersectively gradient in exhibiting convergence between categories. It is important to reiterate the point I made in Chapter 6 that the existence and extent of pervasiveness of Intersective Gradience are a function of the categories of the adopted framework: if it is claimed that there is gradience between two categories a and b, then it must first be established that a and b actually exist as word classes.
Collecting Rhythms: Typological Methods in Archaeology and Anthropology
Authors: Gosden Chris , Larson Frances , Petch Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All modern disciplines have ancestors, and Pitt Rivers and Tylor are regularly given ancestral status. Pitt Rivers is claimed by archaeologists; while Tylor, partly through the work of Stocking (1987, 1995), is seen as an anthropological ancestor. There is some sense in this—Pitt Rivers spent the last two decades of his life excavating sites on his family estates of Cranborne Chase in Dorset, pioneering archaeological techniques and bringing a degree of precision to fieldwork that would later become standard in archaeology (Bowden 1991). Tylor is remembered as a the ‘founding father’ of British anthropology because of his work on marriage systems, myth, religion, and the nature of ‘primitive’ thought, all mainstays of the later discipline. But there is a presentism contained in both these claims.
Material Anthropology: Generating Knowledge at the Pitt Rivers Museum
Authors: Gosden Chris , Larson Frances , Petch Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is knowledge? One view of knowledge is as a storehouse of information, residing in memory, including images, words, and representations, to be supplemented by experience and thinking. This set of mental images can be manipulated by the mind to reveal new aspects of the world which then set the pattern for new forms of action. Thought precedes action and helps to determine it. In long-held views in the west people are thinking beings first and foremost. But this is a rather static and disembodied view, emphasizing mental operations and relegating both the human body and the objects it engages with to secondary positions. Different views are possible. Consider the following scenario. You arrive in a city you once knew well, but which you have only visited rarely in recent years. You leave the train station and set off to walk to a destination some 20 minutes away. At the station you are not able to create a full and accurate mental map of your route, but as you walk you recognize landmarks you once knew well which prompt you to go down this street rather than that. Quite easily, you arrive at your destination.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Gosden Chris , Larson Frances , Petch Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edward Burnett Tylor’s brother, Alfred, published an article in 1877 on the possibility that objects might give rise to forms of thought. The article begins: ‘No writer has, I think, yet referred to the evidence that the sources of early thoughts and inventions have been principally derived from objects, and that some of the most valuable new thoughts also have an object-origin’ (A. Tylor 1877: 125). Tylor’s is a mixed bag of an article, with examples drawn from many times and places, designed to show that people’s ideas about the world derive from the experiences they have of their bodies acting within it. So, for example, abstract conceptions of number were derived from the practice of counting on the fingers.
Descartes on Thought
Authors: Cottingham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a famous passage in the Second Meditation Descartes asks, ‘What am I then? A thing that thinks. What is that? A thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, is willing, is unwilling, and also imagines and has sensory perceptions.’ On the face of it, the gloss Descartes offers on ‘a thing that thinks’ (res cogitans) is quite extraordinary. Doubting and understanding are evidently kinds of thinking. But it is far from obvious that affirming, denying and willing (affirmans, negans, volens) are to be classified in this way. And as for sentiens (which denotes ‘feeling’, ‘sensing’, ‘having sensory perceptions’), this is, in any normal sense, something entirely different from thinking. In this short discussion I want to look at the reasons behind Descartes’s startling employment of the term ‘thought’ (cogitatio, la pensée). I shall first reject some widely accepted accounts of it, and then propose an alternative solution.
Introduction: Redistricting in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Grofman Bernard , Handley Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Redistricting, also known as boundary delimitation, is the process by which lines on maps get drawn partitioning a territory into a set of discrete electoral constituencies from which one or more representatives are to be elected. Redistricting appears to be an esoteric topic. Most textbooks on American politics devote at most a handful of pages to it. Most textbooks on comparative politics do not mention it at all. Why a whole book, and why should anyone care? As to why an entire book on the topic: there is really a lot to say about boundary delimitation, especially in comparative perspective.
From Gerrymanders to Independence: District Boundary Readjustments in Canada
Authors: Courtney John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The beginnings of the present-day Canada can be traced to the Confederation agreement of 1867 reached by three British colonies in North America: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the Province of Canada (soon to become Ontario and Quebec). Out of this union was created a system of government fashioned on what is often now referred to as “the Westminster Model,” which is to say parliamentary in structure. It was composed of two houses of parliament, the elected House of Commons and the appointed Senate, and the Governor General who was the embodiment of the executive power and who was to serve as the Queen’s representative. In addition to being parliamentary, Canada was also created as a federal union. This combination of British parliamentarianism and a variant of American federalism
From Politics to Technicalities: Mexican Redistricting in Historical Perspective
Authors: Lujambio Alonso , Vives Horacio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of electoral boundary delimitation in Mexico is intimately tied to the evolution of the electoral system. The key factor in the emergence of the present redistricting process has been the decline in the hegemony of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the democratization process that took place from 1988 to 2000. Until these developments, redistricting was explained by the nature and features of a noncompetitive system controlled by a single, hegemonic party.
Some cognitive abilities of animals
Authors: Heine Bernd , Kuteva Tania 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the questions raised in the introduction to this book was: Can language genesis be related to the behavior of non-human animals? This question forms the main subject of the present chapter. There is also fairly wide agreement that apes and other non-human animals lack language and that the emergence of language was a hallmark in human evolution. In a number of works it has been argued that early language can be traced back to animal communication, but this view is not uncontroversial. The problem that we are confronted with in this chapter is not whether animals ‘ ‘ have language’ ‘ but rather whether they show cognitive and/or communicative abilities that are a requirement for developing something corresponding in any significant way to human language abilities.
Clause subordination
Authors: Heine Bernd , Kuteva Tania 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If there is one question that has excited students of language genesis and language evolution perhaps more than any others then it is the one that we listed in Chapter 1 as (1n), namely: How did the properties believed to be restricted to modern human languages arise, in particular syntax and the recursive use of language structures? We will deal with this question in more detail, devoting the present chapter to syntax (more precisely, morph syntax) and the next chapter to recursion.
Australian Literature, Race, and the Politics of Location
Authors: Huggan Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most popular Australian writers, both within and outside the country, is the turn-of-the-century bush poet, A. B. (‘Banjo’) Paterson. It’s worth comparing the endings of two of Paterson’s most famous ballads, ‘The Man from Snowy River’ and ‘Saltbush Bill’, for what they imply about the continuing history of Australian literature. In the first ballad, the legendary exploits of the eponymous horseman are passed down from generation to generation: ‘And where around the Overflow the reed-beds sweep and sway / To the breezes, and the rolling plains are wide, / The Man from Snowy River is a household word today, / And the stockmen tell the story of his ride’ (Paterson, in Heseltine 1972: 82). In the second, the drover Saltbush Bill, self-appointed King of the Overland, gets into a fight with his new chum rival, the English Jackaroo, and loses.
Revival
Authors: Faraone Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Hellenistic period poets often compose elegiac verse, not only in the popular miniaturist form known as ‘ epigram’ , but also in longer genres, such as hymns, epinicia, and historical narratives. They seem to do so, however, after a signiWcant hiatus in elegiac production in the middle of the fourth century, a hiatus that serves as a convenient caesura between the orally composed and improvised elegies of the archaic and classical periods and the written and selfconsciously literary poems of the Hellenistic period, which begin to appear in at the end of the fourth century, for example, the famous (lost) elegiac Hymn to Demeter by Philetas of Cos.
Instruments and Apparatus: Tools for Experimenting
Authors: Harré Rom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around 380 bc Aristotle took a clutch of fertilized eggs and by opening one every day for a month observed the daily stages in the development of the chick. Thus began the systematic study of embryology. Since then scientists have been using living beings as experimental apparatus in a vast array of studies in many different research Welds. Sometimes there was an inorganic alternative. A coil of wire hanging by a thread can detect electric Welds. So can a pair of frog’s legs, though by the standards of early researchers, the legs were an instrument of greater sensitivity. Sometimes it seems that only living beings will do. Evolution is an organic process.
Measuring: The Bodies of Kings, Fossils, Lichen, and Pollen Grains
Authors: Harré Rom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the most important pieces of equipment in the instrumentarium are devices which are used to measure various properties of material things and natural processes. Shape, size, weight and mass, speed of movement, the time a process takes to completion, temperature, and many other aspects of material things, substances, and systems need to be measured. There are two fundamental aspects to measurement: the fluxing of units so that standardized scales can be constructed, and the invention and construction of devices by means of which measurements can reliably be made. Living beings have been used in both roles. Until the past two centuries or so the official measures of length, area, and weight were related directly or indirectly to the shapes and sizes of organic beings.
Extending an Established Domain: Dogs, Horses, Frogs, and Trees
Authors: Harré Rom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientific research programmes have often been directed to a kind of exploration of a material system. The aim is to discover the structure of the system, its constituents, and the details of whatever processes occur in it. The long struggle to understand the system of the Sun and the planets began in antiquity and is still actively pursued today. Over the centuries new questions have arisen on the back of solutions to old ones, and new equipment and techniques have been invented and developed to answer them.
Exploring a New Domain: A Bald Mouse, Two Chimpanzees, and Some People
Authors: Harré Rom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometimes explorations are undertaken into domains of nature about which almost nothing is known. In this chapter we will look first at the apparently sci-W idea of creating artificial organs to replace any that have been damaged or diseased. This project was taken up by the Vacanti brothers in their attempt to create the cartilaginous structure of the outer part of an ear. The second of the exploratory experimental studies to be reported here was an attempt to bring up a chimpanzee capable of using meaningful signs in much the same way as human beings use words.
Modelling Worlds: Voles, Peas, Fruit Flies, Finches, and Deep Oceanic Worms
Authors: Harré Rom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter the models were narrowly focused on individual things and processes taken out of the world as a whole. In this chapter we will look at various models which attempt to represent the material basis of large-scale natural processes. The Oxford biologist John Clarke created two model mammalian worlds. In these miniature and enclosed worlds creatures lived out their lives in environments similar to those in which their feral cousins live. The great geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky created insect models that represented the whole organic universe.
Stick to What You Know Best
Authors: Finlayson Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is hard to imagine while strenuously walking in the heart of an equatorial rain forest, gasping for every breath in a stifling humid sauna, how people could have ever adapted to life under these conditions. It is not just the oppressive climate—the tall forest itself is dark, little light reaching the floor from the canopy, and you do not see any animals. It is a complete contrast to the herbivore-rich dry savannahs of tropical Africa. Yet there are many animals here, evident by the loud, continual noise of large cryptic insects and the constant threat of stepping on a deadly king cobra. This was my first impression of the rain forest in Borneo. I was in Borneo on a UNESCO mission to look at a cave in the heart of the rain forest. Each morning I would wake up within a patch of relatively open vegetation, a clearing that housed the headquarters of the Niah National Park, 31 square kilometres of lowland forest situated 16 kilometres from the coast. Here amidst large, colourful butterflies and hornbills I got a reprieve from the claustrophobia of the prison of buttressed giants that made up the forest beyond. There is something in our nature that seems to crave for open landscapes, distant views of the horizon, and patchworks of trees and open spaces. Where we have not had access to these we have created them.
One Small Step for Man . . .
Authors: Finlayson Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE kinds of rapid environmental changes that Neanderthals had been experiencing across Eurasia, on either side of the mid-latitude mountainous belt, since at least 50 thousand years ago also affected the newly arrived Ancestors. We saw in Chapter 6 how diﬃcult it was to distinguish the makers of the different technologies springing up here and there across this vast stretch of land; we were unable to confirm the presence of Ancestors anywhere north of these mountains before 36 thousand years ago. Even then there was some argument as to how ‘modern’ these people really were as they revealed features in their bodies that some anthropologists interpreted as indicating that they were mating freely with the Neanderthals. It is after 30 thousand years ago that we find a clear and unequivocal signal of the Ancestors across the plains of Europe and beyond. These people, descended from those that had entered the plains via Central Asia, were by then adept at making a living in an alien, treeless, landscape. They had managed to tear themselves away from the manacles that trees had imposed on all who had come before them and, indeed, on many others who were their contemporaries in other parts of the world. We could make a case for similar incursions away from woodland and savannah among other humans of common ancestry with these plains Eurasians, for example in Australia or parts of tropical Africa, but the divorce was most absolute and complete in the steppe–tundra of Eurasia.
The Pawn Turned Player
Authors: Finlayson Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the previous chapter we saw how people sought refuge from the Ice Age in the south of Europe. They were descendants of the Gravettian people that had spread right across the Eurasian steppe– tundra at a time when increasingly cold and dry conditions were opening up many areas formerly taken up by woodland. The genetic mutations that allowed us to trace the spread of these people from Central Asia also show that an offshoot of these people penetrated southwards across the great mountain ranges of the Caucasus, Zagros, and Hindu Kush into India and western Asia, including the Middle East, some time around 30 thousand years ago. These people who settled south of the mid-latitude belt of mountains had a common heritage with those of the steppe–tundra to the north of these ranges. In the Middle East they may have met the descendants of the early pioneers that had made tentative incursions into Europe but by this time the Neanderthals were long gone. The Middle East between 30 thousand years ago and the height of the Ice Age around 22 thousand years ago was a junction between peoples from different regions, although the picture provided by the archaeology is far from clear. The people who had been making the Aurignacian in Europe appear to have entered the region too around this time but we cannot be certain who they were or what they looked like; and then there may have been others who had been living there since the early incursions from the expansion that led people to Australia.
Introduction
Authors: Erskine Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I sing of arms and of the man, fated to be an exile1 who long since left the land of Troy and came to Italy to the shores of Lavinium; and a great pounding he took by land and sea at the hands of the heavenly gods because of the fierce and unforgetting anger of Juno. Great too were his sufferings in war before he could found his city and carry his gods into Latiurn. This was the beginning of the Latin race, the Alban fathers and the high walls of Rome.
The Persian Wars and the Denigration of the Trojans
Authors: Erskine Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Euripides’ Andromache Hermione, the wife of Neoptolemos, delivers an angry tirade against her Trojan rival:
There is no Hektor here, nor Priam with his gold, but instead it is a Greek city. Yet you have reached such a depth of ignorance, you wretched woman, that you can bear to sleep with the son of the man who killed your husband and to have children by the murderers of your kin. The whole barbarian race is like that. Fathers have sex with daughters, sons with mothers, sisters with brothers, the nearest and dearest murder each other, and law prevents none of this. Do not introduce such things here.