bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“New Negro” Radicalism
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
World War I shifted Afro-Americans from southern farms to northern cities, Africans from villages to European battlefields, blacks from the West Indies to New York, London, and Paris. The idealism of the war-democracy for all, self-determination, etc. along with the revolution in Russia raised expectations of blacks throughout the world. “New Negro” radicalism was an American expression of that new consciousness. A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen began the publication of The Messenger, “the only radical Negro magazine,” in 1917. W. E. B. DuBois had been editor of the NAACP’s Crisis since its birth in 1910. Along with other Harlem radicals, these men considered themselves Marxists who were calling for a radical transformation of the American economic and social order so as to make a fair world for black men and women. It was out of such radicalism that the “New Negro” was defined. The assertion was far-reaching: demands for new social order, demands that blacks fight back against terror and violence, demands that blacks reconsider their notions of beauty, demands that Africa be freed from the bonds of imperialism. Only a small selection of this journalism can be included here to give a sense of its flavor and quality.
Monuments: Idols Of The Emperor
Authors: Matsuda Matt K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A strangled cry breaks the frightening silence which hangs over the crowd. The column shakes. All eyes are fixed on the colossus atop the huge cylinder of bronze and granite as the metal cracks. Oscillating its full length for an instant, the column crashes down. A muffled impact of shattering metal mixes with the breaking of brush and clouds of dust rise in the air. At that instant an immense clamor breaks out from the crowd, and cries ring out, “Vive la Republique! Vive la Commune!” The debris rains down on a site of mathematical elegance, a vast octagon, paved in stone. The architecture of the “Grand Siecle” is borne majestically around the perimeter of the octagon; the Roman arcades of the ground floor are crowned by Mansart’s roofs, framed by silent windows and Corinthian columns. The space is an area stunning in the grandeur of its horizontal expanse, lines of sight unbroken except for one feature: in the exact center of the octagon, a massive pedestal and, for more than half a century, a huge column, forty-three and a half meters high, bronze and granite; at the summit, a statue of the Emperor.
Words: The Grammar Of History
Authors: Matsuda Matt K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the world of accelerated numbers in the last chapter, I turn to the universe of words. My discussion talces me momentarily back to the events at the Place Vendome in search of what I shall soon problematically call an “image” of memory. With the destruction of the Vendome Column, a notable disagreement took place between two of the radical papers the next day. La Commune floridly endorsed the action, condemning “this monument which, in a word, was raised with nothing but French cadavers.” This in itself was predictable, yet the report continued with a commentary on a suggestion by Le Mot d)ordre that L’Histoire du consulat et de Pempire by Adolphe Thiers should be talcen to the debris and burned at the base of the column. The burning of the highly regarded history of the Napoleonic regimes by the chief of the Versailles government would have seemed perfectly justified-after all, the Communards had no problem about razing Thiers’ home in Paris.
Bodies: The Third Convolution
Authors: Matsuda Matt K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two days before Christmas, 1877, Madame H. was admitted to the medical clinic in Yonne. Eighteen months before, she had been stricken by attacks of apoplexy and aphasia. At the end of a year, the paralytic episodes had partially subsided, though without any improvement in her aphasic condition. Her specialist, one Dr. Rousseau, noted that she remained completely lucid and took care of all her own affairs, but that when she went out, she needed to be accompanied by someone “to serve her as an interpreter.” Rousseau’s clinical reports, circulated under the title Observation et autopsie d’une aphasique (1882), went on to trace the gradual mental, emotional, and physical decline of a woman afflicted with what would ultimately prove a “destructive lesion” on her brain. After periods of intermittent melancholy, weeping, hallucinations, and agitation, Madame H. fell into a perpetual sadness. The doctor reported: “Her vocabulary is composed of only a few words; in writing she can only sign her name no matter what phrase is dictated to her; her dumb show is vivid and expressive; she reads her prayer book continually, without us being able to say whether or not she truly understands the texts before her eyes. The clinical descriptions describe well Madame H. ‘s particular malady: aphasia. Between the interpreter who accompanied her, the loss of vocabulary, the terrifying limitation in writing to her own name, what Rousseau traced in the degeneration of his patient was a strange and complex disorder whose symptoms could nonetheless be simply described: a gradual isolation from language.
Spectacles: Machineries of Magic
Authors: Matsuda Matt K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One day by chance, journalist Michel Georges-Michel found himself at the cinema with the world’s most famous living philosopher, Henri Bergson. “It is thus one day that we found ourselves in a movie theater where he spoke to me of these spectacles which have such a large role in modern life: ‘The philosopher should be interested in everything,’ he said, ‘in everything which influences the masses as well as everything which touches the elite.’ “ Sharing what he has learned from the cinema, Bergson evoked the racecourse images of the Romantic painter Gericault, famous for incorrectly rendering horses’ legs fully extended while running. “The cinema taught me that the vision of Gericault was the exact apparent vision ... and from that you can imagine what a philosopher could deduce about the apparent exactitude and the exactitude reele.” Invited to the philosopher’s garden at Clermont, Georges- Michel takes in the afternoon sun while Bergson tends his roses.
A Short History and Some Clinical Aspects
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Essential hypertension (EH) was recognized as a specific disorder a little more than 100 years ago, not long after accurate methods for measuring
blood pressure (BP) were first developed. Tests for distinguishing EH from the various types of secondary hypertension are even more recent. The clinical definition of hypertension as distinct from normotension is arbitrary and is based on epidemiological analysis of cardiovascular risk. Effective antihypertensive drug treatment reduces this risk.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a primary respiratory disorder, to which obese persons are more susceptible than those who are lean. It gives rise to nocturnal hypertension and, in a proportion of subjects, also to daytime hypertension. In this chapter, some of the features of OSA and its clinical physiology are considered briefly, followed by a discussion of the mechanisms that contribute to the autonomic cardiovascular changes. The responses have features of the diving response of marine mammals and to arterial hypoxia of some terrestrial species. Both conserve O2 and represent distinctive variants of the defense response from the “ready-for-action” variants of exercise and mental stress. The daytime rise in BP depends on repeated nocturnal arousals with unpleasant associations, not unlike the response to mental stress. However, the rise in BP is smaller than in stress-related EH, and the synaptic strengthening also appears to be of a different kind. Moreover, the diurnal elevation of BP affects both lean and obese people, whose BP may be normal or raised.
Two Syndromes of Essential Hypertension
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The key to better understanding of the pathogenesis of EH has been to take a less introspective position on how the ANS regulates the circulation, by reassessing how it responds to the world around us. Accordingly, the chapter begins with a brief review of the variants of the defense response and sensitization of the defense pathway that initiates EH.
The Historical and Moral-Philosophical Dimensions of the Feminine
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte , Selwyn Pamela E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The texts dealt with up until now have viewed female nature as an ahistorical entity. The relegation of woman to the realm of sensation, in contrast to man’s rational orientation, was justified by means of arguments from sensory physiology and epistemology. The centuries-old “metaphysics of gender” in its specifically eighteenth-century version has been thrown into relief against the background of the shift in epistemological paradigm.
The Female Reduced to Natural Instinct
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte , Selwyn Pamela E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While Rousseau scarcely presented the history of female nature explicitly, his successors attempted to distinguish the male and female components of the non-gender-specific construction homme nature. In the 1780s Choderlos de Laclos wrote three essays that were collected under the title of the second, Des femmes et de leur éducation (On Women and Their Education).
Democracy in Other Parts of the World
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The democratic form of government exists today, or has been tried, in every comer of the world. In some parts, it has been planted only recently, and perhaps in infertile soil, and so it is not very surprising that it has not taken firm root. We shall, therefore, not canvas every country that has now, or has had in the past, democratic institutions. Instead, we shall briefly survey problem and constitutional issues as they arise in different parts of the world, beginning with Europe where democratic institutions have in most countries taken firm root.
The Constitutional Premise
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A constitution can be thought of as the set of rules that define a community ‘s political institutions. By this definition all communities, even dictatorships, have a constitution. In many cases history delineates the boundaries of the community and writes the provisions in its constitution. Great Britain is a collection of disparate peoples formed into a political community by a history of wars both among themselves and against common enemies. Its constitution, like the political community it defines, has evolved through a series of steps large and small over the course of centuries.
Why Have Government?
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rousseau like Thomas Hobbes before him reasoned that government emerged to control the clash of interests that existed in anarchy and to satisfy the common interests of the community. The contractarians ‘ depiction of anarchy as a clash of interests resembles the economist ‘s description of the clash of interests that occurs when individuals meet and compete for scarce resources in the marketplace. When analyzing this competitive struggle, economists generally assume that individuals act rationally to advance their well-defined interests. This behavioral postulate underlies the study of politics in the branch of economics called “public choice,” and is increasingly assumed in more formal work in political science and sociology. It is the assumption about human behavior that we shall adopt throughout this book.
Representative Democracy: Proportional Representation
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the first place, it secures a representation, in proportion to numbers, of every division of the electoral body-not two great parties alone, with perhaps a few large sectional minorities in particular places, but every minority in the whole nation, consisting of a sufficiently large number to be, on principles of equal justice, entitled to a representative. Secondly, no elector would, as at present, be nominally represented by someone whom he had not chosen. Every member of the House would be the representative of a unanimous constituency. He would represent a thousand electors, or two thousand, or five thou sand, or ten thousand, as the quota might be, every one of whom would have not only voted for him, but selected him from the whole country, not merely from the assortment of two or three perhaps rotten oranges which may be the only choice offered to him in his local market.
The Two Systems of Representation Compared
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of all modes in which a national representation can possibly be constituted, this one [Hare ‘s proportional representation] affords the best security for the intellectual qualifications desirable in the representatives. At present, by universal admission, it is becoming more and more difficult for anyone who has only talents and character to gain admission into the House of Commons. The only persons who can get elected are those who possess local influence or make their way by lavish expenditure, or who, on the invitation of three or four tradesmen or attorneys, are sent down by one of the two great parties from their London clubs as men whose votes the party can depend on under all circumstances. On Mr. Hare ‘s system, those who did not like the local candidates, or who could not succeed in carrying the local candidate they preferred, would have the power to fill up their voting papers by a selection from all the persons of national reputation, on the list of candidates, with whose general political principles they were in sympathy.
The Market and the State
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of if not the most prominent difference between capitalist-market economies and socialist economies is generally thought to lie in the extent to which property rights exist in a capitalist society and the incentives they provide for exchange and investment. When communism collapsed in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, Western economists were quick to stress the need to establish property rights.
The potential gains from a system of property rights are easy to see. Imagine a village located near an apple orchard. No one owns the orchard, and the villagers help themselves to its apples in the fall. Each villager tries to pick only the largest, juiciest apples. Each picks as fast as possible to get the most of the best. Many apples are wasted.
The Executive Branch
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There exist two fundamentally different views regarding the function of the executive in a republican form of government. One sees the executive as agent of the legislature, the administrators who expeditiously carry out the policies enacted by the legislature. The other sees the executive as a balance to the legislature, a separate location of legitimate authority that acts as a check on the legislature. In their extreme form these two views of the proper role of the executive are diametrically opposed. The U.S. Constitution is generally cited as the embodiment of the checks and balance view, although a good argument can be made that the original intent of the Founding Fathers in defining the executive branch was to promote the efficient execution of the work of the Congress (Fisher, 1972, pp. 15-16, 26). We begin by developing the efficiency view of the executive, and take up the checks and balances rationale later in the chapter.
The Judiciary
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We think of a constitution as a contract joined by all citizens of a country to advance their common interests. Like all contracts the constitution may be vulnerable to the opportunistic behavior of the parties to it. Institutions are needed to enforce the constitutional contract and to arbitrate disputes among the citizens over its content. To advance the common interests of the citizens, institutions must be established to reveal what the common interests are, and to carry out the actions required to advance them-a legislature and an executive. But in so doing the citizens create agents, who will seek to advance their own interests; thus the citizens create the Sorcerer ‘s apprentice problem. A second possible role for the judiciary is as agent of the citizens to protect them from the actions of their agents in the other two “more dangerous” branches.
Female Virtue and Public Order
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two generations after the American Revolution, French aristocrat Alexis de Tocqueville set out to explain American democracy to Europeans as they struggled through their own revolutionary times. In Democracy in America, Tocqueville wrote the definitive :111alysis of democratic society and government at the very moment when such new societies were being founded throughout the West, framing an account of the workings of democratic life that has lasted to the present day.
The Origins of Libertinism
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The gap between those who came of age in the 1890s and those who were young adults in the 1920s is as great as that between any two other generations in the nation’s history. On one side stand the last children of the Victorian world; on the other the first inhabitants of a new regime that became the basis of contemporary sexual culture. During this stretch of years all of the forces that make up a sexual paradigm-social behaviors, intellectual understandings, and legal rules-changed or moved toward change. Sexual behavior changed first and probably most. Immigration, industrialization, urbanization, and consumer culture created a new world of sexual possibilities. Sex became a means of self-expression crucial to personal identity. But theory also was in play. From the publication ofDarwin’s key works in 1859 and 1871, to the new models of human sexuality put forward by British psychologist Havelock Ellis and Austrian physician Sigmund Freud at the turn of the century, the rationalist ideals of nineteenth-century sex reform mutated into the biologically determined demands of a primal sex drive.
Hard Bargains
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1879 Mabel Loomis Todd wrote in her diary: The night brought us very near to each other. The physical effect of our close communion was unlike anything I ever experienced-it was enjoyment, and yet it was hard for me to feel the same kind of intensity as before-it was a thrilling sort of breathlessness-but at last it came-the same beautiful climax offeeling I know so well.
Virginia Woolf The Book Unbound
Authors: Whittier-Ferguson John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As we turn to Virginia Woolf and her work during the last decade of her life, we might begin by considering her on an April day in 1937. She sits in a room with three earnest young men-Julian Bell, Kingsley Martin, and Stephen Spender-as they conduct “[a] long close political argument:’ Sometimes all speak together: “[W]e discussed hand grenades, bombs, tanks, as if we were military gents in the war again?’ But Woolf remains generally silent, hearing the points for and against pacifism, listening while the men debate the merits of joining the fight in Spain: “I sat there splitting off my own position from theirs, testing what they said, convincing myself of my own integrity & justice?’ And as she weighs their words against her conviction that the entire conversation is importantly, destructively misguided, she feels compelled to resume work on her current project: “I felt flame up in me 3 Gs?’ (VW, Diary, 5:79-80). In Three Guineas, as in almost everything she wrote during this decade, Woolf will ponder the dynamics affecting this argument and dozens like it, wondering how to avoid the familiarly unproductive taking of sides, the fruitless marshaling of rhetorical forces to predestined, brutal ends, the exchanges in which all become “military gents in the war again?’That last terrible adverb, “again”carrying freight similar to that in Finnegans Wake, when “but again budly shoots thon rising germinal”-marks the pattern Woolf hopes to mar.
Ezra Pound Final Primers
Authors: Whittier-Ferguson John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Virginia Woolf, Diary, 2 October 1935 Ezra Pound, determined that his art receive undivided attention, that his readers not wander from his poem to its margins and then to a space entirely off the page, repeatedly pronounces against all forms of annotation. As early as 1911, in the second part of “I Gather the Limbs of Osiris;’ he insists that “the artist seeks out the luminous detail and presents it. He does not comment” (SP, 23).1 He turns unwillingly in that essay from quotation to his task of exposition: ‘‘As an artist I dislike writing prose. Writing prose is an art, but it is not my art” (SP, 23). Twenty-two years later he promises in the introduction to his Active Anthology (1933) to surround his selections with minimal frames: “The proportion between discussion and the exhibits the discusser dares show his reader is possibly a good, and probably a necessary, test of his purpose. In a matter of degree, I am for say 80 per cent exhibit and 20 per cent yatter” (SP, 396). When it comes to his Cantos, he responds angrily to James Laughlin’s suggestion that readers might welcome a preface: “Cantos 52/71 can NOT have a preface in the book. Cover gives ample space for blurb. The new set is not incomprehensible.
Effects of Therapy on the Bone Marrow
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The bone marrow is one of the organs most sensitive to injury by ionizing radiation. Whole-body irradiation to a dose of 400 cGy results in death of approximately 50% of those exposed as a result of an acute radiation syndrome characterized by marrow hypoplasia. Whole-body irradiation to a dose of 1,000 cGy results in irreversible marrow hypoplasia and is lethal without bone marrow transplantation. Fractionated radiation to localized sites is much better tolerated and doses in the range of 5,000 cGy are routinely employed in the therapy of malignant neoplasms. Localized irradiation results in prolonged hypoplasia of the affected marrow (Sykes et al, 1964). In patients receiving pelvic irradiation for Hodgkin’s disease, for example, the posterior iliac crest marrow may remain hypoplastic for a year or more. Radiation to localized sites may result in reduction of circulating blood elements due to irradiation of circulating stem cells as well as reduction in marrow reserve. Radiation to the marrow is associated with a wellestablished increased risk of acute leukemia (Bizzozero et al, 1966). Following therapeutic irradiation for Hodgkin’s disease, risk factors for the development of acute leukemia include extensive radiation fields and concomitant chemotherapy, particularly with alkylating agents (Andrieu et al, 1990).