bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The European Court’s Political Power
Authors: Alter Karen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Karen Alter's work on the European Court of Justice heralded a new level of sophistication in the political analysis of the controversial institution, through its combination of legal understanding and active engagement with theoretical questions. The European Court's Political Power assembles the most important of Alter's articles written over a fourteen year span, adding an original new introduction and conclusion taking an overview of the Court's development and current concerns. Together the articles provide insight into the historical and political contours of the ECJ's influence on European politics, explaining how and why the same institution can have such a varying impact across time and issue area. The book starts with the European Coal and Steel Community, where the ECJ was largely unable to facilitate greater member state respect for ECSC rules. Alter then shows how legal actors orchestrated an activist transformation of the European legal system-with the critical aid of jurist advocacy movements, and via the co-optation national courts. The transformation of the European legal system wrested from member states control over the meaning of European law, but the ECJ continues to have differential influence across issue area. Alter explains that different influence of the ECJ comes from the varied extent to which sub and supra-national actors turn to the ECJ to achieve political objectives. Looking beyond the European experience, the book includes four chapters that put the ECJ into a comparative perspective, examining the extent to which the ECJ experience is unique, or a harbinger of the future role international courts may play in international and comparative politics.
The European Court’s Political Power: The Emergence of an Authoritative International Court in the European Union (1996)
Authors: Alter Karen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International law and international courts have always been weak. While many aspects of international law may be respected, when controversy emerges national governments often interpret international agreements as they see fit, prioritize national goals over international obligations, and violate international law. National practices within the European Union stand in sharp contrast here. Member states cannot ‘interpret’ their way out of compliance with European Community law, governments which do not comply with European law are brought in front of the European Court of Justice, and European Court decisions are usually respected. Even the threat of bringing a case to the European Court can be enough to influence national governments to back down on important national issues, and to give way to the authority of European law.
Judicial Politics in the European Community: European Integration and the Pathbreaking Cassis de Dijon Decision (1994)
Authors: Alter Karen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it is indisputable that the ECJ has issued many far-reaching decisions, there is disagreement regarding the impact of these decisions on the policy-making process of the EC. Many legal scholars portray the Court as a hero who has greatly advanced the cause of integration by intervening when the political process is stalled and no political consensus can be reached (for examples, see Lenaerts 1988: 19; Louis 1990: 48). This intervention takes the form of judicial decisions that make law that transcends current policy. These judicial decisions are seen as setting the context of political integration by altering member state preferences through the creation of de facto policies, which themselves serve as constraints on the actions of member states (Weiler 1981, 1991).
Bargaining Between Retailers and Their Suppliers
Authors: Smith Howard , Thanassoulis* John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A branded good is supplied by a single firm. A private label good can be supplied by many. So competition is more extreme and conditions more uncertain for private label suppliers. This chapter investigates the economic consequences of these differences. We outline a bargaining theory framework which helps one to understand why profits accrue where they do in supply chains. We focus on the buyer power of large retailers and its impact on the investment incentives of suppliers. The analysis applies to the retail sector generally and to supermarkets in particular.
Misleading Packaging, Copycats, and Look-Alikes: An Unfair Commercial Practice?
Authors: Bernitz* Ulf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Private brands, i.e. retailers own-label products, play a particularly great role in the UK grocery trade and constitute a widespread practice in Western Europe. Private brands are sometimes strong brands in their own right having distinct and well-known features and not likely to cause confusion with other brands in the market, such as leading brands of the manufacturers. However, the realities are often different. It is the practice of many retailers, partially including major retail chains, to market private labels carrying trade symbols and packaging which bear strong resemblance to those used for well-known branded products, often leading brands. The private labels might be of inferior quality, although this does not have to be the case, and are normally sold at a lower price. The practice is by no means special for the UK but well known also in other EU countries and to a certain extent also in the US.
Advertising, Promotional Campaigns, and Private Labels
Authors: Ezrachi* Ariel , Reynolds** Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent decades retailers have become significant economic and social actors within the value chain in most developed economies. In conjunction with this development, advertising and promotion of retailers as brands, and of retailers’ private label brands, has taken on greater importance and sophistication. These campaigns now run alongside the promotional efforts of supplier firms. For example, the combined advertising expenditure by the top 50 UK retailers in the last three months of 2006 was £530 million, a 41 per cent rise since the same period in 2003.
Banking and Insurance Law
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we address two distinct but not unrelated branches of commercial activity: banking and insurance. The growth of private banks in the late Soviet era and in the Russian Federation astounded observers who believed that such bastions of capitalism would be slow to emerge in the transition to a market economy. In fact it was easier for Soviet investors to create a bank than it was to create a joint enterprise with foreign investments. On 1 March 1994 there were 2,075 banks registered in the Russian Federation, of which 65 per cent were share banks in the form of a limited or additional responsibility society and 35 per cent were created in the form of a joint-stock society. During 1995 and 1996 the Central Bank encouraged share banks to transform themselves into joint-stock societies, and the great majority now enjoy that status.
Taxation
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the transition to a market economy taxation has come to assume a more central role in ordering Russian economic life, including Russian citizens and foreigners. There continues to be difficulty in applying Western concepts of taxation to the Russian system, for there continues to exist a mixed economy containing treasury enterprises in which the State is the owner of the instruments and means of production, State corporations in which the State plays a pre- eminent management role, open joint-stock societies in which the State is the sole or principal stockholder, and purely private enterprises in which there is no State involvement.
Labour Law
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The demise of socialism in Russia has restored labour law to a normal stature within the legal system, although reforms in labour law have not been fully reflective of the requirements of a market economy. Early Soviet legislation dealt piecemeal with labour conditions and social insurance. An eight-hour work day was established and the following year an annual two-week holiday, pensions were increased, unemployment, disability, and sickness insurance introduced, and labour inspectorates reorganized. On or about 9 December 1918 the RSFSR Code of Laws on Labour was adopted.1 The Code superseded all antecedent legislation and contracts contrary to its provisions and extended to all persons who worked for remuneration and to enterprises in both the socialized and private sectors.
Commonwealth of Independent States
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Soviet Union was dissolved on or about 25 December 1991 when the original surviving founders formally denounced the Treaty of the Union of 30 December 1922 which had brought the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics into being.1 The remaining members of the USSR associated themselves with this decision later in the same month. Simultaneously with the dissolution of the Union, the twelve Independent States (excluding the Baltic States) with varying degrees of enthusiasm and reluctance brought into being the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as the principal vehicle to coordinate their future relations.2 In the eyes of some the CIS might become the means by which the former Soviet Union could be restored; others viewed the CIS as a means by which the Independent States may collaborate or consult when that is in their interests and pursue harmonized policies when they prefer to do so.
Resource Materials on Russian Law
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter contains a bibliography of the principal official publications of the Russian Federation and subjects of the Federation, together with references to secondary sources that develop observations or provide documentation relating to the main text in addition to items cited in the footnotes. The references to secondary sources are confinedchiefly to those in the English language and to those relating to the Russian Federation since independence in 1991. Unless otherwise indicated, the place of publication is Moscow. For the Soviet period, see Chapter 21 in W E Butler, Soviet Law (London: Butterworths, 2nd edn, 1988).1 My own publications, including the more than 2,500 translations of Soviet, Russian, and other legislation and treaties, are recorded in International and Comparative Law: A Bibliography with Annotations and Notes of the Published Writings and Reports of William E. Butler (London: Wildy, Simmonds & Hill, 2005).
Giving up smoking
Authors: Currie Graeme P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes a range of chronic diseases and cancers. Smoking is by far the most important cause of COPD. Primary prevention of COPD involves preventing individuals from starting to smoke in the first place. Smoking cessation is vital in the successful management of COPD. Willpower and determination are required to stop smoking; you usually need to feel that the time is right for you to stop. Smoking cessation aids include counselling, nicotine replacement therapy, and some specific drugs (the most common ones being Zyban/bupropion and Champix/varenicline).
Introduction: Post-conflict Peacebuilding–Ambiguity and Identity
Authors: Chetail Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the term ‘peacebuilding’ appeared as early as the 16th century, the theme of peacebuilding did not become a subject of study in its own right until the 1960s and 1970s within the framework of peace research. Its conceptual origins lie in the distinction between ‘positive peace’ and ‘negative peace’ developed by the Norwegian sociologist and researcher Johan Galtung. Whereas negative peace is defined as the ‘absence of direct and organised violence between human groups or nations’, the notion of positive peace is part of a longer term conception according to which establishing a sustainable peace is made possible through cooperation between these groups or nations and the eradication of the root causes of the conflict (Galtung, 1975: 29). To this end, Galtung’s ‘triangle of violence’ identifies three types of violence: direct violence, cultural violence, and structural violence.
Civil-military Interface
Authors: Tardy Thierry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the context of post-conflict crisis management, the ‘civil-military interface’ describes the relationship between military and civilian actors who are involved in peace operations. Such relations are not new: the military has always interacted, in one way or another, with civilians. At the beginning of the 20th century, European armed forces fulfilled humanitarian or social functions in their colonies and were already confronted with certain issues related to the civil-military interface. In different contexts, the counter-insurgency strategies implemented in Indochina or in Vietnam were aimed at winning over the local populations to the cause of the occupying military forces.
Democratic Governance
Authors: Mani Rama , Krause Jana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of democratic governance appears ubiquitous today but it first appeared in peacebuilding terminology only as far back as the 1990s. It represents the melding of one of the oldest concepts in politics-democracy-with the more recent concept of governance, which, although coined in the 16th century, entered international discourse only in the 1980s. Today, this combined concept of ‘democratic governance’ has become central to the practice of post-conflict peacebuilding, due to the particular context and exigencies of societies emerging from violent conflict, usually accompanied by dysfunctional or unrepresentative government and a history of political repression.
Security Sector Reform
Authors: Hanggi Heiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Security sector reform (SSR)-or ‘security system reform’ as It 1s sometimes referred to by developmental actors-is a relatively new concept essentially aimed at the effective and efficient provision of state and human security within a framework of democratic governance. It is driven by the understanding that an ineffective, inefficient, and poorly governed security sector represents a decisive obstacle to sustainable development, democratization, conflict prevention, and post-conflict peacebuilding. The need for comprehensive reform of the security sector had been identified earlier, but it was speeches by the United Kingdom (UK) Secretary of State for International Development, Clare Short, and policy statements by the newly created UK Department for International Development (DFID), in the late 1990s, that made SSR prominent as a term. Since then, the concept has received growing support among actors in such diverse fields as development assistance, democracy promotion, conflict prevention, and post-conflict peacebuilding.
Constructing Case Studies and Comparisons
Authors: Hancké Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Take a random sample of beginning graduate students in political science and ask them how they envision their research. With the exception of a few universities in the world that are famous for their emphasis on quantitative methods, chances are that many of them will say they are thinking of case studies or some form of a two, three, or four case comparison. Ask them why, and the answer is very often that they know at least one of the cases already, have worked on it for their master’s degree, and speak the language (the first and the last combined are usually thinly veiled code for ‘I come from there’). So the Greek students study Greece, the French study France, the Portuguese Portugal, and very often the United Kingdom or Ireland show up as comparative cases, since—indeed—they speak the language and therefore assume that it cannot be all that hard to acquire the necessary information to make the comparison work. These students find out reasonably quickly that shoehorning the cases into an argument or twisting the theory to make it Wt the cases is not all that easy. Speaking the language and having some superficial knowledge of a place may be necessary but certainly not sufficient conditions for doing research on that country or region. Despite the obvious mismatch between the question and the cases at hand, the fixed costs are too high to let go of that particular set-up—the work these researchers have invested in the cases is now working against them—and it often takes more than a year to turn the initial research into something more solid and (sometimes) interesting beyond a small circle of aficionados.
For the Road
Authors: Hancké Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here we are, then. Like you, I am sure, I am happy to have reached the final chapter. You should now have a reasonably good idea of the philosophical foundations of the social sciences, developed a sophisticated understanding of research design, you can critically think about data and cases, and if all goes well, you even have a decent understanding of how to write it all up and tell others about it. I think of this last chapter in the same way as a father who sees his son or daughter off to college: sorry to see them go, but aware that they have to walk on their own now. I am not sure if this is still a tradition the world over, but those were usually the moments when Dad or Mum had a last conversation with the kid who still (just about) lived at home—which then often turned into the first conversation between two adults. This chapter aims to do the same. Rather than summarizing what came before, I want to tie it all together in one collection of points that, I hope, will help you close this book and get down to writing your own.
Grammar Overview
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an outline of recurrent grammatical structures found in human languages. There are a number of fairly rare structural types which are not mentioned, in order to keep the chapter—and book—of manageable size. They are all special variations in the basic template presented here. About two—thirds of the topics briefly considered in this chapter are accorded more detailed description in Volumes 2 and 3.
Outcomes of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lip Treated With Mohs Micrographic Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Nadir Umer , Le Kim , Shi Kevin , Srivastava Divya , Nijhawan Rajiv I. 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) of the lip have been reported to be at higher risk for poorer post-treatment outcomes.

OBJECTIVE
To examine outcomes of patients with SCC of the lip treated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) and identify factors for recurrence.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospective review of a single tertiary referral center's Mohs case logs from 2010 to 2019 identified cases of lip SCC. Clinicopathologic characteristics and outcomes (local recurrence [LR], metastasis, and disease-specific death) were reviewed.

RESULTS
One hundred ninety cases of SCC of the lip were identified and demonstrated that MMS offered a disease-free survival of 96.8% over an average follow-up period of 42 months. Younger age (61 vs 74 years p = .006), increased MMS stages (p = .009), and higher American Joint Committee on Cancer and Brigham and Women's Hospital T stages were risk factors for LR. Immunosuppression, large tumor size, mucosal lip involvement, aggressive histology, and perineural invasion were not associated with LR.

CONCLUSION
The results of this study show that SCC of the lip behaved similarly to cSCC outside the lip area, and that both primary and recurrent lesions can be treated effectively with MMS.
Assessment of Pain, Healing Time, and Postoperative Complications in the Healing of Auricular Defects After Secondary Intent Healing Versus Split Thickness Skin Graft Placement
Authors: Bovenberg Maria Sarah , Williams Paige E. , Goldberg Leonard H. 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUNDReconstruction of auricular defects after Mohs surgery is challenging given the prominence of the ear and its complex 3-dimensional architecture.OBJECTIVEEvaluation of postoperative pain, healing time, and postoperative complications of auricular defects after split-thickness skin graft (STSG) placement versus secondary intent healing (SIH).MATERIALS AND METHODSDuring this prospective, observational study, 30 patients recorded their daily maximum postoperative pain using the numeric pain rating scale from postoperative days 0 to 8. Surgical site healing was assessed at postoperative day 8 and 30. All postoperative complications were collected during the 30-day follow-up window.RESULTSPatients undergoing STSG experienced significantly more pain during the first 3 postoperative days than patients in the SIH group. Maximum pain was experienced on the night of surgery, with a mean pain score of 3.6 in the STSG groups versus 0.8 in the SIH group. Healing was significantly faster in the STSG group, with 87% of patients fully healed at 1 week versus 21% in the SIH group. No major complications were experienced in either group.CONCLUSIONSplit-thickness skin graft and SIH healing are well tolerated and provide excellent repair choices for auricular defects.
Evaluating Predictors of Patient Satisfaction With Facial Appearance After Mohs Micrographic Surgery Using the FACE-Q
Authors: Lau William C. , Moore Kevin , Waldman Abigail 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND
Although patient satisfaction with reconstructive outcomes after facial skin cancer resection is an important consideration in Mohs surgery, there is limited information evaluating this concern using validated patient-reported outcome tools.

OBJECTIVE
To characterize predictors that may be associated with increased postoperative patient satisfaction with facial appearance after Mohs surgery using the FACE-Q/Skin Cancer survey, a patient-reported outcome tool that has been validated in various studies.

METHODS
A total of 202 patients who underwent Mohs surgery for facial skin cancer at the Brigham and Women's Faulkner Hospital between April 2017 and November 2021 were included after completing the postoperative Satisfaction with Facial Appearance scale (FACE-Q scale).

RESULTS
Male patients were significantly more likely to have higher satisfaction scores compared with female patients (aOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1–5.1). Increased preoperative facial satisfaction scores was directly correlated with increased postoperative facial satisfaction scores (p < .01). Patients with tumors on the lower face/neck (aOR 3.88; 95% CI 1.4–10.7) had significantly greater satisfaction scores compared with those with tumors on their nose/nasolabial folds.

CONCLUSION
Potential interventions and counseling methods can be tailored toward specific patient populations with lower satisfaction scores to increase their overall satisfaction with reconstructive outcomes.