bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Optics
Authors: Akhmanov S A , Nikitin S YU 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on a course offered at Moscow State University, this text comprehensively presents the fundamentals of modern physical optics. The concepts of classical and quantum radiation theories, nonlinear physics, statistics, and Fourier transformations are shown to form the bedrock of modern optics and optical physics. Subjects include lasers, nonlinear optics, optical spectroscopy, and optical fields. The material is much more topical than that in conventional textbooks, and it provides a picture of physical optics as an expert would see it, but in a form accessible to a student.
The interference of light
Authors: Akhmanov S A , Nikitin S YU 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interference phenomena in optics. Young’s experiment. The Michelson interferometer. The interference of monochromatic waves. The interference of non-monochromatic light. The interference of a random optical wave. Multiple-beam interference. The Fabry-Perot interferometer. Eigenmodes and the quality factor of a laser resonator.
Diffraction by periodic structures
Authors: Akhmanov S A , Nikitin S YU 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diffraction gratings. The physics of light diffraction by a grating. The equation of a diffraction grating. A mathematical description of diffraction of a plane wave by a grating. Diffraction by two-dimensional periodic structures. Diffraction by three-dimensional periodic structures. X-ray diffraction in perfect crystals. X-ray diffraction analysis.
The physics of the interaction of light with matter
Authors: Akhmanov S A , Nikitin S YU 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A model of a continuum and Maxwell’s equations. The material equations. Classification of media. A plane monochromatic optical wave in a linear homogeneous isotropic medium. Complex dielectric permittivity, linear optical susceptibility, and the complex index of refraction. The classical oscillator model of a medium.
Optical phenomena at a boundary between two media
Authors: Akhmanov S A , Nikitin S YU 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reflection and refraction at a separation boundary. Boundary conditions for the electromagnetic field. The geometry of reflection and refraction—Snell’s law. Total internal reflection. Energy relations for reflection and refraction-Fresnel’s formulae. The Brewster effect. Variation of the optical wave phase on reflection and refraction. Reflection of light for normal incidence. The antireflective coating. The reflection of light for oblique incidence. The reflection of light by a metal surface.
Non-linear optics
Authors: Akhmanov S A , Nikitin S YU 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fundamental effects of non-linear optics and the mechanisms of optical non-linearity. Violation of the superposition principle for intense optical waves in a medium. The material equation of a non-linear medium. Non-linear polarization. Non-linear sus-ceptibility. An ensemble of non-linear oscillators as a classical model of a non-linear medium. Optical rectification. This chapter is devoted to the physics of the interaction of intense laser radiation with matter. Fundamental effects of non-linear optics are considered, theoretical foundations are presented, and applications of non-linear optical phenomena are discussed.
Liquid crystals: Main types and properties
Authors: Gennes P G De , Prost J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During our years in high school, we have all been taught that matter only exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. However, this is not quite correct. In particular, certain organic materials do not show a single transition from solid to liquid, but rather a cascade of transitions involving new phases. The mechanical properties and the symmetry properties of these phases are intermediate between those of a liquid and those of a crystal. For this reason, they have often been called liquid crystals. A more proper name is ‘meso-morphic phases’ (mesomorphic: of intermediate form).
Long- And Short-Range Order In Nematics
Authors: Gennes P G De , Prost J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nematic phase has a lower symmetry than the high-temperature isotropic liquid. We express this qualitatively by saying that the nematic phase is ‘more ordered’. To put this on a quantitative basis, we need to define an order parameter that is non-zero in the nematic phase but that vanishes, for symmetry reasons, in the isotropic phase. In some physical systems an adequate choice of the order parameter is obvious. For instance, in a ferromagnet, the order parameter is the magnetization M; this is a vector with three independent components M,,. In a nematic phase the choice is less trivial and we shall have to proceed in successive steps.
Thermodynamics of mixing
Authors: Rubinstein Michael , Colby Ralph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mixtures are systems consisting of two or more different chemical species. Binary mixtures consist of only two different species. An example of a binary mixture is a blend of polystyrene and polybutadiene. Mixtures with three components are called ternary. An example of a ternary mixture is a solution of polystyrene and polybutadiene in toluene. If the mixture is uniform and all components of the mixture are intermixed on a molecular scale, the mixture is called homogeneous. An example of a homogeneous mixture is a polymer solution in a good solvent. If the mixture consists of several different phases (regions with different compositions), it is called heterogeneous. An example of a heterogeneous mixture is that of oil and water. Whether an equilibrium state of a given mixture is homogeneous or heterogeneous is determined by the composition dependence of the entropy and energy changes on mixing. Entropy always favours mixing, but energetic interactions between species can either promote or inhibit mixing.
Systematic or unsystematic, is that the question? Some reflections on the science, art, and politics of reviewing research evidence
Authors: Hammersley Martyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literature reviews play a crucial role in providing the bridge between research and various areas of policy-making and practice, including those concerned with health inequalities. This is because the practical use of research must take in the whole range of findings on a topic, not just the results from one or two studies. Indeed, the increasing tendency for the mass media to report evidence from single studies in controversial areas is a matter for concern.
The roles of music in society: the ethnomusicological perspective
Authors: Gregory Andrew H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most studies on the psychology of music are set within the context of West ern musical and cultural traditions. However, in many other cultures both the style of the music and its role in society are quite different. This area of study is particularly interesting both for its own sake and because it allows conclusions from studies on the psychology of Western music to be looked at from a different perspective.
Musical taste in adolescence
Authors: Zillmann Dolf , Gan Su-lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we first sketch the enormity of adolescents’ consumption of, and apparent fascination with, various forms of music. After a brief excursion into the massification versus diversity controversy over popular music, we present and critically analyse efforts at explaining the enjoyment of music by adolescents on the basis of their own introspective assessments and rationalizations. We then turn to the mostly experimental social psychological exploration of music appreciation, and we ascertain the influence of social, individual, and situational factors in light of the available research evidence. Much attention is given to the great appeal of music expressing defiance of authority and of music celebrating love found or bemoaning love lost. The chapter concludes with an abridged review of social-psychological research that addresses the question of whether or not the massive consumption of particular forms of popular music, especially music of the rebellious variety, can foster and strengthen socially and societally relevant beliefs and dispositions of adolescents.
Environmental factors in the development of musical performance skill over the life span
Authors: Davidson Jane W , Howe, Michael J A , Sloboda John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ethnomusicologist, J. Messenger, who was studying the Anang lbibo Tribe in Nigeria in 1958, gave the following account of their musical activities: We were constantly amazed at the musical abilities displayed by these people, especially by the children who, before the age of five, can sing hundreds of songs, both individually and in choral groups, and, in addition, are able to play several percussion instruments and have learned dozens of intricate dance movements, calling for incredible muscular control. We searched in vain for the ‘non-musical’ person, finding it difficult to make enquiries about tone-deafness and its assumed effects because the Anang language possesses no comparable concept ... They will not admit, as we tried so hard to get them to, that there are those that lack the requisite abilities. This same attitude applies to the other aesthetic areas. Some dancers, singers, and weavers are considered more skilled than most, but everyone can dance and sing well (Messenger 1958, pp. 20-2).
Early theories of mind: what the theory theory can tell us about autism
Authors: Gopnik Alison , Capps Lisa , Meltzoff Andrew N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first edition of this book we presented a hypothesis about the early development of children’s understanding of the mind (Meltzoff and Gopnik 1993).We suggested that normally-developing children are born linking their own minds and the minds of others. This ability is most clearly evidenced in the innate capacity to imitate facial expressions. This primitive link means that, later on in development, further discoveries about other people’s minds are easily and naturally extended to knowledge of our own minds, and vice versa. We suggested that this initial link between the self and others may be missing in at least some cases of autism.
The Brain and Emotion
Authors: Rolls Edmund T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Brain and Emotion presents a modern neuroscience-based approach to information processing in the brain, and deals especially with the information processing involved in emotion, motivation, and reward. It uncovers many fundamental principles about how the brain works and about brain design through evolution by natural selection. The topics covered include: *Emotion * Hunger * Thirst * Brain-stimulation reward * The pharmacology of reward, and brain systems for action * Sexual behaviour * Consciousness and emotional feelings * The adaptive value of emotion, and its importance in brain design * Neural networks involved in emotion.
International law
Authors: Fidler David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the national context, governments have primary responsibility for the production and/or finance of public goods. In the international context, however, no central government exists to structure interstate relations, and as such states interact in a condition of “anarchy.” International law, as “a body of rules governing the mutual interaction not only of states but of other agents in international politics,” emerges from this anarchical structure of international relations (Bull 1977).
Global public goods for health: Use and limitations
Authors: Smith Richard D , Woodward David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A considerable body of expert opinion and knowledge has been brought together in this volume to assess the relevance and implications of the global public good ( GPG) concept as applied to health. Although each chapter has been written independently, there is a surprising amount of consensus on aspects of the GPG concept that are of value, and also those that present possible dangers.
Quantum Chaos and Quantum Dots
Authors: Nakamura Katsuhiro , Harayama Takahisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dynamics of billiard balls and their role in physics have received wide attention since the monumental lecture by Lord Kelvin at the turn of the 19th century. Billiards can nowadays be created as quantum dots in the microscopic world enabling one to envisage the so-called quantum chaos, i.e. quantum manifestation of chaos of billiard balls. In fact, owing to recent progress in advanced technology, nanoscale quantum dots, such as chaotic stadium and antidot lattices analogous to the Sinai Billiard, can be fabricated at the interface of semiconductor heterojunctions. This book begins its exploration of the effect of chaotic electron dynamics on ballistic quantum transport in quantum dots with a puzzling experiment on resistance fluctuations for stadium and circle dots. Throughout the text, major attention is paid to the semiclassical theory which makes it possible to interpret quantum phenomena in the language of the classical world. Chapters one to four are concerned with the elementary statistical methods (curvature, Lyapunov exponent, Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy and escape rate), which are needed for a semiclassical description of transport in quantum dots. Chapters five to ten discuss the topical subjects in the field, including the ballistic weak localization, Altshuler-Aronov-Spivak oscillation, partial time-reversal symmetry, persistent current, Arnold diffusion and Coulomb blockade.
Semiclassical Quantization and Thermodynamics of Mesoscopic Systems
Authors: Nakamura Katsuhiro , Harayama Takahisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to the contents so far, the description from here deals with topical themes, which are rather special and the accompanying explanation might not be self-contained, Readers, if necessary, are recommended to gain supplemental knowledge from references listed at the end of the book. As for the present section, see references (Gutzwiller[5, 8-10], Balian and Bloch[14,15], Berry and Mount[ll], Berry and Tabor [12], Brack and Bhaduri[6], Cvitanovic et al.[7]).
How Do Infants come to control the organs speech?
Authors: Locke John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speaking involves the production of syllables. The most typical of these begin with a labial or lingual constriction, which starts to relax with the onset of vocalization and mandibular descent. The perceptible result is a consonant-vowel syllable. In development, the organs involved in this activity are operative at birth in sucking, and later in the year, in chewing and babbling. These activities usually antedate, by several months, movements of the same organs in replication of sounds heard in spoken words. Thus, a theory of the development of speech-motor control must address the infant's initial attempts to achieve speech sounds with structures that already have long histories of vegetative and vocal service.
Searching For The Weak Link In The Speech Production Chain Of People Who Stutter: A Motor Skill Approach
Authors: Lieshout Pascal H H M Van , Hulstijn Wouter , Peters Herman F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This statement from Charles van Riper reflects on the nature of stuttering and casts little doubt about the involvement of the speech motor system in stuttering. In this chapter, we will provide arguments and empirical evidence that stuttering can be linked to the speech motor system, but not necessarily in terms of a 'speech motor disorder'. Rather, the central theme of our chapter will be that, for people who stutter (PWS), the speech motor control system is the weak link in the chain of events that lead to the production of speech. A weak link in terms of limited skill or ability to prepare and perform the motor actions that are required to implement the various demands imposed by cognitive, linguistic, emotional, and motor aspects of speech (Hulstijn and van Lieshout 1998).
The Role Of The Syllable In Disorders Of Spoken Language Production
Authors: Ziegler Wolfram , Maassen Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The syllable plays an important role in the production and the understanding of spoken language, as well as in language acquisition. Evidence for this comes from different sources: from phonological theory, from phonetics, from theories of language development, and from psycholinguistic studies of speaking and of language comprehension in adults. This chapter gives an overview of data demonstrating that the syllabic organization of speech also influences the way in which spoken language breaks down in conditions of an impaired phonological or speech motor system in children and adults. It reviews results from studies of aphasic patients with phonological encoding problems, from patients with apraxia of speech, or with other motor speech problems, and from children with developmental speech motor disorders, which demonstrate that the error patterns seen in these groups reflect the structural principles of syllabicity.
Laser Control of Atoms and Molecules
Authors: Letokhov Vladilen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rather different problems can be lumped together under the general term 'laser control of atoms and molecules'. They include the laser selection of atomic and molecular velocities for the purpose of Doppler-free spectroscopy, laser control of the position and velocity of atoms (i.e. laser trapping and cooling of atoms), and laser control of atomic and molecular processes (ionization, dissociation) with a view of detecting single atoms and molecules and particularly separating isotopes and nuclear isomers. Over the last decades the principal problems posed have been successfully solved, and many of them have evolved remarkably in the subsequent investigations of the international research community. For example, the solution of the problem of laser cooling and trapping of atoms has given birth to the new field of the physics of ultracold matter, i.e. quantum atomic and molecular gases. The laser non-coherent control of uni-molecular processes has found an interesting extension in the field of laser coherent control of molecules. The concept of laser control of position has been successfully demonstrated with microparticles (optical tweezers), concurrently with investigations into atomic control. The laser photo-ionization of molecules on surfaces has led to the development of novel techniques of laser-assisted mass spectrometry of macromolecules, and so on. The aim of this book is to review these topics from a unified or 'coherent' point of view. It will be useful for many readers in various fields of laser science and its applications.
Development and Neurophysiology of Mentalizing
Authors: Frith Uta , FrithI Christopher D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mentalizing (theory of mind) system of the brain is probably in operation from around 18 months of age, allowing implicit attribution of intentions and other mental states. Between the ages of 4 and 6 years explicit mentalizing becomes possible, and from this age children are able to explain the misleading reasons that have given rise to a false belief. Neuroimaging studies of mentalizing have so far only been carried out in adults. They reveal a system with three components consistently activated during both implicit and explicit mentalizing tasks: medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), temporal poles and posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS). The functions of these components can be elucidated, to some extent, from their role in other tasks used in neuroimaging studies.
Cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: Drummond Michael E , Sculpher Mark J , Torrance George W , O’Brien Bernie J , Stoddart Greg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is one form of full economic evaluation where both the costs and consequences of health programmes or treatments are examined. Therefore, all the points discussed in Chapter 4 on cost analysis apply here also. This chapter introduces some additional issues that need to be confronted when undertaking a CEA; in addition to the general introduction, it contains a study design exercise in Section 5.2, followed by a critical appraisal exercise in Section 5.3.
Economic evaluation using decision analytic modelling
Authors: Drummond Michael E , Sculpher Mark J , Torrance George W , O’Brien Bernie J , Stoddart Greg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ultimate purpose of economic evaluation is to inform different types of decision-makers about the efficient allocation of health care resources. In recent years, economic evaluation has been increasingly undertaken for specific decision­makers, who formally require economic evidence (Hjelmgren et al. 2001). For exam­ple, a number of health care systems now use economic evaluation to help them decide whether new health technologies (particularly pharmaceuticals) represent suf­ficient value for money to be funded.
Some Mathematical Tools For Compressible Flows
Authors: Novotný A , Straškraba I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with several auxiliary results of functional analysis which will be broadly used especially in Chapters 4 and 7. In Section 3.1 we prove Friedrich’s lemma about commutators and investigate the renormalized solutions to the steady continuity equation. Section 3.2 is devoted to spaces of vector fields with summable divergence. In Section 3.3 we investigate the equation div v = f in various domains with compact or noncompact boundaries. In Section 3.4 we recall some useful results from the theory of monotone operators and from convex analysis.
The isolobal analogy
Authors: Jean Yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, the dorbitals (and, in some cases, the s, p, or s–phybrid orbitals on the metal) were constructed for many types of MLncomplexes in which the ligands have σ-type interactions with the metal. The shapes and relative energies of these orbitals depend on the number of ligands and their geometrical arrangement around the metal. Naturally, any π-type interactions that are present also play a role. Thus, the dorbitals in the octahedral complex [WCl6] (six π-donor ligands) are different from those in the octahedral complex [W(CO) 6] (six π-acceptor ligands). But ‘there is a time for detail and there is a time for generality’ : in both cases, the dorbitals are split 3 + 2, with three degenerate orbitals (the t2gblock) lower in energy than the two degenerate orbitals of the egblock, and this result is characteristic of alloctahedral ML6 complexes. In the same way, the orbital structure of AHnmolecules or fragments (or more generally ARn), in which A is a main-group element, depends essentially on the number and geometrical arrangement of the substituents on the central atom. But beyond the obvious difference created by the presence of dorbitals in organometallic complexes, there are resemblances between the molecular orbitals (MO) of MLncomplexes and those of AHnmolecules.
Knots, links, and diagrams
Authors: Gilbert N D , Porter T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interlaced or knotted patterns and forms are encountered in many settings. Their occurrence may be essential, as in the practical applications of knot tying, or inconvenient, as with a knotted shoelace or inextricably entangled garden hose. Interlacing motifs are the basis for much Celtic and Islamic art, and language is enriched by many figures of speech referring to knots. Our subject is how mathematics gets into knots and our aim is to knit a coherent theory of knots from the raveled strands of our cultural and practical fascination.