bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patents and Innovation in Cancer Therapeutics: Lessons from CellPro
Authors: Bar‐Shalom Avital , Cook‐Deegan Robert 
Published: March 2003

How scientific knowledge is translated into diagnostic and therapeutic tools is important to patients with dread diseases as well as to regulators and policymakers. Patents play a crucial role in that process. Indeed, concern that the fruits of federally funded research would languish without commercial application led to the passage of the Bayh‐Dole Act (PL 96‐517), which reinforced incentives to patent the results of inventions arising from federally funded research (Eisenberg 1996). Subsequently, rates of patenting among U.S. academic institutions have increased (Henderson, Jaffe, and Trajtenberg 1988). A recent survey by the Association of University Technology Managers counted 20,968 licenses and options from 175 academic institutions and 6,375 patent applications filed in fiscal year 2000 (Pressman 2002). Analysis suggests that the number of academic patents was already rising when the Bayh‐Dole Act was passed in 1980 (Mowery et al. 2001), but it is clear that the act reinforced the patenting norm in research universities and mandated a technology transfer infrastructure at those universities that had not yet established a technology licensing office.This article discusses the interaction between intellectual property and cancer treatment. CellPro developed a stem cell separation technology based on research at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center. A patent with broad claims to bone marrow stem cell antibodies had been awarded to Johns Hopkins University and licensed to Baxter Healthcare under the 1980 Bayh‐Dole Act to promote commercial use of inventions from federally funded research. CellPro got FDA approval more than two years before Baxter but lost patent infringement litigation. NIH elected not to compel Hopkins to license its patents to CellPro. CellPro went out of business, selling its technology to its competitor. Decisions at both firms and university licensing offices, and policies at the Patent and Trademark Office, NIH, and the courts influenced the outcome.
An analysis of Libya’s revenue per barrel from crude oil upstream activities, 1961‐93
Authors: Mahmud Mustafa Bakar , Russell Alex 
Published: March 2003

This paper: (a) briefly describes the contractual agreements between Libya and the oil and gas companies operating within the country from 1961 to 1996; (b) presents a detailed analysis of the factors which affect state revenue from crude oil production; and (c) presents an analysis of Libya’s revenue per barrel of oil from 1961 to 1993.The review and analysis is important for at least two reasons. First, Libya has neither satisfactorily diversified its economy nor achieved high growth rates in the non‐oil sectors. Hence, it is important for Libyans and oil and gas analysts to evaluate the efficiency with which the Libyan state has managed its oil and gas reserves. And secondly, since Libya’s national development programmes, GDP, foreign trade, balance of payments and inter‐national reserves still depend heavily upon oil revenue, the analysis should prove to be of interest to other developing countries, as well as to Western observers.This analysis of Libya’s per barrel revenue over an extended period of time is new and revealing.
THE USE OF SPATIAL ANALYSIS TO STUDY PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT ARCHITECTURE
Authors: CUTTING MARION 
Published: March 2003

Summary. Archaeologists have applied the quantitative access analysis techniques of space syntax to archaeological material with varying degrees of success. This article makes a distinction between access analysis as a quantitative methodology and as a non‐quantitative ‘tool to think with’ and suggests the level of architectural definition needed for the quantitative approach.The paper begins with a brief description of access analysis and discusses five studies that illustrate its application to archaeological material. It then presents original research, applying the method to three plans from two prehistoric Anatolian sites, Çatalhöyük and Hacılar. The results are discussed in qualitative rather than quantitative terms.A number of problems are identified even when applying access analysis to late Chalcolithic Hacılar, a small settlement with well‐preserved buildings, clear entrances and a boundary wall. These include a difficulty in identifying discrete household spaces, a lack of information about the upper storeys, and uncertainty about access arrangements between communal spaces and individual household units.The paper concludes that access analysis as a quantitative technique is of limited use in studying prehistoric constructed space unless the archaeological record already provides information about the definition of individual spaces and unambiguous evidence as to how those spaces were accessed. On the other hand, if one limits the use of access analysis to a visually‐rich ‘tool to think with’, it can provide useful insights into settlement life. The paper suggests a number of implications for both research and field archaeologists.
Ecology: Religious or Secular?
Authors: Scott Peter 
Published: March 2003

‘Ecology: religious or secular?’ addresses the issue of the relation between ecology and the idea of God. ‘Social’ interpretations of ecology seem to fit with traditional Christian models, such as stewardship, for grasping the relation between humanity and nature. ‘Deep’ interpretations of ecology, in which nature is understood to encompass humanity, appear, by contrast, less amenable to assimilation by Christianity.The choice – for so it is often presented – between ‘deep’ and ‘social’ forms of ecology is thus a test case for Christianity. Does the Christian theologian opt for ‘social’ ecology because it best addresses the issue of human embeddedness in nature or because it fits better with prior metaphysical commitments?This article argues that the only way such a dilemma can be addressed theologically is by thinking through at a fundamental level the character of God’s relation to the world. An enquiry in philosophical theology, through the consideration of the concept of divine simplicity, it is argued, suggests that Christianity is not condemned to ‘religious’ readings of ecology. That is, Christianity is not obliged to select evidence based on criteria derived from prior theological commitments (e.g. to the model of stewardship).Instead, beginning in the concept of God enables a truly ‘secular’ enquiry which acknowledges a wide range of evidence of our materiality. Indeed, such a ‘secular’ enquiry can only be established by reference to the idea of God.
Telling Times: History, Emplotment, And Truth
Authors: Carter Jonathan A 
Published: March 2003

In Time, Narrative, and History, David Carr argues against the narrativist claim that our lived experience does not possess the formal attributes of a story; this conclusion can be reinforced from a semiotic perspective. Our experience is mediated through temporal signs that are used again in the construction of stories. Since signs are social entities from the start, this approach avoids a problem of individualism specific to phenomenology, one which Carr takes care to resolve. A semiotic framework is also explicit about a theme Carr handles implicitly: the status of representation. Representation is internal to signification, mediating our experience not just retrospectively but prospectively in the planning and execution of action.A model is presented in which the temporal organization of experience and action is formally coordinated with the temporal organization of narrative. The model is then applied to a historical event: John Batman's attempt in 1835 to purchase land from some Aboriginal tribes around what is now Melbourne. The meaning of this event is not located only in historical writing about it but in the semiotic constitution of the event itself. Changes of meaning emerge from relations between events as new events–in this case the Australian High Court's Mabo decision–align with old ones. Finally, a number of contrasts are indicated between this model and proposals made by Arthur C. Danto, Hayden White, F. R. Ankersmit, Fernand Braudel, and Paul Ricoeur.
A New International Financial Architecture?
Authors: Wood Geoffrey 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:D. Aldcroft and M. Oliver, Exchange Rate Regimes in the 20th CenturyD. Begg, J. Von Hagen, C. Wyplosz and K. F. Zimmermann, EMU: Prospects and Challenges for the EuroK. Dowd and R. Timberlake (eds), Money and the Nation StateH. Clark Johnson, Gold, France and the Great Depression 1919‐1932S. Strange, Mad Money
Review: Globalism: New Reality, Old Strategy
Authors: Fishlow Albert 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Gary Burtless, Robert Z. Lawrence, Robert E. Litan and Robert J. Shapiro, Globaphobia: Confronting Fears about Open TradeDaniel Cohen, The Wealth of the World and the Poverty of NationsBarry Eichengreen, Toward a New International Financial Architecture: a Practical Post‐Asia Agenda
Shorter reviews
Authors: Seekings Jeremy , Marcuse Peter , Daniels P.W. , Body‐Gendrot Sophie 
Published: March 2003

Crush, Jonathan and James Wilmot (eds.) Crossing boundaries: mine migrancy in a democratic South AfricaSmith, Michael Peter (ed.) Marginal spaces: comparative urban and community research, volume 5Harrington, J.W. and B. Wharf Industrial location: principles, practice and policyKing, Desmond Separate and unequal. Black Americans and the US Federal government
Shorter Reviews
Authors: Graham Stephen , Geddes Mike , Thomas Jack , Hernandez‐Leon Ruben 
Published: March 2003

US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment The technological reshaping of metropolitan AmericaVieillard‐Baron, HervéLes banlieues françaises: ou le ghetto impossible and Stewart, Murray and Marilyn Taylor Empowerment and estate regeneration: a critical reviewSchneider, Robert A. The ceremonial city: Toulouse observed, 1738‐1780Gardezi, Hassan N. The political economy of international labour migration
Economic structure and change in the Balkan region: implications for integration, transition and economic cooperation
Authors: Petrakos George , Totev Stoyan 
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive comparative analysis of the economic performance, economic structure and trade relations of the Balkan countries, in order to detect basic trends and developments in the region. On the basis of this analysis, the article evaluates alternative scenarios regarding the prospects of the region in the evolving pan‐European economic order and discusses policy responses to the pressures generated by the interaction of the integration and transition processes in South‐eastern Europe.Le but de cet article est de fournir une analyse comparative compréhensive de la performance et de la structure économiques et des relations commerciales des États balkaniques afin de détecter les tendances et les d?veloppements fondamentaux dans la région. Sur la base de cette analyse, cet article évalue différents scénarios pour l’avenir de la région dans l’ordre économique paneuropéen qui se développe lentement, et discute des réponses politiques aux pressions engendrées par l’action mutuelle des processus d’intégration et de transition en Europe du sud‐est.
Tackling Social Exclusion in the European Union? The Limits to the New Orthodoxy of Local Partnership
Authors: Geddes Mike 
Published: March 2003

This article is based on recent transnational research on partnership‐based initiatives to promote local development and regeneration and combat social exclusion in the EU. The increasing reliance on partnership as the basis for local policy initiatives is first situated in the context of contemporary debates about social exclusion. The main part of the article then draws on the literatures on local governance and urban regime theory to examine three issues critical to the impact of the ‘new orthodoxy’ of local partnership: the capacity of partnerships as interorganizational forms of local governance; their inclusiveness; and the extent of outcomes which can be attributed to partnership as a distinctive mode of local governance. On all three issues, the evidence points to the limited claims that can be made for most local partnerships as ‘inclusion coalitions’ capable of effectively tackling social exclusion, and suggests that structural features of the currently dominant version of partnership entrench a model of elite rather than inclusive governance. Local partnership is associated with weak rather than strong discourses of social exclusion and inclusion, and its significance lies as much as anything in the way in which the practice of partnership tends to foreclose the sphere of debate and action, excluding more radical options.Cet article se fonde sur une récente étude transnationale concernant l'UE et portant sur les initiatives de partenariat visant à promouvoir le développement et la régénération sur le plan local, tout en combattant l'exclusion sociale. Le recours croissant au partenariat comme base des initiatives de politique locale est d'abord resitué dans le cadre des débats contemporains sur l'exclusion sociale. L'article, qui s'inspire des travaux sur la gouvernance locale et les régimes urbains, examine trois points essentiels pour l'influence de la ‘nouvelle orthodoxie’ du partenariat local: la capacité des partenariats en tant que formes de gouvernance locale inter‐organismes, leur nature inclusive, ainsi que la part des résultats qui leur revient au titre de mode distincif de gouvernance locale. Sur ces trois aspects, les faits soulignent la portée limitée que peuvent revendiquer la plupart des partenariats locaux comme ‘coalitions d'inclusion’ capables de traiter efficacement l'exclusion sociale; les résultats suggèrent en outre que les caractéristiques structurelles du partenariat, dans sa version dominante actuelle, enracinent un modèle élitiste plutôt qu'une gouvernance inclusive. Le partenariat local est associéà des propos sur l'exclusion et l'inclusion sociale plus complaisants que percutants, et sa place tient tout autant à la manière dont son exercice tend à figer la sphère de débats et d'actions, excluant toute option plus radicale.
Rural Migrants and Patriarchy in Turkish Cities
Authors: Erman Tahire 
Published: March 2003

This article investigates patriarchy in the context of migration to cities in Turkey. It focuses on the ways in which patriarchy reproduces itself in the lives of migrants – for example through the local community, which reproduces traditional patriarchal control in the urban context, and through the social construction of female labour within the framework of the ideology of familialism and the housewife ideology in which women's economic contributions are devalued. Furthermore, the labour market, which offers low‐level jobs for migrant women, as well as growing concerns about moral corruption in the city, inflated by the media, act to keep women at home and inside their communities under the control of ‘their men’. The article also examines the attempts of individual migrant women to create niches for themselves in which they enjoy some autonomy and find personal meaning. This suggests a dynamic relationship between women and patriarchy. By examining the significant role of culture in reproducing patriarchy, the article contributes to a further elaboration of the concept of patriarchy developed by Walby.Cet article étudie la patriarchie dans le cadre de la migration urbaine en Turquie. Il s'attache aux modalités d'auto‐reproduction de ce système dans la vie des migrants, notamment: la régénération, par la communauté locale, du contrôle patriarcal traditionnel dans le contexte urbain; la structure sociale du travail féminin dans le cadre idéologique du familialisme et de la femme au foyer, les contributions économiques des femmes y étant dévalorisées. En outre, le marché du travail (offrant des postes peu qualifiés aux migrantes), et les préoccupations croissantes de corruption morale dans la ville (amplifiées par les média) participent au confinement des femmes à la maison et dans leur communauté sous le contrôle de ‘leurs hommes’. L'article retrace également les tentatives de certaines migrantes pour créer des niches individuelles où elles jouissent d'une certaine autonomie et trouvent un but personnel. Cela suppose une relation dynamique entre les femmes et la patriarchie. En examinant le rôle important de la culture dans la reproduction de ce système familial, l'article affine le concept de patriarchie développé par Walby.
Immigration and the Global City Hypothesis: Towards an Alternative Research Agenda
Authors: Samers Michael 
Published: March 2003

The debate around the ‘Global City Hypothesis’ (GCH), and particularly the research agenda of the ‘Globalization and World Cities’ network, have been preoccupied recently with the business and technological dimensions of so–called ‘global cities’. This article seeks to recover the role of immigration in large urban economies. Using mainly observations from European metropolises, I argue first that the GCH requires significant revision insofar as it can be used as a tool for addressing issues of inequality, and I offer five propositions for a renewal of the existing contours of the GCH. Second, beyond these revisions, I suggest a complete reformulation of the debate by linking it with ideas emanating from the literature on transnationalism.Le débat sur ‘l’Hypothèse de la ville globale’, et notamment sur le programme de recherche du réseau ‘Mondialisation et Villes mondiales’, s’est récemment soucié des dimensions économiques et technologiques des dites ‘villes planétaires’. Cet article tente de révéler le rôle de l’immigration dans les grandes économies urbaines. A partir d’observations de métropoles européennes principalement, il affirme d’abord que, dans la mesure où cette hypothèse peut servir d’outil pour aborder les questions d’inégalité, elle requiert une importante révision; sont donc exposées cinq propositions pour en renouveler les profils existents. Il suggère ensuite une reformulation complète du débat en l’associant à des idées émanant de travaux sur le transnationalisme.
The future of urban sociology: report of joint sessions of the British and American Sociological Associations
Authors: Perry Beth , Harding Alan 
Published: March 2003

This article reports on two joint sessions of the British and American Sociological Associations held during the course of 2001 as a first step toward more structured dialogue and debate between the two national associations. Drawing on the comments of a number of leading academics on both sides of the Atlantic, this paper presents a series of discussions about the role and future of urban sociology. It explores the challenges and opportunities offered to urban sociology by increasing interdisciplinarity and multidisciplinarity in the field of urban studies as a whole. It then explores the role of sociology in understanding the relationship between contemporary processes of globalization and urban change and the degree to which this constitutes a new dynamic core of sociological theory and research. The paper reveals that there are a variety of alternative futures for urban sociology and there would appear to be little agreement on one specific route, nor on how to get there. Urban sociology continues to face a variety of challenges and more debate on its future trajectory is clearly needed but it remains a vital and expanding sub–field.Cet article rend compte de deux sessions communes des associations de sociologie britannique et américaine qui ont eu lieu en 2001, premier stade vers un dialogue et un débat plus structurés entre les deux organismes nationaux. Partant des remarques d’un certain nombre de grands intellectuels des deux côtés de l’Atlantique, ce travail présente plusieurs discussions sur le rôle et l’avenir de la sociologie urbaine. Il examine les défis et possibilités que lui offrent l’interdisciplinarité et la pluridisciplinarité croissantes dans l’ensemble du domaine des études urbaines. Il explore ensuite comment la sociologie aide à comprendre la relation entre les processus contemporains de mondialisation et de changement urbain, et la mesure où peut ainsi émerger une nouvelle dynamique nodale pour la théorie et la recherche sociologiques. L’article expose plusieurs avenirs possibles de la sociologie urbaine, sans qu’il y ait apparemment d’accord sur une voie particulière ni sur le moyen d’y parvenir. La sociologie urbaine rencontre toujours de multiples défis et il faut manifestement approfondir les débats sur sa future trajectoire, mais elle demeure un sous–domaine à la fois crucial et en expansion.
A Cultural Economy Perspective on Service Sector Migration in the Global City: The Case of Hong Kong
Authors: Li F.L.N. , Findlay A.M. , Jones H. 
Published: March 2003

This article argues that in order to fully understand the geography of labour migration to global cities, it is necessary to consider economic forces in conjunction with mediating socio‐cultural influences. Support for this argument is based on an examination of the pattern of migration to Hong Kong, a city which plays a significant role in the world economy.Reported here are the results of an analysis of recently released 1996 by‐census data, and the authors’ interviews with foreign domestic workers in Hong Kong. These findings have shown that highly skilled immigrant workers were drawn largely from developed countries, the main sources of inward investment in this city, while less skilled immigrants were drawn from less developed neighbouring labour markets.While the geographical pattern of immigration followed broadly that predicted from Hong Kong’s position in the world economy, the results have revealed that cultural influences such as language and social networks are also important in shaping the economic roles of migrant workers.
Fostering Free Movement of Persons in West Africa: Achievements, Constraints, and Prospects for Intraregional Migration
Authors: Adepoju Aderanti 
Published: March 2003

Migration in West Africa is strongly influenced by poverty, depressed economies, and socio‐political crises. The influx of migrants into the cities and irregular migrations across national borders in search of decent living conditions reflect a crisis of development. To understand the dynamics of these diverse migrations, we focus on causes and changing configurations of emerging migratory flows; autonomous female migration, trafficking in women and children; intraregional migration as alternatives to “illegal” migration to the North; progress and constraints in creating a borderless subregion and fostering intraregional migration.The abolition of the mandatory residency permit, introduction of Brown Card travel certificates, and the elimination of the ubiquitous border formalities are aimed at facilitating intraregional movements of persons. Progress was constrained by multiple cooperation groupings and memberships, conflicting objectives, inconsistent political support, growing national identity, depressed economies, and xenophobia against “foreigners”. We suggest that governments should align national employment laws with regional treaties, protect the rights of migrant workers, promote pro‐poor employment strategies, adopt variable speed approach in implementing migration policies, and enforce migrants’ rights of residence and establishment.