bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restriction of Virus Movement into Axillary Buds is an Important Aspect of Resistance in Cassava to African cassava mosaic virus
Authors: Ogbe F. O. , Dixon A. G. O. , Atiri G. I. , Thottappilly G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAxillary buds and bark samples of resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible (control) cassava genotypes either naturally infected under field conditions or experimentally inoculated by grafting were indexed for African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV). Virus detection was carried out using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reactions to determine the distribution of the virus within the plant and elucidate the genotypes response to virus movement. Significantly more bud and bark samples were positive for virus on the susceptible genotype TME 117 than resistant genotypes TMS 30001 and TMS 91/02319, or the moderately resistant genotype TMS 30572. Detectable virus concentration was significantly lower in the buds of moderately resistant and resistant genotypes than the susceptible control. Under field conditions, it was significant that more primary stem buds were infected than the buds of secondary and tertiary stems but such a gradient was not obvious with bark samples. Shoots that had asymptomic new leaves after the initial symptomatic leaves had no virus in their buds, but some of the bark samples from the same plants tested positive. A significant interaction was observed between year and stem type, and among year, genotype and stem type with respect to virus detection in bud and bark samples. Restriction of virus movement into axillary buds occurred in all the resistant and moderately resistant genotypes. This may explain ACMV‐infected stem cuttings of resistant genotypes producing healthy plants in subsequent generation.
RAPD and Pathotype Analyses of Magnaporthe grisea Populations from the north‐western Himalayan Region of India
Authors: Sharma T. R. , Chauhan R. S. , Singh B. M. , Paul R. , Sagar V. , Rathour R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractUsing random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, 250 isolates of Magnaporthe grisea collected from the north‐western Himalayan region were separated into 25 DNA fingerprint groups or lineages. Of these 25 groups, 13 were exclusive to isolates obtained from Himachal Pradesh (HP), five from Uttaranchal and one from Jammu and Kashmir (J & K), India. Seven remaining groups were composed of isolates from different locations and 26 isolates could not be classified. Although RAPD analysis revealed high genetic variability among M. grisea populations from HP and J & K, genetic variation was low in the isolates collected from Uttaranchal. DNA fingerprint groups specific to a particular geographical region were also obtained. Pathogen population consisting of 119 isolates from north‐western Himalayan region has been grouped into 52 pathotypes on the basis of disease reaction on international differential rice lines. Highest frequency of virulence was trapped on the rice line Caloro (Pi−ks) followed by NP125 (Pi−? and K‐60 (Pi−kp) while it was lowest on Tadukan (Pi−ta and/or Pi−ta2) and BL‐1(Pi−b and Pi−sh). Virulence was rare on Fukunishiki (Pi−zs). Rice line Tetep (Pi−kh+?) was found to be highly effective in north‐western Himalayan region as none of the isolate could infect this line. These blast resistant rice lines can be used in resistance breeding for the effective management of rice blast in this region of India.
Yield Loss Associated with Soya Bean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.) in Uganda
Authors: Kawuki R. S. , Adipala E. , Tukamuhabwa P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractStudies were conducted to quantify the yield loss attributable to soya bean rust, a relatively new disease in Uganda. This was carried out for three consecutive seasons in the central, eastern, northern and western parts of the country, using three commercial varieties (Nam 1, Nam 2 and Namsoy 3) and two elite varieties (UG‐5 and GC‐00138‐29). The commercial varieties recorded higher yield losses (26.9–36.3%) and higher rust severities >50%, whereas the elite varieties recorded lesser yield losses of <10% and rust severities of <30%. Yield losses were highest in the central region (22.9%), and lowest in the northern region (15.1%). Yield losses differed significantly between seasons and were associated with reduction in seed weight and filled pod per plant.
A Simple Technique for Determining the Reaction of Barley Genotypes to Pyrenophora graminea
Authors: Arabi M. I. E. , Jawhar M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn in vitro technique was used to determine the reaction of 10 barley genotypes to Pyrenophora graminea, the seed‐borne pathogen causing barley leaf stripe disease. Determination was based on the percentage of inoculated seeds that produced fungal hyphae when cultured on potato dextrose agar. The technique allows low, intermediate and absolute levels of resistance to leaf stripe to be determined. Genotypes CI‐5791 and Banteng were resistant, Thibaut, Igri and PK (30‐531) were moderately resistant, Gollf was moderately susceptible, and WI2291, Arabi Abiad, Furat 1 and Arrivate were susceptible.The in vitro and in field assessments were significant (correlation coefficient r=0.96), results indicating that repeated measurements for infected seeds by this in vitro method were very similar to those of field assessments.
Integrated Botrytis cinerea Management in Southeastern Spanish Greenhouses
Authors: Moyano C. , Raposo R. , Gómez V. , Melgarejo P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA strategy for integrated biological and chemical control of Botrytis cinerea in unheated tomato greenhouses in southeastern Spain was tested. The biocontrol agent used was a commercial preparation developed from an isolate of Trichoderma harzianum T39 (Trichodex®). Decisions concerning whether to spray the biocontrol agent or a fungicide were made based on a future weather disease warning system called BOTMAN implemented as follows: no spraying when slow or no disease progress was expected; use of a chemical fungicide when an outbreak of epidemics was expected; in all other cases, application of Trichoderma harzianum T39 was recommended. A 4‐day weather forecast provided by the Eastern Andalusian Weather Forecast Service was used for predictions. The integrated strategy was compared with weekly applications of fungicides in two experiments conducted over 1998–99 and 1999–2000. Reduction of disease incidence was obtained only with the fungicide‐only treatment in the 1998–99 experiment (55%, P < 0.05). Application of BOTMAN gave high disease risk only in 2 dates or times in that experiment, so fungicides were only applied twice. For the remaining 12 dates or times, Trichodex® was sprayed. In the second experiment, application of BOTMAN gave moderate risk all the weeks and Trichodex® was applied nine times. In this experiment, disease level did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) from untreated plot. The reasons for failure of BOTMAN in Spanish conditions were discussed.
Reaction of Cassava Genotypes to the Cassava Mosaic Disease in Three Distinct Agroecologies in Nigeria
Authors: Ngeve J. M. , Nukenine E. N. , Dixon A. G. O. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNine cassava genotypes were grown at six representative sites in Nigeria for 3 years to study their response to cassava mosaic disease (CMD), investigate the influence of genotype × environment (G × E) interactions on their reactions to the disease, and identify genotypes with stability to the disease, using the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction statistical model. Environments, genotypes and G × E interactions were highly significant (P < 0.01) for the disease. The G × E interactions accounted for 19.5% of the treatment sums of squares for CMD and influenced the relative ranking of genotypes across environments. The magnitude of the G × E interaction effect for CMD was larger than that of genotypes. Examination of the G × E interaction structure revealed specific areas where screening of cassava genotypes for resistance to CMD could be performed best. The study identified genotypes such as TMS 30001 and 63397 with resistance to CMD and CMD‐stable clone U/41044, which could be distributed to growers, and sites such as Ibadan and Ubiaja with high CMD severity for screening genotypes for reaction to CMD.
Disseminated Mycoses in a Dog byPaecilomycessp.
Authors: Garcia M. E. , Caballero J. , Toni P. , Garcia I. , Martinez de Merlo E. , Rollan E. , Gonzalez M. , Blanco J. L. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryWe describe a case of canine mycoses initially diagnosed by clinical signs and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay anti‐fungal test, and later confirmed by the isolation ofPaecilomycessp. during the post‐mortem examination. The fungus was isolated from lesions in the kidneys, mitral valve, abdominal aorta and vertebral discs. In this kind of process, it is important to identify the responsible agent early in order to make a study of anti‐fungal susceptibility and establish effective treatment.
Effect of Short‐term Hypothermia on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Rats
Authors: Dede S. , Deger Y. , Meral I. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThis experiment was carried out to determine the effect of short‐term hypothermia on blood malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD) concentrations in rats. Twenty Sprague–Dawley rats were used weighing 180–200 g and on average 3.5 months old. They were randomly divided into two experimental groups: control (without cooling) and hypothermic (with cooling). The rats of the hypothermic group were cooled by immersion into cold water (10–12 °C), and the control rats were immersed into water of body temperature (37 °C) up to the neck without using any anaesthetic or tranquilizer for 3 min Rectal body temperatures of both groups were measured and blood samples to analyse MDA, GSH, SOD, GSH, GSH‐Px and G‐6‐PD were collected immediately after the treatment. It was found that the MDA level was higher and the GSH and G‐6‐PD levels were lower in the hypothermic group than those in the controls. There was no difference between the control or hypothermic group regarding SOD or GSH‐Px levels. It is concluded that acute hypothermia increased the lipid peroxidation and decreased the GSH and G‐6‐PD levels in rats.
Oncospheres of Taenia solium Develop into Cysticerci in Normal Mice
Authors: Liu Y. J. , Li Q. Z. , Hao Y. H. 
Published: March 2003

Summary In vitro‐hatched oncospheres of Taenia solium, prepared by the sodium hypochlorite method and adjusted to approximately 5 × 102/2ml phosphate buffer saline, were injected intramuscularly or intravenously into normal Balb/c mice. When these mice were sacrificed 2 months later, all cysticerci were exclusively recovered in the lungs from the mice with intravenous inoculation, but not with intramuscular injection. A high infection rate of 76% was obtained and a total of 45 cysticerci were collected from 50 mice. Thirty‐five cysticerci were mature and with normal appearance but the rest were either with abnormal appearance (4) or degenerated (6). These findings give strong evidence that T. solium oncospheres may migrate to the normal mouse lung through venous circulation and develop in this organ.
Immunization Against Ovine Haemonchosis with Three Low Molecular Weight Somatic Antigens of Adult Haemonchus contortus
Authors: Alunda J. M. , Angulo‐Cubillán F. , Cuquerella M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIndividual bands (15) from electroblotted soluble extracts of adult Haemonchus contortus were excised and three peptides of molecular weight ca. 56 (F4), 39 (F8) and 18.5 kDa (F14) used to vaccinate 4–4.5‐months‐old lambs against the nematode. Immunizing doses from each peptide were administered in 1 ml Freund complete adjuvant (first 50 μg injection) and 1 ml Freund incomplete adjuvant (second and third 50 μg injections) to six lambs. Two weeks after last immunization, animals were challenged with 300 L‐3/kg live weight (LW). Lambs were slaughtered 34 days after challenge. Immunization induced a strong antibody response estimated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, whereas no peripheral lymphoproliferative response was observed. Lambs in the F8‐vaccinated group showed on average delayed pre‐patent period, lower faecal egg counts and reduction of abomasal worm burdens, although the differences were not statistically significant.
Centennial Changes in the Near‐Shore Mysid Fauna of the Gulf of Naples (Mediterranean Sea), with Description of Heteromysis riedli sp. n. (Crustacea, Mysidacea)
Authors: Wittmann Karl J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract. The marine mysid fauna of the Gulf of Naples is the best known in the Mediterranean, dating back to faunal lists and revisions given by founder authors in 1877 – 1929. Up to 1930, a total of 21 (currently valid) benthopelagic and benthic coastal species were recorded. The new census in 1975 – 2000 yielded no species in brackish and freshwaters (salinity range 0 – 30), only one species in mixoeuhaline waters (30 – 39), and 39 species in fully marine near‐shore waters (36 – 38). Most species were restricted to islands and submarine banks as hotspots of biodiversity, while only four species were also found along the more intensively urbanized continental coasts of the gulf. Compared with the situation in the 19th century, two marine species, Acanthomysis longicornis and Mysidopsis angusta, have disappeared from the Gulf of Naples, while still present in the less urbanized and largely oligotrophic Gulf of Salerno. The numbers of known euthalassobiontic species decreased in the ‘continental’ Gulf of Naples, but increased in the ‘insular’ gulf.Local population extinctions are related mainly to human impact on freshwater input into shallow coastal waters. Urbanization processes favoured the disappearance of brackish and freshwaters from the surface (through drainage and canalization) and the deterioration (through urban and industrial pollution) of the remaining ones, resulting in eutrophication of coastal waters and in impoverishment of the benthos, such as the visible regression of seagrasses. Increased species numbers in the ‘insular’ gulf reflect the lower degree of urbanization in the less polluted peripheral zones and the increased use of more specific sampling methods in combination with improved knowledge of mysid biology.With the use of epibenthic nets during the day and at night, Heteromysis (Heteromysis) riedli sp. n. was sampled from Posidonia oceanica meadows on the Island of ­Ischia. The males of the new species are exceptional in having a pair of modified, backwards‐oriented, flagellate setae terminally on the antennular trunc, while the females show only the usual forwards‐oriented, smooth setae in this position.
Long‐Term Changes in the Benthos of the Northern Adriatic Sea: A Phototransect Approach
Authors: Kollmann Herbert , Stachowitsch Michael 
Published: March 2003

Abstract. The Northern Adriatic Sea has been repeatedly affected over the last three decades by bottom anoxia and benthic mortalities coupled with marine snow development. Eutrophication, meteorological conditions and climatic changes are among the cited causes for the occurrence of these disturbances, which, along with benthic fisheries, have a major impact on the investigated macro‐epibenthic community.In this study, an underwater phototransect was used to evaluate percent coverage of macro‐epifauna in order to determine the long‐term recovery of the community after a mass mortality in 1983. The area covered by 72 categories of organisms and biogenic structures was measured between 1985 and 1994. The former keystone genera Ophiothrix, Reniera and Microcosmus contributed only a small percentage to the coverage by epibenthic fauna. Reniera spp. was only detected in 1994, Ophiothrix quinquemaculata covered minimal areas in only three years (1986, 1991 and 1994), and Microcosmus spp. was only positively identified in 1985. The percent coverage of living organisms increased from 1.4 % in 1985 to 6.2 % in 1994, although it collapsed in 1988 after a mortality and suffered a setback in 1990 (over a 19‐day period from 6.0 to 3.5 %) after commercial fishing activities. Non‐living, biogenic structures (shells, tests etc.) increased from 1.5 % in 1985 to 5.8 % coverage in 1994. Lebensspuren increased in the same period from 2.3 to 3.9 %.The highly variable percent coverage values along the same transect from year to year show that the system was unstable. The original suspension‐feeding brittle stars, sponges and ascidians did not recover, while omnivorous hermit crabs increased. On the other hand, clear trends toward increasing coverage, interrupted by repeated anoxia and fisheries damage, were recorded. Although the aggregated distribution of the organisms (multi‐species clumps with intervening sediment surface) was partly preserved, these disturbances hindered the recolonization progress, which was very slow and did not lead to a climax stage of the former, intact community during this investigation.The photo‐documentation method is a valuable supplement to diver‐taken samples – which yield absolute biomass values – and provides a considerable information gain, for example in detecting and quantifying lebensspuren.
Case Report. Tinea pedis and onychomycosis in primary school children in Turkey
Authors: Inanir I. , Şahin M. T. , Gündüz K. , Dinç G. , Türel A. , Arisoy A. , Öztürkcan S. 
Published: March 2003

Summary.  A cross‐sectional study was performed in two primary schools with different socioeconomic status in the suburban and central areas of Manisa, Turkey, in order to determine the prevalence of tinea pedis and onychomycosis. A full dermatological examination and a questionnaire on socioeconomic conditions were performed in agroup of 785 randomly selected children aged 6–14. Of 9 clinically suspected tinea pedis and 4 onychomycoses cases, KOH examination (direct microscopy) and/or mycological cultures were positive in six boys, in whom Candida glabrata and C. tropicalis grew. Older age and higher number of siblings were found to be significant factors for fungal infection.Zusammenfassung.  In zwei Grundschulen mit unterschiedlichem sozio‐ökonomischen Status in Umgebung und Zentrum von Manisa (Türkei) wurde die Häufigkeit von Tinea pedis und Nagelmykosen untersucht. Eine ausführliche dermatologische Untersuchung und Befragung der sozio‐ökonomischen Bedingungen wurde bei 785 willkürlich ausgesuchten Kindern im Alter 6–14 Jahren durchgeführt. Von 9 Schülern mit Tinea pedis und 4 Schülern mit Nagelmykosen waren 6 Jungen im KOH‐Test und/oder mykologischer Kulturuntersuchung positiv, bei denen Candida glabrata und C. tropicalis isoliert wurden. Höheres Alter und Geschwisterzahl waren wichtige Risikofaktoren.
Geographical variation of β‐amylase thermostability among varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and β‐amylase deficiency
Authors: Kihara M. , Kaneko T. , Ito K. , Aida Y. , Takeda K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractInvestigations onto the thermostability of β‐amylase in 274 varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) indicated that all varieties except one were distributed into three types of high (type A), intermediate (type B), and low (type C) thermostability, respectively. One variety (TB29) from China showed no β‐amylase activity. Geographical variation was observed in the thermostability of β‐amylase. Type C varieties were not observed in East Asia (Japan, the Korean Peninsula, China and Nepal), although 36 out of 37 varieties in Ethiopia were type C. Most of the varieties were Type A in Japan, the Korean Peninsula and China, whereas the frequency of type A and type B were nearly equal in Nepal. Varieties in the other five areas (North America, North Africa, Southwest Asia, Turkey and Europe) consisted of types A, B and C. These results support the fact that East Asian cultivars are genetically different from those of the western regions, as previously reported.
Effects of loci determining photoperiod sensitivity (Ppd‐H1) and vernalization response (Sh2) on agronomic traits in the ‘Dicktoo’×‘Morex’ barley mapping population
Authors: Karsai I. , Mészáros K. , Szücs P. , Hayes P. M. , Láng L. , Bedö Z. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe objectives of this research were to determine the individual and interaction effects of the Ppd‐H1 and Sh2 loci on agronomic traits under short‐ and long‐photoperiod regimes. Nineteen doubled haploid (DH) lines from the ‘Dicktoo’×‘Morex’ mapping population, which represented the four genotypes at the Ppd‐H1 and Sh2 loci, were pheno‐typed in controlled environment photoperiods. Both Ppd‐H1 and Sh2 had significant effects on several agronomic traits, in addition to their role in determining first node appearance and flowering time. The magnitude of these effects depended on daylight. Under long‐day conditions (18 h) Ppd‐H1, and under short‐day conditions (12 h) Sh2 was a significant determinant of most characters. The interactions between these two loci were significant for several characters, particularly for yield components, under both long‐ and short‐photoperiod regimes. Under the long‐day treatment, Ppd‐H1 influenced plant height through the determination of node number. There was an epistatic association between the two loci for both 1000‐kernel weight and tillering. The combination of photoperiod insensitivity and vernalization requirement caused a significant increase in tillering. This was paralleled by a decrease in 1000‐kernel weight. Under the long‐day treatment, neither Ppd‐H1 nor Sh2 influenced plant yield. Under short‐day conditions, the combination of photoperiod insensitivity and vernalization requirement had a pronounced negative effect on plant yield.
Reaction of European spring barley varieties to a population of the net blotch fungus
Authors: Jørgensen J. Helms , Bech C. , Jensen J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAbout 320 European spring barley varieties and about 40 spring barley lines were tested in the field for reaction to a local population of the spot form of the net blotch fungus Pyrenophora teres forma maculata with the imperfect stage Drechslera teres. The European barley varieties showed a wide range of disease reactions, from nearly resistant to very susceptible. At least three groups of genetically related barley varieties could be distinguished: (0)‘Agneta’ and ‘Clermont’, (2)‘Nordal’ and ‘Arve’, and (3)‘Tellus’,‘Pamina’, ‘Albert’ and ‘Birka’. The parentages of these three groups of barley are mutually distantly related and may thus constitute three different sources of resistance to the pathogen population used. The range of disease reaction is similar in varieties from different European countries but it differs among different breeding stations. The relatively high level of resistance is fairly uniformly distributed in contemporary barley varieties all over most of Western Europe. Over time, from about 1830‐1982, the average level of resistance varied around 4.0 (scale value) (from 2.8 to 4.8). However, since about 1940 the variation in disease reaction has become much wider (from 108 to 6.9) for unknown reason(s).