bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neonatal hemidecortication and bilateral cutaneous stimulation in rats
Authors: Schallert Timothy , Whishaw Ian Q. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn humans, a dominant somatosensory consequence of extensive unilateral neocortex damage is “simultaneous extinction,” which is an interhemispheric perceptual interaction that is operationally distinguishable from neglect. A tactile stimulus presented on the contralateral side of the body is detected when presented singly, but is completely masked during bilateral stimulation. Analogous tests designed to calibrate somatosensory asymmetries in rats were used to determine the long‐term effects of hemidecortication sustained on postnatal Day 1. These data were compared with that observed in adult operated rats at a comparable postoperative period. In one respect the neonatal brain was more vulnerable than the adult brain. That is, unlike adult operated rats which were tested at 3 postoperative months, a sensory asymmetry appeared to be permanent in the neonatally operated rats, at least for the duration of testing (3–9 months). Further analysis suggested that in another way the neonates were more resistant to the effects of hemidecortication than were the adults. Neonatally operated rats appeared to be capable of processing input from both sides of the body simultaneously, even during markedly asymmetrical input. In other words, the early occurrence of brain damage may have spared them from a condition reminiscent of “simultaneous extinction.” Finally, the adult operated and neonatally operated rats both displayed a subtle motor abnormality. Thus, depending on the test used, the neonatal operation yielded more severe, less severe, or comparable behavior deficits.
Early ontogeny of face grooming in mice
Authors: Golani Ilan , Fentress John C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA U‐shaped function of behavioral growth characterizes the early ontogeny of face grooming in mice. In the first few postnatal days (0–100 hr), mice groom their face by using temporally isolated strokes, or bouts of strokes, which vary in amplitude and symmetry. Later on (100–200 hr), bouts disappear, asymmetry is eliminated, and the amplitude of strokes is gradually restricted; the infants engage in stereotyped, double‐handed, temporally isolated strokes. Finally (200–300 hr), bouts reappear, including both short and long, symmetrical and asymmetrical, strokes. These changes, are accompanied by unidirectional changes such as an increasing participation of the trunk, the neck, and the head in grooming, which lead to the flexible organization of face grooming seen in adults. Instead of describing development in terms of emerging unitary “acts,” we have recorded from high‐speed films three simultaneous aspects of movement: the movements of the separate limb and body segments, the resultant paths which are traced by the forepaws, and the paths of contact which are traced on the face. This method of description disclosed (a) reversible changes, and (b) a change in the relative stability of each of these aspects of face grooming, in the course of early ontogeny.
Spatial cue utilization in chronically malnourished rats: Task‐specific learning deficits
Authors: Goodlett Charles R. , Valentino M. Lisa , Morgane Peter J. , Resnick Oscar 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRats whose mothers were maintained on either a 25% casein diet or an 8% casein diet and who were provided the same diet after weaning were tested on delayed spatial alternation or on one of a series of spatial localization problems using the Morris maze (Morris, 1981). Malnourished rats demonstrated perseverative deficits in the form of strings of consecutive errors on the delayed spatial alternation. Performance in the Morris maze indicated spatial localization ability and spatial memory processes were not impaired by chronic malnutrition in rats. The data suggest that complex processing of spatial information that includes flexible use of place cues over short intervals is impaired by malnutrition, while spatial localization per se and spatial mapping are not affected.
Developmental changes in salt acceptability in human infants
Authors: Beauchamp Gary K. , Cowart Beverly J. , Moran Marianne 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHuman infants less than 4 months of age ingested water and moderate concentrations of sodium chloride solution (0.10–0.20 M) in equal amounts. In contrast, infants 4–24 months of age exhibited heightened acceptance of saline solution relative to water. Such a developmental change in salt acceptability is consistent with a hypothesis of postnatal maturation of peripheral and/or central structures underlying this response. Children 31–60 months of age tended to reject saline solution relative to water. This change may in part reflect the effects of experience.
The effect of home cage stimuli on acquisition and retention of an active avoidance response in previsual rats
Authors: Misanin James R. , Lariviere Nancy A. , Turns Alan E. , Turns Laurie E. , Hinderliter Charles F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of home cage environmental stimuli on learning and the effects on retention of the presence or absence of these familiar contextual training stimuli during the retention test (Experiment 1) or during the retention interval (Experiment 2) were examined using 10‐day‐old rats, a multidirectional active avoidance task, and a 30‐min retention intrval. Home cage environmental stimuli were found to improve learning. A change in stimuli immediately after training, during the 30‐min retention interval, was found to have a greater impact on retention performance than stimulus change introduced at the time of the retention test. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to ontogenetic differences in retention performance and theories of forgetting.
Ontogenetic comparison of memory for pavlovian conditioned aversions to temperature, vibration, odor, or brightness
Authors: Markiewicz Barbara , Kucharski David , Spear Norman E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOntogenetic differences in forgetting of Pavlovian conditioning were tested in four experiments with 550 rats of ages 12, 18, or 60 days postpartum. The experiments had in common the same unconditioned stimulus (US; footshock) and procedures for conditioning and testing, but the conditioned stimulus (CS) differed. The CS was a particular vibrotactile stimulus (Experiment 1), ambient temperature (Experiment 2), odorant (Experiments 3), or brightness (Experiment 4). The intent of this study was to assess, in more comparable circumstances than previously tested, the possibility of substantial differences in infantile amnesia for different sensory modalities. Particular attention was given those modalities that mature early and had not been tested in previous studies of infantile amnesia. The results verified some degree of infantile amnesia for even those sensory modalities used adaptively from birth.
Spatiotemporal linkage in infant interlimb coordination
Authors: Goldfield Eugene C. , Michel George F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTiming and direction of movement of the arms and hands of 7‐ and 11‐month‐old infants were examined during bimanual reaching for a transparent cube. Videotape analysis of frames from release of the hands to initial contact of one hand with the cube revealed that hand movement was more often temporally linked for 7‐month infants than for 11‐month infants. Also, at 7 months, the hands moved toward the cube in the same direction, whereas at 11 months, they moved in opposite (complementary) directions. Thus, although both 7‐ and 11‐month infants perform bimanual reaching, at 7 months the 2 hands are linked both in timing and direction of movement in a fashion different than at 11 months.
Opioid‐mediation of separation distress in 10‐day‐old rats: Reversal of stress with maternal stimuli
Authors: Kehoe Priscilla , Blass Elliott M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA relationship between distress vocalizations, response to nociception and their opioid mediation in 10‐day‐old maternally isolated rat pups was established. The comforting effects of several classes of biological stimuli were examined. Short‐term (5 min) isolation from mother, siblings and nest caused a significant analagesic repsonse to heat (48°C) relative to nonisolated siblings. Morphine administration markedly increased heat escape latencies and decreased distress vocalizations during isolation. Naltrexone, and opioid antagonist, had the opposite effect; escape latencies were halved and distress vocalizations doubled. Contact with an anesthetized female, dam or virgin, immediately reduced both analgesia and vocalizations. Home‐bedding was only effective after 5 min exposure, whereas clean bedding did not reduce isolation‐induced behaviors. These results are discussed in terms of infant learning and motivation under natural circumstances.
Developmental changes in chickens' masked thresholds
Authors: Gray Lincoln 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMasked thresholds were estimated at four frequencies (.25, .5, 1, and 2 kHz) in three levels of broadband noise (approximately 0, 10, and 20 dB/Hz) in over 100 chickens at 0 and 4 days of age. An adaptive procedure was based on delays in ongoing peeps that occurred when chicks heard the tones over the background noise. Masked thresholds decreased an average of 1 dB per day immediately after birth. This increasing sensitivity is more likely due to nonsensory factors, similar to distraction masking reported in human neonates, than to improving frequency resolution. Masked thresholds in these neonates are otherwise affected by spectrum level and frequency in the same way as the responses of mature subjects: thresholds increase by nearly 1 dB for each dB of increase in the spectrum level of the masker, and by approximately 3 dB for each octave of frequency. Thus, although elevated by some nonsensory effect, masked thresholds in newborn chicks are similar to those in humans. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons Inc.
The effect of an intensive care unit sound environment on the development of habituation in healthy avian neonates
Authors: Kathleen Philbin M. , Ballweg Diane D. , Gray Lincoln 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThere is increasing concern that environmental stimuli in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) may be detrimental to the preterm infants hospitalized there. Separately, there is longstanding recognition that preterm infants at 40 weeks postconceptional age habituate less reliably than full‐term infants. This study uses a relevant animal model to test whether exposure to NICU sounds, as a single departure from normal neonatal experience, can alter habituation. Chicks were incubated, hatched, and reared in either a quiet or a NICU‐sound environment. Habituation was measured by the length of time that chicks delay their ongoing peeping upon hearing a white noise stimulus. NICU‐sound‐reared 4‐day‐olds failed to habituate, showing as much responsiveness at the end of repeated stimulation as at the beginning. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration that atypical sound exposure alone can alter this fundamental aspect of neurosensory competence in an otherwise healty neonate.© 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Functional analysis of spontaneous movements in preterm infants
Authors: Hayes Marie J. , Plante Lonnie S. , Fielding Brenda A. , Kumar Savitri P. , Delivoria‐Papadopolos Maria 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSpontaneous movements of premature infants between 25 and 34 weeks conceptional age were observed for 1 hr on two or three occasions. Subjects had low‐risk prognoses and were clinically stable at the time of testing. Behavioral acts were scored using a 0/1 time sampling technique in 60 continuous, 1‐min time blocks. Temporal associations between individual movements were found using chi‐square analyses. Some associated behaviors contained combinations consistent with neonatal action patterns, for example, single and bilateral leg kicking, head turning, and mouthing. Features of state organization were also evident in that general motor activity (GM), which has been used as a marker of active sleep (AS) in neonates, was found to cluster temporally with startle, facial, and head movements but not eye movements. Behavioral quiescence (≥5 s) was dissociated from AS‐related behaviors (GM, facial, head, and eye movements). Combinations of state‐segregated behaviors were more likely to exhibit co‐occurrence within 1‐min intervals in infant 30 weeks conceptional age and older.
Behavioral and hormonal responses to stress in the newborn mouse: Effects of maternal deprivation and chlordiazepoxide
Authors: Cirulli Francesca , Santucci Daniela , Laviola Giovanni , Alleva Enrico , Levine Seymour 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThese studies investigated behavioral and hormonal responses to stress in developing mice. Experiment 1 examined the effects of 24‐hr maternal deprivation on corticosterone (CORT) secretion and ultrasonic vocalization (UVZ) rate in 4‐, 8‐, and 12‐day‐old mice. At these ages, exposure to a novel environment resulted in minimal changes in CORT secretion. Maternal deprivation increased pups′ CORT secretion in an age‐dependent fashion but did not affect their UVZ rate.The aim of experiment 2 was to test the effects of cholordiazepoxide (CDP), an anxyolytic compound, on CORT secretion and UVZ in both normally reared and in maternally deprived 8‐day‐old mice. CDP administration elevated CORT increases in deprived (DEP) animals. CDP affected UVZ only in nondcprived (NDEP) animals: UVZ ratewas decreased by high CDP dosesOverall, these findings demonstrate that the infant mouse shows a period of stress hyp9oresponsiveness similar to the rat and that maternal presence contributes to inhibit adrenocorticalactivity. CDP administration, butnot novelty exposure, increased CORT secretion in 8‐day‐ old normally reared mice suggesting that during the stress hyporesponsive period, the HPA axis is capable of responding only to specific stimuli. Changes in HPA axis activity and UVZ rateresulting from maternal deprivation and/or CDP challenge do not seem to be directly related. ©1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Response to maternal separation in infant guinea pigs exposed to intrapartum meperidine
Authors: Golub Mari S. , Kaaekuahiwi Margaret A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe investigated whether opiate analgesics as commonly administered to women during labor would affect later response to maternal separation in infant guinea pigs. Meperidine hydrochloride (10–15 mg/kg i.m.) was administered to late‐pregnant guinea pigs 5 min prior to labor induction with oxytocin. On Day 11 or 12 postnatal, pup distress vocalizations, locomotor activity, and plasma cortisol were measured under one of two conditions: alone (alone in a novel environment for 30 min) or mother (with the dam in the novel environment). Female pups exposed to intrapartum meperidine emitted fewer vocalizations than controls in the alone condition. Plasma cortisol was higher in meperidine females in the alone condition than in controls at the end of the separation period, but the difference was not significant. There was no drug effect on vocalizations or cortisol in males. Neither test condition nor drug affected activity level. The data suggest that intrapartum opiates may alter separation‐induced distress in female guinea pig infants. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Systematic changes in gaping during the ontogeny of pecking in ring doves (Streptopelia risoria)
Authors: Deich James D. , Tankoos Jenine , Balsam Peter D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFood pecking in the ring dove is a skilled prehensile response that is similar to, but simpler than, many other prehensile responses. Previous work has shown that this response is initially poorly executed and requires experience for its accurate direction and coordination. The response involves two components: the thrusting of the bird's head toward food, and the opening and closure of the beak around food. Here, this second component, called gape, is followed through development with a precise measurement system. Four squabs moved through a similar sequence of three gape topographies, each of which is more efficient in picking up seed, during development. The present outcome, together with other work, argues for a substantial contribution of experience with pecking to the development of food pecking. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the ontogeny of motor control and for understanding how experience affects behavioral development. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The influence of flavor and color on drink identification by children and adults
Authors: Oram Nicholas , Laing David G. , Hutchinson Ian , Owen Joanne , Rose Grenville , Freeman Melanie , Newell Graeme 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study investigated how color and flavor influences drink identification by children and adults. The children ranged in age from 2 to 18 years of age. Each subject tasted four drinks that differed in color and flavor. Each drink had an atypical color–flavor pairing (e.g., brown–pineapple) or a typical pairing (e.g., brown–chocolate). After tasting each drink, the subject chose which of four flavor names identified the drink. For the atypical drinks, the selection of color‐associated names (e.g., chocolate for a brown drink) decreased, and the selection of flavor‐associated names increased with age from the preschoolers to the adults. For the typical drinks, the selection of the correct name was greater than 80% for all ages. These results suggest that drink identification becomes more influenced by flavor as children get older because of an increase in the ability of children to focus on flavor as their perceptual‐attentional skills mature. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Neonatal medial prefrontal lesions and recovery of spatial delayed alternation in the Rat: Effects of delay interval
Authors: Carter Christy S. , Freeman John H. , Stanton Mark E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have previously shown that rats given medial prefrontal lesions on postnatal Day 10 show a performance deficit on spatial delayed alternation (2‐s delay) when tested between Days 19 and 23, but show recovery of function by Days 27–33 (Freeman & Stanton, 1992). The present study attempted to (a) examine the effects of extending the delay interval from 2 s to 15 or 45 s on the ontogeny of spatial delayed alternation; and (b) determine whether these longer delays would alter the ontogenetic profile of recovery from medial prefrontal damage. Animals were given medial prefrontal lesions (mPFC) or sham surgery on Day 10. They received acquisition training on delayed alternation with a 2‐s delay on Day 21 or Day 28, followed by “probe” tests at delays of 15 and 45 s on the following day (Day 22 or Day 29). On Days 21–22 there was an overall effect of lesion at the 2‐, 15‐, and 45‐s delay intervals indicating and early deficit. However, on Days 28–29 there was no effect of lesion at the end of acquisition or at the 15‐ or 45‐s delay intervals. Recovery of memory function by mPFC animals on this task appears to occur during the weanling period regardless of delay interval. © 1995 Johnv Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Auditory brainstem response in sheep. Part I: Fetal development
Authors: Pierson Linda L. , Gerhardt Kenneth J. , Griffiths Scott K. , Abrams Robert M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) was recorded from fetal sheep in utero between gestational ages of 111 days and 136 days (Normal gestation is 145 days). The ABR was detected at 111 days gestation (dGA) and morphology of the waveform improved rapidly from 116 to 123 dGA. At 123 dGA, the four vertex‐positive peaks were similar to those observed in adult ewes. Thresholds of the ABR to clicks and tone bursts improved rapidly between 111 and 123 dGA. From 123 to 136 dGA, ABR thresholds continued to improve, but at a much slower rate. Latencies for the peaks also decreased during development from 111 to 136 days, with latencies for Waves III and IV showing a greater decrease than latencies for Waves I and II. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The surface evoked potential and parvalbumin‐immunoreactivity in the somatosensory cortex of the developing rat
Authors: Seo‐Hiraiwa Misako L. , Seto‐Ohshima Akiko , Kato Kanefusa 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of the rat somatosensory system was followed electrophysiologically and immunohistochemically. In the surface evoked potential elicited in the primary somatosensory cortex by electrical stimulation of the whisker C3 follicle, a short‐latency positive wave was first recorded on postnatal Day 2. A longlatency positive wave was recorded in some pups on postnatal Day 7 and in most pups on postnatal Day 8. On postnatal Day 10, a P/N complex appeared between the short‐ and long‐latency positive waves. Parvalbumin, believed to appear with functional maturation, appeared mainly after postnatal Day 7 in Layer V in the underlying area, although a few weakly stained cells appeared on postnatal Day 5. On postnatal Day 10, weakly stained cells appeared in the area containing barrels; their staining increased with time. In this system, electrophysiological and immunohistochemical parameters changed by the 3rd postnatal week with the most marked changes occurring within 2 postnatal weeks. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Responses of infant Titi monkeys, Callicebus moloch, to removal of one or both parents: Evidence for paternal attachment
Authors: Hoffman Kurt A. , Mendoza Sally P. , Hennessy Michael B. , Mason William A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe response to parental separation in infant titi monkeys was evaluated. Separation from the mother for 1 hr did not elicit an adrenocortical response from the infant unless the father was also removed. Separation from the father elicited a significant elevation in adrenocortical activity even when the mother remained with the infant during the separation period. Infants showed the highest cortisol levels and vocalization rates when both parents were removed and the infant remained alone in the living cage for 1 hr. As in previous research, infants maintained higher levels of contact with the father than with the mother. The results indicate that in this monogamous New World primate, the father is the primary attachment figure for the developing infant. © 1995 Johnv Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Asymmetry of finger temperature and early behavior
Authors: Kagan Jerome , Arcus Doreen , Snidman Nancy , Peterson Eric , Steinberg Donna , Rimm‐Kaufman Sara 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMeasures of the temperature of the fingertips of eighty‐three 4‐year‐old children revealed an unexpected asymmetry in which the index finger of the left hand but the ring finger of the right hand were the coolest digits. In addition, a subset of 20 children who had the coolest right compared with the left ring finger were more fearful to unfamiliar events and also had a cooler right than left forehead at 21 months of age. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The C4H4CO potential surface. Reactions involving bicyclo[2.1.0]pentenone
Authors: Schweig Armin , Thiel Walter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMNDO and MINDO/3 calculations were used to study the photochemical formation, thermal rearrangements, and dissociation of bicyclo[2.1.0]pentenone. The “forbidden” thermal conversion to cyclopentadienone requires little activation, which accounts for the low kinetic stability of bicyclo[2.1.0]pentenone. The theoretical results seem to be compatible with the available experimental evidence for the tri‐tert‐butyl‐substituted systems and suggest an explanation for observed differences in reactivity.