bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacteriophage ST64B, a Genetic Mosaic of Genes from Diverse Sources Isolated fromSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium DT 64
Authors: Mmolawa Princess T. , Schmieger Horst , Heuzenroeder Michael W. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTThe complete sequence of the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome of theSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium ST64B bacteriophage was determined. The 40,149-bp genomic sequence of ST64B has an overall G+C content of 51.3% and is distinct from that of P22. The genome architecture is similar to that of the lambdoid phages, particularly that of coliphage λ. Most of the putative tail genes showed sequence similarity to tail genes of Mu, a nonlambdoid phage. In addition, it is likely that these tail genes are not expressed due to insertions of fragments of genes related to virulence within some of the open reading frames. This, together with the inability of ST64B to produce plaques on a wide range of isolates, suggests that ST64B is a defective phage. In contrast to the tail genes, most of the head genes showed similarity to those of the lambdoid phages HK97 and HK022, but these head genes also have significant sequence similarities to those of several other dsDNA phages infecting diverse bacterial hosts, includingEscherichia,Pseudomonas,Agrobacterium,Caulobacter,Mesorhizobium, andStreptomyces.This suggests that ST64B is a genetic mosaic that has acquired significant portions of its genome from sources outside the genusSalmonella.
rRNA Antitermination Functions with Heat Shock Promoters
Authors: Seoh Hyuk Kyu , Weech Michelle , Zhang Ning , Squires Catherine L. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACT

Transcription antitermination in the rRNA operons of
Escherichia coli
requires a unique nucleic acid sequence that serves as a signal for modification of the elongating RNA polymerase, making it resistant to Rho-dependent termination. We examined the antitermination ability of RNA polymerase elongation complexes that had initiated at three different heat shock promoters,
dnaK
,
groE
, and
clpB
, and then transcribed the antitermination sequence to read through a Rho-dependent terminator. Terminator bypass comparable to that seen with σ
70
promoters was obtained. Lack of or inversion of the sequence abolished terminator readthrough. We conclude that RNA polymerase that uses σ
32
to initiate transcription can adopt a conformation similar to that of σ
70
-containing RNA polymerase, enabling it to interact with auxiliary modifying proteins and bypass Rho-dependent terminators.
Host Range of Chlamydiaphages φCPAR39 and Chp3
Authors: Everson J. S. , Garner S. A. , Lambden P. R. , Fane B. A , Clarke I. N. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACT

The host range of φCPAR39 is limited to four
Chlamydophila
species:
C. abortus
,
C. caviae
,
C. pecorum
, and
C. pneumoniae
. Chp3 (a newly discovered bacteriophage isolated from
C. pecorum
) shares three of these hosts (
C. abortus
,
C. caviae
, and
C. pecorum
) but can additionally infect
Chlamydophila felis
. The ability to support replication was directly correlated with the binding properties of the respective bacteriophages with their host species. Binding studies also show that φCPAR39 and Chp3 use different host receptors to infect the same host cells: cell binding is sensitive to proteinase K treatment, confirming that the chlamydiaphage receptors are proteinaceous in nature.
Another Look at Neural Multigrid
Authors: Bäker Martin 
Published: October 2003

We present a new multigrid method called neural multigrid which is based on joining multigrid ideas with concepts from neural nets. The main idea is to use the Greenbaum criterion as a cost functional for the neural net. The algorithm is able to learn efficient interpolation operators in the case of the ordered Laplace equation with only a very small critical slowing down and with a surprisingly small amount of work comparable to that of a Conjugate Gradient solver In the case of the two-dimensional Laplace equation with SU(2) gauge fields at β = 0 the learning exhibits critical slowing down with an exponent of about z≈0.4. The algorithm is able to find quite good interpolation operators in this case as well. Thereby it is proven that a practical true multigrid algorithm exists even for a gauge theory. An improved algorithm using dynamical blocks that will hopefully overcome the critical slowing down completely is sketched.
Loosely-Specified Query Processing in Large-Scale Information Systems
Authors: Nica Anisoara , Rundensteiner Elke A. 
Published: October 2003

Challenging issues for processing queries specified over large-scale information spaces (for example, Digital Libraries or the World Wide Web) include the diversity of the information sources in terms of their structures, query interfaces and search capabilities, as well as the dynamics of sources continuously being added, removed or upgraded. In this paper, we give an innovative solution for query planning in such environments. The foundation of our solution is the Dynamic Information Integration Model (DIIM) which supports the specification of not only content but also capabilities of resources without requiring the establishment of a uniform integration schema. Besides the development of the DIIM model, contributions of this paper include: (1) the introduction of the notion of fully specified queries that are semantically equivalent to a loosely-specified query; (2) a translation algorithm of a loosely-specified query into a set of semantically equivalent feasible query plans that are consistent with the binding patterns of query templates of the individual sources (capability descriptions in DIIM) and with interrelationships between information sources (expressed as join constraints in DIIM); and (3) a search restriction algorithm for optimizing query processing by pruning the search space into the relevant subspace of a query. The plans obtained by the proposed query planning process which is composed of the search restriction and translation algorithms can be shown to correspond to query plans semantically equivalent to the initial loosely-specified input query.
Orthography Influences the Perception of Speech in Alexic Patients
Authors: Miller Kimberly M. , Swick Diane 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Interactive models of reading propose that phonological representations directly activate and/or constrain orthographic representations through feedback. These models also predict that spoken words should activate their orthographic forms. The effect of word orthography on auditory lexical access was investigated in two patients with alexia without agraphia. Several theories of alexia suggest that letter-by-letter reading results from impaired access to orthographic representations. Although alexics can often correctly identify orally spelled words and spell to dictation, it is unknown whether they can access the whole orthographic “word-form” as a unit via auditory presentation. The nonobligatory activation of orthography was examined in an auditory lexical decision task, in which the orthographic and phonological similarity between prime and target was manipulated. In controls, the combined effect of phonological and orthographic relatedness (OP) produced greater facilitation than phonological relatedness alone, indicating that orthography can influence auditory lexical decisions. The alexics displayed patterns of facilitation comparable to controls, suggesting they can quickly access whole-word orthographic information via the auditory modality. An alternate account posits that the OP advantage does not require on-line access of orthography, but instead is a developmental by-product of learning to read an orthographically inconsistent language. The results have implications for cognitive theories of alexia and provide support for interactive models of word recognition.
Multiple Neuronal Networks Mediate Sustained Attention
Authors: Lawrence Natalia S. , Ross Thomas J. , Hoffmann Ray , Garavan Hugh , Stein Elliot A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Sustained attention deficits occur in several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms are still incompletely understood. To that end, functional MRI was used to investigate the neural substrates of sustained attention (vigilance) using the rapid visual information processing (RVIP) task in 25 healthy volunteers. In order to better understand the neural networks underlying attentional abilities, brain regions where task-induced activation correlated with task performance were identified. Performance of the RVIP task activated a network of frontal, parietal, occipital, thalamic, and cerebellar regions. Deactivation during task performance was seen in the anterior and posterior cingulate, insula, and the left temporal and parahippocampal gyrus. Good task performance, as defined by better detection of target stimuli, was correlated with enhanced activation in predominantly right fronto-parietal regions and with decreased activation in predominantly left temporo-limbic and cingulate areas. Factor analysis revealed that these performance-correlated regions were grouped into two separate networks comprised of positively activated and negatively activated intercorrelated regions. Poor performers failed to significantly activate or deactivate these networks, whereas good performers either activated the positive or deactivated the negative network, or did both. The fact that both increased activation of task-specific areas and increased deactivation of task-irrelevant areas mediate cognitive functions underlying good RVIP task performance suggests two independent circuits, presumably reflecting different cognitive strategies, can be recruited to perform this vigilance task.
Interpersonal Distance in Schizophrenic Patients: Relationship to Negative Syndrome
Authors: Nechamkin Yakov , Salganik Igor , Modai Ilan , Ponizovsky Alexander M. 
Published: October 2003

Background: Personal space is the area individuals maintain around themselves into which others cannot intrude without arousing discomfort. Objective: We tested the hypotheses that psychological distancing of patients with schizophrenia would be a characteristic of 1) diagnosis and/or 2) syndrome. Methods: For this aim, 30 schizophrenic and 30 age matching normal males established comfortable interpersonal distances for 20 word-stimuli representing family members, significant others, self-images, emotionally neutral and threatening surroundings. The distances were assessed by a paper-and-pencil projective measure, the Comfortable Interpersonal Distance scale and the patients' psycho-pathological symptoms were quantified by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. t-tests and correlational analyses were employed to examine the relation-ships between the parameters of interest. Results: The rank order (hierarchy) of preferable interpersonal distances of patients with schizophrenia was similar to that of normal subjects. At the same time, psychological distance from family members and themselves was substantially larger among the patients. There were no significant correlations between any kind of interpersonal distance and positive syndrome of schizophrenia, while negative syndrome showed significant inverse association with distances from emotionally neutral and threatening figures and positive correlation with family member and self-image distances. Conclusion: The results suggest that the negative syndrome of schizophrenia attenuates the differences between interpersonal distances from generally close and distant persons.
Psychiatric Disorders in Opioid Dependants
Authors: Ahmadi Jamshid , Toobaee Shahin , Kharras Mohammad , Radmehr Mohammad 
Published: October 2003

Aims: Psychiatric disorders are common among substance dependants. The objectives of this study were to assess the rate of neurotic disorders among opioid addicts, and reassess the rate of those neurotic disorders two weeks after complete detoxification of the patients. Measurements: Data were gathered from 500 (496 men and 4 women) opioid dependants, using DSM-IV criteria. The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (MHQ) was used to measure free-floating anxiety, depression, phobia, obsession, hysteria and somatization. Results: Four hundred and ninety-six (99.2%) of the subjects were men of whom the majority (65.2%) were married, 26.4% single and the others were divorced or separated. Three hundred and thirty-four (66.8%) were in age range of 20to 39 years. Of the subjects 154 (30.8) were self-employed, 116 (23.2%) were factory workers, 100 (20%) unemployed, 64 (12.8%) employees and 32 (6.4%) retailers. The majority, 322 (64.4%), reported elementary and high school as their level of education and only 20(4%) were illiterate. The means for neurotic disorders (using the MHQ) before and two weeks after detoxification were 10.12 and 9.98 for anxiety, 7.54 and 7.41 for phobia, 10.10 and 9.76 for depression, 11.11 and 11.05 for obsession, 8.47 and 8.49 for hysteria and 9.82 and 9.46 for somatization, respectively. The mean difference was significant only for depression. Conclusions: Present findings indicated that the rate of neurotic disorders in opioid dependants is high and (except for depression) was not significantly different before detoxification and two weeks after detoxification. Opium was found to be the most prevalent form of opioid used. Also it can be concluded that during the last years some demographic characteristics of Iranian opioid addicts in this sample have changed. Cultural attitudes toward substance use quite likely affect the pattern of substance use. These findings can be considered when planning preventive and therapeutic programs.
Drowning Your Sorrows? Attitudes Towards Alcohol in UK Jews and Protestants: A Thematic Analysis
Authors: Loewenthal K. M. , Lee M. , Macleod A. K. , Cook S. , Goldblatt V. 
Published: October 2003

Background: Jewish culturally supported beliefs may discourage drinking and drunkenness as ways of socialising and coping with stress. Thus Jewish men under stress may be relatively more likely to become depressed, and less likely to use and abuse alcohol. This study is the first qualitative comparison of Jews and Protestants, men and women. It examines whether alcohol-related beliefs are consistent with the alcohol-depression hypothesis, i.e. that positive beliefs about alcohol use and effects are associated with high alcohol use and low depression. Material and discussion: A thematic (interpretive phenomenological) analysis on open-ended question responses, from 70 Jews and 91 Protestants, and on semi-structured interviews with five Jews and four Protestants, identified three salient themes: the importance of retaining self-control; the pleasures of losing inhibitions; and the relations of alcohol-related behaviour to identity. Compared to Protestants, Jews described alcohol-related behaviour as threatening to self-control, loss of inhibition as unenjoyable and dangerous and distinguished between the kinds of drinking behaviours appropriate for Jews and others. Sub-themes for Protestant men were denial that drinking threatens self-control, and appropriateness of going to the pub. Conclusions: The themes identified are not measurable using published research instruments. Alcohol-related behaviour may be a feature of Jewish identity. The beliefs identified are consistent with the alcohol-depression hypothesis.
Robust Visual Servoing
Authors: Kragic D. , Christensen H. I. 
Published: October 2003

For service robots operating in domestic environments, it is not enough to consider only control level robustness; it is equally important to consider how image information that serves as input to the control process can be used so as to achieve robust and efficient control. In this paper we present an effort towards the development of robust visual techniques used to guide robots in various tasks. Given a task at hand, we argue that different levels of complexity should be considered; this also defines the choice of the visual technique used to provide the necessary feedback information. We concentrate on visual feedback estimation where we investigate both two- and three-dimensional techniques. In the former case, we are interested in providing coarse information about the object position/velocity in the image plane. In particular, a set of simple visual features (cues) is employed in an integrated framework where voting is used for fusing the responses from individual cues. The experimental evaluation shows the system performance for three different cases of camera-robot configurations most common for robotic systems. For cases where the robot is supposed to grasp the object, a two- dimensional position estimate is often not enough. Complete pose (position and orientation) of the object may be required. Therefore, we present a model-based system where a wire-frame model of the object is used to estimate its pose. Since a number of similar systems have been proposed in the literature, we concentrate on the particular part of the system usually neglected—automatic pose initialization. Finally, we show how a number of existing approaches can successfully be integrated in a system that is able to recognize and grasp fairly textured, everyday objects. One of the examples presented in the experimental section shows a mobile robot performing tasks in a real-word environment—a living room.
Integrated Vision/Force Robotic Servoing in the Task Frame Formalism
Authors: Baeten Johan , Bruyninckx Herman , De Schutter Joris 
Published: October 2003

In this paper we show how to use the task frame to easily model, implement and execute three-dimensional (3D) robotic tasks, which integrate force control and visual servoing, in an uncalibrated workspace. In contrast to most hybrid vision/force research, this work uses eye-in-hand vision and force control. Mounting both sensors on the same end-effector gives rise to new constraints, control issues and advantages, which are discussed in this paper. On the one hand, in this paper we emphasize shared control in which both vision and force simultaneously control a given task frame direction. Our work shows the usefulness and feasibility of a range of tasks which use shared control. Moreover, it offers a framework based on the task frame formalism (TFF) to distinguish between different basic forms of shared control. Each basic form is illustrated by a robotic task with shared control in only one direction. In addition, an extension to classify multi-dimensional shared control tasks is presented. On the other hand, a new classification is presented which distinguishes between four meaningful tool/camera configurations, being parallel or non-parallel endpoint closed-loop and fixed or variable endpoint open-loop. Corresponding control strategies are discussed, resulting in either collocated or non-collocated vision/force control. Several task examples (in 3D space), specified in the TFF, illustrate the use of these four configurations. As shown by the presented experimental results, the tasks at hand benefit from the integrated control approach.
Properties of Dilute Aqueous Solutions of Double-Chain Surfactants, Alkyldodecyldimethylammonium Bromides with a Change in the Length of the Alkyl Chains
Authors: Hiramatsu Koichi , Kameyama Keiichi , Ishiguro Ryo , Mori Masaki , Hayase Hisao 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A series of cationic surfactants, dialkyldimethylammonium bromides with dodecyl as the primary alkyl chain and with methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexyl, octyl, and decyl as the second alkyl chain, as well as those with symmetric alkyl chains, dioctyl, didecyl and didodecyl ones, were synthesized, and their properties were investigated through measurements of the conductivity and air–liquid surface tension for their aqueous solutions to determine their critical micelle concentrations (cmc) and surface adsorption parameters in the formulation according to a two-dimensional lattice model in the form of the Frumkin equation. The change in cmc revealed that the free energy to transfer from water to the micelle per methylene unit is significantly small for asymmetric double-chain surfactants with a shorter second alkyl chain, and it approaches as elongating the second alkyl to those for the single-chain and symmetric double-chain surfactants. The free energy to transfer to an air–solution interface decreased approximately linearly with the total length of the hydrocarbon chains for all of the species examined. The lattice area for a symmetric double-chain surfactant molecule decreased with the length of its hydrocarbons. In a series of asymmetric ones, it showed a maximum for that with hexyl in its second alkyl.
Synthesis, Structures and Fluxional Behavior of Ruthenium(II) Complexes Bearing a Bidentate 1,8-Naphthyridine Ligand
Authors: Koizumi Take-aki , Tomon Takashi , Tanaka Koji 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The ruthenium complexes bearing 1,8-naphthyridine (napy) and terpyridine analogous (N,C,N)-tridentate ligands were synthesized and characterized. The reaction of [RuCl2(napy-κ2N,N′)(dmso)2] with 2 equiv of AgPF6 and subsequent addition of LH and CO gave [RuL(napy-κ2N,N′)(CO)](PF6)n (6a: L = N-methyl-3,5-di(2-pyridyl)-4-pyridyl, n = 2; 6b: L = 2,6-di(2-pyridyl)phenyl, n = 1) via [RuL(napy-κ2N,N′)(dmso)](PF6)n (5a: L = N-methyl-3,5-di(2-pyridyl)-4-pyridyl, n = 2; 5b: L = 2,6-di(2-pyridyl)phenyl, n = 1). The crystal structures of 5a and 6a show distorted octahedral coordination with the tridentate (N,C,N)-ligand as mer-fashion, two nitrogens of bidentate napy and the sulfur of DMSO (5a) or the carbon of the CO ligand (6a). Detailed experiments for irradiation and variable-temperature 1H NMR studies reveal a fluxional process of the chelated napy ligand in solution.
A Novel and Efficient Method for the Technetium-99m Labelling of Disulfide Compounds Using a Tetrahydroborate Exchange Resin
Authors: Park Sang Hyun , Gwon Hui Jeong , Kim Young Ho , Park Kyung Bae 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A novel and efficient method for the technetium-99m labelling of disulfide compound 7 was established with high radiochemical purity in which tetrahydroborate exchange resin (BER) simultaneously carries out the reduction of 7, the reduction of [99mTc]pertechnetate and chelation of 7 with technetium-99m. The labelling occurs in a one-pot three-step procedure that is amenable to the preparation of 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals.
Synthesis and Properties of α,α-Bis(heteroazulen-3-yl)-1,4-benzoquinonemethides
Authors: Naya Shin-ichi , Watano Tetsuhiro , Nitta Makoto 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The synthesis and properties of a novel type of α,α-bis(heteroazulen-3-yl)-1,4-benzoquinonemethides 11a–f are studied. The synthetic method was based on a TFA-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitution on the heteroazulenes with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde to afford the corresponding methane derivatives, followed by oxidative hydrogen abstraction with DDQ, and subsequent exchange of the counter-anion by using aq. HBF4 or aq. HPF6 and neutralization. The polarization of 11a–f was evaluated by their 13C NMR and UV–vis spectral data. The thermodynamic stability of the conjugated acid of 11a–f was evaluated to be in the order 11a &lt; 11b &lt; 11c and in the order 11d &lt; 11e &lt; 11f based on their pKa values (&lt;0–5.4) obtained spectrophotometrically. The substituent effect of t-Bu was discussed based on the UV–vis spectra and pKa values. In CV measurements, the reduction waves of quinonemethides 11a–f were reversible, suggesting a stabilizing effect of heteroazulenes toward the radical and anion species. Moreover, quinonemethides 11a–f showed two oxidation waves, and that the first oxidation potentials (E1ox) of 11a–c, which have two t-Bu groups, are reversible.