bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free amino acid patterns of plasma, erythrocytes and leucocytes in hypoproteinaemia
Authors: Gupta Meera , Agarwal K. N. 
Published: September 2005

1. In pregnancy, severe hypoproteinaemia, cirrhosis and anaemia, plasma free α-amino nitrogen (FαAN) was found to be lowered. The non-essential:essential amino acid ratios, determined by paper chromatography, were increased in hypoproteinaemia and anaemia.2. The erythrocytic FαAN content increased in early hypoproteinaemia and values lower than normal were found in severe hypoproteinaemia. There was also a rise in anaemia, which was due to increased cellular non-essential amino acids.3. The leucocytic FαAN was reduced in all hypoproteinaemic states. The increased FαAN values in patients with thyrotoxicosis demonstrated that, in catabolism, leucocytic uptake of amino acids is increased. The non-essential:essential amino acid ratios were decreased in cirrhosis, possibly due to poor biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids by the liver.
Studies on the control of gluconeogenesis in sheep: effect of glucose infusion
Authors: Judson G. J. , Leng R. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Effect of glucose infusions on the rate of gluconeogenesis, as indicated by changes in the irreversible loss of plasma glucose, synthesis of glucose from ruminal propionate or fixation of blood bicarbonate into glucose, has been examined in sheep.Sheep, feeding at hourly intervals, received intravenous infusions of [U-14C]glucose, NaH14CO3, or [6-3H]glucose, infused simultaneously with an intraruminal infusion of [2-14C]propionate. Glucose (4–144 mg/min) was infused intravenously at a single rate or at two different successive rates of equal duration. The glucose infusions were over a 6 h period and followed estimates of pre-infusion kinetic measurements.2. The infusion of glucose suppressed endogenous glucose production in direct proportion to that infused for sheep given diets of lucrene or wheat. The maximum rate of suppression recorded was equivalent to about 50–60% of the endogenous production rate of glucose.Transfer rates of carbon-14 from blood bicarbonate or ruminal propionate to plasma glucose were reduced during glucose loadings. The results indicate that administration of glucose was more effective in suppressing the synthesis of glucose from substrates other than ruminal propionate.3. The percentage of glucose carbon derived from blood bicarbonate was lower in sheep given wheat than in sheep given lucerne. It was suggested that this difference may have been due to absorption of glucose from the alimentary canal of sheep on the former ration. Approximately 8% of the wheat starch may have escaped fermentation and been absorbed as glucose in these animals.
Studies on the control of gluconeogenesis in sheep: effect of propionate, casein and butyrate infusions
Authors: Judson G. J. , Leng R. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Short-term effects of infusions of propionate, amino acids and butyrate on gluconeogenesis, as indicated by changes in the irreversible loss of plasma glucose, synthesis of glucose from ruminal propionate or fixation of blood bicarbonate into glucose have been examined in sheep given their daily ration in twenty-four equal portions at hourly intervals.Sheep received intravenous infusions of [6-3H]glucose usually, in combination with [U-14C]glucose or NaH14CO3or with intraruminal infusions of [2-14C]propionate. Substrates were infused over a 3–7 h period and followed estimates of pre-infusion kinetic measurements.2. It was demonstrated that intraruminal and intramesenteric vein infusions of sodium propionate and intra-abomasal infusions of casein hydrolysate stimulated gluconeogenesis. Glucose synthesis showed a linear response to the infusion of these substrates, which varied from 0·35–6·35 mmol propionate/min and 50–160 mg casein/min.3. The increment in the measured production rate of propionate in the rumen was consistently less than the rate of addition of propionate to the rumen.4. Intramesenteric vein infusions of sodium butyrate at successive rates of 0·25 and 0·50 mmol/min produced only an initial transient increase in plasma glucose production. Since the rate of glucose synthesis from ruminal propionate was not altered, it was suggested that butyrate initiated glycogen mobilization.
Relation between diet and protozoal population in the rumen
Authors: Abe M. , Shibui H. , Itiki T. , Kumeno F. 
Published: September 2005

1. Four feeding trials were made to investigate relations between diet and protozoal population in the rumen.2. When a ration containing no concentrate was used, the number of entodiniomorphs decreased rapidly. The number of entodiniomorphs increased with the amount of concentrate. Rice straw, which was used as a sole source of roughage, was not always necessary for protozoa to survive in the rumen.3. The type of diet affected the holotrich population to a much smaller extent than the entodiniomorph population.
Effects of magnesium deficiency on reproduction in the white rat
Authors: Andrieux-Domont C. , Hung Le Van 
Published: September 2005

1. Groups of rats were maintained from weaning on magnesium-deficient (30 mg Mg/kg) and control (460 mg Mg/kg) diets.2. Mg deficiency for a period of more than 3 months resulted in sterility of both males and females.3. A Mg deficiency of less than 3 months caused abortions or resorptionsin uteroof foetuses in pregnant females before other physical signs appeared.4. Mg deficiency during lactation rendered the survival of young rats uncertain. The mother rat died of exhaustion if she did not devour her litter.5. The growth of surviving young rats born of Mg-deficient mothers was noticeably retarded when they were nursed by mothers receiving the Mg-deficient diet.
Iron metabolism in the veal calf. The availability of different iron compounds
Authors: Bremner I. , Dalgarno A. C. 
Published: September 2005

1. The haematological status of Ayrshire bull calves reared on fat-supplemented skim milk from about 17 d of age has been examined. The calves were moderately anaemic after an 11-week experiment and it was shown that their performance was related to their blood haemoglobin concentration.2. The relative availabilities of iron from FeSO4, ferric citrate, ferric-ethylenediaminetetra-acetate and iron phytate were compared at a supplementary dietary concentration of 30 μg Fe/g. No significant differences were noted between the three soluble Fe sources but the Fe of the insoluble iron phytate was less available.3. The decreases in blood haemoglobin concentrations in all calves were greatest in the early weeks of the experiment. In calves given supplementary Fe, however, there was generally an improvement in haematological status after 6 weeks. Plasma Fe concentrations fell to 0·20 μg/ml in the most deficient animals. Total Fe binding capacities averaged about 10 μg Fe/ml in the later stages of the experiment.4. Some of the calves were copper-deficient, and in some animals the effects of dietary Cu supplementation on both Cu and Fe metabolism were studied. About 50% of the supplementary Cu was retained in the livers of the calves.5. A dietary intake of 40 μg Fe/g milk powder appears to be sufficient to prevent all but a very mild anaemia, provided the Fe is presented in soluble form.
The effect of a traditional low-fat diet on energy and protein intake, serum albumin concentration and body-weight in Ugandan preschool children
Authors: Rutishauser Ingrid H. E. , Frood J. D. L. 
Published: September 2005

1. A group of ten Ugandan children were given, ad lib., under supervision, the traditional home diet and their intakes of energy and protein and changes in body-weight and concentrations of serum albumin compared with those of a similar group of nine children fed on a milk-based diet with the same protein concentration.2. The energy and protein intakes of the children fed on the home diet were significantly lower than those of the children fed on the milk-based diet, as was their rate of weight gain and serum albumin regeneration.3. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to the low intakes of energy and protein and the hypoalbuminaemia found in Ugandan preschool children.
Absorption of iron from maize (Zea maysL.) and soya beans (Glycine hispidaMax.) in Jamaican infants
Authors: Ashworth Ann , Milner P. F. , Waterlow J. C. , Walker R. B. 
Published: September 2005

1. The absorption of iron from59Fe-labelled maize and soya-bean preparations was measured by whole-body counting in forty-two apparently healthy Jamaican infants and compared with the absorption of ferrous ascorbate.2. The mean absorption of Fe from maize was 4·3% and from soya beans baked at 300°, 9·4%, compared with 28·5% for ferrous ascorbate. In a group of children given boiled soya beans the mean absorption of Fe was 2·8%, and of ferrous ascorbate 16·7%.3. There was much variability between replicate tests made on the same child at intervals of 1–2 weeks.4. The absorption of food Fe was not increased in children who were considered to be anaemic (haemoglobin less than 100 g/l) or Fe-deficient (serum Fe less than 500 μg/l and saturation of total Fe-binding capacity less than 15%).5. The poor availability of Fe in maize meal, which is a staple food of children in Jamaica, is probably an important cause of the high prevalence of Fe-deficiency anaemia.
Portal blood flow and heat production in the digestive tract of sheep
Authors: Webster A. J. F. , White F. 
Published: September 2005

1. A method is described for measurement of portal blood flow in the sheep by the principle of continuous thermal dilution produced by injection of cool saline into the portal circulation at 1 mg/s for 30 s.2. In most animals phlebitis developed only around the catheter in the right ruminal vein. This affected their appetite and condition after surgery. When all catheters were introduced into the anterior mesenteric veins there was no phlebitis and appetite postoperatively was normal.3. Portal blood flow in six out of nine sheep was 33–34 mg/kg body-weight per min in the morning before feeding. After a meal of dried grass it increased during the period about 2–6 h later.4. Total heat production and oxygen consumption of the digestive tract were estimated from portal blood flow and arteriovenous differences in temperature and oxygen concentration. When the heat production of the digestive tract was increased by 1·77 kJ/min by the inclusion of a heating element in the rumen, estimated total heat production increased, on average, by 1·73 kJ/min.5. During the period 2–6 h after a meal of dried grass, portal venous temperature rose, on average, by 0·7°, visceral O2 consumption did not alter significantly, but total heat production rose by 1·19 kJ/min.6. These initial results suggest that the heat of fermentation can be determined in vivo. In these experiments it was about 10 kJ per 100 kJ digestible energy consumed.
Dissimilation of 1,2-propanediol by rumen micro-organisms
Authors: Czerkawski J. W. , Breckenridge Grace 
Published: September 2005

1. The main products of fermentation of 1,2-propanediol weren-propanol and propionic acid, but variable amounts of acetic acid and carbon dioxide were also formed. The concentrations of an intermediate propionaldehyde increased and then decreased.2. A tentative scheme is suggested, showing that 1,2-propanediol is first dehydrated to propionaldehyde, which is then reduced ton-propanol. The scheme also explains the formation of propionic and acetic acids and shows how the metabolism of 1,2-propanediol is related to that of rhamnose.3. Experiments with samples of rumen contents from animals on various diets showed that 1,2-propanediol was metabolized most rapidly when the animals were given molassed sugar-beet pulp. The rates of dissimilation of the diol increased with the concentration of rumen contents and with the concentration of substrate.4. The dissimilation of 1,2-propanediol by rumen micro-organisms resulted in an increased uptake of hydrogen. The metabolic hydrogen, arising from the inhibition of methane production by chloroform, appeared to be better utilized than the gaseous hydrogen.5. Oxygen gas did not affect the utilization of 1,2-propanediol, but the diol increased the uptake of oxygen by the rumen contents. The hydrogen and carbon balances were better when 1,2-propanediol was incubated anaerobically than in the presence of oxygen.
Changes in some physical characteristics of the digesta in the reticulo-rumen of cows fed once daily
Authors: Evans E. W. , Pearce G. R. , Burnett J. , Pillinger Susan L. 
Published: September 2005

1. Three cows were given 3, 5 or 7 kg hay once daily in a Latin-square design, and samples of digesta from four sites in the rumen and one site in the reticulum were taken at six times within the 24 h period after the feed. Dry-matter content and distribution of particle size and of particle density were measured for each sample. The changes in these measurements with time were studied. The incidence of rumination was also recorded.2. Dry-matter contents of samples ranged from 15 to 3%. Values for samples from the dorsal sacs of the rumen were considerably higher than those for samples from the ventral sites; they also changed more with time after feeding and with level of feeding.3. Particles were fractionated by sieving into six size groups with mean dimensions (mm) of 9·3 × 0·8, 4·4 × 0·6, 2·6 × 0·3, 1·6 × 0·25, 0·5 × 0·1 and smaller than 0·5 × 0·1. Coarse particles occurred at highest concentrations in the dorsal sacs of the rumen and responded to effects of time and level of feeding; smaller particles showed less response.4. Particle densities ranged from 800 g/l to 1500 g/l. The proportions of low-density particles were higher in samples from the dorsal sacs of the rumen than in samples from ventral sites; the latter samples had higher proportions of high-density particles than of low-density particles. The changes which occurred are discussed.5. The density of coarse particles tended to be low and that of fine particles tended to be high.6. Rumination started at the time of maximum concentration of particles of low density and minimum concentration of particles of high density. Conversely, rumination ended when the concentration of the low-density particles was a minimum and that of the dense particles a maximum.7. The results are discussed in relation to the possible movement of particles within the reticulo-rumen and the kinetics of particle breakdown.
Concurrent studies on the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves
Authors: Ternouth J. H. , Buttle H. L. 
Published: September 2005

1. Two surgical techniques were developed in the calf to study the role of pancreatic secretion in digestion. The secretion was collected through a cannula placed in a small sac of duodenum into which the pancreatic duct drained. The continuity of the duodenum was re-established in the first technique by duodenal re-entrant cannulas, and in the second technique by end-to-end anastomosis of the duodenum with a cannula placed cranial to the anastomosis to return the pancreatic secretion. The accessory pancreatic duct was ligated.2. The flows of digesta through the duodenum of milk-fed calves were 5505, 6369 and 7709 ml/12 h at 7, 24 and 63 d of age respectively, similar to values reported previously in the literature. In a 12 h collection period 297, 441 and 602 ml pancreatic fluid were secreted by calves of 7, 24 and 63 d of age respectively. The secretion from the mucosa of the duodenal sac was 40 ml/12 h in two other calves.3. The rate of secretion from the pancreas varied markedly in milk-fed calves, being lowest 2–3 h and highest 6–10 h after feeding. Changes in the concentration of chloride and bicarbonate with pancreatic secretion rate were indicative of a secretin stimulus to secretion.4. The rates of inactivation of pancreatic enzymes collected from the duodenal sac were measured at 4°, 20° and 39°.
Artificial rearing of pigs
Authors: Braude R. , Newport M. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The butterfat in a whole-milk diet was replaced by either beef tallow, coconut oil or soya-bean oil. The diets contained 280 g fat and 720 g dried skim milk per kg and were supplemented with vitamins A, D, E and K.2. These diets were offered as a milk, containing 200 g solids/Kg, to pigs weaned at 2 d of age during a 26 d experiment. The pigs were fed at hourly intervals to a scale based on live weight (scaleE).3. The performance of the pigs and the apparent digestibility of the dietary fats indicated that soya-bean oil was equal to butterfat. Butterfat was slightly superior to coconut oil and markedly superior to beef tallow.4. The amount and composition of the fatty acids were studied in the proximal, mid and distal portions of the small intestine. When the beef tallow diet was given there was an increased amount of total fatty acids in the digesta of the small intestine, mainly in the distal portion. The digesta contained the smallest quantity of fatty acids when the soya-bean oil diet was given. The fatty acid composition of the digesta indicated that the short- and medium chain fatty acids from all the diets were well utilized, but an increasing proportion of stearic acid occurred in the distal portion of the small intestine. The interpretation of changes in fatty acid composition in the digesta in relation to absorption is discussed.
Relative retentions of the nitrogen of urea and groundnut in isoenergenetic diets for growing heifers
Authors: Bines J. A. , Balch C. C. 
Published: September 2005

1. Two experiments were conducted to compare the effect on nitrogen retention of three dietary levels of N given either as groundnut or as urea to growing heifers. Additions of maize starch or dextrose were made to the diets to equalize the inputs of digestible energy within and between experiments.2. In the first experiment, in which the maximum level of N supplementation was 69·0 g/d, the response to additional N was linear, and was identical for both sources of N. Differences in faecal N between treatments were small; differences in urinary N were large and were entirely attributable to level of N intake.3. In the second experiment, the maximum level of N supplementation was raised to 103·3 g/d. The response to additional N was again linear and identical for both sources of N; however, for a given level of N input, the amount of N retained was 4·6 g less than in Expt 1. This reduction in N retention may have been due to the change in the proportion of digestible energy derived from the fibrous components of the ration.4. Live-weight changes calculated from the observed N retentions have been compared with published responses to the inputs of N and energy used in these experiments.
Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves
Authors: Ternouth J. H. , Roy J. H. B. , Thompson S. Y. , Toothill Joyce , Gillies Catherine M. , Edwards-Webb J. D. 
Published: September 2005

1. The flow of digesta through the duodenum and the concurrent secretion of the pancreas were studied in four Friesian calves given four milk-substitute diets. The diets were: reconstituted, ‘mildly’ pre-heated, spray-dried skim-milk powder with (SKF) or without (SK) margarine fat or with 50% of the skim-milk powder in diet SKF replaced by soya-bean flour (ASKF) or fish-protein concentrate (BSKF), together with dried whey. The diets were givenad lib.twice daily from 13 to 37 d of age, each diet being given for 6 consecutive days. Collections of duodenal digesta and pancreatic secretions, from cannulas, were made for 12 h after feeding the 6th and 12th meals (‘experimental’ meals) for each diet2. The diets fed as ‘experimental’ meals contained polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a fluid (whey) marker and goat's milk containing [3H]lysine as a marker for total protein; β-carotene was added as a lipid marker to the three diets containing margarine fat3. Over the 12 h postprandial period, the patterns of duodenal digesta flow and secretion of pancreatic fluid did not differ markedly between the four diets. The abomasal outflow of both nitrogen and lipid in a 12 h postprandial period was related to their intakes from the ‘penultimate’(5th and 11th) meals for diets SKF and SK but to their intakes at the ‘experimental meals’ for diets ASKF and BSKF. Secretion of pancreatic enzyme activity was highest during the 1st hour after feeding but the main outflow from the abomasum of total N and lipid occurred 5–10 h after feeding4. The time required for all the whey marker (PEG) to pass through the duodenum was similar for diets SKF and SK, but only 53 and 42% respectively of the ingested protein marker passed through the duodenum in the 12 h after feeding. More acid appeared to be secreted by the abomasum when diet SK was given; also less undigested protein passed out of the abomasum after giving this diet. It is concluded that the physical absence of fat globules in the abomasal clot increases the degree of proteolysis5. The secretions of pancreatic fluid and pancreatic enzyme activity were all markedly lower for diet SK than for diet SKF6. With diets containing non-milk proteins (ASKF and BSKF), abomasal proteolysis was less efficient and the ingested protein passed out of the abomasum more rapidly than for diet SKF. There was no difference in the rate of abomasal outflow of the whey fluids between diets SKF, ASKF and BSKF7. In comparison with diet SKF, diets ASKF and BSKF tended to induce less pancreatic enzyme secretion over a 12 h postprandial period, with the exception of lipase8. There appeared to be no direct relationship between the quantities of any of the pancreatic enzymes secreted during a postprandial period and either the concurrent flow of duodenal digesta or the total quantities of dietary constituents passing through the duodenum.