bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treponema pallidumFibronectin-Binding Proteins
Authors: Cameron Caroline E. , Brown Elizabeth L. , Kuroiwa Janelle M. Y. , Schnapp Lynn M. , Brouwer Nathan L. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTPutative adhesins were predicted by computer analysis of theTreponema pallidumgenome. Two treponemal proteins, Tp0155 and Tp0483, demonstrated specific attachment to fibronectin, blocked bacterial adherence to fibronectin-coated slides, and supported attachment of fibronectin-producing mammalian cells. These results suggest Tp0155 and Tp0483 are fibronectin-binding proteins mediatingT. pallidum-host interactions.
DETERMINATIONS OF UPPER CRITICAL FIELDS IN CONTINUOUS GINZBURG–LANDAU MODEL
Authors: WANG L. , LIM H. S. , ONG C. K. 
Published: October 2004

Novel procedures to determine the parallel upper critical field Bc2 (one-dimensional, 1D) have been proposed within a continuous Ginzburg–Landau model. Unlike conventional methods, where Bc2 is obtained through the determination of the smallest eigenvalue of an appropriate eigen equation, the square of the magnetic field is treated as eigenvalue problems by two procedures so that the upper critical field can be directly deduced. The two procedures proposed are extended to determine the upper critical field in the c–a crystal plane (two-dimensional, 2D) with an arbitrary angle θ tilted from the c-axis. The calculated Bc2 from the two procedures are consistent with each other in both 1D and 2D cases. Moreover, the values of Bc2 near the direction parallel to the layers obtained in the 2D case well approximate the counterparts in the 1D case. The properties of the calculated Bc2 are in reasonably good agreement with existing theories and experiments. The profiles of the order parameters associated with Bc2 for both 1D and 2D cases are Gaussian-like, further validating the methodology proposed.
THE LANGEVIN OR KRAMERS APPROACH TO BIOLOGICAL MODELING
Authors: HADELER KARL P. , HILLEN THOMAS , LUTSCHER FRITHJOF 
Published: October 2004

In the Langevin or Ornstein–Uhlenbeck approach to diffusion, stochastic increments are applied to the velocity rather than to the space variable. The density of this process satisfies a linear partial differential equation of the general form of a transport equation which is hyperbolic with respect to the space variable but parabolic with respect to the velocity variable, the Klein–Kramers or simply Kramers equation. This modeling approach allows for a more detailed description of individual movement and orientation dependent interaction than the frequently used reaction diffusion framework.For the Kramers equation, moments are computed, the infinite system of moment equations is closed at several levels, and telegraph and diffusion equations are derived as approximations. Then nonlinearities are introduced such that the semi-linear reaction Kramers equation describes particles which move and interact on the same time-scale. Also for these nonlinear problems a moment approach is feasible and yields nonlinear damped wave equations as limiting cases.We apply the moment method to the Kramers equation for chemotactic movement and obtain the classical Patlak–Keller–Segel model. We discuss similarities between chemotactic movement of bacteria and gravitational movement of physical particles.
Warfarin prophylaxis and venous thromboembolism in the first 5 days following hip and knee arthroplasty
Authors: Jaffer Amir , Hurbanek Jason , Morra Nariman , Brotman Daniel 
Published: October 2004

SummaryMany orthopaedic surgeons use warfarin to prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE) following hip or knee arthroplasty. Since warfarin’s antithrombotic effects are delayed, we hypothesized that early VTE (occurring within 5 days post-operatively) would be more common in arthroplasty patients receiving warfarin monotherapy compared to those receiving enoxaparin. We performed a secondary analysis of a case-control study examining risk factors for post-operative thrombosis in postmenopausal women. We defined cases as patients who were diagnosed with thrombosis within 5 days of surgery. Controls without thrombosis were matched with cases by age, surgeon, year of surgery and surgical joint. 84 women with early post-operative thrombosis (cases) were matched with 206 controls. 18 cases (21.4%) had been prescribed warfarin monotherapy, compared with 7 controls (3.4%). 58 (69.1%) cases and 195 (94.7%) controls had been prescribed subcutaneous enoxaparin 30 mg twice daily, starting 12-24 hours after surgery. The odds ratio for any early thrombosis in patients receiving warfarin as opposed to enoxaparin 30 mg twice daily was 8.6 (p<0.0001). For proximal thrombosis, the odds ratio was 11.3 (p<0.0001). Multivariate analysis did not alter these findings. Warfarin’s delayed antithrombotic effects may not provide adequateVTE prophylaxis in the immediate post-operative setting. We suggest caution in employing warfarin monotherapy following joint arthroplasty.
Butyrate increases the efficiency of translation of γ-globin mRNA
Authors: Weinberg Rona S. , Ji Xinjun , Sutton Millicent , Perrine Susan , Galperin Yelena , Li Qiliang , Liebhaber Stephen A. , Stamatoyannopoulos George , Atweh George F. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFetal hemoglobin (Hb F) levels increase in most patients with sickle cell disease following intermittent butyrate therapy. Although the full effects of butyrate on Hb F levels usually require multiple treatment cycles, in some patients a peak level is achieved after a few days of butyrate therapy. Our investigation of the mechanism(s) responsible for this rapid induction of Hb F by butyrate showed that reticulocyte γ-globin chain synthesis markedly increased within 24 hours of butyrate exposure, without concomitant changes in reticulocyte γ-globin mRNA levels. This suggests that butyrate might induce Hb F by increasing the efficiency of translation of γ-globin mRNA. This hypothesis was confirmed by ribosome loading studies that demonstrated enrichment of the polysomal fraction of reticulocytes with γ-globin mRNA following butyrate exposure. Thus, the induction of Hb F by butyrate may be mediated by translational effects in addition to its well-known effects on transcription of the γ-globin genes. (Blood. 2005;105:1807-1809)
Meis1-mediated apoptosis is caspase dependent and can be suppressed by coexpression of HoxA9 in murine and human cell lines
Authors: Wermuth Peter J. , Buchberg Arthur M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractCoexpression of the homeodomain protein Meis1 and either HoxA7 or HoxA9 is characteristic of many acute myelogenous leukemias. Although Meis1 can be overexpressed in bone marrow long-term repopulating cells, it is incapable of mediating their transformation. Although overexpressing HoxA9 alone transforms murine bone marrow cells, concurrent Meis1 overexpression greatly accelerates oncogenesis. Meis1-HoxA9 cooperation suppresses several myeloid differentiation pathways. We now report that Meis1 overexpression strongly induces apoptosis in a variety of cell types in vitro through a caspase-dependent process. Meis1 requires a functional homeodomain and Pbx-interaction motif to induce apoptosis. Coexpressing HoxA9 with Meis1 suppresses this apoptosis and provides protection from several apoptosis inducers. Pbx1, another Meis1 cofactor, also induces apoptosis; however, coexpressing HoxA9 is incapable of rescuing Pbx-mediated apoptosis. This resistance to apoptotic stimuli, coupled with the previously reported ability to suppress multiple myeloid differentiation pathways, would provide a strong selective advantage to Meis1-HoxA9 coexpressing cells in vivo, leading to leukemogenesis.
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) promotes plasmablastic differentiation of a Burkitt lymphoma cell line: implications in the pathogenesis of plasmacytic/plasmablastic tumors
Authors: Guedez Liliana , Martinez Antonio , Zhao Shumei , Vivero Angelica , Pittaluga Stefania , Stetler-Stevenson Maryalice , Raffeld Mark , Stetler-Stevenson William G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) is a stromal factor with multiple functions. Overexpression of TIMP-1 correlates with aggressive clinical behavior of a spectrum of tumors. Here, for the first time, we address the role of TIMP-1 in the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphomas. An Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-negative Burkitt lymphoma cell line with ectopic TIMP-1 expression (TIMP-1JD38) was used to identify genes induced/repressed by TIMP-1. Differentially expressed genes were analyzed by cDNA microarray, and they were validated by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and Western blotting. Analysis revealed changes of genes coding for B-cell growth/differentiation, transcription, and cell cycle regulators. TIMP-1 repressed expression of germinal center (GC) markers CD10, Bcl-6, PAX-5 and up-regulated plasma cell-associated antigens CD138, MUM-1/IRF-4, XBP-1, and CD44, suggesting a plasma cell differentiation. This is accompanied by activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3) and switch to cyclin D2 expression. However, TIMP-1JD38 cells expressed an inactive form of XBP-1, lacking antibody production/secretion. This incomplete plasmacytic differentiation occurs without altering cell proliferation, and despite c-Myc deregulation, indicating an arrested plasmacytic/plasmablastic stage of differentiation. Further validation in human lymphoma cell lines and in primary B-cell tumors demonstrated a predominant TIMP-1 expression in tumors with plasmacytic/plasmablastic phenotypes, including multiple myelomas. These findings strongly support TIMP-1 as an important factor in the pathogenesis of plasmacytic/plasmablastic tumors. (Blood. 2005;105:1660-1668)
Impaired T- and B-cell development in Tcl1-deficient mice
Authors: Kang Sang-Moo , Narducci Maria Grazia , Lazzeri Cristina , Mongiovì Adriana M. , Caprini Elisabetta , Bresin Antonella , Martelli Fabio , Rothstein Jay , Croce Carlo Maria , Cooper Max D. , Russo Giandomenico 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTCL1, the overexpression of which may result in T-cell leukemia, is normally expressed in early embryonic tissues, the ovary, and lymphoid lineage cells. Our analysis of mouse B-lineage cells indicates that Tcl1 expression is initiated in pro-B cells and persists in splenic marginal zone and follicular B cells. T-lineage Tcl1 expression begins in thymocyte progenitors, continues in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, and is extinguished in mature T cells. In Tcl1-deficient mice, we found B lymphopoiesis to be compromised at the pre-B cell stage and T-cell lymphopoiesis to be impaired at the CD4+CD8+ thymocyte stage. A corresponding increase was observed in thymocyte susceptibility to anti-CD3ϵ–induced apoptosis. Reduced numbers of splenic follicular and germinal center B cells were accompanied by impaired production of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2b antibodies in response to a T-dependent antigen. The marginal zone B cells and T-cell–independent antibody responses were also diminished in Tcl1-/- mice. This analysis indicates a significant role for Tcl1, a coactivator of Akt signaling, in normal T- and B-cell development and function.
Hepcidin excess induces the sequestration of iron and exacerbates tumor-associated anemia
Authors: Rivera Seth , Liu Lide , Nemeth Elizabeta , Gabayan Victoria , Sorensen Ole E. , Ganz Tomas 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin has been proposed as the mediator of anemia of inflammation (AI). We examined the acute and chronic effects of hepcidin in the mouse. Injections of human hepcidin (50 μg/mouse), but not of its diluent, induced hypoferremia within 4 hours. To examine the chronic effects of hepcidin, we implanted either tumor xenografts engineered to overexpress human hepcidin or control tumor xenografts into nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD-SCID) mice. Despite abundant dietary iron, mice with hepcidin-producing tumors developed more severe anemia, lower serum iron, and increased hepatic iron compared with mice with control tumors. Hepcidin contributes to AI by shunting iron away from erythropoiesis and sequestering it in the liver, predominantly in hepatocytes. (Blood. 2005;105:1797-1802)
Overdispersed logistic regression for SAGE: Modelling multiple groups and covariates
Authors: Baggerly Keith A , Deng Li , Morris Jeffrey S , Aldaz C Marcelo 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Background
Two major identifiable sources of variation in data derived from the Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) are within-library sampling variability and between-library heterogeneity within a group. Most published methods for identifying differential expression focus on just the sampling variability. In recent work, the problem of assessing differential expression between two groups of SAGE libraries has been addressed by introducing a beta-binomial hierarchical model that explicitly deals with both of the above sources of variation. This model leads to a test statistic analogous to a weighted two-sample t-test. When the number of groups involved is more than two, however, a more general approach is needed.

Results
We describe how logistic regression with overdispersion supplies this generalization, carrying with it the framework for incorporating other covariates into the model as a byproduct. This approach has the advantage that logistic regression routines are available in several common statistical packages.

Conclusions
The described method provides an easily implemented tool for analyzing SAGE data that correctly handles multiple types of variation and allows for more flexible modelling.
Extending the mutual information measure to rank inferred literature relationships
Authors: Wren Jonathan D 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Background
Within the peer-reviewed literature, associations between two things are not always recognized until commonalities between them become apparent. These commonalities can provide justification for the inference of a new relationship where none was previously known, and are the basis of most observation-based hypothesis formation. It has been shown that the crux of the problem is not finding inferable associations, which are extraordinarily abundant given the scale-free networks that arise from literature-based associations, but determining which ones are informative. The Mutual Information Measure (MIM) is a well-established method to measure how informative an association is, but is limited to direct (i.e. observable) associations.

Results
Herein, we attempt to extend the calculation of mutual information to indirect (i.e. inferable) associations by using the MIM of shared associations. Objects of general research interest (e.g. genes, diseases, phenotypes, drugs, ontology categories) found within MEDLINE are used to create a network of associations for evaluation.

Conclusions
Mutual information calculations can be effectively extended into implied relationships and a significance cutoff estimated from analysis of random word networks. Of the models tested, the shared minimum MIM (MMIM) model is found to correlate best with the observed strength and frequency of known associations. Using three test cases, the MMIM method tends to rank more specific relationships higher than counting the number of shared relationships within a network.
Patterns of Schistosoma haematobium infection, impact of praziquantel treatment and re-infection after treatment in a cohort of schoolchildren from rural KwaZulu-Natal/South Africa
Authors: Saathoff Elmar , Olsen Annette , Magnussen Pascal , Kvalsvig Jane D , Becker Wilhelm , Appleton Chris C 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Background
Schistosomiasis is one of the major health problems in tropical and sub-tropical countries, with school age children usually being the most affected group. In 1998 the Department of Health of the province of KwaZulu-Natal established a pilot programme for helminth control that aimed at regularly treating primary school children for schistosome and intestinal helminth infections. This article describes the baseline situation and the impact of treatment on S. haematobium infection in a cohort of schoolchildren attending grade 3 in a rural part of the province.

Methods
Primary schoolchildren from Maputaland in northern KwaZulu-Natal were examined for Schistosoma haematobium infection, treated with praziquantel and re-examined four times over one year after treatment in order to assess the impact of treatment and patterns of infection and re-infection.

Results
Praziquantel treatment was highly efficacious at three weeks after treatment when judged by egg reduction rate (95.3%) and cure rate of heavy infections (94.1%). The apparent overall cure rate three weeks after treatment (57.9%) was much lower but improved to 80.7% at 41 weeks after treatment. Re-infection with S. haematobium was low and appeared to be limited to the hot and rainy summer. Analysis of only one urine specimen per child considerably underestimated prevalence when compared to the analysis of two specimens, but both approaches provided similar estimates of the proportion of heavy infections and of average infection intensity in the population.

Conclusion
According to WHO guidelines the high prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium infection necessitate regular treatment of schoolchildren in the area. The seasonal transmission pattern together with the slow pace of re-infection suggest that one treatment per year, applied after the end of summer, is sufficient to keep S. haematobium infection in the area at low levels.
Assessing the impact of humanitarian assistance in the health sector
Authors: Roberts Les , Hofmann Charles-Antoine 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThere have been significant improvements in the design and management of humanitarian aid responses in the last decade. In particular, a significant body of knowledge has been accumulated about public health interventions in emergencies, following calls for developing the evidence base of humanitarian health interventions. Several factors have prompted this, such as the increased volume of humanitarian assistance with subsequent higher levels of scrutiny on aid spending, and greater pressure for improving humanitarian aid quality and performance. However, documentation of the ability of humanitarian interventions to alleviate suffering and curb mortality remains limited. This paper argues that epidemiological studies can potentially be a useful tool for measuring the impact of health interventions in humanitarian crises. Survey methods or surveillance systems are mainly used for early warning or needs assessment and their potential for assessing the impact of aid programmes is underutilised.
The role of the applied epidemiologist in armed conflict
Authors: McDonnell Sharon M , Bolton Paul , Sunderland Nadine , Bellows Ben , White Mark , Noji Eric 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Background
Applied epidemiologists are increasingly working in areas of insecurity and active conflict to define the health risks, suggest feasible means to reduce these risks and, monitor the capacity and reconstruction of the public health system. In 2001, The Carter Center and the United States Institute for Peace sponsored a conference within which "Violence and Health" was discussed and a working group on applied epidemiology formed. The group was tasked to describe the skills that are essential to effective functioning in these settings and thereby provide guidance to the applied epidemiology training programs.

Methods
We conducted a literature review and consultation of a convenience sample of practitioners of applied epidemiology with experience in conflict areas.

Results and conclusions
The health programs designed to prevent and mitigate conflict are in their early stages of implementation and the evaluation measures for success are still being defined. The practice of epidemiology in conflict must occur within a larger humanitarian and political context to be effective. The skills required extend beyond the normal epidemiological training that focuses on the valid collection and interpretation of data and fall into two general categories: (1) Conducting a thorough assessment of the conflict setting in order to design more effective public health action in conflict settings, and (2) Communicating effectively to guide health program implementation, to advocate for needed policy changes and to facilitate interagency coordination. These are described and illustrated using examples from different countries.
External Causes of Pediatric Injury‐related Emergency Department Visits in the United States
Authors: Simon Tamara D. , Bublitz Caroline , Hambidge Simon J. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract Objectives: To characterize the types and external causes of pediatric injury‐related visits (IRVs) to emergency departments (EDs), in particular, sports‐related injuries. To compare the characteristics of children with IRVs with those with non‐IRVs, specifically, differences in IRV rates by race and ethnicity and by health insurance. Methods: This was a stratified random‐sample survey of EDs in the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), including all IRVs for patients less than 19 years of age in 1998 (n= 2,656). National estimates of pediatric IRVs were obtained using the assigned patient visit weights in the NHAMCS databases and SUDAAN analyses. Measures of association between predictor variables (patient and health insurance characteristics) and whether a child had an IRV were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analyses to determine adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Pediatric IRVs accounted for more than 11 million ED visits annually. The most common diagnoses for IRVs were open wounds, contusions, sprains and strains, and fractures and dislocations. The leading external causes of IRVs were sports‐related injuries, accidental falls, being struck by objects, and motor vehicle collisions. Children with IRVs differed from those who presented for non‐IRVs in many characteristics: they were more likely to be male, to be older, to be of white race, and to have private insurance, and less likely to be of Asian or Hispanic ethnicity. Conclusions: Sports and recreation are the leading external causes of pediatric IRVs to EDs in the United States. There are different patterns of IRVs according to gender, age, race, ethnicity, and insurance. Identification of specific patterns of injury is necessary for the design of effective prevention strategies.
Establishing the Scope and Methodological Approach to Out‐of‐hospital Outcomes and Effectiveness Research
Authors: Keim Samuel M. , Spaite Daniel W. , Maio Ronald F. , Garrison Herbert G. , Desmond Jeffrey S. , Gregor Mary Ann , O'Malley Patricia J. , Stiell Ian G. , Cayten C. Gene , Chew John L. , MacKenzie Ellen J. , Miller David R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractOutcomes research offers out‐of‐hospital medicine a valuable methodology for studying the effectiveness of services provided in the out‐of hospital setting. A clear understanding of the history and constructs of outcomes research is necessary for its integration into emergency medical services research. This report describes the conceptual framework of outcomes research and key methodological considerations for the successful implementation of out‐of‐hospital outcomes research. Illustrations of the specific applications of outcomes research and implications to existing methodologies are given, as well as suggestions for improved interdisciplinary research.