bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixing and Blending
Authors: Hemrajani Ramesh R. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Fluid mixing is a unit operation carried out to homogenize fluids in terms of concentrations, physical properties, and temperature, and create dispersions of mutually insoluble phases. It is frequently encountered in process industries such as petroleum, chemical, food, pharmaceutical, paper, and mining. Applications range from 0.01‐m
3
reactors to 20,000‐m
3
product storage tanks and continuous in‐line mixers. The fundamental mechanism of mixing involves physical movement of material between various parts of the whole mass by transmitting mechanical energy. Adequate mixing is a prerequisite for the success of chemical processes for minimizing investment and operating costs. In addition, chemical reactions with mass‐transfer limitation can be enhanced to provide high yields. Good mixing, therefore, plays a significant role in the profitability of the process industry.

Mixing systems are broadly divided into single‐phase systems involving blending of miscible liquids; and multiphase systems such as solid–liquid, mutually insoluble liquids, gas–liquid. Fundamental mixing concepts and suitable mixer types, design, and scale‐up issues for these mixing classes are discussed. The mixing equipment described includes agitated tanks, jets, static mixers, unique designs for powders and pastes, and devices for transferring heat. Blending of low and high viscosity liquids and suspension of sinking and floating solids are covered in more detail.
Nickel and Nickel Alloys
Authors: Tundermann John H. , Tien John K. , Howson Timothy E. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2005

Abstract
World nickel reserves and nickel production and consumption are reviewed. The types of nickel ores that can be economically mined and the extraction and refining processes used to obtain commercial nickel products are described, as are the forms, characteristics, and uses of these products. The physical constants for nickel and the nominal chemistries and properties of a range of cast and wrought nickel alloys and superalloys are listed. The development paths for wrought nickel alloys are given. Nickel is a carcinogen. Hypersensitivity to nickel is common.
Alloying copper, chromium, iron, molybdenum, and other elements with nickel produces a range of corrosion‐ and heat‐resistant materials strengthened by various means. These alloys can operate from cryogenic conditions to temperatures >1000°C. Nickel containing oxide‐dispersion‐strengthened alloys, nickel–aluminide intermetallics, and advanced nickel‐matrix composites are presented.
Maternal antioxidant supplementation does not reduce the incidence of phenytoin‐induced cleft lip and related malformations in rats
Authors: Abela Dominique , Howe Andrew M. , Oakes Diana A. , Webster William S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThere is considerable evidence that phenytoin‐induced birth defects in the rat are a consequence of a period of bradycardia and hypoxia in the embryos. Experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that phenytoin‐induced birth defects result from free‐radical damage to the embryos during the reoxygenation period posthypoxia. Female rats (>9 per group) were fed either a control diet or a diet high in antioxidants (vitamins C and E and coenzyme Q10) both before and during pregnancy and were then given a teratogenic dose of phenytoin (180 mg/kg) on GD 11. The rats were killed on GD 20 and the fetuses were examined for malformations. The initial results showed that the antioxidant diet had a significant protective effect, with far fewer antioxidant‐group fetuses showing cleft lip or maxillary hypoplasia compared with the control group. However, this result was confounded by reduced food intake by the rats fed the antioxidant diet and a significantly lower maternal body weight at the time of phenytoin administration. Since the phenytoin was administered by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) the control rats received higher absolute doses of phenytoin and it is speculated that this results in higher fetal exposure. A second experiment, in which the rats were pair‐fed, failed to demonstrate any protective effect of the high antioxidant diet. These results do not support the reoxygenation hypothesis for phenytoin teratogenesis. An alternative explanation would be hypoxia‐induced transcription‐related changes resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Birth Defects Res B 74:201–206, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental toxicity research of ginsenoside Rb1 using a whole mouse embryo culture model
Authors: Liu Peng , Xu Yajun , Yin Huijun , Wang Junbo , Chen Keji , Li Yong 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBACKGROUND: Ginseng has been widely used around the world for many years. Knowledge is limited, however, on its effects on embryonic development. METHODS: Whole embryo culture was used to explore the developmental toxicity of ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) on mouse embryos. All embryos were exposed to different concentrations of GRb1, and scored for their growth and differentiation at the end of the 48‐hr culture period. RESULTS: Total morphological score decreased significantly at the concentration of GRb1 of 30 µg/ml and was further reduced at 50 µg/ml. Yolk sac was affected at the lower concentration of 15 µg/ml. Developments of midbrain, forebrain, and optic system were relatively sensitive to GRb1 and were affected at the concentration of 30 µg/ml. Allantois, flexion, branchial arch, and limb buds were affected at 50 µg/ml. At this concentration, the embryonic crown‐rump length, head length, and somite number were also reduced significantly compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that GRb1 has teratogenic effect during the mouse organogenetic period. We suggest that before more data in humans is available, ginseng should be used with caution by pregnant women in the first trimester. Birth Defects Res B 74:207–209, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occupational exposures and reproductive health: 2003 Teratology Society Meeting Symposium summary
Authors: Grajewski Barbara , Coble Joseph B. , Frazier Linda M. , McDiarmid Melissa A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAssuring reproductive health in the workplace challenges researchers, occupational safety and health practitioners, and clinicians. Most chemicals in the workplace have not been evaluated for reproductive toxicity. Although occupational exposure limits are established to protect ‘nearly all’ workers, there is little research that characterizes reproductive hazards. For researchers, improvements in epidemiologic design and exposure assessment methods are needed to conduct adequate reproductive studies. Occupational safety and health programs' qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the workplace for reproductive hazards may differ from standardized approaches used for other occupational hazards in that estimates of exposure intensity must be considered in the context of the time‐dependent windows of reproductive susceptibility. Clinicians and counselors should place the risk estimate into context by emphasizing the limitations of the available knowledge and the qualitative nature of the exposure estimates, as well as what is known about other non‐occupational risk factors for adverse outcomes. This will allow informed decision‐making about the need for added protections or alternative duty assignment when a hazard cannot be eliminated. These policies should preserve a worker's income, benefits, and seniority. Applying hazard control technologies and hazard communication training can minimize a worker's risk. Chemical reproductive hazard training is required for workers by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Hazard Communication Standard. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has formed a National Occupational Research Agenda Team to promote communication and partnering among reproductive toxicologists, clinicians and epidemiologists, to improve reproductive hazard exposure assessment and management, and to encourage needed research. Birth Defects Res B 74:157–163, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A base‐pairing model of duplex formation. I. Watson–Crick pairing geometries
Authors: Bashford J.D. , Jarvis P.D. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe present a base‐pairing model of oligonucleotide duplex formation and show in detail its equivalence to the nearest‐neighbor dimer methods from fits to free energy of duplex formation data for short DNA–DNA and DNA–RNA hybrids containing only Watson–Crick pairs. For completeness, the corresponding RNA–RNA parameters are included. In this approach, the connection between rank‐deficient polymer and rank‐determinant oligonucleotide parameter sets for DNA duplexes is transparent. The method is generalized to include RNA–DNA hybrids where the rank‐deficient model with 11 dimer parameters in fact provides slightly improved predictions relative to the standard method with 16 independent dimer parameters (ΔG mean errors of 4.5 and 5.4%, respectively). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 78: 287–297, 2005This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Characterization of changes in PER.C6™ cellular metabolism during growth and propagation of a replication‐deficient adenovirus vector
Authors: Maranga Luis , Auniņš John G. , Zhou Weichang 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPER.C6 cells were cultivated for propagation of a replication‐defective adenovirus vector in serum‐free suspension bioreactors. Cellular metabolism during cell growth and adenovirus propagation was fully characterized using on‐line and off‐line methods. The energy metabolism was found to accelerate transiently after adenovirus infection with increases in glucose and oxygen consumption rates. Similar to other mammalian cells, glucose utilization was highly inefficient and a high lactate:glucose yield was observed, both before and after virus infection. A higher consumption of most of the essential amino acids was observed transiently after the infection, likely due to increased protein synthesis requirements for virus propagation. To improve virus propagation, a medium exchange strategy was implemented to increase PER.C6 cell concentration for infection. During cell growth, a 50% increase in glucose consumption and lactate production rates was observed after initiation of the medium exchange in comparison to the batch phase. This decrease in medium capacity only affected the central carbon metabolism and no increase in amino acid consumption was observed. In addition, even though cell concentrations of up to 10 × 106 cells/mL were reproducibly obtained by medium exchange, infections at cell concentrations higher than 1 × 106 cells/mL did not proportionally improve volumetric adenovirus productivities. No measured nutrient limitation was observed at those high cell concentrations, indicating that adenovirus cell‐specific productivity at higher cell concentrations is highly dependent on cell physiology. These results provide a better understanding of PER.C6 cellular metabolism and a basis for intensifying PER.C6 growth and adenovirus propagation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microfabricated grooved substrates as platforms for bioartificial liver reactors
Authors: Park Jaesung , Berthiaume François , Toner Mehmet , Yarmush Martin L. , Tilles Arno W. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAn extracorporeal bioartificial liver device has the potential to provide temporary hepatic support for patients with liver failure. Our goal was to optimize the flow environment for the cultured hepatocytes in a flat‐plate bioreactor, specifically focusing on oxygen delivery using high medium flow rates while reducing the detrimental effects of the resulting shear stresses. We used photolithographic techniques to fabricate microgrooves onto the underlying glass substrate. The microgrooves, perpendicular to the axial flow direction, protected the hepatocytes from the shear stress induced by the flowing medium. Using finite element analysis, we found that the velocity gradient change near the cell surface (i.e., bottom of the grooves) was smaller than that near the top surface of the flow channel, indicating that the grooves would provide protection to the attached cells from the mechanical effects of the flowing medium. We also determined that the shear stress at the cell surface could be reduced by as much as 30 times (channel height of 100 μm) in the grooved‐substrate (0.5 dyn/cm2) bioreactor compared to the flat‐substrate (15 dyn/cm2) bioreactor for a medium flow rate of 4.0 mL/min. Albumin and urea synthesis rates of hepatocytes cocultured with 3T3‐J2 fibroblasts remained stable over 5 days of perfusion in the grooved‐substrate bioreactor, whereas in the flat‐substrate bioreactor they decreased over the same time period. These studies indicate that under “high” flow conditions the microgrooved‐substrate in the bioreactor can decrease the detrimental effects of shear stress on the hepatocytes while providing adequate oxygenation, thereby resulting in stable liver‐specific function. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxidative stress in plant cell culture: A role in production of β‐thujaplicin by Cupresssus lusitanica suspension culture
Authors: Zhao Jian , Fujita Koki , Sakai Kokki 
Published: April 2005

AbstractOxidative stress is a common physiological stress that often challenges plants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are major factors in oxidative stress that significantly affect plant cell growth and secondary metabolism. Here we used β‐thujaplicin production by Cupressus lusitanica cell culture as an example to demonstrate the common occurrence of oxidative stress in cultivated plant cells and its effect on multiple aspects of cell culture process. C. lusitanica cells cultivated under Fe2+ stress generate a significant level of ROS, and oxidative stress also occurs at late stages of C. lusitanica cell cultures under normal conditions. ROS production inhibited cell growth, induced lipid peroxidation and cell death, and enhanced ethylene and β‐thujaplicin production. It is demonstrated that Fe2+ stress enhances ROS production via the Fenton reaction and promotes β‐thujaplicin production via ROS‐induced lipid peroxidation that may activate cyclic oxylipin and ethylene pathways. Results further indicate that H2O2 is a positive signal for β‐thujaplicin production, whereas superoxide anion radical (O) negatively affects β‐thujaplicin induction and strongly induces cell death. The study suggests that evaluating the oxidative stress and plant responses in a cell culture process is very necessary and important for understanding biochemical processes and for gaining the maximal productivity of target secondary metabolites. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Arrested spread of vesicular stomatitis virus infections in vitro depends on interferon‐mediated antiviral activity
Authors: Lam Vy , Duca Karen A. , Yin John 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA quantitative understanding of the innate immune response will enable its recruitment against emerging, poorly characterized, or weaponized viral pathogens. To gain insights into how the innate responses can limit viral spread, we used quantitative focal infections to study how the spread of recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV) on baby hamster kidney (BHK) and delayed brain tumor (DBT) cell monolayers is affected by innate cellular antiviral responses. We observed that rates of infection spread correlated with one‐step growth rankings for four ectopic VSV strains: N1, N2, N3, and N4. However, this correlation was lost for M51R, a recombinant VSV mutant that lacks the ability to shut‐off host gene expression. In BHK cells, M51R spread at two‐thirds the rate of the recombinant control virus, XK3.1, even though their one‐step growth was comparable. In DBT cells, M51R infections failed to spread beyond the site of inoculation. Addition of anti‐interferon antibody restored M51R spread and one‐step growth to wild‐type levels. Interestingly, the antibody enhanced the spread of wild‐type virus but not its growth. These results suggest that while the rate of viral spread generally correlates with the rate of viral growth, the induction of cellular antiviral activities can be in some cases, the overriding factor in both spread and growth. In summary, focal infections enabled us to visualize and quantify how viral spread was inhibited by cellular antiviral activities. This study demonstrates a mechanism for quantifying how innate cellular responses can mitigate infection spread in vitro. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On‐line monitoring of bioreductions via membrane introduction mass spectrometry
Authors: Milagre Cíntia D.F. , Milagre Humberto M.S. , Rodrigues J. Augusto R. , Rocha Lilian L. , Santos Leonardo S. , Eberlin Marcos N. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractReal‐time and on‐line continuous monitoring of reactants, intermediates, and final products for dicarbonyl compound bioreductions in a continuous plug flow reactor packed with baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) whole cells immobilized on calcium alginate beads was performed by membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) via selective ion monitoring. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polymorphisms in GLTSCR1 and ERCC2 are associated with the development of oligodendrogliomas
Authors: Yang Ping , Kollmeyer Thomas M. , Buckner Kristin , Bamlet William , Ballman Karla V. , Jenkins Robert B. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDDeletions of 19q have been associated with gliomas, especially oligodendrogliomas. In addition, cases with oligodendrogliomas with the 19q deletion have been observed to have a better survival compared with cases without the 19q deletion. The authors have previously described a 150‐kilobase minimal deletion region in gliomas that maps to 19q13.33 and contains 3 novel candidate genes (GLTSCR1, EHD2, and GLTSCR2).METHODSThe authors performed an association study using 141 cases with gliomas (61 cases with astrocytomas, 40 cases with oligodendrogliomas, 40 cases with mixed oligoastrocytomas) and 108 general controls. They evaluated 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 6 genes within and nearby the minimal 19q deletion region (ERCC2, RAI, ASE‐1, ERCC1, GLTSCR1, and LIG1).RESULTSThe prevalence of a germline GLTSCR1‐exon‐1 T allele (SNP rs1035938) was 40% in cases with oligodendrogliomas compared with 27% in controls (P = 0.029), and the prevalence of an ERCC2‐exon‐22 T allele (SNP rs1052555) was 35% in cases with oligodendrogliomas compared with 18% in controls (P = 0.043). One high‐risk and 1 low‐risk haplotype were associated with oligodendroglioma development (P = 0.003 and 0.026, respectively). Cases with oligodendrogliomas with the 19q deletion had a significantly higher frequency of the GLTSCR1‐exon‐1 T allele compared with cases without the 19q deletion (P = 0.01). It was noteworthy that cases with gliomas who were homozygous for the GLTSCR1‐exon‐1 T allele had a significantly better survival: 77% and 68% survival at 2 and 5 years compared with 56% and 34% for other genotypes (P = 0.02, log‐rank test). Multivariable analysis identified grade, age, and the GLTSCR1‐exon‐1 and ERCC2‐exon‐22 genotypes as independent predictors for survival.CONCLUSIONSThese results suggested that alterations in GLTSCR1 (or a closely linked gene) were associated with the development and progression of oligodendroglioma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
HER‐2/neu expression as a predictor of response to neoadjuvant docetaxel in patients with operable breast carcinoma
Authors: Learn Peter A. , Yeh I‐Tien , McNutt Michelle , Chisholm Gary B. , Pollock Brad H. , Rousseau Dennis L. , Sharkey Frances E. , Cruz Anatolio B. , Kahlenberg Morton S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe use of biologic markers to predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy may permit tailoring regimens to achieve maximal tumor response. Taxanes have demonstrated excellent activity in breast carcinoma; however, tumor‐specific factors that predict clinical response have not been characterized thoroughly.METHODSThe authors performed a historic review evaluating the association of tumor prognostic factors and response to neoadjuvant cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin (AC) with or without docetaxel (D) (AC vs. AC+D) in 121 women who previously were enrolled in a Phase III, randomized, clinical trial. Using pretreatment biopsy materials, immunohistochemical studies were performed for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER‐2/neu, p53, and Ki‐67. Outcome variables were pathologic complete response (pCR) and positive clinical response (cPOS), which was defined as a ≥ 50% regression in clinical tumor size prior to surgery.RESULTSIn a multivariate analysis that controlled for tumor size and lymph node status, improved cPOS rates were observed with the addition of docetaxel in women with HER‐2/neu‐negative tumors (81% vs. 51%; P < 0.05), yielding an adjusted odds ratio of 3.5 (95% confidence interval, 1.2–13.0) in favor of docetaxel. Women who had HER‐2/neu‐negative tumors appeared to have a lower response rate with AC alone compared with women who had HER‐2/neu‐positive tumors (51% vs. 75%; P = 0.06), but response rates were matched when docetaxel was added (81% vs. 78%; P = 0.99). ER, PR, p53, and Ki‐67 results were not associated significantly with response rates.CONCLUSIONSHER‐2/neu status may predict improved clinical response rates from the addition of docetaxel to anthracycline‐based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Docetaxel may “rescue” the response in women who have HER‐2/neu‐negative tumors to match that observed in women who have HER‐2/neu‐positive tumors treated with AC alone. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Differential expression of CRMP1, CRMP2A, CRMP2B, and CRMP5 in axons or dendrites of distinct neurons in the mouse brain
Authors: Bretin Sylvie , Reibel Sophie , Charrier Emmanuelle , Maus‐Moatti Marion , Auvergnon Nathalie , Thevenoux Anne , Glowinski Jacques , Rogemond Véronique , Prémont Joël , Honnorat Jérôme , Gauchy Christian 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCRMP1, CRMP2, and CRMP5 have been identified as cytosolic proteins relaying semaphorin 3A signalling, one of the molecular cues conducting axon and dendrite growth and guidance. They are highly expressed during brain ontogenesis, but, because of their lower levels in the adult, their distribution in the mature brain is poorly documented. By using specific antibodies, we investigated the cellular distribution of these CRMPs in different adult brain structures and in neural cell cultures with a special focus on the splice variants CRMP2A and CRMP2B. In brain sections of adult mouse, CRMP1, CRMP2B, and CRMP5 were located predominantly in dendrites of specific neuronal populations, such as cortical pyramidal neurons, hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells, or Purkinje cerebellar cells. On the contrary, CRMP2A was specifically associated with axons of the corpus callosum, bundles of the striatum, and mossy fibers of the hippocampus. In cultures of cortical neurons, CRMP1, CRMP2A, CRMP2B, and CRMP5 were equally distributed throughout cell bodies, axons, or dendrites of neurons, whereas CRMP2A and CRMP5 were completely absent from Purkinje cerebellar cells in 12‐day‐old animals. By comparison, oligodendrocytes exclusively express CRMP2B and CRMP5 in cell bodies and processes both in situ in the adult brain and in primary cultures. Overall, our results demonstrate specific subcellular localizations of CRMP1, CRMP2A, CRMP2B, and CRMP5 depending on cell types, neuronal compartment, and developmental stage. This study suggests that, beyond their signalling function in axon outgrowth and guidance, CRMPs also play a role in mature neurons both in axons and in dendrites. J. Comp. Neurol. 486:1–17, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.