bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The New Turkish
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two questions we have to address: has the reform eliminated the gap between the language of the intellectuals and the language of the people, and has it impoverished the language? The answer to the first question is that the gap, though not so huge as it once was, is still there. But that is natural, because some people need and use more words than others. No one ever expected the intellectuals to stop talking about bacteriology or astronomy or political science or whatever their particular interests might be. The hope was simply that they would give up the use of Ottoman words for everyday concepts; they would not, so to speak, say ‘domicile’ when they meant ‘house’, or ‘animadvert on’ when they meant ‘find fault with’, or ‘I shall exercise cogitation on this topic’ when they meant ‘I’ll think about it’.
What Happened to the Language Society
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The years from 1932 to 1950 were TDK’s high noon. It had the support of Atatürk’s Republican People’s Party, which after his death was led by his faithful Ïsmet Inönü. The Society, however, had no shortage of opponents. Those who disapproved of Ataturk’s secularist policies took exception to the change of alphabet and to the language reform, rightly judging that at least part of the purpose behind both was to make the language of the Koran less accessible.
Introduction
Authors: Wright Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has several aims, all connected with the overall theme of investigating the development of London English. They can be broadly defined as describing some hitherto-untreated evidence for the dialect of London during the Middle English and early Early Modern period; recovering some Middle English technical vocabulary concerned with life on the River Thames; identifying and defining a hitherto-untreated text type, that of macaronic business records; and attempting to place this information in the context of the development of Standard English.
Methodology
Authors: Wright Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are no studies, so far as I know, that address the medieval mixed-language business text type. The Corporation of London Records Office documents have been used for philological purposes, but when surveying the documents, dictionaries tended to rely upon published calendars of records, which are condensed. Of the records considered here, the Journals, some of the Custumals, and all the Bridge House Estate documents are entirely unpublished. Ekwall (1947, 1954, 1956, and others (see Bibliography)) and Bohman (1944) used Corporation of London Records Office documents for Old English and Middle English dialect studies; and Loefvenberg (1942, 1946), Fransson (1935), and Thuresson (1950) used Corporation of London Records Office documents for studies on names and occupations. These studies all yielded vocabulary unrecorded by OED. Sandahl (1951, 1958, 1982), in the three volumes published so far of Middle English Sea Terms, has used Corporation of London Records Office documents among many others to discover and elucidate Middle English vocabulary pertaining to ships. Salzman (1923) used Corporation of London Records Office documents, including the unpublished Bridge House Estate documents, to present a history of building in the Middle Ages. Other studies on Middle English vocabulary to do with topics relevant to this treatise (apart from dictionaries) include Arngart (1943), 161 9, Burwash (1947), and Köhler (1906).
Introduction
Authors: Spector Horacio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the moral foundation of the classical conception of liberalism. The basic idea of this conception is that people have fundamental moral rights the respect for which and protection of which are the necessary condition of the moral legitimacy of government and the decisions it adopts. This is the conception of liberalism embraced by its very founders, notably John Locke, David Hume, Benjamin Constant, and Wilhelm von Humboldt. According to a familiar view, classical liberalism is characterized essentially by maintaining that all or the greater part of the rights which individuals possess are negative ones. Such rights require that the government or private persons should refrain from committing certain actions, as, for example, limiting the use of the Press or confiscating property. By contrast, the so-called economic and social rights are positive ones, i.e. rights that the government shall perform certain actions, as, for example, administering a system of old-age and service pensions or providing transport and communications services.
Acts and Omissions
Authors: Spector Horacio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the deontological conception of practical rationality there are moral reasons that are not based on the results of human conduct but on the form the intervention of the agent takes in the production of these results. It is clear that in upholding the pre-eminence of negative moral rights one is committed to the thesis that the duty not to actively attack positive freedom prevails over the duty to prevent any injury to positive freedom. This chapter will be devoted precisely to the defence of this thesis, which accounts for one difference or ‘asymmetry’ present in the common-sense moral evaluation of pairs of actions which, at first sight, are not distinguishable as regards their morally significant results. But before that, in the first section, I am going to reject another possible view for taking account of that difference or ‘asymmetry’, namely, the view that holds that to injure positive freedom intentionally is not morally equivalent to performing an act which it can be foreseen will produce some injury to positive freedom. Although a large part of the relevant literature for a discussion of these issues is concerned with acts and omissions which contribute in some way to death or to some less serious physical harm, I believe that it is open to reinterpretation in terms of attacks on or injuries to positive freedom. To bring about someone’s death is to make an extreme attack on his positive freedom. Something qualitatively similar but less important in degree may be said of physical harms less serious than death. Therefore, whenever in this chapter I use the term ‘harm’, it is to be understood that I am referring to restraints on positive freedom.
The Role Of The Commentaries On Aristotle In The Teaching Of Philosophy According To The Prefaces Of The Neoplatonic Commentaries On The Categories
Authors: Hadot Llsetraut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I FEEL honoured to be invited to participate in the volume which will be presented to Professor A. C. Lloyd on his seventy-fifth birthday-all the more so since I am most keenly aware of the enormous debt I owe to this great scholar. Indeed, it was reading his contribution on ‘The Later Neoplatonists’ in The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy1 which gave decisive direction to my own research.
Moral Problems about the Control of Behaviour
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
4.1 Behaviour control, whether voluntary or compulsory, is an area of medical and also of penal practice which rightly arouses much moral discussion, not only in the professions but in the newspapers. It has also been the subject of films such as A Clockwork Orange. But it is best to take real cases. Most of mine will come (some of them verbatim) from an excellent paper by Professor David Wexler (1975), delivered at the same conference for which I wrote an earlier version of the present paper.
Possible People
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
5.1 Can we have duties to people who will never actually exist? That the answer is ‘No’ has seemed obvious to many writers. I shall be arguing to the contrary that, where we have a choice between bringing someone into existence and not doing so, the interests of that possible person have to be con sidered. The question has an obvious relevance to such topics as abortion, embryo experimentation, and above all population policy, which will be the main subject of this paper. I discuss the other two topics on similar lines elsewhere in this volume.
A Kantian Approach to Abortion
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
11, 1 The position of somebody wondering whether to have an abortion is usually too wretched for it to be decent for a philosopher to try to make her decision depend on the definitions of words that could in principle have several different definitions. So let us start by putting to rest the question ‘Is the foetus a person?’, which has occupied so many pages in discussions of this problem. It leads straight to a dead end, and we would best avoid it (7.9, 8.7, 10.3). We know what a foetus is, in the sense that if anybody were to ask whether an object before us or even inside us was a human foetus, there would be no difficulty in principle in determining whether it was. For the same sort of reason, we know how to determine some of the properties the foetus has. We know, for example, that it has the potentialily of becoming a human adult—that is, that if the pregnancy comes to term, it will have turned into a baby, and if the baby survives it will turn into an adult more or less like us (see below).
Directions of Change in Contemporary German
Authors: Glück Helmut , Sauer Wolfgang Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The German language is currently changing rapidly, perhaps more rapidly than at any other time in its history. Innumerable radio programmes and almost twenty television channels are available in almost every household and extensive use is made of them. Most people own several radios and at least one television set. The sales figures show that the publishing houses are in a state of crisis, while the figures for newspaper sales are also sinking. Listening comes before reading, and speech affects linguistic usage infinitely more than written texts. For centuries, however, standard norms were derived from the written language. Until recently, dictionaries basked in reflected glory by taking their corpus predominantly from literary texts, and illustrating it with passages by distinguished authors of the last two hundred years. There were admittedly a few selected quotations from some of the higher-quality newspapers, but this was merely paying lip service to modern developments, and colloquial language was taboo, even in its spoken form.
Aristotle’s Method in Natural Science: Physics I
Authors: Bolton Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle begins his Physics, and thus his studies in natural science generally, with a chapter on method. Further remarks on this subject are added at crucial junctures later in the work, particularly in the subsequent chapters of Book I and in Book IV. This concern with method in the Physics is just one prominent example of the explicit and self-conscious attention to method which is displayed in nearly all of Aristotle’s major works. Among other things, this interest reflects the lively concern, and the lively disagreement, among philosophers and scientists in Aristotle’s own day not only about positive doctrine in various areas but also about the proper method or methods to use to reach such doctrine.
Aquinas and the Infinity of Possible Worlds
Authors: Rowe William L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the assumption that among the possible worlds there is a best world, we have considered at some length the alternatives facing God as creator. And we have reached the preliminary conclusion that God’s absolute perfection would leave him no choice other than the choice to create the very best world. Were it settled that among possible worlds there is a best world, we could now press on with our study of philosophical objections to our preliminary conclusion that God is not free with respect to creation. But there is a long tradition among religious thinkers in the West that opposes the Leibnizian view that there is a best possible world. If this tradition has it right, there is no problem about God’s freedom with respect to creating a world other than the best. For there simply is no best possible world for God to consider creating. Among important historical figures who hold this view, the medieval philosopher and theologian Thomas Aquinas (1225–74) exercised great influence on the development of philosophical theology in the West. So we can do no better than to consider some of his reasons for denying that there is a best possible world. In addition, in light of the number of philosophers who agree with Aquinas on this point, we must consider the implications of Aquinas’s view for our basic question of whether God can be free with respect to creation.
Locke and Gassendi: A Reappraisal
Authors: Milton J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a general consensus among modern writers on John Locke that he was significantly indebted to Gassendi for some of the main ideas put forward in An essay concerning human understanding. Both of the major biographies of Locke, by H. R. Fox Bourne and Maurice Cranston, take this view. It can also be found in standard works such as Richard Aaron’s John Locke and in more specialized studies such as Gabriel Bonno’s Les Relations intellectuelles de Locke avec la France, as well as in many other works dependent on these. One consequence of this almost unanimous consensus is that Locke’s indebtedness to Gassendi has often come to be asserted with an air of untroubled confidence, even though no evidence is given in its support) Even those writers who have attempted to examine the (mostly manuscript) evidence have all failed to make full use of the material available.
Parents and Children
Authors: Gow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is children who transform a married couple into fully adult producers, and so the present chapter explores child-raising. The activities of raising a child form the core idioms of relations between kin, defining the category familia legitima, ‘real kin’. Native people see child-raising as a process in which adult care giving evokes the love of the child, which endures into adulthood as the memory of care given. This memory, developed in the child, forms a critical aspect of how native people believe they should behave towards each other. The category ‘real kin’, founded on child-raising, is definitional of the category of ‘distant kin’, and establishes the form of relations between affines, compadres, and all coresidents.
Introduction
Authors: Gow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central problem of this study is why the native people of the Bajo Urubamba should use the Comunidad Nativa and the school as important institutions when discussing the social organization of their communities, and why they should continuously assert that they are ‘mixed people’. The first two parts of the book have provided the basic background for a solution to this problem. Part I . explored how native people conceive of their past and of the structure of their world, and how this can be understood in terms of the economic system of habilitaci6n. Habilitaci6n provides a set of material referents for their understanding both of history and of the structure of the wider social system of which they are a part. Part II analysed the social relations of native people and the central place occupied by the processes of coresidence in their imagery of kinship. For native people, the village is the place of kinship, in that it is produced as the location in which kinship is remembered, sustained, and created. But it is also a place fractured by death, and by the inability of all kin to live together. The final part of the book shows the logic of the connections between these two areas, history and kinship.
Introduction
Authors: Banks Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The anthropological study of 'great tradition' religions must of necessity operate on two levels: the study of the people who claim to follow a particular religion together with the institutions and organizations they create and support to this end, and a study of the doctrines and beliefs to which these people adhere. This book proceeds on both levels, but the emphasis rests more on the former than on the latter, simply as a result of my own research interests. But the distinction is not absolute, and is often not perceived by the actors themselves. For example, Baird, in an article on the distinction between 'religion and the secular' in post-independence India.
The City of Jamnagar: Its Jain Inhabitants
Authors: Banks Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jamnagar is a small city with a population of some 277,000 (1981 Census), situated on the northern coast of the peninsular part of Gujarat State-a region known as Saurashtra or Kathiawad. The name derives from the title, jam, of its royal family. The city was originally the capital of a princely state both of which were known in the years leading up to Independence as Navanagar ('new city'), although the names were changed afterwards.
Who Owns What? Jain Religious Property in Jamnagar
Authors: Banks Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous two chapters presented the Jains of Jamnagar and discussed their communal activities. In this chapter I wish to examine in more detail the framework within which this commonality is expressed, both through a fuller analysis of the sects and the gacchas (already begun in Chapter 2) and through an analysis of the various properties these groups control.
In and Out of Africa
Authors: Banks Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hugh Tinker has pointed out that 'Indians overseas represent no more than one (or at the most two) per cent of total population. For the mother country they are only a tiny offspring' (1975: 25), and moreover that those in East Africa are neither the largest nor the densest part of that minority (ibid.: 15). Nevertheless, the influence of these expatriates was and is disproportionate to their group size, not only because of the economic significance for their relatives in India (through remittances) but also in terms of the attention they have attracted from Western academic observers.
The City of Leicester: Its Jain Inhabitants
Authors: Banks Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leicester is a compact city in the Midlands, with a population of 276,000 (1981 Census). There has been a slight decline in the city's population over the last ten years due to a migration, felt in all British cities, away from the inner city to the suburbs. According to a pamphlet issued by the city council (LCC 1981) the site of the city had been continuously occupied since the first century AD when the Romans established a garrison town on the Fosse Way.
Traditional and Contemporary Art of Aboriginal Australia: Two Case Studies
Authors: Layton Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his introduction to the book Ethnic and Tourist Arts, Nelson Graburn addresses himself to the contemporary role of the arts among the communities of the ‘Fourth World’, whom he defines as ‘peoples without countries of their own ... usually in the minority and without the power to direct the course of their collective lives’ (1976b: 1). Such peoples, he claims, rarely now produce arts for their own consumption, according to canons of taste unaffected by the dominant world; although he accepts that the Aboriginal community of Yirrkala in northern Australia is an exception (see Williams, 1976: 282). Rather, they produce arts primarily for sale to another culture. Graburn rightly argues that the ‘inwardly directed’ arts still made for, appreciated, and used by Fourth-World peoples within their own encapsulated communities function to maintain their separate identity, while those made for outside sale project an ethnic image determined to some degree by the alien purchasers’ values. While some of the work produced for outside markets is of little artistic merit, Graburn points out that in what he terms ‘reintegrated fine arts’ outside inspiration may have a reinvigorating effect, as I think will be seen in one of the central Australian cases to be outlined in this essay.
Graph Theory and Exchange Structures
Authors: Hage Per , Harary Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eventual application of mathematics to the study of social structure in Oceania was clearly foreseen by W. H. R. Rivers, who, in the introduction to his monumental History of Melanesian Society, observed:
It would seem as if the only really satisfactory plan would be to employ symbols for the different relationships and it is probable that the time will come when this will be done and many parts of the description of the social systems of savage tribes will resemble a work on mathematics in which the results will be expressed by symbols, in some cases even in the form of equations (1914: 10).
Rivers was speaking of kinship, but surely the fundamental requirement is a mathematical model suitable for the analysis of social relations in general.
Introduction
Authors: Gellner David N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Caste has always fascinated foreign observers of South Asia. Yet social anthropologists of the region only turned away from an overriding concern with tribal peoples after the Second World War, beginning with Srinivas’s classic Religion and Society among the Coorgs of South India (1952). Numerous monographs followed, culminating in Louis Dumont’s impressive synthesis, Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications (first published in French in 1966, in English in 1970, and a complete revised English edition in 1980). Homo Hierarchicus quickly came to dominate the field and to represent it to non-specialists. Subsequently, however, many South Asianists have come to think that its influence has been too great.
Ś ākyas and Vajrācāryas: From Holy Order to Quasi-Ethnic Group
Authors: Gellner David N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who are the Ś ākyas and Vajrācāryas? From B. H. Hodgson and Sylvain Levi to John Locke and Siegfried Lienhard, scholars have sought to understand them as the Nepalese inheritors of Indian Mahayana Buddhism, which died out, largely because of Muslim depradations, between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries. The chronological focus of the present essay is less ambitious: I shall restrict myself to a time-scale roughly within this century.
Introduction
Authors: Carrier James G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This collection is about occidentalism, stylized images of the West. While anthropologists conventionally see themselves as producing, and recently have debated their ability to produce, knowledge of societies and cultures outside the core of the West, occidentalism is the silent partner of their work and debates. The contributors to this collection illustrate the impor tance of this occidentalism in various ways. My purpose in the first part of this Introduction is to describe occidentalism and locate it within the discipline. To do so I start by looking at one of the ways in which anthro pologists have criticized their own discipline, criticism that draws on Edward Said’s Orienta/ism. Indeed, Said’s work is so influential that ’orientalism’ has become a generic term for a particular, suspect type of anthropological thought.
Hellenism and Occidentalism: The Permutations of Performance in Greek Bourgeois Identity
Authors: Herzfeld Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During a recent period of field research in the town of Rethemnos, on the north coast of the island of Crete, a junior official of the local chamber of commerce asked me bluntly whether the Greeks were European or Oriental. When I tried to duck the question, which struck me as Hobson’s choice between two equally unattractive and essentialist alternatives, I was told rather crossly that I was just offering diplomatic niceties, and asked again what I really thought. Nothing would persuade my interlocutor that I was not simply being evasive: it was clear that he suspected me of believing Greeks to be Oriental and of being too embarrassed to admit it.