bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solving a Messy Problem Changing the Way a Product Portfolio Is Developed
Authors: Barabba Vincent P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1992, GM#x2019;s new group of executives decided to develop a strategic carportfolio plan that made more effective use of a market segmentation model based on customer needs, rather than on the industry-standard product segmentation based on consumer preferences for existing products. Unlike most vehicle manufacturers that sought to create a single vehicle to appeal to any number of different types of customers in broad product segments (e.g., mid-sized sedans), GM sought to develop different types of vehicles to meet the needs that clustered different customers into needs segments. This approach required a deep understanding of the underlying differences that supported strongly held competing mental models on how to develop a successful portfolio strategy. Although there were strongly held views on the solution, nearly everyone agreed that the current product portfolio had become more of a problem than an asset. This story is how they reached a consensus on a portfolio plan that synthesized market and company knowledge, and also acknowledged the importance of improved quality and a reduction in structural costs. It illustrates the hybrid approach to using the best traits of make-and-sell and sense-and-respond.
Applying What You Have Learned Restoring an Existing Brand and Establishing a New One
Authors: Barabba Vincent P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Indeed it has been said that we are now living in a second industrial revolution; but instead of steam, the new revolution is being propelled by information. And, as in the first revolution, relative success will be determined by the ability to handle the propelling force There can be little doubt that the need today is for conceptual skills, that is, the ability to process information and make judgments. But being positioned for greatness does not guarantee it. The world in general and the market in particular are becoming more complex and are changing more quickly than ever. Whatever GM did well in yesterday#x2019;s business design will not be sufficient to deliver the full promise of its improved position. This chapter identifies two initiatives: restoring a famous brand and establishing a new one.
Understanding the System in Which the Enterprise System Operates
Authors: Barabba Vincent P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Systems thinking demands that you understand more than just the interactions of the interdependent elements within your company. You must also understand how these elements interact with the external environment that influences-and is influenced by-your actions. This means that you need to understand much more than just the needs your customers are able to articulate through consumer research. You also need to understand their unarticulated needs and ensure that your employees, or members of any part of your extended enterprise, have access to what the organization knows, in order to help them meet these articulated and unarticulated needs more effectively.
Rising Opportunities and Temptations
Authors: Frankel Tamar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What kind of an environment supports abuse of trust and deception? Is there anything new or unique in this supportive environment in recent times? This chapter examines the role of money in American society and the drive for “more.” If it is uncontrolled, and is combined with unbridled competition, the desire for more may lead to greed and financial fraud. Greed and financial fraud are not new. And neither are the cycles of fraud and rebuilding of trust that have visited America periodically. What is new, however, is the change in the balance between the pressure to gain, which may lead to fraud, and the personal and institutional barriers on dishonesty, which prevent fraud from rising.
Toward an Honest Society
Authors: Frankel Tamar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If America is to retreat from the precipice of abuse of trust and deception, how can it move toward more pervasive honesty? The answer: It must redirect its culture. The mechanisms that obstruct abuse of trust and deception are rooted in the culture of a society, and in the shared assumptions that do not require proof and do not lend themselves to debate [Schein, 12]. It is culture that sets the broad definition of trust and honesty, as well as the acceptable limitations on abuse of trust and of deception.
Scandal & Civility
Authors: Daniel Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new breed of journalists came to the fore in post-revolutionary America—fiercely partisan, highly ideological, and possessed of a bold sense of vocation and purpose as they entered the fray of political debate. Often condemned by latter-day historians and widely seen in their own time as a threat to public and personal civility, these colorful figures emerge in this provocative new book as the era’s most important agents of political democracy. Through incisive portraits of the most influential journalists of the 1790s—William Cobbett, Benjamin Franklin Bache, Philip Freneau, Noah Webster, John Fenno, and William Duane—Scandal and Civility moves beyond the usual cast of “revolutionary brothers” and “founding fathers” to offer a fresh perspective on a seemingly familiar story. Marcus Daniel demonstrates how partisan journalists, both Federalist and Democratic-Republican, were instrumental in igniting and expanding vital debates over the character of political leaders, the nature of representative government, and, ultimately, the role of the free press itself. Their rejection of civility and self-restraint—not even icons like George Washington were spared their satirical skewerings—earned these men the label “peddlers of scurrility.” Yet, as Daniel shows, by breaking with earlier conceptions of “impartial” journalism, they challenged the elite dominance of political discourse and helped fuel the enormous political creativity of the early republic. Daniel’s nuanced and penetrating narrative captures this key period of American history in all its contentious complexity. And in today’s climate, when many decry media “excesses” and the relentlessly partisan and personal character of political debate, his book is a timely reminder that discord and difference were essential to the very creation of our political culture.
Introduction: The Other Founding Fathers
Authors: Daniel Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a column for the New York Times published during the presidential primary campaigns of 2008, the conservative William Kristol declared that Senator Barack Obama’s efforts to package himself as a man of unique political integrity and character had failed. “The more you learn about him,” wrote Kristol, “the more Obama seems to be a conventionally opportunistic politician, impressively smart and disciplined, who has put together a good political career and a terrific presidential campaign.” Behind the lofty rhetoric about the “audacity of hope,” he argued, lurked more mundane interests: “the calculation of ambition, and the construction of artifice, mixed in with a dash of deceit—all covered with the great conceit that this campaign, and this candidate, are different.” Kristol’s comments revealed a deep skepticism about the reliability of words, as well as his belief that political “reality” was constituted not in the realm of language and ideas but in the realm of private interest and personal advancement. According to Kristol, Obama’s “character” rather than his rhetoric was the key to understanding his political motives and behavior, and once this character was revealed by stripping away the carefully fashioned “construction of artifice” that concealed it, the spellbinding power of his oratory would be broken.
Kristol’s attack on Obama probably persuaded few readers of the liberal New York Times, but his emphasis on character and his skepticism about the self-presentation of political leaders extend across the political spectrum. Indeed, hardly a day goes by without a new example of the “hermeneutics of suspicion” that dominates American public life. In election after election, candidates for office vie with each other to establish their own authenticity and sincerity and to impugn the authenticity and sincerity of their political rivals.
John Fenno and the Constitution of a National Character
Authors: Daniel Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Fenno was a man in a hurry. During the winter of 1789, the thirty-seven-year-old journalist left his wife and children behind in Boston and moved to New York City to establish what he hoped would become a new national periodical. In the spring, he worked feverishly to outfit and organize his small printing shop at 86 William Street, close to the busy mercantile offices and shipping wharves of lower Manhattan. In February, he traveled to Philadelphia to buy type for his printing press, consulting with Benjamin Franklin and his nephew Benjamin Franklin Bache about the pitfalls of the printing business and using all of his considerable energy and ingenuity to persuade politicians and businessmen of the Federalist persuasion in New York to lend him their support and their money. Now he was ready, and on Wednesday, April 15, 1789, he published the first issue of the Gazette of the United States, priced at six pence a copy and completely free of advertising. There were to be no commercial distractions in this newspaper. In his prospectus, Fenno promised to publish the proceedings of the new federal Congress and essays on “great subjects of Government,” especially those touching “the national and local rights of american citizens,” and to keep his readers abreast of any developments, domestic or foreign, concerning the “interests of the american republick.” The newspaper, he declared, would be “a national paper,” dedicated to the propagation of “national, independent, and impartial principles.”
Publishing the Gazette of the United States was a risky venture for Fenno, who had left behind in his beloved Boston not only family and friends, but a budding career as a contributor to Benjamin Russell’s Massachusetts Centinel.
Conclusion: The Revenge of Respectability
Authors: Daniel Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Thomas Jefferson delivered his first inaugural address to the U.S. Senate on March 4, 1801, he urged Americans to put the political divisions of the past behind them. The recent election campaign or, as he put it, “the contest of opinion through which we have passed” had been savage, a fitting climax to a decade of merciless partisan conflict. But now, he argued, it was time for Americans to “unite in common efforts for the common good.” Political intolerance posed as much danger to the Republic as religious intolerance, he warned, and he struck a chord of approval with his listeners (and readers) when he urged them to “restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things.” With all of the generosity of the victorious politician, Jefferson reminded his audience that “every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all republicans—we are all federalists.”
This was a remarkable statement from the leader of a party that had spent most of the previous decade trying to convince Americans that just the opposite was true. One of the central themes of the recent Republican election campaign, the culmination of a campaign begun in 1791 by Freneau’s National Gazette, had been the threat to republican government posed by the Federalists. Uttered a decade before, Jefferson’s words would have been unremarkable, and only a few irreconcilable Anti-Federalists would have questioned his equation between republicanism and federalism. But by the mid-1790s, a Republican opposition had been formed, largely under the leadership of Jefferson himself, dedicated to portraying Federalists as an anti-republican elite that had corrupted American society and politics with its financial schemes, plundered the public purse, allied the country with its most dangerous adversary, Great Britain, and undermined the Constitution.
Escalation and Necessity
Authors: Parry John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the new war on terrorism, we are told, tough measures are necessary to protect our security. “After 9/11,” according to State Department counterterrorism coordinator Cofer Black,”the gloves came off.” Black’s comments dovetail with the actions of U.S. military and intelligence personnel in operations after September 11. Some U.S. officials have used “a little bit of smackyface” to provide “extra encouragement” to Afghani prisoners during interrogations. Others have “softened up” prisoners by beating them and throwing them into walls. Prisoners released from Guantanamo Bay and Bagram air base in Afghanistan claim they were “forcibly injected, denied sleep and forced to stand or kneel for hours in painful positions.” Two Afghan men died in U.S. custody at Bagram, the victims of “blunt force trauma”—presumably inflicted by U.S. forces.
Amsterdam as the Cradle of Modern Futures and Options Trading, 1550-1650
Authors: Gelderblom Oscar , Jonker Joost 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trade and risk are inseparable. Consequently, from the dawn of history merchants have sought to alleviate and, if possible, eliminate the cost of risk by devising strategies to secure stability of supply and price. The simplest way to reduce risk is to spread it over various types of commodities, commercial activities, or business partners. More complicated devices for risk management include contracts for future delivery. For ward transactions imply the buying and selling for future delivery and payment. Related to this type of contract are futures-in effect, standardized forward contracts that can be sold to third parties. Perhaps the most sophisticated means to manage risk are options, which constitute the right to buy or sell in the future. Trading such derivatives allows merchants to leverage risk.
Origins of the New York Stock Exchange
Authors: Sylla Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The New York Stock Exchange, measured by the market capitalization of the securities listed and traded on it, is the world’s largest organized securities market. At the end of 2001, the market cap of the NYSE was more than $12.5 trillion, of which $11.7 trillion consisted of 2,567 common stock issues. Including other stocks and warrants, the NYSE at that date listed nearly 3,000 issues of 2,800 companies. In rough terms, the NYSE market cap at the start of the twenty first century is four to five times larger than the next largest stock market, in London.
Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF)
Authors: Suarez Drs. Guillermo A , Krauss William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spinal cord and nerve root biopsy specimens showed changes consistent with a vascular malformation. A second spinal angiographic study was performed, and at a second operation, a right T7 SDAVF was obliterated. SDAVF is a rare and treatable cause of myelopathy. The patient presented here had suggestive, evolving MRI findings with abnormal T2-signal changes involving the lower thoracic spinal cord and conus medullaris (Figure). However, abnormal vasculature was not seen on several studies and was documented with certainty only during a second spinal angiographic study and with spinal cord biopsy. These findings underscore the difficulty in making the diagnosis of SDAVF and the importance of including SDAVFs in the differential diagnosis of myelopathy and lower motor neuron syndromes, particularly those involving the lower thoracic spinal cord and conus medullaris. Several atypical features led to reconsideration of the original referring diagnosis of CIDP. These included 1) predominant involvement of the lower extremities, 2) electrodiagnostic features showing a thoracolumbar polyradiculopathy without multifocal conduction slowing, conduction block, or temporal dispersion, 3) abnormal MRI findings, with enlargement and enhancement of the caudal thoracic spinal cord and conus medullaris, and 4) lack of definite improvement after prolonged treatment with several immunomodulatory agents.
Paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy and limbic encephalitis
Authors: Vernino Dr. Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes are rare but severe neuroimmunologic complications of malignancy. The tumors most commonly associated with these syndromes are small cell lung carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and thymoma. At surgery, a 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.0-cm grade 3 (of 4) squamous cell carcinoma was identified. These syndromes usually have a subacute onset and a relentlessly progressive clinical course leading to profound morbidity. Typically, the neurologic presentation antedates the diagnosis of malignancy, and the cancer, when found, tends to be localized and responsive to treatment. Clinical manifestations can be quite varied and multifocal in the nervous system.
Steroid-responsive Hashimoto’s encephalopathy presenting as status epilepticus
Authors: Sirven Drs. Joseph I , Drazkowski Joseph F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient presented with status epilepticus as a manifestation of steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis. This case demonstrates the need to consider an immunebased cause of status epilepticus when no structural or overt lesion is present. Hashimoto’s encephalopathy is a relatively rare disorder (only 50 cases have been reported since 1966), and status epilepticus is an uncommon manifestation of this disorder. Patients with Hashimoto’s encephalopathy are typically women in their forties (but it can occur in children and young adults) who present with various episodic neurologic signs and symptoms, including confusion, cognitive disturbance, aphasia, ataxia, focal deficits, myoclonus, tremor, chorea, paralysis, depression, and seizures. The patient had reported four separate episodes of transient neurologic disturbance; however, the findings mimicked those of complicated migraine.
Facial pain secondary to an intrathoracic mass lesion
Authors: Capobianco Drs. David J , Cheshire William P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Facial pain as a presenting symptom of nonmetastatic lung carcinoma was suggested initially by Fay in 1927, who wrote, “I discovered a lesion in the lung… the pain being referred to the face. This may be a coincidence but I suspect not.” This association was revived in a case report by Des Prez and Freeman in 1983. A total of 33 cases have been reported. The clinical features of this underrecognized syndrome have come into sharper focus since the original description by Fay. Of the 30 patients for whom smoking habits were reported, nearly all (91%) were either current or former smokers. The pain, often characterized as a severe aching discomfort, was typically located in or around the ear (91%); other locations included the jaw (48%) and temple (38%). In each case, the pain was ipsilateral to the occult lung lesion. An increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate was noted in 73% (11/15) of patients in whom the test was performed. Nearly 66% of patients for whom data were available met the criteria of the clinical triad of 1) smoking, 2) periauricular pain, and 3) increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Additional features that, if present, should raise concern about the possibility of an occult lung lesion include weight loss, new cough or hemoptysis, and digital clubbing.
Dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) deficiency
Authors: Cheshire Dr. William P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Norepinephrine, the principal sympathetic neurotransmitter, is synthesized within the chromaffin granules of the adrenal medulla and the synaptic vesicles of noradrenergic neurons from dopamine by DBH. Congenital DBH deficiency, a rare disorder, was first recognized in 1986 by Robertson et al. in the United States and Man in’t Velt et al. in the Netherlands. Immunohistochemical studies of perivascular cutaneous tissue have shown structurally intact sympathetic nerve terminals lacking DBH immunoreactivity, consistent with an enzymatic defect. Molecular genetic analysis of several families has revealed a heterogeneous variety of mutations in the DBH gene on chromosome 9, with a recessive pattern of inheritance. The high incidence of spontaneous abortions and stillbirths among parents of afflicted persons suggests that mutations in the DBH gene can endanger fetal survival.
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) due to small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)
Authors: Harper Dr. C Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nerve conduction studies demonstrated low-amplitude compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) with slowed conduction velocities, consistent with a peripheral neuropathy. Because the patient had proximal weakness, dry mouth, impotence, and a history of smoking, repetitive stimulation studies were performed (Figure). Repetitive stimulation of the ulnar, peroneal, and spinal accessory nerves demonstrated a 57% decrement of the ulnar CMAP, a 33% decrement of the spinal accessory CMAP, and a 40% decrement of the peroneal CMAP. The ulnar CMAP amplitude demonstrated 300% facilitation (3-fold increase) after 10 seconds of exercise. Less prominent facilitation was noted in the spinal accessory and peroneal CMAPs. Needle examination demonstrated small, polyphasic varying motor unit potentials in most muscles studied. The electrodiagnostic findings were those of a presynaptic defect of neuromuscular transmission consistent with the diagnosis of LEMS.
Sarcoidosis with lung, bone, and nervous system involvement
Authors: Lucchinetti Dr. Claudia F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause characterized pathologically by the presence of noncaseating granulomas, particularly in the lung and lymph nodes (but they can occur in any organ system). It most commonly affects persons 20 to 40 years old and is often associated with the development of chronic progressive disease in patients older than 40 years. The disease incidence is highest in U.S. black and Scandinavian populations and is less common among U.S. white, Japanese, Indian, Spanish, and South American populations. The disease is thought to result from a complex interaction of multiple genes with environmental exposures or infection.
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), amnestic type
Authors: Petersen Dr. Ronald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MCI is a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early dementia. As the field of aging and dementia moves toward early identification of cognitive symptoms, MCI has become an area of active research. Most clinicians believe that neurodegenerative processes evolve over years and perhaps decades. Thus, the concept of an intermediate stage of impairment between normal aging and early dementia needs to be clarified. MCI has evolved to represent this transitional zone (Figure). According to recent research, MCI can be classified into three subtypes: 1) amnestic MCI, in which the person has a memory impairment out of proportion to performance in other cognitive areas; 2) multidomain MCI, in which the person has a slight impairment in several cognitive domains, for example, language, attention, executive function, and visuospatial skills with or without a memory impairment, although these deficits are mild and not sufficient to constitute dementia; and 3) single non-memory domain MCI, in which the person is impaired in a non-memory area in relative isolation to the other cognitive domains.