bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marriage, Bereavement and Honours
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After a courtship which was said to have lasted for 11 years, John Hughlings Jackson married his first cousin, Elizabeth Dade Jackson, at St. Giles Church, Northampton, on 25th July 1865. The bride was 28 and the bridegroom was 30 years of age. Elizabeth and John had known each other all their lives. They shared paternal grandparents. Both were born at Green Hammerton and had been neighbours there as children. Elizabeth was the daughter of Hughlings Jackson’s father’s brother, Thomas Jackson, and his second wife, Mary Smith Jackson.
Commodities That Speak: Form and Transformation in Mary Rowlandson’s Captivity Narrative and Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
Authors: Rodríguez Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In texts written more than two centuries apart, Mary Rowlandson and Harriet Jacobs describe the transformation from person to thing that each experiences within different systems of commodification. As objects of property, each author realizes her use-value in ways defined by her owner(s). And each, as Marx observes, realizes her value through exchange or ransom. In the “Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson” and in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself, the commodities speak. Rowlandson and Jacobs construct arguments for personhood using tools denied to the captive and slave; Rowlandson appropriates a narrative form that chronicles the spiritual conversion, and after Jacobs escapes from the South, the fugitive slave writes her own story, exercising skills and knowledge forbidden to her. In their autobiographical narratives, Mary Rowlandson and Harriet Jacobs critique the social relationships that attribute exchange value to them. Both authors create or identify loopholes in those relationships and the systems surrounding them; serving as the means of survival for the authors, these loopholes also shape the arguments that contradict and reverse the transformation from person to thing.
Functional Imaging
Authors: Johnson Keith A , Albert Marilyn S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients with memory complaints are often arrayed along a continuum from normal function through varying degrees of impairment. A crucial question for both patients and clinicians evaluating them is to what extent these complaints are the harbinger of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This issue is of particular importance as strategies for the prevention or delay of dementia are developed. Modern imaging techniques offer one potential method of early detection.
Biological Markers
Authors: Graff-Radford Neill R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the commonest cause of dementia, affecting more than four million Americans over the age of 65 years and with an estimated cost to the United States of $100 billion per year (Small et al., 1997). Unless an effective treatment is found, the cost is likely to increase, particularly when the “baby boomers” reach the risk age period. The ideal treatment strategy is to identify those at risk and prevent their developing the disease.
Saying What Was n’t Said: Negative Observation as a Linguistic Resource for the Interactional Achievement of Performance Feedback
Authors: Jacoby Sally , Gonzales Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An increasing number of studies of language and social interaction have begun to explore grammar-in-use as an interactionally positioned structuration of language (e.g., Goodwin 1979; Schegl off 1979; Lerner 1991; Ford 1993; Heritage and Sorjonen 1994; Heritage and Roth 1995; Ford and Wagner, 1996; Ochs, Schegl off, and Thompson 1996; He and Tsoneva 1998). In a similar spirit, this chapter investigates the linguistic design, sequential placement, and interactional import of a class of turn format that we call “saying what was n’t said.”
Oh-Prefaced Responses to Assessments A Method of Modifying Agreement/Disagreement
Authors: Heritage John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to begin with a text from the “Parade” section of the LA Times of Sunday, January 25, 1998. On the cover is a picture of a woman in full fire fighting attire, backlit by flames and hosing water at a target that is out of the shot. Superimposed on the picture is a text that reads: “A fire fighter, a jockey, a welder, a tobacco farmer, a boxer-these women’s stories are as different as their professions, but they all have one sentiment in common: ‘Oh, yes I can!”‘ A significant element of the “sen time not” referred to here is one of rebuttal. This woman, the reader is led to infer, decided to be a fire fighter and was told that it is not a job for a woman. The picture with its caption conveys that she has driven back this attack and overcome the opposition of naysayers.
Turn-Sharing: The Choral Co-Production of Talk-in-Interaction
Authors: Lerner Gene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simultaneous speech in conversation, when it occurs, can be treated as a tum taking problem in need of repair (Sacks, Schegl off, and Jefferson 1974).Speakers may cut short what they are saying or employ devices to compete for exclusive speakership when faced with an overlapping utterance by another participant (Jefferson 1983; Jefferson and Schegl off 1975; Lerner 1989; Schegl off 1987, 2000). However, some forms of participation in conversation are not serially organized-that is, they are not designed for one participant speaking at a time. On occasion, participants may treat more-than-one-at-a-time speaking as properly simultaneous.
Intersubjectivity
Authors: Overstreet Maryann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are occasions in the analysis of spoken interactional discourse among familiars when the meanings apparently recognized and shared by the participants seem to be unfathomable to anyone else. What the speaker of the quote above had in mind when she used the expression and stuff like that may be guessed at by an outside observer, but it is unlikely ever to match what her familiar interlocutor was assumed to understand by what was said. I will return to this example in the course of this Chapter, as I attempt to explore the strongly interpersonal function of general extenders.
Politeness
Authors: Overstreet Maryann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fragment quoted here is from an interaction between a recently appointed research assistant (A) and a secretary (B). In his analysis of this brief interaction, Gumperz does not mention the use of the general extender or anything, but he is clearly aware of its function in creating the overall tone of A’s talk: “Throughout the interaction, A has pursued a strategy of not providing detailed information and relying on B’s ability to guess.
The Maxim of Quantity and Adjunctive General Extenders
Authors: Overstreet Maryann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quotation above is from a point in the film Reality Bites when the speaker (Troy, the struggling musician) is telling Lelaina (the about-to-be-famous videographer) how things will be when she’s a big success. He could have ended his comparison at the word beautiful. But he does n’t. There is more to his message, and the “more” is expressed by the general extender. In this Chapter, I will take a look at how an’ shit and a number of other adjunctive general extenders can be viewed as hedges on expectations arising from the Maxim of Quantity.
Summary
Authors: Overstreet Maryann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These observations about studying talk should be kept in mind when ever we summarize the results of any investigation using conversational data. We are always studying fragments, and our analysis is always incomplete. And we often find that we have said very little about some instances of the phenomenon we have so carefully studied. For example, the role of the general extender and so on in this introductory quotation has not received much attention, nor have many other forms that are more typically found in written discourse. Bearing this cautionary note in mind, I will try to summarize some of the observations I have been able to make about my data.
Comparing the Emotional Brains of Humans and Other Animals
Authors: Berridge Kent C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How is emotion embodied in the brain? That is the question posed by affective neuroscience (Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999; Davidson & Sutton, 1995; LeDoux, 1996; Panksepp, 1991, 1998), an enterprise that comprises the efforts of psychologists of emotion and cognition and philosophers of mind, as well as biopsychologists, psychiatrists, neurologists, and other neuroscientists. Affective neuroscience seeks a better understanding of affect and emotion at both psychological and neurobiological levels. Evidence regarding the brain substrates of feeling and emotion has grown substantially in recent years. But which brain structures are most important for emotion seems to depend to an extent on whom you read. This chapter is intended to address an apparent division in the affective neuroscience literature between views of brain organization that see emotion primarily as a product of the neocortex and views that see emotion as a product of subcortical brain structures (Figure 3.1). Not at all by coincidence, this corresponds largely to a distinction between those who study emotion and affect in human beings or primates and those who study brain mechanisms of emotion and affect in nonprimate animals. A newcomer to the affective neuroscience literature would deserve to be forgiven for concluding that there are actually two emotional brains. One literature comes mainly from studies of human subjects, either from PET or fMRI brain imaging of normal individuals or from clinical studies of patients with brain damage. It depicts an emotional brain that is composed chiefly of regions of neocortex. The second literature stresses the role of subcortical systems in emotion and comes chiefly from studies of cats, rats, and other nonprimate animals. These animal studies often involved techniques of brain manipulation (stimulation, lesion, microinjection, etc.) and measured basic behavioral or physiological emotional reactions. Upon a quick reading one might conclude that there are two different “emotional brains,” depending on which species is being studied. Human and other primate emotion apparently starts at the amygdala and goes upward to the cortex, whereas emotion in most other animals seems to proceed downward from amygdala to the brain stem.
Functional Neuroimaging of Depression: A Role for Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Elliott Rebecca , Dolan Raymond J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functional imaging has proved an important tool in the study of depression with studies consistently reporting abnormalities. In this chapter we consider the converging findings from a number of positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that critically implicate regions of the medial prefrontal cortex in depression. The medial region of prefrontal cortex is extensively interconnected with other cortical and subcortical structures. More specifically, many of the connections of this region are to structures within the classically defined limbic system, a set of structures with a fundamental role in emotional aspects of processing. The medial prefrontal cortex also projects extensively to more lateral areas of cortex involved in the control of willed action and behavior. It thus provides a plausible substrate for mediating emotional determinants of cognition and behavior that may be dysfunctional in depression. Results from lesion studies, in both animals and humans, are consistent with this proposition. Damage to the medial portion of prefrontal cortex produces a spectrum of deficits, many of which have an emotional component. Specifically, the deficits associated with medial prefrontal damage suggest that this region performs an interpretative role in response to emotional stimuli. Thus it is involved less in the experience of emotion per se and more in the incorporation of emotional factors in decision making and behavioral response. Functional imaging of normal emotional processing, including transiently induced mood changes, would also suggest that medial prefrontal regions are involved in a number of aspects of mood and emotional processing. In this chapter we will briefly review this literature before considering data from recent neuroimaging studies of depression supporting a theory that medial prefrontal cortex dysfunction is the fundamental cortical manifestation of clinical depression. The evidence suggests that medial prefrontal function is abnormal in the resting state and that this abnormality can be related to clinical features of the disorder. Further, cognitive activation studies have demonstrated that depressed patients fail to show normal activation of this region in response to cognitive challenges. Finally, we discuss evidence suggesting that medial prefrontal abnormality can be related to response to various treatments in depressed patients and, indeed, that this region may be important in predicting treatment outcomes.
Bottom-Up: Implications for Neurobehavioral Models of Anxiety and Autonomic Regulation
Authors: Berntson Gary G , Cacioppo John T , Sarter Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a crucial neural substrate for higher level behavioral and cognitive processes. Given the prevailing recognition of the hierarchical structure of central neural organization, it is tempting to consider lower levels of the neuraxis as fundamentally subservient to higher level influences. This view is not baseless, but it is incomplete. Recent developments in behavioral neuroscience reveal that lower neural levels can powerfully prime, bias, or otherwise regulate processing by higher neural structures. Moreover, it is increasingly recognized that central and peripheral processes constitute reciprocally linked dimensions of neurobehavioral function. Although reciprocal interactions among levels of neural organization have been recognized historically, contemporary research has now begun to clarify and solidify this concept, and embody this pattern of interaction in documented neurobehavioral systems. This chapter considers the reciprocal “top-down” and “bottom-up” interactions within neurobehavioral systems, as revealed by current research on anxiety and autonomic control. These data mandate a broader perspective on psychological states such as anxiety and on associated psychophysiological relations. They further suggest that a traditional approach to defining invariant behavioral-autonomic relations may not be particularly fruitful in the ultimate understanding of psychophysiological relationships. Current research increasingly focuses on the multiple interacting levels of processing within neurobehavioral systems, and the complex behavioral and autonomic manifestations of these levels of organization. Although disciplinary perspectives may distinguish between the domains of behavioral, autonomic, and neuroendocrine function, nature does not respect these artificial distinctions. Therefore, contemporary research might more fruitfully focus on specifying the components and operating characteristics of neurobehavioral systems, integrating data on the multiple levels of processing within these systems and elucidating the interactions among levels of organization. Although we use a specific line of research for illustrative purposes, the present chapter is not primarily about anxiety or psychophysiology, but about a fundamental principle of neurobehavioral organization: the powerful ascending controls of cognitive/behavioral processing that arise from bottom-up, including peripheral, influences. These influences have fundamental implications for neurobehavioral models of affect and autonomic control, and their relations to health.
Somatosensory Amplification and Hypochondriasis
Authors: Barsky Arthur J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prominent disease fears, beliefs, and preoccupations of hypochondriacal patients are thought to stem from a misattribution of benign bodily symptoms and normal sensations to serious disease. The hypochondriacal patient misunderstands and misinterprets personal bodily experience as indicative of serious disease, when in fact there is no serious pathology present. This raises a fundamental question: What, exactly, is the sensory experience of hypochondriacal individuals? Does their perceptual experience differ from that of non hypochondriacal patients; or alternatively, do they describe the same perceptual experience differently because they label and report bodily distress and sensation in more distressing and disturbing terms?
Reassurance in the Treatment of Hypochondriasis
Authors: Starcevic Vladan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of reassurance in the treatment of hypochondriasis may depend on how closely we follow current diagnostic manuals, because manuals such as the DSM IV tell us that hypochondriasis persists despite “appropriate medical reassurance” (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Contrary to the experience of many physicians who work with hypochondriacal patients and use reassurance in their treatment, this diagnostic conceptualization of hypochondriasis implies that pro vision of reassurance is not likely to be effective for hypochondriasis, and that attempts to use it will probably be futile. In short, why reassure if, by definition, reassurance is not effective?
Political Radicalism and Artistic Innovation in the Works of Lorraine Hansberry
Authors: Wilkerson Margaret B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lorraine Hansberry (figure 2.1) was a visionary playwright whose belief in humankind’s potential to overcome its own excesses of avarice, oppression, and inhumanity compelled her to raise provocative questionson the American stage. Ironically, her success with A Raisin in the Sun, which won the 1959 New York Drama Critics Circle Award and which won acclaim from white as well as black audiences during its Broadway production, led some critics to view her work as integrationist and accommodationist. A virile, confrontational Black Arts Movement in the 1960s, which challenged its parent, the Civil Rights Movement, following Hansberry’s death, seemed to eclipse her work and to label it as “old-fashioned,” both in form and content. How ever, persistent voices continued to claim for Hansberry a more radical stance, and during the 1990s, they have been joined by some of her earlier detractors. A close examination of two of her plays, A Raisin in the Sun and Les Blancs, combined with information about her sources and facts about her life affirm a political stance more radical than previously recognized and artistic choices that challenge the boundaries of theatrical realism.
Black Minstrelsy and Double Inversion, Circa 1890
Authors: Bean Annemarie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The above exchange comes from Jolly Joe’s Lady Minstrels, a minstrel guide “written, compiled, and edited in the sole interest of cheerfulness from the most jovial sources, and arranged with a particular eye to the needs of female negro minstrels.”2 Jolly Joe’s Lady Minstrels was published in 1893, a significant moment in the history of nineteenth-century American blackface minstrelsy,3 as there was an increasing number of professional and amateur white minstrel guides published, including Frank Dumont’s The Witmark Amateur Minstrel Guide and Burnt Cork Encyclopedia (1899) and The Boys of New York End Men’s Joke Book (1902).4
The Black Performer and the Performance of Blackness: The Escape; or, A Leap to Freedom by William Wells Brown and No Place To Be Somebody by Charles Gordone
Authors: Elam Harry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout African American theater history, African American play wrights, actors, and artists have manipulated the “productive ambivalence” of the black performer to transgress, transcend, and even subvert established racial categories. Performers and performances have effectively challenged racial definitions and provoked audiences to reconsider the sociocultural justifications for racial identifications. Repeatedly, performances have interrogated and exploited the slippage between the meanings of race and its visible signifiers. In this essay, I will explore the subversive potential of the black performer by analyzing two important works from the canon of black theater history: the first play ever published by a black author in the United States, The Escape; or, A Leap to Freedom (1858) by William Wells Brown and the 1969 Pulitzer Prize–winning play by Charles Gordone, No Place To Be Somebody. Implicitly and explicitly, these works foreground the power of the black performer to renegotiate the meanings of blackness. Significantly, in these plays, the playwrights’ use of language functions both to construct and to confront racial categories. Despite obvious differences in time period, in intended audience, and in perceptions of blackness, each of these texts relies on the “productive am bivalence” of the black performer to deconstruct existing racial definitions. In the process, the authors comment on how blackness is conceived and performed both on stage and in life.
The Costs of Re-Membering: What’s at Stake in Gayl Jones’s Corregidora
Authors: Sharpe Christina E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Sunday, 2 April 1995, the front page of the New York Times featured an article entitled “Bringing Slavery’s Long Shadow to the Light.” The sub-heading continued, “Blacks Seek Catharsis by Bringing Slavery’s Long Shadow to the Light.”
The Divinity Of Higher Dimensions
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometimes you feel like you are not part of this world. People often stare at you on the street and when you wander the FBI halls late at night. Even the custodial staff seems to follow you as if you are something odd or alien. You consider the situation with an amusement and aloofness that angers those closest to you, particularly Sally.
“What’ s that?” Sally asks.
You look at your hand. “This is my hand.”
Sally rolls her eyes. “Not that. I mean the book in your hand.”
“Flatland.” You dust off an old book and flip through its pages. “It was published in 1884 by a Victorian schoolmaster named Edwin Abbott Abbott. It’ s about the life of a square in a 2-D world called Flatland. When he tells his people about the third dimension, they put him in jail.” Sally’ s eyes dart around your cluttered office and focus on a large photo of former FBI Chief J. Edgar Hoover. A thin trail of strawberry incense arises from a burning stick on your desk, and there is a twangy musical sound coming from some nearby speakers. You are now playing a CD of Bismilla Kahn and Ravi Shankar.
Hyperspheres And Tesseracts
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
II FBI Headquarters, Washington, D.C., 8:00 P. M.
You’ ve returned to your FBI office. “I want to talk more about hyperspheres and tesseracts, the 4-D counterparts to spheres and cubes.” You draw a circle on the board with a dot at its center. ‘ ‘ A circle is the collection of points (on a plane) all at the same distance r from a point. A sphere is the collection of points (in space) all at the same distance r from a point. Similarly, a hypersphere is the collection of points (in hyper­ space) all at the same distance r from a point.”
Sally steps closer to the board. “If a hypersphere with a seventeen-foot radius came into our world, what points would be on it?” She points her finger in the air. ‘ ‘ Assume that its center is located at my fingertip.”
For several seconds, you stare at Sally’ s elegantly manicured nails before taking a string from your drawer and measure off seventeen feet. “Sally, may I borrow one of your earrings?”
She removes a small, golden earring from her left ear and hands it to you. You tie a knot around it. You tie the other end of the string to her finger and walk away until the string is taut. ‘ ‘ All the points that are seventeen feet from your fingertip would be on the hypersphere. Right now, your earring would touch the hypersphere’ s edge.