bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of ultrasound imaging in diagnosing and investigating early pregnancy failure
Authors: Jauniaux E. , Johns J. , Burton G. J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe advent of high‐resolution transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) has revolutionized our understanding of the pathophysiology and the management of early pregnancy failure. Knowledge of the ultrasound appearances of normal early pregnancy development and a good understanding of its pitfalls are essential for the diagnosis and management of early pregnancy failure. Ultrasound imaging has rapidly replaced all other techniques used to study normal human development in the first trimester, and ultrasound features of the early gestational sac have corroborated anatomical studies showing that the first structures to appear are the celomic cavity and the secondary yolk sac. No single ultrasound measurement of the different anatomical features in the first trimester has been shown to have a high predictive value for determining early pregnancy outcome. Similarly, Doppler studies have failed to demonstrate abnormal blood flow indices in the first‐trimester uteroplacental circulation of pregnancies that subsequently end in miscarriage. Ultrasound parameters combined with maternal serum hormone levels, maternal age, smoking habits, obstetric history and the occurrence of vaginal bleeding have all been combined in multivariate analyses, with mixed results. Combined ultrasound and in‐vitro experiments have demonstrated that the maternal circulation inside the placenta starts at the periphery at around 9 weeks of gestation and that this is associated with a physiological oxidative stress which could be the trigger for the formation of the placental membranes. Abnormal development of these membranes can result in subchorionic hemorrhage and threatened miscarriage with subsequent long‐term consequences such as preterm rupture of the membranes and preterm labor, irrespective of the finding of a hematoma on ultrasound. In both euploid and aneuploid missed miscarriages there is clear ultrasound evidence for excessive entry of maternal blood at a very early stage inside the developing placenta resulting in oxidative stress and subsequent degeneration of villous tissue. The finding of blood flow in the intervillous space in cases of first‐trimester miscarriage using color Doppler also appears to be useful in the prediction of success of expectant management. Miscarriages with blood flow within the intervillous space are up to four times more likely to complete with expectant management. TVS is considered the gold standard in the diagnosis and management of incomplete miscarriage. Expectant management of miscarriage, using ultrasound parameters to determine eligibility, could significantly reduce the number of unnecessary evacuations of the retained products of conception, depending on the criteria used. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abundances of five parasitoids attacking the scale insectNipponaclerda biwakoensison morphologically changed reed shoots due to damage by a stem‐boring caterpillar
Authors: Kaneko Shuji 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAbundances of the scale insectNipponaclerda biwakoensisand its five parasitoids per shoot of the common reed,Phragmites australis, were compared between shoots damaged by a stem‐boring caterpillar and undamaged shoots. Reed shoots that were damaged by the stem‐borer in spring change morphologically during summer, inducing tillers from the nodes beneath the damaged part. The number of female scales per shoot did not differ significantly between damaged and undamaged shoots in the second scale generation (September), but was significantly lower on damaged shoots in the third generation (November). Three parasitoid species attacking the scale exhibited different responses to the shoot damage, with the response by each parasitoid being constant in the two scale generations: the parasitism rate byAprostocetussp. per shoot was higher on damaged shoots, whereas that byAstymachus japonicuswas lower on damaged shoots, and no difference was detected forBoucekiella depressa. In the third scale generation, the parasitism rate by Encyrtidae sp. 1 showed no difference, with respect to shoot damage, whereas that by Encyrtidae sp. 2 was lower on damaged shoots. In three dominant parasitoids, shoot damage had no effect on the number of emerging adults per host, and the sex ratio and body size of the adults. The number of emerging adults per shoot differed significantly between damaged and undamaged shoots for four parasitoids, exceptB. depressa. These results suggest that shoot damage by the stem‐borer exerts a delayed negative impact on the scale numbers and affects the parasitism rate of the scales by three parasitoids and the emerging adult numbers of four parasitoids.
Gene expression profile of mechanically impacted bovine articular cartilage explants
Authors: Chan P. S. , Schlueter A. E. , Coussens P. M. , Rosa G. J. M. , Haut R. C. , Orth M. W. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTraumatic injury to a joint can initiate cartilage degradation. Blunt trauma increases matrix damage and decreases proteoglycan synthesis in in vitro models. Few studies have investigated gene expression of articular cartilage (AC) following mechanical loading. Recent advances in microarray technology allow analysis of a number of genes, and may elucidate pathways of AC degradation. In the present study, we used a bovine cDNA microarray to determine how acute trauma of cartilage explants in the absence of underlying bone alters gene expression. Results indicate that at least 19 genes were differentially expressed at 3 h after trauma. Fourteen genes were up‐regulated and five genes were down‐regulated relative to control explants. The up‐regulated genes included cytokine and chemokine receptors, enzymes, and molecules involved in signal transduction. Genes of adhesion molecules and apoptosis were down‐regulated. The results of this study highlight the potential benefits of using a bovine cDNA microarray to study cartilage metabolism. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Evidence of tendon microtears due to cyclical loading in an in vivo tendinopathy model
Authors: Nakama Leena H. , King Karen B. , Abrahamsson Sven , Rempel David M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTendon injuries at the epicondyle can occur in athletes and workers whose job functions involve repetitive, high force hand activities, but the early pathophysiologic changes of tendon are not well known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate early tendon structural changes, specifically the formation of microtears, caused by cyclical loading. The Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP) muscle of nine New Zealand White rabbits was stimulated to contract repetitively for 80 h of cumulative loading over 14 weeks. The contralateral limb served as a control. The tendon at the medial epicondyle insertion site was harvested, sectioned, and stained. Microtears were quantified, using image analysis software, in four regions of the tendon, two regions along the enthesis and two distal to the enthesis. The tear density (loaded: 1329 ± 546 tears/mm2; unloaded: 932 ± 474 tears/mm2) and mean tear size (loaded: 18.3 ± 6.1 μm2; unloaded: 14.0 ± 4.8 μm2) were significantly greater in the loaded limb (p < 0.0001) across all regions compared to the unloaded contralateral limb. These early microstructural changes in a repetitively loaded tendon may initiate a degenerative process that leads to tendinosis. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Morphological correlates of incipient arboreality and ornithophagy in island pitvipers, and the phylogenetic position of Bothrops insularis
Authors: Wüster Wolfgang , Duarte Marcelo R. , Salomão Maria da Graça 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMorphological differences between two semi‐arboreal, bird‐eating island pitvipers, Bothrops insularis and Gloydius shedaoensis, and their mainland relatives were investigated. Mitochondrial DNA sequence data for two genes show B. insularis to be rooted within B. jararaca. Bothrops insularis has a more anterior heart, a relatively longer tail, a longer head, and shorter fangs than B. jararaca. The greater head length is paralleled in the ecologically similar G. shedaoensis. Increased head size may represent an adaptation to the abundance of larger food items (migratory passerine birds), providing a selective advantage to snakes able to switch to larger prey at an earlier age. Furthermore, B. insularis and G. shedaoensis have converged on similar body sizes from opposite ancestral states. Other characters, including fang length, tail length and size of neonates do not show parallel variation in G. shedaoensis and B. insularis, suggesting that caution is required when interpreting character state shifts coinciding with ecological shifts in a single species only.
Survival of juvenile European eels (Anguilla anguilla), transferred among salinities, and developmental shifts in their salinity preference
Authors: Crean S. R. , Dick J. T. A. , Evans D. W. , Rosell R. S. , Elwood R. W. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAfter their oceanic migration, juvenile European eels Anguilla anguilla enter estuaries as glass eels, develop into pigmented elvers and migrate into fresh water. Fisheries often transfer such eels abruptly between salinities, principally glass eels and elvers from estuarine to fresh water. It is usually assumed that survival rates are high, but this required systematic investigation. Survival was found to be 100% over 21 days of glass eels and semi‐pigmented elvers transferred abruptly from estuary conditions into fresh water, 50% sea water and full sea water. Fully pigmented elvers, however, showed significantly reduced survival when transferred into sea water. Salinity preference experiments with juvenile eels have historically been inconclusive. Here, in a choice chamber design, a clear developmental shift in salinity preference was found, with glass eels preferring 100% sea water, semi‐pigmented elvers showing no clear preference and fully pigmented elvers preferring fresh water. We conclude that eel fisheries enhancement by abrupt transfer of juveniles among salinities is largely vindicated. In addition, developmental shifts in salinity preference have been clarified and this aids in the interpretation of eel migration patterns.
New phylogenetic perspectives among species of South‐east Asian wild pig (Sus sp.) based on mtDNA sequences and morphometric data
Authors: Lucchini Vittorio , Meijaard Erik , Diong Cheong H. , Groves Colin P. , Randi Ettore 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThere are more taxa of wild pig in South‐east Asia (SEA) than in any other comparable area in the world, but the number of species and subspecies is still uncertain. The taxonomy of some wild pig populations distributed in Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, was investigated using molecular and morphometric techniques. Our results suggest the existence of two main evolutionary clades that are likely to have diverged during the Pliocene in SEA: one including wild pig populations distributed in the Philippines (Sus cebifrons) and Sulawesi (S. celebensis); the other including the Indonesian and Malaysian bearded pigs (S. barbatus), and the widespread Eurasian wild boar (S. scrofa). A possible scenario for pig speciation in SEA is developed, and the need for a taxonomic revision of bearded pigs suggested, particularly concerning the taxonomic status of S. b. ahoenobarbus from Palawan Island, and the existence a new species distributed in the Tawi Tawi Islands (Philippines). Unexpectedly, bearded pigs in the Malay Peninsula are closely related to the Bornean population, but distinct from Sumatran S. barbatus, and they should be considered as belonging to a different subspecies.
Carpal glands in feral pigs (Sus domesticus) in tropical lowland rainforest in north‐east Queensland, Australia
Authors: Heise‐Pavlov S. , Heise‐Pavlov P. , Bradley A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCarpal glands (CG) of 105 feral pigs Sus domesticus, caught in the tropical lowland rainforest in north‐east Queensland, Australia, between 1999 and 2004, were investigated to examine their function in chemical communication between animals, and their histology. Female feral pigs show significantly larger CG on the right leg than on the left leg while there were no side‐specific differences in males. CG on both legs were significantly larger in reproductive than in non‐reproductive females, but they did not differ between pregnant and lactating females. The results suggest that CG are involved in the defensive behaviour of reproductive females but not in the identification of the mother by piglets. The area of the left CG was significantly bigger in males compared to females, but no significant difference could be shown for the CG on the right legs. CG of same‐aged boars did not change significantly in size throughout the year while females showed smaller CG on the left leg in January and February suggesting that CG may be involved in intra‐matriarchal group communication. Same sized and aged boars did not show any correlations between the size of the CG and the weight of their testes and the serum levels of testosterone. These results suggest that CG are not involved in advertising dominance in boars. The histological investigation of CG showed that they are active in feral pigs in the lowland rainforest, consist mainly of apocrine tissue and that their hairs may play a role in distributing secretion.
Reproductive output of female mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon×Ovissp.): a comparative analysis
Authors: Garel Mathieu , Cugnasse Jean‐Marc , Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Loison Anne , Gibert Philippe , Douvre Philippe , Dubray Dominique 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAlthough many mouflonOvis gmelini musimonpopulations have been introduced to continental southern and central Europe, little is known about their reproductive output. Based on post‐mortem analysis of 344 harvested females, the variation in reproductive performance was investigated in three wild populations: two located in the French Alps and one in the south of France. Examination of tracts indicated a high pregnancy rate (> 80%) for females ≥ years old. We found that a significant proportion of female lambs were pregnant in the Alps,c. 1 year earlier than generally reported for first reproduction in the mouflon, whereas female lambs did not conceive in the southern France population. Pregnant female lambs and yearling females always bore a single foetus. Among pregnant females ≥ years old, twinning occurred less often in southern France (2.5%) than in the Alps (10.8% and 20.7%). The data required to relate body mass and reproductive output of ewes at individual level were lacking, but female lamb–ewe body mass ratio was used to test that the population with high reproductive output should have the highest ratio. As expected, the index was higher in the Alps than in southern France, suggesting between‐population differences in the quality of the local environment. Differences in growth pattern and birth timing of lambs, or different tactics of maternal care could also have influenced the female lamb–ewe body mass ratio. Crossings between wild and domestic sheep during the recent history of these populations and differences in environmental conditions might have interplayed to shape age at first reproduction and twinning rates.
Density of spiders (Araneae: Ctenidae) in Ivory Coast rainforests
Authors: Jocqué Rudy , Samu Ferenc , Bird Tharina 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTo monitor the biodiversity quality of rainforest fragments in the eastern region of the Ivory Coast, the density of at least one important invertebrate group needs to be determined. This has been possible for nocturnal hunting spiders from the family Ctenidae using a novel combination of sampling and census techniques. The reflective characteristics of the eyes of these spiders meant that individuals were readily located using headlamps. Collections were made along transects (total length 5.5 km), adopting a distance sampling protocol. Density was estimated using distance sampling models. More than 2600 ctenids (15 species) were captured and identified. Seven of these species were present in sufficient numbers for density assessment. The combined density of these seven most common species in degraded forest fragments (0.124 m−2) was only half that in less disturbed forest (0.240 m−2). Ctenidae are a promising candidate for future monitoring of invertebrate groups in the rainforest.
A Second Shell in the Fornax dSph Galaxy
Authors: Coleman M. G. , Da Costa G. S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn the search for tidal structure in Galactic satellite systems, we have conducted a photometric survey over a 10 deg2 area centred on the Fornax dSph galaxy. The survey was made in two colours, and the resulting colour–magnitude data were used as a mask to select candidate Fornax RGB stars, thereby increasing the contrast of Fornax stars to background sources in the outer regions. Previously, we reported the presence of a shell (age 2 Gyr) located towards the centre of Fornax. In this contribution we reveal a second shell, significantly larger than the first, located 1.3° north-west from the centre of Fornax, outside the nominal tidal radius. Moreover, the distribution of Fornax RGB stars reveals two lobes extending to the spatial limit of our survey, and aligned with the minor axis and with the two shells. These results support the hypothesis of a merger between Fornax and a gas-rich companion approximately 2 Gyr ago.
A Concise Reference to (Projected) Sérsic R1/n Quantities, Including Concentration, Profile Slopes, Petrosian Indices, and Kron Magnitudes
Authors: Graham Alister W. , Driver Simon P. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractGiven the growing use of Sérsic's (1963, 1968) R1/n model for describing the stellar distributions in galaxies, and the lack of any single reference that provides the various associated mathematical expressions, we have endeavoured to compile such a resource here. We present the standard intensity profile, and its various guises such as the luminosity, surface-brightness, and aperture–magnitude profile. Expressions to transform the effective surface brightness into the mean effective and central surface brightness are also given, as is the expression to transform between effective radii and exponential scale-lengths. We additionally provide expressions for deriving the ‘concentration’ of an R1/n profile, and two useful equations for the logarithmic slope of the light-profile are given. Petrosian radii and fluxes are also derived for a range of Sérsic profiles and compared with the effective radii and total flux. Similarly, expressions to obtain Kron radii and fluxes are presented as a function of the Sérsic index n and the number of effective radii sampled. Illustrative figures are provided throughout. Finally, the core–Sérsic model, consisting of an inner power-law and an outer Sérsic function, is presented.
Turing Memorial Lecture Facing Up to Faults
Authors: Randell Brian 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
As individuals, organizations and indeed the world at large have become more dependent on computer-based systems, so there has been an ever-growing amount of research into means for improving the dependability of these systems. In particular, there has been much work on trying to gain an increased understanding of the many and varied types of faults that need to be prevented or tolerated in order to reduce the probability and severity of system failures. In this talk I discuss the assumptions that are often made by computing system designers regarding faults, survey a number of continuing issues related to fault tolerance, and identify some of the latest challenges facing researchers in this arena.
Nutritional Status in Adolescents and Young Adults with Screen‐Detected Celiac Disease
Authors: Haapalahti Mila , Kulmala Petri , Karttunen Tuomo J , Paajanen Laura , Laurila Kaija , Mäki Markku , Mykkänen Hannu , Kokkonen Jorma 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTObjective:To describe the nutritional status in patients with screen‐detected celiac disease (CD).Methods:Nutritional status was assessed by serum tests and anthropometric measures in 26 subjects (16 to 25 years of age) with biopsy‐proven CD and 29 healthy control subjects (16 to 21 years of age) with negative tissue transglutaminase antibodies (16 to 22 years of age); all the subjects were selected from the cohort of 3654 schoolchildren.Results:Compared with control subjects, CD patients had lower median values of whole blood folic acid (91 versus 109 nmol/L; P = 0.01), serum ferritin (14 versus 27 μg/L; P = 0.028) and pre‐albumin (0.21 versus 0.28 g/L; P ≤ 0.001) and higher transferrin receptor (1.3 versus 1.1; P = 0.008) and serum transferrin receptor‐ferritin index (1.2 versus 0.7; P = 0.006). Folic acid concentration was subnormal in 31% of the CD subjects (versus 14% of the controls) and iron status (transferrin receptor‐ferritin index) was subnormal in 30% (versus 14%). Body mass index was not different in females of the CD and control groups (22 versus 22 kg/m2) or in the males of the respective groups (25 versus 24 kg/m2). Females with CD were shorter than the controls (mean 162 versus 167 cm; P = 0.018), but no difference was found in males. No association was found between the nutritional status and the markers of mucosal injury (villous‐crypt measures), but titer of transglutaminase was associated with whole blood folic acid (r = −0.5; P = 0.016) and with transferrin receptor‐ferritin index (r = 0.4, P = 0.05).Conclusions:One third of screen‐detected adolescent CD subjects have abnormalities in folate or iron status that call for early diagnosis and dietary treatment of the disease to prevent nutritional deficiencies.