bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Calculus to Chaos
Authors: Acheson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is calculus really for? This book is a highly readable introduction to applications of calculus, from Newton's time to the present day. These often involve questions of dynamics, i.e. of how - and why - things change with time. Problems of this kind lie at the heart of much of applied mathematics, physics, and engineering. From Calculus to Chaos takes a fresh approach to the subject as a whole, by moving from first steps to the frontiers, and by highlighting only the most important and interesting ideas, which can get lost amid a snowstorm of detail in conventional texts. The book is aimed at a wide readership, and assumes only some knowledge of elementary calculus. There are exercises (with full solutions) and simple but powerful computer programs which are suitable even for readers with no previous computing experience. David Acheson's book will inspire new students by providing a foretaste of more advanced mathematics and showing just how interesting the subject can be.
Conscious awareness
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Books on memory tend to shy away from the discussion of consciousness and related issues. This is surprising on the one hand yet understandable on the other. It is surprising because the relation of consciousness to memory is of great importance in memory research (*amnesia, *declarative memory, *episodic memory), and conscious awareness is a major *criterion in the *zeitgeist *taxonomy of memory *systems. Avoiding the discussion of consciousness is, however, understandable, because despite many centuries of systematic thinking, and the fact that we all know subjectively what it is, consciousness is still an *enigma.
Consolidation
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It took the Muses, daughters of Memory, a single encounter with Hesiod on Mount Helicon to breathe into the poet divine voice and knowledge (Hesiod 8thC BC). Yet for most of us, who are not granted the privilege to mingle with the immortals, learning is often a much more lengthy, complicated, and frustrating process. Even if we do devote to training sufficient effort, memory may still betray us (*false memory,*forgetting). And as if the burden of confusion and forgetfulness stemming from the continuing passage of time is not enough, the period immediately after learning also contributes its share to the fragility of our engrams.
Criterion
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meaning ‘standard’ in Greek, ‘criterion’ was advanced already by Plato, in a very capitalistic connotation:’Your success, I admit, is fine evidence of the wisdom of the present generation as compared with their predecessors, and it is a popular sentiment that the wise man must above all be wise for himself; of such wisdom the criterion is in the end the ability to make the most money’ (Hipp. Maj. 283b). Although to the naive mind the mere notion of ‘criterion’ may look straightforward, to philosophers it poses a real problem. Consider the following statements: in order to reach the conclusion that one knows a thing, one must possess criteria for the instantiation of that thing; but in order to know the criteria, one must already know what the thing is.
Development
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biological development (des-voloper, old French for ‘to wrap’) is manifested in growth, remodelling, and specialization of cells and tissues. This is accompanied by a change in the functional capabilities of the organism, which, in the case of the nervous system, could include modification of learning capabilities (Marcus et al. 1988; Hartshorn et al. 1998; Stanton 2000). The relationship of development and growth to learning raises some of the most fundamental issues in the neurosciences, abutting molecular biology on the one hand and philosophy on the other.
Dopamine
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine) is the predominant catecholamine neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. Catecholamines are so called because they are amines (compounds derived by replacing the hydrogen atoms in ammonia with organic groups) that contain the aromatic alcohol catechol. Other catecholamine neurotransmitters and hormones are adrenaline (epinephrine) and *noradrenaline (norepinephrine). The catecholamines in the body are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine. In fact, till the 1950s, dopamine has been considered merely as an intermediate metabolite in the pathway leading to the synthesis of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
Habit
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Definition 1 refers to ‘habit’ irrespective of whether it is innate (*a priori), acquired, or induced by disease or drugs. Definition 2 restricts ‘habit’ to a type of *learned behaviour; it is a special case of definition 1, but is stated separately because this is what ‘habit’ commonly means in the contemporary learning literature. In the early learning literature, ‘habit’ was also occasionally used to denote a learned act in general, but this is now unacceptable. Habits comprise a substantial chunk of our behavioural repertoire, often to a larger degree than we tend to concede. Driving a car becomes a habit, but so is also eating junk food, or delivering the same seminar for the ninth time.
Habituation
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Habituation is commonly classified as a type of non*associative learning (*taxonomy). This is because it is assumed to be governed solely by the parameters of the habituated, unconditioned stimulus, in the absence of associations with other stimuli. This assumption may be wrong. It is questionable whether any type of learning is indeed purely no associative. In habituation, associations are formed with the *context (Wagner 1979; Marlin and Miller 1981; Rankin 2000), and possibly also with *palimpsests of the *internal representation, accumulated over the individual’s history. Another common myth concerning habituation is that because it involves a diminution of response, no new information is acquired.
Infantile amnesia
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The observation that infancy is not remembered was noted with interest by students of the mind, and probably by others as well, throughout the ages (Augustine 400; Rousseau 1798; Freud 1901). The experimental data confirm folk psychology: adults do not remember autobiographical episodes that had occurred prior to the age of about 3 or 4 years, and report that their inner personal narratives begin to make sense (if they ever do) only about the age of 6 or 7 years (Dudycha and Dudycha 1941; Wetzler and Sweeney 1986; Nelson 1992; Eacott and Crawley 1998). Claims for the ‘rediscovery’ in adulthood of the memories of early infancy should be treated with great caution, as they could reflect *false memory.
Percept
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Percepts’ are glimpses of the sensory world captured by the brain in real-time (definition 1; from capere, ‘to seize’ in Latin). These short-lived representations serve as raw material for more advanced analysis of the sensory world. The brain then decides, within a few milliseconds, whether to pay *attention and use the information for further processing, or simply forget about it.
Phrenology
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phrenology (phren, Greek for ‘mind’, -logos, ‘reasoning’) was born toward the end of the eighteenth century. It is considered pseudoscience because of postulate e above. This postulate is ‘craniometry’—the belief that one can determine a mental profile from the shape of the skull. The point is that while craniometry is indeed a preposterous claim, the rest of phrenology’s assumptions do deserve proper attention. These are the modularity of mind (a above), the localization of function in the brain (b), the individual variability in innately predisposed potential (c), and the dependence of function on neural space (d).
Priming
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the years the use of the term ‘priming’ has been extended to include additional protocols and meanings. The current major *taxonomies of priming are based on two types of interrelated distinctions: ‘direct’ vs. ‘indirect’, and ‘perceptual’ vs. ‘conceptual’ (Richardson-Klavehn and Bjork 1988; Roediger and McDermott 1993). In direct priming, also termed ‘repetition priming’, the item presented in the training (‘study’) *phase is identical to, or is composed of fragments of, the item to be produced in the test phase.
Recall
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recall is a type of memory (definition 1), brain process (definition 2), and test situation (definition 3). It is important to distinguish between the three. Recall as a memory faculty is the phenomenon that most people have in mind when they refer to ‘remembrance’ or ‘recollection’. It is ‘memory par excellence’ (Bergson 1908). Some authors, especially in the older literature, equate recall with *retrieval. This should be avoided, is the spin-off of a stream of *associations, it is incidental recall. When the recall yields what is judged to be the complete target, it is complete or total recall. But in many cases recall is only partial. Two examples of partial recall are provided by the ‘feeling of knowing’ (FOK) and the ‘tip of the tongue’ (TOT) phenomena.
Reduction
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Reductionism’ is a tenet of modern neuroscience. Only its version and explicitness vary among sub disciplines and their practitioners. Neuroscientists attempt to explain mental faculties by brain faculties, hence mental phenomena by biology. In that they are different, for is best epitomized by Johnson (1751), who noticed that ‘Divide and conquer is a principle equally just in science as in policy’. A ‘simplifying step’ may also mean switching to a simpler organism or circuit that display the phenomenon, process, or mechanism in question (*model, *simple system).
Sensitization
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sensitization is a type of non*associative learning. The sensitizing stimulus is usually strong or noxious. Sensitization contrasts with another type of nonassociative learning, *habituation, in which there is a *generalized diminution of response following the presentation of a weak or monotonous stimulus. If the response is already habituated, the effect of the sensitizing experience is termed ‘dishabituation’. Thus, whether the *subject is said to undergo sensitization or dishabituation, depends on what we know about its history.
Surprise
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surprises are effective incentives for behavioural modifications that contribute to survival. This is probably why the ability to detect them had been embedded effectively in our brain. Seen this way, the most important ones are the bad surprises, because they may kill; hence, Darwin was not off-track when he emphasized startling, nasty surprises (Darwin 1872; also ‘startle reflex’ under *attention, *sensitization). With the emergence of human *culture, our capacity to note mismatches with predictions of organized knowledge has gained additional functions, some of which are geared to create pleasure, not pain.
Activation of the zymogen forms of MMPs
Authors: Woessner J Frederick , Nagase Hideaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early work on collagenase demonstrated that the enzyme was present in tissue or cultured cells largely in a latent form. Activation of the enzyme could be achieved by treating the conditioned medium or the tissue extracts with trypsin [162, 193,209,214,279,328,340], mast cell proteinases [163, 307], cathepsin B [193], tissue kallikrein [193] or plasmin [171, 1931-Activation of the latent collagenase also occurred spontaneously during purification or storage l157, 179, 193, 290, 313]. Activation with proteolytic enzymes suggested that the latent form of collagenase was a proenzyme [164, 193, 313, 329, 351J. It had also been proposed that the latent collagenase was an enzyme-inhibitor complex, since non-proteolytic agents such as mercurial compounds [66, 301, 333], Nal [306] and NaSCN [152] can activate the latent collagenase. The enzyme-inhibitor concept was further supported by the observation that latent collagenase from the medium of cultured rabbit bone was eluted at about 40 kDa on gel fil-tration chromatography [ 301], but when the medium was treated with 4-aminophenylmercuric acetate (AP JA) the activated collagenase was eluted at 28 kDa. Furthermore, when the activated collagenase fraction was mixed with an endogen ous inhibitor, the latent collagenase was eluted at 40 kDa. This collagenase-inhibitor complex was activated by treating with APMA [301]. Similar observations were also reported for human rheu matoid synovial collagenase [333], suggesting that APMA and other non-proteolytic agents activated the latent collagenase by dissociating the inhibitor from the collagcnase-inhibitor complex.
Functions of the TIMPs
Authors: Woessner J Frederick , Nagase Hideaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is generally believed by those in the field that inhibition of proteolytic activity is the major function of the TIMPs. The growth effects are not widely recognized and have not received nearly the attention given to enzyme inhibition. The first point to be considered is whether all TlMPs inhibit all MMPs, and whether this is quantitatively the same for all cases. A brief overview is provided by Table 18, which shows all cases of inhibition that have been tested to date. This table is qualitative and only one case is found where inhibition \Vas not observed. In all cases studied to date, the inhibition is stoichiometric, one molecule of TLMP inhibits one molecule of active N1J\1P, as might be expected from the mechanism revealed by X-ray crystallography [428].
Guaranteed a-posteriori error estimation and a-posteriori estimation of the pollution error
Authors: Babuška Ivo , Strouboulis Theofanis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 5 we discussed various estimators for the energy norm of the error in the finite element solution. We discussed the Neumann element residual estimator, the subdo-main residual estimator, the explicit residual estimator, the recovery estimators (e.g. the ZZ–SPR estimator, etc), and analyzed them in two ways:
An Introduction to Semilinear Evolution Equations
Authors: Cazenave Thierry , Haraux Alain , Martel Yvan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents in a self-contained form the typical basic properties of solutions to semilinear evolutionary partial differential equations, with special emphasis on global properties. It considers important examples, including the heat, Klein-Gordon, and Schro"odinger equations, placing each in the analytical framework which allows the most striking statement of the key properties. With the exceptions of the treatment of the Schro"odinger equation, the book employs the most standard methods, each developed in enough generality to cover other cases. This new edition includes a chapter on stability, which contains partial answers to recent questions about the global behavior of solutions. The self-contained treatment and emphasis on central concepts make this text useful to a wide range of applied mathematicians and theoretical researchers.
Peptidyl–Prolyl Cis/Trans lsomerases
Authors: Galat Andrzej , Riviere Sylvie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl cist/trans isomerases (PPIases) are a family of proteins that are present in a wide range of species. They display an interesting multi-domain structure, and because of their affinity for proline residues, they are involved in a diversity of biological processes. This volume presents the latest information on their sequences, structures, and functions, their distribution within the cell, their interactions with other proteins and ligands, and their involvement in signalling pathways.
Genes and the cellular localization of PPlases
Authors: Galat Andrzej , Riviere Sylvie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gene PPIA encoding hCyP-A has been mapped to chromosome 7 in the region 7p11.2-p13 and there are 14 other CyP-A-related pseudogenes, on chromosomes 3, 7, 10, 14 and 18 [297, 353]. The gene PPIB coding for hCyP-B is on chromosome 15 [342]. The gene PPID encoding hCyP-40 is on chromosome 4 and consists of ten exons and nine introns. The exon organization of the genes encoding the CPLDs of hCyP-40 and hCyP-A are very different, suggesting that these two genes diverged early in evolution [355]. Zoo blots show that the PPID gene is highly conserved among different species. Fluorescence in situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes allowed the identification of another gene (PPIL1) encoding a cyclophilin of 166 amino acid residues. The gene was mapped to chromosome 2 in the region p23.3-p23.1. The protein seems to be expressed in many tissues [341].
Structural analysis of PPlases
Authors: Galat Andrzej , Riviere Sylvie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous X-ray structures of recombinant cyclophilins, their complexes with linear peptides, CsA and its synthetic derivatives have been obtained using X-ray and NMR techniques (see Table 15). The first structure of hCyP-18 [749-751] and its complex with the tetrapeptide acetyl-Ala-Ala-Pro -Ala-amidomethylcoumarin [748) revealed that hCyP-18 has eight antiparallel β-strands which form a right-handed β-barrel(see Fig. 32a) with structural similarity to other β-barrel-type structures (streptavidin, β-lactoglobulin, insecticyanin, P2 myelin protein, bilinbinding protein, retinol-binding protein, superoxide dismutase and triosephosphate isomerases) [751). In general, hCyP-18, hCyP-20, periplasmic EcCyP-20 and murine CyP-23 (mCyP-23) have the same overall chain-folding pattern, but there are significant differences in the loop regions which link the eight β-strands and the α-helices (25-41, 119-123, 135-146).
Coherentist Belief Change as a Problem of Rational Choice
Authors: Rott Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have always thought of Parker, Quincy and Rice as honourable men. Parker, Quincy and Rice are neighbours of mine. Every Thursday evening they meet with Smith, a man living next street, for a few hours of poker. Yesterday—it was a Thursday—Smith was killed. The only persons who could have committed the crime are his poker partners. Now consider the following scenarios. Suppose I believe that situation (1) is the actual one. Considering all I know about my neighbours, as well as my opinions about them, I come to the conclusion that Parker may have been the assassin. This cautious conclusion neither excludes that I have doubts about Quincy or Rice as well, nor does it imply that I think that Parker actually is the crook. But it has implications for scenarios (2) and (3). If the number of suspects was limited to two while still including Parker, then I should still be ready to maintain that he may have been the murderer. Otherwise my judgments would justly be called incoherent.
Conic Loci and Conic Envelopes
Authors: Semple J G , Kneebone G T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN this chapter we begin a systematic study of the conic locus and its dual figure the conic envelope. It is convenient to give, first of all, general definitions of the concepts of algebraic locus and algebraic envelope, of which conic locus and conic envelope are particular cases.
Higher Correspondences, Apolarity, and the Theory of Invariants
Authors: Semple J G , Kneebone G T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have treated the geometry of the conic in a comparatively elementary manner, making use only of the simplest notions of projective geometry and often arguing directly from the definition of the curve. In this chapter we shall show how the theory can be extended by applying more advanced methods, and how the introduction of a more general concept can sometimes unify a large number of apparently disconnected theorems. We shall indicate three separate directions in which such advances are possible, touching successively upon higher correspondences, the relation of apolarity between conics, and the classical theory of invariants.
The Twisted Cubic Curve and Cubic Surfaces
Authors: Semple J G , Kneebone G T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WE come, in this section, to the second of the manifolds in space which are analogous to the conic in the plane, namely the twisted cubic curve. In the latter part of the discussion we shall make use occasionally of results which are not established until Chapter XIV or Chapter XV. This is quite harmless, as these chapters do not depend upon the present one, and the reader may refer to the later results as they are required.
Projective Geometry of n Dimensions
Authors: Semple J G , Kneebone G T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN this concluding chapter we propose to give the reader some indication, through the medium of specific examples, of the natural extension of projective geometry to spaces of higher dimensionality, and of the important function of higher space in providing convenient and suggestive representations of variable geometrical entities in spaces of two and three dimensions. The systematic development of many-dimensional geometry, initiated in the second half of the nineteenth century by the Italian school of geometers, and by Veronese and the great Corrado Segre in particular, was a momentous undertaking and one which revealed unsuspected potentialities in the subject of projective geometry.
Introduction
Authors: Hill R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Theory of plasticity’ is the name given to the mathematical study of stress and strain in plastically deformed solids, especially metals. This follows the well-established precedent set by the ‘theory of elasticity’, which deals with methods of calculating stress and strain in elastically deformed solids, and not, as a literal interpretation suggests, with the physical explanation of elasticity. The relation of plastic and elastic properties of metals to crystal structure and cohesive forces belongs to the subject now known as ‘metal physics’.
Foundations Of The Theory
Authors: Hill R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With present knowledge the element of time cannot be adequately incorporated in a mathematical account of the plasticity of metals. The theory to be described is valid only at temperatures for which recovery, creep, and thermal phenomena generally, can be neglected. The absence of a high-temperature theory is due partly to insufficient data, but more to the circumstance that the stress needed to enforce plastic flow at a given temperature is not a single-valued function of the rate of strain and the total distortion (as measured conventionally). † Preliminary attempts to include thermal effects within the framework of the lowtemperature theory have always assumed a fictitious equation of state.
On electrical work and energy in a system of conductors
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
84.J On the Worlc which must be done by an external agent in order to charge an electrified system in a given manner.
The work spent in bringing a quantity of electricity o e from an infinite distance ( or from any place where th1e potential is zero) to a given part of the system where the potential is V, is, by the definition of potential (Art. 70), Vδe.
The effect of this operation is to increase the charge of the given part of the system by δ e, so that if it was e before, it will become e + δ e after the operation.