bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative genetics of sexually dimorphic traits and capture of genetic variance by a sexually-selected condition-dependent ornament in red junglefowl (Gallus gallus)
Authors: Parker T. H. , Garant D. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
We studied the quantitative genetics of sexually selected traits in a captive population of red junglefowl (Gallus gallus L.) using a multi-generational ‘animal model’ approach. We found significant heritability of mass, tarsus length (both strongly sexually dimorphic), residual mass, and male comb (a fleshy head ornament) length. Residual mass has a genetic correlation between the sexes smaller than unity and so could show partially independent responses to selection in the two sexes. In males, tarsus length and mass were not genetically correlated, and this produced a negative genetic correlation between tarsus length and residual mass. The male red junglefowl's comb, an ornament influencing female choice, is highly condition dependent. We show that expression of this ornament is heritable, however, and shows strong genetic correlation with a condition index, residual mass. Because residual mass is partly influenced by various aspects of condition, it appears that comb size has ‘captured’ genetic variability in condition.
How do natural and sexual selection contribute to sympatric speciation?
Authors: Gourbiere S. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
I use explicit genetic models to investigate the importance of natural and sexual selection during sympatric speciation and to sort out how genetic architecture influences these processes. Assortative mating alone can lead to speciation, but rare phenotypes’ disadvantage in finding mates and intermediate phenotypes’ advantage due to stabilizing selection strongly impede speciation. Any increase in the number of loci also decreases the likelihood of speciation. Sympatric speciation is then harder to achieve than previously demonstrated by many theoretical studies which assume no mating disadvantage for rare phenotypes and consider a small number of loci. However, when a high level of assortative mating evolves, sexual selection might allow populations to split into dimorphic distributions with peaks corresponding to nearly extreme phenotypes. Competition then works against speciation by favouring intermediate phenotypes and preventing further divergence. The interplay between natural and sexual selection during speciation is then more complex than previously explained.
Costs and benefits of genetic heterogeneity within organisms
Authors: Pineda-Krch M. , Lehtilä K. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
An increasing number of studies have recently detected within-organism genetic heterogeneity suggesting that genetically homogeneous organisms may be rare. In this review, we examine the potential costs and benefits of such intraorganismal genetic heterogeneity (IGH) on the fitness of the individual. The costs of IGH include cancerous growth, parasitism, competitive interactions and developmental instability, all of which threaten the integrity of the individual while the potential benefits are increased genetic variability, size-specific processes, and synergistic interactions between genetic variants. The particular cost or benefit of IGH in a specific case depends on the organism type and the origin of the IGH. While mosaicism easily arise by genetic changes in an individual, and will be the more common type of IGH, chimerism originates by the fusion of genetically distinct entities, and is expected to be substantially rare in most organisms. Potential conflicts and synergistic effects between different genetic lineages within an individual provide an interesting example for theoretical and empirical studies of multilevel selection.
Liver biopsy complicated by hemorrhage in a patient with ARC syndrome
Authors: Hayes Jason A. , Kahr Walter H.A. , Lo Bryan , Macpherson Bruce A. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryARC syndrome is a rare disorder consisting of arthrogryposis, renal tubular acidosis and cholestatic liver disease. We report the case of a 5‐week‐old patient who underwent a percutaneous liver biopsy complicated by hemorrhage, and was subsequently diagnosed with ARC syndrome. A review of the literature demonstrates that these patients are at increased risk of bleeding caused by platelet dysfunction. The evaluation and management of unexpected hemorrhage in pediatric patients as a result of undiagnosed congenital bleeding problems is discussed.
Paradoxical reaction following intravenous midazolam premedication in pediatric patients – a randomized placebo controlled trial of ketamine for rapid tranquilization
Authors: Golparvar Mohammad , Saghaei Mahmood , Sajedi Parvin , Razavi Seid Sajad 
Published: October 2004

SummaryBackground : Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines include restlessness, violent behavior, physical assault, act of self‐injury and need for restraints. These may occur at variable times after administration. This study was designed to determine the incidence of paradoxical reactions following intravenous midazolam premedication in pediatric patients and to compare the efficacy of extra doses of midazolam with low‐dose intravenous ketamine to rapidly tranquillize them.Methods : A total of 706 ASA I, II children scheduled for elective surgery were given intravenous midazolam premedication. Children who developed a paradoxical reaction were randomly divided into three equal groups to receive: (i) extra midazolam, (ii) ketamine, or (iii) placebo as the test drug for treatment of paradoxical reaction. Ease of rapid tranquillization and need for a rescue tranquillizer (i.e. ketamine; irrespective of patient group) were compared among the three groups.Results : Twenty‐four (3.4%) children developed paradoxical reaction after midazolam premedication. Those who received ketamine as the test drug responded rapidly to ketamine. But the responses of the other two groups to their test drug were poor and the majority of them required ketamine as rescue tranquillizer (six in midazolam, seven in placebo, but no patient in the ketamine group; P < 0.05).Conclusions : The results of this study demonstrate that ketamine is an effective drug for the treatment of paradoxical reaction following intravenous midazolam premedication. The exact mechanisms of these reactions and how it is aborted by ketamine are not clear.
General anesthesia, surgery and hospitalization in children and their effects upon cognitive, academic, emotional and sociobehavioral development – a review
Authors: Caldas José Carlos S. , Pais‐Ribeiro José Luís , Carneiro Silvestre R. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryWe reviewed current knowledge about cumulative and differential consequences of general anesthesia, surgery and hospitalization upon cognitive, academic, emotional and sociobehavioral development in children. Our strategy was to search the databases Pub Med and PsycINFO for all articles published between 1990 and May 2002. Based on the abstracts, we included all articles that related in any way to our subject of interest. Analysis of the articles showed preoperative anxiety as the main contributing factor to perioperative negative developmental effects. These were generally limited in duration and reversible. Research in this area tries to investigate predictors of increased anxiety, as well as the efficacy of different interventional programs for reduction of preoperative anxiety. We found no studies attempting to differentiate the relative influences of ‘anesthetic stress’, ‘surgical stress’ and ‘hospitalization stress’ on ‘negative outcomes’, ‘areas of development affected’ or ‘duration of effects’. There are very few studies on academic and cognitive consequences. There is a need for more research in this area to provide useful guidelines for clinicians, to identify risk situations and to prevent negative outcomes.
Continuous ventilation technique for laryngeal mask airway (LMATM) removal after fiberoptic intubation in children
Authors: Weiss Markus , Gerber Andreas C. , Schmitz Achim 
Published: October 2004

SummaryBackground : Fiberoptic tracheal intubation through the laryngeal mask airway (LMATM) is a simple technique to establish a safe airway in neonates and infants with a difficult airway. The technique, however, is complicated by the removal of the laryngeal mask from the patient's mouth because of the similarity in length of the LMA and the tracheal tube.Methods : Several solutions have been presented to stabilize the tracheal tube within the trachea during withdrawal of the LMA. With all these techniques ventilation of the patient is interrupted.Results : We present a modified technique, using a double tube assembly, which allows uninterrupted ventilation of the patient during withdrawal of the LMA from the patient's mouth.Conclusions : The technique is simple and safe, can be performed without hurry and carries potential advantages for neonates and children with limited cardiorespiratory reserve.
Cardiac tamponade in a newborn because of umbilical venous catheterization: is correct position safe?
Authors: Önal E. Esra , Saygili Arda , Koç Esin , Türkyilmaz Canan , Okumus Nurullah , Atalay YIldIz 
Published: October 2004

SummaryCardiac tamponade is a rare but life‐threatening complication of umbilical venous catheterization in the newborn. Most complications from central venous catheters are related to incorrect position of the catheter and it is emphasized to confirm the position of the catheter tip after placement in order to avoid possible complications. We present an unusual complication of cardiac tamponade because of umbilical venous catheterization in a term newborn which is extremely rare with correct location of the catheter tip at the junction of inferior vena cava and right atrium. We suggest that correct position never guarantees uneventful catheterization in the newborn. In any infant with a central venous catheter in situ who deteriorates clinically, pericardial effusion/cardiac tamponade must be considered and appropriate action taken.
Bilateral consolidation of the lungs in a preterm infant: an unusual central venous catheter complication
Authors: Pignotti Maria Serenella , Messineo Antonio , Indolfi Giuseppe , Donzelli Gianpaolo 
Published: October 2004

SummaryWe describe a case of bilateral parenchymal consolidation with sudden respiratory distress in a preterm baby as a complication of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) dislocation. The X‐rays showed bilateral pulmonary consolidation with the catheter tip initially located in the right, and later in the left pulmonary artery. The catheter was withdrawn. As soon as the catheter was repositioned all clinical signs and symptoms disappeared. Neonatologists should consider the possibility of dramatic respiratory distress deriving from PICC dislocation. Careful tip catheter placement and conscientious monitoring may reduce morbidity.
Use of low concentration factor ultrafiltration retentates in reduced‐fat Minas Frescal cheese manufacture: effect on yield and sensory properties
Authors: CUNHA C R , VIOTTO L A , VIOTTO W H 
Published: October 2004

The yield and sensory properties of reduced‐fat Minas Frescal cheese made from low concentration factor (CF) retentates were studied. Three different CFs were tested (1.2, 1.5 and 1.8). The chemical compositions of the milk, retentate, whey and cheese were determined, as well as the cheese yield. The cheese moisture content decreased with increasing CF. The cheese yield was significantly dependent on the CF in the same direction as the moisture content. Despite compositional differences among the samples, only the cheese made with a CF of 1.8 presented low sensorial acceptance. CF 1.2 was found to be the optimum value for reduced‐fat Minas Frescal cheese manufacture in the CF range studied.
Fat injections for facial rejuvenation: 17 years experience in 1720 patients
Authors: Dasiou‐Plakida D 
Published: October 2004

SummaryBackground  Autologous adipose tissue has been proved to be an excellent filling material. Fat injections can correct cosmetic defects that are caused by loss of subcutaneous tissue, such as atrophy of the face due to significant weight loss, wrinkles and facial involution due to ageing.Objective  To evaluate the safety and long‐term results of facial rejuvenation by autologous fat injections using the fine‐needle technique to inject fat and frozen fat for repeating the implantation procedure.Method  Patients were evaluated clinically and photographically. Extraction, processing and implantation of fat were performed using an anaerobic technique. The fat was harvested by tumescent liposuction, using syringes and small diameter blunt‐tip cannulas (2–3 mm). After washing the collected fat in normal saline it was centrifuged, transferred to small syringes (1–2.5 mL diameter) and then injected subcutaneously using fine needles of 21–23 G. Hypercorrection was avoided, so one or two repetitions of the fat injections were usually necessary, at intervals of at least 1 month, in order to achieve the desired cosmetic result. Using frozen fat simplified repeat fat implantation.Results  The clinical long‐term follow‐up of 1720 patients up to 17 years is presented. Absorption of the injected fat was estimated at 40–60%. The absorption rate varied a lot in each case. Long‐term follow‐up proved that final correction after two or more repetitions of frozen fat injections, persisted for many years, the longest proved to be more than 12 years.Conclusions  The advantages of the fine‐needle technique for fat grafting were very important: more accurate and refined work, less painful injections, no scars at needle puncture points, early treatment of small defects, and the facility to treat multiple sites, even the entire face, in one session. There were no major complications. Oedema and sometimes echymoses at the donor site for 6–10 days and slight bruising at the injected areas for 3–5 days are the disadvantages of the procedure.
The ‘beauty’ of skin neurobiology
Authors: Pincelli C , Bonté F 
Published: October 2004

SummaryThe skin is the most densely innervated organ in the body and there is a close relationship between the skin and the nervous system. Most skin cells express receptors for neuromediators (NM) and skin cells themselves are an important source of NM. In particular, human keratinocytes synthesize neurotrophins and endorphins and express their receptors. In addition to neurotrophic activity, NM are involved in skin homeostasis, trophism and stress responses. NM released from keratinocytes also function in a paracrine fashion on other skin cells, such as Langerhans cells, melanocytes and fibroblasts. We discuss the influence of NM on these cells, which may be involved in major cosmetic problems like ageing, baldness and dyspigmentation. Based on this correlation, it seems reasonable to target neural factors for cosmetic purposes.
Do moisturizers work?
Authors: Lodén M 
Published: October 2004

SummaryMoisturizers are used on large body surfaces to maintain the smoothness of the skin and to break the dry‐skin cycle. Many healthcare professionals and patients overlook the importance of moisturizers and do not consider them to be ‘active’ treatments. However, evidence from clinical and experimental studies shows that moisturizers enhance both the smoothness and hydration of skin.Different moisturizers have different ingredients, and each may have a different mode of action. Some smooth the skin, others affect barrier function. Some enhance barrier function in both diseased and normal skin. Others impair barrier function in both diseased and normal skin. Defective barrier function may trigger the development of eczema. The composition of a particular moisturizer should reflect its desired therapeutic effect, i.e. a moisturizer to diminish dryness may need different ingredients from those required to improve barrier function. The content of excipients, such as emulsifiers, chelating agents and antioxidants, may have greater impact than is commonly believed.Greater tailoring of moisturizers will improve their efficacy. Confidence in the therapeutic effects of moisturizers will be enhanced by well‐designed randomized controlled trials.
Surgical approach to benign small papular and dome‐shaped melanocytic naevi on the face
Authors: Tursen U , Kaya T I , Ikizoglu G 
Published: October 2004

SummaryPatients frequently request removal of benign papular and dome‐shaped naevi for cosmetic or functional reasons. Melanocytic naevi can be removed by elliptical, round, punch or shave excision or destroyed using electrodessication or cryotherapy. Total elliptical excision is probably the most widely used method of removal. If malignancy is suspected, adequate specimens for histological interpretation are required. When malignancy is not suspected, the cosmetic result becomes the first priority. Smaller incisions minimize tissue trauma and so give cosmetically superior results.Round excision has been recommended for the removal of moles but has not been widely practised. Round excision and punch excision may be better alternatives than conventional fusiform excision of benign dome‐shaped or papular naevi of the face, as more tissue is preserved. Shave excision of naevi may be preferable to elliptical excision in sites where the incidence of hypertrophic scarring is high, as preservation of some thickness of the dermis may result in a more acceptable scar or even avoid a scar entirely. Expedient and simple surgery with excellent cosmetic results can be accomplished by the use of punches. Cryotherapy with cutting or curetting and electrodesiccation combined with shaving have been described.Round excision may be a better alternative to conventional fusiform or shave excision of benign papular or dome‐shape nevus of the face because it leaves an almost imperceptible scar. In this technique, less skin is excised and histopathological examination can be done.
Antioxidants in dermocosmetology: from the laboratory to clinical application
Authors: Andreassi M , Andreassi L 
Published: October 2004

AbstractOxygen situated in cutaneous cells can be activated by light. This makes the integumentary apparatus particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage and is responsible for the immediate cutaneous damage that is the basis of late phenomena, such as photo‐induced ageing and tumours. Thus, the cosmetic industry has undertaken research and development into antioxidant‐based products able to protect the skin from the effect of pro‐oxidizing noxae.This review re‐examines both antioxidants suitable for dermatological application and skin care products with antioxidant capacity, as well as the laboratory methods used to evaluate the effects and in vivo efficacy of antioxidants.
Anti‐inflammatory vs. inflammatory treatments for actinic keratoses
Authors: Ortonne Jean‐Paul 
Published: October 2004

SummaryThe treatment of actinic keratoses (AKs) provides an important opportunity to prevent the development of squamous cell carcinoma. The recent discovery that cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is a potential pharmacological target for skin tumours has prompted interest in using topical nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as a treatment for AKs.Topical 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid gel (Solaraze) is currently the only NSAID licensed for the treatment of AKs. In randomised, double‐blind studies, this therapy was effective in clearing AKs, with the efficacy increasing in proportion to the duration of treatment. Topical 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid gel was well tolerated, with the vast majority of adverse events rated as mild or moderate. Older treatments, such as fluorouracil, which promotes an inflammatory response, are also effective in treating AKs, but are not acceptable to many patients because of severe irritation. Imiquimod is an alternative inflammatory treatment, which, although highly effective, is expensive and produces severe erythema, erosion and flaking in a large proportion of patients.Topical anti‐inflammatory agents, such as 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid gel, can facilitate the early treatment of AKs without the level of severe side‐effects observed with some of the other therapies.
‘Bad hair days’, scalp sebum excretion and the menstrual cycle
Authors: Birch M Pattie , Messenger Andrew 
Published: October 2004

SummaryBackground  Many women complain that their hair is periodically unmanageable, popularly known as ‘bad hair days’ (BHDs). At an anecdotal level BHDs are more common around the time of menstruation and, in view of previous studies reporting menstrual variation in sebum excretion, the authors hypothesised that changes in scalp sebum levels during the menstrual cycle might contribute to perceive differences in hair quality.Aims  To test whether there is a relationship between BHDs, the menstrual cycle and scalp sebum excretion.Methods  Thirteen women were studied through three menstrual cycles. Sebum levels on the scalp and forehead were measured twice weekly using a Sebumeter and each subject kept a record of hair quality and hair washing practice.Results  BHDs occurred throughout the menstrual cycle but were more common during menstruation. There was no discernible variation in sebum levels on the scalp or forehead during the menstrual cycle and there was no correlation between individual mean skin sebum levels and the frequency of BHDs. However, BHDs were more common in those women who washed their hair infrequently, although the association between the frequency of hair washing and BHDs just failed to reach statistical significance (p = 0.06).Conclusions  BHDs are more common during menstruation and in women who wash their hair infrequently. This may relate to a build‐up of sebum on the hair but menstrual variations in the frequency of BHDs are unrelated to sebum levels.
Return on Educational Investment in Geriatrics Training
Authors: Weeks William B. , Wallace Amy E. 
Published: October 2004

The graying of America will increase demand for specialists in geriatric medicine, but the proportion of filled fellowship positions in geriatric medicine has been falling recently. The objective of this study was to examine the financial return of additional training in geriatric medicine for general internists by using survey data from the American Medical Association and standard financial techniques. The return on educational investment over a working lifetime for a third‐year resident in internal medicine who was considering specialty training in geriatric medicine between 1993 and 1999 was calculated.Physicians self‐identified as geriatricians had lower incomes and lower incomes per hour than age‐matched general internists, although the disparities decreased somewhat over the period examined. Regression modeling suggested that incomes for geriatricians are lower than expected and that this disparity increased in the last 2 years of the study. Some of the income disparities may be attributable to the fact that geriatricians obtain a greater proportion of their total revenue from Medicare than is optimal in the generalist setting. Returns on educational investment for geriatrics training were negative, although less so in recent years. Analysis suggests that the pursuit of additional specialty training in geriatric medicine has a negative financial return. Financial returns and the incentives they create should be carefully considered in meeting the anticipated geriatrics workforce needs of the nation.