bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of cataract surgery training among ophthalmology trainees in the independent sector and within the NHS
Authors: Chen Yunzi , Crothers Oonagh , Ting Darren Shu Jeng , Severn Philip , Mansoor Qasim 
Published: February 2025

ObjectiveThe surge in National Health Service (NHS) cataract procedures in the independent sector (IS) has reduced opportunities for cataract surgical training among ophthalmology trainees. This study aims to analyse IS cataract surgery training outcomes and explore its potential as a supplement to NHS-based training by comparing IS outcomes with NHS and National Ophthalmology Database (NOD) standards.Methods and analysisTwo trainees (ST5 and ST3) trained in IS high volume and standard NHS lists. A comprehensive IS training programme included modular cataract training, structured feedback framework and non-technical skills development. Prospective data concerning case numbers, complexity, take-over, outcomes and complication rates were collected and compared.ResultsIn total, 161 IS and 62 NHS cases were analysed. On average, trainees did 6 cases/12 patient lists in IS versus 3 cases/6 patient lists in NHS. IS cases had similar complexity to NHS cases (43% IS vs 35% in NHS, p=0.32, adjusted p=1). Intraoperative complications (3% IS vs 5% NHS, p=0.53, adjusted p=1) and posterior capsule ruptures (1% IS vs 0% NHS, p=0.38, adjusted p=1) were similar, aligning with NOD standards. Based on cases without any ocular comorbidity, the proportion of eyes achieving a good visual outcome (≥6/12 Snellen vision) was similar between IS (100%) and NHS (96%) (p=0.12, adjusted p=1). Surgical efficiency was maintained with all lists completed within 4 hours.ConclusionA structured training programme on high-volume lists within IS setting provided two trainees with valuable exposure to diverse cataract cases while ensuring safety and efficiency, producing training outcomes comparable to the NHS and NOD standards. This is a pilot study, and a much larger multicentre study will be required before the widespread introduction of training in cataract surgery in the IS can be recommended.
Overview of systemic anticancer treatments: conventional cytotoxics
Authors: Zhang Betty 
Published: February 2025

Cancer treatment is rapidly evolving and this review provides healthcare professionals who are not specialists in cancer therapeutics with a broad overview of the role of cancer systemic therapy, with a particular focus on chemotherapy.Historically, the majority of cytotoxic chemotherapy was used in patients with incurable or metastatic disease with the goal of disease control and symptom palliation. Now, with the advent of more effective, targeted systemic therapies (incorporating both cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic agents), systemic therapies are being used in more diverse treatment settings, both to increase the likelihood of cure and to induce prolonged disease remission.Chemotherapy (henceforth referring specifically to cytotoxic chemotherapy) remains important for the treatment of many cancer types. This article will review the principles of chemotherapy and the first-line systemic treatment paradigm of different cancer types. The potential toxicities of chemotherapy will also be described.
Social determinants of health, driving time to trauma hospitals, racial composition, and firearm violence in South Carolina
Authors: Boehme Hunter M , Klein Brent R , Spencer M Dylan , Jones Alex , McMains-Nurisio Morgan , Morgan Kayon , Trowbridge Jeffrey 
Published: February 2025

BackgroundNeighbourhood-level social determinants of health (‘SDOHs’) have been linked to negative health outcomes which may include elevated risk of firearm-related injury. This study investigates whether certain SDOHs, including average drive time to trauma hospitals, are associated with increased risk of firearm-related violence and death.MethodsWe execute a cross-sectional examination of pooled firearm incidents (2018–2023) and the relationship of neighbourhood-level SDOHs across the state of South Carolina using negative binomial count regression models.ResultsFindings indicate that neighbourhood disadvantage, residential mobility, per cent black, the percentage of older housing units, lack of technology access and lack of insurance access were all positively associated with an increased risk of firearm victimisation and death. The relationship between neighbourhoods with longer drive times of firearm incidents to trauma hospitals and firearm-related death was significantly moderated by the per cent black of residents within census tracts.ConclusionsPublic health neighbourhood risk factors that are detrimental to individuals’ physical health are also associated with increased risk of firearm victimisation. Longer drive times from trauma hospitals increase the risk of death and this relationship disproportionately affects black Americans. The built environment of neighbourhoods and extended drive times to trauma centres ‘doubly disadvantages’ historically disadvantaged populations.
Predicting symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after endovascular treatment of vertebrobasilar artery occlusion: PEACE score
Authors: Xu Yingjie , Alexandre Andrea Maria , Pedicelli Alessandro , Huang Xianjun , Wei Mingtong , Zhang Pan , Hu Miaomiao , Chen Xin , Guo Zhiliang , Zhu Juehua , Chen Hao , Ni Chuyuan , Fan Ligen , Wang Ruyue , Wang Qizhang , Wen Jianshang , Yang Yongliang , Chu Wuwei , Dai Zheng , Tan Shidong , Broccolini Aldobrando , Camilli Arianna , Abruzzese Serena , Cirelli Carlo , Bergui Mauro , Romi Dott Andrea , Scarcia Luca , Kalsoum Erwah , Frauenfelder Giulia , Meder Grzegorz , Scalise Simona , Ganimede Maria P , Bellini Luigi , Sette Bruno Del , Arba Francesco , Sammali Susanna , Salcuni Andrea , Vinci Sergio L , Cester Giacomo , Roveri Luisa , Wang Lei , Duan Zuowei , Zhang Shuai , Xu Guoqiang , Li Shizhan , Liang Yong , Wu Zongyi , Qin Shengfei , Luo Guanglin , Huang Zhixin , Xiao Lulu , Sun Wen 
Published: February 2025

BackgroundCurrent clinical decision tools for assessing the risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) in patients with vertebrobasilar artery occlusion (VBAO) who received endovascular treatment (EVT) have limited performance. This study develops and validates a clinical risk score to precisely estimate the risk of sICH in VBAO patients.MethodsThe derivation cohort recruited patients with VBAO who received EVT from the Posterior Circulation IschemIc Stroke Registry in China. Based on the posterior circulation-Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (pc-ASPECTS) evaluation method, the cohort was further divided into non-contrast CT (NCCT) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) cohorts to construct predictive models. sICH was diagnosed according to the Heidelberg Bleeding Classification within 48 hours of EVT. Clinical signature was constructed in the derivation cohort using machine learning and was validated in two additional cohorts from Asia and Europe.ResultsWe enrolled 1843 patients who underwent EVT and had complete data. pc-ASPECTS of 1710 patients was evaluated on NCCT and 699 patients on DWI. In the NCCT cohort, 1364 individuals made up the training set, of whom 101 (7.4%) developed sICH. In the DWI cohort, the training set consisted of 560 individuals, with 44 (7.9%) experiencing sICH. Predictors of sICH were: glucose, pc-ASPECTS, time from estimated occlusion to groin puncture (EOT), poor collateral circulation, and modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (mTICI) score. From these predictors, we derived the weighted poor collateral circulation-EOT-pc-ASPECTS-mTICI-glucose (PEACE) score. The PEACE score showed good discrimination in the training set (area under the curve (AUC)NCCT=0.85; AUCDWI=0.86), internal validation set (AUCNCCT=0.81; AUCDWI=0.82), and two additional external validation set (Asia: AUCNCCT=0.78, AUCDWI=0.80; Europe: AUCNCCT=0.74, AUCDWI=0.78).ConclusionThe PEACE score reliably predicted the risk of sICH in VBAO patients who underwent EVT.
Pre-operative internal maxillary artery embolization for temporomandibular joint replacement: safety and outcomes from a 10-year institutional experience
Authors: Sujijantarat Nanthiya , Padmanaban Varun , Smith William J , McCain Joseph P , Kaban Leonard B , Burris Briana J , Choi Daniel D , Larson Anna M , Elsamadicy Aladine A , Serrato Paul , Dabus Guilherme , Regenhardt Robert W , Stapleton Christopher J , Patel Aman B , Rabinov James D 
Published: February 2025

BackgroundTemporomandibular joint replacement (TMJR) can result in large volume blood loss (BL) from the underlying internal maxillary artery (IMA). Pre-operative IMA embolization has been utilized to reduce intra-operative BL, but prior studies are limited to small case series.MethodsAdult patients undergoing pre-operative IMA embolization for TMJR between June 2014 and September 2024 at a single institution were included. Electronic medical records were reviewed for demographic information, treatment details, and outcomes. Historical controls were identified via citations and PubMed searches.ResultsPre-operative IMA embolization was performed in 73 patients (108 sides) undergoing TMJR. Coils were used in 96% of the patients, with a median of three coils used per side (interquartile range (IQR) 3–4). Middle meningeal artery (MMA) was occluded in 26% of the sides completed. There was one intra-procedural complication of a self-limited retrograde femoral artery dissection. Median operative BL/side during TMJR was 100 mL (IQR 50–181). There were no embolization-related complications in hospital or at follow-up (median follow-up of 12 months (IQR 4–24)). Using the BL per side beyond the third quartile of the historical controls as the definition of excessive BL, the embolized cohort contained half the number of patients with excessive BL (12.5%) compared with the historical cohort (25.0%).ConclusionPre-operative IMA embolization is safe and may be effective at reducing BL and excessive hemorrhage during TMJR. A randomized controlled trial is needed to ascertain its benefits compared with the conventional approach.
Burden and risk factors for plantar fasciopathy in the military population from 2006 to 2015: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Xu Jennifer , Saliba S , Fraser J 
Published: February 2025

IntroductionAnkle and foot injuries are highly prevalent in the US Armed Forces, incurring medical and personnel costs for the Department of Defense. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the burden and risk factors of plantar fasciopathy (PF) in the US Military.MethodsThe Defense Medical Epidemiology Database identified all diagnosed PF cases in military service members from 2006 to 2015. A custom spreadsheet calculated incidence of PF and relative risk between sexes, military occupations and ranks. Relative risk of injury per demographic category (sex, age, service branch, rank and year) was also calculated.ResultsThe overall incidence of PF from 2006 to 2015 was 12.85 per 1000 person-years, affecting 176 601 service members. 37 939 officers incurred PF at a rate of 17.65 per 1000 person-years (male 18.20 per 1000 person-years; female 14.80 per 1000 person-years). There were 116 122 enlisted personnel with PF that occurred at a rate of 12.22 per 1000 person-years (male 12.07 per 1000 person-years; female 13.22 per 1000 person-years). When compared with ground and naval gunfire officers, all officer specialties except for aviation and logistics had significantly higher risk of PF; aviation (relative risk (RR): 0.83, p<0.001) and logistics (RR: 0.94, p<0.001) had significantly lower risk. Regarding enlisted specialties, when compared with infantry, all occupations had significantly increased risk for PF except for Special Operations Forces (RR: 0.94, p=0.13). There were multiple associated factors identified with PF, including female sex, age >30, junior enlisted rank, a variety of military occupations and service in the Army.ConclusionsPF was common in the US military during the study period, with multiple salient risk factors identified. These findings highlight the need for prophylactic interventions for populations with the greatest risk.
Exposure to ambient high temperature and increased risk of hospitalisation for non-infectious bowel diseases during 2000–2019: a case-crossover study in 1816 Brazilian cities
Authors: Zhuang Mengwei , Cao Yanwen , Coelho Micheline de Sousa Zanotti Staglior , Guo Yuming , Li Shanshan , Huang Tao , Yan Jie , Zhao Qi 
Published: February 2025

ObjectivesAlthough human intestine is sensitive to high ambient temperature, the heat-related morbidity burden remains rarely explored. This study quantified the association between high ambient temperature and non-infectious bowel disease (NBD) hospitalisations in Brazil during 2000–2019—a country experiencing substantial threats both from global warming and NBDs.MethodsDaily data on weather and NBD hospitalisations were collected from 1816 cities. A time-stratified case-crossover design was used to assess the effect size of ambient temperature during the hot season. Stratified analysis by regions, population subgroups and disease types was performed.ResultsFor each 5℃ increase in mean daily temperature, the cumulative OR of NBD hospitalisation over lag 0–3 days was 1.042 (95% CI 1.031 to 1.054) at the national level, reaching the maximum in the northeast and the minimum in the southeast. Assuming a causal relationship, ambient heat exposure explained 12.09% (95% CI 8.69% to 15.09%) of the total hospitalisations. The effect size was the highest in the youth, with no significant gender difference observed. Inflammation-related and function-related NBDs showed significantly higher susceptibility compared with other types of NBDs. The cumulative effect of ambient high temperature attenuated over the 20 years and from early to late hot season, suggesting both long-term and intraseasonal adaptations to heat.ConclusionsThe spatial, temporal and demographic variations in the strength of association should be considered for the development of health preventive strategies towards extreme ambient heat.
Tissue Doppler echocardiography predicts long-term cardiovascular mortality: the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT) legacy 20-year follow-up study
Authors: Ratneswaren Anenta , Wu Tong , Kaura Amit , Wasan Devan , Rostamian Somayeh , Sharp Andrew , Poulter Neil R , Sever PS , Stanton Alice , Thom Simon , Francis Darrel , Hughes Alun D , Shah Anoop SV , Mayet Jamil 
Published: February 2025

BackgroundLeft ventricular diastolic function as assessed by tissue Doppler echocardiography predicts cardiovascular event rates at 4 years of follow-up in patients with hypertension. Our aim was to evaluate whether this extends to predicting cardiovascular mortality after 20 years of follow-up.MethodsConventional (E) and tissue Doppler (e′) echocardiography was performed on hypertensive participants in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT) with long-term follow-up ascertained via linkage to the Office of National Statistics. Cardiovascular mortality was defined as death from coronary heart disease, stroke and other cardiovascular aetiology such as heart failure or peripheral vascular disease. Unadjusted and adjusted Cox regression survival models were constructed to investigate the association between tissue Doppler echocardiography measurements and long-term cardiovascular mortality.ResultsAmong 506 hypertensive patients (median age 64, interquartile range (58, 69), 87% male), there were 200 (40%) deaths over a 20-year follow-up period. 60 deaths (12%) were cardiovascular-related.A reduction in e′ was independently associated with increased cardiovascular mortality, after adjusting for the ACC/AHA Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) risk score, with an inverse HR of 1.22 per 1 cm/s decrease (95% CI 1.04–1.43). A higher E/e′ ratio was independently associated with increased cardiovascular mortality, after adjusting for the ASCVD risk score, with an HR of 1.12 per 1-unit increase (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.23).ConclusionsImpaired left ventricular diastolic function, measured using tissue Doppler echocardiography through e′ and E/e′, independently predicts increased cardiovascular mortality over 20 years in hypertensive patients, highlighting its long-term prognostic significance.
Understanding hospital length of stay in trauma laparotomy patients: a National Trauma Database Study
Authors: Uchino Hayaki , Wong Evan G , Khwaja Kosar , Grushka Jeremy 
Published: February 2025

IntroductionThe diverse procedures and varying patient conditions in trauma laparotomy cases lead to significant variability in hospital length of stay (HLOS), posing challenges for effective patient care. Strategies to reduce HLOS are varied, with multiple factors potentially modifiable through targeted interventions. These interventions are most effective when target populations and their associated factors are clearly defined. This study aimed to stratify trauma laparotomy patients by their HLOS and identify factors associated with HLOS to enhance patient care.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted using the National Trauma Data Bank from January 2017 to December 2019. Adult trauma patients who underwent trauma laparotomy following blunt or penetrating abdominal injuries were identified using International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes and Abbreviated Injury Scales. HLOS was stratified into three groups based on the IQR of the study population: short (< 5 days), medium (5–11 days) and long (> 11 days).ResultsA total of 27 434 trauma laparotomy patients were identified. The overall median HLOS was 7.0 (5.0, 11.0) days. Penetrating mechanisms, particularly stab wounds, were strongly associated with a short HLOS. Additionally, isolated abdominal trauma, splenic injuries or spleen-related procedure were more likely to result in a short HLOS. Patients with a long HLOS experienced higher rates of in-hospital complications and were more frequently discharged to home with home health services or to extended care facilities. Most comorbidities were associated with a long HLOS, and patients with Medicaid or Medicare had a higher likelihood of a long HLOS.ConclusionDespite the relatively homogenous trauma population, HLOS distribution varied significantly. Stratification based on HLOS revealed distinct factors associated with short and long HLOS categories, indicating that targeted interventions for each category could potentially reduce HLOS and enhance patient outcomes in the current era of constrained healthcare resources.Level of evidence, study typeLevel IV, therapeutic/care management.
Solving arbitrary one-loop reduction via generating function
Authors: Li Tingfei , Song Yuekai , Zhang Liang 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Recently, the concept of generating function has been employed in one-loop reduction. For one-loop integrals encompassing arbitrary tensor ranks and higher-pole contributions, the generating function can be decomposed into a tensor part and a higher-pole part. While the tensor component has been thoroughly addressed in recent studies, there remains a lack of satisfactory investigations regarding the higher-pole part. In this work, we completely solve the problem. We first establish the partial differential equations governing the higher-pole generating function. Based on these equations, we derive an integration recursion relation and solve it iteratively. This approach enables us to explore the analytical structure of higher-pole reduction and provides a valuable tool for generating reduction coefficients efficiently.
Towards Reliable Evaluation of Neural Program Repair with Natural Robustness Testing
Authors: Le-Cong Thanh , Nguyen Thanh-Dat , Le Bach , Murray Toby 
Published: February 2025

Automated program repair (APR) has recently gained ground, with numerous research efforts being conducted in the area that have been adopted in the industry. One notable class of APR is neural program repair (NPR), which typically employs deep learning techniques that are trained on vast amounts of historical data to fix bugs that have not been seen in the past. To study the true effectiveness of NPR on existing limited datasets, recent work augments the evaluation data by employing semantics-preserving transformations to convert original buggy programs to semantically equivalent ones. Experiments show that NPR techniques are not robust; e.g., NPR cannot repair semantically equivalent counterparts of 20%-35% of bugs that they can repair in the original dataset. However, we found that many of these transformations are unnatural, that are unlikely to occur in real-world scenarios, leading to misleading conclusions about NPR effectiveness and misguide the improvement on unrobust behaviors, which have minimal real-world impact.
In this paper, we propose shifting the focus of robustness evaluation for NPR techniques towards naturally occurring data transformations. To accomplish this, we first examine the naturalness of semantic-preserving transformations through a two-stage human study. This study includes: (i) interviews with senior software developers to establish concrete criteria for evaluating the naturalness of these transformations, and (ii) a survey involving 10 developers to assess the naturalness of 1,178 transformations, i.e., pairs of original and transformed programs, applied to 225 real-world bugs. Our findings show that only 60% of these transformations are considered natural, while 20% are considered unnatural, with strong agreement among the annotators. Moreover, the unnaturalness of these transformations significantly impacts both their applicability to benchmarks and the conclusions drawn from robustness testing.
Next, we conduct natural robustness tests on NPR techniques to assess their true effectiveness against real-world data variations. Our experimental results reveal a substantial number of prediction changes in NPR techniques, leading to significant reductions in both plausible and correct patch rates when comparing performance on the original and transformed datasets. Furthermore, we observe notable differences in performance improvements between NPR techniques, suggesting potential biases in the evaluation of NPR introduced by limited datasets. Finally, we explore automating the assessment of transformation naturalness by developing a new naturalness metric, namely RNC, using Large Language Models. This metric effectively evaluates naturalness with an AUC of 0.7, offering a promising direction for automating the naturalness assessment of code transformations.