bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attracticidal spheres for controlling apple maggot flies: commercial‐orchard trials
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. , Wright Starker E. , Black Jonathan L. , Hu Xing Ping , McGuire Michael R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWooden pesticide‐treated red spheres and biodegradable sugar/flour pesticide‐treated red spheres were compared with wooden sticky‐coated red spheres and insecticide sprays for controlling apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), in small blocks of apple trees in Massachusetts commercial orchards in 1997, 1998 and 1999. Pesticide‐treated spheres received a coating of 70% latex paint, 20% feeding stimulant (sucrose), and 10% formulated insecticide (containing 20% imidacloprid). To replenish sucrose lost during rainfall, wooden spheres were capped with a disc comprised of hardened sucrose that seeped onto the sphere surface, whereas the surface of sugar/flour spheres received sucrose that seeped from the interior. Each year, each of the 24 perimeter trees of each non‐sprayed block received a sphere baited with butyl hexanoate (an attractive component of host fruit odor), with the intent of intercepting immigrating flies. Based on captures of flies on unbaited sticky‐coated red spheres placed near the center of each block and on periodic samples of fruit for injury, there was a consistent pattern of treatment performance. Each year, sticky‐coated spheres were only slightly less effective than two or three sprays of organophosphate insecticide, sugar/flour pesticide‐treated spheres were only slightly less effective than sticky spheres, and wooden pesticide‐treated spheres were least effective. Versions of pesticide‐treated spheres used in 1999 were more durable than those used in previous years, but further improvement is needed before either wooden or sugar/flour pesticide‐treated spheres can be recommended for grower use.
Oviposition behaviour, influence of experience on host size selection, and niche overlap of the solitary Leptomastix epona and the gregarious Pseudaphycus flavidulus, two endoparasitoids of the mealybug Pseudococcus viburni
Authors: Karamaouna Filitsa , Copland Michael J.W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOviposition behaviour and host size selection of the solitary parasitoid Leptomastix epona (Walker) and the gregarious Pseudaphycus flavidulus (Brèthes) [both Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae] were examined on five size classes of the mealybug Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) [Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae]. The host size classes mostly consisted of one stage (first, second, third instar nymph, young adult and preovipositing adult) and were presented together to wasps of either parasitoid species. Both parasitoid species locate the host by drumming the surface of the patch with the antennae. Leptomastix epona seems to use mainly the antennae to examine the host but P. flavidulus may accept or reject a host for oviposition after antennation or insertion of the ovipositor. Leptomastix epona attempts oviposition in all the host stages from second instar nymphs but P. flavidulus includes first instar. Both parasitoid species select mainly larger hosts (>1 mm, third instar nymphs) to oviposit but P. flavidulus is able to parasitize more second instar nymphs compared to L. epona. Female wasps of L. epona may host feed on small mealybugs (second and third instar nymphs) that they do not use for oviposition. Oviposition experience of either parasitoid species for 24 hours does not influence host size selection on patches with hosts of similar mixed sizes. Oviposition decisions are independent of the host sizes of the preceding ovipositions. Implications about stability of a single parasitoid – host system and the success of biological control of the mealybug were discussed in respect of the developmental refugia of the two parasitoid species. Niche overlap of the two parasitoid species was discussed with a view to giving an insight into a single or multiple introduction.
Vacuuming tarnished plant bug on strawberry: a bench study of operational parameters versus insect behavior
Authors: Vincent Charles , Chagnon Roger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA vacuum apparatus was used in a test bench environment to determine the effects of two operational parameters on vacuuming efficacy for an insect pest. Nymphs and adults of tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris P. de. B. (Hemiptera: Miridae), marked with fluorescent powder, were positioned on strawberry plants according to three height classes. Three speeds of inlet passage (i.e., 2, 4 and 6 km h−1) and two heights (passage at 2/3 and 3/3 of the canopy) of inlet relative to the top canopy of the plants were investigated. After vacuuming the marked insects remaining on the plants were then found using a UV light and the class height of their position on the plant and the substrate (i.e., soil, leaf, stem or fruit/flower) were noted. The efficacy of the vacuum was optimal when the inlet was passed at 4 km h−1 with the inlet at a height of 2/3 of the strawberry canopy. Nymphs were usually vacuumed more efficiently than adults. Most (64.5%) individuals that were not vacuumed did not change position after inlet passage. Most (85.9%) individuals that changed position after inlet passage experienced vertical, mostly downward, movements.
The influence of host plant species on parasitism of pollen beetles (Meligethes spp.) by Phradis morionellus
Authors: Billqvist Andreas , Ekbom Barbara 
Published: October 2003

AbstractField experiments were conducted at Ultuna in central Sweden in order to determine if parasitism of pollen beetle larvae (Meligethes aeneus Fabr. and Meligethes viridescens Fabr. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)), by Phradis morionellus Holmgr. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) differed between the host plants spring rape, Brassica napus L., and white mustard, Sinapis alba L. Parasitism by P. morionellus varied between 25% and 53%. There was no consistent difference between proportion parasitism on the two host plant species among the four studied fields. There was a significantly higher risk of parasitization on S. alba than on B. napus in two fields. The opposite occurred in a third field and in a fourth field no difference between parasitism on plant species was found. Density of host larvae affected parasitization by P. morionellus on B. napus, with lower parasitism at higher pollen beetle densities. The next most common parasitoid species, after P. morionellus, encountered on pollen beetle larvae was Diospilus capito Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The level of total parasitism by these two species was between 31% and 66%. Interspecific competition of P. morionellus with D. capito through multiparasitism was independent of both field location and plant species. The level of multiparasitism was, in all cases, less than 6.3%.
Detection of stored‐wheat beetle species and estimation of population density using unbaited probe traps and grain trier samples
Authors: Athanassiou C.G. , Buchelos C.T. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractField studies were conducted in order to compare the effectiveness of unbaited probe traps and grain trier samples in the detection of several beetle species. On June 15, 1997, fourteen probe traps were placed in three steel bins containing wheat in Central Greece. Two of them were inserted in the central zone of the bulk, five in the half of the bin radius (median zone) and seven near the bin wall (distal zone). From June 30 up to and including January 1998, the traps were checked for adult beetles every fifteen days (15 sampling dates in total). On each date, samples were also taken from spots adjacent to trap locations, using a grain trier. The mean temperatures recorded near the bulk surface decreased by an average of 1.16 °C per sampling date. Twenty‐four species, belonging to 14 families of Coleoptera were found. The most abundant species in the traps were Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Tribolium castaneum, while Sitophilus oryzae was the most abundant in the samples. Significantly greater numbers of adults were found in traps than in samples, during the whole sampling period; traps also detected adults in most locations while in the corresponding samples no adults were found. Significantly higher numbers of adults were found in the central sampling zone, using both devices. Taylor's power law parameters showed that in both sampling methods the most abundant species showed aggregated spatial patterns. Although the correlation coefficient values between trap catches and number of adults per trier sample differ significantly from zero (P < 0.01) in a high number of sampling dates, it can be concluded that traps are poor indicators of population density. The accuracy provided as a percentage of the mean, decreases exponentially with the increase of the mean value. Based on traps, the desired accuracy level (35%) is not achievable even in higher mean values or even with high numbers of traps. On the contrary, with trier samples it is possible to estimate population density with a relatively low number of sampling units. Significant differences in the required number of sampling units (sample size) were noted among species.
Developmental polymorphism: a major factor for understanding sublethal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Moreau Gaétan , Bauce Éric 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDevelopmental polymorphism in Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was induced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) in the laboratory. The B.t. formulation concentration induced a quadratic response on the incidence of developmental polymorphism. A double application of Bacillus thuringiensis at fourth and fifth instar respectively resulted in a higher occurrence of developmental polymorphism than a single application at fifth instar. Smaller larval weight prior to B.t. exposure resulted in higher incidence of developmental polymorphism. However, larvae exhibiting developmental polymorphism exhibited larger pupae and an extended larval period. Thus, developmental polymorphism and Bacillus thuringiensis ingestion together prolonged the development time but induced opposite effects on pupal weight. These findings suggest that the calculation of sublethal effects on pupal weight and development time that include developmental polymorphism as an uncontrolled source of variation could lead to an inadequate understanding of insect response in any stress‐induced experiments.
Dispersal of the exotic parasitoid Cotesia flavipes in a new ecosystem
Authors: Sallam M.N. , Overholt W.A. , Kairu E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA study on the dispersal of the exotic larval endoparasitoid, Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was conducted in a maize field in the northern Kilifi District in the coastal area of Kenya. Because C. flavipes did not previously occur in the release area, it was possible to use a unique indirect method to estimate dispersal by examining the distribution of parasitised hosts. Parasitoids released in the centre of the field moved as far as 64 meters during their life span, and dispersal was dependent on wind direction. The level of parasitism was influenced by the location of hosts in plants. The majority of parasitised stemborers (88.4%) were found inside the plant (stems and tassel stems), where 74.3% of the suitable hosts were found, which indicates that female parasitoids were not searching randomly for hosts. Aggregation of parasitoids in response to plants with different host densities was not detected. Implications of the release of C. flavipes on stemborers population in the agroecosystem of East Africa are discussed.
The use of barrier‐connected pitfall trapping for sampling predatory beetles and spiders
Authors: Winder L. , Holland J.M. , Perry J.N. , Woolley C. , Alexander C.J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe efficiency of barrier‐connected pitfall trapping was compared to conventional single traps or arrays. For ground‐active beetles, the use of a pitfall system incorporating a wetting agent with five traps arranged in a cross formation connected by plastic barriers was more efficient than a single dry trap by at least an order of magnitude and at least twice as efficient as five traps without connecting barriers. It is argued that the efficiency of pitfall trapping may be improved markedly by using barrier‐connected traps, particularly for some carabid and staphylinid beetles and lycosid spiders. Capture of linyphiids was not improved by the use of barriers and was dependent only on the use of wetting agent and number of traps used.
Factors affecting mitochondrial DNA quality from museum preserved Drosophila simulans
Authors: Dean Matthew D. , Ballard J. William O. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn this study we investigate how traditional killing methods and storage regimes affected mitochondrial DNA quality in Drosophila simulans. Here we define quality with three criteria: (1) size of extracted DNA, (2) extraction yield, and (3) ability to amplify from four target regions. Killing methods had a significant effect on extraction yield, but not on PCR success. Highest DNA yields were extracted from specimens exposed to cyanide, while the lowest were from specimens killed in 70% ethanol. Specimens stored for two years contained badly sheared DNA, which translated into a significant decrease in PCR success compared to freshly assayed specimens. The most dramatic decrease in PCR success occurred in the 1822 bp and 1332 bp amplicons, compared to the 959 bp and 291 bp fragments. Naphthalene did not affect any aspect of DNA quality; time of storage affected PCR success regardless of naphthalene environment. This study serves to further refine our understanding of DNA degradation.
The potential of Chrysoperla rufilabris and Doru taeniatum as agents for dispersal of Spodoptera frugiperda nucleopolyhedrovirus in maize
Authors: Castillejos Vasty , García Luis , Cisneros Juan , Goulson Dave , Cave Ronald D. , Caballero Primitivo , Williams Trevor 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe behaviour of two abundant predators in Mesoamerican maize crops, Chrysoperla rufilabris larvae and Doru taeniatum adults, towards healthy and nucleopolyhedrovirus‐infected Spodoptera frugiperda larvae was compared. C. rufilabris did not discriminate between healthy and virus‐infected prey, although the mean search time was approximately two times longer towards virus‐infected larvae. In contrast, D. taeniatum directed a greater proportion of their attacks towards virus‐infected prey but there was no significant difference in the search time. Prey consumption time did not differ significantly for each type of prey by either predator, although prey consumption was much faster in D. taeniatum. Viable virus was detected in D. taeniatum faeces up to 3 d after feeding on infected S. frugiperda larvae, whereas virus was inactivated in the gut of C. rufilabris. Both predators were shown to have acidic guts. A field experiment demonstrated that D. taeniatum that had fed on infected prey could contaminate foliage resulting in the transmission of the disease at a low prevalence (4.7%) to S. frugiperda larvae in a field maize crop.
Mating compatibility, life‐history traits, and RAPD‐PCR variation in Bemisia tabaci associated with the cassava mosaic disease pandemic in East Africa
Authors: Maruthi M.N. , Colvin J. , Seal S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe pandemic of a severe form of cassava mosaic virus disease (CMVD) in East Africa is associated with abnormally high numbers of its whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). To determine whether a novel B. tabaci biotype was associated with the CMVD pandemic, reproductive compatibility, fecundity, nymphal development, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variability were examined in, and between, B. tabaci colonies collected from within the CMVD pandemic and non‐pandemic zone in Uganda. In a series of reciprocal crosses carried out over two generations among the six CMVD pandemic and four non‐pandemic zone cassava B. tabaci colonies, there was no evidence of mating incompatibility. All the crosses produced both female and male progeny in the F1 and F2 generations, which in a haplo‐diploid species such as B. tabaci indicates successful mating. There also were no significant differences between the sex ratios for the pooled data of experimental crosses, between individuals from two different colonies and control crosses between individuals from the same colony. Only one instance of mating incompatibility occurred in a control cross between cassava B. tabaci from Uganda and cotton B. tabaci from India. Measures of fecundity of the pandemic and non‐pandemic zone B. tabaci on four cassava varieties showed no significant differences in their fecundity, nymphal development or numbers surviving to adult eclosion. Cluster analysis of 26 RAPD bands using six 10‐mer primers was concordant with the mating results, grouping the pandemic and non‐pandemic zone colonies into a single large group, also including a B. tabaci colony collected from cassava in Tanzania. These results suggest that it is unlikely that the severe CMVD pandemic in East Africa is associated with a novel and reproductively isolated B. tabaci biotype.
The dynamics of second‐ and third‐male fertilization precedence in Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Arnaud Ludovic , Gage Matthew J.G. , Haubruge Eric 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSperm precedence is a useful descriptor of the outcome and possible processes of sperm competition between (usually) two males. Although sperm precedence values are known for a variety of taxa, a characteristic feature has been the profound, and largely unexplained, variance in precedence. In this study we partition some of the precedence variance in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) by examining how: (1) sperm precedence changes with time over a one‐month oviposition period, (2) precedence is influenced by the relative timing of the two competitive mating periods, and (3) sperm precedence is affected when three, rather than the normal two, males are placed in sperm competition. In general, last male sperm precedence is high (≈ 90%) for the first few days after mating, but this changes significantly with time as previous males' sperm become used in fertilization. We find that the duration between two competitive mating bouts has a significant effect on precedence (even when relatively brief): longer intervals between mating bouts result in more complete and persistent last‐male sperm precedence. The dynamics of last‐male sperm precedence when there are three males in the competition are not significantly different to precedence results when only two males are in competition. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that, soon after inseminations, male ejaculates ‘stratify’ in the narrow and elongate storage tubules of the spermatheca. With time we see increased variance in individual male precedence as sperm from previous matings achieve more fertilizations. This change over time may result from depletion (either via fertilizations or passive/active sperm loss) of the last males' sperm and/or increased mixing of different males' sperm within the spermatheca.
Induction of systemic acquired resistance in cotton by BTH has a negligible effect on phytophagous insects
Authors: Inbar Moshe , Doostdar Hamed , Gerling Dan , Mayer Richard T. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhether or not chemical changes in plants in response to pests (insects and pathogens) are general or specific remains unclear. Some evidence indicates that an induced response (IR) to arthropods via the octadecanoid pathway represents a distinct mechanism from the salicylic acid‐based pathway of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to pathogens. To further test this hypothesis, young cotton seedlings were activated with benzo (1,2,3) thiadiazole‐7‐carbothioic acid (S) methyl ester (BTH), an elicitor of SAR. The enzymatic activities of a number of pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins in young and old leaves of control and BTH treated plants were measured. BTH applications elicited marked increases in the activity levels of chitinase, peroxidase, and β‐1,3‐glucanase both locally and systemically. The highest levels of induction were detected systemically in young leaves. Except for some local effects on whitefly oviposition, the induction of SAR by BTH had no effect on either host preference of whiteflies Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) or on feeding efficiency of cotton bollworms Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). We conclude that SAR induction via the salicylic acid pathway in ‘Acala’ cotton has negligible effect on the tested insect herbivores.
Antimetabolic effects of plant lectins towards nymphal stages of the planthoppers Tarophagous proserpina and Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Powell K.S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTaro Colocasia esculenta (L. Schott) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) form a major part of the staple diet of pacific islanders. Pest constraints hamper the sustainability of taro and rice production in the Pacific region. Insect feeding trials were conducted in vitro to determine the effects of plant lectins against planthopper pests of taro and rice. Lectins were incorporated into artificial diet at 0.1% (w/v) level. The lectins Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) and concanavalin A (Con A) showed significant antimetabolic effects towards third instar nymphs of taro planthopper (Tarophagous proserpina Kirkaldy) whilst Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA) showed no significant effects toward the insect. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus agglutinin (PTA) showed significant antimetabolic effects towards third instar nymphs of rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål). PTA also reduced honeydew excretion levels of rice brown planthopper, over a 24‐hour period, demonstrating antifeedant properties of the protein.
Effects of soybean proteinase inhibitor on development, survival and reproductive potential of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis
Authors: Pompermayer P. , Lopes A.R. , Terra W.R. , Parra J.R.P. , Falco M.C. , Silva‐Filho M.C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOne approach that can be employed in integrated pest management is the use of proteins with antinutritional effects on insect metabolism and development. The antimetabolic properties of soybean proteinase inhibitor (SPI) on growth of neonate larvae of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) have been evaluated. When incorporated into an artificial diet at 0.5% (w/w), SPI retarded growth rate and development of larvae when compared with larvae fed on artificial diet alone. However, larval survival was not significantly affected. The purpose of our research was to calculate demographic statistics for the sugarcane borer reared on diet either with or without semi‐purified extract of SPI. Net reproductive rate (R0), instantaneous rate of increase (rm), combined age‐specific survivorship (lx) and age specific fecundity (mx) provide information about population growth potential. These parameters were measured in order to determine the effects of the proteinase inhibitor on the insect's population dynamics. The observed differences would potentially translate into large reductions in population growth, indicating a potential value of using SPI for protecting sugarcane plants against damage by the sugarcane borer.