bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Counting the stitches that count: Preventive intervention promises and public health
Authors: Lorion Raymond P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractContinued public support for the design, implementation, and dissemination of preventive interventions depends on achievement of four major criteria: (a) Reductions in the incidence or prevalence rates of diagnosable emotional and behavioral disorders, (b) reductions in the need for mental health services through effective primary and secondary interventions, (c) enhancement of the effectiveness of obtained services as screening and early detection efforts are implemented, and (d) reductions in the nation's health care costs associated with emotional and behavioral dysfunctions. Strategies including risk reduction, risk avoidance, health promotion, empowerment, and resource development are preventive insofar as they contribute to achievement of the aforementioned outcomes.
A bridge between cultures: Linked ethnographic‐empirical methodology for culture anchored research
Authors: Maton Kenneth I. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRelatively little research in community psychology has explicitly focused on groups whose world views, values, and practices diverge from mainstream North American and social science culture. Furthermore, when research does include members of subcultural groups, the same research methodologies used to stydy mainstream populations tend to be employed. In the current article, it is proposed that a linked ethnographic—empirical methodology is critical for culturally anchored research of rarely studied subcultures which differ markedly form the dominant culture. The use of a linked ethnographic—empirical methodology in the study of a nontraditional religious subculture is described, and the study's primary findings summarized. Respective and combined contributions of the ethnographic and empirical (i.e., quantitative) research components in seven key areas are discussed: (a) selection of phenomenon to study; (b) generation of hypotheses; (c) culturally anchored measure development; (d) sampling; (e) analyses; (f) interpretation of findings; and (g) social action. Limitations of the linked methodology are discussed.
Assertive community treatment: Correcting some misconceptions
Authors: Bond Gary R. , Witheridge Thomas F. , Dincin Jerry , Wasmer Daniel 
Published: January 2005

ConclusionsExcept for Mowbray, the commentators approach the issue of mental health services quite differently than we do, a fact which may have contributed to some of their misconceptions. Although not stressed in our original report, our view of mental health services is eclectic and pragmatic, encompassing a wide range of psychosocial approaches. We agree with Salem that a range of options needs to be developed and maintained. The motivation for the development of both the ACT and DIC programs was to address the needs of a population neglected by existing mental health services. By contrast, the commentators' agendas converged on the promotion of nonprofessional forms of help‐giving. Like the commentators, we have long advocated for consumer choice, self‐help groups, and the use of natural supports. Where we part company with them is what we hypothesize would be a minimally sufficient response to over 2 million persons with SMI in the United States. For us, it is not enough to assert that self‐help groups might be a partial answer. For us, the self‐selection into self‐help groups and drop‐in centers (which all of the commentators readily acknowledge) leaves open some troubling questions from apolicy standpoint about what happens to those who do not self‐select into such groups, especially because we believe that those who select themselves out are likely to include some of the most vulnerable segments of the SMI population.
Breast cancer risk analysis: A genetic epidemiology service for families
Authors: Kelly Patricia T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBreast Cancer Risk Analysis, a service for women with breast cancer and their families, makes use of information drawn from fields such as genetics, epidemiology, and counseling. Its aim is to provide individuals with background information and information regarding the etiology and risks of breast cancer. Based on this information, individuals are helped to make appropriate decisions pertaining to treatment and follow‐up. While making use of some of the information and processes used in genetic counseling, Breast Cancer Risk Analysis differs from most types of genetic counseling for reproductive decisions. Some of these differences are discussed here.
Proteoglycans and catabolic products of proteoglycans present in ligament
Authors: ILIC Mirna Z. , CARTER Phillip , TYNDALL Alicia , DUDHIA Jayesh , HANDLEY Christopher J. 
Published: January 2005

The aim of the present study was to characterize the proteoglycans and catabolic products of proteoglycans present in the tensile region of ligament and explant cultures of this tissue, and to compare these with those observed in the tensile region of tendon. Approx. 90% of the total proteoglycans in fresh ligament was decorin, as estimated by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. Other species that were detected were biglycan and the large proteoglycans versican (splice variants V0 and/or V1 and/or V2) and aggrecan. Approx. 23% of decorin detected in the matrix was degraded. Intact decorin and decorin fragments similar to those observed in the matrix that retained the N-terminus were also observed in the medium of ligament cultures. Intact biglycan core protein was detected in the matrix and medium of ligament cultures, and two fragments originating from the N-terminal region of biglycan were observed in the matrix of cultured ligament. Versican and versican fragments that retained the N-terminus of versican core protein were detected in fresh matrix and medium of tendon cultures. Approx. 42% of versican present in the fresh ligament was degraded. Aggrecan catabolites appearing in the culture medium were derived from aggrecanase cleavage of the core protein. An intact link protein and a degradation product from the N-terminal region of type XII collagen were also detected in the medium of the ligament explant.
Characterization of the survival motor neuron (SMN) promoter provides evidence for complex combinatorial regulation in undifferentiated and differentiated P19 cells
Authors: ROUGET Raphaël , VIGNEAULT François , CODIO Circé , ROCHETTE Camille , PARADIS Isabelle , DROUIN Régen , SIMARD Louise R. 
Published: January 2005

There exist two SMN (survival motor neuron) genes in humans, the result of a 500 kb duplication in chromosome 5q13. Deletions/mutations in the SMN1 gene are responsible for childhood spinal muscular atrophy, an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder. While the SMN1 and SMN2 genes are not functionally equivalent, up-regulation of the SMN2 gene represents an important therapeutic target. Consequently, we exploited in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches to characterize the core human and mouse promoters in undifferentiated and differentiated P19 cells. Phylogenetic comparison revealed four highly conserved regions that contained a number of cis-elements, only some of which were shown to activate/repress SMN promoter activity. Interestingly, the effect of two Sp1 cis-elements varied depending on the state of P19 cells and was only observed in combination with a neighbouring Ets cis-element. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assay and in vivo DNA footprinting provided evidence for DNA–protein interactions involving Sp, NF-IL6 and Ets cis-elements, whereas transient transfection experiments revealed complex interactions involving these recognition sites. SMN promoter activity was strongly regulated by an NF-IL6 response element and this regulation was potentiated by a downstream Ets element. In vivo results suggested that the NF-IL6 response must function either via a protein-tethered transactivation mechanism or a transcription factor binding an upstream element. Our results provide strong evidence for complex combinatorial regulation and suggest that the composition or state of the basal transcription complex binding to the SMN promoter is different between undifferentiated and differentiated P19 cells.
Functional domain organization of the potato α-glucan, water dikinase (GWD): evidence for separate site catalysis as revealed by limited proteolysis and deletion mutants
Authors: MIKKELSEN René , BLENNOW Andreas 
Published: January 2005

The potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum) GWD (α-glucan, water dikinase) catalyses the phosphorylation of starch by a dikinase-type reaction mechanism in which the β-phosphate of ATP is transferred to the glucosyl residue of amylopectin. GWD shows sequence similarity to bacterial pyruvate, water dikinase and PPDK (pyruvate, phosphate dikinase). In the present study, we examine the structure–function relationship of GWD. Analysis of proteolytic fragments of GWD, in conjunction with peptide microsequencing and the generation of deletion mutants, indicates that GWD is comprised of five discrete domains of 37, 24, 21, 36 and 38 kDa. The catalytic histidine, which mediates the phosphoryl group transfer from ATP to starch, is located on the 36 kDa fragment, whereas the 38 kDa C-terminal fragment contains the ATP-binding site. Binding of the glucan molecule appears to be confined to regions containing the three N-terminal domains. Deletion mutants were generated to investigate the functional interdependency of the putative ATP- and glucan-binding domains. A truncated form of GWD expressing the 36 and 38 kDa C-terminal domains was found to catalyse the E+ATP→E-P+AMP+Pi (where Pi stands for orthophosphate) partial reaction, but not the E-P+glucan→E+glucan-P partial reaction. CD experiments provided evidence for large structural changes on autophosphorylation of GWD, indicating that GWD employs a swivelling-domain mechanism for enzymic phosphotransfer similar to that seen for PPDK.
Secondary structure, conformational stability and glycosylation of a recombinant Candida rugosa lipase studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: NATALELLO Antonino , AMI Diletta , BROCCA Stefania , LOTTI Marina , DOGLIA Silvia M. 
Published: January 2005

The secondary structure of lipase 1 from Candida rugosa, a model system for large monomeric enzymes, has been studied by FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy in water and 2H2O. The secondary structure content, determined by the analysis of the amide I band absorption through second derivative and curve fitting procedures, is in agreement with that estimated by X-ray data and predicts, in addition, the existence of two classes of α-helices. We have also investigated the enzyme stability and aggregation at high temperature by following the protein unfolding. The thermal stability determined by FTIR is in excellent agreement with the temperature dependence of the lipase activity. Furthermore, new insights on the glycosylation of the recombinant protein produced in Pichia pastoris and on its heterogeneity related to different fermentation batches were obtained by the analysis of the IR absorption in the 1200−900 cm−1 carbohydrate region. A drastic reduction of the intensity of this band was found after enzymic deglycosylation of the protein. To confirm that the FTIR absorption in the 1200–900 cm−1 region depends on the carbohydrate content and glycoform distribution, we performed an MS analysis of the protein sugar moieties. Glycosidic structures of the high mannose type were found, with mannoses ranging from 8 to 25 residues.
Suppression of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 production from neutrophils by a macrolide antibiotic, roxithromycin, in vitro
Authors: Kanai Ken-Ichi , Asano Kazuhito , Hisamitsu Tadashi , Suzaki Harumi 
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND: Macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin and roxithromycin (RXM) have an anti‐inflammatory effect that may account for their clinical benefit in the treatment of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. However, the precise mechanism of this anti‐inflammatory effect is not well understood.Purpose: The influence of RXM on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 production from neutrophils in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation was examined in vitro.Methods: Neutrophils prepared from normal human peripheral blood (1×105 cells/ml) were treated with various concentrations of RXM for 1 h, and then stimulated with 1.0 μg/ml of LPS in the presence of the agent for 24 h. MMP‐9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐1 levels in culture supernatants were examined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: Addition of RXM at more than 5.0 μg/ml into cell cultures caused significant suppression of MMP‐9 production, which was increased by LPS stimulation. However, the ability of cells to produce TIMP‐1 was not affected by RXM treatment, even when the cells were cultured in the presence of agent at 10.0 μg/ml. We then examined the influence of RXM on transcriptional factor, nuclear factor‐κB and activator protein (AP)‐1 activation by LPS stimulation. RXM exerted suppressive action on NF‐κB (P50 and P65) activation when the cells were cultured for 4 h at more than 5.0 μg/ml of the agent. RXM at more than 2.5 μg/ml also suppressed AP‐1 (Fra 1 and Jun B) activation in 4‐h cultured cells. We finally examined the influence of RXM on MMP‐9 mRNA expression in neutrophils. Addition of RXM into cell cultures at more than 5.0 μg/ml caused significant inhibition of mRNA expression, which was enhanced by LPS stimulation for 12 h.Conclusion: These results strongly suggest that RXM inhibits neutrophil transmigration into inflammatory sites and results in favorable modification of the clinical status of inflammatory diseases.
Nuclear insertions help and hinder inference of the evolutionary history of gorilla mtDNA
Authors: THALMANN O. , SERRE D. , HOFREITER M. , LUKAS D. , ERIKSSON J. , VIGILANT L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNumts are fragments of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that have been translocated to the nucleus, where they can persist while their mitochondrial counterparts continue to rapidly evolve. Thus, numts represent ‘molecular fossils’ useful for comparison with mitochondrial variation, and are particularly suited for studies of the fast‐evolving hypervariable segment of the mitochondrial control region (HV1). Here we used information from numts found in western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) and eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei) to estimate that these two species diverged about 1.3 million years ago (Ma), an estimate similar to recent calculations for the divergence of chimpanzee and bonobo. We also describe the sequence of a gorilla numt still possessing a segment lost from all contemporary gorilla mtDNAs. In contrast to that sequence, many numts of the HV1 are highly similar to authentic mitochondrial organellar sequences, making it difficult to determine whether purported mitochondrial sequences truly derive from that genome. We used all available organellar HV1 and corresponding numt sequences from gorillas in a phylogenetic analysis aimed at distinguishing these two types of sequences. Numts were found in several clades in the tree. This, in combination with the fact that only a limited amount of the extant variation in gorillas has been sampled, suggests that categorization of new sequences by the indirect means of phylogenetic comparison would be prone to uncertainty. We conclude that for taxa such as gorillas that contain numerous numts, direct approaches to the authentication of HV1 sequences, such as amplification strategies relying upon the circularity of the mtDNA molecule, remain necessary.
Pleistocene refugia and recolonization routes in the southern Andes: insights from Hypochaeris palustris (Asteraceae, Lactuceae)
Authors: MUELLNER A. N. , TREMETSBERGER K. , STUESSY T. , BAEZA C. M. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract Hypochaeris palustris (Phil.) De Wild. is a species growing in the southern Andean chain. To elucidate potential Pleistocene refugia and recolonization routes in the southern Andes, we analysed amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) in 206 individuals in 21 populations of H. palustris from the coastal Cordillera, the central, northern, and eastern ranges of the southern Andes, and Patagonia. Populations from the coastal Cordillera harboured more private AFLP fragments, and exhibited a higher frequency of polymorphic fragments as well as higher Shannon diversity than all other areas investigated. The comparison among pooled AFLP profiles of each region revealed that the central Andean ranges shared most fragments with populations from the margins of the distributional area in the Andes, in the N, E, and S (Patagonia). Phenetic analysis indicated close relationships among populations of the central ranges. Populations of the coastal Cordillera were shown to be highly differentiated from the Andean populations. It is very likely therefore that (1) H. palustris recolonized the central ranges of the southern Andes from nearby refugia, possibly unglaciated areas N, E, and/or S of its present distributional area; (2) the postglacial spread of H. palustris in the central ranges of the southern Andes occurred rapidly; and (3) the coastal Cordillera served as a refugium for H. palustris, but these populations did not contribute to the recolonization of the central Andean ranges.
Evidence for emergence of an amphibian iridoviral disease because of human‐enhanced spread
Authors: JANCOVICH J. K. , DAVIDSON E. W. , PARAMESWARAN N. , MAO J. , CHINCHAR V. G. , COLLINS J. P. , JACOBS B. L. , STORFER A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOur understanding of origins and spread of emerging infectious diseases has increased dramatically because of recent applications of phylogenetic theory. Iridoviruses are emerging pathogens that cause global amphibian epizootics, including tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) die‐offs throughout western North America. To explain phylogeographical relationships and potential causes for emergence of western North American salamander iridovirus strains, we sequenced major capsid protein and DNA methyltransferase genes, as well as two noncoding regions from 18 geographically widespread isolates. Phylogenetic analyses of sequence data from the capsid protein gene showed shallow genetic divergence (< 1%) among salamander iridovirus strains and monophyly relative to available fish, reptile, and other amphibian iridovirus strains from the genus Ranavirus, suggesting a single introduction and radiation. Analysis of capsid protein sequences also provided support for a closer relationship of tiger salamander virus strains to those isolated from sport fish (e.g. rainbow trout) than other amphibian isolates. Despite monophyly based on capsid protein sequences, there was low genetic divergence among all strains (< 1.1%) based on a supergene analysis of the capsid protein and the two noncoding regions. These analyses also showed polyphyly of strains from Arizona and Colorado, suggesting recent spread. Nested clade analyses indicated both range expansion and long‐distance colonization in clades containing virus strains isolated from bait salamanders and the Indiana University axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) colony. Human enhancement of viral movement is a mechanism consistent with these results. These findings suggest North American salamander ranaviruses cause emerging disease, as evidenced by apparent recent spread over a broad geographical area.
Genetic exchange across a hybrid zone within the Iberian endemic golden‐striped salamander,Chioglossa lusitanica
Authors: SEQUEIRA F. , ALEXANDRINO J. , ROCHA S. , ARNTZEN J. W. , FERRAND N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe study of hybrid zones resulting from Pleistocene vicariance is central in examining the potential of genetically diverged evolutionary units either to introgress and merge or to proceed with further isolation. The hybrid zone between two mitochondrial lineages ofChioglossa lusitanicais located near the Mondego River in Central Portugal. We used mitochondrial and nuclear diagnostic markers to conduct a formal statistical analysis of theChioglossahybrid zone in the context of tension zone theory. Key results are: (i) cline centres are not coincident for all markers, with average widths ofca. 2–15 km; (ii) heterozygote deficit was not observed across loci near the transect centre; (iii) associations of parental allele combinations (‘linkage disequilibrium’R) were not detected either across loci or across the transect. These observations suggest that theChioglossahybrid zone is not a tension zone with strong selection against hybrids but instead one shaped mostly by neutral mixing. The patterns uncovered suggest a complex history of populations over a small scale that may be common in southern Pleistocene refugia.
Seeing ghosts: the effect of unsampled populations on migration rates estimated for sampled populations
Authors: SLATKIN MONTGOMERY 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn 2004, the term ‘ghost population’ was introduced to summarize the effect of unsampled subpopulations that exchange migrants with other subpopulations that have been sampled. Estimated long‐term migration rates among populations sampled will be affected by ghost populations. Although it would be convenient to be able to define an apparent migration matrix among sampled populations that incorporate the exchange of migrants with ghost populations, no such matrix can be defined in a way that predicts all features of the coalescent process for the true migration matrix. This paper shows that if the underlying migration matrix is symmetric, it is possible to define an apparent migration matrix among sampled subpopulations that predicts the same within‐population and between‐population homozygosities among sampled populations as is predicted by the true migration matrix. Application of this method shows that there is no simple relationship between true and apparent migration rates, nor is there a way to place an upper bound on the effect of ghost populations. In general, ghost populations can create the appearance of migration between subpopulations that do not actually exchange migrants. Comparison with published results from the application of the program, migrate, shows that the apparent migration rates inferred with that program in a three‐subpopulation model differ from those based on pairwise homozygosities. The apparent migration matrix determined by the method described in this paper probably represents the upper bound on the effect of ghost populations.
Association between major histocompatibility complex class II DRB alleles and parasite load in the hairy‐footed gerbil, Gerbillurus paeba, in the southern Kalahari
Authors: HARF R. , SOMMER S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe investigated the importance of the MHC‐constitution (major histocompatibility complex‐constitution) on the endoparasite load in free‐range hairy‐footed gerbils (Gerbillurus paeba) in the southern Kalahari Desert. While the number of alleles of the duplicated DRB exon 2 gene had no significant effects on the individual status of being ‘not infected’ or ‘infected’ and on the number of helminth morphotype infections per individual, it significantly affected the faecal egg count values. One allele (Gepa‐DRB*15) was only found in uninfected mice. Our results support the hypotheses that MHC polymorphism in G. paeba is maintained by pathogen‐driven selection. The present study is the first investigation on associations between duplicated DRB gene loci and the parasite load in mammals.