bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NamibEdge Carol Cunningham Joel Berger
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
the rhinos, save the whites,” read the circular sticker. “Do people really use these?” I had asked at a store soon after our arrival in Windhoek in 1991. “No, not really. One shouldn’t take it too seriously,” replied the white attendant in perfect English.He was wrong-something we wouldn’t learn for another year.
Lions and Hyenas
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania: 1966: At 10:30 three sub-adult male lions were seen watching a rhinoceros with her calf. One lion got up and approached them. As he neared the animals broke into a run. The calf snuggled against its mother, who moved toward the approaching lion. The calf retreated and the lion pursued it, separating it from the female. The mother followed the pursuing lion at a steady trot, and the calf doubled back to the female. The adult immediately engaged the lion, who diverted his attention to her. The female whirled around with incredible speed and gored him twice in the centre of the ribs, using the anterior horn with quick stabbing thrusts. The lion rolled over, completely winded. The rhinoceros then gored the lion once in the centre of the neck, followed by another thrust through the base of the mandible, killing him instantly. The two lions had not moved during the entire proceedings. hat was John Goddard’s only observation of a fatal interaction. Now, 30 years later,Ngorongoro has lost most of its rhinos. The cause: poaching, not predation.
The Dead and the Brave
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
black rhino lies bleeding, its body riddled with bullets. Minutes later the “whock, whock” of a panga breaks the morning silence. The distal end of the rhino’s face opens exposing tissue and nasal bones. The horns are hacked away, along with a swath of meat from its back. The hungry poachers enjoy a meal. Yet the rhino still breathes. Flies swarm where blood flows. The female rhino musters enough energy to walk to the nearest water and collapses there. Her death is slow.
Of Moths and Maggots
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Woke to yellow and blue, early morning through colored nylon. Our cocoon of warm air deflated as I lifted the sheet and crawled away from Carol and out of the tent. Thirsty, I remembered there was Naartje juice in the Land Rover. Already tasting the tangerine flavor, I swung open the back door. A flurry of dusty black bodies and flashing yellow eye spots dashed toward me as moths exploded from the car. Hundred of wings beat wildly into my face. My eyes squeezed shut, and I flailed at them with my hands. Quiet Archie grinned as he sat by the fire.
Maternal Effects And The Maintenance Of Environmental Sex Determination
Authors: Niewiarowski Willem M Roosenburg & Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the more perplexing issues in evolutionary biology has been the adaptive significance of environmental sex determination (ESD). Two forms of ESD can be identified based on the nature of the environmental factor that influences sex determination. The first, biotic ESD, influences sexual development by either the density of conspecifics or the quality of hosts. The apparent adaptive advantage of biotic ESD is intuitive; however, the maternal effect of female choice may play an important role determining the sex of the offspring. Far less obvious is the adaptive significance of abiotic ESD; in this form the factors influencing the sex of offspring include temperature, pH, and photoperiod. Temperature is most frequently cited as the environmental factor influencing sex in vertebrates with ESD. Despite considerable efforts to understand why ESD is widespread among reptiles and apparently has persisted for long periods of evolutionary time in certain lineages, empirical data supporting an adaptive basis for this type of sex determination is sparse. A common theme arising from long-term studies of ESD is that conditions during incubation influence both growth and sex. Thus, maternal effects on growth that are gender specific may interact with female nest-site choice as a mechanism to enhance the fitness benefit of ESD.
Density-Mediated Maternal Effects On Seed Size In Wild Radish: Genetic Variation And Its Evolutionary Implications
Authors: Wolfe Susan J Mazer & Lorne M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quality of the environment in which plants develop can have an immediate and sometimes a persistent effect on their appearance, on their reproductive success, and on the quality and performance of their offspring. This fact has been observed by many ecologists, evolutionists, and breeders, although the perspective from which it has been examined depends strongly on the characters and processes of interest. For example, population ecological studies often aim to determine or to measure direct environmental effects on individual growth and reproduction, which can have immediate effects on the demography and distribution of the next generation, and on the outcome of competitive interactions in natural popualtions (Van Andel and Vera 1977; Marshall et al. 1986; Stratton 1989; Miao et al. 1991a,b). Ecologists have also examined environmental effects on progeny quality because of their importance in determining life history attributes of the subsequent generation (Gutterman and Evenari 1972; Gutterman 1980, 1992; Cresswell and Grime 1981; Parrish and Bazzaz 1985; Fenner 1986; Garbutt and Bazzaz 1987; Miao et al. 1991b; Wulff and Bazzaz 1992; Hume 1994). From these studies, we know that the quality of a maternal plant’s environment often has a strong effect on the nutrient content of its seeds, the probability that they will germinate, and the growth rate and competitive ability of the seedlings derived from them.
C
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cadmus In Greek MYTH, Cadmus (Greek: Kadmos) was a prince of the Phoenician city of Tyre and founder of the Greek city of THEBES. Young Cadmus’ sister at Tyre was EUROPA, whom the god ZEUS abducted in the shape of a bull. Cadmus was assigned by his father, King Agenor, to find the vanished Europa. Leading a band of men to central Greece, he consulted the god APOLLO through the oracle at DELPHI. Apollo advised Cadmus to abandon the search and instead follow a cow that he would find outside the temple; he should establish a city wherever the cow lay down to rest. Accordingly, the cow led Cadmus to the future site of Thebes, about 50 miles away. There Cadmus built the Cadmea, which became the citadel of the later city.
J
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jason (1) In MYTH, a Thessalian hero who led the Argonauts (sailors of the ship Argo) to the distant land of Colchis, to acquire the fabulous Golden Fleece. The tale of the Argonauts is mentioned in HOMER’S Odyssey (written down circa 750 B.c.) andelaborated in PINDAR’S fourth Pythian ode (462 B.c.), but the main source is APOLLONIUS’ clever Alexandrian epic, the Argonautica (circa 245 B.c.).
Introduction
Authors: Noble Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Careful observers of social policy have known for some time that the conservative complaint against America’s welfare state-that it is too big and takes too much care of an increasingly dependent population-is, in international perspective, wrong. The U.S. welfare state is striking precisely because it is so limited in scope and ambition. Compared with governments in most other rich capitalist democracies in the West, from Sweden to Canada, U.S. public policy does less to change how markets, whether global capital markets or local labor markets allocate income and employment opportunities: the American welfare state is exceptional because it is so market conforming. After a hundred years of welfare-state building, Americans remain more vulnerable to the free play of market forces than do the people of nearly every other rich capitalist society.
The Problem
Authors: Noble Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In capitalist societies, welfare states exist to protect the public from the impact of unregulated market forces. That is their rationale and, to a significant extent, their principal effect. The poor receive cash and in-kind assistance, the elderly receive tax-subsidized pensions, and the jobless receive unemployment benefits because society has decided that individuals, families, and communities should not be asked to bear the brunt of economic change alone. But societies also vary in the degree to which they use government to counteract free market forces, and these differences matter enormously in people’s lives.
Finding Help
Authors: Wender Paul H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I have discussed, frequently problems that may be related to Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder are often first recognized in the school by teachers, guidance counsellors, or psychologists who call the parents’ attention to these problems. In some instances-particularly in these days when knowledge of ADHD has spread widely-parents themselves begin to suspect their child has behavioural problems beyond the normal range. I wish to emphasize again that, in either case, in order to determine the probable cause of the child’s difficulties, parents must consult a physician who is knowledgeable about the entire range of children’s physical and emotional problems, including ADHD. A thorough diagnostic evaluation is essential before beginning any treatment plan. The following kinds of physicians are most likely to be acquainted with the problems of ADHD: child psychiatrists, paediatricians, and paediatric neurologists.
The Components of Integrative Leadership: Motivation, Behavior, and Style
Authors: Rosenthal Cindy Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Katz was not always perceived as a consensus builder. Early in her career, she earned a reputation as the aggressive chair of the Ways and Means Committee who eschewed a “give-and-take style” in favor of a “take-it-or-take-it” approach to issues she cared about. Her detractors saw a legislator with little patience for those who disagreed with her; supporters, however, saw a caring, perceptive person who could “tune into precisely that thing that rings someone else’s bell.”2 During her Ways and Means Committee tenure, Katz began a metamorphosis from Kennedy liberal to a more centrist, fiscal pragmatist. While shedding the sharp ideological edges, she also began to hone the skills of integrative leadership.
Oklahoma: Leadership in No-Woman’s Land
Authors: Rosenthal Cindy Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Created from tracts of Indian land and the panhandle strip once known as “No-Man’s Land,” Oklahoma has been described as a “state of competing images” that reflect contradictory but defining trends of traditionalism and transition.1 In gender politics, the conflict between traditionalism and transition also seems apt: Women are more prominent today in state politics than in days past, yet the state’s long heritage of social conservatism remains an impediment. In contemporary politics, leadership in the Oklahoma Legislature is “no-woman’s land.” In the 1990s, women have run successfully as statewide candidates, but at the state legislative level, progress has been slow. Oklahoma ranks forty-eighth among the states in terms of percentage of women lawmakers. Legislating has been traditionally and historically men’s work.
Introduction
Authors: Fass Paula S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During winter break in 1994, my family and I took a short and much-needed vacation in Santa Barbara, California. By then I had been at work on this book for five years, and I thought I knew a lot about it, emotionally as well as intellectually. In fact, I had started investigating child kidnapping precisely because I am what many would no doubt describe as an overanxious mother, fearful to let my children out of my sight in public places. The thought that someone might be lurking to take my child was one of the horrors with which I had early become acquainted as a mother. By December 1994, however, I thought I had gotten many of my fears under control, as my studies had suggested that child kidnappings, while a serious and revealing part of our society and its history, were uncommon, and I had come to believe that my worries were not good for my children and terrible for me. I now had an “intellectual handle” on the problem, I thought.
“The Most Amazing Crime in the History of Chicago-and of the United States” Leopold and Loeb
Authors: Fass Paula S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard Loeb and Na than Leopold plotted every detail of their planned abduction (a plot deeply informed by their knowledge of actual cases and detective fiction)—everything except the identity of the victim. This they left to chance and opportunity. Even the ransom notes, which were painstakingly cast in advance, left the name of the victim’s family deliberately blank, to be filled in only after the crime had been committed. On the day of the kidnapping, Leopold and Loeb had considered several children (all boys) who caught their attention in the school yard of the elite Harvard School in Chicago where they went in search of a victim. But only Robert (Bobby) Franks, a neighbor of Loeb’s and a distant cousin, presented just the combination of accessibility and opportunity that would pay off. It was therefore fourteen-year-old Bobby who, in the late afternoon of May 21, 1924, was lured into the Willys-Knight automobile that Leopold rented especially for the occasion.
Order and Reorder
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the workplace, the demanding boss scolds the slacker who claims that his task is impossible and tells him to try harder. However, in mathematics there are insoluble problems for which trying harder is inappropriate. The ancient problems of trisecting the angle, doubling the cube,and squaring the circlecontinue to attract would-be solvers despite mathematical proofs that these problems are insoluble.1 We will see a mathematical proof of the insolubility of another problem whose solution became a worldwide obsession in the 1870s; but first we look at a puzzle discussed 100 years earlier that began a branch of mathematics known as graph theory. The Seven Bridges of Konigsberg The great Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707-83) discussed and generalized the following problem.
Outcast
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a very old method for checking arithmetic calculations called casting out nines.In this chapter we begin by describing this technique. Many find the procedure mysterious and ask the question, “Why does it work?” The answer is the centerpiece of this chapter. It leads to an important extension of ordinary arithmetic called modular arithmetic,a concept that underlies cyclic patterns of ordinary life such as the hours of the day and the days of the week. As a tool of calculation, casting out nines has the shortcoming that it is unable to detect one of the most common arithmetic errors-transposition of digits. However, it is a charming curiosity and, more important, its inner workings lay bare some significant mathematics.
Set and Match
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zeno’s archery paradox initiated speculation and argument concerning the meaning of infinity, a recurrent riddle through the centuries for mathematicians, philosophers, and theologians-including the mathematician/philosopher/theologian, Blaise Pascal. In Chapter 2, we found that Zeno’s speculations on the infinite fail under critical analysis, but it would be incorrect to suppose that infinity is beyond all scientific inquiry. The first rigorous mathematical theory of the infinite was discovered in the period 1871-84 by the German mathematician Georg Cantor, who devised a theory of not just one but infinitely many infinite numbers. The brilliant insight that made Cantor’s theory possible is his beautiful diagonalization method.We will see applications of this method in this chapter.
Prime News
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We define a class of integers called prime numbers.The properties of these numbers have engrossed mathematicians for thousands of years. The study of prime numbers is a major part of the branch of mathematics called the theory of numbersthat deals with the properties of integers. Prime numbers are defined to be the natural numbers greater than 1 that are divisible only by themselves and . A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is said to be composite. We begin our discussion of prime numbers by stating a few definitions because we need to be very clear about the meanings of several words.
Studying Perceptual Development in Preverbal Infants
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Babies cannot be questioned about what they see, hear, taste, smell, or feel, nor can they be asked whether they have only meaningless sensations. Perhaps for this reason, it was long assumed by many people that the world perceived by an infant is a chaotic patchwork of sensations, or even that are deaf or partially blind. William James, in an oft quoted statement, commented that a baby’s world was a “blooming, buzzing confusion” (James, 1890). Now we know that James’s opinion was mistaken; even newborns are capable of actively seek ing information about the environment surrounding them.
We could not have made such a statement with assurance 30 years ago. Enormous advances in our knowledge have been made since that time, owing to new methods introduced and very effectively put to work by a number of researchers. What inspired this remarkable change? One reason was that developmental psychologists were spurred by ethologists who demonstrated the importance of an animal’s ability to fit into and function in its normal habitat, so a promising way to ask the right questions might be to make use of infants’ own spontaneous activity and the ways they naturally attend to the world surrounding them.
Theories of Tone: A Survey
Authors: Bao Zhiming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chinese philological and linguistic literature tones are classified into the yin and yang registers. Historically the yin tones occur on syllables with voiceless initial obstruents, and the yang tones occur on syllables with voiced initial obstruents. The voiced obstruents of Middle Chinese (ca. 600 A.D.) are lost in many modern dialects, mostly of the Mandarin variety. But many dialects, particularly those spoken in the southern coastal regions, still maintain voicing as a distinctive feature among obstruents. From the perspective of phonetics, it is well known that voiceless consonants induce higher pitch in the following vowel, and voiced consonants induce lower pitch (see, for example, Haudricourt 1954; Halle and Stevens 1971; Maddieson 1974, 1978; and Hombert et al. 1979). The correlation between yin and yang on the one hand, and the pitch of tone on the other, does not present a clear pattern over modern Chinese dialects. In some dialects with voiced obstruents, notably those in the Wu dialect family, the yin tones are higher in pitch than their yang counterparts. But in other dialects, such as those in the Southern Min dialect family, the situation is reversed: in the dialect of Chaoyang, and in many other Southern Min dialects spoken in southern Fujian Province and northern Guangdong Province, high-pitched tones are found in syllables with voiced initials, and low-pitched tones on syllables with voiceless initials (W. S.-Y. Wang 1967, Yue-Hashimoto 1986). In tone languages, tones are not necessarily correlated with consonant voicing.
The Autosegmental Nature of Tone
Authors: Bao Zhiming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3 I proposed the geometrical structure of tone repeated below. I showed how the tonal geometry accounts for various tone sandhi effects observed in tone languages. In presenting arguments, I made the assumption that tones are autosegmental. This is necessary because, as we have seen, tonal melodies undergo phonological processes independently of the segments on which they are realized. Since I claim, following many other researchers, that the geometry of tone is a substructure of the geometry of laryngeal features of the nuclear vowels, the very fact of tonal assimilation is testimony for the autosegmental treatment of tone. This can be illustrated by the register assimilation structure in (2).
PCR Technology
Authors: Harris Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Description of the Technique Historical Overview Just as the discovery of restriction enzymes and the ability to clone fragments of DNA had profound impacts on the biological sciences in the 1970s (Cohen et al., 1973), so too the invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revolutionized molecular biology in the late 1980s. Kary Mullis first conceptualized the process of PCR in 1985 (Saiki et al., 1985a). In that year, the first clinical application of PCR, in a case of sickle cell anemia, was published (Saiki et al., 1985b). In 1986, the description of the use of PCR for analysis of allelic sequence variation in the HLA locus set the stage for PCR-based forensic analysis (Saiki et al., 1986). During this time, “first-generation” PCR technology began to disseminate in laboratories in the developed world. The next advance was the advent of the thermostable polymerase Taq, isolated from the thermophilic bacteria Thermus aquaticus, which greatly facilitated the procedure. Prior to the introduction of Taq polymerase, fresh polymerase had to be added to the reaction after each cycle, because the incubation temperature (94°C) necessary for denaturation of the DNA template also destroyed the thermolabile polymerases available at the time. In 1988-89, recombinant Taq polymerase became available (Lawyer et al., 1989). Recently, there has been an explosion in the number of different thermostable enzymes on the market, the so-called “designer enzymes,” each of which is optimized for a slightly different PCR application. Going back to the time line, by 1989, over 1000 PCR-related papers had been published, according to the Medline database. By 1992, the number of PCR-related papers had risen to over 15,000 and has continued to skyrocket ever since. By 1990, “second-generation” thermocyclers and enzymes had become available, and the use of PCR began in developing countries (Harris et al., 1993). PCR has become an essential tool in research laboratories worldwide and the basis for many clinical and forensic tests.
Rapid Cloning of PCR Products
Authors: Harris Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PCR products can be visualized directly or cloned by ligating the amplified product into the vector of choice. Cloning of PCR products is useful for many purposes; for instance, the cloned fragment can then be sequenced, modified, expressed, labeled, or used as a DNA probe. While PCR methods have been described to perform many of these functions without cloning, it is often useful to have a cloned stock of PCR product (modified or unmodified) as a permanent source of the material. PCR products can be notoriously difficult to clone, and numerous PCR cloning strategies have been developed and are commercially available. One simple and effective in-house approach, which will be described in this chapter, is the introduction of restriction endonuclease sites into the PCR product, followed by classical cloning procedures.