bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collagen X
Authors: Ricard-Blum Sylvie , Dublet * Bernard , der Rest Michel van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Isolated as a low molecular weight collagen synthesized by cultured chick embryo chondrocytes [65, 75, 96] and by rabbit growth plate cartilage organ cultures [89], collagen X was first designated as short-chain collagen (SC collagen) [98] or G collagen [463]. This transient and developmentally regulated collagen is a hypertrophic cartilage-specific molecule [see 26, 40, 44,515, 731 for reviews].
Fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices (FACITs)
Authors: Ricard-Blum Sylvie , Dublet * Bernard , der Rest Michel van 
Published: November 2023

abstract
The term FACIT (Fibril-Associated Collagen with Interrupted Triple helices) was first used in 1989 to refer to a subclass of collagens which do not form quarter-staggered fibrils by themselves but appear to be associated with fibrils [15, 34, see 24, 41, 50, 51, 53, 55 for reviews]. The FACIT family comprises collagens IX, XII, XIV, XVI and XIX. Association with fibrils has however only been demonstrated so far for collagens IX, XII and XIV.
Collagen X
Authors: Ricard-Blum Sylvie , Dublet * Bernard , der Rest Michel van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collagen IX is the 6rst described member of the FACIT family [see 35, 42, 56 for reviews]. It is a heterotrimer comprising three distinct polypeptide chains al(IX), a2(IX) and a3(IX) (1038]. It was initially referred to as collagen M [947], Ml and M2 [949], CPS1 and CPS2 [906, 908], LMW and HMW [942], and X1-X7 fragments [943].
Collagen XIV
Authors: Ricard-Blum Sylvie , Dublet * Bernard , der Rest Michel van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collagen XIV is a homotrimeric molecule, which was first isolated from fetal bovine skin and tendon [922]. The corresponding cDNA was isolated from embryonic chick skin [989]. This protein is closely related to collagen XII and a procedure using two chromatographic steps has been developed for separating these two collagens [905]. Collagen XIV isolated from human placenta has been found to be identical to human undulin [110, 1193]. The determination of the complete primary structure of human undulin has provided conclusive evidence for the identity of human collagen XIV and undulin [958]. Undulin has been isolated as an extracellular matrix glycoprotein from skin and placenta and has been found to be associated with collagen fibrils at sites where they are tightly packed [1000, 1133].
Collagen XIX
Authors: Ricard-Blum Sylvie , Dublet * Bernard , der Rest Michel van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collagen XIX has been discovered from sequencing of cDNA clones isolated from rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines [661, 1013]. It was initially referred to as Y collagen [661] and RH COL [1013], before being designated as collagen XIX [1014, 1182]. Based on sequence and alignment data, collagen XIX exhibits a strong structural homology to the FACIT group of collagens [661, 1013, 1182].
Forces and related energies
Authors: Williams R J P , Silva J J R Fraústo Da 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we described the change in knowledge over 2000 years with respect to the units of composition of all substances and materials around us. Whereas the Greek philosophers classified such substances and materials under the headings air (gas), water (liquid), earth (solid) and fire, and a similar classification ,,vas adopted by the ancient Chinese thinkers, we know today, leaving fire to one side, that the fundamental units of which everything is composed on Earth are the atoms of the 90 naturally occurring chemical elements.
Electrons in atoms amd their eneregetics
Authors: Williams R J P , Silva J J R Fraústo Da 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1 we showed that there were 90 stable elements on Earth, the fundamental units of matter at the chemical level which, in principle, could be put together to form compounds in whatever way we liked. Hence, the element composition was the first fundamental variable of all materials. In Chapter 2 we observed that, in fact, the atoms of the chemical elements could be charged, and so could bulk materials, and that charged bodies exerted an electrostatic force on one another.
Ordering and stability of atom and component associations
Authors: Williams R J P , Silva J J R Fraústo Da 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we look around us we observe different substances and objects, many of which are effectively static or are in dynamic stationary states in the sense that they do not translocate, i.e. flow. The analysis of all these substances and objects at a fundamental level shows that they are ultimately formed from atoms of the 90 naturally occurring chemical elements on Earth (see Chapters 1 and 3 ).
Dilute solutions and order-disorder balance
Authors: Williams R J P , Silva J J R Fraústo Da 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 4 and 5 we have been concerned with systems in which there was either only one component or in which there were several components, each present in considerable amounts, In Chapter 4 our major concern was with ordered structures while in Chapter 5 it was with the balance of order with disorder within such systems. In both chapters we considered the effect of variables on the material present.
The development of anaerobic organisation: from prokaryotes to eukaryotes
Authors: Williams R J P , Silva J J R Fraústo Da 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The proposed anaerobic primitive prokaryote described in the previous chapter represents the simplest form of living organisation that we know of. As we have seen, space is divided in these organisms into three compartments: inside (cytoplasm), membrane and outside, Fig. 11.1. The cell as a whole is small and often cylindrical in shape.
Basic concepts
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Repeated measurements, as the name suggests, are observations of the same characteristic that are made several times. What distinguishes such observations from those in more traditional statistical data modelling is that the same variable is measured on the same observational unit more than once: the responses are not independent as in the usual regression analysis and more than one observational unit is involved: the responses do not fond a simple time series.
Longitudinal studies
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we saw how to allow for heterogeneity among units, the generally observed phenomenon that responses from the same unit are usually uniformly more closely related than responses across units. Some units systematically give higher responses than others under apparently identical conditions. Although this is an important type of dependence relationship among repeated measurement observations, it is certainly not the only one. Many repeated measurements studies involve observation of responses over time (or space) and often the evolution of responses is of special importance. Because the same unit is producing several successive responses, those that are closer together will often tend to be more closely related; in other words, individual history is playing a role. In such cases, these relationships must also be included in the model. In contrast, heterogeneity models, such as random effects, assume that individual differences are inherent, not varying over time.
Non-normal responses
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Models based on the multivariate normal distribution, as described in the previous two chapters, have been widely used in the analysis of repeated measurements because they are well understood, with widely available software. However, in most cases, they only provide crude approximations to the variability of the process under study. Recently, a number of other flexible multivariate models have become available, in part due to the increasing power of computers. In this chapter, I shall look at some of these models, often reanalysing data already studied in the previous chapters.
Overdispersion
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Categorical data are produced when the response is an indicator of which of a number of events has occurred. However, these will be repeated measurements only if repeated events are observed on the same units (Section 1.2). When no explanatory variables, not even time, distinguish such responses on a unit, the events can be aggregated as counts, a special case of categorical data. This will always occur if only one category of event is being observed. In the simple case of counts, the data will often be collapsed into a contingency table. However, this does not mean that all contingency tables involve repeated measurements. Thus, I use the term, counts, to refer to aggregated repeated measurements of one or more categories of event on the same unit and frequencies for responses on different units aggregated into categories (Lindsey, 1995a).
Spatial aspects of disease dynamics
Authors: Hess G R , Randolph S E , Arneberg P , Chemini C , Furlanello C , Harwood J , Roberts M G , Swinton J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Landscape epidemiology focuses on the biotic and abiotic factors that influence the manner in which disease agents spread spatially between sub-populations of hosts (Pavlovsky 1966; Meade et al. 1988). With the advent of advanced technology for gathering and analysing extensive data on the structure of the landscape and the way host populations use this landscape, coupled with a realization that spatial structuring is important, landscape epidemiology has blossomed as a field of study. Advances in remote sensing and geographic information systems (Box 6.1) allow researchers to explain current.
Brentjes’ formalism
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we present a slightly modified account of multidimensional continued fractions as given in Brentjes 1981. We consider ℝn+1 equipped with an inner product X. Y. Therefore An additive discrete subgroup Ω ⊆ ℝn+l of rank n + 1 is called a lattice. , ℒ = {Lo, Li, …, Ln} denotes a lattice base, this means
Continued fractions on simplices
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
24 Let p0, Pl, … , Pn ∈ ℝn+1 be n + 1 points in the hyperplane xo + x 1 + … + Xn = 1. Then the n-dimensional volume of the simplex spanned by P 0 , P l , … , Pn is given by Proof: Since for any vectors ω1, … , ωn we get
Two-way graphical representation of data matrices
Authors: Krzanowski W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Various graphical methods have been described in Chapters 2 and 3 for representing the entities indexing either the rows or the columns of a matrix, where the entries in the matrix may be of various possible types. It sometimes happens, however, that valuable information may be extracted from a visual display of both the rows and the columns of the matrix, considered simultaneously.
For example, Gabriel (1971) analysed a set of data in which the percentage of houses possessing various facilities (e.g. toilet, bath, kitchen, water, electricity) was measured for each of a number of localities in Israel (e.g. old city quarters, modern city quarters, rural localities). One of the methods already described could be used to provide a graphical representation in which the localities are denoted by points, such that closeness of two points implies similarity of the two corresponding localities. By means of his biplot technique (to be described in this chapter), however, Gabriel was additionally able to superimpose on this plot a representation of the other set of entities, the facilities, in such a way as to highlight the main facilities shared by groups of similar localities. The resultant plot gave a more complete picture of the data matrix, as well as providing valuable insight into the relationships between the facilities and the localities.
Analytical comparison of two or more graphical representations
Authors: Krzanowski W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter dealing with graphical representations, we shall concentrate on techniques that fall under either the projection or the optimization categories introduced in Chapter 1. In the former category, the input data are thought of as a swarm of points (representing sample individuals) in a high-dimensional space. and we obtain a pictorial representation by projecting this swarm into a low-dimensional subspace of the original space. Principal component analysis is a typical example of such a technique. In the latter category, no explicit high-dimensional geometrical model exists for the data, but instead we construct directly a low-dimensional space in which points represent the sample individuals, by optimizing some suitable criterion function. Multidimensional scaling is an example of such a technique. Both approaches yield low-dimensional spaces in which sample individuals are represented by points, but the projection approach additionally enables an interpretation of the derived subspace to be made in terms of the dimensions of the original space.
Data inspection or data analysis?
Authors: Krzanowski W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The material in Part I of this book has been concerned exclusively with data inspection: given a multivariate data set, are there any interesting patterns that can be observed in the numbers themselves? We have seen that inspection of a large data matrix is not an easy task, and the whole of Part I was therefore concerned with methods of constructing pictorial representations of such matrices, in the hope that any such interesting patterns in the data might be highlighted more easily. In order to construct these pictorial representations, an initial connection had to be made between the elements of the data matrix and points, lines, or shapes in Euclidean space. This connection enabled a geometrical model of the data to be set up, and many concepts familiar in geometry could then be used to achieve simplification of the initial data representation. The important aspect of all the techniques of Part I, however, is that in no case was any structure imposed on the data representation. Clearly some information always has to be lost when a high-dimensional set of data is represented in relatively few dimensions, but in no case was any of the lost information directly attributable to the imposition of external constraints acting on the elements of the data matrix. In other words, no preconceived ideas about the behaviour of the system governed the type of output observed in each technique. Rather, the data were able to speak for themselves, and the pictorial representations attempted to display the resulting message as faithfully as possible.
Conclusion: some general multivariate problems
Authors: Krzanowski W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of multivariate analysis in this book has been through a problem-orientated, rather than technique-orientated, approach, and the division of the material into five main parts has stemmed from this approach. However, a few general problems cut across such categorization, in the sense that they can arise irrespective of the form of data and in a variety of circumstances. We therefore conclude the book by discussing these problems briefly, and outlining the main ways in which they can be tackled. Detailed consideration of each would require a major portion of the book, so we do no more than convey their general flavour and present relevant references from which the reader can obtain full technical and practical details.
Sundials: how to tell the time without a digital watch
Authors: Budd C J , Sangwin C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ok, so you have just got the latest in digital watches, with a stop watch, date, times from all over the world, and the ability to function at 4000 fathoms. Just one small problem, the batteries have gone flat. If the sun is shining, however, you don’t need to use a watch at all, because the sun makes an excellent clock which (fortunately) doesn’t need batteries that can run down. This masterclass is all about how we use sundials to tell the time, and contains real-life construction projects, including a splendid garden ornament and the perfect way to decorate the school playground. With some care, and using some interesting mathematics, we can end up building a very accurate sundial. If you find the mathematics in the first sections heavy going then rush on to the later sections where you will see how to construct a variety of different types of sundial. However, we hope that you will enjoy the mathematics as well. Although we often take the problems of telling the time or of finding the day’s date for granted, finding solutions to these are vital to our civilization. Early men and women needed to have an accurate notion of the seasons in order to know when to plant and harvest their crops. As civilization developed it became important to know the time of the day. Two times were obvious, as everyone was aware of when the sun rose (dawn) and when it set (dusk). More accurate observations of the sun then showed that having risen in the east it climbed to its highest point in the sky, which is due south (in the northern hemisphere), before descending towards its setting point in the west. The time when the sun is at its highest point (which is when the shadows are shortest) is called noon. Knowing dawn, noon and dusk separated the day into morning, afternoon, and night.
Castles: mathematics in defence and attack
Authors: Budd C J , Sangwin C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Usually in a workshop we aim to work with each other, to do things in teams, and to generally make friends. This chapter is an exception as we consider how people can be seriously nasty to one another and how a mathematician can help them to do it. However, although the class involves some practical experiments, no loss of blood will be involved - at least not on purpose. What we will do is to use mathematics to understand how and why castles were constructed the way they were, and how a bit of mathematics can help us both to design them to be easier to defend and also make them easier to attack. So you thought that castles were just to be studied in history lessons? Well read on! The business of building fortifications to protect you and your family from the next person and their family is as old as human civilization. It is a sad fact that often the main mark that remains of a civilized society are the fortifications that they erect to defend themselves from another civilization! Indeed, it has been said that the only man-made object that can be seen from space is the Great Wall of China, which was built around 240 BC to defend the Chinese people. Thus, at first glance, an alien might only be able to tell that we were civilized by looking at one of our defences. When excavating an ancient city often the first thing that you look for is evidence of the fortifications that were used to defend it. One of the oldest known fortified cities is Jericho, and the fortifications around Jericho are described in the Old Testament in the sixth chapter of the book of Joshua. In this story, Joshua breached the walls by using trumpets and the help of God. In this chapter we will consider more conventional means of attack.
Basic concepts
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonlinear modelling is one of the more sophisticated areas of modem statistics. It involves advanced statistical concepts from a wide variety of areas, from inference to repeated measurements. In this chapter, I shall review some of the most important ones. Those for stochastic dependencies are outlined in Appendix B. Still others will be introduced throughout the following chapters, as required.
Statisticians often seem most fascinated by inference: how to draw general conclusions from specific, limited observations. Here, I concentrate on a different aspect of the statistical approach: how best to represent the ‘reality’ of what has been observed, both its systematic and its random aspects.
Signal transduction pathways through heterotrimeric G proteins: transmission of hormonal and sensory signals
Authors: Helmreich Ernst J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are expressed in eukaryotes, from yeast to humans. Many hormones bind to GPCRs. Targets of hormonal signals, transmitted by GPCRs, are often enzymes, synthesizing second messengers such as cAMP. Through second messengers, G-protein-coupled receptors regulate many metabolic and cellular functions, including ion channels. GPCRs also transmit signals to cellular phosphorylation cascades, such as the MAP kinase pathway. Sensory signals, light, smell, and taste signals are also received by receptors with seven transmembrane helices and transmitted and amplified by heterotrimeric G proteins.
Regulation of cell death
Authors: Helmreich Ernst J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cell cycle is complemented by a programme controlling cell death. This programme orders cells to destroy themselves when they are no longer needed or when they are damaged and dysfunctional. Cell death is characterized by blebbing and vacuole formation, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation. To survive, cells from multicellular organisms (metazoans) must keep the suicide programme under control and prevent its activation. The signalling pathways receiving and transmitting ‘death signals’ involve cell–cell interactions. The first appearance of programmed cell death (PCD) may go back to the emergence of multicellular, metazoan organisms. An example is stalk formation in the slime mould, Dictyostelium discoideum, where kind of a CD programme directs the assembly of aggregated cells, slugs and stalk formation.
Transformation of normal cells to tumour cells
Authors: Helmreich Ernst J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By now the reader should have gained a perception of the basic design of cellular signal transduction pathways. In the following chapters he or she will find out how helpful this information is for understanding carcinogenesis because, in principle, malignancy is caused by a failure of the genetic programme controlling cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Genes encoding nearly every regulatory protein are normal, constitutive, cellular protooncogenes. They may become oncogenes by mutation and cause cancer. They may also cause cancer when their transcription is out of control and they are overexpressed. Keeping in mind the role of proto-oncogenes in cellular regulation, it is not surprising that mutation or overexpression of the key components of signal-transduction chains cause regulatory chaos and lead to uncontrolled proliferation and de-differentiation of cells.
Renal cell carcinoma in dialysis and transplantation
Authors: Tebyani Neyssan , Gritsch H Albin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1960s the number of patients with end-stage renal disease treated with renal replacement therapy has increased steadily. According to the 2001 United States Renal Data system (USRS) annual report, approximately 340 000 patients were being treated for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) at the end of 1999 and 88 000 new patients started treatment in 1999. The estimated rate of growth of new ESRD patients is 7.3 per cent per year for 1995–1999. Renal replacement therapy is comprised of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation.