bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of meal feeding on plasma volume and urinary electrolyte clearance in ponies
Authors: Clarke L. L. , Argenzio R. A. , Roberts M. C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effect of meal size and frequency on plasma volume, plasma aldosterone concentration and urinary Na and K clearances was determined in ponies. A daily maintenance ration of hay-grain pellets was provided either as a multiple feeding regimen, ie, 12 equal portions fed at 2-hour intervals, or as single large feedings, ie, half the ration fed every 12 hours at 0800 and 2000 hours. Only the effect of the single morning feeding was studied, using the latter regimen. Serial measurements of plasma volume were made by use of an indicator-dilution technique and indocyanine green (0.15 mg/kg of body weight, iv) that allowed repeated determinations at 2-hour intervals. Ingestion of the single large meal caused a 15% decrease in plasma volume by the end of a 1-hour feeding period. Feeding hypovolemia was confirmed by a coincident increase in plasma protein concentration (12%) and, in separate experiments, by analysis of postfeeding changes in the elimination of Evans blue dye. Plasma aldosterone concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) increased from 2 to 5 hours after feeding. Urinary Na clearance decreased in response to feeding and remained lower than the prefeeding value until 9 hours after feeding. Urinary K clearance increased from prefeeding and reached a peak value between 5 and 7 hours after feeding. Creatinine clearance was unaffected. In contrast, the aforementioned variables were unchanged during the multiple regimen. Results indicate that ingestion of a large concentrate meal by ponies causes periprandial hypovolemia, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and a subsequent antinaturesis-kaluresis that lasts for several hours.
Potency of rapidly acting barbiturates in dogs, using inhibition of the laryngeal reflex as the end point
Authors: Turner Donald M. , Ilkiw Jan E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Thiopental, thiamylal, and methohexital were administered to 30 dogs to determine equipotent doses necessary to inhibit laryngeal reflexes. The doses studied were 7.1, 10.0, 14.1, 20.0, and 28.3 mg of thiopental/kg of body weight; 5.7, 8.0, 11.3, 16.0, and 22.6 mg of thiamylal/kg; and 3.5, 5.0, 7.1, 10.0, and 14.1 mg of methohexital/kg. At 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 minutes after injection, the presence or absence of the laryngoscopic reflex, pedal reflex, and jaw tone were recorded. The times for return of each reflex, as well as the ability to walk 10 steps without assistance, were also recorded. Using the method of least squares, a probit analysis was performed on the quantal responses at 1 minute. The effective dose in 50% of the population for the laryngoscopic reflex was chosen as the end point for intubation, and the computed doses necessary to achieve this end point were 19.4 mg of thiopental/kg, 18.4 mg of thiamylal/kg, and 9.7 mg of methohexital/kg. When potencies of the drugs were compared with that of thiopental (1), thiamylal was found to be equipotent (1.06) and methohexital twice as potent (2.0). At the accepted clinical dose, recovery times for thiopental (71.1 ± 7.2 minutes) and thiamylal (75.3 ± 7.7 minutes) were similar, and twice that for methohexital (33.9 ± 4.6 minutes).
Sequential mesenteric arteriography in pony foals during repeated inoculations of Strongylus vulgaris and treatments with ivermectin
Authors: Holmes R. A. , Klei T. R. , McClure J. R. , Turk M. A. M. , Watters J. W. , Chapman M. R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Semiselective mesenteric arteriography was performed at regular intervals (inoculation weeks [iw] 0, 11, 18, and 24) in 9 of 10 pony foals raised to be free of parasites. Fifty infective larvae (L3) of Strongylus vulgaris were administered weekly for 4 weeks, then every 2 weeks through the 20th week. Three ponies were given ivermectin (oral paste, 0.2 mg/kg of body weight) treatment at iw 8, 16, and 24. Four ponies were inoculated, but did not receive ivermectin, and a third group of 2 ponies acted as uninoculated controls. Control ponies did not have gross or arteriographic lesions, whereas the inoculated untreated ponies had gross and progressive arteriographic lesions typical of verminous arteritis. Arteriographic lesions in the ivermectin-treated inoculated ponies were not as severe those in the untreated inoculated group, and there was either a partial resolution or a lack of progression of arteriographic lesions in all treated ponies. One untreated inoculated pony did not have progressive arterial lesions as did the 3 others in the group, and may develop resistance to the parasite.
Influence of Rhodococcus equi on the respiratory burst of resident alveolar macrophages from adult horses
Authors: Brumbaugh Gordon W. , Davis Lloyd E. , Thurmon John C. , Savage Dwayne C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Opsonized Rhodococcus equi activated the respiratory burst of resident alveolar macrophages (am) from adult horses in a logarithmic-linear, mass-related manner. The effect of R equi was not significantly different from that of equal masses of opsonized zymosan A. Therefore, R equi does not appear to attenuate the respiratory burst of equine am. The stimulatory effect of R equi was not reflected by increased production of superoxide anion (O2-), but increased activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt was observed. These results suggest a similarity between the respiratory burst of am from horses and that of am from rabbits. We concluded that resident am from adult horses do not produce O2- concurrently with an increase in activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt when stimulated with either opsonized zymosan A or opsonized R equi. This suggests that O2- is not an important component of the antibacterial defenses of equine am. Whether equine am are incapable of producing O2- or require different stimuli to produce it was not determined.
Survey of trichinosis in breeding and cull swine, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Cowen Peter , Li Shugen , McGinn Thomas 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Serum samples obtained from 40,927 swine at various locations in North Carolina between Aug 1, 1987 and July 31, 1988, were tested for antibodies to Trichinella spiralis, using an elisa based on a larval T spiralis excretory-secretory antigen. In the elisa, samples were considered to have positive results if the optical density (OD) reading was equal to or 5 times greater than the mean OD value of 4 negative-control sera from trichina-free swine. Of the 40,927 serum samples tested, 154 (0.38%) were positive by elisa; the rate for breeding swine was 0.35% (105/30,162), and the rate for cull swine was 0.45% (49/10,765). Of the 49 seropositive samples from cull swine, 11 were from out of the state, 22 had no identification, and 16 were known to originate from North Carolina. Seropositivity had a bimodally seasonal distribution, with peaks in March and September. There was no difference between the mean age of seropositive and seronegative swine, but males were at greater risk for seropositivity than were females. Pigs from lots with < 100 sera tested were at increased risk for seropositivity, as were pigs from the central coastal region of North Carolina.
Evaluation of two applanation tonometers in horses
Authors: Miller Paul E. , Pickett J. Phillip , Majors Lynda J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Comparisons were made of measurements obtained in horses, using 2 applanation tonometers in vivo and in vitro. In vitro comparisons indicated that although neither instrument accurately recorded intraocular pressure (iop), compared with manometric measurements, results of both instruments indicated linear digression from manometric iop values that could readily be corrected, thereby accurately estimating iop in horses. For tonometer 1 (MacKay-Marg), calculated actual lop = 1.48 − 0.9 mm of Hg; and for tonometer 2 (Tono-Pen), calculated actual iop = 1.38 + 2.3 mm of Hg. The coefficients of determination (r2) values were markedly high (0.99 for both equations). In vivo comparisons in clinically normal horses did not reveal significant differences in measured 10P between the 2 instruments, and iop was not altered from baseline after auriculopalpebral nerve block. Mean (± sd) iop in clinically normal horses was 23.5 ± 6.10 mm of Hg and 23.3 ± 6.89 mm of Hg, for tonometers 1 and 2, respectively.
Methods for detection of immune-mediated neutropenia in horses, using antineutrophil serum of rabbit origin
Authors: Jain Nemi C. , Vegad J. L. , Kono C. S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Equine neutrophil antibody was raised in rabbits inoculated with equine neutrophils isolated to purity > 99.0%, using Percoll density-gradient sedimentation. Neutrophil antibody was detected by use of agar gel diffusion, leukoagglutination, indirect immunofluorescence, staphylococcal protein A and streptococcal protein G binding, and phagocytic inhibition techniques.
Precipitin lines and leukoagglutination were seen in antiserum dilutions of 1:4 and 1:64, respectively. The specific nature of leukoagglutination was characterized by the formation of rosette-like clumps of neutrophils. Specific bright membranous fluorescence was seen in neutrophils treated with the antiserum and exposed to fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin, and staphylococcal protein A and streptococcal protein G. Whereas the indirect immunofluorescence and protein G-binding tests were equally sensitive and resulted in titer of 1:256, the protein A-binding test was less sensitive and resulted in titer of only 1:32. Nonspecific binding of protein A and protein G was noticed as uniform or patchy cellular fluorescence in a small number of neutrophils. Treatment of neutrophils with antiserum up to dilution of 1:8 resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) suppression of phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan particles.
Thus, protein G-binding and indirect immunofluorescence tests are highly sensitive to detect neutrophil antibody and may be used to diagnose immune-mediated neutropenias in horses and, possibly, in other animal species.
In vivo effects of chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and gentamicin on bovine neutrophil function and morphologic features
Authors: Paape M. J. , Nickerson S. C. , Ziv G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Antibiotics that have been shown in vitro to have a detrimental effect on bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnl) were injected into the mammary gland. Chloramphenicol, tetracycline, gentamicin, or phosphate-buffered saline solution (pbss) were administered to uninfected mammary quarters of four cows at recommended doses. Each cow received each of the 4 treatments. Total milk somatic cell count and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity in milk in response to drug, changes in ultrastructure of pmnl, and effects on in vitro percentage phagocytosis, reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium, and chemiluminescence were studied.
Chloramphenicol and tetracycline caused a significant (P < 0.01) increase in somatic cell count, compared with baseline values. During the first 12 hours, no effect on NAGase activity was observed. All 3 antibiotics caused a significant (P < 0.05) alteration of pmnl morphologic features. More abnormal pmnl (63%) were found in tetracycline-injected quarters. Gentamicin-injected quarters contained 33% abnormal pmnl, compared with only 5% for pbss-injected quarters. A significant (P < 0.01) decrease in percentage phagocytosis was observed for tetracycline and gentamicin. Tetracycline inhibited all chemiluminescence activity, whereas no effect was observed for the other 2 drugs. Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction was nonsignificant (P ≥ 0.05) decreased for the 3 drugs, compared with that for pbss controls. On the basis of our findings, we concluded that some antibiotics may be inhibitory to phagocyte function and, thereby, impair host defense mechanisms against invading microbes.
Epidemiologic study of bluetongue viruses in Central America and the Caribbean: 1986-1988
Authors: Homan E. Jane , Mo Claudette L. , Thompson Lee H. , Barreto Celio H. , Oviedo Marco-Tulio , Gibbs E. Paul J. , Greiner Ellis C. , _ _ 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Results of a prospective serologic and virologic study of ruminant livestock in Central America and the Caribbean islands revealed bluetongue virus (btv) to be enzootic in the 9 countries participating in the study. Bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 3, 6, and 12 were isolated from sentinel animals. To the authors’ knowledge, these are the first isolations of btv from the region studied and the first isolations of these serotypes in the Western Hemisphere. Clinical disease attributable to btv infection was not observed in sentinel animals. The incidence pattern, with respect to age and geographic location, was determined. The need to evaluate the epizootiologic features of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) on a regional ecologic basis is stressed.
Identification of Bordetella avium antigens recognized after experimental inoculation in turkeys
Authors: Hellwig Dianne H. , Arp Lawrence H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Sera and tracheal washings (tw) were used to identify antigens of Bordetella avium recognized during experimentally induced bordetellosis in young turkeys. Pooled sera and tw were examined for antibody by a microtitration agglutination test and by western immunoblotting. In addition, comparable samples collected from 1-day-old turkeys and uninoculated control turkeys also were examined. At least 8 outer membrane proteins of B avium were recognized in immunoblots of sera and tw from infected turkeys. Reactivity of tw in immunoblots was qualitatively similar but less intense, compared with reactivity of corresponding sera collected on postinoculation (pi) weeks 2, 3, and 4. Molecular weights of the major outer membrane proteins of B avium recognized by sera and tw at pi week 4 were 100,000, 97,000, 36,000, 31,000, 21,000, 18,000, 14,000, and < 14,000. A protein with a molecular weight of 55,000 reacted nonspecifically in all samples tested. Antibody, detectable by microtitration agglutination, was in sera of 1-day-old turkeys and in sera and tw of B avium-infected turkeys during pi weeks 2 to 4.
Characterization of release of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and superoxide anion from equine white blood cells in response to endotoxin
Authors: Seethanathan P. , Bottoms G. D. , Schafer K. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Direct effects of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [lps]) on equine wbc are known to stimulate the release of a variety of mediators including thromboxane, prostacyclin, and leukotrienes. In this study, 0.1 μg of lps/ml stimulated an early increase in tumor necrosis factor, succeeded by an increase in interleukin-1, but concentrations of lps up to 5.0 μg/ml caused no significant increase in superoxide anion release. The concentration of lps (0.1 μg/ml) used in this experiment was in the range of concentrations measured in plasma of some horses with gastrointestinal problems.
These results indicate that mediators released in response to low concentrations of lps may be responsible for many of the lps-induced pathophysiologic effects. This is indicated because concentrations of lps detected in plasma of some horses with severe gastrointestinal problems are approximately 0.1 μg/ml, a concentration that will stimulate cells to produce tumor necrosis factor, but will not stimulate any other measurable cytotoxic effect.
Effects of clustered drill holes on the breaking strength of the equine third metacarpal bone
Authors: Specht T. E. , Miller G. J. , Colahan Patrick T. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The breaking strength (stress at failure) of equine third metacarpal bones, with and without clustered drill holes, was determined in vitro. Paired ossa metacarpalia II-IV of 39 horses (n = 39) between 2 and 7 years old were tested in palmarodorsal 3-point bending. Four treatments were compared. Clustered 2.7- or 3.5-mm drill holes, in a 4- or 7-hole pattern, were made in the dorsal cortex of the distal diaphysis of the left third metacarpal bone. Undrilled right third metacarpi were used as controls. Bones with clustered drill holes failed by an oblique fracture through 1 or more drill holes, whereas undrilled bones failed with a middiaphyseal transverse fracture. Clustered drill holes acted as a stress concentrator and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the stress required for failure. However, differences in breaking strength between treatment groups were not significant (P > 0.05).
Maternal-neonatal immunoregulation: Suppression of de novo synthesis of IgG and IgA, but not IgM, in neonatal pigs by bovine colostrum, is lost upon storage
Authors: Klobasa F. , Butler J. E. , Habe F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Fifty-four neonatal pigs were allotted to 4 groups and reared in an electrically controlled automatic feeding device (autosow). Each group was reared on a different pool of bovine colostrum: fresh, stored 1 month, stored 6 months, and stored 8 years. Bovine and porcine immunoglobulins in the sera of these pigs, and in a group of conventionally reared pigs, were measured periodically during the first 42 days after birth. The maximal concentration of absorbed bovine immunoglobulin was reached between 12 and 18 hours and equaled or exceeded the amount of porcine immunoglobulin absorbed by the conventionally reared pigs. Large differences in the concentrations of the bovine immunoglobulin isotypes among the various pools of colostrum were positively correlated with concentration of these isotypes in the sera of the neonatal pigs fed these pools. Relative to their concentrations in colostrum, approximately 41% of the IgGl, 55% of the IgG2, 29% of the IgM, and 67% of the IgA was absorbed. The IgA was absorbed the best and IgM was least absorbed. Significant trends or differences in absorption were not observed among groups. Neonatal pigs given fresh colostrum, which had a higher fat content, had significantly more weight gain (P < 0.05). This occurred, despite the fact that the fresh colostrum had the lowest concentration of bovine immunoglobulin. Serum half-lives for bovine IgG1 and IgG2 were significantly less than for porcine IgG (P < 0.05), whereas the half-lives for bovine and porcine IgM and IgA were similar.
De novo-synthesized immunoglobulins were detectable in serum after 6 days; IgM concentrations reached a maximum at 15 days in neonatal pigs given stored, but not fresh, colostrum. The IgG and IgA concentrations steadily increased in all groups and were highest on day 42, when the study was terminated. Neonatal pigs ingesting fresh colostrum had significantly lower concentrations of de novo-synthesized IgG and IgA than pigs fed stored colostrum (P < 0.05). Concentrations in these pigs were also lower than those in conventionally reared pigs. This occurred, despite the lower immunoglobulin concentration in fresh colostrum, and correspondingly, the lower amount of bovine immunoglobulin in pigs that received this colostrum and absorbed it into their serum. In most instances, the amounts of immunoglobulin of any isotype absorbed from stored colostrum and the amount of de novo-synthesized immunoglobulin present 6 weeks later, were inversely correlated. Data indicated that a storage-labile, nonimmunoglobulin factor, in bovine colostrum is able to suppress de novo IgG and IgA synthesis by neonatal pigs.
Effects of chloride conductance inhibitors on fluid secretion into ligated ileal and jejunal loops in pigs
Authors: Forsyth G. W. , Gabriel S. E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Compounds that prevent chloride transport in membrane vesicles have been tested for in vivo activity against the effects of intestinal secretory agents. Chloride channel blockers including diphenylamine-2-carboxylate, 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate, 5-nitro-2-(2-phenylethylamino)benzoic acid, and α-phenylcinnamic acid were tested for effects on jejunal or ileal secretion in weanling pigs. Secretion was studied in ligated intestinal loops in a control state, during exposure to secretory concentrations of theophylline, and after prior treatment with cholera toxin. Increases in net fluid flux induced by either theophylline or cholera toxin were not prevented by adding chloride channel blockers into the intestinal lumen. Channel blocker concentrations that reduced chloride transport by > 50% in pig jejunal brush border vesicles did not cause significant changes in unidirectional blood to lumen chloride flux measured in situ. Several routes of administration of the specific chloride channel blocker α-phenylcinnamate failed to reduce fluid secretion induced by theophylline. Chloride channel blocker effectiveness appears to be significantly different between in vitro and in vivo experimental models.
In contrast to the chloride channel blockers, loperamide significantly reduced net fluid and chloride flux in ileal loops secreting fluid in response to theophylline. Antagonism of the production or actions of second messenger by loperamide was more effective than the chloride channel blockers in reducing conductive chloride transport associated with intestinal secretion.
Clinicopathologic and pathologic findings of herpesvirus-induced urinary tract infection in conventionally reared cats
Authors: Kruger John M. , Osborne Carl A. , Goyal Sagar M. , Pomeroy Kem A. , O’Brien Timothy D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Clinicopathologic manifestations of induced infection of the feline lower urinary tract with bovid herpesvirus-4 (bhv-4, strain FCAHV) were characterized in 6 conventionally reared adult cats (2 sexually intact males, 2 castrated males, and 2 females). Two additional control cats were exposed with noninfected cell culture control inoculum. Clinical and radiographic signs of lower urinary tract disease were not observed in exposed or control cats. Microscopic hematuria was detected in urine samples collected by cystocentesis from 4 of 6 exposed cats and 1 of 2 control cats. Results of culture of urine for bacteria, maycoplasmas, ureaplasmas, and viruses were consistently negative. Low titer of serum bhv-4 (strain FCAHV)- neutralizing antibodies was detected in 4 of 6 exposed cats, but not in controls.
Gross abnormalities of the urinary tract were not observed in any cat. Light microscopic examination of serial sections of the lower urinary tract revealed mild focal lymphoid cystitis in 2 of 6 exposed cats, one of which also had increased amounts of connective tissue and proliferation of blood vessels in the urinary bladder lamina propria. Ninety days after initial exposure, bhv-4 (strain FCAHV) was reisolated from explanted urinary bladder tissues of 5 of 6 exposed cats. Virus was not isolated from tissues of control cats.
It was concluded that bhv-4 (strain FCAHV) establishes persistent urinary tract infection in conventionally reared adult male and female cats. However, persistent bhv-4 infection in cats may remain clinically inapparent.