bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sample preparation technique and white cell content influence the detectable levels of growth factors in platelet concentrates
Authors: Zimmermann R. , Arnold D. , Strasser E. , Ringwald J. , Schlegel A. , Wiltfang J. , Eckstein R. 
Published: November 2003

Background and Objectives  Autologous platelet concentrate (PC) is applied locally to improve wound healing and tissue repair. Previous measurements of the growth factor content of platelets have given conflicting results. To date, there is no information on the influence of different preanalytical sample‐preparation methods on the detectable amount of growth factors.Materials and Methods  We measured the level of growth factors in PCs obtained by plateletpheresis and by leukapheresis. We subjected aliquots of these components to six different preparation methods: freezing/thawing once or twice; dissolution in 0·5% Triton‐X‐100; and clot formation by the addition of calcium and thrombin with subsequent incubation for 1 h, for 24 h, or for 1 h followed by freezing and thawing.Results  In samples dissolved in Triton‐X‐100, higher levels of growth factors were detected than in the other specimens. In comparison to clot formation, freezing and thawing platelets twice was equivalent with respect to the release of platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) but superior with respect to the release of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1). Overall, mean levels of 4·77 × 10−16 g of PDGF‐AB, 2·2 × 10−17 g of PDGF‐BB, and 2·41 × 10−16 g of TGF‐β1 were found per single human platelet in white blood cell (WBC)‐poor samples dissolved in Triton‐X‐100.Conclusions  Dissolving PC in Triton‐X‐100 releases maximum quantities of growth factors from platelets. The release of each growth factor by any sample preparation method should be investigated and interpreted separately. The preanalytical sample‐preparation method, as well as the platelet and WBC content, influence the measurable levels of growth factors in PCs. The results implicate the need to correct, considerably upwards, previous estimations of the PDGF content of platelets.
The effect of oestrogen and testosterone on the urethral seam of the developing male mouse genital tubercle
Authors: Yucel S. , Cavalcanti A.G. , Desouza A. , Wang Z. , Baskin L.S. 
Published: November 2003

OBJECTIVESTo describe the effects of exogenous oestrogens and androgens on urethral formation in the mouse, as the development of the mouse and human urethra have significant similarities, and understanding normal male urethral development may help to identify the causes of abnormal development, e.g. hypospadias.MATERIALS AND METHODSTimed‐pregnant C57/6 mice were exposed to synthetic oestrogens and androgens. The morphology of the genital tubercles was examined histologically and with three‐dimensional computer reconstruction. Specific attention was focused on the developing urethral seam.RESULTSMicroscopic serial analysis confirmed the presence of an arrest in seam formation in about half of oestrogen‐treated male fetuses. In contrast, there was acceleration of urethral fold fusion and a longer urethral tube in those treated with androgens. Oestrogen‐treated fetuses had a thin periurethral spongiosa, in contrast to androgen‐treated fetuses which developed a thicker periurethral spongiosa. The effect of oestrogens on seam area formation did not depend on the dose, but in contrast, in the androgen‐treated fetuses it was.CONCLUSIONOestrogens and androgens have a direct effect on the fusion of the urethral fold that leads to seam formation. Normal urethral development depends on the delicate balance of these complementary hormones.
Design Formulas for Oscillatory Heat Transport in Open-Ended Tubes
Authors: Furukawa Masao 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Modified Watson's functions dependent on the Womersley Number, concerning a forced oscillatory pipe flow, are introduced to mathematically simply express the effective thermal conductivity, the tidal displacement, and the tidal work of fluid. Those three are developed into algebraic expressions giving the required electrical oscillating power and the necessary number of capillary tubes. The relative conductivity increase, the specific shaker driving power, and the specific tube bundle size are graphically shown in the figures for several fluids of interest to contribute to designing a heaterless liquid warmer.
A Natural Convection Model for the Rate of Salt Deposition From
Near-Supercritical, Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Hodes Marc , Smith Kenneth A. , Griffith Peter 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
A model is developed for the rate of salt deposition by natural convection from aqueous salt solutions onto a horizontal cylinder heated beyond the solubility temperature for the dissolved salt. The model accounts for the deposition rate at the salt layer-solution interface (SLSI) formed on the cylinder, but it does not account for deposition which may occur inside the porous salt layer (PSL). Dissolved salt is transported to the SLSI by molecular diffusion (with advection) and subsequently nucleates heterogeneously there. The model is applied to the experimental deposition rate data acquired by Hodes et al. (1998, 2002) at conditions pertinent to Supercritical Water Oxidation (SWCO). The ratio of the predicted deposition rate to the measured one ranges from roughly 0.5 to 2 indicating that deposition inside the PSL can be considerable.
An Experimental Study of Miniature-Scale Pool Boiling
Authors: Chen Tailian , Chung Jacob N. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBy generating single bubbles on a micro-heater at different wall superheats, an experimental study of miniature-scale pool boiling heat transfer has been performed to provide a fundamental understanding of the heater size effect. In this study, the constant-temperature microheater is set at different temperatures by an electronic feedback control system. The heat transfer history during the lifetime of a single bubble which includes nucleation, growth, detachment and departure has been measured. The boiling curve obtained from the microheater is composed of two regimes which are separated by a peak heat flux. It is suggested that in the lower superheat regime, the boiling is dominated by liquid rewetting and micro-layer evaporation, while in the higher superheat regime, conduction through the vapor film and micro-convection plays the key heat transfer role as the heater is covered by vapor all the time. In general, boiling on microheaters is characterized by larger bubble departure sizes, smaller bubble growth rates due to the dryout of microlayer as the bubble grows, and higher bubble incipience superheat. As the heater size decreases, the boiling curve shifts towards higher heat fluxes with corresponding higher superheats.
Inverse Determination of the Local Heat Transfer Coefficients for Nucleate Boiling on a Horizontal Cylinder
Authors: Louahlia-Gualous H. , Panday P. K. , Artioukhine E. A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article treats the local heat transfer for nucleate pool boiling around the cylinder using the inverse heat conduction analysis. The physical model considers a half section of a cylinder with unknown surface temperature and heat flux density. The iterative regularization and the conjugate gradient methods are used for solving the inverse analysis. The local Nusselt number profiles for nucleate pool boiling are presented and analyzed for different electric heat. The mean Nusselt number estimated by IHCP is closed with the measured values. The results of IHCP are compared to those of Cornewell and Houston (1994), Stephan and Abdelsalam (1980) and Memory et al. (1995). The influence of the error of the measured temperatures and the error in placement of the thermocouples are studied.
An Experimental Study on Heat/Mass Transfer From a Rectangular
Cylinder
Authors: Yoo Seong-Yeon , Park Jong-Hark , Chung Chang-Hwan , Chung Moon-Ki 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Local and average mass transfer rates from a rectangular cylinder having various width to height ratios are measured using naphthalene sublimation technique, and influence of flow characteristics on mass transfer is investigated. The experimental apparatus comprises a wind tunnel, a naphthalene casting facility and a sublimation depth measurement system. Mass transfer data are compared with those of heat transfer which are obtained using thermocouples in the constant heat flux boundary condition, and analogy between heat and mass transfer is examined. The reasons for discrepancy in both transport values are explained in detail.
Thermal Processing of Materials: From Basic Research to Engineering
Authors: Jaluria Yogesh 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis paper reviews the active and growing field of thermal processing of materials, with a particular emphasis on the linking of basic research with engineering aspects. In order to meet the challenges posed by new applications arising in electronics, telecommunications, aerospace, transportation, and other areas, extensive work has been done on the development of new materials and processing techniques in recent years. Among the materials that have seen intense interest and research activity over the last two decades are semiconductor and optical materials, composites, ceramics, biomaterials, advanced polymers, and specialized alloys. New processing techniques have been developed to improve product quality, reduce cost, and control material properties. However, it is necessary to couple research efforts directed at the fundamental mechanisms that govern materials processing with engineering issues that arise in the process, such as system design and optimization, process feasibility, and selection of operating conditions to achieve desired product characteristics. Many traditional and emerging materials processing applications involve thermal transport, which plays a critical role in the determination of the quality and characteristics of the final product and in the operation, control, and design of the system. This review is directed at the heat and mass transfer phenomena underlying a wide variety of materials processing operations, such as optical fiber manufacture, casting, thin film manufacture, and polymer processing, and at the engineering aspects that arise in actual practical systems. The review outlines the basic and applied considerations in thermal materials processing, available solution techniques, and the effect of the transport on the process, the product and the system. The complexities that are inherent in materials processing, such as large material property changes, complicated and multiple regions, combined heat and mass transfer mechanisms, and complex boundary conditions, are discussed. The governing equations for typical processes, along with important parameters, common simplifications and specialized methods employed to study these processes are outlined. The field of thermal materials processing is quite extensive and only a few important techniques employed for materials processing are considered in detail. The effect of heat and mass transfer on the final product, the nature of the basic problems involved, solution strategies, and engineering issues involved in the area are brought out. The current status and future trends are discussed, along with critical research needs in the area. The coupling between the research on the basic aspects of materials processing and the engineering concerns in practical processes and systems is discussed in detail.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Heat Transfer Across a
Mobile, Sheared Gas-Liquid Interface
Authors: Lakehal D. , Fulgosi M. , Yadigaroglu G. , Banerjee S. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The impact of interfacial dynamics on turbulent heat transfer at a deformable, sheared gas-liquid interface is studied using Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). The flow system comprises a gas and a liquid phase flowing in opposite directions. The governing equations for the two fluids are alternately solved in separate domains and then coupled at the interface by imposing continuity of velocity and stress. The deformations of the interface fall in the range of capillary waves of waveslope ak=0.01 (wave amplitude a times wavenumber k), and very small phase speed-to-friction velocity ratio, c/u*. The influence of low-to-moderate molecular Prandtl numbers Pr on the transport in the immediate vicinity of the interface is examined for the gas phase, and results are compared to existing wall-bounded flow data. The shear-based Reynolds number Re* is 171 and Prandtl numbers of 1, 5, and 10 were studied. The effects induced by changes in Pr in both wall-bounded flow and over a gas-liquid interface were analyzed by comparing the relevant statistical flow properties, including the budgets for the temperature variance and the turbulent heat fluxes. Overall, Pr was found to affect the results in very much the same way as in most of the available wall flow data. The intensity of the averaged normal heat flux at high Prandtl numbers is found to be slightly greater near the interface than at the wall. Similar to what is observed in wall flows, for Pr=1 the turbulent viscosity and diffusivity are found to asymptote with z+3, where z+ is the distance to the interface, and with z+n, where n&gt;3 for Pr=5 and 10. This implies that the gas phase perceives deformable interfaces as impermeable walls for small amplitude waves with wavelengths much larger than the diffusive sublayers. Moreover, high-frequency fluctuating fields are shown to play a minor role in transferring heat across the interface, with a marked filtering effect of Pr. A new scaling law for the normalized heat transfer coefficient, K+ has been derived with the help of the DNS data. This law, which could be used in the range of Pr=1 to 10 for similar flow conditions, suggests an approximate Pr−3/5 relationship, lying between the Pr−1/2 dependence for free surfaces and the Pr−2/3 law for immobile interfaces and much higher Prandtl numbers. A close inspection of the transfer rates reveals a strong and consistent relationship between K+, the frequency of sweeps impacting the interface, the interfacial velocity streaks, and the interfacial shear stress.
Radiative Heat Transfer Properties of Electro-Controllable Fluids
Authors: Hargrove Jeffrey B. , Lloyd John R. , Radcliffe Clark J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractActive control of radiation heat transfer in liquids can be accomplished with the use of a class of fluids referred to here as electro-controllable (EC) fluids. EC fluids in general consist of a colloidal suspension of polarizable, micron-size particles dispersed in a carrier fluid with an appropriate dielectric constant. When an electric field is applied, the particles redistribute in the fluid, changing from a uniformly dispersed configuration to a tightly organized chain formation that follows the lines of the electric field, thus causing a change in the thermal radiation transport. In an example application, experiments are conducted and models are developed for thermal radiation transmittance through a composite window featuring a central layer of EC fluid. The specific EC fluids of this study are made of micron-sized Zeolite particles suspended in a light Silicone oil carrier fluid of appropriate dielectric strength. The incident thermal radiation ranged in wavelength between 500 nm and 800 nm, and the strength of the applied electric field ranged from 100 V/mm to 500 V/mm. The models are applicable for both the dispersed organizational state and the field induced chained state. Absorption was demonstrated to be the fundamental radiation transport property enabling the control process. The EC fluid transmittance predicted by these models are compared to the data obtained by experimental measurement demonstrate very good agreement.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Pair of Impinging Rectangular
Flame Jets
Authors: Dong L. L. , Leung C. W. , Cheung C. S. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Experiments were carried out to study the heat transfer characteristics of a pair of premixed, laminar, rectangular, butane/air flame jets impinging vertically upon a water-cooled flat plate. The effects of jet-to-jet spacing and the nozzle-to-plate distance on heat transfer were examined. The Reynolds number of the exit flow was 800. The non-dimensional jet-to-jet spacing ranged from 0.9 to 4.1, while the non-dimensional nozzle-to-plate distance varied from 1 to 6. The between-jet interference decreased with increasing jet-to-jet spacing and nozzle-to-plate distance. Both the maximum local and average heat flux occurred at a moderate jet-to-jet spacing of twice effective nozzle diameter, and when the nozzle-to-plate distance was equal to the effective diameter of the nozzle. The heat flux decreased faster along the shorter sides of the slot jets than the longer sides.
Spectral Radiation Properties of Partially Premixed Turbulent Flames
Authors: Zheng Yuan , Barlow R. S. , Gore Jay P. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Instantaneous spectral radiation intensities of three standard turbulent jet flames were measured and simulated in this study. In the simulation, a recently developed technique was adapted to reconstruct the local integral time and length scales in the flames. The simulated radiation properties, including mean, root mean square, probability density function, power spectral density and autocorrelation coefficient, were generally within 10% of the measurements. The macro time and length scales were found to increase with increasing distance from the axis and the radial averages of these scales were found to increase with down stream distance but decrease with Reynolds number.
Round Turbulent Thermals, Puffs, Starting Plumes and Starting Jets in
Uniform Crossflow
Authors: Diez F. J. , Bernal L. P. , Faeth G. M. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The self-preserving properties of round turbulent thermals, puffs, starting plumes and starting jets, in unstratified and uniform crossflow, were investigated experimentally. The experiments involved dye-containing fresh water (for nonbuoyant flows) and salt water (for buoyant flows) sources injected vertically downward into crossflowing fresh water within a water channel. Time-resolved video images of the flows were obtained using CCD cameras. Experimental conditions were as follows: source exit diameters of 3.2 and 6.4 mm, source Reynolds numbers of 2,500–16,000, source/ambient velocity ratios of 4–35, source/ambient density ratios (for buoyant flows) of 1.073 and 1.150, volumes of injected source fluid (for thermals and puffs) comprising 16–318 source diameters, streamwise (vertical) penetration distances of 0–200 source diameters and 0–13 Morton length scales (for buoyant flows) and crosstream (horizontal) penetration distances of 0–620 source diameters. Near-source behavior varied significantly with source properties and distance from the source but the flows generally became turbulent for streamwise distances within 5 source diameters from the source and became self-preserving for streamwise distances from the source greater than 40–50 source diameters. Crosstream motion satisfied the no-slip convection approximation. Streamwise motion for self-preserving conditions satisfied the behavior of corresponding self-preserving flows in still fluids: round thermals and puffs in still fluids for round thermals and puffs in crossflow and two-dimensional line thermals and puffs in still fluids for round starting plumes and jets in crossflow. The no-slip convection approximation for crossflow motion combined with self-preserving approximations for streamwise motion were also effective for predicting flow trajectories at self-preserving conditions for steady round turbulent plumes and jets in crossflow.
Improved Green Fluorescent Protein Reporter Gene-BasedMicroplate Screening for Antituberculosis Compounds by Utilizing anAcetamidasePromoter
Authors: Changsen Chartchai , Franzblau Scott G. , Palittapongarnpim Prasit 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACT

The
green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene offers many advantages as a
viability reporter for high-throughput antimicrobial drug screening.
However, screening for antituberculosis compounds by using GFP driven
by the heat shock promoter,
hsp60
, has been of limited utility
due to the low signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore, an alternative
promoter was evaluated for its enhanced fluorescence during
microplate-based culture and its response to 18 established
antimicrobial agents by using a green fluorescent protein microplate
assay (GFPMA).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
strains H37Rv, H37Ra, and Erdman were transformed with pFPCA1, which
contains a red-shifted
gfp
gene driven by the acetamidase
promoter of
M. smegmatis
mc
2
155. The pFPCA1
transformants achieved higher levels of GFP-mediated fluorescence than
those carrying the
hsp60
construct, with signal-to-noise
ratios of 20.6 to 27.8 and 3.8 to 4.5, respectively. The MICs of 18
established antimicrobial agents for all strains carrying pFPCA1 in the
GFPMA were within 1 to 2 twofold dilutions of those determined by
either the fluorometric or the visual microplate Alamar Blue assay
(MABA). No significant differences in MICs were observed between
wild-type and pFPCA1 transformants by MABA. The optimized GFPMA is
sufficiently simple, robust, and inexpensive (no reagent costs) to be
used for routine high-throughput screening for antituberculosis
compounds.
Treatment of Intra-Abdominal Abscesses Caused byCandida albicanswith Antifungal Agents and Recombinant MurineGranulocyte Colony-StimulatingFactor
Authors: Vonk Alieke G. , Netea Mihai G. , van Krieken Johan H. , Verweij Paul E. , van der Meer Jos W. M. , Kullberg Bart Jan 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to assess the influence of immunomodulation of host defense with recombinant murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rmG-CSF) on intra-abdominal abscesses caused byCandida albicans. Mice received prophylaxis or therapy with 1 μg of rmG-CSF/day in the presence or absence of antifungal treatment consisting of amphotericin B (0.75 mg/kg of body weight/day) or fluconazole (50 mg/kg/day). The number ofCandidaCFU in abscesses was significantly reduced (P< 0.05) in mice receiving rmG-CSF prophylaxis (day −1 or day −1 through 2) compared with controls on day 8 of infection. Administration of rmG-CSF therapy alone (for 5 days starting on day 4 of infection) had no influence on the number ofCandidaCFU in abscesses. Amphotericin B treatment was significantly more effective than fluconazole treatment (3.41 log CFU/abscesses; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.17 log CFU/abscesses; 3.65 versus 3.90 log CFU/abscesses; 95% CI, 3.66 log CFU/abscesses, 4.16 log CFU/abscesses;P< 0.05). Therapeutic administration of rmG-CSF in conjunction with an antifungal agent showed a tendency towards a further reduction ofCandidaCFU in abscesses than antifungal treatment only. In conclusion, in this experimental model of intra-abdominalCandidaabscesses, rmG-CSF administration did not have a detrimental influence on the course of infection. Amphotericin B treatment was most effective, and additional rmG-CSF therapy did not antagonize the effect of antifungal treatment. In contrast, addition of rmG-CSF therapy to antifungal treatment might further enhance the beneficial effect of the antifungal agent.