bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IN VITRO INDUCTION OF SPECIFIC UNRESPONSIVENESS OF IMMUNOLOGICALLY REACTIVE, NORMAL BONE MARROW CELLS
Authors: Singhal Sharwan K. , Wigzell Hans 
Published: June 2004

Normal rabbit bone marrow cells have been studied according to their immunological reactivity in vitro. The test system involved stimulation by antigen after the subsequent stimulation into cellular proliferation by measuring the uptake of tritium-labeled thymidine. Specific separation of immunological reactivity was obtained by filtration of cells through antigen-coated bead columns. All experimental evidence supported the view that this separation was due to the existence of preformed antibody molecules on the outer cell surface of the antigen-recognizing cells.
The response to antigenic stimulation was shown to be strictly dose related and, using supraoptimal concentrations of one antigen, no increased DNA synthesis was recorded. That this state of unresponsiveness represented a state of immunological paralysis was indicated by the normal response of these cells to stimulation by a second antigen in optimal concentration.
Thus both methods, cell separation on antigen-coated columns or induction of specific unresponsiveness by antigen in vitro, can produce a cell population specifically devoid of cells reactive against a given antigen.
RELEASE OF VASOACTIVE AMINES FROM RABBIT PLATELETS INDUCED BY SENSITIZED MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES AND ANTIGEN
Authors: Henson P. M. 
Published: June 2004

The immunological release of vasoactive amines from rabbit platelets by a mechanism requiring blood leukocytes has been described. The reaction involved leukocytes from an immunized rabbit, antigen, and platelets and did not require the complement system. The leukocytes appeared to be mononuclear, had the ability to adhere to glass, and were found in greater numbers in the blood than in spleen, lymph nodes, thoracic duct lymph, bone marrow, and peritoneal cavity washings.
Part or all of the effect on the platelets appeared to result from active release of a soluble factor from the leukocytes, which induced vasoactive amine release from the platelets. The platelets were not lysed during this reaction and the release of vasoactive amines required the active participation of metabolic pathways in the platelet.
GENETIC INFLUENCE ON THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
Authors: Iwai Junichi , Knudsen Knud D. , Dahl Lewis K. 
Published: June 2004

Two strains of rats with opposite genetic propensity for hypertension were tested for: (a) the sensitivity to injections of angiotensin and renin, and (b) the influence of their plasma on the reaction velocity of renin and its substrate in vitro.
Intact hypertension-prone (S) rats on low salt had higher sensitivity to angiotensin and a lower sensitivity to renin than hypertension-resistant (R) rats. High NaCl diet did not change the response of the R rats to these injections, but increased the response to renin and angiotensin in intact S rats. Bilateral nephrectomy caused increased response to renin and a decreased response to angiotensin in the S rats, so that both strains were equivalent after bilateral nephrectomy. In vitro, plasma from intact S rats inhibited the activity of hog renin. Plasma from R rats showed no inhibition. The inhibitor disappeared after bilateral nephrectomy. It was speculated that renin inhibitor may be involved in the development of hypertension by increasing sensitivity to angiotensin and other hypertensinogenic stimuli.
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY STUDIES IN A CLOSELY BRED COLONY OF DOGS
Authors: Rapaport F. T. , Hanaoka T. , Shimada T. , Cannon F. D. , Ferrebee J. W. 
Published: June 2004

The establishment of a closely bred colony of beagles with known leukocyte group phenotypes has permitted an assessment of the role of leukocyte group antigens in conditioning the survival of renal allografts in the unmodified host. 22 kidney transplants obtained from leukocyte group-compatible donors were accorded a mean survival time of 25.5 days, as compared with 13.1 days for 27 transplants obtained from incompatible donors. Donor-recipient coefficients of correlation and Swisher erythrocyte group incompatibilities did not appear to affect the observed results. The mean survival time of 21 renal allografts performed in randomly selected mongrel dogs was 9.5 days.
Availability of a carefully characterized and phenotyped canine population may be useful in further studies of the comparative immunogenicity of the major transplantable organs, and of methods designed to facilitate prolonged organ transplant survival in the mammalian host.
INDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGIC TOLERANCE IN OLDER NEW ZEALAND MICE REPOPULATED WITH YOUNG SPLEEN, BONE MARROW, OR THYMUS
Authors: Staples Parker J. , Steinberg Alfred D. , Talal Norman 
Published: June 2004

Newborn, 7–9 day, and 16–18 day old NZB and B/W mice were, unlike older New Zealand mice, rendered tolerant to single doses of 8–10 mg of soluble BGG. After challenge, this tolerance was of short duration and escape occurred rapidly. Age-matched and similarly treated C3H, Balb/c and C57Bl mice did not escape from tolerance. Partial tolerance could be maintained by repeated injections of BGG.
Biofiltration ruled out hyperphagocytosis as an explanation for this resistance to tolerance. Tolerance could be induced in older B/W mice if they were thymectomized, irradiated, and repopulated with young (12–15 day), but not old (2–3 month), spleen or bone marrow cells. Old bone marrow cells gave a non-tolerant response even when combined with young thymic grafts. Young bone marrow gave a tolerant response which was followed by the expected rapid escape only if a young thymus graft was also present. Escape was retarded if old thymus, or old irradiated thymus, was combined with young bone marrow. These results are best explained by abnormalities of both lymphoid precursors and thymic regulation.
STUDIES ON THE REGULATION OF AVIDITY AT THE LEVEL OF THE SINGLE ANTIBODY-FORMING CELL
Authors: Andersson Birger 
Published: June 2004

The hemolytic plaque formation of cells producing antibody against heterologous albumins was tested for sensitivity to specific inhibition by free antigen. The inhibition characteristics of plaques in this system were found to be a measure for the avidity of the antibody produced by the plaque-forming cells (PFC:s). High avidity-producing PFC:s were more sensitive to inhibition than low avidity PFC:s. Immunization with a high dose of antigen induced PFC:s that produced antibody with a lower avidity as compared to PFC:s from animals immunized with a low dose. The avidity was increased with time. Determinations of avidity at the serum level were also made, and the results were in agreement with the findings at the cellular level.
The present method made it possible to demonstrate differences in avidity of antibody at the level of the single antibody-forming cell. It may also constitute a useful tool for the analysis of the cellular events leading to the production of antibodies with varying affinities during the immune response.
HUMAN PLASMA ALPHA 2-MACROGLOBULIN
Authors: Harpel Peter C. 
Published: June 2004

Activation of plasma kallikrein arginine esterase activity by kaolin resulted in peak activity at 1 min of incubation and a 50% reduction in activity at 5 min in normal plasma, and 30% reduction in the plasma of patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema who lacked the C1 inactivator. The peak esterolytic activity was inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor whereas the 5 min activity was resistant to this inhibitor. Acid treatment of normal and hereditary angioneurotic edema plasma destroyed the factor responsible for the fall in esterase activity at 5 min and the factor which rendered the esterase resistant to soybean trypsin inhibitor.
Purified α2-macroglobulin inhibited approximately 50% of the TAMe esterase activity of purified plasma kallikrein without changing its activity toward basic amino acid esters. The interaction between the α2-macroglobulin and kallikrein resulted in alterations in the gel filtration chromatographic pattern of the TAMe esterase and biologic activity of kallikrein, indicating that kallikrein was bound to the α2-macroglobulin. The TAMe esterase activity of this complex, isolated by column chromatography, was resistant to C1 inactivator and SBTI. Studies of incubation mixtures of kallikrein, α2-macroglobulin and C1 inactivator suggested that these inhibitors compete for the enzyme, and that the α2-macroglobulin partially protects the esterase activity of kallikrein from C1 inactivator. The α2-macroglobulin isolated from kaolin-activated plasma possessed 240 times the esterolytic activity of the α2-macroglobulin purified from plasma treated with inhibitors of kallikrein and of its activation. The α2-macroglobulin blocked the uterine-containing activity and vascular permeability-inducing effects of plasma kallikrein. These studies suggest that the α2-macroglobulin is a major plasma inhibitor of kallikrein and provide a new example of an interrelationship between the coagulation, fibrinolytic, and kallikrein enzyme systems.
THE IN VITRO TRANSFORMATION OF FROZEN-STORED LYMPHOCYTES IN THE MIXED LYMPHOCYTE REACTION AND IN CULTURE WITH PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ AND SPECIFIC ANTIGENS
Authors: Mangi Richard J. , Mardiney Michael R. 
Published: June 2004

We have investigated the in vitro transformation of lymphocytes that have been frozen and stored at low temperatures. Cells frozen at different times and stored for various times do transform in a reproducible manner when placed in culture with PHA or as one population of the two-way or the one-way MLR.
When frozen-stored lymphocytes are cultured with specific antigen or as both partners in the MLR the response is minimal.
The freezing process destroys neutrophils, and the remaining population transforms in a manner similar to cultures of purified lymphocytes.
Practical aspects of the technique are discussed and we have suggested possible practical applications for future investigation.
TOLERANCE AND IMMUNITY TO MATERNALLY DERIVED INCOMPATIBLE IgG2a-GLOBULIN IN MICE
Authors: Warner Noel L. , Herzenberg Leonore A. 
Published: June 2004

Progeny mice were confronted with maternal γ-globulin of a different allotype by either back-cross mating, intercross mating, or by foster nursing. In all cases, many mice subsequently produced alloantibodies directed against the incompatible maternal type of IgG2a-globulin.
In one series of experiments, immunologic tolerance to the maternally derived γ-globulin was demonstrated to exist in the period before formation of spontaneous antibody. The state of tolerance was then lost, unless maintenance injections of foreign γ-globulin were given.
These studies demonstrate in a natural situation that maternally derived foreign proteins can first induce a state of immunological tolerance which is followed, after disappearance of the antigen, by a state of immunity. As such, this parallels the experimental induction of tolerance to foreign proteins by neonatal injections.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS
Authors: Gudat Fred G. , Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Hummeler Klaus 
Published: June 2004

Antibody-bearing cells of spleen and lymph node of the mouse and rabbit detected by rosette formation with the antigenic red blood cells were collected by micropipet and studied by electron microscopy. More than 300 such cells were examined. In the lymph nodes, rosette-forming cells were all in the lymphocytic and plasmacytic categories. In cells of the mouse spleen, macrophages were also found among the RFC, especially in the later days after immunization.
The great majority of the RFC, 70–100%, were of the lymphocytic category. These included small, medium, and large lymphocytes with fine gradations of differentiation, and blast forms with little heterochromatin. The endoplasmic reticulum of these cells occurred in short, very narrow pieces, usually in contact with a mitochondrion. The cells of the plasmacytic category also showed fine gradations from plasmablasts to typical mature plasma cells.
Plaque-forming cells of mouse and rabbit were also collected by micropipet. Of 162 such cells, fine gradations were also found throughout the lymphocytic and plasmacytic categories, but in this case the great majority were in the plasmacytic group, and more plasma cells showed amorphous nuclear chromatin.
Among antibody-forming cells detected by both reactions, some of the more highly differentiated large lymphocytes contained ER which differed from that in the other large lymphocytes in that the channels were slightly and variably distended, with deposition of some precipitate, and with some tendency to a more nearly parallel orientation of the few channels seen. These were considered transitional cells.
Of 10 RFC found in mitosis, all were in the lymphocytic category, in various stages of differentiation, the most advanced of which (in 2 of the 10 cells) was that of the transitional lymphocyte described here.
Cells producing plaques facilitated by antisera vs. IgG of the mouse or rabbit (7S) showed the same distribution between cell categories and the same fine gradations as the direct (19S) PFC.
Cells producing rosettes which were resistant to lysis in the presence of complement, and were thus presumably producing 7S antibody, showed a distribution similar to that found generally with rosette-forming cells, approximately 80–90% in the lymphocytic category.
THE TOXOPLASMA GONDII OOCYST FROM CAT FECES
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Miller Nancy L. , Frenkel J. K. 
Published: June 2004

Coccidian oocysts resembling those of Isospora bigemina were excreted by cats fed Toxoplasma. In order to identify these oocysts with Toxoplasma infectivity a number of critical comparisons were made. The appearance of oocysts and Toxoplasma infectivity was simultaneous in the feces of 23 of 24 adult cats, 3–5 days after feeding of Toxoplasma cysts; in the feces of 4 out of 9 cats, 7–10 days after feeding of trophozoites; and in 8 out of 17 cats, 20–24 days after feeding of cat feces containing oocysts. Oocysts and infectivity were present in similar numbers, and they disappeared simultaneously from the feces of cats. Oocysts and infectivity were also observed simultaneously in the feces of 9 kittens, 1–2 days old, fed Toxoplasma cysts. Oocysts could not be separated from infectivity by filtration, by continuous particle electrophoresis, or by density gradient centrifugation. Excystation of oocysts was followed by an increase in titer of Toxoplasma infectivity.
Unsporulated oocysts in fresh cat feces were noninfectious to mice, but oocyst sporulation was associated quantitatively with the development of infectivity at different temperatures and conditions of oxygenation. Maximum oocyst sporulation at 48 hr correlated with the development of maximum Toxoplasma infectivity.
1 and 2% sulfuric acid, and 2.5% potassium dichromate were found to be the best preservatives for sporulation of oocysts and for the development of Toxoplasma infectivity. Low sporulation rates in 0.1% formalin, 20% ethanol, and in water were associated with low infectivity in these reagents. Neither Toxoplasma infectivity nor oocysts developed in 0.3% formalin, 1% ammonium hydroxide, or 1% iodine in 20% ethanol.
Oocysts, sporocysts, and sporozoites were stained specifically with Toxoplasma antibody in the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Typical coccidian stages, schizonts, and male and female gametocytes were found in the epithelium of the small intestine of kittens fed Toxoplasma cysts. The classification of T. gondii is discussed in relation to that of other isosporan coccidia of cats and dogs. The term "Toxoplasma oocyst" is introduced and Toxoplasma is classified in the family Toxoplasmidae of the suborder Eimeriina. The species Isospora bigemina is restricted to dogs, and I. cati to cats. I. felis and so-called I. rivolta from cats were noninfectious to dogs, and did not confer immunity to subsequent infection with I. canis and I. rivolta from dogs.
THE EFFECT OF HETEROLOGOUS ANTI-LYMPHOCYTE SERUM ON LYMPHOCYTES OF THYMUS AND MARROW ORIGIN
Authors: Jeejeebhoy H. F. 
Published: June 2004

When CY-treated mice were given sheep red blood cells the serum hemagglutinin titers produced were significantly lower than those found when mice received SRBC but not CY. Titers could be raised to the levels found in the latter group if, in addition to SRBC, the CY-treated mice received 2 x 107 normal syngeneic spleen cells or a mixture containing 1.2 x 108 normal thymus and 1.2 x 108 normal marrow cells. Inocula which contained fewer cells produced correspondingly smaller amounts of antibody. A synergistic interaction between normal thymus and marrow cells was always demonstrable in these experiments.
Hemagglutinin titers produced by CY-treated mice given SRBC and 2 x 107 normal syngeneic spleen cells were always much higher than those found when the spleen cells were obtained from animals previously given ALS. Titers could be raised to normal levels if the animals in this latter group received additional injections containing mixtures of normal syngeneic thymus and marrow cells. Marrow cells alone were completely ineffective, while inocula which only contained thymus cells were much less effective than mixtures of thymus and marrow cells. These results suggest that immunosuppression by ALS is associated with the inactivation of both thymus and marrow-derived lymphocytes.
In other experiments CY-treated mice received SRBC and mixtures of thymus and marrow cells from both untreated and ALS-treated donors. No decrease in the immunological competence of cells located within the thymus of ALS-treated donors was demonstrable in these experiments. Marrow cells were slightly affected but to a markedly lesser degree than were spleen cells of ALS-treated animals. In a final experiment, it was possible to show that the thymus and marrow cells of ALS-treated animals could repair the immunological defects which were present in their own spleen cell populations.
IMMUNOHISTOLOGICAL AND ELUTION STUDIES OF THE HUMAN PLACENTA
Authors: McCormick J. N. , Faulk W. Page , Fox H. , Fudenberg H. H. 
Published: June 2004

An immunohistological survey of 28 full-term human placentas has demonstrated deposits of IgG, ß1C, ß1E, and fibrinogen/fibrin in areas of fibrinoid necrosis and on the trophoblast basement membrane in approximately 35% of placental villi. Traces of IgM were detected at similar sites in 18 of 28 full-term placentas. In 11 specimens of immature placentas (10–18 wk gestation) traces of IgG and ß1C and deposits of fibrinogen/fibrin were also present, but IgM was not detected in this material.
IgG was recovered in acidic eluates from an homogenized placenta which behaved as an antibody reactive with unidentified material present in fibrinoid deposits and on the thickened trophoblast basement membrane of some villi. It could not be determined whether this IgG was derived from the maternal or fetal circulation.
LASTING BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
Authors: Lee Chi-Jen , Dubos René 
Published: June 2004

Specific pathogen-free mice were exposed to three different kinds of environmental stress during early life: (a) by infecting them with a mouse enterovirus on the second day after birth; (b) by placing the mother during pregnancy and lactation on a mildly deficient diet containing wheat gluten supplemented with
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small amounts of lysine and threonine; (c) by combining a (neonatal infection) and b (early malnutrition).
All animals survived the three types of stresses, but all exhibited marked depressions of metabolic activity, and of body weights and organ weights. These depressions lasted throughout the experimental period even though all animals were placed under optimum conditions of nutrition and husbandry after weaning, and maintained under these same conditions thereafter.
Metabolic activity was determined by measuring the turnover of 14C-acetate and 14C-glucose in respiratory CO2, and their incorporation in total lipids of liver and brain.
The utilization of 14C-acetate was profoundly depressed in all experimental groups with regard to both elimination in respiratory CO2 and their incorporation in total lipids of liver and brain.
In contrast, the utilization of 14C-glucose was much less affected; its incorporation into lipids was not decreased and its elimination in respiratory CO2 was depressed only in animals having experienced both neonatal infection and early malnutrition.
The extent of weight depression per 100 g of body weight differed according to the organ and the type of stress. Irrespective of the organ, however, depression of weight was largest in animals having experienced both neonatal infection and early malnutrition. And irrespective of the type of stress, the brain exhibited the smallest depression of weight relative to total body weight.
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AND GRAFT-REJECTING ANTIBODIES IN HETEROLOGOUS ANTI-LYMPHOCYTIC SERUM
Authors: Cinader B. , Jeejeebhoy H. F. , Koh S. W. , Rabbat A. G. 
Published: June 2004

Skin allografts survived longer on ALS-treated, complement-deficient (C5 negative) recipients than on ALS-treated, complement-competent (C5 positive) recipients. Administration of C5-positive serum to C5-negative, ALS-treated recipients resulted in reduced graft survival. A percentage of grafts from ALS-treated, C5-positive donors was rejected when transferred to untreated syngeneic recipients; this was not observed when C5-negative, syngeneic animals served as ALS-treated donors and untreated recipients. It was concluded that ALS has graft-rejecting properties which are promoted by late acting complement components. Unlike ALS-mediated graft rejection, ALS-mediated immunosuppression appeared to be independent of the late acting complement components.
The effect of ALS on the humoral response to sheep erythrocytes was examined in complement-deficient and complement-competent mice. Immune-suppression was determined by ALS treatment of C5-competent and C5-deficient mice and also by transfer of in vitro ALS-treated spleen cells from C5-negative and C5-positive donors to cyclophosphamide-treated recipients. The ability of ALS to depress the humoral response to sheep cells and to decrease immunological competence of spleen cells was the same in the presence as in the absence of C5.
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY STUDIES IN A CLOSELY BRED COLONY OF DOGS
Authors: Rapaport Felix T. , Boyd Arthur D. , Spencer Frank C. , Lower Richard R. , Dausset Jean , Cannon Florence D. , Ferrebee Joseph W. 
Published: June 2004

The DL-A system of histocompatibility plays an important role in conditioning the survival of cardiac allografts in the unmodified canine host. The mean survival time of six cardiac allografts performed in DL-A-compatible littermate dogs obtained from a closely bred colony of beagles was 53.2 days, while the MST of transplants performed in seven DL-A-incompatible animals was 7.3 days. The MST of cardiac allografts performed in nine DL-A-compatible nonlittermate beagles was 26.3 days, as compared with 6.3 days in six DL-A-incompatible nonlittermate transplants. The results did not appear to be affected by Swisher erythrocyte-group incompatibilities. The MST of 28 cardiac allografts performed in randomly selected mongrel dogs was 10.0 days.
Incompatibilities for DL-A antigens e, f, g, l, and m may constitute major barriers to transplantation, but antigens b, c, d, and k appeared to act as weak histocompatibility antigens.
Under controlled conditions of donor-recipient DL-A compatibility, cardiac allografts may be less immunogenic than renal transplants. Heart transplants performed across major donor-recipient DL-A incompatibilities appeared, however, to be more vulnerable to the events of allograft rejection than renal allografts performed under similar conditions.
The selection of optimally compatible donor-recipient combinations for organ transplantation may be aided materially by genetic studies of the transmission of DL-A antigens to the animals under consideration.