bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of membrane glucocorticoid receptor levels with glucocorticoid‐induced apoptotic competence using mutant leukemic and lymphoma cells lines
Authors: Gametchu Bahiru , Watson Cheryl S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe have studied the presence and functional implications of membrane glucocorticoid receptor (mGR) in several wild type (WT) and mutant mouse lymphoid cell lines (nuclear transfer decrease, NT−; nuclear transfer increase, NTi; and receptorless, R−). Direct fluorescent antibody staining revealed large aggregates of mGR‐specific fluorescing antigens in the plasma membrane of the WT and mGR‐enriched (mGR++) S‐49 cells. While R− cells totally lacked mGR, this receptor level was low in NT− and NTi groups. FACS analysis corroborated these results, showing a ∼4–10‐fold difference between the highest mGR levels (mGR++) and the R− and NTi cells. Membrane extracts were analyzed for mGR by immunoblotting. Multiple receptor forms, ranging in Mr from 94,000 to > 200,000, were observed in the WT cells, while only smaller peptides (85,000–94,000) were found in NT− cells. No detectable immunoreactive bands were identified in either membrane or cytosol immunoprecipitates of NTi and R− cell groups. Within 48 h post dexamethasone exposure > 98% of WT and mGR++ S‐49 cells underwent apoptosis, compared to 0–30% in the mutant cells, albeit the total receptor number is two to three times higher in NTi compared to WT. These results suggest a better correlation between the quantity and quality of mGRs (rather than total cellular GRs) and the ability of glucocorticoids (GCs) to lyse lymphoid cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 87: 133–146, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional regulation of Smad2 is required for enhancement of TGFβ/Smad signaling by TGFβ inducible early gene
Authors: Johnsen Steven A. , Subramaniam Malayannan , Katagiri Takenobu , Janknecht Ralf , Spelsberg Thomas C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTGFβ inducible early gene (TIEG) is a novel Krüppel‐like transcriptional repressor that was recently shown to increase the activity of the TGFβ/Smad signal transduction pathway by relieving negative feedback through repression of the inhibitory Smad7. Interestingly, while Smad7 is required for maximal enhancement of TGFβ/Smad signaling, we observe that TIEG is still capable of increasing Smad pathway activity in the absence of Smad7. Furthermore, while Smad7 is known to block both TGFβ and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, we observe that TIEG specifically enhances only the TGFβ pathway. Similarly, while both TIEG and the related Krüppel‐like factor, FKLF2, repress Smad7 transcription, only TIEG is capable of enhancing Smad signaling. In order to identify additional regulatory targets of TIEG important for this enhancement of the Smad pathway activity, we performed microarray analysis and identified Smad2 as a TIEG target gene. We now show evidence that TIEG increases transcription of the Smad2 gene but not the Smad3 or Smad4 genes. Furthermore, while the TGFβ/Smad pathway remains intact in Smad2 null cells, TIEG enhancement of Smad signaling is dramatically reduced. Thus we propose a new model whereby TIEG enhances Smad signaling by a dual mechanism involving both the repression of the inhibitory Smad7 as well as the activation of Smad2. J. Cell. Biochem. 87: 233–241, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DFT and Ab initio direct dynamics studies on the hydrogen abstraction reactions of chlorine atoms with CH4−nFn (n = 1–3)
Authors: Xiao Jing‐Fa , Li Ze‐Sheng , Liu Jing‐Yao , Sheng Li , Sun Chia‐Chung 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA direct dynamics study is carried out for the hydrogen abstraction reactions Cl + CH4−nFn (n = 1–3) in the temperature range of 200–1000 K. The minimum energy paths (MEPs) of these reactions are calculated at the BH&H‐LYP/6‐311G(d,p) level, and the energies along the MEPs are further refined at the QCISD(T)/6‐311+G(2df,2p) and QCISD(T)/6‐311+G(d,p) (single‐point) level. The rate constants obtained by using the improved canonical variational transition state theory incorporating small‐curvature tunneling correction (ICVT/SCT) are in good agreement with the available experimental results. It is shown that the vibrational adiabatic potential energy curves for these reactions have two barriers, a situation similar to the analogous reactions CH3X+Cl (X=Cl, Br). The theoretical results show that for the title reactions the variational effect should not be neglected over the whole considered temperature range, while the small‐curvature tunneling effect is only important in the lower temperature range. The effects of fluorine substitution on the rate of this kind of reactions are also examined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1456–1465, 2002
Using patient‐focused research in evaluating treatment outcome in private practice
Authors: Asay Ted P. , Lambert Michael J. , Gregersen Ann T. , Goates Melissa K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe increasing emphasis on therapist accountability and empirical demonstration of psychotherapeutic treatment effectiveness points to the need for practicing therapists to integrate treatment evaluation methods into routine clinical practice. Unfortunately, most private practitioners have little involvement in carrying out evaluation procedures. In this study we demonstrate how patient‐focused research was used to track the progress and outcome of patients seen by a clinical psychologist in private practice. Twenty‐nine adults and 40 children/adolescents were evaluated on a weekly basis to assess the number of sessions required to reach improvement (reliable change) and recovery (clinically significant change). Dose‐response survival analysis results indicated that 50% of adults reached clinically significant change in 54 sessions, and 50% of youth met the same standard in 14 sessions. These results were compared with outcome in large‐scale studies. Implications of this study for integrating treatment evaluation methods into clinical practice are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1213–1225, 2002.
What kind of research can we realistically expect from the practitioner?
Authors: Lampropoulos Georgios K. , Goldfried Marvin R. , Castonguay Louis G. , Lambert Michael J. , Stiles William B. , Nestoros Joannis N. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article attempts to revitalize the scientist‐practitioner model of psychotherapy by focusing on the research component of the model. Specifically, it takes a realistic look at the types of research that can be conducted by clinicians in an effort to motivate them to engage regularly in clinical research. Towards this end, five experienced scientist‐practitioners explore the advantages, disadvantages, and potential of practitioner‐initiated research. The problems and solutions for such research are discussed, and recommendations are offered. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1241–1264, 2002.
Reflections on community psychology in Australia: An introduction
Authors: Bishop Brian J. , D'Rozario Pam 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSarason (2000) argued that we are often surprised by events because of the failure to appreciate ongoing change around us. He called for the need for community psychology to develop “barometers of change,” or ways of recognizing change and its likely impact. Extreme examples of this are the events of September 11th, 2001, and subsequent reactions. This highlighted the need for a nation to be aware of its impacts on other nations and peoples, and also be conscious of the perceptions of foreigners. On a less dramatic and painful level, we would argue that a scientific discipline needs the reflections of outsiders to maintain its sense of purposeful development. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation between microbubble contrast–enhanced color doppler sonography and immunostaining for Kupffer cells in assessing the histopathologic grade of hepatocellular carcinoma: Preliminary results
Authors: Kitamura Hiroshi , Kawasaki Seiji , Nakajima Kosei , Ota Hiroyoshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the histopathologic grades of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) on the basis of the presence of Kupffer cells, using color Doppler sonography with the liver‐specific microbubble contrast agent Levovist.MethodsColor Doppler sonograms generated by stimulated acoustic emission were obtained 7 minutes after intravenous injection of 5 ml of Levovist (300 mg/dl) in patients with histopathologically confirmed HCCs. CT scans were also obtained and evaluated, and hematoxylin and eosin staining for morphologic examination and immunostaining (anti‐CD68) for detecting Kupffer cells were performed for confirmation of the sonographic findings.ResultsEighteen tumors had a defect in the color Doppler signal (color void) that corresponded with the baseline gray‐scale image of the tumor. On histopathologic examination, these 18 tumors were all found to be either poorly or moderately differentiated HCCs with either a marked reduction in the number of or the absence of Kupffer cells. The remaining 2 tumors showed color signals. Histopathologic examination of these 2 tumors disclosed well‐differentiated components within the tumors, with Kupffer cells in the tumor tissue.ConclusionsColor Doppler sonography using a liver‐specific microbubble ultrasound contrast agent appears to reflect the histopathologic features of HCCs and may thus be useful for differentiating liver tumors and determining a treatment strategy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:465–471, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www. interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10099
Prognostic and predictive value of HER2/neu oncogene in breast cancer
Authors: Masood Shahla , Bui Marilyn M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAssessment of HER2/neu oncogene has been used as both a prognostic and predictive marker for breast cancer. However, the choice of the best method to assess the status of HER2/neu oncogene in breast cancer tissue remains controversial. A variety of techniques are available to detect HER2/neu gene amplification and overexpression. Tissue‐based detection methods by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) offers a clear advantage over other approaches. FISH is a costly and relatively difficult assay and yet appears to be a better predictor of response to Herceptin® (Trastuzumab) therapy and patient outcome. IHC is less expensive and is easier to perform; however, it suffers from a high rate of false negativity and positivity as well as inter‐observer variability among pathologists. Suggestions have been made to use IHC as a screening procedure followed by confirmation by FISH in selected cases. Considering the importance of an accurate assessment of HER2/neu oncogene in selecting therapy, a better alternative may be to use FISH as the primary testing for HER2/neu oncogene. Herceptin® therapy is associated with several side effects and is expensive. Thus, in the long term, it may be more cost‐effective to use the FISH procedure and reduce the possibility of under‐treatment or over‐treatment of breast cancer patients. In addition, assessment of HER2/neu oncogene on every newly diagnosed early breast carcinoma may not be necessary. Metastatic lesions, when they occur, can be sampled by fine needle aspiration biopsy or core needle biopsy for assessment of HER2/Neu status. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:102–108, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Archimedean ϕ ‐tolerance graphs
Authors: Golumbic Martin Charles , Jamison Robert E. , Trenk Ann N. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLet ϕ be a symmetric binary function, positive valued on positive arguments. A graph G = (V,E) is a ϕ‐tolerance graph if each vertex υ ∈ V can be assigned a closed interval Iυ and a positive tolerance tυ so that xy ∈ E ⇔ | Ix ∩ Iy|≥ ϕ (tx,ty). An Archimedean function has the property of tending to infinity whenever one of its arguments tends to infinity. Generalizing a known result of [15] for trees, we prove that every graph in a large class (which includes all chordless suns and cacti and the complete bipartite graphs K2,k) is a ϕ‐tolerance graph for all Archimedean functions ϕ. This property does not hold for most graphs. Next, we present the result that every graph G can be represented as a ϕG‐tolerance graph for some Archimedean polynomial ϕG. Finally, we prove that there is a „universal”︁ Archimedean function ϕ * such that every graph G is a ϕ*‐tolerance graph. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 41: 179–194, 2002
Synthesis of 3H‐, 14C‐, and stable‐isotope‐labelled galantamine
Authors: Janssen G. M. , Thijssen Jos B. A. , Verluyten Willy L. M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractReminyl® is a newly approved drug, used in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. The active compound, galantamine, was initially isolated from the bulbs of certain Narcissus species, but is at the moment also produced synthetically. In the process leading to the final approval, the synthesis of tritium‐, carbon‐14‐ and stable‐isotope‐labelled galantamine for pharmacokinetic studies was required.Racemic (±)‐1‐bromonarwedine, a compound available as intermediate from the commercial synthesis, was transformed to racemic 1‐bromo‐galantamine. Catalytic bromo‐tritium exchange, followed by HPLC purification and resolution afforded tritium‐labelled galantamine. The [14C]‐label was introduced on the nitrogen as well as on the oxygen‐methyl position. This was achieved by N‐ and O‐demethylation of galantamine and reaction of the thoroughly purified intermediate with [14C]‐methyl iodide. Stable‐isotope‐labelled galantamine was obtained likewise by 13CD3OD‐methylation of O‐demethylated galantamine under Mitsunobu conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of a 13C labeled N‐cyclopropylamine tetrahydropyridine derivative
Authors: Kuttab Simon , Mabic Stephan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of 1‐(2‐13C)‐cyclopropyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (8) is reported. Attempts were first made to prepare labeled cyclopropylamine via a cyclopropanation/Curtius rearrangement sequence, but the yields were too modest to be suitable for the synthesis of a labeled compound. The preparation of 8 was achieved via cyclopropanation of the N‐formyl tetrahydropyridine derivative 21 using the Grignard reagent of ethyl bromide and Ti(O‐iPr)4 as a catalyst. The synthesis proceeded in high yield (82%). The method has a wide potential for the synthesis of other cyclopropyl ring labeled and substituted cyclopropyl ring labeled tetrahydropyridine dervatives which can be used in Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) and Cyt P450 enzymes mechanistic studies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of lateral line organs in leptocephali of the freshwater eel Anguilla japonica (Teleostei, Anguilliformes)
Authors: Okamura Akihiro , Oka Hideo P. , Yamada Yoshiaki , Utoh Tomoko , Mikawa Naomi , Horie Noriyuki , Tanaka Satoru 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA study of the ontogeny of the lateral line system in leptocephali of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica reveals the existence of three morphologically different types of lateral line organs. Type I is a novel sensory organ with hair cells bearing a single kinocilium, lacking stereocilia, distributed mainly on the head of larvae, and morphologically different from typical superficial neuromasts of the lateral line system. Its developmental sequence suggests that it may be a presumptive canal neuromast. Type II is an ordinary superficial neuromast, common in other teleost larvae, which includes presumptive canal neuromasts that first appear on the trunk and accessory superficial neuromasts that later appear on the head and trunk. Type III is a very unusual neuromast located just behind the orbit, close to the otic vesicle, with radially oriented hair cells, suggesting that these serve as multiple axes of sensitivity for mechanical stimuli. The behavior of larval eels suggests that the radially oriented neuromasts may act as the sole mechanosensory organ until the ordinary superficial neuromasts develop. The finding that larval eels possess a well‐developed mechanosensory system suggests the possibility that they are also capable of perceiving weak environmental mechanical stimuli, like other teleost larvae. J. Morphol. 254:81–91, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopic imaging approach to molecular imaging of prostate cancer
Authors: Kurhanewicz John , Swanson Mark G. , Nelson Sarah J. , Vigneron Daniel B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMagnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) provides a noninvasive method of detecting small molecular markers (historically the metabolites choline and citrate) within the cytosol and extracellular spaces of the prostate, and is performed in conjunction with high‐resolution anatomic imaging. Recent studies in pre‐prostatectomy patients have indicated that the metabolic information provided by MRSI combined with the anatomical information provided by MRI can significantly improve the assessment of cancer location and extent within the prostate, extracapsular spread, and cancer aggressiveness. Additionally, pre‐ and post‐therapy studies have demonstrated the potential of MRI/MRSI to provide a direct measure of the presence and spatial extent of prostate cancer after therapy, a measure of the time course of response, and information concerning the mechanism of therapeutic response. In addition to detecting metabolic biomarkers of disease behavior and therapeutic response, MRI/MRSI guidance can improve tissue selection for ex vivo analysis. High‐resolution magic angle spinning (1H HR‐MAS) spectroscopy provides a full chemical analysis of MRI/MRSI‐targeted tissues prior to pathologic and immunohistochemical analyses of the same tissue. Preliminary 1H HR‐MAS spectroscopy studies have already identified unique spectral patterns for healthy glandular and stromal tissues and prostate cancer, determined the composition of the composite in vivo choline peak, and identified the polyamine spermine as a new metabolic marker of prostate cancer. The addition of imaging sequences that provide other functional information within the same exam (dynamic contrast uptake imaging and diffusion‐weighted imaging) have also demonstrated the potential to further increase the accuracy of prostate cancer detection and characterization. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:451–463. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular imaging of gene expression and protein function in vivo with PET and SPECT
Authors: Sharma Vijay , Luker Gary D. , Piwnica‐Worms David 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMolecular imaging is broadly defined as the characterization and measurement of biological processes in living animals, model systems, and humans at the cellular and molecular level using remote imaging detectors. One underlying premise of molecular imaging is that this emerging field is not defined by the imaging technologies that underpin acquisition of the final image per se, but rather is driven by the underlying biological questions. In practice, the choice of imaging modality and probe is usually reduced to choosing between high spatial resolution and high sensitivity to address a given biological system. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) inherently use image‐enhancing agents (radiopharmaceuticals) that are synthesized at sufficiently high specific activity to enable use of tracer concentrations of the compound (picomolar to nanomolar) for detecting molecular signals while providing the desired levels of image contrast. The tracer technologies strategically provide high sensitivity for imaging small‐capacity molecular systems in vivo (receptors, enzymes, transporters) at a cost of lower spatial resolution than other technologies. We review several significant PET and SPECT advances in imaging receptors (somatostatin receptor subtypes, neurotensin receptor subtypes, αvβ3 integrin), enzymes (hexokinase, thymidine kinase), transporters (MDR1 P‐glycoprotein, sodium‐iodide symporter), and permeation peptides (human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) Tat conjugates), as well as innovative reporter gene constructs (herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase, somatostatin receptor subtype 2, cytosine deaminase) for imaging gene promoter activation and repression, signal transduction pathways, and protein‐protein interactions in vivo. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:336–351. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The stability of integral equation time‐domain scattering computations for three‐dimensional scattering; similarities and differences between electrodynamic and elastodynamic computations
Authors: Walker S. P. , Bluck M. J. , Chatzis I. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTime‐domain integral equation analyses are prone to instabilities, in a range of applications areas including acoustics, electrodynamics and elastodynamics, and a variety of retrospective averaging schemes have been proposed to improve matters. In this paper, we investigate stability behaviour, in parallel, in electrodynamic and elastodynamic cases. It is observed empirically that the tendency to instability is increased as the treatment becomes more nearly explicit. The timestepping procedure is recast in a recursive matrix formulation, and it is shown that it is the eigenvalues of this large matrix which determine the long‐term stability behaviour. This treatment is then extended to cover general averaging schemes, allowing the likely effectiveness of such schemes to be assessed. Simple modelling rules, which for all practical purposes will ensure stability, are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and vibrational study of hydrazinium hexafluorosilicate
Authors: Ouasri A. , Rhandour A. , Dhamelincourt M.‐C. , Dhamelincourt P. , Mazzah A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSolid hydrazinium hexafluorosilicate (N2H6SiF6) belongs to the orthorhombic system with a Pbca space group (a = 7.603, b = 7.594, c = 8.543 Å). An assignment of the infrared and Raman bands of this compound was made based both on literature data and on factor group analysis. The formation of N—HF hydrogen bonds contributes considerably to the crystal cohesion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman microspectroscopic study on low‐pH‐induced DNA structural transitions in the presence of magnesium ions
Authors: Muntean C. M. , Puppels G. J. , Greve J. , Segers‐Nolten G. M. J. , Cinta‐Pinzaru S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLow‐pH‐induced DNA structural changes were investigated in the pH range 6.8–2.10 by Raman microspectroscopy. Measurements were carried out on calf thymus DNA in the presence of low concentrations of Mg2+ ions. Vibrational spectra are presented in the wavenumber region 500–1650 cm−1. Large changes in the Raman spectra of calf‐thymus DNA were observed on lowering the pH value. These are due to protonation and unstacking of the DNA bases during DNA melting and also to changes in the DNA backbone conformation. The intensities of the Raman bands of guanine (681 cm−1), adenine (728 cm−1), thymine (752 cm−1) and cytosine (785 cm−1), typical of the C2′‐endo‐anti conformation of B‐DNA, are discussed. The B‐form marker near 835 cm−1 and the base vibrations in the higher wavenumber region (1200–1680 cm−1) are analysed. Effects of low pH value upon the protonation mechanism of opening AT and changing the protonation of GC base pairs in DNA are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.