bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capital Budgeting, Coordination, and Strategy: A Field Study of Interfirm and Intrafirm Mechanisms
Authors: Miller Peter B , O’Leary Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been remarkably little systematic study of the processes and practices through which capital budgeting decisions are made within and between organizations. The complex strategic and organizational phenomena created by capital budgeting have been similarly neglected. Such issues have fallen between the gaps that separate the distinct yet related literatures of accounting, finance, and strategy. Recent largescale surveys of practice have demonstrated trends in the use of particular valuation techniques, and advances in real-options modelling have identified ways in which valuation practices might be modified and extended.
China Agreements
Authors: Furse Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter II of the AML, which contains only four articles, relates to ‘monopoly agreement’, although the word monopoly has no particular significance here. The term ‘monopoly agreement’ is defined as referring to ‘agreements, decisions or other concerted actions which eliminate or restrict competition’.1 The Law first provides for proscriptions of certain categories of horizontal and vertical agreements, then sets out certain exemption criteria, and also contains a specific provision relating to the activities of trade associations.
The Taiwan Antitrust Law Regime
Authors: Furse Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The core legislation governing antitrust law in Taiwan is the Fair Trade Act (‘TFTA’), which was first enacted on 4 February 1991, entering into force on 4 February 1992. The Act has since been amended generally on two occasions, in 1999 and most recently on 6 February 2002. The Enforcement Rules were also amended in June 2002. The body charged with the implementation of the Act is the Fair Trade Commission (‘TFTC’), which came into existence on 27 January 1992, and whose function is discussed further below.
Korea Agreements
Authors: Furse Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of different areas of the MRFTA which relate to what may be classed as multilateral anti-competitive conduct, or the law of anti-competitive agreements. The part of the law which bears the closest relationship in terms of subject matter to the standard prohibitions of the Sherman Act s 1, or art 81 EC is set out in Chapter 4 of the MRFTA, although this is applied exclusively in relation to horizontal agreements.
The vietnamese antitrust law regime
Authors: Furse Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 3 December 2004 the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam enacted the Law on Competition (hereinafter ‘VLOC’),1 and other provisions relevant to the application of this law have been brought forward. The commitment to competition as a dominant mode of economic activity is evident from the words of art 4(1), which states that ‘enterprises enjoy freedom to competition within the legal framework’.
Brands, Boundaries, and Bandwagons: A Critical Reflection on Critical Management Studies
Authors: Thompson Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps we can interpret the above as indicating that postmodernists know how to be in the right place at the right time. Certainly, critical management studies has been a major growth area, now with its own conference in the UK and a lively US-based discussion list. While any new forums for radical exploration of management and organisation are welcome, appearances can be deceptive. The diversity of people attending conferences and even contributing to discussions is not entirely indicative of the nature of the beast. For critical management studies is also Critical Management Studies, and for its adherents a brand of sorts.
From Oral to Written Examinations: Cambridge, Oxford and Dublin 1700–1914
Authors: * Christopher Stray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of examinations in Britain remains a relatively unexplored field. The standard works by Montgomery and Roach are largely con- cerned with the great expansion of examinations in the nineteenth cen- tury: the period when the examination seemed to be almost a miracle cure for social ills, though its rampant spread generated a backlash in the second half of the century. In this paper I have chosen to focus on the development of examinations in the two ancient English universit- ies from the beginning of the eighteenth century: the period which wit- nessed the emergence from an oral context of the written forms of assessment which were taken for granted by the late nineteenth century. The paper concentrates on Cambridge and Oxford because in this period, their practices were central to English educational practice as a whole. Evidence is also adduced from Trinity College Dublin, an influential, if marginal institution which at the beginning of the nineteenth century had as many students as Cambridge. Other institutions could, and should, be investigated, if overall patterns of examination are to be explored, rather than just those in universities. To take a single example, the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich employed both oral and written examina- tions in the eighteenth century. Monthly and termly written exams were held to fix places in classes, and a final one of several days determining rank in the promotion order. Public viva voce exams are recorded from 1764; by the 1850s they had become rehearsed exhibitions.
Martinus Hortensius, Oration on the Dignity and the Usefulness of the Mathematical Sciences (1634)
Authors: Imhausen Annette , Remmert Volker R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While discussing mathematics and philosophy in Proclus’s Commentary on Book I of Euclid’s Elements Ian Mueller observed that ‘Plato lived at a time when mathematical knowledge was expanding rapidly, and technical advance mingled with philosophical speculation to create a sense of unlimited possibility.
Molecular Theory of Solutions
Authors: Ben-Naim Arieh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents new and updated developments in the molecular theory of mixtures and solutions. It is based on the theory of Kirkwood and Buff which was published more than fifty years ago. This theory has been dormant for almost two decades. It has recently become a very powerful and general tool to analyze, study and understand any type of mixtures from the molecular, or the microscopic point of view. The traditional approach to mixture has been, for many years, based on the study of excess thermodynamic quantities. This provides a kind of global information on the system. The new approach provides information on the local properties of the same system. Thus, the new approach supplements and enriches our information on mixtures and solutions.
Introduction
Authors: Ben-Naim Arieh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we first present some of the notation that we shall use throughout the book. Then we summarize the most important relationship between the various partition functions and thermodynamic functions. We shall also present some fundamental results for an ideal-gas system and small deviations from ideal gases. These are classical results which can be found in any textbook on statistical thermodynamics. Therefore, we shall be very brief. Some suggested references on thermodynamics and statistical mechanics are given at the end of the chapter.
Floating Charges: The Use and Abuse of Doctrinal Analysis
Authors: Worthington Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps predictably, this chapter does not challenge the detailed doctrinal analysis delivered by the House of Lords in Spectrum. That is dealt with in several other chapters in this book. This chapter seeks to make two relatively discrete contributions to the learning and analysis in this area. The flrst concerns the implications of the House of Lords’ decision for the future characterization of security agreements and for the theory that underpins their practical impact.
Defending The Indefensible: The Global Asbestos Industry and its Fight for Survival
Authors: McCulloch Jock , Tweedale Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early twentieth century, asbestos had a reputation as a lifesaver. In 1960, however, it became known that even relatively brief exposure to asbestos can cause mesothelioma, a virulent and lethal cancer. Yet the bulk of the world’s asbestos was mined after 1960. Asbestos usage in many countries continued unabated. This is the first global history of how the asbestos industry and its allies in government, insurance, and medicine defended the product throughout the twentieth century. It explains how mining and manufacture could continue despite overwhelming medical evidence as to the risks. The argument advanced in this book is that asbestos has proved so enduring because the industry was able to mount a successful defense strategy for the mineral - a strategy that still operates in some parts of the world. This defence involved the shaping of the public debate by censoring, and sometimes corrupting, scientific research, nurturing scientific uncertainty, and using allies in government, insurance, and medicine. The book also discusses the problems of asbestos in the environment, compensating victims, and the continued use of asbestos in the developing world. Its global focus shows how asbestos can be seen as a model for many occupational diseases - indeed for a whole range of hazards produced by industrial societies. The book is based on a wealth of documentary material gained from legal discovery, supplemented by evidence from the authors’ visits and researches in the US, the UK, Canada, Kazakhstan, Zimbabwe, Australia, Swaziland, and South Africa.
Bridging comparative politics and comparative constitutional law: Constitutional design in divided societies
Authors: Choudhry* Sujit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Human Development Report (HDR), published annually by the United Nations Development Programme, is an unlikely stimulus for reflection upon the state of the field of comparative constitutional law. Although the Human Development Reports take a broad understanding of development, constitutional law has never occupied center stage. However, the HDR 2004 is different. Entitled Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World, the HDR 2004 opens up by stating that “[m]anaging cultural diversity is one of the central challenges of our time”. The report supports this contention by drawing on a wide range of examples, from disputes over official languages in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka, to the political representation of ethnic and religious minorities in Iraq and Fiji, to demands for asymmetric regimes of regional autonomy in Quebec and Catalonia, to the competing nationalisms of Northern Ireland, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Cyprus.
Rival nationalisms in a plurinational state: Spain, Catalonia, and the Basque Country
Authors: Keating Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two principal mechanisms for constitutional accommodation of national and ethnic diversity are recognized in the literature: territorial autonomy and consociational power sharing at the center. Territorial autonomy is often seen as appropriate where the groups in question are spatially concentrated without significant internal minorities (as in Scotland), while consociationalism is seen as preferable where groups contend for control of the same territory (as in Northern Ireland).
Academic Condemnation and the Decline of Theology at Oxford
Authors: Larsen Andrew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has long been clear to scholars that the study of philosophy and theology at Oxford declined in the later fourteenth century. The evidence for this is varied but considerable. Fewer commentaries on the Sentences were being written and those that were written were treating fewer questions, while other types of specialist literature were also becoming less common. Works on logic tended to be more introductory and elementary. Scholars and libraries of this period seem to have shown less interest in collecting the works of contemporaries. By the late fourteenth century, the ratio of theology students to law students was dropping, particularly among students in the secular colleges. Among members of secular colleges, the percentage of students studying theology dropped from 57% in the fourteenth century to 44% in the fifteenth century, while the percentage of students studying law rose from 39% to 52% during that same period. Apart from John Wyclif, Oxford in this period produced no thinkers to rival Parisian luminaries such as Pierre d’Ailly and Jean Gerson, or to rival earlier Oxford scholars like William of Ockham, Walter Chatton, Adam Wodeham, and others. By the fifteenth century, theological innovation had given way to a more conservative approach to theology that emphasized the perpetuation of established theological ideas and gave particular weight to preaching and pastoral instruction.
The Relationships Between Astronomical Observatories and Universities in nineteenth-century France
Authors: Lamy Je´roˆme , Gingras Yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article proposes an analysis of the process of institutionalization of astronomy in relation to the training of astronomers in nineteenth-century France, with an emphasis on the relations between the observatories and the French Faculties of science as teaching structures. Though many studies have looked at the functions of observatories and how they met national needs, few have raised the question of their relations with universities. We will thus analyze the links between university and observatories in the context of the Humboldtian model of the university as an institution closely connecting teaching and research. This new form of organization was embodied by the University of Berlin, founded in 1809, as a rupture with earlier conceptions, which associated research with academies only. This institution gave birth to the modern university and progressively became the dominant model adopted and adapted in Europe as well as in North America.
Environmental Tax Reform In Europe: Energy Tax Rates And Competitiveness
Authors: Ekins1 Paul , Speck2 Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In earlier work,3 we made an initial assessment of the implications for competitiveness of environmental taxes, including those that had been implemented as part of an environmental tax reform (ETR), which we define as an increase in environmental taxes which is accompanied by a corresponding reduction in other taxes, such that the overall tax change is broadly revenue neutral. It was clear in that work that the major environmental tax base in most ETRs is energy use. This chapter updates and extends that work, focusing only on energy (or carbon dioxide) taxes. First, section B discusses how the concept of competitiveness may be defined and understood in the context of ETRs and more generally. Section C then considers the evolution of the ETRs that were included in the earlier chapter and describes the ETRs which have been introduced since the earlier work, especially in the United Kingdom and Germany. This then leads in section D to a detailed presentation of the energy tax rates that have developed over the period 1990 to 2006 in the six European countries (Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) that introduced major ETRs before 2005, including the component of the rates that was contributed by the ETR. The treatment distinguishes between households and businesses, with a full specification of the rebates and exemptions that have been introduced in different countries for different sectors, especially for energyintensive sectors.
The Need To Shift Canadian Tax Incentives To Reduce The Impact Of The Mineral Industry On The Environment And Local Communities
Authors: Kuyek Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mining has a big footprint: acid mine drainage, toxic e uents, air pollution, occupational hazards, enormous consumption of energy and water, road and rail transport hazards, community disruption, and public tax costs. Local communities bear the brunt of these costs, and are often ill-equipped to protect their interests. Most mining and exploration in Canada and around the world takes place on indigenous lands. The shocking cost of the minerals we take for granted must be respected in government policy and industry practice. To the author, this means respecting the minerals that have already been extracted and reducing the need for mining wherever possible. Many more jobs and more sustainable economies can be created in the minerals industry if the focus shifts from mining to the re-use, recycling, and conservation of minerals already taken from the ground and to value-added production in Canada. This chapter begins with a summary of the impacts of mining on the environment and the issue of metals’ depletion. Next, an overview of key components of the tax regime for mining in Canada, including an analysis of the ‘Super Flow-Through Share’ programme, is provided, followed by a short discussion of the limitations for researchers due to the limited data and analysis currently available from governments. The chapter concludes with a number of recommendations for shifting fiscal incentives in order to protect mineral resources for future generations.
The Drafting History of the European Biotechnology Directive
Authors: Porter* Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions (the Directive) was one of the most heavily lobbied and controversial pieces of legislation ever produced through the European democratic process. Its adoption came after 10 years of difficult negotiations, and followed the Parliament’ s rejection of an earlier draft in March 1995.
Particle–Antiparticle Colliders (1961)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One morning in December 1959, I was taking the final oral exam for my diploma in the office of my advisor Paul in Bonn. One of the topics was particle accelerators. After all, Paul had built a 500-MeV strong-focussing electron synchrotron in Bonn which I had used in my diploma thesis work. We even touched on the new technique of storage rings , of which I had only learnt the day before in a seminar given by Panofsky. While we talked, Panofsky came in to say good-bye to his host. Kindly, he also shook my hand. At that time Panofsky , professor at Stanford University, was director of the Stanford High Energy Physics Laboratory (HEPL) and preparing to found the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). Largely due to him, Stanford developed into a leading centre of particle physics.
Three Quarks – Order in the Wealth of New Particles (1964)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1960s an unexpected inflation was observed in the number of strongly interacting elementary particles or hadrons , as they came to be called. Most of these were found with the help of bubble chambers, many by the group of Alvarez in Berkeley, see Episode 72. As an example, we briefly discuss the first observation of a hyperon, which is now called the Σ ∗ or Σ (1385) [1]. A hydrogen bubble chamber was exposed to a beam of negative K mesons and events were selected in which a Λ hyperon and two pions of opposite charge were produced.
Two Forces of Nature are Only One – Electroweak Interaction (1967)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory of electroweak interaction , also called Glashow–Salam–Weinberg theory , describes the electromagnetic and the weak force in a common framework; the two are no longer separate but two faces of one medal. It has been called a unified theory . The unification was likened to that of electricity and magnetism in the second half of the nineteenth century. Together with the modern theory of strong interactions (Episode 92), it is now usually referred to as the standard model [1], a rather modest name for a theory comprising most of physics and, so far, unchallenged by experiment.
Weak Neutral Currents – A Glimmer of Heavy Light (1973)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lagarrigue had entered the École Polytechnique in Paris in 1945, where he studied under Leprince-Ringuet . He did his Ph.D. research on cosmic rays with cloud chambers under the guidance of Peyrou and worked at Berkeley at the time the Bevatron accelerator began operation. On returning to the École Polytechnique in 1955, he began to design and build bubble chambers. His chamber number 3, built at the laboratory of the Centre d’Énergie Atomique in Saclay, was the one used in the first round of CERN neutrino experiments.
Neutrinos Have Mass (1998, 2001)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early times of particle physics, discoveries were made in cosmic rays; but soon accelerators took over as a source of primary particles. The most elusive of particles, the neutrino, was finally observed, because low-energy neutrinos are copiously produced in a nuclear reactor (Episode 76). Accelerators were used for experiments with high-energy neutrinos, which more readily interact with matter (Episodes 85 and 91). But eventually neutrino physics turned to cosmic sources with a surprising result: Neutrinos have mass. In his first printed remarks on the neutrino (quoted on page 202) Pauli stated that its mass had to be small and might be equal to zero. The latter possibility came to be widely accepted, in particular, since it simplified the theoretical description (Episode 79).
Designing Management Information Systems
Authors: Heijden Hans Van Der 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Management information systems (MIS) produce the information that managers use to make important strategic decisions. This book covers the essential managerial skills that are necessary to design these systems. In contrast to other books on management information systems, this book takes a decidedly managerial perspective. It focuses on how managers perceive and respond to information, and on their need to use this information to make important decisions. The book considers how systems can be designed to combat ‘information overload’ experienced by managers, using such techniques as data aggregation and data visualization. Chapters provide an in-depth and practical consideration of these topics, focusing on the use of information systesms for managerial decision making. Designing Management Information Systems covers the topics of key performance indicator monitoring, and of shortlisting and selecting alternatives from a range of options. These are managerial decisions for which MIS are particularly useful, and which managers face on a daily basis. This is the first book offering practical guidance on how systems should be designed to support these decisions. It is written for managers, those studying business, management, and IT, and those developing MIS on behalf of management.