bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Explanation and Comparison of Sweating Hot Plate Standards
Authors: McCullough EA , Huang J , Kim CS 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
There are several standards that require the use of a hot plate apparatus for measuring the dry thermal resistance (insulation) and the evaporative resistance of fabrics: ASTM D 1518, ASTM F 1868, and ISO 11092. In addition, several National Fire Protection Association standards for protective clothing (NFPA 1951, 1971, 1977, and 1999) specify the use of this method. All of these methods measure the total resistance (i.e., the resistance of the fabric and the resistance of the surface air layer). The resistance of the air layer alone is determined by conducting a “bare plate” test. This air layer resistance is often subtracted from the total resistance to determine the fabric resistance values. Different standards use different terms for these resistances (Ret or Ref), and they report the resistances in different units (m2 · kPa/W or m2 · Pa/W). In addition, some methods call for guarded plates, whereas others use smaller plates, for which the experimenter must adjust the data for thick specimens to compensate for the lack of a guard. Some methods control the air velocity over the specimen, while others allow any air speed, as long as the calibration requirements on standard fabrics are met. This paper discusses the differences in test instruments, conditions, measured parameters, and units so that data from different labs can be compared and understood. In addition, data from an ASTM interlaboratory study is presented so that the repeatability and reproducibility of the different test protocols on a variety of materials can be discussed.
Enchanted Memories of Regional Difference in African American Culture
Authors: Ebron Paulla A. 
Published: February 2005

Julie Dash's film Daughters of the Dust offers a starting point for an exploration of the construction of African American communal memories. Self‐consciousness about such memory making can illuminate the historically generated roles of gender, regionalism, and urbanrural differences in both popular and scholarly understandings of African American culture.This is not just an issue for African American studies, however. A number of key dilemmas in contemporary anthropology are implicated. Most prominent is the rebellion against Enlightenment‐based notions of vision and rationality, which explores the senses, the magical, the uncanny, the haunted, and the subjective.
Regiospecific oxidation of naphthalene and fluorene by toluene monooxygenases and engineered toluene 4‐monooxygenases of Pseudomonas mendocina KR1
Authors: Tao Ying , Bentley William E. , Wood Thomas K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe regiospecific oxidation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons naphthalene and fluorene was examined with Escherichia coli strains expressing wildtype toluene 4‐monooxygenase (T4MO) from Pseudomonas mendocina KR1, toluene para‐monooxygenase (TpMO) from Ralstonia pickettii PKO1, toluene ortho‐monooxygenase (TOM) from Burkholderia cepacia G4, and toluene/ortho‐xylene monooxygenase (ToMO) from P. stutzeri OX1. T4MO oxidized toluene (12.1 ± 0.8 nmol/min/mg protein at 109 μM), naphthalene (7.7 ± 1.5 nmol/min/mg protein at 5 mM), and fluorene (0.68 ± 0.04 nmol/min/mg protein at 0.2 mM) faster than the other wildtype enzymes (2–22‐fold) and produced a mixture of 1‐naphthol (52%) and 2‐naphthol (48%) from naphthalene, which was successively transformed to a mixture of 2,3‐, 2,7‐, 1,7‐, and 2,6‐dihydroxynaphthalenes (7%, 10%, 20%, and 63%, respectively). TOM and ToMO made 1,7‐dihydroxynaphthalene from 1‐naphthol, and ToMO made a mixture of 2,3‐, 2,6‐, 2,7‐, and 1,7‐dihydroxynaphthalene (26%, 22%, 1%, and 44%, respectively) from 2‐naphthol. TOM had no activity on 2‐naphthol, and T4MO had no activity on 1‐naphthol. To take advantage of the high activity of wildtype T4MO but to increase its regiospecificity on naphthalene, seven engineered enzymes containing mutations in T4MO alpha hydroxylase TmoA were examined; the selectivity for 2‐naphthol by T4MO I100A, I100S, and I100G was enhanced to 88–95%, and the selectivity for 1‐naphthol was enhanced to 87% and 99% by T4MO I100L and G103S/A107G, respectively, while high oxidation rates were maintained except for G103S/A107G. Therefore, the regiospecificity for naphthalene oxidation was altered to practically pure 1‐naphthol or 2‐naphthol. All four wildtype monooxygenases were able to oxidize fluorene to different monohydroxylated products; T4MO oxidized fluorene successively to 3‐hydroxyfluorene and 3,6‐dihydroxyfluorene, which was confirmed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. TOM and its variant TomA3 V106A oxidize fluorene to a mixture of 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐hydroxyfluorene. This is the first report of using enzymes to synthesize 1‐, 3‐, and 4‐hydroxyfluorene, and 3,6‐dihydroxyfluorene from fluorene as well as 2‐naphthol and 2,6‐dihydroxynaphthalene from naphthalene. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Immunobiotherapy directed against mutated and aberrantly expressed gene products in pancreas cancer
Authors: Plate Janet M.D. , Harris Jules E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractGenetic alterations are responsible for the development of cancer in ductal cells of the pancreas. These genetic changes result in abnormal molecular expression of proteins that are involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle control and adhesion. Some of the genetic mutations result in aberrant proteins that can be recognized as novel or foreign by cells of innate and adaptive immune systems. These are appropriate targets for therapeutic intervention which may involve immunobiologic approaches. These approaches may be less effective because of immune escape mechanisms developed by tumor cells within the microenvironment of the tumor mass. Immunobiotherapy intervention of pancreas cancer must circumvent these obstacles and integrate effective immunotherapy with molecularly targeted approaches to pancreas cancer intervention. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of tumor blood perfusion assessed by dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI with tumor blood supply assessed by invasive imaging
Authors: Graff Bjørn A. , Benjaminsen Ilana C. , Brurberg Kjetil G. , Ruud Else‐Beate M. , Rofstad Einar K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the potential of Gd‐DTPA‐based dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) for providing high‐resolution tumor blood perfusion images.Materials and MethodsXenografted tumors from two amelanotic human melanoma lines (A‐07 and R‐18) were used as preclinical models of human cancer. DCE‐MRI was performed at a voxel size of 0.5 × 0.2 × 2.0 mm3 with the use of spoiled gradient recalled sequences. We produced tumor images of E · F (where E is the initial extraction fraction, and F is perfusion) by subjecting the DCE‐MRI data to Kety analysis, and then compared those images with images of tumor blood supply. We obtained high‐resolution tumor blood supply images using the Bioscope silicon strip detector system to measure the uptake of Na99mTcO4 in histological preparations. We assessed the global blood supply by measuring the tumor uptake of three freely diffusible blood flow tracers: 86RbCl, [14C]IAP, and Na99mTcO4.ResultsE · F was found to mirror the blood supply well in A‐07 and R‐18 tumors. The mean E · F differed between the A‐07 and R‐18 tumors by a factor of ∼1.6, and this difference was similar to the difference in the global blood supply. The intratumor heterogeneity in E · F was significant for tumors of both lines, and this heterogeneity was similar to the intratumor heterogeneity in the blood supply. The intratumor heterogeneity in the blood supply differed slightly between the A‐07 and R‐18 tumors, and even this difference was mirrored by the E · F images.ConclusionE · F images of xenografted tumors reflect blood perfusion. This implies that E · F may be a useful parameter for improving cancer diagnostics and individualizing cancer treatment. This possibility deserves to be investigated thoroughly in clinical studies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:272–281. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The surgeon's armamentarium to the surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Lee James A. , Inabnet William B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractParathyroidectomy cures the vast majority of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). While bilateral neck exploration has been the mainstay of therapy, recent advances in technology have revolutionized the field making a focused approach to parathyroidectomy a reality. The development of accurate pre‐operative localization with sestamibi scanning, effective unilateral, endoscopic and video‐assisted techniques, and rapid intra‐operative parathyroid hormone (PTH) testing have made it possible to cure patients with the least amount of surgical dissection possible. In this paper, we will explore the role of focused parathyroidectomy in the surgical treatment of primary HPT. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;89:130–135. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective homonuclear Hartmann–Hahn transfer method for in vivo spectral editing in the human brain
Authors: Choi In‐Young , Lee Sang‐Pil , Shen Jun 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA novel selective homonuclear Hartmann–Hahn transfer method for in vivo spectral editing is proposed and applied to measurements of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the human brain at 3 T. The proposed method utilizes a new concept for in vivo spectral editing, the spectral selectivity of which is not based on a conventional editing pulse but based on the stringent requirement of the doubly selective Hartmann–Hahn match. The sensitivity and spectral selectivity of GABA detection achieved by this doubly selective Hartmann–Hahn match scheme was superior to that achievable by conventional in vivo spectral editing techniques providing both sensitivity enhancement and excellent suppression of overlapping resonances in a single shot. Since double‐quantum filtering gradients were not employed, singlets such as the NAA methyl group at 2.02 ppm and the creatine methylene group at 3.92 ppm were detected simultaneously. These singlets may serve as navigators for the spectral phase of GABA and for frequency shifts during measurements. The estimated concentration of GABA in the frontoparietal region of the human brain in vivo was 0.7 ± 0.2 μmol/g (mean ± SD, n = 12). Magn Reson Med 53:503–510, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanical transient‐based magnetic resonance elastography
Authors: McCracken Paul J. , Manduca Armando , Felmlee Joel , Ehman Richard L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMagnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a technique for quantifying material properties by measuring cyclic displacements of propagating shear waves. As an alternative to dynamic harmonic wave MRE or quasi‐steady‐state methods, the idea of using a transient impulse for mechanical excitation is introduced. Two processing methods to calculate shear stiffness from transient data were developed. The techniques were tested in phantom studies, and the transient results were found to be comparable to the harmonic wave results. Transient wave based analysis was applied to the brains of six healthy volunteers in order to assess the method in areas of complex wave patterns and geometry. The results demonstrated the feasibility of measuring brain stiffness in vivo using a transient mechanical excitation. Transient and harmonic methods both measure white matter (∼12 kPa) to be stiffer than gray matter (∼8 kPa). There were some anatomic differences between harmonic and transient MRE, specifically where the transient results better depicted the deeper structures of the brain. Magn Reson Med 53:628–639, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid fat‐suppressed isotropic steady‐state free precession imaging using true 3D multiple‐half‐echo projection reconstruction
Authors: Lu Aiming , Brodsky Ethan , Grist Thomas M. , Block Walter F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThree‐dimensional projection reconstruction (3D PR)‐based techniques are advantageous for steady‐state free precession (SSFP) imaging for several reasons, including the capability to achieve short repetition times (TRs). In this paper, a multi‐half‐echo technique is presented that dramatically improves the data‐sampling efficiency of 3D PR sequences while it retains this short‐TR capability. The k‐space trajectory deviations are measured quickly and corrected on a per‐sample point basis. A two‐pass RF cycling technique is then applied to the dual‐half‐echo implementation to generate fat/water‐separated images. The resultant improvement in the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) was demonstrated in volunteer studies. Volumetric images with excellent spatial resolution, coverage, and contrast were obtained with high speed. The non‐contrast‐enhanced SSFP studies show that this technique has promising potential for MR angiography (MRA). Magn Reson Med 53:692–699, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dendrite growth and degradation in multi‐junction solar cells
Authors: Speckman Donna , Marvin Dean , Nocerino John 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSilver dendrites have been shown to be responsible for shunting of p/n multi‐junction solar cell assemblies with silver‐plated interconnects. A variety of cell and interconnect designs has been studied in order to identify the key factors that result in silver dendrite formation and subsequent cell shunting. The experimental results suggest that in this case the shunting was due to the particular polarity of the cell and design of the interconnect that placed it in close proximity to the cell edge. As a result, mitigation strategies are readily available. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reflections on the development and status of contemporary special education services in China
Authors: Mcloughlin Caven S. , Zhou Zheng , Clark Elaine 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe article provides an overview of the forces that underpin present‐day special education practices in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and a review of politico‐historical forces that have shaped the development of current educational practices. The forces that have influenced different models for identifying disabilities and the reasons that certain disability categories have captured the attention of policy makers and educators are shared. In addition, information about the range of contemporary services for children with special needs is presented along with observations about approaches that are being contemplated for the future of special education service in the PRC. In light of an increased openness to market forces and an open‐door policy to information about Western special education practices, the opportunities for change in special education practices have probably never been greater. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 273–283, 2005.
Rhombohedral LSMO films – a unique case of ferroelastic domain formation
Authors: Farag N. , Bobeth M. , Pompe W. , Romanov A. E. , Speck J. S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFerroelastic domain formation in thin films of rhombohedral La1–xSrxMnO3 (LSMO), coherently grown on (001) or (011) oriented SrTiO3 (STO), is suggested to occur during film deposition at elevated temperatures, unlike other common perovskite films where structural phase transition and domain formation take place only during cooling. Due to a comparatively small lattice parameter misfit, the LSMO/STO system should be an ideal case for the experimental observation of domain formation without additional strain relaxation effects including misfit dislocation formation. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An algebraic semantic framework for object oriented languages with concurrency (extended abstract)
Authors: Breu Ruth , Zucca Elena 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
This paper presents an algebraic semantics schema for object oriented languages including concurrent features. A class, the basic syntactic unit of an object oriented language, in our approach denotes a set of algebras determined by an algebraic specification. This specification describes a system of (possibly active) objects interacting via method calls. Extending other approaches, structured classes are modelled in a fully compositional way. This means that the semantic counterpart of class combinators such as inheritance and clientship are specification combinators. A model of records with sharing allows us to describe typical object oriented features like object sharing, inheritance polymorphism and dynamic binding. For modelling the dynamic behaviour of objects, we rely on an algebraic description of labelled transition systems.
Impact of performance considerations on formal specification design
Authors: Sitaraman Murali 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Different client applications of a given functional behaviour usually have different performance requirements. Designing a formal interface specification of the functional behaviour to allow for alternative implementations, and hence, to be suitable for clients with varying performance requirements, is a challenging task. The specifier must consider ramifications of alternative designs on performance to produce a truly implementation-neutral (and hence, performance-neutral) functionality specification. This paper illustrates the influence of performance-both duration and capacity — considerations using a case study in object-based software specification. When these considerations are combined with concerns for comprehensibility and full abstraction, specifications that result that are arguably among the most desirable.
Real-time refinement in Manna and Pnueli's temporal logic
Authors: Scholefield David 
Published: February 2005

Abstract

A refinement calculus for the development of real-time systems is presented. The calculus is based upon a wide-spectrum language called TAM (the Temporal Agent Model), within which both functional and timing properties can be expressed in either abstract or concrete terms. A specification oriented semantics is given for the language. Program development is considered as a refinement process i.e. the
calculation of
a structured program from an unstructured specification. An example program is developed.
Intermittent hypoxia modulates Na+ channel expression in developing mouse brain
Authors: Zhao Peng , Xue Jin , Gu Xiang‐Qun , Haddad Gabriel G. , Xia Ying 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBecause our previous work showed that intermittent hypoxia alters neuronal excitability and Na+ current density, we examined in this work the effect of intermittent hypoxia on Na+ channel subtypes using 3H‐saxitoxin (3H‐STX) autoradiography and immunoblotting. Mice were exposed to intermittent hypoxia for 2 or 4 weeks from postnatal day 2 or 3. A 2‐week intermittent hypoxia reduced cerebral STX binding density with significant decrease in Nav1.2 in the rostral and Nav1.1 in the caudal regions. In contrast, a 4‐week intermittent hypoxia tended to increase STX binding density in most brain regions. Our data suggest that intermittent hypoxia differentially regulates plasma membrane Na+ channels in the developing brain, depending on duration of intermittent hypoxia.
GFP—PCNA as an S‐phase marker in embryos during the first and subsequent cell cycles
Authors: Kisielewska Jolanta , Lu Pin , Whitaker Michael 
Published: February 2005

Background information. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a key component of the DNA replication machinery involved in the process of DNA elongation, recombination, methylation and repair. We have used PCNA fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP—PCNA) as a convenient tool to show the progress of S‐phase in single embryos in vivo. Here we make a comparison between Hoechst 33342 and GFP—PCNA as in vivo event markers for DNA synthesis. Hoechst 33342 and DAPI (4,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole) have been used as a simple and rapid method for assessing membrane permeability and staining DNA in mammalian cells. However, it is difficult to use these dyes in living embryos during cell cycle progression studies over long periods of time as they are phototoxic. Moreover, though Hoechst staining reveals nuclear morphology, it gives no information about the progress of S‐phase.Results. We have microinjected or expressed a GFP—PCNA chimera to develop a method which enables visualization of S‐phase in sea urchin and Caenorhabditis elegans embryos during the first and subsequent embryonic cell cycles and in Drosophila stage 4 embryos during syncytial nuclear divisions. We find that nuclear accumulation of GFP—PCNA correlates with S‐phase onset. Loss of the chimera from the nucleus occurs when the nuclear envelope breaks down at mitosis.Conclusions. GFP—PCNA is a accurate and non‐toxic marker of S‐phase in embryos during early development.
Volume expansion and plasma protein clearance during intravenous infusion of 5% albumin and autologous plasma
Authors: HEDIN Annika , HAHN Robert G. 
Published: February 2005

Autologous plasma may be used to replace plasma volume and plasma proteins during surgery, but its effectiveness is largely unknown. In the present study, the characteristics of predonated frozen and thawed autologous plasma were compared with those of 5% albumin in 15 male volunteers who received 10 ml/kg of body weight of these colloids as intravenous infusions over 30 min. Venous blood was sampled and urine was collected over 8 h to outline the volume expansion and blood–interstitial fluid space transport of three plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen and antithrombin) by means of mass balance analysis. The maximum plasma dilution of 5% albumin and autologous plasma averaged 17 and 21% respectively, and their half-lives were 2.5 and 2.9 h respectively (P&lt;0.03). The between-subject variability in dilution was most pronounced for autologous plasma. Transport of protein from blood to the interstitial space occurred faster when the infused fluid contained the protein in question. The rate was highest at 60 min, and the process was still in progress at 8 h when approx. 60% of the infused albumin, 45% of the fibrinogen and 75% of the infused antithrombin had been translocated to the interstitial fluid space. In contrast with the proteins, excess plasma water was removed by urinary excretion. It is concluded that the volume expansion is equivalent for the two colloid fluids, although it is more predictable for 5% albumin. The transport of protein outlasted the volume expansion.
Magnetic Analysis of Scattered Particles
Authors: Furth H. P. 
Published: February 2005

The theory of conditioned probabilities is applied to the problem of momentum, charge, and mass determination from Coulomb scattered tracks in a magnetic field. An optimum procedure is derived, which makes use of both random and systematic track curvature.
It is shown that application of this procedure to a highly relativistic nuclear emulsion track of 1-cm length in a field of 300 000 gauss will yield the momentum information of a 9.2-cm track in zero field. If the scattering information were neglected, the effective length of the track would be 8.2 cm. At 100 000 gauss, the improvement in effective track length due to the inclusion of scattering information is shown to be by a factor of 2.3.
Design and Construction of Two Low-Temperature Thermostats
Authors: Gilchrist Andrew 
Published: February 2005

Two small thermostats for use in the temperature ranges −40°C to −70°C and −70°C to −150°C are described. The controlling element in both cases is a thermocouple used in conjunction with a potentiometer and galvanometer-photomultiplier amplifier. The higher-temperature thermostat uses an acetone bath as the immersion medium while the lower temperature one uses a metal block for this purpose.
Temperature control to within 0.01°C may be attained with both thermostats if reasonable care is taken in correcting for the normal drift in the potentiometer calibration which occurs over periods of time greater than an hour.