bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of hemolysis and storage on quantification of hormones in blood samples from dogs, cattle, and horses
Authors: Reimers Thomas J. , Lamb Stephen V. , Bartlett Steven A. , Matamoros Roberto A. , Cowan Robert G. , Engle Jeffrey S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Veterinary diagnostic endocrinology laboratories frequently receive hemolyzed plasma, serum, or blood samples for hormone analyses. However, except for the previously reported harm done by hemolysis to canine insulin, effects of hemolysis on quantification of other clinically important hormones are unknown. Therefore, these studies were designed to evaluate effects of hemolysis on radioimmunoassay of thyroxine, 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine, progesterone, testosterone, estradiol, cortisol, and insulin in equine, bovine, and canine plasma. In the first experiment, hormones were measured in plasma obtained from hemolyzed blood that had been stored for 18 hours. Blood samples were drawn from pregnant cows, male and diestrous female dogs, and male and pregnant female horses. Each sample was divided into 2 equal portions. One portion was ejected 4 times with a syringe through a 20-gauge (dogs, horses) or 22-gauge (cows) hypodermic needle to induce variable degrees of hemolysis. Two subsamples of the blood were taken before the first and after the first, second, and fourth ejections. One sub sample of each pair was stored at 2 to 4 C and the other was stored at 20 to 22 C for 18 to 22 hours before plasma was recovered and stored at —20 C. The second portion of blood from each animal was centrifuged after collection; plasma was recovered and treated similarly as was blood. Concentrations of thyroxine in equine plasma, of 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine, estradiol, and testosterone in equine and canine plasma, and of cortisol in equine plasma were not affected by hemolysis. Storage of bovine blood at either temperature and equine blood at 20 to 22 C caused progesterone concentrations to decrease (P < 0.05); the effect was not enhanced or diminished by hemolysis. Insulin concentration in equine blood decreased (P < 0.05) at both temperatures; this effect was exacerbated by hemolysis. In the second experiment, blood samples from horses and dogs were hemolyzed and plasma was immediately recovered and stored for 18 to 22 hours at 2 to 4 C or 20 to 22 C. Storage of hemolyzed equine plasma did not affect concentrations of progesterone, insulin, or thyroxine at either temperature. Whereas progesterone concentration was not affected in hemolyzed canine plasma, hemolysis decreased (P < 0.05) insulin concentration when plasma was stored at 20 to 22 C. These results emphasize the importance of examining effects of sample collection and handling procedures on hormone stability and the danger of extrapolating results of such studies from one species to another and from one hormone to another.
Effects of exploratory laparotomy on plasma and peritoneal coagulation/fibrinolysis in horses
Authors: Baxter G. M. , Parks A. H. , Prasse K. W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Plasma and peritoneal fluid samples were collected before and after surgery from 6 horses undergoing a ventral midline exploratory laparotomy and from 6 anesthetized control horses. Coagulation/fibrinolytic components measured in the plasma and peritoneal fluid of these horses included the functional activity of antithrombin III, α-2 antiplasmin, plasminogen, and protein C, and the concentrations of fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products. Peritoneal fluid antithrombin III, fibrin degradation products, and plasminogen values were significantly increased after surgery (over time) in principal horses. Compared with control horses, postoperative peritoneal fluid from horses undergoing laparotomy had significantly increased antithrombin-III activity at 12 and 72 hours, α-2 antiplasmin activity at 24 hours, fibrin degradation product concentrations at 6, 12, 24, 72, 96, and 144 hours, plasminogen activity at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours, and protein-C activity at 12, 24, 72, and 96 hours. There were no significant changes in the peritoneal fibrinogen concentration in principal horses. Plasma plasminogen activity was significantly decreased at 24 hours after surgery in principal horses, compared with controls. Changes were minimal in the remaining plasma coagulation/fibrinolytic components of horses undergoing laparotomy. Plasma and peritoneal fluid values of anesthetized control horses did not change.
Effect of intestinal microflora on digestible energy and fiber digestion in chickens fed a high-fiber diet
Authors: Muramatsu Tatsuo , Kodama Hidenori , Morishita Tohru , Furuse Mitsuhiro , Okumura Jun-ichi 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effect of intestinal microflora on digestible energy (de) value and fiber digestion was studied in single-comb White Leghorn chickens fed a low-fiber diet (experiment 1) or a high-fiber diet with low or adequate metabolizable energy (me) value (experiment 2). Fecal energy excretion was calculated from the difference between total energy excretion in urinary and fecal droppings and urinary energy excretion, which was estimated from the energy values for individual urinary nitrogenous compounds extracted with Li2CO3. When the birds were fed the low-fiber diet, no differences in growth, de, or me were observed between germ-free and conventional environments. Of birds fed the high-fiber diet, growth of those in the conventional environment was similar to that of the birds in the germ-free environment at the adequate me value, whereas birds in the conventional environment grew faster than the birds in the germ-free environment at the low me value. Changes in observed dietary me values of the high-fiber diets, being higher in birds in the conventional environment than in birds in the germ-free environment (experiment 2), were almost entirely accounted for by those in dietary de values, most of which was contributed by crude fiber digestion. It was concluded, therefore, that by means of fiber digestion, the intestinal microflora may benefit the host bird by supplying extra energy, which would result in growth promotion, particularly when the bird is deficient in energy.
In vitro responses of distal airways in horses with recurrent airway obstruction
Authors: LeBlanc P. H. , Broadstone R. V. , Derksen F. J. , Robinson N. E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Distal airway segments (id, 3 to 4 mm; length, 5 mm) from 2 groups of horses were isolated and suspended in tissue baths filled with Krebs solution, aerated with 5% CO2 in oxygen and maintained at 37 C. Responses to exogenous acetylcholine, isoproterenol, or electrical field stimulation were compared. Control horses (n = 30) had no history of recurrent airway obstruction, whereas principal horses (n = 15) had recurrent airway obstruction and were studied during an acute episode of airway obstruction. Although the distal airways contracted in response to the cumulative half-logarithmic addition of acetylcholine (10-10M to 10-3M) in both groups, bronchi obtained from principals were less sensitive to acetylcholine than were bronchi obtained from controls. Tetdrodotoxin-sensitive electrical field stimulation-induced contractions were observed in both groups of airways, but the tension achieved in principal bronchi was less than in controls. All electrical field stimulation-induced contractions were abolished by atropine, indicating that the only excitatory innervation of equine distal airways is through the parasympathetic system. To examine the effect of isoproterenol and determine inhibitory innervation, bronchi were precontracted with histamine. Electrical field stimulation did not cause relaxation of precontracted bronchi in either group, thus indicating that distal airways lack inhibitory innervation. Isoproterenol caused similar, dose-dependent relaxation in both groups.
Effects of bacterial infection and castration on prostatic tissue zinc concentration in dogs
Authors: Cowan Laine A. , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Brown John , Jain Anant 
Published: January 2024

Summary
An Escherichia coli bacterial prostatitis was experimentally induced to determine the effect of bacterial infection on prostatic tissue zinc concentrations in castrated and gonadally intact male dogs. Five of the 22 mixedbreed dogs (group 1) had no culture evidence of infection 2 weeks after the instillation of bacteria into the prostate gland. The remaining 17 infected dogs were allotted to 2 groups; 1 group of dogs was subjected to castration (group ca, 7 dogs), and the other group of dogs was subjected to sham operation (group so, 10 dogs). The groups were divided into groups of dogs with prostatic infection at necropsy (groups ca-i and so-i), and those dogs without prostatic infection at necropsy (groups ca-n and so-n). Urine, prostatic fluid, and prostatic tissue (week 0, 7, ± 12) specimens were obtained for bacteriologic culturing to determine whether prostatic infection was present. Prostatic tissue was obtained at necropsy (week < 6, 7, or 12) for analysis of zinc concentration by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
The logarithmic mean prostatic tissue zinc concentrations were compared between groups. Group ca had a significantly lower prostatic zinc concentration than all other groups. Zinc concentrations were not statistically different between any of the other groups.
Castration did decrease the prostatic tissue concentration of zinc, a known natural antibacterial factor. However, resistance to infection and resolution of infection were not correlated with prostatic tissue zinc concentrations in this experimental model.
Respiratory tract distribution and bioavailability of spiramycin in calves
Authors: Friis Christian , Erhardsen Elisabeth , Madsen Erik B. , Nielsen Paul , Raun Kirsten 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pharmacokinetic determinants of spiramycin and its distribution into the respiratory tract were studied in 2 groups of calves, 4 to 10 weeks old. Group-A calves (n = 4) were used to determine pharmacokinetic variables of spiramycin after iv (15 and 30 mg/kg of body weight) and oral administrations of the drug (30 mg/kg) and to measure distribution of spiramycin into nasal and bronchial secretions. Group-B calves (n = 4) were used to determine distribution of spiramycin into lung tissue and bronchial mucosa. Spiramycin disposition was best described by use of an open 3-compartment model. Mean (± SD) elimination half-life was 28.7 ± 12.3 hours, and steadystate volume of distribution was 23.5 ± 6.0 L/kg. Bioavailability after oral administration was 4 ± 3%. High and persistent concentrations of spiramycin were achieved in the respiratory tract tissues and fluids. Tissue-to-plasma concentration ratio was 58 for lung tissue and 18 for bronchial mucosa at 3 hours after spiramycin administration and 137 and 49, respectively at 24 hours. Secretion-to-plasma concentration ratio was 4 for nasal secretions and 7 for bronchial secretions, and remained almost constant with time. Thus, spiramycin penetrates well into the respiratory tract, although the value in bronchial secretions is lower than that in lung tissues and bronchial mucosa. Calculations indicate that a loading dose of 45 mg/kg, administered iv, followed by a maintenance dose of 20 mg/kg, iv, once daily is required to maintain active concentrations of spiramycin against bovine pathogens in bronchial secretions.
Effect of flurbiprofen on facility of aqueous outflow in the eyes of dogs
Authors: Millichamp Nicholas J. , Dziezyc Joan , Olsen Jory W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Aqueous outflow from cannulated canine eyes was determined, using a constant-pressure perfusion technique. The effect of topically applied flurbiprofen, a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, on outflow in eyes with or without neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser-induced inflammation was measured. Flurbiprofen caused decrease in aqueous outflow that was more marked in the inflamed eyes.
Comparative study of colonizing and noncolonizing Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Meinersmann Richard J. , Rigsby William E. , Stern Norman J. , Kelley Lynda C. , Hill Joseph E. , Doyle Michael P. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Campylobacter jejuni A74/O and A74/C are congenic strains. An oral dose of 105 organisms of strain A74/C colonizes chicken intestines. Strain A74/O, from which A74/C is derived, does not colonize the chicken intestines with an oral dose of 105 organisms. In this study, the congenic bacteria were compared to identify possible colonization mechanisms. Differences were not observed in plasmid content or by HindIII, Pst I, Acc I, HincII, Ava I, Ava II, Xba I, and BamHI restriction enzyme digestion of total dna. Transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained samples revealed no differences between the strains. Sections of cecal tissue from nonfed day-of-hatch chicks were cultured with each strain for 2 hours and then examined by light and electron microscopy. Both strains caused necrosis of villus epithelial cells. Immunofluorescent or silver staining revealed strain A74/C located deep in numerous epithelial crypts, but strain A74/O only was present in one sample mixed with sloughed necrotic cells. Similarly, organisms were detected by transmission electron microscopy deep in crypts in tissues cultured with A74/C, but not A74/O. Cells of A74/C detected in crypts did not appear to associate with epithelial cells. The strains did not differ in chemotactic behavior to mucin or fucose.
Changes in linear dimensions of the heart, relative to body weight, as measured by M-mode echocardiography in growing dogs
Authors: Sisson David , Schaeffer David 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The growth of the heart, relative to body weight, was measured by M-mode echocardiography in dogs during the first year of life. Echocardiographic measurements were obtained from 16 English Pointers at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks of age and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age. Left atrial (la), aortic (ao), left and right ventricular internal dimensions, interventricular septal and left ventricular wall thickness measurements increased in curvilinear fashion relative to increasing body weight. Least-squares regression analysis, performed on logarithmically transformed data, was used to develop power-law equations describing the relationship of echocardiographic measurements to body weight. Linear dimensions of the la, ao, left and right ventricular internal dimensions and interventricular septal and left ventricular wall thickness changed proportionally to slightly differing exponential powers of body weight (bw), varying from 0.31 to 0.45 (bw0.31 to bw0.45). Fractional shortening and the la to ao ratio decreased slightly, but significantly, as body weight increased. Indexing echocardiographic measurements to bw1/3 was more appropriate than indexing such measures linearly to body weight, offering a practical method for developing accurate normative graphs or tables for M-mode echocardiographic dimensions in growing dogs.
Effect of endocytic and metabolic inhibitors on the internalization and intracellular growth of Brucella abortus in Vero cells
Authors: Detilleux Philippe G. , Deyoe Billy L. , Cheville Norman F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Uptake, transfer to rough endoplasmic reticulum, and intracellular growth of Brucella abortus were studied in Vero cells treated with endocytic and metabolic inhibitors. Infection of Vero cells was suppressed when inhibitors of energy metabolism (iodoacetate, dinitrophenol), receptor-mediated endocytosis (monodansylcadaverine, amantadine, methylamine), or endosomal acidification (chloroquine, ammonium chloride, monensin) were added to the inoculum. Inhibition was not observed when these drugs were added after the inoculation period. Infection of Vero cells by B abortus was inhibited by dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine monophosphate and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin, but was stimulated by dibutyryl-cyclic guanosine monophosphate and Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin a. Uptake of B abortus by Vero cells was not prevented by colchicine, but was abolished by cytochalasin B. Uptake of heat-killed B abortus and noninvasive E coli was similar to that of viable brucellae. Intracellular growth of B abortus was not affected by cycloheximide. Results indicate that: B abortus may be internalized by a receptor-mediated phagocytic process; transfer of B abortus from phagosomes to rough endoplasmic reticulum may require endosomal acidification; and replication of B abortus within the rough endoplasmic reticulum may not depend on protein synthesis by the host cell.
Isolation, characterization, and quantitative analysis of ceruloplasmin from horses
Authors: Okumura Masahiro , Fujinaga Toru , Yamashita Kazuto , Tsunoda Nobuo , Mizuno Shinya 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) was isolated from fresh equine plasma by precipitation, cellulose chromatography, and improved ion-exchange chromatography. Purified equine Cp is a glycoprotein having a molecular weight of approximately 115,000. In electrophoresis, equine Cp migrated to the α1-globulin region, its isoelectric point was about 4.15 and consisted of about 890 amino acid residues.
Serum Cp concentration was measured by use of the single radial immunodiffusion method. In clinically normal horses, the mean (± sd) serum Cp concentration of newborn foals was 2.87 ± 0.40 mg/ml and that of 3-month-old foals was 5.02 ± 0.92 mg/ml, which was similar to the adult value. It reached a peak of 6.06 ± 0.74 mg/ml in 2-year-old horses. The Cp concentration in mares was not statistically different for the perinatal period, but it decreased immediately before and after delivery.
Concentration of Cp increased at 6 days after im administration of turpentine oil, castration, or jejunojejunostomy in adult horses, and increased to peak values twice as high as baseline values at 7 to 14 days, returning to baseline values at 28 days after treatment.
We concluded that equine serum Cp is an acute-phase reactive protein increased in the intermediary or later phase of acute inflammation.
Efficacy of acyclovir against herpesvirus infection in Quaker parakeets
Authors: Norton Terry M. , Gaskin Jack , Kollias George V. , Homer Bruce , Clark Carl H. , Wilson Robert 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We evaluated the efficacy of acyclovir against experimentally induced herpesvirus infection (Pacheco's parrot disease) in Quaker parakeets. Thirty-two of 40 birds were challenge-exposed with 0.1 ml of a suspension of herpesvirus (104 median cell culture infective doses [ccid50]) given im. Treatment with acyclovir was started 24 hours later and was continued for 7 days. The birds were allotted to 5 groups of 8 birds each. There was a considerable difference in mortality between groups 1–5. Of 8 birds in each group, 6 died in group 1 (control), 1 died in group 2 (gavage), 3 died in group 3 (low dose, im), 4 died in group 4 (high dose, im), and none died in group 5 (contact controls). There was a significant (P = 0.023) difference in mortality between groups 1 and 2, thus the oral form of acyclovir administered by gavage was the most efficacious therapeutic regimen. Clinical signs and death occurred after discontinuation of acyclovir in groups 2 and 3, whereas the mean time of death for the control group was 6 days after challenge exposure. Herpesvirus was recovered by inoculation of chick embryo cell culture with pooled tissue suspensions from all birds that died. Histologic evidence of herpesvirus infection was found in most birds that died, with the control group having the most severe lesions. Surviving Quaker parakeets were transferred to cages with seronegative Quaker parakeets with no known exposure to herpesvirus. There have been no deaths attributable to herpesvirus infection in a period exceeding 2 years.
Chemoprophylactic effects of milbemycin oxime against larvae of Dirofilaria immitis during prepatent development
Authors: Grieve Robert B. , Frank Glenn R. , Stewart V. Ann , Parsons Jim C. , Belasco Debra L. , Hepler Douglas I. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Three studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of milbemycin oxime in the prevention of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs. Dogs were given single or multiple experimental inoculations with infective third-stage D immitis larvae and were treated with milbemycin oxime at a target dosage of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight either once or at monthly intervals at various times after inoculation. The compound was effective in preventing infection when 1 dose was administered 30 or 45 days after inoculation. Significant, but incomplete, protection was achieved when single treatments were administered 60 or 90 days after inoculation. Multiple monthly treatments beginning 60 days after inoculation appeared to provide additive effects that resulted in restoration of complete efficacy.
Effects of Superoxide dismutase on injury induced by anoxia and reoxygenation in equine small intestine in vitro
Authors: Johnston Janet K. , Freeman David E. , Gillette Deborah , Soma Lawrence R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Sheets of mucosa from the jejunum of healthy horses were mounted in incubation chambers and bathed with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution. Changes in tissue function and histologic appearance were compared after the following conditions: (1) control conditions for 30 minutes with 95% O2/5% CO2 in the gas phase; (2) same conditions as control, except incubation with superoxide dismutase (300 U/ml) during the last 18 minutes; (3) anoxia for 15 minutes with 95% N2/5% CO2, followed by reoxygenation for 15 minutes; (4) same conditions as 3, except incubation with superoxide dismutase during reoxygenation; and (5) anoxia for 30 minutes. Anoxia reduced the accumulation of radiolabeled l-alanine and caused cell swelling, as indicated by an increase in tissue water and tissue Na contents. Reoxygenation improved the tissue's ability to accumulate l-alanine, but tissue swelling continued after this treatment. Tissue Na content and l-alanine accumulation were restored to control values by reoxygenation with superoxide dismutase in the bathing medium. The grade of structural damage, as indicated by separation of eptihelial cells from villi, was equally severe after all, but control, conditions. Superoxide dismutase had no effect on the tissue control conditions. Results of this study suggest that superoxide radicals are involved in the pathogenesis of reperfusion injury in equine jejunal mucosa and that this may be of clinical importance in cases of small intestinal strangulation obstruction.
Measurement of estrogen receptors in normal and neoplastic lymph node tissue from dogs
Authors: Vicini Donna S. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Katzenellenbogen John , Carlson Kathryn 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Estrogen receptors were measured in normal canine lymph nodes and neoplastic tissue from dogs with lymphoma, using a commercially available [3H]estradiol dextran-coated charcoal assay. Using the same assay, estrogen receptors were detected in the positive-control tissues—dog uterus, rat uterus, and lyophilized bovine uterus. Specific binding of [3H]estradiol was not detected in rat skeletal muscle or in any of the canine lymphoid tissues, indicating that the specimens did not contain estrogen receptors.
Colonization of the tonsils of calves with Pasteurella haemolytica
Authors: Frank G. H. , Briggs R. E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Tonsils of 10 calves were inoculated with Pasteurella haemolytica (ph) and the degree of colonization was followed by collecting sequential tonsil, wash specimens. Tonsils were colonized for at least 3 weeks after instillation of ph into the tonsillar sinus. Calves with colonized tonsils responded with serum and nasal secretion antibody responses to ph and to leukotoxin. Pasteurella haemolytica was detected in nasal mucus specimens of 2 calves during the week after inoculation of the tonsils, but all other specimens were culture-negative. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus-induced respiratory tract disease 25 days later did not elicit a population increase of ph in the tonsils, and did not elicit shedding of ph in nasal mucus.