bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Masking patterns for continuous and gated sinusoids
Authors: Leshowitz Barry , Cudahy Edward 
Published: October 2005

The masking of a brief tonal signal by continuous and gated sinusoids was investigated. Masking patterns depicting the threshold of a signal of frequency fs as a function of masker frequency fm for the two masker presentations were compared. In the frequency region fm ≳ fs, the briefly presented gates masker was always a more effective masker than the continuous steady-state background, even under conditions in which energy spread of the gated masker was minimized. For fm &lt; fs, the gated–continuous threshold shift, sometimes called the ’’overshoot,’’ reversed when a low-level background noise was added to the tonal nasker in order to mask audible combination tones. The presence of combination tones in the steady-state masker condition precluded application of a simple energy detection model in the frequency region fm &lt; fs. An attempt to simulate the results for fm ≳ fs with an energy-detection scheme in conjunction with a detailed spectral analysis of the stimuli was also unsuccessful.
Subject Classification: 65.58, 65.50, 65.75.
Signal–noise duration, psychophysical procedure, interaural configuration, and the psychometric function
Authors: Osman Eli 
Published: October 2005

Effects on locations and slopes of psychometric functions are reported for 2IFC and YN tasks as a function of the duration (particularly 10–125 msec) of synchronously gated tone bursts (400 Hz) and noise bursts (broad-band, Gaussian) under homophasic (NOSO) and antiphasic (NOSπ) listening conditions. Emphasis is placed on the finding that slopes are consistently lower at 10 msec as opposed to 125 msec for synchronously gated tone and noise, and the effect is not dependent on either psychophysical procedure or interaural configuration. Published results for continuous noise maskers suggest that such a duration dependency does not appear. Slopes do not seem to be affected by either interaural configuration, psychophysical procedure, or masker continuity condition for 125-msec signals. Large threshold increases occur at the short duration only under YN listening, and are largest for NOSπ. The nature of combined threshold and slope shifts may be incompatible with existing detection theories.
Subject Classification: 65.60, 65.58, 65.75; 50.70.
Physiological correlates of intonation patterns
Authors: Collier René 
Published: October 2005

An experiment has been performed to assess to what degree laryngeal muscle activity and subglottal air pressure affect the rate of vocal cord vibration in speech. Attention has been limited to those changes in the rate of vocal cord vibration that are associated with the physiological implementation of prosodic phenomena such as intonation and prominence. Subglottal air pressure was measured directly through a catheter inserted between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages. Using hooked-wire electrodes, the electromyographic activity was recorded in the right- and left-side cricothyroid muscle and in the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid muscles. The data were collected for one subject, a native speaker of Dutch. The results of the experiment show that, in this particular speaker, (1) cricothyroid muscle activity bears the most direct relationship to all major F0 changes, in that the contraction of this muscle raises F0 while its relaxation has an F0 lowering effect: (2) subglottal air pressure controls the gradually falling base line of the F0 contour and gives support to a rapid F0 drop if it occurs on the utterance-final syllable; and (3) the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid muscles have no direct effect on F0.
Subject Classification: 70.20, 70.70.
Perceptuo-motor adaptation to speech: an analysis of bisyllabic utterances and a neural model
Authors: Cooper William E. , Nager Richard M. 
Published: October 2005

After repetitive listening to a voiceless plosive contained in a consonant + vowel syllable, the voice onset time (VOT) durations of a voiceless plosive uttered in a CV environment are systematically shortened. This effect, which provided initial evidence for a common processor mediating the perception and production of speech, has been extended in this large-scale study to the case of voiceless plosives embedded in a CVCV́ environment. For the utterances [rephí] and [rethí] shortening effects were observed similar to the effects found earlier for simple CV utterances [phi] and [thi]. Although [rephí] was used as the CVCV́ adapting stimulus, the average magnitude of the perceptuo-motor effect was considerably larger for [rethí] utterances than for [rephí] utterances (6.5 msec of VOT compared with 2.7 msec of VOT). Additional acoustic measurements revealed that tow other properties of the [rethí] utterances, the vowel duration of the stressed [í] and the closure gap of the voiceless plosive, did not covary with the changes in VOT that accompanied perceptuo-motor adaptation. These results suggest that the perceptuo-motor effect observed for VOT does not merely reflect changes in stress and/or speaking rate, but rather fatique within a neural mechanism that controls the perception and production of either VOT or more specific variables associated with this coverall acoustic property. A model of the neural mechanism is proposed to account for the effects observed in both perceptual and perceptuo-motor adaptation experiments.
Subject Classification: 70.30, 70.20.
Response characteristics of polarized cathode solion linear acoustic transducers
Authors: English G. E. , Larkam C. W. 
Published: October 2005

Solion is a generic term used to describe acoustic transducers which effect a charge transport by solution ions. Four general types of solion transducers may be distinguished on the basis of the mechanisms underlying the transducer action. One of these four, the polarized cathode type, is discussed in this paper. The polarized cathode solion is an infrasonic transducer for the pressure amplitude range of 10−3 μbar to 100 μbar. The frequency range is approximately 10−3 Hz to 0.5 Hz. A theoretical analysis of the polarized cathode acoustic linear transducer is summarized and compared with measured response characteristics. The conclusion is that measured data support the theory for good first-order approximations and thereby provide a rational basis, which has been lacking in the past, for the design of solions.
Subject Classification: 85.40, 85.54.
Deep-scattering-layer observations off New Zealand and comparison with other volume scattering measurements
Authors: Batzler W. E. 
Published: October 2005

Acoustic volume scattering measurements using 5 and 12 kHz pulses and explosive signals were made during the 1971 winter season at 18 deep-water stations north and east of Auckland, New Zealand. Strong scattering layers (maximum volume scattering strengths −58 to −70 dB re 1 yd) were observed at depths of about 500 yd during daytime measurements at both 5 and 12 kHz. The number, location and depth of minor scattering layers are the principal station differences. Column strengths (column length about 1000 yd) obtained from pulse measurements do not vary greatly from station to station and show good agreement with column strengths from explosive measurements. Night values of column strength are higher, with one exception, than day values. The explosive results covering 1/3-octave bands from 1 to 20 kHz have overall column strengths ranging from −70 to −40 dB. A characteristic frequency pattern, in which a sharp rise in column strength from 1 to 5 kHz is followed by a fairly constant level thereafter, is exhibited on all stations. Comparison of the New Zealand data with that from other ocean areas (Indian Ocean, Coral Sea, Hawaii, Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Southern California) shows that New Zealand scattering strengths are relatively high and that the characteristic frequency pattern is of widespread occurrence. The prevalence of this pattern suggests a mechanism common to all these locations. Midwater fishes differing in species from area to area but having a common range of swimbladder sizes are believed the cause of this characteristic frequency pattern.
Subject Classification: 30.30,30.40.
Professor Walter G. Cady’s contributions to piezoelectricity and what followed from them
Authors: Mason Warren P. 
Published: October 2005

In connection with a celebration of Professor Walter G. Cady’s approaching 100th birthday, a resume of some of his most important works on piezo and ferroelectric crystals were discussed. This celebration was held at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut where he was a professor for over 40 years. Briefly he was the inventor of the crystal-controlled oscillator, the very selective narrow-band crystal filter, one of the principal theorists of the ferroelectrical effect in crystals, and the historian par excellence of the science of piezoelectric crystals. These initial efforts have led to many applications, such as (1) crystal filters for separating out the many telephone channels that can be transmitted over radio systems, coaxial systems, and undersea cables; (2) crystal-controlled oscillators and time standards of use for radio broadcasting, navigation systems, and crystal-controlled watches; (3) ferroelectric crystals and ceramics which are widely used in such applications as ultrasonic cleaners, medical applications, devices for generating high voltages, and particularly in underwater sound transducers.
Subject Classification: 10.60; 85.52.
Diffraction of sonic boom past the nominal edge of the corridor
Authors: Onyeowu Ronald O. 
Published: October 2005

According to ray acoustics sonic boom is limited to a ’’corridor’’ on the ground by atmospheric refraction. Beyond the edge of the corridor on either side lies a region void of incident or reflected rays—the ’’shadow zone’’—the treatment of which is beyond the scope of ray acoustics. In this paper, a technique is developed for extending the prediction of the sonic boom signature into the shadow zone using diffraction theory. The calculations indicate that the portion of this region lying along the horizontal plane boundary behaves like a low-pass acoustic filter. This has the effect of progressively rounding and attenuating the sonic boom signature as the shadow zone is penetrated—an observable characteristic of experimental records. In a separate calculation, an empirical variable reflection factor based on the angle of incidence of the shock wave in the sound field is obtained to correct the bell-shaped 3/4-power curve of amplitude variation across the corridor.
Subject Classification: 28.55 28.40; 20.30. 20.20.
Investigation of the amplitude fluctuations of high-frequency short-duration.sound pulses propagated under short-range shallow-water conditions
Authors: Andrews R. S. , Turner L. F. 
Published: October 2005

This paper reports on part of a general investigation that has been carried out to determine the feasibility and limits of performance of high-data-rate underwater digital data communication. Specifically, the paper deals with the amplitude fluctuations that are encountered when high-frequency 0.8-msec duration pulses are transmitted under short-range shallow-water conditions. In the paper, the results of an analysis of experimentally measured amplitude fluctuations are presented. The results, which are presented in the form of amplitude-frequency spectra, autocorrelation functions, and probability density functions, are interpreted in terms of the prevailing climatic conditions, and the results are related to existing relevant theories of fluctuations.
Subject Classification: 30.20.
Viscoelastic model and acoustic wave propagation in anisotropic media
Authors: Vacher R. , Boyer L. 
Published: October 2005

The model of the standard linear solid is extended to the viscoelastic anisotropic medium by defining a relaxation-time tensor. The velocity and attenuation of sound waves are calculated as a function of frequency from the components of this tensor and low- and high-frequency elastic constants. The anisotropic behavior of relaxation curves can be described in this formalism.
Subject Classification: 35.50.
Regulation of voice amplitude by the monkey
Authors: Sinnott Joan M. , Stebbins William C. , Moody David B. 
Published: October 2005

Old World monkeys (Macaca) were trained to vocalize at a steady rate in the laboratory by the use of operant conditioning techniques with food as a reinforcer. While the animals were vocalizing, they were subjected to one of two noise bands (200–500 Hz or 8–16 kHz) at different sound pressure levels (70, 80, and 90 dB SPL). Vocal amplitude was measured as a function of the SPL of the noise bands. The monkeys increased voice amplitude to the band of low-frequency noise but not to the high-frequency band. These results suggest that in monkey, as in man, a relation exists between speaking and hearing: both man and monkey will increase voice amplitude in the presence of masking noise of the appropriate spectral composition.
Subject Classification: 65.22; 70.20.
Vowel duration in American English
Authors: Umeda Noriko 
Published: October 2005

This is a summary report of the vowel duration data that have been accumulated over the past several years. The data corpus analyzed to derive temporal controls of vowels consists mainly of three different readings by three different speakers, each about 10 to 20 min in duration. The rules cover the temporal behavior of vowels under many phonological conditions. The conditions include stressed and unstressed positions, prepausal and nonprepausal positions, word-final and non-word-final conditions, and monosyllabic and polysyllabic words. The influence of following consonants is discussed as well. Included also are conditions other than phonological ones, such as the effect of the prominence of words on their vowels, and the speed of reading. The duration rules derived from the data are intended for use in our speech synthesis-by-rule system from printed text.
Subject Classification: 70.20, 70.70.
Effect of the number of frames on the sound radiated by fluid loaded, frame-stiffened plates
Authors: Garrelick Joel M. , Lin Gau-Feng 
Published: October 2005

The on-axis pressure radiated by a point-excited, fluid loaded, frame stiffened plate is considered. In particular the practical ramifications of employing the simplifying assumption of an infinitely periodic array of frames are explored. Numerical results for framing arrays consisting of two, four, and an infinite number of frames are compared.
Subject Classification: 20.60; 25.55.
Northeastern Pacific sound attenuation using low-frequency CW sources
Authors: Lovett J. R. 
Published: October 2005

CW acoustic transmissions received by ship-suspended hydrophones from seamount emplanted sources off San Diego of 750, 1500, and 3000 Hz; and submarine sonars of 1500 and 2500 Hz in the Gulf of Alaska result in attenuation coefficients significantly below values given by Thorp’s equation. The present data, and the Sheehy–Halley very-low-frequency Pacific data, suggest a modified equation for CW transmissions.
Subject Classification: 30.20.
Measurement of frequency responses and the multiple coherence function of the noise-generation system of a diesel engine
Authors: Chung J. Y. , Crocker Malcolm J. , Hamilton James F. 
Published: October 2005

A structural–acoustical system has been established to model theoretically the noise generation of a six-cylinder diesel engine. In this system, six-cylinder pressures have been treated as six mutually correlated inputs. The noise measured 3 ft away from the engine has been treated as the single output of the system. Six structural–acoustical frequency responses with respect to the six inputs were evaluated experimentally. The multiple coherence function between all the inputs and the single output has also been evaluated experimentally. Using the multiple coherence function, the engine noise which is coherent to the cylinder pressures was separated from the total engine noise. It has been found that, for the V-6 diesel engine studied, the coherent noise is almost equal to the total noise. From the structural–acoustical frequency responses, the contributions of the individual cylinder pressures to the coherent engine noise were assessed.
Subject Classification: 50.50; 60.20.
Changing role of the ’’expert’’
Authors: Beranek Leo L. 
Published: October 2005

The evolution of acoustical consulting over the past 40 years is traced from the early days of simple measurement and little technical information through to the emergence of the consultant as a central participant in the quieting of large machines and airfleets that affect the lives at work and at home of large segments of the population. The part the acoustical consultant plays in national noise regulation and control is discussed. Acoustical consultants are urged to take a broader view of their intraprofessional relationships and raise their level of professionalism, not only to their clients but also to each other.
Subject Classification: 10.60, 50.10, 55.10.
On digital spectrum analysis of periodic signals
Authors: Burgess John C. 
Published: October 2005

Digital spectrum analysis of harmonic signals can result in amplitude estimates in error as much as 3.92 dB. The corresponding frequency estimates are not exact. The paper presents a general method for obtaining significantly improved estimates of amplitude and frequency. Criteria are given which allow specification of an error limit. Specific equations are given for sample signals that are unmodified (open window) and for signals modified by a Hanning data window. The phenomenon called ’’leakage’’ is shown to result from discontinuities imposed by the computation process at the periodically extended ’’ends’’ of a sample signal and not, as is often supposed, by discontinuities presumed to (but do not) exist at the ’’ends’’ of the open window. Criteria for window selection to reduce leakage are discussed. Calibration is specifically treated. When any data window other than the open window is used, a different calibration must be applied to periodic and random components in a signal. Although discussion is limited to a single harmonic signal, the method can be applied in a straightforward way to signals with multiple harmonics.
Subject Classification: 10.60; 60.10; 30.80; 40.60; 50.85, 60.50; 85.32, 85.84.
Short-wavelength acoustic diffraction by prolate spheroids
Authors: Lauchle Gerald C. 
Published: October 2005

The scattering of a plane acoustic wave by a rigid prolate spheroid of large fineness ratio is investigated analytically. The solution for the diffracted field is presented in terms of the classic modal series of spheroidal harmonics. The series are numerically evaluated for wavelengths much smaller than the length of the spheroid, but comparable to the minor radius. For this range of wavenumbers, use was made of available asymptotic formulas of the spheroidal wave functions, where the convergence of the double infinite series is discussed in terms of the value of the product of wavenumber and various characteristic lengths of the spheroid. The directivity functions are presented for several values of plane-wave incidence, reduced frequency, and fineness ratio. The total scattering cross section is evaluated and compared to the scattering cross section of rigid spheres. An estimate is given to the size sphere required to scatter approximately the same power as the spheroid of given size and orientation with respect to the incoming plane wave.
Subject Classification: 20.15, 20.30.
Fluctuations of narrow-band sound amplitudes from long-range transmissions in the deep Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Baxter Lincoln , Yang C. Y. 
Published: October 2005

For transmission paths between a fixed acoustic source at 527-m depth near Eleuthera and a fixed receiver at 1723 m near Bermuda, G. E. Stanford [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 968–977 (1974)] has shown that the spectrum of fluctuations in acoustic intensity is nearly flat up to 3 cycles/h and drops off as 1/f3 above this frequency. For comparison with internal gravity wave disturbances of the sound velocity profile, we have analyzed amplitude fluctuations of transmissions from floats deployed as part of the 1973 series of Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiments (MODE). These floats carrying 30-W input, 270-Hz sound sources pulsed for 1.67 sec at 3-min intervals were released to drift near 28°N,70°W at a depth of approximately 1500 m. The transmissions were received by fixed hydrophones (MILS system), located on the sound channel axis on the slopes of Eleuthera and Grand Turk. We find a spectrum similar to that of Stanford except that the 1/f3 characteristic begins at 1 cycle/h. For each experiment this rolloff frequency coincides approximately with the Brunt–Väisälä frequency at the turning points of those SOFAR paths with minimum excursion from the axis.
Subject Classification: 30.20.
Bayes optimum array detection of targets of known location
Authors: Adams S. L. , Nolte L. W. 
Published: October 2005

This paper presents a Bayes optimum approach to detecting a target of known location by processing the outputs of an array of sensors. Beamforming is not postulated a priori. The complex exponential Fourier series is used to represent the deterministic signals and random processes. Using Bayes decision theory, important existing results and new results are unified and presented in a single mathematical framework. Optimum receiver structures and performance are derived for detecting a known signal source in a Gaussian noise field. They are also derived for detecting a signal source which generates an uncertain waveform in either a spatially uncorrelated noise field or a noise field with spatial correlation due to a farfield noise source. Important new results concerning factorization of optimum array receivers are presented for detecting signal sources of known location which generate either known or uncertain waveforms. A technique for applying existing scalar results to array problems is presented for several cases. Detection performance results, in terms of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC), which are characterized in some cases by the detectability index, are presented for a number of situations.
Subject Classifications: 60.20; 25.35.
Correlation function of the field between arbitrarily oriented points for a plane wave in a random medium
Authors: Fitelson M. M. 
Published: October 2005

This paper is concerned with the correlation between arbitrarily oriented points for a plane wave propagating in a statistically homogeneous and isotropic medium. The bearing response pattern of a line array in such a medium is obtained and numerical results are presented.
Subject Classification: 60.20; 30.20; 60.30.
Nearfield discrimination capabilities of a line array
Authors: Rockmore Anthony J. , Bershad Neil J. 
Published: October 2005

This paper studies the ability of a line array to discriminate between two nearfield acoustic point sources from the viewpoint of statistical hypothesis testing. The optimum binary detectors are presented for noise alone and noise plus point source interference environments. Under a small signal-to-noise power ratio assumption, general expressions are presented for the performance of these detectors. For a uniformly spaced line array with a large aperture (compared to the source range) in a spatially white noise environment, the detector performance is shown to be linearly proportional to signal-to-noise ratio, inversely proportional to hydrophone spacing and proportional to a factor involving the ratio of the separation of the two sources to the acoustic wavelength. When operating in a noise plus interference environment, the performance of this detector is severely degraded. The optimum detector for noise plus interference is shown to perform significantly better.
Subject Classification: 60.20, 60.30.