bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total Non-Occupational Noise Exposure of Construction Workers
Authors: Neitzel Richard 
Published: July 2005

Total non-occupational noise exposure levels were estimated for a group of 266 construction apprentices participating in a longitudinal study of noise and hearing loss. Subjects were interviewed regarding their exposure to “episodic” activities (e.g., concert attendance), and noise levels for these activities were obtained from a literature review. “Routine” activities were assessed using a combination of self-reported activity logs and non-occupational noise dosimetry measurements. Routine and episodic activity exposures were combined into estimated annual Leq exposure levels for the 6760 nominal non-occupational hours in a year (LAeq6760h). The LAeq6760h levels were then transformed into equivalent levels for a 2000 hour exposure period (LA2000hn), which allowed direct comparison to occupational risk criteria. The median LAeq6760h was 73 dBA, and the median LA2000hn was 78 dBA. Nineteen percent of LA2000hn non-occupational exposures exceeded 85 dBA, the generally recommended occupational limit. Firearms use could not be incorporated into the total noise exposure estimates. However, firearms users reported more exposure to other noisy non-occupational activities than did non-shooters, and had higher estimated exposure levels even without including their firearms exposure. Non-occupational noise exposures among most construction workers present little additional exposure when compared to their occupational exposures. However, they may contribute significantly to overall exposure in the subset of workers who frequently participate in selected noisy activities.
Health Care Expenditures of Immigrants in the United States: A Nationally Representative Analysis
Authors: Mohanty Sarita A. , Woolhandler Steffie , Himmelstein David U. , Pati Susmita , Carrasquillo Olveen , Bor David H. 
Published: July 2005

Objectives. We compared the health care expenditures of immigrants residing in the United States with health care expenditures of US-born persons. Methods. We used the 1998 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey linked to the 1996–1997 National Health Interview Survey to analyze data on 18398 US-born persons and 2843 immigrants. Using a 2-part regression model, we estimated total health care expenditures, as well as expenditures for emergency department (ED) visits, office-based visits, hospital-based outpatient visits, inpatient visits, and prescription drugs. Results. Immigrants accounted for $39.5 billion (SE=$4 billion) in health care expenditures. After multivariate adjustment, per capita total health care expenditures of immigrants were 55% lower than those of US-born persons ($1139 vs $2546). Similarly, expenditures for uninsured and publicly insured immigrants were approximately half those of their US-born counterparts. Immigrant children had 74% lower per capita health care expenditures than US-born children. However, ED expenditures were more than 3 times higher for immigrant children than for US-born children. Conclusions. Health care expenditures are substantially lower for immigrants than for US-born persons. Our study refutes the assumption that immigrants represent a disproportionate financial burden on the US health care system.
Barriers to Care-Seeking for Children’s Oral Health Among Low-Income Caregivers
Authors: Kelly Susan E. , Binkley Catherine J. , Neace William P. , Gale Bruce S. 
Published: July 2005

Objectives. We identified psychosocial, structural, and cultural barriers to seeking dental care among nonutilizing caregivers of Medicaid-enrolled children. Methods. We used Medicaid utilization records to identify utilizing and nonutilizing African American and White caregivers of Medicaid-enrolled children in Jefferson County, Kentucky. We conducted 8 focus groups (N=76) with a stratified random sample of responding caregivers; transcripts were qualitatively analyzed. Results. Psychosocial factors associated with utilization included oral health beliefs, norms of caregiver responsibility, and positive caregiver dental experiences. Utilizing groups reported higher education; health beliefs included identifying oral health with overall health and professional preventive dental care with caregiver responsibility for children’s overall health. These beliefs may mediate shared structural barriers, including transportation, school absence policies, discriminatory treatment, and difficulty locating providers who accept Medicaid. Expectation of poor oral health among some low-income caregivers was among factors identified with nonutilization. Conclusions. Disadvantaged caregivers reported multiple barriers to accessing dental care for their children. Providers, Medicaid administrators, and schools must coordinate steps to encourage caregiver-controlled dental care, build trust, and link professional preventive dental care with caregiver responsibility for children’s overall health.
Mortality in US Army Gulf War Veterans Exposed to 1991 Khamisiyah Chemical Munitions Destruction
Authors: Bullman Tim A. , Mahan Clare M. , Kang Han K. , Page William F. 
Published: July 2005

Objectives. We investigated whether US Army Gulf War veterans who were potentially exposed to nerve agents during the March 1991 weapons demolitions at Khamisiyah, Iraq, are at increased risk of cause-specific mortality. Methods. The cause-specific mortality of 100487 exposed US Army Gulf War veterans was compared with that of 224980 unexposed US Army Gulf War veterans. Exposure was determined with the Department of Defense 2000 plume model. Relative risk estimates were derived from Cox proportional hazards models. Results. The risks of most disease-related mortality were similar for exposed and unexposed veterans. However, exposed veterans had an increased risk of brain cancer deaths (relative risk [RR]=1.94; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.12, 3.34). The risk of brain cancer death was larger among those exposed 2 or more days than those exposed 1 day when both were compared separately to all unexposed veterans (RR=3.26; 95% CI=1.33, 7.96; RR=1.72; 95% CI=0.95,3.10, respectively). Conclusions. Exposure to chemical munitions at Khamisiyah may be associated with an increased risk of brain cancer death. Additional research is required to confirm this finding.
Timeliness of Childhood Immunizations: A State-Specific Analysis
Authors: Luman Elizabeth T. , Barker Lawrence E. , McCauley Mary Mason , Drews-Botsch Carolyn 
Published: July 2005

Objective. We examined the timeliness of vaccine administration among children aged 24 to 35 months for each state of the United States and the District of Columbia. Methods. We analyzed the timeliness of vaccinations in the 2000–2002 National Immunization Survey. We used a modified Bonferroni adjustment to compare a reference state with all other states. Results. Receipt of all vaccinations as recommended ranged from 2% (Mississippi) to 26% (Massachusetts), with western states having less timeliness than eastern states. Conclusions. Vaccination coverage measures usually focus on the number of vaccinations accumulated by specified ages. Our analysis of timeliness of administration shows that children rarely receive all vaccinations as recommended. State health departments can use timeliness of vaccinations along with other measures to determine children’s susceptibility to vaccine-preventable diseases and to evaluate the quality of vaccination programs. States can use the modified Bonferroni comparison to appropriately compare their results with other states.
An Analysis of Messages About Tobacco in Military Installation Newspapers
Authors: Haddock C. Keith , Parker L. Carrie , Taylor Jennifer E. , Poston Walker S.C. , Lando Harry , Talcott G. Wayne 
Published: July 2005

Objectives. We sought to gauge the relative attention that tobacco control receives in military newspapers by comparing coverage of tobacco use with that of other health topics of importance to the military. Methods. We examined tobacco-related articles and industry advertisements in 793 newspapers published during 1 year at 16 representative military installations (4 Air Force, 6 Army, 2 Marine, 4 Navy). Newspaper content was coded with a standardized coding manual developed through previous research. Results. Tobacco use received the fewest instances of coverage and the least print space in military installation newspapers of all the health topics examined. The primary “message frame” used in tobacco control articles was that smokers are putting themselves at health risk, a theme that has not been found to have a strong effect on smokers. Nearly 10% of the newspapers contained tobacco advertisements. Conclusions. Tobacco control messages are underrepresented in military installation newspapers compared with other health issues. Furthermore, military newspapers send mixed messages to military personnel by providing advertisements for tobacco while also claiming that tobacco use is harmful.
Preventive Dental Care and Unmet Dental Needs Among Low-Income Children
Authors: Kenney Genevieve M. , McFeeters Joshua R. , Yee Justin Y. 
Published: July 2005

Objectives. We examined the ways in which levels of preventive dental care and unmet dental needs varied among subgroups of low-income children. Methods. Data were drawn from the 2002 National Survey of America’s Families. We conducted bivariate and multivariate analyses, including logistic regression analyses, to assess relationships between socioeconomic, demographic, and health factors and receipt of preventive dental care and unmet dental needs. Results. More than half of low-income children without health insurance had no preventive dental care visits. Levels of unmet dental needs among low-income children who had private health insurance coverage but no dental benefits were similar to those among uninsured children. Children of parents whose mental health was rated as poor were twice as likely to have unmet dental needs as other children. Conclusions. Additional progress toward improving the dental health of low-income children depends on identifying and responding to factors limiting both the demand for and the supply of dental services. In particular, it appears that expanding access to dental benefits is key to improving the oral health of this population.
The ABCDs of Treating the Most Prevalent Childhood Disease
Authors: Donahue G. Jay , Waddell Nancy , Plough Alonzo L. , del Aguila Michael A. , Garland Tracy E. 
Published: July 2005

Dental caries is a potentially preventable infectious disease that, untreated, can cause significant morbidity requiring costly treatment. The Access to Baby and Child Dentistry (ABCD) program increases access to prevention and early treatment for Medicaid-eligible children aged younger than 6 years in Washington State. The program is a partnership of Washington Dental Service Foundation, the University of Washington School of Pediatric Dentistry, the state Medical Assistance Administration, and local stakeholders. Through training in pediatric dental techniques and enhanced reimbursement, ABCD equips and encourages dentists to serve young Medicaid patients. Family counseling increases oral care compliance and reduces no-show rates. Program evaluation demonstrates changing attitudes and behavior among participating families and dentists, with more young, low-income Washington children receiving oral health care.
Imaging Detectors
Authors: Blouke Morley M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractCharge‐coupled devices (CCDs) were first introduced in 1970 with the demonstration of an eight‐bit linear shift register. The concept of charge coupling was novel in the integrated circuit arena in that information was represented by discrete charge packets, which were manipulated in the device and, only at the output, converted to a voltage that could be measured. By operating in the charge domain, the charge‐coupled device is a true integrated circuit; it is impossible to make such a device from a collection of discrete components.The serious development of Active Pixel Sensors began in the early 1990s, though their heritage hails from work done in the 1960s. Active pixel sensors get their name from the nature of the structure that makes up the pixel: a charge collection site and readout circuitry are provided within each pixel.This article provides an overview of charge‐coupled devices and active pixel sensors, their design, structure, operation, and performance.
Holography
Authors: Leith Emmett N. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Holography, a method of photography that produces highly realistic images, fully three‐dimensional, with the normal parallax relations of the actual object, is described. Basics of the theory are presented from both a mathematical and a physical viewpoint. Various areas of application are given, including three‐dimensional displays, complex spatial filtering, hologram interferometry for nondestructive testing and metrology, product authentication and counterfeiting security, holographic optical elements, and imaging through inhomogeneities using holographic phase conjugation. The various forms of white light viewable holograms are described, including the Denisyuk or volume type, the Benton or rainbow type, and the integral type. The diffractive properties of holograms are analyzed, including Bragg diffraction, i.e., diffraction from a volume hologram. The construction of commercial display holograms is discussed. The present state of commercial and artistic holography is discussed, along with expected future developments.
Lasers, Dye
Authors: Duarte Francisco J. , Foster David R. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDye lasers are inherently tunable, and powerful, sources of narrow‐linewidth radiation. This means that dye lasers can change the emission color continuously while emitting radiation of extremely high spectral purity. In addition, these tunable lasers can be configured to yield extremely short pulses in the femtosecond regime. As such, dye lasers have found a wide variety of applications in fundamental physics, spectroscopy, medicine, and the military. In this article, basic aspects of dye‐laser operation are examined and explained. These include a discussion of the excitation process, via classical rate equations, the origin of tunability, and the theory of dispersion that explains the achievement of very narrow laser linewidths. Although most of the article deals with traditional liquid dye lasers, a section is devoted to newly developed solid‐state dye lasers. Important applications, such as laser isotope separation and laser cooling are also discussed.
Perturbation Methods
Authors: Murdock James 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
When a solvable mathematical problem is changed slightly, or perturbed, it may become unsolvable (in closed form). Perturbation theory enables an approximate solution to be constructed; in the simplest cases, this is done by adding successive correction terms to the solution of the unperturbed problem. The roots of the method, which lie in celestial mechanics, fluid flow, and quantum mechanics are briefly described. The notions of perturbation series, uniform asymptotic validity, and regular and singular problems are defined. In the area of nonlinear oscillations, the most important methods are the Lindstedt method (or method of strained coordinates), the method of multiple scales, and the method of averaging; these are described and compared. Special results for the averaging of multifrequency Hamiltonian systems, including the Kolmogorov–Arnol'd–Moser (KAM) theorem and the Nekhoroshev theorem, are briefly described. In dynamical systems, the Melnikov integral describes the perturbation of stable and unstable manifolds. Differential equations in which a small parameter multiplies the highest derivative lead to solutions having initial or boundary layers. The multiple‐scale method and methods of matched asymptotic expansions for these problems are described. The WKB method can also be used in certain cases. The matching method for partial differential equations is illustrated by the boundary layer problem for fluid flow. Finally, several approaches to the problem of finding the eigenvalues (spectra) of perturbed matrices and linear transformations are described.
Sensors, Optical
Authors: Haus Jörg , Schaefer Roland 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn terms of dynamic range and noise, optical sensors have great advantages over their electronic or mechanical counterparts. In addition, the noncontact nature of all optical measurements avoids influences of the sensor on the measured value and, thus, measurement‐introduced systematic errors. This article gives an introduction to the components found in all kinds of optical sensors: light sources, detectors, and optical elements. On the basis of this optoelectronic toolbox, sensors for the measurement of various physical and chemical quantities are described.
Optical Techniques for Mechanical Measurement
Authors: Wykes Catherine 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIt is possible to measure a range of mechanical properties using light. These include presence, position, displacement, velocity, acceleration, surface form, and surface finish. This article summarizes the various methods and outlines the factors that limit their measurement performance. Representative values for commercially available systems are quoted where they are available and examples of applications are cited. The techniques discussed are presence detection, surface finish, optical triangulation, laser radar, interferometry, laser Doppler vibrometry and laser Doppler anemometry, electronic speckle pattern interferometry, holographic interferometry, moiré methods, and vision systems.
Luminescence
Authors: Hofmann Detlev M. , Böhm Manfred 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe article gives an introduction to the widespread phenomenon of light emission from matter under the aspect of the most common stimulation sources, that is, the use of photons for photoluminescence, or electron beams for cathodoluminescence, electric fields in the case of electroluminescence, chemical energy for chemiluminescence, sound waves for sonoluminescence, or thermal energy for the stimulation of the thermoluminescence phenomena. It focuses mostly on the respective principles of the luminescence excitation, rather than an overview of the uncountable applications of the methods in all areas of science, technology, and engineering.
Aggressive resection of the airway invaded by thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Tsai Y-F , Tseng Y-L , Wu M-H , Hung C-J , Lai W-W , Lin M-Y 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that outcome following concomitant airway resection is superior to that after shaving of the tumour in patients with airway invasion of thyroid carcinoma.

Methods
The records of 34 patients with thyroid cancer with airway invasion were reviewed retrospectively. In addition to total thyroidectomy, airway resection was performed in 18 patients (group 1), whereas the tumour was shaved away from the airway in the other 16 patients (group 2). 131I was used as postoperative adjuvant therapy in all patients. Metastasis and recurrence of the primary lesion were determined by 131I whole-body scans, serum thyroglobulin levels, and computed tomography or ultrasonography of the neck.

Results
In group 1, two anastomotic dehiscences resulted in one death. Patients in group 2 had a higher rate of local recurrence (relative risk 8·0, P = 0·013) and earlier recurrence (mean(s.e.m.) 2·6(0·8) versus 7·0(1·1) years; P = 0·026) than those in group 1. Median survival was 5·8 and 4·3 years in the 18 patients of group 1 and 16 patients of group 2 (P = 0·259), and the respective 5-year survival rates were 88 and 84 per cent (P = 0·783).

Conclusion
Aggressive airway resection can minimize local recurrence of thyroid carcinoma with airway invasion.
Synthesis, Photophysics, and Photoresponse of Fullerene‐Based Azoaromatic Dyads
Authors: Possamai Giorgia , Marcuz Silvia , Maggini Michele , Menna Enzo , Franco Lorenzo , Ruzzi Marco , Ceola Stefano , Corvaja Carlo , Ridolfi Giovanni , Geri Alessandro , Camaioni Nadia , Guldi Dirk M. , Sens Ruediger , Gessner Thomas 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe synthesis and photophysical characterization of a series of fullerene‐based, donor–acceptor dyads is presented, along with a description of their behavior as single molecular components in photovoltaic cells. The spectroscopic and photophysical properties of the dyads, investigated by steady‐state fluorescence spectroscopy, pico‐ and nanosecond transient optical spectroscopy and time‐resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, revealed that the dyads undergo multiple‐step energy transfer from the donor singlet excited state to the fullerene triplet excited state, which in turn decays to the donor triplet state. The inefficient formation of a charge‐separated state, both in solution and in the solid state, translates into a poor photovoltaic performance of dyads 2 b–4 b if compared to that of dyad 1 b, in which photoinduced electron transfer is operative in the solid state. In addition, the results of the photophysical investigation suggested that the performance of the solar cells was also limited by the low‐lying donor triplet excited state that acts as a photoexcitation energy sink.
Transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) prevents the age‐dependent decrease in bone formation in human osteoblast/implant cultures
Authors: Zhang Hai , Aronow Michael S. , Gronowicz Gloria A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTitanium implants have been extensively used in orthopedic surgery and dentistry. Most of the patients who receive such implants are elderly with a compromised ability to heal and form new bone. By using an in vitro osteoblast/implant culture system, the potency of TGF‐β1 in enhancing mineralization of human osteoblast cultures from elderly subjects was investigated in this study. Primary human osteoblast (HOB) cells obtained from different age group human subjects [Young (Y), Middle (M), and Old (O)] were cultured on Ti alloy (Ti‐6Al‐4V) disks with or without continuous administration of 0.2 ng/mL TGF‐β1 in the medium for 2 or 4 weeks. TGF‐β1 significantly (p < 0.05) increased calcium content and the size of calcified nodules on implant disks in the O group, but had no effect on the Y or M groups. The number of calcified nodules was not different with or without TGF‐β1 in all age groups. As measured by Northern blot analysis and RT‐PCR, TGF‐β1 significantly increased the expression of bone‐specific extracellular matrix proteins, including alkaline phosphatase, Type I collagen, bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin, after both 2 and 4 weeks in the O group but not in the Y group. In conclusion, TGF‐β1 enhances mineralization on implant materials of osteoblast cultures from elderly human subjects. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005