bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The basic model: statics
Authors: Anderson Roy M , May Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins of mathematical studies of the population dynamics of host-helminth parasite systems lie in the literature concerned with theoretical ecology. In 1934 Kostitzin published a seminal paper which described a deterministic model of the flow of hosts among a series of classes denoting different infection statuses, defined by the number of parasites harboured (Kostitzin 1934). The model consisted of an infinite series of differential equations and contained many rate parameters denoting host and parasite reproduction and survival. His formulation took account both of the influence of these rate parameters on the distribution of parasite numbers per host and, concomitantly, of the effect of this distribution on the dynamical properties of the interactions of the two species. The major contribution of this work was the recognition that the classical epidemic models, which treated the host population as consisting of a few discrete classes (such as susceptibles, infected, and immunes), were inappropriate descriptions of associations in which the pathology induced by infection, the fecundity and mortality of the host and parasite, and the host responses generated by infection, all typically depend on the number or burden of parasites harboured by an individual host.
Interactions between cestodes and their vertebrate hosts
Authors: Eckert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cestodes or tapeworms, important endoparasites of man and vertebrate animals, are enigmatic organisms. Their origin is lost in antiquity and presumably occurred some 500 to 600 million years ago, in Cambrian times (Stunkard 1983). One of the pioneers of research on cestodes, Professor J. G. Baer, stated that ‘tapeworms are by far the most highly specialized parasites known and although their origin from some distant platy helminthic stock is obvious, all traces of any direct affinities have disappeared’ (Baer 1951).
An evolutionary perspective: using the comparative method
Authors: Harvey Paul H , Read Andrew F , John Jeremy L , Gregory, Richard D , Keymer Anne E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
G. Evelyn Hutchinson and Robert MacArthur had come to dominate community ecology throughout North America (e.g. Cody and Diamond 1975). Simple models were matched against patterns observed in natural communities. MacArthur’s models frequently concerned the influence of competition, with the consequence that, in the minds of many, interspecific competition had an all-pervading influence on community structure; other factors, including parasitism, were largely ignored. A backlash gained momentum in the late 1970s and was essentially complete by 1983. It was led by Simberloff and others from Florida State University and, although it may have seemed almost destructive to many at the time because it did not attempt to assess the role of additional factors influencing community structure, it was founded on good scientific practice. The patterns observed in natural communities might be explained by competition, but did they require it? The trick was to build a statistical null model that incorporated the effects of all processes known to be operating except competition, and then to test it against the data (Harvey et al. 1983; Strong et al. 1984). Community ecologists learned much from that period, but perhaps the most important lesson was that building appropriate null models is an extremely difficult exercise. Yet if we are to make sense of the pattern of nature, such models will be always necessary.
Rational taxonomy and the natural system as exemplified by segmentation and phyllotaxis
Authors: *Ho Mae-wan , Saunderst† Peter T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, the idea of descent with modification came to dominate systematics, and so the study of morphology became subjugated to the reconstruction of phylogenies. Reinstating the organism in the theory of evolution leads to a project in rational taxonomy, which attempts to classify biological forms on the basis of transformations on a given dynamical structure.
Null or minimal models
Authors: Patterson Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem with models in phylogenetic inference is one of regress or circularity. Sound models demand either some knowledge of phylogeny, or assumptions about it. If knowledge is claimed, how was that knowledge gained? If assumptions are held to be merely provisional or approximate, how will they be tested by phylogenies that depend on them? I am therefore interested in methods that demand either no model at all, or the most minimal. In morphological systematics I accept the argument that ontogeny provides a sufficient model, generalized as the observation that absence is more general than presence. Criticisms of the ontogenetic criterion are reviewed. In molecular systematics ontogeny fails, and I explore the models, and the knowledge claims behind them, that may be necessary in deriving phylogenies (rooted cladograms) from alignments. I argue that efficient models are dictated by properties of the data, not by assumptions about or knowledge of phylogeny.
Assessing extinction rates
Authors: May Robert M , Lawton John H , Stork Nigel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this opening chapter, we review what we see as some of the major themes, and major questions, which emerge from the data presented in the subsequent chapters, all of which are empirically-oriented. We also sketch the essential elements of three different theoretical approaches to estimating likely future rates of extinction. The first, and by far the most familiar, uses species-area relations in combination with current or projected rates of tropical deforestation. The second method provides a very rough estimate, based on the current rates at which species in better-studied groups (specifically, birds, mammals, and palm trees) are ‘climbing the ladder’ of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources’ (IUCN) categories of threat, from ‘vulnerable’ to ‘endangered’ to ‘probably extinct’ to certified extinction. The third method is a new one, presented here in Chapter 13 by Georgina Mace; it uses the estimated probabilities of extinction, as functions of time, which underpin the IUCN categories of threat for individual species. In reviewing these three approaches, which give surprisingly concordant answers, we emphasize the many uncertainties and other problems associated with them. We also discuss the discrepancies between rates of documented extinction over the past century or so, and the roughly hundredfold higher rates of projected future extinctions.
Classification of threatened species and its role in conservation planning
Authors: Mace Georgina M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the next several decades, actions will need to be taken towards preserving the many species now facing extinction. Unfortunately, this will be done in the context of enormous ignorance about most of those species, with limited resources, and with continuing developments that contribute to species’ extinction. In this chapter, I review the role that categorizing species according to their perceived risk of extinction can play, and outline some of the practical advantages and disadvantages of this approach. In particular, I shall focus on the fact that categorizing risk levels is only a first step. Deciding what to do next and developing rational methods for setting priorities will be just as important, and presents additional challenges.
Wandering toward the edge of adaptability: adjustments of Andean people to change
Authors: Thomas R Brooke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spite of an insistence on objectivity, science is inevitably embedded in and moulded by the societal issues of its time. Such issues can influence underlying assumptions, problem selection, research funding, and most importantly interpretation as carefully researched results arc brought forth to support broader processes. Because claims of adaptiveness and adaptability entail the complex weighing of benefits and costs of responses over multiple adaptive domains, such interpretation is particularly amenable to ideological bias. This is amply illustrated in a historical review of changing perspectives on the degree and manner in which Andean peoples have adjusted to high altitude. Of interest are the divergent interpretations formulated from a commonly accepted data base, and how these nodes of contention serve to advance further inquiry. Below is a brief summary following Cueto’s (1989) excellent review on this subject (see also Cueto 1988).
Introduction: pair bonds and partnerships
Authors: Black Jeffrey M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of monogamy in birds has been turned on its head. This happened when we learned that sex is often not exclusive to pair bond members. The realization, which is still growing, came when molecular techniques for identifying parentage were included with studies of individual life histories. Many journals continue to provide further examples of socially monogamous birds where ‘female choice of a breeding partner is to a large extent uncoupled from her choice of genes for her offspring’ (Lifjeld et al. 1993). In this book we deal with this change in perception by redefining monogamy and its study, and asking what the social partnership is worth to the individual when sexual activity may not be restricted to the pair bond and when parents may be caring for someone else’s offspring (Chapters 2, 3, and 18). Several stimulating hypotheses were tabled between the late 1960s and early 1980s to explain how monogamy came about in the animal kingdom (e.g. Lack 1968; Kleiman 1977; Wittenberger 1981; Gowaty and Mock 1985) and they have been scrutinized by some outstanding studies of monogamous birds that maintain pair bonds during single breeding seasons (e.g. Greenlaw and Post 1985; Arcese 1989; Veiga 1992). In this book we extend the study by asking how and why the ultimate variety of social monogamy, pair bonds that persist for several breeding seasons, is maintained (Chapters 4-17 and 19). The study is one of mate choice, mate fidelity, and divorce following in the wake of the review by Rowley (1983).
Mate fidelity and divorce in ptarmigan: polygyny avoidance on the tundra
Authors: Hannon Susan , Martin Kathy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ptarmigan are small, primarily herbivorous grouse that breed in alpine or circumpolar arctic tundra during the short summer season. Although strongly territorial during the breeding season, they spend the winter in large sex-segregated flocks sometimes numbering in the thousands. The sexes appear similar in their white winter plumage but during summer they have sexually dimorphic breeding plumages and vocalizations. Monogamy is the norm for all species, but up to 20% of males may be polygynous in any year. Pairs are together in spring and summer for 2-4 months, spend the winter apart, and if both members of the pair survive, usually reunite the next spring. The duration of the pair bond and the extent of male parental care vary among species, but in all species the male accompanies the female during the prelaying and laying periods and appears to provide vigilance against predators while she forages.
Monogamy and sperm competition in birds
Authors: Birkhead T R , Moller A P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monogamy in birds comprises two individuals of the opposite sex remaining together for the duration of one or more breeding events. Until recently monogamy was also assumed to imply an exclusive mating relationship between two individuals (Wittenberger and Wilson 1980), but recent behavioural and molecular studies (reviewed in Birkhead and M0ller 1992) have shattered the illusion of sexual fidelity: in the majority of species extra-pair copulations and fertilizations outside the pair bond occur routinely. The consequences of this are far reaching, and include effects on fundamentally important life history traits, such as the extent of male parental care (Birkhead and M0ller 1992; M0ller and Birkhead 1993). The more immediate consequence in the present context is the need to distinguish between social and sexual monogamy (Gowaty 1985). In this book social monogamy is defined as partners remaining together and sexual monogamy as the absence of extra-pair paternity, but not necessarily the absence of extra-pair copulations. When a female is inseminated by two or more males during a single breeding episode the result is sperm competition (Parker 1970, 1984).
A Hydropolitical History of the Nile, Jordan and Euphrates River Basins
Authors: Wolf Aaron T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1876, John Wesley Powell, the leader of the first organized expedition down the Colorado River, submitted his Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States to Congress. Among his observations on U.S. settlement policies in the deserts of the Southwest, was his belief, as described by Marc Reisner (1986), that state boundaries were often nonsensical ... In the We.st, where the one thing that really mattered was water, states should logically be formed around watersheds ... To divide the West any other way was to sow the future with rivalries, jealousies, and bitter squabbles whose fruits would contribute solely to the nourishment of lawyers.
Mutation Detection
Authors: Cotton Richard G H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer and the mechanisms of its development are receiving increasing research interest. New genes are being isolated almost daily, Fundamental to those studies is the ability to detect mutations. Mutation detection is time consuming and expensive and thus should be undertaken with a thorough knowledge of the alternative methods. This book aims to critically review the field, refer to methodology and protocols, and give illustrative examples as well as put the whole emerging field in context, including ethical considerations.
Parasite-mediated natural selection
Authors: Goater Cameron P , Holmes John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great evolutionist John Haldane apparently once demonstrated to a meeting of the Royal Society that he was immune to the bite of bed bugs, as was his father (it is unclear exactly how he did this!). Perhaps anecdotal observations such as this provided the impetus for his 1949 publication Disease and Evolution. This paper initiated the idea that parasites (specifically diseases of humans) could act as significant selective agents on their hosts. In it he put forth a number of novel ideas regarding the consequences of parasite-mediated natural selection: parasites could mediate competitive interactions between hosts, they could produce and maintain rare host genotypes, and they could even drive host speciation. He was also the first to suggest that malaria was important in maintaining polymorphism of haemoglobin. Each of these ideas has become a focus of research into the biology of parasite-host interactions.
Parasitism and the evolution of host life history
Authors: Meller Anders Pape 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life history theory assumes that reproduction is costly and competes with other activities of the individual (Roff 1992; Stearns 1992). An individual cannot simultaneously maximize all life history traits, because energy is a limiting resource. All organisms must successfully maintain their ordinary body functions to survive to the next breeding event, and only excess resources can be channelled into reproduction. Current reproductive decisions are traded against future reproduction during the same or subsequent reproductive events (Williams 1966a, b; Roff 1992; Stearns 1992). The decrease in future reproduction as caused by current reproductive activities represents a cost of reproduction, and the negative relationship between current and future reproduction gives rise to a reproductive trade-off.
Community ecology of parasites and free-living animals
Authors: Simberloff Daniel , Moore Janice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two key foci of ecological research on free-living communities have been what determines the number of species in a community, and the existence, or lack thereof, of deterministic ‘assembly rules’ governing which species can co-exist in one community. These two concerns intersect in the proposition that communities of different sizes conform to a ‘nested subset’ pattern of composition (references in Simberloff and Martin 1991). The suggestion that assembly rules exist reflects one venerable view of commu nities, that they are organized sets of species, co-adapted and co-evolved to produce highly integrated entities—in the limit, holistic ‘superorgaoisms’ (references in Simberl off 1980). The opposite, ‘individualistic’ conception, that a community consists of species with similar physical requirements that happen to have colonized the same site, and that the interactions among these species are neither styli7ed nor important enough to affect greatly the species composition, is equally venerable (references in Simberloff 1980). The holistic view suggests that assembly rules exist; the individualistic view suggests they do not. These opposing conceptions of free-Jiving communities are mirrored in opposing conceptions of parasite communities of birds and other vertebrate hosts (references in Simberloff 1990).
Host-parasite co-spedation: history, principles, and prospects
Authors: Hoberg Eric P , Brooks Daniel R , Siegel-Causey Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Study of the intimate evolutionary associations between hosts and parasites, including the possibility of shared histories between parasites and their hosts birds, is as old as modem evolutionary thought. On 7 November 1844 Charles Darwin wrote to Henry Denny.
Avian brood parasitism
Authors: Payne Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Avian brood parasitism is the association between a bird (the parasite) that lays its eggs in the nests of another (the foster or host species), thus gaining the care of the foster parent. The young brood parasite takes the food that the foster parents bring for their own young, often at a cost of the survival of the foster brood (Payne 1977a).
Tapeworm quadrilles
Authors: Hoffmann Roald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is surprising, therefore, to find that Roald Hoffmann describes himself as an anti-reductionist. He and his collaborator, Robert B. Woodward, did after all win the Nobel prize for applying quantum mechanics to chemistry. It is also surprising, though perhaps it shouldn’t be, that a distinguished chemist is also an established poet. Hoffmann’s two volumes of verse, both published in the past few years, have received considerable acclaim.
Mass Extinctions and Their Aftermath
Authors: Hallam A , Wignall P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do mass extinctions occur? The demise of the dinosaurs has been discussed exhaustively, but has never been out into the context of other extinction events. This is the first systematic review of the mass extinctions of all organisms, plant and animal, terrestrial and marine, that have occurred in the history of life. This includes the major crisis 250 million years ago which nearly wiped out all life on Earth. By examining current paleontological, geological, and sedimentological evidence of environmental changes, the cases for explanations based on climate change, marine regressions, asteroid or comet impact, anoxia, and volcanic eruptions are all critically evaluated.
Kin recognition in social wasps
Authors: Gamboa George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past 15 years, a substantial literature has documented that a diversity of hymenopterans have the ability to recognize their conspecific nestmates (Fletcher and Michener 1987; Hepper 1991). Typically, colony members accept nestmates but exclude non-nestmates. Almost all studies of nestmate or kin recognition in social insects have concentrated on documenting recognition ability or investigating the mechanisms subserving recognition. As a result, there is a relatively good understanding of recognition ability and the proximate basis of recognition for several groups of social insects, including social wasps of the genus Polistes.
The evolution of eusociality, including a review of the social status of Ropalidia marginata
Authors: Gadagkar Raghavendra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social insects, especially bees and wasps exhibit such a bewildering variety of social organizations that we would be quite lost without a sound classification and some technical terms with universally accepted definitions. A system of classification that is built along lines of progressively varying degrees of social organization and sophistication would be even more attractive. Michener (1969) has presented just such a system of classification that has been so popularized by Wilson (1971) that it has now the added virtue of being nearly universally acceptable.
Wasps make nests: nests make conditions
Authors: Hansell Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am always struck by the unselfconscious way in which the words natural history are used by researchers of social insects. This approach to biology has come to be regarded by some as unfashionable and rather equated with stamp collecting. This view probably gained currency with the great expansion of molecular biology, a discipline in which generalizable concepts have developed from the discovery of similarities between organisms rather than attempting to see order in their differences.
Synapomorphies and plesiomorphies in higher classification of mollusca
Authors: Salvini-Plawen Luitfried V , Steiner Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is well-known, the Mollusca are in appearance, anatomy, ecology and physiology a highly diverse group (see Fig. 2.1), for which the phylogenetic pathways and higher classification have been controversal since the very beginning of comparative investigation. However, some principal relationships with respect to the anagenetic sequence and the organizational levels appear to have been generally accepted (Fig. 2.1).
Phylogenetic position of Sipuncula, Mollusca and the progenetic Aplacophora
Authors: Scheltema AmÉLie H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five hypotheses that consider the relationship and evolution of molluscs in general and Aplacophora in particular have recently been proposed (Scheltema, 1993). These hypotheses are: (1) the Sipuncula are the sister taxon of Mollusca; (2) the two aplacophoran taxa, the Neomeniomorpha (Solenogasters) and Chaetodermomorpha (Caudofoveata) are monophyletic and share a common neomenioid-like ancestor; (3) the Aplacophora and Polyplacophora are sister taxa and form the clade Aculifera; (4) Aculifera are the sister group of the remaining extant molluscs, the Conchifera; and (5) the Aplacophora are progenetic Aculifera (Fig. 3.1).
Origin of aculifera and problems of monophyly of higher taxa in molluscs
Authors: Ivanov Dmitry L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the composition and primary structure of the phylum Mollusca was finally determined in the 1920’s, the principal reconstructions of higher systems of molluscs have been made mainly at the level between phylum and class or class and family. The class level was the most stable. During the last fifty years, there were only two attempts to revise the composition of the phylum at the class level, which led to alterations in taxonomic structure of the phylum.