bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
For love or money? An exploratory study of why injecting drug users participate in research
Authors: Fry Craig , Dwyer Robyn 
Published: March 2003

Aims.
To examine injecting drug user (IDU) motivations as research participants.

Design. Convenience sampling facilitated by recruitment notices distributed through needle and syringe programmes (NSPs), and snowballing within peer networks.

Setting. NSPs in six suburbs throughout the Melbourne metropolitan area.

Participants. One hundred and fifty‐four current IDUs. The mean age was 28 years, 62% were male, and 80% nominated heroin as preferred drug.

Measurements. Interviewer‐administered survey including questions about socio‐demographics, drug use and main reasons for participating in research.

Findings. IDU research participation reasons were consistent with motivational themes such as economic gain (46%), expression of citizenship (38%), altruism (19%), personal satisfaction (17%), drug user activism (16%) and seeking information or assistance (5%). Most respondents (58%) cited reasons where the primary beneficiaries of participation were other individuals or groups (citizenship, altruism, drug user activism) or both self and others.

Conclusions. IDU motivations for research involvement appear to be multi‐dimensional, rarely motivated by economic gain alone, and not necessarily defined by direct benefits or gains to themselves. These findings are relevant to the question of IDU research payment ethics.
Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a meta‐analytic review of controlled investigations in treatment‐seeking and non‐treatment‐seeking populations
Authors: Moyer Anne , Finney John W. , Swearingen Carolyn E. , Vergun Pamela 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTBrief interventions for alcohol use disorders have been the focus of considerable research. In this meta‐analytic review, we considered studies comparing brief interventions with either control or extended treatment conditions. We calculated the effect sizes for multiple drinking‐related outcomes at multiple follow‐up points, and took into account the critical distinction between treatment‐seeking and non‐treatment‐seeking samples. Most investigations fell into one of two types: those comparing brief interventions with control conditions in non‐treatment‐seeking samples (n = 34) and those comparing brief interventions with extended treatment in treatment‐seeking samples (n = 20). For studies of the first type, small to medium aggregate effect sizes in favor of brief interventions emerged across different follow‐up points. At follow‐up after >3–6 months, the effect for brief interventions compared to control conditions was significantly larger when individuals with more severe alcohol problems were excluded. For studies of the second type, the effect sizes were largely not significantly different from zero. This review summarizes additional positive evidence for brief interventions compared to control conditions typically delivered by health‐care professionals to non‐treatment‐seeking samples. The results concur with previous reviews that found little difference between brief and extended treatment conditions. Because the evidence regarding brief interventions comes from different types of investigation with different samples, generalizations should be restricted to the populations, treatment characteristics and contexts represented in those studies.
Life‐history theory and risky drinking
Authors: Hill Elizabeth M. , Chow Krista 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAimsLife‐history theory, a major theory related to evolutionary biology and behavioral ecology, is applied to analyze patterns in alcohol abuse and dependence. The life‐history approach examines how intensity of reproductive competition affects the benefits and costs of risk‐taking, which are typically greater for young men than for women or older men. We used this framework to predict demographic variation in hazardous patterns of alcohol use, assuming that they reflect risk‐taking in general.DesignThis paper is a review of literature on demographic patterns in risky drinking and alcohol dependence. Predictions are generated using evolutionary analysis of risk‐taking. Existing surveys of drinking behavior are reviewed, and findings are compared to predictions.FindingsResults were generally consistent with predictions. The frequency of risky drinking and dependence is higher for men, and people of younger age, single marital status, childless parental status or unstable environmental resources. An exception is the effect of educational attainment, which is inconsistent.ConclusionsRisky drinking behavior, as with other forms of physical risk‐taking, is more frequently observed in young men, and it increases where environmental instability is higher. The utility of life‐history theory is compared to alternate conceptions of risky drinking and dependence. Implications of this perspective for research and clinical efforts are explored.
Evolution meets biopsychosociality: an analysis of addictive behavior
Authors: Lende Daniel H. , Smith E. O. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTEvolutionary theory can inform the biopsychosocial approach to addictive behavior through the use of adaptationist thinking, or how natural selection has shaped the mechanisms and processes underlying addiction. Covering how evolutionary theory relates to biology, psychology and sociality, this paper examines three components to drug use and abuse: a biological mechanism (mesolimbic dopamine), a developmental trajectory (attachment) and a social phylogeny (dominance, submission, social dependence). The paper argues for a salience (or wanting) view of the function of dopamine; outlines how attachment affects time perspective, closure of internal models and self‐regulation; and examines how inequality affects drug abuse and how social dependence and manipulative behaviors can play a role in relationships with drugs. The article concludes with an analysis of how the adaptive approach applies to interventions against addictive behavior.
Evolutionary underpinnings of excessive alcohol consumption
Authors: Gerald Melissa S. , Higley J. Dee 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTGiven our close phylogenetic relatedness, non‐human primates, in principle, could serve as an ideal model for alcoholism. Indeed, many studies in both humans and rhesus macaques show relationships between excessive alcohol consumption, aggression and serotonergic function, as measured by concentrations of the principal metabolite of serotonin, 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). An important behavioral predictor of excessive alcohol consumption in both humans and rhesus monkeys is the propensity toward impulsivity. Integrating behavioral and neuroendocrine data from captive and semi‐free‐ranging rhesus macaques, we posit that benefits derived from impulsive and aggressive behaviors in some contexts might contribute indirectly to the maintenance of traits involved in alcoholism and excessive alcohol intake.
European adolescent substance use: the roles of family structure, function and gender
Authors: McArdle Paul , Wiegersma Auke , Gilvarry Eilish , Kolte Birgitta , McCarthy Steven , Fitzgerald Michael , Brinkley Aoife , Blom Maria , Stoeckel Ingo , Pierolini Anna , Michels Ingo , Johnson Rob , Quensel Stephan 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTObjectives The aim of this study was, first, to explore family structure and measures of family functioning in relation to adolescent substance use and secondly, to establish if these relationships differed according to gender or according to the city of origin of the sample.Design, setting, participants The study surveyed pupils aged 14–15 years in representative samples drawn from five European cities: Newcastle upon Tyne, Dublin, Rome, Bremen and Groningen. Data were obtained on 3984 participants in relation to their substance use, living with both biological parents, confiding in parents and grandparents, and supervision, as well as other variables representing delinquency, social class and drug availability.Results Living with both parents was associated with reduced levels of drug use in four cities but not in Dublin, due perhaps to the high availability from peers in that city. It was not associated with reduced levels of regular drinking. The effect of confiding in mother was evident in all cities and in relation to substance use in general. However, when a delinquency variable was added to the logistic regressions, its significance in relation to polydrug use disappeared. Supervision was somewhat more important in relation to male than female drug use.Conclusion Living with both parents is a less robust barrier to substance use than qualitative aspects of family life, particularly attachment to mothers. The latter is a robust inhibitor of substance use irrespective of regional differences in drug availability, weakening only in the face of more generally problematic behaviour. Perhaps because of their greater tendency to risk‐taking or rule breaking, supervision appears more important for male than female drug use. These findings underscore the role of families, but especially that of mothers, in regulating the substance‐related behaviour of young people.
Adolescent alcohol and tobacco use: onset, persistence and trajectories of use across two samples
Authors: Jackson Kristina M. , Sher Kenneth J. , Cooper M. Lynne , Wood Phillip K. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAimsWe examined the alcohol‐tobacco relationship using two prospective, ethnically diverse samples. Trajectories of alcohol and tobacco use are portrayed overall and by sex and ethnicity. Using prospective analyses, we examine directional influences between alcohol and tobacco use, and we characterize initiation versus persistence of drinking and smoking as a function of use of the other substance.Design, settingData were from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) and the Adolescent Health Risk Study (AHRS). Follow‐up intervals for AddHealth and AHRS were 1 and 5 years, respectively.ParticipantsAddHealth respondents (n= 4831) were on average 14.8 years old (48% male, 23% black, 61% white) and AHRS respondents (n= 1814) were on average 16.7 years old (47% male, 44% black, 49% white).MeasurementsTwo alcohol consumption variables and two smoking variables were used: drinking frequency and heavy drinking frequency, and regular (current) smoking and daily number of cigarettes.FindingsAlcohol and tobacco use exhibited monotonic increases over adolescence and young adulthood. Men and white respondents reported more use than women and black respondents. Alcohol and tobacco were moderately associated at both times. Analyses revealed that prior alcohol use predicted tobacco use more strongly than the converse. Initiation of smoking was a function of prior drinking; to a lesser extent, initiation of drinking was a function of prior smoking. Persistence of smoking was a function of prior drinking and persistence of drinking was a function of prior smoking.ConclusionsProvisional support exists for the claim that alcohol use predicts tobacco use more strongly than the converse. For both drinking and smoking, onset and persistence are predicted by prior use of the other substance, and these associations were robust across sex and ethnicity.
A randomized trial of a brief alcohol intervention for needle exchangers (BRAINE)
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Charuvastra Anthony , Maksad Jina , Anderson Bradley J. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAims To test motivational interviewing (MI) as a brief intervention for reducing alcohol use among needle exchange clients.Design Randomized clinical trial.Setting Needle exchange program—Providence, Rhode Island, USA.Participants Between 2/98 and 10/99, we recruited 187 AUDIT‐positive (>8) active injection drug users.Intervention Those assigned to a brief motivational intervention (MI) condition received two 1‐hour therapist sessions following assessment visits, 1 month apart, focusing on alcohol use and HIV risk‐taking.Measurements Control and MI subjects received identical research assessments at baseline, 1 and 6 months following study enrollment. At 6 months, study outcomes included days of alcohol use measured using the time‐line follow‐back method.Findings Study retention was 96.8% at 6 months. Participants reported an average
of 12.0 drinking days at baseline and 8.3 at 6 months. Significant reductions in
drinking days were observed in both treatment conditions. We found significant treatment
× baseline drinking day interaction effects. Tests for simple main effects
were significant for subjects with above median (>9) baseline drinking day frequency,
but not for those with below median baseline drinking frequency. Comparisons on dichotomous
outcomes provided supporting evidence of treatment efficacy; those in MI were over
two times more likely than controls to report reductions of 7 days or more (P < 0.05).Conclusions This study provides the first direct evidence that brief MI can decrease alcohol use among active injection drug users with drinking problems. Heavier drinkers seem best suited for this intervention, but the optimal intensity of treatments and which components of brief intervention are most effective deserve further study.
Temporal progression of cocaine dependence symptoms in the US National Comorbidity Survey
Authors: Shaffer Howard J. , Eber Gabriel B. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTObjective Cocaine dependence first appeared as a diagnostic category in 1987 with the publication of DSM‐III‐R. While the temporal sequencing of alcohol symptoms has a long history, little such attention has been focused on cocaine dependence. This paper examines the retrospective recall of DSM‐III‐R cocaine dependence symptom progression among a large sample of cocaine users and the relationship of these symptoms to psychiatric comorbidity.Methods Using data from the US National Comorbidity Survey, DSM‐III‐R criterion ‘A’ cocaine dependence symptoms were sequenced temporally based on age of symptom onset. Each of these numerical symptom strings was examined to determine its prevalence and association to comorbid psychiatric disorders.Results Cocaine users represented 16% of the sample. Although hundreds of symptom sequence permutations are possible, only a few are highly prevalent. Subjects whose early onset symptoms are neuroadaptive (e.g. tolerance and withdrawal) are more likely to develop cocaine dependence than subjects whose early symptoms are characterized by psychosocial consequences. Furthermore, certain temporal patterns were found to increase or decrease the presence or absence of cocaine dependence and psychiatric comorbidity. Finally, psychiatric comorbidity preceded rather than followed cocaine use onset disproportionately.Conclusions Like alcohol users, cocaine users follow a limited array of symptom sequence pathways from first use to dependence. By better understanding and examining the temporal progression of drug use symptoms, clinicians might improve screening and assessment activities and determine more effectively the extent of risks associated with continued premorbid drug use and enhance treatment‐matching. We encourage clinicians to develop evaluation instruments that specifically ask patients to sequence their cocaine use‐related symptoms temporally.
Brief prevention for adolescent risk‐taking behavior
Authors: D’Amico Elizabeth J. , Fromme Kim 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAims Despite widespread prevention efforts to decrease adolescent risk‐taking, substance use and driving after drinking (DD) are prevalent in the United States. The current study compared the efficacy of an abbreviated version of Drug Abuse and Resistance Education (DARE‐A) to a new Risk Skills Training Program (RSTP).Design Adolescent participation in drinking, drug use, DD and riding with a drunk driver was examined longitudinally. After baseline assessments, adolescents were randomly assigned to the RSTP, DARE‐A or a no intervention control group and then completed 2‐month post‐test and 6‐month follow‐up assessments.Setting Adolescents attended a mid‐sized suburban high school.Participants The sample (N = 300) was comprised of 58% females and the age range was 14–19 years.Intervention The RSTP was developed to target several risk behaviors and to examine the feasibility of conducting a brief personalized prevention program in a group setting. DARE‐A focused on increasing knowledge and understanding the deleterious effects of substance use.Measurements Risk‐taking behavior, perception of peer risk‐taking and positive and negative alcohol expectancies were assessed.Findings RSTP participants decreased participation in several risk behaviors at post‐test, but reductions were not maintained at 6‐month follow‐up. The control and DARE‐A groups increased their positive and decreased their negative alcohol expectancies. The control group increased their alcohol consumption.Conclusions Results suggest that a brief, personalized, group prevention program is a feasible approach to reducing adolescent risk‐taking. Strategies must be developed to solidify these positive changes so that they are longer‐lasting.
Determining a diagnostic cut‐off on the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) for cocaine dependence
Authors: Kaye Sharlene , Darke Shane 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAim The study aimed to assess the efficacy of the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) as a diagnostic measure of cocaine dependence and determine the cut‐off score that best discriminates between the presence and absence of a DSM‐IV diagnosis of cocaine dependence.Design Cross‐sectional survey.Setting Sydney, Australia.Participants One hundred and forty‐two cocaine users.Measurements The diagnostic performance of the SDS was measured via ROC analysis against DSM‐IV diagnoses of cocaine dependence, as measured by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).Findings ROC analysis revealed the SDS to be a test of high diagnostic utility for the measurement of cocaine dependence. The cut‐off point on the SDS at which there is optimal discrimination between the presence and absence of a DSM‐IV diagnosis of cocaine dependence was found to be 3 (i.e. a score of 3 or more).Conclusions The study statistically validated the utility of the SDS as a diagnostic measure of cocaine dependence and has determined an appropriate cut‐off point. The SDS is recommended as a brief screening instrument for cocaine dependence that can be used in addition to more comprehensive measures, such as the CIDI.
Differences in factors associated with first treatment entry and treatment re‐entry among cocaine users
Authors: Ferri Cleusa P. , Gossop Michael , Rabe‐Hesketh Sophia , Laranjeira Ronaldo R. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAimsTo investigate factors associated with first entry to treatment and with treatment re‐entry among cocaine users.DesignCross‐sectional study.Setting, participantsCocaine users (n = 313) recruited from community and treatment settings in Brazil.MeasurementsStructured questionnaire including selected items from the addiction severity index (ASI), general health questionnaire, version 28 (GHQ‐28), CAGE and the severity of dependence scale (SDS).FindingsHigher dose use, being a problematic drinker and increased awareness of their problem were associated with increased odds of making first contact with an agency. Greater severity of dependence, being involved in acquisitive crime and social support increased the chance of treatment re‐entry. Being involved in acquisitive crimes and concerns about confidentiality were associated with decreased odds of first treatment contact. Being a problematic drinker was associated with decreased odds of re‐entry treatment.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the distinction between first treatment contact and subsequent entry to treatment is useful, clinically relevant and deserving of further investigation.
Morbidity associated with non‐fatal heroin overdose
Authors: Warner‐Smith Matthew , Darke Shane , Day Carolyn 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAims To estimate the range and severity of heroin overdose related morbidity.Design Cross‐sectional survey.Setting Sydney, Australia.Participants 198 heroin users.Findings Sixty‐nine per cent had experienced a heroin overdose, 28% in the preceding 12 months. Of those who had overdosed, 79% had experienced at least one overdose‐related morbidity symptom. An ambulance had attended overdoses for 59% of subjects, 33% had required hospital treatment for overdose, and 14% had experienced overdose‐related complications of sufficient severity to be admitted to a hospital ward. Indirect overdose‐related morbidity included: physical injury sustained when falling at overdose (40%), burns (24%) and assault while unconscious (14%). Direct overdose‐related morbidity included: peripheral neuropathy (49%), vomiting (33%), temporary paralysis of limbs (26%), chest infections (13%) and seizure (2%).Conclusions There appears to be extensive morbidity associated with non‐fatal overdose. This is clearly an area that requires more research to document the prevalence and nature of these harms, and factors associated with them.
The South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (SACENDU): description, findings (1997–99) and policy implications
Authors: Parry Charles D. H. , Bhana Arvin , Plüddemann Andreas , Myers Bronwyn , Siegfried Nandi , Morojele Neo K. , Flisher Alan J. , Kozel Nicholas J. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAims To (1) describe the South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (SACENDU), (2) describe trends and associated consequences of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use in South Africa for January 1997 to December 1999 and (3) outline selected policy implications identified by SACENDU participants.Methods A descriptive epidemiological study of AOD indicators based on data gathered from multiple sources, including specialist treatment centres, trauma units and quantitative studies of target groups such as school students and arrestees. Networks were established in five sentinel sites to facilitate the collection, interpretation and dissemination of data.Results Over time alcohol has been the most frequently reported primary substance of abuse across sites. Trauma and psychiatric data highlight the burden associated with alcohol abuse. Cannabis and Mandrax (methaqualone), alone or in combination, are the most frequently reported illicit drugs of abuse, generally comprising the largest proportions of drug‐related arrests, drug‐related psychiatric diagnoses and drug‐positive trauma patients. From 1997 to 1999, a significant increase in indicators for cocaine/crack and heroin occurred in two sites. Ecstasy (MDMA) use, alone or in combination with other substances, is reported among young people.Conclusions A broad range of globally abused substances is present in South Africa and the use and burden of illicit substances appears to be increasing. This points to the importance of ongoing monitoring of AOD trends. Through regular, systematic data collection the SACENDU project has made available more evidence‐based information to direct AOD abuse policy and practice and has had an impact on research agendas.
‘Third‐party’ threats to research integrity in public–private partnerships
Authors: James Jack E. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper examines threats to scientific integrity posed by possible conflicts of interests that can occur when commercial entities participate in publicly funded research partnerships. Particular attention is given to the activities of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI), which presents itself as a society of learned individuals and groups working in the public interest. In reality, ILSI's members largely consist of commercial companies and corporate conglomerates involved in the manufacture of foods, beverages, chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The main conclusion is that conflicts of interest arising from third‐party involvement in research partnerships are a threat to scientific integrity. Urgent action is needed by the scientific community to find ways to safeguard against threats to scientific integrity due to undeclared involvement of commercial entities in seemingly independent research and scholarship.