bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple‐locus variable number tandem repeats analysis for genetic fingerprinting of pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Lindstedt Bjørn‐Arne 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDNA fingerprinting has attracted considerable interest as means for identifying, tracing and preventing the dissemination of infectious agents. Various methods have been developed for typing of pathogenic bacteria, which differ in discriminative power, reproducibility and ease of interpretation. During recent years a typing method, which uses the information provided by whole genome sequencing of bacterial species, has gained increased attention. Short sequence repeat (SSR) motifs are known to undergo frequent variation in the number of repeated units through cellular mechanisms most commonly active during chromosome replication. A class of SSRs, named variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs), has proven to be a suitable target for assessing genetic polymorphisms within bacterial species. This review attempts to give an overview of bacterial agents where VNTR‐based typing, or multiple‐locus variant‐repeat analysis (MLVA) has been developed for typing purposes, together with addressing advantages and drawbacks associated with the use of tandem repeated DNA motifs as targets for bacterial typing and identification.
The ethics of evaluation neutrality and advocacy
Authors: Datta Lois‐ellin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFew ethical issues seem to arouse the passion generated by discussions of whether or when evaluators should be advocates, adversaries, or neutral in light of the social goals that programs seek to achieve. The arguments for and against evaluation advocacy are examined in terms of the American Evaluation Association's “Guiding Principles for Evaluators,” more recent statements on advocacy and neutrality, and one aspect of practice: “closeness” to intended beneficiaries. The conclusion? It is time for a revised definition of Guiding Principle C (Integrity/Honesty), one that more effectively reflects our common ground and permits better articulation of standards.
Evaluating community‐based health programs that seek to increase community capacity
Authors: Parker Edith A. , Eng Eugenia , Schulz Amy J. , Israel Barbara A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCentral to most community‐based programs is the goal of improving the community's capacity to address its own problems. Evaluating changes in community capacity requires contextualized definitions that (1) respect geographic, political, academic, and community perspectives and (2) inclusive evaluation approaches.
Controlled release of tethered molecules via engineered hydrogel degradation: Model development and validation
Authors: DuBose John W. , Cutshall Christopher , Metters Andrew T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA statistical‐co‐kinetic model has been developed to predict effects of hydrolytic or enzymatic degradation on the macroscopic properties of hydrogels formed through Michael‐type addition reactions. Important parameters accounted for by the theoretical calculations are bond cleavage kinetics, microstructural network characteristics such as macromer functionality and crosslinking efficiency, and detailed analysis of degradation products. Previous work indicated the validity of this modeling approach for predicting swelling behavior of hydrolytically degradable gels during early stages of degradation and the quantitative dependence of gel degradation on kinetic and structural parameters. The theoretical methodology is extended in the current work to predict release of covalently bound proteins from the network via labile bonds. Release studies of a network‐bound fluoroscopic probe allow validation of model degradation parameters and indicate that macromer functionalization and network crosslinking efficiency can be appropriately tailored to achieve desired swelling profiles and protein release rates over the lifetime of the degradable gel. The effects of these network parameters on the timing of gel dissolution and the protein release that occurs during this phase of degradation are also identified, highlighting the utility of the developed model as a comprehensive tool for optimizing degradable hydrogels as matrices for drug delivery and tissue regeneration. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Mitochondrial alterations and autofluorescent conversion of Candida albicans induced by histatins
Authors: Diaz Giacomo , Polonelli Luciano , Conti Stefania , Messana Irene , Cabras Tiziana , Putzolu Martina , Falchi Angela Maria , Fadda Maria Elisabetta , Cosentino Sofia , Isola Raffaella 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe mechanism of the candidacidal activity of histatins 3 and 5 (Hst) is still a matter of debate. Previous studies have indicated that Hst induce cell permeabilization, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria, inhibition of the respiratory chain, and energy‐dependent cytotoxic release of ATP. On the other hand, the multiplicity of effects and the apparent contrast between experimental data continue to render the mechanism of Hst‐induced killing of C. albicans unclear. In this investigation, using fluorescent probes (the potential‐sensitive mitochondrial probe tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester perchlorate, TMRM; the ROS‐sensitive probe dihydrofluorescein diacetate, DHF; the membrane‐impermeant probe, calcein) and autofluorescence data we observed that Hst induce ROS generation by mitochondria undergoing a high energy swelling condition, accompanied by oxidation of cytosolic NAD(P)H and mitochondrial flavoproteins. ROS generation and swelling, attributable to an inhibition of the respiratory chain and to impairment of the K/H‐exchanger, were followed by mitochondrial depolarization. Mitochondrial changes were accompanied by massive calcein influx, indicative of cell permeabilization, and prominent alterations of the cell size, shape, and optical density. The loss of proliferative activity was correlated, on a single cell basis, to the acquisition of a lipofuscin‐like autofluorescence. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:219–228, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perovskites in the comb roof base of hornets: Their possible function
Authors: Ishay J.S. , Joseph Z. , Galushko D. , Ermakov N. , Bergman D.J. , Barkay Z. , Stokroos I. , Van Der Want J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOn the ceiling of the Oriental hornet comb cell, there are mineral granules of polycrystalline material known to belong to the group of perovskites. In a comb cell intended to house a worker hornet, the roof base usually carries one or several such perovskite granules containing titanium (Ti), whereas in the roof base of a cell housing a developing queen, there are usually several granules containing a high percentage of silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), and iron (Fe), but very little if any Ti. In worker comb cells, Ti usually appears as ilmenite (FeTiO3). Besides documenting the above‐mentioned facts, this report discusses possible reasons for the appearance of ilmenite crystals in worker cells only and not in queen cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:259–269, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ICOADS release 2.1 data and products
Authors: Worley Steven J. , Woodruff Scott D. , Reynolds Richard W. , Lubker Sandra J. , Lott Neal 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS), release 2.1 (1784–2002), is the largest available set of in situ marine observations. Observations from ships include instrument measurements and visual estimates, and data from moored and drifting buoys are exclusively instrumental. The ICOADS collection is constructed from many diverse data sources, and made inhomogeneous by the changes in observing systems and recording practices used throughout the period of record, which is over two centuries. Nevertheless, it is a key reference data set that documents the long‐term environmental state, provides input to a variety of critical climate and other research applications, and serves as a basis for many associated products and analyses.The observational database is augmented with higher level ICOADS data products. The observed data are synthesized to products by computing statistical summaries, on a monthly basis, for samples within 2° latitude × 2° longitude and 1° × 1° boxes beginning in 1800 and 1960 respectively. For each resolution the summaries are computed using two different data mixtures and quality control criteria. This partially controls and contrasts the effects of changing observing systems and accounts for periods with greater climate variability. The ICOADS observations and products are freely distributed worldwide.The standard ICOADS release is supplemented in several ways; additional summaries are produced using experimental quality control, additional observations are made available in advance of their formal blending into a release, and metadata that define recent ships' physical characteristics and instruments are available. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
A 1° monthly gridded sea‐surface temperature dataset compiled from ICOADS from 1850 to 2002 and Northern Hemisphere frontal variability
Authors: Minobe Shoshiro , Maeda Atsushi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUsing surface marine data collected in International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) release 2.1, a gridded SST dataset on a monthly, 1° × 1° grid is produced from 1850 to 2002. Some unrealistic features, which are commonly found in the gridded SSTs of ICOADS, are removed by a subjective quality control. Based on the gridded SST data, SST variability associated with the oceanic fronts is investigated for the North Atlantic and North Pacific.Year‐to‐year SST variability in the North Atlantic is prominent along the climatological Gulf Stream extension (GSE) in winter and spring. This correspondence is captured better in the present SST dataset than in several widely used datasets. GSE mean SST exhibits multidecadal variability similar to the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation represented by mean SSTs over the North Atlantic.Year‐to‐year SST variability in the North Pacific in winter and spring seasons is strong along the subarctic front (SAF) and also in the subtropical front (STF), with weaker amplitudes in the latter. In particular, just east of Japan, the Kuroshio extension appears to be a core of strong variability. Winter and spring averaged SAF and STF exhibit prominent decadal warmings in the 1940s, i.e. these fronts may be two of the action centres for the 1940s climate regime shift and the previously reported 1970s shift. The warming anomalies around the SAF associated with the 1940s shift are distributed more broadly than those with the 1970s shift, and have maximal amplitudes around Japan. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
A seasonally resolved bottom‐water temperature record for the period AD 1866–2002 based on shells of Arctica islandica (Mollusca, North Sea)
Authors: Schöne Bernd R. , Pfeiffer Miriam , Pohlmann Thomas , Siegismund Frank 
Published: June 2005

AbstractExisting studies on recent global warming are almost exclusively based on environmental data from the Earth's surface. Seasonal information on the effects of climate change on subsurface settings of mid to high latitudes is extremely scarce. Here, we present the first temperature proxy record from bottom (c. 50 m) water settings of the North Sea employing the oxygen isotope composition of ocean quahog shells. Results indicate that δ18Oaragonite measured across shells of Arctica islandica can provide reliable estimates (±0.25 to ±0.4 °C) of the ambient bottom water temperatures. Over the period AD 1880–2001, warming trends in bottom waters are of the order of 0.042 to 0.138 °C/decade. Apparently, the annual maximum‐temperature trend shows a twofold increase over the past four decades (0.236 °C/decade) while the minimum‐temperature trend has remained relatively stable (0.042 °C/decade). During the same time interval, however, annual maximum temperatures at the sea surface quadrupled. Shell oxygen‐isotope‐derived winter temperatures also provide a proxy for the winter North Atlantic oscillation index (WNAO). Some 28 to 50% of the variability in minimum temperatures below the thermocline can be explained by changes of the WNAO. Our new tool enables testing and verification of climate models prior to the 20th century greenhouse forcing. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Methods to homogenize wind speeds from ships and buoys
Authors: Thomas Bridget R. , Kent Elizabeth C. , Swail Val R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMarine winds reported by Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) and moored buoys require adjustment to provide a homogeneous record of the marine climate. Known sources of inhomogeneity arise from differences in measurement height and method, averaging method and atmospheric stability; methods are available to correct for these. However, significant differences remain in a paired dataset of ship and buoy winds. Regression methods to remove this remaining inconsistency are discussed, and a ranked regression method chosen as most appropriate to adjust ship wind speeds to yield a similar distribution. We show the factors, such as vessel type, that affect the regression results. The corrections, derived from a high‐quality paired dataset with rigorous quality control, are effective at reducing inhomogeneity in monthly mean wind speed distributions derived from the International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set. Copyright © 2005 Environment Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bulk organic δ13C and C/N ratios as palaeosalinity indicators within a Scottish isolation basin
Authors: Mackie Elizabeth A. V. , Leng Melanie J. , Lloyd Jeremy M. , Arrowsmith Carol 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMicrofossils in isolation basin sediments are frequently used to reconstruct sea‐level change, but preservation problems and non‐analogue situations can limit their usefulness. Here we investigate the potential of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) and C/N ratios from bulk organic matter, as an alternative proxy of salinity within isolation basin sediments from a basin in northwest Scotland. Within the Holocene sediment δ13C and C/N are determined largely by the mean weighted values of the predominant source of the organic material. Analysis of modern materials and comparison with the diatom record shows that the marine parts of the sequence are dominated by high δ13C and variable C/N. In the fresh water sequences the organic material is a mixture of both freshwater aquatic and terrestrial plant input that have relatively low δ13C and high C/N. The application of δ13C and C/N ratios in the studied basin in general follow the environmental change recorded by the diatoms and shows the potential of bulk organic matter in the investigation of salinity change in isolation basins. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holocene millennial/centennial‐scale multiproxy cyclicity in temperate eastern Australian estuary sediments
Authors: Skilbeck C. Gregory , Rolph Timothy C. , Hill Natalie , Woods Jonathan , Wilkens Roy H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have undertaken a comparative study of down‐core variation in multiproxy palaeoclimate data (magnetic susceptibility, calcium carbonate content and total organic carbon) from two coastal water bodies (Myall and Tuggerah Lakes) in temperate eastern Australia to identify local, regional and global‐forcing factors within Holocene estuarine sediments. The two lakes lie within the same temperate climate zone adjacent to the Tasman Sea, but are not part of the same catchment and drain different geological provinces. One is essentially a freshwater coastal lake whereas the other is a brackish back‐barrier lagoon. Despite these differences, data from two sites in each of the two lakes have allowed us to investigate and compare cyclicity in otherwise uniform, single facies sediments within the frequency range of 200–2000 years, limited by the sedimentation rate within the lakes and our sample requirements. We have auto‐ and cross‐correlated strong periodicities at ∼360 years, ∼500–530 years, ∼270–290 years, 420–450 years and ∼210 years, and subordinate periods of ∼650 years, 1200–1400 years and ∼1800 years. Our thesis is that climate is the only regionally available mechanism available to control common millennial and centennial scale cyclicity in these sediments, given the geographical and other differences. However, regional climate may not be the dominant effect at any single time and either location. Within the range of frequency spectral peaks we have identified, several fall within known long‐term periodical fluctuations of sun spot activity; however, feedback loops associated with short‐term orbital variation, such as Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles, and the relationship between these and palaeo‐ENSO variation, are also possible contributors. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climate change in lowland Central America during the late deglacial and early Holocene
Authors: Hillesheim Michael B. , Hodell David A. , Leyden Barbara W. , Brenner Mark , Curtis Jason H. , Anselmetti Flavio S. , Ariztegui Daniel , Buck David G. , Guilderson Thomas P. , Rosenmeier Michael F. , Schnurrenberger Douglas W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe transition from arid glacial to moist early Holocene conditions represented a profound change in northern lowland Neotropical climate. Here we report a detailed record of changes in moisture availability during the latter part of this transition (∼11 250 to 7500 cal. yr BP) inferred from sediment cores retrieved in Lake Petén Itzá, northern Guatemala. Pollen assemblages demonstrate that a mesic forest had been largely established by ∼11 250 cal. yr BP, but sediment properties indicate that lake level was more than 35 m below modern stage. From 11 250 to 10 350 cal. yr BP, during the Preboreal period, lithologic changes in sediments from deep‐water cores (>50 m below modern water level) indicate several wet–dry cycles that suggest distinct changes in effective moisture. Four dry events (designated PBE1‐4) occurred centred at 11 200, 10 900, 10 700 and 10 400 cal. yr BP and correlate with similar variability observed in the Cariaco Basin titanium record and glacial meltwater pulses into the Gulf of Mexico. After 10 350 cal. yr BP, multiple sediment proxies suggest a shift to a more persistently moist early Holocene climate. Comparison of results from Lake Petén Itzá with other records from the circum‐Caribbean demonstrates a coherent climate response during the entire span of our record. Furthermore, lowland Neotropical climate during the late deglacial and early Holocene period appears to be tightly linked to climate change in the high‐latitude North Atlantic. We speculate that the observed changes in lowland Neotropical precipitation were related to the intensity of the annual cycle and associated displacements in the mean latitudinal position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and Azores–Bermuda high‐pressure system. This mechanism operated on millennial‐to‐submillennial timescales and may have responded to changes in solar radiation, glacial meltwater, North Atlantic sea ice, and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation of obligate anaerobic rumen bacteria capable of degrading the neurotoxin β‐ODAP (β‐N‐oxalyl‐L‐α,β‐diaminopropionic acid) as evaluated by a liquid chromatography/biosensor analysis system
Authors: Marichamy Sankar , Yigzaw Yirgalem , Gorton Lo , Mattiasson Bo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSix pure strains of obligate anaerobes capable of degrading the toxin β‐N‐oxalyl‐L‐α, β‐diaminopropionic acid (β‐ODAP) contained in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) have been isolated from cow rumen. The new isolates were identified as Megasphaera elsdenii (five different genotypes) and Clostridium bifermentans using 16S rDNA analysis. The β‐ODAP degrading efficiency of the isolates was evaluated by measuring the amount of β‐ODAP in the growth medium, which contained β‐ODAP as the only carbon source, before and after incubation with the microbes. The method of analysis was liquid chromatography employing bioelectrochemical detection. The biosensor is based on co‐immobilising two enzymes, glutamate oxidase (GlOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), on the end of a spectrographic graphite electrode. β‐ODAP is oxidised by GlOx to form H2O2, which in turn is bioelectrocatalytically reduced by HRP through a mediated reaction using a polymeric mediator incorporating Os2 + /3+ functionalities rapidly shuttling electrons with the electrode_giving rise to the analytical signal. On the basis of this analysis system, the new isolates are capable of utilising β‐ODAP as sole carbon source to a maximum of 90–95% within 5 days with concomitant increase in cell protein. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Terpene profiles in Cantal and Saint‐Nectaire‐type cheese made from raw or pasteurised milk
Authors: Cornu Agnès , Kondjoyan Nathalie , Martin Bruno , Verdier‐Metz Isabelle , Pradel Philippe , Berdagué Jean‐Louis , Coulon Jean‐Baptiste 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTerpene profiles in cheese can be considered a ‘terroir’ fingerprint as the information contained in it should enable the pastures on which the animals were fed to be recognised. Yet a certain elasticity of the signature must be taken into account when determining authentication strategies, since products acknowledged as containing a common signature may have undergone certain procedures, such as cheese making and milk pasteurisation, that could have potentially altered their terpene profiles. In this study, Cantal and Saint‐Nectaire‐type cheeses were made from both raw and pasteurised milk from the same herd of dairy cows that had been grazed on natural grassland. Cheeses from raw and pasteurised milk were made from the same milking on the same days. Cantal and Saint‐Nectaire‐type cheeses were made on 4 different days, alternatively over four weeks. The terpenes in the cheese fat were analysed by dynamic headspace/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A great diversity of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygen‐containing derivatives were identified. The major terpenes identified in most cheeses were β‐caryophyllene, α‐ and β‐pinene and limonene. Milk pasteurisation did not induce changes in the terpene profile of the cheese. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed between Cantal and Saint‐Nectaire cheeses: α‐pinene, β‐myrcene and β‐phellandrene were, respectively, three, five and five times more abundant in Cantal cheese, while tricyclene, α‐phellandrene and geraniol were found exclusively in Cantal cheese. In contrast, unidentified sesquiterpenes with retention indices (KI) = 1342 and 1511, α‐cubebene, longifolene and γ‐elemene were more abundant or exclusively found in Saint‐Nectaire cheese. A significant relationship with the date of milking (p < 0.01) was observed for α‐pinene and tricyclene in Cantal, for β‐myrcene, δ‐3‐carene, p‐cymene and α‐terpinene in Saint‐Nectaire cheese. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry