bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic value of nuclear grading in patients with intracapsular (pT1‐pT2) renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Minervini Andrea , Lilas Leon , Minervini Riccardo , Selli Cesare 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe TNM classification system considers tumor size and, in particular tumor, greatest dimension as the only prognostic indicator for intracapsular renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The objective of the current study was to evaluate the role of nuclear grading and its importance as a prognostic indicator in patients with intracapsular (T1‐T2) RCC.METHODSA retrospective study was performed on 213 patients with RCC limited to the kidney who were free from distant metastases at the time of diagnosis and who underwent radical nephrectomy from January 1990 to November 1999. All patients were staged according to the 1997 TNM classification system. Nuclear grading was determined according to the criteria proposed by Fuhrman et al. The patients' status was evaluated last in November 2000. The mean follow‐up was 52 months (range, 12–130 months). The probability of survival was estimated by using the Kaplan‐Meier method, with the log‐rank test used to estimate differences among levels of the analyzed variables. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was performed to estimate the relative importance of the variables in predicting survival.RESULTSThe 5‐year disease specific survival rates for patients with pT1 and pT2 tumors were 93.5% and 61.1%, respectively. The 5‐year disease specific survival rates for patients with Grade 1, Grade 2, and Grade 3–4 tumors were 95.9%, 86.8%, and 60.1%, respectively. A comparison of the survival curves both by stage and grade showed a statistically significant difference. For patients with pT1 lesions, the 5‐year disease specific survival rate was 94.2% for patients with Grade 1–2 disease and 89.8% for patients with Grade 3–4 disease. For patients with pT2 lesions, the 5‐year disease specific survival rate was 72.2% for patients with Grade 1–2 disease and 20% for patients with Grade 3–4 disease.CONCLUSIONSWithin intracapsular tumors that measure > 7.0 cm in greatest dimension, nuclear grade is an important morphologic variable for predicting long‐term survival. Identification of patients with nuclear Grade 3–4 tumors is important prognostically to determine the metastatic potential of pT2 tumors, because this subgroup of patients may benefit from adjuvant immunotherapy. Cancer 2002;94:2590–5. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10510
Clinical trial participation among patients enrolled in the Glioma Outcomes Project
Authors: Chang Susan M. , Barker Fred G. , Schmidt Meic H. , Sloan Andrew E. , Kasper Rachel , Phillips Leslie , Shih Karen , Hariharan Subramanian , Berger Mitchel S. ,   The Glioma Outcomes Investigators
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDPatient participation in well‐designed and conducted clinical trials enables researchers to test new therapies. An understanding of the variables that possibly influence patient enrollment may help in patient recruitment for future trials. The authors evaluated factors that influenced patient enrollment in clinical trials using a prospective, large, multi‐institutional registry of patients with malignant glioma.METHODSData were examined from 708 patients who underwent first or second surgery for a malignant glioma who were enrolled in the Glioma Outcomes Project, which is a prospective observational data base that captures clinical practice patterns. The frequency of clinical trial participation and the variables that may have been associated with trial participation were evaluated. These variables included age, gender, race, household income, educational level, first versus second craniotomy, histology, and whether the patient was treated at an academic institution.RESULTSOne hundred fifty‐one of 708 patients (21.3%) participated in a clinical trial, which was higher than the participation reported typically for patients with other types of primary malignancies. In univariate analysis, race, histology, and first craniotomy were significant between the two groups, with Caucasian patients and patients with glioblastoma histology showing higher participation rates. In a multivariate logistic regression model, significant predictors included young age and glioblastoma multiforme histology.CONCLUSIONSThe authors present information on factors that may influence clinical trial participation among patients with malignant glioma and compare their data with information described previously on patients with other types of malignant disease. The percent of participation among the patients in the current study was greater than among patients with other primary tumor sites. Strategies should be implemented to improve recruitment to neuro‐oncology trials, especially in elderly and minority populations. Cancer 2002;94:2681–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10536
Visceral region in the rat primary somatosensory cortex identified by vagal evoked potential
Authors: Ito Shin‐Ichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent noninvasive human studies have reconfirmed the presence of a viscerally responsive region in the most lateral part of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). The present electrophysiological study identified the corresponding area in rats as a vagal afferent projection region and examined the cytoarchitecture. Electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve elicited a field potential comparable in waveform, latency, and amplitude to the simultaneously evoked potential in the insular visceral sensory cortex. The potential field adjoined the S1 trigeminal region without overlap, and was rostroventral to the lip representation barrel field, which was identified histochemically, and rostrodorsal to the tongue representation region, which was identified electrophysiologically. The vagal potential underwent a phase reversal in the middle layers; thus, the current sink site was cytoarchitectonically identified as the most rostral part of the parietal granular cortex or the S1, where no somatosensory input has previously been demonstrated. The rat S1 contains a region representing general visceral information, topographically located as if the visceral organs protruded from the mouth. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:10–24, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the basal ganglia in rats, marmosets, macaques, baboons, and humans: Volume and neuronal number for the output, internal relay, and striatal modulating nuclei
Authors: Hardman Craig Denis , Henderson Jasmine Monica , Finkelstein David Isaac , Horne Malcolm Kenneth , Paxinos George , Halliday Glenda Margaret 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study compares the basal ganglia of rats, marmosets, macaques, baboons, and humans. It uses established protocols to estimate the volume and number of neurons within the output nuclei (internal globus pallidus, IGP; and nondopaminergic substantia nigra, SNND), two internal relay and modulating nuclei (subthalamic nucleus, STh; and external globus pallidus, EGP), and a modulator of the striatum (dopaminergic substantia nigra, SND). Nuclear boundaries were defined by using immunohistochemistry for striatal afferents. Total numbers of Nissl‐stained and parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons were calculated by using the fractionator technique. Comparisons between species were standardized relative to brain mass (rats < marmosets < macaques < baboons < humans). The EGP consistently had more neurons relative to the IGP, STh, and SND, which had similar neuronal numbers within each species. The SNND had proportionally more neurons in rats than in primates (especially humans). The distribution of SND neurons varied substantially between rats and primates (very few ventrally located neurons in rats) with humans containing fewer SND neurons than other primates. The reduction in SND neurons in humans suggests less dopaminergic regulation of the basal ganglia system compared with other species. The consistency in the number of IGP neurons across all species, combined with the reduction in SNND neurons in humans, suggests a greater emphasis on output pathways through the IGP and that there are proportionally more STh and EGP neurons in humans. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:238–255, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topographic organization and neurochemical identity of dorsal raphe neurons that project to the trigeminal somatosensory pathway in the rat
Authors: Kirifides Michael L. , Simpson Kimberly L. , Lin Rick C.‐S. , Waterhouse Barry D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe primary goals of this study were to: 1) examine the distribution of neurons within the dorsal raphe (DR) nucleus that project to cortical and subcortical sites along the trigeminal somatosensory pathway in rat; 2) determine the extent to which different regions within this ascending sensory system receive collateral projections from the same DR neuron; and 3) identify the putative transmitters contained within these DR projection neurons. Long‐Evans hooded rats received pressure injections of various combinations of retrograde fluorescent tracers; into the whisker‐related regions of the primary somatosensory cortex (barrel field cortex [BC]), ventral posterior medial thalamus (VPM), and principal nucleus of the trigeminal complex (PrV). The distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons within the DR was examined by fluorescence microscopy. The major finding was that cortically projecting neurons were located within the midline regions of the rostral portion of the DR, whereas cells projecting to subcortical trigeminal somatosensory structures were distributed bilaterally in the lateral wing regions of the DR as well as in the midline portions of the nucleus. Single neurons that send axon collaterals to multiple cortical and subcortical trigeminal somatosensory targets were observed in the dorsomedian and ventromedian regions of the DR. DR neurons that projected to cortical and subcortical sites contained serotonin but not tyrosine hydroxylase, the marker enzyme for catecholamine transmitters. Taken together, these findings provide further evidence of neurochemical specificity and functional anatomical organization within the DR efferent projection system. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:325–340, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat hypothalamus
Authors: Eyigor Ozhan , Centers Adrian , Jennes Lothar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate participates in the control of most (and possibly all) neuroendocrine systems in the hypothalamus. This control is exerted by binding to two classes of membrane receptors, the ionotropic and metabotropic receptor families, which differ in their structure and mechanisms of signal transduction. To gain a better understanding about the precise sites of action of glutamate and the subunit compositions of the receptors involved in the glutamatergic neurotransmission in the hypothalamus and septum, in situ hybridization was used with 35S‐labeled cRNA probes for the different ionotropic receptor subunits, including glutamate receptor subunits 1–4 (GluR1–GluR4), kainate‐2, GluR5–GluR7, N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor 1 (NMDAR1), and NMDAR2A–NMDAR2D. The results showed that subunits of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole‐propionate‐preferring, kainate‐preferring, and NMDA‐preferring receptor subunits are distributed widely but heterogeneously and that the GluR1, GluR2, kainate‐2, NMDAR1, NMDAR2A, and NMDAR2B subunits are the most abundant in the hypothalamus. Thus, GluR1 subunit mRNA was prominent in the lateral septum, preoptic area, mediobasal hypothalamus, and tuberomammillary nucleus, whereas kainate‐2 subunit mRNA was abundant in the medial septum‐diagonal band, median and anteroventral preoptic nuclei, and supraoptic nuclei as well as the magnocellular portion of the posterior paraventricular nucleus. Regions that contained the highest levels of NMDAR1 subunit mRNA included the septum, the median preoptic nucleus, the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, and the supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei as well as the arcuate nucleus. Together, the extensive distribution of the different GluR subunit mRNAs strengthen the view that glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus. The overlap in the distribution of the various subunit mRNAs suggests that many neurons can express GluR channels that belong to different families, which would allow a differential regulation of the target neurons by glutamate. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:101–124, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of laminar organization in the mushroom bodies of the cockroach: Kenyon cell proliferation, outgrowth, and maturation
Authors: Farris Sarah M. , Strausfeld Nicholas J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mushroom bodies of the insect brain are lobed integration centers made up of tens of thousands of parallel‐projecting axons of intrinsic (Kenyon) cells. Most of the axons in the medial and vertical lobes of adult cockroach mushroom bodies derive from class I Kenyon cells and are organized into regular, alternating pairs (doublets) of pale and dark laminae. Organization of Kenyon cell axons into the adult pattern of laminae occurs gradually over the course of nymphal development. Newly hatched nymphs possess tiny mushroom bodies with lobes containing a posterior lamina of ingrowing axons, followed by a single doublet, which is flanked anteriorly by a γ layer composed of class II Kenyon cells. Golgi impregnations show that throughout nymphal development, regardless of the number of doublets present, the most posterior lamina serves as the “ingrowth lamina” for axons of newborn Kenyon cells. Axons of the ingrowth lamina are taurine‐ and synaptotagmin‐immunonegative. They produce fine growth cone tipped filaments and long perpendicularly oriented collaterals along their length. The maturation of these Kenyon cells and the formation of a new lamina are marked by the loss of filaments and collaterals, as well as the onset of taurine and synaptotagmin expression. Class I Kenyon cells thus show plasticity in both morphology and transmitter expression during development. In a hemimetabolous insect such as the cockroach, juvenile stages are morphologically and behaviorally similar to the adult. The mushroom bodies of these insects must be functional from hatching onward, while thousands of new neurons are added to the existing structure. The observed developmental plasticity may serve as a mechanism by which extensive postembryonic development of the mushroom bodies can occur without disrupting function. This contrasts with the more evolutionarily derived holometabolous insects, such as the honey bee and the fruit fly, in which nervous system development is accomplished in a behaviorally simple larval stage and a quiescent pupal stage. J. Comp. Neurol. 430:331–351, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connexin26 in adult rodent central nervous system: Demonstration at astrocytic gap junctions and colocalization with connexin30 and connexin43
Authors: Nagy James I. , Li Xinbo , Rempel Jeremy , Stelmack Gerald , Patel Daywin , Staines William A. , Yasumura Thomas , Rash John E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe connexin family of proteins (Cx) that form intercellular gap junctions in vertebrates is well represented in the mammalian central nervous system. Among these, Cx30 and Cx43 are present in gap junctions of astrocytes. Cx32 is expressed by oligodendrocytes and is present in heterologous gap junctions between oligodendrocytes and astrocytes as well as at autologous gap junctions between successive myelin layers. Cx36 mRNA has been identified in neurons, and Cx36 protein has been localized at ultrastructurally defined interneuronal gap junctions. Cx26 is also expressed in the CNS, primarily in the leptomeningeal linings, but is also reported in astrocytes and in neurons of developing brain and spinal cord. To establish further the regional, cellular, and subcellular localization of Cx26 in neural tissue, we investigated this connexin in adult mouse brain and in rat brain and spinal cord using biochemical and immunocytochemical methods. Northern blotting, western blotting, and immunofluorescence studies indicated widespread and heterogeneous Cx26 expression in numerous subcortical areas of both species. By confocal microscopy, Cx26 was colocalized with both Cx30 and Cx43 in leptomeninges as well as along blood vessels in cortical and subcortical structures. It was also localized at the surface of oligodendrocyte cell bodies, where it was coassociated with Cx32. Freeze‐fracture replica immunogold labeling (FRIL) demonstrated Cx26 in most gap junctions between cells of the pia mater by postnatal day 4. By postnatal day 18 and thereafter, Cx26 was present at gap junctions between astrocytes and in the astrocyte side of most gap junctions between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In perinatal spinal cord and in five regions of adult brain and spinal cord examined by FRIL, no evidence was obtained for the presence of Cx26 in neuronal gap junctions. In addition to its established localization in leptomeningeal gap junctions, these results identify Cx26 as a third connexin (together with Cx30 and Cx43) within astrocytic gap junctions and suggest a further level of complexity to the heterotypic connexin channel combinations formed at these junctions. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:302–323, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discontinuous Galerkin methods for flow and transport problems in porous media
Authors: Rivière Béatrice , Wheeler Mary F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis work presents a new scheme based on discontinuous approximation spaces for solving the miscible displacement problem in porous media. Numerical comparisons are made between this scheme and the well‐known mixed finite element and higher‐order Godunov methods. The simulations clearly show the advantages of the discontinuous Galerkin methods for stable or unstable flow. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interface tracking finite volume method for complex solid–fluid interactions on fixed meshes
Authors: Udaykumar H. S. , Mittal R. , Rampunggoon P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a numerical technique for computing flowfields around moving solid boundaries immersed in fixed meshes. The mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian framework treats the immersed boundaries as sharp solid–fluid interfaces and a conservative finite volume formulation allows boundary conditions at the moving surfaces to be exactly applied. A semi‐implicit second‐order accurate spatial and temporal discretization is employed with a fractional‐step scheme for solving the flow equations. A multigrid accelerator for the pressure Poisson equations has been developed to apply in the presence of multiple embedded solid regions on the mesh. We present applications of the method to two types of problems: (a) solidification in the presence of flows and particles, (b) fluid–structure interactions in flow control. In both these problems, the sharp interface method presents advantages by being able to track arbitrary interface motions, while capturing the full viscous, unsteady dynamics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moderate deviations for longest increasing subsequences: The upper tail
Authors: Löwe Matthias , Merkl Franz 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe derive the upper‐tail moderate deviations for the length of a longest increasing subsequence in a random permutation. This concerns the regime between the upper‐tail large‐deviation regime and the central limit regime. Our proof uses a formula to describe the relevant probabilities in terms of the solution of the rank 2 Riemann‐Hilbert problem (RHP); this formula was invented by Baik, Deift, and Johansson [3] to find the central limit asymptotics of the same quantities. In contrast to the work of these authors, who apply a third‐order (nonstandard) steepest‐descent approximation at an inflection point of the transition matrix elements of the RHP, our approach is based on a (more classical) second‐order (Gaussian) saddle point approximation at the stationary points of the transition function matrix elements. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optimal path finding with space‐ and time‐variant metric weights via multi‐layer CNN
Authors: Kim Hyongsuk , Son Hongrak , Roska Tamás , Chua Leon O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnalogic CNN‐based optimal path‐finding algorithm is proposed to solve the problem with space‐ and time‐variant metric weights. The algorithm is based on the analog version of modified dynamic programming which is associated with non‐linear templates and multi‐layer CNN employing the distance computing (DC), the intermediate (I), and the path‐finding (PF) layers. The cell outputs of I layer are jointly utilized among the cells on the DC layer and the PF layers, which allows the network structure to be compact. The arbitrary levels of metric weights can be provided externally and the real‐time processing of the optimal path finding is achieved on the space with the time‐variant metric weight. Parallel‐processing capability for the multiple optimal path finding is the additional property of the proposed algorithm. The proposed multi‐layer CNN structure and its non‐linear templates are introduced. The proper operation of the proposed structure is verified through theoretical analysis and simulations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Karyotyping of comparative genomic hybridization human metaphases by using support vector machines
Authors: Kou Zhenzhen , Ji Liang , Zhang Xuegong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundComparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a relatively new molecular cytogenetic method for detecting chromosomal imbalance. Karyotyping of human metaphases is an important step to assign each chromosome to one of 23 or 24 classes (22 autosomes and two sex chromosomes). Automatic karyotyping in CGH analysis is needed. However, conventional karyotyping approaches based on DAPI images require complex image enhancement procedures.MethodsThis paper proposes a simple feature extraction method, one that generates density profiles from original true color CGH images and uses normalized profiles as feature vectors without quantization. A classifier is developed by using support vector machine (SVM). It has good generalization ability and needs only limited training samples.ResultsExperiment results show that the feature extraction method of using color information in CGH images can improve greatly the classification success rate. The SVM classifier is able to acquire knowledge about human chromosomes from relatively few samples and has good generalization ability. A success rate of moe than 90% has been achieved and the time for training and testing is very short.ConclusionsThe feature extraction method proposed here and the SVM‐based classifier offer a promising computerized intelligent system for automatic karyotyping of CGH human chromosomes. Cytometry 47:17–23, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.