bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stellenwert der Autoimmundiagnostik bei Diabetes mellitus Autoimmune diagnostics in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Seissler Jochen , Scherbaum Werner A. 
Published: August 2005

Zusammenfassung
Der Typ-1-Diabetes entsteht durch eine progrediente Zerstörung der β-Zellen des Pankreas. Charakteristisch ist das Auftreten spezifischer Autoantikörper gegen Antigene der Inselzellen. Die Autoantikörper gegen Insulin (IAA), Glutaminsäure-Decarboxylase (GADA), Tyrosinphosphatase IA-2 (IA2-Ak) und die zytoplasmatischen Inselzellantikörper (ICA) können für die Differentialdiagnose des Typ-1-Diabetes genutzt werden, wenn klinische und metabolische Kriterien allein keine eindeutige Klassifizierung zulassen. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist die Autoimmundiagnostik bei Erwachsenen für die Differentialdiagnose zwischen einem Typ-1- und einem Typ-2-Diabetes, um die Diagnose eines LADA-Diabetes (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults) zu stellen.
Rekombinante Allergene für die Diagnose der Typ I-Allergie Recombinant allergens for diagnosis of type I allergy
Authors: Mothes Nadine , Valenta Rudolf , Spitzauer Susanne 
Published: August 2005

Zusammenfassung
Derzeit werden zur Diagnose der Typ I-Allergie Aller-genextrakte herangezogen, die zwar die auslösende Allergenquelle, nicht aber die für die Symptome (allergische Rhinokonjunktivitis, Asthma bronchiale) verantwortlichen allergenen Moleküle identifizieren können. Mit der Einführung von rekombinanten Allergenen durch die molekulare DNS-Technologie wurde es möglich, viele verschiedene Allergene aus Allergenquellen zu isolieren. Diese rekombinanten Moleküle können nun in in vitro-Tests im Sinne einer erweiterten Diagnostik (komponentenspezifische Diagnose) angewendet werden und erlauben dem Allergologen die Erstellung des individuellen IgE-Reaktionsprofils eines Patienten gegen die einzelnen Kom ponenten. Um die Durchführung von Tests mit einer Vielzahl verschiedener rekombinanter Allergene in der klinischen Praxis zu erleichtern, sind Tests in Erprobung, welche auf der Chiptechnologie basieren und die gleichzeitige Analyse mit bis zu 5.000 verschiedenen Allergenen oder Epitopen zulassen.
Die Einführung dieser rekombinanten Allergene in die klinische Praxis verbessert nicht nur die Kriterien für die Auswahl der Patienten in Bezug auf die spezifische Immuntherapie, sondern ermöglicht auch die Überprüfung der immunologischen Wirksamkeit der spezifischen Immuntherapie durch die Bestimmung von Allergen-spezifischen IgG-Antikörpern.
Neben ihrem diagnostischen Einsatz werden sowohl rekombinante Allergene als auch deren hypoallergene Derivate in Studien auf ihre klinische Effizienz als Vakzine getestet und zeigen auch hier bereits ihren Nutzen für die Immuntherapie der Typ I-Allergie.
Time‐Resolved Emission Spectra of Green Fluorescent Protein
Authors: Jaye Andrew A. , Stoner‐Ma Deborah , Matousek Pavel , Towrie Michael , Tonge Peter J. , Meech Stephen R. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe time‐resolved emission spectra of wild‐type green fluorescent protein (wtGFP) and the T203V GFP mutant have been recorded with picosecond time resolution, allowing the separate characterization of the two spectral components associated with the neutral and anionic forms of the GFP chromophore. Significantly, neither component shifts as a function of time. It is suggested that the absence of spectral shift is a result of highly restricted movement of the protein residues in the vicinity of the chromophore. The shapes of the separated spectra are discussed and their relative ratio analyzed in a steady‐state analysis.
Comparison of a partial life-cycle bioassay in artificial streams to a standard beaker bioassay to assess effects of metal mine effluent on Chironomus tentans
Authors: Hruska Kimberly A. , Dubé Monique G. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A novel, partial life-cycle bioassay using Chironomus tentans in artificial streams was developed for evaluating the effects of metal mine effluent. The utility of this bioassay was compared to an existing beaker life-cycle bioassay under laboratory conditions. Chironomus tentans larvae were exposed to 45% (v/v) treated metal mine effluent from day 11 through hatching of the second generation. Response patterns were consistent between the two bioassays for hatching success and time to emergence but inconsistent for other endpoints. Significant effects of effluent were obtained for growth, survival, number of adults emerged, and number of eggs per egg case in the artificial stream bioassay but not in the beaker bioassay. Conversely, significant effects on sex ratio and number of egg cases per female were observed in the beaker bioassay but not in the artificial stream bioassay. These differences are believed to be a consequence of the number of organisms per replicate used in each bioassay, which results in a difference in statistical power. As a result, higher coefficients of variation and effects sizes were observed in the beaker bioassay relative to the artificial stream bioassay for almost all endpoints. These results provide evidence that the bioassay in artificial streams can be an effective tool for evaluating the effects of metal mine effluent on life-cycle endpoints in C. tentans.
Influence of long contact times on sediment sorption kinetics of spiked chlorinated compounds
Authors: ten Hulscher Theodora E. M. , Vrind Bea A. , van den Heuvel Henny , van Noort Paul C. M. , Govers Harrie A. J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The desorption kinetics of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and 2,4,4′-trichlororbiphenyl (PCB 28) spiked to a field sediment were studied using a gas-purge technique. A contact time of up to 1,461 d was used to assess long-term changes in desorption kinetics. Purge-induced desorption experiments lasted from 300 to more than 4,000 h. Fast-, slow-, and very-slow-desorbing fractions could be distinguished. The desorption patterns changed with contact time from mainly fast- and slow-desorbing fractions toward the domination of slow- and very-slow-desorbing fractions. The desorption pattern for HCB after a contact time of 1,461 d became comparable to previously reported desorption patterns observed for in situ contaminants. An additional spike of HCB, PCB 28, 2,4,6-trichlorobiphenyl, and 2,2′,4,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl applied to the sediment purged for more than 4,000 h showed that very slow sites were accessible for these compounds within a few hours. Only very small fast-desorbing fractions could be detected after a contact time of just 48 h. These results indicate that domination of very slow desorption is caused not only by long contact times but, perhaps, also by the accessibility of specific sites within the sediment matrix.
Characterization of the estrogenicity of Swiss midland rivers using a recombinant yeast bioassay and plasma vitellogenin concentrations in feral male brown trout
Authors: Vermeirssen Etiënne L. M. , Burki Richard , Joris Caroline , Peter Armin , Segner Helmut , Suter Marc J.-E , Burkhardt-Holm Patricia 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In our study, we aim to characterize the estrogenicity of 18 independent rivers that receive effluent from sewage treatment works. During the winter and summer of 2003, we collected multiple water samples and measured environmental estrogens with an in vitro yeast-based reporter gene assay; estrogenicity was expressed as ng 17β-estradiol equivalents (EEQ) per L of water. Estradiol equivalents values in winter ranged from 0.3 to 2.0 ng/L and, in summer, from 0.4 to 7.0 ng/L. Winter and summer EEQ values were not correlated with each other or with the dilution factor of the effluent in the river. Variation in EEQ values was large and correlated from winter to summer. Part of this variation in estrogenicity is explained by water flow rates; variation is larger at reduced flow rates. We measured plasma vitellogenin concentrations in immature male brown trout. At five sites, vitellogenin concentrations exceeded 1 μg/ml; however, at the majority of the sites, plasma vitellogenin concentrations were below 0.5 μg/ml. Our data indicate that the exposure of brown trout to environmental estrogens in Swiss midland rivers is low. However, some sites show reoccurring higher EEQ values and, at some sites, plasma vitellogenin concentrations in male fish clearly are elevated.
Vegetated agricultural drainage ditches for the mitigation of pyrethroid-associated runoff
Authors: Bennett Erin R. , Moore Matthew T. , Cooper Charles M. , Smith Sammie , Shields F. Douglas , Drouillard Ken G. , Schulz Ralf 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Drainage ditches are indispensable components of the agricultural production landscape. A benefit of these ditches is contaminant mitigation of agricultural storm runoff. This study determined bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin (two pyrethroid insecticides) partitioning and retention in ditch water, sediment, and plant material as well as estimated necessary ditch length required for effective mitigation. A controlled-release runoff simulation was conducted on a 650-m vegetated drainage ditch in the Mississippi Delta, USA. Bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin were released into the ditch in a water-sediment slurry. Samples of water, sediment, and plants were collected and analyzed for pyrethroid concentrations. Three hours following runoff initiation, inlet bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin water concentrations ranged from 666 and 374 μg/L, respectively, to 7.24 and 5.23 μg/L at 200 m downstream. No chemical residues were detected at the 400-m sampling site. A similar trend was observed throughout the first 7 d of the study where water concentrations were elevated at the front end of the ditch (0–25 m) and greatly reduced by the 400-m sampling site. Regression formulas predicted that bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin concentrations in ditch water were reduced to 0.1% of the initial value within 280 m. Mass balance calculations determined that ditch plants were the major sink and/or sorption site responsible for the rapid aqueous pyrethroid dissipation. By incorporating vegetated drainage ditches into a watershed management program, agriculture can continue to decrease potential non-point source threats to downstream aquatic receiving systems. Overall results of this study illustrate that aquatic macrophytes play an important role in the retention and distribution of pyrethroids in vegetated agricultural drainage ditches.
A teleost in vitro reporter gene assay to screen for agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
Authors: Liu Gele , Moon Thomas W. , Metcalfe Chris D. , Lee Lucy E. J. , Trudeau Vance L. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Several contaminants detected in aquatic ecosystems are agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors interact with the retinoid × receptor (RXR) to activate the transcription of genes that control a variety of physiological functions. We cloned and sequenced partial cDNA fragments of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) PPARα and PPARβ from rainbow trout (rt) gill-W1 cells, a cell line derived from rainbow trout gills; predicted amino acid identities are 77% and 82% compared with their respective human homologs and 83 to 88% and 91 to 98% identical to fish homologs. A reporter gene assay was developed by transfecting rt-gill-W1 cells with a reporter gene construct containing the peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) of the rat liver 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase B (TB) gene, which drives luciferase expression. Agonists of both PPARα (WY14,643 and gemfibrozil) and PPARβ (bezafibrate) induced luciferase activity, while rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, was not effective. The fibrate drug, bezafibrate increased luciferase activity in a dose-dependent manner, but addition of 50 nM 9-cis-retinoic acid to the transfected rt-gill-W1 cell culture maximized the sensitivity of the assay so that bezafibrate could be detected at concentrations as low as 6 nM. Extracts from treated domestic wastewater containing fibrate drugs induced luciferase activity in the transfected gill cells. This in vitro reporter gene assay shows promise as a rapid and sensitive technique for screening environmental samples for PPAR-active substances.
Acute enantioselective toxicity of fipronil and its desulfinyl photoproduct to Ceriodaphnia dubia
Authors: Konwick Brad J. , Fisk Aaron T. , Garrison Arthur W. , Avants Jimmy K. , Black Marsha C. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide increasingly used in applications such as rice culture, turf grass management, and residential pest control, with a high probability to contaminate aquatic environments. As a chiral pesticide, fipronil is released to the environment as a racemic mixture (equal amounts of optical isomers called enantiomers). Enantiomers can have different toxicological and biological activity; however, information on these differences, which is necessary for accurate risk assessment of chiral pesticides, is limited. Here we examine the acute toxicity of fipronil enantiomers, the racemate, and its photoproduct (desulfinyl fipronil) to Ceriodaphnia dubia. The 48-h median lethal concentration (LC50) values based on measured concentrations of each compound indicate the (+) enantiomer (LC50 = 10.3 ± 1.1 μg/L, mean ± standard error [SE]) was significantly more toxic to C. dubia than either the (−) enantiomer (LC50 = 31.9 ± 2.2 μg/L) or racemate (LC50 = 17.7 ±1.3 μg/L). To account for any potential loss of fipronil through photolysis, tests were performed under light (fluorescent) and dark exposure conditions, and no significant differences in toxicity were observed. Desulfinyl fipronil, the major photodegradation product, which is not chiral, was detected at &lt;1% of each parent compound in test solutions after 48 h. Separate toxicity tests with desulfinyl fipronil found a &gt;20-fold higher LC50 (355 ± 9.3 μg/L) compared to the fipronil racemate, suggesting lower adverse effects to C. dubia as a result of fipronil photolysis. The present results suggest selection of the (−) enantiomer in fipronil production for lower impacts to C. dubia; however, the consistency and relevancy of fipronil's enantiomer-specific activity at both acute and chronic levels of concern to additional target and nontarget species needs further consideration.
Thermodynamic prediction of vapor pressures for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins
Authors: Li Xian-Wei , Shibata Etsuro , Nakamura Takashi 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The vapor pressures and thermal properties of nonmeasured polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and seven polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) were predicted using a correlation method based on the experimental vapor pressures for 22 PCDD/Fs and octabrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin obtained by the Knudsen effusion method. The vapor pressures of all 59 PCDDs and 131 PCDFs predicted in the present study were more or less higher than the data predicted by Rordorf, although the calculation method was the same. For the most toxic 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, the vapor pressure at 298 K predicted in the present study was 6.2 × 10−6 Pa, which was 31-fold higher than the value provided by Rordorf (2.0 × 10−7 Pa). The predicted vapor pressures for low-brominated PBDDs agreed with the data estimated by Rordorf. For 2,3,7,8-tetrabrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin, the vapor pressure predicted in the present study was 1.8 × 10˜8 Pa, obviously lower than those predicted by Rordorf.
Body distribution of trace elements in black-tailed gulls from Rishiri Island, Japan: Age-dependent accumulation and transfer to feathers and eggs
Authors: Agusa Tetsuro , Matsumoto Taro , Ikemoto Tokutaka , Anan Yasumi , Kubota Reiji , Yasunaga Genta , Kunito Takashi , Tanabe Shinsuke , Ogi Haruo , Shibata Yasuyuki 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Body distribution and maternal transfer of 18 trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, Hg, Tl, and Pb) to eggs were examined in black-tailed gulls (Larus crassirostris), which were culled in Rishiri Island, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. Manganese, Cu, Rb, Mo, and Cd showed the highest levels in liver and kidney, Ag, Sb, and Hg in feather, and V, Sr, and Pb in bone. Maternal transfer rates of trace elements ranged from 0.8% (Cd) to as much as 65% (Tl) of maternal body burden. Large amounts of Sr, Ba, and Tl were transferred to the eggs, though maternal transfer rates of V, Cd, Hg, and Pb were substantially low. It also was observed that Rb, Sr, Cd, Cs, and Ba hardly were excreted into feathers. Concentrations of Co in liver, Ba in liver and kidney, and Mo in liver increased significantly with age, whereas Se in bone and kidney, Hg in kidney, and Cr in feather decreased with age in the known-aged black-tailed gulls (2–20 years old). It also was suggested that feathers might be useful to estimate contamination status of trace elements in birds, especially for Hg on a population basis, although the utility is limited on an individual basis for the black-tailed gulls. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the maternal transfer rate of multielements and also on the usefulness of feathers to estimate contamination status of Hg in birds on a population basis.
Complete elimination of carbonates: A critical step in the accurate measurement of organic and black carbon in sediments
Authors: Lukasewycz Marta T. , Burkhard Lawrence P. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Accurate measurement of organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC) in sediments requires the complete removal of coexisting inorganic carbonates from the sample before instrumental analysis. The removal of carbonates from sediments is achieved with acidification, which causes the dissolution and decomposition of carbonates with accompanying effervescence. This effervescence, or the lack of it, is commonly used as an indicator for the presence or absence of carbonates. We have found that the lack of effervescence endpoint used with the direct acidification method (adding aliquots of acid to samples) is not a reliable indicator for complete removal of carbonates from sediment samples. The ineffectiveness of the lack of effervescence endpoint, we believe, is caused by the presence of carbonates with dissolution rates much slower than those of calcite, resulting in much slower rates of visible effervescence. We propose and demonstrate a method for determining the amount of acid required for complete elimination of all carbonates using Lake Michigan (USA) sediment samples. Based on our experiences with the lack of effervescence endpoint, we recommend that in any scheme for analysis of OC and/or BC, a minimum of two samples be treated with three different levels of acidification, with the lowest level being the same as that planned for all the OC and/or BC analyses. There can be no significant differences among the OC and BC contents measured using the three different levels of acidification.
Meta-analysis of intrinsic rates of increase and carrying capacity of populations affected by toxic and other stressors
Authors: Hendriks A. Jan , Maas-Diepeveen Johanna L. M. , Heugens Evelyn H. W. , van Straalen Nico M. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Most of the thousands of substances and species that are of concern for environmental management will not be investigated empirically at ecologically relevant levels because of financial, practical, and ethical constraints. To allow risk assessment for these less well-known categories, we have developed a mechanistic model with classical equations from toxicology and ecology. The parameters are linked to well-known properties, such as the octanol-water partition ratio Kow, acute lethal (body) concentrations, and organism size. This allows estimation of intrinsic rates of increase r and carrying capacity K over a wide range of substances and species. The model was calibrated with parameter values (μ ± 95% confidence interval) obtained in reviews and validated by a meta-analysis with largely independent data from 200 laboratory experiments. For single substances, the 5 to 95% interval of the observations on intrinsic rates of increase overlapped with the range predicted by the model. Model and experiments independently indicated that population growth ceased below 1% of the acute median lethal concentration in about 5% of the cases. Exceptional values and possible explanations were identified. The reduction of the carrying capacity K was nearly proportional to the inhibition of the population growth r. Population-level effects of mixtures as estimated by concentration addition were confirmed by observations in the experiments. The impact of a toxicant and another stressor could generally be described by response multiplication, with the exception of cases with extreme stress. Data sets on population laboratory experiments are biased to metals and crustaceans. This field will benefit from empirical studies on chemicals, conditions, and species, identified as risky by the model. Other implications of the model for environmental management and research are discussed.
Nutritional Content of Foods Advertised During the Television Programs Children Watch Most
Authors: Harrison Kristen , Marske Amy L. 
Published: August 2005

Objectives. We sought to code food (nutritional content and food type and eating occasion) and character (cartoon and live action) attributes of food advertisements airing during television programs heavily viewed by children, and to represent and evaluate the nutritional content of advertised foods in terms of the nutrition facts label. Methods. Food advertisements (n=426) aimed at general and child audiences were coded for food and character attributes. “Nutrition Facts” label data for advertised foods (n=275) were then analyzed. Results. Convenience/fast foods and sweets comprised 83% of advertised foods. Snacktime eating was depicted more often than breakfast, lunch, and dinner combined. Apparent character body size was unrelated to eating behavior. A 2000-calorie diet of foods in the general-audience advertisements would exceed recommended daily values (RDVs) of total fat, saturated fat, and sodium. A similar diet of foods in the child-audience advertisements would exceed the sodium RDV and provide 171 g (nearly 1 cup) of added sugar. Conclusions. Snack, convenience, and fast foods and sweets continue to dominate food advertisements viewed by children. Advertised foods exceed RDVs of fat, saturated fat, and sodium, yet fail to provide RDVs of fiber and certain vitamins and minerals.