bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Liberal Summer School: The First Decade
Authors: Freeden Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Liberal Summer School movement, which was the linchpin of liberal and progressive thought during the 1920s. It witnessed the only serious attempt to revive liberalism as an intellectual force, supplied the Liberal party with a radical ideology that assumed salience and centrality in its programmes, and was a source of inspiration for political activists outside the Liberal party. However, it failed to supply liberalism with a much-needed integrating framework to mobilise a nation.
Liberalism, Socialism, and Labour
Authors: Freeden Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Throughout the 1920s, liberalism operated on two levels — the ideological and organizational — making it appear to be engaged in a life and death struggle with the other main progressive force in Britain. This chapter explores the way liberals interpreted the dual relationship, and its effect on their self-image. Two problems are identified in the relationship between liberalism and socialism/Labourism: the identification of the party with ideology leading to an oversimplified version of events by which the progressive function of liberalism was taken over by the Labour party, and the unravelling of the influences of the Liberal and Labour movements.
Socialism With a Liberal Face
Authors: Freeden Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the permeation of liberalism into Labour and socialist positions. It analyses the prevalence of liberal assumptions in the thought of two British socialists: H.J. Laski and R.H. Tawney. The New Statesman, particularly the contributions of G.D.H. Cole, provides insight into the emergence of liberal notions as central components of social ideas.
Does the Voter Follow his Pocket‐Book?
Authors: Lewin Leif 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPolitical choices of voters are examined by discussing a large number of empirical studies. The aim is to test the pocketbook hypothesis that states that voters are following their economic rational self‐interest.The author presents and discusses analysed cases of voters choices in the US, Western Europe, Canada, and Japan. He concludes that results of electoral research disapprove the pocketbook hypothesis.
Are Bureaucrats Budget‐Maximizers?
Authors: Lewin Leif 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEven if bureaucrats carry out the wishes of the voters and the decisions of the politicians by performing various sorts of tasks, it is, according to the assumption of the public‐choice theory, their self‐interest that best accounts for their actions.Critical analysis of budget‐maximizing hypothesis, formulated by the leading‐members of the public‐choice school such as Tullock, Dawns, and Niskanen, shows serious shortcomings of this model. Although Leif Lewin agrees that certain amount of contradiction exists in the empirical evidence on this issue, as ‘one came across bureaucrats, who out of self‐interest try to maximize the budget for their agencies’, he argues that budget‐maximization hypothesis explains too little about essential features of Western bureaucracy and other circumstances appear to be more important for its description.
Individual and Collective Rationality
Authors: Lewin Leif 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe final chapter of the book draws conclusions and implications from the evidence presented in previous chapters that public interest seems to be of greater importance in democratic politics than self‐interest. Analysing collective rationality, the public‐choice theory maintains the notion that realization of collective choice often brings about ‘unfortunate and unintended consequences’, thus suggesting that more self‐regulatory, privately owned free‐market economy can solve many problems, providing individuals better opportunities to reach their goals. As an alternative, drawing on such classics of political philosophy as Rousseau, Kant, and Hume, as well as on insights of iterative games of ‘Prisoner Dilemma’, Leif Lewin describes concepts of welfare state, social contract, and common good. Upholding the belief that the man is a rational human being, who endeavours to realize his preferences, the author maintains that these preferences need not be egoistic in nature and calls political scientists not to deny the findings of their own empirical research. He concludes that for the most part the man tries to further the public interest in politics, assuming that in the long run such policies are also to his own benefit.
Market, State, and Community
Authors: Miller David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOffers a theoretical defence of market socialism, a third way between traditional capitalism and traditional socialism, which combines a market economy with social control of capital and employee control of workplaces. The first part offers a critique of the libertarian philosophy used to defend free‐market capitalism, focussing on the issues of freedom, justice, the neutrality of markets, and private charity as an alternative to the welfare state. The second part defends markets against socialist criticism. Here it is shown that consumers are generally the best judges of their own welfare, that people can deserve their market receipts, that exploitation is not an inherent feature of market transactions, and that alienation can be overcome provided the market is subject to political control. The third part develops a model of the socialist state, defending the ideas of national community as a basis of citizenship, of politics as a form of dialogue between citizens, of the integration of cultural minorities into an encompassing community, and of constitutional limits on majority rule. The book concludes by defending the political relevance of the system outlined in previous chapters.
The General Theory of Party Government
Authors: Budge Ian , Keman Hans 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDeals with both the general assumptions and detailed predictions of the theory of party government proposed in the book. The general assumptions are that (1) in parliamentary democracies, the party of combination of parties that can win a legislative vote of confidence forms the government; (2) parties seek to form that government which is capable of surviving legislative votes of confidence and which will most effectively carry through their declared policy preferences under existing conditions; (3) the chief preference of all democratic parties is to counter threats to the democratic system; where no such threats exist, but sociality‐bourgeois differences are important, the preference of all parties is to carry through policies related to these differences; and where neither of the preceding conditions hold, parties pursue their own group‐related preferences; and (4) within parties, and subject to overall policy agreements and disciplinary and procedural constraints, factions seek to transform their own policy preferences into government policy most effectively.From these can be deduced hierarchical rules for government formation (Table 2.3) and further hypotheses about when parties choose to support rather than enter governments; distribution of government ministries between parties in a coalition; policies pursued by governments; turnover of personnel; and durability and termination of governments.These hypothesis constitute predictions that can be empirically tested against statistical evidence from 20 democracies between 1945–84. (An expended version of this is available in Jaap Woldendorp, Hans Keman, and Ian Budge, Party Government in 48 Democracies (1945–98, Dordrecht, Kluwer, 2000)).
Party Influences on Government Policy
Authors: Budge Ian , Keman Hans 
Published: October 2003

AbstractParty influences on policy are examined at two levels: (1) Participation of the party in the government as a whole and (2) control by the party of particular ministries in specific policy areas.Policy is examined particularly as it takes a Left–Right direction. Party influence at both levels is found, supporting the conclusion that ‘parties makes a difference’.
Introduction
Authors: Dahrendorf Ralf 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The re‐emergence in the 1990s of a credibility gap between political leaders and the electorate is characterized by five features: there is a continuing erosion of the class basis of politics; the stabilizing effects of the Cold War have disappeared; civil society is turning against those who govern; localism is asserting itself; and political leaderships are confused. The change is more a phase in a recurring cycle than a long‐term trend.
‘Losing Touch’ In a Democracy: Demands versus Needs
Authors: Lane Robert E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The delegate theory of representation emphasizes responsiveness to public demands, while the trustee theory stresses response to public needs. Delegate theory, based on evaluative individualism, assumes that each person should decide in a market‐based context. In practice, such reliance is often more disruptive and less humane than reliance on needs. Compared to political elites, mass publics are less interested in politics, less tolerant of conflicting opinions and disliked groups, more nationalistic, less able to weigh policy costs, and more unstable and inconsistent.
Freedom from the Press
Authors: Miller William , Timpson Annis‐May , Lessnoff Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The relationship between press freedom, individual liberty, and democracy is somewhat ambiguous. Bias, censorship, and sensational or intrusive reporting arouse special concern. A survey of broadly conceived elite opinion in Britain shows that they trust TV and radio more than the press; educated and political elites were more committed to press freedom than the general public in matters of government secrecy; the left are far less willing to ban publication of government secrets but more willing to ban publication in matters of sensational or intrusive reporting into private lives. Elites are more intolerant than the public only towards racial or religious incitement.
The European Union, the Political Class, and the People
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
General goodwill and opinion poll enthusiasm for the European Union, which are decreasing, have not translated into support in referendums or high turnouts in European elections that are not transnational elections but national contests. The absence of a common European consciousness accords priority to the pursuit of national self‐interest. Despite its increasing role, the European Parliament, operating as a consensual legislature, cannot secure accountability of the European executives. The adoption of uniform electoral procedures to the European Parliament may contribute to public support for integration.
Political Parties and the Public Accountability of Leaders
Authors: Hine David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Electoral accountability of leaders through political parties to the people is essential to representative democracy. Parties have suffered from declines in membership and increasing electoral volatility. There has been an increase in corruption of the political class, in the problem of managing factional conflict, and a reduced policy‐making capacity. Cartel parties have developed, which derive their strength from political patronage and public subsidies through holding government office.
Mediating Between the Powerless and the Powerful
Authors: Pasquino Gianfranco 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Because the powerless at least own their vote, their needs are more likely to be met by political parties than interest groups. Pluralist and neo‐corporatist theories do not provide satisfactory explanations of intermediation because they concentrate upon the satisfaction of only the organized interests of the relatively powerful. Single‐issue and public‐interest social movements offer an alternative channel for influence by the powerless within a democracy.
Public Demands and Economic Constraints: All Italians Now?
Authors: Bosanquet Nicholas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Public demands are pressed on governments directly by mass action, representatives or sectional interests, while economic constraints are exerted especially by public expenditure and taxation. Cross‐national comparisons are made of public support for government economic intervention and for public expenditure in a number of specific policy areas. The contrasting record of the UK, Germany, and the European Community is analysed. Public aspirations have exceeded the limits implied by economic constraints.
International Action against Racial Discrimination
Authors: Banton Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) was, in 1969, the first of the UN human rights treaties to come into force. Many of the 143 states that by 1995 had become parties to it did not initially appreciate how extensive were the obligations they had assumed. They undertook to submit periodic reports; these have to be examined by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), which in turn reports to the UN General Assembly. During the years 1970–1995, CERD has greatly improved international oversight of governmental action in this field, but understanding of what is entailed in the prohibition of this form of discrimination is still limited. Further progress depends upon a triangular relationship between states parties, the treaty monitoring body, and members of the public within states parties.
The United Nations
Authors: Banton Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractUN bodies with responsibility for action against racial discrimination are described. During the period 1945–1995, the number of UN member states grew from 29 to 185. The work of the human rights treaty bodies is complemented by that of the special rapporteurs appointed by the Human Rights Commission. They trace their authority to the UN Charter binding upon all member states as opposed to the smaller numbers of states that have accepted treaty obligations.
Seizing the Initiative
Authors: Banton Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWith the election of new members in 1988 and with changes in external circumstances, CERD was able to take positive steps to improve its working methods and to agree that it would issue ‘concluding observations’ expressing a collective view. It introduced procedures for reviewing the implementation of the Convention in states that had not submitted reports and for taking urgent action in emergencies. Its procedure for issuing opinions on communications (or petitions) from individuals came into effect. Figures are provided on the use of CERD's time.
Dialogue With European States
Authors: Banton Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
More detailed consideration is given to CERD's jurisprudence on particular articles, such as the recommendation that Article 3 constitutes a general prohibition of racial segregation and not just of apartheid. The discussion of particular articles is related to the Committee's observations on particular reports. It concludes that the dialogue with European states has been productive because there is also pressure for action arising within these states.
States Parties
Authors: Banton Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The adoption and implementation of the ICERD has been an attempt to expand the rule of law, constraining the sovereignty of individual states. Further action to develop the Convention's potential will require a greater commitment from states parties, individually and collectively, than they have hitherto shown. The UN system for the protection of human rights has been built up on the basis of decisions that were expedient at the time. States are reluctant to rationalize it because they do not wish to be subject to closer oversight.
Actors, Institutions, and Change
Authors: Morlino Leonardo 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe theoretical framework of the entire research is given. A definition of democracy is discussed. All other key concepts of the research are defined. Legitimation and consensus, autonomy and control, manifest inefficacy, and negative reactions are the paired empirical processes at the core of the research and are discussed at a theoretical level. A typology of democracy is also proposed.
Conclusions: A Theory of Anchoring?
Authors: Morlino Leonardo 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A set of specific hypotheses sums up the main results of the research. The anchoring process is suggested to be the main explanation of consolidation and crisis. So a ‘theory of anchoring’ is the main result of the entire research. The possible follow‐up of research is envisaged, especially with reference to the ‘quality of democracy’.
Regulating ‘Village Life’ In Central Government
Authors: Hood Christopher , Scott Colin , James Oliver , Jones George , Travers Tony 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines the practices of regulation over central government. It starts from the observation that control based on mutuality has traditionally been of central importance and assesses the extent to which recent initiatives have been introduced more by way of oversight, and control through competition and contrived randomness. The chapter concludes that though the Whitehall has not been so sharply affected by processes of re‐regulation as other sectors examined in the study, such as schools and prisons, nonetheless it has not been immune from such reforms.
Mirror Image or Double Whammy? Regulation and Local Government
Authors: Hood Christopher , Scott Colin , James Oliver , Jones George , Travers Tony 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines changes in patterns of central regulation over local government. It suggests that local government has been subjected to a wide range of more intrusive and more formal controls over its activities without the kind of associated loosening of other controls witnessed in other domains. Increases in oversight have been accompanied by processes of juridification.
All Bark, No Bite? The Regulation of Prisons in England and Wales
Authors: Hood Christopher , Scott Colin , James Oliver , Jones George , Travers Tony 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines regulation of prison standards by arms‐length oversight bodies, which generally had much stronger capacities for monitoring than enforcement. Prisons in England and Wales are subject to one of the densest patterns of oversight of any public sector activity. There has been a tendency to add new layers of regulation at various times without taking anything away, creating considerable overlap and duplication. Regulators who lacked formal powers were nevertheless observed to develop less formal mechanisms for seeking modification of behaviour.
From Secret Garden to Reign of Terror? the Regulation of State Schools in England
Authors: Hood Christopher , Scott Colin , James Oliver , Jones George , Travers Tony 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explores the complex institutional jungle of regulators involved in regulating state schools in England. In this sector, in contrast with the prisons sector, regulators were able to link their monitoring to sanctions as drastic as closing schools down. The study found no clear evidence of the benefits of the enhanced regulatory regime in terms of examination performance (the main performance indicator set by government for schools).
Regulating the Regulators: Policies for Reform
Authors: Hood Christopher , Scott Colin , James Oliver , Jones George , Travers Tony 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines the overall pattern of different forms of control – oversight, mutuality, competition and contrived randomness – and suggests that each could be used more effectively to secure public objectives in regulation inside government. The regulators themselves appear not to apply the principles they apply in regulating to themselves. It is notable that there is little attempt to work out the costs to the public sector bodies of being regulated, and weak evidence of principles of competition and oversight, applied so assiduously to the regulatees, being applied to the regulators. The search for some consistency in approach offers a possible avenue for reform.
Equilibrium, Stability and Growth
Authors: Morishima Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book brings together papers that were published by the author in several journals, and which have been revised and contain some new material. The main model carried through the whole book is Leontief's input–output system, which is dynamized from various points of view. Chapter 1 discusses formal similarities between the exchange equilibrium under weak gross substitutability and the static input–output system. Chapter 2 is concerned with the stability of the mixed Walras–Leontief system. Chapters 3 and 4 are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. Chapters 5 and 6 are devoted to an analysis of the von Neumann model of economic expansion, which may be considered as a variant of the dynamic Leontief system. Finally, an Appendix generalizes the classical theorems on non‐negative matrices to systems of non‐linear and homogeneous functions.
Comparative Static Analysis of the Simplest Input‐Output System
Authors: Morishima Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses formal similarities between the exchange equilibrium under weak gross substitutability and the static input–output system as represented by various Leontief‐type models. By algebraic operations alone (no infinite processes being used), it is seen that the Hicksian laws of comparative statics and the Le Chatelier–Samuelson principle hold in both systems.
A Dynamic Leontief System With Neo‐Classical Production Functions
Authors: Morishima Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Chapters 3 and the following one are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. However, they assume different types of production functions: neoclassical production functions in Ch. 3 and discrete ’activities’ in Ch. 4. Various effects of technological improvements and correlations among prices, wages, and the interest rate are discussed, and it is seen that an efficient balanced growth path exists. A note to Ch. 3 establishes the existence of a solution to the Walrasian equations of capital formation and credit.
An Alternative Dynamic System With a Spectrum of Techniques
Authors: Morishima Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter and the previous one are companion chapters dealing with a mixture of the dynamic Leontief system and the Walrasian model of capital formation. However, they assume different types of production functions––neoclassical production functions in Ch. 3, and discrete ’activities’ or processes in Ch. 4, and the model presented in Ch. 4 is more dynamic in character than that in Ch. 3. Various effects of technological improvements and correlations among prices, wages, and the interest rate are discussed, and it is seen that an efficient balanced growth path exists. Chapter 4, in particular, examines the stability of the balanced growth path as well as that of the long‐run equilibrium prices. The author is also concerned with the possibility of the golden age in the model––a multisectoral version of Robinson's problem.
Workability of Generalized Von Neumann Models of Balanced Growth
Authors: Morishima Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter and the next are devoted to an analysis of the von Neumann model of economic expansion, which may be considered as a variant of the dynamic Leontief system. The original von Neumann model is a slave system, in which the object of production is mere enlargement at the subsistence level of wages. In Ch.5, the model is generalized so as to allow consumer choice. Two versions of this generalization are presented: the Marx–von Neumann and Walras–von Neumann models. Each is shown to have an efficient balanced growth solution.