bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology and Elemental Composition of Subgingival Calculus in Two Ethnic Groups
Authors: Roberts‐Harry Elizabeth A. , Clerehugh Valerie , Shore Roger C. , Kirkham Jennifer , Robinson Colin 
Published: February 2005

Background: The aim of the present study was to compare the morphology and elemental composition of subgingival calculus between Indo‐Pakistani and Caucasian patient groups.Methods: Extracted teeth from 14 Indo‐Pakistani and 19 Caucasian subjects were collected. Of these, 12 Indo‐Pakistani and 10 Caucasian teeth had sufficient subgingival calculus for analysis. Subgingival calculus present on the 22 teeth was classified into six morphological types: 1) crusty/spiny/nodular; 2) ledge/ring; 3) thin, smooth veneers; 4) finger/fern‐like; 5) individual islands/spots; or 6) supramarginal on submarginal. Subgingival calculus was zoned: coronal, mid, and apical. A sample obtained from each zone was subdivided to allow 3 separate analyses: transmission electron microscopic (TEM) x‐ray microanalysis for elemental composition, fluoride analysis, and carbonate analysis.Results: Crusty/spiny/nodular, ledge/ring, and thin, smooth veneers were more commonly found in the Indo‐Pakistani group; individual islands were more prevalent in the Caucasian subjects. Supramarginal on submarginal calculus was found only in the Indo‐Pakistani group. No finger/fern‐like deposits were found. No differences within or between the two ethnic groups were found with regard to calcium:phosphate ratios, fluoride, or carbonate content. However, the Indo‐Pakistani group showed significantly lower levels of sodium in apical samples than in coronal samples (ANOVA, F1,16 = 5.98, P = 0.03), and significantly lower levels of sodium (ANOVA, F1,12 = 4.75, P = 0.05) and magnesium (ANOVA, F1,12 = 5.16, P = 0.04) in apical samples than in those from Caucasians. After adjusting for smoking, the magnesium results remained significant (ANOVA, F2,11 = 4.64, P = 0.05).Conclusions: Subgingival calculus demonstrated differences in morphology between these two ethnic groups and differences in elemental composition, which may influence its overall solubility and contribute to its greater accretion in the Indo‐Pakistani subjects. J Periodontol 2000;71:1401‐1411.
Evaluation of a New Bioabsorbable Barrier for Recession Therapy: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Jepsen S⊘ren , Heinz Bernd , Kermanie Mehrdad Arjomand , Jepsen Karin 
Published: February 2005

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a new polylactic acid bioabsorbable barrier in the treatment of gingival recession.Methods: Twenty patients with buccal recession defects (Miller class I, II, and III; mean recession: 4.0 ± 1.2 mm; range: 2.0 to 6.8 mm) participated. After thorough scaling and root surface conditioning with 10% tetracycline‐HCl, a trapezoidal mucoperiosteal flap was prepared. A customized barrier was applied to cover the defect. Barriers adhered directly to tooth and bone and no sutures were used. The barrier was subsequently covered by a coronally positioned flap. Assessments of probing depths were performed by means of a controlled‐force electronic probe, and recession was determined on stone models with a digital caliper at baseline and 12 months following therapy.Results: Eight barriers showed limited exposure (1 to 2 mm) with minimal signs of gingival inflammation between 2 and 6 weeks following surgery. Comparing baseline measurements with outcomes at 12 months, significant root coverage and probing attachment gain were observed (P <0.0001, paired t test). Mean gingival recession was reduced to 0.4 ± 0.5 mm, corresponding to a mean root coverage of 91.9%, and overall attachment gains amounted to 4.2 mm. A significant gain of keratinized tissue was found (2.9 ± 0.7 mm), and mean probing depths were slightly reduced from 2.2 to 1.7 mm.Conclusions: The results of this study indicate favorable outcomes after using a new bioabsorbable barrier material for root coverage in recession‐type defects. J Periodontol 2000;71:1433‐1440.
Gingival Fluid Ciprofloxacin Levels at Healthy and Inflamed Human Periodontal Sites
Authors: Conway Theresa B. , Beck Frank M. , Walters John D. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) take up and accumulate ciprofloxacin. This may allow them to enhance the delivery of this agent to the inflamed periodontium.Methods: Cross‐sectional and longitudinal approaches were used to test the hypothesis. In the cross‐sectional study, 7 periodontally healthy adults and 8 adults with untreated periodontitis were administered three doses of ciprofloxacin (500 mg bid). Gingival fluid (GF) and serum samples were obtained after 28 hours and analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the longitudinal study, 8 adult periodontitis subjects were administered 500 mg ciprofloxacin bid for 8 days. After 28 hours, GF from 4 sites with 5 to 8 mm probing depths was sampled in each subject, serum samples were obtained, and 2 of the 4 sites were root planed. GF and serum were sampled again 7 days later (196 hours after the initial dose).Results: The mean ciprofloxacin levels in the GF and serum of periodontally healthy subjects were 2.52 ± 0.22 μg/ml and 0.47 ± 0.05 μg/ml, respectively. In subjects with periodontitis, these levels were 2.69 ± 0.44 μg/ml and 0.61 ± 0.13 μg/ml, respectively. GF ciprofloxacin levels were significantly higher than corresponding serum levels in healthy and diseased subjects (P <0.01), but there were no significant differences in GF or serum levels between the 2 subject groups. Since GF flow was significantly higher at diseased sites, however, more ciprofloxacin was distributed to these sites than to healthy sites. In the longitudinal study, GF flow at 196 hours was 16% lower at root planed sites than at untreated control sites (P = 0.412). The minor decrease in this index of inflammation was accompanied by a small (9%), but statistically significant (P = 0.007), decrease in GF ciprofloxacin levels.Conclusions: GF ciprofloxacin levels decreased slightly at inflamed periodontal sites after root planing, but were significantly higher than serum levels even at healthy periodontal sites. Inflammation may enhance the distribution of ciprofloxacin to diseased sites, but it is not a major determinant of GF ciprofloxacin levels. J Periodontol 2000;71:1448‐1452.
Histologic Response to Intraligament Injections Using a Computerized Local Anesthetic Delivery System. A Pilot Study in Mini‐Swine
Authors: Froum Stuart J. , Tarnow Dennis , Caiazzo Alfonso , Hochman Mark N. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Intraligamentary (periodontal ligament) injection has been used to locally control pain with minimal anesthetic dose. The purpose of the present study was to determine the histologic effect of using a computer‐controlled local anesthesia delivery system (CCLADS) for the administration of a periodontal ligament injection in the mini‐swine model system.Methods: Thirty‐two sites in 3 mini‐swine pigs with healthy periodontium were selected. Each site was notched on the mesial‐lingual line angle of the tooth to allow a reference for needle placement and provide a histologic marker. An anesthetic cartridge was used with a 30‐gauge needle attached to the handpiece of the CCLADS. This provided a controlled flow rate for 2 minutes. The control sites were treated with the same needle in place for 20 seconds. The animals were sacrificed and provided observation periods of 1 hour, 1, 4, 7, 21, and 49 days. Specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and trichrome.Results: Twenty‐four hours after injection, limited localized inflammation was present. By 7 days, the ligament appeared within normal limits. Apical migration of the junctional epithelium extended to the apical limit of the notch and was similar in test and control specimens.Conclusions: Within the limits of this study, the histologic results showed that tissue responses following intraligament injections using a CCLADS demonstrated limited inflammatory responses within the first 24 hours, which abated by 7 days postinjection. Similar migration of the junctional epithelium was seen in test and control specimens and was probably related to tooth injury rather than anesthetic injections. Further investigations are warranted using CCLADS to determine whether clinical benefits will translate in the human model system. J Periodontol 2000;71:1453‐1459.
The Influence of Nicotine on the Bone Loss Rate in Ligature‐Induced Periodontitis. A Histometric Study in Rats
Authors: Nociti Francisco H. , Nogueira‐Filho Getúlio R. , Primo Mariana T. , Machado Maria A.N. , Tramontina Vinícius A. , Barros Silvana P. , Sallum Enilson A. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The present study investigated the possible influence of nicotine on the bone loss rate in the furcation region due to ligature‐induced periodontitis in rats.Methods: Twenty adult male Wistar rats were included. After anesthesia, the tooth was randomly assigned to receive the cotton ligature in the sulcular area, while the contralateral tooth was left unligated. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments, including daily intraperitoneal injections: group A, 2 μl/g body weight of saline solution; group B, 2 μl/g body weight of a nicotine solution with 0.13 μl of nicotine/ml of saline solution; group C, 2 μl/g body weight of a nicotine solution with 0.19 μl of nicotine/ml of saline solution; and group D, 2 μl/g body weight of a nicotine solution with 0.26 μl of nicotine/ml of saline solution. Thirty days later, the animals were sacrificed and the specimens routinely processed for serial decalcified sections.Results: Intergroup analysis revealed greater bone loss in the ligated teeth of group B (1.01 ± 0.61 mm2), group C (1.14 ± 0.72 mm2), and group D (1.36 ± 0.60 mm2) when compared with group A (0.64 ± 0.62 mm2) (P <0.01). However, no statistically significant differences in bone loss were found among groups B, C, and D. In addition, no bone loss was observed for unligated teeth (P >0.01).Conclusions: Within the limits of the present study, nicotine enhanced the effects of the local components of periodontal disease in a non‐dose‐dependent way; nevertheless, the administration of nicotine did not produce periodontal bone loss by itself. J Periodontol 2000;71:1460‐1464.
Treatment of Multiple Recession‐Type Defects in Patients With Esthetic Demands
Authors: Zucchelli G. , De Sanctis M. 
Published: February 2005

Background: When multiple recession defects affecting adjacent teeth in esthetic areas of the mouth are present, patient‐related considerations suggest the selection of surgical techniques that allow all gingival defects to be simultaneously corrected with the soft tissue close to the defects themselves. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, with respect to root coverage, the effectiveness of a new surgical approach to the coronally advanced flap procedure for the treatment of multiple recession defects in patients with esthetic demands.Methods: Twenty‐two young systemically and periodontally healthy subjects with at least 2 recession‐type defects affecting adjacent teeth in esthetic areas of the mouth were enrolled in the study. All recessions were Miller Class I or II. In each patient, all present recessions were treated at the same time with a modification of the coronally advanced flap technique. The clinical re‐evaluation was made 1 year after the surgery.Results: A total of 73 recessions (mean recession depth 2.8 mm) were treated; mean number of gingival recessions in each subject was 3.4. At the 1‐year examination, on average, 97% of the root surface was covered with soft tissue and 64 defects (88%) showed complete root coverage. Complete root coverage in all recessions was achieved in 16 out of 22 patients (73%), and no statistically significant relationship was found between the root coverage results and the number of recession defects treated in each patient. A statistically significant increase of keratinized tissue (0.6 mm) was observed after 1 year; this increase was inversely correlated (P <0.001) with the amount of presurgical keratinized tissue. The multiple regression model showed that the final result, in terms of root coverage, was significantly affected by the initial recession depth and by the amount of presurgical keratinized tissue. Greater reductions in recession depth were observed in the cases with worse initial conditions and with lesser amount of keratinized tissue apical to the recession defect.Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrated that the proposed surgical technique was very effective for the treatment of multiple gingival recessions affecting teeth in esthetic areas of the mouth and that these successful root coverage results could be achieved irrespective to both the number of recessions simultaneously treated during the surgical intervention and the presence, before surgery, of a minimal amount of keratinized tissue apical to the defects. J Periodontol 2000;71:1506‐1514.
Fluids and Microbial Penetration in the Internal Part of Cement‐Retained Versus Screw‐Retained Implant‐Abutment Connections
Authors: Piattelli Adriano , Scarano Antonio , Paolantonio Michele , Assenza Bartolomeo , Leghissa Giulio Cesare , Di Bonaventura Giovanni , Catamo Giovanni , Piccolomini Raffaele 
Published: February 2005

Background: It has been recently observed that in implants with screwretained abutments, in in vitro as well as in vivo conditions, bacteria can penetrate inside the internal cavity of the implant as a consequence of leakage at the implant‐abutment interface. An alternative to screw‐retained abutments is represented by implants that can receive cemented abutments. In this case, the abutment goes through a transmucosal friction implant extension (collar) and is cemented inside the internal hexagonal portion of the implant. The aim of the present research was to compare fluids and bacterial penetration in 2 different implant systems, one with cement‐retained abutments (CRA) and the other with screw‐retained abutments (SRA).Methods: Twelve CRA dental implants and 12 SRA implants were used in this study. The research was done in 3 steps: scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis, fluid penetration analysis, and bacterial penetration analysis.Results: 1) Under SEM it was possible to observe in the SRA implants a mean 2 to 7 μ gap between implant and abutment, while in the CRA implants, the gap was 7 μ. In the latter group, however, the gap was always completely filled by the fixation cement. All the spaces between abutment and implant were filled by the cement. 2) With SRA implants, it was possible to observe the presence of toluidine blue at the level of the fixtureabutment interface and the internal threads; the absorbent paper was stained in all cases. With CRA implants, the absorbent paper inside the hollow portion of the implants was never stained by toluidine blue. No penetration of toluidine blue was observed at the implant‐abutment interface and inside the hollow portion of the implants. 3) In all the SRA implant assemblies, bacterial penetration was observed at the implant‐abutment interface. No bacteria were detected in the hollow portion of the CRA implants.Conclusion: On the basis of the results obtained in the present study using 2 different implant systems, we conclude that CRA implants offer better results relating to fluid and bacterial permeability compared to SRA implants. J Periodontol 2001;72:1146‐1150.
Interaction Between Piroxicam and Azithromycin During Distribution to Human Periodontal Tissues
Authors: Malizia Tecla , Batoni Giovanna , Ghelardi Emilia , Baschiera Fabio , Graziani Filippo , Blandizzi Corrado , Gabriele Mario , Campa Mario , Tacca Mario Del , Senesi Sonia 
Published: February 2005

Background: Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and antibiotics are important in the prevention of infections and pain associated with periodontal surgery as well as in the adjunctive therapy of periodontal disease. In this study, patients undergoing oral surgery were treated with piroxicam and azithromycin to examine the interactions of these drugs on periodontal tissues.Methods: Sixty‐six patients were assigned to 3 groups and treated for 3 days as follows: 1) piroxicam 20 mg/day; 2) azithromycin 500 mg/day; or 3) piroxicam 20 mg/day plus azithromycin 500 mg/day. Samples of blood, saliva, gingiva, and alveolar bone were collected during surgery and at days 0.5, 2.5, 4.5, and 6.5 after last dose. Piroxicam concentrations were assayed by high‐performace liquid chromatography and azithromycin concentrations by microbiological assay.Results: In patients treated with piroxicam alone, the highest drug concentrations were found in plasma at each time point, but consistent piroxicam levels were also detected in gingival samples up to 4.5 days. The combined treatment with piroxicam plus azithromycin was associated with a reduction of piroxicam concentrations in periodontal tissues. In patients receiving azithromycin alone, high drug levels were measured in periodontal tissues up to 6.5 days. This distribution pattern did not vary in patients treated with piroxicam plus azithromycin.Conclusions: Treatment with piroxicam or azithromycin alone ensures a favorable distribution of these drugs into periodontal tissues. However, upon combined administration, azithromycin interferes negatively with the periodontal disposition of piroxicam. This interaction might depend on the displacement of piroxicam from acceptor sites at the level of periodontal tissues. J Periodontol 2001;72:1151‐1156.
The Use of Bovine Porous Bone Mineral in Combination With Enamel Matrix Proteins or With an Autologous Fibrinogen/ Fibronectin System in the Treatment of Intrabony Periodontal Defects in Humans
Authors: Lekovic Vojislav , Camargo Paulo M. , Weinlaender Michael , Vasilic Nikola , Djordjevic Maja , Kenney E. Barrie 
Published: February 2005

Background: Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) and autologous fibrinogen/fibronectin system (AFFS) are agents that have been shown to be effective in periodontal regeneration. Their use in combination with graft materials, however, has not been extensively examined. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of bovine porous bone mineral (BPBM) used in combination with an EMD or in combination with AFFS as regenerative treatments for periodontal intrabony defects in humans.Methods: Twenty‐three paired intrabony defects were surgically treated using a split mouth design. Defects were treated with BPBM either combined with EMD (BPBM/EMD) or with AFFS (BPBM/AFFS). The clinical parameters evaluated included changes in attachment level, probing depth, and defect fill as revealed by re‐entry surgeries at 6 months.Results: Preoperative probing depths, attachment levels, and transoperative bone measurements were similar for the 2 treatment groups. Postsurgical measurements taken at 6 months revealed that both treatment modalities resulted in clinically and statistically significant improvements in probing depth resolution, clinical attachment gain, and defect fill as compared to baseline. Both therapy modalities improved clinical parameters as compared to baseline, but the differences found between the groups were not statistically significant.Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that EMD and AFFS used in combination with BPBM have similar effects in promoting probing depth reduction, clinical attachment gain, and defect fill when employed as regenerative therapy for intraosseous lesions in humans. A study involving a larger sample size is necessary to statistically confirm the equivalence between the 2 treatment modalities. J Periodontol 2001;72:1157‐1163.
An “S‐Shaped” Relationship Between Smoking Duration and Alveolar Bone Loss: Generating a Hypothesis
Authors: Schuller Annemarie A. , Holst Dorthe 
Published: February 2005

Background: A number of epidemiological studies have shown that smoking is a risk factor for periodontal disease. Little is known about the relationship between smoking duration and alveolar bone loss. The purpose of this research was to describe the prevalence of alveolar bone loss according to smoking status in Norway. A dose‐response model for duration of tobacco smoking on alveolar bone loss was then developed and discussed.Methods: The study population consisted of 812 individuals living in Norway aged 45 to 64 years old (248 current smokers, 245 former smokers and 319 non‐smokers). Alveolar bone loss was measured on bite‐wing radiographs. Simple descriptive statistics were used to describe the central tendency and variation in alveolar bone loss. Regression analyses were performed to study the relationship between smoking duration and alveolar bone loss.Results: Mean alveolar bone loss varied between 1.51 mm and 2.64 mm depending on smoking status and age. Mean alveolar bone loss was lowest in non‐smokers and highest in current smokers. Given identical smoking status, the mean alveolar bone loss increased with increasing age except for the 2 oldest age groups of current smokers.Conclusions: Our results generate the hypothesis that the relationship between smoking duration and alveolar bone loss was “S‐shaped.” Assuming that alveolar bone loss is irreversible after smoking cessation, it could be hypothesized that there is a threshold period for tobacco smoking after which the accumulated effect of smoking becomes clinically observable. After a certain number of years of smoking, the effect on alveolar bone loss seems to level out. To test this hypothesis, the relationship between smoking duration and alveolar bone loss should be studied in a prospective study design. J Periodontol 2001;72: 1164‐1171.
Performance of a Commercial Immunoassay for Detection and Differentiation of Periodontal Marker Bacteria: Analysis of Immunochemical Performance With Clinical Samples
Authors: Eggert F.‐Michael , McLeod M. Herbert , Flowerdew Gordon 
Published: February 2005

Background: We employed a commercial immunoassay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of marker bacteria Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia and reassessed the immunochemical performance of the assay.Methods: We compared the analytical performance of the immunoassay in our study of clinical samples from 249 periodontal patients in 2 private periodontal practices with the previously reported analytical performance of the same immunoassay. We also compared immunoassay measurements of the marker bacteria in clinical samples with values obtained in other studies by direct culture of the same organisms.Results: The assay produced 3 times more high‐end readings than reported previously. We also reassessed and revised previously published calibration curves for the immunoassay. The immunoassay provided measurements of the marker bacteria in clinical samples from our patients that were comparable to and consistent with measurements of the same bacteria by direct culture in other studies.Conclusions: We ascribe the increased sensitivity of the immunoassay in our study to: 1) a more standardized and vigorous sample dispersion that improves release of particulate and soluble antigens from dental plaque biofilm, and 2) better visualization of the reaction product of the enzyme‐linked immunoassay. High‐technology assays, such as diagnostic immunoassays, have a significant potential for future development in dental diagnosis, because they simplify detection and measurement of biologically important markers such as specific bacteria in clinical samples. Commercial assays also have an important potential for standardization of clinical measurements of biological markers. J Periodontol 2001;72:1201‐1209.