bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrological impacts of forest conversion to agriculture in a large river basin in northeast Thailand
Authors: Wilk J. , Andersson L. , Plermkamon V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSmall‐scale experiments have demonstrated that forest clearance leads to an increase in water yield, but it is unclear if this result holds for larger river basins (>1000 km2). No widespread changes in rainfall totals and patterns were found in the 12 100 km2 Nam Pong catchment in northeast Thailand between 1957 and 1995, despite a reduction in the area classified as forest from 80% to 27% in the last three decades. Neither were any detectable changes found in any other water balance terms nor in the dynamics of the recession at the end of the rainy season. When a hydrological model calibrated against data from the period before the deforestation was applied for the last years of the study period (1987–1995), runoff generation was however underestimated by approximately 15%, indicating increased runoff generation after the deforestation. However, this was mainly due to the hydrological response during one single year in the first period, when the Q/P ratio was very low. When excluding this year, neither analysis based on the hydrological model could reveal any significant change of the water balance due to the deforestation. More detailed land‐use analysis revealed that shade trees were left on agricultural plots as well as a number of abandoned areas where secondary growth can be expected, which is believed to account for the results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of rainfall and salt‐wedge movement on phytoplankton succession in the Swan–Canning Estuary, Western Australia
Authors: Twomey L. , John J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnnual data sets, from 1980–81 and 1994–95, provide evidence that inter‐annual differences in the seasonal succession of phytoplankton in the Swan River Estuary can be attributed to rainfall and salt‐wedge movement. The distribution and succession of phytoplankton are influenced by seasonal variation of rainfall and its subsequent effect on the spatial distribution of salinity. The longer duration of rainfall in 1980–81 compared with 1994–95 effectively restricted the movement of the salt‐water wedge, thereby delaying the progression of marine phytoplankton into the estuary. There was little difference in the phytoplankton composition and biomass in the lower estuary, while the upper estuary appeared to have more blooms of dinoflagellates in the summer and autumn of 1994–95 compared with 1980–81.The intensity and duration of rainfall appeared to affect the availability of soluble nutrients. Although there was no significant difference in phytoplankton biomass between the two periods, it was likely that the high phytoplankton biomass in the upper estuary in 1994–95 was due to availability of more soluble nutrients from internal recycling processes at the sediment/water interface. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constraining soil hydraulic parameter and output uncertainty of the distributed hydrological MIKE SHE model using the GLUE framework
Authors: Christiaens K. , Feyen J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBoth calibration and uncertainty assessment are mandatory steps in today's modelling process. The former considers both the inputs (input variables and parameters) as well as model results. An exploratory investigation of the applicable parameter space results in a wide spectrum of values for a specific model output. By retaining only those model realizations that mimic reality in a sufficient way, inputs and associated response can be constrained, thereby quantifying the uncertainty involved. The generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) framework provides a structured methodology for this purpose.The study presented focuses on the applicability of the GLUE framework within the context of the distributed hydrological model MIKE SHE. Even though all significant processes involved are incorporated within the model, the problems of calibration and uncertainty assessment cannot be avoided. This has resulted in a quest for well‐delineated effective parameters crucial for sound mechanistic model application. Being a complex model, the number of possible realizations using MIKE SHE is fairly small due to computing time, and an in‐depth exploratory approach is impossible. On the other hand, several output variables are available aside from the hydrological river response, like water content in the soil profile or ground water level, which can be used for retaining realistic parameter sets.This study presents some preliminary results on the applicability of the GLUE–MIKE SHE framework and associated constrained preliminary parameter and output uncertainty values. Focus was given to the influence of soil hydraulic parameters on the hydrological behaviour of a small study basin. The soil hydraulic parameters were predicted using various pedo‐transfer‐function approaches and moisture retention measurements in the laboratory, and these distributions were then confronted with ranges of the constrained effective parameters. For the latter, the restrictions that were imposed based on behavioural acceptance were substantial. All the traditional methods show significant uncertainty, due to heterogeneity and model error, which cannot be disregarded. The first results suggest a reasonable match among effective parameters and laboratory measurements. The use of pedo‐transfer‐function distributions as effective parameters, however, may provide unacceptable results, even with liberal criteria. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vascular endothelial growth factor and prognosis in patients with node‐negative breast cancer
Authors: De Paola Franca , Granato Anna Maria , Scarpi Emanuela , Monti Franco , Medri Laura , Bianchi Simonetta , Amadori Dino , Volpi Annalisa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has emerged as one of the most important angiogenic growth factors from experimental in vitro and in vivo studies. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between VEGF expression and microvessel density (MVD) and defined their prognostic relevance on a series of 242 patients with node‐negative breast cancer, using immunohistochemical methods. In parallel, estrogen and progesterone receptors were quantitatively assessed using the dextran‐charcoal technique and cell proliferation was evaluated as S‐phase cell fraction according to 3H‐thymidine‐labeling index (TLI). The percentage of VEGF‐expressing cells varied from 0–95% in the different tumors and was unrelated to menopausal status, tumor size or steroid receptor status. Conversely, a significant inverse relation was observed with patient age or tumor cell proliferation, albeit with very poor correlation coefficients. A significant relation was observed between VEGF expression and MVD (rs = 0.55, p < 0.001). Clinical outcome analyzed as a function of high and low VEGF expression showed slight differences in terms of both disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) that never reached statistical significance. Moreover, the trend was paradoxically in favor of patients with highly VEGF‐expressing tumors. Finally, DFS and OS curves, when analyzed as a function of VEGF expression or MVD, were superimposable. In conclusion, our study did not highlight a prognostic relevance of VEGF expression in patients with node‐negative breast cancer, as already observed for MVD. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the antibody repertoire of astrocytoma patients against antigens expressed by gliomas
Authors: Schmits Rudolf , Cochlovius Björn , Treitz Gerhard , Regitz Evi , Ketter Ralf , Preuss Klaus‐Dieter , Romeike Bernd F.M. , Pfreundschuh Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe molecular characterization of antigens preferentially or exclusively expressed by astrocytomas and recognized by the autologous immune system are a prerequisite for the development of specific vaccines. To identify such antigens, we screened 5 cDNA expression libraries derived from astrocytomas and other gliomas for reactivity with high‐titered IgG antibodies in the sera of astrocytoma patients using SEREX, the serologic identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning. Autologous and allogeneic SEREX analysis of >5 × 106 clones with the sera of 18 astrocytoma patients revealed 10 antigens: the differentiation antigen glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Bax‐inhibitor 1 (which was overexpressed in all glioma samples tested), 3 other molecules involved in the regulation of gene expression and proliferation (the nm23‐H2‐encoded nucleoside diphosphate kinase B, the Ran binding protein‐2 and a DNA binding protein encoded by the son gene), SP40,40 (a complement inhibitory molecule), the chaperonin TCP‐1, calnexin and 2 new gene products. No immune responses were detected against the “shared tumor” or “cancer testis antigens” that are regularly expressed in gliomas. Antibody responses in astrocytoma patients against antigens expressed by gliomas were rare and, with the exception of Bax‐inhibitor 1 and the product of the son gene, were also found in apparently healthy controls. We conclude that although astrocytomas express a broad spectrum of antigens, they elicit antibody responses only rarely, most likely because of their intrinsic immunosuppressive effects. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracellular targeting therapy of cisplatin‐encapsulated transferrin‐polyethylene glycol liposome on peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer
Authors: Iinuma Hisae , Maruyama Kazuo , Okinaga Kota , Sasaki Katsunori , Sekine Toshiyuki , Ishida Osamu , Ogiwara Naoko , Johkura Kohei , Yonemura Yutaka 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPeritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer is a common fatal clinical condition with few effective therapies available. We studied the therapeutic effect of a tumor‐targeting drug delivery system that uses cisplatin‐encapsulated and Tf‐conjugated PEG liposomes (Tf‐PEG liposomes) in nude mice with peritoneal dissemination of human gastric cancer cells. Small unilamellar Tf‐PEG, PEG or DSPC/CH liposomes (bare liposomes) encapsulating cisplatin were prepared by reverse‐phase evaporation followed by extrusion. Electron microscopic studies revealed that Tf‐PEG liposomes were internalized into tumor cells by receptor‐mediated endocytosis. To examine the biodistribution of each liposome and cisplatin level, nude mice were inoculated i.p. with 107 MKN45P human gastric tumor cells. On the fourth day after tumor inoculation, 3H‐CHE‐labeled and cisplatin‐encapsulated Tf‐PEG, PEG or bare liposome were inoculated i.p. The Tf‐PEG liposome–administered group maintained high liposome and cisplatin levels in ascites and showed a prolonged residence time in the peripheral circulation. Uptake of Tf‐PEG liposomes into the liver and spleen was significantly lower than that of bare liposomes. Uptake of Tf‐PEG liposomes in disseminated tumor cells of ascites and the greater omentum was significantly higher than that of PEG or bare liposomes and a significant increase in cisplatin levels was observed in these tumor cells. Mice receiving Tf‐PEG liposomes 1 and 4 days after the day of tumor inoculation showed significantly higher survival rates compared with those receiving PEG liposomes without Tf, bare liposomes or free cisplatin solution. These results suggest that cisplatin‐encapsulated Tf‐PEG liposomes may be useful as a new intracellular targeting carrier for treatment of gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of p53 and its homologues in primary and recurrent squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck
Authors: Weber Anette , Bellmann Ulf , Bootz Friedrich , Wittekind Christian , Tannapfel Andrea 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe tumour‐suppressor protein p53 belongs to a family that includes 2 structurally related proteins, p63 and p73. Because of their structural homology, it has been hypothesized that both homologues serve as “spare mechanisms” in p53 mutations to regulate the cell cycle by inducing apoptosis. We investigated the mutational and protein expression status of p53 in correlation to its homologues, p73 and p63, in primary and recurrent squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC) and corresponding nonneoplastic mucosa. Expression and mutation of p53 and its homologues p63 (including the 2 major isotypes TAp63 and ΔNp63) and p73 was examined by direct DNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry in 29 primary and 39 recurrent (secondary) HNSCCs after microdissection. Our results were correlated with pathohistologic stage and grade. p53 mutations were detected in 32/68 (47%) carcinomas of 17 patients, with a discordant mutation pattern of primary and consecutive tumours in all cases. Positive immunostaining for p63 was found in 55/68 (81%) carcinomas of 29 patients. Immunohistochemistry revealed p73 protein expression in 32/68 (47%) tumours. In normal mucosa, p63 and p73 were expressed in 40/68 (59%) and 12/68 (18%) cases, respectively. We failed to detect specific mutations of p73 or p63 in primary and recurrent carcinoma of the head and neck. p73 and p63 were rarely mutated in HNSCC, but both were expressed in a subset of tumours. The lack of correlation between p73/p63 and p53 protein expression suggests that neither p73 nor p63 can replace p53 when it is mutated. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detailed low‐dose study of 1,1‐b™IS(p‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2,2‐ trichloroethane carcinogenesis suggests the possibility of a hormetic effect
Authors: Sukata Tokuo , Uwagawa Satoshi , Ozaki Keisuke , Ogawa Motome , Nishikawa Takayuki , Iwai Syuji , Kinoshita Anna , Wanibuchi Hideki , Imaoka Susumu , Funae Yoshihiko , Okuno Yasuyoshi , Fukushima Shoji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo obtain information on the effects of nongenotoxic carcinogens at low doses for human cancer risk assessment, the carcinogenic potential of the organochlorine insecticide, 1,1‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2,2‐trichloroethane (DDT), in the liver was assessed in F344 rats. In experiment 1, 240 male animals, 21 days old, were administered 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 20, 100 and 500 ppm DDT in the diet for 16 weeks. Experiment 2 was conducted to elucidate the carcinogenic potential of DDT at lower levels using 180 rats given doses of 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 ppm. The livers of all animals were immunohistochemically examined for expression of glutathione S‐transferase placental form (GST‐P), putative preneoplastic lesions. Quantitative values for GST‐P‐positive foci in the liver were increased dose‐dependently in rats given 20 ppm DDT and above with statistical significance as compared with the concurrent control value. In contrast, doses of 0.005 and 0.01 ppm were associated with a tendency for decrease below the control value, although not significantly. Western blotting analysis show that cytochrome P‐450 3A2 (CYP3A2) protein expression tended to decrease at 0.005 and 0.01 ppm, a good correlation being observed with the change in the number of GST‐P‐positive foci. These findings suggest that a DDT hepatocarcinogenicity may show nonlinear response, that is, hormetic response at low doses. Furthermore, since CYP3A2 protein expression appears to be important for the effects of phenobarbital and the α‐isomer of benzene hexachloride, mRNAs for IL‐1 receptor type 1 (IL‐1R1) and TNF‐α receptor type 1 (TNFR1) whose ligands have roles not only in downregulating CYP3A2 expression but also in inducing antiproliferative effect or apoptosis in hepatocyte were examined. Increase was observed at low doses of DDT. Oxidative stress in liver DNA, assessed in terms of 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine as a marker, was also decreased. These findings suggest that the possible hormetic effect that was observed in our detailed low‐dose study of DDT carcinogenesis, although not statistically significant, may be linked to levels of oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dietary risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers
Authors: Kasum Christine M. , Jacobs David R. , Nicodemus Kristin , Folsom Aaron R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe examined the association between whole‐grain intake and incident upper aerodigestive tract cancer in a cohort of 34,651 postmenopausal, initially cancer‐free women. We also studied established risk factors for upper aerodigestive cancers, including fruit and vegetable intake, smoking and alcohol intake. A mailed questionnaire at baseline in 1986 included a food‐frequency questionnaire and assessment of other cancer risk factors. During the 14‐year follow‐up period, 169 women developed cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract. For all upper aerodigestive cancers together, significant inverse associations were observed for the highest compared to the lowest tertile of whole grains [relative risk (RR) = 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34–0.81] and yellow/orange vegetables (RR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.39–0.87). In addition, those in the highest compared to lowest tertile of fiber intake from whole grain were less likely to develop upper aerodigestive tract cancer (RR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.37–0.84); fiber intake from refined grain was not significantly associated with upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Findings were generally similar for oropharyngeal (n = 53), laryngeal (n = 21), nasopharyngeal/salivary (n = 18), esophageal (n = 21) and gastric (n = 56) cancers, though numbers of cases were too small for statistical testing within individual cancers. These findings confirm previous observations that high intake of fruits and vegetables and that intake of whole grains and the fiber derived from them may reduce risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancers. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An artificial neural network considerably improves the diagnostic power of percent free prostate‐specific antigen in prostate cancer diagnosis: Results of a 5‐year investigation
Authors: Stephan Carsten , Jung Klaus , Cammann Henning , Vogel Birgit , Brux Brigitte , Kristiansen Glen , Rudolph Birgit , Hauptmann Steffen , Lein Michael , Schnorr Dietmar , Sinha Pranav , Loening Stefan A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOur study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of %fPSA alone and combined with an ANN at different PSA concentration ranges, including the low range 2–4 ng/ml, to improve the risk assessment of prostate cancer. A total of 928 men with prostate cancer and BPH without any pretreatment of the prostate in the PSA range 2–20 ng/ml were enrolled in the study between 1996 and 2001. An ANN with input data of PSA, %fPSA, patient's age, prostate volume and DRE status was developed to calculate the individual's risk before performing a prostate biopsy within the different PSA ranges 2–4, 4.1–10 and 10.1–20 ng/ml. ROC analysis and cut‐off calculations were used to estimate the diagnostic improvement of %fPSA and ANN in comparison to PSA. At the 90% sensitivity level, %fPSA and ANN performed better than PSA in all ranges, enhancing the specificity by 15–28% and 32–44%, respectively. For the low PSA range 2–4 ng/mL, we recommend a first‐time biopsy at an ANN specificity level of 90%. For PSA 4–10 ng/mL, we recommend a first‐time biopsy based on the ANN at the 90% sensitivity level. Use of an ANN enhances the %fPSA performance to further reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies within the PSA range 2–10 ng/ml. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transformation by inorganic arsenic compounds of normal Syrian hamster embryo cells into a neoplastic state in which they become anchorage‐independent and cause tumors in newborn hamsters
Authors: Takahashi Masayuki , Barrett J. Carl , Tsutsui Takeki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractArsenic is a known human carcinogen, but little evidence exists for its carcinogenicity in animals. In order to investigate the ability of inorganic arsenics to transform normal cells into a neoplastic state, mass cultures of normal, diploid Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells exposed to various concentrations of sodium arsenite or sodium arsenate for 48 hr were continually passaged and tested for neoplastic transformation, as determined by anchorage‐independent growth in semisolid agar and tumorigenicity in newborn hamsters. Twenty‐one of 22 (96%) untreated, control cultures senesced by 20 passages. While 1 culture escaped senescence, it did not acquire the ability to either grow in semisolid agar or form tumors in animals. Ten of 14 (71%) cultures exposed to sodium arsenite or sodium arsenate escaped senescence. Nine of the 10 (90%) arsenic‐treated immortal cultures acquired the anchorage‐independent phenotype. Five of 5 anchorage‐independent cultures examined were tumorigenic. Two of 3 morphologically transformed colonies induced by sodium arsenate also acquired the ability to grow in semisolid agar when isolated. Amplification of the c‐myc or c‐Ha‐ras oncogene was detected in 3 of 5 and 4 of 5 tumorigenic cell lines, respectively. Both c‐myc and c‐Ha‐ras were amplified even in a preneoplastic, anchorage‐dependent cell line, but neither was amplified in 6 of 9 anchorage‐independent cell lines. Overexpression of c‐myc and c‐Ha‐ras mRNA was observed in most of the neoplastically transformed cell lines but not in the preneoplastic cell line. Experiments using the methylation‐sensitive restriction endonuclease isoschizomers HpaII and MspI revealed hypomethylation of c‐myc and c‐Ha‐ras in the 5′‐CCGG sequence of arsenic‐exposed cell lines but not in the parental SHE cells or a spontaneously transformed cell line. Thus, inorganic arsenics induce neoplastic transformation of normal, diploid mammalian cells. Overexpression of oncogenes by DNA hypomethylation may participate in the arsenic‐induced neoplastic transformation of mammalian cells. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.