bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrodies
Authors: Harvey Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hugh Latimer, in one of his sermons, had this to say about the monasteries, which had been dissolved by the time he wrote: ‘When the end is naught, all is naught. So were these monks’ houses, these religious houses. There were many people, specially widows, which would give over house-keeping, and go to such houses, when they might have done much good in maintaining of servants, and relieving of poor people; but they went their ways.’ Latimer referred to the monastic lodger or, as they sometimes said, the monastic sojourner. He would have known that monasteries had been in the habit of granting benefits resembling those of a lodger—including, for example, food and drink—to people who did not actually live in the monastery or even very near it; but it was the arrangements involving resident lodgers that he wished to condemn. In the monastic vocabulary, a lodger’s bundle of privileges was a corrody (corrodium), and the same word was used of the privileges granted to non-residents. In both cases, moreover, the recipient was known as a corrodian (corrodarius). I shall discuss corrodians as well as their corrodies.
The Idea of Character Private Habits and Public Virtues
Authors: Collini Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When in the summer of 1902 Helen Bosanquet published a book called The Strength of the People, she sent a copy to Alfred Marshall. On the face of it, this might seem a rather unpromising thing to have done. Mrs Bosanquet, an active exponent of the Charity Organiza tion Society’s ‘casework’ approach to social problems, had frequently expressed her dissatisfaction with what she regarded as the misleading abstractions of orthodox economics, and in her book she had even ventured a direct criticism of a point in Marshall’s Principles. Marshall, then Professor of Political Economy at Cam bridge and at the peak of his reputation as the most authoritative exponent of neo-classical economics in Britain, was, to say the least, sensitive to criticism, and he had, moreover, publicly taken issue with the COS on several previous occasions. But perhaps Mrs Bosanquet knew what she was about after all.
Religious Conflict: Resistance and Change
Authors: Skeeters Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The religious divisions which so concerned the Corporation were played out among the clergy and laity in the city’s streets and churches. The furore itself contributed to the diminution of traditional clerical authority, particularly since it required the divided clergy to make lay allies. Moreover the spread of Protestant ideas propelled a new lay assertiveness and discouraged traditional distinctions between clergy and laity. The balance of power in the relationship between the two collapsed in favour of the laity. Out of these developments emerged competitiveness among the clergy, an important element in their atomization. And here lay the culmination of the medieval clerical community’s destruction.
The Decline of the Parish Clergy
Authors: Skeeters Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1530 the parochial system of Bristol seemed part of the natural order of things, as unchanging as the tidal flow of the Avon which was the city’s lifeline to distant lands. A new parson could look forward to twenty years or so in his parish and his parishioners depended on this kind of continuity as a stabilizing force.Many of the incumbents were university graduates, a number of whom even held post-graduate degrees. They were an educated elite who could offer their parishioners personal guidance as well as instruction from their pulpits.2 Most had the assistance of stipendiaries and presided over churches whose chantry priests offered a continual and colourful liturgy. Forty years later, however, parishioners were accustoming themselves to intermittent service by uneducated curates, whose status was also diminished by their lack of tenure and dependence on wages.
Richard II and London
Authors: Barron Caroline M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Froissart, writing in the years immediately following the deposition of Richard, attributed a leading role in the king ‘s downfall to the Londoners who, ‘being rich from their trade, are enabled to live in state, and by whom the other parts of England are generally governed ... said to one another privately ... “if this wicked king Richard be suffered to rule according to his pleasure, we must all be ruined and the country destroyed. Ever since he began his reign, the kingdom has not prospered to the degree in which it did before “.,i Froissart ‘s analysis is neither particularly subtle, not particularly accurate. In fact, Richard probably disliked the Londoners rather more than they disliked him, and their role in his deposition was minor compared with that played by the retinues of the disaffected nobility. However, Richard could not ignore the men of London, even if he found their company uncongenial, and it is clear that at times he took trouble to cultivate their loyalty and to curb their lawlessness. It has been customary to consider the relationship between the Crown and the city from the point of view of the Londoners and to chart their struggles to win, and then to defend, their privileges and freedoms. In this chapter the focus will shift from the Londoners to the Crown.
Richelieu and the Arts
Authors: Caldicott Edric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The assessment of Richelieu’s career as a collector and a patron of the arts is beset with contradictions. He has been both condemned and praised for his involvement in the artistic life of France: condemned for self-aggrandizement, but praised for enhancing the authority of the king; accused of introducing forms of censorship, but lauded for bringing order into the intellectual and artistic periphery of the monarchy. In addition, the sheer scale of this activity, his building programmes, the size of his collections, the extent of his influence in literary reform, the weight of his authority in the creation of new publishing procedures, as well as in the administration of the arts, is such that it escapes quantification. Not only that but, as Deloche points out, the cardinal often disguised his hand by delegating responsibility for acquisitions to a limited number of tried and trusted créatures.
Individualism And The Organic Conception Of Society
Authors: Taylor M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The politically conservative nature of Individualism is illustrated, not only by its transformation of the association psychology or of the liberal conception of progress, but also by the attempts of some Individualists to secure support for their principles from a biologically inspired science of society. In the first volume of The Principles of Sociology Spencer had drawn an extensive analogy between a biological organism and the social aggregate, and this conception of the ‘social organism’ did much to determine the principal concerns of social science in the closing decades of the nineteenth century. The present chapter will be concerned with the attempts of Spencer and other Individualists to use the conception of society as an organism as part of the defence of an individualistic social order.
The Individualist Theory Of History
Authors: Taylor M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Individualist philosophy of history provides further evidence in support of the contention that the Individualists endeavoured to com bine liberal principles with a conservative defence of the late Victorian social order. It will be argued in the present chapter that the Individual ists’ interpretation of history enabled them to present themselves, in accordance with their claim to be the genuine heirs of the Benthamites, as the true progressives and correspondingly to portray the New Radicalism as a retrogressive creed. In their view, social reformers were engaged in a retrogressive rather than a progressive enterprise, since they were undermining the very conditions of progress and re-creating the repressive type of society from which mankind had only recently emerged. On the other hand, this same theory of history provided the Individualists with a justification for their conservatism, since they could argue that further progress required the maintenance of the free market and limited State of late Victorian Britain. Their interpretation of history enabled them to present institutional conservatism as the truly progressive creed and to claim that the New Radicalism served the cause rather of reaction than of progress.
Double Disappointment, I 802-1806
Authors: Ingram Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The challenge to Wellesley and his associates in India from the peace of Amiens was matched in I 802 by two local challenges: Daulat Rao Sindhia’s hostile response to the treaty of Bassein, the subsidiary alliance to which the peshwa at last agreed in December, and the murder at Bombay on 20 July of the Persian envoy to India, Haji Muhammad Khalil, by his sepoy bodyguard. Although the second event may seem trivial by comparison with the first, in one way they were similar: the quickest response to each was likely to be the most effective. Speed eluded Wellesley both times. Despite the remarkable victories won by his brother, Arthur, and General Lake over the Marathas in r So3, the Marathas’ staying power was more remarkable.
Failure
Authors: Johnson P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Waurin, the Waterford conference, which must soon have transferred to Dublin, decided to look for more support from the English nobility, and agreed that York, having assembled an army in Ireland, should land in the north, Warwick in the south. The sympathy of Kent was noted, with the obvious implication that Warwick should land there. Just how reliable a record this is must be open to some doubt. Waurin, for example, has the duchess of York and the young George and Richard present at Waterford, which is wrong. Waurin may well be speculating, but his central proposition, a co-ordinated landing, has a plausible sound to it.
The Tariff on Iron and Steel
Authors: Marrison Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is understandable that iron and steel was one of the industries at the forefront of the argument for Tariff Reform. To economic nationalists, it was central amongst the producer goods which formed the backbone of the economy, its strength fundamental to that ascendancy of heavy engineering which carried Britain into the late nineteenth century. It was of great importance for national defence-even Liberal governments allowed the Admiralty to specify British steel in contracts for naval vessels-and it had been particularly subject to American and German import penetration in the ‘invasions’ of the 1890s. Furthermore, the Tariff Commission’s enquiry into the industry began in propitious circumstances for the Tariff Reformers, since in the aftermath of the Boer War German and American steel producers once more turned their attention to the British market.
The Failure of the Scientific Tariff
Authors: Marrison Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period 1906 to 1910 saw Hewins becoming more and more embroiled in Unionist Party affairs, the Commission machine becoming used more directly in support of Tariff Reform propaganda, and Commission strategy being bent to the dictates of Unionist Party unity. At a time when, as our survey of Chambers of Commerce has shown, there was a marked shift in the balance of business opinion towards Tariff Reform, it became increasingly evident to insiders that the construction of a scientific tariff, the primary purpose of the Commission, was not being achieved. There were three proximate reasons for this: the failure in later surveys to emulate the tariff schedules of the early single-industry reports, the failure to deal satisfactorily with banking and foreign investment, and the failure to produce an integrated tariff in a ‘Final Report’. Behind such factors lay the political dangers in exposing concrete Tariff Reform proposals to public scrutiny, and an increasing diversion of Hewins’s own attentions into political activity.
Swinging at Anchor
Authors: Marrison Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until its final downfall in December 1916, Asquith’s cabinet moved towards mobilization for a war economy at a pace which left its critics increasingly dissatisfied. Recent research has shown that this apparent complacency was due less to an ideological aversion to intervention than to an initial belief that, as in Napoleonic times, Britain could confine her role to the maintenance of naval supremacy and the finance of her allies, and that it was compounded by administrative difficulties and poor information networks from which to judge the seriousness of the situation. Nevertheless, it would be unwise to dismiss totally the personal inclinations and instincts of cabinet members, or regard them as having been immune from the pacifist sentiments traditional within the Liberal Party. Furthermore, whilst Liberals always recognized that war required some temporary departure from strict Liberal principles and freedoms,2 it was only prudent to avoid any unnecessarily large interventions that might be harder to roll back in the peace.
The Laboratory of Safeguarding
Authors: Marrison Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1921 the McKenna duties had been supplemented by a Safeguarding of Industries Act and a separate measure for protecting the dyestuffs industry. The proportion of British imports covered by the safeguarding legislation was small, and the labour and capital employed in producing many of the items included insignificant-there was indeed a conscious hypocrisy in the criterion, written into the legislation, that the applying industry should be of ‘substantial importance’.2 Nevertheless, there is a tendency to regard safeguarding as a step on the road to protection, following the inexorable march to 1932 that had been set in train by McKenna. To Forrest Capie, the importance of the measures of the 1920s lay in ‘their inroads on free trade ideology’, and there can be no doubt that, if safeguarding was not always a vehicle of conversion, it did provide a sort of attitudinal preparation for the erosion of economic liberalism.
The Federation of British Industries and Protection
Authors: Marrison Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the confusion of Tariff Reformers, who saw the advances they had made in 1916 and 1917 as permanent, the popularity of post-war retaliation against Germany receded in the late wartime and immediate post-war period as it was realized that the Getman economy had been far more damaged by the War than that of the allies, and in the longer term as it was perceived that European recovery was a condition for the restoration of prosperity in the international economy. Merchants and shippers soon lost their enthusiasm for trade restrictions, mirroring, in their desire to resurrect the pre-war liberal international economy, the deep public yearning to return to normalcy. Many manufacturers, however, found the choice less easy. On the one hand, they looked to a rapid dismantling of internal controls and restrictions, and to a restoration of export markets. On the other, they were less certain than politicians and the public at large that currently prostrate Germany would continue to represent no threat, and were in any case unconvinced that Germany represented the only threat. They continued to hope for a government which would adopt a substantive Tariff Reform policy on the basis of the interventionist lessons of the War.
Introduction
Authors: Follis Bryan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 23 December 1920 the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, received the Royal Assent and thus became law. The Act provided for the setting up of two legislatures in Ireland, one for Northern Ireland and one for Southern Ireland. The parliaments, each consisting of the Sovereign, Senate, and House of Commons, were based on the Westminster model which they were devolved from and subordinate to. The northern parliament was responsible for the defined area of the parliamentary counties of Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry, and Tyrone, and the parliamentary boroughs of Belfast and Londonderry.
Prolusion
Authors: Gombrich E H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It being now 5.30, the time has come for me to make the introductory remarks with which you have been threatened on the programme. No, it was not a slip of the tongue when I said 5.30, despite what your watch and the programme says. We have all set our watches to British summer time which is an hour ahead of sun time, to bamboozle us to get up earlier and to enjoy as much daylight as possible in the evening.
The Donation of Constantine: A New Source for the Concept of the Renaissance?
Authors: Black Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of the Renaissance presupposes a vision of history, a historical scheme. For there to be rebirth, there must have been birth followed by death—or, to change the metaphor, a period of light must have been followed by a time of darkness: the Renaissance was, then, renewing this original time of light. During the Renaissance, these historical concepts were repeatedly and explicitly discussed by humanists and others, who spoke of a revival of the arts achieved in their own or recent times after a long period of decay.
Creating Memory: Monumental Painting and Cultural Definition
Authors: Hood William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aspect of Florentine culture that I discuss in this essay is the use of monumental painting for corporate self-representation in the first half of the fifteenth century.1 The relationship between medium and message was synergetic, and it provides a helpful perspective on cultural definition in the Renaissance, whatever one thinks of the use fulness of ‘self-representation’ as a category for cultural definition of the Renaissance. In this paper I shall limit myself to some remarks on how reform movements in the religious orders, usually called ‘observances’, represented their institutional ambitions through the mural paintings in their cloisters. A broader and lengthier treatment, however, would show that self-definition contributed to the meaning of other works of art commissioned by religious orders in the period, and of secular projects as well.
The Humanist Villa Revisited
Authors: Lillie Amanda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The accepted view of the early Renaissance villa—that is the one embraced by Georgina Masson, Andre Chaste!, Ludwig Heydenreich and James Ackerman, and to a lesser extent by David Coffin and Cristoph Frommel—is an idealized one, ‘a fantasy impervious to reality’, as Ackerman has described it in his recent book on The Villa.1 The fantasy has an impeccable ancient pedigree, for it can be traced back to Greece of the eighth century BC in the Works and Days of Hesiod, and it flourished in the Rome of Caesar and Augustus with the agricultural treatises of Varro and Columella, not to mention the pastoral verse of Horace and Vergil.
Printing, Prints and Propaganda
Authors: Scribner R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a study of visual propaganda, and of its role in the dissemination of the evangelical movement during the first half-century of the Reformation in Germany. A good deal has been written about the importance of printed propaganda for the spread of the Reformation, and the contribution of visual propaganda to this process has often been recognised, but it has been the subject of no thorough or systematic investigation. This study attempts to plug that gap, but it also seeks to go further, and to examine how the Reformation may have impinged on the broadest masses of the people in sixteenth-century Germany. This is the sense in which the term ‘popular’ is used in the title, rather than the other meaning ‘most acclaimed’ or ‘most sought after’. Its argument is that through a study of visual propaganda we may gain a wider understanding of how the Reformation appealed to common folk than by concentrating attention more narrowly on printed propaganda alone.
Images of Luther 1519-25
Authors: Scribner R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In any discussion of the Reformation, the first name mentioned is invariably that of Luther. The first mass awareness at the beginning of the 1520s that some great religious upheaval was under way was linked to his person. It is, therefore, most important to ask how Luther was depicted or represented during these years. We can trace numerous published Luther portraits from the early 1520s. Allowing for variations and modifications, there were no less than twenty-six different versions. Luther also appears in nineteen illustrations, that is, depictions containing a narrative element or some form of action which includes other figures besides Luther. He features as well in decorative borders of several title pages, although the overall effect is intended to be more than merely ‘decorative’: for example, where Luther points to the risen Christ in another part of the border.2 These depictions can be used to analyse the semiological importance of Luther’s image during the decisive early years of the Reformation.
Enemies of the Gospel
Authors: Scribner R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is ironic that the most popular image of Luther during the early years of the Reformation should have been Luther as monk. From the beginning, monks were regarded as his chief opponents, lll’.ld early propaganda for the evangelical movement was directed largely against the institution of monasticism. This is hardly surprising, for there was a long tradition of popular criticism of clerical laxity, and the humanists had already waged an energetic campaign against monasticism. It was only natural that the image of Luther as a man living a pious Christian life should have been juxtaposed to a picture of monastic vice.
Popular Belief
Authors: Scribner R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Popular belief may, in general, be regarded as the belief held by the mass of the people, by contrast to that held by the religious elite who make up the clerical hierarchy of the Church, the ‘professional men of religion’. But this distinction should not be too rigidly drawn. The rural parson or the wandering friar, for example, may well have shared the belief of the masses, or at least have adopted some of their attitudes, rather than those officially approved by the Church. This concept of popular belief is expressed clearly enough in the medieval saint and miracle cults. Such a definition, however, tells us only where popular belief is to be found, but little about its nature. One of the most persistent dilemmas in the study of religion is whether to approach it as a set of held beliefs or as a set of practices. The dilemma is the more acute in the case of popular belief, where the ideas behind religious practices are rarely formulated clearly and concisely in any formal conceptual structure. Often they appear only through the practices, yet they also give meaning to them. The two must be studied as inextricably linked.