bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion of 57Co in Surface Layers of Nickel Oxide and Alumina
Authors: Macey Edward P. , Stubican Vladimir S. 
Published: March 2005

Diffusion of 57Co isotope on NiO (110) and AI2O3 (0001) surfaces was investigated by using the edge source method. The surface diffusion parameter αD,Δ, where α is the segregation factor, D, the surface diffusion coefficient, and Δ the thickness of the high‐diffusivity layer, was determined for the temperature range 750°–1200°C. For calculation of experimental results, the Whipple solution was used. The Arrhenius plot shows a break at ∽900°C for the surface diffusion of 57Co isotope on AI2O3 (0001) plane. Above this temperature, vapor transport seems to be the overriding diffusion mechanism. Below this temperature, ionic transport predominates. The apparent activation energy for the ionic transport was calculated to be 120 ± 12 kj/mol.Ionic transport predominated in the surface diffusion of 57Co on NiO over the entire investigated temperature range. This can be explained by the weak bond between Co‐vapor species and the NiO surface. The results obtained suggest that the surface diffusion of Co2+ ion on NiO at 750°C is ∼7 orders and at 1200°C ∼5 orders of magnitude faster than volume diffusion. Activation energies are 139 and 227 kJ/mol, for surface and volume diffusion, respectively.
Phase Relations in the System Cu─Ho─O and Stability of Cu2Ho2O5
Authors: Mathews Tom , Jacob K. Thomas 
Published: March 2005

The phase relations in the system Cu─Ho─O have been determined at 1300 K using X‐ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis of samples equilibrated in evacuated quartz ampules and in pure oxygen. Only one ternary compound, Cu2Ho2O5, was found to be stable. The Gibbs free energy of formation of this compound has been measurer using the solid‐state cell
Pt, Cu2O + Cu2Ho2O5+ Ho2O3/(Y2O3)ZrO2/CuO + Cu2O, Pt
in the temperature range of 973 to 1350 K. For the formation of Cu2Ho2O5 from its binary component oxides,
2CuO(s) + Ho2O3(s) → Cu2Ho2O5(s)
ΔG°= 11190 − 13.8T(±120)J·mol−1Since the formation is endothermic, Cu2Ho2O5 becomes thermodynamically unstable with respect to CuO and Ho2O3 below 810 K. When the oxygen partial pressure over Cu2Ho2O5 is lowered, it decomposes according to the reaction
2Cu2Ho2O5(s) → 2Ho2O3(s) + 2Cu2O(s) + O2(g)
for which the equilibrium oxygen potential is given by
Δμo2=−238510 + 160.2T(±450) J·mol−1The decomposition temperature at an oxygen partial pressure of 1.52 × 104 Pa was measured using a combined DTA–TGA apparatus. Based on these results, an oxygen potential diagram for the system Cu─Ho─O at 1300 K is presented.
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia and nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Azizzadeh Maryam , Namazi Mohammad Reza , Dastghaib Ladan , Sari‐Aslani Fatemeh 
Published: March 2005

A 45‐year‐old woman from Afghanistan presented with a 1‐year history of multiple itching and stinging lesions on both right and left auricular and periauricular areas.Skin examination revealed about eight superficial erythematous nodules, ranging from 0.2 to 1.2 cm in diameter, on both ears, as well as on the preauricular and retroauricular areas (Fig. 1).Multiple erythematous nodules and papules on the left auricular and periauricular areasimageExamination of a lesional skin biopsy specimen revealed vascular proliferation and dense dermal infiltration by lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells. The vascular component consisted of thick‐ and thin‐walled blood vessels lined by plump endothelial cells with large nuclei and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. No lymphoid follicles were identified (Fig. 2).Diffuse dermal infiltration by lymphocytes and eosinophils and vascular proliferation (hematoxylin and eosin, (a) × 150, (b) × 250)imageThe patient's medical history was remarkable for the gradual development of generalized edema starting 4 months after the appearance of the skin lesions.Laboratory investigation revealed the presence of massive proteinuria (11 g/day; normal, < 150 mg/day) and hematuria (12 red blood cells/high‐power field; normal, < 1–2 red blood cells/high‐power field), in association with hypoproteinemia (3.7 g/dL; normal, 5.5–8 g/dL) and hypercholesterolemia (489 mg/dL; normal, 50–220 mg/dL). The blood urea nitrogen (14 mg/dL; normal, 5–23 mg/dL) and serum creatinine (0.8 mg/dL; normal, 0.6–1.6 mg/dL) levels were within normal limits.A pathologic study of a renal biopsy specimen confirmed the diagnosis of diffuse mesangial proliferative nephropathy (Fig. 3).Kidney biopsy showing diffuse, mild, mesangial proliferation (hematoxylin and eosin, × 400)image
I'm OK, You’re (Not) OK: The Private Welfare State in the United States
Authors: Peters B. Guy 
Published: March 2005

Abstract The American welfare state has been premised on the mixture of substantial private, tax‐subsidized benefits rather than on more universalistic public benefits. That pattern is in some ways being undermined as private pension plans are increasingly going bankrupt and firms reduce the benefits they provide employees. On the other hand, however, the current Bush administration is attempting to enhance the private sector role by allowing individuals to invest at least a part of their social insurance contributions into private savings plans. These changes may in the end increase the role of the public sector as a regulator and underwriter at the same time that attempts are made to minimize public sector involvement.
Ethnic differences in stage of presentation of adults newly diagnosed with HIV‐1 infection in south London
Authors: Boyd AE , Murad S , O'Shea S , De Ruiter A , Watson C , Easterbrook PJ 
Published: March 2005

ObjectivesTo establish whether there were ethnic differences in demographic characteristics, the stage at HIV diagnosis and reasons for and location of HIV testing between 1998 and 2000 in a large ethnically diverse HIV‐1‐infected clinic population in south London in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.MethodsA retrospective review was carried out of all persons >18 years old attending King's College Hospital with a first positive HIV‐1 test between 1 January 1998 and 31 October 2000, and of a random sample of patients attending St Thomas' hospital with a first positive HIV‐1 test in the same period. Demographic data, details of reasons for and site of HIV test, clinical stage, CD4 lymphocyte count and HIV‐1 viral load at HIV diagnosis were abstracted from the local database and medical records. Comparisons were made according to ethnic group (white, black African and black Caribbean) and over time (1998, 1999 and 2000).ResultsOf the 494 patients with new HIV‐1 diagnoses between January 1998 and December 2000, 179 (36.2%) were white, 270 (54.7%) were black African and 45 (9.1%) were black Caribbean. There were significant differences across the ethnic groups in HIV risk group, reasons for and site of HIV testing, and clinical and CD4 stage at diagnosis. Among whites, 72.6% were men who had sex with men, 3.4% injecting drug users and 21.2% heterosexuals, compared to 2.2%, 0.4% and 93.3% among black Africans, and 28.9%, 0% and 68.9% among black Caribbeans (P<0.001). Black Africans were more likely to present with an AIDS diagnosis (21.3%) and a lower CD4 cell count [223 cells/μL; interquartile range (IQR) 88–348] compared to both whites (9.9%; 358 cells/μL; IQR 151–508) and black Caribbeans (17.9%; 294 cells/μL; IQR 113–380), who were intermediate between whites and black Africans in their stage of presentation. There was a statistically nonsignificant trend with time, between 1998 and 2000, towards earlier diagnosis based on the CD4 cell count in whites (323 and 403 cells/μL) and black Caribbeans (232 and 333 cells/μL), but a later diagnosis in black Africans (233 and 175 cells/μL). The majority of black Africans were HIV‐tested as a result of suggestive symptoms or antenatal screening (58.4%) rather than because of perceived risk (40.5%), in contrast to the situation in whites (24.1% vs. 71.7%, respectively) or black Caribbeans (34.5% vs. 65.5%, respectively) (P<0.001). We found no significant differences across ethnic groups in age, HIV‐1 viral load or year of HIV diagnosis.ConclusionsBlack Africans continue to present with more advanced HIV disease than whites or black Caribbeans, with no evidence of any trend towards earlier diagnosis. Future educational campaigns designed to promote the uptake of HIV testing among black Africans and black Caribbeans will need to address the multiple barriers to testing, including misperception of risk, stigma and ready access to testing.
The importance of parenting in the development of disorganized attachment: evidence from a preventive intervention study in adoptive families
Authors: Juffer Femmie , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J. , van IJzendoorn Marinus H. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  As infant disorganized attachment is a serious risk factor for later child psychopathology, it is important to examine whether attachment disorganization can be prevented or reduced.Method:  In a randomized intervention study involving 130 families with 6‐month‐old adopted infants, two attachment‐based intervention programs were tested. In the first program, mothers were provided a personal book, and in the second program mothers received the same personal book and three home‐based sessions of video feedback. The third group did not receive intervention (control group).Results:  The intervention with video feedback and the personal book resulted in enhanced maternal sensitive responsiveness (d = .65). Children of mothers who received this intervention were less likely to be classified as disorganized attached at the age of 12 months (d = .46), and received lower scores on the rating scale for disorganization than children in the control group (d = .62). In the book‐only intervention group children showed lower disorganization ratings compared to the control group, but no effect on the number of infants with disorganized attachment classifications was found.Conclusion:  Our short‐term preventive intervention program with video feedback and a book lowered the rate of disorganized attachment. The effectiveness of our intervention documents the importance of parenting in the development of infant attachment disorganization.
SAVING AND FLOW OF FUNDS ANALYSIS: A TOOL FOR FINANCIAL PLANNING IN INDIA*
Authors: Bhatt V. V. 
Published: March 2005

Overall balance between expected available resources and planned investment is not sufficient to ensure development with stability. Imbalances and inflationary pressures could develop as a result of inconsistencies between sector‐wise investment structure and the sector‐wise structure of saving. This means that the dichotomy between real and financial planning needs to be eliminated not only at the national level but at the sectoral levels as well, so that the sector‐wise investment pattern is consistent with the emerging structure of saving and the flow‐of‐funds. This presents an analysis of the structure of saving and flow‐of‐funds in India, shows how it is actually used for the purpose of financial planning, and attempts to derive a formalized technique of financial planning. Analysis of the structure of saving in India during 1954–1955 to 1967–1968 indicates the importance of the household sector as the net lending sector to the borrowing sectors, the government and the private corporate sectors. On the basis of the feasible sectoral rates of growth in income and the past trends in sectoral saving‐income ratios and household saving pattern with such modifications as are necessary in the light of expected changes in various policies, sector‐wise saving structure and the pattern of household sector saving are projected for the Fourth Plan period (1969–1974).Then a flow‐of‐funds matrix is prepared to derive sector‐wise investment estimates as are consistent with the estimated structure of saving and the likely changes in the lending policies of the financial institutions. A formalized technique of financial planning based on the Indian planning experience is presented in the last section of the paper.
THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL INCOME AND PRODUCT ACCOUNTS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANALYTICAL TOOL*
Authors: Carson Carol S. 
Published: March 2005

The purpose of this article is to record the history of the national income and product accounts of the United States, concentrating on the period 1932–47. During that period the single national income aggregate evolved into a set of accounts and the estimates emerged as an important analytical tool. Interviews with participants in these developments were extensively utilized to trace the events, people, ideas, and other factors which shaped the history of the accounts.The generally recognized need for economic information during the Great Depression stimulated the request that the Department of Commerce undertake what became the first official continuing series on national income in the United States. These estimates were prepared with the cooperation of the National Bureau of Economic Research and were published in 1934. By the late 1930's, estimates were extended to include income by state and a monthly series. World War II was the impetus for the development of product, or expenditure, estimates. By the mid‐1940's, the estimates had evolved into a set of income and product accounts–a consolidated production account, sector income and outlay accounts, and a consolidated saving‐investment account–designed to provide a bird's‐eye‐view of the economy. During this period uses of the accounts widened; analysis of wartime production goals and anti‐inflation policy are noteworthy examples. The National Income, 1947 Edition was the culmination of a period of intensive conceptual discussion, extension of data sources, and improvement of estimating techniques. Thereafter the mainlines of development are more familiar, encompassing refinement and elaboration of the estimates and proliferation of uses.
A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF WELL‐BEING
Authors: Juster F. Thomas , Courant Paul N. , Dow Greg K. 
Published: March 2005

The conceptual framework of the system specifies that societal resources are limited by two basic factors: the amount of available human time, and the stock of wealth inherited from the past. Wealth is defined very broadly to cover not only the conventional tangible capital assets familiar to economists, but also intangible human and other capital assets, stocks of organizational capital reflected by networks of social support systems (the family, the neighbourhood), stocks of environmental assets (the sun and air), and stocks of socio‐political assets (security, freedom of choice). Human time covers market work, household production, leisure, and biological maintenance.Human time and capital stocks are used within households to produce a variety of tangible and intangible outputs, and these outputs in turn are used to produce a variety of satisfactions (utilities) or to augment stocks of capital, or both.The basic sources of well‐being in the system are ultimately of two types: well‐being is produced as a consequence of the intrinsic benefits from all activities engaged in by individuals, which is to say that people have preferences over the way they spend their time; secondly, people derive utilities from the existence of various stocks or states of society, and these satisfactions are independent of the way in which time is used. The satisfactions associated with flows of goods are subsumed by satisfactions derived from activities associated with those goods.The system contains a set of linkages among the various parts:inputs of goods and time are used to produce tangible household output, using the familiar notions of household production functions and constrained optimization; tangible household products, which are intermediate in the system, are used in conjunction with human time to produce direct satisfactions or to augment household capital stocks; both household (micro) and societal (macro) capital stocks are linked directly to psychological well‐being; household activities are linked directly to flows of satisfactions, termed process benefits in the system; household preferences and values relating to policy variables are linked to public policies of various sorts, and policies modify the constraints and opportunities relevant for household decisions.The system also has dynamic linkages. Modifications of household or public stocks produce impacts on future flows of well‐being; satisfactions from activities may adapt to the existence of constraints, hence changes in constraints can modify preferences and subsequently modify activities; and household behavior has a life‐cycle dimension which is inherently dynamic.
EDUCATION AND THE NATIONAL WEALTH OF THE UNITED STATES*
Authors: Kroch Eugene , Sjoblom Kriss 
Published: March 2005

Human capital theory has motivated a great many empirical investigations into the relationship between education and earnings potential. These studies test refinements of the theory, but do not attempt to value education for the economy as a whole. This study develops series which track human wealth and its educational components for the United States from 1946 to 1980. Three related educational time sequences emerge: (1) schooling wealth, the present value of the current and future contributions of the existing schooling stock to national income; (2) net change in schooling wealth, the amount added to present value in that year; and (3) schooling investment, the present value of the future contributions of the new schooling conducted in that year.One important lesson of this exercise is that the last two series can be quite different as a result of the pattern of appreciation and depreciation of human wealth over the lifetimes of individuals. Moreover, education increases the age of peak human wealth and thus should shorten the period during which individuals save for retirement. This phenomenon may induce a demographic cycle in the nation's savings rate, especially evidenced with the aging of the baby‐boom cohort.The magnitudes of the human and schooling wealth estimates are large when compared to financial wealth. For a 4 percent rate, the period‐wide average for human wealth is five times‐and schooling wealth 2.6 times‐the Federal Reserve Board's measure of household net worth. These estimates are naturally sensitive to the discount rate chosen, but show that the gap between human and financial wealth has been widening and that the value of schooling provided in any year greatly exceeds its cost. Schooling represents a form of saving whose value is several times the conventional measure of saving.
STASIS AMID CHANGE INCOME INEQUALITY IN CANADA 1965‐1983
Authors: Wolfson Michael 
Published: March 2005

Income inequality in Canada has not changed significantly over the past two decades, though this apparent stability may be surprising in view of the major economic and social changes that occurred over this period. The share of income going to the bottom quintile remains at about four percent while the top quintile continues to receive about 40 percent of income.Social trends such as lower fertility rates have coincided with increased female labour force participation to increase family incomes in the middle and upper‐middle parts of the income spectrum. At the same time, the trend for baby boom children to establish their own separate households, and increased divorce and separation rates, have tended to create more small family units with low incomes. These social trends, in isolation of other factors, would have increased income inequality.However, economic factors have apparently offset these tendencies. Since employment income is concentrated in the middle and upper‐middle ranges, the relative fall in this source of income over the past two decades tended to be equalizing. Similarly, the fact that a large part of total investment income accrues to the elderly who have below average income implies that the trend towards high interest rates has been equalizing. Finally, the social “safety nets” put in place in the mid‐1960s and early 1970s have grown in relative importance, and this too has had an equalizing impact on the distribution of income.Given the overall stability in income inequality, the equalizing tendencies of economic factors such as high interest rates and relatively slow economic growth, with the large automatic responsiveness of governments' social safety net programs, appear to have just about exactly offset the disequalizing social factors of “baby boomers” leaving home, lower fertility, higher divorce and separation rates, and higher female labour force participation.
CAPITAL ACCUMULATION IN LATIN AMERICA: A SIX COUNTRY COMPARISON FOR 1950–89
Authors: Hofman André A. 
Published: March 2005

This article provides estimates of gross and net fixed capital stock for six Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela for 1950–89. The capital stocks have been generated using the perpetual inventory method. To use the perpetual inventory method, historical time series of gross fixed investment, broken down into machinery and equipment, residential and non‐residential structures were estimated. The diskette accompanying the article contains a detailed description of the sources and series used and for each country, long‐term series (1900–89) of GDP at constant 1980 national prices, GDP at constant 1980 international dollars, population, GDP per capita and gross total and disaggregated investment in national currencies and as a percentage of GDP. The diskette also contains a complete set of net and gross capital stock estimates, average ages, average service life and capital‐output ratios for 1950–89 each in national currencies and international dollars.The findings show rising capital‐output ratios in most countries, except for Chile, where it remains more or less constant, and Colombia, where the ratio falls.