bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
European Stock Markets and European Unification
Authors: Biais Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to assess the current situation and the possible evolution of the European stock markets. What is and what could become their role in the European economy? How integrated are they currently and are they likely to be in the future? How do firms, investors, financial intermediaries and regulators intervene in the marketplace, and how are their respective roles likely to change? In conducting this analysis we focus on the interaction between those issues and the European unification process. The latter includes European Monetary Union as well as the unification of regulation at the European level, or the interplay of political forces leading to or hindering European integration. We also try to build on recent theoretical, empirical and experimental work analysing the microstructure of markets, privatizations, corporate finance and investments, and rely on the insights it delivers, while omitting the technical aspects of these analyses.
Introduction
Authors: Dierkes Meinolf , Antal Ariane Berthoin , Child John , Nonaka Ikujiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because scholars of organizational learning and knowledge have come from different backgrounds and have borrowed ideas from many areas of scientific inquiry, this field has been shaped by a wide range of thinking. The chapters in Part I lay the groundwork for the handbook by tracing how key disciplines have influenced the theories and concepts currently used to understand processes and features of organizational learning. The authors also explore ways to increase the degree to which these disciplines are tapped as sources for this field of study.
Introduction
Authors: Dierkes Meinolf , Antal Ariane Berthoin , Child John , Nonaka Ikujiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The four chapters in this section highlight certain tensions and paradoxes that variously trigger, shape, and constrain organizational learning. Organizations reflect the cultural, political, and intellectual tensions that are inherent in all societies. The dynamics created by the social constitution of the organization, its previous learning experiences, emotional climates, and the dimension of time all have a profound impact on an organization’s ability and preparedness to learn. In fact, it is through the exploration of these dynamics that organizational learning may be seen to occur.
Problems and Responses: A Model of Public Management Reform
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last two decades there appears to have been a huge amount of public management reform. It is difficult to be certain-there are no readily available, common and commensurable units in which we can count and compare what has been happening. Yet the present authors share, with many other commentators, an impression of a wave of reforms across many countries.
The Beginnings of the Radio Communications Industry
Authors: Griset Pascal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radio appeared rather suddenly on the telecommunications scene, with a very short period elapsing between the first successful experiments (1895-6) and the beginning of its commercial exploitation. Limited in the beginning to communication between mobiles, the area in which it brought the most radical innovation, radio electric technology then spread to connecting fixed points. Radio was created in a milieu consisting essentially of independent engineers, who, for the most part, worked in somewhat unclear conditions, both conceptually and institutionally. A radically new technology, radio had not yet been adopted by any company of significant size prior to the turn of the twentieth century. Interest in the potential of radio did grow, however, beginning in 1902 and 1903.
Nintendo’s Home Video Game Business
Authors: Yoshida Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How was it that Nintendo came to be a major force in the home video game (HVG) business? Why Nintendo and not some other company? Naïve questions, perhaps, but more important than they might seem. There is hardly a shortage of research on the home video game business, but, in discussions of Nintendo, there is a highly significant theme that has been left virtually unexplored. While almost every investigator makes the obligatory succinct statement to the effect that ‘Nintendo was established in Kyoto as a maker of traditional Japanese hanafuda playing cards’,1 almost no one has followed this up by seriously questioning the apparent oddity of this.
The Software Business: Lessons from Bill Gates and Microsoft
Authors: Cusumano Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Established in 1975, Microsoft became the largest company in the world specializing in computer software, and had nearly 40,000 employees and annual revenues of almost $23 billion by 2000 (Table 5.1). Microsoft grew by skilfully moving from one software mass market to another. The company started by selling programming languages for a new personal computer (PC) kit, and then built an operating system (MS-DOS) first for IBM and then other computer equipment manufacturers. It gradually entered a variety of applications markets and sold products directly to retail stores. Microsoft eventually dominated various PC software markets throughout the world, and had a market share of around 90 per cent in operating systems (Windows and Windows NT), which provided the company with an enormous revenue stream. Microsoft also learned how to develop applications programs, and by 2000 was building more than 200 software products. In addition, the company had an Internet portal business and was rapidly increasing its presence in the Internet software (browser and server) markets, which it entered late, but by 2000 had a market share of approximately 80 per cent in browsers.
The Hive-Off Mechanism of Larger Japanese Companies
Authors: Hashimoto Juro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now widely accepted that countries may have different types of companies specific to themselves, despite the fact that they share a common economic system-namely, a market-based economy. I agree with this contention. Judging from international comparisons, large Japanese companies have some distinctive characteristics, some of which are: in-house promotion of top management, a cross-shareholding system among corporations, a main bank system, enterprise unions organized on a company by-company (keiretsu-by-keiretsu) basis with each belonging to an industrial federation of unions, and a long and continuous employment system (some times misunderstood as a lifetime employment system) (Hashimoto 1995a).
Leadership Succession in British Business in the 1950s
Authors: Rose Mary B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For almost forty years, especially from the late 1950s until the late 1980s, entrepreneurship became the ‘Cinderella’ of business history. Indeed, writing in 1977, one American business historian commented that the neglect of individuals, in favour of the bureaucracies of which they were part, meant that ‘much American economic and business history has become a bore.’ Designed to shock the business history establishment, this statement high lights the extent to which the study of organizations has left the personal characteristics of business leaders and interpersonal relationships, which comprised the inner workings of the ‘black box’ of the firm, distinctly grey (Livesay 1977: 415). Twelve years later the same scholar found little diminution in business historians’ fascination with the organization of institutions, a tendency that led to the continued neglect of business leadership (Livesay 1989).
The Policy Environment
Authors: Amann Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Brazilian non-serial capital goods sector is currently the largest in the developing world after that of China and is easily the largest in Latin America. The rapid ascendancy of the sector to its current position has been associated with policies that led to extensive state intervention and a concentration on the internal market. In recent years., however., the pattern of intervention has radically altered and the sector has been faced with a less protected market in which the state has played a less significant role. As a result, substantial changes have occurred within the industry and the sector has evolved new strategies to cope with the altered environment.
Concentration, Diversification, and Financial Performance
Authors: Amann Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Chapter 1 demonstrated, much recent theoretical work on the role of the capital goods sector in developing economies has pointed to the importance of achieving long-run dynamic comparative advantage through specialization and economies of scale within the context of an increasingly concentrated and global market. In particular, it is argued that full technological self-reliance for basic products can only be achieved on the basis of enhanced specialization and the opportunities for enhanced learning that this affords. However, the development of the Brazilian non-serial capital goods sector was associated with the emergence of an unusual pattern of industrial structure which was characterized by very low degrees of concentration, high levels of product diversification, and technological dependence among enterprises. Theoretical literature critical of the role of the state, in particular that emerging from the theoretical critique of import substitution industrialization, would point to these developments as being the natural consequences of prolonged protection of the sector and associated attempts by the state to induce domestic, in the absence of foreign, competition through implicit or explicit forms of capacity licensing.
Task Partitioning, Communication Activities, and the Performance of Supplier Relations in Product Development
Authors: Sobrero Maurizio , Toulan Omar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationships a firm has with its suppliers can be a valuable source of competitive advantage. The benefit from these relationships can accrue in many ways. Previous work on supplier-manufacturer relationships (Clark 1989; Lipparini and Sobrero 1994; Liker et al. 1995; Dyer 1996), as well as alliances (Roberts and Berry 1985) and joint ventures (Harrigan 1986; Cohen and Levinthal 1990), have grouped these potential benefits into two categories: increased efficiency, and the tapping of competencies or resources unavailable inside the firm. Given the difference in goals, however, one would also expect there to be a difference in the way these two types of relationships should be managed. With this in mind, the objective of this chapter is to address three related research questions: Along what lines do these supplier-manufacturer relationships differ from each other? Is there a fit between relationship type, management of the relationship, and performance? What does this mean in terms of the individual actors which make up the relationship?
Communities of Practice in a High-Technology Firm
Authors: Teigland Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers the opportunity to explore the themes of the book in the exciting new world of the internet. One of the major motivations for undertaking this study was that most organization theory was developed during the pre-internet era. However, since the mid-1990s we have seen an explosion in the use of internet-based media such as e-mail, electronic communities and bulletin boards intranets, etc. Research has had a difficult time keeping pace with this new world based on ‘internet-time’ and, as such, we have little detailed understanding of the ways in which the internet is affecting the networks of social relationships or of the ability of management to create and leverage valuable capabilities within high-technology firms.
Granger’s Representation Theorem and Multicointegration
Authors: Engsted Tom , Johansen Søren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Engle and Granger’s (1987) seminal paper the concept of cointegration has developed progressively in several ways, and many extensions of the basic concept have been made. One such extension is the definition of multicointegration which refers to the case where the cumulation of equilibrium errors cointegrates with the original I( 1) variables of the system. Such situations arise naturally in economic models involving stock flow relationships.
The Road to Transparency: Reputation Management at Royal Dutch/Shell
Authors: Fombrun CharlesJ , Rindova Violina P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1995 Royal Dutch/Shell-one of the world’s three largest companies-faced two major crises. The first involved the proposed maritime sinking of an aging offshore drilling platform-the Brent Spar. Careful research conducted by Shell had supported sinking as the least environmentally damaging alternative for disposal of the rig. Nonetheless, Shell became the target of a Greenpeace ‘action’ that portrayed Shell as a greedy and irresponsible company whose support for sinking was motivated by purely economic reasoning-sinking happened to be the low cost alternative. Physical boarding of the inoperative Brent Spar by Greenpeace militants drew worldwide media coverage that sullied the Shell image, provoked massive boycotts of Shell stations in Germany, and ultimately forced the publicly humiliated company to back down in June 1995.
law of the sea
Authors: Watts Sir Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The practice of States over several centuries, particularly the practice of the major maritime Powers with commercial or colonial and imperial interests overseas, established a broadly agreed structure for the international law of the sea, based on the freedom of the high seas and the sovereignty of the coastal State over a relatively narrow band of territorial sea around its coasts. Around these twin pi11ars a number of supplementary rules came to be sufficiently widely established in State practice to be regarded also as rules of customary international law: rules concerning, for example, flag State jurisdiction over ships on the high seas, piracy and the slave trade at sea, the position of warships, innocent passage through the territorial sea, and navigation through international straits.
Consular Relations
Authors: Watts Sir Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diplomats and consuls arc often seen as the two halves of a State’s principal official representation in foreign countries. They do, however, have significantly different functions: by and large, diplomats arc concerned primarily with the furtherance of their sending State’s international interests in relation to the receiving State, whereas consuls arc, by and large, more usually concerned with the private or commercial interests of their sending State’s nationals and corporations in the territory of the receiving State. In modern times, the distinction between diplomats and consuls has considerably diminished, and in most countries both diplomats and consuls form part of a single Foreign or Diplomatic Service, serving in diplomatic or consular posts abroad as appropriate from time to time.
The Validity and Impact of CPT Standards with Regard to Belgium
Authors: Parmentier Stephan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 14 and 23 November 1993 the CPT visited Belgium for the first time, making Belgium the last of the fir st-wave countries to ratify the Convention to receive a periodic visit. Nevertheless, it would have been difficult for the CPT to have come earlier: Belgium was the last of the member states of the then Council of Europe to ratify the ECPT, namely in June 1991.
The CPT’s Visits to the United Kingdom
Authors: Shaw Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United Kingdom offers, for two reasons in particular, an interesting viewpoint on the relevance and effectiveness of the CPT. First, because in comparison with most European states the UK is relatively well endowed with both official and unofficial monitors of almost all the institutions which come within the CPT’s remit (military guardrooms being perhaps the one exception to that rule). Secondly, because the situation in Northern Ireland means the UK is one of the few European countries in which troops, intelligence agencies, and the criminal justice system are routinely engaged in a struggle to combat domestic terrorism. Four visits to the UK have been made to date—the first in 1990, the most recent (and, as yet, unreported) in 1997.
Capital movements
Authors: Usher J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whatever may be the meaning of capital in the context of the EC Treaty,1 the provisions relating to capital movements are distinguished by the fact that in the original version they were drafted in a style very different from that of the other Treaty ‘freedoms’, and by the fact that, with effect from the beginning of the second stage of Economic and Monetary Union on 1 January 1994, they were replaced by a completely new set of provisions similar in many respects to those governing the free movement of goods. The current provisions may be regarded as having been drafted with Economic and Monetary Union in mind, but it must be emphasized that in principle the same rules apply to all Member States, irrespective of their participation in monetary union. However, these rules can best be understood in the light of what went before.
Initiation
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part 19.III of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR) covers Group Litigation. It provides for the court to constitute a defined group of claims to be managed together pursuant to a Group Litigation Order (GLO), where there are common issues of fact or law which are specified in the GLO (‘the GLO issues’). Although this is not stated in the Rule or associated Practice Direction, the theory which underlies a GLO is that it will be more efficient for the courts and the parties if cases which arise out of the same or similar facts and give rise to common issues may be managed and resolved together rather than individually.
Investigating, Commencing, And Pleading Claims
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Claimants should conform with pre-action protocols before issuing their claims.A major feature of the approach under the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR) is that a significant amount of work which used to be done during the litigation process (for example, exchange of information on the nature of the case or defence, search for and disclosure of documentary evidence, obtaining evidence from witnesses and experts), which may have considerable relevance to the initial risk assessment by claimant and solicitor in deciding whether to take on a case, has now been moved forward into the pre-action stage. What is expected of parties during the pre-action stage is or will be governed by approved pre-action protocols.1 Non-compliance with a protocol can lead to adverse costs sanctions for a party if court proceedings are issued later.
Public Funding
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The system of public funding of civil litigation was reformed by the Access to Justice Act 1999. The Legal Services Commission (the Commission) was created to oversee the Community Legal Service (CLS), which assumed the functions of the Legal Aid Board. The CLS funds services out of the Community Legal Service Fund (the Fund), which is itself funded at the discretion of the Lord Chancellor.
Reay νBnfl; Hope νBnfl
Authors: Thomson Aidan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These cases from the early 1990s concerned allegations of personal injury attrib uted to exposure to radiation of those alleging personal injury and their parents. They were resolved by a trial of two lead cases, selected by the plaintiffs’ lawyers from a pool of cases, which determined that general causation was not established. The parties co-operated to reach agreement on most procedural issues, particularly limiting discovery. The case involved one of the earliest examples of solicitors’ ad vertising, which successfully attracted claimants to a single furn, thereby avoiding co-ordination issues.
Norplant Litigation
Authors: McDougall Arundel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a number of ways the Norplant product liability story illustrates an important change in the courts’ attitude towards case management in the later 1990s. The plaintiffs’ initial co-ordination of a group and proposals for case management were symptomatic of the absence of a multi-party rule (although the plaintiffs did un successfully attempt to persuade the Nottingham County Court to issue a Case.
Antitrust Law on a Global Scale: Races Up, Down, and Sideways
Authors: Fox Eleanor M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antitrust law is national. Markets-many of them-are global. Arguments have been made for internationalizing antitrust law or raising surveillance of anticompetitive restraints to a level higher than the nation. Analysis of these arguments is complicated by the fact that there are many versions of antitrust law and its goals, descriptively and normatively, and there are many possibilities for internationalization or cooperation on antitrust rules and their enforcement.
The TRIPS Agreement: A Response to Global Regulatory Competition or an Exercise in Global Regulatory Coercion?
Authors: Govaere Inge , Demaret* Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the extent that intellectual property laws have already been harmonized world wide by virtue of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of lntellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), annexed to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement, the most urgent question is, in reality, twofold. First, one needs to consider whether there was a justification for the global regulation of intellectual property rights in the framework of the WTO. The second question is why this issue was raised and put on the agenda of the multilateral trade negotiations in the mid- 1980s. Those questions do not necessarily entail the same, or even a similar, answer
The Myth of the Auteur: Performers as Authors
Authors: Richard Arnold qc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Broadly speaking, there are two schools of thought about the creation of films. The auteur theory, promulgated by the critics of Cahiers du Cinéma in the 1950s and now widely accepted, holds that the director of a film is the author of the film in the same way as a composer is the author of a piece of music and a dramatist is the author of a play. According to this theory, a film is a work of personal expression on the part of one individual in the same way as traditional art forms, and a director’s body of work can be analysed to reveal that individual’s artistic methods and concerns. Adherents to the auteur theory accept, of course, that the director of a film requires the assistance of actors and technicians to realize his or her vision, but they contend that the director has final responsibility for the appearance of the film. In effect, therefore, actors and technicians are regarded as the director’s amanuenses, making no significant creative contribution of their own.