bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Close Reading
Authors: Charon Rita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Narrative medicine makes the case that narrative training in reading and writing contributes to clinical effectiveness. By developing narrative competence, we have argued, health care professionals can become more attentive to patients, more attuned to patients’ experiences, more reflective in their own practice, and more accurate in interpreting the stories patients tell of illness. The last chapter gave us some specific terms and concepts with which to sharpen these arguments: health professionals have to learn to hear the body and the self telling of illness, in whatever forms, dictions, and discourses they find themselves giving utterance to their reality. If patients’ reports do not limit themselves to answers in our reviews of systems, then we must be prepared to comprehend all that is contained in the patient’s words, silences, metaphors, genres, and allusions. Listening and watchful clinicians must become fluent in the tongues of the body and the tongues of the self, aware that the body and the self keep secrets from one another, can misread one another, and can be incomprehensible to one another without a skilled and deft translator.
“Radical Feminist” as Label, Libel, and Laudatory Chant: The Politics of Theoretical Taxonomies in Feminist Linguistics
Authors: Mcelhinny Bonnie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robin Lakoffs book Language and Womans Place (LWP) (1975) is one of the earliest, most influential, and most widely discussed contributions to feminist linguistics, but the question of how to place it within the larger context of feminist theory is far from straightforward.
What Does a Focus on “Men s Language” Tell Us about Language and Womans Place?
Authors: Kiesling Scott Fabius 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an editor’s note to the journal article that eventually became Robin Lakoff’s Language and Womans Place (LWP) (1975), Dell Hymes wrote: “A focus on women brings to light an aspect of language in social life that has its counterpart for men. … “Men’s language’ needs study too” (Lakoff 1973: 79).
The New (and Improved?) Language and Place of Women in Japan
Authors: Matsumoto Yoshiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Japan recently, I had an encounter that brought into focus for me how Language and Womans Place (LWP) (1975) illuminated Japanese women’s language. A forty- or fifty-year-old Japanese woman, who had concluded from overhearing my conversation that I was a linguist, suddenly approached me to inquire if she could ask me a question about contrastive linguistics. She expressed the view that women had been discriminated against in Japan on account of the categories of onna kotoba (women’s speech), otoko kotoba (men’s speech), and keigo (expressions of respect, honorifics), which force speakers to choose a specific register or form of speech. She also thought that Japanese was peculiar in this regard and that this peculiarity was responsible for the sexual harassment and domestic violence that she had suffered. She had confirmed with her American friends that women and men were treated equally in the United States, and she attributed this to the absence of such gender-based linguistic distinctions in English.
A Tale of Good and a Tale of Evil
Authors: Avise John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about humankind’s recent attempts, using recombinant DNA technologies, to modify the genetic makeup of living organisms. It describes how scientists have learned to isolate and transfer DNA from one species to another, generate clonal (genetically identical) copies of individual genes and sometimes whole organisms, and otherwise exercise godlike influences over the hereditary material of microbes, plants, and animals, including humans. Using a case-history format, this book traces the rise of genetic engineering during the latter part of the twentieth century, addressing both the good and the bad of dozens of genetic engineering projects initiated to date. This empirical track record reveals many of the triumphs and disasters of genetic engineering, its amazing feats and some blazing defeats, and the field’s beauty marks and its blemishes both small and large. The two stories in this opening chapter—one the happy narrative of a successful little genetic engineering venture, the other a chronicle of sheer madness—serve to introduce the book’s style and format, as well as to illustrate the wide range of potential societal outcomes when humans attempt to seize control of life’s genetic reins.
Engineering Microbes
Authors: Avise John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microbes have supplied more than just the molecular tools and the conceptual inspiration for genetic engineering (appendix), they also have been harnessed to manufacture some of the most lucrative commercial products that have emerged to date from the GM industry. This chapter provides several examples. First, however, the usual meaning of gene “cloning” in the context of microbial genetic engineering should be made clear. In microbes, gene cloning (the production of “carbon copies” of a particular segment of DNA) typically is accomplished when genetic engineers insert a foreign gene into plasmids, which are tiny circular pieces of DNA that reside within bacterial cells. When the GM bacteria then do what comes naturally (divide and multiply asexually), they automatically clone the transgene as well as their own native DNA. As we shall see, genetic engineers often use such GM bacteria and their purposefully cloned transgenes to produce commercial quantities of various proteins of pharmaceutical or industrial importance.
Fields, Forests, and Streams
Authors: Avise John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not content to tinker only with traditional agricultural crops and domestic animals, bioengineers are venturing farther afield to genetically alter a variety of plants and animals from forests, meadows, and aquatic habitats. Some of these GMOs blur the distinction between cultivated and uncultivated, or between domesticated and wild, but these transgenic creatures and organismal clones, however categorized, represent further evidence of the wide range of taxa, as well as traits, that can be genetically manipulated using recombinant DNA methods. The extension of genetic engineering beyond factories, croplands, and barnyards raises many additional hopes and fears, especially with regard to the environment. Might genetic engineering experiments “in the wild” invite ecological disasters? Or, at the other possible extreme, could some of the new genetic discoveries and GM products actually help the planet to recover from insults of earlier technological endeavors (such as energy extraction, mining, farming, and commercial fishing) that often generated toxic wastes or otherwise damaged natural ecosystems? Most of the contemplated GM projects relating to the environment are only in the early phases of research and development, so definitive answers to such questions will take some time to emerge from direct experience. In the meantime, given the general dearth of critical scientific evidence in this neophyte field, plausible arguments pro and con can be made regarding many prospects for outdoor genetic engineering. As is typical of GM technologies applied to nature, simple solutions can be elusive, and case-by-case analyses are required.
Making a Harvard Doctor
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
September 1891. He was a lonely outsider in sweltering Boston, trudging the streets, checking his map at every corner, trying to find a place to stay. Brother Ned’s old boarding house was already full. When he went to the not yet open Harvard Medical School for advice, all he got were a few recommendations from the caretaker. ‘I must have walked about 10 miles and climbed 1000 feet of stairs … I have not accomplished much more than to get a pretty good composite picture of a land lady whose name is legion and whom I do not admire. It seems to me I never saw so many people before who were all utter strangers & its most depressing.’
Making an American Surgeon
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where did you start after medical school? Newly minted doctors needed first jobs and clinical experience to complete their training. Hospitals needed staff. By the end of the nineteenth century, the hiring of recent graduates to do stints as hospital house physicians had become systematized. They worked for very low or no wages either as ‘externs,’ living outside the hospital and usually treating outpatients, or as ‘interns,’ or ‘residents,’ who lived in the institutions and were on call to treat the patients on the wards. Thus, Dr Harvey Cushing began his career by living and working at the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1895 as an intern.
A Window on the Brain
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Atlantic crossing afforded Cushing a week off, time to relax, recover, get some sea legs, eat, drink, write, reflect, and socialize. As soon as he boarded the old Cunard liner Servia, he began his travel diary: ‘I shall apparently be alone with a few books, some tobacco, my thoughts, and some pretty keen regrets at throwing up the J.H.H.’ Then the first of his notes and letters to Kate: ‘These Cunarder people are so nice and courtly and have such nice voices and never get annoyed like the Americans.’
Opening the Closed Box: The Birth of Neurosurgery
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘If it’s to be a bad summer I’ll send Kate home. I’ve got work to do.’ Thus Harvey had written his father before his wedding. By a ‘bad summer’ he meant the heat of Baltimore which drove out everyone who could possibly leave the city. The Cushings coped with the heat that first summer by wearing very few clothes at home. ‘I think we rather enjoyed it, tho’ we didn’t know each other very well, did we Peaches, then?’ Harvey reminisced a few years later, ‘And you tho’t I had no sense of humor – which I hadn’t.’
The Bottom of the Box: Interrogating the Pituitary
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The assistants and students who worked for Cushing were always pleased when the Chief invited them to his home. ‘Mrs. Chief’ was a warm, gracious hostess and served a perfect tea. Remarkably, Cushing himself often failed to appear, having been tied up at the hospital or in the lab. A young Bostonian, John Homans, who had been sent to train with the man Harvard considered to be America’s most promising surgeon, recalled, ‘I had never seen anyone work like Cushing before, and found it difficult to believe that he could enjoy life on this basis His pace never varied, unless it became accelerated.’1 Kate longed for the old days when she could look forward to having her husband home for tea and conversation.
Adieu America: Cushing Goes to War
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cushing took a rare holiday in early August 1914, a few days salmon fishing in Canada with a group that included one of his house men, Elliott Cutler. While they were gone a war broke out in Europe: Germany and Austria-Hungary against Russia, France, and the British Empire. Harvey later joked about how the world fell apart when he went on vacation.
An American Surgeon at Passchendaele
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hazebrouck, France, 3:10 AM, June 7, 1917. Harvey Cushing, billeted with a French family, is jolted awake by the largest manmade explosion there has ever been. British engineers have detonated more than a million pounds of high explosive in tunnels under the German lines at Messines Ridge, near Ypres. The noise is heard one hundred and fifty miles away in London.
Johnson and Boswells: Chief and Harem
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone who worked with Cushing knew how he would respond to his son’s death. ‘Dr. Cushing will hide it all behind a mask,’ Elliott Cutler told Madeline Stanton. ‘No one will ever see it. Therefore all the worse.’ The mask he put on was almost impenetrable and permanent. The Cushings repressed their grief much more thoroughly than the Oslers had after Revere’s death. The hundreds of letters and telegrams of condolence Harvey and Kate received have all but disappeared from their files. Cushing’s papers are completely silent about the immediate after-math of the accident. Harvey never mentioned Bill again to his colleagues.
Sprinting to the Tape
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Had he seen the soul? What amazing experiences Harvey Cushing must have had as a brain surgeon! The man who drilled into people’s heads, tapped their spirits, gazed on their minds, cut into their psyches, reconfigured their consciousness – what profound reflections the surgeon-artist-writer, who all his life had been interested in every- thing, might have had to share with the world! Did he have insight about the meaning of the mind – thoughts on the meaning of life? What would he say about the meaning of his own life – his achievement as the world’s first brain surgeon – and about the modern miracles he wrought daily in his operating room? What was the spiritual, metaphysical, transcendent, existential significance of it all? During his lifetime the press gradually lionized Cushing as the prototypical brain surgeon which, of course, he was — and he was probably more in demand within the American medical world than any other figure.
Life
Authors: Reynolds David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walt Whitman Was Born on May 31, 1819 IN THE LONG ISLAND village of West Hills, some fifty miles east of Manhattan. He was descended from two branches of early American settlers, English on his father’s side and Dutch on his mother’s. His paternal ancestors included Zechariah Whitman, who came to America from England in the 1660s and settled in Connectioncut. Zechariah’s son Joseph moved across the sound to an area near Huntington, Long Island, where he became a farmer and local official. He gained large land holdings that came to be known as Joseph Whitman’s Great Hollow. His descendants acquired even more land and established a five-hundred-acre farm that became the Whitman family homestead. In the late eighteenth century his property was overseen by Nehemiah Whitman and his colorful wife Phoebe (better known as Sarah), who spit tobacco juice and swore liberally as she barked commands at the slaves who worked the land.
Popular City Life, Culture, And Politics
Authors: Reynolds David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“REMEMBER,” WHITMAN ONCE SAID, “THE BOOK [ Leaves of Grass] arose out of my life in Brooklyn and New York from 1838 to 1853, absorbing a million people, for fifteen years, with an intimacy, an eagerness, an abandon, probably never equalled.”1 He produced what he called “the idiomatic book of my land” by listening attentively to his land’s many idioms.2 As the ultimate democrat, Whitman wanted his verse to reflect popular tastes, urban experience, and democratic politics. At the same time, he saw clearly the deficiencies of each. Poetry was Whitman’s way of transforming images from everyday life so that readers would discover America’s highest potential. If, as he once said, his poetry was “a great mirror or reflector” of society, it was a mirror in which America saw itself artistically improved.
Epidemiology of Brain Injury
Authors: Kraus Jess F , Mcarthur David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Injury has been the fourth leading cause of mortality in the United States for the past 50 years and is the foremost cause of death among persons aged 1–44.12 In 2001, 157,078 persons died of acute traumatic injury in the United States—a rate of 55 per 100,000 persons per year. This number is only 6460 fewer than the total number of persons who died from stroke in the same year.59 Injury is the most rapidly increasing cause of death in developing countries, resulting from the combination of increased urbanization and motor vehicle use, along with reductions in deaths due to infectious diseases.23 From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, for example, injury fatalities increased 600% in Mexico, 450% in Thailand, 243% in Venezuela, and 200% in Chile.89 Proportional mortality rates from injury in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania range as high as 10%.4,6,9,19,46,60,64,89 For most developing countries, the mortality rate from injury is substantially greater than the rate in the United States.
Medical Complications of Head Injury
Authors: Voelker Joseph L , Wilson Alison M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A significant part of the morbidity produced by cerebral injury comes in the form of medical complications. The brain, through autonomic, hormonal, and biochemical mechanisms, influences most of the body’s organ systems. This finely tuned control may be markedly disrupted by trauma to the central regulatory areas. In caring for headinjured patients, it is important that the resulting derangements in organ system function be recognized and treated. This chapter presents an overview of several medical complications that may develop following head injury.
Complications of Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Volshteyn Oksana , Mcdonald John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The epidemiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) has been studied extensively over the past three decades. The most accurate epidemiological data are derived from the database of the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC), established in 1973. To date, 25 federally funded Model Spinal Cord Injury Care Systems have contributed information to this SCI database, which contains nearly 23,000 cases of traumatic SCI.81 The estimated annual incidence of traumatic SCI injury in the United States is ∼40 cases per million population, with ∼11,000 new cases each year. The estimated prevalence is ∼270,000 persons. Over the past decade, new trends in the etiology of SCI have emerged: a decrease in motor vehicle accidents (40.9%) and increases in violence (21.6%) and falls (22.4%). Nearly 60% of injuries occur in persons under age 30. The male: female ratio is 4:1.81 Table 15.1 shows the distribution of neurological level and severity of injury.
Zygapophysial Joint Trauma
Authors: Bogduk Nikolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The zygapophysial joints are paired synovial joints formed between the neural arches of consecutive vertebrae. Five pairs are represented in the lumbar spine and six pairs in the cervical spine. Each joint is formed by the articulation of an inferior articular process with the superior articular process of the next vertebra (Figs. 17.1 and 17.2). Each process is lined by articular cartilage, and the joint is enclosed in a fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane. Ventrally, the capsule is formed by the ligamentum flavum. The joints contain intra-articular inclusions, the most prominent of which are fibroadipose meniscoids located at the superior and inferior poles of each joint.
Occupational and Use-Related Mononeuropathies
Authors: Miller Timothy M , Aminoff Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Occupational and use-related mononeuropathies cause significant morbidity. Although the full impact of these syndromes is difficult to assess, the major consequences of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) alone provide some insight. The prevalence of CTS in the general population is 2% to 3%. In comparison to other work-related injuries and illnesses, median days away from work are highest for CTS. The average worker undergoing carpal tunnel surgery requires 27 days off work, and the estimated cost of carpal tunnel surgery in the United States is $2 billion.
High-Altitude Neurology
Authors: Baumgartner Ralf W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past decades, the number of persons who choose to spend time at high altitude for leisure activities has considerably increased. Ascent of unacclimatized persons to high altitude may lead to neurological dysfunctions such as high-altitude headache (HAH), acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), and ataxia of stance. High-altitude headache and AMS are common complications and have become public health problems. In contrast, HACE is rare, but potentially fatal.
Lightning Injuries
Authors: Cherington Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lightning is one of nature’s powerful traumatic forces. Cloud-to-ground lightning flashes have peak currents of 20,000 to 40,000 amps at hundreds of millions of volts and can reach temperatures as high as 60,0000F. Researchers in the early twentyfirst century have provided evidence that lightning is associated with the intense release of X-rays, electrons, and gamma rays.30 With its enormous energy, extreme temperatures, electromagnetic clout, and explosive blast effects, it is not surprising that lightning is responsible for much human, environmental, and property damage. According to data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, between 1959 to 1994 lightning was responsible for over 3000 deaths and 10,000 casualties.25 The actual numbers are very likely to be higher because over 50% of lightning casualties go unreported.
Anthropometric assessment
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Subsequently, a number of publications made recommendations on specific body measurements for characterizing nutritional status, standardized measurement techniques, and suitable reference data (Jelliffe, 1966; WHO, 1968; Weiner and Lourie, 1969). Today, anthropometric measurements are widely used in the assessment of nutritional status, at both the individual and population levels. One of their main advantages is that anthropometric measurements may be related to past exposures, to present processes, or to future events (WHO, 1995).
Laboratory assessment
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laboratory assessment is used primarily to detect subclinical deficiency states, but also to confirm a clinical diagnosis. It has become increasingly important with the growing emphasis on preventive medicine, as it provides an objective means of assessing nutritional status, independent of emotional and other subjective factors. The procedures can supplement other methods of nutritional assessment — for example, dietary, clinical, and anthropometric assessment — enabling specific nutritional problems to be more readily identified.
Assessment of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium status
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus are the major mineral components of the body. The distribution of these elements in the body compartments of a 70-kg reference man is shown in Table 23.1. All three minerals occur in combination with organic and inorganic compounds. Calcium and magnesium also exist as free ions and phosphorus as phosphate in circulation. They have two major roles: structural components in bone and soft tissues, and regulatory agents in body fluids.
1842 To 1856: The Early Years In Tübingen
Authors: Krebs Harald , Krebs Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Josephine Lang and Christian Reinhold Köstlin were married—twice—in Stuttgart on 29 March 1842. The first ceremony, performed by Köstlin’s father in the Protestant Spitalkirche, took place at 10:00 a.m. The bridal party and guests then drove to the Catholic church where, in deference to the bride’s faith, a second ceremony was held by a priest. Lang had three bridesmaids: Köstlin’s half-sister Adelheid, her own half-sister Meta, and one of Köstlin’s cousins (Mimi Köstlin, a singer who later frequently performed Lang’s songs and to whom she dedicated op. 23). Since Köstlin’s mother and stepmother were both deceased, the responsibility for most of the festivities fell to his Aunt Wilhelmine. It is from her diary that we learn the above details about the wedding.