bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identity and Identities
Authors: Williams Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1955, there appeared an ingenious and enjoyable novel by Nigel Dennis called Cards of Identity. It introduced an organization called the ‘Identity Club’, which engaged in making people over, giving them a new past and a new character —a new identity. There was much discussion of the name that any given character should have. This gives the flavour:‘Has he been with us for long?’ ‘Nelson, you felt, was too common a name ... But in Jellicoe you found everything-a bellicose, echoing, challenging suggestion discreetly balanced by an opening syllable indicative of a nature congealed and wobbly. In short, though he is for ever partly something pink, shaking guiltily on a plate, he has, in whole, the stuff of leadership.’ ‘That is first-class, Beaufort. Thus it was, exactly. Incidentally, it may interest you to know that at first I toyed with the idea of an identity from the race-course. But when I put out a few racy feelers, he shrank in horror. That is an important thing to know, by the way. Never, except in rare cases, build on the existing disguise.
The Unimportance of Identity
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can start with some science fiction. Here on Earth, I enter the Teletransporter. When I press some button, a machine destroys my body, while recording the exact states of all my cells. The information is sent by radio to Mars, where another machine makes, out of organic materials, a perfect copy of my body. The person who wakes up on Mars seems to re member living my life up to the moment when I pressed the button, and he is in every other way just like me. Of those who have thought about such cases, some believe that it would be I who would wake up on Mars. They regard Teletransportation as merely the fastest way of travelling. Others believe that, if I chose to be Teletransported, I would be making a terrible mistake. On their view, the person who wakes up would be a mere Replica of me.
Teleology in Aristotelian Metaphysics
Authors: Witt Charlotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotelian natural philosophy is teleological. Both the developmental processes of natural beings and the parts of natural beings require teleological explanation. The formation of teeth in an animal occurs for the sake of that animal’s good. Roots are located at the bottom of a plant for the sake of that plant (Phys. IL 198b25, 199a27). It is uncontroversial that Aristotle thought that a complete explanation of many natural processes must include the final cause or end of that process, and that an understanding of an organ must include mention of its function and its contribution to the whole organism. It is also uncontroversial that Aristotle thought that an explanation of natural processes in terms of material and efficient causes alone is inadequate, although there is considerable debate concerning the substance and implications of his argument.1 Let us call the demand for final causes in the explanation of natural processes ‘natural teleology’.
Epicurean Inferences
Authors: Allen James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The empirical and foundational turn in Hellenistic epistemology is familiar to students of ancient Greek philosophy. We tend to suppose that the positions defended by the Epicureans and the Stoics, and sceptically examined by the Academy, were broadly characterized by two assumptions. They took the concepts that give thought its content to be somehow derived in the last analysis from sensory experience; and, more importantly for our purposes, they divided potential objects of knowledge into two classes. The first comprises phenomena or evident matters: that is, truths that can be known immediately without being inferred from other truths, typically because they are accessible to direct perceptual observation, but perhaps in other ways as well. To the second belong non-evident matters (adela), which lie beyond the reach of direct apprehension. Knowledge of these, when possible at all, must rest on grounds or evidence afforded by other truths. These in turn must be grasped immediately as evident truths or inferred from other truths themselves, with the result that everything we know is known either because grasped immediately as an evident truth or ultimately on the strength of truths apprehended in this way.
Techniques and Dialectic
Authors: Lloyd G E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Students of Greek philosophy and science are very familiar with the recurrent discussions, in the texts they study, of methodological and epistemological issues. In classical Chinese philosophy and science, apparently analogous references to methods, rules, and procedures are also common, and the question of the origins of knowledge is sometimes discussed. Moreover, the goal of philosophizing is standardly represented as the Dao, the Way. However, quite what roles such methodological and epistemological statements play, in the inquiries in question, is an issue that has never seriously been addressed in a comparativist perspective.
The Hierarchies of Knowledge and the Mathematics of Discovery
Authors: Glymour Clark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophy before and after mid-century is united in a rejection of a central goal of traditional epistemology from Plato to Boole: a theory of discovery. Plato and Aristotle thought the goal of philosophy, among other goals, was to provide methods for coming to have knowledge. This same conception utterly dominated philosophy in the seventeenth century. It was Descartes’ claim to have found such a method, and the disputes between him and his critics were in part over what it is to be a method of discovery at all. Leibniz not only advanced the conception of method, but provided a thesis about it that guided logical investigations into the twentieth century. In my view, the central eighteenth-century dispute in philosophy, between Hume and Kant, was fundamentally about whether we can have methods of inquiry that can be known to be reliable. The latter part of the century provided in Richard Price’s interpretation of Bayes’ probabilism yet another proposal for a universal method of discovery. English-speaking philosophers of the succeeding century were equally absorbed with discovery: John Stuart Mill popularized a method plagarized from Bacon and, in aid of a method for discovering causal relations from probabilities, George Boole made the largest advance in logical theory since Aristotle.
Scepticism and Modernity
Authors: H Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been claimed that the revival of ancient sceptical thought during the Renaissance played a vital role in the rise of, or the beginning of, modern philosophy. Central issues in modern thought such as the epistemological basis of certitude, the kinds of evidence that can be obtained to support basic beliefs such as the existence of an external world, were proposed in the initial Renaissance presentations of ancient scepticism by Montaigne and his followers. The attempts during the seventeenth and eighteenth c to establish a modem philosophy from Descartes to Kant can be seen as basic attempts to answer the challenge of modern scepticism, or to live with it.
The Vitality and Importance of Early Modern Aristotelianism
Authors: Mercer Christia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1255, after some initial reservations, the arts faculty of the University of Paris instituted a new course of study based on the works of Aristotle. Despite the reluctance of some clerics (e.g. Bonaventure) who considered the Aristotelian philosophy anti Christian, and despite the squabbles that led to the Condemnations of 1270 and 1277, the philosophy of Aristotle remained the educational mainstay at the University of Paris until the end of the seventeenth century. That the Aristotelian philosophy dominated This article stands firmly on foundations laid by P. 0. Kristcllcr, J. H. Randall, and Charles Schmitt. I have benefited especially from the latter’s article ‘Towards a Reasse”5ment of Renaissance Aristotclianism’, History of Science, II (1973), 159 93, in which he criticizes the commonly accepted view or scholastic philosophy as a monolithic whole. The writings and advice or Roger Ariew have also been a great help in my first attempt at finding an appropriate way into this vast topic. I would like to thank L. W. B. Brockliss, Daniel Garber, Sarah Hutton, P. 0. Kristeller, Jane Newman, Lex Newman, and Tom Sorel! for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper.
Francis Bacon, Authority, and the Moderns
Authors: Martin Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The learned and great Cardinal Richelieu was a great admirer of the Lord Bacon’. John Aubrey, Bn’ef Lives It seems indisputable that Francis Bacon was of the party of the moderns: he himself repeatedly said as much, and subsequent commentators upon the history of Western philosophy, while often divided on his particular significance, have joined consistently in this general verdict. And why not? Bacon’s writings are studded, after all, with claims and attitudes readily acknowledged to be among the intellectual hallmarks of the modern age, and sure evidence of his modernity. Every reader of The Advancement of Learning (1605) and lnstauratio magna (1620) will recall at least four major themes characteristic of Bacon. For instance, he was unflaggingly optimistic about the possibilities for progress of knowledge, demanding, indeed, a complete overhaul of how one could conceive of such a thing: ‘There was but one course left, there fore,-to try the whole thing anew upon a setter plan, and to commence a total reconstruction of sciences, arts and all human knowledge, raised upon the proper foundations.’ Secondly, and hand in hand with such intellectual boldness, was his constant and impatient denigration of ancient authorities in philosophical matters.
The Contagious Communication of Strong Imaginations: History, Modernity, and Scepticism in the Philosophy of Malebranche
Authors: M Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The official declaration of hostilities in the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns in France occurred on 27 January 1687 when, at a meeting of the French Academy, Charles Perrault read his poem The Century of Louis the Great. The thesis of the poem was that his century was no less great then Louis XIV himself, that while there were greats among ancient authors-historians, philosophers, playwrights, and poets-they were only men, and that modern authors could thus be, and in fact were, no less great. Although celebrated in literary history, the Quarrel in itself was ‘an episode of mediocre interest’, 1 which soon ended inconsequentially. Even so, there were important issues at stake in this debate that had been percolating in the philosophical literature during the previous half-century.
Locke, Sergeant, and Scientific Method
Authors: Phemister Pauline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle still had a following among English philosophers in the middle of the seventeenth century. Kenelm Digby, John Sergeant, and Thomas White were all advocates of his doctrines. They were also reformers of Aristotle: writers who wanted to rid the master of the false notions attributed him in scholastic commentaries, and who tried to return to what they took to be the correct interpretation of Aristotelian texts on methodology. White emphasized the need to use experiments to confirm scientific conclusions and to resolve disputes. Sergeant tried to clarify the demonstrative character of Aristotelian explanation. Neither White nor Sergeant was a purist. Often they were willing to invoke non-Aristotelian principles. For example, both adopted the Baconian view that what ultimately justifies science is an improvement of the human condition. Because the Reformers were eclectic, their differences with the so-called modem philosophers are not always clear-cut. John Locke read Sergeant and took him seriously, and he shared the reformers’ respect for Aristotle’s intellect. Again in common with the Aristotelians, he valued the certainty afforded by demonstration. He also believed that experience was the foundation of all our knowledge. In this essay I shall consider in some detail the relation of Locke to Sergeant. I shall show that while Sergeant’s and Locke’s views agree more than might have been expected, their disagreements bear out the classification of Locke as a modern.
The Question of Machiavelli’s Modernity
Authors: Parel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That Machiavelli is an innovator of political philosophy is universally acknowledged. The programme of innovation is outlined in The Pnence ch. 15: he wants to depart from the orders of his predecessors. The goal of the new philosophy is ‘effectual truth’, and not the imagination of it. Actual states, not ‘imagined republics and kingdoms’, are its real concerns. The distinction between how one lives and how one ought to live is still made, but only in order to point out that what is done should never be abandoned for what should be done. Preservation of the state has emerged as the new summum bonum, in the interest of which everything becomes permitted. The distinction between virtue and vice is no longer important; and the new type of ruler, if he is good, must learn how to be not good. The preface to D. 1. also proposes a similar programme: he is determined ‘to enter a path not yet trodden by anyone’ and to introduce ‘new modes and orders’.
On the Hypothetical and Non-Hypothetical in Reasoning about Belief and Action
Authors: Railton Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps it shouldn’t be surprising when a central notion of common sense proves elusive on reflection—that’s what makes the philosophical world go round. And some aspects of practical rationality seem obvious enough: rational agents form intentions, adjust means and ends, and so on. Yet even very elementary questions can excite not only controversy between conflicting, entrenched positions, but expert bafflement.
The Amoralist
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometimes the amoralist is thought to present a problem for moral philosophy. If one can be an amoralist then the validity of morality is undermined unless one can be amoral only because of ignorance or irrationality. Morality, the underlying thought is, is rationally defensible only if it can marshal arguments in its support which an amoralist must rationally accept. My contention will be that the confrontation between the moralist and the amoralist is misconceived. Sections 5, 6, and 7 will explain my view by challenging the amoralist and the moralist in turn. I will argue that their confrontation is bogus for neither protagonist has a separate existence. But before coming to that I will, in Section 2, challenge the way that Nagel has recently discussed the problem, and will prepare, in Sections 3 and 4, the ground for the main arguments. First of all (in the current section) I explain who the amoralist is.
Relativities: Use and Non-use of Spatial Reference among the Yale Speakers in Irian Jaya (West New Guinea)
Authors: Heeschen Volker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October I 992 I walked with five Yale helpers through areas which were un known to them. Walking through unknown terrain constitutes an unusual experience for the Yale people. Usually they live and move in spaces which they know from the time of their first steps and their first inquisitive, pointing gestures. Thus, in the evening my helpers were excited and eager to collect information about the way we should go the following day. The descriptions offered by the local hosts focused on landmarks. Unfortunately, I was too tired to make recordings, but like my helpers I also tried to memorize the information.
Structure and Abstraction
Authors: Simons Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My ontological inclinations are nominalistic, and nominalism traditionally faces a number of stern challenges. One is from the theory of predication and universals. I think this challenge is, for a philosophical one, fairly easy for a nominalist to face. A far more daunting prospect is to reconcile the nominalist’s denial of the existence of abstract objects with the acceptance of a vast body of mathematical propositions by a large number of highly intelligent people. Taken at face value, the mathematical propositions these people hold true entail the existence of untold infinities of abstract mathematical objects.
Nationalism, Language, Europe
Authors: Barbour Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a book dealing with aspects of human society it is a good idea to introduce at the outset the major phenomena that will be discussed, and to say something about our understanding of the nature of those phenomena. This book deals with languages, and with the part they play in nationalism. Since the scope of any book has to be limited, we have limited our discussion to Europe. It is obvious that nationalism is a complex social phenomenon, and that it relates to nations, which are complex social and political structures. We thus clearly have to start by outlining what we mean by nations and by nationalism. It will be less obvious, however, that the concept of a language is a complex one. Some readers might think that a language is a rather discrete system of communication, that one language can be fairly easily delimited from another. Matters turn out to be much more difficult than this, as we shall see time and time again in the course of the book. This complexity is in fact so great, that even here, in the introductory chapter, we do need to start the discussion of what is meant by a language.
Nomenclature
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today’s rongorongo nomenclature derives principally from the two major Easter Island publications of Katherine Routledge (1919) and Alfred Metraux (1940). Yet neither author seems to have studied the rongorongo nomenclature in depth or understood how it had evolved in the drastically changing Rapanui society of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Benjamin Stone (cited in Barreau, 1963: 61) once wrote: “One indication of a cultural preoccupation with a phenomenon is the size of the vocabulary referring to it”. Though Rapanui’s rongorongo was no exception in this regard, the size of the rongorongo nomenclature-a synonymic welter from the 1860s up to the present day-testifies more to the confusion of the phenomenon’s reception on postmissionary Rapanui than to its original make-up. What the vocabulary of rongorongo consisted of on premissionary Rapanui is essentially unknown. There are no documents antedating the 186os about this, and informants’ statements about the earlier society reflect the society and language of Rapanui when the informants were questioned-invariably many years after the event.
The Experts and Nga’ara
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What has customarily been referred to in the secondary literature of Easter Island as the ma’ori rongorongo (‘rongorongo experts’) or tangata rongorongo (‘rongorongo men’), both innovations of the 1870s, was probably known as the tuhunga kouhau (‘staff experts’) or tuhunga ta (‘writing experts’) on the island in premissionary days. These were the rongorongo authorities, all male, from the end of the eighteenth century up to its demise in the 186os-perhaps no more than three generations in all-who were its recitors, scribes, and teachers. Permitted to touch and even possess the taboo rongorongo artefacts, the many tuhunga ta comprised a special, elevated class of professionals in Rapanui society whose fame continued beyond their deaths.
Reproductions and Facsimiles
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four years after Bishop Jaussen had first uncoiled that extraordinary present of human hair from his Rapanui converts to discover beneath it an even more extraordinary “Echancree” (RR 3) in I 869, the gifted sculptor Nicanor Plaza of Santiago’s Museo Nacional de Historia Natural was already creating plaster casts of the rongorongo tablets “Small Santiago” (RR 8) and “Large Santiago” (RR 9) for distribution to Europe’s greatest ethnological museums. In the early I 870s several of Europe’s leading ethnological curators were anxious to possess reproductions of Oceania’s only known indigenous script. Perhaps it was the fact that so very few original artefacts existed-only 25 in all, as we now count them today-that created a demand for “substitute rongorongo” to please an ever more demanding museum patronage.2 Then, as today, when originals are so rare and so widely dispersed, such tools as plaster casts are equally indispensable for the epigrapher, too.
Towards a Reasonable Libertarianism*
Authors: Wiggins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Very well, my obliging opponent, we have now reached an issue. You think all the arbitrary specifications of the universe were introduced in one dose, in the beginning, if there was a beginning, and that the variety and complication of nature has always been just as it is now. But I, for my part, think that the diversification, the specification, has been continually taking place. One of the many reasons, I believe, why philosophy falls short of a satisfying solution to the problem of the freedom of the will is that we still cannot refer to an unflawed statement of ibertarianism. Perhaps libertarianism is in the last analysis untenable. But if we are to salvage its insights, we need to know what is the least unreasonable statement the position could be given. Compatibilist resolutions to the problem of freedom will always wear an appearance of superficiality, however serious the reflections from which they arise, 1 until what they off er by way of freedom can be compared with something else, whether actual or possible or only seemingly imaginable, that is known to be the best that any indeterminist or libertarian could describe.
Eschatology and Epistemology
Authors: Palmer John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato’s middle period concern with Parmenides is not limited to the passages in which he describes the forms. Rather, it seems to have had its effect upon many of the doctrines most characteristic of this period. Here I want to show how Plato’s adoption of a strongly anti-empiricist epistemology seems to be prompted in part by his reading of Parmenides. Scholars have noted certain Parmenidean elements in the middle period dialogues apart from the descriptions of forms, but no one has properly integrated these isolated allusions into anything like a systematic picture of Plato’s engagement with Parmenides during this period.
The Argument frorn the Possibility of Knowledge
Authors: Palmer John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the final movement of Republic 5, Plato presents certain arguments intended to persuade a group he calls ‘the lovers of sights and sounds’ that they are mistaken in assuming that the attention they devote to the ordinary objects of experience furnishes them with knowledge. Plato characterizes the mode of being of these objects as inherently unstable, from which he infers that the cognitive state resulting from apprehension of these objects must likewise be unstable. Plato argues, however, that there is a class of objects with an absolutely stable mode of being that provides the foundation for genuine knowledge. The core of Plato’s argument, its characterization of the opponent, and both the virtues and failings of its general epistemological and ontological perspective all reflect Plato’s use of Parmenides. It is particularly unfortunate, then, that none of the principal modern discussions undertakes any systematic exploration of Plato’s engagement with Parmenides in this text. For the end of Republic 5 is perhaps the only middle period text in which the engagement is specific and sustained enough to show how Plato read certain key passages of Parmenides’ poem.