bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Union Citizenship and the Home Member State
Authors: Nic Shuibhne Niamh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers the rights of Union citizens in their home Member States. Most legal questions on Union citizenship concern Member State nationals present in another State—the host State—as well as relevant conditions and limitations. But the status of Union citizenship also reaches into situations where free movement rights were not exercised at all. Reflecting Article 10(3) TEU’s guarantee that ‘[e]very citizen shall have the right to participate in the democratic life of the Union’, this chapter first outlines the link between EU law and voting rights in the home State as well as the four procedures for citizen engagement in Article 24 TFEU: the European Citizens’ Initiative, the right to petition the European Parliament, applying to the European Ombudsman, and writing to Union institutions or bodies. The entitlement under Article 23 TFEU of Union citizens who are present in the territory of a third country to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of any Member State is also addressed, since another State acts as home State ‘surrogate’ in such circumstances. Residence rights for family members in a Union citizen’s home State are more controversial, implanting a role for EU law in what might be perceived as situations that should fall only within the scope of national immigration competence. Nevertheless, a right of residence cannot be refused to a third-country national family member in a Union citizen’s home State if, otherwise, the Union citizen would be obliged to leave the territory of the Union.
Excluding Union Citizens
Authors: Nic Shuibhne Niamh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has always been recognised that EU free movement law is not unlimited, and that Member States may restrict free movement and residence rights for good reasons of public policy, public security, or public health. However, when doing so, they must act within the framework of EU law and, in several respects, that framework has further narrowed the discretion that States may exercise through consideration of Union citizenship. Directive 2004/38 sets out the key rules and principles, evolved through the interpretation of its provisions in the case law of the Court of Justice. Expulsion from a host State—which cuts to the heart of freedom of movement and ‘can seriously harm persons who, having availed themselves of the rights and freedoms conferred on them by the Treaty, have become genuinely integrated into the host Member State’ (recital 23 of the Directive)—compels detailed legal rules. In some respects, excluding Union citizens or their family members is still an aspect of national immigration systems. But EU citizenship law significantly constrains national practices both substantively and procedurally in several critical respects. In Chapter 10, the central concepts of public health, public policy, and public security as well as critical framing principles that determine their application (especially proportionality and compliance with EU fundamental right) are examined. The Directive’s tiered system of protection against expulsion—connected, like the right of permanent residence, to duration but also quality of residence in the host State—is also explained. Finally, the administrative formalities and procedural safeguards mandated by EU law are presented.
Globalization of production
Authors: Hauge Jostein 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past few decades, production has become massively fragmented and globally dispersed—a development that has been part and parcel of economic globalization since the 1980s. Workers, firms, and sometimes even entire countries have come to occupy segments and niches of so-called global value chains. In this chapter, I look at the winners and losers in this era of globalized production. I conclude that, overall, the winners are mainly large transnational corporations based in the global North. At worst, these corporations solidify and strengthen their power in the world economy at the expense of economic development and industrialization in the global South. This power is fortified by technological dominance, strong protection of intellectual property, favourable trade agreements, low trade barriers, and privileged access to low-cost capital and labour all over the world. This systemic problem has remained intact even after the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine rattled global value chains and global supply chains.
Ecological breakdown
Authors: Hauge Jostein 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Industrialization and economic growth have been major factors in causing ecological breakdown. International climate agreements even have benchmarks to compare today’s levels of global warming to ‘pre-industrial levels’ because this is the last time we can confidently say that we lived within planetary boundaries. In this chapter, I compare two perspectives that offer different growth and industrialization pathways in the age of ecological breakdown: green paradigms and degrowth. Degrowth more accurately and honestly highlights the contradictions between growth and ecological sustainability but faces more economic trade-offs and practical hurdles from a policy perspective. In light of this, I highlight three policy pathways where the perspectives can meet: (i) target and scale down ecologically damaging industries and activities, (ii) incentivize community-centred living rather than individual-centred living, and (iii) focus scale-down measures at those responsible for ecological breakdown (e.g. the rich and the global North rather than the poor and the global South).
Industrial policy for the future
Authors: Hauge Jostein 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the ‘So what?’ question—what are the implications for national and international policy given my preceding analysis? The chapter is organized around six policy pillars that are intended to form a foundation for reforming and designing policy. Some of the policy pillars focus on national economic policy and industrial policy. Other policy pillars focus on reforms to the system of global governance that can help to create a level playing field in the world economy. Together, the policy pillars are meant to serve as inspiration for policy stakeholders, and stimulate debate among those interested in studying and researching policy.
Detention and its Alternatives under International Law
Authors: McGregor Lorna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Detention and Its Alternatives under International Law analyses the current state of the international law on detention and its alternatives as part of national laws and policies on armed conflict, counterterrorism, criminal justice, mental health, migration, public health, and social care. The book starts from the premise that, in theory, international law provides a clear framework for ensuring the exceptionality of detention by either characterising detention as inherently arbitrary or as a measure of last resort. However, through the study of major forms of detention, the book identifies common critiques stemming from the perception that international law prioritises procedural safeguards leaving the international law on the substantive legality, necessity, and proportionality of detention and its alternatives underdeveloped. The book identifies common shortcomings in how international law attends to structural inequality and discrimination; the breadth of accepted grounds for detention; the level of scrutiny applied to the evidence supporting decisions to detain, particularly risk determinations; and the availability, human rights compatibility, and proportionality of alternatives to detention, which can be net-widening tools. In all chapters, the book analyses the impact of new and emerging digital technologies on detention and its alternatives. Without seeking to conflate different forms of detention, the book proposes key pathways to securing the exceptionality of detention including by foregrounding human rights in the underlying policies which traditionally employ detention as a tool and preventing the emergence of alternative regimes falling just short of detention.
Introduction
Authors: McGregor Lorna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the introduction to the book, this chapter first discusses the manifold human rights risks presented by all forms of detention to the person detained, their families, and the people they care for. From this premise, the chapter establishes the purpose of the book to provide a critical analysis of the adequacy and effectiveness of international law on detention and its alternatives. Without conflating detention regimes, it explains the rationale for examining the international law on detention and its alternatives holistically, and the contribution to existing scholarship and practice of doing so. Finally, the chapter charts the structure of the book and defines the key terms of detention, deprivation of liberty, and alternatives to detention.
Mental Health and Social Care Detention
Authors: McGregor Lorna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the international law on detention pursuant to national mental health legislation (‘mental health detention’) and for the purposes of social care (‘social care detention’). It sets out the piecemeal origins of international law in both areas which either failed to recognise fact patterns as entailing detention or accepted the legitimacy of detention based on impairment, incapacity, or risk of harm to the person or to others. The chapter details the rejection of these approaches within the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), which established a paradigm shift in international law in providing an absolute prohibition of detention on grounds of disability. However, it tracks and critiques the limited modifications made by other supranational bodies to their interpretation of the legality and legitimacy of mental health and social care detention since the adoption of the UNCRPD. The chapter argues that supranational bodies that seek to maintain the possibility of detention for so-called ‘hard’ cases need to critically reassess whether their current models are ever capable of realising this objective and engage meaningfully with the full UNCRPD framework and the scholarship and practice that surrounds it.
Detention on Grounds of Public Health
Authors: McGregor Lorna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the legality and legitimacy of detention on grounds of public health in three contexts. First, it examines the very limited circumstances in which international law foresees the use of the criminal law to detain a person accused of actual and intentional spread of a disease, thus diverting a person into the criminal justice system. Second, the chapter discusses the international law on administrative detention for the purpose of isolation or quarantine, examining the prohibition on the use of measures such as isolation for people living with HIV, the limitations on the mandatory isolation of people with tuberculosis, and the developing international law on the employment of isolation and quarantine for infectious viruses and diseases that, at particular points in time, cannot be managed without some form of restriction to freedom of movement or deprivation of liberty, even if implemented within the community, such as within people’s homes, as emerged during the Covid-19 pandemic. Third, the chapter considers whether the spread of infectious disease imposes an obligation on states to release people who are already deprived of their liberty.
Conclusion: Commonalities and Differences in Detention and Its Alternatives under International Law
Authors: McGregor Lorna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the final chapter, the book analyses the commonalities and differences in international law’s approach to detention and its alternatives. The chapter discusses the book’s identification of common shortcomings in how international law attends to structural inequality and discrimination; the breadth of accepted grounds for detention; the level of scrutiny applied to the evidence supporting decisions to detain, particularly risk determinations; and the availability, human rights compatibility, and proportionality of alternatives to detention, which can be net-widening tools. Without seeking to conflate different forms of detention, the chapter proposes key pathways to securing the exceptionality of detention including by foregrounding human rights in the underlying policies which traditionally employ detention as a tool and preventing the emergence of alternative regimes falling just short of detention.
Measures matter
Authors: Sikk Allan , Köker Philipp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the ‘Electoral Candidates in Central and Eastern Europe’ (ECCEE) data set, and explains how it is used for the study of party and party system evolution in this book. The first part of the chapter discusses the nature of the data set and the methods and methodological innovations used for its analysis. The second part of the chapter outlines the measures of candidate turnover and congruence. It proposes two measures of turnover—weighted candidate novelty (WCN) and weighted candidate dropout (WCD)— that account for candidate prominence. The degree of candidate turnover varies between countries and individual elections but there is little evidence of increased stability since the early 1990s, except for the limited number of continuing parties. The final section discusses candidate congruence—a measure of overlap between candidates running in successive elections for pairs of slates (to use a common term for parties and electoral coalitions in a given election). Candidate congruences between slates reveal intricate details of party continuities and can be used to automatically construct nuanced evolutionary trees of party systems.
Old, new, and partially new parties
Authors: Sikk Allan , Köker Philipp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines candidate turnover in entering and exiting parties as defined in five widely used data sets on volatility and new party entry. Genuinely new parties should rely on new candidates and genuinely exiting parties should take most of their candidates with them. While candidate novelty among entering parties is generally high, all data sets include prominent new parties with low levels of novelty. Several significant new parties had intermediate levels of novelty, defying binary classification as new or continuing. Complete exits are rare as almost all exiting parties leave behind many important candidates. The quantitative analysis of candidate turnover in this chapter is complemented by an in-depth discussion of the most important cases of new, exiting, and partially new parties.
Controlling Territory, Controlling Voters
Authors: Wahman Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Violence in election campaigns is common across the African continent and beyond. According to some estimations, most African elections contain some degree of violence and most of this violence happens before elections, during the campaign. Campaign violence distorts political competition by creating an uneven playing field tilted towards actors with repressive capacity. It also enhances political inequalities and deprives voters of a meaningful opportunity to participate in the electoral process. While campaign violence is a common problem, it affects citizens differently across localities. Some localities tend to experience little violence during election campaigns, while others have been deeply affected by violence during elections. When violence and intimidation become an integral part of election campaigns in a locality, it becomes a tool of subnational authoritarianism that may effectively dismantle local democracy. This book focuses on the political geography of election violence in Africa, building on one crucial observation: elections in many African countries are highly structured around regional cleavages, and the support for political parties is rarely nationalized. The book argues that in such environments, campaign violence becomes an important tool to control and regulate access to space. The book builds on a wealth of data and extensive fieldwork in Zambia and Malawi. Using a combination of electoral geography analysis, constituency-level election violence data collected from local election monitors, focus group interviews, archival material, and individual-level survey data, the book shows how campaign violence in both countries is used as a territorial tool, predominantly within party strongholds.
Introduction
Authors: Wahman Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter introduces the book’s main research questions and central argument. The chapter situates the theoretical contribution within the literature on electoral manipulation and introduces a political geography theory of campaign violence. The main argument stresses how violence is used as a territorial tool in electoral systems where regionalism is the main political cleavage and parties compete to project local viability and advocacy. The chapter also introduces the case selection and argues the need to better understand the use of low-scale violence in contemporary African elections. In particular, the book focuses on geographically polarized electoral systems where low levels of subnational electoral competition are combined with high levels of national electoral competition.
Structural Chemistry of Group 15 Elements
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the topics for chemistry of Group 15 elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus and their compounds. σ-hole interaction in pnictogen compounds, triarylhalostibonium cations, and paddlewheel 1,2,4-diazaphospholide distibines are also included.
Structural Chemistry of Group 16 Elements
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the topics for chemistry of Group 16 elements such as oxygen and sulfur and their compounds, structural chemistry of selenium and tellurium, chalcogen bonding in chalcogenides, and crystalline solids assembled with chalcogen bonding.
Supramolecular Structural Chemistry
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the topics for hydrogen-bond directed assembly, supramolecular chemistry of the coordination bond, crystal engineering, organic frameworks, halogen-halogen interactions in supramolecular frameworks, synthetic molecular machines, supramolecular chemistry in materials science research.
Introduction
Authors: Kerr Jason A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 200 years since its discovery in the State Paper Office, Milton’s De Doctrina Christiana has primarily been read as a repository of his doctrinal positions; this book proposes, instead, to read the treatise as an artifact of Milton’s theological process. That process comes into view through attention to several intertwined variables—literary genre, theology of scripture, preference for rhetorical rather than logical argumentation—that, together, impel Milton to think about the ecclesial processes whereby human speech might acquire scriptural authority. This chapter outlines a method for reading De Doctrina Christiana in order to draw out its theological process, inviting literary scholars to attend more closely to theological genres and their rhetorical modes, developing an approach to the scriptural citations that comprise half of the treatise, establishing Milton’s relationship with his nearest interlocutors, and offering a newly detailed account of the manuscript’s material state.
Scripture and Literary Form
Authors: Kerr Jason A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a taxonomy of literary forms in De Doctrina Christiana organized by different modes of appeal to Milton’s concepts of “external” and “internal” scripture. Although “internal scripture” might seem to be an ineffable concept, it manifests in the treatise as rhetorical prose, reflecting Milton’s ideas about the humanist practice of critical judgment and his awareness that appeals to the spirit risk tendentiousness. Consequently, “internal scripture” appeals to a collective judgment that Milton construes in ecclesial terms. Passages of the treatise become more “internal scriptural” the less deferential to “external scripture” they are and the more reliant they become on Milton’s own authority as an interpreter, as evidenced by his recourse to rhetorical argumentation instead of logical intuition. Reading the treatise requires careful attention to the subtle shifts in literary form that arise from these varied modes of appeal to scriptural authority.
Theology and the Church
Authors: Kerr Jason A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Milton’s theology of renewal raises questions about how human speech becomes authoritative for others. These questions are ecclesial in nature, and Milton responds by conceptualizing the church as a forum for collectively testing human speech by the Holy Spirit. This ecclesiology provokes a methodological crisis for the treatise by revealing the limits of its founding assumption that using Ramist logic to organize scripture should eliminate the need for rhetorical human speech. Consequently, Milton redefines the rule of faith to emphasize the Spirit rather than scripture, laying a theological foundation for De Doctrina Christiana to shift generically toward human speech that aspires to express the spiritual “unwritten word,” mediated by a church in which any person with the Spirit can (and ought to) test what others say. By this means, Milton hopes to free the church of any coercive force and ground it in Christian liberty.
Interlude
Authors: Kerr Jason A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book’s treatment of De Doctrina Christiana thus far upends the traditional ways of reading it alongside Paradise Lost, where the treatise serves as a repository of propositional doctrinal content to be compared with the epic’s theology. Rather, I have argued that De Doctrina Christiana needs to be read as an artifact of a theological process that reflects on the foundations of theology. This way of reading produces tools for engaging with Milton’s reflections on the same topic in Paradise Lost—a point of continuity that explicitly makes room for divergence between the two texts. Consequently, even if Paradise Lost is more “successful” as an aesthetic object than is De Doctrina Christiana, the latter remains an intertext that might be profitably read alongside the former.
The Process of Paradise Lost
Authors: Kerr Jason A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter extends the preceding discussions of internal scripture and ecclesial process into Paradise Lost, arguing that Milton’s epic recasts these concepts in Aristotelian terms of actuality and potentiality. Accordingly, Milton’s account of substance that originated with God and that can become more or less refined offers a physical model of ecclesial testing, while the Son’s dialogues with the Father show the process of free human speech becoming scripture. Satan, meanwhile, adversarially reminds the church of its potential for tyranny, while Milton imagines “dregs” that get “downward purg’d” as instances of matter realizing its potential for negation. At stake in all of this is the actuation of God, from whom all matter originated, and the quality of freedom that underwrites the possibility of uncoerced community, whether material, human, or divine.