bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SEN virus infection does not affect the progression of non‐A to ‐E liver disease
Authors: Mikuni Morio , Moriyama Mitsuhiko , Tanaka Naohide , Abe Kenji , Arakawa Yasuyuki 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSEN virus (SEN V) was discovered recently as a potential causative agent of non‐A, non‐B, non‐C, and non‐E (non‐A to ‐E) hepatitis. The aim of this study was to obtain information about the prevalence of this virus in Japan and its association with non‐A to ‐E liver disease. Sixty‐seven patients hospitalized for non‐A to ‐E liver disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma (19 patients), cirrhosis (7 patients), chronic hepatitis (18 patients), and acute hepatitis (23 patients), were tested, along with 49 blood donors. The patients were admitted to Nihon University Hospital between 1991 and 1998. SEN V DNA was detected by a nested polymerase chain reaction, targeting the 5′ untranslated region. SEN V DNA was detected in 14 of 49 (28.6%) blood donors and in 33 of 67 (49.3%) patients with non‐A to ‐E liver disease. The prevalence of SEN V DNA was similar among patients with various liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma (42.1%), cirrhosis (57.1%), chronic hepatitis (55.6%) and acute hepatitis (47.8%) and among blood donors (28.6%). There were no significant differences in the clinical profiles of patients with SEN V DNA‐positive or ‐negative chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Similarly, there were no significant differences in the clinical profiles between patients with SEN V DNA‐positive and ‐negative acute hepatitis. In conclusion, SEN V infection is present among many blood donors and is common in patients with non‐A to ‐E liver disease. There are insufficient data to prove a causal role for SEN virus infection in non‐A to ‐E liver disease. J. Med. Virol. 67:624–629, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maximum‐power operation of a stand‐alone PV system using fuzzy logic control
Authors: El‐Shafy A. Nafeh Abd , Fahmy F. H. , Abou El‐Zahab E. M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe PV array has a unique operating point that can supply maximum power to the load. This point is called the maximum‐power point (MPP), and is located on the output characteristics of the array. The locus of this point varies, non‐linearly, with the unpredictable variations in the solar insolation and/or the cell temperature. Thus, to operate the PV array at its MPPs for every instant, the PV system must contain a maximum‐power point tracking (MPPT) controller. This article proposes the application of the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to operate a suggested PV control system at the MPP of the array for every instant. The simulation of the system indicates that the use of the FLC gives good results for the MPPT. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Movement of endoplasmic reticulum in the living axon is distinct from other membranous vesicles in its rate, form, and sensitivity to microtubule inhibitors
Authors: Aihara Yuko , Inoue Takafumi , Tashiro Tomoko , Okamoto Koichi , Komiya Yoshiaki , Mikoshiba Katsuhiko 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major membranous component present throughout the axon. Although other membranous structures such as synaptic vesicles are known to move via fast axonal transport, the dynamics of ER in the axon still remains unknown. To study the dynamics of ER in the axon, we have directly visualized the movement of two ER‐specific membrane proteins, the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium‐ATPase and the inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor, both of which were tagged with green fluorescence protein (GFP) and expressed in cultured chick dorsal root ganglion neurons. In contrast to GFP‐tagged synaptophysin that moved as vesicles at 1 μm/sec predominantly in the anterograde direction in the typical style of fast axonal transport, the two ER proteins did not move in a discrete vesicular form. Their movement determined by the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique was bi‐directional, 10‐fold slower (∼0.1 μm/sec), and temperature‐sensitive. The rate of movement of ER was also sensitive to low doses of vinblastine and nocodazole that did not affect the rate of synaptophysin‐GFP, further suggesting that it is also distinct from the well‐documented movement of membranous vesicles in its relation with microtubules. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:236–246, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter expression in residual dopaminergic neurons: Potential contributors to spontaneous recovery from experimental Parkinsonism
Authors: Rothblat David S. , Schroeder J.A. , Schneider J.S. 
Published: September 2002

Abstract1‐Methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahyrdropyridine (MPTP)‐exposed cats develop severe Parkinsonism that spontaneously resolves in 4–6 weeks. The present study examined the extent to which compensatory changes in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) gene and protein expression may underlie this behavioral recovery. In normal cats, TH and DAT protein levels were higher in the dorsal vs. ventral striatum. Expression of DAT and TH mRNA was higher in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) than in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In symptomatic parkinsonian animals, DAT and TH protein levels were significantly decreased in all striatal areas studied. TH and DAT mRNA expression in residual SNc neurons were decreased a mean 32% and 38%, respectively. DAT gene expression in residual VTA neurons in symptomatic animals was decreased 30% whereas TH gene expression was unaffected. In spontaneously recovered cats, TH protein levels were significantly higher than the levels in symptomatic cats only in the ventral striatum, whereas no increase in DAT protein levels were observed in any striatal area. Residual neurons in most ventral mesencephalic regions of recovered cats had increased TH mRNA expression but not increased DAT gene expression, compared with symptomatic animals. Thus, increased TH protein and mRNA and suppression of DAT protein and mRNA expression in the striatum and ventral mesencephalon were associated with functional recovery from MPTP‐induced parkinsonism. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:254–266, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro generation and transplantation of precursor‐derived human dopamine neurons
Authors: Sánchez‐Pernaute Rosario , Studer Lorenz , Bankiewicz Krys S. , Major Eugene O. , McKay Ronald D.G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe use of in vitro expanded human CNS precursors has the potential to overcome some of the ethical, logistic and technical problems of fetal tissue transplantation in Parkinson disease. Cultured rat mesencephalic precursors proliferate in response to bFGF and upon mitogen withdrawal, differentiate into functional dopamine neurons that alleviate motor symptoms in Parkinsonian rats (Studer et al. [1998] Nat. Neurosci. 1:290–295). The successful clinical application of CNS precursor technology in Parkinson disease will depend on the efficient in vitro generation of human dopaminergic neurons. We demonstrate that human dopamine neurons can be generated from both midbrain and cortical precursors. Transplantation of midbrain precursor‐derived dopamine neurons into Parkinsonian rats resulted in grafts rich in tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons 6 weeks after transplantation. No surviving tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons could be detected when dopamine neurons derived from cortical precursors were grafted. Our data demonstrate in vitro derivation of human dopamine neurons from expanded CNS precursors and encourage further studies that systematically address in vivo function and clinical potential. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:284–288, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐dependent and tissue‐specific CAG repeat instability occurs in mouse knock‐in for a mutant Huntington's disease gene
Authors: Ishiguro Hiroshi , Yamada Kouji , Sawada Hirohide , Nishii Kazuhiro , Ichino Naohiro , Sawada Makoto , Kurosawa Yoshikazu , Matsushita Natsuki , Kobayashi Kazuto , Goto Jun , Hashida Hideji , Masuda Naoki , Kanazawa Ichiro , Nagatsu Toshiharu 
Published: September 2002

AbstractHuntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the expansion of CAG repeats in exon 1 of the HD gene. To clarify the instability of expanded CAG repeats in HD patients, an HD model mouse has been generated by gene replacement with human exon 1 of the HD gene with expansion to 77 CAG repeats. Chimeric proteins composed of human mutated exon 1 and mouse huntingtin are expressed ubiquitously in brain and peripheral tissues. One or two CAG repeat expansion was found in litters from paternal transmission, whereas contraction of CAG repeat in litters was observed through maternal transmission. Elderly mice show greater CAG repeat instability than younger mice, and a unique case was observed of an expanded 97 CAG repeat mouse. Somatic CAG repeat instability is particularly pronounced in the liver, kidney, stomach, and brain but not in the cerebellum of 100‐week‐old mice. The same results of expanded CAG repeat instability as observed in this HD model mouse were confirmed in the human brain of HD patients. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐positive cells have been found to be increased in the substantia nigra (SN), globus pallidus (GP), and striatum (St) in the brains of 40‐week‐old affected mice, although without neuronal cell death. The CAG repeat instability and increase in GFAP‐positive cells in this mouse model appear to mirror the abnormalities in HD patients. The HD model mouse may therefore have advantages for investigations of molecular mechanisms underlying instability of CAG repeats. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:289–297, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of pp60c‐src synthesis in rat hippocampal slices by in vitro ischemia and glucocorticoid administration
Authors: Barr Christina S. , Dokas Linda A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCorticosteroids, released from the adrenal gland in response to stress, bind to receptors that act as transcription factors to alter gene expression and, subsequently, protein synthesis. Using [35S]‐methionine‐cysteine incorporation to measure protein synthesis in hippocampal slices incubated under ischemic conditions, synthesis of 60 kDa and 78 kDa proteins decreases 4 hr after in vivo administration of corticosterone to rats. The former protein has been identified by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation to be the proto‐oncogene, pp60c‐src. In the absence of prior glucocorticoid administration, ischemic conditions increase the amount of immunoreactive pp60c‐src in membranes of hippocampal slices. Chronic exposure to elevated titers of glucocorticoids has been demonstrated to result in cell loss as well as in reduced neuronal plasticity and regeneration. Given the involvement of pp60c‐src in synaptic plasticity and cell growth, glucocorticoid‐mediated reduction in its synthesis is a potential molecular marker for stress‐induced alterations in brain function. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:340–345, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atmospheric circulation and surface temperature in Europe from the 18th century to 1995
Authors: Slonosky V.C. , Jones P.D. , Davies T.D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe relationship between surface atmospheric circulation and temperature in Europe from the 1770s to 1995 is examined using correlation analysis. The atmospheric circulation is represented by six indices: the three leading principal components (PCs) of an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of 20 European pressure series from 1822 to 1995, which represent the central tendency of European pressure (EOF 1), a zonal circulation pattern (EOF 2) and a meridional pattern (EOF 3), a North Atlantic zonal index constructed from Gibraltar and Reykjavik pressure series for 1821–1995; a Western European zonal index constructed from Madrid, Barcelona, Lund and Trondheim for 1786–1995; and an index constructed from Paris and London, 1774–1995. Eight long temperature series from northwestern and central Europe were correlated with these circulation indices. European temperatures in general had the highest correlations with the zonal circulation indices in winter, with almost 70% of the variability in the temperature records explained by variations in the zonal index. The correlation coefficients between PC 3 (representing meridional circulation) and temperatures were highest in spring and autumn, particularly for Scandinavia. Running correlation series calculated over 25‐year windows reveal significant non‐stationarities in the relationship between surface temperature and atmospheric circulation on decadal time scales, suggesting caution must be used in extrapolating current relationships between circulation and temperature for future climate predictions based on downscaling or past palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Evolution of tropical and extratropical precipitation anomalies during the 1997–1999 ENSO cycle
Authors: Curtis Scott , Adler Robert , Huffman George , Nelkin Eric , Bolvin David 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe 1997–1999 El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) period was very powerful, but also well observed. Multiple satellite rainfall estimates combined with gauge observations allow for a quantitative analysis of precipitation anomalies in the tropics and elsewhere accompanying the 1997–1999 ENSO cycle. An examination of the evolution of the El Niño and accompanying precipitation anomalies revealed that a dry Maritime Continent (MC) preceded the formation of positive sea‐surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Thirty‐ to sixty‐day oscillations in the winter of 1996–1997 may have contributed to this lag relationship. Furthermore, westerly wind burst events may have maintained the drought over the MC. The warming of the equatorial Pacific was then followed by an increase in convection. A rapid transition from El Niño to La Niña occurred in May 1998, but as early as October–November 1997, precipitation indices captured substantial changes in Pacific rainfall anomalies. The global precipitation patterns for this event were in good agreement with the strong consistent ENSO‐related precipitation signals identified in earlier studies. Differences included a shift in precipitation anomalies over Africa during the 1997–1998 El Niño and unusually wet conditions over northeast Australia during the later stages of the El Niño. Also, the typically wet region in the north tropical Pacific was mostly dry during the 1998–1999 La Niña. Reanalysis precipitation was compared with observations during this time period and substantial differences were noted. In particular, the model had a bias towards positive precipitation anomalies and the magnitudes of the anomalies in the equatorial Pacific were small compared with the observations. Also, the evolution of the precipitation field, including the drying of the MC and eastward progression of rainfall in the equatorial Pacific, was less pronounced for the model compared with the observations. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
A reconstruction of Madras (Chennai) mean sea‐level pressure using instrumental records from the late 18th and early 19th centuries
Authors: Allan Rob J. , Reason Chris J. C. , Carroll Penny , Jones Phil D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn and around the Indian Ocean basin, historical records documenting observations of climatic variables such as rainfall, surface‐air and sea‐surface temperature, and atmospheric pressure can be found in various publications by the European colonial powers of the time. However, it is only the most accessible of these records from the mid‐to‐late 1800s that have been transferred into electronic form and used in any contemporary climatic studies. A longer‐term set of observations from the observatory at Madras (now Chennai), set up by the English East India Company, was found to have the potential to provide useful climatic data back to 1796.In this study, atmospheric pressure data recorded at the Madras Observatory, and at other climate stations in or near Madras, and in India, were recovered and examined for their quality and veracity. From the old observatory publications, pre‐1841 records (that is prior to those documented in standard data compilations) were quality controlled, and the full record from 1796 was then reduced to mean sea level, standard gravity and 24 h means to produce a 205 year set of monthly observations. This monthly mean sea‐level pressure (MSLP) record was correlated with monthly or seasonally stratified instrumental indices of the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and all‐India rainfall, and a seasonally stratified palaeoclimatic reconstruction of the southern oscillation index. In general, the Madras MSLP record is shown to be robust over time, and thus a useful long‐term measure of fluctuations in the ENSO phenomenon across the Indian Ocean basin and of the Indian summer monsoon. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Foraminifera, testate amoebae and diatoms as sea‐level indicators in UK saltmarshes: a quantitative multiproxy approach
Authors: Gehrels W. Roland , Roe Helen M. , Charman Dan J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe vertical distribution of foraminifera, testate amoebae and diatoms was investigated in saltmarshes in the Taf estuary (south Wales), the Erme estuary (south Devon) and the Brancaster marshes (north Norfolk), to assess the use of multiproxy indicators in sea‐level reconstructions. A total of 116 samples were subjected to regression analyses, using the program calibrate, with duration of tidal flooding as the dependent variable. We found that the relationship between flooding duration and taxa was strongest for diatoms and testate amoebae and weakest for foraminifera. The vertical range of testate amoebae in saltmarshes is small. Their lower tolerance limit in present‐day saltmarshes occurs where tides cover the marsh less than a combined total of 7 days (1.9%) in a year. However, they are important sea‐level indicators because information for sea‐level reconstruction is best derived from sediments that originate in the highest part of the intertidal zone. Diatoms span the entire sampled range in intertidal and supratidal areas, whereas the upper limit of foraminifera is found very close to the highest astronomical tide level. Local training sets provide reconstructions with higher accuracy and precision than combined training sets, but their use is limited if they do not represent adequate modern analogues for fossil assemblages. Although analyses are time consuming, a regional training set of all three groups of micro‐organisms yields highly accurate (r2 = 0.80) and precise (low value of root mean square error) predictions of tidal level. This approach therefore could improve the accuracy and precision of Holocene sea‐level reconstructions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detecting Holocene movements of the woodland–steppe ecotone in northern China using discriminant analysis
Authors: Liu Hongyan , Cui Haiting , Huang Yongmei 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDiscriminant functions link vegetation zones and surface pollen along the woodland–steppe ecotone in northern China. These links were utilised to reconstruct palaeovegetation using fossil pollen data from four lake sediment sites within the ecotone. Holocene movements of the vegetation zones were derived from the above results and were interpreted as the results of climatic, topographic and edaphic factors. This study shows that climatic change was the driving factor for ecotonal movement, but that the positions of vegetational zones were nevertheless controlled by topographical and edaphic conditions, and consequently boundaries between different vegetational zones responded individualistically. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes of treelines and alpine vegetation in relation to post‐glacial climate dynamics in northern Fennoscandia based on pollen and chironomid records
Authors: Seppä Heikki , Nyman Marjut , Korhola Atte , Weckström Jan 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPalaeoclimatic records derived from a variety of independent proxies provide evidence of post‐glacial changes of temperature and soil moisture in northern Fennoscandia. We use pollen percentage, pollen influx, stomatal and chironomid records from Toskaljavri, a high‐altitude lake in northern Finland, to assess how treelines and alpine vegetation there have responded to these climate changes. The evidence suggests that the cool, moist climate of the early Holocene supported birch forest in the area 9600 cal. yr BP onwards and that a rise of temperature triggered the immigration of pine at 8300 cal. yr BP. At 6100–4000 cal. yr BP altitudinal treeline in the area was formed by pine, in contrast to the modern situation where mountain birch reaches a higher elevation. Alpine vegetation also demonstrates clear changes. Plant communities typical of dry, oligotrophic heaths of northern Fennoscandia expanded during the dry climatic period at 7000–4000 cal. yr BP and decreased in response to cooler and moister conditions after 4000 cal. yr BP. Alpine plant communities favouring moist sites show an inverse pattern, expanding after a change towards moister climate after 4000 cal. yr BP. In a redundancy analysis (RDA), a statistically significant proportion of the variability in the total chironomid assemblages was captured by changes in the pollen types reflecting alpine vegetation typical of moist sites. Although chironomid community changes appeared to follow the major patterns in the alpine vegetation succession, the present study does not support a direct link between the changing treeline position and chironomid stratigraphy. Rather, the data indicate that the terrestrial and aquatic environments have each responded directly to the same ultimate cause, namely changing Holocene climate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Near‐infrared Raman spectroscopy for the classification of epithelial pre‐cancers and cancers
Authors: Stone Nicholas , Kendall Catherine , Shepherd Neil , Crow Paul , Barr Hugh 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe use of near‐infrared Raman spectroscopy to interrogate epithelial tissue biochemistry and hence distinguish between normal and abnormal tissues was investigated. Six different epithelial tissues from the larynx, tonsil, oesophagus, stomach, bladder and prostate were measured. Spectral diagnostic models were constructed using multivariate statistical analysis of the spectra to classify samples of epithelial cancers and pre‐cancers. Tissues were selected for clinical significance and to include those which develop into carcinoma from squamous, transitional or columnar epithelial cells. Rigorous histopathological protocols were followed and mixed pathology tissue samples were discarded from the study. Principal component fed linear discriminant models demonstrated excellent group separation, when tested by cross‐validation. Larynx samples, with squamous epithelial tissue, were separated into three distinct groups with sensitivities ranging from 86 to 90% and specificities from 87 to 95%. Bladder specimens, containing transitional epithelial tissue, were separated into five distinct groups with sensitivities of between 78 and 98% and specificities between 96 and 99%. Oesophagus tissue can contain both squamous and columnar cell carcinomas. A three group model discriminated the columnar cell pathological groups with sensitivities of 84–97% and specificities of 93–99%, and an eight group model combining both columnar and squamous tissues in the oesophagus was able to discriminate pathologies with sensitivities of 73–100% and specificities of 92–100%. It is likely that any overlap between pathology group predictions will have been due to a combination of the difficulty in histologically distinguishing between pre‐cancerous states and the fact that there is no biochemical boundary from one pathological group to the next, i.e. there is believed to be a continuum of progression from the normal to the diseased state. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.