bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EPR Study of Photoinduced Electron Transfer between Adsorbent and Adsorbed Species in Photo-SCR with NH3
Authors: Teramura Kentaro , Tanaka Tsunehiro , Funabiki Takuzo 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Photoformed hole and electron on TiO2 adsrobing NH3 are trapped, respectively, by a NH3 species adsorbed on TiO2 and Ti4+ to evolve a NH2 radical and a Ti3+ species. The photoinduced electron transfer takes place between Ti4+ and adsorbed NH3 species efficiently, resulting in the formation of a NH2 radical. The NH2 radical on TiO2 was stably present after the photoirradiation was ceased. It is quenched rapidly just after introduction of NO leaving the Ti3+ species.
In situ forces of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments in high knee flexion: An in vitro investigation
Authors: Li Guoan , Zayontz Shay , Most Ephrat , DeFrate Louis E. , Suggs Jeremy F. , Rubash Harry E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe function of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL) in the first 120° of flexion has been reported extensively, but little is known of their behavior at higher flexion angles. The aim of this investigation was to study the effects of muscle loads on the in situ forces in both ligaments at high knee flexion (> 120°). Eighteen fresh‐frozen human knee specimens were tested on a robotic testing system from full extension to 150° of flexion in response to quadriceps (400 N), hamstrings (200 N), and combined quadriceps and hamstrings (400 N/200 N) loads. The in situ forces in the ACL and PCL were measured using the principle of superposition. The force in the ACL peaked at 30° of flexion (71.7 ± 27.9 N in response to the quadriceps load, 52.3 ± 24.4 N in response to the combined muscle load, 32.3 ± 20.9 N in response to the hamstrings load). At 150°, the ACL force was approximately 30 N in response to the quadriceps load and 20 N in response to the combined muscle load and isolated hamstring load. The PCL force peaked at 90° (34.0 ± 15.3 N in response to the quadriceps load, 88.6 ± 23.7 N in response to the combined muscle load, 99.8 ± 24.0 N in response to the hamstrings load) and decreased to around 35 N at 150° in response to each of the loads.These results demonstrate that the ACL and PCL carried significantly less load at high flexion in response to the simulated muscle loads compared to the peak loads they carried in response to the same muscle loads at other flexion angles. The data could provide a reference point for the investigation of non‐weight bearing flexion and extension knee exercises in high flexion. Furthermore, these data could be useful in designing total knee implants to achieve high flexion. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effects of timing of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound on distraction osteogenesis
Authors: Sakurakichi Keisuke , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki , Uehara Kenji , Yamashiro Teruhisa , Tomita Katsuro , Azuma Yoshiaki 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe investigated the effects of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS; 30 mW/cm2 spatial and temporal average) on the timing of LIPUS treatment in distraction osteogenesis. Lengthening of the right tibia was performed in 75 male Japanese white rabbits using unilateral fixators (waiting period, 7 days; distraction rate, 1.5 mm/day; distraction period, 7 days). Rabbits were divided into four groups according to the timing of the LIPUS treatment. Control group had no stimulation. Waiting group was treated with a daily 20‐min session of LIPUS during a 7‐day latency period. Lengthening group was treated during the lengthening period. Maturation group was treated for the first 7 days after completion of distraction. We evaluated the distraction site by radiography and histology every week for 4 weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) and mechanical strength were tested and microfocus X‐ray computed tomography was performed on specimens 2 weeks after completion of distraction. The lengthening group had greater BMD and mechanical strength than the other groups, bone regeneration was enhanced more in the maturation group than in the control or waiting groups. Histologically, endochondral bone formation in the lengthening and the maturation groups occurred earlier than in the control or waiting groups. These results suggest the LIPUS effect is mediated via endochondral pathways. We concluded that LIPUS stimulates bone formation in distraction osteogenesis and is most effective during the lengthening phase. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Democracy and Historiographies of Organized Labour in Zimbabwe
Authors: Barnes Teresa 
Published: November 2003

Keep on Knocking: A History of the Labour Movement in Zimbabwe, 1900–97. Ed. by Brian Raftopoulos and Ian Phimister. Baobab Books on behalf of the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions and the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Harare 1997. xx, 164 pp. Striding Back: The Labour Movement and the Post-Colonial State in Zimbabwe 1980–2000. Ed. by Brian Raftopoulos and Lloyd Sachikonye. Weaver Press, Harare 2001. xxvii, 316 pp., £14.95; $24.95.
Accelerated withdrawal from methadone maintenance therapy using naltrexone and minimal sedation: a case‐series analysis
Authors: GLASGOW NICHOLAS J. , TAYLOR JO , BELL JAMES R. , YOUNG MALCOM R. , BAMMER GABRIELE 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe aim of this study was to measure the acceptability to stable methadone maintenance clients seeking termination of methadone treatment of accelerated withdrawal using a standardized protocol of naltrexone and minimal sedation; and to provide a first assessment of the probable demand for such treatment, characterize the withdrawal experience, and describe the outcomes for the clients using naltrexone for maintenance therapy for 3 months following withdrawal. We used an open label observational study of 14 stable, methadone maintenance programme clients within the Australian Capital Territory. We found a high degree of acceptability of the withdrawal approach to clients and staff. Three phases of withdrawal identified over a 3‐week period. There was rapid attrition from naltrexone maintenance over 3 months of follow‐up and a return to dependent opiate use in four clients. The protocol is a humane, effective approach to accelerated withdrawal from methadone maintenance. It is a useful modification to ultra‐rapid and other rapid withdrawal techniques. Naltrexone maintenance has a limited potential role in this group of subjects. This role also needs further clarification through well‐designed randomized clinical trials.
Drug education: myth and reality
Authors: HAWTHORNE GRAEME 
Published: November 2003

AbstractRecently there has been an increase in Australian public funds for drug education. The accompanying rhetoric asserts that it is to enable abstinence among young people. This contradicts some State Government education guidelines endorsing harm minimization. A literature search of the key electronic databases, drug agency libraries, the Internet and reference lists identified evaluation research in school‐based drug education. There is little evidence to support the new public rhetoric. The predictors of adolescent drug use are social and personal; schools can have little effect on these. Four models of drug education are described. Schools, however, mix‐and‐match activities from different models, and exposure is too slight for major effects on behaviours. Although methodological difficulties affect findings, none of the drug education models show consistent behavioural effects over time. There is a mismatch between the new public rhetoric and the evaluation research literature. Reasons for this are explored, including that there are two stakeholder groups, one with exaggerated ideological anti‐drug messages and the other with more realistic perspectives about what schools can reasonably achieve. The paradox is that the rhetoric is needed for continued funding, yet this same rhetoric sets up criteria which doom drug education to failure.
Heroin use and HIV risk‐taking behaviour among women injecting drug users
Authors: BAKER AMANDA , HEATHER NICK , WODAK ALEX , LEWIN TERRY 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis study compares drug use, injecting and sexual risk‐taking behaviour among pregnant injecting drug users (IDUs) enrolled in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), non‐pregnant women IDUs enrolled in MMT and women IDUs not enrolled in treatment. There was no significant difference between pregnant IDUs enrolled in MMT and women IDUs not enrolled in treatment in terms of their injecting risk‐taking behaviour. Both groups reported significantly higher levels of injecting risk‐taking behaviour compared to (non‐pregnant) women enrolled in MMT. Pregnant women enrolled in MMT reported a significantly lower methadone dose compared to non‐pregnant women in MMT. There was a trend for pregnant women enrolled in MMT to report a higher level of heroin use compared to non‐pregnant women in MMT. The lack of evidence for a difference in level of injecting risk‐taking behaviour between pregnant IDUs enrolled in MMT and women IDUs not enrolled in treatment suggests the need for additional strategies among pregnant IDUs to reduce IDU and injecting risk‐taking behaviour. Possible strategies include maintenance on higher doses of methadone and the application of relapse prevention strategies.
Client satisfaction and outcomes at Darwin Detoxification Unit
Authors: RYSAVY PAUL , O'REILLY BRIDIE , MOON CHRIS 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis study investigated detoxification completion rates and client feedback at Darwin Detoxification Unit from February to August 1999. Through client exit questionnaires, 140 clients recorded reason for leaving and rated satisfaction with staff, daily routine/activities, medication and facilities. Half of all admissions completed detoxification. Alcohol admissions were more than twice as likely as other drug admissions to complete detoxification (p < 0.05). Satisfaction levels were high for both alcohol and other drug admissions and no significant association was found between satisfaction with the Unit and completion of detoxification. The study highlights the challenges in retaining other drug admissions and the need to identify additional strategies to encourage detoxification completion.
Australian National Minimum Data Set for Clients of Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Services: findings of the national pilot and developments in implementation
Authors: COPELAND JAN , CONROY ANDREW 
Published: November 2003

AbstractData about drug treatment populations and the services they receive are an important source of information for the understanding and addressing of drug‐related harms. In 1998 the Minimum Data Set Project for Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Services was conducted in Australia to develop a set of standards that would enable the collection of meaningful national data. This paper reports on the findings of a 6‐week pilot collection period in 1998. It showed that the integration of agreed data collection procedures in the daily practice of agencies was feasible, capable of yielding worthwhile data, and may have immediate advantages for the provision of treatment services in Australia. This dataset commenced national collection in July 2000 and ongoing developments are discussed.
Inhalation of (1→3)‐β‐D‐glucan causes airway eosinophilia
Authors: Fogelmark Birgitta , Thorn Jörgen , Rylander Ragnar 
Published: November 2003

Background: Moulds are present in a variety of environments and aerosols of fungal spores are generated when mouldy materials are handled. Molds contain (1→3)‐β‐D‐glucan, a polyglucose which is present in the cell wall of fungi, certain bacteria and plants.Aim: This study was undertaken to investigate the cellular inflammatory response in the lung after inhalation of (1→3)‐β‐D‐glucan and bacterial endotoxin.Methods: Guinea pigs were exposed daily to an aerosol of pure (1→3)‐β‐D‐glucan and pure endotoxin for five weeks. Lung lavage and lung interstitial cell preparations were done and the inflammatory cells counted. Histological sections were prepared from the trachea.Results: There was an increase in eosinophil numbers in lung lavage, lung interstitium, and the airway epithelium of animals exposed to (1→3)‐β‐D‐glucan. In animals simultaneously exposed to endotoxin, there was no increase in eosinophils. In the lung interstitium, (1→3)‐β‐D‐glucan exposure caused an increase in lymphocytes, which was not found after endotoxin exposure. Endotoxin exposure caused an increase in neutrophils and macrophages in lung lavage, which was not found after (1→3)‐β‐D‐glucan exposure.Conclusions: The results support previous findings that (1→3)‐β‐D‐glucan causes a different response in the airways as compared to endotoxin. Endotoxin modulated the increase in eosinophils caused by (1→3)‐β‐D‐glucan exposure, suggesting a complex interaction between the microbial cell wall components.
Effects after inhalation of (1→ 3)‐β‐D‐glucan in healthy humans
Authors: Thorn Jörgen , Beijer Lena , Rylander Ragnar 
Published: November 2003

Background and aim: This study was performed to assess the effects of an exposure to a pure (1→3)‐β‐D‐glucan, a cell wall component of fungi, plants and certain bacteria.Methods: Twenty‐one healthy subjects inhaled saline or (1→3)‐β‐D‐glucan suspended in saline in a random, double‐blind, cross‐over design. They were examined before exposure and 24 and 72 h afterwards with spirometry, blood sampling and collection of induced sputum. Differential cell counts and eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) were determined in blood and sputum, and myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin (IL)‐8 and IL‐10 were determined in sputum supernatants. TNF‐α was determined after cultivation of blood mononuclear cells.Results: In sputum, inhalation of saline caused a significant increase in ECP and TNF‐α. (1→3)‐β‐D‐Glucan inhalation caused a further increase in these cytokines, although not statistically significantly different from the increase induced by inhalation of saline alone. In blood, the number of eosinophils was significantly decreased 72 h after the challenge with (1→3)‐β‐D‐glucan. This effect was not found after the inhalation of saline alone. TNF‐α production from stimulated blood mononuclear cells was significantly decreased 72 h after the (1→3)‐β‐D‐glucan inhalation as compared with the increase induced by saline inhalation.Conclusions:The results suggest that (1→3)‐β‐D‐glucan causes a different type of response as compared with inflammatory agents such as bacterial endotoxin that cause a neutrophil‐dominated
inflammatory response.
Plasma extravasation mediated by lipopolysaccharide‐induction of kinin B1 receptors in rat tissues
Authors: Wille Paulo Roberto , Vitor Richard , Gabilan Nelson Horacio , Nicolau Mauro 
Published: November 2003

The present study was performed to: (a) evaluate the effects of kinin B1
(Sar{D‐Phe8}‐des‐Arg9‐BK; 10 nmol/kg) and B2 (bradykinin (BK); 10 nmol/kg) receptor agonists on plasma extravasation in selected rat tissues; (b) determine the contribution of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 μ g/kg) to the effects triggered by B1 and B2 agonists; and (c) characterize the selectivity of B1 ({Leu8}desArg9‐BK; 10 nmol/kg) and B2 (HOE 140; 10 nmol/kg) antagonists as inhibitors of this kinin‐induced phenomenon. B1 and B2 agonists were shown to increase plasma extravasation in the duodenum, ileum and also in the urinary bladder of the rat. LPS pretreatment enhanced the plasma extravasation mediated only by the B1 agonist in the duodenum, ileum, trachea, main and segmentar bronchi. These effects were prevented by the B1. but not the B2 antagonist. In normal rats,
the B2 antagonist inhibited the effect of B2 agonist in all the tissues analyzed. However, in LPS‐treated rats, the B2 antagonist was ineffective in the urinary bladder.These results indicate that kinins induce plasma extravasation in selected rat tissues through activation of B1 and B2 receptors, and that LPS selectively enhances the kinin effect on the B1 receptor in the duodenum, ileum, trachea and main and segmentar bronchi, and may increase B1 receptor expression in these tissues.
Suppressive activity of macrolide antibiotics on nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide stimulation in mice
Authors: Terao Hajime , Asano Kazuhito , Kanai Ken-ichi , Kyo Yoshiyuki , Watanabe So , Hisamitsu Tadashi , Suzaki Harumi 
Published: November 2003

Background and aim: Low‐dose and long‐term administration of macrolide antibiotics into patients with chronic airway inflammatory diseases could favorably modify their clinical conditions. However, the therapeutic mode of action of macrolides is not well understood. Free oxygen radicals, including nitric oxide (NO), are well recognized as the important final effector molecules in the development and the maintenance of inflammatory diseases.Purpose: The influence of macrolide antibiotics on NO generation was examined in vivo.Methods: Male ICR mice, 5 weeks of age, were orally administered with either roxithromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin or josamycin once a day for 2‐4 weeks. The mice were then injected intraperitoneally with 5.0 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the plasma NO level was examined 6 h later.Results: Although pre‐treatment of mice with macrolide antibiotics for 2 weeks scarcely affected NO generation by LPS injection, the administration of macrolide antibiotics, except for josamycin, for 4 weeks significantly inhibited LPS‐induced NO generation. The data in the present study also showed that pre‐treatment of mice with macrolide antibiotics for 4 weeks significantly suppresses not only production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α, but also inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expressions, which are enhanced by LPS injection.Conclusion: These results strongly suggest that suppressive activity of macrolide antibiotics on NO generation in response to LPS stimulation in vivo may, in part, account for the clinical efficacy of macrolides on chronic inflammatory diseases.
Expression of Fas antigen and Fas ligand in bronchoalveolar lavage from silicosis patients
Authors: Hamzaoui Agnès , Ammar Jamel , Graïri Hédia , Hamzaoui Kamel 
Published: November 2003

Objective: To understand the role of apoptosis through Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) interaction in the pathogenesis of silicosis, we examined the expression of Fas antigen, FasL and apoptosis in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytes obtained from patients with silicosis.Materials and methods: Ten patients with silicosis, and 10 healthy controls were studied. Non‐adherent cells were separated and analysed by cytometry for the expression of Fas antigen, FasL, and the co‐expression of Fas/FasL. By double staining, we studied the FasL expression on CD4, CD8, CD56 and CD45RO‐positive cells. DNA fragmentation was investigated by the terminal deoxy(d) UTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) method.Results: We have found Fas and FasL expression in silicosis patients to be significantly higher than those in healthy controls. Interestingly, 6‐18% of lymphocytes from silicosis patients co‐expressed Fas and FasL. In silicosis patients, FasL was highly expressed on CD4+, CD56+ and CD45RO+ bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Fas antigen expressing cells showed DNA fragmentation characteristic for apoptosis.Conclusion: FasL was significantly expressed on cytotoxic effector and memory cells. The Fas/FasL system is implicated in the inflammatory process observed in silicosis patients.
In vitro pharmacoregulation of CC chemokine ligand 5 and its receptor CCR5 in diffuse lung diseases
Authors: Sekerova Veronika , Subrtova Daniela , Mrazek Frantisek , Gibejova Agata , Kolek Vitezslav , du Bois Roland M. , Petrek Martin 
Published: November 2003

Background: CC chemokine ligand (CCL)5 and its receptor CCR5 contribute to leukocyte migration into lungs of patients with diffuse lung diseases (DLD). Pharmacological regulation of CCL5 and CCR5 expression was therefore explored in bronchoalveolar cells obtained from patients with DLD.Methods: Cells from 21 patients were co‐cultivated in vitro with tumour necrosis factor‐α and dexamethasone, cyclosporin A (CyA) or pentoxifylline. Chemokine mRNA expression and protein production was assessed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.Results: Dexamethasone altered CCL5 mRNA expression and suppressed its protein levels. CyA inhibited chemokine mRNA expression but not protein production. Pentoxifylline did not affected chemokine expression. Both dexamethasone and CyA suppressed CCR5 mRNA transcripts.Conclusion: In conclusion, while dexamethasone downregulates the CCL5 functional form, CyA and pentoxifylline have no effects on CCL5 protein. These data provide in vitro correlation for clinical applications of immunomodulators in therapy of DLD.
Differential regulation of the release of tumor necrosis factor‐α and of eicosanoids by mast cells in rat airways after antigen challenge
Authors: Trezena Aryene Goes , da Silva Zilma Lucia , Oliveira-filho Ricardo Martins , Damazo Amilcar Sabino , Straus Anita Hilda , Takahashi Helio Kiyoshi , Oliani Sonia Maria , de Lima Wothan Tavares 
Published: November 2003

Background: Rat trachea display a differential topographical distribution of connective tissue mast cells (CTMC) and mucosal mast cells (MMC) that may imply regional differences in the release of allergic mediators such as tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and eicosanoids.Aim: To evaluate the role of CTMC and MMC for release of TNF‐α and eicosanoids after allergenic challenge in distinct segments of rat trachea.Materials and methods: Proximal trachea (PT) and distal trachea (DT) from ovalbumin (OVA)‐sensitized rats, treated or not with compound 48/80 (48/80) or dexamethasone, were incubated in culture medium. After OVA challenge, aliquots were collected to study release of TNF‐α and eicosanoids.Results: Release of TNF‐α by PT upon OVA challenge peaked at 90 min and decayed at 6 and 24 h. Release from DT peaked at 30‐90 min and decayed 6 and 24 h later. When CTMC were depleted with 48/80, OVA challenge exacerbated the TNF‐α release by PT at all time intervals, while DT exacerbated TNF‐α levels 6 and 24 h later only. Dexamethasone reduced TNF‐α production after 90 min of OVA challenge in PT and at 3 and 6h in DT. OVA challenge increased prostaglandin D2 in DT and leukotriene B4 in both segments but did not modify prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene C4 release.Conclusion: OVA challenge induces TNF‐α release from MMC, which is negatively regulated by CTMC. The profile of TNF‐α and eicosanoids depends on the time after OVA challenge and of the tracheal segment considered.
Protein carbonyl group content in patients affected by familiar chronic nail candidiasis
Authors: Gangemi S. , Saija A. , Tomaino A. , Cimino F. , Merendino R. A. , Minciullo P. L. , Briuglia S. , Merlino M. V. , Dallapiccola B. , Ferlazzo B. , Salpietro D. C. 
Published: November 2003

Familiar chronic nail candidiasis (FCNC) is a rare disorder characterized by early‐onset infections caused by different species of Candida, restricted to the nail of the hands and feet, and associated with a low serum concentration of intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Host defense mechanisms against candidiasis require the cooperation of many immune cells through several candidacidal mechanisms, including oxygen‐dependent killing mechanisms, mediated by a superoxide anion radical myeloperoxidase‐H2O2‐halide system, and reactive nitrogen intermediates. We analyzed protein carbonyl groups (considered a useful marker of oxidative stress) in the serum of patients belonging to a five‐generation Italian family with an isolated form of FCNC.Serum protein carbonyl groups in FCNC patients were significantly lower than those measured in healthy donors.Also, if this hypothesis is merely speculative, we could suggest that the decreased circulating level of protein carbonyl groups in these patients is not a marker of a lower oxidative stress condition, but might be linked to a lower protease activity.