bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertebrate Community Structure in the Boreal Forest: Modeling the Effects of Trophic Interaction
Authors: Choquenot David , Krebs Charles J , Sinclair A R E , Boonstra Rudy , Boutin Stan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Models of biological communities have employed two general approaches: structural analysis of communities based on food webs (e.g., Paine 1980, Pimm 1982, 1991, Cohen 1989) and mechanistic models based on analysis of trophic interactions (e.g., Caughley 1976, 1977, Fretwell 1977, Tilman 1982, see chapter 17). Although both approaches have been used to understand community organization, mechanistic models generally provide more insight into the forces that influence community stability (Tilman 1982, Lawton and McGarvin 1986). Analyses of changes in biomass and productivity associated with experimental perturbation of the boreal forest (described elsewhere in this book) were used to test the nature of trophic-level interactions in this ecosystem described in chapter 17. The effect of trophic-level interactions on community organization were interpreted in terms of the role top-down (predator control) and bottom-up (nutrient limitation) processes played in changing the biomass or productivity of given trophic levels. The emphasis this approach places on biomass and productivity changes subsumes the more specific influence that trophic mechanisms can have on the maintenance of the species complexes within different trophic levels. For example, the observation that predation significantly reduces the biomass of herbivores clearly indicates that top-down processes are an important influence on community dynamics in this ecosystem. What is less clear is the role predation may play in facilitating coexistence among herbivores.
Naturalness Revisited: Why Western Philosophers Should Study Confucius
Authors: Kupperman Joel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To begin on a personal note: my interest in Chinese philosophy began when (in 1954–55) I wandered into H. G. Creel’s seminar on Chinese philosophy at the University of Chicago. Creel was as fine a teacher as I have ever seen: clear, highly insightful, memorable, and responsive to his students. His book on Confucius (Confucius:The Man and the Myth [1949]), although out of print, remains useful and interesting. In a striking demonstration of the academic marketplace at work, two other students were registered for the seminar.
Confucius and the Analects in the Hàn
Authors: Csikszentmihalyi Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attempting a reading of the Analects informed by a single “historical Confucius” is complicated by the diversity of images of Confucius accepted at different times. Those who think they know Confucius from the biographical details supplied in one or more of the works connected with him, from hagiographical accounts of his exemplary behavior learned at school in Taiwan or Singapore, or from the slightly nonsensical aphorisms attributed to him by patronizing Hollywood screenwriters, are at best only right in a partial sense.
Unweaving the “One Thread” of Analects 4:l5
Authors: Van Norden Bryan W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The differences between confucius and most Western philosophers from at least Socrates onward are numerous and striking. By way of comparision, consider Plato, who recognizes four “cardinal virtues”: courage, justice, wisdom, and moderation. He systematically identifies three of these with the proper functioning of the three parts of his “tripartite soul,” and identifies the fourth with the proper relationship among these parts. Aristotle’s collection of virtues seems less organized, but he does have a challenging division of virtues into those of the intellect (such as the ability to make logical deductions) and those of character (such as the disposition to feel fear neither excessively nor deficiently). In contrast, Confucius never bothers to organize systematically or justify his list of virtues.
“The Federals Got a Very Complete Smashing “:August−September 1862
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Little good news for the Union came out of the Western theaters to offset bad news in Virginia during July and August. Quite the contrary, in fact. The dizzying pace of Union conquests in the Mississippi Valley ended abruptly in June. Late that month the Union gunboat flotilla from upriver and part of Farragut’s fleet from downriver met at Vicksburg. For the next month these two previously unbeatable task forces, supported by 3,000 army soldiers, tried in vain to batter into submission this “Gibraltar of the West, “ as Confederates labeled it.
Married Life m Leipzig
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He Marriage Of Robert And Clara Schumann Has traditionally been portrayed as a perfect union: five years of trial and hardship, the brunt of insult and castigation, rewarded by a truly remarkable partnership founded in love, sympathy, and understanding for one another. The nineteenth century was fond of happy endings, and seemed to believe that, after all the tribulations they had endured, the Schumanns deserved nothing less. “Truly, our life will be one of poetry and flowers,” Schumann had written to Clara during their engagement, “Like angels, we will play and create poems together and bring joy to mankind” (13 April 1838). But their diaries reveal that married life brought unexpected discord and conflict.
Conditioning and Learning, Attention and Arousal
Authors: Cameron Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interoception can involve innate and/or learned visceral—somatic sensory processes. The ability of visceral afferent information to affect behavior and/or cognitive processes and to reach conscious awareness (not logically the same thing) might be hard-wired into the organism by genes and development or it might be learned. In fact, it is undoubtedly true that both types of mechanisms are essential. Further, as the quote above acknowledges, and as will be discussed later, sensory feedback from behavior affects learning. Later in the book the hard wiring will be addressed. As background to this the issue of learning will be discussed here. It is presented first because it arose first historically. The relationship of conditioning (a basic type of learning) to the study of interoceptive processes goes back to Pavlov and his colleagues in the early part of the twentieth century, while detailed study of the brain and body mechanisms that provide the hard wiring is more recent.
State-Dependent Learning and Drug Discrimination
Authors: Cameron Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
State-dependent learning is both a theory and a method. Stated simply, the theory is that a memory or a behavioral response produced in one state will show a decrement in likelihood of occurrence in a different state. The most common procedure (method) used to test if state-dependent learning has occurred is to train some subjects in a drug state and others in a non-drug state (or in a state produced by a different drug), and then to test half the subjects in each group in the same state as was present during training and the other half in the opposite state. If state-dependent learning has occurred, the subjects trained and tested in different states will demonstrate a decrement in comparison to those trained and tested in the same state, with possible confounding factors such as direct drug-induced decrements due to sedation controlled for.
Ben Jonson and the Erotics of a Literary Career
Authors: Moulton Ian Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The manuscript transmission of Nashe’s “Choice of Valentines” gives some indication of the ways in which some male writers (and readers) worked to modify early modern discourses of the erotic, silencing the voices of women and dissociating erotic poetry from effeminacy. In this final chapter I examine the ambivalent place of Aretine eroticism in the works of Ben Jonson. While neither overtly concerned with national identity (like The Faerie Queene) or explicitly erotic (like “Choice of Valentines”), Jonson’s plays for the public stage offer a fascinating example of the effort required to dissociate eroticism from effeminacy and to appropriate the Italianate while remaining securely English. In his early works Jonson stages various attractive figures of erotic disorder and social subversion, figures in which he himself appears to be invested to a significant degree. As his career progressed, however, Jonson became increasingly concerned to separate his own poetry (figured as classical and male) from an effeminate bawdy language he increasingly associates with women and fools.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Smith Ernest E , Carr James A , Norris David O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of part II (chapters 7-9) is to provide a brief introduction to the science of toxicology and to emphasize the need for stronger interactions between endocrinologists and toxicologists. A recurrent theme through out these chapters is the importance of integrating toxicology and endocrinology to minimize logical interpretation from a false premise. The collection and interpretation of endocrine disruption data and their ecological importance require integration of the fields of endocrinology and toxicology, as well as integration of several major interdependent academic fields of study.
Introduction to Part III
Authors: Carr James A , Norris David O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) come from many different types of chemical classes, including pesticides, synthetic hormones, natural plant compounds, chemicals used in the plastics industry, and waste products of the aerospace industry such as perchlorate. In part III of this volume, several experts in the fields of toxicology and endocrinology discuss the ability of these various classes of contaminants to disrupt the endocrine system and affect the health of humans and wildlife.
Heavy Metals
Authors: Hontela Alice , Lacroix Alexandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metals are a large family of elements with a complex chemistry, as they span several groups within the periodic table, each with its particular chemical and physical characteristics, from metalloids such as arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) to heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and mercury (Hg). Some metals (Zn, Cu, Se, molybdenum [Mo], calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], manganese [Mn], iron [Fe], cobalt [Co]) are essential for normal physiological function.
The New Simonides Toward a Commentary
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main sources are two papyri from Oxyrhynchus in the Fayyum, both probably to be dated to the second century c.E. These are POxy 2327 and POxy 3965, which overlap with each other in two places. Simonidean authorship is established by two coin cidences with passages of poetry otherwise attributed to Simonides by Plutarch and Stobaeus. The scribe of POxy 2327 is the same as that of POxy 2430, a collection of fragments of the Simonidean paeans and epinicia and perhaps other genres in lyric meters.’ The papyri contained elegiac poems, some apparently military or historical in theme, others sympotic. It looks as if POxy 3965 represents a roll entirely devoted to elegiacs; the roll from which POxy 2327 comes may also have been all elegiacs, but if POxy 2327 is not wholly distinct from POxy 2430, it contained lyric poems as well. In the Hellenistic edition of Simonides, the principle of classification must have been in part by perceived genre, with sections for. threnoi, dithyrambs, encomia, epinicia, and paeans, perhaps kateukhai (537 PMG), and a miscellaneous category of summikta (540 PMG).2 The arrangement might have been one genre per book-roll, though that would depend on the number of poems assigned to each genre.3 Suda also says that there were epigrams, perhaps the so-called Sylloge Simonidea.4 How the elegiac poems were arranged is unclear.Suda refers only to titles—the Xerxou Naumachia and the Ep’ Artemisioi Naumachia. These and other poems might have been long enough to fill a whole book-roll on their own, but it seems more likely that they were at most a couple of hundred lines long, and that they were grouped in a book, or books, of elegies. Perhaps there were separate book-rolls for, say, historical and sym- potic elegies. The epigrams, if they were included, perhaps formed a short appendix of a few hundred lines at the end of one of the books of elegies.5 The arrangement in the edition(s) represented in the papyri does not necessarily correspond to the arrangement in the Hellenistic edition, since a large papyrus, with tall columns of forty lines, might have absorbed several Hellenistic books. One such large roll perhaps contained longer elegiac fragments, one contained lyrics.
The New Simonides and Homer’s Hemitheoi
Authors: Clay Jenny Strauss 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The proem to Simonides’ recently discovered “Battle of Platea“ elegy is addressed to the hero Achilles. 1 How long it was and whether it dealt with the hero’s birth and other exploits remains unclear. Fragment 10 surely deals with Achilles, but its precise contents are obscure. The beginning lines of the far more extensive fr. n apparently describe the hero’s death in an epic simile adapted from Homer.2 The damaged lines that follow (9-14) provide a brief summary of the end of the Trojan War, the destruction of Troy, and the return of the Greeks:
“New Simonides“ or Old Semonides? Second Thoughts on POxy 3965 fr. 26
Authors: Hubbard Thomas k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an earlier publication I had argued on a number of grounds for a late sixth-century date for the iambic poet Semonides of Amorgos, and observed that this dating would make it possible for the disputed elegy on the “leaves and lives of men“ (previously identified as either Semonides, fr. 29 D, or Simonides, fr. 8 W1 ) to be a reply to Mimnermus, fr. 2 W, as it seems to be, and still be written by Semonides, as suggested by its close parallels in theme, tone, and wording to the iambic fr. 1 W of Semonides.1 The new Simonides papyrus (POxy 3965), which appeared very soon after the writing (and somewhat before the publication) of the earlier article, clearly necessitates a reconsideration of the authorship question, since POxy 3965 fr. 26 of the papyrus contains the remains of what had been vv. 6-13 of that elegy and demonstrates that they were in fact part of a longer elegy than what is quoted in Stobaeus 4.34.28. Although some controversy has arisen concerning the unity of the poem (which West now divides into frr. 19 and 20 W2 ),2 it seems quickly to have become a matter of established consensus that the authorship controversy has been resolved, since the same papyrus contains other fragments which are unquestionably from works of Simonides.3
Heroes, Descendants of-Hemitheoi The Proemium of Theocritus 17 and Simonides 11 W2
Authors: Fantuzzi Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Zeus is the greatest among gods, Ptolemy is the greatest among men; the ancient heroes had already found skilled singers for their deeds in their past. Theocritus, therefore, who knows how to celebrate the glory of his characters as skillfully as the ancient bards, wants to dedicate his hymn to his contemporary hero, who deserves to be sung of more than he has been before. At the end of the poem we again find these same three themes of song, where the real emphasis is again put on Ptolemy, who is even more clearly equated to the demigods:
Descriptive Epidemiology: Analyzing and Interpreting Surveillance Data
Authors: Janes Gail R , Hutwagner Lori C , Cates Jr. Willard , Stroup Donna F , Williamson G David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analysis and interpretation of surveillance data establish the foundation for many observational studies (2), placing surveillance at the forefront of the spectrum of descriptive epidemiology. Surveillance has a myriad of uses (3,4), each of which requires careful analysis and interpretation. Whether surveillance is used to detect epidemics, suggest hypotheses, characterize trends in disease or injury, evaluate prevention programs, or project future public health needs, data from a surveillance system must be analyzed carefully and interpreted prudently.
Public Health Surveillance and the Law
Authors: Matthews Gene W , Neslund Verla S , Churchill R Elliott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gene W. Matthews Verla S. Neslund, R. Elliott Churchill Public health surveillance and the law are joined by so many interconnecting links that virtually every aspect of a surveillance program is associated with one or more legal issues (for a more detailed discussion of law-related surveillance issues, see Chapter 4). In the United States, and throughout the world, many surveillance efforts have been effected through mandates enforced by statutes or regulations. By the same token, reports derived from the interpretation and application of data from surveillance programs have been used to drive legislation relating to public health.
State and Local Public Health Surveillance
Authors: Birkhead Guthrie S , Maylahn Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public health surveillance as discussed in this book was first defined by Alexander Langmuir in the 1960s (]). He expanded the traditional concept of “surveillance” as the reporting of individuals who had or had been exposed to disease so they could be monitored or quarantined to the monitoring of health and disease in whole populations in order to guide population-based public health measures. Langmuir redefined surveillance as the ongoing, systematic collection of public health data with analysis and dissemination of results and interpretation of these data to those who contributed them and to all others who “need to know.” He added, “The concept, however, does not encompass direct responsibility for control activities. These traditionally have been and still remain with the state and local health authorities”(]).
Surveillance of Quality in Health Care
Authors: Murray James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years managed-care organizations (MCOs) in the United States have created surveillance systems with the capacity to acquire information about health-care processes and outcomes that were previously unavailable or prohibitively expensive and to take action based on that information. This chapter focuses on managed care’ s use of surveillance for assessing the quality of health care and will address the following issues.
Violence Among Patients In The Community
Authors: Monahan John , Steadman Henry J , Appelbaum Eric Silver Paul S , Robbins Pamela Clark , Mulvey Edward P , Roth Loren H , Grisso Thomas , Banks Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A clinician assessing the likelihood of future violence must inevitably start with the simple, but far from straightforward, question of exactly what constitutes “patient violence.” As pointed out repeatedly about a variety of clinical prediction tasks (Meehl, 1954; Garb, 1998), it is difficult to reach a high level of predictive accuracy without a clear picture of what is being predicted, whether that prediction is done using actuarial or clinical methods. This initial task of defining the violence of concern, however, rests substantially on whether the clinician has an accurate perspective about patient violence in general.
Recent Trends and Issues in Policy Making
Authors: Smith Ralph A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussions of policy making in the first Handbook addressed various aspects of policy for arts education (Smith, 1992). Essays ranged over such topics as the definition of policy, descriptions of particular policy decisions, the role of professional associations, the involvement of federal and private agencies, and questionable instances of policy formulation and implementation. My own contribution discussed a few of the latter. One of the flaws of policy making stemmed from inadequate considerations of the nature and value of art, without which policies can have little direction. Another consisted of limited visions of arts education that were inadequate for an effective understanding and appreciating of works of art. Yet another was attributing to both art and arts education inordinate measures of instrumental efficacy. A surfeit of benefits, for example, was believed to derive from simply having “art experiences,” a phrase characteristically left undefined. Also noted were examples of bad faith, which is to say the undertaking of purportedly unbiased and objective studies and research that were in fact intended to advance particular agendas. Termed “advocacy research,” this tendency came under strong scrutiny by critics. Advocacy, of course, is necessary and can be pursued responsibly, but in too many instances the motives and statements of advocates begged credibility. Moreover, there was a tendency to glamorize advocacy by showcasing figures from the worlds of entertainment and business whose contributions usually consisted of little more than sound bites.
Developmental Characteristics of Music Learners
Authors: Runfola Maria , Swanwick Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the title of this chapter differs from that by Hargreaves and Zimmerman (1992) in the first edition of this Handbook, we further develop their themes. As Hargreaves and Zimmerman warned us then, the scope of the topic remains enormous to date. We acknowledge this difficulty and our debt to the previous authors, who made an important contribution in clarifying some issues of musical development. They also have raised many more questions, which we address throughout this chapter. Although we shall take a somewhat different approach, there is a necessary continuity between their work and ours, and we shall refer to their work fairly frequently. In this endeavor, the authors have been asked to focus on the quality of the research under review, adopting a critically selective stance. They also have been asked to deal substantially with work with which they have been closely associated, namely that of Gordon and Swanwick and Tillman. This inevitably affects the balance of the text and the reader should not therefore expect equal weight placed on each and every researcher. As a preliminary, we note the gradual shift from the concept of inherited talents, for example, Seashore and Kwalwasser (Kwalwasser & Dykema, 1930; Seashore, 1938) and the related notion of musical intelligence (Wing, 1961), to the ideas of music abilities (Bentley, 1966) and aptitude (Gordon, 1997a). The research on specific musical abilities, such as aural discrimination, singing, or instrumental playing, has been summarized and discussed in a number of publications (Boyle, 1992; Deutsch, 1982; Shuter-Dyson & Gabriel, 1968).
Creativity Research in Music, Visual Art, Theater, and Dance
Authors: Hickey Maud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because engagement in the arts generally is assumed to offer opportunities for inherently creative acts, it is easy to presume that research in the arts and research in creativity are naturally intertwined. This is not true and, in fact, although a very large body of literature on “General” creative thinking exists, a much smaller proportion of research focuses exclusively on creativity in the arts. The purpose of this chapter is to review the empirical research of creativity in music, visual art, dance, and theater in order to better understand what is known about creative development, learning, and thinking in these disciplines. One goal is to extend the literature review of creative thinking in music begun by Webster (1992) and to supplement it with examples of empirical studies of creativity in the other arts that have been published in the past 20 years. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the most compelling issues in creativity research and how these might influence a research agenda for the future.