bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of juvenile wood on strength properties and dimensional stability of black spruce medium-density fiberboard panels
Authors: Shi Jun Li , Zhang Shu Yin , Riedl Bernard 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Strength properties and dimensional stability of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) panels made from black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP.) 0–20, 21–40, and over 40 year old fiber were studied. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to examine the differences in modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and thickness swell (TS) of the three types of panels, while panel density was treated as a covariate in order to adjust the mean values that were partly attributed to panel density. The results indicate that MOR, internal bond (IB), and water absorption of MDF panels made from 0–20 year old fiber, which contained 100% juvenile wood, were significantly superior to those of panels made from 21–40 and over 40 year old fiber; but linear expansion (LE) of MDF panels made from 0–20 year old fiber was significantly larger than that of panels from the other two age classes. The differences in MOR, IB, water absorption, and LE between panels made from 21–40 and over 40 year old fiber were not significant. The comparisons of panel MOE and TS were relatively dependent on panel density due to existence of interactions among the three age groups.
Influence of grain direction in vibrational wood welding
Authors: Properzi Milena , Leban Jean-Michel , Pizzi Antonio , Wieland Stephanie , Pichelin Frederic , Lehmann Mario 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Wood grain orientation differences in the two surfaces to be bonded yield bondlines of different strength in no-adhesives wood welding. Longitudinal wood grain bonding of tangential and radial wood sections yields an approximately 10% difference in strength results of the joint. Cross-grain (±90°) bonding yields instead a much lower strength result, roughly half that observed for pieces bonded with the grain parallel to each other. These differences can be explained by the very marked effect that homogeneity of fibre orientation is known to have on fibre–matrix composites. Oak yields lower results than beech and maple and is more sensitive to welding conditions. Differences in both anatomical and wood constituent composition can account for this difference in performance. Contrary to the other wood species, oak always presents joint bondlines where little or no increase in density at the interface is noticed. This explains its somewhat lower strength results. This is based on the different mode of bonding predominant in this species, while the other species present two different modes of bonding. Thus, two types of bondlines are observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM): (i) bondlines where entangled fibre–matrix composites are formed at the interface and (ii) bondlines in which direct welding of the cell walls occurs, just by fused intercellular material or cell surface material. In this latter case the cells remain flat, without an entangled fibre–matrix composite being formed. This is the almost exclusively predominant case for oak. Both cases and even hybrid cases between the two have also been observed in beech.
Inverse analysis of the transient bound water diffusion in wood
Authors: Olek Wiesław , Perré Patrick , Weres Jerzy 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The methods so far applied to determine the bound water diffusion coefficient in wood do not provide credible results on this coefficient as well as on the boundary condition. An alternative approach based on the concept of solving the inverse transfer problems was recently applied. Two European species were investigated in the present study. A series of sorption experiments was performed and followed by the numerical identification of the coefficients. Several case studies were carried out for the constant and bound water content dependent diffusion coefficients. The obtained results were validated by comparison to a set of experimental data.
The creep of wood destabilized by change in moisture content. Part 2: The creep behaviors of wood during and immediately after adsorption
Authors: Takahashi Chika , Ishimaru Yutaka , Iida Ikuho , Furuta Yuzo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe fluidity of wood remarkably increases during moisture changes. This phenomenon is termed mechano-sorptive creep. The mechanism of mechano-sorptive creep has been studied, including a previous report by our group. Here, creep tests in bending were carried out for wood during and immediately after adsorption of moisture and after a long moisture conditioning. The effects of the rate of moisture adsorption on creep were also examined. The results and conclusions are as follows: (I) Greater creep occurred immediately after the adsorption process as compared with that after a long moisture conditioning, whereas much greater creep occurred during the same adsorption process, similar to the case of drying. Therefore, during the changes in moisture, not only destabilization but also stabilization should occur simultaneously, so that the wood during the changing process is in a remarkably unstable state. (II) Smaller creep occurred immediately after a slower adsorption as compared with that immediately after a more rapid adsorption. This suggests that wood is more stabilized during a slower versus a more rapid adsorption process. However, difference in creep between the final stages of the slower and the more rapid adsorption process was scarcely found. This is considered to result from the difference in degree of stabilization caused by the different duration of both adsorptions. In other words, this result is only an outward appearance. (III) Greater creeps were recognized during larger changes in moisture content (Δu) during the adsorption processes corresponding to the drying process. Therefore, mechano-sorptive creep depends not only on Δubut also on the range of relative humidity (RH). Larger stabilization was found during the changing process of larger Δu.
Changes in color and structure of birch wood (Betula pendula) caused by bleaching with hydrogen peroxide solution
Authors: Mononen Kirsi , Alvila Leila , Pakkanen Tuula T. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The effect of bleaching with a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution on coloring of secondary xylem of kiln-dried birch wood (B. pendula) was investigated with CIELAB color measurements. Structure of unbleached and bleached wood pieces was studied by light microscopy (LM), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, hardness and surface roughness of unbleached and bleached wood pieces were characterized with Brinell hardness and contact angle measurements. The results indicated that surface bleaching with H2O2 solution changed the color of birch wood toward white and less red, simultaneously increasing the porosity and roughness of the uppermost surface as well as decreasing the hardness of bleached wood pieces. With embedding bleaching for 24 h with H2O2, the color of the wood pieces could be changed further; however, microscale defects were detected in fiber secondary cell walls. Consequently, complementary to results obtained from microscopic studies, lower hardness values supported the degradation of fiber secondary cell wall in bleached wood pieces. In addition, contact angle measurements indicated increased surface roughness of wood pieces after embedding bleaching with H2O2.
Microdistribution of copper in copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.) related to density distribution
Authors: Cao Jinzhen , Pascal Kamdem D. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The relationship between copper absorption and density distribution in wood cell walls was investigated in this study. The density distribution on layer level was obtained from two approaches: (1) calculation by using data obtained from literature; (2) microdistribution of carbon and oxygen atoms in the wood cell. The microdistribution of carbon and oxygen in untreated southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.) sapwood, as well as copper in cell walls of copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated wood was determined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDXA). Both approaches for density distribution led to the same result: the density was higher in the compound middle lamella and cell corners than in the secondary wall. The concentration/intensity of Cu, C and O in the cell wall follow the same trend as the density distribution; suggesting that density may play a major role in SEM-EDXA study of the distribution of metal-containing wood preservatives within the wood cell wall.
Mattiebelle Gittinger and H. Leedom Lefferts, Jr. Textiles and the Tai Experience in Southeast Asia; and Sandra A. Niessen. Batak Cloth and Clothing.
Authors: Adams Monni 
Published: December 2004

Textiles and the Tai Experience in Southeast Asia. MATTIEBELLE GITTINGER and H. LEEDOM LEFFERTS. Jr. Washington, D.C.: The Textile Museum, 1992. Distributed by University of Washington Press. 264 pp., 220 illus., 24 in color, maps, appendices, bibliography, glossary. $45.00 (paper).Batak Cloth and Clothing:. Dynamic Indonesian Tradition, SANDRA A. NIESSEN. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Oxford University Press, 1993. The Asia Collection, xi +136 pp., 41 color illus., 78 b/w illus.,. maps, bibliography, index. $50.00 (cloth).
Emerging Role of Weekly Topotecan in Recurrent Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Eckardt John R. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Identify the limitations of the established 5-day topotecan administration schedule in treating patients with recurrent SCLC. Explain the rationale for the use of weekly topotecan regimens in the recurrent SCLC setting. Discuss the efficacy and safety results from studies of weekly topotecan regimens in SCLC.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive tumor that often metastasizes before the primary cancer is diagnosed. Patients with SCLC are typically elderly and often have comorbidities that may predispose them to adverse events during therapy. Although topotecan (Hycamtin®; GlaxoSmithKline; Philadelphia, PA), 1.5 mg/m2/day via a 30-minute i.v. infusion on days 1–5 of a 21-day cycle, is a standard therapy for relapsed SCLC, this regimen can result in significant neutropenia, especially in previously treated patients. This hematologic toxicity is noncumulative and reversible, but its management can be challenging in this poor-prognosis population. Therefore, alternate treatment regimens have been investigated. Weekly topotecan (4.0 mg/m2) is currently investigational and has shown promising activity and favorable tolerability in patients with relapsed ovarian cancer, another aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. Preliminary results from a phase II trial of weekly bolus topotecan (4.0 mg/m2) in patients with recurrent SCLC were recently reported, and this regimen was generally well tolerated. Furthermore, weekly topotecan has been successfully included in several combination therapy regimens in patients with a variety of solid tumors. In untreated SCLC patients, a combination regimen of weekly topotecan, paclitaxel (Taxol®; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton, NJ), and cisplatin (Platinol®; Bristol-Myers Squibb) was explored and found to be well tolerated and active in patients with extensive and limited-stage disease. Further clinical trials of weekly topotecan and regimens that include weekly topotecan in the SCLC setting are warranted.
Uptake and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins in the green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis: A dynamic model
Authors: Li Ashley M.Y. , Yu Peter K.N. , Hsieh Dennis P.H. , Wang Wen-Xiong , Wu Rudolf S.S. , Lam Paul K.S. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Uptake and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins in the green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis, were investigated by exposing the mussels to dinoflagellates (Alexandrium tamarense, ACTI01) under laboratory conditions for 8 d, then depurating them in clean seawater for 14 d. First-order linear differential equations were set up for five tissue compartments: Viscera, gill, hepatopancreas, adductor muscle, and foot. The solutions to these equations were used to fit the experimental data. We then estimated the parameters governing the model, which depend on the elimination rate from each compartment and the transfer coefficient between compartments. An assumption of the model is that the gills transport the dinoflagellates directly to the mouth and then to the viscera, where the ingested cells are broken down, releasing the toxins. The toxins absorbed are transferred to other tissues. During the uptake phase, the transfer coefficients from viscera to gill, hepatopancreas, adductor muscle, and foot were 0.03, 0.24, 0.01, and 0.004 per day, respectively. During the depuration phase, the transfer coefficients were 0.01, 0, 0.01, and 0.003 per day, respectively. In terms of the anatomical distribution of N-sulfocarbamoyl-11-hydroxysulfate (C2) toxins in various tissues, viscera and hepatopancreas contained the highest percentages (47–74% and 8–41%, respectively). Together, these two tissue compartments accounted for 71 to 96% of all C2 toxins present. The biokinetic model allows a quantitative prediction of C2 toxins in whole mussel as well as individual tissue compartments based on the density estimates and toxin load of dinoflagellate cells in the surrounding waters over time.
Responses of molecular indicators of exposure in mesocosms: Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to the herbicides alachlor and atrazine
Authors: Chang Lina W. , Toth Gregory P. , Gordon Denise A. , Graham David W. , Meier John R. , Knapp Charles W. , deNoyelles F. Jerry , Campbell Scott , Lattier David L. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were treated in aquatic mesocosms with a single pulse of the herbicides atrazine or alachlor to study the bioavailability and biological activity of these herbicides using molecular indicators: Liver vitellogenin gene expression in male fish for estrogenic activity, liver cytochrome P4501A1 gene expression, and DNA damage in blood cells using the single-cell gel electrophoresis method. Both alachlor and atrazine showed dose-related increases in DNA strand breaks at environmentally relevant concentrations (&lt;100 ppb). Gene expression indicators showed that neither herbicide had estrogenic activity in the carp, whereas atrazine at concentrations as low as 7 ppb induced cytochrome P4501A1. These results support the study of molecular indicators for exposure in surrogate ecosystems to gauge relevant environmental changes following herbicide treatments.
Effects of the pyrethroid esfenvalerate on life-cycle traits and population dynamics of Chironomus riparius—importance of exposure scenario
Authors: Forbes Valery E. , Cold Anders 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Field populations of aquatic organisms, particularly those inhabiting flowing waters, likely are exposed to short pulses of pesticides following periods of spray drift, surface runoff, or drain flow. In the present study, we investigated the effect of pulse exposures of a pyrethroid insecticide, esfenvalerate, on survival, development, and reproduction of the midge, Chironomus riparius. The first experiment was designed to simulate the exposure of settling larvae to a waterborne pulse of esfenvalerate. A second experiment simulated exposure of larvae entering a sediment that had been exposed previously to a waterborne pulse of esfenvalerate. A third experiment simulated exposure of sediment-inhabiting larval populations to a waterborne pulse of esfenvalerate and examined whether population density influenced the response of C. riparius. Our results indicate that even very brief (i.e., 1-h) exposures to environmentally realistic concentrations of esfenvalerate during early larval life can have measurable effects on larval survival and developmental rates. For those individuals that survived a pulse exposure early in life, however, there appeared to be no lasting effects of esfenvalerate on their subsequent egg laying or egg viability. Thus, brief exposure to environmentally realistic concentrations of pesticides can have measurable effects on freshwater invertebrate populations, but whether such effects occur depends on the details of the exposure regime. In addition, population density may influence the responses of life-cycle traits and, thereby, population-level impacts of pesticides.
Effects of ozone exposure on nonspecific phagocytic capacity of pulmonary macrophages from an amphibian, Bufo marinus
Authors: Dohm Michael R. , Mautz William J. , Andrade Joy A. , Gellert Kapuaola S. , Salas-Ferguson Loney J. , Nicolaisen Nicola , Fujie Nicole 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Pulmonary macrophages are an important component of immune defense against inhaled foreign particles and microorganisms. In humans and other mammals, exposure to moderate amounts of ozone (O3) can inhibit functional capacities of alveolar macrophages. In many wilderness areas downwind of urban centers, ozone levels frequently exceed national standards. We report results of 4-h inhalation exposures to 0.8 parts per million O3 on pulmonary macrophage viability and phagocytosis capacity in marine toads, Bufo marinus. At 1 and 24 h after ozone exposure, macrophages had reduced in vitro capacity to phagocytize fluorescent polystyrene microspheres. By 48 h postexposure, there were no differences in these macrophage functions between ozone- and air-exposed toads. Macrophage yield did not differ among exposure groups nor did exposure to elevated temperatures (30°C) for up to 48 h affect recovery of macrophages. However, compared with the millions of macrophages per milliliter recovered in mammals by similar procedures, pulmonary macrophage yield was typically in the range of 50 to 200 × 103 per milliliter extracted fluid. These results are the first to report effects of an air pollutant on amphibian immune system function and suggest a possible role of oxidant air pollutants in regional declines of amphibian populations.
Quantitation of polychlorinated biphenyls in fish for human cancer risk assessment: A comparative case study
Authors: Connor Kevin T. , Eversen Michelle , Su Steave H. , Finley Brent L. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
A range of analytical options is available for the quantification of environmental polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The PCBs can be quantified as Aroclor® mixtures, as individual PCB congeners, or as PCB homologues. The methodological choice is driven by many considerations, including cost, but it is important to note that the risk assessment methods recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) have specific and varying requirements for these analytical endpoints. The toxic equivalency approach is recommended for settings where the original Aroclor mixtures have been heavily degraded or weathered. Because this method only addresses the dioxin-like fraction of the PCB mass, the remaining PCB congeners need to be quantified and assessed separately, in a manner that is consistent with current U.S. EPA guidance. In this present analysis, we examined various methods for estimating a total nondioxin-like PCB mass in fish tissue samples from a New Jersey waterway using congener and homologue data: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimate of the PCB total based on 18 congeners — Σdioxin-like congeners, an estimate of the PCB total from 38 analyzed congeners — Σdioxin-like congeners, and the total of nine homologue groups — Σdioxin-like congeners. These three approaches yielded similar estimates of the total nondioxin-like PCBs for a variety offish species, whereas the totals quantified as Aroclor 1248, 1254, or 1260 were typically more than fivefold lower. Based on these results, the selection of the PCB analytical endpoints obtained from field investigations offish and shellfish should be guided by the appropriate risk assessment methodology and by the analytical limitations.
Tracking acidic pharmaceuticals, caffeine, and triclosan through the wastewater treatment process
Authors: Thomas Paul M. , Foster Gregory D. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are a class of emerging contaminants whose fate in the wastewater treatment process has received increasing attention in past years. Acidic pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen, naproxen, mefenamic acid, ketoprofen, and diclofenac), caffeine, and the antibacterial triclosan were quantified at four different steps of wastewater treatment from three urban wastewater treatment plants. The compounds were extracted from wastewater samples on Waters Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic balance solid-phase extraction columns, silylated, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For the chemicals studied, it was found that the majority of the influent load was removed during secondary treatment (51–99%), yielding expected surface water concentrations of 13 to 56 ng/L.
Design and Analysis of Optimization Algorithms Using Computational Statistics
Authors: Bartz–Beielstein T. , Parsopoulos K. E. , Vrahatis M. N. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe propose a highly flexible sequential methodology for the experimental analysis of optimization algorithms. The proposed technique employs computational statistic methods to investigate the interactions among optimization problems, algorithms, and environments. The workings of the proposed technique are illustrated on the parameterization and comparison of both a population–based and a direct search algorithm, on a well–known benchmark problem, as well as on a simplified model of a real–world problem. Experimental results are reported and conclusions are derived. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preconditioning the Mortar Method by Substructuring: The High Order Case.
Authors: Bertoluzza S. , Pennacchio M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe analyze a class of preconditioners for the mortar method, based on substructuring. After splitting in a suitable way the degrees of freedom in interior, edge and vertex, we study the performance of a block Jacobi type preconditioner for which the condition number of the preconditioned matrix only grows polylogarithmically. Unlike the previous work by Achdou, Maday and Widlund [1], which is restricted to the case of first order finite element, this paper relies on abstract assumptions and therefore applies to finite element of any order. Moreover, the use of a suitable coarse preconditioner (whose effect we analyze) makes this technique more efficient. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Local Supervised Learning Algorithm For Multi‐Layer Perceptrons
Authors: Vlachos D. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe back propagation of error in multi‐layer perceptrons when used for supervised training is a non‐local algorithm in space, that is it needs the knowledge of the network topology. On the other hand, learning rules in biological systems with many hidden units, seem to be local in both space and time. In this work, a local learning algorithm is proposed which makes no distinction between input, hidden and output layers. Simulation results are presented and compared with other well known training algorithms. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Partitioned Linear Multistep Method for Long Term Integration of the N‐Body Problem
Authors: Vlachos D. S. , Simos T. E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this paper an exponential fitted partitioned linear multistep method is developed for the long term integration of the N‐body problem. The new method integrates exactly any linear combination of the functions 1, x, x2, x3 ,…, x2k–1, exp(±wx) for the coordinates and any linear combination of the functions 1, x, x2, x3,…, x2k–3, exp(±wx) for the velocities. Numerical results are produced and compared with a set of well known symplectic and single step methods. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)