bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender differences in burden and depression among informal caregivers of demented elders in the community
Authors: Gallicchio Lisa , Siddiqi Nauman , Langenberg Patricia , Baumgarten Mona 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundEarlier studies have yielded inconsistent findings regarding gender differences with respect to burden and depression among informal community caregivers of dementia patients.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to determine whether or not there were gender differences in the prevalence of burden and depression among informal caregivers of community‐residing dementia patients.MethodsData from 259 female and 68 male caregivers who were part of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging were analyzed. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression Scale (CES‐D). Burden was assessed using Zarit's Burden Interview. Associations between the outcome variables (depressive symtoms and burden) and the independent variable, gender, were examined using logistic regression.ResultsIn multivariable analysis, female caregivers were found to have significantly higher odds than male caregivers of having a score of 33 or higher on Zarit's Burden Interview (OR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.0, 6.7). The OR comparing women to men with respect to a high level of depressive symptoms (defined as a score of 16 or more on the CES‐D) was not significant (OR = 1.3; 95% CI 0.6, 2.9). Poor perceived caregivers health and more behavior disturbance in the patient were associated with significantly higher odds of high levels of caregiver burden and depression.ConclusionsAdequate assistance must be given to women caregivers to ensure that they are not strained beyond what is clinically healthy. In addition, interventions should target caregivers of behaviorally disturbed patients as well as caregivers who report poor physical health to reduce the negative psychological impact of caregiving. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gait performance in dementia: the effects of a 6‐week resistance training program in an adult day‐care setting
Authors: Hageman Patricia A. , Thomas Vince Salazar 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundAge‐related declines in balance and muscle power are largely responsible for the changes in the various components of gait performance among elderly people. But these can often be remedied with strength training. People with cognitive impairment frequently demonstrate impaired gait, putting them at increased risks for falls and serious injury.ObjectivesThis paper reports on the effects of a six‐week pilot study of moderate intensity strength training on the gait of elderly individuals with dementia who attend a day‐care center.MethodsTwenty‐six adults (23 female, three male), age = 79.2 ± 6.6 years, completed the study. Each subject completed a baseline assessment of lower extremity strength and gait. Gait was evaluated using free‐ and fast‐gait speed over a 6‐meter course, the Tinetti‐Gait Assessment scale, the ‘Timed‐Up‐and‐Go’, and the Gait Assessment Rating Scale (GARS). The intervention consisted of moderate‐intensity progressive resistance lower extremity exercise using Theraband, for two to three sessions per week over the six weeks. Post‐intervention assessment of strength and gait was repeated at the completion of the sixth week. Multiple paired t‐tests were calculated for each outcome measure.ResultsThe baseline assessment of gait suggests a high degree of frailty and risk for falls in the sample. Although post‐intervention scores reflected improvement on all gait measures, the only statistically significant change observed was in fast‐gait time.ConclusionA six‐week resistance training program proved to be of insufficient duration, intensity or specificity to produce significant change in gait outcome measures, with the exception of fast speed gait. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical disorders and causes of death in relatives of Alzheimer's disease patients
Authors: Kockler M. , Nitardy A. , Papassotiropoulos A. , Ptok U. , Maier W. , Heun R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundGenetic risk factors are important in Alzheimer's disease (AD). These risk factors might also predispose for other disorders. This might lead to a familial coaggregation of AD and other disorders, e.g. Down's syndrome or Parkinson's disease. In the present study the risk of physical disorders in relatives of AD patients, of depressed patients and of control subjects were compared.MethodsFamily history and, if possible, interview information on physical disorders and causes of death in relatives of 146 patients with AD, 168 patients with major depression (MD) and 136 controls was collected. Statistical comparisons were performed using chi‐square tests and, if necessary, logistic regression analysis accounting for age, gender and interview status.ResultsIn contrast to our hypotheses, there was no increased risk of cerebrovascular disease, Down's syndrome, haematological malignancies or Parkinson's disease in relatives of AD patients compared with relatives of patients with MD and of controls. The explorative analysis revealed that congenital malformations, i.e. malformations of the heart or of the extremities, were slightly increased in relatives of AD patients. Relatives of patients with AD or MD were at increased risk of dying as a result of accidents, in most cases falls in advanced age, and relatives of patients with MD were at slightly increased risk of dying from gastroenterologic diseases, in most cases complications of peptic ulcers.ConclusionThe results do not support a major overlap between the genetic risk of AD and the genetic risk of cerebrovascular disease, Down's syndrome, haematological malignancies or Parkinson's disease. The finding of an increased risk of congenital malformations in relatives of AD patients needs further replication before it can be stated. The increased risk of dementia or depression with cognitive impairment in elderly relatives of patients with AD or MD increases the risk of accidents like falls. The genetic risk of depression in relatives of patients with MD could have a negative influence on the prognosis of peptic ulcera. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Service contact and psychopathology in very‐late‐onset schizophrenia‐like psychosis: the effects of gender and ethnicity
Authors: Reeves S. , Stewart R. , Howard R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundEpidemiological data on very‐late‐onset (>60 years) schizophrenia‐like psychosis (SLP) are scarce. There are only two published follow‐up studies.ObjectiveTo examine the associations of gender and ethnicity with health service contact and psychopathology in SLP.MethodWe identified all new referrals of SLP to the Maudsley hospital between 1995–2000. Demographic details and information on the course of the illness were obtained from case notes. Those patients who agreed to take part were seen at home and assessed with respect to psychopathology and neurological side effects.ResultsThe median duration of illness at the time of assessment was 3 years (range 1–6 years). Male patients were more likely to be admitted to hospital compulsorily and to be lost to follow‐up than female patients. Caribbean‐born patients were more likely to refuse to take part than British‐born patients. Of the 26 (48%) patients who were interviewed, 38% were experiencing paranoid symptoms, 94% of patients receiving medication were in regular contact with a community psychiatric nurse (CPN). Treatment response was dose related and was not increased by the use of a depot.ConclusionThe effects of gender and ethnicity on outcome need to be further investigated through larger studies. High loss to follow‐up amongst male patients may be indicative of a poor prognosis. Regular contact with a CPN may be more important than the use of a depot in maintaining treatment response. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in suicide from drug overdose in the elderly in England and Wales, 1993–1999
Authors: Shah Rajen , Uren Zoë , Baker Allan , Majeed Azeem 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundDrug overdose is a common method of suicide in the elderly. Hence, an understanding of current trends in epidemiology of these deaths is important when considering measures to decrease suicide rates.MethodsAnalysis of the Office for National Statistics (ONS) database of deaths from overdose and poisoning. Suicide and undetermined deaths from drug overdose between 1993–1999 in the over 65 year olds were studied. Socio‐demographic data from the four drug groups most commonly used in overdose were extracted, and age and sex specific mortality rates calculated. Enumeration districts were ranked into five quintiles based on their Carstairs scores, and death rates in each quintile for men and women calculated.ResultsThere were 1864 deaths from drug overdose during the study period. Suicide and undetermined death rates from drug overdose remained stable between 1993–1999. Drugs most commonly used in overdose were (in order) paracetamol (and related compounds), benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and opiates. Women comprised 62% of deaths. Death rates increased with age, with highest rates in men over 75 (37.7 deaths per million). Benzodiazepines showed the most marked increase with age. Co‐proxamol comprised 32% of deaths from paracetamol compounds, and 95% of antidepressant deaths were due to tricyclic antidepressants. There was no association in women between Carstairs area deprivation and suicide rates; in men rates were highest in the most deprived areas.ConclusionSuicides in the over 65 year olds may be decreased by changes in prescription practice. Paracetamol, co‐proxamol, tricyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepines should be prescribed with caution to the elderly with depression or at high risk of depression. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using larger dimensional signal subspaces to increase sensitivity in fMRI time series analyses
Authors: Zarahn Eric 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIt has been explained previously how using large dimensional signal‐subspaces can reduce/eliminate bias in the estimated fMRI response (Burock and Dale [2000]: Hum Brain Mapp 11:249–260). It has also been explained how one can project this less biased estimate onto a one‐dimensional subspace of interest (Burock and Dale [2000]: Hum Brain Mapp 11:249–260). In cases where there are multiple, correlated characterized response components per event type, separately projecting the full hemodynamic response onto one‐dimensional subspaces of interest can lead to bias. We present an approach for both estimating the full hemodynamic response and obtaining from it unbiased estimates of effects of theoretical interest (in the context of ordinary least‐squares estimation). The latter estimates are identical to those obtained by projecting the original data into the space defined by the (possibly multi‐dimensional) effects of theoretical interest, but the ensuing statistical inference can be more sensitive. Hum. Brain Mapping 17:13–16, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heteroatom chemistry of cyclic benzopolychalcogenides: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Sato Ryu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMany benzopolychalcogenides, for example benzotrithioles, benzotetrathiins, and benzopentathiepins were synthesized from corresponding 1,2‐benzenedichalcogenols as starting compounds. The stability of the pentathiepin ring toward functional groups was confirmed by use of amino and sulfide groups as substituents in the molecule of benzopentathiepin. Furthermore, the intramolecular interaction between two polysulfide rings was also studied by synthesis of bisbenzotrithiole, 7,7′‐diethyl‐4,4′‐ethylenedioxybis (benzo[1,2‐d][1,2,3]trithiole). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:419–423, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10069
Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma of the external auditory canal in an adult
Authors: Hardisson David , Prim Mariá Pilar , De Diego Juan Ignacio , Patrón Mercedes , Escribano Anne , Rabanal Ignacio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundKaposiform hemangioendothelioma is an uncommon vascular tumor initially reported to occur exclusively in children.MethodsThe presentation, pathologic evaluation, and management of an unusual case of kaposiform hemangioendothelioma is presented and discussed.ResultsA 27‐year‐old HIV‐negative man was initially seen with a reddish nodule located in the outer third of the external auditory canal. Histologically, the tumor was composed of spindle‐shaped cells arranged in short fascicles associated with small endothelial‐like vascular spaces, similar in appearance to Kaposi's sarcoma. The lesion was locally excised but recurred 1 month later; then radiation therapy was performed. The patient remains well at 5‐year follow‐up.ConclusionsRecognition of kaposiform hemangioendothelioma is important to avoid possible confusion with a variety of vascular neoplasms with different biologic potential. This case presented some diagnostic difficulty because of the age of the patient and the unusual location of the lesion and had to be mainly distinguished from Kaposi's sarcoma. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 614–617, 2002
Somatostatin analog treatment of a cervical thoracic duct fistula
Authors: Valentine Carl N. , Barresi Roberto , Prinz Richard A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundReoperation for recurrent thyroid cancer poses an increased risk of complications, including thoracic duct fistula. Treatment of this complication is controversial. A survey of thoracic literature reports the use of somatostatin analog, whereas no cases have reported the use of this therapy in cases arising from neck dissection.MethodsWe report a 16‐year‐old girl with recurrent papillary thyroid cancer who had a persistent lymphatic‐cutaneous fistula develop after repeat modified left neck dissection. Despite conservative management, drainage persisted for 2 months. A regimen was begun that included TPN and injections of a somatostatin analog.ResultsTreatment with a somatostatin analog resulted in an immediate attenuation of drainage and subsequent closure of the fistula after 16 days of treatment.ConclusionThe use of somatostatin analog can increase the success of conservative management of thoracic duct fistulae. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 810–813, 2002
Peak firing rates of rat anterodorsal thalamic head direction cells are higher during faster passive rotations
Authors: Zugaro Michaël B. , Berthoz Alain , Wiener Sidney I. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHead direction cells discharge selectively when the head of the animal is oriented in a specific direction. The goal of this study was to determine how sensory signals arising from passive rotations (e.g., triggered by vestibular stimulation and dynamic visual inputs) influence the responses of anterodorsal thalamic head direction cells in the absence of voluntary movement cues (e.g., motor command, efference copy, and associated kinesthetic signals). Three unrestrained rats consumed water from a reservoir at the center of a circular platform while passively subjected to sinusoidal rotatory oscillations at fast (153 ± 27°/s, sd) and slow (38 ± 15°/s) peak velocities. In 14 anterodorsal thalamic head direction cells, the preferred directions, angular response ranges and baseline firing rates remained stable, but the peak firing rates were, on average, 36% higher during the fast rotations (Wilcoxon matched‐pairs test, p < 0.001; variation range: +11%∼+100%). No cell changed its peak firing rate by less than 10%, while three cells (21%) increased their peak firing rates by more than 50%. The velocity‐dependent increase in peak firing rates was similar for left and right rotations, and the skewness of the directional response curves were not significantly different between left and right turns (Wilcoxon matched‐pairs tests, n = 14, ns). These results show that sensory signals concerning self‐movements modulate the responses of the head direction cells in the absence of active locomotion. Hippocampus 2002;12:481–486. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Entorhinal axons exhibit sprouting in CA1 subfield of the adult hippocampus in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Shetty Ashok K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIntracerebroventricular kainic acid administration in rat, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy, results in CA3 pyramidal neuron degeneration leading to deafferentation of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Denervation in CA1 shows a near‐complete recovery of synaptic density over 2–3 months, but the source of axons participating in the reinnervation is not clear. This study investigated the contribution of the entorhinal cortex in this reinnervation by comparing the distribution of the entorhinal axons in the CA1 subfield between the intact hippocampus and the CA3‐lesioned hippocampus at 3 months after administration of kainic acid. Entorhinal axons were visualized by anterograde tracing using injections of the biotinylated dextran amine into the entorhinal cortex. In the CA1 subfield of the intact hippocampus, entorhinal axons were conspicuous in the alveus and the stratum lacunosum moleculare. The distribution in the strata oriens, pyramidale, and radiatum was sparse and was characterized by isolated entorhinal fibers of the alvear pathway crossing these strata to the stratum lacunosum moleculare. However, after kainic acid‐induced CA3 lesion, the density of entorhinal axons increased significantly in the CA1 stratum radiatum (375% of the intact hippocampus), as a large number of axons emanating from the entorhinal fiber plexus in the stratum lacunosum moleculare invaded the stratum radiatum. The stratum radiatum also exhibited wavy entorhinal axons filled with boutons and oriented parallel to the stratum pyramidale, suggesting collateral sprouting from entorhinal axons traversing the stratum radiatum. Thus, a significant aberrant sprouting of entorhinal axons occurs into the CA1 stratum radiatum after CA3 lesion. The sprouted fibers appear to come from both entorhinal fiber plexus in the stratum lacunosum moleculare (translaminar sprouting) and entorhinal axons traversing the stratum radiatum (intralaminar sprouting). However, the major contribution appears to be from the entorhinal plexus in the stratum lacunosum moleculare. This aberrant sprouting may lead to altered afferent excitatory connectivity in the CA1 subfield and contribute to the persistent CA1 hyperexcitability that occurs after the CA3 lesion. Hippocampus 2002;12:534–542. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decentralization, health care and policy process in the Punjab, Pakistan in the 1990s
Authors: Collins C. D. , Omar Mayeh , Tarin Ehsanullah 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Province of the Punjab underwent a number of attempts to decentralize the health sector in the 1990s. Among the most important were the decentralization of financial management within the district, the Sheikhupura PHC Pilot Project, the establishment of the District Health Authorities and District Health Management Teams, the creation of semi‐autonomous hospitals and the programme of District Health Government (DHG). These usually received donor support and promotion, and emerged from within the provincial Department of Health, and more specifically the Secretariat and the internationally supported Second Family Health Project (FH2). Of particular significance was the DHG change, which involved a decentralization to the district, the appointment of powerful Chief Executives, the formation of District Management Committees and purchaser–provider separation. The paper reviews these proposals, focusing on the need to build on experiences and learning lessons from pilot projects, reform continuity, developing consultation and involvement and policy analysis. The latter indicates the importance of developing more in‐depth policy analysis around the role of the central organization, the form of decentralization and the purchaser–provider separation. The paper concludes by underlining the need to ensure that political strategy and in‐depth policy are appropriately coordinated in the policy process. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of surface roughness in relation to soil loss and runoff at high rainfall intensities
Authors: Idowu O. J. , Rickson R. J. , Godwin R. J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe decay of roughness is an important factor governing surface processes such as infiltration and soil erosion. Thus the decay of surface roughness under different surface conditions was investigated and related to quantitative amounts of soil loss, runoff and sediment concentration in a laboratory experiment.Rainfall with an intensity of 128 mm/h was applied to a bare or mulched surfaces of a sandy loam soil with known surface roughness at specified time intervals. The decay of roughness as expressed by roughness ratio, in this experiment, was better predicted when related to an exponential function of the square root of cumulative kinetic energy of rainfall rather than with the cumulative rainfall. The roughness decay equations in literature did not predict breakdown under mulched surfaces accurately. Thus the exponent parameters of the roughness decay equations were adjusted to reflect the reduced decay occurring under mulched surfaces.In a bare soil, regression equations expressing the dependent variables as a function of initial roughness index were significant, but with low coefficients of determination, being 0·39 for soil loss, 0·12 for runoff and 0·36 for sediment concentration. In addition to initial roughness index, cumulative kinetic energy of rainfall was further included in the regressions. This led to an increase in coefficients of determination, which was 0·81 for soil loss, 0·74 for runoff and 0·49 for sediment concentration.The coefficients of determination (0·87 for soil loss, 0·85 for runoff and 0·51 for sediment concentration) were further increased when the final roughness index was included in addition to initial roughness index and cumulative kinetic energy in the regressions.This work shows that soil loss and runoff could be predicted from bare soil surface provided the initial roughness and the energy of rainfall is known. However, field verifications of these relationships are needed under different tillage tools and under natural rainfall. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐term inflow forecasting using an artificial neural network model
Authors: Xu Z. X. , Li J. Y. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe primary objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of including more temporal and spatial information on short‐term inflow forecasting, which is not easily attained in the traditional time‐series models or conceptual hydrological models. In order to achieve this objective, an artificial neural network (ANN) model for short‐term inflow forecasting is developed and several issues associated with the use of an ANN model are examined in this study. The formulated ANN model is used to forecast 1‐ to 7‐h ahead inflows into a hydropower reservoir. The root‐mean‐squared error (RMSE), the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (NSC), the A information criterion (AIC), B information criterion (BIC) of the 1‐ to 7‐h ahead forecasts, and the cross‐correlation coefficient between the forecast and observed inflows are estimated. Model performance is analysed and some quantitative analysis is presented. The results obtained are satisfactory. Perceived strengths of the ANN model are the capability for representing complex and non‐linear relationships as well as being able to include more information in the model easily. Although the results obtained may not be universal, they are expected to reveal some possible problems in ANN models and provide some helpful insights in the development and application of ANN models in the field of hydrology and water resources. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.