bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine needle cytology of palpable head and neck lesions: a comparison of sampling methods with and without suction
Authors: Allen S. M. , Boon A. P. , Brownridge D. M. , Chadwick C. H. , Buckley J. G. 
Published: March 2003

Fine needle cytology of palpable head and neck lesions: a comparison of sampling methods with and without suctionPatients attending the ear, nose and throat (ENT) department at St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK, for evaluation of palpable head and neck lesions have a fine needle cytology (FNC) specimen taken and receive the result at the same out‐patient visit. This study was designed to discover if there is a significant difference in the efficiency of the methods with and without suction. The method was chosen randomly on each occasion and the adequacy or otherwise of the specimen was determined taking into account the site and nature of the lesion and the total cellularity of the sample. The level of blood contamination was also compared by each method. When benign and malignant lesions from all sites were analysed together the method with suction produced a significantly higher number of adequate samples than the method without suction. The exception was in the case of samples from lymph node lesions measuring < 1 cm, where adequate specimens were only obtained without suction. The non‐suction technique was particularly poor at sampling salivary gland lesions in the 1–1.5 cm category. There was no significant difference in the level of blood contamination between the two methods at any site. These results are at variance with most other similar studies and possible reasons for this are discussed.
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of mammary granular cell tumour: a report of three cases
Authors: McCluggage W. G. , Sloan S. , Kenny B. D. , Alderdice J. M. , Kirk S. J. , Anderson N. H. 
Published: March 2003

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of mammary granular cell tumour: a report of three casesThis report describes the FNAC findings in three cases of granular cell tumour of the breast. The patients comprised two females aged 59 and 62 years and one male aged 28 years. All patients presented with a breast lump which was clinically and radiologically suspicious of malignancy. FNAs yielded moderately cellular specimens which on cytologic examination consisted of groups of cells and single cells with small regular nuclei and abundant granular cytoplasm. Bare nuclei were also present but these did not have the characteristic bipolar appearance of myoepithelial cells. In two cases there was a granularity to the background. The aspirates were reported as equivocal or atypical, probably benign, and surgical biopsy was performed. Histological examination showed typical benign granular cell tumours with strong positive staining for S‐100 protein. Pathologists should be aware that granular cell tumour may occur in or around the breast and should consider this diagnosis in aspirates containing a population of cells with regular nuclei and abundant granular cytoplasm. The main cytologic differential diagnoses are likely to be apocrine cells and histiocytes. The suspicion of a granular cell tumour should be heightened when these features are present in an aspirate from a clinically and radiologically suspicious mass. These cases highlight the role of the triple approach encompassing clinical, radiological and cytological features in the assessment of a breast lesion.
Cervical cytology EQA – the Northern experience
Authors: Cross P. , Shiell A. 
Published: March 2003

Cervical cytology EQA – the Northern experience The experience of the Northern region using the 1995 draft National Gynaecological Cervical Cytology External Quality Assurance (EQA) Scheme is given. Over three rounds, 390 staff reporting Cervical Cytology took part, and using a cumulative non‐numeric marking scheme, five participants were deemed ‘unacceptable’ at the end of three rounds. A total of 3450 responses were given to the 40 test slides used, with an overall false‐positive rate of 5.9% and a false‐negative rate of 1.4%. Grading was assessed for pathologists, and many appeared to perform badly by accumulating discrepancies for non‐clinically‐significant grading differences. The problems of slide selection/staining and grading consistency/accuracy are highlighted. This EQA scheme serves its dual function of education and identifying poor performance. It must be seen as a viable EQA scheme, although other options must be considered, given advances in technology.
Diagnosis of skeletal lymphoma and myeloma by radiology and fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Söderlund V. , Tani E. , Skoog L. , Bauer H. C. F. , Kreicbergs A. 
Published: March 2003

Diagnosis of skeletal lymphoma and myeloma by radiology and fine needle aspiration cytology From 1986 to 1998, all patients referred to Karolinska Hospital because of a skeletal destruction of unknown origin routinely underwent radiographic examination and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Among these, there were 83 patients with solitary lesions of the bone diagnosed and treated for myeloma (plasmacytoma) or non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Review of the series showed that myeloma could not be distinguished radiographically from lymphoma. Nor could low and high grade lymphoma lesions be discriminated by radiographic appearance. The diagnostic utility of plain radiography in the two conditions seems to be confined to the mere detection of a destructive bone lesion and visual guidance for FNAC. The latter aspect, however, is crucial for the application of FNAC to bone lesions. Review of the cytologic specimens obtained by FNAC showed that they allowed a conclusive diagnosis in all 40 myeloma cases and in 41 of 43 lymphoma cases. In 32 of the 40 myeloma cases, the FNAC material could be used for immunocytochemistry, which disclosed κ or λ light chain restriction, corroborating the cytomorphological diagnosis. Thirty‐eight lymphomas were characterized immunologically and in 35, a light chain restriction could be demonstrated. Our results show that the use of FNAC in the diagnosis of primary myeloma and lymphoma of bone obviates the need for other diagnostic modalities, including open biopsy. A combined approach based on radiology and FNAC, performed as an out‐patient procedure, offers rapid and accurate diagnosis of myeloma and lymphoma among patients with radiographically unclassified destructive bone lesions.
The use of cytospin monolayer technique in the cytological diagnosis of vulval and anal disease
Authors: Levine T. S. , Rolfe K. J. , Crow J. , Styles S. , Perrett C. W. , Maclean A. B. , Reid W. M. N. 
Published: March 2003

The use of cytospin monolayer technique in the cytological diagnosis of vulval and anal disease This pilot study investigated the use of the non‐invasive cytospin monolayer technique in the diagnosis and screening of neoplastic and non‐neoplastic vulval disease. Twenty‐three patients (age range 34–86 years) attending a vulval disease clinic had brush cytology performed. The samples were prepared with a cytospin monolayer technique and the slides Papanicolaou‐stained. Subsequent cytological interpretation and diagnosis were performed without knowledge of the clinical history and correlated with follow‐up biopsy histopathology from each patient. Twenty‐eight cytospin samples were analysed in total, of which 11 (39%) contained dyskaryotic cells which were assessed and a predicted VIN/AIN grade given. Ten of 11 samples (91%) reported as dyskaryotic had VIN/AIN on biopsy histology. One of 11 samples (9%) was reported as containing occasional squamous cells with borderline nuclear features and, although the corresponding biopsy did not show VIN, basal atypia was reported. One patient had features suggesting invasive carcinoma on cytology which was verified on subsequent biopsy. The 15 cases in which no dyskaryotic cells were identified did not show VIN or AIN on subsequent histology. Two cases were acellular and considered inadequate for cytological interpretation. The cytospin monolayer technique allows the diagnosis of neoplastic from non‐neoplastic vulval disease. It is a quick, inexpensive and non‐invasive method that may have a role in diagnosis, screening and surveillance of patients.
Fine needle aspiration cytology in the work‐up of mammographic and ultrasonographic findings in breast cancer screening: an attempt at differentiating in situ and invasive carcinoma
Authors: SAUER TORILL , YOUNG KARI , THORESEN STEINAR ØSTERBØ 
Published: March 2003

Fine needle aspiration cytology in the work‐up of mammographic and ultrasonographic findings in breast cancer screening: an attempt at differentiating

in situ

and invasive carcinoma This study evaluated the results of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) from the first four years of organized mammography screening for breast cancer in Oslo, particularly our policy in differentiating in situ and invasive carcinoma. Lesions were aspirated directly, ultrasound guided, by stereotaxic device or biopsy localization plate. All lesions were aspirated by cytopathologists working with the radiologists at the breast diagnostic centre. Smears were evaluated immediately for assessment of adequacy and a preliminary diagnosis was given to the surgeon. When FNAC revealed malignancy, diagnostic terms were as follows: (1) invasive carcinoma; (2) ductal carcinoma in situ of comedo type (high nuclear grade), cannot evaluate infiltration; (3) ductal carcinoma in situ of low nuclear grade and (4) papillary tumour, cannot evaluate infiltration. There were 953 cases, 70% of which were nonpalpable. Insufficient material was obtained in 5.8%. Absolute and complete sensitivity were 81% and 91%, respectively. Specificity was 85%. There were 448 histologically proven carcinomas. 383 of these were invasive. 362 carcinomas (in situ and invasive) (80.8%) were diagnosed directly on FNAC. Distinction between invasive and in situ carcinoma was possible in 294 of 320 directly diagnosed invasive carcinomas (91.8%). PPV of a diagnosis of invasive carcinoma was 97%. Our data showed that definitive cytological diagnosis of invasive carcinoma was possible in more than 90% of fully diagnostic smears and allowed definitive primary surgery in these women.
Cytology of collagenous spherulosis of the breast: a diagnostic dilemma – report of three cases
Authors: JAIN SHYAMA , KUMAR NEETA , SODHANI PUSHPA , GUPTA SANJAY 
Published: March 2003

Cytology of collagenous spherulosis of the breast: a diagnostic dilemma‐report of three cases Collagenous spherulosis is a rare incidental finding seen in association with benign breast lesions. Cytological findings in three cases of collagenous spherulosis diagnosed on fine needle aspiration are presented. The presence of hyaline pink globules surrounded by benign myoepithelial cells in Giemsa stained smears was a diagnostic feature. Associated lesions were atypical papillary hyperplasia (2) and fibroadenoma (1). Adenoid cystic carcinoma was the close differential diagnosis on cytology. Awareness of this entity is important to avoid a false positive diagnosis of malignancy.
Determination of adult size in a folivorous moth: constraints at instar level?
Authors: TAMMARU TOOMAS 
Published: March 2003

1. Reaction norms for size and age at maturity were studied in Epirrita autumnata (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Growth rates were manipulated by rearing larvae on different levels of food quality and quantity, and instar‐specific final weights and development times were recorded.2. Food level and initial weight of an instar accounted for most of the variance in final weights. Sexual dimorphism in pupal weights could be entirely ascribed to sex differences in initial weights of the last instar.3. There were problems with considering the reaction norms optimal within the conventional demographic explanatory framework. Because fecundity increases linearly with body size and no costs of large adult size are known, one should expect female larvae to grow larger to increase their individual fitness. It is therefore likely that constraints play a major role in the determination, and evolution, of size in this species.4. A focus on individual instars may be the best way to reveal the constraints on, and space for, adaptive evolution of insect growth. Some limit to the initial:final weight ratio of an instar, and the fixed number of instars, may represent important constraints.5. Reaction norms like the ones described in this study lead to strong environmental determination rather than canalization of body size. Food quality throughout larval development may thus be very important for individual fitness and population dynamics in E. autumnata.
Differences in distribution and performance of two sap‐sucking herbivores on glandular and non‐glandular Datura wrightii
Authors: Van DAM NICOLE M. , HARE DANIEL J. 
Published: March 2003

1. Datura wrightii Regel (Solanaceae) is polymorphic with regard to trichome type. Some plants are densely covered with short, non‐glandular trichomes, whereas other plants in the same populations possess glandular trichomes that excrete a sticky exudate. The hypothesis that glandular trichomes enhance resistance to all small insect herbivores is evaluated.2. Field censuses in four southern Californian D. wrightii plant populations revealed that glandular plants are indeed resistant to whitefly spp. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Whiteflies are almost exclusively found on non‐glandular plants. In contrast, Tupiocoris notatus (Distant) (Heteroptera: Miridae), another sap‐sucking herbivore of similar body size, is found predominantly on plants with glandular trichomes.3. Laboratory experiments showed that whiteflies are unable to colonize glandular D. wrightii phenotypes. After the whitefly adults had landed on the leaves of these plants, they were trapped in the exudate and died.4. Tupiocoris notatus adults, on the other hand, laid significantly more eggs on glandular plants. The presence of the exudate was shown to be the cue that determined their choice of glandular plants.5. In no‐choice experiments, T. notatus nymphs reared on glandular plants had significantly higher survival rates and had shorter developmental periods than those raised on non‐glandular plants. This, combined with the higher oviposition rates, resulted in higher T. notatus population growth rates on glandular plants than on non‐glandular plants.6. Glandular trichomes are not therefore a universal protection against small herbivores. Differences in distribution over the two plant types within the natural herbivore guild on D. wrightii may, among other selection pressures, contribute to the maintenance of the observed trichome polymorphism.
The utilization of patchy thermal microhabitats by the ectothermic insect predator, Cicindela sexguttata
Authors: Schultz Tom. D. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract.1. Tiger beetles (Cicindela) of open habitats have served as model ectotherms in studies of the dependence of activity and habitat utilization on temperature. Potential departures from the cicindelid model were investigated in Cicindela sexguttata, a species inhabiting forests where thermal resources are patchy and ephemeral.2. Body temperatures (Tb) were determined by inserting thermocouples into beetles immediately after observing specific behaviours in the field. Cicindela sexguttata elevated Tb by basking, foraged at a preferred Tb of 32.8 °C, and stilted, sun‐faced, or sought shade when Tb exceeded 35 °C. Although these behaviours were typical of Cicindela, their set points were lower than those of species in more open habitats.3. Illuminated substrates were utilized for basking and foraging. Beetles were dispersed throughout the forest floor in early spring, but became aggregated in light gaps when the canopy leafed out. Operative temperatures of thermal models indicated that beetles were unable to maintain the preferred Tb in shade and would not be able to maintain a preferred Tb in light gaps during the autumn, when adults are normally in diapause.4. Beetles were confined to foraging in light gaps once the canopy was closed. Foraging rate and searching speed were independent of Tb, in contrast to other cicindelids. Adults rarely searched for prey, but ambushed small arthropods that alighted in the light gap. Dependence on patches of illumination as thermal resources may increase prey capture, intraspecific encounters, and risk of predation, and preclude foraging in the autumn when Cicindela species of open habitats are also active.
Late autumn eclosion in the winter moth Operophtera brumata: compromise of selective forces in life‐cycle timing
Authors: Peterson Nancy A. , Nilssen Arne. C. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract.1. In eclosion experiments at constant temperatures (6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 25 °C), Operophtera brumata (L.) pupae were found to respond nonlinearly to temperature, with 9 °C giving the highest developmental rate.2. Pupal development rate decreased and mortality increased at the highest and lowest temperatures. No pupae eclosed at 6, 21, or 25 °C.3. Exposing pupae to periods of cold did not enhance their rate of development consistently, indicating that no pupal diapause occurred. Light did not affect the length of the pupal period significantly.4. Variation in mean developmental rates across temperatures was modelled both for data in the present study (northern Norway) and for a previously published German study (20° further south). The German population had a longer pupal period at all temperatures than the northern population (mean difference of 88 days). The difference is assumed to be genetically based, and hence an adaption to (and not a consequence of) differences in phenology between the two sites.5. The diversity of the life cycle of O. brumata is discussed. Timing of eclosion can be explained by the selective forces of predation by birds on the one hand and mortality due to early snowfall on the other.
Compound effects of induced plant responses on insect herbivores and parasitoids: implications for tritrophic interactions
Authors: Havill Nathan P. , Raffa Kenneth F. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1. Induced plant responses can affect herbivores either directly, by reducing herbivore development, or indirectly, by affecting the performance of natural enemies. Both the direct and indirect impacts of induction on herbivore and parasitoid success were evaluated in a common experimental system, using clonal poplar treesPopulus nigra(Salicales: Salicaceae), the gypsy mothLymantria dispar(L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), and the gregarious parasitoidGlyptapanteles flavicoxis(Marsh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).2. Female parasitoids were attracted to leaf odours from both damaged and undamaged trees, however herbivore‐damaged leaves were three times more attractive to wasps than undamaged leaves. Parasitoids were also attracted to herbivore larvae reared on foliage and to larval frass, but they were not attracted to larvae reared on artificial diet.3. Prior gypsy moth feeding elicited a systemic plant response that retarded the growth rate, feeding, and survival of gypsy moth larvae, however induction also reduced the developmental success of the parasitoid.4. The mean number of parasitoid progeny emerging from hosts fed foliage from induced trees was 40% less than from uninduced trees. In addition, the proportion of parasitised larvae that survived long enough to issue any parasitoids was lower on foliage from induced trees.5. A conceptual and analytical model is provided to describe the net impacts of induced plant responses on parasitoids, and implications for tritrophic interactions and biological control of insect pests are discussed.
Structure of two macrolepidopteran assemblages on Salix nigra (Marsh) and Acer negundo L.: abundance, diversity, richness, and persistence of scarce species
Authors: Barbosa Pedro , Segarra Alejandro , Gross Paul 
Published: March 2003

Summary1. Most insect species occur at low abundance but a greater research effort has been devoted to so‐called outbreak species and little research is available on scarce (low abundance) species that are typical of most insect species.2. Larval free‐feeding macrolepidoptera of two riparian trees Salix nigra (Marsh) (black willow) and Acer negundo L. (box elder) were sampled and sorted by species and abundance.3. Data collected established that the majority of species in the assemblages in each tree species occurred at low abundance in each of the 5 years when larvae were sampled.4. Species in the Noctuidae and Geometridae dominated both assemblages.5. On both trees, assemblages were dominated numerically by relatively few species, a pattern that has been observed for insect assemblages on plants in managed and unmanaged habitats.
Vigour of a dioecious shrub and attack by a galling herbivore
Authors: Faria Maurício L. , Fernandes G. Wilson 
Published: March 2003

Summary1. The pattern of attack by the leaf‐galling insect Neopelma baccharidis (Homoptera: Psyllidae) was studied in three populations of the dioecious shrub Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae) in south‐eastern Brazil. The plant vigour hypothesis, which predicts higher rates of attack and increased herbivore performance on the longest plant shoots, was tested. This work also provides further information for the study of differential herbivory in dioecious plants.2. In total, 9200 shoots were collected randomly from 46 male and 47 female plants belonging to the three populations. Shoot length, number of leaves per shoot, rate of galling, and survival of psyllids did not differ between male and female plants. Another population on the Campus of the Federal University of Minas Gerais was used only to determine the pattern of shoot growth.3. The hypothesis of sex‐mediated herbivory was not corroborated in this study.4. The frequency of galling increased with increasing shoot length, as predicted by the plant vigour hypothesis. Nevertheless, the number of oviposition sites (leaf buds) increased with shoot length.5. The performance of the galling herbivore was not related to shoot length in the plant populations studied.6. In conclusion, Neopelma baccharidis did not select shoots based on length only.
The pattern, rate, and range of within‐patch movement of a stem‐galling fly
Authors: Cronin J. T. , Hyland K. , Abrahamson W. G. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1. Information on the movement of insects is critical to understanding the spatial spread, dynamics, and genetic structure of their populations, as well as their interactions with other species. With this in mind, the movement behaviour of the stem‐galling fly Eurosta solidaginis Fitch (Diptera: Tephritidae) was investigated.2. Fluorescent‐marked adults were released at a single location within pure patches of the host plant, tall goldenrod Solidago altissima, and their distributions censused repeatedly throughout the day.3. Following their release, male and female flies redistributed themselves in a manner that was well described by a simple‐diffusion model. The diffusion rate was independent of fly density and time since flies were released.4. Female flies dispersed at a significantly faster rate, and therefore farther on average, than males. Based on the diffusion model, it was estimated that at 2.5–3.0 h post release, males and females had a median dispersal distance of only 2.0 and 2.5 m respectively. Furthermore, 95% of the males were estimated to have dispersed no more than 5.9 m, and females no more than 6.4 m.5. Post‐release censuses suggested that flies were most active during mid morning, disappeared from the site at a rate of 10–15% per hour (most likely due to mortality), and survived for less than 2 days. Based on the rate of spread, diel activity, and liberal estimates of longevity in the field, 50% of the ovipositing females were predicted to have had a maximum lifetime range of movement within a patch of hosts of ≤ 51 m (95% were expected to have been limited to ≤ 130 m).6. These data are used to assess whether the absence of a positive correlation between host‐plant preference and offspring performance in this system could be due to the limited scale of dispersal of this species relative to the spatial scale at which its oviposition behaviour has been studied.