bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The D7 family of salivary proteins in blood sucking diptera
Authors: Valenzuela J. G. , Charlab R. , Gonzalez E. C. , De Miranda‐Santos I. K. F. , Marinotti O. , Francischetti I. M. B. , Ribeiro J. M. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe D7 subfamily of salivary proteins is widespread in blood sucking Diptera and belongs to the superfamily of pheromone/odourant binding proteins. Although D7 proteins are among the most abundant salivary proteins in adult female mosquitoes and sand flies, their role in blood feeding remains elusive. In the present work we report the sequence of seventeen novel D7 proteins, and propose an evolutionary scenario for the appearance of the several forms of this protein, based on a total of twenty‐one sequences from Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. stephensi, An. darlingi mosquitoes and Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies.
Association of midgut defensin with a novel serine protease in the blood‐sucking fly Stomoxys calcitrans
Authors: Hamilton J. V. , Munks R. J. L. , Lehane S. M. , Lehane M. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractUsing ELISA we provide direct evidence that the midgut defensins of the blood‐sucking fly Stomoxys calcitrans are secreted into the gut lumen. We show that midgut defensin peptide levels increase up to fortyfold in response to a blood meal but not to a sugar meal. The data suggests the midgut defensin genes are post‐transcriptionally regulated and that their function is protection of the stored blood meal from bacterial attack while it awaits digestion. Using recombinant defensins produced in Pichia pastoris we demonstrate that while in the gut cells the midgut defensins are bound in an SDS‐stable complex to proteins with an apparent molecular weight of > 26 kDa from which they are released when secreted into the gut lumen. This > 26 kDa protein (Ssp3) has been cloned and sequenced and is a member of the serine protease S1 family with homologies to multiple insect proteases and to vertebrate trypsins and elastases.
Expression of D7 and D7‐related proteins in the salivary glands of the human malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi
Authors: Suwan N. , Wilkinson M. C. , Crampton J. M. , Bates P. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFull‐length cDNA clones encoding D7 (AnsD7) and D7‐related (AnsD7r1) secreted salivary gland proteins were isolated from Anopheles stephensi. Corresponding proteins were separated by SDS‐PAGE and analysed by N‐terminal sequencing, which also identified a second D7‐related protein (AnsD7r2). AnsD7 encodes a protein of 37 kDa, AnsD7r1 of 18 kDa, and AnsD7r2 of 16 kDa. Polyclonal antibodies against recombinant AnsD7 showed immunological cross‐reactivity with the D7‐related proteins, and alignment demonstrated sequence similarity between the C‐terminal region of AnsD7 and the D7‐related proteins. AnsD7, AnsD7r1 and AnsD7r2 were major female‐specific salivary gland proteins, and Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and immunogold labelling demonstrated expression was predominantly in the secretory cavities of the distal‐lateral and median lobes. Expression and localization of D7 and D7‐related proteins was similar in Plasmodium berghei‐infected and uninfected mosquitoes.
Linkage map organization of expressed sequence tags and sequence tagged sites in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti
Authors: Severson D. W. , Meece J. K. , Lovin D. D. , Saha G. , Morlais I. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA composite genetic linkage map for the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti was constructed based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) markers. The map consists of 146 marker loci distributed across 205 cM, and includes several morphological mutant marker loci. Most of the genetic markers are derived from random cDNAs or Ae. aegypti genes of known function. A number of markers are derived from random genomic DNAs, including several cloned RAPD‐PCR fragments, and also several cDNAs from Drosophila melanogaster. Most of the random cDNAs (80.2%) have high BlastX sequence identities to known genes, with the majority of matches to genes from D. melanogaster. Access to sequence data for all markers will facilitate their continued development for use in high‐throughput SNP marker analyses and also provides additional physical anchor points for an anticipated genome sequencing effort.
Population variability in Chironomus (Camptochironomus) species (Diptera, Nematocera) with a Holarctic distribution: evidence of mitochondrial gene flow
Authors: Martin J. , Guryev V. , Blinov A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPhylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from mitochondrial (mt) genes (Cytochrome b and Cytochrome oxidase I) and one nuclear gene (globin 2b) was used for the investigation of Nearctic and Palearctic populations representing four Chironomus species of the subgenus Camptochironomus, namely C. biwaprimus, C. pallidivittatus, C. tentans sensu stricto and C. dilutus (the last two species constitute Holarctic C. tentans sensu lato). Phenograms constructed on the basis of mt sequences were not congruent with trees based on nuclear genes, or with morphological and cytological data. The mt tree divided the populations by continental region, rather than by the species groupings recognized by the other data sets. The incongruence is explained by mt gene flow resulting from hybridization between the sympatric species on each continent. Calculation of divergence times, based on the sequence data, suggest that C. tentans (s.l.) and C. pallidivittatus have both been in North America for about 2.5 My.
Two novel strains of Wolbachia coexisting in both species of mulberry leafhoppers
Authors: Mitsuhashi W. , Saiki T. , Wei W. , Kawakita H. , Sato M. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Wolbachia is an intracellular symbiont that causes reproductive disorders in many insects. Its presence in the leafhoppers Hishimonoides sellatiformis and Hishimonus sellatus, vectors of mulberry dwarf‐Phytoplasma, was confirmed by the PCR analysis of 16S rDNA, ftsZ and wsp. Sequencing of cloned PCR products revealed that two Wolbachia strains coexist in both leafhoppers. The phylogenetic analysis of wsp revealed that these strains belong in novel positions in the B‐group of Wolbachia. These strains were detected by PCR and/or PCR‐RFLP in all of the tested non‐genital organs including salivary glands, as well as in the tested genital organs of Hishimonoides sellatiformis. In addition, Wolbachia‐like organisms were observed by electron microscopy in all PCR‐positive organs. We discuss the possible horizontal transmission of Wolbachia via mulberry trees.
Toxoneuron nigriceps polydnavirus encodes a putative aspartyl protease highly expressed in parasitized host larvae
Authors: Falabella Patrizia , Varricchio Paola , Gigliotti Silvia , Tranfaglia Antonio , Pennacchio Francesco , Malva Carla 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Toxoneuron nigriceps (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an endophagous parasitoid of larval stages of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). This parasitoid is associated with a polydnavirus (TnBV), injected at oviposition along with the egg, and involved in the disruption of host immune reaction and endocrine balance. This paper reports the molecular characterization of TnBV2, one of the most abundant genes in the TnBV genome. TnBV2 expression produces a mature 0.6 kb transcript in fat body, prothoracic glands and haemocytes, as early as 6 h after parasitoid oviposition. Only in haemocytes a specific longer transcript of 2.5 kb is found 24 h after parasitization. The putative translation product of TnBV2 contains a retroviral type aspartyl protease domain. The possible origin and functional role of this TnBV gene are discussed.
Formaldehyde release from root‐canal sealers: influence of method
Authors: Koch M. J. 
Published: March 2003

Aim To examine formaldehyde release from three different root‐canal sealers: one phenol resin, one epoxy resin and one paraformaldehyde containing zinc oxide eugenol cement.Methodology Formaldehyde was measured from freshly mixed material and from specimens allowed to set for 2 days or 2 weeks. Different mixing ratios and sample sizes were tested. Analysis was performed by reacting formaldehyde with acetylacetone and ammonia to form diacetyldihydrolutidine, which was revealed by spectrophotometry.Results Analysis revealed that mixing ratio, time after mixing and surface : weight ratios of specimens had different influences on the formaldehyde release from different materials.Conclusions From the results of this study it is difficult to define a standardized in‐vitro test that can be applied universally for the definitive determination of formaldehyde release from endodontic sealers. Prediction of in‐vivo formaldehyde release from endodontic sealers is difficult.
Connective tissue responses to calcium hydroxide‐based root canal medicaments
Authors: Filho P. Nelson , Silva L. A. Bezerra , Leonardo M. R. , Utrilla L. Sabbag , Figueiredo F. 
Published: March 2003

Aim The objective of the present study was to evaluate the tissue inflammatory response induced by calcium hydroxide pastes, with or without paramonochlorophenol and camphor.Methodology Isogenic BALB/c mice were inoculated into the subcutaneous tissue with either 0.1 mL of a suspension of Calen, Calen with camphorated paramonochlorophenol, Calen with paramonochlorophenol, Calasept paste or phosphate‐buffered saline (control). After 6, 12 and 24 h and 2, 3, 5, 7 and 15 days, three animals in each group were sacrificed and the excised lesions processed for histopathological evaluation of the inflammatory response. Events monitored and graded included the assessment of vascular congestion, oedema, haemorrhage, inflammatory infiltrate, necrosis and tissue repair.Results The pastes induced an inflammatory response at every observation period, although the intensity, duration and extension of inflammation varied. Calen paste always produced an initial short‐term inflammatory response whilst the other pastes produced extended reactions. All pastes allowed repair to take place by the end of the experimental period, although the speed of this process varied between the materials. Calen presented the best biocompatibility; the phenolic compound caused greater tissue response, which was even more severe in the absence of camphor. Calasept paste was damaging and the repair process slower.Conclusions All calcium hydroxide formulations caused an inflammatory response. The severity and longevity of the responses varied between pastes as a result of the various antiseptic agents. Although irritating, repair was apparent with all formulations.
Dissolution of root canal sealer cements in volatile solvents
Authors: Whitworth J. M. , Boursin E. M. 
Published: March 2003

Whitworth JM, Boursin EM. Dissolution of root canal sealer cements in volatile solvents. International Endodontic Journal, 33, 19–24, 2000.Aim  There are few published data on the solubility profiles of endodontic sealers in solvents commonly employed in root canal retreatment. This study tested the hypothesis that root canal sealer cements are insoluble in the volatile solvents chloroform and halothane.Methodology Standardized samples (n=5) of glass ionomer (Ketac Endo), zinc oxide‐eugenol (Tubli‐Seal EWT), calcium hydroxide (Apexit) and epoxy resin (AH Plus) based sealers were immersed in chloroform or halothane for 30 s, 1 min, 5 min and 10 min. Mean loss of weight was plotted against time of exposure, and differences in behaviour assessed by multiple paired t‐tests (P <0.01).Results  Clear differences were shown in the solubility profiles of major classes of root canal sealer cements in two common volatile solvents. In comparison with other classes of material, Ketac Endo was the least soluble in chloroform and halothane (P <0.01), with less than 1% weight loss after 10 min exposure to either solvent. Apexit had low solubility with 11.6% and 14.19% weight loss after 10 min exposure to chloroform and halothane, respectively. The difference between solvents was not significant (P >0.01). Tubli‐Seal EWT was significantly less soluble in halothane than chloroform (5.19% and 62.5% weight loss after 10 min exposure, respectively (P <0.01)). Its solubility in halothane was not significantly different from that of Apexit. AH Plus was significantly more soluble than all other materials in both chloroform and halothane (96% and 68% weight loss after 10 min exposure, respectively (P <0.01)).Conclusions  There are significant differences in the solubility profiles of major classes of root canal sealer in common organic solvents. Efforts should continue to find a more universally effective solvent for use in root canal retreatment.
Necrosis of the gingiva caused by calcium hydroxide: a case report
Authors: De Bruyne M. A. A. , De Moor R. J. G. , Raes F. M. 
Published: March 2003

De Bruyne MAA, De Moor RJG, Raes FM. Necrosis of the gingiva caused by calcium hydroxide: a case report. International Endodontic Journal, 33, 67–71, 2000.Case report The present case demonstrates the possible detrimental effect of an overextension of a calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing into the periradicular and soft tissue after iatrogenic buccal root perforation of a maxillary central incisor.At first this perforation was not recognized by the dentist, which resulted in the introduction of a large amount of non‐setting calcium hydroxide paste under the gingival tissues through a dehiscence on the buccal side of the root.This report describes the consequences and management of the necrosis of the buccal gingiva and mucosa, and the subsequent treatment and follow‐up of the root perforation.
Root canal treatment and general health: a review of the literature
Authors: Murray C. A. , Saunders W. P. 
Published: March 2003

Murray CA, Saunders WP. Root canal treatment and general health: a review of the literature. International Endodontic Journal,33, 1–18, 2000.Review The focal infection theory was prominent in the medical literature during the early 1900s and curtailed the progress of endodontics. This theory proposed that microorganisms, or their toxins, arising from a focus of circumscribed infection within a tissue could disseminate systemically, resulting in the initiation or exacerbation of systemic illness or the damage of a distant tissue site. For example, during the focal infection era rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was identified as having a close relationship with dental health. The theory was eventually discredited because there was only anecdotal evidence to support its claims and few scientifically controlled studies.There has been a renewed interest in the influence that foci of infection within the oral tissues may have on general health. Some current researchsuggests a possible relationship between dental health and cardiovascular disease and published case reports have cited dental sources as causes for several systemic illnesses. Improved laboratory procedures employing sophisticated molecular biological techniques and enhanced culturing techniques have allowed researchers to confirm that bacteria recovered from the peripheral blood during root canal treatment originated in the root canal. It has been suggested that the bacteraemia, or the associated bacterial endotoxins, subsequent to root canal treatment, may cause potential systemic complications. Further research is required, however, using current sampling and laboratory methods from scientifically controlled population groups to determine if a significant relationship between general health and periradicular infection exists.
Alpha‐ and beta‐forms of gutta‐percha in products for root canal filling
Authors: Combe E. C. , Cohen B. D. , Cummings K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAimThis study was undertaken to evaluate which materials were in the α‐form of gutta‐percha as claimed, and which were in the more conventional β‐form, and to explore the effect of heating on the materials.MethodologySamples of gutta‐percha without chemical additives, and dental gutta‐percha formulations which included (i) two products previously studied; (ii) 12 newer products; and (iii) one newer product that had been stored at high temperature, were analysed by simultaneous differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry.ResultsIt was found that only four of the newer materials contained the α‐form; all the rest comprised β‐gutta‐percha. No weight loss was found for any material under the conditions of the present experiments. A typical heating cycle up to 130°C caused changes in material behaviour – that is, on reheating fewer endothermic peaks were present. Storage of gutta‐percha samples for 10 years under ambient temperature and storage in a heater at 80°C appeared to have no effect on properties.ConclusionsIt was concluded that heating dental gutta‐percha to 130°C causes physical changes; this was not seen with chemically pure gutta‐percha. The presence of additives in the dental samples altered material behaviour.
Evaluation of periapical radiographs in the recognition of C‐shaped mandibular second molars
Authors: Lambrianidis T. , Lyroudia K. , Pandelidou O. , Nicolaou A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAimThe purpose of this study was to evaluate in a blind trial the efficacy of radiographs to recognize C‐shaped mandibular second molars and to determine the incidence of this entity amongst second mandibular molars treated in the Department of Endodontology at the School of Dentistry of the University of Thessaloniki during a seven‐year period (1989–95).MethodologyA total of 480 clinical records of root treated mandibular second molars were reviewed. The preoperative, working length, and final radiograph of each tooth alone and in combination were examined in groups as follows: group 1 (preoperative radiographs only), group 2 (working length radiographs), group 3 (final radiographs), group 4 (preoperative and working length radiographs), group 5 (preoperative and final radiographs) and group 6 (all three radiographs). The efficacy of each combination to identify the C‐shaped cases was evaluated based on the interpretation of three experienced dentists looking simultaneously at each case. Films were examined on a viewer using a magnifying glass and allowing a two‐week interval between groups. Results were compared with the clinical diagnoses stated on the patients’ records (group 7).ResultsThe review of clinical records revealed that 4.58% of second molars had C‐shaped canals. Radiographic interpretation was overall more effective when based on film combinations (groups 4, 5, and 6) than on single radiographs. Amongst the latter, working length radiographs were more helpful than the preoperative and final ones. Preoperative radiographs were the least effective in diagnosing C‐shaped cases.ConclusionsSimultaneous interpretation of preoperative, working length and post‐treatment radiographs is important when attempting to diagnose a C‐shaped configuration.
Influence of rotational speed, torque and operator proficiency on failure of Greater Taper files
Authors: Yared G. M. , Bou Dagher F. E. , Machtou P. , Kulkarni G. K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of rotational speed, torque, and operator experience on the incidence of locking, deformation, and separation of instruments when using a specific Ni–Ti rotary instrumentation technique in extracted human teeth.Methodology Greater Taper Ni–Ti rotary instruments (GT) were used in a crown‐down technique. In one group (rotational speed evaluation) of canals (n = 300) speeds of 150, 250 and 350 r.p.m. (subgroups 1, 2 and 3) were used. Each one of the subgroups included 100 canals. In a second group (evaluation of torque) (n = 300) torque was set at 20, 30 and 55 Ncm (subgroups 4, 5 and 6). In the third group (evaluation of operator proficiency) (n = 300) three operators with varying experience (subgroups 7, 8 and 9) were also compared. Each subgroup included the use of 10 sets of GT rotary instruments and 100 canals of extracted human molars. Each set of instruments was used in up to 10 canals and sterilized before each case. NaOCl 2.5% was used as an irrigant. The number of locked, deformed, and separated instruments was recorded for each group. Statistical analysis was carried out with pairwise comparisons using Fisher’s exact tests for each of the failure type.Results When the influence of rotational speed was evaluated, instrument deformation and separation did not occur in subgroups 1 (150 r.p.m.), 2 (250 r.p.m.), and 3 (350 r.p.m.). Instrument locking occurred in subgroup 3 only. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant difference between the 150 and 350 r.p.m. groups and between the 250 and 350 r.p.m. groups with respect to instrument locking. In torque evaluation, neither separation, deformation nor locking occurred during the use of the instruments, at 150 r.p.m., and at the different torque values. When the operators were compared, although two instruments were separated in canals prepared by the least experienced operator, Fisher’s exact tests did not demonstrate a significant difference between the three subgroups. Instrument locking, deformation, and separation did not occur with the most experienced operator. None of the instruments separated with the trained operator.Conclusions Preclinical training in the use of the GT rotary instruments when used with a crown‐down technique at 150 r.p.m. was crucial in avoiding instrument separation and reducing the incidence of instrument locking and deformation.
Root and canal morphology of Thai mandibular molars
Authors: Gulabivala K. , Opasanon A. , Ng Y.‐L. , Alavi A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim To investigate the root and canal morphology of 351 mandibular permanent molars collected from an indigenous Thai population.Methodology The cleaned teeth were accessed, the pulp dissolved by sodium hypochlorite under ultrasonication and the pulp system injected with Indian ink. The teeth were rendered clear by demineralization and immersion in methyl salicylate. The following observations were made: (i) number of roots and their morphology; (ii) number of root canals per tooth; (iii) number of root canals per root; (iv) root canal configuration in each root using Vertucci’s classification, with additional modifications; and (v) presence and location of lateral canals and intercanal communications.Results Of 118 mandibular first molars, 13% had a third disto‐lingual root. In three‐rooted teeth, 80% of the main distal roots and 100% of the disto‐lingual roots had type 1 canal systems. Of 60 mandibular second molars, 10% had C‐shaped roots, the majority of which had type I (33%) or type IV (33%) canal systems. Of 173 third molars, 68% had two separate roots, 20% had fused roots and 11% had a single C‐shaped root; the majority had two canals (61%).Conclusions This study suggests that Thai molars exhibit features of both Caucasian and Chinese teeth.