bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizational and legal aspects of innovations in pre-trial investigation of crimes
Authors: Mulyk K. 
Published: October 2023

Pre-trial investigation bodies have a profound problem of observance of procedural rights in the course of their activities with a view to eliminating and preventing further illegal activities, and it is necessary to introduce new control methods and to forecast the existing ones, given that subjective components are mani- fested in positive and negative development trends. The article reveals the theoretical genesis and content of innovations in the investigation of criminal offenses.
At present, it is determined that the effectiveness of the organizational and legal framework of pre-trial investigation bodies is largely determined by the knowledge of its subjects of the logical sequence and meth- ods of linking actions (operations) which form each of the organizational and legal frameworks of pre-trial investigation bodies which use innovative technologies with a view to perfect investigation of crimes. The authors study the specific features of the content of the organizational and legal framework for the activities of pre-trial investigation bodies implemented by the authorized bodies during pre-trial investigation, which is determined by their procedural specifics of procedural and official activities. The author proposes the author’s own criteria for allocating new processes in the use of investigation of crimes and criminal misdemeanors based on the organizational and legal framework of the bodies’ activities.
The effectiveness of pre-trial investigation bodies is directly determined by the orderliness of the ac- tions of managers and subordinate subjects of investigators and detectives. The organizational and legal framework of pre-trial investigation bodies is largely determined by the knowledge of its subjects of the logical sequence and methods of linking actions (operations) which form each of the organizational and legal frameworks of pre-trial investigation bodies. The article substantiates the scientific sequence of actions with information which will allow the heads of investigative bodies to exclude from the actions of data handling which are not required in a particular situation, minimize information overload, increase the semantic corre- spondence between the request and the information received, and thus remove the uncertainty of the situation in the subordinate bodies.
The author analyzes innovations in the work with information which ensures the consistency of all components of the information system, combines the system of information, its carriers and sources, personnel, methods, tech- niques of information work, office equipment and software and hardware systems, information processes, commu- nications (links) between these components and addressees of information (management entities).
Judge performance indicator evaluation system: improvement continues
Authors: Kulikov O. 
Published: October 2023

This article is an analytical work where author investigates the possible directions of improvement of the existing methodological basis of the procedure for evaluation the competences and qualities of persons who will form the judicial corps in Ukraine. The main focus of the research is directed to the analysis of the indicators used to assess the professional and personal features of judges (candidates for the positions of judges), to the repeatability of such indicators, as well as to the validity of including one or another indicator in the appropriate set of indicators, which in their combination will give an answer to questions regarding the compliance of a judge (candidate for the position of judge) with one or another evaluation criterion. It should be noted that in previous works, the author has already begun to study from a similar angle such two important indicators of judge evaluation as indicators of «effectiveness of administration of justice» and «activities to increase the professional level». In this study, the author continues the analysis of indicators for the correctness of their assignment to one or another criterion, establishing their fair weight in the overall assessment of the competencies of a judge (candidate for the position of judge) and includes, in particular, among them such indicators as «integrity», «honesty «, «decency», «discipline», «understanding and compliance with rules and norms» and others.
Analyzing the problem of repeating the same indicators within the scope of different sub-criteria, the author of the article tries to prove the point of view that the existing approach reduces the reliability of the relevant criteria, artificially overestimates or underestimates their weight in the overall evaluation of the abilities of a judge (candidate for the position of judge). As a result, the study proves the necessity of eliminating of the repetition of the same indicators and adjust their weight to the fair value.
The final aim of the conducted analysis is to encourage the legislative and judicial branches of power to take actions and steps that would systematize the existing methodology for evaluating the performance of judges (candidates for the positions of judges) and would help more accurately identify useful features in candidates that will dfine the professional community of Ukrainians judges in the nearest future.
The legality of the use of nuclear weapons in international law
Authors: Les I. 
Published: October 2023

After the Second World War, the views of some military leaders on the use of nuclear weapons changed dramatically. Previously, the use of nuclear weapons was considered an incredible fact. In the minds of many, this view has been replaced by the notion that limited nuclear war is possible and winnable. Such a mentality raises a fundamental question: does any use of nuclear weapons have priority under international law.
Although there is no international convention that expressly prohibits the use of nuclear weapons, the consequences of the use of any weapon are governed by numerous conventions and customary international law. A decision that nuclear weapons would violate one or more principles of humanity enshrined in positive or customary international law cannot be decisive. When a state uses a weapon that emits any gaseous substance or violates the territory of a neutral state, that state is itself violating international law. However, some violations of international law, including the prohibition of causing unnecessary suffering and indiscriminate harm between combatants and non-combatants, may be justified by military necessity if their use is proportionate to military necessity, retaliation or self-defense.
This article examines the various uses of nuclear weapons and assesses their legality under positive and customary international law. It concluded that any nuclear weapons would be subject to a ban on gas and other related weapons. Furthermore, we conclude that in all but the most limited circumstances, the use of nuclear weapons would cause unnecessary suffering, would not distinguish between combatants and non-combatants, and would violate the territorial integrity of neutral States. Even if this remedy is violated by national law, this article demonstrates that the practical necessity of using nuclear weapons, and any resulting military advantage, is inherently disproportionate to the damage caused by any use of nuclear weapons, and thus, accordingly under international law, the use of nuclear weapons is illegal.
The concept and the essence of principles of administrative-law regulation
Authors: Gurzhii T. , Bodrov Y. 
Published: October 2023

The article revolves around the nature and the essence of the principles of administrative-law regulation. The basic role of the principles of administrative-law regulation in ensuring the system organization and development of domestic administrative law, administrative legislation, administrative-law doctrine, rule-making activity and law-enforcement practice is revealed. The problem of the lack of a single concept of the principles of administrative-law regulation both in the doctrine of administrative law and in modern legal practice is highlighted. The need to develop a unified approach to understanding the principles of administrative-law regulation, based on advanced achievements of modern jurisprudence and objective realities of legal practice, is substantiated. The primary importance of applying such an approach in administrative law-making and law enforcement, in particular, in jurisdictional activity, is emphasized.
The most well-known and widespread definitions of the concept of “principles of administrative-law regulation” are analyzed. A conclusion is made about the cardinal differences of modern scientific views on the nature, essence and system of principles of brunch regulation. Such difference does not allow to build a coherent doctrinal concept based on their simple generalization.
The impracticality of identifying the principles of administrative-law regulation with normative rules, objective regularities of administrative legal relations, grounds for the emergence of such relations, as well as with the principles of public administration (principles of administrative activity) was established. It is emphasized that a comprehensive scientific understanding of the principles of administrative-law regulation should be based on a general theoretical understanding of the principle, as the basic grounds, the original idea, which are characterized by universality, general significance, higher imperativeness and reflect the essential provisions of theory, doctrine, science, systems of national and international law , state legal policy, policy of development of branches and institutions of law.
The author’s definition of the principles of administrative-law regulation is formulated. An approach is proposed, according to which the principles of administrative-law regulation are considered as: fundamental ideas underlying the development and functioning of administrative law and all its institutions, a system of administrative-legal relations, realization of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of their participants, law-making and law-enforcing activities subjects of public authority.
Methodological aspects of the research of the sociological concept of law in the USA
Authors: Vistak I. 
Published: October 2023

The article analyzes the methodological aspects of the study of the sociological concept of law in the USA. It is noted that the most important question of a methodological nature is the question of the sociological concept of law in US jurisprudence of the 20th century. as a subject of research of historical and legal science, or its constituent history of political and legal studies. Given the fact that the sociological concept of law is one way or another studied by the philosophy of law, the theory of law, the question arises about the relationship between these sciences.
The subject specificity of the history of legal thought and the history of the philosophy of law is shown. The relationship between the history of legal thought and the history of the philosophy of law is revealed to be of methodological importance for the study of the sociological concept of law in the jurisprudence of the USA of the 20th century, as it allows the formation of a methodology of knowledge based on philosophical and legal approaches and principles and a special methodological toolkit (methods and techniques) of the theory of law and philosophy rights Philosophical and legal conceptual approaches and principles have a worldview character in research and allow the use of concepts of the theory of legal understanding. In other words, the category sociological concept of law and as a result of its development sociological legal understanding has a philosophical meaning. The filling of this content took place with the help of various approaches and directions of general theoretical jurisprudence, in particular anthropological, etymological and legal. approaches of legal sociology. At the same time, this content (meaning) has a specific historical layer of knowledge. The content of the category “meaning” in the history of legal thought finds its fulfillment in the fact that it is connected with the understanding of the specifics of the studied era, the identification of its peculiar properties, the understanding of the studied teaching in its modern scientific and theoretical significance and cognitive value, the clarification of objective social significance (social meaning) and personal meaning (personal meaning) in the reproduction of past historical reality, reconstruction of historical situations.
The Effect of Board Game on Students’ Vocabulary and Grammar Mastery in Senior High School
Authors: Sitanggang Vera Nova , Tampubolon Sahlan , Sinambela Erika 
Published: October 2023

This research was conducted based on some problems in learning English especially in vocabulary and grammar. It was also aimed to find out students’ vocabulary and grammar who are taught by using Board GameTechnique and students’ vocabulary and grammar who are taught without using Board Games and find out whether there was any significant effect of using Board Game on the tenth-grade students’ ability in vocabulary and grammar at SMA Kristen Immanuel. In this quasi-experimental design research, the researcher took two of 2 classes as the sample, the experimental class with 20 students in it, and the control class with 20 students as well. The research method was pre-test and post-test of the experimental research. The data collection technique was pre-test and post-test score result. The data were analyzed by using compare means paired sample T-test by comparing the result of pre-test and post-test design, and t-test to know the significant effect in students’ English vocabulary mastery after using Board Game. The result showed there was a significant different between pretest and post test mean. Ho was rejected because significance level was < 0.05. Therefore, there was a significant effect of using board game towards students’ vocabulary mastery of the research. The research of data analysis showed that there was a positive effect of using Board Games on students’ vocabulary and grammar. In which in vocabulary, the t-obtained had a higher value than the t-table either at 5% or 1% significance levels (1,68595 < 4,174> 2,42857). Therefore, Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted; or there is a significant difference in using Board Games on student’s vocabulary and grammar ability of tenth grade students. The result of grammar, the condition of the experimental class was getting better. The students were more active in English learning process. In summing up it may be stated that using Board Game can effect the students‟ grammar mastery and students learning activities at the tenth grader of SMA Kristen Immanuel Medan.
The Efficacy of Using Guided Questions in Teaching Writing Descriptive Text to Indonesian English as Foreign Language (EFL) Students
Authors: Taka Soleman Dapa 
Published: October 2023

This research aims at finding out the efficacy of using Guided Questions in teaching writing especially descriptive text to Indonesian English as Foreign Language (EFL) students. The main question of this research: Is the use of Guided Questions effective in teaching writing to Indonesian EFL students? The research can be an addition to the persisting teaching writing in English particularly the descriptive text through the use of guided questions. This research was conducted at the tenth-grade students at SMA Kristen Mercusuar Kupang, an Indonesian High School. The total number of samples was 25 students. The research used a pre-experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design. The pre-test was given to find out the basic ability of the students in mastering writing descriptive text and the post-test given to find out the students’ improvement in mastering writing descriptive text after giving the treatment by using guided questions. The findings show that using guided questions is effective in teaching writing descriptive text to Indonesian EFL students. It is supported by the result of the significance test through SPSS 20 program that the P was 0.00. Therefore, it is recommended to use the guided questions in developing students’ writing descriptive of Indonesian EFL students.
The Use of Hallo Application as Supporting Teaching Media in Enhancing Students` Speaking Skill
Authors: Huda Muhammad Saiful , Jusriati Jusriati , Aliah Husnani 
Published: October 2023

This research was aimed in increasing students` speaking skill by using Hallo Application based on android smartphone which the students able to use it everywhere. The research used pre-experimental design which used one group pre-test and post-test. The research was planned by using of hallo application as instrument and learning support. In implementation, the researcher made planning, treatment, evaluating and reflecting in every meeting. The result of this research from paired sample test showed the result of the analytical comparisons using t-test. The output shows the average before and after the test (-20,900), standard deviation (4,773), mean standard error (0,871). The bottom difference (-22.682), while the top difference (-19,117). The result of the t test = (-23,983) with a df of 29 and a significance of 0,000. Mean score were higher after teaching using Hallo Application. This means that Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. In conclusion, the use of Hallo Application is an effective strategy that will use to teach class XI of Senior High School Students.
سمة القلق وعلاقته بالأداء لدى لاعبي نادي بلاد الرافدين بكرة القدم للموسم الرياضي 2021/
Authors: عبد الجبار محمد عباس 
Published: October 2023

هدف البحث إلى التعرف على مستوى القلق بين لدى لاعبي نادي بلاد الرافدين بكرة القدم وفقاً للتشكيلة الفريق للموسم الرياضي 2021/2022 واستخدام المنهج الوصفي بالأسلوب المسحي لملائمة طبيعة مشكلة البحث، وتكونت مجتمع البحث وعينته من لاعبي فريق نادي بلاد الرافدين بكرة القدم البالغ عددهم (24) لاعباً يمثلون الفريق الأول للموسم الرياضي 2021/2022 وتم تقسيمهم إلى قسمين حسب التشكيل للفريق في اثناء المنافسات إذ تألفت كل مجموعة من (11) لاعباً يمثلون التشكيل الأساسي للفريق و (11) لاعباً التشكيل الثاني للفريق وتم استبعاد لاعبين (2) للاشتراكهم في التجربة الاستطلاعية.
أهم النتائج التي خرج بها الباحث على عينة النادي تبين عدم وجود تباين في مستوى القلق بين لاعبي فريق نادي بلاد الرافدين بكرة القدم، تباين مستوى القلق بين لاعبي الفريق الواحد بسبب تفاوت الخبرة بين اللاعبين، عدم وجود مرشد ومعالج نفسي يرافق اللاعبين طيلة فترات الإعداد والمنافسات، للأعداد النفسي السليم أهمية كبيرة بجانب الإعداد البدني المهاري والجانب النظري يساعد على تطوير الاداء وأن هذا دقة الاداء مهملة من قبل المدربين.
تأثير تمرينات تنافسية باستخدام تقنين الشدة بالزمن في تطوير القوة المميزة بالسرعة والتحرك الدفاعي وسرعة الأداء المهاري الهجومية للاعبات كرة القدم الصالات الناشئات
Authors: رستم يعقوب ليزا 
Published: October 2023

تأتي أهمية البحث في استخدام التقنية العلمية لتقنين الشدة وفق التمرينات التنافسية لرفع مستوى الناشئات بكرة القدم للصالات وخاصة القوة المميزة بالسرعة والاداء المهاري الهجومي والدفاعية من ناحية التحرك والسرعة وبذلك قد ساهمنا برفع مستوى لاعبات كرة القدم للصالات.
وكانت أهم أهداف البحث:
1-إعداد تمرينات تنافسية باستخدام تقنين الشدة بالزمن في تطوير القوة المميزة بالسرعة والتحرك الدفاعي وسرعة الأداء المهاري الهجومية للاعبات كرة القدم الصالات الناشئات.
2-التعرف على تأثير تمرينات تنافسية باستخدام تقنين الشدة بالزمن في تطوير القوة المميزة بالسرعة والتحرك الدفاعي وسرعة الأداء المهاري الهجومية للاعبات كرة القدم الصالات الناشئات.
وتم استنتاج ما يلي :
1- تمرينات تنافسية باستخدام تقنين الشدة بالزمن لها أهمية كبيرة في تطوير القوة المميزة بالسرعة والتحرك الدفاعي وسرعة الأداء المهاري الهجومية للاعبات كرة القدم الصالات الناشئات.
وتم التوصية :
1- اعتماد التمرينات تنافسية وباستخدام تقنين الشدة بالزمن لما لها أهمية كبيرة في تطوير القوة المميزة بالسرعة والتحرك الدفاعي وسرعة الأداء المهاري الهجومية للاعبات كرة القدم الصالات الناشئات.
The Impact of Special Exercises and an Assistant Device According to Some Kinematic ‎Variables to Increase the Distance of the jerk's fall and the Aachievement of the Clean and ‎Jerk for Youthful Weightlifters
Authors: Fenjan Falih 
Published: October 2023

The study aims at adjusting a training device and setting up special exercises to increase the distance of the fall during the performance of the second section of the jerk lift by working to reduce the working angles in the ankle, knee and hip joint, as reducing these angles during performance makes increasing in the fall of the body under the weight when performing The jerk, which makes it simpler for the lifter to total the lift with the slightest exertion, depending on the muscles of the legs, as well as adjusting the motor path of the weight and creating the accomplishment. The sample of the current research consists of three weightlifters from the National Center for Sports Talent in Baghdad, aged (12-15) years. As for the research method, the researcher used the experimental one-group approach with a pre- and post-test, as the researcher utilized the exercises individually to the research sample according to the possibility and specifications of the performance of each player, as well as the statistical processing were also individual for each weightlifter in order to know accurately the extent to which the lifters are affected by the exercises and the device used. As the researcher concluded that working on the adjusted device was of extraordinary advantage in achieving the goals of investigation , in addition to the safety factor that encouraged lifters to train with high weights and better performance
Economic reform in Iraq after 2014 (obstacles and prospects)
Authors: Mohanad Hameed Mhaidi  
Published: October 2023

The study deals with the difficulties facing the economic reform process in Iraq, in light of the economic and political challenges that the country faces, particularly since 2014, as a result of the dual crisis that afflicted the Iraqi economy, as a result of the dominance of ISIS gangs over a third of the area of Iraq, in addition to the sharp decline in oil prices.
The process of economic reform in Iraq faces many obstacles, foremost of which is the rentier nature of the Iraqi economy and the spread of corruption, in addition to the poor infrastructure and the decline in foreign investments.
In order to achieve effective economic reform in Iraq, comprehensive reform measures should be implemented aimed at improving economic conditions, improving infrastructure and attracting foreign investments, in addition to combating corruption and dealing with structural obstacles that impede the process of economic reform in Iraq. This requires enhancing transparency and improving financial and banking management, as well as strengthening the capacities of governmental and private institutions to participate in the economic reform process.
Food security policy in Iraq and the challenges of response after 2003
Authors: Ibrahim harbi  Ibrahim  , Yasamine Hassan Said  
Published: October 2023

Achieving food security is one of the priority issues in various countries of the world، whether developed or developing. Therefore، specialized agricultural international organizations have given it a unique importance، and the United Nations has made its third development goal (the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger).
Iraq is going through a critical period، which was manifested in the growing demand for agricultural and food products، in addition to the rise in food prices in the international markets and the diminishing relative importance of the agricultural sector in the Iraqi economic structure. The Iraqi agricultural output، as well as the deterioration of the percentage of agricultural area in the gross domestic product، led to the deterioration of the value of agricultural output، which led to a decline in the per capita share of this output .