bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical and aetiological aspects of a summer enteritic syndrome associated with the sporulating segmented filamentous bacterium ‘Candidatus Arthromitus’ in farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Michel C , Bernardet J‐F , Daniel P , Chilmonczyk S , Urdaci M , De Kinkelin P 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn enteritic syndrome affecting farmed rainbow trout and occurring predominantly in summer has recently been described and related to the massive accumulation of a segmented filamentous bacterium (SFB), ‘Candidatus Arthromitus’, in the digestive tract of fish. Details of the clinical manifestations, the characteristics of the bacterium and the possible aetiology of the disease are presented in this paper. No other bacterial pathogen than ‘Candidatus Arthromitus’ was characterized in trout undergoing the enteritic syndrome. From clinical and histopathological observations, a toxin or toxic product accumulation was suspected in affected trout, and could account for the massive destruction of the intestinal mucosa. However, the origin and aetiological role of the SFB could not be clearly elucidated, although most of the filaments appeared to beviable and to produce and release strings of endospores in the lumen of the gut. The organism could not be cultured in the conditions tested, shared several morphological and structural characteristics with related bacteria described in the intestinal microflora of different vertebrate species, but no attachment structure was definitively recognized. All attempts to detect similar SFB in the fish diet orin the environment of affected fish farms were unsuccessful. It is unclear whether this organism represents a normal and not previously detected inhabitant of the intestine of trout stressed after environmental perturbation, or whether it results directly from external sources of contamination.
Vaccination trials of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), against Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida, using novel vaccine mixtures
Authors: Bakopoulos V , Volpatti D , Gusmani L , Galeotti M , Adams A , Dimitriadis G J 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBacterial cells of the marine fish pathogen Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida were grown in novel culture media. A mixture of whole cells and extracellular components was inactivated and used in bath, intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral vaccination of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, employing two sizes of fish. A commercial vaccine was used for comparative purposes. Control and immunized fish were either bath or intraperitoneally challenged 6 and 12 weeks post‐vaccination. Small fish had significantly higher relative percentage survival with the novel vaccine mixture both at 6 and 12 weeks post‐vaccination by bath, in comparison with the commercial vaccine. No protection was afforded at 6 or 12 weeks post‐immunization by either vaccine after challenge via i.p. injection. Sea bass (1.5–2 g) intraperitoneally vaccinated with various adjuvanted vaccine mixtures were not protected against pasteurellosis. In contrast, larger sea bass (20 g) benefited from vaccination with the novel vaccine mixtures. Intraperitoneal challenge with the pathogen resulted in protection in both fish groups vaccinated with novel vaccine mixtures, whereas control fish suffered high mortalities (>80%). Orally vaccinated fish were immersion challenged with the pathogen. At 6 and 12 weeks post‐vaccination the control fish had a high mortality and the fish vaccinated with the novel vaccine mixture achieved good protection.
‘The Sugar Buddies’: an intervention programme for ‘obese’ patients with poorly controlled diabetes
Authors: Hughes  , Todorovic  , Kemp  
Published: March 2003

Background: Within the Bassetlaw Diabetes Clinic population a group of obese patients with poorly controlled diabetes were identified, who appeared to be resistant to standard intervention. An alternative approach, the ‘Sugar Buddies’ programme, was developed, focusing on gradual weight loss and improved glycaemic control. Development of self‐care behaviours such as healthy eating, following prescribed testing and medication routines was encouraged. Programme participants attended either individual sessions or a combination of individual sessions and group sessions provided jointly by a diabetes specialist dietitian and diabetes specialist nurse. Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of the ‘Sugar Buddies’ programme in achieving weight loss and/or improved glycaemic contol in a group of obese patients with poorly controlled diabetes. Method: Measurements of weight and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c)were made at 6, 12 and 18 months on 50 patients participating in the pilot programme. The programme included patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. All patients had an initial body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2 and HbA1c > 7%. Outcome measures: The proportion of patients who were able to achieve gradual weight loss (a minimum of 2.5 kg over 6 months) and sustain this minimum weight loss over 6, 12 and 18 months. The proportion of patients who were able to achieve a reduction in HbA1c of at least 1% against individual baseline measurements over 6 months, and sustain this reduction over 6, 12 and 18 months. Results: Patients who achieved an initial minimum weight loss of 2.5 kg at 6 months were likely to sustain this weight loss at 12 and 18 months. Patients attending group sessions were more likely to achieve weight loss. Some of the patients who did not achieve weight loss at 6 months but continued in the programme achieved the minimum weight loss goal at 12 and/or 18 months. Patients who achieved a reduction in HbA1c at 6 months were likely to sustain these improvements at 12 and 18 months. Patients attending group sessions were more likely to sustain improvements in HbA1c values. Length of participation in sessions had no impact on HbA1c improvements. At 6 months, three patients (6%) had achieved both a weight loss 2.5 kg and a reduction of at least 1% in HbA1c. Conclusions: The programmes focus on making lifestyle changes achieved a measure of success in weight loss and/or improved glycaemic control among patients previously resistant to intervention.
Feeding problems in young children: report of three cases and review of the literature
Authors: Hutchinson H. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Background: Feeding problems are common in young children. Standard procedures for identifying, assessing or treating these problems are not available at present. This paper describes three case reports of children attending a joint feeding clinic run by a dietitian and a clinical psychologist. The feeding problems included selective eating, slow eating, difficult behaviour at mealtimes and a preference for food of an inappropriate texture for the children's ages. Results: One of the three children improved after 4 months, one after 9 months, but the third child has not progressed after 2 years. Conclusion: A joint clinic can help the management of feeding problems by standardizing treatment. The management of these children should be audited and the use of a classification system and assessment tool would improve care. A parent support group should be established.
Types of drinks consumed by infants at 4 and 8 months of age: sociodemographic variations
Authors: North K. , Emmett P. , Noble S. ,   and the ALSPAC Study Team
Published: March 2003

Aim To investigate the variations in sociodemographic characteristics of mothers in relation to the types of milk and supplementary drinks consumed by their infants at 4 and 8 months of age.Study design The carers of a randomly chosen population sample of over 1000 infants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC) were asked to record all foods and drinks consumed by the child in a 24‐h period at both 4 and 8 months of age. Self‐completion postal questionnaires were used to ascertain sociodemographic characteristics of the mothers and their infants.Methods Significant differences in the types of milks and supplementary drinks consumed within sociodemographic groups were identified. Infants were also grouped according to the types of milks they were receiving at each age and further differences in sociodemographic characteristics were investigated.Results Highly significant differences existed among various sociodemographic characteristics with regard to the types of drinks used at both ages. Maternal educational level was the most influential of the sociodemographic variables in explaining the differences in consumption of all types of drinks given at 4 months, in particular for breast milk use. Maternal age was also significantly associated with breast feeding. The use of fruit drinks was significantly associated with the presence of older siblings in the family and the use of herbal drinks with the duration of breast feeding. At 8 months of age maternal educational level was again the most highly associated of the sociodemographic variables, being significantly associated with the use of most of the drinks. The presence of older siblings also had a significant independent effect as did duration of breast feeding. The feeding of cows’ (or animal) milk as a main drink at 8 months, contrary to recommendation, was most likely in the group of mothers with vocational education, those in council accommodation, those with two or more children and those with difficulty affording food.Conclusion We have identified certain characteristics of mothers who were more likely than others not to follow current recommendations on infant feeding. The educational level of mothers appears to be of major significance in the choices made about the types of drinks given to infants. It may be possible to target information about infant feeding to certain groups of mothers thus improving weaning patterns.
Thyroid dysfunction – weight problems and the psyche: the patients’ perspective
Authors: O’Malley B. , Hickey J. , Nevens E. 
Published: March 2003

Objective To establish the extent to which individuals with thyroid dysfunction consider weight as a problem and the relevance of psychological factors.Design Cross‐sectional study of individuals with thyroid dysfunction.Participants Members of the British Thyroid Foundation.Main outcome measures Two self‐administered questionnaires, tailored for hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients, respectively, and circulated to all members of the British Thyroid Foundation. These questionnaires specifically targeted views on weight and the experiencing of psychological symptoms.Results Twenty‐five per cent of hypothyroid individuals regained normal body weight on adequate treatment with Thyroxine but 75% did not. Only 19% of subjects had received dietary advice from their doctor. Eighty‐seven per cent of hypothyroid individuals felt depressed prediagnosis and 80% remained so on adequate treatment. Thirty‐nine per cent felt weight was a contributing factor. Fifty‐five per cent of thyrotoxic subjects reported a weight problem on or after treatment, 69% exceeding their pretoxic weight. Only 28% had received dietary advice from their doctor.Seventy‐eight per cent of thyrotoxic individuals reported mood problems when the thyroid was over active and of these 77% improved with therapy. Twenty‐three per cent did not. In excess of 60% of individuals had persistent symptoms after treatment. Thirty‐four per cent of these blamed a weight problem.Conclusion Weight is a major concern to the majority of patients with thyroid dysfunction, sometimes contributing to significant mood disturbance. All patients with thyroid dysfunction, particularly if over weight, should receive dietary advice. This must emphasize that thyroid hormone manipulation does not always solve the problem. Furthermore, the associated psychological problems of thyroid disease do not always settle with treatment to euthyroidism and may require therapy in their own right.
Use of ‘light’ foods and drinks in French adults: biological, anthropometric and nutritional correlates
Authors: Bellisle F. , Altenburg de Assis M. A. , Fieux B. , Preziosi P. , Galan P. , Guy‐Grand B. , Hercberg S. 
Published: March 2003

BackgroundA population of over 12 000 mature subjects participated in a longitudinal study (8 years) of nutrition and health (the Su.Vi.Max Study). In this context, a specific cross‐sectional study was carried out in a randomly selected subpopulation.AimTo identify anthropometric, nutritional and biochemical correlates of spontaneous use of ‘light’ foods and drinks in a free‐living population.DesignMen (n=2299) and women (n=1979), 45–60 years, reported their food intakes over six non‐consecutive days. Consumers of low‐fat and low‐sugar foods and drinks, and artificial sweeteners, were compared with non‐consumers.ResultsUsers of low‐sugar products were heavier than non‐users; female consumers of low‐fat products, but not males, had higher body weight and BMI than non‐consumers. Users of low‐sugar products had higher triacylglycerols and glycaemia than non‐users while biochemical parameters were not different in users and non‐users of low‐fat products. Use of low‐sugar products led to increased diet density of a few micronutrients, including cholesterol. Low‐fat product selection was associated with increased intake of most micronutrients, both in absolute value and in density.ConclusionsIn mature adults, selection of fat‐reduced products was associated with improved quality of the diet, while anthropometric and biological parameters appeared less favourable in consumers of low‐sugar products vs. non‐consumers. The longitudinal follow‐up of the cohort in future years will help determine cause‐and‐effect relationships among these parameters.
Framing of nutrition education messages in persuading consumers of the advantages of a healthy diet
Authors: Van Assema P. , Martens M. , Ruiter R. A. C. , Brug J. 
Published: March 2003

BackgroundEducational dietary messages can stress either the positive consequences of performing a recommended dietary behaviour (positive frame) or the negative consequences of not performing a recommended dietary behaviour (negative frame). From studies on other health behaviours, there is evidence that positive frames have a stronger impact in encouraging preventive behaviours than negative frames. The main hypothesis of the present study was therefore that positively framed messages on eating a low‐fat diet and eating enough fruit and vegetables (F & V) are more persuasive than negatively framed messages.MethodsIn a 2 (Frame: positive vs. negative) × 2 (Dietary behaviour: fat vs. F & V) design, 152 adult respondents randomly received one of four messages. Subsequently, they completed a questionnaire measuring cognitive attitude, affective attitude and intention to change the dietary behaviours.ResultsNo significant differences in attitudes and intentions were found between the positive frame conditions and the negative frame conditions.ConclusionsBased on the current study no advice can be given yet to dietitians and other nutrition educators about whether they should emphasize the positive consequences of a dietary change or the negative consequences of not making the dietary change.
Cultural differences in assessing dietary intake and providing relevant dietary information to British African–Caribbean populations
Authors: Sharma S. , Cruickshank J. K. 
Published: March 2003

Diet can play a key role in the management of disorders such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension, conditions highly prevalent in the British African Caribbean population.In this paper, information not previously available is provided on the dietary habits and foods consumed by a British African–Caribbean population representative of the local community. Food frequency questionnaires were obtained from 255 randomly selected subjects in Manchester (78% of Jamaican origin), the nutrient intake results of which are available elsewhere. Here, suggestions are given to ensure that complete and valid dietary assessments (by diet history) are obtained, and the need for the approach to be somewhat different to that used in the White European population, highlighted with examples. Suggestions have also been listed for methods of dietary modification for obesity, diabetes and hypertension, taking into account differences in cultural understanding and food practices. People of Caribbean origin are not from just one territory: food habits and cultural context play an important role in every island, with clear differences between each which persist in first and later generations in Britain. In this paper, we attempt to integrate experience of learning from patients themselves during consultations and from participants in this study, with direct quantitative data on types of foods and their frequency in the local African–Caribbean diet.
Breast‐feeding knowledge and attitudes of teenage mothers in Liverpool
Authors: Dewan N. , Wood L. , Maxwell S. , Cooper C. , Brabin B. 
Published: March 2003

ObjectivesTo determine the knowledge and attitudes of teenage mothers towards breast‐feeding.DesignA questionnaire of teenage (< 20 years) and non‐teenage (≥ 20 years) primigravidae attending the antenatal care services at the Liverpool Women's Hospital, during the period April–May 2000.ResultsForty teenage primigravidae and 40 non‐teenage primigravidae registered for the survey. Teenagers had poorer knowledge about breast‐feeding than the non‐teenagers, and fewer teenagers considered breast milk the best food for their baby. More teenagers than non‐teenagers planned to bottle feed [23 (57.5%) vs. 9 (22.5%), P=0.002]. Only one teenager had knowledge about colostrum. Teenagers were more often single, had a lower level of education, higher unemployment, higher smoking frequency and less contact with a person who had previously breast‐fed.ConclusionTeenage primigravidae have poor knowledge regarding breast‐feeding compared with non‐teenage primigravidae. A greater proportion of teenagers opted not to breast‐feed compared with non‐teenagers. Health education classes stressing the importance of breast‐feeding should be emphasized in antenatal teenage clinics. More research is needed to understand how to improve the knowledge and motivation of adolescent girls to breast feed.
Gluten and casein free diets in autism: a study of the effects on food choice and nutrition
Authors: Cornish E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground  There is growing interest in possible dietary involvement in the aetiology and treatment of Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Research has focused on the physiological and behavioural effects of dietary change but has not examined the effect of exclusion diets on nutritional intake.Aims  The aim of this study was to examine whether the removal of major dietary staples placed children with autism at risk of nutrient deficiency and compares their food choice with ASD children not following gluten and/or casein free diets.Methods  A postal questionnaire was sent to parents of children aged 3–16 years, diagnosed with ASD belonging to the National Autistic Society in Leicestershire and southern Derbyshire. Detailed dietary information and a 3‐day food diary were collected. The sample size was small: those using gluten/casein free diets (n = 8) and those not following diet (n = 29).Results  Nutrient intakes fell below the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI) in 12 children (32%) for zinc, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B12 and riboflavin in the nondiet group and four children (50%) for zinc and calcium in the diet group. Fruit and vegetable intakes were higher and cereal, bread and potato consumption were lower in those children using gluten and/or casein free diets.Conclusion  No significant differences in the energy, protein and micronutrient intakes were found between the two groups of children. A longitudinal prospective study is suggested to examine whether differences in food choice are the result of dietary intervention or the prerequisite for the successful application of diet in this special group of children.
Mental health services for people with intellectual disability: a conceptual framework
Authors: Moss S. , Bouras N. , Holt G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe present paper discusses the application of the ‘matrix model’ to mental health services for people with intellectual disability. There is great variability between the service models in this area, which makes comparisons and conclusions difficult. The present model facilitates the breaking down of these complexities into understandable parts so that future directions for research, service planning and delivery can be logical, coherent and evidence‐based.
Use of the atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine and Risperidone in adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Williams H. , Clarke R. , Bouras N. , Martin J. , Holt G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe present study was designed to monitor the use of atypical antipsychotics in adults with intellectual disability and to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of these drugs. Twenty‐one patients were commenced on an atypical antipsychotic: 12 on Olanzapine and nine on Risperidone. The ICD‐10 diagnoses of the subjects were mild (13 cases) or moderate (8 cases) mental retardation, and psychiatric disorders (17 cases) with significant impairment of behaviour in 10 cases. Tolerability was good for 15 patients experiencing minimum or no side‐effects, and medication was only stopped as a result of side‐effects in one case. Clinical global outcome was rated as minimally improved or better for 16 cases. The present findings suggest that the atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine and Risperidone are well tolerated by patients with intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders, and are broadly effective against target symptoms.
Neuropsychological assessment of patients with severe neuromotor and verbal disabilities
Authors: Sabbadini M. , Bonanni R. , Carlesimo G. A. , Caltagirone C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn people with cerebral palsy, severe neuromotor disability and communication problems make standard neuropsychological tests impossible. Therefore, alternative methods and specific aids must be developed to allow patients to autonomously respond to the examiner's questions. In the present individuals and study, a neuropsychological evaluation was made of a group of eight individuals with cerebral palsy, and severe neuromotor and verbal disabilities, and a group of 19 normal subjects matched for mental age. The tests were administered using an autonomous selection method in which the patient selects the various responses through specific aids without the examiner's interference. Patients' group performances in visuo‐spatial and memory tests were on average lower than the mean of the control group. In the verbal domain, patients' scores were comparable to those of normal children in all tests but one assessing the comprehension of syntactically complex sentences. An analysis of the patients' individual performances also revealed heterogeneous cognitive profiles: some patients presented a homogeneously distributed cognitive impairment and others a more selective one. This finding is particularly important for planning differentiated learning programmes, and identifying suitable communicative instruments in rehabilitative and educational settings.