bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Institutionalist Approaches
Authors: Krasner Stephen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dissatisfied with the Realist account of international cooperation, a number of lnternational Relations scholars have begun to examine the institutional structures within which international cooperation occurs. The rise of this Institutionalist approach can be viewed as a response to Realism that has largely retained certain core Realist assumptions about the significance of power, anarchy, and state-centrism, while seeking to reinvigorate an Idealist appreciation for law, rules, and institutions. The focus of these Institutionalists is broader than formal international organizations but narrower than the structure of the international system.1
The Future Of The Environment
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most important and complex problems facing both developing and industrialized nations is how to sustain economic growth without harming the environment. Faye Duchin and Glenn-Marie Lange address this issue in a practical and realistic way: through a detailed evaluation of the well-known approach to sustainable development outlined in the Brundtland Report, Our Common Future. Taking issue with the Brundtland Report’s optimistic and widely accepted assumptions, the authors show that the positive effects of recycling, increased fuel-efficiency, and other technological adjustments will not go far enough to provide for truly sustainable development in the long term. Through a new, broad-based empirical analysis, they argue that unless there are significant changes in the use of technologies, continued environmental degradation cannot be avoided. They warn that the trend of making only slight adjustments in the use of technologies, while feasible from an economic point of view for industrialized nations, will undoubtedly lead to further environmental damage. In addition to offering a clear and unflinching look at what development is really doing to the global environment, the unique conceptual framework developed for this analysis provides an invaluable basis for analysis for the new, multidisciplinary field of ecological economics. Duchin and Lange describe how this new methodology will enable economists and policy-makers to evaluate our options for the future and choose those that most effectively reduce environmental degradation and achieve sustainable development.
The Case of the Contentious Commissioner
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of the many cases that come before the United States Supreme Court, some are born to fame and some to obscurity. On the historic decision day of May 27, 1935, the Supreme Court delivered three rulings, one of which, concerning some sick chickens, would gain immediate notoriety as one of the most significant opinions in this century. The first of the three decisions, arising from President Roosevelt’s ouster of William E Humphrey from the Federal Trade Commission, was overshadowed by that ruling at the time, and few commentators have accorded it much attention since. Humphrey, so jealous of his reputation, has had the unhappy fate of having gone down in more than one work of history, when history noticed him at all, as “Humphries. “ Yet Humphrey’s Executor v. U. S. raised important questions about the prerogatives of the President and the doctrine of separation of powers, and for Franklin Roosevelt’s ultimate confrontation with the .Supreme Court it had consequences more far-reaching than its humble reputation would suggest.
The Case of the Wenatchee Chambermaid
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When on a spring day in 1935 Elsie Parrish walked into the office of an obscure lawyer in Wenatchee, Washington, to ask him to sue the town’s leading hotel for back pay, she little realized that she was linking her fate to that of exploited women in a Brooklyn laundry a continent away. Still less did she think that she was setting off a series of events that would deeply affect President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s plans for his second term. Least of all did she perceive that she was triggering a constitutional revolution that, even today, remains the most significant chapter in the two centuries of existence of the U. S. Supreme Court. All Elsie knew was that she had been bilked. Late in the summer of 1933, Elsie Lee, a woman of about forty who would soon be Elsie Parrish, had taken a job as a chambermaid at the Cascadian Hotel in Wenatchee, entrepot for a beautiful recreation area reaching from the Columbia valley in Oregon to the Cascades and the country’s foremost apple market. “Apples made Wenatchee and apples maintain it,” noted the WPA Guide to Washington. “It is surrounded by a sea of orchards, covered in spring with a pink foam of blossoms, mile upon mile, filling the valleys and covering the slopes, the air of the town is sweet with the fragrance.” Here, in the land of Winesaps and Jonathans, where “in summer and fall the spicy odor of apples is everywhere, “ Parrish worked irregularly over the next year and a half cleaning toilets and sweeping rugs for an hourly wage of twenty-two cents, later raised to a quarter. When she was discharged in May 1935, she asked for back pay of $216.19, the difference between what she had received and what she would have gotten had she been paid each week the $14.50 minimum mandated for her occupation under state law. The Cascadian, which was owned by the West Coast Hotel Company, offered to settle for $17, but she would not hear of it. Instead, she and her husband Ernest brought suit for what she insisted was due her.
The Stories We Tell
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is difficult to write this sort of book without implying that someone other than women-society, organized religion, men-is imposing these binds. Women have, of course, been party to the process. But the women explicitly advocating women’s rights usually assume that they are part of the solution, not the problem. While in the main I agree, there are times when a reasonable observer would surmise that those who identify with the movement (indeed occasionally in the name of the movement) inflict binds on other women with whom they disagree. They bring into play the bind of silence/shame.
The Classical Gold Standard as an International Monetary Regime
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Economic historians have identified a definitive set of monetary relations among the world’s more advanced nations in the last four decades before World War I. The most commonly used name for this set of relations has been the classical gold standard. As a set of norms around which expectations converged in the issue-area of international monetary relations, the classical gold standard exactly fits the most widely used definition of an international monetary regime. The mainstream literature on regimes, in fact, has not hesitated to call it an international monetary regime. It is the purpose of this chapter to describe the workings of this regime.
British Hegemony under the Gold Standard
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The findings in the previous chapter suggest the regime dynamics of the classical gold standard were fundamentally founded on neither cooperation between national governments nor cooperation among central banks. If the gold standard was not, in terms of origin and stability, a cooperative or negotiated regime, was it an imposed or hegemonic regime (as, in fact, much of the economic historiography on the period says it was)? The idea that international regimes are founded on the efforts of very powerful nations, usually referred to as hegemons, has become a fairly common one in the study of international political economy. The vision is very strongly state-centric in its orientation, in that national governments (rather than subnational actors) are seen as being mobilized in pursuit of goals that conform to some observable national interest. Less commonly, such efforts may emanate from very powerful subnational (e.g., central banks) or transnational (e.g., churches) actors which are attempting to influence international relations in a way that achieves some benevolent or particularistic objectives. Specifically with respect to explaining the origin and perpetuation of the international gold standard, these two visions have fixed upon the British state and the Bank of England as the leaders or managers of the regime. This chapter will assess the extent of hegemony undertaken by the British state, while the next chapter will consider hegemony on the part of the Bank.
The Origin of the Gold Standard
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous three chapters suggest that the regime dynamics of the classical gold standard were founded on neither cooperation nor hegemonic leadership. Both the origin and stability of the gold standard, in fact, resulted from much more diffuse or decentralized processes (i.e., not managed at the international level). The next two chapters attempt to explain the origin and stability of the gold standard, and in doing so analyze these processes. This chapter considers the origin of the gold standard, while the next chapter considers the stability of the gold standard.
Coercion
Authors: Dusinberre William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Robert Allston seemed in some respects a model slave master. He was remarkable among rice planters in personally supervising his properties during the long summer, instead of leaving his bondsmen and women to the uncontrolled dominion of overseers. He was far more successful than Charles Manigault, or most planters, in retaining the services of his overseers for years at a time, instead of subjecting his slaves to a constantly changing regime. The number of whippings his slaves endured was probably less than average, and the houses he furnished them were certainly less small than the norm. He granted six days of holiday at Christmas when a three-day break was usual in the rice kingdom, and he was assiduous in devising incentive plans which might seem to have attenuated the starkness of bondage. Yet the slaves hated his regime. Allston was proud of imposing on them an overseer whom he knew they detested, and a famous Swedish visitor sensed that the slaves’ detestation was not directed only at the overseer. The slaves’ feelings became crystal clear during the turbulent early weeks of 1865, when the Northern army ended slavery on the Pee Dee. Allston was a strict disciplinarian, demanding implicit obedience from his chattels. As early as 1837 his backing a deeply unpopular overseer had almost caused a rupture between him and his sister-in-law-averted only by her capitulating to his furious ultimatum; and he never changed his ways. His overbearing manner toward even his wife disturbed her, and his peremptory conduct surely anguished his slaves as well. Velvet gloves there may sometimes have been, but Allston’s grip was iron.
The Pursuit Of Neutrality
Authors: Smith Steven D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most pervasive theme in modern judicial and academic discourse on the subject of religious freedom is “neutrality.” The Supreme Court has repeatedly insisted that government must be neutral both among religions and between religion and non religion. Scholars have offered myriad explications of the ideal of religious neutrality. Phillip Johnson’s observation exaggerates only slightly in describing the breadth of the consensus: “That in some sense the federal government and the states ought to be ‘neutral’ in religious matters is undisputed.” Without actually using the term, the preceding chapter has already discussed both the necessity and the futility of this quest for neutrality. The aspiration to neutrality can be understood as an effort to avoid or transcend the kind of theorizing that adopts or prefers in advance one of the competing religious or secular positions within a community and then allows other positions only as much freedom as the preferred position prescribes. As discussed, it is questionable whether this kind of preferred position theory can properly be regarded as a theory of “religious freedom” at all. Thus, neutrality is not merely one major theme among others, or one attractive theoretical option, but rather an essential theoretical requirement. A genuine theory of religious freedom, by this view, would of necessity be a “neutral” theory in the sense that it would not begin by adopting or favoring one of the competing religious or secular positions. Unfortunately, since every theory of religious freedom depends on background beliefs that will be derived from and compatible with one or some of those positions but not others, this sort of neutral theory also appears to be unattainable.
Ceiling Effects in Practice
Authors: Kay Fiona , Hagan John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The large firms, and the legal profession in general, remain very hierarchical and in order to advance, junior lawyers have to learn and play by the ‘rules. ‘ The problem for women is that the rules are not yet established. However, one thing is certain, young women can t expect to succeed by following the same rules as are appropriate and time-tested for male lawyers. In the sense that their path to success in the profession is more difficult to plan and predict, female lawyers do not yet enjoy equal opportunities and may suffer from a form of discrimination which is not overt but is built into the system.
A Contested Profession
Authors: Kay Fiona , Hagan John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While it seemed that in the late 1980s it was fashionable, and professionally correct, to work as much as possible and to always ensure that everybody knew about it, young lawyers are starting to think, and say, “This is ridiculous!” ... It will be interesting to see if the tension between law firm managements desire to grind out the dollars and the growing desire for fundamental change on the part of younger lawyers and women will be resolved in a way that enhances the professional lives of lawyers. People are no longer satisfied with sacrificing their families and their personal lives for the good of organizations who do not understand that professional fulfillment is not found in twelve-hour, six-day work weeks. However, a recession will limit opportunities for change And, in the end you have to pay your mortgage.
Sierra Leone and Haiti: Emancipation as an Experimental Science
Authors: Drescher Seymour 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If principles of race, economics, and demography all provided ambiguous and contentious guides to the problem of overseas slavery, another current of late eighteenth-century culture, experimentalism, seemed to promise an alternative means of closing the gap between the expanding slave world of the Americas and the civic ideal of European liberty. Although the ideological and political development of abolitionism has been most closely linked to the rationalist philosophy and religious revivals of the late eighteenth century, the political debate over slavery was tied from the outset to the rising prestige of experimental science.
Harlem Renaissance: The Urban Setting
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Harlem became a black section of New York in the early years of the 1914-18 war. To most Afro-Americans Harlem came to symbolize a new age of urbanity and sophistication for blacks in America. Of course, blacks produced works of art elsewhere in the United States, but Harlem put its stamp on the movement because it seemed to represent all that was most advanced in thought and culture. Naturally, the writings of the Renaissance had a strong urban flavor. In 1925 Alain Locke, a professor of philosophy at Howard University, brought out a collection of essays, stories, and poetry called The New Negro. His introductory essay served to redefine the “New Negro” in cultural terms, almost ignoring the political emphasis of a decade earlier. It is fair to say that the Harlem Renaissance began with the publication of this volume. James Weldon Johnson actually witnessed the transformation of Harlem from a white to a black section of Manhattan. His description of blacks in New York City in the years around World War I remains the most lucid, and his Black Manhattan suggests the optimism one could feel about Harlem as late as 1930.
Testimonies: Deserving Of Faith
Authors: Matsuda Matt K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The case was dismissed-declared a “non-lieu”-by the judge. The archives remember them, a man and a little girl, in a dusty file from the Ministry of Justice. This one is titled “L’Affaire Cayotte, 1908. m It contains prosecutor’s reports, scrawled notes from inspectors, yellowed newspaper clippings marked with orange wax pencil. Cayotte was a public school instructor at Francheville and he had been at his work for twenty two years when his prosecution began. He was married and had a son studying medicine at Nancy. His conduct, according to the investigator’s reports, had always been “irreproachable.” A clipping from La Republique of September 19, 1908, relates what happened that year. “The odious news was carried by word of mouth: the teacher had called in and raped a young girl ... the anger of the teacher’s enemies knew no limits. Numerous ‘witnesses’ paraded into the chambers of the investigating judge. With a word, the magistrate confounded each of them ... the clericals responded in their own fashion.” The prosecutor’s report details the accusation: “22 April 1908. Having lifted the skirts of the young girl, he would have touched her sexual organs with his hand, and have sent her off after a half-hour, recommending to her not to say anything, and threatening her.
Whole-Organism Baroreflexes
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the classic analysis of baroreceptor reflexes, the idea was to examine circulatory and neural responses emanating from an isolated receptor zone in anesthetized animals, for example, from the carotid sinus baroreceptors (Heymans and Neil, 1958; Angell-James and Daly, 1970; Linden, 1973; Paintal, 1973; Mancia et al., 1976; Abboud and Thames, 1983; Daly, 1986). Much of the current understanding of regulation of the ANS is based on experiments of this type. However, accumulating data about the responses of individual reflexes and trying to resynthesize the behavior of the intact organism has proved virtually impossible.
Normotensive and Hypertensive Obesity
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased over the last 50 years throughout the world, probably in response to greater affluence in many countries and a corresponding reduction in physical activity. There is talk of an obesity pandemic (Hill et al., 2003; Kopelman, 2000). In obese persons, there is a high probability of developing non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, type 2 diabetes) together with coronary artery disease and EH. The combination of obesity, NIDDM, atherosclerosis, and EH is collectively known as syndrome X (Reaven, 1988, 1991, 1995). The reason for the association between obesity and EH is uncertain, and quite often one develops without the other.
Introduction
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte , Selwyn Pamela E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Legend has it that in France the eighteenth century was the century of women, and the facts would seem to substantiate this view. The intellectual elite met in salons led by women; the important thinkers of the age corresponded and discussed their ideas with women. A number of women took up writing themselves, producing scientific tracts, translations, novels, or pedagogical programs. Women such as Madame du Chatelet, Madame de Graffigny, Madame Riccoboni, Madame de Lambert, Julie de Lespinasse, and Madame de Genlis-to name only a few-represent this development. It was this integration of women into intellectual life which, a century later, moved the Goncourt brothers to devote a celebrated study to the women of the eighteenth century, in which they concluded that woman had been the governing principle of the age, a topos which has persisted virtually unbroken to this day.
Dividing the Human Race: The Anthropologi,cal Definition of Woman in the Encyclopédie
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte , Selwyn Pamela E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Diderot and d’ Alembert’s Encyclopédie1 represents an ambitious attempt to collect and make available in systematic form the sum of eighteenth century knowledge. Anthropology has a central place within this system. A closer look, however, reveals that the definitions it offers of what is “human” apply only to the male half of humanity. This statement may seem merely to repeat a well-known fact, but does this mean that from its very inception the new “science of man” excluded woman as an object of knowledge? In the following chapter I would like to discover whether and how woman became a topic apart, and what function she served within the system of Enlightenment anthropology.
The Politics Of Ethics
Authors: Nielsen Richard P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Can ethical character be stimulated and enabled? Cognitive understanding of organizational ethics issues is important and necessary, but not sufficient. Ethical behaviour does not emerge automatically. Effective political method is necessary. While it may be difficult to teach ethical character, nonetheless, skill development with respect to joined ethics understanding and action-learning methods can help us develop the skills and confidence we need to actualize our ethical characters and social concerns. An action-learning approach to organizational ethics can help stimulate and enable ethical character.
The Bone Marrow Biopsy
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The bone marrow core biopsy has emerged as an integral part of the evaluation of the hematologic patient (McFarland and Dameshek, 1958, Ellis et al, 1964). Bone marrow core biopsy is informative of details of marrow architecture and cellularity that are lost in the marrow aspirate smear. Bone marrow core biopsy is of particular value in the recognition of tumors and infiltrative processes involving the marrow, and is an indispensable tool for the staging of lymphomas and other malignant tumors with a significant incidence of marrow involvement. The Jamshidi-Swain bone marrow biopsy needle, introduced in 1971, represented a significant improvement over the previously utilized Vim-Silverman and Westerman-Jensen biopsy needles (Jamshidi and Swain, 1971). The ease of use and high quality of specimen obtained with the Jamshidi needle has contributed to the widespread acceptance of marrow biopsy as part of routine evaluation of the hematologic patient and routine staging of the cancer patient. The relative merits of bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow core biopsy are complementary. Bone marrow aspiration provides excellent cytologic detail; however, marrow architecture is lost. Bone marrow core biopsy provides (arguably in the case of plastic embedding) less cytologic detail, but architecture is preserved. In general, bone marrow biopsy is most useful when tumor or infiltrative disease of the marrow is suspected, whereas bone marrow aspiration is most useful for detailed cytologic evaluation of hematopoiesis. Complete hematologic evaluation therefore should include both bone marrow aspiration and marrow core biopsy. Routine tumor staging can usually be accomplished by marrow core biopsy alone.