bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic testing in maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY): a new challenge for the diabetic clinic
Authors: Shepherd M. , Sparkes A.C. , Hattersley A.T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe identification of five genes that can cause maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) means diagnostic and predictive genetic testing is now possible in 80% of MODY families. It is proposed that these recent classifications of diabetes ‘genetic disorders of beta cell function’ are recognised as separate disorders. Diagnostic genetic tests in those with diabetes will define the subtype, which has specific implications for treatment. In non‐diabetic family members predictive tests can be used to test whether the mutated gene has been inherited, indicating >90% chance of developing diabetes.This article reviews the genetics of MODY and experiences of genetic testing in diabetes to date and considers what can be learnt from genetic testing in other diseases. Experience from MODY and other conditions suggests that personal perception of the illness and lay beliefs about inheritance are important. Discussion of priorities within genetic counselling and motivation for testing are also crucial when communicating genetic information.Understanding perceptions of genetic information in diabetes and the implications of genetic testing in MODY is a challenge for the 21st century. This will provide insights into how to communicate effectively about genetic testing in diabetes. Genetic testing will be more widely used in the near future as the technology for testing becomes cheaper and easier and other monogenic subtypes of type 2 diabetes are defined. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gangrene – but not due to diabetic vascular disease
Authors: Gandhi RA , Ibrahim BA , Campbell IW , Nawroz I 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA 52 year old diabetic female with obstructive jaundice due to cholangiocarcinoma developed recurrent deep venous thrombosis and venous gangrene (phlegmasia caerulia dolens). Carcinomatosis is the usual underlying cause of this rare form of gangrene and has a high mortality. It is important to remember that diabetic subjects can develop ‘non‐diabetic’ gangrene, and other causes should be considered depending upon the clinical presentation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug or symptom‐induced depression in men treated with alpha1‐blockers for benign prostatic hyperplasia? A nested case–control study
Authors: Clifford Gary M. , Farmer Richard D. T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeRegulatory authorities have raised concern that α1‐blockers, prescribed predominantly for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), may be associated with an increased risk of depression. The aim was to assess the risk of depression with α1‐blockers independently of that associated with symptoms being treated and concurrent illness.MethodsUsing a study population registered on the UK General Practice Research Database, and taking a prescription for an antidepressant as a proxy for clinical depression, we performed: (a) cohort analyses comparing the incidence of depression in current users of α1‐blockers versus non‐users, and in men with BPH versus those without. (b) A nested case–control analysis looking at the association between depression and α1‐blocker exposure, accounting for the presence of BPH and other illness.ResultsIn the cohort analyses, risk of depression was significantly higher in men with BPH compared to those without (IRR 2.17, 2.12–2.22), but was not significantly different for men exposed to α1‐blockers versus those unexposed when adjusted for the presence of BPH. Cases of depression were more likely to have pre‐existing BPH (crude OR 2.09, 2.02–2.15) than controls. After adjusting for concurrent illness (using number of GP visits as a proxy) and the presence of BPH (adjusted OR 1.38, 1.33–1.43), there was no association with depression for exposure to any α1‐blocker (adjusted OR 1.03, 0.90–1.18).ConclusionsThis study did not suggest that the prescribing of α1‐blockers increases the risk of being depressed. The association highlighted by spontaneous reporting systems appears to be explained by confounding by concurrent disease. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal properties of processable polyaniline with novel sulfonic acid dopants
Authors: Paul Raji K , Pillai C K S 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThermal properties of melt processable polyaniline (PANI) synthesized by doping with functionalised novel sulfonic acid dopants have been investigated. Doping of PANI was carried out by using the dopants derived from an inexpensive naturally existing biomonomer, cardanol: sulfonic acid of 3‐pentadecylphenol, sulfonic acid of 3‐pentadecylanisole and sulfonic acid of 3‐pentadecylphenoxyacetic acid. These dopants act as very good plasticizing cum protonating agents for PANI. Doping was carried out either by mechanical mixing of emeraldine base and the dopant or by an in situ doping emulsion polymerization of aniline. Highly conducting free‐standing flexible films of protonated PANI could be prepared by a hot pressing method at different temperatures. The thermal stability and thermal reactions of these protonated PANI were followed by conductivity measurements at different temperatures, wide angle X‐ray diffraction measurements, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning colorimetry analysis.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Blends of maleic‐anhydride‐grafted polyethylene with polyethylene for improved cathodic disbondment performance
Authors: Roy Debashis , Simon George P , Forsyth Maria 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBuried metal structures such as pipes are usually protected by a coating, often in conjunction with cathodic protection (CP). Whilst this minimizes corrosion, it can also lead to the loss of adhesion between the protective coating and metal structure by a phenomenon called cathodic disbondment (CD). In this study, various medium‐density polyethylene (MDPE) compositions with maleic‐anhydride‐grafted‐polyethylene (MAH‐g‐PE) have been formulated to investigate the effect on CD performance, as well as both wet and dry bond strength. The results indicate an improvement in both CD performance and bond strength for all compositions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and pressure‐volume‐temperature (PVT) experiments are used to characterize the polymer formulations developed and to aid in the understanding of the reasons for such improvement. Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDXS) has been used to obtain surface analysis data on disbonded materials in order to evaluate the failure mode during the CD process. It is found that there may be an optimum loading of the polar functional groups in MDPE necessary for the best CD performance, and that wet adhesion strength (rather than dry) is an important parameter to assess and understand the CD performance of coatings.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Processing characteristics of poly(ethylene terephthalate): hydrolytic and thermal degradation
Authors: Al‐AbdulRazzak Sami , Jabarin Saleh A 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) resin moisture content and temperature exposure have been investigated in terms of material changes resulting from the injection moulding process. Two resins with initial carboxyl contents of 10 µeq/g PET and 20 µeq/g PET have been analysed. Preforms processed at different resin moisture contents and processing temperatures of 280, 290 and 300 °C were evaluated in terms of carboxyl end‐group concentration using a titration method. Intrinsic viscosities of the performs were also measured by solution viscosity. Mathematical models describing the relationships of carboxyl end‐group concentration and intrinsic viscosity to the processing conditions were generated from the experimental data. Carboxyl end‐groups formed were compared for both resins and shown to be dependent on initial carboxyl content in the resin. Reducing the initial carboxyl content in the resin has been shown to increase its hydrolytic stability. The hydrolytic effect on the overall molecular weight drop was separated from the thermal/thermal‐oxidative degradation and shown to be dependent on both the processing temperature and the resin moisture content.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Design optimization for higher stabilized efficiency and reduced light‐induced degradation in boron‐doped Czochralski silicon solar cells
Authors: Damiani B. , Ristow A. , Ebong A. , Rohatgi A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTraditional boron‐doped Czochralski‐grown Si solar cells are known to suffer from light‐induced degradation (LID). By replacing B with Ga as the dopant in the Cz melt or by reducing the oxygen content by implementing the magnetic‐Cz (MCz) growth technique, not only can LID be eliminated, but also higher efficiency manufacturable screen‐printed cells can be achieved. The use of thinner wafers for cell fabrication can significantly reduce the impact of LID on conventional boron‐doped Cz cells. Knowledge of the degraded cell parameters can be used to determine the optimal thickness for the highest stabilized efficiency. A methodology is developed to maximize the stabilized efficiency after LID by using thinner wafers. A combination of device modeling and experimental data is used to demonstrate that, for traditional B‐doped Cz Si, which degraded from 75 to 20 μs, the optimum cell thickness is in the range of 150–190 μm for a back‐surface recombination velocity of ∼104cm/s. This cell design reduces the material cost and the absolute efficiency degradation from 0.75% (375 μm device) to 0.24% (157 μm device) and gives the highest stabilized Cz cell efficiency. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral mismatch correction and spectrometric characterization of monolithic III–V multi‐junction solar cells
Authors: Meusel M. , Adelhelm R. , Dimroth F. , Bett A.W. , Warta W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIII–V monolithic multi‐junction (MJ) solar cells reach efficiencies exceeding 30% (AM 1.5 global) and have applications in space and in terrestrial concentrator systems. The subcells of monolithic MJ cells are not accessible separately, which presents a challenge to measurement systems and procedures. A mathematical approach is presented which enables a fast way of spectral mismatch correction for MJ cells, thereby significantly reducing the time required for calibration. Moreover, a systematic investigation of theI–Vparameters of a MJ solar cell with variation of the incident spectrum is possible, herein called ‘spectrometric characterization’. This analysis method visualizes the effects of current limitation and shifting of the operating voltage, and yields precise information about the current‐matching of the subcells. MJ cells can hereby be compared without the need to match the current of the structures to a reference spectrum in advance. Further applications of the spectrometric characterization are suggested, such as for the determination of the radiation response of the subcells of MJ space solar cells or for the prediction of the annual power output of terrestrial MJ concentrator cells. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Another look at the “C” in CBM: Does it really matter if curriculum‐based measurement reading probes are curriculum‐based?
Authors: Powell‐Smith Kelly A. , Bradley‐Klug Kathy L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study investigated differences between two types of reading probe material to monitor students' oral reading fluency over time. Thirty‐six second‐grade students participated in this study. Twice each week for 5 weeks, participants read two passages from each of two sources. One source was the curriculum in which the child was being instructed at school, and the second source was the “Tests of Reading Fluency,” a set of generic (curriculum‐independent) passages. Standardized curriculum‐based measurement administration and scoring procedures were used. Level and rate of improvement (slope) of oral reading fluency were the dependent measures. Level and slope data were analyzed using two, two‐tailed t‐tests. Also, readability of passages was calculated using two readability formulas. Correlational analyses were used to examine the relation between the readability and reading fluency. Correlations among readability and words read correct were not significant. Results of the analyses examining level and slope indicated that students read significantly more words correct in the generic reading passages than in the curriculum‐based passages. However, rate of progress was not significantly different. These results suggest that practitioners could use either set of passages to gauge students' reading progress over time. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Well‐defined glycopolymer amphiphiles for liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide applications
Authors: Ye Weijun , Wells Sharon , DeSimone Joseph M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWell‐defined D‐glucose‐containing glycopolymers, poly(3‐O‐methacryloyl‐1,2 : 5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐D‐glucofuranose) (PMAIpGlc), and diblock copolymers of PMAIpGlc with poly(1,1‐dihydroperfluorooctyl methacrylate) (PFOMA) were synthesized by living anionic polymerization in THF at −78 °C with 1,1‐diphenylhexyllithium in the presence of lithium chloride. The resulting polymers were found to possess predictable molecular weights and very narrow molecular weight distributions (MWD, Mw/Mn ≤ 1.16). Removal of the acetal protective groups from the protected glycopolymer block copolymer was carried out using 90% trifluoroacetic acid at room temperature, yielding a hydrophilic block copolymer with pendant glucose moieties. Both protected (lipophilic/CO2‐philic) and deprotected (hydrophilic/CO2‐philic) fluorocopolymers were proved to be CO2 amphiphiles. Their solubility in CO2 was heavily influenced by the amphiphilic structure, such as the copolymer compositions and the polarities of sugar block. Light‐scattering studies showed that, after removal of the protective groups, the deprotected block copolymer formed aggregate structures in liquid CO2 with an average micellar size of 27 nm. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3841–3849, 2001
Synthesis and characterization of poly(arylene ether)s derived from 4,4′‐bishydroxybiphenyl and 4,4′‐bishydroxyterphenyl
Authors: Salunke Arun Kashinath , Madhra Mukesh Kumar , Sharma Mamta , Banerjee Susanta 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA series of poly(arylene ether)s were successfully prepared by aromatic, nucleophilic substitution reactions with various perfluoroalkyl‐activated bisfluoromonomers with 4,4′‐bishydroxybiphenyl and 4,4′‐bishydroxyterphenyl. 4,4′‐Bishydroxyterphenyl was synthesized through the Grignard coupling reaction of magnesium salt of 4‐bromoanisole with dibromobenzene followed by demethylation with pyridine–hydrochloride. The products obtained by the displacement of fluorine atoms exhibited good inherent viscosity, up to 0.77 dL/g, and number‐average molecular weights up to 69,300. These poly(arylene ether)s showed very good thermal stability, up to 548 °C for 5% weight loss according to thermogravimetric analysis under synthetic air, and high glass‐transition temperatures, up to 259 °C according to differential scanning calorimetry, depending on the exact repeat unit structure. These polymers were soluble in a wide range of organic solvents, such as N‐methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, and CHCl3, and were insoluble in dimethyl sulfoxide and acetone. Thin films of these poly(arylene ether)s showed good transparency and exhibited tensile strengths up to 132 MPa, moduli up to 3.34 GPa, and elongations at break up to 84%, depending on their exact repeating unit structures. These values are comparable to those of high‐performance thermoplastic materials such as poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and Ultem poly(ether imide) (PEI). These poly(arylene ether)s exhibited low dielectric constants. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 55–69, 2002
Thermotropic liquid‐crystalline poly(oxadiazole)s with poly(methylene) spacers: Preparation and extraordinary odd–even effect
Authors: Tsai Cheng‐Jang , Chen Yun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel synthetic procedure for the preparation of poly(oxadiazole)s was developed with nucleophilic substitution of α,ω‐alkanediols with oxadiazole‐activated bisfluoride. Seven poly(oxadiazole)s were successfully prepared by the solution polymerization of 2,5‐bis(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole and various α,ω‐alkanediols [HO(CH2)nOH, n = 5–10 or 12] in diphenyl sulfone at temperature greater than 230 °C with K2CO3 as a catalyst. The reduced viscosities of the poly(oxadiazole)s were 0.14–0.51 dL/g, and the decomposition temperatures were greater than 350 °C and decreased from 436 to 379 °C with increasing spacer length (n). Corresponding model compounds, consisting of two terminal mesogenic 2,5‐bisphenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole units and central poly(methylene) spacers, were also prepared for comparison. Both the polymers and model compounds exhibited an extraordinary odd–even effect: odd ones showed higher transition temperatures (melting and clearing temperatures). With differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy (POM), and X‐ray diffraction, we found that the nematic mesophase was the only texture in the melts except for the polymers with longer methylene units (n = 9), in which smectic mesophases were observed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 293–301, 2002
Synthesis and characterization of monomers and polymers for adhesives from methyl oleate
Authors: Bunker Shana P. , Wool Richard P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe focus of this work is to synthesize a monomer from a fatty acid methyl ester capable of forming high molecular weight polymers. The mono‐unsaturation in the starting material, methyl oleate, was first epoxidized using a peroxy acid. This intermediate material was further modified using acrylic acid. The acrylated molecule is able to participate in free‐radical polymerization reactions to form high molecular weight polymers. The rate of polymerization was low because of the long aliphatic structure of the monomer. It is hypothesized that the polymerization reaction occurred in the interface between the particle and water, thereby slowing down the reaction. After 18 h of reaction, a monomer conversion of approximately 91% was achieved. A maximum weight‐average molecular weight of approximately 106 g/mol was observed after 14 h of reaction. At early reaction times linear polymers were formed. However, as the reaction time increased, the amount of branching that occurred on the polymer molecule increased, as indicated by gel permeation chromatography and light scattering. This has been attributed to chain transfer to polymer via hydrogen abstraction from a tertiary backbone C–H bond. The resulting polymer may be of considerable interest for pressure‐sensitive adhesive applications. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 451–458, 2002; DOI 10.1002/pola.10130
Ruthenium‐catalyzed fast living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate: The RCl/Ru(Ind)Cl(PPh3)2/n‐Bu2NH initiating system
Authors: Hamasaki Shinya , Sawauchi Chie , Kamigaito Masami , Sawamoto Mitsuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA fast living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) proceeded with the (MMA)2Cl/Ru(Ind)Cl(PPh3)2 initiating system in the presence of n‐Bu2NH as an additive [where (MMA)2Cl is dimethyl 2‐chloro‐2,4,4‐trimethyl glutarate]. The polymerization reached 94% conversion in 5 h to give polymers with controlled number‐average molecular weights (Mn's) in direct proportion to the monomer conversion and narrow molecular weight distributions [MWDs; weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight (Mw/Mn) ≤ 1.2]. A poly(methyl methacrylate) with a high molecular weight (Mn ∼ 105) and narrow MWD (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.2) was obtained with the system within 10 h. A similarly fast but slightly slower living radical polymerization was possible with n‐Bu3N, whereas n‐BuNH2 resulted in a very fast (93% conversion in 2.5 h) and uncontrolled polymerization. These added amines increased the catalytic activity through some interaction such as coordination to the ruthenium center. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 617–623, 2002; DOI 10.1002/pola.10148
Mechanism of coupling reactions of polystyryllithium with dihalomethanes
Authors: Tillman Eric S. , Hogen‐Esch Thieo E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report here an in‐depth analysis of the reaction mechanisms involved in the formation of polymer dimers formed by the coupling of polystyryllithium (PSLi) with dichloromethane (DCM), dibromomethane (DBM), and diiodomethane (DIM) in tetrahydrofuran at −78 °C. The DBM‐mediated reactions give a high degree of coupling but generate 1,2‐diphenyl linkages in addition to the expected 1,3‐diphenyl linkages and small amounts of β‐substituted styrenic end groups that are detectable by fluorescence measurements. This is consistent with the formation of bromobenzyl end groups by lithium–bromine exchange and PSLi‐mediated elimination. The formation of α‐substituted styrenic end groups by conventional displacement and elimination is also possible. Although reactions of PSLi with DCM show no coupling at all, DIM is a much better coupling agent than DBM, significantly suppressing side reactions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1081–1091, 2002
Synthesis and electrical properties of polyacetylene derivatives
Authors: Jin Sung‐Ho , Jin Jung‐Ei , Moon Seong‐Bae , Lee Hyung‐Jong , Gal Yeong‐Soon , Kim Hyun‐Don , Kim Sung‐Hyun , Kim Sung‐Hoon , Koh Kwangnak 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCyclopolymerization of 1,6‐heptadiyne derivatives containing the bulky substitutents was carried out by metathesis catalyst systems. The catalytic activity of molybdenum (V) chloride (MoCl5) in homopolymerization is greater than that of the MoCl5‐cocatalyst system, and copolymerization is vice versa in catalytic activity. Newly synthesized homo‐ and copolymers were soluble in common organic solvents and could afford thin film by solution‐casting onto the indium–tin oxide coated glass substrate. The NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic, and UV–visible spectra indicated that these polymers have a linear conjugated cyclic polyene structure having a bulky substitutent as a pendant group. The number‐average molecular weight of these polymers was in the range of 2.4–6.27 × 103. The copolymers exhibited a relatively higher molecular weight than that of the homopolymers. The copolymers were stable up to 380 °C. The electrical conductivities of the I2‐doped copolymer thin film by the four‐point probe method and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy were about 500 and 600 S/cm, respectively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 958–964, 2002
Positron annihilation studies of poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) gel in mixed solvents
Authors: Acharya Anjali , Goswami A. , Pujari P. K. , Sabharwal S. , Manohar S. B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPositron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy was used to characterize the reentrant volume‐phase‐transition behavior of poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) hydrogel in an ethanol/water mixed solvent. The polymer gel was synthesized with γ irradiation. The ortho‐positronium lifetime (τ3) in the gel slowly increased with an increase in the ethanol content in the mixed solvent. τ3 was not influenced by the volume phase transition. The ortho‐positronium intensity decreased with the collapse of the gel in an approximately 10% ethanol/water mixture. When swelled in pure ethanol, τ3 initially increased with the solvent amount in the gel, showing the destruction of intramolecular hydrogen bonding and the relaxation of polymer chains. The lower critical solution temperature of the gel in the 10% ethanol/water mixture was lower than that in pure water, and τ3 for various solvent contents showed behavior similar to that seen in pure solvent. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1028–1036, 2002