bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brentano’s Chestnuts
Authors: Walsh D M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider two puzzles for philosophical naturalism: Paley’s problem and Brentano’s problem. The first is that of explaining the biological phenomenon of adaptedness: how can a trait of an organism be an adaptation for dealing with some state of the environment. The second is that of explaining the psychological phenomenon of intentionality: how can a state of an agent be about some (putative) feature of the environment. There are evident similarities: each of these phenomena, adaptedness and aboutness, involves a norm-governed relation between an individual—organism or agent—and its environment. Indeed, there is growing interest in the view that these are not so much two distinct problems as one and as such they have the same solution.
Is the World One?’ A New Interpretation of Plato’s Parmenides
Authors: Brisson Luc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OF all Plato’s dialogues, the Parmenides remains the most fascinating and the most controversial. This twofold characteristic has a lengthy tradition, reaching back to the birth of Neoplatonism, which replaced the Middle Platonist dialogue of reference, the Timaeus, with its own, the Parmenides. From the third century AD on, this dialogue became the laboratory for the production of a new interpretation of Plato. The reading of the Parmenides which is proposed in this paper breaks with the grand tradition that sees the second part of the dialogue as a description of the degrees of being, which flow like divinities from the One. Paradoxically, my rejection of this interpretation is the result of prolonged study of Proclus and Damascius, whose exegetical skills I came to admire; the subtlety and scope of their arguments justify the influence they have had in the history of ‘Western thought, particularly through authors such as Marsilio Ficino. The present reading also eschews a formal interpretation, already evident in antiquity, that considers the Parmenides an exercise in logic, aimed at refuting Zeno in his own field, and providing an example of Platonic logic.
Diffusional Phenomena in Phonology
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost any aspect of phonological structure can be borrowed—this covers not only sounds, but also types of phonological contrasts and phonotactic restrictions, as well as allophonic variation, i.e. habits of pronunciation. The loss of contrast could be areally diffused, such as loss of vowel length or aspiration (see Dixon 2002: chap. 12, for discussion of phonological diffusion operating in Australian languages). Phonological diffusion can operate in the domain of individual sounds, and also in the domain of larger units—such as phonological word, phonological phrase, and clause.
The Impact of Portuguese on Tariana
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most Tariana speakers have a good command of Portuguese. Portuguese words are regularly employed when talking about matters relating to ‘the white man’s’ environment. Most schooling is in Portuguese (a little Tucano is taught at a sec-ondary college in the mission centre). Switching to Portuguese, the ‘white man’s language’, is obligatory in all the environments associated with ‘white people’: schools, church services, sports and games, hospital and commercial activities (see Silva 1999, on the expansion of Western-style football in the Vaup,es environment and the competitive spirit that goes with it; cf. also Schmidt 1987: 203, on the high frequency of forms from Standard Fijian instead of from the local dialect in the special speech style used during netball games in a Fijian village, since this sport was acquired through the school system). All written communication between lit-erate Indians is in Portuguese. Radio communication is also in Portuguese. Many Tariana who live in IauaretCe have access to national television programmes—all in Portuguese. Recently, a telephone has been installed; again, Portuguese is the preferred language. This indicates the presence of ‘a functional differentiation’ of existing languages, known as diglossia (see Ferguson 1964; and Schiffrin 1998). The conditions under which Tariana–Portuguese code-switching occurs are discussed in §8.2, together with pejorative connotations of ‘overusing’ Portuguese and thus ‘showing off’ one’s knowledge of it. The relationship between Tariana and Portuguese can be described as a case of diglossia. This is markedly different from the relationship between Tariana and other indigenous languages—Baniwa or East Tucanoan—which are spoken in the same context.
Diffusion of Patterns and Direct Diffusion in the Vaup’es
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that the diffusion of patterns (indirect diffusion) from the East Tucanoan languages into Tariana resulted in a massive restructuring of the Tariana grammar to match East Tucanoan-type patterns. Conventions regulating code-switching work against an influx of borrowed forms. Additional mechanisms of language awareness help control the East Tucanoan influence at all levels of linguistic structure. As a result, the amount of direct diffusion—loan morphemes—is minimal. Its effects are summarized in §10.1. East Tucanoan influence on the structure of the Tariana lexicon and lexical semantics is discussed in §10.2.
Some Problems in Anatolian Phonology and Etymology
Authors: Hart Gillian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are several Hittite words which appear to have cognates in Cuneiform Luwian and sometimes other Anatolian languages as well, which are written with syllabic signs of the #Ŝ-series in Hittite and the d- or t-series in Luwian. Such apparent correspondences are found both in initial and internal position. They are not regular in the sense that inherited *snormally yields sboth in Hittite and Luwian, and inherited dental plosives likewise appear as dental plosives in both languages. Another source of &lt;s&gt; in Hittite is found in the assibilation of initial *diand *dyto #Ŝi.
Old Welsh Dinacat , Cunedag , Tutagual: Fossilized Phonology in Brittonic Personal Names
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That personal names can preserve phonological patterns which have long since vanished in lexical items is a familiar phenomenon. Anna Morpurgo Davies has herself commented upon this in a discussion of Greek personal names: in a literate society (or for that matter in a society which is rich in oral poetic performances) older forms of words may be recorded in writing or in the poetic tradition. In the case of names, the incentive to resurrect them or to continue them in the original form may be stronger than for other lexical items. (Morpurgo Davies 2000: 23)
Promising Perspective or Dead End? The Issue of Metrical Passages in the Old Persian Inscriptions
Authors: Schmitt Rügdier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1928 several scholars have put forward the theory that the Achaemenid royal inscriptions in the Old Persian language, or at least parts of them, are written in verse. The first to claim this was Johannes Friedrich (1928) who posited a metrical structure such as that assumed for the Younger Avestan texts by Johannes Hertel (1927), viz. verses of eight, ten, or twelve syllables. Friedrich had a predecessor, however, in Paul Tedesco (1923: 44), who regarded the (obviously inherited) phrase avam ubrtam abaram‘him I treated well’ (DB I 21–2 etc.)
The Celtic Studies of Lorenzo Hervás’s in the Context of the Linguistics of his Time
Authors: Hoz Javier de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anna Morpurgo Davies already underlined in her first, and important, contribution to linguistic historiography that Hervás’s work needed more attention than it had received (Morpurgo Davies 1975: 616, 618). Since then some work has been done but not in proportion to what the increasing interest in linguistic historiography might lead one to expect. The present small contribution excuses its scantiness as being at least some attempt to respond to Anna’s wish.
Intellectual Autobiography
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was born in 1934 and my first lessons, aged 4, in 1938 were with my English grandmother, May Monkhouse, in our Oxford home. She told me of the Greeks and Romans, and put to me philosophical questions. ‘What are you thinking about?’, she once asked me. ‘Nothing’, I replied. ‘It is impossible to think of nothing’, she said sternly. Next time I said, ‘Something black’, which seemed to me positive enough to avoid the rebuke, but close enough to ‘Nothing’ to preserve the truth.
How to Engage Reason: The Problem of Regress
Authors: Railton Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Risky indeed. And didn’t you just say confirmation of confirmation might be a good idea? ‘Yes. But enough is enough.’ You’d like to be able to reason with the computer, so that you could exercise some judgement about when enough is enough rather than simply turn the confirmation function off. But isn’t your problem precisely too many occasions for judgement? You preferred the older version of the program, which obeyed your first replacement confirmation command without further question, even though this sometimes led to it taking the next step too hastily. You see at once that requiring a judgement at each step is self00ADdefeating, so prefer to ‘automatize’ the process of confirming confirmations themselves are to be ‘followed blindly’. As Wittgenstein infamously said, we, too, can obey a rule a rule of inference, say only if we can obey a rule ‘blindly’, with-out further question, choice, judgement, or interpretation.
Information Structure Constraints
Authors: Erteschik-Shir Nomi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to show that the processing of information structure plays an important role with respect to constraints which have traditionally been viewed as syntactic constraints. The first section demonstrates that word order in simple sentences is constrained by the need to avoid an ambiguous parse of the linear string. This is demonstrated for Danish and Hebrew. The second section deals with constraints on extraction including the sentential subject constraint and the that-t effect and argues that dependencies can be processed only within canonical f-structures. The third section shows that the fact that canonical f-structure is parameterized across languages affords an explanation for the difference in superiority effects in different languages. The languages discussed in this section are English, Hebrew, German, and Danish. Section 4 shows that the constraint on extraction introduced in section 2 not only accounts for extraction from complex NPs, it also predicts extraposition from NP. Section 5 discusses evidence for an account of extraction constraints in terms of processing.
Aspectual Focus
Authors: Erteschik-Shir Nomi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter, we saw several instances in which lexical properties of verbs have an effect on f-structure: Manner-of-speaking verbs block focusing on the subordinate clause, and hence on extraction (Chapter 4, section 2.3). Creation verbs allow focusing on the complement of the picture noun phrase and hence license extraction (Chapter 4, section 4.2). The same effect was also seen with respect to extraposition (Chapter 4, section 4.1). Finally, sentence completeness was seen to be affected by properties of the verb as well (Chapter 4, section 4.2). In addition, the lexical properties themselves can be affected by context: We saw that a meaning component can be backgrounded if its content is contextually prominent and that contrast and modification can force focus on a verb even though the verb itself does not require it. This chapter discusses these and similar phenomena and offers a framework within which they can be analyzed. Section 1 briefly outlines the lexical theory of atoms and introduces the notion of aspectual focus. Section 2 elucidates the lexical properties of manner-of speaking verbs predicting both the extraction facts and completeness facts. It goes on to distinguish the lexical properties of the different verb types which take picture NPs as their complements, again deriving their extraction and completeness properties. Then f-structure constraints on extraction in double object constructions are shown to follow from their lexical structure. The topic of section 3 is missing objects which form structures with characteristic information structure properties. Finally, section 4 accounts for the unusual stress patterns assigned to out-of-the-blue change-events pointed out in Chapter 2, section 2.3.
The Division of Labor between Syntax and IS
Authors: Erteschik-Shir Nomi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research into the syntax–IS interface has been hampered by the fact that no agreement has been achieved among researchers as to what a theory of IS should look like to the extent that definitions of the basic IS notions are still controversial. This is not to say that the role of IS in determining syntactic properties such as word order has not been recognized, yet the precise nature of how this comes about is still quite vague across linguistic frameworks. In view of this state of affairs, I thought it best to try to promote research in this area by emphasizing the particular methodology needed to sharpen both the theory of IS as well as its application to syntactic questions. In so doing I have also attempted to show how far-reaching the purview of IS is within grammar. Yet although some theories view IS as an integral part of grammar, others relegate it to the interfaces. Within minimalism, for example, the Rizzi-type approach to the left periphery discussed in Chapter 3 integrates topic and focus features into the grammar, while other minimalists (e.g., Reinhart 2006, Chomsky in Stemmer 1999) view IS as operating on the interfaces. Chomsky 1999 expresses his view as follows:
Transformational Grammar
Authors: Farrell Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the classical models (Chomsky 1957, 1965) through Government-Binding (GB) theory (Chomsky 1981, 1986) and the more recent Minimalist program (Chomsky 1995), (Generative- )Transformational Grammar (TG) has concerned itself primarily with an understanding of constituent structure and the implications of constituent structure for grammatical phenomena, including case marking, agreement, and other phenomena in which grammatical relations such as subject and object are implicated. The main idea is that representations of sentence structure primarily show the syntactic categories of elements (i.e. noun, verb, adjective, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc.), relations of constituency and containment (i.e. in what way elements, including words and phrases, are contained within larger phrases), and the linear order of constituents. Unlike in Relational Grammar, Role and Reference Grammar, and most other theories, both syntactic functions and semantic roles can and often do have a defining configurational instantiation. Unlike in other theories in which constituent structure plays a central role, such as Head-Driven Phrase-Structure Grammar (Pollard and Sag 1994), mismatches between linear order and grammatical relation and/or grammatical-relation sharing, splitting, or ambiguity can be attributed, at least in part, to transformations, that is movements of constituents within structures. Having been the most widely used theory of syntax for some time, it has been employed in analyses of countless phenomena in many languages and consequently has remained in considerable flux. Thus any detailed characterization of the theory” s approach to grammatical relations is necessarily era- and movement-contingent to some extent.
Conceptual connections and other minds
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I wish to consider a view which is often labelled “behaviorist,” but which seems to me not open to the objections that are fatal to logical behaviorism properly so-called. This is the view that some of the connections between mental states and behavior are “logical” or “essential” or “conceptual” rather than “contingent.” I shall call this the “conceptual connection view.”
One source of this view has been the conviction that it is our only defense against complete skepticism concerning other minds; those who think this argue that the analogical position is mistaken, and conclude from this that if all connections between mental states and behavior were contingent there would be no way at all in which such connections could be known, and so no way at all in which the mental states of others could be known. But it is, quite independently of this, quite plausible to maintain that there is some sort of logical, or conceptual, connection between (for example) fearing something and avoiding it, or between desiring something and pursuing it.
Some varieties of functionalism
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I take as my point of departure a procedure for formulating functional definitions which is due to David Lewis.1 To appreciate the virtues of this procedure one should recall the circularities that have plagued attempts to give behavioral definitions of mental states. Someone who believes that it is raining may be disposed to take an umbrella when he goes out- but only if he wants to keep dry. And someone who wants to keep dry may be disposed to take an umbrella - but only if he believes that it is raining. It appears that to give a behavioral definition of either of these mental states (the belief, or the want), one would have to mention the other; so there appears to be no way of formulating a noncircular dispositional definition of both, or a purely behavioral definition of either.
On the Singularity Theory of Denotation
Authors: Beall JC 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What do denotation paradoxes teach us about English? According to Keith Simmons (Chapter I 1 in this volume) they teach us that ‘denotes’ is contextually sensitive, that its extension may change from context to context. As with T or ‘here’, the meaning-constitutive principle governing ‘denotes’ is parametric; it has a parameter for context. Hy recognizing the parametric character of ‘denotes’ we thereby resolve the denotation paradoxes—or so Simmons argues.
Saying What We Mean
Authors: Stevenson Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disciples of J. L. Austin may well be disappointed by this response to Tori. I Moi’s ‘Meaning What We Say: The “Politics of Theory” and the Responsibility of Intellectuals’, for there is no way in which I can ‘pounce upon’ an illuminating disagreement with its salient points. I agree with Moi that intellectuals would do well to abandon their search for a general theory of literature that guarantees political radicalism (or even specific political results). Her arguments against demanding an absolute ‘politics of theory’ (whatever that may mean) and for sup planting such an intangible generality with a willingness to engage with particular, down-to-earth situations seem to me irrefutable and wonderful.
Self
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard Sorabji presents a brilliant exploration of the history of our understanding of the self, which has remained elusive and mysterious throughout the spectacular development of human knowledge of the outside world. He ranges from ancient to contemporary thought, Western and Eastern, to reveal and assess the insights of a remarkable variety of thinkers. He discusses a set of topics which are at the heart of our understanding of ourselves: personal identity; memory; the importance of seeing one’s life as a whole; the relation between self, intellect, will, and agency; self-awareness; the stream of consciousness; embodiment; death and survival. He rejects the view, found in various philosophical and religious writings, that the self is an illusion, and develops his own original conception of the self as essential to our ownership of our experience and our apprehension of the world.
The Self: is there such a thing?
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is there such a thing as the Self? In analytic philosophy, this has often been denied. In Germany, Nietzsche denied it and gave rise to another tradition of denial. Both traditions have been influenced directly or indirectly by the earlier denial of David Hume. The Buddhists have been in conflict for over two millennia with other Indian schools concerning their view that there is no continuous self. Thus there is skepticism in all these traditions. In psychology and psychiatry too, various schools have fragmented the selves of their patients or of everyone.1
Same person in eternal recurrence, resurrection, and teletransportation
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One topic concerning the self is this: what makes an individual the same individual over a period of time? Before Plato, the comic playwright Epichamus (if the text is his) entertained the idea of growth as continuous destruction,1 and the philosopher Heraclitus considered the flux of things to be so great that one could not step into the same river, nor touch the same mortal substance, twice.2
Memory: Locke ;S Return To Epicureans And Stoics
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Locke has been called the father of the modern theory of personal identity, thanks to the second edition (1694) of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, with its new chapter on identity. At that time, the Christian view prevailed, that personal identity depended partly on the persistence of an undetectable immaterial substance, the soul. In addition, in the resurrection, our bodies would be restored to us, although Locke drew attention to the view we have found in Origen, that we might then be given new bodies. Indeed, as Philoponus argues, St. Paul speaks of a new heaven and a new earth.1
Self As Practical Reason: Epictetus’ Inviolable Self And Aristotle’s Deliberate Choice
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This seems not to be straightforwardly the case for everyone, for elsewhere he says1 that you can locate ‘in the flesh, or in external possessions, or in your will. If so, there is good will and bad will. Those who locate in the flesh or external possessions, instead of in a good will, can be said to be expressing a bad will, but have not located their ‘I’ in a good will. In Epictetus’ case, the will is a good one and is set only on those very few things that are under the control of the will, namely good character and rationality.
Impossibility Of Self-Knowledge
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Self-awareness is a subject not entirely distinct from selfhood. For the kind of identity I discussed in chapters eight through ten depends partly on a person ;s conception of his or her self. Self-awareness in other forms was already an important subject for Plato, especially if he was the author of the First Alcibiades, and for Aristotle, especially in his treatment of friendship. But the Stoics, given their interest in self-interrogation, in basing decisions on the individual persona, in finding some truths within and in the newborn ;s consciousness of its own person, made it more important still.