bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The hostage experience: implications for negotiation strategies
Authors: Giebels Ellen , Noelanders Sigrid , Vervaeke Geert 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFrom a clinical and social psychological perspective, this exploratory study aims at relating the hostage experience to hostage negotiation strategies. Therefore, we conducted 11 semi‐structured and in‐depth interviews with victims of two types of hostage‐taking: sieges and kidnappings. The results showed that all hostages reported feelings of helplessness. Additionally, feelings of uncertainty and isolation were particularly strong for victims of kidnapping, while this was not the case for victims of sieges. Furthermore, our analyses suggest that prudence is called for labeling the positive bond that is likely to develop between hostages and their captors as some sort of psychological artifact. We conclude with some general guidelines for estimating and promoting the psychological well‐being of hostages during their captivity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cd(SeRf)2 (Rf = 2,4,6‐(CF3)3C6H2)—An improved CVD single source precursor for II–VI Semiconductors: Synthesis, growth and characterization
Authors: Park Hyung S. , Mokhtari Mohamed , Roesky Herbert W. 
Published: May 2005

CdSe is one of the most promising photoelectrochemical materials. A common problem of the CVD of multicomponent systems is obtaining the appropriate stoichiometry in the gas phase. This can be overcome by using single source precursors containing the required elements. This communication reports on an improved precursor of this type. The figure shows an AFM image of a layer of CdSe on silica. Conclusions are drawn about the growth mechanism.magnified image
Flow cytometric evaluation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus adhesion inhibition to human epithelial cells
Authors: Falcioni T. , Papa S. , Campana R. , Mannello F. , Casaroli A. , Burattini S. , Baffone W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe present report demonstrates the usefulness of flow cytometry for a quantitative assessment of adhesion inhibition of a Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain to human epithelial cells to acquire more information about the nature of its adhesins.MethodsThe inhibition of the adhesive process to Hep‐2 was assayed by adding several monosaccharides to infected cells monolayers. The quantification of the adherent bacteria, labeled with a specific primary antibody plus a secondary fluorescein isothiocyanate–conjugated antibody, was performed by flow cytometry in comparison with light microscopy. The adherence was quantified in terms of the proportion of cells with adherent V. parahaemolyticus and as the mean of adherent bacteria per cell.ResultsThe adhesion showed a percentage of 98% with a mean fluorescence channel of 331 comparable to those obtained by light microscopy. The addition of monosaccharides resulted in a D‐mannose and N‐acetyl‐galactosamine sensitive adherence. Even if this environmental strain also showed a mannose‐sensitive cell‐associated hemoagglutination that could mediate V. parahaemolyticus adherence, our results suggest that different sites for an irreversible adherence to host cell are involved.ConclusionsFlow cytometry in combination with indirect immunofluorescence is an effective tool to investigate the adhesive process of bacteria to epithelial cells because it is more sensitive and reproducible than visual counting of bacteria performed in light microscopy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The problems of memory in aging: Molecular aspects
Authors: Mandel P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMandel, P.:. The problems of memory in aging: Molecular aspects. Drug Dev. Res. 2: 431–432, 1982.It is generally accepted that molecular mechanisms are involved in induction of memory engrams. Thus one may expect that aging, which alters brain metabolism, will also alter memory. The free‐radical theory and the cross‐linking theory of aging seem to be the most tempting for speculating about memory alterations. The loss of neurons and of their circuits, which probably plays a fundamental role in memory alternation, may result from free‐radical effects that alter DNA, induce an increase of repair phenomena, and thus favor mistakes in the repair of DNA.
The effects of the placenta and fetal fluids on the acceptance of foster young
Authors: Grota Lee J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMaternal acceptance of foster young was altered by the interaction of the type of delivery of the rat pup and the presence or absence of placenta or liver. The presence of tissues which the mother ate did not alter the survival among normally delivered pups, but decreased survival among surgically delivered pups. Injecting the mothers with homogenates of these tissues indicated that eating of the placenta or liver by the mother was not essential for the effects. A 3rd experiment simulated normal and surgical delivery by washing surgically delivered animals with saline and smearing normally delivered animals with amniotic fluids, respectively. The data from this experiment showed that survival of the young was determined by the presence or absence of amniotic fluids on the pup interacting with the presence or absence of some material present in the placenta and liver.
Inception of a 24‐hr memory capacity in two mouse strains
Authors: Nagy Z. Michael , Misanin James R. , Wetzel Barbara 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSeparate groups of C3H and Swiss‐Webster (S‐W) mice received 25 escape training trials in a straight alley at 8 or 10 days of age. Each of these groups was then divided into 3 retention groups, receiving an additional 25 training trials, 1, 6, or 24 hr following original training. Comparisons of the retest scores with original training scores, as well as with litter‐mate controls without prior training, indicated that both strains trained at 8 days of age failed to demonstrate retention of learning when retested 24 hr after training, although they showed reliable 1‐hr retention and some evidence of 6‐hr retention. However, mice trained at 10 days of age performed better on the retention tests at all retest intervals than they had on original training, as well as better than maturation controls without prior training. These results indicate that a 24‐hr retention capacity for escape training develops between 8‐10 days of age in both mouse strains.
Reduction of maternal nest building in female mice by testosterone propionate treatment
Authors: Gandelman Ronald 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe administration of testosterone propionate (TP) to nulliparous mice between Days 13‐18 of gestation resulted in a reduction of maternal nest building as assessed by measuring the amount of nesting material brought into the home cage. Nest building, evoked in nulliparae by the presence of young, was also significantly reduced by TP treatment. In addition, the administration of TP concurrently with progesterone prevented the latter from eliciting nest building.
Effects of early experiences on shock‐and illness‐induced passive avoidance behaviors
Authors: Ader Robert 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRats were either handled, shocked, or unmanipulated during the preweaning period or during the 21 days immediately following weaning. At maturity animals were tested in 2 passive avoidance situations. Half the animals were first tested in an illness‐induced taste aversion situation using sour water as the CS and different doses of cyclophosphamide as the US. The remaining animals were first tested in a 1‐trial passive avoidance situation using a “step‐through” apparatus and a single electric shock. Early experience had no effect on the development of a taste aversion at any dosage of cyclophosphamide. Prior conditioning of a taste aversion did influence performance in the step‐through avoidance situation. Fewer of these previously conditioned animals attained the training criterion and, within this previously conditioned population, the handled groups displayed less “emotional” behavior than the controls. Response latencies in the shock‐induced passive avoidance test did not differentiate between handled and shocked animals. Animals manipulated prior to weaning had consistently shorter latencies than the unmanipulated controls.
A further analysis of the responsiveness of experienced and inexperienced ring dove (Streptopelia risoria) foster parents to squabs
Authors: Hansen Ernst W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe responsiveness of experienced and inexperienced ring dove foster parents to young (2‐day‐old) and older (4‐ to 5‐day‐old) squabs was compared (a) 4 days after the 2nd egg was laid, and (b) at about the time of hatching. In the 4‐day groups inexperienced male foster parents showed more squab directed attention than did experienced males. In addition, older squabs introduced to inexperienced subjects gained significantly more weight than any other subgroup. In the 13‐day groups, the only differences obtained gave indications of enhanced behavioral responsiveness to the squabs by inexperienced foster parents.
A “User‐Friendly” Chemical Approach Towards Paramagnetic Cobalt Phosphide Hollow Structures: Preparation, Characterization, and Formation Mechanism of Co2P Hollow Spheres and Tubes
Authors: Hou Hongwei , Peng Qi , Zhang Shuyuan , Guo Qixun , Xie Yi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractUser‐friendly chemistry principles have been implemented for the synthesis of hollow Co2P structures. In comparison with the original organometallic approach, the resulting alternative route is safe, simple, and inexpensive. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images, and transmission electronic microscope (TEM) images were used to characterize the products, which exhibit paramagnetic behavior down to 2 K, as determined with a commercial superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. The experimental investigations suggest that the formation of Co2P hollow structures, hollow spheres, and tubes can be explained by an aggregation mechanism and a thermodynamically governed regime. Initially formed Co2P nanoparticles are driven to aggregate into Co2P hollow spheres by the gas bubbles produced. The formation of Co2P tubes then occurs from the hollow spheres via hollow vessels in a thermodynamically governed process. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Two Morphologies of Stable, Highly Ordered Assemblies of a Long‐Chain‐Substituted [2 × 2]‐Grid‐Type FeII Complex Adsorbed on HOPG
Authors: Mourran Ahmed , Ziener Ulrich , Möller Martin , Breuning Esther , Ohkita Masakazu , Lehn Jean‐Marie 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe programmed self‐assembly of a multimetallic grid‐type supramolecular architecture and its hierarchical organization on graphite are described. The doubly functionalized 4,6‐bis(2,2'‐bipyridyl‐6‐yl)‐2‐phenylpyrimidine derivative 1, equipped with CH2OC16H33 moieties at the terminal pyridine rings, was designed as a new bis(tridentate) ligand and synthesized using Stille‐type coupling reactions. Treatment of ligand 1 with Fe(BF4)2·6H2O in CHCl3/CH3CN led to the spontaneous formation of a [2 × 2]‐grid‐type FeII complex 2 in quantitative yield. The self‐assembled tetranuclear complex 2 was adsorbed onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), which showed two morphologies of highly ordered two‐dimensional arrays of the metallo‐supramolecular architectures. The resulting monolayers of the grid‐type complex 2 are much more stable than that obtained from the corresponding unsubstituted grid‐type complex owing to the additional attractive forces between the hexadecyl moieties in 2 and the HOPG surface. Moreover, the reproducibility of the STM images of the hexadecyl‐substituted grid 2 was strongly improved compared to the unsubstituted one. These results suggest that the introduction of long alkyl chains into metallo‐supramolecular architectures would have general advantages for their organization and STM investigation on HOPG. Details of the preparation and the STM investigation of ligand 1 are also presented. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Studies on the response of potentiometric sensors and the characterization of reactive impurities in propylene carbonate and gamma‐butyrolactone as solvents
Authors: Coetzee J. F. , Chang T.‐H. , Deshmukh B. K. , Fonong T. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis article deals with an experimental protocol developed to characterize reactive impurities that seriously compromise the utility of relatively insert solvents such as those discussed here. It was found that potentiometric sensors for hydrogen, silver(I), and copper(II) ions give Nernstian response over a broad activity range in solutions of widely differing buffer capacity in γ‐butyrolactone (GBL), a promising but inadequately explored solvent for a variety of applications. Advantage was taken of the proper response of these sensors in applying the “ion probe method” described before to characterize impurities in both unpurified and purified γ‐butyrolactone on the basis of their reactivities rather than their concentrations alone. The same sensors were also used in conventional potentiometric titrations of impurities in propylene carbonate (PC), a solvent that has been extensively used in fundamental studies of solute‐solvent interactions as well as in the construction of commercial lithium batteries. The results of the potentiometric studies served as a guide in the design of appropriate gas chromatographic measurements. Three impurities not reported before were found in a reagent grade propylene carbonate: triethylamine and chloride ion, both at concentrations above 10−4 M, as well as 1,2‐dibromopropane. The effectiveness of different purification procedures was studied.
Suspended gate field‐effect transistor sensitive to gaseous hydrogen cyanide
Authors: Li Jing , Petelenz Danuta , Janata Jiří 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe optimization, characterization, and analytical performance of a suspended gate field‐effect transistor (SGFET), with a selective polyaniline/mercury layer, for monitoring low levels of hydrogen cyanide in air are described. Reversible and reproducible detection is reported.
Progress in sensor array research
Authors: Diamond Dermot 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis article reviews developments in sensor array research, with the main focus being on arrays of electrochemical sensors, particularly potentiometric and amperometric/voltammetric electrodes. Comparison is made with single electrode measurements and the differences in approach highlighted. Progress in classification of complex gas/vapor samples into fuzzy categories is surveyed. Techniques for processing array data are summarized and relevant literature given.
Ion‐selective electrode potentiometric detection in ion‐chromatography
Authors: Isildak Ibrahim , Covington Arthur K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAnion‐ and cation‐responsive, all solid‐state, tubular PVC membrane electrodes were used as detectors in nonsuppressed ion chromatography. Separation and detection of 11 monovalent inorganic and organic anions with a 2 μl cell volume detector were demonstrated using low concentration eluents. A simple and selective method for chromatographic separation and potentiometric detection at sub‐ppb levels of seven cations was achieved in 7 minutes. As the detector was selective and sensitive only to monovalent cations, with no interference from other cations, the method was easily applicable to other sample types, including the determination of sodium and potassium ions in inorganic and organic chemicals. The overall efficiency of ion chromatographic procedures allows the possibility of routine separation and detection of inorganic and organic anions and cations at low levels in a simultaneous system. Thus, a simple, selective, sensitive, reproducible method was developed needing only 8 minutes or less to complete an independent separation and simultaneous potentiometric detection of 14 inorganic and organic monovalent common anions and cations with anion and cation‐exchange columns in series. The method is flexible as the anions will not interfere with the detection of cations and cations will not interfere with the detection of anions, so that detectors can be used at the end of the two columns in series or one detector can be used at the end of each column. Applications to natural water samples are described.
Bienzyme sensors based on “electrically wired” peroxidase
Authors: Ohara T. J. , Vreeke M. S. , Battaglini F. , Heller A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSingle‐layer and bilayer bienzyme electrodes based on the combination of a three‐dimensional (3‐D) redox epoxy network that electrically connects redox centers of bound horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to electrodes with a hydrogen peroxide generating enzyme, the redox centers of which are not connected to the redox‐epoxy network, are described. In the single‐layer electrodes, H2O2 generated by the first enzyme oxidizes the second enzyme HRP, which oxidizes the redox polymer network that is electrochemically reduced at 0 mV saturated calomel electrode (SCE). When the redox centers of the H2O2 generating enzyme are also electrically connected to the redox‐epoxy network, the substrate reduced redox centers are oxidized by the redox polymer network, thus lowering the cathodic current. Such attenuation is avoided in bilayer electrodes, where the H2O2 producing enzyme and the redox‐epoxy‐HRP network are not electrically connected.The single‐layer bienzyme electrodes extend the range of amperometric biosensors based on directly redox‐epoxy “wired” enzymes to enzymes that are difficult to electrically connect to redox polymer networks and whose preferred or only cosubstrate is oxygen. For the difficult to wire enzyme‐choline oxidase, the cathodic current density in the single‐layer peroxidase and choline oxidase containing electrode is 80 μA cm−2 at 10 mM choline concentration, while the anodic current density of the directly wired enzyme is only 5 μA cm−2. Alcohol oxidase is not electrically connected to the wiring 3‐D redox‐epoxy network. The anodic current density of its redox‐epoxy wired electrodes is close to nil, while the cathodic current density, observed in alcohol oxidase and wired peroxidase containing single‐layer electrodes at 10 mM ethanol, is 5 μA cm−2. When well‐wired enzymes, such as glucose oxidase or lactate oxidase, are utilized in single‐layer electrodes, limiting cathodic current densities of 60 μA cm−2 are observed for both enzymes. These currents are much lower than those observed in the directly wired enzyme anodes.
Selectivity for phosphate and citrate with benzyltin‐based polymer membrane electrodes
Authors: Demeulenaere Robert L. , Onsrud Paula , Arnold Mark A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractResponse properties are reported for membrane electrodes prepared by incorporating bis(p‐fluorobenzyl)tin dichloride, bis(p‐chlorobenzyl)tin dichloride, and tris(p‐chlorobenzyl)tin chloride into plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membranes. These electrodes respond selectively to dibasic phosphate and tribasic citrate. The magnitude of response and the degree of selectivity are affected by the method of pretreating the membrane. The highest level of selectivity is obtained for tribasic citrate from electrodes based on bis(p‐fluorobenzyl)tin dichloride after conditioning with citrate. This electrode possesses a limit of detection for citrate of 0.4 μM at pH 7.0 with response times ranging from 2 to 5 minutes. Selectivity for citrate is demonstrated over phosphate, thiocyanate, iodide, bromide, nitrate, acetate, lactate, pyruvate, ascorbate, and chloride.
Miniaturized reference electrodes with microporous polymer junctions
Authors: Pedrotti Jairo J. , Angnes Lúcio , Gutz Ivano G. R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe construction and evaluation of a simple and effective mini‐reference electrode is presented. Major innovations are the use of high density microporous polyethylene for the restricted flow junction between the internal and external electrolyte and a polypropylene disposable pipette tip as the electrode body. Low electrolyte bleeding, reduced size, relatively low electrical resistance and simplified procedure of construction are some of the advantages of the presented design. These characteristics make this electrode particularly suitable for use with small‐volume cells and flow cells, as well as applications where chloride contamination should be avoided. Other applications for the microporous membrane in electroanalysis are introduced.
Torulopsis candida based sensor for the estimation of biochemical oxygen demand and its evaluation
Authors: Sangeetha S. , Sugandhi G. , Murugesan M. , Murali Madhav V. , Berchmans Sheela , Rajasekar R. , Rajasekar Sumathi , Jeyakumar D. , Prabhakar Rao G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA universal biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) sensor that can be used for the analysis of all types of organic pollutants is the objective of current researchers working in the area of biosensors. Development of such type of sensor involves the proper choice of a microorganism that can assimilate a wide spectrum of organic compounds. This study has led to the screening of many microorganisms and in this process we were able to identify Torulopsis candida as an attractive alternate for Trichosporon cutaneum. The BOD sensor employing T. candida was fabricated and evaluated in the batch mode as well as under flow conditions. The response time, linear range of estimation of BOD and storage life of the immobilized microbe and the assimilation spectrum have been studied.
Conducting polymer sensors for the amperometric detection of proteins in a flow system – the use of sulfonated dye counterions to induce selectivity
Authors: Lu W. , Wallace Gordon G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this article, we have demonstrated the feasibility of using dye binding interactions for the amperometric detection of proteins at conducting polymer coated electrodes with flow injection analysis. Incorporation of appropriate dyes into the conducting polymer during synthesis enables sensitive and selective responses to be obtained. The effects of eluent pH and applied potential on the responses obtained for a range of proteins have been investigated. These parameters can be used to modify selectivity and achieve sensitivity.
Voltammetric behavior of sulfadimetoxol using square‐wave and adsorptive stripping square‐wave techniques
Authors: Berzas J. J. , Rodriguez J. , Lemus J. M. , Castañeda G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe voltammetric behavior of sulfadimetoxol (SDX) was studied by square‐wave techniques, leading to two methods for its determination in aqueous samples and veterinary formulations. The application of the square‐wave mode shows the determination of SDX between 1 × 10−7 M and 2 × 10−6 M at −0.60 V and for the stripping voltammetry of adsorbed SDX with an accumulation step of 15 s proved to be more sensitive, yielding signals five times larger than those obtained without the accumulation. The determination of SDX was done between 2 × 10−8 M and 5 × 10−7 M by stripping mode. The relative standard deviations obtained for concentration levels of SDX as low as 3 × 10−7 M with square‐wave was 3.4 % (n = 8) and for 2 × 10−7 M with stripping square‐wave was 3.1 % (n = 8). The methods were satisfactorily applied for determining SDX in four veterinary products.
Adsorption voltammetry of nandrolone phenylpropionate
Authors: Jin Wenrui , Zheng Yanhong , Chen Xia 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe electrochemical behavior of nandrolone phenylpropionate (NP) at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) was investigated. The adsorption phenomena were observed by linear sweep voltammetry in NaOH. The electrode reaction was found to be a totally irreversible reduction of the adsorbed NP. In 1 × 10−7 mol/L NaOH, the detection limit and the linear range are 5 × 10−10 and 8 × 10−10–5 × 10−7 mol/L, respectively. The relative standard deviation of the method is 1.6 % for 1.7 × 10−7 mol/L NP. The method was applied to the determination of NP in clinical ampuls.