bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Sparse Start
Authors: Southwood T R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The supercontinent Pangaea remained intact throughout this period and various small land masses that now constitute South-East Asia moved to join the eastern corner of Laurasia. Although Pangaea stretched from near one pole to near the other it seems that there was no land that was actually over a pole and there is no evidence of continental ice sheets. The ocean currents will have flowed freely, particularly in the enormous Panthalassic (Palaeopacific) Ocean, bringing warm water to colder latitudes. The Tethys Ocean existed as a deep bight, at tropical level, to the eastern side of Pangaea. The sea rose from its low level at the end of the Permian, so that along the margins of the Tethys Ocean there were often luxuriant tropical swamp forests. The period was probably a relatively warm one, gradually becoming hotter; away from the oceans conditions were often very arid and there is evidence of the evaporation of inland seas in the large deposits of rock salt, gypsum, and anhydrite formed at this time. Animal and plant life seems to have been relatively sparse when the period began.
Today’s World Dawns
Authors: Southwood T R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This period which brings us right up to the present, is often referred to nowadays as the Cenozoic. The first part of it, the Tertiary, is by far the longest component, generally being taken as extending until 1.81 million years ago. It has itself been divided into a number of periods: Palaeocene (to 55 Mya), Eocene (to 33.7 Mya), Oligocene (to 23.5 Mya), Miocene (to 5.2 Mya), and Pliocene (to 1.64 Mya). The majority of the second part, the Quaternary (1.64 Mya–10,000 years ago), is generally known as the Pleistocene.
Humans: The Great Modifiers
Authors: Southwood T R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All organisms have an impact on their environment. Some, ranging from coral polyps forming reefs to beavers forming dams, have a very real effect on the physical environment. But the impact of Homo sapiens since the ‘Great Leap Forward’, 50–40,000 years ago, has been more varied and has become increasingly extensive; it is, however, the key to our success—;our ability to exist in vast numbers and to live in virtually every corner of the globe. The Neanderthals existed for over 300,000 years, many times longer than modern man has yet achieved, but they never extended beyond southern Europe and South-west Asia (Neanderland); their range was limited, even when allowing for the ice sheets.
Eating well and feeling good
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two prevalent myths about the teens and their attitudes to food, appetite, and appearance. One is that they are all overweight because they are so inert and watch television or videos the whole time; the other that they are all on the verge of anorexia. Because this is a time of rapid growth, the calorie needs of those in their teens are indeed greater than at other times of life. Teenagers do eat more food. Most have an appetite that is somewhere between healthy and ravenous. Further, as we shall see, many teenagers, especially girls, are distressed about their appearance and are trying to do something about it. They are either embarking on a diet, actually dieting, or have just given up on a diet. But in fact about four in every five of them are a perfectly healthy weight, neither overnor underweight and, contrary to media reports, most are in no danger either of anorexia or obesity.
Leisure and work
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last hundred years, leisure and, to a lesser extent school, have replaced work in the way young people in their teens spend their time. But, having given them so much leisure time, the adult world has failed to provide for it, complaining about the way the young spend it, but largely leaving them powerless to do anything about it themselves. Of course, the young do fill their time especially if, in their mid and late teens, they are completely dedicated to working for public examinations. But this leaves most of those in their early teens and many of those in their late teens with a time vacuum, often filled, as we shall see, only with empty boredom.
Joining up the teens again
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters we have seen how young people of teen age, quite contrary to the popular view, are mostly reasonably well-behaved, cheerful, equable, and studious. They find much to enjoy in their lives, especially their friendships, their leisure activities, and their family life. In support of this conclusion, a report from the Future Foundation, based on a survey of 500 representative 13–18-year-olds in the spring of 2002, concludes ‘Most teenagers express broad satisfaction with their lives. The majority choose to describe their lives as happy, fun, and carefree. Much of this satisfaction stems from their lives outside of school, where they are enjoying growing freedoms The majority express satisfaction with their family life and enjoy a supportive relationship with their parents Astonishingly, a third of teenagers claim they have not argued at all with their parents in the past year ‘. So this is not a time of life that parents should anticipate with the fear and trembling that some of the media and indeed some professionals seem to encourage. Those in their teens who, as children, got by reasonably well can be expected to continue to do so. Some will have difficulties, but many of those who do will have been troubled since their earlier years. The teen years are not a cure for troubled behaviour; nor do they, as a general rule, cause trouble. Most parents and young people themselves can look forward to the teens as an enjoyable and rewarding time of life.
Early ideas on the origin of life
Authors: Fenchel Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the Judeo-Christian tradition, the world and all living things originated in a singular event of creation. Today, all enlightened people in the western world consider Genesis as a myth without physical reality (so-called creationists in USA are excluded from the category of enlightened persons). But in earlier centuries the Church insisted on a literal interpretation of the biblical tradition, and its resistance to the theory of evolution continuing up until recent times exemplifies this.
Myotonic dystrophy: a multisystemic disorder
Authors: Harper Peter S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy is one of the most variable of all disorders, a factor that has profound implications for its management. The details of this variability and its consequences are reflected in the specific chapters of this book, but in this introductory chapter an overview of the principal clinical aspects is given, particularly to help the clinician only partly familiar with myotonic dystrophy, who may have encountered it through a particular manifestation and wishes to gain a clearer picture of the overall features of the disorder. The chapter is also written for research scientists, who, as the emphasis progressively shifts towards therapeutic initiatives, need to know the key clinical problems that basic research is aimed at eventually overcoming. Those wishing for more detailed information will need to consult other sources, such as the author’s monograph (Harper 2001).
Paediatric cardiology for the primary care physician
Authors: Franklin Rodney , Slavik Zdenek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over 90% of cardiac pathology in the paediatric population in the developed world is congenital in origin, in that it is present at birth, even if undetected until older; in contrast, adult heart disease is largely classified as being acquired. In less developed countries, rheumatic fever is still prevalent.
Dermatology
Authors: Goodyear Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at commonly occurring skin disorders in children and their treatment.The skin often gives valuable information leading to diagnosis with both acutely sick children, e.g. meningococcal disease and chronic conditions, e.g. neurofibromatosis. The skin signs of these conditions have been mentioned in the relevant chapters. History and examination give the clues to skin disorders and as well as asking general questions some specific ones are useful
History
Length of time -When did it start? Does it come and go? Are there crops of lesions?
Speech and language disorders and hearing problems
Authors: Luscombe Maria , Harding Celia , Bannon Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Identifying and working with children who have a range of communication needs in the early years population is a challenging and complex task. Speech language and communication difficulties may present in isolation or in conjunction with a range of other developmental difficulties. Similarly, the cause of these difficulties can be attributed to a range of factors within the individual themselves, or social, emotional, or environmental factors. Primary care workers such as health visitors and GPs have a vital role in identifying which children may require further intervention.
Adolescence and primary care
Authors: Jacobson Lionel , Owen Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s not that he doesn’t listen … sometimes he doesn’t fully comprehend that he’s talking in a way you can’t understand … it would help if they talked to teenagers. (Female teenager)Please listen to us, we’re people too you know. (Male teenager)Adolescent patients can be forthright and give frank opinions on the care they receive from primary care, and the above quotes may represent a distillation of some of the issues that will become more apparent throughout this chapter. Young people can be very sensitive to nuances of care and care provision, and this chapter will feature other teenage voices and their comments, because we contend that communication skills may be just as important as clinical skills when providing primary care for teenagers.
Isotopes And Delivery Systems For Brachytherapy
Authors: Flynn Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to consider which radioactive materials might be suitable as brachytherapy sources, to describe some practical brachytherapy sources, and to consider how these sources may be applied to the patient in a controlled and safe way. It is assumed that the reader has some familiarity with the basics of radioactivity and the emissions from radioactive substances. Radioactive sources for brachytherapy are now available with many radionuclides and in various shapes and sizes, and there is no such thing as an ‘ideal’ brachytherapy source. Different sources have different applications depending on their emission type and radiation energy and how they are constructed.
Prostate Cancer: Permanent Seed Brachytherapy And High Dose-Rate Afterloading Brachytherapy
Authors: Ash Dan , Hoskin Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Permanent seed implantation for prostate cancer is essentially for patients with localized disease who have a high probability of cure. There are no specific symptoms caused by localized prostate cancer and many patients present with symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy, which is investigated by performing a PSA. There is also an increasing group of asymptomatic patients who request PSA for screening. A raised PSA is an indication for transrectal ultrasound and biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.
Astrolabes At Greenwich
Authors: Cleempoel Koenraad Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The astrolabe is one of the most intriguing of all early scientific instruments. Invented by the Greeks, the design and construction of the astrolabe remained largely unchanged for hundreds of years as it passed through the Arabic, Indian, Persian, and Medieval European cultures. The astrolabe was the starting-point for the design of many other types of calculating and observing instruments in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. With 53 astrolabes, the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich houses one of the largest collections in the world. This number presents a fair balance between the Eastern (30) and the Western (23) instruments, with some exceptionally fine highlights in each group. This beautifully-produced large format book catalogues the astrolabes in the National Maritime Museum collection, and includes accompanying essays written by world experts in their fields. Published in series with 'Globes at Greenwich' and 'Sundials at Greenwich', this prestigious catalogue will appeal to collectors of such scientific instruments as well as academic historians of science.
Optimal Control and the Calculus of Variations
Authors: Pinch Enid R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optimal Control is a modern development of the calculus of variations and classical optimization theory. For this reason, this introduction to the theory of Optimal Control starts by considering the problem of minimizing a function of many variables. It moves from there, via an exposition of the calculus of variations, to the main subject which is the optimal control of systems governed by ordinary differential equations. This approach should enable the student to see the essential unity of the three important areas of mathematics, and also allow Optimal Control and the Pontryagin Maximum Principle to be placed in a proper context. A good knowledge of analysis, algebra, and methods, similar to that of a diligent British undergraduate at the start of the final year, is assumed. All the theorems are carefully proved, and there are many worked examples and exercises for the student. Although this book is written for the undergraduate mathematician, engineers and scientists with a taste for mathematics will find it a useful text.
Tensors and differential forms
Authors: Willmore T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we associate new vector spaces to given vector spaces. We have already seen that corresponding to a given vector space V we have another vector space V*, namely the dual vector space consisting of linear maps of V into the field ℝ. Moreover, the reader will have met already the sum V ⊕W of two vector spaces V and W, consisting of pairs ( v, w) of V x W with the usual operations acting separately on each component.
Blowup for some reactive-Euler induction models
Authors: Bebernes J , Bressan Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolution of thermal explosions in gaseous systems depends on the interaction between chemical heat release, conductive thermal losses, and the effects of compressibility. The latter factor can accelerate reaction rates in constant volume systems where compression heating plays a role (Bebernes and Bressan 1982; Kassoy and Poland 1983; Bebernes and Kassoy 1988). In unconfined systems however, the conversion of some thermal energy to kinetic energy may retard the appearance of thermal runaway. Systems in which conductive losses are unimportant will inevitably explode, perhaps faster than diffusive systems. In this sense it is important to be able to predict which physical processes control the evolution of an exothermic reaction in a specific gaseous system. In this paper, we present the results of our recent studies which provide a rational basis for deciding the correct induction model for the given physical system and analyze these models mathematically (Kassoy et al. 1989a, b; Bebernes and Kassoy 1989; Bressan, in press;).
Excitability behaviour of myelinated axon models
Authors: Bell Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the more quantitative areas of biology is celluar neurobiology. The reason for this is that there are relatively well developed experimental techniques and good experimental data which are necessary for the development of models. Also, we can rely theoretically on the conservation principles. A particular subarea of this field is axonology where we consider the excitability behaviour of axonal processes associated with single nerve cells under various stimulation conditions. An important, yet specialized, such process is the myelinated axon in higher animals.
Construction of projective planes
Authors: Ellis Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we turn our attention to rings with only a finite number of elements, and in particular to finite fields. (Recall that a field is a commutative ring with identity 1≠0 in which each non-zero element has a multiplicative inverse.) Finite fields play an important role in many branches of mathematics. We begin by showing how the existence of certain finite fields leads, via projective geometry, to the solution of a particular problem in combinatorial mathematics. We then go on to investigate the existence of finite fields. Several of the concepts that we introduce in connection with finite fields will be of use when we later turn our attention to infinite fields. For this reason we give definitions in more generality than at first glance seems necessary.
Cryptography
Authors: Ellis Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider some recent developments in cryptography. To explain the basic ideas behind this subject let us consider the situation of an international bank, with branch offices in many of the principal cities of the world, whose head office needs weekly confidential reports from the branches. These reports are sent by fax, and to ensure confidentiality have to be disguised. The problem then is to design a secret code, called a cryptosystem, which will resist any codebreaking attempts by the bank‘s competitors. The report or message that is to be sent to head office is called plaintext, and the disguised message is called ciphertext. The plaintext and ciphertext are written in some alphabet which we assume to consist of the usual letters A–Z together with possibly punctuation marks, numerals, blanks, and any other symbols used in writing the reports. The process of converting plaintext to ciphertext is called enciphering, and the reverse process is called deciphering.
A glimpse of higher-dimensional spaces: hypercubes, lattice paths, and related number patterns
Authors: Cofman Judita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classical geometries of dimensions two and three, the elementary properties of which are taught at school, were first described systematically by Euclid, about 300 BC, in his famous book the Elements. For this reason these geometries are called euclidean geometries of dimensions two and three respectively.
Algebraic Topics
Authors: Rose H E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we introduce three topics with an algebraic flavour which will be useful later: algebraic numbers and integers, primitive roots, and characters. Although not closely connected it will be convenient to consider them now. Algebraic number fields will not be treated in detail: a good introduction can be found in Stewart and Tall (1979). We shall give the basic definitions and some examples of particular number fields. Algebraic number theory can be studied in two ways. First. as a subject in its own right emphasizing the algebraic aspect, but it is not our purpose to do this. Secondly, some problems relating to the rational numbers are best treated in this more general context.
Continued Fractions
Authors: Rose H E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some number theoretic properties of the real numbers will be considered in this chapter and its sequel. We begin by asking how closely a rational number aIb can approximate to a real number a assuming some restriction on the size of b: that is. given a, can integers a and b be found to satisfy for a suitably chosen monotone increasing function f ? This is the basic question in Diophantine approximation theory.
Partitions
Authors: Rose H E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many relationships between subsets of the set of partitions of an integer n. The most famous, due to Euler, states that the number of partitions of n with odd parts equals the number of partitions of n with distinct parts. In the example above the first three partitions have distinct parts. whilst the first, fourth, and seventh partitions are the only ones with exclusively odd parts. A number of other properties of this type will be discussed in this chapter.
Elliptic Curves: Basic Theory
Authors: Rose H E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the older theory of Diophantine equations is an ad hoc collection of individual methods without general applicability. Some constructions can be used in a number of cases, for example the infinite descent method (Chapter 6) or Skolem’s method (Chapter 14), but others apply only to single equations; examples include the congruence arguments used to show that particular Mordell equations are insoluble (also Chapter 14). Beginning with the work of Poincare and using the methods of algebraic geometry. a more organized and substantial theory has been developed during this century which applies to a wide range of equations defined over fields.
Computational aspects of the Jordan canonical form
Authors: Beelen Theo , Dooren Paul Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we discuss algorithmic aspects of the computation of the Jordan canonical form. Inspired by Golub and Wilkinson (1976) on the computation of the Jordan canonical form, an O(n) algorithm was developed by Beelen and Van Dooren (1988) for computing the Kronecker structure of an arbitrary pencil AB - A. Here we show how the ideas of this algorithm lead to a special algorithm for reconstructing the Jordan structure of the standard eigenvalue problem Al - A.
Analysis of the Cholesky decomposition of a semi-definite matrix
Authors: Higham Nicholas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perturbation theory is developed for the Cholesky decomposition of an n x n symmetric positive semi-definite matrix A of rank r. The matrix W = A ;A12 is found to play a key role in the perturbation bounds, where A11 and A12 are r x rand r x (n - r) submatrices of A respectively.
Pluripotential Theory
Authors: Klimek Maciej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pluripotential theory is a recently developed non-linear complex counterpart of classical potential theory. Its main area of application is multidimensional complex analysis. The central part of the pluripotential theory is occupied by maximal plurisubharmonic functions and the generalized complex Monge-Ampère operator. The interplay between these two notions provides the focal point of this monograph, which contains an up-to-date account of the developments from the large volume of recent work in this area. The substantial proportion of this monograph devoted to classical properties of subharmonic and plurisubharmonic functions makes the pluripotential theory available for the first time to a wide audience of analysts.
Generalized Characteristic Equation And Existence Of Positive Solutions
Authors: Györi I , Ladas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our aim in this chapter is to introduce a generalized characteristic equation for non-autonomous delay differential equations and then utilize it to obtain sufficient conditions for the oscillation of all solutions. Furthermore, we utilize the generalized characteristic equation to obtain some powerful comparison results and to demonstrate the existence of positive solutions for a wide class of linear delay equations with variable coefficients and variable delays.
Applications Of Oscillation Theory To The Asymptotic Behaviour Of Solutions
Authors: Györi I , Ladas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our aim in this chapter is to show that sometimes it is possible to investigate the global asymptotic behaviour of all solutions of a differential or a difference equation by investigating separately the oscillatory and the non-oscillatory solutions. We shall demonstrate this technique by applying it in Section 11.1-11.3 to some equations in mathematical biology and in Section 11.4 to a non-autonomous linear difference equation.