bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ISOLATED PERFUSED BOVINE LIVER
Authors: Chapman Niles D. , Goldsworthy Patrick D. , Volwiler Wade , Nyhus Lloyd M. , Martinis Andrew J. 
Published: June 2004

1. A procedure is described for surgically isolating and artificially perfusing the liver of the young bovine. Heparinized autogenous blood from the hepatectomized animal diluted with Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate solution is employed as the perfusate.
2. This preparation has been satisfactorily reproducible in this laboratory in more than 90 separate sequential perfusions. Absence of a sensitive hepatic venous smooth musculature contributes to the ability to maintain satisfactory perfusion for as long as 24 hours.
3. The perfusate was usually maintained bacterially free for at least the first 12 hours of perfusion without the use of antibiotics. The perfusate was maintained at normal body temperature and, by varying the CO2 content of the oxygenating gas, within a physiological pH range. The importance of these features when studying problems of intermediary biochemistry and ultrastructure is emphasized.
4. The liver of the bovine calf is sufficiently large to permit (a) simultaneous and independent perfusion through the hepatic artery and portal vein, and (b) repeated sampling of hepatic tissue without interruption of the circulation.
5. Excellent, viable condition of the isolated liver, throughout many hours of perfusion, was demonstrated by steady state of oxygen consumption, efficient clearance of bromsulphalein dye, continuous secretion of bile, constancy of blood flows and pressures, and very minimal alterations from normal in histologic and ultrastructural detail.
DEMONSTRATION OF THE SEQUENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINIAL ANTIGENS AND VIRUS IN INFECTED CELLS: OBSERVATIONS WITH CYTOCHEMICAL AND DIFFERENTIAL FLUORESCENT PROCEDURES
Authors: Loh Philip C. , Riggs John L. 
Published: June 2004

Virus-induced alterations in vaccinia virus-infected HeLa cells have been followed by immunofluorescent and cytochemical techniques. In a time sequence study, infected cells show an early increase in cytoplasmic RNA content, followed by appearance of centers of viral DNA synthesis in the cytoplasm. The centers of synthesis were detected at 4 hours post infection, with the acridine orange fluorochrome stain as compared to 6 hours with Feulgen and methyl green-pyronin stains. Marginal fragmentation of the inclusion bodies was seen at 8 to 10 hours post infection, and appears to coincide with the first increase in cell-associated virus.
With the immunofluorescent technique, it was found that the LS antigen of the virus can be detected at about 4 hours post infection. This is followed at 5 to 6 hours post infection by the appearance of the NP antigen. Both antigens are found only in the cytoplasm, and precede the appearance of the infective particle. The HA antigen, a by-product of virus-cell interaction, is not seen until about 10 hours post infection; that is, several hours after the appearance of both the LS and NP antigens, and only after the appearance of mature virus.
The successful application of the use of two immune sera, each labeled with a different fluorescent dye for the simultaneous visualization of two antigens within a cell, is reported. Using this technique, the sites of LS and NP antigen synthesis, were easily differentiated. The intimate mixing of the two antigens at a later stage appears to coincide with the fragmentation of the inclusion body and the first detectable increase in cell-associated virus. The evidence obtained strongly suggests that the typical inclusion body observed in vaccinia-infected cells is composed mainly of the NP antigen.
STUDIES ON TUBERCLE BACILLUS-MONOCYTE RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Fong Jacob , Chin Dennis , Elberg Sanford S. 
Published: June 2004

Passage of the virulent H37Rv strain of tubercle bacillus in normal or immune systems (normal or immune monocytes suspended in the corresponding serum) resulted in decreased virulence of the bacilli; this was evidenced by the very low mortality rates in mice inoculated intravenously with passaged bacilli.
Passaged bacilli when cultivated directly in tween-albumin medium or when grown on glycerol-blood agar plates after recovery from infected mouse tissues proved as virulent as unpassaged bacilli.
The decreased virulence of passaged H37Rv was accompanied by loss of ability to bind neutral red.
Passaged H37Rv was more sensitive than unpassaged bacilli to inactivation by sodium oleate and by normal monocyte lysate; however, passaged H37Rv was more resistant than unpassaged bacilli to inhibition by streptomycin.
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXCESS SALT FEEDING
Authors: Dahl Lewis K. 
Published: June 2004

Hypertension was induced in female rats by chronic feeding of sodium-containing salts in excess. The hypertension so induced appeared to be self-sustaining since about two-thirds of the animals failed to show a significant fall in blood pressure after withdrawal of these salts from the diet.
Under the conditions of these experiments a lack of response to restriction of dietary sodium does not exclude an etiologic relationship between salt intake and development of hypertension.
SPECIFICITY OF THE REACTION BETWEEN RHEUMATOID FACTORS AND GAMMA GLOBULIN
Authors: Fudenberg Hugh H. , Kunkel Henry G. 
Published: June 2004

Rheumatoid factors in the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis appear to be specifically directed against genetically determined "antigens" in human γ-globulin. At least eight rheumatoid factors of differing specificity exist; usually several are present in combination in the same serum. The different rheumatoid factors can be readily detected through their pattern of reactivity with anti-Rh antibodies from different individuals. Rheumatoid factors in diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis were found to have a more restricted specificity, contrasted to the broader reactivity of the factors in most rheumatoid arthritis sera. A specificity similar to that for incomplete antibodies was not demonstrated for the reaction of rheumatoid factors with aggregated γ-globulin or with γ-globulin to form the "22S complex."
In certain instances, using the anti-Rh system, rheumatoid factors were found to react poorly with the patient's own γ-globulin, compared to that of other individuals of different genetic γ-globulin types. These results, as well as additional indirect evidence, indicate that the rheumatoid factors can possess isospecificity. However, a certain degree of autospecificity was also found which was most clearly evident through complex formation with the patients own γ-globulin and in the reaction with aggregates. The relevance of these findings to possible isoantibody as well as autoantibody concepts is discussed.
INDUCTION OF TUMORS IN DOMESTIC RABBITS WITH NUCLEIC ACID PREPARATIONS FROM PARTIALLY PURIFIED SHOPE PAPILLOMA VIRUS AND FROM EXTRACTS OF THE PAPILLOMAS OF DOMESTIC AND COTTONTAIL RABBITS
Authors: Ito Yohei , Evans Charles A. 
Published: June 2004

A deoxyribonucleic acid preparation which showed infectivity and tumorigenic activity in domestic rabbits was isolated from the papillomatous tissue of wild cottontail rabbits by phenolic deproteinization procedure. The activity of the preparation could be completely abolished by its exposure to a minute amount (0.02 µg/ml) of DNAase. Antisera against Shope papilloma virus did not block the tumorigenic activity of the preparation, and trypsin and chymotrypsin had no effect on it. The extraction with phenol of a partially purified virus preparation also yielded extracts with tumorigenic potency.
Extracts obtained from the domestic rabbit papilloma and submitted to phenolic deproteinization also proved infective and tumorigenic in rabbits of this sort, although the level of "tumorigenicity" was much lower than that of the cottontail preparations. Tests for intact virus, carried out with half of the extracts yielded wholly negative findings.
PREPARATION AND HOST-REACTIVE PROPERTIES OF ENDOTOXIN WITH LOW CONTENT OF NITROGEN AND LIPID
Authors: Ribi Edgar , Haskins Willard T. , Landy Maurice , Milner Kelsey C. 
Published: June 2004

Endotoxins of low lipid content prepared from S. enteritidis by the aqueous ether method have been further treated to remove bound lipid by non-hydrolytic procedures. Such endotoxins, containing as little as 2 per cent lipid A, were as potent in stimulating a variety of physiological responses as those prepared by the well known phenol-water or Boivin procedures which yield products containing as much as 30 per cent lipid A.
To verify the difference in lipid content between the aqueous ether preparations and other types of endotoxins, three different methods of lipid analysis were employed: determination of chloroform-soluble material released by hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid (lipid A) or with acetic acid (lipid W), and estimation of total bound fatty acids. These methods were in accord in showing the magnitude of the difference. No more than one-half of the fatty acids present in endotoxin were associated with the fraction designated lipid A.
Methods are described for the preparation of potent endotoxins with analytical values for nitrogen, phosphorus, hexosamine, carbohydrate, and fatty acid which do not differ appreciably from those of the classical, non-toxic, haptenic polysaccharides.
EFFECTS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS ON METABOLISM
Authors: Berry L. Joe , Smythe Dorothy S. 
Published: June 2004

In vitro secretion of glycocorticoids by adrenal glands pooled from several control mice was compared with that of glands removed from animals following injections of either ACTH or endotoxin. Both substances prevent glycocorticoid synthesis stimulated in vitro with ACTH. Cholesterol content of adrenal glands under these conditions was nearly depleted, indicating maximal response to ACTH or endotoxin prior to their removal for the in vitro tests.
In an effort to account physiologically for the manner in which endotoxin suppresses or prevents the rise in urinary nitrogen excreted in response to ACTH, blood non-protein nitrogen levels (NPN) were determined. The following experimental conditions resulted in increased urinary nitrogen excretion but did not alter blood NPN: cortisone given alone or at the same time as endotoxin; ACTH alone; dichloroisoproterenol (DCI) given concurrently with endotoxin; and lactalbumin digest injected intraperitoneally. Increases (2- to 3-fold) in blood NPN were observed when endotoxin was given alone, concurrently with ACTH, or 3 hours prior to cortisone, DCI, or lactalbumin digest. Urinary nitrogen excretion showed no change under these conditions.
The elevation in blood NPN in endotoxin-poisoned mice was found to be due almost entirely to urea nitrogen and not to amino acid nitrogen or to other nitrogenous wastes.
Blood clearance of mulin, phenol red excretion, and urea elimination were each determined in control and in endotoxin-poisoned mice. The latter mice showed impaired renal function. Treatment with diuretics (diuril and aminophylline) failed to alter oliguria or elevated blood NPN. Hydergine treatment was also without effect.
Total carcass NPN and urinary nitrogen excretion data were combined to give a picture of total protein catabolized by mice under different experimental conditions. Cortisone injected at the same time as endotoxin or 3 hours later resulted in the same increase in total NPN. However, in the former case all the extra nitrogen appeared in the urine while in the latter it remained in the carcass. ACTH given alone or concurrently with endotoxin produced large increases in total NPN but less in poisoned mice. This suggests that endotoxin suppresses adrenal response to ACTH.
Urea injected into normal mice was recovered quantitatively in urine while in endotoxin-poisoned mice it was partitioned between carcass and urine. Elevation of carcass NPN by means of urea injections failed to alter the lethality of an LD70 dose of endotoxin.
ANTIBODY FORMATION IN VITRO
Authors: Fishman M. 
Published: June 2004

Neutralizing activity against T2 bacteriophage appeared in cultures of lymph node cells from normal rats in response to their in vitro stimulation with a cell-free filtrate derived from homogenized rat macrophages which had been incubated with T2 bacteriophage.
This activity was specifically directed against T2 bacteriophage. It resided in a fraction of the culture fluid which had the salting-out properties of serum globulin. Phage neutralization was inhibited by antibody specific for rat serum gamma globulin.
Antibody production against T2 bacteriophage in cultures of lymph node cells from normal animals failed to occur if (a) T2 bacteriophage alone was added, (b) if the incubation period of macrophages and T2 phage was unduly shortened, (c) if the cell-free filtrate was heated at 80–100°C for 15 minutes, (d) if more than an optimal amount of T2 bacteriophage was added to the macrophages. Additional factors which prevented the formation of antibody were the heat inactivation of the lymph node cells or the addition to the culture medium of either streptomycin or ribonuclease. Finally, it was found that macrophages and lymph node cells had to be obtained from animals of one and the same species.
All essential findings on the production of antibody to T2 bacteriophage in vitro could be confirmed by substitution of the chick embryo for the tissue culture medium.
The results are discussed in terms of a possible mechanism of antibody production in which an RNAse-sensitive substance resulting from the interaction of macrophages and antigen is capable of stimulating antibody synthesis in lymphocytic cells.
INHIBITION OF RED CELL SEQUESTRATION BY CORTISONE
Authors: Kaplan Manuel E. , Jandl James H. 
Published: June 2004

The effect of cortisone on the sequestration of (a) antibody-coated red cells and (b) incubated red cells was studied in rats. Cortisone administration inhibited the hepatic sequestration of red cells altered by non-immune as well as by immune injury. There was a latent period of 2 days between the institution of cortisone therapy and its first manifest effect on hepatic sequestration.
The splenic sequestration of altered red cells was not inhibited by cortisone, and there was no inhibition of the sequestration of hemoglobin by either liver or spleen.
It is suggested that steroids may inhibit hepatic sequestration through hemodynamic effects.
SENSITIZATION TO DENATURED AUTOLOGOUS GAMMA GLOBULIN
Authors: McCluskey Robert T. , Miller Frederick , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: June 2004

Immunization of guinea pigs with denatured autologous gamma globulin results in the development of delayed hypersensitivity to some form of gamma globulin. When the autologous gamma globulin is subjected to denaturation with alkaline treatment as employed in this study, guinea pigs regularly develop reactivity to the immunizing material and occasionally to some form of heterologous gamma globulin. With other forms of denaturation, such as produced by urea, ultrasound, or heat, guinea pigs rarely develop sensitivity to the immunizing material but frequently exhibit delayed reactivity to native or denatured heterologous gamma globulin. Reactivity against native autologous gamma globulin does not occur. Guinea pigs immunized with undenatured autologous gamma globulin fail to develop reactivity to any form of gamma globulin.
Rabbits immunized with denatured autologous gamma globulin develop circulating antibodies against some form of gamma globulin. Rabbits immunized with alkaline denatured autologous gamma globulin develop antibodies against the preparation used for immunization and against heterologous gamma globulin; rabbits immunized with autologous gamma globulin subjected to freeze-thaw or heat denaturation develop antibodies against heterologous globulin, but antibodies against the immunizing material can only rarely be demonstrated.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER
Authors: Kaiser Hans Klaus , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

Determination of the dose-response curve for rabbit leucocytic pyrogen reveals a hyperthermic "ceiling" at which there is a marked insensitivity to dosage. This finding has important implications in relation to the quantitative assay of leucocytic pyrogen.
Polymorphonuclear leucocytes separated from normal rabbit blood possess the capacity to produce less than 5 per cent of the pyrogen generated by the same number of rabbit granulocytes collected from acute peritoneal exudates.
Blood granulocytes, separated in the cold from the buffy coat, contain no detectable preformed pyrogen.
The amount of preformed pyrogen within exudate granulocytes represents but a small fraction of the pyrogen which the cells are capable of generating when incubated in normal saline at 37°C. It is suggested that the active pyrogen is formed from an inactive precursor within the cells.
Under the conditions tested, cell fragments of rabbit granulocytes fail to produce endogenous pyrogen.
The fact that the production of pyrogen is blocked at 4°C is in keeping with the hypothesis that it involves metabolic reactions within the cell.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER
Authors: Kaiser Hans Klaus , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

The production of endogenous pyrogen by intact granulocytes obtained from acute peritoneal exudates is blocked by arsenite, iodoacetate, p-chloromercuribenzoate, and N-ethylmaleimide in concentrations of 2 x 10–4 M.
When the concentration of these sulfhydryl-reactive enzyme inhibitors is increased to 2 x 10–2 M, only the iodoacetate inactivates the pyrogen molecule, whereas the arsenite, the p-chloromercuribenzoate, and the N-ethylmaleimide have no gross effect upon its thermogenic activity.
Both diisopropyl fluorophosphate and dinitrofluorobenzene are even more potent inactivators of the pyrogen molecule than iodoacetate, although the action of the DFP cannot be blocked or reversed by known antagonists such as 2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide and hydroxylamine.
Proteolytic enzymes, potentially capable of degrading leucocytic pyrogen, are released from polymorphonuclear leucocytes, along with the pyrogen, when the cells are incubated in normal salt solution. These enzymes are readily activated by a sufficient concentration of glutathione (2 x 10–2 M). They are not present in preparations of partially purified leucocytic pyrogen from which much of the non-pyrogenic protein has been removed.
Glutathione by itself, even at concentrations as high as 2 x 10–1 M, does not affect in the gross the thermogenic activity of the purified pyrogen.
The implications of these findings in relation to both the production and the chemical characteristics of leucocytic pyrogen are discussed.
STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE STREPTOCOCCAL CELL WALL
Authors: Krause Richard M. , McCarty Maclyn 
Published: June 2004

The trypsinized cell walls of Group C streptococci contain two components, the group-specific carbohydrate and a mucopeptide polymer. Hot formamide extraction of Group C cell walls results in a soluble group-specific carbohydrate fraction and an insoluble mucopeptide residue. This mucopeptide, similar in composition to that of Groups A and A-variant streptococci, contains N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, lysine, and glycine. It is dissolved by the muralytic enzymes, including lysozyme, which does not attack the whole cell wall. Lysis of the cell wall by phage-associated lysin results in the release of soluble fragments composed of the elements of mucopeptide.
Group C carbohydrate extracted with formamide is composed primarily of N-acetylgalactosamine and rhamnose. Serological studies suggest that the specificity of Group C carbohydrate is determined by the N-acetylgalactosamine.
STUDIES ON THE TRANSFERRINS OF ADULT SERUM, CORD SERUM, AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Authors: Parker W. Carey , Bearn Alexander G. 
Published: June 2004

Nine of the twelve known variants of human transferrin have been resolved by the action of neuraminidase into stepwise patterns of four additional slower moving components whose relative intensities depended upon the concentration of enzyme. These components appeared to represent the stepwise removal of the four sialic acid residues from the transferrin molecule, and at large enzyme concentrations, almost all of the transferrin was reduced to the position of the slowest moving component. In contrast, the electrophoretic mobilities of haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and α2-macroglobulin showed a gradual decrease with increasing neuraminidase concentration.
The transferrins of chimpanzees, rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys, and cattle were resolved by neuraminidase into two slower moving components. These experiments suggested that the primate and cattle transferrins contained only two sialic acid residues accessible to the enzyme.
Transferrins C, B2, and D1 and a cynomolgus monkey transferrin were purified from serum by starch block electrophoresis and cellulose chromatography. Ultracentrifugal analysis could detect no difference in sedimentation rate between transferrin C, the primate transferrin, and neuraminidase-treated transferrin C. The human transferrins showed no variation in amino acid composition, but the cynomolgus transferrin was approximately 20 per cent higher in serine content and 50 per cent lower in glucosamine than human transferrin C. Reactions of antigenic identity were obtained among five human transferrin variants but a reaction of only partial identity was obtained between transferrin C and the cynomolgus transferrin.
The transferrin pattern of cord blood showed a prominent band in the position of transferrin C, accompanied by four faint slower moving bands which coincided with the four transferrin components produced by the action of neuraminidase on transferrin C.
The transferrin pattern of cerebrospinal fluid in individuals homozygous for serum transferrin C showed two principal components, one of which appeared to contain no sialic acid. Haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and α2-macroglobulin were also present in cerebrospinal fluid.
PREVENTION OF EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (EAE) BY VITAMIN C DEPRIVATION
Authors: Mueller Peter S. , Kies Marian W. , Alvord Ellsworth C. , Shaw Cheng-Mei 
Published: June 2004

Scorbutic guinea pigs injected with CNS and mycobacterium to induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) showed no clear-cut neurological signs and failed to show histological evidence of central nervous system damage. The degree of protection afforded by vitamin C deprivation was related directly to the duration of the scorbutogenic diet and inversely to the strength of the CNS challenge.
Vitamin C deprivation also abolished tuberculin sensitivity as measured by the PPD skin reaction. Upon restoration of vitamin C, the animals recovered their sensitivity to PPD but did not develop EAE.
It was further demonstrated that these effects of vitamin C deprivation were not related to inanition or to the endogenous levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids.