bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Winch Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ona Blustery Sunday afternoon early in March 1842 a funeral cortege set off from a house on Third and Lombard in Philadelphia’s New Market Ward. It wound its way up Lombard to Fifth and then along Fifth to a church on Adelphi Street, within sight of Independence Hall. Behind the hearse walked the family of the deceased, his servants, his apprentices, his journeymen, and his closest friends. Behind them walked hundreds of ordinary citizens. Several thousand more stood in the streets and on the side­ walks to watch the solemn procession pass by.
Such public displays of respect were hardly commonplace in Philadelphia. They were reserved for those individuals who had distinguished themselves in one way or another and won the admiration of their fellow citizens. Financier and city benefactor Stephen Girard had received this mark of honor, as had Episcopal bishop William White. And when Benjamin Franklin’s funeral took place the entire city had come to a halt. But this funeral procession was different. Girard, White, Franklin, and the other Philadelphians who had been ac­ corded a public funeral like this were all white men.
Mr. Bridges’s Apprentice
Authors: Winch Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With His Release from the Jersey and his painful trek back to Philadelphia, the war came to an end for James Forten. Once the joy of reunion was over, Margaret and Abigail must have taken a good look at him and been shocked at what they saw. He was pitifully thin. Great clumps of his hair had fallen out as a result of scurvy; his skin was ashy and unhealthy-looking, his feet cracked and swollen. The care and affection his mother and sister lavished on him, decent food, rest, and his own robust constitution combined to repair the ravages of sickness and malnutrition. His recovery had to be a speedy one. Money was as scarce as ever in the Forten household. James Forten was soon back at work, most likely sewing and repairing canvas in Robert Bridges’s sail loft, and learning more of the sailmaker’s craft.
The next major event for the family was Abigail’s marriage. Her husband’s name was William Dunbar, he was a sailor, and he was described in the marriage register as a “Free African.” The records reveal nothing about where and when he had been born, whether or not he had been a slave, and how he met Abigail.
“Our Happy Family Circle”
Authors: Winch Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By The Standards of his contemporaries,James Forten delayed marriage a long time. There was no reluctance on his part to marry, nor was there any shortage of potential partners. The delay was forced upon him. Becoming a master craftsman and setting up in business on his own account left precious little money or time to spare for a wife and children. And then there were his existing obligations. Margaret Forten had been haunted by the specter of poverty most of her life. She had labored long and hard when Thomas was alive, supplementing his modest income by doing domestic work. After she was widowed, the burden on her had become much greater. But for her, the family would have been destitute. Her son would certainly have received no formal education and would probably have spent the rest of his life among the ranks of the laboring poor. As James Forten prospered, he was concerned to make sure his mother had the security she had struggled to provide for him and his sister.
Migration
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migration is a wonderfully diverse biological phenomenon that has fascinated scientist and layman alike for centuries. Most attention has focused on the “charismatic megafauna” of the larger and more spectacular animals that undertake it, but it is not limited to these. Enormous numbers of tiny, fragile, and inconspicuous ous animals migrate as well, and-as I shall argue in this book-so do many plants and fungi when, as propagules, they move to new germination sites. In spite of the diversity of migratory phenomena, however, most books on the subject are confined to a particular taxon. Thus we have a plethora of excellent single-authored books and symposium volumes on bird migration, several on the movements of fish, some on mammals, some on butterflies, a few on insects in general, and a smattering of others, including books that cover a range of taxa. Although there have recently been some first-rate, very attractive popular books on migration that are not taxon limited, the past two decades have seen only two major scientific publications with broad taxonomic perspective. R. R. Baker’s huge 1978 work is not only dated now, but its highly eclectic approach has had limited acceptance among biologists. The outstanding volume edited by M. A. Rankin (1985), that derived from a 1983 symposium at Port Aransas, Texas, revealed clearly that the important “how” and “why” questions concerning migration transcended taxonomic boundaries, but its papers are based on information that is now more than 10 years old.
Migration: A Definition
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps no other behavior has suffered so much from confusion of definition as migration. What types of movement should be considered migration and how these types relate to one another are complex questions that have resulted in a definition barrier impeding synthesis and generalization across systems (Rankin 1985b). To a great extent this is because students of the phenomenon have tended to focus on a single taxon and its peculiarities, with the result that definitions depended very much on the particular group under study (Baker 1978; Taylor 1986a,b; Stenseth and Lidicker 1992a, b). Ornithologists paid little attention to the work of entomology gists and vice versa and neither paid much attention to the movements of aquatic organisms. There has also been a strong tendency to concentrate effort on the readily observed and often spectacular movements of long distance to-and-fro migrants among birds, butterflies, large mammals, or fish. Return movements were established early on by vertebrate biologists as the criterion for “true migration” (Thomson 1926; Heape 1931). Thomson described such “true” migrations as “changes of habitat, periodically recurring and alternating in direction, which tend to secure optimal environmental conditions at all times” (1926, p. 3). Because return movements were unknown, with but few exceptions, among insects and most mammals, most of these animals were specifically excluded. Later authors, summarizing the movements of various vertebrates, adopted similar definitions and often emphasized a distinction between migration and other movements that, although sometimes extensive, did not involve to-and-fro passage (Heape 1931; Dorst 1962; Harden Jones, 1968; Orr 1970; Stenseth and Lidicker 1992a,b; for an exception, see Gaines and Mc Clenaghan 1980). These latter were referred to as “emigration,” “nomadism,” or in the case of the many small organisms such as parachuting seeds, aphids, spiders, and marine plankton that were transported by wind or currents, “passive dispersal” (Heape 1931; Hardy 1958; Williams 1958).
The Physiology of Migration
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two major aspects to the physiology of migration. The first is the central nervous system (CNS) control of migratory behavior by means of interactions between migration and “settling” responses. This aspect was discussed in Chapter 2, where migration is defined. The nervous control of migratory behavior by the CNS was analyzed for the aphid, Aphisfabae,by J. S. Kennedy, as we have seen, and it involves not only the enhancement of locomotory behavior but also the reciprocal inhibition of “vegetative” responses such as feeding and reproduction, even in the face of stimuli that would usually trigger those responses. Although there is strong suggestion of reciprocal interaction between migratory and vegetative behaviors in other animals, many songbirds, for example, migrate at night when they would otherwise be sleeping (a vegetative response) and other examples occur throughout this book, Kennedy’s aphid study is virtually the only one in which the action of the CNS has been explicitly considered. Analagous reciprocal mechanisms occur in the migratory physiology of plants, but they, too, have been little studied from a perspective of promoting migration (see Chapter 2). Even though CNS control is so fundamental to migratory and indeed all behavior in animals, the lack of understanding of the CNS function and role in migration, and the almost total lack of studies investigating that role, is undoubtedly the single biggest lacuna in our entire conception of the migration phenomenon. Unfortunately there is little one can do at this point except plead that the conceptual foundation established by Kennedy for aphids be followed up in studies of migratory behavior in other organisms.
Migration to Special Habitats
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of migratory phenomena that involve movements to sites that provide specific requirements. Among the more familiar examples are the migrations to restricted breeding locations by marine vertebrates of terrestrial origin. Thus albatrosses and marine turtles wander widely over the world’s oceans but return to breed on islands or beaches that are mere specks on the surface of the globe, driven by the needs of their young to hatch on land. The opposite need occurs in amphibians, whose young require water. This demand for water leads to migrations that take breeding adults to a range of aquatic habitats, some ordinary like temperate ponds, others exquisitely exotic like the bromeliad nursery pools of certain tropical tree frogs. Bromeliads may also serve as nurseries for crabs (Hartnoll 1963), of which many, like amphibians, spend their adult stages in terrestrial habitats but, with some notable exceptions, must return to water to release their eggs. The most studied of migrations to restricted breeding sites are those of diadromous salmonid fishes, as we have seen already at several places in this book. The origin and evolution of diadromy will also be taken up in this chapter.
Adaptive Optics for Astronomical Telescopes
Authors: Hardy John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book by one of the leaders in adaptive optics covers the fundamental theory and then describes in detail how this technology can be applied to large ground-based telescopes to compensate for the effects of atmospheric turbulence. It includes information on basic adaptive optics components and technology, and has chapters devoted to atmospheric turbulence, optical image structure, laser beacons, and overall system design. The chapter on system design is particularly detailed and includes performance estimation and optimization. Combining a clear discussion of physical principles with numerous real-world examples, this book will be a valuabe resource for all graduate students and researchers in astronomy and optics.
The Short, Eventful History of Adaptive Optics
Authors: Hardy John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earth’s atmosphere is our window on the universe. This fragile, translucent shell of gases nurtures life on Earth, providing essential air and moisture, as well as giving protection from harmful radiation and the destructive impact of meteoric debris. Its transparency allows us tantalizing glimpses of the cosmos from the security of our planet, but the atmosphere is in constant motion and is far from being a perfect window. Light rays that have traveled unchanged over vast distances, bringing information from the distant reaches of the universe, are distorted in the final moments of their long journey through space.
The Neuropsychology of Dementia
Authors: Bondi Mark W , Salmon David P , Kaszniak Alfred W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As increasing numbers of individuals are surviving into older age in most developed countries (Myers, 1990), the prevalence of dementing illness has risen (Manton, 1990). Accordingly, clinical and research efforts in the neuropsychology of dementia have also expanded, particularly over the past two decades (La Rue, 1992; Poon et al., 1992). From a clinical perspective, neuropsychological assessment has come to play a critical role in identifying the presence of dementia and in contributing to the differential diagnosis of its myriad causes. Clinical neuropsychological assessment of the person with known or suspected dementia may be performed to address any or all of the following aims (see Bayles and Kaszniak, 1987; Albert and Moss, 1988; La Rue, 1992; Zee, 1993; Lezak, 1995): (1) to identify the presence of cognitive impairment and contribute to diagnosis, particularly where the degree of impairment is mild, where the patient is of high premorbid intellectual ability, or where there is an unusual combination of cognitive impairments; (2) to provide information to patients, family members, and health care providers about the specific nature of strengths and weaknesses in the patient’s cognitive functioning; (3) to contribute to recommendations for treatment and management of cognitive and behavior problems; and (4) to provide a baseline measurement against which treatment effects or disease progression can be judged.
Phylogenetic Lability and Rates of Evolution: A Comparison of Behavioral, Morphological and Life History Traits
Authors: Gittleman John L , Anderson C Gregory , Kot Mark , Luh Hang-Kwang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“How fast, as a matter of fact, do animals evolve in nature?” Fifty years ago Simpson (1944) posed this deceptively simple question. Even though it lies at the heart of evolutionary biology, many conceptual, methodological, and theoretical problems remain unstudied in our understanding of the lability and rate of trait evolution. Many advances have arisen as the result of direct estimates of evolutionary rates from the fossil record.
Neuroscience Perspectives on Emotion in Psychopathology
Authors: Taitano Keolani , Miller Gregory A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many opportunities exist to bring neuroscience to bear in studies of the role of emotion in psychopathology. Unfortunately, psychological approaches to psychopathology often seem to ignore compelling biological issues and findings, and biological approaches to psychopathology are often equally parochial with respect to psychology (Churchland, 1986). The divide that often separates biological and psychological approaches to both emotion and psychopathology fosters a variety of philosophical errors, barriers to collaboration, and even competitive pressures among sub disciplines. A consideration of the range of available measures of biological phenomena, however, provides encouragement. Such measures may of course take the form of direct recording of biological events, such as heart rate changes, brainwave patterns, cortisol levels, or regional metabolic rate, but they may also take the form of direct recording of behavioral events used as a basis for inference about biological events, such as overt performance on a neuropsychological test. Thus, the distinction between “biological” and “psychological” measures is less clear than it may appear.
Cavitation And Bubble Dynamics
Authors: Brennen Christopher E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book describes and explains the fundamental physical processes involved in bubbly dynamics and the phenomenon of cavitation. The study of cavitation and bubbly flow applies to many areas of interest; from valve damage in hydroelectric equipment, ship propellors and internal combustion engines to the performance of turbines and pumps of all sizes,to physiological phenomena such as the cracking of joints and the “bends”
Phase Change, Nucleation, And Cavitation
Authors: Brennen Christopher E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This first chapter will focus on the mechanisms of formation of two-phase mixtures of vapor and liquid. Particular attention will be given to the process of the creation of vapor bubbles in a liquid. In doing so we will attempt to meld together several overlapping areas of research activity. First, there are the studies of the fundamental physics of nucleation as epitomized by the books of Frenkel (1955) and Skripov (1974). These deal largely with very pure liquids and clean environments in order to isolate the behavior of pure liquids. On the other hand, most engineering systems are impure or contaminated ih ways that have important effects on the process of nucleation. The later part of the chapter will deal with the physics of nucleation in such engineering environments.
The Elusive Truth About Women and Men
Authors: Aries Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The popular press and scholarly journals are filled with accounts of differences between men and women, in their verbal, mathematical, and perceptual abilities, their personalities, and their patterns of communication. One of the areas of particular interest to the general public is verbal interaction, as evidenced by the popularity of two recent bestsellers: Deborah Tannen’s You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation and John Gray’s Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus. A very clear and polarized depiction of men and women has emerged from these works. Deborah Tannen has argued that men and women approach conversation with a distinct set of rules and interpretations of talk. Men focus on status and independence; women focus on intimacy and connection-a difference that makes communication between the sexes problematic. John Gray goes even further in his claims: “Not only do men and women communicate differently but they think, feel, perceive, react, respond, love, need, and appreciate differently. They almost seem to be from different planets, speaking different languages.”
Applications of Allozyme Electrophoresis in Conservation Biology
Authors: Leberg Paul L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The influence of allozyme electrophoresis on our understanding of the genetic structure of natural populations is difficult to overstate. Since it was first applied to population genetics in the mid 1960s, allozyme electrophoresis has been widely used in systematics, evolution, ecology, and conservation biology. A survey of recent papers indicates that allozyme electrophoresis is still the predominant tool used to address questions in conservation genetics (Figure 6-1). As other molecular approaches become more readily available, the relative importance of allozyme electrophoresis will decrease. However, because of its relatively low cost and ease of application, this technique will continue to be used in many studies.
Genetic Structure of Natural Taxus Populations in Western North America
Authors: Scher Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent field surveys and other supporting data provide evidence that most if not all natural populations of yew (Taxus) are in decline (Farjon et al., 1993). A compilation of threatened conifer taxa lists the status of Pacific yew (T. brevifolia) as rare, Florida yew (Taxusjloridana) as endangered, and the Mexican yew (Taxus globosa) and Chinese yew (Taxus yunnanensis) as vulnerable. Although the Pacific yew is identified as rare, it occurs over a wide geographic range and a variety of habitats, but is sparsely distributed and never abundant.
The Evolutionary Roots of Correspondence Competence
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We cannot recreate our earliest ancestors and examine their cognitive activity: thoughts do not “fossilize.” We can only extract highly presumptive evidence about their judgments from archeological and anthropological research and look at the way in which other species make judgments, particularly in regard to their choice of mates. Darwin’s 1871 observations are the starting point for the latter research strategy (although he also devoted a few pages of his 1859 Origin of Species to this matter).
Reducing Tension Through Complementarity
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tension exists between the coherence and the correspondence approaches to judgment and decision making largely because of differences in conclusions regarding the cognitive competence of Homo sapiens. Coherence theorists have encouraged the conclusion that human beings suffer from cognitive illusions and are thus incompetent in their judgments under uncertainty. But many researchers have disputed that conclusion. S. Epstein, for example, conducted a review that led him to emphasize the positive contributions of intuitive cognition, which the coherence theorists denigrate. He asserted that “the experiential system [as opposed to the intellectual, analytical system] is generally adaptive in concretive, natural situations, and therefore [italics added] people are unlikely to make CEs [cognitive errors] in situations that arise in everyday living”—exactly opposite from the conclusions drawn by coherence theorists.
Is It Possible to Learn from Representing?
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several academic disciplines—ecology, geology, geography, history, and paleontology, among others—are based on representing what has been observed. Indeed, that was Darwin’s method. Some of the most significant additions to our knowledge come from representing social, ecological, and physical phenomena.
Sometimes representation is easy; for example, we have discovered that the population of the world is growing rapidly. But sometimes it is hard. The ongoing debate about the health care system in the United States provides an example. Speeches are regularly given in which we are told that “U.S. citizens have the best health care in the world,” but with equal regularity we are told that the “system is broken and needs to be fixed.” Worse still, the representation of the true situation—whatever it is—is of doubtful validity because its representation is closely linked to the political affiliation of the speaker. In short, as is the case with intervening, some modes of representation are more trustworthy than others. I begin with the best—Mode 4.
The Possible Future of Cognitive Competence
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The search for wisdom has led us to an examination of our faith in the wisdom of our elders. That examination has in turn brought us to a recognition of change in the nature of cognitive competence. In the past, wisdom was based on the use of multiple fallible indicators and the correspondence theory of truth. However useful in the past this form of cognitive competence was, it is diminishing in value. This change parallels the change in the relative importance of the natural and the artificial environments. Because of it, there has been a sharp increase in the demand for analytical, coherent cognition. Will that continue? With what consequences? In this chapter I briefly reexamine the past and present, then make predictions of the future.
Rivalry, Tension—Forever?
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rivalry between intuition and analysis, and the tension between coherence and correspondence, developed in the course of coping with irreducible uncertainty, duality of error, and injustice. These circumstances are as old as humankind, are they not? Why should we not expect them to continue? There are no signs of their disappearance. Nor is there any indication that the system that responds to all this—the brain of Homo sapiens—has changed since we first appeared.