bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Penetrating keratoplasty for treatment of corneal protrusion in a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus)
Authors: Andrew Stacy E. , Clippinger Tracy L. , Brooks Dennis E. , Helmick Kelly E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA young adult great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) was examined following presumed trauma. The owl had soft tissue injury to its left wing as well as corneal protrusion, lens subluxation, and iridodialysis of the right eye. The bird's eye was treated surgically with a large, rectangular penetrating keratoplasty. Following escape from housing, the bird was found with partial wound dehiscence and iris prolapse 12 days post operation. Surgical repair was performed and healing progressed for 14 days, at which time the transplant dehisced and the globe was exenterated. The patient rehabilitated well until escaping from its cage again 4 weeks later, at which time it sustained an open comminuted humeral fracture and was euthanized.
Dacryops in a red‐eared slider (Chrysemys scripta elegans): case report
Authors: Allgoewer Ingrid , Göbel Thomas , Stockhaus Christian , Schaeffer Ekkehard H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractClinical and histologic findings of an orbital lacrimal cyst (dacryops) in a 23‐year‐old‐female red‐eared slider (Chrysemys scripta elegans) are described. Main ophthalmologic findings included unilateral exophthalmus, engorged episcleral vessels, periocular swelling superior to the globe, incomplete lid closure, and reduced ocular motility. Based on sonographic and cytologic examination of the tissue, the preliminary diagnosis of an orbital cyst was established. After surgical resection of the cystic structure, the eye remained visual but enophthalmic. Histopathologic diagnosis of the resected tissue was interstitial dacryoadenitis.
Risk factors for the HIV‐associated lipodystrophy syndrome in a closed cohort of patients after 3 years of antiretroviral treatment
Authors: Mauss S , Corzillius M , Wolf E , Schwenk A , Adam A , Jaeger H , Knechten H , Goelz J , Goetzenich A ,   for the DAGNÄ Lipantiretroviral therapy study group
Published: March 2003

Objective To identify prevalence and risk factors associated with the HIV‐associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HIVLD) after 3 years of antiretroviral therapy, to investigate the diagnostic value of anthropometric measures and to assess the impact of HIVLD on quality of life.Design and methods A prospective, cross‐sectional, multicentre, observational, cohort study was performed in 27 German teaching hospitals, nonacademic hospitals and private practices. A total of 221 HIV‐positive patients commencing antiretroviral therapy between July and September 1996 were studied. The main outcome measure was lipodystrophy, defined as otherwise unexplained truncal fat accumulation and/or fat loss in face or extremities. The analysis consisted of multiple logistic regression models, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves for anthropometric measures and visual analogue scales for quality of life.Results The prevalence of HIVLD after 3 years was 34%. The following variables were independently associated with HIV‐LS: stavudine use > 12 months [odds ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–3.9], CD4 count nadir < 200 cells/µL (OR 2.2, CI 1.1–4.6), hypertriglyceridaemia (OR 2.3, CI 1.3–4.2) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) intake > 12 months (OR 0.2, CI 0.04–0.87). No cut‐off point was found for anthropometric indices with a sensitivity and specificity of ≥ 0.8. The mean visual analogue ratings for impaired quality of life, on a scale of 0–10, were: 5.2 (self‐esteem), 2.9 (social contacts), 4.2 (sexuality) and 3.5 (daily activities).Conclusions These findings suggest a multifactorial aetiology for HIVLD. Stavudine use and a CD4 count below 200 cells/µL may be associated with an increased risk for the development of HIVLD. In contrast, NNRTI treatment may be associated with a reduced risk. Anthropometric indices were found to be insufficient as a diagnostic tool. Quality of life was severely affected by HIVLD.
The tomato powdery mildew fungus Oidium neolycopersici
Authors: Jones Hannah , Whipps John M. , Gurr Sarah Jane 
Published: March 2003

summary Pathogen: Powdery mildew fungus; Ascomycete although sexual stage is yet to be found; an obligate biotroph. Identification: Superficial mycelium with hyaline hyphae; unbranched erect conidiophores; conidia, ellipsoid‐ovoid or doliform, 22−46 × 10−20 µm, lack fibrosin bodies; conidia formed singly, rarely in short chains of 2–6 conidia; appressoria lobed to multilobed, rarely nipple‐shaped. Pseudoidium species. Host range: Broad, reported to attack over 60 species in 13 plant families, particularly members of the Solanaceae and Curcubitaceae. Symptoms: Powdery white lesions on all aerial plant parts except the fruit. In severe outbreaks the lesions coalesce and disease is debilitating. Agronomic importance: Extremely common in glasshouse tomatoes world wide but increasing in importance on field grown tomato crops. Control: Chemical control and breeding programmes for disease resistance.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices of nursing staff in a rural hospital of Cameroon: how much does the health care provider know about the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome?
Authors: Mbanya D. N. , Zebaze R. , Kengne A. P. , Minkoulou E. M. , Awah P. , Beure  
Published: March 2003

AbstractQualitative and quantitative approaches were used in a rural hospital of Cameroon to assess how much nursing personnel know about and practise in regard to human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), and to determine health service factors that influence knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP). Participants included 107 nursing and laboratory staff and 62 patients with AIDS. Self‐administered questionnaires were used for nurses, and close‐ended questionnaires were administered to patients with AIDS (as a verification tool for staff responses). Focus group discussions (FGD) held with nurse supervisors evaluated health service factors that influence KAP. Overall, 70.1% of the nurses who responded scored highly in the knowledge section compared to 50.5% in the attitude and practice section. There were several outstanding misconceptions and malpractices about HIV/AIDS. Knowledge, but not attitude, was significantly influenced by the grade of the staff (P < 0.001 and P = 0.17, respectively). Approximately 15% of 62 patients with AIDS indicated that they were attended to with signs of disgust and/or hatred. The major health service factors thought to influence KAP, confirmed by many in all the FGD, included: the lack of adequate information; the lack of commitment to alter attitudes and practices; the lack of in‐service promotions; and the ongoing fear of becoming infected with the virus through caring for patients with AIDS. Low income also seemed to have an influence on KAP. Therefore, it is imperative that ongoing education programmes are provided for nurses to enable them to meet the needs of the increasing HIV prevalence in our community. Information, education and communication, and compliance with international working norms, remain essential tools in the control of HIV/AIDS spread in our hospital settings.
Re‐thinking nursing science through the understanding of Buddhism
Authors: Rodgers Beth L. , Yen Wen‐Jiuan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWestern thought has dominated scientific development for a long time, and nursing has not escaped the influence of such ideology. Nurse scholars, in an attempt to fit the dominant scientific ideology, typically have had to struggle with non‐empirical elements of nursing. This orientation in science, however, may have contributed inadvertently to a form of scientific ethnocentrism in the culture of inquiry in nursing as in other fields. The result has been a narrow view of science and knowledge and failure to recognize the potential significance of Eastern philosophy in nursing knowledge development. Recently, intensive cultural exchanges between the East and the West have contributed to Western scientists becoming aware of the limits of Western linear thinking and concomitant efforts to explore the mysteries of Eastern philosophy. In this article, we explore Buddhism as one example of such philosophies that have great potential to enrich nursing as it continues to strive for definition and identity.
The multifaceted structure of nursing: an Aristotelian analysis1
Authors: Whelton Beverly J. B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA careful reading of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics focusing on his treatment of politics reveals a multifaceted discipline with political science, legislation, practice and ethics. These aspects of the discipline bear clear resemblance to the multiple conceptions of nursing. The potential that nursing is a multifaceted discipline, with nursing science as just one facet challenges the author's own conception of nursing as a practical science. Aristotle's discussion would seem to argue that nursing science is nursing, but nursing is more. Nursing is also ethical practice, or art, and legislative for health. The multifaceted discipline of politics is united by the end, the common good, a just community that makes human happiness possible. Reasoning in this way, nursing is unified by its end, health of individuals and communities. Since nursing is not unique in having health as its end, this discussion ends with the question of where its uniqueness lies, i.e. within the activities or the personal presence of its practitioners. This discussion also contains some of the contemporary ethical and legislative challenges with which nursing is confronted.
Squamometry: A Tool to Move from Exaggerated to More and More Realistic Application Conditions for Comparing the Skin Compatibility of Surfactant‐Based Products
Authors: Paye Marc , Cartiaux Yasmine 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisSquamometry consists of sampling the most superficial layers of the stratum corneum by means of a sticky tape firmly pressed onto the skin. Harvested cells are stained and the intensity of staining is related to the level of skin surface alterations caused by surfactant‐based products. This method is extremely sensitive and the current study demonstrates that, thanks to squamometry, product mildness can now be compared without causing skin irritation due to exaggerated application conditions.In a 15 minute patch test, squamometry assessments ranked a series of surfactants as expected from their known irritation potential, without causing clinical signs of irritation. Similarly, the counter‐irritant effect of amphoteric and nonionic surfactants on the irritation potential of anionic surfactants was evidenced. In a 30 minute patch test, shampoos were ranked by squamometry as they were in a classical Soap Chamber Test (48 hours of application). Finally, four hand dishwashing liquids were tested for one week by consumers according to a procedure similar to normal usage of the products, and were classified by squamometry as they were in a previous Soap Chamber Test.In conclusion, this study suggests that squamometry is able to predict the skin compatibility of surfactant‐based products even after very short and realistic application times to volunteers’ skin. Providing further validation, this technique could allow a move to test conditions much closer to the normal usage procedure of the products, to design test protocols much more respectful of panelists’ skin condition, and to get information on product tolerance very quickly.
Phase diagram and emulsion stability of surfactant–fragrance systems
Authors: Zhang  , Denler  , Friberg  , Aikens  
Published: March 2003

Synopsis Emulsions containing 95 wt.% water were prepared of a fragrance oil (limonene, the mixture of limonene and phenethyl alcohol in different ratios, and benzaldehyde), using a commercial tetraethyleneglycol lauryl ether (Laureth 4) as the stabilizer. The emulsion stability was observed both visually and with the aid of a microscope. The variation of emulsion stability with the fragrance/surfactant ratio is related to the phase changes in the system. Résumé On prépare des émulsions contenant 95% en poids d’eau avec une essence de parfum (limonène, le mélange de limonène et d’alcool phénéthylique en différentes proportions, et du benzaldéhyde), en utilisant un éther laurylique de tétraéthylène glycol (Laureth 4) commercial comme stabilisant. On étudie la stabilité de l’émulsion visuellement et avec l’aide d’un microscope. La variation de la stabilité de l’émulsion en fonction de la proportion parfum/tensioactif est liée aux changements de phase du système.
Objective emotional assessment of tactile hair properties and their modulation by different product worlds
Authors: Boucsein W. , Schaefer F. , Kefel M. , Busch P. , Eisfeld W. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisTactile properties of cosmetic products constitute weak stimuli and thus can be expected to be easily modified by mental images. In order to enhance an intended positive‐emotion‐inducing effect of such a product, its experience can be embedded in a certain ‘world’ that generates a positive emotional imagination. The present study investigated such an influence in 12 males and 12 females, half of each being laymen and experts in sensory assessment. Two product worlds (emotional and technical) and three different hair samples, two of them treated with different shampoos and an untreated one as control, were presented to each subject in counter‐balanced order of all six combinations. An objective emotional assessment using a psychophysiological technique developed in an earlier study was applied and compared with a traditional sensory assessment. Among the physiological measures, peripheral blood volume and facial muscular activity were the most sensitive in revealing effects of and interactions between the product worlds and hair samples. A multivariate evaluation of the physiological data revealed three discriminant functions that explained 78.4% of the total variance and enabled a re‐classification considerably better than chance. The first discriminant function clearly separated the treated from the untreated hair samples which was not possible by subjective ratings or traditional sensory assessment. The two other discriminant functions comprised a hedonistic and a product world factor. The emotional product world exerted the largest influence in case of the weakest tactile differences between the hair samples, and its influence was larger on laymen than on experts. Gender effects were most prominent in the subjective domain. In conclusion, multivariate psychophysiological methodology is superior to traditional sensory assessment in revealing subtle differences in the tactile perception of cosmetic products.
Sunscreen in vitro spectroscopy: application to UVA protection assessment and correlation with in vivo persistent pigment darkening
Authors: Ferrero L. , Pissavini M. , Marguerie S. , Zastrow L. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisIn the present study, we have described an in vitro spectroscopic method to evaluate the sunscreen products for UVA sun protection factor. The roughened PMMA plates have been used as a transparent substrate on to which the test product is spread. The UVA protection factors have been deduced from the UV‐transmittance data measured in the UVA area. In order to be as close as possible to the in vivo protection factors, issued from the PPD end‐point, the treated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plates are submitted to different UV‐irradiation doses, before the measurement. The correlation in vitro/in vivo is poor when the sunscreens are not irradiated. A UV dose of about 2 minimal pigmenting dose (MPD) is enough to achieve a good correlation between in vitro and in vivo data issued from the 13 tested sunscreens. These results are consistent with the fact that the photostability of sunscreens is challenged during an in vivo PPD test.
Reduced barrier efficiency in axillary stratum corneum
Authors: Watkinson A. , Lee R. S. , Moore A. E. , Pudney P. D. A. , Paterson S. E. , Rawlings A. V. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisThe skin of the axilla is cosmetically important with millions of consumers daily applying antiperspirant/deodorant products. Despite this, we know virtually nothing about axillary skin or how antiperspirant (AP) use impacts upon it. To characterize the axillary stratum corneum and determine whether this is a unique skin type, we have looked at stratum corneum composition and function, particularly its barrier properties, and compared it with other body sites. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and corneosurfametry (CSM) revealed a reduced barrier function in the axilla. HPTLC analysis of the stratum corneum lipids demonstrated statistically elevated levels of fatty acids, ceramides, and particularly cholesterol in the axilla. Both ceramide and cholesterol did not appear to change with depth, indicating that they were predominantly of stratum corneum origin. On the other hand, at least some of the fatty acid had a sebaceous origin. We hypothesized that the reduced barrier function might be owing to the changes in the crucial ceramide : cholesterol ratio. To address this, we used a combination of attenuated total reflectance–Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR) with cyanoacrylate sampling. These results demonstrated more ordered lipid‐lamellae phase behaviour in the axilla, suggesting that the elevated cholesterol might form crystal microdomains within the lipid lamellae, allowing an increase in water flux. Since an exaggerated application of antiperspirant had no effect upon the axilla barrier properties, it is concluded that this region of skin physiologically has a reduced barrier function.
Geophagia: why do humans consume soil?
Authors: Reilly Conor , Henry Jeya 
Published: March 2003

SummaryGeophagia is an ancient practice which is still widely seen in many parts of the world, especially in traditional societies. Soils, selected for particular qualities, such as flavour and plasticity, from carefully chosen sites, are consumed for a variety of reasons, from religious to medicinal, as well as part of a regular diet. The practice has been criticised as unhygienic because it can expose consumers to toxic soil constituents, such as heavy metals or parasites. It has also been suggested that it causes iron deficiency anaemia. However, there is evidence that soil can be a valuable source of trade elements and nutrients. A number of investigations are currently been carried out to resolve such conflicting views and to provide data on which an objective judgement can be made regarding the clinical, medicinal and nutritional implications of the practice.
Diet and nutritional status of 4–18‐year‐olds: public health implications
Authors: Buttriss Judy 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe National Diet and Nutrition Survey: young people aged 4–18 years, published in June 2000, is the most detailed survey yet to be undertaken in this age group in Britain. It has revealed that Britain's young people are largely inactive and, although the majority appears to have adequate intakes of most vitamins, intakes tended to be lowest in families on benefit. This was particularly the case for folate and vitamin C, reflecting lower intakes of fruit and vegetables. Thirteen per cent of 11–18‐year‐olds had low vitamin D status, the vitamin usually provided via exposure to sunlight and essential for the development of healthy bones. A sizeable proportion of children may have inadequate intakes of a number of minerals, including zinc, calcium, potassium, magnesium and iron. For example, 25% of 11–14‐year‐old girls and 19% of those aged 15–18 years had intakes of calcium that were likely to be inadequate (i.e. lower than the LRNI); in all age and gender groups there was evidence of low zinc intakes; and 14% of girls and 13% of boys had low ferritin levels, suggesting low iron stores and an increased risk of anaemia. On the positive side, fat intakes were close to the population goal of 35% of dietary energy, but intakes of saturated fatty acids exceeded the recommended population level for adults of 11% of energy, and intakes of sugars and salt were also high in many children. This article discusses some of the public health implications of this major survey.
Obesity: a disease or a biological adaptation?
Authors: Tremblay A. , Doucet E. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe increase in obesity prevalence is problematic as this condition is associated with health complications such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, more particularly when the excess body fat is stored in the deep abdominal region. On the other hand, obesity facilitates the maintenance of body homeostasis probably because of an increased hormonal gradient which favours the regulation of energy balance, to give but one example. The regulation potential of excess body fat is particularly apparent in the reduced‐obese state where a reduction of energy expenditure, fat oxidation and some immune system markers, as well as an increase in appetite, stress vulnerability and circulating and adipose tissue organochlorines have been observed. These constitute another category of risk factors which can certainly favour the accumulation of body fat to reestablish body homeostasis on other fronts. Under such conditions, obesity is perceived by the physiologist as a necessary biological adaptation rather than a disease. For health professionals, this emphasizes the importance to seek a reasonable compromise between the favourable reduction of risk to develop metabolic complications by body weight loss and the physiological vulnerability which is also generated by such an intervention.
Obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in Hong Kong Chinese
Authors: Lee Z. S. K. , Critchley J. A. J. H. , Ko G. T. C. , Anderson P. J. , Thomas G. N. , Young R. P. , Chan T. Y. K. , Cockram C. S. , Tomlinson B. , Chan J. C. N. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to examine the risk associations between obesity indexes body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)], cardiovascular risk factors plasma glucose and lipids, blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion (UAE)] and morbidity conditions (Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and/or albuminuria) in Hong Kong Chinese. Seven‐hundred and two Hong Kong Chinese subjects (18–65 years of age, 59.4% of whom had at least one morbidity condition) were recruited from the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR. The measurements taken of the subjects included: height; weight; waist and hip circumferences; blood pressure; fasting plasma glucose and lipids; and 24‐h UAE. The mean BMI was 22.4 and 25.7 kg m−2 in healthy subjects and patients, respectively. The mean WC measurements of healthy subjects and patients were 77.1 and 86.4 cm in males and 71.0 and 81.8 cm in females, respectively. There were increasing trends between obesity indexes and the severity of cardiovascular risk factors and the prevalence of morbidity conditions (all P‐values for trend <0.05). Using 19.0–20.9 kg m−2 and <70 cm as a referent, subjects with a BMI of ≥25.0 kg m−2 (in both sexes) and/or a WC of ≥85 cm in males and ≥75 cm in females had an age‐adjusted odds ratio between 3.2 and 4.4 for the occurrence of at least one morbidity condition. Patients with a greater number of comorbidities also had higher BMI and WC measurements (all P‐values for the trend were <0.05 with adjustment for age and gender). Hence, despite Hong Kong Chinese being less obese than Caucasians, the intimate relationships among obesity, cardiovascular risk factors and morbidity conditions remain. Our data support using lower BMI and WC levels to define obesity and its associated health risks rather than using the criteria established from Caucasians who generally have larger body frames.