bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Human Rights Lexicon
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What do human rights mean in an age of counter-terrorism? How does globalization affect the protection of human rights? Can human rights contribute to the eradication of hunger and the promotion of education for all? This book presents a wide-ranging survey of the scope and significance of international human rights law. Arranged thematically in alphabetical format, it side-steps the traditional categories of human rights law, to investigate rights in the specific contexts in which they are invoked, debated, and considered. Entries are included on traditional topics such as children, the death penalty, and housing, along with newer issues such as culture, sexuality, and terrorism. Each entry introduces key concepts, norms and debates, and additionally contains suggestions for further reading. Throughout, the aim is to invite reflection on human rights in a way that avoids idealization. For the authors, international human rights law is a process or tool, which is neither inherently beneficent nor essentially problematic, but always potentially both. This book provides the reader with the necessary background to understand, evaluate and, above all, deploy human rights as a strategy for change in the contemporary world.
Feminist Studies and Political Science and Vice Versa
Authors: Sapiro Virginia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Women’s studies in political science is now more than a generation old. When the Women’s Caucus in Political Science was founded in 1969, women who openly considered focusing any of their research or teaching on women were discouraged and dissuaded by teachers and colleagues convinced that such work had to be ‘political’ rather than ‘scholarly’; in any case, it was deemed of little interest to the wider concerns of political science. In the early 1990s the Women’s Caucus remained large and active. At the same time, and following the institution of ‘Organized Sections’ within the American Political Science Association, membership in the Organized Section on Women and Politics Research grew to 450 out of the nearly 12,000 political scientists. A special journal devoted to this area, Women and Politics, has been in publication since 1980, and its contents represent only a fraction of the periodical literature published by political scientists each year.
women’s Interests’ and the Poststructuralist State
Authors: Pringle Rosemary , Watson Sophie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We killed the Queen. We picked our way through a series of state-rooms and stabbed Her. It was all very abstract: no blood or noise. We left, taking any papers that might incriminate us. Apparently we had Her cremated there was no sign of a body—but we had trouble getting rid of the ashes. We gave them to a priest-like figure to dispose of but he couldn’t do so without giving us another set in its place. So we had this urn, which we had exchanged several times for different sets of ashes. Though we’d freed ourselves of the original we were still carrying around an urn full of ashes. Then we found ourselves in court amongst a large group of women who were dressed in sackcloth and demonstrating with placards. All were chanting, ‘I killed the Queen’, which created a great deal of confusion.
Gender & Race: The Ampersand Problem in Feminist Thought
Authors: Spelman Elizabeth V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is not easy to think about gender, race and class in ways that don’t obscure or underplay their effects on one another. The crucial question is how the links between them are conceived. So, for example, we see that de Beauvoir tends to talk about comparisons between sex and race, or between sex and class, or between sex and culture; she describes what she takes to be comparisons between sexism and racism, between sexism and classism, between sexism and antiSemitism.
Interview with Jose Mrguez Bonino
Authors: Tamez Elsa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Liberation theology broke upon the world stage in the late twentieth century through the writings of a number of Latin American men. The liberationists, so powerful in speaking for the poor, were nonetheless not quick in the early days to recognize the presence of women as the poorest of the poor, excluded even by those church structures which aimed to assist them. In a ground breaking little book, Elsa Tamez sought to speed the process of recognition. Her authorial strategy was part of the cure. Instead of writing a single authored tract, she recorded and published interviews with twelve major liberation theologians.
The Mute Cannot Keep Silent
Authors: Muers Rachel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I should, first, explain my title: The mute cannot keep silent. The act of keeping silent, as philosophers and literary theorists alike have noted, can have a multiplicity of meanings. A silence in conversation can be the avoidance of speech on a particular subject, a recognition that no words can be an adequate response to the situation, an affirmation of an intimacy that includes but is not exhausted by verbal exchange. Responding to a question with silence can indicate agreement, indifference, ignorance, deep thought, refusal to acknowledge the questioner. The keeping of silence is not equivalent to an utterance, but is equally a part of human communicative behaviour.
The Hand that Rocks the Cradle
Authors: Exum J Cheryl 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A useful feature of Cheryl Exum’s chapter on the female characters in the early Exodus narrative is that it contains a brief history of interpretation of the author’s own views on her chosen text, the story of the midwives in Exodus 1 and 2. Here is a woman who is not afraid to say that she has changed her mind. As well as providing a personal case study of the development of feminist Bible scholarship, the article offers insights into such issues as the unintended side effects of certain methodologies.
Galatians
Authors: Osiek Carolyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No scholars seriously doubt that Paul wrote the letter to the Galatians. It contains some of the ideas considered most central to Paul’s theology, namely, salvation through faith in Christ and the Gentile Christian’s freedom from the Mosaic law. Galatians differs from the other authentic Pauline letters, though, in being addressed not to the cluster of house-churches in one urban area but to a group of churches in a larger geographical region as a circular letter. Those churches were located either in the Roman province of Galatia (the south Galatian theory) or in the larger, more northerly region that traditionally bore the name (the north Galatian theory).
Philippians
Authors: Perkins Pheme 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Philippians was written to Christians in Philippi while Paul was in prison. The location of that prison is the first problem that must be addressed. References to the “praetorium” (1:13) and “Caesar’s household” (4:22) suggest a locale where imperial officials were stationed. Since information has been exchanged easily between Paul and the community (1:26; 2:19; 2:23-30; 4:18), it was probably not Rome. Ephesus, which is referred to in l Cor. 15:32 and 2 Cor. I:8-10, could have been the location.
Augustine on Marriage
Authors: Clark Elizabeth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
That marriage is •a good thing’ is now taken for granted by most Christian denominations, to the point of intimidating the unmarried, but it was not ever thus. Christians of the early centuries, following what they regarded as the unequivocal teaching of Paul and Jesus, thought it better to remain unmarried, a ‘eunuch for the kingdom’. What ‘good’ then was marriage or, for that matter, sex? Augustine was an influential advocate of the thesis that reproduction was the primary justification for marriage. In this extract Elizabeth Clark shows how his position developed in the midst of controversies over the value of the body, and how close he came to developing a more ‘companionate’ view of marriage.
Pornography: An Exchange
Authors: MacKinnon/Ronald Dworkin Catharine A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This letter is not part of a dialogue over pornography or my book, Only Words. NYR consistently makes sure that its articles defend pornography and do not take its harm to women and children seriously. Dissent from this point of view is confined to letters which must focus on correcting the factual errors in the articles. This letter is no exception. Even in this editorial context, Ronald Dworkin’s review of my recent book [ NYR. October 21, 1993] is startlingly incompetent, inconsistent, and ignorant.
Erotic Autonomy as a Politics of Decolonization: An Anatomy of Feminist and State Practice in the Bahamas Tourist Economy
Authors: Alexander M Jacqui 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Marion Bethel wrote this tribute to the women of DAWN2 and in memory of the women of the suffrage movement who severed the colonial connection between property ownership, respectability, and citizenship. She uses this poem to establish a deliberate link with a particular history of women’s political struggle in the Bahamas. Fore grounded in Bethel’s incantation is a conscious political move on the part of women in the contemporary women’s movement in the Bahamas to choose from particular feminist genealogies, particular histories of struggle especially at a moment when the legacy of British gentility and respectability continues to assert itself and threatens to mold and usurp understandings of the self.
The Piagnoni and Religious Reform
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1497, at the height of the pamphlet war, the Savonarolans’ most formidable antagonist, Giovanni Caroli, issued a scathing denunciation of the doctrine they espoused. ‘Full of nonsense, full of dreams’, was his description of it. Considering Savonarola’s teaching to be a farrago of mismatched notions, gleaned from a host of disparate sources, Caroli declared, The varied nature of this teaching, therefore, gives rise to a whole variety of opinions, because it is—like all lies—all tangled up and turned upside down, confused, unstable and founded on quicksand. At times it appears full of mercy, at others full of cruelty; sometimes full of good faith, at others full of treachery; … wholly dissembling, utterly false; full of nonsense, full of dreams; sometimes full of humility, sometimes puffed up with pride; sometimes pious, sometimes impious; sometimes full of hope, sometimes full of despair; sometimes totally sure, sometimes riddled with ambiguity.
The Mystical Path to Reform
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of the attacks levelled against Savonarola in the immediate aftermath of the pamphlet war, the Apologia of Marsilio Ficino was among the most virulent.1 Representing a complete reversal of his former position, it was Ficino’s public renunciation of Savonarola. Once the heaven-sent saviour of Florence, Savonarola was now the Antichrist, the dread Saevus Nero of Christianity. Important as this personal act of renunciation undoubtedly was, the Apologia was intended by Ficino to have a far greater significance. For Ficino too looked upon himself as a religious guide and leader;3 and he now spoke as though his influence over his followers had been unaffected by Savonarola’s apostolate. Having made his own decision to renounce the prophet, he hoped, by his words, to enable his erstwhile disciples to do the same.
The Path to Radicalism
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The intellectual luminaries of the last chapter have a vital place in the Piagnone legend. Their significance is reflected in Piagnone historiography, where, from the very first, they have been accorded pride of place.1 While the importance of their contribution cannot be gainsaid, neither can it be allowed to overshadow the parts played by others who, in the first decade or so of the new century, were also devoting their every effort to the fulfilment of Savonarolan ideals. But not, however, by the same means. Theirs was not the conservative approach adopted by such Piagnoni as Girolamo Benivieni and Giovanfrancesco Pico; nor the radical, but limited, contemplative approach espoused by such Piagnoni as Domenico Benivieni and Pietro Bernardino. These Piagnoni wanted a root and branch ecclesiastical and social reform and set about implementing it independently of the existing ecclesiastical and civil hierarchies. Less learned, perhaps, than the conservatives, but no less forthright, these radicals imparted their own distinctive character to the movement. And the future, in fact, lay with them. The course of subsequent Piagnone history was largely determined by their activities.
‘In Sodom and Gomorrah’: The Piagnoni in Adversity and the Espousal of Radicalism
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Giuliano de’ Medici entered Florence on 1 September 1512, the day after Soderini had been seized and forcibly removed from office.’ He returned ostensibly as a private citizen but, in reality, as the head of a faction dedicated to the restoration of the Medici regime. In the same month, with the calling of a parlamento and the appointment of a Balia after prolonged conflict with the republican Ottimati, the first steps were taken towards the realization of this aim. Thus began a process which eventually
The berne Convention for the Protection of literary and Artistic Works (Paris act 1971)
Authors: Lewinski Silke von 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Basic choices in the 1886 version The Berne Convention did not emerge from nowhere, but against the background of the then existing network of bilateral agreements that had proved unsatisfactory for authors’ needs, so that the next step of a multilateral agreement was needed to improve the situation. The basic aim of both the bilateral treaties and the Berne Convention was to protect foreign works in the contracting states. The bilateral treaties achieved this aim in most cases by the principle of national treatment in different variations, for example, limited in its scope to specified rights or subject to material reciprocity; only in some cases did specific rights stipulated in the bilateral treaties have to be guaranteed.
Orangeism under Fire: Negotiating the Troubles, 1969–1972
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Order wasted no time in meeting the new Prime Minister, James Chichester-Clark, to press its views for two hours on issues such as law and order, the reshaping of local government and the franchise, funding for the Catholic Mater Hospital, and plans for the fiftieth anniversary of Northern Ireland. Orange– UUP unity was symbolized by Chichester-Clark ’s Minister of Development, Brian Faulkner. Faulkner at this point maintained a hardline reputation based on his resignation from O ‘Neill ’s cabinet in January 1969. He served on the Orange Grand Committee and attended the June 1969 Grand Lodge sessions, where he was warmly welcomed. Nevertheless, the honeymoon would not last long.
Unity in the Face of Treachery, 1972–1977
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The turbulent period 1968– 72 saw the Orange Order ’s membership partly recover from its modest post-1961 decline. Some of the new working-class and rural recruits were drawn to the Order as a self-defence organization, but if they expected to join a paramilitary organization, these hopes were soon dashed by an Institution still wedded to traditional principles of respect for law and order. By 1974– 5, membership had sunk to its 1968 level and a new pattern of slow but steady numerical decline had set in. This slide did not necessarily lead to a reduction in political efficacy.
The War against the Parades Commission
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Parading has always been the top priority for the Orange Institution, and its significance for the Order cannot be reduced to the wider Unionist desire to assert communal dominance. Power over space plays a role, as Jarman and Bryan point out, but marching also has a meaning apart from the political and constitutional contest between Unionists and Nationalists. We see this in politically quiescent places like Rossnowlagh (Eire), Southport (England), and Orono (Ontario, Canada) or in the numerous parades in Northern Ireland that take place in heavily Protestant locales. Parading is about power, but we need not swallow the entire Loyalist story to see that it is also about culture, ‘show ‘, and conviviality. Consider the fact that a third of Orangemen never attend a meeting and only ever turn up on the Twelfth, while for many of the other two-thirds, the Twelfth is the pinnacle of their engagement.
Segmenting the Orange: The Future of Orangeism in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Parading is the issue which most concerns Orangemen today, but membership loss is the most pressing long-term concern, a lightning rod used by both hardliners and moderates to agitate for change. ‘For many years, the Orange Institution has been in decline. Our membership has decreased alarmingly, ‘ thundered the Orange Banner, official organ of the SOD. ‘Managing our decline is no longer acceptable . . . If the Orange institution is not to die a slow and undignified death we must rekindle the spirit of the [Battle of the] Diamond. ‘ To ‘stop the rot ‘, the SOD wanted Grand Lodge to mount a militant defence of the Orange cause and rally Unionists to Orangeism as the main defender of the Protestant interest.
The government budget deficit
Authors: Heijdra Ben J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Ricardian equivalence theorem was formulated, as the name suggests, by the British classical economist David Ricardo (1817, p. 245), who immediately dismissed it as being irrelevant in practice. In an influential paper, however, the new classical economist Robert Barro (1974) forcefully argued that the Ricardian equivalence theorem is worthy of professional attention and yields important policy prescriptions.
Exogenous economic growth
Authors: Heijdra Ben J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
According to Kaldor (1961, pp. 178-179), a satisfactory theory of economic growth should be able to explain the following six “stylized facts” by which we mean results that are broadly observable in most capitalist countries. (SF1) (*) Output per worker shows continuing growth “with no tendency for a falling rate of growth of productivity”. (SF2) Capital per worker shows continuing growth. (SF3) The rate of return on capital is constant.(SF4) (*) The capital-output ratio is constant. (SF5) (*) Labour and capital receive constant shares of total income. (SF6) (*) There are wide differences in the rate of productivity growth across countries.
Endogenous economic growth
Authors: Heijdra Ben J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter dealt with the main theories of exogenous economic growth in some detail. As the name already suggests, in exogenous growth models the long- run economic growth rate depends solely on exogenous features of the economy, such as the rates of growth in the population or in labour-augmenting technological change. The objective of this chapter is to move from exogenous to endogenous growth. A model is said to give rise to endogenous growth if it predicts a long- run growth rate which depends on additional features (such as tax or subsidy rates, public infrastructure spending, private educational decisions) which may be affected by the government or the private sector.
Overlapping generations in continuous time
Authors: Heijdra Ben J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we study one of the “workhorse” models of modern macroeconomics, namely the Blanchard (1985)-Yaari (1965) model of overlapping generations. This model has proved to be quite versatile because it is very flexible and contains the Ramsey model as a special case. The main difference between the Blanchard-Yaari model and the Ramsey model is that the former distinguishes agents by their date of birth whereas the latter assumes a single representative agent. By incorporating some smart modelling devices, the Blanchard-Yaari model can be solved and analysed at the aggregate macroeconomic level, despite the fact that individual house- holds are heterogeneous.
Approaches to Police Knowledge Management
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the first of three chapters concerned with looking at the structures that exist within the domain of Knowledge Management (KM). These structures represent the conceptual ‘building blocks’ behind KM. Hence, police organizations need to know in a very practical sense what they are getting when they invest in KM.
Such knowledge must include not only the presumed benefits of the ‘systems’ and ‘technologies’ they buy but also the ‘approaches’ that underlie and come with such systems and technologies. Only by having this sort of understanding can police and law enforcement organizations really know for themselves how relevant and necessary are the bewildering array of technologies and systems touted as KM tools to their own policing and law enforcement needs.
‘Interlocking Terrorism Contexts’ System: Knowledge Modelling Application
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is on modelling knowledge of the contexts in which terrorism evolves, develops, and operates. From this knowledge foundation an application system is presented for use in the policing and law enforcement community.
The chapter starts with outlining various problematic aspects of defining terrorism and applying a profiling methodology to ‘profile’ terrorists. This is followed by the argument supported by extensive empirical research that more emphasis should be given to the pragmatically useful approach of profiling the ‘process’ of terrorism itself rather than the ‘person’ of the terrorist.
Training, minimum wages and the distribution of earnings
Authors: Booth Alison L , Bryan Mark L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Government believes that work is the best route out of poverty and is committed to making work pay by improving incentives to participate and progress in the labour market. Through the Working Tax Credit and the National Minimum Wage, the Government has boosted in-work incomes, improving financial incentives to work and tackling poverty among working people. (HM Treasury 2006: 92)