bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ability of adult mental health services to meet clients' attachment needs: The development and implementation of the Service Attachment Questionnaire
Authors: Goodwin Isabel , Holmes Guy , Cochrane Ray , Mason Oliver 
Published: June 2003

This study examined the relevance of adult attachment to the relationships between mental health services and their clients. The aim of the study was to develop a self‐report measure with acceptable levels of reliability and validity and which was grounded in the experiences of service users, to assess the ability of adult mental health services to meet clients’ attachment needs.A combination of qualitative and quantitative methodology was used. The Service Attachment Questionnaire (SAQ) was developed via focus groups of service users, followed by a grounded theory analysis of the group data to identify themes and potential items for inclusion. Two clinical trials were conducted to assess its reliability and validity.The grounded theory analysis produced six key themes forming the basis of the six‐subscale, 25‐item SAQ. It demonstrated good levels of internal and test‐retest reliability. Factor analysis of the subscales revealed a single underlying construct.The SAQ is a reliable and usable self‐report measure, and indicates that attachment is relevant to the relationships clients have with mental health services. As the measure is the first of its kind, further exploration of the measure's reliability and validity is recommended.
Prenatal smoke exposure alters growth in limb proportions and head shape in the midgestation human fetus
Authors: Lampl Michelle , Kuzawa Christopher W. , Jeanty Philippe 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine the effects of smoke exposure on the growth patterns of the head, limbs, and torso of the midgestation human fetus. Four hundred maternal/fetal pairs contributed to this analysis: 366 individuals were assessed cross‐sectionally (87 smokers and 279 nonsmokers) at approximately 20 and 32 weeks, and 34 individuals were followed longitudinally at 23, 27, and 32 weeks (10 smokers, 24 nonsmokers). Ten body parameters were measured by fetal ultrasound. In both samples, controlling for day of measurement, smoke exposure was significantly associated with early growth acceleration in head and abdominal diameters at 20–27 weeks (P < 0.05). This was followed by altered head shape (a significantly smaller biparietal to occipital frontal diameter ratio at 32 weeks, P < 0.01), and a proximal/distal growth gradient as proportionately long arms (P < 0.05 at 27 and 32 weeks) and short legs were apparent by 32 weeks, with a significant reduction in the tibia/femur ratio (P = 0.04). These fetal body growth patterns, expressed in terms of size and proportionality, are consistent with the presence of chronic hypoxia associated with maternal smoking. The growth pattern differences identify that prenatal smoking is not merely an insult resulting in consistent size and growth rate reduction across developmental ages. Instead, smoke exposure alters the growth rate of individual body segments at variable developmental stages as the fetus experiences selective growth restriction and augmentation. We hypothesize that the growth patterns observed here reflect the unique pattern of fetal blood flow favoring upper body oxygen distribution and extraction, together with genetically based adaptive strategies that permit the fetus to adjust the timing and magnitude of its growth to local environmental resources. It is possible that dolichocephaly is a previously unappreciated marker of fetal hypoxia. Reduced tibial growth may be a good marker for shortfall and a useful proxy for the adequacy of circulating resources more generally. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:533–546, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regression‐based prediction of net energy expenditure in children performing activities at high altitude
Authors: Sarton‐Miller Isabelle , Holman Darryl J. , Spielvogel Hilde 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe developed a simple, non‐invasive, and affordable method for estimating net energy expenditure (EE) in children performing activities at high altitude. A regression‐based method predicts net oxygen consumption (VO2) from net heart rate (HR) along with several covariates. The method is atypical in that, the “net” measures are taken as the difference between exercise and resting VO2 (ΔVO2) and the difference between exercise and resting HR (ΔHR); ΔVO2 partially corrects for resting metabolic rate and for posture, and ΔHR controls for inter‐individual variation in physiology and for posture. Twenty children between 8 and 13 years of age, born and raised in La Paz, Bolivia (altitude 3,600m), made up the reference sample. Anthropometric measures were taken, and VO2 was assessed while the children performed graded exercise tests on a cycle ergometer. A repeated‐measures prediction equation was developed, and maximum likelihood estimates of parameters were found from 75 observations on 20 children. The final model included the variables ΔHR, ΔHR2, weight, and sex. The effectiveness of the method was established using leave‐one‐out cross‐validation, yielding a prediction error rate of 0.126 for a mean ΔVO2 of 0.693 (SD 0.315). The correlation between the predicted and measured ΔVO2 was r = 0.917, suggesting that a useful prediction equation can be produced using paired VO2 and HR measurements on a relatively small reference sample. The resulting prediction equation can be used for estimating EE from HR in free‐living children performing habitual activities in the Bolivian Andes. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:554–565, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of depth in eye distance measurements: Comparison of single and stereo‐photogrammetry
Authors: Douglas Tania S. , Meintjes Ernesta M. , Vaughan Christopher L. , Viljoen Denis L. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractPhotogrammetry has been used as an alternative to direct measurements to obtain facial distances for a variety of anthropometric applications. Taking measurements from photographs is less intrusive to subjects and reduces screening time, but measurements from single frontal photographs neglect depth information and may be inadequate for screening purposes. This study examined the role of depth in measurements of palpebral fissure length, interpupillary distance, inner canthal distance, and outer canthal distance using single‐ and stereo‐photogrammetry; an operator selected landmarks on single and stereo digital photographs displayed on a computer monitor. Depth was not found to make a significant contribution to eye distances in an idealized system where the real‐world coordinates of points on the eye were known from three‐dimensional calibration of stereo photographs. However, the differences found between measurements taken from single frontal photographs and those from stereo‐photogrammetry indicated that measurements from single photographs are prone to errors due to misalignment of the camera, the face, and the calibration instrument during image acquisition; if single photographs are to be used, the placement of these components should be carefully monitored. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:573–578, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origin and distribution of daltonism in Italy
Authors: Grassivaro Gallo P. , Romana L. , Mangogna M. , Viviani F. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA research project was started in Italy in order to map dyschromatopsies in this country. Field data was collected by the authors in Liguria, Veneto, Emilia‐Romagna, Apulia, Sicily, and by other authors in Lazio, Calabria, Basilicata, and Sardinia. The samples were all composed of more than 500 male subjects, of homogeneous origin, and assessed using the Ishihara (1973) and the Farnsworth (1947) tests. Statistical analysis identified two groups showing different mean percentages: one, coastal (n = 13,091; 6.50%) and the other, inland (n = 17,881; 5.21%). The results stimulated an ecological‐ergonomic hypothesis based on nutrition (i.e., food gathering strategies) and the kind of light prevailing in the habitat. If trichromacy has been brought about by frugivore feeding (Polyach, 1957), dichromacy may have been maintained by giving a selective advantage to fishermen (originally fishing one fish at a time by hand). This is valid for both sea or fresh water habitats, characterized by blue‐green prevailing light and with sharp discrimination for blue‐gray shapes and colors (usually, 70% of dichromats are deutans). To support this hypothesis a field survey was carried out among 661 Sicilian traditional fishermen, which furnished the highest rates of dyschromatopsia in Italy: 7.90%. In conclusion, we can hypothesize that endogamous fishermen groups bordering the coastal areas of continents, searching for waters abounding in fish, could have determined a greater incidence of color blindness in the coastal regions, while exogamous marriages between fishermen and peasants contributed to the lower diffusion of the genes responsible in inland areas. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:566–572, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal work and childhood nutritional status among the Purari, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Ulijaszek Stanley J. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractIn traditional economies, body size, physical work capacity, subsistence productivity, and nutrition of adults may be interrelated, and one cross‐generational effect of these relationships may operate through the household, influencing nutritional status of children. In this analysis, the relationships among adult body size, work productivity in terms of time spent making sago starch, dietary diversity, nutrient availability, and childhood nutritional status are examined in the Purari population of Papua New Guinea, a group largely dependent on the starchy staple palm sago, which is devoid of all nutrients apart from energy. Observations of work scheduling, household food and nutrient availability, and nutritional status were carried out for 16 women, their households, and their children. A multiple regression model of hours spent in sago making on a particular day with days spent in other subsistence activities showed a negative relationship with the number of days spent in sago‐making and a positive relationship with the number of days spent fishing. The number of hours spent in sago‐making on a particular day was also positively related to daily per capita availability of protein at the household level. This is not a function of maternal nutritional status, however, since there is no association between body size of adult females and the number of hours spent making sago on a particular day. Nor does the greater per capita protein availability at the household level in households where women spend longer on a particular day in sago‐making result in improved childhood nutritional status. Since relationships among adult body size, work productivity, dietary diversity, nutrient availability, and childhood nutritional status are only partially demonstrated in this population, it may be that these linkages may only be important if physically arduous work is needed more consistently than is the case in the Purari delta. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:472–478, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physical activity of poor urban women in Cali, Colombia: A comparison of working and not working women
Authors: Dufour D.L. , Reina J.C. , Spurr G.B. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe have previously presented evidence that the physical activity level (PAL) and total energy expenditure (per kg body weight) of poor urban women who “work” (engage in income‐earning activities) is similar to those who do not “work” (but do tend to household and childcare responsibilities) (Spurr et al. [1996] Am J Clin Nutr 63:870–878; [1997] Med Sci Sports Exerc 29:1255–1262). These findings were unexpected and raised questions regarding the actual types of activities engaged in by the two groups. In this article we address those questions by comparing the time allocation of the two groups. Time allocation during waking hours (14.2 ± 1.1 hours/day) was recorded in minute‐by‐minute diaries by trained observers for two consecutive days for 52 working women and 28 not‐working women. The working women were engaged in predominately informal sector economic activities, such as street vending, childcare, and domestic service, in addition to their own household and childcare responsibilities. The activities of the not‐working women were largely restricted to household and childcare responsibilities. The working women tended to spend less time in resting activities and TV‐watching and more time in travel and miscellaneous work activities, but other between‐group differences were not significant. We conclude that the time allocation of working women is similar to that of not‐working women because 1) many of the activities engaged in are the same or similar, and 2) some working women are only engaged in income‐earning activities for limited time periods. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:490–497, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced rate of fat oxidation: A metabolic pathway to obesity in the developing nations
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to document the metabolic and environmental factors associated with the increased frequency of obesity in the developing nations. While the prevalence of obesity in the developed countries is caused by the increased consumption of calorie‐dense foods, in the developing nations, because obesity coexists with undernutrition, additional factors are necessary to account for it. The evidence suggests that an important contributing factor for obesity in the developing nations is a reduced fat oxidation and increased metabolism of carbohydrate that has been brought about by the chronic undernutrition experienced during prenatal and postnatal growth. This shift toward a preferential metabolic use of carbohydrate rather than of fat results in an increased deposition of body fat. This tendency, along with the general decrease of energy expenditure in physical activity associated with urbanization, and the culturally mediated acceptance of fatness leads to obesity among populations from the developing nations. A joint effect of these factors is that in the developing nations obesity is associated with short stature resulting from developmental undernutrition, while in the developed countries obesity is associated with tall stature. It is hoped that future research will address the mechanisms whereby undernutrition increases the tendency toward obesity. Understanding how to modify fat oxidation could affect our ability to prevent weight gain among undernourished populations of the developing nations. Therefore, future research on the interaction of undernutrition and the development of obesity is of prime importance for anthropology concerned with the origins of human variability. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:522–532, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA stability and schizophrenia in twins
Authors: Nguyen Giang H. , Bouchard Joseph , Boselli Monica G. , Tolstoi Linda G. , Keith Louis , Baldwin Clinton , Nguyen Nam C. , Schultz Mark , Herrera Victoria L.M. , Smith Cassandra L. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe goal of these experiments was to understand DNA changes relevant to schizophrenia. This work compared DNA of monozygotic (MZ) twins surrounding (CAG)n repeating sequences, and characterized the relationship between fragile sites and schizophrenia. Twelve twin‐pairs, previously classified as MZ and 18 unrelated sib‐pairs, from seven families were studied. Eight twin‐pairs were affected by schizophrenia, four concordantly and four discordantly. DNA comparisons were made using profiles of electrophoretic size fractionations of PCR amplified (CAG)n containing genomic fragments. These profiles were generated by a new method, developed by us, called targeted genomic differential display (TGDD). Surprisingly, the number of peak profile differences in MZ twin‐pairs discordant for schizophrenia was greater than the concordantly ill twins and the well twins and, in some cases, overlapped the range of sib‐pairs. These results might mean that some twins were not MZ but it was not possible to definitively test these samples for zygosity. Alternatively, the results might be explained as an increased mutation rate (or genomic instability) around (CAG)n sites in individuals afflicted with schizophrenia. Also, we uncovered an association of schizophrenia (i.e., a linkage of chromosomal abnormalities and gene localizations) with fragile sites spread throughout the genome (χ2, P = 0.001). Furthermore, it appears that an increasing number of genes linked to schizophrenia are associated with (CAG)n sequences. Fragile sites and (CAG)n repeat sequences are known to be unstable. We speculate the association of genomic instability with schizophrenia accounts for seemingly disparate biological and environmental factors that influence disease occurrence. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between depressed mood in the elderly and a 5‐HTR2A gene variant
Authors: Jansson M. , Gatz M. , Berg S. , Johansson B. , Malmberg B. , McClearn G.E. , Schalling M. , Pedersen N.L. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate any possible association between depressed mood in the elderly and two candidate SNPs in the serotonin system: one in the 5‐HTR2A gene promotor (−1438 G/A) and one in the 5‐HT transporter gene (−925 C/A). DNA from a population‐based Swedish twin sample (N = 1,592; mean age = 73) was genotyped using Pryosequencing™. An association was found between the 5‐HTR2A gene promotor polymorphism and depressed mood (OR: 1.5, CI: 1.1–2.1) for the A/A genotype in the total sample. When the sample was analyzed by gender, a significant association (OR: 2.4, CI: 1.4–4.4) was found for males and the A/A genotype, but not for females. The 5‐HT transporter gene was not associated with depressed mood in this elderly population. These results suggest that there might be different genetic mechanisms for males and females contributing to the development of depressed mood in the elderly. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Beta‐1‐adrenergic receptor gene in major depression: Influence on antidepressant treatment response
Authors: Zill Peter , Baghai Thomas C. , Engel Rolf , Zwanzger Peter , Schüle Cornelius , Minov Christo , Behrens Stefanie , Bottlender Ronald , Jäger Markus , Rupprecht Rainer , Möller Hans‐Jürgen , Ackenheil Manfred , Bondy Brigitta 
Published: June 2003

AbstractNoradrenergic dysfunction has been implicated in the development of affective disorders. β‐adrenergic receptors (βARs) mediate the response to norephinephrine, are coupled to the cAMP signaling cascade, supposed to be altered in their density and/or sensitivity in depression, and down regulated in several brain regions after long term treatment with different but not all antidepressants. A recently identified functional polymorphism in the β1‐adrenergic receptor (G1165C) leading to the amino acid variation Gly389Arg was associated with an enhanced coupling to the stimulatory Gs‐protein and increased adenylyl cyclase activation, disturbances which are often observed in affective disorders. Therefore, we investigated whether this β1AR polymorphism is associated with major depression or with the response to antidepressant treatment in a sample of 259 patients compared to 206 healthy controls. Although we could not detect an association between the β1AR polymorphism and major depression we found a tendency for a relation between CC homozygosity and a better and even faster response to antidepressant treatment in those patients, which were treated with antidepressants affecting directly or indirectly the β1AR system (tricyclic antidepressants, noradrenergic and serotonergic specific agents, selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors) determined by the HAMD and CGI score (P = 0.05). However, after correction for multiple testing (Bonferroni) these results did not remain significant. Nevertheless, these findings suggest that the presence of the C allele might be an indicator for antidepressant treatment response. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is the α‐2A adrenergic receptor gene (ADRA2A) associated with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Authors: Roman Tatiana , Schmitz Marcelo , Polanczyk Guilherme V. , Eizirik Mariana , Rohde Luis A. , Hutz Mara H. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAttention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex childhood‐onset psychiatric disorder characterized by marked symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The role of genetic factors in its etiology is strongly supported by family, adoption, and twin studies. Although most of the molecular studies have investigated the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) and the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) genes in its etiology, pharmacological and brain imaging evidences seem to indicate that genes of the adrenergic system could also be attractive for association studies. We investigated a sample of 96 Brazilian ADHD children and adolescents and their parents for the ADRA2A MspI polymorphism. Although no association with either MspI allele was observed through the haplotype relative risk (HRR) analysis, effects of the ADRA2A gene on inattention and combined (inattention + hyperactivity/impulsivity) symptom scores were detected (U = 222.5, z = 2.19, P = 0.03; and U = 208.5, z = 2.32, P = 0.02, respectively). Our results suggest that the ADRA2A gene might have a small effect on ADHD susceptibility or that this gene might modulate the severity of the disorder. They are also consistent with the noradrenergic theories of ADHD, suggesting a role for the α2A adrenergic receptors in the disorder. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aggressive behavior in schizophrenia is associated with the low enzyme activity COMT polymorphism: A replication study
Authors: Strous Rael D. , Nolan Karen A. , Lapidus Raya , Diaz Libna , Saito Takuya , Lachman Herbert M. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe have previously reported that increased aggressive behavior in schizophrenic patients may be associated with a polymorphism at codon 158 of the catecholO‐methyltransferase (COMT) gene that encodes a low enzyme activity variant. The finding has been replicated by one group, but not others. The discordant findings could be due to statistical errors or methodological issues in the assessment of aggressive/violent behavior. Consequently, additional studies are needed. Patients with schizophrenia (SZ) were assessed for violent behavior using the Lifetime History of Aggression (LHA) scale, an 11‐item questionnaire that includes Aggression, Self‐Directed Aggression, and Consequences/Antisocial Behavior subscales. DNA was genotyped for the COMT 158 polymorphism, as well as a functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene promoter. Similar to our previously reported findings, a statistically significant association was found between aggressive behavior in SZ and the COMT 158 polymorphism; mean LHA scores were higher in subjects homozygous for 158Met, the low enzyme activity COMT variant (F(2,105) = 5.616,P = 0.005). Analysis of the major LHA subscales revealed that the association with 158Met was due to high scores on the Aggression, and Self‐Directed Aggression subscales, but not the Consequences/Antisocial Behavior subscale. No significant association was detected for theMAOAgene alone. Our findings provide further support thatCOMTis a modifying gene that plays a role in determining interindividual variability in the proclivity for outward and self‐directed aggressive behavior found in some schizophrenic patients. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.