bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary thermal-hydraulic deterministic safety analysis of an in-vessel LOCA for the DTT facility
Authors: Grippo G. , Bersano A. , Mascari F. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The DTT (Divertor Tokamak Test) facility is a new experimental tokamak under development by an Italian consortium in cooperation with several high-standard European laboratories. The ENEA division FSN-SICNUC is involved in the project for carrying out deterministic safety analysis of postulated accidents. In the first year of activity, it has been analyzed an In-Vessel LOCA (IVLOCA) scenario. The IVLOCA scenario selected is caused by a break in the divertor’s cassette cooling tubes with the consequent release of coolant inside the Vacuum Vessel (VV). The best estimate thermal-hydraulic system code TRACE, developed by USNRC, was selected to conduct the preliminary thermal-hydraulic analysis of this accident. DTT is currently under design, so not all the data are frozen. Therefore, based on some engineering assumptions and scaling considerations from similar facilities, the nodalization of DTT VV was developed using the three-dimensional TRACE component “VESSEL”. Then, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to simulate the break and the consequent water injection in the VV. This was done to compare the system behavior and test different nodalization approaches. Subsequently, the data of the DTT divertor cooling system were used to run additional simulations. The results allow to compare different nodalization approaches and to have a preliminary estimate of the pressure peak and temperature behavior in the VV for an IVLOCA. Finally, a first uncertainty analysis was carried out using the DAKOTA toolkit, coupled with TRACE code in SNAP. Two uncertain input parameters were selected: the rupture area of a cooling divertor tube and the temperature of the divertor coolant. The uncertainty analysis allows having a wider spectrum of system behavior and a preliminary insight on the dispersion of the VV pressure, selected as figure of merit. This paper aims to show the results of this preliminary analysis, characterizing the phenomena that occurred during the selected transient.
Convective condensation of R449a inside a smooth tube
Authors: Lucchini A , Carraretto I M , Colombo L P M , Mazzeo D , Pittoni P G , Lipori G 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The HVAC sector has started the phase-out of refrigerants characterized by high values of global warming potential and atmospheric lifetime. Drop-in replacement requires that the new, environmentally safe fluids also show comparable heat transfer performances. This work addresses R449a, a low GWP zeotropic mixture (components: R32, R125, R1234yf, R134a, mass fractions: 24.3%, 24.7%, 25.3%, 25.7%, respectively), suitable to replace both R404A and R507A. Experiments were carried out on condensation in horizontal smooth tubes (outer diameter: 9.52 mm, thickness: 0.3 mm). The range of operating conditions meets the standard for HVAC devices (operating pressure: 14.46 bar, bubble temperature: 30°C, temperature glide: approximately 5 K refrigerant mass flux ranging from 136 to 202 kg m−2 s−1, quality change -0.8 and -0.2, mean quality ranging from 0.2 to 0.8). The test section is the inner pipe in a tube-in-tube counter-flow heat exchanger, where the refrigerant is cooled by a demineralized water stream in the annulus. Both the pressure drop and the heat transfer coefficient were measured across a length of 1.3 m and 1.1 m, respectively.
Pool boiling performances comparison of FC-72 and Novec 649 in the presence of a DC electric field
Authors: Garivalis A I , Fanani P , Di Marco P 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Electronics cooling by direct immersion of the components in a dielectric liquid to obtain pool boiling is a valuable solution to dissipate the high heat fluxes of latest and increasingly challenging requirements. In the last decades, perfluorocarbons such as FC-72 were intensively studied and used. However, such fluids will be replaced by other refrigerants with lower Global Warming Potential. The Novec 649 is a suitable alternative to FC-72 as most of the thermophysical properties are similar. Enhanced boiling of FC-72 due to electric fields has been a subject of studies in the past years, for ground and space applications. The aim of this work is to compare the boiling performances of the two fluids in the presence of a DC electric field. Boiling curves were obtained at ambient pressure with fully degassed fluids and at different subcooling levels. Results showed that the performances of the two fluids are comparable in the absence of the electric field, but there are some differences when the electric field is on: electric field enhances the heat transfer coefficient of Novec 649 at low heat fluxes and the Critical Heat Flux at high subcooling. Boiling patterns and bubbles dynamics appear quite different between the two fluids in the presence of the electric field. These observations are explained with the fact that while FC-72 behaves as an electric insulator, while Novec 649 is a leaky-dielectric in the examined conditions. Thus, Novec 649 is a valid replacement of FC-72 and further investigations are needed to better quantify its boiling performances under the action of an electric field.
Experimental analysis of flow boiling heat transfer in multi-microchannel evaporators
Authors: Riccardi F , Zummo G , Saraceno L , Gugliermetti L , Caruso G 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper provides an experimental analysis of flow boiling heat transfer in four finned evaporators with different aspect ratio and heated length have been tested. R245fa was the refrigerant chosen as working fluid for its good thermal characteristics. The imposed heat flux at the footprint covered a range from 30 to 330 kW/m2, while the fluid mass fluxes within the channel varied in a range between 17 and 225 kg/m2 s. The hydraulic diameters of the investigated evaporators were 1.15 mm and 2.09 mm, with aspect ratio (channel width/channel height) respectively of 0.3 and 0.72. Thanks to the measuring apparatus, heat transfer data were collected and then processed to calculate the local heat transfer coefficients, using the fin array heat transfer model. These local values of the heat transfer coefficient were then compared with those calculated from existing correlations for mini-micro channels flow boiling and the Mean Absolute Percent Error was finally assessed.
Parallel connected natural circulation loops using different working fluids: experimental results
Authors: Bocanegra Johan Augusto , Marchitto Annalisa , Misale Mario 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Natural Circulation Loops (NCLs) are closed-loop systems that transport heat from a source to a heat sink without a pump, relying on free convection of the working fluid. Previous research has focused on the stability and influence of different operative parameters on NCLs. This experimental study investigates the thermo-hydraulic performance of three parallel-connected NCLs with small inner diameters using three different working fluids: deionized water, glycol aqueous solution (50+50% wt), and FC-43 dielectric fluid. This study examines the steady-state behaviour of the NCLs at various heat sink temperatures and heat powers. The results indicate that the common one-dimensional model for a single loop’s steady-state can be applied to this configuration and for all the tested fluids, and a proposed figure of merit can describe the working fluids and predict their steady-state behaviour.
Instability of adiabatic shear flows in a channel
Authors: Barletta A , Celli M , Lazzari S , Brandão P V 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The combined forced and free convection flow of a Newtonian fluid in a horizontal plane-parallel channel is examined. The boundary walls are considered as adiabatic, so that the only thermal effect acting in the fluid is the viscous dissipation due to the nonzero shear flow. As the shear flow may be caused by either an imposed horizontal pressure gradient or an imposed velocity difference between the bounding walls, one may envisage two scenarios where the stationary basic flow is Poiseuille-like or Couette-like, respectively. Both cases are surveyed with a special focus on practically significant cases where the Gebhart number is considered as very small, though nonzero. Furthermore, the Prandtl number is assumed as extremely large, thus pinpointing a scenario of creeping buoyant flow with a fluid having a very large viscosity. Within such a framework, the instability of the basic flow is analysed versus small-amplitude perturbations.
Multichannel integrated circuit for time-based measurements in 28 nm CMOS
Authors: Kadlubowski L.A. , Kmon P. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper discusses the application-specific integrated circuit prototype dedicated to readout of hybrid pixel X-ray detectors. The circuit is fabricated in 28 nm CMOS technology and occupies 1.1 × 1.1 mm2 of silicon area. Each of 8 × 4 pixels present in the prototype includes an analog front-end and a digital block with two ring oscillators and their supporting circuits. The circuit can operate in single-photon counting mode or time-based measurement mode. The paper discusses in detail the design decisions that influenced the final in-pixel ring oscillator architecture and layout. Measurement results are presented which demonstrate the performance of ring oscillators as well as regular operating modes of the chip: single photon counting and time-over-threshold measurement.
A monolithic active pixel sensor with node-based, data-driven, parallel readout for the high energy physics experiment vertex detector
Authors: Xiao Le , Dai Wenjie , Zhang Guoxiang , Zhou Zijie , You Bihui , Sun Xiangming , Huang Guangming , Gao Chaosong , Zhao Cong , Yang Ping , Liu Jiajia , Guo Di , Lu Yunpeng , Zhou Yang , Zhang Ying , Xie Lirong , Yang Ming , Yi Liwen , Tong Qiaomu , Feng Wanhan , Tian Ziyang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We present the design of a prototype MAPS sensor MIC6_V1 based on a 55 nm Quad-well CMOS Image Sensor process for the CEPC vertex detector. A new node-based, data-driven, parallel readout architecture is implemented to achieve high spatial resolution, fast readout, and low power consumption. The size of MIC6_V1 is 2.8 mm × 2.8 mm, which contains a pixel matrix of 64 rows by 64 columns, and the pixel size is 23.6 μ m × 20 μ m. The integration time is 5 μs, and the hit arrival time measurement accuracy is 10 ns.
Highly sensitive gamma ray dosimeter based on dual-core photonic crystal fiber
Authors: Elsaket Ahmed I. , Rashed Ahmed Nabih Zaki , Mohamed Abd El-Naser A. , Ahmed Hossam El-din H. , Zaky Magdy M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper introduces the application of a photonic crystal
fiber (PCF) sensor to be used as a gamma ray dosimeter. This paper
proposes an efficient analysis of a highly sensitive surface Plasmon
resonance for gamma ray dose detection in nuclear research
reactors. The proposed structure makes use of a Poly-Vinyl Alcohol
(PVA) polymer, which has high sensitivity to an external electric
field and gamma rays making it suitable for nuclear reactor
applications. At resonance frequency, the peak of spectral loss for
dosimeter sensors refers to gamma irradiation dose
values. Therefore, study the different geometrical parameters for
the proposed PCF sensor is of significant importance to achieve high
sensitivity with low spectral losses. The full-vectorial
finite-element method has been used for analysis with the plane wave
expansion method. The sensitivity of the suggested sensor achieves
up to 0.006 µm per gamma-ray dose unit (μm/Gy) with low
losses.
The Meritocratic Conception
Authors: Fasel Raffael N 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the Meritocratic conception, particularly popular among animal rights proponents, which is on the opposite end from the Aristocratic conception on the spectrum of fundamental rights conceptions. The chapter presents the two characteristic elements of the Meritocratic conception, which mirror the Aristocracy’s elements. Section 2 outlines Gregory Vlastos’s critical account of the ‘M-system’, which anticipated important elements of the Meritocratic conception. Section 3 analyses the Meritocratic conception’s first feature—Differential Consideration—which rejects an egalitarian approach to the distribution and strength of rights in favour of a gradual approach that focuses on individual characteristics and interests, and which allows for the inclusion of nonhuman beings in the category of rights-holders. Section 4 then presents the conception’s second element—Externalism—which ‘grounds’ rights in empirical facts about the nature of individuals. Finally, Section 5 discusses the conception’s strong suits and pitfalls.
Use of behavior change techniques in physical activity programs and services for older adults: findings from a rapid review
Authors: Gilchrist Heidi , Oliveira Juliana S , Kwok Wing S , Sherrington Catherine , Pinheiro Marina B , Bauman Adrian , Tiedemann Anne , Hassett Leanne 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
Understanding behavior change techniques (BCTs) used in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of physical activity programs/services for older adults can help us to guide their implementation in real-world settings.

Purpose
This study aims to: (a) identify the number and type of BCTs used in physical activity programs/services for older adults evaluated in large, good quality RCTs and (b) explore the impact of different BCTs on different outcome domains.

Methods
This is a secondary data analysis of a WHO-commissioned rapid review of physical activity programs/services for older adults. Fifty-six trials testing 70 interventions were coded for the type and number of BCTs present using a published BCT taxonomy. The proportion of positive effects found from physical activity interventions using the most common BCTs was calculated for the outcomes of physical activity, intrinsic capacity, functional ability, social domain, cognitive and emotional functioning, and well-being and quality of life.

Results
Thirty-nine of the 93 possible BCTs were identified in the included trials and 529 BCTs in total (mean 7.6, range 2–17). The most common BCTs were “action planning” (68/70 interventions), “instructions on how to perform a behavior” (60/70), “graded tasks” (53/70), “demonstration of behavior” (44/70), and “behavioral practice/rehearsal” (43/70). Interventions that used any of the most common BCTs showed overwhelmingly positive impacts on physical activity and social domain outcomes.

Conclusion
Consideration of which BCTs are included in interventions and their impact on outcomes can improve the effectiveness and implementation of future interventions. To enable this, providers can design, implement, and evaluate interventions using a BCT taxonomy.
Arbitrator resignations: the Law Commission’s proposed reforms
Authors: Tevendale Craig , Agnihotri Anuradha 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
An article which assesses the Law Commission’s proposed reforms regarding arbitrator immunity and resignations. The important distinctions between a contract to serve as an arbitrator and an ordinary contractual agreement are considered, as are the differences between the contractual and functional theories of arbitrator immunity under English law. The article assesses arbitrator immunity in England and Wales and the application of the doctrine of immunity in the specific context of arbitrator resignations. The current position under English law is considered by reference to the key authorities in this area of law, as are the Law Commission’s proposals. Finally, consideration is given to the areas of uncertainty which shall remain under English law if the proposed reforms are given effect.
Decoding context memories for threat in large-scale neural networks
Authors: Crombie Kevin M , Azar Ameera , Botsford Chloe , Heilicher Mickela , Jaeb Michael , Gruichich Tijana Sagorac , Schomaker Chloe M , Williams Rachel , Stowe Zachary N , Dunsmoor Joseph E , Cisler Josh M 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Humans are often tasked with determining the degree to which a given situation poses threat. Salient cues present during prior events help bring online memories for context, which plays an informative role in this process. However, it is relatively unknown whether and how individuals use features of the environment to retrieve context memories for threat, enabling accurate inferences about the current level of danger/threat (i.e. retrieve appropriate memory) when there is a degree of ambiguity surrounding the present context. We leveraged computational neuroscience approaches (i.e. independent component analysis and multivariate pattern analyses) to decode large-scale neural network activity patterns engaged during learning and inferring threat context during a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging task. Here, we report that individuals accurately infer threat contexts under ambiguous conditions through neural reinstatement of large-scale network activity patterns (specifically striatum, salience, and frontoparietal networks) that track the signal value of environmental cues, which, in turn, allows reinstatement of a mental representation, primarily within a ventral visual network, of the previously learned threat context. These results provide novel insight into distinct, but overlapping, neural mechanisms by which individuals may utilize prior learning to effectively make decisions about ambiguous threat-related contexts as they navigate the environment.
Effect of cognitive load on time spent offline during wakefulness
Authors: Wamsley Erin J , Collins Megan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Humans continuously alternate between online attention to the current environment and offline attention to internally generated thought and imagery. This may be a fundamental feature of the waking brain, but remains poorly understood. Here, we took a data-driven approach to defining online and offline states of wakefulness, using machine learning methods applied to measures of sensory responsiveness, subjective report, electroencephalogram (EEG), and pupil diameter. We tested the effect of cognitive load on the structure and prevalence of online and offline states, hypothesizing that time spent offline would increase as cognitive load of an ongoing task decreased. We also expected that alternation between online and offline states would persist even in the absence of a cognitive task. As in prior studies, we arrived at a three-state model comprised of one online state and two offline states. As predicted, when cognitive load was high, more time was spent online. Also as predicted, the same three states were present even when participants were not performing a task. These observations confirm our method is successful at isolating seconds-long periods of offline time. Varying cognitive load may be a useful way to manipulate time spent in at least one of these offline states in future experimental studies.
Ricardo’s finances and Waterloo: legends by Samuelson and others lack historical evidence
Authors: Parys Wilfried 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Paul Samuelson and others suggested that Ricardo (‘the richest economist in history’) made a life-changing coup on the Stock Exchange after the Battle of Waterloo (1815), but archives reveal that Ricardo amassed his fortune more gradually, often by small profit rates upon large investments, as a jobber on the Stock Exchange and a contractor for seven British Loans. The 1815 Loan generated exceptional profits for Ricardo, but not the million sterling mentioned in unreliable legends about Ricardo or Rothschild. Such legends neglected the stock price statistics, the suboptimal timing of Ricardo’s transactions in 1815 and the dominant role of the Baring-Angerstein consortium, which took a much larger part of the Loans than Ricardo’s consortium. Insufficient attention was also paid to the special year 1813, when Britain exceptionally launched not one, but two very profitable Loans. After his large 1813 profits, Ricardo started contemplating his retirement and bought Gatcombe Park in 1814. Samuelson neglected this and overestimated the influence of 1815 events. Moreover, Samuelson claimed that today Ricardo might be prosecuted for using unscrupulous market manipulation and inside information. Archives and statistics show that Samuelson’s allegations lack historical evidence.
CNN-LSTM Base Station Traffic Prediction Based On Dual Attention Mechanism and Timing Application
Authors: Jia Hairong , Wang Suying , Ren Zelong 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Energy consumption in 5G base stations remains consistently high, even during periods of low traffic loads, thereby resulting in unnecessary inefficiencies. To address this problem, this paper presents a novel approach by proposing a convolutional neural network (CNN)-long short-term memory (LSTM) traffic prediction model with a dual attention mechanism, coupled with the particle swarm optimization k-means algorithm for intelligent switch timing. The proposed CNN-LSTM model leverages a dual channel attention mechanism to bolster key feature information for long-term traffic data predictions. Specifically, a temporal attention mechanism is added to the LSTM to enhance the importance of temporal information. Moreover, the particle swarm optimization K-Means algorithm is proposed in order to cluster the traffic prediction results, output the corresponding time points of the lower traffic value and to obtain the optimal switch-off periods of the base station. Extensive experiments across multiple base stations over an extended period of time have validated our approach. The results show that this method offers accurate traffic prediction with minimal average errors in traffic prediction and the on/off timings of the base stations are in line with the “tide effect” of traffic, thereby achieving the goal of energy savings.
Educational field, economic uncertainty, and fertility decline in Finland in 2010–2019
Authors: Hellstrand Julia , Nisén Jessica , Myrskylä Mikko 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Fertility declined sharply and unexpectedly in Finland in the 2010s across educational levels. Using Finnish register data, we calculated total fertility rates (TFRs) and the proportion of women expected to have a first birth in 2010–2019 for 153 educational groups—reflecting field and level—and estimated how the characteristics of a group predicted its decline. As the educational field predicts factors related to economic uncertainty, heterogeneity in fertility decline across fields could shed light on the role of economic uncertainty behind the recent fertility decline. In general, women with the highest initial fertility levels (health, welfare, and education) and women in agriculture experienced weaker fertility declines (around −20% or less), while women with the lowest initial levels (ICT, arts and humanities) experienced stronger declines (around −40% or more). The extent of the fertility decline increased with higher unemployment and lower income levels in the field and with a lower share employed in the public sector. These uncertainty measures together explained one-fourth of the decline in TFR and two-fifths of the decline in first births. The results imply that fertility declined across all groups, but those with stable job prospects escaped very strong declines. Objective economic uncertainty is one aspect that mattered for the recent fertility decline.