bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contaminant Dispersion: Modeling Indoor and Outdoor Airflow Through a Ventilated Building
Authors: Eckstein Adam , Gilliard Joshua , Lee Alyssa , Banko Andrew , Fobar Dave 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Understanding turbulent mixing of contaminants within and around buildings in urban environments is essential to a wide variety of engineering, public health, and natural applications. For example, air pollution in urban centers has been linked to an increased severity of asthma symptoms. Furthermore, recommendations for populations to shelter in place or evacuate in case of a hazardous chemical release depend on accurate predictions of outdoor and indoor contaminant concentrations. Thus, a detailed understanding of how airborne contaminants move around and through ventilated buildings is indispensable. A great deal is known about internal mixing and external flow around a building separately. However, fewer studies explore the coupling between indoor and outdoor dispersion. This work examines the temporal dynamics of contaminant mixing within and around a small-scale ventilated building. Experiments are conducted in a water channel with a passive, fluorescent dye to model the full-scale contaminant release equivalent. Using Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF), this study investigates the mixing dynamics of the dye as it passes over, through, and around the small-scale building. Additionally, Magnetic Resonance Velocimetry (MRV) is used to measure the three-dimensional (3D) velocity field within and surrounding the small-scale building. Integral quantities of interest are post-processed from the data, such as the concentration time series within the building for a transient release. This provides the residence time of the contaminant within the building and is used to deduce the ventilation rate from a mass balance. The desired end state for this study is the ability to correctly design small-scale building models for use with advanced diagnostics to obtain detailed measurements of the dispersion physics, and to interpret these results to gain inferences about real world events.
Virtual Optimization to Engineer Stents With Minimized Recoil and Restenosis Through FEA
Authors: Shrivastava Rajiv , Ponappa K. , Kinare Amit Bhanudas , Tandon Puneet 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. It comprises coronary heart disease (CHD) and coronary artery disease (CAD), with CAD serving as a primary cause of death. Sufficient treatments, such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), are essential for controlling CAD and thwarting the widespread danger of cardiovascular illness. PCI is a highly effective procedure performed by accessing the internal organs via a needle puncture to treat CAD by a crucial step of implanting a stent to restore the blood flow to blocked areas. Over the last forty years, improvements in PCI technique, together with the design and construction of stent scaffold, have addressed pathophysiologic concerns associated with therapy, leading to better clinical outcomes. Due to their suitable mechanical properties for cardiovascular stents, 316L Stainless Steel and Cobalt-Chromium alloy have been chosen in this study. Based on parameters linked to recoil and restenosis, the performance of two distinct balloon-expandable stent designs is compared. The study’s conclusions include lower recoil rates for 316L SS and Co-Cr alloy, at 1.6% and 4.2%, respectively, and no evidence of Type-I mechanical restenosis in either stent. This study has the potential to spur substantial advancement in the field of interventional cardiology by reducing the rate of recoil and restenosis.
Short-Term Time Series Energy Forecasting for Smart Buildings Using Machine Learning Models
Authors: Chikte Rufaidah , Mathew Ansu , Ramachandran Balaji , Almaeeni Khuloud , Aljasmi Nawal , Vandavasi Jayakumar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Short-term energy forecast models that predict energy demand within 1 hour to 1 week ahead have gained popularity due to their effectiveness in residential buildings. This paper compares short-term time series energy forecasts for smart buildings using multiple machine learning models such as statistical, decision-tree-based, and gradient-boosting methods. The data is collected from two energy meters deployed within an IoT laboratory, measuring the energy consumption of the laboratory’s constituents at 15-minute intervals. The energy meters can measure up to 6 three-phase circuits and 18 single-phase circuits. A weather station also provides temperature, humidity, and air quality data. These datasets are combined, processed, and analyzed for their temporal behavior. The data is then inputted into the ML models for training and testing, forecasting the energy demands for the next day and 1-week time horizon. Each ML model is hyperparameter-tuned and cross-validated to fit the nature of the dataset better. The performance of the ML models for the different time horizons is evaluated using performance metrics such as RMSE, accuracy, and MAPE. Accurate energy forecasting will implement better energy management systems through reduced production and operational costs, better power output scheduling, and improved user comfort.
Dynamic Forces Measurements Along an Egg Shaped Damaged Ball Bearing
Authors: Stanley Daniel , Kimani Peter , Ranbhise Siddhant , Azzouz Salim 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This experimental project investigates the generation of dynamic forces produced from a ball that runs along the edge of a damaged and deformed outer-race of a ball bearing. To simulate this effect, a ball has been made to rotate at a certain speed through the inside of an egg-shaped trackway to illustrate and determine numerically the dynamic forces produced by such damage on a single-row deep-grove ball bearing. To propel the ball through the trackway, four electromagnets have been placed on specific locations along the trackway, allowing the ball to continue rotating so long as electricity is provided to the electromagnetic coils. The trackway and electromagnetic coil holders are 3-D printed using a polyester clear resin. The equation of motion of the system in a free frictionless circling ball state along the path, has been determined using the Lagrange equations. To simulate the motion of the ball, the trackway has been designed symmetrically, both in shape and center of mass. While this project is still a continuing project and not yet completed, it is envisioned that the dynamic forces would be studied as a function of the voltage applied to the coils circuits upon completion. This active device will be used to demonstrate the dynamic forces produced by a damaged ball bearing in a lab setting in the machine elements design course and for senior mechanical engineering working on their capstone project.
Evaluating the Maintenance Practices on Mining Equipment: A Case Study in a Surface Platinum Mine
Authors: Mokoena Kamogelo , Kruger Sunita , Pretorius Leon 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This research study assesses the maintenance practices on mining machinery as a case study in a surface platinum mine. The current literature commonly tends to highlight the significance of maintenance in respect to mining, yet it rarely provides specific analysis of various maintenance strategies and their effect on equipment performance in some specialized settings such as surface platinum mines. This research utilizes a robust, data-driven approach and reliability analysis to evaluate impact of maintenance strategies on some key performance indicators for maximizing platinum production. The research investigates historical maintenance records and key equipment performance metrics to identify connections between monitored maintenance practices such as planned and unplanned maintenance activities and important equipment performance indicators such as availability, mean time between failure and mean time to repair. The research outlined in this paper aims at providing a sound and evidence-based solution to evaluate maintenance regimes that are created for a surface platinum mine. By determining the most suitable maintenance strategy among the ones that are revealed through data analysis, the study aims at providing the decision-makers the recommendations on the equipment performance and effectiveness of maintenance practices.
Transient Compressor Performance Analysis in the Off-Design Area of Operation
Authors: Pronk Ola Ilseth , Bakken Lars Eirik 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Off-design analysis and modelling of compressor systems are limited by a lack of representative performance data in the unstable part of the compressor map. This hinders the development of advanced model applications such as model predictive control and trip scenario analysis. To realise simulation capabilities enabled by advances in data analytics and digitalisation, it is necessary to establish and validate a fundamental approach for performance estimation at severe off-design conditions.
This work provides guidelines for characterising the performance in the transient area of interest, with a focus on the positive-slope area of the compressor map towards zero flow. The estimation of polytropic head and efficiency in a centrifugal compressor at transient conditions is facilitated by a direct approach based on conventional performance analysis and an indirect approach utilising torque measurements and derived performance relations. Challenges related to the transient test protocol, including temperature and flow instabilities, are addressed. In particular, the influence of temperature transients and heat transfer on the head and efficiency curves is discussed.
Continuous performance curves are obtained from zero flow to max capacity for three inlet guide vane settings and two rotational speeds. The results are validated based on experimental measurements from operation in the surge area. The guidelines serve as an important stepping stone towards fundamental performance-based analysis consistent with standardised methods in the normal operating area.
Establishment of Optimal Power Distribution Strategy for 2.5-Ton Agricultural Tractor
Authors: Kim Younghyeon , Pae Wansung , Yu Sangseok 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Most studies on power distribution have been conducted on cars and trucks. However, agricultural tractors have a special purpose that is different from existing vehicles. In particular, since both aspects of road driving and work must be considered, efficient consideration of the capacity of the battery and stack and analysis of power distribution characteristics accordingly must be carried out before simple power distribution. In this study, we developed a nonlinear dynamics model for the 2.5-ton agricultural tractor, which has the highest demand, and calculated the capacity of the stack and battery based on this. In addition, an optimal power distribution strategy was established through two driving modes: work mode and driving mode. The optimal energy distribution control strategy was derived by comparing the characteristics of three control strategies: step control, power distribution according to vehicle speed, and battery SOC.
Design a Wearable Exoskeleton to Free Litter Bearers’ Hands and Achieve Multi-Task Capabilities for Casualty Evacuation
Authors: Liu Chang , Wang Dahai , Chen Puning , Xie Yangming , Dong Janet 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The litter transportation process is physically demanding for service members. Prolonged carrying imposes significant arm strain and hand-gripping fatigue on them. Such fatigue will result in grip strength loss with repercussions on service members’ battlefield performance, such as impairing their ability to operate weaponry effectively.
This paper introduces an innovative solution by developing a passive wearable exoskeleton device to ease bearers’ physical strain, preserve grip strength, and enable their multitasking abilities during transport. This exoskeleton device includes two 3-degree-of-freedom rigid arms, a backpack-style support plate with padding, and a waist belt. Each arm has four links, a connecting clamp mechanism, a spring, a cable, two pulleys, and a holding handle. The integrated spring mechanism in each arm generates supportive torque to reduce the required hand strength while also facilitating shock absorption from the litter to the soldier’s arm. A prototype was constructed using 3D-printed rigid links to evaluate design feasibility and wearability. Tests were conducted to measure enhancements in hand grip strength, with expected substantial retention of strength. Finite element analysis was utilized to assess structural integrity and determine the optimal material for subsequent prototypes.
Improving Industry Facility Design With CFD Simulations
Authors: Rosini Clara , Lopez Nicholas , Courville Adam , Zhang Ning 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Gulf Coast region of the United States is an area that is very susceptible to Atlantic hurricanes between June 1 and November 30 of each year. Hurricanes can have a catastrophic impact on the livelihoods of those in their path; Hurricanes Laura and Katrina are two past examples. The disaster of these two hurricanes heavily impacted the residential, commercial, and industrial facilities in the southwest Louisiana area. Since the Chemical facility that we will be focusing on is located within this area, which is only approximately 30 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, there is considerable risk of the facility being impacted by a hurricane. This risk for this facility, as well as other local petrochemical facilities, needed to be better understood to allow for proper preparation. This was accomplished by collaborating with the company and using a portion of their facility to conduct the study detailed in this report. The portion is roughly a 200 m by 150 m unit that contains tanks of various sizes, distillation columns, and administrative buildings. This site was modeled using ANSYS Fluent, a computational fluid dynamics (cfd) software to run simulations of winds produced by hurricanes measured as categories 1, 3, and 5. Various contour plots were created to show the various forces and stresses created by the winds. In addition to the hurricane wind study, research was completed to analyze and track the emission of various pollutants from different pieces of equipment in the facility. As requested by a company representative, these simulations were run using standard wind conditions. Data was obtained from the chemical company that showed the flow rates of the different pollutants emitted from the tanks, heaters, and the on-site flare. The ANSYS Fluent software was used to run these simulations. Monitors were placed at several locations within the site to examine the concentration of the pollutants as they exited the equipment. In the end, it is intended that the results of these two studies will contribute to increasing the safety of the facility, and other petrochemical facilities in Lake Charles, Louisiana, and the surrounding area.
Design and Safety Aspects of a Collaborative Robotics Application for the Disassembly of Exhausted BEV Batteries
Authors: Salamina Laura , Calvo Giulia , Ferraro Alessandra , Gaidano Matteo , Melchiorre Matteo , Mauro Stefano 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The recycling of used vehicle batteries represents a key challenge for the sustainability of the electrification process of road transport. The process involves two distinct phases: the first consists of the disassembly of the battery pack and the separation of its components and the lithium cells that make up its basic elements, while the second involves the recovery of the basic elements in waste treatment plants. The first phase requires the implementation of a sequence of disassembly operations that vary for each type of battery pack to be recovered.
In this work, we investigate the possibility of using a collaborative robotic cell for this first phase, in which a human operator carries out the disassembly operations with the help of an anthropomorphic robot installed on a mobile base, which is thus able to reach any point on the battery by moving appropriately around the work surface.
The disassembly cycle of a well-known battery is analyzed. This first analysis shows that in order to reduce the time required to complete the operation, it is necessary for man and robot to perform certain operations by sharing the work space.
The second part of the article then introduces collision avoidance algorithms for robots that allow them to share the workspace in compliance with current technical regulations.
The results obtained are illustrated by means of simulations carried out in a mixed simulation environment.
Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of Metachronal Propulsion at Intermediate Reynolds Numbers
Authors: Lou Zhipeng , Lei Menglong , Byron Margaret L. , Li Chengyu 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Ctenophores swim using flexible rows of appendages called ctenes that form the metachronal paddling. To generate propulsion, each appendage operates a power stroke that strokes backward, followed by a recovery stroke that allows the appendage to readjust its position. Notably, strokes of most metachronal swimmers are asymmetric, with faster power strokes while slower recovery strokes. Previously, the material properties are assumed as isotropic. So, the faster power stoke will lead to more pronounce deformation and the slower recovery stroke will lead to less deformation. However, this contradicts with the observations that power-stroking ctenes have the least deformation and recover deforms more, indicating an anisotropic material behavior. Such anisotropic material is hard to be manufactured, but the anisotropic behavior may be achieved by making the initial structural shape curved. The pre-curved ctene, that bending towards downstream, will be straighten in power stoke while easy to bend during recovery stroke. Our study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of using pre-curved shapes to achieve anisotropic material properties during metachronal swimming. Treating it as fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problem, we integrate our in-house computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver with a finite element method (FEM) solver, utilizing strong coupling methods for convergence. By comparing the performance of pre-curved ctenes with straight ones, which represent isotropic material properties, we found that the curved ctenes exhibited 26.05% to 65.69% higher cycle-averaged thrust compared to the straight one as stiffness is lower. However, as stiffness increased, the pre-curved ctenes produced 3.92% to 30.58% less thrust than the straight ones. Similar trends were observed in propulsive efficiency, with the pre-curved ctenes demonstrating 46.97% better efficiency at the lowest stiffness but dropping to 34.02% less efficient as stiffness rise. Thus, while the pre-curved initial shape led to better performance at lower stiffness, exceeding a certain stiffness threshold resulted in worse performance compared to straight ctenes. The thrust enhancement from pre-curve shape is due to the drag reduction during recovery stroke, where the curved shape mitigate part of force to point more downward.
Sustainable Solutions for Fast Fashion Waste: A Project-Based Learning Approach
Authors: Alves Anabela C. , Abreu M. Florentina , Leão Celina P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The fast-fashion industry poses a significant environmental threat, contributing to global production waste and the accumulation of end-of-life garments in landfills, particularly in African countries. In response to this pressing issue, first-year Industrial Engineering and Management students were challenged to devise sustainable solutions by recycling, reusing, or upcycling discarded clothing into new products.
This paper presents the sustainable solutions proposed by the students to reduce the end-of-life garments that end up in landfills.
In the first semester of the 2022–23 academic year, students worked collaboratively in teams to develop an interdisciplinary project employing project-based learning, an active learning methodology. Data was collected through various channels, comprising content analysis of project reports, oral presentations, product prototypes, and a student questionnaire administered at the end of the semester.
The results indicated a high level of student engagement and awareness of the environmental impacts of fast fashion. By recycling end-of-life clothes, students recognized the dual benefits of reducing natural resource consumption and mitigating pollution caused by textile waste. Moreover, they demonstrated a profound understanding of sustainability principles and ethical considerations in product design and production. These research findings contribute valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on sustainable development and ethical practices in the fast-fashion industry.
An Experimental Learning Activity Involving Pressure Vessels and the Generalized Hooke’s Law
Authors: Norouzi Mahdi , Jafari Farid , Pawloski Janice 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In a typical undergraduate course aimed to teach strength of materials, the topics of pressure vessels and the generalized Hooke’s law are likely to be overlooked because of their simplicity. However, anecdotal observations indicate that many students do not fully grasp these topics. To address this issue, an experimental activity was developed to compel the students to use the theory of thin-walled pressure vessels and verify the results using the experimental data. Successful completion of the task required understanding several other fundamental concepts including the generalized Hooke’s law, principal stresses, and strain transformation. The activity could also cover some higher-level concepts including the membrane theory of shells, the use of symmetry in setting up the finite element analysis of the structure, and uncertainty analysis. To test whether the learning objectives were achieved, the students were given relevant exam problems before and after completing the activity. The results indicated a significant improvement in their performance. Also, a confidential and voluntary survey was conducted at the end of the semester asking the students if they believed the activity contributed to their understanding of the aimed concepts. The majority of the students expressed the positive impact of the activity on their learning experience.
Hydrodynamics of Shrimp Swimming: Spread-Out Morphing of Pleopods in Power Stroke
Authors: Lou Zhipeng , Tack Nils , Wilhelmus Monica , Li Chengyu 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Shrimps locomote through water using five pairs of appendages known as pleopods, which beat in a coordinated metachronal motion. Each pleopods consists of two membranous rami, a medial endopod and lateral exopod whose edges are lined with fine hair-like setae. Because of their close spacing and density, the setae act as an impermeable membrane. During swimming, each pleopod executes a power stroke, propelling water backward, followed by a recovery stroke to reset its position. During the power stroke, the exopods, endopods, and setae spread out, forming a propulsor with a larger area. In contrast, the rami close and overlap during the recovery stroke, reducing the effective area. In this study, we simulate natural shrimp swimming based on high-speed recordings under Reynolds number (Re) of 1980, using an in-house computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver. We compared a model based on a natural swimming shrimp with a model with pleopod area fixed at the maximum area. Our results reveal that the model incorporating spread-out motion achieves a notable reduction of 49.84% in cycle-averaged hydrodynamic power while sacrificing only 23% of cycle-averaged thrust when compared to the fixed-pleopod area model. Furthermore, the effect of spread-out motion decreases the cost of transportation by 41.72% through reducing body drag by 12%. Additionally, our analysis observed the presence of a high-speed zone behind the second pleopod during stroke motion, particularly near the tangent plane of the lowest tip trajectory, and a low-speed zone in front of that pleopods.