bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Borderline cases in density functional theory
Authors: Fritsche L. , Koller J. , Reinert Th. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe discuss two examples (antiferromagnetic order in transition metal oxides and van der Waals interaction) where density functional theory (DFT) seems to fail in giving an appropriate description of the actual physical situation. We analyze whether or not this failure reflects only a shortcoming of the approximations to the exchange‐correlation functionals that are commonly used. It is shown that the well‐known incapability of DFT to yield the correct antiferromagnetic (AF) moment and insulating properties of CoO and stoichiometric La2CuO4 may be indicative of a more fundamental deficiency, namely, absence of an exact noninteracting V‐representability of the spin densities in AF materials. By enlarging and reducing the self‐consistent DFT spin densities by an appropriate amount and simultaneously keeping the total densities fixed, one can turn CoO and La2CuO4 into insulators with the correct AF moments. We also discuss the ground‐state energy of two noble gas atoms of radius R0 at a distance R ≫ 2R0, for which situation an exact DFT should yield a 1/R6‐dependence for the difference between the total energy of the bi‐atom and the two atoms at infinite separation. Even if one improves the local density approximation to the exchange‐correlation energy by gradient corrections, this dependence remains outside the current practical framework of DFT. We report and practically check a simple idea as to how this difficulty can be overcome. The method we develop also might prove useful in actually calculating the above defect spin densities for critical AF materials. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Mapping of bibliographical standards into XML
Authors: Jakšić Mirjana 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe most popular bibliographical standards, which prescribe the exchange of bibliographical data in machine readable form, are MARC (Machine Readable Cataloguing) and UNIMARC (Universal Machine Readable Cataloguing). This paper presents two schemas, both written in the XML schema language: the UNIMARC format schema and the XML bibliographical records schema. The instance of the UNIMARC format schema is an XML document of UNIMARC format. This schema provides easier updating and adjusting of the UNIMARC format at the national or regional level. It was also the basis for the development of the XML editor for UNIMARC format description. The instance of the XML bibliographical records schema is an XML bibliographic record. This schema provides very thorough control of the contents and structure of bibliographical records, whether they were directly created as XML records or converted to XML from existing UNIMARC records. The validation process is implemented in the Java environment, with the Sun Multi‐Schema XML Validator (MSV) package. The author is aware of the inevitable question of redundant information contained in these two schemas and proposes some possible solutions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partial redundancy elimination for access expressions by speculative code motion
Authors: Kawahito Motohiro , Komatsu Hideaki , Nakatani Toshio 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe present a new memory access optimization for Java to perform aggressive code motion for speculatively optimizing memory accesses by applying partial redundancy elimination (PRE) techniques. First, to reduce as many barriers as possible and to enhance code motion, we perform alias analysis to identify all the regions in which each object reference is not aliased. Secondly, we find all the possible barriers. Finally, we perform code motions in three steps. For the first step, we apply a non‐speculative PRE algorithm to move load instructions and their following instructions in the backwards direction of the control flow graph. For the second step, we apply a speculative PRE algorithm to move some of them aggressively before the conditional branches. For the third step, we apply our modified version of a non‐speculative PRE algorithm to move store instructions in the forward direction of the control flow graph and to even move some of them after the merge points. We implemented our new algorithm in our production‐level Java just‐in‐time compiler. Our experimental results show that our speculative algorithm improves the average (maximum) performance by 13.1% (90.7%) for jBYTEmark and 1.4% (4.4%) for SPECjvm98 over the fastest algorithm previously described, while it increases the average (maximum) compilation time by 0.9% (2.9%) for both benchmark suites. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brain kinetics of methylphenidate (Ritalin) enantiomers after oral administration
Authors: Ding Yu‐Shin , Gatley S. John , Thanos Panayotis K. , Shea Colleen , Garza Victor , Xu Youwen , Carter Pauline , King Payton , Warner Don , Taintor Nicholas B. , Park Daniel J. , Pyatt Bea , Fowler Joanna S. , Volkow Nora D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMethylphenidate (MP) (Ritalin) is widely used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is a chiral drug, marketed as the racemic mixture of d‐ and l‐threo enantiomers. Our previous studies (PET and microdialysis) in humans, baboons, and rats confirm the notion that pharmacological specificity of MP resides predominantly in the d‐isomer. A recent report that intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered l‐threo‐MP displayed potent, dose‐dependent inhibition of cocaine‐ or apomorphine‐induced locomotion in rats, raises the question of whether l‐threo‐MP has a similar effect when given orally. It has been speculated that l‐threo‐MP is poorly absorbed in humans when it is given orally because of rapid presystemic metabolism. To investigate whether l‐threo‐MP or its metabolites can be delivered to the brain when it is given orally, and whether l‐threo‐MP is pharmacologically active. PET and MicroPET studies were carried out in baboons and rats using orally delivered C‐11‐labeled d‐ and l‐threo‐MP ([methyl‐11C]d‐threo‐MP and [methyl‐11C]l‐threo‐MP). In addition, we assessed the effects of i.p. l‐threo‐MP on spontaneous and cocaine‐stimulated locomotor activity in mice. There was a higher global uptake of carbon‐11 in both baboon and rat brain for oral [11C]l‐threo‐MP than for oral [11C]d‐threo‐MP. Analysis of the chemical form of radioactivity in rat brain after [11C]d‐threo‐MP indicated mainly unchanged tracer, whereas with [11C]l‐threo‐MP, it was mainly a labeled metabolite. The possibility that this labeled metabolite might be [11C]methanol or [11C]CO2, derived from demethylation, was excluded by ex vivo studies in rats. When l‐threo‐MP was given i.p. to mice at a dose of 3 mg/kg, it neither stimulated locomotor activity nor inhibited the increased locomotor activity due to cocaine administration. These results suggest that, in animal models, l‐threo‐MP or its metabolite(s) is (are) absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and enters the brain after oral administration, but that l‐threo‐MP may not be pharmacologically active. These results are pertinent to the question of whether l‐threo‐MP contributes to the behavioral and side effect profile of MP during treatment of ADHD. Synapse 53:168–175, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The First Requirements Elucidator Demonstration (FRED) tool
Authors: Kasser Joseph E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe problem of poorly written requirements has been documented for at least the last ten years without much improvement. This paper describes applying technology in the form of a simple software tool containing an Expert System that can minimize the production of poorly worded requirements in the future and help ensure the completeness of the testing of poorly worded requirements. This paper also describes how the tool evolved and discusses how the tool can be used to prevent cost and schedule escalations due to some types of poorly worded requirements. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 7: 243–256, 2004
Viewing systems from a business management perspective: The ISO/IEC 15288 standard
Authors: Arnold Stuart , Lawson Harold W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe scope of systems engineering as a discipline and profession is changing. Though the classical focus has been on technical systems, there is a pressing need to also apply a systems engineering approach to nontechnical systems. In addition, there is an increasing emphasis placed upon the management dimension of systems engineering and its impact on business and trade. To meet these new directions, an instrument is needed which can guide enterprises in dealing with the life cycle of all types of systems. This article presents factors related to ISO/IEC 15288's contribution as a guiding instrument for leading the engineering and management of systems in these new directions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 7: 229–242, 2004
Serum indices of body stores of iron in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and their relationship to hemochromatosis
Authors: Mazzaro Lisa M. , Dunn J. Lawrence , St. Aubin David J. , Andrews Gordon A. , Chavey Patricia S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIron storage disease (hemochromatosis) has been reported in many species of both captive and free‐ranging animals. In this study we examined the relationship between this disease and concentrations of iron analytes in aquarium‐held northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus). Sera were analyzed for iron, total iron‐binding capacity (TIBC), ferritin, ceruloplasmin, and haptoglobin concentrations in a retrospective study that included samples taken over a 14‐year period. The animals ranged in age from <1 year to an estimated 23 years. Serum ferritin was measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for canine sera. The results from this assay are the first reported for any pinniped. Serum iron concentrations in presumed healthy animals ranged from 37 to 196 µg/dl, and TIBC ranged from 136 to 484 µg/dl. The transferrin saturation percentage differed significantly between male (41%) and female (63%) adult fur seals, as did the ferritin levels (54 ng/ml for males vs. 500 ng/ml for females). There was a trend toward increased serum ferritin and percent transferrin saturation with age, especially in females. The data also showed a relationship between serum iron and transferrin saturation among eight mother–pup pairs, which suggests that pups may develop increased iron levels due to placental transfer of iron and/or transfer of iron through the milk from iron‐overloaded females. Diet was considered as a factor in the development of hemochromatosis in at least three geriatric female northern fur seals, and their diets were analyzed for iron concentrations. On the basis of these results, the diets were altered by replacing a portion of the high‐iron‐content fish (herring) with a lower‐iron‐content item (squid), and discontinuing iron and vitamin C supplementation (via a multivitamin tablet). Sera were analyzed before, and 1 and 4 years after the dietary changes were implemented. Paired t‐tests showed no significant changes in the iron analytes from pre‐ to post‐diet‐change samples, which indicates that it may be too late to affect iron levels by diet alone in older animals with a chronic history of elevated iron levels. Zoo Biol 23:205–218, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristics and in vitro fertilizing ability of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) frozen‐thawed epididymal spermatozoa obtained 4 hours postmortem: A case report
Authors: Pérez‐Garnelo Sonia S. , Garde Julián , Pintado Belén , Borque Concepción , Talavera Covadonga , Delclaux María , López Manuel , Martínez Julio De La Fuente 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWhen Chu‐Lin, a male giant panda (studbook #249), died at Madrid Zoo, his reproductive tract was removed 4 hr postmortem and the epididymal spermatozoa were collected. Extended sperm were kept at 5°C for 4 hr, loaded into straws, and frozen for 7 min in liquid nitrogen vapor before the straws were plunged into liquid nitrogen. Two straws were thawed and evaluated. Sperm motility was assessed in fresh, refrigerated, and thawed spermatozoa (75%, 60%, 35%, respectively). Sperm viability and acrosome status were estimated using a triple‐stain technique (TST). The results showed 33% live sperm with intact acrosomes after thawing. A hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test demonstrated the retention of membrane integrity in 72% of thawed sperm. To evaluate the in vitro fertilizing ability of thawed sperm, a sperm penetration assay (SPA) was performed. The values obtained for the percentage of penetration and the penetration index were 62% and 1.78 sperm/oocyte, respectively. The results obtained demonstrate that epididymal sperm recovered from a giant panda postmortem can be successfully cryopreserved. The sperm fertilizing ability demonstrated in vitro after thawing may provide a final opportunity for this male to contribute to the currently small germplasm reserves of this endangered species, and to reproduce in the future through assisted reproductive technology. Zoo Biol 23:279–285, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proximate, vitamins A and E, and mineral composition of free‐ranging cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus) from St. Catherines Island, Georgia
Authors: Thomas Jasmine , Glatt Batsheva , Dierenfeld Ellen S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAlthough rodents are an integral part of numerous carnivore diets, there is little published information regarding nutrient composition in free‐ranging mice for comparison with laboratory‐reared prey. Cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus, n=6) were captured on St. Catherines Island, Georgia, and analyzed for water, ash, protein, and fat content (proximate constituents), as well as minerals and the fat‐soluble vitamins A and E. The overall body composition (mean±SD: 65.8%±1.9% water, 10.9%±2.2% ash, 56.4%±4.1% protein, and 27.2%±3.9% fat) was similar to published values for adult laboratory mice (Mus domesticus). The macro‐ (Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P) and trace (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) mineral levels were also similar to previously reported values for laboratory mice, and in general met or exceeded the established nutrient requirements for domestic carnivores. Vitamin E ranged from 77 to 170 IU/kg dry matter (DM) in these mice–again, similar to values previously quantified in laboratory mice. However, the vitamin A concentrations (21,947±6,893 IU/kg DM) in the free‐ranging mice were consistently and substantially lower than values reported for whole laboratory mice. To our knowledge, this is the first quantification of vitamin A in free‐ranging mice used as prey by carnivores. While other nutrients measured were similar between captive‐reared and free‐ranging mice, the current data suggest the need for further investigation of vitamin A nutrition in the development of optimal diets for carnivores in captivity. Zoo Biol 23:253–261, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of different primate species on germination of Ficus (Urostigma) seeds
Authors: Righini Nicoletta , Serio‐Silva Juan Carlos , Rico‐Gray Victor , Martínez‐Mota Rodolfo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe examined the germination of Ficus seeds (subgenus Urostigma) after defecation by six primate species (New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and apes). Seeds from figs (control) and primate feces were placed in a thermostatically controlled chamber for 30 days. Seeds defecated by Alouatta palliata, A. pigra, and Cercopithecus aethiops showed significantly higher germination rates than control seeds. In addition, seeds from A. palliata feces germinated significantly faster than control seeds and seeds from C. aethiops and Pan troglodytes. These differences may be due to the different digestive characteristics of the six primate species. Zoo Biol 23:273–278, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychosocial functioning in patients with treatment resistant depression
Authors: Petersen Timothy , Papakostas George I. , Mahal Yasmin , Guyker Wendy M. , Beaumont Erin C. , Alpert Jonathan E. , Fava Maurizio , Nierenberg Andrew A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBackgroundDepression is a disorder that causes disability, with a profound adverse impact on all areas of psychosocial functioning. This is particularly true for those with treatment resistant depression (TRD). However, to date, no systematic assessments of psychosocial functioning for patients with TRD have been conducted.MethodsIn the present study, we used the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation (LIFE) scale to measure psychosocial functioning in 92 patients with TRD. These patients met formal criteria for TRD and were part of a clinical trial examining the efficacy of lithium augmentation of nortriptyline.ResultsClinicians rated this sample of patients as experiencing mild to moderate impairment in work-related activities, good to fair interpersonal relations, poor level of involvement in recreational activities, and mild impairment of ability to enjoy sexual activity. Patients and clinicians rated global social adjustment as poor.ConclusionsPatients with formally defined TRD experience significant impairment in psychosocial functioning. In this sample a tendency existed for both clinicians and patients to assign more severely impaired global ratings when compared with ratings for specific functional areas.
Evidence for Cyclooxygenase‐1 Association with Caveolin‐1 and ‐2 in Cultured Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK 293) Cells
Authors: Cha Seok Ho , Jung Nam‐Hee , Kim Bum‐Rae , Kim Hyun‐Woo , Kwak Jin‐Oh 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to confirm protein‐protein interaction between cyclooxygenase‐1 (COX‐1) and caveolins. The interaction of cyclooxygenase‐1 and caveolins in the cultured human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells was investigated using immuno‐precipitation and Western blot analysis. In HEK 293 cells, high levels of caveolin‐2 and low level of caveolin‐1 at mRNA and protein level were observed without any detectable expression of caveolin‐3. Caveolae rich membranous fractions from the HEK 293 cells contained both COX‐1 and caveolin‐1 or caveolin‐2 in same fractions. The experiments of immuno‐precipitation showed complex formation between the COX‐1 and caveolin‐1 or caveolin‐2 in the HEK 293 cells. Confocal microscopic results also support co‐localization of COX‐1 and caveolin‐1 or caveolin‐2 at the plasma membrane. Co‐localization of caveolins with cylooxygenase‐1 in caveolae suggested that caveolin would play an important role in regulating the function of COX‐1.
IUBMB Life, 56: 221‐227, 2004
New Insights into the Regulation of Erythroid Cells
Authors: Ingley Evan , Tilbrook Peta A. , Klinken S Peter 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe regulation of erythroid cells is complex and occurs at multiple levels. Erythroid precursors, once committed to this lineage, develop in association with specific macrophages within erythroblastic islands. While erythropoietin (Epo) is the principal regulator of erythroid progenitors, other cytokines and nuclear hormones also play an important role in the maturation of these cells. Signalling from the Epo‐receptor activates several pathways, including the JAK/STAT, ras/raf/MAP kinase and PI3 kinase/Akt cascades to promote cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Transcription factors such as GATA‐1, EKLF and NF‐E2 are crucial for progression along the erythroid maturation pathway; these, and a myriad of other transcription factors, must be expressed at the correct developmental stage for normal red blood cells to be formed.
IUBMB Life, 56: 177‐184, 2004
Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutics: New Approaches to an Ageing Problem
Authors: Small David H. , Losic Dusan , Martin Lisandra L. , Turner Bradley J. , Friedhuber Anna , Aguilar Marie‐Isabel 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAbnormal proteinaceous deposits are found in the brain of patients with many different neurodegenerative diseases. In many of these diseases, the production of the deposits is probably associated with disease pathogenesis. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the amyloid protein (Aβ), is produced by the action of enzymes known as secretases, which cleave the β‐amyloid protein precursor. Aβ is secreted from cells in the brain, after which it oligomerizes and is deposited in the extracellular compartment of the brain to form amyloid plaques and amyloid angiopathy. Targeting the production of Aβ and its aggregation is now a key strategy in the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of AD. This review examines the potential of immunization strategies, cholesterol‐lowering drugs, protease inhibitors and nicotinic drugs for the treatment of AD.
IUBMB Life, 56: 203‐208, 2004
The Ubiquitin System: From Basic Mechanisms to the Patient Bed
Authors: Ciechanover Aaron , Iwai Kazuhiro 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn the ubiquitin system, a target substrate is modified by ubiquitin or a ubiquitin‐like protein. This modification remodels the surface of the target proteins, affecting, among other properties, their stability, interactions with other proteins, activity, and subcellular localization. At least 10 different modifiers have been described in mammalian cells and conjugation of each modifier to its target may result in a different biological effect. In many cases proteins are modified by multiple moieties of ubiquitin that generate a branched polyubiquitin chain. For most proteins, this modification leads to their degradation by the 26S proteasome. Yet, dependent on the character of the internal linkage between the ubiquitin moieties, it can also lead to activation of transcriptional regulators. Modification by a single moiety of ubiquitin can target proteins for degradation in the lysosome/vacuole. Conjugation of ubiquitin or ubiquitin‐like proteins can serve a variety of non‐proteolytic functions, such as activation of enzymes, modulation of membrane dynamics, or routing of the tagged proteins to their sub‐cellular destination. Ubiquitination of cellular proteins is a highly complex, temporally controlled, and tightly regulated process that targets, in a specific manner, thousands of cellular proteins. It is carried out by a modular cascade of enzymes with high specificity towards defined structural motifs in the target proteins. It has emerged as a critically important post‐translational modification that plays major roles in regulating a broad array of basic cellular processes, such as cell division, differentiation, signal transduction, trafficking, and quality control. Not surprisingly, aberrations in the system have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, certain malignancies, neurodegenerative disorders and pathologies of the inflammatory and immune response among them. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved is important for the development of novel, mechanism‐based drugs.
IUBMB Life, 56: 193‐201, 2004