bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat transfer to water in an annulus
Authors: Miller Philip , Byrnes James J. , Benforado David M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA limited number of measurements were made of the heat transfer coefficient from an electrically heated rod to water flowing in an annulus. Tests were performed at Reynolds numbers ranging from 5,000 to 22,000 (based on equivalent diameter), water temperatures of 70° and 125°F., and relatively high heat fluxes of 52,000 to 208,000 B.t.u./(hr.) (sq. ft.). The annulus dimensions were 0.625 in. I.D. and 0.840 in. O.D. The coefficients varied as the 0.8 power of the velocity; they were 20% higher than predicted by use of Colburn's equation for flow inside pipes with the equivalent diameter. Over the range of conditions studied, it was found that the thermal boundary layer was fully developed in 1 1/8 in. (Lh/De=5).
Entrainment from bubble‐cap trays
Authors: Atteridg P. T. , Lemieux E. J. , Schreiner W. C. , Sundback R. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractData on liquid entrainment are reported for rectangular‐cap bubble trays on 24‐in. tray spacing for an air‐water system. Several tray variations were studied, and entrainment is given for trays containing eight, twelve, and sixteen caps a tray. Some hydraulic characteristics (pressure drop, liquid backup, minimum vapor velocity, and downflow froth height) are also reported. It was found in this study that decreasing liquid path lenght increased the entrainment from a bubble‐cap tray and increasing tray bubbling area decreased entrainment. It was also found that decreasing slot area generally had no effect on liquid entrainment over the range investigated.
Rate of nitration of benzene with mixed acid
Authors: Biggs R. D. , White R. R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe rates of nitration of benzene by nitric acid in mixed acid to produce mononitrobenzene have been measured in well‐emulsified reaction mixtures in the temperature range from 34° to 54°C. The acid‐phase compositions ranged from 1.6 mole % nitric acid and 27 mole % sulfuric acid to 35 mole % nitric acid and zero % sulfuric acid; the organicphase composition ranged from 4 to 95 mole % benzene, and the relative extent of the acid and organic phases was varied from 25 to 80 volume % acid phase.The reaction rate based on the total volume of the reacting mixture is shown to be a function of the phase compositions, temperature, and volume % of acid phase.
Prediction of ideal‐stage requirements in complex liquid‐liquid extraction systems
Authors: Peterson H. C. , Beyer G. H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA procedure for obtaining equilibrium data and predicting ideal‐stage requirements in a complex liquid‐liquid extraction system is presented. Preliminary equilibrium data are obtained from a simulated column run involving a series of batch contacts operated in such a manner as to approach steady state countercurrent conditions. The flow ratios and stage requirements for continuous operation are then estimated by trial‐and‐error by use of a modified McCabe‐Thiele method.The procedure lends itself particularly well to those systems with interdependent distribution of the two components. Data for the separation of hafnium from zirconium are presented to show the utility of the method.
Heat transfer through a homogeneous isotropic turbulent field
Authors: Hanratty Thomas J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBecause of the large scale of the motion responsible for mixing in turbulent fields, turbulent transport processes differ from molecular transport processes in that the mixing depends on the previous history of the diffusing material and turbulent fields are generally nonhomogeneous.The effect of the time dependency of the diffusion process is examined for the case of heat transfer from a hot wall to a cold wall through a turbulently flowing fluid. The fluid is assumed to have a uniform velocity and the turbulence is assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic. The calculations are carried out by assuming a distribution of heat sources along the hot wall and of heat sinks along the cold wall. G. I. Taylor's theory of turbulent diffusion for a homogeneous isotropic field is used to describe the properties of these sources and sinks. These calculations are compared with temperature profiles obtained as a solution to Fick's Law using a constant diffusion coefficient. A marked difference between the two sets of curves is obtained in the vicinity of the wall and in the beginning of the heat exchange section.A calculated profile on the basis of an idealized model of heat transfer in channel flow is compared with actual measurements made by Page, Corcoran, Schlinger, and Sage (7) at a distance far enough downstream so that the temperature profile had reached a steady condition.
Catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and dioxide over steel
Authors: Smith Buford D. , White Robert R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide on various steel catalysts was studied in the temperature range of 800° to 1,300°F. and at pressures from 5 to 30 atm. The feed gases (3.75 to 20 SCFH) were passed over a catalyst bed of 1/8‐in. steel balls supported in a brass‐lined reactor 0.81 in. in diam. The percentage of carbon oxides in the feed was 30% in the runs using a H2CO2 feed and varied from 15 to 38% in the runs with a H2CO feed. The effects of temperature, pressure, feed composition, space velocity, and mass velocity were studied. Carbon deposition did not affect the activity of the catalyst and could be removed readily.
Mass transfer in a wetted‐wall column: Turbulent flow
Authors: Schwarz W. H. , Hoelscher H. E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe object of this study has been the measurement of concentration profiles of water vapor in a wetted‐wall column with fully developed turbulent pipe flow of air for several positions downstream of the inlet. The air Reynolds number was 25,000. The mathematical formulation of this problem involves the Navier‐Stokes equations and the mass transfer equation with a boundary condition of constant concentration at the wall. No attempt has been made toward an analytical solution of this problem, as the exact solution of the turbulence problem has not been developed. Instead, values of the mass and momentum transfer correlation,urh, andurux, have been computed as a function of the radius. The eddy diffusivity for momentum and mass and the local mass transfer rates are shown for engineering purposes.
Crystal‐size distribution in mixed suspensions
Authors: Saeman W. C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAlthough vacuum crystallizers are used widely, crystal‐size–control methods have not been adequately analyzed. This paper supplies in part the deficiency of technical information on this problem. Industrial crystallizers may have inherent nucleation rates in excess of or below the seed‐crystal requirement for the desired product‐crystal size. This paper deals specifically with means of crystal‐size control by removal of excess nuclei from mixed circulating suspensions as encountered in vacuum crystallizers. It is shown that under certain conditions the cumulative size distribution in the suspension varies as the fourth power of the size. Therefore, it may also be shown that the key to effective size‐control procedures is the segregation time of nuclei in the fines‐removal system. Procedures based mainly on crystal‐size classification by hydraulic elutriation can hardly be effective unless they are also designed to meet the segregation‐time requirements.
Process for fission‐product removal from uranium‐Bismuth reactor fuels by use of fused‐salt extraction
Authors: Dwyer O. E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe liquid‐metal‐fuel reactor under development at the Brookhaven National Laboratory uses a fuel which is a solution of U233, Mg, and Zr in liquid bismuth. For a power breeder thermal reactor, high neutron economy is essential, and this calls for low concentrations of those fission products in the fuel which are high neutron capturers. Roughly 45% by weight of the fission products can be continuously removed from the fuel by salt extraction with alkali and alkaline‐earth fused‐salt mixtures. These fission products contain the highly “poisonous” rare earths. This paper will present a discussion of processdesign considerations and proposed flow sheets.
Liquid‐metal extraction for processing of spent fuel
Authors: Voigt A. F. , Daane A. H. , Dewell E. H. , Clark R. G. , Gonser J. E. , Haefling J. F. , Malaby K. L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPlutonium and the fission products can be removed from irradiated uranium by liquidmetal extraction by use of another metal immiscible with uranium. Metals studied have been silver, cerium, and lanthanum. Plutonium removal by silver is high, by the rare‐earth metals moderate. In all cases volatile elements, including cesium, strontium, and barium, are removed. Rare earths are efficiently removed. Ruthenium and molybdenum are largely unaffected. Experiments with synthetic fuels corresponding to long burn‐up periods show improved removal of most elements. Repeated batch extractions indicate that a continuous process separating the fuel into uranium, plutonium, and fission‐product fractions could be developed.
Continuous dissolution of uranium‐aluminum reactor fuels
Authors: Boeglin A. F. , Buckham J. A. , Chajson L. , Lemon R. B. , Paige D. M. , Stoops C. E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractExtensive pilot plant studies of the continuous, mercury‐catalyzed nitric acid dissolution of uranium‐aluminum alloy materials similar to possible reactor fuel elements were carried out. Marked differences were observed in the dissolution rates of cast and wrought alloys. Optimum feed‐acid concentrations varied with the type of alloy. At constant acid feed conditions dissolving rates varied approximately with the cube root of catalyst concentration up to a limiting concentration. The metal dissolving rate was proportional to the 0.8 power of the nitric acid feed rate. A general empirical correlation was developed.
Diffusion of uranium through graphite
Authors: Loch L. D. , Gambino J. R. , Duckworth W. H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDiffusion rates of uranium through graphite were determined in the temperature range of 3,000° to 4,350°F. The diffusion couples consisted of sintered UC2 disks in contact with graphite rods. The observations indicated two distinct types of uranium transport which could be associated with volume diffusion and with migration along pores respectively.Volume diffusion was characterized by steep concentration gradients and shallow penetration. The diffusion coefficient Dv, in sq. cm./sec. between 3,300° and 4,250°F., is given by an equation. Above 4,250°F. incipient melting of the UC2 was evident and the diffusion coefficients were much higher than those given by the equation.As an example of the penetration resulting from volume diffusion, calculations show that, after 1,000 hr. at 4,200°F. the uranium concentration at 0.1 cm. from the interface will be 1,000 mg./cc., compared with 10,000 mg./cc. for pure UC2.Pore migration resulted in uranium penetration far beyond that arising from volume diffusion at equivalent temperatures and diffusion times. However, uranium concentrations were very small compared with those corresponding to volume diffusion. Pore migration is strongly temperature dependent.To estimate the practical importance of pore migration, the uranium flow through a graphite wall at 3,000°F. was measured. With a wall thickness of 0.32 cm., the average flow per unit area was 0.015 mg./ (sq. cm.)/ (hr.) for a 40‐hr. test.
Light transmittance as a measure of interfacial area in liquid‐liquid dispersions
Authors: Trice Virgil G. , Rodger Walton A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractInterfacial area in liquid‐liquid systems has been measured photographically. Precision and accuracy of the method have been shown to be better than 10%. To avoid tedium of counting drops, a simple light probe of easily reproducible design has been developed to measure the light transmission through the dispersions formed. A correlation of light transmittance with interfacial area is presented and its usefulness and limitations are discussed.
Apparatus for visual study of corrosion by hot water
Authors: Grieser Daniel R. , Simons Eugene M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe design and operation of a windowed autoclave suitable for studying corrosion of materials by pressurized hot water are described. The technique for taking time‐lapse motion pictures of a specimen from the instant of contact with the high‐temperature water until the corrosion is complete is explained, and a set of typical pictures is presented showing the progress of the attack. Pressure and temperature measurements provide a means for rough computation of corrosion rates, as is shown by the results of two tests of uranium specimens subjected to pressurized hot water.
Mechanism of heat transfer to liquid drops
Authors: McDowell R. V. , Myers J. E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to study the process of heat transfer to a liquid drop rising through another liquid. In experimental runs various‐sized drops of S.A.E.‐10 lubricating oil, kerosene, and xylene were heated with water; also, water drops were heated with various organic liquids. Theoretical calculations of temperature change were made, various mechanisms of heat transfer being assumed. The temperature change predicted with each mechanism was compared with the experimental results and the controlling mechanism thus determined for each system studied.
Liquid‐side resistance in gas absorption
Authors: Vivian J. E. , Peaceman D. W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe film theory of liquid‐side resistance to gas absorption, embodying the assumption of a thin stagnant liquid film adjacent to the interface in which steady state diffusion occurs, has long been open to question, particularly in packed columns. Higbie's penetration theory, believed to be more reasonable, pictures the liquid as flowing over a piece of packing for a very short period of time before being mixed as it flows to the next piece of packing. In the penetration model absorption occurs during a series of brief contacts, and unsteady state mass transfer conditions prevail in the liquid.Several short glass‐wetted‐wall columns 1.9 to 4.3 cm. long were constructed to simulate the assumptions of the penetration theory. Because of the short length ripples were absent except when the gas rate was higher than ReG = 2,200. The desorption of carbon dioxide from water and of chlorine from dilute hydrochloric acid (0.16 to 0.18 N) was studied. The desorption rate of carbon dioxide was unaffected by gas velocity up to ReG of 2,200 and increased 1.1%/°C. over the temperature range of 22° to 31°C.
Fractionation of gas mixtures in a moving‐bed adsorber. I. Correlation of adsorber performance
Authors: Kapfer William H. , Malow Monroe , Happel John , Marsel Charles J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe design and operation of a pilot‐scale‐moving bed adsorber to separate the various components of a gas mixture using activated carbon as the preferential adsorbent are described. A binary system, methane–acetylene, and a ternary system, methane–carbon dioxide–acetylene, were studied. The performance of the unit was analyzed by means of the transfer‐unit‐height (H.T.U.) concept based on the observed changes in gas composition during tower operation. For both the binary and ternary systems the transfer‐unit height was independent of feed‐gas composition but was found to vary linearly with the ratio of feed gas to carbon flow. The over‐all transfer‐unit‐height values based on either the gas or the adsorbed phase were observed to vary from 6.5 in. at 1.39 std. cu. ft./lb. carbon to 36.9 in. at 4.81 std. cu. ft./lb. carbon.
Fluidized‐bed heat transfer: A generalized dense‐phase correlation
Authors: Wen Chin‐yung , Leva Max 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA fluidized‐bed heat transfer mechanism is proposed that assumes that the chief resistance to heat exchange between a confining wall and a fluidized bed is in the laminar film at the vessel boundary. Heat flow through the film is by conduction. As the solids‐particle velocity along the wall will modify film thickness, correlation of film coefficients in terms of particle velocities or the equivalent suggests itself. That heat transport from the boundary of the heating element to the fluidized core proceeds by way of turbulent solids mixing seems indicated by the considerable effect that the solids heat capacity appears to exert on over‐all coefficients.The resulting correlation is examined critically in relation to pertinent literature data. The effect of fluidized‐bed parameters on heat transfer coefficients is considered, and applicability and limits of the correlation are ascertained.
Prediction of vapor‐liquid equilibrium data for binary Hydrocarbon mixtures at various total pressures
Authors: Lu Benjamin C.‐Y. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn empirical method is suggested which permits the prediction of vapor‐liquid equilibrium data for binary hydrocarbon mixtures at various total pressures on the basis of equilibrium data at one constant pressure. This method has been tested with the vapor‐liquid equilibrium data of six nonideal systems measured at twenty‐one different experimental conditions. The total pressure range varies from 50 mm. of mercury to 4 atm. In all cases the predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Study of bubbling performance in relation to distillation and absorption
Authors: Chu Ju Chin , Forgrieve John , Grosso Robert , Shah S. M. , Othmer Donald F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOne of the important factors affecting the efficiency of vapor‐liquid contacting operations is the relationship between available interfacial area and contact time.Because of the difficulties in measuring these quantities, little information has heretofore been made available on them. Previous studies have been confined to extreme over‐simplifications of the turbulent type of contacting taking place in fractionation devices. The present investigation consisted of the determination of interfacial area and contact time for the formation of air bubbles submerged in water and aqueous solutions. The bubbles were produced at single vertical slots and rose through a flowing liquid. In order to complete the study on physical contacting, a companion study is concerned with vapor‐liquid behavior in the forth and entrainment zones. The experimental technique in this study involved taking high‐speed motion pictures of the bubbling action. Measurements of the area and volume of bubbles were made at intervals during the course of their growth, and values of total contact time and average interfacial area per unit volume of vapor are presented.It was found that both the average interfacial area per unit volume of vapor a and the total contact time tm were primarily affected by the head of flowing liquid on the slot. Below slot submergence of approximately 2.5 in. of liquid, interfacial area was shown to decrease with increasing slot submergence and increasing slot area. Above 2.5 in. of liquid, interfacial area was a function of skirt clearance, liquid viscosity, and surface tension.Total contact time was found to increase with increasing slot submergence and to decrease with increasing vapor rate and skirt clearance.Through the use of an integrated mass transfer–rate equation, the terms a and tm can be used in conjunction with the appropriate mass transfer coefficient for predicting the point efficiencies on bubble‐cap plates.
Mass transfer at low pressures
Authors: Sherwood Thomas K. , Cooke Norman E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractData are reported for the evaporation of spheres of naphthalene into air, helium, carbon dioxide, and Freon‐12, and of liquid diethyl adipate into air at pressures from 0.1 to 3,000μ Hg and at Reynolds numbers from 0 to 1.37. By use of suitable values of the surface‐evaporation coefficient and the assumption of additivity of surface evaporation and diffusional resistances, the data are well correlated. The results lend semiquantitative support to the theory of sublimation of crystals developed by Stranski.
Mass and heat transfer to single spheres and cylinders at low Reynolds numbers
Authors: Friedlander S. K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRates of mass and heat transfer to single spheres and cylinders at low Reynolds numbers are predicted from boundary‐layer theory. The velocity distributions which are assumed to exist are those derived from the linearized Navier‐Stokes equations by Tomotika and Aoi.In the case of the sphere the Nusselt number is found to be a function only of the Peclet group when the Stokes streamline function is assumed to apply. Experimental data for mass and heat transfer to singel spheres fall 10 to 40% higher than predicted from the theory. Experimental data for heat and mass transfer to single cylinders at large NPe check the theory.Curves are also plotted for the efficiency of removal of colloidal particles by combined direct interception and diffusion for both spheres and cylinders.
Spray—extraction‐tower studies
Authors: Johnson A. I. , Minard G. W. , Huang Chen‐Jung , Hansuld J. H. , McNamara V. M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper describes further research on a 4‐in. I.D. by 8‐ft. spray tower of Elgin design. Previous work concerned limiting flow and holdup in this tower. Owing to its high capacity and low cost, the spray tower would have much greater commercial application in liquid‐liquid extraction if its conditions of transient operation could be predicted and if it could be operated to yield low Ht values. This research attempts to show that transient conditions can be predicted and that low Ht values for both mass and heat transfer can be realized near the limiting flow conditions.Theroretical equations for rate of approach to steady state derived and tested for the systems ethylene dichloride–water–propionic acid and ethylene dichloride–water–acetic acid show that the approach depends on the ratio of the phase flow rates. This study is important for the prediction of start‐up time for industrial towers.With the same systems the extraction capacity of the spray tower was investigated up to the condition of rejection. The results were correlated as KEa and Ht, OE vs. a function of the ratio of the phase flow rates. The dispersed‐phase flow rate was found to have primary significance.The heat transfer rates between water as continuous phase and solvents of various denisties were correlated as Ht′ values plotted against a function of the ratio of the phase flow rates. The advantages of operation near rejection were demonstrated, and the effect of direction of heat transfer was found to be significant.
Studies of thermal conductivity of liquids: Part III
Authors: Sakiadis Byron C. , Coates Jesse 
Published: June 2004

AbstractValues of thermal conductivity and temperature coefficients for thirty‐five pure organic liquids, in addition to those previously reported, obtained with a previously described apparatus (Part I), are presented. Values of thermal conductivity or temperature coefficients for twenty‐eight of these liquids have not been reported before. The experimentally determined maximum error is ±1.0%.The two methods for predicting the thermal conductivity of liquids previously proposed (Parts I and II) are extended to cover the types of compounds studied in this investigation, in particular ring compounds.The temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity was observed to decrease rapidly, approaching zero as the freezing point is approached. The existence of a transition temperature or region within the liquid state is shown and identified with the onset of molecular rotation.