bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compositionality and Context
Authors: Pagin Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his contribution to a series of millennial articles in Mind and Language, Jerry Fodor (2001) confronts the question of the priority between thought and language. As Fodor adequately frames it, the question comes down to whether one of thought content and linguistic meaning is derived from the other. His chosen method is an appeal to compositionality (Fodor, 2001: 6): that which is primary must be compositional. For reasons of productivity and systematicity, Fodor thinks, there must be compositionality of content (2001: 6–7). Hence, he says, ‘if, as between language and thought, only one of the two has compositional content, then that must be the one whose content is underived’.
Platonism
Authors: Chihara Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the dispute in the philosophy of mathematics between mathematical realists (or Platonists) and mathematical nominalists, which has been simmering in the Anglo-American world of philosophy these past fifty or so years. A close approximation to what the terms ‘mathematical realist’ and ‘mathematical nominalist’ mean can be given as follows: a mathematical realist is one who maintains that mathematical objects exist, whereas a mathematical nominalist is one who opposes the realist’s position.1 Thus, there are two types of nominalists: those who deny that there are mathematical objects, and those who adopt the weaker thesis that we lack compelling grounds for believing in the existence of mathematical objects.
Minimal Anti-Nominalism
Authors: Chihara Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Burgess and Gideon Rosen (in Burgess and Rosen, 1997) have advanced an overall general evaluation of the various “nominalistic reconstructions” of science and mathematics that have been proposed in recent years. Judging from the many remarks found in their evaluations and from comments made by other philosophers of mathematics, it would seem that among the target “reconstructions” of their evaluations are the three views described in the previous chapter as responses to the Quinean challenge.1 The Burgess–Rosen criticisms of the nominalist’s reconstructions of mathematics occur as part of their overall account of contemporary nominalism, and their evaluations cannot be easily grasped without some understanding of this overall account. For this reason, I shall give a brief description of this account.
Constructible Structures
Authors: Chihara Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Parsons, the first problem facing the structuralist arises in attempting to state what structuralism is.1 As I noted in Chapter 4, the problem arises from the fact that in order to state the view, one needs to say what a structure is. But it is not clear how one can say what structures are without either presupposing familiar mathematical entities (such as sets) or involving oneself in some sort of circularity (Parsons, 1996: 275).
Remaking Boundaries
Authors: Hohnen Pernille 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Fredrik Barth’s famous introduction to Ethnic Groups and Boundaries in 1969, boundaries and boundary-making have occupied an important place within anthropological theory. However, despite the well-known general critique in recent years of ‘culture’ as something homogeneous and bounded, anthropology has been ‘preoccupied with boundaries between cultures’ (Cohen 1994: 123), rather than with the analyses of boundaries that separate and divide, In my analysis of the changes in Lithuanian society after independence, boundaries have appeared to be crucial in many different ways and at various analytical levels.
Gentillet’s Final Assault: The ‘Contre-Machiavel’ of 1585
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For unwary modern readers-surfeited by literary appraisal and reappraisal, but unfamiliar with Renaissance indifference to such matters-a perplexing feature of the early reception of Machiavelli must be its failure to produce much in the way of serious critical assessment. Single aspects of his work, such as historical technique, military theory, his attitude towards colonies, and even his skill as a writer, were sometimes evaluated; while instances where Machiavellian material was adopted, adapted, or distorted, were commonplace. Yet, Guicciardini and Schwendi excepted, only Gentillet has left us an attempt-albeit primitive and prejudiced-to treat Machiavelli’s ideas methodically and to test them against historical evidence.
From Sublime to Ridiculous: Some Serious Readers of Machiavelli
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henricus Cuyckius (Henri van Cuyck) is not now a name to conjure with: and it is doubtful that he ever was. Living out his life in the Low Countries as a scholar and cleric, he taught moral philosophy at Louvain and rose from service as Vicar General of the Archbishop of Malines to the Deanship of Saint Pierre at Louvain, and ended his days as Bishop of Ruremonde. Such fame as he has enjoyed is largely due to his Speculum concubinariorum sacerdotum whose naughty title, as Crevenna sadly noted, masks a work ‘tre`s-orthodoxe’.1 However, another of his effusions, the Panegyricae orationes duae (1595), is of particular interest to us and may serve as an introductory parable for this chapter.
The Algebra of Events
Authors: Bach Emmon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of writers have commented on the close parallels between the mass-count distinction in nominal systems and the aspectual classification of verbal expressions (Allen, 1966; Mourelatos, 1978; L. Carlson, 1981; Hoepelman and Rohrer, 1980) that has been the subject of much attention in recent years in linguistics and philosophy.
Deriving Verbal and Compositional Lexical Aspect for NLP Applications
Authors: Dorr Bonnie J , Olsen Mari Broman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge of lexical aspect—how verbs denote situations as developing or holding in time—is required for interpreting event sequences in discourse (Dowty, 1986; Moens and Steedman, 1988; Passoneau, 1988), interfacing to temporal databases (Androutsopoulos, 1996), processing temporal modifiers (Antonisse, 1994), describing allowable alternations and their semantic effects (Resnik, 1996; Tenny, 1994), and for selecting tense and lexical items for natural language generation (Dorr and Olsen, 1996; Klavans and Chodorow, 1992; cf. Slobin and Bocaz, 1988). In addition, preliminary pyscholinguistic experiments (Antonisse, 1994) indicate that subjects are sensitive to the presence or absence of aspectual features when processing temporal modifiers.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Dermott Drew Mc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reasoning about time is an essential competence that all humans possess and a signature of intelligent behavior in any cognitive system. Our ability to represent temporal knowledge of actions and events in the world is essential for modeling causation, constructing complex plans, hypothesizing possible outcomes of actions, and almost any higher-order, cognitive task. It is not surprising, therefore, that temporal reasoning has been a central area of research in artificial intelligence since the 1960s.
Tense Trees as the ‘Fine Structure’ of Discourse
Authors: Hwang* Chung Hee , Schubert* K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Work on discourse structure (e.g., Reichman, 1985; Grosz and Sidner, 1986; Allen, 1987) has so far taken a rather coarse, high-level view of discourse, mostly treating sentences or sentence-like entities (‘‘utterance units,’’ ‘‘contributions,’’ etc.) as the lowest- level discourse elements. To the extent that sentences are analyzed at all, they are simply viewed as carriers of certain features relevant to supra-sentential discourse structure: cue words, tense, time adverbials, aspectual class, intonational cues, and others. These features are presumed to be extractable in some straightforward fashion and provide the inputs to a higher-level discourse segment analyzer.
The Annotation of Temporal Information in Natural Language Sentences
Authors: Katz Graham , Arosio Fabrizio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In interpreting narratives the most essential information to be extracted is who did what where, when, and why, the classic journalistic imperatives. The ‘who’ and ‘what’ information is usually expressed overtly, and this has made it possible to apply stochastic techniques to problems in this domain (such as word-sense classification and argument structure mapping). The ‘when’ and ‘where’ information is, however, often left implicit, or, at least, only partially specified. The ‘why’ information is rarely explicit. Formal semantic theories of temporal interpretation (e.g. Kamp and Reyle 1993, Ogihara 1996, Abusch 1997) have been quite successful at specifying the contribution that such overt markers as tenses and temporal adverbials make to the meaning of a sentence or discourse.
Using Semantic Inferences for Temporal Annotation Comparison
Authors: Setzer Andrea , Gaizauskas, Robert , Hepple Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The automatic recognition and annotation of temporal expressions as well as event expressions have become active areas of research in computational linguistics, as evidenced by workshops such as the ACL2001 workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing (Harper et al. 2001), the LREC 2002 workshop on Annotation Standards for Temporal Information in Natural Language (Setzer 2002), and the TERQAS workshop on Time and Event Recognition for Question-Answering Systems (Pustejovsky.et al. 2003). Temporal information is important to many application areas, including Question Answering, Information Extraction (IE), and Topic Detection and Tracking.
Birthing the Nation
Authors: Cody Lisa Forman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How could the professional triumph of man-midwifery and contemporary tales of pregnant men, rabbit-breeding mothers, and meddling midwives in eighteenth-century Britain help construct the emergence of modern corporate and individual identities? By uncovering long-lost tales and artefacts about sexuality, birth, and popular culture, Lisa Forman Cody argues that Enlightenment Britons understood themselves and their relationship to others through their experiences and beliefs about the reproductive body. Birthing the Nation traces two intertwined narratives that shaped eighteenth-century British life: the development of the modern British nation, and the emergence of the male expert as the pre-eminent authority over matters of sexual behaviour, reproduction, and childbirth. By taking seriously contemporary caricatures, jokes, and rumours that used gender, birth, and family to make claims about religious, ethnic and national identity, Cody illuminates an entirely new view of the eighteenth-century public sphere as focused on the bodily and the bizarre. In a monarchy arbitrated by its official religion, regulation of reproduction and childbirth was vital to the very stability of British political authority and the coherence of British culture, challenged as it was by Catholicism, the French Revolution, and social change. In the late seventeenth century, the English feared the power of female midwives to control the destiny of the royal family, yet men-midwives and male experts had hardly proved their superiority to manage the successful birth of children. By the mid-eighteenth century, however, male midwives became experts over the domestic world of pregnancy and childbirth, largely replacing female midwives among the middling and elite families. Cody suggests that these new professionals provided a new model for masculine comportment and emergent intimate relationships within the middle-class and elite home. Most surprisingly, Cody has discovered many interconnections between obstetrics and politics, and shows how male experts transformed what had once been the private, feminine domain of birth and midwifery into topics of public importance and universal interest, leading even Adam Smith and Edmund Burke to attend lectures on obstetrical anatomy. This is the first book to place the eighteenth-century shift from female midwives to male midwives as the dominant experts over childbirth in a larger cultural and political context. Cody illuminates how eighteenth-century Britons understood and symbolized political, national, and religious affiliation through the experiences of the body, sex, and birth. In turn, she takes seriously how the political arguments and rhetoric of the age were not always made on disembodied, rational terms, but instead referenced deep cultural beliefs about gender, reproduction, and the family.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Salmon Nathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important achievements in philosophy in the latter half of the last century was a movement in the philosophy of language, spilling over into metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of mind. This movement has come to be known as the theory of direct reference. Keith Donnellan’s 1966 classic ‘Reference and De finite Descriptions’—spotlighting its famous distinction between the referential and the attributive use of de finite descriptions—is an early and important precursor to the direct-reference theory, in its contemporary incarnation.1 Ironically, that article argues for a direct-reference theory on its least promising turf.
On a Unitary Semantical Analysis for De finite and Indefinite Descriptions
Authors: Ludlow Peter , Segal Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers of language (and semanticists) do not agree on much, but few have felt reason to doubt that there are at least two kinds of descriptions in natural language: de finite descriptions (e.g. of the form ‘the F ’), used in sentences which say that there is a unique satisfier of F, and indefinite descriptions (e.g. of the form ‘an F ’), used in sentences which claim only that something or other satisfies F. However, if analytic philosophy had spawned in languages other than English and German, this assumption might not appear so innocent. In many languages—even many Indo-European languages—we do not find these two kinds of descriptions, at least not on the surface.
Grounding Dynamic Semantics
Authors: Dekker Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I present and motivate a formal elaboration of the treatment of anaphoric relationships suggested in (Stalnaker 1998) which is close in spirit and scope to that of Heim (1982) and Groenendijk and Stokhof (1991). I agree with Stalnaker that an adequate account of the relevant facts does not require a dynamic semantic notion of meaning. Yet, I think, the data do provide motivation for such systems of dynamic interpretation. A systematic treatment of anaphoric relationships along the lines suggested by Stalnaker requires us to take into account the referential intentions which can be associated with the use of referring terms, as well as the dynamics of assertion.
Introduction: The Language and its Speakers
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jarawara, which belongs to the small Arawa ‘ language family, is spoken as first language by about I70 Indians who live in seven villages near the Puru ‘ s River, a major southern tributary of the Amazon, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Jarawara has a (C)V syllable structure and an inventory of just eleven consonant and four vowel phonemes. Vowel length is contrastive but has a low functional load. The language is basically agglutinative but there are many morphophonological processes of vowel assimilation and of the omission of an underlying -h- or -hV- in certain phonological and morphological environments. Jarawara shows multiple lexical and grammatical homonymy.
Commands and Questions
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jarawara has four imperative mood sufixes, positive and negative in each of ‘immediate‘ and ‘distant ‘. However, just as in other languages, not all commands involve an imperative sufix and not all clauses with imperative sufixes are true commands (see, for example, (15.18-19), (15.31 a/b), and (15.33)). Jarawara is similar to English in that an imperative is pragmatically direct, and is used to convey an urgent message. For instance, a man had been talking from his hammock at night and keeping others awake.
List Constructions
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Verbs in Jarawara divide into non-inflecting, which are followed by an auxiliary (this takes the afixes), and inflecting, which do not have an auxiliary. Yet, on occasion, an inflecting verb may be followed by what appears to be an auxiliary, as in (23.3) and (23.5-6). How can this be? It is an instance of what is here called a ‘list construction‘ in which a number of clauses (sometimes just a single clause) or a number of NPs-describing related events or things-are followed by an inflecting verb - na-, which is called the ‘list verb ‘. This - na- is generally glossed by bilingual consultants as ‘tambem‘ ( ‘also ‘); it indicates the end of a cumulative list.
What’s Epistemology for? The Case for Neopragmatism in Normative Metaepistemology*
Authors: Weinberg Jonathan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How ought we to go about forming and revising our beliefs, arguing and debating our reasons, and investigating our world? If those questions constitute normative epistemology, then I am interested here in normative metaepistemology: the investigation into how we ought to go about forming and revising our beliefs about how we ought to go about forming and revising our beliefs-how we ought to argue about how we ought to argue. Such investigations have become urgent of late, for the methodology of epistemology has reached something of a crisis. For analytic epistemology of the last half-century has relied overwhelmingly on intuitions,1 and a growing set of arguments and data has begun to call this reliance on intuition seriously into question (for example, Weinberg, Nichols, and Stich 2001; Nichols, Stich, and Weinberg 2003; Cummins 1998).
The Penitent Death of a Woeful Sinner
Authors: Marshall Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Saturday 28 November 1640, the day after the verdict of guilty had been read against him in the court of King ‘s Bench, John Atherton received a visitor in his cell in Dublin Castle. It was not a time for formalities or small talk, and the caller launched straight into a serious monologue concerning ‘the scandal of the fact, justice of the sentence, misery of his condition without repentance ‘. Atherton heard him out in silence, then asked, warily, if anyone had sent him.
The Legacy of 1919 and Left-Wing Radicalism (Autumn 1944—Spring 1945)
Authors: Mevius Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not just the link with Moscow was detrimental to the national image of the MKP, but the attitude of the communists in Hungary as well. In theory, the Hungarian Revolution of Councils of 1919 could have been presented as a great Hungarian revolutionary achievement, a national contribution to international communism. In the 1960s this line was indeed put forward, but in 1945 the memory of the 1919 republic was harmful to the desired national and democratic presentation of the party. The Republic of Councils was hated for its radicalism. It had swiftly alienated the peasantry through the immediate collectivization of land, and because of the reign of terror of Tibor Szamuely’s Lenin Boys was remembered as a vicious phase in Hungarian history.
The Only True Party of Hungarian National Interests (March—November 1945)
Authors: Mevius Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the middle of 1945, the MKP’s ‘national policy’ consisted of two main dimensions. On one level, it appropriated national symbols and presented itself as heir to national historical traditions. On another level, it put itself forward as the only true party of Hungarian national interests. Support for People’s Courts and the land reform were two important examples of this. The key to success was, however, the extent of Soviet support. When this was forthcoming, as in the case of the expulsion of the German Swabian minority, the MKP could press its case without inhibitions. If it was not, for instance, when Czechoslovakia threatened to deport its Hungarians, the MKP had serious trouble in presenting a national image. Ideologically, the MKP attempted to address the matter by presenting the USSR as an ally of Hungary. Anti-communist propaganda used during municipal elections in Budapest in October and parliamentary elections in November, how-ever, demonstrated that the MKP continued to be accused of being in league with Moscow. Defeat in both elections convinced the MKP leader-ship that the ‘national line’ had not been successful.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Authors: Taverne Dick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Chancellor of the Exchequer, Roy Jenkins achieved his most powerful position in his career in British politics. His reforms at the Home Office may have had more lasting effect on the social and cultural life in Britain, his defiant stand against the rest of his party over Britain’s entry into the European Community may have won him most public respect and by founding the SDP he may have made his most influential contribution to the shape of British party politics, but it was during his time at the Treasury that he exercised the levers of power most directly. He was the dominant force in the Cabinet, the master of the House of Commons, a Chancellor who transformed the economy from weakness to strength; and, had he been more ruthless, he could probably have forced Harold Wilson from office to become Prime Minister himself.
SDP
Authors: Rodgers Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1976, in the late afternoon of an April day, I was summoned across Whitehall from my office in the Ministry of Defence to the Home Secretary. Roy Jenkins rose from his chair and said, ‘Well, it’s all over, Callaghan is appointing Crosland.’ He nodded towards a hand-written envelope addressed to Giscard d’Estaing, the President of the French Republic. I knew that it contained a letter declaring Roy’s readiness to become President of the European Commission. We talked for a while and I sadly conceded that my resistance to his departure from British politics was at an end. A little before six o’ clock we watched the television news for confirmation of events. There it was. Tony Crosland had become Foreign Secretary—the only job that might have kept Roy away from the Commission. I would greatly miss him in the House of Commons, and not just for sharing the excitement of great occasions. I would miss congenial dinners when we were joined by other friends
Glasgow
Authors: Mcfarlane Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roy Jenkins came to the Glasgow of Auden’s ‘Night Mail’ in the spring of 1982, seeking to be elected the Member of Parliament for Hillhead, where I was a senior partner in a large west-end general medical practice. My father had been a co-founder of the practice; thus I had been born, brought up, and educated in the constituency. I knew every street and lane, and particularly I knew the people who lived there. My wife, Elsa, and I had first heard him speak at a packed public meeting in the McLellan Galleries in September 1981. He was billed as ‘Joint Leader of the Social Democrats’ and he stated that ‘People want to hear a soundly based argument. They want positive proposals which combine responsibility with foresight.’ He was seeking to break the mould, and this struck a positive chord in Glasgow.