bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Step-Growth Model for Molecular Mechanisms of Monolayer Formation in Ordered Nanoporous Channels
Authors: Chang Jeong Ho , Shim Chang Han , Kim Kyung Ja , Liu Jun 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The work describes the direct evidence of a new step-growth mechanism in which the silane molecules are first deposited in the wide region of the mesoporous surface. When the wide pore region is filled, the silane molecules begin to deposit in the narrow pore region. The pore size in the wide region and narrow region change alternatively and discretely in accordance with the step-growth mechanism and the molecular size of the silane.
Formation of 10 nm-sized Oxo(phtalocyaninato)vanadium(IV) Particles by Femtosecond Laser Ablation in Water
Authors: Sugiyama Teruki , Asahi Tsuyoshi , Masuhara Hiroshi 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
We have succeeded in preparing oxo(phtalocyaninato)vanadium (IV) (VOPc) nanoparticles dispersed in water by femtosecond laser ablation of its bulk crystals. The mean size of VOPc nanoparticles was 17 ± 7 nm, estimated by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis.
Photocatalytic Decomposition of H2O into H2 and O2 over Ga2O3 Loaded with NiO
Authors: Yanagida Takashi , Sakata Yoshihisa , Imamura Hayao 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Photocatalytic decomposition of H2O over NiO-loaded Ga2O3, one of the oxides with a d10 electron configuration, was confirmed. Without pretreatment, both H2 and O2 have been continuously produced in stoichiometric amounts under the irradiation of high pressure Hg lamp.
Clinical Utilization of Atypical Antipsychotics in Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Gentile Salvatore 
Published: May 2004

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the available literature regarding the safety of atypical antipsychotics in pregnancy and lactation in order to recommend evidence-based strategies for pharmacologic management of psychosis in these conditions. DATA SOURCES: We summarized the results from articles identified via MEDLINE/PubMed/TOXNET (1993–January 31, 2004), using the key terms pregnancy, lactation, breast-feeding, human milk, psychotropic drugs, atypical antipsychotics, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, clozapine, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Retrospective studies, clinical observations, and case reports regarding the 6 atypical antipsychotics mentioned above were selected and analyzed. Extensive manual review of pertinent journals and textbooks was also performed. DATA SYNTHESIS: Reviewed studies show that olanzapine and clozapine apparently do not increase the teratogenic risk if administered to pregnant women, while evidence on quetiapine, risperidone, aripiprazole, and ziprasidone is still limited. In contrast, available information is not able to exclude unwanted serious effects associated with the use of all atypical antipsychotics on mother—infant dyads. Furthermore, more than a few studies suggest increased hyperglycemic risk for pregnant women related to atypical antipsychotic therapy during gestation. Finally, published evidence about the effects on long-term infant neurodevelopment of drug exposure through both placenta and breast milk is represented only by sporadic case reports. CONCLUSIONS: It is well known that potential consequences of an untreated psychotic episode may be severe and may lead to the mother attempting suicide and/or infanticide. For these reasons, clinicians need to help mothers weigh both fetal and neonatal risks of exposure to drugs against the potential risk they and their infant may incur if the psychiatric illness is not treated. On the other hand, atypical antipsychotics in pregnancy and breast-feeding do not show evident advantages in safety when compared with typical neuroleptic agents. Therefore, we suggest that the most relevant parameters for selecting the best clinical option for pregnant and breast-feeding women with schizophrenia and related disorders remain strongly related to 3 main points: (1) cautious evaluation of the risk/benefit ratio of fetal and neonatal drug exposure, (2) degree of severity of maternal psychiatric illness, and (3) careful preliminary choice of drugs characterized by a balanced safety/efficacy profile.
An Insulin Infusion Protocol in Critically Ill Cardiothoracic Surgery Patients
Authors: Zimmerman Christopher R , Mlynarek Mark E , Jordan Jack A , Rajda Carol A , Horst H Mathilda 
Published: May 2004

BACKGROUND: Critically ill cardiothoracic patients are prone to hyperglycemia and an increased risk of surgical site infections postoperatively. Aggressive insulin treatment is required to achieve tight glycemic control (TGC) and improve outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To examine and report on the performance of an insulin infusion protocol to maintain TGC, defined as a blood glucose level of 80–150 mg/dL, in critically ill cardiothoracic surgical patients. METHODS: A nurse-driven insulin infusion protocol was developed and initiated in postoperative cardiothoracic surgical intensive care patients with or without diabetes. In this before—after cohort study, 2 periods of measurement were performed: a 6–month baseline period prior to the initiation of the insulin infusion protocol (control group, n = 174) followed by a 6–month intervention period in which the protocol was used (TGC group, n = 168). RESULTS: Findings showed percent and time of blood glucose measurements within the TGC range (control 47% vs TGC 61%; p = 0.001), AUC of glucose exposure >150 mg/dL versus time for the first 24 hours of the insulin infusion (control 28.4 vs TGC 14.8; p < 0.001), median time to blood glucose <150 mg/dL (control 9.4 h vs TGC 2.1 h; p < 0.001), and percent blood glucose <65 mg/dL as a marker for hypoglycemia (control 9.8% vs TGC 16.7%; NS). CONCLUSIONS: An insulin infusion protocol designed to achieve a goal blood glucose range of 80–150 mg/dL efficiently and significantly improved TGC in critically ill postoperative cardiothoracic surgery patients without significantly increasing the incidence of hypoglycemia.
Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring by Reverse Iontophoresis in Vivo: Application of the Internal Standard Concept
Authors: Sieg Anke , Guy Richard H , Delgado-Charro M Begoña 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Background: The GlucoWatch® Biographer uses reverse iontophoresis to extract glucose across the skin to monitor glycemia in diabetes. The invasive daily calibration with a conventional “fingerstick” has been perceived as a disadvantage. We used an “internal standard” to render the approach completely noninvasive.
Methods: The simultaneous extraction of glucose and sodium by reverse iontophoresis was performed on human volunteers over 5 h, and blood glucose was measured in the conventional manner at each collection interval. These data were used for each volunteer to calculate an extraction constant (K), which equals the ratio of the extracted fluxes (JGlucose/JNa+) normalized by the corresponding ratio of the concentrations in the blood ([Glucose]/[Na+]). The values of K were compared between and within volunteers.
Results: The iontophoretically extracted glucose flux reflected the glucose concentration profiles in the blood, and sodium extraction remained essentially constant, consistent with the fact that its systemic concentration does not vary significantly. A constant value of K was established for two thirds of the study population. However, the efficiency of glucose extraction varied seasonally, whereas the reverse iontophoresis of Na+ did not; i.e., variation in K became apparent.
Conclusions: Use of the sodium ion as an internal standard could refine the determination of glycemia by reverse iontophoresis without requiring calibration with a blood sample.
A New Unbonded Capping Practice for Evaluating the Compressive Strength of Controlled Low-Strength Material Cylinders
Authors: Du L , Folliard KJ , Trejo D 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) is a low strength cementitious material often used for pipe bedding, backfill, void fills, and in some cases bridges approaches. Because of its low strength, handling of test cylinders, especially at early ages, is often not possible or results in significant damage to the samples. Sulfur-capped specimens require more handling than non-sulfur capped specimens. To minimize handling, a new material is proposed for use as an end pad for compressive strength testing. Similar to the approach used for conventional concrete cylinders, a new method is proposed that uses different pads for different CLSM compressive strength levels. Pads made of sorbothane viscoelastic polyurethane rubber, neoprene, and a combination of the two were used for compressive strength and variability. Results indicate that the sorbothane viscoelastic polyurethane rubber material should be used when the compressive strength of the CLSM is less than approximately 1 MPa and neoprene pads with a durometer value not greater than 50 should be used when the compressive strength is expected to be greater than 2 MPa. Either pad type can be used for CLSM mixtures having expected compressive strengths between 1.0 and 2.0 MPa.
Freezing and Thawing and Alkali-Aggregate Reaction Weakens Lightweight, Structural Concrete in North Dakota
Authors: Hurcomb DR , vonFay KF , Albright D 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The Bureau of Reclamation may replace a transfer deck that is deteriorating in North Dakota. The transfer deck serves as the parking deck and roof for a pumping plant. In late June 2001, portions of the lightweight concrete failed and fell to the pumping plant floor during a storm. The concrete failed along a continuous fracture about 1 cm above the ceiling surface. The fracture penetrated all aggregate particles encountered. Petrographic examination of 15 cores indicated about 18% of the concrete below a waterproofing membrane and 3% of the lower surface of the concrete was damaged by freezing and thawing deterioration and minor alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR). The water saturating the lightweight concrete apparently penetrated the field-manufactured seams in the membrane. Saturated aggregates froze during the winter as the depth of frost penetrated the full thickness of the deck and structural concrete. Evidence indicates that ceiling insulation held water in contact with the lower concrete surface, while freezing and thawing deterioration and AAR caused the concrete to fail. Structural analysis indicates the transfer deck loads be restricted to 40.7 kPa (850 lbsf) unless further deterioration is anticipated or additional damage is observed. The lightweight concrete cannot be repaired and will have to be replaced eventually.
Effect of Temperature-Match-Curing on Freeze-Thaw and Scaling Resistance of High-Strength Concrete
Authors: Jonsson JA , Olek J 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
As a part of a comprehensive study to evaluate the effects of elevated curing temperatures on hardened concrete properties, four non-air-entrained high-strength concrete (HSC) mixtures were prepared at temperatures ranging from 10 to 35°C. After mixing, 5.5 liters of concrete were placed inside a large polystyrene block to simulate temperature development in HSC structural members. The concrete temperature inside the block was continuously monitored with thermocouples, and collected temperature information was used to simultaneously temperature-match-cure (TMC) a series of compressive strength, scaling, and freeze-thaw specimens. The maximum recorded temperatures ranged from 59 to 69°C, depending on the fresh concrete temperature. Control specimens from each of the four mixtures were cured at room temperature. Based on the amount of residue collected during scaling tests in the presence of 3% NaCl solution, the TMC specimens were 7–63 times less resistant than the control specimens. However, during the freezing and thawing tests, seven of the eight TMC specimens outperformed their respective control specimens.
Development and Calibration of a Large-Scale Thermal Conductivity Probe
Authors: Hanson JL , Neuhaeuser S , Yesiller N 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
A large-scale probe has been developed for measuring the thermal conductivity of geomaterials. The large probe was designed to conduct tests on materials containing large particles, materials with high heterogeneity, and materials with high stiffness. The probe has dimensions of 680 mm length and 15.9 mm diameter and was constructed of stainless steel tubing. The probe operates on the principle of heating an infinite line source in an infinite medium. Initially, parametric evaluations were conducted to determine the operational and test conditions for the large probe, including power level, heating duration, and zone of heating influence. Then, tests were conducted on five homogeneous materials to calibrate the newly developed probe. Thermal conductivity measurements obtained using the large probe were compared with measurements obtained using a conventional small probe. A calibration curve was established for the large probe. In addition, the performance of the large probe was evaluated in two manufactured heterogeneous materials and a large particle material. The test program indicated that the large probe can be used effectively for determining thermal conductivity of geomaterials. This new probe may be suitable for large-scale laboratory testing and field investigations.
Collapse Behavior of Compacted Clays in Suction-Controlled Triaxial Tests
Authors: Sun DA , Matsuoka H , Xu YF 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Using a suction-controlled triaxial apparatus for unsaturated soils, a series of tests on a compacted clay was performed to investigate the influences of stress states, water content, void ratio, and matric suction on the collapse behavior. The triaxial tests were carried out under the conditions of (1) different stress ratios and mean stresses, (2) triaxial compression and extension, (3) different initial void ratios of specimens with the same water content, (4) different initial water contents with the same degree of compaction, and (5) different controlled matric suctions. The main conclusions were obtained as follows: (1) The volume change induced by the collapse mainly depends on the initial void ratio and mean net stress under which the collapse occurs, irrespective of imposed matric suction; (2) the amount of collapse is small at both low and high confining stresses, and there exists a maximum value of collapse at a particular mean stress; (3) the shear strain increment induced by collapse depends on stress ratio, triaxial compression, or extension stress; (4) when imposed suction is decreased, large collapse deformation takes place in the samples compacted dry-of-optimum, while little collapse deformation takes place in the samples compacted wet-of-optimum; and (5) the collapse behavior can be explained by the elastoplastic theory for unsaturated soils.
Martensitic Transformations in Neutron Irradiated and Helium Implanted Stainless Steels
Authors: Kadyrzhanov KK , Maksimkin OP 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Results of experiments aimed at revealing the phase-structure stability as well as mechanisms of the mechanical property changes formation in austenitic chrome-nickel and manganese steels irradiated with high-energy nuclear particles and subjected to elevated temperatures are presented and discussed. Influence of the phase-structure transformations on radiation hardening and embrittlement of steels used in nuclear power industry is analyzed. Change in the experimentally determined “true” values of critical strains and peculiarities of the α'-phase initiation in deformed steels Cr18Ni9Ti, 12Cr18Ni10Ti as a function of temperature and deformation rate, type and fluence of the bombarding particles are discussed. Influence of irradiation on the martensitic structure morphology, critical γ→α' transformation parameters, and thermal effects accompanying the nondiffusion phase transformation is analyzed. The revealed effects are discussed in terms of the internal strength field changes due to thermal and radiation effects.
Effect of Ion Irradiation on Microstructure and Hardness in Zircaloy-4
Authors: Zu XT , Atzmon M , Wang LM , You LP , Wan FR , Was GS , Adamson RB 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
In studies of radiation effects on materials for reactor applications, it is desirable to identify irradiation methods that induce microstructural effects similar to those of neutrons, but at reduced time and expense. In the present study, 2 MeV protons were used to introduce up to seven displacements per atom in Zircaloy 4 at 350°C. The effect on the intermetallic precipitates, the formation of dislocation loops and hardness were investigated by analytical and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the precipitate evolution during 600 keV Ne ion irradiation at 350°C was monitored by in situ TEM. The results are compared with literature data for neutron-irradiated Zircaloy. While Ne irradiation leads to precipitate amorphization, no amorphization or chemical redistribution is observed in the proton-irradiated sample. The dislocation-loop size and density in the Zr matrix of the proton-irradiated alloy are similar to those in the neutron-irradiated alloys.
Stress and Temperature Dependence of Irradiation Creep of Selected FCC and BCC Steels at Low Swelling
Authors: Toloczko MB , Garner FA 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
A large amount of data on irradiation creep of face centered cubic (FCC) and body centered cubic (BCC) steels have been analyzed and published by the present authors, but a recent reanalysis of these data have provided further insight into irradiation creep behavior. The present paper looks at the stress and temperature dependence of creep at low swelling for selected 316 stainless steels and HT9 steels irradiated at temperatures from 400–670°C. Analysis of the creep data has revealed that a transition from a lower creep rate with a stress exponent of one to a higher creep rate with an unknown stress exponent occurs in FCC and BCC steels at moderate stresses, and the transition stress is approximately the same for both classes of steels. Due to limited data at higher stresses, the nature of the creep behavior at stresses greater than the transition stress cannot be unambiguously defined. One possibility is that the stress exponent is transitioning from a value of one to a value greater than one. Another possibility is that the creep compliance value is transitioning to a higher value while the stress exponent remains at a value of one. The creep compliance coefficients of the FCC and BCC steels have also been carefully reanalyzed in the regime where the stresses are lower than the transition stress, and in this regime there is a clear delineation in the creep compliance values between 316 stainless steels, titanium-modified 316 steels, and HT9 steels as a function of temperature.
Homicide by Manual Occipitoatlantal Dislocation
Authors: Raul JS , Tracqui A , Ludes B 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Occipitoatlantal dislocation is usually seen as a fatal injury in traffic accidents and has rarely been reported as a consequence of a homicide. The authors report the case of a woman presenting a fatal occipitoatlantal dislocation, the circumstances of which pointed to a homicidal origin. Blood extravasation surrounding the muscles of the posterior part of the neck as well as abnormal mobility of the cranio-cervical joint was noted during autopsy; thus a complete dissection of this region was performed. This led to the finding of a fracture of the left occipital condyle and of the left superior articular facet of the atlas. This case clearly demonstrates the need to perform a large, systematic, posterior approach to the upper cervical spine, completed by the opening of the skull around the posterior fossa, when injury to the cranio-cervical junction is suspected. In these cases, the classic anterior approach gives poor information and poor dissection possibilities.
Screening Postmortem Whole Blood for Oxycodone by ELISA Response Ratios
Authors: Spiehler VR , DeCicco L , McCutcheon JR , Kupiec T , Kemp P 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the accuracy of screening postmortem whole blood for oxycodone using the ratio of the oxycodone immunoassay response to the response for the specimen obtained with a general opiate-class immunoassay. Fifty eight specimens which were negative for opiates and 158 postmortem whole blood specimens positive for opiates including 66 specimens known to contain oxycodone were assayed. Specimens were diluted 1:5 with assay buffer and analyzed by both the Neogen Oxymorphone/Oxycodone ELISA and the Neogen Opiate Group ELISA (Neogen Corporation, Lexington KY). The oxycodone equivalents in ng/mL from the Oxymorphone/Oxycodone ELISA were divided by the morphine equivalents in ng/mL from the Opiates ELISA to obtain an Oxycodone/Opiates Response Ratio. This ratio was compared with the GC/MS data for all specimens and for opiate positive specimens. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis suggested that optimum relative response ratio was 2.0. The sensitivity of the ELISA response ratio for the presence of oxycodone at a response ratio cutoff of 2.0 was 89.4% ± 3.8% and the specificity was 88.1% ± 3.2%. Specimens with a ratio of 2.0 or higher had a greater than 50% probability (positive predictive value) of containing oxycodone in a population with a greater than 15% prevalence of oxycodone.
Establishing the rDNA IGS Structure of Cannabis sativa
Authors: Hsieh HM , Hou RJ , Chen KF , Tsai LC , Liu SW , Liu KL , Linacre A , Lee JCI 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The rDNA intergenic spacer (IGS) structure of Cannabis sativa was established and can be used for classification and identification of this species. In this study, DNA fragments of rDNA IGS were amplified by PCR from Cannabis sativa plant extracts and a 1387 bp fragment was obtained. DNA sequence analysis revealed six different repeat motifs. In the middle of the IGS sequence, there were three sequence motifs, and the same three sections of DNA were then repeated with minor variation in sequence. The terminal region of the IGS was composed of another three different repeat units; multiple copies of these terminal repeat motifs were present in no discernible order. Within six repeat motifs, point variations were observed in five. The DNA sequence of the locus was compared with all the plant sequences registered in GenBank by the Fasta program of GCG software with the result that this DNA fragment was significantly different from any other DNA sequence recorded to date. The most similar sequence was that of Hops (Humulus lupulus), but with a similarity of only 88.9% over 579 bp. These specific and complex variations of IGS may be related to the species and geographic distributions.