bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trade and Finance
Authors: Joekes Susan P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The long-term trend in international exchanges over the past forty years has been in the consolidation and expansion of product and financial markets to an unprecedented degree. That these markets are not separate but intimately connected is shown by events occurring during the past fifteen years or so. The comparatively rapid and unproblematic growth of many economies came to an abrupt end in the early 1970s, and the period since then has been one of great turbulence. The resilience of national economies and indeed of the international economic system itself has been sorely tested in some respects. There have been two world recessions (not so far rivaling the 1930s’ Great Depression in their scale, however). One of their most notable effects has been the polarization of the economic performance and prospects of different regional groupings of developing countries.
Agriculture
Authors: Joekes Susan P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Differences in agriculture and farming systems are ultimately the basis for the differentiation of the economies of whole continents within the developing world. Though oversimplification is an obvious hazard, strong similarities in agricultural practices exist in Latin American countries including Central America and the Caribbean, in African countries with the exception of the North African littoral and Egypt, and Asian countries (though in this case distinctions between South Asia—the Indian South Continent—and the rest and, as a microcosm of the whole, within the Indian subcontinent, are fairly pronounced). The “gender dimension” is not a supplementary consequence of variation in agricultural practices but a fundamental organizing principle of labor use, stemming directly from differences in resource endowment and the carrying capacity of the land.
Industry
Authors: Joekes Susan P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since 1950, the proportion of adult women joining the labor force has risen in both developed and developing countries, though much more markedly in the former. It is difficult to ascribe to international factors any specific contributory role in this. But the international economy has led to an increase in the female labor force in one area: it has caused a relative increase in the employment of women in the manufacturing sector in developing countries.
In all developing countries, employment has been growing faster in industry and services than in agriculture.
Women: Victims and Suspects
Authors: Conley Carolyn A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The law imperatively requires that there should be corroborative evidence on material points. Because otherwise no man would be safe. Is he or any other man on the unsupported testimony of a woman to have his character wholly and entirely taken away?1Defense summation at the trial of the Earl of Norbury for indecent assault The Victorian criminal justice system was run exclusively by men. All judges, jurors, police, and legislators were men. Women were only involved as victims, witnesses, or suspects. Inevitably those crimes committed or experienced almost exclusively by women were treated differently than those not gender-related. Even when men and women committed or experienced the same crimes, judicial responses were not always the same.
Children
Authors: Conley Carolyn A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although women were at a disadvantage in Victorian society, children were even more vulnerable. The 1861 census states that “Among ,the unproductive classes are children; their playful acts and joys which they give their parents have no exchange value.”2 But for many poor families unproductive members were a luxury. Normally children under the age of ten were not employed, but there were no guarantees that anyone else would provide for them. The Victorian state had neither the inclination nor the funds to assume the responsibilities of parents. Ideally the Victorian family was a sanctuary into which the government should never intrude. The reluctance to interfere with the family was an important reflection of basic attitudes toward liberty, self-sufficiency, and the role of the law. As one philanthropist explained in 1874, “That unit, the family, is the unit upon which a constitutional government has been raised Whatever the laws have touched they have not invaded this sacred precinct.”
Blues-From “Lowdown” to “Jass”: 1921-1923
Authors: Harris Michael W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dorsey was driven to leave Atlanta by his desire to become a professional musician. But, along with the vast majority of black American urban immigrants, he had other reasons for moving north, the most prominent of which were racism and the hope for a better life. The Chicago Defender, one of the leading black newspapers, played a key role in arousing these sentiments through its “pronounced radical utterances, its criticisms of the South, [and] its policy of [advocating] retaliation” against racism. The climax of the paper’s campaign was its organization of “The Great Northern Drive” for May 15, 1917, whereby “the poor brethren” of the South in one mass exodus would escape their oppression.1 Dorsey was encouraged by the De fender’s articles in his decision to move north: he speaks of reading in the Defender about “the great opportunities … for my people in the north.” Indeed, beginning with its first commentary on migration in March 1915 and thereafter until 1917, the paper’s efforts to rally southern blacks coincided with Dorsey’s struggles to make a name for himself.
Old-Line Religion and Musicians: 1920-1930
Authors: Harris Michael W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The years between 1924, when Dorsey made his debut with Ma Rainey at the Grand Theater, and 1926, when he suffered his second “trouble,” were rewarding ones. Rural, downhome, “moanin’” blues was well on its way to becoming the most popular style of recorded blues, traceable in no ,mall part to the popularity of Ma Rainey and her “Wild Cats Jazz Band,” which Dorsey organized and directed for her: Full instrumental accompanimen: for classic blues singrs who Performed the older-Style blue was an uncommon and complicated arragement.
Old-Line Religion and Urban Migrants: 1920-1930
Authors: Harris Michael W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among the crowds of eager concertgoers who waited for hours to hear the Sunday musicales stood one Thomas Andrew Dorsey. He idolized old-line choir directors as much as he did the jazz greats of the time, often speaking of them in virtually the same breath: These were the directors he held in awe, savoring the chances just to meet them, shake their hands, and say, “I enjoyed your performance”.
Preachers and Bluesmen:1928-1931
Authors: Harris Michael W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If Dorsey had been the only source for gospel song, there might never have been a gospel blues movement—especially in old-line churches. He could never have mustered the extensive resources to bring about the radical change of tastes required for widespread acceptance of gospel blues. As it was, however, the practice of promoting the gospel through a musical medium was somewhat widespread before Dorsey adopted it. Other than his use of blues, Dorsey makes no claim to the term “gospel music”: The Phrase “Gospel music” was used extensively by the end of the nineteenth century.
The Life-Cycle Model for Managing Technological Change
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Technological change has historically been associated with employment growth, not employment decline.1 By contributing to reduced production costs, providing for better products, stimulating demand for goods and services, creating capital to be invested in further production, and generating incomes for workers, technological change fosters economic expansion and prosperity. Although often labor-saving in its immediate impact, these labor saving effects have not contributed significantly to worker displacement.2 Indirect employment effects more than compensate in the long-run for initial job losses due to the adoption of new technologies. Indeed, the failureof U.S. firms to remain technologically competitive contributes more to worker displacement and job loss than does the adoption of new technologies.’
Protection and International Competitiveness: A View from West Germany
Authors: Klepper Gernot , Weiss Frank D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For some years now, theoretical and policy interest in the determinants of countries’ international competitiveness has been increasing, probably because of the apparent imbalance in the U.S. current account. Although this may be considered a problem for macroeconomic analysis, international competitiveness means different things to different people. Because this macro phenomenon is translated into micro price changes, it has been tempting for some to treat the issue of international competitiveness from a micro point of view.
Democracy Without Citizens Media and the Decay of American Politics
Authors: Entman Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This trenchant analysis questions why the interaction between the news media and their audiences fails to create the democratic potential everyone assumes occurs with such interaction. Drawing illustrations mainly from the Carter and Reagan years, the book presents a clear statement of the dilemmas facing the news media and their audience today. The book offers a portrait of citizenship in America, defined by the public’s changing levels of political knowledge and participation from 1952 to 1984. Politically unsophisticated, the mass audience prefers simple, symbolic news, which means that journalists can offer little of the detached, detailed explorations of policy issues that would provide the public with the information needed to hold government to close account.
Newspaper Competition and Free Press Ideals: Does Monopoly Matter?
Authors: Entman Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The mourning that accompanies the death of newspaper competition in city after city offers a prime illustration of the great trust Americans place in economic competition. By the late 1980s, no more than twenty-seven cities enjoyed two or more completely separate, competitively owned daily newspapers. EcQnomies of scale in newspaper production and advertising, coupled with rising competition from television, apparently caused the demise of most of the papers. Local newspaper monopoly appears. to be a product of the very same economic market forces that putatively nourish free press ideals.
Improving Journalism by Enhancing Citizenship
Authors: Entman Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pressures from the political, economic, and idea markets combine am: collide to yield news that frustrates all sides. Elites face a ceaseless threat of oversimplification and stereotype from opponents taking advantage of the volatile combination of aggressive reporting and uninformed public opinion. Under these conditions they have no choice but to engage in news management. For their part, journalists must endure the manipulative efforts of their sources while coping with conflicting pressures to generate accountability, remain objective, and contribute to the bottom line of their employers.
The Challenge of Jewish Mass Migration
Authors: Wertheimer Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last two years of the 1860s, a few thousand Russian Jews crossed into Prussia seeking relief from cholera epidemics and famines that were wreaking havoc in the western part of the Tsarist Empire. Desperately ill and malnourished, the refugees deluged their German coreligionists with pleas for economic assistance and medical attention. The latter responded by launching numerous ad hoc committees that collected funds throughout Germany and then funneled their receipts to Jewish communities along the frontier; these, in tum, provided relief to the needy. In time, the immediate crisis passed. Many of the Russian Jews remained in Prussia or traveled farther west, some as far as the New World. And the ad hoc committees, convinced that their mission had ended, folded their operations. No contemporary could have anticipated that the Russian refugees of 1868—69 represented the vanguard of a Jewish mass migration from the East that would transform the course of modem Jewish history.
Administrative Solutions
Authors: Wertheimer Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the first decade after German unification, government officials devoted scant attention to the issue of Jewish foreigners in the Reich. For one thing, a great many other, more pressing matters needed to be resolved. For another, the number of Eastern Jews arriving in Germany in the 1870s, though representing an upswing in immigration, did not pose a significant problem. Several states, including the border states of Saxony and Bavaria, extended their exclusionary policies from the era before unification: the former continued its ban on the naturalization of foreign Jews, and the latter refused to permit indigent Jews from Poland and Russia from even settling in its territory. Only Prussia received a significant new population due to the influx of Jews fleeing harsh conditions in northwestern Russia. While Bismarck and his Prussian ministers expressed some concern about the leniency of existing regulations and urged greater stringency i the enforcement of border controls, neither Prussia nor other German states initiated new policies regarding Jewish immigrants during the decade of the seventies.
Demographic Characteristics
Authors: Wertheimer Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the many public and private debates over immigration policy, the character of East European Jews was an issue of central concern. Those who favored tighter curbs on Jewish immigration contended that Eastern Jews constituted both a quantitative and qualitative menace to Germany. They pictured Eastern Jews as a horde of potential invaders massing at the Reich’s frontiers, awaiting the opportunity to swarm into the country in uncountable numbers. Once in the country, it was alleged, alien Jews would live as parasites and subversives, exploiting Germany’s economy and seeking to undermine its political system. But what was the true character of Jewish immigrants in Imperial Germany? Were Eastern Jews settling in the country in mass numbers? Did they live as “Schnorrers and conspirators”? And to what extent were they integrated into German society? In short, what was the correlation between the actual-as distinct from the perceived-demographic, occupational, and social characteristics of East European Jews in the Second Ger man Empire?
Economic Pursuits
Authors: Wertheimer Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The economic activities of Eastern Jews were no less shrouded in myth than the dimensions of their “mass immigration.” According to prevalent stereotypes, immigrant Jews parasitically feasted on the German economy while contributing nothing to their host country. The prototypical Eastern Jew, of course, was the “Schnor rer.’’ Cartoonists merely had to sketch a beggar garbed in black to evoke an image of the Eastern Jew. And when demagogues inveighed against Schnorrers, their audiences knew that immigrant Jews were the objects of scorn. The reverse side of this stereotype was the Eastern Jew who exploited Germans either by hawking junk-as did contemptible ‘‘pants-sellers’’—or seizing control of lucrative and powerful economic positions-as did pushy Jewish financiers. What, however, was the relationship between these common stereotypes and the actual economic behavior of immigrant Jews?
The Birth of Authenticity in the Progress of Anxiety: Fragments of an Eighteenth-Century Daydream
Authors: Stewart Scsan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Sebastien le Prestre, the marquis de Vauban, reintroduced a three-dimensional military architecture to the West; his heavily armed tower bastions and enclosed casements were designed as protection against explosive mortar bombs and, especially, “ricochet fire.” Ricocheting was a technique that Vauban had also invented, whereby round shot was lobbed at low velocity into open bastions and bounced about, thus dismantling and mangling both guns and defenders.
Ceci Tuera Cela: Graffiti as Crime and Art
Authors: Stewart Scsan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I have taken my title from Victor Hugo’s self-conscious diversion in Notre-Dame de Paris: “le livre tuera 1’edifice.” In this little essay, Hugo contends that the mechanical reproduction of print will destroy the monumental architecture of the Middle Ages, that the innovations of the press will thereby kill the solidity of the Church, and that a change in mode of expression is a change in human thought. Here Hugo takes as his subject the inverted teleology of certain loss: “L’homme qui a ecrit ce mot sur ce mur s’est efface, il y a plusieurs siecles, du milieu des generations, le mot s’est a son tour efface du mur de 1’eglise, 1’eglise elle-meme s’effacera bientot peutetre de la terre.”
Introduction: Looking Forward into History
Authors: Mccloskey Donald N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a book that examines the past as a way of preparing for our future. It brings together a number of leading historians who show that commonly accepted wisdom about our economic past is often wrong, and therefore misleading. They persuade us that we will master the future-especially our economic future-only when we understand the lessons of our past. The quickest route to economic wisdom in our time, it turns out, is a detour through the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Does Workers’ Compensation Make for a Safer Workplace?
Authors: Fishback Price V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We would like to live in a world free of accidents. Unfortunately, we do not. Our concern with accidents and their consequences seems to have increased over the past few years as newspapers have frequently reported on lawsuits for damages from plane crashes, product malfunctions, medical malpractice, workplace accidents, even tearing down football goalposts or being hit by a foul ball at a baseball game. In recent decades there has been a legal revolution in liability law that has increased the share of the victim’s accident costs paid by employers and producers. While changes in liability law might aid the unfortunate victims of accidents, they may also lead to unintended consequences, like a sharp rise in product prices or a curtailment of some activities. Some claim, for instance, that a rise in the cost of malpractice insurance has led to a shortage in obstetricians to deliver babies. We can learn more about the unintended consequences of liability reforms by studying an earlier revolution in liability: the introduction of workers’ compensation for workplace accidents.
As Good as Gold-By What Standard?
Authors: Eichengreen[ Barry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The gold standard is a monetary arrangement in which countries peg the price of gold and impose no restrictions on imports and exports of the precious metal. It is conventionally portrayed as the normal state of international economic affairs prior to World War I. The gold standard’s subsequent disintegration has been cited as a cause of inflation, boom-bust business cycles, fiscal irresponsibility, and the instability of monetary exchange. In reality, however, the classic gold standard was a short-lived and peculiar institutional arrangement that did not moderate business cycle fluctuations, guarantee price or exchange-rate stability, or prevent recession and financial crises. Also, far from being the automatic monetary thermostat of textbooks, the gold standard was in reality a delicate mechanism whose stability required painstaking management by central banks. Today, with the countries of the European Community moving to fix their exchange rates once and for all, and the United States and Japan pondering international monetary reform, it is critically important that policymakers possess an accurate picture of how the gold standard worked.
The income tax: An Idea Whoes Times Has Gone and Come?
Authors: Baack Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Three fundamental changes in economic institutions made during the New Deal are oft-cited reasons why we should not be worried about another Great Depression: reforms in the stock market-particularly limits on margin purchases of stock; the strengthening of the Federal Reserve System and the establishment of banking insurance through the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC); and a commitment on the part of the national government not to stand idly by and watch the economy go under, coupled with a growing sophistication about the workings of the economic system. All of these changes are certainly good things, but none of them is necessarily capable of preventing depression.
The Sherman Act and The Balance of Power
Authors: Millon David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most Americans accept the economic and political power of big business as a natural, inevitable feature of life in what they would describe as a free society. We have trouble imagining desirable alternative forms of economic organization because significant re structuring is assumed to involve unacceptable public intrusion on personal liberty. These assumptions about naturalness, inevitability, and freedom confer legitimacy on the position of big business in American society, so that criticism of economic concentration is erratic and eccentric.
The Sherman Act and the Classical Theory of Competition
Authors: Hovenkamp Herbert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ever since 1890 scholars have debated the relationship between the Sherman Act and the common law of trade restraints. Did the framers intend merely to enact the common law, or did they hope to do something more? Was there an identifiable “common law,” or was it merely an “artificial construct?” This essay examines the relationship between common law, economics and political theory at the time the Sherman Act was passed.
The Chicago School of Antitrust Analysis
Authors: Posner Richard a. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The use of the term “Chicago” to describe a body of antitrust views to which I, among others, am thought to subscribe is very common. I shall argue in this paper that although there was a time when the “Chicago” school stood for a distinctive approach to antitrust policy, especially in regard to economic questions, and when other schools, particularly a “Harvard” school, could be discerned and contrasted with it, the distinctions between these schools have greatly diminished.
An Antitrust Enforcement Policy to Maximize the Economic Wealth of All Consumers
Authors: Rule Charles f. , Meyer David l. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some commentators have suggested that a movement, a sort of “counterrevolution,” is under way in the halls of academia, in the offices of state attorneys general, in the courts, and even in Congress to reverse the advances in antitrust policy that have been made over the past several years. That would be unfortunate, for the revolutionary developments of the past 10-15 years ... have brought antitrust law and enforcement into line with its proper aim of maximizing the welfare of American consumers.
Legal Reasoning, Antitrust Policy, and the Social “Science” of Economics
Authors: Flynn John j. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the clash of law with the “Chicago” or Neo-Classical School of Economics there is turbulence because the assumptions (moral and factual) and the methodology or reasoning process of the one do not conform with those of the other. [T]he unthinking blend of law and social sciences can contaminate the rhetoric and methodology of both disciplines, and the resulting turbulence can obscure rather than advance our understanding of reality and search for the truth.