bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Christian Initiation: A Study in Diversity
Authors: Bradshaw Paul F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to the late 1950s scholars paid considerably less attention to the history of rites of initiation than to the evolution of eucharistic rites. One of the principal reasons for this imbalance was that baptism and confirmation had, in the practice of most churches, generally been relegated to the status of ‘pastoral offices’ – rites performed more or less in private for individuals as the need arose – rather than being seen as part of the mainstream of the liturgical life of the Church. Consequently, until the later phases of the twentieth-century liturgical movement began to have an impact on initiation rites, there was not the same sensitivity to their theological and liturgical shortcomings nor the same pressure for their revision as was felt in the case of the Eucharist, and it was these things that provided the main stimulus for historical research. What little exploration of the origins of Christian initiation there was mostly occurred among Anglicans, for whom the nature and purpose of confirmation, and to a lesser extent the question of baptismal regeneration, were hotly debated issues during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Ministry and Ordination
Authors: Bradshaw Paul F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins and development of Christian ministry has been an even more hotly debated topic than the evolution of Christian liturgy, and for much longer. At first, and especially from the Reformation onwards, the debate focused principally upon whether the offices of bishop and elder/presbyter were quite different from the very beginning, or alternatively were indistinguishable in New Testament times, and monarchical episcopacy therefore a later development. Subsequently, the argument of the Dutch Protestant theologian Vitringa at the end of the seventeenth century, that the Church modelled its presbyterate after the pattern of the Jewish synagogue, influenced the thinking of many nineteenth-century scholars. But that was not the only theory advanced in that period.
The Breakup of Unity
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dance in the Diversity of Life for the time being, dance as an all-inclusive function of life has vanished. Within the foreseeable future, the critics of the dance will probably not dance in the Alhambra, as Chesterton hoped. The unity between dance and the rest of life seems irretrievably destroyed, Today neither poetry, nor music, nor dance is a common form of expression for man’s feelings and thoughts; rather, the dance, like the other arts, is the talent of a small group and the pleasure of a somewhat larger one. Even purely as a form of entertainment, it gives expression-again like music-only to specific feelings, and those not exactly the most noble. In connection with religion, with work, it is scarcely alive, or not at all. The opinion is therefore defensible that the structure of the transition from unity to diversity of life, as far as the art of dance is concerned, has already been completely realized; that in this case the transition is not something with eternal meaning, but only points to a period that is over and gone. That is, it would be a defensible opinion if it were not for the fact that the most recent developments in the art of dance, and above all the flourishing of the folk dance, have reopened to us unimagined perspectives and long-lost possibilities.
Enmity Between Dance and Religion
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hostility The enmity between religion and the dance is ancient. Opposition arises to the dance in the early Christian Church, but at that time the dance presented no direct danger, limited as it was to the professional dance. But the Germanic folk dances were still based on the practice of life among Christians, and were thus still too “religious,” in the primitive sense, for the Church to come to terms with. This opposition had its most relentless form in the late Middle Ages. A fifteenth century manuscript from the Prussian State Library contains a detailed polemic against the dance. It does not differ essentially from the common argument of today: “For this reason St. John Baptist lost his holy head: that it was given to the daughter who could dance so well.”The circumstance that folk dances were performed joyously in or near the churches may share in the responsibility for the antipathy of the priest hood toward the dance, but the basic cause of the conflict lies deeper. We shall return to it presently.
Holyplay
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dance and Dram A Throughout the world, the drama arose from a holy play whose purpose was to assure the cycle of life. At decisive moments, such as seedtime and harvest, or midwinter and mid summer, the holy play is performed. One or more speakers step out of the chorus, mimetically representing spring, winter, death, life, or the animals, daemons, or gods from whom an advantage is expected.
The Breakup of Unity
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Art is Not Imitation Art is not animitation of the movement of life. Art has its own movement. “Art does not reproduce the simple object, but only the object which has already been perceived aestheti cally. One might say, paradoxically, that art is not an imitation of things, but an imitation (arbitrary production) of aesthetic experiences.”
Holy Words
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Work Song We know of songs which, in an earlier age, were sung during work, and which even today occasionally accompany some activity. The work song is, or was, known during tamping down of soil, grinding, rowing, sowing-during all work which demands regular movement. Even those jobs which are not typically rhythmic make use of accompanying words. “If there’s no song while it’s brewing, the beer won’t be good,” says an old German proverb. Travelers in the Indonesian archipelago have observed that the song which accompanies rowing exerts a visible influence on tempo and power. We have received reports from American factories that experiments have been made toward in creasing production with the help of recorded music.
The Holy Image: Influences
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paths and Boundaries “Art is the signature of man.”248 The first thing we know of prehistoric man is the fact that he drew. It is hardly conceivable that such a typically human form of expression as art, or more comprehensively formulated, such an essentially human awareness as that of beauty, should find no entrance to that deepest depth into which religion leads us. It cannot be assumed that holiness and beauty are hermetically sealed off from one another. But we have seen how both tend to draw apart, how they attack one another. On the other hand, they always search for one another. Again and again religion searches for art, because it cannot live without form and figure. Art always comes to religion as to the broader and deeper stream into which its floods can pour. The religious work of art, an expression of the holy through beauty, is not a mere pipe dream, but reality; a reality that we find less rarely since modem man lost the approach to the magical, existential context. On the contrary, we can say of almost all great artists that they have religious meaning and try to express a particular aspect of the holy. That is true for Rembrandt and Goethe, for Beethoven and Ibsen, for Michelangelo and George.
The House of God Becomes a Human House: Alienation and Conflict
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The House Can No Longer Be A Temple In this realm alienation proceeds from two sides: first from religion, which no longer wishes to store its goods in the house of art; and from art, which wishes to build its own house where it may dwell all alone. The house can no longer be a temple; in fact, temples can no longer exist. God is too great to be able to reside in a house that was made by hands, so says religion. It speaks classically and beautifully in Solomon’s prayer of consecration before the new temple. This is called the dwelling place of God, a “place for him to dwell in forever”; it is still said that God’s “name,” that is, his being, shall be within it; yet it is clearly recognized that no human edifice can shelter the holy: “But will God indeed dwell on the earth? Behold, heaven and the highest heaven cannot contain thee; how much less this house which I have built!” (I Kings 8:27) And “the place of God’s dwelling” is heaven, from which he hears and forgives when some one prays in the temple. God does not hear in his house, but in heaven: thus the king prays “that thy eyes may be open night and day coward this house,” which was made by men (I Kings 8:29).
Influences
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Last Defense of External Continuity In our search for the essential continuity, we must once more protect our selves against the external continuity which forces itself upon us. Nine tenths of the “religious works of art” which we know evidence no inner, essential continuity between holiness and beauty, having only a purely external connection, which admittedly can be very refined, violating neither arc nor religion, but not proclaiming their unity.
The Republic of the Arts
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Something more catches our attention here, where we have penetrated into the center of art and religion. Before we attempt to determine the last, worst, connection between the two, there arises the question of the relationship of the arts among themselves. We have already spoken about “art,” about the world of art, and about the artist, but there are phenomena and facts which bring usonce more to practical matters. We are of the opinion that the essence and goal of art are found in representa tion, in the image, in fonn, in the figure.
The Anglican Tradition and the Virginia Founding Fathers
Authors: Holmes David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The name “Episcopal” traced back to the tumultuous Commonwealth period in English history, when clergy and laity who desired continued rule by bishops employed that term for themselves. To some extent, members of the Church of England used it for their church during the colonial period. In later centuries the term Anglican (from the Latin for “English”) came into common use to describe churches in any country that held the faith and practice of the Church of England.
The Religious Views of John Adams
Authors: Holmes David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Washington’s religious views remain a subject of disagreement today, those of John Adams arouse no such debate. Adams was the first president who was a Unitarian-a faith that, in Adams’s case, could be described with some accuracy as “Chris-tian Deism.” Since the time of Adams, Unitarianism has broadened in America to include schools of thought that view themselves as neither theistic nor Christian.
The Religious Views of James Madison
Authors: Holmes David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mr. Madison was sent to Princeton College,-perhaps through fear of the skeptical principles then so prevalent at William and Mary. During his stay at Princeton a great revival took place, and it was believed that he partook of its spirit. On his return home he conducted family worship in his father’s house. He soon after offered for the Legislature, and it was objected to him, by his opponents that he was better suited to the pulpit than to the legislative hall.
The Religious Views of James Monroe
Authors: Holmes David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in a home four miles from the birthplace of George Washington. He was the eldest son of Spence Monroe, a small planter in Westmoreland County. Born into an Anglican family, Monroe was baptized in Washington Parish. He studied at Campbell town Academy, a noted academy run by the Reverend Archibald Campbell, the rector of Washington Parish; future Supreme Court Justice John Marshall was a classmate.
The Wives and Daughters of the Founding Fathers
Authors: Holmes David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All of the first five presidents of the United States were influenced to a great extent by Deism. Of the ten wives and female children (natural or adopted) of these presidents, however, seven appear to have been orthodox Christians. These seven include Elizabeth Kortright Monroe and her two daughters, Eliza Hay and Maria Hester Gouverneur, whom family tradition describes as orthodox Episcopalians.
Three Orthodox Christians
Authors: Holmes David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aradical in the politics of his time but a traditionalist in religion, Samuel Adams has been titled the “father of the American Revolution.” Because he consistently urged New England to return to its earlier and simpler life,writers have also called him “the Cato of the American Revolution.” But Adams is best known as “the Last of the Puritans,” a title that accurately portrays his orthodoxy in a time of religious change.
Introduction: Blackhawk’s Land
Authors: Ben-Zvi Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Davenport was draped with lights and colored buntings on the day Susan Glaspell was born, in anticipation of the great event that would occur three days later: the centenary of America. In individual towns and in the official venue in Philadelphia, the country did not turn back to its past, as the bicentennial would do, but used the occasion to proclaim its future. The Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition was a celebration of a society coming of age, advertising-as much to its own people as to the world-the technology, produce, inventions, arts, and possibilities of America at the end of its first century. Over a period of 159 days, almost ro million visitors journeyed to Philadelphia’s Fairmount Park to see what was called “the greatest gathering of wonders in the world”: a 284-acre field transformed into a Victorian pleasure park, with elaborate lawns, flower beds, trees, waterfalls, and fountains surrounding the 249 ornate iron and glass buildings that held the exhibits. Machinery Hall contained the leading attraction, the Corliss engine, the biggest steam engine in the world, whose twice-a-day start-up was heralded as a marvel of the coming generation. More specialized exhibits of produce and technology were housed in the 24 state and 9 international venues. In the Iowa building, for instance, the Gaume electro-motor, produced in Davenport, was placed next to a display of Reids Yellow Dent-corn pioneer hybrid.
Delphic Days
Authors: Ben-Zvi Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Des Moines, the capital of Iowa, is only ro6 miles from Davenport, but for Susan the distance must have seemed much further, because her move took her out of a familiar environment and launched her into a world no longer circumscribed by the peccadilloes of Davenport society or the preoccupations of her own family. Distance may, in fact, have prompted her decision. It would have been more natural for her to select the University of Iowa, in Iowa City, closer to her home and less expensive, but instead she chose private Drake University, founded in 1881. She entered as a junior, waving two years because of her Latin certificate, and in two years more she received a bachelor of philosophy degree. She was an excellent student and took a rigorous program, including Greek, French grammar and literature, history, English literature, ethics, Biblical literature, psychology, and philosophy in her first year. For her to have gone away to college at all was an unusual step; to take such a curriculum was even more extraordinary. Most young women who wanted postsecondary education opted to remain in Davenport, where there were a number of institutions whose curriculum was directed toward turning out women prepared to take up their places as wives and mothers in society. Elizabeth McCullough Bray, in a series of articles on the literary life of Davenport, published in the Davenport Democrat in 1929, describes the rare woman who broke the mold and sought more academic pursuits, perhaps with Susan in mind: “This girl brought home a bachelor’s degree.
A Greek Out of Time
Authors: Ben-Zvi Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is impossible to trace the life of Susan Glaspell without discussing in detail the life of George Cram “Jig” Cook. She was his third wife; he was her only husband. They were married just eleven years, but their lives were connected far earlier and the ties between them carried on long after his untimely death. Davenport was their shared birthplace, three years apart. Susan’s first direct contact with Jig probably occurred in 1895, when his name and that of his mother began appearing in her Weekly Outlook society column: items about their travels to Chicago, entertaining out-of-town guests, going on ice-skating parties. She also covered the opening of Jig’s play In Hampton Roads, which he co-authored with Charles Eugene Banks in 1897. They may have been friends from this period, ten years earlier than the first meeting she cites in The Road to the Temple. In notes for his unpublished, autobiographical novel, “The Pendulum,” Jig introduces a character he describes as a young newspaper woman, born in 1876, whose mother has Irish roots and who put herself through college and wrote short stories. The protagonist meets her when she comes to interview him on his return from study abroad in 189 5. As a result of the meeting, the reporter completely changes her direction in life: She quits her job, enrolls in the state university where he is an instructor, and becomes his disciple and prize student.
The Monist Society
Authors: Ben-Zvi Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1904, exactly at the time that Jig’s marriage was unraveling, Susan returned to Davenport from Chicago, moving back with her parents, brother Ray, and grandmother, Frank having left the previous winter for Lewiston, Montana, to try his hand at lumbering. Three years earlier she had come back to launch her writing career; this time she was already something of a celebrity, at least in her hometown. The Trident, the tricities’ weekly literary newspaper, edited by feminist Ella G. Bushnell-Hamlin was now referring to “Miss Susan Keating Glaspell” “prominent among Davenporters who are ‘doing things’ and coming to the front”; and by March 1905, when her grandmother Glaspell died, the obituaries referred to “the well known author Susan Glaspell.” Such praise was not unwarranted. She had already amassed an impressive publication record for her fiction and continued to do freelance work for Chicago newspapers, writing feature stories on regional political figures. However this growing reputation did not necessarily free her from conventional Davenport life. At home, her mother once more coddled and protected her, and her father bemusedly observed her progress. Even the news articles about her work struck a proprietary note, describing a bright girl whom “our city is proud to claim as her own.”
A Home by the Sea
Authors: Ben-Zvi Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 5:00 P.M. on April 14, 1913, after a festive luncheon at the Brevoort Hotel with friends, Susan Glaspell and Jig Cook, their marriage sanctioned by the mayor of Weehawken, New Jersey, walked up the elegant gangplank of the side-paddled steamship Priscilla at Pier I4 in the lower Hudson River for the trip to Provincetown, the first place in which they would officially live as man and wife. They could have taken a variety of routes to this small fishing village on the tip of Cape Cod. The New England Steamship Company went to Boston, and the steamer from there connected to Railroad Wharf in Provincetown. Alternatively, a train from Boston to Fall River met a local train running through the length of the Cape. But Jig, who had tried several combinations, settled on the most expensive, $3.00, and the most romantic. With mahogany paneling, gold-leaf filigree, and mirrored salons, the Fall River Line was more than a means of transportation to a distant point; it was, as one contemporary critic describes it, a “convenient extravagance.” The traveler could leave New York City in the early evening, have a fine dinner served by “two of the most perfect headwaiters in the world,” walk the promenade deck serenaded by a live orchestra playing the “Pilgrim’s Chorus” from Tannhiiuser “very decently,”
The Verge and Beyond
Authors: Ben-Zvi Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This should have been a happy period for the Provincetown Players. The Emperor Jones had put them on the map, brought in new members, and swelled the treasury to over $30,000 from the long uptown run and national tour. Critics who had previously looked askance at the little theatre in the Village were now clamoring for free press passes. Yet problems plagued the group. In response to the criticism that theirs was the work of amateurs-a mark of praise in its early days-they spent more on production values. A h,500 set for Evelyn Scott’s play Love did nothing to camouflage poor acting and weak direction. New personal jealousies also surfaced. Those performing uptown received salaries commensurate with Broadway standards; those who remained on MacDougal Street nursed the bruised egos that came with small paychecks. The Players’ stage had been a laboratory for playwrights to use for their experiments; it was now a place to launch vehicles heading north beyond Fourteenth Street. Symptomatic was the warfare that broke out in May over who would be going to London when Jones made its debut there in the fall and who would play in Suppressed Desires, scheduled to open the bill. Susan was ill over the fighting and took to her bed, disgusted by the pettiness that seemed to have intensified along with the glory the company had garnered over the past year. In-the-trenches battles for a cause never frightened her, as her act of writing Inheritors during the height of the Red Scare illustrates, but this battling reflected how far short the group was from fulfilling.
The End of the Dream
Authors: Ben-Zvi Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of the heated debate about The Verge, the run was extended to eighteen days, finally closing to make way for the previously announced second bill, Theodore Dreiser’s twenty-seven-character play The Hand of the Potter, one critic noting that while The Verge was considered too vague, this play is all too clear in its degeneracy. Audiences agreed, and the Players found themselves with a depleted subscriber list, a deficit of $1,500, and a disgruntled Dreiser, in California, receiving periodic reports about the progress of the rehearsals and the debacle after the opening. In one note, Jig quotes a sentence from a review of The Verge: “On Broad-way there is repetition OnMacDougal street there is revelation. Let those go who are not afraid.” These words did little to quiet Dreiser, who blamed Jig, as theatre head, for what he believed was a sloppy production of his play. In contrast to this failure, The Verge continued to gather interest once the monthly journals began to appear, carrying more extended and generally positive reviews, such as those by Stark Young and Ludwig Lewisohn. In response, the Theatre Guild took over the production and moved it to the Garrick Theatre on December 6, where it began an eleven-matinee run. After Potter closed, it returned to MacDougal Street for holiday performances, December 26-31. While the entire run of the play never approached anything like that of The Emporer Jones, it did have its champions among respected critics and audience members, who were personally touched by Claire’s plight and impressed by Glaspell’s ability to stage it.