bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Tender View of Conservative Evangelicalism in Higher Ground
Authors: Kane Paula M. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses a unique addition to American cinema: star and director Vera Farmiga’s Higher Ground (2011), a film based on Carolyn Briggs’s memoir. Though there is a wealth of scholarship on women in conservative evangelicalism, Pentecostalism, and fundamentalism, this is an underrepresented subject on film, and the few examples—The Miracle Woman (1931), Tobacco Road (1941), Elmer Gantry (1960), and Angel Baby (1961)—tend to focus on faith healers like Aimee Semple McPherson. In a nuanced and historically sensitive reading, this chapter shows that Higher Ground is a tender and subtle but highly natural look at the role of faith across several decades in the heroine’s life, which takes a path away from the religious patriarchy of her church community.
Latino Mental Health
Authors: Organista Kurt C. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Latino mental health with an emphasis on the relationship between acculturation and mental illness. The problematic pattern of limited mental health literacy and access to care (e.g., via insurance) resulting in limited care is underscored, as is needed attention to trauma-informed care and major depression. Effective socioculturally responsive mental health care is reviewed, including integrated behavioral health care (IBHC), and culturally adapted evidence-based practice. The chapter also demonstrates that promotores de salud [community health care workers] represent an especially effective cultural resource capable of supporting and leading mental health interventions within Latino communities.
What is swearing?
Authors: Roache Rebecca 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of swearing. According to Cambridge University Press’ online dictionary, the definition of swearing is the rude or offensive language that someone uses, especially when they are angry. Some definitions of swearing also involve taboo language, but not all offensive taboo language is swearing like slurs that are often associated with hate speech that degrades a person's race, sexual orientation, disability, gender, or religion. The chapter considers the spectrum of offensiveness and the correlation of swearing with emotion. It references the versatility of the term fuck, which highlights that swearing does not always involve considering the literal meanings of swear words.
Swearing’s secret offensive ingredient
Authors: Roache Rebecca 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the offensiveness of swearing. It explains how swearing was taught as something to be avoided in polite society but simultaneously opens the door to the excitement of taboo breaking. The literal meaning of many swear words often denotes sexual or lavatorial notions, which are often frowned upon in many social contexts. Moreover, the connotations of swear words result in an involuntary emotional response in the listener, which can also trigger the offensiveness of swear words. The chapter also notes the correlation of swearing with taboos, wherein swearing as historically rooted in religious language in almost all cultures.
There is no secret ingredient
Authors: Roache Rebecca 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter clarifies that the offensiveness of swearing lies in its unspoken connotation instead of the word's literal definition. It highlights that swearing's offensiveness primarily depends on the context that relates to the social environment or the wider cultural environment. After all, similar swear words have different connotations at different times and in different cultures and places. Moreover, a word being linked to a taboo topic helps ensure that it can undergo offense escalation on the culture-wide scale necessary to become a swear word. The chapter mentions that the offense escalation forms the core explanation of swearing’s offensiveness, but it does not entirely tell the whole story.
How to be a really offensive swearer
Authors: Roache Rebecca 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter notes how swearing is objectionable depending on the context. It notes how nuisances can gauge how concerned people should be about offensive behavior. Tone and body language affect the offensiveness of swearing, similar to how significant both factors are in communication generally. The chapter explains how inappropriate swearing risks causing offense by conveying disrespect and politeness, referencing how people might view direct and indirect swearing differently. Additionally, the deliberateness of the swear is another factor relevant to the offensiveness of swearing. The chapter cites how swearing is a more serious matter when it is done both angrily and repeatedly while repetitive swearing at nothing in particular is less objectionable.
Cunt and cocksucker
Authors: Roache Rebecca 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the prejudicial attitudes that influenced the offensiveness of cunt and cocksucker. It starts with how slurs are offensive because using them contributes to the ongoing oppression of certain groups of people. Calling someone a cunt or a cocksucker is offensive because cunt and cocksucker are understood to be offensive words. However, the terms are offensive words because women’s genitals and the act of performing fellatio were regarded with distaste The chapter details the unusual offensiveness of cunt and the misogynistic attitudes that underlie its offensiveness. It then explains how etiquette expresses respect and embodies unjust attitudes.
High Noon: Summer 1984
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence , Thomlinson Natalie 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines women’s experiences in the strike during the summer of 1984. It highlights key events such as the Barnsley rally of May 1984 in order to trace the growth of the support movement in this period. It looks at the formation of the national umbrella group for the support movement, National Women Against Pit Closures, and explores the complex politics of this organisation, as well as its relationship to the NUM. It examines the decision of some women to join the picket lines—often seen as the most novel aspect of women’s strike activism—and explores what their experiences in this arena tell us about gendered norms within coalfield communities in Britain. It also examines the survival strategies employed by women to help their families survive as hardship began to hit striking families, and explores how the shame attached to receiving charity shaped the choices that they made.
Conclusion
Authors: Hendriks Frank 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter continues and concludes with forward-looking reflections on hybrid democratic innovations (HDIs) that capitalize on tensions between opposites. This feeds into the hybrid-innovations hypothesis, which posits that more versatile and connective democratic innovations stand a better chance of a high performance on a broader spectrum than democratic innovations that fall short of these qualities. The most advanced hybrid innovations couple diverging forms of bottom-up pressure, and keep representative democracy connected and on its toes. Hybrid democratic innovations may be desirable as well as possible, as this book contends, but they also come with challenges and questions reflected on in this final chapter. A strategy of change based on connecting opposites requires great effort, the cognitive agility to rethink democratic innovation, and a good deal of practical wisdom to effectuate it. Done properly, it is proposed that this is valuable and worth our while.
Gecas and the Failure of Law
Authors: Silverman Jon , Sherwood Robert 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Anton Gecas, a senior commander in the 12th Lithuanian Auxiliary Battalion, responsible for thousands of deaths of Jews and other civilians, lost a libel action against Scottish Television in 1991, encouraging hopes that he would be the first suspect in the UK to be charged with war crimes. But the Scottish Crown Office did not prosecute him, on the same grounds that the Crown Prosecution Service in England refused to prosecute an equally significant perpetrator, Harijs Svikeris. This chapter explains that, as a result of an American inquiry in 1982, Gecas was already on the radar of war crimes investigators because of his involvement in a notorious massacre at Slutsk in Belorussia. The head of the OSI in Washington explained that he was astonished that Gecas was allowed to escape justice. The chapter uncovers the barely concealed hostility between the OSI and the Scottish Crown Office and highlights the difference between the use by the United States of civil denaturalization procedures to strip suspects of their citizenship and the requirements of UK criminal law.
Sawoniuk, the Unexpected Conviction
Authors: Silverman Jon , Sherwood Robert 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Andrzej Sawoniuk, another Schutzmänner from Belorussia, was the only suspect in any Commonwealth jurisdiction to be convicted of war crimes, although he was traced in the UK only belatedly by the WCU through the work of historians attached to the unit. His name was prominent on a list of ninety-six names presented by the Soviet embassy in London to the Foreign Office in 1988. But because it had the Russian spelling rather than the Polish/Ukrainian one, the CPS believed that he was not to be found in the UK. Sawoniuk’s case illustrates how the Soviet Union relentlessly tracked collaborators who had fled to the West for four decades after the war. But until investigators were able to see the all-important Search File, containing over 200 pages of testimony gathered over the decades, a UK prosecution was in doubt. The case also confounded those opponents of the war crimes legislation who argued that identification of a suspect, after more than half a century, would present an insuperable obstacle. Two of the key witnesses were schoolmates of Sawoniuk, lived in the same small town, Domachevo, and knew him well. The trial made legal history when the court—judge, jury, and press corps—visited Domachevo to test the evidence of one of the eyewitnesses, Fedor Zan.
Slonim, Secrets and Spies
Authors: Silverman Jon , Sherwood Robert 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The case of Stanislaw Chrzanowski was unique in two respects. He was the only suspect living in the UK to have been the subject of an investigation by the German war crimes agency, the Zentrale Stelle. He was also the only suspect to have come to the attention of the authorities because of suspicions voiced by a member of his own family—his stepson, John Kingston. Chrzanowski was a Schutzmänner in Slonim, whose large Jewish population was almost wholly eliminated by 1942. Witnesses spoke of his brutality but the CPS decided that there was not sufficient reliable eyewitness testimony to prosecute. The discovery of fragmentary scenes from a US television documentary about intelligence operations in post-war Germany has led to speculation that Chrzanowski, who spoke several languages, including German and Russian, may have been of interest to spying agencies either in the US or MI5 and MI6 in the UK. The chapter looks more closely at the protection offered by MI6 to anti-Soviet collaborators who became émigrés in the UK after the war.
Gwendolyn Brooks and Housing as a Civil Right
Authors: Hunter Walt 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that Gwendolyn Brooks’s many house poems look for more in the home than the lasting security that FDR, at the time of A Street in Bronzeville, claimed led to “true individual freedom.” At stake in questions of housing is the creative imagination that privileges aesthetic activity in times of necessity, in addition to the political resistance and radicalized consciousness that are more obvious accompaniments. The chapter goes on to show that Brooks’s use of character is usefully re-examined through the house poem, which gives the reader an opportunity to set the figure of a person against the ground of a condition. Brooks’s poetry examines how the individual fits into the mesh of economics and politics that determines, at least in part, what role they play vis-à-vis others.
Out of Exile
Authors: Swallow Peter 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Two of the most influential scholars to work on Aristophanes’ texts in the early nineteenth century were Thomas Mitchell and John Hookham Frere, who each produced translations of several plays, with Mitchell also writing commentaries on five texts. Both authors were Tories, and both interpreted Aristophanes as a starkly political author reinforcing their own world-view, following German and British historians’ interpretations of the Greek poet discussed in Chapter 1. Both were also keen to suppress Aristophanes’ crudity. At the same time, Mitchell’s Aristophanes and Frere’s were subtly different beasts. Frere’s vernacular editions demonstrate a commitment to readability while seeking to preserve the metrical form of the original; though designed for well-educated readers, they became a vehicle for Aristophanes’ working-class reception. Mitchell’s texts, particularly his commentaries, were designed as classroom aides for the nobility, and were far more reactionary than Frere’s Reformist Aristophanes.
Conclusion
Authors: Swallow Peter 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The monograph’s wide-ranging study of Aristophanic reception in the long-nineteenth century is concluded by looking at an amateur performance of Aristophanes’ Birds staged in Sutton Coldfield in April 1884—a production which demonstrates in microcosm the many diachronic and synchronic chains of reception explored throughout the previous nine chapters, drawing as it does on Planché, Gilbert, Tennyson, and university productions of Greek theatre as well as on Aristophanes. The importance of both political and aesthetic readings of Aristophanes is discussed holistically, and the sheer breadth of Aristophanic receptions is highlighted—received as Old Comedy was in scholarship, theatre, and poetry, from high art to the most popular, public-facing mediums.
Economic Retrospection in Japan
Authors: Ohmura Hanako , Hino Airo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the determinants of executive approval in Japan based on monthly polls since the 1960s. Analyses show that both partisanship and economic evaluations matter, but their effects are more pronounced after electoral reform in the 1990s. The existing studies have not rigorously tested the impact of the electoral reform and the impact of ‘Abenomics’ on the models of cabinet approval. The authors’ analyses demonstrate that there are increasing effects of sociotropic and egotropic evaluations after the electoral reform, while the impact of Abenomics is less substantial. The overall results show that support for ruling parties has a significant impact on cabinet support, and the effect of sociotropic economic evaluations is also significant after controlling for ruling party approval, suggesting that there is no trade-off between the impacts of partisanship and economic evaluation, and that both can function in tandem.
Weakened Ties
Authors: Donovan Kathleen M. , Kellstedt Paul M. , Key Ellen M. , Lebo Matthew J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Presidential approval in the United States has been the most consistently watched variable in American politics for decades. Not surprisingly, political scientists have also followed the measure closely and developed a long and deep literature about both its causes and effects. This chapter reviews the historical development of those literatures and examine approval over the 1953–2020 period. The economy and approval were once inextricably related, and that connection was a linchpin of the literature on economic voting. But, with increased partisan polarization, presidential approval seems to have been detached from economic measures and, perhaps, from everything except partisanship.
Economics, Politics, and the Popularity Function
Authors: Stegmaier Mary , Park Brandon Beomseob , Lewis-Beck Michael S. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter returns to the core questions of the book: what role does the economy play in shaping executive approval? And what factors explain why this economy–approval relationship varies over time and across countries? It begins with a review of widely recognized cross-national studies with an eye towards how contextual features affect the strength of the economy in vote and popularity functions. In doing so, the authors attempt to assess a question that Paldam (1991) asked: how large is the e-fraction (the economy) compared to the p-fraction (politics)? Then they turn to the country case-study chapters in this volume, characterizing them according to Lijphart’s (1971) case-study typology: theory-confirming, theory-infirming, hypothesis-generating, and deviant case studies. Ten of the eleven case studies can be categorized as fully or partially confirming. Additionally, a few of these can also be considered hypothesis-generating or deviant in that they provide new insights regarding the role of inequality, government responsiveness, and economic measures, topics that deserve further study. In the closing section, the authors discuss additional avenues for further research such as how the pandemic, climate change, migration, and threats to democracy may impact executive approval ratings in the future.
Abuse of Process
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the issue of abuse of process. As stated in Attorney-General’s Reference (No. 1 of 1990) [1992] QB 630, abuse of process may arise in many different forms. In professional conduct proceedings, a stay on the grounds of abuse of process is exceptional. This is because the focus of regulators is to maintain the standards and integrity of the profession to ensure that public confidence is and can be maintained. Abuse of process is likely to arise only if one of these two categories in R v. Maxwell [2011] 1 WLR 1837 is established: (a) it would be impossible to give the accused a fair hearing; or (b) a hearing would offend the court’s sense of justice and propriety in the particular circumstances of the case.
Adjournment
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the issue of adjournment. Unlike the cases in the first chapter, in which the burden rests on the regulator to satisfy the tribunal or committee to proceed in the absence of the practitioner, on an application for an adjournment the onus is on the applicant—frequently the practitioner—to produce evidence to show the basis for an adjournment. The overall test for granting or refusing an adjournment is one of procedural fairness, such as in the cases of General Medical Council v. Hayat [2018] and Maitland-Hudson v. Solicitors Regulation Authority [2019]. If an adjournment is sought on medical grounds, there needs to be clear evidence to show that an adjournment is justified. The existence of other proceedings, lack of readiness, or inability to secure representation will not normally be grounds for an adjournment, but each case must be judged on its own facts against the overall principles established in the cases.
Amendment
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the issue of amendment of charges and grounds of appeal. Subject to the requirements of a fair hearing, a professional disciplinary tribunal has power to amend the charge or allegation. A key example is Ahmedsowida v. General Medical Council [2021]; the tribunal’s determination that the amendments could be made without injustice was not procedurally unfair. However, to introduce late an entirely new case requiring extensive investigation would be potentially unfair, such as in the case of Bittar v. Financial Conduct Authority [2017]. Meanwhile, an application to amend grounds of appeal is likely to be considered under the Civil Procedure Rules, such as in Kavaarupo v. Nursing and Midwifery Council [2020] and AB, a barrister v. Bar Standards Board [2020].
Appeals
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter details numerous issues relating to appeals. It lists the leading disciplinary cases and looks at the approach of the higher courts to appeals from professional bodies. The courts continue to place considerable reliance on the expertise of the tribunal or committee, and findings of fact are difficult to appeal. The court will reject a late appeal in the absence of exceptional circumstances, and similarly there needs to be good reason to admit fresh evidence. To bring a second appeal, an appellant must show that the appeal raises a point of principle or practice, or there is some other compelling reason for the Court of Appeal to hear it. The test for an appeal on sanction is whether the direction was appropriate and necessary in the public interest or was excessive and disproportionate.
Burden of Proof
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the issues relating to the burden of proof. It is well recognized that the burden of proof rests on the regulator where the disciplinary committee or tribunal is required to determine issues of fact. If the burden is not discharged to the requisite standard, then the regulator has not proved its case and the allegation in question must be found not proved, such as in the cases of Miller v. Minister of Pensions [1947] and Pope v. General Dental Council [2015]. The fact that the practitioner is required to respond to the allegation and that the tribunal examines the practitioner’s explanation does not reverse the burden of proof. However, care must be taken by the tribunal not to reverse the burden, for example by accepting the regulator’s case and calling on the practitioner to explain matters. In other situations, for example registration appeals and applications for restoration to the register, the burden of proof may be on the applicant, and in review cases it has been said that the practitioner has a persuasive burden to address past impairment.
Conditions of Practice Orders
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews conditions of practice orders, which should only be made by a tribunal or committee for the protection of members of the public or in the interests of the practitioner. Defects in the performance of professionals can have a very powerful impact not only upon members of the public individually, but also upon the standing of the profession. The Sanctions Guidance of the General Medical Council (GMC) and the MPTS (November 2020) states, at paragraph 81, that conditions might be most appropriate in cases: (a) involving the doctor’s health; (b) involving issues around the doctor’s performance; (c) where there is evidence of shortcomings in a specific area or areas of the doctor’s practice; or (d) where a doctor lacks the necessary knowledge of English to practise medicine without direct supervision. Each of the healthcare regulators has a ‘bank’ of conditions containing the wording that decision-makers should use when imposing conditions on a practitioner’s registration at an interim tribunal hearing or following a substantive hearing. A restricted practice order may be for either a finite or an indefinite period, but must be proportionate to allow the solicitor to earn their living.