bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Hook Type on Mortality, Trauma, and Capture Efficiency of Wild Stream Trout Caught by Angling with Spinners
Authors: DuBois Robert B. , Dubielzig Richard R. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
This study assessed short-term (48-h) hooking mortality, eye damage, jaw injury, and capture efficiency of three species of wild stream trout caught on size-1 Mepps spinners having barbed or barbless treble or single hooks. The mortality of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, brown trout Salmo trutta, and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis was low (&lt;4%). Hook types did not differ significantly in causing mortality or severe eye damage of rainbow trout or brown trout. Severe eye damage was evident on about 10% of the trout landed (range = 2% to 13%, depending on species). Jaw injuries were found on about 6% of the catch. Barbed hooks hooked and held more trout than barbless hooks and treble hooks hooked and held more trout than single hooks. Barbless single hooks were quicker to remove than the other hook types, but the difference was insufficient to reduce mortality. Our results do not indicate a biological advantage with the use of single- or barbless-hook spinners when caught wild stream trout will be released.
Effect of Hook Type on Mortality, Trauma, and Capture Efficiency of Wild, Stream-Resident Trout Caught by Active Baitfishing
Authors: DuBois Robert B. , Kuklinski Kurt E. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We used an active fishing technique (tight-line fishing with immediate hook set) to compare mortality, injury, and capture efficiency of wild, stream-resident salmonids captured by barbed or barbless single hooks baited with leaf worms Lumbricus rubellus. Mortality at 72 h (2– 7%), anatomical hooking location (superficial or deep), and eye damage (5% of captures) in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis did not differ between hook types. However, brook trout that were deeply hooked were more likely to die when barbed hooks were used. Mortality and eye damage in brown trout Salmo trutta were similarly low, but sample sizes were insufficient for comparison of hook types. Hook types did not differ significantly in terms of hooking efficiency, frequency of fish escape after hooking, or the mean unhooking time in which fish were held out of water. Active baitfishing resulted in levels of postrelease mortality that were substantially lower than those commonly reported in baitfishing mortality studies.
Hydrometeorological Trends in the Miramichi River, Canada: Implications for Atlantic Salmon Growth
Authors: Swansburg Erin , El-Jabi Nassir , Caissie Daniel , Chaput Gérald 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Hydrometeorological conditions are important determinants of the distribution and productivity of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in freshwater habitats. Environmental conditions, such as temperature, precipitation, and streamflow, affect an aquatic organism's growth rate, developmental rate, behavior, and ultimate survival. In the Miramichi River, New Brunswick, Canada, climatic and hydrological conditions have been monitored for over 30 years, providing a unique opportunity to examine long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, and streamflow and their effects on juvenile Atlantic salmon. Average air temperature in the Miramichi region increased over time, particularly in spring and summer months. Coincident changes in water temperature were not observed, with only summer water temperature increasing in the Southwest Miramichi River. Extreme summer water temperatures in the Southwest Miramichi River regularly exceeded the upper temperature threshold for growth of Atlantic salmon (22.5°C). Few changes in the amount of precipitation were observed in recent years. As a result, discharge in the Miramichi River was relatively unchanged in winter and autumn, when air temperatures were coldest. However, warmer air temperatures led to increased rates of evaporation, thereby contributing to low-flow conditions in the Miramichi River during spring and summer. Warmer air temperatures also may have contributed to the observed shifts in timing of hydrological cycles (earlier spring peak flows) in both the Northwest Miramichi and Southwest Miramichi rivers. Increased spring air temperatures and water temperatures were significantly associated with smaller sizes in Atlantic salmon parr (age 2). Changes in discharge and precipitation were also significantly associated with the size of juvenile Atlantic salmon. In the Miramichi River, further alterations in environmental conditions can be expected under future climate-change scenarios; as a result, productivity of Atlantic salmon populations in this region will likely be adversely affected.
Evaluation of Stock–Recruitment Curves for White Shrimp in Georgia
Authors: Belcher Carolyn N. , Jennings Cecil A. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Georgia's food shrimp fishery is currently managed on the premise that a relationship exists between the abundance of spring-spawning white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus and the abundance of fall recruits. Spawners are caught primarily during May and June, and fall recruits are caught from August through January. The efficacy of this management approach is unknown because the relationship between the two segments of the shrimp fishery has never been evaluated. We applied Beverton–Holt and Ricker spawner–recruit curves to fishery-independent and fishery-dependent indices to determine whether spawner abundance could be used to reliably predict the abundance of fall recruits. The commercial landings (lb) from May and June combined were used as the fishery-dependent spawner index, and monthly catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) values observed during April, May, and June were used as fishery-independent spawner indices. Potential spawner– recruit models were evaluated for each set of indices and the resulting mean square error (MSE) values were compared. The best-fitting model was a Beverton–Holt curve that incorporated June CPUE as the spawner index. Unfortunately, this model was not very predictive. Multiple-regression techniques also were used to select environmental variables that enhanced the fit of the spawner– recruit model. Three two-variable models were evaluated for predictive fit, and the best model (r2 = 0.447) included September salinity and October water temperature. Our results suggest that the abundance of white shrimp spawners is a poor predictor of the abundance of fall recruits. Inclusion of environmental factors, such as seasonal salinity and water temperature, can improve our ability to predict recruit abundance.
Role of Parameter Uncertainty in Assessing Harvest Strategies
Authors: Fieberg John 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Research methods aimed at comparing harvest strategies often implicitly assume that the form of the underlying population dynamics is known but that there is uncertainty in the abundance forecasts that are used to implement the harvest strategy. In reality, however, there is uncertainty in both the model structure and estimated parameters. In this paper, I illustrate the effect of parameter uncertainty on the performance of five different harvest strategies using a simulation model for Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. The assumed management goal is to determine the harvest control parameters that maximize harvest subject to a minimum extinction criterion. In general, the different harvest strategies performed similarly in terms of the expected mean harvest when optimized using the true simulation model (i.e., when the population dynamics were assumed to be known). However, parameter uncertainty affected the various strategies differently. Harvest strategies with optimal control parameters (e.g., thresholds or exploitation rates) that fell near the region of the parameter space with a high risk of extinction were more likely to result in failed management objectives. The simulation results indicate that simple buffers (e.g., a systematic lowering of exploitation rates from predetermined targets) are likely to substantially decrease the risk of choosing harvest control parameters with a higher than desired level of extinction risk.
Evaluation of a Spawning Habitat Enhancement Site for Chinook Salmon in a Regulated California River
Authors: Merz Joseph E. , Setka Jose D. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
An evaluation of the effectiveness of a project to enhance spawning habitat for Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha was conducted in the Mokelumne River, a regulated stream in California's Central Valley. Approximately 976 m3 of clean river gravel (25–150 mm) was placed in berm and gravel bar configurations along the 45-m enhancement site. Physical measurements taken before and after gravel placement indicate that the project significantly increased channel water velocities, intergravel permeability, and dissolved oxygen; reduced channel depths; and equilibrated intergravel and ambient river temperatures. These positive benefits remained throughout the 30-month monitoring period. Adult Chinook salmon began spawning at the previously unused site within 2 months after gravel placement and continued to use the site during the three spawning seasons encompassed by the study. Bed material movement was documented by channel bathymetry surveys over two water years. Topographical channel surveys provide a useful tool for monitoring bed material transport and layering redd locations on contour maps. Although its usefulness in restoring salmon populations is poorly understood, gravel enhancement can be an effective means for improving salmon spawning habitat in rivers where upstream dams have effected low gravel recruitment.
Genetic Stock Identification of Steelhead in the Columbia River Basin: An Evaluation of Different Molecular Markers
Authors: Winans Gary A. , Paquin Melanie M. , Van Doornik Donald M. , Baker Bruce M. , Thornton Perry , Rawding Dan , Marshall Anne , Moran Paul , Kalinowski Steven 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Protein genetic markers (allozymes) have been used during the last decade in a genetic stock identification (GSI) program by state and federal management agencies to monitor stocks of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Columbia River basin. In this paper we report new data for five microsatellite and three intron loci from 32 steelhead populations in the three upriver evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) and compare the performance of allozyme, microsatellite, and intron markers for use in GSI mixture analyses. As expected, microsatellites and introns had high total heterozygosity (HT) values; but there was little difference among marker classes in the magnitude of population differentiation as estimated by Wright's fixation index (FST), which ranged from 0.041 (microsatellite loci) to 0.047 (allozyme loci) and 0.050 (intron loci). For allozyme and microsatellite loci, the relationships among populations followed the patterns of geographic proximity. In computer-simulated mixture analyses, GSI estimates were more than 85% correct to the reporting group, the exact percentage depending on the marker data set and target group. Microsatellite loci provided the most accurate estimate (83%) in the 100% upper Columbia River ESU simulation, whereas simulation estimates for the 32-locus allozyme baseline were 93–94% for the 100% middle Columbia River ESU and two Snake River management groups. The simulations also showed that the estimates improved substantially up to a sample size of 50 fish per population. Technical advances will concomitantly increase the number of useful microsatellite loci and the rate of laboratory throughput, making this class of molecular marker more valuable for GSI mixture analyses in the near future. In the meantime, we recommend that steelhead management in the Columbia River rely on both allozyme and microsatellite data for GSI procedures.
Age Estimation for Shovelnose Sturgeon: A Cautionary Note Based on Annulus Formation in Pectoral Fin Rays
Authors: Whiteman Kasey W. , Travnichek Vincent H. , Wildhaber Mark L. , DeLonay Aaron , Papoulias Diana , Tillett Donald 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Numerous studies have examined the age and growth of shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus, but only one study attempted to validate age estimation techniques. Therefore, our objective was to use marginal increment analysis to validate annulus formation in pectoral fin rays of shovelnose sturgeon collected from the Missouri River. We also compared the precision of age estimates between two different readers. Marginal increment distance indicated that for most of the populations an opaque band was laid down in pectoral fin rays during the summer. However, opaque bands were formed throughout the year in some individuals, which could be problematic when using fin rays for age estimation. The agreement of age estimates by two readers for shovelnose sturgeon was only 18%, and differences in ages between the two readers increased for older fish. The presence of split annuli, false annuli, spawning bands, imbedded rays, and deteriorating sections made individual growth rings difficult to separate. Our findings verified that opaque bands are formed annually during the summer in the pectoral fin rays of most shovelnose sturgeon, but some individuals form opaque bands during other times. Pectoral fin rays will probably continue to be the most practical method of age estimation in shovelnose sturgeon, but ages estimated by this method should be used with caution.
Autumn-to-Spring Energetic and Diet Changes among Kokanee from North Idaho Lakes with and without Mysis relicta
Authors: Clarke Lance R. , Letizia Paul S. , Bennett David H. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Changes in the Pend Oreille Lake, Idaho, zooplankton community during spring and autumn have been attributed to planktivory by the opossum shrimp Mysis relicta. To examine how the altered zooplankton community affects kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka, we compared seasonal body lipids and feeding patterns of age-0 and age-1 individuals from Pend Oreille Lake with those of kokanee from Coeur d'Alene and Spirit lakes, Idaho, which did not contain M. relicta. We also contrasted our feeding pattern analysis with results of a similar study conducted in Pend Oreille Lake before M. relicta introduction. Age-0 Pend Oreille Lake kokanee showed no evidence of malnourishment, as body lipids and feeding patterns were generally similar among the three lakes. Age-1 Pend Oreille Lake kokanee had lower body lipids and stomach fullness than age-1 kokanee in the other lakes, suggesting that zooplankton community changes might affect older kokanee. We saw no evidence of direct starvation mortality in either Pend Oreille Lake year-class, since body lipids were higher than prior studies have reported for starving individuals. Seasonal kokanee feeding patterns were similar between age-classes but differed among lakes, Pend Oreille Lake individuals consuming a lower proportion of Daphnia during autumn compared with Coeur d'Alene Lake and Spirit Lake fish. Kokanee fed upon small copepod species during spring in all three lakes. Before M. relicta establishment in Pend Oreille Lake, kokanee in autumn ate a higher proportion of cladocerans, consumed a greater total prey biomass, and had fewer empty stomachs, but spring feeding patterns were more similar to those we observed. Our results show that seasonal changes in zooplankton availability in Pend Oreille Lake have probably changed age-1 kokanee foraging and energy accumulation patterns, particularly in autumn, although we cannot exclude the possibility that recent changes in predation intensity may also explain our results.
Health‐Related Quality of Life for Adults with Cystic Fibrosis: A Regression Approach to Assessing the Impact of Recombinant Human DNase
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey A. , Connolly Melinda , Zuberbuhler Peter , Brown Neil E. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objectives. To examine the general health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) of adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) using available generic instruments, and to determine important predictors of change in HRQOL, including therapy with recombinant human Dnase (rhDNase).Design. Prospective, observational study.Patients. Fifty‐nine adults with CF.Intervention. The Medical Outcomes Study Short‐Form 36 (SF‐36) and the EuroQol (EQ‐5D) were mailed to patients; follow‐up surveys were mailed 1 year later.Measurements and Main Results. Multivariate regression analyses assessed the relationships between clinical and demographic variables and change in health status. The 39 respondents reported lower HRQOL scores compared with general population norms for generic instruments. Regression analyses indicated that age (p=0.010), percentage predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (p=0.005), hospital admission (p=0.023), and rhDNase therapy (p=0.026) were positively associated 1998 EQ‐5D index scores, whereas body mass index was negatively associated (p=0.025) with 1998 EQ‐5D index scores after controlling for baseline 1997 scores. The size of the regression coefficients indicated that only 1997 scores and hospital admission in the year were quantitatively importantly associated with 1998 scores. Baseline HRQOL assessments showed that adults with CF reported important decrements in health status and functioning. An interesting relationship between functional status and total household income was observed.Conclusion. Although a statistically significant association between rhDNase and 1‐year change in HRQOL was found on multivariate regression analysis, the magnitude of this relationship may not be clinically important.
Outcomes of Weight‐Based Heparin Dosing Based on Literature Guidelines and Institution Individualization
Authors: Davydov Liya , Dietz Patrick A. , Lewis Patricia , Twichell Martha L. , Bertino Joseph S. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To determine whether unfractionated heparin is optimally dosed using published weight‐based guidelines.Design. Six‐month, prospective study.Setting. University hospital.Patients. Ninety‐six patients in the weight‐based unfractionated heparin‐dosing group 1 (WBHD1; 37 men; mean age 66.9 ± 15.1 years; mean weight 80.1 ± 20.6 kg) and 68 patients in the WBHD2 (25 men; mean age 68.2 ± 15.6 years; mean weight 82.0 ± 19.6 kg).Interventions. The WBHD1 received a 100‐U/kg intravenous bolus followed by an 18‐U/kg/hour continuous intravenous infusion. After 3 months, the protocol was modified, and the WBHD2 received a 90‐U/kg bolus followed by a 16‐U/kg/hour continuous infusion for 3 months.Measurements and Main Results. Activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTTs), frequency of bleeding episodes that required blood transfusions, and the number of recurrent thromboembolic events were collected from both groups after 3 months on the study. In the WBHD1, 24 hours after starting heparin, 38.5% of patients had therapeutic aPTTs, and at 48 hours, 54.3% were therapeutic. In the WBHD2, 42.6% and 51.4% of patients had therapeutic aPTTs at 24 and 48 hours, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the WBHD1 and WBHD2 in the percentage of patients with therapeutic aPTTs.Conclusions. Weight‐based heparin dosing resulted in low percentages of patients with therapeutic aPTTs. The use of weight alone to dose heparin may not be adequate to optimize therapy.
Impact of the Cost of Prescription Drugs on Clinical Outcomes in Indigent Patients with Heart Disease
Authors: Schoen Marieke D. , DiDomenico Robert J. , Connor Sharon E. , Dischler Jill E. , Bauman Jerry L. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To measure the impact that economic relief for prescription drugs to indigent patients with cardiovascular disease has on indicators of disease control.Design. Prospective cohort study.Setting. University inner‐city outpatient clinic.Patients. One hundred sixty‐three indigent patients with heart disease who were uninsured or whose insurance plan did not provide prescription drug coverage and who had baseline data.Intervention. Patients were assisted in obtaining prescription drugs, free of charge, in an attempt to improve adherence to their drug regimens.Measurements and Main Results. The primary end point was to determine if cardiovascular outcome measures (i.e., international normalized ratio [INR], blood pressure, low‐density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, and hospitalizations) and drug adherence improved in all patients after 6 months of prescription assistance compared with a 6‐month baseline period. In patients receiving warfarin, mean INR increased from 2.44 ± 0.64 at baseline to 2.61 ± 0.53 at 6 months (p<0.05). In patients with hypertension, mean blood pressure decreased from 138 ± 20/80 ± 11 mm Hg at baseline to 138 ± 19/78 ± 12 mm Hg at 6 months (p<0.05 for diastolic blood pressure only). The mean LDL level for patients on lipid‐lowering drugs significantly decreased from 126 ± 39 mg/dl at baseline to 108 ± 38 mg/dl at 6 months (p<0.001). For each disease measure, the improved disease control seen at 6 months persisted throughout 24 months of follow‐up. Hospitalizations for the entire cohort decreased from 85 at baseline to 49 at 6 months. Patient drug adherence improved from 48.5% at baseline to 72.7% at 6 months (p<0.001).Conclusions. Drug adherence and clinical outcomes improved, and the number of hospitalizations declined when cardiovascular drugs were obtained for patients who could not afford to pay for them. Health care insurance plans that do not provide coverage for cardiovascular prescription drugs may be more costly secondary to poor disease control and increased hospitalizations.
Adherence to Oral Montelukast and Inhaled Fluticasone in Children with Persistent Asthma
Authors: Sherman James , Patel Parul , Hutson Alan , Chesrown Sarah , Hendeles Leslie 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate adherence to oral montelukast and inhaled fluticasone in children with persistent asthma and to determine if age, monotherapy, and duration of therapy affect adherence.Design. Retrospective analysis.Setting. Pediatric pulmonary clinic.Patients. One hundred seventy‐one children with asthma who required continuous treatment with a controller agent year‐round and in whom montelukast and/or fluticasone had been prescribed for at least 90 days.Intervention. Montelukast monotherapy had been prescribed for 54 patients, fluticasone monotherapy for 48 patients, and combination therapy for 69 patients.Measurements and Main Results. Prescription refill histories were obtained from pharmacies identified by the parents or from Medicaid pharmacy reimbursement records. The maximum possible adherence was calculated as [(no. of doses refilled)/(no. of doses prescribed)] × 100, for a mean observation period of 203 days (range 84–365 days) for montelukast and 314 days (range 97–365 days) for fluticasone. Median adherence rates were 59% (95% confidence interval [CI] 48–65%) for montelukast and 44% (90% CI 35–50%) for fluticasone. Adherence did not significantly correlate with age, length of observation period, or whether the patient was receiving monotherapy or combination therapy. The odds ratio for very poor adherence (< 50%) was 2.0 (95% CI 1.3–3.2) for fluticasone relative to montelukast.Conclusions. Adherence to both drugs was suboptimal. However, these data indicate that our patients were likely to take montelukast more consistently than fluticasone. Whether this translates into better asthma control requires further study.