bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Man with a Metal Detector
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
England’s rectory gardens may support fewer Easter egg hunts than they once did, but there are other ways of reviving a traditional sense of geography in the featureless territory of the modern State and the treasure hunt lives on. In the early Eighties we had the allegorical riddles of Kit Williams’s hugely successful Masquerade. Those who weren’t prepared to follow Williams’s pictorial clues in search of the golden hare he had buried ‘somewhere’ in deep England could always turn on the television and follow a romping young television presenter, Anneka Rice, as she chased less demanding clues round the countryside with the help of a helicopter.
Brick Lane’s Day of Killing
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A few days ago, a poster appeared in East London’s Brick Lane proclaiming a ‘Day of Killing’ to be held once a year, or whenever ‘the population level becomes dangerously high’. The event would be open to anyone able to hold a gun, and those with disabilities would be permitted to kill by proxy, so long as they had completed the appropriate form and submitted it one week in advance. Participants could kill anyone they wanted within the 24 hour period, but revenge killings after the allotted time were strictly forbidden.
The Mesosaurus Problem
Authors: McCarthy Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many people today view scientists as somewhat timid, pedestrian, socially clumsy homebodies. In “Socializing the Engineer,” a chapter-section from Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman, James Gleick detailed efforts at MIT to bring about the “socialization of this famously awkward creature,” describing the young Feynman “and others like him” as “socially inept, athletically feeble, miserable in any but a science course ... so worried about the other sex that he trembled when he had to take the mail out past girls sitting on the stoop.” And, perhaps, the typecast is not wholly undeserved.
Making English India
Authors: Gopal Priyamvada 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the adjective ‘Indian’ attaches to a literary tradition or cultural formation, it necessitates a greater degree of scrutiny than is usual in literary discourse which, for the most part, takes the national affiliations of various literatures for granted. ‘Indian literature’, as one critic has argued, is not itself a ‘theoretically coherent category’ even if, in some sense, ‘every book written by an Indian, inside the country or abroad, is part of a thing called Indian Literature’ (Ahmad 1991: 244). Comprising many different languages and literary traditions, this literature has emerged from within shifting cultural boundaries over the centuries.
chapter 5Evolingo The Nature of the Language Faculty
Authors: Hauser Marc D 
Published: November 2023

AbstractI want to begin by saying that much of what I will discuss builds tremendously on the shoulders of giants and couldn’t have been done if it hadn’t been for the thinking and experimental work of people like Noam Chomsky, Randy Gallistel, and Rochel Gelman, who significantly inform what I will be telling you about. Today I want to develop an idea of a new research path into the evolution of language, which I’ll call “evolingo,” parasitizing the discipline known as “evo-devo,” and I will tell you a little about what I think the label means. Then I want to give you a case example, some very new, largely unpublished data on quantifiers. Finally, what I will try to argue is that there is really a new way of thinking about the evolution of language that is very different from the earliest stages of working on this problem.
chapter 6Pointers to a Biology of Language?
Authors: Dover Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIt cannot be denied that the faculty of language is a part of human biological development in which the particular path taken by any one individual is influenced by a unique, interactive milieu of genetics, epigenetics, and environment. The same can be said of all other features of human biology, even though the operative poetics are not known in detail for any one process. Hence, unraveling (if that were at all possible) the route through which language gets established, whether as a problem of ontogeny or evolution, needs to take note of current advances in research into the ways of biology. No matter what the specific locus of attention might be (“broad” or “narrow” language faculty; “principles” or “parameters”; “I”- or “E”-language; “core” or “peripheral” domains; and so on), the same kinds of developmental and evolutionary factors will be concerned.
chapter 8Brain Wiring Optimization and Non-genomic Nativism
Authors: Cherniak Christopher 
Published: November 2023

AbstractI will talk about combinatorial network optimization – that is, minimization of connection costs among interconnected components in a system. The picture will be that such wiring minimization can be observed at various levels of nervous systems, invertebrate and vertebrate, from placement of the entire brain in the body down to the sub-cellular level of neuron arbor geometry. In some cases, the minimization appears either perfect, or as good as can be detected with current methods – a predictive success story. In addition, these instances of optimized neuroanatomy include candidates for some of the most complex biological structures known to be derivable “for free, directly from physics” – that is, purely from simple physical energy minimization processes. Such a “physics suffices” picture for some biological self-organization directs attention to innate structure via non-genomic mechanisms, an underlying leitmotif of this Conference.
chapter 13The Brain Differentiates Hierarchical and Probabilistic Grammars
Authors: Friederici Angela D 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn a recent paper on the faculty of language, Marc Hauser, Noam Chomsky, and Tecumseh Fitch (2002) asked three critical questions stated already in the title: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? In their answer to the “what-is-it” question, they formulated the hypothesis that the language faculty in the narrow sense comprises the core computational mechanism of recursion. In response to the “who-has-it” question, the hypothesis was raised that only humans possess the mechanism of recursion which, interestingly, is crucial not only for language, but also, as they claim, maybe for music and mathematics – that is, three processing domains that seem to be specific to humans, at least as far as we know.
chapter 14Round Table: Language Universals: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Authors: Boeckx Cedric , Fodor Janet Dean , Glertman Lila , Rizzi Luigi 
Published: November 2023

AbstractWhat I will be talking about is how I think generative grammar approaches syntactic universals, and I would like to start by saying that I think the topic of linguistic or syntactic universals is actually fairly odd. A legitimate reaction upon mention of this topic could be, what else? That is, basically what we are really interested in is explanation, and not so much in statements like there is something or other, but rather for all X…, such and such happens. That is, laws, or universals.
Syntax Acquisition: An Evaluation Measure After All?
Authors: Fodor Janet Dean 
Published: November 2023

AbstractFirst I would like to acknowledge the contributions of my collaborators, especially my colleague William Sakas, and our graduate students. We are all part of the CUNY Computational Language Acquisition Group (CUNY-CoLAG), whose mission is the computational simulation of syntax acquisition. We have created a large domain of languages, similar to natural languages though simplified, which we use to test the accuracy and speed of different models of child language acquisition.
chapter 19The Illusion of Biological Variation: A Minimalist Approach to the Mind
Authors: Hauser Marc D 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe topic that I want to talk about today falls under the title “The illusion of biological variation.” Let’s consider a canonical perceptual illusion, one in which the image is completely static, with nothing moving at all, except that your visual system thinks it is. Now, no matter how many times you tell the subject that the image is static, his or her visual system won’t believe it; it can’t. Illusions are interesting because, no matter how aware we are of them, they simply won’t go away. Similarly, and by way of analogy, I will suggest today that much of the variation that we see in the natural world is in some sense an illusion because at a different level of granularity, there are some core invariant mechanisms driving the variation.
Light at the End of the Tunnel: Towards a European Public Sphere?
Authors: Vreese Claes de , Boomgaarden Hajo , Banducci Susan , Semetko Holli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Questions about the democratic legitimacy of the EU, as suggested in the introductory chapter to this volume, have focused on both normative and empirical considerations both in terms of the political system itself and how its citizens view the EU. Evaluations of the democratic legitimacy of the EU as a political system tend to posit and compare descriptions of the exercise of EU power to normative ideals either in terms of accountability and representation (e.g. see Beetham and Lord 1998b), technocratic efficiency (Majone 1993), or indirect legitimacy through the authorization of member states (Moravscik 1998).
chapter 1
Authors: Wu Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hazlitt’s father was an extraordinary man. An Irishman born at Shronell, County Tipperary, Hazlitt Sr was educated at Glasgow University from 1756 to 1761. A bastion of free thought in the midst of sectarianism, the University boasted some of the finest minds in the United Kingdom including James Watt (who Hazlitt Sr assisted on experiments leading ultimately to the discovery of latent heat) and Adam Smith (whose lectures he attended). Despite opposition from the local synod, the professors at Glasgow encouraged students to think for themselves rather than accept the assumptions handed down by church elders. That unshakeable belief in liberty of thought and worship had a profound effect on the personality of Hazlitt Sr, and in turn on his son.
chapter 12
Authors: Wu Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coleridge was recovering. Crippled for years by addiction, he had recently placed himself under the care of Dr James Gillman and his wife who, by regulating his consumption of opium, managed to get him to the point at which he could begin writing again. Never one to shrink from a challenge, he produced three Lay Sermons, the first of which, The Statesman’s Manual, would appear in December 1816. Several months before this, in September, his publisher trailed it in the newspapers. Hazlitt decided to review it months before publication on the grounds that its contents were as predictable as the man himself.
chapter 16
Authors: Wu Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the evening of 31 January 1819, three men met over dinner in the back room of a small house on Ludgate Hill. One uncorked a bottle of wine, filled their glasses, and proposed a toast. ‘To Political Essays!’ ‘Political Essays!’ they cried in unison, laughing. It was a bold gesture. Seven days earlier, Hazlitt signed a contract giving William Hone publishing rights to his next book, which attacked the enemies of freedom—Lord Liverpool, the Prince Regent, George III, Wordsworth, Coleridge, and the Poet Laureate. That evening he delivered printer’s copy, which sat on the table as he celebrated with his publisher. The third guest was a mutual friend—John Hunt, to whom Political Essays was dedicated. Their conversation covered a range of subjects including Daniel Defoe, of whom Hazlitt and his new publisher were admirers, as Hone later boasted to his friend John Childs: ‘Hazlitt is a De Foeite.’
‘Presence’ vs. ‘absence’
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of D.B.’s capacity for detecting the presence of a visual stimulus has been examined by us on at least ten occasions. The main questions have concerned his sensitivity as a function of size, intensity, duration of the visual stimulus, and its location in the visual field. As in the study of reaching, before 1976 the meridian tested was always the horizontal one, and after the contraction of his field defect a meridian off-horizontal in the lower left quadrant was used.
The immune system: an update for virologists
Authors: Virelizier Jean-Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Virologists are often puzzled by the immunological literature, even that which deals with immunity to virus infections. They are sometimes repelled by the odd vocabulary, the variable nomenclature and the many controversies in this field of research. They tend to believe that immunology is essentially a theoretical science, as opposed to the more exact and precise field of virology. Although immunology, especially in the past, may have deserved this bad image, things are changing and immunological approaches are becoming more molecular, drawing closer to virology. Infectious diseases may be considered as the encounter of two genomes, that of the virus and that part of the host’s which is responsible for responses in immunocompetent cells. Analysis of the functioning of genes, whether cellular or viral, implies very similar approaches, so that immunologists and virologists will soon be speaking the same language. This is timely indeed, because knowledge of immunology is needed more than ever by virologists interested in host-virus relationships in vitro and in vivo to provide a necessary basis for the understanding of the pathogenesis of any viral disease. The present communication does not intend to review all aspects of immunity to viruses, but rather to discuss, in the light of recent findings, present knowledge in the three main compartments of host defence mechanisms against viruses, namely natural immunity, antibody production and cell-mediated immunity.
Regulation by interferon of the immune response to viruses via the major histocompatibility complex antigens
Authors: Maudsley D J , Morris A G , Tomkins P T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are cellular proteins which have a range of effects on cells including (by definition) the induction of an antiviral state in cells. Three different types are recognized denoted as α, β γ and (for review, see Knight, 1984) with the possibility of a fourth (β2) (Billiau et al., 1987). IFNα and -β are related in terms of amino acid sequence (Knight, 1984) and in biological properties; both are produced by cells in response to virus infection, bind to a common receptor on the surface of target cells (Branca and Baglioni, 1981) and have broadly similar effects on cells. Because of their similarity IFNα and -β will not be discussed separately but referred to collectively as IFNα β. IFN-γ is a lymphokine (a non-antibody protein product oflymphocytes) produced by T cells in response to proliferative signals and, in sequence terms, is unrelated to IFNα β (Knight, 1984). It binds to a separate receptor on the surface of cells (Aguet et al., 1982; Branca and Baglioni, 1981; Shulman et al., 1984), and whilst it has many effects in common with IFNα β., it has others not exerted by IFNα β.. These additional effects are of a nature which suggests that IFN-γ may be more widely important in resistance to disease than IFNα β.. Some of the effects that IFNs have on cells may have important immunological consequences and it is now generally thought that the so-called immunomodulatory effects of IFNs may, in some circumstances, be more important than the antiviral effects which, at least to virologists, may seem more prominent. In fact, many immunomodulatory effects of IFNs have been demonstrated, at least in vitro. These include effects on almost every (known!) branch of the immune system and for a major review of this area Vilcek and De Maeyer (1984) should be consulted. Here we will be modest and restrict ourselves to a discussion of an area of the immune system which is undoubtedly central the major histocompatibility antigens. Our interest is in the control by IFNs of the expression of these antigens on host cells and the immunological consequences of altered levels of expression.
Cell-mediated immunity to Epstein – Barr virus and the pathogenesis of virus-associated B cell lymphomas
Authors: Rickinson A B , Gregory C D , Murray R J , Ulaeto D O , Rowe M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epstein - Barr virus (EBV) can be found in two different habitats in vivo and appears to adopt a different lifestyle in each. Although this is most easily demonstrated during the acute primary infection, recent evidence suggests that the virus also remains resident in both sites during the life-long virus carrier state (Yao et al., 1985a,b). The first habitat is stratified oropharyngeal epithelium (Sixbey et al., 1984) and/or the epithelial duct cells of salivary glands (Wolf et al., 1984) where full virus replication has been shown to occur, leading to the release of infectious virions into buccal fluid. The second habitat is the B lymphocyte pool where the infection is seemingly non-productive (Nilsson et al., 1971) and where the infected cells, if left unchecked, may develop into oligoclonal foci of B cell proliferation (Cleary et al., 1986).
Induction of autoimmunity foilowing viral infection of the central nervous system
Authors: Sedgwick Jonathon D , Ter Meulen Volker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autoimmune reactions have been observed in acute and chronic viral infections in animals and man both with RNA and DNA viruses. These reactions occur mainly as a transient production of antibodies to self constituents directed against either tissue or circulating antigens. In humans, cytotoxic (complement-fixing) antibodies to normal lymphocytes have been found after infection with rubella, measles and Epstein - Barr viruses whereas patients with influenza or recurrent herpes simplex virus infections may reveal humoral immune reactions against nuclei, smooth muscle or renal tubules (Mottironi and Tereoski, 1970; Loza-Tulimowska et al., 1976; Wutzler et al., 1978). Other examples include antibodies to platelets in patients infected with rubella virus, rheumatoid factor in congenital cytomegalovirus infections or antibodies to intermediate filaments in infectious mononucleosis (Linder et al., 1979). However, these reactions are probably not of pathogenetic significance since, with the clearance of the virus by the host defence mechanisms, the antibodies disappear. In contrast to these observations little is known about cell-mediated autoimmune (CMAI) reactions as a result of viral infections. Since virus replication is associated with major cellular changes it has been proposed that such a phenomenon may occur in an infected host and under certain conditions be perpetuated even in the absence of the infectious agent (Notkins et al., 1984).
Strain preservation, inoculum preparation and development
Authors: Parton Carol , Willis Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conventional modern microbiology depends on the availability of pure, stable cultures. Unless microorganisms receive expert handling they are vulnerable to contamination, spontaneous mutation, deterioration and death. Most industria1 production strains are irreplaceable; many have been developed by empirical methods and are often inherently unstable. In cases where cultures can be re-isolated or replaced by service collections the associated costs in time and effort are undesirable, so the maintenance of adequate viable stocks is essential. The financia1 implications of operating industrial processes with strains that have deteriorated are obvious. Decrease in secondary metabolite titre, associated with deterioration of the primary culture, is well recognized. For example, seria1 sub-culture over 7-10 steps of inoculum cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum and Streptomyces niveus results in a total loss of production of penicillin and novobiocin respectively. Similar problems can result from the mishandling of organisms at later stages in a fermentation process. Losses can be avoided or minimized by employing effective systems for culture preservation, inoculum preparation and fermentation scale-up.
Maternal influences on development
Authors: Mirkes Philip E , Fantel Alan G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After approximately 50 years of teratological research, since the pioneering work of Warkany, it is abundantly clear that a wide variety of agents can disrupt normal mammalian development, resulting in malformations. Because mammalian embryos develop in utero, many teratogenic agents first interact with the maternal organism. Thus, the mother is able to modify the toxicity of potential teratogens in a variety of ways, influencing virtually every aspect of teratogenesis. ln recent years a great deal of effort has been expended in dissecting the teratogenic process into maternal and embryonic/fetal components. Because not all instances of maternal influence can be covered here, we have chosen to discuss two major areas: (a) the role of maternal versus embryonic metabolism of so-called proteratogens and (b) the role of maternal environment. In addition to presenting methodological details, we also summarize specific research areas in which investigators have made significant insights into ‘maternal influences’ on development.
Gas chromatography of lipids
Authors: Evershed Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gas chromatography is used extensively in the analysis of all the major lipid classes. In many instances GC analyses are performed on intact molecular species. However, for involatile or thermally unstable substances, such as phospholipids, chemical or enzymatic degradations must be used to release their simpler lipid moieties, as these are more amenable to GC analysis. (See Chapter 2 for accounts of degradation and derivatization methods commonly employed in the analysis of lipids.) This is a practical account of GC techniques used in lipid analysis. Wall¬ coated open tubular (WCOT) capillary columns offer substantial improvements in separation power compared to that attainable using packed GC columns. However, as packed-column GC is still used in many laboratories, reference is made to packed-column GC methods where appropriate. Theoretical treatment of GC has been more than adequately covered elsewhere (for example in ref. 1) and so will not be repeated here. Readers requiring further information on the gas chromatography of lipids are directed to a recent monograph (2) which contains an extensive bibliography covering the period up to 1989.
Methods of Structural Analysis of Proteins. Part 1—Protein Crystallography
Authors: Jones E Yvonne , Stuart David I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction X-ray crystallography provides a method by which the detailed three dimensional structure of a protein may be revealed at or near to atomic resolution. A well-refined protein structure, at a resolution of 3 A or better, provides a wealth of information: on specific atom positions, their interactions (hydrogen bonds, etc.), solvent accessibility, and variations in flexibility/ mobility within the molecule. The constraints imposed on the protein molecule by its packing within the crystal may produce some slight perturbations in the conformation of certain flexible regions, but comparison of crystal (solved by X-ray crystallography) and solution (solved by nuclear magnetic resonance) structures of the same protein, as well as studies of the same protein in different crystal environments, clearly indicate that this is usually a minor effect. Many enzymes remain active when crystallized, and time-resolved structural studies of enzymic mechanisms will be touched on in this chapter.