bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attitudes of Pharmacists Toward Mental Illness and Providing Pharmaceutical Care to the Mentally III
Authors: Cates Marshall E , Burton Amber R , Woolley Thomas W 
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the attitudes of pharmacists toward mental illness. OBJECTIVE: To study the attitudes of Alabama pharmacists toward both mental illness and the providing of pharmaceutical care to mentally ill patients. METHODS: The survey used in this project was composed of 3 sections. Section 1 collected demographic information, section 2 asked 11 Likert-type questions concerning attitudes toward mental illness, and section 3 asked about attitudes toward providing pharmaceutical care to mentally ill patients. The surveys were distributed to pharmacists attending 3 school-sponsored continuing education programs. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-seven pharmacists participated in the survey. The vast majority (>90%) of participants disagreed or strongly disagreed with statements that mentally ill patients are easily recognizable, unintelligent, and do not care how they look. Approximately 30–50% of participants expressed being “more” or “much more” confident, comfortable, interested, and likely to perform pharmaceutical care activities for mentally ill patients relative to medically ill patients, while only approximately 5–20% of participants expressed being “less” or “much less” so. Several demographic factors, including gender, age, and years in practice, were associated with attitudes toward providing pharmaceutical care to mentally ill patients. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists expressed generally positive attitudes toward both mental illness and the providing of pharmaceutical care to mentally ill patients.
Attitudes of Australian Pharmacists Toward Complementary and Alternative Medicines
Authors: Naidu Sarushka , Wilkinson Jenny M , Simpson Maree D 
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND: The increase in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by the general public has led to increasing interest in how health professionals view these therapies. OBJECTIVE: To determine the knowledge and attitudes of pharmacists toward CAM. METHODS: An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was designed and mailed to 1500 randomly selected pharmacists in New South Wales, Australia. RESULTS: Four hundred eighty-four responses were received, with 77% of respondents indicating that they had personally used CAM and 60% correctly identifying that CAM was comprised of more than just botanicals and nutritional agents. The most commonly used CAMs were herbal and vitamin supplements (74%), which was significantly above use of the next most frequent CAM, massage therapy (6%). Most pharmacists (71%) reported offering CAM products for sale; however, 27% of these practices did not have access to CAM information for pharmacy staff or patients. Pharmacists generally viewed CAM positively and believed that they enhanced the customers' image of pharmacy (57%), increased customer numbers (87%), and could increase annual sales (72%). Ninety-one percent of respondents believed that it is necessary for pharmacists to have knowledge of both CAM and conventional medicine to be able to inform patients about their treatment options. Books and journal articles were their primary information sources, with the main reasons for recommending CAM evidence of efficacy and to maintain general health. CONCLUSIONS: CAM use is prevalent among Australian pharmacists. While pharmacists are aware of their role as educators about both CAM and conventional medicines, there is a need for greater access to CAM resources and education on these therapies.
UVR, Vitamin D and Three Autoimmune Diseases—Multiple Sclerosis, Type 1 Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Ponsonby A.‐L. , Lucas R. M. , van der Mei I. A. F. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTWe review the evidence indicating a possible beneficial role for UVR on three Th1‐mediated autoimmune diseases: multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis in relation to recent developments in photoimmunology. Recent work suggests that UVR exposure may be one factor that can attenuate the autoimmune activity leading to these three diseases through several pathways involving UVB and UVA irradiation, UVR‐derived vitamin D synthesis and other routes such as α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone, calcitonin gene related peptide and melatonin. Ecological features, particularly a gradient of increasing prevalence of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes with higher latitude, provide some support for a beneficial role of UVR. Analytical studies provide additional support, particularly as low vitamin D has been prospectively associated with disease onset for all three diseases, but are not definitive. Randomized controlled trial data are required. Further, we discuss how associated genetic studies may assist the accumulation of evidence with regard to the possible causal role of low UVR exposure and/or low vitamin D status in the development of these diseases.
Effects of Rice Bran, Cottonseed Meal, and Alfalfa Meal on pH and Zooplankton
Authors: Barkoh Aaron , Hamby Steven , Kurten Gerald , Schlechte J Warren 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Rice bran (RB), cottonseed meal (CSM), and alfalfa meal (ALF) were compared as organic fertilizers for their effects on pH and zooplankton abundance in limnocorrals that lacked fish. The weight (W) and nitrogen (N) content of CSM, which served as the control, were used to determine the other applications (RB-N, RB-W, ALF-N and ALF-W). Temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, ammonia nitrogen, and zooplankton densities were monitored for 8 weeks to simulate the average period for phase 1 production of striped bass Morone saxatilis (38–50 mm). Rice bran promoted better water quality than ALF or CSM when application rates were based on nitrogen content. The pH was lowest for RB-N, intermediate for ALF-N, and highest for CSM. Chlorophyll a was a function of nitrogen input, and the high-nitrogen applications (CSM, ALF-N, and RB-N) supported similar phytoplankton standing crops that were 38–62% greater than the corresponding low-nitrogen applications (ALF-W and RB-W). Water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations were similar among applications, and total ammonia nitrogen was below detectable levels for all applications. Overall mean densities of rotifers, nauplii, adult copepods, adult crustaceans, and total zooplankton did not differ significantly among applications. However, the mean density of cladocerans was significantly higher for RB-N and ALF-N than for ALF-W. The densities of cladocerans, adult copepods, adult crustaceans, and total zooplankton correlated strongly with chlorophyll a but not with the quantities of fertilizers applied, indicating that phytoplankton probably was the primary food for these zooplankters. Based on pH, RB was better than CSM or ALF, but all had similar effects on zooplankton when application rates were based on nitrogen.
Brook Trout Movement during and after Recolonization of a Naturally Defaunated Stream Reach
Authors: Roghair Craig N. , Dolloff C. Andrew 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
In June 1995 a debris flow associated with a massive streamwide flood completely eliminated brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis from the lower 1.9 km of the Staunton River in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Biannual diver counts revealed that brook trout moved several hundred meters into the debris-flow-affected area each year, resulting in complete recolonization within 3 years of the event. We initiated a postrecolonization, biannual mark–recapture survey in 1997 and a radiotelemetry study in 1999 to further examine the movement of brook trout within the Staunton River. Fish that moved less than 100 m upstream or downstream made up 91% of brook trout recaptures; the maximum movement was over 800 m. Telemetered fish showed median seasonal movements of less than 70 m but a maximum movement of nearly 2 km. Despite the limitations inherent in movement studies, we observed postrecolonization movements consistent with those that were the basis for recolonization of the defaunated reach. Understanding the ability of movement to effect population changes is necessary for proper management in the wake of catastrophic events.
DNA-Level Variation of Sockeye Salmon in Southeast Alaska and the Nass and Skeena Rivers, British Columbia, with Applications to Stock Identification
Authors: Beacham Terry D. , Candy John R. , McIntosh Brenda , MacConnachie Cathy , Tabata Amy , Miller Kristina M. , Withler Ruth E. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The variation at 14 microsatellite loci and 1 major histocompatibility complex locus was surveyed in 12,000 sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka from 35 populations in the Skeena and Nass River drainages in British Columbia and 20 populations from Southeast Alaska. Genetic differentiation among populations was observed, with an overall FST of the microsatellite loci of 0.104. Evaluation of the utility of the microsatellite loci for stock identification applications indicated that the accuracy and precision of the estimated stock compositions generally increased as the number of observed alleles at the loci increased. Analysis of simulated mixtures of sockeye salmon from the Nass River, Skeena River, and Southeast Alaska indicated that DNA variation provides a practical way to estimate stock composition, yielding population and regional estimates within 1–3% of the actual values. The validity of the results from the simulated mixtures was evaluated with an analysis of a sample of known origin. Estimated stock compositions on a regional basis (derived from application of a 203-population baseline) were within 1% of the actual contributions, and for the Southeast Alaska component the individual population estimates were generally within 0.5% of the actual contributions. Analysis of fishery samples from a fishery near Tree Point in Southeast Alaska indicated that the major contributors to the fishery in 2001 were sockeye salmon of Nass River, Skeena River, and Southeast Alaska origin, with some components from the Stikine River. Analysis of fishery samples from a fishery near the entrance to Portland Inlet in northern British Columbia indicated that sockeye salmon of Nass River origin dominated the fishery in 2002. Thus, DNA variation provides an effective method for sockeye salmon stock identification.
Spatial and Temporal Use of a Spawning Site in the Middle Green River by Wild and Hatchery‐Reared Razorback Suckers
Authors: Modde Timothy , Bowen Zachary H. , Kitcheyan David C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe population of endangered razorback suckers Xyrauchen texanus in the middle Green River (upper Colorado River basin) has declined during the last 40 years. The apparent cause for this decline is a lack of successful recruitment. This study used radiotelemetry to evaluate the ability of hatchery‐reared razorback suckers to locate spawning areas where wild fish congregate during the ascending hydrographic limb of the snowmelt runoff. Hatchery‐reared razorback suckers appeared to show similar reproductive behavior to wild fish. Both wild and hatchery‐reared fish were found near the middle Green River spawning area between 1 and 25 May 2000. Hatchery fish occupied the same areas on the spawning site as wild fish, and remained on the spawning site during both nocturnal and diurnal hours. Males were more abundant on the spawning area than females, but the few females captured tended to stage away from the primary spawning area. The results from this study suggest hatchery‐reared fish are capable of responding to natural cues that prompt spawning aggregations and are successful in locating existing spawning aggregations of wild fish. Given attention to stocking criteria, including genetic diversity and the size and time of stocking, the challenges of recovering razorback suckers will center on those factors that led to the population declines, particularly the survival of early life stages in off‐channel habitats.
Distribution of Gulf of Mexico Sturgeon in Relation to Benthic Invertebrate Prey Resources and Environmental Parameters in the Suwannee River Estuary, Florida
Authors: Harris Julianne E. , Parkyn Daryl C. , Murie Debra J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe distribution of threatened Gulf of Mexico sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi (hereafter referred to as Gulf sturgeon) in the Suwannee River estuary, Florida, was examined relative to the distribution of benthic invertebrate prey and environmental variables (salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and sediment type) to determine potential foraging areas within the estuary. Eighteen Gulf sturgeon (1,279–2,010 mm total length, 15.25–53.25 kg) were netted at the mouth of the Suwannee River during their spring upriver migration in 2001 and surgically implanted with ultrasonic tags. These sturgeon were subsequently tracked as they migrated seaward out of the Suwannee River and into the estuary in fall 2001 and as they returned to the estuary in spring 2002 to migrate upriver again. Invertebrates and sediment type were identified in diver‐collected cores from the Suwannee River estuary during spring 2002. Thirteen of the 18 tagged Gulf sturgeon were relocated in the Suwannee River estuary. Eight were located from early November through mid‐December 2001 (fall seaward migration), and 10 were located from mid‐March through mid‐April 2002 (spring upriver migration). Gulf sturgeon during fall 2001 and spring 2002 were associated with areas composed mostly of sand that contained high abundances of known benthic prey, primarily the brachiopod Glottidia pyramidata and, secondarily, amphipods Ampelisca spp. and brittle stars (Amphiuridae and Ophiactidae). Canonical correspondence analysis and examination of temperature and salinity at relocation positions of Gulf sturgeon during the fall 2001 and spring 2002 suggest differential use of the Suwannee River estuary during the two seasons. Compared with fall, sturgeon in the spring were found closer inshore, where the water was less saline and warmer, and they were concentrated in areas with greater abundance of their primary prey, brachiopods. Specific areas within the Suwannee River estuary therefore appear to be potential spring foraging habitats for threatened Gulf sturgeon.
Diet Selectivity of Introduced Flathead Catfish in Coastal Rivers
Authors: Pine William E. , Kwak Thomas J. , Waters D. Scott , Rice James A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn two coastal North Carolina rivers (Contentnea Creek and the Northeast Cape Fear River), we found the food habits of introduced flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris to be primarily piscivorous, which could restructure or suppress native fish communities through direct predation. Fish or crayfish contributed more than 50% of the stomach contents by percent occurrence, percent by number, and percent by weight in both rivers during each of 2 years. Significant differences in diet composition (percent by number) were found between rivers and between years in the Northeast Cape Fear River but not between years within Contentnea Creek. Chesson's selectivity index values and trends in relative abundances of fish availability relative to those occurring in the diet suggest that flathead catfish feeding is generally random, indicating that these introduced flathead catfish do not selectively feed on prey species with which they did not coevolve. Our research represents the first assessment of prey selectivity by an introduced ictalurid population and provides evidence of the potential impact on native fish communities through their piscivorous food habits.
Salinity Tolerance of Flathead Catfish: Implications for Dispersal of Introduced Populations
Authors: Bringolf Robert B. , Kwak Thomas J. , Cope W. Gregory , Larimore Michael S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris is a large predatory fish that has been introduced widely beyond its indigenous range to the detriment of many native fish communities. It disperses rapidly within and among river systems, but its potential to use saltwater or brackish waters for migration and exploitation of marine prey resources is unknown. We evaluated the salinity tolerance of juvenile flathead catfish exposed to NaCl and synthetic seawater (0–34‰) in direct‐transfer acute toxicity tests. The 96‐h median lethal concentration (LC50) for fish exposed to NaCl at 18°C was a salinity of 10.0‰ with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 9.0–11.1‰, whereas the 96‐h LC50 for fish in synthetic seawater (Instant Ocean) at 18°C was 14.5‰ (95% CI, 13.7–15.5‰). To determine whether fish could survive the transition from freshwater to brackish water and then back to freshwater, fish were transferred from freshwater at 18°C to water with a salinity of 8, 11, or 14‰ for 24 h and then returned to freshwater for 48 h. Fish exposed to synthetic seawater with a salinity of 8 or 11‰ for 24 h had more than 95% survival for 48 h after transfer to freshwater; however, no fish transferred directly to synthetic seawater with a salinity of 14‰ survived the 24‐h exposure period. Additional acclimation tests with fish that were exposed to synthetic seawater in which salinity was increased daily by 4‰ yielded an LC50 of 15.8‰. Our results provide evidence that flathead catfish could tolerate exposure to many brackish waters along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States and that the dispersal of introduced flathead catfish populations among rivers may not be limited by estuarine salinities.
Study of the kinetics of step and flash imprint lithography photopolymerization
Authors: Dickey Michael D. , Burns Ryan L. , Kim E. K. , Johnson Steve C. , Stacey Nick A. , Willson C. Grant 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStep and Flash Imprint Lithography (SFIL) is a promising high‐resolution, yet low‐cost patterning technique that uses a UV induced photopolymerization to replicate features on a patterned template. The SFIL process utilizes an acrylate‐based free radical polymerization, which is inhibited by oxygen. A semiempirical kinetic model is presented that demonstrates the effects of oxygen on SFIL. On the basis of kinetic measurements, dissolved oxygen causes an inhibition period at the onset of exposure that extends the required exposure time. Oxygen inhibition also results in a thin perimeter of under‐cured material surrounding the template due to oxygen diffusion from the ambient during polymerization. The model allows us to study the impact of oxygen on SFIL as a function of various formulation and exposure variables. Methods of limiting the impact of oxygen are presented, such as alternative chemistries and inerting techniques. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Mass Spectrometric and Quantum‐Chemical Study on the Structure, Stability, and Chirality of Protonated Serine Dimers
Authors: Pollreisz Ferenc , Gömöry Ágnes , Schlosser Gitta , Vékey Károly , Solt Iván , Császár Attila G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStability and structure of homo‐ and heterochiral protonated serine (Ser) dimers were investigated by a combination of mass spectrometry and ab initio quantum chemical calculations. This established that the energy difference between the most stable homo‐ and heterochiral forms is very small: tandem mass spectrometry with Cooks' kinetic method yielded a negligible difference in Gibbs free energy (0.2±0.2 kJ mol−1). The various isomeric forms of (Ser)2H+ and their energetics were determined by extensive electronic‐structure calculations, which yielded homo‐ and heterochiral forms of the isomers with distinctly different relative energies. The most stable homochiral isomer is stabilized by two hydrogen bonds and is far more stable than any other homochiral isomer. The most stable heterochiral isomer has completely different features, and it is characterized by a salt‐bridge structure. This clearly shows that salt‐bridge structures do exist in the gas phase even in comparatively small molecules and in the absence of particularly basic or acidic functional groups.
Outcome of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia after second salvage therapy
Authors: Giles Francis , O'Brien Susan , Cortes Jorge , Verstovsek Srdan , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos , Shan Jianqin , Pierce Sherry , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Keating Michael , Kantarjian Hagop 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough the prognosis is poor for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) who have disease recurrence after frontline therapy, this is a general reflection of first salvage therapies. The outcome of patients undergoing second salvage therapy in relation to complete response (CR) rates and survival has not been documented. The authors analyzed the outcome of patients with AML undergoing second salvage therapy, and identified prognostic factors associated with response and survival.METHODSThe records of 594 patients with AML undergoing second salvage therapy from 1980 until 2004 were reviewed. The patient median age was 50 years. Salvage therapy included allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) in 74 patients, standard‐dose cytosine arabinoside (ara‐C) combinations in 30 patients, high‐dose ara‐C combinations in 171 patients, non–ara‐C combinations in 73 patients, and Phase I–II single agents in 246 patients.RESULTSOverall, 76 patients (13%) achieved CR. The median CR duration was 7 months. The median survival was 1.5 months, and the 1‐year survival rate was 8%. A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for CR identified the following 6 independent adverse factors: first CR duration < 6 months; second CR duration < 6 months; salvage therapy not including allogeneic SCT; non‐inversion 16 AML; platelet counts < 50 × 109/L, and leukocytosis > 50 × 109/L. Patients were divided into low‐risk (1–2 adverse factors; 8%), intermediate 1 (3 factors; 20%), intermediate 2 (4 factors; 38%), and high‐risk groups (5–6 factors; 33%) with respective CR rates of 54%, 26%, 8%, and 0%. The respective 1‐year survival rates were 36%, 21%, 6%, and 1%. A multivariate analysis for survival identified the following 7 independent adverse factors: first CR duration < 12 months; second CR duration < 6 months; bilirubin level ≥ 1 mg/dL; albumin level < 3 g/dL; age > 60 years; bone marrow blasts ≥ 50%; and year of therapy before 1991. Patients were divided into low‐risk (0–2 adverse factors; 39%), intermediate (3 factors; 27%), and high‐risk groups (≥ 4 factors; 34%) with estimated 1‐year survival rates of 22%, 6%, and 0%, respectively. The respective CR rates were 26%, 8%, and 2%.CONCLUSIONSThe current analysis established the outcome and prognostic factors associated with second salvage therapy in AML. It also proposed risk models and groups that could be used for comparison of results of present and future investigational strategies. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.