bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Industry: Nigeria
Authors: Fieldhouse D K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first decade of independence in Black Africa, designated by the United Nations the ‘Development Decade’, was the golden age of African industrialization if there ever was one. The newly independent states, whatever their size, resources, and markets, were encouraged by an unusual alliance of interested parties from most developed parts of the world to make industrialization the foundation of their drive towards affluence. Development economists claimed that industry was essential for economic ‘take-off’ and were keen to see their hypothesis proven. Foreign governments were willing to lend or give money in order to establish good political relationships. Bankers peregrinated like hucksters round the capitals offering loans on excessively easy terms. Foreign industrialists saw both the need and opportunity to operate within the rapidly rising tariff walls and physical controls on imports. Finally, the new national governments, overwhelmed by this flood of advice and money, and anxious to provide jobs for the growing numbers of rural people emigrating to the towns, adopted slogans such as ‘self-sufficiency’ and welcomed almost all manufacturing proposals from overseas or their own nationals with generous protection and other fiscal incentives. There is little information available on annual growth rates of manufacturing in most parts of Black Africa in the 1960s; but, according to the World Bank, in that decade Senegal achieved an average annual increase of 6.2 per cent, the Ivory Coast 11.6 per cent, and Nigeria 9.1 per cent.
Lordship and Government
Authors: Bartlett Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
England in our period was a land in which ties of lordship and dependence were among the most essential and characteristic features of society. Reciprocal, but unequal, relationships of a personal kind tied lords and men in networks of mutual support. Lordship of this kind sharply marks off medieval from modern western societies. It involved a blend of powers and authorities usually kept distinct in the modern world, for all medieval lordship included elements that we would now distinguish as rights of property and rights of jurisdiction.
Trade and Merchants
Authors: Prestwich Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Exceed from the backs of English sheep, once it was sorted, packed into woolsacks, and exported to be spun and woven in the Low Countries, underlay many of the successes of this period. At the peak of this trade, in the early fourteenth century, about 40,000 or more sacks were sent abroad each year. Some 10 million sheep had to be sheared to produce such a quantity. The value of exports on this scale came to roughly $250,000. It was hardly surprising that Edward I’s opponents in 1297 claimed that wool amounted to half the wealth of England. While the wool trade was dominant, commerce in wine from Gascony was also important, and a wide range of other commodities were imported and exported.
Rituals of Punishment
Authors: King Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The small minority of offenders whose journey through the judicial system ended in a capital conviction and therefore in a period in the most feared room on that journey—the condemned cell—were subjected (if they failed to negotiate a pardon) to a series of rituals which are worthy of more detailed discussion in themselves. In particular they faced both the public pronouncement of the sentence of death—the climactic emotional point of the criminal law Hay has argued—and the most terrible experience the law had to offer to property offenders—the one way journey to the gallows. This chapter will look at the public rituals that accompanied these events, assessing their impact not only on the accused but also on the wider audiences which they were designed to influence.
The Clergy
Authors: Fincham Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 5 April 1608 the Durham clergy assembled in the cathedral under the presidency of their new bishop, William James, for the Easter diocesan synod. The sermon was delivered by a local minister, Thomas Oxley. It was remarkable for Oxley’s sharp criticism of many fellow clergymen, and of the late bishop, Tobias Matthew. Casting his eyes round his audience, Oxley declared:
Epidemics on Small Islands
Authors: Haggett Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Charles Darwin landed on the Galapagos Islands in September 1835, small islands have secured a special place in scientific history. In this lecture I try to show how the complex warfare of island invasion and island extinction observed by Darwin for plants and animals, also applies with equal force to the invasion and extinction of those microorganisms which cause many epidemic diseases. While case studies range from the familiar (influenza and the common cold) to the exotic (kuru and tsutsugamushi), I concentrate on the tracker diseases (measles) described in the opening lecture and confine myself to the islands Iceland and the Fijian group, which we have studied with most care.
Dancing Through Time
Authors: Telban Borut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dancing through Time presents a rich and incisive analysis of person, time, and identity among the Karawari speakers of Ambonwari village in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, through the examination of everyday practices, language, social institutions, kinship, myths, spirit-things, rituals, and dances. In addition to its descriptive value, the book offers a fresh theoretical approach to the study of Melanesian cultures.
Social Institutions
Authors: Telban Borut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain features of ‘the way of the village’ (iminggan kay) are represented as quintessentially primordial—as if they were unchanged and unchanging. In constructing their present, however, people also construct their past. ‘[W]hat constitutes a living tradition may reveal an extra dimension to the past—one whose validity is not a matter of “what happened” but of how it may be understood’ (Toren 1988: 696). By collapsing ‘the way of the village’ and ‘the way of the ancestors’ into one another, both can be made to manifest the present or to reveal the past.
Regions and Nations
Authors: Rodríguez-Pose Andrés 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cross-sectional study of growth has been mainly carried out at a national level and not at a regional one. Since the pace-setting works of Harrod (1942), Domar (1946), and Solow (1956), applied research on the topic has fundamentally dealt with the growth trajectories of nations. The endogenous approach to growth has been no exception: the renewal of interest in growth was to a certain extent provoked by the compilation of new data sets which allowed the question of economic growth to be researched from new perspectives and with greater accuracy. The databases compiled by Maddison (1982), and by Summers and Heston (1988)—which acted as the base for most recent studies on growth—contained information at a national level. As a consequence, recent research on growth has focused on issues like convergence, increasing and diminishing returns to investment, or the role of technological progress in a national context.
Rituals of Immediacy
Authors: Widlok Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far I have discussed Hai‖om social relationships with regard to their ethnic identity (Chapters 1 and 2), their subsistence economy (Chapters 3 and 4), and their local organization (Chapters 5 and 6). In all these instances the informal and negotiated character of Hai‖om social relationships has been demonstrated. This and the following chapter discuss Hai‖om religious practices in detail, not only because they constitute an important field of everyday Hai‖om life but also because, as rituals-that is, formalized and socially shared activities-they contribute a certain degree of inertia and institutionalization to otherwise flexible practices.
Demanding Ritual Cooperation
Authors: Widlok Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I elaborate on Hai‖om ritual practices, with particular reference to the central Hai‖om ritual of today, the medicine trance dance. Since the trance dance itself forms part of the interaction between Hai‖om and their neighbours, and since its focus is on social cohesion and cooperation, it shows both the impact of external conditions on Hai‖om group identity and the effect of Hai‖om ritual practice on internal and external social relations. HaiII om not only receive ritual practices from elsewhere, they also contribute ritual forms to their ‘non-Bushman’ neighbours, be they Khoisan-or Bantu-speaking. Furthermore, ritual events are not only structures that may reflect social transformations, but their actual performance adds force to social relations between individuals and between groups.
The Same and Different
Authors: Edwards Jeanette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MANY residents of Bacup talk about it as an attractive and a desirable place to live. Recent immigrants come to retire or to bring up their children away from the city. They talk of the beauty of the moors and hint at a rural idyll. Such images are, however, belied by a landscape scarred and battered by successive generations of human activity. Surrounding the town, the land is dissected, seemingly haphazardly, by beautifully crafted drystone walls in varying degrees of disrepair. To the north, huge electricity pylons forge a straight and imposing pathway across hills with sides etched by quarries. It was local millstone grit that was used to build the town’s dwellings, factories, and meeting places. For me, there is something reassuring about this landscape; it is neither pretty nor cosy, but rugged and worn. It is peopled and used. Built, as it is, up the sides and on the floor of a valley, there is a view of hills from many Bacup houses. The combination of open moorland and a history of industry presents a contradiction put to work by residents.
Betrothal Order, Dowry, and the ‘Sisters First’ Principle
Authors: Rheubottom David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ragusa was very different from both Florence and Venice in one respect. To be considered a patrician and be eligible for office in Ragusa, one must have had both a patrician father and a patrician mother. In Venice, on the other hand, one needed to be the legitimate child of a patrician father. The mother need not be of patrician status. She could be a servant or a free woman of low status so long as she was not a slave (Chojnacki 1990: 167). The picture in Florence is somewhat more complex. There one needed to be a Guelf guildsman who met certain other residential and fiscal requirements. This brings us to the topic of marriage. Marriage, as we shall see, presents us with an unexpected reason why certain casate did not dominate Ragusan government. Patrician probity, punitive legislation, and the structure of the nomination system also played a part, but it is aspects of the marriage system which provide a more illuminating explanation.
Changes in the Great Council and Political Competition
Authors: Rheubottom David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the plagues of the fourteenth century which had wrought such devastation and misfortune to the city, the fifteenth century brought affluence and population growth. Even though there were serious reoccurrences of plague in 1437, 1465-6, and again in 1482, the Ragusan patriciate grew in size through the fifteenth century. A November entry in the 1432 Liber Viridis notes with satisfaction that ‘Our city ... has grown and multiplied, as much in temporal goods and possession, as it has in people and inhabitants’ (Krekic 1987a: 197).As Krekic has shown, there are a number of contemporary documents which also comment on this increase in size. Much later in the century, as a result of the continuing growth, the Great Council decided in 1477 that it was prudent to raise the number of Senators required for a quorum from thirty-one to thirty-five. As the legislation noted, ‘because by the grace of God the number of noblemen has grown and multiplied’ (ibid., quoting Act. Maior. 11: fo. 30v).
Cognition, Emotion, and Politics
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines in more detail the cognitive dimensions of alternative styles of codification and transmission, relating these to the social structure, cohesiveness, and the moral character of religious traditions. If a corpus of doctrine is to be sustained intact as a coherent, uniform, and stable ideological system, then there must be mechanisms for monitoring, remembering, and enforcing the orthodoxy. Paliau and Koriam introduced a variety of sanctions against non-conformity. As well as proclaiming supernatural sanctions, both Koriam and Paliau used the threat of excommunication to discourage would-be innovators (Whitehouse 1995: 89–90; Schwartz 1962: 348). Moreover, on various occasions these leaders were obliged to intervene personally to block splinter organizations within their movements (see, for instance, Schwartz 1962: 342–53).
Entangled Histories
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that, in Papua New Guinea, modes of religiosity tend to coalesce as constellations of mutually reinforcing features, including contrasting styles of codification, transmission, cognitive processing, and political organization. In the cases we have examined, the elaboration of a body of doctrine, organized in dialogical, narrative, and digital schemas, tends to be associated with routinization or short cycles of transmission, the cognitive processing of general schemas for ritual performances and religious discourse, the conceptualization of large, anonymous communities, and relatively wide dissemination. Conversely, we have observed a tendency for ritually transmitted ecstatic revelatory imagery to be associated with much longer cycles of transmission, the formation of enduring autobiographical memories for ritual episodes, the establishment of cohesive religious communities, and regional fragmentation.
The Phonology and Morphology Of Kimatuumbi
Authors: Odden David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is typical of African languages, there is little published material on Kimatuumbi, a Bantu language spoken in Tanzania. The grammatical sketch and lexicon published by Krumm in 1912 give no indication of vowel length and tone which are two of the most interesting and complex phonological properties of the language. The descriptive account of these properties and of rule interaction in Kimatuumbi phonology bears on a nember of important theoretical issues, including theories of interaction between phonology and syntax, lexical phonology, the geometric representation of vowel features, and the theory of prosodic representations. This study both broadens our understanding of the structure of African languages and provides data which are crucial for resolving certain questions in contemporary phonological theory.
Remarks on the. Impact of Connectionism on Our Thinking about Concepts
Authors: Schopman Joop , Shawky Aziz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper attention will be given to the incentive which the revival of connectionism has had on the ideas about the nature of concepts. Therefore, we will start with a short description of the prevailing position in this problem. Then a sketch will be presented of connectionism as far as is needed to sketch the consequences its reintroduction has for our thinking about concepts. Finally, an evaluation will be given which in its turn might lead to suggestions for future research.
Modularity and Logical Cognitivism
Authors: De Gelder Beatrice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the late 1950s philosophy of science and psychology have each gone their own way. Psychology need no longer restrict itself to behaviourism as it would have had to if the regime,of empiricist philosophy of science had been successfully imposed upon it. In any case, it would seem that in philosophy an empiricist approach to science has been largely abandoned just as in psychology behaviourism now belongs to history. But the interest philosophers take in the proper conduct of psychological research has remained and become more intense over the last two decades. Among the few milestones marking the road away from empiricism and behaviourism is J. A. Fodor’s Psychological Explanation (1968) making a convincing anti-behaviourist case defending mentalism and the scientific study of mental processes as the building-blocks of proper psychological explanations. In other words, whatever the shape of things to come, a future ‘entente’ between philosophy and psychology would no longer be negotiated among empiricists and behaviourists.
Folk Psychology and Naive Physics
Authors: Shanahan Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of this essay is a particular sort of activity, namely everyday problem-solving, an aptitude for which is displayed by each human being in his ability to attain simple goals, such as navigating an unfamiliar city, or making a cup of tea, or driving a car. Even cats and dogs display such an aptitude, to a lesser degree than human beings but to a greater degree than house flies, in their capacity to find food and shelter and sexual solace.
Encoding Psychological Knowledge
Authors: Pratt Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to challenge a widely accepted philosophical view concerning the nature of the psychological concepts. By ‘psychological concepts’, I mean, centrally, the concepts of believing, desiring, intending, doubting, hoping, fearing, and so on. According to the view I want to challenge, our grasp of these concepts is to be understood as our mastery of a theory governing their use-specifically, a theory consisting of that body of commonsense knowledge which David Lewis calls folk psychology.
Semantic Structure and Logical Form
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The validity of some inferences is said to be explained by reference to the meanings of the particular expressions occurring in them, while that of other inferences is due, rather, to the way in which the sentences are constructed out of their parts. The inference from ‘John knows that snow is white’ to ‘Snow is white’ is given as an example of the first type of inference; for it is said to be explained by providing an analysis of the semantical primitive ‘knows’. The inferences from ‘John ran breathlessly’ to ‘John ran’ and from ‘John is a large man’ to ‘John is a man’ may, tentatively, be taken to be examples of the second type.
Can There Be Vague Objects?
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is sometimes said that the world might itself be vague. Rather than vagueness being a deficiency in our mode of describing the world, it would then be a necessary feature of any true description of it. ‘It is also said that amongst the statements which may not have a determinate truth value as a result of their vagueness are identity statements. Combining these two views we would arrive at the idea that the world might contain certain objects about which it is a fact that they have fuzzy boundaries.
Reference and Contingency
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘A logical theory may be tested by its capacity for dealing with puzzles, and it is a wholesome plan, in thinking about logic, to stock the mind with as many puzzles as possible, since these serve much the same purpose as is served by experiments in physical science.’ This paper is an attempt to follow Russell’s advice by using a puzzle about the contingent a priori to test and explore certain theories of reference and modality. No one could claim that the puzzle is of any great philosophical importance by itself, but to understand it, one has to get clear about certain aspects of the theory of reference; and to solve it, one has to think a little more deeply than one is perhaps accustomed about what it means to say that a statement is contingent or necessary.
Understanding Demonstratives
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has recently been claimed that the use of demonstrative or indexical expressions like ‘today’, ‘yesterday’, ‘here’, ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘this’, etc., resists incorporation into a Fregean theory of meaning. I have two reasons for attempting to show that this claim is not true. First, the reasoning seems to me to rest upon a common view of Frege’s notions of sense and reference which is neither attractive nor required by the text, and second, because I believe that a Fregean approach to demonstrative expressions is essentially correct.
Molyneux’s Question
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose a man born blind, and now adult, and taught by his touch to distinguish between a cube and a sphere of the same metal, and nighly of the same bigness, so as to tell, when he felt one and the other, which is the cube, which the sphere. Suppose then the cube and sphere placed on a table, and the blind man to be made to see; quaere, Whether by his sight, before he touched them, he could now distinguish and tell which is the globe, and which the cube? This question aroused tremendous interest among philosophers and psychologists on both sides of the Channel, so much so that Cassirer was able to claim that it formed the central question of eighteenth-century epistemology and psychology.
Social Contexts Conducive to the Vernacularization of Literacy
Authors: Carrington Lawrence D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vernacular languages can remain unused for literate purposes for either technical or societal reasons. Technical reasons would include lack of a writing system, or of a standardized spelling system, or of linguistic descriptions that would allow ready development of these. Societal reasons would include the demographic and structural and political characteristics of the community, the legal status and political and economic affiliations of its languages, the attitudes towards them of members of the society, the educational processes, and the availability of literacy instruction. In this chapter we seek to identify the contexts that might be conducive to the vernacularization of literacy by focusing on the societal interfaces between literacy and vernacular languages. Of course, technical factors eventually become part of the societal discussions, but here we recognize their suitability for separate treatment with limited reference to the social environment.
Essays on Plato and Aristotle
Authors: Ackrill J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
J. L. Ackrill's work on Plato and Aristotle has had a considerable influence upon ancient philosophical studies in the late twentieth century. In his writings the rigour and clarity of contemporary analytic philosophy are brought to bear upon ancient thought; in many cases he has provided the first analytic treatment of a key issue. Gathered now in this volume are the best of Ackrill's essays on the two greatest philosophers of antiquity. With philosophical acuity and philological expertise he examines a wide range of texts and topics--from ethics and logic to epistemology and metaphysics--which continue to be in the focus of debate.
Plato on False Belief: Theaetetus 187-200
Authors: Ackrill J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. The paradox that there can be no such thing as falsity is treated by Plato in a number of places. As exploited in the early dialogue Euthydemus (283e-284c), it appears to rest on a simple equivocation. A false statement would be one that stated what is not , but to state what is not is to state nothing; so a false statement would in fact be a non-statement, no statement at all.