bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling Turbulent Transport in Complex Flows: Physical Challenges, Numerical Implementation and Predictive Performance
Authors: Leschziner M A , Lien F-S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amongst the many obstacles which the computational fluid dynamicist faces in his quest for quantitative accuracy when modelling practical flows, turbulence and its multi-faceted manifestations must surely be regarded as being the most challenging. There are some, though not many, practical flows in which turbulence only plays a peripheral role: the principal operational parameters of a slender compressor-cascade blade and an aerofoil operating in their “design conditions” will not be greatly affected by the thin turbulent boundary layers developing on their surfaces, although even here the drag and losses will depend sensitively on the structure of the boundary layers, especially when the oncoming stream is highly turbulent and sheared. The practically more interesting and challenging flow conditions arise, however, when the aerofoil and blade operate close to or beyond stall - as is shown in Fig. 1 - in which case turbulence transport is a key contributor to the balance of processes dictating the structure of the flow, the lift, the drag and the losses. Indeed, for the example of the aerofoil, the turbulence structure will govern the dependence of the maximum lift and stall on the angle of incidence - an issue of particular importance to the operation of high-lift configurations of the type shown in Fig. 2.
A Streamline Based Approach to the Adaptation of Unstructured Grids for Viscous Flow Simulation
Authors: Marchant M J , Weatherill N P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early development of techniques for viscous flow simulations has largely been constructed for use on structured grids([l], [2], [3]). However, more recently, unstructured grid generation techniques, such as the advancing front technique ([4], [5]) and the Delaunay triangulation approach ([6], [7],[8]), have shown the flexibility and efficiency for discretizing the domain around complex configurations. Unfortunately, these techniques do not, in general, generate triangles and tetrahedra with high aspect ratios which retain the smoothness and regularity required for viscous flow simulation. The use of unit aspect ratio elements is too computationally expensive for viscous dominated flows where length scales within boundary layers are very small.
Unstructured Mesh CFD Analysis Tools for Design
Authors: Stoufllet B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present recent efforts in constantly investigating new improvements to remedy deficiencies of numerical methods on one hand and secondly in assuring their insertion as analysis algorithms in a numerical shape optimization procedure. As nowadays flow analysis is carried out over quite complex configurations solving the Navier-Stokes equations with a high degree of confidence, some optimum shape design approaches based on advanced CFD tools (still limited to simple 2D or 3D configurations in inviscid flows) have proved to be effective design procedures ([l], [3], [4]).
High-Lift Navier-Stokes Computations on Unstructured Grids using a Differential Reynolds Stress Model
Authors: Cantariti F J-J , Johnston L J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Computational Fluid Dynamics, the accurate prediction of the viscous flow development around two-dimensional multi-element aerofoils remains a difficult task. Indeed, such flows include viscous, compressibility and flow curvature effects. Also, the geometric complexity associated with closely-coupled multi-element aerofoils makes it difficult to generate the required computational grids if a structured approach is taken. However, this difficulty can be alleviated through the use of unstructured methods, as shown for example by Mavriplis and Martinelli [4]. With the above as background, and following the work of Johnston and Stolcis [2], the present paper describes a computational method where the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a cell-centred, finite-volume spatial discretisation on unstructured grids. These equations are advanced in time to a steady-state solution using an explicit, time-marching scheme. A differential Reynolds stress model (DRSM) is adopted here to close the set of governing mean-flow equations. It is expected that a second moment closure model will improve the accuracy of the predictions, especially around maximum lift conditions, compared to eddy-viscosity based turbulence models.
A High-order Iterative Implicit-explicit Hybrid Scheme for 2-D Hydrodynamics 1
Authors: Dai W , Woodward P R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last two decades, Godunov schemes for hydrodynamics have been well developed. Godunov schemes may be second order accurate in time, but are explicit. A time step in an explicit scheme is restricted by the largest of Courant numbers, which cannot be larger than unity for a stable calculation. Implicit-explicit hybrid schemes are particularly useful when a flow attains very different wave speeds, either in different regions or at different instants, and when time accuracy is important, at least in some parts of simulation domains.
Dynamic Solid/Fluid Interaction using a Navier-Stokes Method for Deforming Grids
Authors: Hoffren J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Navier-Stokes solvers for steady flows are nowadays well-established and applicable to practical problems. However, a large number of important flow problems is characterized by time-dependent behaviour. The development of computers is making time-accurate Navier-Stokes calculations practical, and research in the field is active. Often, the unsteady cases involve a deforming flow domain as an additional complication. If the deformation of the geometry depends on the flow, a method capable of modelling dynamic solid/fluid interactions is required to simulate the case.
Computation of Nearly Shockless Transonic Flows
Authors: Kuz’;min A G , Livanskaya S I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is well known, a local supersonic region (LSR) forms on the upper surface of a wing if the subsonic freestream Mach number is sufficiently high. There exist shockless airfoil configurations which provide shock-free deceleration of the supersonic flow to the subsonic velocity. In the 1970s a few methods for designing shockless airfoils were proposed [13).
High Resolution of the 2-D Navier-Stokes Equations by the Interpolating Matrix Method
Authors: Louaked M , Hanich L , Nguyen K D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interpolation matrix method (IMM) is a finite difference method to resolve multi-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in a generalized curvilinear coordinate system [3]. It is well known that the total variation diminishing (TVD) schemes have several outstanding advantages included monotocity preserving, low dissipation. These schemes have achieved great success in modelling compressible flow with strong shock waves.
Development of an Implicit Finite Volume Scheme for the Computation of Unsteady Flow Fields on Unstructured Moving Grids
Authors: Meister A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An implicit finite volume approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations governing compressible, viscous flow in the presence of moving boundaries will be described. The method is incorporated in the DLR-r-Code, uses a box-type discretisation and works on general conforming triangulations. The discretisation of the convective fluxes is accomplished by means of an approximate Riemann solver used with linear ENO recovery while the diffusive fluxes are discretised in a central manner. The AUSMDV scheme developed by Liou and Wada [5] is chosen as the Riemann solver in an implicit formulation in the presence of moving grids for the first time.
Solving a Hyperbolic Two-phase Flow Model with Flow-dependent Slip Relation
Authors: Romate J E , Meiring W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The difficulty of developing robust solvers for two-phase flow models lies partly in the fact that the mathematical models for such flows are highly phenomenological in nature. These models usually have only a small range of applicability, and are also subject to change as insight changes in the course of investigations. Furthermore, they tend to be complex, making theoretical investigations difficult. In this paper we want to consider numerical methods for solving one class of twophase models. These models describe the gas/liquid flow in a long tube where the flow behaviour perpendicular to the tube axis is averaged, so that the model is essentially one-dimensional, in the direction of the axis. The model consists of equations for the conservation of mass for each of the phases and the conservation of momentum of the mixture. In addition, an equation is supplied which relates the velocities of the two phases at any point, the slip relation. The averaging of the flow perpendicular to the axis shows up in the slip relation, which therefore may have a different shape for each of the flow regimes of interest.
A Little Bit of Chaos
Authors: Bills Chris , Bills Liz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You may have seen pictures something like this before. They are often called ‘fractals’ or ‘chaos theory’ pictures. Figure 1 shows two Julia sets and Fig. 2 is the Mandelbrot set. Both are named after mathematicians who were among the first to work on them. Gaston Julia was born in 1893 and died in 1978. He did his first work on the sets now known as Julia sets in 1916 when he was recovering in hospital. He had been injured as a result of the First World War. The Mandelbrot set is named after Benoit Mandelbrot who is still working as a mathematician today. It was first produced in 1979, so compared with most of the mathematics you learn about in school it is a very recent discovery. These sets have been studied by mathematicians interested in Chaos because they are very complex images resulting from very simple calculations. Another chapter in this book, ‘Discrete Mathematics and its Application to Ecology’, introduces you to another aspect of Chaos. In this chapter we intend to show you the basic ideas behind Julia sets and the Mandelbrot set. To do that we will have to start with some things which seem to have nothing to do with these pictures.
How can organizations prevent illness deception among employees?
Authors: Baron Charles , Poole Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is increasing evidence to show that in certain circumstances employees will deceive their employers about their health so as to avoid work or for financial gain by way of sick pay, early pensions, injury awards or litigation. In the process, doctors may also be deceived and inadvertently collude with the patient. Examples are provided of policies and procedures which should help to prevent or reduce the likelihood of illness deception by employees.
Misrepresentation of pain and facial expressi
Authors: Craig Kenneth D , Hill Marilyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A realistic human intuitive expectation that others will endeavour to optimize available opportunities usually leads to careful monitoring of their credibility. Consistent with this general social propensity, clinicians, and others are prepared to question the veracity of patient representations of being in pain. A high incidence of personal experience with pain and opportunities to observe others in pain appears to lead to good training in the role of being in pain when people are motivated to dissimulate pain. Personal, social, and economic pressures can also lead people to suppress evidence of pain, often leading to failure to secure needed medical care. Patients voluntarily faking or suppressing pain displays are generally quite successful in misleading observers.
The socio-economic burden of influenza: costs of illness and ‘willingness to pay’ in a publicly funded health care system
Authors: Mangtani Punam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epidemic or seasonal influenza poses a serious health risk to those persons who are elderly and frail. Effective vaccines exist which provide important reductions in morbidity (Govaert et al. 1994) as well as hospitalizations and mortality (Mangtani et al. 2004). In the UK, vaccination against influenza is recommended to all persons with certain underlying diseases, such as lung and heart disease. In 2000, the policy for influenza vaccination was changed to include all persons over the age of 65. A study to determine the socio-economic burden of influenza was carried out at that time. This was part of an economic and epidemiologic evaluation of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in adults.
Disentangling value: assessing the benefits of containing antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Coast Joanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Resistance to antimicrobials is increasing rapidly, undermining the ability to treat many infectious diseases successfully (Cox et al. 1995; Davey et al. 1996). Concern about resistance has led to the evaluation of interventions designed to tackle the problem, but conceptual difficulties associated with valuing benefits have received little attention. A ‘standard evaluation’, in which an epidemiological assessment of the likely impact on health of avoiding the development or transmission of resistance is followed by asking individuals to value these different health impacts, may considerably undervalue the full benefits associated with its control as it concentrates only upon use value. For most commodities, use value predominates given that value in consumption is the main benefit. For preventing the emergence or transmission of antimicrobial resistance, use value and externality value (health benefits conferred on others) cannot be disentangled and, together, will be equivalent to the value of the health gained as a result of the policy. In practice, this is difficult to assess because of the problem of measuring the differential impact on health of resistant organisms compared with susceptible organisms. Option value is a potentially important source of benefit as individuals may attach value to the existence of antimicrobial treatments in addition to the expected value in consumption, because it provides the option to consume the commodity in the future. Estimating option value may be difficult because of the potential interaction between time preference and option value. The importance of these different sources of value is largely unknown, and this chapter discusses the conceptual problems in identifying and measuring these aspects of value, considering the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods.
Global governance of international public health: the role of international regulatory cooperation
Authors: Kumaranayake Lilani 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public health has emerged as a critical issue globally. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency virus (AIDS) pandemic is devastating many countries, reducing life expectancy and rolling back decades of economic progress (UNAIDS 2004). Other infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria are growing as global public health threats (World Health Organization 2004). The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic demonstrated the extent of global interconnectedness and the need for rapid responses. New public health regimes, such as the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM), are leveraging and distributing large flows of funding (Brugha et al. 2004). Global civil society, including international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), play a significant role in delivering public health services and advocacy, raising issues related to accountability and transparency (Kumaranayake and Lake 2002; Spar and Dail 2002; Spiro 2002; Wapner 2002). The severity and extent of the disease burden have resulted in greater scrutiny of national and international governance of public health as well as increasing involvement of international law (Fidler 2002). A key focus has been on the Trade Related-aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement that has been very controversial with respect to its application to pharmaceuticals (Reichman 2000; Dreyfuss 2001; Correa 2002; Sykes 2002; thorn 2002).
Natura facit saltum: the roots of quantum physics
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discrete features in the description of some natural phenomena date back to Greek atomists’ speculations on the existence of smallest parts of matter. The concept of continuity first entered science about a century later, with Aristotle’s definition: ‘Things are said to be continuous whenever there is one and the same limit of both wherein they overlap and which they possess in common.’ As examples of things continuous he mentioned lines, surfaces, solids, motions, time, and place. The most significant use tow hich he put his principle of continuity was in the area of biology, however.
Student days
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding two chapters were meant to be a sketch of the status of physics at about the time Bohr began his university studies. To set the stage for his activities from then on, we must consider in addition how teaching of and research in physics had developed in Denmark up to the beginning of the twentieth century. An appreciation of those local conditions, to be given in this section, is quite important not just in regard to Bohr’s student days but, even more so, in order to understand how very much Bohr changed the state of affairs within the decade following the completion of his university studies.
Bohr, father of the atom
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the sessions at the spring 1963 meeting of the American Physical Society was devoted to memories of Niels Bohr. Jens Rud Nielsen, a long time friend, spoke of his early recollections. ‘When I think of Bohr as he appeared nearly fifty years ago, the speed with which he moved comes to mind. He would come into the yard, pushing his bicycle, faster than anybody else. He was an incessant worker and seemed always to be in a hurry. Serenity and pipe smoking came much later.’
‘It was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair’
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematics plays a many-splendored role in physics, from the coding of experimental results in terms of numbers to the formulation of physical laws in terms of equations. We do not know why the language of mathematics has been so effective in formulating those laws in their most succinct form. Nor can we foretell whether this will forever continue to be true. ‘The miracle of the appropriateness of the language of mathematics for the formulation of the laws of physics is a wonderful gift which we neither understand nor deserve. We should be grateful for it and hope that it will remain valid in future research.’
‘A modern Viking who comes on a great errand’
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having traced the growth of Niels Bohr’s physics up to 1925, roughly the midpoint of his life, I write next of the growths of his family, of his stature in the international world of science, and of his institute up to that time.I have already mentioned the arrival of the Bohr’s first son, Christian, in 1916. Five more sons followed, Hans Henrik (born in 1918), Erik (1920), Aage Niels (1922), Ernest David (1924, named after both Rutherford and Niels’ maternal grandfather), and Harald (1928).
‘Then the whole picture changes completely’: the discovery of quantum mechanics
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thirteenth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, published in 1926, contains three supplementary volumes ‘covering recent years’. These include an entry ‘Atom’ written by Bohr, dealing largely with the theory of the periodic system, actually a rather primitive version that did not yet include spin. Bohr also mentioned briefly a new theory dating from July 1925, Heisenberg’s quantum mechanics, ‘which constitutes a bold departure from the classical way of describing natural phenomena ⃛It has in particular allowed the Balmer formula to be derived.’ In his contribution Bohr continued to treat atoms with more than one electron in terms of the old quantum theory, however, since ‘the methods of quantum mechanics have not yet been applied to [this] problem’. Another entry, by Charles Barkla, also refers to quantum mechanics: ‘A new theory ⃛ has been formulated by Heisenberg which, whether fruitful or not, promises to put quantum mechanics in much more logical form. Its physical significance, however, is not apparent.’
How Bohr orchestrated experimental progress in the 1930s, in physics and in biology
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The events described in the previous two chapters, progress in theoretical nuclear physics (Chapter 15), and the advent of new particles (Chapter 16), do not by any means exhaust the advances at the frontiers of physics during the 1930s. There were also important developments in experimental physics techniques which gave new impetus not only to physics but also to biology. The present chapter deals with the resulting achievements in Copenha gen in both these areas.
Killing in Scotland
Authors: Lovegrove Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In considering the extent of Man’s deliberate attempts to eliminate many species of our wildlife, no chapter of that story is more firmly etched in the national consciousness than the appalling destruction that was carried out in Scotland across relatively recent generations. The killing of some of the larger predators had been going on since the seventeenth century, but the wholesale persecution of a wider range of birds and mammals started no further back than 200 years or so, some 300 years after serious campaigns in England and Wales. Because the slaughter in Scotland occurred on such a scale, took place in the more recent past, and resulted in the loss of some species, it is relevant to examine it first, before considering the much longer history of organized killing in England and Wales.
The Return of the Natives
Authors: Lovegrove Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a sad indictment of the past abuse of wildlife in Britain, that one of the priorities for wildlife conservation in the twenty-first century has to be the recovery of species that were deliberately eliminated in previous centuries. One or two such species, for example Sea Eagle and Goshawk, were completely exterminated while a much longer list of others—Wild Cat, Polecat, Hen Harrier, Red Kite et al.—were eliminated from most of the country and driven to remote corners where they hovered on the very edge of extinction. The Red Kite is perhaps the extreme example because the population at its lowest was reduced to no more than a dozen or so individual birds.
Vermin control and wildlife management: where next?
Authors: Lovegrove Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was never an issue about controlling undesired wildlife in the era of the Tudors, Stuarts, and Hanoverians; vermin was what vermin was, and should be killed by whatever means were most effective. There was no question of right or wrong, even when rays of enlightenment started to lance the traditional views as the years passed. Moreover there was little thought that individual species— Hedgehog, Otter, Chough, or Kite—might actually disappear, despite the fact that some of the formerly widespread mammals, such as Pine Marten, were already rare in lowland parts of southern Britain. Several bird species certainly disappeared, but these were mainly wetland ones, lost due to the drainage of fens, open waters, and marshes. The only ones to disappear through direct persecution were the largest birds of prey—Osprey, Sea Eagle, and Golden Eagle— and some had probably already gone from wide areas of England and Wales well before the Tudors came to power. So, however energetic the varied levels of persecution in this era, it was prosecuted untrammelled by concerns for morals, public attitudes, legal constraint, or thoughts of extinction.