bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EVALUATING A COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT BLOCK GRANT PROGRAM: A CITIZENS GROUP PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Morgan David R. , England Robert E. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTA citizens advisory group evaluation of a Community Development Block Grant program is compared with similar responses from city staff and city council members. All three groups provided quite positive assessments with the citizens group evaluations closer to staff responses than to council members. Objective indicators of program targeting also reveal that projects and funds have been committed to those areas of greatest need. An argument is made that citizen groups which are closely involved with certain urban programs may be able to provide useful evaluations of program performance.
THE NECESSITY OF UTILIZING SOCIAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES IN PROGRAM EVALUATION
Authors: Gardner Brian M. , Florestano Patricia S. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe primary purpose of this research paper is to examine the necessity of utilizing both technical and social measurement techniques in program evaluation. Within this paper both types of measurement techniques are defined and discussed, and two local government program evaluation case studies are detailed to illustrate the use of both social and technical measurement techniques. Finally, an assessment of the results of multiple measurement utilization concludes the paper.
PROGRAM CHANGE, REVENUE EFFECTS, AND THE PATHOLOGY OF IMPROVED PERFORMANCE
Authors: Jones Bryan D. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTIn certain circumstances, improved performance in government programs can actually lead to declines in program impacts. Ironically, increases in efficiency do not invariably lead to increases in effectiveness. Regulatory programs are especially prone to this pathology of improved performance, as the targets of regulatory actions may increase avoidance tactics of program efficiency increases. Declines in effectiveness may not be discovered until revenues from the regulatory activities decline, because of weaknesses of internal monitoring systems in local government. Data on the licensing of businesses in Chicago are presented that illustrate the phenomena.
TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC DECISION MAKING UNITS
Authors: Parks Roger B. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTA methodology for determining the relative technical efficiency of public decision making units is described. The methodology allows the identification of those units which are most efficient at converting physical inputs to physical outputs, and the calculation of the relative efficiency of less efficient units based on the results obtained by the most efficient. An illustration of the methodology is supplied using data from 469 municipal police agencies. Some policy suggestions based on the illustration are offered.
TRUST IN THE TECHNICAL INFORMATION PROVIDED BY INTEREST GROUPS: THE VIEWS OF LEGISLATORS, ACTIVISTS, EXPERTS, AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC
Authors: Pierce John C. , Lovrich Nicholas P. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe timely provision of information is crucial to the success of interest groups seeking to influence policymakers, the public and their own members. This paper examines the extent to which legislators, citizens, and policy area experts and activists trust the information provided by specific interests in the water resources managment area. It is shown that citizens and policy area activists are less trusting than are legislators and experts, and that they also discriminate more among information sources than either of those types of actors. On the individual level, multiple regression analysis is employed to investigate the extent to which partisanship, ideology, environmentalism and degree of informedness influence the level of trust accorded particular interest groups among citizens, legislators, activists, and experts.
ENERGY: GOVERNMENT POLICY OR MARKET RESULT?
Authors: Reagan Michael D. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTFrom the Truman presidency through that of Carter, the United States worked fitfully toward the development of an energy policy. Now, consistent with the “free market — get government off the backs of the people” philosophy of the Reagan Administration, the 1981 National Energy Policy Plan proposes that “individual choices” and “reliance on market decisions” replace regulations and subsidies in the nation's strategy for energy.This paper starts from the assumption that the Spring, 1982 oil “glut” may turn out to be a rather temporary thing. If one therefore wants to pursue a policy strategy that will protect us in the case of sudden short‐term supply disruptions and also work toward long‐term energy supply diversification, how far will market reliance carry us? What is a range of policies and programs that might usefully supplement the market? What are the externalities for which compensatory actions may still be needed if one would like to employ the market strategy as a basic thrust?The scope of the paper includes contingency planning, synthetic fuel development, renewables (especially solar energy), conservation, equity issues, environmental externalities, and the conceptualization of policies differentiated as “energy,”“environmental,” or “economic.”
EXIT AND VOICE: STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE IN BUREAUCRATIC‐LEGISLATIVE POLICYMAKING
Authors: Wilsford David 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper uses the case of telecommunications deregulation to construct a model of interest group behavior in bureaucratic‐legislative policymaking. The model posits three common policymaking arenas: closed, open, and the transformational period between the two. Three features of these policymaking arenas are explored: (1) changes in the numbers of interested actors, leading to (2) changes in the policy‐making environment and to (3) the shifting strategic interests of actors. Borrowing the concepts of “voice” and “exit” from Hirschman (1970), alternative interest group strategies are found to occur in different policymaking environments, or arenas, which in turn depend in significant part on the numbers of interested actors involved. Voice works when interests are or appear to be relatively complementary. Exit is used when voice fails, that is, in permeable arenas of many actors with conflicting interests.
THE POLICY PROCESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL FORM
Authors: Bryson John M. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTIn this paper the transactions cost approach (TCA) is used to define organizations and to predict their forms under certain conditions. Next, Aaron Wildavsky's approach is used to define the policy process and to predict its form in particular organizations. Two assertions follow: namely, that the most efficient organizational form may be predicted from knowledge of underlying transactions costs, and that the form of the policy process in an organization can be predicted from knowledge of the organization's form (regardless of whether it is the most efficient form). Recent natural gas policy in the U.S.A. is used to illustrate these propositions, and several conclusions are offered about 1) the potential applicability of the TCA to the public sector and to the policy process and 2) about the potential applicability of Wildavsky's version of the policy process to differing organizational forms.
PUBLIC OWNERSHIP OF LAND AND THE “SAGEBRUSH REBELLION”
Authors: McCurdy Howard E. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAdvocates of “privatization” argue that the sale of public lands to private owners would significantly improve the management of natural resources. Experience from the first round of land sales suggests that the government, responding to the politics of the Sagebrush Rebellion, will continue to subsidize preferred uses of “privatized” lands through give–aways, below–par purchases, preference sales, and imperfect sales. Even though the federal government may go ahead with the land sales program, political compromises will not allow the free market goals of privatization to be realized.
EXACTIONS IN THE NEW DISINFLATIONARY ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Shulman David 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis study demonstrates that the growing use of exactions in the 1970s were a product of the inflationary environment which created the illusion that they were shifted forward to the ultimate consumer of housing. Instead, local governments, through the exaction process, were capturing a portion of the increase in land values induced by inflation. In many areas the increase in land values was so great that even after the imposition of exactions, the real value of land increased. However, as the economy disinflates, inflation‐induced profits disappear and the landowner realizes that he is bearing the burden of the exaction. As a result, the political concensus that favored the imposition of the exactions in the 1970s is forecast to break down in a low inflation environment.
LAND USE POLICY AS AN INTERNATIONAL ISSUE
Authors: Caldwell Lynton K. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTLand use is not an end in itself; it is a means to the realization of a broad range of human objectives – social, economic and political. Few public issues appear to be more strictly national. In environment‐related United Nations conferences, Third World representatives in particular have asserted the absolute control of nations over their land and natural resources. Nevertheless, international concern over land use has been growing. This concern is both scientific and political and derives from the perception that use and misuse of land may have international repercussions. Developing countries facing disastrous consequences of unwise land use practices (e.g., soil erosion, desertification, water logging and salinization, laterization, and loss of agricultural land to urbanization) have appealed to international organizations for aid. FAO, UNEP, IUCN, ICSU, and the UN Economic Commissions have undertaken land‐use related research and assistance programs. Political sensitivities preclude external involvement in national land use policy except in dire circumstances as, for example, in the drought‐stricken African Sahel. Thus legitimate international concerns must find indirect strategies to influence governments from among their own national constituents. The IUCN World Conservation Strategy suggests a route that might lead toward concerted action among nations in the formulation of genuine international land use policy.
PUBLIC LAND SALES AS INNOVATIVE ENVIRONMENTALISM?
Authors: Ganzel Richard 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDuring the 1970s, conflict over land development restrictions in the Lake Tahoe Basin intensified. Funding of costly land purchases to preclude development emerged as a key problem in implementing timely and effective environmental protection. This timing coincided with pressures for land sales in and adjacent to urban “islands” in the public land “sea” of the West. One result was enactment of Public Law 95–586, co‐authored by Congressmen Santini and Burton. Proceeds from public land sales near Las Vegas, Nevada, would be dedicated to purchase of environmentally sensitive lands in the Lake Tahoe Basin some 450 miles to the north. This study traces formation of the temporary coalition among local interests and Congressional leaders that yielded a possible model for future public lands conflict resolution. It then reviews and critiques the first four years of experience with implementation of the land sales element of the act. It concludes by suggesting some “fine tuning” which, if accepted by environmentalist groups at the national and local level, would point toward the use of the Santini‐Burton approach as a source of funds to be used for environmental protection in other areas.
SPECIAL INTERESTS AND THE POLICY PROCESS
Authors: Cigler Allan J. 
Published: September 2005

Books reviewed in this article:Jeffrey M. Berry, Feeding Hungry People: Rulemaking in the Food Stamp ProgramPeter Navarro, The Policy Game: How Special Interests and Ideologues are Stealing AmericaRichard K. Scotch, From Good Will to Civil Rights: Transforming Federal Disability PolicyPaul Y. Watanabe, Ethnic Groups, Congress, and American Foreign Policy: The Politics of the Turkish Arms Embargo
ANALYZING POLITICAL FEASIBILITY: POLITICAL SCIENTISTS1 UNIQUE CONTRIBUTION TO POLICY ANALYSIS
Authors: Webber David J. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTPolitical feasibility analysis examines the actors and events involved in each stage of a political policy‐making process and anticipates the likely resolution of a policy problem as it works its way through the policy process. Despite the prominence of policy analysis in the social sciences over the past decade or so, there has been virtually no scholarly work concerning the analysis of the political feasibility of policy proposals. Political scientists, because of their central concern with the design and effect of the policy‐making process, have a unique responsibility to contribute a way to evaluate systematically political feasibility. While all policy analysts, regardless of their disciplinary backgrounds, need to be concerned with assessing political feasibility, political scientists should be particularly mindful of its importance in improving public policy.While anticipating the likely outcome of a dynamic policy process is necessarily a difficult task, an analysis of the political feasibility of a proposed alternative can provide insight into the nature of the policy process as well as identify the criteria that must be met for an alternative to be successful.This article discusses a variety of factors that need to be considered in assessing political feasibility. After arguing the need to design political feasibility analysis frameworks, this essay reviews political scientists' current treatment of political feasibility analysis and outlines a general way to undertake such efforts.
LIBERALISM REDUX: A NEW ANTIPOVERTY POLICY?
Authors: Noble Chris 
Published: September 2005

David Ellwood. 1988. Poor Support: Povert in the American FamilyRobert Haveman. 1988. Starting Even: An Equal Opportunity Program to Combat the Nation's New PovertySar Levitan and Issac Shapiro. 1987. Working But Poor: America's Contradiction
Central and East European Trade Developments
Authors: Lamb Jason M. , Landed Mark R. 
Published: September 2005

Josef C. Brada, The European Community and Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Report on Eastern Europe.de Weydenthal, Jan B., Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland Gain Associate Membership in the EC. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Report. Agra Europe. Weekly issues. East Europe Agriculture and Food Monthly. EC Documents & Regulation (Number 34).
Reconciliation and the Budget Process
Authors: Doyle Richard 
Published: September 2005

John Gilmour.Reconcilable diferences? Congress, the Budget Process, and the Deficit.Allen Schick,The Capacity to Budget.Richard Fenno,The Emergence of a Senate Leader: Pete Domenici and the Reagan Budget.Dennis Ippolito,Uncertain Legacies: Federal Budget Policy from Roosevelt through Rragan.Stanly Collender,The Guide to the Federal Budget, Fiscal 1992.
Evaluating Government Technology Transfer
Authors: Bozeman Barry 
Published: September 2005

The national laboratories are a reservoir of scientific and technological talent that can help America to compete in international markets.… Spurred in the past decade by new legislation and enlightened policies, the national laboratories have greatly expanded efforts to transfer federally‐funded inventions and technology to private industry.Alan Schriesheim (Director, Argonne National Laboratory), “Toward a Golden Age for Technology Transfer,” Issues in Science and Technology, Winter, 1990–91, p. 52.Although Congress adopted several laws in the 1980s to encourage the commercialization of federal laboratory technology and to promote technology transfer from the federal laboratories to the private sector, collaboration between laboratories and industrial firms has been modest at best.Erich Bloch, Toward A U.S. Technology Strategy, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, February, 1991, p. 22.
Executive functioning in depressed patients with suicidal ideation
Authors: Marzuk P. M. , Hartwell N. , Leon A. C. , Portera L. 
Published: September 2005

Objective:  Suicidal thinking has been associated with cognitive rigidity, however, not all depressed patients contemplate suicide. Therefore, we hypothesized that compared with depressed subjects without suicidal ideation, depressed individuals with suicidal ideation would display poorer performance on measures of executive functioning that involve mental flexibility.Method:  In‐patients with a current major depressive episode who had no current suicidal ideation (n = 28) were compared with those who had current suicidal ideation (n = 25) on measures of executive functioning and two neurocognitive tests that predominantly assess non‐frontal regions.Results:  Compared with non‐suicidal depressed patients, depressed suicidal patients performed significantly worse on several measures of executive functioning after controlling for age, IQ, severity of depression and prior suicide attempts. The two groups performed similarly on tests that predominantly assess non‐frontal regions.Conclusion:  Depressed individuals contemplating suicide have cognitive rigidity, which does not appear to be a global brain dysfunction. Suicidal mental states may result from dysfunctional executive decision‐making that is associated with the frontal lobe.
Mental and physical complaints in thyroid disorders in the general population
Authors: Grabe H. J. , Völzke H. , Lüdemann J. , Wolff B. , Schwahn C. , John U. , Meng W. , Freyberger H. J. 
Published: September 2005

Objective: To test the hypothesis that untreated overt and subclinical thyroid disorders and autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) are associated with mental and physical complaints in the general population.Method: A total of 3790 participants from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) with no known thyroid disorders were analyzed concerning their thyroid function (TSH, FT3, FT4), autoantibodies (TPO‐Ab), their thyroid structure and size and their mental and physical complaints (Zerssen Complaint Scale).Results: Overt hyperthyroidism (prevalence: 0.4%) was associated with a significantly lower total complaint‐score than euthyroid subjects. Subjects with overt hypothyroidism (0.5%), subclinical hypothyroidism (0.7%), or subclinical hyperthyroidism (1.6%) were not different from controls in their total complaints. Females with AIT showed higher scores of tachycardia and anxiety independent from their thyroid function.Conclusion: In non‐patient samples, hyperthyroidism is associated with positive effects on self‐rated mental and physical health. AIT may be associated with negative effects on health also in euthyroid subjects.
Quantification of the risk of poststroke depression: the Italian multicenter observational study DESTRO
Authors: Paolucci S. , Gandolfo C. , Provinciali L. , Torta R. , Sommacal S. ,   (on behalf of DESTRO Study Group), Toso V. 
Published: September 2005

Objective:  The Italian multicenter observational study depression in stroke (DESTRO) aimed to identify risk factors for poststroke depression (PSD) and quantify the likelihood of it arising in various categories of patients.Method:  Mood evaluation was performed in 1064 consecutive stroke patients by means of Beck Depression Inventory and Visual Analog Mood Scale. Depressive symptoms were classified using the DSM‐IV and revised WHO criteria for depression in the course of a neurological disorder.Results:  Poststroke depression was seen in 36% of the survivors, with dysthymia by far the predominant form (80.7%). Female sex, disability, previous cerebrovascular or depressive episodes were significantly associated with an increased risk of depression. Combinations of these factors raised the risk of PSD exponentially, from 24.3 to 89.1%. The site of the stroke did not come into the uni‐ or multivariate analysis.Conclusion.:  At admission, it is possible to predict the likelihood of PSD and quantify the relative risk.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Figved N. , Klevan G. , Myhr K. M. , Glad S. , Nyland H. , Larsen J. P. , Harboe E. , Omdal R. , Aarsland D. 
Published: September 2005

Objective:  To explore the range of psychiatric symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and their association with neurological disability.Method:  Patients diagnosed with MS during 1998–2000 in Rogaland and Hordaland counties, western Norway, were included. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) served as controls.Results:  Eighty‐six of 93 eligible MS patients were included, and 80% showed at least one psychiatric symptom. The most frequent symptoms were depression (59%), sleep disturbance (48%), irritability/emotional lability (42%), and apathy (31%). Depression was associated with higher disability score. MS patients showed significantly higher NPI irritability score (P = 0.002), appetite disturbance score (P < 0.001), and apathy score (P = 0.01) than SLE patients.Conclusion:  Neuropsychiatric symptoms occur frequently in patients with MS. Irritability and apathy are independent of disability and chronic disease and represent unique disease manifestations.
Analysis of bone–implant interaction phenomena by using a numerical approach
Authors: Natali Arturo N. , Pavan Piero G. , Ruggero Andrea L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectives: The purpose of the present work is to investigate the interaction phenomena occurring between endosseus dental implants and peri‐implant bone tissue.Material and methods: Detailed finite element models are adopted in order to analyze the actual behavior of bone–implant system depending on implant and anatomical site configuration and loading conditions. Different types of titanium dental implants are considered. Implant finite element models are obtained through a reverse engineering procedure and adopting specific software for the reconstruction of geometrical configuration. Anatomical sites are modeled starting from computerized tomography data, according to specific image processing procedures.Results: Occlusal static forces are applied to the implants and their effects on the bone–implant interface region are evaluated. The influence of several parameters, such as morphometry of anatomical site or loading condition, on the biomechanical response of bone–implant system is considered.Conclusions: The evaluation of the biomechanical response of implant–bone compound necessarily requires the adoption of accurate numerical models, accounting for the complex geometry of threaded implants, as well as of the anatomy of the patients to be able to provide for reliable results pertaining to stress/strain path on peri‐implant bone tissue.