bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
209 Lowering Dietary Crude Protein Concentration Decreases Nitrogen Excretion and pH of Urine and Slurry in 15-kg Nursery Pigs
Authors: Son Jeonghyeon , Kim Beob G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of the present work was to determine the effects of reucing dietary crude protein (CP) concentrations with essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on nitrogen balance, urinary pH, and slurry pH in nursery pigs. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 15.2 kg (standard deviation = 0.7) were individually housed in metabolism crates. A quadruplicated 3 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with 3 experimental diets and 2 periods per square was employed. Experimental diets based on corn, soybean meal, whey powder, fish meal, and blood plasma were formulated to contain 19.4% CP, 17.5% CP, and 15.7% CP by reducing inclusion rates of soybean meal. All experimental diets were supplemented with EAA to meet all EAA requirements. Each period consisted of a 4-day adaptation period and a 24-hour collection period followed by a 4-day collection period. On day 5, feces and urine were collected for 24 h and the feces and urine were mixed in a ratio of fecal weight and urine weight at the end of collection to obtain slurry samples. Then, pH of urine and slurry samples was measured immediately. On days 6 and 10, chromic oxide was added at 0.5% in morning meals as a marker and the marker-to-marker procedure was used for the quantitative collection of feces. Urine collection was initiated at 1000 h on day 6 and terminated at 1000 h on day 10. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were performed to test linear and quadratic effects of dietary CP concentrations on the response variables. Daily N intake was linearly decreased with decreasing dietary CP concentrations (P &lt; 0.05). Daily fecal and urinary N excretions linearly decreased with decreasing dietary CP concentrations (P &lt; 0.05), whereas N retention rate as % of intake was linearly increased with decreasing dietary CP concentrations (P &lt; 0.05). The urine pH and slurry pH were linearly decreased with decreasing dietary CP concentrations (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, lowering dietary CP concentrations decreased N excretion and pH of urine and slurry.
210 Effects of Soybean Meal and Functional Amino Acids on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Hart Morgan D , Cemin Henrique S , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Soto Jose A , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of soybean meal (SBM) concentration and functional amino acids (FAA) threonine, tryptophan, and methionine supplementation above the requirements on the growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 2,592 pigs (initial BW = 6.1 kg), placed in pens of 36 mixed-sex pigs, were used in a 33-d trial. Pens of pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial with two levels of SBM (25 or 31%) and three FAA regimens (Low, Medium, and High) with 12 replicates per treatment. Amino acid ratios were: 58.5% SID Thr:Lys, 55% SID Met+Cys:Lys, and 16.5% SID Trp:Lys for the Low treatment; 65% SID Thr:Lys, 58% SID Met+Cys:Lys, and 18.5% SID Trp:Lys for the Medium treatment; and 71% SID Thr:Lys, 66% SID Met+Cys:Lys, and 23.5% SID Trp:Lys for the High treatment. Diets were fed in two phases: phase 1 from d 0 to 19 in pellet form and phase 2 from d 19 to 33 in mash form. Pigs were weighed on d 0, 19, and 33 to calculate ADG, ADFI and G:F. Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure in SAS (Table 1). From d 0 to 19, there was no evidence (P &gt; 0.10) for interactive effects. Pigs fed the Low FAA ratios had the poorest G:F (P = 0.004). From d 19 to 33 and overall (d 0 to 33), there was an interaction (P ≤ 0.031) for G:F, where pigs fed 25% SBM had improved G:F with Medium or High FAA whereas those fed 31% SBM had improved G:F only with High FAA. There was no evidence (P &gt; 0.10) for differences on ADG or ADFI throughout the study. In conclusion, our findings suggest a minor positive effect of FAA supplementation, with no effects of SBM on performance of weaned pigs.
215 Compensatory Growth Following One or Two Weeks of Lysine Restriction at Weaning
Authors: Faris Richard , Hackenhaar Leandro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At weaning it is increasingly common to feed low crude protein (CP) and low standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (LYS) diets for improved health outcomes. This nutrient restriction often leads to decreased growth. Compensatory growth in this discussion is a period of enhanced growth that occurs after a period of nutrient restriction. This experiment was conducted to determine if compensatory growth occurs after one or two-weeks restriction of SID LYS at weaning. For the experiment, pigs (n = 252; ~23.5 days of age, 7.24 ± 1.02 kg BW, 8 reps/treatmentt, 5 or 6 pigs/pen) were randomly allotted to one of six treatments in a randomized complete block design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatment main effects were SID LYS/CP (0.07 or 0.065) or duration of SID LYS restriction (1.2% SID LYS for 0, 1, or 2 weeks). When not restricted, pigs were fed a diet with 1.5% SID LYS. After the first 14 days, all pigs consumed a common diet for 24 days with 1.35% SID LYS. Body weight, feed disappearance, visual fecal scores, and visual piglet scores were measured. Visual fecal scores (1 = normal to 4 = watery) and visual pig appearance scores (1 = pale and hairy to 4 = normal color and well-rounded muscle) were assessed on ordered likert scales to determine the probabilities of observing a more normal stool quality and a worse visual appearance, respectively. Performance data were analyzed as a general linear model. Stool quality and visual appearance were analyzed as a generalized linear mixed model. Pairwise comparisons with Tukey adjustment were used for treatment LSmean separation. No effect of SID LYS/CP or interaction of SID LYS/CP and SID LYS program was detected. Results for the main effect of SID LYS program is presented in Table 1. Restricting SID LYS for the first week resulted in decreased ADG and gain:feed (P &lt; 0.05; Table 1). This same effect was observed in week 2. However, those pigs that moved from 1.2% SID LYS in week 1 to 1.5% SID LYS in week 2 had the similar ADG and gain:feed during week 2 as the pigs that consumed 1.5% SID LYS for both weeks. Pigs that had two weeks of SID LYS restriction had lower body weight at d 38 (P&lt; 0.05), whereas pigs with one week of SID LYS restriction had similar body weight at d 38 to unrestricted LYS fed pigs. In addition to performance, unrestricted LYS decreased stool quality (P&lt;0.05) but improved the visual appearance of pigs (P &lt; 0.10) at d 14 and d 38. In conclusion, pigs can have compensatory growth when SID LYS is restricted from 1.5% to 1.2% for one week, but not two weeks.
230 Effect of Supplementing a Bacillus Spp-Based Probiotic on Performance, Body Temperature, and Intestinal Histology of Heat Stressed Pigs
Authors: González Fernanda , Morales Adriana , Valle Alan , Hernández Cecilia , Arce Néstor , Avelar Ernesto , Mendoza Maria S , Htoo John K , Cervantes-Ramírez Miguel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The integrity of the small intestine epithelia may become compromised when pigs are exposed to heat stress (HS) increasing the risk of health deterioration. Dietary supplementation with probiotics can help animals to maintain a healthy intestinal environment. An experiment was conducted with 80 pigs [21.6 ± 3.4 kg body weight (BW); 2 pigs/pen] exposed to either HS or thermal neutral (TN) conditions to evaluate the effect of supplementing the diet with a Bacillus subtilis DSM 32540 based probiotic on performance, body temperature, and intestinal histology. Treatments were: TN pigs fed a control diet without (TN-C) or with 0.05% probiotic (TN-P), and HS pigs fed a control without (HS-C) or with 0.05% probiotic (HS-P). The control diet (1.05% SID Lys) adequate in all nutrients was formulated with wheat, soybean meal, and feed-grade Lys, Thr, and Met. Feed and water were freely available during the 21-days (d) experiment. At the end, pigs were sacrificed to collect intestinal samples from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum to analyze the epithelia histology. Additionally, 12 ileal cannulated pigs kept in the HS room fed the same diets (6/diet) were implanted with a thermometer that registered body temperature (BT) at 5-min intervals. Ambient temperature (AT) inside the HS and TN rooms ranged from 19 to 25 °C and from 30 to 38.5 °C, respectively. The BT of HS-P pigs was less than that of HS-C pigs from 1400 to 2400 h (P&lt; 0.05). There was no diet x AT interaction effect for performance variables. Body weight gain, feed intake, and gain:feed was less but respiration rate was greater in HS than in TN pigs regardless of the diet (P &lt; 0.01). Probiotic supplementation increased BW gain and gain:feed (P &lt; 0.05) of both TN and HS pigs, but feed intake was not affected. Exposure to HS decreased villi height in jejunum and ileum, but increased crypt depth and villi height:crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (P &lt; 0.05). Probiotic supplementation increased villi height in duodenum and ileum, whereas crypt depth decreased but villi height:crypt depth increased in the three segments of the small intestine (P &lt; 0.05). These data confirm the negative effect of HS exposure on performance, body temperature, and intestinal histology of pigs. These results also suggest that supplementing with 0.05% Bacillus subtilis DSM 32540 probiotic may help to counteract the negative effects of HS on performance and intestinal histology of pigs.
235 Interactive Effects of Zinc Oxide and Mannan Oligosaccharides on Nursery Swine Performance
Authors: Soto Jose A , Cemin Henrique S , Hart Morgan D , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Peer-reviewed data have suggested that Mannan oligosaccharide [Actigen (ACT)] could positively influence gut barrier function and limit pathogenic bacteria adhesion to epithelial cells, thus representing a feasible alternative or a complement to pharmacological concentrations of zinc oxide (ZnO) in nursery swine diets. To scrutinize this hypothesis, a total of 2,592 pigs (initial BW 6.9 ± 0.4 kg) were used in a 37-day trial to determine the interactive effects of ZnO and ACT on nursery pig performance. Pens of 36 mixed sex pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 12 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with main effects of zinc (100 or 3,000 ppm) and ACT (0, 400, and 800 ppm). Diets were fed in two phases: phase 1 from d 0 to d 21 and phase 2 from d 22 to d 37, which represented the experimental and common diets, respectively. No significant ZnO × ACT interactions (P &gt; 0.10) were observed in growth performance or dead and removals in this study (Table 1). From d 0 to d 21, pigs fed diets with 3,000 ppm Zn had greater (P &lt; 0.0001) ADFI, greater (P &lt; 0.0001) ADG, and improved (P &lt; 0.0001) feed efficiency compared with pigs fed diets containing 100 ppm Zn. From d 22 to d 37, pigs initially fed diets with 3,000 ppm Zn had reduced (P = 0.009) ADG and poorer (P = 0.0009) G:F, without evidence for differences (P = 0.615) in ADFI, compared with pigs fed diets containing 100 ppm of Zn. Additionally, pigs fed diets containing 3,000 ppm of Zn marginally increased (P = 0.077) removals prevalence compared with pigs fed diets with less Zn concentration. However, pigs fed diets with 3,000 ppm Zn and incremental levels of ACT marginally decreased (linear, P = 0.083) dead and removals prevalence. In conclusion, pigs fed pharmacological ZnO concentration increased overall growth performance, yet it was drastically worsened when Zn was reduced to basal levels, despite ACT supplementation. Additionally, whereas pigs fed the greatest Zn level marginally increased morbidity occurrence, ACT marginally reduced morbidity and mortality.
225 The Effect of Different Analytical Methods on Assessment of Bone Mineralization of Various Rib Bones in Response to Dietary P, Phytase, and Vitamin D in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Williams Hadley , Moore Brianna , Gebhardt Jordan T , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pigs (n = 350; initial body weight = 11.9 ± 0.56 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of different bones and analytical methods on the assessment of rib bone mineralization response to dietary P and vitamin D in nursery pigs. Currently, there is little information available describing the effect of rib location (2nd through 10th) on measures of bone mineralization including density and ash. Pens of pigs (5 pigs/pen) were randomized to 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 10 pens/treatment. Pens of pigs were assigned dietary treatments consisting of: 1) P at 0.19% STTD P (deficient); 2) P at 0.33% STTD P (NRC requirement) using monocalcium phosphate; 3) P at 0.33% STTD P using monocalcium phosphate and phytase; 4) P at 0.44% STTD P (industry level) using monocalcium phosphate, phytase, no vitamin D; 5) diet 4 with vitamin D (1,653 IU/kg), and 6) diet 5 with additional 2,000 IU/kg 25(OH)D3 (HyD). After feeding diets for 28-days, eight pigs/treatment were harvested for bone analysis. The 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 10th ribs were collected from each pig and analyzed for bone density and non-defatted bone ash. All bones were cleaned of tissue and then dried at 105°C for 7 d and then ashed in a muffle furnace at 600°C for 24 h. Bone density was measured on each bone based on Archimedes principle. There was no interaction between bone and dietary treatment for bone density and non-defatted bone ash (P &gt; 0.05; Table). Therefore, interpretation of results will focus on the effect of bone and treatment on measures of mineralization. Pigs fed deficient P (0.19%) had less bone density and ash percent compared with treatments fed NRC and industry levels of P. For bone density, there was a significant main effect of bone (P = 0.001), with the 10th rib having greater bone density than all other treatments and the 3rd rib having greater bone density than the 5th rib. Bone density of the 2nd and 7th ribs did not differ (P &gt;0.05) from either the 3rd or 5th ribs. For non-defat bone ash, 10th rib had the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) bone ash, followed by the 2nd rib which was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than the 3rd rib, with the 5th and 7th ribs having the least non-defat bone ash percent. In summary, bone density and ash responses varied depending on the bone being measured. When measuring all of the bones, the 10th rib has the greatest value for bone density and bone ash percent, while the 5th rib has the least value for both bone density and bone ash percent compared with the rest of the bones analyzed. These results can help guide diagnostic investigations and aid in comparing results across different bones used to measure bone mineralization.
247 Hybrid Rye in Commercial Grow-Finish Production Diets: A Case Study
Authors: Rundle Carly M , Brattain Becca S , Knott Jeffrey S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of hybrid rye in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs would not affect growth performance. A total of 1,177 pigs (initial body weight: 25.75 ± 0.04 kg) were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments with 40 experimental pens, 30 pigs per pen, sex split evenly within pen, and pen as the experimental unit. There were 2 experimental phases with a control diet containing corn (CON) and three diets containing increasing levels of hybrid rye replacing corn (LOW, MOD, or HIGH) formulated within each phase: 10%, 20%, or 30% in phase 1 and 20%, 40% or 50% in phase 2, respectively. Prediction equations were used to calculate net energy values of hybrid rye and diets were formulated to be isocaloric, with the addition of choice white grease (CWG) as hybrid rye was increased in the diet to compensate for predicted energy values. Pigs were provided ad libitum access to feed and water. Pig body weights and feed consumption were recorded on d 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 90, 100, and 118. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed were calculated. Data were analyzed with R using linear and quadratic contrast statements to evaluate effects of increasing levels of hybrid rye in the diet, and another contrast statement to compare the control diet with the combined rye dietary treatments. Average daily feed intake was linearly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) if hybrid rye was added to the diet on d 56, 70, 84 and 90, and in the overall experimental period. Average daily gain linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05, d 90, d 100; P ≤ 0.10, d 28) or was not affected by dietary treatment throughout the experiment. Consequently, addition of hybrid rye resulted in a linear increase (P ≤ 0.05) in gain:feed on d 28 and d 90, with a tendency for a linear increase (P ≤ 0.10) also observed on d 70 and d 100. The hybrid rye treatment groups had a greater (P ≤ 0.05; overall; P ≤ 0.10; d 56) gain:feed compared with the corn-based control group, indicating improved efficiency. There were also no differences (P ≥ 0.21) among treatments in the average selling body weight on d 90, d 100, or d 118. However, it is possible that the energy value of hybrid rye was greater than predicted, and that the inclusion of CWG in the diet resulted in improvements in growth performance due to the greater energy content. Therefore, it may be concluded that hybrid rye is a suitable ingredient in swine rations with or without the addition of CWG to improve or maintain feed efficiency and market weight during the growing-finishing phase of production.
252 Imprecision in Nutrition Leads to More Desired Feed Intake in Growing and Finishing Pigs
Authors: Aldenhoven Noud , Gutierrez Nestor A , Jaworski Neil W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is a general consensus that analyzing nutrients in feed as best as possible will lead to better animal performance and reduced costs for the farmer. Precision is defined by how close repeated nutrient measurements in the same feed agree with each other. From an economical point of view, improving the precision of all nutrients in the feed as best as possible is sub optimal, as analyzing nutrients in feed takes time and increases costs. We show that imprecision of nutrients in feed can be linked to over-eating in growing and finishing pigs, hence reduced profit for the farmer. Therefore, we solved a min-max problem, where we minimize the cost and time analyzing nutrients in feed, while maximizing the profit for the farmer to find the best economical precision. We propose a mathematical model and use the NRC Swine requirement system model [NRC (2012)] to connect the daily feed intake of the animal with the precision of the nutrients in the feed. The model assumes that the pig will eat ad libitum for maximal potential and will not be hindered by physical or environmental restrictions. It is assumed that the animal will eat an amount of feed sufficient to attain its potential growth [Emmans (1981)]. The (desired) feed intake is calculated from the requirements of the pig and estimated energy and amino acids in the feed. The true feed intake will be different from the estimated feed intake because there are precision errors in the estimation of the energy and amino acids in the feed. As we cannot know the true nutrient values and true feed intake, we must consider the estimated nutrient values and feed intake as stochastic variables. Using Monte-Carlo we simulate the stochastic feed intake and calculate the average difference between the expected and true feed intake. The Monte-Carlo simulations demonstrated two interesting results. Firstly, growing and finishing swine will eat, on average, more than predicted, when precision is above 1.5% (P &lt; 0.03). Secondly, an increase in precision in nutrient composition of diets yields a decreased excessive feed intake, but shows diminishing returns when precision becomes small. We estimate that economically the best precision of nutrient estimations in the feed is below 2%. In the case of 2% precision, pigs will, on average, eat between 0.065 kg and 0.497 kg more than expected (P = 0.05), while the compound feed producer will not, on average, add more nutrition in the feed than needed (P = 0.01). References: NRC, Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 2012. G.C. Emmans, A Model of the growth and feed intake of ad libitum fed animals, particularly poultry, BSAP Occasional Publication 5, 103-110, 1981.
255 Evaluation of Growth Performance and Bone Mineral Density in Grower Pigs Fed Phosphorus, Calcium, and Vitamin D Deficient Diets
Authors: Smith Leah , Sparks Chris , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of phosphorus, calcium and vitamin D deficient diets on growth performance and bone mineral density (BMD) in grower pigs. In two replicates, a total of 80 mixed sex pigs (26.7 kg BW) were allotted by BW and sex into individual pens across 5 dietary treatments (16 pigs/trt) for 28 days. Diets were: 1) Positive control (PC) diet containing monocalcium phosphate and no phytase, 2) PC diet containing phytase 1,500 FTU of Optiphos 2500, 3) Diet deficient in phosphorus (no monocalcium phosphate or phytase), 4) Calcium deficient diet (as diet 2 with no limestone), and 5) Diet deficient in vitamin D as diet 2 containing no added vitamin D. All diets were formulated to 3,297 kcal/kg ME, 1.15% SID Lys and contain the same AA:Lys ratios. Total Ca was formulated to be 0.76, 0.53, 0.45, 0.20 and 0.53%, with available P at 0.32, 0.32, 0.07, 0.32 and 0.32% respectively, for Treatments 1-5. Vitamin D was formulated to be at 154 IU/kg diet for Treatment 1-4. Pig BW and feed disappearance were recorded at the start and end of the study to calculate ADG, ADFI and G: F. On day 28, serum was collected, and all pigs euthanized to determine whole body bone, foot, rib, femur, and tibia BMD via dual x-ray absorptiometry. Data were analyzed with pen as experimental unit, fixed effect of dietary treatment, sex and their interaction, and initial BW block and repartition as random effects. Diet by sex interactions not observed (P &gt;0.05). Compared with either Treatment 1 and 2, P and Ca deficient diets reduced ADG (0.96, 1.01, 0.80 and 0.91 kg/d, respectively (P &lt; 0.001). The ADFI did not differ across dietary treatments. Vitamin D deficient pigs did not differ from either control treatments. Feed efficiency was different between treatments 1-4 (0.51, 0.53, 0.47 and 0.50, respectively, P &lt; 0.001). Whole body BMD was reduced in the P and Ca deficient diets compared with Treatment 1 and 2 (0.582, 0.678, 0.803 and 0.758 g/cm2, respectively, P &lt; 0.001). Similar results for 10th rib, femur, and tibia bones (P &lt; 0.001). Vitamin D deficient diets reduced whole body and tibia BMD compared with Treatment 1 by 1.5% (P &lt; 0.05). Gilts had greater whole body (0.762 vs. 0.703 g/cm2) and tibia (0.448 vs. 0.408 g/cm2) BMD compared with barrows (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, dietary phytase provided similar performance and BMD to that of non-phytase control diet. Feeding P and Ca deficient diets for 28 days reduced pig growth and bone density, with P diets having more severe reductions. Further, while there was a slight reduction in growth there were no detrimental effects on bone mineralization in pigs fed vitamin D deficient diets.