bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mind factories
Authors: Taylor Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For ‘universe’, read ‘society’ in the epigraph above, and you have a succinct statement of totalitarianism … dating from fifteenth-century Europe. The claim that racial or species survival justifies any amount of individual suffering is a social version of consequentialism, the doctrine that the end justifies the means. This idea is notoriously associated with the Italian Renaissance thinker Niccolo Machiavelli (1469–1527), but although he was vigorously denounced for it, he was not its first proponent.1 The word ‘totalitarian’, by contrast, has graced the English language only since 1926 (according to the Oxford English Dictionary). Yet consequentialism found its harshest expression in the proponents of totalist thinking: twentieth-century super-dictators like Hitler, Stalin, and Mao.
Entropy and Probability
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Einstein’s activities related to thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and kinetic theory begin with his very first paper, completed at the end of 1900, and span a quarter of a century, during which time he wrote close to forty articles bearing in varying degree on these subjects. The first of the vintage years was 1905, when he developed theoretically three independent methods for finding Avogadro’s number.
‘Subtle is the Lord …’
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maxwell’s article Ether, written for the ninth edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica [M1], begins with an enumeration of the ‘high metaphysical … [and] mundane uses to be fulfilled by aethers’ and with the barely veiled criticism that, even for scientific purposes only, ‘all space had been filled three or four times over with aethers.’ This contribution by Maxwell is an important document for numerous reasons. To mention but three, it shows us that, like his contemporaries, Maxwell was deeply convinced of the reality of some sort of aether: ‘There can be no doubt that the interplanetary and interstellar spaces are not empty but are occupied by a material substance or body, which is certainly the largest, and probably the most uniform, body of which we have any knowledge’; it tells us of an unsuccessful attempt by Maxwell himself to perform a terrestrial optical experiment aimed at detecting the influence of an aether drag on the earth’s motion; and it informs us
The Prague Papers
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘I will most probably receive a call from a large university to be full professor with a salary significantly better than I have now. I am not yet permitted to say where it is’ [El]. So Einstein wrote to his mother on April 4, 1910, less than half a year after he had begun his associate professorship in Zürich. The call he expected was supposed to come from the Karl-Ferdinand University, the German university in Prague. He had to be discreet since the search committee convened in January had not even made a proposal to the faculty yet. The experimentalist Anton Lampa, committee chairman and Einstein’s strong advocate, had sounded him out beforehand. The committee report dated April 21, 1910, proposed three candidates and stated that all of them were willing to accept a formal offer. Einstein was the first choice. This report quotes a glowing recommendation by Planck: ‘[Einstein’s work on relativity] probably exceeds in audacity everything that has been achieved so far in speculative science and even in epistemology; non-Euclidean geometry is child’s play by comparison.’ Planck went on to compare Einstein to Copernicus [Hl].
Einstein’s Response to the New Dynamics
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone familiar with modern physics knows that Einstein’s attitude regarding quantum mechanics was one of skepticism. No biography of him fails to mention his saying that God does not throw dice. He was indeed given to such utterances (as I know from experience), and stronger ones, such as ‘It seems hard to look in God’s cards. But I cannot for a moment believe that He plays dice and makes use of “telepathic” means (as the current quantum theory alleges He does)’ [E1]. However, remarks such as these should not create the impression that Einstein had abandoned active interest in quantum problems in favor of his quest for a unified field theory. Far from it. In fact, even in the search for a unified theory, the quantum riddles were very much on his mind, as I shall discuss in Chapter
Einstein’s Vision
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Einstein’s lasting conviction that quantum mechanics was not a theory of principle did not impede him from recognizing that this theory was highly successful. As early as 1927, he publicly expressed his judgment that wave mechanics is ‘in amazing agreement with the facts of experience’ [ E1]. In 1936 he wrote, ‘It seems clear … that the Born statistical interpretation of the quantum theory is the only possible one’ [E2], and in 1949 declared, ‘The statistical quantum theory [is] the most successful theory of our period’ [E3]. Then why was he never convinced by it? I believe Einstein indirectly answered this question in his 1933 Spencer lecture-perhaps the clearest and most revealing expression of his way of thinking in later life. The key is to be found in his remarks on Newton and classical mechanics. In this lecture [E4], Einstein noted that ‘Newton felt by no means comfortable about the concept of absolute space, … of absolute rest … [and] about the introduction of action at a distance.
How Einstein got the Nobel Prize
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The procedure of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for awarding the Nobel prize in physics is in outline as follows. Invitations to nominate are sent out by a five-member Nobel Committee (hereinafter called the Committee) elected from the membership. This Committee studies the proposals and supporting material, draws up a protocol of its deliberations, and decides by majority vote on a recommendation to the Academy. The recommendation is then transmitted in the form of a report (hereinafter called the Report) that summarizes the merits of the proposals handed to the Committee and gives the reasons for its decision. The recommendatior: is voted on first by the Academy Klass (section) of physics. Then follows the decisive vote by the Academy in pleno (not just the physicists). These votes need not agree with the Committee’s recommendation. For example, in 1908 the Committee unanimously proposed Planck. The Klass vote was also in support of Planck. But the Academy chose Lippmann.
Variables
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematics As a science commenced when first some­ one, probably a Greek, proved propositions about any things or about some things, without specification of definite particular things. These propositions were first enunciated by the Greeks for geometry; and, accordingly, geometry was the great Greek mathematical science. After the rise of geometry centuries passed away before algebra made a really effective start, despite some faint anticipations by the later Greek mathematicians.
Conic Sections
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When The Greek geometers had exhausted, as they thought, the more obvious and interesting properties of figures made up of straight lines and circles, they turned to the study of other curves; and, with their almost infallible instinct for hitting upon things worth thinking about, they chiefly devoted themselves to conic sections, that is, to the curves in which planes would cut the surfaces of circular cones.
Series
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No Part of Mathematics suffers more from the triviality of its initial presentation to beginners than the great subject of series. Two minor examples of series, namely arithmetic and geometric series, are considered; these examples are important because they are the simplest examples of an important general theory. But the general ideas are never disclosed and thus the examples, which exemplify nothing, are reduced to silly trivialities.
The Leaving Game, or I’ll Play You and You Play Me: The Emergence of Dramatic Role Play in 2-Year-Olds
Authors: First Elsa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes a typical child-parent game of hiding and leave taking dis covered in a naturalistic study of the home play of children during the third year of life. The unfolding of this game revealed the capacity for dramatic play in statunascendi. To see how a 2-year-old plays depends on the child’s having an older, willing coplayer (e.g., a parent or other caregiver or older sibling or friend) rather than agemates only to play with. By witnessing these joint productions, I was able to ask: What might we properly consider the earliest forms of dramatic play, and what do these forms have to teach us about the nature and significance of the capacity to pretend to be someone else? Given that what I collected were samples of child parent co-productions, I was also able to examine the interpersonal origins of dramatic play.
He’s a Nice Alligator: Observations on the Affective Organization of Pretense
Authors: Fein Greta G , Kinney Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five children-Sally, Jill, Chris, Alison, and Marge-are sitting under the climbing tower in a classroom of 4-year-olds. The teacher reminds them that only four children are permitted to be there. As the children discuss who will leave, Mark enters, announcing that he is a police officer. There are now six children under the tower. The original group persuades Mark to leave: MARK (to the group): I’m an alligator. (He crawls out. Chris and Mark chat about being alligators and police officers between the slats of the tower.) MARK (to Chris): I’m gonna bite you! CHRIS (to the others): Don’t stick your head out! SALLY (leaving the tower, says to Mark): Hi, alligator. (The children under the tower approach Mark. They challenge, tickle, and tease him. He growls and looks angry. Jill and Marge run back to the tower in pretended fright.) SALLY (to Mark): Don’t eat yourself up! Alligators are nice. Alligators are nice. (Mark crawls on all fours, growling.) SALLY (to Jill and Marge): He’s silly. He’s not eating anybody up. (Marge and Sally join Mark and crawl on the floor as alligators. Jill, alone, watches from the tower. After about a minute, she crawls out of the tower and joins the alligators crawling after Mark.) SALLY (reassuringly, to Jill): He’s a nice alligator. It’s as easy as child’s play.
Comprehending Language With Event-Related Potentials
Authors: Fischler Ira S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among our varied cognitive abilities, language is perhaps the most human. Everyday cognitive and social activity is dominated by language, and much of what is neurologically distinctive about humans concerns language comprehension and production. But compared with the important role that psycholinguistic research has played in the behavioral study of cognition, there has until recently been a relative lack of event-related potential (ERP) work specifically addressed to linguistic skills and processes.
Introduction
Authors: Liou K N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost all the energy that drives the earth’s atmosphere and ocean currents originates from the sun. The land and ocean surfaces absorb ˜44% of the incoming solar fluxes, while the atmosphere absorbs ˜26% of these fluxes. Over a sufficiently long period of time, the temperature of the earth-atmosphere system is determined in such a manner that outgoing thermal infrared fluxes are emitted and balanced by absorbed solar fluxes. Radiative processes are the only means by which the earth and atmosphere exchange energy with space; therefore, an understanding of weather and climate processes must begin with a detailed investigation of radiative processes and the radiation balance of the earth-atmosphere system.
The Role Of Radiation And Cloud Processes In Atmospheric Models
Authors: Liou K N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the role of radiation and cloud processes in various types of atmospheric models that are primarily designed to study the effects of external radiative forcings on the earth’s climate and on global climate change. Atmospheric models are required for the physical understanding of atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic processes and for the prediction of future states of the atmosphere in terms of the fundamental variables governing its behavior. A model, as such, is constructed on the basis of certain aspects of physical principles and is designed for application to a specific atmospheric process. The distinction between atmospheric models and the real atmosphere should be delineated. Because of the complexity of the real atmosphere with respect to temporal and spatial scales, a hierarchy of models with increasing sophistication has been developed to study many processes that occur in the atmosphere.
Specialized Cellular Membranes for Photoreception: The Chloroplast in Photosynthesis
Authors: Wolken Jerome J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Steven Hale presented his studies on cucumbers to the Royal Society of London in 1727. Jonathan Swift seized upon Hale’s report, embellishing it to produce what he perceived as a ludicrous notion for one of the satirical experiments described in his Gulliver’s Travels, 5th chapter of Part IL There, one of the resident scientists in the Academy of Lagado is busily engaged in an eight-year project to extract “sun beams” out of cucumbers, put them into hermetically sealed vials, and let them out to warm the air. The irony, of course, is that in burning fossil fuels and in fermentation processes, we have been unknowingly “extracting sunbeams” from plants for ages.
Alterations in Autonomic Functions During Sleep
Authors: Parmeggiani P L , Morrison A R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dramatic changes in autonomic function occur in sleep. To the untutored, sleep is a period of quiescence, rest and stability, when little variation in autonomic control is expected. Yet, in one phase of sleep called rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (also referred to as desynchronized, paradoxical, or active sleep), a series of changes occurs in the autonomic outflows through a central disruption of those neural mechanisms controlling homeostasis. REM sleep is characterized by muscle atonia, rapid eye movements, and a low-voltage, fast-wave electroencephalogram (EEG).
The Onset of Human Puberty: Biological and Environmental Factors
Authors: Hopwood Nancy J , Kelch Robert P , Hale Paula M , Mendes Tarina M , Foster Carol M , Beitins Inese Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human reproductive system undergoes a remarkable period of development and activity during fetal life (Kaplan, Grumbach, & Aubert, 1975) and early infancy, when there is transient secretion of increased gonadal steroids and gonadotropins (Kaplan et al., 1975; Sizonenko, 1978). However, an arrest of maturation occurs shortly thereafter, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis appears to be nearly dormant during early childhood (Conte et al., 1980). It has been postulated that this quiescent period is the result of central nervous system (CNS) restraint systems. Hypothalamic lesions in rodents (Donovan & van der Werff ten Bosch, 1956) and clinical observations in children with precocious puberty who have CNS lesions (Huseman et al., 1978) support the concept that there is an active restraint process of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis during early childhood.
Legal and Social Dilemmas of Adolescent Sexuality
Authors: Rodman Hyman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A poem of Rachel Field describes “the seven ages of elfhood.” In the first, “when an elf is as old as a year and a minute, he can wear a cap with a feather in it.” In the fourth, when he’s 50 or so, “his coat may have buttons all in a row.” And in the seventh, “when he’s a hundred and a day, he gets a little pipe to play!” If only self hood were as clear as elfhood! If only we had more social consensus on the age of competence for particular actions, more consensus on the appropriate age for individuals to wear a cap with a feather in it, or to use a diaphragm with spermicidal jelly in it. Our lives would then be simpler, and we would face fewer psychological, legal, moral, and social dilemmas.
Minimum Norm Solution To The Linear Complementarity Problem
Authors: Rosen J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the LCP literature considers cases where M satisfies some special condition (such as being copositive plus or a P-matrix). For such cases efficient computational methods are known, as described, for example, in [3]. If M does not satisfy such a condition, the problem may be much more difficult to solve, and in fact is known to be NP-hard [4]. For any specific choice of Mand q, LCP(M, q) may not have any solution. Obviously there will be no solution to the LCP if the inequalities have no feasible solution; that is, if no x 2= 0, satisfying Mx + q2= 0 exists. This situation can easily be discovered by solving a single (phase I) linear program.
Small Groups and Intergroup Relations
Authors: Collier Gary , Minton Henry L , Reynolds Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The changes taking place after World War II represent a period of increasing professionalization as both psychological and sociological social psychology developed new procedures and began to increase their base of data substantially. These changes are characteristic of most well-established academic disciplines and are in some respects a sign of their growing maturity. Once a discipline has become firmly entrenched, its methods, techniques, and theoretical orientation are more or less taken for granted. This representes a stage of development that Thomas Kuhn (1962) has described as “normal science.” The dominant thinkers define the nature and limits of research for both themselves and their students, who in turn have a similar influence once they be come well established. Major researchers in each field have a vested interest in preserving their own methods and theories, and for this reason the disciplines tend to become self-serving and conservative.
Introduction
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ending of the cold war, with the disintegration of the Soviet regime and its empire in Eastern Europe, gives special relevance to a fresh analysis of the origins of the basic strategy pursued by the United States and its allies for three decades, which contributed to that outcome. The thesis of this study is that credit for shaping that strategy belongs to President Dwight D. Eisenhower. While the cold war originated under Harry S. Truman, it took its mature form under Eisenhower. He developed the first coherent and sustainable cold war strategy suitable for the basic conditions that would prevail during the following decades.
The Truman Legacy
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eisenhower decided to run for the presidency for two principal reasons; both were directly related to the Truman legacy.2 The first was to prevent the election of Senator Robert Taft, the Republican frontrunner, who Eisenhower believed would reverse the basic Truman strategy of cooperation with allies and collective security for containing the Soviet Union. Taft had opposed the Marshall Plan and the NATO Treaty and endorsed the call by Herbert Hoover after the Korean attack for an “American Gibraltar” relying on unilateral nuclear defense and isolation.3 Eisenhower’s second reason was his conviction that the Truman policies and programs for carrying out his strategy had to be reshaped to make them more coherent and sustainable for the “long haul” of the cold war. While supporting many of Truman’s actions, Eisenhower was appalled by the erratic decison-making process and confused policies and implementation.
The Solarium Exercise
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debate and decisions over the 1954 defense budget and the “Chance for Peace” speech established some specific guidelines and clarified many of the priorities and attitudes of the president and his major advisors. The administration substituted a long-haul approach and made clear its determination to constrain spending, although without seeking to balance the budget so abruptly as to impair security programs and capabilities. The “Chance for Peace” address, moreover, laid out Eisenhower’s concept of the conditions required for ultimate peaceful and normal relations with the Soviets, as well as his deep concern with the escalating arms race and willingness to negotiate for their limitation. Similarly, Dulles indicated the priority he placed on maintaining the cohesion of the alliance, his deep skepticism over negotiating with the Soviets, and his support for a robust defense posture as a foundation for foreign policy. The JCS insisted that this foundation required more military spending; Humphrey and Dodge insisted it would be solid even with much less.
Reducing the Nuclear Danger: Arms Control
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effort to constrain the arms race and to reduce the risk of war was a major component of Eisenhower’s strategy. His commitment to this aim was rooted in some of his strongest convictions. For him, as we have stressed, nuclear weapons were a curse: they posed an unprecedented direct threat to the U.S. society and economy, and he seemed haunted by the specter of a global nuclear holocaust. In various meetings, he reiterated the view “that he could perceive no final answer to the problem of nuclear warfare if both sides simply went ahead making bigger and better nuclear weapons.”As he repeatedly said, he would gladly have abolished them if that had been feasible with certainty. Because it was not, deterrence of their use was essential. But the inevitable arms competition entailed its own dangers as well as the waste of enormous resources. And the fear of nuclear war imposed severe strains on the allied cohesion required for containment.
Sewall Wright: gene interaction and the Shifting Balance Theory
Authors: Wade Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of gene interactions in adaptive evolution is not well understood despite the frequent use of terms such as ‘co-adapted gene complexes’ and ‘genetic revolutions’ in evolutionary discussion. Although most evolutionary biologists and geneticists would acknowledge Sewall Wright’s principle of the ‘universality of gene interactions,’ there is no consensus regarding their role in evolution. Gene interactions and their statistical characterization as epistasis (the between-locus non-additive component of genetic variance) are not central concepts in current adaptation theory.
Paternity in Plants
Authors: Bertin Robert I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolutionary studies of plant reproduction prior to the 197Os largely or completely ignored the paternal contribution to fitness. Within the last few years this topic has received increased theoretical interest and some empirical study. This attention reflects the realization that, on average, an hermaphroditic plant obtains half its fitness via its male function. A knowledge of male performance has become essential for evaluating the burgeoning body of theory dealing with plant reproduction, particularly in the areas of sexual selection, resource allocation, and the evolution of breeding systems
The Influence of Competition on Plant Reproduction
Authors: Weiner Jacob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Competition or interference is ubiquitous in its influence on plants. It is rare to find a plant which has not been affected negatively by neighboring plants. For the plant population ecologist, competition or interference is best defined as any negative effect due to the proximity of neighbors.16 Thus, interference is something that occurs between individuals, reducing their growth and/or increasing their probability of death.