bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postcards from the edge: maintaining the ‘alternative’ character of fair trade
Authors: Low William , Davenport Eileen 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper argues that the pressures for fair trade to substantially increase market access for marginalized producers in the global South and subsequently move fair trade out of niche into mainstream markets is reshaping the boundaries of the movement. We suggest that going mainstream carries with it the danger of appropriation of the more convenient elements of fair trade by the commercial sector and loss of the more radical edges. This paper examines the changing discourse surrounding fair trade, critically reflecting on the movement's history to understand how its evolution to date might influence its possible futures. The paper concludes by exploring how various elements within the fair trade movement are trying to retain a radical edge in order to continue to provide a critique of the dominant paradigm of business and trade. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
What Tanzania's coffee farmers can teach the world: a performance‐based look at the fair trade–free trade debate
Authors: Parrish Bradley D. , Luzadis Valerie A. , Bentley William R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractQuestions remain about the effectiveness of fair trade, especially in comparison with free trade approaches to development. Both strategies seek to benefit smallholder farmers in lower‐income countries, who are vulnerable to declining and fluctuating commodity prices and rising production costs. This study examines two prominent market‐based interventions, Fairtrade certification and TechnoServe business development, as they are implemented at two coffee producer organizations in Tanzania. Qualitative and secondary quantitative data were collected using rapid appraisal methodology during three months of field research. The data were analyzed using the sustainable livelihood framework. This study concludes that both intervention strategies yield potentially valuable results for smallholders in multiple domains, but each is distinctly suited to specific market conditions. Implications of the study's findings are discussed in terms of an emerging consensus on intervention strategies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Keeping trade fair: governance challenges in the fair trade coffee initiative
Authors: Taylor Peter Leigh , Murray Douglas L. , Raynolds Laura T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFair trade has gained attention as an innovative market‐based mechanism for addressing social and environmental problems exacerbated by conventional global markets. Yet such initiatives are also regulatory mechanisms that establish voluntary alternative arrangements for governing production, commercialization and consumption of global commodities. Based on a recent study of fair trade coffee experiences in Latin America, this paper explores the changes that fair trade represents in governance of the coffee commodity chain. It argues that fair trade coffee governance is shaped both by formal organizational arrangements for coordination and control and, less formally, by the social and political relations embedded in fair trade's commodity chain. Fair trade's alternative governance arrangements represent one of the initiative's major accomplishments but also pose some of its most significant challenges for the future. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Osteogenesis imperfecta: Evidence for the existence of an abnormal amino acid sequence in the molecule of dermal collagen
Authors: Heathcote J. G. , Al‐Alawi Samirah 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA collagen‐type pattern of peptide and amino acid spots was obtained when partial hydrolysates of normal human dermis were examined by a specially developed thin‐layer chromatographic (TLC) ‘finger‐printing’ technique. The pattern was consistent and independent of age and sex. Two clinically similar cases of osteogenesis imperfecta congenita gave identical patterns which differed in specific regions from those given by their age‐matched, normal controls. A single case of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda showed the same overall pattern as the congenita cases. It is concluded that an abnormal amino acid sequence occurs in the collagen molecule of both types of osteogenesis imperfecta.
The characteristics of acid 1,4‐α‐glucosidase in various human adult and fetal tissues
Authors: Shin‐Bühring Y. S. , Unterreithmeier J. , Wilsmann T. , Schaub J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDeficiency of acid 1,4‐α‐glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) is associated with Pompe's disease (McKusick 23230), generalized glycogen storage disease type II. The deficiency of this enzyme has been demonstrated in various human tissues and cultivated cells from patients with Pompe's disease. Prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of this genetic disorder can be established by a simple procedure measuring the enzyme activity even with artificial substrates. However, there remain some questions concerning enzyme characteristics of α‐glucosidase in various human tissues and the changes occurring during development.
A refinement-based process algebra for timed automata
Authors: Cattani Stefano , Kwiatkowska Marta 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
We propose a real-time extension to the process algebra CSP. Inspired by timed automata, a very successful formalism for the specification and verification of real-time systems, we handle real time by means of clocks, i.e. real-valued variables that increase at the same rate as time. This differs from the conventional approach based on timed transitions. We give a discrete trace and failures semantics to our language and define the resulting refinement relations. One advantage of our proposal is that it is possible to automatically verify refinement relations between processes. We demonstrate how this can be achieved and under which conditions.
Conjugate observations of the day-side reconnection electric field: A GEM boundary layer campaign
Authors: Pinnock M. , Rodger A. S. , Baker K. B. , Lu G. , Hairston M. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract. Data from HF-radars are used to make the first simultaneous conjugate measurements of the day-side reconnection electric field. A period of 4 h around local magnetic noon are studied during a geospace environment modeling (GEM) boundary layer campaign. The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) was southward whilst the eastward component (By) was variable. The flow patterns derived from the radar data show the expected conjugate asymmetries associated with IMF |By| > 0. High-time resolution data (50 and 100 s) enable the flow of plasma across the open/closed field line boundary (the separatrix) to be studied in greater detail than in previous work. The latitude of the separatrix follows the same general trend in both hemispheres but shows a hemispherical difference of 4°, with the summer cusp at higher latitude, as expected from dipole tilt considerations. However, the short-time scale motion of the separatrix cannot be satisfactorily resolved within the best resolution (300 m s-1) of the experiment. The orientation of the separatrix with respect to magnetic latitude is found to follow the same trend in both hemispheres and qualitatively fits that predicted by a model auroral oval. It shows no correlation with IMF By. However, the degree of tilt in the Northern (summer) Hemisphere is found to be significantly greater than that given by the model oval. The convection pattern data show that the meridian at which throat flow occurs is different in the two hemispheres and is controlled by IMF By, in agreement with empirically derived convection patterns and theoretical models. The day-side reconnection electric field values are largest when the radar's meridian is in the throat flow or early afternoon flow regions. In the morning or afternoon convection cells, the reconnection electric field tends to zero away from the throat flow region. The reconnection electric field observed in the throat flow region is bursty in nature.Key words. Ionosphere (plasma convection; polar ionosphere) · Magnetospheric physics (magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions)
Properties and origin of energetic particles at the duskside of the Earth's magnetosheath throughout a great storm
Authors: Sarafopoulos D. V. , Athanasiu M. A. , Sarris E. T. , Yamamoto T. , Kokubun S. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract. We study an interval of 56 h on January 16 to 18, 1995, during which the GEOTAIL spacecraft traversed the duskside magnetosheath from X @ -15 to -40 RE and the EPIC/ICS and EPIC/STICS sensors sporadically detected tens of energetic particle bursts. This interval coincides with the expansion and growth of a great geomagnetic storm. The flux bursts are strongly dependent on the magnetic field orientation. They switch on whenever the Bz component approaches zero (Bz @ 0 nT). We strongly suggest a magnetospheric origin for the energetic ions and electrons streaming along these "exodus channels". The time profiles for energetic protons and "tracer" O+ ions are nearly identical, which suggests a common source. We suggest that the particles leak out of the magnetosphere all the time and that when the magnetosheath magnetic field connects the spacecraft to the magnetotail, they stream away to be observed by the GEOTAIL sensors. The energetic electron fluxes are not observed as commonly as the ions, indicating that their source is more limited in extent. In one case study the magnetosheath magnetic field lines are draped around the magnetopause within the YZ plane and a dispersed structure for peak fluxes of different species is detected and interpreted as evidence for energetic electrons leaking out from the dawn LLBL and then being channelled along the draped magnetic field lines over the magnetopause. Protons leak from the equatorial dusk LLBL and this spatial differentiation between electron and proton sources results in the observed dispersion. A gradient of energetic proton intensities toward the ZGSM = 0 plane is inferred. There is a permanent layer of energetic particles adjacent to the magnetosheath during this interval in which the dominant component of the magnetic field was Bz.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (magnetosheath; magnetotail boundary layers; storms and substorms)
&lt;i&gt;Letter to the editor&lt;/i&gt;CUTLASS observations of a high-m ULF wave and its consequences for the DOPE HF Doppler sounder
Authors: Wright D. M. , Yeoman T. K. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract. The CUTLASS (Co-operative UK Twin Located Auroral Sounding System) Finland HF radar, whilst operating in a high spatial and temporal resolution mode, has measured the ionospheric signature of a naturally occurring ULF wave in scatter artificially generated by the Tromsù Heater. The wave had a period of 100 s and exhibited curved phase fronts across the heated volume (about 180 km along a single radar beam). Spatial information provided by CUTLASS has enabled an m-number for the wave of about 38 to be determined. This high-m wave was not detected by the IMAGE (International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Efects) network of ground magnetometers, as expected for a wave of a small spatial scale size. These observations over the first independent confirmation of the existence of the ground uncorrelated ULF wave signatures previously reported in measurements recorded from an HF Doppler sounder located in the vicinity of Tromsö. These results both demonstrate a new capability for geophysical exploration from the combined CUTLASS-EISCAT ionospheric Heater experiment, and provide a verification of the HF Doppler technique for the investigation of small scale ULF waves.Key words. Ionosphere (ionosphere – magnetosphere interactions) . Magnetospheric physics (magnetosphere – ionosphere interactions; MHD waves and instabilities)
Comparison of the posttraumatic stress disorder scale versus the clinician‐administered posttraumatic stress disorder scale in domestic violence survivors
Authors: Griffin Michael G. , Uhlmansiek Mary H. , Resick Patricia A. , Mechanic Mindy B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe posttraumatic diagnostic scale (PDS) is a self‐report instrument for PTSD thai is simple to administer and has demonstrated good psychometric properties. We compared the PDS with the gold standard clinician administered PTSD scale (CAPS) diagnostic interview for PTSD. We assessed 138 women who were victims of domestic violence using both the PDS and the CAPS. Findings confirmed that PTSD develops at a high base rate in this sample. The PDS generally performed well in relation to the CAPS although with a tendency to overdiagnose PTSD. The findings lend further support to the use of the PDS as a diagnostic tool for PTSD but indicate that it is better at identifying survivors with PTSD than those without the disorder.
A new development in PTSD and the law: The case of Fairfax County v. Mottram
Authors: Lindahl Mary W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe decision of the Virginia Supreme Court in Fairfax County Fire & Rescue Department v. Mottram (2002) has important implications for Workers' Compensation claims for posttraumatic stress disorder, particularly those involving emergency services personnel. A firefighter/paramedic who developed chronic, disabling PTSD after responding to a fatal fire was denied benefits because he had previously reported symptoms of the disorder, whereas the statute recognized a single traumatic incident only. The court held that PTSD resulting from multiple traumatic stressors may be considered a compensable occupational disease analogous to dermatitis developed by a flower shop employee with chronic exposure to irritating stimuli. The decision, which constitutes legal recognition of work‐related cumulative PTSD in rescue workers, provides benefits for treatment and encourages earlier treatment of traumatic stress in this group.
Skuas at penguin carcass: patch use and state-dependent leaving decisions in a top-predator
Authors: Hahn Steffen , Peter Hans-Ulrich , Bauer Silke 
Published: June 2005

Foraging decisions depend not only on simple maximization of energy intake but also on parallel fitness-relevant activities that change the forager's ‘state’. We characterized patch use and patch leaving rules of a top-predatory seabird, the Brown Skua (Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi), which during its reproductive period in the Antarctic establishes feeding territories in penguin colonies. In feeding trials, we observed how skuas foraged at penguin carcass patches and analysed patch leaving decisions by incorporating the estimated state of foraging birds and patch availability.Patches were exploited in a characteristic temporal pattern with exponentially decreasing remaining patch sizes (RPSs) and intake rates. Patch size decreased particularly fast in small compared to large patches and exploitation ended at a mean RPS of 47.6% irrespective of initial size.We failed to identify a measure which those birds equalized upon patch departure from raw data. However, when accounting for the birds' state, we ascertained remaining patch size and intake rates to have the lowest variance at departure whereas food amount and feeding time remained variable. Statistical correction for territory size only and combined with state had lower effects, but remaining patch size remained the measure with lowest coefficient of variation. Thus, we could clearly reject a fixed-time or fixed-amount strategy for territorial skuas and rather suggest a state-dependent strategy that equalizes remaining patch size. Thus our results provide evidence that under natural conditions, territorial skuas adjust their foraging decision on actual energy requirements, i.e. offspring number and age.
Acceptance by Irish consumers of a hypothetical GM dairy spread that reduces cholesterol
Authors: O’Connor Elaine , Cowan Cathal , Williams Gwilym , O’Connell John , Boland Maurice 
Published: June 2005

PurposeThe objective of this study was to determine the level of acceptance by Irish consumers of a hypothetical genetically modified (GM) dairy spread that offered a specific, consumer‐oriented benefit, reducing cholesterol.Design/methodology/approachSome 300 spread consumers, representative in terms of age, gender, and socio‐economic group, completed a questionnaire. Conjoint, cluster and factor analyses were among the main methods used in the analysis.FindingsThe hypothetical GM product was rejected by a majority of Irish spread consumers. Cluster analysis identified four segments of consumers who differed in their purchase intentions towards such a product, depending on demographic factors, on whether they had their cholesterol level tested, on the attitudes that influenced their food choice and on their willingness to try different GM foods. Two segments were pro GM; the other two were anti.Research limitations/implicationsIn terms of limitations, questions about GM foods are hypothetical and the conjoint design did not allow for interaction effects.Originality/valueThe results imply that a GM spread, conferring specific consumer benefits, could capture a share of the Irish market for dairy spreads. Such information is of value to both existing market players and companies considering opportunities in this market.
Corporate social responsibility: a case study of the UK's leading food retailers
Authors: Jones Peter , Comfort Daphne , Hillier David , Eastwood Ian 
Published: June 2005

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to offer a preliminary case study exploration of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) issues being addressed and reported by the UK's leading food retailers.Design/methodology/approachThe paper begins with a short discussion of the characteristics and origins of CSR and this is followed by an outline of the structure of food retailing in the UK and of the ways in which the leading food retailers are driving innovation and development. The paper draws its empirical material from the CSR reports and information posted on the world wide web by the UK's ten leading food retailers.FindingsThe findings reveal that each of the leading food retailers has its own approach to CSR and that there are substantial variations in the nature and extent of the reporting process. That said, there is some common ground in reporting on a range of environmental issues, on sourcing, on employees, on customers and on the communities in which the retailers operate. The underlying message is that all food retailers believe that CSR is an integral element of their core business.Originality/valueThe paper provides an accessible review of CSR issues and agendas, as perceived by the UK's leading food retailers, and as such will interest academics and practitioners working in and on this sector of the retail marketplace.
Decision making as a simplification process: new conceptual perspectives
Authors: McKenna Richard J. , Martin‐Smith Brett 
Published: June 2005

PurposeProposes to call for inclusion of alternative conceptual perspectives in decision making theory and practice.Design/methodology/approachAdopts a conceptual approach drawing on a diverse range of theories, and applying an illustrative example.FindingsFinds that failure‐prone tactics and poor choice of leadership styles are minor causes of wrong decisions. Major causes are complexity and chaos in the environment, alternative psychological approaches, and political and ethical behaviours.Practical implicationsDecision science tools and leadership style do have applicability. However, their relevance and applicability are very much subjugated by the complexity, uncertainty and near unknowability of the decision‐making context. New conceptual perspectives are required.Originality/valueHighlights the relevance of complex, chaotic environments and human behaviours to decision processes. Intends to encourage researchers to adopt new theoretical approaches and to help practitioners understand the reasons for decision failures.
A review of case studies publishing in Management Decision 2003‐2004
Authors: Cepeda Gabriel , Martin David 
Published: June 2005

PurposeThis paper aims to specify a set of methodological stages to conduct case studies. It presents a graphical representation of these stages, describes how it assists management researchers to build theory from data gathered in the field, and outlines its value for achieving sound management research.Design/methodology/approachA sample of nine cases published in Management Decision within the last two years (2003‐2004) is selected in order to illustrate these processes.FindingsThe paper's major contribution to research methodology is to specify a set of guidelines for conducting case studies and being explicit in how to apply a series of quality criteria for evaluating case studies in practice. The proposal not only helps to conduct research, but also documents the links between the research topics (in the conceptual framework), data (observations and interpretations in the field), data analysis (coding using the concepts in the conceptual framework and emergent themes) and the theory and knowledge accumulated through the research process.Practical implicationsThe increasing use of case studies in management, and the desire to build theory from qualitative data, has highlighted a gap between existing proposals and the criteria for rigorous case studies. This contribution helps to close this gap by providing guidelines and the practical application of the quality principles. It assists management researchers working in these paradigms to build theory from qualitative data.Originality/valueThe proposal adds to the tools that management researchers can follow to produce sound research. This paper illustrates several case studies in order to show their epistemological approach, and to evaluate their quality level by applying our principles.
Using interpretive structural modelling in strategic decision‐making groups
Authors: Bolaños Ricardo , Fontela Emilio , Nenclares Alfredo , Pastor Pablo 
Published: June 2005

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to apply interpretive structural modelling in the clarification of the perceptions of different individuals in a managerial group in order to improve group decision making. To limit conflict and increase shared knowledge in group decision making, there is a need to explain differences among group members at the cognitive level.Design/methodology/approachQualitative research has suggested methods that involve personal narratives and in‐depth interviews. The effectiveness of such methods can be enhanced using the techniques of formal logic. The approach used for the case is a simulation of a strategic group decision‐making process using interpretive structural modelling. The simulation contemplates a typical business scenario. It was done using role‐play in strategic corporate problem solving: four functional managerial roles and one general managerial role were assigned. Individual and group relationships were portrayed.FindingsAfter analysing the results the authors found major differences in priority orderings of the different roles. As there are differences in the perception of the priority of the issues in the different managerial roles, it would be more difficult to take a decision.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitations of this research are that it was done with assigned roles instead of real executives. Further research could provide ways of identifying schools of thought in decision‐making groups for strategic issues.Practical implicationsThe practical application of this paper would be in the hypothetical decision‐making arena, improving the decision‐making process among executives working in different functional areas.Originality/valueThe application of formal logic methods to a decision‐making process is the prime contribution of this paper.