bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prophecy and the Prophetic Books
Authors: Blenkinsopp J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis is the second of six chapters on the Old Testament and its authors. It discusses prophecy and the prophetic books of the Old Testament starting by pointing out that not much has been added to the non‐biblical data bearing on the phenomenon of prophecy in ancient Israel since the 1979 study of the prophetic literature by W. McKane. The aspects of the subject addressed in Sect. I include the danger of form‐critical positivism and the problematic nature of the passage from text to prophetic realia (McKane), B. S. Child's advocacy of interpretation in the context of canon, reader response theory and prophetic terminology. Section II looks at the social‐scientific approach to prophecy, and Sect. III looks at the process by which prophetic books and the prophetic corpus as a whole reached the form in which they are now available. Section IV discusses the early Second Temple period, and the last section of the chapter looks at one of the most contentious issues in the study of the prophetic texts—the relation between prophecy and law.
The History of Israel: Foundations of Israel
Authors: Whitelam K. W. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis is the fourth of six chapters on the Old Testament and its authors, and addresses the history and foundations of Israel (the next chapter looks at the later history of Israel). It starts by noting the huge change that has taken place in the study of Israelite history so that while at the beginning of the 1990s it was possible to complain of a situation of complacency and sterility, at the end of the 1990s this situation has changed out of all recognition, even though the parameters of the discussion have changed little: the nature and historicity of the Hebrew Bible in comparison with the relevance of archaeological data remain at the fulcrum of the debate. The periods of Israel's emergence and of the Judaean and Israelite monarchies are seen as the foundational periods of Israelite history (rather than the periods of the patriarchs or exodus), and it is around these that the battle lines have been drawn in the historical search for ancient Israel. The different sections of the chapter discuss: the textual and material foundations of Israelite history—the history of the gaps; the emergence of ancient Israel; the Israelite monarchy; and text in context.
How Much Has LDC Trade Affected Western Job Markets?
Authors: Freeman Richard , Revenga Ana 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of trade with less developed countries (LDCs) on labour markets using a newly developed data set that links trade flows by industry and country to labour market outcomes in a sample of OECD countries from 1970 to 1992. Two extreme views are considered: that trade is the sole determinant of labour market problems and that trade has no effect on Western workers. Results failed to support either of the views.
Relative Prices, Trade and Restructuring in European Industry
Authors: Neven Damien , Wyplosz Charles 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter examines the impact of trade on European labour markets using data on relative commodity prices and intra-sectoral skill levels. Drastic restructuring in unskilled labour-intensive industries is observed in terms of downsizing and upgrading of skills. Competition from developing countries affects a significant number of industries, but the adjustments taking place at the industry level are not as simple as those predicted by Heckscher-Ohlin.
The Labour Market Effects of International Trade: A Computable General Equilibrium Model
Authors: Smith Alasdair 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is developed to examine the impact of international trade on the labour market. The model confirms the general conclusion that the effects of trade on labour demand or relative wages are small. It is argued that the ‘mainstream’ empirical trade model, of which the CGE model is one version, is unsuitable for providing accurate estimates of the labour market effects of trade, because its structure does not provide an appropriate model of either the skill endowments of the economy or the skill intensity of production.
Trade With Emerging Countries and the Labour Market: The French Case
Authors: Cortes O. , Jean S. , Pisani‐Ferry J. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of international trade on the French labour market. Between 1977 and 1993, trade with countries with GDP per capita less than that of France resulted in job losses of around 350,000, mostly low-skilled workers. However, this loss was mainly due to changes in trade balance rather than the factor content of trade. Trade affected the productive efficiency of industries and the average skill of their labour demand. These effects were not specific to trade with developing countries.
Wage and Mobility Effects of Trade and Migration
Authors: Haisken‐De New John P. , Zimmermann Klaus F. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The effects of migration and trade on the German labour market are examined using micro panel data. Male wages are negatively affected by the trade deficit ratio. An increase in trade deficit ratio — net imports divided by the output of the sector — will reduce wages; if wages are not downwardly flexible, jobs would be lost. Immigration has no effect on low-skilled workers but a positive effect on the wages of high-skilled workers. Trade affects labour mobility, with increasing imports adversely impacting occupational mobility and intra-firm flexibility.
The Path to European Integration: A Historical‐Institutionalist Analysis
Authors: Pierson Paul 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Presents a historical institutionalist account of the development of supranational governance. Focusing on the cumulative impact of the European Community's organization and rule‐making machinery, it argues that, over time, institutional effects like path dependence and lock‐in overwhelm the capacities of national governments to control the course of integration. This is due in part to the fact that governments tend to focus on short‐term interests, while being unable to calculate long‐term consequences of delegating authority to EC institutions. It is also due to the forging of multi‐dimensional relationships between societal actors and EC institutions, such as the European Court and the European Commission, by which information asymmetries develop to the advantage of EC organizations vis‐a‐vis national governments. Various examples of this process can be seen in areas of social policy, such as gender equality and workplace health and safety.
The Emergence of a Supranational Telecommunications Regime
Authors: Sandholtz Wayne 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The creation of a European telecommunications infrastructure provides a clear example of a policy domain in which the competence of national governments has been transferred into the European Union. The chapter begins by presenting a theoretical framework for this process. It then looks at the societal groups involved, explaining why the former PTT system of national monopolies over postal, telegraphic, and telecommunications services harmed their interests, and why the European integration of such services was urged as a preferred solution. It then describes the intergovernmental starting point, which was the establishment in 1959 of the CEPT (Conférence européenneto des administrations des postes et des télécommunications) to encourage cooperation between PTTs. It then analyses the ways in which transnational interest groups and the European Commission exploited existing rules to consolidate supranational control over telecommunications policy‐making, in respect of both setting technical standards and liberalizing service provision.
The Liberalization and European Reregulation of Air Transport
Authors: O'Reilly Dolores , Stone Sweet Alec 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Outlines the process by which intergovernmental mechanisms for the regulation of civil aviation in Europe were replaced by European Community mechanisms. First, it describes the original preference of member‐state governments for national control of international air transport services. Then, it discusses the synergy between transnational industry actors and supranational organizations that conspired to undermine the status quo. Finally, it examines the EC policy‐making process, charting the response of member‐state governments to these pressures for Europeanization of the civil aviation sector.
Creating Supranational Authority in Monetary and Exchange‐Rate Policy: The Sources and Effects of EMU
Authors: Cameron David R. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Seeks to understand why some member‐states of the European Community attempted, with eventual success, to extend supranational authority in the domain of monetary and exchange‐rate policy and to anticipate some of the probable consequences of such extension. It begins by analysing the beliefs that originally underpinned the attempt, concerning the perceived need to resolve the community tensions inherent in independent economic policy‐making. It then considers the economic, political and institutional dilemmas, and uncertainties likely to confront member‐states as economic integration proceeds. Concentrating on the issues of low growth and high unemployment, it assesses how far European Monetary Union is likely to provide a remedy, and whether it will be necessary or desirable to create a counterweight to the authority of the European Central Bank, and to create new supranational organizations in the domain of European macroeconomic governance.
The Engines of Integration? Supranational Autonomy and Influence in the European Union
Authors: Pollack Mark A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Is European integration still being driven, as it used to be, by intergovernmental agreement, or is the mainspring now located within the European Community itself? This chapter explores the autonomy and the influence of the EC's supranational organizations and the extent to which they can act as engines of the integration process, focusing in particular on the executive activities of the European Commission. In terms of the larger project of the book as a whole, its primary emphasis is on supranational organizations and the extent to which they can drive the integration process along the continuum between an intergovernmental and a supranational polity. It begins with a theoretical discussion of the role of supranational organizations in the integration process, and then presents some basic hypotheses about the variables underlying variations in the autonomy and influence of supranational agents such as the European Commission, the European Court of Justice, and the European Parliament. It then examines problems of subjecting these hypotheses to empirical verification, with particular reference to the activities of the Commission. It concludes by arguing that supranational autonomy and influence cannot be rightly understood in terms of a simple dualism between ‘obedient servants’ and ‘runaway Eurocracies’, but in terms of variance along a continuum between the two.
Citizen Support for Policy Integration
Authors: Dalton Russell J. , Eichenberg Richard C. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Examines the role of public opinion as a societal actor in the European integration process, analysing its evolution from comparative insignificance only a decade ago, when the research focus was largely on intergovernmental mechanisms and drivers, to its current salience. The change is partly due to heightened recognition by analysts of the role of public opinion in shaping government policy preferences, and partly because the process of European integration has reached down more searchingly into ordinary citizens’ concerns. The research presented in this chapter therefore examines the patterns of citizen support for the integration process, focusing on specific issue areas such as health, environment, and defence, and on the extent to which European public opinion feels that responsibility in these sectors should be transferred from national governments to the European Union.
Institution‐Building from Below and Above: The European Community in Global Environmental Politics
Authors: Sbragia Alberta M. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The environmental policy domain presents an instructive case study of the balance of policy‐making competence as between the European Community as a supranational entity and the national governments of its members. While the EC's negotiating cohesiveness on environmentalism is not as effective as federalists would wish, it is far stronger than could have been predicted from the Treaty of Rome, which did not even mention the issue. The emergence of the EC as a player on the stage of global environmental politics raises two questions: first, how did the EC acquire its powers in this policy domain; second, how did the international community respond to its demands for participation. These questions require consideration of, respectively, regional and global levels of institutionalization.
Introduction: The Idea of a Moral Theory of International Law
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Explains why a moral theory of international law is needed, refutes several prominent views that purport to rule out the possibility of such a theory, sets out the criteria that the needed theory should satisfy, previews the main outlines of the theory developed in the remainder of the book, and explains and supports the thesis that institutional moral reasoning is needed to develop such a theory. There are nine sections: I. The Need for a Theory; II. Curious Neglect—the neglect of international relations in contemporary moral philosophy; III. Institutional Moral Reasoning; IV. The Realist Challenge; V. The Moral Minimalist Challenge; VI. Legal Nihilism; VII. The Moral Legitimacy of the State System; VIII. The Nature and Scope of a Moral Theory of International Law; and IX. An Overview of a Proto‐theory—a summary of the moral theory of international law presented in the book, pointing out its limitations and theoretical essentials.
The Commitment to Justice
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Begins the task of laying the foundations for a justice‐based theory of international law, and presents three main arguments. The first argument is that justice should be a primary moral goal of the international legal system; in making the case that justice should be a primary goal, the charge that peace is the only proper goal for the international legal system is rebutted and it is argued that the pursuit of justice in and through international law need not be inimical to peace. The second argument is that justice is not only a permissible goal for the international legal system, but a morally obligatory one; to accomplish this step in the overall argument, the concept of the “Natural Duty of Justice” is explained—i.e. the principle that each person has a limited moral obligation to help ensure that all persons have access to institutions, including legal institutions, that protect their basic human rights. The third argument shows that taking seriously the idea that justice is a primary, morally obligatory goal of the international legal system requires a particular conception of the state, in which it is to serve in part as an instrument of justice, not as a discretionary association whose sole function is to serve the mutual benefit of its members; this is a direct attack on the dominant international relations view that states should support international law only so far as it serves their “national interests”. The six parts of the chapter are: I. Introduction; II. Justice as a Primary Goal of International Law—an introduction to the “Natural Duty of Justice” argument; III. Two Conceptions of the State and its Relations with Those beyond its Borders; IV, The Plurality of Ways of Acting on the Natural Duty of Justice; V. Abandoning the National Interest Theses; and VI. Conclusions.
Intrastate Autonomy
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Ch. 8 argued for combining a rather restrained, justice‐based view of the unilateral right to secede, the Remedial Right Only Theory, with a much more supportive stance toward forms of self‐determination within the state: various forms of intrastate autonomy. This chapter argues that the international legal order ought to acknowledge the importance of self‐determination by supporting intrastate autonomy, and also suggests that, apart from the role that international law should play, individual states should generally give serious consideration to proposals for intrastate autonomy. The chapter first makes the case for including in the domain of transnational justice the monitoring and enforcement of intrastate autonomy regimes under certain rather exceptional circumstances, and then, in the last section, suggests that even where principles of transnational justice do not require it, there are cases in which the international community might play a constructive role by providing diplomatic support and economic inducements or pressure to encourage the creation and well‐functioning of intrastate autonomy regimes. The five sections of the chapter are: I. Intrastate Autonomy and Transnational Justice; II. Indigenous Peoples’ Rights; III. Justifications for Intrastate Autonomy for Indigenous Peoples; IV. Basic Individual Human Rights as Limits on Intrastate Autonomy; and V. International Support for Intrastate Autonomy: Beyond the Requirements of Transnational Justice.
The Morality of International Legal Reform
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Ch. 10 summarized the main proposals for reform that have been argued in this book, briefly restating the moral framework linking justice, legitimacy, and self‐determination that grounds them, and noting that implementing the proposed reforms probably would require significant changes in international law regarding armed intervention. The aims of this chapter are (1) to explain more fully why a new legal framework for armed intervention is needed for successful legal reform, (2) to examine the advantages and disadvantages of the major types of strategies for achieving the needed reform in the law of armed intervention, from the perspective of both feasibility and morality, and (3) to show that the most promising strategy for reform may be the creation of a treaty‐based, rule‐governed liberal‐democratic regime for armed intervention that bypasses the current UN Charter‐based requirement of Security Council authorization and that does not depend upon the US to act as the world's policeman. In addition, it is argued that although the most promising strategy for reform may require violating existing international law, it is nonetheless morally justifiable. The more general point made is that under certain conditions a willingness to violate existing international law for the sake of reforming it can be not only consistent with a sincere commitment to the rule of law, but even required by it. The six sections of the chapter are: I. The Need for Reform regarding the Law of Intervention; II. Three Types of Strategies for Legal Reform; III. The Morality of Illegal Legal Reform; IV. The Commitment to the Rule of Law; V. Moral Authority; and VI. Conclusions.
Constructing a Supranational Constitution
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe sources and consequences of constructing a supranational constitution in Europe are traced. The relationship between private litigants, national judges, and the European Court of Justice has been central to this process. Thus, the ECJ fashioned a judicially enforceable constitution out of international treaty law—a unique achievement that is shown to have fundamentally transformed the European polity in the process in a multitude of ways.
Community Norms and Embeddedness: A Game‐Theoretic Approach
Authors: Aoki Masahiko 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter presents a basic analytical logic of community-mechanisms from a game-theoric perspective. It formulates the basic structure of an economic domain in game form, and distinguishes between exogenous rules of the game (e.g. technology, statutory law) and community norms as endogenous rules of the game. The endogenous formation of clientship or business networks that regulate exchanges in the context of initially impersonal exchange domain (random matching) is discussed. The possible roles of a community norm and structure in the transition of a rural community to contractual relationships with outsiders to the community, and those of replication of a community norm in the context of a modern industrial organization are examined.
Community Arrangements to Overcome Market Failures: Pooling Groups in Japanese Fisheries
Authors: Platteau Jean‐Philippe , Seki Erika 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter examines the rationale and the viability of pooling arrangements in coastal fisheries in Japan. It is shown that the advantages of coordination and joint operation associated with pooling are reflected in the improved performance of the pooling group. The allocation of effort between fishing locations characterized by different risks (of net damage) and productivities is much closer to optimum in the fully pooling group than in the group where the attempt to pool has largely failed.
An Archaeology of Place
Authors: King Charles 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Over the long sweep of history it is difficult to argue that the lands around the Black Sea have been more volatile, a sense of ethnic identity more deeply felt, or questions of land, custom, and religion more divisive than in any other part of Europe or Eurasia. At times the region has been a frontier between different empires and civilizations; at other times, it has been a well-integrated part of broader European—even global—economic and political relationships. The ecology of the sea itself set the stage for long periods of interaction and exchange.
Univariate periodic time series models
Authors: Franses Philip Hans , Paap Richard 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
In Chapter 3 we outline the basics of periodic models for univariate time series data. We abstain from a discussion of trending data, and assume there are no stochastic trends. We consider two types of representation of periodic models. We discuss how parameters can be estimated, how the lag structures can be determined, and we give diagnostic measures to examine if the models are properly specified. Next, we show how one can generate forecasts from periodic models. As it is of interest to see what happens when one neglects periodicity, we also dedicate a section to this topic. Finally, we discuss periodic models for the conditional second moment, that is, periodic GARCH models.
Ambrose: De Officiis
Authors: Davidson Ivor J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDe officiis, by Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397), is one of the most important texts of Latin Patristic literature, and a major work of early Christian ethics. Modelled on the De officiis of Cicero, it synthesizes Stoic assumptions on virtue and expediency with biblical patterns of humility, charity, and self–denial to present Ambrose's vision of conduct appropriate for representatives of the church of Milan in the late 380s. Ambrose aspires to demonstrate that Christian values not only match but also exceed the moral standards advocated by Cicero. His purpose is not to build bridges between Cicero and Christ, but to replace Cicero's work with a new Christian account of duties, designed to show the social triumph of the gospel in the world of the Roman Empire. This edition consists of Ambrose's Latin text and a new English translation, the first since the nineteenth century. The Introduction considers in detail such matters as the composition of the work, its intended purpose, and its combination of biblical teaching and Ciceronian Stoicism. The Commentary (Volume 2 of the set) concentrates on the structure of the work, its copious citations of Scripture and Cicero, and its historical and social context.