bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Developments in Balancing Machines
Authors: Söderberg Carl Richard 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author describes a machine for balancing quickly and at low cost light rotating masses such as the rotors of small electric motors. The problems involved are discussed and the solution presented and illustrated. Four appendices are devoted to the discussion of (a) the correction of a general state of unbalance by two masses, (b) the requirements for constant period of a balancing machine with a movable fulcrum, (c) the analysis of the vibrating motion, and (d) the sensitiveness of the balancing machine.
A Steam–Loss Prevention Plan Operating in a Textile–Finishing Plant
Authors: Burke Henry Morgan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author gives details of simple and elastic methods installed in the power department of a large textile-finishing concern, which made it possible to diagnose daily plant operation, introduce new operating practices, enthuse the personnel with the importance of their tasks, keep accurate records, and effect important economies in the generation, distribution, and utilization of steam and power.
Reheating in Central Stations
Authors: Wohlenberg W. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author discusses the influence of amounts of energy added in reheating, number of reheating stages, and points in expansion at which reheating should begin. A comparison is made of reheating, regenerative, and combination cycles combining both reheating and bleeding stages, and it is shown that, because of the influence on the internal machine efficiency thereby, reheating properly applied may lead to higher efficiencies than bleeding. It is furthermore shown that the combination cycles give promise of realization in practice of appreciably higher efficiencies than would be the case for the other cycles investigated. The analysis also indicates that for a limiting steam temperature of 750 deg. fahr., the maximum efficiency is attained at initial pressures varying between 600 and 900 lb., the exact optimum depending upon cycle, fuel, and steam generator used; and that if pressures are increased beyond these points there will result an actual reduction in overall efficiency.
The Protection of Steam-Turbine Disk Wheels From Axial Vibration
Authors: Campbell Wilfred 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
One of the most important features in the design and manufacture of a steam turbine is the elimination of the possibility of vibration occurring at the various natural frequencies of its disk wheels and buckets. This paper describes an investigation by the General Electric Company of various forms of vibrations and waves which may exist in steam-turbine disk wheels. The dangerous critical speeds that must be guarded against are discussed, together with other minor resonant conditions that it is advisable to avoid. The testing machines used for verification of predicted frequencies and critical speeds are described in detail as well as the different types of tests made. The conclusion gives the procedure, necessary in all cases, for the definite protection of steam-turbine bucket wheels from axial vibration, as justified by several years of successful manufacture.
Available Data on the Properties of Irons and Steels at Various Temperatures
Authors: French H. J. , Tucker W. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The authors point out that while a vast amount of test work has been carried out on the properties of ferrous metals at high and low temperatures, the information available is incomplete and unsatisfactory. They summarize effectively the information available for temperature effects on such mechanical properties as tensile strength, elongation, hardness, strength in torsion and crushing for cast irons, steels, cast steels, and malleable iron. There is invariably a loss in mechanical properties with increase in temperature, but this varies for each metal and alloy. The importance of the time factor in all tests is emphasized and short-time tests are considered as worthless by some investigators in indicating true behaviors under service conditions.
A brief note is given regarding the thermal expansion of some metals, some alloys, such as invar and the related nickel steels, departing completely from the usual laws of thermal expansion. “Growth” in cast iron with repeated heating is considered, and “semi-steel” is recommended for use in annealing ovens, rolls, fire bars and other cases where repeated heating occurs.
Chemical inertness is shown to be an important factor in the selection of metals for use at high temperatures, some alloys being more resistant to chemical change than others. Oxidation of steels is briefly studied. While it is evident that all steels weaken with considerable rise in temperature, the composition and treatment of steels may be varied to meet specific requirements, and emphasis is laid on the fact that heat-resisting alloys which are now being produced commercially have very desirable properties at very high temperatures. Many of these alloys cannot be called steels or even ferrous alloys, and in some cases are practically free from iron, but they are extremely valuable, nevertheless. Nickel-chrome-iron base alloys and copper-nickel and other non-ferrous alloys are among those shown to be promising for heat-resisting purposes. There is also a possibility of the development of coated metals for high-temperature service. Aluminum and chromium coatings are particularly promising in this regard.
A Review of Recent Applications of Powdered Coal to Steam Boilers
Authors: Kreisinger Henry 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper gives a brief statement of the trend of the development for the past two years of the application of powdered coal as a fuel for making steam. It includes treatment of developments in furnaces, driers, and mills. Test results are given from boilers and mills in six central stations using pulverized coal as fuel. The author also discusses mill capacities for various grades of coal.
Recent Developments in the Burning of Anthracite
Authors: Shoudy W. A. , Denny R. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The anthracite referred to is that of which at least 95 per cent will pass through a 3/16-in. round-mesh screen and less than 20 per cent through a 3/32-in. round-mesh screen. The coal was burned on Coxe stokers.
The paper describes successive furnace designs made at the Amsterdam (N. Y.) steam station of the Adirondack Power and Light Corporation. The boilers are of Babcock & Wilcox design and of 1345 hp. Each boiler has two Coxe stokers. Attempts were made to improve on the customary furnace design to which the following objections are made: (a) tendency to stratification of gases, (b) high carbon content of ash, (c) loss of fines to ashpit and stack, and (d) lack of flexibility.
The first experimental furnace had, in addition to the ignition arch, a very short arch over the rear of the grate. With this arrangement improvement, if any, was slight. A three-arch furnace was then built, with better results but with defects due to slagging. A third furnace of two-arch design was finally constructed. Tests reported in the paper show that with the final design stratification can be practically eliminated, as well as ignition troubles, even with low-grade coal. A decided improvement has also been made in the burning of undersizes. Greater capacity was obtained with low-grade coal (60 per cent undersize and 33 per cent ash) in the multiple-arch furnace, where 300 per cent of rating was easily reached, than in the single-arch furnace where 190 per cent was about the limit. The boilers and furnaces are described and illustrated, and a description of the tests with the principal data and results are given in the form of curves.
Design, Manufacture and Production Control of a Standard Machine
Authors: Flanders Ralph E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper describes the methods by which difficulties in manufacture and production control were avoided by the Jones and Lamson Machine Company. The company having passed through a period of increasing speeds and feeds, improvements in methods of doing work and controlling it, with satisfactory results as to total machinery time and direct labor cost, directed its attention to overhead which had suffered a considerable increase due to foremen, clerical work, cost and production offices necessary for the methods which had been adopted.
Reorganization commenced with a segregation of the products in manufacture so that separate manufacturing organizations and equipments were provided for each product, i. e., the Hartness flat turret lathe, the Fay automatic lathe, and the Hartness opening die; while a fourth organization was established for repair and special work. A redesign of the product was then undertaken to eliminate as many parts as possible and to standardize parts to fit several types of machines. The shop was arranged on a basis of departments by products. The author describes the turret-lathe shop and the chief manufacturing processes involved.
The routing and stock-room control are described by the author. Each order is nominally for two months’ production. Rough- and finished-parts stock rooms are kept supplied with half-lots in reserve to prevent hold up in production, but there is no stock-keeper assigned to them. Standard routing is made up from previous experience reckoning on 80 per cent theoretical machine capacity. With bi-monthly starting dates, both rough and finished stock get a complete count six times a year, and adjustments of volume of production are easily made.
Under the present system the foreman has full power within his territory and can measure the efficiency of his department by the schedule of hours for a given rate of output. There is little need for cost accounting, cost of machines being determined on overall operation of the shop, costs of material, labor, overhead and fixed charges being divided by output. An hourly rate basis is used for wage payment.
In a recapitulation, the author points out the following principles: Standardization of product; a separate manufacturing equipment and organization for the product; departmentalization by product rather than by process; a recurrent production schedule; concentration of plant; minimized transportation; disturbing and difficult factors confined to purchasing; visual control of work itself instead of remote control by records; control by orders instead of by records; automatic control of inventories; cost figuring by analyzing total rather than by totaling innumerable details; a plain job for every man and full responsibility with it.
An Investigation of the Critical Bearing Pressures Causing Rupture in Lubricating-Oil Films
Authors: Linsley Leonard Noel 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The problem involved in the paper is to determine the critical or breakdown pressure in the oil films formed in a bearing, using straight mineral oils and also to determine the influence on this critical pressure of the admixture of definite amounts of oleic acid. The author first presents a résumé of the work of other investigators. He describes the apparatus with which his own experiments were conducted and the characteristics of the oils used in his tests. Tests were run with cast-iron and with babbitt bearings, and the results of the final trials, which were run with two of the oils, first untreated and later treated with oleic acid, are given in tabular and graphic form. Efforts to determine the breakdown pressure electrically and the method of measuring film thickness are described. The paper concludes with suggestions for the extension of the experimental work and the redesign of the test apparatus.
In discussing his conclusions the author remarks that the actual breakdown pressures of oils are several hundred times greater than have hitherto been accepted as possible. Although not definitely established, a relationship between breakdown pressure, speed, and viscosity was shown to exist. The actual breakdown pressures at which the film is completely dislodged and the bearing seizes the journal should not be considered as the critical pressure but rather the point at which metallic contact first makes itself manifest. With reference to oils treated with oleic acid the inference cannot be avoided that oils having the same absolute viscosity but differing in chemical consistency do not have the same resistance to rupture and hence, from this point, differ in lubricating value.
The Value of Efficiency in Transforming and Distributing Energy
Authors: Lucke Charles E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Realizing that cheaper heat and cheaper power are closely related national problems requiring engineering methods for their solution, the author in this paper gives valuable data to serve as a guide for the efficient transformation and distribution of energy. Costs of primary energy at the source, transportation or transmission costs, and costs at point of use are presented in tables and charts. Methods and costs for the preparation of a suitable working fluid for the generation of water and steam power are given, and the transformation of working-fluid energy into brake-horsepower energy is shown by means of numerous tables. Other tables give hydroelectric, steam-turbine, and Diesel oil-engine power costs. The paper concludes with an interesting summation of total costs and a comparison of economies of small and large stations.
A Code of Design for Mechanical Springs
Authors: Wood Joseph Kaye 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper first gives an entirely new derivation of the general spring formulas developed by the author from the numerous scattered orthodox spring formulas and presented in his paper on Mechanical Springs at the A.S.M.E. Annual Meeting in December, 1924. The two sets of formulas, although derived independently, are identical in fabrication of terms, and since the new derivation is based upon the direct application of the individual terms, this agreement establishes the general formulas on a more logical and practical basis. There are some differences, however, in the specific values of the stress-method and form-of-section constants, which in the case of springs of the uniform-flexure type account exactly for differences which have been found between calculated and actual test results. Complete research is urged to confirm this finding definitely, and until such work is done the author will employ the constants that agree with the orthodox formulas. In view of the remarkable manner in which the new derivation establishes the logical arrangement of the generalized formulas, the author has drawn up and included in the paper a brief code of design for mechanical springs, which he hopes will serve as a nucleus for a more complete and final code in the future.
Steel-Foundry Management
Authors: Bull R. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author discusses those steel-foundry problems that in his opinion have the greatest general significance in this highly specialized branch of manufacture. He presents a brief analysis of the industry, explaining its technical and commercial divisions, and the significance of each from the standpoint of output, for the purpose of more clearly indicating the nature of the industry under consideration.
Many occupations in the steel foundry are listed in order to explain the complex nature of the operations for which a manager is responsible. The branches of a company organization are assigned to staff and line departments. Reasons are given for certain classifications, regarding which procedures occasionally vary. Policies governing staff departments are discussed separately, not for the purpose of enumerating all duties ordinarily performed, but with the intention of provoking discussion regarding certain factors considered by the author to be of fundamental importance, about which there are differences of opinion.
The subject of compensation both for workmen and for foremen is emphasized because the author believes this is a detail of management which is of very great significance.
Lake Waters for Condensers
Authors: Christie A. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper points out the persistence of stratification of warm- and cold-water layers in our northern lakes and other deep waters. The cold bottom layers make excellent cooling-water supplies for condensers and would permit operation at high vacuum throughout the whole year. The savings from increased vacuum are such that engineers should give this factor careful consideration, both in the selection of plant site and in the design of intakes, particularly for large power stations. Temperature-depth studies of the particular lake should be made to furnish exact data upon which a rational decision can be based.
The Rational Design of Covering for Pipes Carrying Steam up to 800 Deg. Fahr.
Authors: Carter W. A. , Cope E. T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The authors present an analysis of the problem of determining the most economical thickness of pipe covering for steam pipes carrying steam of a total temperature of 500 deg. fahr. and at higher temperatures up to 800 deg. fahr. based on the work of Heilman, Eberle, and others. Two cases are considered, first, in which the total steam temperature is 500 deg. fahr. and a single covering material is used; second, in which the total steam temperature is 700 deg. fahr. and a compound covering, made up of a layer of higher temperature-resisting material next to the pipe and a layer of lower heat-resisting material over it. Curves showing the method of determining the most economical thickness of covering for a 6-in. pipe carrying steam at 500 deg. fahr. and 700 deg. fahr. are included. Equations for the calculations involved are included and the procedure of making the calculations is explained. Three appendices deal with some of the assumptions made in the analysis.
Basis for Determining the Proportions of Standard T-Slots and Bolts
Authors: Burlingame Luther D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
For many years forward-looking engineers have urged the standardization of the holding elements of machine tools, such as T-bolts and slots. The importance of such standardization, has been generally recognized, not only by individual manufacturers but by the National Machine Tool Builders’ Association, the technical societies, and the American Engineering Standards Committee. This has resulted in the appointment of a sub-committee which for several years has been at work on the problem of providing an acceptable standard for T-slots such as are used in the tables of machine tools. A standard has now been formulated by the committee and is the subject matter of a report presented at this meeting.
A great amount of material has been collected showing past and existing practice. Tests have been conducted to ascertain the comparative strength of bolts and slots, in order that the proportions submitted might be suited to practical needs. That the report of the committee may not be loaded with the records of this investigation but instead may be concentrated on the actual proportions to be adopted that report is supplemented by this record of the underlying investigations on which it is based.
The Development of Tap-Drill Sizes
Authors: Danekind A. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Charts for tap-drill sizes as a rule are made up from the opinions of operators, without basic knowledge of the factors governing the selection of the proper tap drill. Different groups of operators in the same plant will develop different charts for the same set of conditions. The author has studied various existing charts and has devised one that takes into consideration the character of material being tapped, the bearing of thread desired, the thickness of the tapped section, and other essential factors.
The Termination of Charcoal Tests for Gasoline
Authors: Kallam F. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
One of the most important features of testing natural gas for gasoline content by means of activated charcoal is the knowledge of when to terminate the test. This paper deals with a method by which the maximum gasoline content may be determined without danger of under- or over-saturating the charcoal when even the approximate content of the gas is unknown. It points out that the correct termination point is determined from the temperature rises and falls in the charcoal due to the adsorption and displacements of the various hydrocarbons. The modifying effect of the condensing phase of the problem is also discussed and conclusions drawn.
A Short Method of Calculating the Periodic Displacement and Oscillations in Synchronous Machines
Authors: Cutler C. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper forms a basis for the design of flywheels for engine-driven generators operating in parallel. The present rules, simple enough for commercial design, apply only in the case of operation against an infinite system. The present paper therefore develops a method whereby the power exchange, torque variations, and other phenomena can be accurately obtained with practically no greater effort than with the present approximate rule. The general solution for two engine-driven generators by means of a nomographic chart is given in an appendix which also explains the method of constructing the chart.
Tests and Theory of Curved Beams
Authors: Winslow A. M. , Edmonds R. H. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Despite the fact that curved beams comprise such important machine elements as crane hooks and punch frames, previous laboratory tests have been, in general, of meager scope and uncertain interpretation. The laws of stress distribution, therefore, are subject to diverse opinions among prominent engineers. The present tests consist of strain-gage observations at several points throughout the cross-sections of large steel specimens, determining complete strain curves. Radial strains, apparently not previously investigated, are definitely measured and a simple working theory of radial stress is developed. Stress in a radial direction is shown to be a vital factor in the design of curved beams of certain proportions. Finally, different theories of circumferential stress are investigated, both by comparison with tests and by analysis; prominent fallacies are pointed out and a more logical fundamental hypothesis advanced in support of the theory adopted.
Heat Transmission From Condensing Steam to Water in Surface Condensers and Feedwater Heaters
Authors: McAdams W. H. , Sherwood T. K. , Turner R. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
New experimental data are presented for single-tube water heaters supplied with exhaust steam. These, together with various data from the literature, are analyzed by the graphical method of E. E. Wilson, by means of which the overall resistance to heat transfer, 1/U, may be successfully resolved into its component parts. Furthermore, by employing a coefficient of 2000 for the steam side, and by using the equation of McAdams and Frost for the water-side coefficient, it is possible to predict the value of U for various water velocities and temperatures. These predicted values compare closely with published test data, both for vacuum condensers and feedwater heaters operated with exhaust steam, covering a range of sizes from 80 to 50,000 sq. ft. For abnormal amounts of air or scale, proper allowances should be made by applying the resistance concept.
The equation previously published for the heat transfer on the water side is found to be satisfactory for vacuum condensers and exhaust heaters. However, in analyzing laboratory data for single-tube apparatus heated by steam materially above atmospheric pressure, it was found that this equation gave unduly conservative results, the discrepancy increasing with increase in steam pressure. This may be due to the boiling of the water on the inner wall of the pipe, to the evolution of dissolved air, etc. Fortunately, since commercial tubular apparatus are usually operated either under vacuum or with exhaust steam, this complication is of minor importance in plant practice.