bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atomic‐order nitridation of SiO2 by nitrogen plasma
Authors: Seino Takuya , Matsuura Takashi , Murota Junichi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAtomic‐order nitridation of ∼30 Å thick SiO2 has been investigated by an electron‐cyclotron‐resonance nitrogen plasma. It is found that the number of nitrogen atoms in the nitrided SiO2 film increases with plasma exposure time and tends to saturate. In the initial nitridation of SiO2, the number of nitrogen atoms in the nitrided SiO2 film depends mainly on the number of incident ions, in dependence on the surface temperature. In the saturation region of the nitridation, it is found that the nitrogen concentration and the depth of the nitrided SiO2 increase with increasing ion energy as well as surface temperature. In the nitridation of SiO2, it is found that the nitrogen bonding structure in the nitrided SiO2 film is changed by ion irradiation with an energy of ∼12 eV and by the temperature increase of the irradiated surface. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal nitridation of ultrathin SiO2 on Si by NH3
Authors: Jintsugawa Osamu , Sakuraba Masao , Matsuura Takashi , Murota Junichi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThermal nitridation of a 30 Å thick SiO2 film on Si(100) was carried out at 750–850°C with NH3 pressures of 100–500 Pa using an ultraclean low‐pressure chemical vapour deposition system, and the depth profile of the nitrogen atom concentration in the SiO2 film was measured with atomic order resolution by repetitions of XPS measurement and etching with dilute HF solution dipping. It is suggested that nitrogen species are adsorbed at the outermost SiO2 surface by NH3 reaction, diffuse into the SiO2 film and then nitride the Si substrate surface at the SiO2/Si interface. With increasing nitridation time, the surface nitrogen concentration initially increased and saturated to 2–3(×1022) cm−3; the saturation time was dependent on the NH3 pressure. The interface nitrogen concentration increased with a delay period and saturated to ∼6.5 × 1014 cm−2; the time to increase of interface concentration was also dependent on the NH3 pressure. The diffusion characteristics of the nitrogen atoms in SiO2 were expressed by Fick's law and the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient was well determined as D = 2.2 × 10−8 exp(−2.2 eV/kT) (cm2 s−1). Finally, it is clarified that most of the nitrogen atoms can be localized to within a 10 Å thick surface region by choosing the nitridation conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Angle‐resolved core‐level spectroscopy of Zr1Nb alloy oxidation by oxygen, water and hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Bastl Z. , Senkevich A. I. , Spirovová I. , Vrtílková V. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe initial oxidation of Zr1Nb alloy in oxygen, water and hydrogen peroxide at room temperature has been studied by angle‐resolved x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). The clean surface of alloy has been prepared either by scraping under ultrahigh (10−10 mbar) vacuum or by argon ion sputtering. The four well‐defined oxidation states of Zr were identified in the oxide films on Zr1Nb. The results of the ARXPS study were consistent with a layered structure of the oxide film, with zirconium dioxide in the outermost part of the film and suboxides in the inner region. The overall thickness of the incipient oxide layers ranged from 1.8 nm for the sputtered surface oxidized by oxygen, to 4.2 nm for the scraped surface oxidized in hydrogen peroxide. Mathematical analysis of the fitted Zr 3d spectra based on a layered structure model allowed us to estimate the thicknesses of individual suboxide layers. The population of suboxides as well as the binding energy of the Zr 3d electrons belonging to tetravalent zirconium were found to depend on the oxidizing agent and on the method used to clean the surface prior to oxidation. The amount of suboxides was much higher on the oxidized alloy surface cleaned by ion sputtering than on surfaces cleaned by scraping. The presence of zirconium hydride was observed in the spectra of Zr 3d electrons of the samples oxidized by water. The observed differences in binding energy of the Zr 3d component assigned to the Zr4+ oxidation state are interpreted by differences in the structure of the dioxide layer. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charge trapping characterization in the thin oxide layer/non‐conductive substrate system
Authors: Liebault J. , Moya‐Siesse D. , Bernardini J. , Moya G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Trapping properties of a thin oxide layer deposited on a non‐conductive substrate are investigated. This study is based on the charge trapping behaviour of defects, depending on their nature and their distribution.The injection of charges is made by means of the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope that exhibits a primary electron energy in the range 300–40 000 eV. Charge trapping characteristics are obtained by using the induced current method, which consists of measuring the evolution of the absorbed current induced by trapped charges in the metallic sample holder during the injection of charges. This method gives not only a quantitative determination of the amount of trapped charges but also the kinetics of charging.In order to characterize the role of the interface (thin oxide /substrate), several tests are performed with various primary energies allowing the oxide, the interface and the substrate to be explored successively, because an increasing primary electron energy corresponds to an increasing penetration depth. As an example, MgO/glass and MgO/enamel systems are investigated. Comparison between these different charging kinetics leads to a better understanding of the effect of the interface on the trapping properties of such systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of thin films of mixed oxides for gas‐sensing applications
Authors: Kaciulis S. , Pandolfi L. , Viticoli S. , Sberveglieri G. , Zampiceni E. , Wlodarski W. , Galatsis K. , Li Y. X. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecently, the thin films of some mixed metal oxides (Mo, Ti, Sn, W, etc.) have been indicated as very promising materials for gas‐sensing applications. Nevertheless, there is still a significant lack of experimental information on these compounds, where the surface properties can be defined not only by their chemical composition but also by the nanosized morphology of the films.In this study we report the results of XPS investigations of Mo–Ti, Mo–Sn and Mo–W oxides. The films of mixed oxides with different composition ratios were prepared by sol–gel and magnetron sputtering techniques. The gas sensitivity of the films at different temperatures was studied by measuring the electrical response to typical gases.Selected‐area XPS depth profiling of the samples was carried out by using cyclic Ar+ sputtering. The separation of different chemical species of the same element and quantitative analysis of experimental depth profiles enabled us to reveal completely the chemical composition of the films investigated. In such a way, the samples of mixed oxides, prepared by two different techniques and annealed at different temperatures (450–700°C), were characterized and compared. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS analysis of zinc hydroxystannate‐coated hydrated fillers
Authors: Mohai Miklós , Tóth András , Hornsby Peter R. , Cusack Paul A. , Cross Matthew , Marosi György 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide powder samples coated by zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) to various extents have been studied by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For quantification of the XPS results a model was applied in which the substrate was covered by islands of ZHS, and this system was considered to be covered by a uniformly thin carbonaceous contamination overlayer. The surface coverage by ZHS and the thickness values of the carbonaceous and ZHS layers were determined for each sample by the recently developed XPS MultiQuant program. Relationships were established between the surface coverage, the layer thickness and the applied bulk concentration of ZHS. Low coating thickness values in the range of several nanometres have been obtained, which may account for the previously observed high flame retardant and smoke suppressant efficacy of zinc hydroxystannate‐coated fillers when applied in various polymeric formulations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reference curves based on non‐parametric quantile regression
Authors: Gannoun Ali , Girard Stéphane , Guinot Christiane , Saracco Jérôme 
Published: October 2002

AbstractReference curves which take time into account, such as those for age, are often required in medicine, but simple systematic and efficient statistical methods for constructing them are lacking. Classical methods are based on parametric fitting (polynomial curves). Semi‐parametric methods are also widely used especially in Europe. Here, we propose a new methodology for the estimation of reference intervals for data sets, based on non‐parametric estimation of conditional quantiles. The derived methods should be applicable to all clinical (or more generally biological) variables that are measured on a continuous quantitative scale. As an example, we analyse a data set collected to establish reference curves for biophysical properties of the skin of healthy French women. The results are compared to those obtained with Royston's polynomial parametric method and the semi‐parametric LMS approach. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bayesian ordinal model for heterogeneity in a multi‐centre myocardial infarction clinical trial
Authors: Manda Samuel O. M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA Bayesian methodology is developed to investigate the homogeneity of the treatment effects in a multi‐centre clinical trial with an ordinal response. A hierarchical model is formulated for the ordinal response, and the marginal posterior distributions of the covariates, overall treatment and the centre effects are calculated using the Gibbs sampler. The methodology is applied to data arising from a multi‐centre clinical trial of therapies for acute myocardial infarction. In this trial, the overall results show that the treatment is effective. However, there appears to be substantial differences in both the baseline risk and treatment effect across centres. Thus, the observed treatment effects may not be generalized to a broader patient population, and exploratory analyses to ascertain reasons for the treatment‐by‐centre interaction and its possible effect on the study conclusions would be useful. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eliminating a framing bias by using simple instructions to ‘think harder’ and respondents with managerial experience: comment on ‘breaking the frame’
Authors: Wright George , Goodwin Paul 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper shows that, in terms of experimental design and ecological validity, the recent study by Hodgkinson et al. (1999) does not ‘indicate that the framing bias is likely to be an important factor in strategic decision making.’ Nor does it suggest that ‘cognitive mapping provides an effective means of limiting the damage accruing from this bias.’ We show that the framing bias demonstrated b yHodgkinson et al. can be removed by a simpler ‘think‐harder’ manipulation with undergraduate respondents and, further, show that the bias is not present in the decisions of experienced respondents. We also demonstrate that, for experienced respondents, factors such as avoidance of risk and the creation of new strategies also characterize strategic decision making. Such components were not captured by Hodgkinson et al.'s experimental tasks. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Further reflections on the elimination of framing bias in strategic decision making
Authors: Hodgkinson Gerard P. , Maule A. John , Bown Nicola J. , Pearman Alan D. , Glaister Keith W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWright and Goodwin (2002) maintain that, in terms of experimental design and ecological validity, Hodgkinson et al. (1999) failed to demonstrate either that the framing bias is likely to be of salience in strategic decision making, or that causal cognitive mapping provides an effective means of limiting the damage accruing from this bias. In reply, we show that there is ample evidence to support both of our original claims. Moreover, using Wright and Goodwin's own data set, we demonstrate that our studies did in fact attain appropriate levels of ecological validity, and that their proposed alternative to causal cognitive mapping, a decision tree approach, is far from ‘simpler.’ Wright and Goodwin's approach not only fails to eliminate the framing bias—it leads to confusion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systemic administration of dizocilpine maleate (MK‐801) or l‐dopa reverses the increases in GAD65 and GAD67 mRNA expression in the globus pallidus in a rat hemiparkinsonian model
Authors: Bacci Jean‐Jacques , Salin Pascal , Kerkerian‐Le Goff Lydia 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study examined the consequences of systemic treatment with either L‐dopa or MK‐801 on the levels of mRNAs encoding the 65 and 67 kDa isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67) in the striatum and globus pallidus (GP) of rats rendered hemiparkinsonian by intranigral 6‐hydroxydopamine injection. GADs mRNA levels were assessed by means of in situ hybridization histochemistry. In the striatum, dopamine denervation resulted in increased GAD67 mRNA levels at the rostral and caudal levels, whereas GAD65 showed selective increase at the caudal level. L‐dopa and MK‐801 treatments showed differential effects on the two GAD isoform levels in rats with 6‐hydroxydopamine lesion. The lesion‐induced increases in GAD67 transcripts were potentiated by L‐dopa but unaffected by MK‐801, whereas the increases in GAD65 were suppressed by MK‐801 but unaffected by L‐dopa. These data suggest a heterogeneity of glutamate‐dopamine interaction in the anteroposterior extent of the striatum and show that NMDA‐mediated mechanisms are involved in the 6‐hydroxydopamine lesion‐induced transcriptional changes in striatal GAD65 but not GAD67. In GP, the 6‐OHDA lesion elicited increases in both GAD65 and GAD67 mRNA levels. L‐dopa or MK‐801 treatment suppressed the lesion‐induced augmentations in the two GADs mRNA levels. These results indicate that dopamine denervation‐induced changes in the functional activity of GP neurons involve both dopamine and glutamate NMDA receptor‐mediated mechanisms. Comparison between the effects of L‐dopa and MK‐801 treatments on markers of the activity of striatal and pallidal GABA neurons further suggest that the impact of these treatments at the GP level do not depend solely on the striatopallidal input. Synapse 46:224–234, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validity of [123I]β‐CIT SPECT in detecting MDMA‐induced serotonergic neurotoxicity
Authors: Reneman Liesbeth , Booij Jan , Habraken Jan B.A. , De Bruin Kora , Hatzidimitriou George , Den Heeten Gerard J. , Ricaurte George A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecent [123I]β‐CIT single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies revealed decreased serotonin transporters (SERT) density in the brain of humans with a history of MDMA (“Ecstasy”) use. However, [123I]β‐CIT SPECT has until now not been validated as a method for detecting such serotonergic lesions. Therefore, the present study was undertaken. Following baseline [123I]β‐CIT SPECT scans, a rhesus monkey was treated with MDMA (5 mg/kg, s.c. twice daily for 4 consecutive days). SPECT studies 4, 10, and 31 days after MDMA treatment revealed decreases in [123I]β‐CIT binding ratios in the SERT‐rich brain region studied (hypothalamic/midbrain region), with SERT density reduced by 39% in this brain region 31 days after treatment. Data obtained with SPECT studies correlated well with SERT density determined with autoradiography after sacrifice of the animal (−34%). In addition, ex vivo [123I]β‐CIT binding studies in rats 1 week after treatment with neurotoxic doses of MDMA (20 mg/kg s.c. twice daily for 4 consecutive days) revealed significant reductions in [123I]β‐CIT binding in SERT‐rich regions (including the hypothalamus) when compared to saline‐treated rats. The combined results of these studies indicate that SPECT imaging of SERT with [123I]β‐CIT can detect changes in SERT density secondary to MDMA‐induced neurotoxicity in the hypothalamic/midbrain region, and possibly other brain regions. Synapse 46:199–205, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Knowledge management in collaborative product development
Authors: Fagerström Björn , Olsson Lars‐Erik 
Published: October 2002

AbstractToday, an increasing amount of main suppliers are using sub‐suppliers to perform different tasks in the product development process. As a result, the knowledge needed to develop a new product is distributed among many actors. Knowledge management is a comprehensive term for providing the right piece of knowledge to the right people at the right time. This paper deals mainly with the question of how knowledge is managed in collaborative product development between main and subsuppliers (system level). The results are based on a case study with one main supplier and ten of their subsuppliers, in which the main suppler develops, assembles, and delivers a whole, complex product to the customer. The study shows that the subsuppliers' knowledge and experiences are not fully utilized in their relationship with the main supplier. Finally, some different ways of working are discussed in the paper's recommendation section, to improve the knowledge exchange between main and sub‐suppliers. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5, 274–285, 2002
An in ovo chicken model to study the systemic and localized teratogenic effects of valproic acid
Authors: Whitsel Amy I. , Johnson Casey B. , Forehand Cynthia J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe antiepileptic valproic acid (VPA) is a teratogen whose embryopathic mechanism(s) remain uncertain. Elucidating potential cellular and molecular effects of VPA is complicated by systemic application paradigms. We developed an in ovo model to reproduce the teratogenic effects of VPA and a localized VPA application procedure to determine whether VPA can selectively effect abnormal development in one region of the embryo.MethodsVPA was applied topically to chicken embryos in ovo at different embryonic stages. Embryos were later evaluated for gross and skeletal anomalies. Pax‐2 and Pax‐6 protein expression in the developing eye was also evaluated because VPA‐induced eye anomalies are similar to those seen by the disruption of Pax‐2 and Pax‐6. For localized application, a thin sheet of the synthetic polymer Elvax was impregnated with VPA. A small piece of the VPA‐impregnated polymer was applied directly to the presumptive wing bud region in Stage 10–17 embryos. Embryos were examined for gross and skeletal anomalies. Sham controls were employed for all experiments.ResultsChicken embryos exposed to VPA in ovo demonstrated increased mortality, growth delay and anomalies similar to ones previously seen in humans: neural tube, cardiovascular, craniofacial, limb and skeletal. Pax‐2 and Pax‐6 protein expression was qualitatively diminished in the eye. Localized wing bud VPA exposure caused structural abnormalities in the developing wing in the absence of other anomalies in the embryos. These wing defects were similar to those observed after topical whole‐embryo VPA application.ConclusionsThese results indicate that at least one mechanism for the teratogenicity of VPA involves a direct effect on developing tissue. The nature of the abnormalities observed implies that this effect may be mediated by disruption of genes that regulate pattern formation. Teratology 66:153–163, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel progressive modelling algorithm for 3D models
Authors: Yang Shu‐Kai , Chang Chin‐Chen , Duan Ding‐Zhou , Lin Ming‐Fen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a novel progressive modelling algorithm for 3D models to generate progressive meshes. We propose a forest clustering simplification method to generate a progressive mesh of a model with the efficient and smooth transitions between meshes at different resolutions. Our approach can also integrate and balance the appearance attributes to preserve features of a model in the simplification process. We have applied our progressive modelling technique to several different kinds of input models and results show that our approach only generates efficient and smooth progressive meshes of a given model, but also preserves the features. The proposed method is very suitable for progressive transmission and real‐time rendering of 3D models in networked virtual environments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EPMA and XRF characterization of therapeutic cave aerosol particles and their deposition in the respiratory system
Authors: Alföldy B. , Török Sz. , Balásházy I. , Hofmann W. , Winkler‐Heil R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCave therapy is an efficient therapeutic method to cure asthma, but the exact healing effect has not yet been clarified. This study was motivated by the basic assumption that aerosols may play a key role in cave therapy. Aerosol particles were collected in a therapeutic cave in Budapest, Hungary (Szemlöhegyi cave) at different locations arranged for the therapeutic treatment. Samples were further analysed by EPMA and XRF for chemical composition and morphology, determining the particle number distribution and classifying them according to their elemental composition. Three particle classes were determined based on major element concentrations: aluminosilicate, quartz and calcium carbonate. The combination of single‐particle EPMA and XRF resulted in relevant chemical information that could be used further for lung deposition modelling, namely the diameter and the number distribution to calculate the deposition probability, and the concentration of the element within a particle class necessary for the estimation of the deposited dose. The final results for the health effect study are the deposition efficiencies and deposition patterns of inhaled cave aerosols. The results of the stochastic deposition model showed that roughly 41% of the inhaled particles are deposited in the lung. From this amount, around 39% are deposited within airway generations 6–15, which is the most infected area in an asthmatic lung. The explanation of the healing effects might be based on the presented dose calculations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement in cholestasis associated with total parenteral nutrition after treatment with an antibody against tumour necrosis factor alpha
Authors: Forrest Ewan H. , Oien K. A. , Dickson S. , Galloway D. , Mills P. R. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract:  Background: Many patients receiving long‐term total parenteral nutrition (TPN) develop liver disease; cholestasis is common and may be severe. Antitumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) antibodies have recently been used in order to treat Crohn's disease, but their effect on cholestasis in humans has not been previously described.Case report: A 45‐year‐old woman had complicated Crohn's disease with multiple fistulae and only 1 m of residual small bowel. She had been receiving TPN for 2.5 years when she developed cholestasis which worsened despite adjustments to her TPN regimen. Infliximab, an anti‐TNFα antibody, was given with the aim of treating an enterocutaneous fistula, but it also produced a marked biochemical and histological improvement in the TPN‐related cholestasis.Conclusions: Anti‐TNFα antibodies appeared in this case to improve TPN‐related cholestasis. This implies that TNFα may play an important role in the development of this condition.