bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissociated Control As A Paradigm For Cognitive Neuroscience Research And Theorizing In Hypnosis
Authors: Jamieson Graham A , Woody Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For much of its history, hypnosis has tended to be somewhat of a rogue topic, difficult to connect with the main body of psychological understanding. Hilgard ‘s (1977) neodissociation theory of hypnosis represented an attempt to integrate a scientific under- standing of hypnosis into the broader landscape of psychology. He commented, ‘Any satisfactory theory of hypnosis should also be a theory bearing on psychology at large ‘ (Hilgard 1991, p. 101). Accordingly, he attempted to explain hypnotic phenomena in terms of underlying cognitive control mechanisms and the alteration of their function in hypnosis (Hilgard 1991, 1992). He posited a system of multiple cognitive control subsystems that can operate somewhat autonomously, but which are ordinarily subordinate to a higher order executive system that monitors and coordinates the interaction among them.
An Empirical–Phenomenological Approach To Quantifying Consciousness And States Of Consciousness: With Particular Reference To Understanding The Nature Of Hypnosis
Authors: Pekala Ronald J , Kumar VK 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metzinger (1995) is his book, Conscious experience, wrote: ‘Today, the problem of consciousness… marks the very limit of human striving for understanding. It appears to many to be the last great puzzle and the greatest theoretical challenge of our time ‘ (p. 3). Research enumerated in this book suggests that consciousness can be elucidated through the scientific application of phenomenological, psychophysiological and neurobiological methodologies. In this chapter, we will delineate an approach that we have elsewhere called psychophenomenology (Pekala 1985a, 1991b; Pekala and Kumar 2000b); this approach combines an empirical descriptive self-report phenomenology with the quantitative and statistical procedures commonly employed in the psychological sciences to pro- duce a reliable and valid methodology to map, quantify and statistically assess the structures (dimensions) and resulting patterns of consciousness in reference to states of consciousness such as hypnosis.
How neuroscience might advance the law
Authors: O’Hara Erin Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These are exciting times for the curious and the contemplative, because the mysteries of the brain are beginning to be understood. The popular press is full of stories about studies attempting to locate the places in the brain where thoughts, perceptions, feelings and motivations are formed. For social scientists who create models of human behaviour, these findings have enormous potential theoretical value. For legal academics striving to find ways to use the law to maximize the beneficial effects of human tendencies, neuroscientific developments are potentially immensely important.
A cognitive neuroscience framework for understanding causal reasoning and the law
Authors: Fugelsang Jonathan A , Dunbar Kevin N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human mind has evolved many cognitive tools including abstraction, counterfactual thought, deduction and induction, for a vast variety of circumstances that are applied differently depending on the task at hand. Central to these domain general processes is causal thinking. An individual’s ability to determine if a precipitating event was the cause of an outcome is essential for making sense of the complex world in which we live. Indeed, many of the learning and evaluative processes in which individuals engage pertain to the development and testing of causal models portraying the relationship between variables of interest (Dunbar 1995; Fugelsang et al. 2004). Such causal reasoning processes are evident in tasks ranging from simple everyday reasoning, such as why one’s computer crashes, to complex scientific discovery, such as the formulation of the ‘Universal Law of Gravitation’ in the Principia by The Royal Society’s former president Isaac Newton (Newton 1999).
Simulation Of K-Scattering
Authors: Field Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen in Chapter 8 that the stochastic differential equations (SDEs) arising in the description of scattering generically contain Wiener fluctuating terms whose noise power is a function of the state of the system, i.e. the system is said to have ‘multiplicative noise’ or, in other words, it falls under the category of a ‘stochastic volatility’ model. In this chapter we develop the tools necessary for the numerical integration/simulation of such systems in a fairly complete general context. From this analysis the case of additive noise, for which the noise power is independent of the state of the system, will emerge as a special case. This framework is applied to Rayleigh and gamma processes that are of special interest in K-scattering. We examine in detail the effect of Doppler for discrete time-series data and describe the simulation of a target in a clutter environment. The chapter ends with an investigation of the refinement in terms of second-order algorithms for the gamma process.
Observability Of Scattering Cross-Section
Authors: Field Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A study of some synthetically generated data provides a clear illustration of the consequences of Theorem 10.6 and Proposition 10.7 in a variety of experimental contexts. The theoretical results are conveniently substantiated using synthetic data, as such enables direct verification of the accuracy of the state estimation from the observations, the precise value of the ‘hidden’ state being known. One can then compare the values of the state inferred from the observations alone, with the exact values of the underlying hidden state recorded in the simulation.
Lying with statistics
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We prefer the term “statistical communication,” but the phrase “how to lie with statistics” is a good hook to get students thinking about the issues involved. We try throughout to dampen the natural cynicism that comes with this topic and emphasize that, to most effectively tell the truth, you must avoid lying by accident as well as on purpose. We assign readings and also discuss several ways of lying with statistics that are not covered in usual treatments of the topic.
Computationally intensive methods
Authors: Garthwaite Paul , Jolliffe Ian , Jones Byron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Permutation tests exhibit trait (1), since the number of permutations increases dramatically with an increase in sample size. In Example 8.1, for instance, either a positive or negative sign is attached to each observation, giving 2n ‘permutations’ when the sample size is n . Thus adding a single datum doubles the number of permutations that must be considered. Randomization tests illustrate (2) since they involve taking a random sample of the possible permutations.
Generalized linear models
Authors: Garthwaite Paul , Jolliffe Ian , Jones Byron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While this model is important for normally distributed data, it is less useful for other distributions such as the binomial, Poisson and gamma. The context in which such distributions are used often means that we need to model E [Y ] as a non-linear function of Xβ . In a generalized linear model (glm) we are able to work with both non-normal data and non-linear functions of Xβ . The distributions for which glms are applicable belong to the exponential family. Maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of the parameters is conveniently undertaken by using an iteratively weighted least squares procedure. The relative goodness-of-fit of nested models can be tested using the deviance or scaled deviance.
Methods for eliciting reflexes from the carotid and aortic bodies
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two methods commonly used for eliciting reflexes from the carotid and/or aortic bodies. The first is by injecting a chemical agent known to excite the chemoreceptors. When administered intravenously in a suitable dose, both groups of receptors will be stimulated. Specific excitation of the carotid chemoreceptors may be carried out by intracarotid injections, and of the aortic bodies by injections via a catheter, the tip of which lies in the ascending aorta near the aortic valves or in the left ventricle. These injection techniques give rise to brief stimulations of the chemoreceptors. The second method is to vascularly isolate the carotid or aortic body chemoreceptors and perfuse them with blood under controlled haemodynamic conditions.
Effects of respiration on the cardiovascular system
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evidence presented in Chapter 6 indicates that the cardiovascular effects of stimulation of the peripheral arterial chemoreceptors, and in particular the carotid bodies, are determined to a large extent by the concomitant increase in pulmonary ventilation. Before describing the ways by which the inputs from the carotid and aortic bodies are integrated with mechanisms arising from changes in respiration, which is the subject of the next chapter, a review will be given here of the various mechanisms by which respiration itself affects the cardiovascular system.
Examples of integrative control of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Examples of the integrative role of the peripheral arterial chemoreceptorsare discussed. The ‘diving response’, a pattern of responses consisting of apnoea, bradycardia, and selective peripheral vasoconstriction, can be elicited by stimulation of receptors in the skin of the face, nasal mucosa, pharynx, and larynx. Apnoea, whether evoked centrally or reflexly, plays a dominant role allowing the full expression of the cardiovascular components of the response which are enhanced by the increasing stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors through progressive asphyxia. At the same time, the respiratory excitatory effect of stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors is suppressed. Such integrative mechanisms are involved in breath-hold diving and in reflexes evoked by stimulation of receptors in the upper airways. They provide a defence mechanism against asphyxia by which the oxygen stores in the blood are diverted preferentially to the brain through a redistribution of the reduced cardiac output. The integrative role of the arterial chemoreceptors in other situations is discussed in relation to concomitant changes in pulmonary ventilation.
Selective methods
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Valsalva manoeuvre, upright tilt, and other interventions that reduce venous return to the heart provoke complex changes of afferent autonomic sensory input that are mediated by multiple receptor groups. This chapter deals with more selective methods used to change human afferent arterial baroreceptor activity.
Baroreflex malfunction in cardiovascular patients: general principles
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The medical literature indicates clearly that baroreceptor reflex mechanisms are distorted in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Abnormalities of parasympathetic cardiac control have been recognized since the studies of Muller in 1891, and Crawford in 1923. These physicians found that their patients with heart diseases experienced less cardioacceleration after blocking doses of atropine sulphate than did healthy people. Similar observations were made in 1971 by Eckberg et al., whose studies indicate also that patients with subnormal cardioacceleration after intravenous atropine also have subnormal vagally mediated R-R interval prolongation during arterial pressure elevations; in this study, the extent of both abnormalities was proportional to the functional severity of the underlying cardiovascular disease. These results suggest that patients with cardiovascular diseases have subnormal baseline levels of vagal-cardiac activity and subnormal increases of vagal-cardiac activity during baroreceptor stimulation.
Dysrhythmias
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although organic heart disease, including particularly coronary artery disease, forms an essential substrate for the occurrence of most catastrophic cardiac dysrhythmias (Cobb et al. 1975), other factors also may be important. Several articles (Corr and Gillis 1978; Verrier and Lown 1984; P.J. Schwartz and Zaza 1986) criticize static views of cardiac anatomy and function and emphasize the role of dynamic changes of efferent autonomic activity in the pathophysiology of cardiac dysrhythmias. This chapter describes a wealth of published information which directly or indirectly implicates arterial baroreflexes in the pathophysiology of dysrhythmias. In some situations such as the provocation (Porns and Marcus 1963; M.V. Cohen 1972) or termination (Waxman et al. 1980c) of rhythm disturbances with carotid sinus massage, involvement of baroreflexes is inarguable. In other situations however, involvement of baroreflexes seems likely but is far from proven.
The late Palaeozoic radiation of malacostracan crustaceans
Authors: Briggs D E G , Clarkson E N K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The record of Palaeozoic shrimps is strongly influenced by taphonomic factors. The vast majority of shrimps lacked a mineralized exoskeleton. They are underrepresented in fully marine environments. The conditions required for their preservation, however, are prevalent in environments transitional between marine and fresh-water which were widespread during the Carboniferous. The earliest shrimps are middle Devonian in age, but it is likely that their range is taphonomically curtailed and that they had undergone a significant radiation (rapid cladogenesis) by this time. The recorded diversity of shrimps increases markedly in the early Carboniferous, and remains in excess of 10 families through most of the Visean to Westphalian.
Frigatebirds
Authors: Nelson J Bryan , Mackay Andrew , Busby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ADULT M PRE-BREEDING: All black with green and purple sheen; mainly bluish-green on lanceolate head-feathers, bottle-green on those of back. No obvious alar bar. Shafts of wing-quills dark but of tail ivory white. Some, presumably young, breeding individuals have white breast and abdomen or reticulate patterns of white on black, or even white abdominal patches. Iris brown; eye-lids, eye-ring, feet, legs black. Courting males have crimson, inflatable gular pouch forming heart-shaped balloon.
The control of spore wall formation
Authors: van Uffelen Gerda A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a study of the formation of the spore wall in several ferns of the family Polypodiaceae (Filicales), different series of surface patterns that are superimposed upon each other during exospore formation have been described (van Uffelen 1985, 1986, 1990, 1991 ). This study has led to the contemplation of some of the factors that may play a role in establishing surface patterns.
Systematic implications of comparative morphology in selected Tertiary and extant pollen from the Palmae and the Sapotaceae
Authors: Harley M M , Kurmann M H , Ferguson I K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many records of pollen and spores from the Tertiary based on light microscope investigations. In some instances such studies provide relatively limited information which can restrict accuracy of identification. Pollen morphological studies of many extant families have made clear that the much finer detail of the exine revealed with electron microscopy can, with few exceptions, considerably improve taxonomic discrimination of dispersed pollen. Using Palmae and Sapotaceae as examples, it is shown how ultrastructural study of fossil pollen, assignable to these families, extracted from Tertiary (Eocene) sediments of England, can contribute to a better understanding of their affinities.
Relationship between carbohydrate availability and assimilation of nitrate
Authors: Rufty, Jr.* Thomas W , Volk Richard J , Glass Anthony D M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nitrogen and carbon assimilatory processes in crop plants are interdependent. If the activity of either assimilation system is disrupted, adjustments occur in the other. When the exogenous supply of nitrogen is limited, for example, distinct changes occur in photosynthetic rate (Natr 1975) and capacity, i.e. leaf area expansion (Watson 1947; Tolley-Henry and Raper, 1986). Nitrogen stress also alters partitioning of fixed carbon between starch and sucrose in leaves (Robinson and Baysdorfer 1985; Radin and Eidenbock 1986), utilization of carbohydrate in sink tissues (Rufty et al. 1988), and distribution of carbon between the shoot and root (Brouwer 1962; lngestad 1979). Reciprocally, when plants are utilizing , maximal assimilation depends on sustained photosynthetic activity and provision of carbohydrate (Hageman and Flesher 1960; Beevers and Hageman 1972; Mengel and Viro 1978; Aslam et al. 1979). Moreover, rates of assimilation in leaves in darkness are closely related to carbohydrate status (Aslam and Huffaker 1984), and uptake and reduction in roots decline rapidly when car bohydrate availability is restricted by decreasing the aerial concentration, darkness, shoot decapitation, and stem ringing (Breteler and Hanisch ten Cate 1980; Jackson et al. 1980; Hanischten Cate and Breteler 1981; Aslam and Huffaker 1982; Pace et al. 1990). While there is little doubt that carbon and nitrogen assimilation activities are closely coupled, numerous questions remain concerning the mechanistic basis for responses when imbalances occur.
Transport of nitrate and ammonium through plant membranes
Authors: Ullrich Wolfram R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the many ions required for growth and development of plant cells inorganic nitrogen ions are of special importance, qualitatively because of the fundamental role of nitrogen compounds in living matter, and quantitatively in comparison with most other ions which are required in smaller amounts. Because the uptake of these ions is subjected to complicated patterns of regulation and because of their rapid metabolism once inside the plant, this uptake has only recently reached a certain degree of mechanistic clarification (Syrett 1981; Ullrich 1983; Glass 1988). Although transport of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium as the respective ions very often proceeds towards the sites of consumption, i.e. is inwardly directed, it cannot simply be regarded as a net influx system.
Summary and future prospects for plant-animal interactions
Authors: Underwood A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topics discussed in this volume make it obvious that there is a wide range of approaches and concepts used in the study of interactions between animals and plants. As a result, a considerable body of knowledge can be assembled on many types of processes. There are, however, two major themes that could be explored profitably either in their own right or as part of the planning and implementation of future studies. Both would greatly aid future comparative assessments of the nature of interactions within and between marine animals and plants.
In vitro and in vivo characterization of CCKB receptors and behavioural responses induced by mesolimbic CCK receptor stimulation with compounds designed to recognize CCKA or CCKB sites selectively
Authors: Roques Bernard P , Durieux Christiane , Ruiz-Gayo Mariano , Derrien Muriel , Florence Bergeron , Pierre-Jean Corringer , Daugé. Valérie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CCK-8, the sulphated octapeptide fragment of CCK, has been found in specific neuronal cells where it is concentrated in synaptic vesicles and released by a calcium-dependent mechanism to interact with a similar nanomolar affinity with at least two binding sites designated CCK8 (or central site) and CCKA (or peripheral site) (Vanderhaeghen and Crawley 1985; Chapter 5 of this volume). The former site resembles the gastrin receptor and the latter appears to be similar to the pancreatic receptor. High concentrations of CCK-8 have been found in brain regions such as the limbic lobe (hippocampus, amygdala, and temporal cortex) and the mesocorticolimbic pathway (ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens, and frontal cortex), raising interesting questions as to the possible role of this peptide in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, the etiopathology of which has been related to dopamine (DA) over activity (Chapters 36 and 37 of this volume). Schizophrenic patients with negative symptoms (poverty of speech and affective disinterest) are characterized by a reduction in hippocampal size associated with lower amounts of CCK-8 and CCK binding sites in the hippocampus and amygdala (Ferrier et al. 1985). Furthermore, reduced levels of CCK have been found in the cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenics (Verbanck et al. 1983). Although there is some controversy about the reported antipsychotic action of the CCK analogue ceruletide (Chapter 36 of this volume), a direct CCK abnormality in the limbic system in which cognition, attention, and emotion are integrated was reported to be one of the possible biochemical bases of type II schizophrenia (Vanderhaeghen and Crawley 1985).
Central actions of CCK: modulation of GABA release by CCK
Authors: de Belleroche J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CCK is extremely abundant in the mammalian cerebral cortex, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, and hypothalamus. CCK messenger RNA (mRNA) is concentrated in the cerebral cortex in cells lying in layers II-III and V-VI (Fig. 15.1). The presence of CCK-like immunoreactivity and CCK mRNA in the cerebral cortex is clearly evident from day 1 after birth in the rat and shows a rapid increase in concentration up to adult levels by 4 weeks (Fig. 15.2) (de Belleroche et al. 1990), in keeping with its putative role as a transmitter in the adult cerebral cortex. High levels of CCK mRNA are also found in the periaqueductal grey and the thalamus. The physiological actions of central CCK neurons are poorly understood, although specific brain regions such as the nucleus tractus solitarius and the periaqueductal grey are likely to be important in the processing and regulation of satiety and pain responses in co-ordination with peripheral mechanisms (Chapters 17 and 44 of this volume).