bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Background and Analysis of Bartók’s Romanian Christmas Carols for Piano (1915)
Authors: Yeomans David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Béla Bartók the years that preceded World War I were personally and professionally unsettling. Within less than a year of its founding by Bartók and Kodaly in 1911, the New Hungarian Musical Society disbanded because of public disfavor and apathy. In 1912, Bartók admitted that his compositional efforts were at a standstill for the same reasons. Although he continued to teach at the Academy of Music in Budapest, Bartók abandoned activity as a concert pianist and withdrew from public musical life, again for the same reasons.
Principles for Decision-making under Moral Uncertainty
Authors: Lockhart Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 1, we saw that in the real world the urgent practical problem for decision-makers is how to choose among action alternatives the moral rightness or wrongness of which they are uncertain. The problem is especially serious when moral considerations are paramount. No attempt to avoid or finesse the problem can succeed. However. so far we have said little about what in general we should do, all things considered. when we find ourselves in such situations. It will be our task in this chapter to discover and defend a principle or set of principles that we can apply to the vast array of moral decisions that we face.
Speciation
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eukaryotic sex has given rise to the evolution of nurturing, the evolution of love, and the evolution of multicellularity and death. Here we consider a final manifestation: Sexual eukaryotes came to adopt the evolutionary pattern known as speciation, which segregates organisms into those that will and will not mate with one another. Such segregation allows each species to develop distinctive traits, and has come to generate much of our biodiversity.
Hector Berlioz
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Requiem was commissioned in March 1837 by Comte Adrien de Aspirin, Minister of the Interior, for a ceremony honoring the 1830 Revolution and those who lost their lives in that cause. Berlioz completed the score on 29 June 1837, but it incorporates ideas that go back as far as 1824. The first performance, with François-Antoine Habeneck conducting a massive ensemble of 210 singers and 190 players, took place in the Chapel of Saint Louis at the Invalides, Paris, on 5 December 1837. The tenor soloist was Gilbert-Louis Duprez.
Benjamin Britten
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The War Requiem, commissioned to celebrate the consecration of Saint Michael’s Cathedral, Coventry, was composed in 1961, completed on 20 December that year, and first performed in that cathedral on 30 May 1962. The soloists were Heather Harper, Peter Pears, and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, who were joined by the Coventry Festival Chorus; the boys’ choruses of Holy Trinity, Leamington, and Holy Trinity, Stratford; the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra; and the Melos Ensemble. The chorus and full orchestra were conducted by Meredith Davies; the composer conducted the chamber orchestra. That division of conductorial duties came about because Britten was in frail health just then, but it was obviously desirable to have him take part in the premiere in some way. Some performances still use two conductors, but most are handled by just one.
Antoín Dvořák
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dvorák sketched his Stabat Mater between 19 February and 7 May 1876 and worked out the score in full in the autumn of the following year, completing it on 13 November 1877. The first performance took place in Prague on 23 December 1880 at a concert of the Association of Musical Artists, and the score is dedicated to that group. Adolf Čech conducted, and the soloists were Eleanora Ehrenberg, Betty Fibich, Antoín Vávra, and Karel Čech. Dvořák called the Stabat Mater his Opus 28, but Simrock, his German publisher, sometimes liked to assign higher opus numbers to the composer’s scores so as to create the impression that they represented more recent and more mature work.
Zoltán Kodály
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kodály composed the Psalmus hungaricus in 1923 for a concert to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the union of the cities of Buda, buda, and Pest as Budapest. The text is Psalm 55, translated into Hungarian by the sixteenth-century poet and preacher Mihály Vég of Kecskemét. With Ferenc Székelyhidy as tenor soloist, Ernö Dohnányi conducted the first performance in Budapest on 19 November 1923. Dohnányi’s own Festive Overture and Béla Bartók’s Dance Suite were introduced on the same occasion.
Franz Schmidt
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schmidt began work on The Book with Seven Seals in May or June 1935 and completed the score on 23 February 1937. On 15 June 1938, Oswald Kabasta conducted the first performance in Vienna with the Chorus of the Society of the Friends of Music and the Vienna Symphony Orchestra, the organist Franz Schütz, the tenor Rudolf Gerlach as Saint John, and a solo quartet consisting of Erika Rokyta, Enid Szantho, Anton Dermota, and Josef von Manowarda.
Some Obvious Instances of the Projection Error
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us recall what the Projection Error consists of. It occurs when, having witnessed (or perhaps read about) certain actions of an alien people, one misconstrues their actions because of the following circumstances: (a) one is ignorant of the actual motivation of those people, and (b) their actions appear similar in some way to actions of a sort that might occur in-or that one is familiar with from-one’s own culture. These are the circumstances in which it is possible to commit the Projection Error.
Islandia and Despond
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to identify those features of our culture that relativists have seized upon and exaggerated in their picture of morality, I will sketch two imaginary cultures, which I shall call “Islandia” and “Despond.”1 Both sketches will be made up chiefly of features borrowed from our own culture, or from the lives of certain members of our culture, but only in my second culture, Despond, do we find anything that fits the relativist’s picture of morality.
Introduction: Reviving the Question of Subjectivity
Authors: Carr David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My title is taken from Edmund Husserl’s last work, The Crisis of European Sciences. Paragraph 5 3 of that posthumous and fragmentary text bears the heading: “The paradox of human subjectivity: being a subject for the world and at the same time being an object in the world”(CR 178). This phrase expresses perfectly the topic to which the following study is devoted.
Species Duration and the Tempo of Diversification
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All species, regardless of their attributes or the character of the environment, will follow the passage from inception through expansion, differentiation, and demise. A multitude of plant species has completed this journey; and all extant species are now en route. Most contemporary species are either in the expansion or the differentiation phase. Before the massive impact of humans, the number of recent species probably exceeded the number in decline. Now the opposite may be the case.
Events as Dividuals
Authors: Verkuyl Henk J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Someone criticising event semantics is not bound to reject or evade the notion of event. The question is whether or not representations containing expressions like ∃e(… e …) have explanatory value for the linguistic analysis at hand. In Verkuyl (1993) I have argued that the use of event variables may have this value, for example, in the study of discourse structure, as in Hinrichs (1981, 1986a, 1986b). However, for the study of what I call inner aspectuality—roughly, the domain of the verb and its arguments—there turn out to be severe problems with Davidson’s (1967) claim that the notion of event is primitive.
Word Order and Quantification over Times
Authors: Delfitto Denis , Bertinetto Pier Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we consider some consequences of the assumption that verbs are endowed with an event and a time argument and that adverbs are crucially related, in ways that have to be carefully studied, with the realisation of these two arguments. The view developed here represents an extension of the hypothesis that verbal predicates are associated with an event argument and that this event argument plays a crucial role in establishing the semantics of theta-roles and adverbials (Davidson 1967; Parsons 1990; Schein 1993).
Nonvascular Abnormalities
Authors: Weir Bryce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first cooperative aneurysm study of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), the diagnosis was based on the presence of lumbar puncture, autopsy, or sufficient clinical evidence to be acceptable to the individual participating centers. In the era before CT scanning, 2492 patients (43% of the total) had SAH from a cause other than aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM); 11% of this group had autopsies performed. Among these 266 patients, 2 had primary brain tumor and 4 had metastatic brain tumor. No spinal tumors were diagnosed. In the “other SAH” group as a whole, patients had 14 primary brain tumors, 12 cerebral metastases, and 4 possible metastases. The primary brain tumors found consisted of three glioblastomas, three unspecified tumors, and one each of meningioma, choroid plexus papilloma, hemangiosarcoma, pituitary adenoma, and ependymoblastoma. Of the metastatic tumors associated with hemorrhage, five were melanoma, four were cancer of the lung, and one each were metastatic hepatoma, atrial myxoma, and unknown. The suspected metastatic cases included cancers of the breast, colon, and cervix. Individual case reports include SAH from lung cancer and metastatic chorionepithelioma. Probably any type of metastasis can cause SAH.
Physical and Biological Setting
Authors: Felger Richard Stephen , Johnson Matthew Brian , Wilson Michael Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trees are the corner stone life form in the vegetation of Sonora.They are the species that affect and influence the survival of other species in the eco system. whether plants, animals, or people. Trees grow virtually everywhere in the state except in the extremely arid desert bordering the Rio Colorado. Across the deserts and the grosslands.
Species Accounts
Authors: Felger Richard Stephen , Johnson Matthew Brian , Wilson Michael Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trees and shrubs; resin-producing and aromatic with resin canals widespread in all organs; often with long and short shoots. Leaves scalelike, linear, or needlelike. Wind pollinated with unisexual cones; cone scales spirally arranged. Pollen (staminate or male) cones relatively small, herbaceous, soon deciduous (developing and falling within a single season); seed (pistillate or female) cones larger and more persistent (developing in 1-3 years), often woody, or berrylike and deciduous in Juniperus. Mostly in the temperate parts of the world and some tropical; 9 families, 68 genera. References: Flora of North America (1993), Martinez (1963), McVaugh (1992).
Insect Color Vision Is a Potential Selective Factor on the Evolution of Silk Chromatic Properties and Web Design
Authors: Lehrer M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spiders produce multiple types of silk that vary in structural organization and reflectance properties, and therefore in their color. The limited amount of data available to date show that the physical properties of fibrous proteins produced by ancestral species differ from those produced by derived species. These variations might be correlated with the ambient light in which the spider forages (Craig 1997; but see Bond and Opell 1998 for results using a different analytic approach). The evolutionary success of the derived Orbiculareae could, at least in part, be related to shifts in silk reflectance. Insects, most of which are spiders ‘ potential prey, are color-seeing animals. If it can be shown that shifts in silk color are correlated with spiders ‘ foraging strategies and that they are tuned to insect color vision, then one could speculate that the evolutionary diversification of the reflectance properties of spider webs may be an adaptive response to the insects ‘ perception of the spectral properties of the web ‘s silk.
Introduction: Socrates, the Epistemologist
Authors: Benson Hugh H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I. See Gulley 1968, 12, who writes: ‘:-\!though the notion of knowledge of ‘what a thing is’ is prominent in his discussions, Socrates does not seem to have concerned himself with problems in the theory of knowledge. Certainly he considered that in ethics knowledge of the virtues through definition was fundamental. This represents a positive doctrine about the nature of moral knowledge. But the doctrine is not associated with the sort of distinctions which would suggest a clear awareness of, or interest in, epistemological questions.” Vlastos 1991, 15, puts the point more succinctly: “In fidelity to our texts no epistemological theory at all can be ascribed to Socrates.” The view was expressed earlier in Vlastos 1985 (1994. 63) as follows: “But the Socrates of this paper is no epistemologist. He is a moralist pure and simple who practises moral inquiry but never inquires into the theory of moral inquiry. He is as innocent of epistemology as of metaphysics.” Kraut 1984, 273, expressed a similar view: “(Socrates] has no interest in epistemology.” In 1992 Kraut’s view appears somewhat more qualified: “Few would be tempted to call Socrates an epistemologist or a metaphysician or to deny Plato these titles. Even so, the question can be raised whether Vlastos draws too sharp a contrast between them; for it is tempting to say that even though Socrates is no epistemologist or metaphysician he nonetheless has given some serious thought to questions of justification and ontology. But surely Socrates has views not only about the right way to live but also about how one should discover and test a conception of the right way to live: by seeking definitions, by exposing attempted definitions to challenge from others, by giving up one or more beliefs from an inconsistent set.
A Socratic Theory Of Knowledge
Authors: Benson Hugh H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has frequently been remarked and sometimes lamented that Socrates nowhere in the early dialogues takes up his ‘What is F-ness?’ question regarding knowledge, wisdom, or expertise. This is especially remarkable and lamentable since on almost any understanding of the Socratic unity of virtues doctrine, Socrates takes knowledge to be in some way equivalent to the other virtues—courage, piety, temperance, and justice—and yet Socrates devotes an entire dialogue to his ‘What is F-ness?’ question concerning each of these.
Echoes of History
Authors: Rees Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on extensive fieldwork and documentary research in China, this book is a chronicle of the musical history of Lijiang County in China’s southern Yunnan Province. It focuses on Dongjing music, a repertoire borrowed from China’s Han ethnic majority by the indigenous Naxi inhabitants of Lijiang County. Used in Confucian worship as well as in secular entertainment, Dongjing music played a key role the Naxi minority’s assimilation of Han culture over the last 200 years. Prized for its complexity and elegance, which set it apart from “rough” or “simpler” indigenous Naxi music, Dongjing played an important role in defining social relationships, since proficiency in the music and membership in the Dongjing associations signified high social status and cultural refinement. In addition, there is a strong political component in its examination of the role of indigenous music in the relation of a socialist state to its ethnic minorities. The first in English on this rich musical tradition, this book is also unique in providing a complete history of the music in a single region in China over the twentieth century. It integrates individual, local, and national histories with musical experience and musical change. Ethnic music in China provides a vivid example of the tremendous cultural changes over the past century, and the tradition continues to evolve as China encourages ethnic diversity within a unified socialist nation. The book includes a case study of China’s tourist trade and its policies toward minorities.
Indigence and Sentencing in Republican Theory
Authors: Pettit Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One familiar view of how we should treat convicted offenders holds that for deterrent reasons the treatment should be hard-it should deserve to be called punishment-but that for reasons of equality and fairness it should be scaled to the gravity of the offense and the culpability of the offender. No two offenders should be treated differently if their offenses are equally grave and they are themselves equally culpable for those offenses. Any departure from this principle, so it is suggested, would make for an unequal and unfair system of sentencing.
What is Impure Ethics?
Authors: Louden Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kant makes a strong distinction between that part of a science which is allegedly “pure” or “absolutely independent of all experience” (KrV B 3) and that part which admits in empirical data and assumptions in its application to a particular body of experience. Natural and moral philosophy and (sometimes2) even logic are all held by Kant to require both pure and empirical parts (Gr 4:387-88, 410 n; KrV A 53-55). Like many scientists, philosophers, and intellectuals before and since, he holds the pure part in higher esteem than the applied part. Pure philosophy “must lead the way [muft … vorangehen]” (Gr 4:390) if our knowledge is to achieve a sufficiently secure footing. Indeed, sometimes Kant’s love of the pure is so intense that it leads him to exclude the empirical entirely from the scope of philosophy and to assert that all forms of knowledge that are solely or even partially empirical have only instrumental and subsidiary roles to play in human life.
Taxonomic Intoxication, Part I: Visualizing The Invisible
Authors: Asma Stephen T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps The Most Notable Aspect of the Hunterian Museum—besides the bleached and bloated “monsters”— is that it’s not intended for a lay audience. The Hunterian doesn’t really care whether the average person is “getting it.” This is unexpectedly unnerving, since most other museum encounters come complete with torrents of helpful information. Almost every museum specimen that you have ever encountered, be it a fossil, a jar, or a mount, is accompanied by a plaque, a chart, or a recording that announces to you—even before a question can be formulated in your head— “What you are seeing is thus and so. . . .” One’s perception is immediately linked up with some conceptual content; in fact, many people (usually moving too slowly for their spouse’s taste) will look at the next diorama in a museum only after they have read the written material.
Exhibiting Evolution: Diversity, Order, and The Construction & Nature
Authors: Asma Stephen T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spending Time Perusing and “Dissecting” museums from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries gives one some refreshing distance from the more familiar evolutionary exhibits. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries American and European museums primarily concerned themselves with educating the public about the theory of evolution, explaining the principles and displaying the evidence. Currently, a significant amount of museum space is still given over to the pedagogy of evolution. We are so accustomed to evolutionary displays that we often fail to appreciate their underlying logic. Stepping back and examining one’s own paradigm is, after all, almost as hard as tasting one’s own tongue. As we saw in chapters 3 and 4, organizing and displaying specimens is a way of visualizing the invisible, of making ideas palpable. There are rich invisible cultures that, if analyzed properly, emerge out of the material culture of contemporary evolution exhibits.
Evolution and The Roulette Wheel: A Chance Cosmos Rattles Some Bones
Authors: Asma Stephen T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After Comparing The Galleries In New York, London, and Paris, it was increasingly clear that evolution itself is constructed differently depending on which museum you happen to be visiting. One of the things that emerged out of this comparative pilgrimage was a heightened sensitivity to which subjects were being included in exhibits and which subjects were missing. In a rather obvious sense, of course, it is hard to see what’s missing in an exhibit, because it isn’t there. But comparative visits to many museums can actually turn one’s eye into a perceptive decoding device. And one of the striking omissions that my salubrious decoding eye noticed was that the French and British evolution exhibits never really mention religion anywhere.
Now, perhaps this omission is right and fitting; after all, we’re at the museum to learn about nature, not hear a sermon. But one would need to have been living in a very deep cave to be unaware of the r 50 years of constant battling between religion and evolution. The London museum had exactly one line on the subject in its “Origin of Species” exhibit: “Many people do not believe that there is a conflict between evolution and their religion.” That’s it-no elaboration, no follow-up.
Twigs, Trees, and the Dynamics of Carbon in the Landscape
Authors: Horn Henry S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Terrestrial plants in general and trees in particular grow by two mechanisms, the geometrical proliferation of buds that encapsulate the instructions for further proliferation, and the expansion of tissues in approximate proportion to the amount of tissue already present. Limits to this growth are imposed by the availability of resources that must be shared with neighbors or with competing parts of the plant itself. If all resources were divided equally within a plant, a fractal or nearly fractal structure would result. A few simple measurements on a seedling could predict its adult form. A few simple measurements on a single individual, or even on part of an individual, could be scaled up allometrically to predict functional properties of a whole community. Turning this argument around, some basic questions about economic and conservative mechanisms of growth, allocation, and competition can be posed and addressed by students who are willing to take and analyze a few simple measurements.
Cell Size, Shape, and Fitness in Evolving Populations of Bacteria
Authors: Lenski Richard E , Mongold Judith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a long and substantial history of studying allometric scaling relationships in animals and plants, which is well represented by other chapters in this volume. These studies have relevance for many fields, from cardiovas-cular physiology to community ecology. From the perspective of evolutionary biology, scaling relationships are important because they provide an empirical focus for investigating the tension between structural constraints, on the one hand, and natural selection, on the other, as they vie to shape-quite literally-organisms and life histories.