bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of temporal and spatial synchronization of entorhinal gamma activity by phase reset
Authors: Dickson Clayton T. , de Curtis Marco 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe synchronization of cortical gamma oscillatory activity (25–80 Hz) is thought to coordinate neuronal assemblies in the processing and storage of information. The mechanism by which independently oscillating and distantly located cortical zones become synchronized is presumed to involve activity in corticocortical connections, although evidence supporting this conjecture has only been indirect. In the present study, we show that activation of synaptic inputs within and to the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) of the in vitro isolated guinea pig brain preparation resets the phase of ongoing gamma activity induced by muscarinic receptor agonism with carbachol (frequency: 24 ± 2 Hz at 32°C). Phase reset was associated with a transient enhancement of the synchronization of gamma activity recorded at distant (>1 mm) mEC sites, across which low coherence (>0.75) was observed before stimulation. This increase in synchronization, as measured by cross‐correlation analysis, was restricted to a maximal period of 200 ms after either local mEC or CA1 afferent stimulation. The results provide direct evidence that synaptic activation can enhance the rhythmic synchronization of spatially remote, independently oscillating neuronal assemblies in the mEC through a mechanism of synaptically evoked phase reset. Dynamic functional grouping of oscillatory discharges across long distances in the mEC may underlie coding processes involved in the integration and storage of incoming information and thus may be important for the role of this region in memory processes. Hippocampus 2002;12:447–456. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of the capacity of a heat exchanger by a thermal network method: Modified effective specific heat model considering the influence of static pressure distributions of refrigerants
Authors: Kaga Kunihiko , Yamada Kenichi , Kotoh Satoru , Ogushi Teturo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we proposed a method to predict the capacity of a heat exchanger by considering static pressure distributions of refrigerants. The thermal network method was modified by adding an equivalent heat generation term into a heat balance equation that was connected with calculated 1D static pressure distributions of refrigerants. An experiment was performed with a heat exchanger having two rows and two passes to verify the accuracy of the proposed method. The result showed the error of the predicted capacity to be less than 1% for an evaporator and less than 2% for a condenser. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(5): 376–390, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10039
Numerical study of radiation‐convection heat transfer
Authors: Taniguchi Hiroshi , Ohmori Toshiaki , Iwata Misao , Arai Norio , Hiraga Kenji , Yamaguchi Shun‐ichi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this study, the authors attempted to introduce a simulation technique for radiation‐convection heat transfer in the high‐temperature fields of industrial furnaces, boilers, and gas turbine combustors. The convection effect was analyzed by a differential equation, but the radiation effect was analyzed by an integral equation. Thus, it was not easy to arrange both effects using the same type of equations. Then, the authors introduced the zone method and Monte Carlo method for the integral equation of the radiation effect and the finite difference method for the differential equation of the convection effect. A three‐dimensional analysis of the high‐temperature furnace was performed by this simulation technique to obtain its temperature distribution. Furthermore, another radiation‐convection heat transfer analysis in the low‐temperature living room was performed by the same technique. Finally, the authors tried to develop a computer software for radiation‐convection heat transfer and described their idea of software construction for the above. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(5): 391–407, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10042
A review of the pharmacokinetics, tolerability and pharmacodynamics of amisulpride in healthy volunteers
Authors: Rosenzweig P. , Canal M. , Patat A. , Bergougnan L. , Zieleniuk I. , Bianchetti G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAmisulpride binds selectively to dopamine D2 and D3 receptors in the limbic system. Low doses of amisulpride preferentially block presynaptic D2/D3‐dopamine autoreceptors, thereby enhancing dopaminergic transmission, whereas higher doses block postsynaptic receptors, thus inhibiting dopaminergic hyperactivity. Amisulpride is clinically effective on the negative symptoms of acute schizophrenia exacerbations at low dosages (50–300 mg/day), and also on the positive symptoms of the disease at high dosages (400–800 mg/day). Nineteen clinical studies involving 358 volunteers have investigated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and tolerability of amisulpride. Amisulpride shows linear pharmacokinetics, a bioavailability of 48%, low protein binding (17%) and an elimination half‐life of ∼12 h. It is predominantly eliminated in the urine as the parent compound. It exhibits no significant detrimental effects in psychometric or memory tests up to the dose of 400 mg/day, inducing only mild impairment at high doses, whereas EEG data suggest an alertness‐enhancing effect at low doses (≤ 50 mg). Moreover, amisulpride does not potentiate the depressant effects on the central nervous system of alcohol and lorazepam. This tolerability profile is clearly better than that of haloperidol 4 mg/day and is consistent with a weak blocking effect on striatal D2 receptors. In summary, studies in humans have shown that amisulpride is free of behavioural toxicity at doses exerting clear antipsychotic efficacy and confirm that its CNS effects may vary with the dose administered. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluvoxamine augmentation in risperidone‐resistant schizophrenia: an open trial
Authors: Takashi Hitoshi , Sugita Takio , Higuchi Hisashi , Shimizu Tetsuo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe investigated the efficacy and safety of augmenting risperidone with fluvoxamine for the treatment of residual positive and negative symptoms in patients with chronic schizophrenia who had shown an incomplete response to risperidone. A total of 30 patients completed the open trial over a 12‐week period during which fluvoxamine was added to risperidone. The result from the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) and Simpson‐Angus extrapyramidal effects (S‐A) scale were examined at baseline, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment. There were no significant differences in PANSS positive, negative and general psychopathology scores, or in S‐A scale scores at any point during the treatment. These results suggest that fluvoxamine appears to be ineffective in augmenting the risperidone treatment response in chronic schizophrenic patients. Further controlled trials will be needed to confirm this observation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling plumes of overland flow from logging tracks
Authors: Hairsine P. B. , Croke J. C. , Mathews H. , Fogarty P. , Mockler S. P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMost land‐based forestry systems use extensive networks of unsealed tracks to access the timber resource. These tracks are normally drained by constructing cross‐banks, or water bars, across the tracks immediately following logging. Cross‐banks serve three functions in controlling sediment movement within forestry compartments:

they define the specific catchment area of the snig track (also known as skid trails) so that the overland flow does not develop sufficient energy to cause gullies, and sheet and rill erosion is reduced;
they induce some sediment deposition as flow velocity reduces at the cross‐bank;
they redirect overland flow into the adjacent general harvesting area (GHA) so that further sediment deposition may take place.
This paper describes a simple model that predicts the third of these functions in which the rate of runoff from the track is combined with spatial attributes of the track and stream network. Predictions of the extent of the overland flow plumes and the volume of water delivered to streams is probabilistically presented for a range of rainfall‐event scenarios with rainfall intensity, time since logging and compartment layout as model inputs. Generic equations guiding the trade‐off between intercross‐bank length and flow path distance from cross‐bank outlet to the stream network needed for infiltration of track runoff are derived. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hydrological tracer experiment with LiCl in a high mountain lake
Authors: Thies Hansjörg , Nickus Ulrike , Arnold Christoph , Psenner Roland 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe water residence time of the high mountain seepage lake Gossenköllesee (2413 m, Tyrol, Austria) was determined by measuring the flushing rate of a tracer substance. During holomixis in July 1997, when circulation occurred throughout the entire water column, a dilute lithium chloride solution was injected into the lake causing the lithium concentration to rise from the background value of 0·06 to 3·1 μg L−1. The water residence time was derived from the exponential decline of the lithium mass in the lake between July and October holomixis. The water residence time was about 2 months, i.e. the lake volume was exchanged twice between the two periods of holomictic conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reservoir operation using grey fuzzy stochastic dynamic programming
Authors: Chang Fi‐John , Hui Shyh‐Chi , Chen Yen‐Chang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper presents an optimal regulation programme, grey fuzzy stochastic dynamic programming (GFSDP), for reservoir operation. It is composed of a grey system, fuzzy theory and dynamic programming. The grey system represents data by covering the whole range without loss of generality, and the fuzzy arithmetic takes charge of the rules of reservoir operation. The GFSDP deals with the multipurpose decision‐making problem by fuzzy optimization theorem. The practicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach is tested on the operation of the Shiman reservoir in Taiwan. The current M5 operating rule curves of this reservoir also are evaluated. The simulation results demonstrate that this new approach, in comparison with the M5 rule curves, has superior performance with regard to the total water deficit and number of monthly deficits. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinematic wave solutions for pollutant transport over an infiltrating plane with finite‐period mixing and mixing zone
Authors: Singh V. P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractKinematic wave solutions are derived for transport of a conservative non‐point‐source pollutant during a rainfall‐runoff event over an infiltrating plane for two cases: (i) finite‐period mixing and (ii) soil‐mixing zone. Rainfall is assumed to be steady, uniform and finite in duration, and it is assumed to have zero concentration of pollutants. Infiltration is assumed constant in time and space. Prior to the start of rainfall, the pollutant is distributed uniformly over the plane. In the first case, when rainfall occurs, the mixing of pollutant in the runoff water occurs in a finite period of time. In the second case, the chemical concentration is assumed to be a linearly decreasing function of rainfall intensity and overland flow. The solute concentration and discharge are found to depend on the flow characteristics as well as the solute concentration parameters. The characteristics of solute concentration and discharge graphs seem to be similar to those reported in the literature and observed in laboratory experiments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of future climate change on seasonal discharge, hydrological processes and extreme flows in the Upper Wye experimental catchment, Mid‐Wales
Authors: Pilling C. G. , Jones J. A. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAnalysing the impact of future climate change on hydrological regimes is hampered by the disparity of scales between general circulation model (GCM) output and the spatial resolution required by catchment‐scale hydrological simulation models. In order to overcome this, statistical relationships were established between three indices of atmospheric circulation (vorticity and the strength and direction of geostrophic windflow) and daily catchment precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) to downscale from the HadCM2 GCM to the Upper Wye experimental catchment in mid‐Wales. The atmospheric circulation indices were calculated from daily grid point sea‐level pressure data for: (a) the Climatic Research Unit observed data set (1975–90); (b) the HadCM2SUL simulation representing the present climate (1980–99); and (c) the HadCM2SUL simulation representing future climate conditions (2080–99). The performance of the downscaling approach was evaluated by comparing diagnostic statistics from the three downscaled precipitation and PET scenarios with those recorded from the Upper Wye catchment. The most significant changes between the downscaled HadCM2SUL 1980–99 and 2080–99 scenarios are decreases in precipitation occurrence and amount in summer and autumn combined with a shortening of mean wet spell length, which is most pronounced in autumn. A hydrological simulation model (HYSIM) was calibrated on recorded flow data for the Upper Wye catchment and ‘forced’ with the three downscaled precipitation and PET scenarios to model changes in river flow and hillslope hydrological processes. Results indicate increased seasonality of flows, with markedly drier summers. Analysis of extreme events suggests significant increases in the frequency of both high‐ and low‐flow events. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plagioclase weathering in the groundwater system of a sandy, silicate aquifer
Authors: Kim Kangjoo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe weathering rate of plagioclase was estimated in the groundwater system of a sandy, silicate aquifer formed after the Wisconsin Glacial Stage. The study area is an isthmus lying between Crystal and Big Muskellunge Lakes in northern Wisconsin, USA. Plagioclase occupies 3% of the quartz and K‐feldspar dominated sediments. Groundwater in the study area is recharged in part by precipitation through the isthmus soils and in part by seepage from Crystal Lake, which is of low ionic strength and chemically in steady state. Water analysis revealed that the chemistry of groundwater recharged from Crystal Lake is regulated by mineral dissolution reactions. The rate constant for plagioclase was estimated using mass balances for sodium concentrations along a groundwater flowline from Crystal Lake. For this calculation, various kinds of hydrological/mineralogical information were used: groundwater flow path from oxygen isotope analysis, groundwater travel times from flow modelling, mineral composition from microprobe analysis and surface area of minerals from BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) analysis. The overall range of the estimation was less than an order of magnitude (3·5 × 10−16 to 3·4 × 10−15 mol/m2/s). The result is up to three orders of magnitude slower than the previous field estimates, which applied geometric methods in measuring mineral surface areas. However, this result is somewhat higher than the estimates reported by other BET area‐based studies, which were undertaken on soil profiles having different hydrological conditions. This rate difference is interpreted as a result of higher mineral reactivity owing to younger sediment age. The rate difference is smaller when this result is compared with the estimates from the soils of similar age, indicating that the differences in hydrological condition are not sufficient to explain the weathering rate discrepancy between the laboratory and field studies, which is up to five orders of magnitude. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geometric Brownian motion as a model for river flows
Authors: Lefebvre Mario 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLet X(t) be the flow of a certain river at time t. A geometric Brownian motion process is used as a model for X(t) and is found to give very good forecasts of future flows. The forecasted values generated by this one‐dimensional model are compared with those provided by a deterministic model that requires the evaluation of 18 entries. Based on two important criteria, the stochastic model is superior, on average, to the deterministic model for forecasts up to 4 days ahead. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of autocorrelation on the ability to detect trend in hydrological series
Authors: Yue Sheng , Pilon Paul , Phinney Bob , Cavadias George 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study investigated using Monte Carlo simulation the interaction between a linear trend and a lag‐one autoregressive (AR(1)) process when both exist in a time series. Simulation experiments demonstrated that the existence of serial correlation alters the variance of the estimate of the Mann–Kendall (MK) statistic; and the presence of a trend alters the estimate of the magnitude of serial correlation. Furthermore, it was shown that removal of a positive serial correlation component from time series by pre‐whitening resulted in a reduction in the magnitude of the existing trend; and the removal of a trend component from a time series as a first step prior to pre‐whitening eliminates the influence of the trend on the serial correlation and does not seriously affect the estimate of the true AR(1). These results indicate that the commonly used pre‐whitening procedure for eliminating the effect of serial correlation on the MK test leads to potentially inaccurate assessments of the significance of a trend; and certain procedures will be more appropriate for eliminating the impact of serial correlation on the MK test. In essence, it was advocated that a trend first be removed in a series prior to ascertaining the magnitude of serial correlation. This alternative approach and the previously existing approaches were employed to assess the significance of a trend in serially correlated annual mean and annual minimum streamflow data of some pristine river basins in Ontario, Canada. Results indicate that, with the previously existing procedures, researchers and practitioners may have incorrectly identified the possibility of significant trends. Copyright © Environment Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A low‐level penetration seeding experiment of liquid carbon dioxide in a convective cloud
Authors: Wakimizu Kenji , Nishiyama Koji , Suzuki Yoshinori , Tomine Kikuro , Yamazaki Mitsuru , Isimaru Ataru , Ozaki Motoki , Itano Tosihisa , Naito Genichi , Fukuta Norihiko 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn order to bring large amounts of precipitation, the new seeding method using liquid carbon dioxide (LC) was suggested by Fukuta (1996a). The method was applied to the supercooled convective cloud in a post‐frontal weather condition in northern Kyushu, Japan, on October 27 1999. In the seeding experiment, LC seeding and the subsequent observation by aircraft were carried out and the features of a seeded echo were observed by radar. Consequently, the aircraft observation confirmed the further development of the seeded cumulus together with a fuzzy aspect of the cloud surface, which indicates the feature consisting of ice particles. Furthermore, the observed cloud top was quite consistent with the cloud top estimated by the thermodynamic analysis following parcel theory. Therefore, the observed results indicate the artificial effects by LC seeding. On the other hand, the radar observation confirmed an artificially induced echo, which showed spreading of the echo area and took a unique mushroom shape in the RHI pictures. The maximum width of the echo reached 24 km and the total amount of estimated radar precipitation of the seeded cumulus was approximately 2.4 million ton, traversing a distance of 60 km in 1 h 40 min. The observed and estimated results are consistent with the hypothesis of the new seeding method, which induces the dynamic and microphysical processes consisting of two fundamental processes. In addition, it was found that dynamical interaction between the seeded and the adjacent natural cumuli was an important factor in the formation of the secondary cumulus. The observational fact will give new viewpoint into the future seeding study. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulating hydrological response for the R‐5 catchment: comparison of two models and the impact of the roads
Authors: Loague Keith , VanderKwaak Joel E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper the performance of two hydrological‐response models is evaluated and compared based upon simulations for a single rainfall–runoff event. The two models are QPBRRM, a relatively simple model of Horton overland flow, and InHM, a comprehensive physics‐based model of each of the known streamflow generation mechanisms. The rainfall–runoff event focused upon in this study is from the small rangeland catchment in Oklahoma known as R‐5. When calibrated, both QPBRRM and InHM are shown to effectively simulate the R‐5 event. The calibration procedures used in this study for QPBRRM and InHM were quite different. The calibration of QPBRRM was a curve fitting exercise, whereas the calibration of InHM was based upon an internally valid estimate of the continuous head field. In this study QPBRRM did not perform well outside of the calibrated range. The impact of the roads cutting across the R‐5 catchment is simulated with InHM and discussed for the first time in the study reported here. The relative merits of QPBRRM and InHM are each discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heuristic numerical and analytical models of the hydrologic controls over vertical solute transport in a domed peat bog, Jura Mountains, Switzerland
Authors: McKenzie Jeffrey M. , Siegel Donald I. , Shotyk William , Steinmann Philipp , Pfunder Gabriele 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe report the results of numerical and analytical simulations to test the hypothesis that downward vertical flow of porewater from the crests of domed alpine and kettle bogs controls vertical porewater distributions of major solutes such as Ca and Mg. The domed Etang de la Gruère bog (EGr), Switzerland, characterized by a vertical downward gradient of 0·04 and stratified layers of peat, is chosen as a field site for the model calibration and evaluation. The middle 4‐m section of the 6·5 m thick bog peat is heavily humified and has a hydraulic conductivity of ∼10−5·6 cm s−1. Above and below, peat is less humified with a hydraulic conductivity of ∼10−3 cm s−1. Heuristic finite difference simulations, using Visual MODFLOW, of the bog hydraulics show that the higher conductivity peat at the bog base is critical to create the observed deep, local flow cells that substantively recharge porewater.Model results and Peclet number calculations show that before ∼7000 14C yr BP diffusion of solutes from underlying mineral soils controlled the vertical distribution of porewater chemistry. From 7000 to ∼1250 14C BP the porewater chemistry was probably controlled by both upward diffusion and downward advection, and after ∼1250 14C yr BP porewater chemistry was probably controlled by downward advection. Concentrations of conservative major solutes in the porewaters of alpine, ombrotrophic bogs are the net effect of both downward vertical porewater movement and upward vertical diffusion, the magnitudes of which are delicately poised to the configuration of the bog water table over time and subsurface peat stratigraphy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.