bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limitations To Oxygen Uptake During Dynamic Exercise
Authors: Rowell Loring B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What factors limit the uptake of oxygen during dynamic exercise? Claims have been laid at each of the steps that have the greatest potential to limit the transfer of oxygen from the air to the mitochondria. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that any single step could be the limiting factor inasmuch as three determinants of Vomax are expressed in the Fick equation; namely, cardiac output, arterial oxygen content, and mixed venous oxygen content, each of which can adjust during chronic activity or inactivity (Chapters 5 and 7).
Coherence Systems
Authors: Linde Charlotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 5, we discussed the establishment of adequate causality, and the management of inadequate causality and accident. Moving up from this local level of the construction of causality, we will next examine the level of the coherence system, a more global cultural device for structuring experience into socially sharable narrative. A coherence system is a discursive practice that represents a system of beliefs and relations between beliefs; it provides the environment in which one statement may or may not be taken as a cause of another statement. More specifically, a coherence system of the type discussed here is a system of beliefs that occupies a position midway between common sense-the beliefs and relations between beliefs that any person in the culture may be assumed to know (if not to share) and that anyone may use-and expert systems, which are beliefs and relations between beliefs held, understood, and properly used by experts in a particular domain.1 A coherence system is a system of beliefs derived from some expert system, but used by someone with no corresponding expertise or credentials. The term coherence system represents an intermediate-level system that, to my knowledge, has not been previously noted or studied. As we shall see, the differences in social standing among the users of various kinds of systems imply a difference in the kinds of social practices in which these systems may participate.
Conclusion
Authors: Linde Charlotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us first review the argument of this work, and then discuss its importance, both for linguistics and for the other social sciences. This book has examined the oral life story, focusing on the social practice of creation, exchange, and negotiation of coherent life stories. We have observed how coherence is created, from the morphological level to the level of the discourse unit to the social and historical level of the coherence system. Coherence is thus created by interweaving many linguistic and social levels.
The Outpatient Clinic
Authors: Jayaram Geetha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the structure, functions, and scope of an outpatient clinic within a psychiatric service system. Over three decades the outpatient clinic has evolved from being a free-standing clinical unit to being a hub in the network of services that comprises a comprehensive psychiatric service system. Since the inception of the federal community mental health centers in the 1960s, outpatient clinics and the community mental health movement as a whole have had to adapt to changes in legislation, politics, evolving financing mechanisms and humanitarian efforts (Hadley and Culhane, 1993). They have also had to contend with major expansion of programs and staffing, and with evolving concepts in treatment of the mentally ill. In treating chronic mental illnesses, the emphasis has shifted from inpatient to outpatient settings, and cost containment has become a major objective (Greene and De La Cruz, 1981; Gallant, 1983 Within the network, referrals to the outpatient clinic are received from inpatient units, emergency services, private practitioners, social service or law enforcement agencies-or individuals may be self-referred or brought by family members, friends, or neighbors. In turn, the clinic interacts with other components of the service network, such as psychosocial rehabilitation programs, vocational programs, housing committees, and home-based care providers.
The Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia
Authors: Eaton Mary C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The powerful impact of psychoactive drug therapy on the course of schizophrenia has mitigated the devastation of the disease, but has often resulted in inattention to patients’ psychotherapeutic needs. People with schizophrenia represent a major portion of patients treated in community mental health clinics and their illnesses are usually lifelong. Because of the severity of the illness, and the fact that combining pharmacologic with psychotherapeutic interventions produces the best outcome, the role of psychotherapy in the treatment of schizophrenia deserves attention. Within psychiatry there has been a historical rift between medical and psychological treatment approaches. Early in the century, in the absence of other effective measures, psychotherapy was enlisted to treat a putative psychologic cause of schizophrenia. The introduction of psychotropic medications in the 1950s showed dramatic efficacy in reducing symptoms of a condition that was being increasingly appreciated as biological in origin. Psychologically oriented-especially psychoanalytically oriented-therapists, concerned not to suppress meaningful psychic material, rejected medical treatment and continued on their psychological course, while others, persuaded by psychopharmacology, embraced what was characterized as a “medical” model. Experience, however, proved what is now generally accepted, that interweaving pharmacological treatment with skilled supportive psychotherapy, provided by the psychiatrist or, more often, the non-physician therapist, best supports the patient’s course.
Inpatient Services
Authors: Breakey William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The practice of psychiatry requires ready access to high-quality inpatient care when needed. Community-oriented inpatient services are thus a vital component of a responsive service system. Community psychiatry developed in the context of deinstitutionalization. The diminishing emphasis on inpatient care in favor of communitybased ambulatory services and the transfer of resources to the community sector are fundamental to the field, so that the success of integrated service systems is often judged on their ability to keep people out of hospital. In this context it must be all the more strongly emphasized that avoiding inpatient admission is not per se an indicator of good outcome for a person who may be distressed by severe symptoms and experiencing poor quality of life. Nonetheless, time spent in hospital is often used as an outcome measure for evaluating the effectiveness of mental health programs because it is important from a policy perspective, but also because it is relatively easily recorded and often available from existing data sets-a major attraction to program evaluators. The ready availability of this measure, and the lack of more direct or definitve outcome measures, should not, however, tempt clinicians or policy makers into believing that programs that reduce inpatient utilization are necessarily providing good care.
General Health Care
Authors: Gallucci Gerard , Lima Bruno R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health-care providers are challenged with understanding and treating patients who present with overlapping psychiatric and somatic symptoms. Primary-care practitioners encounter many psychiatric problems in general practice, and over the years community psychiatrists have struggled with the need to ensure that patients with psychiatric illness receive appropriate general medical care in addition to treatment for their psychiatric illness. As a medical discipline, psychiatry has developed a specialty approach to the treatment of psychiatric conditions, encouraged by the growing knowledge of psychopathology and the greater sophistication of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment. At odds with this specialization is the view of psychiatry as a primary-care discipline, alongside family practice, pediatrics, and general internal medicine. Establishing the point of authority for coordinating the general medical care of psychiatric patients is necessary• for providing comprehensive treatment. Unfortunately, that point of authority is often undefined and care remains fragmented. In the United States, health maintenance organizations have continued to grow and have established the primary medical care providers as the gatekeepers for access to specialty services, including psychiatry. Conversely, in community mental health programs, it is generally the psychiatrist who is reponsible for ensuring that the general health needs of patients are attended to.
Prevention
Authors: Breakey William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The proposition that it is better to prevent illness than to allow it to occur with its associated suffering, loss of function, and need for treatment, is one of the basic premises of public health that requires no justification. The great historic reductions in morbidity from infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, or rubella, or nutritional disorders such as scurvy, rickets, or iodine-deficiency goiter, result from well-organized programs for prevention rather than from improved treatment. The prevention of heart disease, cancer, and AIDS are among the most important challenges for public health in the 1990s, the focus of great public concern and major scientific effort.
Community Services for Older Persons
Authors: Lehmann Susan W , Rabins peter V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the exception of dementia and its psychiatric complications, older persons suffer from the same types of mental disorders as younger persons. Many treatment issues are independent of age, and many standards of mental health practice can be implemented regardless of age; however, psychiatric disorders in the elderly often co-exist with medical, social, and functional impairments that are uncommon in younger patients. This chapter will address the design and implementation of psychiatric services for the elderly that incorporate these special needs and will review several aspects of serious and persistent mental illnesses in older persons that are uniquely relevant in their treatment.Community studies have generally found that the prevalence rates of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression are lower among the elderly than among middle-aged individuals. In the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study of the National Institute of Mental Health, the one-month prevalence rate for schizophrenia was 0.1 percent for persons over age 65, but 0.6 to 0.8 percent for persons between 18 and 64 years. Similarly, among persons 65 years and older, prevalence rates of major depression were found to be one-third of the rate found for the 45-to 64-yearold age group.
Patients with HIV Disease
Authors: Lyketsos Constantine G , Fishman Marc , Treisman Glenn J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pandemic is associated with a major burden of psychiatric disorders worldwide. To begin with, certain vulnerabilities and behaviors associated with mental illness place individuals at risk for HIV infection, so that increasingly large numbers of patients with mental disorders are becoming infected with the virus. They may be relatively unresponsive to education, likely to continue high-risk HIV behavior, and likely to play a significant role in the continued spread of the disease. The end result for the patient is a terminal infection with considerable medical morbidity. For others, infection with HIV is accompanied by considerable understandable psychological stress related to the incurable nature of the illness and the circumstances in which, in some cases, it was contracted. Furthermore, HIV infection produces brain injury, leading directly to the development of psychiatric syndromes. For all these reasons, there is a strong relationship between HIV infection and psychiatric disorder.
International Product Development of Japanese Firms: Product Group Coherence and Internal Isomorphism Matrix
Authors: sakakibara Kiyonori , westney, d. Eleanor , kosaka masaru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the latter half of the 1980s, Japanese manufacturing firms have been confronting demands to shift more of their technology development activities overseas. Some of these pressures come from the governments and business communities within the countries that are Japan’s major markets, the United States and Europe in particular, where policymakers are critical of Japanese firms’ low level of local value added, not only in manufacturing but also in product development and research (Ishikawa, 1990).
Strategy, Structure, and Performance in Product Development: Observations from the Auto Industry
Authors: Cusumano Michael a. , nobeoka kentaro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As U.S. and European automobile producers found their levels of growth and profitability declining during the 1980s while Japanese firms continued to expand or at least maintain production levels, numerous researchers launched studies that probed the management systems of these companies and compared their performance in manufacturing. Several studies found remarkably high levels of productivity and quality from a handful of producers, primarily in Japan, which passed the United States in automobile production in 1980 and by the end of the decade boasted five of the top dozen auto manufacturers in the world (Table 5.1), as well as the top five automakers with the highest growth rates among producers of one million or more vehicles between 1970 and the end of the 1980s (Table 5.2). Apart from general studies of company practices and government policies, strategic and organizational explanations of elements behind the performance of Japanese firms in the automobile industry focused on the integration of workers and suppliers as well as on the development and systematic application of innovative managerial and quality-control techniques for manufacturing (Aizcorbe, Winston, and Friedlaender, 1977; Cusumano, 1985, 1988; Harbour, 1981; Krafcik, 1988; Lieberman, Lau, and Williams, 1989; National Academy of Engineering, 1982; Shimada and MacDuffie, 1986).
Product Development in the Textile Machinery Industry
Authors: Meyer Arnoud De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The product development process is one of the most widely studied activities in the firm. We should not be amazed by the attention paid to this process. Indeed innovation is essential for the survival of the organization, and the process through which one develops products is one of the most important ways to make the innovation task operational. Most studies focus on a particular aspect of the product development process: the management of professionals, the design of the project organization, tools for project planning and resource allocation (Souder, 1984), the improvement of communication (Allen, 1977), design for manufacture (Susman, 1992), and so on. A limited number of studies have taken a holistic view of the product development process. Most of them are limited to clinical case studies in one company (Burgelman and Sayles, 1986; Fruin, 1988) or a small group of companies. Only a few studies have actually gone beyond this stage and have presented a significant sample for a particular industry or have covered nearly the whole population (Clark and Fujimoto, 1991; Cusumano, 1985).
The Tropical Bedroom
Authors: Morris Norval 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Curve of Pearls the Great Chamber, the Law Lords red-gowned, throne-seated around; and the very same men sitting as the Privy Council disposing of matters equally important but of no immediate concern to the local citizenry, this time dressed in the best products of Saville Row, and seated around a plain but highly polished table with not a wig or a gown in sight. I should have known that the enquiry into my role in the future service of His Majesty would be a quiet and hidden affair, with mandarins of the civil service, knights only in title, aided by a military man in mufti, politely but insidiously settling my fate. And it had taken not much over half an hour, though it seemed to me there was revealed in that half hour more failure by me as an English gentleman (which was apparently the form of behaviour required) than one would have thought possible.
Husbands and Wives Duty-Bound Roles and Unaccountable Love
Authors: Lystra Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If The Purpose Of nineteenth-century courtship was to nurture the growth and development of romantic love, strengthening the affective ties between men and women entering a companionate marriage, the challenge of nineteenth-century marital relationships was to adjust an essentially voluntary and volatile romantic bond to the involuntary obligations and duty-bound roles of husband and wife.1 Victorians conceived of marriage in terms of love and personal choice. Yet spousal roles were largely de fined as compulsory social obligations. An act of self-determined choice, Victorian marriage nonetheless imposed a set of mandatory sex-role specific duties upon husband and wife.
Not for God Only Patriarchy, Religion, and Romantic Love
Authors: Lystra Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians Of The American family agree that sometime in the eighteenth century a dramatic transformation began to occur in the relationships of husband and wife, parent and child. Robert Griswold de scribes this change as a movement from patriarchy to companionship “predicated on the notion of domestic equality between husbands and wives.”1 Another family historian, Daniel Blake Smith, characterizes the shift as a movement away from the well-ordered, father-dominated family of the colonial era-with its emphasis on parental control, obedience, and restraint of emotions-toward a strikingly affectionate, self-consciously private family environment in which children became the center of indulgent attention and were expected to marry for reasons of romance and companionship rather than parental design and economic interest.2
The Mouse Genome
Authors: Silver Lee M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even before the discovery of the structure of DNA, it was clear that the fertilized mammalian egg could contain only a finite amount of genetic information, and that this information was all that was needed to define something as complicated as a whole mouse or human being. However, with the demonstration of the double helix and the unraveling of the relationships that exist between basepairs, codons, genes, and polypeptides, it became possible to determine just how finite the total sum of genetic information actually is. But the problem that still looms large is an understanding of the essential genetic information needed to make a mammal. Is it the total amount of DNA in a haploid set of chromosomes, just that portion of DNA that does not include repeated sequence copies, transcription units, coding and regulatory regions, or only those genes required for viability? In some cases, it seems possible to distinguish among what is essential, what is nice to have but not essential, and that which serves no useful function at all. However, in many cases, the distinctions are still not clear. This section addresses the quantification of the genome at various levels of analysis.
National Innovation Systems: Britain
Authors: Walker William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two great puzzles in Britain’s economic history. The first is why this comparatively small country on the northwest fringe of the European Continent became the hub of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century industrial revolutions, and dominated the international economy over so long a period (the industrial supremacy of the United States in this century seems short-lived in comparison). The second is why Britain’s industrial leadership begin to ebb away in the last decades of the nineteenth century, and why the decline that followed was so prolonged, continuous, and seemingly irreversible.
National Systems of Innovation Supporting Technical Advance in Industry: The Case of Argentina
Authors: Katz Jorge M , Bercovich Nestor A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a result of its successful integration into world markets for foodstuffs and agricultural raw materials Argentina was, at the beginning of the present century, a relatively rich nation with a fast growing economy. From 1895 to 1914 the number of acres under cultivation increased from 5 to 25 million. Wheat and maize exports multiplied by 3- and 4-fold, respectively, and the local population expanded from 3.9 to 7.8 million, due to heavy immigration from Europe. In 1914 one-third of the population had been born abroad, with nearly one million Italians and 800,000 Spaniards having taken up local residence; 90% of exports were primary products, most of which were directed toward western European countries (Diaz Alejandro, 1970; Rock, 1985).
Malign Neglect Race, Crime, And Punishment In America
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the perennial claims of politicians that our courts are coddling hardened criminals, the fact is that America already sends a higher proportion of its citizens to prison and for longer terms than any other western nation. To quote the Canadian House of Commons’s Committee on Justice, “If locking up those who violate the law contributed to safer societies, then the United States should be the safest country in the world.” Yet despite well-documented and mounting evidence that increased penalties alone cannot reduce crime, the Reagan and Bush administrations repeatedly lobbied for tougher mandatory sentences and more prisons. Although black crime rates have been stable for twenty years, the number and percentages of blacks in jail and prison have skyrocketed since Ronald Reagan took office. The trend continues with President Clinton, who recently called for “three strikes you’re out” legislation dictating mandatory life sentences for third felony convictions. In Malign Neglect, Michael Tonry addresses these paradoxes with passion and lucidity. Drawing on a vast compendium of the latest statistical, legal and social science research, he takes on the explosive issues of race, crime and punishment. As unconventional as he is committed, Tonry confronts uncomfortable truths head-on. On the one hand, he is outraged by politicians’ talk of Willy Horton and Welfare Queens. The texts may be crime and welfare, Tonry writes, but the subtext is race. While he recognizes that the disadvantaged have no license to attack, rape or steal, and that the absolution of disadvantaged offenders would require a cynical acceptance of the suffering of victims, he argues powerfully that crime control policies can be recast so that, without diminishing public safety, they do less harm to disadvantaged black Americans. Tonry presents devastating evidence that our current policies are decimating black communities, and impeding the movement of disadvantaged black Americans into the social and economic mainstream of modern America. A blistering attack on worn-out misconceptions about race, poverty, crime and punishment and a fearless prescription for change, Malign Neglect is an indispensable briefing paper on a topic which goes to the heart and soul of the nation.
Social Adversity and the Criminal Law
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conditions of disadvantage that shape the lives of too many black Americans are the reason why so many are involved in crime. The question is how, if at all, the criminal law and the criminal justice system should take account of that reality. At one pole are those-mainly political conservatives and the more rigid social theorists-who see crime solely as a failure of character and who argue that environmental and developmental influences have nothing to do with moral responsibility and should have nothing to do with legal responsibility.