bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON HUMAN ANTIBODIES
Authors: Kaplan Manuel E. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: June 2004

Insoluble blood group substances prepared by copolymerization of soluble blood group substances with N-carboxy-L-leucine anhydride were used to absorb blood group antibodies from two human, high-titered anti-A sera. After the absorbants were washed free of nonspecific serum proteins, blood group antibodies were eluted either with pH 3.62 acetate buffer, or at neutral pH with monosaccharide haptens of the A or B antigenic determinants (N-acetyl-D-galactosamine or D-galactose respectively). The purified anti-A antibodies were characterized, immunoelectrophoretically, as γM-, γA-, and γG-immunoglobulins. These were further separated into γM- and γG-fractions by gel filtration or density gradient centrifugation. Both γM- and one of the two γG-antibody fractions contained K and L light chain determinants; the remaining γG-fraction was comprised, almost totally, of type K molecules.
Precipitability of the purified anti-A immunoglobulins by blood group A substance varied from 43 to 89%. The agglutinating activity per unit N of the isolated γG-anti-A was found to equal, in one case, and to exceed, in the second, that of the γM-antibodies from the same individuals.
The marked differences between γM- and γG-antibody fractions in quantitative hapten inhibition studies were interpreted to mean that the antibody-combining site of the isolated eluted γG-anti-A was significantly larger than that of the eluted γM-anti-A. Whether these data connote differences in combining site size between entire immunoglobulin classes in an individual serum or simply reflect the properties of highly selected antibody populations cannot be stated at present.
THE ORIGIN AND TURNOVER OF MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN PERITONEAL EXUDATES IN RATS
Authors: Volkman Alvin 
Published: June 2004

Tritiated thymidine-labeling data in individual and parabiotic rats showed that macrophages in peritoneal exudates were derived from cells in the blood which were the progeny of rapidly and continuously proliferating precursors. The characteristics of this population identify them with free macrophages studied in other sites; similarly, they can be obtained from transfused bone marrow.
Cells in the exudates which were morphologically indistinguishable from small lymphocytes were also found to have the labeling features of a rapidly proliferating population in contrast with the known kinetics of the majority of small lymphocytes in blood and thoracic duct lymph. However, experimental evidence indicated that the lymphocytelike exudate cells had emigrated from the blood and that bone marrow was a source of their precursors. These findings support the concept of the heterogeneity of lymphocytes.
The possible relationships among the mononuclear cells is discussed.
DISQUISITIONS ON ORIGINAL ANTIGENIC SIN
Authors: de St.Groth S. Fazekas , Webster R. G. 
Published: June 2004

When primary immunity is boosted not by the homologous but by a crossreacting vaccine, the newly formed antibodies react better with the primary antigen than with the antigen actually eliciting the response. This phenomenon bears the name of Original Antigenic Sin (1).
It is shown that the number of antibody molecules produced against the original and the vaccinating antigen is the same; that each of these molecules is capable of reacting with both antigens; that the activity of an antiserum can be completely absorbed with either antigen; that both residual and adsorbed-dissociated fractions of antibody exhibit the same relative affinities towards the two antigens as did the native serum; that, unlike standard primary and secondary responses, the population of antibody molecules characterizing the Original Antigenic Sin is homogeneous; that each molecule has a lower equilibrium constant (i.e. higher avidity) against the original antigen than against the antigen stimulating the present response; and that all equilibrium constants are typical of secondary antibody.
It is concluded that the Original Antigenic Sin is a partial anamnestic response, a related antigen stimulating that sector only of the originally primed cells which is destined to produce cross-reacting antibody.
A hypothesis is developed according to which the basic difference between primary and secondary reactivity rests on the presence of a trapping mechanism that allows anamnestic production of antibody against lower doses of the homologous antigen. Such a mechanism is capable of cross-trapping related antigens, thus preventing a standard primary response and allowing manifestations of Original Antigenic Sin.
STUDIES ON THE INDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL UNRESPONSIVENESS TO PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE IN MICE
Authors: Siskind Gregory W. , Howard James G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Comparison of dose-response curves indicated that preimmunized animals were slightly more susceptible to the induction of immunological paralysis with pneumococcal polysaccharide than were normal mice. The results also indicated that the paralysis threshold was unaltered by preimmunization.
2. Transient desensitization of immunized mice could be achieved by an amount of polysaccharide far less than that required to induce paralysis.
3. A transient phase of weak immunity was detected prior to the onset of paralysis when induced by relatively low paralyzing doses of polysaccharide.
4. No "low dose" zone of paralysis (analogous to that obtainable with certain protein antigens) could be elicited with pneumococcal polysaccharide.
5. Massive proliferation of lymphoreticular tissues induced by Corynebacterium parvum failed to raise the threshold for paralysis induction, but amplified the immune response over the entire dose-response curve. Similarly, C. parvum failed to abrogate an established state of paralysis. The results suggest that the induction of polysaccharide paralysis is related to the concentration of antigen in the animal and is not modified by the number of immunologically competent cells.
MECHANISMS OF ACQUIRED RESISTANCE IN MOUSE TYPHOID
Authors: Blanden R. V. , Mackaness G. B. , Collins F. M. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments in vitro comparing normal mouse peritoneal macrophages with cells from Salmonella typhimurium-infected mice have shown that the "immune" macrophages have conspicuously enhanced microbicidal properties. Whereas normal macrophages could inactivate only 50 to 60% of intracellular S. typhimurium pretreated with immune serum, cells from infected animals killed virtually all ingested organisms and did so at an accelerated rate. Macrophages from Listeria monocytogenes-infected mice were shown to possess similarly enhanced microbicidal activity against S. typhimurium. Furthermore, the growth of S. typhimurium in the liver and spleen was more effectively restricted in Listeria-infected mice than in animals vaccinated with heat-killed S. typhimurium, even though the Listeria-infected animals possessed no demonstrable cross-reacting antibody to S. typhimurium. The lack of resistance in the mice vaccinated with heat-killed organisms could not be attributed to any deficiency of humoral factors, since the serum from these animals was as effective at promoting phagocytosis and killing by macrophages as serum from actively infected (and demonstrably resistant) mice. Conversely, Salmonella-infected mice were totally resistant to intravenous challenge with L. monocytogenes. The level of resistance in individual animals was related to the numbers of residual Salmonellae remaining in the tissues; mice with heavier residual infections being the more resistant.
Specific antiserum from mice vaccinated with heat-killed S. typhimurium was found to be significantly protective only when the intraperitoneal route of challenge was employed.
The foregoing studies have been interpreted to mean that enhancement of the microbicidal ability of macrophages is the mechanism of major importance in acquired resistance to S. typhimurium infection in mice.
QUANTITATIVE VARIATIONS IN L CHAIN TYPES IN GUINEA PIG ANTIHAPTEN ANTIBODIES
Authors: Nussenzweig Victor , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: June 2004

In guinea pig purified antihapten antibodies, the proportion of molecules bearing the κ- or λ-type of L chains (K or L molecules) may diverge markedly from that found in normal γ2-globulins. This has been evaluated by precipitation of I131-labeled antibody preparations using a specific anti-λ-chain antiserum. Anti-DNP antibodies isolated 3 wk after immunization of guinea pigs with DNP65-BGG antibodies, contain less than 1% of L molecules, while in pipsyl antibodies, isolated from the sera of animals immunized with pipsyl-BGG, the proportion of L molecules is significantly greater than in normal γ2-globulins.
Anti-DNP antibodies produced against conjugates of this hapten with carriers other than BGG (BSA, OVA, or poly-L-lysine) or with BGG with a small number of DNP groups (DNP10-BGG) contained a greater proportion of λ-chain bearing molecules than anti-DNP antibodies isolated from late sera of guinea pigs immunized with highly conjugated DNP65-BGG. An increased percentage of L molecules was detected in preparations of anti-DNP65-BGG antibodies isolated early (10 days), when compared to those isolated later during the course of immunization. However, the level of L molecules in all these anti-DNP antibody preparations was always considerably below that present in normal γ2-globulin. The relative amounts of L molecules in distinct immunoglobulin families (γ1 and γ2) in antibody preparations isolated from individual animals was remarkably similar.
SERUM AND URINARY LYSOZYME (MURAMIDASE) IN MONOCYTIC AND MONOMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
Authors: Osserman Elliott F. , Lawlor Dolores P. 
Published: June 2004

Markedly increased quantities of lysozyme have been found in the serum and urine (ranging to 2.6 g per day) of ten consecutive cases of monocytic and monomyelocytic leukemia. The enzyme has been isolated from the urine of several cases and physicochemically and immunochemically characterized. It is apparently identical to the lysozyme of normal tears, saliva, leukocytes, and serum, but structurally different from the lysozyme of hen's egg white. The activity of the human enzyme assayed with M. lysodeikticus organisms is 3 to 12 times greater than egg white lysozyme at equivalent concentrations.
An agar plate method has been developed for quantitating lysozyme activity in small samples (approximately 25 µl) of serum, urine, or other biological fluids. The range and reproducibility of this method were found to be superior to previously available lysozyme assay procedures.
Present evidence indicates that lysozyme is the principal, if not the sole, product of the proliferating monocytes in monocytic and monomyelocytic leukemia, and quantitation of serum and urine lysozyme should be a useful diagnostic procedure for these leukemias.
IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STUDIES OF HUMAN CELL CULTURES AND CHICK EMBRYOS INOCULATED WITH THE AMEBOID CELL-"LIPOVIRUS" COMPLEX
Authors: Liu Chien , Rodina Patricia 
Published: June 2004

Tissue culture cells of human origin (HeLa, Lich, and AV3) were inoculated with the AL complex. By immunofluorescent staining, AL complex antigen was detectable in the cytoplasm of infected cells as punctate fluorescent granules during the early stage and as homogeneous fluorescence during the late stage of infection. By combining fluorescence and phase-contrast microscopy, many infected cells with cytoplasmic AL complex antigen were shown to have a normal nuclear morphology indistinguishable from uninfected cells. Initiation of AL complex infection was interpreted as occurring by transfer of transmissible factor(s) from cell to cell by contact and mutiplication of such factor(s) therein.
Chick embryos were susceptible to AL complex infection following allantoic or amniotic inoculations. Antigen and infectious AL complex were demonstrable in the liver, brain, intestines, lungs, and embryonic membranes. Further investigations on AL complex and its relation to human disease are suggested.
NUCLEAR FLUORESCENCE EMPLOYING ANTINUCLEOSIDE IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Authors: Klein William J. , Beiser Sam M. , Erlanger Bernard F. 
Published: June 2004

Fluoresceinated antinucleoside globulins were shown to react with the nuclei of L cells. The pattern of nuclear fluorescence was similar to the distribution of nuclear DNA. This reaction was shown to be specific by the following control experiments:
1. Absorption of the specific antibody from an antiadenosine globulin eliminated all fluorescence.
2. Treatment of the cells with nonfluorescent antiadenosine globulin, followed by staining with the fluorescent antiadenosine eliminated almost all of the fluorescence of the nucleus.
3. Treatment of the cells with DNase destroyed the ability of the nucleus to react with antiuridine fluorescent antibodies.
4. Fluoresceinated anti-BSA did not produce nuclear fluorescence.
Nuclear fluorescence occurred only in cells harvested during the period of maximum DNA synthesis as measured by the uptake of thymidine. This correlates with the previously demonstrated specificity of the antibodies for denatured DNA.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THE ADOPTIVE IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY IN MICE
Authors: Celada Franco 
Published: June 2004

A calibrated cell transfer system allows detection of the anamnestic response to albumin without interference from the host's immune machinery; it was used to study the immunological memory of mouse spleen cell populations. The secondary antibody-forming capacity of the transferred cells was measured by challenging them at periods up to 6 months after transfer. The peak levels attained show a declining pattern in two phases: during the first month with a half-life of 15 days; thereafter, with a half-life of 100 days. The corresponding half-lives of the cellular memory are 26 and 190 days.
In the light of these and of radioinactivation data, immunological memory is defined as the persistence of a specifically determined stem cell line, along which the information necessary to give rise to an antibody-forming cell population is transmitted from mother to daughter cells.
THE REGULATION OF PINOCYTOSIS IN MOUSE MACROPHAGES
Authors: Cohn Zanvil A. , Parks Eileen 
Published: June 2004

The pinocytosis-inducing effect of a number of molecular species was studied in cultures of mouse macrophages. Agents were added to a basal medium containing 1% NBCS-No. 199 and allowed to interact with cells for 150 min. Vesicle counts were then performed and compared to control cells in the basal medium.
Certain proteins, i.e. albumin and fetuin, with isoelectric points of five and below were found to be potent stimulators of vesicle formation. Basic proteins including lysozyme, histone, and protamine had little influence at sublethal concentrations. The pinocytosis-stimulating activity of bovine plasma albumin could be markedly depressed by removal of bound fatty acids. The addition of either oleic or linoleic acid to de-fatted albumin restored its inducing properties to initial levels. The activity of fetuin could be abolished by either mild acid hydrolysis or neuraminidase digestion. Both procedures removed the majority of the sialic acid content of fetuin.
The D and L isomers of polyglutamic acid were found to produce a marked increase in pinosome production. In contrast, poly-DL-lysine was not effective.
Neutral and basic amino acids were without significant effect on pinocytosis, whereas aspartic and glutamic acids were stimulatory. The amides of glutamic and aspartic acid did not induce pinocytosis. The unnatural D isomers of glutamic, aspartic, leucine, and phenylalanine inhibited pinocytosis. The inhibition by D-glutamic acid could be reversed with the L isomer.
A number of acid mucopolysaccharides, including heparin, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate, were excellent inducers. High molecular weight dextran was without significant stimulatory effect whereas dextran sulfate was very active.
Both desoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid enhanced pinosome formation.
A number of low molecular weight anions including N-acetylneuraminic acid were found to enhance vesicle formation.
In general, anionic molecules were better inducers than either neutral or cationic species. The minimum effective dose of macroanions was a function of molecular weight and their activity appeared unrelated to specific chemical groupings.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF RILEY VIRUS
Authors: Mahy B. W. J. , Rowson K. E. K. , Parr C. W. 
Published: June 2004

The plasma clearance of intravenously injected rabbit muscle LDH was studied. In normal mice the clearance followed a biphasic exponential curve comprising an initial fast and subsequent slow phase. Riley virus-infected mice showed only the slow phase of enzyme clearance. The change from fast to slow clearance rate in normal mice appeared to depend upon the level of plasma enzyme activity rather than on the amount of enzyme cleared.
Treatment of mice with RES-blocking agents (cholesterol oleate and carbon) inhibited the fast clearance phase, whereas an RES-stimulating agent (stilbestrol) caused an accelerated rate of enzyme clearance.
Riley virus infection was found to inhibit the clearance of phosphoglucose isomerase, but had no effect on the clearance of alanine transaminase. The activity of the former enzyme is raised in the plasma of infected mice, whereas the activity of the latter enzyme is unaltered.
TYPE-SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE ANTIGENS OF GROUP B STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Freimer Earl H. 
Published: June 2004

The type-specific antigen of Group B Type II streptococci has been prepared free of other known cell components. This antigen is a capsular polysaccharide containing D-galactose, D-glucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and a labile component which has not been chemically characterized. Extraction of Type II streptococci with cold TCA yielded this antigen which contained two serological determinants. A partial antigen with only one of the determinants was obtained by extraction with dilute HCl at 100°C.
By means of the quantitative precipitin inhibition technique, a (ß-D-galactopyranoside has been established as the determinant of the HCl-extracted polysaccharide. The second determinant, present solely in the TCA antigen, has not been identified.
STUDIES OF THE ACTIVITY OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN
Authors: Duncan J. L. , Groman N. B. 
Published: June 2004

It has been demonstrated that a saturating dose of diphtheria toxin produced a 90% inhibition of polio-virus replication in HeLa cells. This inhibition was reflected in infectious viral RNA synthesis and in mature virus production. Toxin had no direct effect on virus particles or I-RNA, and poliovirus adsorption and eclipse appeared to be carried out normally in intoxicated cells.
When toxin was given at various time intervals after infection, the amount of inhibition depended on the time of toxin addition. Toxin given before or immediately after infection gave maximum inhibition, while toxin given several hours after infection had little effect. The data suggest that toxin inhibits viral replication through its effect on protein synthesis. It is likely that a critical step in the viral replication cycle, the production of poliovirus-induced RNA polymerase, is inhibited, and possibly the synthesis of capsid protein.
Ammonium salts and the aliphatic amines, glycamine and prolamine, prevented the inhibition of viral replication by toxin. The kinetics of the protective action of ammonium chloride and diphtheria antitoxin are remarkably similar.
HEMOPOIEITC SPLEEN COLONY STUDIES
Authors: Curry J. L. , Trentin J, J. , Wolf N. 
Published: June 2004

The polycythemic repression of erythropoiesis and the restoration of erythropoiesis by specific stimulation were studied in the spleen colony system in irradiated mice.
1. A 5 day period of erythropoietin stimulation (exogenous erythropoietin) or repression (polycythemia) of the bone marrow donor only, does not significantly alter the number or type of colonies formed by the transplanted marrow cells.
2. Erythropoietin stimulation did not alter the number or type of endogenous colonies formed in mice receiving 580 R. Erythropoietin repression (polycythemia) markedly reduced the growth but not the number of erythroid colonies, while not affecting the other types of colonies formed endogenously.
3. Erythropoietin stimulation of the irradiated recipient during colony growth did not alter the number or type of spleen colonies formed by transplanted marrow. Erythropoietin repression by polycythemia during colony growth completely suppressed the appearance of morphologically erythroid colonies without significantly altering the incidence of the other colony types. This effect of polycythemia was completely prevented by exogenous erythropoietin. Irradiated mice are therefore presumed to be secreting sufficient erythropoietin for maximal erythroid colony development.
4. The erythroid colonies suppressed by polycythemia were recognizable as microscopic foci of undifferentiated cells. Exposure of these foci to erythropoietin stimulation at different periods in their development was manifested by different degrees of growth and differentiation, from which it is apparent that erythropoietin stimulates not only morphological differentiation but also rapid mitosis.
Retransplantation of either erythroid or of neutrophilic primary spleen colonies gave rise to both erythroid and neutrophilic secondary spleen colonies. The percentage of erythroid secondary colonies was slightly but significantly higher among the progeny of transplanted erythroid primary colonies than among the progeny of transplanted neutrophilic primary colonies.
On the basis of these and other results, a working hypothesis is proposed for factors controlling the growth and differentiation of spleen colonies from transplanted bone marrow. It is postulated that most but perhaps not all spleen colony-forming units are pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells. It is further postulated that hemopoietic-inductive microenvironments (HIM) of different kinds exist in both the spleen and the bone marrow, and that these determine the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into each of the lines of hemopoietic differentiation. Erythropoietin therefore may "induce" erythroid differentiation of only those stem cells under the influence of an erythroid HIM. Alternatively erythropoietin may act only as a growth and function stimulant of those stem cells that have been "induced" by an erythroid HIM into a state of erythropoietin responsiveness. In the latter case morphological differentiation presumably results from the functional activity stimulated by ESF.
PRIMARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN VITRO IN PERITONEAL CELLS
Authors: Bussard Alain E. , Lurie Melvyn 
Published: June 2004

Peritoneal cells (PC), from nonimmunized mice, incubated in a carboxymethyl cellulose gum containing sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and guinea pig complement (following the technique of Ingraham and Bussard) start to produce plaques of hemolysis 20 hr after the beginning of incubation at 37°C.
In contrast, spleen cells from immunized mice complete their plaque-forming activity in 6 hr. The fact that formation of plaques by previously uncommitted cells is related to the life of the leukocytes, and is complement dependent brings evidence that we are dealing with an immunological phenomenon. Puromycin suppresses the formation of plaque. Previous incubation of the PC with SRBC in liquid medium, before incorporation in the detection system, reduces the lag in the production of plaques. This indicates that a phase of stimulation precedes the phase of expression (manifested by plaque formation).
The immunological activity of the peritoneal cell suspension is highly dependent on the concentration of the suspension, which indicates that this activity results from a cooperative process. Actinomycin D, which does not suppress the production of plaques by cells from immunized animals, stops completely the in vitro induction. It is concluded that we have probably observed a primary immune response induced in vitro.