bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Business reporting on the internet in Malaysia and Singapore
Authors: Iqbal Khadaroo M. 
Published: February 2005

PurposeTo compare the internet reporting practices of Malaysian listed companies with those in Singapore. To examine the implications of web technology for business reporting and the challenge it poses for standard‐setting bodies.Design/methodology/approachA standard web browser was used to survey the web sites of listed companies and collect the data. The second objective of this paper was addressed mostly through a literature review.FindingsOne of the survey findings was that listed companies in Singapore have a greater web presence compared with Malaysia. Another major finding was that Singapore companies were making better use of the potential the internet had to offer compared with companies based in Malaysia.Research limitations/implicationsInternet reporting practices of listed companies in Malaysia and Singapore only were compared.Practical implicationsDeveloping a global internet reporting standard is a major challenge to accounting standard setters world‐wide.Originality/valueThis paper adds to the literature on content analysis studies by exploring web reporting practices of two south east Asian countries.
FEMALE DUAL LABOUR MARKETS AND EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
Authors: Ghilarducci T. , Lee M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe American workforce and the role of employee benefits have changed dramatically since the 1980s when economists seriously considered dual labour market models to describe pay and employment patterns. Then, dual labour market models described men's labour markets, but not women's and the tests applied to wages and salaries, not total compensation including employee benefits. Applying a switching regression technique using the 2000 Current Population Survey and including women workers and employee benefits, we find that the dual labour market hypothesis is consistent with both female and male labour market structures, especially when total compensation is considered.
Mononuclear cells from patients recovered from cutaneous leishmaniasis respond toLeishmania majoramastigote class I nuclease with a predominant Th1-like response
Authors: Farajnia S , Mahboudi F , Ajdari S , Reiner N E , Kariminia A , Alimohammadian M H 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThe Leishmania major amastigote class I nuclease (LmaCIN) is a developmentally regulated protein that is highly expressed in the amastigote stage of L. major. This protein is homologous to the P4 nuclease of L. pifanoi, which has been shown to induce protective immune response in a murine model. To evaluate LmaCIN as a potential human vaccine candidate, cellular immune responses to recombinant LmaCIN were examined in individuals recovered from Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients recovered from L. major infection were cultured either with recombinant LmaCIN or autoclaved L. major (ALM) as control. rLmaCIN induced significant proliferation of PBMC from 90% of recovered patients. Phenotypic analysis of proliferating cells showed that CD8+ cells were the predominant cell type proliferating in response to rLmaC1N. Screening of culture supernatants for cytokines showed that rLmaCIN induced high levels of interferon (IFN)-γ (mean ± s.e.m.: 1398 ± 179 pg/ml) associated with little interleukin (IL)-10 and little or no IL-5 production. These findings show that LmaCIN is immunogenic in humans during L. major infection and that it can elicit immunological responses relevant to immunoprophylaxis of leishmaniasis.
Increased lymphocyte trafficking to colonic microvessels is dependent on MAdCAM-1 and C-C chemokine mLARC/CCL20 in DSS-induced mice colitis
Authors: Teramoto K , Miura S , Tsuzuki Y , Hokari R , Watanabe C , Inamura T , Ogawa T , Hosoe N , Nagata H , Ishii H , Hibi T 
Published: February 2005

SummaryAlthough enhanced lymphocyte trafficking is associated with colitis formation, little information about its regulation is available. The aim of this study was to examine how the murine liver and activation-regulated chemokine (mLARC/CCL20) contributes to lymphocyte recruitment in concert with vascular adhesion molecules in murine chronic experimental colitis. T and B lymphocytes isolated from the spleen were fluorescence-labelled and administered to recipient mice. Lymphocyte adhesion to microvessels of the colonic mucosa and submucosa was observed with an intravital microscope. To induce colitis, the mice received two cycles of treatment with 2% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). In some of the experiments antibodies against the adhesion molecules or anti-mLARC/CCL20 were administered, or CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) of the lymphocytes was desensitized with excess amounts of mLARC/CCL20. Significant increases in T and B cell adhesion to the microvessels of the DSS-treated mucosa and submucosa were observed. In chronic colitis, the accumulation of lymphocytes was significantly inhibited by anti-mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM)-1 mAb, but not by anti-vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. In DSS-treated colonic tissue, the expression of mLARC/CCL20 was significantly increased, the blocking of mLARC/CCL20 by monoclonal antibody or the desensitization of CCR6 with mLARC/CCL20 significantly attenuated the DSS-induced T and B cell accumulation. However, the combination of blocking CCR6 with MAdCAM-1 did not further inhibit these accumulations. These results suggest that in chronic DSS-induced colitis, both MAdCAM-1 and mLARC/CCL20 may play important roles in T and B lymphocyte adhesion in the inflamed colon under flow conditions.
Characterization of human peritoneal dendritic cell precursors and their involvement in peritonitis
Authors: McCully M L , Chau T A , Luke P , Blake P G , Madrenas J 
Published: February 2005

SummaryScattered evidence suggests that the human peritoneal cavity contains cells of the dendritic cell (DC) lineage but their characterization is missing. Here, we report that the peritoneal cavity of normal subjects and of stable patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) contains a population of CD14+ cells that can differentiate into DCs or macrophages. Within this pool, we characterized a CD14+CD4+ cell subset (2.2% of the peritoneal cells) fulfilling the definition of myeloid DC precursors or pre-DC1 cells. These cells expressed high levels of HLA-DR, CD13, CD33, and CD86, and low levels of CD40, CD80, CD83, CD123, CD209, TLR-2 and TLR-4. These cells retained CD14 expression until late stages of differentiation, despite concomitant up-regulation of DC-SIGN (CD209), CD1a, CD80 and CD40. Peritoneal pre-DC1 cells had endocytic capacity that was down-regulated upon LPS/IFN-γ stimulation, were more potent allo-stimulators than peritoneal CD14+CD4–/lo cells and monocyte-derived macrophages, and induced Th1 cytokine responses. More importantly, the number of peritoneal pre-DC1 cells increased during PD-associated peritonitis, with a different profile for Gram positive and Gram negative peritonitis, suggesting that these cells participate in the induction of peritoneal adaptive immune responses, and may be responsible for the bias towards Th1 responses during peritonitis.
Rituxan (anti-CD20 antibody)-induced translocation of CD20 into lipid rafts is crucial for calcium influx and apoptosis
Authors: Janas E , Priest R , Wilde J I , White J H , Malhotra R 
Published: February 2005

SummaryRituxan, a chimeric anti-CD20 antibody, is the first antibody approved for immunotherapy in non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma and other B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Additionally, efficacy of Rituxan treatment has been reported in nonmalignant autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Crosslinking of CD20 molecules by Rituxan induces therapeutic B-cell depletion. CD20 is a B-lymphocyte specific integral membrane protein, proposed to function as a store-operated calcium channel, which is activated upon receptor-stimulated calcium depletion of intracellular stores. Crosslinking of CD20 by antibodies has been reported to induce a redistribution of CD20 molecules to specialized microdomains at the plasma membrane known as lipid rafts. Here, we report that in the absence of Rituxan, CD20 exhibits a low affinity to lipid rafts. However, binding of Rituxan significantly increases the affinity of CD20 for lipid rafts resulting in its redistribution to a fraction resistant to Triton X-100 solubilization. Furthermore, we demonstrate that disturbing the raft integrity by cholesterol extraction results in dissociation of CD20 from a Triton X-100 resistant fraction followed by complete inhibition of Rituxan-induced calcium entry and apoptosis. The integrity of lipid rafts seems to play a crucial role for CD20-induced caspase activation. These data show, for the first time, that Rituxan-induced translocation of CD20 to lipid rafts is important for increased intracellular Ca2+ levels and downstream apoptotic signalling.
Organ‐dependent regulation of a plant promoter isolated from rice by ‘promoter‐trapping’ in tobacco
Authors: Claes B. , Smalle J. , Dekeyser R. , Van Montagu M. , Caplan A. 
Published: February 2005

SummaryA vector containing a transcriptionally inactive neomycin phosphotransferase II gene was used to select promoter sequences from a pool of random genomic DNA fragments. This paper describes how one such sequence (P4.7) isolated from Oryza sativa acts as a hormonally regulated promoter in Nicotiana tabacum. Relative expression ratios in leaf, root, midrib, callus, and stem tissue of tobacco plants are 1:5:4:10:17. Histochemical assays show that P4.7 activates the uidA reporter gene throughout the phloem and cortex of tobacco stems. Transcription from the P4.7 fragment is inducible in leaf tissue by low levels of a‐naphthalene acetic acid or 6–benzyl‐aminopurine, even when cell proliferation is inhibited by colchicine or hydroxyurea. Conversely, 1 % DMSO was found to inhibit activation of P4.7 without interfering with callus formation. The fragment contains TATA and CAAT sequences normally found at the 5′ end of many plant genes, and an additional region homologous to sequences located in similar positions in a variety of similarly regulated promoters. Promoter deletion and fusion experiments have indicated the location of a stem enhancer element in P4.7. The promoter trap system we have described may potentially be used to characterize transcriptional factors common to monocot and dicot species.
T‐DNA insertion mutagenesis in Arabidopsis: mutational spectrum
Authors: Feldmann Kenneth A. 
Published: February 2005

SummaryMore than 8000 transformants of Arabidopsis have been generated by treating germinating seeds with cultures of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Genetic characterization of a subset of the transformants indicates that they contain an average of 1.4 inserts each, as assayed by kanamycin resistance. Molecular analysis shows that the inserts are predominantly concatamers of T‐DNAs arranged as direct and inverted repeats. More recently these 8000 lines have been screened under a variety of growth conditions for visible alterations in phenotype. More than 1000 putative mutants were observed during the application of these screening procedures. These mutants fall into several general classes: seedling‐lethals, size variants, pigment, embryo‐defective, reduced‐fertility, dramatic (morphological), and physiological. The majority of the mutants (88%) segregate in a Mendelian manner for the mutant phenotype. An analysis of approximately 50 mutants in this group shows that > 80% are tagged with a functional insert. The wide spectrum of mutants observed suggests that it may be feasible to develop a comprehensive collection of mutant lines in which each gene is tagged by a T‐DNA insertion.
Identification of a novel S‐phase‐specific gene during the cell cycle in synchronous cultures of Catharanthus roseus cells
Authors: Ito Masaki , Kodama Hiroaki , Komamine Atsushi 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThe cell‐cycle specific cDNAs were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from cells in the S phase in the synchronous cultures of Catharanthus roseus. One of the isolated genes, which we refer to as cyc07, was analyzed in detail. The full‐length cDNA of cyc07 contains an open reading frame of 735 nucleotides, encoding a protein of 245 amino acids with a molecular weight of 28356 Da. The protein predicted from the nucleotide sequence is highly basic, as are mammalian histones. cyc07 mRNA was detected specifically in cells at the S phase in synchronous cultures. The induction and accumulation of mRNA in the S phase were suppressed when DMA synthesis was inhibited by aphidicolin. In the intact plant, cyc07 mRNA was found preferentially in root tips that contained meristematic tissue. A databank search revealed that a sequence homologous to the nucleotide sequence of cyc07 cDNA is present in the downstream region of the SIR3 gene in the yeast genome. The amino acid sequence predicted from the corresponding region of the yeast genome exhibited significant homology with that of cyc07 protein. These similarities between cyc07 and the corresponding region in yeast suggest that the homologous sequence in yeast is a novel gene that is functionally homologous to cyc07. Our results presented here suggest the possibility that cyc07 may play a role in the proliferation of higher plant cells, in particular in the entry into or progression of the S phase of the cell cycle.
Mitochondrial genome organization and expression associated with cytoplasmic male sterility in sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
Authors: Laver H.K. , Reynolds S.J. , Moneger F. , Leaver C.J. 
Published: February 2005

SummaryA comparative investigation of the organization and expression of the mitochondrial genome in fertile and cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) sunflower (Helianthus annuus) has been undertaken. A region of mitochondrial genome variation between the two phenotypes has been located in the 3′ flanking region of the gene encoding the α subunit of the F1 ATPase (atpA). Physical mapping and sequence analysis have been used to show that a rearrangement involving an inversion and an insertion has occurred immediately downstream of the atpA coding region in the mitochondrial DMA from sterile sunflower. This rearrangement has resulted in the creation of a new open reading frame (ORFc) which is co‐transcribed with atpA in sterile sunflower. In organello labelling of mitochondrial translation products from the two types of sunflower shows that a 15 kDa protein is synthesized by the mitochondria from sterile sunflower but not by those from fertile plants. The ORFc sequence could encode this 15 kDa protein which may be causally related to the CMS phenotype.
A promoter sequence involved in cell‐specific expression of the pea glutamine synthetase GS3A gene in organs of transgenic tobacco and alfalfa
Authors: Brears Timothy , Walker Elsbeth L. , Coruzzi Gloria M. 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThe DMA sequence of the pea cytosolic glutamine synthetase GS3A gene promoter has been determined and the start of transcription mapped using S1 nuclease. The full‐length promoter and a series of 5′ deletions were fused to β‐glucuronidase (GUS) and introduced into transgenic tobacco and alfalfa. In transgenic tobacco the GS3A promoter directed GUS expression in the phloem cells of the vasculature in leaves, stems and roots. GUS expression was also detected in the vasculature of cotyledons and the root tips of germinating T1 seedlings. The promoter conferred a similar expression pattern in transgenic alfalfa, and expression was also observed in root nodules. Nodule expression was located in nodule primordia, as well as the meristem, symbiotic zone, and vasculature of mature nodules. The promoter was found to be active even when deleted to ‐132 relative to the start of transcription. DMA mobility‐shift analysis identified a protein present in nuclear and whole‐cell plant extracts which bound to a 17 bp DNA element contained within the minimal ‐132 promoter required for expression.
The MADS box gene family in tomato: temporal expression during floral development, conserved secondary structures and homology with homeotic genes from Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis
Authors: Pnueli L. , Abu‐Abeid M. , Zamir D. , Nacken W. , Schwarz‐Sommer Zs. , Lifschitz E. 
Published: February 2005

SummaryFive genes with homology to the floral homeotic genes deficiens of Antirrhinum and agamous of Arabidopsis were isolated from tomato. Each of the five genes is unique in the genome and could be localized to a different chromosome by RFLP mapping. Four of the tomato genes (hereafter TM) are flower‐specific with distinguishable temporal expression. TM4 and TM8 are ‘early’, while TM5 and TM6 are ‘late’ genes. TM4 is homologous to squamosa and TM6 is similar to deficiens, which are, respectively, ‘early’ and ‘late’ bona fide homeotic genes in Antirrhinum. The proteins encoded by the five tomato genes, like several known homeotic genes from other plants, contain within their N‐terminus a highly conserved DMA‐binding domain, the MADS box. All known plant MADS box genes also share, however, other properties. They all contain a central, moderately conserved, and rather basic domain, and a highly divergent or even missing C‐terminal domain. Furthermore, molecular modelling predicts the presence of a conserved amphipatic alpha helix, at a constant distance from the MADS box in each of these proteins. The common properties of eight MADS box proteins from three plant families indicate that all their domains were coded for by the same ancestor gene. The sequence homology between pairs of MADS genes from different species indicates that the MADS ancestor gene multiplied and diverged in an ancestor plant common to several dicotyledon families.
In‐situ enzyme histochemistry on plastic‐embedded plant material. The development of an artefact‐free β‐glucuronidase assay
Authors: De Block Marc , Debrouwer Dirk 
Published: February 2005

SummaryAn in‐situ enzyme histochemical method is described that preserves the tissue and cell structure as well as the enzyme activities. Flower buds at different developmental stages from wild‐type and transgenic Brassica napus plants, the latter containing the GUS gene under the control of a tapetum‐specific promoter, were used as starting material. The method is based on the following principles: processing of the tissue on crushed ice, no fixation but a pretreatment with spermidine, partial dehydration with acetone, and a final embedding in a water‐miscible glycol methacrylate resin at 5°C. This method was used to set up a sensitive p‐glucuronidase histochemical assay with a high resolution. A succinate dehydrogenase assay was included as a control for tissue and cell viability as well as a standard for the relative metabolic activities between different tissues and cell types.
A 126 bp fragment of a plant histone gene promoter confers preferential expression in meristems of transgenic Arabidopsis
Authors: Atanassova Rossitza , Chaubet Nicole , Gigot Claude 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThe tissue‐specific pattern of expression directed by the H4A748 Arabidopsis histone promoter was investigated by analysis of β‐glucuronidase (GUS) activity in transgenic Arabidopsis containing H4A748‐GUS gene fusions. As determined by fluorimetric and histochemical tests, the H4A748 promoter directs preferential expression in meristems of young seedlings and adult plants. The low activity found in non‐proliferating tissues may relate to basal constitutive expression of the histone promoter and/or to endo‐reduplication occurring in some tissues. The endogenous histone mRNA levels parallel the GUS activity found in different tissues.Analysis of the regulatory properties of 5′ deleted promoters showed that multiple positive elements exist between −900 and −219 and that the proximal region of the promoter to −219 is sufficient to establish the full tissue‐specific pattern of expression. Further deletion to −93 nearly abolished the promoter activity thus suggesting that the 126 bp fragment located between −219 and −93 contains the elements responsible for the specific expression pattern. The presence of several remarkable sequences within this fragment is discussed.
Artifacts in the localization of GUS activity in anothers of petunia transformed with a CaMV 35S‐GUS construct
Authors: Mascarenhas Joseph P. , Hamilton Douglas A. 
Published: February 2005

SummaryBlue staining of pollen in transgenic petunia plants containing a β‐glucuronidase gene under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, is an artifact caused by the diffusion of reaction products from sites in the another and their dimerization into indigo in pollen. The CaMV 35S promoter is active in various tissues of the another. When pollens from Tradescantia and snapdragon are mixed with transgenic petunia anothers during staining they stain blue, whereas they are colorless when stained alone. In assays for promoter activity in pollen it is essential that pollen is isolated from the another or another section prior to staining for GUS activity, to prevent diffusion artifacts and false staining of pollen.
Temporal and spatial control of expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in developing flowers of Antirrhinum majus
Authors: Jackson David , Roberts Keith , Martin Cathie 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThe co‐ordination of expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes was studied in developing flowers. Four genes encoding enzymes operating late in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway are induced together during flower development but the early steps appear to be induced more rapidly. Co‐ordination of expression could imply a common regulatory mechanism controlling the expression of metabolically related genes. The data presented here show that while four genes may share such a mechanism for the control of their expression during flower development, different control processes regulate the early steps of the pathway. Spatially, gene expression is patterned across the flower and appears to be very similar for all the biosynthetic genes. However, the observed influence of the regulatory gene Delila shows that the spatial co‐ordination of gene expression must involve more than one regulatory system. Delila itself appears to have a dual function, being required for activation of expression of the later genes in the flower tube but repressing chalcone synthase gene expression in the mesophyll of the corolla lobes. It is postulated that common signals induce the expression of genes in the pathway during flower development. The data presented here suggest that the same regulatory mechanism interprets these signals for four of the genes encoding the later biosynthetic enzymes, but that different or modified mechanisms interpret the signals to control expression of chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase genes in Antirrhinum flowers.