bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ronald Reagan’s South: The Tangled Roots Of Modern Southern Conservatism
Authors: Crespino Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August 1980, Ronald Reagan’s first campaign stop after winning the Republican Party presidential nomination was at the Neshoba County Fair in Philadelphia, Mississippi. Addressing a crowd of over 15,000 enthusiastic supporters, Reagan invoked the “states’ rights “ mantra that had sustained a generation of southern segregationists.1 Just 16 years earlier, the discovery of three murdered civil rights workers in Neshoba County had horrified the nation. Reports on the men’s disappearance and the federal manhunt to find them revealed a white population in Mississippi dramatically out of step with the rest of America.
Reaganizing Religion: Changing Political And Cultural Norms Among Evangelicals In Ronald Reagan’s America
Authors: Winner Lauren F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1980s saw the rise of the Religious Right—a movement within American Christianity that yoked together conservative theology with conservative politics, and that encouraged evangelical Christians to organize on behalf of a conservative social and political agenda. Evangelical Christians, who had for the fifty years largely eschewed involvement in politics, emerged by the early 1980s as a political force to be reckoned with. Their support for Ronald Reagan helped reshape American politics and culture—and their encounter with Reagan’s America also reshaped, if more subtly, the culture and priorities of the evangelical church.
The Lute in England before 1500
Authors: Spring Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No actual lute music from Britain survives before the earliest sixteenth-century tablatures. We must rely on literary and iconographical evidence to build a picture of lute practice in the medieval period. This chapter surveys what material there is. Conclusions are few and questions are many. There is no trace of the lute or gittern in Britain before 1285. Certainly these instruments were largely unknown, or at best insignificant, before the fourteenth century. They may have been introduced directly from Spain: the medieval English court had good contacts with those of Spain, and Plantagenet kings often intermarried with the northern Spanish to bolster themselves against the French. Richard I, the son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, married Berengaria, daughter of Sancho VI of Navarre, in u91. Another of Henry II’s offspring, his daughter Eleanor, married Alfonso VIII of Castile in 1169. Perhaps more important was the unusually happy marriage of Edward I to Eleanor, sister of Alfonso X of Castile in 1254. This Alfonso was the king for whom the Cantigas manuscripts were compiled. Indeed it may be more than coincidence that it was during Edward’s reign that the lute is first mentioned in England. Alternatively, the instrument may have been introduced via France. The terms ‘leiit’ or ‘leiiz’ appear in the French language around 1270.2 Many of the English aristocracy had extensive lands and connections in France, and many did not begin to speak English as their first language or think of themselves as primarily English until the thirteenth century. French was the language at court until the late fourteenth century.
From Medieval to Renaissance: A Continental Excursus, 1480-1530
Authors: Spring Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
besides all Bolonia Lutes arc in the shape of aparc and those arc the best Lutes but there goodnes is not attributed to there figure but to there antiquity to the skill of those Lutcmakers to the quality of the wood and seasoning of it and to the varnishing of it ... which is darkish red Towards the end of the fifteenth-century lute technique underwent a fundamental change from one suited to playing a single line to one which allowed a solo player to play two or more parts at once. The new technique may have originated first among lutenists at the Burgundian court in the 1460s and 1470s, but was then developed in Italy in the closing decades of the fifteenth century and early years of the sixteenth. During the first half of the sixteenth century the technique was adopted throughout western Europe, and the old monophonic style, normally associated with the use of a plectrum, was gradually discontinued. This development is part of the general move from monophony to polyphony that characterizes the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, a transition that saw the emergence of new families of string and wind instruments that were specifically designed to play polyphonic music.
The Lute in Song Accompaniment
Authors: Spring Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pricksong is a faire musicke, so it be done upon the booke surely and after a good sorte. But to sing to the lute is much better, because all the sweetnes consisteth in one alone, and a man is much more heedfull and understandeth better the feat manner, and the aire or veyne of it, when the eares are not busied in hearing any moe than one voice: and beside every litle errour is soone perceived, which happeneth not in singing with company, for one beareth out another.
From Renaissance to Baroque: A Continental Excursus, 1600-1650
Authors: Spring Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
French ideas and fashions were largely responsible for the transformation of the lute and lute music during the first half of the seventeenth century. The famous manuscript of Anne de Chambure entitled ‘la Rhetorique des Dieux’ by Denis Gaultier of 1652, marks the apogee of French solo lute brisé style. Here the music is decked out with pictures and commentaries that build an elaborate web of associations with classical rhetoric, ancient modes, and allegorical personifications of these modes. As the title suggests, the music was held to be of such refinement that it was almost beyond mortal comprehension. The rise of the lute to this exalted position in France in the first half of the century involved a fundamental rethinking of all aspects of the lute and its music. The changes that led to the development of the French Baroque lute style had their origins in the work of Parisian lute makers and players of the first three decades of the century. The magnitude of this change can be seen by comparing Antoine Francisque’s Le Trésor d’Orphée of 1600, the only source of solo lute music printed in France in the first decade of the century, with Pierre Ballard’s Tablature de luth de differents autheurs, sur des accords nouveaux (1631). Francisque’s book is organized by genre, like the German and Dutch anthologies listed in Table 7.2, and is for a 9-course lute, though many pieces only require eight courses. Ballard’s 1631 publication groups pieces according to composer, then tuning, then key, and finally by genre, and requires a IO-course lute.
House on Fire
Authors: Dowbiggin Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the 1950s wore on, the sterilization movement continued to drift. Revelations about Nazi atrocities created a stigma that hung heavily over the procedure itself. Official support for state sterilization laws was waning rapidly. Medical and religious opposition to sterilization appeared as strong as ever. Public ignorance about surgical birth control seemed pervasive. The nation was in the midst of a baby boom. Mainstream birth control groups such as Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA), though privately supportive, refused to publicly endorse sterilization as a contraceptive method.
African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Klein Herbert S , Ben Vinson III 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an original survey of the economic and social history of slavery of the Afro-American experience in Latin America and the Caribbean. The focus of the book is on the Portuguese, Spanish, and French-speaking regions of continental America and the Caribbean. It analyzes the latest research on urban and rural slavery and on the African and Afro-American experience under these regimes. It approaches these themes both historically and structurally. The historical section provides a detailed analysis of the evolution of slavery and forced labor systems in Europe, Africa, and America. The second half of the book looks at the type of life and culture which the salves experienced in these American regimes. The first part of the book describes the growth of the plantation and mining economies that absorbed African slave labor, how that labor was used, and how the changing international economic conditions affected the local use and distribution of the slave labor force. Particular emphasis is given to the evolution of the sugar plantation economy, which was the single largest user of African slave labor and which was established in almost all of the Latin American colonies. Once establishing the economic context in which slave labor was applied, the book shifts focus to the Africans and Afro-Americans themselves as they passed through this slave regime. The first part deals with the demographic history of the slaves, including their experience in the Atlantic slave trade and their expectations of life in the New World. The next part deals with the attempts of the African and American born slaves to create a viable and autonomous culture. This includes their adaptation of European languages, religions, and even kinship systems to their own needs. It also examines systems of cooptation and accommodation to the slave regime, as well as the type and intensity of slave resistances and rebellions. A separate chapter is devoted to the important and different role of the free colored under slavery in the various colonies. The unique importance of the Brazilian free labor class is stressed, just as is the very unusual mobility experienced by the free colored in the French West Indies. The final chapter deals with the differing history of total emancipation and how ex-slaves adjusted to free conditions in the post-abolition periods of their respective societies. The patterns of post-emancipation integration are studied along with the questions of the relative success of the ex-slaves in obtaining control over land and escape from the old plantation regimes.
Slavery and the Plantation Economy in the Caribbean in the 19th Century
Authors: Klein Herbert S , Ben Vinson III 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1789 the revolution that swept through France had a profound impact on a bitterly divided elite in Saint Domingue. The world’s largest, most dynamic, and most efficient sugar plantation society would tear itself apart. White planters fought each other over colonial self-government, and then they fought mulatto planters over the rights and privileges of the very aggressive free colored population. In 1789 the three French West Indies islands were the &gt;rst colonials to send elected representatives to a European parliament.
Creation of a Slave Community and Afro-American Culture
Authors: Klein Herbert S , Ben Vinson III 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although they spoke a multitude of different languages and came from different cultural systems and nationalities, the African slaves arriving in the Americas sometimes shared a number of commonalties that may have helped bind them together in the New World. The opening up of Atlantic trade, for instance, contributed to the development of interregional contacts within Africa by creating ever-larger market areas. Meanwhile, the fairly constant expansion and reorganization of African states and societies over time brought many different groups into contact.
Syracuse
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the defeat of the Persians at Salamis and Plataea in 480 and 479 B.C., Athens rose to the top in Greek politics. As the leading naval power she made herself the strongest member of the Delian League, a grouping of Greek polises (city-states) dedicated to continuing the war against Persia, offensively and defensively. Athens reached the point where she could demand virtually any dues to the League and did not have to account for the money sent to the League treasury. The Athenians spent much of that money turning their city into a cultural and architectural showplace, which did not please the polises contributing the money. Athens entered into a shifting set of alliances, some voluntary and some forced on weaker neighbors. Between 460 and 445, Athens challenged Sparta and her allies in a number of battles, at the same time providing aid to Egyptians rebelling against Persia. With no clear winner, Sparta and Athens agreed to a truce in 445, but their political rivalry continued. It is difficult to find a more convoluted set of circumstances than the ones that set off the Peloponnesian War. Athenian domination over the northern Greek polises kept them resentful, yet more diplomatic maneuvering and alliance-making resulted in Athens being poised to establish a Greek Empire.
Veii
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Athens’ fortunes waned. The ships and crews lost in Sicily were not irreplaceable, but Athens found her naval power and prestige badly damaged. Delian League members seized the opportunity to break away, Persian forces opened an offensive to regain their lost territory in Asia Minor, and Sparta began investing in sea power, with both their own ships and others provided by Persia. That refocused Athens’ attention on her eastern possessions, and when her lost ships were replaced that was where she sent them. The replacement crews, however, did not match the quality of those lost in Sicily, and Athens was destroyed as a naval power at Aegospotami in 405. There, in the Hellespont connecting the Aegean and the Black seas, a Spartan fleet commanded by Lysander attacked the last Athenian fleet, capturing intact 170 ships while their crews were ashore. Without their fleet, the city of Athens could not resist the siege that Sparta was then conducting. The city held out through the winter of 405-404, but surrendered in the spring.
Carthage
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years two powers slowly grew in strength and ambition, one on the southern coast of the central Mediterranean, the other directly north on the Italian peninsula. Carthage grew wealthy by the sea, her ships trading from Spain in the west to Lebanon and Egypt in the east. Her income allowed her to hire the best mercenaries in the world, primarily from colonies she established in Iberia. Rome, on the other hand, grew strong through the hardiness of her farmer citizenry, upon which rested the city’s economic and military strength. They coexisted peacefully until 254 B.C., when a dispute over the island of Sicily brought about the First Punic War. After twenty-four years of fighting the Romans prevailed, although both sides were seriously weakened. After twenty-four years of peace they began fighting again, this time in a dispute over allies in Spain. The Second Punic War lasted seventeen years, with the great Carthaginian Hannibal rampaging through Italy but unable to capture Rome itsel£ Rome again prevailed, when Scipio invaded Carthaginian territory and forced Hannibal to return to defend his homeland. After the Roman victory at Zama in 202 B.C. Carthage was forced to surrender her navy and pay a heavy indemnity.
Jerusalem
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Zealots were a revolutionary faction in Israel during the Roman occupation, active in the first century A.D. Although the Romans rarely did anything to hamper the Jews of lsrael in the practice of their religion, the Roman worship of their own gods offended many Jews. The affront they felt to their faith, coupled with a series of harsh Roman rulers, set off a revolt that had ruinous consequences for the Jewish people. The first mention of a popular leader resisting Roman rule is that of Judas of Galilee in A.D. 6/7. He preached resistance to the census ordered by the Romans, possibly the same one mentioned in the biblical book of Luke. He was killed in this revolt, and his death gave rise to the Zealots. They were politically active in opposing Roman rule and were fundamentalist in their interpretation of the Jewish Law. They followed the extremely conservative teachings of Shammai, a member of the Sanhedrin, the semi-governing body of interpreters of Jewish Law. Any Israelite who cooperated with Rome became a target of Zealot wrath. A small faction of the Zealots, the Sicarii (from sica, a dagger), became assassins, attacking not only Romans but Jews who cooperated with them. For a time the Zealots remained a religious faction preaching their conservative values, but they came to the fore in A.D. 41, when the Romans attempted to place a statue of the emperor in Jerusalem’s temple. Zealots attacked a Roman patrol, and the Romans responded by violating a neighboThood synagogue. Such incidents could well have been blown out of proportion and used to inflame the population. Still, the uprisings remained limited until the appointment of Gessius Florus as procurator of israel in A.D. 67.
Rome
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After a thousand years untouched by enemy hands, Rome fell to Alaric the Goth in 410. Having fallen once, it seemed that Rome could never defend itself again. Successive invaders from across the Alps pillaged the Italian peninsula and Rome. The Ostrogothic conquest in 455 put that population in control for the next seven decades. None of this had any real effect on the Roman Empire, however, for the Emperor Constantine had recentered it in Constantinople in 330. Even in what passed for an “empire” in Italy was controlled no longer from Rome, but from Ravenna. Thus, by the sixth century, “the glory that was Rome” had long since faded into fable. Still, the name had power, and in Constantinople the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian longed to re establish single control over the old empire that had stretched from the Middle East to Spain. He possessed the necessary military power and ambition to accomplish this feat, but for some reason was determined to do it on the cheap. Luckily for Justinian, he had the services of one of the most talented generals of all time, Belisarius. Rising from the ranks, the young man had defeated successive enemies in Parthia and North Africa, and Justinian assigned him the task of reconquering Italy. Unfortunately, the emperor allowed him only 5,000 soldiers with which to accomplish this task. Units in the Byzantine military, inheriting a tradition begun by Marius in the old Roman Republic, were raised and maintained by generals rather than directly by the state. Loyalty was personal rather than national, and private armies were often the path to the throne. Although Belisarius never gave his emperor the slightest impression of ambition to rule, history made Justinian overly cautious. This can be the only reason he gave his top general so few men with which to accomplish so much.
Jerusalem
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late in the eleventh century two major struggles arose, one dealing with the Catholic Church in Europe and one with the Byzantine Empire. In Europe, the pope was trying to stave off a challenge by the Holy Roman Emperor as to who would reign supreme in both European politics and religion. Although officially protector of the Church, the Holy Roman Emperor at times assumed the role of dictator, attempting to name the pope as well as lower-ranking officials in the Church hierarchy. Thus, the pope was looking for something with which to increase his prestige in the eyes of European nobility. In the Byzantine Empire the Seljuk Turks, who had been gradually consolidating their power throughout the Middle East, scored a major victory over the weakening Byzantines at the battle of Manzikert in 1071. That battle placed the bulk of Asia Minor in Turkish hands, with the capital at Constantinople destined to become a target.
Montsegur
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Martin Luther is credited with beginning the Reformation, he was not the first to openly point out the worldliness of the Catholic Church. Almost since Constantine’s legal acceptance of Christianity in the fourth century, various sects challenged the belief system the Catholic Church expounded. These doctrinal challenges were deemed by the head of the Church in Rome to be heresies-incorrect practices that not only challenged Catholic doctrine but also the will of God. Thus, to keep the ignorant from following the wrong Path, the heresies needed to be stamped out.
Baghdad
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the wake of Genghis Khan’s death in 1227, the Mongols continued conquering, with their horsemen reaching eastern Europe and threatening the Middle East. In the 1230s, the Mongols pastured in the region of modern Georgia and Azerbaijan, while in the Middle East rival populations fought among themselves rather than face the Asian conquerors: crusaders and Muslims struggled in the Holy Land, Byzantines and Seljuk Turks fought over Anatolia, while in Egypt the Mamluke dynasty was beginning its rise to power. In the 1250s the great khan was Mangu. His brother, Hulagu, commanded the Mongols of the southwestern sphere and he began extending Mongol power into Persia. There, the primary obstacle was the cult of the Assassins, who had terrorized the area since 1090. When he was informed that the Assassins were targeting him, Mangu ordered Hulagu to remove them. Hulagu led his troops into the mountains of northern Persia, where the Assassins held a hundred fortresses protecting their main headquarters at Alamut. He reduced a number of them before reaching Alamut, which held out for three years before Grand Master Rukn ad-Din sued for peace.
Nicopolis
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as Islam exploded into power in the eighth century in conjunction with the timely weakness of both the Parthians and the Byzantines, so too did Sultan Bayazid I arrive in the Balkans at precisely the right time. Through much of the fourteenth century the region was enjoying a virtual renaissance, primarily under the leadership of Serbian King Stephan Dushan (r. 1331-1355). He was the strongest of the Serbian medieval monarchs, and his many victories brought Albania, Bosnia, Macedonia, Thessaly, and other, smaller provinces under his thumb. He codified the laws of his dominions and patronized the arts. His campaign to conquer Constantinople, however, saw his death from disease and the resulting death of his kingdom. Without a man of power and vision in control, the provinces turned to their own devices, following political or religious goals at odds with those of their neighbors. Squabbling princes and minor kings oversaw a constant shifting of alliances and influence, none of which could bring unity. They remained safe enough as long as the Ottomans were focused on capturing Constantinople, but when the Byzantine King John V Paleologus was obliged to swear fealty to Sultan Murad in the early 1370s, Muslim forces turned northwestward. Muslim soldiers occupied the Gallipoli peninsula below Constantinople in 1355 and by 1361 took the city of Adrianople, which became their capital. Pope Urban V called for a Crusade to expel them, but it came to grief in 1371 at the River Maritsa.