bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioral responses of unrelated rhesus monkey females paired for the purpose of environmental enrichment
Authors: Reinhardt Viktor , Houser Dan , Eisele Stephen , Cowley Douglas , Vertein Russell 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn attempt was made to socialize unrelated and unfamiliar adult rhesus monkey females that had lived in single cages for more than one year. Partners first were given the opportunity for noncontact familiarization in partitioned double cages. They were then transferred into an ordinary double cage. Clear‐cut rank relationships were evident within the first 90 minutes of pair formation in 94% (17/18) of dyads tested. Only 28% (5/18) of pairs resorted to fighting (in no case with infliction of serious injury), while 50% (9/18) engaged in social grooming or hugging during this initial phase of pair formation. Eighty‐three percent (15/18) of pairs were compatible, with none of the partners showing signs of depression and none inflicting serious injury on the other. Seventeen percent (3/18) of pairs were incompatible (two cases of depression, one serious tail injury) and were separated. It was concluded that the barren environment of singly caged rhesus monkey females can be enriched with little risk by carefully making them compatible companions.
In vitro bioactive luteinizing hormone assay shows cyclical, seasonal hormonal changes and response to luteinizing‐hormone releasing hormone in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis)
Authors: Yeoman Richard R. , Aksel Sezer , Hazelton Julianne M. , Williams Lawrence E. , Abee Christian R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStudies on the reproductive mechanisms of the squirrel monkey have been hampered by inadequate measurements of luteinizing hormone (LH). The mouse interstitial cell bioassay, which measures testosterone production as the endpoint, was validated for use in the squirrel monkey by parallel responses of serum to LH standards and by in vivo responses to an LH‐releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue. The LH surge profile, as determined by daily blood sampling, was found to be of 1–2 days duration and comparable in amplitude to those of other primates. A 9.7‐day ovulatory cycle length was also calculated and was similar to previous estimates based on other hormonal and behavioral methods. A 150‐fold decrease in basal LH was found in the nonbreeding season, as was a decreased LHRH response. This assay makes possible future studies on hypothalamic‐ovarian mechanisms in this species.
Cerebral palsy in a macaque monkey
Authors: Fitch H. , Coen R. , Lindburg D. , Robinson P. , Hajek P. , Hesselink J. , Crutchfield S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging was used to document brain lesions symptomatic of cerebral palsy in the macaque monkey exhibiting poor motor control and periodic episodes of ocular nystagmus and convulsive twitching. Neuroanatomic deficits most likely resulted from hemorrhage or ischemic infarction at or near the time of birth. Extreme maternal dependency and retarded behavioral development were documented at 3 and 12 months of age. Both social and motor behavior improved significantly when observed at 30 months of age after therapy.
Distribution of erythrocytic allozymes in two sibling species of greater galago [Galago crassicaudatus E. Geoffroy 1812 and G. garnettii (Ogilby 1838)]
Authors: Masters Judith C. , Dunn David S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study investigated the use of erythrocyte enzymes as indicators of the presence or absence of gene flow between the sibling species G. crassicaudatus and G. garnettii. Fifty‐five animals deriving from 14 different source populations were included in the analyses. In addition to hemoglobin, eight enzyme systems were examined: acid phosphatase, adenylate kinase, carbonic anhydrase II, esterase D, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, peptidase A, and peptidase B. of these, adenylate kinase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin, peptidase A, and peptidase B showed no interspecific or intraspecific variation. Esterase D was polymorphic in certain populations of G. crassicaudatus but not in others or in G. garnettii. Acid phosphatase and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were polymorphic in G. garnettii but monomorphic in all G. crassicaudatus populations. The taxa showed fixation for different alleles at the carbonic anhydrase II locus, indicating a lack of gene exchange between the taxa. We suggest that acid phosphatase, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and carbonic anhydrase II may be used as genetic markers in the identification of these two taxa.
Dental eruption schedules of wild and captive baboons
Authors: Phillips‐Conroy Jane E. , Jolly Clifford J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDental eruption schedules previously used to age wild baboons have in the past derived from studies of captive animals housed under standard conditions and fed standard laboratory diets. This paper reports for the first time eruption schedules derived from wild baboons, the yellow baboons (Papio hamadryas cynocephalus) of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, and compares these schedules with those of other baboon subspecies inhabiting both similar and dissimilar environments. Eighteen males and twelve females from the Viramba groups, ranging in age from 21 to 103 months, were trapped, and dental impressions and notes were made of the state of eruption of each tooth. Eruption of all teeth were delayed at Mikumi relative to the baboon standards derived from the captive animals at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas. Teeth of the canine‐premolar 3 complex and third molars were most delayed, erupting up to a year and a half later than their counterparts from captive animals. Comparison with data on hamadryas baboons from Erer‐Gota in Ethiopia revealed that both the hamadryas and yellow subspecies of baboons, with different genetic backgrounds and living under markedly different environmental conditions, followed the same schedule. This constancy of developmental schedules suggests that these Mikumi data may reasonably be used as standards for other wild baboon populations and that acceleration of dental maturation, as well us maturation of other somatic systems in captivity, is another manifestation of the short‐term adaptive plasticity of the baboon species as a whole.
Induction of atresia of the dominant follicle in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by the local application of estradiol‐17β
Authors: Hutz Reinhold J. , Dierschke Donald J. , Wolf Richard C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEstradiol‐17β (E2), administered systemically to rhesus monkeys during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, induces atretic changes in the microenvironment of the dominant follicle (DF), which results in its demise. It has been proposed that this effect of E2 represents a direct action at the ovarian level. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis, using local treatment with E2. After identification of the DF during laparoscopy on day 6 of the cycle, female monkeys were laparotomized and their ovaries exposed. Either corn oil (20 μl, controls) or E2 (100 μg ) in oil vehicle (experimentals) was injected into the ovary near the DF. In control animals, preovulatory release of gonadotropins and ovulation were normal in five of six animals, with cycle and luteal phase lengths of 27.8 ± 2.2 days and 14.6 ± 2.5 days, respectively (x̄ ± S.D.). Conversely, in only one of six animals in the experimental group did ovulation occur at the expected time (P < 0.05). In the other five treated animals, E2 induced atresia of the DF and significantly extended cycles (35.4 ± 5.4 days) without affecting luteal phase lengths (12.0 ± 1.4 days). Concentrations of estrogen in peripheral sera of some animals were increased transiently at 6 h after injection of E2 but returned to normal by 12 h; this duration of estrogen exposure is far less than the 24 h required to induce atresia of the DF in previous studies. At 6 h after injection of E2, there was a statistical difference between controls and experimentals in concentrations of circulating estrogen; however, these changes were apparently not enough to alter pituitary secretion of follicle‐stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone. These data support the hypothesis that E2 can induce atresia of the DF in rhesus monkeys by acting locally at the ovary.
Inferring patterns of aggression from red howler monkey injuries
Authors: Crockett Carolyn M. , Pope Theresa 
Published: June 2005

AbstractVenezuelan red howler monkeys in a semideciduous habitat typically survive injuries and disabilities. Intraspecific physical aggression was the most frequently observed and inferred cause of injury. Thirty‐eight percent of 119 howlers of all ages examined during capture had scars or other evidence of “damage.” Overall, the sexes did not differ significantly in total number of injuries or number of individuals classified as “damaged.” The incidence of injury was not independent of age‐sex class. The subadult male class had the highest percentage of “damaged” individuals. However, when total injuries per age class were examined for each sex separately, only females showed a pattern that was significantly different than expected based on age (i.e., exposure to injury factors). Subadult females experienced more injuries than expected, whereas adult females had fewer injuries. Troop status (resident troop, natal troop, or extratroop) was not significantly related to the number of injuries in adult and subadult males. Thin finding was not surprising, because adult and subadult males of all status classes are involved in aggression related to breeding competition. Extratroop females had more injuries than expected, and natal females had the fewest injuries. The higher incidence of injuries on subadult females and extratroop females is consistent with aggression‐mediated emigration of some females and observed resistance to female immigration by resident females. Overall, 74% of injuries were located on anterior‐ventral portions of the body, consistent with the face‐to‐face fighting observed in howlers. Sociobiological costs of aggression in red howlers are difficult to assess because many howlers, despite frequent and severe injury, subsequently survive and reproduce. We recommend caution in inferring mortality from injuries, especially when social mobility and emigration out of the study area are common.
Formula‐fed and breast‐fed baboons: Weight growth from birth to adulthood
Authors: Glassman David M. , Coelho Anthony M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to compare the immediate and long‐term effects of type of infant diet (formula‐fed vs. breast‐fed) on the weight growth of baboons. Longitudinal (serial) weight data were collected from 44 savannah baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) for the total preadult period of growth from birth to approximately 8 years of age. Fifty percent of the sample (11 females and 11 males) were fed a standard infant formula by a nursery care technician for the first 18 weeks of postnatal life. The remaining 11 females and 11 males were breast‐fed by their mothers for an equivalent period of time. After 18 weeks of age the animals were removed from their infant environments (either nursery or mother‐reared) and assigned to one of four age‐cohort social groups. Each age‐cohort group was balanced for infant treatment and gender. The animals remained in these social groups for the duration of the project and were provided nutritionally identical postweaning diets. No significant weight differences were found between the two rearing conditions for either gender during the initial 15 weeks of growth. Following this period, however, females of breast‐fed environments averaged greater weight at all ages than their bottle‐fed peers. The intensity of the adolescent growth spurt was also slightly greater among the female breast‐fed group. No postinfant average weight‐per‐age disparity was observed between the male treatment groups.
Diet of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Mt. Assirik, Senegal: I. Composition
Authors: McGrew W. C. , Baldwin P. J. , Tutin C. E. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe composition of the diet of a savanna‐living population of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Mt. Assirik in Senegal is presented. The study site had a prolonged dry season, high temperatures, and vegetation dominated by grasses. Data came from direct observation, fecal specimens, and feeding traces; thus, strict criteria for acceptance of the indirect data were specified. Composition of diet was given in terms of species and family of prey, parts eaten, life‐form, type of habitat, and criteria for inclusion. Forty‐three species of plants with 60 parts were eaten; mostly fruits, from trees, in woodland. Nine species of animal prey were eaten, mostly social insects. An additional 41 species of plants with 53 parts were classed as likely to be eaten by chimpanzees, mostly on the grounds of their being eaten by sympatric anthropoids. Overall, the diet of the apes at Mt. Assirik resembles that of this species elsewhere in Africa, but the size of the dietary repertoire seems small and the proportion of low‐quality foodstuffs high. The latter are mostly time‐consuming to collect or tedious to obtain or process, and include underground storage organs.
Excretion of radiolabeled estradiol metabolites in the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang)
Authors: Perez Lorelei E. , Czekala Nancy M. , Weisenseel Karen A. , Lasley Bill L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe excretion pattern of estradiol was studied in the slow loris Nycticebus coucang) and the ring‐tailed lemur (Lemur catta) in order to compare steroid excretion in two representative prosimian species. Daily urinary estrone conjugate measurements in the female loris provided little information when applied over prolonged periods. As a result of these negative data, a metabolic study was performed to determine if estrogen excretion patterns in the slow loris differed from those in the lemur, where urinary assays proved a useful tool in characterizing reproductive cycles. Radio‐labeled estradiol was injected intravenously, and serial urine and fecal collections were analyzed for radiolabeled metabolites. The results of these studies demonstrate that more than 92% of the radiolabel was excreted in the feces of the loris, in contrast to only 16% excreted in the feces of the lemur.
Copulatory patterns of primates as viewed in broad mammalian perspective
Authors: Dewsbury Donald A. , Pierce John D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe goals of this review are to classify the patterns of copulatory behavior displayed by various species of primates, to compare them to the patterns of nonprimate mammalian species, and to search for correlates of the various patterns. Copulatory patterns are classified in relation to the presence or absence of four defining attributes: a lock, thrusting during intromissions, multiple intromissions, and multiple ejaculations. Literature on copulation in 67 primate species is reviewed, and a tentative classification is proposed for 33 primate species. Although neither social organization nor genital morphology provides a fully satisfactory relationship, there are indications that variations in copulatory behavior are related to variations in genital morphology.
Flow microfluorometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from nonhuman primates: Correlation of phenotype with immune function
Authors: Ahmed‐Ansari A. , Brodie A. R. , Fultz Patricia N. , Anderson Daniel C. , Sell K. W. , McClure H. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA panel of monoclonal antibody reagents has been identified that can be used for routine monitoring of subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaques), Macaca nemestrina (pig‐tailed macaques), and Cercocebus atys (sooty mangabeys). The procedure uses fluorescein and phycoerythrin conjugates of the monoclonal antibodies in appropriate combinations, so that two‐color microfluorometric analyses can be readily performed on as little as 1.2 ml of EDTA blood. PBMC from a total of 20 normal adult rhesus macaques, 21 normal adult pig‐tailed macaques, 4 SIV− sooty mangabeys, and 16 SIV+ adult sooty mangabeys were analyzed with the panel of monoclonal reagents and flow microfluorometry. The mean frequency, absolute numbers, and range for each subset in these nonhuman primate species are described. Sooty mangabeys appeared markedly different from the other two primate species. The PBMCs from the mangabeys had a higher mean frequency and absolute number of total T cells, Leu‐3a+/18− T cells, suppressor (Leu−2a+) T cells, which were HLA‐DR+, and IL‐2R+ cells. Functional helper, suppressor, natural killer (NK), lymphokine activated killer (LAK), and antigen‐presenting cell studies were also performed to correlate phenotype with immune function. Data indicate that Leu−3a+ T cells (CD4+) and Leu−2a+ T cells (CD8+) in these primate species represent human equivalents of helper and suppressor T cells, respectively. NK and LAK effector cells in the rhesus and pig‐tailed macaques appear to be predominantly Leu−19+. In contrast, Leu−2a+ cells appear to be the predominant NK and LAK effector cell in sooty mangabeys. These data provide a basis for routine evaluation of lymphocyte subsets in these nonhuman primate species, and provide a means to correlate phenotype with immune function.
Determining acrosomal status of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) sperm by fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Cross Nicholas L. , Morales Patricio , Fukuda Masaru , Behboodi Esmail 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe acrosome of Macaca fascicularis sperm cannot be distinguished by conventional light microscopy, so determining whether sperm are acrosome‐intact or‐reacted is difficult. We describe methods for labeling the acrosomal region of sperm with two different probes: fluoresceinated Pisum sativum agglutinin and anti‐sperm antiserum. Acrosome‐intact sperm are much more heavily labeled in the acrosomal region than are acrosome‐reacted sperm, providing a simple means of differentiating the two types of sperm. The two probes detect similar numbers of acrosome‐reacted sperm following treatment with the divalent cation ionophore, A23187.
Characteristics of the circadian activity rhythm in common marmosets (Callithrix j. jacchus)
Authors: Erkert Hans G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe circadian activity rhythm of the common marmoset, Callithrix j. jacchus was investigated by long‐term recording of the locomotor activity of 15 individuals (5 males, 10 females) from 1.5 to 8 years old, both under constant illumination and under LD 12:12. The mean period of the spontaneous circadian rhythm was 23.2 ± 0.3 h. Neither sex‐specific differences nor a systematic influence of light intensity on the spontaneous period were observed, but the period was dependent on the duration of the trial and on the age of the individual. Due to the short spontaneous period, in LD 12:12 there was a distinct advance of the activity phase with respect to the light time and a masking of the true onset of activity by the inhibitory direct effect of low light intensity during the dark time. After an 8 h delay shift of the LD 12:12, re‐entrainment of the circadian activity rhythm required an average of 6.8 ± 0.7 days; the average re‐entrainment time after an 8 h phase advance of the LD cycle was 8.6 ± 1.3 day. This directional effect is ascribed to characteristics of the phase‐response curve. No ultradian components were observed, either in the LD‐entrained or the free‐running circadian activity rhythm.
Female dominance rank and behavior during artificial menstrual cycles in social groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Zumpe Doris , Michael Richard P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe recently reported (Michael & Zumpe: American Journal of Primatology 15:157–170, 1988) evidence for the hypothesis that copulations by pairs of rhesus monkeys are linked more closely to the ovulatory phase of the female's menstrual cycle when a male has access to several females in different cycle phases rather than access to females in the same cycle phase. We have now used data from this earlier study to assess the role of female dominance. Artificial menstrual cycles were induced with hormone injections in two of four ovariectomized females in eight social groups (each consisting of one male and four females). The artificial cycles were either synchronized or offset by 7‐day increments. There were differences in the behavioral interactions of the higher‐ranking (dominant) and lower‐ranking (subordinate) hormone‐treated females in each group. The amount of male sexual activity received by dominant and subordinate females differed little, but dominant females initiated significantly more sexual activity (P<.0001) than did subordinate females. Dominant females were significantly more aggressive (P<.0001) toward other females and received more direct and redirected aggression from males. Males generally initiated and maintained more social contacts with dominant than with subordinate females, and dominant females were less active than subordinates in initiating and maintaining social interactions with males. The findings provide new evidence for both female mate competition and mate choice by males for higher‐ranking females.
Hominoid dental variability and species number at the late Miocene site of Lufeng, China
Authors: Kelley Jay , Etler Dennis 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe large hominoid sample from the late Miocene site of Lufeng, China, has been variously claimed to contain either one or two species, but very few metric data in support of either position have been published. We calculate coefficients of variation for the dental remains both for the two presumed species and for the pooled sample as a whole using the summary statistics published by Wu & Oxnard (Wu & Oxnard: American Journal of Primatology 5:303–344, 1983a, Nature 306:258–260, 1983b). These are compared to the same measures of single‐sex and combined‐sex samples of extant hominoids. We also present metric characterizations of male and female canines of extant great apes, with which we evaluate the gender composition of the Lufeng canine sample. In a two‐species alternative, the two presumed species have measures of variability and canine representation that are more compatible with single‐sex samples representing males and females, respectively. The pooled dental sample has measures of variability within the ranges of single species of extant great apes. We conclude there is a single large hominoid species represented at Lufeng that is highly sexually dimorphic. The phylogenetic relationships of this species are briefly considered. It is generally primitive in craniodental morhpology and is unlikely to be a member of the Sivapithecus‐Pongo clade.