bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethnics as Evidence for Polis Identity
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A prominent aspect of the Greek polis was its name, and the huge onomastic material preserved in literature and on stone is probably the richest source we have for the fragmentation of the Hellenic world into poleis. Whenever citizens from different poleis gathered together, the obvious way of identifying an individual was to call him by his polis and to use an adjectival form of the name of his polis as a kind of surname to be added to his name. Moreover, since the polis in the sense of “state” was a community of citizens rather than a country, the usual way of naming a polis was to use the nominative plural of an adjectival form of the name of the city as the o¶cial name of the community itself and to use the toponym as the name of its urban centre.
Polis versus Chora—The Settlement Pattern
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two basic forms of settlement: nucleated and dispersed. The opposition is clear in principle; the crucial question is where to draw the line in practice, and that is a problem which stands out clearly as soon as we move from an abstract to a more concrete form of analysis. In modern studies of the settlement pattern of ancient Greece and its colonies a distinction is usually made between three forms of habitation: first-order sites (called towns or cities), second-order sites (called villages or hamlets) and third-order sites (called farmsteads or homestead farms). In all investigations, towns and villages are grouped together as nucleated settlements and opposed to isolated farmsteads, which are seen as the characteristic form of dispersed settlement.
A Typology of Dependent Poleis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the objectives of the Polis Centre has been to dissociate the concept of polis from the concepts of independence and autonomia, and to introduce the concept of the dependent polis. This concept, however, is very complex: dependent poleis existed in many different shapes and sizes, and certain types of dependent poleis were common in some regions but virtually non-existent in others. We have isolated the following fifteen different types of dependent polis.
Theorodokoi as Evidence for Polis Identity
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of the Classical period it became standard procedure that Panhellenic festivals were announced by theoroi sent out from the community responsible for the festival to all the communities which could be expected to participate in the celebration (Boesch (1908) 7–11). The technical term for the theoroi’s announcement was epangelia (Thuc. 5.49.2–3; 8.10.1; SEG 12 373.28Rigsby (1996) 26.11 (242/1)).
The Polis as an Urban Centre
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What kind of urban centre did a Greek of the Classical period picture to himself when he heard the word polis? Modern historians’ immediate answer to this question is often restricted to quoting Pausanias’ reluctant classification of Panopeus as a polis in spite of the absence of administrative o¶ces, a gymnasion, a theatre, an agora and a fountain house But Pausanias’ account misses the mark by 500 years. If we focus on contemporary sources and want to avoid a too Atheno centric picture, the best we can do is to read Aineias the Tactician’s treatise, How to Survive under Siege.
Colonies and Indigenous Hellenised Communities
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most accounts of the history of Greece in the Archaic period highlight an opposition between self-grown poleis in Hellas (or Greece) as against emigrant polities founded outside Hellas and mostly in the Archaic period c.750–500 Most of the colonies, called apoikiai, were independent poleis; some were just trading stations (emporia). This picture of the Greek world is not wrong, but it is not true either. It is much too clear-cut in the distinctions on which it is based.
Italia and Kam Pania
Authors: Fischer-Hansen Tobias , Nielsen Thomas Heine , Ampolo Carmine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In antiquity, two different names were used to designate (most of) the area under consideration in this chapter: Italia and Megale Hellas. Neither of them, however, regularly included the Greek communities (Kyme, Neapolis and Pithekoussai) in Kampania ( Καμπαν{α (Ps.-Skylax 10)) which are included here as well. Whereas Italia was certainly used in the Classical period, Megale Hellas may be a post-Classical formation.
The Adriatic
Authors: Wilkes John , Fischer-Hansen Tobias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The long arm of the Adriatic Sea extends for c.800 km northwards with an average breadth of 175 km. In the south at its narrowest point the Straits of Otranto are 75 km wide, while further north the screen of islands along the east (Dalmatian) shore reduces the width of open space to c.150 km. The east coast is rocky with long sections of steep cliffs, but it has many inlets and bays, while on the west the Italian shore is low and generally devoid of safe anchorages. In the north the delta of the river Po, whose silting has advanced the coast several miles since antiquity (cf. already Strabo 5.1.7), is flanked by marshy lagoons.
Epeiros
Authors: Funke Peter , Moustakis Nikola , Hochschulz Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The many different ways of recording the ethnikon testify to the variety and development of the ethnic and political structure of Epeiros. The tremendously complex organisation of the Epeirote tribes is difficult to analyse due to lack of sources (cf. Franke (1955);Hammond (1967); Larsen (1968); Cabanes (1976); Hammond (1994)). A high number of ethnics is attested; but they do not form an unambiguous pattern, due to the often multi-levelled hierarchical organisation of the Epeirote tribes. Accordingly, it is impossible to draw a clear line between “tribal ethnics” indicating membership of the overriding tribal structure and “city-ethnics” in the proper sense.
Aitolia
Authors: Freitag Klaus , Funke Peter , Moustakis Nikola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Already in the Homeric period (Hom. Il. 2.638) Αlτωλ{α (Hecat. fr. 15; Thuc. 3.96.1; Xen. Hell. 4.6.1) was a region north of the Corinthian Gulf bounded to the west by the river Acheloos and to the east by Cape Antirrhion. In the north Aitolia bordered on the tribal territories of the Perrhaibians, the Athamanians, the Ainians and the Oitaians (Strabo 10.2.21). Of the coastal cities Homer and Hesiod mention only those connected with mythology (Hom. Il. 2.638–40; Hes. fr. 10.a63).
West Lokris
Authors: Rousset Denis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Lokrian settlements were scattered along the north coast of the Corinthian Gulf and in the mountainous hinterland, which no doubt explains the region’s lack of political unity in the Classical period and later. In C4m, as well as after 167, the centre of the Lokrian Federation was Physkeis, a mountain town near the Aitolian border (infra).
Boiotia
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from major extra-urban sanctuaries, our written sources provide us with information about sixty-six named Boiotian sites of the Archaic and Classical periods. Of these sixty-one have been identified, most beyond reasonable doubt, some with a certain degree of probability only. Five ancient toponyms, however, remain unlocated, and, conversely, we have remains of two fairly small ancient settlements which cannot be convincingly matched with any of the toponyms found in the written sources.
Arkadia
Authors: Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest source for the extent of Arkadia is probably the Homeric Catalogue of Ships (Il. 2.603–14), which describes the eastern plain and Parrhasia as Arkadian, in addition to Rhipe, Stratie and Enispe, communities that are otherwise unknown. The northern border with Achaia is not very well attested in Archaic and Classical sources, but Herodotos includes Nonakris (no. 285) and Pheneos (no. 291) in Arkadia (Hdt. 6.74.2).
Messenia
Authors: Shipley Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps no region of Mainland Greece can be regarded as typical in how it adopted the polis, but Messenia may be more unusual than most, for the simple reason that between C8l and C4e it had no autonomous civic communities, but was ruled by a colonial power, the Lakedaimonians. Such poleis as existed before its first, partial liberation in 369 were perioikic poleis dependent on Sparta. Four can be identified with a high degree of confidence: Aithaia (no. 312), Asine (no. 313), Mothone (no. 319) and Thouria (no. 322). A fifth, Kyparissos (no. 317), may have been perioikic, though it did not necessarily become a polis at all until after 369.
Doris
Authors: Rousset Denis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dorian poleis are hardly ever mentioned in the Archaic and Classical sources and have left very few physical traces of their existence. Only Kytinion has been securely identified thanks to the discovery of some Hellenistic decrees (SEG 40 440–2). The locations of the other poleis have to be deduced from the not very precise indications found in the literary sources.
Thracian Chersonesos
Authors: Loukopoulou Louisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the literary tradition (Ps.-Skymnos 698–710; cf. Strabo 7 fr. 50), the Chersonesos was first colonised by Aiolians, who came mainly from Lesbos. They founded Sestos (no. 672) and Madytos (no. 669) on the Hellespontine coast, and Alopekonnesos (no. 659) at the southernmost end of the Gulf of Melas. The first colonists were followed by Milesians (no. 854), who founded Limnai (no. 668) (cf. Strabo 14.1.6), in collaboration with Klazomenians (no. 847), who founded Kardia (no. 665) (Strabo 7 fr. 50). At the southernmost end of the peninsula, opposite Sigeion (no. 791), on the site of Elaious (no. 663), archaeological remains of the same period (C7) testify to a presumably Aiolian or Athenian settlement (Loukopoulou (1989) 35 n. 2 and 68 n. 6; cf. Isaac (1986) 192–93).
The Black Sea Area
Authors: Avram Alexandru , Hind John , Tsetskhladze Gocha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The planting of Greek poleis around the shores of the Black Sea is largely a tale of two mother cities, Miletos (no. 854) and Megara (no. 225). A very few other (east Greek) states took subsidiary roles, and an occasional party of settlers (e.g. Boiotians) from elsewhere joined the founding, main group of colonists.
Karia
Authors: Flensted-Jensen Pernille 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Karian settlements were ruled by dynasts. In C5 dynasts are attested at Alabanda (Hdt. 7.195), Killareis (IG i³ 71.ii.96–97; cf. Bean and Cook (1957) 99–100), Kindye (IG i³ 71.i.155–56; an earlier one: Hdt. 5.118.2), Mylasa and Syangela (IG i³ 284.7–8). Hekatomnos of Mylasa and his family ruled Karia as Persian satraps from the 390s.
Lykia
Authors: Keen Antony G , Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we shift the focus from administration to civilisation, we get a different but very clear picture of the extent of the region. An investigation of the distribution of Lykian inscriptions and tombs and of the attested Lykian mints shows that the Lykian people inhabited the region from Telemessos in the west to Gagai in the east. West of Telemessos, a few Lykian monuments have been found in the Glaukos valley, which was presumably the hinterland of Telemessos. No traces of Lykian civilisation have been found east of Gagai. Towards the north, the Elmalı plateau was probably Lykian at least from C4 (Zahle (1980)).
The South Coast Of Asia Minor (Pamphylia, Kilikia)
Authors: Keen Antony G , Fischer-Hansen Tobias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
North of Pamphylia was Pisidia. A number of sites in that areas are described as poleis, largely in the context of Alexander’s invasion—e.g. Termessos (Arr. Anab. 1.27.5) and Sagalassos (Arr. Anab. 1.28.2)—but they were not Hellenic, and lie outside the scope of the present work. Selge, however, has been included among the non-polis sites listed in the introduction, even though it is regularly described as Pisidian (Arr. Anab. 1.28.1; Strabo 12.7.3), because of the Graeco–Pamphylian dialect found there.
Cyprus
Authors: Maier Franz Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest evidence for the kingdoms of Cyprus are inscriptions of Sargon II (709) which mention seven kings of Yadnana (Kypros) paying tribute.⁶ A prism of Essarhadon (673/2) and an identical list of Ashurbanipal (664) name ten kingdoms of Cyprus.⁷ Of these, eight can be identified: Idalion, Chytroi, Salamis, Paphos, Soloi, Kourion, Tamassos, Ledroi. Qartihadast very likely equals Kition, while Nûria defies identification, although it is sometimes equated with Amathous.
From syria to the pillars Of Herakles
Authors: Austin Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The area considered here includes the lands stretching from the mouth of the river Orontes in Syria to the Pillars of Herakles in the far west. This is a vast and diverse area, but the common element is that, apart from the Libyan plateau and its coastline, and the special case of Egypt, it was characterised by the absence of large-scale Greek implantation in the period before Alexander and the scarcity of definite or probable poleis.
Unlocated
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus, the only thing we know is that the Erodioi were members of the Delian League and that in 450/49 they paid a phoros of 500 dr. (IG i3 263.iv.18). They are listed after Astakos in Propontis and Stolos in Chalkidike (iv.16–17) and before the islands of Tenos and Siphnos (iv.19–20). There is no foundation for the suggestion in ATL i. 485 that the Erodioi should be located somewhere in Thrace.
Non-Polis Settlements
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abarnis — Propontic Coast of Asia Minor Achaiion — Troas Achaion limen — Aiolis Acharna — Crete Adana — Kilikia Adrasteia — Propontic Asia Minor Adryx — Sikelia Agathe — Spain and France Agathyrnon — Sikelia.
Polities Called Patris
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sikelia Akragas C5 Gela C5
Himera C5m Syrakousai C5 Italia
Herakleia C5 Lokroi C4s–C3e Rhegion C5s Siris/Polieion C5.
Major Divinities
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Massalia Artemis Ephesia, Athena
Rhode Artemis Ephesia
Sikelia
Adranon Hephaistos
Aitna Zeus
Akragas Athena Polias (Lindia?), Zeus Polieus
(Atabyrios)
Alaisa Apollo Archagetas
Gela Athena (Lindia)
Heloron Demeter?
Henna Demeter
Himera Athena? Kamarina Athena Poliaochos Lipara Hephaistos?
Naxos Dionysos
Selinous Zeus
Syrakousai Apollo, Artemis, Athena, Zeus (Olympios)
The Battle Against Ophioneus
Authors: Schibli Hermann S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding two chapters of our study we have seen how each of the three pre-existing deities, Chronos, Zas, and Chthonie, contributes to the creation of the universe and its gods. From the primary elements of the seed produced by Time, gods are born who invest their birthplaces, the 1wxo{, with reality as cosmic regions. This event we have termed the first creation, the coming-into-being of the larger cosmos and its divine inhabitants (the 1revTeµ,vxos generation). Zas next arranges to complete the creative process begun by Chronos. As a cosmic craftsman he fashions a robe embroidered with earth and the surrounding ocean and bestows it as a wedding gift upon Chthonie. To effect his union with Chthonie he becomes identified with cosmogonic Eros. The earth-principle, Chthonie, is now transformed into the actual Earth, Ge; the image of the robe upon the winged oak allows the fecund Earth to be pictured as part of a great, life-bearing tree, supporting itself in the larger, surrounding cosmos. The wedding of Zas and Chthonie-Ge not only entails the physical creation of the world but, as a lepos yaµ,os and the first marriage ever, it also becomes a prototype for the rightful customs and institutions of gods and men.
Pherekydes On The Soul
Authors: Schibli Hermann S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The marriage of Zas and Chthonie was a divine event performed in the royal palaces among the gods. Yet it also served as an ainov for human marriage (specifically the anakalypterion). Thus brought into connection with an institution at once sacred to the gods and vital for the propagation of the human race, the iepo,; yaµ,o,; becomes a v6µ,o,; ... Kat 0eoiai Kat dv0pw1roiai. It may be, then, that the wedding account led Pherekydes to write next about the mortals who came to dwell in the newly created earth and who partook in the customs established by Zas/Zeus. More likely, though, the description of the world of men followed the Battle of Kronos and Ophioneus. The aaµ,6,; after the battle would have presented a suitable occasion to speak of that portion inhabited by men and of their doings therein. The extent, however, to which Pherekydes carried this description is as unknown as its location within the narrative. None the less, a modest number of fragments indicate that Pherekydes spoke of the eternality and transmigration of human souls. This may in fact have been all that Pherekydes wrote about men, and whether it was in any sense a definable ‘doctrine‘ on the human soul needs further investigation.
The Relationship between Verses
Authors: Higbie Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before examining the various types of enjambement in the Iliad, it is perhaps important to observe the significance of the hexameter verse as a unit. Although the caesurae and the bucolic diaeresis, points of clause and sentence division within the verse, may or may not be observed, the break between verses seems always to have been maintained by Homer. Lines in the Iliad might be joined by enjambement, but never by elision, as happens, for example, at least fifteen times in the Aeneid.
Finance and Building
Authors: Sear Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how a theatre was contracted out and how long it may have taken to build. It also investigates how theatres were paid for and who the benefactors were. Although theatre-building followed the same practices as other civic building at the periods and places concerned, theatres seem to have been a particular target for benefaction. This may have been because the audience was so carefully segregated according to rank and position.
Theatres and Related Buildings
Authors: Sear Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In towns where more than one building of theatrical shape has been discovered, one is often referred to as the ‘large theatre’ and the other the ‘small theatre’. Sometimes this ‘small theatre’ turns out to be an odeum or concert-hall. Other ‘small theatres’ look like odea, but have been defined as bouleuteria or council chambers. Others were cult theatres or private theatres. However, in many cases there is simply not enough evidence to know what the smaller building was used for. This then raises the problem of what should and should not be included in a catalogue of Roman theatres. If the only published information is ‘small theatre’ there is no way of knowing whether it should be included or not.
The Theatres of Rome
Authors: Sear Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Temporary wooden theatres had a long history in Rome. They were built for dramatic performances (ludi scaenici) held in connection with particular festivals. Ludi scaeniciwere also performed at funerals and at the dedication of temples. The first attested ludi scaeniciwere held in 364 bc perhaps as part of the ludi Romani. These spectacles were performed in various places depending upon the occasion. Polybius describes a scenic spectacle staged by the propraetor Lucius Anicius in the Circus Maximus in 167 bc: ‘Having summoned the most distinguished artists of Greece and constructed a very large stage in the circus, he first brought on the flute-players . . . Posting them at the front of the stage with the chorus, he directed them to play all together.’
Spain
Authors: Sear Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roman town founded in 152 bc; colony in 45 bc; capital of Hispania Ulterior and later of province of Baetica. late 19th-cent. theory that Roman theatre was under church of San Nicolas y Felipe (J. Amador de los Rios) simply guesswork; theory that steps of patio of Museo Arqueologico were part of seating, doubtful; must have been a theatre at Cordoba, but location still a mystery (Knapp). Stylow’s plan of Cordoba shows theatre on south-east side of town resting against a slope and facing south-east.
Sidonius at Lyon and Aries, AD 430-455
Authors: Harries Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LYON Sidonius was born at Lyon on 5 November in 431 or 432. ‘ His earliest perceptions would have been conditioned by the minor renaissance in the city ‘s fortunes which marked the first part of the fifth century and which was largely due to the work of two bishops, Eucherius2 (bishop c.434-493) and Patiens. As an adult, Sidonius had extensive dealings with the latter and, although he says nothing of any direct influence exerted on him by Eucherius, the ambience of Lerins, in which Sidonius was to move from the 460s onwards (if not earlier), was already established at Lyon in his childhood through Eucherius. The civitas Lugdunensium and its church form a significant backdrop to Sidonius ‘ early career as a Christian layman but developments there, as at Aries, to be discussed below, have also a wider.
Augustan Imperialism
Authors: Carolyn Higbie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a brief introduction the author maintains that Augustus broke with the tradition of the late Republic and adopted a fundamentally defensive policy, making annexations only when it seemed necessary for security, to round off frontiers. He then systematically reviews the allusions to foreign policy in the poets. He assumes that all were supporters of the regime and representative of public opinion. Yet before 20 B.C. all had envisaged far-flung conquests, especially of Britain and Parthia, and had supposed that Augustus would fulfil Rome’s mission to exercise dominion without limit in space or time. The Parthian settlement in that year should have undeceived them.