bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“To Bedlam and Part Way Back”: Discrete Emotions Theory and Borderline Symptoms
Authors: Magai Carol , Hunziker Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anne Sexton, the popular poet of the mid-twentieth century, one of America’s most talented, accessible, and short-lived poets, suffered from symptoms consistent with what today would be called borderline personality disorder. Emblematic of this dis order, as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), is a “pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in a variety of contexts” (p. 650). Further features of this disorder, which were observable within Sexton’s personality structure, include (a) a profound fear of real or imagined abandonment; (b) a disturbed and unstable self-concept; (c) recurrent suicidal behavior and ideation; (d) chronic feelings of emptiness; (e) intense, inappropriate, and often uncontrollable anger; and (f) transient dissociative states. This clinical description, however, does not provide any clues to the developmental origins of the disorder, or any formulations about the role of particular kinds of emotional experience in forging borderline predispositions.
Evidence for Theories of Emotion from Dissociative Identity Disorders
Authors: Altrocchi John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter derives empirical evidence about emotion processes from the observations of many thoughtful professionals and patients who have worked with a specific kind of serious psychopathological disorder-dissociative identity disorder (DID), formerly known as multiple personality disorder or multiple personality response. In this disorder extreme negative emotional states play a central role. Emotional states, which are inferred constructs, are defined as particular constellations of changes in somatic and/or neurophysiological activity, and in facial, bodily, and vocal behavior (Lewis, 1993). Emotional states may include, but are not the same as, conscious emotional experiences. Because of the probable origins of DID at times of unbearable repetitive traumas in early childhood, the resulting emotional states are also intense and unbearable. Understanding the importance of intense and unbearable emotional states in a severe disorder of human functioning may help us understand the roles of emotion in memory, cognition, psychopathology, healing, and human functioning in general.
Task and Expressive Roles in Groups
Authors: Aries Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Groups of individuals that interact over time tend to develop different roles or expectations about how participants will behave and the qualities they will exhibit. Forty years ago, Talcott Parsons argued that all small groups develop two fundamental types of roles-an instrumental role that is directed to helping the group achieve its task and an expressive role that is directed toward providing emotional support to group members. The traditional nuclear family, according to Parsons, provided an example of role differentiation along instrumental and expressive lines: the father is concerned with adaptive-instrumental activity (holding a job and providing financial support), whereas the mother is concerned with integrative-expressive activity (being involved with the emotional support and care of children). ), Parsons argued that even where women hold jobs, the traditional jobs they hold as teachers, social workers, nurses, and secretaries have primary expressive components and are thus analogous to the role of wife and mother in the family.
Dominance and Leadership in Groups
Authors: Aries Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dominance and leadership are characteristics associated with men and masculinity.1 Consistent with this notion, research on mixedsex discussion groups shows men to take the lead and dominate by talking more than women2 and to emerge more often as leaders in groups that are initially leaderless.3 We could conclude from this evidence that the widely held stereotype of male dominance and leadership is actually an accurate depiction of reality, but before doing so we need to consider alternative perspectives on these data. This chapter is divided into two sections. In the first section I consider the features of the participants and the situational context that make men more likely than women to emerge as leaders and to display dominance in initially leaderless groups, and those contexts that mitigate this effect. In the second half of the chapter I look at the behavior of women and men in actual leadership positions.
Emergent Forms
Authors: Goldfield Eugene C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While it is often assumed that behavioural development must be based upon both physical law and the biological principles of morphogenesis and selection, forging a link between these disciplines has remained an elusive goal. This book addresses the question of how familiar human functional acts - eating, walking, manipulating objects, smiling, etc. - emerge during infancy due to both intrinsic dynamics and selective processes. The central thesis of the book is that during perceptually guided spontaneous activity, a variety of biodynamic devices for doing different kinds of work are assembled and adapted to specific tasks. Following the introductory chapters, which explore principles from the fields of dynamics and ecological psychology, the author introduces a theory of the development of action systems based upon both self-organisation in complex systems and perceptually guided selective processes. The theory is then examined in the context of development of each of several action systems. The book addresses many long-standing issues in behavioural development, including the apparent disappearance of so-called primitive behaviours, the emergence of new skills, and the role of the caregiver on skill acquisition. The prospects for extending the theory to atypical development and to other domains such as cognition and language are also considered.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Principles and Practical Aspects
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We succeeded to show, that for these frequencies there is a maximum of absorption in the region of weak fields H; this maximum being shifted towards the region of strong fields H; when the frequency of the oscillating field increases.
Spin Trapping Free Radicals in Biological Systems
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the advent of in vivo in situ spin trapping of free radicals in real time (Komarov, et al., 1993; Lai and Komarov, 1994; Halpern, et al., 1995; Jiang, et al., 1995, 1996; Komarov and Lai, 1995; Yoshimura, et al., 1996; Liu, et al., 1999), a new chapter in the exploration of biologically generated free radicals has begun. Such achievements could not have been possible without the pioneering efforts of many scientists, whose visions have allowed stepwise advances to be made.
Nuclear Genetic Analysis of Population Structure and Genetic Variation Using lntron Primers
Authors: Palumbi Stephen R , Baker C Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of different approaches have been taken to develop sensitive assays of nuclear genetic variation. The first, protein allozyme analysis, revolutionized the field of population genetics, and provided what is still the largest database on genetic variation within and between species. Allozyme studies are based on the comparison of different alleles at protein-coding loci. In general, these alleles are distinguished by charge differences, and in some cases are known to show remarkably different biochemical properties (Koehn et al., 1980; Powers 1987). Directional and balancing selection are known (Koehn et al., 1980) or inferred (Karl and Avise, 1992) to be operating at some of these loci.
The Use of Mitochondrial DNA Control Region Sequencing in Conservation Genetics
Authors: Taberlet Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the main challenges in conservation biology is to identify potential conservation units (or evolutionarily significant units) (Ryder, 1986; Woodruff, 1989) using a molecular approach. Such units correspond to sets of populations that have a recent common history, and should be managed separately in order to preserve their biological diversity. Usually, management programs are founded on current taxonomic assignments. At the subspecific or specific levels many of these assignments were proposed a long time ago, and were based on only a small number of specimens. Such a taxonomy, based solely on morphological traits, can provide two kinds of errors in the recognition of potential conservation units (Avise, 1989): recognition of groups showing little evolutionary differentiation (Laerm et al., 1982), or lack of recognition of distant forms (Avise and Nelson, 1989). Therefore, where current morphologically based taxonomy remains uncertain, molecular tools should be advocated. At the intraspecific level, as different populations may be geographically structured, potential conservation units can be identified using a phylogeographic approach that combines biogeographic and phylogenetic data (Avise et al., 1987; Avise, 1992; Dizon et al., 1992).
DNA Multilocus Fingerprinting Using Simple Repeat Motif Oligonucleotides
Authors: Rassmann Kornelia , Zischler Hans , Tautz Diethard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “invention” of multilocus minisatellite DNA fingerprinting in 1985 has provided conservation geneticists with a powerful new tool (Jeffreys, 1985b). Owing to the high average mutation rate of the genomic regions analysed in DNA fingerprinting, the multilocus band patterns or fingerprints normally reveal ample genetic variation (Jeffreys et al., 1988). Thus, multilocus fingerprinting can provide information on the genetic structure of individuals (heterozygosity) or populations (allelic diversity) where less sensitive methods such as enzyme electrophoresis might fail. Like minisatellite fingerprinting, simple sequence oligonucleotide fingerprinting detects multiple loci simultaneously in the eukaryotic genome. The technique is named after the specific hybridization probe employed: a synthetic single-stranded oligonucleotide, about 20 nucleotides in length. The sequence of this probe consists of a single, very short motif, for instance “CA” or “GTC,” which is repeated several times. Such a probe can hybridize with simple repetitive DNA loci in the eukaryotic genome. Since many repetitive DNA loci in the genome consist of the same repeat motif, simple sequence oligonucleotide fingerprinting produces a multilocus fingerprint pattern (for reviews on oligonucleotide fingerprinting see: Epplen, 1988; Epplen et al., 1991, 1993). The degree of genetic variation revealed in oligonucleotide fingerprints seems to be similar to that in minisatellite fingerprints. A study analysing several loci in the human genome that hybridize with the (CAC)5 oligonucleotide probe confirmed a very high average rate of germline mutations. The mutation rate of the resolvable DNA fragments containing such loci was estimated to be approximately 0.001 per locus per gamete (Niirnberg et al., 1989). The same study showed that the fingerprint patterns were somatically stable, thus providing support for the reliability of the method.
Noninvasive Genotyping for Vertebrate Conservation
Authors: Morin Phillip A , Woodruff David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The documentation of vertebrate diversity traditionally involved the collection of specimens for further study. Properly curated collections constitute treasure troves for biologists interested in systematics, biogeography, and evolutionary biology. The collection of specimens and their preservation was justified on the grounds that our understanding of nature depended upon it. This is no longer always the case, and in situations involving rare or threatened species it may be completely unjustified. Collections that were well-intended at the time can seem appalling in today’s conservation-minded world. Four examples illustrate the conflicts between the need to conduct scientific research and the need to conserve the subjects of that research:
The 1906 California Academy of Sciences expedition to the Galapagos dis¬ covered that the Pinzon island race of giant tortoises was, in fact, not extinct and accordingly collected the remaining 86 for study (Thornton, 1971).
Estimation of Effective Population Size and Migration Parameters from Genetic Data
Authors: Neigel Joseph E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, the arrival of molecular genetic data has brought forth a renaissance in the field of population genetics. Classical population genetic models defined the allele as the unit of variation, and were formulated in terms of the frequencies of alleles within populations. Now DNA sequence data has redefined the description of genetic variation in terms of the nucleotide sequence differences that distinguish alleles. In those cases in which these differences are the result of an orderly stepwise process of change, they can be used to infer relationships of descent among sequences. New theoretical models, often referred to as “coalescent models” (Hudson, 1990) have been developed to incorporate this richer, more historical view of genetic variation. Other developments include methods that can detect highly variable portions of the genome. While these methods have gained most attention in applications to forensics and paternity analysis, they are now being applied to population genetics as well (see other chapters in this volume, and references therein).
Paternity Studies in Animal Populations
Authors: Parker Patricia G , Waite T A , Peare T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of mates attained by members of each sex defines the mating system of animal populations. Under social (apparent) monogamy, one male and one female form an exclusive mating partnership for one or more reproductive attempts. In promiscuous systems, members of each sex typically mate with multiple partners. In polygynous systems, competition among males over mating opportunities with females leads to higher variance in apparent reproductive success (RS) among males than among females; the converse is true for polyandry.
Introduction
Authors: Simons Ronald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone startles. Everyone knows the wrenching dislocation that lies alert and waiting just under the surface of the most ordinary experience. A foot slips, a car backfires, and wherever one is, like it or not, one finds oneself doing and thinking things quite unplanned. Startle is a reflex, something that happens in and to the body, but it is more than that. When one is startled one’s soul is troubled, and one’s mind finds itself, if only for a moment, in a strange and surprising place. Being startled changes, if ever so briefly, one’s relationship with the entire experienced universe.
Affective Neuroscience
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some investigators have argued that emotions, especially animal emotions, are illusory concepts outside the realm of scientific inquiry. With advances in neurobiology and neuroscience, however, researchers are proving this position wrong while moving closer to understanding the biology and psychology of emotion. In Affective Neuroscience, Jaak Panksepp argues that emotional systems in humans, as well as other animals, are necessarily combinations of innate and learned tendencies; there are no routine and credible ways to really separate the influences of nature and nurture in the control of behavior. The book shows how to move toward a new understanding by taking a psychobiological approach to the subject, examining how the neurobiology and neurochemistry of the mammalian brain shape the psychological experience of emotion. It includes chapters on sleep and arousal, pleasure and pain systems, the sources of rage and anger, and the neural control of sexuality. The book will appeal to researchers and professors in the field of emotion.
Game Theory and Cooperation
Authors: Dugatkin Lee Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers, economists, psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, political scientists, mathematicians and behavioral ecologists have all pondered over the origin and stability of cooperative behavior (Axelrod 1984). Despite this, as well as a huge human literature base and a growing empirical foundation on cooperation in nonhu-mans, it is actually quite difficult to come up with an accepted definition of cooperation. The opening quote of this chapter is meant to illustrate how the term cooperation can be twisted in ways that seem grossly counterintuitive. In fact, even within the field of animal behavior and behavioral ecology, attempts to describe terms like cooperation and altruism sometimes produce almost oxymoronic phrases such as “self-interested refusal to be spiteful” (Grafen 1984), “quasi-altruistic selfishness” (West-Eberhard 1975), and ‘joint stock individualism” (Kropotkin 1908; see Wil son&Dugatkin 1992 for more on these terms and the semantic confusion surrounding them).
Game Theory and Learning
Authors: Stephens David W , Clements Kevin C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic idea of applied game theory is the Nash equilibrium together with Maynard Smith’s subsidiary idea of the evolutionarily stable state. We say that two players have adopted Nash equilibria if each is playing a strategy that is the best reply to the other’s strategy. These mutual-best-replies are equilibria in the sense that a player deviating from this strategy will do worse, and so we might expect that economic forces will punish the deviator and bring the system back into equilibrium.
The empirical validity of game theory hinges on the existence of some mechanism or mechanisms that return players to equilibrium after a deviation or perturbation. (We defer, for the moment, the problem of finding the equilibrium in the first place.) Most students of evolutionary game theory follow Maynard Smith (1982) in thinking of these “restoring forces” as evolutionary and genetic: Suppose an allele a codes for Nash equilibrium strategy A, then in a population dominated by a some deviant a’ will be selected against by definition (where, conveniently, we’re imagin ing a population of sexual haploids). Of course, fundamentally the “restoring” force we’re interested in must be, at some level, an evolutionary force.
Game Theory and Human Behavior
Authors: Wilson David Sloan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Game theory has long been used by economists, psychologists, and other social scientists to predict the behavior of people in a variety of situations. More recently, evolutionary biologists have used game theory to predict the behavior of nonhuman species. It is safe to say that evolutionary game theory has transformed the study of animal behavior, although theory has so far outpaced empirical studies.
Evolutionary approaches to human behavior are not new, but they have recently gathered momentum and show signs of being accepted by the human sciences. As might be expected, evolutionary predictions about human behavior are often framed in the language of evolutionary game theory. Are these predictions really new, or do they merely restate the predictions of traditional game theory? What can evolutionary game theory say about human nature that its much larger and older parent tradition cannot?
In traditional game theory, strategies are assumed to be adopted by rational choice. In evolutionary game theory, strategies are assumed to simply exist in the population and to compete with each other in Darwinian fashion. As a result, the strategies that emerge from evolutionary game theory maximize the relative fitness of individuals in the population. Traditional game theory can make no such claim, because the utilities that are assumed to be maximized by rational choice are not defined.
Coping with Uncertainty
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, two forms of cognition—analysis and intuition—have been distinguished. This sharp dichotomy was made early; indeed, it is as old as the history of thought. Plato, Aristotle, Hume, and Kant all recognized that the difference between the two forms of cognition is fundamental. Even today, almost every study of human judgment employs these concepts, implicitly or explicitly. As I will show, they are an integral part of our daily lives.
First, let me define these terms. The meaning of analysis or analytical thought in ordinary language is clear; it signifies a step-by-step, conscious, logically defensible process. The ordinary meaning of intuition signifies the opposite—a cognitive process that somehow produces an answer, solution, or idea without the use of a conscious, logically defensible, step-by-step process. Analysis has always had the advantage over intuition with respect to the clarity of its definition for two reasons: (1) Its meaning could be explicated by the overt reference to a logical and/or mathematical argument, and (2) analytical thought forms the basis of rationality, because rational argument calls for an overt, step-by-step, defensible process. Thus, analytical thought and explicit, overt definition are part of the same system of thought. Not so with intuition; throughout its history it has acquired powerful claims to efficacy despite its ineffable, undefinable character.
Tension Between Coherence and Correspondence Theories of Competence
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of the terms “coherence” and “correspondence” in the history of judgment and decision making will be unfamiliar to most readers, and although I offered a description of each in the introduction to Part II, the reader will want to see some examples of the difference between these metatheories. I therefore begin this chapter with examples from three different fields in order to demonstrate the cogency and the practical value of making the distinction.
Task Structure and Cognitive Structure
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I further develop the idea that cognitive activity is influenced by the structure of the task, by the nature of the information environment. Here I describe the effect of differences in task structure on cognition, and show how the structure of cognition is induced to change as the information environment changes. I also address the correspondence-coherence distinction in terms of functional relations and pattern recognition.
The Kerr Metric By An Elementary Brute Force Method
Authors: Snygg John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As already observed, Schwarzschild constructed a spherically symmetric solution to Einstein’s system of field equations in 1916. However, the exact solution for a cylindrically symmetric rotating body was not discovered until 1963 by Roy P. Kerr. This solution has since become the focus of almost all mathematical investigations into the nature of black holes.