bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychoanalysis: a dysfunctional family?
Authors: Grosskurth Phyllis 
Published: March 2003

The discussion opens with an account of the author's mother's bizarre family in which a strong, charismatic grandmother maintained absolute control over her large family by encouraging a neurotic dependence in them through daily reports of their complaints.Getting interested in psychoanalysis in an effort to understand the dynamics of this dysfunctional family, the author, a biographer, turned to the study of Melanie Klein, becoming entranced by her ideas. Her research also revealed how Klein had discouraged her followers from developing ideas that diverged in any way from her own. Her portrait of the pioneer analyst provoked intense indignation. A similar pattern of absolute loyalty to his person and theories was to be found in Freud's Secret Committee, formed primarily as a means of getting rid of Jung who had been showing disturbing signs of independence. When Ferenczi and Rank began to pursue independent lines of enquiry in their work, they too were thought to be undermining the foundations of classical psychoanalysis.Finally, the author concludes that though there have been sorry incidents in psychoanalysis, we should be mature enough to accept both the contributions of the early pioneers and the realizations that new ideas must be permitted to evolve.
Evolving Game Theory
Authors: Hopkins Ed 
Published: March 2003

Jörgen W. Weibull (1995) Evolutionary Game Theory. MIT Press. £18.50 $30 xv+265 pp.Ken Binmore, Alan Kirman and Piero Tani (eds) (1993) Frontiers of Game Theory. MIT Press. £40.50 $47.50 350 pp.
Towards a common ground in psychoanalysis and family therapy: on knowing not to know
Authors: Larner Glenn 
Published: March 2003

In this paper a common ground between psychoanalysis and family therapy is discussed in terms of postmodern theorizing in both disciplines. Recent systemic, narrative or social constructionist thinking in psychoanalysis and a psychoanalytic turn in family therapy offers the possibility of a shared epistemology. This is described in terms of a critical not‐knowing stance which allows for the therapist’s/analyst’s contribution of meaning, interpretation and knowledge in therapeutic conversation. Here the holding of not knowing and knowing together provides a narrative container for personal meaning and thinking to develop. This ‘knowing not to know’ is what a postmodern psychoanalysis has in common with family therapy: both are ways of being with persons to help them develop and hold their own knowing. This therapeutic process is illustrated in a clinical vignette of narrative child family therapy.For what one knows does not belong to oneself.(Marcel Proust, Remembrance of Things Past, p. 898)
Government Spending and Welfare with Returns to Specialization
Authors: Devereux Michael B. , Head Allen C. , Lapham Beverly J. 
Published: March 2003

We explore a novel channel through which government spending can stimulate consumption and welfare through its effects on aggregate productivity, without directly affecting either utility or production possibilities. In the presence of monopolistic competition and increasing returns to specialization, it is shown that government spending can partly alleviate the inefficiencies of monopolistic competition. This is because government spending generates an endogenous increase in total factor productivity by increasing the variety of intermediate goods. If the degree of increasing returns to variety is large enough, a rise in such wasteful government spending may increase consumption levels enough to increase welfare. JEL classification: E60
Family Background and Economic Status in Finland
Authors: Osterbacka Eva 
Published: March 2003

The importance of family background for economic outcomes is analyzed, using a Finnish data set. The estimates for intergenerational and sibling correlations in earnings are comparatively low. By estimating the magnitude of family influence conditional on parental earnings, children with poor parents are found to have lower intergenerational elasticities, while the sibling resemblance is higher. Children with rich parents have higher intergenerational elasticities and the sibling resemblance is also higher, except for daughters. The results also indicate that the largest share of the intergenerational correlation is transmitted through observed characteristics, such as education and, in particular, occupation. JEL classification: D1; D3; J6
Social Class, Sector Employment, and Gender as Party Cleavages in the Scandinavian Countries: A Comparative Longitudinal Study, 1970–95
Authors: Knutsen Oddbjørn 
Published: March 2003

This article studies the changing impact of social class, sector employment, and gender with regard to party choice in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, from the 1970s to the 1990s, using election survey data. Political parties in the three countries are grouped into four party groups: left socialist, social democratic, centrist, and rightist parties.Class voting has declined in all three countries. The focus on the four party groups shows that differences between the wage‐earner classes have declined for the social democratic and rightist party groups. By contrast, ‘class voting’ has increased for the left socialist parties, which increasingly have concentrated their support among the new middle class.Sector employment became an important party cleavage in all three countries in the 1990s. The impact of sector was generally largest in Denmark and Norway in the 1980s and 1990s. The sector cleavage also follows the left–right division of parties to a greater degree than previously. Sector differences in voting behaviour are most pronounced with regard to voting for the left socialist and the rightist parties.Gender differences in voting behaviour have increased and changed character in all three countries. In the 1970s, men supported the socialist parties to a greater extent than women; in the 1990s men supported the rightist parties to a greater extent than women in all three countries, whereas women supported the left socialist parties and (in Sweden) the Green Party to a greater degree than men. The effects of gender are generally reduced when sector employment is introduced into the multivariate analysis, indicating that the different sector employment of men and of women explains part of the gender gap in voting behaviour.
The interpreter as institutional gatekeeper: The social‐linguistic role of interpreters in Spanish‐English medical discourse
Authors: Davidson Brad 
Published: March 2003

Increases in immigration have led to an enormous growth in the number of cross‐linguistic medical encounters taking place throughout the United States. In this article the role of hospital‐based interpreters in cross‐linguistic, internal medicine ‘medical interviews’ is examined. The interpreter's actions are analyzed against the historical and institutional context within which she is working, and also with an eye to the institutional goals that frame the patient‐physician discourse. Interpreters are found not to be acting as ‘neutral’ machines of semantic conversion, but are rather shown to be active participants in the process of diagnosis. Since this process hinges on the evaluation of social and medical relevance of patient contributions to the discourse, the interpreter can be seen as an additional institutional gatekeeper for the recent immigrants for whom she is interpreting. Cross‐linguistic medical interviews may also be viewed as a form of cross‐cultural interaction; in this light, the larger political ramifications of the interpreters' actions are explored.‘Interpreters are the most powerful people in a medical conversation.’ Head of Interpreting Services at a major private U.S. hospital, May 1999.
Children's Social Constructions of Popularity
Authors: Lease A. Michele , Kennedy Charlotte A. , Axelrod Jennifer L. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Children's social constructions of popularity were assessed with perceived popularity nominations (i.e., ‘Who are the most [least] popular students?’) in a sample of 487 fourth, fifth, and sixth grade elementary school students. Correlational and group‐difference analyses demonstrated that perceived popularity is moderately and positively related to sociometric popularity and social dominance. Perceived popular girls were viewed as prosocial, bright, and in possession of the expressive equipment of popularity (i.e., attractiveness and spending power); perceived popular girls who were not well‐liked (i.e., sociometrically popular) had these characteristics as well but also were above‐average (>.5 SD) on social aggression and social visibility (i.e., cool and athletic). Perceived popular boys were reported to be socially visible (i.e., cool and athletic) and with low levels of social withdrawal; perceived popular boys who were not well‐liked had these characteristics but also were reported to be socially aggressive, attractive, and to possess spending power. Finally, group comparisons revealed that perceived popularity, either alone or in combination with sociometric popularity, is accompanied by more social prerogatives (i.e., admiration, leadership, social control) than sociometric popularity alone. It was argued that being perceived as popular is a key determinant of social power in peer groups of older elementary school students.
An Integrative Examination of Peer Conflict: Children's Reported Goals, Emotions, and Behaviors
Authors: Murphy Bridget C. , Eisenberg Nancy 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The primary purpose of the present study was to examine the interrelations among children's typical emotions, goals, and behavior during peer conflict and to examine emotions and goals as joint predictors of behavior. Children (7 to 11 years old) described recent conflicts with peers and were questioned about their emotions, goals, and behaviors. The friendliness of children's reported goals during conflict was associated with low anger intensity and with high intensity of sadness. Children who tended to report nonconstructive behavior also tended to report relatively intense anger and relatively unfriendly goals. Furthermore, in regression analyses, the friendliness of goals uniquely predicted the constructiveness of children's behavior after controlling for the effects of anger intensity, age, gender, provoking event, and friendship with the peer. Although boys and girls reported similar levels of anger and sadness, girls reported friendlier goals and more constructive behavior than did boys. The use of self‐reports of actual events to examine peer conflict during middle childhood is also discussed.
Factors Related to Social Competence in Elementary School Among Children of Adolescent Mothers
Authors: Bates Laura , Luster Tom , Vandenbelt Marcia 
Published: March 2003

Abstract This study examined factors related to social competence in first grade among children of low‐income, adolescent mothers. The sample included 83 mother–child dyads who had participated in a family support program for adolescent mothers. Characteristics of the child, mother, and the child's living context were examined for their relationship to children's social skills and problem behaviors. Several factors had significant bivariate relationships with social competence. Children with higher social skills and lower levels of problem behaviors were more likely to have received higher quality parenting, to have higher academic skills, and to live in neighborhoods with lower poverty rates. Children with higher social skills were less likely to have changed schools. In a path analysis, only academic skills were significantly related to either measure of social competence when other factors were controlled. Quality of parenting was indirectly related to social competence, and the effect was mediated by academic skills. School transience was also related to academic skills in the path analysis.
Reorganizing Social Policies through Social Partnerships: Greece in European Perspective
Authors: Kioukias Dimitris 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn postwar Western Europe social policies in the wider sense relied in many countries on neo‐corporatist policies of implementation. Since the 1980s such policies have ceased to be as dominant as they used to be, being associated with what has been called “policy communities” and “policy networks”. As far as the reforms pursued by many countries in order to readjust their economies and labour markets are concerned, significant shifts of such a kind were observed. Illustrations of these trends are presented in a comparative section. We attempt to demonstrate the dual structures of social policy formation and implementation, i.e. neo‐corporatist and network/policy community policies, and to discuss the “how” of such policies, i.e. their “raison d’être” and their “real world” enforcement. Against a background of various semi‐corporatisms and adversarial trade union politics, Greece is trying at the moment to adopt this pattern in several social policy areas, though this is not yet quite visible. Neo‐corporatism is also enhanced. We attempt to show where neo‐corporatism is tried (e.g. certain “social dialogue” structures) and where policy communities are encouraged (e.g. public health, local social policies, etc.). Sometimes the boundaries between the two systems are blurred, with some social dialogue committees appearing as quasi‐policy communities. Finally we endeavour to examine the outcomes of such policies and to see their inner logic against the theoretical background. The concept of multilevel governance as a wider policy instrument which incorporates both the above systems is of special interest here.
Styles of Illusion
Authors: Armstrong Peter 
Published: March 2003

This paper argues that one of the most prevalent styles in contemporary sociology – style referring to a complex of theory, method and treatment of the literature – systematically allows space for the misrepresentation of reality. The theoretical core of the style in question is a view of identity as formed through the active consumption of discourse, its preferred methodology is that of qualitative fieldwork whilst a largely impressionistic literature is treated as a source of authoritative commentary on the influence of specific discourses. The theoretical and methodological elements of this style interact so that its treatment of ethnographic data functions as a self-fulfilling prophecy for whatever presuppositions can be constructed from its treatment of the literature. This thesis is illustrated through an analysis of the claims made by Paul du Gay (1996), and Musson and Cohen (1997) that enterprise discourse had achieved hegemonic status in the UK during the last decade of the Twentieth Century.
Commodities in Action: Measuring Embeddedness and Imposing Values
Authors: Koponen Timothy M. 
Published: March 2003

Recent approaches in political economy look at the effects of technology and social values on economic action. Combining these approaches with those of economic anthropologists, this article poses that the way the economy is instituted can be understood by looking at reasons actors have for participating in actor-networks of production, distribution and consumption. Using the author's research on American recycling, this article first shows that much of the ‘making’ or instituting of the economy happens outside the market, through political machinations, contracts and standards. Second, it suggests that these relationships impose value upon goods differently than do market relations. The details of the recycling ‘chain’ show the ways actors shape the network and demonstrate that the social values that add ‘economic value’ to goods are not uniform, but are highly contextual. Starting from Mark Granovetter's notion of ‘social embeddedness', the article explains that the measure of social embeddedness is not as important as the values imposed upon other actors through social structure in the economy. It calls for a close observation of economic action in the locales within which production takes place to understand better the ‘actions-at-a-distance’ where the politics of technology, social movements and power create the empirical, instituted economy.
A Lifecourse Perspective on Socio‐economic Inequalities in Health: The Influence of Childhood Socio‐economic Conditions and Selection Processes
Authors: Van De Mheen H. Dike , Stronks Karien , Mackenbach Johann P. 
Published: March 2003

In this article a lifecourse perspective on socio‐economic inequalities in health is presented. In a lifecourse perspective, cumulation of adverse socio‐economic circumstances and selection are important mechanisms, which successively may cause a downward spiral. A conceptual model is examined with empirical data. Three processes in the explanation of socio‐economic health inequalities are emphasised: the contribution of childhood socio‐economic conditions, the contribution of childhood health and the contribution of health selection. Data were used from the longitudinal Study of Socio‐Economic Health Differences (LS‐SEHD) in the Netherlands.It was found that the relation between adult socio‐economic status and adult health is influenced by childhood socio‐economic conditions. An independent effect of childhood socio‐economic conditions on adult health was partly explained by unhealthy behaviour and personality characteristics and cultural factors. Also, childhood health was found to play a role in the explanation of socio‐economic health differences in early adult life. Health selection in childhood seems the most important mechanism in this process. With respect to health selection in adult life no effect of health problems on downward social mobility was apparent. Our results indicate that the occurrence of a downward spiral is likely to be significant during the period of childhood and youth.
Regional Mortality and the Irish in Britain: Findings from the ONS Longitudinal Study
Authors: Williams Rory , Ecob Russell 
Published: March 2003

We explore predictions from three sociological models linking excess Irish mortality in England and Wales with urban and regional patterns of settlement and mortality.The analysis is prospective, of urban residents aged 25‐74 in a 1 per cent sample of the 1971 Census of England and Wales, linked with death certificates from 1971‐1985 (the ONS Longitudinal Study). Analysis is by multilevel modelling of probabilities of death.The association of past Irish immigration with contemporary regional mortality is confirmed. However Model 1, suggesting that excess Irish mortality is solely a regional effect related to the economic history of the north and west, is rejected. Model 2, suggesting that excess Irish mortality is due to political and religious differences which have tended to disadvantage this group similarly across regions of England and Wales, is supported. Model 3, suggesting that the economic model (1) and cultural model (2) interact, creating sharper political and religious divisions and greater excess Irish mortality in the north and west, is rejected.
The division of labour in vision care: professional competence in a system of professions
Authors: Stevens Fred , Van Der Horst Frans , Nijhuis Frans , Bours Silvia 
Published: March 2003

The provision of vision care services by ophthalmologists, general practitioners, orthoptists, optometrists and opticians in the Netherlands was investigated. We assessed their division of labour, task boundary conflicts, and consensus on professional domains. Analysis of six patient cases indicated considerable overlap in the services provided by these professions. Only general practitioners and orthoptists were content with their current role. Ophthalmologists preferred to delegate cases, optometrists and opticians to expand their services.The results revealed important differences in inter‐professional status, more or less fixed‐status hierarchies and dissatisfaction with the existing division of labour. Preferences of the professions did not point to increased inter‐professional co‐ordination; this could probably only be achieved by means of external intervention.
Beyond ‘beer, fags, egg and chips’? Exploring lay understandings of social inequalities in health
Authors: Popay Jennie , Bennett Sharon , Thomas Carol , Williams Gareth , Gatrell Anthony , Bostock Lisa 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper seeks to contribute to the limited body of work that has directly explored lay understandings of the causes of health inequalities. Using both quantitative and qualitative methodology, the views of people living in contrasting socio‐economic neighbourhoods are compared. The findings support previous research in suggesting that lay theories about causality in relation to health inequalities, like lay concepts of health and illness in general, are multi‐factorial. The findings, however, also illustrate how the ways in which questions about health and illness are asked shape people's responses. In the survey reported on here people had no problem offering explanations for health inequalities and, in response to a question asking specifically about area differences in health experience, people living in disadvantaged areas ‘constructed’ explanations which included, but went beyond, individualistic factors to encompass structural explanations that gave prominence to aspects of ‘place’. In contrast, within the context of in‐depth interviews, people living in disadvantaged areas were reluctant to accept the existence of health inequalities highlighting the moral dilemmas such questions pose for people living in poor material circumstances. While resisting the notion of health inequalities, however, in in‐depth interviews the same people provided vivid accounts of the way in which inequalities in material circumstances have an adverse impact upon health. The paper highlights ways in which different methodologies provide different and not necessarily complementary understandings of lay perspectives on the causes of inequalities in health.
Conditioning as disintegration
Authors: Chang J. T. , Pollard D. 
Published: March 2003

Conditional probability distributions seem to have a bad reputation when it comes to rigorous treatment of conditioning. Technical arguments are published as manipulations of Radon–Nikodym derivatives, although we all secretly perform heuristic calculations using elementary definitions of conditional probabilities. In print, measurability and averaging properties substitute for intuitive ideas about random variables behaving like constants given particular conditioning information.One way to engage in rigorous, guilt‐free manipulation of conditional distributions is to treat them as disintegrating measures—families of probability measures concentrating on the level sets of a conditioning statistic. In this paper we present a little theory and a range of examples—from EM algorithms and the Neyman factorization, through Bayes theory and marginalization paradoxes—to suggest that disintegrations have both intuitive appeal and the rigor needed for many problems in mathematical statistics.