bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of an Education Intervention Program for Juvenile Drug Abusers and Their Parents
Authors: Iverson Donald C. , Jurs Stephen , Johnson Lawrence J. , Rohen Rita 
Published: May 2005

The Juvenile Intervention Program represents an attempt to intervene in the development of juvenile drug dependence. The program involves the early identification of juvenile drug abusers followed by the recruitment of the juveniles and their parents into the program. The program utilizes the principles of family involvement and peer pressure throughout the program, while the basis of the program involves the education of the participants in such areas as family architecture, family communication patterns and drug knowledge. The results indicate that the program had a positive effect on the parents with no significant changes among the juveniles. It is hypothesized that the changes that have been initiated within the parents will have a positive effect on the juveniles at the six month follow-up.
A Short- and Long-Term Evaluation of Here's Looking at You Alcohol Education Program
Authors: Kim Sehwan 
Published: May 2005

This study reports short- and long-term outcome evaluation results of an alcohol education prevention program entitled “Here's Looking at You (HLAY)” as implemented by one of the largest school districts in the nation during 1982–1987. Since the adoption of this program as a demonstration project by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the program has become one of the most widely known alcohol education or prevention programs in the nation. In 1982, the program was adopted by the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools (CMS) and has been under continuous replication. On the basis of the most recent replication of the HLAY during the spring semester 1987 and on the basis of the CMS system-wide student drug survey in 1986, the program has been evaluated using the following criterion variables: knowledge gain; three subdimensions on the general attitude about alcohol, i.e., undifferentiated-primitive attitude, reward-associated attitude, and health-related attitude; intentions about future alcohol use; and the actual drinking behavior. On a short-term basis, 1) there has been a knowledge gain about alcohol and alcoholism on the part of the HLAY recipients between the pre and post tests of the Alcohol Education Evaluation Instrument (AEEI). However, this gain in the HLAY group was less than the knowledge gain observed among control group student; 2) in comparison to the students in the control group, there has been a positive attitudinal net gain among the HLAY recipients along the undifferentiated-primitive attitude about alcohol; 3) however, the HLAY was not able to impact upon the reward-associated attitude, health-related attitude, the intentions about future alcohol use, and the actual drinking behavior. On a long-term basis, the actual alcohol drinking pattern of the HLAY recipients was indistinguishable from those students who had not been exposed to the program.
The “No Win”: Drug Education Evaluation Problems
Authors: Swanson Jon Colby 
Published: May 2005

Confusion on the goals of prevention and treatment has led some schools to define the nature of their drug abuse education program in such fashion that they cannot reasonably expect success. Drug abuse prevention goals are the domain of education. New models for evaluating such goals need to be developed. In some areas drug education evaluation has imposed “no win” rules upon itself. An advertising agency would be delighted if its new approach netted an increase of from 10 per cent of the available market to 11 per cent of the available market. But educational efforts are expected to completely change the nature of nearly all peoples behavior.
Masculinity/Femininity of the Generations: As Self-Reported and as Stereotypically Appraised
Authors: Cameron Paul 
Published: May 2005

Three hundred seventeen adults divided among the young adult, middle aged, and old generations were asked (a) to judge which of the three generations was most and least masculine/feminine in overall personality style, masculine/feminine in interests and possession of gender skills, and pressured by society to do masculine/feminine sorts of things; and (b) to rate self along each of these dimensions on a Likert scale. Self-reports and beliefs about the generations did not vary as a function of membership in a generation. Young adults and middle aged were believed to be the most feminine and middle aged the most masculine in overall personality style. The middle aged were judged as possessed of the most feminine and masculine interests and the most skilled in feminine endeavors. Middle aged and young adults were judged equally possessed of masculine skills. Social pressure to do masculine and feminine activities was seen as falling equally heavily on young adults and middle aged. The old were judged as next-most possessed of feminine skills while judged least along the other dimensions.
Drug Education: A Re-Evaluation
Authors: Miller Martin 
Published: May 2005

The following is the description of an educational gamble. Even before Dewey, educators have wanted to involve students in the educational process. Drug use by students has catapulted educators into the need to cooperate with students in the development and execution of meaningful curricula in health education. Based on this need to re-evaluate health education methodology the Carmel Central Schools embarked on a student centered, created and executed program. Students were trained to develop a curriculum and teach it. These students also trained selected leaders in each health class to run their own micro-group discussion. The role of the teacher became that of a resource person.
Patterns of Drug Use among Mexican-American Potential School Dropouts
Authors: Bruno James E. , Doscher Lynn 
Published: May 2005

The following is a study of drug use, knowledge, and attitudes of drugs among a small sample of Mexican-American students in a large metropolitan area school environment. These students, identified by the school officials as potential dropouts, are characteristic of those usually underrepresented in most high school drug use surveys because of their absenteeism and lack of interest in school activities. Results of the study suggest that cigarettes, marijuana, and alcohol (hard as well as beer or wine) are used by the majority of students. Reported use of other drugs is considerably lower but still high enough to cause concern. The extent of “social drug” and marijuana use by these potential dropouts is higher than that reported in other studies; for instance, reported marijuana usage is about twice as high as reported by most other studies. In addition, among students who use drugs, social drugs and marijuana are being used more than during the preceding year. Boys and girls appear to be characterized by different patterns of drug use and attitudes, including use of LSD and amphetamines more by girls than boys and use of marijuana and alcohol more by boys.
Six-Month Follow-up Results of a Preventive Alcohol Education Intervention
Authors: Duryea Elias , Mohr Patricia , Newman Ian M. , Martin Gary L. , Egwaoje Emmanuel 
Published: May 2005

An alcohol education program was designed to increase the knowledge of alcohol's effects upon performance, increase ability of students to refute pro-drinking and driving arguments, and decrease likelihood of complying with pressure to participate in alcohol-related situations. Films, slides, discussion and role playing activities were included in the program administered to 155 ninth grade students in Nebraska. The objectives were measured through written tests administered in a pre, post and six-month follow-up sequence. An ANOVA performed on the posttests indicated that the experimental group scored significantly more favorably on knowledge, refuting arguments, compliance and riding with drinking drivers. A repeated measures ANOVA using the scores of students who received pre, post, and follow-up tests ( N=83) showed that the knowledge, refutation and compliance scores of the experimental group continued to be significantly more favorable six months later.
A Cybernetic Approach to Early Education
Authors: Steg Doreen Ray , Lazar Irving , Boyce Carolyn 
Published: May 2005

Studies investigated the long term achievement of Get-Set children, Philadelphia Head Start, who participated in SCILS, the Self-Controlled Interactive Learning Systems program at the Drexel Early Childhood Center, and who were later enrolled in eighteen Philadelphia public and parochial schools. The original purpose for the program was to find ways of creating an environment to enhance learning, creativity, and exploration. It was assumed that if the above occurred it would be reflected in standardized testing regardless of subject matter. Its premise is that learning involves both the acquisition of skills, training, and the formation of new concepts, going beyond the “given,” education. The proper use of instructional technology is to enable the learner—the child—to acquire skills which can be utilized in new concept formation. The teacher's role then shifts from concentration on training to involvement in education. However, if instructional technology is to be effective in helping students acquire mastery it should incorporate: 1) choice, 2) control by the student, 3) instantaneous dynamic feedback to the student which allows for self-control, self-organization, self-regulation, and self-correction, and 4) enhancement of adapting behavior. Fifty-seven Head Start children who were enrolled in the Drexel Early Childhood Center for an average of 2.54 years were the subject of these studies. Fifty-three of the subjects were followed through the sixth grade, fourteen through the ninth and a small group (all those who could be found) were followed into the tenth and eleventh grades. SCILS children are at or above grade level in reading and reading comprehension with thirty hours of instructional time. Outcomes compared with other Early Intervention Programs, in the United States, since the 1960s, show that with SCILS the Head Start children's achievement reaches the level of average middle-class children.
Patterns of Prescription Drug Use: The Role of Promotion
Authors: Stetler C. Joseph 
Published: May 2005

Promotional efforts directed to the health professions by pharmaceutical manufacturers, and their alleged association with excessive prescribing and drug abuse are the subject of this paper. The paper contends that claims to the effect that legitimate drug prescribing patterns and promotional efforts merely mirror—or even may cause—drug abuse are not factually supported. Assertions to the effect that physicians rely primarily on advertising in making prescribing decisions are not borne out by studies of the various factors which bear upon those decisions, the paper points out. It describes the extent of prescription drug promotion, and utilization and notes that physician prescribing of psychoactive drugs has lagged behind overall prescription growth trends, in contrast to the accelerating misuse and abuse of this class of medications in the community at large.
The State of Occupational Health in Community Europe: From Top-Down Reform to a Renewal of Trade Union Action?
Authors: Vogel Laurent , Dunn Mary Lee 
Published: May 2005

Working conditions in Europe are getting worse, due to changes in work organization, including intensification and increasing insecurity. A critical assessment of the state of prevention in Europe remains essential. Trade union organizations on the Luxembourg Advisory Committee on Safety, Hygiene and Health Protection at Work drafted a document on what Community occupational health policy should seek to achieve. In June 2001, the ETUC Executive Committee adopted a resolution based on the document. This article discusses the trade union strategy. The first step is to critique the few existing indicators. To a considerable extent, they actually conceal the health problems of work. The statistics on occupational disease reflect, above all, characteristics of the various national systems of benefits but say little about the real state of workers' health. “Traditional” risks still cause tens of thousands of deaths and injuries every year. Risks associated with work organization are increasing steadily. The intensification of work is an important aspect of the reorganization of production processes and is associated with major changes in work management and organization. At the same time, the spread of Taylorized work procedures in certain sectors (probably correlating strongly with work performed by women in both services and some branches of industry) and the introduction of management methods may be summarized in the phrase “controlled autonomy.” It involves shifting some of the supervisory burden to the level of the team, which destroys collective solidarity and detracts from the conditions under which work can contribute to mental health. Labor insecurity has been facilitated by the reappearance of mass unemployment and technological changes. Work has become increasingly less “sustainable” and companies are swamping society with the real social costs of their appetite for profit. In seeking harmonization, we must ensure consistent legislation based on the fundamental principles of the Framework Directive. Thus, trade unions demand that all risk factors be covered by directives based on effective preventive approaches. The new language of risk assessment and broadened approach to occupational health may initiate a process that (i) makes the invisible visible; (ii) moves on from observing individual complaints to collective analysis; and (iii) formulates a collective strategy based on identifying what “can be tolerated no longer.”
Peer Group Leadership Program in Drug Abuse Prevention 1970–1971 Academic Year
Authors: Capone Thomas , Lin James H. Mc Laugh , Smith Frederick 
Published: May 2005

The authors report a study which reviews, and evaluates in depth, the initial year of an innovative Peer Group approach to drug abuse prevention in the schools of New York City. The report was prepared for the Board of Education and the citizenry of New York City. The aim of the study was to facilitate the refinement of the program into the most effective drug prevention modality possible. The study covers such areas as the history and goals of the program; the structure and distinctive features of the program; the administrative structure; reports of interviews with key program staff and student participants; the role of various components of the program; methods of student and staff selection and training; details of program operation; factors related to peer leader involvement; attitudes and behaviors of student participants, and perceptions of high school principals regarding the program. The authors draw conclusions, and make recommendations relative to the program.
A Case Against Decriminalization of Pot
Authors: Steffenhagen R. A. , McCann H. Gilman , Merriam George 
Published: May 2005

Drug use may be either prescribed or proscribed depending on the drug and/or the nature of procurement. Marijuana and other drugs of those not in power are proscribed. Although males smoke and sell marijuana somewhat more than females there was no strong association between any of the background variables and drug use variables, supporting the position that drug use has become a positive value within the student culture. The data showed that involvement in the selling of marijuana and other drugs is related to the illegal aspects of procurement and distribution of marijuana, a network which can only be broken by legalization. An investigation of patterns of drug use among undergraduates at a New England university shows that marijuana use has become a normal part of student life even among men and women, athletes, and good students. Furthermore, frequent use of marijuana is strongly associated with selling of marijuana, use of other illicit drugs and selling of those drugs, consistent with the hypothesis that the need to go through illegal channels to obtain marijuana leads to a progressive involvement with the drug subculture.
Three Ways of Reminiscence in Theory and Practice
Authors: Lo Gerfo Marianne 
Published: May 2005

Experimental studies disagree on the frequency and effects of reminiscence among the elderly. However, efficacy in working with recollection can be increased by an understanding of three types of reminiscence: informative, evaluative and obsessive. Informative reminiscence involves recollection for the pleasure of reliving and retelling. Reviewing memories can be used to revive interest, self-esteem, and personal relationships. Evaluative reminiscence is based on Butler's life review. A more favorable resolution is likely when it ranges over the lifetime and is shared. Groups and oral history projects can be tailored to support informative and evaluative reminiscences. Obsessive reminiscence may result from guilt, stress or grief. Relieving stress and finding new outlets can be combined with techniques like psychodrama and Progoff's journal workshop, to work through obstructing experiences.
On the Ethics of Selective Omission and/or Inclusion of Relevant Information in School Drug Education Programs
Authors: Fors Stuart W. 
Published: May 2005

Tradition, community pressures and personal biases can contribute to a drug education program that may be more indoctrination than education. There are some basic ethical issues that need to be clarified with regard to drug education curriculum development. Ethical justifications for and against the inclusion of all relevant information in drug education programs are discussed. The author concludes that personal autonomy and human dignity should be the preeminent values adhered to when drug education curricula are planned and presented.
Which Way Drug Education?
Authors: Wepner Stephen F. 
Published: May 2005

Given the increasingly permissive nationwide attitude toward abuse of marijuana and other soft drugs, in what direction should school-based education/prevention programs move? After reviewing the history of such programs, the author offers a plan to decrease the incidence of adolescent drug abuse by utilizing an array of non-educational resources including youth oriented media. Achieving this goal will permit educational programs to shift their energies and resources back to primary prevention and away from intervention and treatment.
Do Training Programs Work? An Assessment of Pharmacists Activities in the Field of Chemical Dependency
Authors: Brooks Valerie G. , Brock Tina Penick , Ahn Jungeun 
Published: May 2005

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to determine if a selected sample of pharmacists who had attended a chemical dependency training program were performing more chemical dependency related activities than a group of American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) members who had not had this training. Additionally, an assessment of the perceived barriers to performing chemical dependency-related activities was performed. Design: A confidential mail questionnaire was sent to 305 Utah School participants and 305 APhA members who had not participated in the program (See Appendix). Results: Respondents who had received educational training in chemical dependency were more likely to perform the following activities: lecture to community groups and health care professionals about chemical dependency, participate in a pharmacists' recovery program, provide patients with information about treatment centers, and counsel patients about the alcohol in over-the-counter products. Respondents who had not received chemical dependency training indicated that the following barriers prevented them from taking amore active role in the chemical dependency field: lack of knowledge of chemical dependency resources in the community, unaware of how to get involved with the state recovery program, belief that involvement in the state recovery program would hurt their professional reputation, belief that chemically dependent individuals cannot be rehabilitated, and uncomfortable working with chemically dependent patients. Conclusions: Pharmacists who have attended substance abuse training programs are performing more chemical dependency activities than pharmacists who have not received training in chemical dependency. In addition, different barriers to performing chemical dependency related activities exist between pharmacists with and without training in this field.
A Comparison of Three Alcohol Instruction Programs on the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Drinking Behaviors of College Students
Authors: Robinson James 
Published: May 2005

In this study, the effects of three educational methodologies (implicit instruction, explicit instruction, and values clarification instruction) were investigated. Each treatment was administered over four 50-minute class sessions to students attending general college-level health classes. Pretest, posttest, and followup data were collected via a self-reported questionnaire designed to assess the subjects' knowledge levels regarding beverage alcohol, attitudes toward alcohol, drinking behaviors, and intended drinking behaviors. Analysis of the data revealed that all treatment groups reported significantly higher knowledge scores than did the control group, but only the explicit instruction treatment was able to produce any changes in attitudes or behavior. The only significant change reported for drinking intentions was a deterioration in reported intentions within the control group.
Child Psychiatric Disorders in a Primary Care Arab Population
Authors: Eapen Valsamma , Ai-Sabosy Moza , Saeed Mohammed , Sabri Sufyan 
Published: May 2005

Objectives: Physical and psychiatric comorbidity is relatively common in general practice but there have been few systematic studies using clinical interviews of children attending the primary care services in the Arab population, and none from the Gulf countries. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and nature of child psychiatric morbidity in primary care in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Method: Systematic psychiatric evaluations were carried out on consecutive children aged 6 to 18 years visiting their primary care doctors in Al Ain. The sample consisted of 141 (50.7%) boys and 137 (49.3%) girls. Results: Forty-three percent of the 278 children received a DSM-IV diagnosis. Of these, 46 (38%) were males and 74 (62%) were females. However, only 1.1% (3/120) of the patients consulted general practitioners for a primary psychiatric symptom. The most common diagnosis was anxiety disorder followed by depression. Obsessive compulsive disorder was present in 11%, conduct disorder in 7%, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in 3% of those with a diagnosis. A statistically significant association was found between DSM-IV caseness and female gender, higher number of children in the household, relationship problems in the family, physical illness and family history of psychiatric disorder. Other factors that did not show any significant association were age, nationality, socioeconomic status, parental education or occupation, scholastic performance or developmental delay in the child, or parental consanguinity. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that psychiatric disorders are common among young people of Arab origin attending primary care facilities, and that doctors need to be vigilant about this possibility.
Drug Use and Criminal Behavior
Authors: Fink Ludwig , Hyatt Murray P. 
Published: May 2005

An overview of addiction and crime, as well as the attempts to link the use of drugs to the incidence of crime, is presented. In particular, crimes of violence, and sex crimes, are contrasted with non-violent criminal behavior, when drug-connected. Tentative conclusions concerning the following drugs and drug-groups are postulated; alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, opiates, cocaine, marijuana, hallucinogens, and volatile inhalants. Based on the evidence, it is suggested that alternative methods of dealing with drug abuse and criminal behavior be explored, and that several previously discarded methods be re-examined.