bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systeme zur Abgasreinigung bei dezentralen Rückstandsverbrennungen in der chemischen Industrie
Authors: Lehner M. , Hoffmann A. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractGasförmige und/oder flüssige Abfälle aus chemischen Produktionsprozessen werden häufig in vergleichsweise kleinen dezentralen Rückstandsverbrennungen direkt vor Ort entsorgt. Aufgrund der dabei entstehenden, mit Schadstoffen hoch belasteten Abgase werden mehrstufige, nassarbeitende Abgasreinigungssysteme eingesetzt, die in den meisten Fällen aus einem Quench, einen oder mehreren Nasswäschern sowie einer optionalen Aerosolabscheidung bestehen. Die Auswahl des geeigneten Reinigungssystems hängt neben den spezifischen technischen Randbedingungen besonders auch von wirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten ab, also den Investitions‐ und Betriebskosten. Daneben ist die Wahl geeigneter Apparatewerkstoffe entscheidend, insbesondere für den Quenchapparat. Apparate und Verfahrensgrundkonzepte werden gegenüber gestellt und hinsichtlich wichtiger Eigenschaften quantitativ bzw. qualitativ verglichen.
Suppression of harmonics of a multilevel converter applied for a back‐to‐back HVdc link
Authors: Kimura Noriyuki , Fujita Hiroaki , Kouno Akira , Morizane Toshimitsu , Taniguchi Katsunori 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis paper proposes a new pulse width control method to suppress the higher harmonics of the output of a multilevel converter applied for a back‐to‐back (BTB) HVdc link. A multilevel converter can reduce the snubber loss and the switching loss since it decreases the number of switching devices connected in series and the switching frequency. The staircase voltage waveform is expected to be able to suppress the higher harmonics. We investigated the condition necessary to suppress the higher harmonics and propose a method for controlling the fundamental voltage amplitude. We show the effectiveness of the proposed control method based on simulation results obtained using Alternative Transient Program (ATP). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 144(4): 34–42, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10110
Characteristics of an EIE‐core variable inductor
Authors: Maeda Mitsuru , Ohinata Takashi , Aoki Tomoyuki , Akatsuka Shigeaki , Kawakami Mineo , Sato Hiromichi , Ichinokura Osamu 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe EIE core variable inductor is a device of variable inductance that is controlled by DC current. This device controls the cancellation of AC magnetic flux and thus always maintains the flux density on the magnetic path within the saturation flux density in control mode. It cancels high harmonic distortion and does not require gaps, which reduce distortion. Thus, it is simply structured and easy to scale up. This paper describes the basic structure and characteristics of the device, and presents examples of its application to electrical power equipment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 144(4): 22–33, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10140
Maximum power point tracking with estimation of the capacitance of the capacitor connected to photovoltaic array
Authors: Kasa Nobuyuki , Iida Takahiko , Majumdar Gourab 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis paper presents a new perturbation and observation method with a capacitance estimation technique for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in a photovoltaic system. Usually, the maximum power point is tracked by increasing or decreasing the duty ratio of power switching devices. However, it is well known that actual capacitance of an electrolytic capacitor in parallel with a photovoltaic array has 50% tolerance of its nominal value and also that its capacitance value degrades as time passes. If the variation of the duty ratio is determined and fixed using the capacitor nominal value, the MPPT performance may be degraded. Therefore, we must use the actual capacitance in order to improve the MPPT performance. In our system, we applied the model reference adaptive system (MRAS), then obtained the accurate capacitance value and accordingly corrected the duty ratio variation. As a result, it was possible to obtain high MPPT performance. Experimental results show that the proposed method can stably track the maximum power point at widely changing capacitance values by using a newly developed buck‐boost chopper‐type power inverter. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 144(4): 75–85, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10150
A study on the improvement of area economic efficiency by multiple menu service using a distributed energy storage system
Authors: Kubota Izumi , Oyama Tsutomu 
Published: June 2003

AbstractFRIENDS (Flexible, Reliable and Intelligent ENergy Delivery System) is a new concept for a future energy delivery system. FRIENDS is characterized by the Quality Control Center (QCC) with dispersed generator and/or storage system intended to improve the system reliability.In this paper, the social cost is assumed as the sum of the rate of electricity, interruption cost, and QCC cost. The effect of the QCC on the improvement of the area economic efficiency is evaluated by means of the Monte Carlo simulation. It is demonstrated that, depending on the desired reliability level, the area social cost may be improved by the QCC. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 144(4): 9–21, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10162
Differential activation of subtype purinergic receptors modulates Ca2+ mobilization and COX‐2 in human microglia
Authors: Choi Hyun B. , Hong Seok H. , Ryu Jae K. , Kim Seung U. , McLarnon James G. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe have studied modulation of purinergic receptors (P2Y and P2X subtypes) on changes in intracellular Ca2+ [Ca2+]i and expression and production of COX‐2 in human microglia. Measurements using Ca2+‐sensitive spectrofluorometry showed adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cause rapid transient increases in [Ca2+]i. Application of ATP plus the P2X antagonist, pyridoxal‐phosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulfonic acid (PPADS), or treatment with adenosine diphosphate‐β‐S (ADP‐β‐S), a selective P2Y agonist, led to a considerable prolongation in [Ca2+]i responses compared with ATP. The prolonged time courses were consistent with sustained activation of store‐operated channels (SOC) since SKF96365, an inhibitor of SOC, blocked this component of the response. RT‐PCR data showed that microglia expressed no COX‐2 either constitutively or following treatment of cells with ATP (100 μM for 8 h). However, treatment using ATP plus PPADS or with ADP‐β‐S led to marked expression of COX‐2. The enhanced COX‐2 with ATP plus PPADS treatment was absent in the presence of SKF96365 or using Ca2+‐free solution. Immunocytochemistry, using a specific anti‐COX‐2 antibody, also revealed a pattern of purinergic modulation whereby lack of P2X activation enhanced the production of COX‐2 protein. These results suggest that modulation of subtypes of purinergic receptors regulates COX‐2 in human microglia with a link involving SOC‐mediated influx of Ca2+. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thiamine deficiency results in downregulation of the GLAST glutamate transporter in cultured astrocytes
Authors: Hazell Alan S. , Pannunzio Pierre , Rama Rao K.V. , Pow David V. , Rambaldi Andrea 
Published: June 2003

AbstractPyrithiamine‐induced thiamine deficiency (TD) is a well‐established model of Wernicke's encephalopathy in which a glutamate‐mediated excitotoxic mechanism may play an important role in determining selective vulnerability. In order to examine this possibility, cultured astrocytes were exposed to TD and effects on glutamate transport and metabolic function were studied. TD led to decreases in cellular levels of thiamine and thiamine diphosphate (TDP) after 24 h of treatment and decreased activities of the TDP‐dependent enzymes α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and transketolase after 4 and 7 days, respectively. TD treatment for 10 days led to a reversible decrease in the uptake of [3H]‐D‐aspartate, a nonmetabolizable analogue of glutamate. Kinetic analysis revealed that the uptake inhibition was caused by a 47% decrease in the Vmax for uptake of [3H]‐D‐aspartate, with no change in the Km value. Immunoblotting showed that this decrease in uptake was due to an 81% downregulation of the astrocyte‐specific GLAST glutamate transporter. Loss of uptake activity and GLAST protein were blocked by treatment with the protein kinase C inhibitor H7, while exposure to DCG IV, a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist, resulted in improvement of [3H]‐D‐aspartate uptake and a partial reversal of transporter downregulation. These results are consistent with our recent in vivo findings of a loss of astrocytic glutamate transporters in TD and provide evidence that TD conditions may increase phosphorylation of GLAST, contributing to its downregulation. In addition, manipulation of group II mGluR activity may provide an important strategy in the treatment of this disorder. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epstein‐Barr virus nuclear antigen‐1 and Myc cooperate in lymphomagenesis
Authors: Drotar Mark E. , Silva Santiago , Barone Enrico , Campbell Donald , Tsimbouri Penelope , Jurvansu Jaana , Bhatia Pardeep , Klein George , Wilson Joanna B. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe lymphomagenic action of myc genes in conjunction with Epstein‐Barr virus nuclear antigen‐1 (EBNA‐1) have been examined using transgenic mice in several separate tests. Synergy between Myc and EBNA‐1 in lymphomagenesis was revealed in a cross breed study where co‐expression of transgenic myc and EBNA‐1 led to a tumor latency period reduced significantly in some crosses. In the resulting bitransgenic tumors, expression of the Eμ‐myc genes was not affected by EBNA‐1 expression. MoMLV was utilized as a transposon tag to activate cellular oncogenes by infection of EμEBNA‐1 mice. Rearrangement at the c‐myc locus in B cell tumors from these mice again suggests a cooperative action between myc and EBNA‐1. Tumors arising in EμEBNA‐1 mice typically showed a trisomy of chromosome 15, upon which the c‐myc locus resides. Bitransgenic tumors (EBNA‐1/c‐myc) did not show trisomy 15. This raises the possibility that amplification of c‐myc is factorial in the selection of trisomy 15 in these tumors. These data indicate that myc and EBNA‐1 act cooperatively and are not redundant in lymphomagenesis. Expression of EBNA‐1 by EBV may provide a selection pressure in addition to translocation of the c‐myc locus in the genesis of endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (BL). © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The deregulation of arachidonic acid metabolism‐related genes in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhi Huiying , Zhang Jian , Hu Gengxi , Lu Jiayun , Wang Xiuqin , Zhou Chuannong , Wu Min , Liu Zhihua 
Published: July 2003

AbstractEsophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is 1 of the most common cancers worldwide. In our study, cDNA microarray comprising 14,803 genes was employed to identify gene‐specific expression profile in 6 paired samples of ESCC. Nine genes identified were commonly upregulated and 36 downregulated in tumors, as compared to normal esophageal squamous epithelia. Among these genes, we found that 9 of the altered expression genes were related to arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, such as annexin‐I, annexin‐II, S100A8, S100A10, S100P, glutathione peroxidase‐3, phosphatidylcholine transfer protein, aldo‐keto reductase family 1 and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2). To gain insights into the regulation of the AA metabolism pathway involved in the carcinogenesis of ESCC, we investigated the expression of 8 genes related to the AA metabolism by semiquantitative reverse transcript (RT)‐PCR and/or Western blot and immunohistochemistry. These genes include annexin‐I, annexin‐II, COX‐2, cyclooxygenase‐1 (COX‐1) and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LOX), 5‐lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) and 12‐lipoxygenase (12‐LOX) (not included in the array data). The expression level of annexin‐I, annexin‐II was downregulated in esophageal cancer, whereas cPLA2, FLAP, COX‐2, 5‐LOX and 12‐LOX were upregulated. These data suggested that AA metabolism pathway and its altered expression may contribute to esophageal squamous cell carcinogenesis. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stage at diagnosis is a key explanation of differences in breast cancer survival across Europe
Authors: Sant Milena , Allemani Claudia , Capocaccia Riccardo , Hakulinen Timo , Aareleid Tiiu , Coebergh Jan Willem , Coleman Michel P. , Grosclaude Pascale , Martinez Carmen , Bell Janine , Youngson Judith , Berrino Franco ,   the EUROCARE Working Group
Published: July 2003

AbstractWe used multiple regression models to assess the influence of disease stage at diagnosis on the 5‐year relative survival of 4,478 patients diagnosed with breast cancer in 1990–1992. The cases were representative samples from 17 population‐based cancer registries in 6 European countries (Estonia, France, Italy, Netherlands, Spain and UK) that were combined into 9 regional groups based on similar survival. Five‐year relative survival was 79% overall, varying from 98% for early, node‐negative (T1N0M0) tumours; 87% for large, node‐negative (T2‐3N0M0) tumours; 76% for node‐positive (T1‐3N+M0) tumours and 55% for locally advanced (T4NxM0) tumours to 18% for metastatic (M1) tumours and 69% for tumours of unspecified stage. There was considerable variation across Europe in relative survival within each disease stage, but this was least marked for early node‐negative tumours. Overall 5‐year relative survival was highest in the French group of Bas‐Rhin, Côte d'Or, Hérault and Isère (86%), and lowest in Estonia (66%). These geographic groups were characterised by the highest and lowest percentages of women with early stage disease (T1N0M0: 39% and 9%, respectively). The French, Dutch and Italian groups had the highest percentage of operated cases. The number of axillary nodes examined, a factor influencing nodal status, was highest in Italy and Spain. After adjusting for TNM stage and the number of nodes examined, survival differences were greatly reduced, indicating that for these women, diagnosed with breast cancer in Europe during 1990–1992, the survival differences were mainly due to differences in stage at diagnosis. However, in 3 regional groups, the relative risks of death remained high even after these adjustments, suggesting less than optimal treatment. Screening for breast cancer did not seem to affect the survival patterns once stage had been taken into account. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered methylation of multiple genes in carcinogenesis of the prostate
Authors: Yamanaka Mikio , Watanabe Masatoshi , Yamada Yasushi , Takagi Akimitsu , Murata Tetsuya , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Ito Haruo , Tsukino Hiromasa , Katoh Takahiko , Sugimura Yoshiki , Shiraishi Taizo 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe methylation status of 7 genes was examined in four cell lines, 36 samples of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 20 samples of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and 109 samples of prostate cancer (PCa), using methylation‐specific PCR (MSP): the pi‐class glutathione S‐transferase (GSTP1), retinoic acid receptor beta 2(RARβ2), androgen receptor (AR), death‐associated protein kinase (DAPK), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐3 (TIMP‐3), O6‐methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), and hypermethylated in cancer‐1 (HIC‐1). The frequencies of methylation in PCa were 88% for GSTP1, 78% for RARβ2, 36% for DAPK, 15% for AR, 6% for TIMP‐3, and 2% for MGMT, whereas the values were 11% for AR and DAPK, 6% for TIMP‐3, 3% for GSTP1, and 0 for RARβ2 and MGMT in BPH. Aberrant methylation of the GSTP1 and RARβ2 genes was detected in 30% and 20% of PIN, respectively. Most samples of BPH and PCa were positive for HIC‐1 methylation. Regarding accumulation of methylated cancer‐related genes, there were significant correlations between PCa and BPH as well as PIN and BPH. In the present study, a high frequency of aberrant promoter methylation of the GSTP1 and RARβ2 genes was noted in PCa. Our findings suggest that methylation of cancer‐related genes may be involved in carcinogenesis of the prostate. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N‐Myc downstream‐regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) inhibits glioblastoma cell proliferation
Authors: Deng Yanchun , Yao Libo , Chau Ling , Ng Samuel Sai‐ming , Peng Ying , Liu Xinping , Au Wo‐shing , Wang Jicun , Li Fuyang , Ji Shaoping , Han Hua , Nie Xiaoyan , Li Qing , Kung Hsiang‐fu , Leung Suet‐yi , Lin Marie Chia‐mi 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe most severe form of brain glioma, glioblastoma (GBM), is highly malignant and usually resistant to chemotherapy. Therefore, discovery of new targets for gene therapy is important. Using subtraction cloning, we identified the human N‐Myc downstream‐regulated gene 2 (hNDRG2), located at chromosome 14q11.2, as a gene that is significantly suppressed in GBM tissues. Semiquantitative RT‐PCR showed that the hNDRG2 gene transcript is expressed in normal brain tissue and low‐grade gliomas but is present at low levels in 15 of 27 (56%) human GBM tissues and all of the 6 human glioblastoma cell lines examined. Furthermore, transfection of human glioblastoma U373 and U138 cells with a cDNA encoding hNDRG2 markedly reduced the cell proliferation. Our findings provide the first evidence to suggest that hNDRG2 may play a role in glioblastoma carcinogenesis. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A single nucleotide polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase‐1 promoter is associated with conventional renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Hirata Hiroshi , Naito Katsusuke , Yoshihiro Satoru , Matsuyama Hideyasu , Suehiro Yutaka , Hinoda Yuji 
Published: July 2003

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1 is associated with tumor cell invasion and metastasis, and its promoter polymorphism has been shown to influence the transcriptional level. Our study explored the association between this polymorphism and renal cell carcinoma in a Japanese population. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and normal tissue of 119 patients with conventional renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and from 210 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy volunteers. Genotyping was carried out using direct sequencing. In the MMP‐1 gene promoter polymorphism, it was demonstrated that the frequency of the 2G/2G genotype, which is associated with higher enzyme activity, was significantly higher in patients with RCC than in controls (p = 0.0015; OR = 2.082; 95% CI 1.317–3.293). When stratified for gender, only men showed a significant association of the polymorphism with RCC (p = 0.0028; OR = 2.307; 95% CI 1.333‐3.990). However, no significant association was observed between the 2G/2G genotype and clinicopathologic parameters including age, gender, tumor grade and pathologic stage. Our present data suggest that the MMP‐1 promoter polymorphism may be linked to susceptibility for conventional RCC. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Germline 657del5 mutation in the NBS1 gene in breast cancer patients
Authors: Górski Bohdan , Dębniak Tadeusz , Masojć Bartlomiej , Mierzejewski Marek , Mędrek Krzysztof , Cybulski Cezary , Jakubowska Anna , Kurzawski Grzegorz , Chosia Maria , Scott Rodney , Lubiński Jan 
Published: July 2003

AbstractIn this report the proportion of consecutive and familial breast cancer cases harboring the 657del5 of exon 6 of the NBS1 gene was determined to assess whether it is associated with the increased risk of breast cancer development. The study consisted of 3 groups of patients: a series of consecutive 150 patients with histologically confirmed breast cancer, diagnosed under the age of 50 in the city of Szczecin; a series of 80 breast cancer patients with a family history of breast cancer in their first‐degree relatives; and a series of 530 consecutive individuals without the diagnosis of breast cancer selected at random by family doctors from the city of Szczecin. Molecular examination included allele‐specific PCR assay for the common Slavic NBS1 mutation (657del5), LOH analysis using denucleotide CA repeat microsatellite markers, haplotype analysis and sequencing. The NBS1 founder mutation was detected in 2 of 150 (1.3%) consecutive breast cancer cases diagnosed under the age of 50 years; in 3 of 80 familial breast cancer cases (3.7%); and in 3 of 530 individuals (0.6%) from the general population. Examination of tumor DNA from patients with the NBS1 mutation (groups A and B) revealed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in all cases. Additional haplotype analysis revealed that allelic loss affects specifically wild‐type alleles. The majority of probands with breast cancer and the NBS1 mutation had a positive family history of breast cancer in their first‐degree relatives. It appears that the 657del5 mutation in exon 6 of the NBS1 gene is responsible for the occurrence of a small but significant proportion of familial breast cancer patients. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MHC class I‐deficient metastatic tumor variants immunoselected by T lymphocytes originate from the coordinated downregulation of APM components
Authors: Garcia‐Lora Angel , Martinez Marisol , Algarra Ignacio , Gaforio Jose Juan , Garrido Federico 
Published: July 2003

AbstractPrevious reports from our group indicated that the MHC class I phenotype of metastatic lung colonies produced by a mouse fibrosarcoma tumor clone (B9) were, depending on the immune status of the host, MHC class I negative in immunocompetent mice and MHC class I positive in immunodeficient athymic nude/nude mice. Now we report the identification of the molecular alterations responsible for the changes of MHC class I molecules in both situations. Metastatic nodes were analyzed for the mRNA level of H‐2 class I and β2‐microglobulin genes, and several gene components of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen‐processing machinery (APM). These included the genes coding for the low‐molecular‐weight proteins LMP2, LMP7, LMP10, the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP‐1, TAP‐2), and calnexin, calreticulin, tapasin, PA‐28‐α, PA‐28‐β, ERP‐59 and ER‐60. Analyses with RT‐PCR showed that TAP‐1, TAP2, LMP‐2, LMP7, LMP10, tapasin and calnexin mRNA specific for these genes was absent in metastases produced in immunocompetent mice. In contrast, similar techniques with mRNA preparations obtained from metastatic nodes from immunodeficient mice showed that the mRNA expression level of these genes was highly positive. Interestingly, the MHC class I‐positive or negative phenotypes of the metastatic colonies correlated with in vivo immunogenicity. H‐2 positive metastasis grew more slowly than the H‐2 negative ones when injected intrafootpat in syngeneic immunocompetent animals and were finally rejected. These results provide evidence of the role of T cells in immune surveillance against tumors and identify a mechanism targeted by antitumor T lymphocytes to generate MHC class I‐negative tumor escape variants. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.