bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development, validation and transfer of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric method for the analysis of the tobacco‐specific nitrosamine metabolite NNAL in human plasma at low picogram per milliliter concentrations
Authors: Pan Jiongwei , Song Qi , Shi Haihong , King Melissa , Junga Heiko , Zhou Shaolian , Naidong Weng 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA highly sensitive bioanalytical method based on a simple liquid/liquid extraction and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC/MS/MS) analysis has been developed, validated and transferred for the determination of 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanol (NNAL), a tobacco‐specific nitrosamine metabolite. Deuterated NNAL (NNAL‐d4) was synthesized and used as the internal standard. This method can be used for the analysis of free and total NNAL (free NNAL plus NNAL‐gluc) in K3‐EDTA human plasma. Free NNAL and NNAL‐d4 are extracted from human plasma by liquid/liquid extraction. To analyze for total NNAL and the internal standard, a separate aliquot of the K3‐EDTA human plasma is treated with β‐glucuronidase to deconjugate the NNAL‐gluc; the total NNAL and internal standard are then extracted using liquid/liquid extraction. After drying down under nitrogen, the residue is reconstituted with acetonitrile and analyzed using positive ion electrospray and HILIC/MS/MS at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The chromatographic run time is 1.0 min per injection, with retention time for both NNAL and NNAL‐d4 of 0.75 min with a capacity factor (k') of 2. The standard curve range for this assay is from 5.00–1000 pg/mL for both free and total NNAL, using a total plasma sample volume of 1.0 mL. The interday precision and accuracy of the quality control (QC) samples demonstrated <7.6% relative standard deviation (RSD) and <3.3% relative error (RE) for free NNAL. For total NNAL, the interday precision and accuracy of the QC samples demonstrated <11.7% RSD and <2.8% RE. Optimization of enzyme hydrolysis of NNAL‐gluc is discussed in detail. The overall recoveries for free and total NNAL and IS were 68.2 and 71.5% (free) and 70.7 and 65.5% (total). No adverse matrix effects were noticed for this assay. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis of oxycodone, oxymorphone and noroxycodone in Ringer solution, rat plasma and rat brain tissue
Authors: Boström Emma , Jansson Britt , Hammarlund‐Udenaes Margareta , Simonsson Ulrika S. H. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSensitive and reproducible methods for the determination of oxycodone, oxymorphone and noroxycodone in Ringer solution, rat plasma and rat brain tissue by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry are described. Deuterated analogs of the substances were used as internal standards. Samples in Ringer solution were analyzed by direct injection of 10 μL Ringer solution diluted by an equal volume of water. The limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/mL and the method was linear in the range of 0.5–150 ng/mL for all substances. To analyze oxycodone and oxymorphone in rat plasma, 50 μL of plasma were precipitated with acetonitrile, and the supernatant was directly injected onto the column. To analyze oxycodone, oxymorphone and noroxycodone in rat plasma, 100 μL of rat plasma were subjected to a C18 solid‐phase extraction (SPE) procedure, before reconstituting in mobile phase and injection onto the column. For both methods the limit of quantification in rat plasma was 0.5 ng/mL and the methods were linear in the range of 0.5–250 ng/mL for all substances. To analyze the content of oxycodone, oxymorphone and noroxycodone in rat brain tissue, 100 μL of the brain homogenate supernatant were subjected to a C18 SPE procedure. The limit of quantification of oxycodone was 20 ng/g brain, and for oxymorphone and noroxycodone 4 ng/g brain, and the method was linear in the range of 20–1000 ng/g brain for oxycodone and 4–1000 ng/g brain for oxymorphone and noroxycodone. All methods utilized a mobile phase of 5 mM ammonium acetate in 45% acetonitrile, and a SB‐CN column was used for separation. The total run time of all methods was 9 min. The intra‐day precision and accuracy were <11.3% and <±14.9%, respectively, and the inter‐day precision and accuracy were <14.9% and <±6.5%, respectively, for all the concentrations and matrices described. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric studies on the intrinsic stability of destruxin E from Metarhizium anisopliae
Authors: Dudley Ed , Wang Chengshu , Skrobek Anke , Newton Russell P. , Butt Tariq M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDestruxins are of current interest as bioactive agents. They are cyclic hexadepsipeptides produced by fungi, the most common destruxins, A, B and E, differing in the structure of a side chain. Before they can be widely used, the potential risk of destruxins and their metabolites entering the human food chain must to be assessed; thus, knowledge of the structures of their degradation products is essential. Here we report a study aimed at identifying, by tandem mass spectrometry and accurate mass analysis, the products resulting from thermally and temporally induced degradation of destruxin E. The degradation products fell into two groups: those with relatively simple modifications of the side chain and those involving much more complex rearrangements. The structures of most of the degradation products were deduced from the MS data, with the major product being destruxin E diol: significantly, this compound had previously been reported to have only been produced as a metabolic product of enzyme action rather than as a simple degradation product as demonstrated here. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A streamlined approach to the analysis of volatile fatty acids and its application to the measurement of whole‐body flux
Authors: Morrison Douglas J. , Cooper Karen , Waldron Susan , Slater Christine , Weaver Lawrence T. , Preston Tom 
Published: October 2004

AbstractVolatile fatty acids (VFAs) are produced in the human colon by the bacterial breakdown of carbohydrates that escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine. They have important local and systemic effects on gastrointestinal and nutritional functions. Measuring their production is difficult because of inaccessibility of sampling sites and low circulating concentrations. Stable isotope tracer techniques are a way to measure VFA production but require measurement of isotope dilution in blood and other biological fluids. We have developed a streamlined and robust method to measure the concentration and enrichment of [2H]‐labelled VFAs by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and [13C]‐labelled VFAs by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). Both types of analysis were carried out on the same samples allowing multiple tracer studies to be conducted. Good accuracy and repeatability were found for GC/MS analysis of [2H]‐labelled VFAs. Careful handling of the background contribution, especially acetate, allowed quantitation of concentration and enrichment within the analysis. GC/C/IRMS analysis of [13C] VFAs was also achieved with good accuracy and repeatability. This methodology was used to determine whole‐body acetate production in two subjects using multiple tracers ([2H3]‐ and [1‐13C]acetate) and blood and urine sampling. Whole‐body acetate flux was similar when measured either with [2H3]‐ or [1‐13C]acetate, and when flux was determined from plasma or urine tracer enrichment. This new method will permit rapid and accurate measurement of VFA flux using [2H]‐ and/or [13C]‐labelled VFAs as tracers. Measurements of the contribution of colonic VFA production to whole‐body VFA flux are now possible. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A microscopic visual feedback system
Authors: Oku Hiromasa , Ishii Idaku , Ishikawa Masatoshi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractOver the past few years, there have been advances in research into high‐speed vision systems, which can acquire and process video faster than current vision systems that use video signals, with many areas of applied research emerging. In this paper we will explore high‐speed vision systems for controlling and manipulating microscopic objects, such as cells or semiconductors, and propose the “microscopic visual feedback” (MVF) a method for controlling microscopic objects using high‐speed visual feedback based on high‐speed vision systems. We then consider the components that will be needed in an MVF system, examine the specifications that will be needed for each component, and construct an actual MVF system based on these specifications. Finally, we conduct control‐performance testing to ascertain the MVF system's actual ability to control moving microscopic subjects, and by tracking a paramecium in applied testing, demonstrate that this is a viable system for acquiring motion tracks. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(13): 71–79, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10056
A neural network approach to interference mechanism for logic programming language
Authors: Takeda Yuji , Kawahara Hideya , Kikuchi Yukihiro , Murakoshi Hideki , Funakubo Noboru 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIt is known that the Hopfield‐type neural network can solve the combinatorial optimization problem with a high speed. In order to realize that advantage, however, the energy function must be constructed for each problem, and there is no general framework to be applied to various problems. This paper notes that the logic programming language Prolog can be represented as the logical operation of facts and the rules, and proposes an algorithm, which converts the logical operation network to the Hopfield‐type neural network. Using this conversion algorithm, the power of the Hopfield‐type network as an optimization machine can be utilized in the logic inference described by Prolog. Then, it is expected that the range of its application will be enlarged greatly. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(13): 63–70, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10102
Measurement of heavy traffic in a tunnel from image sequences
Authors: Kuboyama Hideo , Ozawa Shinji 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe measurement of traffic plays a major role in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) in providing beneficial information to the control center or drivers. In this paper, the authors propose a technique for counting the number of vehicles by detecting vehicles from images taken by cameras installed in tunnels. Since the camera height within a tunnel is low, the vehicles overlap when traffic is congested and it is difficult to separate them. As a result, the authors herein propose a powerful measurement technique for congested traffic based on vehicle edge information by using a horizontal edge and the left side of a vehicle to create a vehicle model and performing a cumulative evaluation according to settled frame tracking of this model. In addition, they applied the proposed algorithm to actual in‐tunnel images and showed the results of a vehicle counting experiment. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(13): 52–62, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ scj.10287
A multilayered feed‐forward network based on qubit neuron model
Authors: Kouda Noriaki , Matsui Nobuyuki , Nishimura Haruhiko 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWith the development of our highly information‐oriented society, there is an increasing demand for large‐scale and high‐level information processing. Toward this goal, studies have sought to create a new computation principle having an information processing ability exceeding the existing Neumann‐type computer, such as the creation of a new computation theory or the integration of the frameworks of existing computation theories. As one such approach, quantum neural computing is considered to be interesting, which integrates neural computing and quantum computation. This paper constructs the feed‐forward neural network, which is widely used in practice, based on the qubit neuron model. The 4‐bit parity‐check problem and the general function identification problem are considered. The performance is compared to the feed‐forward network based on the conventional neuron model, and it is shown that the proposed model has a higher performance than the conventional model, using the learning diagram composed of convergence rate and the number of learning iterations. The reason for the better performance is also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(13): 43–51, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10342
Virtual surgery using a deformable organ model created by the sphere‐filled method
Authors: Suzuki Shigeyuki , Suzuki Naoki , Hattori Asaki , Uchiyama Akihiko 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe are developing a virtual surgery system to conduct realistic surgical procedures in a virtual world; its purpose is to master and practice surgical techniques and to improve planning for operations. In this study, we present a deformable organ model created using the sphere‐filled method. Further, we equipped this model with senses of touch and force by connecting it to a force feedback device. The result was that the sphere‐filled model allowed our system to perform various physical manipulations, including blood vessel deformation. In addition, by applying tactile sensations in virtual space our system provided the user‐surgeon with a realistic simulation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(13): 1–9, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10689
Green space sustainability in Thailand
Authors: Ryan Patricia , Wayuparb Natarika 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA ‘green space’ perspective cuts across – yet respects – ecological, economic, social, political, cultural and spatial considerations that should underpin healthy, diverse, local ecosystems in developing nations. Its application to Thai conditions helps expose the institutional linkages needed for sustainable systems of organized growth and shared understandings. Despite significant institutional hurdles, Thailand has strengthened its capacity for green space sustainability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Enhancing the sustainability of airport developments
Authors: Kaszewski Andrea L. , Sheate William R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn December 2003, the UK Government published a long‐awaited new air transport White Paper, looking 30 years ahead. New airport developments are invariably controversial for both local and global sustainability reasons. Notwithstanding the effects of implementing this new policy, this paper examines how the sustainability of new airport development can be improved.The study examines the feasibility of four scenarios encouraging more sustainable airport development, focusing on airport terminal building design and surface access transport. The scenarios were (1) a ‘business as usual’ (BAU) plan for an airport's surface access transport and terminal building design, (2) a green transport plan (GTP), (3) a green architecture plan (GAP) and (4) a best practice approach combining (2) and (3), using a range of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies.Stakeholders' responses to the scenarios were explored, with unanimous support for the best practice scenario (4). As the scenarios become more energy efficient and incorporate more renewable energy technologies, stakeholders consider the approaches to be more sustainable, cost effective and feasible. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Nanobiotechnologie: Innovationen für Medizin und Technik. Nanobiotechnology: Innovations for medicine and technics
Authors: Wechsler D. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDie Bio‐ und Nanotechnologie sind zwei wichtige Forschungsgebiete, die eine Vielzahl neuer technologischer Möglichkeiten für unsere Zukunft erwarten lassen. An der Schnittstelle zwischen diesen Disziplinen entsteht ein besonders hohes Innovationspotential, das erst seit einigen Jahren gezielt erschlossen wird. Dieser Artikel beleuchtet aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse und ‐aktivitäten im Bereich der Nanobiotechnologie und zeigt die damit verbundenen Anwendungsperspektiven auf.
Vakuumbeschichtungstechnik optischer Datenspeicher. Vacuum Coating Technology of Optical Discs
Authors: Cord Bernhard , Mücke Michael , Sichmann Eggo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDie Herstellung optischer Datenträger in Form der CD und DVD ist zu einem bedeutenden Industriezweig geworden. Es wird ein Rückblick auf die Entwicklung der Beschichtungs‐ und Anlagentechnik während der letzten 20 Jahre gegeben. Schlüsselfunktionen für eine effiziente Produktion sind Zuverlässigkeit und kurze Taktzeiten. Speziell die Vakuumbeschichtungstechnik leistet ihren Beitrag für einen auf das Produkt optimierten Prozess. Zukünftige Formate verwenden einen blauen Laser für das Schreiben und Lesen. Mehrlagensysteme dienen dazu, die Speicherkapazität weiter zu erhöhen.
Use of data storage tags to quantify vertical movements of cod: effects on acoustic measures
Authors: Heffernan O. , Righton D. , Michalsen K. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Depth data from archival tagging studies of cod (Gadus morhua) were used in three different analyses with the aim of testing basic assumptions of cod behaviour. Examination of post-release depth profiles from cod tagged in the Barents, North, and Irish Seas revealed that some cod underwent a post-release period of adaptation to increasing depth as they readjusted their buoyancy to its pre-tagging level. This depth adaptation behaviour was characterized by gradually increasing mean depth, and enabled the calculation of neutral-buoyancy compliant descent rates, which were less than 1 m h−1. Estimated rates of vertical movement were shown to be highly dependent upon the frequency at which depth was sampled. Maximum estimated rates of ascent and descent from sampling intervals of 10 or 15 min were inconsistent with the maintenance of neutral buoyancy, but estimates from sampling intervals greater than 1 h were not. Calculation of tilt angles using depth data sampled at 10-s intervals showed that cod were often tilted more than 5° relative to the horizontal, and that this effect was more pronounced at night. These findings suggest that basic assumptions regarding cod physiology and behaviour require revision if the accuracy and precision of acoustic methods are to be improved.
The biology of the greater weever (Trachinus draco) in the commercial fishery of the Kattegat
Authors: Bagge Ole 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe scarce published literature on greater weever in western and northwestern European waters is reviewed and synthesized, along with a summary of a Danish investigation in the Kattegat for the years 1961–1973. Distribution, growth, mortality, migration, fecundity, abundance, and stock abundance in relation to the directed local commercial fishery are described. The greater weever has not been and still is not in any way protected by legislation or management, although it moves little, grows slowly, has high catchability, and has been exposed to high total mortality. Since the mid-1980s, directed fishing effort has declined, likely as a consequence of the decreasing catches, and because the effort applied through poundnets, which earlier produced about 40% of the total yield, has for other reasons almost halted. Total landings concomitantly decreased, and the current yield is now only by-catch from trawlers and from two or three 40-ft vessels occasionally directly targeting the species.
Inhibitory effect of a bitter melon extract on the P‐glycoprotein activity in intestinal Caco‐2 cells
Authors: Konishi Tomoko , Satsu Hideo , Hatsugai Yasuo , Aizawa Koichi , Inakuma Takahiro , Nagata Shinji , Sakuda Sho‐hei , Nagasawa Hiromichi , Shimizu Makoto 
Published: October 2004

Extracts of bitter melon, soybean, dokudami and welsh onion by 40% methanol increased the accumulation of rhodamine‐123 by Caco‐2 cells, suggesting that these extracts inhibited P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp).
The extract of bitter melon was separated in a tC18 cartridge column and the eluate from 80% acetonitrile most markedly increased the [3H]‐daunomycin accumulation by Caco‐2 cells.
The inhibitory compounds in the bitter melon fraction were isolated by HPLC with Pegasil C4 and Pegasil ODS columns. The HPLC fraction having the highest activity was analyzed by 1H‐NMR and FAB‐MS, and the active compound was identified as 1‐monopalmitin.
The inhibitory activities of 1‐monopalmitin and its related compounds suggested that the inhibition of P‐gp activity was not dependent on the degree of unsaturation of fatty acid in the monoglyceride, but on the chain length. It was also suggested that the monoglyceride structure played an important role in the inhibition of P‐gp activity.
Monoglycerides could therefore alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs by inhibiting the P‐gp‐mediated efflux.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 379–387. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705804
Mechanisms intrinsic to 5‐HT2B receptor‐induced potentiation of NMDA receptor responses in frog motoneurones
Authors: Holohean Alice M , Hackman John C 
Published: October 2004

In the presence of NMDA receptor open‐channel blockers [Mg2+; (+)‐5‐methyl‐10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten‐5,10‐imine maleate (MK‐801); 1‐amino‐3,5‐dimethyladamantane (memantine)] and TTX, high concentrations (30–100 μM) of either 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) or α‐methyl‐5‐hydroxytryptamine (α‐Me‐5‐HT) significantly potentiated NMDA‐induced depolarizations of frog spinal cord motoneurones.
Potentiation was blocked by LY‐53,857 (10–30 μM), SB 206553 (10 μM), and SB 204741 (30 μM), but not by spiroxatrine (10 μM), WAY 100,635 (1–30 μM), ketanserin (10 μM), RS 102221 (10 μM), or RS 39604 (10–20 μM). Therefore, α‐Me‐5‐HT's facilitatory effects appear to involve 5‐HT2B receptors.
These effects were G‐protein dependent as they were prevented by prior treatment with guanylyl‐5′‐imidodiphosphate (GMP‐PNP, 100 μM) and H‐Arg‐Pro‐Lys‐Pro‐Gln‐Gln‐D‐Trp‐Phe‐D‐Trp‐D‐Trp‐Met‐NH2 (GP antagonist 2A, 3–6 μM), but not by pertussis toxin (PTX, 3–6 ng ml−1, 48 h preincubation).
This potentiation was not reduced by protein kinase C inhibition with staurosporine (2.0 μM), U73122 (10 μM) or N‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐5‐isoquinolinesulfonamide HCl (H9) (77 μM) or by intracellular Ca2+ depletion with thapsigargin (0.1 μM) (which inhibits Ca2+/ATPase). Exposure of the spinal cord to the L‐type Ca2+ channel blockers nifedipine (10 μM), KN‐62 (5 μM) or gallopamil (100 μM) eliminated α‐Me‐5‐HT's effects.
The calmodulin antagonist N‐(6‐aminohexyl)‐5‐chloro‐1‐naphtalenesulfonamide (W7) (100 μM) diminished the potentiation. However, the calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaM Kinase II) blocker KN‐93 (10 μM) did not block the 5‐HT enhancement of the NMDA responses.
In summary, activation of 5‐HT2B receptors by α‐Me‐5‐HT facilitates NMDA‐depolarizations of frog motoneurones via a G‐protein, a rise in [Ca2+]i from the entry of extracellular Ca2+ through L‐type Ca2+ channels, the binding of Ca2+ to calmodulin and a lessening of the Mg2+ ‐produced open‐channel block of the NMDA receptor.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 351–360. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705935