bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing Technology Systemically: Common Themes
Authors: Liker Jeffrey K , Ettlie John E , Ward Allen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our original intent for this book was to compile the work of a diverse collection of researchers studying technology management in Japan-a very general topic indeed. This group of professionals comes from different disciplinary backgrounds (engineering, operations management, organizational theory, business strategy, business history, sociology, anthropology, and political science), has different research interests, and has varying levels of exposure to Japan. In some cases, their studies are aimed at confirming or disconfirming conventional wisdom about Japan, but each is a highly focused effort, rigorous in the framework of the parent discipline. In assembling the book, we based some natural groupings of chapters on the stage of the technology life cycle of the phenomenon studied. However, we expected to struggle with the problem of identifying cross-cutting themes in these disparate chapters.
If Everybody Was a King, Who Built the Pyramids? Afrocentrism and Black American History
Authors: Walker Clarence E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Afrocentrism is a mythology that is racist, reactionary, and essentially therapeutic. It suggests that nothing important has happened in black history since the time of the pharaohs and thus trivializes the history of black Americans. Afrocentrism places an emphasis on Egypt that is, to put it bluntly, absurd. Further more, Afrocentrism caricatures Africa by homogenizing the diverse experiences of Africans across both time and place. Finally, Afrocentrism does not, as one of its leading proponents asserts, constitute “a new historiography founded on African aspirations, visions and concepts.”
When you strip Afrocentricity of its claims to being a form of historical revisionism that restructures “language to tell thetruth,” it falls short of being a constructive approach to history. For history to be credible, it must be grounded in data, and itshould relate the local and particular to the macro or general. Good history should give its actors agency, show the contingency of events, and examine the deployment of power. It should also seek to understand its subjects on their own terms. Afrocentrism fulfils none of these criteria and therefore should be read as another “selective rendering of history,” in the tradition of nationalist movements since the nineteenth century.
A Sense of the Moment
Authors: Ainsworth-Vaughn Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing about gendered interaction, Tannen has said, is like “stepping into a mael-strom” (1994:3). There are good reasons for the emotion generated by discussing gendered behavior: Everyone has experience with the topic. What happens between men and women matters a lot. Power is involved, and power is always a hot topic. There are many advocates for women, focused on the injustices women endure, who wish to keep those injustices at the center of the debate. Scholars from several disciplines are working on the topic, and their assumptions and vocabularies differ —which leads to considerable misunderstanding and distrust.
A Genre of Questions?
Authors: Ainsworth-Vaughn Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of questions doctors and patients ask is a central issue in research on medical discourse because questioning both gains information and claims power over emerging talk. Well-known studies of medical discourse find patients producing few questions. The usual conclusion is that medical encounters are an “interview” genre—one in which one person asks questions while the other passively answers. My research suggests that this conclusion needs to be modified. When the idea that patients are passive—they do not question—is overgeneralized and becomes a stereotype, it may become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Physicians may expect patients to neither want nor be capable of involvement. The physician may then act to fill the vacuum, and the prophecy is fulfilled.
Is That a Rhetorical Question?
Authors: Ainsworth-Vaughn Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long-term physician patient relationships have their own kind of intimacy, created both by talk about intimate matters and by repeated interaction over the passage of time. Of the 101 encounters I studied, 99 were between physicians and patients who had, or were just embarking on, long-term relationships.1 Even when the encounter was an initial one, the participants could project their relationship indefinitely far into the future. Ambiguity (uncertain meanings) and polysemy (multiple meanings) play important roles in long-term relationships between intimates, mitigating potentially face-threatening acts. In the medical encounters this book describes, the physician and the patient performed an intricate dance of discourse moves with multiple possible meanings. Both doctor and patient proposed to exercise control over information, the emerging discourse, and future actions, and each deferred to the other by mitigating attempts to claim power.
Sexuality in the Confessional
Authors: Haliczer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Sexuality in the Confessional: A Sacrament Profaned, Stephen Haliczer places the current debate on sex, celibacy, and the Catholic Church in a historical context by drawing upon a wealth of actual case studies and trial evidence to document how, from 1530 to 1819, sexual transgression attended the heightened significance of the Sacrament of Penance. Attempting to reassert its moral and social control over the faithful, the Counter-Reformation Church underscored the importance of communion and confession. Priests were asked to be both exemplars of celibacy and “doctors of souls,” and the Spanish Inquisition was there to punish transgressors. Haliczer relates the stories of these priests as well as their penitents, using the evidence left by Inquisition trials to vividly depict sexual misconduct, during and after confession, and the punishments wayward priests were forced to undergo. In the process, he sheds new light on the Church of the period, the repressed lives of priests, and the lives of their congregations; coming to a conclusion as startling as it is timely. Based on an exhaustive investigation of Inquisition cases involving soliciting confessors as well as numerous confessors’ manuals and other works, Sexuality in the Confessional makes a significant contribution to the history of sexuality, women’s history, and the sociology of religion.
Friendly Disentangling: Triple-Loop Dialog I
Authors: Nielsen Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We must be still and still moving, into another intensity, For a further union, a deeper communion -T. S. Eliot The present chapter examines how friendly, disentangling dialog can address problems of problematical organization traditions. The friendly, disentangling dialog method of John Woolman is considered, followed by examples. The method is then linked to and interpreted within both behavioral science and philosophy theory. Finally, the strengths and limitations of the method are considered.
European-Amerindian Contact in the Fur Trade
Authors: Bakker Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The influence of the fur trade on Canada has been enormous. Since the Europeans arrived in North America, they exchanged tools, utensils, clothing, and other items with the natives for precious furs. The fur trade brought a significant number of European men, of different ethnic backgrounds, in contact with a variety of Amerindian nations. Among the consequences were the birth of a significant population of “mixed bloods” (unfortunately there is no other term to express this), of which the Métis, of French ancestry, are the most important, and the emergence of a new, mixed language, Michif. The Métis are all aware that their ancestors are, on one side, Amerindians and, on the other, French-speaking fur traders. At least from the early 1800s onward, they have considered themselves a separate nation, different from other people, including the Indians and the French.
Ethnogenesis and Language Genesis
Authors: Bakker Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mchif is a peculiar language, and the Métis are a rather uncommon type of ethnic group. In this chapter I present a model for the genesis of mixed languages and the social circumstances under which they originate.
We have seen that the Métis form a new and mixed ethnic group who speak a mixed language. I have suggested that there is some relation between these two facts. In this chapter I review this suggestion from different angles and try to formulate a model of language mixing. What kind of people speak mixed languages? Do all new and mixed ethnic groups have a mixed language? What do the new languages of these groups look like? In this way I hope to provide a model that combines social and linguistic factors.
The Intertwining of French and Cree
Authors: Bakker Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the basis of comparable cases, discussed in Chapter Seven, I claim that under certain sociolinguistic circumstances, which are also valid for Michif, a mixed language will emerge. The model of language intertwining predicts that Michif should
have the Cree grammatical system and the French lexicon, but in fact it has Cree verbs and French nouns. I argue in this chapter that the more or less polysynthetic nature of Cree morphology is responsible for the unusual distribution of Cree and French elements in Michif. Cree morphology is the key to the peculiar mixture of Cree and French, and hence to the problem of the genesis of Michif. To prove my case, I first present some background information.
Breakthrough Learning
Authors: Culbert Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the last five years we’ve been keeping track of Category IV activities and, in particular, the conditions under which people achieve breakthrough results. We’ve observed people at work and analyzed their conversations. We’ve interviewed people who we heard had broken through self-limiting orientations that, for years, they had resisted changing. And we’ve conducted research in which we’ve asked people to anonymously fill out questionnaires in which we ask them to describe a “breakthrough lesson” and the circumstances that were present when it occurred in search of “milestone” conditions. Describing these milestone conditions required for break­ through learning and specifying how you can mobilize them are the topics of this and the next three chapters.
Chester I. Barnard and the Intelligence of Learning
Authors: Levitt Barbara , March James G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume honors a book by Chester I. Barnard (1938), The Functions of the Executive, which has had an enduring influence. The book contains seeds of several of the more important developments in organization theory over the past fifty years. It is poetic and evocative rather than precise and definitive, and in honoring Barnard we also honor those inspired by him. Through the imagination of people like Herbert A. Simon and Oliver Williamson, for example, Barnard’s master work has become an enriched and somewhat stylized script.
Finding Words, Finding Meanings: Collaborative Learning and Distributed Cognition
Authors: Schlegel Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From playground mediations to classroom recitations, children participate in di verse communicative and sense-making activities: they negotiate rules, they participate in institutionally organized performances, and they engage in problem solving. The latter is an integral part of constructing shared meaning in or out of school, but it is especially central to the activity of classrooms, where it functions as a tool for the acquisition of academic knowledge. Children’s work in approaching classroom problems shows that, far from being static receptors of information, they are active co-participants in the creation of meaning.
Presidential Wives and the Press
Authors: Caroli Betty Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the second half of the twentieth century, most Americans accepted the fact that they were on a first-name basis with the wives of their presidents. The faces of Rosalynn Carter and Nancy Reagan peered out from the nation’s newsstands, and stories about Jackie Kennedy and Lady Bird Johnson continued to dot women’s magazines long after they had moved away from the capital. Men and women too young to have comprehended much political news during the Great Society and the Vietnam War retained a very clear picture of the First Lady from Texas, although their image of Hubert Humphrey-longtime senator, Lyndon Johnson’s vice-president, and later a contender for president himself-was fuzzy. Walter Mondale, for all the publicity he received as a presidential candidate in 1984, slipped quickly into obscurity in comparison with the woman from Georgia whom everyone called Rosa lynn. What schoolchild has not seen at least one film on Eleanor Roosevelt, but who recognizes the name of John Nance Garner as the vice president for eight of the years that Eleanor was First Lady?
The Mass Media: Scapegoats and Sycophants
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even if wartime press controls have not been authorized by the Constitution and have not been used well in American history, are they necessary at times? Arguments have been made that journalists are a menace to military operations and the safety of soldiers. Some legal scholars have maintained that some government imposed restraints are reasonable and should be allowed because they make sense. Although journalists might be an additional hazard and burden for the armed forces, their presence is only one of many challenges and their coverage serves vital functions. The Marines did a relatively good job of working with the press in the Gulf War because they adopted the attitude that coping with the media is necessary. “We didn’t view the news media as a group of people we were supposed to schmooze,” said Chief Warrant Officer Eric Carlson. “We regarded them as an environmental feature of the battlefield, kind of like the rain. If it rains, you operate wet.” The military can use its skills in logistics to accommodate reporters in a combat zone, and reporters should be able to take the risk of being harmed in battle, as they have done in all the nation’s wars, if they choose to do so.
Access to, and Utilization of, Health Services for HIV-Infected Women
Authors: Solomon Liza , Cohn Sylvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Access to health-care services and patient participation in ongoing care are important elements in reducing HIV-related morbidity and mortality. In addition, attempts to engage women in discussions concerning the health consequences of their reproductive decisions are predicated on the existence of a relationship between a woman and a health-care provider. In the absence of contact between women and the health-care system, women will make decisions concerning their health care, as well as decisions concerning childbearing, without the benefit of consultation with medical experts. This chapter explores factors which affect the availability and quality of health-care services for HIV-infected women, as well as barriers to service use. An appreciation of these factors is necessary to under stand the obstacles which must be overcome before the specific goal of counseling a woman regarding pregnancy can be contemplated. This chapter stresses access to health services for HIV-infected women; as we discuss the use of health services, however, we must be mindful that barriers to care, which function generally to keep women outside the health-care system, will contribute to our inability to communicate with them regarding reproductive decision-making.
Reproductive Choice and Reality: an Assessment of Tort Liability for Health-Care Providers and Women with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Rothenberg Karen H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When HIV began infecting women1 of childbearing age in increasing numbers, it prompted public scrutiny of the reproductive choices of HIV-infected women. This public scrutiny remains largely focused on limiting childbearing among HIV-infected women as a means of reducing the incidence of pediatric AIDS, rather than on the impact of HIV/AIDS on the health and well-being of infected women.The public debate seeks to establish whether, and to what extent, an HIV-infected woman has a moral or legal duty to make socially “responsible” reproductive choices, a focus which concentrates on women as “posing a risk rather than being at risk,” reduces women to vectors of transmission, and suggests that HIV-infected women may have a responsibility to not bear children.
Since the epidemic currently affects poor African-American and Hispanic women disproportionately, the debate regarding responsible reproductive choices for HIV-infected women is, ironically, focused on a group of women already beset by a well-documented lack of access to health care—particularly for reproductive health services—and whose reproductive choices are already correspondingly circumscribed.
The State Action Paradox
Authors: Seidman Louis Michael , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Joshua De Shaney’s first year of life, his parents divorced, and a court granted custody of the infant to his father, Randy De Shaney. For the next four years, the child lived through a nightmare of pain and violence. Randy De Shaney beat his son repeatedly and with increasing savagery. Eventually, the toddler fell into a life-threatening coma, and emergency brain surgery revealed injuries, inflicted over an extended period, that left Joshua permanently and severely retarded.
The Structural Constitution
Authors: Seidman Louis Michael , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great hope for constitutional law is that it might provide a common language that would allow us to discuss and resolve our differences over contested political issues. Advocates of constitutionalism believe that we might transcend our seemingly hopeless disagreements about specific questions-affirmative action and equality, pornography and campaign financing, the death penalty-by agreeing on a common set of premises and commitments on a higher level of generality.
Conclusion: The Case for Skeptical Commitment
Authors: Seidman Louis Michael , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Constitutional rhetoric is the language of American politics. Or at least it used to be. Could it be that our ancient obsession with constitutional argument is finally coming to an end? Consider, for example, President Clinton’s first two nominations to the Supreme Court. Superficially, it might appear that the president’s extended public agonizing over these appointments reflects the continuing importance of constitutional law. We believe it suggests just the opposite.
Introduction
Authors: McNeilly Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some time around 400 B.C., during a period in China known as the Age of the Warring States, there arose a general from the state of Ch’i known as Sun Tzu. His ability to win victories for his warlord gained him fame and power.
To hand down the wisdom he had gained from his years of battles, Sun Tzu wrote a book, The Art of War, that became the classic work on strategy in China. His book, which details a complete philosophy on how to decisively defeat one’s opponent, has given guidance to military theorists and generals throughout the ages, both in the East and the West. The Art of War not only contains Sun Tzu’s insights but also provides additional elucidation by military commentators who came after him, such as Li Ch’tian, Tu Mu, and others. In The Art of War, military readers found an holistic approach to strategy that was powerful yet succinctly communicated—it is truly a masterpiece on strategy.
Careers Change as Organizations Learn
Authors: Robinson David F , Miner Anne S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many formalized organizations have moved toward more fluid departmental boundaries and individual jobs (Weick and Berlinger, 1989; Nonaka, 1990). Scholars have drawn attention to the recent increase in joint ventures, outsourcing, research consortia, and other complex organizational forms in the United States (Contractor and Lorange, 1988; Aldrich and Sasaki, 1994), and to the extended presence of contingent workers (Pfeffer and Baron, 1988; Barnett and Miner, 1992). Taken together, these trends imply a blurring of the traditional boundaries, both within and among organizations-taken for granted in much of the prior career research.
Psychological Success and the Boundary less Career
Authors: Mirvis Philip H , Hall Douglas T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Definitions of work, non work activities, and careers are changing in America, Japan, and parts of Europe. A decade-and-a-half of corporate downsizing and broad-based deindustrialization has seen employers reduce staffs, shut down facilities, and make more use of consultants and the contingent workforce. As a result, notions of cradle-to-grave job security have been shattered, along with the psychological contract binding people to companies (DeMeuse and Tornow, 1990; Rousseau and Wade Benzoni, 1995). Leisure time is decreasing in the United States (Schor, 1991), and recent surveys find over half of the nation’s workers pining for more time with family and friends (Galinsky and Friedman, 1993). It seems working people are struggling to manage the boundaries between work and other parts of their lives, while trying to preserve some semblance of a career in the face of an uncertain future.
Sound Waves
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We live at the bottom of an ocean-an ocean of air molecules. Free to move independently, each molecule is in constant motion, colliding incessantly with its neighbors. Because the bouncing air molecules move randomly in every possible direction, they collide with any objects that happen to be around. It is the collective effect of all of these tiny molecular collisions on an object that produces “air pressure,” as each collision produces a force (just as the collision of billiard balls does so). At sea level this air pressure is equivalent to that of a column of mercury 30 inches high.
External Ear
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic role of the external ear is to collect impinging sound waves and channel them toward the inner ear’s sensory cells. If that were the whole story, why do we have two ears when one would suffice? An obvious answer is that two ears provide us with the means for capturing two samples of incoming sounds, allowing comparison between them. In fact, the differences between the sound waves arriving at the two ears do provide verte­ brates with a great deal of information about the location of sound sources. This information is so complete and so accurate that the best auditory localizers, barn owls and some species of bats, can home in on prey with accuracies on the order of 1°. In this chapter we consider not only the mechanisms by which the external ear captures sound, but the resulting cues to the locations of sound sources that result.
Sound-Induced Vibrations In The Inner Ear
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to present knowledge, the sound-sensing cells in vertebrate inner ears respond only indirectly to sound. They are stimulated by sound-induced mechanical vibrations of their surrounding structures, rather than by the sound pressures that exist within the inner ears per se. That being so, our next step must be to consider the processes whereby fluid-borne sound waves within the inner ear produce such structural vibrations. In the mammalian ear this transformation is complicated. Three of the next five chapters are devoted to examining its mechanisms, one step at a time. We start by considering the sound-induced mechanical motions of the membrane-like structures that support the sensory cells.