bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical controls on septic leachate movement in the vadose zone at the hillslope scale, Putnam County, New York, USA
Authors: Sherlock Mark D. , McDonnell Jeffrey J. , Curry Debra S. , Zumbuhl Albert T. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe fate and transport of contaminants in the vicinity of septic fields remains poorly understood in many hydrogeomorphological environments. We report hydrometric data from an intensive hillslope‐scale experiment conducted between 29 August and 11 November 1998 at a residential leach field in New York State. The objective of our study was to characterize water flux within the vadose zone, understand the physical controls on the flux, and predict how this ultimately will affect subsurface water quality. Soil‐water flux was calculated using matric potential measurements from a network of 25 tensiometer nests, each nest consisting of three tensiometers installed to depths of 10, 50 and 130 cm. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curves were derived at each depth from field‐determined time‐domain reflectometry–tensiometry moisture‐release curves and borehole permeametry measurements. Flownets indicated that a strong upward flux of soil water occurred between rainstorms. Following the onset of (typically convective) rainfall, low near‐surface matric potentials were rapidly converted to near‐saturated and saturated conditions, promoting steep vertical gradients through the near‐surface horizons of the hillslope. Lateral hydraulic gradients were typically 10 times smaller than the vertical gradients. Resultant flow vectors showed that the flux was predominantly vertical through the vadose zone, and that the flux response to precipitation was short‐lived. The flux response was controlled primarily by the shape of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curves, which indicated a rapid loss of conductivity below saturation. Thus, soil water had a very high residence time in the vadose zone. The absence of rapid wetting at 130 cm and the delayed and small phreatic zone response to rainfall indicated that water movement through macropores did not occur on this hillslope. These results are consistent with a Cl tracing experiment, which demonstrated that the tracer was retained in the vadose zone for several months after injection to the system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The maximum depth of a river as a stochastic process
Authors: Moisello Ugo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe maximum depth of a river section is schematized as a non‐stationary continuous‐parameter continuous stochastic process, with a three‐parameter lognormal distribution. Two processes, represented by a first‐order and a second‐order differential equation, are considered. Non‐stationarity is accounted for by the mean, the other parameters being assumed constant. The continuous processes are then discretized as AR(1) and ARMA(2,1) processes respectively, and used for computing the conditional probability (which is of practical interest) for a given maximum depth not to be exceeded in a period of given length. The models are applied to the River Po (Italy) and the AR(1) model is found to be preferable. An analysis of the effect of discretizing the parameter is also carried out, considering the second‐order model and the conditional probability, for which analytical results for the continuous‐parameter model are available. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parent, child, and contextual predictors of childhood physical punishment
Authors: Woodward Lianne J. , Fergusson David M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractData gathered over the course of an 18‐year longitudinal study of 1025 New Zealand children were used to: (a) develop a profile of the maternal, child, and contextual factors associated with differing levels of exposure to maternal physical punishment, and (b) identify the key predictors of maternal physical punishment as reported by young people at age 18. Results revealed the presence of clear linear associations between the extent of young people's reported exposure to physical punishment and a wide range of maternal, child, and contextual factors. The key predictors of physical punishment suggested that the psychosocial profile of those mothers at greatest risk of physically punishing or mistreating their child was that of a young woman with a personal history of strict parenting who entered motherhood at an early age, and who was attempting to parent a behaviourally difficult child within a dysfunctional family environment characterized by elevated rates of inter‐parental violence and childhood sexual abuse. These findings were consistent with a cumulative risk factor model in which increasing risk factor exposure is associated with increasing levels of child physical punishment/maltreatment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The melody of surprise: maternal surprise vocalizations during play with her infant
Authors: Reissland Nadja , Shepherd John , Cowie Lily 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTwo groups of mothers and their infants (24 infants, mean age=3.5 months and 24 infants, mean age=5.5 months) were video‐ and audio‐taped in their homes while playing with a Jack‐in‐the‐box. The mean fundamental frequency of spontaneous surprise exclamations of mothers when opening the toy were analysed, and infant and maternal facial expressions of surprise were coded in three regions of the face. A t‐test established that significantly more of the older children in comparison with younger children showed surprise (t=−2.96, df=46, p<0.005, 2‐tailed). Twenty‐nine per cent of the younger infants, in comparison with 67% of the older children showed facial expressions of surprise. A t‐test of maternal pitch height (Hz) indicated that mothers exclaimed in surprise with a higher pitch when the child did not show a surprise facial expression (mean=415.61 Hz) in comparison with the child showing surprise (mean=358.97 Hz; t=2.9, df=46, p=0.006, 2‐tailed). A multiple regression established that infant's expression was a stronger predictor of maternal vocal pitch than was the age of the infant. These results are discussed in terms of maternal use of emotional expressions as ‘social signals’. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role for β3 integrins in human melanoma growth and survival
Authors: Trikha Mohit , Timar Jozsef , Zacharek Alex , Nemeth Jeffrey A. , Cai Yinlong , Dome Balazs , Somlai Beata , Raso Elisabeth , Ladanyi Andrea , Honn Kenneth V. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe role of αIIbβ3 integrin in regulating platelet function is well appreciated, whereas its role in tumor progression and metastasis is not. The purpose of our study was to determine a functional relevance to expression of αIIbβ3 integrin in cells derived from human solid tumors. A study of human melanoma biopsies (n = 24) showed that αIIbβ3 expression increased with tumor thickness, which is indicative of metastatic propensity. Expression of αIIbβ3 was 8% (±1.8), 33% (±10.4) and 62% (±5) in melanomas ranging in thickness from 0–1.5 mm, 1.5–4.0 mm and >4 mm, respectively; αvβ3 was equally high all categories. To determine biological function, we stably transfected αIIbβ3 into human melanoma cells that express αvβ3, but not αIIbβ3. Surface expression of αvβ3 remained unaltered between αIIbβ3 (+) and mock transfected counterparts. The αIIbβ3 (+) cells possessed increased ability to adhere, spread and migrate on fibrinogen. They had decreased ability to attach, spread and migrate on vitronectin. Immunocytochemistry showed that expression of αIIbβ3 displaced αvβ3 from focal contact points. When implanted subcutaneously into SCID mice, the αIIbβ3 (+) cells developed ∼4‐fold larger tumors when compared to their mock counterparts and the level of apoptosis was reduced within the tumors. Results suggest that co‐expression of the 2 β3 integrins, αvβ3 and αIIbβ3, in human melanoma cells enhanced cell survival and promoted growth in vivo. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Escape of p53 protein from E6‐mediated degradation in HeLa cells after cisplatin therapy
Authors: Węsierska‐Gądek Józefa , Schloffer Daniela , Kotala Vladimir , Horky Marcel 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe previously reported that therapy of human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells with CP induced segregation of nucleoli and changes of nuclei characteristic of apoptosis. We raised the question of whether p53 can be reactivated by chemotherapy in HeLa cells despite the presence of HPV‐encoded E6 activity. Cellular levels of p53 protein increased after CP treatment, reaching a maximum after 6 hr. p53 protein accumulated preferentially in the nucleoli, with a peak after 15 hr. CP‐induced nucleolar targeting of p53 appears to be selective because p73, another member of the p53 gene family, accumulated primarily in nuclei in response to CP. Monitoring of the intranuclear distribution of Hdm‐2, a negative regulator of p53, revealed this protein in the nucleoli of untreated controls translocated into chromatin during CP therapy. Interestingly, p14ARF showed an inverse intranuclear redistribution. Proteasome inhibitors were not able to mimic the effect of CP on p53 levels. Since the reduced stability of wild‐type p53 protein in HeLa cells is a consequence of its enhanced ubiquitination by virally encoded E6 protein, resulting in its accelerated degradation, we checked the cellular level of E6 during CP therapy. Six hours after application of CP, E6 protein expression was markedly reduced. This coincided with the increase of cellular p53 and preceded the nucleolar accumulation of p53 protein, indicating that repression of virally coded E6 protein by CP contributes to the restoration of p53 expression. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Target validation for genomics using peptide‐specific phage antibodies: A study of five gene products overexpressed in colorectal cancer
Authors: van Beijnum Judy R. , Moerkerk Peter T.M. , Gerbers Andrea J. , de Bruïne Adriaan P. , Arends Jan‐Willem , Hoogenboom Hennie R. , Hufton Simon E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractGenomic approaches are providing a wealth of information on differential gene expression in cancer. To identify the most interesting genes amongst the many identified, high‐throughput methods for analysis of genes at the translational level are required. We have used a rapid method for the in vitro selection of antibodies to peptide antigens for the generation of probes to 5 gene products that we have found to be overexpressed in colorectal cancer. The rationale of our study was to select a non‐immune phage displayed human antibody library on peptides designed from the coding regions of the gene sequences and to verify whether such antibodies would be suitable probes for the parental protein in immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis. After the generation of a profile of genes overexpressed in primary colorectal cancer (CRC) we selected 5 genes, Ese‐3b, Fls353, PBEF, SPARC and Smad5 for a more detailed analysis using phage display‐derived antibodies. For these 5 antigens we designed 14–20 amino acid peptides predicted to be exposed on the surface of the parental protein. Selection of a large phage displayed antibody library resulted in specific antibodies for 6 of 8 different peptides with between 2 and 15 different antibodies isolated per peptide. Of 20 antibodies tested, 2 antibodies recognized the putative parental protein from primary CRC tissue. An antibody specific for a PBEF‐derived peptide (Fab/PBEF‐D4) was shown to recognize a protein product of the expected molecular weight in Western blotting and showed overexpression in n = 6/8 matched tumor/normal protein lysates. Furthermore, in immunohistochemistry this antibody showed restricted staining of the tumor stromal compartment with no detectable staining of epithelial cells. The discovery that PBEF is overexpressed in cancer is unexpected given that the normal function of PBEF is as a cytokine required for the maturation of B cell precursors. We also report on the isolation of an antibody (Fab/SMAD‐50) specific for a Smad5‐derived peptide that showed cytoplasmic staining of epithelial cells in both CRC tumor and matched normal mucosa. Fab/SMAD‐50 also bound to a group of proteins in Western blotting with molecular weights consistent with belonging to the Smad family. These antibodies may be suitable probes for further investigation of the roles of PBEF and Smad5 in cancer. The amenability of phage display to automation suggests that this approach may be developed for implementation on a genomics scale. Indeed, the large‐scale generation of antibody probes that can be used to study protein expression in situ would be of great value in target validation for functional genomics. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autoantibodies to tubulin are specifically associated with the young age onset of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Jalbout Majida , Bel Hadj Jrad Besma , Bouaouina Noureddine , Gargouri Jalel , Yacoub Salwa , Zakhama Abdelfatteh , Khlifa Ridha , Chouchane Lotfi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBy far the highest incidence of the Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐associated nasopharyngeal carcinomas in young subjects was found in North Africa, a region of intermediate risk for adults. We used the immunofluorescence analysis and ELISA to characterize the presence of IgG autoantibodies to the cytoskeleton and nuclear proteins in sera of 82 Tunisian patients with primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma and those of 82 healthy subjects. To assess the specificity of the sera autoreactivity, inhibition tests were carried out using free autoantigens. Analysis of sera autoreactivity in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and in control subjects showed that 23% of the patients had serum reactivity against more than 1 autoantigen tested compared to 1.2% in the control group (p = 10−4). The most frequent auto reactivity in patient's sera was found with tubulin and nuclear proteins (19.5% and 22% respectively vs. 6.1% and 1.2% in controls). The IgG auto reactivity inhibition studies indicate that all autoantigens, except native DNA, showed low values of IC50 (concentration of antigen causing 50% inhibition of the antibody binding) reflecting the high affinity of these IgG autoantibodies. When patients and controls were stratified according to their age, IgG autoantibodies to tubulin were found specifically associated with the young age onset of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (age under 25 years). IgG auto reactivity comparison before and after cancer therapy showed that only anti‐tubulin reactivity was significantly affected by treatment. Our results demonstrate that the autoantibodies to the cytoskeleton and nuclear proteins are associated with the nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Tunisians. The anti‐tubulin IgG autoantibodies may represent a serologic marker for the nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children and adolescents Tunisians. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CDH1 c‐160a promotor polymorphism is not associated with risk of stomach cancer
Authors: Pharoah Paul D.P. , Oliveira Carla , Machado José Carlos , Keller Gisella , Vogelsang Holger , Laux Holger , Becker Karl‐Friedrich , Hahn Heidi , Paproski Suzanne M. , Brown Lindsay A. , Caldas Carlos , Huntsman David 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe have combined data from case control studies designed to test the hypothesis that the c‐160a promotor polymorphism in the gene coding for the cell adhesion molecule E‐cadherin (CDH1) is associated with stomach cancer. A total of 899 individuals (433 patients and 466 controls) were analyzed. The genotype frequencies did not differ significantly between cases and controls, and the genotype‐specific risks were not significantly different from unity, with an odds ratio for heterozygotes compared with the common homozygote of 1.3 (95% CI 0.98–1.8) and 1.2 (0.68–2.0) for rare homozygotes compared with common homozygotes. We found no evidence for differences in risk for the intestinal‐ and diffuse‐type histopathologic subgroups. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined karyotyping, CGH and M‐FISH analysis allows detailed characterization of unidentified chromosomal rearrangements in Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Van Gele Mireille , Leonard J. Helen , Van Roy Nadine , Van Limbergen Heidi , Van Belle Simon , Cocquyt Veronique , Salwen Helen , De Paepe Anne , Speleman Frank 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMerkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare aggressive neuroendocrine tumor of the skin. Cytogenetic studies have indicated that deletions and unbalanced translocations involving chromosome 1 short arm material occur in 40% of the investigated cases. Recurrent chromosomal imbalances detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis were loss of 3p, 10q, 13q and 17p and gains of 1q, 3q, 5p and 8q. In order to study genomic aberrations occurring in MCC in further detail, we combined karyotyping, CGH and multiplex‐fluorescence in situ hybridization (M‐FISH), a strategy that proved to be successful in the analysis of other malignancies. Analysis of 6 MCC cell lines and 1 MCC tumor revealed mostly near‐diploid karyotypes with an average of 5 chromosomal rearrangements. The observed karyotypic changes were heterogeneous, with 3–27 breakpoints per case, leading to imbalance of the involved chromosomal regions that was confirmed by CGH. Chromosomal rearrangements involving the short arm of chromosome 1, the long arm of chromosome 3 and gain of 5p material were the most frequently observed abnormalities in our study. In keeping with previous observations, this series of MCCs showed no evidence for high‐level amplification. We provid a detailed description of chromosomal translocations occurring in MCC that could be useful to direct future intensive investigation of these chromosomal regions. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A geographic analysis of prostate cancer mortality in the United States, 1970–89
Authors: Jemal Ahmedin , Kulldorff Martin , Devesa Susan S. , Hayes Richard B. , Fraumeni Joseph F. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe recently published atlas of cancer mortality in the United States revealed that prostate cancer mortality rates were elevated among white men in the Northwest, the Rocky Mountain states, the north‐central area, New England and the South Atlantic area, and among black men in the South Atlantic area. Here we determine whether the elevated regional rates were statistically different from rates in the rest of the country and whether the pattern can be explained by selected regional characteristics. A spatial scan statistic was applied to county‐based mortality data from 1970 through 1989 to identify geographic clusters of the elevated rates for prostate cancer. Five clusters of elevated mortality were detected in white men (p < 0.005) and 3 in black men (p = 0.0001–0.056). For white men, the primary cluster was in the northwestern quadrant, followed by clusters in New England, the eastern part of the north‐central area, the mid‐Atlantic states and the South Atlantic area, whereas for black men the primary cluster was in the South Atlantic area, followed by clusters in Alabama and the eastern part of the north‐central area. Further analyses of these clusters revealed several significant subclusters (p < 0.05). None of the selected demographic and socioeconomic factors, separately or collectively, accounted for the primary clusters in the U.S. white and black populations. The patterns observed could not be attributed to selected demographic or socioeconomic characteristics but should provide leads for further study into the risk factors and the medical or reporting practices that may contribute to geographic variation in mortality from prostate cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase contributes to tumor cell evasion of T cell‐mediated rejection
Authors: Friberg Maria , Jennings Ronald , Alsarraj Marwan , Dessureault Sophie , Cantor Alan , Extermann Martine , Mellor Andrew L. , Munn David H. , Antonia Scott J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe priming of an appropriate anti‐tumor T cell response rarely results in the rejection of established tumors. The characteristics of tumors that allow them to evade a T cell‐mediated rejection are unknown for many tumors. We report on evidence that the expression of the immunosuppressive enzyme, indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) by mononuclear cells that invade tumors and tumor‐draining lymph nodes, is 1 mechanism that may account for this observation. Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells stimulated a more robust allogeneic T cell response in vitro in the presence of a competitive inhibitor of IDO, 1‐methyl tryptophan. When administered in vivo this inhibitor also resulted in delayed LLC tumor growth in syngeneic mice. Our study provides evidence for a novel mechanism whereby tumors evade rejection by the immune system, and suggests the possibility that inhibiting IDO may be developed as an anti‐cancer immunotherapeutic strategy. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new vascular prosthesis coated with polyamino‐acid urethane copolymer (PAU) to enhance endothelialization
Authors: Wang Chunren , Zhang Qing , Uchida Shinji , Kodama Makoto 
Published: September 2002

AbstractClinically available synthetic ePTFE vascular grafts frequently fail when used for small‐diameter arterial substitution. The lower long‐term patency of ePTFE grafts is due mainly to thrombogenicity and poor healing. We developed a new small‐diameter (1.5‐mm) ePTFE vascular prosthesis coated with polyamino‐acid urethane copolymer (PAU) to enhance endothelialization. Coating with PAU made the hydrophobic ePTFE vascular graft hydrophilic. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation showed that PAU was homogeneously coated on the ePTFE graft while maintaining the graft's porous structure. Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR) spectra showed PAU was present on graft inner surfaces. Noncoated and PAU‐coated ePTFE vascular grafts were implanted into the rat abdominal aorta and evaluated within 1 week and at 8 weeks after implantation. We evaluated the extent of neoendothelialization by SEM, light microscopy, and immunohistochemical staining. Noncoated grafts showed partial endothelialization at proximal and distal areas of grafts but none at midsection. One‐percent PAU‐coated grafts showed incomplete neoendothelialization, but endothelial cells were observed in the midsection of grafts. Three‐percent PAU‐coated ePTFE grafts showed complete endothelialization with typical endothelial cell layers under SEM and histologic observation. Immunohistochemical staining also showed that an endothelial cell lining positively reacted with anti‐von Willebrand factor (endothelial cell marker) antibody. We conclude that PAU‐coated ePTFE vascular grafts enhance endothelialization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 62: 315–322, 2002