bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Criticism at the Present Time: Two Notes
Authors: Ricks Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A quarter of an hour, on matters of such moment and such complexity, is not long enough to substantiate an argument but it should permit of relating some convictions. The most that such a relating can hope for is that it manifest a readiness for argument unpursued. But the polemics of travesty may be avoided by proposing not the but an answer to the question ‘What is at stake in the battle of the books?’ My wish is to identify a prime consideration insufficiently admitted.
Julea palmer (fl. 1671-3)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Julea Palmer is The oTherwise obscure author of an extensive collection of devotional poems now in The William andrews Clark Memorial Library. The first of Them is preceded with ‘Julea Pallmer September 28/1671’. There are two hundred poems, numbered and grouped into two centuries. The dates included in many poems’ titles indicate that They were composed or compiled consecutively between 1671 and 1673.
Jane Barker (1652-1732)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jane Barker was a Jacobite gentlewoman. She was baptized on 17 May 1652 in BlaTherwycke, Northamptonshire. Her faTher, Thomas Barker, bore a coat of arms. He attended The court of Charles I, possibly as a servant to The Lord Chancellor, Keeper of The Great Seal.
Mary adams (fl. 1676)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mary Adams was a working-class prophetess, who published a two-page pamphlet in 1676, which attracted enough interest to be reprinted in 1678. She may have been connected with a Baptist minister called Richard Adams, from Leicester, who was at Shad Thames, in Bermondsey, South London, in 1689, but The impersonal nature of her text does not allow us to place her in any way.
Síleas Na Ceaphaich (Sileas Macdonald) (c. 1660-C.1729)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Síleas Nighean Mhic Raghnaill, or na Ceapaich f of Keppoch’), was born f.1660, allegedly at Bohuntin, two miles or so up Glen Roy from Keppoch in Inverness-shire. Her faTher, Mac Mhic Raghnaill, was The fifteenth chief of The MacDonalds of Keppoch, and himself a poet. Her descent was thus a markedly aristocratic one, with a family tradition of verse.
Anne Killigrew (1660-1685)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Anne Killigrew was born shortly before The Restoration, The daughter of Dr Henry (1613-1700) and Judith Killigrew. The connection between The poet Anne Killigrew and The Elizabethan scholar-poet Katherine Killigrew is a very remote one: she is The great-granddaughter of Sir Henry Killigrew’s broTher William. More immediately, her faTher and two of his broThers, Thomas and William, were dramatists, as was her cousin Thomas, and she was thus The child of a notably literary family.
Elizabeth Bradford (née Sowle) (1663.M731)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mrs Bradford was a Quaker who became one of The first women poets of America. She was born in London, where her faTher, andrew Sowle, her moTher, Jane, and her sister, Tace, were all printers. She married her faTher’s apprentice William Bradford in 1685 and The couple emigrated to America, where They lived at first in Philadelphia, Then moved to New York.
Anonymous Sampler Verse (Late 17th Cent.)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Verse on a sampler, Victoria & Albert Museum, embroidery study collection, no. 480-1894: late seventeenth-century, in coloured silk on linen, using crossstitch, two-sided Italian cross-stitch, satin stitch, double running stitch, herringbone, Algerian eye, and decorated buttonhole stitches.
Anne Fychan (fl. 1688)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This poem is particularly interesting since it demonstrates a Welsh woman’s engagement with events of national significance. In The manuscript, it follows a series of twelve englynion on The Seven Bishops by Edward Morris, The drover poet of Perthi Llwydion. Both Morris and Fychan are reacting to The imprisonment of seven bishops in The Tower of London, charged with treason, after They refused to comply with James H’s demand that a second Declaration of Indulgence be read aloud in every parish church. One of The seven was Welsh, William Lloyd, Bishop of St Asaph in North Wales. The reaction of Morris and Fychan is characteristic of Welsh responses to this event.
Sarah Field (née Fyge, Later Egerton) (1670-1723)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Born in London, Sarah Fyge Egerton (as she styled herself after her second marriage) was one of The six daughters of Thomas Fyge, a physician and city councillor from an old Buckinghamshire family, and Mary, nee Beacham, of Seaton, Rudand. In about 1690 Sarah married Edward Field, an attorney (unwillingly, by her own account). She seems to imply that her publication of The Female Advocate (1686, 1687), one of several responses to Robert Gould’s anti-feminist satire, Love Given O’re (1682), led her faTher to hustle her into matrimony.
Amey Hayward (fl-1699)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘Mrs Amey Hayward, of Limmingtoon’ is known only from her book of verses, a collection of religious meditations. There is no indication in Them of why she took to print, or which of England’s Limingtons or Leamingtons was her home. Her work is addressed to oTher women, warning Them to behave in a godly and upright manner, and devote Their thoughts to religious meditation.
Jane among the Godwins( 1798-1814)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jane Clairmont, known to history as Claire Clairmont, makes her first appearance at the age of 3, apparently from nowhere. She believed that she was born on 27 April 1798. This, at any rate, is the birthday and age she set down several times in her voluminous journals. There is, however, no record of any church or Nonconformist baptism; and as to her place of birth, there is no evidence. She seems to have thought she had some connection with Switzerland, wrote to Byron of ‘Switzerland: the land of my ancestors’, though what she meant is not clear; equally vaguely, she thought she might have ‘Relations at Geneva’.Jane’s childhood was, in general, happy.
No Permanent Township(1819—1820)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Shelley party returned to Rome on 5 March 1819 and instantly felt a lift in their spirits. Claire, taking up her journal again, recorded the delightful weather and sights. ‘Walk in the public gardens-Go to the Fontana di Trevis and to the Pantheon now called La Rotunda–Walk with Shelley to the Capitol, to the Forum & the Coliseum–A beautiful & mild Spring Evening.’ Later that evening she revisited the Pantheon, and saw it by moonlight in the mild, milky weather.
To the North (1822—1823)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The deaths of Allegra and Shelley left Claire a lone remnant of the Romantic Age. Her letters and journals, volatile textures of light and shade, record her battles as revolutionary in a world of reaction, servant in households of strangers, an Englishwoman abroad, a foreigner in England. She survived by a vivid response to life, learning in spite of early grief to be ‘happy without happiness’. In the respectable middle-class world of the mid-century, she survived as a figure from a freer past, with lingering hopes of Shelley’s vision: The world’s great age begins anew, The golden years return. The deaths of Shelley and Williams left Mary and Jane as alone as Claire.
Hard Winters in Moscow ( 1825—1827)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Three days after Dunia’s funeral, Marie Ivanovna began to recover from her paroxysms of grief and the household prepared to move back to Moscow. ‘Pack up,’ wrote Claire on 28 September. ‘Walk all round the gardens. All is solitude, silence and ruin.’ Next day, when they reached Moscow, Johnny was ill with a fever. Misery, confusion, and ‘nights of breathless anxiety’ followed until he began to recover. Claire sat with him at night, reading his favourite Maria Edgeworth stories aloud. After ten days, Claire tells us that ‘even now that Johnny is nearly recovered the whole house is topsy-turvy. I sleep upon chairs every night there being no bed to be had … The days pass so miserably away they leave nothing but a blank trace of misery behind them.’
Reunion in London( 1828—1829)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous year, on a morning call, Claire had met the wife of General Kaisaroff, who had one child—an ailing, fretful, and nervous daughter, Natalie, the source of continuous anxiety to her parents. Claire was not then free to teach Natalie, but continued to visit her mother as a guest. After dinner at the Kaisaroffs on 6 January 1827, she enjoyed a lively argument, defending liberty against a man who thought it ‘a chimera’. No sooner had she left than the men around the table engaged in frank sexual speculation about her. Mme Kaisaroff saw how exposed a young foreign woman was, alone in Russian society. Next morning she invited Claire to breakfast and apologized for the scene. Claire responded with irony, ‘Amiable delightful creatures! I must really take great care of my poor heart.’
Governess in Tuscany( 1832—1836)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Mason family had left Casa Silva, where Claire had known them since 1819, and moved to the Via della Faggiola, Pisa. Time had brought changes. The two little girls, Laura and Nerina, whom Claire had taken to dancing class and for walks in the Cascine, were now attractive creatures of marriageable age, and a set of young men called every evening, filling the drawing room with noisy conversation. The Masons, infatuated ltalophiles both, could find no fault with their visitors’ racket. Mr Mason, whom his wife’s friends had called condescendingly ‘Tatty’ because of his interest in potatoes, had completed and published his researches on the new strain of potato best suited to Tuscan soil, a solid and useful proposal for cheap food. He now appeared older, slightly bent, and fatigued. Mrs Mason in contrast was apparently untouched by the ten years, and seeing the fine figure in the odd, untidy clothes, Claire recognized the best friend, apart from Shelley, she had ever known; as she wrote to Mary, ‘with her I am as her child’.
Conflict at Field Place( 1847—1850)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whatever Claire’s financial misjudgements, she was safe in London, where she took up her new life during 1847, before the year of revolutions on the Continent. The riots, which began in Sicily during January 1848, spread to the streets of Paris during February. In March the poet Lamartine issued a revolutionary declaration to the nations of Europe which threw Mary Shelley into trembling alarm. France, she wrote to Claire, was spreading ‘wicked and desolating principles among the nations’. The Days of June in Paris, 23-25June 1848, brought the bloodiest fighting its streets had ever seen, as the army fought its way from the west through barricades to the headquarters of the revolutionary forces in the Place de la Bastille. Had Claire remained in Clichy, she might have been trapped between the two. Revolution kindled in Central Europe. The emperor of Austria abdicated, Metternich’s government fell and with it his repressive system. Charles was at risk, since he went three times a week to the Schonbrunn Palace to give English lessons to the two younger brothers of the emperor.
The Shelleys and the Clairmonts ( 1850—1868)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mary continued to suffer from weakness and lassitude, while Jane Shelley complained of an obstinate infection in chest and throat. In the new year of 1850 Percy patiently escorted his ladies to the French Riviera, where the company of two invalids was hardly cheerful.
New Generations (1868-1872)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Florence, in the forty-eight years since Claire had boarded with the Bojti family opposite the Court of Grand Duke Ferdinand III, had played its part in the creation of Italy. Leopold II succeeded as ruler and was driven out in 1848 by Liberal revolutionaries, only to be restored a year later by an armed Austrian escort. In 1859, when the kingdom of Savoy led a campaign to break the Austrian occupation of north Italy, Tuscans again rose against their prince and voted to joir Savoy's constitutional kingdom, with civil and religious freedom on the model of Britain. Florence served as capital of Italy from 1865 to the liberation of Rome in 1870. The enthusiasm of British Liberals for unified Italy was overwhelming.
‘Suicide’ and Other Words in Religio Medici and its Imitations
Authors: Havenstein Daniela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fortunately, Thomas Blount’s acknowledgement of Browne is not limited to this reference in his ‘To the Reader’. Among the seventeenth-century ‘dictionaries’2 his Glossographia is unique in that it often provides its readers with Blount’s source (the name of an author, the title of a work, or both) after the entry of a particular word.
Taming Johnson
Authors: Redford Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our enquiry into the design of the Life of Johnson enters its final phase as we attend to a portrait and a letter—the portrait by Reynolds that serves as a frontispiece and the ‘celebrated letter’ to Lord Chesterfield. In ‘Representing Johnson’ we took note of the fact that, as he neared the end of the biography, Boswell commissioned James Heath to engrave the portrait and then asked Reynolds to criticize Heath’s efforts. According to Boswell, Reynolds ‘suggested that the countenance was too young and not thoughtful enough. Mr. Heath therefore altered it … much to its advantage.’1 Reynolds then finished the portrait so as to conform it to the engraving, and gave the portrait to Boswell, who in turn altered his original description in the manuscript of the Life. The passage in question glosses Johnson’s first appearance to Boswell in Tom Davies’s back parlour.
City and University
Authors: Prest John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Oxford is a county town and a borough. It grew up at the southern tip of a promontory lying between the River Thames and the River Cherwell, at a place where it was easy for men to drive cattle through the water. It was, and to this day still is, almost encircled by meadows which are liable to flood. Archaeological excavation suggests that continuous settlement began in the eighth century, and the first written reference occurs early in the tenth, when the Saxons erected a fortified burg with earthen ramparts. From Carfax one can see how the streets were (by English standards) laid out according to a remarkably rectilinear pattern. By 1066 there were more than a thousand houses, and Oxford was the sixth largest town in the kingdom after London, York, Norwich, Lincoln, and Winchester.
The Architecture of the University and the Colleges
Authors: Tyack Geoffrey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most tangible of Oxford University’s contributions to civilization is Oxford itself. Over a period of seven hundred years this moderately sized provincial town has acquired, through innumerable acts of individual and corporate munificence, a collection of magnificent buildings whose visual effect is hard to match in any place of comparable size in Europe. Yet, viewed in a European or even in an English context, the architecture of Oxford is highly idiosyncratic.
The University’s Contribution to Classical Studies
Authors: Jocelyn H D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No secular libraries or schools survived the departure of the Roman army from Britain in AD 409. Latin went out of use very quickly as a language of ordinary discourse. It is doubtful whether Greek had ever been much studied on the island. The architectural and artistic monuments of classical civilization disappeared or became unrecognizable. The Christian clergy eventually established a new educational system, but one designed to suit their own needs. Continuing loyalty to the Bishop of Rome ensured the preservation of a species of Latin in the English Church’s ritual and in its Government. This was a sclerotic medium of communication, only occasionally loosened up by study of the pagan literary classics. It tended more to conceal than to make plain the user’s meaning.
Oxford’s Contribution to Modern Studies in the Arts
Authors: Bell Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Modernity of study has never been foreign to Oxford: even in the Middle Ages the University’s logicians were prominent exponents of philosophical systems which were modern at the time. But for the purposes of this chapter ‘modern studies’ is used to embrace those schools of secular, non-classical, non-scientific study that were established following the university reforms of the mid-nineteenth century. The Royal Commissioners of 1850 had noted severely that ‘the fact that so few books of profound research emanate from the University of Oxford materially impairs its character as a seat of learning’. This was to change dramatically during the second half of the century, with the professoriate leading in research. The contribution of the teaching staff of the colleges followed later. The balance of higher study and undergraduate teaching varied from faculty to faculty, but scholarly standards were gradually raised in parallel with tutorial needs.
Disease and society
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Plague, the epidemic disease whose ravages in the past are the subject of this book, was both a personal affliction and a social calamity. Decimating communities, destroying families, bringing grief and pain to individuals, it deserves study in its own right as a fundamental part of man’s experience in history. If we are to attempt a rounded understanding of our predecessors, their sufferings and misfortunes ought to command as much attention as their joys and achievements. Yet the history of plague is more than a sad tale of the diverse ways in which men were the playthings of fortune or providence, at the mercy of a harsh environment. For they had to react to their environment. They struggled to explain epidemic disease and to control it, and the ways in which they did so have much to tell us about the society in which they lived: its intellectual assumptions, its coherence and solidity, its political and administrative flexibility, and its capacity for change. The impact of plague is to be found in the social response to it no less than in the problems which it brought. This book has been designed to explore these two themes in sixteenth- and seventeenth century England.
The chronology of epidemics 1485-1665
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although the population of the country was at last increasing after the long stagnation of the later Middle Ages, the demographic landscape of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England was in many respects bleak. In the background there were still high death rates and unremitting sickness; and in the foreground, dominating and obscuring all else, were the frequent crisis years in which epidemic disease swept through large proportions of the population and mortality rates rose rapidly, often doubling or trebling. There are few historical records to tell us about the incidence of sickness and pain themselves in these years; the immediate effects of disease remain essentially immeasurable. We shall never know how many people in all felt the direct and personal impact of plague and other infections. But parish registers and other sources allow us to count the number of those - generally a minority - for whom disease had fatal consequences. It is the expectation of death which will largely concern us in the following pages.
Public authority and a policy for control
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Social reactions to bubonic plague in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries produced a variety of defence mechanisms promising safety, comfort and help against infectious disease. They were set in motion at four different levels. Most prominent was the administrative code of plague regulations developed by the central government, which was designed to prevent contagion and deal with its consequences. Secondly, there was the response of intellectuals, of doctors and divines, who discussed the causes of plague and its meaning, and thus brought new policies for public health into harmony with traditional modes of thought. Thirdly, there was the activity of local governors, particularly in towns, who had to enforce centrally designed policies in the intractable realities of crisis circumstances. And finally there were the reactions of ordinary men and women, who bore the brunt of plague and who were the victims of the methods invented to control it. Each of these four aspects of the subject will be considered in this and succeeding chapters.
Police and people
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The reactions of the common people to plague are the most difficult of all to reconstruct. When their words were recorded, it was usually in the context of court proceedings arising from their crimes and misdemeanours. Observers who described their behaviour similarly concentrated on manifestations of riot and disturbance. Only rarely do we hear of popular humanity, patience, courage or charity. William Lilly, the astrologer, noted that the poor who came to consult him in the plague of 1665 ‘were so civil ... they would stand purposely at a distance’; and Thomas Vincent visited one boy in the same epidemic who ‘boldly enquired whether the tokens did yet appear, saying that he was ready for them’.But Richard Baxter’s blanket dismissal of the ignorant rabble was much more common. As so often, the weight of the historical evidence can easily give the impression that the lives of the poor were brutish as well as short. There was unquestionably a good deal of disorder, as we shall see. Popular disorder posed the greatest threat to the government’s policy for public health; and popular disorder helped to determine the nature of that policy. If we wish to understand the reasons for disturbance and resistance by the vulgar, however, we must first try to illustrate the wide range of actions and attitudes which was open to ordinary people in the face of plague.
The Vulture from the Sky
Authors: Lamphear John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The outside forces that were so decisively to alter the course of Turkana history in the twentieth century were preceded by forerunners who already had begun to appear in Eturkan by the closing decades of the previous century. By the 1870s enterprising ivory-hunters had methodically annihilated much of the elephant population of East Africa. Hunting and trading expeditions from the Swahili towns of the coast, spurred by soaring ivory prices, pushed into the remotest corners of the interior seeking out any remaining pockets. One such place where many elephants still survived was Eturkan, and it quickly became a Mecca for the Swahili and other long-distance traders as the nineteenth century drew to a close.