bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Method Evaluation: Articulations and Diagonals in an 8‐Pin Type 1B External Skeletal Fixator
Authors: Lauer Susanne K. , Aron Dennis N. , Evans Mark D. 
Published: April 2004

Objective—To determine the mechanical properties of articulations and diagonals in an 8‐pin type 1b external skeletal fixator (ESF).Study Design—Finite element method—computer simulation.Methods—The control type 1b ESF was supplemented with different articulations and diagonals. The parameters of frame angle, articulation diameter, and pin‐ or connector‐based fastening were altered. The configurations were loaded for axial compression, torsion, and craniocaudal and mediolateral bending as single loads and as a combination. Three‐dimensional linear and rotational gap strain and Von Mises stress maxima were determined.Results—For 90°, 60°, and 30° frame angles and 0.48‐cm‐diameter articulations and diagonals, the best configurations, based on lower gap strain combined with decreased or minimally increased stress maxima for the combined load, were single or double diagonals or four horizontal articulations. Combining double diagonals with double wide horizontal articulations further lowered gap strain. For a 90° frame angle and 0.32‐cm‐diameter articulations and diagonals, the superior configurations, showing the lowest gap strain combined with decreased or minimally increased stress maxima for the combined load, were double diagonals, four horizontal, or wide double horizontal articulations. The 0.48‐cm articulations and diagonals provided lower or similar gap strain than 0.32‐cm articulations and diagonals. The connector‐to‐connector version of these superior configurations provided slightly lower or similar gap strain and stress maxima than the pin‐to‐pin version. Only pin‐to‐pin–fastened double diagonals provided better stress maxima than the corresponding connector‐to‐connector version.Conclusions—Supplementing a type 1b ESF with double diagonals and wide double articulations results in the greatest increase in stability at the fracture gap for complex fractures or in the initial phase of bone healing.
Effects of Analgesia of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint or Palmar Digital Nerves on Lameness Caused by Solar Pain in Horses
Authors: Schumacher John , Steiger Ruedi , Schumacher Jim , de Graves Fred , Schramme Michael , Smith Roger , Coker Mike 
Published: April 2004

Objective— To determine if pain of the dorsal margin of the sole in horses can be attenuated by anesthesia of either the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint or the palmar digital (PD) nerves.Study Design— A unilateral forelimb lameness was induced by creating solar pain. Response to administration of local anesthetic or saline solution into the DIP joint and to administration of local anesthetic around the PD nerves was evaluated.Animals— Six horses.Methods— Lameness was induced by creating pressure on the dorsal margin of the sole by screwing set‐screws into a nut welded to the inside of each branch of a shoe. Gaits were evaluated before and after application of set‐screws and after a local anesthetic or saline solution was administered into the DIP joint and, in a second trial, after a local anesthetic was injected around the PD nerves. Gaits recorded on videotape were evaluated, and lameness scores were assigned to each gait.Results— Lameness scores were high after application of set‐screws and remained high after saline solution was administered into the DIP joint. Scores decreased significantly (P≤ .05) after a local anesthetic was administered into the DIP joint or around the PD nerves.Conclusions— Analgesia of the DIP joint or the PD nerves desensitizes at least a portion of the sole.Clinical Relevance— Pain arising from the sole should not be excluded as a cause of lameness when lameness is attenuated by analgesia of the DIP joint or PD nerves.
FUNCTIONAL OXIDE NANOBELTS: Materials, Properties and Potential Applications in Nanosystems and Biotechnology
Authors: Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: April 2004

▪ Abstract  Nanobelt is a quasi-one-dimensional structurally controlled nanomaterial that has well-defined chemical composition, crystallographic structure, and surfaces (e.g., growth direction, top/bottom surface, and side surfaces). This article reviews the nanobelt family of functional oxides, including ZnO, SnO2, In2O3, Ga2O3, CdO, and PbO2and the relevant hierarchical and complex nanorods and nanowires that have been synthesized by a solid-vapor process. The nanobelts are single crystalline and dislocation free, and their surfaces are atomically flat. The oxides are semiconductors that have been used for fabrication of nanosize functional devices of key importance for nanosystems and biotechnology, such as field-effect transistors, gas sensors, nanoresonators, and nanocantilevers.The structurally controlled ZnO nanobelts that exhibit piezoelectric properties are also reviewed. By controlling growth kinetics, we show the success of growing nanobelt-based novel structures whose surfaces are dominated by the polarized ±(0001) facets. Owing to the positive and negative ionic charges on the zinc- and oxygen-terminated ±(0001) surfaces, respectively, a spontaneous polarization is induced across the nanobelt thickness. As a result, helical nanostructures and nanorings are formed by rolling up single-crystal nanobelts; this phenomenon is a consequence of minimizing the total energy contributed by spontaneous polarization and elasticity. The polar surface–dominated ZnO nanobelts are likely to be an ideal system for understanding piezoelectricity and polarization-induced ferroelectricity at nano-scale and they could have applications as one-dimensional nano-scale sensors, transducers, and resonators.
Distribution and Abundance of Phyllosoma Larvae (Decapoda, Palinuridae) in the Southern Gulf of Mexico and the Western Caribbean Sea
Authors: Gasca Rebeca , Manzanilla-Dominguez Heyden 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFrom plankton samples collected during two oceanographic expeditions in the southern Gulf of Mexico (1991) and five in the Mexican Caribbean Sea, we studied the composition, abundance, and distribution of the phyllosoma larvae. A total of 118 phyllosomas belonging to five species of lobster were recorded. Panulirus argus was the most abundant and dominant, it represented 73.9% of the total number of phyllosomas collected, followed by Scyllarides aequinoctialis (18.0%). The phyllosomas were distributed mainly in the coastal areas, with decreasing densities oceanwards. Highest larval concentrations were recorded near the outer border of the Campeche Bank shelf in the southern Gulf of Mexico. In the Mexican Caribbean area, phyllosomas were most abundant around Banco Chinchorro, off Espiritu Santo Bay and Ascension Bay, and near Isla Mujeres; these are well-known spawning areas for the spiny lobster, P. argus and are indicated by the presence of the earliest larval stages. The oldest larvae were concentrated on the Campeche Bank; this was attributed to the effect of a local gyre that retains these larvae. The youngest phyllosomas tended to have an oceanic distribution thus allowing them to enter the oceanic system of mesoscale gyres of the Gulf. In the Mexican Caribbean the coastal shoreward currents seem to act as a retention system for lobster larvae. The distribution of the phyllosoma stages in the Caribbean area suggests a continuous presence of different stages year-round. Some of these larvae, in the northeastern sector, would likely be transported to the Campeche Bank.
Mate Choice in the Big-Clawed Snapping Shrimp, Alpheus Heterochaelis Say, 1818
Authors: Rahman Nasreen , Dunham David ,   Govind
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn socially monogamous animals mate choice can be expected when mates vary in quality, degree of parental investment, or ability to defend an important resource. Mate choice was expected in the big-clawed snapping shrimp, Alpheus heterochaelis Say, 1818, as female size is positively correlated with fecundity. In addition, males and females share a shelter, which they defend from intruders, and therefore, resource holding potential could be an important component in mate choice. We tested the effect of body size and shelter ownership on mate choice and on competition in both sexes. As shelter occupancy and defence may have an influence on pair formation and mate choice, we also tested competitive success in obtaining preferred shelters as a variable in mate choice. We did not find evidence that males preferred larger females, but showed that females preferred and competed for larger males. Females paired more frequently with smaller males that occupied a shelter than with smaller males without a shelter. Males were, however, more successful in evicting smaller same-sex conspecifics from preferred shelters than females were. This could indicate that competition for shelter favours males with larger claws, and hence, body size, as these are better able to defend a shelter from other conspecifics. A female may therefore choose larger males, because she is dependent on both a male and a shelter for successful reproduction.
Analysis of Land Skin Temperature Using AVHRR Observations
Authors: Jin Menglin 
Published: April 2004

Using satellite remote sensing techniques to take quantitative observations of the climate system will advance our knowledge and ability to model the climate system and its changes. Polar-orbiting satellite records of global land surface skin temperature (LST) observations have high coverage and quality. Although limited in accuracy, and to a few years in length, these measurements are extremely useful because they are improvements on existing data.This paper introduces a global, long-duration satellite diurnal cycle dataset of LST for 1981–98. LST measurements from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensors are generally only twice per day for most areas and suffer problems such as cloud contamination and orbital drift. These problems are corrected using the algorithms developed by Jin and Dickinson, Jin, and Jin and Treadon, and consequently provide a long-term, monthly, global 8-km land surface skin temperature diurnal cycle dataset (LSTD) for temporally consistent LST records.As a unique and independent resource, LSTD is valuable for studying the land surface climate and for evaluating model performance. For the first time, in this paper, the diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variations of LST are presented as a prototype use of this dataset. In addition, LSTD is compared with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis, in situ air temperature, the NOAA's Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) observations, and shows encouraging consistencies on major features. These consistencies suggest that LSTD will be very valuable for climate change study.
Evaluating the Use of a Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit: Is Ethnicity a Risk Factor for Admission?
Authors: Feinstein Anthony , Holloway Frank 
Published: April 2004

Objective: This paper presents a descriptive study, undertaken in 1993, of a Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) serving a deprived inner-city area, investigating the role of ethnicity as a risk factor for admission to the unit. Methods: Clinical and demographic data were collected on consecutive admission to a PICU. Global Assessment of Function Scale scores were rated on admission and at discharge from the unit. Results: The majority of patients were male (63%) and the commonest DSM-IV diagnoses were schizophrenia (42%) and bipolar affective disorder (24%). Average length of stay was 13 days with patients making significant improvement in functioning during their stay. Fifty-five percent of PICU admissions came from ethnic minorities (compared with 25.6% of total hospital admissions and 20.9% of the local catchment area population aged between 16 and 65 years). There was no evidence that ethnic minority patients were being inappropriately admitted to the PICU. Conclusions: It is likely that a variety of factors contributed to the high rate of PICU admission amongst ethnic minority patients, including an increased prevalence of major mental illness and more frequent cannabis abuse.
Effect of Culture and Environment on the Phenomenology of Delusions and Hallucinations
Authors: Suhail Kausar , Cochrane Raymond 
Published: April 2004

Background: The present study was conducted to compare the influence of culture and immediate environment on the phenomenology of schizophrenic symptoms by examining the actual content of delusions and hallucinations in three groups of schizophrenic patients. Method: Pakistanis living in Britain (BP; N = 53), Pakistanis in Pakistan (PP; N = 98) and British White (BW; N = 50). The content of the patients' delusions and hallucinations was obtained from medical records and key-workers' reports from All-Saints Hospital, Birmingham and two psychiatric units in Lahore. All references to delusions and hallucinations were coded in accordance with the classification scheme developed for the Present State Examination (Wing et al., 1974). Results: Comparisons indicated greater differences in phenomenology of delusions and hallucinations between the Pakistani pair (BP vs. PP) than between the British groups (BP vs. BW). The findings suggested a stronger influence of the immediate environment on the pathogenesis of delusions and hallucinations. Conclusions: The results are discussed with reference to the cultural and religious values of the ethnic groups.
Determinants of Attitude to Volunteering in Psychiatry: Results of a Public Opinion Survey in Switzerland
Authors: Lauber Christoph , Nordt Carlos , Falcato Luis , Rössler Wulf 
Published: April 2004

Background: The United Nations proclaimed 2001 the “international Year of Volunteers”. Little is known about factors influencing the attitude to volunteering in psychiatry. However, knowledge about these factors is important as target groups to be addressed by an awareness and promotion campaign could be identified. Aims: To determine the influence of demographic, psychological and sociological factors on the attitude to volunteering in psychiatry. Methods: Multiple logistic regression analysis of the results of opinion survey conducted on a representative population sample in Switzerland ( n = 1737). Results: Public attitude is mostly positive. It depends, however, on the form of volunteering. Two explanatory models for volunteering in psychiatry were found: first, the “antipathetic person” having social distance to and negative stereotypes towards the mentally ill. Second, the “people with social responsibility and commitment” who have former experience in volunteering, a positive attitude to community psychiatry, interest in mass media, a social profession and perceive discrimination of mentally ill persons. Age and gender are significant predictors. Conclusions: An awareness and promotion campaign to use the vast potential of people willing to volunteer in psychiatry can be primarily focused on those with a basic interest in social issues. Volunteering must be limited in time and responsibility. Contacting people with a positive attitude by mass media is a promising way.
An Exploration of Eating Disorders in a Georgian Sample
Authors: Tchanturia Kate , Katzman Melanie , Troop Nicholas A. , Treasure Janet 
Published: April 2004

Background: There is debate as to whether eating disorders may be culture-bound. However, accumulating evidence suggests that eating disorders may be found outside of the West, although the precise form of the eating disorder may differ. Aims: There were two aims of this study: (1) to translate and establish the psychometric properties of standard questionnaires to measure eating pathology in a Georgian sample; (2) to use these measures to determine whether cases of eating disorders exist in Georgia. Methods: We held focus groups of various health professionals to establish how eating disorders present in Georgia and to identify groups perceived to be at high risk of having an eating disorder. We obtained translated versions of a number of standardized questionnaires (measuring eating and general psychopathology) from 245 women from these identified high risk groups and a subsample were given a structured clinical interview. Results: We estimated from the responses to the questionnaires, that as many as 5% may have clinically significant bulimia nervosa, 7% fell in the weight range for anorexia nervosa with a further 7% in the weight range for obesity. We interviewed a sample of the high scoring group which confirmed the presence of clinically significant eating pathology in the majority of those identified as possible cases. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest there may be women in Georgia with significant eating problems.
A Comparison of Russian and British Attitudes towards Mental Health Problems in the Community
Authors: Shulman Natalia , Adams Bryan 
Published: April 2004

Aims & Result: This study examines the differences in attitudes towards mental health problems of Russian and British communities. A specially developed questionnaire containing four vignettes conforming to specific DSM-IV diagnoses of common mental disorders (obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, depression and dementia) was given to 134 subjects. Additional questions aimed to identify different attitudes towards the mentally ill, public awareness of the possible causes of these disorders and the availability of potential help. The comparisons were made in terms of national differences and demographic characteristics such as sex, age, education, marital status, children and familiarity with mental illness. Conclusions: The study revealed that the British sample was significantly more tolerant than the Russian. The Russian participants were far less likely to identify dementia as a mental disorder. However, the British respondents chose medically related help significantly more than the Russians. Significant associations were observed between factors such as education and familiarity with mental illness and tolerance within the British group. Various arguments are presented for the observed differences in terms of historic, political and cultural perspectives.
Social Disablement among residents of Hostels for the Homeless in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Lovisi Giovanni M. , Coutinho Evandro , Morgado Anastácio , Mann Anthony H. 
Published: April 2004

Background: Knowledge of the extent of social disablement among homeless people is very useful for policy-makers and mental health professionals who are involved in the delivery of community-based care. As there are few studies of this issue in Brazil or other developing countries, a cross-sectional study was carried out among homeless people from the Rio de Janeiro (RJ) metropolitan area. Method: Data were collected on a random sample of 330 residents in the five public hostels using the 21-items Social Behaviour Scale (SBS) and the Composite International Development Interview (CIDI). Results: The mean age of the 330 people in the sample was 44.8, 75.8% of them were men, 78.9% were single, 79.2% unemployed. Ten percent of the 330 residents had more than five social behaviour problems, but 39.4% of them had no problem. Some 26.7% were scored as under-active, 23.0% with poor self-care, 13.3% with slowness, 12.7% with restlessness and 11.8% inappropriate social mixing. Those with schizophrenia were reported to have many more disabilities in almost all of the SBS areas. On the other hand, depression and hostility were more frequent in those with diagnoses of depression and substance abuse disorders. Women were more likely to be reported as having disablement than men, explained by their greater prevalence rate of schizophrenia. Conclusions: In this population, social disablement was largely explained by those with schizophrenia. Active treatment strategies are needed for this group. Other residents had few behaviour problems, their most pressing problems come from their poor social circumstances.
New Experimental Data for Enthalpy of Reaction and Temperature- and Degree-of-Cure-Dependent Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity of the Hercules 3501-6 Epoxy System
Authors: Chern Bih-Cherng , Moon Tess J. , Howell John R. , Tan Wiling 
Published: April 2004

Measurements of enthalpy of reaction and temperature- and degree-of-cure-dependent specific heat and thermal conductivity are reported for a commercial epoxy resin system (Hercules 3501-6 resin). A Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) was used to determine heat of reaction and specific heat while the line source method was employed for thermal conductivity. The measured heat of reaction of 508±19J/g is compared with conflicting data previously reported by others. Specific heat is reported in the temperature range of 320–550 K and at degrees of cure 20, 40, 74 and 100%. Both raw data and polynomial curve fits are reported. Thermal conductivity is reported in the temperature range of 298–500 K and at degrees of cure 11.5, 51.2 and 100%. These data are found to be independent of degree of cure within experimental error over this range. The data are represented by Ke = (0.202 + 6:122 × 10−3 T− 4:8107 × 10−5 T2 + 1.248 × 10−7 T3− 1.043 × 10−10 T4)(W/mK) The fractional uncertainty (based on two standard deviations) of the measured enthalpy of reaction, specific heat and thermal conductivity is estimated to be less than ±3.7, ±5 and ±11.8%, respectively.
Signposts for a Theory of the Encounter Between Rationalities
Authors: Memel-Fotê Harris 
Published: April 2004

In the topic ‘an encounter between rationalities’ I can discern two aspects: a postulate and a problem.The postulate concerns the existence in the history of different societies and civilizations of rationalities that experts in the various academic disciplines relating to society and humanity, as well as philosophy, will be better able to define than I can. I have preferred to focus on the problem of this encounter of ours and wish to contribute to its clarification some theoretical ideas by way of pointers, or signposts.