bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytokines in severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis
Authors: Mobbs Kevin J. , Smyth Rosalind L. , O'Hea Una , Ashby Deborah , Ritson Paul , Hart C. Anthony 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is an important cause of severe lung disease in infants, and increasing evidence suggests that it is immunologically mediated. Experiments in mice suggest that this may be due to differential T‐cell activation producing either type 1 or type 2 cytokines. We investigated this hypothesis in man by studying 24 infants ventilated with severe RSV bronchiolitis and by measuring messenger RNA (mRNA) for interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), by polymerase chain reaction, in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. A semiquantitative assay was used to estimate concentrations of mRNA for these cytokines in comparison to mRNA of the constitutively expressed hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene.BAL from 18/24 infants showed polarization of cytokine production: 6 with only IFN‐γ mRNA, and 12 with only IL‐4 mRNA. For the 6/24 infants in whom both IL‐4 mRNA and IFN‐γ mRNA were detected in BAL fluid, each was present in low amounts, compared with those with mRNA for IL‐4 or IFN‐γ alone. IL‐4 and IFN‐γ mRNA were not detected in any of the NPAs.These findings provide the first direct evidence in infants that in RSV bronchiolitis there are divergent T‐cell responses and suggest that more than one mechanism may be responsible for immune‐mediated disease enhancement. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:449–452. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bronchiectasis in children: Orphan disease or persistent problem?*
Authors: Callahan Charles W. , Redding Gregory J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMore than a decade ago, bronchiectasis unrelated to cystic fibrosis was termed an “orphan disease”, because it had become an uncommon clinical entity among children in the developed world. Bronchiectasis is more common among children in lower socioeconomic classes and in developing countries, presumably due to more frequent and recurrent respiratory infections, environmental airway irritants, poor immunization rates, and malnutrition. Reports from the Southern Pacific and from Alaska Native children reveal persistently high rates of childhood bronchiectasis. Better epidemiologic data throughout the world are needed to reassess the importance of this condition. The pathophysiology includes airway inflammation, mucus production, and regional airway obstruction, yet the reasons why some children develop bronchiectasis while other do not is unclear. The coexistence of asthma with bronchiectasis is associated with more severe disease, yet the impact of asthma therapy in children with both disorders has not been studied. Similarly, the pattern of antibiotic use for children with bronchiectasis varies by region with little data to justify one particular approach. It may be that public health measures aimed at improving living conditions for children and prevention of respiratory infections with antiviral vaccines will have more impact on childhood bronchiectasis than medical treatments in the future. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:492–496. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Type I nitric oxide synthase is decreased in the fetal pulmonary circulation of hypertensive lambs
Authors: Tzao Ching , Nickerson Peter A. , Steinhorn Robin H. , Noble Bernice K. , Swartz Daniel D. , Russell James A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe nitric oxide (NO)/guanosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) pathway plays an essential role in mediating pulmonary vasodilatation during transition of the pulmonary circulation at birth. We used immunoblot analysis (Western) and semiquantitative immunohistochemistry to study the presence, distribution, and relative amounts of type I nitric oxide synthase (NOS‐I). Immunoblots were performed on normal fetal sheep lungs, whereas immunohistochemistry for NOS‐I was compared between lungs from normal fetal lambs vs. fetal lambs with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) induced by ligation of the ductus arteriosus.Western blot analysis using a polyclonal antibody detected NOS‐I protein in homogenates of normal fetal sheep lungs. Abundant NOS‐I immunoreactivity was observed exclusively in the precapillary resistance vessels, i.e., terminal bronchiole‐associated arteries (TA) and respiratory bronchiole‐associated arteries (RA) in normal fetal lung. In marked contrast, immunoreactivity for NOS‐I was significantly reduced in the TA and RA of hypertensive lungs.We conclude that there is a heterogeneous distribution of NOS‐I in the normal fetal sheep lung, but that NOS‐I staining is significantly reduced in lambs with PPHN. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:437–442. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary eosinophilic vasculitis in a neonate with congenital chylothorax*
Authors: Resch Bernhard , Popper Helmut H. , Urlesberger Berndt , Müller Wilhelm D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe report a case of congenital bilateral chylothorax, complicated by pulmonary eosinophilic vasculitis and transient eosinophilia. Excluding all known forms of eosinophilic pulmonary disease either histologically or clinically, possible mechanisms of its etiology are discussed. Treatment with corticosteroids was successful, and after a prolonged clinical course the patient recovered by age 2 years. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:501–504. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effective thickness, temperature and growth rate behavior of quantum dot ensembles
Authors: Dubrovskii V. G. , Cirlin G. E. , Ustinov V. M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA kinetic model for the stress driven formation of quantum dots is studied, incorporating the growth of wetting layer, the island nucleation and size relaxation. The derived dependences of the island size and density on the effective thickness, substrate temperature and growth rate provide a detailed characterization of the structural properties of quantum dots. It is shown that in the subcritical thickness range the structure of an ensemble is determined by the thermodynamics and in the overcritical thickness range is kinetically controlled. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Special issue: Structure, Disorder and Correlations
Authors: Morawetz Klaus 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis special issue of physica status solidi (b) is a collection of articles covering a broad range of topics which are intensively investigated by current theoretical condensed matter physics. They include disorder and interaction, phase transitions and criticality, as well as transport properties. The contributions originate from the Workshop “Modelling and Simulation in Molecular Systems, Mesoscopic Structures, and Material Science”, held in Chemnitz, 21–23 April 2004. The workshop and this issue are dedicated to the 50th birthday of Professor Michael Schreiber, Chemnitz University of Technology, where he holds a chair in theory of disordered systems.Guest Editor of the present issue is Klaus Morawetz who is working both in Michael Schreiber's group in Chemnitz and at the Max‐Planck‐Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden.On the cover we show the eigenfunction of the 3D Anderson model of localization at the metal‐insulator transition. The sys‐tem consists of 1113 = 1367631 sites at an energy E ∼ 0. The colours serve to enhance the legibility of spatial positions. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic and electrical response of arrays of metallic quantum dots
Authors: Remacle F. , Levine R. D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe study ordered arrays of Quantum Dots (QDs) as model systems for the electronic structure and response of solids and devices built from nanoscale components. QDs self‐assemble as two‐dimensional solids, with novel optical and electric properties, which can be experimentally tuned. The properties are controlled chemically via the selection of the composition and size of the individual QDs and physically through such external controls as the packing, temperature, and electrical and magnetic fields. The freedom of the architectural design is constrained because even the best synthesis does not yield dots of exactly the same size. We discuss the effects of disorder on the electronic structure of arrays of metallic dots and on their transport properties. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Effects of flow on the fish communities of a regulated California river: implications for managing native fishes
Authors: Brown Larry R. , Ford Tim 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe assessed the importance of flow regime to the success of native and non‐native fish species by analysing winter/spring seining data collected from 1987 to 1997 on the resident fish communities of the lower Tuolumne River, California. The data were analysed using regression models to predict the percentage of non‐native fish at a site. The regression models included various combinations of the variables longitudinal location of the site, mean April/May stream discharge in the year of sampling, and mean April/May stream discharge in the previous year. Comparison of the models indicated that the best model included longitudinal location and stream discharge in the previous year. This model is consistent with the hypothesis that flow in the previous year differentially affects reproductive success of native and non‐native species and thus the resulting community sampled in the following winter/spring. A detrended correspondence analysis of percentage abundance species data identified a co‐occurring group of native species and a co‐occurring group of non‐native species with the non‐native red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis) grouping separately. The differing reproductive strategies of the species were consistent with the hypothesis concerning spawning success. Our results indicate that flow regime is an important determinant of the reproductive success of native and non‐native fish species in regulated rivers. Manipulations of flow regime are a potentially powerful tool for managing native fish species, but should be considered in combination with other restoration efforts and in the context of ecosystem restoration. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epilithic biomass in a large gravel‐bed river (the Garonne, France): a manifestation of eutrophication?
Authors: Ameziane Thierry , Garabetian Frederic , Dalger Daniel , Sauvage Sabine , Dauta Alain , Capblancq Jacques 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn order to evaluate the impact of outputs of the city of Toulouse (740 000 inhabitants) on the epilithic communities colonizing pebble banks in the river Garonne, a large gravel‐bed river (eighth order), dry mass (DM), ash‐free dry mass (AFDM) and chlorophyll‐a (chla) epilithic biomass per unit area were measured and autotrophic index (AI) (i.e. ratio AFDM/chla) was calculated at four stations. This river is morphologically characterized by a succession of pools and riffles and by highly fluctuating hydraulic conditions. At the four stations studied (223 km apart), the means of AFDM values varied between 17.1 and 31.1 g m−2 of colonized surface and the chla concentration varied between 112 and 254 mg m−2. However, there were no significant differences in AFDM per unit area between the parts of the river upstream and downstream of the Toulouse area (Mann–Whitney U‐test statistic), nor between the four stations (Kruskal–Wallis test statistic), and the AI did not allow the description of changes in periphyton communities between sampling locations. This study showed that epilithic biomass should be considered as the typical microbial community of the river rather than as a manifestation of eutrophication. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The introduction of woody debris into a channelized stream: effect on trout populations and habitat
Authors: Zika Ulrike , Peter Armin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractLarge woody debris was explored as a method of restructuring channelized streams to improve salmonid habitat. Whole trees were inserted in sections along a 2 km reach of a channelized stream to determine if large woody debris: (1) increased the abundance and biomass of brown (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss); (2) had an effect on physical habitat features; and (3) provided trouts with additional habitat. Trout populations and stream morphology were monitored before and after the introduction of woody debris and compared to control sections lacking woody debris. Abundance and biomass of both brown and rainbow trout increased in the treatment section compared to the control. Maximum and standard deviation of fish total length increased in all sections during summer months. The number of individuals and the standard deviations of total lengths decreased in the control section in winter, but increased in the treatment section. Mean water velocities decreased and number and volume of pools increased in treatment sections. Brown and rainbow trouts sought woody debris structures for cover. We conclude that large woody debris can serve as a method of reconstructing channelized streams to improve salmonid habitat. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing discharge use by spawning Atlantic salmon: A comparison of discharge electivity indices and PHABSIM simulations
Authors: Gibbins C. N. , Moir H. J. , Webb J. H. , Soulsby C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe locations used by spawning Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in a reach of the Girnock Burn, Scotland, were monitored over three successive years. Reach discharge was estimated for each spawning observation using a conversion factor applied to continuous flow data from a gauge located in the catchment. Data on the availability and use of different discharges were used to construct a discharge electivity index for the reach. The index was compared to output from a Physical HABitat SIMulation (PHABSIM) model of the reach.Spawning fish used relatively high discharges, with the highest electivity value being for a discharge approximately three times the reach median flow. The electivity index and the PHABSIM weighted usable area (WUA) versus discharge curve were similar across the low flow range and both suggested similar optimum discharges for spawning (1.1 and 1.4 m3 s−1 respectively). However, electivity values suggested unsuitable conditions were reached at discharges greater than 1.4 m3 s−1 whereas PHABSIM predicted relatively high WUA values at discharges up to 2 m3 s−1.Electivity indices provide an insight into discharge selection that is not dependent on hydraulic simulations or assumptions about microhabitat (depth, velocity, substrate) preferences. Moreover, they can be used to assess discharge suitability in hydraulically complex streams where the one‐dimensional hydraulic models used by PHABSIM may be inappropriate. However, unlike PHABSIM, they cannot be used to predict the suitability of flows outside observed discharge ranges and so are limited in their application. Further work is required to refine the methodology and assess its transferability to other streams. Nonetheless, indices may represent a useful tool that can be used to complement other methods of assessing instream flow needs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat exchanges and temperatures within a salmon spawning stream in the Cairngorms, Scotland: seasonal and sub‐seasonal dynamics
Authors: Hannah David M. , Malcolm Iain A. , Soulsby Chris , Youngson Alan F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractStream temperatures are often used to predict salmonid embryo development; but there are very few medium‐term studies of the heat exchanges determining water column and bed temperatures. Furthermore, no research exists on the energy balance for sub‐arctic Scottish rivers. This paper reports results of a hydrometeorological study of a Cairngorm stream (Girnock burn, northeast Scotland) over the salmon spawning–hatch season (late October 2001 to mid‐April 2002) that aims: (1) to characterize seasonal and sub‐seasonal stream energy budget and thermal dynamics; and (2) to explain these variations with respect to meteorological and hydrological factors. In terms of average energy flux contributions, sensible heat (38.7%), the bed heat flux (37.0%) and friction at the stream bed and banks (24.3%) are heat sources, while latent heat (73.1%) and net radiation (26.9%) are heat sinks. All energy losses and 38.7% of heat gains occur at the air–water interface; and 61.3% of energy gains (including friction) take place at the water–channel bed interface. Typically, temperatures increase (+1.97°C) and show dampening of thermal response from the water column to depth in the stream bed. The most salient findings include: (1) the stream bed (atmosphere) is the dominant energy source (sink) for heating (cooling) channel water, which may be attributed to inferred heat advection by groundwater up‐welling into the bed of this upland stream; (2) sensible heat is the primary atmospheric energy source due to limited net radiation; (3) friction at the stream bed and banks is an important heat source. Energy budget terms and temperatures exhibit (sub‐)seasonal changes in response to meteorological and hydrological conditions; a schematic diagram is presented to summarize these results. This paper clearly illustrates the need for further medium‐ to long‐term empirical stream energy balance research to characterize heat flux dynamics and, thus, understand and predict water temperature variations over time‐scales of relevance to biological studies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving Expert Panel Assessments through the use of a Composite River Condition Index—the case of the rivers affected by the Snowy Mountains hydro‐electric scheme, Australia
Authors: Young W. J. , Chessman B. C. , Erskine W. D. , Raadik T. A. , Wimbush D. J. , Tilleard J. , Jakeman A. J. , Varley I. , Verhoeven T. J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA rapid process of water reform in Australia has seen governments rely heavily on ‘expert’ or ‘scientific’ panel advice for river condition and environmental flow assessments. These multi‐disciplinary teams of scientists have enabled a quick and relatively inexpensive injection of science into what is often a data‐poor decision process. However, expert panels suffer from several important drawbacks including a lack of transparency and repeatability, and unquantified uncertainty. In the case of the Snowy Mountains hydro‐electric scheme, a government initiative to corporatize the government‐owned authority led to the establishment of the Snowy Water Inquiry (SWI) that was required by law to propose and evaluate (within a six month period) a range of options for future river regulation, diversion and environmental flows. A Scientific Reference Panel (SRP) was therefore established to assess current (1998) river condition and to assess the likely environments benefits of a range of environmental flow options. The SRP attempted to overcome a number of the typical shortcomings of the expert panel approach by (i) integrating available data with expert opinion in its assessments, and (ii) developing a composite River Condition Index (RCI) underpinned by a conceptual framework that links habitat and biotic condition and comprises several sub‐indices that translate qualitative assessments (relative to a pre‐disturbance reference condition) into numeric values in a transparent and repeatable manner. The SRP estimated the level of uncertainty associated with its various assessments, and used these to quantify uncertainty estimates on RCI values. In this paper the RCI is described and its use is illustrated through presentation of the assessments of current (1998) river condition and the associated uncertainty analyses that were made for the rivers in the Snowy Mountains area. The results suggest that in spite of high levels of uncertainty associated with individual assessments, the SRP was able to demonstrate significant difference in current condition between rivers, and in likely future condition between different environmental flow scenarios. Although further investigations and lengthy negotiations occurred subsequent to the SWI to achieve corporatization, the environmental assessments made in the SWI provided the most comprehensive source of information available to governments and the community regarding the likely environmental outcomes of the proposed changes. Subsequent to the SWI the scenario‐based approach to environmental flow assessment has become increasingly common internationally, and major Australian river condition assessments have adopted a similar conceptual framework to the RCI. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning as conceptual change: Factors mediating the development of preservice elementary teachers' views of nature of science
Authors: Abd‐El‐Khalick Fouad , Akerson Valarie L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis study assessed, and identified factors in participants' learning ecologies that mediated, the effectiveness of an explicit reflective instructional approach that satisfied conditions for learning as conceptual change on preservice elementary teachers' views of nature of science (NOS). Participants were 28 undergraduate students enrolled in an elementary science methods course. A purposively selected focus group of six participants who showed differential growth in terms of their NOS views were closely followed throughout the study. The Views of Nature of Science Questionnaire‐Form B (VNOS–B) in conjunction with individual interviews was used to assess participants' views prior to and at the conclusion of the study. Other data sources included weekly reflection papers, exit interviews, and an instructor's log. Initially, the greater majority of participants held naïve views of NOS. Substantial and favorable changes in these views were evident as a result of the intervention. An examination of the development of the focus group participants' NOS views indicated that the effectiveness of the intervention was mediated by motivational, cognitive, and worldview factors. These were related to internalizing the importance and utility of teaching and learning about NOS, exhibiting a deep processing approach to learning, and viewing science and religion as two distinct rather than opposing enterprises. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 88:785–810, 2004
Developing Interventions That Focus on Learning
Authors: Liddell Debora L. , Hubbard Steven , Werner Rochelle 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis chapter discusses the importance of determining learning domains, goals, and objectives, as well as the ethics of good programming. It provides an overview of different types of program delivery methods and of how knowing your audience affects the overall program and its direction. Finally, the chapter explores the importance of reflection in learning.
Efficient model checking of properties of a distributed application: a multimedia case study
Authors: Mazzocca Nicola , Santone Antonella , Vaglini Gigliola , Vittorini Valeria 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA system supporting video on demand is modeled in the process calculus CCS (Calculus of Communicating Systems), while some properties are expressed in a temporal logic and verified by means of the model checkers of the North Carolina Concurrency Workbench. This application was chosen as a case study to evaluate the usefulness of a methodology, by means of which a property is checked on reduced models obtained issuing abstractions of the system on the basis of the formula. Experimental results are shown and discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.