bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of an educational comic book to guide conducts in situations of dental trauma
Authors: de Medeiros Claudia Serrado Pereira , Zanin Luciane , Sperandio Marcelo , de Souza Fonseca Silva Almenara , Flório Flávia Martão 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBackground/AimChildhood dental trauma poses a prevalent concern, and the limited knowledge of lay caregivers toward the needed immediate actions can adversely affect a child's well‐being. This study aimed to create and validate an educational comic book for lay individuals, designed to guide immediate actions in dental trauma cases, and assess its effects toward enhancing reader knowledge.MethodologyThe four‐stage study involved: (1) Literature review and script development; (2) Version 1 of the comic book creation (including illustrations, layout, and design) and Flesch Readability Index (FI) calculation; (3) Version 1 validation by expert judges, assessed by the Content Validity Index (CVI); (4) Version 1 refinement based on the judges' feedback, recalculation of FI, and a pilot test (CVI) involving lay individuals who validated the final material (Version 2). The validation process involved 67 participants, including 13 specialist judges and 54 elementary school teachers.ResultsThe CVI for Version 1 was calculated at 0.89 (89%), indicating a favorable level of agreement on the evaluated criteria. The FI was determined as 91.1%, indicating a high level of readability. The FI for Version 2 was 92.1% (indicating a very easy level of comprehension). The CVI calculated for the target audience after the pilot test was 0.99 (99%), denoting a substantial agreement among the participants. In assessing the level of knowledge, a significant increase was observed in the rate of correct answers after the comic book was read by lay individuals (p < 0.05), inasmuch as the percentage rose from 50.5% before to 81.2% after reading it.ConclusionThe educational comic book proved valid in terms of readability, appearance, and content. Furthermore, it had a positive impact on gaining the knowledge needed to take the appropriate actions, thus making it a valuable tool for guiding the lay population in cases of dental trauma.
Resource selection by New York City deer reveals the effective interface between wildlife, zoonotic hazards and humans
Authors: VanAcker Meredith C. , DeNicola Vickie L. , DeNicola Anthony J. , Aucoin Sarah Grimké , Simon Richard , Toal Katrina L. , Diuk‐Wasser Maria A. , Cagnacci Francesca 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAlthough the role of host movement in shaping infectious disease dynamics is widely acknowledged, methodological separation between animal movement and disease ecology has prevented researchers from leveraging empirical insights from movement data to advance landscape scale understanding of infectious disease risk. To address this knowledge gap, we examine how movement behaviour and resource utilization by white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) determines blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) distribution, which depend on deer for dispersal in a highly fragmented New York City borough. Multi‐scale hierarchical resource selection analysis and movement modelling provide insight into how deer's movements contribute to the risk landscape for human exposure to the Lyme disease vector–I. scapularis. We find deer select highly vegetated and accessible residential properties which support blacklegged tick survival. We conclude the distribution of tick‐borne disease risk results from the individual resource selection by deer across spatial scales in response to habitat fragmentation and anthropogenic disturbances.
Reinforcement learning and blockchain‐based intelligent and secure vaccine recommender system
Authors: Sreenu M. , Gupta Nitin , Jatoth Chandrashekar , Gupta Deepak 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBy combining blockchain technology (BT) and reinforcement learning (RL), the proposed work addresses the difficulties associated with vaccine recommendations. The need for individualized recommendations is obvious as vaccine schedules become more complicated and there are more vaccines available. The proposed work presents a novel approach that combines the adaptability of RL with the security, privacy, and transparency of BT. Layers for data processing, application, consensus, and smart contracts are included in the system architecture. It provides user‐managed secure access, individualized vaccine recommendations, and decentralized data storage. The system aims to improve public health outcomes by using smart contracts to automate procedures and RL to improve recommendations. Using 10‐fold cross‐validation on the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) dataset, the experimental study verifies the performance of the system. The study focuses on metrics like accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F‐measure when contrasting the proposed model with current solutions. The ability of proposed model to offer precise and well‐informed vaccine recommendations is demonstrated by its consistent outperformance of competitors in accuracy and sensitivity.
Sphagnum mosses, the impact of disturbances and anthropogenic management actions on their ecological role in CO2 fluxes generated in peatland ecosystems
Authors: Pacheco‐Cancino Patricio A. , Carrillo‐López Rubén F. , Sepulveda‐Jauregui Armando , Somos‐Valenzuela Marcelo A. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractMosses of the genus Sphagnum are the dominant vegetation in most pristine peatlands in temperate and high‐latitude regions. They play a crucial role in carbon sequestration, being responsible for ca. 50% of carbon accumulation through their active participation in peat formation. They have a significant influence on the dynamics of CO2 emissions due to an efficient maximum potential photosynthetic rate, lower respiration rates, and the production of a recalcitrant litter whose decomposition is gradual. However, various anthropogenic disturbances and land use management actions that favor its reestablishment have the potential to modify the dynamics of these CO2 emissions. Therefore, the objective of this review is to discuss the role of Sphagnum in CO2 emissions generated in peatland ecosystems, and to understand the impacts of anthropogenic practices favorable and detrimental to Sphagnum on these emissions. Based on our review, increased Sphagnum cover reduces CO2 emissions and fosters C sequestration, but drainage transforms peatlands dominated by Sphagnum into a persistent source of CO2 due to lower gross primary productivity of the moss and increased respiration rates. Sites with moss removal used as donor material for peatland restoration emit twice as much CO2 as adjacent undisturbed natural sites, and those with commercial Sphagnum extraction generate almost neutral CO2 emissions, yet both can recover their sink status in the short term. The reintroduction of fragments and natural recolonization of Sphagnum in transitional peatlands, can reduce emissions, recover, or increase the CO2 sink function in the short and medium term. Furthermore, Sphagnum paludiculture is seen as a sustainable alternative for the use of transitional peatlands, allowing moss production strips to become CO2 sink, however, it is necessary to quantify the emissions of all the components of the field of production (ditches, causeway), and the biomass harvested from the moss to establish a final closing balance of C.
An Agricultural Package for MODFLOW 6 Using the Application Programming Interface
Authors: Larsen Joshua D. , Langevin Christian D. , Hughes Joseph D. , Niswonger Richard G. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAn agricultural water use package has been developed for MODFLOW 6 using the MODFLOW Application Programming Interface (API). The MODFLOW API Agricultural Water Use Package (API‐Ag) was based on the approach to simulate irrigation demand in the MODFLOW‐NWT and GSFLOW Agricultural Water Use (AG) Package. The API‐Ag Package differs from the previous approach by implementing new features and support for additional irrigation providers. New features include representation of deficit and over‐irrigation, Multi‐Aquifer Well and Lake Package irrigation providers, and support for structured, vertex, and unstructured grid models. Three example problems are presented that demonstrate how the API‐Ag Package improves representation of highly managed systems and are further used to validate the irrigation demand and delivery formulations. Irrigation volumes simulated in the three example problems show excellent agreement with the MODFLOW‐NWT AG Package.
Effect of diamond volume fraction on the microstructure and mechanical properties of SPS WC–Co/diamond composites
Authors: Pirmohammadi Parinaz , Zakeri Mohammad , Razavi Mansour , Nikzad Leila 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIn this research, the effect of the volume percentage of diamond additive on the sintering behavior, microstructure, and mechanical properties of WC–Co was investigated. WC–Co/diamond composites with different percentages of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% by volume of diamond were made by spark plasma sintering at 1300°C and 40 MPa for 5 min. A small amount of phase transformation from the diamond phase to the graphite phase was observed. The amount of graphitization was low due to low temperature and short sintering time. The addition of diamond leads to a significant enhancement in both the hardness and fracture toughness of the composites, overcoming the trade‐off between hardness and toughness typically observed in WC‐based materials. The sample reinforced with 5% by volume of diamond showed simultaneously the highest hardness (22.9 GPa), the highest fracture toughness (22.7 MPa m1/2), and the highest flexural strength (1896 MPa). The uniform dispersion, good bonding of the superhard diamond phase with the matrix, and the fine microstructure caused the high hardness and toughness of composite. The main effective mechanisms in increasing the fracture toughness of the composite were crack deflection, bridging, and blocking of crack propagation by diamond particles.
Immigrant Trajectories through the Rural‐Industrial Transition in Wales and the United States, 1795–1850
Authors: Knowles Anne Kelly 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis essay offers the first detailed geographical analysis of Welsh emigration and settlement in the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century. The analysis is based upon the wealth of geographical and historical information contained in 1,771 immigrant obituaries. They show that Welsh emigration was a predominantly rural phenomenon up to mid‐century, although emigration from industrial South Wales had begun by 1830 and important industrial settlements were well‐established in the States by 1850. These data also reveal distinctive regional historical geographies of emigration. The second half of the essay compares the spatial and social characteristics of rural and industrial migration by tracing patterns of internal migration in Wales and the United States and by examining the life‐paths of four individual migrants. This evidence suggests that many rural Welsh had some contact with industry and that their transition from an agricultural to an industrial way of life was more complex and prolonged than other studies have shown. In conclusion, the essay points to the need for further study of the rural‐industrial transition as a key aspect of the development of capitalism in rural places.
A Reconsideration of Personal Boundaries in Space‐Time
Authors: Adams Paul Channing 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAn appropriate image of the person for geographers is an entity with fluctuating boundaries that reach through space and time in constantly changing patterns. Such extensions through space and time are not merely “internal” or psychological states of being in the world; they are integral to economic, political, and cultural processes. Human extensibility is fundamental to the ongoing processes of social structuration in which social practices are constitutive of social structures and social structures constrain persons and practices. Whereas the body is a point‐entity located at a particular space‐time, important aspects of personhood are not confined to this point entity. Authority depends on ranges of sensation, knowledge, and action through diverse communication systems. While extensibility is partly determined by the body, as categorized by society, the distinction between presence and absence can be considered as a gradation rather than a binary opposition. Extensibility transcends the body, allowing a person to overcome social and physical limitations and to participate in distant social contexts which affect his or her personal situation and shape social processes.
Cephalometric analysis performance discrepancy between orthodontists and an artificial intelligence model using lateral cephalometric radiographs
Authors: Guinot‐Barona Clara , Alonso Pérez‐Barquero Jorge , Galán López Lidia , Barmak Abdul B. , Att Wael , Kois John C. , Revilla‐León Marta 
Published: October 2023

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of the present clinical study was to compare the Ricketts and Steiner cephalometric analysis obtained by two experienced orthodontists and artificial intelligence (AI)‐based software program and measure the orthodontist variability.Materials and MethodsA total of 50 lateral cephalometric radiographs from 50 patients were obtained. Two groups were created depending on the operator performing the cephalometric analysis: orthodontists (Orthod group) and an AI software program (AI group). In the Orthod group, two independent experienced orthodontists performed the measurements by performing a manual identification of the cephalometric landmarks and a software program (NemoCeph; Nemotec) to calculate the measurements. In the AI group, an AI software program (CephX; ORCA Dental AI) was selected for both the automatic landmark identification and cephalometric measurements. The Ricketts and Steiner cephalometric analyses were assessed in both groups including a total of 24 measurements. The Shapiro–Wilk test showed that the data was normally distributed. The t‐test was used to analyze the data (α = 0.05).ResultsThe t‐test analysis showed significant measurement discrepancies between the Orthod and AI group in seven of the 24 cephalometric parameters tested, namely the corpus length (p = 0.003), mandibular arc (p < 0.001), lower face height (p = 0.005), overjet (p = 0.019), and overbite (p = 0.022) in the Ricketts cephalometric analysis and occlusal to SN (p = 0.002) and GoGn‐SN (p < 0.001) in the Steiner cephalometric analysis. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between both orthodontists of the Orthod group for each cephalometric measurement was calculated.ConclusionsSignificant discrepancies were found in seven of the 24 cephalometric measurements tested between the orthodontists and the AI‐based program assessed. The intra‐operator reliability analysis showed reproducible measurements between both orthodontists, except for the corpus length measurement.Clinical SignificanceThe artificial intelligence software program tested has the potential to automatically obtain cephalometric analysis using lateral cephalometric radiographs; however, additional studies are needed to further evaluate the accuracy of this AI‐based system.
A behavioural driving model of adherence to home‐based cardiac rehabilitation exercise among patients with chronic heart failure: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Yang Zhen , Jia Honghong , Zhang Fengpei , Huang Hao , Hao Xinyi , Wang Aiping 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAims and ObjectivesTo develop and validate a behavioural driving model for adherence to home‐based cardiac rehabilitation exercise in patients with chronic heart failure, and to explain the potential driving mechanism of social support on exercise adherence.BackgroundDespite the benefits of home‐based cardiac rehabilitation exercise, adherence among patients with chronic heart failure remains suboptimal. Several factors contributing to adherence have been confirmed; however, the specific pathway mechanisms by which these factors impact exercise adherence have not been thoroughly explored.DesignAn exploratory sequential mixed‐methods study was conducted in this study.MethodsA total of 226 patients with chronic heart failure were recruited using convenience sampling. Quantitative data were collected using a series of self‐report questionnaires. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to verify multiple pathways. Subsequently, 12 patients with chronic heart failure were drawn from the quantitative stage. The interview data were thematically analysed. This study followed the Good Reporting of a Mixed Methods Study (GRAMMS) guidelines (Appendix S1).ResultsPerceived social support had a direct positive predictive effect on exercise adherence. Importantly, exercise self‐efficacy and exercise fear played a chain‐mediating role between perceived social support and exercise adherence. As a result of the qualitative phase, scale, tightness and homogeneity of social support networks emerged as potential drivers of the effectiveness of social support on exercise adherence.ConclusionsThis study reveals a potential pathway mechanism for social support to improve adherence to home‐based cardiac rehabilitation exercises. Social support network plays a crucial role in the effect of social support on exercise adherence.Relevance to Clinical PracticeTo enhance exercise adherence in home‐based cardiac rehabilitation for patients with chronic heart failure, establishing a social support network is recommended. This strategy has the potential to promote exercise self‐efficacy and alleviate exercise fear.Patient or Public ContributionNone.
Sedentary Behavior and Physical Inactivity Among Secondary School Students in the 2017 Sierra Leone Global School‐Based Student Health Survey
Authors: Starks Kristen S. , Kamara Dauda , Jacobsen Kathryn H. 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe 2020 World Health Organization Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior are the first to provide evidence‐based recommendations for reducing both dimensions of languorous behavior. The relationship between sitting time and exercise remains understudied among diverse adolescent populations worldwide.METHODSThe 2017 Sierra Leone Global School‐based Student Health Survey was a nationally representative cross‐sectional study of secondary school students.RESULTSOf the 2798 participants, 82% did not engage in moderate or vigorous physical activity for at least an hour every day, 25% sat for 3 or more hours each day outside of school and homework, and 87% were physically inactive and/or sedentary based on those thresholds. Girls who never or rarely exercised tended to maintain light physical activity outside of school rather than sitting, while boys who exercised daily tended to be sedentary when they were not playing sports.IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL HEALTH POLICY, PRACTICE, AND EQUITYStudents spend their waking hours doing a mix of sitting, light physical activity, and moderate or vigorous physical activity. Schools can help reduce sedentarism and increase movement among students.CONCLUSIONSHome, school, and community health interventions may be useful for increasing energy expenditure among adolescents in low‐ and middle‐income countries.
Rheological and thermal properties of an enteral nutrition formula for nutritional support patients using a combined mixture of gelatin and maltodextrin
Authors: Bazrafshan Sara , Mizani Maryam , Pazuki Gholamreza , Shahriari Shahla 
Published: October 2023

AbstractEnteral nutrition is a type of nutritional support that provides the necessary sources of energy and protein for patients who suffer from dysphagia, chronic disease, and loss of appetite. In this study, a gelatin‐maltodextrin binary biopolymer system has been incorporated into a semi‐solid formula. The I‐optimal combination design approach was used to create 19 formulations, and the dynamic rheological properties, dynamic laser scattering, and zeta potential responses were evaluated over 30 days of storage at 5°C. Solid viscoelastic behavior has been approved since G′ > G″ in the frequency sweep test with no cross‐over point. Maltodextrin may interfere within the gelatin network, and increasing the maltodextrin to gelatin (from 0.14 to 1) may lead to a wider linear viscoelastic (LVE) strain range (2.16%), a lower storage modulus at LVE (52%), a lower yield stress (46%), and a lower glass transition temperature (34%). The presence of maltodextrin may reduce the temperature of the sol‐to‐solid transformation by 48% and enhance its flexibility. In contrast, increasing the gelatin‐to‐maltodextrin ratio following melting at 37°C led to an increase in the cumulant mean and polydispersity index, indicating a relatively unstable system. The range of zeta potential values between −4.4 and 1.7 mV confirmed a tendency toward coagulation. Microscopic images revealed instability because of irregular or compact chains formed in the gelatin matrix by using higher amounts of maltodextrin. Finally, the best formula had the best rheological stability and was suitable for tube‐feeding patients, with a gelatin‐to‐maltodextrin ratio of 4.35:3.64% w/w on day 17.4.
Selective dysfunction of the crural diaphragm in patients with chronic restrictive and obstructive lung disease
Authors: Joshua Jisha , Pathak Chetna , Zifan Ali , Chen Ruohui , Malhotra Atul , Mittal Ravinder K. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBackgroundGastroesophageal reflux (GER) is known to be associated with chronic lung diseases. The driving force of GER is the transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) generated mainly by costal and crural diaphragm contraction. The latter also enhances the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) pressure to guard against GER.MethodsThe relationship between Pdi and EGJ pressure was determined using high resolution esophageal manometry in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD, n = 26), obstructive lung disease (OLD, n‐ = 24), and healthy subjects (n = 20).Key ResultsThe patient groups did not differ with respect to age, gender, BMI, and pulmonary rehabilitation history. Patients with ILD had significantly higher Pdi but lower EGJ pressures as compared to controls and OLD patients (p < 0.001). In control subjects, the increase in EGJ pressure at all‐time points during inspiration was greater than Pdi. In contrast, the EGJ pressure during inspiration was less than Pdi in 14 patients with ILD and 7 patients with OLD. The drop in EGJ pressure was usually seen after the peak Pdi in ILD group (p < 0.0001) and before the peak Pdi in OLD group, (p = 0.08). Nine patients in the ILD group had sliding hiatus hernia, compared to none in control subjects (p = 0.003) and two patients in the OLD, (p = 0.04).Conclusions and InferencesA higher Pdi and low EGJ pressure, and dissociation between Pdi and EGJ pressure temporal relationship suggests selective dysfunction of the crural diaphragm in patients with chronic lung diseases and may explain the higher prevalence of GERD in ILD as seen in previous studies.