bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DETERMINATION OF THE QUANTITY OF SECRETING TISSUE IN THE LIVING KIDNEY
Authors: Watanabe C. K. , Oliver Jean , Addis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

1. Under the strain induced by the administration of urea, it is possible to demonstrate the relation between the degree of anatomical damage in the kidney and the degree of defect in the urea-excreting capacity induced by uranium.
2. The closest correlation between structure and function was obtained when the ratio between the urea content of the urine and of the blood was used as the measure of function.
A NEW NON-PATHOGENIC TETRAGENOUS AMEBA. I
Authors: Shimura Sohei 
Published: June 2004

The non-pathogenic tetragenous ameba described here multiplies in the intestine of man, without producing any noticeable symptoms of dysentery.
This non-pathogenic ameba is distinguished morphologically and biologically from Entamœba tetragena Viereck and Entamœba coli Lösch emend. Schaudinn.
The vegetative forms of the non-pathogenic tetragenous ameba may be divided into two groups, large and small. The large vegetative form is found in the normally evacuated or the diarrheal stools obtained after purgation. The small form is found in the soft stools. This form may be transformed into cysts, or may reproduce itself by binary fission. Cysts are found in relatively large numbers in the soft and formed stools.
Experimentally, the new tetragenous ameba may be readily distinguished from the pathogenic variety. The vegetative forms of the dysentery ameba produced the disease in 91 per cent of cases when introduced per anum, and in 50 per cent where the cysts were introduced per os. Similar infection experiments undertaken on twenty-three young cats, i.e. ten experiments with the vegetative form of the non-pathogenic tetragenous ameba per anum, and thirteen experiments with the cysts per os, failed to produce pathological conditions. The intestines of the animals macroscopically and histologically failed to show any of the changes of dysentery.
Hence we may conclude that the new type of tetragenous ameba described here is non-pathogenic for man and for young cats.
THE RAT AND POLIOMYELITIS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Authors: Amoss Harold L. , Haselbauer Peter 
Published: June 2004

The central nervous organs and other viscera of six rats, collected in a district in Greater New York in which many cases of epidemic poliomyelitis occurred, have been proved incapable of inciting, on inoculation, experimental poliomyelitis in Macacus rhesus monkeys.
The virus of poliomyelitis injected into the brain of white rats does not survive there as long as 4 days in a form or in amounts sufficient to cause infection when inoculated intracerebrally into monkeys.
The failure of the virus injected into the brain of rats to incite infection in monkeys is not due to the quantity introduced, since at the expiration of 1½ hours after the injection, the excised inoculation site when injected into the monkey caused typical experimental poliomyelitis.
It does not appear probable, therefore, that the rat acts in nature as the reservoir of the virus of poliomyelitis.
THE STABILITY OF THE ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM OF THE BLOOD IN NATURALLY NEPHROPATHIC ANIMALS AND THE EFFECT ON RENAL FUNCTION OF CHANGES IN THIS EQUILIBRIUM
Authors: MacNider William deB. 
Published: June 2004

1. The naturally acquired chronic glomerulonephropathies of the dog are not due to an acid intoxication.
2. Such an injury renders the acid-base equilibrium of the animal unstable and susceptible to an agent such as an anesthetic which tends to induce an acid intoxication.
3. When naturally nephropathic animals are anesthetized by Grehant's anesthetic, the principal anesthetic ingredient of which is chloroform, the animals develop an acid intoxication, and become anuric and non-responsive to diuretic substances.
4. The development of the anuria has been constantly associated with swelling, vacuolation, and necrosis of the convoluted tubule epithelium.
5. In the kidneys of these animals there occurs an accumulation of fat which is largely confined to the ascending limbs of Henle's loops and which shows a quantitative relation with the degree of acid intoxication.
EXPERIMENTAL CHEMICAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Wollstein Martha , Meltzer S. J. 
Published: June 2004

It is obvious from the experiments reported that concentrations of chloramine-T solutions, even more dilute than those which are well borne by the nasopharyngeal mucosa, are injurious to the pulmonary tissue when introduced directly into. the bronchi in large volume. The pulmonary lesions produced are of the nature of an extensive bronchopneumonia which progresses during the first 2 days after injection of the chemical and then regresses, to disappear, as a rule, by the 7th day. Similar pulmonary lesions were produced by intrabronchial insufflation of Dakin's solution of hypochlorite of sodium.
These studies taken in conjunction with the earlier ones of Kline and Meltzer in which aleuronat, starch, egg yolk, and lecithin were insufflated into the lungs, show that pulmonary inflammation may be induced by various chemical substances—with the following differences. Aleuronat and starch set up consolidations containing much fibrin, as is the case with virulent pneumococci; egg yolk and lecithin gave lesions with little fibrin, as is the case with avirulent pneumococci. Both series of substances produced lobar pneumonia, while the pulmonary lesions induced by chloramine-T and sodium hypochlorite were of the nature of bronchopneumonia.
The consolidations of the lung produced by chemical substances differ from infectious pulmonary inflammations only in their sterility. These experimental results strongly suggest the view that the anatomical findings in pneumonia represent a part of a mechanism of defense and repair which the animal body creates in its struggle against infection and intoxication.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE METHOD OF ISOLATING AND RECOVERING THE BACILLUS OF CATTLE ABORTION THROUGH GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Smillie Ernest W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Bacillus abortus Bang can be regularly recovered from guinea pigs inoculated with material containing the bacillus within 3 to 4 weeks.
2. The method is especially useful in recovering the organism from fetal membranes which, as a rule, are obtained after having come in contact with fecal matter, bedding, etc.
3. The spleen is the organ in which the bacteria are regularly present and in largest numbers. Cultures must be made from it to ensure success.
NEW THORACIC MURMURS, WITH TWO NEW INSTRUMENTS, THE REFRACTOSCOPE AND THE PARTIAL STETHOSCOPE
Authors: Parker Frederick D. 
Published: June 2004

1. An understanding of the physics of sound is essential for a better comprehension of refined auscultation, tone analysis, and the use of these instruments.
2. The detection of variations of the third heart sound should prove a valuable aid in predicting mitral disease.
3. The variations of the outflow sound should prove a valuable aid in determining early aortic lesions with the type of accompanying intimal changes.
4. The character of chamber timbre as distinct from loudness heard as the first and second heart sounds denotes more often the condition of heart muscle, and must not be confounded with valvular disease.
5. The full significance of sound shadows is uncertain. Cardiac sound shadows appear normally in the right axilla and below the left clavicle. Their mode of production is quite clear.
6. Both the third heart sound and the outflow sound may be heard with the ordinary stethoscope.
THE PEPTOLYTIC POWER OF LIVER, SPLEEN, AND KIDNEYS IN POISONING BY PHOSPHORUS AND CHLOROFORM
Authors: Simonds J. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. Glycerol extracts of liver, spleen, and kidney contain an ereptic ferment capable of splitting peptone into amino-acids.
2. Poisoning by phosphorus appears to reduce the ereptic power of the liver, and to a less extent that of the kidneys.
3. Poisoning by chloroform appears to have no appreciable effect upon the ereptase content of the liver, spleen, or kidneys.
4. Feeding of sugar to normal animals has little or no effect upon the ereptic power of the liver, spleen, or kidneys.
5. Feeding of sugar before and after poisoning with phosphorus appears to prevent the reduction of ereptic power of the liver.
SPIRILLA ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE OF THE FETAL MEMBRANES IN CATTLE (INFECTIOUS ABORTION)
Authors: Smith Theobald 
Published: June 2004

Spirilla of identical morphological and cultural characters have been isolated in pure culture from the fetuses of fourteen cases of abortion. The condition of the fetus is much the same whether spirilla or the bacilli of abortion are present. This condition is probably due in both cases to interference with the placental circulation. The injurious action of the etiological factor when spirilla are present is limited to the fetal membranes, more particularly the chorion. Definite lesions of the fetus were not detected. The spirilla gain access to the digestive and respiratory organs of the fetus when the latter swallows the amniotic fluid. More rarely they are disseminated through the body, probably through the circulation. The spirilla will grow in certain culture media only under reduced oxygen tension, readily secured by sealing the ordinary culture tubes with sealing wax. Laboratory animals (mammals) are refractory. The precise relation of the spirillum to the pathologic process remains to be more definitely formulated. Since the spirillum was first isolated, twenty-seven cases have been found associated with Bacillus abortus and fourteen with the spirillum. In none was a mixed infection with both organisms detected. The spirillum has been isolated only from the second or succeeding pregnancies.
Table I summarizes the data collected thus far. It gives by. number the male and shows that the spirillum is not associated with any one bull. The spirillum has been found in fetuses of various ages as shown in Column 3. The distribution of spirilla as shown by cultures is given, the sign + indicating pure cultures, the sign no growth. The guinea pig inoculations are shown to be uniformly negative as regards Bacillus abortus.
STUDIES IN BOVINE MASTITIS
Authors: Jones F. S. 
Published: June 2004

Aside from the streptococci, micrococci have been the next most frequent group of organisms isolated from inflamed udders. They produce various types of disease. Some give rise to only a mild catarrh of the larger milk ducts and cystern, while others produce more or less severe parenchymatous inflammation. On the whole, the prognosis is more favorable with micrococcic infection than with that associated with streptococci. Cases of considerable severity have, however, been attributed to staphylococci.
Micrococci similar in many respects to those associated with mastitis have been found to occur in the normal udder. This has led Savage to question their true etiological significance. In many instances micrococci may gain access to the udder and produce slight disturbances that are entirely overlooked. Even more severe changes may follow infection. After recovery the organisms still remain in the milk. This was observed in the case of Cow 60 infected with staphylococci. One frequently observes the elimination of streptococci from the udder even after apparent recovery from an attack of streptococcic mastitis. Doubtless streptococci and micrococci observed in these udders would be classed as belonging to the normal flora. Even though micrococci do occur in supposedly normal udders Evans has shown that many are pathogenic for rabbits. The introduction of these organisms into the udders of non-resistant individuals might well give rise to more or less intense inflammation. The multiplication would doubtless be rapid until resistance had been established.
In addition to the micrococci two other groups of rod-shaped organisms have been found associated with udder inflammation. In two instances Bacillus coli has been isolated from cases of mastitis and in another Bacillus lactis aerogenes. In four, tiny motile Gramstaining microorganisms have been obtained in pure culture. Two of these strains (Nos. C.79 and M.44) have been identified as Bacillus pyogenes.
STANDARDIZATION OF ANTIMENINGOCOCCIC SERUM
Authors: Amoss Harold L. , Marsh Penelope 
Published: June 2004

Experiments were made for the purpose of testing the reaction of protection against infection as a measure of potency of antimeningococcic serum.
The results of the experiments were extremely variable and bore no relation to the quality of the sera as determined by the period of immunization of the horses from which they were obtained, or the indications of efficiency based upon their employment in human cases of epidemic meningitis.
The results also failed entirely to conform to the agglutination titer of the sera tested and to be affected by the different type forms of the meningococci.
We regard the protective power for laboratory animals of the antimeningococcic serum as an unsuitable index of its value in human medicine and as inferior to the agglutination titer as a standard of potency.
A STUDY OF THE CHANGES IN VIRULENCE OF THE PNEUMOCOCCUS AT DIFFERENT PERIODS OF GROWTH AND UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF CULTIVATION IN MEDIA
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus B. , Kirkbride Mary Butler 
Published: June 2004

It has been possible by rapid transfers alone, not only to maintain the virulence for mice of the pneumococcus in artificial media but also to restore a certain degree of virulence to cultures previously rendered non-virulent by less rapid transfers in the same medium. For these results the presence of enriching fluids such as blood or serum is not required. In addition it has been shown that attenuated cultures, which had been repeatedly demonstrated to be avirulent for mice at the 24 hour period of growth, exhibited marked pathogenicity if injected during, or especially at the commencement of the period of maximum growth when the growth energy may be considered at its height. In these cultures, however, the increase in virulence was usually less than in others transferred repeatedly at frequent intervals.
The significance of these results is not necessarily limited to pneumococcus infections. Other lines of investigation are suggested which may possibly help to clarify certain conceptions of the relation which the different activities of the bacterial cell as an agent of infection bear to one another and to the host in various infectious diseases. Although the pneumococcus may offer an especially striking example for purposes of demonstration by experiment, it is not probable that the close relation between the vegetative power or growth energy of the pneumococcus and its pathogenic power is peculiar to this organism. The vegetative power may depend upon many conditions affecting both the host and the bacterial agent of infection. Different species of bacteria may acquire or develop it in different degrees under different conditions. But it must assuredly form the basis not only of the essentially parasitic but also of the more special toxicogenic activities of the bacteria.
EFFECT OF DRY HEAT ON THE BLOOD COUNT IN ANIMALS
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest 
Published: June 2004

Animals subjected to dry heat for a short period show a sharp fall in the total white blood count, both the polymorphonuclear leucocytes and the lymphocytes taking part in the fall. Following this there is a slow recovery on the part of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes, which generally require several weeks to regain their normal number. The lymphocytes rise rapidly after the initial fall and continue to rise for 2 or 3 weeks. This increase often amounts to a gain of over 200 to 300 per cent above the normal count for the animal. The observations were made on mice, rats, and guinea pigs.
The circulating lymphocytes during the more active stage of stimulation after heating show numerous examples of amitotic division.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Taylor Herbert D. , Witherbee William D. , Murphy James B. 
Published: June 2004

1. X-rays in large doses affect the lymphocytes before any of the other circulating cells.
2. There is a sharp fall in the total number of circulating lymphocytes, which is complete 48 hours after x-ray treatment.
3. Following the immediate decrease in the circulating lymphocytes there is a primary rise, followed by another fall, which in turn is followed by a permanent rise of these cells to normal.
4. The effect of the x-rays on different species of animals varies considerably, but in those studied, cat, monkey, guinea pig, rabbit, rat, mouse, and pony, the selective action on the lymphocytes was in all instances apparent.
5. When several animals of the same species are given the same dose of x-rays, the effect on the circulating lymphocytes seems to be quantitatively parallel, when determined by blood counts.
6. The polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leucocytes, when affected at all, increase in number immediately after the administration of the x-rays and then tend to decrease below their normal level. This decrease is followed by a return to normal many days before the lymphocytes reach their original level.
7. The other cells of the blood follow the neutrophilic curve.
8. Percentage figures, as determined by differential blood counts, do not give an accurate indication of the effect of the x-rays. It is only when these are multiplied by the total white blood count that a figure, representing the total number of cells of the series per c. mm. of blood, is obtained, which varies to the stimulus in a constant manner, the variations being practically quantitative.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Thomas Marguerite M. , Taylor Herbert D. , Witherbee William D. 
Published: June 2004

This study consists of blood counts on nine rabbits after an exposure to x-rays of a 7/8 inch spark-gap, milliamperage 25, distance from the target 8 inches, and time of exposure 20 minutes.
In seven of the nine animals there resulted an increase of the circulating lymphocytes. In five of these the increase was marked and in two others definite but not striking.
Of the two animals which showed no stimulation one showed marked fluctuation of counts both before and after x-rays and the other little or no change.
The higher penetrating dose (6 inch spark-gap, milliamperage 5, distance from the target 10 inches, time 26 minutes and 57 seconds) given to two animals produced no appreciable stimulation.
THE INFLUENCE OF ETHER ANESTHESIA, OF HEMORRHAGE, AND OF PLETHORA FROM TRANSFUSION ON THE PRESSOR EFFECT OF MINUTE QUANTITIES OF EPINEPHRINE
Authors: Rous Peyton , Wilson George W. 
Published: June 2004

Ether anesthesia has a marked influence in diminishing the pressor response to minute amounts of epinephrine injected directly into the circulation. Hemorrhage also acts to lessen or abolish the response, and to a degree directly proportional to the lowering of the blood pressure it causes. In the exsanguinated animal an amount of epinephrine three or four times that sufficient to produce a pressure rise of 10 to 15 mm. of mercury under normal conditions, may be entirely without effect. The response to large doses, on the other hand, is uninfluenced by ether or hemorrhage.
The facts stated have a practical bearing not only on the employment of epinephrine to tide over collapse but on its possible utilization in the future to raise a low blood pressure to the normal height and maintain it during a considerable period. For the amount of epinephrine which under normal conditions will suffice to bring up the blood pressure may have little or no effect on an etherized individual or on one who has lost blood. The same difficulty will doubtless be encountered under other conditions.
In animals rendered plethoric by transfusion the response to small doses of epinephrine lessens in proportion as the blood pressure is increased by the plethora.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIC ANTISERA FOR INFECTIONS OF UNKNOWN CAUSE
Authors: Rous Peyton , Robertson Oswald H. , Oliver Jean 
Published: June 2004

By the method of selective absorption with tissue, protective serum antibodies have been demonstrated in the case of an infection of unknown cause; namely, a chicken sarcoma transmitted by a filterable agent. Geese were repeatedly injected with the finely ground sarcoma and with blood from fowls moribund of it; and their sera acquired the power to prevent the tumor-producing agent from causing growths. That this was not due to antibodies elicited by the chicken tissue as such was shown by exhaustion of the goose sera with chicken red cells, a step which had not the least effect on the tumor-preventing power, and also by experiments with rabbits immunized as were the geese. These animals developed strong chicken antibodies in their sera which failed nevertheless to affect the tumor-producing agent.
Serum immunity to the chicken sarcoma is weak at best; and in the case of some other infections of unknown cause, more striking results may be anticipated from the method of selective absorption. It is even conceivable that by its means sera of therapeutic usefulness may become available. But much remains to be settled as regards the dangers of exhausted sera and the limitations of the method. Fortunately there exists an immediate field for the latter in laboratory studies on the nature of immunity to infections of which the cause has not been recognized.
CICATRIZATION OF WOUNDS
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte 
Published: June 2004

1. The law of cicatrization, of surface wounds may be expressed by an exponential formula in which the two coefficients may be determined.
2. A simple relation exists between these coefficients and the index, i, of cicatrization, previously established in function of the age of the patient and of the area of the wound.
3. The proposed equation with a simplified exponent, reduced to a single coefficient, expresses satisfactorily the phenomenon of contraction.