bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life Course Health Development: An Integrated Framework for Developing Health, Policy, and Research
Authors: Halfon Neal , Hochstein Miles 
Published: March 2003

This article describes theLifeCourseHealthDevelopment (LCHD) framework, which was created to explain how health trajectories develop over an individual's lifetime and how this knowledge can guide new approaches to policy and research. Using recent research from the fields of public health, medicine, human development, and social sciences, the LCHD framework shows thatHealth is a consequence of multiple determinants operating in nested genetic, biological, behavioral, social, and economic contexts that change as a person develops.Health development is an adaptive process composed of multiple transactions between these contexts and the biobehavioral regulatory systems that define human functions.Different health trajectories are the product of cumulative risk and protective factors and other influences that are programmed into biobehavioral regulatory systems during critical and sensitive periods.The timing and sequence of biological, psychological, cultural, and historical events and experiences influence the health and development of both individuals and populations.The life course health development (LCHD) framework organizes research from several fields into a conceptual approach explaining how individual and population health develops and how developmental trajectories are determined by interactions between biological and environmental factors during the lifetime. This approach thus provides a construct for interpreting how people's experiences in the early years of life influence later health conditions and functional status. By focusing on the relationship between experiences and the biology of development, the LCHD framework offers a better understanding of how diseases occur. By suggesting new strategies for health measurement, service delivery, and research, as well as for improving health outcomes, this framework also supports health care‐purchasing strategies to develop health throughout life and to build human health capital.
Short–term forecasting of non–OPEC supply — a statistical analysis
Authors: Jazayeri S.M.R. Tayyebi , Yahyai A. 
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study is to find an efficient method of forecasting average annual non–OPEC supply. Adopting a bottom–up approach, it attempts to identify the most suitable forecasting method for each of the world’ eight major non–OPEC producers separately. Assuming a short–term forecasting horizon, the study considers supply as an independent variable capable of being forecast fairly accurately, on the basis of historical data. Therefore, the individual countries' average annual production figures for the period 1970–2001 form the basis of the analysis.The eight major non–OPEC producers are classified into three groups, based on the difference between actual production and its five–year moving average during the period 1970–2001. Two different moving average (MA) methods, along with the autoregressive moving average (ARIMA) method, are applied to historical data, to draw forecasts of the average supply for each country for 2000 and 2001. The smoothed absolute percentage error (SAPE) is used as the basis for evaluating and comparing the accuracy of various forecasts, and then the most efficient forecasting method is identified.Finally, it is shown that the MA and ARIMA methods are capable of producing remarkably close forecasts for supply by major non–OPEC producers. It is also noted that, in view of the numeracy of factors affecting supply, the best forecasting method for each country does not necessarily remain the same from one year to the next, and that further research, covering a longer period, could end up identifying the single best method.
Profit Margins, Adjustment Costs and the Business Cycle: An Application to Spanish Manufacturing Firms*
Authors: Fariñas José C. , Huergo Elena 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to investigate the cyclical behaviour of mark‐ups, using a panel of Spanish manufacturing firms over the period 1990–1998. Margins are estimated from the optimal conditions derived from the firm's optimisation problem, which assumes that labour inputs are subject to adjustment costs. A number of results emerge from the estimations. First, we find positive and asymmetric adjustment costs for permanent labour inputs. Second, price‐cost margins are markedly procyclical. Our estimates suggest that labour adjustment costs more than double the variability of average margins with respect to Lerner indexes. Third, we find differences in the parameters of the adjustment technology across industries which make markups of intermediate and production good industries more cyclical than consumer good industries. Finally, industry‐specific price‐cost margins are higher in more concentrated industries.
Can One Be Cognitively Conscious of God?
Authors: Baxter Anthony 
Published: March 2003

How do humans ‘register’ God: attain knowledge or revelation of God? Analysis is familiar in terms of explanatory hypothesis, necessity, authority and commitment. However individuals speak also of ‘experience’ or ‘consciousness’ of God/Christ/grace – received widely, not just by an esoteric few. But may we properly hold that people can be cognitively aware of God?Undoubtedly such speech has problematic aspects. Not only do psychosis, self‐deception, gullibility recur. Commentators are liable to enlist what may be termed the A‐conceptual Lucidity picture, which critically fails.Various positions urged by thinkers rule out by definition the very possibility of cognitive awareness of God. Some analysts assert: a person’s experiencing x is constituted throughout by the person’s use of concepts in toto reached previously and independently. But, why adopt any a priori dismissiveness?We should favour a portrayal of people’s epistemic situation respecting God called the Consciousness Portrayal. Phrases therein include: ‘God’s gracious, guiding activity’; ‘a person’s access to God’; ‘attentive consciousness/conceptualization/knowledge of God’; ‘diverse levels or modes of consciousness’; ‘God’s guidance in a person’s creatively picking out concepts’; and ‘“cognition” which, as regards meaning, is not just a function of calculative reasoning’. Alertness to usage in non‐religious contexts aids our finding the religious phrasing intelligible. The Portrayal is approachable from an internal and external angle.Opponents’ challenges to the Portrayal invoke some broad epistemological theses, often pronounced intrinsic to ‘rationality’. But we fittingly espouse certain contrasting epistemological views. And these prove to fortify the Consciousness Portrayal.
The Theodicy of Austin Farrer
Authors: Oliver Simon 
Published: March 2003

This article seeks to place the theodicy of the Anglican theologian Austin Farrer, as expressed in Love Almighty and Ills Unlimited (1962), within the context of philosophical and theological approaches to the so‐called “problem of evil”. Farrer's work is initially contrasted with the theodicies of John Hick and Richard Swinburne. This comparison reveals some of the rationalist and foundationalist moral assumptions of modern philosophical theodicy of which Hick and Swinburne are representatives. By contrast, it is argued that Farrer's approach is thoroughly theological and begins not with a pre‐conceived ethics, but with God's self‐revelation in Jesus Christ. Farrer is thus deemed to have much in common with pre‐Enlightenment thinkers such as Augustine and Aquinas.Although Farrer's theodicy is seen to be theological (rather than a philosophical attempt at a resolution of the modern “problem of evil”), it is argued that he resists trends in recent theological approaches to theodicy that claim that God is passible (for example, the work of Jürgen Moltmann). This article defends divine impassibility and argues that, although Farrer's later “metaphysical personalism” implies that God may be personal to the point that he could be said to suffer, his Augustinian notion of the nature of evil as privatio boni strongly implies impassibility. This Farrer is seen to avoid two anthropomorphic approaches to theodicy: one that judges God by the standards of a foundational secular morality, and the other that ascribes certain “personal” emotions to the divine.This article defends Farrer's theological approach to theodicy and his emphasis on ecclesiology and soteriology. However, the lack of a convincing and thorough dogmatic theology is seen to render his theodicy uncompelling. Despite this weakness, it is argued that Farrer's work points theodicy towards a theological encounter with particular narratives of evil and suffering and away from the consideration of a single “problem of evil” by means of “rational”, philosophical enquiry.
Wealth Versus Welfare: the British Left Between Free Trade and National Political Economy Before the First World War*
Authors: Trentmann Frank 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The convergence of Free trade liberalism and radicalism was a central feature of British political culture after Chartism. This article explores the emergence of alternative visions of political economy on the left in the late Victorian and Edwardian period. Against the conventional view of a shared liberal Free Trade culture, it finds a plurality of languages. An interpretation of how Labour, social democrats, socialists and Fabians understood Britain's development under Free Trade reveals an alternative spectrum of popular ideas about society and economy. In the Independent Labour Party, opposition to protectionism was linked to support for some trade regulation and a more balanced economy. It was tied to a cultural and economic critique of competitive exchange, social dislocation and commercial dependence under Free Trade capitalism. The economic critique co‐existed with political internationalism and turned Labour's position into one of socialist‐radical dualism. This is compared to nationalist and imperialist socialist positions in Britain and abroad. The movement towards national political economy provided a link between older radical notions of moral economy and co‐operation and more collectivist notions of economic order and state regulation. It marked a step in the evolution from mid Victorian popular liberalism to social democracy and from Free Trade to the welfare state.
The Worcester House Declaration and the Restoration of the Church of England1
Authors: Till Barry 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article examines the Worcester House Declaration, arguably the most serious attempt at comprehension in the Church of England since the Reformation. It describes the negotiations from the Reliquiae of Richard Baxter and from an hitherto unpublished letter of Bishop Morley which centres on the proposal of conditional ordination, which would have been unacceptable to many Presbyterians. It compares the final Declaration with the original draft, demonstrating how far the king was prepared to go to meet historic Puritan demands and to incorporate the proposals made at the time by such moderate Anglicans as Gauden and Stillingfleet. It details the abortive Puritan attempt to pass the Declaration through the Commons, and assesses its status in the context of the royal prerogative.
British Mobilization in the War of American Independence*
Authors: Conway Stephen 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article argues that the mass arming in Britain during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars was not a wholly new phenomenon but the culmination of a long‐running process of greater mobilization of manpower. That process was significantly advanced in the American war, when more Britons and Irishmen went into uniform than in any earlier eighteenth‐century conflict, and when men from widely different social backgrounds participated in a military or naval capacity.
The Secret of Leopold Amery*
Authors: Rubinstein William D. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Leopold Amery (1873–1955) is best-known as a lifelong champion of imperial preference and empire unity, and was an important figure in the Conservative party during the first half of the twentieth century. Yet Amery was also a man with an extraordinary secret, which this article explores. Amery's mother Elisabeth Leitner (née Saphir) was Jewish. Amery went to extraordinary lengths to conceal his Jewish background, which was unknown until recently. Yet Amery might also be described as a ‘secret Jew’, who frequently used his influence on behalf of Jewish causes. He was the real author of the Balfour Declaration of 1917. Most remarkably and tragically, his eldest son John Amery (1912–1945) was a wartime Nazi who was hanged for treason.
French Views on Thatcherism and Blairism*
Authors: Leruez Jacques 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The French like terms ending in ‘ism’, especially when they appear to represent a substantial ideological proposition or, at the very least, a definite change in the methods of governance. Thus, both Thatcherism and Blairism have held considerable interest for both the educated public and the media. If Thatcherism was generally condemned as reactionary, there was none the less a certain amount of admiration for Lady Thatcher's ‘conviction’. As for Blairism, while considered a betrayal of socialist ideals by the more traditional left wing, it is looked upon with some sympathy in centrist and even right-wing circles.
Irish Radicalism in the Late Eighteenth Century
Authors: Dickinson H. T. 
Published: March 2003

York, Neil Longley Neither Kingdom nor Nation: The Irish Quest for Constitutional Rights, 1698–1800Curtin, Nancy J. The United Irishmen: Popular Politics in Ulster and Dublin 1791–1798Dickson, David; Keogh, Dáire and Whelan, Kevin (eds) The United Irishmen: Republicanism, Radicalism and RebellionSmyth, Jim The Men of No Property: Irish Radicals and Popular Politics in the Late Eighteenth CenturyMcFarland, E. W. Ireland and Scotland in the Age of Revolution: Planting the Green BoughKeogh, Dáire ‘The French Disease’: The Catholic Church and Radicalism in Ireland 1790–1800Whelan, Kevin The Tree of Liberty: Radicalism, Catholicism and the Construction of Irish Identity 1760–1830Keogh, Dáire and Furlong, Nicholas (eds) The Mighty Wave: The 1798 Rebellion in WexfordGahan, Daniel The People's Rising: Wexford 1798Stewart, A. T. Q. The Summer Soldiers: The 1798 Rebellion in Antrim and Down
Whose Rules of the Game? Defining the Globalization Divide
Authors: Buckberg Elaine 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Jagdish Bhagwati, The Wind of the Hundred Days: How Washington Mismanaged Globalization.Hernando de Soto, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else.Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom.George Soros, Open Society: Reforming Global Capitalism.
How Do You Assess a Manager’s Decision‐Making Abilities? The Use of Situational Inventories
Authors: Howard Alan , Choi Max 
Published: March 2003

Decision‐making capabilities are absolutely crucial to a manager. Unfortunately, existing methods of assessing managers in this area for selection and development purposes (in‐tray exercises, situational interviews, ability tests, etc.) leave a lot to be desired. This article focuses on an alternative for assessing managerial decision making – the situational inventory – and presents research findings and information on practical applications. Detailed findings are also presented for ‘Scenarios’, the UK’s first published situational measure of managerial judgement.Situational inventories work by presenting participants with realistic but difficult real‐life management scenarios. Each scenario is accompanied by a number of possible responses which participants rate for effectiveness in dealing with the scenario. Participants’ ratings are then scored against a set of ideal answers, producing an assessment of current decision‐making ability. Decision‐making ability can be developed in individuals, making feedback invaluable to participants.Evidence that has been accumulating in the United States and the UK for at least 15 years is presented to support the general situational inventory approach. Additionally, specific evidence is presented for ‘Scenarios’. It was found to correlate significantly with a number of managerial performance and responsibility indicators while appearing to be largely separate from existing psychometric (ability and personality) tests.
Book reviews
Authors: HäuBermann Hartmut , Brenner Neil , Pickvance Chris , Fujita Kuniko 
Published: March 2003

Harloe, Michael The people's home? Social rented housing in Europe & AmericaHitz, Keil, Lehrer, Ronneberger, Schmid and Wolff (eds.) Capitales Fatales: Urbanisierung und Politik in den Finanzmetropolen Frankfurt und ZürichAscher, François (ed.) Le logement en questionsShapira, Philip, Ian Masser and David W. Edgington (eds.) Planning for cities and regions in Japan
St Petersburg's Progress Towards the Market
Authors: Kudrin Aleksei 
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the progress of economic reform in St Petersburg. It first discusses several difficulties, legacies of the previous system and problems of the transition, which are having to be overcome. Despite these, and with the aid of an advantageous tax system, significant foreign investment is being attracted. The development of an effective banking system supports these investments, although there was a large scale banking crisis in 1995. There has also been a radical liberalization of the restrictions which particularly affected small business growth. However, an inadequate city budget provided an obstacle to further economic development. A reform of the city's tax system was implemented in 1994–5. This did not increase the aggregate tax burden but increased tax on property and decreased taxes on profits and incomes. Nevertheless, because of high inflation the city is having to meet increasing proportions of the costs of housing and transport. Further changes are now occurring following the election of a new city government in 1996.Cet article examine le progrès de la réforme économique à Saint Pétersbourg. Il commence par examiner plusieurs difficultés, legs du système précédent et problèmes de cette transition, qui doivent être surmontées. Malgré ces difficultés, et avec l'aide d'un système fiscal avantageux, des investissements étrangers considérables ont été suscités. Le développement d'un système bancaire efficace supporte ces investissements, bien qu'il y ait eu une importante crise bancaire en 1995. Il y a aussi eu une libéralisation radicale des restrictions qui affectaient particulièrement l'expansion des petites entreprises. Néanmoins, le budget insuffisant de la ville a empêché les développements économiques supplémentaires. Une réforme du système fiscal de la ville a été mise à exécution en 1995. Ceci n'a pas augmenté la charge totale des impositions fiscales mais a augmenté l'impôt foncier et diminué l'impôt sur les bénéfices et sur les revenus. Néanmoins, à cause du taux d'inflation élevé, la ville doit payer une proportion de plus en plus importante du coût du logement et du transport. D'autres changements sont en cours à la suite des élections d'un nouveau gouvernement de la ville en 1996.
The Hong Kong Government’s Strategy for Promoting Home Ownership — An Approach to Reducing the Decommodifying Effects of Public Housing Services
Authors: Yu Sam Wai Kam 
Published: March 2003

The Hong Kong Government is a well‐known believer in laissez faire values and capitalism. However, it provides massive public housing programmes. In order to reduce the adverse effects of the public housing programmes on capitalism, it has tried to promote the recommodification of public housing by encouraging and assisting public housing tenants to become home owners. The aim of this paper is to study the Hong Kong Government’s measures for promoting home ownership. It is argued that these measures are not very effective in reducing the decommodifying effects of the public housing services. Despite the fact that these measures aim to reduce people’s dependence on the government and to help them to re‐establish their relation with the private market, they are paradoxically also a kind of decommodification — people can enjoy some benefits independently of how they perform in the private market. Hence, it can be said that the government’s measures for promoting home ownership serve more to change the form than to reduce the degree of the decommodification of the public housing services.Le gouvernement de Hong Kong est un partisan bien connu du laissez‐faire et du capitalisme. Il fournit néanmoins des programmes massifs de logement public. Afin de réuire les effets adverses que les programmes de logement public ont sur le capitalisme, il a essayé de promouvoir la recommercialisation du logement public en encourageant et en aidant les locataires du logement public à devenir propriétaires. Le but de cet article est d’étudier les mesures que le gouvernement de Hong Kong a prises afin de promouvoir l’accès à la propriété. Cet essai soutient que ces mesures ne sont pas très efficaces pour réduire les effets de décommercialisation qu’ont les services de logement public. Bien qu’elles aient pour but de réduire la dépendance des habitants du gouvernement et de les aider à rétablir leur rapport avec le marché privé, elles sont aussi, paradoxicalement, une espèce de décommercialisation — dont les gens peuvent bénéficier indépendamment de leur performance sur le marché privé. On peut donc dire que les mesures prises par le gouvernement pour promouvoir l'accès à la propriété servent plus à changer la forme de la décommercialisation des services de logement public qu’à en réduire leur niveau.
Post‐Communist Borders and Territories: Conflicts, Learning and Rule‐Building in Poland
Authors: Bafoil François 
Published: March 2003

In the post‐Communist period, the territory — which under communism was an expression of the sovereignty of the centralized state — now carries the founding aspirations of local or regional communities which are determined to reconstitute political relations on a different basis. This is illustrated by focusing on negotiations to define cross‐border (Oder‐Neisse) economic privileges and on political competences in the region of Upper Silesia. An examination of these themes allows us to define the post‐Communist identity as a construct of collective action, based on the reinvestment of various historical resources and on the formation of cleavages directed at redefining relations between the centre and the political periphery. Several features of the old political order have been reconstituted in this way.—Dans la période post‐communiste, le territoire — qui sous le communisme était une expression de la souveraineté de l’état centralisé— supporte maintenant les aspirations fondatrices des communautés locales ou régionales qui sont résolues à reconstituer les relations politiques sur des bases différentes. Une examination des négociations pour définir des privilèges politiques à travers la frontière (Oder‐Neisse) et pour les compétences politiques dans la région de Haute‐Silésie illustre ceci. L’exploration de ces thèmes nous permet de définir l’identité post‐communiste comme une construction de l’action collective, basée sur le réinvestissement de diverses ressources historiques et sur la formation de divisions orientées vers la redéfinition des relations entre le centre et périphérie politique. Plusieurs traits de l’ancien ordre politique ont ainsi été reconstitués.