bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES OF DISEASES OF THE LYMPHOID AND MYELOID TISSUES. I
Authors: Jackson Henry , Parker Frederic , Glover Eugene C. ,   With the Assistance of Isabelle Newton
Published: June 2004

From a study of the metabolism of 71 lymph nodes and tumors one may conclude:
1. The nature of a tumor can not be predicted from the metabolism because too much overlapping of metabolic rates exists between the pathological groups.
2. There is no evidence metabolically one way or another as to whether malignant lymphomata of any type should be classed as neoplastic or as infectious processes.
3. The degree of cell differentiation can in most cases be foretold by the percentage difference between the aerobic and the anaerobic glycolysis. The greater the differentiation the greater the percentage difference. Sarcomata in general constitute an exception to this rule.
4. The degree of malignancy in carcinoma, but not in other tumors, can, with certain exceptions, be predicted from the height of the value U.
5. Human sarcomata appear to have a metabolism far more closely comparable to that of benign tumors than to that of carcinomata. They do not behave as malignant tumors under the Warburg classification. Their energy requirements are not of the same order as those of carcinoma.
6. One can not from the value U or from the glycolytic rates predict whether or not a tissue should be classed as neoplastic.
7. Warburg's findings for carcinomata are confirmed and amplified.
SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS IN PNEUMONIA WITH A NON-PROTEIN SOMATIC FRACTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Tillett William S. , Francis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

1. Sera from individuals acutely ill with lobar pneumonia possess the capacity to precipitate in high titre a non-protein somatic fraction derived from pneumococci (Fraction C). Following crisis the reaction is no longer demonstrable.
2. Sera obtained from cases of pneumococcus pneumonia during illness and convalescence have been tested for antibodies specifically reactive with three chemically distinct constituents of Pneumococcus. The results, when correlated with the course of disease, demonstrate differences in the occurrence of each qualitatively distinct antibody.
3. The precipitation of pneumococcus Fraction C is not limited to the sera of individuals ill with pneumococcus infection. But in the few other cases available for comparative tests, definite reactions have been obtained only in streptococcus and staphylococcus infections and in acute rheumatic fever.
CUTANEOUS REACTIONS IN PNEUMONIA. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBODIES FOLLOWING THE INTRADERMAL INJECTION OF TYPE-SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE
Authors: Francis Thomas , Tillett William S. 
Published: June 2004

The majority of patients convalescent from pneumonia due to Types I, II and III Pneumococcus develop at the time of recovery circulating antibodies for the homologous type of organisms. At the same time an immediate wheal and erythema reaction followed the intradermal injection of the homologous type-specific polysaccharide in 100 per cent of Type I patients, 58.8 per cent of Type II patients, and 44 per cent of Type III patients.
In a group of 18 patients repeatedly tested with the type-specific polysaccharides, 10 developed in the second or third week of convalescence circulating antibodies for one or more heterologous types. In none of 21 control patients was this phenomenon observed.
It is suggested that the development of circulating antibodies for heterologous types of Pneumococcus was associated with the previous intradermal injections of the type-specific polysaccharides.
BACTERIUM GRANULOSIS IN RELATION TO TRACHOMA: ITS RECOVERY FROM EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED MONKEYS AND FROM HUMAN TRACHOMA
Authors: Tilden E. B. , Tyler J. R. 
Published: June 2004

One of the strains of Bacterium granulosis isolated by Noguchi in 1926 has been maintained in culture and in monkeys and continues to be capable, after 3 years, of inducing a chronic granular conjunctivitis in monkeys. Cultures of this strain have been recovered from the monkey lesions as late as 3 years after inoculation and have been shown to reproduce the granular disease in monkeys.
Six additional strains of Bacterium granulosis have been isolated from cases of trachoma occurring in the Indian schools of Arizona. The cultures thus obtained are identical morphologically and culturally with those isolated by Noguchi and have induced the same chronic granular conjunctivitis in monkeys. Advanced untreated cases are more favorable for cultural study than treated cases.
Cultures of Bacterium granulosis kept on semisolid medium containing 10 per cent rabbit serum ("leptospira medium") remain viable for many months at room temperature, and sealed ampoules of such cultures have been found to retain their pathogenicity for the monkey conjunctiva for at least 69 days at room temperature and at least 284 days at 4° to 6°C.
Several additional cultural and biological characteristics of Bacterium granulosis have been described. Of outstanding importance is the fact that cocaine, in contradistinction to novocain, has a bactericidal effect on the organism. This fact, in view of the common use of cocaine for anesthesia, may explain the negative results of cultivation experiments reported by some workers.
THE TRANSMISSION OF PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA OF HORSES BY MEANS OF A FILTERABLE AGENT
Authors: Woods Alan C. , Chesney Alan M. 
Published: June 2004

A filterable agent has been obtained from the humors and tissues of the eyes of horses suffering from active periodic ophthalmia. The intra-vitreous injection of this filtrate produced in normal horses the same clinical and pathological picture observed in the natural disease. This filtrate injected into rabbits produced a different clinical picture, but the essential pathological lesions closely resembled those found in horses. After passage of the filterable agent through six generations of rabbits, it again produced the clinical and pathological picture of the natural disease when injected into the eyes of normal horses.
It appears, in this epidemic at least, that this filterable agent was the specific etiological factor of the periodic ophthalmia.
STUDIES IN THE COMMON COLD
Authors: Dochez A. R. , Shibley Gerald S. , Mills Katherene C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Chimpanzees are highly suitable animals for the experimental study of human upper respiratory infections.
2. Human colds have been successfully transmitted to apes and human volunteers in 44 per cent of instances tried by means of filtered nasal washings obtained from colds.
3. Certain types of infectious colds are caused by a filtrable agent.
STUDIES ON MOUSE LEUKEMIA
Authors: Richter Maurice N. , MacDowell E. C. 
Published: June 2004

Several lines of lymphatic leukemia in mice, experimentally transmitted by inoculation into hosts of a closely inbred strain, have been established and carried on simultaneously. Among the inoculated mice there were found different types of response, according to the line of leukemia inoculated. The differences consisted mainly in the extent or distribution of lesions. Although the same line did not always show the same distribution of lesions, there was a distinct tendency for the cases in a line to present the same characteristics on successive transfers over a considerable period.
A comparison of the frequency of the occurrence of certain lesions in four lines of transmission shows that:
1. Increases in the total leucocyte counts were less common and less marked in Lines A and E than in Lines H and I. In the lines first mentioned, normal counts were relatively frequent. In Line H normal counts were uncommon, and in Line I were not observed. The highest counts were found in Line I.
2. Peritoneal effusion was characteristic of Line A for 43 transfers. It was found in Line E, but for a considerably shorter period and in a smaller proportion of cases; it was rare in Lines H and I.
3. Pleural effusion was frequently found in Lines A and E but rarely in Lines H and I.
4. Infiltration in the liver occurred to a marked degree in all the mice of Lines H and I, but in fewer mice and to a variable degree in Lines A and E.
5. Infiltration in the kidney in Line I was present in 90 per cent of the mice, and was of marked grade. In line H it was present in 67 per cent of the mice (24 per cent of marked grade) but in Lines A and E it was rare.
6. A considerable amount of variability in results occurred in Lines A and E, whereas Lines H and I remained remarkably constant.
The lesions characteristic of a line were not necessarily those present in the spontaneous case from which the first transfer of the line was made.
As the mice used for inoculation were genetically uniform, the differences between the lines are not due to genetic differences in the hosts, but to differences in the materials inoculated.
OBSERVATIONS ON NORMAL SYNOVIAL FLUID OF CATTLE
Authors: Bauer Walter , Bennett G. A. , Marble Alexander , Claflin Dorothy 
Published: June 2004

1. The astragalotibial (hock) joints of normal young beef cattle contain large and uniform quantities of synovial fluid which is easily accessible for study.
2. Nucleated cells found in such synovial fluid are similar in numbers and types to those described previously in normal rabbits' synovia.
3. The fact that 90 to 95 per cent of all nucleated cells present are actively phagocytic implies that the function of these cells is the removal of the products of wear and tear from the articular cartilages and synovial membranes.
4. Red blood corpuscles seem to be present in numbers directly proportional to the trauma to which the synovial membrane is subjected.
5. The astragalotibial joints of young beef cattle contain from 3 to 5 times more fluid than do the corresponding joints of stable cattle. More débris and unidentified solid material is found in the latter group of animals.
6. The total nitrogen content of this synovial fluid was found to be 169 mg. per 100 cc. The approximate total protein content was calculated to be 680 mg. or 0.68 per cent per 100 cc.
7. No correlation between the total protein level and the total cell counts of isolated specimens of synovial fluid is possible from these data.
8. Further studies of synovial fluid and of its chemical similarity to blood serum of the same animals are in progress.
9. Articular cartilage defects occurring in the articular cartilages of the carpometacarpal joints are described. (A more detailed study of these articular cartilage lesions, the age at which they appear, possible causative factors, etc., is now being made.)
A CEREBELLAR DISORDER IN CHICKS, APPARENTLY OF NUTRITIONAL ORIGIN
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Goettsch Marianne ,   With the Assistance of Anne Pappenheimer
Published: June 2004

Growing chicks maintained on a diet consisting of milk powder, casein, starch, yeast, cod liver oil, salts and filter paper develop ataxia, tremors, retraction or twisting of the head, clonic spasms of the legs, and stupor. These symptoms may appear suddenly, usually between the 18th and 25th day, and may end in death. If recovery takes place, the chicks may go on to normal development.
Definite lesions are found in the cerebellum of the affected chicks. These consist of edema, necrosis and hemorrhages. Hyaline thrombi are found in the capillaries in and about the degenerated areas.
THE EFFECT OF TESTICULAR EXTRACT ON FILTERABLE VIRUSES
Authors: Hoffman Donald C. 
Published: June 2004

The Reynals factor promotes the pathogenic action of the viruses of herpes, vesicular stomatitis of horses, Borna disease, and vaccinia. The heightening of virulence is revealed in various ways. The effects of the viruses may be accentuated; or a weak strain converted into a strong one, as in the case of the F. strain of herpes virus; or the power acquired to infect resistant species or tissues, as, e.g., rabbits and the abdominal skin of guinea pigs, with acute vesicular stomatitis.
The Reynals factor should serve as an important agent in the study of filterable viruses.
ON THE PRESENCE IN ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM OF TYPE-SPECIFIC PROTECTIVE ANTIBODY NOT NEUTRALIZED BY HOMOLOGOUS SPECIFIC SOLUBLE SUBSTANCE
Authors: Sabin Albert B. 
Published: June 2004

The mutual relationship of the anticarbohydrate precipitins and the protective action in antipneumococcus sera to the soluble specific substance was investigated. The assumption is made that there exists in antipneumococcus serum, type-specific protective antibody which is distinct from the anticarbohydrate precipitins and is not neutralized by the soluble specific substance. This assumption is based upon the following observations in experiments which were conducted primarily with Type I antipneumococcus horse serum.
1. Lack of proportionality between the quantity of SSS added and the amount of anticarbohydrate precipitin and protective action neutralized.
2. Protective capacity of specific precipitates (SSS-precipitin complex) is accounted for on the basis of a liberation of non-specifically adsorbed protective antibody.
3. SSS only partially neutralizes the protective action of antipneumococcus serum in vivo.
4. Type-specific protective antibody remains in antipneumococcus serum after complete precipitation of the anticarbohydrate precipitins.
5. This residual type-specific protective antibody is not neutralized by additional SSS nor by absorption with heterologous pneumococci; it is definitely absorbed by the homologous pneumococci.
CERTAIN ASPECTS OF MOUSE PROTECTION TESTS FOR ANTIBODY IN PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA
Authors: Lord Frederick T. , Persons Elbert L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Though in general in pneumococcus pneumonia the appearance of protective substance coincides rather sharply with the fall in the temperature, antibody may appear spontaneously in the blood serum as early as the 3rd or 4th day and crisis and recovery may be delayed until the 6th to the 10th day.
2. Recovery at times occurs without demonstrable protective substance in the blood in patients who later develop protection.
3. The amount of antibody developed in the course of pneumococcus pneumonia is small and in the majority of cases tested was insufficient to protect against more than 100 lethal doses of homologous pneurnococci and never against more than 10,000 lethal doses.
4. Treatment with Felton's antibody late in the course of the disease materially increases the amount of protective substances in the blood. A high degree of protection may be established by treatment in fatal cases. After the 3rd day doses of more than 200,000 Felton units are usually necessary to produce a greater degree of protection than might otherwise be expected.
5. The formation of protective substances by the patient himself is not an assurance against progress of the infection to a fatal termination.
6. Protective substance in the blood and pneumococcic septicemia may occur simultaneously.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy 
Published: June 2004

Microscopic studies show the presence of a network of fibrin within the tissues and numerous thrombosed lymphatics at the site of inflammation. Precipitated iron compounds, possibly coagulated horse serum, or particulate matter caught in this fibrinous reticulum will disseminate less readily than trypan blue from the site of inflammation.
Trypan blue injected at the periphery of an inflamed area fails to enter the site of inflammation. This failure of penetration is caused by the occlusion of lymphatic vessels and by the presence of a fine network of fibrin in the tissue spaces of the inflamed area.
Fixation of foreign substances by the inflammatory reaction is therefore primarily due to mechanical obstruction caused by a network of fibrin and by thrombosed lymphatics at the site of inflammation.
There is another phase of the problem which still requires more accurate information. This concerns the relation between exudation from blood vessels and changes in flow of lymph from the inflamed area. Further experiments are being conducted to investigate this question.
The reaction of fixation which occurs extremely early in the inflammatory process circumscribes the irritating substance and allows a definite period of time for the leucocytes to assemble for the purpose of phagocytosis.
It is through a delicate regulating mechanism of this kind that, to use the expression of Opie (7), "the vital organs are protected at the expense of local injury."
OBSERVATIONS WITH A NEW TRANSMISSIBLE STRAIN OF THE LEUCOSIS (LEUCEMIA) OF FOWLS
Authors: Furth J. ,   With the Assistance of Charles Breedis and Ruth Klingelhofer
Published: June 2004

Myeloid leucosis and erythroleucosis can be transmitted from one bird to others by emulsions of infiltrated organs, whole blood cells, and plasma. Inoculation is more often successful with blood cells or with whole blood than with plasma or with emulsions of organs infiltrated as the result of leucosis.
Inoculation with material from a bird with myeloid or with erythroleucosis produces both myeloid and erythroleucosis, and in many instances mixed forms with characters of both.
Evidence is wanting that lymphoid leucosis is caused by the agent that transmits myeloid and erythroleucosis. The occurrence of lymphoid leucosis among the birds inoculated with material from myeloid or erythroleucosis may be explained as spontaneous disease.
Injury to cellular structure by treatment with distilled water or by repeated freezing and thawing does not destroy the agent that transmits the disease.
Berkefeld filtrates have failed to transmit regularly myeloid or erythroleucosis. The evidence obtained shows, however, that the transmissible agent is filterable, although there are technical difficulties in its filtration.
TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS WITH LEUCOSIS OF FOWLS
Authors: Stubbs E. L. , Furth J. 
Published: June 2004

It is shown, in a carefully controlled experiment, that fowl leucemia can be readily transmitted from chicken to chicken by injection.
Of 25 fowls, 13 were injected intravenously with blood from a chicken (No. 575) with erythroleucosis and 12 with blood from a chicken (No. 689) with myeloid leucosis. The injected birds and an equal number of uninjected controls were kept in tiers of alternating cages under as nearly identical conditions as possible. The donors, the controls, and the injected birds were all of the same stock and of the same age.
In the two series 13 or 52 per cent of the 25 fowls inoculated developed leucemia within 4 to 10 weeks after injection. The two types of leucemia, erythroleucosis and myeloid leucosis, developed in both groups irrespective of the type used for injection. Among the uninjected controls no cases of erythroleucosis or of myeloid leucosis were observed. Lymphoid leucosis occurred in one injected fowl but since it also occurred in one control it may be assumed that it was probably not caused by the injected material.
HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON HOG CHOLERA
Authors: Seifried Oskar 
Published: June 2004

1. A more or less marked encephalomyelitis and meningitis was found in 33 out of 39 cases of virus hog cholera which had been infected either intramuscularly or by contact and killed between 6 and 49 days after infection.
2. This hog cholera encephalitis is characterized by a varying amount of vascular and perivascular infiltration with small lymphocytes, mononuclear elements, a few plasma cells, and occasionally a few eosinophilic leucocytes. The glia shows a proliferation surrounding infiltrated vessels or forming small nodules or more diffuse foci. Satellitism and in a few instances true neuronophagia have been observed. Both microglia and macroglia participate in this process. There is no essential increase of glia fibers. In nearly all parts of the central nervous system degenerating lesions of the nerve cells such as tigrolysis and degeneration of the nucleus, including a slight atrophy of endocellular neurofibers, are encountered. No demyelinization has been observed. Specific inclusion bodies in the nerve cells are absent. In addition, in a certain number of cases microscopic and macroscopic hemorrhages are present in the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
3. These lesions in varying degrees have been found in swine infected with four different strains of hog cholera virus. Two were laboratory strains and two were obtained from fresh field outbreaks.
4. Histological changes in the central nervous system were found as early as 6 days after infection before the animal showed central nervous system symptoms. In two cases which were paralyzed no lesions in the central nervous system could be demonstrated.
5. The lesions in the central nervous system are considered to be the anatomical substratum for the various nervous symptoms commonly found in hog cholera.
A CRITERION OF HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS IN EXPERIMENTAL SCURVY
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert 
Published: June 2004

1. The degree of scorbutic change in the vessels of animals with experimental scurvy can be roughly measured by establishing the amount of negative pressure required to produce petechial hemorrhages in the skin.
2. The test shows that the hemorrhagic diathesis in experimental scurvy develops earlier than any other known sign of the disease and that it persists in some degree throughout.
3. The response of the blood vessels to the administration of antiscorbutic substances is extremely rapid as shown by the test, but it varies with the amount of antiscorbutic given and its method of administration.
4. The changes in the resistance of the vessels follows a curve which rises towards recovery during the end of the 1st week on a scorbutic diet, reaches a peak in the 2nd week and then falls steadily during the remainder of the course of the disease. This indicates that the course of the disease is not constant and progressive.
5. The test may have clinical value in the diagnosis of scurvy.
THE PRECIPITIN REACTION OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA
Authors: Sobotka Harry , Friedlander Mae 
Published: June 2004

The ratio precipitin/protective antibody is given for several fresh antipneumococcus horse sera (Type II).
The application of the precipitin test here dealt with and that of similar ones, based on the conception of a parallelism between precipitin and protective antibody, is limited to unrefined horse sera.
THE SKIN REACTIONS PRODUCED BY ALTERNATIONS OF HEAT AND X-RAY AT VARIOUS TIME INTERVALS
Authors: Hawkins James A. 
Published: June 2004

Areas on the abdomen of the same guinea pig were exposed to suberythemal doses of soft X-rays, to heat of an intensity below the critical dose for the production of burns, and to both radiations in sequence with various time intervals between the exposures.
The only effect of exposure to X-ray or heat alone was a slight scaling of the skin. The areas exposed to heat and X-radiation developed well-marked and persistent burns when the exposure to one agent was made within 3 hours of the other. Scaling of the skin developed when the exposure to one agent was made 1 day after the other. This scaling was more marked and lasted longer than the scaling produced by either agent alone. The results were the same no matter in which sequence the agents were applied.