bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The National Cycle
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ifit be agreed that there is a life cycle of the human individual, one may ask whether there is a life cycle of a nation. Individuals are born, grow, mature, and die, but new generations follow in their train and may keep the city­ state or nation-state on a steady track. Nations may not die, though Fernand Braudel claims that civilizations are mortal (1966 [1975], p. 775). The cyclical idea of history was broached by Spain as early as 1600 (Elliot, 1961 [1970], p. 170). With national economies, economists have pointed to business cycles, and within them the cycle of invention, followed by improvement and stasis (Wijnberg, 1992); a corporate cycle (Mueller, 1988), well illustrated in 1993 by the problems of General Motors, IBM, General Electric, and Sears Roebuck; and, with particular application to manufactured products innovated in one country and then spread abroad, the product cycle (Vernon, 1966). A Spanish historian has even noted a cycle in the guild, an organizational structure encouraged by Ferdinand and Isabella and useful at the start of industrial growth because it helped maintain standards of quality, but ending as “obstruction, oppression and fraud” (Vicens Vives, 1970, p. 142). One modern political scientist refers to a national power cycle (Doran, 1985), another to cycles in war (Bergesen, 1985). Even a literary critic, reviewing Spengler’s Decline of the West, comments:
The Missing People In Development Planning
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most difficult thing in life is to discover the obvious. It took Newton to question why an apple falls down rather than up and to discover the law of gravity. It took Einstein to point out that time and space are relative, not absolute, which led to the theory of relativity. It took Keynes to observe that if every individual tries to save without investing, the nation as a whole may not be able to save because total output will decline. So, what is considered economically rational behaviour at the disaggregate level may not be all that rational at the aggregate level, an observation that culminated in the General Theory. And it took Churchill to thunder in the midst of the Second World War: ‘There is no finer investment than putting milk in babies.”In the same spirit, after many decades of development, we are redis covering the obvious-that people are both the means and the end of economic development. Often, this simple truth gets obscured because we are used to talking in abstractions, in aggregates, in numbers. Human beings, fortunately too stubborn to lend themselves to becoming a mere abstraction, are conveniently forgotten. Economists, in discussing the means of development, often talk about investment capital. Physical capital has taken centre stage, to the exclusion of many other factors of production. Human capital is measured neither quantitatively nor qualitatively. Nor does it receive the attention it deserves. Many societies, despite an abundance of financial capital, have been unable to develop.
“The Tocsin of Freedom”: The Black Leadership of Radical Reconstruction
Authors: Foner Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Reconstruction, the turbulent period that followed the Civil War, was a time of momentous changes in American political and social life. But no development during that era marked so dramatic a break with the nation’s traditions, or aroused such bitter hostility from Reconstruction’s opponents, as the appearance of large numbers of black Americans in public office only a few years after the destruction of slavery. Before the Civil War, blacks did not form part of America’s “political nation.” In 1860, only five Northern states, all with tiny black populations, allowed black men to vote on the same terms as white. Black officeholding was unknown in the slave South and virtually unheard of in the free states as well. During Presidential Reconstruction (1865–67), voting and elective office in the South continued to be restricted to whites.
The Common Soldier’s Gettysburg Campaign
Authors: Glatthaar Joseph T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In one of the most misinterpreted statements in the Civil War, Confederate General Robert E. Lee once explained his command style to Prussian military observer Justus Schiebert. “I think and work with all my powers to bring my troops to the right place at the right time.” Once he had completed that, Lee continued, “I leave the matter up to God and the subordinate officers,” because to interfere “does more harm than good.” Lee was not abdicating responsibility for the course of battle, as some scholars have suggested; rather, he was merely concurring with Union generals Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman that a commander’s ability to influence combat was finite. Success on the battlefield depended on subordinate officers’ capacity to command, and soldiers’ ability to fight. In short, Lee could bring his forces together at the proper location and the precise moment, but the army, its officers and its men, had to execute for victory.
Why Markets Don’t Stop Discrimination
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Markets, it is sometimes said, are hard on discrimination. An employer who finds himself refusing to hire qualified blacks and women will, in the long run, lose out to those who are willing to draw from a broader labor pool. Employer discrimination amounts to a self-destructive “taste”—self-destructive because employers who indulge that taste add to the costs of doing business. Added costs can only hurt. To put it simply, bigots are weak competitors. The market will drive them out.
Chinese Workers and Taiwanese Competitiveness
Authors: Hsing You-tien 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The increasing regional disparities in China and the consequent massive migration from the interior has brought an oversupply of workers to the coastal south. Because of the abundant supply of migrant workers with di­ versified qualifications, Taiwanese investors were able to employ a strategy of”people sea” to expand the production capacity rapidly in southern China. Such a strategy was combined with exploitation of unorganized and unprotected migrant workers. In some factories, Chinese workers did enjoy better benefits, working conditions, and skill training when the investor had a more stable source of orders and a longer term investment plan. However, in most cases the Taiwanese competitiveness in the world shoe markets was still based on a labor practice of free hiring and firing, low wages, and very intensive work.
In Defense of Private Writing: Consequences for Theory and Research
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most of the words written by most people are intended for the eyes of others. Indeed, many people have this intention for everything they write. Still, some people sometimes, and many people occasionally, write words not meant for others to see. Some of this writing seems trivial, as when people make lists and jottings for themselves for day-to-day business; but some of it is far from trivial, as when people write out important thoughts or feelings they don’t want anyone else to see. Some of this writing goes in a diary of some sort, but some it is discarded or destroyed soon after it is written.
Hulme of Original Sin
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some of us who include Eliot in our own syllabuses have to contend with a number of entrenched attitudes toward his life and work, especially the alleged discontinuity of the poetry and criticism written before his religious conversion with that written after. Since the 1920s the cumulative criticism of Eliot’s development as a poet, critic, and Anglo-Catholic has persuaded most classroom teachers to accept the following assumptions and chronology: that the poems written from “Prufrock” to “The Hollow Men” are those of a despairing, sceptical poet probing spiritual bankruptcy in the modern world; that from “Tradition and the Individual Talent” (1919) to his formal conversion in 1927 Eliot’s theory of tradition and criticism spring from literary rather than moral concerns; that in 1928, when in the preface to For Lancelot Andrewes Eliot announces that his attitude is “classicist in literature, royalist in politics, and anglcatholic in religion,” there is a rather sudden turn from an aesthetic and literary theory of tradition to a moral and religious doctrine of orthodoxy; that in After Strange Gods (1934) and later Eliot not only sins against literature by employing his dogmatic religious beliefs as the narrow touchstone of his criticism but yearns nostalgically for the unified sensibility and moral security of a lost medieval world. Few would accept the assertion that by 19r6 Eliot’s classical, royalist, and religious point of view was already formulated. A first step toward establishing this assertion is to examine evidence of Eliot’s critical and religious position in 1915-16, and especially the role of T. E. Hulme in defining that position.
Esau And Jacob
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain , Moisès Carlos Felipe 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Esau and Jacob is the last of Machado de Assis's four great novels. At one level it is the story of twin brothers in love with the same woman and her inability to choose between them. At another level, it is the story of Brazil itself, caught between the traditional and the modern, and between the monarchical and republican ideals. Instead of a heroic biblical fable, Machado de Assis gives us a story of the petty squabbles, conflicting ambitions, doubts, and insecurities that are part of the human condition.
Theories of Justice in the Context of Research
Authors: Powers Madison 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A central theme throughout this volume is the recent transition from a view of justice in research ethics, having an almost exclusive emphasis on the need for special protection of vulnerable populations, to an increased concern that members of disadvantaged populations (both individually and as a group) have greater access to the potential benefits of medical research and increased opportunities to participate as research subjects. However, the theoretical justifications offered in support of this fundamental change in view are diverse, and the implications for public policy vary accordingly.
Justification for Hate Crime Laws
Authors: Jacobs James B , Potter Kimberly 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The New Hate Crime laws have been enacted for essentially symbolic reasons. However, once enacted, they must be defended against charges that they are unnecessary, unfair, and unconstitutional. Sophisticated jurisprudential rationales, frequently dependent on and bolstered by social science studies, emerge in the course oflitigation and are elaborated, honed, and polished in the hands of appellate lawyers, judges, and professors. In this chapter, we examine and critique the most frequently offered justifications for hate crime laws. In chapter 8, we will take up the question of constitutionality.
Hate Speech, Hate Crime, and the Constitution
Authors: Jacobs James B , Potter Kimberly 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Imagine That John Doe, a white man screaming anti-Asian epithets, beats an Asian man with a baseball bat. Doe confesses that he dislikes Asian people, because he thinks they are responsible for his unemployment. Imagine further that Richard Roe, also a white man, beats an Asian man with a baseball bat, while screaming nonracist curses and obscenities. Roe explains that he was appalled and angered by the victim’s cheering for the Boston Red Sox and booing the New York Yankees. Both Doe and Roe are convicted of aggravated battery. Roe is sentenced to two years imprisonment, the usual sentence for aggravated battery. Doe is sentenced to seven years imprisonment, the judge explaining that his anti-Asian prejudice requires the severest possible sentence. Does Doe’s punishment violate the First Amendment? Civil libertarians, torn between commitments to equality and free speech, are divided on this question.
Dreams and Realities
Authors: Gorriti Juana Manuela , Waisman Sergio , Masiello Francine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most dramatic figures among Latin America’s romantic writers and the distinguished woman writer of her century, Juana Manuela Gorriti brings passion and intrigue to the scene of writing. An exile from her native Argentina who sought refuge first in Bolivia and then in Peru, her lifetime of travel and displacement is echoed in her fictions. Her short stories tell of homelessness and nomadic yearnings, taking the reader from the Peruvian highlands, where Spanish colonizers plot to rob the treasures of the Incas, to the Argentine capital city plagued by sinister political intentions. Her later fictions move from Chile to scenes of the California Gold Rush. Covering the wide landscape of the Americas, Gorriti tracks the spirit of nineteenth-century adventurers and dandies, nation builders and soldiers who participate in the conflicts of settlement in a new and lawless land. Women are the protagonists here, mediating episodes of civil strife as they voice their despair about the treachery of fortune seekers in Latin America in the years following Independence from Spain. Dreams and Realities offers a sampling of Gorriti’s stories, showing the range of her commitment to political fiction drawn in the romantic style. Originally published in four volumes under the titles Suenos y realidades and Panoramas de la vida, her works deal with the tyranny of the Rosas regime, the mediating role of women, and the clash of European and indigenous cultures. Notwithstanding her personal political leanings, Gorriti’s stories and fictions provide a generous dose of swashbuckling adventure and romance. Translated into English for the first time by Sergio Weisman and with an Introduction, Chronology, and Critical Notes by Francine Maisello, the book gives a woman’s view of the world of political intrigue and civil unrest that marks Latin America’s turbulent nineteenth century.
Institutions and Commitment
Authors: Spiller Pablo T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Oliver Williamson opened a new approach to institutions. In Markets and Hierarchies institutions are not seen simply as organigrams or chains of command whose layers are determined by the workings of communications channels. Instead, institutions are now seen as designed to deal with a basic time inconsistency inherent to most transactions, namely opportunism coupled with the inability to write fully contingent contracts.
Inertia and Change in the Early Years Employment Relations in Young, High Technology Firms
Authors: Hannan Michael T , Burton M Diane , Baron James N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How much do origins matter for organizations? This question has pivotal importance for understanding organizational change. Despite its theoretical importance, little effort has been directed at gaining evidence that speaks directly to it. This paper takes a first step in an effort to rectify this gap in our knowledge. It reports some early results from an effort to examine processes of imprinting in a sample of young, high technology companies.
Rape, Other Violence Against Women, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G , Resnick Heidi S , Saunders Benjamin E , Best Connie L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Crime victimization, other traumatic events, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are prevalent within the general population, with prevalence of exposure to traumatic events observed at rates ranging from 39% to approximately 80% (Breslau et al., 1991; Kilpatrick et al., 1987; Norris, 1992; Resnick et al., 1993; Kessler et al., 1995). Given exposure to such events, rates of lifetime PTSD ranging from approximately 18% to 28% (Breslau et al., 1991; Kilpatrick et al., 1987; Resnick et al., 1993) have been found. Most recently, within a sample of 5,877 men and women, Kessler et al. reported lifetime PTSD rates in association with traumatic event histories of 20.4 and 8.1 among women and men, respectively. Current rates of PTSD are approximately 7% across studies (Kilpatrick et al., 1987; Norris, 1992; Resnick et al., 1993). Because being a victim of violent crime increases the risk for PTSD (Norris, 1992; Kilpatrick et al., 1989; Resnick et al., 1993), it is particularly important that more sophisticated methods be used to address the complexity of this problem. In this introductory section, we outline several issues that are important in the study of the history of violence in association with PTSD outcome in particular.
Relationships between Stressful Life Events and Episodes of Major Depression and Nonaffective Psychotic Disorders: Selected Results from a New York Risk Factor Study
Authors: Stueve Ann , Dohrenwend Bruce P , Skodol Andrew E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The notion that stressful life experiences contribute to psychopathology is hardly novel. Clinicians are routinely taught to inquire about recent events and interpersonal difficulties when treating new patients, and people readily explain their distress in terms of stressful experiences and circumstances. So it does not comprise that researchers, too, have focused on life events as a possible risk factor for psychiatric disorders and as a vehicle for understanding the social distribution of psychopathology. Yet despite the seeming obviousness of a relationship between stressful events and psychopathology, and despite more than two decades of research on this relationship, controversy persists about whether and to what extent life events play a causal role.
Monopolies In America
Authors: Geisst Charles R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this incisive and comprehensive history, business historian Charles Geisst traces the rise of monopolies from the railroad era to today's computer software empires. The history of monopolies has been dominated by strong and charismatic personalities. Adding a fascinating element to his book, Geisst tells the stories behind the individuals--from John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie to Michael Milken and Bill Gates--who forged these business empires with genius, luck, and an often ruthless disregard for fair competition. He also analyses the viewpoints of their equally colorful critics, from Louis Brandeis to Ralph Nader. These figures enliven the narrative, offering insight into how large businesses accumulate power. Viewed as either godsends or pariahs, monopolies have sparked endless debate and often conflicting responses from Washington. Monopolies in America surveys the important pieces of legislation and judicial rulings that have emerged since the post-Civil War era, and proposes that American antitrust activity has had less to do with hard economics than with political opinion. What was considered a monopoly in 1911 when Standard Oil and American Tobacco were broken up was not applied again when the Supreme Court refused to dismantle U.S. Steel in 1919. Charting the growth of big business in the United States, Geisst reaches the startling conclusion that the mega-mergers that have dominated Wall Street headlines for the past fifteen years are not simply a trend, but a natural consequence of American capitalism. Intelligent and informative, Monopolies in America skillfully chronicles the course of American big business, and allows us to see how the debate on monopolies will be shaped in the twentieth-first century.
Brain Tumor Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Neurosurgery has had major technical advances in the past 20 years, with stereotactic biopsy and resection. Radiation oncology has developed focal conformal radiation therapy (RT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SR), and interstitial RT. Despite these major technical advances, the median survival for patients with glioblastoma multiforme has not changed significantly in the past 20 years. The neurosurgeon is limited by the infiltrating growth pattern of brain tumors and the regionally specialized normal brain.
Oligodendroglioma and Oligo-Astrocytoma
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Oligodendroglioma was initially classified in 1926 by Bailey and Cushing1 and was considered to be a differentiated form of medulloblastoma. Three years later, Bailey and Bucy,2 applying a new histological technique developed by Rio-Hortega, proved the presence of oligodendroglia in oligodendrogliomas, and reclassified the tumor to glial lineage. Oligodendroglioma is composed of oligodendroglia (&gt;80%); if greater than 20% of the cells are astrocytic, the tumor is an oligo-astrocytoma.
Epidural Tumors
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Neoplasms not originating from spinal structures differ in their propensity to metastasize to the spine. However, any malignancy with metastatic potential may appear in the spine and cause epidural spinal cord compression (ESCC). (The term spinal cord compression is used toinclude cauda equina compression unless otherwise noted.)
The Unfinished Bombing
Authors: Linenthal Edward T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Edward Linenthal has written or contributed to several books concerning the way Americans remember and memorialize the past. This new book, about the Oklahoma city bombing, is more specifically about how that horrific event has been commemorated by local residents and the nation at large. He describes it as the story of the formation of a bereaved community. Linenthal has closely followed the process of creating the official memorial of the bombing, and is the only ‘outside’ person with complete access to the archives and storerooms of the memorial commission. In the courese of his work, he has also gotten to know many of the survivors personally, and they will be a source of fascinating material as well (both their recollections, and examples of the outpouring of mail they received from all over the world). Linenthal’s book will be a unique and moving contribution to the growing literature on history and memory.
Cells, Tissues, and Disease
Authors: Helmholz R H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book provides an up-to-date and thorough introduction to general pathology. Disease processes are explained in the light of malfunctions at the cellular level, offering a rich understanding of the clinical correlates of all aspects of fundamental cellular physiology and basic biomedicine. The book has been fully revised and updated for this Second Edition, to present a current but deep understanding of disease states at the cell and tissue levels. It includes major sections on cellular pathology, inflammation, immunopathology, vascular disturbance, and tumour biology.