bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From chemistry to heredity
Authors: Maynard Smith John , SzathmáRy EöRs 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last sentence of Darwin’s Origin of species reads ‘There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, being originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that, while this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved’. Curiously, the phrase ‘by the Creator’ crept in only in the second edition: it was absent in the first. It seems that Darwin, perhaps to please his wife Emma, was willing to leave the problem of the origin of life, a problem he had little prospect of making progress with, as a matter for religious interpretation. In contrast, the problem of the origin of man was one he believed he could usefully think about.
The origin of sex
Authors: Maynard Smith John , SzathmáRy EöRs 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In animals and plants, and in eukaryotes generally, the essence of the sexual process is that a new individual starts from a single cell, the ‘zygote’, formed by the fusion of two sex cells, or ‘gametes’. Typically, gametes have only one set of chromosomes—that is, they are ‘haploid’—and consequently the zygote contains two sets of chromosomes—it is ‘diploid’. Hence a new individual contains genetic information from two parents, and, in the longer term, each individual has received genes from many ancestors, and may contribute genes to many descendants. This has led to the concept of a ‘gene pool’, consisting of genes that may be in separate individuals today, but whose ancestors may have been together in the same individual in the past, and whose descendants may be together again in the future. The species, or set of potentially interbreeding individuals, thus constitutes an evolving unit, with a common gene pool.
From animal societies to human societies
Authors: Maynard Smith John , SzathmáRy EöRs 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the obvious similarities between a termite mound and a human city, there are profound differences between the mechanisms that lead to co-operation in the two cases. One important feature of human societies—namely the recognition of individuals—already exists in some social mammals and birds. Although insects may recognize group membership, they do not recognize individuals. In contrast, a monkey recognizes other members of its troop as individuals, and behaves differently towards them. As the phrase ‘pecking order’ implies, the members of a flock of chickens sort themselves into a linear dominance hierarchy: this probably requires individual recognition. Students of baboons and other monkeys have observed the formation of alliances, in which two or more individuals support one another in conflicts with other members of the group. Such alliances may be based on genetic relatedness, but this is not always so.
The amygdala and emotion: a view through fear
Authors: LeDoux Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the amygdala has long been known to be involved in emotional processes, studies of fear conditioning have provided the most detailed understanding of the amygdala’s role in emotion to date. In this chapter, the neural pathways and mechanisms underlying the amygdala’s role in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear are explored. The relationship of work on fear conditioning to other areas of research, such as instrumental fear learning and memory modulation, is also discussed. Although the review focuses on studies of experimental animals, recent work on the human amygdala is also considered.
Primate evolution and the amygdala
Authors: Barton1 Robert A , Aggleton2 John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We studied the evolution of the amygdala using data on the volume of amygdaloid components and ofrelated brain structures in 83 species of primates and insectivores (Stephan et al., 1987, 1991). We found a pattern indicative of both mosaic evolution, in which each component evolved separately with its own specific inputs and outputs, and coordinated evolution, in which the separate components evolved together. The corticobasolateral group of nuclei and the neocortex show the same pattern of size differences across taxonomic groups, with both being particularly expanded in the haplorhine primates (monkeys, apes, and tarsiers), which are mostly diurnal and gregarious. The centromedial amygdala shows no such taxonomic differences, indicating a degree of mosaic evolution of the amygdala. However, using a comparative method designed to detect correlated evolution, we found that amygdaloid components correlated most strongly with each other, rather than with other brain structures, emphasizing the functional and connectional integrity of the amygdala. Reflecting this, evolutionary changes in the size of both amygdaloid components correlated positively with changes in the size of the palaeocortex (principally olfactory cortex), pointing to the role of the amygdala in olfactorilyguided behaviour. Once the effects of palaecortex size were partialled out, the size of the corticobasolateral group also correlated with neocortex size, perhaps reflecting the expansion and elaboration of the connections between temporal cortex and amygdala which are involved in the emotional modulation of visual stimuli in monkeys. In support of this idea, corticobasolateral amygdala correlated with parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus, which project indirectly to the sociovisual processing areas of temporal cortex. Both neocortex size and corticobasolateral amygdala size correlate positively with social group size, lending further weight to the hypothesized link between the conjoint expansion of these structures and specialization for processing social information. Thus the primate amygdala has evolved with both its olfactory connections and its visual connections. Each may reflect the elaboration of mechanisms for processing social, and perhaps also sexual, information, with olfactory and visual modalities being emphasized differently according to the ecological factors operating in each lineage.
The amygdala, social cognition, and autism
Authors: Bachevalier Jocelyne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The regulation of social cognition is orchestrated by a multitude of interconnected structures of which the amygdala is one important constituent. This chapter reviews a significant amount of research in monkeys and humans, using different approaches, demonstrating that the amygdala decodes and integrates perceptual features from other individuals and allows the subject to act and adjust its behavioual responses according to the emotional and social context of a particular event. The role of the amygdala in social cognition in adult subjects implies that this brain structure must also be crucial for the emergence of affective states and the formation and maintenance of social bonds during the developmental period in primates. The data in this area are meagre but indicate that the amygdala has an early ontogenetic maturation, but its connections with other brain regions continue to be refined after birth, supporting the progressive development of affective responses in primates. Finally, the severe and persistent changes in emotional responses and social behaviour found after early damage to the amygdala together with recent evidence for the involvement of the amygdala and related structures in autism stress the urgent need to initiate many more developmental studies in primates to begin appreciating the role of the amygdala and other related brain regions early in life for the achievement of well-adapted social skills in adulthood. Such data may, in tum, provide progress in understanding the causes of developmental psychopathological disorders, such as autism.
The amygdala and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Chow Tiffany W , Cummings Jeffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The amygdala is affected whenever neurodegenerative disorders involve the temporal lobes. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common dementia involving the amygdala. Symptoms of amygdalar dysfunction usually manifest as components of the Kluver Bucy syndrome: visual agnosia, hyperorality, hypermetamorphosis, blunting of fear or rage, and hypersexuality. Despite the pathological changes seen in the amygdala due to Alzheimer’s disease, patients rarely present with a Kluver Bucy syndrome. Similar pathology in frontal and temporal cortices may prohibit these abnonnal behaviors from emerging.
What, if anything, is new in optimization?
Authors: Wright Margaret H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on continuous optimization includes topics that have been actively examined for a relatively long time, as well as themes that have appeared re peatedly over the course of decades. As a result, it has been claimed, not always in jest, that there is nothing new in optimization research. This paper discusses the role of novelty as well the mixture of old and new ideas in three domains: Direct search methods for unconstrained optimization, Interior methods for nonlinearly constrained optimization; Semidefinite programming.
A review of trust region algorithms for optimization
Authors: Yuan Ya-xiang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classical methods for optimization are line search algorithms. Such an algorithm obtains a search direction in each iteration, and searches along this direction to obtain a better point. The search direction is a descent direction, normally computed by solving a subproblem that approximates the original optimization problem near the current iterate. Therefore, unless a stationary point is reached, there always exist better points along the search direction.
Introductory Remarks
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was Frege who first forced both philosophers and mathematicians to acknowledge the lack of any satisfactory philosophical account of the nature and epistemological basis of mathematics. He himself constructed a complete system of philosophy of mathematics; and, in the early part of the present century, others, most notably Hilbert and Brouwer, constructed alternative systems from quite different philosophical standpoints. Of the various attempts made in that period to create over-all philosophies of mathematics providing, simultaneously, solutions to all the fundamental philosophical problems concerning mathematics, only the intuitionist system originated by Brouwer survives today as a viable theory to which, as a whole, anyone now could declare himself an adherent. The two main rival systems, those of Frege and of Hilbert, contributed much of lasting value to the foundations of mathematics; but neither remains as an integral structure of doctrines to which allegiance could still be given.
The Heun Class Of Equations
Authors: Slavyanov Sergei yu. , Lay Wolfgang , Seeger Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Heun class of linear second-order ODEs is generated by the Heun equation –the Fuchsian equation with four singularities. The Heun equation was first studied by K. Heun [51]. A hundred years later, a centennial workshop on the Heun equation was organized by A. Ronveaux, A. Seeger, and W. Lay, where achievements in the theory were discussed [113). Attention was mainly devoted to the confluent Heun equations first presented in details in articles [33, 34]. A result of the conference was the appearence of the first book on Heun equations in 1995 [ J 07].
Electrodynamics from Ampère to Einstein
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three quarters of a century elapsed between Ampère's definition of electrodynamics and Einstein's reform of the concepts of space and time. The two events occurred in utterly different worlds: the French Academy of Sciences of the 1820s seems very remote from the Bern patent office of the early 1900s, and the forces between two electric currents quite foreign to the optical synchronization of clocks. Yet Ampère's electrodynamics and Einstein's relativity are firmly connected through an historical chain involving German extensions of Ampère's work, competition with British field conceptions, Dutch synthesis, and fin de siècle criticism of the aether-matter connection. Darrigol's book retraces this intriguing evolution, with a physicist's attention to conceptual and instrumental developments, and with an historian's awareness of their cultural and material embeddings. This book exploits a wide range of sources, and incorporates the many important insights of other scholars. Thorough accounts are given of crucial episodes such as Faraday's redefinition of charge and current, the genesis of Maxwell's field equations, or Hertz' experiments on fast electric oscillations. Thus emerges a vivid picture of the intellectual and instrumental variety of nineteenth century physics. The most influential investigators worked at the crossroads between different disciplines and traditions: they did not separate theory from experiment, they frequently drew on competing traditions, and their scientific interests extended beyond physics into chemistry, mathematics, physiology, and other areas. By bringing out these important features, this book offers a tightly connected and yet sharply contrasted view of early electrodynamics.
Compact Manifolds with Special Holonomy
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book starts with a thorough introduction to connections and holonomy groups, and to Riemannian, complex and Kähler geometry. Then the Calabi conjecture is proved and used to deduce the existence of compact manifolds with holonomy SU(m) (Calabi-Yau manifolds) and Sp(m) (hyperkähler manifolds). These are constructed and studied using complex algebraic geometry. The second half of the book is devoted to constructions of compact 7- and 8-manifolds with the exceptional holonomy groups 92 and Spin(7). Many new examples are given, and their Betti numbers calculated. The first known examples of these manifolds were discovered by the author in 1993-5. This is the first book to be written about them, and contains much previously unpublished material which significantly improves the original constructions.
The first pair of Maxwell’s equations
Authors: Kovetz Attay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
where d-$v is the volume of an element of hypersurface and n is its unit normal 4-vector. Actually, in order to ensure that n be outward-pointing, and that the 3- volume element d3v be positive, we must choose a ‘correct’ orientation for d τ (j). Otherwise, eqn (5.1) will hold with a minus sign before one of the members.
Magnetic materials
Authors: Kovetz Attay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Faraday knew that magnetic materials, like soft iron, tended to move in the direction of increasing magnetic field strength (irrespective of the direction of B). He was therefore surprised to discover that some materials, like heavy glass or bismuth, which were not then considered to be ‘magnetic’, tended to move in the direction of decreasing magnetic field strength. He inferred that those materials.
Colour and the Cortex: Wavelength Processing in Cortical Achromatopsia
Authors: Heywood Charles A , Kentridge Robert W , Cowey Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the perceptual consequences of being able to process wavelength differences in the distribution of spectral light is the chromatic world in which we live. The privacy of colour experience is undisputed and is reflected in the term ‘quale’ coined by C.I. Lewis in 1929 to describe such qualitative content of mental states. However, notwithstanding the philosophical debate that such a notion has fuelled, few would deny that we live in a colourful world — never more so, perhaps, since the 18-year-old William Henry Perkin serendipitously discovered a purple aniline dye while attempting to synthesize quinine from coal tar in the mid-nineteenth century, and spawned the wealth of dyes and pigments that are common-place today.
Auditory—Visual Spatial Interaction: Automatic Versus Intentional Components
Authors: Vroomen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a long time, we have known that in the initial stages of visual processing, information is broken down and analysed in separate and specialized parts of the brain (e.g. colour, movement, orientation). However, our impression of the world is not a bundle of separate features, but we see integrated colour-form objects in their appropriate place. The question, then, is how the separately coded information is integrated so that a coherent representation of the world is achieved. In some way, it seems necessary that the system keeps track of which data belong to the same object so that one can see a red ball on the left, instead of something reddish, something round, and something on the left. This is known as the feature-integration problem (Treisman and Gelade, 1980). That kind of operation, though, occurs not only in vision, but also in other sense modalities such as hearing and touch, and even more important, also across modalities. For example, when I clap my hands, the perceptual system has to know that the motor, proprioceptive, auditory, and visual effects of the clapping all belong to the same event of clapping hands. Such integration across the senses has been variously labelled the problem of pairing (Radeau and Bertelson, 1977; Radeau, 1994), binding (Pourtois et al., 2000), object identity (Bedford, 1999), or the unity assumption (Welch and Warren, 1980).
Attention and Alerting: Cognitive Processes Spared in Blindsight
Authors: Kentridge Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of blindsight has, quite naturally, focused on the properties and basis of the visual function which remains in the condition despite subjects’ lack of acknowledged visual awareness. In the course of testing one hypothesis about the basis of residual visual function in blindsight, we made a serendipitous discovery which prompted us to examine the role of some basic cognitive functions in blindsight — alerting and attention. Campion et al. (1983) suggested that blindsight may be mediated by ‘islands’ of spared striate cortex rather than subcortical systems or pathways that bypass primary visual cortex. Variations in the effects of loss of blood or oxygen supply to an area of the brain, which could potentially leave undamaged islands, might, for example, be a consequence of the pattern of blood vessels in the region or variations in neural metabolic activity. The fact that residual visual function could be found throughout the scotoma of blindsight subjects appeared to be at odds with this explanation. It was, however, suggested that eye movements during testing may fortuitously bring stimuli to lie in retinal locations corresponding to islands of spared cortex sufficiently often for residual function to appear continuous across an extensive scotoma. A subsequent paper by Fendrich et al. (1992) lent considerable credence to this account. They found a subject in whom neuroimaging revealed a single island of spared cortex within an extensive cortical lesion. The patient reported that he was blind throughout his scotoma; however, Fendrich et al. found that he could perform a simple visual task within a very small region of the visual field within his scotoma. They surmised that this region corresponded to the island of sparing shown in the MRI scan. In order to accurately maintain stimulation of the same retinal, and hence cortical, locations across many trials during their perimetric testing, they used a technique in which an eye tracker is used to measure the direction of eye gaze and the image projected onto the eye is continually adjusted to compensate for any eye movements. The fact that their subject performed a visual task successfully while denying visual awareness conforms with the definition of blindsight, albeit blindsight restricted to a very small region of the visual field. The question that obviously arises from this finding is could a collection of such islands, an archipelago perhaps, account for the spatially extensive blindsight reported in such subjects as DB and GY? Larry Weiskrantz posed this question at a talk he gave inaugurating the Centre for Vision and Visual Cognition in Durham. As there was a variety of eye-tracking facilities in Durham, it seemed natural that we should collaborate in answering the question.
Direct and Indirect Visual Routes to Action
Authors: David Milner A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A perennial question in discussions of consciousness is what Larry Weiskrantz in his landmark book Consciousness Lost and Found (1997) called ‘The Evolutionary Why’. In other words, what does consciousness confer on brain processing that could have improved the organism’s fitness during natural selection? In this chapter we do not attempt to offer any profound thoughts as to the survival value of consciousness in mental processing. However, we suggest that a good way of beginning the search for its evolutionary role may be to ask why consciousness might be beneficial for some kinds of brain processing but not for other — superficially similar — kinds. How can we characterize the distinction in functional terms between these two kinds of processing?
Nucleic Acid Structure and Recognition
Authors: Neidle Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a detailed view of the molecular structures of DNA and RNA and how they are recognised by small molecules and proteins. Extensive source material is provided, including information on relevant web sites and computer programmes. The major methods of structural investigation for nucleic acids: X-ray crystallography, NMR, and molecular modelling are reviewed and their scope and limitations (in the context of nucleic acids) discussed. Also covered are the conformational features of nucleic acid building blocks, including a description of how base-pair morphologies are analysed; the structures of DNA double helices and helical oligonucleotides, emphasising current ideas on sequence-dependent structure; and DNA-DNA interactions, including triplexes and quadruplexes. The principles of RNA folding, ribosome, and ribozyme structure are also surveyed. Both covalent and non-covalent nucleic acid interactions with small molecules are described, with the emphasis on recognition principles and sequence specific gene recognition. The principles of protein - nucleic acid are covered, focussing on regulatory proteins. Nucleic Acid Structure and Recognition will therefore equip readers with a good understanding of all the important aspects of this major field. The Nucleic Acid Database (NDB) crystallographic and NMR structures for the nucleic acid structures described in the book are freely available through the Nucleic Acid Structure and Recognition website.
Introduction
Authors: Bressan Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A single conservation law in one space dimension is a first-order partial differential equation of the formwhere a = f is the derivative of f. For smooth solutions, the two equations (l.l) and (1.3) are entirely equivalent. If u has a jump, however, the left hand side of (1.3) will contain the product of a discontinuous function a(u) with the distributional derivative ux, which in this case contains a Dirac mass at the point of the jump. In general, such a product is not w'ell defined. Hence (1.3) is meaningful only within a class of continuous functions. On the other hand, working with the equation in divergence form (1.1) allows us to consider discontinuous solutions as well, interpreted in a distributional sense.