bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic modalities and prognostic factors for primary and secondary liver tumors
Authors: Lehnert Thomas , Otto Gerd , Herfarth Christian 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDuring the past decade considerable progress has been reported in the treatment of primary and secondary hepatic malignancies. Refined techniques in surgery, transplantation, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy apparently have made the delivery of treatment safer. At the same time improved understanding of tumor biology has been incorporated in treatment strategies. More recently specific and nonspecific, active and passive immunotherapies have excited wide interest, and information from the first randomized studies is now available. We review current treatment options for primary and secondary hepatic malignancies in an attempt to extract plausible treatment guidelines and to identify promising future directions.
Preoperative combined modality therapy for pancreatic cancer
Authors: Rich Tvvin A. , Evans Douglas B. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractCombined modality therapy can be administered prior to surgical resection for patients with operable pancreatic cancer. One important criteria used to select patients for this treatment sequence is the absence of arterial vascular encasement by tumor on thin‐section CT scanning; the absence of peritoneal seeding on surgical staging or laparoscopy has been another important parameter used in identifying patients with “localized” disease. Preoperative treatment with infusional chemoradiation uses multiple fields of irradiation delivering a dose of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions over 51/2 weeks. This is done in conjunction with a continuous infusion of 5‐fluorouracil intravenously at a dosage of 300 mg/m2/day with each day of radiotherapy treatment. The initial results of this protocol indicate acceptable toxicity and no evidence of increased perioperative morbidity or mortality compared to series using operation alone. We conclude that nearly all patients eligible for this combined modality treatment approach complete therapy as prescribed with acceptable toxicity.
Adjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer
Authors: Douglass Harold O. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAlthough the morbidity and mortality of pancreatic resection for cancer has been remarkably reduced during the last 20 years, there has been little change in long‐term survival. Based on experience in the treatment of locally unresectable but nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer, adjuvant therapies have been devised that do have an impact on survival. The number of pancreatic resections remains low, however. To increase the number of pancreatic resections that might be performed, phase II neoadjuvant trials are under way in several centers. Even if successful, they will have little effect on the proportion of patients with pancreatic cancer who are cured. New, innovative treatments must be explored.
Radiation treatment for rectal cancer
Authors: Cummings B. J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractRadiation treatment is widely used in the management of adenocarcinomas of the rectum, either alone or more frequently as part of multimodality treatment protocols. External beam radiation is capable of eradicating about one‐third of bulky but mobile primary rectal cancers and is an alternative to be considered when standard surgery is not possible. Endorectal irradiation, either alone or combined with external beam treatment, has proved highly effective for selected superficial cancers of the distal rectum. Irradiation alone or in conjuction with cytotoxic chemotherapy appears to reduce the risk of tumor progression at the primary site or in regional lymph nodes when combined with local surgical excisions that preserve anorectal function. The treatment of recurrent and metastatic cancer frequently provides palliation, although cure by irradiation is rare.
Antioxidant therapy using high dose vitamin C: Reduction of postburn resuscitation fluid volume requirements
Authors: Matsuda Takayoshi , Tanaka Hideharu , Reyes Hernan M. , Richter Harry M. , Hanumadass Marella M. , Shimazaki Shuji , Matsuda Hiroharu , Nyhus Lloyd M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTwenty‐four guinea pigs with third degree burns over 70% of the body surface area were divided equally into four groups. At 0.5 hours postburn, all groups received Ringer's lactate solution (R/L) according to the Parkland formula. The infusion rate was then reduced to 25% of the Parkland formula at 1.5 hours postburn. Group 1 received only R/L, and groups 2, 3 and 4 received adjuvant vitamin C (14.2 mg/kg/hr) until 4, 8, and 24 hours postburn, respectively. The volume of R/L was reduced by that of vitamin C solution so that the hourly sodium and fluid intake in each group was the same. Groups 1 and 2 demonstrated higher hematocrit and lower cardiac output values than did group 3, suggesting hypovolemia and hemoconcentration in these groups. Group 3 showed hematocrit and cardiac output values equivalent to those in group 4. We conclude that high dose vitamin C infusion maintains hemodynamic stability in the presence of a reduced resuscitation fluid volume provided vitamin C is administered for a minimum of 8 hours postburn.
Recurrent inguinal hernias in infants and children
Authors: Steinau Gerhard , Treutner Karl H. , Feeken Gabriele , Schumpelick Volker 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe objective of this study was to analyze the etiologic factors possibly associated with the development of recurrent groin hernias in infants and children. For this purpose we analyzed the records of 2754 pediatric patients operated on for primary hernias between 1966 and 1990 at our department who have not had recurrences. They were compared with 28 boys and 4 girls we treated for recurrent hernias during the same period. We found an indirect hernia in 29 cases, a direct hernia in 4 patients, and a femoral hernia in 1 child at the time of reoperation. A significantly high recurrence rate was found to be associated with incarceration (21.9% versus 7.6%) postoperative complications (9.4% versus 1.8%), concomitant diseases (31.2% versus 5.7%), and premature birth. Day case treatment was closely related to concomitant diseases. No impact on the development of recurrences was seen for the surgeons' educational level and the time of day the surgery was performed. Knowledge of the factors contributing to hernia recurrence and perfect surgical technique with reduction of incarcerated hernias and early elective operation may result in fewer recurrences in infants and children.
A combined iterative scheme for identification and control redesigns
Authors: Date Paresh , Lanzon Alexander 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis work proposes a unified algorithm for identification and control. Frequency domain data of the plant is weighted to satisfy the given performance specifications. A model is then identified from this weighted frequency domain data and a controller is synthesised using the ℋ︁∞loopshaping design procedure. The cost function used in the identification stage essentially minimizes a tight upper bound on the difference between the achieved and the designed performance in the sense of the ℋ︁∞loopshaping design paradigm. Given a model, a method is also suggested to re‐adjust model and weighting transfer functions to reduce further the worst case chordal distance between the weighted true plant and the model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iterative correlation‐based controller tuning
Authors: Karimi A. , Mišković L. , Bonvin D. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis paper gives an overview on the theoretical results of recently developed algorithms for iterative controller tuning based on the correlation approach. The basic idea is to decorrelate the output error between the achieved and designed closed‐loop systems by iteratively tuning the controller parameters. Two different approaches are investigated. In the first one, a correlation equation involving a vector of instrumental variables is solved using the stochastic approximation method. It is shown that, with an appropriate choice of instrumental variables and a finite number of data at each iteration, the algorithm converges to the solution of the correlation equation. The convergence conditions are derived and the accuracy of the estimates are studied. The second approach is based on the minimization of a correlation criterion. The frequency analysis of the criterion shows that the two norm of the error between the desired and achieved closed‐loop transfer functions is minimized independent of the noise characteristics. This analysis leads to the definition of a generalized correlation criterion which allows the mixed sensitivity problem to be handled in two norm. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unfalsified model reference adaptive control using the ellipsoid algorithm
Authors: Cabral Fabricio B. , Safonov Michael G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe unfalsified control paradigm which uses as plant information, experimental trajectories of plant signals, is applied to the model reference adaptive control problem. The use of an ellipsoid algorithm overcomes the need of gridding the parameter space used in prior applications of unfalsified control. The application of the ellipsoid algorithm produces a sequence of decreasing volume ellipsoids which contains the set of unfalsified candidates. Simulation results are provided for the control of an unstable plant. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Least squares based self‐tuning control of dual‐rate systems
Authors: Ding Feng , Chen Tongwen 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA polynomial transformation technique is used to obtain a frequency‐domain model for a dual‐rate system in which the output sampling period is an integer multiple of the input updating period. Based on this model, a self‐tuning control algorithm is proposed by minimizing output tracking error criteria from directly the dual‐rate input–output data. Convergence properties of the algorithm are analysed in detail in the stochastic framework. The output tracking error at the output sampling instants has the property of minimum variance. It is shown that the control algorithm can achieve virtually optimal control asymptotically, ensuring the closed‐loop systems to be stable and globally convergent. A simulation example illustrates the self‐tuning scheme presented. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of resonances on microwave heating of oil–water emulsions
Authors: Basak Tanmay 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA detailed analysis on enhanced heating effects attributed to resonance of microwaves has been carried out to study the efficient heating methodologies for oil–water emulsions. Studies on heating have been carried out for samples incident with microwaves at one side and at both sides. The maxima in average power corresponding to resonances occur at various sample thicknesses for all emulsions and we consider two dominant resonance modes R1 and R2, where the average power at R1 is larger than that at R2. During one side incidence, it is observed that processing rates are greater at the R2 mode for both oil‐in‐water (o/w) and water‐in‐oil (w/o) emulsions, whereas for both‐sides incidence, the R1 mode is favored for o/w emulsion and the R2 mode is advantageous for w/o emulsion. The greater rates in thermal processing are observed when the emulsions (o/w and w/o) are incident at both sides. Current analysis recommends on the efficient way to use microwaves in a customized plane‐wave oven for greater heating effects and determines the optimal sample thicknesses vs. various oil–water contents for thermal processing. The emulsion system is a combination of materials with very low dielectric loss (oil) and high dielectric loss (water), and the effective dielectric response is highly nontrivial to predict the efficient way to heat an emulsion, either o/w or w/o. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2569–2675, 2004
Large‐Eddy simulation of a turbulent reacting liquid flow
Authors: Michioka Takenobu , Komori Satoru 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA subgrid‐scale (SGS) model for the filtered reaction source term is presented to develop the large‐eddy simulation (LES) of a nonpremixed, turbulent liquid flow with a moderately fast reaction. The SGS model is based on the SGS probability density function (PDF) and SGS conditional expectation. The SGS probability density function (SGS–PDF) is assumed to follow a beta distribution and a simple algebraic model for the SGS conditional expectation is developed using the filtered data obtained from the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of stationary isotropic liquid turbulence with a second‐order chemical reaction. For a rapid reaction, the SGS–PDF model based on the conserved scalar is used as the SGS model. The LES based on these SGS models is applied to a liquid mixing layer flow downstream of a turbulence‐generating grid with a chemical reaction, and the LES predictions of the mean concentration and concentration variance are directly compared with the previous measurements for both moderately fast and rapid reactions to examine the proposed SGS models. The results show that the predictions by the LES are in good agreement with the measurements and the present LES can well describe the diffusive–reactive process in a turbulent reacting liquid flow. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2705–2720, 2004
Removal of NO by a pulsed‐corona reactor combined with in situ absorption
Authors: Huang Liwei , Matsuda Hitoki 
Published: October 2004

AbstractRemoval of NO by nonthermal plasma, combined with in situ absorption, was experimentally investigated with a wire‐in‐tube pulsed‐corona reactor. High pulse voltage was applied to the wire of the reactor and the tube was grounded. For the reactor combined with in situ absorption, the grounding electrode was covered by a Ca(OH)2 layer as the sorbent for in situ capture of the NO oxidation products. It was found that NO removal was much higher by the reactor combined with in situ absorption than by the reactor without Ca(OH)2 sorbent and, meanwhile, the outlet NO2 concentration from the reactor was also suppressed to less than 10 ppm. It was indicated that in situ absorption of the NO2 by Ca(OH)2 was responsible for the promotion of NO removal. The existence of O2 and water vapor in the gas stream is beneficial for NO oxidation, therefore resulting in the significant increase of NO removal. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2676–2681, 2004
Reaction and diffusion during demineralization of animal bone
Authors: Horneman Danielle A. , Ottens Marcel , Hoorneman Marieke , van der Wielen Luuk A. M. , Tesson Martijn 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe demineralization of animal bone is investigated. Experimental results show an increase in penetration rate of hydrochloric acid into animal bone particles, and thereby increased demineralization, at increasing temperature and concentration of HCl. Fick's law is used to calculate the effective diffusivities of HCl in animal bone from these experimental results, showing a decrease in effective diffusivity at increased HCl concentration, which proves Fick's law unsuitable for describing the process, whereas a Maxwell–Stefan‐based model is used successfully. This model is able to take into account gradients in composition as well as electrical potential, and also addresses the frictional resistances between the various components in the multicomponent system. The results of the Maxwell–Stefan model are in good agreement with the experimental data. From the Maxwell–Stefan model and the experiments, it follows that at high concentrations of HCl, the friction between the diffusing ions (H+, Cl−, H2PO, and Ca2+) becomes more important and lowers the increase of demineralization rate caused by the increase in the concentration gradient. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:2682–2690, 2004
Effect of liquid films on the drying of porous media
Authors: Yiotis A. G. , Boudouvis A. G. , Stubos A. K. , Tsimpanogiannis I. N. , Yortsos Y. C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe effect is studied of capillarity‐driven viscous flow through macroscopic liquid films during the isothermal drying of porous materials. A mathematical model that accounts for viscous flow in a 2‐D pore network, through both the liquid films and the bulk liquid phase, is presented. The results are compared with previous works that do not account for the effect of films and with experimental findings by other authors. It is shown that film flow is a major transport mechanism in the drying of porous materials, its effect being dominant when capillarity controls the process, which is the case in typical applications. By contrast, viscous flow in the bulk contributes negligibly. The results are then generalized to drying under an applied temperature gradient. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2721–2737, 2004
The structure of supercritical fluid free‐jet expansions
Authors: Khalil Imane , Miller David R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractExperimental and numerical studies are reported on the structure of supersonic free‐jet expansions of supercritical CO2 impacting on a flat plate. Numerical calculations for the axisymmetric, two‐dimensional (2‐D) expansion use a time‐dependent finite difference method known as the two‐step Lax‐Wendroff technique, incorporating the Redlich‐Kwong equation of state to model CO2. The numerical results are compared with experimental optical shadowgraph measurements of the jet and shock wave structure, impact pressure and temperature measurements along the plate, and a thermocouple probe of the expansion. Approximations based on ideal gases and quasi‐1‐D flow analysis, often used by researchers, are found to be useful for these supercritical fluid flows. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2697–2704, 2004
Enamel thickness of deciduous and permanent molars in modern Homo sapiens
Authors: Grine F.E. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis study presents data on the enamel thickness of deciduous (dm2) and permanent (M1–M3) molars for a geographically diverse sample of modern humans. Measurements were recorded from sections through the mesial cusps of unworn teeth. Enamel is significantly thinner on deciduous than on permanent molars, and there is a distinct trend for enamel to increase in relative thickness from M1 to M3. The relatively thicker enamel of M2s and especially M3s can be related to the overall reduction in size of more distal molar crowns, which has been attained through a differential loss of the dentine component. Enamel tends to be thicker on the protocone than on the paracone, and thicker on the protoconid than on the metaconid, but its distribution is not wholly concordant with models that predict increased thickness as a means by which to counter heavier attritional loss on these “functional” cusps. Indeed, the thickness of enamel tends to be more variable on cusp tips and occlusal surfaces than over the lateral aspects of cusps. The proportionately thicker enamel over the lateral aspects of the protocone and protoconid more likely serves as a means to prolong functional crown life by preventing cusp fracture, rather than being an adaptation to increase the attritional longevity of wear facets. The present data suggest that the human dentition is not predisposed to develop a helicoidal wear plane through the disposition of molar enamel thickness. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of oligonucleotide‐functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and study on their in vitro cell uptake
Authors: Wagner Kerstin , Kautz Armin , Röder Michael , Schwalbe Manuela , Pachmann Katharina , Clement Joachim H. , Schnabelrauch Matthias 
Published: October 2004

AbstractCarboxymethyl dextran (CMD) with varying degrees of substitution was prepared and used as biocompatible coating for magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. An oligonucleotide (19‐mer) was coupled to the CMD‐coated particles as a model compound for DNA fragments. Transmission electron microscopy investigations on the cellular uptake of the particles by different tumor cell lines demonstrated that both the CMD‐coated and the oligonucleotide‐coupled particles are internalized by the cells and deposited in cellular endosomes. The nanoparticles prepared have potential applications in tumor diagnosis and therapy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cobalt ferrite–silica core–shell colloids: a magnetic Yukawa system
Authors: Autenrieth T. , Wagner J. , Hempelmann R. , Härtl W. , Robert A. , Grübel G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractColloidal core–shell particles consisting of a magnetic cobalt ferrite core surrounded by a silica shell are prepared via precipitation and a subsequent modified Stöber synthesis. The resulting particles with narrow size distribution interact due to weakly acidic surface groups at the silica shell via a screened Coulomb or Yukawa potential in addition to the magnetic dipole–dipole interaction of the magnetic cores.The structural characterization of the particles is done by transmission electron microscopy and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), and the potential parameters of the electrostatic monopole and magnetic dipole–dipole interactions are determined by laser Doppler electrophoresis and magnetogranulometry, respectively.Owing to the interaction potential, the particles self‐organize to a liquid‐like ordered structure as determined by SAXS. The magnetic dipole–dipole interaction becomes evident from the anisotropic scattering pattern in the presence of an external magnetic field. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Langevin equation for the rotation of a magnetic particle
Authors: Raible Martin , Engel Andreas 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe investigate Brownian motion on a curved surface with the help of the covariant Langevin and Fokker–Planck equations. As a special example we address the orientational diffusion of a ferromagnetic particle immersed in a viscous fluid under the influence of a time‐dependent magnetic field. This system may model the recently discovered thermal ratchet behaviour in ferrofluids. Numerical simulations of the Langevin equation are shown to be in good agreement with results from the solution of the Fokker–Planck equation reported previously. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐quality structure parameter for magnetic liquids obtained by small‐angle scattering of polarized neutrons
Authors: Heinemann A. , Wiedenmann A. , Kammel M. , Bönnemann H. , Matoussevitch N. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe preparation of magnetic liquids with the aid of different aluminium alkyl chains leads to narrow size distributions. A structural investigation of different ferrofluid samples was performed with small‐angle neutron scattering of polarized neutrons (SANSPOL). The use of polarized neutrons extends the known method for composition exploration in nanometre‐scale magnetic systems. For these new possibilities special data‐analysis procedures are indispensable. We use a new simultaneous fitting procedure for the spin‐up, spin‐down and nuclear–magnetic interference term to obtain the structure parameter information. The advantage of this method is the reduction of parameter correlations for the independent model parameters. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.