bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peroxidase and Pectin Methylesterase Activities in Cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium L. Schott) Roots upon Pythium myriotylum Inoculation
Authors: Boudjeko T. , Omokolo N. A. , Driouich A. , Balangé A. P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractCocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) is an important source of energy food for humid and semihumid tropic populations and consists of three cvs distinguished by the colour of their flesh, their productivity and their root rot disease scores: one sensitive (white), one intermediate (red) and one resistant (yellow). Changes in peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7) and pectin methylesterase (PME; EC 3.1.1.11) activities from roots of the three cvs were examined by isoelectrofocusing (IEF), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)‐PAGE upon inoculation with Pythium myriotylum. The evaluation of total POD activity shows the existence of a correlation between the sensitivity to P. myriotylum and POD activity. After 2 days of inoculation, POD activity of yellow cv. increased by 41.5%, while in the white and the red cvs the increase was only 13.4% and 7.5% respectively. In the soluble fractions of the resistant cv., the patterns of POD isozymes showed three new bands (Rf = 0.25; 0.38 and 0.85) and in ionically bound fraction, a new acidic (Rf = 0.2) specifically in inoculated root. The study of substrate specificity of POD with chlorogenic acid (C‐POD), ferulic acid (F‐POD) and indole acetic acid (IAA‐POD) showed an induction of C‐POD and F‐POD and a decrease in IAA‐POD in cocoyam roots after inoculation with P. myriotylum. Constitutively, ionically bound C‐POD and F‐POD activities were higher in roots of the yellow (11.6 and 11.7 EU/g Fw) than in those of the red (5.3 and 7.0 EU/g Fw) and the white (2.3 and 4.2 EU/g Fw) cvs. In addition, isoelectric‐focusing analysis of PME revealed an alteration of their profile correlated with inoculation. After inoculation, the appearance of a strong (pI: 9.7) and low (pI: 7.6) PME activities in the roots of yellow cv. were detected. Our findings suggest that POD and PME might be involved in the defence mechanism of cocoyam against P. myriotylum.
Occurrence in Elx, SE Spain of Inflorescence Rot Disease of Date Palms Caused by Mauginiella scaettae
Authors: Abdullah S. K. , Asensio L. , Monfort E. , Gomez‐Vidal S. , Palma‐Guerrero J. , Salinas J. , Lopez‐Llorca L. V. , Jansson H.‐B. , Guarro J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFungal inflorescence rot of date palms, caused by Mauginiella scaettae, was detected at all four sites surveyed in Elx, SE Spain. There was a higher incidence of the disease in male than in female inflorescences. The pathogen responsible for the disease was isolated and identified as M. scaettae. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of this fungus demonstrated that it is close to Phaeosphaeria.
Determination of Trichothecene Chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum Strains Isolated in Hungary
Authors: Szécsi Á. , Bartók T. , Varga M. , Magyar D. , Mesterházy Á. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA total of 42 strains of Fusarium graminearum isolated from cereals, maize, grasses and air were screened for their ability to produce 8‐ketotrichothecenes [deoxynivalenol (DON), 3‐acetyldeoxynivalenol (ADON), 15‐ADON, nivalenol (NIV)]. The isolates were grown on the solid substrate of rice grains in the dark at 25 and 10°C for 28 days. Toxin analyses were made by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) technique. The GC‐MS was more suitable for qualitative and quantitative determination of acetyl‐DONs, than high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique. Of the 42 F. graminearum isolates, 39 produced DON, 34 produced both 3‐ and 15‐ADON and one produced DON‐NIV. The quantity of DON varied with isolates (46–6840 mg/kg). Our results suggest that strains of F. graminearum prevailing in Hungarian cereal‐ and maize‐growing regions belong to DON chemotype.
An In vitro Study on the Postinfection Activities of Hydrated Lime and Lime Sulphur against Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)
Authors: Montag J. , Schreiber L. , Schönherr J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe activities of hydrated lime and lime sulphur to stop infections of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) were evaluated at 20°C using an in vitro test system based on isolated cuticles and scab conidia. Treatments were applied 24 or 48 h after inoculation that is 16 or 40 h after a predicted infection period, respectively. Efficacy of the postinfection treatments was assessed 72 h after inoculation by counting living primary stromata, which fluoresced brightly green when stained with fluorescein diacetate (FDA). A suspension of hydrated lime (5 g/l) as well as lime sulphur (1.5%) applied 16 h after infection killed early infection structures and stopped further development. Lime sulphur reduced the percentage of penetration to below 10% even with treatments 40 h after infection. The activity of hydrated lime is due to its alkaline pH of 12.45. Suspensions of calcium carbonate (6.75 g/l) showed no effect on percentage of penetration. Up to pH 12.0 effects of potassium hydroxide solutions on vitality of germinated conidia and percentage of penetration were weak. Values of pH 12.4 or higher were necessary to kill germinated conidia of V. inaequalis and their primary penetration structures. At pH 12.4 activity of KOH was comparable with the effect of hydrated lime. It is argued that the high pH disrupts the spore membranes. This is supported by the fact that dead spores and germ tubes did not fluoresce with FDA, which requires integrity of the membranes. For an individual spore the disruption of the spore membrane is an all‐or‐nothing event.
Immunohistochemical Detection of Parainfluenza Type 3 Virus Antigens in Paraffin Sections of Pneumonic Caprine Lungs
Authors: Yener Z. , Sağlam Y. S. , Timurkaan N. , Ilhan F. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryPneumonia is a leading cause of loss to ruminants throughout the world. Parainfluenza type‐3 virus (PI‐3) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of bovine and ovine. In this study, prevalence of PI‐3 virus infection as causative agent of pneumonia in goats was investigated. For this purpose, a total of 1505 goat lungs slaughtered in Bitlis and Van slaughterhouses were grossly examined and pneumonia was detected in 74 cases (4.91%). Lesions were more frequently encountered in anteroventral lobes than caudal lobes. With the exception of verminous pneumonia observed in 32 cases, immunohistochemical examinations were performed on 42 pneumonic lungs. Formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded lung tissue samples were immunohistochemically stained by the avidin–biotin–peroxidase complex procedure using polyclonal antibodies to detect PI‐3 viral antigens. The presence of PI‐3 viral antigens was detected in 28 (66.6%) of 42 pneumonic lungs. Viral antigens were found most frequently in the cytoplasm of bronchiolar epithelial cells, type II pneumocytes, and less frequently in the epithelial cells of bronchial glands, syncytial cells, alveolar macrophages, and lymphocytes and plasma cells. In conclusion, it was found that there was a close relationship between the pneumonia in goats and the presence of PI‐3 viral antigens. Incidence of PI‐3 virus in pneumonic lungs of goats was detected to be very high in the present study performed in the region of Bitlis and Van, Turkey.
Adverse Haematological Effects of Vinblastine, Prednisolone and Cimetidine Treatment: a Retrospective Study in Fourteen Dogs with Mast Cell Tumours
Authors: Trumel C. , Bourgès‐Abella N. , Touron C. , Lanore D. , Geffré A. , Diquelou A. , Guelfi J. F. , Braun J. P. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryVinblastine toxicity is poorly documented in dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate the haematological alterations in dogs treated with vinblastine and prednisolone. Fourteen dogs with mast cell tumours (MCT) were selected on at least one of the following criteria: lymph node infiltration, surgical margin infiltration, grade II MCTs with Ki‐67 >10%, and grade III MCTs. Starting 15 days after surgery, the dogs were given vinblastine (2 mg/m2i.v. four times weekly, then twice monthly for 2 months) and prednisolone (2 mg/kg/day p.o.). An EDTA blood sample was collected weekly for complete blood count (CBC). A total of 98 doses of vinblastine were given to the 14 dogs and 114 CBC were performed. Abnormal haematological findings were observed in 12 CBCs from five dogs, which represent a prevalence of 20% of the total CBCs performed in these animals. The most prevalent abnormal finding was thrombopenia (9/12) most often with grade I toxicity (6/9). In conclusion, the risk of occurrence of adverse haematological effects resulting from vinblastine–prednisolone treatment seems limited in dogs with MCT and it should not be overestimated.
Influence of Negative Energy Balance on the Reproductive Performance after Treatment of Cystic Ovarian Disease with Gonadotrophin‐releasing Hormone in Dairy Cows*
Authors: Hooijer G. A. , van Oijen M. A. A. J. , Frankena K. , Noordhuizen J. P. T. M. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate whether a significant relation exists between the presence of a negative energy balance (NEB) in cows early in lactation and the reproductive performance after treatment with gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone of cows with clinical cystic ovarian disease. Reproductive performance after treatment was assessed from the interval between treatment and first insemination (ITFI) and the interval between treatment and conception (ITC). Based on the outcome of the daily change of milk fat yield (Δfatg) between the first and second milk recordings post‐partum, cows were considered to have passed the NEB nadir (positive Δfatg) or not (negative Δfatg). Lactations (n = 430) were divided into four groups according to the interval between calving and first milk recording (ICMR): (i) 0–9 days; (ii) 10–19 days; (iii) 20–29 days; (iv) 30–49 days. The relation between a NEB‐proxy parameter (Δfatg) and reproductive performance was determined. A significant interaction existed for groups 1 and 3 (ICMR on 0–9 and 20–29 days post‐partum respectively) with an increased and a decreased probability of being inseminated the first day after treatment (ITFI) respectively. However, no significant interaction was found between Δfatg and the groups with regard to ITC.
Factors associated with rural doctors’ intention to continue a rural career: A survey of 3072 doctors in Japan
Authors: Matsumoto Masatoshi , Okayama Masanobu , Inoue Kazuo , Kajii Eiji 
Published: July 2005

AbstractObjective:  To show the relationship between the personal and educational backgrounds of rural doctors and their intention to continue a rural career. Design:  Nationwide postal survey. Setting:  Public clinics or hospitals in municipalities that are classified as ‘rural’ by the national government. Subjects:  A total of 4896 doctors working for 828 public clinics and hospitals. Measurements:  A questionnaire was mailed. The questionnaire inquired about the subject's age, sex, hometown, exposure to rural practice in undergraduate education, postgraduate training, continuing medical education, current position and affiliation status with a medical school, as well as his or her intention to continue a rural career. Results:  Response rate was 64%; 26% answered that they intended to continue a rural career. Postgraduate training in general internal medicine, general surgery, anaesthesiology, paediatrics and gastroenterology were positively related with the intention to continue a rural career (odds ratio = 2.045, 1.59, 1.30, 1.48, 1.38). Rural background, undergraduate exposure to rural practice, multispecialty‐rotation in postgraduate training and current administrative position had positive correlations with the intention to continue in logistic regression analysis (odds ratio = 1.80, 2.47, 1.54, 2.17). Affiliation with a medical school department was negatively related with the intention to continue (odds ratio = 0.45). Conclusion:  In addition to the rural background of physicians, some undergraduate and postgraduate factors were independently associated with the intention to continue a rural career.
Overseas‐trained doctors in Australia: Community integration and their intention to stay in a rural community
Authors: Han Gil‐Soo , Humphreys John S. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractObjective:  The aim of this study was to identify the factors that influence foreign doctors’ community integration and examine how these affect their intention to stay in the rural community. Design:  Qualitative study using life‐history perspective. Setting:  Rural communities throughout Victoria. Participants:  Fifty‐seven overseas‐trained doctors (OTDs) working throughout rural Victoria, Australia. Main outcome measures:  Key factors of community integration influencing OTDs’ decision to stay in or leave a rural community. Results:  Maintaining cultural and religious values, as well as relationships to their respective ethnic communities is important to OTDs. While they do not expect excessive support from the community they appreciated the cultures of welcoming or ‘embracing differences’. Supportive communication and supervisory support positively influence OTDs’ appreciation of what the rural community can offer them and how they might overcome any difficulties that they face with their rural practice and life. Conclusion:  As well as ensuring that OTDs’ professional needs are met, the importance of a supportive environment within the clinic and community awareness of the OTDs’ needs should not be underestimated as influences on an OTD's retention in a rural community.
Activity‐dependent subcellular localization of NAC1
Authors: Korutla Laxman , Champtiaux Nicholas , Shen Hao‐Wei , Klugman Matthias , Kalivas Peter W. , Mackler Scott A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe expression of the transcriptional regulator NAC1 is increased in the nucleus accumbens of rats withdrawn from cocaine self‐administration, and in vivo studies indicate that the up‐regulation is a compensatory mechanism opposing the acute effects of cocaine. Both mammalian two‐hybrid assay and punctate localization largely in the nucleus suggest NAC1 is a transcriptional regulator. However, in this report it is shown that in differentiated PC12 and Neuro2A cells, as well as in primary cortical neurons, NAC1 is diffusely expressed not only in the cell nucleus but also in cytoplasm. Blockade of spontaneous electrical activity by tetrodotoxin prevented the diffuse expression of NAC1, and depolarization with high potassium concentrations induced diffuse cellular localization in non‐differentiating cells. The use of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors and activator, as well as the systematic mutation of potential PKC phosphorylation sites in NAC1, demonstrated that phosphorylation of residue S245 by PKC is a necessary event inducing diffuse NAC1 expression outside of the nucleus. These observations indicate a potential non‐transcriptional role for NAC1 in the brain.
Multisensory responses and receptive field properties of neurons in the substantia nigra and in the caudate nucleus
Authors: Nagy Attila , Paróczy Zsuzsanna , Norita Masao , Benedek György 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe basal ganglia are widely regarded as structures involved in sensorimotor co‐ordination, but little is known about the sensory background of their function. We publish here descriptions of the excitatory sensory responses and receptive field properties of the visual, auditory, somatosensory and multisensory caudate nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons. Altogether 111 caudate nucleus and 124 substantia nigra sensory neurons were recorded in halothane‐anaesthetized, immobilized, artificially ventilated cats. The sensory properties of the caudate and nigral neurons were found to be quite similar. A majority of the units were unimodal while a significant proportion of them were multisensory. The visual and the somatosensory modalities predominated for both nuclei. The sensory receptive fields were extremely large. The visual and auditory receptive fields covered the whole physically approachable sensory field and the somatosensory receptive fields covered the whole body surface of the animal. The receptive field properties of the multisensory caudate and nigral units were similar to those of the unimodal neurons. We observed no signs of retinotopical or somatotopical organization within the basal ganglia. The particular sensory receptive field properties, together with the significant number of multisensory neurons in the basal ganglia, suggest the existence of a multisensory pathway of presumably tectal origin involving the caudate nucleus and the substantia nigra that may serve for the sensory feedback of motor actions co‐ordinated by the basal ganglia.
Birth‐date‐dependent segregation of the mouse cerebral cortical neurons in reaggregation cultures
Authors: Ajioka Itsuki , Nakajima Kazunori 
Published: July 2005

AbstractCerebral cortical neurons form a six‐layered structure in which their position depends on their birth date. This developmental process requires the presence of Reelin, which is secreted by Cajal–Retzius cells in the cortical marginal zone (MZ). However, it is still unclear whether the migration from the ventricular zone (VZ) to beneath the MZ is essential for the neurons to segregate into layers. Previous transplantation studies of ferret cerebral cortical neurons suggested that their ultimate laminar fate is, at least to some extent, determined in the VZ but it is unknown how ‘laminar fate’ eventually positions cells in a specific layer. To explore the segregation properties of mouse cortical cells that have not yet arrived beneath the MZ, embryonic day (E)16 VZ and intermediate zone (IMZ) cells were dissociated and allowed to reaggregate for 1–4 days in vitro. The results suggested that the migrating neurons in the IMZ at E16 preferentially located near the centre of the aggregates, more than did the proliferative cells from the VZ. The birth‐date labelling followed by the dissociation–reaggregation culture suggested that the segregation properties of the E16 IMZ was characteristic of the E14‐born cells, which were migrating in the IMZ at E16, but they were not general properties of migrating IMZ cells. This birth‐date‐dependent segregation mechanism was also observed in the Reelin signalling‐deficient yotari cells. These findings suggest that cortical neurons acquire a birth‐date‐dependent segregation mechanism before their somas reach the MZ.
Activity of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons during smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys
Authors: Basso Michele A. , Pokorny Jennifer J. , Liu Ping 
Published: July 2005

AbstractNuclei within the basal ganglia (BG), in particular the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), subthalamic nucleus (STN) and caudate nucleus, are known to be involved in the generation of rapid or saccadic eye movements. Neurons in the SNr are active tonically and generally show a pause, but also increase, in discharge rate, for the appearance of visual stimuli and the generation of saccades. Recent experimental results in oculomotor regions of the brainstem reveal overlap in the neuronal pathways used for saccades and smooth pursuit, or slow tracking, eye movements. Whether the overlap of processing for saccades and pursuit extends to the oculomotor BG is unknown. In the present report, we were interested in whether the overlap between the pursuit and saccadic systems extends into the oculomotor BG. Using single‐neuron recording and electrical stimulation techniques, we tested whether neurons within the saccade portion of the BG, the SNr, could be involved in smooth pursuit eye movements. Monkeys were required to follow visual targets with either a smooth eye movement or a saccade while we recorded from SNr neurons. We report here on SNr neuronal activity that was modulated during the performance of visually guided saccades and also during the initiation and the maintenance of smooth pursuit eye movements. Importantly, the modulation of neuronal activity during pursuit was present even when catch‐up saccades were absent. The majority of SNr neurons was active tonically and their discharge ceased during pursuit, although some neurons also increased their discharge rate during smooth pursuit, similar to the behaviour reported for saccades. We also found that electrical stimulation of the SNr during the initiation of pursuit suppressed ipsiversive and, in some cases, enhanced contraversive pursuit. Our combined recording and stimulation results are consistent with the hypothesis that the overlap between the pursuit and saccadic systems extends, at least somewhat, into the BG and that the signal conveyed by the SNr can be used by the pursuit system. Like the signal for saccades, the SNr may provide a permissive disinhibition for pursuit eye movements. We hypothesize that alterations in this signal in BG diseased states such as Parkinson's may explain in part the deficits observed in smooth pursuit eye movements of these patients.
Sonic hedgehog signalling in neurons of adult ventrolateral nucleus tractus solitarius
Authors: Pascual Olivier , Traiffort Elisabeth , Baker Darren P. , Galdes Alphonse , Ruat Martial , Champagnat Jean 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe transmembrane receptor Patched (Ptc) mediates the action of the diffusing factor Sonic hedgehog (Shh), which is implicated in establishing morphogenetic gradients during embryonic development. Whereas alteration of Ptc function is associated with developmental abnormalities and brain tumors, its functional activity and roles in the adult brain have yet to be elucidated. Here we describe the complementary pattern of Shh and Ptc expression in the rat dorsal vagal motor nucleus and the ventrolateral nucleus tractus solitarius (vNTS), respectively. Those two interconnected structures regulate the cardiorespiratory function during hypoxia. Bath application of a subnanomolar concentration of aminoterminal Shh protein (ShhN) to a slice preparation of the vNTS induces a rapid decrease in neuronal firing followed by a bursting activity that propagates in the neuronal network. Intracellular current injections show that bursts result from an action on the neuronal membrane electro‐responsiveness. Both inhibiting and bursting effects are blocked by the monoclonal Shh antibody 5E1 and may require the Ptc binding site of ShhN. Thus, ShhN acting on specific neuronal sites controls electrophysiological properties of differentiated neurons of the vNTS. We speculate on a retrocontrol of cardiorespiratory signals in the vNTS, by Shh generated in dorsal vagal motoneurons.