bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
satisfy the amalgamation property
Authors: Douglas A E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In symbiosis research, the term ‘regulation’ has a very specific meaning. It refers to the mechanisms by which the relative biomass of the partners in an association are controlled. Under most conditions, symbioses are stable. The symbionts occupy a predictable proportion of the volume or biomass of the association, and they are restricted to particular regions of the host body. For example, the symbiotic Chlorella in hydra are harboured in hydra digestive cells (see Fig. 1.2(b)), and they occupy 10 per cent of the digestive cell volume; and the bacteria in aphids account for 60 per cent of the volume of the insect’s mycetocytes, and do not colonize any other aphid cells.
Palaeoclimatic history of the opening South Atlantic
Authors: Parrish Judith Totman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Climate has never been uniform in the South Atlantic Ocean. The rift system that opened to form the South Atlantic spanned nearly 60° latitude, and during its history the basin has extended across several climatic zones. Palaeoclimatic data for Gondwana as a whole are comparatively sparse, but for the circum-South Atlantic region, because the region has been studied intensively, palaeoclimatic history is fairly clear. In this chapter, methods that have been applied in studies of South Atlantic palaeoclimates will be discussed, followed by descriptions of what is currently known about the palaeoclimatic history of the South Atlantic and of southern Laurasia.
The Origin of the New World monkeys
Authors: Aiello Leslie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The New World or platyrrhine, monkeys are found today in the tropical regions of both Central and South America. Their fossil record extends back approximately 26 million years to the Late Oligocene Deseadan Beds of Bolivia (Branisella boliviana) (MacFadden 1990), and this poses a mystery. Throughout most of the early Cenozoic South America was an island continent (Tarling 1980). If primates arrived in South America in the Late Eocene or Early Oligocene as is commonly thought, they would have had to cross a considerable water barrier no matter where they came from.
The strange rodents of Africa and South America
Authors: George Wilma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The name rodent—from the Latin rodo, to gnaw-indicates the chief characteristic of the group. Rodents have ever-growing incisors, with enamel on the outside only; and they have a jaw which can be aligned either to gnaw with the incisors or to chew with the cheek teeth. The two working positions necessitate moving the jaw fore and aft. The jaw joint is, therefore, long and loosefitting; there is a gap, the diastema, between the two sets of teeth; the two sides of the lower jaw are only loosely connected in front; and the masseter muscles—the chewing muscles—are complex. These arrangements allow for a great variety of jaw movements. In other respects rodents have few unique characteristics.
Why worry about phylogeny?
Authors: Harvey Paul H , Pagel Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Living organisms can tell us a lot about their evolutionary history. Indeed, our estimates of phylogenies would be much the same in the absence of a fossil record. This chapter explains why an assessment of phylogenetic relationships is a prerequisite for a successful comparative analysis. In particular, closely related species share many similarities in addition to those of relevance to any particular comparative question. Such similarities can confound comparative studies. If we had a sample of bird and mammal species, for example, and wanted to know why some species have feathers, we might notice that the feathered species lay eggs and have beaks while those species with teeth and fur produce live young.
Specialization
Authors: Hulscher Jan B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probably the best known fact about Oystercatcher biology is that individuals differ in the feeding technique they adopt. Niko Tinbergen even produced a film about Oystercatchers called The specialist. The suggestion that these birds learn which feeding technique to use from their parents has become a classic example of the cultural transmission of behaviour while the presence of individual specializations has numerous consequences for understanding many aspects of their physiology, behaviour and population ecology. Partridge and Green (1985) suggested that the three main factors rhat will result in differences in foraging behaviour between individuals are differences in morphology, frequency-dependent advantage and differences in habitat.
Where to feed
Authors: Goss-Custard John D , West Andrew D , Sutherland William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Variation occurs between entire estuaries and different areas of large coastal flats (Wolff 1969) and, in conjunction with climate-related energy demands, between regions of the entire winter range (Piersma et al. 1993a). A number of other factors may also vary spatially, such as the risk of predator attack (Cresswell and Whitfield 1994) and the proximity of the high water roost (Goss-Custard et al. 1981; Zwarts and Drent 1981; Goss-Custard et al. 1992). The feeding grounds of Oystercatchers can therefore be viewed as a series of interlocking habitat gradients that range in scale from a few square metres up to hundreds of square kilometres.
Rearing to independence
Authors: Safriel Uriel N , Ens Bruno J , Kaiser Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oystercatcher provides a test of how far existing theory helps to understand the behavioural and population ecology of a well-studied species (Goss-Custard, Introduction, this volume). By the same token, research on a carefully selected, and such a well-studied species, should advance general theory. Is the Oystercatcher not only relatively easy to study, but also a ‘typical’ shorebird whose study is applicable to many other species, not only of shorebirds, but also of birds in general?
Haematopus ostralegus in perspective: comparisons with other Oystercatchers
Authors: Hockey Philip A R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary aim of this book is to provide a scientific interpretation of our knowledge of the Eurasian Oystercatcher, one of the best-studied shorebirds in the world. There are, however, 11 other species of oystercatchers worldwide. None has been as well studied as the Eurasian Oystercatcher, but some have been studied in different ways and to address different questions. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of how facets of the biology of Haematopus ostralegus compare or contrast with other oystercatcher species, and to consider what the reasons for these similarities or differences might be.
The carrying capacity of coastal habitats for Oystercatchers
Authors: Goss-Custard John D , West Andrew D , Clarke Ralph T , Caldow Richard W G , Durell Sarah E A le V dit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The need to predict the consequences for Oysrercatcher numbers of the many anthropogenic influences to which the coastal zone is prone (Lambeck et al., Chapter 11, this volume) has stimulated much of the research that has been done on the species. Broadly, predictions are required at two scales; locally, for the estuary or stretch of coast where environmental changes are expected to occur, and globally, for the wider population across a region, country or the whole of Europe. If a fishery, for example, was considering removing half the mussel (Mytilus edulis) beds within one estuary, the following questions would be asked. Will the food supply that remains be sufficient to maintain the present number of Oystercatchers? If not, and some starve or emigrate, how many would remain? Would any emigrants be able to establish themselves elsewhere and, if so, would they survive as well as at present? If more birds do die, either locally or as a knock-on consequence of the redistribution of birds to other areas, what would be the effect on the metapopulation, the greater population of which the local Oystercatchers are one part? The metapopulation consequences are discussed by Goss-Custard et al. (Chapter 13, this volume). This chapter deals only with predicting the effect of a change in the local environment on local numbers.
On the shovel-tusked elephantoids from China
Authors: Guan Jian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fossil remains of Proboscidea from the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China) indicate a rich and diverse fauna which was an important component of proboscidean evolution. Historical reviews of these fossils have been given by Osborn and Granger (1932), Osborn (1936, 1942), Hopwood (1935), and Tobien et al. (1984, 1986, 1988). Tables 13.1 and 13.2 include some of the most productive localities of Neogene to Pleistocene elephantoids (especially gomphotheres; ‘Elephantoidea’ after Tassy 1988a), and a list of taxa found in China, respectively. This chapter focuses on a few gomphothere genera and species from China, the gomphotheres sensu Jato include amebelodontids.
The biogeography of the gomphotheriid proboscideans of North America
Authors: Lambert W David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gomphothere proboscideans sensu Iato, consisting of the Gomphotheriidae including Amebelodontinae were arguably the most successful of all the proboscideans in terms of their longevity and geographical distribution. They lasted at least from the earliest Miocene to the end of the Pleistocene and reached all continents except the island continents Antarctica and Australia (Tobien 1973a). North America played a significant role in the history of gomphothere biogeography and diversity (Lambert and Shoshani, in press). From the middle Miocene to the Pleistocene, North America received numerous immigrant taxa from the Old World via Beringia (and possibly the converse as well). It was also a centre for major autochthonous evolution and was the staging ground for the dispersal of gomphotheres into South America.
Para- or monophyly of the gomphotheres and their position within Proboscidea
Authors: Shoshani Jeheskel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The systematics of Proboscidea in general, and of gomphotheres in particular, has undergone considerable modifications during the past 50 years. Osborn’s (1936) discussion of gomphothere taxa and review of earlier literature may be considered a starting point for modern studies. Simpson (1945) reviewed and amended Osborn’s work, and Tobien’s (1972, 1973a, 1973b, 1975, 1976, 1978b, 1978c) and Tobien et al.’s (1986, 1988) studies provided good background information on gomphotheres. Employing cladistic methods on proboscidean taxa, Tassy (1982, 1988a, 1990a, this volume, Chapter 6) concluded that gomphotheres were a paraphyletic group. Similar results were obtained by Tassy and Shoshani (1988). None of these authors conducted a detailed cladistic analysis of all the gomphothere taxa in one study; many questions on affinities among the gomphotheres remain unresolved.
Proboscidean remains in southern Levant
Authors: Tchernov Eitan , Shoshani Jeheskel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Palaeontological, archaeological, and historical records suggest that proboscideans may have roamed in the Levant for almost 20 million years, from the early Miocene until a few thousand years ago (Hooijer 1962a; Savage and Tchernov 1968; Clutton-Brock 1981; Tchernov et al. 1987). King Solomon was known to have had a craving to possess ivory, believed to have been brought from the south (possibly northern Africa): ‘once every three years came the navy of Tarshish, bringing gold, and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks’ (I Kings 10: 22). The possibility exists that other ivory pieces which date as late as 800 BC may have been from local elephants which lived in the Levant (Weiss 1985).
Mammoths, gomphotheres, and the Great American Faunal Interchange
Authors: Dudley Joseph P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mammoths (Mammuthus: Elephantidae) were the most highly specialized of all proboscidean taxa in their dentitions and morphological/physiological adaptations to survival in cold cli¬ mates. The Elephantidae was one of the most rapidly evolving families of mammals during the Plio-Pleistocene (Simpson 1944). The Elephantidae radiated explosively during the late Cenozoic but were decimated by the extinction of several genera during the late Pleistocene (Simpson 1944; Aguirre 1969a; Coppens et al. 1978).
Devonian
Authors: Xiwen Zhao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Devonian succeeded the Caledonian orogeny, which had resulted in great changes in plate framework and tectonogeography in the world. Smith eta!. (1981), Ziegler (1981), and Scotese and McKerrow (1990) have attempted to reconstruct the Devonian palaeocontinents. It is clear that the relative positions of continents and their latitudinal distribution have provided the palaeotectonic and palaeogeographical background for palaeobiogeography. Many scholars (House 1971; Cocks and McKerrow 1973; Johnson and Boucot 1973; Oliver and Pedder 1976; House 1979; Norris 1979; Savage et al. 1976; Ziegler 1981; Pedder and Oliver 1990; Young 1990) have contributed a great deal on Devonian palaeobiogeography. This valuable information enables us to draw a brief sketch of the Devonian biosphere. Here the whole world is divided into three realms (Fig. 6.1),
Triassic
Authors: Hongfu Yin , Qiuxian Lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Triassic Pangaea was indented by a wedge shaped Tethyan Ocean spanning tropical and subtropical areas, with the Antarctic and Siberian Platform located in southern and northern high latitudes respectively. Configuration of the eastern Tethys is modified in this chapter on the basis of new data from palaeomagnetic, palaeogeographical, and geotectonic researches. This region displayed the interspersion of microcontinents and microocean basins, reminiscent of modern South-East Asia. North China (centred at Taiyuan, Shanxi) and Yangtze (centred at Emei, Sichuan) were at the palaeolatitudes of about 15°N and 2°N, respectively, during the Late Permian. However, North China had a rapid northward migration during the Permian and collided with Siberia-Mongolia in the Early Triassic. Later, Yangtze started to move northwards and merged with North China by the late Middle Triassic,
Cretaceous
Authors: Benpei Liu , Yuling, Xu , Feng Chen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pangaea experienced further disintegration during the Cretaceous. The main body of Laurasia approached its modem location but the Eurasian part deviated remarkably south-westward, forming an angle of several tens of degrees with modem latitudes. In the southern hemisphere, Gondwana underwent several rifting and dismembering phases, the most remark able of which were the extensive rift-openning of the South Atlantic and rapid northward movement of the Indian plate. The Tethyan or Neo-Tethyan (sensu Sengor, 1984) Ocean existed between Eurasia and eastern Gondwana, but controversy persists as to its possible dimensions.
Flight and behaviour
Authors: Brodsky Andrei K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first winged insects had limited flight abilities, and the range of behaviours which they could perform in the air was not large. However, among the first flying insects there were still some masterly fliers. The dragonflies provide an excellent example of the perfection of ancient flight; they have changed very little from their ancestors, which hunted in the air space above the swampy forests covering the earth about 300 million years ago. During the Carboniferous period primitive cot.”kroaches, mayflies, dragonflies of all sizes, and clumsy Palaeodictyoptera made their way through the air. Swooping and dancing along the edges of lagoons and lapping seas, those early fliers logged more then 200 million years of flying time before the first test flights of the birds, making them airworthy by any standard.
Vitamin A receptors: new insights on retinoid control of transcription
Authors: Mangelsdorf David J , Evans Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the fundamental questions in retinoid biology—and in extracellular signalling processes in general—is how a group of closely related and simple compounds can mediate diverse and complex responses. Multicellular organisms have evolved two basic strategies for mediating the translation of an extracellular signal into a transcriptional response at the target cell (Fig. 3.1). In one mechanism the stimulus (e.g. a small peptide or growth factor) binds to a cell surface receptor. Transduction of this signal to the nucleus is then accomplished by one of a myriad of second messengers. The many examples of signals that operate via a second messenger are demonstrated by the high genetic and phenotypic variation of their receptors and pathways (Herschman 1989). In the second mechanism, cells process an extracellular stimulus through an intracellular receptor. In this pathway the blood-borne signals are small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids, which are either actively or passively transported through the cell membrane where they bind cytosolic or nuclear receptors. The liganded receptor complex is a functionally active transcription factor, which binds specifically to the regulatory region of target genes.
Cellular retinal binding protein: regulation of expression and putative functions
Authors: Chytil Frank , Stump Donald G , Haq Riaz ul , Rush Margaret G , Mufson Elisabeth E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP) was the first protein discovered to bind retinol non-covalently in many tissues (Bashor et al. 1973). Subsequently, other proteins binding natural retinoids non-covalently were found in nonvisual and visual tissues, including the cellular retinoic acid binding protein (CRABP) (for review see Chytil and Ong 1987). Considerable progress has been made in the purification, characterization, and cloning of these proteins, although their exact metabolic function(s) remains to be elucidated. In recent years less attention has been given to CRBP than to CRABP, most probably because the natural ligand of CRABP is retinoic acid. Retinoic acid (RA), a production of retinol oxidation, has been shown to be a potent differentiation agent (for review see Chytil 1984) used therapeutically in dermatology (Peck 1984). RA action involves activating or repressing formation of many gene products (for review sec Chytil and Haq 1990). Moreover, unlike retinol, RA appears to be involved in morphogenesis (Eichele et al. 1985; Summerbell and Maden 1990). This article will discuss recent developments in our laboratory in further characterization of the CRBP protein and regulation of its gene.
Eucryphiaceae
Authors: Gregory Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The family consists of one genus, Eucryphia Cav., with 5-6 species of trees and shrubs in Australia, Tasmania, Chile and Argentina; all are evergreen except E. glutinosa (Prepp. & Endl.) Baill. Paracryphia Baker f. was at one time included in the family but has been transferred to a family of its own (Shaw 1965; see also Dickison and Baas 1977), which Takhtajan (1983) included in Celastrales.
Account based mainly on Dickison (1978: 5 spp.) with additional information from Hill (1991).
Roridulaceae
Authors: Wilkinson By Hazel P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This monogeneric family is composed of two species only, Roridula dentata L. and R. gorgonias Planchon. Both are shrubs endemic to Cape Province, Republic of South Africa. Both grow in acidic soils derived from sandstone and low in nitrates, R. dentata on rather dry mountain flats and R. gorgonias in marshy areas or seeps on mountain slopes. According to Carlquist ( l976b) both species could be classed as mesophytes but Bruce (1907) indicated that the leaves of R. dentata show some xeromorphic adaptations. Roridula Burm. f. ex L. was at one time considered to be carnivorous since it has undoubted powers of trapping insects in the resinous exudate from the abundant leaf glands. The digesting powers of the glands were tested by Bruce (1907) with dubious results and later tests made by Lloyd (1934) appeared to prove that digestion of insects does not take place.
Benzodiazepines
Authors: Ferner R E , Norman Elizabeth , Rawlins M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chlordiazepoxide (‘Librium’) was the first benzodiazepine to be marketed, and has been available since 1960. By the mid-1970s, benzodiazepines were prescribed to around 3 per cent of the population in several European countries (Marks 1985). The remarkably widespread use of the drugs was due in part to their perceived safety in acute overdosage, especially when compared with barbiturate sleeping tablets. It was also in part the result of their wide promotion.
Evolution of mating systems and sexual selection
Authors: Frith Clifford B , Frith Dawn W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No matter how simplistic or complicated a bird’s mating strategy and courtship, all investment involved is towards one goal—the production of offspring that will in turn be reproductively successful. The evolutionary processes behind the uniquely complex bowerbird behaviour, structures, their decoration, and painting, in the context of their mating systems, demand explanation. While most mammals reproduce polygamously, the majority of birds do so as socially monogamous species. This is largely because birds lay eggs that produce nestlings requiring constant direct transfer of parental body heat followed, in the vast majority of species (with some exceptions), by substantial provisioning of food and other parental care. These demands have resulted in widespread avian social monogamy in species in which it is hypothesised males are able to economically defend required resources and a mate. The fundamental requirement for polygamous species is the ability of males to monopolize several mates (Emlen and Oring 1977; Johnsgard 1994; Ligon 1999).
The vespid wasps (Vespidae)
Authors: West-Eberhard Mary Jane , Carpenter James M , Hanson Paul E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Classification and distribution. Traditionally (e.g. Spradbery, 1973b; Krombein in Krombein et al., 1979; Gauld & Bolton, 1988) this group has been divided into three families, the Masaridae, Eumenidae and Vespidae. However, following Carpenter ‘s (1982) phylogenetic analysis, it has become increasingly accepted that all should be united in a single family, the Vespidae. This family is now classified in six apparently monophyletic subfamilies (Carpenter, 1982, 1991); their postulated phylogenetic relationships are shown in Fig. 15.02.
Vascular and interstitial physiology of tumours: role in cancer detection and treatment
Authors: Jain Rakesh K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and in many industrialized countries (1). After the primary tumour has been surgically removed and/or sterilized by radiation, the residual disease is usually managed with a variety of systemic therapies (Table 5.1). For these therapies to be successful, they must satisfy two requirements: (i) the relevant agent must be effective in the in vivo microenvironment of tumours, and (ii) this agent must reach the target cells in vivo in optimal quantities. The goal of this article is to examine the latter issue. More specifically, I will discuss the pathophysiology of the tumour vasculature and interstitium, and the important part it plays in the delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents to solid tumours.