bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ESC Textbook of Heart Failure
Authors: Coats Andrew , Filippatos Gerasimos , Bauersachs Johann , Rosano Giuseppe 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
It is estimated that the worldwide population of patients suffering from heart failure is approximately 26 million. The ESC Textbook of Heart Failure is the latest addition to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) publications portfolio and brings together internationally renowned experts in the field of heart failure to present an up-to-date understanding of all aspects of this chronic condition that worsens with time. This clinically oriented work reflects contemporary European guidelines from the ESC and the European Heart Failure Association and summarizes the latest evidence from clinical trials. Comprising 18 different sections, the textbook covers the epidemiology, aetiology, prevention, pathophysiology, and clinical phenotypes of heart failure. The assessment and management of chronic, acute, and advanced heart failure are all discussed in detail. As well as chapters dedicated to self-care and patient education, the multidisciplinary approach to heart failure management, and clinical trial design and interpretation, the future direction of the field is discussed throughout with separate chapters on digital health, big data, and telemedicine/remote monitoring in heart failure.
Epidemiology of heart failure
Authors: Groenewegen Amy , Milinković Ivan , Hoes Arno W , Mosterd Arend , Rutten Frans H 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Heart failure (HF) affects an estimated 64 million people worldwide. Ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertensive heart disease, and rheumatic heart disease are responsible for over two-thirds of HF cases worldwide. While HF incidence rates appear stable, its prevalence is still increasing. The global incidence ranges from 1 to 9 cases per 1000 person-years, and the prevalence is estimated to be 1–2% of the general adult population. Prevalence estimates of all types of HF range from 0.7% to 1.3% in those aged &lt;55 years, and from 4.7% to 13.3% in those aged ≥65 years. Suboptimal control of five modifiable risk factors (smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and obesity) accounts for an estimated 88.8% of incident cases of HF. Hospitalization due to HF represents 1–2% of all hospital admissions (with more than half of those patients aged &gt;75 years), with a median number of HF discharges per million people assessed of 2671. Around 20% of patients are readmitted after 30 days, with over half during the first year and over 80% within 5 years after initial hospitalization. One- and 5-year mortality rates are 10.7% and 40.3%, respectively. Determinants of prognosis are age, renal function, blood pressure, sodium level, ejection fraction, male sex, natriuretic peptide levels, New York Heart Association class, diabetes, body mass index, and exercise capacity. The distribution of different phenotypes of HF is changing, with an increasing proportion of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is the most well studied, and clear prognostic benefits of therapy have been demonstrated in clinical trials.
The role of ischaemic heart disease in heart failure
Authors: Montone Rocco A , Volterrani Maurizio , Zhang Jian , Crea Filippo 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease represents the most important cause underlying the occurrence of heart failure. Pathophysiological mechanisms explaining the association between myocardial ischaemia and heart failure are multiple and complex, ranging from multivessel obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) to microvascular dysfunction in the absence of obstructive CAD. Of importance, understanding the exact mechanism of disease is crucial to obtain a proper diagnosis and start appropriate therapy. For this reason, the beginning of this chapter analyses the pathophysiology of ischaemic heart failure across a wide spectrum of heart failure presentations, from heart failure with reduced ejection fraction to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The chapter then discusses the diagnostic approach to the patient with heart failure of suspected ischaemic origin. Finally, the chapter reports on the evidence supporting the currently available therapeutic options, highlighting the knowledge gaps in management of these patients.
From hypertension to heart failure
Authors: Manolis Athanasios J , Lopatin Yuri 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Although different conditions and diseases may lead to the development of heart failure, arterial hypertension due to its high prevalence represents a major risk factor. Through several mechanisms, including endothelial dysfunction, accelerated atherosclerosis, and left ventricular hypertrophy, a patient with hypertension may go on to develop heart failure, with devastating effects in terms of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This chapter reviews the cardiovascular continuum that leads a patient with hypertension to progress to heart failure, as well as practical issues related to the therapeutic approach and management.
Peripartum cardiomyopathy
Authors: Sliwa Karen , Bauersachs Johann 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides the definition and describes the investigations and management recommendations for physicians dealing with peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM). It gives details on risk stratification and morbidity and mortality. PPCM is a disease that occurs globally in all ethnic groups. It is a diagnosis of exclusion but should be suspected in any peripartum women presenting with symptoms and signs of heart failure towards the end of their pregnancy or in the months following delivery. These women should be thoroughly assessed and alternative causes should be excluded. Urgent cardiac investigation with electrocardiography and natriuretic peptide measurement (if available) should be performed. Echocardiography is the next step in investigation, prior to more advanced imaging where this is available. Patients with abnormal cardiac investigations should be urgently referred to a cardiology team for expert management. Just under half of women with PPCM experience myocardial recovery. PPCM is a disease with substantial maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality; mortality rates range widely from 0% to 30%, depending on ethnic background and geographical region. Compared to other cardiomyopathies, PPCM patients have better prognosis in terms of survival and recovery of left ventricular function.
Obesity
Authors: Badimon Lina , Anker Stefan D , Haehling Stephan von 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Obesity is a growing cardiovascular health problem, which is highly prevalent in the general population, as well as in patients with heart failure. Obesity is a risk factor for developing heart failure. Among patients with manifest heart failure, it affects 36–51% and 26–37% of patients with heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction, respectively. The accumulation of adipocytes in obesity fuels a pro-inflammatory response that propagates into a low-grade systemic inflammation, with a large variety of metabolic alterations. In the myocardium, mitochondrial uncoupling is increased, which—together with decreased glucose utilization—impairs myocardial energetics, and consequently mechanical performance. Adipose tissue itself has little metabolic demand, but obesity also comes with increased lean tissue, yielding oxygen requirements and carbon dioxide production. Still, database analyses have shown a survival benefit for patients with heart failure, known as the obesity paradox. This chapter summarizes the available knowledge of the metabolic effects of obesity and its effects on the course of heart failure.
Toxins and infections
Authors: Gavazzi Antonello , Nunes Maria Carmo , Pinto Fausto 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Toxins, systemic infections, and cardiac infections represent relatively uncommon causes of impaired cardiac function and heart failure (HF). Several exogenous and endogenous toxins are possible causes of progressive cardiac deterioration. Substances of abuse, prescribed and illicit drugs, and environmental agents are the most frequently involved. Any severe systemic infection may induce HF but frequently represents the precipitating cause in a patient with previous heart disease. Cardiac infections may be due to several different agents: viruses, bacteria, fungi, helminths, and protozoa. Among viral cardiac infections, the most clinically relevant are myocarditis caused usually by enteroviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and human immunodeficiency virus, with subsequent myocardial dysfunction and overt HF. Among parasitic infections, protozoan trypanosomiasis, in particular Chagas disease causing myocarditis leading to cardiomyopathy, and helminthic infection, including schistosomiasis causing pulmonary hypertension and right-sided ventricular HF, are the most prevalent. Different and complex pathophysiological mechanisms, involving inflammation, immunity, and genetic susceptibility, are operative.
Ventricular remodelling
Authors: Díez Javier , Brunner-La Rocca Hans-Peter 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The term ventricular remodelling refers to alterations in size, shape, and function due to the response of the ventricle to sustained stress. Initially, the remodelling response to pathological stress helps in compensating the cardiac performance, but over time the response becomes maladaptive and leads to ventricular dysfunction. Thus, adverse ventricular remodelling is critically involved in the development of heart failure and its poor clinical outcome. Depending on the underlying pathology, the ventricle can remodel either concentrically or eccentrically. At the myocardial level, the adverse remodelling process implies tissue alterations involving the cardiomyocyte, interstitium, and microcirculation, as well as metabolic and electrophysiological alterations. Multiple mechanisms participate in the development of these alterations, highlighting the complexity and heterogeneity of the remodelling process. Understanding these mechanisms is necessary for both preventing and effectively reversing ventricular remodelling with therapy in heart failure patients.
Immune-mediated mechanisms
Authors: Hofmann Ulrich , Frantz Stefan , Frangogiannis Nikolaos 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The association between inflammation and acute and chronic heart failure has been established for several decades. Yet this has not been translated into clinical application. Mixed results from several anti-cytokine trials in chronic heart failure have dampened for a long time the enthusiasm to conduct further clinical studies testing the therapeutic potential of immune-modulatory drugs in heart failure. In the meantime, experimental studies on various acute and chronic heart injury and failure models have provided a much better mechanistic understanding of the innate and adaptive immune systems in heart failure. Several large prospective interventional trials have shown a clinical benefit from inhibition of inflammation in atherosclerotic vascular disease. However, such clinical evidence is still widely lacking in relation to heart failure treatment.
Heart failure clinical assessment
Authors: Komajda Michel , Ponikowski Piotr , Shlyakhtho Evgeny 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
According to current European Society of Cardiology Guidelines, heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by typical symptoms/signs caused by a structural/functional cardiac abnormality, resulting in reduced cardiac output and/or elevated intracardiac pressures at rest or during stress. Clinical assessment of chronic HF is based on a stepwise approach: (1) assessment of symptomatic severity using the New York Heart Association classification; (2) comprehensive history taking and clinical examination, as well as identification of comorbidities which are frequent and may impact management; (3) assessment of the aetiology, as HF is the final common pathway of cardiac disorders and can also complicate many non-cardiovascular diseases; and (4) assessment of the risk of death or hospitalization, as mortality is high and hospitalization is recurrent and prolonged. The diagnostic workup of chronic HF cannot be based on clinical assessment only but also requires additional investigations, including electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, plasma natriuretic peptide levels, and imaging, most often based on transthoracic echocardiography. Acute heart failure (AHF) is a life-threatening condition which describes the rapid onset or worsening of symptoms and signs of HF. It can occur de novo or during the course of chronic HF (acute-on-chronic HF). Clinical classification is based on the presence/absence of signs of hypoperfusion and congestion. The diagnostic workup of AHF should be initiated immediately after the first medical contact, and clinical assessment should rule in/out cardiogenic shock or respiratory failure, identify an acute and potentially curable aetiology, and be complemented by appropriate investigations in order to start appropriate therapy.
Cardiac magnetic resonance in heart failure: diagnostic and prognostic assessment
Authors: Baritussio Anna , Sharrack Noor , Plein Sven , Bucciarelli-Ducci Chiara 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is a highly versatile imaging modality, with high spatial resolution and tissue contrast, allowing for detailed morphological and functional assessment of the heart and vasculature. CMR is increasingly used in the assessment of patients with heart failure (HF), from diagnosis to treatment planning and risk stratification. In HF patients, CMR provides whole-heart cine imaging for accurate measurement of biventricular dimensions and function, and a range of methods for myocardial tissue characterization that help determine the aetiology of HF. This chapter discusses the role of CMR in chronic HF to include standard and advanced acquisition protocols, diagnostic workup, differential diagnoses, and insights into how CMR helps guide treatment planning decisions.
Digitalis glycosides
Authors: Bavendiek Udo , Bauersachs Johann 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The potential of digitalis glycosides in heart failure therapy has been long known. In the only large placebo-controlled, randomized trial, namely the DIG trial, digoxin had a neutral effect on overall mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), but led to significantly reduced heart failure hospitalization. As standard HFrEF treatment in the DIG trial did not include beta-blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and the therapeutic window of digitalis glycosides is narrow, with a risk of serious side effects, the value of digitalis glycosides in HFrEF therapy is currently uncertain. Nevertheless, digitalis glycosides are still applied frequently worldwide, and this chapter provides recommendations for digitalis use in patients with HFrEF and/or atrial fibrillation. Two ongoing large trials will define the role of digitalis glycosides on top of modern HFrEF treatment: the Digoxin Evaluation in Chronic Heart Failure: Investigational Study In Outpatients in the Netherlands (DECISION) and the DIGitoxin to Improve ouTcomes in patients with advanced chronic Heart Failure (DIGIT-HF).
Ancillary pharmacological treatment options
Authors: Agewall Stefan , van Gelder Isabelle C , Savelieva Irina 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is not a single pathological diagnosis, but a clinical syndrome consisting of cardinal symptoms (e.g. breathlessness, ankle swelling, fatigue) that may be accompanied by signs (e.g. elevated jugular venous pressure, pulmonary crackles, peripheral oedema). It is due to a structural and/or functional abnormality of the heart that results in elevated intracardiac pressures and/or inadequate cardiac output at rest and/or during exercise. Identification of the aetiology of the underlying cardiac dysfunction is mandatory in the diagnosis of HF, as the specific pathology can determine subsequent treatment. Most commonly, HF is due to myocardial dysfunction: either systolic or diastolic, or both. However, pathology of the valves, pericardium, and endocardium, as well as abnormalities of heart rhythm and conduction, can also cause or contribute to HF. This chapter focuses on ancillary pharmacological treatment options such as anticoagulant treatment, statin treatment, and treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs.
Advanced heart failure: management
Authors: Tomasoni Daniela , Adamo Marianna , Metra Marco 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Advanced heart failure (HF) represents the stage of HF when conventional therapies are no longer effective in controlling patients’ symptoms and stabilizing the clinical course. In the present chapter, we focus on the importance of optimizing guideline-directed medical therapy, in order to improve prognosis at this advanced stage. Firstly, intolerance to neurohormonal antagonists is often a hallmark of advanced HF and identifies patients with a very poor prognosis, who need non-conventional therapies. Secondly, patients with advanced HF often present volume overload, diuretic resistance, and kidney failure. We summarize the management of congestion in advanced HF patients, from diuretics to renal replacement therapy as a bail-out strategy. In addition, intermittent administration of intravenous inotropes may be considered as a palliative strategy to alleviate haemodynamic symptoms and improve quality of life. Omecamtiv mecarbil, an orally available myosin activator, reduced the composite endpoint of cardiovascular (CV) death or HF hospitalization in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction, with a major benefit in those with severe HF, representing a new opportunity for the future.
Mechanical circulatory support
Authors: Mehra Mandeep , Gustafsson Finn 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) has evolved dramatically over the last 50 years. Circulatory pumps are routinely being used to treat the spectrum of presentations ranging from cardiogenic shock (short-term, for acute haemodynamic restoration) advanced heart failure (long-term, to improve quality and duration of life). Short-term pumps typically are used to assist the circulation in cardiogenic shock or as a back-up in high-risk cardiac interventions. The evidence base for such application is in evolution and most application algorithms are still dependent on individual centre-based criteria. Left and right ventricular mechanical performance, lung function, and systemic perfusion are the most important clinical factors in the decision tree. For durable MCS, left ventricular assist systems (LVAS) are the mainstay for use. Implantable, continuous flow LVAS are effective and reliable in leading to improved survival and quality of life but do require monitoring for complications related to haemocompatibility (pump thrombosis, strokes and non-surgical bleeding), heart failure and infection. A considerable body of evidence from adequately powered, randomized and observational clinical studies support the use of current LVAS, particularly the HeartMate 3 pump. The primary indication for proceeding with LVAS is in advanced HF refractory to routine medical therapy, irrespective of whether the patient is a candidate for transplantation or not. In selected patients LV recovery may even allow for explant of the LVAS without recurrence of advanced HF, however this is uncommon. Patients with biventricular failure may be treated with a total artificial heart and the ongoing developments in this field are reviewed.
Dyskalaemia in heart failure
Authors: Ferreira João Pedro , Damman Kevin , Mullens Wilfried , Butler Javed 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Potassium (K+) is the most abundant cation in humans and is essential for normal cellular function. Alterations in K+ regulation can lead to neuromuscular, gastrointestinal, and cardiac abnormalities. Dyskalaemia (i.e. hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia) in heart failure (HF) is common. The cause is multifactorial, but includes comorbidities, medications, and HF by itself. Dyskalaemia has important prognostic implications, with a U-shaped relationship. This chapter presents practical and easy-to-implement strategies for patients with HF to deal with both hypo- and hyperkalaemia as well as guidance for the use of potassium-binders.
Liver and gut dysfunction
Authors: Lopatin Yuri , Savarese Gianluigi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Liver and gut dysfunction are common in heart failure (HF) patients, and their presence is associated with disease progression and worse outcomes. The complex relationships between the heart, the liver, and the gut in HF have not yet been fully established. This chapter presents the histological findings of congestive hepatopathy and acute cardiogenic liver injury, their clinical manifestations, biochemical profiles, and diagnostic and treatment modalities. We consider the mechanisms of the impact of gut microbiota on the development and progression of HF. The perspectives of targeting gut dysfunction in HF are also discussed.
Multidisciplinary approach to heart failure management
Authors: Hill Loreena , Koehler Friedrich , Jaarsma Tiny , Polovina Marija , McCreary Katherine , Coats Andrew JS 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
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At least three decades has passed since the inception of the first multidisciplinary team (MDT) intervention. During this time, studies incorporating different MDT models of care delivery, using different components of varying intensity and provided by different disciplines, have tested the ability to improve patient outcomes. Nevertheless, current international guidelines, recommend all patients receive MDT programmes of care, in order to reduce the likelihood of re-hospitalization and mortality. This chapter discusses the rationale for the MDT approach and its main characteristics in care delivery. Historical aspects as well as ongoing innovations, such as tele-monitoring, will be presented. Many patients with heart failure have additional comorbidities, requiring close collaboration and clear lines of communication between specialisms, for example endocrinologists, renal physicians, and specialist palliative care professionals. A MDT approach can ensure patient-centred care appropriate to need is provided, no matter what the setting. The future of Heart Failure Association accredited Quality of Care Centres will foster this approach, demonstrating the MDT as a vital part of the armoury against HF progression.
Planteome 2024 Update: Reference Ontologies and Knowledgebase for Plant Biology
Authors: Cooper Laurel , Elser Justin , Laporte Marie-Angelique , Arnaud Elizabeth , Jaiswal Pankaj 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Planteome project (https://planteome.org/) provides a suite of reference and crop-specific ontologies and an integrated knowledgebase of plant genomics data. The plant genomics data in the Planteome has been obtained through manual and automated curation and sourced from more than 40 partner databases and resources. Here, we report on updates to the Planteome reference ontologies, namely, the Plant Ontology (PO), Trait Ontology (TO), the Plant Experimental Conditions Ontology (PECO), and integration of species/crop-specific vocabularies from our partners, the Crop Ontology (CO) into the TO ontology graph. Currently, 11 CO vocabularies are integrated into the Planteome with the addition of yam, sorghum, and potato since 2018. In addition, the size of the annotation database has increased by 34%, and the number of bioentities (genes, proteins, etc.) from 125 plant taxa has increased by 72%. We developed new tools to facilitate user requests and improvements to the CO vocabularies, and to allow fast searching and browsing of PO terms and definitions. These enhancements and future changes to automate the TO-CO mappings and knowledge discovery tools ensure that the Planteome will continue to be a valuable resource for plant biology.