bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of very short scales for depression screening in elderly medical patients†
Authors: Pomeroy Ian M. , Clark Christopher R. , Philp Ian 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo compare very short scales for screening for depression with longer, widely used scales.MethodsEighty‐seven patients over the age of 60 who were admitted to rehabilitation wards or were attending a day rehabilitation facility at a British teaching hospital were screened for depression using the 1‐item mental health inventory, and the 4‐item, 15‐item and 30‐item geriatric depression scales. The sensitivity, specificity, and areas under receiver operating characteristic curves were compared, with the diagnostic criteria for research of ICD‐10 providing the criterion diagnosis of depressive episode.ResultsAll the scales had comparable sensitivity (82.4–100%), specificity (60.0–71.4%), and positive predictive values (33.3–42.9%). Comparison of receiver operating characteristic curves for each scale showed no statistically significant difference between them (range 0.80–0.88).ConclusionsThe very short scales performed just as well as the widely used longer screening scales in this population. They are worthy of further examination in elderly populations at risk of depression, and may be particularly suitable for older adults due to their brevity and ease of use. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability and validity of a chronic care facility adaptation of the Clinical Dementia Rating scale
Authors: Marin Deborah B. , Flynn Sean , Mare Marlene , Lantz Melinda , Hsu Ming‐Ann , Laurans Max , Paredes Maria , Shreve Tricia , Zaklad Gabrielle R. , Mohs Richard C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectiveThis study investigated the reliability and validity of a chronic care facility adaptation of the Clinical Dementia Rating scale (CDR‐CC).MethodSixty‐two residents in a chronic care facility participated in an inter‐rater and 1 month test–retest reliability study. The instrument was validated against the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE).ResultsInter‐rater and 1 month test–retest reliability for the global CDR‐CC score were excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients 0.99 and 0.92, respectively). The CDR‐CC domain and global scores were negatively correlated with the MMSE.ConclusionsThe CDR‐CC is a global assessment tool that reliably and validly measures cognitive and functional impairment in a chronic care setting. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Memory rehabilitation in Alzheimer's disease: a review of progress
Authors: De Vreese Luc P. , Neri Mirco , Fioravanti Mario , Belloi Luciano , Zanetti Orazio 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundMemory rehabilitation is a sadly misrepresented area of applied research in Alzheimer's disease.ObjectivesTo gather and evaluate recent evidence for the clinical effectiveness or ecologically validity of memory rehabilitation for mild to moderate Alzheimer's patients.MethodsComputerised searches and some handsearching were conducted spanning the last five years, from 1995 to 2000, inclusively. Criteria for inclusion in this overview involved the use of a precise memory rehabilitation technique within an experimental study design applied to Alzheimer's patients with pre‐ and post‐treatment evaluation.FindingsThree potential levels of memory rehabilitation procedures with proven clinical or pragmatic efficacy were identified. The first level bears on the facilitation of residual explicit memory with structured support both at encoding and at subsequent recall; the second level of memory rehabilitation exploits the relatively intact implicit memory system (priming and procedural memory); the last deals with finding ways of coping with the patient's limited explicit memory capacities through the use of external memory aids. A proposal of suggestions for good practice and future research in memory rehabilitation is also offered with the hope to spur further development in this rapidly expanding area of applied research.ConclusionThe available evidence shows that alternative and innovative ways of memory rehabilitation for Alzheimer's patients can indeed be clinically effective or pragmatically useful with a great potential for use within the new culture of a more graded and proactive type of Alzheimer's disease care. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elderly Japanese emigrants to Brazil before World War II: II. prevalence of senile dementia
Authors: Meguro Kenichi , Meguro Mitsue , Caramelli Paulo , Ishizaki Junichi , Ambo Hideo , Chubaci Rosa Y. S. , Hamada Gerson S. , Nitrini Ricardo , Yamadori Atsushi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundWe previously showed the prevalence of dementia in the town of Tajiri (Miyagi Prefecture, Japan), and found it to be 8.0%.The first population‐based study on dementia in Brazil (Catanduva) disclosed the prevalence as being 7.1%. To evaluate the effects of environment on development of dementia, elderly Japanese immigrants living in Brazil were examined. Brazil is the country with the largest number of Japanese immigrants.MethodsAll immigrants aged 65 years and over from Miyagi Prefecture, living in the four cities of the São Paulo Metropolitan area were targeted (n = 192). We were able to examine 166 subjects (86.5%). The diagnosis of dementia was based on the DSM‐IV with the severity assessed by the CDR (clinical dementia rating) scales. The cognitive ability screening instrument (CASI) was used for neuropsychological assessment.ResultsThirteen subjects were diagnosed with dementia, CDR 1–3, the prevalence being 7.8%. Older subjects suffered more from dementia, and, paradoxically, the more highly educated subjects also suffered more. All the CASI items, except for long‐term memory and visual construction, significantly deteriorated in the CDR 0.5 group compared with the CDR 0 group.CommentsThe prevalence of dementia was not thought to be affected by environmental factors. A paradoxically higher rate of dementia in the more educated subjects was probably due to the historical problems of the immigrants. Intact CASI item long‐term memory in the CDR 0.5 group indicated that suspected dementia patients could maintain this function. This is the first epidemiological study on dementia in elderly Japanese immigrants in Brazil. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depressive symptoms and associated factors in a cognitively normal elderly population: the Tajiri Project
Authors: Ambo Hideo , Meguro Kenichi , Ishizaki Junichi , Shimada Masumi , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Sekita Yasuyoshi , Yamadori Atsushi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackground and objectiveSince depression is one of the main problems of elderly subjects, it is important to examine the prevalence of this condition and to identify associated factors.MethodsA total of 1525 cognitively normal subjects aged 65 years and over in the town of Tajiri, a typical agricultural town in Japan, were analysed. Their MMSE (mini‐mental state examination) scores were 24 or over. Depressive state was assessed by Zung's SDS (self‐rating depression scale) with a comprehensive interview to examine ADL, demographics and symptoms associated with illness, etc. The prevalence of depression was calculated. To determine the factors associated with depression, the t‐test and the Chi‐square test were used. To examine the relative strength of each factor, logistic regression analysis was performed.ResultsThe ratio of the depressive subjects was 6.4%, lower than those of previous reports, probably due to the effect of excluding dementia subjects. The ratio for older females aged 80 years and over was 14.3%, which was significantly higher than that of the males. Among socio‐demographic factors, sex, age, number of children and perception of economic status, were significantly related. For health status and ADL, such factors as perception of health and medical history of heart disease and rheumatism were related. For familial and social status, factors such as daily activity and several conversation abilities were related. The logistic regression analysis indicated that perception of health and daily activity were associated.ConclusionsIn this study, we isolated some factors related to depression in a cognitively normal population. Knowledge of such factors is important for appropriate mental care of aged subjects. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment‐emergent behavioural side effects with selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors in adults with learning disabilities
Authors: Biswas A. B. , Bhaumik S. , Branford D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSelective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors are widely used for the treatment of depression suffered by adults with learning disabilities. However, the presentation, time of onset and prevalence of treatment emergent symptoms, have not been extensively studied in adults with learning disabilities. The aim of this study was to determine these aspects of treatment. The study design involved retrospective analysis of case notes of all adults with learning disabilities treated with either fluoxetine or paroxetine for depression. During 31% of treatment episodes, patients suffered treatment emergent symptoms during treatment with either selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitor (SSRI). These symptoms subsided on discontinuation of the SSRI. The common emergent symptoms in this group were elevated mood (39%), decreased sleep (35%), hyperactivity (30%), overtalkativeness (26%), agitation (24%) and aggression (37%). In 20% symptoms developed within 1 month and in 67% within 7 months of starting treatment with a SSRI. There were no significant differences noted in the frequency and nature of treatment emergent symptoms between fluoxetine and paroxetine. Few guidelines, if any, exist for initiating and continuing antidepressant treatment for therapeutic or prophylactic use in this patient population. Close monitoring of efficacy and tolerability, including treatment emergent psychiatric symptoms is warranted. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zolpidem and triazolam interact differentially with a delay interval on a digit‐enter‐and‐recall task
Authors: Rush Craig R. , Baker Robert W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractZolpidem (AMBIEN®), an imidazopyridine, is now the most commonly prescribed hypnotic in the United States. Zolpidem is neuropharmacologically distinct from benzodiazepine hypnotics in that it binds with low affinity to α5‐containing GABAA‐receptor subtypes. Despite its unique benzodiazepine‐receptor binding profile, the results of most of the published studies conducted with humans suggest that the absolute magnitude of impairment produced by zolpidem is comparable to that observed with benzodiazepine hypnotics like triazolam. The present study compared the acute effects of zolpidem (0, 7.5, 15 and 22.5 mg) and triazolam (0, 0.1875, 0.375 and 0.5625 mg) in 10 non‐drug‐abusing humans using a Digit‐Enter‐and‐Recall task with varying delay intervals (0, 10 and 20 s). To more fully characterize the behavioral effects of zolpidem and triazolam, several other performance tasks and subject‐rated drug‐effect questionnaires were included. Zolpidem and triazolam impaired performance on the Digit‐Enter‐and‐Recall task as a function of dose under all delay intervals. However, the dose‐related effects of the drugs interacted differentially with the delay interval such that zolpidem produced significantly less impairment than triazolam following the longest delay (i.e., 20 s). Zolpidem and triazolam produced comparable dose‐related impairment on the digit symbol substitution test (DSST), circular lights task, and picture recall/recognition task. Zolpidem and triazolam generally produced qualitatively and quantitatively similar subject‐rated drug effects, although some between‐drug differences were observed. Consistent with the pharmacokinetics of these drugs, the effects of zolpidem peaked sooner and were shorter in duration than those observed with triazolam. The results of this experiment suggest that zolpidem may have less potential than triazolam to impair recall, which may be due to differences between these compounds in terms of their benzodiazepine‐receptor binding profile. The results of the present study are also concordant with previous studies that found that drugs that act at the GABAA‐receptor complex can be differentiated based on their interaction with the delay interval on a Digit‐Enter‐and‐Recall task. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Residual effects of zaleplon and zolpidem following middle of the night administration five hours to one hour before awakening
Authors: Hindmarch Ian , Patat Alain , Stanley Neil , Paty Isabelle , Rigney Una 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe objective was to assess residual effects of zaleplon and zolpidem after a middle of the night administration. This was a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study, conducted in 40 healthy young male and female subjects. Subjects were awakened in the middle of the night and administered either placebo or zaleplon 10 or 20 mg or zolpidem 10 mg. A battery of objective tests exploring psychomotor and cognitive functions such as critical flicker fusion (CFF), choice reáction time (CRT), digit symbol substitution test (DSST), and memory tests (Sternberg memory scanning and a word list) were administered immediately after morning waking. Zaleplon 10 mg was devoid of residual effects whatever – the time of dosing – except a minimal but significant decrease in DSST scores when administered 1 h before awakening. Zaleplon 20 mg produced significant residual effects on performance (increase in CRT, and decrease in CFF threshold and in DSST scores) and memory (decrease in immediate and delayed free recall of words) only when administered 1 h before awakening. In contrast, zolpidem 10 mg produced significant detrimental residual effects on CRT and delayed free recall of words, when administered up to 5 h before waking, on DSST and Sternberg when administered up to 3 h before awakening and on CFF when administered 1 h before awakening. The residual effects of zolpidem 10 mg were more marked than those observed after zaleplon 20 mg. The present results demonstrate that zaleplon 10 mg has no or minimal residual effects when administered in the middle of the night as little as 1 h before waking. The lack of clinically significant residual effects with zaleplon may be explained by its unique pharmacokinetic (rapid elimination half‐life) and pharmacodynamic (selective binding for GABAA receptors with the α1 subunit, dissociation between sleep inducing properties and impairment of cognitive functions) profiles. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mirtazapine and paroxetine: a drug‐drug interaction study in healthy subjects
Authors: Ruwe F. J. L. , Smulders R. A. , Kleijn H. J. , Hartmans H. L. A. , Sitsen J. M. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractParoxetine inhibits cytochrome P450 2D6, which is involved in the metabolism of mirtazapine. The possible drug‐drug interaction between two pharmacologically distinct antidepressants, mirtazapine and paroxetine, has been investigated in a randomized, three‐way crossover study in 24 healthy male and female subjects. After a titration phase of 3 days, each subject received single daily doses of 30 mg mirtazapine, 40 mg paroxetine or the combination for 6 days. Assessments included serial blood sampling for pharmacokinetics at steady state, cognitive testing using the test battery of CDR Ltd, a visual analogue mood rating scale (Bond and Lader) and the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire. Paroxetine inhibits the metabolism of mirtazapine, as shown by increases of approximately 17% and 25% of the 24 h AUC's of mirtazapine and its demethyl metabolite, respectively. Mirtazapine did not alter the pharmacokinetics of paroxetine. The combined administration of mirtazapine and paroxetine probably does not alter cognitive functioning or result in major changes on the visual analogue mood rating scale and Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire, compared with the administration of either drug alone. The incidence of adverse events was lower during combined administration of mirtazapine and paroxetine than during administration of either drug alone. Fatigue, dizziness, headache, nausea, anxiety and somnolence were the most common adverse events during combined administration. These data suggest that the combination of mirtazapine and paroxetine is unlikely to lead to clinically relevant drug‐drug interactions and can be used without dose adjustment of either drug. The combination may even be better tolerated than either drug alone. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential efficacy of risperidone versus haloperidol in psychopathological subtypes of subchronic schizophrenia
Authors: Cavallaro R. , Mistretta P. , Cocchi F. , Manzato M. , Smeraldi E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of risperidone versus haloperidol in subchronic schizophrenia, using psychopathological subgroups of patients with negative or positive and mixed symptoms to analyse the possible differential efficacy of the drugs. A total of 33 patients diagnosed using DSM‐IV criteria entered the 6 week double‐blind study with either risperidone or haloperidol 5 mg/day. Twenty‐nine patients completed at least 2 weeks of treatment and entered the last observation carried‐forward analysis. Both treatments were effective in reducing total scores and positive and negative subscale scores on the Positive and Negative Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS), with a significantly better extrapyramidal profile in the risperidone‐treated group. When analysis was repeated in each treatment group by psychopathological subtype (negative vs positive‐mixed subgroups based on the PANSS composite index), risperidone was significantly superior to haloperidol in the intention to treat analysis in the negative subgroup. Repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance showed a significantly greater improvement in the PANSS negative subscale scores of risperidone‐treated patients in the negative subgroup and a significant improvement in the PANSS positive subscale scores in both psychopathological subtypes. Haloperidol was significantly effective only in reducing positive symptoms in the positive subtype. Our results indicate that risperidone may be proposed for first‐line treatment of subchronic schizophrenia, in particular the negative subtype. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of a vegetated filter strip model (VFSMOD)
Authors: Abu‐Zreig Majed , Rudra R. P. , Whiteley H. R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVegetated filter strips (VFS) are designed to reduce sediment load and other pollutants into water bodies. However, adaptation of VFS in the field has been limited owing to lack of data about their efficiency and performance under natural field conditions. A number of models are available that simulate sediment transport and trapping in VFS, but there is a general lack of confidence in VFS models owing to limited validation studies and model limitations that prevent correct application of these models under field conditions. The objective of this study is to test and validate a process‐based model (VFSMOD) that simulates sediment trapping in VFS. This model links three submodels: modified Green–Ampt's infiltration, Quadratic overland flow submodel based on kinematic wave approximation and University of Kentucky sediment filtration model. A total of 20 VFS, 2, 5, 10 and 15 m long and with various vegetation covers, were tested under simulated sediment and runoff conditions. The results of these field experiments were used to validate the VFS model. The model requires 25 input parameters distributed over five input files. All input parameters were either measured or calculated using experimental data. The observed sediment trapping efficiencies varied from 65% in the 2‐m long VFS to 92% in the 10‐m long filters. No increase in sediment removal efficiency was observed at higher VFS length. Application of the VFS model to experimental data was satisfactory under the condition that actual flow widths are used in the model instead of the total filter width. Predicted and observed sediment trapping efficiencies and infiltration volume fitted very well, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0·9 and 0·95, respectively. Regression analyses revealed that the slope and intercept of the regression lines between predicted versus observed infiltration volume and trapping efficiency were not significantly different than the line of perfect agreement with a slope of 1·0 and intercept of 0·0. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nutrient fluxes at the river basin scale. I: the PolFlow model
Authors: Wit M. J. M. de 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHuman activity has resulted in increased nutrient levels in rivers and coastal seas all over Europe. Models that can describe nutrient fluxes from pollution sources to river outlets may help policy makers to select the most effective source control measures to achieve a reduction of nutrient levels in rivers and coastal seas. Part I of this paper describes the development of such a model: PolFlow. PolFlow was specially designed for operation at the river basin scale and is here applied to model 5‐year average nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes in two European river basins (Rhine and Elbe) covering the period 1970–1995. Part II reports an error analysis and model evaluation, and compares PolFlow to simpler alternative models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nutrient fluxes at the river basin scale. II: the balance between data availability and model complexity
Authors: de Wit M. J. M. , Pebesma E. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to model complex environmental systems, one needs to find a balance between the model complexity and the quality of the data available needed to run and validate the model. This paper describes a method to find this balance. Four models of different complexity were applied to describe the transfer of nitrogen and phosphorus from pollution sources to river outlets in two large European river basins (Rhine and Elbe). A comparison of the predictive capability of these four models tells us something about the added value of the added model complexity. We also quantified the errors in the data that were used to run and validate the models and analysed to what extent the model validation errors could be attributed to data errors, and to what extent to shortcomings of the model. We conclude that although the addition of more process description is interesting from a theoretical point of view, it does not necessarily improve the predictive capability. Although our analysis is based on an extensive pollution‐sources–river‐load database it appeared that the information content of this database was sufficient only to support models of a limited complexity. Our analysis also illustrates that for a proper justification of a model's degree of complexity one should compare the model to simplified versions of the model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.