bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training and public sector reform: an integrated approach
Authors: Healy Padraig 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article is partly a response to McCourt and Sola (1999), who raised a number of important observations about the role and limitations of training in promoting public sector reform in Tanzania. In particular, their discussion of the relationship between individual and organizational change is referred to. The article outlines a possible alternative to the straight training approach to capacity building, and suggests it as a possible model for the kind of OD intervention mentioned in McCourt and Sola, The author describes a programme of capacity building for rural district councils in Zimbabwe, which tried to avoid the mistakes of earlier public sector training programmes. In discussing ways of integrating human resource development into programmes of capacity building and public sector reform, the article adds to the debate about process and blueprint approaches as discussed in this journal by Cook, (1997), Blunt (1997) and others. The article concludes with an attempt to assess some of the achievements and failures of the training programme after the initial three years. It draws attention to some of the external factors in the programme operating environment which combine with the internal coordination and management aspects, in determining the overall achievement of such a complex programme. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Government–nonprofit partnership: a defining framework
Authors: Brinkerhoff Jennifer M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPartnership has emerged as an increasingly popular approach to privatization and government–nonprofit relations generally. While in principle it offers many advantages, there is no consensus on what it means and its practice varies. Following a review of partnership literature, the article refines the partnership concept, developing two definitional dimensions: mutuality and organization identity. Based on these dimensions, partnership is defined on a relative scale and is distinguished from other relationship types: contracting, extension, and co‐optation or gradual absorption. Examples of each are provided. The model enables actors to assess their relative tolerance for partnership approaches, and provides a common language among potential partners. Linking its defining dimensions to partnership's value‐added assists partners to advocate for partnership approaches from an instrumental as well as normative perspective. The model and inter‐organizational relationship matrix can inform continuing theory building and practical experimentation both to refine defining dimensions and indicators of partnership practice, and to enhance responsiveness to partners' expectations of partnership. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cutting the bars: thoughts on ‘prisoners and escapees’ in Bangladesh
Authors: Curtis Donald 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe idea that problems in governance have deep roots in social structure has been revisited by Geof Wood in a recent article in this journal. His article takes a position in relation to an ongoing debate about how to improve public administration and management in Bangladesh, a debate that seems to be almost as ‘imprisoned’ in incompatible values and premises as, he argues, are the various Bangladeshi actors in society. But behind this debate are some very practical issues about how the administration there might be persuaded to work better. Key to his contribution is the idea of ‘room for manoeuvre’ or conditions for ‘escape’. This article argues that embedded institutions and values matter but that behaviour is also responsive to opportunity. ‘Old’ values can be put together into new institutional complexes if given a chance. The key to successful institutional change is effectiveness. ‘Escape’ is not only, or even primarily, a matter of changing values but of responding to circumstances and changing institutions—cutting the bars. A close look at institutional and organizational reform in any country, including the UK, shows that, whatever moral language and posture inform the reform agenda, it is constructive compromise that produces the structure that works. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why things are never quite as simple in practice: opportunities for creating a system of social dispute resolution in Russia
Authors: Jacobs Colin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe article explores four themes based on my participation in the inception phase of a DFID‐funded project in Russia. The first is to assess the role of technical assistance in providing new models for social development and institutional change. What obstacles and difficulties do donors face in introducing changes in practices, which are comparatively new in their own countries? The second theme is the degree to which external changes put pressure on governments to legislate in favour of vulnerable groups. In this case the break‐up of the Soviet Union and subsequent impoverishment of large sectors of society provide the context. Third, the article examines the potential for change through the setting up of a ‘Conflict Commission’ in the pilot region of Samara oblast. Here, there is a comparatively supportive environment with evidence of a shared commitment by the state, their services and civil society. An outstanding and challenging question for this experiment is the degree to which this shared axis for change can become the basis for wider legal reform at the federal level. The article will finally consider the role of monitoring and evaluation in a pilot project. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiation synthesis of poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐g‐tartaric acid) hydrogels ­and their swelling behaviors
Authors: Özyürek Cengiz , Çaykara Tuncer , Kantoğlu Ömer , Güven Olgun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPoly(N‐Vinyl 2‐pyrrolidone‐g‐tartaric acid), PVP‐g‐TA hydrogels were prepared by γ‐irradiating ternary mixture of VP/TA/Water. The influence of pH, temperature and ionic strength of swelling media on the equilibrium swelling properties of these hydrogels was investigated. Typical pH and temperature responses were observed by hydrogels such as high pH and low temperature swelling and low pH and high temperature deswelling. A change in the ionic strength of the swelling solution from 0.01 to 0.2 caused a decrease in equilibrium degree of swelling hydrogels. The average molecular weight between cross‐links,
M

c and polymer ‐ solvent interaction parameter, χ of PVP‐g‐TA hydrogels were determined according to equation recently derived by Şen and Güven for the swelling behavior of charged polymeric network. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of ether‐linked bisoxazolines and their use in step‐growth polymerization reactions with phenolics
Authors: Tong Yuhua , Gao Feng , Huang Yongqing , Schricker Scott R. , Culbertson Bill M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSix new ether‐linked bisoxazolines have been synthesized via reaction of p‐hydroxyphenyl‐2‐oxazoline with dihalides. These bisoxazolines may be used as chain extenders or crosslinkers for resins, monomers or polymers containing various acidic groups, including phenolics, via step‐growth (1 : 1) reactions. As an illustration, a phenol‐formaldehyde polycondensate (Alnovol) and an enzyme oligomerized bisphenol A resin, as well as poly (p‐hydroxystyrene), was chain extended and crosslinked to produce thermosets with high glass transition temperatures. The new bisoxazolines were also polymerized with diphenol compounds, such as diphone D and bisphenol P to generate linear or branched oligomers and polymers. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to evaluate the potential for polymerization and crosslinking reactions. Preliminary results showed that the new, ether‐linked bisoxazolines have potential for formulating high performance thermosets. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of an acrylate pressure sensitive adhesive for transdermal drug delivery
Authors: Kotiyan P. N. , Vavia P. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present investigation was directed towards the synthesis of a copolymer of 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate and acrylic acid to be exploited as a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) matrix in transdermal drug delivery systems. The polymer synthesis involved free radical solution polymerization using 2, 2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as the free radical initiator. The experimental methodology involved the optimization of reaction conditions for the polymer synthesis. The optimized copolymer was then characterized by IR, 1H‐NMR, DSC, GPC and XRD. The PSA was also evaluated for percent free monomer content, intrinsic viscosity, refractive index, moisture uptake potential and film forming properties. To assess it suitability in the development of transdermal systems, peel strength values with respect to release liner as well as human skin and skin irritation potential were also determined. In addition, wear performance test was conducted to evaluate adhesion and adhesive transfer. The synthesized adhesive was found to have good peel strength; exhibited excellent adhesion and adhesive transfer on removal. It was found suitable for use in transdermals and could be further exploited either as an adhesive matrix or as a system component in the area of transdermal drug delivery. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and evaluation of some polymeric surfactants for treating crude oil—Part II. Destabilization of naturally occurring water‐in‐oil emulsions by polyalkylphenol formaldehyde amine resins
Authors: Al‐Sabagh A. M. , Nehal S. A. , Amal M. N. , Gabr M. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the present work, three polymeric surfactants were prepared and used as demulsifiers; polyalkyl phenol formaldehyde monoethanol amine ethoxylate, eo, 136(D1), polyalkyl phenol formaldehyde diethanol amine ethoxylate, eo, 37(D2) and polyalkyl phenol formaldehyde triethanol amine ethoxylate, eo, 21.5(D3). Their demulsification potency in breaking water‐in‐crude oil emulsions was investigated. In this respect, two naturally occurring Egyptian water‐in‐oil (w/o) emulsions, one of them was waxy and the other was asphaltenic, were used in order to study the demulsification power of these compounds. The data revealed that, the resolution of water from waxy crude emulsion was easier than asphaltenic crude emulsion. The demulsification efficiency increases with increasing demulsifier concentration, contact time and temperature. The interfacial tension (IFT) at the crude oil–water interface was measured, it was found that the concentration of demulsifiers required to cause a minimum IFT are always less than these indicating a maximum demulsification efficiency. All the results were discussed in relation to emulsifier chemical structure and crude oil composition. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are all ductal proliferations of the breast premalignant?
Authors: Walker Rosemary A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe evidence for ductal proliferations of the breast being associated with the development of breast carcinoma originally came from epidemiological studies. There have now been a variety of genetic analyses of such lesions, which have shown a range of alterations from none to 37% of hyperplasias. Alterations in growth regulatory factors (steroid receptors, proliferation and apoptosis‐related proteins) can also be found in a proportion of hyperplasias. The findings to date indicate that not all hyperplasias are premalignant and that the early events in breast carcinogenesis remain elusive. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the value of reporting partial screening results in prenatal screening for Down syndrome
Authors: Hackshaw A. K. , Wald N. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrenatal screening for Down syndrome can be performed using the first trimester Combined Test [nuchal translucency (NT), pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A), free β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and maternal age] or the Integrated Test (for example, NT and PAPP‐A in the first trimester and two or more serum markers in the second trimester, all with maternal age). We investigated the value of providing partial results when using the Combined Test or Integrated Test to identify women with a high enough risk of having an affected pregnancy based on NT and maternal age alone such that there would be little advantage in combining this information with data on the serum markers. We also assessed whether in programmes using the Integrated Test it is worthwhile reporting partial results based on risk using first trimester markers and not obtaining a second trimester blood sample. Published data based on 480 affected and 96 839 unaffected pregnancies were used for the present study. Using NT and age alone, about 0.14% of all women screened would have such a high risk that they would always remain screen‐positive after the Combined Test and only 0.06% would remain screen‐positive after the Integrated Test. Similarly, about 0.07% of all women screened who have a high risk based on NT, PAPP‐A and age would remain screen‐positive after the Integrated Test. These percentages are too small to justify reporting two risk estimates for all women, given the confusion this would generate. It is therefore not worthwhile reporting partial risk estimates in screening programmes using the Combined Test or Integrated Test. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Familial X centromere variant resulting in false‐positive prenatal diagnosis of monosomy X by interphase FISH
Authors: Tsuchiya Karen , Schueler Mary G. , Dev V. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInterphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis performed on uncultured amniotic fluid cells from a female fetus revealed a single signal using an X chromosome alpha‐satellite probe, and the absence of any signal using a Y chromosome alpha‐satellite probe. This result was initially interpreted as monosomy for the X chromosome in the fetus. Subsequent chromosome analysis from the cultured amniotic fluid cells showed two apparently normal X chromosomes. FISH using the X alpha‐satellite probe on metaphase spreads revealed hybridization to both X chromosomes, although one signal was markedly reduced compared to the other. The same hybridization pattern was observed in the mother of the fetus. This is the first report of a rare familial X centromere variant resulting in a false‐positive diagnosis of monosomy X by interphase FISH analysis for prenatal diagnosis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal UPD 20 in an infant from a pregnancy with mosaic trisomy 20
Authors: Salafsky Ira S. , MacGregor Scott N. , Claussen Uwe , von Eggeling Ferdinand 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMaternal uniparental disomy (UPD) 20 was found in a 35‐month‐old girl, the product of a pregnancy complicated by a prenatal diagnosis of mosaic trisomy 20. Phenotypic abnormalities included pre‐ and postnatal growth failure, microcephaly, minor dysmorphic features and psychomotor developmental delay. Chromosomal analysis on cord blood revealed only a normal 46,XX karyotype. Microsatellite analysis of 27 chromosome 20 loci confirmed maternal UPD for all 11 informative markers. Maternal heterodisomy was detected in two and maternal isodisomy in three loci. In the remaining six loci, a non‐informative maternal UPD pattern was displayed, as mother and proband are homozygous for the same allele. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of maternal disomy 20 with normal karyotype ascertained by a mosaic trisomy 20 pregnancy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular analysis of genomic DNA allows rapid, and accurate, prenatal diagnosis of peroxisomal D‐bifunctional protein deficiency
Authors: Paton B. C. , Solly P. B. , Nelson P. V. , Pollard A. N. , Sharp P. C. , Fietz M. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrenatal diagnosis was requested for a couple with a previous child affected by the peroxisomal disorder D‐bifunctional protein deficiency. Prior analysis of the D‐bifunctional protein cDNA sequence from the propositus had shown that it was missing 22 bp. This was subsequently attributed to a point mutation in the intron 5 donor site (IVS5+1G>C) of the D‐bifunctional protein gene. Consistent with parental consanguinity, the patient was shown to be homozygous for this mutation, which is associated with loss of a Hph 1 restriction site in the genomic sequence. Prenatal testing of the fetus using genomic DNA isolated from uncultured amniocytes indicated that both alleles of the D‐bifunctional protein had the IVS5+1G>C substitution. The peroxisomal defect was later confirmed biochemically using cultured amniocytes, which were found to have elevated levels of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA). This is the first report of prenatal diagnosis of D‐bifunctional protein deficiency using molecular analysis of genomic DNA. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of de novo distal 11q deletion associated with sonographic findings of unilateral duplex renal system, pyelectasis and orofacial clefts
Authors: Chen Chih‐Ping , Chern Schu‐Rern , Tzen Chin‐Yuan , Lee Meng‐Shan , Pan Chen‐Wen , Chang Tung‐Yao , Wang Wayseen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn utero diagnosis of de novo distal 11q deletion associated with renal and orofacial malformations has not been previously described. We present a 35‐year‐old pregnant woman with prenatal sonographic findings of a unilateral duplex renal system, pyelectasis and orofacial clefts at 20 weeks' gestation. Both genetic amniocentesis and postnatal cytogenetic analysis revealed de novo 46,XX,del(11)(q23). After birth, the fetus manifested a dysmorphic phenotype correlated with del(11q) syndrome. Genetic marker analysis showed a paternally derived distal deletion of chromosome 11q and a breakpoint centromeric to D11S1341. The present case represents the earliest prenatal diagnosis of a duplex renal system, pyelectasis and an additional feature of orofacial clefts associated with distal 11q deletion. Prenatal sonographic detection of a duplex renal system, pyelectasis and orofacial clefts should warrant a careful assessment of fetal anatomy and prompt cytogenetic analysis looking for chromosomal aberrations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peri‐conceptual folic acid supplementation in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Wills C.J. , Page S.R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAimTo document peri‐conceptual folic acid supplementation in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) attending the diabetic ante‐natal clinic of a university teaching hospital.MethodsWomen with pre‐existing type 1 DM who booked at the diabetes antenatal clinic at University Hospital, Nottingham over 3 years (1996–98) took part in a telephone survey about folic acid supplements.ResultsData was available on 50 women, 65 pregnancies. Folic acid supplements were used before 50.7% (33) pregnancies, all planned, and started on confirmation of pregnancy in 34% (22), at a mean gestation of 5.8 weeks. No folic acid was used before or during 10 (15.4%) pregnancies. 75.4% (49) pregnancies were planned. 24 planned pregnancies were in women who had never had pre‐pregnancy counselling. 70.8%(17) of these were in multiparous women, and folic acid was taken before 41.1% (seven) of such pregnancies. Lack of awareness was the predominant reason for failure to take folic acid supplements in all groups.ConclusionsFolic acid was taken before conception in only half of the pregnancies in the survey, due to lack of awareness of its importance.Three‐quarters of pregnancies were planned but a disappointing number of women had pre‐pregnancy counselling, probably due to poor advertising and the assumption that women who had been pregnant before did not need such a session.Women with DM should be informed about folic acid and offered pre‐pregnancy counselling. It should not be assumed that women who have had a pregnancy know about folic acid. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Points

Folic acid supplementation prior to conception and in the first trimester helps to prevent neural tube defects.
Almost half of the women in this survey failed to take folic acid prior to conception.
Women who did not take folic acid were unaware of its importance.
We need to ensure that women with diabetes understand the importance of folic acid.
The provision of diabetes information collections in public libraries as an adjunct to patient centred education: a preliminary study
Authors: Curtis S. , Hall J. , Robertson A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFrom August 1995 onwards a range of diabetes information, designed for parents, young adults and older people, was placed in the 19 public libraries of Tameside and Glossop. The availability of the collections was promoted to newly diagnosed and established diabetic patients via dietitians, practice nurses and chiropodists. An on‐going promotion of the project to the public was organised. Loans from the collections were quite impressive with between 3000 and 3500 loans being made over a three year period. Patients were appreciative of the project and an ongoing survey of diabetes knowledge amongst newly diagnosed patients is suggesting that patients borrowing from the project may be increasing their knowledge and understanding score in the first year following diagnosis, while patients who do not borrow from the collections are not. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug treatment in obesity
Authors: Wales John K. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
Antiobesity drug therapy should only be considered as a treatment option when a hypocaloric diet, increased exercise and some degree of behavioural modifications have been undertaken by the patient. As a test of patient motivation, these manoeuvres should produce some degree of measurable weight loss before antiobesity drugs begin and targets for weight loss made. At present there are two antiobesity drugs licensed in the UK – orlistat and sibutramine – which have different modes of action, different side effects and contra‐indication profiles and do not work in all obese patients; but there are newer and different drugs being developed. Prescribers of antiobesity drugs should feel confident in their use. If possible drugs that increase body weight should be avoided in overweight and obese patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.