bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Kasahara Mureo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) was introduced in Japan in 1989 as a life-saving procedure for paediatric patients with post-Kasai biliary atresia due to the absolute scarcity of organs available for deceased donor transplantation. The shortage of deceased organ donors led to the development of unique technical, logistical, and physiological innovations in LDLT. Experience and technical improvements in living donor surgery have led to the general acceptance of paediatric LDLT, and even adult LDLT, with excellent long-term patient and graft outcomes. As LDLT has been revealed to increase the donor pool and decrease paediatric waiting list mortality, LDLT and deceased donor liver transplantation should not be mutually exclusive—LDLT should be a complementary procedure to save the children with end-stage liver disease. It is hoped that the refinement of procedures and immunosuppression protocols will lead to the further improvement of long-term outcomes and quality of life in patients undergoing liver transplantation for paediatric liver diseases. It should always be remembered that the aim is to obtain excellent long-term outcomes in paediatric liver transplant recipients with a favourable quality of life for all who are involved in the process.
Long-term outcomes following liver surgery
Authors: Iwao Yasuhito , Heaton Nigel D. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first anatomical liver resection was performed more than 130 years ago; however, liver surgery has only developed properly over the past 60 years, following advances in the understanding of liver anatomy, anaesthetic and intensive care, technical aspects of liver surgery, and advances in the understanding of haemostasis. There has been continuous improvement in perioperative mortality and long-term survival over this time. A number of factors have contributed to this including improved pre-and perioperative imaging, patient selection, and perioperative management. The development of anatomical resections and the introduction of effective systemic therapies have also contributed to a decline in early recurrence of cancer. In the West, liver surgery has been developed primarily as a treatment for colorectal liver secondaries, in contrast to the East where the focus has been on hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis B and C. Liver surgery remains a technically demanding procedure with specific complications which differ from those encountered with other forms of surgery. Postoperative complications vary depending on the cancer, presence of underlying liver disease and extent of liver resection, and in considering survival beyond 3 months the tumour biology and impact of systemic therapies. In addition, locoregional therapies including microwave ablation, irreversible electroporation, and radiotherapy are being utilized in place of surgery or as an adjuvant treatment. Therefore, long-term outcomes following liver surgery will be reviewed in this chapter along with the history of liver resection, the impact of early mortality and morbidity, extent of liver resection, and underlying cancer type. Little has been published on specific long-term complications after hepatectomy other than on a focus on disease recurrence and patient survival.
Percutaneous biliary imaging and interventions
Authors: Vermersch Mathilde , Denys Alban , Violi Naik Vietti 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Percutaneous bile duct imaging and intervention can be performed for various patient conditions. When it is needed, preoperative planning is required in order to define the access and type of intervention required for each particular situation. Post-intervention follow-up is mandatory in order to depict complications. According to the patient condition, intervention could include bile duct biopsy, drainage, and dilatation with or without stent placement which will be detailed in this chapter. Additionally, specific bile duct interventions in case of malignant biliary obstruction including need for biopsy, preoperative drainage, or when the tumour is inoperable will be discussed. Benign biliary obstruction includes a large spectrum of diseases such as benign bile duct stricture, stones, chronic pancreatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis, post-liver translation complications, infection, iatrogenic injures, and gall bladder drainage that are all covered in this chapter.
Pathogenesis and natural history of gallstones
Authors: Bheeman Veena , Vincent Royce P. , Patel Ameet G. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gallstone disease affects up to 20% of the world’s population. Its complications account for a significant burden of disease both in the acute and chronic clinical settings, from the occasional episode of biliary colic, to devastating gallstone pancreatitis and its myriad complications. The laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become one of the most common procedures performed today in addressing acute and chronic presentations of gallstone diseases. In addition, advances in endoscopic techniques have added to the options available in their management. This has created a scenario where gallstones are dealt with across many specialties at various levels of expertise. Therefore, understanding and recognizing the aetiopathogenesis and natural history is imperative to guiding the best treatment strategy in deciding when to intervene, how to intervene, and, most importantly, when not to intervene.
Benign and malignant lesions of the gall bladder
Authors: Agarwal Anil K. , Kalayarasan Raja 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gall bladder cancer (GBC) is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract. Traditionally, it was regarded as a lethal tumour with a dismal prognosis. However, advancements in surgical techniques and perioperative care have improved the outcomes in the last two decades. While curative surgery remains the mainstay of therapy, several aspects of surgical management are still controversial. Gall bladder (GB) polyps are the most common benign GB lesions. While the majority of the polyps are benign, a small proportion are premalignant and early GBC may present as polypoidal lesions. The challenge is to differentiate a true polyp from a pseudopolyp and not miss an early GBC. This chapter aims to review the current surgical management of GB polyps and GBC with a particular focus on some of the debated aspects, including the extent of resection and lymphadenectomy, and management of incidental GBC.
Medical and innovative therapies for biliary malignancies
Authors: Kodali Sudha , Nolte Fong Joy V. , Ghobrial R. Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignancy arising from varying locations of the biliary tree with cholangiocyte differentiation. Though surgical resection and liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemoradiation provide the best long-term outcomes for all three subtypes of cholangiocarcinoma, advanced disease at presentation and higher rates of recurrence may preclude surgical candidacy. In these unresectable cases, various modalities to control the disease include chemotherapy, locoregional options, and external or internal radiation. Furthermore, combinations of chemotherapy or chemotherapy plus locoregional therapy have shown improvement in overall and progression-free survival. This chapter on medical and innovative therapies for biliary malignancies describes the various treatment options for the three subtypes of cholangiocarcinoma, currently available therapies, and future directions for medical management options.
Forthcoming oral factor XIa and factor XIIa inhibitors
Authors: Fredenburgh James C. , Weitz Jeffrey I. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Oral anticoagulants are a mainstay for the prevention and treatment of arterial and venous thrombosis. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have replaced vitamin K antagonists for many indications. Currently available DOACs include dabigatran, which inhibits thrombin, and apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban, which inhibit factor (F)-Xa. A new class of DOACs is under development. These new DOACs, which include asundexian and milvexian, inhibit FXIa, which is positioned in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Anticoagulants that target FXIa have the potential to be safer than the current DOACs because there is emerging evidence that FXI is essential for thrombosis but mostly dispensable for haemostasis. In addition to the oral inhibitors of FXIa, parenteral inhibitors also are under development. These include fesomersen, an antisense oligonucleotide that reduces the hepatic synthesis of FXI, abelacimab, an antibody that binds FXI and blocks its activation, and osocimab, an FXIa inhibitory antibody. FXII inhibitors, which may be even safer than those that target FXI, are at an earlier stage of development. Focusing on these new agents, this chapter (1) describes the unmet needs in oral anticoagulation therapy, (2) explains why FXI and FXII are promising targets for new oral anticoagulants, (3) reviews the clinical data with the new agents, and (4) provides perspective on the opportunities and challenges for oral FXIa and FXIIa inhibitors.
Delusional Beliefs and Thought Insertion
Authors: Humpston Clara , Broome Matthew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers thought insertion (TI) in relation to other kinds of delusional beliefs often observed in schizophrenia-spectrum psychoses. TI is compared with the more common delusional beliefs, such as delusions of persecution and reference, and evaluate whether TI is better conceptualized as a delusional belief in its entirety or as a near-sensory experience of passivity and thought interference which is often accompanied by a delusional elaboration. Considering historical and contemporary literature on the nature of delusions, it is argued that TI, at least on some levels, is fundamentally different, both phenomenologically and clinically, from many of the other delusional beliefs found in schizophrenia and other psychoses. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research and practice and emphasize that not all experiences of TI are of the same psychopathological nature or best understood as delusional beliefs.
Soundless Voices and Inserted Thoughts
Authors: Wilkinson Sam 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Several theorists have argued that voices and inserted thoughts are the same phenomena described differently. However, given this purported similarity, such theorists have not, accounted for why some experiences are reported as soundless voices while others as inserted thoughts. This chapter examines some alternatives for this problem and ends reflecting on what these might say about the mechanisms underlying these experiences. Specifically, it is explored whether these experiences are linguistic or imagistic; the type of speech act; the mode of address; the transparency or opacity of the experience; contextual coherence; degree and agentive representation; and shows how digging deeper into these more fine-grained and nuanced distinctions can yield clues for future investigation.
On Philosophy and Schizophrenia
Authors: Feyaerts Jasper , Kusters Wouter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Philosophers have often turned towards schizophrenic experience as a way to empirically substantiate philosophical assumptions regarding the essential nature of selfhood. In this context, the phenomenon of thought insertion (TI) has served as a particularly privileged example, as it is assumed to reveal, in a pathological or negative way, the nature of ordinary self-experience. In this chapter, we critically discuss one such philosophical account that attempts to explain TI as involving a loss of a ‘sense of agency’ that is presumed to characterize ordinary thinking. In the second part, we furthermore critically revisit the more general assumption that schizophrenia can be understood as a ‘via negativa’ into overlooked evidences and experiences that would permeate ordinary life. Instead, we advance the idea that both philosophy and schizophrenia share a basic kind of hyper-reflexive attitude towards ordinary life. In conclusion, we detail the implications of this idea for current accounts of TI and sketch the general lines of an alternative model that puts more emphasis on the shared nature of philosophical and schizophrenic reflection, and the dialectical paradoxes that may arise in such reflection.
Thought Insertion and Auditory Hallucinations
Authors: Cazimir Catherine , Powers Albert R. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thought insertion (TI) and auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are respectively defined as thoughts present in one’s mind that appear to emanate from elsewhere and a percept-like experience of a voice without a corresponding external stimulus. This chapter explores the common and distinct phenomenological, perceptual, and neural aspects of TI and AVH with the hope of understanding and contributing to future work in treating these phenomena, both independently and as they relate to psychotic illness. Future research to compare TI and AVH in help-seeking and non-help-seeking populations using the emerging methods of computational psychiatry is warranted and may aid in definitively understanding how these phenomena relate to each other.
Experimental Approaches to Understanding Thought Insertion
Authors: Brann Elisa , Walsh Eamonn , Mehta Mitul A. , Oakley David A. , Deeley Quinton 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thought insertion (TI) is a distressing alteration of self-experience occurring in schizophrenia and related psychoses. Despite its prevalence across human populations, TI has been almost untouched by experimental science. Experimental approaches to investigating alterations in experience complement phenomenological approaches such as descriptive psychopathology. Experiments can produce alterations in experience under controlled conditions which when accompanied by measurement of brain activity can help identify underlying brain processes. Consequently, experimentally produced alterations in experience resembling symptoms of psychopathology can provide insights into relevant brain processes. We open this chapter by exploring why TI has been little studied, discussing the principal challenges of investigating TI experimentally and suggesting how effective experimental paradigms can be designed. We then review a series of experiments that have employed experimental suggestion in hypnosis to model experiences of TI in healthy individuals, along with related alterations in self-experience such as alien control of movement. Some first-person descriptions of the types of experience elicited by experimental suggestion are provided. We then discuss brain measurement studies of these phenomena and how they inform theoretical accounts of TI. We consider the forward model, a computational model of voluntary motor control, and the role of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the sense of control and ownership of mental contents and actions. Finally, the limitations of the experimental use of direct verbal suggestion are considered, and other possible avenues of investigation are highlighted for the future development of the field.
Generalized Internal Model of Mental Representations
Authors: Hiromitsu Kentaro , Asai Tomohisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The current literature agrees that the internal model theory explains precision motor control. However, this theory applies to any neural representation of the external world, even our own mental states. This generalized hypothesis provides an analogy between controlled body movements and the manipulation of mental activities; that is, both models are presumably embedded within the cerebellum (reduced dimensions), but the cerebral cortex is more oriented toward the actual sensorium (higher dimensions). The following chapter thus contains three parts, including mental agency among healthy persons (e.g., Bayesian causal inference), thought insertion and psychosis (i.e., the loss of agency), and the aftereffects of cortical lesions (e.g., disturbed models and psychotic-like experiences). An exploration of the shared mechanism between these factors indicates that the generalized theory of thought insertion is associated with the internal model principle.
Thought Insertion and the Ontology of Thinking
Authors: Roessler Johannes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On what it will be called the No Subject view, there is a sense in which one may be aware of a thought, conceived as an event in one’s stream of consciousness, without being aware of oneself thinking something. Philosophical work on the delusion of thought insertion is one of the areas in which the No Subject view has been highly influential: the view has framed what, in the philosophy of mind, has become the standard interpretation of the delusion. Here a challenge is presented to the No Subject view, developing from reflection on the ontology of thinking. It will be also considered how, if the standard interpretation fails, thought insertion should be understood. In particular, it will be suggested that the widespread assumption that understanding the delusion has to be a matter of making sense of it should be questioned.
Expectations
Authors: Juhl Lunde Sigrid , Kirsch Irving , Bingel Ulrike , Büchel Christian , Vase Lene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Expectations are generally thought to be a key determinant of placebo effects. Yet, there is no consensus on how expectations should be defined, and placebo studies differ greatly on how—and if—they take measures of expectations into account. This chapter summarizes current approaches for the conceptualization and assessment of expectations, and presents new frameworks related to treatment expectations and prediction that may entail both conscious and unconscious aspects. These frameworks add to our understanding of expectations as complex, dynamic structures and may help to clarify when and how expectations contribute—not only to placebo effects, but also to treatment effects in general.
New translational opportunities for placebo research
Authors: Alter Ben , Leibowitz Kari , Crum Alia , Peciña Marta 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite a significant understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms implicated in placebo effects, research to date has yet to be translated into placebo-based clinical interventions. In this chapter, we review the current state of placebo research as the first step to justifying placebo-based clinical interventions. We provide evidence to demonstrate how placebo-based paradigms can be used to improve patient satisfaction (e.g., reduced side effects) and health outcomes. We argue that the first step toward this aim is to train clinical healthcare providers and the broader healthcare staff to deliberately and effectively leverage the psychological and social forces underlying the placebo effect to improve patient satisfaction and health outcomes. In particular, we review interventions focused on empowering patients to establish more adaptive mindsets as they progress through treatment. Ultimately, we aim to leverage new frontiers for placebo research that will significantly affect clinical practice.
Placebo effects in sports performance and exercise outcomes
Authors: Lindheimer Jacob B. , Beedie Chris , Raglin John S. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of research into the placebo effect in sports and exercise. In doing so, it treats placebo effect research in Sports and equivalent research in Exercise as two distinct areas, each characterized by differing underlying assumptions: the improved understanding of psychological factors leading to enhanced performance in sports and the improved understanding of psychological and affective responses to exercise. It summarizes recent advances in understanding and knowledge, drawing attention to potential applications such as the reduction of drug use by athletes in sports and the enhancement of mental health in exercisers. We provide updated definitions and models of the placebo effect derived from Sports and Exercise research and propose future directions to better understanding and apply the placebo effect in both domains.
Expectations and placebo effects in the context of cognitive training
Authors: Parong Jocelyn , Jaeggi Susanne , Seitz Aaron , Shawn Green C. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While there is growing evidence that cognitive training improves cognition, researchers have proposed an alternative explanation that such improvements are driven, at least in part, by participants’ expectations or placebo effects. Indeed, studies have shown that people’s expectations about their cognitive performance are related to their actual performance. Because participants either bring existing positive expectations of cognitive training or have different experiences between a cognitive training intervention and control intervention (or lack thereof), it is possible that they form different expectations during the interventions, in turn affecting performance on postintervention assessments. However, the current literature is mixed regarding the extent to which these expectations explain positive findings in cognitive training. This chapter explores the role of participant expectations in cognitive training, the extent that they truly affect the results of cognitive training interventions, and strategies of how they could be minimized or alternatively harnessed to maximize the effect of interventions.
Placebo responses and effects
Authors: Boris Kohls Nikola , Leyva Monica A. , Giordano James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When addressing mechanisms by which consciousness, and the subjective experiences of “wellness,” or “illness” and suffering evoked by injury or disease are correlated, it becomes apparent that all engage pathways that can affect a variety of physiological, salutogenic, and/or maladogenic processes. This chapter addresses the concept of the placebo as both a set of putative physiological responses and biopsychosocial effects that are apparently supportive of healing and health. Although detailed elsewhere in this volume, an overview of neural mechanisms and processes are provided as relevant to an evidence-based approach to the potential utility and value of engaging such responses in particular clinical situations. Ethical issues and considerations of employing placebo responses and effects are addressed as relevant to preserving the moral integrity of the clinical encounter and act of Medicine.
Placebo effects and research quality
Authors: Jonas Wayne B. , Goldman David , Muhammed Salim , Daniel Mullins C. , Colloca Luana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Currently, most pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments require a demonstration that their beneficial effects are superior to those seen in a placebo control group. However, determining whether treatments are effective can be difficult. The nuances of social-cultural and personal-historical contexts can affect therapeutic outcomes and need to be considered in the research designs of studies using placebo control groups. Additionally, the research design of such studies should consider what is useful from a person-centered perspective, not just a regulatory perspective. In this chapter, we explore the implications of the placebo effect for the interpretation of results from randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials. We also discuss what clinical approaches and tools should be considered “good evidence” of a therapeutic effect that should move forward to clinical practice.