bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical detection of immunoglobulins and complements in formaldehyde‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded renal biopsy tissues; an adjunct for diagnosis of glomerulonephritis
Authors: CHOWDHURY AKM ROWNAK HOSSAIN , EHARA TAKASHI , HIGUCHI MAKOTO , HORA KAZUHIKO , SHIGEMATSU HIDEKAZU 
Published: June 2005

SUMMARY:Background:  The present study was undertaken to demonstrate the deposition of immunoglobulins or complements in formaldehyde‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded renal biopsy tissues through the unmasking of antigens with microwave treatment plus protease digestion or trypsin digestion.Methods:  Biopsy samples from patients with IgA nephritis (n = 7), lupus nephritis (7), membranous nephropathy (7) and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (3) were used. Antigen unmasking was performed with (i) microwave treatment plus protease digestion for 10, 30 or 60 min, or (ii) digestion with 0.25% trypsin for 60 or 120 min.Results:  Microwave treatment plus protease digestion for 30 or 60 min and trypsin digestion for 120 min provided good results for the unmasking of immunoglobulins in glomeruli with structural preservation. The IgA deposits in IgA nephritis and IgG deposits in lupus nephritis and membranous nephropathy were clearly revealed in more than 80% of cases by both pretreatments. Microwave treatment plus protease digestion for 30 min revealed the deposition of C3 in all cases of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis and lupus nephritis and was superior to trypsin digestion. Characteristic patterns of C3 deposition were observed for these forms of glomerulonephritis, although C3 deposits in membranous nephropathy were detected in only 50% of cases. It was not possible to unmask all of the antigens in the glomeruli, especially those with weak immunofluorescence.Conclusion:  Microwave treatment plus protease digestion is effective for the unmasking of antigens in paraffin sections and as useful for the diagnosis of immune‐mediated glomerulonephritis as trypsin digestion.
Expression of Fas, Bcl‐2 and p53 molecules in glomerulonephritis and their correlations with clinical and laboratory findings*
Authors: UĞUZ AYSUN , GÖNLÜŞEN GÜLFILIZ , ERGIN MELEK , TUNCER İLHAN 
Published: June 2005

SUMMARY:Background and Aim:  Apoptosis plays a crucial role in glomerulonephritis (GN) as a regulatory mechanism and is controlled by various molecules including Fas antigen, Bcl‐2 and p53 oncoproteins. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the correlation between the expression of these molecules and clinical and laboratory data in different types of GN.Results:  The expression of Fas antigen, Bcl‐2 and p53 protein in five normal human kidney specimens and 55 tissues from patients with several types of GN were examined by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinical and laboratory findings. The number of Fas‐positive intraglomerular cells was significantly increased in proliferative GN when compared with non‐proliferative cases. Numbers of Bcl‐2‐ and p53‐positive cells in proliferative GN were not different from the non‐proliferative cases and there was no correlation between the changes in Fas, Bcl‐2 and p53 themselves. Significant correlation of expression of these molecules with clinical and laboratory findings was not found, except between p53 and blood urea nitrogen levels.Conclusion:  Apoptosis is a complex molecular process and the results of the present study should be supported with other methods to understand whether apoptosis contributes to progression or resolution of GN. Increased glomerular expression of Fas, Bcl‐2 and p53 molecules in all types of GN might contribute new therapeutic approaches by modulating the expression of these molecules.
Use of CobraPLATM for airway management in a neonate with Desbuquois syndrome. Case report and anesthetic implications
Authors: SZMUK PETER , MATUSZCZEAK MARIA , CARLSON RICHARD F. , DAVID WARTERS R. , RABB MARY F. , EZRI TIBERIU 
Published: June 2005

SummaryWe present the anesthetic management of an infant with Desbuquois syndrome (a rare form of micromelic dwarfism) with a possible difficult airway. The anesthetic implications of this syndrome are presented. The airway was managed with a new supraglottic device – the CobraPLA. Although intubation through this device was not possible in this instance, CobraPLA provided a satisfactory supraglottic airway. It was easy to insert and provided satisfactory conditions for positive pressure ventilation. The CobraPLA provides another option for airway management.
A survey of the use of capnography for the confirmation of correct placement of tracheal tubes in pediatric intensive care units in the UK
Authors: CUMMING CRAIG , McFADZEAN JILLIAN 
Published: June 2005

SummaryBackground : The Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland recommend the use of capnography to ensure correct tracheal tube placement in the theater environment. Correct tracheal tube placement is essential in the care of ventilated patient, even more vital if the patient is critically ill, if serious morbidity and mortality is to be avoided. This survey examined the availability and use of capnography to confirm correct tracheal tube placement in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in the UK.Methods : A questionnaire concerning the use of capnography to confirm tracheal tube placement were sent to the lead clinicians of every PICU in the UK.Results : A total of 19 replies were received from 26 (73%) consultants. One unit did not have a capnograph, 13 units (68%) had one capnograph for several beds and five units (26%) had one capnograph for each bed. Two units (11%) used capnography for every intubation and in 10 units (52%) the use of capnography was dependent on individual physician preference. Eight consultants (42%) felt that confirming tracheal tube placement by capnography should be mandatory after every intubation whether in the ward, A & E, or PICU. A total of 89% of PICUs have trainees with <1 year anesthetic experience compared with 65% of adult ICUs.Conclusions : The use of capnography to confirm tracheal tube placement may be even more important in the PICU than in adult ICU.
Acute quadriplegic myopathy in a 16‐month‐old child
Authors: IODICE FRANCESCA , SALZANO MARCO , PROSPERI MONICA , D’ AMICO ADELE , LAURI ALDO , BERTINI ENRICO 
Published: June 2005

SummaryWe present a case of a 16‐month old previously healthy child who was hospitalized because of an acute respiratory insufficiency most likely caused by a viral infection and who then developed a severe acute quadriplegic myopathy (AQM). Initial clinical symptoms were respiratory acidosis, dypnea, intense wheezing, and deterioration of the level of consciousness, which required orotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. We administered neuromuscular blocking agents, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. After 9 days the clinical picture improved. An attempt to wean from the ventilator failed. We diagnosed AQM. This paper discusses AQM and its clinical importance.
Clonidine administered as adjuvant for bupivacaine in ilioinguinal–iliohypogastric nerve block does not prolong postoperative analgesia
Authors: KAABACHI OLFA , ZERELLI ZIED , METHAMEM MEHDI , ABDELAZIZ AHMED BEN , MONCER KHALED , TOUMI MOHSEN 
Published: June 2005

SummaryBackground : Coadministration of clonidine with local anesthetics is associated with improvement of the quality of peripheral nerve block and significant prolongation of postoperative analgesia. Better analgesia has been reported with clonidine in ilioinguinal nerve block compared with caudal use. The object of this study was to determine whether adding of 1 μg·kg−1 clonidine to bupivacaine 0.25% in ilioinguinal–iliohypogastric nerve block prolongs postoperative analgesia in children.Methods : Ninety‐eight children ASA I–II aged between 1 and 12 years, scheduled for elective outpatient herniorrhaphy or orchidopexy were randomly allocated to receive an ilioinguinal–iliohypogastric nerve block either with 0.3 ml·kg−1 bupivacaine 0.25% plus 1 μg·kg−1 clonidine or only bupivacaine. Postoperative analgesic needs, time to the first analgesic supplementation and sedation score were assessed in hospital for 6 h postoperatively and at home by telephone call.Results : Demographic data were similar in both groups. There was no statistical difference in the rate of rescue analgesia between the two groups during the first six postoperative hours (20.4% group clonidine vs 30.6% group no clonidine) (P = 0.17). A slight decrease in systolic blood pressure during surgery was reported in the clonidine group. There was no difference in the scores of sedation between the two groups. At home, 10 patients in the clonidine group and nine patients in the nonclonidine group received analgesic medication. There was no difference between the two groups regarding the number of patients receiving analgesic rescue during the first 24 h (log rank = 0.39). Parental satisfaction was high in both groups.Conclusions : Our study failed to demonstrate any advantage in addition of 1 μg·kg−1 clonidine to 0.25% bupivacaine for ilioinguinal–iliohypogastric nerve block compared with bupivacaine 0.25% alone.
Risk factors influencing inadvertent hypothermia in infants and neonates during anesthesia
Authors: TANDER BURAK , BARIS SIBEL , KARAKAYA DENIZ , ARITURK ENDER , RIZALAR RIZA , BERNAY FERIT 
Published: June 2005

SummaryBackground : The factors affecting the thermal status in neonates and infants undergoing general anesthesia are not yet investigated in detail. We evaluated the factors leading to intraoperative hypothermia in 60 neonates and infants.Methods : The initial body temperatures and the core temperatures at the 10th, 30th, 60th and 90th minute of anesthesia, as well as at the end of the operation were recorded. The patients were divided into the groups according to the age, type of surgery (minor vs major), operating room (OR) temperatures (low ‘<23°C’ vs high ‘>23°C’) and the initial core temperature of the patients.Results : In 31 neonates and 29 infants, the mean core temperatures decreased 10 min after anesthesia induction. In all neonates and in infants with ‘low OR temperature’ (<23°C), these decreases continued to the end of the surgery. Except infants undergoing minor surgery, in all patients, the core temperatures at the end of surgery were lower than the baseline temperature. The greatest decrease in core temperatures occurred in neonates undergoing major surgery and with low OR temperature. In low OR temperature, the decrease of core temperature is higher in patients with major surgery. In patients undergoing minor surgery, the decrease of core temperature is more in neonates than infants. Major surgery increased the chance of decrease of the core temperature by 2.66 times and operating room temperature less than 23°C by 1.96 times.Conclusion : The type of surgery and the OR temperature are the main factors for decrease of the core temperature in neonates and infants. In neonates, the core temperatures are less stable, regardless of OR temperature and type of surgery. In high OR temperature, infants can stabilize their core temperature better than neonates.
Comparison of the effects of clonidine and ketamine added to ropivacaine on stress hormone levels and the duration of caudal analgesia
Authors: AKBAS MERT , AKBAS HALIDE , YEGIN ARIF , SAHIN NURSEL , TITIZ TULIN AYDOGDU 
Published: June 2005

SummaryBackground : The purpose of this study was to compare the analgesic quality and duration of ropivacaine 0.2% with the addition of clonidine (1 μg·kg−1) with that of ropivacaine 0.2% and the addition of ketamine (0.5 mg·kg−1) to that of ropivacaine 0.2% and also compare the postoperative cortisol, insulin and glucose concentrations, sampled after induction and 1 h later following caudal administration in children.Methods : According to the randomization, patients in the ropivacaine group (R; n = 25) received ropivacaine 0.2%, 0.75 ml·kg−1; those in the clonidine group (RC; n = 25) received ropivacaine 0.2% 0.75 ml·kg−1 plus clonidine 1 μg·kg−1 and those in the ketamine/ropivacaine group (RK; n = 25) ropivacaine 0.2% 0.75 ml·kg−1 plus ketamine 0.5 mg·kg−1 (10 mg·ml−1 concentration). Drugs were diluted in 0.9% saline (0.75 ml·kg−1) and prepared by a staff anesthesiologist not otherwise involved in the study. In all groups, the duration of analgesia, analgesic requirements, sedation and insulin, glucose, cortisol concentrations were recorded and statistically compared.Results : There were no significant differences among the three study groups with respect to age, weight or duration of surgery. Caudal administration of clonidine 1 μg·kg−1 or ketamine 0.5 mg·kg−1 induced a longer duration of analgesia (P < 0.05) compared with ropivacaine alone. Insulin levels were increased and cortisol reduced in all groups. Glucose concentration was increased in all groups and statistically significant (P < 0.05).Conclusions : Addition of ketamine and clonidine to ropivacaine 0.2% 0.75 ml·kg−1, when administered caudally in children, prolongs the duration of postoperative analgesia. The need for subsequent postoperative analgesic is also reduced. Caudal analgesia attenuates or allows partial changes to postoperative cortisol, insulin or blood glucose responses to surgery.
Marked variation in oxycodone pharmacokinetics in infants
Authors: POKELA MARJA‐LEENA , ANTTILA EIJA , SEPPÄLÄ TIMO , OLKKOLA KLAUS T. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryBackground : The pharmacokinetics of oxycodone (13‐hydroxy‐7,8‐dihydrocodeinone) has been studied in adults and in children who are older than 6 months but there is no information on the disposition of oxycodone in neonates and young infants. The aim of this study was to study the pharmacokinetics of oxycodone in infants varying in age from 0 to 6 months.Methods : Twenty‐two infants undergoing surgery were given postoperatively an intravenous bolus of 0.1 mg·kg−1 of oxycodone hydrochloride. Ten of the patients were younger than 1 week (group 1), six from 1 week to 2 months (group 2) and six from 2 to 6 months (group 3). Plasma samples were collected for the analysis of oxycodone concentrations up to 24 h. Pharmacokinetics were characterized by noncompartmental methods.Results : The median (range) values for the clearance (Cl) were 9.9 (2.3–17.2), 20.1 (3.7–40.4) and 15.4 (14.8–80.2) ml·min−1·kg−1 in the above three groups. The values for volume of distribution at steady‐state were 3.3 (1.9–4.7), 5.6 (1.3–8.5) and 3.2 (1.8–6.0) l·kg−1 and for elimination half‐life (t1/2) 4.4 (2.4–14.1), 3.6 (1.6–11.6) and 2.0 (0.8–3.9) h, respectively. Both Cl (r = 0.46) and half‐life (r = −0.46) were correlated to the age of the patient (P < 0.05). There were 13 patients who were on mechanical ventilation at the time of oxycodone administration. None of the spontaneously breathing infants had hypoventilation which required assistance during the study.Conclusions : The values for Cl and t1/2 varied greatly between the subjects. This variability was most pronounced in the two youngest groups. Routine dosing of oxycodone in young infants may be dangerous. The dose of oxycodone must be titrated individually.
The effects of apigenin‐7‐O‐β‐d‐glucuronopyranoside on reflux oesophagitis and gastritis in rats
Authors: Min Y. S. , Yim S. H. , Bai K. L. , Choi H. J. , Jeong J. H. , Song H. J. , Park S. Y. , Ham I. , Whang W. K. , Sohn U. D. 
Published: June 2005

Summary 1 This study evaluated the inhibitory action of apigenin‐7‐O‐β‐d‐glucuronopyranoside (AGC), apigenin, and omeprazole on reflux oesophagitis and gastritis in rats. AGC was isolated from Clerodendron trichotomum leaves. 2 Oesophagitis and gastritis were induced by surgical procedure and the administration of indomethacin, respectively. The intraduodenal (i.d.) administration of AGC decreased the volume of gastric juice and increased the gastric pH compared with apigenin and omeprazole. The acid output was more inhibited by AGC in a dose‐dependent manner than by apigenin and omeprazole. Compared with apigenin and omeprazole, AGC significantly decreased the size of gastric lesions, which were induced by exposure of the gastric mucosa to indomethacin. 3 Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, which is the end product of lipid peroxidation, was increased significantly after the induction of reflux oesophagitis. The MDA content was decreased by AGC (i.d. 3 mg kg−1), but not by either apigenin or omeprazole. This suggests that AGC has an antioxidative effect. In the oesophagitis group, the mucosal levels of glutathione (GSH) were significantly lower than that in the normal group. However, the GSH levels were preserved after administering the AGC, suggesting that AGC possesses scavenging activity. 4 In summary, AGC is more potent than apigenin and omeprazole at inhibiting reflux oesophagitis and gastritis and may therefore be a promising drug for their treatment.
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity in rat urinary bladder detrusor: participation in M3 and M4 muscarinic receptor function
Authors: Orman B. , Sterin‐Borda L. , Reina S. , Borda E. S. 
Published: June 2005

Summary 1 The aim of this paper was to determine the different signalling cascades involved in contraction of the rat urinary bladder detrusor muscle mediated via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic AChR). Contractile responses, phosphoinositides (IPs) accumulation, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and cyclic GMP (cGMP) production were measured to determine the reactions associated with the effect of cholinergic agonist carbachol. The specific muscarinic AChR subtype antagonists and different inhibitors of the enzymatic pathways involved in muscarinic receptor‐dependent activation of NOS and cGMP were tested. 2 Carbachol stimulation of M3 and M4 muscarinic AChR increased contractility, IPs accumulation, NOS activity and cGMP production. All of these effects were selectively blunted by 4‐DAMP and tropicamide, M3 and M4 antagonists respectively. 3 The inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC), calcium/calmodulin (CaM), neuronal NOS (nNOS) and soluble guanylate cyclase, but not of protein kinase C and endothelial NOS (eNOS), inhibited the carbachol action on detrusor contractility. These inhibitors also attenuated the muscarinic receptor‐dependent increase in cGMP and activation of NOS. 4 In addition, sodium nitroprusside and 8‐bromo‐cGMP, induced negative relaxant effect. 5 The results obtained suggest that carbachol activation of M3 and M4 muscarinic AChRs, exerts a contractile effect on rat detrusor that is accompanied by an increased production of cGMP and nNOS activity. The mechanism appears to occur secondarily to stimulation of IPs turnover via PLC activation. This in turn, triggers cascade reactions involving CaM, leading to activation of nNOS and soluble guanylate cyclase. They, in turn, exert a modulator inhibitory cGMP‐mediated mechanism limiting the effect of muscarinic AChR stimulation of the bladder.
Differential effects of nifedipine and verapamil on non‐adrenergic non‐cholinergic relaxations at different levels of active tone: assessment of the contribution of nerve‐derived hyperpolarizing factor
Authors: Ergün Y. 
Published: June 2005

Summary 1 The objective was to investigate a possible contribution of a nerve‐derived hyperpolarizing factor to the differences between non‐adrenergic non‐cholinergic (NANC) nerve‐mediated relaxations in different states of active tone in the rat gastric fundus. 2 NANC relaxations induced by electrical field stimulation (ES: 0.1, 0.5 and 1 Hz; 25 V; 1 ms; 10 s) in 40% contracted strips (S40) were greater when compared with those in 80% contracted strips (S80). 3 ES‐induced relaxations were effectively attenuated by Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine (l‐NNA; 100 μm) in S40 and S80. Percentage reduction of the responses obtained in the presence of l‐NNA in S40 group was less than that of S80. 4 In S40 group, nifedipine (0.5–1 μm) and verapamil (0.5–1 μm) inhibited the responses to 0.1 and 0.5 Hz. Nifedipine (1 μm) and verapamil (0.5 μm) caused no change in the responses to ES in S80. 5 In S40, when l‐NNA (100 μm) and nifedipine or verapamil, either in 1 μm concentration, were administered together, the inhibition on the electrical relaxations were more than that of each drug alone. 6 In conclusion, NANC nerve‐mediated relaxations are increased when studied in an active state of 40%, and a factor, sensitive to nifedipine seems to be responsible for this distinction.
Postjunctional modulation by muscarinic M2 receptors of responses to electrical field stimulation of rat detrusor muscle preparations
Authors: Giglio D. , Delbro D. S. , Tobin G. 
Published: June 2005

Summary 1 The aim of the present study was to examine the modulator influence of muscarinic M2 receptors on responses of rat urinary bladder detrusor muscle evoked by endogenous stimuli, i.e. by stimulation of the bladder innervation. 2 Responses were evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS; 2–20 Hz, 0.8 ms, 60 V) of isolated strip preparations mounted in organ baths. The tension of the muscle strips was recorded digitally. EFS was performed by applying stimulation with either a short duration (5 s) or a longer duration (to reach peak response; approximately 20 s). 3 Effects of muscarinic receptor antagonists (muscarinic M1/M3 receptor selective: 4‐diphenylacetoxy‐N‐methylpiperidine methobromide (4‐DAMP); muscarinic M2 receptor selective: methoctramine), a β‐adrenergic antagonist (propranolol) and an adenosine receptor antagonist (8‐p‐sulfophenyltheophylline) were assessed on contractile activity and on poststimulatory relaxations. 4 Low concentrations of methoctramine (10−8 m) reduced or tended to reduce the EFS‐induced contraction, e.g. at 2 Hz by 12% while methoctramine at 10−7 m had no significant effect. In addition, in the presence of 4‐DAMP (10−9 m), which tended to inhibit contractions at all frequencies (2–20 Hz; −17 to −25%), methoctramine at 10−8 and 10−7 m induced a further reduction of the contractile responses (−5 to −10%; 2–20 Hz). 5 The β‐adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol (10−6 m) and the adenosine receptor antagonist 8‐p‐sulfophenyltheophylline (10−6 m) both increased contractile responses by 9–21% (2–10 Hz, long duration; P < 0.05–0.001) as a consequence of antagonizing relaxatory stimuli. Neither antagonist affected the contractile responses to EFS with the short duration stimulation. Poststimulatory relaxations were reduced by 30–60% (P < 0.05) by propranolol and by 40–60% (P < 0.001) by 8‐p‐sulfophenyltheophylline, but for 8‐p‐sulfophenyltheophylline only after stimulation with the short duration. 6 In the presence of methoctramine (10−7 m), the 8‐p‐sulfophenyltheophylline‐induced increases of the contractile response to long duration EFS were significantly enhanced at 10 Hz (+12 ± 4%; P < 0.05), whereas no such enhancement of the propranolol inhibitory effect occurred in the presence of methoctramine. However, poststimulatory β‐adrenoceptor‐evoked relaxations after short duration EFS were increased by about 35% in the presence of methoctramine, but not those after long duration. 7 Thus, muscarinic M2 receptor activation inhibits adenosine receptor‐ and β‐adrenoceptor‐evoked relaxations of the rat detrusor muscle. The inhibition occurs via a transient postjunctional mechanism that mainly affects responses with a short latency.