bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RÔLE OF MICROBIC VIRULENCE, DOSAGE, AND HOST RESISTANCE IN DETERMINING THE SPREAD OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS AMONG MICE
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Several mouse populations under experimental observation were infected with B. enteritidis typhoid. The infection took the form of periods of low grade mortality interspersed with epidemiform outbreaks. During the periods of low grade mortality, the number of daily deaths was either relatively constant or rhythmic in 9 day intervals. The epidemiform outbreaks were associated invariably with some definite environmental disturbance.
2. The spread of this infection was not influenced by the presence of bacteriophage or the bacterial-dissociation phenomena.
3. The virulence or disease-producing power of B. enteritidis was found to be constant during all pre-epidemic, epidemic, and endemic phases of the infection.
4. The dosage of B. enteritidis available to a population at a given time was found to vary directly with mortality at a time difference approximating that of the incubation period of the disease.
5. The amount and severity of B. enteritidis infection in the populations were controlled experimentally by varying the diet from adequate to optimum constituents and by varying the daily immigrants from a relatively resistant to a susceptible race of mice.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Gilding H. P. 
Published: June 2004

By a variety of methods necrosis of individual cells was produced in the living animal. Cell death was found to be clearly perceptible by means of the changes in the color of segregated erythrolitmin at a time when it was not as yet recognizable by ordinary histological methods. The hue of the dye pointed to an alteration in the direction of alkalinity; but the extent of this could not be determined owing to the limited range of the indicator
Cartilage damaged by freezing in situ becomes alkaline, its reaction now approximating that of the blood.
The findings support the view that within the body the autolysis of individual cells and of small tissue masses may take place under the circumstances of a slight alkalinity.
THE INFLUENCE OF URIC ACID ON THE PERMEABILITY OF MEMBRANES
Authors: Chini Virgilio 
Published: June 2004

1. Congo red injected in vivo together with uric acid gives rise to more intense and diffuse red coloring in rats, especially in the subcutaneous and peri-articular tissues, than is the case in control rats injected simply with dye.
2. Uric add added in vitro to solutions of Congo red or trypan blue increases the speed of diffusion of these dyes, both through gelatin and the animal membranes (dialyzers).
These results support a view long maintained by Professor Rondoni (25), namely, that some factor of an endothelial-capillary nature must be taken into consideration in manifestations of hyperuricemia and of gout.
IMMUNITY FOLLOWING THE INJECTION OF MONKEYS WITH MIXTURES OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS AND CONVALESCENT HUMAN SERUM
Authors: Rhoads C. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. Experiments are reported on the use of poliomyelitis virus neutralized by specific antiserum as an agent to induce active immunity against the experimental disease in monkeys.
2. The results indicate that protection can be conferred upon a certain number of the treated animals.
3. The neutralized material gave rise in no instance to symptoms of disease in the treated monkeys.
4. Active poliomyelitis virus, suitably neutralized by admixture with convalescent serum, was without pathogenic effect when given by repeated nasal instillations.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A HORSE ANTIPOLIOMYELITIC SERUM
Authors: Rhoads C. P. 
Published: June 2004

Through the kindness of Dr. W. H. Park we have been enabled to study a horse antipoliomyelitic serum. This preparation has been supplied us in three forms: citrated blood plasma, serum, and globulin concentrate.
We have tested these preparations in vitro and in vivo for inactivating or neutralizing or, to use perhaps a better term, antiviral effects against a constant, potent, filtrate virus of poliomyelitis.
The preparations exhibited these effects when combined in vitro. Their action in this respect appears to be greater and more constant than that found by Stewart and Haselbauer for the Pettit antipoliomyelitic horse serum.
On the other hand, in vivo tests carried out by us were less successful. In comparison with the constancy of action, under given conditions, of convalescent monkey and human sera, the antipoliomyelitic horse serum displayed striking irregularity, and certain preparations were devoid of protective power.
The precise nature of the inactivating substances in the horse antiserum and their relation to the corresponding substances in convalescent sera have still, to be determined. As far as one absorption test carried out by us indicates, precipitin does not play a major rôle in the inactivating process.
When an active globulin concentrate was filtered through Berkefeld candles, it lost its in vitro inactivating power. This is not true of convalescent sera in the native state. No tests have, however, been made with globulin concentrates from such sera.
The experiments described in this paper raise the question whether, therapeutically considered, the antipoliomyelitic horse serum should be regarded as an exact equivalent of, and hence employed as a perfect substitute for, convalescent serum. This question can only be answered by further experiment and observation.
REINFORCEMENT OF CONVALESCENT ANTIPOLIOMYELITIC SERUM IN THE MONKEY
Authors: Rhoads C. P. 
Published: June 2004

A comparison has been made of the neutralizing value of pooled convalescent monkey serum for the filtered virus of poliomyelitis, before and after a series of reinforcement injections of the same virus strain.
The strength of the pooled convalescent serum is increased by the reinforcing procedure.
The original monkey convalescent serum had a neutralization value much below that of a pooled human convalescent serum. By reinforcement the neutralization value of the monkey serum was brought approximately to that of the human serum.
One sample of serum from a supposedly normal child of 8 years exhibited a neutralizing value approximately equal to that of a pooled human convalescent serum and the reinforced pooled monkey serum.
ABSORPTION FROM THE PERICARDIAL CAVITY
Authors: Drinker Cecil K. , Field Madeleine E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Physiological salt solution is absorbed from the pericardial cavity of medium-sized rabbits at a rate of approximately 1.3 cc. per hour. This absorption is via the subepicardial blood capillaries.
2. Rabbit serum and horse serum are absorbed extremely slowly—an indication of the low-grade lymphatic drainage of the pericardial sac.
3. Graphite particles of bacterial dimensions are also removed very slowly. Such particles enter lymphatics only after phagocytosis. The lymphatics in the basal part of the pericardium are the principal source of drainage. Subepicardial lymphatics are entered with difficulty from the pericardial cavity.
THE GERMICIDAL ACTION OF α-MERCAPTO AND α-DISULFO SOAPS
Authors: Eggerth Arnold H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Certain of the α-mercapto soaps and α-disulfo soaps are powerful germicides.
2. In the α-mercapto series, those soaps with 12 and 14 carbon atoms are most germicidal. In the disulfo series, the dicaprate, dilaurate, and dimyristate are most germicidal. The optimum number of carbon atoms varies with the test organism used.
3. These soaps, like others previously studied, show a markedly selective germicidal action.
THE ACTION OF TESTICLE, KIDNEY, AND SPLEEN EXTRACTS ON THE INFECTIVE POWER OF BACTERIA
Authors: Pijoan M. 
Published: June 2004

The addition of testicle extract to cultures of 20 different bacteria just prior to inoculation enhances their infectious activity to a high degree.
Kidney extracts enhance the infections of staphylococci to a less degree than testicle extracts, while spleen extracts never give rise to enhancement, and often cause the lesion to be less than would ordinarily be the case.
AN ACCELERATED FEBRILE REACTION IN MONKEYS UPON REINOCULATION WITH POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Primary poliomyelitic infection in the monkey, as a rule, is characterized by no significant increase in the body temperature during the incubation period until 48 or 24 hours before the onset of clinical symptoms, when a critical rise of the temperature occurs.
2. The temperature curve of recovered monkeys on intracerebral reinoculation shows an almost immediate and marked febrile reaction during the first 24 or 48 hours after inoculation. A similar accelerated febrile reaction may be obtained in recovered animals after subcutaneous injection of killed virus. In case the previous infection is of very recent date, reinoculation may lead to no demonstrable reaction whatsoever.
3. Monkeys, which have received a number of parenteral injections of live virus, respond to intracerebral infection with a precocious and prolonged febrile reaction on the 3rd or 4th day after infection which may last until the onset of symptoms.
4. The altered response to reinoculation of monkeys which have previously been in contact with the virus, suggests a close analogy with the accelerated reactions observed in allergic phenomena.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy 
Published: June 2004

Trypan blue injected into the circulating blood stream of frogs accumulates rapidly in an inflamed area.
When trypan blue is injected directly into the area of inflammation it is fixed in situ and fails to diffuse outward.
If the dye is injected at the periphery of an inflamed area it fails to enter the site of inflammation. This failure of penetration is caused by the occlusion of lymphatic vessels and the presence of a network of fibrin in the inflamed area.
These experiments furnish additional evidence that fixation of foreign substances by the inflammatory reaction is due to mechanical obstruction caused by a network of fibrin and by thrombosed lymphatics at the site of inflammation.
IMMUNIZATION AGAINST VACCINIA BY NON-INFECTIVE MIXTURES OF VIRUS AND IMMUNE SERUM
Authors: Rhoads C. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. Vaccine virus and specific immune serum mixed in such proportions as to produce no lesion when inoculated intradermally induce immunity when instilled into the nasal cavities of rabbits.
2. The mixture is also effective when inoculated subcutaneously.
3. Immunity is brought about with a minimum of systemic reaction and no local one.
4. When the mixtures are incompletely neutralized generalized vaccinia results.
THE GRADIENT OF VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
Authors: Smith Frederick , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

A mounting gradient of permeability exists along the capillaries of frog muscle. In chicken muscle on the other hand none has been demonstrated; but the close-knit vascularization is arranged in duplicate in such manner that the blood runs in opposite directions through the capillaries of nearly adjacent fibres. In a flight muscle of the pigeon there exists in addition to this artifice what appears to be a special collecting system of venous capillaries. In the mammalian diaphragm indications of such a system are also to be found, and a gradient of capillary permeability like that in the other skeletal muscles is probably present.
These vascular conditions are briefly considered in terms of function.
THE GRADIENT OF VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
Authors: Rous Peyton , Smith Frederick 
Published: June 2004

A steeply mounting gradient of permeability is demonstrable along the meshwork of capillaries which connects the arterioles and venules of the skin of the frog. The venules incorporated in the meshwork are even more permeable than the capillary meshes giving into them.
The presence of the gradient under such differing conditions as exist along frog and mammalian capillaries enables one to rule out certain factors which might be invoked to explain it; and it is not explainable in terms of those influences generally recognized as conditioning exchange between the blood and tissues. Not improbably it results from a structural differentiation along the capillary.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: June 2004

We have adduced evidence that guinea pigs can be completely or partially protected by three injections of typhus tunica material in which there are moderate numbers of Rickettsiae, treated for from 24 to 48 hours with a 0.2 per cent formalin solution.
We believe that the immunization is due to the presence of the Rickettsiae, since in our preceding experiments we have satisfied ourselves that these organisms are the true etiological factors of the disease. For the reasons stated above, we believe that the formalinized vaccine does not contain living, but attenuated organisms, and that the immunizing effect is the result of treatment with formalin-killed Rickettsiae. This point, however, we admit, is not absolutely determined.
These experiments, together with the results obtained in the concentration of Rickettsia material by the diet method of reducing resistance as described in the paper which follows, furnish a hopeful method and a reasonable theoretical basis for a procedure of active immunization against this disease in human beings.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Castaneda M. Ruiz , Seastone C. V. 
Published: June 2004

The above experiments demonstrate that guinea pigs and rats subjected to vitamin-deficient diets to a point at which deficiency symptoms appear, and then inoculated with typhus virus, exhibit clinical pictures which indicate a far more severe infection than that observed in normal animals after inoculation. There is also a wider distribution of Rickettsiae and a concentration of organisms which, in pleural and peritoneal exudates, amounts to almost cultural proportions.
Important from our point of view is the fact that these experiments furnished a step toward the accomplishment of our purpose, which was to obtain amounts and concentrations of Rickettsiae suitable for immunological studies until such a time when tissue culture may have developed to a practically useful stage.
The experiments are of immediate importance in that they furnish us a method for improving our technique of active immunization reported upon in the preceding paper, No. V (8).
From the epidemiological point of view these experiments at least suggest an explanation of one of the important factors which enter into the historical association of high typhus mortality with war and famine.
ON THE NATURE OF THE CHILL-PRODUCING PRINCIPLE IN ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Wallace George B. 
Published: June 2004

1. By means of a test method, which is described, the presence or absence of the chill-producing principle in antipneumococcus serum may be determined.
2. This principle may be present in normal blood or serum, homologous as well as heterologous, and the measures employed to obtain an antibody solution are not essential factors in its formation.
3. The chill reaction may be mitigated by the administration of nitrites and by opium and antipyretics. It is doubtful whether this fact offers any practical therapeutic application.
4. The reaction has no relationship to anaphylaxis or to certain toxic effects of drawn blood which have been studied by Freund, Starling and others.
5. The chill-principle appears to be formed only in blood which has been allowed to stand. Our experiments do not show that the reaction is dependent on formed elements, fibrinogen, or lipoids.
6. Anticoagulants, filtration, dialysis and moderate heating are without effect in removing the principle from the solution containing it.
7. By changes in the sodium chloride and hydrogen ion concentration in antibody solutions an acid globulin and an alkaline globulin fraction may be obtained. The acid globulin fraction, whether or not phospholipin is present, contains the greater part of the chill-principle and a small part of the antibody substance; the alkaline globulin fraction contains the greater part of the antibody substance and a smaller part of the chill-principle. The acid globulin fraction is not itself the chill-principle but serves as a carrier of this, probably through an adsorptive process.
FURTHER EXPERIENCES WITH NON-SPECIFIC LOCAL CUTANEOUS IMMUNITY TO STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Toomey John A. , Freedlander S. O. 
Published: June 2004

1. Many substances besides the specific broth filtrates of Besredka can be utilized as topical applications to protect guinea pigs from the effects of massive doses of staphylococcus given subcutaneously. (Plain broth, peptone 10 per cent, peptone 1 per cent, Liebig's meat extract, mustard plaster and normal horse serum.)
2. Where such protection occurs, no matter what the stimulus is, the local skin reaction microscopically is the same as that previously described for broth compresses.
3. Many topical applications of such substances as saline, water, plain compresses, etc., may confer slight protection on an animal.
4. Specific filtrates (Besredka) confer no protection on the experimental animal if applied at the time of inoculation or thereafter.
5. The local protection described in our experiments is non-specific in its nature.
THE INFLUENCE OF TESTICLE EXTRACT ON THE INTRADERMAL SPREAD OF INJECTED FLUIDS AND PARTICLES
Authors: Hoffman D. C. , Duran-Reynals F. 
Published: June 2004

The experiments in this paper show that testicle extract causes India ink particles and those of Prussian blue to spread much more extensively through the intercellular spaces than similar suspensions made with Ringer's solution. Methylene blue inoculated intravenously localizes more extensively in areas previously injected with testicle extracts than in control areas receiving injections of tissue extracts without enhancing power. Kidney extracts have this property to a less degree, whereas spleen extracts and blood serum are devoid of it. The spreading power of extracts is destroyed by heating at 60°C. for 30 minutes, as is also the power to enhance infections. The precise mode of action of the Reynals factor is not known, but the results of the experiments here presented suggest that it may depend at least in part on the property whereby testicle extract increases the spread of injected material and alters the permeability of tissue cells. It is not inconceivable that changes in permeability facilitate the passage of vaccine virus through the endothelial cells of the blood and lymph vessels, and lead to the generalized vaccinia which is of frequent occurrence in the reported results (20).
It has been shown that fluids and suspensions of inert particles are spread by the extract.B. tetanus and B. coli exotoxins and trypsin were not enhanced at all in their action despite the fact that they were spread through a more extensive area in the tissues. Viruses, on the other hand, are markedly influenced and in this respect resemble bacteria, not toxins and enzymes. It appears probable that a definite capacity for multiplication on the part of an injected substance is required if its pathogenic effects are to be enhanced. It may be concluded tentatively that the enhancing power of the testicle extract may depend on that property which not only spreads the injected material through a larger area but renders the tissue cells more easily penetrable by the agents.
I. EFFECTS OF THE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF COLLOIDAL SILVER UPON THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM IN DOGS
Authors: Shouse Samuel S. , Whipple George H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Colloidal silver has no specific action on the bone marrow in dogs but is a systemic poison which may cause anorexia, weakness, loss of weight, anemia, and death.
2. Hemolysis can be demonstrated after large doses of colloidal silver and the anemia presumably is due in part at least to a destruction of red blood cells in the peripheral circulation.
3. The colloidal silver, injected intravenously, is deposited as granules almost exclusively in the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system after the manner of particulate substances.
4. Repeated injections of non-lethal amounts of this substance are invariably followed by hyperplasia of the bone marrow. In no case was aplasia found.
5. Large single doses of this material cause rapid death in 12 hours or less characterized by pulmonary edema and congestion.
6. An initial increase in the number of erythrocytes and leucocytes may occur following smaller amounts of silver, but repeated injections cause a considerable anemia, without a definite increase in the leucocytes and with no signs of blood platelet deficiency.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: June 2004

Guinea pigs can be immunized against Mexican typhus virus by peritoneal injections of formalinized Rickettsia material, provided sufficient amounts of the organisms are used. Our results in this respect are analogous to those of Spencer and Parker with carbolized virus of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
The Rickettsia suspensions appear to possess considerable toxicity.
We do not wish to be misunderstood as implying that the results in guinea pigs offer anything more than a demonstration of the principle of active immunization with killed Rickettsiae. Application to man will have to be worked out, and preliminary to this, we are now attempting to apply the methods to a limited number of monkeys.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Hughes Thomas P. 
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumococci were obtained at one time or another from the nasal passages or throats of 80 per cent of 105 adults and children studied. In adults, they were obtained more frequently from the throat; in children, as often from the nasal passages as from the throat.
2. Of 500 pneumococcus strains studied, 97 per cent proved to be serologically specific. They formed smooth colonies and were for the most part avirulent for mice. Types I and II were obtained from one and two individuals respectively on one occasion only. Type III was obtained from nine individuals; Type XIII from nine individuals; Type XVI and Type XVIII from three individuals, for varying periods in each case. Atypical pneumococci were secured from 13 persons on single and scattered occasions. They varied in colony morphology, did not kill mice, or agglutinate in saline, but flocculated in all types of antipneumococcus sera employed and over a wide pH range in acid buffers. Their occurrence was apparently not associated with any type-transformation or virulence-enhancement process in vivo.
3. Strains of pneumococcus obtained on successive cultures from a given carrier were, with rare exceptions, of the same serological type and were similar in colony morphology, virulence for mice, and other tested biological characteristics.
4. Pneumococci of Types I and II were obtained under conditions suggestive that they lacked a capacity to spread readily; pneumococci of Types III and XIII, on the other hand, were obtained under conditions suggestive that they were spreading from person to person.
5. The persons studied differed consistently with respect to the occurrence of pneumococci. Some were pneumococcus-free, some were transient carriers, some periodic, and some chronic carriers. Data are given which suggest that the differences were due to variations in host resistance.
6. The incidence of pneumococci in all individuals studied underwent a seasonal variation paralleling that of coryza and sore throats in the same persons.