bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Eurocleft Study: Intercenter Study of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Complete Cleft Lip and Palate. Part 1: Introduction and Treatment Experience
Authors: Semb Gunvor , Brattström Viveca , Mølsted Kirsten , Prahl-Andersen Birte , Shaw William C. 
Published: January 2005

Objective To calculate the amount of treatment and associated travel experienced by five groups of patients treated at different centers. (This data is related to outcomes and patient/parent satisfaction in subsequent papers in this series). Design A longitudinal cohort study where results were previously reported at 9 years and follow-up measurements were obtained for 12 and 17 years. Setting Multidisciplinary cleft services in Northern Europe. Subjects 127 consecutively treated individuals with repaired unilateral complete cleft lip and palate. Main Outcome Measures Numbers of surgeries and outpatient visits, number of visits, and treatment duration for early orthopedics and orthodontic treatment, associated travel time and difficulties. Results The mean number of operations per center ranged from 3.5 to 6; length of orthodontic treatment from 3.3 to 8.5 years, and attendance from 49 to 94 visits; and for early orthopedics, 0 to 15 months of treatment, 0 to 17 visits, and 0 to 146 days in hospital. Conclusion Protocols for the management of complete unilateral cleft lip and palate can vary dramatically in the burden of treatment imposed.
The Eurocleft Study: Intercenter Study of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Complete Cleft Lip and Palate. Part 2: Craniofacial Form and Nasolabial Appearance
Authors: Brattström Viveca , Mølsted Kirsten , Prahl-Andersen Birte , Semb Gunvor , Shaw William C. 
Published: January 2005

Objective To compare craniofacial morphology and nasolabial appearance up to age 17 in individuals with repaired complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) treated at five European centers. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Setting Multidisciplinary cleft services in Northern Europe. Subjects 127 consecutively treated individuals with repaired complete UCLP. Main outcome measures Cephalometric variables, 14 angular and 2 ratio variables, and panel ratings of nasolabial appearance, 4 variables. Results The results revealed that at ages 12 and 17, two centers had a flatter profile (gs-sn-pgs) and retrognathic maxilla (sss-ns-sms). Additionally, one of the two centers had increased lower face height. Ratings of nasolabial appearance showed more similarity between the centers. Conclusion The results confirm that systematic differences in craniofacial morphology and nasolabial appearance may occur between different cleft centers, but do not allow specific caused factors to be identified.
The Eurocleft Study: Intercenter Study of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Complete Cleft Lip and Palate. Part 4: Relationship among Treatment Outcome, Patient/Parent Satisfaction, and the Burden of Care
Authors: Semb Gunvor , Brattström Viveca , Mølsted Kirsten , Prahl-Andersen Birte , Zuurbier Petra , Rumsey Nichola , Shaw William C. 
Published: January 2005

Objective To assess patient/parent satisfaction with the treatment they had received from their respective teams, and to explore interrelationships between satisfaction, objectively rated outcome, and the burden of care. Design This study reports cross-sectional data as part of the overall longitudinal cohort study reported in the other four papers of this series. Setting Multidisciplinary cleft services in Northern Europe. Subjects 127 consecutively treated 17-year-olds with repaired complete unilateral cleft lip and palate and their parents. Main Outcome Measure Patient/parent satisfaction. Results Generally, there was a high level of patient/parent satisfaction. There were no relationships among satisfaction, objectively rated outcomes, and the amount of care. Conclusions This study highlights various challenges involved in questionnaire surveys into patient/parent satisfaction, and underlines the need for collective efforts to improve our understanding of this issue.
Oral Clefts, Maternal Smoking, and TGFA: A Meta-Analysis of Gene-Environment Interaction
Authors: Zeiger Joanna S. , Beaty Terri H. , Liang Kung-Yee 
Published: January 2005

Objective A meta-analysis was performed to examine the association among maternal cigarette smoking, infant genotype at the Taq1 site in the transforming growth factor α (TGFA) locus, and risk of nonsyndromic oral clefts, both cleft palate (CP) and cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P). Design Five published case-control studies were included in the meta-analyis. Pooled Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. Gene-environment interaction was also assessed by using the pooled data in a case-only analysis and polytomous logistic regression. Results Among nonsmoking mothers, there was no evidence of any increased risk for CP if the infant carried the TGFA Taq1 C2 allele. If the mother reported smoking, however, there was an overall increased risk for CP if the infant carried the C2 allele (ORsmokers = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.22 to 3.10). TGFA genotype did not increase risk to CL/P, regardless of maternal smoking status. Polytomous logistic regression revealed a significant overall smoking effect for CL/P (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.33 to 2.02) and CP (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.90). Conclusions While maternal smoking was a consistent risk factor for both CL/P and CP across all studies, the suggestive evidence for gene-environment interaction between the infant's genotype at the Taq1 marker in TGFA and maternal smoking was limited to CP. Furthermore, evidence for such gene-environment interaction was strongest in a case-control study drawn from a birth defect registry where infants with non-cleft defects served as controls.
A New Method for the Treatment of Macrocephaly Caused by Hydrocephalus
Authors: Mansour Natalie , Sobel Lisa , Lee Misook , Larumbe Jose , Stelnicki Eric 
Published: January 2005

Objective This report will discuss a new surgical technique for treating severe cases of macrocephaly in which the bony architecture is markedly distorted. The procedure relies on several novel surgical tools for its success that have not been previously applied to the treatment of this condition. It utilized the use of contraction osteogenesis devices, resorbable plating systems, and an age- and sex-matched computer-generated skull model, which was derived from a computed tomographic scan as a template for the new calvarium. Results In the case reported, combined use of these technologies allowed for the complete reconstruction of the calvarium down to the level of the cranial base to produce an appropriately sized skull. The skull model created a template onto which bony fragments could be placed and fixated into a normal shape using the resorbable plating system. The contraction osteogenesis devices then allowed for a slow, safe reduction of the hydrocephalus via a ventriculoperitoneal shunt over a period of several days. On completion of the contraction process, the devices served to fixate the calvarium to the cranial base during the period of bone healing. Conclusion The combination of these modalities represents a unique state-of-the-art method for the correction of severe macrocephaly without the risks of intracranial hemorrhage and provides a useful adjunct to the treatment of hydrocephalus.
Approaches to Craniofacial-Specific Quality of Life Assessment in Adolescents
Authors: Edwards Todd C. , Patrick Donald L. , Topolski Tari D. , Aspinall Cassandra L. , Mouradian Wendy E. , Speltz Matthew L. 
Published: January 2005

Objective To ascertain the domains that adolescents aged 11 to 18 years with congenital and acquired craniofacial differences (CFDs) consider important to their quality of life (QoL) to create a craniofacial-specific module. Design Interviews and inductive qualitative methods were used to guide the development of a conceptual and measurement model of QoL among adolescents with CFDs. Setting The Craniofacial Center at Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center in Seattle, Washington. Patients, Participants Thirty-three in-depth interviews with adolescents (aged 11 to 18 years), one young adult interview (age 19 years), 14 in-depth interviews with parents, one young adult focus group, one parent focus group, and one panel of researchers and clinical professionals working in the field. Results Using the qualitative methodology, grounded theory, seven domains that adolescents with CFDs perceive are important to having a good QoL were found. Six of the domains (coping, stigma and isolation, intimacy and trust, positive consequences, self-image, and negative emotions) comprised the Youth Quality of Life Instrument–Facial Differences module. One other domain, surgery, was a salient issue for many of the youth, but not all, so it was made into a separate module, the Youth Quality of Life Instrument– Craniofacial Surgery module. This module relates to the experience of surgery, outcomes of surgery, and preferences for future surgery. Conclusions Using an established qualitative methodology, two QoL modules specific to adolescents with CFDs were developed and are ready for psychometric validation. Potential uses of the instruments are discussed.
Ignoring it Doesn't Make it Stop: Adolescents, Appearance, and Bullying
Authors: Lovegrove Emily , Rumsey Nichola 
Published: January 2005

Objective To investigate levels of appearance-related concern in a normative population of adolescents. Design Action research methodology was used to help adolescents develop a questionnaire that elicited peer views on appearance (Part 1) and to further develop the Changing Faces psychosocial strategies for dealing with appearance-related bullying (Part 2). Participants Adolescents aged 11–19.5 years were involved in the development of a questionnaire on the extent and nature of appearance-related concerns: 36 in development of antibullying strategies and 210 in an intervention. Intervention Part 3 of the project was an intervention that included information on the importance of appearance in human interactions as well as learning and practicing eight nonconfrontational coping strategies. Main Outcome Measures The questionnaires developed by the adolescents, in addition to Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Questionnaire for Adolescents, were used preintervention, postintervention, and at 6 months postintervention. Results Of 11–13 year olds questioned, 75% cited teasing or bullying about their appearance as causing considerable distress. Concerns were compounded by a perceived lack of effective coping strategies. At 6 months postintervention, perceived levels of bullying had decreased by almost two-thirds, and there were significant improvements in global self-esteem, confidence to tackle teasing and bullying, and confidence with disfigurement issues. A nonintervention comparison group showed no such improvements. Conclusions Offering young people social skills to cope with teasing or bullying about appearance may substantially reduce general bullying as well as that specifically targeted at disfigured individuals. Involving young people in the design of an intervention to be used with them may be crucial to the intervention's eventual success, and strategies learned to cope with appearance-related bullying are easily adaptable for use in other types of confrontation.
Addressing Quality of Life Issues in Adolescents: Social Skills Interventions
Authors: Kapp-Simon Kathleen A. , McGuire Dennis E. , Long Beth C. , Simon Dennis J. 
Published: January 2005

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether social skills training can improve the social interaction skills of adolescents with craniofacial conditions (CFCs) in a natural environment (school lunchroom). Design This study used a pre-post between-group comparison design. Differences between treatment and control subjects were analyzed via a repeated measures analysis of variance. Setting The observations were conducted in the respective school lunchrooms of the adolescents. Social skills groups were conducted in an outpatient clinic setting. Main Outcome Measures Structured data based on 45 minutes of observation was coded for type, frequency, and duration of social contact. Specific measures included subject initiations and responses, peer initiations and responses, conversation events, total positive communication, and frequency of nondirected comments. Results Both target and peer-controlled total communication improved across time with adolescents receiving social skills intervention showing significantly more improvement than those adolescents not receiving direct social skills interventions. Adolescents receiving treatment participated in significantly more target initiated conversations lasting at least three interchanges and showed a trend toward a greater frequency of target initiations and positive responses to peer initiations. Peers were more likely to respond to treatment subject initiations after intervention. Fewer treatment subjects used nondirected communication, whereas control subjects continued to use nondirected communication at a slightly increased frequency. Conclusions This study provides preliminary evidence that social skills training can increase the frequency of positive social interactions with peers for adolescents with CFCs.
Speech Production of Preschoolers with Cleft Palate
Authors: Hardin-Jones Mary A. , Jones David L. 
Published: January 2005

Objective The present investigation was conducted to examine the prevalence of preschoolers with cleft palate who require speech therapy, demonstrate significant nasalization of speech, and produce compensatory articulations. The relationship among these three dependent variables and the independent variables of cleft type and age of primary palatal surgery was also examined. Participants The participants included 212 preschoolers with repaired cleft palate aged 2 years 10 months to 5 years 6 months. Main Outcome Measures Chi-square analyses were performed to examine the relationship between two independent variables (cleft type and age of surgery) and three dependent variables (percentage of children requiring speech therapy, percentage demonstrating moderate to severe hypernasality and receiving secondary management for velopharyngeal insufficiency, and percentage producing glottal/pharyngeal substitutions). Results Sixty-eight percent of the children were enrolled in (or had previously received) speech therapy. Thirty-seven percent of the children demonstrated moderate-severe hypernasality or had received secondary surgical management for velopharyngeal insufficiency. Chi-square analyses revealed a significant relationship between cleft type and the number of children referred for speech therapy as well as the number of children with significant hypernasality. The analyses also revealed a significant relationship between age of palatal surgery and number of children with significant hypernasality. Conclusions Despite advances in surgical management and the advantages offered by team care, the majority of preschoolers with cleft palate continue to demonstrate delays in speech sound development that require direct speech therapy. An optimal treatment regimen for these children is one that includes primary palatal surgery no later than 13 months of age.
Soil Humic Substances
Authors: Senesi Nicola , Loffredo Elisabetta 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Introduction

Genesis

The Lignin‐Protein Theory

The Sugar‐Amine Theory

The Polyphenol Theory

Extraction, Fractionation and Purification

Extraction Methods

Fractionation Procedures

Purification Procedures

Sequential Extraction/Fractionation Procedures

Comprehensive Isolation Procedure Proposed by the IHSS

Chemical Composition, Properties and Structure

Elemental Composition

Functional Groups

Charge Characteristics and Cation Exchange Capacity

Molecular Weight, Size and Shape

Structural Components

Molecular Models

Fractal Nature

Soil Fertility Functions

Physical Functions

Chemical Functions

Nutritional Aspects

Biological Actions

Environmental Functions

Interactions with Organic Pollutants

Interactions with Trace Metals

Summary and Concluding Remarks
Fermentative Production of MCL Poly(3‐hydroxyalkanoate)
Authors: Weusthuis Ruud A. , Kessler Birgit , Dielissen Marcia P. M. , Witholt Bernard , Eggink Gerrit 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineOccurrenceFunctionsBiochemistryβ‐OxidationFatty Acid SynthesisUnsaturated Fatty AcidsPhysiology and Process DevelopmentFermentation Process DevelopmentControl of MCL‐Poly(3HA) Monomer CompositionOxygen Transfer and Heat ProductionByproductsMolecular GeneticsRecombinant PseudomonadsRecombinantE. coliDownstream ProcessingProductionMCL‐Poly(3HA) Production versus SCL‐Poly(3HA) ProductionProducersApplicationsPatentsOutlook and PerspectivesAcknowledgements
Methods for Analysis of Poly(3‐hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) Composition
Authors: de Rijk Theo C. , van de Meer Pieter , Eggink Gerrit , Weusthuis Ruud A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineAnalytical MethodsAnalysis of SCL‐PHAsGC and MSNMRHPLCAnalysis of other PHAGCMSNMROutlook and PerspectivesAcknowledgements
Biodegradation of Aliphatic Polyesters
Authors: Tokiwa Yutaka , Pranamuda Hardaning 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionDistribution of Microorganisms Able to Degrade Four Representative Aliphatic PolyestersDegrading Microorganisms at Ambient Temperature (30 °C)Degrading Microorganisms at High Temperature (50 °C)Polyester Degrading Ability of Reference Cultures from Type Culture CollectionsMicrobial Degradation of Poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA)PEA degradation byPenicilliumsp. 14‐3PEA‐degrading Enzyme Produced byPenicilliumsp. 14‐3Hydrolysis of Aliphatic Polyesters by Commercial LipasesAspects Affecting the Degradability of Polyesters byRhizopusLipaseMicrobial Degradation of PCLMicrobial Degradation of PHBMicrobial Degradation of PPLMicrobial Degradation of PBS, PES, and PBS/AMicrobial Degradation of PLAMicobial Degradation of Polycarbonate, Polyester Carbonate, Poly(ether‐ester), and CopolyesterPolycarbonate and Polyester CarbonatePoly(p‐dioxanone) (PPDO)Poly(2‐methylene‐1,3,6‐trioxocane)Aliphatic–Aromatic CopolyesterOutlook and Perspectives
Aliphatic Polyester Formation, Mechanisms of
Authors: Duda Andrzej , Penczek Stanislaw 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlinePolyesterificationThermodynamics of PolyesterificationKinetics of PolyesterificationMolar Mass Distribution in PolyesterficationCyclization in PolyesterificationROP of Cyclic EstersThermodynamics of Cyclic Ester PolymerizationKinetics and Mechanisms of Cyclic Ester PolymerizationChain Transfer via TransesterificationStereochemistry of Lactide PolymerizationOutlook and Perspectives
Chemical Synthesis and Properties of Well‐defined Oligomeric Esters
Authors: Taniguchi Ikuo , Kimura Yoshiharu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineSynthesis and Properties of Oligomeric PolyestersPoly(butylene succinate)Poly(ɛ‐caprolactone)Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)Poly(glycolic acid)Poly(lactic acid)Poly(malic acid)Polyesters Synthesized by Enzymatic PolymerizationApplicationsIndustrial UsesBiomedical UsesPatents
Polyglycolide and Copolyesters with Lactide
Authors: Vert Michel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical StructuresStep‐growth Polymerization of Glycolic AcidChain‐growth Polymerization of Glycolide, the Cyclic Dimer of Glycolic AcidStep‐growth Copolymerization of Glycolic Acid withl‐ andd‐Lactic AcidChain‐growth Copolymerization of Glycolide withl‐ andd‐LactidesTransesterification RearrangementsOccurrenceMonomersPolymersBiochemistryDegradation in Abiotic and Biotic Aqueous MediaDegradation in Abiotic MediaDegradation in Biotic MediaProductionProducersWorld MarketApplicationsPatentsOutlook and Perspectives
Polyanhydrides
Authors: Kumar Neeraj , Albertsson Ann‐Christine , Edlund Ulrica , Teomim Doron , Aliza Rasiel  , Domb Abraham J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineSynthesisPolyanhydride StructuresUnsaturated PolymersAliphatic‐aromatic HomopolymersSoluble Aromatic CopolymersPoly(ester‐anhydrides)Fatty Acid‐based PolyanhydridesAmino Acid‐based PolymersModified Polyanhydrides and BlendsCharacterizationComposition by1H‐NMRMolecular WeightCrystallinityInfra‐red and Raman AnalysisSurface and Bulk AnalysisStabilityFabrication of Delivery SystemsIn vitroDegradation and Drug ReleaseBiocompatibility and EliminationApplicationsOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Biodegradable Aliphatic‐Aromatic Polyesters: “Ecoflex
®
”
Authors: Yamamoto Motonori , Witt Uwe , Skupin Gabriel , Beimborn Dieter , Müller Rolf‐Joachim 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Introduction

Perspectives for Biodegradable Plastics

BASF's Integrated Manufacturing System Offers Advantages

Historical Outline

Structure of Ecoflex
®
: The BASF Concept of Modular Units

Properties, Processing, and Application of Ecoflex
®

Property Profile of Ecoflex
®

Processing of Ecoflex
®

Applications

Starch Ecoflex
®
Blends

Biodegradation and Ecotoxicity of Ecoflex
®

General Biodegradability of Aromatic Polyesters and Aliphatic‐Aromatic Copolyesters

Evaluation of the Biodegradation of Ecoflex
®
with Standard Tests

Detailed Biodegradation Studies of Ecoflex
®
in Defined Laboratory Tests

Ecotoxicology of the Degradation Products of Ecoflex
®
, and Risk Assessment

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Bacterial Glycolipids
Authors: Desai Jitendra D. , Desai Anjana J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineOccurrenceChemical StructureGlycosyl DiglyceridesRhamnolipidsTrehalolipidsComplex GlycolipidsPhysiological FunctionsBiosynthesisBiodegradationGenetics and RegulationProductionFermentative ProductionProduction by Biotransformation and Chemical SynthesisRecovery and PurificationApplicationsPatentsWorld Market and Cost EconomicsOutlook and PerspectivesAcknowledgments
Alginates from Bacteria
Authors: Rehm Bernd H. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical StructuresBiosynthetic Pathway of the Alginate Precursor, GDP‐Mannuronic AcidGenetics of Alginate BiosynthesisRegulation of Alginate BiosynthesisEnvironmentally Induced Activation ofalgGenesGenotypic SwitchPolymerization and Export of the Alginate ChainAlginate‐Modifying EnzymesMannuronan C‐5‐epimerasesO‐TransacetylasesAlginate LyasesThe Role of Alginate in Biofilm FormationThe Applied Potential of Bacterial AlginatesAcknowledgments
Xanthan
Authors: Born Karin , Langendorff Virginie , Boulenguer Patrick 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineStructureChemical StructureSuperstructure/Secondary StructureOccurrencePhysiological FunctionAnalysis and DetectionChemical CharacterizationPhysical CharacterizationBiosynthesisDegradationBiotechnological ProductionGeneral Description of the ProcessProcess ImprovementModeling the Fermentation ProcessPost‐fermentation TreatmentPropertiesViscosityFlow BehaviorWeak Network FormationGelationInteraction of Xanthan with Other MacromoleculesApplicationsFood ApplicationsNon‐food ApplicationsRelevant PatentsCurrent Problems and LimitationsOutlook and PerspectivesAcknowledgements