bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications
Authors: Leplin Jarrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will revisit two examples in further detail, and initiate consideration of two others, to display the analysis of novelty in action. The purpose is to illustrate how decisions about novelty, based on the analysis, are to be reached in practice.
Though anticipated by Robert Hooke, the wave theory of light may be said to have originated in Christian Huygens’s hypothesis of an ether through which light is propagated as a wave disturbance of constant, finite velocity. In the case of the transmission of light through a homogeneous material medium, such as water or glass, the ether is imagined to permeate the medium, and the velocity of light through it is related inversely to its refractive index. Young contributed the hypothesis that light travels in series or trains of waves that can interfere, producing the alternately light and dark bands that had been studied by Newton in connection with the colors produced by thin plates—a phenomenon known as “Newton’s rings.” Young was guided by an analogy of light to sound, and assumed a longitudinal wave vibration to account for the raylike behavior of light. He explained the bands or fringes produced in diffraction by supposing that light reflected from the diffracting body interferes with incident light. This theory was unable to provide detailed predictions for many known diffraction phenomena. By 1815, diffraction
Realism and Novelty
Authors: Leplin Jarrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having motivated, formulated, and applied an analysis of predictive novelty, I tum to the question of its epistemic significance. I wish to show that and how novel success supports theories. As observed in chapter 2, some philosophers deny that theory confirmation depends on novelty, and argue that the novelty of a result can make no difference to the warrant it bestows on the theory that predicts it. I attribute their conclusion to the presupposition of an inadequate conception of novelty. No amount of philosophical effort will defeat the intuition that novelty matters, so long as a better conception is available to sustain it. I have now provided one.
Counterarguments
Authors: Leplin Jarrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I said in chapter 5, I expect resistance to MER to come not primarily from objections specific to my argument, but from independent objections to scientific realism in general. To the extent that these objections are influential, my argument is liable to be dismissed as a special case of an error already diagnosed, and, as such, as unworthy of detailed consideration. In this chapter, I want to respond, on behalf of MER, to some of these challenges. To maximize scope of application, I will structure my response, so far as possible, as a defense of realism generically, deploying the special resources of my own position where realism in general proves vulnerable.
The Future of Realism
Authors: Leplin Jarrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Realism, even of the modest kind that I hold defensible, is very demanding empirically. Results that ordinarily inform theory choice do not support it; they speak, rather, to pragmatic dimensions of appraisal. If realism requires what I require for it, how realistic is it to expect fundamental physics to warrant belief? If the answer to this question has so far, in this book, appeared mixed and indecisive, it becomes downright pessimistic when contemporary directions of theorizing are considered. For some of the latest physical theories are difficult, if not impossible, to test empirically.
Human Rights Impact Assessment
Authors: Lawrence O Gostin , Lazzarini Zita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Policymakers often rely upon public health necessity or benefit to justify policies or programs that limit human rights. Protection of the public health is a legitimate reason for restricting certain rights. The power to narrow rights, however, must be exercised judiciously and is subject to the requirements established in the primary human rights documents (UDHR, Art. 29; ICCPR, Art. 4; ICESCR, Art. 4) and statements that prescribe specific standards by which states may limit individual rights (Siracusa Principles, 1984; United Nations, 1989b, 1990).
Lower South
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Lower South grew at a pace that bore only a slight resemblance to the long swings of British expansion. Rice was the leading export, and most of the crop was consumed on the continent of Europe. So, more than any other single influence, the tug of markets in Holland, Germany, and Spain shaped the cycles of prosperity and depression in the Lower South. There were, to be sure, economic ties with Britain. Indigo, the second most valuable regional product, was directed to British cloth makers. That purple dye and the flow of credit linked the Carolinas and Georgia to the economy of the mother country. But these concerns were less important than fluctuations in the rice trade.
The French Connection
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Canada, as for the Thirteen Colonies, growth in the mother country was the all important determinant of the pace of colonial development. Hence a discussion of the economy of the St. Lawrence colony necessarily begins with an examination of fluctuations in France. On both sides of the Atlantic two broad cycles defined economic activity. The first swing, 1660 to 1713, was marked by slow growth. The second and far more vigorous wave of expansion lasted for the metropolitan power from 1713 to 1789, and for the colony from 1713 to the British Conquest in 1760.
A Cycle Of Slow Growth in Canada, 1665-1713
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The French [i.e., Canadian] inhabitant ... ,” observed the Jesuit priest and historian, Fran&lt;,ois-Xavier de Charlevoix, “leaves his offspring involved in the same necessities he was in himself at his first setting out, and to extricate themselves as they can.” Charlevoix, who visited Canada in the early eighteenth century, was struck by the lack of any noticeable rise in the standard ofliving. His comments provide an apt introduction to the long swing of slow growth stretching from 1665 to 1713.
A Long Swing Of Canadian Expansion, 1713-1760
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gilles Hocquart’s arrival in Canada in 1729 was hardly auspicious. The Elephant, the ship carrying him and his baggage, hit a rock in the St. Lawrence River and settled to the bottom. Hocquart had to proceed to the provincial capital in a small sloop. Landing in Quebec with little ceremony, the new intendant appeared unimpressive. He was overweight, with full jowls, and he made clear his love of fine food by bringing his personal chef. But Hocquart soon surprised his critics. During a term of service that lasted from 1729 to 1748, Hocquart proved singularly energetic and deeply concerned about the economic development of Canada. At least during the first dozen years of his administration he was successful in achieving his goal: the creation of a bustling economy based on a mix of private and public initiatives.
The Dating-Mating Market the Man Shortage and Marriage Squeeze
Authors: Townsend John Marshall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their book Too Many Women? Marcia Guttentag and Paul Secord use sex ratios to explain the problems many many contemporary women face in securing commitments from suitable partners. Since World War II, women have outnumbered men in the United States. In 1970 for every 100 women over fourteen there were 92 men. The imbalance for single men and women is even greater: 81 men per 1 oo women. This surplus of women allows men to avoid making commitments to many women they date. In these conditions women are more likely than men to experience desertion, abandonment, and betrayal. Women therefore become wary of commitments themselves, but it is men’s unwillingness to make commitments that leads contemporary women to delay marriage, stay single, or remain divorced rather than remarrying.
Statistical Issues in Developing Guidelines and Policies
Authors: Hinman Alan R , Zell Elizabeth R , Snider Dixie E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Guidelines and policies are increasingly important in improving and standardizing both clinical and public health practice. The rationale for their use ranges from trying to ensure optimal care to trying to contain costs. A federal task force sorted through conflicting evidence on clinical preventive services (e.g., screening, immunization, counseling, and chemoprophylaxis) and developed recommendations for clinicians based on a standardized approach (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 1996). On the other hand, an expert panel that considered evidence for the use of mammography did not recommend regular mammograms for women under 50 years of age (NIH Consensus statement, 1997). One result of the increasing emphasis on guidelines has been the development of a scientific body of knowledge about the process of guideline development. Whereas guidelines previously were developed by a variety of means including consensus development, expert opinion, and formal rules of evidence, increasingly they are being developed by following explicit protocols. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed the document “CDC Guidelines: Improving the Quality,” which summarizes the important principles of guideline development and making recommendations (CDC, 1996a). The CDC document outlines 13 primary tasks in guideline development:
Metalinguistic Ritualization
Authors: Haiman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The more intricate a modern science becomes, and the better it understands itself methodologically, the more resolutely it will turn its back on the ontological problems of its own sphere of influence and eliminate them from the realm where it has achieved some insight It will then find that the world lying beyond its confines, and in particular the material basis which it is its task to understand, its own concrete underlying reality, lies, methodologically and in principle, beyond its grasp. (Lukacs 1965:104) The drive to ritualize, I maintain, is a human universal, as much as the law of gravity is a physical universal. And just as the law of gravity dictates the fall of Newton’s apple, the motion of the tides, and the orbit of the comets and limits the expansion of the universe, so the principle of ritualization (emancipation, reification, routinization, decontextualization, grammaticalization) extends not only to culture and to language but also to activities which are parasitic on language, in particular to that class of discourses known as scientific theories. Most particularly, it extends to that class of scientific theories which are current in linguistics.
Introduction
Authors: Gopnik Myrna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the puzzles about language is the fact that children do not speak when they are born, but by the time they are two they are using language and by four they are fluent speakers. How do they accomplish this amazing feat? Charles Darwin suggested that humans had an ‘‘instinct’’ to learn language. This biological view was supplanted in the early part of this century by the view that language was a sociocultural phenomenon and that children learned language in the same way that they learned the other forms of their culture. In the early 1960s Noam Chomsky proposed a radically new explanation: a child learns language in the same way that he learns to walk upright, because it is part of his nature and not because it is part of his culture. The development of the ability to speak, or to walk upright for that matter, does not happen instantly. It follows a natural course of development. Though no two children are precisely alike in their development, they all exhibit the same general pattern of development within the same general time frame. On the basis of limited exposure to language and with the help of their natural instincts for language they can quickly and accurately build the correct grammar of their language. This grammar allows them to produce and to understand new sentences that they have never heard before.
Style is the Man
Authors: Schwartz Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the best American songs came out of Broadway musical theater and the movies, it was because the best young composers gravitated to these media, which promised performance of their work and, if they made it, enormous incomes. No slot machine pays off like Broadway when the lemons at last line up. But it was always a gamble in which only the rich could indulge. Countless Hollywood movies have applied the Horatio Alger rags-to-riches fantasy to musical theater-including My Gal Sal (1942), a putative biography of Paul Dresser starring Victor Mature that had little to do with Dresser’s reality. Irving Berlin seemed to embody it, but he was an exception.
The Osteoporosis Book
Authors: Lane Nancy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Osteoporosis currently affects 25 million people in the United States, and as the baby boomers enter their fifties, this bone-weakening disease is poised to strike millions more. Because of this disease, many older people will suffer from a bone fracture at some point , and far too many of these fractures will result in permanent disability. The good news is that this devastating “silent epidemic” is entirely preventable, and in The Osteoporosis Book, readers of all ages will find everything they need to know to slow, stop, and even reverse the bone loss that causes this crippling disease. Written by Dr. Nancy E. Lane, a leading investigator and clinician in the field of osteoporosis, it is an indispensable guide to the exciting medical breakthroughs that have taken place in the past few years--in bone density measurement, in oestrogen therapy, and in our knowledge of the bone cycle--that now allow doctors to predict who is at risk and to monitor these individuals in their fifties, before a fracture occurs. Readers learn to evaluate--and whenever possible, eliminate--the risk factors in their own lives. “What vitamins should I take? Is hormone replacement therapy right for me? And what about exercise?” The answers are here. And for those already affected by osteoporosis, Dr. Lane provides the most effective and up-to-date medical and practical advice available anywhere for coping with its aches and pains and safeguarding against further deterioration. Impeccably researched and reassuringly accessible, The Osteoporosis Book empowers readers to make informed healthcare choices that will enhance the quality of their lives for decades to come. It has been endorsed by the National Osteoporosis Foundation.
Introduction
Authors: Lane Nancy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Osteoporosis is a major health problem throughout the world. In people with this disease, the bones become thin and fragile and eventually break. While more women are affected, men suffer as well. This disease threatens 28 million Americans, 80 percent of whom are women. In fact, nearly 40 percent of white women and 13 percent of white men in the United States will have an osteoporotic fracture sometime in their lives. Worldwide, the disease causes nearly 2 million hip fractures each year. Osteoporotic fractures can become lifethreatening; nearly 24 percent of elderly people who suffer a hip fracture die within the first year of the fracture, and many others can never live independently again. Osteoporosis, like many chronic diseases such as heart disease and arthritis, has no early symptoms, and until recently it was not diagnosed until after the age of 70 or after a fracture had already occurred.
Understanding the Life Cycle of Bone
Authors: Lane Nancy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two types of bone tissue. Cortical bone makes up 80 percent. It is solid and dense, giving the skeleton most of its strength. The other 20 percent is trabecular bone, which is made up of a fine lattice network that surrounds the bone marrow. Although this lattice network is very thin, it provides maximum support with a minimum amount of material. All of these fine surfaces create an enormous amount of exposed area, and because of its closeness to the bone marrow, rapid changes in bone mass can occur in the trabecular bone. For this reason, bones that have a large percentage of trabecular bone, such as the spine, are susceptible to disturbances in the bone life cycle.
How Do We Diagnose Osteoporosis?
Authors: Lane Nancy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question every woman needs to ask is, am I at risk of developing osteoporosis? How can I know ifl have already lost bone mass? No one should wait until a painful vertebral fracture occurs to find out that they are losing bone. The key questions are: How much bone do I have now? How rapidly am I losing it?
Bone Fractures and Osteoporosis
Authors: Lane Nancy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most nonspine fractures in the elderly result from some form of trauma, usually a fall. Almost all of these fractures in elderly white women fall into this category. The most common sites for fractures due to a fall include the wrist, proximal radius-the forearm, the hip, the kneecap, the ankle, foot and toes, pelvis, face, lower leg bones including the tibia and fibula, and the ribs. Osteoporotic fractures result from minimal trauma, yet the forces that occur when elderly osteoporotic women fall are great enough to break normal healthy bones, so the term minimal may not be correct. Vertebral fractures in osteoporosis usually do not result from a fall or from any other obvious trauma. Traumatic fractures in women with osteoporosis usually affect the foot, toe, hand, fingers, aµd ribs, and the trauma is usually not a fall.
Do Men Get Osteoporosis?
Authors: Lane Nancy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Osteoporosis in men has received much less attention than osteoporosis in women. This is too bad because recent studies have found that osteoporotic vertebral fractures occur more often in men than was previously thought, even though only half as many men as women are affected. Men suffer only 25 percent of all hip fractures, but the overall cost, the suffering endured, and resulting deaths are actually greater in men than in women. Since the elderly male population is increasing rapidly, osteoporosis will soon become a major health problem for many men.
Bone-Building Agents: Are There Any “Magic Bullets”?
Authors: Lane Nancy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we describe osteoporosis, we describe a disease of low bone mass and low bone strength. This condition occurs most frequently in elderly women after many years of menopause and low estrogen levels. The hallmark of osteoporosis is fractures from very low trauma at the hip and the vertebrae of the spine. Hip fractures create the most immediate financial stress and physical suffering. Most persons who suffer a hip fracture need surgery; an estimated one-sixth of these patients die within 3 months, and nearly half of all of the others suffer some functional decline. Vertebral fractures, on the other hand, have few symptoms and contribute to an often silent decline in an individual’s quality of life.
The Meaning of a Tune: The Sabbath Hymn Lekhah dodi
Authors: Summit Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many worshippers, especially during the High Holidays, do not feel they have been to services unless they hear their favorite tunes for certain prayers.1 The tune, separate from the words, serves as a portal to the past, a connection with ancestors, real and imagined. The “right” tune grounds one in history and becomes an assurance of authenticity. The tune is a vehicle for transcendence. For many Jews who do not understand much Hebrew, the tune is the prayer. Cantors, rabbis, and lay leaders who do not understand this point are forever at odds with their congregations. Every year, freshmen who come to services for the first time at our Hillel Foundation tentatively approach me and say, “Rabbi, I enjoyed services but you know, you sing all the wrong tunes here.” “What are the ‘right’ tunes?” I ask. “The ones we sing at home!”
The Meaning of Nusach: Worshippers’ Perspectives on Traditional Jewish Chant
Authors: Summit Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the meaning and function of nusach, primarily from the perspective of the worshipper.1 The subject of nusach elicits strong responses from Jews young and old. One Conservative cantor remarked, “Nusach is a real ‘hot potato’ in the Jewish community right now.” In truth, it is hard to get a handle on the concept of nusach: it means many different things to Jews across denominational lines. It is seen by some to be the last holdout of traditional Jewish music. As such, it is viewed by some as a powerful talisman, a magic door to religious authenticity. While many Reform Jews were rediscovering Jewish chant, one Reform worshipper said nusach was unintelligible, calling it a “mumblefest.” A Bostoner Hasid insisted that nusach was “the first rap music.” I asked members of an Orthodox congregation, “When you lead a service, how do you know if you are in nusach?” One man laughed and answered, “You know you’re in nusach if they don’t yell at you to sit down!”
Mercury
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mercury has been known to mankind for approximately 5000 years. It is one of the brightest planets in the sky, but it is difficult to observe from Earth because it is always within 27°45’ of the sun. Mercury can be observed before sunrise and at sunset and was known to the Greeks as Apollo (the morning star) and Hermes (the evening star).
Fans in the audience
Authors: Cavicchi Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their becoming-a-fan stories, fans often begin by describing themselves as “ordinary” popular music listeners, casually using rock as a form of entertainment which accompanies, but does not necessarily shape, their everyday behavior. Springsteen is an indistinguishable part of the media background of their lives; even those who know of him do not give his identity or music much attention beyond seeing one of his albums in a friend’s collection or enjoying one of his songs briefly on the radio. But then, something happens. Either suddenly or gradually, fans talk about moving away from that casual stance and becoming people to whom Springsteen’s music deeply matters. As Jackie Gillis explained about her becoming a fan: “I had enjoyed Bruce up to this point, but now I was really transformed” (interview, May 14, 1993).
Fans in the audience
Authors: Cavicchi Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the song “No Surrender” (1984), Bruce Springsteen sings that “we learned more from a three-minute record than we ever learned in school.” While clearly an indictment of the irrelevance of American education to the lives of many teens growing up in the sixties, the lyric also affirms the power of rock’n’roll music to shape dreams and ideas, to serve as a place where people can find inspiration, knowledge, and guidance.
Birth of the Coffin Nail
Authors: Tate Cassandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Buchanan “Buck”‘ Duke, father of the modern cigarette indus detested cigarettes himself. He never smoked them, and he refused to permit any women in his family to smoke them. As a young man, he preferred chewing tobacco. Later in life. in concession to his position as one of the richest men in America. he took up cigars. The larger-than-life bronze statue that honors his memory at Duke University in his hometown of Durham, North Carolina. depicts him with a cigar in his hand, not a cigarette.”