bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family and genetic studies of indices of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in Pima Indians†‡
Authors: Hanson Robert L. , Imperatore Giuseppina , Venkat Narayan K. M. , Roumain Janine , Fagot‐Campagna Anne , Pettitt David J. , Bennett Peter H. , Knowler William C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe present analyses were conducted to examine the extent to which insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, assessed using simple indices derived from an oral glucose tolerance test, are influenced by genetic factors, and to assess whether these genetic factors overlap with those influencing susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians.MethodsIndices calculated from fasting and 2‐h post‐load insulin (I0, I120) and glucose (G0, G120) concentrations included insulin sensitivity index [ISI0=104/(I0·G0)] and corrected insulin response {CIR120=I120/[G120·(G120–70 mg/dl)]}. Heritability (h2) was determined using variance components methods in 1421 non‐diabetic individuals from 446 sibships. Among 595 individuals in 186 sibships, genome‐wide quantitative trait linkage analyses of ISI0 and CIR120 were conducted and affected‐sibling analyses of diabetic siblings stratified by prediabetic measurements of ISI0 and CIR120 were also performed.ResultsBoth ISI0 (h2=0.37±0.06) and CIR120 (h2=0.25±0.07) were moderately heritable. Modest evidence for linkage with CIR120 (logarithm of odds (LOD)=1.6) was observed on chromosome 1q in a region previously shown to have linkage with young‐onset diabetes in Pimas. When diabetic siblings were stratified by CIR120, evidence for linkage in this region was strongest (LOD=1.5) among those with a low CIR120. Additional regions with modest evidence for linkage with ISI0 were observed on chromosomes 9p (LOD=2.0) and 14p (LOD=1.7).ConclusionsThe present analyses suggest that insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion are influenced by genetic factors in Pima Indians. The linkage analyses suggest that the putative diabetes‐susceptibility gene on chromosome 1q affects insulin secretion. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prevalence of reading and spelling difficulties among inmates of institutions for compulsory care of juvenile delinquents
Authors: Svensson Idor , Lundberg Ingvar , Jacobson Christer 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRecent studies have focused on reading and writing disabilities among inmates in prisons and at juvenile institutions. Some studies in Sweden have demonstrated that more than half of the delinquents have serious reading difficulties, and for immigrants the situation is even worse. However, these studies have focused on small groups. Furthermore, little attention has been paid to different types of reading and writing difficulties. The main purpose of this investigation was to estimate the prevalence of reading and writing disabilities in juvenile institutions. The study analyses gender differences and differences between immigrants and Swedish pupils. The study included 163 pupils from 22 institutions and used three tests of literacy skills: word identification, spelling and reading comprehension. More than 70% showed some problems in reading and spelling. However, only 11% had serious difficulties. Moreover, the results showed that comprehension ability among immigrant boys was lower than among Swedish boys, despite the same level of word reading skill. The high prevalence of reading and writing disabilities seems primarily to be related to social and cultural factors, home backgrounds, limited school attendance and poor self‐esteem rather than to constitutional problems of a dyslexic nature. The implication of this conclusion may be important for the intervention process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo overexpression of CTLA‐4 suppresses lymphoproliferative diseases and thymic negative selection
Authors: Takahashi Shigekazu , Kataoka Hiroshi , Hara Satoru , Yokosuka Tadashi , Takase Kan , Yamasaki Sho , Kobayashi Wakana , Saito Yasushi , Saito Takashi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4) induces major inhibitory signals for T cell activation. From analyses of TCR‐transgenic (Tg) CTLA‐4‐deficient mice, it has been believed that CTLA‐4 does not affect thymocyte development. To focus upon the in vivo function of CTLA‐4 in thymocyte development from a different aspect, we have established Tg mice expressing either full‐length CTLA‐4 (FL‐Tg) or a mutant CTLA‐4 lacking the cytoplasmic region (truncated, TR‐Tg), and analyzed thymocyte development. TR‐T cells express much higher CTLA‐4 on the cell surface than FL‐T cells, in which most CTLA‐4 was localized in intracellular vesicles. While CTLA‐4–/– mice exhibit lymphoproliferative disease, neither of the Tg mice with CTLA‐4–/– background developed the disorder. Although the development of thymocytes appeared normal in both Tg mice, in vivo depletion of double‐positive thymocytes by injection of anti‐CD3 Ab as well as the elimination of minor lymphocyte‐stimulating antigen‐reactive thymocytes were impaired in FL‐Tg mice but not in TR‐Tg mice. Functionally, cross‐linking of CTLA‐4 on thymocytes from FL‐Tg mice, but not from TR‐Tg mice, inhibited proliferation. These results reveal a potential role of CTLA‐4, through its cytoplasmic domain, in the negative selection of thymocytes and in the prevention of lymphoproliferative disease.
CXCR3–/– mice mount an efficient Th1 response but fail to control Leishmania major infection
Authors: Rosas Lucia E. , Barbi Joseph , Lu Bao , Fujiwara Yuko , Gerard Craig , Sanders Virginia M. , Satoskar Abhay R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractChemokines play a critical role in recruitment of leukocytes to the site of infection, which is essential for host defense. We analyzed the role of CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) in the control of cutaneous leishmaniasis using CXCR3–/– C57BL/6 mice. We found that Leishmania major‐infected CXCR3–/– mice mount an efficient Th1 response as evident by markedly increased serum levels of Th1‐associated IgG2a and significant production of IFN‐γ and IL‐12 by the draining lymph node cells, restrict systemic spread of infection, but fail to control parasite replication at the site of infection and develop chronic non‐healing lesions. Furthermore, the inability of CXCR3–/– mice to control cutaneous L. major growth was associated with fewer CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and significantly lower levels of IFN‐γ in their lesions as compared to CXCR3+/+ mice. These results demonstrate that CXCR3 plays a critical role in the host defense against cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major. Furthermore, they also suggest that the susceptibility of CXCR3–/– mice to L. major is due to impaired CD4+ and CD8+ T cell trafficking and decreased production of IFN‐γ at the site of infection rather than to their inability to mount a parasite‐specific Th1 response.
A fusion product of the complete Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A (OspA) and the hepatitis B virus capsid protein is highly immunogenic and induces protective immunity similar to that seen with an effective lipidated OspA vaccine formula
Authors: Nassal Michael , Skamel Claudia , Kratz Peter A. , Wallich Reinhard , Stehle Thomas , Simon Markus M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe immunogenicity of peptides and protein fragments can be considerably enhanced by their presentation on particulate carriers such as capsid‐like particles (CLP) from hepatitis B virus (HBV). Here we tested the suitability of the HBV capsid protein as a carrier for a relevant full‐length pathogen‐derived protein antigen. The entire 255‐amino acid ectodomain of the outer surface protein A (OspA) from Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, was inserted into the major B cell epitope of the HBV capsid, yielding a multimerization‐competent fusion protein, termed coreOspA. CoreOspA, consisting only in part of regular CLP, induced antibodies to OspA, including the Ig isotype profile and specificity for the protective epitope LA‐2, with an efficiency similar to that of recombinant lipidated OspA, the first generation vaccine against Lyme disease. Moreover, coreOspA actively and passively protected mice against subsequent challenge with B. burgdorferi. The data demonstrate the capacity of the HBV capsid protein to act as a potent immunomodulator even for full‐length and structurally complex polypeptide chains and thus opens new avenues for novel vaccine designs.
Age‐associated changes in glycosylation of CD43 and CD45 on mouse CD4 T cells
Authors: Garcia Gonzalo G. , Berger Scott B. , Sadighi Akha Amir A. A. , Miller Richard A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have recently shown that treatment of T cells from aged mice with an endopeptidase specific for O‐linked glycoproteins can restore synapse formation and early activation markers to CD4 cells from aged mice. New data show that the sialidase from Clostridium perfringens, but not from Vibrio cholerae, can increase activation of CD4 cells from both old and young mice as measured by calcium signals, expression of CD25 and CD69, and secretion of IL‐2. Lectin binding assays showed alterations with age in the levels, accessibility or conformation of multiple glycoproteins on the surface of CD4 cells. While some alterations were due to the accumulation of memory cells with age, others were age sensitive and found exclusively in the naive subset or both naive and memory subsets. Furthermore, analysis of the sialic acid links α(2,3)Gal/GalNAc and α(2,6)Gal/GalNAc in immunoprecipitated CD43 and CD45 molecules confirm that age alters the glycosylation of specific proteins that regulate TCR interaction with antigen presenting cells. These data support the idea that changes in T cell surface glycosylation could play an important role in immune senescence.
Ca2+ influx‐mediated histamine synthesis and IL‐6 release in mast cells activated by monomeric IgE
Authors: Tanaka Satoshi , Mikura Sonoko , Hashimoto Eri , Sugimoto Yukihiko , Ichikawa Atsushi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that histamine synthesis is drastically induced upon sensitization with an anti‐DNP IgE clone, SPE‐7, in IL‐3‐dependent mouse bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMC). We found that Ca2+ mobilization induced by SPE‐7 exhibited a similar profile to the capacitative Ca2+ entry evoked by thapsigargin. Potentials for activation of mast cells were found to vary between different IgE clones, and a monovalent hapten, DNP‐lysine, suppressed the activation induced by SPE‐7. Ca2+ mobilization induced by SPE‐7 was suppressed potently by the specific store‐operated Ca2+ channel inhibitor, SK&F 96365, but not at all by Ca2+ channel inhibitors with more broad spectrum, La3+ and Gd3+, whereas the Ca2+ mobilization induced by Ag stimulation was suppressed by these inhibitors. Ca2+ mobilization was also induced by SPE‐7 in in vitro differentiated mast cells, although the increases in histamine synthesis and IL‐6 release were smaller than those in BMMC. These results suggest that Ca2+ influx operated by a distinct mechanism from that in Ag stimulation is essential for increased histamine synthesis and IL‐6 release in mast cells.
Crystallographic Proof of Double Walden Inversion in Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Macrocyclic Cyclotriphosphazene Derivatives
Authors: Beşli Serap , Coles Simon J. , Davies David B. , Eaton Robert J. , Hursthouse Michael B. , Kıhç Adem , Shaw Robert A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUsing X‐ray crystallography it is demonstrated unambiguously that a double Walden inversion reaction occurs for suc‐cessive nucleophilic substitution of the mono‐spiropropanoxy‐amino derivative of the cis‐ansa‐macrocyclic cyclophosphazene compound N3P3[O(CH2)3NH][O(CH2CH2O)4]Cl2 (3). The spiropropanoxyamino moiety enables groups above and below the plane of the N3P3 ring to be distinguished. The first nucleophilic substitution of compound 3 with X– (e.g., X = 2‐naphthoxy) gives N3P3[O(CH2)3NH][O(CH2CH2O)4]XCl (4a), which has a trans‐ansa‐macrocyclic ring as a result of the inversion reaction, and then subsequent reaction of 4a with the same nucleophile gives N3P3[O(CH2)3NH][O(CH2CH2O)4]X2 (5a), in which the macrocyclic ring is cis‐ansa again, but it is now on the opposite side of the N3P3 ring from that of the starting material 3 as a result of the second inversion reaction. Structures stereochemically analogous to compound 5a were also obtained upon reaction with other monofunctional nucleophiles, such as phenol, pyrrolidine and aniline, to give compounds 5b, 5c and 5d, respectively, and with the difunctional nucleophile 2,2,3,3‐tetrafluorobutanediol to give the di‐ansa derivative 6. Compound 3 was also sequentially treated with two different mononucleophiles — phenol and aniline — to give the unsymmetrically disubstituted compound 7, in which the macrocyclic ring is also cis‐ansa again and on the opposite side of the N3P3 ring from that of the starting material, as a result of the double Walden inversion reactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Counterfactuals and roles: mock victims' and perpetrators' accounts of judicial cases
Authors: Catellani Patrizia , Milesi Patrizia 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree studies assessed the influence of differential perspective taking on counterfactual thinking. In Study 1 male and female subjects were asked to play the role of, respectively, perpetrator and victim in a rape case, and to give their own account of the event. Analysis of spontaneous counterfactuals showed a main tendency to focus on actions more than inactions and on controllable more than uncontrollable elements. However, this tendency was moderated by the subject's role and the counterfactual target. While victims focused on perpetrators' controllable actions more than on their own, perpetrators did not focus on victims' controllable actions more than on their own; they focused on victims' controllable inactions instead. In Study 2, where males and females were asked to reverse their roles, and where prompted as well as spontaneous counterfactuals were analysed, the same results were found. Further evidence for generality of these results was found in Study 3, where an assault case instead of a rape case was taken into account. These findings support the view that counterfactual mutability may be influenced by role‐based motivations, as well as by role‐based expectations regarding how active a party is supposed to have been in an event. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of a major event on stereotyping: terrorist attacks in Israel and Israeli adolescents' perceptions of Palestinians, Jordanians and Arabs
Authors: Bar‐Tal Daniel , Labin Daniela 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study examines the effect of a major event (terrorist attacks) on the stereotypic perceptions, attitudes and affects of 119 Israeli adolescents (56 males and 63 females of 5th and 8th grades) toward three target groups: (a) Palestinians, who still have conflictive relations with the Israelis (Palestinian extremists carried out the attacks), (b) Jordanians, who have peaceful relations with the Israelis and (c) Arabs, in general, who are considered a subcategory including Arabs of all nations. The questionnaires were administered to the same adolescents three times: during a relatively peaceful spell in Israeli–Palestinian relations; one day following two terrorist attacks, and three months thereafter. In the last administration adolescents' need for closure was also measured. Adolescents' perceptions, attitudes and affect toward the three target group were differentiated—relating to Palestinians most negatively and to Jordanians most positively. Also, following the terrorist attacks, stereotypic perceptions and attitudes changed in a negative direction, in relation to all the three groups; again with expressed differentiation among the three groups. In the third measurement, some measures remained negative, but some changed to be more positive. Only few effects of age were detected and several significant correlation with need for closure were found. These results indicate that stereotypes and attitudes toward outgroups are context‐dependent, influenced by events; thus they serve as ‘a seismograph’ to the quality of intergroup relations at any given time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ups and downs of thinking about a successful other: self‐construals and the consequences of social comparisons
Authors: Kemmelmeier Markus , Oyserman Daphna 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe hypothesized that the consequences of upward social comparisons are mediated by independent versus interdependent content of self‐construals. Independent self‐construals emphasize personal uniqueness; thus comparison to an outstanding other should undermine one's sense of uniqueness and lower current self‐evaluations. Conversely, interdependent self‐construals focus on interpersonal connectedness. Hence, interdependent individuals should be able to bask in the reflected success of a personally relevant other in an upward comparison task, thus increasing self‐evaluations. In a study involving 66 US undergraduates the latter predictions were supported. The psychological dimension of interdependence predicted differential outcomes of upward social comparisons, but this was not the case for the dimension of independence. Also, differential consequences of social comparison were more pronounced for current self‐evaluations than for participants' possible selves. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid and selective micellar electrokinetic chromatography for simultaneous determination of amikacin, kanamycin A, and tobramycin with UV detection and application in drug formulations
Authors: Yeh Hsin‐Hua , Lin Shun‐Jin , Ko Ju‐Yun , Chou Chia‐An , Chen Su‐Hwei 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA simple and selective micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with UV detection is described for simultaneous determination of amikacin, tobramycin, and kanamycin A, performed in Tris buffer (180 mM; pH 9.1) with 300 mM sodium pentanesulfonate (SPS) as an anionic surfactant. Under this condition, good separation with high efficiency and the required short analysis time is achieved. The linear ranges of the method for the determination of amikacin, tobramycin, and kanamycin A were 0.1–0.5 mg / mL, 0.4–2.0 mg / mL, and 0.4–2.0 mg / mL, respectively; the detection limits (signal‐to‐noise ratio = 3; injection, 0.5 psi 5 s) were 0.08, 0.2, and 0.2 mg / mL, respectively. The small amount of sample required and the expeditiousness of the procedure allow content uniformity to be determined in individual commercial products.
Rapid assay of vitamin E in vegetable oils by reversed‐phase capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Aturki Zeineb , D'Orazio Giovanni , Fanali Salvatore 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA rapid capillary electrochromatographic (CEC) method for the analysis of vitamin E in vegetable oils is reported. Vitamin E consists of a group of eight isomers, tocopherols (TOHs) and tocotrienols. The separation of four TOHs (α‐, γ‐, δ‐TOH), α‐tocopherol acetate (α‐TOH‐Ac), and an antioxidant compound, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) used to prevent TOH autoxidation, was optimized. The CEC experiments were carried out in a 75 μm inner diameter (ID) fused‐silica capillary, partially packed with 3 μm C18 stationary phase (33 cm total length, 8.4 cm and 7 cm effective and packed lengths, respectively). The optimum mobile phase was a polar organic phase composed of a mixture of methanol‐acetonitrile in the ratio 50/50 v/v containing 0.01% ammonium acetate, applying a voltage and temperature set at −25 kV and 20°C, respectively. The tocopherols and the BHT were successfully separated within 2.5 min using the short‐end injection method. Under these experimental conditions, repeatability of retention time and peak area, analyte detection and quantitation limits, linearity, precision, and accuracy were studied. The CEC method was applied to determine the content of TOHs in different commercially available oils of virgin olive, hazelnut, sunflower, and soybean. The extraction of vitamin E isomers from oil samples was achieved using methanol and a methanol‐isopropanol mixture.
Determination of food colorants by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Huang Hsi‐Ya , Chuang Chia‐Ling , Chiu Chen‐Wen , Chung Ming‐Che 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) method was developed to analyze and detect eight food colorants (tartrazine, fast green FCF, brilliant blue FCF, allura red AC, indigo carmine, sunset yellow FCF, new coccine, and carminic acid), which are commonly used as food additives in various food products. The effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant, organic modifier, cosurfactant, and oil were examined in order to optimize the separation. The amount of organic modifier (acetonitrile) and SDS surfactant were determined as apparent influences on the separation resolution while the type of oil and cosurfactant rarely affected the separation selectivity of the eight colorants. A highly efficient MEEKC separation method, where the eight colorants were separated with baseline resolution within 14 min, was achieved by using a microemulsion solution of pH 2.0 containing 3.31% SDS, 0.81% octane, 6.61% 1‐butanol, and 10% acetonitrile. This optimal MEEKC method has a higher separation efficiency and similar detection limit when compared to conventional capillary electrophoresis (CE) method. Furthermore, a sample pretreatment is rarely needed when this MEEKC technique is used to analyze colorants in food products, whereas a suitable sample pretreatment (for example solid‐phase extraction) has to be employed prior to CE separation in order to eliminate matrix interferences resulting from the constituents of the food sample.
Toward a greater appreciation of noncovalent chemical/DNA interactions: Application of biological and computational approaches
Authors: Snyder Ronald D. , Hendry Lawrence B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNoncovalent DNA interactions, e.g., DNA intercalation and DNA groove‐binding, have not been well studied relative to covalent interactions largely due to the inability of predicting and detecting such events in intact cells. We have adapted an in vitro bleomycin amplification method for DNA intercalation for use in cultured V79 Chinese hamster cells and have validated this approach through the use of a three‐dimensional DNA computational docking model that quantifies potential strength of DNA intercalative binding based on electrostatics and hydrogen bonding. For many structural classes of molecules, DNA intercalation is necessary but not sufficient for genotoxicity. The present article reviews our progress to date in predicting and confirming noncovalent binding of drugs and other chemicals and in understanding the mechanistic relationship between intercalation and genotoxicity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.