bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo laser‐induced interstitial thermotherapy of pig liver with a temperature‐controlled diode laser and MRI correlation
Authors: Wohlgemuth Walter A. , Wamser Günther , Reiss Thomas , Wagner Theodor , Bohndorf Klaus 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of a new temperature‐controlled Diode laser to generate in vivo tissue coagulations with laser‐induced interstitial thermotherapy (LITT) in pig liver and MRI‐correlation of these necroses.Study Design/Materials and MethodsEach of four animal subjects received eight treatments at four different constant temperatures (70, 80, 90, and 100°C) and at two out of three different intervals (3, 6, 9 minutes), resulting in a total of 32 lesions. After sacrificing, the liver was examined in an open MRI (0.35T). Tissue necrosis was measured macroscopically and compared with the size measured by MRI.ResultsThe size of the necrosis was energy dependent with the largest extent at 100°C at 9 minutes (2.1 cm). The correlation between macroscopic lesion size and MRI findings was significant (P > 0.036). Histological workup excluded carbonization in every case.ConclusionsLITT carried out with the Diode laser provides reproducible necroses of pig liver in vivo. MR‐imaging results compared favorably with those obtained by pathologic specimens. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:374–378, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Children's relationships with brands: “True love” or “one‐night” stand?
Authors: Ji Mindy F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGroup and individual interviews were conducted to examine relationships developed between children and brands in the family setting. Children's stories about brands suggest that they develop relationships with a wide range of brands and these relationships are imbedded in the social environment where children live and grow. Interpersonal relationship metaphors were utilized to describe different forms of child–brand relationships. The article concludes that children's relationships with brands serve important functions in their lives and have significant implications for marketers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gene expression analysis of prostate cancers
Authors: Luo Jian‐Hua , Yu Yan Ping , Cieply Kathleen , Lin Fan , Deflavia Petrina , Dhir Rajiv , Finkelstein Sydney , Michalopoulos George , Becich Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProstate cancer is a biologically heterogeneous disease with considerable variation in clinical aggressiveness. The behavior of prostate cancer can be considered a direct or indirect result of aberrant alterations of gene expression in prostate epithelial cells. Identification of the patterns of gene‐expression alterations that are related to the aggressiveness of prostate cancers will greatly assist the development of tools for early detection of prostate cancers with poor clinical outcome and identification of targets for future therapeutic intervention. To detect the patterns of gene‐expression alterations of prostate cancers, we performed a comprehensive gene‐expression analysis on 30 prostate tissues of various levels of invasiveness (ranging from those confined to the organ to distant metastases) and Gleason grades (combined scores 4–9), using the Affymetrix chip set Hu35k (A–D) and U95a. Following three sequential selection screens, we identified 84 largely novel genes and expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences whose expression levels were altered significantly in prostate cancer samples compared with control normal tissues. In addition, the expression levels of a group of 12 genes and EST sequences was found to be altered significantly in aggressive type of prostate cancers but not in organ‐confined prostate cancers. Cluster analysis using the 84‐gene list showed that the highly aggressive prostate cancers contained gene‐expression patterns that were distinct from organ‐confined prostate cancers. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suppression of cell transformation and induction of apoptosis by caffeic acid phenethyl ester
Authors: Nomura Masaaki , Kaji Akira , Ma Wei‐ya , Miyamoto Ken‐ichi , Dong Zigang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCaffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), which is derived from the propolis of honeybee hives, has been shown to block tumor promotion and to have toxic effects on several cancer cells. The mechanism of the anti–tumor promotion activity of CAPE is unclear, however. In this study, we found that CAPE suppressed 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate–induced cell transformation and induced apoptosis in mouse epidermal JB6 Cl 41 cells. No difference in induction of apoptosis was observed between normal lymphoblasts and sphingomyelinase‐deficient cell lines. Although CAPE treatment of two p53 mutant tumor cell lines, NCI‐H358 and SK‐OV‐3, and p53‐deficient (p53−/−) cells caused the cleavage of caspase‐3 as well as DNA fragmentation, caspase‐3 cleavage was seen early (at 6 h) only in cells expressing wild‐type p53 (p53+/+) and Cl 41 cells. These results suggested that p53 may be involved in the early stage of CAPE‐induced apoptosis. The p53‐dependent transcription activation occurred 2 h after treatment with CAPE and reached a maximum at 6 h in Cl 41 p53 DNA‐binding sequence stable transfectant cells. In addition, phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 and serine 392 was induced in Cl 41 cells within 6 h after treatment with CAPE. Therefore, CAPE may induce apoptosis through p53‐dependent and p53‐independent pathways and its anti–tumor promotion activity may have occurred through the induction of apoptosis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of ESOP adoptions on corporate performance: are there really performance changes?
Authors: Pugh William N. , Oswald Sharon L. , Jahera Jr. John S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEmployee Stock Ownership Programs (ESOPs) have long been promoted as a motivational tool: employees become profit‐minded owners. Latterly, however, more ESOPs are being used as part of a takeover defense: here the ESOPs main purpose is to put more company stock in friendly hands—the employees—who, like existing management, could suffer layoffs, etc. in a hostile takeover. We find that, as a group, only the takeover‐related ESOPs are associated with increased leverage (itself a takeover defense). Non‐target firms show no long‐term increase in debt‐to‐assets. We find little evidence to support the motivation hypothesis: while actual labor costs are lower for ESOP firms, after industry‐adjusting they tend to be unaffected or higher. We find that a few measures of firm financial performance [return‐on‐equity (ROE), return‐on‐assets (ROA), net profit margin (NPM)] do improve significantly, but this appears to be largely a short‐term effect. Industry‐adjusted holding period returns appear to be unaffected by the ESOP; however, ESOP firms that leverage show evidence of long‐term market underperformance. We conclude that ESOPs provide, at best, only a short‐term boost to corporate performance. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exacerbated physical fatigue and mental fatigue in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lou Jau‐Shin , Kearns Greg , Oken Barry , Sexton Gary , Nutt John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOBJECTIVE:To characterize fatigue in Parkinson's disease (PD).BACKGROUND:Fatigue is a recognized problem in PD. Fatigue can be in the physical realm or in the mental realm. Fatigue has not been characterized in PD.METHODS:We characterized fatigue in 39 PD patients and 32 age‐matched normal controls using five questionnaires: A. The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI), which measures five dimensions of fatigue independently including general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduced motivation, reduced activity, and mental fatigue. B. The Fatigue Severity Inventory (FSI), which quantifies fatigue in general. C. The Profile of Mood States (POMS), which assesses six subjective subscales: tension‐anxiety, depression‐dejection, anger‐hostility, fatigue‐inertia, vigor‐activity, and confusion‐bewilderment. D. Center for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression Scale (CES‐D). E. Visual Analog linear scale of energy (VA‐E).RESULTS:PD patients scored higher in all of the five dimensions of fatigue in the MFI including general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduced motivation, reduced activity, and mental fatigue (P < 0.001 except for mental fatigue P = 0.005). The severity of physical fatigue did not correlate with that of mental fatigue. PD patients scored higher on the FSI, POMS, CES‐D, and scored lower on the VA‐E. The scores in the FSI correlated with general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduced activity, and reduced motivation but not with mental fatigue in the MFI. Depression correlated with all dimensions of fatigue except physical fatigue in the MFI. Disease severity, as measured by Modified Hoehn and Yahr staging, did not correlate with any of the measures.CONCLUSIONS:PD patients have increased physical fatigue and mental fatigue compared to normals. Physical fatigue and mental fatigue are independent symptoms in PD that need to be assessed and treated separately. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Open interconnected model of basal ganglia‐thalamocortical circuitry and its relevance to the clinical syndrome of Huntington's disease
Authors: Joel D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe early stages of Huntington's disease (HD) present with motor, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. Correspondingly, current models implicate dysfunction of the motor, associative, and limbic basal ganglia‐thalamocortical circuits. Available data, however, indicate that in the early stages of the disease, striatal damage is mainly restricted to the associative striatum. Based on an open interconnected model of basal ganglia‐thalamocortical organization, we provide a detailed account of the mechanisms by which associative striatal pathology may lead to the complex pattern of motor, cognitive, and emotional symptoms of early HD. According to this account, the degeneration of a direct and several indirect pathways arising from the associative striatum leads to impaired functioning of: (1) the motor circuit, resulting in chorea and bradykinesia, (2) the associative circuit, resulting in abnormal eye movements, “frontal‐like” cognitive deficits and “cognitive disinhibition,” and (3) the limbic circuit, resulting in affective and psychiatric symptoms. When relevant, this analysis is aided by comparing the symptomatology of HD patients to that of patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease, since in the latter there is similar dysfunction of direct pathways but opposite dysfunction of indirect pathways. Finally, we suggest a potential novel treatment of HD and provide supportive evidence from a rat model of the disease. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Effects of follicular size of cytoplast donor on the efficiency of cloning in cattle
Authors: Piedrahita Jorge A. , Wells D.N. , Miller A.L. , Oliver J.E. , Berg M.C. , Peterson A.J. , Tervit H.R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn cattle, oocytes obtained from follicles smaller than 3 mm in diameter can undergo maturation in vitro, progressing to MII and undergoing fertilization, but are developmentally incompetent. Cytoplasts were prepared from in vitro matured oocytes aspirated from small (1–3 mm) or large (6–12 mm) follicles and fused to serum starved mural granulosa cells. Following activation, reconstructed embryos were cultured for 7 days and classified G1 to G4, before being processed for nuclei counting or transferred to synchronized recipients. Oocytes from small follicles had lower rates of polar body extrusion (59.6 vs. 69%; 731/1230 vs. 608/857) and fusion (71.4 vs. 78.8%; 360/497 vs. 364/465; P < 0.06). There were no differences in total rate of blastocysts development (60 vs. 59.8%; small vs. large), or any grade classification. A significant interaction was detected between follicle size and embryo grade with G3 embryos from small follicles having a greater cell number. Developmental competence of G1 and G2 embryos did not differ at day 27 (48 vs. 46%; 16/33 vs. 17/37; small vs. large). Although there were no differences in fetal size between the two groups, differences in allantois length (53 vs. 86 mm; small vs. large; P < 0.002) and allantois width (9.5 vs. 13 mm; small vs. large; P < 0.06) were seen. No differences in survival to term (2/13 in each group) were observed. These results indicate that cytoplasts from follicles of 1–3 and 6–12 mm in diameter are equally developmentally competent when used in a nuclear transfer procedure. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 61: 317–326, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Germ cell specific promoter drives ectopic transgene expression during embryogenesis
Authors: Bhullar Bhupinder , Schmidt Jennifer V. , Truong Tony , Rancourt Derrick , van der Hoorn Frans A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, we used the male germ cell&hyphen;specific phosphoglycerate kinase 2 &lpar;Pgk2&rpar; promoter to generate Pgk2Cre transgenic mice to allow investigation of genes critically involved in meiosis. The Pgk2 promoter had been used previously to target transgene expression to spermatocytes and spermatids in several laboratories including ours. In several Cre targeting experiments using other promoters, ectopic Cre expression had been observed, but the timing and extent of this expression was not analyzed. We demonstrate that in adult mice the Pgk2Cre transgene is expressed specifically in spermatocytes and spermatids, as expected. However, in offspring from matings of Pgk2Cre mice and an H19loxP indicator strain, we discovered that recombination events had occurred in several, but not all, tissues to varying extents. The lacZ&hyphen;loxP transgenic indicator strain was next used to uncover ectopic Cre expression even in single cells, which indicated that the Pgk2Cre transgene is expressed between days 11 and 15 during embryogenesis in several tissues and organs. Using an RT PCR assay we were unable to detect endogenous Pgk2 mRNA during embryogenesis or in adult tissues other than testis. In conclusion, the Pgk2 promoter is a valid choice for targeting gene expression to meiotic male germ cells, since transient ectopic expression is unlikely to have a discernable effect in most studies, but it may be inappropriate for utilization with Cre recombinase. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:25&ndash;32, 2001. &copy; 2001 Wiley&hyphen;Liss, Inc.
Exzzpression and localization of angiogenin in placenta: Enhanced levels at term over first trimester villi
Authors: Rajashekhar G. , Loganath A. , Roy A.C. , Wong Y.C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHuman angiogenin, a 14‐kDa non‐glycosylated polypeptide with both angiogenic and ribonucleolytic activities, is implicated in angiogenesis, a complex process of proliferation and formation of new capillary blood vessels from existing blood vessels. Placental growth requires extensive angiogenesis, which develops its vascular structure in both fetal chorionic villi and maternal deciduas. In this study, we investigated the expression profiles of angiogenin in placental villi from early and late gestation at both mRNA and protein levels using explant cultures in vitro followed by RT‐PCR, immunoblot, and immunohistochemical analyses. From functionally active placental explants, angiogenin was detected in conditioned media of all the samples from first trimester and term group. The mean levels of angiogenin produced by term villi were found to be 2.6‐, 2.1‐, and 2.2‐fold higher (P < 0.01) than first trimester villi at 24, 48, and 72 hr of culture, respectively. Expression profiles of angiogenin from term and first trimester villi seem to agree with its mRNA levels and immunoblot analysis; the expression in term villi was twice that in first trimester villi. The presence of angiogenin in placental villi and upregulation of its production towards term indicate that angiogenin production by the placenta is specific to the developmental stage. In conclusion, the observed changes in the localization and mRNA expression of angiogenin during placental development raise the possibility that it is involved in morphological and angiogenic changes in this endocrine organ vital to the successful fetal outcome during pregnancy. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62: 159–166, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induced thermotolerance in bovine two‐cell embryos and the role of heat shock protein 70 in embryonic development
Authors: Al‐Katanani Y.M. , Hansen P.J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInduced thermotolerance is a phenomenon whereby exposure to a mild heat shock can induce heat shock proteins (HSP) and other cellular changes to make cells more resistant to a subsequent, more severe heat shock. Given that the 2‐cell bovine embryo is very sensitive to heat shock, but can also produce HSP70 in response to elevated temperature, experiments were conducted to test whether 2‐cell embryos could be made to undergo induced thermotolerance. Another objective was to test the role of the heat‐inducible form of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70i) in development and sensitivity of bovine embryos to heat shock. To test for induced thermotolerance, 2‐cell bovine embryos were first exposed to a mild heat shock (40°C for 1 hr, or 41°C or 42°C for 80 min), allowed to recover at 38.5°C and 5% (v/v) CO2 for 2 hr, and then exposed to a severe heat shock (41°C for 4.5, 6, or 12 hr). Regardless of the conditions, previous exposure to mild heat shock did not reduce the deleterious effect of heat shock on development of embryos to the blastocyst stage. The role of HSP70i in embryonic development was tested in two experiments by culturing embryos with a monoclonal antibody to the inducible form of HSP70. At both 38.5°C and 41°C, the proportion of 2‐cell embryos that developed to blastocyst was reduced (P < 0.05) by addition of anti‐HSP70i to the culture medium. In contrast, sensitivity to heat shock was not generally increased by addition of antibody. In conclusion, bovine 2‐cell embryos appear incapable of induced thermotolerance. Lack of capacity for induced thermotolerance could explain in part the increased sensitivity of 2‐cell embryos to heat shock as compared to embryos at later stages of development. Results also implicate a role for HSP70i in normal development of bovine embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62: 174–180, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear maturation of canine oocytes cultured in protein‐free media
Authors: Songsasen N. , Yu I. , Leibo S.P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the ability of canine oocytes to complete nuclear maturation in a protein‐free medium. Oocytes obtained from ovaries of bitches aged 6 months to 2 years were cultured either in TCM199 or CMRL1066 medium without protein supplementation in 5% or 20% O2. Sixteen of 121 (13%) oocytes cultured in TCM199 reached metaphase II, but only 1 of 135 oocytes cultured in CMRL1066 did so (P < 0.05). Oxygen concentration did not affect nuclear maturation. An additional 103 oocytes were cultured in TCM199 for 48 hr, inseminated with chilled ejaculated spermatozoa, fixed in 1:3 acetic acid–ethanol and then stained with aceto‐orcein; 34% of these oocytes were penetrated by spermatozoa. To determine developmental competence of oocytes cultured in a protein‐free medium, 85 oocytes were cultured in TCM 199 for 48 hr, inseminated and then cultured; 7 early stage embryos were produced. The effects of growth hormone, β‐mercaptoethanol (βME), luteinizing hormone (LH) and energy substrates, alone or in combination, on nuclear maturation of oocytes cultured in a protein‐free medium were also determined. Growth hormone enhanced cumulus expansion, but did not improve nuclear maturation. β‐mercaptoethanol had no effect on nuclear maturation. However, percentages of MII oocytes significantly decreased when the oocytes were cultured for 48 hr in the medium containing LH or a high concentration of glucose (P < 0.05). In conclusion, canine oocytes are able to complete nuclear maturation in a protein‐free medium. The specific type of medium and other supplements significantly influence the meiotic maturation of canine oocytes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62: 407–415, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental, qualitative, and ultrastructural differences between ovine and bovine embryos produced in vivo or in vitro
Authors: Rizos Dimitrios , Fair Trudee , Papadopoulos Serafeim , Boland Maurice P. , Lonergan Patrick 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe objective of this study was to compare bovine and ovine oocytes in terms of (1) developmental rates following maturation, fertilization, and culture in vitro, (2) the quality of blastocysts produced in vitro, assessed in terms of their ability to undergo cryopreservation, and (3) the ultrastructural morphology of these blastocysts. In vitro blastocysts were produced following oocyte maturation/fertilization and culture of presumptive zygotes in synthetic oviduct fluid. In vivo blastocysts were used as a control from both species. In Experiment 1, the cleavage rate of bovine oocytes was significantly higher than that of ovine oocytes (78.3% vs. 58.0%, respectively, P < 0.001). The overall blastocyst yield was similar for both species (28.7% vs. 29.0%). However, when corrected for cleavage rate, significantly more ovine oocytes reached the blastocyst stage at all time‐points (36.6% vs. 50.0% on day 8, for bovine and ovine, respectively, P < 0.001). Following vitrification, there was no difference in survival between in vivo produced bovine and ovine blastocysts (72 hr: 85.7% vs. 75.0%). However, IVP ovine blastocysts survived at significantly higher rates than IVP bovine blastocysts at all time points (72 hr: 47.4% vs. 18.1%, P < 0.001). At the ultrastructural level, compared with their in vivo counterparts, IVP blastocysts were characterized by a lack of desmosomal junctions, a reduction in the microvilli population, an increase in the average number of lipid droplets and increased debris in the perivitelline space and intercellular cavities. These differences were more marked in bovine IVP blastocysts, which also displayed electron‐lucent mitochondria and large intercellular cavities. These observations may in part explain the species differences observed in terms of cryotolerance. In conclusion, the quality of ovine blastocysts was significantly higher than their bovine counterparts produced under identical in vitro conditions suggesting inherent species differences between these two groups affecting embryo quality. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62: 320–327, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.