bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
All models are wrong, but which are useful? Comparing parametric and nonparametric estimation of causal effects in finite samples
Authors: Rudolph Kara E. , Williams Nicholas T. , Miles Caleb H. , Antonelli Joseph , Diaz Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a long-standing debate in the statistical, epidemiological, and econometric fields as to whether nonparametric estimation that uses machine learning in model fitting confers any meaningful advantage over simpler, parametric approaches in finite sample estimation of causal effects. We address the question: when estimating the effect of a treatment on an outcome, how much does the choice of nonparametric vs parametric estimation matter? Instead of answering this question with simulations that reflect a few chosen data scenarios, we propose a novel approach to compare estimators across a large number of data-generating mechanisms drawn from nonparametric models with semi-informative priors. We apply this proposed approach and compare the performance of two nonparametric estimators (Bayesian adaptive regression tree and a targeted minimum loss-based estimator) to two parametric estimators (a logistic regression-based plug-in estimator and a propensity score estimator) in terms of estimating the average treatment effect across thousands of data-generating mechanisms. We summarize performance in terms of bias, confidence interval coverage, and mean squared error. We find that the two nonparametric estimators can substantially reduce bias as compared to the two parametric estimators in large-sample settings characterized by interactions and nonlinearities while compromising very little in terms of performance even in simple, small-sample settings.
Readability and adaptation of children’s literature: an interpersonal metaphor perspective
Authors: Liu Yan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readability receives attention from people with different theoretical bases. Starting from a new perspective of interpersonal metaphor, this paper aims to deal with the readability and adaptation of children’s literary work. Adopting a qualitative method, this paper selects a small portion of the data from a larger data set for illustration, in the hope of approaching the two aspects: (1) the manners of realization in the adaptation of the parts concerning mood and modality metaphor in the data; (2) the strategies of the adjustment of interpersonal metaphor-related parts in the data, and the effect of these strategies on readability. The research findings are: (1) two manners of realizations have been found regarding adjustment and readability involving either mood or modality metaphor; (2) three strategies are evidenced to be entailed: unpacking, demetaphorization, and maintenance, where the first two reduce readability, and the last one contributes to the same readability. Thanks to the consistency in the exploitation of the theoretical basis, the study offers fresh insights into readability studies.
The application of artificial intelligence in the management of sepsis
Authors: Yang Jie , Hao Sicheng , Huang Jiajie , Chen Tianqi , Liu Ruoqi , Zhang Ping , Feng Mengling , He Yang , Xiao Wei , Hong Yucai , Zhang Zhongheng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sepsis is a complex and heterogeneous syndrome that remains a serious challenge to healthcare worldwide. Patients afflicted by severe sepsis or septic shock are customarily placed under intensive care unit (ICU) supervision, where a multitude of apparatus is poised to produce high-granularity data. This reservoir of high-quality data forms the cornerstone for the integration of AI into clinical practice. However, existing reviews currently lack the inclusion of the latest advancements. This review examines the evolving integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in sepsis management. Applications of artificial intelligence include early detection, subtyping analysis, precise treatment and prognosis assessment. AI-driven early warning systems provide enhanced recognition and intervention capabilities, while profiling analyzes elucidate distinct sepsis manifestations for targeted therapy. Precision medicine harnesses the potential of artificial intelligence for pathogen identification, antibiotic selection, and fluid optimization. In conclusion, the seamless amalgamation of artificial intelligence into the domain of sepsis management heralds a transformative shift, ushering in novel prospects to elevate diagnostic precision, therapeutic efficacy, and prognostic acumen. As AI technologies develop, their impact on shaping the future of sepsis care warrants ongoing research and thoughtful implementation.
The Building Blocks of Circular Economies: Rethinking Prehistoric Turf Architecture Through Archaeological and Architectural Analysis
Authors: Romankiewicz Tanja 
Published: November 2023

AbstractResearch into prehistoric buildings in northwest Europe has identified the ubiquitous use of turf. The study first introduces direct and proxy evidence for the material’s detection in the field, then analyses individual case studies to demonstrate how this locally available and renewable material shaped buildings and building practices. Turf, grown and sourced on or near a site, ties buildings to their landscape, while creating flexible shells that can shift as needed, metamorphosing built space and volume accordingly. Turf’s capacity to then compost and regrow embeds its buildings into a prehistoric circular economy that interweaves dwellings, people, animals, plants, soils, and nutrients into a holistic understanding of a “curated” rather than a “built” environment – an architecture borrowed from the soil to which it can return. The characteristics of turf blocks as a malleable and arguably metamorphosing building material call for a rethink of turf architecture, not resulting in static products but in ongoing circular processes. This new concept operates within an extended lifecycle of houses, not as in traditional approaches from birth (built) to death (abandoned), but within a cyclical, cradle-to-cradle approach. An experimental training project now translates this prehistoric cyclical model into modern sustainable turf building practice to demonstrate its potential for positive climate action today.
Ethik im ÖGD: (Schutz-)Interessen auf Bevölkerungsebene vs. Einzelinteressen
Authors: Schröder-Bäck Peter 
Published: November 2023

Zusammenfassung
Der ÖGD als Institution der öffentlichen Verwaltung kann, wie andere Bereiche der Exekutive, zum Schutz und Interesse der Öffentlichkeit individuelle Rechte entgegen individueller Interessen tangieren. Solche normativen Spannungsfelder auszuloten stellt Herausforderungen dar, die ethisch reflektiert werden können, um überzeugende Entscheidungen zu treffen. Der vorliegende Beitrag spricht konzise ausgewählte Chancen und Herausforderungen der Ethik im ÖGD an.
Die Rolle des Hafens als Gefährdungsort für Infektionen
Authors: Dirksen-Fischer Martin , Bühler Silja 
Published: November 2023

Zusammenfassung
Die Schifffahrt unterliegt einem ständigen Wandel. Kreuzfahrten mit tausenden von Menschen sind die Regel. Der Klimawandel betrifft die Schifffahrt, ebenso wie der Transport krankheitsfördernder Vektoren.
Pandemic Preparedness im Rahmen der Internationalen Gesundheitsvorschriften (IGV): Die Rolle des ÖGD
Authors: an der Heiden Maria , Schilling Julia , Rexroth Ute 
Published: November 2023

Zusammenfassung
Die Erfahrungen aus der COVID-19-Pandemie können (und müssen) langfristig zu einer höheren Resilienz des Gesundheitswesens in Gesundheitskrisen beitragen. Erste Auswertungen und Empfehlungen liegen auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene vor, müssen aber durch weitere Prozesse auf allen Ebenen ergänzt werden, bevor die nationale Krisenplanung überarbeitet werden kann. Materialien von WHO, ECDC und RKI können genutzt werden, um Lessons-Learned-Prozesse strukturiert durchzuführen und Krisenpläne zu überarbeiten.
Gesundheitskonferenzen als Instrument des ÖGD für Vernetzung, Kooperation, Koordination und Steuerung im Gesundheitswesen
Authors: Geuter Gunnar , Reyer Maren , Altgeld Thomas , Beiwinkel Till , Oesterle Lea , Roller Gottfried 
Published: November 2023

Zusammenfassung
Die Herausforderungen im Gesundheitswesen sind zu groß, als dass sie ein einzelner Akteur bewältigen könnte. Es bedarf daher einer sektoren- und disziplinübergreifenden Perspektive. Der (kommunale) ÖGD eignet sich aufgrund seiner Drehscheibenfunktion, um solche Prozesse zu initiieren und zu gestalten. Mit Gesundheitskonferenzen kann er vernetzende, koordinierende und teils auch steuernde Aufgaben übernehmen. So tragen Gesundheitskonferenzen dazu bei, Health in All Policies zu realisieren.
Schuleingangsuntersuchungen des ÖGD: Datenquelle für ein Adipositasmonitoring bei Kindern
Authors: Kühnelt Charlotte , Starker Anne , Schienkiewitz Anja 
Published: November 2023

Zusammenfassung
Für die Analyse regionaler Unterschiede in der Gesundheit sind kleinräumig differenzierbare Daten wie die der Schuleingangsuntersuchungen (SEU) des Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes bedeutsam. Im Pilotprojekt AdiRaum wurden die Adipositasprävalenzen aus den SEU von sechs Ländern zusammengeführt, mit räumlichen Informationen verknüpft und in einem Dashboard visualisiert. Damit können Unterschiede in der Adipositasverbreitung auf Kreisebene identifiziert und Zusammenhänge mit regionalen Einflussfaktoren untersucht werden.
Psychosoziale Tumorberatung – eine Aufgabe der Prävention im ÖGD
Authors: Marx Astrid , Seifert Bettina , Augst Tina , Bauer Frank , Weidemann Robin , Looks Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Zusammenfassung
Neben gesundheitlichen Beeinträchtigungen, die infolge einer Krebserkrankung auftreten, hat die Diagnose auch Auswirkungen auf Partnerschaft, Familie, Beruf und Finanzen. Um Betroffene und Angehörige in dieser Situation zu unterstützen, existiert in Dresden die kommunale Tumorberatungsstelle, die psychosoziale Beratungen in allen Erkrankungsphasen anbietet. Mit der Verankerung in den ÖGD können individuelle Anliegen schnell an andere Hilfestrukturen weitergeleitet werden können.
Dyes Used for Colouring Manuscripts and Their Effect on Cellulose Degradation
Authors: Akyol Emel , Çakar Sevim Pınar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manuscripts are one of the most important cultural heritage objects that not only contain essential information, but also provide valuable insights into the social, cultural, and economic conditions of the era in which they were written. These materials are subject to degradation over time due to both internal and external factors. While ageing processes of pure cellulose or the effect of iron gall ink on cellulose have been studied extensively, there is little known about deterioration mechanisms in dyed paper. In this study, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), buckthorn (Rhamnus petiolaris Boiss), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), and onion peel (Allium cepa L.) plants as well as cochineal insect (Dactylopius coccus Costa) extracts were used to dye Whatman filter papers. Samples were then subjected to accelerated ageing to determine the long-term effects of the dyes. Colour, pH, viscosity, and glycosidic bond breakage rates were measured before and after ageing. Onion peel dyed paper exhibited the highest rates of degradation, followed by buckthorn, cochineal, safflower, and turmeric-dyed paper. The alum and tannin content may have caused the degradation. The findings of this work may provide conservators with valuable scientific data on the effect of dyes on the degradation kinetics of cellulose.
Comparative study of numerical approaches to adaptive gas turbine cycle analysis
Authors: Palman Michael , Leizeronok Boris , Cukurel Beni 
Published: November 2023

AbstractSignificant increase in task complexity for modern gas-turbine propulsion systems drives the need for future advanced cycles’ development. Further performance improvement can be achieved by increasing the number of engine controls. However, there is a lack of cycle analysis tools, suitable for the increased complexity of such engines. Towards bridging this gap, this work focuses on the computation time optimization of various mathematical approaches that could be implemented in future cycle-solving algorithms. At first, engine model is described as a set of engine variables and error functions, and is solved as an optimization problem. Then, the framework is updated to use advanced root-finding paradigms. Starting with Newton-Raphson, the model is improved by applying Broyden’s and Miller’s schemes and implementing solution existence validation. Finally, algorithms are compared in representative condition using increasingly complex turbojet and adaptive cycle turbofan configurations. As evaluation cases become more time consuming, associated time benefits also improve.
Excitation of proton firehose instability in magnetospheric cold and hot proton plasma: a quasilinear approach
Authors: Rashid Muhammad , Sarfraz Muhammad , Shahzad Muhammad Ahsan , Bilal Muhammad , ur-Rehman Aman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unstable states of different charged species in the solar wind and Earth’s magnetosphere are governed with the collective and collisional processes. For these dilute plasmas, the contribution of microinstabilities driven by the anisotropic particle distribution and heat flux becomes important in defining the stable/equilibrium states of electrons and ions/protons. The present paper highlights the key role of proton firehose instability to regulate an unchecked rise in the temperature anisotropy in these solar wind and magnetospheric environments. Right-handed circularly polarized proton firehose mode becomes unstable when the temperature condition of T
‖p
> T
⊥p
is satisfied, where the directional subscripts denote directions with respect to the ambient magnetic field. Based on the observations of magnetospheric multi-scale (MMS) space mission, we assume the bi-Maxwellian nature of the model distribution for the multi-component proton plasma. To study the time evolution of the unstable mode, we further allow the time variation in the cold and hot proton temperatures. For the choice of the initial conditions related with observations, we unveil the wave properties (growth and unstable wave number domain) corresponding to the cold/hot proton temperature anisotropy and the plasma betas of constituents proton components. In the back action of proton firehose instability, we highlight the time-scale modifications and saturation of initial bi-Maxwellian distributions and resulting wave-energy densities for various choices of initial cold-hot temperature anisotropy and plasma betas.
Kinetics and outer sphere electron transfer of some metallosurfactants by Fe(CN)6
4− in microheterogenous medium: a detailed thermodynamic approach
Authors: Nagaraj Karuppiah , Kaliyaperumal Raja , Kamalesu Subramaniam , Govindasamy Chandramohan , Sivakumar Allur Subramaniyan , Radha Suriyan , Saritha Manda , Karuppiah Chelladurai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We report the rate of electron transfer reaction of complexes, cis-[M(ED)2(DOD)2]3+
(1),
cis-[M(DP)2(DOD)2]3+
(2),
cis-[M(TRE)(DOD)2]3+
(3),
cis-[M(bpy)2(DOD)2]3+
(4) and cis-[M(PA)2(DOD)2]3+
(5) (M:Co, ED: ethylenediamine, TRE: triethylenetetramine, DP: diaminopropane, PA: phenanthroline, C12H25NH2: dodecylamine (DOD) and bpy: bipyridine) and hexacyanoferrate ion in surface active ionic liquids (BMIM)Br were studied at 298–323 K by electronic absorption spectroscopy. Surfactant complexes 4 and 5, which have a higher ETR than complexes 1–3 based on the results obtained, have been explained based on the states of aggregation and hydrophobic transformations between the hydrocarbon portion of the surfactant compounds and (BMIM)Br. As a result, surface-active agent micelles in (BMIM)Br and increase ETR in between the system. The investigation of kinetic statistics outcomes suggest that reduction reaction between surface-active agent Co(III) complexes and hexacyanoferrate occurs via 2nd order and the ET is proposed as outer sphere. The remarkable increase in the rate for the ETR in (BMIM)Br with increase in the concentration of Co(III) complexes from 1–5. This can be attributing due to the fact those reactants with opposite charges and the amphipilicity of the ligand. The OSET of kinetics have been confirmed by the enthalpy and entropy (ΔS
# and ΔH
#) factors, and the isokinetic plots (ΔS
# versus ΔH
#) have shown that the reaction’s mechanism does not alter during the (BMIM)Br medium.
Resultados de aprendizaje en América Latina a partir de las evaluaciones nacionales
Authors: Murillo F. Javier , Román Marcela 
Published: November 2023

El artículo analiza y compara los resultados del desempeño escolar de estudiantes de los últimos cursos de Educación Primaria y primeros grados de Educación Secundaria de 15 países América Latina. Lo hace desde la información y datos obtenidos de los reportes que han elaborado las propias unidades de evaluación de los Ministerios de Educación de los respectivos países para trabajar y difundir los resultados. El estudio analiza, en primer lugar, la situación actual del rendimiento escolar a partir de los datos más recientes disponibles, principalmente en Lengua y Matemática, para detenerse luego en la evolución del rendimiento desde el año 1999 ó 2000 hasta la actualidad. Entre sus principales hallazgos se señala el bajo rendimiento y estancamiento de los resultados que alcanzan los estudiantes latinoamericanos. Logros que son menores en Secundaria Inferior que al concluir Primaria y, en la mayoría de los casos, peores en Matemática que en Lenguaje. La inequidad educativa es también una realidad compartida por la casi totalidad de los países siendo, igualmente preocupante, la constatación del estancamiento del desempeño educativo en la región, que muestra mínimas variaciones en el tiempo y sin una clara tendencia. El artículo finaliza con un apartado que avanza en la explicación de esos resultados encontrados.Palabras clave: Rendimiento escolar, evolución aprendizajes, factores asociados, América Latina. This article compares and analyses student performance during the last years of their elementary education and their early years in middle school in 15 Latin-American countries. This study is based in data obtained from reports created by the evaluating units and Boards of Education from said countries, as a mean of divulging results. First we take a look at the current school performance, based on the most recent data, mainly in Language and Mathematics, so that we can later review the evolution of said performance starting in 1999 or 2000. Main findings include low performance and a standstill in the results achieved by Latin-American students. Smaller achievements were made in middle school than after finishing elementary school, and in most cases students do better in language skills than in mathematics. Educational inequity is shared by most countries, as is the standstill in educational performance in the region, showing minimum variation in time and without a clear trend. This article ends by explaining its findings.Keywords: School performance, learning evolution, associated factors, Latin America.
Evaluación de la Práctica Docente. Una Revisión desde España
Authors: Bolívar Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Se analizan los modos y condiciones para que la evaluación de la práctica docente pueda promover la mejora y, sobre todo, su papel para asegurar la equidad de todos los alumnos en su derecho a la educación. La evaluación del desempeño docente debe dirigirse a capacitar a escuelas y profesores para conseguir los estándares deseados e incrementar dicha calidad. La evaluación docente ha de posibilitar la construcción de la capacidad de cambio de los centros y contar con un contexto de apoyo externo, al tiempo que presión para cambiar. El artículo revisa la situación de la evaluación del profesorado en España, así como las nuevas vías que abre la nueva Ley de Educación. Si la política educativa quiere incrementar la cualidad y los resultados, tiene que invertir en el conocimiento y competencias necesarias para conseguirlos. Esto requiere un nuevo modelo de responsabilización por los resultados, como señala Elmore. Al respecto, la autoevaluación institutucional precede a la responsabilidad externa de los resultados y debe combinarse actualmente con una responsabilidad por los resultados inteligente, que contribuya a presionar e incentivar la mejora.Palabras clave: Evaluación del profesorado, responsabilidad por los resultados, capacidad de mejora, España. The ways and conditions are analyzed so that the evaluation of the educational practice can promote the improvement and, above all, its role to assure the equity of all the students in its right to the education. The teacher evaluation and performance they should be directed to qualify to schools and professors to obtain the standards desired and to increase quality. Teacher evaluation should make possible change capacity building of the schools and count on an external supporting context, and also the pressure to change. The paper review the situation of the teacher evaluation in Spain, as well as the new routes that the new Education Act opens. If the policymakers want to increase quality and performance, they have to invest in the knowledge and skill necessary to produce it. This requires a new model of accountability, as says Elmore. As regards this, internal accountability precedes external accountability and should be presently combined with an authentic and intelligent accountability, contributing to push (top-up strategy) and stimulate improvement.Keywords: Teacher evaluation, accountability, improvement capacity, Spain.
Clinician Management Practices for Infants With Hypothermia in the Emergency Department
Authors: Ramgopal Sriram , Graves Christopher , Aronson Paul L. , Cruz Andrea T. , Rogers Alexander ,   for the RIsk Stratification for Hypothermic Infants (RISHI) study group
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND
Young infants with serious bacterial infections (SBI) or herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections may present to the emergency department (ED) with hypothermia. We sought to evaluate clinician testing and treatment preferences for infants with hypothermia.

METHODS
We developed, piloted, and distributed a survey of ED clinicians from 32 US pediatric hospitals between December 2022 to March 2023. Survey questions were related to the management of infants (≤60 days of age) with hypothermia in the ED. Questions pertaining to testing and treatment preferences were stratified by age. We characterized clinician comfort with the management of infants with hypothermia.

RESULTS
Of 1935 surveys distributed, 1231 (63.6%) were completed. The most common definition of hypothermia was a temperature of ≤36.0°C. Most respondents (67.7%) could recall caring for at least 1 infant with hypothermia in the previous 6 months. Clinicians had lower confidence in caring for infants with hypothermia compared with infants with fever (P &lt; .01). The proportion of clinicians who would obtain testing was high in infants 0 to 7 days of age (97.3% blood testing for SBI, 79.7% for any HSV testing), but declined for older infants (79.3% for blood testing for SBI and 9.5% for any HSV testing for infants 22–60 days old). A similar pattern was noted for respiratory viral testing, hospitalization, and antimicrobial administration.

CONCLUSIONS
Testing and treatment preferences for infants with hypothermia varied by age and frequently reflected observed practices for febrile infants. We identified patterns in management that may benefit from greater research and implementation efforts.