bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From laboratory to information explosions... the evolution of chemical information services at ISI
Authors: Garfield Eugene 
Published: December 2004

This paper presents an autobiographical account of Eugene Garfield’s involvement in chemical information systems. It traces his personal evolution from laboratory chemist transformed into an information scientist who combined his knowledge of structural linguistics and information technology into an algorithmic system for identifying molecular formulas in the literature.Recognizing the shortcomings of traditional abstracting and indexing systems like Index Medicus and Chemical Abstracts, he launched Current Contents, Index Chemicus and Science Citation Index, which were designed to provide timely, weekly and highly specific retrieval of chemical information.The experience in locating and coding the steroid literature for the US Patent Office led to a variety of chemically-basedservices dealing with new compounds and intermediates, as well as graphical presentation of chemical formulas and reactionsThe Index Chemicus Registry System was the first to use the Wiswesser line notation, which became a standard in the pharmaceutical field. This eventually led to Current Chemical Reactions Database and Reaction Citation Index.
Transparency and teledemocracy: issues from an ‘e-consultation’
Authors: Whyte Angus , Macintosh Ann 
Published: December 2004

Transparency is a term common to distributed computing, communications studies and other fields that information science draws upon. Its everyday uses and connotations are carried over into these domains, coalescing around some common issues relevant to knowledge management. Transparency is also a common term in political theory and practice and one that has been associated with teledemocracy: the application of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to support democratic processes. For example, ‘greater transparency’ is commonly used to justify the use of ICT by governments to consult with the governed; the topic of the work in progress reported here. Transparency is an abstract benefit, perhaps more so than ‘knowledge management’ itself. It promises gain for all, but risks being lost between expectations first raised by political and managerial ‘spin’ and then deflated by the same corporate forgetting what it is meant to address. The paper explores some of this dangerous territory, reflecting on how everyday notions of ‘transparency’ relate to two current issues in knowledge management and social informatics: firstly, the design of systems to promote shared awareness of activity and identity; secondly, the study of ICTs to illuminate the invisibility of the ‘social infrastructure’ that they depend upon. The paper briefly reviews uses of the term ‘transparency’, drawing on literature from the fields mentioned above. The aim is to delineate dimensions of transparency that may help designers, policy makers or citizens to evaluate what can or should be made transparent in the interplay between technology and due political process. Ethnographic methods were used to document outcomes of an ‘electronic consultation’ project that contributed to a Government consultation of eleven to eighteen year olds in Scotland. A website ‘ econsultant’ was developed and its usage monitored online and offline, including in events leading up to a ‘Scottish Youth Summit’. Using brief extracts from field notes, the website itself and audio and video transcripts of the site in use, the paper will show how those participating in the consultation collaboratively shared and managed awareness of their activities and identities. Reflecting on what was made visible through the e-consultant site, and wha was hidden by it, the realised and potential ‘transparencyenhancing’ effects of this and similar prototypes will be discussed. The discussion focuses on the roles of intermediaries and social infrastructure in the project, illustrating the trade-offs between transparently simple design and transparency of information in the collaboration between consultants(those doing the consulting) and consultees (those consulted). Finally, indications are given of the direction the authors’ ongoing research.
Ontology research and development. Part 2 - a review of ontology mapping and evolving
Authors: Ding Ying , Foo Schubert 
Published: December 2004

This is the second of a two-part paper to review ontology research and development, in particular, ontology mapping and evolving. Ontology is defined as a formal explicit specification of a shared conceptualization. Ontology itself is not a static model so that it must have the potential to capture changes of meanings and relations. As such, mapping and evolving ontologies is part of an essential task of ontology learning and development. Ontology mapping is concerned with reusing existing ontologies, expanding and combining them by some means and enabling a larger pool of information and knowledge in different domains to be integrated to support new communication and use. Ontology evolving, likewise, is concerned with maintaining existing ontologies and extending them as appropriate when new information or knowledge is acquired. It is apparent from the reviews that current research into semi-automatic or automatic ontology research in all the three aspects of generation, mapping and evolving have so far achieved limited success. Expert human input is essential in almost all cases. Achievements have been made largely in the form of tools and aids to assist the human expert. Many research challenges remain in this field and many of such challenges need to be overcome if the next generation of the Semantic Web is to be realized.
Assessment, from an industrial user perspective, of some major competitor information files on pharmaceutical development products
Authors: Mullen A. , Blunck M. , Kalbfleisch E. , Möller E. , Rohbeck H. G. 
Published: December 2004

This paper discusses in a critical manner the spectrum of commercially available files - for in-house use - on pharmaceutical development products, which has been expanding rapidly over the past few years. Increasing degrees of sophistication in both the file contents and ways of manipulating the data are becoming more evident. A brief overview of competitor information files of this type, currently being used by PDR (Pharmaceutical Documentation Ring) member companies, is included in this appraisal. The strengths and weaknesses of some of these information resources of importance to pharmaceutical research and development, strategic planning, marketing and other functions within the industrial environment of the health care sector are outlined, using examples. A number of proposals are made for improving the coverage and content of the range of files under discussion, since optimal use of these resources can only be made if certain standards of quality control and indexing are met.
Benchmarking development needs in the LIS sector
Authors: Garrod Penny , Kinnell Margaret 
Published: December 2004

This paper is based on the findings of recent research into the application of benchmarking in the library and information sector. It examines the needs of the information professions vis-à-vis benchmarking. Until recently, benchmarking has been confined largely to international corporations, but interest is now extending to the public sector and to smaller businesses. British Library funded research found a growing interest in the use of benchmarking techniques in the library and information services (LIS) sector, but little consensus on what it involves or how best to do it. In order to further this interest in benchmarking, and put benchmarking into practice, LIS managers need guidelines on benchmarking. These might usefully include the publication of case studies, which would provide practical examples of the application of benchmarking in a variety of LIS environments. A definition of benchmarking and a model or approach which is relevant to the information sector are also needed. The important issue of training for quality-related activities (such as benchmarking) also needs to be addressed. If quality initiatives are to succeed, all LIS staff need to understand the rationale behind these activities, as well as to acquire and apply the necessary knowledge and skills. This paper explores some of the approaches to training and assesses the literature on training for quality.
The information policy agenda in East Asia
Authors: Moore Nick 
Published: December 2004

The goals of information policy are remarkably similar throughout the world. The mechanisms chosen to achieve these goals, however, differ widely. In the West, the mechanisms are determined by the prevailing free-market economic and political philosophy. They depend on the profit motive, competition and deregulation. In East Asia, a different policy agenda is emerging - the emphasis is on partnership between the State and the private sector, with the State taking the lead in the formulation of policy and in financing investment in the infrastructure. Competition is managed and regulated. These two approaches accommodate different economic, social and political conditions. The evidence seems to suggest that the policy-driven agenda of East Asia is likely to be more successful than the market-driven approach of the West.
Rights and responsibilities in the digital age: problems with stronger copyright in an information society
Authors: Eisenschitz Tamara , Turner Paul 
Published: December 2004

Developments in copyright have always been related to technological change. With each technological advance facilitating easier multiple copying, right holders have lobbied successfully for further extensions in copyright protection. As copyright has been strengthened, governments have been left to maintain the balance by providing for exceptions. The evolution of digital technologies has placed this balance under even greater stress. Digitalisation has extended the ability for easy multiple copying (without any degradation in quality) and combined it with ease of manipulability and transmittability across the globe. The European Commission’s 1995 Green Paper has made proposals for copyright in this new context. However, it has failed adequately to reflect the broader social and cultural dimensions of the problems it has identified. While addressing issues of industry and informational convergence, it has neglected the interrelationships of these changes with citizenship. A consequence of this has been proposals that, if implemented, will produce a dramatic imbalance in copyright with detrimental impacts on the whole of the information society. If information is to become as central to our economic ‘well being’, as is claimed, then there is an even greater need for vigilance in maintaining this balance. A recent example of how the Commission tends to handle such rights can be seen in the database Directive. The problems this raises for users are examined. This paper examines the basic principles underpinning copyright in the context of the European Commission proposals. An historical perspective highlights the growth of copyright and the arguments that continue to be employed by right holders to push for more protection. The paper illustrates that, to safeguard information access in the digital realm any further, extensions in copyright must be balanced with reciprocal exceptions. The paper ends with some suggestions for possible future exceptions in the digital domain. The major concern is that copying may well be forbidden in digital environments without a proper consideration of the relationship between copying, information use and knowledge generation.
A study of the European information services markets
Authors: Schwuchow W. , Graumann S. , Bredemeier W. 
Published: December 2004

Based on the methodological approach developed by a team of the DGD (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentation, Frankfurt am Main, Germany) in 1994, a study of the supply and markets of electronic information services (EISs) was conducted in 1995/96 in the seventeen countries of the European Economic Area (Member States of the European Union, plus Norway and Iceland). The surveys in the seventeen countries were conducted by national institutes, using the common ‘DGD methodology’ and coordinated by a team of the DGD and the PSI (Policy Studies Institute) in London. Two different approaches are followed in this Member States Study (MSSTUDY):(1) a ‘market approach’ (measuring the expenditures for EISs for professional purposes in the seventeen countries);(2) a ‘supplier approach’ (measuring the worldwide revenues of suppliers of EISs) for professional purposes from the seventeen countries). This paper presents some main results of the MSSTUDY, taking into consideration the methodological problems in gathering the data from the supply and demand sides of these markets and aggregating these data to a European picture.
Analysis of user need in image archives
Authors: Armitage Linda H. , Enser Peter G.B. 
Published: December 2004

This paper describes a project in which an analysis was undertaken of user queries addressed to seven libraries which manage archives of widely varying still and moving image material. The sampling procedure is described, in which queries obtained from each library were broadly categorised by image content, identification and accessibility. Attention is focused on the image content requests, for which a categorisation based on facet analysis is developed. The analytical tool which is used for this purpose is based on a schema already well established for the analysis of levels of meaning in images. The project demonstrates the possibility of formulating a general categorisation of requests which seek widely different still and moving image material. The paper concludes with observations on the potential value of embedding such a schema within the user interface of unmediated-query visual information retrieval systems.
Mutual funds information on the Internet
Authors: Roque Enrique Sotto , Pascual Joaquín López 
Published: December 2004

Mutual funds are gaining more attention in the investment industry market, for one simple reason: they are better than other financial products. There are thousands of funds, with different investment targets, money, bonds, real estate, commodities, etc. This flood of options creates a lot of confusion and makes a fund selection difficult. Mutual funds companies and brokers require as many participants as possible to boost their business, and they spend a lot of money on publications to educate potential investors in the advantages of mutual funds. The Internet is becoming an excellent medium to commercialise mutual funds. Information can reach any person online at little cost. With the World Wide Web, mutual funds groups can provide updated information about their products and, at the same time, other companies offer tools to evaluate funds performances. These resources are rapidly changing the fund industry, where, very soon, investors will be able to buy participation in funds families using the Internet.
Some proposals regarding copyright clearance and digitisation in higher education
Authors: Bide Mark , Oppenheim Charles , Ramsden Anne 
Published: December 2004

Reports the results of a study undertaken to consider the issues relating to the clearance of rights by British higher education institutions for the digitisation of materials published in print. Current licensing models frequently involve prices which librarians find daunting and have no mechanism for recovering from users. There is also considerable variation in pricing of materials. The authors believe that a ‘one-stop shop’ for the clearance of digitisation rights would be a highly desirable development. However, negotiability of rates may be made impossible by the introduction of ‘one-stop shopping’ through a centralised agency. Electronic copyright management system (ECMS) technology for solving the many problems of managing licences for digitised content is not yet proven. Not having ECMS, a strong ‘compliance culture’ will be essential. Users and rights owners want straightforward, simple and, above all, brief contracts for licensing. There is therefore a need for a shared, unambiguous licence vocabulary. The paper suggests a set of definitions of uses and user types. Using these definitions, a matrix of use and users is proposed to show types of activities for which a library may seek to license materials from a publisher and for which a publisher may grant a licence. Many of the problems could be resolved if the suggested ‘one-stop shop’ central agency acted on behalf of publishers in granting digital rights (or acting as a clearing house for requests).
Information behaviour in nursing specialities: a case study of midwifery
Authors: Bawden David , Robinson Kay 
Published: December 2004

A study of the information needs and information-seeking behaviour within nursing specialities, primarily midwifery with a smaller-scale study of psychiatric nursing for comparison, is presented.The study, mainly conducted by semi-structured interviews with practitioners and providers, shows midwives to be a particularly information-conscious set of practitioners, needing a wide variety of information, and having both general and specialised resources available; psychiatric nurses appear to be much less information-conscious, and less well served in information terms. Particular issues which emerge include: promotion of specialist services, gatekeeper roles; library services, especially for continuing education and for interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary needs; need for integrated and convenient services; information networking and nursing informatics, and terminology development.
The future of the quality assurance system: its impact on the social and professional recognition of scientists in the era of electronic publishing
Authors: van Raan A. F.J. 
Published: December 2004

Scientific communication is the basis of the open exchange of knowledge worldwide. The system of scientific communication is also closely related to the reward system of scientists; more specifically, to the process of social and professional recognition. A fundamental element in these intertwined worlds of communication and reward is the publication of research results. In particular, the scientific journal here plays a central role. It embodies the main functions of scientific communication, with quality control as a major element. In this presentation, we discuss how electronic publishing developments and new information technology in general will affect these main functions of scientific communication, the differences one may expect between scientific fields and the consequences for the accessibility of new knowledge. We conclude that most changes primarily will be technological, but not conceptual. Publication via journals or journal-like media of high reputation is, in most fields of science, crucial to receive the most visible professional recognition. That will remain so in the ‘electronic era’.
Usenet newsgroups’ profile analysis, utilising standard and non-standard statistical methods
Authors: Sallis P. J. , Kassabova D. A. 
Published: December 2004

The paper explores building profiles of newsgroups from a corpus of Usenet e-mail messages, employing some standard statistical techniques as well as fuzzy clustering methods. A large set of data from a number of newsgroups has been analysed to elicit some text attributes, such as number of words, length of sentences and other stylistic characteristics. Readability scores have also been obtained by using recognised assessment methods. These text attributes were used for building newsgroups’ profiles. Three newsgroups, each with a similar number of messages, were selected from the processed sample for the analysis of two types of one-dimensional profiles: one by length of texts and the second by readability scores. Those profiles are compared with corresponding profiles of the whole sample and also with those of a group of frequent participants in the newsgroups. Fuzzy clustering is used for creating two-dimensional profiles of the same groups. An attempt is made to identify the newsgroups by defining centres of data clusters. It is contended that this approach to newsgroups’ pro-file analysis could facilitate a better understanding of computer-mediated communication on the Usenet, which is a growing medium of informal business and personal correspondence.
Identifying systematic reviews in MEDLINE: developing an objective approach to search strategy design
Authors: Boynton Janette , Glanville Julie , McDaid David , Lefebvre Carol 
Published: December 2004

Background: systematic reviews are of increasing importance to health care professionals seeking to provide evidence-based health care, because they provide systematically prepared summaries of the current state of research knowledge on the effectiveness of health care interventions. To be able to make use of them, both researchers preparing systematic reviews and health care professionals need to be able to identify systematic reviews easily. In the past, systematic reviews have been difficult to identify easily among the mass of literature labelled ‘reviews’. Search strategies have been published which were intended to provide easier access to systematic reviews and meta-analyses. These strategies, mostly devised for the MEDLINE database, have been constructed using the authors’ knowledge of the subject area, the databases and past experience. Objective: the objective of this study was to design search strategies based on a more objective approach to strategy construction. Methods: word frequencies from the titles, abstracts and subject keywords of a collection of systematic reviews of the effective health care interventions were analysed to derive a highly sensitive search strategy. Results: the proposed strategy offers 98% sensitivity in retrieving systematic reviews, while retaining a low but acceptable level of precision (20%). Other strategies with other levels of sensitivity and precision are also presented. Discussion: this study shows that a frequency analysis approach can be used to generate highly sensitive strategies which retain adequate levels of precision when retrieving systematic reviews.
The impact of Internet-based electronic resources on formal scholarly communication in the area of library and information science: a citation analysis
Authors: Zhang Yin 
Published: December 2004

The Internet-based electronic resources (e-sources) are growing dramatically; however, there have not been empirical studies evaluating the impact of e-sources, as a whole, on formal scholarly communication. This study tries to investigate how much e-sources have been used in formal scholarly communication, using a case study in the area of library and information science (LIS) during the period 1994 to 1996. Four citation-based indicators are proposed and used in this study for the impact measurement. Compared with the impact of print sources, the impact of e-sources on formal scholarly communication in LIS is small, as measured by e-sources cited, and does not increase significantly by year even though there is observable growth of the impact across the years. It is found that journal format is related to the rate of citing e-sources, i.e. electronic journal (e-journal) articles are more likely to cite e-sources than are print journal (p-journal) articles. However, once authors cite e-sources, there is no significant difference in the number of e-references per article by journal format or by year. This finding suggests that, at this stage, citing e-sources may depend on authors rather than the journal format in which the authors choose to publish.