bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early intramedullary nailing in an animal model of a heavily contaminated fracture of the tibia
Authors: Hill P. F. , Clasper J. C. , Parker S. J. , Watkins P. E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn ovine model was developed to study the outcome following intramedullary nailing of a heavily contaminated fracture. Animals in the control group received no treatment directed at controlling infection, whereas those in the treatment group received wound debridement, lavage and the use of appropriate systemic antibiotics. Despite this, infection developed at the osteotomy site and along the entire length of the implant in all animals in both groups. It was felt that standard methods of wound management might be inadequate when applied at the time of intramedullary nailing since the spread of contamination following the use of reamers was demonstrated in all animals. Results from this study support the clinical impression that heavily contaminated fractures should not be treated by primary intramedullary nailing. © 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cyclic AMP inducibility of the myelin basic protein gene promoter requires the NF1 site
Authors: Clark Robert E. , Miskimins W.Keith , Miskimins Robin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn the central nervous system oligodendrocyte differentiation is accompanied by the activation of a specific transcriptional program responsible for the synthesis of myelin genes. One of the signals leading to the expression of myelin components, such as the myelin basic protein (MBP) gene is cyclic AMP (cAMP). Previous work using a cell line in which the endogenous MBP gene can be induced by increased cAMP levels (D6P2T) showed that the region of the MBP gene that was required for induction of the gene by cAMP lay between −248 and −105 in the 5′ flanking region. This region contains numerous transcription factor binding sites, including sites for NF1, Sp1, and MEBA. In order to determine if the NF1 site itself was specifically responsible for the cAMP responsiveness of the MBP promoter, stably transfected cells carrying MBP promoter deletion constructs were used. Deletion of just the NF1 site caused loss of responsiveness to cAMP levels. Furthermore, site‐specific mutations in the NF1 site that interfere with NF1 protein binding, in the context of the full length promoter, abolished cAMP responsiveness and caused derepression of the promoter. Analysis of protein binding to the NF1 site showed that the mutation resulted in loss of binding to the site and that the proteins binding at the site are modified in the presence of cAMP elevating agents. These results demonstrate that the NF1 site is indispensable for cAMP responsiveness of the MBP promoter and, together with other DNA elements, plays a role in controlling MBP gene expression.
Plasma brain natriuretic peptide after long‐term treatment for heart failure in general practice
Authors: McGeoch Graham , Lainchbury John , Town G. Ian , Toop Les , Espiner Eric , Richards A. Mark 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAimPlasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentrations are known to have high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of heart failure in newly symptomatic patients. The relationship of plasma BNP to cardiac function in stable patients on long‐term established treatment for heart failure is unknown. Plasma BNP was assessed for its ability to predict echocardiographic abnormality in 100 patients receiving long‐term treatment in general practice for a provisional diagnosis of heart failure.Methods and resultsBNP >35 pmol/l had a sensitivity and specificity of 69% and 67%, respectively, for a left ventricular ejection fraction of <45%. However, 19% of patients had an LVEF of below 45% whilst BNP was below 35 pmol/l. These patients, in whom a diagnosis of heart failure had been made years previously (mean 3.9 years), were all clinically stable on treatment.ConclusionThese findings support the view that BNP can be restored to normal levels in well‐compensated patients despite persisting significant systolic dysfunction and suggest that BNP assays may be helpful for monitoring adequacy of therapy. BNP assays will have limited utility in the diagnosis of cardiac impairment once anti‐failure therapy is well established and symptoms have been abolished.
Accurate and rapid viability assessment of Trichoderma harzianum using fluorescence‐based digital image analysis
Authors: Hassan Mainul , Corkidi Gabriel , Galindo Enrique , Flores Celia , Serrano‐Carreón Leobardo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFluorescence microscopy and image analysis were evaluated in order to assess the viability of Trichoderma harzianum, an economically important filamentous fungus. After the evaluation of the two most commonly used fluorochromes, acridine orange (AO) and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) as metabolic indicator stains, AO gave ambiguous results and therefore FDA was chosen. The lower stability at room temperature and fast fluorescence intensity decay (50% after only 30 s of illumination in UV light) could be overcome by the use of a digital image acquisition system including frame grabber and a video camera. Fresh (live) fungal hyphae emitted bright green fluorescence when stained with this dye (7.5 μg/L), whereas a total absence of fluorescence was observed when using sterilized (dead) fungal cells. Fresh cells were subjected to different lethal and sublethal treatments and the percentage of FDA stained fluorescent hyphae was then measured over the total hyphal area (% of FDA‐stained area) by image analysis. At the same time, samples were cultivated in shake flasks in order to correlate this % of FDA‐stained area with its growth rate, a functional indicator of viability. The linear correlation (r = 0.979) was: growth rate (g/L · h) = 2.25 × 10−3 (% of FDA‐stained area). This method was used to evaluate the viability of the fungus under two different fermentation conditions in a 10‐L bioreactor. Estimated viable biomass during fermentation was strongly influenced by the process conditions. The use of FDA, with computer‐aided quantitative image analysis, has made it possible to rapidly and reliably quantify the viability of T. harzianum. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 677–684, 2002.
Determination of biomass detachment rate coefficients in anaerobic fluidized‐bed‐GAC reactors
Authors: Nakhla George , Suidan Makram T. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this study a simple analytical technique that determines the active biomass in a sample capable of degrading specific substrates anaerobically was developed and used to measure first‐order detachment rate coefficients of acetate and phenol utilizing organisms. Different detachment rate coefficients were measured for the two microbial populations. A general relationship between the detachment rate coefficients and biomass accumulation was developed. The detachment rate coefficient was found to increase sharply after a certain biomass accumulation until it reaches a maximum, after which it decreases continuously with increasing biomass until it levels off at a constant value independent of biomass. Detachment rate coefficients measured in different reactors, operating at different conditions with respect to loading, biological SRT, and attachment media particle size, were in close agreement with each other after being normalized to the shear stress and daily methane production rate per unit biofilm area. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 660–669, 2002.
Double‐decker chemotaxis: no evidence for photonic stimulation of directed locomotion by human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Authors: Kaplow Leonard S. , Chevance Anne de Boisfleury , Henkel Joel , Malawista Stephen E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe study was carried out under direct videomicroscopic control to ascertain whether electromagnetic forces (photons) can initiate directed cell motility of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). Cell suspensions containing a mixture of randomly motile white blood cells and erythrocytes (red cells) were placed in a double‐decked preparation created by a glass slide and two cover slips and sealed by paraffin. Erythrocytes in the upper or lower chamber were destroyed by a single burst from a narrow ruby laser beam. Directed locomotion of PMN toward the erythrocyte debris occurred exclusively in the chamber in which the erythrocytes had been destroyed. Only random PMN locomotion was observed in the adjacent chamber. The results indicate that in this experimental model, electromagnetic forces do not initiate directed locomotion. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 53:289–292, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
2‐D finite element analysis of a compressible dynamic viscoelastic cylinder using FFT
Authors: Barrett K. E. , Gotts A. C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn extension to a two‐dimensional compressible dynamic viscoelastic cylinder problem using the finite element method in the Laplace domain coupled with fast Fourier transform is performed. The governing viscoelastic equations of motion are transformed into the Laplace domain via the elastic–viscoelastic correspondence principle. Real and imaginary parts of the nodal displacements are obtained by solving a non‐symmetric matrix equation in the complex Laplace domain. Inversion into the time domain is performed using the discrete inverse Fourier transform. Problems involving both pressure and displacement boundary conditions are analysed using the proposed method. In the case of a quasi‐static cylinder problem, numerical solutions are compared to both the exact Laplace and time domain solutions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cost of compliance assessments and the water industry in England and Wales
Authors: McMahon Paul 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEnvironmental compliance cost assessments (CCAs) are being increasingly demanded and used in the water industry, in order to allow regulators to balance conflicting objectives. The 1999 periodic review of water company price limits concerned massive environmental expenditures, and consequently major use of CCAs. There were major differences between Ofwat (the economic regulator) and the water companies relating to the compliance costs submitted. The assumptions used by Ofwat vis‐à‐vis future efficiency savings and the cost of capital are notable causes of the differentials. There are a number of other reasons why this differential might have arisen, including gaming. However, the principal cause might be more a real lack of knowledge on the part of companies of future efficiencies and the actual costs of projects. The CCAs produced in the water industry have had massive impact on policy design. A number of specific improvements to CCA are identified. These changes relate to increased collaboration between industry and regulators in working groups to design/approve, inter alia, regulatory methodologies for use in the periodic review. More detailed guidance is required for preparation of a CCA. Further use of compliance cost databases is recommended. The entire process would be facilitated by increased training and awareness raising of economics for the engineers largely responsible for preparation of CCAs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Large‐scale structures at various stages of separated boundary layer transition
Authors: Yang Zhiyin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLarge‐eddy simulation is employed to investigate separated boundary layer transition induced by a change of curvature of the surface. The geometry is a flat plate with a semi‐circular leading edge. The Reynolds number based on the uniform inlet velocity and the leading edge diameter is 3450. The simulated mean and turbulence quantities compare well with the available experimental data. The LES data have been comprehensively analysed to elucidate the transition process leading to breakdown to turbulence. Large‐scale structures have been observed at various stage of the transition process. Understanding the formation of these large‐scale structures, their evolution and eventual break‐up into smaller structures may help to shed light on the transition mechanism. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Smagorinsky‐based subgrid‐scale models in a finite‐volume computation
Authors: Majander Petri , Siikonen Timo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSmagorinsky‐based models are assessed in a turbulent channel flow simulation at Reb=2800 and Reb=12500. The Navier–Stokes equations are solved with three different grid resolutions by using a co‐located finite‐volume method. Computations are repeated with Smagorinsky‐based subgrid‐scale models. A traditional Smagorinsky model is implemented with a van Driest damping function. A dynamic model assumes a similarity of the subgrid and the subtest Reynolds stresses and an explicit filtering operation is required. A top‐hat test filter is implemented with a trapezoidal and a Simpson rule. At the low Reynolds number computation none of the tested models improves the results at any grid level compared to the calculations with no model. The effect of the subgrid‐scale model is reduced as the grid is refined. The numerical implementation of the test filter influences on the result. At the higher Reynolds number the subgrid‐scale models stabilize the computation. An analysis of an accurately resolved flow field reveals that the discretization error overwhelms the subgrid term at Reb=2800 in the most part of the computational domain. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation and experimental validation of heat transfer within rotating flows for three‐dimensional non‐axisymmetric, turbulent conditions
Authors: Raimundo A. M. , Oliveira L. A. , Figueiredo A. R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA control volume type numerical methodology for the analysis of steady three‐dimensional rotating flows with heat transfer, in both laminar and turbulent conditions, is implemented and experimentally tested. Non‐axisymmetric momentum and heat transfer phenomena are allowed for. Turbulent transport is alternatively represented through three existing versions of the k–ε model that were adjusted to take into account the turbulence anisotropy promoted by rotation, streamline curvature and thermal buoyancy. Their relative performance is evaluated by comparison of calculated local and global heat balances with those obtained through measurements in a laboratory device. A modified version of the Lam and Bremhorst, low Reynolds number model is seen to give the best results. A preliminary analysis focused on the flow structure and the transfer of heat is reported. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of the glucose feed rate profile for the production of tryptophan from recombinant E coli
Authors: Dodge Timothy C , Gerstner Jeffrey M 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA strain of Escherichia coli was engineered to overproduce L‐tryptophan. A fed‐batch fermentation process was developed, producing 30.8 ± 1.4 g dm−3 with a yield on glucose of 0.132 ± 0.010 g g−1. Specific production rate did not appear to be limited by cloned enzyme activity, but by the carbon flux from central metabolism into the aromatic amino acid pathway. The glucose feed rate profile was modified in an attempt to increase the production rate. Tryptophan production was not affected, but led to glutamic acid excretion at high levels. The high specific glucose consumption rate at the low growth rate led to the high glutamate excretion. A new fermentation process involving modification of the feed profile to limit the formation of by‐products was discovered. The resulting final process increased tryptophan production to 42.3 ± 2.7 g dm−3 with yield on glucose of 0.176 ± 0.006 g g−1. The instantaneous yield realized the theoretical maximum for the majority of the fermentation.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The evolution of US pollution prevention, 1976–2001: a unique chemical engineering contribution to the environment – a review
Authors: Overcash Michael 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe importance of pollution prevention or cleaner production has been substantial in changing the environmental approach within advanced industrialized countries. Since the critical factors for pollution prevention success relate to fundamental understanding of diverse industrial processes, chemical engineering has had a major and unique role in this environmental field. Expanding this new and evolutionary topic into the undergraduate curriculum of chemical engineering has also been vital to improving the sustainability of cleaner production. This article describes the fundamental concepts that led to active pollution prevention progress and then the historical progress toward this new paradigm.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Dilated coronary sinus in prenatal echocardiography; identification, associations and outcome
Authors: Machevin‐Surugue E. , David N. , Verspyck E. , Labadie G. , Blaysat G. , Durand I. , Ickowicz V. , Marpeau L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe dilated coronary sinus (DCS) has only recently been clearly visualised in the fetus due to progress in prenatal echography. This is a retrospective study of 22 fetuses presenting with DCS revealed by prenatal echography. We report the circumstances leading to the detection of a DCS and the neonatal outcome of these fetuses. The coronary sinus was defined as dilated depending on its visualisation in cross‐section from the ‘4 chamber’ view, as well as a pseudo inter‐atrial septal defect from a more posterior view. In each case the gestational age, circumstances of detection, associated anomalies and postnatal outcome are reported. The circumstances were: evaluation of a clearly identified DCS in four cases and during detailed fetal echocardiography because of suspected congenital heart disease in 18 cases. Five cases were associated with a cardiac anomaly, three with an extracardiac anomaly, six with both cardiac and extracardiac anomaly and eight were isolated. Postnatal outcome was related to the associated anomaly. In conclusion, it is important that the echography image be correctly interpreted, as a DCS often implies possible associated defects and therefore affects prognosis. When not associated with other anomalies this condition is not considered serious. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trans‐mediastinal Gunshot Wounds: Are "Stable" Patients Really Stable?
Authors: Nagy Kimberly K. , Roberts Roxanne R. , Smith Robert F. , Joseph Kimberly T. , An Gary C. , Bokhari Faran , Barrett John 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Gunshot wounds that traverse the mediastinum frequently cause serious injury to the cardiac, vascular,
pulmonary, and digestive structures contained within. Most patients present with unstable vital signs signifying the need for emergency operation. An occasional patient will present with stable vital signs.
Work‐ups for such a patient may range from surgical exploration to radiographic and endoscopic testing to mere observation. We report our experience with diagnostic work‐up of the stable patient with a transmediastinal gunshot wound. All stable patients who present to our urban level I trauma center following a transmediastinal gunshot wound undergo diagnostic work‐up consisting of chest radiograph, cardiac ultrasound, angiography, esophagoscopy, barium swallow, and bronchoscopy. The work‐up is dependent on the trajectory of the missile. Information on these patients is kept in a prospective database maintained by the trauma attending physicians. This database was analyzed and comparisons were made using Student’s t‐test and the Fisher exact c2 as appropriate. Over a 68‐month period,
50 stable patients were admitted following a transmediastinal gunshot wound. All of these patients had a chest radiograph followed by one or more of the above tests. 8 patients (16%) were found to have a mediastinal injury (4 cardiac, 3 vascular, and 1 tracheo‐esophageal)
requiring urgent operation (group 1). The remaining 42 patients (84%)
did not have a mediastinal injury (group 2). There was no difference between groups with respect to blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate,
pH, base deficit, or initial chest tube output. There was one death in each group, and three complications in group 2. Patients may appear stable following a transmediastinal gunshot wound, even when they have life‐threatening injuries. There is no difference in vital signs, blood gas, or hemothorax to indicate which patients have serious injuries. We advocate continued aggressive work‐up of these patients to avoid missing an injury with disastrous consequences.
Patient‐based Surgical Outcome Tool Demonstrating Alleviation of Symptoms following Parathyroidectomy in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Pasieka Janice L. , Parsons Louise L. , Demeure Michael J. , Wilson Stuart , Malycha Peter , Jones Jean , Krzywda Beth 
Published: October 2002

This study assessed the impact of parathyroidectomy on the preoperative symptoms of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (1° HPT) using a surgical outcome tool designed specifically for HPT. The multicenter nature of this study allowed us to validate further this disease‐specific outcome tool. 1° HPT patients from Canada, the United States, and Australia filled out the questionnaire preoperatively and postoperatively on day 7 and at 3 and
12 months. The symptoms recorded by the patients were expressed as parathyroidectomy assessment of symptoms (PAS) scores: the higher the score, the more symptomatic is the patient. Quality of Life (QOL) and self‐rated health uni‐scales were included. Altogether, 203 patients with 1° HPT were enrolled; 27 from center A, 54 from center B, and 122 from center C; 58
nontoxic thyroid patients were enrolled for comparison. The comparison group had no significant change in their PAS scores throughout the study (scores 184, 215, 156, 186). All three centers demonstrated a significant reduction in symptoms following surgery. The median preoperative PAS score from center B patients was 282. Following surgery, PAS scores decreased significantly: 136, 58, 0
(p <0.05). Center C patients had a median preoperative PAS score of 344, decreasing postoperatively to 228 (p
<0.05) and continuing to decrease to 190, then 180. Center A also demonstrated a significant reduction in symptoms at 3 months, from 510
preoperatively to 209 (p <0.001). Both QOL and self‐rated health improved in the HPT patients, whereas no change was found in the comparison group following surgery. PAS scores are a reliable, disease‐specific measure of symptoms seen with HPT.
Parathyroidectomy significantly reduces these preoperative symptoms,
and this change translated into an improved health‐related QOL for the patients.