bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The aristocracy
Authors: Gasparri Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Roman senatorial order was the principal model to which the medieval aristocracies of western Europe looked, because it had been founded on the ownership of land, embodied the concept of nobility, and linked prestige to the exercise of political power and ancient lineage without excluding the promotion of homines novi. But it was especially in Italy (and this was only an apparent paradox) that the early medieval aristocracy rose from the end of the old senatorial order.
By 500 AD the Italian aristocracy had a much more conservative profile than its western European counterparts, where senatorial families had by that time cohabited for generations with the military elites of the barbaric tribes that had settled in the former Roman provinces.
The Meaning of History
Authors: Ward Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One central paradox of Christianity is that it is a faith which recommends humility and compassion, but which has for most of its history been closely associated with the expansion and disintegration of proud and aggressive military empires. The Byzantine Empire collapsed into a set of insecure Orthodox national states. The Holy Roman Empire was finally dissolved by Napoleon, leaving Western Europe divided into Protestant and Catholic states. The European powers founded new empires in the Americas, Africa, India, and Australasia, which in turn split into many states of various Protestant and Catholic affiliations (India remaining, like most of Asia, largely resistant to Christian missionary efforts). Meanwhile Europe demonstrated that religion is not the only cause of war by a series of continuing national conflicts that culminated in two world wars of such savage ferocity that belief in a providential God was shaken to its roots.
An introduction to Constitutional Law
Authors: Barendt Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An Introduction to Constitutional Law discusses the general principles of the United Kingdom constitution from a critical, comparative perspective. It emphasizes the principal characteristics of this uncodified constitution, contrasting it with the documentary constitutions of the United States, France, and Germany. There are fewer checks on the power of government in this country than there are under those constitutions, where courts may review the constitutionality of legislation. This book also discusses the `federal' constitution of the European Union, as well as examining its impact on UK constitutional law. Its publication is particularly timely, in view of the programme of constitutional reform on which the Labour government has embarked. That makes it imperative to examine critically the principles of the constitution and explore whether anything may be learnt from the experience of other countries. The book offers a succinct and up to date account of British constitutional law and will be the ideal introduction for all students studying the subject whether as part of a law of politics degree.
The United Kingdom Constitution
Authors: Barendt Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THERE is no document in the United Kingdom equivalent, say, to the United States Constitution of 1787 or to the Constitution of the Fifth Republic in France approved in September 1958. Nor, for that matter, is there a set of statutes clearly indicated by their titles as ‘Constitutional’ or ‘Basic laws’. Yet judges, politicians, and commentators in the United Kingdom often refer in general tenns to its constitution, and they describe various rules and principles as ‘constitutional’. It is said, for example, that United Kingdom membership of the European Union has had a major impact on the constitution and that participation in the arrangements for a common European currency (Economic and Monetary Union) would have further implications for it. Moreover, Law Lords and other judges sometimes state that cases raise issues of ‘constitutional importance’; in one case Lords Diplock and Scannan specifically claimed that the constitution is based on the separation of powers.
Parliament and Legislative Power
Authors: Barendt Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ONE striking consequence of the absence of a codified constitution in the United Kingdom is that the legislative powers of Parliament have never been set out in any definitive form. The Bill of Rights 168g, still the most important statute on the powers of Parliament, was primarily concerned co protect its rights against interference by the Monarch; among other things, it declared that it was illegal for the Crown to levy taxes without Parliamentary consent and to suspend the application of Parliamentary enactments. Other significant legislation, the Parliament Acts 1911-49, as we will see later in this chapter, removed the requirement that the House of Lords consent to legislation. But these statutes assume that Parliament is entitled to enact legislation, that is, rules of general application. They do not establish its right to legislate.
Government and Executive Power
Authors: Barendt Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN modern constitutional democracies the executive is generally the most powerful of the three branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial. The executive, or more precisely the government, for mulates and conducts foreign and defence policy, while it also effectively determines which measures are enacted by the legislature. In the United Kingdom, and in many other countries, the government is formed from members of the majority political party (or coalition of parties) represented in the legislature. In one sense the legislature, therefore, chooses the executive.
‘How Do We Know How It Really Is?’ An Analysis Of The New Industrial Relations
Authors: Beardwell Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question which provides the title for this chapter is the question which the historian E. H. Carr posed for himself in the 1961 Trevelyan Lectures at Cambridge (Carr 1961); it is also the dilemma facing contemporary industrial relations analysis in seeking to explain the nature of the ‘new industrilal relations’ debate in Britain.
Studying Business and Politics
Authors: Moran Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The business firm is one of the most important institutions in modern industrial society. The giant enterprise in particular is a major – perhaps the major – allocator of society’s economic resources. It is also a great centre of power. The hierarchies of the firm subject numerous citizens to control – most obviously, over those who work in the enterprise, but also over suppliers and, in certain circumstances, over customers. The wider social impact of business activity – for instance in its effect on the physical environment – can shape the lives of all citizens, for better or worse.
The History of Business and Politics
Authors: Moran Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is common to speak of the ‘historical background’ to the present, but in the case of business and politics, the phrase greatly understates the importance of the past. A country’s historical experiences are critical to its modern day institutions. Examining the historical development of systems of business, politics highlights their path dependent nature. ‘Path dependency’ does not mean that the past determines the present, but it does mean that it constrains the present – lays out some paths that are more likely than others to be followed, and provides forks in the road of change that rule out some choices later in time.
Business, Politics, and Society
Authors: Moran Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter returns us to an argument which loomed large in Chapter 1: that to understand the political position of business we need to know more than the narrowly institutional arrangements under which business operates. In Chapter 1, we surveyed some of the most important competing theoretical positions about business power. What is striking about these is that they differ not only in their views of the institutional capacity of business to exercise power, but also offer competing views about the nature of the wider social and cultural context of business institutions. Evidently, it is not possible to have a theory of the power of business without having a view about its wider social and cultural setting.
Restless Democracy and Restless Capitalism
Authors: Moran Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Restless capitalism’ is the famous characterization of the economic system of advanced capitalism offered by Joseph Schumpeter: a ceaseless process of ‘creative destruction’, to use another of Schumpeter’s vivid phrases, where sectors, industries, and firms are destroyed and displaced by competitors through competition and continuous innovation (Schumpeter 1943/1976). But democracy is also restless. Two mechanisms help produce this: democratic politics are, in part, about the representation of powerful interests, so they are bound to reflect the struggles originating in the creative destruction of a capitalist economy; and since democracy is itself a competitive system, the very process of democratic politics destroys or weakens some institutions and interests, and strengthens others.
Academic Homage and Intellectual Genealogy: Inaugural Lecture at the College de France (1949-2003)
Authors: Waquet Françoise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alain Girard in a survey on social success in France, pointed out that academics tend to lay great emphasis on the role of their masters. ‘They gladly pay homage to their masters. A general homage to all their masters. at the various stages of education, or a particular homage to one, who singled them out, or awoke their vocation, or more specifically supervised and helped them at a more advanced stage in their research. A feeling of gratitude, and sometimes almost of veneration, is perceptible in their responses ‘.
Disclosure of Unused Material in Summary Proceedings
Authors: Corker David , Parkinson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the common law rules on disclosure were abolished and replaced by the new statutory scheme contained in Part I of the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (CPIA) the statutory intention was that, so far as possible after April 1997, the Act should govern in equal measure criminal investigations and prosecutions of summary trials and trials on indictment.1 The aim was largely achieved and consequently the differences which Part I created as between these two types of proceedings are small exceptions to this norm. Accordingly this chapter need only consider those statutory differences which peculiarly relate to summary proceedings. It follows from this that an adequate understanding of the law on disclosure of unused material in summary proceedings can only be gained through an understanding of the CPIA scheme in general.
Prosecution Duty to Disclose Unused Material
Authors: Corker David , Parkinson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Section 3(1)(a) of the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (CPIA) (amended by section 32 of the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003) requires the prosecutor to ‘disclose to the accused any prosecution material, which has not previously been disclosed to the accused and which might reasonably be considered capable of undermining the case for the prosecution against the accused or of assisting the case for the accused’.
Defence Disclosure: Sections 5 and 6
Authors: Corker David , Parkinson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most radical and controversial change to criminal procedure effected by the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (CPIA) was the novel requirement contained in section 5 that any defendant facing trial on indictment must serve a written defence statement on the court and prosecutor. The statement was to be served before the trial is scheduled to commence and had to contain information about the defence case. In relation to summary trials, section 6 provided for voluntary disclosure by the accused.
Public Interest Immunity
Authors: Corker David , Parkinson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fundamental aspect of the right to a fair trial is that criminal proceedings (including procedural elements) should be adversarial, and that there should be equality of arms between the prosecution and the defence.1 The right to adversarial trial means that both prosecution and defence must be given the opportunity to have knowledge of, and comment on, the evidence and submissions of the other party,2 and all material evidence for or against the accused must be disclosed.
Trial Disclosure
Authors: Corker David , Parkinson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Section 5 of the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (CPIA) as amended by the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003 Act is entitled ‘Compulsory Disclosure by Accused’. Section 6 is entitled ‘Content of Defence Statements’. Section 11, which was rewritten by section 39 of the CJA 2003, is entitled ‘Faults in Defence Disclosure’. These three sections are therefore inter-related. Whereas the rationale of sections 5 and 6 is to diminish an accused’s right of silence by imposing specific duties of defence disclosure, section 11 is concerned with exposing the accused to a risk of penalty at the trial for any failure of theirs to comply with their duty of disclosure under sections 5 and 6. Section 11 is only concerned with issues of disclosure which specifically relate to the trial.
Disclosure and the Court of Appeal
Authors: Corker David , Parkinson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Non-disclosure of relevant material by the prosecution to the defence before or during the appellant’s trial is a classic ground of appeal against conviction. This chapter concerns the approach of the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) to such appeals where it is either accepted by the prosecution or found as a fact by the Court that the material ought to have been disclosed to the defence by the prosecution and accordingly this omission was a prosecution error.
Space-group symmetry
Authors: Shmueli Uri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous two chapters dealt with the geometrical properties of a three-dimensional point lattice, its admissible rotational symmetries and their classification in terms of point groups, crystal systems and Bravais lattices. The symmetry of an ideal, three-dimensional crystal, that is, a triply periodic (infinite) assembly of material units with an underlying point lattice, must be a combination of the translational and rotational symmetry of its lattice with the possible modifications that may result from the interaction between these two types of symmetry. We shall present a brief discussion of the algebraic and geometric properties of such combined symmetry operators, represent them in the framework of a crystal structure and present some examples of such derivations.
The Patterson function
Authors: Shmueli Uri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early approaches to crystal structure analysis included extensive use of space-group symmetry, and trial-and-error methods. These approaches proved satisfactory when highly symmetric or very simple structures, characterized by a small number of structural parameters were of interest. However, quite apart from the obvious scientific aspects, it was soon realized that the real structures of interest were becoming more and more complex, and systematic approaches were clearly indispensable. The first such systematic approach to structure determination was put forward by Patterson (1934), and methods based on this approach are still in use to this very day, especially in the solution of structures of macromolecules. This chapter is devoted to an introduction to Patterson techniques and their recent ramifications.
Later years and writing
Authors: Ashton Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Leweses, now comfortably off thanks to Marian’s earnings, searched for a larger house. They found The Priory near Regent’s Park. Lewes’s friend, the designer Owen Jones (chief designer of the Crystal Palace), was commissioned to decorate the living rooms at consider- able expense, and in November 1863 the Leweses moved in and entered on a splendid style of living. Here at The Priory they soon began to hold regular Sunday afternoon parties for friends and visitors, including Darwin, Huxley, Spencer, Henry James, and the artist Frederic Leighton, who illustraded Romola.
King George and Pitt the Younger
Authors: Cannon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pivotal position in the ministerial crisis of autumn 1783 was that of young William Pitt, who had been sounded out in the spring, but had declined to form a ministry. Ironically, this meant that the king’s hopes of rescue depended upon the Grenvilles—since Temple was Pitt’s first cousin and the son of George Grenville—the very people he had detested in the 1760s. But one diﬃculty was that the king was uncertain to what extent Pitt felt himself pledged to further measures of economical reform and to parliamentary reform—his maiden speech in 1781 had, after all, been made on the need to reduce the influence of the crown. The opportunity for which the king had waited came with the decision of ministers to bring forward an India Bill, yet another attempt
Subwavelength imaging
Authors: Solymar L , Shamonina E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of metamaterials started with Veselago’s (1967) introduction of negative refractive index and his simultaneous proposal for a flat lens. We have already discussed the flat-lens family in Section 2.11.4. Its characteristic feature is the existence of a focus inside the lens. The basic principle of its operation has already been shown in Fig. 2.24; for convenience it is shown again in Fig. 5.1. The essential requirement is that the index of refraction is n = 1. The ray trajectories follow then in the geometrical optics approximation. A focal point is brought to a focal point and an object in the object plane is reproduced perfectly in the image plane. This is an obvious advantage of the flat lens. It has no optical axis. A simple illustration in Fig. 5.1 shows an object consisting of three points in the object plane that is perfectly reproduced. At the same time we need to mention a serious disadvantage of the flat lens. It can work only at a single frequency because the n = 1 condition is very strongly frequency-dependent. In traditional imaging language this means that the flat lens has very large chromatic aberration.
Phenomena in waveguides
Authors: Solymar L , Shamonina E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term waveguide is often used in a general sense meaning a structure that guides a wave from point A to point B. Some waveguides are open; the fields may extend to a considerable distance away or they may be closed, confining the fields to the interior of the waveguide. Both varieties will be discussed in the present chapter. For experiments on metamaterials it is an advantage to confine the waves. This was the reason, for example, why in the first experiments showing negative refraction (Shelby et al., 2001a), the waves propagated between metal plates (see Fig. 2.34).
The waveguides discussed fall into two categories: they have either some special features or have device applications. In Section 6.2 the special feature is that under certain well-defined circumstances waves may propagate in a hollow waveguide (see Section 1.5) below their cutoff frequency. In Section 6.3 we shall present filters using metamaterial elements in coplanar and strip waveguides. Section 6.4 is concerned with phase shifters, Section 6.5 with couplers. In Section 6.6 we look in some more detail at the 2D experiments of Grbic and Eleftheriades (2004) where microstrip waveguides loaded by lumped elements are used for demonstrating subwavelength imaging.
Magnetoinductive waves I
Authors: Solymar L , Shamonina E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Magnetoinductive (MI) waves have come about as a by-product of the research on metamaterials. The magnetic elements used in the first realization of negative refraction by Shelby et al. (2001a) were split-ring resonators that could be modelled (Marques et al., 2002c) as LC circuits, provided the dimensions are small relative to the free-space wavelength.
We shall also assume, as we have done so far, that the separation of the elements is also much smaller than the wavelength. This is often referred to as the quasi-static approximation.
The simplest realization of an LC circuit as a metamaterial element is a capacitively loaded loop, shown schematically in Fig. 7.1(a). Two such loops close to each other are coupled to each other due to the magnetic field of one loop threading the other loop and inducing a current in it (Fig. 7.1(b)).
Habeas Corpus
Authors: Supperstone Michael QC , Knapman Lynne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are three current forms of the writ of habeas corpus: habeas corpus ad subjuciendum—used to challenge the validity of a detention; habeas corpus ad testificandum—used to bring a prisoner before a court to give evidence; and habeas corpus ad respondendum—used to cause a prisoner to be brought forth to answer criminal charges. The writ is a prerogative one obtainable by its own particular procedure set out in CPR, Sch 1; RSC Ord 54 and Practice Direction—Sch 1, Ord 54 (Application for Writ of Habeas Corpus). The writ has its origins in common law, although the common law rules have been supplemented by a number of statutes, such as the Habeas Corpus Acts of 1640, 1679, 1803, 1804, 1816 and 1862.
Changing Concepts Of Ownership In English Law During The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries: The changing idea of beneficial ownership under the English trust
Authors: Watkin Thomas Glyan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing at the start of the 1960s, the future Regius Professor of Civil Law in the University of Oxford, AM Honore, described ownership as the ‘greatest possible interest in a thing which a mature system of law recognizes’.1 Although the jurists of ancient Rome never ventured to give a definition of the concept, it was widely believed throughout the nineteenth century that Roman law allowed owners virtually unlimited powers over their property, a concept of ownership which has come to be regarded as absolute.2 Roman owners are sometimes said to have enjoyed the iusutendi, fruendi, abutendi over their property, that is the right to use it, to take its fruits, but also to abuse or even destroy it.
Background
Authors: Kruger Thalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before turning to the substance of this book, it is necessary to examine briefly some general background issues. First, one must bear in mind that the rules discussed emanate from the European Union and are now entrenched in EU legislation. This chapter gives an overview of the development of European private international law, of which civil jurisdiction is a part, and analyses the general scope of the EU civil jurisdiction rules. The relationship that these rules have with conventions on specifi c matters, and with the Lugano Convention, is of importance for third States and deserves some attention.