bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemical modification of the phenotype in cynipid galls: cell membrane lipids
Authors: Bayer Margret H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Histological modifications of the normal growth of higher plants coincide with changes at the biochemical level, affecting cell differentiation and the cellular transport system. Since membranes play a vital part in cell morphogenesis and transformation, the biochemical composition of cell membranes from cynipid galls and from normal host tissues was studied. The fatty acid composition of phosphoglycerides as well as the activity of lipolytic enzymes were analysed in the vernal oak galls of the bisexual generation of Andricus palustris. Phosphoglycerides, glycosylacylglycerols, and fatty acids were identified by thin-layer and gas chro matography. Phospholipids of membranes from cynipid galls contained four times as much palmitate (16: 0) and seven and three times as much linoleate (18: 2) and linolenate (18: 3), respectively, than normal tissues. In vitro labelling of developing leaf galls with [14C]-acetate and [3HJ-oleate (18: 3) was used to study the label distribution in monogalactosyldiacylglyceride (MG D G), digalactosyldiacyl glyceride (D GD G ), and phosphoglycerides. The incorporation of both labels was higher into leaf than into gall galactolipids, whereas the incorporation of oleate was slightly increased in the phospholipids of cynipid galls.
Protein Phosphorylation in Plants
Authors: Shewry P R , Halford N G , Hooley R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation play key regulatory roles in many aspects of plant growth, development, and metabolism. These include control of cell division, pathways of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and the transduction of metabolic, hormonal, and environmental signals. This is a rapidly expanding area of research and this book is the first attempt to cover all aspects of protein phosphorylation in plants in a single volume. It includes work from key groups at the forefront of research in the area, with studies at the biochemical, molecular, and cell biological levels.
Extracting Egomotion Parameters From Optic Flow: Principal Limits For Animals And Machines
Authors: Dahmen Hansj ürgen , üst Raimond M W , Zeil Jochen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The detection of egomotion is essential for the control of locomotion and for most visual tasks. While walking animals can use proprioceptive signals from their legs to monitor their movements in space, most flying and swimming animals have to rely on vision. They operate in a drifting and turbulent medium, the movement of which cannot be detected directly.
Inherited microorganisms and sex determination of arthropod hosts
Authors: Rigaud Thierry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sexual differences between male and female animals are genetically determined by chromosomal sex factors, commonly carried by the sex chromosomes. Interestingly, the genetic basis of sex determination is highly variable, especially among arthropods. One of the classical modes of sex determination, heterogamety, occurs when one sex is heterozygous for the sex factors. When the male sex is heterozygous (male heterogamety), sex chromosomes are commonly designated X/Y and X/X in males and females respectively. In the case of female heterogamety, sex chromosomes are commonly designated Z/Z in males and W/Z in females. Heterogamety is probably the most common sex-determining mechanism known in diploid animals, and is almost always accompanied by anisogamy (unequal size of the gametes: males produce small gametes with little cytoplasm, while females produce large gametes containing a large amount of cytoplasm) (Bull 1983). A balanced sex ratio is maintained by Mendelian inheritance because one sex produces haploid gametes of different types (X and Y sperm in the case of male heterogamety) while the other sex produces only one type of gamete. Fertilization yields 1/2 XX and 1/2 XY zygotes, determining females and males respectively. In some animals, however, sex determination is complicated by the influence of environmental factors, e.g. temperature (in some reptiles, fishes and crustacea), photoperiod (in some crustacea), and crowding (in nematodes) (reviews in Ginsburger-Vogel and Charniaux-Cotton 1982; Bull 1983; Adams et al. 1987). These effects underscore the inherently labile nature of sex determination in many animal species.
Wo/bachia-induced parthenogenesis
Authors: Stouthamer Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relative rareness of parthenogenetic reproduction in a predominantly sexually reproducing world has made it an intensively studied topic. Whereas the early work centred on the distribution of parthenogenetically reproducing forms (Phillips 1903; Winkler 1920; Vandel 1928), later interest focused on the cytogenetic processes that allow unfertilized eggs to develop into complete organisms (White 1970). In the mid-sixties, an emphasis on the evolution of sexual reproduction caused the emergence of a very active field of mainly theoretical studies into the immediate advantages of sexual reproduction compared to parthenogenetic reproduction (Williams 1966, 1975; Maynard Smith 1978). Theoretical work on the evolution of sex has again led to a review of parthenogenesis in order to find patterns against which some of the existing theories could be tested (Bell 1982). However, experimental verification of many of the theories on the evolution of sex remain difficult and rare.
The potential application of inherited symbiont systems to pest control
Authors: Sinkins Steven P , Curtis Chris F , O’Neill Scott L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arthropod pests can have an enormous impact on human life. Insect vectors are responsible for the spread of some of the world’s major diseases, which in the tropics represent some of the most serious problems in health care. For example, the number of clinical cases of malaria per annum has been estimated at 350–450 million, including 1.4–2.6 million deaths (World Health Organization 1995). The impact of insect pests of agriculture is even more widespread. They can have dramatic effects on communities in developing countries when they are responsible for large yield losses in food crops, and are also of major significance in the developed world.
Biomechanical constraints on size in flying vertebrates
Authors: Rayner Jeremy M V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a consequence of the aerodynamic demands of flight, birds occupy a limited range of body mass and individual species experience tight constraints on size. In birds as a whole variation in wing shape or wing size independent of body size is relatively small. Few flying birds are lighter than 0.010 kg: the smallest bird species are all hummingbirds (Trochilidae), with mass down to 0.002 kg. The smallest passeriform bird is appreciably larger, with a mass of 0.004 kg. The largest contemporary flying birds in a number of orders have mass between 10 and 15 kg, although extinct flying birds may have reached masses up to 100 kg. Allometric models used to describe size-variation of wing design and flight behaviour (including wingbeat kinematics) are discussed and limitations of the allometric scaling approach are considered. Allometry of mechanical (design) adaptations is the result of adaptation within size-dependent constraints.
Role of phytoalexins and other antimicrobial compounds from fruits and vegetables in postharvest disease resistance
Authors: Mercier Julien 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Postharvest diseases cause important losses in horticultural production and affect all species of fruit and vegetables during storage, transit and retail. Some storage diseases begin as latent or quiescent infections in the field, developing only later during storage (Eckert and Ratnayake, 1983; Verhoeff, 1974). This is typical of anthracnose diseases of fruits caused by various species ofColletotrichum.Other pathogens cause wound infections during harvesting and handling and the subsequent storage of the crop. Diseases caused byPenicilliumspp. in citrus and pome fruits are good examples of wound infection, as these pathogens will rarely attack intact fruits. In addition, some pathogens likeBotrytis cinerea,the cause of grey mould rot, can cause both latent and wound infections, depending on the host attacked. Once infection has taken place, secondary spread to an adjacent host is possible, causing nesting of infection. Regardless of how these diseases start, there is always a period before or after harvest when fruit and vegetables exhibit considerable resistance to both types of rotting organisms, before eventually becoming fully susceptible as they approach maturity or senescence (Brown, 1989; Eckert and Ratnayake, 1983; Verhoeff, 1974). Such resistance indicates that defence mechanisms from the host could participate in restricting or slowing down subsequent disease development during storage.
Phytochemistry of fruits and vegetables: an ecological overview
Authors: Harborne Jeffrey B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ripe fruit is the one part of the plant which is likely to be undefended chemically, since it is provided for animals in return for the widespread dispersal of the seed that lies within that fruit. By contrast, the seed and seedcoat usually possess some chemical toxins, although they are often protected physically as well. Nevertheless, as Janzen (1978) has pointed out, ripe fruit tissue may still contain some chemical constituents which have a harmful effect on the herbivore because of the need to deter the ‘wrong’ seed dispersers, namely those animals which either damage the seed in eating the fruit or which fail to distribute the seed away from the parent plant. For example, ripeAndira inermisfruits appear to have a potent antibiotic in the juicy pulp. This has no effect on the Costa Rican fruit bats which avidly eat the fruit and disperse the seed. However, the fruits are rejected as food by cattle and pigs, because the antibiotic inhibits the gut flora required for proper food digestion; such animals would feed under the parent tree and the seed might not be moved far enough away from the parent to germinate and develop successfully.
Introduction
Authors: Coulter G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have been three general reviews on Lake Tanganyika and its biota, each marking a stage at which much new knowledge had become available. The first was by J.E. S. Moore in his book The Tanganyika Problem (1903), describing the results of two scientific expeditions to the East African lake region in 1895 and 1899. The next expedition, in 1904, found many new animal species and made an extensive collection of the aquatic flora. The results were published by a number of authors, but as regards the animals were conveniently collated by Cunnington (1920) in a comparative review of the faunas of Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria and Malawi (Nyasa). The third major review, a series of volumes produced by the Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, added the findings of the Belgian Exploration Hydrobiologique (1946–47) led by E. Leloup. This was by far the largest and most comprehensive study of the lake by an expedition. Some of the publications, for example those by Poll (1953, 1956b) on the fish, by Leloup (1950a, 1953) on the molluscs, and by Van Meel (1954) on the phytoplankton, remain fundamental works of reference even though more information has become available in each of these fields.
KT and KE
Authors: Miller TfE 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The torque constant ky and the back-EMF constant kE introduced in Chapter 1 are widely used to match the motor to its controller, especially when the motor and controller are obtained from different sources. Even more importantly, ky is used in the control-system design of complete servo¬ mechanisms that are driven by electric motors, because it represents the essential “gain” of the motor in converting current into torque. Yet there is scope for confusion in the way these factors are used. In S.I. units it is often tacitly assumed that ky and kE are identical. In English units, they are numerically different, giving rise to the impression that they are independent of one another. Sometimes is expressed in Volts per 1000 rpm, which seems at first sight to have no relation to the torque per ampere.
The Back-EMF Waveform
Authors: Miller TJE , Rabinovici R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with methods for the rapid calculation of the back-EMF waveform, including the methods used in the design program PGBDC (see Chapter 13 and Ref. [1]). A good estimate of the back-EMF waveform is required for two main reasons. In the first place, it is an important indicator of the ability of the motor to produce smooth torque. Squarewave motors need a back-EMF waveform that is essentially flat throughout the commutation zone, while sinewave motors require essentially sinusoidal back-EMF waveforms. In theory it is possible to profile the current waveform by chopping so that smooth torque is produced with any back-EMF waveform, but this requires sophisticated electronics and is only occasionally proposed in practice [2]. Most of the time, designers aim to get the back-EMF waveform as close as possible to the trapezoidal or sinusoidal norms, within reasonable limits imposed by manufacturing constraints.
Examples Calculated By Hand
Authors: Hendershot J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use and proliferation of brushless permanent-magnet motors over the past ten years or so has been largely application-specific without any standardization. For example, the motors used in computer hard disc storage drives have been designed to keep pace with developments in the disc drive. In a short period the data storage capacity of Winchester disc drives increased 100-fold: the access time decreased by a factor of 10, and the drive envelope decreased by a factor or 3 or 4. Needless to say, the brushless drive motors used in these drives have evolved at a comparable rate.
Past, present, and future of electrical machines and variable-speed drives
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Variable-speed drives are being continually innovated. Their development is characterized by progress made in various areas including power and micro-electronics, control systems (which involve different conventional and non-conventional types of adaptive and non-adaptive systems), magnetic materials, modern communication technologies (e.g. for ultra-fast bus communications), etc. To have a better understanding of the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in electrical machines and drives, it is useful to first have a brief survey of the past, present and future activities in these fields.
Artificial-intelligence-based steady-state and transient analysis of synchronous machines, estimators, control, design, condition monitoring, and diagnosis
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the present chapter, first, the AI-based steady-state and transient analysis of synchronous machines is briefly discussed. For this purpose ANNs and fuzzy-neural networks are used and various networks are described which can be used to estimate the rotor position, rotor speed, electromagnetic torque and stator flux linkages. This is followed by discussing AI-based condition monitoring, diagnosis, parameter determination. Thus supervised and unsupervised ANN-based diagnostic systems are also discussed. In further sections the fuzzy logic control of p.m. synchronous motor drives is discussed, this also includes a fuzzy-logic-based optimal switching vector selection of a DTC p.m. synchronous motor drive. Finally fuzzy-logic-based automated design of a p.m. synchronous motor is discussed and a fuzzy-logic-based automatic voltage regulator is described for a synchronous generator.
Generalized inverses
Authors: Barnett Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider again the set of linear equations in n unknowns. We saw in Chapter 4 that when A is n × n and has a non-zero determinant, then the unique solution of (10.1) is x = Aȃ1 b, where Aȃ1 is the inverse of A. However, in Chapter 5 we studied the important problem of solving (10.1) when A is singular or rectangular. We now investigate this topic further, and develop several different generalizations of the concept of inverse.
Sampling Theory in Fourier and Signal Analysis
Authors: Higgins J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With much material not previously found in book form, this book fills a gap by discussing the equivalence of signal functions with their sets of values taken at discreet points comprehensively and on a firm mathematical ground. The wide variety of topics begins with an introduction to the main ideas and background material on Fourier analysis and Hilbert spaces and their bases. Other chapters discuss sampling of Bernstein and Paley-Wiener spaces; Kramer's Lemma and its application to eigenvalue problems; contour integral methods including a proof of the equivalence of the sampling theory; the Poisson summation formula and Cauchy's integral formula; optimal regular, irregular, multi-channel, multi-band and multi-dimensional sampling; and Campbell's generalized sampling theorem. Mathematicians, physicists, and communications engineers will welcome the scope of information found here.
The Ras superfamily
Authors: Valencia Alfonso , Sander Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the first problems in writing about protein families is how to name the different sequences. Of course, each scientist who sequences a new protein gives it a name; later sequences are stored under a different name in sequence databases and often they get still another name in publications and reviews. Given that original names are not systematic, consistently maintained or updated according to family relations, we will adopt here the database names under which a full reference to the sequences can be found in the database and which are also deposited at the EMBL file server (Fig. 1). Still the problem of the nomenclature remains; sequencing is a new field still suffering the problems that chemistry solved many years ago when systematic names where introduced, regardless of the familiar use of some common names. In the Ras field, proteins such as Sec4 will probably be known for a long time by this name, but soon we will have hundreds of sequences in the family and then only systematic names will make sense.
Rac2
Authors: Bokoch Gary M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rac2 was identified by screening a differentiated HL-60 cDNA library using an oligonucleotide corresponding to the sequence FDTAGQEDYD derived from placental CDC42, which represents a highly conserved portion of the guanine nucleotide binding site of the Ras-related proteins (Didsbury et al. 1989). It was originally named Rac2 to differentiate it from the related (95% homologous) Rac1 protein, and to indicate that this protein appeared to be a substrate for ADP-ribosylation by the Clostridium botulinum C3 ADP-ribosyltranferase (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate). Rac2 is now considered not to serve as an efficient C3 substrate (Menard et al. 1992). The DNA sequence of human Rac2 (Didsbury etal. 1989) is shown in Fig. 1. The GenBank accession number is M29871.
Interleukin-1 Receptors
Authors: Sims J E , Dower S K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human type I IL-1 receptor is predicted from the cDNA sequence to be a protein of 569 amino acids (GenBank accession number M27492; mouse, M20658; rat, M95578; chicken, M81846) (Sims et al. 1989). It contains a 20-aminoacid signal peptide, an extracellular region of 317 amino acids, a single 22-amino-acid transmembrane region, and acytoplasmic portion of 210 amino acids (see Figs 1 and 2). The extracellular region is comprised entirely of three immunoglobulin-like domains. All ofthe six potential sites for N-linked glycosylation are used, giving an apparent molecular weight on SDS gels of approximately 80 000. The protein is encoded by an mRNA of approximately 5 kb which is present at a low level in a wide variety of cells.
Interleukin-9 (IL-9)
Authors: Simpson R J , Renauld J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of IL-9 cDNAs cloned from mouse and man (GenBank accession numbers X14045 and X17543), in both cases, predict a protein of 144 amino acids, each containing an 18-amino-acid leader sequence (Van Snick et al. 1989; Renauld et al. 1990a) The complete amino acid sequence of mouse IL-9 has been determined at the protein level (PIR accession number, S05531) (Simpson et al. 1989). These proteins are 55 per cent identical at the amino acid level (Fig. 1), with perfect conservation of the 10 cysteine residues in the mature protein. Human IL-9 has an additional cysteine in the presumptive signal peptide.
The Interleukin-9 Receptor
Authors: Renauld J -C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mouse IL-9 receptor has been characterized using T cell clones and mast cell lines that express a single class of high affinity binding site for IL-9 (K0-100 pM) (Druez et al. 1990). Cross-linking analysis indicated that the receptor consists of a -64 kDa glycoprotein containing -10 kDa N-linked sugar. IL-9 binding sites were found on T helper cell clones and T cell tumours such as EL4 or LBRM-33. By contrast, freshly isolated lymphoid cells did not bind IL-9. These data are in accordance with the observation that T cell clones and T cell lymphomas respond to IL-9 while freshly isolated T cells do not. More surprisingly, IL-9 receptors were detected on macrophage cell lines while no activity of IL-9 has been described so far on this cell type. On the other hand, IL-9 has been recently reported to enhance IL-4-induced immunoglobulin production (Petit-Frere et al. 1993) although no IL-9 binding was detected on resting B cells.
The Type I (a/p/coA) Interferon Family
Authors: Donnelly R J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Type I interferons (JFNs) are a closely related family of 165-172 amino acid proteins that are produced by Jeucocytes (a subtypes) and fibroblasts (/J subtypes). IFNco and trophoblast IFN (JFNr) are also members of the type/ JFN family and are produced in lymphocytes and ruminant embryos, respectively. JFN induces a wide range of effects on target cells including anti-viral, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activity. IFNs are produced in response to viral, bacterial, mycoplasma, and protozoan infection as well as in the presence of certain cytokines including colony-stimulating factor-1, interleukin-1 (JL-1), JL-2, and tumour necrosis factor. The secreted IFN binds to the Type I receptor in a species-specific manner on target cells which initiates the various target-cell responses.
Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 (CSF-1)
Authors: Stanley E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of CSF-1 c-DNAs cloned from mouse and man (GenBank accession numbers M21149, M21952, 103862 and M64592, M37435, respectively) predictColony-Stimulating Factor-1 (CSF-1) a full length CSF-1 precursor protein of 522 (man) and 520 (mouse) amino acids, including a 32-amino-acid leader sequence, and, towards the carboxy terminus, a stretch of 23 hydrophobic amino acids, followed by a charged ‘stop transfer’ sequence (reviewed by Sherr and Stanley 1990). The human and mouse proteins are 69.5 per cent identical at the amino acid level. Alternative splicing within the coding region generates human precursor proteins from which amino acids 150-447 or 332-447 have been deleted. Precursors bearing the 150-447 deletion lack the intracellular proteolytic cleavage sites that generate the secreted forms (see below).
Receptors for Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs)
Authors: Bernard O , Matthew P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The different FGFR genes and their spliced variants are described in the literature under various names (Table 1). The five genes are now known as FGFR-1 (Lee et al. 1989), FGFR-2 (Dionne et al. 1990), FGFR-3 (Keegan et al. 1991), FGFR-4 (Partanen et al. 1991) and FGFR-5 (Avivi et al. 1991), in the order in which they were first identified.