bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions (IAIFI): Infusing physics intelligence into artificial intelligence
Authors: Thaler Jesse , Williams Mike , LaFleur Marisa 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions (IAIFI, pronounced /aI‐faI/) is one of the inaugural NSF AI research institutes (https://iaifi.org). The IAIFI is enabling physics discoveries and advancing foundational AI through the development of novel AI approaches that incorporate first principles from fundamental physics. By combining state‐of‐the‐art research with early career talent and a growing AI + physics community in the Boston area and beyond, the IAIFI is enabling researchers to develop AI technologies to tackle some of the most challenging problems in physics, and transfer these technologies to the broader AI community. Since trustworthy AI is as important for physics discovery as it is for other applications of AI in society, IAIFI researchers are applying physics principles to develop more robust AI tools and to illuminate existing AI technologies. To cultivate human intelligence, the IAIFI promotes training, education, and public engagement at the intersection of physics and AI. In these ways, the IAIFI is fusing deep learning with deep thinking to gain a deeper understanding of our universe and AI.
Molecule Maker Lab Institute: Accelerating, advancing, and democratizing molecular innovation
Authors: Burke Martin D. , Denmark Scott E. , Diao Ying , Han Jiawei , Switzky Rachel , Zhao Huimin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractMany of the greatest challenges facing society today likely have molecular solutions that await discovery. However, the process of identifying and manufacturing such molecules has remained slow and highly specialist dependent. Interfacing the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and synthetic organic chemistry has the potential to powerfully address both limitations. The Molecule Maker Lab Institute (MMLI) brings together a team of chemists, engineers, and AI‐experts from the University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign (UIUC), Pennsylvania State University, and the Rochester Institute of Technology, with the goal of accelerating the discovery, synthesis and manufacture of complex organic molecules. Advanced AI and machine learning (ML) methods are deployed in four key thrusts: (1) AI‐enabled synthesis planning, (2) AI‐enabled catalyst development, (3) AI‐enabled molecule manufacturing, and (4) AI‐enabled molecule discovery. The MMLI's new AI‐enabled synthesis platform integrates chemical and enzymatic catalysis with literature mining and ML to predict the best way to make new molecules with desirable biological and material properties. The MMLI is transforming chemical synthesis and generating use‐inspired AI advances. Simultaneously, the MMLI is also acting as a training ground for the next generation of scientists with combined expertise in chemistry and AI. Outreach efforts aimed toward high school students and the public are being used to show how AI‐enabled tools can help to make chemical synthesis accessible to nonexperts.
Generative AI: An AI paradigm shift in the making?
Authors: Miikkulainen Risto 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIt is sometimes difficult to evaluate progress in Generative AI, that is, image generation and large language models. This may be because they represent a paradigm shift in AI, and the traditional ways of developing, evaluating, understanding, and deploying AI systems no longer apply. Instead, we need to develop new such approaches, possibly by extending those currently in use in cognitive neuroscience and psychology. In this manner, a new AI paradigm can be created, providing a significant leap in AI research and practice.
Minimally conscious state plus versus minus: Likelihood of emergence and long‐term functional independence
Authors: Llorens Roberto , Ippoliti Camilla , Navarro María Dolores , Colomer Carolina , Maza Anny , Goizueta Sandra , Olaya José , Moliner Belén , Ferri Joan , Noé Enrique 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectiveSevere brain injuries can result in disorders of consciousness, such as the Minimally Conscious State (MCS), where individuals display intermittent yet discernible signs of conscious awareness. The varied levels of responsiveness and awareness observed in this state have spurred the progressive delineation of two subgroups within MCS, termed “plus” (MCS+) and “minus” (MCS‐). However, the clinical validity of these classifications remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate and compare the likelihood of emergence from MCS, as well as the functional independence after emergence, in individuals categorized as in MCS+ and MCS‐.MethodsDemographic and behavioral data of 80 participants, admitted as either in MCS+ (n = 30) or MCS‐ (n = 50) to a long‐term neurorehabilitation unit, were retrospectively analyzed. The neurobehavioral condition of each participant was evaluated weekly until discharge, demise, or emergence from MCS. The functional independence of those participants who emerged from MCS was assessed 6 months after emergence.ResultsWhile only about half of the individuals classified as in MCS‐ (n = 24) emerged from the MCS, all those admitted as in MCS+ did, and in a shorter postinjury period. Despite these differences, all individuals who emerged from the MCS demonstrated similar high disability and low functional independence 6 months after emergence, regardless of their state at admission.InterpretationIndividuals classified as MCS+ exhibited a higher likelihood of emergence and a shorter time to emergence compared to those in MCS‐. However, the level of functional independence 6 months after emergence was found to be unrelated to the initial state at admission.
Holistic Approach to Low‐Dimensional Perovskite Enveloping of Internal Interfaces and Grain Boundaries in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ge Chenghao , Xie Lin , Yang Jie , Wei Kun , Wu Tai , Wang Linqin , Sun Licheng , Zhang Jinbao , Hua Yong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractTo elevate the performance and durability of perovskite solar cells, a holistic approach to mitigating defects throughout the device is essential. While advancements in refining top interfaces have been significant, the potential of stabilizing buried interfaces and grain boundaries has not been fully tapped. The research underscores the transformative impact of guanidine phosphate (GP), a chemical agent that converts surplus PbI2 into a low‐dimensional perovskite, thus reinforcing the stability of both buried interfaces and grain boundaries. Employing GP on quantum dot tin dioxide (QD‐SnO2) surfaces revealed an exceptional grain wrapping effect at these critical junctures, as revealed by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. This novel low‐dimensional perovskite enveloping strategy not only passivates the grain boundaries but also delays the cooling of hot carriers, thereby diminishing charge carrier recombination. This strategy exhibits an enhanced power conversion efficiency, rising from 23.16% to 24.55%. Moreover, the modified device sustains over 90% of their initial efficiency after 1000 h of maximum power point tracking under one sun illumination and maintain 90% efficiency after 1400 h in moderate humidity, all achieved without the encapsulation. This breakthrough points to a robust method for augmenting perovskite solar cell, promising a more durable, and efficient solar energy.
Digital Light Processing of Soft Robotic Gripper with High Toughness and Self‐Healing Capability Achieved by Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Huang Cong‐Wei , Wen Si‐Chun , Hsiao Chuan‐Hsun , Zhang Chen‐Zhen , Lin Kuan‐Chung , Yu Sheng‐Sheng 
Published: February 2024

AbstractInspired by nature's flexible and adaptable organisms, soft robotics are motorless robots made from highly compliant materials to work in confined environments and manipulate delicate objects. However, soft robots often suffer from early failure because of unexpected damage. At the same time, it is challenging to manufacture the geometrically complex structures of soft robots. This study introduces resins based on deep eutectic solvents (DES) to fabricate a pneumatically driven soft gripper using digital light processing (DLP). The resins consist of choline chloride (ChCl) as a hydrogen bond acceptor, glycerol (Gly), and acrylamide (AAm) as hydrogen bond donors. By utilizing the intense hydrogen bonding within DES, the resin can be rapidly cured by photopolymerization to form tough ionogels without chemical crosslinkers. The DES ionogels exhibit remarkable toughness and self‐healing performance compared to common hydrogels. Furthermore, the ionogels show not only efficient energy‐dissipating behavior but also achieve rapid self‐recovery. Finally, the DLP‐printed soft gripper from the DES‐based resin performs successful actuation and healing of macroscopic damages. This work presents a simple strategy to 3D print a soft robotic gripper with high toughness and self‐healing capability.
Simultaneous Segment Orientation and Anchoring for Robust Hydrogel Coating with Underwater Superoleophobicity
Authors: Jiang Xusheng , Xu Xiubin , Xia Zhaoji , Lin Dian , Chen Yanting , Wang Yaozhi , Yu Danfeng , Wu Xu , Zeng Hongbo 
Published: February 2024

AbstractUnderwater adhesive superoleophobic coatings are in high demand for underwater activities. However, hydrogel coatings have limited adhesiveness for long periods. In this work, a novel approach is presented that employs synergistic segment orientation and covalent anchoring strategies to fabricate superoleophobic hydrogel coatings on different substrates without prior surface treatments. The coating demonstrated remarkable long‐lasting superoleophobic properties even in extreme underwater environments. It also exhibited strong adhesion with a shear strength of up to 5 MPa and antiswelling and antibiofouling properties, making it highly effective for applications in antiliquid adhesion, crude oil self‐cleaning, and antibiofouling. The simplicity, ease of preparation, and exceptional performance of the hydrogel coating provide a notable example for the synergistic segment orientation and covalent anchoring of hydrogel‐based underwater coatings. Therefore, this study provides a new paradigm for designing straightforward surface‐functional materials.
Janus Nanofiber Membranes with Photothermal‐Enhanced Biofluid Drainage and Sterilization for Diabetic Wounds
Authors: Zhang Xiaojing , Yu Nuo , Ren Qian , Niu Shining , Zhu Liqiong , Hong Ling , Cui Kangle , Wang Xiao , Jiang Weizhong , Wen Mei , Chen Zhigang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractDiabetic wounds are difficult to heal, and the key to wound healing is exudate management and effective disinfection. Inspired by the asymmetric wettability of Janus‐structured lotus leaves, herein the study has presented the design of a biomimetic asymmetric Janus membrane that integrates unidirectional biofluid drainage and photothermal‐enhanced evaporation/sterilization capabilities for accelerating diabetic wound healing. This Janus membrane is prepared by electrospinning polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber membrane containing polydopamine (PDA) on the surface of polypropylene (PP) nonwoven membrane. Such PP/PANx%PDA Janus membrane enables antigravity “pumping” of the water from the hydrophobic PP layer to the hydrophilic PANx%PDA layer within 22 s through contact points on the Janus interface. The incorporation of 30 wt% PDA in PAN imparts high photoabsorption and photothermal responsiveness, facilitating continuous volatilization of the exudate, achieving twice the displacement of water, and causing irreversible damage to bacteria. As a result, it effectively alleviates inflammation and cellular fibrosis while promoting collagen deposition due to its structure and antibacterial properties. Impressively, such photothermal‐enhanced Janus membrane achieves an impressive closure rate of 96.7% for diabetic wounds, better than that of (59.8%) for conventional bandages. Therefore, this asymmetric Janus membrane offers a promising alternative for the healing of chronic diabetic wounds.
Selective CO2‐to‐CO Conversion Enabled by Ultrathin Nitrogen‐Modified Graphene Confined Cobalt–Cobalt Oxide Nanocomposites with Prominent Electron Synergy
Authors: Bi Qingyuan , Luo Rui , Zeng Mengqi , Deng Xinyue , Wang Jinyu , Hao Weiju , Hu Keyan , Fan Jinchen , Li Guisheng , Huang Fuqiang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractDeveloping and fabricating cost‐effective materials for efficient thermocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO under mild conditions is a promising and practical way to sustainable and green low‐carbon energy systems, which remains a challenge. Herein, a facile high‐temperature pyrolysis strategy for the synthesis of efficient ultrathin nitrogen‐modified graphene confined cobalt oxide (CoOx@NG) nanocomposites with prominent electron synergistic effect on inner Co─CoO core and confinement of N‐modified graphene shell is reported. The electronic and/or geometric structures of active metallic Co and coordinatively unsaturated CoO species are modulated by the graphene confinement effect. The electron‐rich N dopant in the graphene shell enhances the surface electron density of the catalyst, thus regulating the adsorption of acidic CO2 molecules. The engineered CoOx@NG shows an outstanding selective CO2‐to‐CO efficiency, with a conversion of 19.5% and a near full CO selectivity at 523 K as well as excellent stability for 150 h on stream. Moreover, the in‐depth insights into the material microstructure, electron synergy, structure‐activity relationships, key intermediate species, and a three‐step reaction mechanism involving the rate‐determining step of C═O bond cleavage for critical *C═O species via 13CO2 isotope and in situ spectroscopy are also demonstrated.
Defect Passivation Toward Designing High‐Performance Fluorinated Polymers for Liquid–Solid Contact‐Electrification and Contact‐Electro‐Catalysis
Authors: Li Xiao‐Fen , Berbille Andy , Wang Tian‐Yu , Zhao Xin , Li Shunning , Su Yusen , Li Huifan , Zhang Guixin , Wang Ziming , Zhu Laipan , Liu Jianbo , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractContact‐electrification at solid–liquid interfaces (SL‐CE) and contact‐electro‐catalysis (CEC) are two blooming research areas with promising applications in sustainable energy, sensing, and chemical processes. However, prior research has neglected the impact of electronic defects on the ability of high‐performance tribo‐materials, like fluorinated polymers, to perform SL‐CE/CEC. Here, through first‐principle calculations, the addition of surface functional groups to fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) enables the tuning of its molecular orbitals' positions, and displacing deep‐level defect states from the HOMO‐LUMO gap is shown. Thereafter, FEP films are modified accordingly by plasma etching; resulting in a significant performance improvement of up to 202% (charge) in SL‐CE experiments, and up to 398% (kinetic rate) in CEC dye degradation. This study provides a theoretical and experimental framework to design high‐performance materials for SL‐CE and CEC, and insights into their physical mechanisms and defect passivation, which are all fundamental for the advancement of these fields.
Self‐Organization of Long‐Lasting Human Endothelial Capillary‐Like Networks Guided by DLP Bioprinting
Authors: Mazari‐Arrighi Elsa , Lépine Matthieu , Ayollo Dmitry , Faivre Lionel , Larghero Jérôme , Chatelain François , Fuchs Alexandra 
Published: February 2024

AbstractTissue engineering holds great promise for regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and as an alternative to animal models. However, as soon as the dimensions of engineered tissue exceed the diffusion limit of oxygen and nutriments, a necrotic core forms leading to irreversible damage. To overcome this constraint, the establishment of a functional perfusion network is essential. In this work, digital light processing bioprinting is used to encapsulate endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in 3D light‐cured hydrogel scaffolds to guide them toward vascular network formation. In these scaffolds, EPCs proliferate and self‐organize within a few days into branched tubular structures with predefined geometry, forming capillary‐like vascular tubes or trees of diameters in the range of 10 to 100 µm. Presenting a confluent monolayer wall of cells strongly connect by tight junctions around a central lumen‐like space, these structures can be microinjected with a fluorescent dye and are stable for several weeks in vitro. These endothelial structures can be recovered and manipulated in an alginate patch without altering their shape or viability. This approach opens new opportunities for future applications, such as stacking with other cell sheets or multicellular constructs to yield bioengineered tissue with higher complexity and functionality.
Multi‐Domain Detection Computational Imaging via Reconfigurable Metasurfaces MIMO System
Authors: Tian Jianghao , Cao Xiangyu , Yang Huanhuan , Li Tong , Li Sijia 
Published: February 2024

AbstractA reconfigurable transmission metasurfaces (RTMs) excited by a multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO)( RTMs‐MIMO) antenna is designed to implement multi‐domain metamaterial computational imaging (MCI). Based on the receiver‐transmitter metasurfaces structure, four PIN diodes are applied to control the operating state of the RTMs. It enables arbitrary switching among four polarization transmission waves. A reverse‐induced current can be generated by adjusting the PIN diodes in the symmetrical position, resulting in a perfect 1‐bit phase modulation with a 3dB‐loss bandwidth of 15.38~19.89 GHz. A microstrip antenna with mushroom‐shaped parasitic patches is employed to implement the MIMO feeds. The ‐10dB bandwidth of MIMO antenna is compatible with the RTMs, and the maximum envelope correlation coefficient of 0.16 demonstrates good isolation between the MIMO feeds. In the MCI system constructed by the RTMs‐MIMO antennas, a transmission matrix H can be achieved by MIMO space beams, metasurfaces phase, metasurfaces polarization, and frequency modes. The correlation coefficient µg = 0.018 is achieved by the multi‐domain integration, allowing H to be highly non‐correlated. Based on the detection results of H, an imaging result with a relative reconstruction error of 0.372 is achieved. The designed MCI system therefore has unparalleled application prospects in the broad field of medical and military detection.
Graphene‐Based Flexible Optically Transparent Dual‐Tunable Metasurface
Authors: Yang Fulong , Xu Huan , Zhu Xiaoqing , Wang Dayu , Zhang Yongxia , Feng Zhe 
Published: February 2024

AbstractDynamically tunable flexible metasurfaces with optical transparency are essentially useful in stealth, electromagnetic sensing, and camouflage while keeping continuous optical observation and communication. In this paper, a dual‐tunable graphene‐based metasurface is designed based on patterned graphene sandwich structures, showing independent dynamic control of reflection amplitude and resonance frequency, excellent optical transparency, and outstanding flexibility. Both the simulated and measured results demonstrate that the transition from dual band absorption at 12 and 24.8 GHz to broad band absorption from 10 to 25.7 GHz, and the absorption amplitude can be tuned between −5 and −15 dB on average in each case dynamically and independently by applying bias voltage to graphene layers. Lastly, the distributions of the induced electric field and surface currents, as well as an equivalent circuit model, are provided to illustrate the tunable electromagnetic absorption mechanism. The designed metasurface has potential applications that are speculated in the fields of electromagnetic tune and electromagnetic stealth.
Artificial Optoelectronic Synapses Based on Light‐Controllable Ferroelectric Semiconductor Memristor
Authors: Hu Yu‐Qing , Xu Wen , Liu Ning‐Tao , Li Yun‐Kangqi , Deng Xing , Guan Zhao , Zheng Yu‐Fan , Yang Shuai , Huang Rong , Yue Fang‐Yu , Zhang Yuan‐Yuan , Peng Hui , Chen Bin‐Bin , Zhong Ni , Xiang Ping‐Hua , Duan Chun‐Gang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractNumerous synaptic devices have been explored for the next generation of energy‐efficient computing techniques. Among them, optoelectronic synaptic devices based on semiconductor/ferroelectric heterostructures have received a lot of attention lately due to their amazing parallelism, efficiency, and fault tolerance properties. However, polarizing the ferroelectric layer or gating the dielectric layer is necessary to achieve tunable synaptic functions, which generally causes an increase in energy consumption and complex manufacturing processes. Here, a simple and efficient method is demonstrated to develop a tunable optoelectronic synaptic device based on a single ferroelectric semiconductor, BiFeO3‐BaTiO3 (BF‐BT). Multi‐essential synaptic functions including short‐term plasticity, paired‐pulse facilitation, and long‐term plasticity are all satisfactorily replicated by the memristor device. More significantly, light‐controllable synaptic behaviors are realized by altering the ferroelectric polarization state of BF‐BT. Synaptic devices’ relaxation characteristics enable simulation of the effects of positive/negative emotions on learning and forgetting processes. This study highlights the potential of the ferroelectric semiconductor memristor in constructing the efficient optoelectronic synapses for future neuromorphic electronics with the ability to learn and sense optical information.
Dynamic Fluorescent Metal–Organic Frameworks Utilizing a Flexible Saddle‐Like 3D Linker
Authors: Zhang Wei‐Miao , Shen Zhan , Wu Miaomiao , Luo Xu‐Feng , Su Jian , Zhang Gen 
Published: February 2024

AbstractDesigning single‐component fluorochromic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with multiple stages presents a significant challenge in the field of functional and smart MOFs. In this study, this challenge is successfully addressed by designing and synthesizing a novel ligand called cyclooctatetrathiophene‐tetrapyridine (COTTTP), and incorporating it into 3D MOFs known as Zn/Cd‐COTTTP. By exploiting the intrinsic properties of COTTTP, specifically its ability to undergo geometry changes from a bent form to a more planar form, both COTTTP as an individual molecule and the resulting Zn/Cd‐COTTTP MOFs exhibit similar fluorochromic behavior. This behavior manifests as a color change from yellow to orange to red. Characterization techniques such as single crystal X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, solid‐state UV–vis and near‐infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy are employed to investigate and confirm the geometry change of COTTTP within the MOF structures. Furthermore, the introduction of an auxiliary rigid ligand to the system is explored, which effectively restricts the geometry change of COTTTP and subsequently diminishes the fluorochromic behavior. This work sheds new light on the design and application of smart porous materials, particularly in the realm of single‐component fluorochromic MOFs. The successful incorporation of COTTTP and the understanding of its geometry change provide insights into the development of functional and responsive MOFs for various applications.