bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isotype-specific antibody responses to bovine coronavirus structural proteins in serum, feces, and mucosal secretions from experimentally challenge-exposed colostrum-deprived calves
Authors: Heckert Robert A. , Saif Linda J. , Mengel Judy P. , Myers Greg W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Five newborn isolation-reared colostrum-deprived calves were inoculated orally and intranasally when they were 20 to 30 hours old and challenge exposed when they were 21 days old with a suspension of virulent bovine coronavirus (bcv). Blood, feces, nasal swabs, tears, saliva, and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluids were collected from each calf prior to inoculation and then weekly for 5 postinoculation weeks. An elisa was used to quantitate the immunoglobulin isotype titers of bcv antibodies in all samples, An immunoblot assay was used to determine the antibody isotype responses to bcv structural proteins in all the samples, except saliva.
At postinoculation days 2 to 3, all calves had severe watery diarrhea, shed bcv in their feces, and had evidence of bcv replication in their upper respiratory tract. After challenge exposure, no calves became ill and no evidence of bcv replication in the respiratory or intestinal tracts was detected. At postinoculation week 1, IgM responses to the N protein were seen in mucosal secretions (except nasal fluid) and feces. At postinoculation weeks 2 and 3, IgA was predominant in mucosal secretions and feces directed toward all the bcv proteins (except the E2 protein in bal fluid). After challenge exposure, an increase (or failure to decrease) in most IgA and some IgG1 titers to bcv proteins was seen. The increases in IgA titers were to all viral proteins in all mucosal secretions and feces, except to the N and E1 viral proteins in feces. The IgGl titer increases were to the E2 proteins in tears and bal fluid and to the E3 protein in bal fluid. In serum, IgM to the N and E3 proteins appeared first, followed by IgGl to mainly the N and E2 proteins, and then more moderate and slower IgG2 and IgA responses. Challenge exposure resulted in an increase (or failure to decrease) in IgGl reactions to all bcv proteins; in IgG2 reactions to E2 and E3 proteins; in IgA reactions to E1, E2, and E3 proteins; and IgM reactions to the N protein only. The N protein elicited the greatest antibody responses, followed by the E2 and E3 proteins, and least by the E1 protein in serum, feces, or mucosal secretions. The E1 and E2 proteins elicited no detectable IgM responses in serum or mucosal secretions.
Our findings indicate that there may be local antibody production at mucosal sites of viral replication, as well as antibody production at associated systemic sites resulting in serum antibodies. Immunoglobulin A antibodies on mucosal surfaces to some or all of the bcv proteins may be important in protection from bcv reinfection.
Intestinal responses to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin b in non-porcine species
Authors: Whipp Shannon C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (stb) is the most prevalent toxin associated with diarrheagenic E coli isolates of porcine origin. Unequivocal biological activity of this toxin has been observed only in swine intestine. In this study, when endogenous protease activity was blocked with soybean trypsin inhibitor, intestinal secretion was stimulated by stb in jejunal loops of rats, mice, calves, and rabbits. Compared with pigs, rats, mice, and calves, rabbits were relatively insensitive to stb. These data demonstrate that the activity of stb is not a speciesspecific toxic activity; there is species variation in sensitivity to stb, and some common laboratory animals may have potential to be used to measure biological activity of stb.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in goats
Authors: Molina A. , Morera L. , Llanes D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Using a heat and sonicated Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Cordoba antigen (coa1) and the commercial protoplasmic-antigen (ppa-3) as antigens, an elisa for detecting goat antibodies was standardized.
When 2 reference populations, 1 positive (17 goats) and the other negative (63 goats) to disease, were used, this test showed 87.5% sensitivity and 93.6% specificity for coa1, and 88.2 and 95.2%, respectively for ppa-3. Absorption with M phlei was performed; no significant differences were found for coa1 but a lower sensitivity was found with ppa-3. This test was not especially affected by cross-reactivity with other mycobacterial disease because when 9 goats with M bovis infection were included in the M paratuberculosis control group, the specificity was only slightly different for absorbed (94.4%) and nonabsorbed sera (91.7%) for coa1 and (93.1 and 94.4%, respectively) for ppa-3.
This test was used to study the percentage of seropositive goats for M paratuberculosis in 3 herds with different prevalences. Among 251 goats in southern Spain (Huelva), 40% were found positive for coa1 and 41% for ppa-3. Among 242 goats studied in southern Spain (Córdoba), 10.0% were positive for coa1 and 13.0% for ppa-3. In the Canary Island population of 176 goats, 3% were positive for coa1 and 0.5% for ppa-3.
According to the accuracies of both positive and negative predictions, our test could be applied to populations with high prevalence to prevent additions to the herd and to cull infected animals (with 40% prevalence, the positive and negative predictive values are 90%), and to prevent adding infected animals to populations with moderate or low prevalence.
Erythrocyte insulin receptors in dogs with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Wolfsheimer K. J. , Peterson Mark E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Erythrocyte insulin receptor binding measurements were evaluated in 8 dogs with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism. These dogs had normal serum glucose concentration, with normal to high serum insulin concentration (range, 45 to 1,400 pmol/L; normal, 40 to 170 pmol/L). Dogs with hyperadrenocorticism had significant (P < 0.01) decrease in mean ± SEM percentage of maximal binding for erythrocyte insulin receptors (2.25 ± 0.21%), compared with results in 11 clinically normal pet dogs (4.29 ± 0.42%). The decrease in erythrocyte receptor binding was attributed to significant (P < 0.01) decrease in highaffinity receptor sites in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (14.5 ± 2.8), compared with clinically normal dogs (31.2 ± 4.3). Significant differences in receptor affinity were not apparent between the 2 groups. Percentage of maximal binding for erythrocyte insulin receptors for dogs with hyperadrenocorticism was inversely correlated with serum insulin concentration (r = −0.85, P < 0.01). Results indicate that the observed decrease in erythrocyte insulin receptor binding could contribute to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia associated with hyperadrenocorticism. Alternatively, decreased binding of insulin receptors in animals with hyperadrenocorticism may result from downregulation secondary to hyperinsulinemia itself caused by insulin resistance at a postreceptor site (decreased responsiveness).
Platelet aggregation, storage pool deficiency, and protein phosphorylation in mice with Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Authors: Pratt H. Lynn , Carroll Roger C. , Jones Jimmy B. , Lothrop Clinton D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The beige (bgJ/bgJ) mouse is a well-described murine model of Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Platelet function was examined in normal and beige mice to better characterize the defective aggregation response in platelets from mice with Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Platelet aggregation after collagen, thrombin, and phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation was significantly (P < 0.025) decreased in platelets from beige mice, relative to platelets from normal mice. Compared with beige and normal mice, those heterozygous for the bg trait had intermediate responses to collagen and thrombin, but not phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate. The defect(s) in aggregation of platelets from beige mice was associated with a dense granule storage pool deficiency and decreased stores of serotonin and adenine nucleotides in platelets. Mice heterozygous for the bg trait had normal platelet serotonin and adenine nucleotide concentrations. Platelets from beige mice were approximately 10 times more sensitive to prostacyclin inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation than were platelets from control mice. However, a significant difference in platelet cyclic AMP concentration was not apparent between beige and normal mice after prostacyclin stimulation. Platelet endoperoxide synthesis measured by quantification of thromboxane B2, was normal in beige mice. Protein phosphorylation patterns in mouse platelets were similar to those seen in human platelets. Thrombin and collagen-induced [32P] phosphorylation of 40- and 20-kD proteins in platelets from normal and beige mice was similar. Results indicate that the biochemical defect(s) in platelet function in beige mice is partially attributable to storage pool deficiency and does not result in an absolute defect in phosphorylation of 40- and 20- kD proteins.
Analysis of selected variables in the under-agarose assay for chemotactic responses of canine neutrophils
Authors: Nagahata Hajime , Kociba Gary J. , Reiter Jolene A. , Couto C. Guillermo 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Chemotaxis under agarose was evaluated to establish an assay system and to characterize chemotactic responses of canine neutrophils. A method for the measurement of canine neutrophil chemotaxis was established, with optimal responses obtained with agarose containing 10% pooled canine serum, a concentration of 5 × 105 cells/well, zymosan-activated serum (zas), or autologous serum or plasma as the chemoattractants, and a 120-minute incubation period. Canine neutrophils responded well to zas, heat-inactivated zas, autologous serum and plasma, and heat-inactivated pooled serum. Chemotactic activity was proportional to the concentration of serum used as the chemoattractant. Mean (± sd) random migration, chemotaxis, chemotactic index, and chemotactic differential of neutrophils from 9 healthy Greyhounds were 1.09 (± 0.23), 1.95 (± 0.38), 1.82 (± 0.31), and 0.86 (± 0.32) mm, respectively.
Influence of type of enclosure on exercise fitness of dogs
Authors: Clark J. D. , Calpin J. P. , Armstrong R. B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effect of various confinement conditions on physical fitness in dogs was evaluated. Eighteen 9.5- to 10- month-old female purpose-bred Beagles were maintained individually for 3 months at a time in 1 of 6 confinement conditions: Condition A—an outdoor housing area with a conventional dog house and free access to a 6.1 × 9.1-m pen; condition B—outdoor kennel with a conventional dog house and free access to a 1.8 × 6.1-m run; condition C— indoor environmentally controlled 1.2 × 3.66-m run; condition D —0.9 × 1.2 × 0.84-m conventional laboratory cage in an indoor environmentally controlled room; condition E—0.9 × 1.2 × 0.84-m conventional laboratory cage in an indoor environmentally controlled room with treadmill exercise (7 km/h at a 10% grade) for 30 min/d, 5 d/wk; condition F—0.71 × 0.86 × 0.69-m conventional laboratory cage in an indoor environmentally controlled room. During the final week of each 3-month interval, muscle succinate dehydrogenase enzyme activities and submaximal exercise heart rates (during treadmill exercise) were determined to estimate physical fitness. Also, 5 days after being moved into a different housing condition, blood samples were collected for plasma cortisol determination.
The type of confinement condition for dogs had little effect on muscle succinate dehydrogenase activity, but had a modest effect on submaximal exercise heart rates of dogs. At the fifth and tenth minutes of the treadmill exercise period, heart rates of dogs maintained in the smallest cages (condition F) were higher than those of dogs maintained in outside pens and runs (conditions A and B), indicating decreased fitness in the dogs maintained in the smallest cages. Differences in heart rates were not detected among dogs in other conditions. The confinement conditions used in this study had no detectable effect on plasma cortisol concentrations.
We concluded that neither cage or pen size nor a regular mandatory exercise program substantially impacted on physical fitness of laboratory confined dogs, as long as the cages complied with federal standards and guidelines. Dogs maintained in substandard cages did have modest decreases in fitness.
Comparison of inhalation-to-perfusion ratio in anesthetized dogs with barrel-shaped thorax vs dogs with deep thorax
Authors: Clercx C. , Van den Brom W. E. , de Vries H. W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Interregional, as well as intraregional (local), distributions of the inhalation-to-perfusion ratio were analyzed in the lungs of 20 prone anesthetized healthy dogs—10 dogs with barrel-shaped thorax (Beagles) and 10 dogs with deep thorax (Greyhound-type dogs)—using 99mTc inhalation- perfusion lung scintigraphy. Dorsoventral and lateral views were analyzed.
In both types of dogs, the ratio between the mean inhalation and perfusion values (interregional mismatching factor F) decreased from craniad to caudad and the decrease was more sustained in the right than in the left lung. However, the total decrease was less in Greyhoundtype dogs than in Beagles (cranial-to-caudal decrease of 14 and 27%, respectively, in the left lung, and 62 and 56%, respectively, in the right lung). The dorsal-to-ventral distribution of F was different in the 2 types of dogs. In Beagles, it increased from dorsal to ventral zones by about 50% of the initial dorsal zone value, whereas in Greyhound-type dogs, only a slight dorsal-to-ventral decrease was evident, with the exception of the more ventral zone.
Differences in the intraregional mismatching factor (ρ) indicated that the intraregional inhalation-to-perfusion inequalities were more pronounced within the caudal regions and within the ventral zones of the lungs in both types of dogs, and in the more cranial zones in the lungs of Beagles. However, the degree of intraregional mismatching was generally lower in Greyhound-type dogs.
Thus, the gravitational force is not the dominating determinant of interregional or intraregional inhalation-toperfusion ratio distributions in the lungs of anesthetized prone dogs. Its influence is modulated by other factors— morphologic characteristics, such as the shape and size of the thorax, and body weight of the dog. In particular, the height of the thorax in Greyhound-type dogs could permit the gravitational force to exert a more determinant influence than it does in Beagles.
Gross and histologic study of the rostral epidural rete mirabile and the cavernous sinus in one-humped camels
Authors: Zguigal Hadhoum , Ghoshal Nani G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Gross and histologic features of the rostral epidural rete mirabile (carotid rete) and the cavernous sinus in onehumped camels were studied. It was evident that the branches of the carotid rete share a common tunica adventitia with the veins of the cavernous sinus. Transmission electron microscopy of the rostral epidural rete mirabile and the cavernous sinus revealed gap junctions in endothelial cells lining the walls of the arterial rete branches and veins. The internal elastic lamina of rete branches were fenestrated. Some of these structural featuers could facilitate countercurrent heat exchange between the rete branches and the venous plexus of the cavernous sinus to regulate brain temperature.
Hemodynamic response of endotoxemic calves to treatment with small-volume hypertonic saline solution
Authors: Constable Peter D. , Schrnall L. Michael , Muir William W. , Hoffsis Glen F. , Shertel Eric R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The hemodynamic effects of hypertonic saline solution (hss) resuscitation on endotoxic shock were examined in pentoharhital-anesthetized calves (8 to 20 days old). Escherichia coli (055:B5) endotoxin was infused iv at dosage of 0.1 μg/kg of body weight for 30 minutes. Endotoxin induced large decreases in cardiac index, stroke volume, maximal rate of change of left ventricular pressure (+ dP/dtmax), femoral and mesenteric arterial blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, urine production, and mean aortic pressure. Severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and increased pulmonary vascular resistance were evident at the end of endotoxin infusion. Treatment with hss (2,400 mosm of NaCl/L, 4 ml/kg) or an equivalent sodium load of isotonic saline solution (iss: 300 mosm of NaCl/L, 32 ml/kg) was administered 90 minutes after the end of endotoxin administration. Both solutions were infused iv over a 4- to 6-minute period.
Administration of hss induced immediate and significant (P < 0.05) increase in stroke volume and central venous pressure, as well as significant decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. These effects were sustained for 60 minutes, after which all variables returned toward preinfusion values. The hemodynamic response to hss administration was suggestive of rapid plasma volume expansion and redistribution of cardiac output toward splanchnic circulation. Plasma volume expansion by hss was minimal 60 minutes after resuscitation.
Administration of iss induced significant increase in cardiac index, stroke volume, femoral arterial blood flow, and urine production. These effects were sustained for 120 minutes, at which time, calves were euthanatized. Compared with hss, iss induced sustained increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure and only a small increase in mesenteric arterial blood flow. The rapid administration of large-volume iss appears superior to small-volume hss for initial resuscitation of acutely endotoxemic, anesthetized calves. At this time, we do not advocate rapid infusion of iss to septicemic calves because exacerbation of pulmonary hypertension may potentially depress respiratory function, and rapid increase in preload may hemodynamically compromise calves with depressed cardiac contractility.
Monitoring bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines for adventitious virus, using T1 ribonuclease viral RNA oligonucleotide fingerprinting
Authors: Kelling Clayton L. , Kennedy Jane E. , Rump Kristine K. , Stine Lisa C. , Paul Prem S. , Partridge James E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Viral rna oligonucleotide fingerprinting was used to discriminate 3 cytopathic vaccine bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdv) grown in medium supplemented with serum contaminated with noncytopathic bvdv from the same 3 viruses grown in cell culture free of bvdv. Oligonucleotide fingerprinting also effectively discriminated between reference Singer bvdv, nadl bvdv, and New York-1 bvdv grown in bvdv-free noncontaminated or bvdv-contaminated cell cultures. Oligonucleotide fingerprint mapping of viral rna maybe used to determine the purity of virus stocks, as well as that of bvdv vaccines.
Kinetic study of serum gentamicin concentrations in baboons after single-dose administration
Authors: Watson Julie Ralph , Stoskopf Michael K. , Rozmiarek Harry , Strandberg John D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
This study establishes preliminary pharmacokinetic data on the use of gentamicin sulfate administered im to baboons. Serum concentrations ≥ 12 μg/ml are generally agreed to cause toxicosis in human beings. On the basis of preliminary test results suggesting that the manufacturer's recommended dosage for dogs of 4.4 mg/kg of body weight caused potentially toxic serum concentrations, a dosage of 3 mg/kg was chosen to conduct a single-dose kinetic study in 6 baboons. Using a single-compartment model, the gentamicin serum half-life for im administration of 3 mg of gentamicin/kg was 1.58 hours, and serum concentrations remained below the potentially toxic concentrations reported for human beings. We suggest that a dosage of 3 mg/kg is safer than a dosage of 4.4 mg/kg administered im to baboons. Minimal inhibitory concentrations for 2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were ≤ 1 μg/ml. On the basis of our measured elimination half-life of 1.58 hours, it is reasonable to suppose that dosing q 24 h will be inadequate to maintain therapeutic serum concentrations. We calculate that serum concentrations will remain at or above our measured minimal inhibitory concentration for P aeruginosa (1 μg/ml) for 100% of the treatment time if the animal is dosed q 6 h, 78% for dosing q 8 h, and 52% for dosing q 12 h. Therefore, we suggest 3 mg/kg, q 8 h or q 6 h as appropriate dosing schedules for the use of gentamicin sulfate administered im to baboons.
Quantitative urinalysis in kittens from four to thirty weeks after birth
Authors: Hoskins Johnny D. , Turnwald Grant H. , Kearney Michael T. , Gossett Kent A. , Fakier Narriman 
Published: January 2024

Summary
To evaluate renal function and obtain reference values for measurements of urinary excretion of various substances, quantitative urinalysis was performed in healthy, growing kittens from 4 to 30 weeks after birth. Endogenous creatinine clearance, 24-hour urine protein excretion, and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio were determined. Additionally, fractional excretion to creatinine clearance was calculated for calcium, inorganic phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and chloride. Mean ± SD endogenous creatinine clearance values (range, 3.80 ± 0.48 to 4.74 ± 0.61 ml/min/kg) were significantly (P < 0.0001) higher in kittens 9 to 19 weeks old, compared with younger (range, 1.39 ± 0.85 to 3.59 ± 0.86 ml/min/kg) and older kittens (range, 2.69 ± 0.40 to 3.46 ± 0.37 ml/min/kg). Mean values for all kittens for 24-hour urine protein excretion (range, 2.54 ± 1.81 mg/kg at 4 weeks to 11.39 ± 7.61 mg/kg at 14 weeks) and for urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (range, 0.14 ± 0.03 to 0.34 ± 0.18) varied from week to week of age. The urine protein-to-creatinine ratio in kittens > 9 weeks old correlated well (R2 = 0.861) with 24-hour urine protein excretion. Urinary fractional excretion of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and chloride in kittens varied among age groups, being significantly (P < 0.01) different for potassium and calcium in young kittens (4 to 6 weeks) and older kittens (≥ 7 weeks).
Resistance of population-B equine strongyles to thiabendazole, oxfendazole, and phenothiazine (1981 to 1987)
Authors: Drudge J. H. , Lyons E. T. , Tolliver S. C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Critical tests were completed on foals (n = 15) naturally infected with benzimidazole (bz)-resistant population-B strongyles during the period between 1981 and 1987. Thiabendazole at a dosage of 44 mg/kg was tested in 8 foals, oxfendazole at 10 mg/kg was tested in 4 foals, and phenothiazine at 55 mg/kg, cambendazole at 20 mg/kg, and fenbendazole at 5 mg/kg were tested in 1 foal each.
Efficacies of thiabendazole, cambendazole, and fenbendazole against the 5 species of bz-resistant small strongyles (Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocylus nassatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, and Cylicostephanus longibursatus) were partial. Removals in the aggregate averaged 48%, 52%, and 68%, respectively, indicating continued resistance of the 5 species of small strongyles to thiabendazole, cambendazole, and fenbendazole. In contrast, oxfendazole was efficacious, removing an aggregate average of 95% of the 5 bz-resistant species of small strongyles in the 4 foals. This apparent reversion to susceptibility to oxfendazole may be attributable to paucity of reference data (1 test foal) done in 1976.
All 5 species of the bz-resistant small strongyles had cross resistance to phenothiazine (38% aggregate removal), whereas 9 of the bz-susceptible species were effectively (99%) removed. This suggests a similar mode of action between phenothiaznie and the bz compounds.