bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
University Instructional Television Networks
Authors: Martin-Vegue Charles A. , Morris Albert J. , Tallmadge Gene E. 
Published: May 2005

University ITV Networks are “educational delivery systems.” In effect, they bring the university—often several universities—to students where they work. They overcome the need and the related problems of physically transporting either or both students and faculty to each other. For such networks to be academically, technically, and financially viable all parties involved in the interaction process must be simultaneously satisfied; the faculty, the university administration, the on-campus students, the remote students, and the employers of the remote students. Almost always, it is the employer who pays network costs. Employers have paid such costs where the system has been demonstratably cost-effective. This usually requires finding multiple uses of the network in order to maximize its benefit while, at the same time, finding ways to minimize the cost.
Anxiety and Depression in Patients Receiving Implanted Cardioverter-Defibrillators: A Longitudinal Investigation
Authors: Hegel Mark T. , Griegel Lori E. , Black Carolyn , Goulden Lisa , Ozahowski Tomas 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) has dramatically improved survival rates following sudden cardiac death episodes. However, researchers have devoted little attention to the psychosocial consequences of living with the device. The current study used a longitudinal design to evaluate the impact of adaptation to the ICD on incidence and severity of anxiety and depression. Method: ICD recipients were administered standardized anxiety and depression questionnaires as well as questions evaluating quality of life related to the ICD in two consecutive yearly assessments. A preliminary evaluation of potentially important theoretical variables, such as the perceived predictability and controllability of shock onset was also conducted. Results: One-third of the study population ( N = 38) had clinically significant levels of anxiety, depressed mood, and fear of symptoms of autonomic arousal. These negative affective states persisted over time, with 40 to 63 percent of subjects continuing to have ongoing difficulties over a one-year time period. Anxiety about the ICD firing was closely associated with the occurrence of depression, while avoidance of activities was associated with anxiety. “Worry” about the ICD and a belief that ICD firing can be predicted were associated with anxiety sensitivity. Conclusions: Depressive and anxiety states in ICD recipients may be frequent, clinically significant, and resistant to spontaneous resolution. Early signs of anxiety and depression in ICD recipients should be evaluated. Implications for future research are discussed.
Community Economic Structure and Individual Well-Being a Look behind the Statistics
Authors: Sclar Elliott D. 
Published: May 2005

This paper presents a model of the community economic development process with an emphasis on its implications for individual well-being. It is intended as a social epidemiology which can help explain empirical findings demonstrating a connection between indicators of individual and social dysfunction and indicators of economic change. The model is one of economic development in a market-oriented, profit-maximizing society. The underlying hypothesis is that changes in economic activity brought about by increases in the size of firms and scale of production place new demands upon local resources and labor markets. In response, families and social networks begin to change the ways they relate to individual members, changes that cause individuals to become more directly vulnerable to the stresses and strains generated by economic activity. The result is that dysfunction, as manifest in the incidence and prevalence of various pathologies, increases with both ups and downs in the economy. The paper discusses the ways in which these changes become manifest in the statistical series used for purposes of empirical analysis and suggests the limits of this approach to social research. It ends by presenting a policy prescription for economic development which places emphasis on social cost minimization rather than output maximization.
Perspectives of the Genocide Issue
Authors: Sai Fred T. 
Published: May 2005

At the international level the genocide theory is used to imply a covert or overt effort by the white races to eliminate or keep down the numbers of the colored races. Within Africa, however, more important problems are related to the balkanization of the continent into small states without reference to real physical or ethnic group boundaries. This has led to national insecurity which many feel would be allayed by increasing their national numbers. Within countries too, the new approach to democracy tends to make it possible for one tribe to be dominant over the other, and this in turn creates insecurity both for the tribe in ascendancy, making it want to maintain its numerical superiority, and for the minor tribe which would like to increase its numbers rapidly. The problem is worsened by very enthusiastic advocacy of population control as the main ingredient of economic advance and unguarded recommendations for methods of fertility limitation which may be completely unacceptable in cultural terms. The lack of real population and family planning experts on the African scene is particularly to blame as is also the disproportionate allocation of funds for family planning and population activities as opposed to overall developmental goals. In spite of the genocide theory family planning and population programs are advancing in Africa. Progress will be accelerated, however, if such activities are seen as part of overall developmental activities aimed at improving the quality of life of all of the peoples. Success is much more likely if governments and technical assistant personnel make it obvious that family planning is to be undertaken within the context of human rights: respect for the dignity of the individual, and encouragement to individuals, families, and communities in the achievement of their own aspirations.
Use of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale as a Predictor of Psychiatric Admission for Non-Suicidal Patients
Authors: Hooten W. Michael , Lyketsos Constantine G. , Mollenhauer Mark 
Published: May 2005

Objective: We hypothesized that a systematic determination of symptom severity would predict psychiatric admission for non-suicidal patients referred for a psychiatric evaluation in an urban emergency department (ED) setting. Method: In a pilot study involving consecutive patients referred for a psychiatric evaluation in an urban ED, symptom severity was quantified using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). The BPRS scores of all non-suicidal patients were subjected to receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and optimal cutoff score of the BPRS in predicting admission for non-suicidal patients. Results: A BPRS cutoff score of 39 had a sensitivity of 85.71 percent and a specificity of 86.11 percent. The area under the ROC curve was .8671 (Somer's D = .7342) and the standard error of the curve was .1124. The cutoff score of 39 correctly identified six of seven non-suicidal patients who were hospitalized. Conclusions: It is anticipated that use of the BPRS in the ED will be further refined when a larger patient sample is studied. Potentially, a subset of BPRS items could be identified which would be more sensitive in predicting admission than the full BPRS and increase the overall efficiency of administering the BPRS in the ED.
Expression of Anger and Alexithymia in Patients with Psychogenic Excoriation: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Çalikuşu Celal , Yücel Başak , Polat Aslihan , Baykal Can 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Psychogenic excoriation (PE), which is characterized by lesions formed by self-picking, has a significant place among the dermatoses related to psychological factors. Emotions, particularly anger that cannot be expressed, may be important in the etiology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sociodemographic characteristics of patients with PE and with another psychodermatosis, and compare them in terms of anger, manner of anger expression, and alexithymia. Methods: Thirty-one consecutive subjects with PE and thirty-one patients with chronic urticaria were recruited from an outpatient dermatology clinic. All of the subjects completed Toronto Alexithymia Scale and Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scale. Results: PE patients had higher levels of anger ( p < .01), tended not to show their anger ( p < .05), and were more alexithymic ( p < .05). There was also a positive correlation between anger and alexithymia scores ( r = .49, p < .05). Discussion: PE, a severe and chronic psychiatric and dermatological problem, may be related to affect-regulation, particularly anger and alexithymia. Due to the fact that it has a different place among psychodermatoses, individuals with PE might benefit from learning how to regulate their affects other than by excoriation.
Parents' Coping and Communication following Their Infant'S Death
Authors: Feeley Nancy , Gottlieb Laurie N. 
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was: 1) to examine whether mothers and fathers utilize similar or different coping strategies to deal with the death of their infant, and 2) to explore whether discordant parental coping was associated with communication difficulties. Twenty-seven couples who had experienced a stillbirth, neonatal death, or Sudden Infant Death within the previous six to twenty-seven months were asked to participate. Two constructs were measured: (a) Coping was assessed with the Ways of Coping Checklist and the Coping with the Death of a Child instrument and (b) Communication was measured with the Marital Communication Inventory. Mothers and fathers independently completed these three questionnaires. Mothers and fathers differed in their use of only three of the fourteen coping strategies examined. Thus, mothers' and fathers' coping strategies, six to twenty-seven months post-loss, were more concordant than discordant. Mothers used seeking social support, escape-avoidance strategies, and preoccupation to a significantly greater extent than did fathers. Important predictors of mothers' coping strategies were the infant's age and time since the death, while for fathers the important predictors were the infant's gender and the family income level. For couples whose coping was discordant, mothers perceived higher levels of conflict in their communication with their spouses as compared to couples whose coping was concordant.
Psychotropic Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Goldberg Harold L. , Nissim Robyn 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This article reviews the literature on the use of psychotropic drugs in pregnancy and lactation. Method: Medline search yielded more than five hundred titles. Articles were reviewed and ninety-one were selected for reference. Results: Fetal physiology and teratogenicity are discussed and the effects of specific drugs on the fetus and newborn are presented. When possible, recommendations for use or non-use are presented. Conclusions: Though no controlled studies have ever been done in pregnant women to truly prove their safety, it appears that most, but not all, current psychotropic drugs appear fairly safe for use in pregnancy.
A Model for Development and Evaluation of Special Instructional Materials
Authors: Morsink Catherine V. , Morsink Robert C. 
Published: May 2005

Along with diagnosticians who select materials and teachers who use them, the developers of instructional materials share responsibility for their quality. The development and evaluation of instructional materials for use with handicapped learners is a matter of particular concern now that classroom teachers without special training are responsible for increasing amounts of these children's educational programs. This article presents a review of existing models for the systematic creation and testing of instructional materials. Four such models are described and synthesized into a logic diagram, which is suggested as a guide to systematize the process of developing materials for use with exceptional students. A set of materials designed to assist young disabled learners in acquiring beginning word attack skills is used to illustrate the steps in the development/evaluation process. The six steps suggested in this model are: statement of the problem, formulation of a rationale, development of specifications, development of prototype child-use and teacher training materials, evaluation of materials, and dissemination of the product Feedback loops are included in each step. The importance of using a systematic approach to the development and evaluation of materials for handicapped learners is stressed.
Self-Help within a Medical Institution: Its Potentials and Limits
Authors: Freudenberg Nicholas A. 
Published: May 2005

The current health self-help movement has its roots in the social movements of the 1960's. Frustrated with the practices and priorities of established medicine, many groups organized to meet their health needs outside the medical care system. Now self-help is becoming more attractive to health care providers. Hospitals, physicians and funding agencies are putting new emphasis on teaching self-help skills to a variety of patients. This report describes one such program established for asthmatic children and their parents in a medical center in New York City. By analyzing the different perspectives of parents, children, educators, physicians, hospital administrators and the funding agency, it shows how self-help programs within a hospital setting are shaped by an interaction of forces. The potential and limits of self-help as an instrument for social and institutional change are described. The article concludes with recommendations on how health workers can contribute to the self-help process.
Describing Community Health Risks: Can Epidemiology Be Improved?
Authors: Kriebel David 
Published: May 2005

Environmental threats are one of the highest concerns of communities seeking to improve public health. University researchers seek to assist communities with these concerns by providing technical expertise. But these community-science collaborations are often frustrating to both parties. Communities often find that the scientific studies have not “proven” what they believe the problem to be, while scientists often feel at least pestered, if not manipulated, by the “dirty” politics of the community. This paper investigates the proposition that environmental scientists must learn to combine their quantitative studies with qualitative views on the community and its health, if their studies are to be useful and indeed even fully accurate. The goal of the presentation is to explore changes in the methods of one particular field, environmental epidemiology, that might make it more relevant to current environmental debates. After a brief history of the field, limitations in the current practice of epidemiology are presented. These can be grouped under two headings: an over-emphasis on quantitative results, and an underestimation of uncertainties in study results. Some suggestions are given for changes that might address these problems, and make epidemiology more useful for citizens and policy-makers. These are: nest quantitative results in qualitative descriptions of study populations; fit two different kinds of statistical models—one very simple, the other quite complex; conduct sensitivity analyses; and use precautionary guidelines for causal inference. It is concluded that environmental epidemiology serves a particular societal function; which is to inform citizens and policy makers about environmental hazards that, perhaps, should be the subject of legal and economic interventions. For this reason, methods could be changed to improve the fit of the science to this function. There remains, however, much to be done to revise and refine this perspective, and to make the suggestions sufficiently specific that they can be put into practice.
Repetitive Phenomena in Dementia
Authors: Hwang Jen-Ping , Tsai Shih-Jen , Yang Cheng-Hung , Liu King-Ming , Lirng Jiing-Feng 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Both repetitive talk and behaviors (repetitive phenomena) are common in demented patients and are bothersome to their caregivers and families. The purpose of this preliminary report was to explore these repetitive phenomena in demented patients admitted to a geropsychiatric ward. Method: The sample population consisted of 141 demented patients. Patients' caregivers were asked if patients had presented a repetitive fixed pattern of physical action or talk since the onset of dementia. Results: Of the 141 demented patients included in the study, seventy-nine had repetitive phenomena. Patients with these phenomena had various presentations and developed them in the early stage of dementia. Conclusions: Repetitive phenomena are widespread in dementia, especially for older patients, and may be an early sign of dementia. The characteristics of repetitive phenomena and some likely underlying mechanisms are discussed.
Is Depressed Affect a Function of One's Relationship with God?: Findings from a Study of Primary Care Patients
Authors: Levin Jeff 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This study examines the association between a self-reported loving relationship with God and the presence of depressed affect. Building on prior clinical and epidemiologic research on religious factors in mental health, it seeks to extend consideration to internal religious resources. Method: Data are from 205 primary care outpatients who completed a self-administered survey inquiring about their relationship with God, their mental and physical health, and various religious and psychosocial issues. The principal dependent construct is the depressed affect subscale of the General Well-Being Scale. The principal independent construct is a validated eight-item self-report measure of loving and being loved by God based on a theoretical taxonomy developed by Sorokin. Results: Hierarchical ordinary least squares regression was used to investigate the association between this construct, which Sorokin termed “religious love,” and the measure of depressed affect. After controlling for sets of hypothesized mediating factors (multi-item measures of religious involvement, social resources, psychological resources, and physical health status) in five successive models, as well as several key sociodemographic variables, the statistically significant inverse association between these two constructs in the baseline model (β = −.29, p < .01) remained strong and statistically significant (β = −.21, p < .05). Conclusions: These findings raise the possibility that a loving relationship with God may exert a protective effect on psychological distress. One's relationship with God thus may represent an important personal resource for mitigating the emotional consequences of poor health and other deleterious life circumstances, as well as a marker for successful religious coping.
Remembering Alan J. P. Dalton
Authors: Wigmore Dorothy 
Published: May 2005

A Class Working Hero There aren't many heroes around any more. Not the kind who selflessly devote themselves to saying what they believe, without fear, favor, an ounce of fanaticism or hope of any reward; those who tirelessly work with all and anyone who might advance—even by just one jot—the quest for a non-toxic, humane, and egalitarian society. Alan Dalton was just such a rare bird; and he almost always got his facts straight.
Historical Perspective of Contemporary Psychosomatic Medicine
Authors: Wittkower Eric D. 
Published: May 2005

The great triumphs of 19th century scientific medicine in the fields of morbid anatomy, microbiology and biochemistry resulted also in a narrowly organic orientation which fostered increasing specialization and a neglect of the psychological aspects of medicine. Freud, Pavlov and Cannon paved the way for the introduction of the psychosomatic approach to medical practice and research. Their methods and theories offered potential tools for the measurement of emotions and access to repressed, unconscious, psychological content. The psychosomatic movement which started in Germany and Austria was further elaborated through the psychosomatic research of American psychiatrists and particularly psychoanalysts, with psychologists increasingly entering the field. Gradually, interest in the psychodynamics and psychoanalytic treatment of patients with psychosomatic disorders yielded to a growing exploration of the place of environmental stress, consultation psychiatry and pharmacotherapy in psychosomatic disorders. As laboratory studies have burgeoned, occasional rifts have occurred between those in basic psychosomatic research and those in applied psychosomatic medicine. The numerous conceptual models of mind-body relationships in general and psychosomatic diseases in particular are summarized and discussed. While uncertainty abounds and initial hopes of finding an exclusive psychogenic explanation for puzzling diseases and methods of treating them easily by psychotherapy have not materialized, the psychosomatic approach has nonetheless had a profound impact on medicine.
Is Consumer Control Possible in Health Care Services?
Authors: Godbout Jacques 
Published: May 2005

In the late 1960s, the Canadian province of Quebec carried out a major reform of its health and social service institutions. As a consequence of the ideology dominating that period, the reform placed great emphasis on citizen participation, establishing local community service centers (centres locaux de services communautaires—CLSC) with boards of directors composed principally of residents of the districts served. This article examines the possible changes brought about by the granting of formal power to health institution consumers. Does this formal power permit citizens to exercise any real control over the institutions? And if so, what does this consumer control modify in terms of the nature, quality, and adaptability of the services offered? After a brief description of the Quebec health and social service reform and the resulting CLSCs, this article evaluates consumers' power in these institutions and analyzes the conditions under which such power is exercised. The next section outlines changes that have taken place in the CLSCs, singling out three types of changes for further examination: innovations, adaptations, and transformations. The following section examines the consumers' role in bringing about these changes. On the basis of this analysis, it is possible to conclude that consumer participation is necessary to effect certain types of changes which, otherwise, can deteriorate into bureaucratic processes. The analysis also indicates the existence of diverging and even antagonistic interests between providers (professional employees) and consumers. These contradictions may eventually call into question the classical models of producer self-management.