bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of processing conditions and packaging material on the quality attributes of dry‐roasted peanuts
Authors: Adebiyi Abayomi P , Adeyemi Isaac A , Olorunda Ayodele O 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFive different processing conditions of raw shelled unblanched peanuts were investigated. The first two treatments involved soaking the peanuts in tap water for 10 and 30 min respectively, then mixing thoroughly with dry NaCl before roasting. Another two treatments involved soaking the peanuts in saturated brine solution for 10 and 30 min respectively before roasting. Unsalted roasted peanuts served as the control. Packaging and storage studies were carried out by packaging the differently treated dry‐roasted peanuts in four different packaging materials and storing them under three different relative humidities for 3 months at ambient temperature. Proximate composition, NaCl content, peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid value were determined and sensory evaluation tests were carried out. Salting was found to improve the taste, flavour and overall acceptability of dry‐roasted peanuts but had no effect on shelf‐life. Peanuts treated in saturated brine solution for 30 min before roasting were the most preferred. The control packaging material, 18 µm transparent polyethylene, was found to be inadequate for protecting the quality attributes of dry‐roasted peanuts, with mould growth being observed on the 42nd day of storage at 80% relative humidity. However, acceptable results were obtained with 45 µm transparent polypropylene. The mean sensory scores and objective tests were found to be negatively correlated.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Respiration rate, ethylene production and biochemical changes during fruit development and maturation of jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk)
Authors: Abbas Muay'ed F , Fandi Bushra S 
Published: October 2002

AbstractJujube fruits (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk) of cv Zaytoni were harvested from fruit set until maturity to study some physiological and biochemical changes. Jujube fruit cv Zaytoni displayed a double‐sigmoid growth curve with a very short second stage (2 weeks). Changes in respiration rate and ethylene production during fruit development were typical of climacteric fruits, the peak of ethylene production coinciding with the climacteric rise in respiration. As for chemical constituents, reducing sugars were dominant and sucrose was absent in ripe fruit. Total soluble solid content was low during the early stages of growth, then increased to a peak in ripe fruit. Titratable acidity was low initially, but increased to a peak in physiologically mature fruit and declined rapidly in ripe fruit. The pattern of changes in protein content was typical of that characterising climacteric fruits.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Formation of γ‐gluconolactone in a wine‐like model system
Authors: Bertrand Alain , Barbe Jean‐Christophe 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBy experiments performed in wine‐like and must‐like model solutions, we have shown that intramolecular gluconic acid esterification leads to the formation of not only the well‐known δ‐gluconolactone (glucono‐5‐lactone) but also γ‐gluconolactone (glucono‐4‐lactone). To our knowledge, the presence of the latter is reported for the first time under conditions similar to those in grape musts and wines. Equilibrium between these lactones and gluconic acid was reached within 24 h of preparing a solution of gluconic acid, and in both wine‐like and must‐like model solutions the concentrations of γ‐ and δ‐gluconolactone represented the same proportions of the acid, ie about 60 and 40 mg g−1 gluconic acid respectively. Owing to their chemical structures, not only δ‐gluconolactone but also γ‐gluconolactone could certainly contribute to sulphur dioxide binding in musts and wines containing gluconic acid.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Production and characterisation of enzymatically produced lauric acid esters of fructose
Authors: Şekeroğlu Gülten , Fadıloğlu Sibel , İbanoğlu Esra 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLauric acid esters of fructose were produced using immobilised lipase (EC 3.1.1.3; Novozym 435). A molecular sieve was used to shift the reaction towards the synthesis. The mono‐, di‐ and higher esters of lauric acid with fructose were obtained and analysed qualitatively and quantitatively by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). At a 5:1 molar ratio of lauric acid to fructose the amounts of monoester, diester and higher esters produced were 37, 53 and 98 mg respectively after 96 h of reaction time. After purification of the products by column chromatography the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB) values of fructose monolaurate and fructose dilaurate were found to be 8.95 and 5.3 respectively and their critical micelle concentration (CMC) values were calculated as 7.20 × 10−5 and 6.40 × 10−5 M respectively. The CMC values of esters obtained from the conductivity curve and the surface tension curve were significantly (P < 0.05) similar to each other. It was found that when the concentration of surfactant was increased from 0.25 to 0.50% (w/v), stabilisation of the emulsion also increased. Fructose dilaurate showed better stability than the other esters. Separation of the phases reached 70% within 30 h for the emulsion prepared with 0.50% (w/v) of this ester.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of eyespot resistance genes on baking quality and yield in wheat
Authors: Koen Elizma , Labuschagne Maryke T , Viljoen Chris D 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn a backcross programme to introduce resistance genes, the retention of genes other than the resistance gene from the donor parent is possible owing to either chance, the simultaneous transfer of linked genes, incomplete compensation of replaced wheat chromatin, or other crossover segments being incorporated into the wheat genotype. This may cause unwanted characteristics in resistant cultivars. Eyespot in wheat is caused by Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton. This disease is widely spread throughout the world and can result in severe damage to wheat crops. Genetic control of the disease has been found to be very effective. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the Pch1 eyespot resistance gene, backcrossed 8–10 times into South African wheat cultivars SST66 and Palmiet, on baking quality and yield in the absence of the disease. The presence of the gene had a detrimental effect on thousand‐kernel mass in two SST66 lines and on yield in one Palmiet line, but there were no detrimental effects on any measured quality characteristics. The presence of the gene will thus protect the plant from the disease without having a negative effect on baking quality.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Laser assisted delivery of topical anesthesia for intramuscular needle insertion in adults
Authors: Shapiro Howard , Harris Lisbeth , Hetzel Fred W. , Bar‐Or David 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesCurrently there is no safe, effective, and rapid means to eliminate the pain associated with a needle insertion through the skin. It is hypothesized that ablation of the stratum corneum layer using a low energy Erbium(Er):YAG laser would allow rapid local anesthesia from a lidocaine product.Study Design/Materials and MethodsEighty volunteers participated in a placebo‐controlled, double blind, cross‐over study employing the Norwood–Abbey (Chelsea Heights, Victoria, Australia) laser anesthesia device (LAD) and two lidocaine preparations. Upper‐arm skin ablation was followed by a 5‐minute application of study treatment. Pain scores were registered immediately following a needle insertion.ResultsComparing the combined lidocaine preparations to placebo, there was a statistically significant reduction in pain when the LAD was employed (P < 0.001). The median pain reduction for lidocaine was 51.3% (95% CI = [40.9, 76.1]).ConclusionsUse of the low energy Er:YAG LAD device in combination with a 5‐minute application of lidocaine significantly reduced the pain associated with a needle insertion. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:252–256, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of low‐power laser irradiation on cell growth and procollagen synthesis of cultured fibroblasts
Authors: Pereira Aymann Nassif , Eduardo Carlos de Paula , Matson Edmir , Marques Márcia Martins 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIn dentistry, low‐power lasers have been used in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity, gingivitis, periodontitis, and different forms of oral ulcers. This in vitro study focuses on the biostimulation of NIH‐3T3 fibroblasts by a low‐power Ga–As‐pulsed laser.Study Design/Materials and MethodsWe have studied cell growth and procollagen synthesis of cultured fibroblasts submitted to low‐power laser irradiation with energy densities varying from 3 to 5 J/cm2 over a period of 1–6 days. The light source was a 120 mW Ga–As diode laser (λ = 904 nm). Growth curves and procollagen immunoprecipitation were obtained.ResultsIrradiation of 3 and 4 J/cm2 increased the cell numbers about threefold to sixfold comparing to control cultures. However, this effect was restricted to a small range of energy densities since 5 J/cm2 had no effect on cell growth. The energy density of 3 J/cm2 remarkably increased cell growth, with no effect on procollagen synthesis, as demonstrated by the immunoprecipitation analysis.ConclusionsOur results showed that a particular laser irradiation stimulates fibroblast proliferation, without impairing procollagen synthesis. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:263–267, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photodynamic therapy of high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with 5‐aminolevulinic acid
Authors: Keefe Kristin A. , Tadir Yona , Tromberg Bruce , Berns Michael , Osann Kathryn , Hashad Rasha , Monk Bradley J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo determine the safety and efficacy of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as a topically applied photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).Study Designs/Materials and MethodsForty women, who were at least 18 years old with persistent biopsy‐proven CIN 2 and CIN 3 within the previous 3 months of enrollment, underwent PDT in a phase I and II design. Five escalating radiant energies (increments of 25 J/cm2, beginning at 50–150 J/cm2) using a Coherent Dye Model 920 argon pumped dye laser providing light at 630 nm (maximum output 0.8 W) were used to perform PDT with a fixed dose of ALA (200 mg/ml). ALA was placed in a cervical cap fitted to the cervix. After 90 minutes, the cap was removed and the ectocervix was illuminated for 5–16 minutes, depending on the irradiance. Success was defined as the absence of CIN on Pap smear or colposcopic examination at 12‐months. Patients were monitored for toxicity.ResultsThirty‐two women (80%) completed the study with 1 year of follow‐up. Sixty percent had CIN 3 and 40% CIN 2. Success rates at 4, 8, and 12 months were 51, 46, and 31%, respectively, and were not light‐dose dependent. Three patients progressed from CIN 2 to CIN 3. Toxicity was tolerable and only consisted of spotting, vaginal discharge, mild cramping, and vaginal warmth. There was no apparent dose relationship to toxicity.ConclusionsPDT at this light and ALA dose is well tolerated but has minimal activity in the treatment of CIN 2 and CIN 3. Other doses and schedules of light and ALA or novel photosensitizers may improve efficacy. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:289–293, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applications of pulsed ultrafiltration‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Johnson Benjamin M. , Nikolic Dejan , van Breemen Richard B. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract

I.
Introduction
76

II.
Screening Applications
77

A.  Ligand‐Screening Assays
77

B.  Characterization of Ligand–Protein Binding
81

C.  Metabolic Screening
81

D.  Screening for Electrophilic Metabolites
83

III.
Conclusions
84

Acknowledgments
85

References
85

Pulsed ultrafiltration‐mass spectrometry (PUF‐MS) is a method with a variety of uses for the discovery and development of biologically active small molecules, including the screening of combinatorial libraries and natural product extracts for biologically active compounds, investigation of thermodynamic and kinetic ligand–receptor binding parameters, high‐throughput metabolic screening, and the screening of combinatorial libraries and botanical extracts for electrophilic metabolites. Solution‐phase ligand‐screening assays that use pulsed ultrafiltration‐mass spectrometry are useful for “reverse pharmacology” studies in which a macromolecular receptor of interest has been isolated, but ligands for the receptor are needed. Protein‐binding studies that involve pulsed ultrafiltration can be used to rapidly determine classical binding parameters for interactions between a macromolecular receptor and a compound of interest. Metabolic screening assays can identify substrates for cytochromes P450, and should be capable of characterizing phase I metabolites with a throughput of at least 60 compounds/hr. Pulsed ultrafiltration can also be used in conjunction with LC‐MS‐MS to screen mixtures for compounds that might be activated metabolically to electrophilic quinoid and epoxide metabolites by cytochrome P450; that screening can provide early warning of compounds likely to be toxic when administered in large doses. The combination of pulsed‐ultrafiltration extraction and mass spectrometric detection provides the sensitivity and selectivity necessary to characterize compounds present at low concentrations in complex chemical mixtures, and is applicable to the analysis of biologically active compounds from combinatorial libraries and botanical extracts. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 21:76–86, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mas.10020
Excessive daytime sleepiness in de novo and treated Parkinson's disease
Authors: Fabbrini Giovanni , Barbanti Piero , Aurilia Cinzia , Vanacore Nicola , Pauletti Caterina , Meco Giuseppe 
Published: October 2002

AbstractExcessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is due to either treatment‐related factors or the disease itself. The study of this disturbing phenomenon in de novo parkinsonian patients may contribute to a better understanding of its pathophysiology. We conducted a case control study in which we compared 25 PD patients who had never been treated before with dopaminergic drugs (de novo PD), 50 PD patients being treated with dopaminergic drugs (treated PD), and 25 healthy control subjects, all of whom were matched for age and gender. EDS was measured by means of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and quality of sleep by means of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). ESS and PSQI scores were not statistically different between de novo PD patients and controls, whereas they were significantly higher in treated PD. Differences in ESS score variability were best explained by the treatment effect, whereas there was no clear correlation between PSQI and any of the clinical variables considered. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Cognitive functioning in neurologically symptomatic and asymptomatic forms of Wilson's disease
Authors: Seniόw Joanna , Bak Thomas , Gajda Jolanta , Poniatowska Renata , Czlonkowska Anna 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe sought to determine the pattern of cognitive deficits in patients with Wilson's disease (WD) with different type and degree of neurological involvement, and to interpret the findings in relation to the underlying pathology. A total of 67 WD patients were examined with a neuropsychological test battery assessing different aspects of cognitive processing. The patients were subdivided into three groups: neurologically asymptomatic, neurological with pure basal ganglia lesions, and neurological with more extensive pathology. The results were compared with 50 matched healthy controls. Patients with a neurological form of WD showed a mild but definitive impairment in all cognitive functions. In contrast, the neurologically asymptomatic patients showed no deficits when compared with normal controls. Multifocal pathology was associated with more severe cognitive deficits than selective basal ganglia lesions but did not contribute significantly to memory impairment. A range of cognitive functions, including frontal‐executive ability, aspects of memory and visuospatial processing, are affected in the neurologically symptomatic WD patients. In contrast, no subliminal deficits were observed in the asymptomatic patients. The lesions of the basal ganglia seem to be of central importance in explaining the symptomatology. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Clinical correlates of the pathology underlying parkinsonism: A population perspective
Authors: Bower James H. , Dickson Dennis W. , Taylor Laura , Maraganore Demetrius M. , Rocca Walter A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe correlated the clinical features with pathological findings in an autopsy series of cases of incident parkinsonism. We used the medical records‐linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project to identify all incident cases of parkinsonism in Olmsted County, MN, for the years 1976 to 1990. Medical histories were abstracted in a standardized manner. Included in this study were those incident cases who died and underwent autopsy. Brain sections were studied with routine histology and special stainings. A neuropathologist blinded to any clinical information assigned cases to neuropathological categories. We found 364 incident cases of parkinsonism of which 235 were deceased at the time of this study; there were 39 autopsied brains available for analysis (17% of deceased cases). Of the 16 patients diagnosed pathologically with Lewy body disease, documentation indicated that 8 had an early dementia, 3 had prominent dysautonomia, and 2 had prominent ataxia. Of the 7 patients diagnosed pathologically with progressive supranuclear palsy, 4 had no documentation of supranuclear gaze palsy, and 3 had no documentation of early falls. Of the 3 patients diagnosed pathologically with multiple system atrophy, none had prominent ataxia or dysautonomia documented. Of the 5 patients with vascular disease at pathology, none had been given the clinical diagnosis of vascular parkinsonism. Of the 8 cases given the clinical diagnosis of drug‐induced parkinsonism, 6 were found to have basal ganglia pathology. The autopsied cases in this study were not representative of all patients with parkinsonism, because atypical cases are more likely to come to autopsy than typical ones. Despite this selection bias, the retrospective data collection, and the small sample size, we made several observations that illustrate the difficulty in achieving an accurate antemortem diagnosis of parkinsonism. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
The monoamine reuptake blocker brasofensine reverses akinesia without dyskinesia in MPTP‐treated and levodopa‐primed common marmosets
Authors: Pearce Ronald K.B. , Smith Lance A. , Jackson Michael J. , Banerji Tara , Scheel‐Krüger Jorgen , Jenner Peter 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe common marmoset develops motor deficits after MPTP treatment and exhibits dyskinesia after chronic levodopa (L‐dopa) dosing and subsequent re‐challenge with L‐dopa and other dopaminergic agents. We report on the actions of the potent monoamine reuptake blocker brasofensine on motor disability, locomotor activity, and dyskinesia in the 1‐methyl‐4‐1, 2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) ‐treated marmoset model of Parkinson's disease. Oral administration of brasofensine (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.5 mg/kg) to MPTP‐treated marmosets produced a long‐lasting, dose‐dependent increase in locomotor activity and reduction in disability scores. In addition, coadministration of the lowest dose of brasofensine (0.25 mg/kg orally) with a threshold oral dose of L‐dopa (2.5 mg/kg) caused a marked increase in locomotor activity, greater than that produced by either drug alone. In other MPTP‐treated marmosets previously primed to exhibit dyskinesia by repeated L‐dopa dosing, brasofensine effectively reversed akinesia with a naturalistic and prolonged motor response without the appearance of dyskinesia or stereotypy. This finding contrasts with the severe dyskinesia, stereotypy, and hyperkinesis produced by equivalent doses of L‐dopa. The ability of brasofensine to produce a prolonged and naturalistic antiparkinsonian response without eliciting dyskinesia after previous L‐dopa priming may relate to actions on D1 receptor‐linked pathways. These findings suggest that monoamine reuptake blockade may be of value in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, both early in the disease course and when L‐dopa–induced dyskinesias complicate treatment. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
The equations of non‐homogeneous asymmetric fluids: an iterative approach
Authors: Conca Carlos , Gormaz Raúl , Ortega‐Torres Elva E. , Rojas‐Medar Marko A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe study the existence and uniqueness of strong solutions for the equations of non‐homogeneous asymmetric fluids. We use an iterative approach and we prove that the approximate solutions constructed by this method converge to the strong solution of these equations. We also give bounds for the rate of convergence. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cofired laminated ceramic package antenna for single‐chip wireless transceivers
Authors: Zhang Y. P. , Do M. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA novel concept for implementing an antenna on an integrated circuit package is proposed for the single‐chip solution of a wireless transceiver with the use of deep submicron CMOS technology. The prototype antenna printed on a 40–p‐i‐n dual‐in‐line cofired laminated ceramic package is experimentally studied at 3.45 GHz. The results show that the antenna has achieved a bandwidth of 25.1% and a gain of −2.0 dBi. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 14–16, 2002; DOI 10.1002/mop.10216
Planar monopole folded into a compact structure for very‐low‐profile multiband mobile‐phone antenna
Authors: Teng Pey‐Ling , Wong Kin‐Lu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA planar monopole consisting of three branch strips and folded into a rectangular‐box‐like compact structure for very‐low‐profile GSM/DCS/PCS multiband mobile‐phone antennas is presented. The three branch strips are designed to operate as quarter‐wavelength structures at 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz, respectively, and the obtained impedance bandwidths cover the required bandwidths of the GSM band (890–960 MHz), the DCS band (1710–1880 MHz), and the PCS band (1850–1990 MHz). The proposed antenna has a compact size of 6.5 mm in height, 6 mm in width, and 25 mm in length, and can be mounted on top of a mobile phone with a small distance of 3 mm to the ground plane, resulting in a very low profile of 9.5 mm (less than 3% of the wavelength at 900 MHz) from ground for the proposed antenna in practical applications. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 22–25, 2002; DOI 10.1002/mop.10219
A model for the number of independent samples in reverberation chambers
Authors: Hallbjörner Paul 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAntenna efficiency measurements in reverberation chambers are done by averaging a number of sampled power levels, measured while the mode stirrer rotates. The number of independent samples is the number of stirrer positions that give uncorrelated fields in the chamber, and thereby uncorrelated power levels. A larger number of samples gives a better accuracy of the measured value. This report presents a proposed theoretical model for the number of independent samples of a reverberation chamber, thereby giving a better understanding of how to optimize a chamber design. Measured data from chambers with three different types of stirrers are compared with the use of the model. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 25–28, 2002; DOI 10.1022/mop.10220