bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robert Chambers
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Originally from Yorkshire, Robert Chambers (1571–1628) studied at the English colleges at Rheims and Rome and received ordination as a Catholic priest in 1593. From 1599 to 1623 he served as confessor to the English Benedictine nuns in Brussels. Chambers wrote an account of the miracles performed by the Virgin Mary at Montaigu (1606) and a biblical romance, Palestina (1600), excerpted below. There the Emperor of the heavenly 48. embased debased. 52. extenuate lesser. 54. deWnite limited. martyrize wound. 60. paschal lamb the lamb sacriWced at the Jewish feast of Passover, whose blood sprinkled on the doorposts originally protected the families within. 61. thraldom captivity.
The Colonization of the New World (Inter caetera), 1493
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Alexander, bishop, the servant of the servants of God, to our most dear, beloved son in Christ, King Ferdinand, and to our dear, beloved daughter in Christ, Elizabeth, Queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Sicily, and Granada, most noble princes, greeting and apostolical benediction. Among other works acceptable to the Divine Majesty and according to our hearts ‘ 5 desire, this certainly is the chief, that the Catholic faith and Christian religion specially in this our time may in all places be exalted, ampliWed, and enlarged, whereby the health of souls may be procured and the barbarous nations subdued and brought to the faith.
Government Spending on Research and Development in the UK
Authors: Stoneman Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The UK government, in common with the governments of most developed economies, expends large amounts annually either directly upon, or in support of, scientific and technological activities. The aim of this paper is to review this expenditure. In the sections below, I will address several issues. I begin by looking at the extent of current government spending and place this in its recent historical context. I then move to consider what arms of government incur the relevant expenditures, the primary purposes of the expenditures undertaken and the extent to which the government performs as well as funds REtD. These patterns are then considered in the context of a comparison with other OECD economies.
Intervention To Save Hong Kong
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Dai Lu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By August 1998, the Hong Kong economy had become threatened not only by the natural consequences of the Asian crisis (1997/8), but also by waves of speculation, betting that the authorities would be forced to abandon the linked exchange rate (to the US dollar). When facing previous speculative attacks (starting October 1997), the authorities had followed traditional policies of raising interest rates. But, by August 1998, such policies had helped to batter asset markets; property prices and output were falling, and confidence was low. Moreover, the speculators had developed an ingenious ‘double-play’, simultaneously selling both the foreign exchange market and the Hang Seng equity market short; whether the authorities used an interest rate defence, or abandoned the ‘link’, the speculators would gain either way. So, the authorities decided on a bold, unexpected and unconventional response to reports of a further attack. They would undertake counter-intervention, again both in the equity and foreign exchange markets. This was the largest, and most successful, counter-speculative intervention ever undertaken. In comparison to the size of Hong Kong’s economy, it was massive. On one day -- Friday, 28 August, 1998 -- the authorities bought up around five per cent of the total capitalization of the Hang Seng. Despite the eventual success of the exercise, the authorities have been quite reticent about their actions, revealing only the aggregate amounts of purchases of each stock intervened. This book uses publicly available market data to trace out the authorities’ actions on a blow-by-blow basis, primarily in the Hang Seng equity market, but also in the futures and foreign exchange market. The authors set the intervention in its economic context, describe its development, and assess its results. The book provides a fascinating story and insights into what lessons academics and practitioners can learn from the turbulent events of the time.
Double Jeopardy? Female Rural Migrant Labourers in Urban China, The Case of Shanghai
Authors: Feng Wang , Anan Shen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two fundamental economic and social transformations of the past two decades are redefining the lives of Chinese women simultaneously. One transformation involves an economic transformation characterized by a shift from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented economy. The other is a transition from a predominantly agrarian economy to an industrial and post-industrial economy.As a result of the first transformation, China’s state dominance and control over the economy has been weakened drastically during the past two decades. Between 1978 and 1993, for instance, the share of retail sales in China that was under the government’s fixed prices declined from 97 to 5 per cent, whereas the share under market or ‘guidance’ prices rose from 3 to 95 per cent (Naughton 1995: 14).
‘The Farmer as a Conservationist’: Sidney Rubidge at Wellwood, Graaff-Reinet, 1913–1952
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
White farmers, or their political representatives, sat on a number of key conservationist commissions, and the progressive elite clearly shared a general concern about soil erosion. Some anglophone landowners in the midlands and eastern Cape had contributed significantly to defining South African environmental problems and elaborating conservationist concerns in respect of pastoral farming. For them, intensifying production was closely linked to environmental management; both were in their own and the national interest. In the inter-war years, however, major reports by the Drought Commission (1923) and of the Native Economic Commission (1932) tended to pin most of the responsibility for environmental degradation on the methods and practices of white and black stock-owners respectively. In more recent years critical, anti-apartheid academic research has also targeted white farmers for their environmental record.
Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame, and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity1
Authors: Kimmel Michael S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We think of manhood as eternal, a timeless essence that resides deep in the heart of every man. We think of manhood as a thing, a quality that one either has or doesn’t have. We think of manhood as innate, residing in the particular biological composition of the human male, the result of androgens or the possession of a penis. We think of manhood as a transcendent tangible property that each man must manifest in the world, the reward presented with great ceremony to a young novice by his elders for having successfully completed an arduous initiation ritual. In the words of poet Robert Bly (1990), ‘the structure at the bottom of the male psyche is still as firm as it was twenty thousand years ago’ (p. 230).
Everyday Life
Authors: Sheringham Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last twenty years the concept of the quotidien, or the everyday, has been prominent in contemporary French culture and in British and American cultural studies. This book provides the first comprehensive analytical survey of the whole field of approaches to the everyday. It offers, firstly, a historical perspective, demonstrating the importance of mainstream and dissident Surrealism; the indispensable contribution, over a 20-year period (1960-80), of four major figures: Henri Lefebvre, Roland Barthes, Michel de Certeau, and Georges Perec; and the recent proliferation of works that investigate everyday experience. Secondly, it establishes the framework of philosophical ideas on which discourses on the everyday depend, but which they characteristically subvert. Thirdly, it comprises searching analyses of works in a variety of genres, including fiction, the essay, poetry, theatre, film, photography, and the visual arts, consistently stressing how explorations of the everyday tend to question and combine genres in richly creative ways. By demonstrating the enduring contribution of Perec and others, and exploring the Surrealist inheritance, the book proposes a genealogy for the remarkable upsurge of interest in the everyday since the 1980s. A second main objective is to raise questions about the dimension of experience addressed by artists and thinkers when they invoke the quotidien or related concepts. Does the 'everyday' refer to an objective content defined by particular activities, or is it best thought of in terms of rhythm, repetition, festivity, ordinariness, the generic, the obvious, the given? Are there events or acts that are uniquely 'everyday', or is the quotidien a way of thinking about events and acts in the 'here and now' as opposed to the longer term? What techniques or genres are best suited to conveying the nature of everyday life? The book explores these questions in a comparative spirit, drawing new parallels between the work of numerous writers and artists, including André Breton, Raymond Queneau, Walter Benjamin, Michel Leiris, Maurice Blanchot, Michel Foucault, Stanley Cavell, Annie Ernaux, Jacques Réda, and Sophie Calle.
The concept of critical infrastructure protection
Authors: Metzger Jan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was established on 1 January 2003, following the largest administrative restructuring undertaken in the United States since World War II. The task of the 170 000 DHS employees, in over 20 agencies and under the leadership of Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge, is to protect the nation against the threat of terrorist attacks. A sizeable portion of the budget for fiscal year 2003 of nearly $38 billion will be allocated to the area of Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection, one of the four main DHS directorates. A major task of the Assistant Secretary for Infrastructure Protection, Robert P.
Monetary Policy Implementation
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first of its kind, this book is entirely dedicated to the implementation of monetary policy. Monetary policy implementation has gone through tremendous changes over the last twenty years, which have witnessed the quiet end of 'reserve position doctrine' and the return of an explicit focus on short-term interest rates. Enthusiastically supported by Keynes and later by the monetarist school, reserve position doctrine was developed mainly by US central bankers and academics during the early 1920s, and at least in the US became the unchallenged dogma of monetary policy implementation for sixty years. The return of interest rate targeting also corresponds largely to the restoration of central banking principles established in the late 19th century. Providing a simple theory of monetary policy implementation, Bindseil goes on to explain the role of the three main instruments (open market operations, standing facilities, and reserve requirements) and reviews their use in the twentieth century. In closing, he summarizes current views on efficient monetary policy implementation.
Exact Initial Kalman Filtering and Smoothing for Nonstationary Time Series Models
Authors: Koopman Siem Jan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Assume that a vector of observations yt is generated by the Gaussian state-space model where p 1 vector αtis the state vector. The system matrices, Zt , Tt , Gt, and Ht, for t 1,..., n, are assumed to be fixed and known. The former equation of (1) is referred to as the observation equation, whereas the latter equation is called the transition equation. A normally distributed random vector x with mean µ and variance matrix A is denoted by x N(µ, A). The disturbance vector εtis serially uncorrelated. The appearance of εtin both equations is general rather than restrictive. The special case HtG± t 0, for t 1,…, n, implies mutual independence between the two sets of disturbances. The mean vector and variance matrix P of the initial state vector are assumed to be known.
The state-space model (1) is often used as a framework for representing linear time series models such as autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA)
Univariate Detrending Methods with Stochastic Trends
Authors: Watson Mark W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most macroeconomic time series exhibit a clear tendency to grow over time and can be characterized as ‘trending’. The statistical theory underlying most modern time series analysis relies on the assumption of covariance stationarity, an assumption that is clearly violated by most macroeconomic time series. In applied econometric work it is usually assumed that this statistical theory can be applied to deviations of the observed time series from their trend value. Since it is often the case that these deviations or economic fluctuations are of primary interest, modern time series techniques are often applied to ‘detrended’ economic time series.
Experiences with the Clean Development Mechanism in India
Authors: Singhania Jaya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Government of India has taken serious cognizance of the requirement for sustainable development by environmentally friendly methods and technologies and preventive measures for greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction. Even before the popularity of COM projects under the Kyoto Protocol, the Government oflndia has been promoting these methods and technologies. The focus is on renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency in the industry and transport sector and waste to energy projects, and the main activity thus far has been in the energy and transport sector. Renewable energy projects have been encouraged in as much as the availability of incentives under a wide range of programmes by the Government and vehicular emissions have been controlled by prescription of strict
Emissions Trading under Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol
Authors: W‘ijnen Rutger de W‘itt 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol introduces a relatively new concept of approaching environmental issues: the trading of emission rights. Emissions trading is not entirely new. The first programmes were introduced in the US in the 1970s under the Clean Air Act. In the agricultural sector, some European countries developed trading systems in the 1980s for manure rights, an emission avant la lettre. Emissions trading has proven to be a cost-effective way to achieve environmental goals. Not only are environmental concerns addressed, but consideration is also given to economical sustainability.
The Emissions Trading Scheme of the European Union
Authors: Dornau Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Europe is taking the lead in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading. On 22 July 2003 the European Council approved a Directive1 setting the framework for an EU-wide system of GHG emission allowance trading at company level. This European Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) will start 1 January 2005. The Directive requires each Member State to impose binding caps on emissions of CO2 from installations involved in energy activities, the production and processing of ferrous metals, the mineral industry (for example, cement, glass, or ceramic production), and pulp, paper or board production. Other GHGs and sectors will be added in later periods. The EU ETS is seen as the essential measure for the European Community (EC) and its Members to fulfil its commitments under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce their aggregate anthropogenic emissions of GHGs listed in Annex A to the Kyoto Protocol by 8 per cent compared to 1990 levels in the period 2008 to 2012.
Infringing ‘use in the course of trade’: trade mark use and the essential function of a Trade mark
Authors: Sumroy Rob , Badger Carina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The recent Arsenal litigation discloses divergent views between the European 10.01
Court of Justice (ECJ) and certain of the English courts as to what protection a registered trade mark should confer on its owner under the Trade Mark Directive.1 In a brave new world of brands, where the exploitation of intellectual property is key, the legal uncertainty arising from such division is acutely unsatisfactory for rights owners in general and, in particular, for those First Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988.
The Political Economy of the World Trading System
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M , Kostecki Michel M 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe Political Economy of the World Trading System is a comprehensive textbook account of the economics, institutional mechanics and politics of the world trading system. This third edition has been expanded and updated to cover developments in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) since its formation, including the Doha Round, presenting the essentials of trade negotiations and the WTO’s rules and disciplines. The authors focus in particular on the WTO’s role as the primary organisation through which trading nations manage their commercial interactions and the focal point for cooperation on policy responses to the rapidly changing global trading environment. It is the forum in which many features of the globalisation process are considered, and it currently faces an unprecedented set of challenges. The increasing importance of countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa in international trade relations, the revealed preference towards regionalism, intensification of trade conflicts, the role of business groups and NGOs in trade policy formation and negotiations, and pressures for more leadership in an institution threatened by paralysis are examples of issues that are discussed in some detail; all are critical for the operation of the system and for international business in the coming decade. This edition also includes numerous real-world examples to illustrate how the WTO impinges on business, workers and households, written from the perspective of managers and business associations. An insider’s view of the institutional history of the WTO allows the authors to use a variety of conceptual tools to analyse the working of the WTO in a non-technical manner. Suggestions for Further Reading at the end of each chapter and an extensive bibliography make the volume suitable both for introductory and postgraduate courses on international economics and business, international relations, and international economic law.
Law And Economics In European Merger Control
Authors: Schwalbe Ulrich , Zimmer Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Law and Economics in European Merger Control provides a thorough introduction to the economic theory underlying the regulation of mergers. The central economic concepts of efficiency and welfare are introduced and their role in the foundations of competition law is explained. Market structures of perfect competition, monopoly and oligopoly are analysed and the methods for delineating and evaluating the effects of mergers on markets are explained. Having examined the economic context, the book then proceeds to offer an exhaustive analysis of the application of economic theory in the practice of merger regulation in Europe. Through an analysis of more than 300 competition cases the book critiques the current state of EC competition law against its economic aims, and offers views for the future development of the law. It also sets out an account of the European Commission's search for a 'more economic approach' to competition law, and analyses the policy's successes and failures.
Outcomes and Complications Associated With the Learning Curve for Endoscopic Cervical Foraminotomy
Authors: Baumann Anthony N. , Callaghan Megan E. , Walley Kempland C. , Anastasio Albert T. , Muralidharan Aditya , Talaski Grayson , Rocos Brett 
Published: October 2023

Study Design.
A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective.
The objective of this study is to examine the impact of the learning curve for endoscopic cervical foraminotomy for clinical outcomes and patient safety.

Summary of Background Data.
Endoscopic cervical foraminotomy is a minimally invasive surgical technique emerging in the literature for surgical management of cervical radiculopathy without the use of open incision. The adoption of endoscopic cervical foraminotomy may be hindered by the learning curve, although no review and meta-analysis exists to date on the topic.

Materials and Methods.
A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed using PubMed, CINAHL, and MEDLINE from database inception until July 11, 2023. Inclusion criteria were articles that examined endoscopic cervical foraminotomy, reported outcomes, and/or complications for endoscopic cervical spine surgery relevant to the learning curve and had full-text. A random effects meta-analysis was performed for outcomes and complications.

Results.
A total of three articles (n=203 patients) were included from 792 articles initially retrieved. The learning curves from four surgeons were examined with a FWM 21 procedures until the competency phase. There was no significant difference in the postoperative hospitalization length (P=0.669), postoperative recovery room time (P=0.415), intraoperative blood loss (P=0.064), and total complication rates (10.9% vs. 1.2%, P=0.139) between endoscopic cervical foraminotomy procedures performed in the learning phase as compared with the competency phase of the learning curve. There was a significant decrease in operative time from the learning phase to the competency phase (P=0.005).

Conclusion.
Competency was achieved on the learning curve for endoscopic cervical foraminotomy after about 21 procedures. There is no significant difference in postoperative hospitalization time, postoperative recovery room time, intraoperative blood loss, and complication rates between the learning phase and the competency phase of the learning curve for endoscopic cervical foraminotomy, noting the relatively small sample size of this study that may underpower this finding.