bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Style
Authors: Toff Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Style,” wrote Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his 1768 Dictionary of Music, “is the distinctive character of music in execution. This character varies much in respect to country, the taste of the inhabitants, and the genius of the authors. According to the matter, the place, the time, the subjects, and the expressions &c.” Today, with the internationalization of culture fostered by the technologies of communication and transportation, the elusive element of style maintains strong affinities with the time and place of its origin, though less so with the place of its performance. Style is, however, no less at the mercy of its interpreters.
Introduction
Authors: Toff Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This catalog emphasizes the finest compositions for flute from each historical era, with considerable attention given to works by flutists. In general, this catalog includes “professional” quality literature; that is, music suitable for public performance. It includes very little purely pedagogical material, though some works, such as Kuhlau chamber music, may be of marginal interest to a general audience. The catalog includes music for piccolo, alto flute, and bass flute as well as for concert C flute. It includes some material originally written for flute choir, but does not include flute ensemble arrangements. (See the Selected Bibliography for other catalogs that do list large ensembles and arrangements.) The list includes both solo literature-accompanied and unaccompanied-and small chamber works. The general criterion for the latter was that the flute be the principal or one of the principal instruments; for this reason, woodwind quartets (flute, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon) and woodwind quintets (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn) are omitted. Very few of the ensemble works require more than five players.
Phonemes and Morphophonemics
Authors: Enk Gerrit J Van , Vries Lourens De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are both segmental and suprasegmental phonemes in Korowai. The segmental phonemes can be divided into vowels and consonants on the basis of their function in syllables. Vowels function as the nuclei of syllables and can carry stress. Consonants form the periphery of syllables and cannot carry stress.
Ontogeny of Immune Function
Authors: Apanius Victor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upon hatching, birds enter a world abundant with viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia, fungi, protozoa, cestodes, trematodes, nematodes, acanthocephalans, acarines, and insects with parasitic life-styles. In this chapter, parasites are defined as organisms that increase their fitness at the expense of the host’s fitness, and the words parasites, pathogen and infectious agent are used interchangeably. The diversity and complexity of the ecological interactions between birds and their infectious agents have been overlooked, in part because the avian immune system has been so successful at mitigating these threats. Traditionally, the investigation of parasite resistance has been the province of medical institutions. Although immunity is critical for the survival and reproductive success of the individual, ornithologists have made little effort to apply what is known about how the immune system controls infectious disease to problems in avian ecology and evolution. The increasing interest in avian host-parasite interactions (Loye and Zuk 1990; Clayton and Moore 1996), suggests that this situation may soon change.
‘Che neturn of the Molly Maguires
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The final confrontation between the Reading Railroad and the Workingmen’s Benevolent Association took the form of the “Long Strike,” which lasted from January to June 1875.The battle was fought in the context of a national economic depression. It was one of several desperate and unsuccessful efforts by organized labor in the United States to preserve the considerable gains won in the late r86os and early 1870s. All over the United States, labor was on the defensive. The defeat of Pennsylvania’s anthracite mine workers was the most spectacular and violent of a series of similar defeats for American labor during the great depression of the 1870s, including those of the cigarmakers of New York City and the textile workers of Fall River, Massachusetts.
Rough Justice
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the mid-187os, the violence in the lower anthracite region was once again drawing national attention, just as it had a decade earlier. The single year from October 1874 to September 1875 was the most concentrated period of Molly Maguire activity. In this period, eight more assassinations were attributed to the organization-the same number as in the previous twelve years. Two of the assassinations took place late in 1874; the other six were committed in the four months immediately following the Long Strike.Although it was castigated as mindless barbarity by contemporaries, much of the Molly Maguire violence of the 1870s involved the enforcement of a specific type of retributive justice. The victims varied from Welsh gang members to miners, mine superintendents, and public officials. But the strategy of revenge employed in each case was much the same: direct, violent, and lethal. Elements of greed, dishonesty, and brutality entered into the picture, as they often do in human affairs; some of the participants in the Molly Maguire violence were not fighting for social justice in any meaningful sense, being animated instead by strictly individual grievances. But most of the violence bore either a primary or a secondary connection to labor relations, the assassination of mine officials in the most direct sense, and the assassination of public officials and Welsh miners and gang members because it was part of a general interethnic conflict that had its material basis in patterns of discrimination in the workplace.
A Utilitarian Culture and The Uses of Leisure
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first glance, provincial New York may seem to have been what H. L. Mencken once called the South, a “Sahara of the Bozart,” that is, a cultural desert. In 1688 Charles Lodwick was requested to provide the Royal Society with “a compendious Natural History of that Countrey.” He apologized for taking four years to do the job but explained in 1692 that “where Masters of Ships are ye chiefest Mathematicians & ye Natives [the chief] Geographers, with such tools you must not expect a good Fabrick. . . .” James Petiver, a prominent Fellow of the Royal Society, tried for three years (1692-95) to establish a scientific correspondence with Dr. Alexander Innis at Boscobell House, near Hempstead, Long Island; but Innis never replied. Petiver tried again with one Robert Gamble in 1713–14; yet, once again, silence from New York. Three decades later, in 1742, Cadwallader Colden expressed his appreciation to a London correspondent for the opportunity “to communicate some thoughts in natural philosophy which have remained many years with me undigested, for we scarcely have a man in this country that takes any pleasure in such kinds of speculations.”
Settling In
Authors: Lankton Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not all pioneers on the Keweenaw lived as badly as George McGill’s dirty old bachelor; some lived in even worse conditions, at least in terms of exposure to the elements. Early geologists, surveyors, and explorers who coasted along the Keweenaw shoreline in canoes or slogged their way through summer swamps or snowshoed through winter woods often had to improvise shelter at the end of an arduous day because they had no settlement in sight and no roof over their heads. Parties often left heavy, bulky tents behind—and if they brought a tent, they sometimes used it to shelter precious provisions, leaving the men to fend for themselves.
Sometimes that wasn’t a bad thing at all. Many explorers and settlers romantically recalled perfect summer nights spent on a Keweenaw beach. A small boat rested peacefully on the shore or bobbed at anchor in shallow waters. Campfire smoke and a wafting breeze kept the bugs at bay. Men tapered off and enjoyed their pipes while watching a fiery sun set over Superior, or watching the northern lights burnish a nighttime sky. Weary travelers, wrapped in a blanket or two, fell asleep listening to repetitive waves run up on the shore. Often they arose early, while the stars were still out, and pushed off in their boats again just as the sun started to rise.
Transformations
Authors: Lankton Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1840s, a wave of pioneers washed up on the shores of Isle Royale and the Keweenaw Peninsula on Lake Superior. Armed with precious little accurate knowledge of the region but fired by enthusiasm and high hopes, investors launched speculative mining companies. The companies in turn hired voyageurs, explorers, geologists, miners, woodchoppers, cooks, clerks, and young, strong-backed laborers. Together, they set about the difficult business of finding commericial quantities of native copper in the ground beneath a remote and rugged wilderness.
The nascent copper mining industry met with scant success on Isle Royale, and the flow of capital and people to that island slowed. But the Keweenaw Peninsula proved a different story. To be sure, most ventures there soon ended in failure and discouragement. But by the late 1840s the Cliff mine on the northern end of the Keweenaw worked a rich fissure vein of mass copper and rewarded its investors with the region’s first dividends. The success of the Cliff helped rekindle enthusiasm and restore confidence in the industry, and soon a second great, profit-making success, the Minesota mine, emerged on the south ern end of the hundred-mile-long mineral range.
The Great Lakes
Authors: Kaufman Les , Chapman Lauren J , Chapman Colin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lake Superior is greater in surface area than Lake Victoria. Lake Baikal is deeper than Lake Tanganyika. Nonetheless, the Great Lakes of East Africa are second to none, when it comes to the wealth of native fishes and the number of people dependent on these lakes. Lake Malawi is thought to host more than 500 species of fishes, nearly all endemic (27). Endemism is also &gt;99% among the haplochromine cichlids of Lake Victoria, where more than 400 species appear to have evolved in less than 200,000 years (29) - geologically and evolutionarily little more than an instant. The most diverse faunas occur in Lake Tanganyika, the deepest and oldest lake. Fishes and snails in Lake Tanganyika are so varied in form that the occupants of this one lake might easily be mistaken for marine organisms hailing from dozens of unrelated taxa. Through the fish protein that they produce, the Great Lakes fuel a human society with currently one of the earth’s highest rates of population growth.
Mid-elevation Forests: A History of Disturbance and Regeneration
Authors: Chapman Colin A , Chapman Lauren J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an increasing awareness of the value of tropical forest resources. Trees play significant roles in forest ecosystems by performing functions such as maintaining watersheds, preventing flooding and erosion, and aiding in the stability of long-term climatic patterns. More recently, however, the particular importance of tropical forests as centers of biological diversity has become apparent. Although tropical forests cover only 10 to 15% of the earth’s’ surface, they are estimated to harbor over 50% of all plant and animal species (30).
High Montane Forest and Afroalpine Ecosystems
Authors: Young Truman P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
East Africa’s high mountains are central to its climate, its cultures, and its economy. They produce both essential rain catchments (most strongly on their windward sides) and arid ‘rain shadows’ (on their leeward sides). Their rivers supply electricity and scarce water for agricultural and industrial development. Their forests have provided the timber and fuel on which rural development has long depended. Their heights have inspired religious reverence and national identity (the Republic of Kenya takes its name from its highest mountain). They have a critical combination of traits with respect to conservation: they are environmentally invaluable, they house numerous endemics, they cover very little land area, and they are endangered by attractive alternative uses, such as agricultural conversion and timber exploitation. There are few ecosystems in the world that are both as valuable in their natural state and as tempting for exploitative development. Their conservation remains a high priority in East Africa.
Trying to Sell a Dream (1965–1970)
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Kao saw the future of communications and it was fiber optics. Fibers would simply and elegantly avoid the problems that plagued millimeter waveguides and hollow optical waveguides. All that he needed to reach that future was glass as clear as air. Will Hicks, Toni Karbowiak, Rudy Kompfner, and Stew Miller, men of no mean imagination and intelligence, had turned back at the sheer challenge of making so perfectly transparent a solid. Only Charles Kao had the vision and daring to charge full-speed ahead. He could see no fundamental barrier blocking his goal of clear glass fibers.
Identifying and Valuing Outcomes
Authors: Gold M R , Patrick D L , Torrance G W , Fryback D G , Hadorn D C , Kamlet M S , Daniels N , Weinstein M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once the framework and design of a cost-effectiveness analysis have been conceptualized, the next step is to develop estimates of the numerator and denominator of the cost-effectiveness ratio. Estimation of the numerator is discussed in Chapter 6. In this chapter and in Chapter 5 we discuss issues pertaining to the denominator term, which is the difference in effectiveness between an intervention and the alternatives to which it is compared. The panel’s recommended approach to estimating the denominator is to use a system of generic health states and values to describe and measure the outcomes.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Health Interventions
Authors: Mandelblatt J S , Fryback D G , Weinstein M C , Russell L B , Gold M R , Hadorn D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) requires a numerical estimate of the magnitude of the effects of an intervention on health outcomes. The denominator of a cost effectiveness (C/E) ratio is the difference in effectiveness between an intervention and the alternative to which it is being compared (the net effect), just as the numerator is the difference in cost between the two (the net cost). To estimate the net effect of an intervention, the analyst needs to know the health states that may occur as a consequence of the intervention and the alternative, the probability that each state will occur, when each is likely to occur, and how long each will last.
Introduction: Untold Stories
Authors: Berman Laine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was already quite late on the last night of the fasting month of Ramadhan, 1993. I was sitting on the bottom bunk bed alongside Sari and her youngest brother, Otong. She had asked me to come and sit there because she had something to tell me. We were staring at the old ceramic block roof of her home, laughing at the rain that was pouring through its many holes. She repeated our old joke about my needing an umbrella to sleep there. I had been here since early afternoon, enjoying the warmth and gaiety of my adopted family in Java and helping in the preparation and celebration ofidhul Fitri. Since 6:00P.M., however, we had been anxiously awaiting the arrival of Pak Budi’s younger brother. He was driving with his family to Yogyakarta from Surabaya to mbuka pasa (“break the fast”) with us and celebrate the end of the fasting month. It was past 10:00 P.M. on a wet, chilly night when they finally did arrive. This was the cue for us to prepare trays of hot tea and snacks for these special guests.
Respectful Intimacy and the Production of Identity
Authors: Berman Laine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the final one in the ethnographic trilogy. It presents an additional perspective on the notion of responsible agency and participation by examining Sari’s protest narratives in yet another situation. In conjunction with the previous two chapters, these sequences of conversational narratives assist us in clarifying how participation is controlled by a sense of responsibility toward others. Others can mean other participants, or it can mean a nonpresent group such as the factory workers, the factory’s management, predatory males on the streets at night, the sultan and his faithful abdi-dalem, religious organizations and clubs, and the numerous other communities through which the rules of social harmony are enforced. The nonpresent community shapes Sari’s voice in a way that makes it a significant aspect of her story and, hence, her identity. We see that Sari’s narrated experiences were those of her factory cohort’s to the extent at which it became impossible to distinguish individual agency and responsibility. Since we cannot distinguish the speaker from the community in these stories, I have argued that storytelling is a reflection of these communities more so than of the speaker. As we have also seen in theoretical discussions, storytelling is synonymous with constructing identity. We still need to examine more closely what an identity that is not distinct from community looks like. We also investigate the social burdens of adhering to such an identity.
Conclusion
Authors: Berman Laine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four 1 1onths before 1 was to leave Java, 1 visited the Budis and found the whole family fasting and engaged m a 24 hour prayer vigil (tirakat), I immediately joined in to give my support to the cause. Pak Budi informed me that his brothers bad decided to sell their land, which meant that the Bucli warehouse was to be razed and the family forced to leave. The next evening, after another day of fasting and prayer, the brothers arrived and Pak Budi met them in the front house. The tension in the shabby, old sitting room was unbearable. No one spoke a word until Pak Budi returned, sat clown with a sigh, and remained silent. Ibu Budi brought him a glass of tea, and after his first sip he spoke in a soft voice: the Budi’s would be given a small parcel of land and money to build a house. With no visible displays of emotion, the family resumed their prayers, now of thanks, and decided to hold a small feast to share their fortune with the community (slametan).
Knowing Fieldwork
Authors: Titon Jeff Todd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epistemology is that field of inquiry whose subject is the origins, nature, and limits of human knowing (see Rorty 1979:140). An epistemology for ethnomusicology is therefore concerned with the origins, nature, and limits of human knowledge concerning music in human life. An epistemology for ethnomusicology attempts to answer two basic questions: What can we know about music, and how can we know it? Not long ago, musical transcription was the distinguishing mark of our discipline, not only as a passage rite (Hood 1982[1971]; McAllester 1989) but as a generative practice. Transcription told us what we could know about music and how we could know it. Music was objectified, collected, and recorded in order to be transcribed; and transcription enabled analysis and comparison. Transcription-that is, listening to a piece of music and writing it down in Western notation-not only became a guild skill but also “wrote across” lived experience, eliminated the life world, and transformed what was left (sound) into a representation that could be analyzed systematically and then compared with other transcriptions so as to generate and test hypotheses concerning music’s origin and evolution. Today it is not transcription but fieldwork that constitutes ethnomusicology.
American Building
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few books have influenced the field of architecture more than American Building: The Environmental Forces That Shape It. Originally published in 1947, it has emerged as a classic work on the relationships among buildings, their inhabitants, and the environment. Now comes the first major revision in over twenty-five years, bringing this essential book completely up to date for a new, more environmentally aware generation of architects and designers. In this superb volume, James Marston Fitch provides a fundamental theory of buildings. “The ultimate task of architecture,” he writes, “is to act in favor of human beings: to interpose itself between people and the natural environment in which they find themselves, in such a way as to remove the gross environmental load from their shoulders”. Fitch systematically examines the various aspects of the environment which buildings control for human habitation—air, temperature, light, and sound, even space, time, and gravity. He draws on scientific research to probe deeply into these problems and he sets out the most practical solutions to these and other issues in clear, precise language. Moreover, his analysis runs to the external environment as well, as he explores the impact of buildings on the outside world. American Building: The Environmental Forces That Shape It broke new ground in the school of thought now known as “green architecture”—the philosophy of designing buildings that require a minimum amount of energy and resources to erect and operate. For this new edition, architect William Bobenhausen has included new information on sustainable design and the latest construction technology, up-to-date statistics, case studies, photographs, and illustrations. This revised edition promises to keep this work at the forefront of our thinking about design and the natural world.
The Social Consequences of Architectural Intervention
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If, as we have seen, the central function of building is to lift the raw load of the physical environment from our backs and to create that third mesoenvironment required by civilization, then we must judge building as we do any other instrument or tool—that is, by its performance. And the central criterion for judging building performance must necessarily be amenity, well-being, ultimately health. Does the building regulate the relations between the individual and the environment in such a way as to guarantee optimal well-being? From the standpoint of society as a whole, does the total stock of building provide that control of environmental factors which guarantees maximum productivity in all its manifold processes and activities?
Pure as the Air You Breathe: Control of the Atmospheric Environment
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In popular opinion, the ideas persist that somewhere—in Cape May, in the Smoky Mountains, at Yellowstone-there is such a thing as pure air, that such atmospheres are good for you, and that they constitute the ideal habitat for all of our activities. The first opinion is wrong and the latter two are only relatively right. There is no such thing in nature as “pure”—that is, completely clean and sterile—air and there never has been. The nearest approach to such an unnatural state is found either at the poles or in the upper levels of the atmosphere. But scientists have found dusts and pollens deep in the ancient ice of Antarctica, and some terrestrial impurities are carried to the outer limits of the earth’s atmospheric envelope. The great air currents of the globe are nature’s most important transportation network, and they are used to the maximum. Natural atmospheres are by definition impure, freighted with a vast cargo of bacteria, molds, viruses, pollens, spores, and dusts—not to mention flying insects (which are the vectors of some of humanity’s worst diseases) and birds.