bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dysmorphic and Genetic Perspectives
Authors: Cohen M Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anomalies may be simple, as in cleft lip-palate; complex, as in holoprosencephaly; or syndromic, as in Apert syndrome. There are many different ways to classify syndromes. Geneticists, craniofacial surgeons (see Tables 6-2 to 6-4, 6-7), and pediatricians all categorize syndromes in different ways. There are probably as many methods of systematizing these disorders as there are clinicians and craniofacial biologists working in the field. Any attempt to bring order to a group of disparate conditions is helpful, even if various classifications crosscut each other. A morphologic-etiologic classification of craniofacial syndromes is shown in Table 5-1. Selected molecular disorders with craniofacial anomalies are summarized in Table 5-2.
Sociocultural and Symbolic Perspectives
Authors: Cohen M Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For example, neomancy is divination by using the number, type, and position of moles on the body. According to doctrine, moles on the face duplicate the position of moles on the body, making it unnecessary for the neomancer to examine the whole body, thus avoiding embarrassment to the client (36). There are two main types of somatomancy. Astral somatomancy established a link between the features of the human body and astrology. By these means, a person’s temperament and character were determined. Also, the future course of events could be predicted, thus determining the person’s destiny. In natural somatomancy, divination was directly from the human body. Neomancy, discussed above, is an example (36). There are four general types of natural somatomancy. In theriologic physiognomy, divination employed human facial comparison with animals. By comparing the likeness of a specific face with that of a specific animal, a person’s character could be likened to the behavioral characteristics of that animal. A second type was the doctrine of the average person. The basic tenet was that the mental, moral, and physical attributes of persons were most favorable when they approached the average in the population. People who departed from the norm were, in proportion to their deviation, inferior in mentality, morality, and appearance. Third, the pseudo-inductive type was characterized by the single-case method with overgeneralization.
Neurobehavioral Mechanisms of Compulsive Drug Seeking
Authors: Vanderschuren Louk J M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by loss of control over drug taking. Whereas drug use starts out as controlled, casual use, during the development of the addiction syndrome, drug seeking and taking escalates into a compulsive mode of behavior. This is reflected by the criteria in DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), in which five out of seven symptoms signify that control over drug intake has been lost: [Substance dependence is .. . ] a maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period.
Neurochemical Approaches to Addiction Treatment
Authors: Millington William R , Göktalay Gökhan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William S. Burroughs was something of an expert on drug addiction; he was a heroin addict, a ‘‘junky’’ as he put it, for much of his adult life. An offbeat novelist and contemporary of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, Burroughs created one of the most eloquent descriptions of opiate addiction we have: Junky. In it, he describes the defining components of addiction: the initial euphoria, or ‘‘kick,’’ naive users experience, the decline of euphoria and onset of craving that marks the transition from drug use to drug addiction, the overwhelming compulsion to obtain and consume ‘‘junk,’’ no matter what the consequences, the intense dysphoria of withdrawal, and the seeming inevitability of relapse. It is this progression of events that addiction research attempts to model, to understand and to treat and it is Burroughs’ dictum, ‘‘Once a junky, always a junky’’ that addiction research strives to overturn. It is easy to see why Burroughs arrived at this pessimistic conclusion. In the 1950s the prospect of treating addiction seemed remote. The only pharmacotherapy available was disulfiram, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor given to recovering alcoholics as a type of aversive therapy (Kiefer and Mann, 2005). The first real breakthrough came in the mid-1960s with the introduction of methadone as maintenance therapy for opiate addiction (Kreek, 2000).
“Impulsology” A New Paradigm for Addiction
Authors: Shirley Kara Lee , Norelli Lisa J , Smith Howard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Addiction is a chronic relapsing disease in which compulsive seeking and participation persist despite serious negative consequences (Cam et al., 2003). Participation of the addictive behavior often induces euphoria in initiation phase, or may significantly relieve stress (Cam et al., 2003). Continued participation in the addictive behavior can lead to adaptive changes within the central nervous system that can lead to tolerance, physical dependence, sensitization, craving, and relapse (Cam et al., 2003; see Figure 13.1). Addiction closely resembles other chronic relapsing disease states such as diabetes, asthma, and hypertension (Heilig et al., 2006). Although it is inappropriate to forgo the social and behavioral context of addiction, this is consistent with the therapeutic approach of other chronic relapsing disease states. Unfortunately, addiction is viewed by many to result from deficits in character such as ‘‘willpower,’’ not amenable to comprehensive medical care (Heilig et al., 2006). The impulsive nature of addictive behavior renders the disease susceptible to societal judgment of patient character. Character judgment is often based upon the social and legal acceptance of the addictive behavior, rather than the multifaceted consequences of the behavior itself.
Cannabinoids in Pain and Addiction
Authors: Martin Billy R , Lichtman Billy R , Welch Sandra P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there is a rich history describing the use of cannabis and its constituents for numerous maladies, pain management represents one of the most prominent indications. However, cannabis and the psychoactive constituent D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) produce a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects in the same dose range. It is this multiplicity of effects that has hampered the clinical usefulness of cannabinoids. Moreover, lack of knowledge regarding the mechanism by which cannabinoids produce their effects has limited the strategies for developing more effective means of controlling pain with this class of drugs. The discovery that THC and related cannabinoids produce their effects via a unique biological pathway, the endocannabinoid system, opens new avenues for exploring the underlying causes of pain, as well as potential for creating new modalities of pain control. This chapter will provide a brief characterization of the endocannabinoid system, evidence it plays a role in pain perception, ways of manipulating it to produce analgesia, and interactions between endocannabinoid and opioid systems in pain control.
Pharmacologic Approaches to Opioid Dependence and Withdrawal
Authors: Collins Eric D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the clinical management of patients with pain (PWPs), the questions of whether, when, and how to stop chronic opioid therapy will inevitably arise. This chapter provides guidelines for medical detoxification from opioids for PWPs maintained on them. The detoxification process is essentially the same for malignant pain syndromes and for chronic nonmalignant pain (CNMP) syndromes. Some decisions about the need for opioid detoxification may be affected by the presence of malignancy, but such differences are beyond the scope of this chapter.
Traditional Chinese Medicine for Pain and Addiction
Authors: Patel Gira , Euler David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1997, the National Institutes of Health had a consensus conference that concluded acupuncture to be effective in the treatment of tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, low back pain, osteoarthritis, and headaches, just to name a few ailments. This consensus conference opened the door to hundreds of research grants investigating the efficacy and mechanisms of acupuncture. This sparked the public’s interest in this procedure.
Management of Painin Chemical Dependency in the Primary Care Clinic
Authors: McCarberg Bill H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The management of pain in primary care is a difficult and complex endeavor. Persistent pain management remains an elusive and frustrating goal despite a growing knowledge about the pathophysiology of pain. Primary care physicians struggle with unexplained variability among pain patients. Physical abnormalities are not predictive of pain severity or dysfunction (Flor & Turk, 1988). Large numbers of patients experience pain that may be constant, over long periods of time, and yet their life functioning is not changed in major ways. Conversely, there are other patients with similar structural abnormalities who suffer substantially more and cannot maintain their usual levels of activity (Sanders et al., 1992).
Sickle Cell A Disease of Molecules and a Disease of Race
Authors: Shaiova Lauren , Blinderman Craig , Brookoff Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a sad and shameful fact that ... this disease has been largely neglected throughout our history. We can’t re-write this record of neglect but we can reverse it. —President Richard M. Nixon, 1971, discussing sickle cell disease in a televised speech to the nation. Many credit this speech with triggering a burst of interest in sickle cell disease across the nation and prompting congressional passage of the National Sickle Cell Control Act, which greatly increased funding for research, community service and education about sickle cell disease (Scott, 1983).
Global Gene Expression Assays: Quantitative Noise Analysis
Authors: Held G A , Stolovitzky Gustavo , Tu Yuhai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a shift in molecular biology from methods that probe hypotheses a few molecules at a time toward whole genome measurements. Global gene expression assays have enabled the monitoring of the transcription levels of tens of thousands of genes simultaneously [1–3]. In the near future, it will be possible to profile all of the nonrepetitive sequences in the genomes of higher organisms [4], including H. sapiens, with only a few DNA gene chips. This will allow one to obtain a global view of the transcriptomes corresponding to different cell phenotypes. Such capability will greatly accelerate and perhaps fundamentally change biomedical research and development in many areas, ranging from developing advanced diagnostics to unraveling complex biological pathways and networks, to eventually facilitating individual-based medicine [1,2]. Interestingly, the power of global gene expression assays brings along its own drawbacks—useful information is typically measured amidst high levels of noise. In general, the changes in the measured transcript values between different experiments are due to both biological variations (corresponding to real differences between different cell types and tissues) and experimental noise. To correctly interpret this data, it is crucial to understand the sources of the experimental noise. As will be demonstrated, systematic study of the noise in such data enables one to assign a meaningful statistical significance to observed transcriptional changes. In addition, understanding the sources of noise provides a useful guide in attempting to improve the technologies.
Mapping the Genotype–Phenotype Relationship in Cellular Signaling Networks: Building Bridges Over the Unknown
Authors: Papin Jason A , Gianchandani Erwin P , Subramaniam Shankar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central challenge in postgenomic biology is the mapping of the genotype–phenotype relationship. For cellular signaling networks, the functional connections between genotype and phenotype are deciphered through an ever-growing toolbox of high-throughput experimental technologies. Each technology can be used to generate a vast amount of data particular to some aspect of a given cellular signaling network. However, despite this growing experimental toolbox and the associated repositories of data, there remains the challenge to connect these disparate data points to reconstruct the continuum from genotype to phenotype. Cellular signaling network functions can be discretized into three tiers (see figure 5.1). The first tier involves the transcriptional activity of a genome. The proteins that result from the transcription and translation of genes orchestrate the responses to a signaling event. The second tier is composed of the chemical transformations in which these proteins are involved. This set of chemical reactions and cellular events are here called “intermediate phenotypes.” The third tier is composed of the subsequent cellular behaviors that are a function of the given genotype and collection of intermediate phenotypes.
Biophysical Models of the Cardiovascular System
Authors: Winslow Raimond L , Greenstein Joseph. L , Helm Patrick A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cardiac electrophysiology is a field with an extensive history of integrative modeling that is closely coupled with both the design and interpretation of experiments. The first models of the cardiac action potential (AP) were developed shortly after the Hodgkin–Huxley model of the squid AP, and were formulated in order to explain the experimental observation that, unlike the neuronal AP, cardiac APs exhibit a long duration plateau phase. It was not long after the formulation of these early myocyte models that initial models of electrical conduction in cardiac tissue were formulated and applied to yield clinically useful insights into mechanisms of arrhythmia. This close interplay between experiment and integrative modeling continues today, with new model components and applications being developed in close coordination with the emergence of new subcellular, cellular, and whole-heart data describing cardiac function in health and disease. This chapter reviews the current state of integrative modeling of the heart, focusing on three topics: (a) review of the anatomical and biophysical properties of cardiac muscle cells and how key processes may be modeled; (b) use of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging for rapid acquisition of geometric and microanatomic data on cardiac ventricular structure at high spatial resolution; and (c) the integration of cellular models with this imaging to formulate computational models of cardiac ventricular electrical conduction.
Shotgun Fragment Assembly
Authors: Sutton Granger , Dew Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a computational standpoint, a genome (or DNA target sequence) can be viewed as a string, or small set of strings, constructed from the alphabet {A,C,G,T}. The shotgun fragment assembly problem is to reconstruct the DNA target sequence as completely and accurately as possible given a set of randomly selected substrings. In practice these substrings, referred to as reads or fragments, are sequenced from multiple copies of larger substrings called clones. A carefully controlled random shearing process is applied to the DNA target sequence to produce libraries of clones whose lengths are approximately normally distributed and at least one order of magnitude shorter than the target sequence (see figure 3.1). The core challenge of the fragment assembly problem is to identify fragments that share some subsequence of the target sequence and merge them together. Consequently, a fundamental determination must be made for each pair of fragments, which is whether they share a subsequence of the target sequence. If they do, the fragments are said to overlap or have an overlap.
Complete Prokaryotic Genomes: Reading and Comprehension
Authors: Galperin Michael Y , Koonin Eugene V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The windfall of complete genomic sequences in the past ten years has dramatically changed the face of biology, which has started to lose its purely descriptive character. Instead, biology is gradually becoming a quantitative discipline that deals with firmly established numerical values and can be realistically described by mathematical models. Indeed, we now know that, for example, the bacteriumMycoplasma genitalium has a single chromosome which consists of 580,074 base pairs and carries genes for three ribosomal RNAs (5S, 16S, and 23S), 36 tRNAs, and 478 proteins [1,2]. We also know that about a hundred of the protein-coding genes can be disrupted without impairing the ability of this bacterium to grow on a synthetic peptide-rich broth containing the necessary nutrients [3], suggesting that the truly minimal gene set necessary for the cell life might be even smaller, in the 300–350 gene range [4–6]. Furthermore, we know that the cell ofAquifex aeolicus with its 1521 protein-coding genes is capable of autonomous, autotrophic existence in the environment, requiring for growth only hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and mineral salts [7]. These observations bring us to the brink of finally answering the 60-year-old question posed by Erwin Schrödinger’s “What is Life?” Furthermore, although the descriptions of greatly degraded organelle-like cells likeBuchnera aphidicola[8,9] and giant cell-like mimiviruses [10] necessarily complicate the picture, analysis of these genomes allows an even better understanding of what is necessary and what is dispensable for cellular life.
Artistic Leadership
Authors: Wittry Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leadership requires two things: someone to lead and someone to follow. Just be- cause you want to be a leader and think that you have good ideas does not mean that anyone will automatically follow you. The art of leadership is an art of per- suasion. All great leaders know where they are going and they are able to persuade others to follow them. They can do this through two different types of leadership power: the power of position, or the power of trust.
Unfortunately, examples of this type of leadership are still present in our field, and some conductors are taught early on that this is the means to their greatness. Although this type of leadership has worked in the past, due to the restructuring of unions and the structure of most orchestras’ administrative staffs, this is no longer a viable way to move one’s career, or an organization, forward.
Congruence and the Good of Justice
Authors: Freeman Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of Rawls’s guiding aims in the development and revision of his work has been to show how a well-ordered society of justice as fairness is realistically possible. Rawls thinks establishing the “stability” of a conception of justice and the enduring feasibility of a society patterned upon it is essential to justifying a conception of justice. My aim is to discuss the role and import of Rawls’s stability argument. To do so, I will concentrate primarily on the second part of Rawls’s discussion of stability in Theory of Justice, the argument for the “congruence of the right and the good.”1 This argument particularly exhibits Rawls’s indebtedness to Kant in the justification of his view. After discussing the purpose of congruence (in secs. I and II), I outline in detail what the argument is (secs. III and IV), emphasizing the role of the Kantian interpretation of justice as fairness. Then (in sec. V), I discuss how problems with the Kantian congruence argument led Rawls to political liberalism.
Political Liberalism and the Possibility of a Just Democratic Constitution
Authors: Freeman Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction
My aim in this paper is to provide an overview of John Rawls’s project in Political Liberalism.1 I sketch how this book is designed to respond to certain problems internal to Rawls’s argument in A Theory of Justice.2 Political Liberalism is a development and extension of Rawls’s original project, as stated in A Theory of Justice, to work out “the most appropriate moral basis for a democratic society” (TJ, viii/ xviii rev.). A Theory of Justice itself invokes assumptions and arguments that are at odds with Rawls’s egalitarian liberalism. It is to respond to these internal tensions that Rawls recasts not the substantive content of justice as fairness or its principles but how we are to conceive of their justification.
To say this recasting is internal to Rawls’s original project means that Political Liberalism is not motivated by external criticisms.3 There is a widespread perception that the revisions Rawls has made to A Theory of Justice leading up to Political Liberalism have come largely in response to communitarian criticisms.4
Distributive Justice and the Law of Peoples
Authors: Freeman Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I. Introduction: Justice and the Division of Institutional Labor
In A Theory of Justice, Rawls says that the distribution of income and wealth within a society is just when laws and economic institutions are designed so as to maximally benefit the least advantaged members of that same society.1 This standard for domestic distributive justice is to apply worldwide, to determine just distributions in every society in the world. In this regard, Rawls has an account of global distributive justice. But he does not have, and he does not endorse, a global distribution principle. The difference principle applies globally, within each society, but it is not global in reach.
Neither Political Liberalism nor The Law of Peoples retracts or alters this position. The primary focus of political liberalism is not ideal justice but liberal legitimacy. It implies that laws regulating distributions in a democratic society can be legitimate, hence, worthy of respect, even if they are not wholly just.2 Unlike the basic liberties and their priority, the difference principle is not required by liberal legitimacy; for legitimacy, it suffices that a liberal society provide an adequate social minimum (adequate to enable free and equal persons to realize the moral powers and effectively exercise equal basic liberties). The difference principle is one among several standards that satisfy the legitimacy test, all of which meet the criterion of reciprocity and the requirements of public reason.
Two Alternate Conclusions to The Curse of Caste
Authors: Collins Julia C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After her tearful but joyous reunion with her father, Claire learns from him that her mother was a noble, refined, and pure woman, as Claire had always hoped would be true. Although the story of her mother’s death moves Claire deeply, she is inspired by the knowledge that Lina Tracy was a loyal and faithful wife. When her father tells her about her mother’s enslavement and African American heritage, Claire is shocked to think that such an injustice could occur, but she is not horrified at the realization that she too is mixed race. The “darkly beautiful” Claire reveals to her father that even in girlhood, her color had given her intimations of a difference from other children, that Juno, her nurse, never tried to deny. Arriving at the Tracys’ New Orleans estate and finding herself to be “an object of curiosity even to the negroes,” Claire could not help but ponder her mysterious origins of “poverty and misfortune.”