bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gwendolyn Brooks And The Vicissitudes Of Black Female Subjectivity
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our examination of works by Ana”is Nin and Djuna Barnes has made it clear that any discussion of the female subject as merely an opposition to the masculine is bound to be fraught with difficulties. A study of the specific gender politics of those authors’ works-questions of feminine identity, for instance-inevitably implicates us in an equally crucial exploration of issues related to sexuality and sexual orientation-the erotic relationships among different subjects, lesbian identification-issues that, while closely related to gender in our social context, are not homologous with it. And yet, just as gender is a constitutive factor in our understanding of sexuality and sexual orientation, these latter phenomena are similarly important factors in the constitution of gender, and then only two among many. For the system in which the various gender and sexual identities that characterize our society are constituted-what Gayle Rubin has called the “sex/gender system”is not closed. The constitution of any given gender identity, for instance, depends upon factors from social categories conventionally conceived of as distinct from sex and gender-race, for example, or class, or physical ability or bodily configuration. And the converse is also true: Any individual’s experience of racial identity, for example, will be contingent upon that person’s gender. This dynamic might be multiplied infinitely, depending on the way that various social categories are inscribed in any given individual subject: Any one of the different social identities with which a given subject might be affiliated is inevitably intersected by a number of other social factors, with the multitude of possible such intersections constituting the various complex, conflicted, and contradictory “subject positions” that a particular individual might occupy at any moment.
Science and Racism: The Influence of Different Concepts of Race on Attitudes toward Nazi Race Policies
Authors: Kühl Stefan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite widespread support for Nazi race policies within the American eugenics movement, American historical scholarship has traditionally argued that only a small group of eugenicists supported Nazi race policies, and that this group was increasingly marginalized and discredited within the scientific community. Historians like Mark H. Haller, Kenneth M. Ludmerer, and Daniel J. Kevles have differentiated between two groups within the eugenics movement. The first lent support to Nazi policies and shared similar goals with the Nazis improvement of the white race through the elimination of “inferior” elements and prevention of miscegenation with other races. The second group, which gained increasing influence in the 1930s, assumed a critical stance toward Nazi race policies.
Those Outside the Modernizing Groups: Poor Jews and Orthodox Jews in Berlin
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rapid changes in economic position, style of living, and cultural outlook that occurred during and after the Seven Years War did not affect all Berlin Jews equally. Not all the Jews of Berlin were wealthy or leaders of the Haskala. The changes that took place in the late eighteenth century, rather than creating a uniformly rich and modern Berlin Jewry, created an internal diversity in the community greater than anything that had existed previously. This chapter will explore two aspects of Jewish life in Berlin that might be skipped over if one concentrated solely on the affluent elite or the Haskala leadership-namely, the lives of those of modest means and the survival of the traditionalists. Although there was a certain overlap between these two groups, it is by no means true that all the poor were “orthodox” or all the orthodox, poor. Eighteenth century Berlin Jewry had the reputation of being a very wealthy community.1 To a considerable extent this was the result of the restrictive Prussian laws that favored the rich and tried to restrict the influx of the poor. These laws applied to all of the Kingdom of Prussia, but they had an especially great effect on Berlin for two reasons. First, the laws were probably more strictly enforced in the capital than in outlying provincial towns. It is well-known, for instance, that Jews without obvious means were restricted from entrance to the city. Second, in a number of cases, government fees for certain privileges for Jews were higher in large cities than in small ones.
Was the Experience of Women Different from Men’s Experience?
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Besides differences in conversion patterns based on wealth and on ideological affiliations of the various families, gender differences played a vital and frequently noticed part in the unfolding of the revolutionary changes affecting Berlin Jewry. The role of women in the salons and in the wave of conversions has been a frequent theme in the writings of Jewish historians. This is in marked contrast to the rarity of concentration by historians on women’s roles in most other crucial episodes in Jewish history. The analysis of the role played by women in the various aspects of the crisis of Berlin Jewry requires attention to two main issues. First, were women really noticeably different in their behavior from men? Second, if there are noticeable differences, what were the factors that caused women and men to react dissimilarly to the challenges of the age? Women’s role in the salons was a clear case of female predominance. Jewish men not only were fewer in number than Jewish women in salon society, but they also had less influence on the atmosphere at the salon gatherings. The main participants in the salons were Jewish women and Christian men.
The Aftermath of the Crisis: Berlin Jewry After 1823
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Prussian decree of December 1823 forbidding all innovation in the Jewish religion marks the end of the period of intellectual ferment within Berlin Jewry. Whereas the great innovative movements in Judaism of the previous three-quarter century-Enlightenment, religious reform, Wissenschaft des Judentums-all had Berlin as their hub, Berlin now ceased to be a vital Jewish intellectual center for some two decades. In 1824 a new Jewish board of elders was chosen that was still made up mainly of modernists but contained few great or innovative leaders. By political fiat the orthodox had won, although in many ways their victory was a Pyrrhic one. All innovations in Jewish religion were forbidden, but tradition did not regain its hold in the lives of the Jews of Berlin. The reform forces, though defeated in the public sphere, continued to find arenas of activity especially in the sphere of education. For the first few years after the decree forbidding religious reform, the wave of conversions continued unabated; in fact the numbers converting continued to increase. By the 1830s, however, the crisis of conversions began to ebb as large numbers of migrants from the eastern provinces of Prussia poured into the city. Although orthodox Judaism gained control over all Jewish worship in Berlin after 1823, it remained a shadow of its former self. The majority of Berlin Jews simply ignored organized Jewish religion and attended services rarely, if at all.
Why Bridges?
Authors: Davis Robert C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, often several times a year, Venetian workers and tradesmen would gather on a Sunday or holiday afternoon to battle with their fists or with sticks for possession of a bridge. These encounters were known as the battagliole sui ponti, the “little battles on the bridges,” and they could take several forms: from individual boxing duels and small-scale brawls held to amuse a few hundred or perhaps a thousand onlookers, to enormous, prearranged wars, prepared for days in advance and battled out for hours before tens of thousands of spectators. Those who competed at Venice’s bridges did so as members of the city’s two great geographic factions, known as the Castellani and the Nicolotti. Such were the passions that their factional loyalties could arouse that men were routinely injured and maimed in the fighting; some would almost inevitably be killed as well: trampled by the crowd, punched to death, drowned in the muddy waters under the bridge, or brained by flying rocks or roof tiles.
Horatius on the Bridge
Authors: Davis Robert C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 21 July 1574, after having watched the Castellani and Nicolotti battle over the Ponte dei Carmini for nearly three hours, the French king Henry III made a sign from his balcony to halt the match. For Henry, the combat-enthusiastically waged by six hundred Venetian artisans armed with helmets, shields, and canne d’Inditr-had been entertaining, but in the end he reportedly complained that the event “was too small to be a real war and too cruel to be a game.”2 Henry was probably simply expressing his own royal taste in amusements, but he was right in his observation that the battagliole were neither exactly sport nor all-out war: they were little battles held on a stage, a drama put on by ordinary artisans who were at the same time both warriors and actors, common rioters and sports heroes.
The Health Consequences of Modernization
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The impact of modernization on health has been interpreted in different ways by different investigators. There is no doubt that across much of the world, mortality rates have fallen and life expectancy has improved dramatically over the past century and more. Nor is there any doubt that the whole complex of changes we group under the rubric of modernization-urbanization, the expansion of science and technology, industrialization, the shift from subsistence to cash economies has been implicated in these improvements.
Feminist Voices
Authors: Charlesworth Hilary , Chinkin Christine , Wright Shelley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hilary Charlesworth, Christine Chink.in, and Shelley Wright, in the following essay on “Feminist Approaches to International Law,” suggest that the essential insight of feminist legal scholarship generally has been that it “exposed the gender bias of apparently neutral systems of rules.” They seek to explore and extend the implications of this insight into the sphere of international law. Charlesworth, Chink.in, and Wright acknowledge the debt of feminist legal theory to the Critical Legal Studies movement.
The Myth of the Disinherited One
Authors: Semmel Bernard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In late December 1869 George Eliot expressed the wish that a friend’s Christmas would be “very happy among the dear Kith and Kin.” “I cling strongly to Kith and Kin,” she added, “even though they reject me.” Marian Evans, (her name from birth-she adopted her nom de plume in 1857) was twice rejected by her family, first by her father, in 1842, after she had fallen away from her religious beliefs; and then by her brother Isaac a dozen years later, in 1854, when, though unmarried, she began to live with G. H. Lewes. Both rejections were painful. She suffered no actual disinheritance, though occasionally her brother had to be reminded after their father’s death to send her payments of the small income due her. Isaac declined to have any social contact with his sister until 1880, when after Lewes’s death she married J. W. Cross, and could be properly addressed as a respectable matron.
Can Technology Assure Environmentally Sound Economic Development?
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The large-scale use of the technologies developed since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, and especially since World War IT, has placed considerable stress upon the environment mainly in the industrialized economies. This is due in part to steeply increasing rates of extraction and processing of natural materials, accompanied by the generation of a wide range of waste products. In addition, the new technologies have involved the dissipation of naturally occurring materials and the synthesis of materials which are not found in nature. Widely dispersed materials, whether natural or synthetic, are not easy to collect. Even if collected, many of the new materials cannot be reused or recycled at reasonable cost after their initial useful life is over.
Results and Conclusions
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter contains the results of computations of the OCF scenario and the Reference scenario that were described in Chapter 2. The principal findings about consumption, investment and international exchange and credit, about energy use and emissions, and about sectoral production and trade are reported, as well as summary results for several alternative scenarios. A number of conclusions about economic assistance and the development and transfer of new technology are discussed. In the first appendix to this chapter, our results are compared to those of other studies that have investigated some part of this story.
Construction
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Role of the Construction Industry The construction industry plays a major role in development, as it provides buildings, roads, bridges, power plants, ports, dams, water systems, and other infrastructure. Typically, construction accounts for 40-70 percent of gross fixed capital formation in developing countries.* In most developed market economies the share is 50-60 percent (uN, 1991a).
Cement
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Role of the Cement Industry The word cement can be used to describe any substance that makes objects adhere to each other, but in common usage it refers to hydraulic cement, which has the property of hardening under water. In the United States 95 percent of hydraulic cement production is portland cement, and most of the rest is masonry cement. Clinker is the base for cement; it is a mixture of calcium carbonate, silica, alumina, and usually iron oxide. Clinker is heated in a kiln to achieve partial fusion. To make portland cement, the processed clinker is ground with a small amount of calcium sulfate. The main energy inputs for making cement are fossil fuels used for clinkering; 10-25 percent of total energy consumption is in the form of electricity, mainly for crushing and grinding of feed and the final grinding of cement. The principal material and energy inputs are shown in Table 9.1.
Pulp and Paper
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Paper is one of the most energy-intensive commodities since it has large direct energy requirements, as well as substantial indirect energy use through its reliance on chemical inputs. While the paper industry has been dominated by developed countries, the developing countries with large forest resources are rapidly increasing their capability for domestic processing of the wood products they traditionally exported. Domestic consumption of paper for uses such as newspapers is expected to increase rapidly in developing regions in the future; such uses of paper are near saturation levels in developed regions.
The Multiple Versions
Authors: Stillinger Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ideal of the single best text goes back to the very beginnings of textual scholarship, when classicists, coping with situations in which all surviving versions of a work were many centuries (and many copyings) removed from their original sources, strove not so much to discover the best or most authoritative version as to distinguish the less corrupt from the more corrupt, and when biblical scholars were mainly interested in freeing the authentic words of the Deity from any human error. But the ideal has all along been constituted by the routine formats of scholarly editing, which feature a single text, however chosen, as the standard and reduce all other versions to fragments, relegating them to textual apparatuses that are printed in smaller type and sometimes placed at the back of the volume (or even in a separate volume) rather than at the foot of the page. The ideal is reconstituted once more by the routine formats of trade and textbook publication, which drop the scholarly apparatuses altogether and present each text as an uncluttered, singular entity.
Mr. Justice Roberts and the Railroaders
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The eight years separating Buck v. Bell from the Rail Pension case saw considerable alteration in the personnel of the Supreme Court and drastic change in the circumstances under which the Court operated. In 1935 the Chief Justice of the United States was no longer William Howard Taft but Charles Evans Hughes, and Sanford and Holmes had been replaced by Benjamin Cardozo and Owen Roberts. The Wall Street crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression had led to emergency legislation in the states and far-reaching experimentation by Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal that raised stark challenges to the constitutional orthodoxy ex­ pounded in the 1920s. In two 1934 cases dealing with state laws, the Supreme Court appeared willing to give wide latitude to legislatures. In Blaisdell v. Minnesota, it validated a mortgage moratorium statute, and in Nebbia v. New York, price controls on milk. Both of these decisions, though, came by 5-4 votes, with the Four Horsemen in dissent and Brandeis, Cardozo, Hughes, Roberts, and Stone forming a precarious majority. The loss of any one of these five would imperil the New Deal. The Roosevelt administration worried most about Justice Roberts, though in Nebbia he had startled the country by saying, “There can be no doubt that upon proper occasion and by appropriate measures the state may regulate a business in any of its aspects, including the prices to be charged.” The Court gave the President a jolt in January 1935 by striking down the “hot oil” provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act in an 8-1 decision, but the following month the Nebbia coalition came together once more when, by 5-4, the Court legitimated the government’s gold policy, though it made clear that it disapproved of what had been done.
The Historical Context
Authors: Anaya S James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like all systems of law, international law is the product of historical as well as modern elements. International law especially is rooted in jurisprudential strains originating in classical Western legal thought, although today it is increasingly influenced by non-Western actors and perspectives. The subject of indigenous peoples is not new to this genre of law but has figured with varying degrees of prominence in the legal discourse and practice related to international law’s evolution over centuries. Discussions of indigenous peoples have appeared frequently in major treatises and published lectures contributing to the development of international law since the dawn of systemic European encroachment on distant lands half a millennium ago. This chapter discusses the historical threads of legal thought and official behavior that relate to the development of international law prior to the middle part of this century. It is not intended as a comprehensive history of international law and its treatment of indigenous peoples but is, rather, an effort to provide a contextual backdrop for assessing international law as it concerns today’s indigenous peoples, the principal focus of this book.
Negotiation and State Action
Authors: Anaya S James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In general, an integral part of international human rights law is the duty of states to secure enjoyment of human rights and to provide remedies where the rights are violated. This duty relates to the substantial corpus of international law on the responsibility of states in regard to unlawful acts and omissions. It is implicit, if not express, in human rights treaties and is similarly implicit in discernible customary human rights law. Thus, the Draft United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples states: “Indigenous peoples have the right to have access to and prompt decision through mutually acceptable and fair procedures for the resolution of conflicts and disputes with States, as well as to effective remedies for all infringements of their individual and collective rights.”The duty to secure enjoyment of human rights is heightened in the context of indigenous peoples and extends beyond states to the international community at large. With increased intensity over the last several years, the international community has maintained indigenous peoples as special subjects of concern and sought cooperatively to secure their rights and well-being. The United Nations, the Organization of American States, the International Labour Organisation, and other international insituations have acknowledged the need for special programs for indigenous peoples at both the state and global levels. In his statement to the United Nations General Assembly at the inauguration of the International Year of the World’s Indigenous People, Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali emphasized that “[t]he commitment of the United Nations’ system to the cause of indigenous people is long-standing. It goes back to a time before the creation of the United Nations itself.” Indigenous peoples are thus subjects of a special duty of care on the part of the international community, akin to the “sacred trust” articulated in the United Nations Charter with regard to the peoples of non-self-governing territories.
Implementation Procedures Involving International Institutions
Authors: Anaya S James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Procedures that engage the institutional mechanisms of states at the domestic level are supplemented by procedures involving international institutions. The relationship between these two procedural matrices is regulated by the principle of non interference in matters essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of states, a corollary to the doctrine of state sovereignty, which is reflected in article 2(7) of the United Nations Charter. This principle stems from a policy of favoring decision making at more local levels where possible, including decision making on the implementation of international human rights standards, and it reflects the realities of a world system that is still largely state-centered.
Tests of Puritan Justice
Authors: Vaughan Alden T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The defeat of the Pequots in I 637 kft the New England colonies, for the next several decades at waste free from the threat of major Indian opposition. That did not mean freedom from persistent involvement with Indians, however, for individual Indians and Indian nations remained central to the colonies’ day-today affairs. Some of those affairs were essentially political negotiations—mediation of intertribal grievances, for example—and some were essentially economic transactions—as with the fur trade and land purchases. The legislative and judicial records of the several New England colonies reveal that another category of Indian-white contact concerned legal issues that had broad intercultural implications. This essay addresses two such cases from the year after the Pequot War ended, when New England resumed peaceful solutions to disputes between natives and colonists. Both cases were important at the time but have received less attention from historians than it seems to me they deserve.