bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of encephalitic bovine herpesvirus type 1 isolates from cattle in North America
Authors: d’Offay Jean M. , Mock Richard E. , Fulton Robert W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Nine cns bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) isolates, recovered from bovine brain samples submitted to the Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories from 1974-1989, were compared by analyzing their dna restriction endonuclease (re) fragment migration pattern. Seven had pattern similar to that of the respiratory bhv-1 Cooper strain. The remaining 2 isolates, however, had variant patterns, similar to that of each other, but completely different from patterns for the other 7. The re patterns of these 2 variants were similar to published re patterns for 2 encephalitic or neuropathogenic bhv-1 strains — the Australian N-569 strain and the Argentine A-663 strain. One of the Texas encephalitic variants (No. 30326) was isolated from the cns of a calf that died during an epizootic of encephalitis in 1974. The other, designated TX-89, was isolated in 1989 from the cns of a 7-month-old feedlot steer with acute fatal encephalitis. Microscopic lesions of encephalitis with neuronal degeneration and intranuclear inclusions were observed for 3 of the 9 isolates, the 2 variant isolates (No. 30326 and TX-89), and a respiratory isolate. The remaining 6 cns isolates, all respiratory subtypes, were recovered from cattle that did not have clinical cns disease or gross or microscopic cns lesions; in 5 of these cattle, virus was recovered from at least 1 other organ (lungs) besides the cns. We conclude that the cns of calves can be naturally infected with 2 distinct bhv-1 subtypes, the respiratory and the encephalitic, and that the encephalitic subtype (subtype 3 or bhv-1.3) has been present in Texas cattle since at least 1974.
Direct isolation and identification of recombinant pseudorabies virus strains from tissues of experimentally co-infected swine
Authors: Dangler Charles A. , Henderson Louise M. , Bowman Larissa A. , Deaver Robin E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Tissue homogenates were obtained from swine co-infected with 2 vaccine strains of pseudorabies virus (prv). Viral isolates derived by serial plaque purification directly from tissue homogenates, without an intervening step of isolation and amplification on cell cultures, were characterized as recombinant and parental prv genotypes on the basis of thymidine kinase and glycoprotein X gene combinations. Use of limiting dilutions and recovery of virus isolates as individual plaques minimized the likelihood of in vitro recombination serving as a confounding source of recombinant prv. The thymidine kinase and glycoprotein X gene sequences were classified as wild-type or deleted, using a battery of polymerase chain reaction assays. Results substantiate the observation that prv vaccine strains can form genetic recombinants in vivo after experimentally induced co-infection.
Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime in neonatal pony foals
Authors: Gardner Sarah Y. , Sweeney Raymond W. , Divers Thomas J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Serum concentrations of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime were measured in 1-week-old pony foals after iv administration of a single dose of cefotaxime.
The cefotaxime disposition data conformed to a two-compartment model with elimination half-life of 0.60 hour. The combined cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime data was best described by a four-compartment model. The apparent half-life describing the disappearance of desacetylcefotaxime was 1.69 hours.
Dosage of 40 mg/kg of body weight given iv every 4 to 6 hours for neonatal foals with gram-negative septicemia and every 2 hours for foals with meningitis is recommended for further study.
Evaluation of cofactor effect of feline syncytium-forming virus on feline immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Zenger Elisabeth , Brown Wendy C. , Song Wenru , Wolf Alice M. , Pedersen Niels C. , Longnecker Michael , Li Junzhou , Collisson Ellen W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Although feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and the unrelated retrovirus feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are associated with acquired immune deficiency in cats, experimental and field evidence indicates that coinfection with both viruses may lead to more serious disease syndrome. A third feline retrovirus, feline syncytium-forming virus (FeSFV), which is far more prevalent than either fiv or FeLV and is considered nonpathogenic in nature, is consistently coisolated from sick, fiv-infected cats. To determine the potential role of FeSFV in enhancement of FIvV-mediated disease, persistent FeSFV infection was established in 14 of 24 nine-month-old cats. Four months later, half the FeSFV-infected and half the noninfected cats were inoculated with blood obtained from a cat persistently infected with the Petaluma strain of fiv. At postinoculation week 17, 1 male cat infected with only fiv died of bacterial bronchopneumonia that could have been attributed to fiv-induced acquired immune deficiency-like syndrome. However, none of the remaining cats had clinical illness, whether infected with either virus alone or coinfected with both viruses. As early as postinoculation week 6, decreases were observed in the CD4+ to CD8+ T-lymphocyte ratio of both groups of cats inoculated with fiv. Infection with FeSFV had no effect on the CD4+ to CD8+ T-cell ratio, Mitogen stimulation assays and total WBC count were unaffected by FeSFV infection, although an increase in numbers of neutrophils from FeSFV-infected cats was consistent, especially when compared with the decrease observed after fiv infection. Overall, results of the study indicate that coinfection with FeSFV may not enhance progression of the fiv-induced early stages of disease and that the positive correlation between FeSFV and fiv-induced acquired immune deficiency-like syndrome is attributable to a common mode of transmission, rather than to a synergistic effect of coinfection.
Cryopreservation of bovine buffy coat leukocytes for use in immunologic studies
Authors: Truax Robert E. , Powell Mary D. , Dietrich Marilyn A. , French Dennis D. , Ellis John A. , Newman Mark J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A simple cryogenic technique for preserving bovine buffy coat leukocytes was developed. This was coupled with a variation of the standard discontinuous gradient technique to purify mononuclear cells that retained immunologic function. The total number of mononuclear cells recovered from cyropreserved samples were only 87 to 42% of those recovered from freshly obtained blood samples. However, the functional capabilities of mononuclear cells from cyopreserved buffy coat preparations were retained. Polyclonal proliferative responses to 3 mitogens were measured, using a titration of mitogen concentrations, and were found to be normal, compared with those of cells isolated from fresh blood. Blood samples collected after vaccination with Brucella abortus contained leukocytes that responded to irradiated B abortus. These antigen-specific responses were also retained through cyopreservation. Cell surface expression of T-lymphocyte antigens, CD2, CD4, and CD8, and cell-surface IgM on B lymphocytes was also evaluated. Flow cytometric analysis of fresh and cryopreserved mononuclear cell preparations indicated that the relative proportions of different subpopulations were not altered. The technical simplicity of our cryopreservation system will allow processing of large numbers of samples with the ability to assay various immune functions at a later time.
Critical tests of thiabendazole, oxibendazole, and oxfendazole for drug resistance of population-B equine small strongyles (1989 and 1990)
Authors: Tolliver S. C. , Lyons E. T. , Drudge J. H. , Stamper S. , Granstrom D. E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Critical tests were conducted in horses (n = 11) with naturally acquired infections of benzimidazole(bz)-resistant population-B small strongyles in 1989 and 1990. Anthelmintics administered were thiabendazole (44 mg/kg of body weight, n = 4), oxibendazole (10 mg/kg, n = 3), and oxfendazole (ofz, 10 mg/kg; n = 4). All compounds were paste formulations administered orally except for 1 of the ofz treatments, which was a suspension formulation given by stomach tube.
Aggregate mean efficacy was calculated for all species of small strongyles, drug-resistant and non-resistant. The highest efficacy was for oxibendazole (98%) and ofz (94%); efficacy for thiabendazole was 63%.
Five genera and 16 species of small strongyles were recovered from the 11 horses, ranging from 7 to 13 species (mean, 11). Of these, 7 species were found to have resistance in variable degrees to most of the anthelmintics. These strongyles were Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus calicatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, and Cylicostephanus minutus.
The large strongyle, Strongylus vulgaris, was present in all 11 test horses, and efficacy was 100% for all drugs. Seven of the bz-treated foals (at least 1 horse from each bz-treatment group), were infected with S edentatus; removal was 100%.
Circulatory and respiratory responses of spontaneously breathing, laterally recumbent horses to 12 hours of halothane anesthesia
Authors: Steffey E. P. , Dunlop C. I. , Cullen L. K. , Hodgson D. S. , Giri S. N. , Willits N. , Woliner M. J. , Jarvis K. A. , Smith C. M. , Elliott A. R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Cardiovascular and respiratory changes that accompany markedly long periods (12 hours) of halothane anesthesia were characterized. Eight spontaneously breathing horses were studied while they were positioned in left lateral recumbency and anesthetized only with halothane in oxygen maintained at a constant end-tidal concentration of 1.06% (equivalent to 1.2 times the minimal alveolar concentration for horses). Results of circulatory and respiratory measurements during the first 5 hours of constant conditions were similar to those previously reported from this laboratory (ie, a time-related significant increase in systemic arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, left ventricular work, pcv, plasma total solids concentration, and little change in respiratory system function). Beyond 5 hours of anesthesia, arterial blood pressure did not further increase, but remained above baseline. Cardiac output continued to increase, because heart rate significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Peak inspiratory gas flow increased significantly (P < 0.05) in later stages of anesthesia. There was a significant decrease in inspiratory time beginning at 4 hours. Although PaO2 and PaCO2 did not significantly change during the 12 hours of study, increased significantly (P < 0.05) and progressively with time, beginning 6 hours after the beginning of constant conditions. Metabolic acidosis increased with time (significantly [P < 0.05] starting at 9 hours), despite supplemental iv administered NaHCO3, Plasma concentrations of eicosanoids: 6-ketoprostaglandin F1α (pgf1α a stable metabolite of pgi1), pgf2α, pge, and thromboxane (TxB2, a stable metabolite of TxA2) were measured in 5 of the 8 horses before and during anesthesia. Significant changes from preanesthetic values were not detected. Dynamic thoracic wall and lung compliances decreased with time.
Regional danofloxacin lung tissue concentrations and their relationship to regional pulmonary blood flow in consolidated and nonconsolidated bovine lung
Authors: Apley Michael D. , Upson Dan W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Six calves with areas of pulmonary consolidation attributable to bronchopneumonia, and 6 calves with no areas of consolidation were given iv injections of danofloxacin. This injection was followed approximately 55 minutes later by injection of 15-μm radiolabeled microspheres to measure regional pulmonary blood flow.
Calves were euthanatized exactly 1 hour after the danofloxacin injection. Six samples for determination of danofloxacin concentration, each surrounded by 4 samples for determination of gamma emission counts, were taken from each lung. Additional samples focusing on the line of demarcation between consolidated and nonconsolidated tissue were taken from calves with pulmonary consolidation.
Data from calves with no areas of pulmonary consolidation indicated that blood flow was significantly reduced in the caudodorsal position of the left lung and the caudodorsal and cranioventral positions of the right lung, compared with that in other positions within the lungs. Danofloxacin concentrations in the cranioventral positions of the right and left lungs were significantly lower than those in the middle-dorsal positions.
Differences in danofloxacin concentrations and blood flow were analyzed in consolidated and nonconsolidated cranioventral and middle-ventral positions of the lungs from calves with pulmonary consolidation. Decreases in blood flow in consolidated lung tissue ranged from 83.3 to 91.7%. Danofloxacin concentrations in consolidated lung tissue were significantly reduced by 41% in the middle ventral position of the left lung.
The line of demarcation step study revealed a significant reduction of blood flow at 2 and 4 cm into consolidated lung tissue, with reductions of 84 and 88%, respectively. Danofloxacin concentration did not significantly decrease in consolidated tissue.
Gastric pH monitoring in healthy, suckling pony foals
Authors: Baker Simon J. , Gerring E. Lawrence 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Gastric pH was monitored in neonatal foals from birth to 3 months of age. Background pH decreased, especially during the first week of life. Milk had complex effects that depended on pH prior to sucking, confounded by the age of the foal: nearly neutral background pH tended to be acidified after milk intake; moderately acid background pH tended to be neutralized; low background pH was only slightly increased by milk. Absolute magnitude of the effects of milk decreased with age. Existence of a proulcerative intragastric environment in preweaning foals is postulated, but this must be considered in the context of what probably is a multifactorial pathogenesis.
Determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration in cats
Authors: Brown Scott A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
To investigate the determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration, renal micropuncture studies were performed in 9 cats. Mean single nephron glomerular filtration rate (sngfr), directly measured in outer cortical nephrons, was 29.4 ± 3.0 nl/min. This was similar to the estimated value for sngfr (31.3 ± 4.6 nl/min) obtained by dividing left kidney total glomerular filtration rate (1.41 ± 0.12 ml/min/kg of body weight) by left glomerular count (175,200 ± 13,600 glomeruli/kidney). In micropuncture studies performed at mean renal perfusion pressure of 101.3 ± 1.0 mm of Hg, the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure was 58.0 ± 1.4 mm of Hg. The glomerular transcapillary hydrostatic pressure gradient (40.0 ± 1.8 mm of Hg) exceeded colloid osmotic pressure at the efferent end of the glomerular capillaries (28.4 ± 2.1 mm of Hg) in all cats studied, indicating existence of positive effective filtration pressure throughout the glomerular capillary bed. These results indicate that glomerular capillary pressure is sufficiently high to prevent forces from reaching filtration pressure equilibrium in feline outer cortical nephrons. Thus, the value of sngfr in feline nephrons depends on the glomerular transcapillary hydrostatic pressure gradient and the glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient.
Association between the effacing (eae) gene and the Shiga-like toxin-encoding genes in Escherichia coli isolates from cattle
Authors: Mainil Jacques G. , Jacquemin Etienne R. , Kaeckenbeeck Albert E. , Pohl Pierre H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Two hundred ninety-six Escherichia coli isolates from feces or intestines of calves with diarrhea were hybridized with 7 gene probes. One probe (the eae probe) was derived from The eae gene coding for a protein involved in the effacement of the enterocyte microvilli by the group of bacteria called attaching and effacing E coli (aeec), and 2 probes were derived from genes coding for the Shiga-like toxins (slt) 1 and 2 produced by the verocytotoxic E coli (vtec). The other 4 probes were derived from dna sequences associated with the adhesive properties of enteroadherent E coli (eaec) to cultured cells (the eaf probe for the localized adherence pattern, probes F1845 and aida-1 for the diffuse adherence pattern, and the Agg probe for the aggregative adherence pattern). Hybridization results for the eae probe were in agreement, for all but 1 of the 8 isolates, with previously published phenotypic results of microvilli effacement. The latter was previously reported as effacing the microvilli of calf enterocytes, but was eae probe-negative. Two classes of isolates hybridized with the eae probe. Members of a first class (60 isolates) additionally produced a positive signal with 1 or both of the slt probes (vtec-aeec isolates). Isolates hybridizing with the eae and the slt1 probes were the most frequent: 56 isolates (ie, 93% of all vtec-aeec). Members of the second class (10 isolates) failed to hybridize with either slt probe (non-vtec-aeec isolates). Most isolates of these 2 classes belong to only 4 serogroups: O5, O26, O111, and O118. In addition to these 2 aeec classes, a vtec class (20 isolates) was observed. Such isolates were positive with 1 or both slt probes, but were negative with the eae probe. All but 1 isolate belonged to serogroups not found among the aeec isolates. Only 7 of all aeec and vtec isolates were positive with the eaf, the F1845, or the aida-1 probe, and none were positive with the Agg probe. On the other hand, 32 non-vtec, non-aeec isolates were positive with the F1845 probe only, 2 were positive with the eaf probe only, and 1 was positive with the aida-1 probe only, thus constituting a possible class of eaec isolates from cattle. The eae gene and the gene coding for the slt1 are, thus, associated in most aeec isolates from cattle. The isolates with other hybridization results (vtec and eaec isolates) need more work to be clearly defined.
Serogrouping of Bacteroides nodosus isolates from 62 sources in the United States
Authors: Gradin Joseph L. , Sonn Anita E. , Petrovska Liljana 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Bacteroides nodosus isolates from 62 sources in the United States were obtained from sheep with infectious foot diseases. Serotypic analysis of these isolates revealed 21 serotypes (designated I-XXI). These serotypes were compared with British and Australian/ New Zealand B nodosus strains by use of reciprocal tube agglutination tests. These tests, as well as the cross-matching tube agglutination tests of the US serotypes, resulted in arranging the US serotypes into 11 serogroups, and comparing these serogroups with their Australian/New Zealand serogroup and British serotype counterparts. Three US serogroups and 1 additional British serotype had little or no relationship to any of the Australian/New Zealand serogroups A-H (the vaccine strains). One or more of these unrelated serogroups were found in 29% of the sources studied. The most frequently found US serotype was serotype XV at 29%. The most frequently found US serogroups were the serogroups analogous to serogroup B (43.5%) and serogroup H (37%); the other serogroups were found in 22.6% or less of the sources studied. Evaluation of 3 sources revealed that multiple serotypes in a single flock are common, multiple serotypes from a single lesion are possible, B nodosus isolates obtained from goats (unlike those from cattle) appear identical to the isolates obtained from sheep, and disease can appear in vaccinated animals, even in a flock that appears to be harboring only a single serogroup-B serotype (the serogroup for which there are 3 strains in the current vaccine).
Pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in lactating dairy cows
Authors: DeGraves Fred J. , Anderson Kevin L. , Aucoin David P. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen were studied in 6 adult lactating dairy cows after a single iv or oral administration of ibuprofen (25 mg/kg of body weight). Ibuprofen concentrations in milk and serum were analyzed by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. The lower limit of detection of the ibuprofen assay was 50 ng/ml.
Serum ibuprofen concentration-time curves after iv administration best fit an open two-compartment model. Harmonic mean volume of distribution at steady state was 0.14 (range, 0.12 to 0.17) L/kg, elimination half-life was 1.55 (range, 1.33 to 1.73) hours, and total clearance was 86.2 (range, 68.8 to 106.2) ml/kg/h. Harmonic mean oral bioavailability was 99% (range, 79 to 112). Adverse effects were not observed in cows given ibuprofen.
Development to blastocysts of one- to two-cell equine embryos after coculture with uterine tubal epithelial cells
Authors: Ball Barry A. , Brinsko Steven P. , Thomas Philip G. A. , Miller Paula G. , Ellington Joanna E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Development of 1- to 2-cell in vivo fertilized equine embryos cultured with or without uterine tubal epithelial cells (utec) was studied. One- to 2-cell embryos (n = 26) were collected surgically from the uterine tubes of pony mares 1 day after ovulation. Four- to 8-cell embryos (n = 9) were collected 2 days after ovulation. Presumptive zygotes and 2-cell embryos were cultured with (n = 17) or without (n = 9) utec, and all 4- to 8-cell embryos were cocultured with utec as positive controls. Uterine tubal epithelial cells were used as cell suspensions within 2 weeks after initiation of cultures. Embryos were cultured to blastocysts or until the embryo had morphologic degeneration. Six presumptive zygotes failed to cleave in vitro. Development to blastocysts of 1-cell (4 of 11) and 2-cell (2 of 6) embryos cocultured with utec was similar. Coculture of 1- to 2-cell embryos with utec significantly (P = 0.05) improved development to blastocysts, compared with culture in medium alone (35 vs 0%, respectively); however, development to blastocysts of 1- to 2-cell embryos cocultured with utec was less (P < 0.025) than that of 4- to 8-cell embryos cocultured with utec (35 vs 89%, respectively).
Evaluation of bending strength of five interdental fixation apparatuses applied to canine mandibles
Authors: Kern Douglas A. , Smith Mark M. , Grant J. Wallace , Rockhill Amy D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Strength in bending was determined for interdental fixation apparatuses applied to hemimandibles obtained from 24 canine cadavers. Hemimandibles were osteotomized perpendicular to the long axis between the third and fourth premolars, and segments were stabilized with 1 of 5 interdental fixation apparatuses: Erich arch bar (eab, n = 6); Stout loop (sl, n = 6); acrylic (a, n = 6); Stout loop and acrylic (sla, n = 24); and Erich arch bar and acrylic (eaba, n = 6). Ultimate strengths (mean ± sem) of eab, sl, a, sla, and eaba were 395 ± 48; 523 ± 57; 1,106 ± 102; 1,306 ± 156; and 2,707 ± 504 N·m, respectively. Stiffness (mean ± sem) of eab, sl, a, sla, and eaba were 2,944 ± 357; 6,322 ± 2,201; 16,010 ± 5,017; 15,777 ± 1,026; and 27,079 ± 5,576 N·m/ radian, respectively. Yield strengths (mean ± sem) of eab, sl, a, sla, and eaba were 66 ± 6; 264 ± 19; 911 ± 126; 1,114 ± 159; and 1,855 ± 401 N·m, respectively. There were no significant differences in acrylic weight, cross-sectional area of the acrylic, or area moment of inertia of acrylic at the osteotomy site among a, sla, and eaba; and there were no significant differences in osteotomy surface area and area moment of inertia at the osteotomy site among all apparatuses (P > 0.05). The eaba apparatus had significantly higher mean ultimate strength, mean stiffness, and mean yield strength compared to other interdental fixation apparatuses. There were no significant differences in the mean ultimate strength, mean stiffness, or mean yield strength between eab and sl (P > 0.05). Apparatuses that combine acrylic with metal reinforcement (sla, eaba) were significantly stronger and stiffer than those that used metal alone (eab, sl) or acrylic alone (A).