bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of HNK1 epitope by the cardiomyocytes of the early embryonic chick: In situ and in vitro studies
Authors: Nakajima Yuji , Yoshimura Kazunori , Nomura Masahiko , Nakamura Hiroaki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMonoclonal antibody HNK1 reacts with a carbohydrate epitope in cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids. During development, in various species the HNK1 epitopes are expressed in migrating neural crest cells and in the developing conduction cardiomyocytes. The conduction system is generally thought to be developed from cardiomyocytes, but some investigators have hypothesized that it is derived from the neural crest because conduction myocytes express neural antigens, including HNK1. Using immunohistochemistry, we examined the spatiotemporal expression of HNK1 in early chick cardiogenesis (stages 4 to 18) and whether cultured precardiac mesoderm does or does not express HNK1 as well as sarcomeric myosin (MF20). HNK1 was first expressed in the premyocardium at stage 8. At stage 10, HNK1‐positive cardiomyocytes were scattered along the straight heart tube. By stage 18, HNK1‐positive cardiomyocytes had become restricted to the atrium and sinus venosus. Atrioventricular cushion mesenchyme also expressed an HNK1 epitope. Immunostaining of HNK1 and MF20 in cultured precardiac mesoderm showed that there are at least three types of cells: 1) cardiomyocytes without HNK1 expression, 2) cells possessing both HNK1‐ and MF20‐immunoreactivity, and 3) mesenchymal cells with HNK1. Immunogold electron microscopy showed that cardiomyocytes containing sparsely distributed myofibrils associated with the Z‐band react with anti‐HNK1 antibody. Our observations showed a direct evidence for the first time that the precardiac mesoderm generates HNK1‐positive cardiomyocytes with morphological features similar to those of conduction cardiomyocytes. Anat Rec 263:326–333, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ranked retrieval with semantic networks and vector spaces
Authors: Kulyukin Vladimir A. , Settle Amber 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe equivalence of semantic networks with spreading activation and vector spaces with dot product is investigated under ranked retrieval. Semantic networks are viewed as networks of concepts organized in terms of abstraction and packaging relations. It is shown that the two models can be effectively constructed from each other. A formal method is suggested to analyze the models in terms of their relative performance in the same universe of objects.
Financial analysis using Bayesian networks
Authors: Gemela Jozef 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper illustrates opportunities of using probabilistic Bayesian networks in fundamental financial analysis. In it, we will present an application based on construction of a Bayesian network from a database of financial reports collected for the years 1993–1997. We will focus on one sector of the Czech economy — engineering — presenting examples that use the constructed Bayesian network in the sector financial analysis and financial analysis of individual enterprises. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of κ and λ chains of the major immunoglobulin G subclasses by capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Katsougraki P. , Heliopoulos J. , Lamari F. , Militsopoulou M. , Anagnostides S. , Piperidou H. , Monos D. , Karamanos N. K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractImmunoglobulins are present in most tissues and plasma and play crucial role in immune system. Alteration of the levels of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) is an indication of a disturbed immunological response. The aim of the present study was the development of a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the analysis of IgG subclasses in respect to their variable κ and λ chains. Various analytical conditions and CE modes, including capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) have been thoroughly studied. CZE was found to be the most convenient way to separate IgG subclasses. Three of the human IgG subclasses were resolved using uncoated fused‐silica and 50 mM phosphate, pH = 9.3, as operating buffer at 20 kV and detection at 214 nm. IgG1κ was completely separated from IgG2κ and IgG3κ, whereas IgG2κ co‐migrated with IgG4κ, which is the minor IgG subclass. Under the same conditions IgG4λ was completely separated from IgG1λ, IgG2λ and IgG3λ, enabling the identification of the various λ chains. The developed CE method is rapid and can be applied to the identification of the major immunoglobulin G subclasses in respect to their variable κ and λ chains. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heparin and coumadin versus acetylsalicylic acid for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty
Authors: Garachemani Ali Reza , Fleisch Martin , Windecker Stephan , Pfiffner Dorothy , Meier Bernhard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to determine whether postprocedural antithrombotic therapy with prolonged heparin infusion followed by 6 months of oral anticoagulation in addition to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) reduces the incidence of angiographic restenosis after successful PTCA. One hundred ninety‐one patients with uncomplicated PTCA were randomized into two groups: one group was discharged with ASA 100 mg only (G1) and the other group was additionally treated with 12–24 hr of heparin infusion and overlapping oral anticoagulation with coumadin for 6 months (G2). The two groups were comparable with respect to age, gender, coronary risk profile, clinical presentation, and angiographic lesion characteristics. Stents were implanted in 33% and 36% of the G1 and G2 patients, respectively. In‐hospital myocardial infarction occurred in 4% of the G1 and 3% of the G2 patients. One patient in G1 died of subacute stent thrombosis (day 3). Six‐month angiographic follow‐up was obtained in 90% of G1 patients and 94% of G2 patients. Restenosis occurred in 30% and 33% of the patients and mean diameter stenoses at follow‐up were 40% ± 28% and 39% ± 24%, respectively. Thrombin inhibition with heparin infusion followed by 6 months of oral anticoagulation did not reduce angiographic restenosis among patients undergoing PTCA with or without stent implantation. The occurrence of acute ischemic complications was also comparable in the two groups. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:315–320. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An unusual case of left internal mammary artery ostial disease: Clarifying role of intravascular ultrasound
Authors: Tantibhedhyangkul Wiwun , Laskey Warren K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStenosis at the origin of the left internal mammary artery graft is rare. We present a case with a suspected stenosis involving the origin of the left internal mammary artery that conventional angiography failed to demonstrate convincingly. Intravascular ultrasound illustrated a severe stenosis and the patient underwent successful stenting of the left internal mammary artery origin. The intravascular ultrasound finding of a dissection flap, just distal to the left internal mammary artery origin, suggests that local trauma to the vessel from prior catheterization procedures may have been responsible for the progressive narrowing at the left internal mammary artery ostium. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:369–372. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small sample issues for microarray‐based classification
Authors: Dougherty Edward R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn order to study the molecular biological differences between normal and diseased tissues, it is desirable to perform classification among diseases and stages of disease using microarray‐based gene‐expression values. Owing to the limited number of microarrays typically used in these studies, serious issues arise with respect to the design, performance and analysis of classifiers based on microarray data. This paper reviews some fundamental issues facing small‐sample classification: classification rules, constrained classifiers, error estimation and feature selection. It discusses both unconstrained and constrained classifier design from sample data, and the contributions to classifier error from constrained optimization and lack of optimality owing to design from sample data. The difficulty with estimating classifier error when confined to small samples is addressed, particularly estimating the error from training data. The impact of small samples on the ability to include more than a few variables as classifier features is explained. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric addition of allyltrimethylsilane to N‐tosylimine of (1R)‐8‐phenylmenthyl glyoxylate
Authors: Kulesza Anna , Jurczak Janusz 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe addition of allyltrimethylsilane to chiral N‐tosylimine derived from (1R)‐8‐phenylmenthyl glyoxylate is discussed. Various Lewis acids were applied in order to postulate the stereochemical model for this type of nucleophilic addition. Chirality 13:634–635, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of constructs of the neuronal isoform of myosin‐Va interferes with the distribution of melanosomes and other vesicles in melanoma cells
Authors: da Silva Bizario João Carlos , Nascimento Alexandra Aparecida da Cunha , Casaletti Luciana , Patussi Eliana Valéria , Chociay Maria Fernanda , Larson Roy Edward , Espreafico Enilza Maria 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMyosin‐Va has been implicated in melanosome translocation, but the exact molecular mechanisms underlying this function are not known. In the dilute, S91 melanoma cells, melanosomes move to the cell periphery but do not accumulate in the tips of dendrites as occurs in wild‐type B16 melanocytes; rather, they return and accumulate primarily at the pericentrosomal region in a microtubule‐dependent manner. Expression of the full‐length neuronal isoform of myosin‐Va in S91 cells causes melanosomes to disperse, occupying a cellular area approximately twice that observed in non‐transfected cells, suggesting a partial rescue of the dilute phenotype. Overexpression of the full tail domain in S91 cells is not sufficient to induce melanosome dispersion, rather it causes melanosomal clumping. Overexpression of the head and head‐neck domains of myosin‐Va in B16 cells does not alter the melanosome distribution. However, overexpression of the full tail domain in these cells induces melanosome aggregation and the appearance of tail‐associated, aggregated particles or vesicular structures that exhibit variable degrees of staining for melanosomal and Golgi β‐COP markers, as well as colocalization with the endogenous myosin‐Va. Altogether, the present data suggest that myosin‐Va plays a role in regulating the direction of microtubule‐dependent melanosome translocation, in addition to promoting the capture of melanosomes at the cell periphery as suggested by previous studies. These studies also reinforce the notion that myosin‐V has a broader function in melanocytes by acting on vesicular targeting or intracellular protein trafficking. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 51:57–75, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orbitomedial prefrontal cortical projections to hypothalamus in the rat
Authors: Floyd Nicole S. , Price Joseph L. , Ferry Amon T. , Keay Kevin A. , Bandler Richard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA previous study in the rat revealed that distinct orbital and medial prefrontal cortical (OMPFC) areas projected to specific columns of the midbrain periaqueductal gray region (PAG). This study used anterograde tracing techniques to define projections to the hypothalamus arising from the same OMPFC regions. In addition, injections of anterograde and retrograde tracers were made into different PAG columns to examine connections between hypothalamic regions and PAG columns projected upon by the same OMPFC regions. The most extensive patterns of hypothalamic termination were seen after injection of anterograde tracer in prelimbic and infralimbic (PL/IL) and the ventral and medial orbital (VO/MO) cortices. Projections from rostral PL/IL and VO/MO targeted the rostrocaudal extent of the lateral hypothalamus, as well as lateral perifornical, and dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas. Projections arising from caudal PL/IL terminated within the dorsal hypothalamus, including the dorsomedial nucleus and dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas. There were also projections to medial perifornical and lateral hypothalamic areas. In contrast, it was found that anterior cingulate (AC), dorsolateral orbital (DLO), and agranular insular (AId) cortices projected to distinct and restricted hypothalamic regions. Projections arising from AC terminated within dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas, whereas DLO and AId projected to the lateral hypothalamus. The same OMPFC regions also projected indirectly, by means of specific PAG columns, to many of the same hypothalamic fields. In the context of our previous findings, these data indicate that, in both rat and macaque, parallel but distinct circuits interconnect OMPFC areas with specific hypothalamic regions, as well as PAG columns. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:307–328, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Approximation of variable density incompressible flows by means of finite elements and finite volumes
Authors: Fraigneau Yann , Guermond Jean‐Luc , Quartapelle Luigi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis work describes a projection method for approximating incompressible viscous flows of non‐uniform density. It is shown that unconditional stability in time is possible provided two projections areperformed per time step. A finite element implementation and a finite volume one are described and compared. The performance of the two methods are tested on a Rayleigh–Taylor instability. We show that the considered problem has no inviscid smooth limit; hence confirming a conjecture by Birkhoffstating that the inviscid problem is not well‐posed. Furthermore, we show that at even moderate Reynolds numbers, this problem is extremely sensitive to mesh refinement and to the numerical method adopted. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemopoietic stem and precursor cell analysis in umbilical cord blood using the sysmex SE‐9000 IMI channel
Authors: Kraai R. , Reymer A. G. F. , Brouwer‐Mandema G. G. , van Beckhoven J. M. , Hoogeboom M. , le Cessie S. , Kluin‐Nelemans J. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCirculating hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) are routinely measured by flow cytometry using CD34 expression. As an alternative, the “immature information” (IMI) channel measurement of the automated hematology analyzer Sysmex SE machines was developed. We tested the IMI channel HPC method with umbilical cord blood specimens. The IMI‐HPCs were compared with CD34 counts and numbers of colony‐forming units (CFUs). The IMI‐HPC data were reproducible and dilution experiments yielded a log‐linear relationship. The mean percentage of CD34+ cells in 50 umbilical cords was 0.43 versus 0.11 of HPCs in the IMI channel (correlation coefficient r = 0.67). Absolute numbers yielded 96.79 × 106/L CD34+, 33.17 × 106/L IMI‐HPC, and 35.04 × 106/L CFU‐HPC. Receiver operating characteristics curves were made at various cutoff levels for CD34+ cells to visualize sensitivity and specificity profiles. With median values of 13.56 × 106/L for IMI‐HPC and 20 × 106/L for CD34+ as cutoff points (the levels used in the laboratory to start stem cell pheresis), the percentage of false‐negative observations was 70.4%. To exclude the influence of storage time, tests were repeated until 72 h after umbilical cord collection. Total white blood cell count decreased in most cases, whereas absolute number of IMI‐HPC tended to increase in time. In conclusion, if HPC measurements in the IMI channel are used to monitor circulating stem cells during mobilization, one has to be aware of a very low correlation between these results and those of other methods such as CD34+ analysis and colony growth. False‐negative results do occur, but if events are seen in the IMI channel, this simple monitoring technique is useful to predict the presence of circulating stem cells. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:114–118, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical, imaging, lesion, and genetic approaches toward a model of cognitive control
Authors: Casey B. J. , Tottenham Nim , Fossella John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ability to suppress or override competing attentional and behavioral responses is a key component of cognitive processes. This ability continues to develop throughout childhood and appears to be disrupted in a number of childhood disorders (e.g., attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Tourette syndrome). At least two brain regions have been implicated repeatedly in these disorders—the frontal lobes and the basal ganglia. The common problem in cognitive control and overlap in implicated brain regions across disorders suggest a single underlying biological mechanism. At the same time, the distinct symptomatology observed across these disorders suggests multiple mechanisms are at play. This article presents converging evidence from clinical, neuroimaging, lesion, and genetic studies to provide a mechanistic model of cognitive control whereby the basal ganglia are involved in inhibition of competing actions and the frontal cortex is involved in representing the relevant thoughts and guiding the appropriate behaviors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 237–254, 2002. DOI 10.1002/dev.10030
Vanadate disrupts mammary gland development in whole organ culture
Authors: Gallo‐Hendrikx Eleanor , Murray Stephen A. , Vonderhaar Barbara K. , Xiao Zhi‐Xiong Jim 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProtein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases are signaling molecules involved in all aspects of development, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. How disruption of protein tyrosine phosphatase affects mammary gland development is not entirely clear. We examined the effects of sodium vanadate, which is known to primarily inhibit tyrosine phosphatases, in mouse mammary gland development in whole organ culture. Mammary epithelial differentiation was effectively inhibited by vanadate in a dose‐dependent manner as indicated by lack of epithelial alveoli compared to the contralateral non‐treated gland controls. Mammary glands in the differentiation medium after four days in the presence of vanadate did not differentiate into alveoli. Instead, they exhibited prominent terminal end buds and lost the distinctive epithelial structures. The inhibitory effect of vanadate on mammary epithelial cell differentiation was irreversible after one day of treatment. Immunohistochemical staining for PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) showed that vanadate‐treated glands exhibited elevated proliferation signals in the differentiation medium. Expression of β‐casein protein in the vanadate‐treated glands decreased dramatically and progressively. Short‐term exposure (up to 72 hours) of mammary glands to vanadate resulted in an increase in mammary epithelial cell density and loss of organization of the mammary structures. TUNEL assay of mammary glands with prolonged exposure to vanadate revealed widespread apoptosis. Furthermore, some cells were still proliferating or expressing β‐casein after prolonged exposure to vanadate. Taken together, these data indicate that vanadate treatment blocks mammary epithelial cell differentiation and promotes abnormal proliferation and apoptosis, likely through the inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase‐mediated signaling. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective expression of the small GTPase RhoB in the early developing mouse lens
Authors: Maddala Rupalatha , Peng You‐Wei , Rao P. Vasantha 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis report describes the expression and distribution pattern of RhoB GTPase in the developing mouse lens. RhoB expression was confirmed by sequencing an reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction–generated DNA fragment of RhoB. Immunohistochemical analysis of RhoB revealed expression in the lens vesicle (both anterior and posterior vesicle) at embryonic day (E) 11.5, and in the epithelium and primary fibers of the E14.5 lens. Compared with the neonatal stage (day 1), where RhoB is detected in the entire lens (epithelium, primary, and secondary fibers), expression of this protein is restricted to the epithelial and outer cortical secondary fibers in postnatal lenses (from day 7 to day18). Interestingly, in E11.5 and E14.5 lenses, RhoB is localized predominantly in the lens, but not detectable in the retina, cornea, or other ocular tissues. RhoB expression appears to be down‐regulated in the postnatal lens with concomitant up‐regulation in the retina and cornea, compared with earlier stages of development (eyes of E11.5, E14.5, and neonatal mice). This study reveals the selective expression of RhoB in the lens during early eye development and suggests a potential role for this small GTPase in cytoskeletal reorganization associated with lens epithelial cell elongation and differentiation. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stretching the boundaries: strategic perceptions of intragroup variability
Authors: Rubin Mark , Hewstone Miles , Voci Alberto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe hypothesised that people would strategically alter their perceived intragroup variability on ingroup‐threatening traits in order to maintain positive perceptions of their self and their ingroup. Specifically, we predicted that people would perceive (1) greater relative outgroup homogeneity and (2) greater general intragroup variability on ingroup negative and outgroup positive traits. We confirmed the outgroup homogeneity prediction in a minimal group experiment (N=80) and a gender group experiment (N = 164). In a second gender group experiment (N = 137), we found that ingroup size moderated this effect: only minority group members showed the predicted pattern of outgroup homogeneity. Evidence for the general intragroup variability prediction was less conclusive. We discuss the results in terms of variability strategies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Central nervous system perivascular cells are immunoregulatory cells that connect the CNS with the peripheral immune system
Authors: Williams Kenneth , Alvarez Xavier , Lackner Andrew A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPerivascular cells are a heterogeneous population found in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Several terms are used for these cells, including perivascular cells, perivascular macrophages, perivascular microglia, fluorescent granular perithelial cells (FGP), or Mato cells. Different terminology used may reflect subpopulations of perivascular cells within different anatomic regions and experimental paradigms, neuropathological conditions, and species studied. Different terminology also points to the lack of clear consensus of what cells are perivascular cells in different disease states and models, especially with breakdown of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB). Despite this, there is consensus that perivascular cells, although a minor component of the CNS, are important immunoregulatory cells. Perivascular cells are bone marrow derived, continuously turn over in the CNS, and are found adjacent to CNS vessels. Thus, they are potential sensors of CNS and peripheral immune system perturbations; are activated in models of CNS inflammation, autoimmune disease, neuronal injury and death; and are implicated as phagocytic and pinocytotic cells in models of stroke and hypertension. Recent evidence from our laboratory implicate perivascular cells as primary targets of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in the CNS of humans and macaques. This article reviews current knowledge of perivascular cells, including anatomic location and nomenclature and putative immunoregulatory roles, and discusses new data on the infection of these cells by SIV, their accumulation after SIV infection, and a possible role of the immune system in SIV encephalitis. GLIA 36:156–164, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.