bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cottonwood leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) defoliation impact on Populus growth and above‐ground volume in a short‐rotation woody crop plantation
Authors: Coyle David R. , McMillin Joel D. , Hall Richard B. , Hart Elwood R. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract

The impact of cottonwood leaf beetle Chrysomela scripta F. defoliation on four plantation‐grown Populus clones was examined over three growing seasons. We used a split‐plot design with two treatments: protected (by insecticides) and an unprotected control. Tree height and diameter at 1 m were measured annually and above‐ground volume was calculated.
Protected trees of most clones had grown over 2 m taller after three growing seasons. Diameter differences ranged from over 1–4 cm larger on protected trees. Insecticide protection increased above‐ground volume over 20 dm3 in one clone, and at least 4 dm3 in all others. Chrysomela scripta defoliation resulted in a 50–73% loss of above‐ground volume. Defoliation also resulted in increased lateral branching and forked terminals on unprotected trees.
Defoliation impact varied among clone. The pure Populus deltoides clone 91 × 04‐03 showed the greatest growth response to chemical protection, whereas clone NM2 (P. nigra × P. maximowiczii) responded the least.
Pest control is a key issue in short‐rotation plantation management. Until adequate pest‐resistant clones can be developed and natural enemy complexes better understood, chemical (biorational and organic) and cultural control may be used to reduce impacts of herbivorous pests.
Oviposition preference and neonate performance of Mnesampela privata in relation to heterophylly in Eucalyptus dunnii and E. globulus
Authors: Steinbauer Martin J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract

The autumn gum moth, Mnesampela privata, is an endemic Australian geometrid that utilizes a number of species within the genus Eucalyptus as hosts. Based on field observations, the moth is thought to be leaf‐type specific for juvenile as opposed to adult eucalypt foliage.
Laboratory binary choice assays of the oviposition preference of host novice M. privata confirmed that eggs were more likely to be laid upon juvenile rather than adult foliage of Eucalyptus dunnii and two subspecies of E. globulus. This oviposition preference was not influenced by differences in leaf size or adherence to leaves by ovipositing moths. The high specific leaf weights common to adult leaves were associated with reduced oviposition.
Although neonates fed on both juvenile and adult leaves of most of the trees studied, performance was greater on juvenile as opposed to adult foliage. Juvenile leaves typically had lower specific leaf weights and were nutritionally superior to their adult counterparts. Specific leaf weights above 0.236 mg/mm2 (associated with low water, i.e. = 56.5%, and nitrogen, i.e. = 1.23%, contents) were associated with reduced larval performance. Younger adult leaves, those with lower specific leaf weights, allowed slightly greater larval consumption.
When ovipositing, this eucalypt‐specific moth discriminates between leaf types of its heterophyllous hosts in favour of types with the lowest specific leaf weight. Less tough leaf types, which are also higher in nitrogen, enable neonates to attain larger body weights.
Response of quaking aspen genotypes to enriched CO2: foliar chemistry and tussock moth performance
Authors: Lindroth Richard L. , Wood Sarah A. , Kopper Brian J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract

Genetic variation in the phytochemical responses of plants to CO2 enrichment is likely to alter trophic dynamics, and to shift intraspecific selection pressures on plant populations. We evaluated the independent and interactive effects of atmospheric CO2 and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) genotype on chemical composition of foliage and performance of the whitemarked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma J. E. Sm.).
This research was conducted at the Aspen FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment) site in northern Wisconsin, U.S.A. Leaf samples were collected periodically from each of three genetically variable aspen genotypes growing under ambient and elevated CO2, and analysed for levels of primary and secondary metabolites. Tussock moth larvae were reared in situ on experimental trees, and development times and pupal masses were recorded.
Foliar chemical composition varied among aspen genotypes and in response to CO2 enrichment. However, chemical responses of trees to elevated CO2 were generally consistent across genotypes.
Larval development times varied among host genotypes and increased slightly for insects on high‐CO2 plants. Enriched CO2 tended to reduce insect pupal masses, particularly for females on one of the three aspen genotypes.
CO2 × genotype interactions observed for plant chemistry and insect performance in this study with a small number of genotypes are probably too few, and too weak, to shift selection pressures in aspen populations. These results differ, however, from earlier work in which more substantial CO2 × genotype interactions were observed for plant chemistry.
Responses of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) phytochemistry and aspen blotch leafminer (Phyllonorycter tremuloidiella) performance to elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 and O3
Authors: Kopper Brian J. , Lindroth Richard L. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract1 This research was conducted at the Aspen FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment) site located in northern Wisconsin, U.S.A. where trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux) trees were exposed to one of four atmospheric treatments: elevated carbon dioxide (CO2; 560 µL/L), elevated ozone (O3; ambient × 1.5), elevated CO2 and O3, or ambient air. We evaluated the effects of these fumigants on aspen foliar quality and the performance of aspen blotch leafminer (Phyllonorycter tremuloidiella Braun).2 CO2 and O3 each affected foliar quality, with the major changes consisting of an 11% reduction in nitrogen under elevated CO2 and a 20% reduction in tremulacin under elevated O3. In the CO2 + O3 treatment, nitrogen levels were reduced by 15% and CO2 ameliorated the O3‐mediated reduction in tremulacin levels.3 Phyllonorycter tremuloidiella were allowed to colonize trees naturally. Elevated CO2 and O3 reduced colonization rates by 42 and 49% relative to ambient CO2 and O3, respectively. The only effect of fumigation treatments on larval performance occurred under elevated O3, where male development time and larval consumption increased by 8 and 28%, respectively, over insects reared under ambient O3.4 These data demonstrate that the individual and combined effects of CO2 and O3 can alter aspen foliar chemistry and that these alterations in foliar chemistry produce little to no change in larval performance. However, both CO2 and O3 greatly reduced oviposition. In order to ascertain the full effects of CO2 and O3 on insect performance, future studies should address both population‐ and individual‐level characteristics.
Effects of two types of semiochemical on population development of the bird cherry oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi in a barley crop
Authors: Ninkovic V. , Ahmed E. , Glinwood R. , Pettersson J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract1 Field experiments were performed in barley using volatile semiochemicals affecting population density (density‐related substances – DRS) and spring migration (methyl salicylate) in bird cherry oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). Natural infestations of aphids were used, and semiochemical dosages were chosen to be biologically relevant based on previous studies. A simple formulation method for active substances using wax pellets was developed.2 The effect of treatments on aphid populations was analysed in terms of initial colonization of the crop, temporal dynamics of the population and maximum aphid incidence.3 Treatments caused a significant delay in aphid establishment in the crop, and reduced the average infestation by 25–50% compared with the untreated control. At a moderate attack rate, the treatments with methyl salicylate and DRS gave a significant reduction in maximum aphid numbers.4 The significant control effect of the treatment encourages further investigation both to increase understanding of the ecological role of the active substances, and to establish the limitations for their use in plant protection.
Predicting time to peak occurrence of insect life‐stages usingregression models calibrated from stage‐frequency data and ancillary stage‐mortality data
Authors: Candy Steven G. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract1 Integrated Pest Management programmes often require predictions of peak occurrence of particular insect life‐stages to optimize the timing of population monitoring and control operations.2 Given a known or estimated starting time for a synchronously developing pest population, predictive models estimated from stage‐frequency data alone can only predict the times of peak occurrence assuming a constant mortality rate across stages.3 Here, continuation ratio regression models of relative stage frequencies estimated from stage‐frequency data are combined with a stage‐specific model of mortality estimated from ancillary mortality data to allow prediction of time of peak occurrence.4 To calculate time of peak occurrence new mathematical derivations are given for continuation ratio models.5 The models are used to predict the time of peak occurrence in degree‐day units for each of the first to third larval instars of the Tasmanian Eucalyptus leaf beetle Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a serious defoliator of Eucalyptus regnans and E. nitens plantations in Tasmania.
Host‐plant acceptance on mineral soil and humus by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis (L.)
Authors: Björklund Niklas , Nordlander Göran , Bylund Helena 
Published: March 2003

Abstract1 The pine weevil Hylobius abietis (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) is an economically important pest of conifer forest regeneration in Europe and Asia.2 Soil scarification, which usually exposes mineral soil, is widely used to protect seedlings from weevil attack. However, the mechanism behind this protective effect is not yet fully understood.3 Field experiments were conducted to determine the pine weevil's responses to visual and odour stimuli from seedlings when moving on mineral soil and on undisturbed humus surface.4 One experiment measured the number of pine weevils approaching seedlings, with and without added host odour, on mineral soil and undisturbed humus. Seedlings with added host odour attracted more weevils on both soil types. Unexpectedly, somewhat more weevils approached seedlings surrounded by mineral soil.5 In a similar experiment, feeding attacks on seedlings planted directly in the soil were recorded. Only half as many seedlings were attacked on mineral soil as on undisturbed humus.6 In the first experiment, the weevils were trapped 2.5 cm from the bases of the seedlings' stems, whereas they could reach the seedlings in the experiment where seedlings were planted directly in the soil. We conclude that the pine weevils' decision on whether or not to feed on a seedling is strongly influenced by the surrounding soil type and that this decision is taken in the close vicinity of the seedling. The presence of pure mineral soil around the seedling strongly reduces the likelihood that an approaching pine weevil will feed on it.
Infant physiology and neuronal development on diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Finan A. , Yarnold R. , Wailoo M. , Petersen S. , Horsfield M. , Rickett A. , Morgan B. 
Published: March 2003

Fifty infants (10 normal; 20 IUGR; 20 ‘at risk’) are studied longitudinally. Postnatal physiological development is assessed by measuring age‐related deep body temperature patterns with sleep. Neuronal development is estimated by measuring cerebral myelination by diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Correlation between myelination and physiological development are measured for each group, variations between individuals are identified and factors that might relate to variations are assessed for impact.
Selective brain cooling in animals: internal carotid’s significance for sudden infant death syndrome
Authors: Du Boulay G. , Lawton M. , Wallis A. 
Published: March 2003

Objective How risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) interrelate is not clear. Perhaps normal brain‐cooling mechanisms are frustrated. Some mammals have selective brain cooling. Scrutiny of the relationship between body core and brain temperatures in mammals with cerebral vascular systems like man was planned. Design/sample Pilot studies were undertaken in five rabbits (Orytolagus cuniculus) and three monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The first showed that the parietal lobe of the brain was cooled relative to rectal temperature while the body was being heated which suggested that brain cooling might be mediated by cooled carotid arterial blood. Measurements In the monkeys (10.5–11.4 kg) direct temperature measurements (calibration against the internal carotid thermocouple to an accuracy of 0.2 °C for the right cerebral hemisphere and 0.15 °C for the left: r = 0.99, P < 0.001) were monitored in the internal carotid, the brain and the rectum, as well as room air. Monkeys were anaesthetized, not intubated and breathing spontaneously, heavily wrapped and laid on a heated pig farrowing pad. In one monkey the subsequent period of cooling was interrupted by causing the monkey to breathe warm air from a hair dryer. Results Internal carotid blood was found to be 1.5–2.0 °C cooler than body core, presumably because of its proximity to the respiratory airway. Brain temperature remained substantially hotter than carotid blood. Both rose as the body temperature increased to 39.5–40.8 °C, at which point brain temperature rise began to outstrip the rises in the body and carotid blood, presumably due to brain metabolism.When body heating was withdrawn, all temperatures fell, but on breathing warmed air, although rectal temperature continued to fall, carotid and brain temperature again rose. Conclusions and implications Carotid blood limits the rise of cerebral temperature caused by brain metabolism. The conditions under which this mechanism may fail include body core pyrexia and a rise in inspired air temperature. The phenomenon may explain the operation of risk factors for SIDS. Further implications suggest a related cooling mechanism for the brainstem and lead to questions about cooling of the uterus during pregnancy.1,2
Improving compliance with tuberculin skin test interpretation in children
Authors: Boom Julie A , Hughes Connie , Brown Teneille , Rutstein Richard M 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Objective  To evaluate the effect of a quality improvement initiative which utilized educational interventions combined with a phone follow‐up program on the rate of return for tuberculin skin test (TST) interpretation. Design Before and after trial with analysis of practice records for all TSTs placed. Setting/Sample
The study was conducted in a resident and attending primary care practice in an urban children's hospital. All children (n = 1315) who had TSTs placed during August and October of 1995 and August and October of 1996 were included in the study. Intervention  Medical staff were re‐educated regarding TST screening. Patients families were given written information about tuberculosis. Physicians and nursing staff discussed TST screening with the patients' families prior to TST placement. All patients received a series of three reminder telephone calls on three consecutive days to remind them to return for TST interpretation followed by a letter if necessary. The following data were collected: date of birth, age, zip code, type of provider, transit time from the hospital, type of health insurance, number of telephone calls made, and return status for TST interpretation. Return rates were compared pre‐ and post‐intervention. Results  A total of 1315 TSTs were placed during the pre‐ (n = 611) and post‐(n = 704) intervention periods. Return rates increased from 6.2 to 61.5%. Attendings' patients and those with private insurance were more likely to return. There was no relationship to season, age or distance from the practice. Conclusions  Targeted screening programs utilizing more effective methods for TST interpretation should be considered.
Population screening for anaemia in the inner city
Authors: Moy Robert , Aukett Anne 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT Objective An evaluation of the effectiveness and acceptability of a screening programme for anaemia linked to routine child health surveillance. Design A community‐based study of the screening process with re‐evaluation after treatment and again 9 months later, supported by a questionnaire study of the opinions of GPs, health visitors and parents. Setting Child Health clinics and GP surgeries in an area of Birmingham with high levels of deprivation and ethnic minority groups. Subjects All 625 children turning 21 months of age during a 2‐month period who were resident in the study area. Main outcome measures Attendance for screening, haemoglobin result, compliance with medication, and post‐treatment haemoglobin. Results Sixty‐three per cent of the target population attended for blood screening. 46% of 365 children tested were anaemic (Hb < 110 g/L). The thumb‐prick blood test was acceptable to children, parents and health visitors. Two months of iron therapy was effective in raising haemoglobin by a mean of 15.5 g/l, but one‐third of cases were noncompliant with oral iron. At 30 months of age, haemoglobin tended to fall in those previously not anaemic at 21 months from a mean of 122.2 to 115.5 g/l, and 33% who had been successfully treated later relapsed. Conclusions The effectiveness of the programme from the public health perspective was reduced by nonattendance. Nevertheless, it could identify and treat anaemic children successfully. Despite shortcomings, we feel that screening is a useful adjunct to ongoing primary prevention of anaemia.
What do general practitioners and paediatricians want from discharge letters?
Authors: Turner Steve , Birrell Ginny 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTObjectives To ascertain the relative importance ascribed by general practitioners and hospital paediatricians to items of information given in paediatric final discharge letters, and determine general practitioner preference for the format of such letters.Design A questionnaire was sent to 158 local general practitioners and 24 hospital‐based paediatricians.Setting A district general hospital serving both a large industrialized urban area and a rural catchment area in Northern England.Results One hundred and twenty‐eight (81.0%) general practitioners and 23 (95.8%) hospital paediatricians responded. There was consensus on which items of information were essential. These included correct diagnosis; correct drug dosage, frequency and duration; dates of admission; investigations performed; admission ward; case history, and admitting/responsible consultant. There were differences as to the essential nature of which doctor wrote the letter; why the child was admitted; parental information given.Conclusions Many features of paediatric inpatient discharge letters are regarded with the same priority by general practitioners and hospital paediatricians. However, there are some important differences in preferences between these groups of doctors.
Vantage point
Authors: Kaufman Neal , Reich Jessica 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAs part of its Managed Care & Early Childhood Development Initiative, the nonprofit organization Children Now is holding conference calls for health professionals about delivering early childhood development services in managed care settings. The call topics reflect the strategies from Children Now's report Right Time, Right Place: Managed Care & Early Childhood Development, which include expanding the pediatric team with family advocates and child development specialists, using group well‐child visits, linking pediatric care to community resources and other interventions. The topic for the fifth call was home visiting. This paper is an edited transcript of the call. The call began with presentations by panelists and then addressed questions and comments from the audience. Key issues discussed include the outcomes of evaluations of home visiting programs, the background, training and supervision of home visitors and setting appropriate goals for home visiting programs.
Is a universal school entry hearing screen worthwhile?
Authors: Henderson Ruth E , Newton Nancy 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTObjectives To assess the effectiveness of a universal school entry hearing screen (sweep audiogram).Methods Information was obtained from the audiology service and Community Child Health records, if available, for children who had an abnormality detected by the screen. Questionnaires were sent to general practitioners to enquire about the subsequent management.Results Of the 4501 children screened, an abnormality was detected in 227 children. The yield for new, clinically significant bilateral sensorineural hearing losses requiring aiding was nil, whereas that for new [i.e. previously unknown to the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) department], significant cases of conductive hearing loss requiring surgical management was 0.5%. The response rate from the questionnaire was 81.3%. Eighty children were referred to ENT with a range of hearing loss of 11–50 decibels (dBHL) better ear average. This resulted in surgical management in 52.Conclusion We found a small yield from the school entry screen, and, with a robust preschool service in place and effective reactive system for testing school age children, there may be justification for dismantling the school entry screen.
A personal child health record for children with a disability
Authors: Moore John , Brindle Annette , Goraya Paramjit , Monk Sarah , Rennie Deanne , Tamhne Rashmin , Watterson Jennifer , Stretch David 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTObjectives To test whether a child health record designed for preschool children with a disability would: (a) be used; (b) be valued by carers; (c) change the perception of the health care received by the child; or (d) influence the amount of communication between the family and a professional who is seeing their child.Methods Ninety‐nine families participated, and of these, 67 received the record as the intervention and 32 were controls. After use, copies of the record were examined, and carers completed a satisfaction questionnaire. The families were randomized into three groups for two‐phase controlled questionnaire studies to measure changes in the families' perception of their child's health care and the degree of communication between the family and the professional.Results Satisfaction questionnaires were returned by 53 (79%) of those who received a record, and most of the responses were favourable. Of the 39 (58%) who returned copies, nearly all had made some use of the record, and 24 had made entries in its diary section. There was no accompanying change that could be measured in the perception of the child's health care or in the amount of communication between families and professionals.Conclusions Those who participated in this small study appreciated the new disability section added to the standard child health record. Copies returned for inspection had nearly all been used. The lack of a detectable change in the family's perception of their child's health care or in communication between families and professionals suggests that the value of the record is limited to its use as an aide‐mèmoire.