bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biogeography, adaptation, and evolution of alpine organisms
Authors: Nagy Laszlo , Grabherr Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion of alpine habitats and their plant communities and animal assemblages so far has represented a snapshot of their present spatial arrangement, our treatment having been deterministic, based on environmental factors and on assumed ‘preferences’ of living organism found in those habitats. However, these patterns are not static and have undergone large changes at various scales of geography during the history of life on Earth. The processes that result in dynamic patterns of distribution are speciation, ecological diversification, and extinction, together with various dispersal processes. At the level of the individuals and communities, adaptations of various kinds may be used to interpret alpine ecosystem patterns and processes. This chapter summarizes the consensus that is commonly thought to be behind today’s patterns of distribution of alpine species that populate alpine habitats world-wide. This is largely made in anticipation of using the insight gained from the past to better predict the future spatial arrangements of alpine habitats, communities, and species (e.g. Crisci 2001). A geographic characterization of high mountain ranges and their climate, hydrology, and soils was given in Chapters 2–5, while Chapter 6 reviewed the plant communities and some of the animal assemblages from a geo-ecological point of view. Here we attempt to give an outline of historical biogeographic explanations, including the formation of alpine floras in relation to historic events. In addition, tolerances and adaptations by organisms that inhabit alpine environments are scrutinized in search of explanations for observed patterns and processes. Chapter 9 on global change impacts adopts an approach of environmental or ecological (biogeographic) considerations.
Global change impacts on alpine habitats: climate and nitrogen deposition
Authors: Nagy Laszlo , Grabherr Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Global change may be considered to encompass recent (post-1960s) changes in land use and climate, and largely human-induced impacts in atmospheric chemistry (especially inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen compounds and carbon dioxide) and biotic interactions, such as invasions by alien species. The relative importance according to the severity and extent of impact of each of these factors, or drivers of global change on alpine biodiversity has been estimated to follow the order of: land use ≈ climate change &gt; nitrogen deposition &gt; carbon dioxide enrichment &gt; biotic interactions (Walker et al. 2001a). We consider the three most important of these. Climate change is the focus of this chapter, together with briefly discussing the potential impacts of nitrogen deposition; land use is dealt with in the following chapter. We start with an outline of past climate changes and their perceived changes in the extent and quality of alpine habitats and vegetation. This is followed by characterizing climatic drivers and enlisting climate change scenarios and observed changes attributed to climate warming. Considerations are given to factors that couple or decouple climate and plant growth at the landscape scale. Finally, the reader is directed to the chapter on land use and conservation.
Use of ICPC for recording health problems and process of care (interventions)
Authors:   Wonca
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ICPC can be used to record the provider’s assessment of the patient’s health problems. This can be done in terms of symptoms and complaints, or diagnoses, so can be derived from Component 1 or Component 7. The latter is based on the lists of diseases, injuries, and related health problems in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), but includes as separate rubrics only those that are common or important in primary care.
The Stone Artefact Assemblages: A Comparative Study
Authors: Isaac Glynn Ll. , Harris John W K , Kroll Ellen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early artefacts mark loci of human activity. Information derived from studying them can contribute to knowledge about human evolution in three main ways, by indicating: (1) the minimum level of technological capability attained by the evolving brain-culture system of toolmaking hominids living at the time to which an assemblage dates; (2) aspects of the activity patterns and of the subsistence systems of early protohumans; and (3) particular, idiosyncratic lineages of cultural transmission (i.e. former culture-historic/culture-geographic entities). These lines of enquiry have provided the underlying rationale for the method of data collection reported in this chapter and they call for a brief discussion at the outset.
Lithic and Faunal Distributions At Eight Archaeological Excavations
Authors: Kroll Ellen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Notes on the symbols and abbreviations used in the tables and figures The labelling of the refitted lithics is consistent among the tables, figures, and figure legends, as follows. (Photographic plates of refitted pieces arc in Kroll 1997; see Chapter 8 about refitted fragments of one bone (type R).) All figures, except for the are fact drawings, were prepared by A, B, and C (see section on ‘Basic spatial patterns’, p. 462). Groups of type A or type B that contain reconstructed detached pieces of type C are labelled type AC or type BC. A piece is interpreted as part of a reconstructed Rake (type C) instead of as a separate detached piece (type B) if the bulb is not evident. The stage of core reduction is based on the cortical categories (types 1--VI) defined by Toth (1982; see Chapter 7).
Echinodermata
Authors: Moyse J , Tyler P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most echinoderms have a distinctive radial pattern which may take the form of five arms radiating from a central disk (Fig. 15. I) or a more globular or cylindrical shape, again with structures arranged in five rows (or multiples of five) (Fig. 15.2). A few exceptional types have more than five radii and in others a bilateral shape has been superimposed on the basic radial plan. Compared to many other groups of marine invertebrates, echinoderms are large animals and, with rare exceptions, they are benthic (bottom living) and very slow moving. They are characterized by a number of unique internal organ systems and external appendages, the detailed form of the latter being used in precise identification of species. Up-to-date accounts of the general biology of the group are given in several good textbooks, some of which are listed in the bibliography. For the present purposes it is necessary to mention only selected characters.
Cephalochordata And Euchordata
Authors: Ryland J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subphylum Cephalochordata comprises the lancelets, which are placed in the single order Amphioxi. In lancelets the notochord persists throughout life and there is no bony or cartilaginous skeleton. The body is slender, tapering at both ends and superficially fish-like. The mouth opens ventrally between a pair of lateral expansions, which together form the oral hood, the free edge of which bears numerous cirri. The pharynx has the form of a perforated branchial sac and in the adult is surrounded by the atrial chamber; this occupies the anterior two-thirds of the body and opens to the exterior by a small posterior aperture, the atriopore. The ventral surface below the atrium is flat, with the edges produced as metapleural folds which begin at the mouth and terminate behind the atriopore. A median ventral fin extends from the atriopore to join the caudal fin, while the dorsal fin extends the entire length of the body. There are no eyes or nostrils. One family is present in British waters.
Metabolism, excretion, and water balance
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. , Read Helen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metabolism is the sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, and elimination of waste material. In this chapter, five main areas of millipede metabolism are covered: Section 5.2 deals with respiration: Section 5.3 describes the com position and functions of the blood; Sections 5.4 and 5.5 cover excretion and the organs involved in excretory processes; Section 5.6 deals with osmoregulation and water balance, factors of crucial importance to the survival of millipedes; thermoregulation is discussed in Section 5.7.
The Kingdom Chromista
Authors: Smith T Cavalier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chromista is one of six ultrastructurally distinct eukaryote kingdoms; all chromists have epiciliary retronemes (formerly called thrust-reversing tubular mastigonemes) and/or chloroplasts located inside the rough endoplasmic reticulum. There is molecular and ultrastructural evidence that the kingdom originated by a single symbiotic event between two eukaryotes very soon after the symbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Dinozoa are not included in the Chromista (or in Chromophyta sensu strictuf) but a phycobilin-containing peridinean, like Amphidinium wigrense, was probably the ancestor of the chromist chloroplast periplastidal compartment, and of the cryptonucleus (nucleomorph). The host cell was probably an early tetraciliate protozoan very close to the common ancestor of all eukaryotes with mitochondria (which I group as the superkingdom Metakaryota in contrast with the more primitive eukaryotes placed in the kingdom and superkingdom Archezoa). Here I will discuss how the ancestral chromist could have (a) originated from a retortamonad-like archezoan, and (b) given rise to the Cryptista (cryptomonads and Cyathomonas) and Heterokonta.
The lichen genus Relicina in Australasia
Authors: ELIX J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lichen genus Relicina Hale, is characterized by narrow, adnate lobes, marginal bulbate cilia, and usnic acid in the upper cortex. Morphological and chemical evolutionary trends and the geographic distribution of the genus arc discussed. Taxonomic problems arise in several species complexes. The occurrence of overlapping chemo syndromes of medullary metabolites makes accurate chemical deter minations difficult, but of critical importance since there is a high degree of correlation between chemistry and morphological characters. Chemistry is important both as a species character and in the delimitation of evolutionary direction. The discontinuity of Relicina floras of Australasia and Indonesia is discussed, as well as a novel interpretation of the disjunct distribution of R. abstrusa (Australasia and the Caribbean). The majority of species of Relicina are restricted to trunks and canopy branches of tropical mangroves and primary coastal and lower montane rainforests; their major habitat is threatened by logging and forest clearance.
On the importance of botanical gardens for lichens in the Asian tropics
Authors: Arvidsson L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of botanical gardens for lichens is discussed. Several factors favour a diverse lichen flora in gardens, such as (1) the presence of forests or groves; (2) a long ecological continuity; (3) the presence of many different habitats and substrates; (4) the presence of surrounding vegetation and bark that to some extent absorbs and buffers air pollution; (5) the presence of rare phorophytes which might house strongly specialized lichens. In areas radically re-moulded by man, gardens represent important refuges and can function as genetic banks for lichens. Cultivation of lichens in gardens is also briefly discussed.
Evolution of aggressive behaviour in the threespine stickleback
Authors: Bakker Theo C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., are highly polygynous; a male stickleback may collect as many as 20 clutches of eggs from different females in a single breeding cycle (e.g. Kynard 1978a). In addition, he may complete several breeding cycles during a single season (Wootton 1976, 1984a). We can therefore expect (Trivers 1972) strong competition to occur among male stickleback for access to females and females to be selective in their choice of mates.
The Evolution Of Life Histories
Authors: Stearns Stephen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book introduces life history evolution to postgraduate students just beginning their research in population biology, ecology, or evolutionary biology. It discusses major analytical tools, gives examples of their applications, and provides problems for discussion at the end of each chapter. It will interest all biologists wishing to understand the evolution of the life cycle and the causes of phenotypic variation in fitness, and it contains the seeds of applications of life history theory to population dynamics, behaviour, and community ecology. Care is taken in Part I to build up the tools needed for a well-rounded evolutionary explanation: demography, quantitative genetics, reaction norms, trade offs and phylogenetic/comparative analysis. Part II discusses the evolution of major life history traits. This is a comprehensive, up-to-date text in a field that holds a central position in modern ecology and evolution.
Trade-Offs
Authors: Stearns Stephen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trade-offs are the linkages between traits that constrain the simultaneous evolution of two or more traits. The chapter opens with examples of well-documented trade-offs, then distinguishes between physiological trade-offs—energy allocations between two or more functions competing for the same resources within a single individual—and evolutionary trade-offs, defined by manipulation experiments on phenotypes and by the correlated response to selection on populations. Some cautionary remarks are given on the interpretation of evidence. Within one environment, individual variation in energy acquired and in energy allocated can determine whether the phenotypic relation between the two traits is positive or negative. Crossing reaction norms—genotype x environment interactions—can have the same effect when trade-offs are compared between environments.
Discussion Of Part I
Authors: Stearns Stephen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of this section is to tie together Chapters 2-5 before proceeding to the analysis of life history traits in Part II. To understand a pattern of variation in life history traits, whether interspecific or intraspecific, we need information on phylogenetic effects, phenotypic variation, genetic variation, trade-off structure, and the selection pressures generated by demography. Such a multidimensional analysis of life history evolution has not yet been achieved for any group of organisms. Its strength would lie in the capacity of each approach to generate an alternative view of the same pattern and, through their combination, to weight the effects of adaptation and historical constraint. Despite considerable evidence for phylogenetic effects on life history traits, their evolution can be rapid enough to allow local adaptation. This is no paradox. Some are fixed within lineages and evolve very slowly. Others vary within populations and evolve rapidly. Which traits are ‘slow’ or ‘fast’ depends on the lineage.
The Evolution of Sibling Rivalry
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the main tenets of evolutionary biology is that organisms behave so as to maximize the number of their genes that will be passed on to future generations. Parents often produce more offspring than they can rear in case special opportunities or calamities occur. This frequently leads to deprivations and even death of some offspring. This book is about the evolutionary diversity, importance, and consequences of such squeezes. In it the authors, top in their field, review the theory, field experiments, and natural history of sibling rivalry across a broad sweep of organisms, in a clear and accessible style that should appeal to both academics and natural historians.
Diversity and ecology of soil flagellates
Authors: Foissner Wilhelm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About 260 species of heterotrophic and autotrophic flagellates have been recorded from soils world-wide. Published species lists are highly questionable and there is thus an urgent need for improvements in taxonomy in this area. Recent studies indicate that there are autochthonic soil flagellates. Detailed ecological literature on soil flagellates is sparse. Between 0 and 10 individuals per gram of soil have been reported. The biomass of flagellates (0.05 g dry mass m-2) and their annual production (about lg dry mass m-2) are low compared with naked and testate amoebae.
Choanoflagellate diversity with particular emphasis on the Acanthoecidae
Authors: Thomsen Helge A , Buck Kurt R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three choanoflagellate families (Codosigidae, Salpingoecidae, and Acanthoecidae) are distinguished on the basis of differences in periplast structure. Taxonomy at the generic level is chiefly based on periplast details and patterns of colony formation. The majority of the approximately 50 genera characterized here belong to the Acanthoecidae, members of which are characterized by possessing a lorica constructed from silicified rod-like units.
The flagellar apparatus and cytoskeleton of dinoflagellates: organization and use in systematics
Authors: Roberts Keith R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dinoflagellate systematics has relied on the comparison of external morphological characters. Thecal plate tabulation has been one of the primary systematic criteria for years and its use has resulted in at least three distinct hypotheses about phylogeny. The sole use of external morphological characters may be misleading. The conserved characters of the dinoflagellatc flagellar apparatus and cytoskeleton can be used in conjunction with external and cytoplasmic morphological features to examine relationships in the group. In this paper, the nature of the dinoflagellate flagellar apparatus is reviewed and a hypothetical phylogeny based on the study of the flagellar apparatus of 13 taxa is presented. The hypothetical phylogeny is supported by a cladistic analysis of 22 flagellar apparatuses and morphological features.
Biology And Molecular Biology Of Starch Synthesis And Its Regulation
Authors: Preiss Jack 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Starch is the major reserve carbohydrate of most higher plants and is found as a water-insoluble granule which can vary in size and shape depending on its plant source and on the maturity or stage of development of the plant at the time of isolation of the starch granule. The granule usually contains two different polysaccharides, amylase and amylopectin. Usually, amylopectin constitutes about 65 to 75% of the polysaccharide component of the starch granule. Amylase is mainly found as a linear chain of a-(1-4)-linked a-O-glucopyranosyl residues of about 1000 units long. There are some molecules found in the amylase fraction that are branched to a very small extent {1-6 a-O gluco-pyranose; one per 1,000 glucosyl units). In contrast, amylopectin is more highly branched with about 4 to 5% of the glucosidic linkages being a-1-6.
Nuclear RNA splicing and small nuclear RNAs and their genes in higher plants
Authors: Goodall Gregory J , Tamas Kiss , Witold Filipowicz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This review is focused on the splicing of nuclear precursors of messenger and transfer RNAs, and on the synthesis and structure of the U small nuclear RNAs (U- snRNAs), which participate in various RNA processing events in the nucleus. Primary transcripts of all eukaryotic genes undergo a variety of post-transcriptional modifications of which removal of introns is the most complex and perhaps the most interesting.
Seed development and structure
Authors: Harris N , Henderson J , Abbott S J , Mulchrone J , Davies J T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans differ from other animals that utilize the food reserves of seed and fruits in that they have developed both agriculture for the monoculture production of selected species and also the means to improve selectively the quality and quantity of the crop that is being produced. As well as being consumed directly in the diet, seeds are also used in the production of, for example, cotton fibre, industrial oils, medicines, and drinks such as coffee and beer. The recent advances in genetic engineering offer the potential for the transfer of genetic material between species; this was not generally possible by the older and more conventional methods of plant breeding and selection used by farmers through the millennia. Such potential requires not just a reevaluation of a wider range of seeds and fruits but also analysis of specific, individual components that may confer additional value if they can be transferred between species, organs, or tissues.
Fatty acid synthesis in oilseeds
Authors: Slabas A R , Elborough K , Chase D , Sinden B , Martinez-rivas J M , Brown A P , Swinhoe R , Fawcett T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fatty acids can be simplistically viewed as linear hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end. They differ in the length of the chain and in their degree of unsaturation and substitution. This is shown schematically in Fig. 5.1.
Control of carbon partitioning in plants
Authors: Rees T ap 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My remit embraces the whole of intermediary metabolism: my intention is to concentrate on the central emerging hypothesis that the control of sucrose metabolism is the key to partitioning in higher plants (Farrar 1992). In this hypothesis sucrose is seen both as the major product of photosynthesis and as the main form in which the non-photosynthetic cells of the plant receive their carbon and energy. Photosynthetic cells are regarded as exerting control over the rest of the plant by regulating the latter’s supply of carbon and energy. The non-photosynthetic or ‘sink’ cells of the plant, in turn, are seen as influencing the photosynthetic cells by an ability of sucrose or its products to diminish the rate of photosynthesis. This inter-relationship could form the basis of the allometric growth of plants illustrated by the constant ratio of the relative growth rates of shoot and root. l shall concentrate on leaf metabolism, as partitioning in sinks has recently been discussed in detail (Pollock et al. 1992).
Setting Objectives for Conservation Evaluation
Authors: Reid Walter V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper questions whether we have the means of measuring the objective of biodiversity conservation. For decades, the continuum from ‘natural’ to ‘disturbed’ ecosystems has underlain ecological management goals. Now, advances in ecology, paleobiology, and conservation biology are questioning the very meaning of a ‘natural’ ecosystem. Today’s goals of ecological management were developed by ecologists who believed that communities were comprised of relatively stable assemblages of species, that population sizes tended towards equilibrium levels, and that humans played a relatively minor role in shaping the structure of communities. Scientists have now modified or abandoned these assumptions, yet their policy implications remain enshrined in management philosophy. It is time to rethink the fundamental concerns of ecological management. It will be shown that although objectives such as ‘ecological health’ and ‘biological integrity’ serve important political and educational roles, they cannot be formulated into scientifically defensible biological indicators.