bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic deletion of mouse platelet glycoprotein Ibβ produces a Bernard-Soulier phenotype with increased α-granule size
Authors: Kato Kazunobu , Martinez Constantino , Russell Susan , Nurden Paquita , Nurden Alan , Fiering Steven , Ware Jerry 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHere we report the characterization of a mouse model of the Bernard-Soulier syndrome generated by a targeted disruption of the gene encoding the glycoprotein (GP) Ibβ subunit of the GP Ib-IX complex. Similar to a Bernard-Soulier model generated by disruption of the mouse GP Ibα subunit, GP IbβNull mice display macrothrombocytopenia and a severe bleeding phenotype. When examined by transmission electron microscopy, the large platelets produced by a GP IbβNull genotype revealed α-granules with increased size as compared with the α-granules from control mouse platelets. Data are presented linking the overexpression of a septin protein, SEPT5, to the presence of larger α-granules in the GP IbβNull platelet. The SEPT5 gene resides approximately 250 nucleotides 5′ to the GP Ibβ gene and has been associated with modulating exocytosis from neurons and platelets as part of a presynaptic protein complex. Fusion mRNA transcripts present in megakaryocytes can contain both the SEPT5 and GP Ibβ coding sequences as a result in an imperfect polyadenylation signal within the 3′ end of both the human and mouse SEPT5 genes. We observed a 2- to 3-fold increase in SEPT5 protein levels in platelets from GP IbβNull mice. These results implicate SEPT5 levels in the maintenance of normal α-granule size and may explain the variant granules associated with human GP Ibβ mutations and the Bernard-Soulier syndrome.
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) blocks osteoclastic differentiation induced by RANKL plus M-CSF
Authors: Zauli Giorgio , Rimondi Erika , Nicolin Vanessa , Melloni Elisabetta , Celeghini Claudio , Secchiero Paola 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe role of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily member receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) in promoting the differentiation of osteoclasts has been extensively characterized. In this study, we have investigated the effect of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a member of the TNF superfamily of cytokines, in osteoclastogenesis, by using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the RAW264.7 murine monocytic cell line. Both cell models differentiate into osteoclast-like cells in presence of RANKL plus macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), as evaluated in terms of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells and bone resorption activity. Unexpectedly, when added in culture in combination with RANKL plus M-CSF, TRAIL inhibited osteoclastic differentiation in both cell models. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlining such inhibitory activity, we analyzed the effect of TRAIL on the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathways, which play a key role in osteoclastogenesis. Treatment with RANKL plus M-CSF activated both the ERK1/2 and p38/MAPK pathways, which are essential for proliferation and differentiation of preosteoclasts, respectively. Of note, the addition of TRAIL to RANKL plus M-CSF did not affect ERK1/2 but it profoundly inhibited p38/MAPK phosphorylation. Thus, our data demonstrate that TRAIL blocks osteoclastic differentiation and suggest that inhibition of the p38/MAPK pathway by TRAIL likely plays an important role in this process. (Blood. 2004;104:2044-2050)
The IEA's Data on Combustible Renewables and Waste from 1973 to 2000
Authors: Sun J. W. 
Published: June 2004

This study examines the utilization of combustible renewables and waste in the world from 1973 to 2000 based on the International Energy Agency (IEA) databases. The main findings are that: 1). It would seem there is a wealth of technological experience on the utilization of combustible renewables and waste in the OECD countries. However, there is just limited utilization of this technological experience in the Non-OECD countries. 2). The data on the utilization of combustible renewables and waste from 1996 to 2000 in the IEA databases may have not regulated. It should be cautious when these figures are used.
Large Scale Offshore Wind Energy in the North Sea — A Technology and Policy Perspective
Authors: Kooijman H.J.T. , de Noord M. , Uyterlinde M.A. , Wals A.F. , Herman S.A. , Beurskens H.J.M. 
Published: June 2004

With the ground breaking 160 megawatt wind farm Horns Rev, off the coast of Denmark in the North Sea, installed and operating, offshore wind energy experts are progressing with optimism. With a portfolio for offshore wind farms in north-western Europe that foresees in an accumulated installed power of more than 3 gigawatt by the end of 2006, the future indeed looks bright. But will the expectations for offshore wind energy be met? Based on experience from technical and market-orientated studies on offshore wind energy (OWE), the Energy research Centre of the Netherlands ECN concludes that the growth of OWE in the next few years will mainly be hampered by insufficient policy support, rather than by technical barriers. The realisation of the first two Dutch offshore wind farms has been delayed considerably. Towards the end of 2004, the Dutch policy will shift to a concession system for the issuing of exclusive rights for plots in the North Sea. For the tendered sites surrounding the UK coast, the financial returns appear marginal. Moreover, according to market models, the incentives for offshore wind energy in Germany are insufficient for successful competition with other electricity supplies in the liberalised European market. The main technical challenges are the increase of turbine availability by improvement of turbine operation and maintenance (O&M) and a further reduction of wind farm array losses by innovation in turbine operation and farm layout. Focusing on The Netherlands, a significant upgrade of the grid is required to feed-in the Dutch goal of 6000 megawatt in 2020 successfully.
Widespread Expression of the AMPA Receptor GluR2 Subunit at Glutamatergic Synapses in the Rat Spinal Cord and Phosphorylation of GluR1 in Response to Noxious Stimulation Revealed with an Antigen-Unmasking Method
Authors: Nagy Gergely G. , Al-Ayyan Muna , Andrew David , Fukaya Masahiro , Watanabe Masahiko , Todd Andrew J. 
Published: June 2004

Glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord, acts primarily through AMPA receptors. Although all four AMPA subunits are expressed by spinal neurons, we know little about their distribution at glutamatergic synapses. We used an antigen-unmasking technique to reveal the synaptic distribution of glutamate receptor (GluR) 1-4 subunits with confocal microscopy. After pepsin treatment, punctate staining was seen with antibodies against each subunit: GluR2-immunoreactive puncta were distributed throughout the gray matter, whereas GluR1-immunoreactive puncta were restricted to the dorsal horn and were most numerous in laminas I-II. Punctate staining for GluR3 and GluR4 was found in all laminas but was weak in superficial dorsal horn. Colocalization studies showed that GluR2 was present at virtually all (98%) puncta that were GluR1, GluR3, or GluR4 immunoreactive and that most (>90%) immunoreactive puncta in laminas IV, V, and IX showed GluR2, GluR3, and GluR4 immunoreactivity.Evidence that these puncta represented synaptic receptors was obtained with electron microscopy and by examining the association of GluR2- and GluR1-immunoreactive puncta with glutamatergic boutons (identified with vesicular glutamate transporters or markers for unmyelinated afferents). The great majority (96%) of these boutons were associated with GluR2-immunoreactive puncta. Our findings suggest that GluR2 is almost universally present at AMPA-containing synapses, whereas GluR1 is preferentially associated with primary afferent terminals.We also found a substantial, rapid increase in staining for synaptic GluR1 subunits phosphorylated on the S845 residue in the ipsilateral dorsal horn after peripheral noxious stimulation. This finding demonstrates plastic changes, presumably contributing to central sensitization, at the synaptic level.
Erlössteigernde Verkaufssteuerung durch Absatzgrenzen für Logistikdienste mit mehreren knappen Ressourcen (Network Revenue Management for Logistics Services Based on Booking Limits)
Authors: Kimms Alf , Müller-Bungart Michael 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Beim Verkauf von Nutzungsrechten für terminlich gebundene knappe Kapazitäten (z.B. beim Verkauf von Flugtickets (Transportkapazitäten) oder bei der Reservierung von Hotelzimmern (Lagerkapazitäten)) ist die zukünftige Nachfrage in aller Regel nicht mit Sicherheit bekannt. Unterscheiden sich Kunden bezüglich der Nachfragemengen oder Preisbereitschaften, dann ist die spontan zu treffende Entscheidung, ob eine Kundennachfrage erfüllt oder ob sie in der Hoffnung auf höherwertige Nachfrage abgelehnt werden soll, nicht trivial. Dieser Beitrag diskutiert Aspekte, wie in derartigen Situationen der Verkauf über sog. Absatzgrenzen so gesteuert werden kann, dass der erwartete Erlös maximal ist.
Transport of momentum and energy in a ducted jet: III. Correlation of profiles of total momentum and energy flux in a nonisothermal jet discharging into a duct
Authors: Alexander L. G. , Kivnick Arnold , Comings E. W. , Henze E. D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe data in the first paper of this series on the distribution of momentum and energy in nonisothermal air streams mixing in a straight duct were correlated by the methods described in the second paper. Mixing indexes were evaluated and used to correlate profiles of total momentum and stagnation temperature at various sections of the duct.
Laws of corresponding states
Authors: Nelson L. , Obert E. F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractVarious laws of corresponding states are examined briefly in this paper to show the corrections that are in common use to increase the accuracy of forecasting compressibility factors. Two trends are noticeable: (I) the use of specific compressibility charts with the results generalized for all gases either by corrections related to 𝓏 (the compressibility factor at the critical point) or by the use of pseudocritical properties and (2) the use of a true generalized chart based upon averaged data. It is shown that the selection of the plot parameters affects the accuracy of the generalized chart. In recent years reduced parameters based upon kinetic theory have been proposed but for a restricted class of gases (nonpolar gases with spherically symmetrical molecules and negligible quantum effects). It is shown that the kinetic parameters are directly related to the critical constants and also that the kinetic parameter charts can be used for all gases without serious loss of accuracy.
Enthalpy‐Concentration diagrams of binary aqueous mixtures of hydrazine, sodium carbonate, and glycerine
Authors: Tyner Mack 
Published: June 2004

AbstractGenerally an enthalpy‐concentration diagram for a system is prepared for fixed pressure, and to be complete it should include data on the solid, liquid, and vapor phases. Such charts are useful for calculations involving heat balances with accompanying concentration changes. This article outlines the steps in the preparation of a diagram and includes the diagrams for aqueous solutions of hydrazine, sodium carbonate, and glycerine.
Enrichment calculations in gaseous diffusion: Large separation factor
Authors: Naylor Robert W. , Backer Paul O. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA general method has been devised for calculating gaseous‐diffusion‐stage requirements to separate gases of widely differing molecular weights. For such a mixture the actual separation factor is shown to be less than the ideal separation factor, depending on the undiffused‐gas composition and the ratio of absolute pressures on each side of the barrier. The equilibrium relationship between the compositions of the diffused‐ and undiffused‐gas streams leaving any stage is also derived by means of the Rayleigh concept. Application of the method is illustrated with a diagram, like that of McCabe and Thiele for distillation, on which are stepped off the required number of theoretical stages to separate a particular hydrogen‐nitrogen mixture.
Controlling mechanism in the aqueous absorption of nitrogen oxides
Authors: Peters M. S. , Ross C. P. , Klein J. E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe reactions involved in the removal of nitrogen oxides from gases by reaction with water are reversible and proceed at a finite rate. It is possible therefore that the over‐all process is controlled by the rate of the chemical reactions. On this basis an analysis of the process has been developed by the application of chemical kinetics, with consideration of reactions involving both nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide. The resulting differential equation has been simplified and integrated to give a final equation which can be tested experimentally.Theoretical methods are presented for predicting the extent of absorption of nitrogen oxides at various gas rates and concentrations and are compared with the experimental results.The paper presents some new concepts of the factors which control the rate of absorption of nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide in water. An understanding of the controlling factors in the process should indicate methods for improving the design of absorption towers in nitric acid plants and aid in the design of scrubbers for removing nitrogen oxides from waste gases.
Approximate equations for time of batch fractionation
Authors: Johnson A. I. , Huang Chen‐Jung , Talbot F. D. F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAnalytical expressions are obtained for the calculation of the time required for batch rectification of binary feeds which may be treated by assuming constant relative volatility and no column holdup. The equations cover constant reflux operations and varying reflux constant product operations for the two cases involving either a large or a small number of theoretical stages. The latter type of calculation has hitherto been possible only by tedious graphical methods. This paper introduces novel pseudoequilibrium curves which lead to simple equations of considerable accuracy. The equations obtained may be rearranged or modified so that other factors such as sharpness of fractionation may be represented analytically.
Gas absorption and oxidation in dispersed media
Authors: Andersen L. B. , Johnstone H. F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe absorption and subsequent liquid‐phase reaction of oxygen was studied with two types of dispersion apparatus, the Venturi atomizer and the fritted‐glass disperser. The systems studied in both devices included the absorption of atmospheric oxygen by catalyzed sodium sulfite solutions and the simultaneous absorption of atmospheric oxygen with nitrogen dioxide and with sulfur dioxide by water.Very large values of the liquid‐film mass transfer coefficient for oxygen absorption were measured in the atomization zone of the Venturi atomizer. Over‐all recovery efficiencies were less than 2.3% for nitrogen dioxide but reached as much as 22% for sulfur dioxide. Oxidation efficiencies for sodium sulfite solutions ranged up to 80%, depending on the operating conditions.The fritted‐glass disperser gave recovery efficiencies of nitrogen dioxide as high as 90% from air containing 10% of the gas. The recovery efficiency decreased at low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide for both the Venturi atomizer and the fritted‐glass disperser.
Critical constants of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Thodos George 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThrough the use of group contributions the van der Waals' constants, a and b, were estimated for a number of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons from a knowledge of the chemical structure of these compounds and were used to define the critical temperature and pressure of these substances.By the use of methane as the base group, both van der Waals' constants were estimated for a number of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons of considerable size and complexity through the additive contribution of methyl groups in the seccessive substitution of hydrogen until the desired structure of the substance was obtained. For the normal saturated hydrocarbons these contributions were found to be additive for the evaluation of a0.626 and b0.76 up through n‐octane, and these exponents have been assumed to apply in the scaling up of larger normal and isomeric hydrocarbon molecules for which experimental data are lacking.The volume van der Waals' constant b alone serves to define the critical volume of these compounds through the expression γc = 3 β b, where β represents a factor which has been found to depend on the size and arrangement of the molecule.By following this procedure the critical temperatures, pressures and volumes of the normal saturated hydrocarbons through eicosane (C20H42), inclusive, and all the isomeric hydrocarbons up to and through the nonanes were calculated and compared, whenever possible, with values already available in the literature with an agreement of 0.43% for the estimation of the critical temperature, 0.69% for the critical pressure, and 0.86% for the critical volume. A combined consideration of these average deviations points to the estimation of the critical constants of the aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons with an average error of 0.7%.
Studies of thermal conductivity of liquids. Part I
Authors: Sakiadis Byron C. , Coates Jesse 
Published: June 2004

AbstractValues of thermal conductivity and temperature coefficients for fifty‐three pure organic liquids, obtained with newly designed, extensively tested apparatus, are presented. For thirty‐one of these liquids values of thermal conductivity or temperature coefficients have not been previously reported. The statisically determined maximum error in the presented values of thermal conductivity of liquids is ±1.50%.A method of correlating the thermal conductivity of liquids based on a modified statement of the theory of corresponding states is presented. Group contributions to the thermal conductivity were calculated. The thermal conductivity of liquids was predicted by this method and the average deviation of the calculated from the observed values for forty‐seven liquids is ±1.50%. The proposed method of correlation permits the calculation of the thermal conductivity of a series of liquids at any temperature from a single known value.
Liquid‐liquid extraction in continuous‐flow agitated extractors
Authors: Flynn A. W. , Treybal R. E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractExtraction studies were made with the systems toluene water benzoic acid and kerosene water benzoic acid in two dimensionally similar cylindrical extractors, one 6 in. in diameter by 6 in. high, the other 12 in. in diameter by 12 in. high. Each extractor contained four radial baffles, of width equal to 16.7% of the extractor diameter. The extractors were agitated by six‐bladed dimensionally similar turbine impellers, the diameters of which were in each case one third the diameter of the extractor.When the extractors were full of liquid, i.e., in the absence of an air‐liquid interface, the power required for a given impeller speed was independent of the rate of flow of liquid. However, such operation required more power than the equivalent open‐tank agitator, and more baffling was required to produce fully turbulent flow.Flow rates were varied from 0 to 4,000 lb./hr. and solvent‐to‐water mass ratios from 3:1 to 1:6. Extraction stage efficiencies were found to be appreciable even at zero agitator speed.The additional stage efficiency produced by agitation was found to be a function of the power input per unit volume of liquid flowing. This relationship permitted the correlation of all extraction efficiency data for a given system at a constant solvent‐to‐water ratio over eight‐fold range of power input. It was found possible to predict the performance of an extractor in continuous flow from batch‐extraction measurements through the methods of MacMullin and Weber.
Diffusion coefficients in hydrocarbon systems: n‐Hexane in the gas phase of the methane—, ethane—, and propane—n‐hexane systems
Authors: Carmichael L. T. , Sage B. H. , Lacey W. N. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractExperimental information concerning the molecular transport of the lighter hydrocarbons in the gas phase is limited. For this reason a study was made of the Maxwell diffusion coefficients of n‐hexane in the gas phase of the methane‐n‐hexane, and propane‐n‐hexane systems.Maxwell diffusion coefficients were determined at steady state for pressures up to 70 lb./sq. in. at temperatures between 70° and 220° F. The effects of interfacial resistance were considered and uncertainties as to the behavior at the end of the transport path were eliminated. Coefficients were reported with partial pressure and with fugacity as the potential. Fick diffusion coefficients were calculated for each component on the assumption that the gas phase was an ideal solution.These data indicated that the Maxwell hypothesis with fugacity as the potential in an ideal solution is a fair description of the transport characteristics of the lighter hydrocarbons in the gas phase at relatively low pressures. A regular decrease in the Maxwell diffusion coefficient with an increase in the molecular weight of the stagnant component was observed.
Dispersed‐phase holdup in packed, countercurrent liquid‐liquid extraction columns
Authors: Wicks C. E. , Beckmann R. B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis investigation is a study of the effect of flow rates and packing size and column diameter upon the holdup of a toluene dispersed phase, flowing countercurrent to a continuous water phase in packed liquid‐liquid extraction columns. Six different packings were used: ¼‐, ⅜‐, ½‐, ⅝‐, ¾‐, and 1‐in. nonporous, unglazed‐porcelain Rasching rings. Three extraction columns, 3, 4, and 6 in. I. D., were used in the experimental work.Three types of dispersed‐phase holdup, free, operational, and total, have been investigated. An empirical correlation is presented for the total holdup data below the loading point. A correlation of the effect of packing size on the exponential term r and the coefficient A1 is developed for packing sizes 1/2 in. or larger when the column‐diameter‐to‐packing‐size ratio is at least 8 to 1. The term A1(VD)r in the equation accounts for at least 90% of the total holdup. The small magnitude of the residual term B1(VD) (VC8) did not permit a definite correlation of the coefficient B1 or the exponent s.Observation of the dispersed‐phase holdup during column operation revealed a transitional behavior of the 3/8‐in. rings as compared with that of the 1/4‐ and 1/2‐in. or larger packing. Two, and sometimes three, regimes of flow occur in packed extraction columns. the increase in holdup with increasing continuous‐phase flow rate differed for each zone. In the two zones below the loading zone the holdup was found to increase linearly with the dispersed‐phase flow rate for a constant continuous‐phase flow rate. A new method of randomly packing an extraction column has been found to give reproducible holdup data.
Continuous reactions in distillation equipment
Authors: Belck Lothar H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor hypothetical two‐ and three‐component liquid‐phase reversible reactions, continuous processes are described in which the products are obtained in essentially pure form by carrying out the reaction in a single distillation column. Methods for plate‐to‐plate calculations in such reaction‐distillation systems and numerical solutions for two reactions are presented.