bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personae: White/Black Faces - Black Masks
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wallace Thurman’s tragedy was that he saw himself only too well through the eyes of those who could not really give him an accurate measure of his true talent. W. E. B. DuBois described this dilemma of Negro identity most clearly in his Souls of Black Folk. The Negro, he said, was a kind of seventh son, “born with a veil, and gifted with a second-sight in this American world.” It is a strange, prismatic vision because that world “yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world.” As if in a room of mirrors, the Negro stands among a collision of images such that reality is indistinguishable, impalpable, not self-determined. “It is a peculiar sensation,” DuBois continued, “this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity.” This remarkable and profound statement fails only to make explicit an important corollary: this “double-consciousness” opens to the Negro-through his own quest and passion
The Propriety Of Proprietary Prisons
Authors: Logan Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most strongly expressed, and least critically examined, objections to private prisons are those that are presented as statements of “principle.”Some of the government’s most vehement critics, especially when it comes to running prisons, nonetheless-for reasons of principle-are championing the government as the only suitable manager of these institutions. The ACLU, for example, regards imprisonment as among the “functions which rightfully belong to government.”1
Issues of Security
Authors: Logan Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the strongest reservations about private contractors relates to their ability to run high security prisons. The former director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, for example, has expressed doubts that private firms could ever run maximum security institutions. The Council of State Governments and the Urban Institute recommend that only minimum security facilities be contracted at this time. Their rationale for this appears to be based largely on the expectation that local communities will object to privately run maximum security institutions being located in their neighborhoods.
Ascetic and King: The Iconography of Avalokiteśvara and Nātha
Authors: Holt John Clifford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The iconographic traditions of Avalokite śvara and N ātha from the early medieval through the modem periods of Sri Lankan cultural history form a critical segment of this study. Sculptural images of the bodhisattva and the god provide a trail of anthropomorphic symbolism from the time of Ava lokite ś vara’s Mahayana cultic acceptance into the religious culture of the island in about the seventh or eighth century A.D. to Nātha’s identification with the future Buddha Maitreya within the folds of Sinhala Buddhism in the contemporary modem era.
Exceptional Beginnings: The Fur Trade and Indian Labor
Authors: Cornell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, Europe spun a web about the world, and in the process the world was remade. During those and subsequent years, various peoples, nations, and ideas would struggle within the grasp of that web. Some would flourish, some would disappear; but few would entirely escape the ever-expanding network of connections that made this world so very new.
Household Functions and Female Roles
Authors: Meyers Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If ever there were a situation in which the condescending phrase “only a wife and mother” should be expunged from descriptive language, the family household of early Israel should surely qualify. To use such words would be to impose an image of contemporary households, in which reproduction and homemaking characterize domestic life, on an ancient pattern of household activity that was far more extensive and also very different in character and form.
Scattering Theory and Bound States
Authors: Adler Stephen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We proceed in this chapter to discuss scattering theory and related aspects of the bound-state problem in quaternionic quantum mechanics. We begin with a detailed discussion of a simple one-dimensional example, the delta function potential model. From this model will emerge the result (Adler, 1988) that will be the principal theme of this and the succeeding two chapters: with the standard ray representative choice of Sec. 4.2, for short-range potentials the asymptotic scattering states and the S-matrix in quaternionic quantum mechanics are always complex ℂ(1, i).
Relativistic Single-Particle Wave Equations: Spin-0 and Spin-1/2
Authors: Adler Stephen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We turn in this chapter and the next to a discussion of topics relating to relativistic single-particle equations in quaternionic quantum mechanics. In Secs. 11.1 through 11.3 we develop the theory of the quaternionic Klein-Gordon equation, and then proceed in Secs. 11.4 and 11.5 to develop the theory of the quaternionic Dirac equation.
More on Relativistic Wave Equations: The Spin-1 Gauge Potential, Lagrangian Formulations, and the Poincare Group
Authors: Adler Stephen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we continue the discussion of relativistic quaternionic wave equations that was initiated in Chapter 11. In the first section we discuss the relativistic quaternionic spin-I equation, including the source terms that relate it back to particles obeying the quaternionic Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations.
Honest Business: Neighborhoods and Saints
Authors: Blumberg Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many writers in our study, in fact about 30 percent, reported working for honest businesses. Or, more accurately, 30 per cent of our writers said they were unaware of any deception in the businesses they worked for; there were undoubtedly many swindles hidden from many workers. Nonetheless there were in fact a large number of firms workers described as scrupulously honest. How did these firms differ from the dishonest ones? Not coincidentally, honest firms had the opposite characteristics of dishonest firms. Honest businesses, for example, normally do not deal with ignorant or helpless customers, nor with scarce or perishable goods.
Women’s Devotion to Adonis
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Greek women clearly venerated male deities, propitiating Asclepius for cures and seeking the vision of Apollo’s oracle at Delphi, little of most Greek women’s religious devotion seems directed toward the male Olympians. Rather the male gods most popular among women tend to be foreign, or to bear a foreign attribution. Women’s devotion to Greek goddesses tended to reinforce roles for women acceptable within the confines of low group and high grid, affirming their experiences as daughters, mothers, wives, and even widows. But this was by no means the case in all instances. Their devotion to two inale deities, Adonis and Dionysos, seems much more concerned with expressing and mitigating their frustration and oppression within communities characterized by severe gender antagonism. The worship of these male deities appears to provide women some opportunities to relax the specific constraints of insulation, in particular by rituals and concomitant beliefs and symbols that reduce isolation and increase autonomy. Interestingly, although both Adonis and Dionysos are male, each is closely associated with at least one goddess, and both are presented as foreign deities, although the importation of the worship of Dionysus, if it was that, occurred well before the classical period in ancient Greece, whereas Adonis probably arrived in the fifth century B.C.E.
Women’s Devotion to Dionysos
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women’s proclivity for the worship of the Greek god Dionysos was legendary even in antiquity. Yet precisely what women did in the service of the god Dionysos is not easy to determine.1 Women and men alike took part in great public Athenian festivals dedicated to Dionysos, such as the Anthesteria, the Lenaia,2 and others characterized by intense concern for agricultural and human fertility. Most intriguing is the tantalizing evidence for women’s participation in ecstatic rites to Dionysos.
Women’s Religious Leadership and Offices in Retrospect
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So much of the discussion of women’s leadership in early Christian communities has been oriented toward modern Christian practice that the ancient issues are sometimes obscured. We have seen that in its promulgation of social reversals and eschatologically oriented asceticism, earliest Christianity licensed alternatives for women that included participation in the public sphere often reserved, in most of Greco-Roman antiquity, for males. In its earliest renunciation of prevailing social structures, the new Christian movement advocated an egalitarian community in which, at least in theory, the prevailing social distinctions were obliterated and all might participate equally in the tasks at hand, including the leadership of the community, however that might be construed. I am not as confident as some feminist scholars that such egalitarianism was intentionally directed toward the liberation of women, but the practical effect was the same.
Hesiod’s Myth of the Birth of the Cosmos
Authors: Tyrrell WM Blake , Brown Frieda S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human beings, we assume, have always told stories about the world they inhabit. It would appear we cannot live in “unspoken” space. Verbalizing the world, however, goes beyond naming its features. A name confers upon a body of water meanings that it does not have as a natural phenomenon. A word, a sound we recognize as denoting something, makes a body of water a “river” which, in turn, can take on other meanings. It can be an obstacle, a borderline, an avenue for commerce, a source of food, gold, or pleasure, the place where a drowning occurred.
Introduction: Formulary
Authors: Smith Theophus H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Out of Afro-America too, “always something new.” The following pages disclose something new out of Afro-America. Here the sacred text of Western culture, the Bible, comes to view as a magical formulary for African Americans; a book of ritual prescriptions for reenvisioning and, therein, transforming history and culture. In this way the veracity of Pliny’s ancient proverb is confirmed. The claim ‘something new out of Africa’ is confirmed by a heretofore unacknowledged combination: the combining of (1) biblical interpretation, with (2) magical transformation, as practiced by the descendents of Africans in North America. Folk practices like conjure, of course, are as old as magic everywhere. What is innovative is a remarkably efficacious use of biblical figures, with a historically transformative and therapeutic intent, in the social imagination and political performances of black North Americans. The term “conjuring culture” expresses that magical intent as explicitly as possible. Once one knows what to look for, indeed, a conjurational employment of biblical figures becomes increasingly transparent—even compelling. Accordingly, throughout the following study I felt compelled not merely to explicate conjurational performances, but also to display them by mirroring, in the very style of presentation, the power and efficacy of conjuring-with-Scripture.
Spirituals
Authors: Smith Theophus H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I explore conjure as a defining spirituality among black North Americans that bears both covert and transparent aspects. I focus first on the covert aspects that derive from traditional practices beginning in the slavery period. Second, I consider certain iconographic modes that allow for increased openness and transparency. In the first case, conjuring culture by means of biblical figures operates covertly in black America because conjure, in its traditional form as folk magic, has been censured and marginalized since the earliest days of missionary supervision of black Christianity. In reaction to such censure, the use of biblical figures to conjure culture involved a collective strategy to cloak, mask, or disguise conjurational operations by employing approved religious content—namely biblical and Christian content. In this connection the historian Albert Raboteau has reprised the much debated thesis of the anthropologist Melville Herskovits: that “some elements of African religion survived in the United States not as separate enclaves free of white influence but as aspects hidden under or blended with similar European forms.”2 Such legitimation strategies are rarely explicit and conscious, of course, and may even be forgotten or repressed if ever rendered transparent. My task in this book is to retrieve, from either disguise or repression, such conjurational strategies and intentions and thus render them as fully transparent as possible. With this task in mind I am responding in particular to Lucius Outlaw’s concerns for “the mediation of our people’s traditions; and, most importantly, the achievement of increased self-transparency.”3
Prophecy
Authors: Smith Theophus H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I examine the black American tradition of social prophetism in terms of its shamanic and conjurational, and its therapeutic or homeopathic, elements. One of the most celebrated instances of the convergence of these elements was the Haitian revolution of 1791, when Toussaint L’Ouverture led a slave revolt that successfully overthrew the French. That victory featured the prominent use of Voodoo or Vodun to secure supernatural invincibility for the Haitian combatants. It even led, after the revolution, to attempts to establish Vodun as Haiti’s state religion. Moreover, the “conjuror’s doctrine of invincibility’’2 was a distinctive feature of slave revolts in the United States as well, notably in the betrayed 1822 conspiracy of Denmark Vesey in Charleston, South Carolina. Vesey preached from the Bible and espoused a radical Christianity on the one hand, but also relied solidly on the conjurational practices of his coconspirator, Gullah Jack. Furthermore we should recall the failed 1831 revolt and massacre of fifty-seven whites led by Nat Turner in Southampton County, Virginia, the bloodiest slave revolt in United States history.
The Indian Subcontinent: On the Way to Everywhere
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During medieval times the Indian subcontinent, particularly its southern end, served as both a natural link and a divider in the great sea route that connected the Mediterranean region and the Middle East with China. South India was a major and logical landfall, on whose west coast ships from Africa and Mesopotamia landed and on whose east coast westward-bound ships from China or the islands and peninsulas of Indonesia, Malaysia, or Thailand found safe harbor. Evidence from antiquity and even prehistoric times suggests that even before the most distant termini were in direct contact with one another, south India constituted a true “hinge”1 (albeit only for shorter segments) between the separate basins of the Indian Ocean-that great “highway” for the migration of peoples, for cultural diffusion, and for economic exchange. South India, as Stein notes (1982a), does not constitute a monolithic and undifferentiated “natural” unit, although it is conventionally identified as the Dravidian area south of the Krishna River and the watershed of its major tributary.
Introduction
Authors: Bayat Mangol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Constitutional Revolution is generally viewed as a nationalist-religious movement led by concerned patriots, lay and clerical, whose political consciousness was aroused by European encroachment in the domestic affairs of Iran. “It was when they became convinced that their country was despised abroad,” wrote Edward Granville Browne, the most important Western scholar of Iranian culture at the time, “that their interests were betrayed for a vile price, and that their religion and their independent existence as a nation were alike threatened with destruction, that they began to demand a share in the government of their country.”1 Though Browne described the Constitutionalist “party” as one that stood for progress, freedom, and tolerance, he insisted that nationalism, “Persia for the Persians,” was the force that characterized the movement.
The Origin of Anthropomorphism
Authors: Guthrie Stewart Elliott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Faces and other human forms seem to pop out at us on all sides. Chance images in clouds, in landforms, and in ink blots present eyes, profiles, or whole figures. Voices murmur or whisper in wind and waves. We sec the world not only as alive but also as humanlike. Anthropomorphism pervades our thought and action. No one, however, has adequately explained it.
Introduction
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Take the Art of Building-the strongest-proudest-most orderly-most enduring of the arts of man; that of which the produce is in the surest manner accumulative, and need not perish, or be replaced; but if once well done, will stand more strongly than the unbalanced rocks-more prevalently than the crumbling hills. The art is associated with all civic pride and sacred principle; with which men record their power-satisfy their enthusiasm-make sure their defence-define and make dear their habitation.
Introduction
Authors: Dawson Doyne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main aim of this book is to provide an outline account of one of the most distinctive traditions of ancient Greek political thought: the literary depiction of imaginary ideal societies practicing communal property and communal family life. The main justification for a new survey of this material is the emphasis I place upon the Stoic utopian tradition, which has been generally neglected by historians of Greek political thought, and particularly by historians of utopianism, most of whom, so far as the ancient world is concerned, begin and end with Plato.
The Stoic Utopia: A World Without Households
Authors: Dawson Doyne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two traditions about the origins of Stoicism are represented in our sources: one that emphasized the Cynic connection, and one that tried to ignore it. We have seen that the Cynicizing tradition dominates the Cynic and Stoic doxographies of Diogenes Laertius. In this tradition Zeno was originally a Cynic, a principal disciple of Crates; Cynicism and Stoicism are complementary roads to philosophy; Cynicism is a Socratic school founded by Antisthenes. This interpretation can be traced back at least to the handbooks of Apollodorus in the late second century B.C., and I would argue that it can be traced back to Zeno. The objections to this view1 arise chiefly from the assumption that there must be some contradiction between the dignified ethics of the doxographies in Diogenes Laertius 6-7 and the bizarre moral teachings attributed to early Cynics in general and to early Cynic/Stoic utopians in particular.
Sin and Guilt in Faith Traditions: Issues for Self-Esteem
Authors: Hood Ralph W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The antipathy of contemporary psychology to religion is well established in the empirical literature (for reviews, see Spilka, Hood, & Gorsuch, 1985; Wulff, 1991). While the reasons for this antipathy are complex, one distinct factor that appears in the empirical literature is the decidedly different evaluations psychologists and religionists are likely to make with respect to guilt and related constructs such as shame and sin.
The Triumph of Practical Sophistry: Lines 1113-1302
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The short scenes that follow the debate of the logoi, the second parabasis (1115-30), the return of Pheidippides (1131-1213), and Strepsiades’ debates with the creditors (1214-1302), perform the traditional function of the iambic scenes-to play out in a variety of ways the “practical” effects of the first part of the play. The plot seems to present the triumphant progress of sophistic rhetoric, yet as the speakers enact what was promised by the agon and more, the wild incongruity of it all cannot help but startle.
Methods and Purposes
Authors: Keaney John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If then Aristotle had no generic criteria to guide him, what criteria did he use? Initially, these flow from his intentions. Once the choice was made to split the work into a narrative part and a systematic part, that choice was both a restraining factor and a liberating factor. It restrained because a relation between the first and second parts had to be determined and, once determined, had to be fleshed out in detail. Once, however, this kind of need was filled, it seems that Aristotle was totally free to include in the narrative whatever he wished to. This is not to say that the contents of the narrative are randomly chosen. They are not, but they are not all, nor most of them, determined by the demands of the second part.
The Dating Formula
Authors: Keaney John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reason why Aristotle delayed the archon date to chapter 35 may be one of, or a combination of, three factors, historical, stylistic, and thematic. Historically, it is unclear exactly when the Thirty were established. It is possible that this took place before Pythodorus was selected as archon. If this uncertainty was in Aristotle’s sources, he may have delayed mentioning that archon until after he mentioned the establishment.
Research Limitations: Data Sources and Definitions
Authors: Spergel Irving A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The terms gang and gang problem are often ill-defined and amorphous. They may represent the interests and concerns of observers, from different types of organizations, professional or citizen groups, perceiving and responding to gang phenomena in terms of their expectations, organizational mission, or group experience as well as the “real” situation of gang crime. A gang problem is the antisocial or criminal behavior of a youth group, but it also includes the observer or organizational response to it. Both the objective facts of the problem and the organized perceptions of the facts must be considered in determining what will or will not be defined and/or done about gang phenomena. Sooner or later, for policy, program, theoretical, and research purposes, a common definition of the problem should be formulated. This is not to deny that gangs and gang problems differ along a variety of dimensions. But certain key dimensions must be consensually identified if we are to understand gang phenomena and take appropriate action.
Gang Member Demographics and Gang Subcultures
Authors: Spergel Irving A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion of the gang problem, but in specific sociodemographic and related subcultural terms. The analysis of age, gender, and especially race/ethnic, gang characteristics suggests that there are distinctive gang subcultures, and therefore distinctive intervention approaches are required. These subcultures must be understood and their causes and special characteristics addressed through particular policy emphases. Large-scale social, economic, cultural, and political as well as local forces generate different patterns of poverty and social disorganization. These together, interactively, create distinctive subcultures. These forces, at both the national and the local level, must be addressed if the delinquent norms and behaviors of gang youth are to be prevented, modified, and controlled.