bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data Augmentation Techniques Using Generative Adversarial Networks: Employing GANs to Create Synthetic Data for Enhancing Machine Learning Model Training
Authors: Singh Vedant 
Published: February 2025

The capability of GANs to increase data size has been a revelation to people in the augmentation field. It has saved machine learning algorithms with scarcity, imbalance, or poor data variation. Unlike the previous approaches based on transformation techniques, GANs can learn complex patterns and generate realistic synthetic data, which have virtually never been possible for fields and applications. In this paper, 12 new GAN-augmentation strategies are proposed and implemented. These are image-to-image translation, text-to-image synthesis, style transfer, and domain adaptation. These techniques prove that using GANs can enhance the quality of the data and models, balance the data, and maintain the confidentiality of the data while applying any of these techniques. The use of GANs in generating new data to enrich data sets has proved promising, especially in specific fields like health, where medical images complement diagnostic models while respecting patients' rights to privacy. It has also been used in image recognition when it creates diverse outputs to solve problems such as class imbalance, besides solving regular problems faced in natural language processing, including text-to-image synthesis. Compared to previous approaches, GANs provide better and more complex solutions and fill the data with newcomers instead of transforming the given ones. This capability leads to the creation of much more diverse datasets that can be closer to the real environment. Nevertheless, there are some key issues of concern, such as computational cost, mode collapse, and, most notably, social impact issues, where GANs may be misused using deepfake technologies. The proposed techniques show great potential and are based on a new approach to using data augmentation to solve modern tasks. However, the lack of detailed experiments and decreased accuracy compared to machine learning algorithms emphasize the need for future research to confirm the efficiency of the proposed approach in various applications. Overcoming these limitations via solid architectures, appropriate measures of performance, and policies is crucial. While GANs are still a relatively young type of AI technology, their enhancement and scaling can create significant opportunities for using these models in combination with other complex models, such as diffusion and reinforcement learning.
Ort der Geschäftsleitung und Steuerhinterziehung durch Unterlassen
Authors: Schrepp Caroline , Töben Thomas 
Published: February 2025

Zusammenfassung
Der schillernde Begriff der faktischen Geschäftsführung steht seit einigen Jahren im Fokus steuerlicher Diskussion. Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet die aus der Zivilrechtsprechung stammende Rechtsfigur und zeigt ihre Verknüpfung zum steuerlichen Ort der Geschäftsleitung sowie zum Straftatbestand der Steuerhinterziehung durch Unterlassen auf. Die Aktualität der Thematik gibt Anlass, die Ausführungen der Verfasser in der Gedächtnisschrift für Andreas Musil, die den auch für diesen Beitrag passenden Titel „Steuerkritik“ trägt, an dieser Stelle erneut zu publizieren. Gleichzeitig werden gegen vermeintlich faktische Geschäftsführer strafrechtliche Ermittlungsverfahren eingeleitet mit dem Vorwurf, die deutschen Finanzbehörden pflichtwidrig über steuerlich erhebliche Tatsachen in Unkenntnis gelassen zu haben. Durch Nichtabgabe von Steuererklärungen hätten sie den Tatbestand der Steuerhinterziehung durch Unterlassen gem. § 370 Abs. 1 Nr. 2 AO erfüllt. Dabei wird vielfach verkannt, dass eine faktische Geschäftsführung an hohe Voraussetzungen geknüpft ist. Sie kommt im Steuerrecht nur höchst selten zum Tragen und stellt bei der Bestimmung des Ortes der Geschäftsleitung einer Gesellschaft bereits gesetzessystematisch einen eng umgrenzten Ausnahmefall dar. Im Rahmen der Steuerhinterziehung durch Unterlassen wird das Rechtsinstitut der faktischen Geschäftsführung darüber hinaus vom Verfügungsberechtigten i.S.d. § 35 AO verdrängt, der die Pflichten eines gesetzlichen Vertreters hat, soweit er sie rechtlich und tatsächlich erfüllen kann. - Zunächst folgt ein Überblick über die Gesetzessystematik zur Bestimmung des Ortes der Geschäftsleitung. Diese ist eng verknüpft mit den Betriebsstättendefinitionen des § 12 AO und geht auf eine langjährige Rechtsprechungsentwicklung zurück (II.). - Sodann wird das Rechtsinstitut der faktischen Geschäftsführung dargestellt und die unterschiedlichen Nuancierungen in der Rechtsprechung der Zivil- und Strafsenate des BGH sowie deren Bedeutung für die Rechtsprechung des BFH herausgearbeitet (III.). - Anschließend wird dargelegt, dass ein faktischer Geschäftsführer kein tauglicher Täter einer Steuerhinterziehung durch Unterlassen gem. § 370 Abs. 1 Nr. 2 AO sein kann (IV.). - Die Verfasser gelangen zu dem Ergebnis, dass der darauf basierende Steuerhinterziehungsvorwurf mit Art. 103 Abs. 2 GG unvereinbar ist und damit gegen den Grundsatz nulla poena sine lege verstößt (V.).
Spanish adaptation and validation of the Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI)
Authors: Sánchez‐López María T. , Fernández‐Berrocal Pablo , Tagliabue Mariaelena , Megías‐Robles Alberto 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI) is a widely used questionnaire that measures the tendency to drive dangerously on the road through three different types of behaviors: aggressive driving, risky driving, and experiencing negative emotions while driving. This study aimed to develop a Spanish version of the DDDI and verify the reliability and validity of this questionnaire in the Spanish population. A community sample of 2174 Spanish participants (51.1% male; age range: 18–79 years) completed the 28‐item Spanish version of the DDDI. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that a three‐factor model fitted adequately to the data. Analysis of internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and convergent validity showed that the Spanish adaptation of the DDDI had good psychometric properties and retains the theoretical consistency of the original scale. Gender and age differences were observed. The Spanish version of the DDDI can be considered a good instrument for assessing dangerous driving behavior, thus contributing to the cross‐cultural study of these types of behaviors and the possible development of intervention programs aimed at reducing road traffic accidents.
Improvements to a GLCM‐based machine‐learning approach for quantifying posterior capsule opacification
Authors: Liu Chang , Hu Ying , Chen Yan , Fang Jian , Liu Ruhan , Bi Lei , Tan Xunan , Sheng Bin , Wu Qiang 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackgroundPosterior capsular opacification (PCO) is a common complication following cataract surgery that leads to visual disturbances and decreased quality of vision. The aim of our study was to employ a machine‐learning methodology to characterize and validate enhancements applied to the grey‐level co‐occurrence matrix (GLCM) while assessing its validity in comparison to clinical evaluations for evaluating PCO.MethodsOne hundred patients diagnosed with age‐related cataracts who were scheduled for phacoemulsification surgery were included in the study. Following mydriasis, anterior segment photographs were captured using a high‐resolution photographic system. The GLCM was utilized as the feature extractor, and a supported vector machine as the regressor. Three variations, namely, GLCM, GLCM+C (+axial information), and GLCM+V (+regional voting), were analyzed. The reference value for regression was determined by averaging clinical scores obtained through subjective analysis. The relationships between the predicted PCO outcome scores and the ground truth were assessed using Pearson correlation analysis and a Bland–Altman plot, while agreement between them was assessed through the Bland–Altman plot.ResultsRelative to the ground truth, the GLCM, GLCM+C, and GLCM+V methods exhibited correlation coefficients of 0.706, 0.768, and 0.829, respectively. The relationship between the PCO score predicted by the GLCM+V method and the ground truth was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the GLCM+V method demonstrated competitive performance comparable to that of two experienced clinicians (r = 0.825, 0.843) and superior to that of two junior clinicians (r = 0.786, 0.756). Notably, a high level of agreement was observed between predictions and the ground truth, without significant evidence of proportional bias (p > 0.05).ConclusionsOverall, our findings suggest that a machine‐learning approach incorporating the GLCM, specifically the GLCM+V method, holds promise as an objective and reliable tool for assessing PCO progression. Further studies in larger patient cohorts are warranted to validate these findings and explore their potential clinical applications.
Up modulation of dose‐averaged linear energy transfer by simultaneous integrated boost in carbon‐ion radiotherapy for pancreatic carcinoma
Authors: Wang Weiwei , Sun Jiayao , Zhao Jingfang , Cheng Jingyi , Jiang Guo‐Liang , Wang Zheng 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackgroundLocal recurrence in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) after carbon‐ion radiotherapy (CIRT) may partly attribute to low dose‐averaged linear energy transfer (LETd), despite high CIRT dose.PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the approaches to up‐modulate the CIRT LETd and to evaluate the corresponding oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) reduction.Methods10 LAPCs that had been irradiated by CIRT with 67.5 Gy (RBE) in 15 fractions were selected. Their original plans were taken as the control plan for the LETd and OER investigations. Our considerations for up‐modulating LETd were: (1) to deliver high doses to gross tumor volume core (GTVcore), while keeping dose constraints of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in tolerance; (2) to put more Bragg‐peak (BP) within the modulated targets; (3) to increase the BP density, high doses were necessary; (4) CIRT LETd could be effectively increased to small volumes; and (5) simultaneous integrated boost technique (SIB) could achieve the aforementioned tasks. The LETd and the corresponding OER distributions of each type of SIB plan were evaluated.ResultsWe delivered up to 100 Gy (RBE) to GTVcore using SIB. The mean LETd of GTV increased significantly by 21.3% from 47.8 to 58.0 keV/μm (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the mean OER of GTVcore decreased by 6.6%, from 1.51 to 1.41 (p < 0.05). The GI LETdS in all modulated plans were not more than those in the original plans.ConclusionsSIB could effectively increase CIRT LETd to LAPC, thus producing reduced OER, which may effectively overcome the radioresistance of LAPCs.
The Influence of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Selective Laser Melting CuCrZr Alloy
Authors: Wang Qingjuan , Song Jiale , Wang Wen , Zhang Yufeng , Wang Kuaishe , Du Zhongze 
Published: January 2024

The effects of different heat treatment processes on the properties of selective laser melting (SLM) CuCrZr alloy are investigated toenhance its overall performance. Solution treatment (ST) results in recrystallized grains, leading to an increase in electrical conductivity to 45.36% IACS and a decrease in tensile strength to 221.8 MPa compared to SLM CuCrZr alloys. Solution aging treatment (SAT) further improves the conductivity to 83.12% IACS and the tensile strength to 335.6 MPa. The optimal combination of electrical conductivity (72.82% IACS) and tensile strength (611.3 MPa) is achieved through direct aging treatment (DAH) at 480 °C for 2 h. With increasing aging temperature and time, the electrical conductivity initially increases rapidly and then plateaues, while the tensile strength exhibits an initial increase followed by a decrease. The proportion of precipitated phase gradually increases with longer aging time. Coherent precipitation occurs between the phase and the matrix at 480 °C for 120 min, while at 480 °C for 360 min, both face‐centered cubic and body‐centered cubic precipitates coexist with an incoherent relationship with the matrix. Overall, DAH proves effective in enhancing the properties of SLM CuCrZr alloy, with precipitation strengthening serving as the primary mechanism for improving its performance.
Photoresponsive Ru Metalloprodrug Assemblies: Red‐Light‐Controlled Self‐Delivery Systems for Enhanced Anticancer Phototherapy
Authors: Zeng Xiaolong , Zhang Zongwei , Huang Yun‐Shuai , Fan Jiangli , Peng Xiaojun , Wu Si , Sun Wen 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSmall‐molecule ruthenium (Ru) complexes exhibit limitations in terms of nonspecific delivery, rapid metabolism, and low tumor accumulation. Their delivery can be improved through physical encapsulation into nanocarriers via hydrophobic forces, metallophilic interactions, or π–π stacking interactions. However, delivering Ru complexes for efficient therapy is substantially hindered by potential leakage of drugs, low drug‐loading capacity, or batch‐to‐batch variations. Moreover, current metalloprodrug‐based self‐delivery systems necessitate supramolecular interactions, which are unsuitable for Ru complexes because of their octahedral structures. Herein, two self‐assembled molecular Ru drugs, Ru‐3XOEG and Ru‐PEG, are reported. Ru‐3XOEG involves a three‐arm dendritic oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG), while Ru‐PEG involves a linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chain. Furthermore, these drugs contain an anticancer Ru moiety and a planar pyrene moiety to render hydrophobic forces and π–π stacking supramolecular interactions. Ru‐3XOEG self‐assembles into large compound micelles. Ru‐PEG self‐assembles into vesicles. These Ru‐containing self‐delivered systems exhibit well‐defined structures, high Ru loading contents, and long circulation in blood without external nanocarriers. Red light irradiation induces the release of Ru‐H2O anticancer agents and the generation of 1O2 to inhibit tumor growth. The presented design of self‐assembled molecular Ru complexes opens avenues for the concept of self‐delivered metalloprodrugs.
Smart Bactericidal Capsules Based on Cationic Luminescent Nanoclusters for Controllable Treatment of Drug‐Resistant Bacterial Infection
Authors: Li Yixiao , Wang Tianyi , Zhang Jiaxin , Sukhorukov Gleb B. , Zhang Lianbing , Xue Yumeng , Shang Li 
Published: January 2024

AbstractEffective treatment of drug‐resistant bacteria infected wound has been a longstanding challenge for healthcare systems. In particular, the development of novel strategies for controllable delivery and smart release of antimicrobial agents is greatly demanded. Herein, the design of biodegradable microcapsules carrying bactericidal gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) as an attractive platform for the effective treatment of drug‐resistant bacteria infective wounds is reported. AuNC capsules are fabricated via the well‐controlled layer‐by‐layer strategy, which possess intrinsic near‐infrared fluorescence and good biocompatibility. Importantly, these AuNC capsules exhibit strong, specific antibacterial activity toward both S. aureus and methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Further mechanistic studies by fluorescence confocal imaging and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry reveal that these AuNC capsules will be degraded in the S. aureus environment rather than E. coli, which then controllably release the loaded cationic AuNCs to exert antibacterial effect. Consequently, these AuNC capsules show remarkable therapeutic effect for the MRSA infected wound on a mouse model, and intrinsic fluorescence property of AuNC capsules enables in situ visualization of wound dressings. This study suggests the great potential of microcapsule‐based platform as smart carriers of bactericidal agents for the effective treatment of drug‐resistant bacterial infection as well as other therapeutic purposes.
Sustainable and Rapid Water Purification at the Confined Hydrogel Interface
Authors: Chen Min , Jiang Jun , Guan Weixin , Zhang Zhijian , Zhang Xin , Shi Wenxiong , Lin Ligang , Zhao Kongyin , Yu Guihua 
Published: January 2024

AbstractEmerging organic contaminants in water matrices have challenged ecosystems and human health safety. Persulfate‐based advanced oxidation processes (PS‐AOPs) have attracted much attention as they address potential water purification challenges. However, overcoming the mass transfer constraint and the catalyst's inherent site agglomeration in the heterogeneous system remains urgent. Herein, the abundant metal‐anchored loading (≈6–8 g m−2) of alginate hydrogel membranes coupled with cross‐flow mode as an efficient strategy for water purification applications is proposed. The organic flux of the confined hydrogel interfaces sharply enlarges with the reduction of the thickness of the boundary layer via the pressure field. The normalized property of the system displays a remarkable organic (sulfonamides) elimination rate of 4.87 × 104 mg min−1 mol−1. Furthermore, due to the fast reaction time (<1 min), cross‐flow mode only reaches a meager energy cost (≈2.21 Wh m−3) under the pressure drive field. It is anticipated that this finding provides insight into the novel design with ultrafast organic removal performance and low techno‐economic cost (i.e., energy operation cost, material, and reagent cost) for the field of water purification under various PS‐AOPs challenging scenarios.
Current‐Controllable and Reversible Multi‐Resistance‐State Based on Domain Wall Number Transition in 2D Ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2
Authors: Yang Chendi , Huang Yalei , Pei Ke , Long Xiumin , Yang Liting , Luo Yongming , Lai Yuxiang , Zhang Jincang , Cao Guixin , Che Renchao 
Published: January 2024

AbstractControlling the multi‐state switching is significantly essential for the extensive utilization of 2D ferromagnet in magnetic racetrack memories, topological devices, and neuromorphic computing devices. The development of all‐electric functional nanodevices with multi‐state switching and a rapid reset remains challenging. Herein, to imitate the potentiation and depression process of biological synapses, a full‐current strategy is unprecedently established by the controllable resistance‐state switching originating from the spin configuration rearrangement by domain wall number modulation in Fe3GeTe2. In particular, a strong correlation is uncovered in the reduction of domain wall number with the corresponding resistance decreasing by in‐situ Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. Interestingly, the magnetic state is reversed instantly to the multi‐domain wall state under a single pulse current with a higher amplitude, attributed to the rapid thermal demagnetization by simulation. Based on the neuromorphic computing system with full‐current‐driven artificial Fe3GeTe2 synapses with multi‐state switching, a high accuracy of ≈91% is achieved in the handwriting image recognition pattern. The results identify 2D ferromagnet as an intriguing candidate for future advanced neuromorphic spintronics.
Improving nutrition through blended finance and impact investing in small and medium enterprises in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Lybbert Travis J. , Nordhagen Stella , Vosti Stephen A. , Neufeld Lynnette M. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractPersistent malnutrition and food insecurity in sub‐Saharan Africa demand creative experimentation beyond conventional financing and interventions. Impact investing merits consideration. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) shape diets and health outcomes in Africa and may present an investment opportunity. The Nutritious Food Financing Facility (N3F) aims to harness blended impact investing for improved nutrition. We describe this novel approach to enhancing food environments using as a model the N3F, which provides financial and technical support to SMEs to increase the availability and affordability of more nutritious foods in domestic food environments. We consider both the opportunities and challenges of this approach.
Analytical and biological validation of a noninvasive measurement of glucocorticoid metabolites in feces of Geoffroy's spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)
Authors: Damm Juliane , Aureli Filippo , Rangel‐Negrín Ariadna , Barradas‐Moctezuma Miriam , Dias Pedro A. D. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWe report on an analytical and biological validation of a commercial cortisol enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to measure glucocorticoids (GC) in feces of Geoffroy's spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Validation of endocrinological methods for each sample matrix and study species is crucial to establish that the methods produce reliable results. For the analytical validation of the EIA, we assessed parallelism, accuracy, and precision. We carried out a biological validation based on three well‐studied GC patterns with the following predictions: (1) increased fecal GC metabolite (fGCM) concentrations after veterinary intervention; (2) increased fGCM concentrations during early morning hours; and (3) higher fGCM concentrations during gestation than in other female reproductive states. For the first prediction, we sampled feces of two zoo‐housed females 2 days before, the day of, and 2 days after a veterinary intervention. For the second prediction, we analyzed 284 fecal samples collected from 12 wild males using a linear mixed model (LMM). For the third prediction, we analyzed 269 fecal samples of eight wild females using an LMM. Analytical validation revealed that the EIA showed parallelism, was accurate, and precise within each assay. However, there was elevated variation in between‐assay precision. The biological validation supported all predictions: (1) the two zoo‐housed females showed a substantial increase in fGCM concentrations 2.5 and 11 h after veterinary intervention; (2) there was a negative effect of sample collection time on fGCM concentrations (i.e., higher concentrations during early morning); (3) gestating females had significantly higher fGCM concentrations than lactating females. Thus, we analytically validated the commercial EIA and, despite between‐assay variation, we were able to find three biologically relevant GC signals in captive and wild settings, and in males and females. We are therefore confident that the method can be used to noninvasively address behavioral endocrinology questions in Geoffroy's spider monkeys.
Photoactivatable Engineering of CRISPR/Cas9‐Inducible DNAzyme Probe for In Situ Imaging of Nuclear Zinc Ions
Authors: Liu Ran , Jiang Difei , Yun Yangfang , Feng Zhe , Zheng Fenfen , Xiang Yu , Fan Huanhuan , Zhang Jingjing 
Published: January 2024

AbstractDNAzyme‐based fluorescent probes for imaging metal ions in living cells have received much attention recently. However, employing in situ metal ions imaging within subcellular organelles, such as nucleus, remains a significant challenge. We developed a three‐stranded DNAzyme probe (TSDP) that contained a 20‐base‐pair (20‐bp) recognition site of a CRISPR/Cas9, which blocks the DNAzyme activity. When Cas9, with its specialized nuclear localization function, forms an active complex with sgRNA within the cell nucleus, it cleaves the TSDP at the recognition site, resulting in the in situ formation of catalytic DNAzyme structure. With this design, the CRISPR/Cas9‐inducible imaging of nuclear Zn2+ is demonstrated in living cells. Moreover, the superiority of CRISPR‐DNAzyme for spatiotemporal control imaging was demonstrated by integrating it with photoactivation strategy and Boolean logic gate for dynamic monitoring nuclear Zn2+ in both HeLa cells and mice. Collectively, this conceptual design expands the DNAzyme toolbox for visualizing nuclear metal ions and thus provides new analytical methods for nuclear metal‐associated biology.