bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF CORTISONE ON PRIMATE MALARIA
Authors: Schmidt L. H. , Squires Wanda L. 
Published: June 2004

Studies have been made of the effects of cortisone on the course of primary and developed infections with P. cynomolgi in the rhesus monkey. This investigation has shown that repetitive admmistration of the hormone in daily doses of 10 mg. per kg. during the primary attack produced striking intensification of the peripheral blood infection during the postcrisis phases of the disease. Similar administration of 10 or 50 mg. per kg. doses of the hormone during the chronic or latent stages of the infection provoked recrudescences of remarkable severity. In both early and late infections the responses induced by cortisone treatment corresponded closely to the reactions to splenectomy.
Collateral studies have shown that the doses of cortisone which produced the reactions described above also evoked a lymphopenia, marked reductions in the sizes of the axillary and inguinal lymph nodes and spleen, and striking histological changes in the latter organ. These changes involved severe regression or exhaustion of lymphoid elements in both splenic nodules and pulp with almost complete obliteration of proliferative activities involved in the production of macrophages from lymphocytes. Indications are that the resulting reduction in supply of macrophages, rather than inhibition of phagocytic activity per se, was responsible for the intensification of the disease produced by cortisone.
THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PARA-AMINOBENZOIC ACID PRODUCED BY STAPHYLOCOCCI RESISTANT TO SULFONAMIDE
Authors: Leskowitz Sidney , Fox Charles L. , Raymond Samuel 
Published: June 2004

Previous studies have shown that when Staphylococcus aureus becomes resistant to sulfonamides, an antisulfonamide substance is produced in the growth medium. Although these studies suggested that the substance was p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), isolation and positive identification were not achieved. Because of the importance of these observations, unequivocal identification of the product was attempted.
A strain of Stapkylococcus aureus resistant to sulfonamides was cultivated on a simplified medium, the organisms separated in a Sharples centrifuge and the diazotisable amine absorbed on amberlite IR-120 previously acidified. Elution was accomplished with pyridine and the amine recovered by ether extraction at pH 3.7. Paper chromatography revealed one amine resembling PABA and another contaminating diazotizable amine present in very small amounts. The PABA-like amine was further separated by chromatography; its Rf value and its spectrum in the ultraviolet then equalled those obtained with PABA. A 2,4-dlnltrophenyl derivative of the amine was prepared and the m.p. was similar to that of the derivative made from PABA.
On the basis of the physical and chemical properties described, it would appear unequivocal that this bacterial amine is PABA.
ALTERATION OF EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS INFECTION IN THE SYRIAN HAMSTER WITH THE AID OF CORTISONE
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory , Fisher Alice 
Published: June 2004

Cortisone produces a significant enhancement of infection with MEF1 and Lansing strains of poliomyelitis virus in the Syrian hamster. The enhancement manifests itself in increased severity of symptoms, shortening of the incubation period, marked reduction in survival time and a high mortality rate.
The effect of cortisone is protracted, the duration depending on the dose used. There is a reciprocal relationship between the dose of cortisone and the amount of virus, the larger the dose of the hormone, the smaller the amount of virus being necessary to produce the infection. An amount of virus of low infectivity causes amarked disease with a high mortality rate in hamsters receiving a single injection of 3 mg. of cortisone, while a dose as small as 2 mg. gives a highly fatal disease with a stronger concentration of the virus.
There is a 2 log increase in the concentration of the virus in cortisone-treated hamsters.
Hamsters from various sources seem to respond differently to the enhancing effect of cortisone, one breed showing no enhancement of the infection with the Lansing strain.
Hormones other than cortisone, i.e., DCA, progesterone, diethylstilbestrol, and fast and slow acting ACTH injected repeatedly fail to modify the poliomyelitis infection in the hamster.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ANTITOXIN PRODUCED IN NORMAL AND ALLERGIC INDIVIDUALS HYPERIMMUNIZED WITH DIPHTHERIA TOXOID
Authors: Kuhns William J. , Pappenheimer A. M. 
Published: June 2004

1. The immunological properties of two contrasting types of human antisera, each containing a high titer of diphtheria antitoxin, have been investigated.
2. Sera which contain only non-precipitating antitoxin exhibit most of the properties of atopic reagin-containing sera. This type of antitoxin is capable of sensitizing normal human skin to toxin or toxoid and remains for many weeks in the injected area. It exhibits no Danysz effect, does not fix complement unless very large amounts of serum are used, and can be specifically coprecipitated by addition of precipitating antitoxin and toxin. On the other hand, it is capable of sensitizing guinea pigs to fatal anaphylactic shock. Heating at 56°C. for 4 hours destroys the skin-sensitizing properties and results in almost quantitative conversion to a modified antitoxin which is capable of blocking the wheal and erythema reaction caused by injection of toxoid into sensitized skin. Heating at 56°C. does not result in an appreciable loss of neutralizing power as judged by tests in rabbit and human skin. The anaphylactogenic property of nonprecipitating antibody is likewise unaffected by heat at 56°C.
3. Precipitating antitoxin is incapable of sensitizing normal skin to toxin or toxoid and disappears rapidly from the injected sites. It fixes complement to high titer and sensitizes guinea pigs to fatal anaphylactic shock. It was possible to demonstrate inhibition of the wheal and erythema reaction in sensitized skin by injecting certain mixtures of precipitating antitoxin and toxoid.
4. The two antitoxic sera studied in greatest detail represented extreme cases. Many persons immunized with toxoid developed both precipitating and nonprecipitating antitoxin simultaneously.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ON THE SHWARTZMAN REACTION
Authors: Thomas Lewis , Good Robert A. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Jay N. Little
Published: June 2004

1. Cortisone, in a dose of 25 mg. daily and with a pretreatment period of 3 days, in rabbits weighing 1 to 1.5 kilos, did not inhibit the dermal Shwartzman reaction produced by meningococcal or S. marcescens toxin.
2. In cortisone-treated rabbits, a single intradermal injection of toxin produced a primary reaction of hemorrhage and necrosis in the skin at the injected site. This lesion resembled the Shwartzman reaction in its gross and histological appearance.
3. Like the Shwartzman reaction, the primary hemorrhagic reaction in cortisone-treated rabbits was prevented by nitrogen mustard, and the preventive effect of nitrogen mustard was partly eliminated when the femoral marrow was protected against the latter agent.
4. A single intravenous injection of meningococcal or S. marcescens toxin, in cortisone-treated rabbits, was followed by bilateral cortical necrosis of the kidneys in the majority of instances. The renal lesions, as well as hemorrhages in the lungs, spleen, liver, and gastrointestinal tract, resembled the lesions of the generalized Shwartzman reaction. Histologically, the glomerular capillaries in both types appeared to be occluded by homogeneous, eosinophilic material which showed a strongly positive Schiff reaction.
5. The renal lesion following a single injection of toxin in cortisone-treated animals, and that following two intravenous injections in the generalized Shwartzman reaction, were both completely prevented by nitrogen mustard. This effect of nitrogen mustard was inhibited when the femoral marrow was protected against the latter agent.
6. The injection of S. marcescens toxin into the skin of normal rabbits did not cause systemic symptoms, nor was it possible to provoke the generalized Shwartzman reaction by this route. In cortisone-treated rabbits, a similar intradermal injection was regularly followed by the development of bilateral cortical necrosis of the kidneys, indicating that absorption of toxin from the skin occurred in these animals.
7. Possible mechanisms to account for the observations are discussed.
The authors are obliged to Professor James R. Dawson for many helpful suggestions during the course of this investigation.
AN ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY OF URINARY PROTEIN IN THE RAT
Authors: Sellers Alvin L. , Roberts Sidney , Rask Irene , Smith Stephen , Marmorston Jessie , Goodman Howard C. 
Published: June 2004

The nature of the proteins present in the urine of the normal rat has been investigated by electrophoretic analysis and by fractional precipitation of these proteins by ammonium sulfate. Components similar to serum α- and ß-globulin constitute the major portion of the urinary protein in both male and female rats.
Following the intraperitoneal injection of renin, a massive proteinuria occurs. The proteins excreted are similar in proportion and electric mobility to those of normal rat serum.
THE ASSAY OF HYPERTENSIN FROM THE ARTERIAL BLOOD OF NORMOTENSIVE AND HYPERTENSIVE HUMAN BEINGS
Authors: Kahn Joseph R. , Skeggs Leonard T. , Shumway Norman P. , Wisenbaugh Paul E. 
Published: June 2004

Hypertensin has been assayed in the blood of patients with normal blood pressure and in those with essential hypertension in both the benign and malignant phases.
250 ml. samples of arterial blood were obtained, chemically purified, and concentrated to a volume of 1 ml. These extracts were then assayed in anesthetized rats.
The concentrations of hypertensin in the blood of patients with the malignant phase of essential hypertension were found to be greatly increased. The concentrations of hypertensin found in patients with benign hypertension had a moderate degree of overlapping with those found in the normotensive group, but the mean concentration of hypertensin in the former group was twice that of the controls. Although these results are statistically significant, the amounts of hypertensin recovered in the benign group are so small that no conclusions can be drawn as to its effectiveness in producing vasoconstriction in these patients.
COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIBODIES TO TYPE 2 (LANSING) POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN A NORMAL POPULATION OF A SUBTROPICAL AREA
Authors: Goldblum Natan , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: June 2004

Sera collected in 1950 from the native population in the vicinity of Cairo, Egypt, have been tested for complement-fixing antibodies to Type 2 (Lansing) poliomyelitis virus.
Complement-fixing antibodies are confined to the age of 1 to 9 years if a serum dilution of 1:4 is used in the test, or to the age of 1 to 4 years with a serum dilution of 1:16.
A comparison has been made of the findings obtained in this study with the results for neutralizing antibodies previously reported. Complement-fixing antibodies were found to be temporary in nature while neutralizing antibodies were maintained for long periods of time. On this basis, criteria for "recent," "old," or "no infection" in poliomyelitis have been established.
Sixteen of the children were bled again in 1952, 18 months after the first bleeding and both series of sera were compared in complement fixation and neutralization tests. All children who were negative in 1950 and who developed c-f antibodies by 1952, also developed neutralizing antibodies to a titer of more than 1:250 during the same period. Some children who failed to develop c-f antibodies, did develop neutralizing antibodies although of lower titer than found in children in whom c-f antibodies made their appearance.
These findings are discussed in the light of theories regarding the mode of acquisition of antibodies to poliomyelitis virus.
ACUTE HEPATITIS ASSOCIATED WITH MOUSE LEUKEMIA
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

On four occasions a naturally occurring mouse leukemia, which was maintained by serial passage in weanlings of the Princeton strain, was superseded by a syndrome typical of acute hepatitis. Once initiated, the disease was regularly transmissible by the injection of liver suspensions of sick mice. It was also passed, though irregularly, by feeding such suspensions, and it also followed cannibalism.
The course of the disease after intraperitoneal injection of liver suspensions into normal weanlings was commonly less than 7 days and the mortality rate nearly 100 per cent.
Focal or diffuse necrosis of the liver was the only constant lesion at autopsy. On recovery, which occurred only in exceptional cases, cirrhosis was often found.
The primary source of the disease was undetermined. Latent carriage by healthy mice was not detectable on direct examination nor by the serial passage of suspensions of normal livers.
EXPERIMENTAL HYPERGLOBULINEMIA
Authors: Richter Goetz W. 
Published: June 2004

It was shown, by means of salt fractionation procedures and electrophoresis that a marked and sustained hyperglobulinemia regularly resulted when sodium ribonucleate was injected subcutaneously at frequent intervals into rabbits undergoing immunization with horse serum. The hyperglobulinemia was characterized by a large increase in the gamma globulin levels, and a slight increase in the alpha and beta globulin levels. In control experiments done concurrently, the immunization of rabbits with horse serum, accompanied by subcutaneous injections of saline instead of ribonucleate, resulted in only moderate elevations in gamma globulin levels, while injections of ribonucleate alone brought about slight elevations in all three globulin components in some of the animals.
Precipitin tests showed that the rabbits immunized with horse serum and simultaneously treated with ribonucleate developed antibody titers against horse serum that were no higher than those of the immunized controls given saline instead of ribonucleate. Indeed, some of the animals treated with horse serum and ribonucleate had globulin levels that were much higher and had antibody titers that were significantly lower than were those of several rabbits receiving horse serum and saline. Injections of ribonucleate alone did not result in the formation of specific antibodies detectable by means of precipitin tests. The results made it plain that the hyperglobulinemia of the animals treated with horse serum and ribonucleate was not due to an excessive production of specific antibodies.
The findings as a whole provide further evidence that nucleotides play an important role in the formation of proteins in animals, and they indicate that an abnormally increased utilization of ribonucleotides by cells capable of producing globulins may be a causative factor in the pathogenesis of hyperglobulinemia.
STUDIES ON THE PROPAGATION IN VITRO OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUSES
Authors: Scherer William F. , Syverton Jerome T. 
Published: June 2004

The growth of poliomyelitis virus, Type 2, Yale-SK strain, in cultures of monkey testicular tissue was observed to occur in discrete cycles. Growth curves showed that each cycle was composed of (a) an initial lag phase when little or no virus was released from the cells, (6) a phase of viral production, and (c) a plateau which represented a decrement in the rate of viral production. This pattern of viral multiplication occurred in monkey testicular tissue cultures which have as the liquid phase either ox serum ultrafiltrate or monkey serum-chicken embryonic extract medium. The presence of a solid medium composed of chicken plasma, clotted either with chicken embryonic extract or bovine thrombin, did not alter the pattern of viral multiplication. The shape of the growth curve as established by any of four different techniques for tissue cultivation, was shown to be independent of the cultural technique employed.
For cultures of monkey testicular tissue, the amount of virus in the tissue was as much as tenfold greater than that in the liquid of the same cultures. Moreover, viral production was evident earlier and was detectable for a longer period of time in the tissue than in the liquid phase.
The rapidly incremental phase of the growth cycle, when large quantities of virus were released into the liquid phase, coincided in time with the destruction of the spindle-shaped cells, which extended from the explants. Although destruction of outgrowth cells was marked, there remained cells within the explants capable of supporting the growth of poliomyelitis virus.
ADAPTATION OF GROUP B COXSACKIE VIRUS TO ADULT MOUSE PANCREAS
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert , Gifford Rebecca 
Published: June 2004

An alteration of tissue tropism of a Coxsackie virus has been observed following different methods of propagation of the virus in animals.
Tropism for the adult mouse pancreas, as described by Pappenheimer, appeared to be irrevocably lost following prolonged brain-to-brain transfer.
It was present in the same strain on reisolation from human feces, was intensified following pancreas transfers, and suppressed by brain transfers.
Pancreatotropism may be correlated with the titer of virus in the pancreas.
STUDIES ON THE GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION
Authors: Thomas Lewis , Good Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

Certain factors involved in the production of the generalized Shwartzman reaction with meningococcal toxin in rabbits were investigated. The optimal amounts of toxin for the preparing and provoking injections, and the optimal time interval between injections were determined. Under suitable conditions of dosage and timing, bilateral cortical necrosis of the kidneys was produced in a high proportion of animals. When excessive amounts of toxin were used for preparation the incidence of the reaction was reduced.
Animals undergoing the generalized Shwartzman reaction became severely prostrated within several hours after the provoking injection of toxin. The renal lesion became fully developed within 24 hours, and its occurrence was associated with a rise of the blood non-protein nitrogen. Edema and petechial hemorrhages in the ears were observed in rabbits with advanced renal lesions.
The earliest change in the kidneys in the generalized Shwartzman reaction was the appearance of homogeneous, eosinophilic material, resembling fibrinoid, within the lumen of the glomerular capillaries. Occlusion of the capillaries by this material was regarded as the cause of subsequent tubular necrosis in the renal cortex. The material appeared to be derived from the blood, rather than from the capillary walls.
Cortisone enhanced the lethal effect of a single, large dose of meningococcal toxin, as well as causing bilateral renal cortical necrosis. The generalized Shwartzman reaction produced by two injections of toxin was aggravated by cortisone and ACTH.
Profound polymorphonuclear leukopenia was produced by both the preparing and provoking injections of toxin. When leukopenia was produced before the preparing injection of toxin, by treatment with nitrogen mustard, the generalized Shwartzman reaction was inhibited. During the intervals before and after leukopenia, and when leukopenia was prevented by shielding the femoral bone marrow from the action of nitrogen mustard, no inhibition of the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon was demonstrable.
Various colloidal and particulate materials, which are capable of provoking the local skin Shwartzman reaction when injected intravenously, failed to provoke the generalized Shwartzman reaction.
A working hypothesis was set up to account for certain events in the generalized Shwartzman reaction.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF EXPERIMENTAL PROTEINURIA
Authors: Sellers Alvin L. , Smith Stephen , Marmorston Jessie , Goodman Howard C. 
Published: June 2004

When renin is administered intramuscularly to the rat, massive proteinuria occurs without a significant elevation of mean arterial blood pressure. The intravenous administration of renin to normal rats results in a great increase in urinary protein excretion. This response to renin is abolished by bilateral adrenalectomy. While the adrenalectomized rat fails to respond to intravenous renin with increased proteinuria, it does exhibit a normal elevation in mean arterial blood pressure. It is concluded that in the rat, the proteinuric property of renin is not related to the ability of this compound to elevate arterial blood pressure.
The passage of plasma proteins has been followed through the kidney and into the urine by attaching them to the dye T-1824 (Evan's blue). The intra-peritoneal injection of renin causes a massive, transient proteinuria in the rat. From a study of frozen sections of the kidney of rats whose plasma proteins are labelled with T-1824, it is concluded that the preponderant basis for renin proteinuria is an increase in glomerular permeability.
ANTIGEN RETENTION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Stevens Kingsley M. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Raymond J. Lichter
Published: June 2004

Normal and irradiated rabbits were given small doses of I131 bovine gamma globulin (BGG) and the rates of its loss from their blood were determined. The figures agreed with those of previous reports.
3 to 4 months later, both groups were reinjected with antigen. The control group gave an accelerated (anamnestic) rate of loss, indicative of the immune state. The irradiated group gave a response similar to that given by the control group on primary injection.
Rabbits recover from 500 roentgens of x-ray in less than 2 months. Hence, rabbits given BGG soon after irradiation should become immune to this antigen in 2 months if they retain it. Since rabbits reinjected with BGG 3 to 4 months after irradiation did not give an accelerated response, the BGG must not have been retained over the period of time necessary for recovery; i.e., less than 2 months. As the rate of antigen loss is greater in normal than in irradiated animals, normal rabbits will have lost BGG as active antigen prior to the irradiated animals.
The amounts of antigen used (0.25 to 0.4 mg./kg.) more nearly approximate the amounts present during disease than have the amounts used in previous studies of antigen retention.
The hypothesis that protein antigens are lost as fast or faster than homologous proteins is discussed and the conclusion reached that this is a valid concept.