bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theories and Models of Party Support
Authors: Clarke Harold D. , Sanders David , Stewart Marianne C. , Whiteley Paul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDiscusses the theoretical frameworks that guide the empirical analyses in Political Choice in Britain. The sociological framework identifies various aspects of an individual’s social location, such as social class, region, gender and ethnicity, as sources of differential voting patterns. The individual rationality framework encompasses both the Downsian and the valence approaches. Our characterization of the Downsian approach focuses on issue positions and issue proximities. The valence approach specifies that heuristics and other types of ‘rough and ready’ calculations inform voters’ party preferences. Although conceptualized quite differently, party identification is a predictor variable in both theoretical frameworks.
Electoral Choice in 2001
Authors: Clarke Harold D. , Sanders David , Stewart Marianne C. , Whiteley Paul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractInvestigates the sources of party support in 2001. The analyses specify a series of multivariate models that capture the effects of the key variables from each of the sociological and individual rationality frameworks. Party identification, leader images, issue proximities, and party performance evaluations on the economy and other important policy areas combine to exercise sizeable effects on vote choice. Tactical voting is also evident, benefiting the Liberal Democrats at the expense of Labour and the Conservatives. In contrast to many earlier studies of British electoral politics, we make strong claims about the effects of evaluations of party leader images on electoral choice. Exogeneity tests buttress these claims.
The 2001 Election and Democracy in Britain
Authors: Clarke Harold D. , Sanders David , Stewart Marianne C. , Whiteley Paul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractUses survey data gathered over the past four decades to investigate voters’ orientations towards themselves as political actors, as well as their orientations towards elections, parties, political institutions, and the wider democratic process. Levels of political interest and political efficacy, and willingness to engage in non-electoral actions, have changed little over the last 40 years. Like their predecessors, contemporary British voters are not particularly interested in politics and they do not feel particularly efficacious. Analyses of satisfaction with democracy indicate that people were more satisfied in 2001 than at any time since 1973. Democratic satisfaction is largely driven by valence politics considerations. The main sources of satisfaction are positive evaluations of state institutions, economic and social policies, and political leadership in general.
Valence Politics
Authors: Clarke Harold D. , Sanders David , Stewart Marianne C. , Whiteley Paul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractRestates the argument that British electoral politics over the past 40 years can be best understood using a valence politics model. The three major predictors of electoral choice–leadership images, partisanship, and evaluations of economic performance–are key elements of the valence model. Analyses of turnout demonstrate the explanatory power of cost-benefit calculations that are augmented by assessments of overall benefits to the political system in general–which are elements of the general incentives model. Beyond electoral participation, satisfaction with the democratic process itself depends primarily on assessments of institutional and policy performance–that is, on valence judgements. The individual rationality framework and, in particular, its valence politics model, provide powerful analytic leverage for explaining political choice in Britain.
2 The Demand for Esteem
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Pettit Philip 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIf there is to be an economy of esteem, then esteem must be something that it makes sense for people to demand and seek out by their own efforts, thereby giving rise to unintended, aggregative consequences; it must be more that something that they welcome but can do nothing about attaining. It may seem that acting on the desire for esteem is counterproductive, since being seen to act on such a desire is unlikely to win esteem. But this does not hold under all circumstances, only in some special cases. And anyhow it will not be counterproductive to act under the virtual as distinct from the active control of that desire. The desire will be in virtual control when habit or other forces normally produce action but retain control only so long as the action does all right for the agent in esteem terms: if it fails to do so, then the desire for esteem may be activated and may take active control.
4 The Economy of Esteem
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Pettit Philip 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe have found reason to think that three conditions are fulfilled in the case of esteem.1. Esteem is an object of general desire that is in scarce supply, both in the sense of requiring effort to access and in the sense of occasioning competition.2. Esteem is an effective demand among people in the sense that people can rationally try to increase their individual levels of esteem.3. Esteem can be rationally supplied as well as pursued so that people can also resort to exchange in seeking to increase their esteem.The fulfillment of these conditions promises to give rise to an economy of esteem and the remainder of the book seeks to explore this economy. The economy is illustrated here with reference to academic community and some general observations are made on the shape it is likely to assume. Some attention is given to the issue of how far people may be aware of the rule of the economy in their own lives.
5 A Simple Equilibrium in Performance
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Pettit Philip 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHow A scores in the esteem stakes depends on the assessment of A’s performance relative to standards. The higher the standards the greater the incentive to perform well, other things equal. But standards themselves reflect prevailing practice. So there is a feedback loop between performance and standards in any estimable domain. The aim of this chapter is to explore this feedback loop by constructing a simple equilibrium in the performance domain. Even if esteem is not ‘positional’ in the sense that it is awarded on the basis of one’s ranking, esteem exhibits zero-sum properties in the simplest cases. This fact raises questions about the normative properties of esteem-seeking behaviour.
6 A More Complex Equilibrium in Performance
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Pettit Philip 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPerformances in some estimable domain might be neither esteemed nor disesteemed: they might fall in some ‘normal’ range. This fact makes for a more complex model of equilibrium than that explored in Ch. 5, but many of the same feedback effects are present. However, it is not the case that esteem-seeking is strictly zero-sum: increased esteem for A is not necessarily bought at the cost of less esteem for all others. The ‘three-range’ version of the basic model has implications for risk-taking and risk-aversion over different ranges of performance: persons earning small amounts of positive esteem will tend to be risk-loving. Persons earning small amounts of disesteem will tend to be risk-averse. Some policy implications of this property are derived.
8 Publicity and Individual Responses
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Pettit Philip 
Published: March 2005

AbstractEsteem requires observation; and the magnitude of the esteem (or disesteem) on offer seems likely to be a function of audience size and quality. ‘Publicity’ can then be understood either in terms of increased audience size or in terms of reputation effects–where the esteem-givers are not direct observers. The case of ‘fame’ (and ‘infamy’) is characterized by the fact that it is a matter of common belief among a relevant population that the famous person is esteem-worthy. However, because that belief need not depend on direct observation, fame may prove vulnerable to the ‘emperor’s new clothes’ phenomenon–fame may be unstable.Publicity is one of the primary levers by which esteem effects can be supported or suppressed. Accordingly, we examine briefly ‘publicity policy’ and isolate various decisions that are involved in mobilizing publicity policy most effectively, including whether the policy context is a ‘best shot’ or ‘weakest link’ one.
10 Seeking and Shunning Publicity
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Pettit Philip 
Published: March 2005

AbstractEsteem-seekers can affect the esteem they desire not only by improving their performances but also by adjusting their audience size–seeking secrecy to avoid disesteem and seeking audience to magnify positive esteem. Such behaviour affects performance partly by affecting esteem incentives and partly by absorbing energy and effort that might otherwise have been put into performance enhancement. One effect of particular interest here is the case where esteem cannot operate because the actor is not given ‘recognition’. The search for recognition may involve a desire for publicity/attention for its own sake as well as for the esteem that publicity offers. A striking case in which attention-seeking and esteem-seeking come apart is in the ‘enfant terrible’ case where the actor performs deliberately badly (and receives disesteem) in order to get greater attention. We offer an explanation for this case in terms of long-term esteem-seeking.
12 Involuntary Associations
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Pettit Philip 
Published: March 2005

AbstractVoluntary esteem associations form for the purposes of magnifying positive esteem of their members. But individuals can be disesteemed by virtue of their being associated–as members of a race might be in a case of racial prejudice. This will imply: that members of the disesteemed association will not be given access to ‘voluntary’ esteem associations for which they would otherwise qualify; and that individuals’ esteem is attached to the esteem of the association to which they are assigned whether they like that or not. Such involuntary associations can readily form groups: only ‘in-group’ esteem may be available for them. Moreover, such groups may be especially good at managing free-rider problems by mobilizing extreme in-group loyalty. Or at least, will be so unless individuals can disguise their membership of the disesteemed class. Secrecy and the related phenomenon of ‘coming-out’ are discussed in this connection.
13 The Intangible Hand in Profile
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Pettit Philip 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe economics of esteem can have a normative as well as a positive aspect, directing us to lessons in institutional design and policy-making. The case for this view is set out in these final chapters fairly abstractly, since the empirical groundwork for a more detailed program in institutional design is just not available. The economy of esteem, when it works for good, is an intangible hand that operates in parallel to the invisible hand of the market and the iron hand of the state. Intangible-hand regulation promises to be a particularly attractive and effective way for society to arrange its affairs. In particular, it promises to be more attractive and more effective in a number of respects than the more familiar alternatives.
Popular Support for Electing Women in Eastern Europe
Authors: Wilcox Clyde , Stark Beth , Thomas Sue 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the demand for women in the legislatures of post-communist Central and Eastern Europe. There is currently little demand for female legislators, with a prevailing attitude in many countries that men make better political leaders. Although this view is most evident among older less educated citizens, it is sufficiently echoed by younger and better educated women. Support for the women’s movement in Eastern and Central Europe appears to be for a non-feminist, maternalist movement; men and women generally believe that the role of homemaker and mother is essential to a woman’s happiness.
Women in Russian Regional Assemblies: Losing Ground1
Authors: Nowacki Dawn 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the variations in women’s representation in Russian regional assemblies. A study of representation levels according to economic regions and distance from the Moscow-St. Petersburg axis show that women have done much better in peripheral regions than in the central regions. Political institutions such as the electoral system, district size, and the level of support for political reform play influence the variation in female representation. Political culture, measured indirectly using dominant religion, also plays a major role in women’s access to regional parliaments.
Establishing a Machocracy: Women and Elections in Macedonia (1990–8)
Authors: Ristova Karolina 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDemocratization in Macedonia appears to have established a “machocracy”, rule by men. This chapter examines how machocracy has contributed to the low supply and demand for female candidates in Macedonia. It is argued that organized pressure to recruit more women can increase the supply of female candidates and the demand of party leaders for them. The experience with the mixed electoral system implemented in 1998 shows that the wider introduction of proportional representation can improve women’s representation.
Women in the Polish Sejm: Political Culture and Party Politics versus Electoral Rules
Authors: Siemieńska Renata 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines changes in the representation of women in the Polish parliament from the 1990s to 2001. Women candidates had the best outcome in the 2001 election due to electoral law change, improvements in public attitudes towards women, the fact that women arguing for better representation were more organized and mobilized than in the past, and the parties that tended to be more representative of women did much better than in the previous election.
Factors Influencing Women's Presence in Slovene Parliament
Authors: AntiĆ Milica G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the under-representation of women in Slovene national politics. The main obstacles to female representation in the Slovene National Assembly are political. Female representation can be improved by increasing the size of the legislature to provide more opportunities for women to participate, eliminating territorial sub-units (voting units) and adopting a straightforward proportional representation system, removing the second tier by either using territorial constituencies exclusively or collapsing geographical constituencies into a single nationwide unit, and adopting affirmative action or quotas in recruitment.
The British Regulatory State
Authors: Moran Michael 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis book examines the transformation of governing arrangements in Britain from stagnation in the first two-thirds of the 20th century to hyper-innovation. These two phases were connected by crisis, namely, a crisis of economic policy and the crisis of the content of rule itself. The collapse of the club system is also discussed to explain the reasons behind the hostility towards the new regulatory state.
Images of the Regulatory State
Authors: Moran Michael 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the competing images of the regulatory state. It looks at the regulatory state as an American state, a European Madisonian state, a smart state, and a risk state. It then analyses the British state as a regulatory state. The discussion of risk society and regulatory society sketches a very different kind of hypothetical understanding, one that promises to account for the hyper-innovation of recent decades.
Transforming Self-Regulation
Authors: Moran Michael 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines self-regulation in Britain. From the 1970s to 1990s, the complex mosaic of self-regulation was rearranged according to a consistent pattern, characterised by growth in the extent to which systems of self-regulation were institutionalised, codified, and juridified. Self-regulation became an instrument for achieving wider social purposes, such as efficient healthcare delivery, honest financial services, or internationally successful sport.
Regulating Privatization
Authors: Moran Michael 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues that the system of privatisation regulation reflects the age of hyper-innovation in British government. The onset of hyper-innovation played a key role in the collapse of a club world that had pre-democratic origins. It presents an account of rail regulation, which represents the first great crisis of the regulatory system, and its failure in this crisis. It considers the wider issues of business regulation, showing how the fragility of this wider system has interacted with the fragile system for governing privatisation.
The German Case: A Key Moderator in a Competitive Multi‐Level Environment
Authors: Maurer Andreas , Wessels Wolfgang 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis study of the German permanent representation at Brussels unravels the complexities of co-ordination in a domestic political system characterized by vertical and horizontal pluralism, administrative fragmentation, and parallel competition from the ‘foreign relations systems’ of the Länder. Success in high politics at the European level contrasts with the ‘diplomacy of improvisation’ that is the outcome of ‘autonomy, polyphony, and organized anarchy in routine policy-making. The first section of the chapter conceptualizes the ‘Janus-like character of permanent representations at Brussels and discusses various theoretical approaches to these bodies. The following sections look at the history, growth and differentiation of the German permanent representation, its tasks, the German Länder system as a complicating factor, and the co-ordination and communication activities of the German permanent representation, which orients its European policy-making activities in six directions—between Bonn/Berlin and Brussels, within Brussels, within Bonn/Berlin, with the Länder, with the European Commission and the European Parliament, and with Brussels-based interest groups.
Italy
Authors: della Cananea Giacinto 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe Italian permanent representation at Brussels has received very little academic or political attention, and there has been no explicit debate as to how this body should be shaped. Even when the central government decided that it should control all aspects of the formulation of EC policies though delegating to regions their implementation in a number of cases, the permanent representation was not even mentioned in the legislation. It is argued that this neglect is problematic for several reasons, which are discussed. An explanation is advanced for this neglect in terms of the high politics of Italian membership of the European Community. The chapter is organized in five sections: first, a brief examination is made of the broader problem determined by the lack of a central authority to co-ordinate of EU policies in Italy; second and third, the functions and powers of the permanent representation, and its organization and internal functioning are considered; fourth, the division of labour between the central authorities (the Italian government) and the permanent representation is examined; finally, other policy networks that influence Italian European policies are discussed.
Dual Loyalties: The Boundary Role of the Dutch Permanent Representation to the EU
Authors: Soetendorp Ben , Andeweg Rudy B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter on the Dutch permanent representation at Brussels sets out to test the claim that national idiosyncrasies are the key to understanding the functioning of the permanent representations of the European Union. The authors find, contrary to this contention, that the features of the Dutch political and administrative system—fragmentation, segmentation, and a lack of central authority—do not produce national arrangements at the European level that are similarly fractured. Indeed, in this important area of policy co-ordination, the machinery put in place by the Netherlands is considerably less idiosyncratic than might have been expected. The different sections of the chapter discuss the organization of the Dutch permanent representation, its personnel, its internal functioning and working methods, its role, its capacity to implement ambitions, and its effectiveness.
German Banks and Banking Structure
Authors: Hackethal Andreas 
Published: March 2005

AbstractExamines past and present structural features of the German banking industry. It shows empirically that – whilst conventional commercial banking is clearly in decline in the United States – the traditional dominance of banks in the German financial system has not eroded significantly over the last three decades. The way in which, and the extent to which, German banks fulfil the central functions for the German financial system are still consistent with its overall logic. A structural convergence of the German system towards the market-oriented financial systems of the United States or the United Kingdom is therefore unlikely in the foreseeable future.
Institutional Investors in Germany: Insurance Companies and Investment Funds
Authors: Maurer Raimond 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFocuses on institutional investors in the German financial markets. Institutional investors are specialised financial intermediaries who collect and manage funds on behalf of small investors towards specific objectives in terms of risk, return, and maturity. The major types of institutional investors in Germany are insurance companies and investment funds.We will examine the nature of their businesses, their size and role in the financial sector, the size and the composition of the assets under their management, aspects of financial regulation, and features of their asset-liability-management.
Universal Banks and Relationships with Firms
Authors: Elsas Ralf , Krahnen Jan P. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractReviews recent empirical evidence regarding the special role of banks for the corporate governance of German firms (hausbank-relationships). We differentiate between the role of banks as monitors and financiers of large, exchange-listed firms and of smaller, non-listed firms. Sub-sections of the chapter deal with direct shareholdings, proxy-voting rights, supervisory board representation, debt financing, and distress resolution. The accumulated evidence supports the idea that relationship lending plays a distinctive role in German firms’ corporate governance, and will continue to influence the future development of the financial system.
Emotions and the Intelligibility of Akratic Action
Authors: Tappolet Christine 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWhat is the role of emotions in akratic action? Proposing that emotions are non‐conceptual perceptions of values, the author argues that such states have the capacity not just to cause but also to render intelligible actions that are contrary to one's better judgement. Akratic actions prompted by an emotion may even be more rational than following one's evaluative judgement, for the perception might enable the agent to better track the reasons she has, compared to the judgement. By contrast, akratic actions in which no emotion is involved (cases of ‘cool’ akrasia) are genuinely puzzling and of dubious intelligibility.