bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emissive cathode immersed in a plasma: plasma–cathode interactions, operation and stability
Authors: Pagaud F , Dolique V , Claire N , Plihon N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thermionic emission from a polycrystalline tungsten emissive cathode immersed in a magnetized plasma column is investigated experimentally and numerically. Electrical and optical measurements of the cathode temperature show a highly inhomogeneous cathode temperature profile due to plasma–cathode interactions. The spatially and temporally resolved cathode temperature profile provides an in-depth understanding of the thermionic electron current, in excellent agreement with experimental data. The plasma-cathode coupling leads to a sharp and heterogeneous rise in temperature along the cathode, which can eventually lead to unstable cathode operation, with divergent current growth. A detailed thermal modeling accurately reproduces the experimental measurements, and allows to quantify precisely the relative importance of heating and cooling mechanisms in the operation of the cathode immersed in the plasma. Numerical resolution of the resulting integro-differential equation highlights the essential role of heterogeneous ohmic heating and the importance of ion bombardment heating in the emergence of unstable regimes. Detailed thermal modelling enables operating regimes to be predicted in excellent agreement with experimental results.
A dual-kinetic energy harvester operating on the track and wheel of rail deceleration system for self-powered sensors
Authors: Salman Waleed , Fan Chengliang , Pan Hongye , Zhang Zutao , Wu Xiaoping , Abdelrahman Mansour , Tairab Alaeldin M , Ali Asif 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alternative energy sources play a crucial role in Outback rail systems, where electrical infrastructure is unavailable for automated power devices used for traffic lights, surveillance cameras, sensors, and other safety equipment at railway stations and intersections. The current study proposes an innovative dual-kinetic energy harvester design to reduce train speed at intersections and before it comes to a halt at the station. Additionally, it harvests energy from both the train track and wheel simultaneously. The proposed device consists of three main units. The first unit utilizes vibrational movement based on a rack pinion. An efficient dual-kinetic energy harvesting system has been developed, utilizing a novel concept that captures the vibration energy generated by the movement of the rail under the influence of the train’s weight. Additionally, as the train passes at high speed, the train wheel’s energy will be transmitted to the top of the device, moving the rack to a depth of 30 mm. A spiral spring is employed to restore the rack to its initial position after the wheel has passed. The tension force of the spring causes the rack to adhere to the track, enabling the transmission of vibrations generated by the track’s movement and releasing energy, causing the motion to be induced during the return stroke. The second component is the transmission unit. The bidirectional rotational motion from the rack pinion is converted into unidirectional rotational motion using three bevel gears, two roller clutches, and a planetary gearbox to enhance the rotations of the generator shaft. The third component is a 1500 W/180 V DC motor for electricity generation. Lastly, the charging circuit was developed to recharge supercharged capacitors. The proposed system was installed before the railway station, and practical tests were conducted, which showed an efficiency of up to 55%.
Run-and-tumble motion in trapping environments
Authors: Angelani Luca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complex or hostile environments can sometimes inhibit the movement capabilities of diffusive particles or active swimmers, who may thus become stuck in fixed positions. This occurs, for example, in the adhesion of bacteria to surfaces at the initial stage of biofilm formation. Here we analyze the dynamics of active particles in the presence of trapping regions, where irreversible particle immobilization occurs at a fixed rate. By solving the kinetic equations for run-and-tumble motion in one space dimension, we give expressions for probability distribution functions, focusing on stationary distributions of blocked particles, and mean trapping times in terms of physical and geometrical parameters. Different extensions of the trapping region are considered, from infinite to cases of semi-infinite and finite intervals. The mean trapping time turns out to be simply the inverse of the trapping rate for infinitely extended trapping zones, while it has a nontrivial form in the semi-infinite case and is undefined for finite domains, due to the appearance of long tails in the trapping time distribution. Finally, to account for the subdiffusive behavior observed in the adhesion processes of bacteria to surfaces, we extend the model to include anomalous diffusive motion in the trapping region, reporting the exact expression of the mean-square displacement.
The response of an Al-10B4C coupled neutron detector based on PIPS technology to Cf-252
Authors: Zhang C. , Wu G. , Li Z. , Li H. , Lu Z. , Zhang H. , Wang X. , Li R. , Chen C. , Liu F. , Qiu Y. , Guo Y. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After decades of discussions, it has been firmly established
that detectors made of silicon-based semiconductor materials can be
effectively used for neutron detection by simply coating them with
suitable substances. The incident thermal neutrons interact with the
coating neutron-sensitive materials such as 10B and 6LiF,
resulting in the production of secondary charged particles which can
be effectively detected in the sequencial silicon substrate. In this
article, the detector system was designed with a coupled neutron
detector structure which combined a silicon detector with a
10B4C film in various forms. The 10B4C layer was
deposited on the substract with electron beam evaporation
method. Two kinds of structrue were discussed: (1) one was the
direct contact neutron detector by depositing 10B4C
directly onto the front surface of silicon-based detectors; (2) the
other was the coupled neutron detectors by depositing
10B4C onto substrates made from different materials such
as Al and glass which then coupled with silicon-based detectors. The
responses of these neutron detectors to neutrons (Cf-252) were
measured individually. It's showen that the detection capability of
direct contact neutron detectors was lower than the coupled neutron
detectors. For the coupled detectors, the detector by depositing
10B4C on the aluminum substrate was found to be superior
than that by depositing 10B4C on the glass substrate.
From the public to the private: mapping women’s formal and informal participation in peacebuilding in Mali
Authors: Matfess Hilary , Santara Mariam , Thomas Jakana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do women navigate traditional and informal governance structures to influence matters of communal peace and security? We leverage focus group discussions with around 180 participants and 10 key informant interviews from five different villages in the Ségou region to provide a case study of women’s contributions to peacebuilding in Central Mali. Our research aims to understand which women are able to influence communal dynamics regarding peace and security in Mali and assess which identities and relationships women leverage as they seek to influence these dynamics. One of our key findings underscores the obvious: women are not a homogenous demographic; other facets of their identity shape what roles they can play in conflict management and what appeals they can make in doing so. We find compelling evidence that women’s age, lineage, and their position in the home affect their degree of influence. We find that women are adept at leveraging customary governance mechanisms and their interpersonal networks to exercise influence. Overall, our findings point to the importance of an intersectional analysis, as well as a focus on informal and customary avenues of influence when considering women’s involvement in matters of communal peace and security.
Emotional, Attitudinal, and Sociobiographical Sources of Flow in Online and In-Person EFL Classrooms
Authors: Dewaele Jean-Marc , Macintyre Peter , Kamal Ahmed Iman , Albakistani Alfaf 
Published: November 2023

AbstractFlow reflects an optimal balance of challenge and skill, which is exhilarating and addictive. The current study investigates the role of three learner emotions (enjoyment, anxiety, and boredom) on the proportion of class time in flow among 165 Arab and Kurdish English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students in both in-person and online classes. Statistical analyses revealed that Foreign Language Enjoyment (FLE), and more specifically, the dimension Personal FLE, was a significant positive predictor of flow, while Foreign Language Boredom was a significant negative predictor. Contrary to previous research, Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety had no significant negative effect on flow. Further analyses showed that students’ nationality and their attitudes toward English and their English teacher had significant effects on their time in flow. It thus seems that flow becomes possible when the teacher manages to get learners in the right emotional mood, allowing those who enjoy themselves intensely to rise to a state of flow, both in in-person and online classes.
Impact of Baseline Corticosteroid Use on the Efficacy and Safety of Upadacitinib in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Phase 3 Clinical Trial Programme
Authors: Raine Tim , Ishiguro Yoh , Rubin David T , Finney-Hayward Tricia , Vladea Ramona , Liu John , Phillips Charles , Cheng Erica , Targownik Laura , Loftus Edward V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
This post hoc analysis assessed the efficacy and safety of upadacitinib in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis stratified by corticosteroid use from the ulcerative colitis Phase 3 clinical trial programme.

Methods
Patients were randomised [1:2] to 8 weeks’ placebo or upadacitinib 45 mg once daily; Week 8 responders were re-randomised [1:1:1] to 52 weeks’ placebo or upadacitinib 15 or 30 mg daily. Corticosteroid dose was kept stable during induction but tapered according to a protocol-defined schedule [or investigator discretion] during maintenance Weeks 0–8. Efficacy outcomes and exposure-adjusted, treatment-emergent adverse event [TEAE] rates were assessed for induction and maintenance stratified by corticosteroid use at induction baseline.

Results
Overall, 377/988 [38%] patients were receiving corticosteroids at induction baseline [placebo, n = 133; upadacitinib 45 mg, n = 244] and 252 [37%] of the 681 clinical responders who entered maintenance were on corticosteroids at induction baseline [n = 84 for each treatment]. Similar proportions of patients receiving upadacitinib achieved clinical remission per Adapted Mayo Score with and without baseline corticosteroids at Weeks 8 and 52. The total proportion of patients re-initiating corticosteroids was higher with placebo [24/84;29%] vs upadacitinib 15 mg [16/81; 20%)] and 30 mg [11/81; 14%]. During induction, patients receiving corticosteroids at baseline had higher rates of TEAEs, serious TEAEs, and serious infections vs those not receiving corticosteroids; however, TEAE rates were similar during maintenance after corticosteroid withdrawal.

Conclusions
Upadacitinib is an effective steroid-sparing treatment in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. Clinicaltrials.gov identifiers: NCT02819635; NCT03653026
Glucose pattern in children with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia: evidence from continuous glucose monitoring
Authors: Galderisi Alfonso , Kariyawasam Dulanjalee , Stoupa Athanasia , Quoc Adrien Nguyen , Pinto Graziella , Viaud Magali , Brabant Severine , Beltrand Jacques , Polak Michel , Samara-Boustani Dinane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
While the risk for hypoglycemia during acute illness is well described in children with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), there is little evidence for the prevalence of asymptomatic hypoglycemia and the daily glucose patterns in CAH. Herein, we explored the daytime glucose profile of children with classical CAH.

Methods
We conducted an observational study in 11 children (6 female; age 3.1 years [1.4, 5.1]; body mass index 17.3 kg/m2 [15.6, 17.9]) with a genetic diagnosis of classical CAH receiving hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone replacement therapy. Participants underwent 2 14-day continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sessions and an inpatient 24 h series cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) measures. Data were analyzed for 3 daytime lags (7 Am-4 Pm, 4 Pm-10pm, 10 Pm-7 Am) corresponding to the hydrocortisone dosing period with cortisol and ACTH measured before the hydrocortisone dose.

Results
Eleven participants completed at least 1 CGM session, and 7 out of 11 underwent both the CGM session and the cortisol/ACTH serial measures. In the whole cohort, the percentage of time of sensor glucose values &lt;70 mg/dL was higher during the 10 Pm-7 Am and the 7 Am-4 Pm time slots than in the late afternoon period (17% [7, 54] and 15% [6.8, 24] vs 2% [1.1, 16.7] during the periods 7 Am-4 Pm and 4 Pm-10 Pm, respectively [P = .006 and P = .003]). Nighttime hypoglycemia was mostly spent below the 65 mg/dL (10.9% [4.1, 34]). The glycemic pattern paralleled the nadir of daily cortisol at 8 Am (0.72 [0.45, 1]μg/dL). A greater percentage of time in hypoglycemia was associated with lower cortisol concentration at 7 Am and 10 Pm (P &lt; .001 and P = .005).

Conclusions
Continuous glucose monitoring demonstrated a disrupted daily glucose pattern in children with CAH, paralleled by a lower cortisol concentration.

Clinicaltrials.gov registration
NCT04322435
Metabolic disorders mediate the relation of miscarriage with cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Zhu Fang , Noordermeer Daniëlle , Aribas Elif , Bos Maxime , Boersma Eric , Kavousi Maryam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Aims
The extent to which the contribution of pregnancy loss to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) can be explained by metabolic disorders is poorly elucidated but holds insights for reducing long-term cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study is to investigate the mediating effects of hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and lipoprotein metabolism disorders on the association of miscarriage and stillbirth with coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and composite outcomes.

Methods and results
A total of 163 283 ever-gravid women (age 55.3 ± 7.9 years) from the UK Biobank cohort without established metabolic disorders and CVDs were included and followed from 2007 to 2010 baseline until December 2020. Causal mediation analyses were used to estimate the proportion mediated. Hypertension mediated 11.1% (95% confidence interval, 3.7–18.5%) of the association between a history of miscarriage and incident CHD. Approximately, 9.5% (4.1–14.8%) of the effect of recurrent miscarriages on incident CHD was via hypertension, 8.4% (2.5–14.3%) of the effect was via lipoprotein metabolism disorders, 1.7% (0.5–2.9%) of the effect was via DM, and 10.7% (0.2–21.1%) of the effect of recurrent miscarriages on incident stroke was via hypertension. Hypertension mediated the largest proportion of effect for the atherosclerotic cardiovascular event (15.5% for a history of miscarriage and 9.4% for recurrent miscarriages), followed by lipoprotein metabolism disorders and DM.

Conclusion
Hypertension, DM, and lipoprotein metabolism disorders mediated the association between miscarriage and various cardiovascular outcomes in later life. In particular, hypertension mediated a large proportion of the relationship between miscarriage and atherosclerotic CVD.
Speciation in kleptoparasites of oak gall wasps often correlates with shifts into new tree habitats, tree organs, or gall morphospace
Authors: Ward Anna K G , Zhang Y Miles , Brown Guerin E , Hippee Alaine C , Prior Kirsten M , Rollins Shannon , Sierra Nicolas , Sheikh Sofia I , Tribull Carly M , Forbes Andrew A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Host shifts to new plant species can drive speciation for plant-feeding insects, but how commonly do host shifts also drive diversification for the parasites of those same insects? Oak gall wasps induce galls on oak trees and shifts to novel tree hosts and new tree organs have been implicated as drivers of oak gall wasp speciation. Gall wasps are themselves attacked by many insect parasites, which must find their hosts on the correct tree species and organ, but also must navigate the morphologically variable galls with which they interact. Thus, we ask whether host shifts to new trees, organs, or gall morphologies correlate with gall parasite diversification. We delimit species and infer phylogenies for two genera of gall kleptoparasites, Synergus and Ceroptres, reared from a variety of North American oak galls. We find that most species were reared from galls induced by just one gall wasp species, and no parasite species was reared from galls of more than four species. Most kleptoparasite divergence events correlate with shifts to non-ancestral galls. These shifts often involved changes in tree habitat, gall location, and gall morphology. Host shifts are thus implicated in driving diversification for both oak gall wasps and their kleptoparasitic associates.
Impact of wastewater treatment upgrade and nitrogen removal on bacterial communities and their interactions in eutrophic prairie streams
Authors: Bergbusch Nathanael T , Wong Alicia R , Russell Jennifer N , Swarbrick Vanessa J , Freeman Claire , Bergsveinson Jordyn , Yost Christopher K , Courtenay Simon C , Leavitt Peter R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eutrophication can impact bacteria by altering fluxes and processing of nutrients and organic matter. However, relatively little is known of how bacterial communities, diversity, and interactions with phytoplankton might respond to nutrient management. We used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to compare bacterial assemblages in the water column upstream (control) and downstream (impact) of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located on a eutrophic prairie stream. Sampling occurred before (2012) and after (2018) the 2016 biological nutrient removal (BNR) upgrade that removed &gt;90% of nitrogen (N, mainly NH4+). Multivariate ordination suggested that effluent-impacted bacterial communities were associated mainly with elevated NH4+ concentrations before the upgrade, whereas those after BNR were characteristic of reference systems (low NO3−, diverse regulation). Genera such as Betaproteobacteria and Rhodocyclacea were abundant at impacted sites in 2012, whereas Flavobacterium and a potential pathogen (Legionella) were common at impacted sites in 2018. Nitrifier bacteria (Nitrospira and Nitrosomonas) were present but rare at all sites in 2012, but recorded only downstream of the WWTP in 2018. Generalized additive models showed that BNR reduced bacterial diversity, with ∼70% of the deviance in diversity explained by hydrology, pH, nutrients, and phytoplankton abundance. Overall, NH4+ removal reduced symptoms of cultural eutrophication in microbe assemblages.
Erwiniaceae bacteria play defensive and nutritional roles in two widespread ambrosia beetles
Authors: Cambronero-Heinrichs Juan Carlos , Battisti Andrea , Biedermann Peter H W , Cavaletto Giacomo , Castro-Gutierrez Víctor , Favaro Lorenzo , Santoiemma Giacomo , Rassati Davide 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ambrosia beetles are fungal-growing insects excavating galleries deep inside the wood. Their success as invaders increased scientific interest towards them. However, most studies on their microbiota targeted their fungal associates whereas the role of bacterial associates is understudied. To explore the role of abundant microbial associates, we isolated bacteria from active galleries of two widespread ambrosia beetles, Xylosandrus crassiusculus and X. germanus. These isolates were classified within the Erwiniaceae family and through a phylogenetic analysis including isolates from other insects we showed that they clustered with isolates obtained from ambrosia and bark beetles, including Erwinia typographi. The whole genome analysis of the isolate from active galleries of X. crassiusculus suggested that this bacterium plays both a nutritional role, by providing essential amino acids and enzymes for the hydrolysis of plant biomass, and a defensive role, by producing antibiotics. This defensive role was also tested in vitro against fungi, including mutualists, common associates, and parasites. The bacteria inhibited the growth of some of the common associates and parasites but did not affect mutualists. Our study supported the hypothesis of a mutualist role of Erwiniaceae bacteria in ambrosia beetles and highlighed the importance of bacteria in maintaining the symbiosis of their host with nutritional fungi.
The relationship between forest structure and naturalness in the Finnish national forest inventory
Authors: Myllymäki Mari , Tuominen Sakari , Kuronen Mikko , Packalen Petteri , Kangas Annika 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThere is considerable interest in identifying and locating natural forests as accurately as possible, because they are deemed essential in preventing biodiversity loss. In the boreal region, natural forests contain a substantial amount of dead wood and exhibit considerable variation in tree age, size, and species composition. However, it is difficult to define natural forests in a quantitative manner. This is an issue, for example, in the Finnish national forest inventory. If naturalness could be related to the metrics derived from tree measurements, it would be easier to locate natural forests based on the inventory data. In this study, we investigated the value of metrics computed from tree locations and tree sizes for the characterization of a key aspect of naturalness, namely, structural naturalness as defined in the Finnish national forest inventory. We used L-moments, Gini coefficient, Lorenz asymmetry, and interquartile range to quantify the variations in tree size at the plot level. We summarized the spatial pattern of trees with a spatial aggregation index. We compared the structural metrics, species proportions, and stand age using the classes of structural naturalness described in the Finnish national forest inventory, which have been determined in the field without strict numerical rules. These categories are ‘natural’, ‘near-natural’, and ‘non-natural’. We found that the forests evaluated as structurally natural had larger variations in tree size and species composition and showed a more clustered spatial pattern of trees on average, although the variation in the structural metrics was considerable in all three classes. In addition, we used the structural metrics to predict naturalness by employing a random forest algorithm. Based on the structural metrics, it was possible to obtain high precision in the classification only if we simultaneously accepted low recall, and vice versa; the link between the inspected metrics and naturalness evaluated in the field was weak. The stand age separated the three classes more clearly and it also improved the classification.