bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pour une formation à la «gouvernementalité» : le fonctionnaire, légiste ou manager public ?
Authors: Lascoumes Pierre 
Published: January 2024

For a more “Government-Oriented” Approach to Training : the Civil Servant, Legal Expert or Public Administrator?
The current legal training of civil servants fails to make adequate provisions for the teaching of law as it is actually practiced in everyday situations. Although they are the main actors in the formulation and implementation of public policy, civil servants are invariably left to fend for themselves in this field. The development of an alternative training programme hinges first and foremost on overcoming the opposition between legal expert and public administrator : the two dimensions are present in administrative practice at one and the same time. This distinction may be overcome if one regards the law as a readily available resource lying within the reach of both public and private actors in the policy-making process ; and if one designs rules, not with a view to their rigid enforcement but with a view to encouraging discussions between the parties concerned on the very subject of their application. Only then will it be possible to come up with alternative training guidelines. Rather than seeking to preserve the illusion of a black box or proposing even more technical skills and specialization, this training should prepare policymakers to improvise one solution after another in the field of public policy.
L’adéquation de la formation juridique des fonctionnaires aux réalités quotidiennes de la gestion
Authors: Raingeard de la Bletière Louis-Marie 
Published: January 2024

Adapting the Legal Training of Civil Servants to the Everyday Realities
of Management.
Owing to the nature of its tasks and the composition of its staff, the Ministry of Justice should, logically, be particularly well placed to uncover ways of enhancing the State’s ability to adapt to the exigencies of innovation and efficiency. Yet, the ministry’s administrators are confronted with manifold difficulties arising, for the most part, from an inadequate grasp of the relationship between standards and means.
La formation des agents de l’État aux affaires européennes, ou l’urgence d’une approche systématique et adaptée aux exigences d’une Communauté en voie d’achèvement
Authors: Carnelutti Alexandre 
Published: January 2024

“European Affairs” Training for Civil Servants, or the urgency of a systematic approach that is adapted to the demands of a Community in its final stages of realisation.
Though the training of our civil servants in European affairs has developped for the past 4 years along the lines of special training courses either of an introductory or specialized nature, such training programs currently encounter the problem of possessing only a rough knowledge of the needs and they remain very deficient in the field of Community law and languages. It is advisable on the short term to promote both theoretical and practical training for all appointed high-level Civil Servants, and the long term, to set up a system ensuring that every student (thus including those who may be candidates for administrative competitive exams) has the minimum qualifications in “European Affairs”. both theoretical and practical training for ail appointed high-level Civil Servants, and the long term, to set up a System ensuring that every student (thus including those who may be candidates for administrative compétitive exams) has the minimum qualifica¬ tions in “European Affairs”.
Glossaire juridique
Authors: Truchet Didier 
Published: January 2024

Legal Glossary Didier Truchet
A brief legal definition is provided for such terms as : authorization (and notification) ; disputes over telephone charges ; France-Telecom ; frequency ; specialized links ; monopoly (and competition) ; normalisation (and technical Controls) ; privatization ; regulations, value-added network (telematics network open to third parties) ; cable network ; digital integrated service network ; liability ; satellite ; public service ; private electric radio station ; telecommunication (and audiovisual communication) ; telematics ; user.
La télématique
Authors: Baptiste Éric 
Published: January 2024

Telematics
Eric Baptiste
French telematics has proved to be a success. The range of services on offer and the traffic between subscribers is growing constantly and sharply. This success is based on two leading decisions : the “kiosk” System and initial market stimulation by the free provision of rustic terminais. Institutions involved specifically in telematics have designed a legal framework of their own which is built on an exclusively contractual basis. This separate set of rules exists side by side with others relating to telecommunications, the press and audiovisual communication. The norms applicable to telematics will probably need to be clarified in the future.
Quelques expériences étrangères : des leçons pour l’avenir ?
Authors: Lasserre Bruno 
Published: January 2024

The Experience of Other Countries — Lessons for the Future ?
Bruno Lasserre
The eighties have seen important changes throughout the world in the field of telecommunications with regard to the regulation and operation of services. The monopolies that dominated the scene in the main industrialized countries have on the whole made way for a freer System which is better suited to cope with the increasingly tough competition. There is a fair amount of agreement on a number of issues : separation of the regulatory and operational functions ; intercommunicability of networks ; liberalization of the supply of terminais and of value added services. Nevertheless, a careful review of the situation reveals some striking differences : from the American model, where the main operator is a huge private company, to the German scheme under which operations are managed by a public body removed from State control, each country follows its own path.
Perfectionner et développer : les études à l’Institut international d’Administration publique
Authors: Ratte Philippe 
Published: January 2024

Further Training and Development : Courses at the International Institute of Public Administration
Philippe Ratte
The International Institute of Public Administration offers short and long courses to students from over fifty countries who belong to widely different branches of the Civil Service. Designing curricula for their benefit requires strategy and imagination, and the teaching methods employed meet specific criteria which take into account the participants’ respective backgrounds and the international character of the Institute. Tutorials, seminars, working group sessions and case studies contribute to make II AP a stimulating centre of exchange and training, where students corne into contact with French and international experts as well as participants from other countries.
La création d’un corps d’administrateurs gouvernementaux en Argentine
Authors: Groisman Enrique I. 
Published: January 2024

The Creation of a Body of Government Administrators
Enrique Groisman
The creation of a body of government administrators in Argentina serves a double purpose : on the one hand, to set up a selection and training System for senior civil servants and, on the other, generally to bring about a gradual transformation of the principles and operating conditions governing the Civil Service. The object is to create a pool of highly trained and politically heterogeneous officials which successive governments elected to power under the democratic process can draw on. The thinking behind the reform reflects French influence, although the System chosen differs from the ENA model in many respects.
Agriculture et gestion de l’espace
Authors: Toulemon Robert 
Published: January 2024

Agriculture and Environmental Management.
The rural environment is a bone of contention between the different occupants of the countryside and its proper management calls for greater congruity between agricultural policies and environmental protection. Certain policies, like the abandonment of land that is under cultivation and the granting of subsidies for the most polluting forms of agriculture, should be re-examined. Tax and labour regulations should be revised not only to avoid penalizing environment-friendly extensive farming but also to encourage farmers to carry out farm improvements and environmental maintenance works and develop tourist activities on their farms. Finally, the problem of thinly scattered communes could be solved by taking decisions at district level.
Les perspectives de la politique communautaire de l’environnement
Authors: Massiet du Biest Bruno 
Published: January 2024

The Prospects for a Common Environmental Policy in the EEC.
Since the Single Act came into force, the legitimacy and powers of a common environmental policy have been greatly strengthened. Stiffer measures have been adopted and the scope of community intervention widened in response to the emergence of new concerns and the need to ensure that the opening of frontiers does not produce any ill-effects. Called upon to assert its presence in international negotiations, the community saw its powers boosted with the setting up of an agency responsible for information gathering, the promotion of incentive schemes, etc.
La grande faune africaine, facteur de développement
Authors: Pfeffer Pierre 
Published: January 2024

African Big Game as a Factor of Development.
Big game, which is a vital resource in development, is threatened with extinction. Balanced and durable traditional hunting methods are giving way to intensive hunting. National parks and game reserves are not enough. We need to introduce a System of Controls on the hunting of these species based on a network of protected areas lying alongside those where shooting and hunting would be organized by specialized services and the local village community. Development agencies should demonstrate their interest and seize the opportunity of using wild life in this way.
Protection de l’environnement et coopération internationale : l’exemple du plan d’action forestier tropical
Authors: Clément Jean 
Published: January 2024

Environmental Protection in French-speaking Africa : the Case of Forests.
The various policies implemented in French-speaking Africa for protecting forests and putting an end to the irrational use being made of them have not produced the expected results. There is a need for reform of existing legislation and for the adoption of more pragmatic forestry practices. The aim should be to promote public participation in the decision-making process and take greater account of peoples’ interests without destroying the ecological balance in the bargain.
La conception des projets de développement financés par le système des Nations Unies
Authors: Rambourg Michel 
Published: January 2024

Development Projects funded by the United Nations Organisation
Within the United Nations Organisation the technical assistance provided by the United Nations Program for the Development is implemented with the support of the receiving countries as well as institutions intervening on their behalf, by means of funds financed by contributions from donating countries. However, criticisms concerning the effectiveness of such cooperation have raised serious questions not only about the terms but also about the concept of project. Hence the need to promote a global strategy that will enable the setting up of programs according to sectors ; it is equally important to coordinate all international technical assistance.
La conduite des grands projets de l’État à Paris
Authors: Tessier Luc 
Published: January 2024

Supervising Large-Scale Projects in Paris
In 1982, nine large-scale projects («the President’s construction sites») were undertaken or confirmed by the President of the French Republic in Paris : Grand Louvre, Opéra de la Bastille, Grande Arche de la Défense, etc. This program was achieved in the time allowed without exceeding the initial budget by more than 5 %. The coordination for these projects was the responsibility of an interministerial mission assigned to a specific ministry. These projects are managed by independant project directors (working for public «establishments», joint venture companies, foundations, etc.). Flexible programming, conception and follow-up procedures ensure maximum effectiveness in the achievement of objectives.
Plan, programmes, projets : quelle cohérence ?
Authors: Sudrie Olivier 
Published: January 2024

The Development Plan, Programs, Projects : How to Make Them Coherent ?
The application to developing countries of theoretical growth schemes established for industrialised nations during the post war period has for a long time reduced the analysis of the coherence of development projects and plans to simply quantifying the multiplication effects visible at the macro-economic level. The need to provide planifiers with specific techniques in the analysis of projects first appeared during the 1970s. Despite their usefulness, neither the method of effects nor the price reference method have been used very much today. The time has come to assess the different method of evaluation in order to propose techniques perhaps less ambitious but more adapted to the institutional, economic and social realities of developing countries.
Les difficultés de gestion des projets dans les pays en voie de développement
Authors: Rhomari Mostafa 
Published: January 2024

The Difficulties in Managing Projects in Developing Countries
The present article reviews the reasons and the signs of the limited capacity of developing countries to effectively manage local projects given the complex techniques involved in the analysis and management of projects. In spite of the efforts accomplished to possess in country, necessary skills in conception, management and maintenance, the international bodies responsible for technical assistance and the developing countries, have not always succeeded however in setting up the institutions and necessary structures. The consequences of this situation on the developing countries economy are important : on the one hand the financial backers intend to preserve the security of their investments, on the other hand, the lack of equipment maintenance entails extra costs.
L’impact des projets de développement rural en Afrique
Authors: Benhamou Jean-Francis 
Published: January 2024

Impact of Rural Development Project in Africa
The evolution of rural development projects in Africa, during the last thirty years, has underlined the difficult link between growth and development. The 1965-1975 period was characterized by «production projects» ; they responded first of all to a concern for short-term growth too often in contradiction with a real development strategy. The folio wing period up to the end of the 1980s, witnessed the implementation of «integrated projects» which attempted to take into account all social and economic aspects of country-life. These projects encountered enormous follow-up and management difficulties. Finally the present tendancies are towards more specific measures responding to the needs of country people.
La coopération par projets : le changement des pratiques et des mentalités
Authors: Arnaud Michel 
Published: January 2024

Cooperation through Projects : the Change in Practices and Mentalities
In the field of international cooperation, projects are supposed to introduce and test the changes in practices which will later be institutionalized to become a local or national policy in a specific sector. But they need to be based on the real shared experience of both countries. They must try to encompass the different aspects of development as well as the changes in attitudes and mentality underlying it.
De la démarche de projet à la logique d’entreprise
Authors: Vergès François 
Published: January 2024

From Project Management to the Involvment of the Enterprise
In the past, people used to be interested in investments resulting in major works projects ; they thought they only had to make investments to achieve development. Today people are more concerned about creating suitably managed and profitable activities within an economy that is more healthy overall. Without questioning the utility of the public service, the best managing methods (public, semi-public, private) are being sought after, notably through specific agreements and company strategies jointly with in-depth studies on pricing.
Espagne. L’impact des réformes constitutionnelles sur la fonction publique
Authors: Muñoz Machado Santiago 
Published: January 2024

<i>Spain.
The Impact of the Constitutional Reform on the Civil Service </i>

The Civil Service reform adopted in 1984 is the logical consequence of the formal proclamation of the Spanish Constitution in 1978. Its main objective was to allow the setting up of Autonomous Communities and the liberalization of the legal status of civil servants : greater flexibility in recruitment, limiting the arbitrary element within the advancement and promotion process, extending the rights and guarantees of civil servants. The same set of general principles were defined for staff under State authority and for those within the Autonomous Communities.
Luxembourg. Modernisation des moyens et valorisation du personnel
Authors: Neyens Pierre 
Published: January 2024

<i>Luxembourg.
Modernization and Management Development </i>

Luxembourg’s Civil Service has expanded considerably in the last 20 years ; nowadays there is a reform movement which tends to improve the efficiency of civil servants through training and the reform of the System of advancement and promotion in which seniority is no longer a major criterion. Nevertheless, the reform movement will have to overcome two principal obstacles, namely the attitude of civil servants and the rigidity in the regulations.
Portugal. Gestion des ressources humaines : la phase du changement
Authors: Orvalho Joana , Nabais Julio 
Published: January 2024

<i>Portugal.
Human Resources Management : The Period of Change</i>

Significant reform of human resources methods was undertaken in Portugal after a careful examination of the situation, carried out by an independant commission. This study emphasized the lack of fiexibility as well as an excess of obstructive official procedures and the low level of salaries. The reform scheme established for the period 1987-1991 aims at revamping the salary structure, improving the efficiency of civil servants, adapting training programs and setting up incentives that encourage creativity and performance. In addition, the reform tends to reinforce the role and power of senior managers.
Labels, appellations d’origine, service vétérinaire et protection des consommateurs
Authors: Guthmann Jean-François 
Published: January 2024

Labels, Designations of origin, Veterinary services and Consumer protection.
Assuring consumers of the hygienic quality of foodstuffs is the job of the Ministry of Agriculture, which lays down regulatory standards covering the entire cycle from the early production stages to the sale of the product, and the veterinary services, which monitor their implementation. In addition, there exist a number of voluntary procedures, such as the use of labels (certifying high quality), from which producers seeking to differentiate their products may choose. The State’s role is therefore confined to protecting the interests of the consumer by guaranteeing fair trading and accurate information.
Juger c’est disposer d’autrui
Authors: Boucher Philippe 
Published: January 2024

When We Judge, We Judge Another.
Justice arouses citizen scepticism, especially that of the civil servants themselves, who are the first to cast doubt. There are three pressing dangers today : productivity, legislation, and money. The concern for productivity results in the creation or acceptance of unsatisfactory procedures. Because of the way in which the law has developed, marked by complexity and confusion, we no longer plead on merit but on form. Lastly, the rather unattractive remunerations combined with rigidity in managing the corps, detracts from the profession of judge.
Une institution délabrée
Authors: Danet Guy 
Published: January 2024

A Ramshackle Institution.
The crisis in magistrate recruitment (because of a lack of respect and low salary levels) is combined with a budget destitute in terms of legal aid, and overcrowding in the courts, which, in some cases, approaches paralysis. This results in poor time management, which threatens the quality of public service and the credibility of the judicial system, while a scarcity of resources hinders the normal functioning of law. Thus, the legal institution requires a real recovery plan, and, above all, a strong desire on the part of politicians to put it into practice.
La gestion d’une cour d’appel
Authors: Estoup Pierre 
Published: January 2024

Court of Appeal Management.
Courts of Appeal are subject to the increasing expectations of the ordinary citizen, the community, and their personnel, that are difficult to satisfy, despite substantial efforts, notably to speed up procedures, and in financial management, when considering the procedural, structural and, above all, pecuniary situation. Dealing with a shortage situation with the most limited room for manœuvre is not satisfactory. To be used properly, the Courts of Appeal require sufficient resources and real autonomy in managing them.
Le recrutement et la formation des magistrats : une question de légitimité
Authors: Dalle Hubert 
Published: January 2024

Recruitment and Training of Judges : A Question of Legitimacy.
The French model for recruiting judges to the judicial system, based on competition and professional education, is undeniably democratic in nature. It is currently going through a very deep crisis which affects the very identity of these magistrates as the judges see their roles becoming more vigorous, as greater emphasis is placed on law, and their way of implementing these laws is brought into line with new demands. From now on, training given in National School for Magistrates (École nationale de la magistrature) will endeavor to combine the quest for a high level technical qualification with a greater openness to the economic and social environment.
La gestion de la justice en Allemagne
Authors: Staats Johann-Friedrich 
Published: January 2024

German Judicial Administration.
Court management, the responsibility of the Federation or, as in most cases, of the Länder, is ensured by presiding judges under the direction of competent ministers. On the whole, the judges and the state attorneys seem to be rather satisfied. However, the jurisdictions must deal with a heavy workload as the number of judges, while high, remains inadequate to meet the full need. Special efforts are being made in terms of continuing education for all court personnel and in the use of information technology, while work organization within the court is currently undergoing a reassessment.
Les processus de décision d’investissement et de désinvestissement dans les entreprises multinationales
Authors: Ghertman Michel 
Published: January 2024

Decision-making process during strategie investment and divestment decisions.
Empirical research is scarce to answer the concerns of governments, unions and public opinion at large, concerning how multinationals make decisions to restructure their international strategic portfolio or close plants overseas to ensure long-run competitiveness. Based on three in-depth analyses of different types of restructuring decisions, the author concludes that the foreign subsidiaries seem to carry most of the decision-making effort for their own plant closures, while for strategie portfolio readjustments during which they change owners, they are not consulted.