bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Employees with Children Findings
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, we documented the pressures on today’s working parents as they attempt to balance the potentially competing demands of employment and child rearing. We found that many, but not all, working parents experience substantial amounts of personal stress in balancing their work and family responsibilities, and that conflict between job and family can affect a parent’s physical and psychological well-being. Incompatible family and work responsibilities can also contribute to work-place impacts such as excessive absenteeism, unscheduled time off, telephone calls home, lost concentration, and reduced productivity.
Employer-Sponsored Work/Family Policies and Programs
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, we examined how the magnitude of work and family demands and the adequacy of social support impact stress and work and family interference among employees with family-care responsibilities. We will now explore how the work place and the public sector have responded to the needs of these employees as they attempt to balance their work and family-care responsibilities. We will examine employer-based initiatives in this chapter and government policies and programs in Chapter 11. The past ten years have seen tremendous growth in the quantity and quality of work-place policies and programs designed to assist employees with their family responsibilities. In 1991 there were approximately 3,500 companies with family-oriented benefits-only a small fraction of the 17 million companies in the United States (Gonyea & Googins, 1992). By 1996, 86 percent of major U.S. employers offered some kind of child-care assistance, up 30 percent since 1991; and 30 percent offered elder-care assistance, up 130 percent since 1991 (Hewitt Associates, 1997). One of the main factors driving increased interest in work/family programs is the changing composition of the paid work force and the desire of companies to maintain a competitive edge by attracting and retaining the best pool of workers. Ultimately, employers hope that by addressing workers’ family concerns they can improve employee productivity and thereby positively impact the corporate bottom line.
Work and Family Public Policies
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter examined programs and benefits at the work place that have been developed to assist employees in integrating their work and family lives. Yet difficulties managing work and family-care responsibilities are due in part to the lack of adequate community-based resources for children and chronically ill and disabled adults. Historically, different constituencies in the U.S. have advocated for various work and family policies and programs, ranging from child care in the 1960s to an emphasis on alternative work schedules in the mid- to late 1970s, to parental and family leave in the 1980s and early 1990s. More recently, there have been public policy debates in relation to health care, long-term care, and welfare reform, and renewed efforts to improve the quality and accessibility of publiclyfunded child care.
Carter G. Woodson
Authors: Keita Maghan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the framework of the sociology of knowledge, Charles H. Wesley and Thelma D. Perry wrote in the 1969 edition of Carter G. Woodson’s Miseducation of the Negro that “Woodson’s concept of mis education hinged on the education system’s failure to present authentic Negro history in schools and the bitter knowledge that there was a scarcity of literature available for such a purpose.”
Through a Glass Darkly
Authors: Keita Maghan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having said that, I must address Said here on at least two counts: first, there is a relation between Said’s critique of Orientalism and the Afro­centric critique and the validation the academy and” official” media give one over the other. This has certainly been a historical paradigm that has played itself out in the over a century and a half of African Ameri­can scholarship devoted to the construction of African American and African history and identity.
Regulation of the Internal Environment
Authors: Chase Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the functions carried out by the nervous system are not strictly speaking behavioral because they do not involve observable movements. Visceral functions and physiological activities serving to maintain a constant internal environment, or homeostasis, fall into this category. In gastropods, the nervous system plays a major role in the regulation of respiration, blood circulation and water balance. It not only directly regulates these functions, it also coordinates them with ongoing behavioral activities.
Why We Study the Health of Adventists
Authors: Fraser Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who are Seventh-day Adventists, anyway? How can their lifestyle help others become more healthy?
Seventh-day Adventists are a conservative religious group that includes more than 13 million members worldwide. They were first organized as a denomination in 1863 in the eastern United States. Their roots can be found largely in Methodism. While they share many of the doctrines of mainline Protestant churches, Adventists differ from most in their relatively strict observance of Saturday, rather than Sunday, as their day of rest. They also differ from some Protestants groups by:
A key figure during the early years of the Adventist church was Ellen G. White. She was a forceful and talented speaker and, along with her husband James, a wise administrator. On numerous occasions she claimed to have received heaven-sent messages, several of which were related to lifestyle and health. These episodes would often occur during times of prayer, and they affected her profoundly, casting her into a trancelike state, sometimes for lengthy periods. She became a prolific writer (Goen, 1971), documenting her visionary experiences and also writing commentaries on most parts of the Bible.
Diet, Other Risk Factors, and Aging
Authors: Fraser Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People may develop a variety of diseases as they age. These include disorders of the blood vessels (usually atherosclerotic), cancers of many different organs, diseases of the joints, and gradual loss of lung tissue and brain cells. Many of these diseases have well-understood pathological mechanisms, the effects of which become more prominent in later years.
This age-dependency aspect of disease can simply result from an older person’s longer exposure to harmful environmental influences. Older subjects indeed have the possibility of longer exposure to a poor diet, cigarette smoking, physical wear and tear on joints, ultraviolet and gamma radiation, and other hazards. If the effects of these factors are cumulative over time, disease will be more common in the elderly. There may also be cohort effects, whereby elderly subjects in earlier periods of their life had less adequate medical care and less knowledge of preventive medicine, and therefore lived less healthfully. Many more older men than younger men, for instance, are past smokers or past consumers of diets heavy in animal fat.
Vegetarianism and Obesity, Hypertension, Diabetes, and Arthritis
Authors: Fraser Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cohort studies of California Adventists were designed to detect new cases of cancer and coronary heart disease during the follow-up period. Thus, there was no plan for identifying new changes in body weight or new cases of hypertension, diabetes, or arthritis as study endpoints. At the beginning of the studies, however, subjects were required to answer questions about their height and weight and to say whether a doctor had ever diagnosed them as hypertensive, diabetic, or arthritic. This provided a measure of the prevalence of particular values of body mass index (BMI, a measure of obesity) and of the three other listed medical conditions at the beginning of the Adventist Mortality Study (AMS) in 1960, and prior to the Adventist Health Study (AHS) in 1976.
Epidemiologists in recent years, when searching for causal variables, have quite rightly tended not to favor studies reporting associations between disease prevalence and risk factors. The important difference between prevalence and incidence (prospective) studies is that the disease of interest is already present at the beginning of a prevalence study. By contrast, at the beginning of an incidence study the disease of interest is not present and new cases are detected during a follow-up period.
Cancer and All-Cause Mortality among British and German Vegetarians
Authors: Fraser Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the evidence from studies of other populations that vegetarians experience different rates of cancer mortality or of mortality from all causes? The Health Food Shoppers, Oxford Vegetarian, and Heidelberg studies (see Chapter 10) addressed the risks of dying from cancer, or from any cause, among non-Adventist vegetarians. In addition, a collaborative analysis that combined the results of these studies with those of California Adventists compared cancer and all-cause mortality among vegetarian and nonvegetarian subjects.
It is important to understand that the information presented here pertains only to those cancers that were sufficiently invasive or advanced, at the diagnosis stage, to have caused death. For most common sites, this would exclude 50% to 70% of new cancers, although for cancers that are highly fatal (e.g., cancers of the lung, stomach, and pancreas), most events are included. The only study of many vegetarians that has so far published results for all new cancers, both fatal and nonfatal, is the Adventist Health Study, and these results were discussed in Chapter 6.
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer among Vegetarians
Authors: Fraser Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A risk factor is a trait that places a person at higher risk of developing a disease and is generally considered to have a causal link to that disease. Risk factors may be behavioral, psychosocial, physiologic, or biochemical. Well-known examples for cardiovascular disease are high-serum LDL cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, and lack of social support.
This book is of course largely concerned with the effects of diet on chronic disease. Since any effects of diet are probably mediated by physiologic and biochemical mechanisms, it would strengthen the evidence that a vegetarian diet protects against CHD and cancer if this diet were found to change physiologic and biochemical risk factors in ways that are generally thought to reduce risk. Then there would not only be a statistical association between a vegetarian’s dietary habits and risk of disease but also some evidence of the mechanism that underlies the reduced risk. An understanding of mechanisms is one way to strengthen causal inference.
Risk Factors and Disease among Vegans
Authors: Fraser Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vegans avoid all animal products in their diet, even eggs and dairy products. The reason for these choices is often animal rights rather than the expectation of better health. One might, however, predict that certain risk factors would have even more favorable values for vegans than for lactoovo vegetarians since the intake of saturated fats, cholesterol, and sodium is lower still in vegans, and their consumption of dietary fiber and potassium is greater. If a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet is beneficial, do vegans gain even further benefits? Evidence that addresses this question is presented in this chapter.
My intention is not to establish the nutritional adequacy of the vegan diet in terms of recommended daily allowances for nutrients and vitamins, but, in keeping with the rest of this book, to focus on the risk for common chronic diseases. However, a vegan diet is nutritionally adequate if certain precautions are taken (see Chapter 15), and these have been succinctly reviewed by the American Dietetic Association (ADA Reports, 1997).
Cognition and Frailty in Older Women: Socioeconomic and Physiologic Influences
Authors: Newman Anne B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the influence of biology and socioeconomics on functional status and disability in women. Women live longer than men and experience more of the morbidity associated with longevity. However, some socioeconomic and biologic features seem to moderate the progression to dementia and frailty among the elderly. The influence of such factors as education, social support, and sex steroid hormones on diseases of aging is evaluated below. Methodological issues such as how to measure functional status and disability among women, including cognitive function, are also discussed.
Epidemiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Talbott Evelyn O , Wild Robert A , Remsberg Karen E , Gibson LuAnn B , Casoglos Annette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is difficult to relate any specific sex hormone to cardiovascular disease in epidemiological studies because of the complex interrelationship between gonadotropin and sex steroid hormones. A single blood measurement may not reflect production, metabolism, and excretion of these hormones, and in women it does not capture hormonal variation across the menstrual cycle. Much of the epidemiological research linking hormonal variation to cardiovascular outcomes has depended on natural experiments or clinical trials. The key observations in studies making this link have been increased atherosclerosis among women with artificial menopause; differences in coronary heart disease (CHD) rates and atherosclerosis between men and women, especially premenopausal women; changes in risk factors at puberty and menopause; and the protective effects of exogenous hormones.
The Commissariat Of Ice:The Rise Of Glavsevmorput, 1932-1936
Authors: Mccannon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 28 July 1932, a small icebreaker set out from Arkhangelsk, bound for Vladivostok on a voyage that would bring sweeping changes to the Soviet Arctic. The expedition had been planned as part of the USSR’s commemoration of the Second International Polar Year, and the ship’s mission was to complete the first single-season traversal of the Northeast Passage in history. Two months later, on 1 October, the Sibiriakov limped into the Bering Straits, after a wearying journey. Plowing through the ice-choked polar seas, the ship had snapped both of its engine screws and, near the end, was able to move only under the power of a tarpaulin sail jury-rigged by its crew. But move it did, and the voyage proved successful. After clearing the straits, the Sibiriakov continued on to Vladivostok, its place in the annals of Arctic exploration secured.
From Victory To Victory:The Myth Of The Arctic In Soviet Culture
Authors: Mccannon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the energy and exhilaration generated throughout the USSR by the adventures described in chapter 3 flared into a nationwide passion, the Arctic and its heroes began to figure prominently in the Soviet public sphere. From late 1932 to early 1939, polar explorers and Arctic pilots appeared regularly in the pages of Pravda and Izvestiia; became the subjects of innumerable books, films, and radio broadcasts; and inspired a multitude of poems, plays, and other artistic works. They held public office, packed lecture halls, and had their feats celebrated with lavish state rituals. Every sort of cultural ephemera-posters, currency, street names, postage stamps, and school textbooks-bore their images. In short, the Arctic came to occupy a preeminent position in the grand pageant of high-Stalinist propaganda and popular culture for almost a decade, as the Soviets, to borrow a favorite phrase from the press, moved “from victory to victory” in the North.
Harmonizing Human Rights And Public Health
Authors: Lawrence O Gostin , Lazzarini Zita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International human rights law (human rights, for short) seeks to promote and protect individuals’ rights against the state’s interference or neglect. The area we refer to as public health, in contrast, encompasses efforts by the state to ensure the conditions under which people can be healthy (Institute of Medicine, 1988) and often includes governmental intervention into individuals’ lives to protect the community’s health. Thus, the two compete: Human rights protect the rights of individuals, and public health protects the collective good. Evolving approaches to public health, however, emphasize respect for individual rights, trust between public health personnel and the community, conditions of nondiscrimination, and adequate access to health care and education. Often, governmental efforts to promote human rights--including providing social security and adequate health services and restraining from interference with individual liberty and privacy-produce conditions that foster the community’s health (IFRC, FXB, 1995). Some tensions between human rights and public health can be resolved through careful analysis. For example, early in the AIDS pandemic, some governments isolated suspected HIV “carriers,” ostensibly compromising personal liberty for the public good. Although the deprivations of freedom violated human rights, they were ineffective in controlling disease transmission. Virtually all public health organizations have concluded that no rational public health justification exists for isolating persons based solely on their HIV status (United Nations, 1996a). Despite a dearth of evidence, however, some countries continue to consider and implement such policies.
Other tensions between human rights and public health seem tenacious, if not intractable. For example, legitimate public health measures, such as surveillance and collection of personal health information, provide accurate, complete, and timely public health and clinical data. Efforts such as named HIV reporting, however, can invade individual privacy. Moreover, unwanted disclosure of results can lead to stigmatization and discrimination.
Aids Policies And Practices: Integrating Public Health And Human Rights
Authors: Lawrence O Gostin , Lazzarini Zita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For far too long, public health practitioners have developed policies as if the health of populations were distinct from human rights. Viewing public health and human rights as separate, or even antagonistic, is misguided and harmful to public health practice. Respect for the rights of human beings is a fundamental condition for health. Public health, then, needs to forge a conceptual and practical link with the social justice inherent in human rights.
This chapter examines traditional AIDS policies in both developing and more developed countries. Using the Human Rights Impact Assessment (see Chapter 3) public health and human rights imperatives are integrated into policymaking.
Gender, Shame, and Culture: An Anthropological Perspective
Authors: Lindisfarne Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I argue that notions of honor and shame are socially defined. That is, words and behaviors which may be translated into English as honorable or shaming must be understood ethnographically in terms of who, locally, controls definitions of honor and shame and for what purpose. Anthropological descriptions of honor and shame in the Mediterranean and Middle East have often emphasized idealized, hegemonic versions of social identities and ignored the shifting reality of people’s experience of social beings. Thus, an ideal offemale virginity and versions of hegemonic masculinity have been much discussed: the radical differentiation of men and women has been taken for granted, and there has been a focus on local idioms which naturalize the privileges of socially dominant men. Yet not all men are equally honorable; many behave in ways which are believed to be weak or shameful. Nor is honor an attribute that pertains only to men; women too may also behave honorably, just as they may, on other occasions, be said to act shamefully.1
Introduction Attractiveness, Sexuality, and Choosing Mates
Authors: Townsend John Marshall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am convinced that men and women are intrinsically so different that nothing we do will obliterate or even reduce the differences. I do not think men have to worry that women will become unsexed or women, that men will. In fact, the freer we become in allowing both sexes to be themselves, the more fundamental and ineradicable differences will show up. When i began the research for this book, I had studied mental disorders for fifteen years. The major mental disorders do appear cross-culturally, which suggests that they have some biological basis. Social factors, howevet; like income and family support, are often more important determinants of what happens to mental patients than their symptoms. So, although there is an underlying biological basis for mental disorders, to some extent they are also socially constructed roles. I assumed I would explain changes in sexuality, dating, and marriage in similar terms, and I initially assumed that cultural influences and socialization were by far the most important determinants of how we behave sexually. Certainly, the way we were raised and the environment we live in strongly influences how we act-in bed and out. But the more people I interviewed, and the more I read, convinced me that sexuality and choosing mates were of a different order than other social behavior. Sexual behavior and mate selection are at the root of how we as a species came into being and how we will continue to evolve. Any explanation of these phenomena that ignores biology and evolution is bound to be inadequate.
Women’s and Men’s Sexualities Differences in Arousal, Goals, and Selectivity
Authors: Townsend John Marshall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joan Lives in a Large City in the western United States. She is 24, single, works full-time and has her own apartment. In the last five years she has become painfully aware that men’s sexuality is different from women’s. Her experiences have certainly been broader than those of most women in her mother’s and grandmother’s generations. Joan came of age in the I97os in a relatively sophisticated urban environment, and she absorbed the notion that sexual equality meant that men and women were basical ly the same-or would be if they were allowed to be. She is thus perplexed as to why men act the way they do, and bitter when they do it. Her philosophy and upbringing did not prepare her for the differences between men’s and women’s sexuality or for her emotional reactions to them.
Emotional Alarms The Link Between Sex and Love
Authors: Townsend John Marshall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Have Men and Women Become more alike in their sexual behavior and attitudes? It is true that more women are engaging in premarital and extramarital sex than ever before, and often without a great deal of courtship and commitment before they decide to become intimate with a man. But have differences between the sexes really disappeared? Have some women been able to separate sexual pleasure from a need for affection, future commitment, and emotional bonding? What percentage of young women engage in sexual intercourse with no expectation, or hope, of emotional involvement? What are the motivations and emotional reactions of these women? How do they compare to men in this regard? I was interested in these questions and wanted to know if the hard-won gains women have made in the professions and workplace have helped them acquire a different view of sexuality.