bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross-Modal Control of Attention Shifts
Authors: Ward Lawrence M , McDonald, John J , Golestani Narly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of the control of visual attention in space is one of the most exciting and rewarding directions of modern cognitive science re search, as the other chapters in this book amply demonstrate. However, the modern study of attention began in the auditory domain, and for many years much of what we learned about attention phenomena was learned in the context of processing of simple and complex auditory stimuli. Indeed, the early studies in the control of visual attention made frequent reference to comparable, or noncomparable, phenomena in other modalities, especially audition and touch (e.g., Posner, 1978). Yet by the mid-1980s, researchers’ attention had shifted to the visual do main, with dramatic results. These new understandings beg the question of whether similar systems exist in other modalities, and whether the other-modality systems share common operating principles, per haps even common brain areas, with those involved in the control of visual attention. This chapter summarizes much of what we know about the interaction of auditory and visual attention systems, including quite a bit of previously unpublished research. We conclude that there is indeed deep interaction between the mechanisms that control visual and auditory attention, and argue that a cross-modal approach promises a different and more generally useful view of attention mechanisms than does study of attention within any single modality.
Inhibition of Return Is Not Reflexive
Authors: Wright Richard D , Richard Christian M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Searching for objects is perhaps the most common visual task we perform. Whenever we look for a face in a crowd, or an item in a container, or a street name on a map, we are carrying out a serial search routine. And search is usually so rapid that researchers have only recently begun to appreciate the complexity of the operations involved. The discovery of the inhibition-of-return effect (Posner & Cohen, 1984) has provided some important clues about serial search. Inhibition of return (IOR) appears to be associated with a procedure that many researchers believe allows us to keep track of objects when looking through a large collection of them. More specifically, some type of marking operation seems to occur in order to make the performance of tasks involving serial inspection more efficient, and the IOR effect may be caused by this marking.
Search via Recursive Rejection (SRR): Evidence with Normal and Neurological Subjects
Authors: Miiller Hermann J , Humphreys Glyn W , Olson Andrew C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Visual processing in the human brain takes place in massively parallel operations, generating a detailed and (relatively) accurate representation of our surroundings, including information about the shape, co lour, size, (relative) position, distance (depth), orientation and motion of surfaces and objects within the scene (e.g., Marr, 1982). One of the most important problems to be solved in deriving this representation is the delineating of object boundaries from background, thereby segmenting the image into entities that can form the basis of an action. There is a great deal of evidence supporting the idea that, initially (i.e., prior to the segmentation of objects), the retinal image is coded with primitive descriptors or simple features along a set of feature dimensions at each location simultaneously (e.g., Felleman & Van Essen, 1991; Treisman, Cavanagh, Fischer, Ramachandran, & von der Heydt, 1990; Van Essen, 1985; Zeki, 1993). For instance, colour (the dimension) is coded for all image locations in terms of features such as red, blue, and so forth. From these primitive features, the visual system reconstructs coherent percepts of complex objects.
Recasting the Information Infrastructurefor the Industrial Age
Authors: John Richard R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the century and a quarter between the framing of the federal Constitution in 1787 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the United States evolved from a struggling commercial republic on the margins of Europe into one of the most powerful industrial nations in the world. Accompanying the rise of the United States to world power was a comparable transformation in the informational environment. The pe- riod witnessed an unprecedented expansion in printing and publishing, the emergence of information-intensive industries such as credit re- porting and life insurance, and the elaboration of major innovations in science, technology, and education. Each of these developments could furnish the theme for an essay on the role of information during the ‘‘long nineteenth century’’ that stretched from 1787 to 1914. Yet there was one development that may well have been the most fundamental. This was the recasting of the facilities for transmitting information cheaply, reliably, and on a regular basis throughout the country and around the world. Challenged by the size of the territory to be spanned, emboldened by a highly competitive institutional set- ting, and inspired by an irrepressible popular demand for more and better information, government administrators, business leaders, and ordinary Americans joined together in a grand collaborative project that would have been unimaginable in any prior age. The central institutions in the information infrastructure during this period—the Post Office Department, the Railway Mail Service, Western Union, and the Bell System—may seem rudimentary today. Yet, at the time, they played a major role in U.S. business and public life.
The Threshold of the Information Age Radio, Television, and Motion Pictures Mobilize the Nation
Authors: Graham Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters we have seen how the rise of large bureaucratic structures in the early decades of the twentieth century, enabled by a national communications infrastructure and driven by the needs of systematizers, created a voracious appetite for information and information processing technologies. At roughly the same time, in what we will term the Vacuum Tube Era, communications technologies in the United States came to be adapted to broader social purposes, on a national scale. These changes, driven in the first instance by the imperatives of national defense, involved creating a new communications infrastructure based on incorporating vacuum tubes into preexisting technologies. The result of this new combination was not only an enhanced communications infrastructure, but one that was concentrated under the control of a few large enterprises, loosely but effectively aligned with the federal government. From the 1930s through the 1960s, vacuum-tube–based communications in their various forms made the United States into an increasingly mobilized society, that is, a society that could be motivated to achieve broad national purposes. Chief among these purposes were the search for national economic recovery through consumption; a culture unified, or at least socially homogenized, through mass entertainment; and broad public support for war aims. Some semblance of this ‘‘national unity culture’’ endured through World War II and the Korean War, continuing well into the 1960s when both the concentrated control of the infrastructure and the broad cultural consensus disintegrated.
Looking Deep Within the Organization
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most prevalent concept of succession planning still revolves around the notion of the CEO getting ready to step aside and pass the baton to a new CEO. The transition from one CEO to another is certainly a key element, and one of the most visible to outsiders, of the succession process, but it really is only the tip of the iceberg. Where do new leaders come from, and how can boards help to cultivate them? How can companies develop depth in leadership, not only a veneer at the top of the organization, but also horizontally, at every level, so that they need never worry about running out of talent?
Financial Tools That Promote Succession Planning
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Succession is a complex process, as we have observed, and there are several different parties to the process—the sitting CEO, number twos, and directors—all with very different roles to play. In previous chapters we have discussed some of the ways in which companies can help ensure that CEOs and boards will devote the needed time and energy to succession to create a reliable process. In addition to some of the factors we’ve already discussed—such as establishing regular timetables to identify and nurture talent as well as review the progress of potential successors—the right financial framework, with different incentives applying to each party, can help to establish a sound and orderly succession process and keep things on track. Just what those incentives should be and the philosophy underlying each is the subject of this chapter.
Global Intelligence®: A Window on the World
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite Tyco CEO Dennis Kozlowski’s astute observations, not all companies are so shrewd when it comes to assessing the corporate world beyond their own limited borders. In fact, a great many companies view their surroundings in much the way most people viewed the world prior to the middle of the sixteenth century. The unshakable belief at the time was that the sun, and the rest of the universe, revolved around the Earth.
Mystics and Messiahs
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are religious fringe movements a recent phenomeon in American history? Are widespread fears of mass suicides, sexual abuse, and brainwashing in cults justified? Do marginalized religious groups play any positive role in American spiritual life? Do the panics over such groups follow any discernible pattern? Phillip Jenkins gives fascinating--and surprising--answers to these and many other questions in Mystics and Messiahs, the first full account of cults and anti-cult scares in American history. Jenkins shows that, contrary to popular belief, cults were by no means an invention of the 1960s. In fact, most of the frightening images and stereotypes surrounding fringe religious movements are traceable to the mid-nineteenth century when Mormons, Freemasons, and even Catholics were vehemently denounced for supposed ritualistic violence, fraud, and sexual depravity. As Charles Ferguson observed in 1928, "America has always been the sanctuary of amazing cults." But America has also been the home of an often hysterical anti-cult backlash. Jenkins provides an insightful new analysis of why cults arouse such fear and hatred both in the secular world and in mainstream churches, many of which--Baptists, Quakers, Pentecostals, and Methodists--were themselves originally regarded as cults. Most importantly, Jenkins argues that an accurate historical perspective is urgently needed if we are to avoid the kind of catastrophic confrontation that occurred in Waco or the ruinous prosecution of imagined Satanic cults in the 1980s. While not ignoring genuine instances of aberrant behaviour, Mystics and Messiahs goes beyond the vast edifice of myth, distortion, and hype to reveal the true characteristics of religious fringe movements and why they inspire such fierce antagonism.
Overrun with Messiahs
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1920s, like today, the American media relished a scandal that mixed religion with sexual depravity and crime, and the newspapers found rich pickings in the story of Benjamin Parnell, the head of an odd messianic sect. In 1905, “King Ben” opened a colony for his House of David at Benton Harbour in Michigan. At its peak, the settlement grew to nine hundred believers, over which Parnell reigned as a patriarch, resplendent in his white robes and magnificent beard. But the sect repeatedly attracted bad publicity, all the more hazardous because of the proximity to Chicago, Detroit, and other major media centres: the site was also exposed to the gaze of curious tourists. Parnell demanded total control over his followers’ property, allowing him to live in palatial splendour while his subjects starved, and he maintained order with threats of death or exile.
Tourism and the Sacred: Pausanias and the Traditions of Greek Pilgrimage
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the places that Pausanias visits, and for which his Periegesis is meant as a guide for potential visitors, probably a majority are religious centers. Among visitors to religious centers. some at least deserve to be called pilgrims. Debate has raged recently over whether or not Pausanias is writing for an audience of potential pilgrims. and whether or not he himself deserves to be called a pilgrim. This chapter reconsiders these questions and supports the view that the intended audience of the Periegesis included pilgrims, situating it within the history of pilgrimage and the Greek world, and in particular within the “pilgrimage culture” of the Antoni.ne Age.
A Temple Worth Seeing: Pausanias, Travelers, and the Narrative La.ndscape at Nemea
Authors: Sutton Susan Buck 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1928. W. Macneile Dixon. Protessor of English Literature at the University of Glasgow. packed for a much anticipated, but no longer particularly wmsual, journey to Delos and several parts of the Greek mainland. In these preparations, the reading material Dixon was most careful to put in his suitcase was what he called “the book of books for travellers in Greece”1-Sir James Frazer’s translation of the Description of Greece by Pausanias. Dixon’s traveling party of four men and two women was thus to be guided by an account of the Greek countryside composed roughly 1,600 years before their excursion. In this, Dixon saw no contradiction, for he was confomling to a pattern followed by most visitors to Greece since the late eighteenth century, a pattern that, in fact. remains embedded in the core of many tourist itineraries even today. The journey that Pausanias took and the landscape he constructed have made themselves felt throughout the period of modem travel and tourism to Greece. Why this should be so, what it reveals about the narrative strategies of Pausanias. and how Pausanias’s work shapes conceptions of ancient sites even now are the central themes of this chapter.
“Pausanias in Petticoats,” or The Blue Jane
Authors: Beard Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The academic wrangles of earlier generations are always liable to provoke our scorn. It is hard to take seriously the bitter controversies that preoccupied our predecessors, the scholarly battles long ago won and lost: the Peace of Kallias, the Terminal Date of Caesar’s Command, the “Greekness” of Linear B. . It is hard not to mock the overinvestment of energy and emotion on all sides of these debates, by winners as much as losers. Unfairly perhaps, the mavericks who strenuously backed the wrong side often seem more appealing than those whom time has proved right (Richard Jebb and his glorious conviction that the ruins of Mycenae were medieval is easily more engaging than the repulsive Schliemann with his Tomb of Agamemnon). More often than not, of course. it turns out not to have been a question of winning or losing at all: the controversies are not settled, they just fade away. No one has ever conclusively demonstrated whether or not Kallias did make a “peace” with the Persians; nor has anyone successfully unscrambled the relationship between Athenian ceramics and precious metals. But these problems have outlived their usefulness, and we have left them behind.
Conclusions
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the dawn of our species, an unquenchable curiosity has driven us to ask and re-ask the same questions: Who are we? Where do we come from? Are we alone? Myths offered the first answers: myths of creation and of spirit worlds. From here, one trail led to religion and to answers grounded in faith. But another trail led to philosophy—to reasoning. Pure reasoning at first, then reasoning aided by observation and experiment—what we now call science. To the first question, science has offered an astonishing answer: We are animals. To the second question, science has offered only a partial answer, but an equally astonishing one: We are descended from microbes. To the third question, which alone lends meaning to the other two, science has not yet offered any answer. Yet we are within reach of an answer—one that will surely be even more astonishing than the other two.
Paul K. Feyerabend An Obituary
Authors: Hoyningen-Huene Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul Feyerabend was born on January 13, 1924, in Vienna. He died of an inoperable brain tumor almost a month after his seventieth birthday, on February 11, 1994, in Genolier in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Feyerabend was raised in Vienna in less than affluent conditions. He was a very good and inquisitive pupil with many diverse interests. From his early school years, he studied textbooks on university-level mathematics, physics, and astronomy. His lifelong love for music also began in his youth. He played the accordion, took violin lessons, fell in love with opera, sang in a mixed choir, and even took singing lessons in a conservatory. After his high school final exams in the spring of 1942 he was drafted into labor service (Austria was ‘unified’ with the Third Reich in 1938) and by the end of 1942 he was drafted into the army. After several tours at the front, in January 1945 Feyerabend was hit in the spine by a machine gun bullet. Thereafter, he was paralyzed from the waist down. After a long time in a wheelchair, he was finally able to walk on crutches. Throughout his life he suffered periodically from intense pain, and he could endure many of his public appearances only under large doses of painkillers, although he never made a big fuss about it. Even in his autobiography, there is almost no mention of the great pains he had to endure.
Feyerabend among Popperians, 1948-1978
Authors: Watkins John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Did I have a fitting piece for a volume in memory of Paul Feyerabend? Well, apart from a newspaper obituary/ I had just one piece devoted exclusively to him. Was it fitting? Not exactly; but a scene-setting introduction might help.
Paul Feyerabend and Karl Popper took a shine to each other when they first met, at the Austrian College in Alpbach, in 1948. Paul told me long afterward that they went for a walk, with Popper talking very easily, on a first-name basis, and he was impressed by the simplicity of Popper’s arguments. However, in Vienna Feyerabend fell under Elizabeth Anscombe’s influence; through her he briefly met Wittgenstein; and when he got a British Council Scholarship in 1951, he applied to study under him. But Wittgenstein died in April, and in 1952 Feyerabend came to LSE to work under Popper on problems relating to quantum mechanics. It must have been then that he began to develop his fluent, racy style in both spoken and written English. But although I was teaching at LSE I don’t remember meeting him then. (He afterward translated Popper’s The Open Society into German.) I met him when he briefly passed through Alpbach en route to Berkeley in 1958, leaving a trail of broken hearts behind him. But it was not until 1961, when I and my family visited Berkeley, that I got to know him at all well.
Tricksters and Typists: 9 to 5 as Aristophanic Comedy
Authors: Baron James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing in this chapter is intended to put forth any claim that the creators of the film 9 to 5 consciously copied or imitated Aristophanes’ comedies in general or his Lysistrata in particular. Some of the evidence presented here may suggest such a hypothesis to bolder scholars, but there is no proof of any direct connection in the form of identifiable quotations, unquestionable borrowings, or clear, if indirect, references. Nevertheless, it would not surprise me to learn that the scriptwriters had some knowledge of or contact with Aristophanes’ plays, perhaps even with contemporary scholarship about them. Rather, what is important is the pure comparison of shared formal features and main characters and the common relationship of the latter to the lovable scoundrels of the trickster tales that are a well-documented feature of many cultures, including that of Hollywood.
Perception and the Representative Design of Psychological Experiments [1956]
Authors: Brunswik Egon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have included the following excerpt from Brunswik’s 1956 book because it shows us how he expanded his conceptual framework from perception to thinking. These are remarkable pages, for they include remarkable thoughts in remarkable language. By linking and distinguishing thinking and perception theoretically, he showed how he could accommodate both the analytical and the intuitive functions of cognition within a single framework. Moreover, he showed their relationship through the brilliant innovation of describing the different types of error produced by each cognitive function. Perception, he would argue, produces a normal distribution of errors, whereas analysis produces exactly correct answers together with widely dispersed errors (see Figure 15.1). In these pages, he further developed his ideas about compromise in intuitive functions and the “dangers in explicit logical operations,” a thought that had occurred to few other psychologists, all too enamored of rationality. And finally, in beautiful prose so typical of Brunswik’s writing, he uttered a revolutionary remark: “The balance sheet of perception versus thinking may thus seem seriously upset against thinking, unquestioned favorite of a culture of rational enlightenment as the latter has been.” All this is iconclastic material that, although largely ignored by the psychologists of the twentieth century, should challenge and inspire the psychologists of the twenty-first century to advance our thinking about cognition.
Scope and Aspects of the Cognitive Problem [1957]
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the first conferences directly focused on cognition in the twentieth century was held at the University of Colorado in 1955. Brunswik, together with J. Bruner, Leon Festinger, Fritz Heider, Charles Osgood, and Amnon Rappaport, was invited to present a paper. It was to be his final effort and possibly spurred by his sense that his life was drawing to a close, possibly spurred by his high regard for his fellow participants, in this paper he made a strong effort to make the whole of his life’s work intelligible to his peers. Whatever the cause, Brunswik was eloquent. Broad-ranging in his ideas, and deft in his historical and contemporary exposition of them, he was at his best. As a result, this chapter not only offers an excellent representation of Brunswik’s final theoretical views but also illustrates their significance for the future.