bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sicherheitstechnik bei der Handhabung von Wasserstoff
Authors: Baumgärtner Klaus , Ewald Rolf 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSafety engineering in the handling of hydrogen. After a survey of the handling of hydrogen as a gaseous or liquid industrial gas, possible safety risks are discussed in the light of its properties, and primary, secondary, and tertiary safety measures are deduced therefrom. The most important German regulations for stationary and mobile hydrogen installations are indicated. A comparison shows that hydrogen, which was introduced into industry decades ago, is no more dangerous than other inflammable gases and liquids freely available even to the public.
Methoden zur Immobilisierung von Bodenkontaminationen
Authors: Stammler Manfred , Hass Hans J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMethods of immobilizing soil contamination. A number of remedial measures can bei applied to contain or immobilize contaminants which threat to pollute groundwater, soil or air. Some are still conceptional in character, others are in practical use. So far, bentonite/cement‐based slurry walls have often been constructed to regulate the groundwater flow in contaminated areas. In general, clay layers are used as bottom seal whenever available. Investigations, however, have shown that conventional and many natural materials do not exhibit the resistance to aggressive leachates which is necessary to retain the contamination over extended periods of time. In the proposed concept a partial or complete encapsulation of the contamination is recommended using barriers resistent to aggressive leachates, thus containing the contamination. This can be achieved by new silica gel containing materials and in some cases by suitable geotextiles. Extensive tests of such materials are presently under way at various abandoned waste sites in the F. R. Germany. Remedial action can then be planned and executed to decontaminate the site in ample time and without the risk of further contamination. New results are reported obtained during a one year test period with water glass of low alkalinity and high SiO2/Na2O ratio. Their resistance to leachates, low syneresis, and high hardness was accomplished by the two‐component system Dynagrout PPN, developed by Dynamit Nobel.
Energieverfahrenstechnik
Authors: Mayinger Franz 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEnergy process engineering. In the course of an energy transformation process engineering problems occur in connection with: the energy supply in the form of fossil, nuclear, or alternative sources; the operation of energy converters, such as power plant, coal processing plant, or equipment for hydrogen generation; and in disposal of waste and pollutant materials produced in these transformation plant. In analogy with the definition of the task of process engineering – i. e. transformation of materials on an industrial scale – the purpose of energy process engineering can be delineated as the treatment of materials which find application or occur in energy conversion, whether as energy sources, as intermediates, or as undesired waste or ballast materials. After surveying the possible variety of the tasks of energy process engineering, the article briefly discusses the present state of the art with the aid of selected examples. An attempt is then made to introduce some kind of system into this wide‐ranging material. In view of current activities, it appears appropriate to first concentrate on the treatment of residual materials – waste and ballast – in various methods of energy conversion.
Wake‐Phänomene hinter festen und fluiden Partikeln
Authors: Wasowski Tomasz , Blaß Eckhart 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWake phenomena behind solid and fluid particles. While detailed information is available about the nature and the phenomology of the wake, there is a distinct lack of practically useful and quantitative information about the size of the wake behind single fluid particles and in a swarm thereof. Many studies have been performed on the wake behind individual particles, yet the results are not only fragmentary, i. e. of little relevance for the operating regime of bubble columns, but also beset with surprisingly large discrepancies. These considerable differences are of a systematic nature and due partly to insufficient elimination of surfactant effects, partly to different boundary effects of the experimental equipment, and partly to differing measuring techniques. Experimental results for the wake in swarms of droplets and bubbles in the relevant operating regime are still completely lacking.
Anlagen zur Sondermüllverbrennung
Authors: Vollhardt Frohmut 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPlant for incineration of hazardous waste. Owing to the growth in world population and increasing industrialization, a constant rise in the production of industrial waste is to be anticipated. Thermal conversion of the pollutants leads to products which meet the requirements of “T́ Luft” (German technical regulation for air). The conditions required therefore, such as combustion temperature, excess air ratio, retention time, layout of the plant, are explained on the basis of examples. The individual components such as rotary kiln, burners, lances, container feed system, etc. are dealt with, as well as the gas cleaning, slag treatment, and heat recovery systems.
Die Bedeutung der Chemietechnik für fortgeschrittene Technologien zur Stromerzeugung
Authors: Deggim Dietmar , Poller Jürgen , Weinzierl Klaus 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSignificance of chemical engineering for advanced power generation technologies. The demands placed on power plant engineers have altered with the introduction of advanced technologies of power generation, with the classical physical areas of work being increasingly augmented by tasks requiring considerable knowledge of chemical engineering. This change began with the introduction of the desulphurization of flue gases in fossil‐fuel fired power plant and continued steadily with the further development of environmental protection requirements. In addition, demands for reduction of emission in connection with high fuel prices led to the development of new power plant technologies permitting better utilization of input energy. With the aid of examples taken from the whole field of advanced powerplant technology and which range from development and design of non‐polluting and more efficient power plant processes to questions of disposal of power plant by‐products it is shown to what extent conventional powerplant engineering is pervaded by chemical engineering questions.
Die kontinuierliche Druckfiltration – Stand der Technik
Authors: Bott Reinhard , Anlauf Harald , Stahl Werner H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractContinuous pressure filtration – new developments. Continuous pressure filtration permitting high throughputs with a low residual moisture content, is a suitable (solely mechanical) means of separating solids systems with high fines contents. It is thus not only technically advantageous but also with regard to energy consumption. The physical fundamentals of pressure filtration are briefly reviewed. A survey of the apparatus follows and the various commercially available models are presented and discussed. Process calculation for the crucial sub‐processes of continuous pressure filtration is then explained. The process optimization shows how the advantages of greater cake formation and reduced residual moisture content characterizing the new development and the disadvantage of increased air throughput determine the economy of this successful separation process in comparison to the common vacuum filtration methods.
Das System sicherheitstechnischer Regelungen für die chemische Industrie im europäischen Vergleich
Authors: Pilz Volker 
Published: December 2004

AbstractComparison of safety regulations for chemical plant in Europe. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the status of the safety of chemical plant in selected Western countries. It is shown what demands on the safety of chemical plant have to be fulfilled, how these demands are transformed into practice, and how their fulfillment is monitored. The starting point is a short overview of the technical requirements in the Federal Republic of Germany and the associated system of approval and monitoring of chemical plant. The corresponding systems in various other European countries are then briefly described. Thus a survey is presented of the measures required for chemical plant safety in Europe, and in particular of the stipulations for operating approval and surveillance.
Sicherheitsmaßnahmen bei der Lagerung chemischer Produkte. Neue Empfehlungen des Verbandes der Chemischen Industrie
Authors: Schäfer Helmut K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSafety measures in the storage of chemical products. New recommendations from the Federation of the Chemical Industry. Accidents in the storage of chemical products are comparatively rare, but can have enormous consequences for the vicinity if large quantities of materials are involved. Hazards are presented by the possibility of combustion, explosion, and thermal decomposition of the products, by the spread of toxic substances, and by the generation of dangerous decomposition products or contaminated fire‐extinguishing water in case of fire. This paper considers the safe storage of explosive substances and protective measures to prevent thermal decomposition, especially of fertilizers. It also reports on the determination of dangerous combustion products and on measures for preventive fire‐fighting measures and retention of fire extinguishing water in the case of plant protection agents. New legislation and a number of proposals by the Federation of the Chemical Industry are described.
Kernenergie – Rohstoff im Energieverbund
Authors: Bürkle Wulf , Taud Robert 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNuclear energy – A primary resource in the interconnected energy system. Against the background of renewed discussion of the use and future role of nuclear energy, the terms of reference for nuclear energy will be redefined. By contrast with fossil fuels, nuclear fuels are energy resources which can be used practically only for the provision of energy, and thus directly affect the conservation of more valuable resources. On the basis of the boundary conditions with respect to worldwide energy supply, the contribution of nuclear energy to electrical energy supplies will be illustrated in terms of national and world figures. Prospects will be considered as to the future possibility of further development of proven systems for nuclear energy utilization, while appraising the development and significance of advanced systems which will also open up new markets in the interconnected energy system for the primary resource nuclear energy.
Organische Spurenschadstoffe in Brennräumen von Anlagen zur thermischen Entsorgung
Authors: Hasberg Willy , Römer Rainer 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOrganic trace pollutants in combustion chambers of thermal waste disposal plant. Alongside carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and residual hydrocarbons are “conventional” pollutants from combustion processes, thermal disposal of chlorinated hydrocarbons by combustion may also give rise to organic trace pollutants, such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF). Recent advances in our understanding of the kinetics of thermal degradation (pyrolytic, oxidative) in conjunction with information about the degree of backmixing and the residence time characteristics of combustion chambers permit estimation of the influence of temperature, residence time, and oxygen concentration on the formation and degradation of trace pollutants in reals combustion chambers. With conservative assumptions, the maximum parameters required (temperature, residence time) for certain destruction can be obtained. Comparison of the required profile with actual behaviour in combustion chambers demonstrates that the combustion systems used almost exclusively for industrial residue disposal, consisting of a rotary furnace and afterburner chamber, are suitable for disposal of chlorinated wastes providing “normal” operating conditions are maintained.
Perspektiven der Prozeßleittechnik
Authors: Brombacher Manfred , Polke Martin 
Published: December 2004

AbstractProspects of process control engineering. The future opportunities for process control engineering in chemistry depend upon the joint efforts of users and manufacturers. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that modern system engineering is demanded – he must pay greater attention to higher functionality of process und production control levels. The manufacturer must take account of these wishes in his development work on future control systems – he must expand his modular libraries and spectrum of components and increasingly supply high performance instruments for rationalisation of project realisation and maintenance. Control systems of the foreseeable future will be measured against these requirements.
Entwicklungen bei der Druck‐ und Vakuumfiltration
Authors: Anlauf Harald 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRecent developments in pressure and vacuum filtration. The fundamental particle‐technological processes of cakeforming filtration are described together with the present theories of machine design. This involves a discussion of the limitation of the use of theoretical models with regard to technical problems and illustrates the possibilities of their practical engineering application. A systematic analysis of the different types of filter equipment available is followed by a description of the development tendencies in this engineering sector, from which not only a profusion of machine improvements and enhanced process automation follows, but completely new filter apparatus and separation techniques evolve. A widespread transitition from vacuum to pressure filtration has become apparent in the past few years. This particular tendency is also expounded with the aid of selected examples.
Lastprognoseverfahren zur Verbrauchersteuerung und Energiebezugsoptimierung im Rahmen eines Energiemanagements
Authors: Brand Martin , Hüner Peter , Backes Hans‐Michael 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLoad demand optimization using adaptive short‐term load forecasting. Computer aided energy management systems provide information for utility management. In particular, they support the monitoring of powerplant performance, report generation, and load allocation. Load demand control and load allocation are most effective when applied to electrical power usage, since electrical power is difficult to store and peak load demands are usually expensive. Forecasting of the electrical load can be employed to control electrical power supply units and to schedule selected customers. A short‐term load forecasting method which has been programmed and implemented into a computer is described here. The method is based on the characteristics of daily load curves, which are divided into load patterns. Comparison of actual load data with the results of the forecast algorithm shows that the required accuracy of the forecast is attained. Large unexpected load changes cannot be predicted by the load model, since they are not represented in the daily load curves.
Suspendieren im Rührbehälter – Vergleich unterschiedlicher Berechnungsgleichungen
Authors: Kraume Matthias , Zehner Peter 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSuspension of solids in stirred tanks – Comparison of different calculations. The suspension of solids in stirred tanks has been the subject of various investigations over the last three decades. Though many equations for the calculation of the critical impeller suspension speed were derived and published during this period of time no conclusive descriptions have been achieved. As a consequence, serious problems arose concerning the scaling‐up of the mixer, since the various equations led to completely different designs. Over the last few years new physical models have been developed to improve on this point. These models aimed to reach a better description by considering the fluid‐dynamic process more accurately. This survey presents the actual state of investigation by systematically comparing the results of the latest models. Careful consideration of the experimental conditions gave fairly consistent results. The decisive problem of the scale‐up procedure, however, remains unsolved.
Meßdatenerfassung, Steuerung und Automatisierung bei Apparaten der Mechanischen Flüssigkeitsabtrennung
Authors: Steiner Karl‐Heinz 
Published: December 2004

AbstractData acquisition, control, and automation in equipment for mechanical separation of liquids. Mass‐ and energy flow in a production process are accompanied by a flow of information. While data processing has reached a high standard, there is a lack of suitable sensors for acquisition of measured data in solid/liquid separation processes. Methods used for acquisition of data relevant to separation engineering are presented for selected separation equipment, possibilities of control with changing product properties are discussed, and unsolved problems of sensor technology are considered.
Gestaltung destillativer Trennungen unter Einbeziehung thermodynamischer Gesichtspunkte
Authors: Kaibel Gerd , Blaß Eckhart , Köhler Jürgen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDesign of distillative separation with due consideration of thermodynamic aspects. This article presents a method for development of advantageous distillative separation equipment by starting from the ideal case of a thermodynamically loss free separation and applying simplifications. Process engineering boundary conditions can serve for clear divisions into individual areas. Possibilities of process integration by a direct thermal and mass linkage are indicated, and promising thermal networking measures are mentioned. The procedure is illustrated by examples.
Der Entwicklungsstand der Hochtemperatur‐Verbrennung und Rauchgasreinigungstechnik — dargestellt an zwei laufenden Bauvorhaben
Authors: Kubisa Ryszard , Pollack Helmut 
Published: December 2004

AbstractState of development of high‐temperature combustion and flue gas purification — illustrated for two current construction projects. The state of the art in rotary furnace combustion plant is described with the aid of two current construction projects for a chemical plant and for a publicly accessible plant. The concepts of the plant are adapted to the waste material to be disposed of, the energy utilisation system, and disposal of the residual materials. Data for the chemical plant indicate higher concentrations and fluctuations in the flue gas constituents. Flue gas scrubbing is accomplished here by quenching, passage, through two rotary scrubbers, and wet electrofiltration. Scrubber liquid is passed to a company purification plant. In the other case, no waste water may occur. A two‐field electrofilter and a two‐stage milk of lime washer are employed. Washing liquid is passed to a waste water treatment unit with vacuum evaporation. Special process engineering measures are necessary to maintain pure gas values even in cases of pronounced concentration fluctuations. Household and special waste incineration are discussed increasingly from the viewpoint of NOx reduction. Possible developments of SCR processes up to use of activated charcoal final purification stages are considered.
Immobilisierte Enzyme – Kinetik, Wirkungsgrad und Anwendung
Authors: Buchholz Klaus 
Published: December 2004

AbstractImmobilized enzymes – kinetics, efficiency, and applications. Immobilized enzymes represent an important class of catalysts. They are used in many industrial processes, some of which are economically significant. The introduction of other new processes is to be expected, and some examples are briefly described. Certain conditions have to be satisfied for their practical application. They can be summarized in a set of characteristic parameters or properties. The principal properties of a biocatalyst include its kinetics and its efficiency. Both of these are discussed at length. Possible catalyst designs permitting improvement of efficiency with mass transfer limitation are described.
Möglichkeiten computergestützter Konstruktion im Chemieanlagenbau
Authors: Futterer Eberhard , Koopmann Christoph 
Published: December 2004

AbstractComputer aided design of chemical plant. The effort necessary for computing and design of a chemical plant as well as the preparation of documentation has increased. This is a result of the growing complexity of process design in order to satisfy economic criteria and more stringent safety and environmental requirements. The available time is limited. CAD is one of the tools that assists the plant designer by solving all these requirements. Even at the very beginning of the development of digital computers, their possibilities in graphics electronic data processing were recognized. Since the 1970s, CAD has been utilized in plant design. The use of two‐dimensional or three‐dimensional CAD software is possible. In most cases this is done by using self‐contained dedicated solutions. The integration of the applications promises an increase of productivity. To reach this aim a database management system (DBMS) may be useful. DBMS is also useful as an interface to other computing tools like FEM‐ or process flowsheeting programs. The development of the soft‐ and hardware domain has reached a level of sophistication which makes the economic utilization of CAD possible. Nevertheless, much work still remains to be done.
Produktionsintegrierter Umweltschutz — Verminderung von Reststoffen, gezeigt anhand ausgeführter Beispiele
Authors: Bakay Tibor , Domnick Klaus 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPractical examples of production‐related environmental protection and volume reduction in residual substances. Minimizing the volume of residual substances produced in chemical production processes is a matter of growing significance. One example is the production of toluylene diisocyanate where HCl gases generated as by‐products are reclaimed by a special HCl electrolysis process and subsequently used in the production of precursors for toluylene diisocyanate. Another example is a combined disposal system for sewage sludge and for a particular chlorine‐laden residue (a chlorinated hydrocarbon). Once this plant had gone on stream it was possible both to reduce considerably the volume of waste to be dumped in the landfill and to discontinue the incineration of the chlorinated hydrocarbon at sea.
Verwertung von Natriumsulfat
Authors: Plessen Helmold V. , Kau Heinz , Münster Gerhard , Scheibitz Wolfgang 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUtilization of sodium sulphate. Commercial sodium sulphate is usually obtained by crystallization and calcination. Processes for utilizing sodium sulphate that have previously been studied or used are mainly the following methods: electrochemical processes, conversion processes, and reduction processes. At present the first two groups of these three appear more advantageous than the reduction processes, which are technically complex and suffer from the formation of waste gases. The lower energy requirements of the conversion processes offer advantages over electrolytic methods. Only comparative cost estimates for the different processes could help one arrive at a sound evaluation.
Funktionen der Produktionslogistik in der Verfahrenstechnik
Authors: Riemer Joachim S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFunctions of production logistics in process engineering. This article demonstrates the evolution of individually developed production‐management systems to a computerized standard information system for the production‐management level. The goal is to introduce this system company wide with in a large enterprise of chemical industry. Preconditions are uniform infrastructure of company data and the economic development and maintainance of the software. It is explained why from the viewpoint of production logistics all parts of the modular system have to be open within themselves and in connections with the corporate‐management level (sales oriented logistics) and the process‐management level.