bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors for pneumonitis during locoregional radiotherapy in high‐risk patients with breast carcinoma treated with high‐dose chemotherapy and stem‐cell rescue
Authors: Lind Pehr A. , Marks Lawrence B. , Jamieson Timothy A. , Carter Dennis L. , Vredenburgh James J. , Folz Rodney J. , Prosnitz Leonard R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo study the predictive value of serial pulmonary function testing (PFT) for toxicity in patients who have received high‐dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and stem‐cell rescue for breast carcinoma. These patients are at risk of developing therapy‐related pneumonitis (TRP) during or after radiotherapy (RT).METHODSSixty‐eight patients who received induction chemotherapy (CT) and consolidation HDCT (cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, carmustine) underwent serial PFTs before induction CT, after HDCT, and before locoregional RT. The rate of TRP, i.e., pulmonary complications of Grade 2 or higher (World Health Organization classification), was studied during and 2 months after RT. We analyzed the time‐course of changes in the diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) and forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) and studied the differences between patients who developed TRP and those who did not.RESULTSThe incidence of TRP was 46%. There were marked reductions in DLCO and FEV1 at the time of RT compared with baseline (Wilcoxon signed rank test: P < 0.001). However, pre‐RT PFT values did not predict subsequent development of TRP. Instead, the ratio of pre‐RT DLCO to the minimum post‐ HDCT DLCO, i.e., trend of improvement, predicted the development of TRP in patients (logistic regression analysis: P = 0.048). At a cutoff level of 1, the positive and negative predictive values for this ratio were 61% and 87%, respectively. There was an association between this ratio and a longer interval between HDCT and RT (Spearman rank correlation: P = 0.002).CONCLUSIONSThe results suggest that the directional trend of DLCO after HDCT, i.e., no recovery from nadir values, is a predictor for TRP. TRP patients have a shorter median interval between HDCT and RT than asymptomatic patients. To minimize the occurrence of TRP, one should consider either delaying RT beyond 2 months following carmustine‐based HDCT to allow the PFTs to partly recover, or confirm apositive directional trend for improvement of DLCO at the start of RT compared to the post‐HDCT nadir value. Cancer 2002;94:2821–9. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10573
Evaluating a risk‐based model for mammographic screening of women in their forties
Authors: McPherson Carol P. , Nissen Mary J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDA risk‐based model was developed for recommendations for mammography screening of women in their 40s. We determined retrospectively the proportion of women already diagnosed in their 40s with breast cancer (BC) who would have been recommended for mammography screening by this model.METHODSInformation was obtained from 404 women who were diagnosed with BC in their 40s from 1990 to 1998 at a large midwestern hospital. Data on BC detection method, mammography history, and BC risk factors existing before diagnosis were obtained from 353 of these women by mailed questionnaires. Data for an additional 51 women who had died were obtained by chart review. Two algorithms, the Exact Age Procedure (EAP) and the Grouped Age Procedure (GAP), were used to calculate the proportion of women who would have been recommended for mammography screening based on age, race, and BC risk factors.RESULTSOf women diagnosed with BC in their 40s, 74.5% would have been recommended for screening by the EAP and 70.5% by the GAP. The model would have recommended screening for approximately one half of the women who had no conventional risk factors (54% by EAP, 48% by GAP).CONCLUSIONAlthough use of the risk‐based model could result in more recommendations for screening than individual recommendations based on patient‐physician discussions about the woman's risk factors, one in four women diagnosed with breast cancer in their 40s would not have been recommended for mammography screening. Cancer 2002; 94:2830–5. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10579
Phase I trial of subcutaneous recombinant human interleukin‐2 in patients with metastatic melanoma
Authors: Eton Omar , Rosenblum Michael G. , Legha Sewa S. , Zhang Wehei , Jo East Mary , Bedikian Agop , Papadopoulos Nicholas , Buzaid Antonio , Benjamin Robert S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDInterleukin‐2 (IL‐2) has activity in metastatic melanoma when given in high doses by the intravenous (IV) route, but its side effects and effectiveness when given in intermediate to high doses by the subcutaneous (SC) route have not been studied adequately. This study sought to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of IL‐2 administered once daily by the SC route.METHODSOutpatients with progressive metastatic melanoma after chemotherapy were enrolled in a Phase I trial of IL‐2 administered SC daily for 5 days per week for 4 consecutive weeks, repeated at 6‐week intervals. Patients were instructed to drink at least 2 L of fluid daily. IL‐2 pharmacokinetic studies were performed at the two highest dose levels. Toxicity was recorded weekly using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria. Response was assessed at 6‐week intervals.RESULTSThree patients, 6 patients, 6 patients, and 4 patients received a median of 2 courses of SC IL‐2 at dose levels of 6 MIU/m2, 9 MIU/m2, 12 MIU/m2, and 15 MIU/m2, respectively. Failure to maintain adequate fluid intake was responsible for 2 episodes of syncope at the 9 MIU/m2 dose level and for 2 incidents of reversible prerenal azotemia at the 15 MIU/m2 dose level. IL‐2 treatment was resumed in these patients without incident. At the 15 MIU/m2 dose level, 2 patients had severe headaches, depression, and visual hallucinations requiring discontinuation of treatment. Cough and fluid retention at the end of the third and fourth weeks at the 15 MIU/m2 dose level approximated the symptoms reported by inpatients treated by continuous IV infusion at 9 MIU/m2 on the same schedule. There was a partial response and a complete response in subcutaneous disease at the 12 MIU/m2 and 15 MIU/m2 dose levels, respectively, each lasting < 2 months. Plasma IL‐2 levels after SC injection of 1000–5000 pg/mL reached maximum by 3 hours and were detectable for up to 48 hours after administration. The half‐lives for SC IL‐2 absorbance and clearance were 1.6 hours and 5.2 hours, respectively, and the calculated area under the curve was 30,584 pg/mL × hour.CONCLUSIONSSC IL‐2 was well tolerated and had high sustained bioavailability at the higher doses studied. The MTD for a daily SC regimen was 12 MIU/m2 and is recommended for future studies. Cancer 2002;95:127–34. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10631
Patterns of Care Study quantitative evaluation of the quality of radiotherapy in Japan
Authors: Tanisada Kazuaki , Teshima Teruki , Ohno Yuko , Inoue Toshihiko , Abe Mitsuyuki , Ikeda Hiroshi , Owen Jean B. , Hanks Gerald E. , Masuda Kouji , Honke Yoshifumi ,   the Japanese Patterns of Care Study 1992–1994 Working Group
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDQuality assurance (QA) of clinical practice is important for any medical specialty. Programs based on the Patterns of Care Study (PCS) have been developed to compare the quality of radiotherapeutic care at individual institutions, with the national average representing the process and outcome of radiotherapy. The feasibility of these programs was analyzed.METHODSCalculation programs for the national average and standard score were developed to evaluate quantitatively the process and outcome of radiotherapy at individual institutions as well as at the national level. The programs were used to evaluate the quality of radiotherapy for 561 esophageal carcinoma patients surveyed in the Japanese PCS.RESULTSAs a representative example of QA measurement, the national average for the 5‐year survival rate for these patients in the nonsurgery group was 5%. The regional averages for those in academic and nonacademic institutions were 9% and 1%, respectively (P = 0.0142), showing a significant difference between these two institutional strata. The standard score compared with the national average for institution No.105, for example, was 16.3 (P < 0.0001), with the positive value indicating that the outcome at this institution was significantly higher than the national average. The corresponding figure compared with the regional average was −0.3 (P = 0.7391), with the negative value indicating the outcome is not superior to the regional average of academic institutions.CONCLUSIONSThese programs make it possible to compare quantitatively the quality of radiation therapy at individual institutions with the national and regional averages. They should also be useful for nationwide QA projects in radiation oncology as well as in other medical specialities. Cancer 2002;95:164–71. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10633
Rapid titration with intravenous morphine for severe cancer pain and immediate oral conversion
Authors: Mercadante Sebastiano , Villari Patrizia , Ferrera Patrizia , Casuccio Alessandra , Fulfaro Fabio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDCancer pain emergencies presenting with severe excruciating pain require a rapid application of powerful analgesic strategies. The aim of the current study was to evaluate a method of rapid titration with intravenous morphine to achieve relief of cancer pain of severe intensity.METHODSForty‐nine consecutive patients admitted to a Pain Relief and Palliative Care Unit for severe and prolonged pain were enrolled in the study. Pain was evaluated on a numeric scale of 0–10 (0 indicated no pain and 10 indicated excruciating pain). After the initial assessment (T0), an intravenous line was inserted and boluses of morphine (2 mg every 2 minutes) were given until the initial signs of significant analgesia were detected or severe adverse effects occurred (T1). A continuous reassessment was warranted and the effective total dose administrated intravenously was assumed to last approximately 4 hours and was calculated for 24 hours. The dose immediately was converted to oral morphine (a 1:3 ratio for low doses and a 1:2 ratio for high doses).RESULTSData from 45 patients was analyzed. A significant decrease in pain intensity was achieved in a mean of 9.7 minutes (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 7.4–12.1 minutes), using a mean dose of intravenous morphine of 8.5 mg (95% CI, 6.5–10.5 mg). The doses administered rapidly were converted to oral morphine and pain control was mantained until the patient's discharge, which occurred in a mean of 4.6 days (95% CI, 4.1–5.2 days). The incidence of adverse effects was minimal.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study demonstrate that cancer pain emergencies can be treated rapidly in the majority of cancer patients with an acceptable level of adverse effects. Intravenous administration of morphine requires initial close supervision and continuity of medical and nursing care. Cancer 2002;95:203–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10636
Dichotomy in phasic‐tonic neuromuscular structure of crayfish inhibitory axons
Authors: Kirk Mark D. , Meyer Jason S. , Miller Mark W. , Govind C.K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCrustacean muscles are unique in their innervation by both excitatory and inhibitory neurons; therefore, they exhibit polyneuronal and multiterminal innervation. Because excitatory motoneurons are broadly divided into phasic and tonic types, we hypothesized that inhibitory neurons would follow a similar dichotomy. The abdominal extensor muscles in crayfish are separated into parallel deep and superficial bundles; the former has fast muscle fibers innervated by phasic excitatory motoneurons, and the latter has slow fibers supplied by tonic excitatory motoneurons. Each muscle also is innervated by a single, separate inhibitory neuron that uses γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) as the inhibitory neurotransmitter. The pattern of axonal branching by the separate inhibitory axons in phasic and tonic abdominal extensor muscles was visualized with confocal microscopy in preparations labeled for GABA‐like immunoreactivity. Initial observations indicated that the phasic muscle was covered by extensive GABAergic, filiform axon terminals, whereas innervation of the tonic muscle was comprised of more localized and varicose terminals. With quantitative analyses, we found that the phasic axon has a more highly branched nature than the tonic in first‐ and second‐order branches. The phasic axon branches also were significantly longer than the tonic branches in the second‐ and third‐order branches. Synaptic varicosities in the phasic branches were smaller and less frequent than those in the tonic branches. The fine structure of the inhibitory nerve terminals near synaptic contacts examined with thin‐serial‐section electron microscopy revealed distinct differences between the phasic system and the tonic system. The phasic terminals were smaller in cross‐sectional area than the tonic terminals, and they had smaller synapses and fewer mitochondria. The presynaptic active zone dense bodies were similar in length and number between phasic and tonic synapses. However, their number per synaptic area was two‐fold higher in phasic synapses compared with tonic synapses because of the smaller size of the phasic synapses. Thus, within the same neuromuscular system, inhibitory synaptic terminals revealed unique phasic and tonic identities similar to those observed for the excitatory axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:283–290, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential distribution of the glutamate transporters GLT‐1 and GLAST in tanycytes of the third ventricle
Authors: Berger Urs V. , Hediger Matthias A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ventral one‐third of the ventricular lining in the hypothalamus is formed by specialized ependymal cells called the tanycytes. These cells may serve a neuroendocrine transport function because of their structural specializations, which include apical microvili on the ventricular surface and long basal processes that terminate on blood vessels or on the glia limitans. Here, we describe the expression of mRNA and protein for the glutamate transporters GLT‐1 and GLAST in unique tanycyte populations of the third ventricle in rat brain. Using nonisotopic in situ hybridization, we demonstrate GLAST mRNA labeling in tanycytes of the ventral floor and lateral walls in the tuberal and mammillary recess portions of the third ventricle. This GLAST mRNA labeling had a higher intensity than the labeling intensity observed in regular ependymal cells throughout the ventricular system. Furthermore, we have identified strong GLT‐1 mRNA labeling in a population of tanycytes situated in the dorsolateral walls of caudal tuberal and mammillary recess portions. Immunocytochemical staining indicates that both GLT‐1 and GLAST protein are expressed in the tanycyte populations as well. These data corroborate previous findings that third ventricle tanycytes are functionally heterogeneous. Furthermore, the GLT‐1‐expressing tanycytes represent a population of tanycytes that, to date, has not been recognized as functionally distinct. The strong GLAST expression by the ventral tanycytes in the hypophysiotropic area suggests a role of tanycyte‐mediated glutamate transport in neuroendocrine activity. The functional role of GLT‐1 in dorsal wall tanycytes remains to be explored. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:101–114, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demonstration of a rhodopsin‐retinochrome system in the stalk eye of a marine gastropod, onchidium, by immunohistochemistry
Authors: Katagiri Nobuko , Terakita Akihisa , Shichida Yoshinori , Katagiri Yasuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe stalk eye of Onchidium sp. (Gastropoda, Mollusca) is the principal photoreceptor in a multiple photoreceptive system that consists of the stalk and dorsal eyes, dermal photoreceptor cells, and photosensitive neurons. To examine the localization of photopigments, the stalk eyes were immunostained with specific antibodies to rhodopsin, retinochrome, and retinal‐binding protein (RALBP), which had been generated against squid retinal proteins. The retina of the stalk eye was divided into villous, pigmented, somatic, and neural layers. It was comprised mainly of two types of visual and pigmented supportive cells. The type 1 visual (VC1) cell was characterized by well‐developed microvilli on its apical protrusion and photic vesicles in the cytoplasm. The photic vesicles were specifically blackened by prolonged osmification. The type 2 visual (VC2) cell had less numerous, shorter microvilli on its concave apical surface and lacked photic vesicles. The anti‐squid rhodopsin antiserum was localized specifically to the villous layer that corresponded to the VC1 microvilli. With the anti‐retinochrome peptide antibody, the somatic layer showed specific but patchy, positive staining that corresponded to the cytoplasm of the VC1 cells. Because the photic vesicles are known to contain retinochrome, these results indicate that this retinochrome is localized in the VC1 cytoplasm. Anti‐RALBP antibody stained the supranuclear cytoplasm to the distal cytoplasm of VC1 cells. This is the first demonstration of the localization of RALBP in the Gastropoda Onchidium stalk eye. In squid retina that were immunostained as positive controls, the anti‐rhodopsin antibody stained rhabdomeric microvilli, the anti‐retinochrome antibody stained the inner segment and the basal region of the outer segment, and the anti‐RALBP antibody stained the outer and inner segments, respectively. These results suggest that the rhodopsin‐retinochrome system that has been established in cephalopod eyes is present in the Onchidium stalk eye. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:380–389, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuromodulator content of hamster intergeniculate leaflet neurons and their projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus or visual midbrain
Authors: Morin Lawrence P. , Blanchard Jane H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of the lateral geniculate complex has widespread, bilateral, and reciprocal connections with nuclei in the subcortical visual shell. Its function is poorly understood with respect to its role in visual processing. The most well‐known IGL projection, and the only one with a clear function, is the geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT) that terminates in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), site of the primary circadian clock. The hamster GHT is derived, in part, from IGL neurons containing neuropeptide Y and enkephalin. IGL neurons containing these peptides also project to the pretectal region. The present studies used a combination of immunohistochemical, lesion, and retrograde tracing techniques to study neuron types in the IGL and their projections to hamster SCN and pretectum. Two additional neuromodulators, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and neurotensin, are shown to be present in IGL neurons. The GABA‐ and neurotensin‐immunoreactive neurons project to the SCN with terminal field patterns very similar to those for neuropeptide Y and enkephalin. IGL neurons of all four types also send projections to the pretectum, but rarely do individual cells project to both the SCN and the pretectum. Nearly all neurotensin is colocalized with neuropeptide Y in IGL neurons, although about half of the neuropeptide Y cells do not contain neurotensin. Otherwise, the extent to which the four neuromodulators are colocalized varies from 6% to 54%. Nearly every SCN neuron appears to contain GABA. In the IGL, the majority of cells studied are not identifiable by GABA immunoreactivity. Putative functions of the various neuromodulator projections from the IGL to pretectum or SCN are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:79–90, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical localization of atrial natriuretic factor and autoradiographic distribution of atrial natriuretic factor‐binding sites in the brain of the cave salamander Hydromantes genei (Amphibia, Plethodontidae)
Authors: Mathieu Maura , Trabucchi Michele , Vallarino Mauro , Pedrazzi Andrea , Serra Giuliana , Spiga Saturnino , Vaudry Hubert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe distribution of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)‐like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the cave salamander Hydromantes genei (Amphibia, Plethodontidae) was investigated by using antisera raised against rat and human ANF(1–28). Concurrently, the location of ANF‐binding sites was determined by autoradiography, using radioiodinated human ANF(1–28) as a tracer. In several regions of the brain, including the olfactory bulb, the preoptic area, the ventral thalamus, the tectum of the mesencephalon, and the choroid plexuses inside the ventricles, a good correlation was observed between the distribution of ANF‐immunoreactive elements and the location of ANF‐binding sites. Mismatching was found in the habenular nucleus, the commissura habenularis, the fasciculum retroflexus, and the interpeduncular nucleus, which contained high levels of binding sites but were devoid of ANF‐immunoreactive structures. In contrast, a few other regions, such as the pineal gland and the subcommissural organ, showed a high concentration of ANF‐like immunoreactivity but did not contain ANF‐binding sites. This study provides the first localization of ANF‐like immunoreactivity and ANF‐binding sites in the brain of an urodele amphibian. The results show that the ANF peptidergic system in the cave salamander has an organization more simple than the organizations described for the brain of frog or other vertebrates. This feature is probably related to the expression of highly pedomorphic characters in plethodontids. The anatomical distribution of ANF‐immunoreactive elements and ANF‐binding sites suggests that ANF‐related peptides may act as hypophysiotropic hormones as well as neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators in the salamander brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:240–258, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAergic neurons that pioneer hippocampal area CA1 of the mouse: Morphologic features and multiple fates
Authors: Jiang Minghui , Oliva Anthony A. , Lam Trang , Swann John W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDramatic changes occur in the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) immunoreactivity in mouse hippocampus during postnatal development. Most striking is the presence of a dense population of immunopositive cells in stratum radiatum and stratum oriens in area CA1 during the first postnatal week. Between days 5 and 10, these cells disappear and the GAD67 immunoreactivity begins to resemble that of adulthood. These neurons are considered pioneer cells, and studies were undertaken to determine their fate. Between days 5 and 50, area CA1 doubles in size; however, the loss of cells expressing GAD67 mRNA cannot be explained solely by dilution resulting from hippocampal growth. In stratum radiatum, cell loss is particularly dramatic. Although between days 5 and 15, many cells seem to migrate from stratum radiatum to its border with stratum lacunosum‐moleculare, both fate maps of pioneer cells labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on embryonic day 13 (E13) and in situ DNA end‐labeling studies suggest that some cells die by means of programmed cell death. However, not all pioneer cells die, because many cells labeled with BrdU on E13 are present in adulthood and express markers for and have anatomic features of hippocampal interneurons. In conclusion, events that underlie the age‐dependent disappearance of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) ‐ergic pioneer cells are complex and cannot be completely explained by dilution in an expanding neuropile. Although some GABAergic pioneer cells likely undergo programmed cell death during the first postnatal weeks, others relocate within hippocampal laminae and terminally differentiate into the interneurons of adulthood. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:176–192, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.