bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pre-supplementary motor cortex mediates learning transfer from perceptual to motor timing
Authors: Sánchez-Moncada Itzamná , Concha Luis , Merchant Hugo 
Published: December 2023

When we intensively train a timing skill, such as learning to play the piano, we not only produce brain changes associated with task-specific learning but also improve our performance in other temporal behaviors that depend on these tuned neural resources. Since the neural basis of time learning and generalization is still unknown, we measured the changes in neural activity associated with the transfer of learning from perceptual to motor timing in a large sample of subjects (n=65; 39 women). We found that intense training in an interval discrimination task increased the acuity of time perception in a group of subjects that also exhibited learning transfer, expressed as a reduction in inter-tap interval variability during an internally driven periodic motor task. In addition, we found subjects with no learning and/or generalization effects. Notably, functional imaging showed an increase in pre-supplementary motor area and caudate-putamen activity between the post- and pre-training sessions of the tapping task. This increase was specific to the subjects that generalized their timing acuity from the perceptual to the motor context. These results emphasize the central role of the cortico-basal ganglia circuit in the generalization of timing abilities between tasks.Significance statementIntensive training in a task can lead to improvements in other behaviors when the neural resources are shared between conditions. Hence, the learning-generalization strategy is now actively used in interventions to improve timing behaviors across tasks. Here we show that timing-precision enhancement after interval discrimination training can be transferred as a decrease in temporal variability during a tapping task in a subgroup of subjects. Crucially, the generalization from perceptual to motor timing increased activity in the pre-supplementary motor area and caudate-putamen in that subgroup. These findings support the notion that magnified recruitment occurs in the cortico-basal-ganglia circuit when an acquired perceptual-timing ability is transferred to a motor-timing task.
STUDY OF THE POSSIBILITY OF INCREASING THE PLASTICITY OF TUNGSTEN WIRE AT NORMAL TEMPERATURES BY OPTIMIZING THE DRAWING TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Vinichenko V. , Yershov A. , Ol'shanetskii V. , Volkov V. , Ivanchenko E. 
Published: December 2023

Purpose. The development of a mathematical model for the process of drawing a tungsten-thorium wire for the analysis of the influence of technological factors of the specified process on the plasticity of the material and the recommendations on how to choose their optimal values, from the point of view reaching the plasticity of the wire at the maximum productivity of the wire drawing process.
Research methods. The problem of creating a mathematical model for investigating the influnce of technological parameters into the process of drawing on the plasticity of a tungsten-thorium rod was considered to be based on the theory of experiment, in particular the method of experiment planning. Various material samples were prepared using methods of powder metallurgy and pressure treatment, in particular wire drawing. Experiments were carried out in real production conditions using industrial equipment. The plasticity of the tungsten-thorium rod was determined by torsion testing using the K-5 machine.
Results. A mathematical model has been created that adequately describes the impact of technological factors on the plasticity of tungsten wire, which allows thoroughly analyze the physical processes that occur during wire drawing, and, if necessary, correct regimes without conducting a large number of physical experiments.
Scientific novelty. The mathematical model has been proposed as it allows to analyze the impact of technological factors of drawing process on plasticity of tungsten-thorium wire produced at real manufacturing.
Practical value. It can be useful for the technologists for higher productive application of industrial equipment and decrease of expenses for production of experiment consignment.
Международно-правовые проблемы установления реальной связи судна и государства флага: торжество формализма над содержанием?
Authors: Андриянов Дмитрий Вадимович 
Published: December 2023

В статье рассматривается эволюция международно-правовой нормы, устанавливающей требование обеспечения реальной связи между судном и государством флага. Речь идет о том, какие именно действия государство флага должно предпринять для надлежащего осуществления на судне юрисдикции и контроля. Основной проблемой является то, что предусмотренные в международном праве меры по контролю и обеспечению выполнения соответствующих законов и правил, которые государство флага обязано имплементировать и осуществлять, носят индикативный, неисчерпывающий характер. Автор отмечает, что проблемы установления реальной связи актуальны не только в контексте судов, но и искусственных установок и сооружений, а в еще более широком контексте — имеют отношение к институту гражданства физических лиц. Автор проводит сравнительно-правовой анализ институтов гражданства физических лиц и национальности морских судов. В то время как предоставление гражданства человеку зависит от юридического факта рождения (филиация) или соблюдения определенной законом формальной процедуры (натурализация), отношения между государством и физическим лицом имеют еще и некоторую моральную составляющую (взаимное чувство долга, лояльность). Судно, являясь недвижимой вещью (res), также обладает национальностью, однако отношения между такой вещью и государством основаны на функциональном подходе. Тем не менее схожесть этих двух категорий в современных условиях прослеживается без труда: продажа государствами своей национальности иностранным гражданам (так называемое «инвестиционное гражданство») приближает сущность этого института к некоторой товарности, традиционно присущей национальности судов (регистрация судна в офшорных (открытых) регистрах и приобретение «удобного флага»).
В результате исследования практики предоставления судам национальности автором выявлены две тенденции. Согласно первой, для правомерного приобретения права на флаг достаточно лишь факта регистрации судна в реестре государства флага. По разным оценкам, в мире около 35 государств открытой регистрации предоставляют (продают) «удобный флаг». Другая тенденция заключается в том, что помимо формального внесения в реестр записи, требуется соблюдение ряда условий, обеспечивающих некие фактические отношения государства и судна (реальная связь). Вторая тенденция рассматривается автором как предпочтительная, вследствие чего делается общий вывод о необходимости оценивать, насколько жесткие требования предъявляются к судовладельцам на уровне национального законодательства государства флага, в том числе в таких вопросах как право собственности, гражданство судовладельцев, капитана и членов экипажа, отчетность, транспарентность и др.
MODIFICATION OF GUY’S SCORING SYSTEM FOR POST PCNL PREDICTION OF STONE FREE RATE AND COMPLICATION RATE
Authors: Mohammed Rebaz , Akhaweas Ismaeel 
Published: December 2023

Background Due to the wide variation in methods used by urologists to assess clinical and academic outcomes of PCNL, the SFR (Stone Free Rate) and complications can differ. Therefore, it is crucial to examine preoperative factors that influence these outcomes. To improve guidance for patients considering PCNL, nephrolithotomy scoring systems have been developed based on preoperative indicators, as inconsistent reporting of PCNL outcomes across different centres has been observed.
Objectives To demonstrate the efficacy of integrating further possible patient and stone factors in this nephrolithmetry system provided, keeping the predictive value of this system as simple and reproducible as possible.
Patients and MethodsData from one hundred consecutive cases of prone PCNL were collected after obtaining ethical approval. All cases were operated in Al-Sulaymaniyah Surgical Teaching Hospital and Shar Teaching Hospital between August 2021 and July 2022. Preoperative Guy’s scoring was applied by two endo-urologist to categorize all patients into four grades. The data included patients’ sociodemographic characteristics and stone parameters measured on preoperative non-contrast Computed tomography.
ResultsThe mean age of patients was 44.85 years. The distribution of Guy’s stone score was as follows: G1=35 patients, G2=40 patients, G3=15 patients, and G4=10 patients. Tract length was <100mm in 51 cases and >100mm in 49 cases. Stone density was <1000 in 34 patients and >1000 in 66 patients. Postoperative residual stones were seen in 12 patients, and significant complications and blood transfusion were seen in 8 patients; all were more frequent with higher Guy’s scores. We found a statistically significant correlation between more than 100mm tract length and high postoperative residual stone by Chi-square test P-value 0.01. In addition, we observed strong relation between tract length and postoperative complication rates, though statistically insignificant.
ConclusionWe suggest modifying Guy’s stone score by adding an expected tract length of more than 100mm to predict a higher residual stone rate and complication rate. Tract length can be added to Guy’s stone score and used as an upgrading factor by one grade whenever preoperative CT shows a tract length of more than 100mm.
PREVALENCE OF THE SUBTYPES OF OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER AMONG DIAGNOSED PATIENTS IN THE KURDISTAN REGION IN IRAQ
Authors: Faraj Saman 
Published: December 2023

Background The clinical manifestation of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) differs from patient to patient, indicating that the content of the obsessions and compulsions varies. Therefore, the present study aims to find the prevalence of the sub-types of OCD.
Objectives This study addresses the association of the sub-types of obsessions and compulsion with gender, age, and marital status.
Patients and MethodsSeventy-five patients with OCD from a psychiatric clinic, who were diagnosed through an unstructured interview, participated in this study, which utilized a retrospective research design. The data was obtained from the case files of the patients, where their diagnosis and the content of their obsessions and compulsion were specified.
ResultsThe results showed that the most prevalent obsession in the sample was contamination obsessions. They were followed by religious, doubting, aggressive, symmetry, and sexual obsessions. As for compulsions, cleaning/washing was the most common among the participants, followed by mental rituals, whereas checking and arranging compulsions were the least common. The results also revealed that contamination obsession had a significant association with gender.
VALIDATION OF THE KURDISH LANGUAGE VERSION OF THE STANDARDIZED COSMESIS AND NASAL OUTCOMES SURVEY (SCHNOS), APPLICATION FOR SEPTORHINOPLASTY HEALTH
Authors: Qaradaxi Kurdo , Mohammed Haidar , Hasan Hawree , Aziz Zana , Khan Hiwa , Kakways Kazim , Marof Kawa 
Published: December 2023

Background The Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS) questionnaire is a recent tool for evaluating patient satisfaction in both functional and cosmetic components of rhinoplasty. It is a reliable, steady, and corroborated patient-reported outcome measure that is not available in Kurdish.
Objectives To evaluate the application of the Kurdish version of the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS) scale for Septorhinoplasty surgery and research.
Materials and Methodsconducted four centre studies to validate The Kurdish version of the scale We adhered to a strict translation procedure, including a forward and back translation and reconciliation interviews, to ensure the original content and concepts were preserved compared for patients and control groups and tailored to the demographic the instrument was intended for.
Resultsshowed that the Kurdish version of the SCHNOS was conceptually comparable to the original English version and demonstrated high internal consistency for nasal function as an aesthetic postoperative outcome. The Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated a weak to moderate correlation between the different items, indicating that the different items measure somewhat distinct aspects of nasal function and appearance. However, the high Cronbach’s alpha values suggested that the different items measure similar aspects of nasal function and appearance and can be considered a reliable scale for assessing SCHNOSE.The results of the paired samples t-test showed significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative obstructive and aesthetic SCHNOSE scores, indicating that the observed differences are likely to be real and not simply due to random variation in the data.
ConclusionThe Kurdish form of the SCHNOS demonstrates virtuous reliability and validity, coherent with the original version. Thus, it can be used as a validated questionnaire for outcome measurements for rhinoplasty. This version should be recommended to evaluate both functional and cosmetic outcomes in daily practice and rhinoplasty-related examinations.
TREATMENT OUTCOMES OF UTERINE CARCINOMA: A SINGLE INSTITUTION RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Karim Bakhan , Fattah Chro , Ali Jalil 
Published: December 2023

BackgroundEndometrial cancer has a lifetime risk of 2.6% for women living in industrialized countries and it is the most prevalent kind of cancer diagnosed in those regions. In terms of gynecologic cancer-related deaths, it ranks after ovarian and cervical cancer as the third most common cause.
ObjectivesTo evaluate endometrial cancer patients’ long-term treatment outcomes, including disease-free survival and overall survival, as well as to pinpoint independent predictive markers.
Materials and MethodsAt the Zhianawa Cancer Center, a retrospective analysis was conducted. All patients who had been referred for radiation therapy between March 2009 and January 2019 were included in the research, except those who had distant metastases. In the end, 89 patients were included. Using the Kaplan-Meier technique, overall survival and disease-free survival were calculated, and the significance of the variations across curves was evaluated using the log-rank test.
ResultsAll patients underwent surgery, 96.6% received adjuvant radiotherapy, and 42.7% received concomitant chemotherapy. The 5-year and 10-year disease-free survivals were 62.9% and 56.2%, and the overall 5-year and 10-year survivals were 74.2% and 66.3% respectively. The statistically significant variables impacting disease-free survival were lymphovascular invasion and marginal status, and the only statistically significant prognostic variable affecting overall survival was the FIGO stage.
ConclusionIn this analysis, we concluded that uterine cancer has a good prognosis, and its outcome was influenced by stage, lymphovascular space invasion, and surgical marginal status.
MOTHER’S KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEFS ABOUT HOME MANAGEMENT FOR INFANT COLIC IN RAPARIN ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Sofi Himdad , Mustafa Ibrahim 
Published: December 2023

BackgroundInfant colic is a difficult and complex experience for parents and infants in the first few months of their lives, which causes excessive crying and discomfort for infants as well as anxiety and distress for mothers.
ObjectivesTo assess the level of information and beliefs that influence mothers regarding home management for reducing infant colic.
Materials and MethodsA cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Raparin administration from the period of 15 May 2022 to 15 July 2022. Participated mothers in this study was 245 who had one or more children and visited the hospital for treatment, the data was obtained through direct interview by questionnaire which included demographic characteristic, 15 items regarding information, 10 items about foods that cause infant colic and 17 items concerning to method used to eliminate infant colic. The data were analyzed through the SPSS program and the chi-square test was used to find the association.
ResultsThe results demonstrate that the majority of mothers (47.6%) who participated were between in the age group (30-39) years old, followed by (75.9%) of mothers were living in urban places, and the majority of mothers (86.1%) were housewife. As well as it has also been revealed that mothers had good knowledge (81.7%) and concerning the beliefs (42.6%) of samples know practices used to reduce infant colic. Concerning significance, there was no significant association between the mother’s knowledge and their socio-demographic characteristics and there was a significant association between the mother’s beliefs and (occupational status) at p-value < 0.046.
ConclusionThe mothers had good knowledge about infant colic and cultural influence still impacts mothers’ beliefs regarding home management for infant colic. Mothers’ knowledge had a non-significant association with their demographic features and a significant association between mother’s beliefs and their occupational status.
KNOWLEDGE AMONG SULAIMANIYAH POPULATION TOWARDS INJECTABLE FACIAL FILLERS
Authors: Omer Shahen , Amin Zanyar , Hawramy Falah 
Published: December 2023

BackgroundAny operation that involves cosmetic correction and alteration of existing bodily features is referred to as a cosmetic procedure. It also covers surgical operations like liposuction, rhinoplasty, breast augmentation, and minimally invasive procedures like botulinum toxin injections and fillers.
ObjectivesTo explore and evaluate participants’ personal and subjective views on facial fillers in the Sulaimani governorate.
Patients and MethodsOne hundred and sixty-one participants were recruited over three months from 6 January 2022 to 8 April 2022; all the participants were approached with a questionnaire regarding their personal and subjective views on facial fillers, and informed consent was taken before participating.
ResultsThe recruited population for the work includes 111 females and 60 males, with an F/M ratio of 1.85. The main reason listed by most of the participants (n=102, 69.56%) who have or are considering undergoing facial fillers are their concerns about visible ageing signs and facial appearance; the (n=29, 18.01%) listed that people’s influence and the fact that they compare themselves with other people and people from the social media has encouraged them to opt facial fillers.
ConclusionHalf of the participants understood the procedure enough, although they needed more information regarding the facial fillers’ side effects. Most participants do not even feel they would need to hide that they have undergone any procedure, which is the ultimate level of acceptance.
Leyendas nutricionales y percepción del consumidor sobre productos procesados
Authors: Alvarado Alvarado Flor María , Altamirano Mendieta Johanna Estefanía , Encalada Torres Lorena Esperanza , Morales Avilez Diana Elizabeth , Tolentino Mayo María Lizbeth , Abril-Ulloa Victoria 
Published: December 2023

Las etiquetas de los productos procesados y​​ ultraprocesados ​​(PPU) informan sobre el contenido de nutrientes y algunos productos presentan leyendas sobre salud y nutrición que puede causar confusión a los consumidores dando a entender que son productos alimentarios saludables, induciendo su compra.
Objetivo: analizar la concordancia entre leyendas y contenido nutricional declarado en el empaque de PPU en relación a los nutrientes, micronutrientes y su importancia para los consumidores en la decisión de compra y consumo.
Métodos: estudio cuanti-cualitativo. Se analizaron 2054 PPU y se identificó la frecuencia de leyendas nutricionales en 10 categorías. Según la taxonomía de INFORMAS, se identificó el tipo de leyenda de los empaques. Además, se entrevistó a 12 adultos sobre la percepción de la importancia que tienen las leyendas nutricionales al momento de realizar la compra y el consumo.
Resultados: el 79% de leyendas de los empaques de PPU correspondieron a declaración de contenido de nutrientes. La concordancia entre declaraciones y contenido nutricional es baja en la mayoría de los productos que presentan mensajes nutricionales. El estudio cualitativo mostró que las leyendas influyen en la decisión de compra y consumo de los consumidores.
Conclusión: la mayor parte de PPU muestran leyendas nutricionales, la concordancia entre lo declarado en los empaques y el contenido nutricional de los productos no es consistente. La alta presencia de leyendas nutricionales en los PPU promueve en los consumidores su mayor compra, pues estos asumen que son más saludables frente a productos que no presentan estas leyendas.
Palabras clave: etiquetado, contenido de nutrientes, leyendas nutricionales, productos procesados y ultraprocesados.
El gobierno corporativo y el sistema de control interno: eficacia para prevenir y controlar la inadecuada gestión por parte de los administradores de las sociedades fiduciarias
Authors: Baena Cárdenas Luis Gonzalo 
Published: December 2023

El objetivo de esta escrito es hacer una evaluación del marco normativo que regula el tema del Gobierno Corporativo y del Control Interno en el ámbito de las actividades de las sociedades fiduciarias, para mostrar cómo dicho marco no ha tenido un impacto positivo al interior de estas, toda vez que no existe en ellas y en sus administradores una acentuada cultura de riesgos que los motive a cumplirlo y, por lo mismo, a evitar la imposición de cualquier tipo de castigos, sean estos sociales, morales o económicos. Así, a partir de la evaluación de las instrucciones impartidas por la Superintendencia Financiera en materia de Gobierno Corporativo y de Control Interno, se realiza un ejercicio de aplicación tomando como punto de referencia lo acontecido en épocas recientes con Acción Fiduciaria S.A. en la sucursal de la ciudad de Cali así como con el Fideicomiso Balsillas de Tolú administrado por Fiducolombia S.A. y el Fideicomiso Alianza y Dirección en Valores SAS- ADV Insourcing SA.
Responsabilidad por reticencia en suministro de información al consumidor
Authors: Troncoso Buitrago Maria Isabel , Cuellar Durán Luis Hernán 
Published: December 2023

La relación de consumo, marcada por la asimetría entre las partes, incluye una protección especial a la parte débil de la transacción. Dentro de las medidas legales para lograr dicha protección se encuentra la obligación de suministrar información veraz, completa, clara y precisa al consumidor sobre el producto que se ofrece. Teniendo en cuenta que la relación de consumo nace, las más de las veces, de contratos realizados en masa y de forma despersonalizada (electrónicos) esta obligación cobra importancia. Sobre sus cualidades (veraz, completa, etc.) otros escritos las han desarrollado. Este trabajo presenta el régimen de responsabilidad al que se somete el empresario al incumplir dicha obligación, un régimen objetivo de responsabilidad, que además supera la clasificación de contractual y extracontractual.