bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Augmented expression of endothelin‐1, endothelin‐3 and the endothelin‐B receptor in breast carcinoma
Authors: Alanen  , Deng  , Chakrabarti  
Published: March 2003

AimsEndothelins (ETs) are peptides expressed in many tumours which may stimulate angiogenesis and desmoplasia. Because ETs have not been extensively studied mammary neoplasia, we assessed ET protein and mRNA expression and receptor mRNA expression in normal and neoplastic breast tissues.Methods and resultsTissues from five normal breasts, six fibroadenomas, seven ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS) and 25 invasive carcinomas were stained with anti‐ET‐1 and anti‐ET‐3 antibodies and analysed using a grading system. ET‐1, ET‐3, ETA and ETB mRNA expression was assessed by quantitative RT‐PCR from eight carcinomas and five normals. Weak staining for ET‐1 and ET‐3 was detected in all normals. Moderate to strong staining was seen in 72% and 64% of carcinomas for ET‐1 and ET‐3, respectively. Most fibroadenomas showed weak positivity for ET‐1 (83%) and ET‐3 (67%). ET‐1 and ET‐3 mRNA levels were upregulated in carcinomas compared with normal breast. No ETA mRNA was not detected in any tissue. ETB mRNA was detected in normal breast and was increased in carcinomas.ConclusionThese results suggest that the ET system is altered in breast carcinomas and this may be of importance in the progression from in‐situ to invasive carcinoma.
Neutrophil and endothelial cell activation in the vasa vasorum in vasculo‐Behçet disease
Authors: Kobayashi  , Ito  , Nakagawa  , Matsushita  , Nishikimi  , Sakurai  , Nimura  
Published: March 2003

AimThe aim of this study was to analyse the immunopathological mechanisms of vasculo‐Behçet disease, which were also compared to cases of Takayasu's arteritis and inflammatory aneurysm to evaluate differences in inflammatory mechanisms.Method and resultsWe reviewed six cases of vasculo‐Behçet disease, four of Takayasu's arteritis and seven inflammatory aneurysms which underwent surgical repair. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on paraffin‐embedded tissue using a labelled streptavidin–biotin method, as was in‐situ hybridization for Epstein–Barr virus. Microscopically, neutrophils and lymphocytes accumulated around the vasa vasorum. Neutrophils were prominent as compared to Takayasu's arteritis and inflammatory aneurysm. Elastic fibres were not severely destroyed. Endothelial cells (ECs) of most vasa vasorum expressed HLA‐DR. The number of vasa vasorum around which inflammatory infiltrating cells were observed in vasculo‐Behçet disease was significantly greater than in inflammatory aneurysms and Takayasu's arteritis (P < 0.001). The cytokines IL‐1α, TNF‐β and IFN‐γ were expressed in neutrophils and lymphocytes which were distributed around vasa vasorum, as well as neutrophils adherent to HLA‐DR positive ECs.ConclusionOur results suggest that vasculo‐Behçet disease should be classified as a neutrophilic vasculitis targeting the vasa vasorum. Aneurysm formation may be related to degeneration of arterial wall caused by inflammation of the vasa vasorum.
Structural and cell surface antigen expression in the rete ovarii and epoophoron differs from that in the Fallopian tube and in endometriosis
Authors: Russo L , Woolmough E , Heatley M K 
Published: March 2003

AimsWe compared the immunohistochemical profiles of the rete ovarii and endometriosis in order to identify a panel which distinguishes between these structures. The immune profiles of the epoophoron, Fallopian tube and ovarian surface epithelium were also studied.Materials and methodsTwenty‐four women with no evidence of endometriosis and seven who had endometriosis in the uterine adnexae were studied using nine antibodies to intermediate filament proteins and cell surface markers. None of the structures studied shared an identical profile of immunohistochemical reaction. The immunoprofile of endometriosis showed some similarities to that of the Fallopian tube, but differed from that of the rete ovarii, epoophoron and ovarian surface epitheliumConclusionsA panel including Ca‐125, epithelial membrane antigen and the epithelial glycoprotein BerEp4 would permit the distinction between endometriosis and the rete ovarii in problematic cases. The study showed some commonality in reaction between endometriosis and the Fallopian tube which indicates that they may share a common (paramesonephric) origin. There was little commonality in the immunoprofile of endometriosis and the ovarian surface epithelium implying that endometriosis is unlikely to develop as a result of serosal metaplasia.
Primary malignant gonadal mesotheliomas and asbestos
Authors: Attanoos R L , Gibbs A R 
Published: March 2003

Aims: The clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and aetiological aspects, with respect to asbestos, of seven primary gonadal mesotheliomas (three intratesticular, four ovarian) are described and compared. These tumours are extremely rare, poorly described and the knowledge of their natural history is very limited.Methods and results: The cases were collated from the UK Health and Safety Executive Mesothelioma Register over a 24‐year period (1968–91). Primary mesotheliomas of the tunica vaginalis and ovary comprised 0.09% (10 cases) and 0.03% (three cases) of mesothelioma deaths, respectively. No primary intratesticular (non‐tunica vaginalis) malignant mesotheliomas have been described. In this study, we present seven (three intratesticular, four ovarian) primary malignant gonadal mesotheliomas. In both genders the tumours show a similar age distribution (with median onset in the sixth decade), a similar association with asbestos (in approximately 50% cases), a diverse histological spectrum (with predominantly tubulopapillary epithelial subtype tumours) and an immunophenotype that is comparable with malignant pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma. The clinical course appears variable (mean, 26 months; range, 9–50 months). All tumours in the study presented as localized masses and their prognosis appeared more favourable than that of diffuse pleural and peritoneal cases.Conclusions: An awareness of the existence of these rare forms of malignant mesothelioma is important to prevent misdiagnosis. Immunohistochemistry has an important role in confirmation of the diagnosis. The accurate diagnosis of primary gonadal mesothelioma has potentially important medicolegal compensation considerations as a significant proportion of these cases are associated with asbestos.
Intercalated duct hyperplasia: possible relationship to epithelial‐myoepithelial carcinoma and hybrid tumours of salivary gland
Authors: Chetty R 
Published: March 2003

Aims: The aims of this study were to ascertain the incidence of intercalated duct hyperplasia in association with cases of epithelial‐myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC), and to explore a possible relationship between them and hybrid carcinomas of salivary glands.Methods and results: Seven cases of EMC with sufficient surrounding non‐tumour parotid were examined. Three cases contained foci of intercalated duct hyperplasia adjacent to the tumour. One of the cases was a hybrid tumour composed of EMC and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The hyperplastic intercalated ducts formed multiple foci within the salivary parenchyma and were composed of bland, uniform ducts. Cytological atypia was not identified.Conclusions: Intercalated duct hyperplasia may be a precursor lesion to EMC. Furthermore, it may also explain why EMC is frequently associated with other salivary gland carcinomas, so‐called hybrid tumours, as well as sharing histological features with adenoid cystic carcinoma. Recognition of the latter is of particular importance because adenoid cystic carcinoma carries a poor prognosis.
Polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of T‐cell lymphoma in paraffin‐embedded bone marrow biopsies: a comparative study
Authors: Gebhard S , Benhattar J , Bricod C , Meugé‐Moraw C , Delacrétaz F 
Published: March 2003

In routine histological analysis of bone marrow biopsies, the distinction between reactive T‐cell infiltrates and T‐cell lymphoma can be difficult, even with the use of extensive immunohistochemistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic contribution of TCR‐γ gene rearrangement analysed by PCR.The samples studied consisted of 46 paraffin‐embedded bone marrow biopsies (diagnosis, staging and follow‐up) from 26 patients with T‐cell lymphoma. The bone marrow biopsies were categorized into three groups according to the morphological and immunohistochemical results. Group 1, positive for T‐cell lymphoma (24 bone marrow biopsies), group 2, suspicion of T‐cell lymphoma (15 bone marrow biopsies) and group 3, negative for T‐cell lymphoma (seven bone marrow biopsies). DNA could be amplified in 45/46 bone marrow biopsies (98%). Clonal rearrangement was detected in 30/45 bone marrow biopsies tested (67%) including 15/24 bone marrow biopsies (62.5%) of group 1, 11/14 (78.5%) of group 2 and 4/7 (57%) of group 3. In total, PCR analysis supported a diagnosis of T‐cell lymphoma in 15/45 bone marrow biopsies (33%), in which histological and/or immunohistochemical examination provided inconclusive evidence of malignancy.TCR‐γ PCR is a complementary tool for the assessment of T‐cell lymphoma in bone marrow biopsies. Optimal evaluation of bone marrow biopsies requires an integrative approach of all available results from morphology, immunohistochemistry, molecular biology and clinical data.
Apoptotic activity in gestational trophoblastic disease correlates with clinical outcome: assessment by the caspase‐related M30 CytoDeath antibody
Authors: Chiu P M , Ngan Y S , Khoo U S , Cheung A N Y 
Published: March 2003

The objective of this study was to assess apoptotic activity in gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and its prognostic value in hydatidiform mole (HM).Expression of the specific caspase cleavage site within cytokeratin 18 was assessed immunohistochemically using the monoclonal antibody M30 CytoDeath in 12 spontaneous abortions, 22 partial and 57 complete HM, eight choriocarcinoma (CCA) and 28 normal placentas. The M30 immunoreactivity occurred predominantly in the syncytiotrophoblasts. A significantly higher M30 index in HM and CCA was found when compared with normal placentas and spontaneous abortions (P < 0.001). The M30 index of those HM which spontaneously regressed was significantly higher than those HM which developed persistent disease requiring chemotherapy (P < 0.001). The M30 index correlated with another apoptotic index previously detected by TdT‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labelling (TUNEL) (P = 0.007) and the proliferation index assessed by the Ki67 antigen (P = 0.034).We conclude that apoptosis is important in the pathogenesis of GTD. Assessment of apoptotic activity in HM by the M30 index may be considered as an alternative prognostic indicator for predicting the clinical behaviour.
Monoclonal antibody SM047 as an immunohistochemical marker of ovarian adenocarcinoma
Authors: McCluggage W G , Maxwell P , Veenstra H , Fick C E , Laeng R H , Tiltman A J 
Published: March 2003

Monoclonal antibody SM047 as an immunohistochemical marker of ovarian adenocarcinoma Aims: This study describes the generation of a monoclonal antibody designated SM047 which binds to an epitope that is displayed by a multivalent antigen associated with the glycocalyx of ovarian adenocarcinoma cells. The study also investigates SM047 staining in adenocarcinomas of diverse sites in order to determine whether the antibody is specific for ovarian adenocarcinoma and of value in the confirmation of an ovarian origin when the site of primary tumour is unknown. Methods and results: SM047, an IgM monoclonal antibody, was the product of hybridoma cells derived from fusion of SP2 myeloma cells with splenocytes of a mouse that had been immunized with a membrane preparation of tumour (ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma) and boosted with cells from a cell line established from a similar tumour in a different patient. Sixty‐two primary ovarian adenocarcinomas (28 serous, 23 mucinous, five endometrioid and six clear cell), 69 adenocarcinomas arising primary at other sites and 10 mesotheliomas were stained with SM047. There was positive membrane staining, which was usually strong and widespread, in 27 of 28 ovarian serous carcinomas and in all ovarian endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas. Most ovarian mucinous tumours were negative or exhibited weak cytoplasmic staining. Staining was variable in the other tumours but there was positive staining of most endometrial, endocervical and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Most colonic adenocarcinomas were negative or exhibited weak cytoplasmic staining. Conclusions: SM047 is strongly expressed in most ovarian serous adenocarcinomas and in other female genital tract adenocarcinomas, with the exception of ovarian mucinous tumours. The antibody may be useful in confirming the ovarian origin of an adenocarcinoma when used as part of a larger panel. This is especially so in the distinction between a non‐mucinous ovarian adenocarcinoma, which usually exhibits strong membranous staining, and a colonic adenocarcinoma which is usually negative or exhibits weak cytoplasmic staining. These findings need to be confirmed by further study of larger numbers of cases.
Tryptase‐positive mast cells accompany lymphocytic as well as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma infiltrates in bone marrow trephine biopsies
Authors: Wilkins B S , Buchan S L , Webster J , Jones D B 
Published: March 2003

Tryptase‐positive mast cells accompany lymphocytic as well as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma infiltrates in bone marrow trephine biopsies Aims: To investigate the specificity of increased bone marrow mast cell numbers in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) and to evaluate the relationship between mast cell number and the immunoglobulin phenotype of neoplastic lymphoid cells. Methods and results: Retrospective study of bone marrow trephine biopsy specimens from patients with LPL, compared with selected cases representing chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma (MM) of known immunoglobulin light and heavy chain phenotype. Bone marrow mast cells were counted following immunohistochemical staining of sections for mast cell tryptase. We have confirmed previous observations that mast cell numbers are increased in bone marrow infiltrates of LPL. However, we found similarly high mast cell numbers in CLL. High mast cell numbers were associated with neoplastic lymphoid cells expressing an IgM κ phenotype. Mast cell numbers were low in all cases of MM studied and in controls with no lymphoma present. We observed an apparent bias towards κ light chain expression in our cases of LPL. Conclusions: Mast cell number should not be considered a reliable factor in the differential diagnosis of LPL and CLL when assessing bone marrow histology. Possible bias towards κ light chain expression in LPL requires further study, as do the mechanism and functions of mast cell recruitment by neoplastic lymphoid cells.
Immunohistochemical localization of gross cystic disease fluid protein‐15, ‐24 and ‐44 in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: relationship to the degree of differentiation
Authors: Selim A A , El‐Ayat G , Wells C A 
Published: March 2003

Immunohistochemical localization of gross cystic disease fluid protein‐15, ‐24 and ‐44 in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: relationship to the degree of differentiation Aims: Three major proteins present in breast gross cystic disease fluid and expressed by the cyst lining apocrine epithelium are gross cystic disease fluid protein‐15 (GCDFP‐15), apolipoprotein‐D (APO‐D; GCDFP‐24) and zinc α2‐glycoprotein (ZnGP; GCDFP‐44). The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of these proteins in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast and to relate their expression with the degree of differentiation of DCIS. Methods and results: An immunohistochemical study of these proteins was performed in 57 cases of DCIS and nine cases of morphologically apocrine DCIS. Positivity was seen in 24/57 (42.1%) cases with anti‐GCDFP‐15, 20/57 (35.1%) cases with anti‐GCDFP‐24 and 22/57 (38.6%) cases with anti‐GCDFP‐44. GCDFP‐15 positivity was noted in 5/13 (38.5%) of the well‐differentiated, 11/19 (57.9%) intermediately differentiated and 8/25 (32.0%) of the poorly differentiated cases (P=0.217). GCDFP‐24 positivity was seen in 3/13 (23.0%) well‐differentiated, 9/19 (47.4%) intermediately differentiated and 8/25 (32.0%) poorly differentiated cases (P=0.336). GCDFP‐44 was detected in 5/13 (38.5%) of well‐differentiated cases, 11/19 (57.9%) intermediately differentiated and 6/25 (24.0%) poorly differentiated cases (P=0.074). In the nine cases of apocrine DCIS, GCDFP‐15 positivity was detected in seven (77.8%), while five (55.6%) and six (66.7%) cases were positive for GCDFP‐24 and GCDFP‐44, respectively. Conclusions: The results indicate that there is no significant association between the expression of the studied proteins and the degree of differentiation of DCIS of the breast. Moreover, some morphologically apocrine DCIS cases appear to lose expression of these proteins.
Cellular myxoma of soft tissue: a clinicopathological study of 38 cases confirming indolent clinical behaviour
Authors: Van Roggen J F G , McMenamin M E , Fletcher C D M 
Published: March 2003

Cellular myxoma of soft tissue: a clinicopathological study of 38 cases confirming indolent clinical behaviour Aims: To characterize the clinicopathological features and biological potential of a group of soft tissue lesions with morphology intermediate between intramuscular myxoma and low‐grade myxofibrosarcoma. Methods and results: Thirty‐eight lesions in 37 patients were retrieved from the authors’ consultation files. Clinical and follow‐up data were obtained and the lesions were also studied immunohistochemically. Tumours occurred in adults aged 25–83 years (mean 51.9 years) with a slight predominance in females. All cases, except two, were solitary. The extremities were preferentially involved (18 lower limb; nine upper limb), with seven lesions arising around the upper (2/7) and lower limb (5/7) girdles and four lesions occurring at other locations. Twenty‐nine of 31 of the tumours, for which the depth was known, were situated deep to the superficial fascia, although only 19 were strictly intramuscular. Histologically these lesions were both more cellular and more vascular than intramuscular myxoma, while lacking the cytological pleomorphism, nuclear atypia and curvilinear vascular pattern characteristic of low‐grade myxofibrosarcoma. CD34 positivity in lesional cells was identified in 17/30 (57%) cases, probably reflecting their fibroblastic nature. Staining for α‐smooth muscle actin was focally positive in 3/30 (10%) cases, while desmin and S100 protein staining were consistently negative. Clinical follow‐up data (available in 22 cases; median duration 30 months) demonstrate that these lesions behave in a benign fashion with only a small risk of local recurrence if not excised completely; in this study only two tumours recurred, both of which originally had been incompletely excised. None metastasized. Conclusions: The risk of recurrence in this group of lesions which we have designated ‘cellular myxoma’ appears to be low. Consequently simple complete local excision is most often adequate treatment. Longer follow‐up (5–10 years or more) in a larger number of cases will be important in more definitively confirming the natural history of these lesions.
Recent advances in the pathology of smooth muscle tumours of the uterus
Authors: Wilkinson N , Rollason T P 
Published: March 2003

Recent advances in the pathology of smooth muscle tumours of the uterus Smooth muscle tumours of the uterus are common and the majority are benign leiomyomas. However, there are some tumours which exhibit unusual morphological features or growth patterns that cause difficulty in their distinction from malignant neoplasms and those with endometrial stromal differentiation. Such lesions are reviewed in this article with detailed descriptions of their morphology, differential diagnosis and correlation with biological behaviour.
Extranodal mantle cell lymphoma mimicking marginal zone cell lymphoma
Authors: Anagnostopoulos I , Foss H‐D , Hummel M , Trenn G , Stein H 
Published: March 2003

Extranodal mantle cell lymphoma mimicking marginal zone cell lymphoma Aim: We report a case of mantle cell lymphoma masquerading as a marginal zone cell lymphoma. Methods and results: In the initial manifestation in the palatine tonsils, the neoplastic cells were found to grow exclusively within the marginal zones of secondary follicles which showed a preserved mantle zone. The few immunostains performed showed a B‐cell phenotype including an immunoglobulin light chain restriction. The extranodal manifestation, the growth pattern, and the immunophenotype led to the diagnosis of an extranodal marginal zone B‐cell non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). The specimen from the relapse occurring 8 months later exhibited diffuse monomorphous cells co‐expressing B‐cell antigens and CD5, CD43 and cyclin D1, leading to the diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma. Re‐investigation of the initial biopsy revealed that the neoplastic cells within the marginal zones had a mantle cell lymphoma immunophenotype expressing cyclin D1, the immunoglobulin heavy chains IgD and IgM and partly CD5. Both lesions harboured identical clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements proving that they represented different manifestations of the same lymphoma. Conclusion: This case emphasizes the importance of broad immunohistological investigation of B‐cell NHLs involving the marginal zone.
Neuroendocrine differentiation and prognosis in breast adenocarcinoma
Authors: Miremadi A , Pinder S E , Lee A H S , Bell J A , Paish E C , Wencyk P , Elston C W , Nicholson R I , Blamey R W , Robertson J F , Ellis I O 
Published: March 2003

Neuroendocrine differentiation and prognosis in breast adenocarcinoma Aims: Neuroendocrine differentiation has been detected, and its prognostic value studied, in a number of common human carcinomas. To date there are few detailed studies examining its relevance in breast carcinoma. In this study we evaluate the frequency and prognostic importance of neuroendocrine differentiation in breast adenocarcinoma. Methods and results: The presence of neuroendocrine differentiation, defined as positive reactivity for three markers, neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin A and/or synaptophysin, has been evaluated in 99 patients with primary operable breast cancer using standard immunocytochemical techniques. A consecutive cohort of patients were selected from the Nottingham/Tenovus series. Comprehensive patient and tumour records have been maintained, and patients were followed up according to a defined protocol. Eighteen cases were positive for NSE, 10 for chromogranin A and 13 for synaptophysin. Eleven percent were positive with more than one neuroendocrine marker. No significant association was found between neuroendocrine differentiation and tumour size, grade, stage or the prevalence of vascular invasion. There was no significant difference in either overall or disease‐free survival between patients with or without neuroendocrine differentiation. Conclusions: In this study we confirm that neuroendocrine differentiation can be identified in a subset (10–18%) of human breast carcinomas. This phenomenon appears to have no relationship to established prognostic factors or patient outcome.