bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotype and biological activity of neonatal equine chondrocytes cultured in a three-dimensional fibrin matrix
Authors: Hendrickson Dean A. , Nixon Alan J. , Erb Hollis N. , Lust George 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Equine neonatal chondrocytes were cultured in three-dimensional fibrin matrices under conditions of immediate implantation or implantation following monolayer culture for 6 days, and 3 cell concentrations (1 × 105, 1 × 106, and 5 × 106 chondrocytes/ cm3). Equine fibrinogen was collected by cryoprecipitation and polymerized by use of activated bovine thrombin. The fibrin implants were harvested and analyzed histologically and biochemically at 3, 7, and 14 days after the chondrocytes were implanted in fibrin. The differentiation ratio (ratio of rounded, chondrocyte-like cells to stellate, fibroblast-like cells) was statistically higher for implants that received 5 × 106 precultured cells at all time periods than for implants that received 1 × 105 or 1 × 106 precultured cells. The differentiation ratio was statistically higher for implants that received 5 × 106 immediately implanted cells than for other implants at 7 days after implantation. At 14 days, implants that received 5 × 106 precultured chondrocytes had a higher differentiation ratio than did implants that received 5 × 106 chondrocytes that had not been precultured. Among implants that received precultured chondrocytes, total glycosaminoglycan and chondroitin sulfate content was lowest for implants that received only 1 × 105 cells. Among implants that received chondrocytes that had not been precultured, glycosaminoglycan content was not significantly different among the 3 cell concentrations, and chondroitin sulfate content was different only between implants that received 5 × 106 vs 1 × 106 cells. Only after the longest incubation period and at the highest cell concentration studied did preculturing of chondrocytes improve maintenance of phenotype. Preculturing did not appear to influence proteoglycan synthesis.
Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in goats
Authors: Burnside Daniel M. , Rowley Barbara O. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A commercial rapid-absorbed elisa developed to detect antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine serum was modified for use with goat serum. Diagnostic sensitivity was evaluated, using a group of 163 goats from a herd with endemic paratuberculosis. Blood and fecal samples were obtained simultaneously, and prevalence of shedding of M paratuberculosis in the feces was estimated by detection of dna of the mycobacterial insertion sequence, IS900, using a commercial test kit. Diagnostic specificity was evaluated, using blood samples from a total of 123 goats in 10 herds that were considered clinically free of paratuberculosis.
The IS900 dna was detected in 35 of the 163 goats (21%) from the infected herd. Serum antibody to M paratuberculosis was detected in 19 of the 35 IS900 dna-positive goats, for apparent sensitivity of 54%. Serum antibody was detected in 18 of the 128 IS900 dna-negative goats from the infected herd.
Negative results for serum antibody to M paratuberculosis were obtained for all 123 goats from the herds that were considered clinically free of paratuberculosis.
Influence of vitamin E on aflatoxicosis in growing swine
Authors: Harvey Roger B. , Kubena Leon F. , Elissalde Marcel H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of dietary aflatoxin (af) and supplemental Vitamin E (d-α-tocopherol) were evaluated in growing crossbred pigs. Nine barrows (3 replicates of 3 each, mean body weight, 14.0 kg) per group were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups (for a total of 36 barrows): 0 IU of supplemental vitamin E and 0 mg of af/kg of feed (control); 2,400 IU of vitamin E divided into equal doses and administered im on days 1 and 16; 2.5 mg of af/kg of feed; or 2.5 mg of af/kg of feed plus 2,400 IU of vitamin E administered similarly to treatment 2. Barrows were administered their respective treatment for 32 days. Evaluations were made for group production performance and for serum biochemical, immunologic, hematologic, pathologic, serum and tissue tocopherol, and serum retinol variables. Body weight was reduced by af-alone and af plus vitamin E treatments, compared with control and vitamin E-alone treatments. Liver weight was increased for the af alone-treated and the af plus vitamin E-treated barrows, compared with control barrows. The af alone-treated barrows had alterations in:serum values of alkaline phosphatase, γglutamyltransferase, albumin, glucose, phosphorus, calcium, cholesterol, total iron, unsaturated iron-binding capacity, total iron-binding capacity, and urea nitrogen; RBC numbers, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and prothrombin time; and mitogen-induced lymphoblastogenic responses. With the exception of some slight ameliorating effects on hematologic measurements, supplemental treatment with vitamin E did not prove beneficial against the toxicosis-associated af treatment. The af alone-treated barrows had decreased serum tocopherol and retinol concentrations, compared with control and pretest values, and decreased tocopherol concentration in cardiac tissue. High parenterally administered doses of vitamin E did not have sparing effect on af-induced reductions of serum tocopherol or retinol concentration; however, compared with pretest values, serum tocopherol concentration was increased by vitamin E-alone treatment. Tocopherol concentration in cardiac tissue of the af plus vitamin E-treated barrows was increased over that of the af alone-treated barrows, indicating an ameliorating effect on af-induced tissue concentrations reductions. These data indicate that vitamin E may not have a sparing effect on af-induced toxicosis and that af may reduce serum retinol and serum and tissue tocopherol concentrations.
Tidal breathing flow-volume loop analysis as a test of pulmonary function in exercising horses
Authors: Connally Bruce A. , Derksen Frederik J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The usefulness of tidal breathing flow-volume loops (tbfvl) to evaluate pulmonary function was investigated in 6 Standardbreds during treadmill exercise. Tidal breathing flow-volume loops are a graphic representation of airflow rate vs tidal volume for each individual breath. These tbfvl were obtained from horses exercising at speeds corresponding to 75 and 100% of maximum heart rate. Measurements were recorded in each horse before and after ovalbumin-induced allergic lung disease. Moderate obstructive lung disease, characterized by a significant increase in pulmonary resistance, was observed while the horses were at rest. We found that in horses with airway obstruction exercising at 75 or 100% of maximum heart rate, the quantitative indices describing tbfvl shape and size were not markedly different from those in clinically normal horses exercising at similar speeds.
Comparison of species and numbers of bacteria in concurrently cultured samples of proximal small intestinal fluid and endoscopically obtained duodenal mucosa in dogs with intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Authors: Delles E. K. , Willard M. D. , Simpson R. B. , Fossum T. W. , Slater M. , Kolp D. , Lees G. E. , Helman R. , Reinhart G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Concurrent bacterial culturing of duodenal/proximal jejunal fluid and duodenal mucosa was performed on 2 occasions in each of 16 IgA-deficient German Shepherd Dogs with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. The interval between sample collections in each dog was 74 to 78 days. Species of bacteria and numbers of bacterial colony-forming units (cfu) per milliliter of fluid were compared with species and numbers found in the concurrent duodenal mucosa sample. There was inconsistent correlation for number of cfu and minimal correlation for species of bacteria isolated from the 2 sites. Fewer bacterial cfu usually were isolated from the mucosa than from the concurrent fluid sample. When the same numeric criteria used for diagnosing small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in samples of intestinal fluid (ie, ≥ 105 bacterial or ≥ 104 anaerobic cfu/ml) were used to interpret results of culturing duodenal mucosa, quantitations of bacterial cfu in duodenal mucosa was found to be a specific, but insensitive test.
Genus-specific detection of salmonellae in equine feces by use of the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Neibergs Holly L. , Wallis Deeann E. , Simpson R. Bruce , McGruder Edward D. , Hargis B. M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Members of the genus Salmonella were identified in feces from horses, using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and genus-specific oligonucleotide primers. Feces from healthy horses were determined to be culture-negative for Salmonella spp. Fecal samples were inoculated with known numbers of colony-forming units (cfu) of S anatum, S derby, S enteritidis, S heidelberg, S newport, and S typhimurium. The dna was extracted from fecal samples and amplified by pcr, using genus-specific primers. Sensitivity of the assay extended to 103 cfu of Salmonella sp/g of feces; sensitivity of microbiologic culture with enrichment extended to 102 cfu of Salmonella sp/g of feces. Feces that were not inoculated with Salmonella spp were negative by the pcr. Detection of salmonellae in feces was possible, using the pcr, within 10 to 12 hours from the time of submission of samples.
Kinetics of inhibition of replication of vesicular stomatitis virus in blood mononuclear cells of horses after in vitro and in vivo treatment with recombinant equine interferon-β1
Authors: Marquardt Jürgen , Heymer Joachim , Heinz Heiko , Adolf Günther R. , Deegen Ekkehard 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Recombinant equine interferon-β1 (reqifn-β1) induces an antiviral state in blood mononuclear cells (bmc) of horses. Maximal protection against replication of vesicular stomatitis virus is achieved 6 hours after treatment with ifn in vitro and in vivo. Duration of the protective effect depends on the dose of ifn in vitro and in vivo. Availability of reqifn-β1 in cultures of bmc for up to 48 hours does not prolong the antiviral state. The protective effect on bmc after treatment with ifn has similar duration in vivo and in vitro. Monitoring of the effect of ifn in vivo is, thus, simplified because the antiviral state may be recorded by testing cells twice (ie, before and 6 hours after application of interferon). All further tests may be performed in vitro.
Multiple administrations of reqifn-β1 do not prolong duration of the protective phases after each administration. Duration of the antiviral state depends only on the dose of reqifn-β1.
Amplification of strains of bovine herpesvirus 1 by use of polymerase chain reaction with primers in the thymidine kinase region
Authors: Kibenge Frederick Stephen B. , Harris Lora Mae , McKenna Patricia Katherine , Wadowska Dorota , Yason Carmencita Villar 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A primer pair was designed from the published nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) thymidine kinase (tk) gene for use in detection of the virus by use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of 12 bhv-1 strains (3 ATCC and 9 local isolates). A tk deletion mutant bhv-1, and 2 bhv-4 strains from ATCC were used as negative controls. One strain each of feline herpesvirus, equine herpesvirus, and bovine adenovirus, and 2 noninoculated bovine cultured cells-bovine fetal testis and Madin-Darby bovine kidney-also were examined to verify specificity of the primers. A pcr product, 183 bp long, was detected by ethidium bromide staining after agarose gel electrophoresis, when purified dna from cell cultures infected with bhv-1 strain LA was used as template. Specificity of the pcr product was confirmed by restriction digestion with Sac II enzyme and Southern blot hybridization. Amplification was detected by ethidium bromide staining of agarose gels and/or Southern blot hybridization with the radiolabeled pcr product of the LA strain in similarly prepared dna templates of 5 other bhv-1 strains, 2 obtained from ATCC and 3 of the 9 local isolates. In a modified pcr protocol, using virus suspensions treated with a nucleic add-releasing cocktail, substantial amplification was obtained for the 3 bhv-1 strains from ATCC and for all 9 local bovine herpesvirus field isolates. A tk deletion mutant bhv- 1 strain NG dltk, 2 bhv-4 strains, a feline herpesvirus, an equine herpesvirus, and a bovine adenovirus obtained from ATCC, and noninoculated bovine fetal testis and Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell cultures amplified either from purified dna or from nucleic acid-releasing cocktail-treated suspensions had negative results of ethidium bromide staining and Southern blot hybridization. These data indicate that pcr amplification, using primers in the tk gene region, is valuable for detection of bhv-1 strains grown in cell culture.
Association between calbindin-D28K and oogenesis in ovaries of chicken embryos in vitro
Authors: Inpanbutr N. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The left ovary of chicken embryos was removed and incubated in culture medium with a thymidine analogue, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), in vitro. In addition, fertile chicken eggs were injected with BrdU via the extraembryonic vessels and incubated for 24 hours. The ovaries were then processed for immunohistochemical localization of calbindin-D28K (a 28- kd vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein) and BrdU. Calbindin-D28K was detected in the germinal epithelium and in cells surrounding the oogonia and oocytes (future granulosa cells) of the embryonic chicken ovary. However, BrdU was observed in the nucleus of the oogonia and oocytes of the chicken embryonic ovaries. Comparison of the 2 adjacent sections, immunostained for calbindin-D28K and BrdU consecutively, indicated that BrdU, the marker for cell proliferation was not detected in calbindin-D28K-containing cells, namely, germinal epithelium and future granulosa cells, in the ovary of chicken embryos. These results suggested that calbin-din-D28K-containing cells in the ovary were not in the process of cell division during the 24-hour incubation of chicken embryos.
Evaluation of topically administered tissue plasminogen activator for intraocular fibrinolysis in dogs
Authors: Gerding Paul A , Hamor Ralph E. , Ramsey David T. , Vasaune Steven , Schaeffer David J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Fibrin dots were induced in eyes of dogs by injection of autogenous citrated plasma into the anterior chamber. Twenty-four hours after dot formation, one 50-μl drop of tissue plasminogen activator at a concentration of 5 mg/ml (group 1, n = 7) was administered topically 9 times at 5-minute intervals, or a collagen shield that was hydrated with tissue plasminogen activator at a concentration of 5 mg/ml (group 2, n = 7) was applied. The contralateral eye served as a nontreated control. Serial photographs were taken of the fibrin dots after topical application of tissue plasminogen activator. Computerized morphometric analysis was then used to evaluate changes in cross-sectional surface area of the fibrin dot. There was no significant mean percentage decrease in dot surface area of treated eyes of group-1 dogs or in treated eyes of group-2 dogs. In addition, there was no significant difference in mean percentage decrease in dot surface area between treated eyes of group-1 and group-2 dogs.
Temporal characterization of transplacental infection of porcine fetuses with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Mengeling William L. , Lager Kelly M. , Vorwald Ann C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pregnant gilts were exposed to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv ) by iv inoculation at or about gestation day 30 (3 gilts), 50 (3 gilts), 70 (3 gilts), or 90 (5 gilts) to investigate the likelihood of transplacental infection with prrsvat various stages of gestation. At or about 3, 6, and 9 weeks after exposure, gilts were either euthanatized while still pregnant or allowed to farrow. Gilts and pigs were observed for clinical signs of infection, and gilts, pigs, and fetuses were tested for prrsvand homologous antibody. All gilts were healthy throughout the study, except that farrowing was sometimes difficult and prolonged, and 2 gilts failed to farrow the entire litter. One gilt farrowed on day 111 of gestation; all others farrowed on day 114 or later. Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus was isolated from significantly (x2 test, P < 0.01) more fetuses and live and stillborn pigs of the 5 gilts that were infected at 90 or 92 days of gestation than from the fetuses and live and stillborn pigs of the 9 gilts that were infected at 72 or fewer days of gestation (ie, 33 of 44, 75% vs 3 of 78,4%). After initial infection, prrsvwas isolated from gilts and their pigs for a maximum of 3 weeks and 8 to 11 weeks, respectively. Findings of this study, with regard to the temporal aspects of transplacental infection, may help explain why natural epizootics of prrsv-induced maternal reproductive failure are often recognized principally as problems of late-term gestation and neonatal survival.
Atrial and ventricular myocardial blood flows in horses at rest and during exercise
Authors: Manohar Murli , Goetz Thomas E. , Hutchens Elizabeth , Coney Elizabeth 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Right atrial, pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillary, pulmonary artery wedge, and systemic blood pressures of strenuously exercising horses increase markedly. As a consequence, myocardial metabolic O2 demand in exercising horses must be high. Experiments were, therefore, carried out on 9 healthy, exercise-conditioned horses (2.5 to 8 years old; 481 ± 16 kg) to ascertain the regional distribution of myocardial blood supply in the atria and ventricles at rest and during exercise. Blood flow was measured, using 15-μm-diameter radionuclide-labeled microspheres that were injected into the left ventricle while reference blood samples were being withdrawn at a constant rate from the thoracic aorta. Myocardial blood flow was determined at rest and during 2 exercise bouts performed on a high-speed treadmill at 8 and 13 m/s (0% grade). The sequence of exercise bouts was randomized among horses, and a 60-minute rest period was permitted between exercise bouts. There was considerable heterogeneity in the distribution of myocardial perfusion in the atria and the ventricles at rest; the right atrial myocardium received significantly (P < 0.05) less perfusion than did the left atrium, and these values were significantly (P < 0.05) less than those for the respective ventricular myocardium. The right ventricular myocardial blood flow also was significantly less than that in the left ventricle. With exercise, myocardial blood flow in all regions increased progressively with increasing work intensity and marked coronary vasodilation was observed in all cardiac regions. During exercise at 8 or 13 m/s, right and left atrial myocardial blood flows (per unit weight basis) were not different from each other. Although at treadmill speed of 8 m/s, left ventricular myocardial blood flow exceeded that in the right ventricle, this was not the case at 13 m/s, when perfusion values (per unit weight basis) became similar. These data suggested that, in exercising horses, myocardial metabolic O2 requirements increase markedly in all regions. However, the right atrial and right ventricular myocardial blood flows increased out of proportion to those in the left atrium and left ventricle, respectively.
Plasma ferulenol concentration and activity of clotting factors in sheep with Ferula communis variety brevifolia intoxication
Authors: Tligui Noursaid , Ruth George R. , Felice Lawrence J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Dynamics of plasma ferulenol concentration and its effect on the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors, prothrombin time (pt), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt) were determined in 4 sheep intoxicated individually with 600 g of powdered Ferula communis variety brevifolia (fcb) given in 8 doses at intervals of 6 hours. Ferulenol was detected in the plasma of all sheep at initial blood sample collection, 6 hours after the first dose of approximately 75 g of fcb was placed in the rumen. The last observed peak of approximately 20 μg/ml was detected at about 12 hours after the last of 8 doses, and the mean concentration then decreased to < 1 μg/ml during the next 70 hours. Maximal concentration of ferulenol and time for plasma clearance varied with individual sheep. The pt increased steadily to a maximum of 6 times normal about 70 hours after the last peak plasma ferulenol concentration and about 80 hours after fcb administration was stopped. The pt then returned to almost normal (ratio of 1.12) from the maximum (ratio of 6.12) within approximately 5 days. The aptt results generally paralleled the pt results, but the change was not as marked. Maximal pt and aptt ratios were animal - dependent and not always related to plasma ferulenol concentration. The activity of all the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors was depressed, but the variations were unique to each factor. Factor V, a vitamin K-independent coagulation factor actually had a brief period of increased plasma activity. We concluded that the effects on P, T aptt, and vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors induced in sheep intoxicated with fcb were consistent with the coumarinic structure of ferulenol, the intoxicating compound in fcb, which seems to have a short-term anticoagulation effect.
Production of Salmonella serogroup D (O9)-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antigen
Authors: Konrad Hans , Smith Bradford P. , Dilling George W. , House John K. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Serologic testing to detect persistent IgG titer directed at Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (lps) has proven useful in detecting Salmonella carrier cattle without clinical signs of disease and in seroepidemiologic studies. Although little cross-reactivity exists between most Salmonella serogroups, groups B (O1, 4 [5], 12) and D (O1, 9, 12) share somatic (lps cell wall) antigens O1 and O12, which results in some cross-reactions. This may be unimportant in most instances, because group-B and group-D carriers need to be identified and culled. It may be desirable in some situations, such as when trying to control S dublin, to determine which serogroup is present in a given herd. For this reason, a procedure to produce a pure O9 group-D antigen was developed.
Salmonella dublin (group D) was grown by use of standard procedures, and lps was extracted by use of the phenol-water method. The lps was then oxidized with sodium periodate, dialyzed, reduced with sodium borohydride, cleaved with hydrochloric acid, and again dialyzed. This procedure successfully cleaved the saccharides comprising O antigens 1 and 12, leaving a pure O9 elisa antigen. Sera from cattle vaccinated or naturally infected with S typhimurium, S agona, and S schwarzengrund (all group B), S montevideo (group C1), and S dublin (group D) were tested by elisa, using modified and unmodified antigens. When the elisa antigen used was the chemically modified (pure O9) group-D antigen, elimination of cross-reactions confirmed the structural loss of cross-reacting O1 and O12 antigens.