bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qualitatively distinct patterns of cytokines are released by human dendritic cells in response to different pathogens
Authors: Scott Karen , Manunta Maria , Germain Conrad , Smith Peter , Jones Meleri , Mitchell Peter , Dessi Daniele , Branigan Bamford Kathleen , Lechler Robert I. , Fiori Pier Luigi , Foster Graham R. , Lombardi Giovanna 
Published: September 2005

SummaryDendritic cells produce cytokines that regulate the class of the adaptive immune response. Microbial recognition is mediated, at least in part, by pattern recognition receptors such as Toll‐like receptors, which influence dendritic cell maturation. In humans it is not yet clear how intact pathogens modulate the developing immune response. To address the effects of intact pathogens on the maturation and effector functions of human dendritic cells, we investigated their responses to a number of microbial pathogens. We studied a range of micro‐organisms including Gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium), Gram‐positive cocci (Staphylococcus aureus) and atypical bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycoplasma hominis) as well as the human protozoal parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. The micro‐organisms were fixed in formaldehyde to prevent replication whilst preserving surface morphology. All the pathogens induced similar up‐regulation of dendritic cell activation‐associated cell surface markers but there was a profound difference in the patterns of cytokines produced by the stimulated dendritic cells. Some pathogens (E. coli, Salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium and S. aureus) induced interleukin‐12 (IL‐12), IL‐10 and interferon‐α whereas others (M. tuberculosis, Mycoplasma hominis and T. vaginalis) induced only IL‐10. This differential effect was not altered by costimulation of the dendritic cells through CD40. These results support the notion that human dendritic cells are plastic in their response to microbial stimuli and that the nature of the pathogen dictates the response of the dendritic cell.
Moving from the quality of life concept to a theory
Authors: Cummins R. A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground  The Special Interest Quality of Life Group has updated its set of statements defining the quality of life (QOL) construct to reflect emerging areas of agreement and the framework for understanding better the QOL construct.Method  This article examines the major areas currently under discussion involving the objective–subjective dichotomy, needs, and core domains.Results  It is concluded that while the new statements constitute a significant advance, further progress requires testable theory. In order to facilitate such future research, a conceptual model is proposed that distinguishes causal and indicator variables within the framework of a homeostatic management system.Conclusion  Several lines of empirical investigation are suggested to test this and similar theoretical models with a view to taking our conceptualization of QOL to the next level.
The application of quality of life
Authors: Brown R. I. , Brown I. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground  Despite its popularity, to date little systematic work has been done in the application of the quality of life (QOL) concept to persons with intellectual disability (ID) and its impact on individuals and families. This article addresses that need.Method  The article summarizes the four application strands suggested by the IASSID SIRG on Quality of Life regarding the application of the QOL concept and discusses critical aspects of each.Results  Examples and guidelines regarding each strand are presented, along with the ongoing need to align conceptualization, application, and research efforts and integrate QOL principles into professional education and training programmes.Conclusions  The QOL concept is now challenging some of the more traditional views and approaches to ID. These challenges are resulting in modifications and adaptations in current services and supports, along with the need to evaluate the outcomes from the application of QOL principles to persons with ID.
Cross‐cultural study of person‐centred quality of life domains and indicators: a replication
Authors: Jenaro C. , Verdugo M. A. , Caballo C. , Balboni G. , Lachapelle Y. , Otrebski W. , Schalock R. L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground  The increased use of the quality of life (QOL) concept internationally suggests the need to evaluate its etic (universal) and emic (culture‐bound) properties. This study replicated and expanded a previous cross‐cultural study on QOL.Method  The three respondent groups (consumers, parents and professionals; total n = 781) were from four European countries: France, Belgium, Italy and Poland. The Cross Cultural Survey of Quality of Life Indicators was used to assess the importance and use of eight core dimensions of QOL. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) the etic properties would be demonstrated if there were similar profiles for the respondent and geographical groups, and if indicators grouped into the proposed QOL domains; and (2) the emic properties would be demonstrated if there were significant differences on scores across groups.Results  Results supported both hypotheses.Conclusion  The present study replicated the findings of a large cross‐cultural study that the QOL construct has both etic and emic properties.
The relationship between quality of life and self‐determination: an international study
Authors: Lachapelle Y. , Wehmeyer M. L. , Haelewyck M.‐C. , Courbois Y. , Keith K. D. , Schalock R. , Verdugo M. A. , Walsh P. N. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground  The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between self‐determination and quality of life (QOL) of persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) living in four countries (Canada, United States, Belgium and France).Method  Participants were 182 adults with mild ID living in community settings (with families, living independently or in supported living environments). QOL was measured with the Quality of Life Questionnaire. Self‐determination was measured using the Adult version of The Arc's Self‐Determination Scale. Discriminant function and correlational analyses were conducted.Results  Discriminant function analysis indicated that essential characteristics of self‐determination predicted membership in the high QOL group and that overall self‐determination and QOL were significantly correlated, as were sub‐scale scores.Conclusions  The study replicates findings from a previous study with an international sample and confirms the importance of self‐determination to enhance QOL. Subsequent research should examine the direction of the relationship between self‐determination and QOL and examine the relationship of essential characteristics of self‐determined behaviour and core domains of QOL in greater detail.
Quality of life from the point of view of Latin American families: a participative research study
Authors: Aznar A. S. , Castañón D. G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground  To date, little research has focused on what factors constitute a quality of life (QOL) among Latin American families with a member who is intellectually disabled.Method  Total 180 Latin American families cooperated in a participative research project. During 18 months, the families and a team exchanged information about their QOL by means of questionnaires and grids that the families analysed and completed at their homes.Results  In Latin America, families attribute utmost importance to interpersonal relations and emotional well‐being. In addition, results identified a number of QOL domains and indicators reflective of family‐centred QOL among Latin American families. A tool with 42 indicators grouped in six areas was obtainedConclusions  Quality of life is a concept that has meaning and structure which varies considerably from culture to culture. A topologic QOL model is presented to facilitate the cross‐cultural understanding of the QOL construct.
Family quality of life from the perspective of older parents
Authors: Jokinen N. S. , Brown R. I. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground  Family quality of life is a relatively new field of study. Research has primarily concentrated on families of children and young adults with intellectual disability (ID).Method  This project explored the concept of family quality of life from the perspective of older parents who had adult children with ID aged 40+. Focus groups, individual interviews and surveys investigated family issues related to maintaining or enhancing family quality of life.Results  Parents reported positive aspects of lifelong caregiving and quality of family life. There were concerns for the health of all family members, the social lives of their adult child, long‐term living arrangements and the role of siblings.Conclusion  Current family and service issues that need to be addressed are related to funding and finances, staffing, and the need to adapt to age‐related needs.
The use of quality of life data at the organization and systems level
Authors: Keith K. D. , Bonham G. S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground  To date researchers have given little attention to the use of quality of life (QOL) data for organization and systems‐level change. This article presents two state‐level examples of how QOL data are currently used in the USA.Method  Individuals with intellectual disability (ID) were assessed on an ongoing basis using two multidimensional QOL instruments. Data were analysed at the individual and organizational level.Results  Examples of statewide data utilization include: (1) determining significant predictors of quality outcomes; (2) developing provider profiles; (3) comparing individuals with ID with those without ID; (4) developing state‐level performance standards; and (5) implementing continuous programme improvement.Conclusions  The availability of this type of data allows service delivery systems to: (1) significantly alter the relationship between individual consumers and service providers; (2) open the system to scrutiny by citizens with and without ID; (3) improve responsiveness and quality outcomes; and (4) shape future directions of the service delivery system for people with ID.
Clinical symptoms according to genotype amongst patients with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
Authors: KJELDSEN A. D. , MØLLER T. R. , BRUSGAARD K. , VASE P. , ANDERSEN P. E. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract.Background.  Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a dominantly inherited disease, characterized by a wide variety of clinical manifestations, including epistaxis, gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) and neurological symptoms. HHT is a genetically heterogeneous disorder involving at least two loci; HHT1 mapping to chromosome 9q34.1 (ENG) and HHT2 mapping to chromosome 12q31 (ALK‐1).Objective.  To evaluate and describe the diversity of clinical manifestations in a Danish population of HHT patients with known HHT1 or HHT2 subtype.Design.  Prospective clinical examination with genetic evaluation and follow‐up.Setting.  Investigation centre was Odense University Hospital. All HHT patients in the County of Fyn were included.Methods.  HHT family members were invited to a clinical examination including registration of HHT manifestations, screening for PAVM and neurological evaluation. Blood tests were performed for analysis of disease‐causing mutation, and clinical manifestations in the HHT subtypes were compared. The survival of the patients was studied in the follow‐up period.Results.  Included in the study were 73 HHT patients representing 18 families. In 14 of the families we identified a disease‐causing mutation. Thirty‐nine patients (from 10 families) had HHT1 and 16 HHT patients from four families had HHT2.Conclusion.  Amongst patients with HHT1 genotype the prevalence of PAVM was higher than amongst HHT patients with HHT2 genotype. HHT1 patients had experienced more severe GI bleeding than HHT2 patients. There was no significant difference in severity of epistaxis or age at debut. Finally the mortality over a 90‐month observation period was not significantly increased.
Ribosome rescue: tmRNA tagging activity and capacity in Escherichia coli
Authors: Moore Sean D. , Sauer Robert T. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryWhen protein synthesis stalls in bacteria, tmRNA acts first as a surrogate tRNA and then as an mRNA in a series of reactions that append a peptide tag to the nascent polypeptide and ‘rescue’ the ribosome. The peptide tag encoded by wild‐type tmRNA promotes rapid degradation of rescued proteins. Using a mutant tmRNA that encodes a tag that does not lead to degradation, we demonstrate that the synthesis of approximately 0.4% of all proteins terminates with tagging and ribosome rescue during normal exponential growth of Escherichia coli. The frequency of tagging was not significantly increased in cells expressing very high levels of tmRNA and its binding protein SmpB, suggesting that recognition of ‘stalled’ ribosomes does not involve competition between tmRNA and other translation factors for A‐sites that are unoccupied transiently during protein synthesis. When the demand for ribosome rescue was increased artificially by overproduction of a non‐stop mRNA, tmRNA levels did not increase but tmRNA‐mediated tagging increased substantially. Thus, the ribosome‐rescue system usually operates well below capacity.
Transmission of a sugarcane yellow leaf phytoplasma by the delphacid planthopper Saccharosydne saccharivora, a new vector of sugarcane yellow leaf syndrome
Authors: Arocha Y. , López M. , Fernández M. , Piñol B. , Horta D. , Peralta E. L. , Almeida R. , Carvajal O. , Picornell S. , Wilson M. R. , Jones P. 
Published: September 2005

During surveys of sugarcane fields in western and central Cuba from December 2001 to March 2003, the delphacid planthopper Saccharosydne saccharivora was the most prevalent of the Auchenorrhyncha fauna surveyed. Individuals of S. saccharivora collected tested positive for the sugarcane yellow leaf phytoplasma (SCYLP). Saccharosydne saccharivora were reared in cages and used for experimental transmission studies of SCYLP. The S. saccharivora were given acquisition‐access feeds of 72 h on SCYLP‐infected canes collected from the field followed by an inoculation‐access period of 15 days on healthy sugarcane seedlings. Symptoms of yellow leaf syndrome developed on 24 out of 36 plants, 7–12 months postinoculation. None of the 36 healthy seedlings that were inoculated with S. saccharivora fed on phytoplasma‐free sugarcane developed symptoms. All phytoplasma‐positive sugarcane and S. saccharivora samples showed identical RFLP patterns and had 99·89% similarity in their 16S/23S spacer‐region sequences, but only 92·6–93·6% similarity with other phytoplasmas. Sequences were deposited with GenBank [accession numbers: AY725237 (S. saccharivora) and AY257548 (sugarcane)]. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the phytoplasmas from sugarcane and S. saccharivora are putative members of a new 16Sr phytoplasma group. This is the first report of vector transmission of a phytoplasma associated with sugarcane yellow leaf syndrome and the first time that S. saccharivora has been shown to vector a phytoplasma.
Facilitating coping behavior in children prior to dental general anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: CAMPBELL CAROLINE , HOSEY MARIE‐THERESE , McHUGH SIOBHAN 
Published: September 2005

SummaryBackground : The aim of this study was to establish the efficacy of two different preparation packages, a paper‐based cartoon and an interactive computer, at facilitating coping behavior in children undergoing dental general anesthetic (DGA) tooth extraction.Method : A total of 198 children were allocated randomly to computer, cartoon or control groups. A Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDAS) were used to compare preoperative anxiety levels between the three study groups. Blinded observers then scored behavior at both anesthesia induction and upon recovery using a VAS for each (0 = coped/no distress and 10 = no coping/high distress).Results : The children's median age was 5 (range 3–10) years, 57% were boys, a median of seven teeth were extracted (range 1–20). Preoperative anxiety was similar for all preparation groups; with 24% of all children categorized ‘phobic’ using MCDAS. The median induction (coping) VAS level for both the computer and the cartoon groups was ‘1’ (range 0–10), compared with the control group level of ‘3’ (range 0–10). The median recovery (coping) VAS levels were: computer group: 0 (range 0–10), cartoon group: 4 (range 0–10) and control group: 2.5 (range 0–10). The Mann–Whitney U‐test showed that the computer group coped significantly better than the control group at induction (P = 0.014) and significantly better than the cartoon group upon recovery (P = 0.016). The statistical power for detecting differences between groups (computer/cartoon versus control) was calculated to be 90%, based on pilot study data.Conclusions : The computer preparation package facilitated coping behavior in children undergoing DGA induction.
Using a nasopharyngeal airway during fiberoptic intubation in small children with a difficult airway
Authors: HOLM‐KNUDSEN ROLF , ERIKSEN KIRSTEN , RASMUSSEN LARS S. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryBackground : Induction of anesthesia and tracheal intubation in small children with a difficult airway is a challenging task. We report the experience with a procedure based on sevoflurane inhalation via a nasopharyngeal airway inserted early during induction before airway obstruction occurs. A pediatric fiberscope is used to perform a nasotracheal intubation via the opposite nostril.Methods:  All small children with suspected or known difficult airway needing tracheal intubation were scheduled for a fiberoptic intubation following the described protocol.Results : In 3 years, we performed 27 successful fiberoptic guided tracheal intubations in 19 children, median age 8.2 months (1.0–39.1 months) and median weight 7.6 kg (3.0–15.0 kg). The optimal depth for placement of the nasopharyngeal airway was found to be 8.0 cm (7.0–8.5 cm) from the nostril in the first year of life and 8.5 cm (8.0–10 cm) in the second year. Oxygenation was sufficient during the entire procedure in all cases except one child who had short‐lasting laryngeal spasm caused by instillation of lidocaine during light anesthesia. The duration of fiberoptic intubation was significantly shorter when performed by an experienced anesthesiologist (55 s vs. 120 s), but there was no significant correlation between the duration of fiberoscopy and oxygen saturation during fiberoscopy or endtidal CO2 after intubation.Conclusion : The combination of nasopharyngeal airway and fiberoptic guided tracheal intubation seems to be a reliable and safe procedure for managing the difficult airway in small children.
Pathophysiology of ketoacidosis in Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Linfoot P. , Bergstrom C. , Ipp E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAims  Despite an increasing number of reports of ketoacidosis in populations with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, the pathophysiology of the ketoacidosis in these patients is unclear. We therefore tested the roles of three possible mechanisms: elevated stress hormones, increased free fatty acids (FFA), and suppressed insulin secretion.Methods  Forty‐six patients who presented to the Emergency Department with decompensated diabetes (serum glucose > 22.2 mmol/l and/or ketoacid concentrations ≥ 5 mmol/l), had blood sampled prior to insulin therapy. Three groups of subjects were studied: ketosis‐prone Type 2 diabetes (KPDM2, n = 13) with ketoacidosis, non‐ketosis‐prone subjects with Type 2 diabetes (DM2, n = 15), and ketotic Type 1 diabetes (n = 18).Results  All three groups had similar mean plasma glucose concentrations. The degree of ketoacidosis (plasma ketoacids, bicarbonate and anion gap) in Type 1 and 2 subjects was similar. Mean levels of counterregulatory hormones (glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine), and FFA were not significantly different in DM2 and KPDM2 patients. In contrast, plasma C‐peptide concentrations were approximately three‐fold lower in KPDM2 vs. non‐ketotic DM2 subjects (P = 0.0001). Type 1 ketotic subjects had significantly higher growth hormone (P = 0.024) and FFA (P < 0.002) and lower glucagon levels (P < 0.02) than DM2.Conclusions  At the time of hospital presentation, the predominant mechanism for ketosis in KPDM2 is likely to be greater insulinopenia.
New anti‐RNS and ‐RCS products for cosmetic treatment
Authors: Cebrián J. , Messeguer Á. , Facino R. M. , García Antón J. Mª. 
Published: September 2005

SynopsisOxidants and free radicals are known to be a very important factor in skin aging, taking an active part in lipidic peroxidation, breakage of proteins and DNA, etc. The most well‐known are reactive oxygen species (ROS), for example, superoxide radical anion, or more commonly called, superoxide (O), hydroxyl radical (OH•) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Both free radicals and other oxidants can be generated by metabolic activity within the cell and by other environmental challenges,. In addition, other dangerous species are known such as reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive carbonyl species (RCS). Some of the most important RNS are peroxynitrite (ONOO−), nitrogen dioxide radical (•NO2) and the nitronium ion (NO). For RCS, some of the most important are 4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE), acrolein (ACR), malondialdehyde (MDA) or glyoxal (GXL). Both compounds (RNS and RCS) are thought to play an important role in many diseases and in skin aging, for example, collagen cross‐linking, DNA damage, protein tyrosine nitration, etc. This work investigates two new specific chemicals: Lipochroman‐6®– an anti‐RNS which shows good results in inhibiting the nitration of tyrosine by peroxynitrite, and Aldenine®– a tripeptide anti‐RCS which protects cells from reactive carbonyl compounds such as HNE or ACR; it also shows the ability to prevent glycation of proteins, specifically by superoxide dismutase (SOD).
Paediatric Liaison Work by Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services
Authors: Woodgate Mark , Elena Garralda M. 
Published: September 2005

Background:  Although psychiatric morbidity is common amongst paediatric patients, little is known about the availability of CAMH paediatric liaison services.Method:  We surveyed all Trusts with specialist CAMH services and paediatric units in Greater London, enquiring about the nature of liaison that CAMHS provide.Results:  We found that although liaison paediatric work was common, dedicated paediatric liaison services were provided by only a minority of specialist multidisciplinary CAMHS. Their work involved most aspects of child psychopathology, and included emergencies and children with joint physical and psychiatric problems. About 2/3 of paediatricians were satisfied with CAMHS liaison services, but virtually all desired to see them developed further. There were few indications of co‐ordination between specialist multidisciplinary CAMHS and other paediatric psychosocial support services.