bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religion
Authors: Devins Neal , Fisher Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is widely believed that courts are essential guardians in protecting religious liberty, particularly when majority rule threatens minority religions. Yet the Court barely began to sketch out a jurisprudence of religious freedom until 1940.1 Thus, for a century and a half, the duty of protecting religious liberties was left to the regular political process. Individuals and private organizations, in their efforts to protect the rights of conscience, turned to nonjudicial bodies and the states for relief. Instead of the Court’s serving as the exclusive guardian of individual rights, a powerful dialogue operates between judicial and nonjudicial bodies, with the courts often playing a secondary role. Courts can nudge society at times, but the judicial role is usually marginal rather than pivotal. Religious lobbies press their views on all three branches at the national level and on state governments. Often, they prefer to rely on Congress and state legislatures to advance their interests.
The Ongoing Dialogue
Authors: Devins Neal , Fisher Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explains how constitutional law is produced by many forces: political and legal, nonjudicial and judicial, national and local, public and private. All three branches are involved, not just one. Fifty-one constitutions are at play, not just one. The historical record of this constitutional dialogue is richly documented, and yet support for judicial supremacy remains strong.
The Complaint: A Prelude to Litigation
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suddenly you’re under the kind of scrutiny you’ve never had. The kind you’ve given other people but that you’ve never really had yourself . . . And publicly . . . the words liar, cheat, fraud etc. begin to be bandied about. It was at that time that I realized for the first time how a doctor must feel. A doctor who has spent his time . . . up until the time of that particular suit . . . and now what they are saying is, that you’re a killer. It’s got to be devastating. A reporter (such as myself), what do we have? We have our credibility, we have our integrity and, all of a sudden you’re being called thief, cheat, liar, fraud. It goes to your gut. If you’re a doctor, it’s the center of your soul; it’s the center of your life. If you’re a doctor, you’re a healer and somebody is ac- cusing you, not of healing but of hurting.
Closing Arguments
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As long as we work with patients in the high-risk environment of health care, we will live with the possibility of adverse events. After signing off on difficult cases of every kind in long careers in medicine, we come upon one for which we will never gain closure. It began in a moment that grew into years of turmoil as we were formally accused and had to defend ourselves against medical negligence. Responsible or not, we wonder, Did I do anything personally that contributed to the bad outcome? We understand Saul Bellow’s words, “The unexamined life may not be worth living but the examined life is driving me crazy.” Trained to constant self- examination, we are disquieted by the emotions—doubt and guilt, shame and disappointment, anguish and fear—it stirs within us.
Torture A Collection
Authors: Levinson Sanford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Torture is perhaps the most unequivocally banned practice in the world today. Yet within six weeks after September 11, articles began appearing suggesting that torture might be “required” in order to interrogate suspected terrorists about future possibilities of violence. The United States and some of its allies are using methods of questioning relating to the war on terrorism that could be described as torture or, at the very least, as inhuman and degrading. It is known that the United States sent some suspected terrorists to allied countries that are well known to engage in torture. And in terror’s wake, the use of such methods, at least under some conditions, has gained some prominent defenders. Torture: A Collection brings together leading lawyers, political theorists, social scientists, and public intellectuals to debate the advisability of maintaining the absolute ban and to reflect on what it says about our societies if we do--or do not--adhere to it in all circumstances. One important question is how we define torture at all. Are “cruel and inhumane” practices that result in profound physical or mental discomfort tolerable so long as they do not meet some definition of “torture”? And how much “transparency” do we really want with regard to interrogation practices? Is “don’t ask, don’t tell” an acceptable response to those who concern themselves about these practices? Addressing these questions and more, this book tackles one of the most controversial issues that we face today. The noted contributors include Ariel Dorfman, Elaine Scarry, Alan Dershowitz, Judge Richard Posner, Michael Walzer, Jean Bethke Elshtain, and other lawyers from both the United States and abroad.
Chomsky’s Minimalism
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Noam Chomsky's current theory, published in 1995, is known as The Minimalist Program and has been presented as his crowning achievement. Minimalism has spawned in linguistics an entire research program, despite being fundamentally misguided, according to distinguished linguist and philosopher of language Pieter Seuren. Seuren's accessible and spirited attack argues that the Minimalist Program is deeply flawed. Seuren points to the original acrimonious split in the 1960s and 1970s between Chomsky's generative grammar and the alternative generative semantics proposed by his followers, and argues that the latter theory was sounder and unfairly suppressed. Seuren maintains that this suppression, and the cult surrounding Chomsky and Minimalism more generally, has done great damage to linguistics by impairing open discussion of empirical issues and excluding valid alternatives.
Surface-Driven Elements of Semantic Interpretation
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter an extended analysis is presented, showing that the argument of surface-driven elements of semantic interpretation—the one potentially relevant argument against the mediational view of the FoL and in favor of the random-generator view (though not the version instantiated in the MP)—is invalid, since all cases of alleged surface-driven semantic interpretation quoted are seen to be better handled in terms of deep structure semantic interpretation.
The Embarrassment of Evidence
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us finally take a closer look at the actual complexity of grammar and try to decide whether the differences taken to exist between the surface and the semantic levels of representation (or whatever levels are invoked in the MP) are adequately described by the term “displacement.” This might seem a matter of minor terminological importance, yet a closer look will provide a clearer insight into what exactly is involved.
Prologue: Containment Before Kennan
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“My children, it is permitted you in time of grave danger to walk with the devil until you have crossed the bridge.” It was Franklin D. Roosevelt’s version of an old Balkan proverb (sanctioned by the Orthodox Church, no less), and he liked to cite it from time to time during World War II to explain the use of questionable allies to achieve unquestionable objectives.1 In all-out war, he believed, the ultimate end—victory—justified a certain broad-mindedness regarding means, nowhere more so than in reliance on Stalin’s Soviet Union to help defeat Germany and Japan. Allies of any kind were welcome enough in London and Washington during the summer of 1941; still the U.S.S.R.’s sudden appearance in that capacity could not avoid setting off Faustian musings in both capitals.
Implementing the New Look
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Criteria for judging the effectiveness of strategies vary, but Eisenhower’s were clear enough: his goal was to achieve the maximum possible deterrence of communism at the minimum possible cost. In retrospect, the “New Look” strategy appears to have met these objectives. Despite the fact that his administration refrained from large-scale overseas military activity after the Korean armistice, the only countries “lost” to communism during its term were North Vietnam, already largely under Ho Chi Minh’s control when Eisenhower entered the White House, and Cuba, whose communist orientation did not become clear until he was about to leave it. Expenditures for national defense remained remarkably stable, ranging from a low of $42.5 billion in fiscal 1956 to a high of $49.6 billion in fiscal 1961. More revealing are military expenditures as a percentage of the total budget—these figures actually declined, from 69.5 percent in 1954 to 50.8 percent in 1961. Defense spending as a percentage of gross domestic product also went down, from 13.1 percent in 1954 to 9.4 percent in 1961.1 And yet, despite appearances to the contrary, these cuts produced no net reduction in American military strength relative to that of the S viet Union—if anything, the United States was in a stronger posture vis-àvis its major competitor at the end of Eisenhower’s term than it was at the beginning.
Characteristics of Human Cancer
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During my career as a cancer scientist, I have frequently received calls from individuals who recently heard a physician tell them the ominous words “You have cancer,” or from people who have heard that statement about a family member or close friend. The first question usually is “What can you tell me about this kind of cancer?” They may have already visited several Internet sites and have some information, not always accurate or scientifically based. If the patient is a child and the inquiry comes from parents, they frequently have a great feeling of guilt and want to know what they did wrong, or they may lash out at some perceived environmental agent that they think is the cause, such as water pollutants or electromagnetic fields from high-power lines in their neighborhood.
Tumor Immunology
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All the cells in the body have antigenic determinants on their cell surface that reflect the expression of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes of that organism. In the human, this gene complex, called the HLA complex, is located on chromosome 6. The letters HLA stand for human leukocyte antigens, reflecting the cells in which the expression of these genes was initially determined. These genes determine recognition of self from non-self and are involved in the rejection of transplanted tissue from a foreign host. They also play a role in other aspects of the immune response system. When a normal cell becomes transformed into a malignant cell, it undergoes biochemical changes that often result in the production of new cellular antigens. These new antigens may be recognized by the host organism as foreign. Although new antigenic determinants may be present in other parts of a cancer cell, the ones that are most important in cancer cell recognition are most likely located on the cell surface, where they are “perceived” by interactions with host cells or shed into the bloodstream where they are recognized as foreign. In addition, peptides shed from cancer cells as they undergo cell death may be generated by proteolytic degradation and be found in the blood and urine. New antigens are found in tumors induced by chemicals, viruses, or irradiation in experimental animals.
Sequelae of Cancer and Its Treatment
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A malignant tumor growing in vivo produces a number of effects on the host (Table 8–1). The end result of one or more of these effects is what ultimately proves fatal. The effects of a growing cancer in a patient may include fever, anorexia (loss of appetite), weight loss and cachexia (body wasting), infection, anemia, and various hormonal and neurologic symptoms. These may occur out of proportion to the size of the tumor. A relatively small tumor may cause many symptoms, whereas another tumor may produce few symptoms and remain occult until it is far advanced and has metastasized. Malignant tumors affect host functions by compression, invasion, and destruction of normal tissues as well as by the elaboration of substances that circulate in the bloodstream. The effects of tumor-produced factors are called collectively the paraneoplastic syndromes. Approximately 15% of patients hospitalized with advanced malignancy will have clinically apparent systemic effects in organ systems distant from the primary neoplasm, even though there is no evidence of metastasis to the affected organ. From 50% to 75% of cancer patients eventually experience a paraneoplastic syndrome. A common form of paraneoplastic syndrome is related to ectopic hormone production by growing tumors.
Cancer Prevention
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To think about cancer prevention, one needs to consider the causes of cancer (Chapter 2) and the epidemiology of cancer (Chapter 3) as well as how tumors progress from an early, indolent, or less aggressive type into a full-blown invasive, metastatic cancer. We live in a “sea” of carcinogens in modern society. This is a fact of life. We are continually exposed to environmental agents that can potentially cause cancer in susceptible individuals. A key question then is: Can we adopt a lifestyle or take minimally toxic agents that lessen this risk? The answer to the first part of this question is clearly “yes.” The dangers of cigarette smoking are clearly defined. Obesity is linked to increased risk of certain cancers. Some dietary elements are suggested to help, based on epidemiologicaldata, althoughsomeofthesedata are still controversial. Early and prolonged exposure to estrogen or other hormones plays a role in breast cancer. Thus, there are some things that people can do to help decrease risk. The answer to the second part of the question relating to effective chemopreventive agents is less clear, but there are some encouraging data that suggest this is a possibility.
The Relational Case for Same-Sex Marriage
Authors: Eskridge William N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The case for same-sex marriage has been most powerfully supported by reference to liberal premises: adults presumptively ought to be able to choose their own marital partner, and the state ought to recognize such unions of choice on an equal basis. Because many mature adults would like to form lasting commitments to sexual partners of the same sex, the state ought to recognize same-sex marriages. The case against same-sex marriage has been most powerfully supported by reference to communitarian premises: the state should guide individuals to make good choices and should limit choices that have bad effects on third parties or on society. Because same-sex marriage is not a worthy aspiration in the way different-sex (man–woman) marriage is, the state should discourage and may prohibit the former. Most Americans still oppose same-sex marriage for reasons such as these.
Between Justice And Commitment
Authors: Regan Milton C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In “Just Marriage,” Mary Shanley offers a perspective on marriage that builds on both liberal and communitarian insights. On the one hand, she argues that genuine equality between spouses should be an essential feature of marriage. Her analysis illuminates how commitment to this goal requires measures that go beyond the regulation of marriage per se to encompass reforms in the workplace and in social-benefit programs. On the other hand, Shanley accepts the view that society has an interest in treating marriage as a public institution. That institution embodies the ways in which intimate relationships can shape the identities of those within them and can generate dependencies and responsibilities that are not purely the product of individual choice.
The Public Supports Of Love
Authors: Cornell Drucilla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I agree with Mary Shanley that family and kinship are and should remain irreducible to contractual relationships. Indeed I agree with her that contractualism, as a solution to the dilemmas of heterosexual marriage, turns on a psychoanalytically naive conception of the person, one that assumes that people are independent and bounded individuals from birth, and perhaps even more naively, that people are ever rational when it comes to sexual relationships. In the end, that is my disagreement with sexual “rationalists” such as Richard Posner in Sex and Reason. Shanley, however, narrows the range of reforms of family law to a choice between contractualism and state-supported marriage that promotes the equal-status view of the lovers (including gay men and lesbians) in the marriage. (I am using the word lovers here, not partners or stakeholders, because Shanley is, at least implicitly, emphasizing the importance of ritual and other forms of commitment that bind people together.) But by defining the debate as between contractualists and conservatives who support complementary but unequal gender roles in a monogamous heterosexual marriage, Shanley misses some of the most pressing points made by critics of the legal establishment of heterosexual marriage as the publicly accepted and legally enforced norm of the family. Queer theorists have pointed out that marriage cannot be reformed because normalized heterosexuality packages us into contained gender roles that limit our freedom. It is freedom from this containment, even within marriage, not equality between the genders, that queer theory advocates. Queer theorists deride heterosexual monogamous marriage as a hotbed of pomposity and hypocrisy, and as one of the great illusions of heterosexuality.
α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Authors: Schwarzenberg Sarah Jane , Sharp Harvey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient was a 35-year-old white male with α1-antitrypsin deficiency. He received a combined liver-kidney transplant for cirrhosis complicated by portal hypertension, renal insufficiency secondary to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and combined restrictive and obstructive pulmonary disease at age 18 years.
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency
Authors: Stacpoole Peter W , Gilbert Lesa R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Identical twins with the fictitious names Ann and Elizabeth were born 6 weeks prematurely to a healthy 26-year-old mother whose pregnancy was uneventful. The family history was noteworthy for epilepsy in a paternal aunt, congenital deafness in another paternal aunt, and possible mental retardation in a maternal cousin. The twins’ sister was a healthy 3-yearold girl with the same biological father. The birth weight was 3 pounds 9 ounces for Ann and 3 pounds 12 ounces for Elizabeth. Apgar scores (numerical expressions of the condition of a newborn infant; based on assessment of heart rate, respiratory effort,muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color) 1 and 5 minutes after birth were 8 and 9 for both girls (maximum score is 10). Other than prematurity, neither child evidenced physical or laboratory abnormalities, and they were discharged home within 2 weeks (for Ann) and 3 weeks (for Elizabeth), both apparently in good health. The mother subsequently remarried and gave birth to a son, who has remained well through age 6 years.
Neonatal Hypoglycemia and the Importance of Gluconeogenesis
Authors: Holzman Ian R , Milley J Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Female infant L. weighed 3.98 kg at birth to a 29-year-old mother after a 35-week pregnancy. Mrs. L. was an insulin-requiring diabetic who had had type 1 diabetes since she was 15 years old and had not yet shown signs of vascular disease. Her pregnancy had been complicated by multiple episodes of hyperglycemia (excess sugar in the blood) and glycosuria (presence of abnormal amounts of sugar in the urine). Her prenatal care was only episodic because her husband had been part of a layoff at work, and the family was without health insurance.
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Authors: Devlin Angela M , Lentz Steven R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 35-year-old man presented to his family physician after he noted a 20-min episode of slurred speech and weakness of his left arm. He had had a similar episode, lasting 10 min, 3 days earlier. He had never smoked cigarettes, and he had no history of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, stroke, or neurological problems. He did have a history of blood clots in his right leg (deep vein thrombosis) and lungs (pulmonary embolism) at age 15 years. From age 15 until age 20 he took the anticoagulant drug warfarin, which inhibits blood clotting by blocking the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors.
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Authors: Vanderjagt Dorothy J , Mccarthy Denis M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient, an 84-year-old male resident of a veteran’s home, was admitted to the hospital following a fall in which he had sustained a fracture of his left radius and several lacerations. Physical examination on admission revealed a well-nourished elderly male in no great distress (body mass index (BMI), 22.5 kg/m2). He was moderately confused but with prompting was oriented to time, place, and person. There was no obvious pallor, cyanosis, or jaundice, and his skin and mucous membranes were unremarkable apart from the injuries he sustained in the fall. His right lower extremity was swollen and tender, and he walked cautiously and with a pronounced limp.
Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Authors: Fink Scott A , Chung Raymond T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 46-year-old Caucasian man was referred to the gastroenterology clinic for evaluation of abnormal liver chemistries. The patient had initially presented to his primary care physician 1 month earlier complaining of new-onset fatigue impotence, and diminished libido. He denied any abdominal pain, confusion, or change in skin color. He did note a recent 10-pound weight loss.
Getting Started
Authors: Mcshane Marjorie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Syntactic ellipsis is the nonexpression of a word or phrase that is, nevertheless, expected to occupy a place in the syntactic structure of a sentence. For example, in Mary got an A on the math test and Louise(?) a B, the verb ‘got’ in the second conjunct is elided.1 Although for many linguists syntactic ellipsis has come to represent the de fault interpretation of the term “ellipsis,” ellipsis is actually a much broader phenomenon whose many aspects vie for immediate attention, particularly in the realm of natural language processing (NLP). For example, semantic ellipsis-the nonexpression of elements that, while crucial for a full semantic interpretation, are not signaled by a syntactic gap-occurs in/ forgot my keys and He is reading Tolstoy, since the meanings are actually “I forgot to take/bring my keys” and “He is reading a book written by Tolstoy.” The fact that a component of semantics is, in fact, missing in sentences like these can be detected, among other ways, by cross-linguistic comparison: in Chinese, for example, one cannot use the elliptical read an author.