bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fibrosis Management Algorithm in Secondary Liposculpture
Authors: Mera-Cruz Giovanni , Durán Héctor , Murillo-Romero Natalia , Pérez Mauricio , Rubiano Victoria , Camacho-Domínguez Laura 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
Liposuction is considered one of the most common procedures in plastic surgery. However, major postoperative complications such as visceral injury, fluid overload, and necrotizing fasciitis still occur. Likewise, minor complications such as ecchymosis, seromas, infections, and contour irregularities that do not threaten the life of the patient do generate significant dissatisfaction. Current evidence regarding the management of fibrosis after previous liposuction remains limited.

Objectives
The objective of this article is to standardize a management algorithm based on the extensive experience and successful results of the primary author (G.M.).

Methods
Patients who underwent secondary liposculpture between August 2022 and May 2023 were evaluated prospectively. Inclusion criteria comprised females between 18 and 60 years old, nonsmokers, with a BMI &lt; 35 kg/m2 and a history of previous body contouring surgeries. Identification of the patient's skin condition and subcutaneous lesions in the adipose tissue were obtained in detail. Statistical analysis of preoperative and postoperative medical photographs was also performed with the Fiji Biological image analyzer.

Results
Photographic analysis of preoperative and postoperative photographs showed a statistically significant difference between the areas affected by fibrosis (P &lt; .001). The most frequent clinical findings were depressions in 99% of the females (74), followed by soft nodules in 95% (70), hard nodules in 81% (61), adhesions in 47% (35), and finally cutaneous bursas in 4%.

Conclusions
Our classification system and management algorithm for fibrosis and contour irregularities is a safe and reliable tool. Results were objectively verified, yielding statistically significant outcomes.

Level of Evidence: 3
Comparison of Functional and Cosmetic Outcomes Between Dorsal Preservation and Spreader Flap Rhinoplasty: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Zarei Rojan , Most Sam P , Amali Amin , Saedi Babak 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
Preservation rhinoplasty is a novel and increasingly utilized method in nasal plastic surgery.

Objectives
The study aimed to compare the functional and aesthetic outcomes of dorsal preservation rhinoplasty, a new and interesting method, with conventional hump resection.

Methods
A total of 84 rhinoplasty applicants were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The first group underwent convention dorsal hump resection with spreader flap midvault reconstruction and the second group underwent dorsal preservation rhinoplasty with the modified subdorsal strip method. Aesthetic and functional outcomes, including residual hump, nasal width, projection, and rotation, were evaluated after 1 year with the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS), visual analog scale (VAS), and image analysis.

Results
Eighty-four patients with a mean age of 30.96 ± 6.75 years were recruited, of whom 15 (17.6%) were male. There were no significant differences in confounding variables between the 2 groups. There were no significant differences in residual hump (P = .11), nasal width (P = .37), projection (P = .70), rotation (P = .79), VAS (P = .81), or SCHNOS (P = .90) between the 2 groups.

Conclusions
Dorsal preservation rhinoplasty with the modified subdorsal strip method may have comparable aesthetic and functional outcomes to spreader flaps midvault reconstruction.

Level of Evidence: 3
Population genetic structure in the critically endangered Crocodylus intermedius (Crocodilia: Crocodylidae): a shift in perspective for conservation actions in Colombia
Authors: Castillo-Rodríguez Nicolás , Saldarriaga-Gómez Ana M , Antelo Rafael , Vargas-Ramírez Mario 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Conservation actions for threatened species and populations aim to preserve their genetic diversity and prevent issues such as inbreeding or outbreeding depressions. This perspective has been incorporated into the management plans proposed for the critically endangered Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius) in Colombia. A previous study, which used mitochondrial cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, suggested that the in situ population management of the Orinoco crocodile in Colombia does not face genetic restrictions. In this research, we re-evaluated this proposal by using an expanded sampling and additional molecular markers (microsatellite nuclear DNA and the mitochondrial D-loop) that have successfully identified crucial information at the population level in other crocodilians. Our findings reveal, for the first time, a pattern of population structure consisting of three genetic clusters with geographical correspondence, matching three ecoregions in the Colombian Orinoco basin. This pattern might be a historical and current consequence of the ecological, bioclimatic, and/or geographical features of the ecoregion. Additionally, we examined the correspondence with the genetic clusters of the confiscated individuals that formed part of the initial population (F0) of the Colombian ex situ species population and successfully assigned most of them to one of these clusters. The genetically distinct clusters should be regarded as independent management units for conserving and managing the species in Colombia.
Sall genes regulate hindlimb initiation in mouse embryos
Authors: Chen Katherine Q , Kawakami Hiroko , Anderson Aaron , Corcoran Dylan , Soni Aditi , Nishinakamura Ryuichi , Kawakami Yasuhiko 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Vertebrate limbs start to develop as paired protrusions from the lateral plate mesoderm at specific locations of the body with forelimb buds developing anteriorly and hindlimb buds posteriorly. During the initiation process, limb progenitor cells maintain active proliferation to form protrusions and start to express Fgf10, which triggers molecular processes for outgrowth and patterning. Although both processes occur in both types of limbs, forelimbs (Tbx5), and hindlimbs (Isl1) utilize distinct transcriptional systems to trigger their development. Here, we report that Sall1 and Sall4, zinc finger transcription factor genes, regulate hindlimb initiation in mouse embryos. Compared to the 100% frequency loss of hindlimb buds in TCre; Isl1 conditional knockouts, Hoxb6Cre; Isl1 conditional knockout causes a hypomorphic phenotype with only approximately 5% of mutants lacking the hindlimb. Our previous study of SALL4 ChIP-seq showed SALL4 enrichment in an Isl1 enhancer, suggesting that SALL4 acts upstream of Isl1. Removing 1 allele of Sall4 from the hypomorphic Hoxb6Cre; Isl1 mutant background caused loss of hindlimbs, but removing both alleles caused an even higher frequency of loss of hindlimbs, suggesting a genetic interaction between Sall4 and Isl1. Furthermore, TCre-mediated conditional double knockouts of Sall1 and Sall4 displayed a loss of expression of hindlimb progenitor markers (Isl1, Pitx1, Tbx4) and failed to develop hindlimbs, demonstrating functional redundancy between Sall1 and Sall4. Our data provides genetic evidence that Sall1 and Sall4 act as master regulators of hindlimb initiation.
Mitigating Persecution: Intermarried Families and the Significance of Social Networks during the Holocaust in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Authors: Lichtenstein Tatjana 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This article focuses on the wartime experience of an intermarried family in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. It examines the intermarried couple Marie and Jiří Klouda, their daughters, Helena and Mariana, and their closest relatives among the Eisner and Klouda families. Using a microhistorical perspective, this study focuses on the experiences and strategies of particular individuals and their social circles to understand their responses to shifting circumstances. Although I focus on these two families, my questions pertain to the significance of non-Jewish friends and relatives for Jews during the Holocaust. In short, what difference did these social and familial bonds make to Jewish family members? The study shows that familial and social bonds had tangible outcomes in terms of facilitating important, lifesaving contacts and favors within the forced Jewish societies in the Terezín ghetto and Prague. Prewar professional, familial, and cultural networks, and the social capital they embodied, carried over into the lives of Jews forced into Terezín and into the ghettoized society in Prague. Family and friends provided significant material and emotional support for each other. This support was especially important in a family like the Eisners-Kloudas, which experienced multiple forms of victimization during the war. During the Holocaust, non-Jewish relatives and friends could not stop the processes of genocide, but they could mitigate the effects of dispossession, isolation, deprivation, and deportation.
Impacts on population indices if scientific surveys are excluded from marine protected areas
Authors: Anderson Sean C , English Philina A , Gale Katie S P , Haggarty Dana R , Robb Carolyn K , Rubidge Emily M , Thompson Patrick L 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly common worldwide, typically restricting fishing activities. However, MPAs may also limit scientific surveys that impact benthic habitat. We combine a historical data degradation approach and simulation to investigate the effects on population indices of excluding surveys from MPAs. Our approach quantifies losses in precision, inter-annual accuracy, trend accuracy, and power to detect trends, as well as correlates of these effects. We apply this approach to a proposed MPA network off western Canada, examining 43 groundfish species observed by four surveys. Survey exclusion particularly impacted less precise indices, species well-represented in MPAs, and those whose density shifted in or out of MPAs. Redistributing survey effort outside MPAs consistently improved precision but not accuracy or trend detection—sometimes making estimates more precise about the ‘wrong’ index. While these changes may not qualitatively alter stock assessment for many species, in some cases, ∼30 percentage point reductions in power to detect simulated 50% population declines suggest meaningful impacts are possible. If survey restrictions continue expanding, index integrity could further degrade, eventually compromising the management of exploited populations. Regulating surveys within MPA boundaries therefore requires careful consideration to balance MPA objectives with the need for reliable monitoring.
A VLBA-uGMRT search for candidate binary black holes: study of six X-shaped radio galaxies with double-peaked emission lines
Authors: Sebastian Biny , Caproni Anderson , Kharb Preeti , Nayana A J , Ali Arshi , Rubinur K , O’Dea Christopher P , Baum Stefi , Nandi Sumana 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
Identifying methods to discover dual active galactic nucleus (AGN) has proven to be challenging. Several indirect tracers have been explored in the literature, including X/S-shaped radio morphologies and double-peaked (DP) emission lines in the optical spectra. However, the detection rates of confirmed dual AGN candidates from the individual methods remain extremely small. We search for binary black holes (BBH) in a sample of six sources that exhibit both X-shaped radio morphology and DP emission lines using the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). Three out of the six sources show dual VLBA compact components, making them strong candidates for BBH sources. In addition, we present deep uGMRT images revealing the exquisite details of the X-shaped wings in three sources. We present a detailed precession modeling analysis of these sources. The black hole separations estimated from the simplistic geodetic precession model are incompatible with those estimated from emission line offsets and the VLBA separations. However, precession induced by a non-coplanar secondary black hole is a feasible mechanism for explaining the observed X-shaped radio morphologies and the black hole separations estimated from other methods. The black hole separations estimated from the double-peaked emission lines agree well with the VLBA compact component separations. Future multifrequency VLBA observations will be critical in ruling out or confirming the BBH scenario in the three galaxies with dual component detections.
Crusader Jerusalem (19 September 1187)
Authors: Magness Jodi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In 1009 ce, the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim ordered the Church of the Holy Sepulcher razed to the ground, sparing only the Rotunda enshrining the tomb of Christ. The destruction of Christianity’s holiest site precipitated the Crusades. On 15 July 1099, the Crusaders took Jerusalem, which became the capital of their newly established kingdom in the Holy Land. The city was transformed swiftly in population and appearance. The Crusaders massacred most of the non-Christian inhabitants and exiled the rest, replacing them with Christian transplants. They rebuilt the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and turned the Temple Mount over to the Knights Templar. After his victory over the Crusaders at the Horns of Hattin, the Ayyubid caliph Saladin took most of the Crusader strongholds and cities to the south including Jerusalem, which fell after a siege on 2 October 1187.
Planning and Imagining the Fortress
Authors: Pauschinger Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 takes the reader to the spheres of the imaginations and plans of those who idealized the mega-event security and how these plans materialized. The chapter critically examines the Brazilian mega-event security plans and the imaginations connected to them. It presents how the federal government planned the mega-event security architecture and the ways in which this was reflected in Rio de Janeiro. The chapter therefore sheds light on how the Brazilian government prepared legally and anticipated the possible risk scenarios for the mega-event period. The chapter investigates how the Brazilian authorities planned the mega-event security according to three major principles: the implementation of the Integrated Command and Control System (SICC) to foster cooperation among a diverse field of security institutions; investments in technological solutions, such as camera surveillance and communication systems, materializing in the establishment of Integrated Command and Control Centres (CICCs); and finally, the realization of militarized lockdown security perimeters and ostensive policing strategies to secure the mega-event boroughs.
Non/Material Legacies
Authors: Pauschinger Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines the main official sport mega-event security measures that were meant to become long-lasting security policies in Brazil. Ranging from material (technologies, camera surveillance architectures, and the Centro Integrado de Comando e Controle (CICC) buildings) to non-material legacies (the cooperation between the different security forces), the ethnography reveals how the technology, the buildings, and the cooperation strategy had only worked in very specific contexts in Rio but failed to provide a long-lasting security strategy, and how in Rio today, the Foucauldian triangle of security governance is complemented by a fourth dimension, the government of things, mainly present in the materiality of security. The analysis suggests that, while the event’s technological legacy cannot fulfil all of the stated security ambitions, it does leave behind a long-lasting surveillance apparatus that will continue to operate in Rio de Janeiro and reproduces the social-spatial division of the city. The integration ambitions worked temporarily but failed to materialize at street level, provoking questions as to whether these efforts will continue in the future.
Conclusions
Authors: Pauschinger Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Conclusions highlight that sport mega-event security has clearly failed to improve any of the painful realities that are lived in the everyday experiences of those who work within the public security sector and/or are victims of the deadly effects within these insecurity patterns that are best described in Mbembe’s terms as necropolitics. These insecurity patterns could not be improved as the mega-event security measures focused on rational technological solutions instead of considering deeply entrenched configurations and the immediacy of the emotional life of police officers that feed the everyday routines of violence and insecurity. The Conclusions also summarize the main arguments of the book and shed light on the shortcomings of the present study, as well as outlining future possibilities and the necessities of how to investigate even further the question of how security governance is carried out in places where the use of digital security technologies co-exists with overly lethal and repressive forms of policing, particularly in an age in which far-right populism is advancing in worrying ways.
The “Fourth Arbitrator” Laid to Rest—The End of the Controversy over Tribunal Secretaries
Authors: Williams Sir David AR , Kirk Anna 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The proper role of the tribunal secretary is an important, but sometimes controversial, issue. The growing complexity of international arbitration, both factually and legally, and the demand for procedural efficiency makes support of tribunal members by a tribunal secretary increasingly desirable. However, concerns about the precise nature of the role must be addressed. This chapter considers the historical development of the role of the tribunal secretary and critically analyses recent case law and institutional guidance in order to demystify the role and highlight the benefits it can bring in an era where efficiency in international arbitration is under increasing scrutiny.
Creativity in Dispute Settlement Relating to the Law of the Sea
Authors: Murphy Sean D 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter, written in honour of David Caron, focuses on creativity in dispute resolution relating to the law of the sea. When the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) was adopted in 1982, its dispute settlement procedures were heralded as highly creative in offering an array of possibilities for states (and even non-state actors). Now that almost three decades have passed since the Convention’s entry into force in 1994, can it be said that the promise of such creativity has been fulfilled? It appears that the answer to that question is largely yes, not just in the modes by which dispute resolution is occurring (negotiation, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, and judicial settlement) but also in the wide-ranging issues being addressed within those modes, and perhaps even in the express and tacit dialogue occurring among the dispute settlers. The system, of course, is not perfect and could be more robust, but we may be amidst a “rising tide” of maritime dispute resolution, one that is strengthening and developing this area of the law. At the same time, a word of caution is in order; some aspects of the creativity found within the decisions of dispute settlers may well be giving at least some states pause as to the procedures they have unleashed.
International Courts through a Sociological Lens
Authors: Rask Madsen Mikael 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes as its starting point the fact that law—both national and international—is informed and developed in society, and in turn helps to develop society. It examines how sociological approaches to the study of international courts and tribunals can enrich understandings of how these bodies function but also of international law more broadly. The chapter distinguishes sociological approaches from both legal and political science analyses, noting that the former focus on institutions in a broader sense as assemblages of practices within larger social fields or more generally as devices for ordering society. It introduces classical approaches to sociology, including interpretative sociology, structural formalism and systems theory, and Marxism and critical theory, highlighting how these approaches have provided a series of general studies of law and courts in society with considerable relevance for understanding international courts and society. The chapter then introduces more recent approaches, including the law and society movement and the study of transnational law. It highlights through this discussion how sociological approaches can give rise to different kinds of questioning which in some cases challenges widespread assumptions of what international courts are in the first place.
The Multiplicity of Parallel Procedures in International Law
Authors: Michael Reisman W , Arsanjani Mahnoush H 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Due to the interplay of modern global capitalism, corporate law, and principles of contemporary international law, international investment law is susceptible to parallel procedures for a single dispute. For financial, business planning, and legal reasons, the vehicles for making direct foreign investments are corporations, with separate legal personality and nationality, which are sometimes composed of other legal entities in intricate horizontal and vertical relationships. Thus, legally independent entities of different nationalities can converge in a particular investment. Add the shareholders, with their respective nationalities, and the number of potential claimants in an investment may expand further. If a host state concludes BITs with a number of the states of which the investor’s components are nationals, a rational investor can initiate for the same investment dispute, simultaneous arbitrations under different BITs and/or contracts containing arbitration clauses. Aside from the duplication of costs involved, such parallel procedures may lead to legal and factual inconsistencies in the different arbitrations.
The Treatment of Relevant Circumstances in Maritime Boundary Delimitation
Authors: McRae Donald 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The concept of relevant circumstances has been central to maritime boundary delimitation. Over the years it has gone through several phases from a wide, open-ended concept developed in the decisions of courts and tribunals, to an attempted focusing of the concept within a three-stage test for delimitation articulated by the International Court of Justice and developed and applied by the Court itself, by ITLOS, and by arbitral tribunals. However, it might be argued that the way the three-stage test has been applied has both narrowed the scope of relevant circumstances and increased the subjectivity in their appreciation. An alternative approach to considering relevant circumstances in maritime boundary delimitation can be seen in the process of conciliation undertaken between Timor-Leste and Australia. There a boundary was established and agreed to by the parties through a process that took specific account of the circumstances that were most key to them. It remains to be seen whether this provides a model for future maritime boundary delimitation.