bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life after Lapita
Authors: Shaw Ben , Connaughton Sean P. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The spread of Lapita cultural groups through the New Guinea region 3350–3250 years ago and into the uninhabited remote Pacific islands from 3050–3000 years ago was one of the greatest migrations in human history. Over subsequent millennia, novel adaptations and intergenerational social linkages led to the emergence of a complex mosaic of culture and language reflected in modern Pacific populations. Broadly defined as “post-Lapita,” this chapter assesses the current breadth of archaeological information about human settlement and practices in the few centuries after the arrival of Lapita communities within the former ambit of their distribution. In doing so, the authors highlight the continuity, change, and innovations of cultural practices and behaviors that contributed to such remarkable diversity. An assessment of “transitional” post-Lapita sites indicates that the complex motifs on Lapita pottery reflecting social markers were retained in Near Oceania for several centuries longer than in Remote Oceania, where diverse social identities were quickly forged within and between island groups. Settlement patterns, social networks, and subsistence strategies were continually adapted to localized constraints and, together with ongoing population migrations and cross-cultural interaction, contributed to the Pacific region becoming one of the most culturally diverse regions in the world.
American Illiberal Thinkers
Authors: Tait Joshua 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Given the dominant place of liberalism in the United States, American conservatism has always been post-liberal. The illiberal scripts and tools were present in the American conservative movement in its earliest articulations. American illiberalism’s leading voices in the United States emerged from conservatism, both intellectually and institutionally. “Traditionalist” intellectuals were most post-liberal. Due to alliances with classical liberals and libertarians against political liberals (both New Deal Democrats and liberal Republicans), and historical contingencies, the dominant formulation of American conservatism—“fusionism”—minimized illiberal scripts in favor of a right-wing liberalism. The social, economic, cultural, and political bases of fusionism collapsed in the 1990s. Illiberalism gained new resonance, particularly via Patrick Buchanan and paleoconservatism. Donald Trump’s election accelerated this trend. Contemporary illiberal thinkers can be broadly categorized as Catholic, national conservatives, and neoreactionaries, although the boundaries are porous. Both the traditionalist and illiberal right have drawn on European thought while indigenizing it.
Using Agent-based Modeling for Theory Building in Organizational Routines
Authors: Gao Dehua 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Routines are ubiquitous in every organization, capturing the typical way in which participants repetitively accomplish their organizational tasks. Conducting agent-based modelling (ABM) in organizational routines is an interdisciplinary but burgeoning area of research, and publications are still rare. This chapter offers an overview of the cotemporary use of ABM in organizational routines research. It then summarizes the development of organizational routines, particularly routine dynamics, which has rapidly grown in recent years. The chapter then discusses the goal and intended purposes of ABM (i.e., including illustration, description, theoretical exposition, explanation, and prediction) and compares several typical agent-based models that have been developed in the literature. By doing this, several challenges and potential reflections of future work are identified. The chapter shows a general picture of how ABM as a methodology can be applied for theory building in the field of organizational routines, hence theoretically contributing to literature on both organizational routines and ABM.
Pick Up the Slack
Authors: Baumann Oliver , Benincasa Stefano 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The behavioural theory of the firm has emphasized the significance of scarce cognitive resources, necessitating that managers and organizations engage in search when faced with complex and uncertain decision problems. At the same time, search processes, such as exploration and exploitation, also compete for scarce resources beyond the cognitive domain. The dynamics through which these resources accumulate or diminish are linked to organizational procedures for target setting, action selection, and the interpretation of performance feedback, affecting whether and how organizational slack emerges. This chapter proposes to reinvigorate the analysis of how scarce cognitive resources interact with the availability of organizational resources. It analyses how “slack” accumulates and shapes search activities, the resulting performance outcomes, and the broader organizational architecture in which these processes occur. We consolidate the limited existing modelling accounts in this domain, summarize the key behavioural patterns observed in empirical studies, and outlines the shortcomings in current understanding, thereby suggesting promising avenues for future modelling efforts.
Foreign Aid and Strategic Foreign Policy
Authors: Gamso Jonas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Foreign aid is one of the main economic tools that states use to advance strategic objectives, such as securing alliances, supporting the political survival of friendly foreign leaders, and generating support within international organizations. Over the last several decades, political economists have thoroughly investigated the strategic allocation of aid, producing a large and varied body of scholarship in the process. This literature has revealed that aid is often influenced by donor interests, but it has also faced some methodological and conceptual challenges. This chapter first provides an in-depth review of the evolution of the foreign aid literature, as well as its limitations. It then suggests that scholars of geoeconomics push the field forward by exploring the role of foreign aid in renewed great power competition and the emergence of private aid donors. After reviewing the scholarship and suggesting new directions for analysts to move toward, the chapter discusses several implications for researchers and policymakers. Among other things, it recommends that researchers take steps to ensure that their scholarship reaches policy audiences and that policymakers representing donor countries with common goals coordinate their aid donations to maximize impact.
Freedom from Arbitrary Detention
Authors: Chen Yu-Jie , Cohen Jerome A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The power to detain holds the potential for oppression. Freedom from arbitrary detention therefore is one of the most universal protections that international human rights norms and domestic constitutions seek to guarantee. This chapter compares these protections across the People’s Republic of China(PRC), the Republic of China on Taiwan, and the PRC’s Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong. All have constitutional principles against arbitrary detention. Taiwan and Hong Kong have also incorporated the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which the PRC has signed but never ratified, into their domestic law, yet their practices differ vastly. The rampant resort to unlawful and arbitrary detention in China paints a sobering picture of how law on the books can remain an empty promise. Taiwan and Hong Kong, on the other hand, have made significant strides in limiting arbitrary detention, but the events of the 2019-2020 Hong Kong protests, marked by police brutality and mass arrests, expose the fragility of these safeguards under authoritarian influence. This chapter explores these diverse experiences, offering critical insights into effective mechanisms for restraining governmental detention powers, while also highlighting the precarious nature of such safeguards when confronted with authoritarian regimes.
National Roles and Foreign Policy
Authors: Breuning Marijke 
Published: February 2024

AbstractRole theory has been part of foreign policy analysis (FPA) for decades. In its first generation, role theory was primarily structural, whereas its second generation focuses on agency. Second-generation role theory draws on symbolic interactionism in social psychology, shares assumptions in common with constructivism, and pursues an eclectic mix of empirical strategies. Most second-generation role theory scholarship in FPA focuses on the ways states socialize one another and on domestic role contestation. There are also studies that treat the concept of sovereignty as a role rather than a norm and that investigate international organization actions from a role theory perspective. Role theory is a thriving field that produces innovative scholarship. The chapter suggests future directions for the field.
International Democracy Promotion
Authors: Donno Daniela 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Is international pressure for democracy effective in authoritarian regimes? While research indicates that international efforts can help solidify transitions in new or fragile democracies, it is less effective in authoritarian contexts. This chapter discusses three modes of international democracy promotion (IDP)—assistance, monitoring, and conditionality—and synthesizes what we know about the effects of these efforts in authoritarian regimes. Two points are emphasized. First, in more open authoritarian regimes, international pressure and assistance can complement the efforts of opposition parties and civil society, but democracy promotion is less effective in tightly controlled hegemonic authoritarian regimes. Second, autocrats can strategically adapt to international pressure for democracy by focusing on reforms that do not pose an immediate political threat. Rising advances in women’s rights in many autocracies is an example of this type of selective compliance. Nevertheless, certain tools of democracy promotion can have meaningful effects in authoritarian regimes, including election monitoring and assistance to election-management bodies. The chapter concludes by highlighting lessons for how IDP can be strengthened and streamlined.
Enhancing Disaster Management Preparedness Through Simulation
Authors: Russin Kelly , Mottel Hannah 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT:
Disaster management can be difficult to teach in the classroom, yet nurses must be prepared to respond to emergency situations and feel confident doing so. Educators developed a simulated learning activity—a mock disaster drill using live volunteers as patients and emergency medical technicians—to improve disaster management preparedness, confidence, and interdisciplinary teamwork among nursing students. This article details their strategy and experience with this project.
Trends in Survival for Adult Organ Transplantation
Authors: Patrick Grant , Hickner Brian , Goli Karthik , Ferreira Liam D. , Goss John , Rana Abbas 
Published: February 2024

Objective:
Intent-to-treat analysis follows patients from listing to death, regardless of their transplant status, and aims to provide a more holistic scope of the progress made in adult solid-organ transplantation.

Background:
Many studies have shown progress in waitlist and post-transplant survival for adult kidney, liver, heart, and lung transplants, but there is a need to provide a more comprehensive perspective of transplant outcomes for patients and their families.

Methods:
Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to analyze factors contributing to intent-to-treat survival in 813,862 adults listed for kidney, liver, heart, and lung transplants. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to examine changes in waitlist, post-transplant, and intent-to-treat survival. Transplantation rates were compared using χ2 tests.

Results:
Intent-to-treat survival has steadily increased for liver, heart, and lung transplants. The percentage of patients transplanted within 1 year significantly increased for heart (57.4% from 52.9%) and lung (73.5% from 33.2%). However, the percentage of patients transplanted within 1 year significantly decreased from 35.8% to 21.2% for kidney transplant. Notably, intent-to-treat survival has decreased for kidneys despite increases in waitlist and post-transplant survival, likely because of the decreased transplant rate.

Conclusion:
Intent-to-treat survival steadily improved for liver, heart, and lung transplant over the 30-year study period. Continued advancements in allocation policy, immunosuppression, and improved care of patients on the waitlist may contribute to further progress in outcomes of all organs, but the increasing discrepancy in supply and demand of donor kidneys is alarming and has impeded the progress of kidney intent-to-treat survival.
Real-World Implications of Updated Surviving Sepsis Campaign Antibiotic Timing Recommendations*
Authors: Taylor Stephanie P. , Kowalkowski Marc A. , Skewes Sable , Chou Shih-Hsiung 
Published: February 2024

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate real-world implications of updated Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) recommendations for antibiotic timing.

DESIGN:
Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING:
Twelve hospitals in the Southeastern United States between 2017 and 2021.

PATIENTS:
One hundred sixty-six thousand five hundred fifty-nine adult hospitalized patients treated in the emergency department for suspected serious infection.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
We determined the number and characteristics of patients affected by updated SSC recommendations for initiation of antibiotics that incorporate a risk- and probability-stratified approach. Using an infection prediction model with a cutoff of 0.5 to classify possible vs. probable infection, we found that 30% of the suspected infection cohort would be classified as shock absent, possible infection and thus eligible for the new 3-hour antibiotic recommendation. In real-world practice, this group had a conservative time to antibiotics (median, 5.5 hr; interquartile range [IQR], 3.2–9.8 hr) and low mortality (2%). Patients categorized as shock absent, probable infection had a median time to antibiotics of 3.2 hours (IQR, 2.1–5.1 hr) and mortality of 3%. Patients categorized as shock present, the probable infection had a median time to antibiotics 2.7 hours (IQR, 1.7–4.6 hr) and mortality of 17%, and patients categorized as shock present, the possible infection had a median time to antibiotics 6.9 hours (IQR, 3.5–16.3 hr) and mortality of 12%.

CONCLUSIONS:
These data support recently updated SSC recommendations to align antibiotic timing targets with risk and probability stratifications. Our results provide empirical support that clinicians and hospitals should not be held to 1-hour targets for patients without shock and with only possible sepsis.
Personalized treatment of well-differentiated gastric neuroendocrine tumors based on clinicopathological classification and grading: A multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Huang Ju , Liu Huimin , Yang Dekun , Xu Tianming , Wang Jing , Li Jingnan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background:
The incidence of well-differentiated gastric neuroendocrine tumors (G-NET) is increasing annually, and while they have a good prognosis and low mortality rate, their high recurrence rate makes treatment options controversial. This study aims to determine the relationship between individualized treatment plans and the recurrence of G-NET.

Methods:
We performed a multicenter, retrospective study of 94 patients with highly differentiated G-NET and treated at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, and Beijing Zhong-Neng-Jian Hospital from November 2015 to September 2023. Risk factors for recurrence of G-NETs were investigated using chi-squared test and multifactorial logistic regression analysis.

Results:
After a median follow-up of 49 months, the overall recurrence rate among the 94 G-NET patients was 14% (13/94). The recurrence rates of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), somatostatin analog (SSA) therapy, and surgery were 43% (6/14), 10% (5/49), 5% (1/22), and 11% (1/9), respectively. Post-treatment recurrence rates were significantly different (P = 0.014) among four treatments (EMR, ESD, SSA, and surgery), and further subgroup comparisons revealed lower recurrence rates in the ESD and SSA groups than in the EMR group. From the second month onward, SSA therapy considerably reduced the gastrin levels from 1081.0 (571.5, 2472.8) pg/mL to 461.5 (255.3, 795.0) pg/mL (Z = –3.521, P <0.001). Both chi-squared test and multifactorial logistic regression analysis suggested that among the clinicopathological parameters studied, only the pre-treatment gastrin level (P = 0.018 and 0.005) and the type of treatment (P = 0.014 and 0.017) were significantly associated with G-NET recurrence.

Conclusions:
Individualized treatment strategies may reduce the risk of relapse after G-NET treatment. Long-term SSA therapy may be a secure and efficacious treatment option for type 1 G-NET with more than six lesions, and it substantially decreases the incidence of post-treatment recurrence.
Effects of closed loop ventilation on ventilator settings, patient outcomes and ICU staff workloads – a systematic review
Authors: Goossen Robin L. , Schultz Marcus J. , Tschernko Edda , Chew Michelle S. , Robba Chiara , Paulus Frederique , van der Heiden Pim L.J. , Buiteman-Kruizinga Laura A. 
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND
Lung protective ventilation is considered standard of care in the intensive care unit. However, modifying the ventilator settings can be challenging and is time consuming. Closed loop modes of ventilation are increasingly attractive for use in critically ill patients. With closed loop ventilation, settings that are typically managed by the ICU professionals are under control of the ventilator's algorithms.

OBJECTIVES
To describe the effectiveness, safety, efficacy and workload with currently available closed loop ventilation modes.

DESIGN
Systematic review of randomised clinical trials.

DATA SOURCES
A comprehensive systematic search in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Central register of Controlled Trials search was performed in January 2023.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Randomised clinical trials that compared closed loop ventilation with conventional ventilation modes and reported on effectiveness, safety, efficacy or workload.

RESULTS
The search identified 51 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Closed loop ventilation, when compared with conventional ventilation, demonstrates enhanced management of crucial ventilator variables and parameters essential for lung protection across diverse patient cohorts. Adverse events were seldom reported. Several studies indicate potential improvements in patient outcomes with closed loop ventilation; however, it is worth noting that these studies might have been underpowered to conclusively demonstrate such benefits. Closed loop ventilation resulted in a reduction of various aspects associated with the workload of ICU professionals but there have been no studies that studied workload in sufficient detail.

CONCLUSIONS
Closed loop ventilation modes are at least as effective in choosing correct ventilator settings as ventilation performed by ICU professionals and have the potential to reduce the workload related to ventilation. Nevertheless, there is a lack of sufficient research to comprehensively assess the overall impact of these modes on patient outcomes, and on the workload of ICU staff.
The Facial Artery Perforator Flap for Reconstruction of Facial Defects: Surgical Pearls and Clinical Series
Authors: Zhu Jingjing , Zhang Yuxin , Chen Liang , Wang Heng , Zhou Yiqun , Guo Yu , Dong Dong , Wang Wei , Liu Tianyi 
Published: February 2024

Background:
Based on the knowledge of facial vascularity, facial artery perforator flaps could be used as potent tools for facial defect reconstruction. However, lack of experience and misconception of this technique limits the broad application in the clinical background. Here, we discussed surgical techniques based on our previous experience with facial artery perforator (FAP)-based facial defect reconstruction.

Methods:
A retrospective review of 12 patients undergoing facial defect reconstruction using an FAP flap was performed, including 8 defects in the mid-facial part and 4 defects in the nasal area generally resulted from basal cell carcinoma (8 patients), squamous cell carcinoma (3 patients), and actinic keratosis (one patient).

Results:
All patients received one-stage FAP flap reconstruction. The overall follow-up period was 6 to 12 months. All reconstructions were successful with satisfactory patient-reported outcome and no local recurrence. No significant complications were observed in most cases, except for one instance of partial flap loss.

Conclusions:
Overall, taking advantage of FAP flaps will contribute to a good functional and esthetic outcome of facial defect reconstructions.
Practice Patterns and Attitudes Regarding Pregnancy and Parenthood After Lung Transplantation
Authors: Gaffney Nicole S. , Snell Greg , Levvey Bronwyn , Gerovasili Vicky , DeFilippis Ersilia M. , Paraskeva Miranda 
Published: February 2024

Background.
Parenthood after lung transplantation (LuTx) is uncommon. Although data exist regarding practice patterns surrounding pregnancy after heart transplantation, there are no data specific to LuTx recipients and parenthood more broadly.

Methods.
We conducted a voluntary, anonymous online survey between October and December 2021. It was distributed electronically to select LuTx units and advertised to LuTx providers internationally.

Results.
A total of 103 responses were included in our analysis. Respondents were primarily women (n = 63; 62%) and included LuTx pulmonologists (n = 59; 58%) or nurses and transplant coordinators (n = 28; 27%). The majority were from centers performing >40 LuTx annually (n = 53; 52%) and had >10 y of transplant experience (n = 56; 55%). Most respondents discuss fertility issues with recipients (n = 63; 62%), but centers lacked clear policies relating to female (n = 51; 70%) and male (n = 62; 83%) fertility and parenthood. Few were aware of policies regarding assisted reproduction and fertility preservation (n = 13; 13%) or pregnancy (n = 23; 22%). Many cited ethical concerns regarding parenthood post-LuTx (n = 38; 37%), but most were supportive of the use of surrogacy by female recipients (n = 74; 92%) and felt there were no contraindications to parenthood in male recipients (n = 59; 59%). Although geography influenced some logistical issues around care provision, general attitudes toward parenthood in LuTx recipients were unaffected by respondent age, sex, location, or experience.

Conclusions.
Although providers were overall supportive of post-LuTx parenthood, the absence of peer-reviewed evidence, expert consensus, and policy-driven guidance may be a significant barrier to safe and successful parenthood in LuTx recipients.