bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distraction Osteogenesis for the Brachytelephalangic Thumb – A Case Report
Authors: YAMAZUMI Saori , MATSUURA Shintaro , MIYAWAKI Takeshi 
Published: October 2023

Brachytelephalangy is a congenital condition characterised by the shortening of the distal phalanges, which affects appearance but does not cause severe functional disability. Therefore, most hand surgeons do not consider it to require surgical treatment, and there are limited options to improve the appearance of the affected digits. We present the case of a 55-year-old male patient with congenital brachytelephalangy of the thumb, who underwent a bone lengthening procedure using distraction osteogenesis with the Ilizarov minifixator. The distal phalanx was carefully osteotomised and gradually lengthened up to 5 mm with no adverse events observed. The patient was satisfied with the natural appearance of his thumb after the surgery. This gradual callus distraction method is a radical solution for people with brachytelephalangy, particularly after epiphyseal closure and can manage the external fixator on their own. Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic)
Plexiform Schwannoma of Digital Nerve
Authors: SAEKI Yuji , HATTORI Yasunori , MANE Satish Annabhau , DOI Kazuteru 
Published: October 2023

Plexiform schwannoma is an uncommon benign tumour that grows in a plexiform pattern. We report a 47-year-old man with a mass on the palmar aspect of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the right index finger that had been growing gradually for more than 10 years. The mass was palpated from the distal carpal tunnel to the ulnar aspect of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the index finger, with tingling and numbness sensation. The tumour was a multinodular tumour involving the first common palmar digital nerve to the ulnar proper palmar digital nerve. It was resected and reconstructed with a sural nerve graft. Plexiform schwannoma is rare in the digital nerve, with only six cases reported. Generally, classic schwannomas can be enucleated without causing neurologic deficits; however, plexiform schwannoma may require nerve resection. There have been reports of recurrence of plexiform schwannoma; definitive resection and long-term follow-up are necessary. Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic)
Unveiling the Synergy of Polymer–Salt Compositions for Properties Enhancement of Solid Polymer Electrolytes Based on PEO/PVP Blend Polymer Matrix and LiTFSI Dopant Salt
Authors: Patel Vinod Kumar , Sengwa R. J. , Saraswat Mukul 
Published: October 2023

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are ion-dipole complexes credited to their use in the design and development of widespread solid-state ion conducting innovative devices. Accordingly, herein, two sets of highly flexible, stretchable, and sticky type SPE films based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/ poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) blend as host matrix of different compositional ratios (i.e., 25/75, 50/50, and 75/25 wt/wt%) with 30 and 50 wt% lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as ionic dopant salt, and also one sample of polymer-in-salt (PiS) comprised the 50/50 wt/wt% polymer blend matrix and 60 wt% salt, are prepared and characterized in detail. These SPEs are predominantly amorphous having substantial absorbance for ultraviolet-visible radiations and tunable wide range energy band gaps. The 20 Hz—1 GHz broadband dielectric permittivity, loss angle tangent, and electrical conductivity spectra explained a variety of polarization and structural relaxation processes and the mechanism of ion transport ruled by the compositional synergy of polymer and salt in these SPEs. The highest ionic conductivity with appreciable electrochemical performance of the SPE is found for the PEO-rich blend matrix with 50 wt% of LiTFSI dopant. We conclude the suitability of these enhanced promising propertiesSPEs for the development of futuristic ion-conducting energy storage as well as revolutionary iontronic devices.
Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Crucial Cell Subsets and Functional Heterogeneity Associated With Carotid Atherosclerosis and Cerebrovascular Events
Authors: Tan Jinyun , Liang Yongjun , Yang Zhou , He Qing , Tong Jindong , Deng Ying , Guo Wencheng , Liang Kun , Tang Jingdong , Shi Weihao , Yu Bo 
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:
Carotid atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder and is responsible for the vast majority of ischemic strokes. Inappropriate innate and adaptive immune responses synergize with malfunctional vascular wall cells to cause atherosclerotic lesions. Yet, functional characteristics of specific immune and endothelial cell subsets associated with atherosclerosis and cerebrovascular events are poorly understood.

METHODS:
Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing, the unprecedentedly largest data set from 20 patients’ carotid artery plaques and paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells was generated, with which an ultra-high-precision cellular landscape of the atherosclerotic microenvironment involving 372 070 cells was depicted.

RESULTS:

Compared with peripheral blood mononuclear cells, 3 plaque-specific T-cell subsets exhibiting proatherogenic features of both activation and exhaustion were identified. Strikingly, usually antiatherogenic, CD4
+
FOXP3
+
regulatory T cells from plaques of patients with symptomatic disease acquired proinflammatory properties by probably converting to T helper 17 and T helper 9 cells, while CD4
+
NR4A1
+
/C0 and CD8
+
SLC4A10
+
T cells related to cerebrovascular events possessed atherogenic attributes including proinflammation, polarization, and exhaustion. In addition, monocyte-macrophage dynamics dominated innate immune response. Two plaque-specific monocyte subsets performed diametrically opposed functions, EREG
+
monocytes promoted cerebrovascular events while C3
+
monocytes are anti-inflammatory. Similarly, IGF1
+
and HS3ST2
+
macrophages with classical proinflammatory M1 macrophage features were annotated and contributed to cerebrovascular events. Moreover, SULF1
+
(sulfatase-1) endothelial cells were also found to participate in cerebrovascular events through affecting plaque vulnerability.

CONCLUSIONS:
This compendium of single-cell transcriptome data provides valuable insights into the cellular heterogeneity of the atherosclerotic microenvironment and the development of more precise cardiovascular immunotherapies.
Clonal Proliferation Within Smooth Muscle Cells in Unstable Human Atherosclerotic Lesions
Authors: Kawai Kenji , Sakamoto Atsushi , Mokry Michal , Ghosh Saikat Kumar B. , Kawakami Rika , Xu Weili , Guo Liang , Fuller Daniela T. , Tanaka Takamasa , Shah Palak , Cornelissen Anne , Sato Yu , Mori Masayuki , Konishi Takao , Vozenilek Aimee E. , Dhingra Roma , Virmani Renu , Pasterkamp Gerard , Finn Aloke V. 
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:
Studies in humans and mice using the expression of an X-linked gene or lineage tracing, respectively, have suggested that clones of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) exist in human atherosclerotic lesions but are limited by either spatial resolution or translatability of the model.

METHODS:

Phenotypic clonality can be detected by X-chromosome inactivation patterns. We investigated whether clones of SMCs exist in unstable human atheroma using RNA in situ hybridization (BaseScope) to identify a naturally occurring 24-nucleotide deletion in the 3′UTR of the X-linked
BGN
(biglycan) gene, a proteoglycan highly expressed by SMCs.
BGN
-specific BaseScope probes were designed to target the wild-type or deletion mRNA. Three different coronary artery plaque types (erosion, rupture, and adaptive intimal thickening) were selected from heterozygous females for the deletion
BGN
. Hybridization of target RNA-specific probes was used to visualize the spatial distribution of mutants. A clonality index was calculated from the percentage of each probe in each region of interest. Spatial transcriptomics were used to identify differentially expressed transcripts within clonal and nonclonal regions.

RESULTS:

Less than one-half of regions of interest in the intimal plaque were considered clonal with the mean percent regions of interest with clonality higher in the intimal plaque than in the media. This was consistent for all plaque types. The relationship of the dominant clone in the intimal plaque and media showed significant concordance. In comparison with the nonclonal lesions, the regions with SMC clonality had lower expression of genes encoding cell growth suppressors such as
CD74
,
SERF-2
(small EDRK-rich factor 2),
CTSB
(cathepsin B), and
HLA-DPA1
(major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP alpha 1), among others.

CONCLUSIONS:
Our novel approach to examine clonality suggests atherosclerosis is primarily a disease of polyclonally and to a lesser extent clonally expanded SMCs and may have implications for the development of antiatherosclerotic therapies.
“Oy with the Poodles Already!”: Yiddishisms and Non-Jewish Characters on American Sitcoms
Authors: Margolis Rebecca 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ever-increasing usage of Yiddish on American sitcoms and other comedic genres encompasses Jewish as well as non-Jewish characters. In this study I offer a metalinguistic analysis of how main or recurring fictional characters who are identified as non-Jewish employ Yiddish loanwords, intonation, and syntax (Yiddishisms) in American comedy television. I argue that Yiddishisms spoken by non-Jewish characters introduce three new tropes: the Yiddish Mask, the Yiddish Tourist, and the Yiddish Connector. In all three tropes, humor derives from the incongruence between the non-Jewish speaker and archetypes or stereotypes associated with speakers of Yiddish; however, the use of Yiddish within the Jewish linguistic repertoire also suggests a range of other semiotic meanings.
حكم نقل الميتوكوندريا من خلال قياسه على الرضاع وتعريف مكانته ضمن المنظومة المقاصدية
Authors: هلال هدى 
Published: October 2023

الخلاصة
يتعرض هذا البحث لإحدى المستجدات المتعلقة بالعلاج الجيني للميتوكوندريا المصابة عن طريق الأم المانحة من خلال إحدى تقنيتين؛ النقل النووي أو نقل مغزل الأم. يسعى البحث للإجابة على السؤال المركزي وهو: هل يمكن مقارنة الأم المانحة للميتوكوندريا بالأم المرضعة؟ يناقش البحث الحكم الشرعي من خلال محورين رئيسيين. المحور الأول: قياس نقل الميتوكوندريا السليمة على الرضاعة. المحور الثاني: تحديد المكانة المفترضة لنقل الميتوكوندريا ضمن مقاصد الشريعة. توصل البحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج المترتبة على الاستقراء، والاستنتاج المنطقي المبني على المقدمات الأصولية الثابتة في القرآن والسنة ومقاصد الشريعة. أهم هذه النتائج ما يلي: هناك تشابه بين علة نقل الميتوكوندريا من الأم المانحة من حيث تزويدها الخلية بمراكز الطاقة، وعلة الرضاع من حيث إمدادها الخلايا بالغذاء المتحول إلى طاقة لبناء جميع الأعضاء. تنتمي هذه القضية إلى عدة مقاصد ضرورية حسب نموذج الشاطبي (ت. 790/‫1388‬)، ويقع بالمنطقة البينية بين مقصد حفظ الدين والنفس والنسل مما يدعم القول بقبولها. ويترجح قبول العلاج بنقل الميتوكوندريا حسب نظرية ابن عاشور (ت. 1393/‫1973‬) من حيث مساواة حفظ النسل من الهلاك مع حفظ النفس، بينما تبقى قضية حفظ النسب أقل أهمية لأنها تنتمي إلى الحاجي، مع الشبهة بتحريم تقنية النقل النووي لأنها تستهدف البويضة بعد التخصيب‪.‬
The LOSC: ‘A Constitution for the Oceans’ in the Anthropocene?
Authors: Scott Karen N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since being described as a ‘constitution for the oceans’ at its adoption in 1982, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (‘LOSC’) has evolved to hold a special status among multilateral treaties. As a constitution—actual or perceived—the LOSC has provided the framework and processes for a relatively dynamic law of the sea that has developed to address new environmental, technological and geopolitical challenges in the forty years since its adoption. By necessity however, these developments have been incremental in nature and have been confined by the parameters of the LOSC constitution. In this article, I argue that such incremental change will be insufficient if the law of the sea is to adapt to the Anthropocene, our current geological and geopolitical Epoch. In this article, I argue that the characterisation of the LOSC as a ‘constitution for the oceans’ has become a straitjacket for the regime and is preventing the serious exploration of alternative epistemological imaginaries of the law of the sea. I argue for a quiet abandonment of the description of the LOSC as a ‘constitution for the oceans’ and the actual and perceived consequences of the appellation.
Quarantine Island: Australia’s Health Policy and Its Construction of International Law
Authors: Brown Rebecca 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This article explores the development of Australia’s policy approach towards communicable disease, both domestically and internationally. Drawing on archival records, it considers the methods used by federal and state governments to manage disease in Australia over time, analysing the key beliefs and priorities held by successive governments, and how these reflect Australia’s particular character and history. Against these domestic concerns, the article interrogates Australia’s approach to global health governance, with a particular focus on the state’s contributions to the drafting of major international health instruments on communicable disease.
This analysis reveals the idiosyncratic nature of Australia’s health policy and the resulting impact on Australia’s contributions to the international legal system. It shows that Australia’s approach has consistently relied on the creation and preservation of an impermeable national border. This policy reflects an institutionalised belief, held continually since the early colonial period, that disease must be fully eradicated, and that this is best effected through taking advantage of the country’s geographic isolation. Domestically, this conception of disease control results in the adoption of strict quarantine requirements, immigration restrictions and broad discretionary powers regarding the entry of people and goods, while in the international context, Australia supports norms that facilitate its reification of its border.
Accordingly, the article contextualises Australia’s health policy across four time periods of global health governance: the first sanitary conferences of the 19th and early-20th centuries, the post-World War II creation of the World Health Organization, the International Health Regulations 2005 revision project, and those Regulations’ operation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article’s findings reveal the intrinsic connection between the unique domestic concerns of states and their approaches to international negotiations, which stymies the ability to generate effective cooperation globally. It clarifies this relationship and invites reflection on the resulting obstacles to international law’s progressive development.
Drift Characteristics of Sea-Bird Dissolved Oxygen Optode Sensors
Authors: Ren Alice S. , Rudnick Daniel L. , Twombly Alistair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Sea-Bird 63 dissolved oxygen optode sensors used on various oceanographic platforms are known to drift over time. Corrections for drift are necessary for accurate dissolved oxygen measurements on the time scale of months to years. Here, drift on 14 Sea-Bird 63 dissolved oxygen optode sensors deployed on Spray underwater gliders over 5 years is described. The gliders with oxygen sensors were deployed regularly for 100-day missions as part of the California Underwater Glider Network (CUGN). A laboratory two-point calibration was performed on the oxygen sensor before and after glider deployment. Sensor drift during 100-day deployments was larger than during 100-day storage periods. Sensor behavior is modeled with a gain that asymptotically approaches 1.090 ± 0.005 with an e-folding time scale of 3.70 ± 0.361 years. At zero oxygen concentration, the sensor consistently reads around 3 μmol kg−1; a negative offset term is used in addition to the gain to correct the sensor oxygen. The correction procedure removes the error due to long time drift, one of the major sources of error, with an uncertainty of 0.5% (0.9% including outliers) or 0.5 μmol kg−1 depending on concentration, which improves the accuracy of the Sea-Bird 63 although uncertainty from other sources of error including the initial factory calibration and the sensor response time remain. Suggested procedures for implementing a two-point calibration procedure in the laboratory are discussed. Calibrations must be considered starting 6 months after initial factory calibration to keep error from sensor time drift under 1%.

Significance Statement
Dissolved oxygen measurements are widely used in oceanography. The optode sensors used to measure dissolved oxygen are known to drift over time. Here, the characteristics of drift for the oxygen optode sensor from Sea-Bird Scientific are described using a two-point calibration at zero and full saturation. The calibration procedure can be applied to oxygen optode sensors deployed on a variety of platforms when it is impractical to complete a multipoint calibration.
The MoXFo initiative – study design: Considerations related to study design and methodology in exercise research for people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Dalgas Ulrik , Riemenschneider Morten , Gold Stefan M , Kalron Alon , Beckerman Heleen , de Groot Vincent , Dennett Rachel , Edwards Thomas , Pilutti Lara A , Freeman Jenny 
Published: October 2023

Background: Exercise as a subset of physical activity is a cornerstone in the management of multiple sclerosis (MS) based on its pleiotropic effects, but continued progression of the field requires better future designs and methodologies. Objectives: This paper outlines the work of the ‘Study design and methodology’ group of the MoXFo (moving exercise research forward) initiative, and addresses critical aspects and future directions when defining the research question of interest, and subsequently, designing the study and exercise intervention in MS patients. Methods: The work is based on the formation of an international expert panel formed within the MoXFo initiative. We provide a structured and concise synthesis of exercise-specific MS research challenges and considerations when designing randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Results: Challenges and considerations are presented using the Patient population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, Timing, Setting (PICOTS) framework, thereby forming a new and specific MS exercise PICOTS framework. Conclusion: We propose that researchers should carefully consider and align all elements of this MS exercise PICOTS framework when developing future research questions and study designs, ultimately improving the quality of new exercise studies in people with MS.
Traumatic brachial plexus injuries: a national review of epidemiology in the Scottish population over a 10-year period
Authors: Warwick Catherine E. , Hems Tim 
Published: October 2023

A study was undertaken to establish the incidence and types of traumatic brachial plexus injury in the Scottish population over a 10-year period between 2011 and 2020, using a prospectively compiled database. There were 425 injuries, of which 328 were infraclavicular and 97 were supraclavicular. Infraclavicular injury associated with anterior shoulder dislocation was the most common subtype ( n = 166). The most common mechanism of injury was fall from standing height ( n = 160). In total, 45 operations were performed for supraclavicular and 89 for infraclavicular injuries, with 54 requiring nerve repairs with grafts, transfers or suture. The incidence was 0.8/100,000 per year, with numbers of infraclavicular injuries increasing. The majority were low-energy infraclavicular injuries, not requiring surgery. Supraclavicular injuries were less common but associated with high-energy trauma and likely to require nerve repair. This study gives information on epidemiology and resource requirement for brachial plexus injuries in this defined population, which is likely to be representative of Western European countries with similar demographics. Level of evidence III
Postoperative deviation in Wassel types II and III radial polydactyly: a retrospective analysis of 73 thumbs
Authors: Inaba Naoto , Takagi Takehiko , Seki Atsuhito , Takayama Shinichiro 
Published: October 2023

This study examined the relationship between osteochondral stability and postoperative deviation at the interphalangeal (IP) joint in Wassel types II and III radial polydactyly. Cases with cartilaginous fusion between the radial distal phalanx and the proximal phalanx were classified as type IIB, while the remaining cases were categorized as type IIA. In conventional surgery, the cartilage was routinely resected on the radial aspect of the proximal phalangeal head, while in the modified procedure, this was preserved to avoid postoperative radial deviation. Postoperatively, there was no significant difference between both procedures in type IIA thumbs regarding IP joint deviation, whereas in type IIB/III thumbs, IP joint deviation was significantly higher in the conventional group (mean 19° [SD 16°]) compared to the modified group (mean 0.8° [SD 4.9°]). Surgeons should exercise caution against excessive cartilage excision to preserve osteochondral stability during procedures, especially for type IIB and III radial polydactylies. Level of evidence: IV
Medical malpractice litigation following humeral fractures in the United States
Authors: Megalla Martinus , Zaifman Jay M , Grace Zachary T , Imam Nareena , Kohan Eitan M , Alberta Frank G 
Published: October 2023

Background The purpose of this study is to characterize malpractice claims against orthopedic surgeons treating humeral fractures and determine factors associated with plaintiff verdicts and settlements. Methods The Westlaw legal database was queried for all cases involving humeral fractures. Patient demographics, causes cited for litigation, case outcomes, and indemnity payments were collected to determine common factors that lead plaintiffs to pursue legal action. Results Fifty-seven cases were identified that met inclusion criteria. The mean plaintiff age was 52.5 years with 61% female. The most common category of negligence was treatment error, which occurred in 29 claims (51%). The most common types of damages incurred were functional limitation (40%), nerve injury (32%), and malunion/nonunion (26%). Overall, 42 cases (74%) resulted in a defense verdict. Four cases (7%) resulted in settlements and 11 cases (19%) resulted in plaintiff verdicts. Cases that resulted in plaintiff verdicts or settlements were treated with intramedullary nails more often than those with defense verdicts (27% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.036). Discussion These findings highlight the importance of effective communication with patients regarding treatment modalities, risks and benefits, and prognosis of their injury. Level of evidence IV; Case Series using Large Database; Epidemiology Study