bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S-100 Protein and Neurohistopathologic Changes in a Porcine Model of Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Fries Michael , Bickenbach Johannes , Henzler Dietrich , Beckers Stefan , Dembinski Rolf , Sellhaus Bernd , Rossaint Rolf , Kuhlen Ralf 
Published: March 2005

Background
Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome exhibit neuropsychological sequelae that might be attributable to hippocampal damage. The authors sought to determine the effects of hypoxemia in a pig model of acute lung injury on the hippocampal region and the release of S-100 protein in comparison to a control group in which hypoxemia was induced by reducing the inspired oxygen fraction.

Methods
Hypoxemia was induced in 14 female pigs by repeated lung lavages (lung injury group; n = 7) or by reducing the inspired oxygen fraction (hypoxia-only group; n = 7). Hemodynamic variables, gas exchange, and serum concentrations of S-100 protein were measured at baseline, after induction of acute lung injury, and subsequently for 12 h. Animals were euthanized, and the brains were removed for histopathologic examination.

Results
Comparable blood gases were seen in both groups. Serum S-100 protein concentrations were comparable for both groups at baseline. At all other time points, S-100 concentrations were significantly higher in the lung injury group. Neuropathologic examination showed basophilic and shrunken neurons of the pyramidal cell layer in the hippocampal CA1 subregion of all pigs in the lung injury group. Few abnormalities were seen in the hypoxia-only group.

Conclusions
The same degree of hypoxemia induced in a lavage model of acute lung injury results in greater brain damage assessed by S-100 protein and histopathologic findings when compared to a group in which hypoxemia at the same degree was induced by reducing the inspired oxygen fraction. This suggests that acute lung injury leads to neuropathologic changes independent of hypoxemia.
Endotoxemia-induced Lymphocyte Apoptosis Is Augmented by a Hyperinsulinemic–Euglycemic Clamp
Authors: Nielsen Jeppe Sylvest , Larsson Anders , Brix-Christensen Vibeke , Nyengaard Jens Randel , Ledet Thomas , Tønnesen Else 
Published: March 2005

Background
Sepsis and endotoxemia are associated with lymphocyte apoptosis. This has been regarded as harmful, contributing to further immune suppression in already immune-compromised patients. Because normalization of blood glucose improves outcome in critically ill patients, the authors hypothesized that one of the effects of insulin and normoglycemia would be inhibition of lymphocyte apoptosis. Therefore, in this experimental study in pigs, the authors examined the separate and combined effects of acute endotoxemia and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC) on lymphocyte apoptosis.

Methods
After 60 min of stabilization, 38 anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs (weight, 35-40 kg) were divided (by randomization performed before the experiment) into four groups and were then studied for 570 min. Group 1 received no intervention. Group 2 received a HEC (5 mm p-glucose, insulin infusion rate of 0.6 mU . kg (-1). min(-1)) for 570 min. Group 3 received a lipopolysaccharide infusion for 180 min. Group 4 was given a combination of a HEC and a lipopolysaccharide infusion. After the 570-min study period, the pigs were killed, and tissue was sampled from the spleen and frozen. In four sections of each sample, the apoptosis of B and T lymphocytes were analyzed using stereologic methods: The number of apoptotic B and T cells was estimated by fluorescence immunohistochemistry with anti-active caspase-3 and either anti-CD21 (B lymphocytes) or anti-CD3epsilon (T lymphocytes). The number of apoptotic B and T lymphocytes was then compared using two-way analysis of variance, and the interaction between endotoxemia and the clamp (hyperinsulinemia and euglycemia) was investigated.

Results
Endotoxemia induced apoptosis of B (P < 0.001) and T lymphocytes (P = 0.016) in the spleen, and this effect was independent of the clamp. The ratios of apoptotic cells in the spleen tissue of pigs with and without endotoxemia were 2.4 (confidence interval, 1.7-3.4) and 1.6 (confidence interval, 1.1-2.2) for B and T lymphocytes, respectively. Independent of endotoxin infusion, HEC increased the number of apoptotic lymphocytes (P = 0.029 and P = 0.038 for B and T lymphocytes, respectively). The ratios of the number of apoptotic spleen cells in pigs treated and not treated with HEC were 1.5 (confidence interval, 1.0-2.1) and 1.5 (confidence interval, 1.0-2.1) for B and T lymphocytes, respectively.

Conclusion
In this porcine model, both endotoxemia and a HEC increased the number of apoptotic B and T lymphocytes in the spleen. Contrary to our hypothesis, lymphocyte apoptosis during acute endotoxemia was augmented by a HEC.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Hemorrhagic Hypotension Suppress Neuroprotective Gene Expression in Injured Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: Hellmich Helen Lee , Garcia Jeanna M. , Shimamura Megumi , Shah Syed A. , Avila Marcela A. , Uchida Tatsuo , Parsley Margaret A. , Capra Bridget A. , Eidson Kristine A. , Kennedy Deborah R. , Winston John H. , DeWitt Douglas S. , Prough Donald S. 
Published: March 2005

Background
After traumatic brain injury, memory dysfunction is due in part to damage to the hippocampus. To study the molecular mechanisms of this selective vulnerability, the authors used laser capture microdissection of neurons stained with Fluoro-Jade to directly compare gene expression in injured (Fluoro-Jade-positive) and adjacent uninjured (Fluoro-Jade-negative) rat hippocampal neurons after traumatic brain injury and traumatic brain injury plus hemorrhagic hypotension.

Methods
Twelve isoflurane-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats underwent moderate (2.0 atm) fluid percussion traumatic brain injury followed by either normotension or hemorrhagic hypotension. Animals were killed 24 h after injury. Frozen brain sections were double stained with 1% cresyl violet and 0.001% Fluoro-Jade. RNA from 10 Fluoro-Jade-positive neurons and 10 Fluoro-Jade-negative neurons, obtained from the hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus subfields using laser capture microdissection, was linearly amplified and analyzed by quantitative ribonuclease protection assay for nine neuroprotective and apoptosis-related genes.

Results
In injured CA3 neurons, expression of the neuroprotective genes glutathione peroxidase 1, heme oxygenase 1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor was significantly decreased compared with that of adjacent uninjured neurons. Superimposition of hemorrhagic hypotension was associated with down-regulation of neuroprotective genes in both injured and uninjured neurons of all subregions. Expression of apoptosis-related genes did not vary between injured and uninjured neurons, with or without superimposed hemorrhage.

Conclusions
The authors show, in the first direct comparison of messenger RNA levels in injured and uninjured hippocampal neurons, that injured neurons express lower levels of neuroprotective genes than adjacent uninjured neurons.
Randomized, Double-blind Study of the Analgesic Efficacy of Morphine-6-Glucuronide versus Morphine Sulfate for Postoperative Pain in Major Surgery
Authors: Hanna Magdi H. , Elliott Kate M. , Fung Michelle 
Published: March 2005

Background
Morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) has promising preclinical characteristics and encouraging pharmacokinetic features for acute nociceptive pain. Early studies have produced a good safety profile when compared to morphine sulfate, although in surrogate pain models studies, a mixed picture emerged. A study to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile in a clinical setting was designed.

Methods
The authors conducted a double-blind, randomized, dose-finding study of patients scheduled to undergo major joint replacement. One hundred patients of both sexes were included, with 50 patients in each group. A loading dose of 10 mg of study medication was given intravenously at induction of anesthesia, and two further doses were allowed during surgery if required. Bolus doses via a patient-controlled analgesia system were given subcutaneously at 2 mg/dose and set at a 10-min lockout. Assessments of pain intensity and relief were recorded during the 24-h period.

Results
There were no statistically significant differences between the treatments for 24-h mean pain intensity. However, pain intensity was significantly higher in the M6G group than in the morphine group at 30 min and 1 h. There was no statistical difference in 24-h mean pain relief or retrospective pain scores at any time point during the 24-h period. The severity of sedation was significantly greater in the morphine group than in the M6G group at 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 24 h. Respiratory depression was greater in the morphine group than in the M6G group, and more patients in the morphine group withdrew from the study because of respiratory depression.

Conclusions
Overall, M6G has an analgesic effect similar to that of morphine over the first 24 h postoperatively. However, M6G may be slower onset initially than morphine; therefore, a larger initial dose may be required.
A Holistic Look at Minimizing Adverse Environmental Impact Under Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act
Authors: Veil John A. , Puder Markus G. , Littleton Debra J. , Johnson Nancy 
Published: March 2005

Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) requires that “the location, design, construction, and capacity of cooling water intake structures reflect the best technology available for minimizing adverse environmental impact.” As the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) develops new regulations to implement Section 316(b), much of the debate has centered on adverse impingement and entrainment impacts of cooling-water intake structures. Depending on the specific location and intake layout, once-through cooling systems withdrawing many millions of gallons of water per day can, to a varying degree, harm fish and other aquatic organisms in the water bodies from which the cooling water is withdrawn. Therefore, opponents of once-through cooling systems have encouraged the EPA to require wet or dry cooling tower systems as the best technology available (BTA), without considering site-specific conditions.However, within the context of the broader scope of the CWA mandate, this focus seems too narrow. Therefore, this article examines the phrase “minimizing adverse environmental impact” in a holistic light. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of the terms “environmental” and “minimizing.” Congress chose “environmental” in lieu of other more narrowly focused terms like “impingement and entrainment,” “water quality,” or “aquatic life.” In this light, BTA for cooling-water intake structures must minimize the entire suite of environmental impacts, as opposed to just those associated with impingement and entrainment. Wet and dry cooling tower systems work well to minimize entrainment and impingement, but they introduce other equally important impacts because they impose an energy penalty on the power output of the generating unit. The energy penalty results from a reduction in plant operating efficiency and an increase in internal power consumption. As a consequence of the energy penalty, power companies must generate additional electricity to achieve the same net output. This added production leads to additional environmental impacts associated with extraction and processing of the fuel, air emissions from burning the fuel, and additional evaporation of freshwater supplies during the cooling process. Wet towers also require the use of toxic biocides that are subsequently discharged or disposed. The other term under consideration, “minimizing,” does not equal “eliminating.” Technologies may be available to minimize but not totally eliminate adverse environmental impacts.
Proposed Methods and Endpoints for Defining and Assessing Adverse Environmental Impact (AEI) on Fish Communities/Populations in Tennessee River Reservoirs
Authors: Hickman Gary D. , Brown Mary L. 
Published: March 2005

Two multimetric indices have been developed to help address fish community (reservoir fish assemblage index [RFAI]) and individual population quality (sport fishing index [SFI]) in Tennessee River reservoirs. The RFAI, with characteristics similar to the index of biotic integrity (IBI) used in stream fish community determinations, was developed to monitor the existing condition of resident fish communities[1,2,3]. The index, which incorporates standardized electrofishing of littoral areas and experimental gill netting for limnetic bottom-dwelling species, has been used to determine residential fish community response to various anthropogenic impacts in southeastern reservoirs.The SFI is a multimetric index designed to address the quality of the fishery for individual resident sport fish species in a particular lake or reservoir[4]. The SFI incorporates measures of fish population aspects and angler catch and pressure estimates. This paper proposes 70% of the maximum RFAI score and 10% above the average SFI score for individual species as “screening” endpoints for balanced indigenous populations (BIP) or adverse environmental impact (AEI). Endpoints for these indices indicate: (1) communities/populations are obviously balanced indigenous populations (BIP) indicating no adverse environmental impact (AEI), or are “screened out”; (2) communities/populations are considered to be potentially impacted; and (3) where the resident fish community/population should be considered adversely impacted. Suggestions are also made concerning how examination of individual metric scores can help determine the source or cause of the impact.
Atmospheric Emissions, Depositions, and Transformations of Arsenic in Natural Ecosystem in Finland
Authors: Mukherjee Arun B. , Bhattacharya Prosun 
Published: March 2005

For the last 2 decades, special attention has been paid to arsenic due to its high concentration in groundwater in many regions of the globe. There are not very many reports on arsenic concentration in the Finnish ecosystem, although the metal has been known to be highly toxic since ancient times. For the majority of people in Finland, the leading exposure route to arsenic is through food consumption.In this study, it has been observed that atmospheric emissions of arsenic from anthropogenic sources have decreased by 90%, which is due to better control technology and strict regulation. Aquatic discharge also was attenuated from 7.1 metric tons (t) in 1990 to 0.7 t in 1999. The concentration of arsenic aerosols in the atmosphere in Finland varies between 0.46 to 0.75 ng m–3. Its use in pesticides and insecticides also has been phased out in Finland. There is no information available regarding arsenic species in the Finnish environment.Elevated concentrations of arsenic in groundwater has been reported for many countries. In Finland two hot spots are reported – one in the south of Finland and the second in Lapland. In these areas, arsenic concentration in well water is greater than 10 μg l–1(WHO recommended value: <10 μg l–1). It is believed that the release of arsenic into the Finnish groundwater is geogenic.
Identification of hemoglobin‐α and ‐β subunits as potential serum biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian cancer
Authors: Woong‐Shick Ahn , Sung‐Pil Park , Su‐Mi Bae , Joon‐Mo Lee , Sung‐Eun Namkoong , Gye‐Hyun Nam , Young‐Lae Cho , Ho‐Sun Choi , Heung‐Jae Jun , Chong‐Kook Kim , Young‐Wan Kim , Byoung‐Don Han , Hyun‐Sun Jin 
Published: March 2005

The development of new biomarkers for ovarian cancer is clearly necessary for the improved detection and monitoring of the disease. Surface enhanced laser desorption and ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (SELDI‐TOF‐MS) can be employed in the identification of differentially expressed proteins in cancer cells. The objective of this study was, then, to identify potential diagnostic serological biomarkers for ovarian cancer. We performed protein expression difference analyses of 45 serum samples using SELDI protein chip array. Forty‐five sera obtained from ovarian cancer patients (n = 35) and normal healthy females (n = 10), were profiled on the surface of SELDI protein chip. The candidate biomarkers were purified by CM‐Sepharose, and their N‐terminal amino sequence was determined. The amounts of hemoglobin (Hb) in cancer patient's sera versus that of normal sera were measured by ELISA. Nine sera proteins that were found to be significantly differentially expressed (P < 0.05) between the sera of ovarian cancer patients and that of normal healthy females were selected using the WCX2 array. The most distinctive polypeptide peaks detected in the ovarian cancer samples were at 15.1 and 15.8 kDa and these two peaks were identified as the hemoglobin‐alpha (Hb‐α) and ‐beta (Hb‐β) chain, respectively. ELISA indicated that the sensitivity for intact Hb level was 77% in sera obtained from ovarian cancer patients, as compared with normal healthy female sera. In conclusion, two ovarian cancer biomarker proteins were discovered and identified as Hb‐α and Hb‐β. Hb levels were significantly different in ovarian cancer serum samples and those obtained from normal healthy females, as determined by ELISA. Additional studies are required to further validate Hb‐α and Hb‐β biomarkers. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 197–201)
Cognitive, emotional, physical and social effects of growth hormone treatment in adults with Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: . Höybye C , Thorén M. , Böhm B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackground  Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a multisystem genetic disorder characterized by short stature, muscular hypotonia, hyperphagia, obesity, maladaptive behaviour, hypogonadism and partial growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD). Severe GHD of other aetiologies has been shown to affect mood and quality of life negatively, and there are reports of improvements with GH replacement. We have studied cognitive, emotional, physical and social parameters in PWS adults at baseline, during and after GH treatment.Patients and methods  Nineteen patients, 9 females and 10 males, median age 25 years, mean BMI 35 kg/m2 participated in this study. Approximately half of the group had GHD. All patients fulfilled the clinical criteria for PWS and 13 had a positive genotype. The patients were randomized to 6 months of treatment with either GH [1.6 IU/day (0.53 mg/day)] or placebo, followed by 12 months of active GH treatment. Treatment was then stopped, and the patients were followed for an additional period of 6 months. A test battery for general cognitive evaluation and a computer‐based measurement of reaction time, motor speed and fluency were employed at baseline, after 6 months and at the end of GH treatment. At the same time intervals, a self‐evaluation questionnaire was answered at the end of each test session. Other questionnaires reflecting the patients’ cognitive, emotional, physical and social status were answered by relatives/caretakers at baseline and at 3 and 6 months following cessation of GH treatment.Results  Baseline cognitive level was estimated to be moderately to mildly impaired; IQ range was 40–90. The results from some of the cognitive and the motor performance tests improved significantly after 6 and 18 months of GH treatment. According to the questionnaires, both the patients and the relatives/caretakers evaluated physical status rather negatively at baseline, but still, impairments in both physical and social status and overall functioning were observed when GH treatment was discontinued. The self‐evaluation did not change in any aspect during GH treatment.Conclusions  In this pilot study of an adult PWS cohort, we were able to document beneficial effects in mental speed and flexibility and in motor performance during GH treatment. Impairment was seen in physical and social status as well as overall functioning, when GH treatment stopped. Studies of larger cohorts are needed to further elucidate the role of GH treatment in this group of patients.
Genetic structure, introgression, and a narrow hybrid zone between northern and California spotted owls (Strix occidentalis)
Authors: BARROWCLOUGH G. F. , GROTH J. G. , MERTZ L. A. , GUTIÉRREZ R. J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) is a threatened subspecies and the California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) is a subspecies of special concern in the western United States. Concern for their continued viability has arisen because of habitat loss caused by timber harvesting. The taxonomic status of the northern subspecies has been the subject of continuing controversy. We investigated the phylogeographical and population genetic structure of northern and California spotted owls with special reference to their region of contact. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences confirmed the existence of two well‐differentiated lineages connected by a narrow hybrid zone in a region of low population density in north central California. Maximum‐likelihood estimates indicated bidirectional gene flow between the lineages but limited introgression outside the region of contact. The lengths of both the mtDNA hybrid zone and the reduced density patch were similar and slightly exceeded estimates of natal dispersal distances. This suggests that the two subspecies were in secondary contact in a hybrid zone trapped by a population density trough. Consequently, the zone of interaction is expected to be geographically stable. We discovered a third, rare clade of haplotypes, which we interpreted to be a result of incomplete lineage sorting; those haplotypes result in a paraphyletic northern spotted owl with respect to the California spotted owl. A congeneric species, the barred owl (Strix varia), occasionally hybridizes with spotted owls; our results indicated an upper bound for the frequency of barred owl mtDNA haplotypes in northern spotted owl populations of 3%.
Vocal dialects, sex‐biased dispersal, and microsatellite population structure in the parrot Amazona auropalliata
Authors: WRIGHT TIMOTHY F. , RODRIGUEZ ANGELICA M. , FLEISCHER ROBERT C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractGeographic variation in microsatellite allele frequencies was assessed at nine sites in two regional vocal dialects of the parrot Amazona auropalliata (yellow‐naped amazon) to test for correspondence between dialects and population structure. There was no relationship between the genetic distances between individuals and their dialect membership. High rates of gene flow were estimated between vocal dialects based on genetic differentiation. In addition, 5.5% of pairs of individuals compared across the dialect boundary were estimated to be related at the level of half siblings, indicating that dispersal is ongoing. The number of effective migrants per generation between dialects estimated with the microsatellite data was roughly one‐seventh the number estimated with mitochondrial control region sequence data from the same individuals, suggesting that gene flow may be female‐biased. Together, these results suggest that the observed mosaic pattern of geographic variation in vocalizations is maintained by learning of local call types by immigrant birds after dispersal. We found no evidence that ongoing habitat fragmentation has contributed to cryptic population structure.