bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vascular System of the Human Heart: Some Branching and Scaling Issues
Authors: Zamir Mair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vascular system of the human heart, the “coronary network,” is of particular interest because this network of vessels is responsible for blood supply to the heart for its own metabolism, and because failure of this supply is by far the most frequent cause of heart failure [2, 16, 21, 35, 45]. While the latter is usually mediated by a fairly complex vascular disease process, the ultimate effect remains simple: the heart fails because its vascular system fails to provide it with sufficient blood supply.
Natural Laws In Scientific Practice
Authors: Lange Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laws of nature have long been thought to have special significance for aspects of scientific reasoning such as counterfactual conditionals, inductive projections, and scientific explanations. But the laws' distinctive roles in scientific reasoning have proved notoriously difficult to identify precisely, leading some philosophers even to suggest that there are no such roles. The aim of this book is to determine these roles and see what a law of nature must be in order for the laws to function as they do in scientific practice. Lange shows that the laws possess a uniquely broad range of invariance under counterfactual perturbations, a range that for the first time is characterised without appealing to the concept of a law. It is argued that the laws fail to supervene on the nonnomic facts, just as the rules governing chess fail to supervene on the moves made in a given actual game. It is also argued, against both regularity accounts and analyses of laws as relations among universals, that a law need not be associated with an exceptionless regularity. It is explained how a law of one scientific field (e.g. cardiology) can be an accident of another (e.g. fundamental physics). Special attention is paid to laws of biology and other 'special sciences', and it is argued that their distinctive range of invariance allows these fields to supply scientific explanations that are irreducible, even in principle, to explanations in terms of fundamental physics. Another special feature of this book is its emphasis on the distinction between laws of nature and physically necessary coincidences, a distinction crucial to the concept of natural kind. An account is also given of 'meta-laws', such as symmetry principles. Among the philosphers receiving special discussion are Lewis, Goodman, van Fraassen, Armstrong, Dretske, Earman, Mill, Fodor, Hempel, Giere, Putnam, Dennett, and Mackie.
Why Are the Laws of Nature So Important to Science (II)?
Authors: Lange Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I refine and generalize the concept of “inductive” confirmation that I developed in chapter 4. I use this notion to answer the question that I began to address in chapter 3: Why are the laws of nature so important to science? To do this, I require the concept of an “inductive strategy,” an idea I elaborate with greater care in chapter 7; it figures importantly in the root commitment associated with belief in a law.
The Temple of Culture and the Market for Letters: The Jew and the Way We Write Now
Authors: Freedman Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN CHAPTER 1 I argued that Jews were much on the minds of nineteenth-century intellectuals in England and America, and in a completely new way, as they began to think of themselves as intellectuals, using the conceptual equipment bequeathed them by their German and other Continental counterparts. But it needs to be added that some of the most important deployments of the figure of the Jew can be found in the genre that, at precisely this moment, was simultaneously experiencing huge popular success and struggling to affirm its artistic prestige: the novel. In this chapter, I want to parse this particular deployment of the figure of the Jew by asking the most vexing (and unanswerable) question of literary analysis: why? Or, more specifically, why here, why in the sphere of high-cultural literary production? After all, in the category-mad nineteenth century, it is unsurprising to find that race theorists, sexologists, and ethnographers all grappled with the question of Jewish difference. At a time when the mass literary market was booming and evangelical culture predominating, it is also unastonishing to discover solemn, didactic romances of Hebrew history circulating in the low- and middlebrow arenas of popular fiction. General Lew Wallace’s Ben Hur (1880) climbed the first bestseller lists in America; Marie Corelli’s Barabbas (1892) did the same in England. Nor, when we turn from the philo Semitic 1880s to the anti-Semitic, antialien 1900s, is it odd to find Edgar Wallace’s paranoid fantasies of world domination by Jewish aliens, anarchists, and Bolsheviks-books like The Four Just Men (1904) or The Council of Justice (1908)-supplanting their more benign biblical precedents in a march into bestsellerdom. What is startling is that Jews should figure with such prominence in a literary culture that was beginning to think of itself as just that, as a distinct zone of imaginative endeavor possessing a distinct and powerful, even redemptive, social mission. And it is equally startling that the matter of Jewry should have been so prominent in the project of self-validation undertaken by writers entering into that zone.
Phenomenological Epistemology
Authors: Pietersma Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This work offers a provocative new historical and systematic interpretation of the epistemological doctrines of three twentieth-century giants: Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty. Pietersma argues that these three philosophers, while connected by their phenomenological doctrines, have underappreciated and interestingly-linked views on the theory of knowledge.
Heidegger
Authors: Pietersma Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A study of Heidegger’s doctrine of knowledge is difficult for a number of reasons. While the development of an epistemology was for Husserl a matter of central importance, the primary question that occupied Heidegger, as he frequently said, was that of being. In fact, he said early on in Being and Time that knowing, in the sense that particularly occupied Husserl, is but a founded mode of being-in the-world. And judging by the vocabulary he typically used, his work is over whelmingly ontological. Consequently, in what he published during his lifetime, there are no texts exclusively devoted to the elaboration of a doctrine of knowledge. While Husserl’s principal works all have long sections expressly dealing with epistemological issues, Heidegger’s discussions of such things are episodic, limited to a few paragraphs in contexts dealing with other matters, ostensibly ontological ones. And when he did write about epistemology, it would seem that he assumed that many details were sufficiently known to his readers, for ex ample, from the Neo-Kantians and, especially, Edmund Husserl. It is difficult to get a clear view of his own doctrine of knowledge.
Introduction
Authors: Arnsten Amy F T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stimulants are thought to ameliorate the symptoms of Attention-Deficit Hyper activity Disorder (ADHD) through actions on dopamine and norepinephrine neurons in the central nervous system. Over the past 25 years, we have learned an enormous amount about the anatomical organization and modulatory properties of these catecholamines. Both norepinephrine and dopamine can have profound effects on cortical and subcortical functions.
The Neuroscience of Stimulant Drug Action in ADHD
Authors: Solanto Mary V , Arnsten Amy F T , Castellanos F Xavier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this book has been to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of therapeutic drug action in ADHD by integrating knowledge across the relevant disciplines of basic and clinical neuroscience, presented in the foregoing chapters. The goals of this final chapter are to present the results of that integration thus far and to chart a course for further research. It represents the efforts and insights not only of the named authors but of all of the contributors who shared their thoughts, ideas, and knowledge in the process of producing this volume.
“Justice I Teach, and Reverence Justice” John Aubrey, “The Life of Hobbes”
Authors: Hobbes Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) was an accomplished classicist and mathematician as well as an immensely influential systematic philosopher. His first published work was a translation of Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War; and among his last were translations of The Iliad and The Odyssey. Tutor to the Earl of Devonshire and to Charles II, friend of AbbeÉMersenne, he lived in exile in France during the civil wars. Although his De Cive (1642) and The Elements of Law (1650) had been used as a text by royalists, Hobbes nevertheless became suffficiently reconciled with Oliver Cromwell so that he returned to England in 1651. Always political agile, Hobbes received the privilege of a royal pension from Charles II after the Restoration. Much impressed by the new sciences of Keppler, Galileo and Bacon, Hobbes developed a materialist metaphysics that provided the premises of a mechanistic psychology, and as he hoped, the basis of a contractarian political theory (Leviathan, 1651). His thought experiment posited a natural condition of scarcity that set men at odds with one another to secure a marginal advantage for survival. Prompted by fear and an instinct for self-preservation, foresighted calculative reason led to the contractual establishment of a sovereignty endowed with absolute power. Materialist contractarian that he was, Hobbes nevertheless held that his political views were consonant with Scripture. Indeed he feared that discrediting religion could readily lead to sedition and civil strife. When Parliament passed a bill for the suppression of atheism, a committee was nevertheless appointed to investigate the orthodoxy of the Leviathan. Although the matter was dropped, Hobbes was forbidden to publish his views. He submitted his Behemoth for approval to Charles II, who recommended against its publication. It was eventually published posthumously.
Culture and the Stages of the Imagination
Authors: Herder Johann Gottfried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in Prussia, Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) received a classical education before studying theology at Koenigsberg. After traveling widely, he was ordained as a Lutheran minister. Goethe’s influence assured his appointment as head of the Lutheran clergy in Weimar in 1776. An eclectic thinker with a wide scope of interests, he wrote on the philosophy of language (Essay on the Origin of Language, 1772), the philosophy of history (Ideas for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind, 1784–1791), and philosophical psychology (Of the Cognition and Sensation of the Human Soul, 1778). A member of the Berlin Academy, he took an active part in discussions about the relative merits of nationalism and cosmopolitanism. A friend of Hamann, he speculated on the dynamic relation between language and culture; a friend of Goethe, he developed theories about the sources of thought in natural, organic processes. His influence extended beyond Hegel and Schelling to the vitalism of Schopenhauer and Bergson, and to Heidegger’s nationalistic period. Journal of My Voyage in the Year 1769 Every farewell is bewildering. One thinks and feels far less than one anticipated. The intensity with which the mind focuses on the future blurs the sensibilities towards what is left behind. If, in addition, the farewell is too drawn out, it also tends to become wearisome. Only after departing does one begin to reflect on the past and to regret lost opportunities. Thus I found myself confessing that I made far from the best use of the library. It would have been of obvious advantage to me had I drawn up a systematic plan of study in the subjects for which I was responsible and made the history of their respective domains my chief concern.
Accounting for Rationality
Authors: Bentham Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After graduating from Oxford, Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) studied law at Lincoln’s Inn. Although he was admitted to the bar in 1767, he was never in practice. Bentham’s monumental work in jurisprudence, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789), rested on utilitarian principles: legislation should be crafted to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number. He thought there could be a hedonic calculation of the projectible balance of (physical and psychological) pleasure over pain, taking into account their relative intensity, ramification, and duration, as well as the probability of their occurrence. Bentham applied this principle to the assessment of motives and actions as well as to the evaluation of social policy. Although he is sometimes misrepresented as a radical egoist, his version of hedonism extends to a limited indirect altruism that derives personal pleasure in the well-being of others. While he notoriously claimed that push-pin is as good as poetry, he acknowledged that some intellectual pleasures might be more enduring and ramified than many sensory pleasures. With James and John Stuart Mill, Bentham established University College, London; they also founded and contributed to the politically influential Westminster Review. Bentham produced numerous pamphlets on the issues of the day: the selection of juries, laws of libel, debt and usury, rules of evidence, and public education. He took a lively interest in the theory and practice of civic punishment, formulating characteristically elaborate criteria for a deterrent policy. His interest extended to the architecture of prisons, and he sketched a panoptical design that placed guards in the center of a circular tier of cells. He conducted an extensive political correspondence with his brother Samuel, who served in the British legation in Russia, and with Czar Alexander of Russia, whom he tried to persuade to adopt his measures for penal reform. He hoped to interest Catherine the Great in his Constitutional Code (1830) but declined her invitation to visit Russia. Bentham was made an honorary citizen of France in 1792.
Philosophy as Political Critique
Authors: Marx Karl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Karl Marx (1818–1883) studied philosophy at the University of Berlin, where he was influenced by a group of revisionary Hegelians who used Hegel’s argumentative strategies to attack religion and the controlling interests of a conservative political regime. After receiving his doctorate in 1842, Marx became an editor of the Rheinische Zeitung, a liberal democratic paper. When that paper was suppressed for its increasingly radical views, Marx went to France, where he met Friedrich Engels, who became his lifelong friend and supporter. Turning from journalism to philosophy, Marx developed a theory that placed activity (praxis) rather than philosophical reflection as the fundamental human activity (Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844). Appropriating Feuerbach’s critique of alienation, he argued that unjust exploitation—dehumanization—consists in appropriating the results of productive activity. Working together, Marx and Engels collaborated in applying this view to the exploitive power relations in the traditional family (Holy Family, 1845) and the ideological subservience of traditional philosophy (Theses on Feuerbach, 1845). Delivered at the first meeting of the Communist League in London, The Communist Manifesto (1848) presents a historical account of how the dynamic changes in technology and in the modes of production transformed social and political relations of power.
Why I Became a Philosopher
Authors: Russell Bertrand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) was the (secular) godson of John Stuart Mill and the grandson of Lord John Russell, who introduced the Reform Bill of 1832. Orphaned at an early age, his education was directed by his grandmother, who had him privately tutored until he went to Cambridge to do mathematics and philosophy. After rejecting the influence of the British idealism of McTaggart and Bradley, he focused on mathematics and the philosophy of logic (Principles of Mathematics, 1903). With A. N. Whitehead, he wrote the seminal formalization of the unity of logic and mathematics, Principia Mathematica (1910–1913). Remarkably capable of self-criticism, Russell continuously developed and changed his views. Having started as a realist (Principles of Mathematics, 1903), he came to think of that position as vacuous. His theory of description and logically proper names eventually led him to logical atomism (“On Denoting,” 1905) and logical constructionism (Our Knowledge of the External World (1914)). When he was appointed as a lecturer at Cambridge in 1910, his interest in empiricist epistemology led him to attempt to construct a modiffied version of phenomentalism, one that could support a sophisticated physics. But the theory of constitutive sensibilia developed in Our Knowledge of the External World was replaced by a theory of constitutive complex events in The Analysis of Matter (1927). Russell’s foundationalist views were again modified in Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits (1948): the direct realism of perceptual knowledge was replaced by fallibilism.
Thinking Through the Good Life
Authors: Arendt Hannah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having studied with Heidegger and Jaspers at Marburg, Freiburg, and Heidelberg, Hannah Arendt (1906–1975) emigrated to France in 1933 and then, in 1941, to the United States, where she taught at the New School for Social Research. Influenced by Greek and Roman political theory, she became a critic of totalitarianism and (what she thought of as) defective democracies. She described a form of civic life that accords primacy to the praxis of shared, deliberative political activity as an essential expression of human nature (The Origins of Totalitarianism 1951; The Human Condition, 1958; Between Past and Future, 1968.) Profoundly affected by the rise of fascism, she attempted to explain how ordinary people living in a highly developed culture could have lapsed into the barbarism of the Holocaust. In Eichmann in Jerusalem (1963) Arendt describes the banal, unnoticed, incremental steps that allow an Eichmann to think of himself as merely doing his duty. Precisely because not paying attention—deflecting reflection and self-criticism—is a perfectly normal psychological pattern, the “banality of evil” can occur anywhere, anytime. Arendt also wrote on Kant (1982) and Augustine (1996). She also occasionally wrote produced biographical studies of courageous and original thinkers who seemed marginal in their time (Men in Dark Times 1968, and Rachel Vernhagen: The Life of a Jewish Woman, 1974. Her ambitious work in philosophical psychology, The Life of the Mind (1977), characterized varieties of mental activity, distinguishing instrumental calculation from genuinely civic thought and contemplation. A good deal of her philosophical correspondence with Heidegger and Jaspers has been published posthumously, as was her more personal correspondence with Mary MacCarthy (Between Friends, 1995).
A Fable Of Exquisite Corpses Maxine Hong Kingston, Assimilation, and the Hypochondriacal Response
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rodgers and Hammerstein’s dream world teaches the racially melancholic female body to enjoy the lessons of its own rejection. At the same time, as already seen, the effects produced by the various performances of that renunciation often exceed and disrupt the meaning of the intended castigation. This history that we are tracing gives us much more than a record of unresolved briefs, but also a revelation of transformative potentials within grief. The project of examining this cultural and psychical history of renunciation may ultimately lead us, not toward the ambition of “resolved grief,” as envisioned by Freud, but rather toward redefining a profoundly different notion of mourning altogether.
Difficult Loves Anna Deavere Smith and the Politics of Grief
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although race studies holds much intellectual capital in academic research today, the history ofracial grief in America—along with its accompanying burdens of conscience, consciousness, guilt, and ressentiment—has made our capacity to communicate our thoughts and feelings about these dark inheritances far from adequate. There is still tremendous confusion in contemporary American society about how to approach the task of racial healing; indeed, at times, it seems as if race relations in America is doomed to play out a tragedy of endless retribution.
An Introduction with Work to Do
Authors: Hansen Chad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A missing text is always an exciting discovery. The later Mohist dialectic chapters are a unique case. They form a missing text that was not physically lost. Chinese archivists had copied and transmitted it down through two millennia after a textual accident had turned it into an incoherent jigsaw puzzle. The interpretive tradition lost the ability to understand the text. A Qing scholar first discovered the key to the puzzle near the end of the nineteenth century. Angus Graham completed the systematic reconstruction of the text in his Later Mohist Logic, Ethics, and Science in 1978.
The Context of Chinese Philosophy: Language and Theory of Language
Authors: Hansen Chad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I do not suppose that language is the only explanation of features of philosophical thought. I have heard plausible, suggestive accounts of how geography, for example, might contribute to a culture’s having a certain broad philosophical direction. I am a philosopher of language, and neither a geographer nor a historian, so I cannot vouch for the accuracy of these suggestive accounts. But they can serve to give us some general sense of the context in which philosophy played its role in Chinese culture. One obviously significant feature of Chinese geography-a physical barrierexplains the relative lack of philosophical exchange between China and the lndoEuropean tradition. Philosophical tenets are social products. They spread as technology, sculpture, language and music do. When two cultures come in contact they may talk about things. In this way they learn each other’s technology, religion, philosophy, astronomy and so forth. A physical barrier to travel normally inhibits the spread of philosophical theories because it inhibits the wandering of philosophers-who are, after all, not notoriously physically adventurous.
Mencius: The Establishment Strikes Back
Authors: Hansen Chad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mencius was an aristocrat from the Ru culture center who was born about one hundred years after Confucius died. He shares with Confucius the distinction of having zimaster incorporated in the latinization of his name (Confucius’ name comes from Kongfuzi; Mencius’ from Meng-zi).3 He was arguably a greater influence on Confucianism than was Confucius himself. Mencius turned the attention of Confucianism to moral psychology—the theory of human nature. Confucius’ disciples had complained they “could not hear” the master’s theory of human nature. That shift in focus and Mencius’ innatism came to define Confucianism.