bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
European Evolution
Authors: Almeida Hermione De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abraham Trembley’s discovery in 1740 of that monstrous freak of nature, the underwater polyp, inspired extraordinary speculations among scientists on the nature of life and led to speculative research during the rest of the century on the creature’s strange evolution and reproductive advantage. Trembley’s polyp was a plant-structured organism of the Obelia genus and, like the fresh-water hydra and anemone and the ocean-borne medusa, it exhibited attributes that were both animal and botanical.
Law Talk in the Divorce Lawyer’s Office
Authors: Sarat Austin , Felstiner William L F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The negotiation of meaning and the exercise of power in lawyer-client relations occur against a background of legal norms and procedures that, in tum, provide the broad boundaries within which lawyers and clients construct a picture of the legally possible. Those norms and procedures define what will be useful in putting together persuasive legal narratives by establishing what is both relevant and realistic. In the preceding two chapters we have seen how lawyers and clients in divorce cases work within these boundaries to negotiate the meaning of marriage failure, develop explanations for the behavior of people going through divorces, exchange ideas of what is reasonable in terms of expectations and objectives, and decide on a division of responsibility for the management and progress of the client’s case. We have seen the importance of what we have called the ideology of separate spheres, in which law is distanced from society and portrayed as a domain of reason and logic.
J. Gresham Machen: Princeton Theology and Southern Culture
Authors: Longfield Bradley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Young, energetic, and aggressively conservative, J. Gresham Mache had been watching the Fosdick-McCartney duel with rapt attention. For more than a decade Mache, assistant professor of New Testament at Princeton Theological Seminary, had been warning the church of the destructive consequences of modernist theology. In November 1921 he distilled his ideas into a brief, poignant address entitled “Liberalism or Christianity.” As the title implied, Mache had concluded that the liberal religion preached by Fosdick and his kind was not simply a variety of Christianity but a different faith altogether. “At every point,” he declared, “the liberal movement is in opposition to the Christian message.,. I Encouraged by positive responses to the article and, no doubt, by Fosdick’s sermon, Mache expanded the essay into a landmark volume, Christianity and Liberalism, published in 1923.2Mache set the theological debate of the church squarely within its
Clarence E. Macartney and the 1924 General Assembly
Authors: Longfield Bradley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As at every General Assembly, the first item of business for Presbyterians gathered in Grand Rapids in May 1924, was the election of a moderator. Both candidates were conservative; but one, Clarence Macartney, was the acknowledged leader of the fundamentalist party, while the other, Charles Erdman, was more tolerant of diverse views within the church. William Jennings Bryan placed Macartney’s name in nomination stating, “His election to the office of chief executive of our militant Church will be accepted as an announcement of the Church’s unshaken adherence to the impregnable Rock of the Holy Scriptures.”
Charles R. Erdman and the 1925 General Assembly
Authors: Longfield Bradley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the wake of the 1924 assembly, Machen warned his conservative allies that they could not let down their guard. He wrote to a friend, ‘“We did suffer a great defeat at the end of the A:,scmhly; and I think that if we represent it as a victory, or if we give the impression that we regard the battle as over, we arc traitors to our cause.’’’ In the following months Machen acted on these sentiments. In print and pulpit he strove valiantly to advance the fundamentalist cause. Indeed, from this point on Machen emerged more and more as a leader of militant conservatives within the church.
Die Goldene Zeit Des Werdens.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That sort of structure indefinitely called a mill has the power of gathering round it a kind of architecture more useful than ornamental. Trim gentility and retired leisure never seek its neighbourhood, and the picturesque cottages with diamond paned windows, many-coloured thatch, and earthen floors, disappear under its influence. Their place is taken by weather tight buildings with slated roofs, stone floors, and sash windows-repulsive to aestheticism, but cheering to the eyes of real philanthropists.
‘Mimicry,’ ‘Parasitism,’And Resistance
Authors: Nixon Rob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Naipaul’s two principal literary progenitors are thus evidently bonded in memory, each allowing him to reimagine what qualified as writing and to ratify the literary potential of his colonial experience. The men fathered him in complementary ways: Seepersad taught him that Trinidad could become fertile material for fiction, while Conrad the traveler suggested that an international range of experience could compensate for the absence of a profound knowledge of a single society. So although Seepersad transmitted an esteem for Conrad to his son, the two men approached the modernist seeking different kinds of precedent. The father, whose talent had begun to flower in obscurity and on the brink of the grave, required the consoling memory of a late, great bloomer; the precocious Vidia was drawn to the idea of a wandering, global writer. Conrad’s example stands, for instance, behind Naipaul’s remark that travel “broadened my world view; it showed me a changing world and took me out of my colonial shell; it became the substitute for the mature social experience-the deepening knowledge of a society-which my background and the nature of my life denied me.”
The Muslim as the “Other”: Representation and Self-Image of the Muslims in North America
Authors: Al-Shingiety Abubaker Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The politics of representing Islam and Muslims in American cultural and political discourse and the Muslims’ reponse to it in how they interpret Islam and identify themselves, reveal a dialectical relationship between Western representations of Muslims and Muslims’ self-image. In this dynamic process, the “otherness” of Islam and Muslims has two functions. It acts as a dynamic of identification, by default, for the American. At the same time, it is appropriated by the Muslim as a form of self-identification. Both functions are germane to a mode of representation characteristic to a particular and dominant political and cultural discourse in the United States: a mode that is essentially ethnocentric.
Islamic Issues for Muslims 1n the United States
Authors: Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Muslims in the United States face a variety of challenges. Many of these are similar to those faced by other minority communities in America. However, Muslims also face challenges and opportunities that are tied to the character of Islam. The Islamic faith and its practice involve special obligations and responsibilities that shape the way Muslims as individuals and groups respond to the conditions of American society. Often people become involved in examining the “American” issues faced by distinctive and minority communities in the United States forgetting that the special characteristics of the community are also important. Significant Islamic issues are involved in the life of Muslims in the United States as well as important American issues.
The Warrior in Japanese History
Authors: King Winston L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their very first appearance in our extant legendary and historical sources around 400 c.e., the people we now know as the Japanese were already assuming social and political characteristics that, with some modifications, were to be theirs for the next twelve centuries. Our first sight of them is in clan-family groupings held together in a loose unity that maintained itself only by an uneasy balancing of clan power. Having first achieved some political unity on the southern island of Kyushu, they gradually moved into the main island of Honshu as well, establishing a form of “national” existence in southwestern and central Japan known as Yamato.
(Pre)amble
Authors: Lincoln Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the eve of the New World quincentennial, Euroamericans are rediscovering the “Indian” they created by mistaken cartography, then idealized to dispossess, and all but annihilated by military conquest. For American “Indians” a five-hundred-year holocaust exploded in the slipstream of Christopher Columbus. His wake vaporized 97 percent of the 75 to 100 million natives in the Western Hemisphere. Pre-Columbian, indeed, signifies a Native American world not discovered, but decimated.
Religious Experience and Psychopathology: Cross-Cultural Perspectives
Authors: Prince Raymond H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By religious experiences I mean states of mind which their subjects invest with supernatural or preternatural meaning (interpreting the experiences as related to such agencies as spirits, gods, devils, or magical influences). Defined in this way, we can immediately see a significant kinship between psychiatric disorders and religious experiences. Functional psychoses, including both schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychoses are often interpreted by patients in this way (Boisen, 1936; Custance, 1951). Swedenborg, George Fox, and many other religious leaders experienced states of mind which they believed were of supernatural origin. But, for the psychiatrist, these are very difficult to distinguish from psychotic states. For example, reactions to bereavement include melancholia in some individuals (Freud, 1925/1917) and mystical experiences among others (Aberbach, 1987). Also, Westerners who have been subject to mystical or other types of religious experiences commonly believe them to indicate mental illness and, for this reason, avoid speaking of them (Prince, 1979).
John Come Lately: The Belated Evangelist
Authors: Foster Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The writer of the Gospel of John (whom I’ll simply call “John”) is disquieted by his belatedness, by the fact that he comes after Matthew, Mark, and Luke (to say nothing of Q), yet wishes to write an authoritative account of Jesus’ life. His motto is the Lord’s motto: “I am the door of the sheep. All who came before me were thieves and robbers” (10:8). There were, of course, many before John, as before Luke, who undertook “to compile a narrative” of Jesus’ life (Lk. 1:1); but none of them, if we may believe John, succeeded. As we shall see, John’s purpose is not to add one more to a growing heap of apocryphal Gospels, nor even to write a supplement to the synoptics, but rather to provide the world-for the first time, if belatedly-with the true Gospel of Jesus Christ. John wishes to clarify the message of a badly misunderstood Son of God. And in the process, he does more than a little campaigning on his own behalf as belated evangelist.
Renunciation and Society: The Inner Conflict of Tradition
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the Samnyāsa UpaniĀsads need to be located within the broader literary tradition of Brāhmarsm, so the renunciatory life and ideals of India can be adequately studied only in their historical context and within the framework of their interaction with societal religion and ethics. That the ascetic way of life and the so-called life-negating and world-denying ideals and ideologies are central elements or even defining characteristics of Indian religions is often taken as axiomatic by scholars and lay observers alike. Such assumptions, however, often create the impression of a monolithic religion unrelated to historical vicissitudes. Albert Schweitzer’s evaluation of the Indian religious ethos and its presumed contrast to the Hellenistic, or more generally the Western ethos is representative:
Two Kinds of Sectarianism
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “ambition and tyranny” of the Presbyterians, Thomas Jefferson fumed to his friend Thomas Cooper in 1822, “would tolerate no rival if they had power.” Jefferson’s contempt for the Presbyterians assumed Voltairian proportions. “Systematical in grasping at the ascendancy over all the sects, they aim, like the Jesuits, at engrossing the education of the country, are hostile to every institution which they do not direct, and jealous at seeing others begin to attend at all to that object.” 1 Presbyterians, Jefferson was convinced, yearned to reinstitute a Protestant inquisition that would, as Calvin had done to Servetus, “exterminate all heretics to Calvinistic Creed.” As it was, they controlled by manipulating “public opinion, that Lord of the universe.” Jefferson was convinced nonetheless that he had reason on his side. Despite Presbyterian “fulminations against endeavors to enlighten the general mind, to improve the reason of the people, and to encourage them in the use of it,” he assured another correspondent, “the liberality of this State will support this institution [the University of Virginia] and give fair play to the cultivation of reason.”2The aging revolutionary had cause to resent the Presbyterians. For over forty years he had been attempting to found a first-rate nonsectarian university in Virginia, a step he considered essential for the health of the republic. By now, however, the Presbyterians had emerged as the principal rivals to his republican dreams for higher education. Demanding an educated clergy, the Presbyterians, although no longer as numerous as the more populist Baptists and Methodists, were by now the leaders in American higher education and gaining in strength. Although Jefferson persisted in his plans to found a revolutionary university and the Jeffersonians were holding on in educational influence, Jefferson had reason to fear that Presbyterians might represent the wave of the future.
The Trouble with the Old-Time Religion
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Blasting at the Rock of Ages” In May 1909 Cosmopolitan magazine published the first in an announced three-part series on what was being taught at American colleges. The sensationally written articles paid secondary attention to controversial economic views, but the revolution in religion was the major theme. The first of the essays, “Blasting at the Rock of Ages,” immediately created a stir in pulpits around the country. The editors, sensing that they had hit on something, extended the series for two additional months, devoting the last two essays entirely to religious questions. The author, Harold Boice, followed the typical muckraking conventions. After visiting a number of campuses, sitting in on classes, and interviewing professors, he adopted an attitude of consternation in disclosing his discoveries. The editors, borrowing a number of Bolce’s phrases, summarized both the content and the breathless tone of the message: Those who are in not in close touch with the great colleges of the country, will be astonished to learn the creeds being foisted by the faculties of our great universities. In hundreds of class-rooms it is being taught daily that the decalogue is no more sacred than a syllabus; that the home as an institution is doomed; that there are no absolute evils; that immorality is simply an act in contravention of society’s accepted standards; that democracy is a failure and the Declaration of Independence only spectacular rhetoric; that the change from one religion to another is like getting a new hat; that moral precepts are passing shibboleths; that conceptions of right and wrong are as unstable as styles of dress; . . . and that there can be and are holier alliances without the marriage bond than within it. Despite the hyperbole, Boice correctly identified the direction in which higher education was heading and the revolution that already had taken place regarding traditional Christianity. He acknowledged that by no means all professors agreed with the most progressive views; but he quoted many of the best known and most influential academics throughout the country-William James, Josiah Royce, George Howison, William Graham Sumner, Edward Ross, Albion Small, Shailer Mathews, Andrew
The Fundamentalist Menace
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing did more to consolidate dominant academic opinion behind the cause of academic freedom than the fundamentalist attacks of the 1920s. While there might still be some religious traditionalists at major universities, almost no one, either administrator or faculty, would countenance the extreme demands of fundamentalists, which would have turned back the clock forty years. Traditional teachings still prevailed in the vast majority of Protestant pulpits and traditional belief was even stronger in the pews. This meant that as immense cultural changes proceeded on other fronts, the potential for an explosive showdown steadily increased. Within each of the major denominations there had already been scrimmages and minor wars over this or that change, often centered, as we have seen, on educational institutions. Not until after World War I, however, were the conservative forces effectively organized into a national campaign. The war itself was the immediate precipitant of the sense of a national religious crisis among Protestant conservatives. Promoted as a moral crusade, it heightened consciousness of the issue of national righteousness and made it everybody’s business. Preserving doctrinal purity was therefore not just a church concern, but a national issue as well. Under Wilson’s guidance the Puritan ideal of a national covenant had reemerged as a popular ideal. It was a mixed blessing. One unexpected consequence was that the heightened national moral consciousness immediately raised the question for Protestant conservatives of why the liberals were setting the terms. Moreover, the example of the perceived moral monstrosity in Germany suggested to conservatives what happened to civilizations that forsook their Christian foundations. It was an easy step from that observation to another that pointed out the formidable German influences on America’s educational elite and especially how
Liberal Protestantism without Protestantism
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1951 Robert Maynard Hutchins resigned as chancellor of the University of Chicago after years of frustration. Weary of having many of his most cherished proposals blocked by recalcitrant faculty Hutchins determined that he could do more for his educational ideals as an associate director of the Ford Foundation. Hutchins was, next to John Dewey, the best known American educator of the era. Twice he was honored with the closest thing to canonization by the American hierarchy, a cover appearance on Time magazine. His resignation, however, may be taken as a signal that even a person of immense prestige and ability could not deflect the educational stream that was by now so firmly set in its course. As Hutchins put it, “The academic administrators of America remind one of the French Revolutionist who said, is in the streets. I must find out where they are going, for I am their leader.’ “1“Civilization is doomed,” Hutchins wrote in the Journal of Higher Education in 1947, “unless the hearts and minds of men can be changed, and unless we can bring about a moral, intellectual and spiritual reformation.’’2 Modern Americans were never more open to such a reformation than in the postwar years. Western civilization had just survived the nightmare of Nazism and was faced totalitarian Stalinism. Religious leaders of all stripes were calling for return to first principles. Had there been a realistic hope for such a return to first principles in academic life, Hutchins’s first principles should have been prime candidates. They appealed to the authority of reason and thus were more broadly based than appeals to particular religious traditions, yet they allowed room for theological expression.
The USAA: Analysis of Legislative History
Authors: Macneil Ian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The A.B.A. bill submitted to Congress in 1923 set out a comprehensive integrated modern arbitration law containing everything needed for a complete system of arbitration, other than the basic contract law necessarily underlying any such system. This was true of both the federal and the arbitration aspects of the proposed acts. The structure of each is revealing of the exclusively federal nature of the USAA.
Human Rights in Constitutional Order and in Political Practice in Latin America
Authors: Fruhling Hugo E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, the constitution and the evolution of the concept of constitutionalism have been associated with the notion of limited power, especially the limitation of governmental power.1 This evolution reached its utmost expression in the Anglo-Saxon tradition, especially in the United States, where the constitution is not only the set of rules governing the political organization of the nation, but also, and more importantly, the entity defending human rights against possible violation by the government.2 In the Latin American tradition, it seems to us, the constitution is always the product of a political-rationalistic approach, and its objective is not so much to limit the government as to offer the latter a tool for governing society. Early Latin American history abounds in examples of the view of constitutions as extremely important documents that contributed to ensuring social rule during the first decades of the nineteenth century. In this sense, Simon Bolivar, in the Manifesto of Cartagena (1813), attributes the fall of the Republic primarily to the defects of 1811 Constitution, and in his famous speech of Angostura (1819) he tells legislators that their success is fundamental to the freedom, prosperity, and happiness of the country; without it, the country will lapse into slavery.3 In this century, the importance given to constitutional debate in Chile in the throes of the 1920 crisis, and today in Brazil and Argentina, shows that the constitutional process is still of great political and cultural relevance to Latin America social life.
Perspectives on the Current Constitutional Situation in Poland
Authors: Osiatynski Wiktor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today all the countries of central Europe have many problems in common; each of them, however, has taken a somewhat different road away from Communism. In Poland where political transformations started first, changes seem to occur at a slower pace and without the spectacular successes in overthrowing the Communist system as have taken place in the other countries. On the other hand, Poland’s prolonged struggle based on compromises has resulted in a greater political maturity of society and its leading elites. Moreover, the Poles seem to have already experienced a good deal of the disappointments and revaluations necessary to the process of departing from Communism.