bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strengthening Access to Land for Housing for the Poor in Maputo, Mozambique
Authors: Jenkins Paul 
Published: March 2003

Informal, or illegal, occupation of land is growing in importance in the cities of the developing world, especially sub‐Saharan Africa. The widespread nature of ‘illegality’ in some situations has led to queries of whether this should be termed ‘illegal’, and this is particularly so where there are potentially different entities bestowing legality. It has been increasingly recognized that informal land development is a solution for access to land by the urban poor, where formal supply is inadequate and inflexible, but that there need to be more efficient relationships between the formal and informal sectors. It is thus argued that new forms of association and new forms of partnership across the formal boundary are required. This article looks at the situation of land access for housing in Maputo, the capital of Mozambique, with a focus on the poor majority, and suggests alternative mechanisms for urban land rights to the simplistic application of full freehold tenure in formal land markets. These alternative mechanisms are based on structures within civil society, as it is argued that where the state and market are weak, as in Mozambique, these are more appropriate and less alienating for the urban poor majority.L'occupation irrégulière, voire illégale, des terrains s'accroît dans les villes des pays en développement, notamment en Afrique sub‐saharienne. Le caractère répandu de ‘l'illégalité’ dans certaines situations a conduit à s'interroger sur la pertinence du terme ‘illégal’, en particulier quand différentes entités sont susceptibles d'accorder la légalité. De plus en plus souvent, il est reconnu que l'aménagement non‐officiel du sol est une solution permettant aux citadins pauvres d'accéder à la terre (lorsque l'offre officielle n'est ni suffisante ni souple), mais que les relations entre les secteurs officiels et non‐officiels doiventÀtre plus performantes. L'article affirme qu'il faut créer de nouvelles formes d'association et de partenariat dépassant le cadre officiel. Il observe la situation de l'accès foncier pour le logement à Maputo, capitale du Mozambique, en considérant la majorité pauvre, et suggère d'autres mécanismes pour les droits fonciers urbains jusqu'à la demande toute simple de la pleine propriété sur des marchés fonciers officiels. Ces mécanismes de substitution sont basés sur des structures appartenant à la société civile, car lorsque l'État et le marché sont faibles, comme au Mozambique, ces mécanismes sont plus appropriés et moins aliénants pour la majorité urbaine pauvre.
Deterritorialization and Reterritorialization of the Orisha Religion in Africa and the New World (Nigeria, Cuba and the United States)
Authors: Dianteill Erwan 
Published: March 2003

This article deals with the relationship of religion to space, ethnicity and political domination, through the case of the Orisha religion in Africa and the Americas. This religion originated in the south‐east of present‐day Nigeria and was first re‐implanted in the Americas as a result of the deportation of thousands of Yoruba slaves, especially to Cuba. Today, it is experiencing a second transplantation, resulting from Cuban emigration, mainly to the United States. These two moves, from Africa to Cuba and then from Cuba to the United States, have been associated with successive processes of territorialization and dissemination in very different social and political contexts, which are analysed in historical sequence. On each occasion, transmission through lineage and dissemination through proximity seem to have come into play, in varying degrees according to the socio‐political context. Even though religion and ethnic identity were closely linked in Africa, the Orisha religion has spread into populations of European and mixed‐race origin in Cuba. The United States is witnessing a form of ‘re‐ethnicization’ of this religion in the black population and in the Hispanic population, with notable differences between the East Coast and California.Cet article a pour objet le rapport de la religion à l’espace, à l’ethnicité et à la domination politique dans le cas de la religion des orisha en Afrique et dans les Amériques. Cette religion, originaire du sud‐ouest de l’actuel Nigeria, s’est d’abord réimplantée dans les Amériques du fait de la déportation de milliers d’esclaves yoruba, à Cuba en particulier. Elle connaît aujourd’hui une seconde transplantation du fait de l’émigration cubaine, aux Etats‐Unis principalement. Les deux déplacements, de l’Afrique vers Cuba puis de Cuba vers les Etats‐Unis, sont associés à des processus successifs de territorialisation et de diffusion dans des contextes sociaux et politiques très différents, qui sont analysés dans leur succession historique. A chaque moment historique, il apparaît que transmission lignagère et diffusion par proximité jouent à des degrés variables selon les contextes socio‐politiques. Alors que religion et identité ethnique étaient étroitement liés en Afrique, la religion des orisha s’est diffusée dans la population d’origine européenne et métisse à Cuba. Aux Etats‐Unis, on assiste à une forme de ‘ré‐ethnicisation’ de cette religion dans la population noire et dans la population hispanique, avec des différences notables entre la côte Est et la Californie.
The Strange Respectability of the Situationist City in the Society of the Spectacle
Authors: Swyngedouw Erik 
Published: March 2003

This article critically discusses the recent growing interest in and regained ‘respectability’ of the Situationist International and related urban cultural, architectural and political movements. It engages particularly with the present reinvention of the Situationist Movement and argues that the rediscovery of the ‘Situationist City’ celebrates an intellectualized, aestheticized and de‐politicized version that is particularly oblivious to the political and revolutionary theories and programmatic emancipatory urban agenda that underpinned the Situationist movement. We shall argue that this aestheticized reappropriation of selected parts of the Situationist legacy reinforces exactly what the Situationists actively criticized and tried to undermine. At the same time, intellectual and cultural attention is diverted away from the active urban reconstructions that try to confront the totalizing presence of the spectacle and breathe the spirit that Guy Debord and his friends pioneered in the 1950s and 1960s. We shall attempt to connect this rediscovery of the ‘Situationist City’ and the urban imaginations of the time to the theoretical and political insights, particularly those of Guy Debord, that developed in tandem with their concern with the production of a new way of living, one that revolved squarely around recapturing the urban. Finally, the enduring relevance of Debord’s work and insights is explored in the context of recent debates and events.Cet article examine d’un il critique le récent intér?t croissant et la ‘respectabilité’ recouvrée à l’égard de l’Internationale Situationniste et des mouvements connexes, politiques, architecturaux, culturels et urbains. Il s’attache d’abord à la réinvention actuelle du Mouvement situationniste en affirmant que la redécouverte de la ‘Ville situationiste’ glorifie une version intellectualisée, esthétique et dépolitisée qui ignore notamment les théories politiques et révolutionnaires, ainsi que les programmes urbains d’émancipation, qui sous‐tendaient le mouvement d’origine. Cette réappropriation esthétisée de pans choisis de l’héritage situationiste renforce précisément ce que ses détenteurs réprouvaient vivement et s’effor??aient d’éliminer. Parallèlement, l’attention intellectuelle et culturelle est détournée des reconstructions urbaines actives qui tentent d’affronter la présence intégratrice du spectacle et d’insuffler l’esprit développé par Guy Debord et ses amis dans les années 1950 et 1960. L’article s’efforce ensuite d’associer cette redécouverte de la ‘Ville situationiste’ et les imaginations urbaines du moment aux réflexions théoriques et politiques (de Guy Debord en particulier) qui ont étéélaborées simultanément à un intérêt pour la production d’un nouveau mode de vie, lequel tournait carrément autour de la reconquête de l’urbain. Enfin, la pérennité des travaux et idées de Debord est étudiée dans le cadre des récents débats et événements.
‘Premium Network Spaces’: A Comment
Authors: Coutard Olivier 
Published: March 2003

This paper is a response to some of the arguments developed by Stephen Graham in an article published in IJURR in March 2000. In that article, Graham argues that the contemporary conditions of development of infrastructure networks worldwide are particularly favourable to ‘secessionary tendencies’ and lead to the deliberate creation of premium network(ed) spaces, i.e. ‘new or retrofitted transport, telecommunications, power or water infrastructures that are customized precisely to the needs of powerful users and spaces, whilst bypassing less powerful users and spaces’. In this response, I discuss cases in a variety of urban and national contexts that appear to stand in contrast with Graham’s narrative. In conclusion, I stress four directions which additional empirical research on these issues should address: incorporating the role of historical time; differentiating between developed and developing countries; expanding the analysis to spaces other than large cities; and integrating the features of socio‐political regimes.Cet article répond à certains arguments développés par Stephen Graham dans un article publié dans l’IJURR en mars 2000. Dans son article, Graham soutient que les conditions contemporaines de développement des réseaux techniques sont particulièrement favorables à l’expression de ‘tendances sécessionnistes’ (selon ses termes) et au développement d’espaces‐réseaux de première classe, c’est‐à‐dire ‘des réseaux de transports, de télécommunications, d’énergie ou de distribution d’eau, nouveaux ou redéveloppés, qui sont adaptés précisément aux besoins d’espaces et d’utilisateurs puissants, au détriment d’espaces et d’utilisateurs moins puissants’. Dans cette réponse, je présente un certain nombre de travaux empiriques menés dans des contextes urbains et nationaux divers et qui me semblent aller à l’encontre de la thèse défendue par Graham. En conclusion, j’indique qu’il serait souhaitable que les études empiriques à venir approfondissent quatre dimensions du problème: le rôle de l’histoire et du temps long; les différences entre pays développés (équipés en réseaux d’infrastructures) et pays en développement (en voie d’équipement); la situation des territoires autres que ceux des grandes métropoles (et les interactions entre les différents types de territoires); et l’influence des régimes socio‐politiques.
Constructing Ethnicity: Myth of Return and Modes of Exclusion among Israelis in Toronto
Authors: Cohen Rina , Gold Gerald 
Published: March 2003

Drawing upon data from ninety intensive interviews and from participatory observations of various social gatherings of Israelis living in Toronto, this study explores the role of the desire to return to the mother‐country in the production of a distinctive ethnic community.Although plans to return rarely materialize, they do contribute to both the individual’s psychological well‐being and the group’s need to defy assimilation. On a personal level, the myth of return enables the immigrant to live in two social worlds; on a social level, the myth creates a collective fantasy which leads to excluding members from outsiders.The research identifies modes of self‐exclusion such as preservation of language, reinforcement of romanticized biographies and enhancement of stereotypes, all of which are instrumental in reconstructing Israeliness in the Diaspora. The rise of special “Israeli” organizations such as clubs, a radio station, schools, newspapers and synagogues, represent a resistance to integrate into the organized Jewish community.Modes of exclusion and the emergence of Israeli ethnic organizations are constantly energized by the individual, as well as the collective, objective to return to the homeland. Paradoxically, the myth of return, rather than contributing to the fragility of Israel ethnic networks, provides the very foundation upon which this ethnic community is constructed.
The Unemployment Insurance Compensation Usage of Canada’s Immigrants in Selected Provinces, 1981–1988
Authors: Siklos Pierre L. , Marr William 
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the relationship between province of residence and the use of unemployment insurance (UI) among immigrants who landed in Canada during the period 1981‐88.Use of a new data set, the Longitudinal Immigration Data Base, overcomes the restriction that other data sets are cross‐sectional only in nature or do not identify birthplace.Our principal conclusion is that more generous UI benefits and poorer economic conditions than the Canadian average have a positive impact on the fraction of immigrants who receive UI. In addition, the province of residence has a separate effect on the likelihood of claiming UI, perhaps due to mobility costs.Because national immigration policies have a differential impact across provinces, it is understandable that provincial policy makers wish to have greater influence over federal immigration policies.
“I know a place that is softer than this...”– Emerging Migrant Communitites in South Africa
Authors: Sinclair Marion Ryan 
Published: March 2003

Since the end of apartheid, immigration into South Africa has increased dramatically. Migration has become a volatile issue, with South Africans increasingly xenophobic and threatened by the influx of foreigners.Simultaneously, the question of national identity has increased in significance, with politicians and academics anxious to capture an understanding of the evolution and complementarity of parallel identities and group loyalties.In the rush to develop a better understanding of identity formation, the opportunity to examine the impacts of hostility on identity, as in the example of migrant individuals and communities in South Africa, has been over‐looked. How migrant identities emerge, and how communities play a role in identities and in the survival of individuals, has been a neglected facet of migration in South Africa.This article, constructed largely from interviews with migrants, presents a picture of the emergence of migrant communities in South African society and seeks to enrich understanding of the complexities of migrant society within the country.
Protection of Migrants' Human Rights: Principles and Practice
Authors: Mattila Heikki S. 
Published: March 2003

In principle, migrants enjoy the protection of international law. Key human rights instruments oblige the States Parties to extend their protection to all human beings. Such important treaties as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights have been ratified by more than 140 states, but many political, social or economic obstacles seem to stand in the way of offering those rights to migrants.In an attempt to bridge this protection gap, the more specifically targeted International Convention on the Protection of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families was created and adopted by the United Nations in 1990. This treaty is not yet in force, but the number of States Parties is increasing towards the required 20.In the past few years the human rights machinery of the United Nations has increased its attention towards migrants' human rights, appointing in 1999 the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants. Governments, as the acceding parties to international human rights instruments, remain the principal actors as guardians of the human rights of all individuals residing in their territories.Receiving countries are in a key position in the protection of the migrants that they host. However, active defence of migrants' rights is politically difficult in many countries where anti‐immigrant factions are influential.Trafficking in migrants is one example of the complexity faced by states in formulating their migration policies. On the one hand, trafficking has made governments increasingly act together and combine both enforcement and protection. On the other, trafficking, with its easily acceptable human rights concerns, is often separated from the more migration‐related human smuggling. The latter is a more contentious issue, related also to unofficial interests in utilizing cheap undocumented immigrant labour.
The Role of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants
Authors: Rodriguez Gabriela 
Published: March 2003

The position of Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants was established in 1999 by the Commission on Human Rights.During the short period since her appointment, the Special Rapporteur has directed her attention to examining ways and means to overcome obstacles impeding the full and effective protection of the human rights of migrants, and also examining difficulties for the return of migrants who are undocumented or in irregular situations.This schedule has involved visits to governments and the dissemination of information on the legal framework and aspects of the mandate designed to explain the complexity of migration.The Special Rapporteur calls for increased efforts to ensure success of the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, to be held in Durban, South Africa, in 2001. She also encourages those governments which have not yet ratified the International Convention to take the necessary steps.
Was lehrt uns die Empirie in Sachen Rentenreform?
Authors: Börsch-Supan Axel 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Almost all OECD countries have pension reform at the top of their social policy agendas. This paper explores where empirical analysis might help to shed light on the central questions concerning pension reform. The first part of the paper addresses modifications of the current pay-as-you-go systems: How do we regulate the retirement age? Do we need a system of transparent notional accounts? The second part concerns a (partial) transition from a pay-asyou- go to a fully funded system: What does empirical analysis have to say about a Pareto-improving transition? Which distortions can be reduced? What do we know about the effects on saving, productivity and economic growth? Finally, the third part addresses questions about the design of funded pension systems: How expensive is their administration? Are tax incentives sufficient or do we need mandatory savings programmes in order to guarantee sufficient pension levels?
Perspektiven für mehr Jobs in Deutschland
Authors: Zimmermann Klaus F. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract There is no simple solution to the German unemployment dilemma. Neither too high wages, nor unionized central bargaining, nor the evidence of the effects of the welfare state deliver a simple explanation. The East German experience confirms this view. A solution needs to combine flexibility with economic growth. More flexible product markets could help to generate the higher demand for unskilled labour that is so badly needed.
Warum haben wir rigide Arbeitsmärkte? Rent-seeking versus Soziale Sicherung
Authors: Agell Jonas 
Published: March 2003

ZusammenfassungWodurch wird die Struktur der Arbeitsmarktinstitutionen bestimmt? In diesem Aufsatz wird argumentiert, dass die gängigen Erklärungen auf der Grundlage des rent seeking unvollständig sind. Gewerkschaften, Arbeitsschutzgesetze und egalitäre Lohnstrukturen haben ebensoviel mit sozialer Absicherung von ansonsten nicht versicherbaren Risiken zu tun wie mit der Wahrung von Besitzständen. Um diese wohlwollendere komplementäre Hypothese zu stützen, präsentiert die Arbeit eine Reihe von Belegen aus Sozialgeschichte, Wirtschaftstheorie und Regressionsanalysen auf der Basis von Länderquerschnittsdaten. Die Sozialversicherungsperspektive führt zu einer substantiell veränderten Einschätzung oft vorgeschlagener Reformen von europäischen Arbeitsmarktinstitutionen. Dem Nutzen durch die Abschaffung von Arbeitsmarktrigidita Èten müssen die Kosten der verringerten Abdeckung von Risiken in bezug auf das Humankapital gegenübergestellt werden. Der Aufsatz zeigt auch, dass es unklar ist, ob die Kräfte der Globalisierung und des Neuen Marktes tatsächlich Volkswirtschaften dazu zwingen werden, ihre Arbeitsmärkte flexibler zu gestalten. Diese Phänomene können zwar die Effizienzkosten existierender Institutionen erhöhen, sie können aber auch dazu führen, dass die Zahlungsbereitschaft fü r die Erhaltung von Institutionen, die einen Versicherungsschutz bieten, ansteigt.
Was ist am ostdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt anders?
Authors: Paqué Karl-Heinz 
Published: March 2003

Abstract This paper presents and evaluates two interpretations of the eastern German labour market. These interpretations are called `wage gap’ and `innovation gap’. The former follows standard neoclassical thinking and regards high eastern German unemployment as the consequence of too high a wage level. The latter follows endogenous growth theory and regards a lack of product innovations as the main constraint on output and employment growth in the eastern German economy. The paper argues that the `innovation gap’ explains the facts much better than the `wage gap’. From this, the paper draws conclusions for economic policy: given the high interregional mobility of the workforce and the erosion of collective bargaining in eastern Germany, the wage level is not an appropriate policy instrument anymore. Instead, policy should aim at strengthening the innovative power of the eastern German economy by supporting research and development in the region.
Der neue Systemwettbewerb
Authors: Sinn Hans-Werner 
Published: March 2003

Abstract While the old systems competition took place with closed borders, globalisation has brought about a new type of systems competition that is driven by the mobility of factors of production. The new systems competition will likely imply the erosion of the European welfare state, induce a race to the bottom in the sense that capital will not even pay for the infrastructure it uses, and erode national regulatory systems. In general, it will suffer from the same type of market failure which induced the respective government activity in the first place. The new systems competition may force inefficient governments to seek national efficiency, but national efficiency does not imply that systems competition will itself be efficient.
On Euthanasia: Blindspots in the Argument from Mercy
Authors: Bachelard Sarah 
Published: March 2003

In the euthanasia debate, the argument from mercy holds that if someone is in unbearable pain and is hopelessly ill or injured, then mercy dictates that inflicting death may be morally justified. One common way of setting the stage for the argument from mercy is to draw parallels between human and animal suffering, and to suggest that insofar as we are prepared to relieve an animal’s suffering by putting it out of its misery we should likewise be prepared to offer the same relief to human beings.In this paper, I will argue that the use of parallels between human and animal suffering in the argument from mercy relies upon truncated views of how the concept of a human being enters our moral thought and responsiveness. In particular, the focus on the nature and extent of the empirical similarities between human beings and animals obscures the significance for our moral lives of the kind of human fellowship which is not reducible to the shared possession of empirical capacities.I will suggest that although a critical examination of the blindspots in these arguments does not license the conclusion that euthanasia for mercy’s sake is never morally permissible, it does limit the power of arguments such as those provided by Rachels and Singer to justify it. I will further suggest that examination of these blindspots helps to deepen our understanding of what is at stake in the question of euthanasia in ways that tend otherwise to remain obscured.