bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pitch
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our sensation of pitch is a function of the fundamental frequency of a periodic sound, that is the number of cycles per second of sound pressure variation generated in the fundamental mode of vibration. Frequency is therefore a property of the sound stimulus, pitch a prop erty of auditory sensation; in this and many other works, the term pitch is often used informally to refer to fundamental frequency. There are various measures of frequency and pitch, each of which has its own appropriate application. The Hertz (Hz), a linear scale, is used for the physical properties of sound; semitones, a logarithmic scale, are used for music; psychoacoustics uses various subjective measures: the Mel scale, the Bark scale, and more recently the socalled ERB scale which is derived from the frequency selectivity of the auditory system and which, for frequencies below 500 Hz, is neither linear nor logarithmic. For accen tual excursions in speech, the ERB scale has been found to be most appropriate: excursions that are equal in Hertz or equal in semitones are not perceived as having the same prominence when presented in different registers. Furthermore, speakers of Dutch found it difficult to analyze accentual excursions in terms of musical intervals, which suggests that the perception of linguistic tone at least in a stress language and the perception of musical pitch are in principle different tasks for the human perceptual mechanism (Hermes et al. 1991). Given the musical nature of the Greek evidence, the ensuing analysis of accent and into nation in Greek will operate mainly in terms of semitones.
Connected Speech
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As everyday experience suggests, speakers can differ from one another in their normal speech tempo (Gaitenby in Port 1977). The differ ence can be idiolectal, dialectal or sociolectal; in Swedish, women tend to speak marginally more rapidly than men (Elert 1964). Conversely, one and the same speaker can vary his rate of speech according to the time required for planning the content of an utterance, according to his emotional attitude, or according to the stylistic demands of the discourse context. Actors and singers are known to regulate their speech tempo to simulate various emotional attitudes (p. 472). Slow speech rates are associated with sorrow, for instance, and faster rates with impatience (Leon et al. 1980).
The Minor Phrase
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The information carried by a labelled bracketing or tree structure is of two kinds: the labels carry categorial information, which specifies the parts of speech and the different categories of constituents they form, and the bracketing or tree geometry specifies the constituents and indi cates whatever degree of hierarchical relationship they may have to one another. Constituents are groups of words that go together to make gram matical and semantic units of some kind, for instance a prepositional phrase or a noun phrase. Constituency is hierarchical in the sense that, for instance, a prepositional phrase may consist of a preposition plus a noun phrase which in turn may consist of an article plus an adjective phrase plus a noun, and the adjective phrase may itself consist of an adverb phrase plus an adjective, and so on. Not just any string of contig uous words forms a constituent; for instance, in a prepositional phrase, preposition plus article does not form a constituent, since the article does not belong with the preposition to the exclusion of the noun. In this work, the term constituent is used in a broad sense that includes combinations forming a semantic unit whose elements are not necessarily syntacti cally contiguous. In a language with relatively free word order like Greek, syntactic constituents are not infrequently discontinuous, that is inter rupted by some other word or phrase.
Topic and Focus
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Topic and focus are important factors in prosodic analysis, since they can affect both the relative prosodic prominence of individual constit uents and their phonological phrasing. The prosodic differentiation of topic and focus makes a significant contribution to the efficiency with which the hearer interprets the information conveyed by a sentence; in one study, focusing new information and not focusing old information resulted in shorter comprehension times than vice versa (Bock et al. 1983). Topic and focus have antecedents in the “psychological subject and predi cate” of nineteenth-century studies (Weil 1878; Paul 1909) and in the “theme and rheme” of the Prague school and other functional theories (Mathesius 1928; Firbas 1964, 1966; Halliday 1967). Although they are pragmatic categories related to the way information is classified and organized in discourse, in some cases they can affect the cognitive mean ing of a sentence as well as its informational content.
Victorian Consumer Culture
Authors: Loeb Lori Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the late nineteenth century, Victorian optimism, bred by industrial accomplishment, was tempered with anxiety. Labor troubles, poverty, foreign competition, and the agricultural depression were grim realities. And yet, for all the dislocation and anomic wrought by industrialism and the sobering developments of the last decades of the century, the middle class especially welcomed an improvement in its standard of living. However mythical or psychological the Great Depression may have been, the middle class, with careful planning and budgeting, seemed determined to perpetuate an invigorating sense of material possibility.
Community and the Individual
Authors: Loeb Lori Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conventionally, historians have argued that the traditional experience of community, resonant with positive associations, declined in the nineteenth century under the weighty pressures of industrialism. The family left its village support networks, moved to the city, and retreated behind the sheltered hedges of suburbia. Consumerism seems at first glance to fit this pattern. Advertisements might seem in Marxian terms to glorify a commodity fetishism predicated on selfish greed, a greed antithetical to most abstract ideals of community. But in fact consumerism redefined rather than abandoned the relationship between the community and the individual. Individuals might be joined by self-illusory hedonism, by the shared experience both of being consumers and enjoying the anticipation of satiation.
Cooperation Among Animals
Authors: Dugatkin Lee Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the depiction of nature “red in tooth and claw,” cooperation is actually widespread in the animal kingdom. Various types of cooperative behaviors have been documented in everything from insects to primates, and in every imaginable ecological scenario. Yet why animals cooperate is still a hotly contested question in literature on evolution and animal behavior. This book examines the history surrounding the study of cooperation, and proceeds to examine the conceptual, theoretical and empirical work on this fascinating subject. Early on, it outlines the four different categories of cooperation -- reciprocal altruism, kinship, group-selected cooperation and byproduct mutualism -- and ties these categories together in a single framework called the Cooperator’s Dilemma. Hundreds of studies on cooperation in insects, fish, birds and mammals are reviewed. cooperation in this wide array of taxa includes, but is not limited to, cooperative hunting, anti-predator behavior, foraging, sexual coalitions, grooming, helpers-at-the nest, territoriality, ‘policing’ behavior and group thermoregulation. Each example outlined is tied back to the theoretical framework developed early on, whenever the data allows. Future experiments designed to further elucidate a particular type of cooperation are provided throughout the book.
Cooperation in mammals II: nonhuman primates
Authors: Dugatkin Lee Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps because we are so fascinated with cooperative behavior in our own species, this topic has been the study of extensive research in our closest living relatives—other primates. Attempting to write a chapter on cooperation in nonhuman primates is a daunting task. For example, in a recent edited volume on primate social behavior (Smuts et al., 1987), greater than 2000 references were cited. Of course, not all (or even the majority) were on cooperation, but the point is that the literature on this subject is huge, and I can at best make only a dent in it.
Introduction
Authors: Doyle Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is startling to notice how many experimental modem novels begin with the figure of a mother. Recall William Faulkner’s slow-walking, fully pregnant Lena Grove; Jean Toomer’s Karintha crouching to give birth in the pine-fragrant woods; the opening and enveloping presence of Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Ramsay. Consider that Samuel Beckett’s Molloy opens with the words “I am in my mother’s room. I piss and shit in her pot,” and Albert Camus’s Stranger with the news that “Mother died today.” Stephen Dedalus wrestles with the memory of his mother at the beginning of James Joyce’s Ulysses. Nella Larsen’s protagonist, Irene Redgrave, nearly faints on the first page of Passing as she searches for a gift for her son. Ralph Ellison’s narrator dreams of a woman with a voice like his mother’s in the “Prologue” to Invisible Man. Marcel Proust’s protagonist begins the unraveling of his memories with the ritual good-night kiss from his mother. Ursa’s hysterectomy constitutes the opening event of Gayl Jones’s Corregidora, while the beginnings of Toni Morrison’s novels, from The Bluest Eye to Beloved, habitually focus on scenes of troubled mothering. Across borders of nation, race, and sex, mother figures put in play the peculiarities-the very experimentality—of these modem novels.
Of Race and Woman: Eugenics, Motherhood, and Racial Patriarchy
Authors: Doyle Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The era of the Harlem Renaissance and of modernism was also the era of eugenics. Together yet differently, all of these movements take up the claim that “race and woman must not be left to their own devices.” Jean Toomer, Nella Larsen, Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, William Faulkner, and others published their race-inflected, mother-initiated novels at a time when eugenicists such as Charles Davenport and Harry Laughlin in the United States and Caleb Saleeby and Karl Pearson in England were making race an issue in public discussions of motherhood. The preoccupation of eugenics with a racially proper motherhood surfaces explicitly and comically in several literary texts. In Ulysses, as Mina Purefoy gives birth, Stephen Dedalus and his friends debate the eugenic question of what kind of motherhood “is most beneficial to the race . . . in securing the survival of the fittest.
Voyaging Beyond the Race Mother: Metymbrosia and To the Lighthouse
Authors: Doyle Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beginning with her first novel, The Voyage Out, Virginia Woolfs fiction repeatedly opens in the presence of mother figures-Helen Ambrose, Mrs. Hilbery, Clarissa Dalloway, Mrs. Ramsay-and then maneuvers sinuously, in its very syntax, to draw the center of narration away from these figures. The novels, especially To the Lighthouse, move narration along the opening or dehiscence between mothers and others, finding in the space between them a horizon of access to another intercorporeal story. It is in this persistent positioning and back-and-forth movement of her narrator between self and mother, between mother and things, between things and humans that Woolf breaks up both the Romantic-transcendental plot which subsumes the mother figure in its movement away from her and the late-Romantic plot, which circles back in a final arc toward the mother figure, the effect of which is to reify rather than reconfigure the mother’s position. In the process of recasting the mother figure and demystifying the Romantic mythology that envelops her, Woolf undertakes a revisionary phenomenology of intersubjectivity which anticipates the notions of Merleau-Ponty—which in turn can describe Woolfs fiction. Woolf engages and challenges that same Romantic narrative of transcendence which so permeated Victorian thought, and she joins with and surpasses emerging twentieth-century phenomenology in envisioning alternatives to it.
A New Century
Authors: Robinson Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1900, America, a land of over seventy-five million people spread out in forty-five states, was a place of promise, energy, expansion, exploitation, corruption, and large quantities of luck. With the old physical frontiers now closed, there were new frontiers dominated by men with a consuming passion for wealth and power. Monopolists and robber barons, such as the Morgans and Rockefellers, called for an abundant life for all, as long as they could plunge their own fingers deep into the rich American pie.
Vitamin A Deficiency
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many studies over the past decade and a half have indicated that vitamin A status is an important determinant of health. The World Bank now estimates that vitamin A intervention programs are some of the most cost-effective health strategies globally. This new book, written by leading investigators in the field, is the first to synthesize the many important studies to date. The authors identify and quantify the biological, clinical and public health impact of vitamin A deficiency on childhood growth, mortality and morbidity, including anemia and blindness. They deal with the epidemiologic and biological basis of these findings, and with the prevention and treatment of these disorders, particularly of measles, diarrhea and xeorophthalmia. Alternative approaches to identifying individuals and populations in need of intervention, alternative strategies for improving vitamin A and carotenoids, and the relationship between vitamin A and immunity are discussed. This comprehensive volume on a critically important and widespread nutritional deficiency will serve as a unique resource for nutritionists, physicians, public health workers and policy makers, and will be especially relevant to clinicians and researchers in international health.
Contributory and Precipitating Events
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency exists in a complex milieu of food availability and dietary preference, child rearing practices and educational background, hygiene standards and health services. As a rule, severe, blinding deficiency thrives under conditions of social deprivation and poverty. But materially poorer populations sometimes suffer less severe deficiency than richer ones by virtue of dietary habits, hygiene practices or immunization coverage. For example, income, clothing, housing and other indices of economic well-being were better in West Java than in East Java, but the xerophthalmia rates were far higher as well. Furthermore, milder, nonblinding deficiency, widespread throughout the Third World (and pockets of wealthier Western societies), may account for half of all vitamin A deficiency-related deaths.
Recent recognition of the public health significance of milder deficiency makes it more important, but also more difficult, to document the many factors that contribute to it. Xerophthalmia is the only readily recognized, clinically distinct manifestation of vitamin A deficiency; it is therefore the one for which we have the most cause-related data.
Treatment of Vitamin A Deficiency and Xerophthalmia
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinction between “treatment” and “prevention” is somewhat arbitrary since treatment is always meant to prevent a more serious event. As a practical matter, however, it is helpful to distinguish between the two.
Optimal health requires the maintenance of normal vitamin A status, including adequate stores to withstand acute insults and seasonal dietary deprivation. Prevention programs aim to sustain normal vitamin A nutriture among populations that would otherwise be deficient, particularly the most vulnerable groups (traditionally infants and young children from poorer socioeconomic strata). The initial consequence of such broad, population-based programs will be improvement in the vitamin A status of the population and a decline in the prevalence and severity of vitamin A deficiency.
Electron Crystallography Of Biological Macromolecules
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a complete introduction to both the practical details and the theoretical foundations required in order to use electron microscopy as a research tool in structural biology. Planned and written by a group of 5 well-known experts who have pioneered different aspects of the field of electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) of biological macromolecules, this book offers a depth of knowledge and expertise that could only be replicated from the primary literature with great difficulty. Figures and illustrations are used liberally to simplify the understanding of concepts and to provide ready access to examples of biological applications. In addition, numerous boxes provide auxiliary information for those who wish to go more deeply into areas of background with which they may not already be familiar. The organization of topics lends itself well to using this book either to gain a comprehensive mastery of all aspects of the field of cryo-EM or as an authoritative reference source for individual topics within the field.
Two-dimensional Crystallization Techniques
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of efﬁcient methods for growing 2-D crystals of biological macro-molecules is an important research frontier, vital to the further development of electron crystallography. Only a relatively small amount of work in this direction has been done so far when compared to the large effort, over many years, that has gone into understanding the (3-D) crystallization process for x-ray crystallography. Even so, there already are enough publications on this subject to make it impractical to attempt a comprehensive or historically complete review within this chapter.
Benevolent Dictators and the Paradox of a Democratic King
Authors: Walker Henry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of the sixth century does indeed mark a turning point in the leg end, and several prominent classical scholars have provided one reason why this change might have come about. The answer given by Herter, Nilsson, Kirk, and Connor is that the sixth-century Athenian dictators, Peisistratus and his sons, decided to promote Theseus as the great hero of Athens. These scholars have gathered quite a number of arguments for their view, but I am not convinced that this view is correct.
The Trozenian Outsider
Authors: Walker Henry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest literary works devoted to episodes in the myth of Theseus that have survived in their entirety are two dithyrambs by Bacchylides, Poems 17 and 18. Simonides, the poet’s uncle, had written one or two poems about the hero of which only a few words survive, but Bacchylides’ dithyrambs have come down to us complete. Both of these poems present Theseus as an outsider, a hero who deviates from the Athenian norm, a very incongruous role-model for a democratic citizen. Perhaps because they were writ ten by one who was not of Athens himself (since Bacchylides, like his uncle, Simonides, came from Ceos), they reveal important contradictions in the nature of the hero and in the conception that the Athenians had of them selves.
Theseus Enters History
Authors: Walker Henry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At around the same time as the Oedipus at Colonus was produced, Thucydides wrote the first extant version of the story that Theseus had united the Athenians into one state. Herodotus had mentioned Theseus in a passing reference to his abduction of Helen. There we learn that the Deceleans were quite annoyed with him for irresponsibly dragging them into a war against the Spartans.
Your Gut Feelings
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Written by one of the world's leading experts in gastroenterology, this revised and up-to-date edition of Your Gut Feelings focuses on the most common problems of the lower intestinal tract - the bowel or"gut" - offering new ways of coping with them and reliable approaches to prevention. In clear language, free of medical jargon, Dr Janowitz describes the most advanced methods and instruments used in the treatment of the human colon and intestinal problems - including the newest research on diagnosis testing, medication, and surgical treatments - and outlines the risks they carry. He also explains how to determine whether to treat such day-to-day problems as gas, "belly-ache", diarrhea, and constipation at home or to bring them to a doctor's attention. Covering a wide range of colonic and intestinal disorders from irritable bowel syndrome to sexually trasmitted disorders, Dr Janowitz provides basic information on the symptoms and causes each problem. With clear and useful diagrams, photographs, charts, and tables, this indispensable handbook is must reading for anyone who has ever been afflicted with intestinal problems.
No North, No South? The Crisis Of Southern White Identity
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As The Two Commiserated in 1965 about the white South’s racial obsessions, Robert Penn Warren observed to Ralph Ellison that “A white Southerner feeling that his identity is involved may defend a lot of things in our package as being Southern, and one of those things is segregation.” Ellison agreed and wished “that we could break this thing down so that it could be seen that desegregation isn’t going to stop people from being Southern, that freedom for Negroes isn’t going to destroy the main current of that way of life:’
“Successful, Optimistic, Prosperous, and Bland”: Telling about the No South
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Fred Hobson Pointed Out, “Faulkner and the great fiction writers of the [Southern] Renaissance had written ... with the assumption that the South was defeated, guilt-ridden, backward-looking, and tragic: much of the power of their fiction came from that assumption.” Such a South had seemed very much alive (if not well) during the first two decades after World II as battalions of hostile whites rallied to the Citizen’s Council, the Ku Klux Klan, and other less organized but no less menacing efforts to repulse northern “outside agitators” bent on destroying the “southern way of life.” As the smoke from this battle began to clear, however, events and trends of the late 1960s and early 1970s signaled not only the decline of the economically and morally superior North, but the rise of a “suddenly virtuous” South, more intent on healing its wounds than picking at them, bustling with growth and brimming with hope rather than hatred.
The Grammatical Ecology of Aspect in Pastaza Quechua
Authors: Nuckolls Janis B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aspect expression is linked to the sensible world of spatiotemporal experience. In Pastaza Quechua this link is dramatically apparent in an elaborate subsystem of sound symbolic adverbs that function within the grammatical and expressive architecture of the language. These adverbs operate beyond the stem-specific aspect distinctions of the verb, specifying discourse-level markedness values such as punctuality, completiveness, and resultativity. Sound-symbolic adverbs exploit grammatical aspect distinctions in order to allow speakers the use of various kinds of medial verbs and chained clause constructions without losing their sense of communicative clarity.