bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual and Situational Factors Related to the Experience of Flow in Adolescence: A Multilevel Approach
Authors: Schmidt Jennifer A , Shernoff, David]. , Csikszentmihalyi Mihaly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fundamental issue pursued by researchers in positive psychology involves defining what constitutes a good life and understanding how individuals can create one. From the perspective of flow theory, “a good life is one that is characterized by complete absorption in what one does” (Nakamura & Csikszentmihalyi, 2002, p. 89). Born out of a desire to understand intrinsically motivated activity, flow refers to a state of optimal experience characterized by total absorption in the task at hand: a merging of action and awareness in which the individual loses track of both time and self. The flow state is experientially positive, and out of the flow experience emerges a desire to replicate the experience. Over the past three decades, Csikszentmihalyi and colleagues have developed theoretical constructs and empirical research tools to better understand the nature, origins, and consequences of this state of optimal experience called flow. In this chapter, we describe the flow model and then present data analyses in which we explore the personal traits and contextual conditions associated with the experience of flow among adolescents in the United States. We demonstrate the utility of hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) for exploring flow using a complex data set characterized by repeated measures.
The Beginning
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Luckily for us, many important things in our lives happen serendipitously. Without a modicum of good luck, we would be rather unfortunate creatures. It was on a whim that I agreed to give a lecture (on suicide) at St. Pelagia’s Hospital, and it was fate that brought a grieving mother, Hannah Zukin, to hear me. At the end of my lecture, she came forward and said she had to talk to me for a few minutes. With some emotion, she told me of the recent suicide of her physician-lawyer son. She literally pressed into my hands a copy of an 11-page, handwritten suicide note. She asked me two questions.
Fluvial Hydraulics
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fluvial Hydraulics provides a sound qualitative and quantitative understanding of water and sediment flows in natural rivers. This understanding is essential for modeling and predicting hydrologic and geomorphologic processes, erosion, sediment transport, water supply and quality, habitat management, and flood hazards. This book's coverage bridges the gap between the highly quantitative mechanics-based civil-engineering approach to stream hydraulics and the more qualitative treatments of fluvial geomorphology typical of earth-sciences and natural-resources curricula. Measurements of natural river flows illustrate many central concepts. The book is specifically designed for upper-level students and practitioners who are interested in a fundamental understanding of river behavior. An introduction to the history of fluvial hydraulics and an overview of the morphology and hydrology of rivers provides the context for the rest of the text. A thorough understanding of water properties, including turbulence, is developed via a series of simple thought experiments. The bases of the equations that are used to describe and predict river flows are systematically presented, including dimensional analysis. Subsequent chapters build logically on these foundations, covering velocity distributions, new insights to the central topic of flow resistance, the magnitudes of forces in natural river flows, the principles of conservation of energy and momentum, the prediction of water-surface profiles, the principles of flow measurement, mechanics, and geomorphic aspects of sediment transport. The book will be especially valuable in providing a scientific basis for the growing field of river restoration. An appendix reviews dimenstions, units, and numerical precision. Over 250 references are cited, providing an entree to the extensive multi-disciplinary literature on rivers. The book's website provides suggestions for student exercises and makes available extensive data bases of measured streamflows for student exploration.
Family and Friends
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central questions for this chapter are whether, how, and to what extent family and friends play a role in the quality of life and well-being of aging persons. We are inclined to think this role can be both positive and negative, a source of joy and of distress. Social scientists have great interest in these questions, as should the elderly, and there has been considerable recent research attempting to address the way family and friends might contribute to or detract from the lives of people who are growing old. We examine ideas and research about this in the first half of the chapter. In the second half, we present a case history of a wife who takes on the role of caregiver for a husband with Alzheimer’ s disease.
A Different Doctor for Every Organ
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The slightly sardonic title of this chapter reflects the anomaly in modern American medicine of having separate specialists for the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, cancer anywhere in the body, nerves, bones and muscles, blood, eyes, teeth, mind, having babies, and raising them. One specialist rarely knows what another is doing with the patient and has little time to be concerned about it.
Patrons and Adversaries
Authors: Castiglione Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early modern Roman countryside was a site of contestation between great aristocratic families and an expanding papal political regime. Rarely has the role of the inhabitants of this landscape--the villagers--been considered as part of that power struggle. As Caroline Castiglione shows in this compelling revisionist work, one Roman aristocratic family, the Barberini, was not squeezed out of governing by the extension of the papal bureaucracy, but rather became increasingly engaged with it during the long eighteenth century. Through their participation in the rural commune, villagers in an extensive territory belonging to the Barberini became active participants in the governing of the countryside. Villagers cultivated and exploited interference from the aristocratic family and the papal government, but they also kept urban elites at bay, defending their rights through the strategies of adversarial literacy. Such literate practices drew on village mastery of local constitutions, debates in the village assembly, and brilliant use of the legal system of the papacy to thwart the designs of the Barberini. Later villagers created and interpreted sources for themselves, effectively challenging the elite monopoly on making and interpreting texts. A lost world of increasingly savvy villagers, irate nobles, and exasperated bureaucrats emerges here in an engaging narrative that chronicles how seemingly marginalized villagers challenged the pragmatic control of the Roman countryside, using texts and ideas that urban elites had exported to the countryside for other purposes.
The Broken Branch
Authors: Mann Thomas E , Ornstein Norman J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Congress is the first branch of government in the American system, write Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein, but now it is a broken branch, damaged by partisan bickering and internal rancor. The Broken Branch offers both a brilliant diagnosis of the cause of Congressional decline and a much-needed blueprint for change, from two experts who understand politics and revere our institutions, but believe that Congress has become deeply dysfunctional. Mann and Ornstein, two of the nations most renowned and judicious scholars of government and politics, bring to light the historical roots of Congress's current maladies, examining 40 years of uninterrupted Democratic control of the House and the stunning midterm election victory of 1994 that propelled Republicans into the majority in both House and Senate. The byproduct of that long and grueling but ultimately successful Republican campaign, the authors reveal, was a weakened institution bitterly divided between the parties. They highlight the dramatic shift in Congress from a highly decentralized, committee-based institution into a much more regimented one in which party increasingly trumps committee. The resultant changes in the policy process--the demise of regular order, the decline of deliberation, and the weakening of our system of checks and balances--have all compromised the role of Congress in the American Constitutional system. Indeed, Speaker Dennis Hastert has unabashedly stated that his primary responsibility is to pass the president's legislative program--identifying himself more as a lieutenant of the president than a steward of the house. From tax cuts to the war against Saddam Hussein to a Medicare prescription drug benefit, the legislative process has been bent to serve immediate presidential interests and have often resulted in poorly crafted and stealthily passed laws. Strong majority leadership in Congress, the authors conclude, led not to a vigorous exertion of congressional authority but to a general passivity in the face of executive power. A vivid portrait of an institution that has fallen far from the aspirations of our Founding Fathers, The Broken Branch highlights the costs of a malfunctioning Congress to national policymaking, and outlines what must be done to repair the damage.
Introduction Ways to Language
Authors: Grieve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the age of two or three, most children in the world have learned to talk. Not all of them, though: about 10 percent have what are called “communication and language problems.” Fortunately, many such children will overcome these problems without great difficulty, though they may require the assistance of a speech therapist. There is, however, a minority—how many is difficult to estimate—who remain more profoundly affected. Some of them suffer from acute hearing disorders or even minor brain damage. The pathology in such cases is straightforward, if severe. But there are other children who, for reasons that may be a complete mystery, never speak at all. There may be whole range of different causes, such as language disorders or communication disorders, or both. The diagnosis may be imprecise, but the choice usually comes down to profound dysphasia (sometimes also called audimutism) or autism.
Charles, or Paradoxical Communication
Authors: Grieve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All the consultants agreed about Charles: by the age of six, he was still not speaking, and there was a definite autistic element in his disorder. With him, play was out of the question. However, as will be seen, his ability with signs was particularly rich and complex, and he was well able to show what he wanted. This paradoxical dimension was what made working with him as exciting as it was difficult. To tell the truth, of all the children described in this book, Charles was the one whose symptoms most closely corresponded to a definite diagnostic category: his dis-order was autism without language. However, like other children with this disorder, he could still make himself understood via writing. This was what I found most interesting, as it meant he must be credited with a functioning mind. This ruled out naive and simplistic notions, such as that autistic children do not have “any representations or any representation of another person’s mind.” As can often happen, clinical practice leads to a more complex way of seeing things. Needless to say, my acceptance that there was a mind at work in this child did not mean that I assumed everything would be plain sailing from then on. The first thing that came to my own mind was a question: since he does have a mind that works, why does he not make more use of it to establish a bond with others?
From Sense to Sound and Back Again
Authors: Grieve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have just outlined the principal stages in the acquisition of language from the perspective of symbolization. Here I want to stress certain essentials in the grounding of language as a mechanism that brings together sound and sense. This chapter therefore deals with language as an instrument of production and recognition of speech. In children who are “merely” dysphasic, this dimension of language is particularly underdeveloped.
The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions
Authors: Fredrickson Barbara L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first blush, it might appear that positive emotions are important to positive psychology simply because positive emotions are markers of optimal well-being. Certainly, moments in people’s lives characterized by experiences of positive emotions—such as joy, interest, contentment, love, and the like—are moments in which they are not plagued by negative emotions, such as anxiety, sadness, anger, and the like. Consistent with this intuition, the overall balance of people’s positive to negative emotions has been shown to contribute to their subjective well-being (Diener, Sandvik, & Pavot, 1991). In this sense, positive emotions signal optimal functioning. But this is far from their whole story. I argue that positive emotions also produce optimal functioning, not just within the present, pleasant moment, but over the long term as well. The bottom-line message is that people should cultivate positive emotions in themselves and in those around them not just as end-states in themselves, but also as means to achieving psychological growth and improved psychological and physical well-being over time.
What Works Makes You Happy The Role of Personal Goals in Life-Span Development
Authors: Salmela-Aro Jari-Erik Nurmi Katariina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are not neutral observers of the surrounding world. Rather, some parts of it appeal to us, drive us forward, and make us feel good, whereas other parts arouse anxiety or disgust or just don’t have any meaning for us. The kinds of things, activities, people, and environments we like or dislike are bound up with our motivations. Our motives are important because they direct our behavior and the life we live. However, not all people share the same interests or values. In the same situation, some of us choose a path that leads in one direction, whereas others take the opposite route.
Body Mereology:Frederique de Vignemont Manos Tsakiris
Authors: Haggard Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The body is made up of parts. This basic assumption is central in most neuroscientific studies of bodily sensation, body representation, and motor action. Yet, the assumption has rarely been considered explicitly. We may indeed ask how the body is internally segmented and how body parts can be defined. That is, how can we sketch the mereology of the body? Mereology (from the Greek meros, meaning “part”) is the theory of parthood relations, of the relations of part to whole and the relations of part to part within a whole. Traditionally, it addresses the metaphysical question of the relation between constitution and identity: is the sameness of parts necessary for identity? One of the most famous examples is the story of the cat Tibbles, who loses his tail. If a cat survives the annihilation of its tail, then the cat with tail (before the accident) and the cat without tail (after the accident) are numerically the same in spite of their having different proper parts (Wiggins, 1980). Therefore, the cat cannot be identified to the corresponding amount of feline tissue, even if it is constituted by it. As Wiggins (1968, p. 90) said, “No man is the same as his forearm.”
Computational Principles for the Recognitionof Biological Movements:Model-Based Versus Feature-Based Approaches
Authors: Giese Martin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recognition of body movements is a complex computational problem. Multiple theories about possible underlying computational mechanisms have been discussed in the psychological literature, and in computer vision a variety of technical algorithms for body tracking and human movement recognition have been proposed. However, models for neural processes in the visual cortex must fulfill additional constraints. We discuss two opposing explanations for the recognition of complex body movements: the fitting of kinematic models and an analysis in terms of simple dynamic motion and form features. We present a physiologically plausible neural model that accounts for biologicalmotion recognition by the analysis of simple form and motion features, which accounts for many known experimental results. We discuss advantages and limitations of the two approaches as models for the cortical processing of biological-movement stimuli. Also we provide some ideas about how the neural model can be extended to account for an influence of motor planning on visual perception.
Micromechanics for Composite Materials
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters, were treated the behaviors of composite materials macroscopically, assuming that the materials are homogeneous and the effects of the constituent materials appear only as average apparent properties of composite materials. However, the behavior of composite materials is dependent on their micromechanical status in which the stresses in the fiber and matrix vary from point to point within each constituent phase.
Robot Structures
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A robot is defined as ‘‘a machine capable carrying out a complex series of actions automatically,’’ by the Oxford English Reference Dictionary . The definition by the Robotics Institute of America is more specific: ‘‘A robot is a re-programmable multi-functional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices, through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.’’ Examples of robots include mechanical manipulators, numerical control machines, walking machines, and the humanoids of science fiction, although most people perceive robots anthropomorphically (Tsai, 1999; Koren, 1985; Craig, 1989). Most industrial robots are mechanical manipulators.
In a Different Voice Women and the Policy Process
Authors: Kathlene Lyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Lyn Kathlene explores the roots of women’s distinctive legislative attitudes and behaviors and their implications for effectiveness. She shows that both individuals and institutions are influenced by gender and that expectations of proper behavior for each sex affect individual legislative perceptions and choices as well as the structures and rules of institutions that produce public policy. Substantively, Kathlene explores legislative solutions to issues of crime and finds that men are more likely than women to focus on individual criminal actions and personal responsibility, whereas women are more likely to focus on the context of societal opportunities and constraints that precede criminal acts. Consequently, men tend to prefer solutions such as increased sanctions, whereas women prefer a focus on crime prevention and offender rehabilitation. Because institutional rules, norms, and structures have been designed to conform to male models of power and hierarchy—illustrated, for example, by men’s more autocratic interactive legislative style—women are more likely to find resistance to both their policy preferences and their legislative styles. Harkening back to a fundamental theme of this volume, the result is that, for similar levels of success, women legislators often have to devote more time and resources to an issue and thus pay a higher cost than men.
Women as Political Leaders Worldwide: Cultural Barriers and Opportunities
Authors: Norris Pippa , Inglehart Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is the case in the United States, women in politics are underrepresented across the globe. For example, as of this writing, only 15.4 percent of parliamentarians worldwide are women (compared to 13.6 percent of members of the U.S. Congress). Because U.S. women’s distinctive political attitudes and actions are mirrored across the world, Norris and Inglehart are interested in the factors that explain this paucity of women. Their analysis shows that the highest rates of women in government are generally correlated with high levels of development, secularization, and, especially, egalitarian attitudes toward women. They predict that, as nations move toward these conditions, women’s presence (and, therefore, the difference they can make) will be enhanced.
Two-Way ANOVA
Authors: Weiss David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A graph or a set of effect equations are not sufficient to answer the researcher’s questions because of the variability issue. Statistical significance must be examined. In all of our factorial ANOVA problems, we shall have the same number of scores in each cell. Not only does this make for simplicity of computation and provide equal emphasis for all treatment combinations, but equal n also produces a desirable statistical property known as orthogonality. The import of this property is that the effects are estimated independently. In order to avoid the difficulties associated with a nonorthogonal analysis, most researchers routinely and resolutely aim for equal cell size. (Unequal n will be considered in chapter 12.)
Measurement Issues
Authors: Weiss David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although practitioners often regard measurement concerns as a side issue, there is a sense in which measurement is the key problem in behavioral research. The researcher’s goal is to know and to understand how variables affect one another. We must be able to control changes in behavior. The assessment of change requires measurement. Statistical tests are distinct from measurement questions. We can compare sets of numbers that have no behavioral referents. But for the researcher, such comparisons are pointless exercises; a statistical test is meaningful only to the extent that the data being processed are meaningful. A statistical test answers questions about numbers, but the researcher’s interest is in what the statistical tests tell us about the behavior they measure. This distinction can be clarified with a facetious example suggested by Lord (1953). Suppose I want to make a comparison of two football teams—let’s say Cal State and Notre Dame. Since the teams have not played each other recently, I decide to compare the players themselves. As my numerical measure, I use the convenient numbers placed on the players’ backs. I carefully perform a one-way ANOVA on the two sets of scores, and find them significantly different, with Cal State having the higher mean. So I proudly announce that statistical analysis has scientifically shown Cal State to be the better team.
Strength of Effect
Authors: Weiss David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the acknowledged usefulness of ANOVA in settling the central question of whether an experimental manipulation affects the response, some researchers have expressed dissatisfaction with an inherent limitation of the technique. The limitation is that the machinery for testing a hypothesis does not disclose the magnitude of the manipulation’s effect. An effect may be significant, that is, reliable, but at the same time it may be small. And small effects do not provide the satisfaction that comes from demonstrating clear-cut experimental control. It is tempting to use the significance level of an F ratio as an index of the magnitude of the effect. Significance at the .01 level is seen as more impressive than significance at the .05 level. This temptation should be avoided, for its underlying logic is incorrect. The problem is that significance depends not only on the size of the effect but also on the number of scores. Indeed, virtually any small true difference can be made a significant one if the researcher gathers enough observations.