bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Missing Data
Authors: Weiss David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every now and then the best laid plans of rats and sophomores go awry, and a carefully designed study ends up with missing scores. An animal may die, or a human may not show up, and the researcher must deal with a reduced set of data. In terms of the statistical analysis, this reduction can be either that the various cells in the design no longer have the planned equal numbers (the unequal n case) or that one or more cells in the design have no scores at all (the missing cells case). Also, we shall consider the rare situation in which inequality of cell size is intentionally achieved. The situation we examine first is one in which each cell has some scores in it, but the number of scores differs from cell to cell. While such unequal n is of little consequence for one-way designs, special consideration is required for factorial designs. The researcher should not blindly submit the data to a computer program, even one that claims to cater to the situation.
Inter.personal Disputes
Authors: Weissman Myrna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An interpersonal dispute is a situation in which you and at least one other important person in your life have different expectations about the relationship. An example would be a wife who expects her spouse to take care of her financially but has had to have an outside job to help meet bills. The spouse, on the other hand, may expect the wife to share financial responsibility. This is an example of what is called a non-reciprocal expectation. Two parties have different expectations about the relationship and these expectations are in conflict. Therefore, they have a dispute.
A Social-Developmental Perspective on Lay Theories and Intergroup Relations
Authors: Levy Sheri R , Karafantis Dina M , Ramírez Luisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every culture has popular sayings that people use in their everyday lives. Some examples are: “It’s never too late to turn over a new leaf”; “The early bird gets the worm”; “El perico donde quiera es verde” (A parrot is green wherever it goes). Although such adages may not seem on the surface to have a tremendous impact on people’s social judgment and behavior, many of them do. They represent people’s lay theories and are similar to scientific theories in that they serve important epistemic needs of providing understanding, meaning, simplification, and prediction of one’s social world (e.g., Heider, 1958; Kelly, 1955; for a discussion of the features and properties of scientific vs. lay theories see Levy, Chiu, & Hong, 2006). Indeed, lay theories filter incoming social information and direct cognition, affect, and behavior toward the self and others (e.g., see Hong, Levy, & Chiu, 2001; Wegener & Petty, 1998).
A Mutual Acculturation Model for Understanding and Undermining Prejudice Among Adolescents
Authors: Wittig Michele A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Results of a U.S. national representative survey of Asian-, African-, Latino-, and Euro-American adolescents show that only 22% of youth nationwide report socializing with people of another race (Forman & Ebert, 2004). Among Euro-American youth, the figure is 15%. Thus, despite the fact that the United States is multiracial, multiethnic, and multicultural at the aggregate level, intergroup friendships among adolescents across racial, ethnic, or cultural boundaries are relatively uncommon. Undoubtedly, numerous factors are responsible, including residential isolation, as well as segregation (and resegregation) in U.S. schools. Insofar as racial integration is the great unfinished task of the U.S. civil rights movement, multiracial schools are one of the most important settings in which children and youth of diverse racial/ethnic and cultural heritages come into daily contact. Such intergroup contact “may sow the seeds of conflict or compassion” (Jones, 1994, p. 39), depending on the conditions under which it occurs. Consequently, multiracial schools provide researchers and educators with powerful opportunities to structure intergroup contact within the classroom so as to reduce interracial/ ethnic prejudice, prevent conflict, and promote interracial harmony and friendship.
How it All Began
Authors: Jamieson Patrick E , Rynn Moria A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oahu, Hawaii I experienced my first manic episode at 11, just after my family moved from Maryland to Hawaii for six months. I found Hawaii dizzyingly bright, a world of billowing white clouds and blue ocean. It was there that I felt for the first time a heightened sense of energy, a reduced need for sleep, and an accelerated rush of thought and speech. No one thought anything of it. To my parents, these behaviors looked like a reasonable response to a new place filled with sun and surf. But something wasn’t right, because I felt on edge and angry.
A Very Brief Introduction to U.S. Law, and to the Role of Expert Witnesses
Authors: Kadane Joseph B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a short introduction to a very complex subject. It does not substitute for law school, for reading books, or even for internet searches. Instead its idea is to give enough of a background that you can understand the context of the papers to come.
The first thing to understand is that the US system is adversarial. Each side in a legal case is entitled to be represented by an attorney whose job is to make the best case for the side the attorney represents. It is not necessary that the attorney personally endorse the side he or she represents.
Interactions Between Action and Visual Objects
Authors: Ellis Rob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the interactions between actions and visual objects. It is argued that represented visual objects, whether we are seeing them or recalling them in memory, propel us to act on them. If a represented object has to be ignored so that actions can be directed toward another, target object, then actions associated with the ignored object are inhibited. Our action intentions also direct us to see aspects of the world that are congruent with those intentions. Such conclusions about the relations between action and visual objects reinforce the validity of the view that perceptual systems have evolved in all species of animals solely as a means of guiding and controlling action, either present or future.
Action Representation as the Bedrock of Social Cognition: A Developmental Neuroscience Perspective
Authors: Decety Jean , Sommerville Jessica A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter proposes that shared action representations provide the basic biological mechanism for social interaction. It argues that shared representations are the primary means by which we align ourselves with others, paving the road for a range of social and motor processes, including action understanding, imitation, and empathy. It also argues that the sense of agency—the awareness of oneself as an agent who is the initiator of actions, desire, thoughts, and feelings—plays an essential role in social interaction.
Acquisition, Representation, and Control of Action
Authors: Hommel Bernhard , Elsner Birgit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“If, in voluntary action properly so-called, the act must be foreseen, it follows that no creature not endowed with divinatory power can perform an act voluntarily for the fi rst time” ( James, 1890, p. 487). There is quite a bit of information that William James wanted to communicate to the reader with this sentence. First, he incidentally introduces probably the most common definition of voluntary action by equating it with goal-directed movement.
Free Willpower: A Limited Resource Theory of Volition, Choice, and Self-Regulation
Authors: Baumeister Roy F , Gailliot Matthew T , M.Tice Dianne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How does action occur? For centuries, thinkers have struggled to answer that question on the basis of shifting assumptions. The idea of free will, though now rather in disfavor, expressed the popular and philosophical view that behavior reflects the outcome of a struggle between an autonomous, relatively virtuous, possibly spiritual self and the baser forces of external demand and inner cravings. The assumption that two different processes battle it out to determine action has been fundamental in theological views, such as in beliefs about the judgment of individual souls based on whether they chose virtuous or sinful acts. Likewise, it is central to some modern legal judgments that assign punishment not just on the basis of the action and its (criminal) consequences but also on the supposed state of mind of the perpetrator—reserving lesser punishments for crimes committed in mental states (including passionate anger, fear, intoxication, interpersonal influence, and legally defined insanity) that supposedly reduce the capacity of the nobler part of the self to restrain the wickeder impulses so as to do the right thing.
Culture and Identity in a Muslim Society
Authors: Gregg Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last fifteen years, psychologists have rediscovered culture and its influence on emotion, thought, and self. Research appeared to produce a consensus that the world's cultures can be ranked on dimensions of individualist vs. collectivist, with Western cultures falling at the individualist end, and non-Western cultures at the collectivist end. Studies seemed to further indicate that individualist cultures give rise to "independent" selves so that Westerners think and act autonomously while collectivist cultures foster "interdependent" selves with permeable boundaries that embed non-Westerners in social relationships so that they think and act relationally. Culture and Identity presents an alternative to the individualist vs. collectivist approach to identity. Unlike most psychological and anthropological studies of culture and self, it directly studies individuals, using study of lives-style interviews with young adults living in villages and small towns in southern Morocco. It analyses the life-narratives of two men and two women, building a theory of culture and identity that differs from prevailing psychological and anthropological models in important respects. In contrast to modernist theories of identity as unified, the life-narratives show individuals to articulate a small set of shifting identities. But in contrast to post-modern theories that claim people have a kaleidoscopic multiplicity of fluid identities, the narratives show that the identities are integrated by repeated use of culturally-specific self-symbols, metaphors, and story-plots. Perhaps most importantly, the life-narratives show these young Moroccans self-representations to be pervasively shaped by the volatile cultural struggle between Western-style modernity and authentic Muslim tradition. Offering a new approach to the study of identity, the volume will be of interest to cross-cultural psychologists, anthropologists, and scholars specialising in the study of lives.
Mathematical Logic
Authors: Johnston William , McAllister Alex M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formal study of logic is ancient, going back to at least the fourth century b.c.e., when Aristotle and his Greek compatriots sought to identify those forms of human reasoning that are correct (or valid) and those that are not. Our motivation is similar. In this text, we explore diverse areas of mathematics, identify new mathematical objects, investigate the relationships among them, and develop algorithms to facilitate their study. In short, we pursue mathematical truth. But more than just the “what” of mathematical truth, we seek the “why” of mathematical truth. We develop an ability to understand and prove theoretical mathematical results, including those that derive the computational tools so useful in applied mathematics. Successful insight into this theory of mathematics is essentially dependent on the use of correct reasoning.
And so our study of mathematical logic has two goals. The first is the study of logic for its own sake, as a field of mathematics with interesting objects, algorithms, and insights. The second goal is the study of logic as a tool and a language for understanding legitimate forms of human reasoning; in this way, logic will facilitate our study of the theory of mathematics in many different settings.
Understanding Mood Disorders: Depression and Bipolar Illness
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two major categories of mood disorders (also sometimes referred to as “affective” disorders): (1) depression, which includes major depression, dysthymia, depressive disorder not otherwise specified, bipolar depression, and depression caused by a medical condition or substance abuse; and (2) bipolar disorder, which includes mania (with or without depression), hypomania, cyclothymia, and bipolar disorder not otherwise specified. Some people have symptoms of both a bipolar and a depressive disorder at the same time, a condition referred to as a “mixed state.” Clearly, mood disorders come in many different varieties, and each case is different in some ways.
The Recovery Process for Addiction and Mood Disorders
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recovery is the process of managing your addiction and mood disorder and making changes in your life.1 Recovery requires hard work, discipline, a commitment to change, and a willingness to address both of your disorders. Getting sober from alcohol or other drugs is one of your first recovery tasks. If you can’t quit on your own, or if you relapse after short periods of abstinence, you may need to be detoxified or attend a structured substance abuse or dual-diagnosis treatment program to break the cycle of addiction. Abstinence is recommended because continued substance use can have a negative effect on your mood disorder and your motivation and can give an “incorrect” reading of the level of some antidepressant medications in your bloodstream. You also have to stabilize the acute symptoms of your mood disorder, such as mania, depression, or suicidality. Otherwise, it will be harder to stop using substances.
Managing Feelings
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Managing emotions or feelings is a very important part of recovery from an addiction, a mood disorder, or dual disorders. Three major issues are related to managing feelings in recovery: (1) identifying or being aware of your various moods or feeling states; (2) managing and expressing your feelings appropriately; and (3) coping with feelings so that you don’t use alcohol or drugs or engage in behaviors that are harmful. There are times when feeling bad is a sign of progress. For example, feeling sadness related to problems in your family relationships caused by your dual disorders is often a necessary part of recovery. The critical issue is how you manage your feelings. In this chapter, I discuss feelings that you may need to address in your recovery.
Building a Support System
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recovery is a “we” program in which you are encouraged to seek support from other people for help with cravings to use, ups and downs of recovery, unpleasant feelings, relapse warning signs, and other problems.–5 You can ask the people in your network for emotional support when you feel upset. Or you can ask for help with practical matters, such as a ride to a meeting or moving furniture. However, if you ask someone for help with a problem, then reject the ideas given to you, they may be reluctant to help you in the future.
Strategies for Self-Improvement
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The way in which you think about yourself and the world affects your feelings and behaviors. You can talk yourself into feeling miserable, anxious, depressed, and bored. These feelings can lead to using alcohol and drugs, getting involved in unhealthy relationships, withdrawing from other people due to depression, or avoiding people or situations because of anxiety or fear.
Numerical Summaries of Data
Authors: Wilcox Rand R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To help motivate this chapter, imagine a study done on the effects of a drug designed to lower cholesterol levels. The study begins by measuring the cholesterol level of 171 participants and then measuring each participant’s cholesterol level after one month on the drug. Table 2.1 shows the change between the two measurements. The first entry is ‘23 indicating that the cholesterol level of this particular individual decreased by 23 units. Further imagine that a placebo is given to 176 participants resulting in the changes in cholesterol shown in table 2.2. Although we have information on the effect of the drug, there is the practical problem of conveying this information in a useful manner. Simply looking at the values, it is difficult determining how the experimental drug compares to the placebo.
Categorical Data
Authors: Wilcox Rand R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers some basic methods for analyzing categorical data. Categorical data simply means that observations belong to two or more groups. The simplest case is the binomial distribution, which was introduced in chapter 4. For this special situation, there are only two categories usually called success and failure. Contingency tables, also introduced in chapter 4, are used to summarize categorical data and represent a generalization of the binomial to more than two groups. The main goal here is to describe some additional methods for analyzing such data.
Evolution, Behavior, and Cognition: A Primer
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thanks to the admonitions of writers like Hodos and Campbell (1969) and Beach (1950), comparative psychologists have largely stopped interpreting species differences in terms of the scala naturae. Arguably, however, more sophisticated evolutionary thinking has yet to take its place (Papini 2002). This chapter introduces contemporary approaches to studying evolution and adaptation. It begins with an overview of ways to test hypotheses about adaptive value and then sketches the ways in which information about present-day species is used to learn about phylogeny, or patterns of descent. Section 2.3 introduces a framework for thinking about how evolution shapes behavior and summarizes some of the challenges in testing comparative hypotheses about cognition. Major trends in vertebrate brain evolution, summarized in Section 2.4.1, might be expected to provide some clues about cognitive differences among major groups of animals. Indeed, some hypotheses about the causes of brain evolution are hypotheses about what brains and parts of brains allow animals to do in foraging and social life. Research on the relationship between food storing and hippocampus size in birds (Section 2.4.2) is an example of research connecting the evolution of a brain part with ecology. The debate it has occasioned about the relationship between functions and mechanisms of cognition and the brain is evaluated in the final part of the chapter.
Social Learning
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past 50 years or so, forests of Jerusalem pine have been planted in Israel. Here black rats occupy the niche occupied by squirrels in other parts of the world, making their nests in the trees and eating pine seeds. Jerusalem pine seeds are protected by tough overlapping scales tightly wrapped around the central core of the pine cone. To obtain them efficiently, rats must strip the scales off the cones from bottom to top in a spiral pattern (Figure 13.1). Black rats do not learn by themselves to extract the seeds in this way, nor do isolated young rats, but young rats growing up in the pine forests do develop efficient stripping (Terkel 1995). White-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys) are small songbirds, widely distributed in North America. Although they are a single species from Atlantic to Pacific, the songs sung by males during the breeding season vary from one region to another. In California, for example, there is a recognizable Berkeley dialect and a Sunset Beach dialect less than 20 miles away (Marler and Tamura 1964).
Ontological Fear and Anxiety in the Theater of Beckett, Betsuyaku, and Pinter
Authors: Tanaka Mariko Hori 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Happy Days, Julie Campbell writes, “Beckett encourages us to face our fears: our fears of death, of life, of suffering, of all those things we repress and deny in ourselves” (171). Although Winnie makes efforts to hide her anxieties and offer optimistic words to herself and her husband, she conveys a lurking fear of the time when “words fail” (147) and there is “nothing more to say” (152). Her fear of silence evokes similar fears in the audience.
The Origins of Conditioned Taste Aversion Learning: A Historical Analysis
Authors: Freeman Kevin B , Riley Anthony L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In describing the history of any phenomenon, one difficulty is determining the extent of the analysis. That is, given that history covers considerable ground (i.e., from then to now), the point where one is talking of the past versus the present is somewhat blurred. In the present chapter, we have traced what we see as the beginnings of the phenomenon of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning. In so doing, our focus is on its origins and the immediate impact of and reaction to the introduction of the phenomenon to the field. From these beginnings, research on aversion learning has been extensive and has taken many routes, from attempts to reinforce its apparent adaptive nature to empirical demonstrations of the conditions under which such learning occurred to its use as a clinical tool (see Riley & Freeman, 2004). These latter issues bring us to the immediate present which is the focus of the remainder of the current book. Although some of the history we are describing is certainly familiar to some (especially those who were part of its development), it is likely new to many. Seeing CTAs in the context of its origins may give some insight into how it came about, what it meant to those investigating this rather unique form of learning, and how it set the stage for the voluminous efforts that followed.
Molecular Mechanisms of Taste Learning in the Insular Cortex and Amygdala
Authors: Barki-Harrington Liza , Belelovsky Katya , Doron Guy , Rosenblum Kobi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the assumption that taste learning and conditioned taste aversion (CTA) are not different from any other known forms of learning and memory, and given that the brain loci involved are known, one would look at the cellular (electro-physiological) and molecular/biochemical levels of analysis in order to understand the biological processes underlying taste and CTA learning.
A Complex Case
Authors: Bush Shane S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although some very complex and ethically challenging situations involve only one clinical conflict that pits two ethical principles against each other, some situations, as illustrated by case 13.1, involve a host of ethical conflicts or violations, some of which are immediately evident and others that are more subtle. In situations in which multiple ethical problems exist, the most obvious problems are not necessarily the most egregious. Subtle problems, because they may be overlooked among the more obvious ones, may go unaddressed, with harmful results, for longer periods of time. Therefore, when confronted with ethical problems in their own practices or the practices of colleagues, neuropsychologists should carefully examine the surrounding circumstances for additional contributing problems that should also be addressed.