bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural Selection and Social Theory
Authors: Trivers Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert Trivers is one of the leading figures pioneering the field of sociobiology. For Natural Selection and Social Theory, he has selected eleven of his most influential papers, including several classic papers from the early 1970s on the evolution of reciprocal altruism, parent-offspring conflicts and asymmetry in sexual selection, which helped to establish the centrality of sociobiology, as well as some of his later work on deceit in signalling, sex antagonistic genese, and imprinting. Trivers introduces each paper, setting them in their contemporary context, and critically evaluating them in the light of subsequent work and further developments. The result is a unique portrait of the intellectual development of sociobiology, with valuable insights of interest to evolutionary biology, anthropology, and psychology.
Prologue
Authors: Barondes Samuel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every aspect of human behavior, from the conventional to the bizarre, reflects both personal experiences and inherited inclinations. Until recently, we mainly paid attention to the experiential component because its effects, being so obvious, seemed far more important. But this is changing as scientists have learned to go beyond vaguely defined “inherited inclinations” to their very specific and tangible underpinnings-the genes themselves. Since the discovery of DNA, a powerful technology has been developed to scrutinize exact differences in the genes of individual people and to relate them to many attributes, such as vulnerabilities to various diseases. Now this same approach is being applied to hunt for DNA variations that play a role in “the affiiction[s] of insanity”-afilictions that once seemed so heavily influenced by life experiences that genetic studies didn’t seem very worthwhile.
A Single Morbid Process?
Authors: Barondes Samuel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the twentieth century, attempts to understand manic-depressive illness have themselves swung between poles established by the two great founders of modern psychiatry. Born in the same year, 1856, trained in medicine at a time when it was just beginning to establish itself on a scientific footing, they have each left a rich legacy. So great was their influence that both are included in a recent book on the hundred most influential scientists: one of them, Emil Kraepelin, ranked 92 (of all scientists, ever) and the other, Sigmund Freud, a stratospheric 6 (Isaac Newton is ranked 1, and Charles Darwin 4). But despite their shared eminence, these two pioneers had very different views of manic-depression. Freud was mainly interested in it as an example of a particularly intense battle of internal psychological forces, and paid little attention to the evidence that it might reflect an inherited “ somatic affection ”.
From Peas to People
Authors: Barondes Samuel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reason William Bateson could so quickly make the leap from peas to people is that he knew about Archibald Garrod’s work with alkaptonuria (AKU), the black urine and black joint disease that I first mentioned in discussing Michael’s family. In making this leap Bateson helped put the seemingly mysterious processes of human heredity on a scientific footing by showing that certain human traits, such as AKU, were transmitted as reliably as the colors of flowers. For Bateson had realized that the only difference between the study of heredity in peas and in people is that peas could be bred in whatever combinations and numbers the experimenter desired, whereas human matings were arranged in other ways. But the rules of hereditary transmission were the same.
Hunting Without a Map
Authors: Barondes Samuel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the idea of using structural variations in human DNA (such as riflips) as markers was formally proposed in 1980, the immediate goal was to make a map of every human chromosome to guide the hunt for genes related to inherited diseases. But some scientists became impatient with this methodical approach, which might delay medically relevant discoveries for many years. An alternative was to try at once to establish linkage between a disease locus and whatever markers were already available, even though they covered only limited regions of a few chromosomes. The task would be like hunting for a suspect somewhere in the United States with fragmentary maps of just a few cities. Should the hunters get lucky, the suspect would happen to be hiding in one of those known places. Were he anywhere else, he wouldelude them. Among the most ardent advocates of going forward without delay was David Housman, then a young assistant professor of biology at MIT. He had learned about the riflip approach from conversations with one of its inventors, David Botstein, whose laboratory was next door to his.
Ana’S Family
Authors: Barondes Samuel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The image most Americans have of Costa Rica is of a luxuriantly tropical vacation spot-not the sort of place that would lend itself to systematic psychiatric research. Yet this tiny country has provided us with exceptionally valuable knowledge about an extended family whose pedigree is riddled with manic-depressive illness, opening an important path in the hunt for mood genes. Identification of this family came about through a search for help by a concerned relative I will call Ana. BORN IN COSTA RICA to wealthy and intellectual parents, Ana was raised in great comfort and received an international education. Tall and fair, she has a dazzling smile, an infectious vivacity, and an obvious intelligence. While traveling in Europe she met and married a shy American engineer, Richard, with whom she settled in a suburb of New York City. In time, some other members of her family also moved to the United States, but most remained in Costa Rica, where Ana visited frequently.
Both Good Seed and Bad
Authors: Barondes Samuel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The widely held view of genetic diseases is that they are caused by “bad seeds”-alleles that lead to disability and suffering and even death. But this simple view does not hold for all alleles that contribute to or cause genetic diseases. In many instances such alleles may also confer substantial benefits in particular circumstances. Should they have a positive net effect on the reproductive success of those who carry them, more and more children would be born with these alleles. They might, in fact, become quite common-and some of them do.
Specialized Meat-Eating in the Holocene: An Archaeological Case from the Frigid Tropics of High-Altitude Peru
Authors: Rick John W , Moore Katherine M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like many ethnographically known hunter-gatherers themselves, anthropologists spend a great deal of time conversing and arguing about meat-eating and its partial correlate, hunting. The ability to procure meat, once felt to be a hallmark of human intelligence and culture, is now highly contested at various stages of human evolution. Although primates are clearly involved in hunting, with increasingly extensive modem records of how meat procurement fits within their lives, the involvement of premodem humans with hunting has left evidence that is less clear. This volume encompasses both specific evidence (e.g., chapters by Speth and Tchemov or Pickering), and more general overviews and models of the data and processes of evolving hunting abilities (see chapter by Foley). There are few who would contest the human ability to hunt by the time of anatomical and behavioral modernity, and issues of which prey were chosen, the degree of reliance on hunted foods, and which methods of hunting were used are more relevant. As humans develop behavioral flexibility, situations emerge in which the predominance of camivory is an option, allowing humans to become specialized predators. This chapter looks at one such case that illustrates the difference between focused human camivory and the less intensive exploitation of animals generally seen in most premodem hominid assemblages.
What Do We Know About Judgment Under Stress?
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because I want to provide the reader with a broad overview of the study of stress on judgment and decision making as it has recently been carried out by psychologists and others, I will provide readers with some context that will give them an appreciation of where we stand today. Therefore, I begin with a description of a hearing held by the Defense Policy Panel of the Committee on Armed Services of the U.S. House of Representatives on August 3, 1988. It will be a crucible for our current understanding of the effects of stress on judgment and decision making. A hearing was called by the House Committee on Armed Services to consider “the Administration proposal to pay compensation to the victims oflran Air Flight 655 which was shot down[by the American cruiser Vincennes] over the Persian Gulf on July 3” (Committee on Armed Services, 1989, p. 1).
Coherence Theories and Their Implications for Judgment Under Stress
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coherence is a psychologically compelling attribute of any argument, but it is also a logically compelling attribute; indeed, it is a mandatory attribute for those arguments-or judgments-that do not rely on their correspondence with empirical facts. Consider a jury trial in which the defendant’ s attorney offers an alibi for the defendant; he was at a certain place at a certain time that made it impossible for the defendant to have committed the crime; therefore, the attorney claims his client is innocent. What will the prosecutor’ s strategy be? It will be to show that the opponent’ s argument lacks consistency; that it contains a contradiction; that it places the defendant at two different places at once. In short, it is incoherent, therefore it can’ t be true.
A Theory of Stress
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I present a new concept of stress in the attempt to remove the present vagaries that now make it so difficult to use as a research tool. I begin with two premises: (I) All organisms attempt to maintain stable relations with their environment, and (2) the disruption of stabilized relations produces phenomena known to lay persons and professionals alike as “stress.” (A caveat: Under conditions called “play,” certain organisms, notably human beings, seek circumstances that counter these premises.) The first premise can be refined, made specific and operational, and non circular measures can be developed, by reference to the empirically well established phenomenon of constancy. This term refers to the organism’ s ability, for example, to estimate correctly the size or shape or color of an object despite changing sensory inputs. Thus, the size of an object re mains constant to us no matter how far away it is. Similarly with sound; even though a very loud sound may be heard only faintly because its origin is far away, we are still able to detect it as a loud noise, an explosion, for example.
A Savage Place
Authors: Olsen Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The present inhabitants,” wrote Judge Ephraim Kirby upon his arrival in frontier Mississippi, “are illiterate, wild and savage, of depraved morals.” One hopes he exaggerated, but Kirby’s judgment captures the spirit of many early settlers struggling to tame the state’s savage conditions. Mostly a wilderness, much of the state belonged to American Indians until the 1820s and 1830s, when a succession of treaties cleared the way for white settlement. Even at the time of secession, many areas still resembled a frontier. Another early resident spoke for thousands when he recalled “that the times then tried the stuff men were made of.” Part of the settlement heritage, reinforced and sustained by slavery and scattered residence, was a glorification of certain manly virtues: physical courage and aggressiveness, but also reliability and loyalty neighbors and kin. Confirmed in public, face-to-face encounters between men, these values defined masculinity and reinforced the demands of honor, linking individual men with their peers in the community. After 1830 rapid immigration sparked social and economic development and created a more complex society. Settlers began to enjoy greater social stability, more coherent and supportive neighborhoods, and some outward signs of ̒̒civilization.̓̓
Mortal Stakes
Authors: Olsen Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mississippi’s struggle over the Compromise of 1850 suggested the inherent weakness of its party system as many voters abandoned old loyalties and invoked a pervasive antiparty discourse. Throughout the history of Mississippi’s two-party system, men expressed the same distrust of organization, declaring that anyone loyal to parties remained suspect. Common to all parties and spokesmen from the 1840s to secession, the politics of antipartyism helped define Mississippi’s political culture. It was more than the disgruntled griping of frustrated office seekers; even pro-party extremists conceded in public and private that most rank-and-file voters disliked and avoided parties whenever possible. In particular, the antiparty tradition condemned the essence of party organization: the convention system and professional politicians, both of which, its adherents argued, promoted selfish, scheming candidates who wanted simply to feed at the public trough.
Playmates
Authors: Olsen Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On election day 1860 state geologist, traveler, and diarist Benjamin L. C. Wailes noted his vote for Constitutional Union nominees John Bell and Edward Everett and carefully prepared a small table in his journal to tally the returns. A successful planter and historian, he had recently returned from a long trip that included Philadelphia and Washington. If anyone in antebellum Mississippi could qualify as cosmopolitan, it would be Wailes. Yet his outlook on the presidential election was inevitably local: “At this precinct,” he wrote, “Bell & Everitt received [blank space] votes.” Like his less sophisticated neighbors, Wailes’s perspective on politics began in his home precinct within a neighborhood community that sustained the state’s antiparty political culture.
Family Enterprises in Japan Today
Authors: Morikawa Hidemasa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 1, the definition of the term “family enterprise” was broadened. The broader definition includes companies where the founder (after retiring or dying) has left his company to his family, who then cooperates with salaried managers in the running of the business. Other definitions in chapter 1 include families who run their businesses themselves, as well as families who don ‘t run their businesses but hold substantial management responsibilities, such as employing and dismissing salaried managers from outside the family. Yet despite the apparent clarity of the above definition, in order to carry out more in-depth, objective research, I believe it ‘s necessary to have a definition based on quantifiable criteria.
Prosodic Conditions on Anaphora and Clitics in Jakaltek
Authors: Aissen Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In studies which reach back more than twenty years, Colette Craig described certain disjoint reference effects in Jakaltek, a Mayan language spoken in the highlands of Guatemala (Craig 1977), and one of the rigid VSO languages in the family. These effects are induced by the presence of an overt pronominal element, as in (1), where the two instances of ix can only refer to different women (the genitive follows the head in Jakaltek).
Attack of the Amateurs
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are you a mathematical amateur? Do not fret. Many amazing mathematical findings have been made by amateurs, from homemakers to lawyers. These amateurs developed new ways to look at problems that stumped the experts.
Have any of you seen the movie Good Will Hunting, in which 20-year-old Will Hunting survives in his rough, working-class South Boston neighborhood? Like his friends, Hunting does menial jobs between stints at the local bar and run-ins with the law. He’s never been to college, except to scrub floors as a janitor at MIT. Yet he can summon obscure historical references from his photographic memory and almost instantly solve math problems that frustrate the most brilliant professors.
Why Don’t We Use Roman Numerals Anymore?
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Ah, yes,” said Dr. Googol, “I can answer your question, but before I tell you, you must solve a small puzzle with Roman numerals. I don’t think this puzzle dates back to Roman times, but it looks so simple that it could well be quite ancient.” Dr. Googol drew the Roman numerals I, II, and III on 6 columns as schematically illustrated in the aerial view in Figure 2.1.
What if we Receive Messages from the Stars?
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What if spaceships from another world suddenly appeared in our skies? What if tomorrow morning you turned on your radio and heard a strange, pulsating tone, and what if you learned that the same thing was happening across our planet? Dr. Googol often fantasizes that he is a handsome computer genius watching as a giant alien mothership arrives in Earth orbit and immediately begins to transmit a cyclic tone down to the nations of Earth. The world frantically tries to understand the aliens’ intentions—until Dr. Googol deciphers the alien message: it’s a countdown to weapon firing. The President of the United States attempts to reason with the creatures, who give Earthlings one choice: become their slaves, or die. The aliens demonstrate their massive orbital firepower by destroying large U.S. cities, and the military forces of many nations try to retaliate with little effect.
A Ranking of the 5 Strangest Mathematicians Who Ever Lived
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920) Ramanujan, who started life as a clerk in the accounting department of the Madras post office, became India’s greatest mathematical genius and one of the greatest 20th-century mathematicians. Ramanujan made substantial contributions to the analytical theory of numbers and worked on elliptic functions, continued fractions, and infinite series. He came from a poor family, and his mother took in boarders, which created a crowded home. Ramanujan was very shy and found it hard to speak. He excelled in math but usually failed all his other courses. When he was 13, he borrowed a high school student’s math book and mastered it in a week. Because he was deprived of manuals that could teach him about rigorous proofs, Ramanujan developed rather strange methods to establish mathematical truths. Mathematician G. H. Hardy remarked:
A Ranking of the 8 Most influential Female Mathematicians
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite horrible prejudice in earlier times, several women fought against the establishment and persevered in mathematics. Until the 20th century, very few women received much education, and the path to more advanced studies was usually blocked. Many of these women had to go against the wishes of their families if they wanted to learn. Some were even forced to assume false identities, study in terrible conditions, and work in intellectual isolation. Consequently, very few women contributed to mathematics. The following ranking of the 8 most influential female mathematicians was compiled through extensive research and by surveying mathematicians. These women did more than just influence the course of mathematics. They also affected people’s perceptions of women’s role in all intellectual endeavors.
What is Numerical Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Individuals afflicted with obsessive-compulsive disorder are often compelled to commit repetitive acts that are apparently meaningless such as persistent hand washing, counting objects, checking to see if doors are locked, and avoiding oddly stressful situations such as stepping on the cracks of the sidewalk. Obsessive-compulsive disorder involving numbers is particularly sad and fascinating. The great inventor Nikola Tesla had “arithromania,” or “numerical obsessive-compulsive disorder.” He demanded precisely 18 clean towels each day. If asked why, Tesla provided no explanation. Table accoutrements and towels were not the only items he demanded come in multiples of 3. For example, he often felt compelled to walk around the block 3 times, and he always counted his steps while walking. He chose room number 207 in the Alta Vista Hotel, because 207 is divisible by 3. When dining, he always stacked 18 napkins in a neat little pile because he favored numbers divisible by 3.
Cube Maze
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol created a cubical array of metallic spheres with numbers painted on each sphere. Figure 48.1 is a schematic illustration of the original 3-dimensional model. Although it’s more fun to hold the model in your hand and turn it around as needed, you can still have a terrific challenge by trying to trace a path from the arrow at the top to the arrow at the bottom such that the sum of all the spheres you pass through is 202.
Alien Snow: A Tour of Checkerboard Worlds
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So begins a science-fiction saga that describes humanity’s first encounter with ephemeral entities resembling points of light on a 3-dimensional checkerboard—lights that move and change shapes according to mathematical laws. Some readers will recognize the cloud as a 3-dimensional cellular automaton. The theme saturates Ox, even to the point where each chapter begins with a small cellular grid decorated by dots. The presence or absence of a dot in a grid cell indicates which of 2 states a cell is in (that is, the cell is either on or off).
Hyperspace Prisons
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol enjoys simple-looking geometrical puzzles that require you to estimate the number of overlapping triangles within a diagram such as the one in Figure 61.1a. Can you guess how many triangles are in this figure? Stop. Take a guess before reading further. This figure contains a walloping 87 triangles. Sometimes it is possible to come up with rules that specify the number of triangles in an ever-growing sequence of diagrams, such as the sequence in 61.1b. Impress your friends with your ability to compute the number of triangles in the //th triangular figure: \n(n + 2)(2zz + l)]/8, for even n, and [n(n + 2)(2w + 1) −1]/8 for odd n.
Hexagonal Cats
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many years ago, Dr. Googol was visiting a Middle Eastern museum. Outside, the villagers were gathered around dozens of primitive ocelot statues. One of the bearded men in the gathering began to meticulously arrange the new archeological findings on the hot sand amidst the parched and withered cacti. He arranged the cats in the shape of concentric hexagons, as shown below. After resting for a few minutes, the wizened man groaned, knelt down, and began to count the cats, starting from the center.