bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inequality in Death: Effects of the Agrarian Revolution in Southern Sweden, 1765-1865*
Authors: Bengtsson Tommy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The main focus of this paper is on the effects of short-term economic stress on the mortality of different social classes of society prior to and during the period of rapid structural changes in agriculture in early nineteenth-century Sweden. Longitudinal data on individuals and farms from church books and poll-tax records are combined with local economic data on grain prices and wages. The method used is a combination of time-series and life-event analysis. The mortality responses are analysed separately for different age groups and causes of death, and gender and socio-economic aspects are considered. The analysis refers to four parishes in the province of Scania in the southernmost part of the country. To identify the timing of the structural changes in the economy and set the micro-level analysis into a broader context, long-term trends in population, prices, and wages are analysed for Scania and all of Sweden. Not only mortality but also fertility and nuptiality are analysed at the macro level to show the importance of short-term economic stress.
Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries
Authors: Ellis Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Both livelihoods and diversity have become popular topics in development studies. The livelihood concept offers a more complete picture of the complexities of making a living in rural areas of low income countries than terms formerly considered adequate, such as subsistence, incomes, or employment. Diversity recognizes that people manage by doing many different things rather than just one or a few things. This book sets out the rural livelihoods approach within the larger context of past and current themes in rural development. It adopts diversity as its principal theme and explores the implications of diverse rural livelihoods for ideas about poverty, agriculture, environment, gender, and macroeconomic policy. It also considers appropriate methods for gaining quick and effective knowledge about the livelihoods of the rural poor for project and policy purposes.
Levelling up or Levelling Down? Some Reflections on the ACE And CBIT Proposals, and the Future of the Corporate Tax Base
Authors: Bond Stephen R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Corporate income taxes treat debt and equity differently. In all the OECD countries, interest payments on debt are deductible against income in the computation of taxable profits, but in none of the OECD countries is there any comparable deduction for the opportunity cost of using equity finance (see OECD (1991)). The result is that investment financed by debt is treated more generously than investment financed by retained profits. As a rough approximation, these corporate income taxes have no effect on the user cost of capital for investment financed by borrowing but increase the user cost of capital for investment financed by retained earnings.
Taxing capital income in the Nordic Countries: A Model for the European Union?
Authors: Cnossen Sijbren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The body politic in the European Union (EU) can be classified, in a some-what stylized fashion, into two camps when it comes to the taxation of capital income. One camp’s answer to the question of whether or not capital income should be taxed is: ‘Yes, but we don’t have the nerve!’. This camp is afraid of the consequences for saving and investment, and hence employment, of taxing capital income positively. The other camp’s answer is: ‘No, but let’s pretend!’. This camp appreciates the psychological effect of appearing to tax capital income positively, while at the same time being able to avoid the tax by employing an army of tax advisers. The two camps meet under the umbrella of hypocritical tax legislation that appears to tax capital income but in fact leaves it largely untouched by the taxman.
Transfer Pricing and Income Shifting in Integrating Economies
Authors: Newlon T Scott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As barriers to cross-border trade and investment have fallen and business has become more globally integrated in recent years, many countries have become increasingly concerned about multinational enterprises (MNEs) shifting taxable income out of their jurisdictions into low-tax foreign jurisdictions. MNEs may do this by manipulating their transfer prices, which are the prices established for transfers of goods and services and the lending of funds between entities within the MNE. MNEs may also shift income by tinkering with the financial structure of MNE group members so that debt, and the associated interest expense, are shifted across borders. Income shifting can erode national tax bases and distort the financial and real investment decisions of MNEs. And countries may respond to these pressures by competing for tax base and capital in ways that exacerbate the distortions and further erode the taxation of company income. This chapter reviews the pressures and distortions created by income shifting within MNEs and examines how various policies may ameliorate or exacerbate these problems. Since income shifting inherently involves more than one country, policies of one country may create positive or negative spillovers for other countries, and international policy co-ordination may be necessary if such spillovers are to be properly accounted for. In reviewing policy responses to income shifting, particular notice will be given to the possibility and desirability of such co-ordination.
Coalition Theory and Cabinet Governance: An Introduction
Authors: Müller Wolfgang C , Bergman, Torbjörn , Strøm Kaare 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘When the idea of democracy is actively adopted by a people’, Robert A. Dahl (1989: 84) claims, ‘it tends to produce the best feasible political system, or at any rate the best state’. We share this belief. Democracy is indeed the most desirable political regime humankind has ever experienced. It allows citizens more personal freedom than any other type of political system, and only democracies guarantee that citizens live under laws that they have given themselves (Dahl 1998: 61). Yet, even under democracy citizens may not agree with all important political decisions, much less actually make them. Democracies do not obliterate the old distinction between those who govern and those who are governed (Sartori 1987). Like contemporary societies in general, democracies feature many divisions of labour, which also affect the making of political decisions. While citizens vote political decision-makers in and out of office, decision-making itself, with a few exceptions and some cross-national variation, is reserved for the representatives of the people. Hence, modern democracies are predominantly representative. This, in turn, means that popular sovereignty is exercised through delegation from citizens to individual politicians and collective actors, in particular political parties (Strøm, Müller, and Bergman 2003).
Introduction
Authors: Lachowski Zdzislaw 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many political and military security axioms changed during the postcold war period. At the time of bloc confrontation and division. the function of confidence-building measures (CBMs) and confidence and security-building measures (CSRMs) was to reinforce stability in a frozen status quo and therefore lessen the risk of a surprise attack and mass-scale war in Europe.1 In the qualitatively new, politicomilitary conditions after the cold war. CSBMs have taken on a new role as a tool to manage the changes that are occurring in Europe and to enhance cooperative relations among its states based on partnership, mutual reassurance and transparency.
Fiscal shocks in an efficiency wage model
Authors: Burnside Craig , Eichenbaum Martin , Fisher Jonas D M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper illustrates a particular limited information strategy for assessing the empirical plausibility of alternative quantitative general equilibrium business-cycle models. The basic strategy is to test whether a model economy can account for the response of the actual economy to an exogenous shock. To be useful, this strategy requires that we know how the actual economy responds to the shock in question and that different models generate different predictions for that response. Here, we concentrate on the response of aggregate hours worked and real wages to a fiscal policy shock. The fiscal policy shock is identified with the dynamic response of government purchases and average marginal income tax rates to an exogenous increase in military purchases.
The return of business cycles
Authors: Hartley James E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
So, what is a business cycle, anyway? It seems like an odd question to ask this late in the study of business cycles. Surely, we should know by now. Yet, the profession seems unable to agree upon an answer. Part of the reason for this state of affairs is that there are two questions getting confused in much of the literature: (i) is ‘the’ cycle a classical cycle or a growth cycle? and (ii) is ‘the’ cycle movements in an aggregate variable or co-movements among several aggregates? The questions get conflated because, historically, Burns and Mitchell studied classical cycles and movements of aggregates, while recent research, particularly real business-cycle research, has studied growth cycles by looking at co-movements. But, there is no necessary connection between the answers to these two questions.
IS-LM, Keynesianism, and the new classicism
Authors: Lipsey Richard G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rather than give detailed critiques of the other papers in this session, I will give my own account of ‘what happened to IS-LM?’ My criticisms of the other accounts presented at this conference are implicit in some contrasts between my paper and the others. Because the conference has a methodological focus, and because the current session is billed as retrospective, I will try to keep to both of these themes, while giving my interpretation of the historical events as seen by someone who lived through them and who, in some small way, contributed to them. Theory focuses the mind on certain issues. Prevailing research programmes (in the Lakatosian sense) present a whole programme for research built around a set of maintained assumptions. They tell us what to look for, and those who suggest looking for something else are usually ignored. Basic research programmes are thus simultaneously both powerful and constraining.
Macroeconomic thought at the European Commission in the first half of the 1980s
Authors: Maes Ivo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A study of economic thought at a policy-making institution encounters certain specific problems, compared to the study of traditional academic economic texts. A crucial difference is that the economic theories and paradigms are less explicit, more hidden. Moreover, official documents involve many persons and, consequently, are more heterogeneous. So, any analysis of economic thought at a policy institution will involve a greater degree of ‘rational reconstruction’ than more traditional analyses of economic thought.
In defence of two policy platitudes
Authors: Hausman Daniel M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Economists typically take for granted two propositions concerning the bearing of economic theory on policy-making. One can see these presuppositions clearly in the essays in this volume by Thomas Mayer and Ivo Maes, but there is nothing idiosyncratic about their work in this regard. My reason for pointing out these presuppositions is not to challenge them-on the contrary, I shall argue that they are correct. I wish to call attention to them instead because they are so important, because methodologists as well as economists have occasionally and mistakenly challenged them, and because significant currents in contemporary cultural studies purport to reject them.
Writing and Reading in Philosophy, Law, and Poetry
Authors: White James Boyd 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this paper I will treat a very general question, the nature of writing and what can be achieved by it, pursuing it in the three distinct contexts provided by philosophy, law, and poetry. My starting-point will be Plato’s Phaedrus, where, in a well¬ known passage, Socrates attacks writing itself: he says that true philosophy requires the living engagement of mind with mind of a kind that writing cannot attain. Yet this is obviously a paradox, for Socrates’ position is articulated and recorded by Plato in writing. How then can we make sense of what Plato is saying and doing? What kind of writing, for example, does he think he is himself engaged in? What, according to him, is good philosophical writing more generally, if such a thing exists? This will be my first question.
(Per)Versions of Law in Literature
Authors: Sharpe Tony 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this paper I consider some of the ways in which law has been misunderstood or misrepresented in literature, and speculate why this has been so. My belief is that when literature deals with law, it does so with a tendency to confirm its own superiority as a response to reality, which it achieves by means of a partial or distorting view of law’s premises, operations, and consequences. Neither ‘law’ nor ‘literature’ can be exactly delimited terms; but by ‘literature’ I mean that body of poems, plays, and prose fiction in which the creative imagination is manifested in language; and by ‘law’ I denote the bodies of writing which constitute its basis, and also the systems by which illegality is detected, judged, and punished. I concede that this is a large definition, but it does not seem to me that, typically, literature visualizes law with any great specificity; rather, its recourse to law depends, I am suggesting, on an advantageous selectivity of vision. I wish to develop this with regard to two principal aspects: literature as law, and law in literature. The first is a kind of competitive emulation of law by literature, and the second involves, not the reflection of specific legal issues in fiction, so much as the implicit (or explicit) comparison within a literary text, between legal methodology and its own ways of working. Such a comparison tends to construct law as a clumsily inflexible system which is incapable of making the kinds of sensitive discrimination that are the province of literature alone.
Fantasies of Women as Lawmakers: Empowerment or Entrapment in Angela Carter’S Bloody Chambers
Authors: Aristodemou Maria 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What is the ontological status of law and of literature? Or, conversely, to follow Lacan’s suggestion that ‘the real is the impossible’, the unimaginable, what is the imaginary status of law and of literature? While we can agree that, unlike literature, law deals in the material world of life and death, both law and literature are, in the first instance, signs on a page. Both the legal and literary worlds are constructed by and depend for their definition and existence on words; such words create alternative, fictional worlds which can appear to be inevitable. While much of contemporary literature, however, accepts, delights in, and explores its own constructedness, arbitrariness and artificiality, the writers of law are more concerned to disguise its status as a linguistic artefact. In that sense legal writers are like writers of realist fiction, trying to maintain the illusion of an omniscient narrator, chronological sequence, plot inevitability and causal connection between events. Once such worlds, however, are shown to be not only artificial but also unfair or tyrannical, it is necessary to reveal the ways by which that artificiality is constructed.
The Sovereign Self: Identity and Responsibility in Victorian England
Authors: Petch Simon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘A society without a sovereign is a phrase without a meaning’. Thus Fitzjames Stephen suggests the centrality of the term ‘sovereign’ to the social discourses of Victorian England. And by offering a metaphor instead of a definition, Stephen’s phrase also suggests some difficulty in defining the term. Both the centrality and the difficulty are traceable to the opening sentence of Bentham’s Principles of Morals and Legislation (1781): ‘Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure.’= Bentham had said in A Fragment on Government (1776) that ‘pain and pleasure at least, are words which a man has no need, we may hope, to go to a Lawyer to know the meaning of’. But ‘sovereign’ is a different matter, for as both adjective and noun, and together with its abstract derivative ‘sovereignty’, it is a key term in the English legal vocabulary, and hence the most powerful (if least discussed) word in Bentham’s opening sentence. In The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (1832), John Austin extends Bentham’s analysis of ‘sovereignty’.
Deposit Insurance Schemes: Reconciling Market Discipline With Financial Stability
Authors: Arrigunagd” Javier 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Banks play an important role in the economy as part of the payment system, as in-17.01 termediaries between investors and borrowers, and for the execution of monetary policy. At the same time, banks are more vulnerable to liquidity and insolvency problems than other businesses. Moreover, bank problems are highly contagiousand may spread very rapidly from a 'sick' bank to other banks in the system.Therefore, disruptions in the banking sector might have external effects that extendbeyond banking and into other sectors o f the economy.In order to limit the overall negative effects banking failures can have in the economy,most countries have decided to establish a safety net for banks. The safety netprovided by governments includes deposit protection, lender of last resort facilitiesand a system o f regulation and supervision.
Introduction
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What has aptly been called the ‘New World of the Dutch Republic” made a deep impression on both Europeans and non-European peoples during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, whether they came in contact with this other ‘New World’ at flrst hand or indirectly through its shipping and trade, or prints and books. It was a society, and culture, which regularly fascinated contemporary diplomats, scholars, merchants, churchmen, soldiers, tourists, sailors, and connoisseurs of art from many lands and which retains today a special signiflcance in the history of modern western civilization. Early modern observers were especially struck by the innumerable ‘novelties’ and innovations which one encountered there in virtually every fleld of activity. Visitors continually marvelled at the prodigious extent of Dutch shipping and commerce, the technical sophistication of industry and flnance, the beauty and orderliness, as well as cleanliness, of the cities, the degree of religious and intellectual toleration to be found there, the excellence of the orphanages and hospitals, the limited character of ecclesiastical power, the subordination of military to civilian authority, and the remarkable achievements of Dutch art, philosophy, and science.
The British Empire 1558-1995
Authors: Lloyd T O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a comprehensive survey of the entire history of the British empire. Avoiding the polemics or apologetics that were inevitable when the empire was still at the centre of political controversy, T. O. Lloyd describes the full sweep of expansion and decolonization from the voyages of discovery in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I to the achievement of independence in the second half of the twentieth century. Drawing out both parallels and differences between paths of development throughout the empire, Professor Lloyd provides a unified and coherent account of a vital period in the history of all the countries that make up the modern Commonwealth. For the second edition, Professor Lloyd has revised the text, updated the bibliography and tables, and added a final chapter on `The World after the Empire', which examines the important events and issues of today in countries of the former empire, such as South Africa, Canada, Hong Kong, and Australia.
The Defeat of the Imperial Idea 1922-1945
Authors: Lloyd T O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The failure of the policy of continuous consultation meant that the Commonwealth had to work out a new way to run external policy. Inside Britain the threat to peace revealed at Chanak helped weaken Lloyd George and played some part in his being replaced as Prime Minister by Bonar Law. The exertions and dangers of continuous consultation had no attractions for Law, and the sharing of power implied by it irritated his Foreign Secretary, Curzon. The policy was allowed to drop; when Commonwealth Prime Ministers came to London for the 1923 conference they found the British government was not very interested in working out an agreed policy, and this settled the way things were run in the decades ahead. The British drew back from Lloyd George’s system of relations to something like the pre-war position, where Britain pursued her own policy and expected to fight her own wars but hoped that the Dominions would come and help if there were any really serious problem.
Cultural affinities
Authors: Leyser Henrietta 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘So William became King’, wrote Eadmer, monk of Canterbury, of the events of 1066; ‘what treatment he meted out to those leaders of the English who managed to survive the great slaughter, as it could do no good, I forbear to tell.’1 Eadmer’s pursed lips need no special explanation. Within a year of the Conquest the Anglo-Saxon cathedral at Canterbury had been gutted by fire (possibly by arsonists). Within three years of this event, Eadmer had to submit to the leadership of an archbishop, Lanfranc, whose initial plans made few concessions either to the architectural or to the liturgical traditions of the Anglo-Saxons. Having accepted perhaps with some reluctance, the English oddity of a cathedral staffed by monks, Lanfranc had begun to erect a building of the same dimensions as his church at Caen, with stone from Caen, to provide it with a calendar that would as far as possible match that of his former monastery at Bee, and to introduce new constitutions modelled on those of Cluny, the great Burgundian abbey which became the pattern of reform for Norman monasteries in the eleventh century.
Gender, domesticity, and sexual politics
Authors: Howarth Janet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Relations between the sexes–issues of gender and sexuality–– and the ideal of domesticity became, more than ever before, a preoccupation for the British in the nineteenth century. It was rooted in the political and economic upheavals of the first half of the century and the religious revival that accompanied them, sustained by later reform movements and encouraged by the unprecedented growth in powers to police and discipline the people.
Cities, architecture, and art
Authors: Saint Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cities oﬀer what the visual arts require: skilled labour, access to special equipment and materials, an alertness to fashion, contact with clients, and chances for stimulus, rivalry, and collaboration. So if, as is often said, the nineteenth century was an age of cities, that meant no great change in the way the fine and applied arts in Britain were created. The novelty was that they were now not just originated in cities but directed overwhelmingly towards them as well.