bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neither “Right” nor “Wrong”: Making Effective Interpretive Choices
Authors: Ostwald David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why would Carmen want to dump José only days after she begged him to run off with her? Is it that she cannot be faithful to one man, or is it that she feels she cannot be the person that he wants? Either answer is plausible, but each would create a different personality, so which one is right? Even Bizet and his librettists, Meilhac and Halévy, couldn’t tell you. They could explain what they intended, but since what emerges out of the creative act often has subtleties, complexities, and possibilities beyond the makers’ intentions, even their answers would not be the last word.
Ancient GreeceThe Way of Being Human
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Remember that you are human: this is the central message of ancient Greek reverence. “How could I forget?” you ask. Very easily, especially if you are so rich, so powerful, or so successful that you push every thought of failure away from your mind— every thought of human error, madness, or death. But you will err, if you are human; you will do crazy things, no matter how hard you cling to the notion that your mind is sound; and you will die. Between now and death you will have many opportunities to crash down from whatever height you have reached, and you will fall harder if you forget that the human path is strewn with stumbling blocks.
Ancient China the Way of Power
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The boy is now a man, set to go out into the world. His mother prepares for his departure, mending his coat, possibly for the last time. He feels that he is in her debt as strongly as if he were a blade of grass and she the sun, a debt he can conceive only through images, a debt he can never repay. In the tiny universe of his family he feels he is like the earth looking up at heaven, and he is in awe.
Gene Regulatory Circuitry of Phage λ
Authors: Little John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gene regulatory circuitry of phage λ was the first complex regulatory circuit to be analyzed in molecular detail. λ was chosen as a model system for this purpose because it displays a wide range of interesting regulatory properties. It can adopt two alternative life-styles, the lytic and lysogenic states, and it can switch from the lysogenic state to the lytic state in the process of prophage induction, often called the ‘‘genetic switch’’ (13, 28). A choice is made between these two alternative pathways soon after infection; the lysogenic state, in particular, is highly stable, and the switch can be highly efficient. It was clear early on that these properties would be of general relevance to other organisms, including higher eukaryotes. λ proved a fortunate choice as an experimental system: its genetics is easy, and many of the regulatory proteins are also biochemically tractable, allowing a highly productive interplay between genetics and biochemistry. As a result of work by many investigators, the proteins and cis-acting sites involved in these regulatory events are well known and intensively studied, and most of their regulatory interactions are known in great mechanistic detail. Hence, λ remains the best-understood complex regulatory system. At the same time, new surprises continue to appear (12).
Regulation of λ Gene Expression by Transcription Termination and Antitermination
Authors: Friedman David I , Court Donald L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regulatory effects on gene expression at the level of transcription elongation are now recognized to be widely operative in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (23, 97, 117, 123). Recognition of this mode of regulation can be dated to the 1969 Nature paper by Jeff Roberts (138). Not only did this work identify the Escherichia coli Rho termination protein and propose that there are specific transcription termination sites in the phage λ genome, but it led to the proposal that the λ N transcription regulation protein promotes gene expression by allowing RNA polymerase (RNA Pol) to transcend transcription terminators. The ideas first presented in this seminal paper have served as the basis for over 30 years of intensive work not only with phages but also with organisms on all levels of the evolutionary ladder. However, studies on λ and related lambdoid phages have continued to be prime sources of information about the molecular events influencing transcription elongation. It is the purpose of this chapter to update a previous review of this subject (48).We will present a short summary of what we consider essential material from that review as background and then a more extensive review that focuses primarily on subsequent work that we think has significantly extended understanding of the process of gene regulation by transcription terminationand antitermination.
Bacteriophage SPP1
Authors: Alonso Juan C , Tavares Paulo , Lurz Rudi , Trautner Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lytic Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPP1 was isolated in Pavia (Subtilis Phage Pavia) and first described by Riva et al. (99). Interest in this phage derived at first from the observation that the complementary DNA strands of the phage were separable into a heavy strand (ρ=.725 g/cm3) and a light strand (ρ=.713 g/cm3) following denaturation and isopycnic centrifugation (99, 109). This observation and the finding that the phage was highly active in transfection led to the use of SPP1 in studies of mismatch repair (109). In later experiments the molecular biology of the phage, including its structure, total DNA sequence, genetics, and life cycle were established. Furthermore, SPP1 transfection was a convenient tool to study the mechanism of DNA processing during uptake into competent cells (123). SPP1 is a generalized transducing phage with respect to bacterial host markers and it also transduces plasmid DNA. These studies made SPP1 one of the best characterized bacteriophages of Gram-positive bacteria. In this review we shall summarize the results obtained in our and other laboratories during the last 35 years. Special attention is given to comparisons of the results obtained with SPP1 with properties of other organisms, providing a contribution to the understanding of the evolution of bacterial viruses. It should be realized that all findings reported here were obtained under laboratory conditions, which would not necessarily reflect conditions which the phage would encounter in its natural habitat.
Phages of Lactococcus lactis
Authors: Brøndsted Lone , Hammer Karin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lactococci are Gram-positive mesophilic bacteria with low G-C content that belong to the group of lactic acid bacteria. They are aerotolerant and live by means of fermentation, as they are lacking a respiratory chain, and the main end product during fermentation is lactic acid. In nature lactococci are mainly found on plant material (100). Some lactococci have apparently adapted to multiply in milk and contain a plasmid-encoded milk protease and enzymes responsible for catabolism of lactose. Lactococcus lactis is used world-wide as starter culture for large-scale milk fermentations producing cheese such as cheddar and other fermented milk products. It has been estimated that approximately 107 tonnes of cheese are made annually, leading to human consumption of close to 1018 lactococci (41). In the genus Lactococcus five species are currently found: L. lactis, L. garviae, L. plantarum, L. piscium, L. raffinolactis (101, 118). Of these only L. lactis is used as starter culture and only phages from L. lactis have been studied at the molecular level. L. lactis is divided into three subspecies. Of these only L. lactis ssp. lactis and L. lactis ssp cremoris are used for milk fermentations. They are distinguished by differences in their DNA sequences, including those encoding 16S rRNA (45).
Molecular Genetics of Streptomyces Phages
Authors: Smith Margaret C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacteria in the genus Streptomyces are abundant in most soil environments (103). They are prolific producers of secondary metabolites, which often have antibiotic or other biological activity, and they have an unusual growth habit (57). A streptomycete colony grows initially as a vegetative mycelium, containing branching hyphal filaments with occasional cross-walls. As the colony matures, signals govern the production of aerial hyphae, which differentiate to form chains of spores. As spores are resistant to drought and can persist in the soil for many years, the high streptomycete count in soils is often attributable to the presence of spores (16). The isolation of phages from soil samples using a Streptomyces host is generally easy with most samples yielding phage after enrichment (57). Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) is a model organism for this genus and has been studied most intensively. The linear genome contains 8,667,507 bp (5). Although the genome does not have any obvious prophage sequences, it does contain about 11 elements with features reminiscent of plasmids.
The Use of Phage as Diagnostic Systems
Authors: Rees Cath 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most common use of bacteriophage in detection methodology is phage typing. When developing panels of phage which will discriminate between isolates of the same species on the basis of lytic spectrum, phage are chosen specifically because of their narrow (and therefore discriminatory) host range. Since this is the use of phage most commonly encountered, a general impression has been created that phage have a narrow host range. Hence, one of the most commonly voiced criticisms of phage-based detection methods is that the host range of phage and therefore any test is limited, but this is far from the truth. When phage are selected for detection of species or of whole genera, those with the widest host range are chosen. A classic example of this is the phage Felix 01, first described as a broad-host-range phage infecting Salmonella enterica by Cherry et al. (8). Subsequent extensive studies of its host range have shown that it will usually infect more than 95% of Salmonella isolates (see 16 for a review). Similarly, in the Gram-positive genera, listeriaphage A511 was reported to infect 95% of the two major serotypes of Listeria associated with human disease (serotypes 1/2a and 4b; 17). More recently, systematic searches for broad-host-range lytic phage have demonstrated that they can be readily isolated from natural communities where the different bacterial genera are likely to be found (14). Hence, phage-based detection tests have been successfully developed, although few have met with commercial success.
October 19 The Dinner Party
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neil Simon’s The Dinner Party opened December 2, 1999, at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, under somewhat unusual circumstances. For the first time since 1963, when something called Nobody Loves Me played a summer stock tryout in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, a new Simon play went into production without a Broadway booking. Nobody Loves Me-starring Robert Redford and Elizabeth Ashley, under the direction of first-time director Mike Nichols-ultimately made it to Broadway, under the title Barefoot in the Park. And so, as it turned out, did The Dinner Party, Simon’s thirty-first Broadway offering.
Expressway to Your Heart’’ (1965-1967)
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1965, AS President Johnson’S Great Society moved to bring blacks into the mainstream, more and more blacks moved in the opposite direction. Heightened tensions between blacks and whites, and among blacks at odds over how to deal with white racism, became obvious. That August, President Johnson signed into law the Voting Rights bill of 1965, which, along with the Civil Rights Act of 1964, marked the culmination of a decade-long drive. But resistance to civil rights legislation persisted, in the North as well as in the South. Additional battles loomed over more volatile issues, such as open housing, that did not have broad white support. Complicating matters was the murder of black leader Malcolm X, whose death created a void in black leadership able significantly to address the dispossessed masses. For many blacks, especially younger ones, Martin Luther King’s policy of nonviolence in the face of violence seemed hypocritical, and the black community’s position of tolerance could no longer be counted on to hold. Just five days after the Voting Rights bill became law, a black uprising in which thirty-four people died began in the South Central Los Angeles ghetto called Watts. A wary America heard the first ominous strains of “get whitey” and “burn, baby, burn,” as a distinct pattern of summer violence began to emerge in black ghettos. While this growing division of black and white was more vividly reflected in areas that included the nation’s education system and public housing, it was also evident in America’s pop music. (That January, a year after Billboard eliminated its R&B chart because the listings were so similar to its Hot roo chart, the music trade paper began publishing it again.)
I’ll Be Around”(1974)
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thombell, Through Mighty Three Music, was now affiliated with Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff, but the affable and strong-willed maestro, regarded by industry movers and shakers as one of its hottest creative talents in the business, continued his independent production work. The bulk of it was with the Stylistics, whose lush, sweet-soul recordings had, after just one album, established the group as the leading practitioners of that genre.
“Philadelphiafreedom” (1976)
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Late 1975, Philadelphia International was temporarily invigorated by the O’Jays’ Family Reunion album and Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes’ Wake Up Everybody album. The title of the O’Jays album could have been an oblique nod to Kenny Gamble’s return to the Philadelphia International fold. The title of the Blue Notes album should have been heeded as a warning that, whatever the pending outcome of Project Sound, Philadelphia International could not survive indefinitely in its current depleted state. Former members of Lebaron Taylor’s Young Professionals, as well as another local writer/ arranger, Richard Rome, provided spirited competition in local R&B circles. Following Vince Montana’s Salsoul Orchestra blueprint, Rome (who was occasionally employed by Philadelphia International), rounded up the same personnel Montana used, right down to vocalists Barbara Ingram, Carla Benson, and Evette Benton, and created and produced a studio disco group that, in self-homage, he dubbed the Ritchie Family. Rome’s one-off lark resulted in a surprise hit album, Brazil. (When the Sigma Sweethearts refused to leave the recording studio to promote the album, lest they forfeit their now-multitudinous vocal backing sessions, Rome had to scurry to recruit three females to take their place on the road.) By then, Philadelphia was also a magnet for a myriad of competing artists and producers, from both near and far. Most people in the music business “are followers,” said Thom Bell. “So if there’s a great sound coming from Jumpville, Georgia, they’re gonna send their man to get that sound.” In the mid-197os, “Jumpville, Georgia” was Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Those unwilling to pay Gamble and Huff’s top-line production fee “would come to people like us,” said Morris Bailey. “We knew how to get the Philadelphia sound, it’s nothin’ to get! That kept us busy. We were able to pay our rent, buy a couple [of] houses. Nothin’ big like Kenny, but we were able to make a living.
Introduction
Authors: Pifer Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the scandal and controversy sparked by Lolitas provocative subject has never fully abated, the critical acclaim it received during the 1960s and 1970s served to dampen, if not quell, the outrage expressed by some readers (and nonreaders) of the novel. By 1970, a mere dozen years after its American debut, Alfred Appel, Jr., published a hefty scholarly edition, The Annotated Lolita, adding to the novel’s three hundred pages of text nearly as many pages of scholarly notes and commentary.
Parody and Authenticity in Lolita
Authors: Frosch Thomas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First, however, I suggest that we best describe Lolita generically not as a love story or a novel of pathos but as a romance. The plot itself is composed of a series of typical romance structures, each one a version of the quest or hunt and each one an embodiment of a specific type of suspense or anxiety. We begin with the pursuit of Lolita and the anxiety of overcoming sexual obstacles. Next, once Humbert and Lolita are lovers, we have a story of jealousy and possessiveness, as Humbert is beset by fears of rivals and by Lolita’s own resistance. Finally, in Humbert’s dealings with Quilty, we have a third and fourth type, each with its attendant style and anxiety: the double story and the revenge story. Furthermore, these plot structures are infused with the demonic (that is, a quality of uncanny power possessed originally by beings, whether good or evil, midway between gods and people), which is a primary characteristic of romance as a literary mode. Lolita is an inherently unpossessable object; her appeal consists partly in her transience-she will only be a nymphet for a brief time-and partly in her status as a demonic visitor to the common world.
Nabokov’s Novel Offspring: Lolita and Her Kin
Authors: Pifer Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nabokov’s novel has never fully recovered from the charges of obscenity that greeted it, despite the fact that they were quickly dismissed by the courts as well as by prominent critics. In the popular mind, the name Lolita has come to signify the cynical sophistication and sexual precocity, bordering on lewdness, of American and Americanized youth.
Neurostimulators and Neuroprostheses
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Along with the generation of axons and neurons to aid neurorecovery, the first quarter of the 21st century will see the creation of interfaces that allow neurons to drive or be driven by computers and micromachines (Table 4–1). Such human-machine interfaces may reduce impairments and disabilities. At a minimum, they will lessen handicaps by making the environment more negotiable.
Microbial Sex
Authors: Hopwood David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microbial genetics goes back at least 75 years.1 In the late 1920s, Bernard Dodge, at the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Washington, DC, and later at the New York Botanic Garden, worked out the sexual cycle of a pink bread mold called Neurospora crassa and learned how to make crosses. In the 1930s, Carl Lindegren at the California Institute of Technology made the fungus a good laboratory subject for genetics, isolating mutants and mapping them on the chromosomes. This laid the foundations for George Beadle and Edward Tatum, at Stanford University from 1940, to adopt Neurospora for their Nobel Prize–winning work on the direct relationship between genes and enzymes.2 Later, other fungi, including the mold Aspergillus nidulans, and especially brewer’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, became important models for studying genetics.
Functional Genomics
Authors: Hopwood David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first complete bacterial genome sequence, for Haemophilus influenzae, was published in 1995,1 followed the same year by the sequence for Mycoplasma genitalium. This simple, wall-less organism has one of the smallest genomes, only 580,070 base pairs and carrying just 470 genes. The genome sequence of a cyanobacterium (formerly called a blue-green alga) came in 1996, and in 1997 those for three chief model microbes: Escherichia coli, the workhorse of molecular microbiology; Bacillus subtilis, the model gram-positive bacillus; and baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a favorite for studying eukaryote molecular and cell biology. Completion of the yeast sequence was a triumph of organization because it resulted from a cooperation among100 laboratories in Canada, Japan, the United States, and Europe, including a European Union consortium of laboratories from almost every member state. The article in Nature summarizing the results had what may be a record of 633 authors.2 It was by far the largest genome to be completed, with more than 12 mil- lion base pairs of DNA distributed among 16 separate chromosomes, although encoding only about 6000 genes. This is far fewer than in a bacterial chromosome of the same size, because eukaryotic chromosomes contain long stretches of DNA that do not code for proteins. By early 2006, there were 316 complete genomes of bacteria alone, and another 933 were in progress.
Genomics Against Tuberculosis and Leprosy
Authors: Hopwood David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mycobacteria that cause tuberculosis and leprosy were some of the first actinomycetes to be described, in the 1870s and 1880s (Chapter 1). After World War II, streptomycin as a treatment for tuberculosis (TB) brought their relatives, the streptomycetes, to worldwide attention as antibiotic producers. In the following decades, actinomycete and fungal antibiotics helped to bring most bacterial infections under control, but those caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae remained very hard to treat. Much of this book has dealt with the genetic endowment of the streptomycetes and how it helps them meet the challenges of their soil environment. In this chapter, I describe how mycobacterial genetics and genomics is leading to a better understanding of the adaptations of M. tuberculosis and M. leprae to a very different life style, bringing nearer the prospect of eventually consigning TB and leprosy to history.
Five Critical Questions
Authors: Swain Joseph P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At this point the dimensional theory of harmonic rhythm is complete as far as I have taken it. Refinements are no doubt possible and desirable. But however much it may be improved, it would rarely be employed as the sole means to answer a question of music analysis or to tackle an interesting problem in criticism. As a perspective on harmony, perhaps the most technically sophisticated element of the Western tradition, any means of understanding harmonic rhythm might put claim to some centrality, but at the same time it treats only one aspect of one element of a most complex and subtle art.
Sickness, Life Stories, and Self-Respect
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the meaning model of the placebo response, patients are most likely to improve when the meanings of their illness experiences are altered in positive directions—when things are explained to them, they feel cared for, and they sense an enhanced degree of control over the symptoms. Modem medicine has much to offer to patients by way of biological and chemical treatments for many diseases. The placebo response, as an “add-on” to whatever biomedical therapy is offered to the patient, is extraordinarily variable and might turn out to constitute overall no more than ten to fifteen percent of the improvement in a patient’s physical health. However, many randomized, controlled trials are conducted today specifically for the purpose of proving that some new drug performs ten to fifteen percent better than the standard, older drug. If physicians are happy to adopt that new drug, they cannot logically disdain seeking the benefits of the placebo response for as many of their patients as possible. This requires that the meaning of the illness become a focus of each encounter between patient and physician. Because the story I tell about an event is the primary way I have of constructing the meaning the event has for me, medical encounters should focus, at least in part, upon the patient’s story.