bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility of Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) to Experimentally Induced Rabies with European Bat Lyssaviruses (EBLV)
Authors: Vos A. , Müller T. , Cox J. , Neubert L. , Fooks A. R. 
Published: March 2004

SummaryTwenty ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) were inoculated by intramuscular (i.m.) injection with European Bat Lyssaviruses (EBLV) type‐1 and 2 using 104.0foci‐forming units (FFU) EBLV‐2 (n = 6), 104.0FFU EBLV‐1 (n = 7) and 106.0FFU EBLV‐1 (n = 7). Furthermore, 15 mice received 102.5FFU EBLV‐2 (n = 5), 102.5FFU EBLV‐1 (n = 5) and 104.5FFU EBLV‐1 (n = 5) by i.m. inoculation. All ferrets and mice receiving the higher dose of EBLV‐1 succumbed to infection. In contrast, only three of seven ferrets and two of five mice inoculated experimentally with the lower EBLV‐1 dose died. By comparison, all of the EBLV‐2 infected ferrets and four of five mice survived infection. All 20 infected ferrets seroconverted. Using sensitive molecular tools, the virus was detected in different tissues, but it could not be found in any saliva samples taken during the 84‐day observation period.
Severe PPR Infection in Gazelles Kept Under Semi‐free Range Conditions
Authors: Elzein E. M. E. Abu , Housawi F. M. T. , Bashareek Y. , Gameel A. A. , Al‐Afaleq A. I. , Anderson E. 
Published: March 2004

SummaryBy the end of March 2002, a collection of some 200 gazelles, kept under semi range conditions in Saudi Arabia, was hit by a highly fatal peracute disease. The morbidity rate was 51% while the case mortality rate was 100%. Clinico‐pathological and virological investigations were carried out. A virus was isolated from the ailing gazelles which was identified as Peste des Petits Ruminants virus (PPRV). Epidemiology of the disease in the Arabian peninsula is discussed.
Antiviral Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeβ‐glucan to Swine Influenza Virus by Increased Production of Interferon‐γ and Nitric Oxide
Authors: Jung K. , Ha Y. , Ha S.‐K. , Han D. U. , Kim D.‐W. , Moon W. K. , Chae C. 
Published: March 2004

SummaryThe aim of these experiments was to investigate the potential antiviral effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeβ‐glucan on the pneumonia induced by swine influenza virus (SIV). Forty colostrum‐deprived 5‐day‐old piglets were randomly divided into four groups of 10. The 20 pigs in groups 1 and 2 were administered Saccharomyces cerevisiaeβ‐glucan orally (50 mg/day/pig; En‐Bio Technology Co., Ltd) for 3 days before SIV infection and those in groups 3 and 4 were given culture medium/diluent alone. Groups 1 and 3 were inoculated intranasally with 3 ml of tissue culture fluid containing 2 × 106 tissue culture infective doses 50% (TCID50)/ml of SIV and those in groups 2 and 4 were exposed in the same manner to uninfected cell culture supernatant. The microscopic lung lesions induced by SIV infection (group 1 pigs) were significantly more severe than those induced by infection in animals pre‐administered β‐glucan (group 3) (P < 0.05). Significantly more SIV nucleic acid was detected in the lungs of pigs experimentally infected with SIV only (group 1) at 5, 7 and 10 days post‐inoculation (dpi) compared with lungs from pigs pre‐administered β‐glucan and infected with SIV (group 3) (P < 0.05). The concentrations of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and nitric oxide (NO) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from pigs pre‐administered β‐glucan and infected with SIV (group 3) were significantly higher than for any other group at 7 and 10 dpi for IFN‐γ, and at 5, 7 and 10 dpi for NO (P < 0.05). Saccharomyces cerevisiaeβ‐glucan reduced the pulmonary lesion score and viral replication rate in SIV‐infected pigs. These findings support the potential application of β‐glucan as prophylactic/treatment agent in influenza virus infection.
Monoclonal Antibody Characterization of Rabies Virus Isolates from Russia, Finland and Estonia
Authors: Metlin A. E. , Cox J. , Rybakov S. S. , Huovilainen A. , Grouzdev K. N. , Neuvonen E. 
Published: March 2004

SummaryFive different rabies virus variants were identified among rabies virus‐positive samples from Russia, Finland and Estonia, using a panel of five anti‐nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies. Two rabies virus isolates showed a different reaction pattern, suggesting the presence of a new antigenic variant. The results were compared with the data obtained by other research groups.
Differential diagnosis of intraductal papillary‐mucinous tumor of the pancreas by endoscopic ultrasonography and intraductal ultrasonography
Authors: Kawaguchi Yoshiaki , Yasuda Kenjiro , Cho Eisai , Uno Koji , Tanaka Kiyohito , Nakajima Masatsugu 
Published: March 2004

Background:  Intraductal papillary‐mucinous tumor (IPMT) of the pancreas has a broad spectrum of histology ranging from hyperplasia to adenocarcinoma. Therefore, it is important to differentiate between the malignant and benign lesions to determine the therapeutic strategy for IPMT.Patients and Methods:  Thirty‐nine patients with IPMT (27 men and 12 women, mean age: 63.3 years) underwent surgery between January 1985 and March 2002. The size of the cystic lesion, the maximum diameter of the main pancreatic duct (MPD), and the height of the papillary tumor inside the cyst were investigated by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and/or intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) before operation. These preoperative clinical findings were compared with the pathological findings of the resected specimen.Results:  The size of the cystic lesion, the diameter of MPD, and the height of the papillary tumor in cases with malignant IPMT (invasive and non‐invasive carcinoma) were larger than those in cases with benign IPMT (adenoma and hyperplasia). Analysis of the images of the lesions revealed that the following three factors are important for diagnosing IPMT: (i) the size of the cystic lesion is ≥ 30 mm; (ii) the diameter of MPD is ≥ 8 mm; (iii) the height of the papillary tumor inside the cyst is ≥ 3 mm. It was not significant to differentiate between benign and malignant IPMT based on factor (i), but statistically significant (P < 0.001) based on factors (ii) and (iii).Conclusions:  EUS and IDUS are useful in the differential diagnosis of IPMT, especially in the differentiation between malignant and benign IPMT.
Three‐dimensional reconstruction of the mucosa from sequential sections of biopsy specimens of patients with ulcerative colitis: Relationship between crypt structure and vascular architecture
Authors: Furukawa Hiroo , Inoue Fumihiko , Miyake Naoki , Moriyasu Takayuki , Moriti Hisako , Saiga Tatuyosi 
Published: March 2004

Background:  In a previous paper, the stereographic reconstruction of the crypt structure of ulcerative colitis using the RATOCK System was described. The relationship between the blood vessels and the crypt structure is the focus of the current paper, using two kinds of tissue staining color in which the color differs. Stereographic images make the relationship between the crypt structure and blood vessel distribution understandable at a glance.Methods:  The methods used here are identical to those described in a previous paper. In the present paper, five cases of ulcerative colitis (UC) are examined. Biopsy specimens were obtained from the diseased, normal, and transitional zones (the area between the normal and diseased zones) from each patient. Three‐dimensional reconstruction was created using TRI for Windows (RATOC System Tokyo, Japan) software. In the present paper, two kinds of dyeing method between H&E and monoclonal antibody staining of the tissue was used. It was proven that the distribution of gland and blood vessel is very clear in the 3‐D reconstruction shown.Results:  (i) The blood vessels in the normal zones run parallel to the crypt in a regular manner and are almost identical to one another in diameter. (ii) In the transitional and diseased zones, the blood vessels show no clear direction and produce many branches without any apparent order. The blood vessels are, moreover, irregular in diameter. (iii) In short, clear parallelism is lost in both the transitional and diseased zones.Conclusion:  Stereographic reconstruction of endoscopically obtained biopsy specimens of UC‐affected tissues makes it possible to understand at a glance the distribution of blood vessels and their relationship to crypts. The relationship of these was clarified by the combined use of two kinds of dyeing method with three‐dimensional reconstruction.
Correlation between serum pepsinogen levels and gastric mucosal histological findings before and after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy
Authors: Kawai Takashi , Kawakami Kohei , Kudo Taku , Takei Kazuo , Moriyasu Fuminori , Takagi Yuu , Aoki Tatsuya , Koyanagi Yasuhisa , Serizawa Hiromi , Rinbara Emiko , Noguchi Masahisa , Sasatsu Masanori 
Published: March 2004

Background:  Helicobacter pylori causes chronic gastritis and is also associated with many other gastrointestinal diseases. The incidence of gastric cancer is thought to vary according to the degree and topography of chronic gastritis. Histological findings of specimens obtained at endoscopy are therefore important. In the present study, we investigated the correlation between these histological findings and serum pepsinogen (PG) levels.Methods:  Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy was conducted in 100 H. pylori‐positive patients. Endoscopies were performed prior to, and 2 months after, eradication therapy; gastric mucosal biopsies were taken from the antrum and corpus. Helicobacter pylori infection was diagnosed using the rapid urease test, culture and histology. Using the Updated Sydney System, histological findings of inflammation, activity, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia were each graded. Blood was taken on the same two occasions for determination of serum levels of PG I and II.Results:  Levels of PG I were highest in association with antrum‐predominant gastritis (APG), followed in order by pangastritis (PAN) and corpus‐predominant gastritis (CPG), with a significant difference between APG and CPG. No correlations were seen between PG II levels and gastritis topography. Examination of the relationship between PG levels and histological findings revealed significant correlations between PG I levels after eradication atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in the gastric corpus. No significant correlations were seen between PG II levels and before or after eradication histological findings.Conclusion:  Our results indicate that serum PG levels may be a useful indicator of before‐eradication gastritis topography and after‐eradication gastric atrophy in the gastric corpus.
Capsule endoscopic features of Crohn's disease
Authors: Reddy D Nageshwar , Kaffes Arthur J , Sriram Parupudi VJ , Rao G Venkat 
Published: March 2004

Background:  Crohn's disease (CD) is becoming increasingly recognized in Indian patients. As this disease often affects the small bowel, capsule endoscopy can help diagnose this disease and add valuable information regarding the extent of the disease. Our aim is to report our experience with the wireless capsule endoscope in patients with either known or suspected CD.Methods:  Patients referred for capsule endoscopy with known or suspected CD were studied. All patients underwent precapsule endoscopy colonoscopy and small bowel series examination. After an overnight fast and bowel preparation, the capsule was ingested and the data were recorded for 8 h on the external recording device. A gastroenterologist experienced in reading capsule endoscopy interpreted images.Results:  Eleven patients (mean age 42 years [range 14–70], 7 males) underwent capsule examination. Seven patients had symptoms suggestive of CD with no precapsule evidence of the disease, one had suspected small bowel pseudo‐obstruction and three had known CD. All patients had lesions in the small intestine consistent with CD. Two patients had strictures that led to a retained capsule, despite precapsule small bowel series.Conclusions:  Capsule endoscopy is emerging as a small bowel imaging modality that can greatly assist in making the diagnosis of CD. Small bowel radiology is unreliable in excluding strictures that may cause capsule retention.
Copepods act as a switch between alternative trophic cascades in marine pelagic food webs
Authors: Stibor Herwig , Vadstein Olav , Diehl Sebastian , Gelzleichter Anna , Hansen Thomas , Hantzsche Florian , Katechakis Alexis , Lippert Bettina , Løseth Kjetil , Peters Claudia , Roederer Wendy , Sandow Marcel , Sundt‐Hansen Line , Olsen Yngvar 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA recent meta‐analysis indicates that trophic cascades (indirect effects of predators on plants via herbivores) are weak in marine plankton in striking contrast to freshwater plankton (Shurin et al. 2002, Ecol. Lett., 5, 785–791). Here we show that in a marine plankton community consisting of jellyfish, calanoid copepods and algae, jellyfish predation consistently reduced copepods but produced two distinct, opposite responses of algal biomass. Calanoid copepods act as a switch between alternative trophic cascades along food chains of different length and with counteracting effects on algal biomass. Copepods reduced large algae but simultaneously promoted small algae by feeding on ciliates. The net effect of jellyfish on total algal biomass was positive when large algae were initially abundant in the phytoplankton, negative when small algae were dominant, but zero when experiments were analysed in combination. In contrast to marine systems, major pathways of energy flow in Daphnia‐dominated freshwater systems are of similar chain length. Thus, differences in the length of alternative, parallel food chains may explain the apparent discrepancy in trophic cascade strength between freshwater and marine planktonic systems.
Contrary effects of jasmonate treatment of two closely related plant species on attraction of and oviposition by a specialist herbivore
Authors: Lu Yao‐bin , Liu Shu‐sheng , Liu Yin‐quan , Furlong Michael J. , Zalucki Myron P. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractElevated jasmonic acid (JA) concentrations in response to herbivory can induce wounded plants to produce defences against herbivores. In laboratory and field experiments we compared the effects of exogenous JA treatment to two closely related cabbage species on the host‐searching and oviposition preference of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella. JA‐treated Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris) was less attractive than untreated Chinese cabbage to ovipositing DBM, while JA‐treatment of common cabbage (B. oleracea) made plants more attractive than untreated controls for oviposition by this insect. Similar effects were observed when plants of the two species were damaged by DBM larvae. In the absence of insect‐feeding, or JA application, Chinese cabbage is much more attractive to DBM than common cabbage. Inducible resistance therefore appears to occur in a more susceptible plant and induced susceptibility appears to occur in a more resistant plant, suggesting a possible balance mechanism between constitutive and inducible defences to a specialist herbivore.
Climate change, genotypic diversity and gene flow in reef‐building corals
Authors: Ayre David J. , Hughes Terence P. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn the ocean, large‐scale dispersal and replenishment by larvae is a key process underlying biological changes associated with global warming. On tropical reefs, coral bleaching, degradation of habitat and declining adult stocks are also likely to change contemporary patterns of dispersal and gene flow and may lead to range contractions or expansions. On the Great Barrier Reef, where adjacent reefs form a highly interconnected system, we use allozyme surveys of c. 3000 coral colonies to show that populations are genetically diverse, and rates of gene flow for a suite of five species range from modest to high among reefs up to 1200 km apart. In contrast, 700 km further south on Lord Howe Island, genetic diversity is markedly lower and populations are genetically isolated. The virtual absence of long‐distance dispersal of corals to geographically isolated, oceanic reefs renders them extremely vulnerable to global warming, even where local threats are minimal.
Defining Accountability Up: the Global Economic Multilaterals
Authors: Kahler Miles 
Published: March 2004

AbstractCritics of the global economic multilaterals (GEMs) – the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization – allege that these organizations fail the test of democratic accountability. Two distinct measures of democratic accountability have been applied to the GEMs. To the degree that these organizations display ‘accountability deficits’, those deficiencies are the result of choices by the most influential national governments. Three techniques have been deployed to enhance the accountability of the GEMs: transparency (more information for those outside the institution), competition (imitation of democratic accountability) and changes in rules of representation (accountability to stakeholders rather than shareholders). Each of these may impose costs, however, and may conflict with other valued aims of the organizations.
Disaggregated Sovereignty: Towards the Public Accountability of Global Government Networks
Authors: Slaughter Anne-Marie 
Published: March 2004

AbstractNetworks of government officials – police investigators, financial regulators, even judges and legislators – are a key feature of world order in the twenty-first century. Yet, these networks present significant accountability and legitimacy concerns. This article identifies and responds to the potential problems of government networks by suggesting means to increase their accountability and proposing norms to govern the relations of members of government networks with one another. Finally, the article develops the concept of disaggregated sovereignty, arguing that government networks have the capacity to enter into international regulatory regimes of various types and thereby are independently bound by the existing corpus of international law.
Global Governance, Participation and the Public Sphere
Authors: Nanz Patrizia , Steffek Jens 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe argue that the democratization of global governance will ultimately depend upon the creation of an appropriate public sphere that connects decision-making processes with transnational constituency. The emergence of such a public sphere would require more transparency in international organizations as well as institutional settings in which policy-makers respond to stakeholders’ concerns. Organized civil society plays a key role by exposing global rule-making to public scrutiny and bringing citizens’ concerns onto the agenda. We illustrate the prospects and difficulties of building a transnational public sphere with the example of the WTO.
Is there a ‘Democratic Deficit’ in World Politics? A Framework for Analysis
Authors: Moravcsik Andrew 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMany scholars, commentators and politicians assert that international organizations suffer from a severe ‘democratic deficit’. This article proposes a basic framework for evaluating this applied ethical critique of global governance. It rests on two criteria. The first, philosophical coherence, dictates consistent adherence to one or more conception of democratic legitimacy (libertarian, pluralist, social democratic or deliberative). The second, pragmatic appropriateness, requires that any philosophical standard be calibrated to reasonable expectations in the ‘second-best’ world constrained by transaction costs, commitment problems, and justice claims. The latter judgement is in large part empirical, for which existing constitutional practices in advanced industrial democracies provide the most reasonable baseline. By these two criteria – regardless of which specific conception of democracy is adopted as a starting point – the European Union appears to be democratically legitimate. This establishes a point of democratic legitimacy on the continuum of international institutions that could be analysed using this framework.
Macaca fascicularis vs. Macaca nemestrina as a model for topical microbicide safety studies
Authors: Patton Dorothy L. , Sweeney Yvonne C. , Tsai Che‐Chung , Hillier Sharon L. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract:  Preclinical studies of topical microbicide products, using appropriate animal models for assessing the safety of repeated use are essential. The pig‐tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) model has been used to assess the safety of vaginally and rectally applied topical microbicide products. The availability of sexually mature female pig‐tailed macaques has become extremely restricted. Currently, M. fascicularis is more readily available, and was therefore evaluated as an alternative model for topical microbicide pre‐clinical evaluation. Twenty sexually mature M. fascicularis were assessed for feasibility to mimic the established models. The rectal and cervicovaginal microenvironments of the M. fascicularis were determined to be similar to those of M. nemestrina and humans. The gross anatomy was significantly smaller than that of the pig‐tailed macaque, such that colposcopic examinations and multiple biopsies would not be possible. Thus, the M. fascicularis may not be useful for vaginally applied topical microbicide safety studies yet adequate for assessing safety of rectally applied topical microbicide products.
Blue light inhibits melanin synthesis in B16 melanoma 4A5 cells and skin pigmentation induced by ultraviolet B in guinea‐pigs
Authors: Ohara M. , Kobayashi M. , Fujiwara H. , Kitajima S. , Mitsuoka C. , Watanabe H. 
Published: March 2004

Background: Little has been known about the effects of visible light in mammalian cells. We recently found that blue light not only suppressed the growth of B16 melanoma cells in a time‐dependent manner but also inhibited metastasis of the B16 melanoma cells to the lung. These findings suggest that exposure to blue light modifies the functions of B16 melanoma cells. The present study investigated the effects of blue light on B16 melanoma 4A5 cells and Weiser–Maple guinea‐pigs to confirm the biological effect of blue light on melanin formation.Method: The effect of red, green, and blue light on melanin synthesis in B16 melanoma 4A5 cells was measured. The back skin of brown Weiser–Maple guinea‐pigs was exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB; 588 mJ/cm2 (0.7 mW/cm2× 14 min) three times a week for 2 weeks to induce melanin deposition. Thirty minutes after each UVB exposure, blue light was applied for 30 min. Pigmentation of the exposed areas of skin was checked once a week, and photographs of the skin were taken by digital camera. Observation was continued for 18 days after the final UVB exposure.Result: Melanin synthesis in B16 melanoma 4A5 cells was selectively suppressed by blue light, but blue light did not induce decolorization of previously produced melanin. In the back skin of brown guinea‐pigs, the brightness of the sites exposed to UVB began to decrease on the fifth day of the experiment, decreasing further from the 12th day to the 18th day after UVB exposure. The brightness of the sites exposed to UVB and blue light decreased in a manner similar during the UVB exposure, but remained relatively unchanged from the 12th day to the 30th day.Conclusion: These results suggest that blue light suppresses melanin formation following repeated UVB exposure. Further investigation with various light such as blue light may lead to a new approach to the care of ultraviolet‐affected skin such as hyperpigmentation.