bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Germanicus
Authors: Herbert-Brown Geraldine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the death of Augustus in ad 14, Ovid rededicated the Fasti and revised sections within it to incorporate the new dedicatee. That rededication was not, as might be expected, to the successor of Augustus, the new Princeps and Pontifex Maximus, but to Germanicus Caesar, nephew and adopted son of the new ruler. Yet Ovid’s reworking of the poem to honour his new dedicatee did not last long. Except for a brief outburst in the proem to book 4 (79-82), nothing beyond book 1 reveals any revisions to incorporate Germanicus. Even in book 1, the passages honouring him are few.
Introduction
Authors: Batty Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title I eventually chose for this work may seem at first glance both vague and cumbersome. Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity gives the reader few hints about which nomads are in question, which time periods, or about the geographical scope of the work. The term ‘Pontic-Danubian’, it must be admitted, lacks a familiar ring. Nevertheless, the title does have its merits. For the book is about Roman relations with a range of nomadic peoples. I aim to discuss not only the powerful rulers of the steppes who have captured so much historical attention, but also the small-scale nomads of the Balkan peninsula typified by the Vlachs and Sarakatsans, who have remained relatively under-studied.
Ovid in Exile
Authors: Batty Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two preceding chapters show how my interpretation of Pontic-Danubian history in the Middle Ages and beyond finds parallels in our evidence from the earliest periods of antiquity. The general evidence adduced in Chapter 4 was backed up by the crucial testimony of Strabo, who clearly understood how immigration and nomadism affected the region in the era before Roman control had solidified. Both these chapters discuss evidence about how people behaved on the large scale: with tribal movements, wars, and population changes. Yet one of the chief merits of the account of our region in Part I was that it examined life on the small scale.
Conclusions to Part II
Authors: Batty Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last three chapters I have tried to present a balance of historical evidence about the Pontic-Danubian region in early antiquity. General ideas common amongst Graeco-Roman writers were compared to the most learned account we have of this region and the testimony of a rare eyewitness. Taken together, this evidence undoubtedly conforms the analysis offered in Part I. To begin with, the evidence shows that the type of population influx which has characterized the region in later times was already present at this early date, with nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples moving into the region from the north, driving out or subjugating the local inhabitants.
Immigration and Empire
Authors: Batty Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lucius Ampelius’ potted history of the conquests of the Roman people, penned sometime between the second and fourth century ad, neatly encapsulates the problems historians have in dealing with the Roman Empire in our region.2 Some peoples which have appeared regularly in the last part of this book are absent: he lists no Thracians, no Celts, no Bastarnae, no Getae. The Moesi and Triballi also fail to merit mention. Furthermore, some names which do appear seem unwarranted: Trajan’s triumphs extended no more to the Scythians and Sarmatians than to the Indians. Ampelius, of course, was hardly the best authority: his little potpourri of knowledge was designed as an educational refresher—a handy reference or a crib sheet.
Urban Development in the Roman Period
Authors: Batty Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The final chapter in this book, a treatment of urban development during the Roman period, will be relatively short. The reasons for this should by now be obvious. Considerable archaeological evidence and numerous inscriptions might have been adduced to provide a picture of life in the cities. But from the ten preceding chapters it will be clear that however successful the Roman introduction of cities was (and it was by many measures remarkable), urbanization in the region remained relatively weak. Social and political upheaval, involving nomadic or mobile peoples, coupled with powerful, conservative traditions in rural areas and the problem of banditry, hindered city growth and sapped confidence.
Conclusions to Part III
Authors: Batty Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last five chapters contain only a selection of the available evidence. They were in no way meant to be an exhaustive survey; that would in any case hardly be desirable from the reader’s point of view. These chapters are meant to be read together; the themes they encapsulate interlock. As a result, the content has sometimes overlapped; but that, I feel, is a small price to pay for the chance to examine the issues from a variety of perspectives.
Portraits
Authors: Edwards M J , Swain Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collections of articles or papers by different authors sometimes meet with prejudice among those who feel that only the mind of a single writer can give sets of ideas an acceptable unity. This viewpoint is not absurd; at the same time it is not absolutely valid. For it is a common enough practice to assign difficult problems to working-parties and discussion groups for clarification. We do this because we recognize the value of hearing a number of different voices and points of view on a subject of shared interest. This collection of papers arises from a seminar series held in All Souls College at the end of 1991. All but one of the pieces were delivered at the seminar; we regret that one of the original papers could not be written up by its author. The conception of the seminar was indeed after the model of a working-party. Our idea was to examine the growth of biographical representation in the Greek and Latin literature of the Roman imperial period and later antiquity. We felt that a seminar was the ideal forum for this because the phenomenon of biographical representation was one to which scholars had paid relatively little attention and was therefore in need of the collective input that only discussion can give. It was clear to all of us from the start that the growth of biographical representation was not simply a matter for students of overtly biographical texts. Whether the ancients identified biography as a separate genre is a big question in itself (and one to which we return in part in the epilogue to the volume). But in the literature of the period covered by our essays interest in the person and the structuring of texts as a result of this interest went far beyond biography (however defined). Rather, it is a subject of enquiry that is relevant to literary scholars, historians, philosophers, and theolo-gians. It was upon this basis that the seminar speakers were assembled.
Biography and Biographic in the Literature of the Roman Empire
Authors: Swain Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Greek and Latin literature of the Roman Empire displays a marked biographical trend. The aim of this book is to illustrate this through studies of six relevant texts and authors. By way of introduction this first chapter examines the range and function of such texts against some of the historical and social changes of the age. As has been remarked in the Preface, this is not an introduction to the following chapters as such. Rather, this piece has its own distinctive interests and approaches. It aims to outline ways of reading the background to the literary-historical developments that are behind the concerns of this book.The biographical trend we are interested in amounts to much more than a style of presentation where people and persons are more important in texts than places and things.
Eusebius ‘ Vita Constantini and the Construction of Constantine
Authors: Cameron Averil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all the difficulties involved in judging its reliability, Eusebius ‘ Vita Constantini has served many generations of historians as a guide to Constantine ‘s life and career, none more so than T. D. Barnes, whose standard work, Constantine and Eusebius (1981) relies heavily on its evidence. That the Vita uneasily combines history and panegyric is well known; accordingly, G. Pasquali in 1910, followed by Barnes in 1989 and 1993, argued for a two-stage composition and change of genre midstream.1 Certainly Eusebius has left a very untidy, and in the eyes of many scholars unfinished, work, a fact which makes judgements of genre somewhat unsafe. But genre is one thing, reading another. The Vita (henceforth VC, not necessarily to be taken as Eusebius ‘ original title) has to be read as a text before it can be read as a source. Yet its very ambiguity has rendered it capable of several different readings. A full history of the interpretation and reception of the VC would require a substantial volume, and would be a volume worth writing.
Deiotarus
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OF the client princes in the last age of the Roman Republic the best known is beyond doubt Deiotarus the Galarian. The oration survives which Cicero delivered before Caesar the Dictator, vindicating an old friend and a steadfast vassal of Rome. Allegiance to the vanquished cause of Pompeius and of Cato curtailed the dominions of Deiotarus and imperilled a regal ride but magnified his posthumous fame. Eager testimony expounds his manifold excellences. The splendid and monarchic virtues, all were his. Not less the primordial elements in the moral code of the Roman aristocrat: ‘quid de virtute eius dicam, de magnitudine animi gravitate constanria’. Nor was the Galarian devoid of certain solid and less decorative qualities that went to the hearts of a different order in society, with different standards, the equestrian class. Deiotarus did not succumb to luxury and extravagance. He practised ‘frugalitas’. Romans gainfully employed in the eastern lands knew him as a sound man of affairs, the model farmer and stock-raiser ‘oprimus paterfamilias et diligenrissimus agricola et pecuarius’. This is high praise. Indirect testimony supplements the reference to the agronomic interests of Deiotarus: a citizen of Nicaea compiled for his use an abridgement of the classic Carthaginian manual of agricultural science. Further, if a dubious anecdote be admitted, Deiotarus’ exertions did not stop with the rational exploitation of his resources but were directed to the advancement of civilization: Crassus found him building a city. That was the path of progress in a land of temples, castles, and villages.
The Status of Armenia Minor
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pompeius’ settlement of the eastern lands took due account of strategic needs, for offence as well as for defence. The main crossings of the River Euphrates were placed in the hands of Roman vassals. For an invasion of the high country of Armenia, the best route ran from Pontus through the region called Armenia Minor, in the direction of Erzurum. Armenia Minor was highly important. To which king or dynast was it awarded by grant of the Imperator? The dynasts of Armenia Minor extended their rule northwards over the wild regions towards Pharnacia and Trapezus. The last of them, Antipater the son of Sisis, had surrendered his realm to Mithridates Eupator. Now Deiotarus the Galatian, i:he tetrarch of the Tolistobogii, received from Pompeius Magnus the territories about Pharnacia and Trapezus ‘as far as Colchis and Armenia Minor’: that is to say, the eastern and southern limits of his possessions in Pontus are thereby indicated.
Lycomedes the Lord of Comana
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The civil dissensions of the Romans, spreading rapidly to their imperial domain, unfolded brilliant prospects of advancement for foreign as well as for Italian adventurers—wealth, power, and kingdoms to be won. Of the adherents of the Roman leaders in the eastern lands, some were just brigands. That appellation adheres with some justice to Cleon the Mysian, if not to Antipater the despot of Derbe and Laranda; and some spoke derisively of Caesar’s partisan, Mithridates of Pergamum.
Pisidia and the Milyas
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The incorporation of certain Pontic territories (c.2 B.C.) was perhaps a measure not merely local in significance. It might have led to something more. As the event showed, it was a change without consequence. The prime action in this age of Anatolian history concerns Galatia and the mountain zone in the south. A vast new province was created (in or soon after 25 B.C.). Amyntas in the execution of his duties as an agent of the imperial peace met his end in a valley of the Taurus, taken and killed by the savage Homonadenses (26 or 25 B.C.). What was to be done with that vast conglomeration of countries that extended from the borders of Bithynia, Paphlagonia, and Pontus southwards over the plateau and over the mountains to the plain of Pamphylia and the precipitous coast of Rough Cilicia? Amyntas showed signal merit, and he left a son, Pylaemenes, whose name betrays some claim or hope for the reversion of the adjacent principality of Paphlagonia.4 But the new dynasty was not perpetuated, even in its native land.
The Eastern Legions
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 27 B.C., Octavianus confronted the Senate with an offer to resign all his powers. Rendering an account of his activities, the Princeps no doubt insisted on laying before the high assembly facts and figures — armies and provinces, the demobilization since Actium, the present establishment, and future needs. A document of this type existed forty years later, written by Augustus in his own hand. Tiberius Caesar ordered it to be read out. After the first regulation of the ruler’s province and prerogatives, twenty-six legions or thereabouts were kept in service, I-XX, with half a dozen others bearing duplicate numbers. Of the latter, most if not all were old Antonian units, and they were stationed in the eastern lands. The highest number, XX, may have a significance that is more than decimal. It may correspond to the full strength of the Roman army existing, or deemed to exist, at some time before the Civil Wars-at least the last generation of the Republic shows no formation numbered above XVIII. When Augustus later enrolled two legions they were styled XXI and XXII. None of his successors, though they augmented the army, deserted the numerical precedent until Trajan produced XXX Ulpia Victrix, a proud title uniting his name and his glory, a symbol but also a fact. The emperor was the master of thirty legions.
The Homonadensian War
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Promoted through the patronage of Augustus, P. Sulpicius Quirinius, like most of the novi homines, failed to endear himself to a society in which all classes were imbued with aristocratic prepossessions. They despised the man from Lanuvium for his municipal origin; his wealth provoked anger and resentment. The last years of Quirinius exhibited an ugly spectacle—’sordida et praepotens senecta’. His wife Aemilia Lepida sought to ensnare his fortune with a supposititious heir. Quirinius was not content to divorce—there were other charges, and he was bent on ruining her. Though Lepida got up a public demonstration in the theatre of Pompeius Magnus, society ladies and the Roman plebs competing to execrate the upstart, justice or the influence of Quirinius prevailed.
The Expedition of Caius Caesar
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the year 2 B.C. the city of Rome witnessed a cumulation of governmental acts and public shows. A loyal Senate, interpreting the wishes of a grateful nation, confered upon Augustus the official title of ‘pater patriae’. It had been his for the asking since nearly thirty years—’hic ames dici pater atque princeps’. Though not novel, the theme was invested with permanent value: no doubt the eloquent Messalla made the most of it. Perspicacious or malevolent observers may have discovered a greater significance in the institution, for the ‘first time, of regular commanders of the Praetorian Guard.
The sassanian period and early islam, c.AD 224-651
Authors: Dalley Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By The Time The Parthians Gave Way To The Sassanians as rulers of Mesopotamia, the physical presence of cuneiform writing and libraries had come to an end. This change is sometimes seen as making a clean break with ancient times. But clear evidence that some major cults continued is recorded in the Babylonian Talmud in the sayings of Rav, who began to teach in Mesopotamia after 219 and founded a new academy there at Sura.
Mediation, Competition, and Sovereignty: The Evolution of Rural Sanctuaries in Geometric Greece
Authors: De Polignac François 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any general theory which seeks to account for phenomena previously considered separately runs the risk of producing an interpretative model which is too rigid and which treats in an over-schematic way a reality which is rather more variable and nuanced than the explanations proposed for it, In the case of a theory based on archaeological data, there is a further danger of which one must be more or less aware: that of being proved false by a new discovery which brings into question facts until then held to be certain. Even in the best of circumstances it is not possible to escape from the necessity of adjusting the theory in the light of the development of archaeological knowledge and interpretation. Until now, perhaps simply by chance, the ideas advanced a decade ago in La Naissance de la cite grecque, about the early history of cults in the countryside and their role in the formation of cities during the Archaic period, have not been formally contradicted by the results of excavations carried out in the mean time. Nevertheless, the moment has come to return critically to some of the concepts which that work put into play, and to refine them in bringing more recent discoveries into the picture.
The Spatial Configuration of Belief: The Archaeology of Mycenaean Religion
Authors: Wright James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The archaeological traces of Mycenaean religion demonstrate three broad types of religious sites. These are the megaron with its central hearth and throne, the shrine building, and open air settings. But there is no agreement among scholars as to how the available evidence fits into these categories. For example, Hagg has argued forcefully in favour of identifying a house shrine type, Lam brinoudakis has suggested that the remains at the Maleatas terrace at Epidauros are of a Minoan-type peak sanctuary, and Klaus Kilian has hypothesized that the remains from Ayíos Ilias near Tiryns are part of a cult located in a small cavern. These examples illustrate the need for clear-cut criteria that distinguish among the different types and that allow us to speak comprehensively about the nature of Mycenaean religious practice and belief.
The Distribution of Sanctuaries in Civic Space in Arkadia
Authors: Jost Madeleine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distribution of sanctuaries in a region is related to the physical lie of its land, its human geography, and its political life (Ill. 9.1). Arkadia is a region where the landscape is sufficiently varied and the historical development sufficiently well known to allow an enquiry into the factors which play a part in the choice of sanctuary sites. In this paper I will examine the placing of sanctuaries, considering them both individually and as part of the network which they form in marking out the territory of a city. The factors which emerge as important in Arkadia are the factors which generally influence the placing of sanctuaries in other areas of Greece, but the particular blend apparent in Arkadia is part of what gives that region its characteristic identity. In Arkadia, as elsewhere, certain places seem destined to be considered sacred, and certain types of landscape attract cults of one divinity rather than another.
Reciprocity and Ritual
Authors: Seaford Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an exciting and entirely new synthesis, combining anthropology, political and social history, and the close reading of central Greek texts, to account for two the most significant hallmarks in Homeric epic and Athenian tragedy: the representation of ritual and codes of reciprocity. Both genres are pervaded by these features, yet each treats them in entirely different ways. In this book, Dr Seaford shows that these differences cannot be accounted for in merely literary terms, but require a historical explanation. Homer in its final form is a product of the city state at an earlier historical stage than is tragedy. It is the growth of the city-state and its concomitant developments - in particular of law and of money, as well as in the practice of ritual - that provide a key to the crystallization of the Homeric narrative tradition, to the specificity of tragedy, and to certain features of the thought of the period. In the case of reciprocity, again - whether the positive reciprocity associated with gift-giving or the hostile reciprocity of revenge - the systematic distinctions between Homer and tragedy can be explained only from a historical perspective. In its characteristic movement tradegy reflects and confirms the transition from one kind of society towards another: from a network of reciprocial relations, characteristic of societies where the state is weak or absent, to the organization of citizens around a single centre or series of centres, the institutions and cults of the city-state. Challenging, thoroughly lucid, and at times controversial, this lively and original work is the first to attempt to understand the development of early Greek literature from the perspective of state-formation. It should interest all serious students and scholars of both the literature and the history of classical Greece.
Some Twentieth-century Views of Horace
Authors: Harrison S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even to list all the scholarly work that has been published on Horace since 1900 would consume a whole volume. This survey will therefore be limited to a brief sketch of some of the main lines of Horatian criticism in the present century, providing a context in which the studies which follow may be set. For the same reason, it will be largely confined to material published in book form; those seeking articles on particular subjects are directed towards the useful bibliographical collections of Kissel (1981) and Doblhofer (1992).
Reading Horace in the Quattrocento: The Hymn to Mars of Michael Marullus
Authors: Mcgann M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1482, about a decade after the appearance of the editio princeps, Cristoforo Landino’s edition of Horace was published in Florence. It was prefaced by a poem in asdepiads composed by Politian, in which he welcomed the liberation of Horace from the barbarian fetter, the removal of the cloud from his brow, and his restoration, rejuvenated and all nicely scrubbed, to the band of nimble dancers: Quis te a barbarica compede vindicat? Quis frontis nebulam dispulit, & situ Deterso levibus restituit choris Cur(a)ta iuvenem cute? This was not Politian’s first essay in a Horatian form. An ode to the bishop of Arezzo arises from the Pazzi conspiracy of 1478 against the Medici.