bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A numerical study of combined forced and natural convection heat transfer in a vertical cylinder bundle
Authors: Inoue Ken , Hattori Naozo 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCombined forced and natural convection in a bundle of vertical cylinders have been studied numerically with the aid of Riemann geometry. The cylinders heated uniformly are arranged in an equilateral triangular pattern of three bundle spacings S/D = 1.1, 1.5, and 1.9. Numerical calculations are made of the mixed convection of air (Pr = 0.7) in a subchannel of the bundle at ratios of modified Grashof number to Reynolds number Gr*/Re from 1 to 105. The results show that the reverse flows appear along the center line in the subchannel with increasing Gr*/Re. Local Nusselt numbers for the thermally fully‐developed region are well correlated with Gr*/Re. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(7): 639–649, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10118
Non‐viral human IL‐10 gene expression reduces acute rejection in heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation in rats
Authors: Hong In Chul , Mullen Patricia M. , Precht Andrew F. , Khanna Ajai , Li Melissa , Behling Cynthia , Lopez Valerie F. , Chiou Henry C. , Moss Ronald B. , Hart Marquis E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe studied nonviral delivery, expression, and the effect of the human interleukin‐10 (Hu IL‐10) gene on the rat model of heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation (HALT). Two previous pilot studies showed remarkable expression of the Hu IL‐10 gene in donor and recipient rats, and a decreasing effect of acute rejection in certain cases. In this study, we focused on the efficacy of Hu IL‐10 gene expression to decrease acute rejection compared with cyclosporine A (CyA) in a HALT model. Three study groups and one control group were designed. Each group consisted of 6 DA donor and 6 Lewis recipient rats, which underwent HALT. In the control group, donors and recipients were not treated at all. In group II, recipients were treated with one dose of CyA. In group III, donors were treated with Hu IL‐10 plasmid. In group IV, donors were treated with Hu IL‐10 plasmid, and recipients were treated with one dose of CyA. Rejection was established by histopathology: it revealed 100% rejection in control and 33.3% rejection in study groups II, III, and IV. Human IL‐10 gene expression prevented acute rejection with the same efficacy as CyA in the HALT model in rats. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 23:432–436 2003
Charge injection into disordered molecular films
Authors: Burin Alexander L. , Ratner Mark A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLight‐emitting devices made by organic or inorganic dielectric films placed between two metal electrodes emit light because of the radiative recombination of positive and negative charge carriers entering the dielectric from the anode and cathode sides, respectively, under applied voltage. Standard vapor‐deposition technology of the device construction suggests the remarkable disordering at the metal dielectric interface and in the structure of dielectric film. The structural imperfections strongly affect carrier injection and transport, device efficiency, performance, and stability. In this article we describe the effect of disordering on the injection current through the dielectric layer and discuss the implications for the device performance. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2601–2621, 2003
Synthesis and electrochromic properties of a new family of methacrylate polymers containing pendant oligothiophenes
Authors: Ohsedo Yutaka , Imae Ichiro , Shirota Yasuhiko 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA new family of methacrylate polymers containing pendant terthiophene, quaterthiophene, quinquethiophene, and sexithiophene was synthesized by the radical polymerization of the corresponding methacrylate monomers, and the electrochemical and electrochromic properties were investigated. The anodic oxidation of these polymers in the presence of tetra‐n‐butylammonium perchlorate as a supporting electrolyte produced radical‐cation salts of pendant oligothiophenes with ClO as a dopant. The electrochemically oxidized polymers had partially crosslinked structures resulting from the coupling reaction of pendant oligothiophene radical cations, the extent of crosslinking significantly decreasing with the increasing conjugation length of the pendant oligothiophenes. Comparative spectroelectrochemical studies of the monomers in solution and the polymers as solid films showed that π‐dimer formation of oligothiophene radical cations took place more readily for the polymer films than for the monomers in solution. This new family of methacrylate polymers containing pendant oligothiophenes constitutes a new class of potential electrochromic materials, undergoing reversible, clear color changes on electrochemical oxidation and reduction. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2471–2484, 2003
Electronic injection and conduction processes for polymer devices
Authors: Braun David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis article summarizes mechanisms considered to explain electronic transport in organic and polymer devices, primarily light‐emitting diodes. Four tables summarize models on the basis of thermal processes such as thermionic and field emission, a variety of tunneling paths, hopping, space‐charge‐limited models, and several field‐dependent mobility models. Energy‐band diagrams illustrate and compare selected models. This article catalogs the mechanisms in an effort to easily direct readers to the relevant literature for more detailed treatments. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2622–2629, 2003
Magnetism of small Mn clusters
Authors: Guevara Javier , María Llois Ana , Aguilera‐Granja F. , Montejano‐Carrizales J. M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe role of structure on the magnetic properties of Mn clusters is investigated by performing calculations for different growth families, icosahedral, bcc and fcc. The spin‐polarized electronic properties of these geometries are calculated by solving an spd tight‐binding Hubbard‐like Hamiltonian in the unrestricted Hartree–Fock approximation by using a bulk‐like parametrization, extra orbitals of s‐like character being added to take into account spillover effects present in transition metal clusters. Conclusions about the possible structure of these clusters as a function of size are drawn by comparison with recent experimental results. We find that for small clusters the preferred structure is mainly icosahedral while for larger sizes (N ≥ 30) the bcc structure begins to compete with the icosahedral one. The magnetic coupling within the clusters is non‐ferromagnetic.
Confinement‐, surface‐ and disorder‐related effects in the resonant Raman spectra of nanometric CdS1−xSex crystals
Authors: Gomonnai A. V. , Azhniuk Yu. M. , Yukhymchuk V. O. , Kranjčec M. , Lopushansky V. V. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Raman spectra of CdS1−xSex nanocrystals, embedded in a borosilicate glass matrix, are studied, CdS‐like and CdSe‐like LO phonon frequencies being used to determine the nanocrystal composition. The Raman lineshape is analyzed taking account of confinement‐related phonons with nonzero wavevector, surface phonon modes, glass matrix pressure and disorder effects.
Electron irradiation‐induced electro‐migration and diffusion of defects in Mg‐doped GaN
Authors: Gelhausen O. , Klein H. N. , Phillips M. R. , Goldys E. M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn‐plane‐ and depth‐resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) microanalysis and spectroscopy was carried out to study the impact of electron injection on electro‐migration and diffusion of native defects and residual impurities in rapidly thermally annealed (RTA) Mg‐doped p‐type GaN. During intense electron beam irradiation (e.g. Eb = 10 keV, Ib = 80 nA), an electric field is generated within the primary beam interaction volume. We observed the following two electric field‐related effects: (i) an increased electron recombination length and a subsequent field‐assisted charge spreading, which causes a dissociation of Mg–H complexes beyond the interaction volume of the primary electron beam, and ii) thermally assisted electro‐migration of positively charged, mobile defects leading to the formation of deeper complexes, which are highly stable and act as nonradiative recombination pathways. Furthermore, the diffusion of electron beam‐dissociated hydrogen was found to result in the passivation of Mg acceptors beyond the charge recombination volume.
Prospects for carrier‐mediated ferromagnetism in GaN
Authors: Graf Tobias , Goennenwein Sebastian T. B. , Brandt Martin S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRoom‐temperature ferromagnetism has been theoretically predicted for Mn‐doped GaN, making this material promising for spintronic applications.	The cover figure shows the defect molecule picture for Mn3+‐induced gap states, which are derived from the antibonding transition‐metal t2↑ orbitals and the dangling bond t2↑↓ states of the host lattice. One of the d‐like Mn3+ t2↑ levels is occupied by a hole. These localized spins together with free valence‐band holes mediate the magnetic coupling, resulting in a very high Curie temperature.The first author of the Feature Article [1], Tobias Graf, has been working on electrically detected magnetic resonance of III–V alloys, at the Walter Schottky Institut of TU München.
Individual Difference in the Pharmacokinetics of a Drug, Pravastatin, in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Ogawa Katsutoshi , Hasegawa Setsuo , Udaka Yuko , Nara Keinosuke , Iwai Shinichi , Oguchi Katsuji 
Published: October 2003

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether there were individual pharmacokinetic differences of a drug, pravastatin. Furthermore, the percentage of subjects who showed pharmacokinetic differences was determined. A single oral dose of pravastatin 10 mg was administered to 84 Japanese healthy male subjects. Serum concentrations of pravastatin were measured for 8 hours postdose. Area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) and peak concentration (Cmax) were determined as primary evaluation parameters. An outlier was defined as follows:Outlier 1 < Q1 ‐ (Q3 ‐ Q1) × 1.5 or Q3 + (Q3 ‐ Q1) × 1.5 < Outlier 1,Outlier 2 < Q1 ‐ (Q3 ‐ Q1) × 3 or Q3 + (Q3 ‐ Q1) × 3 < Outlier 2.Subjects who were outliers were regarded as having an individual difference in pharmacokinetic behavior. In AUC and Cmax, 4 of 84 subjects (4.8%) were higher outliers. Of these 4 subjects, 2 were high outliers in both AUC and Cmax. No subjects were low outliers. It was concluded that a significant individual difference in the pharmacokinetics of pravastatin was observed in 4.8% of the subjects (4/84).
Intranodal Administration of Peptide-Pulsed Mature Dendritic Cell Vaccines Results in Superior CD8+T-Cell Function in Melanoma Patients
Authors: Bedrosian Isabelle , Mick Rosemarie , Xu Shuwen , Nisenbaum Harvey , Faries Mark , Zhang Paul , Cohen Peter A. , Koski Gary , Czerniecki Brian J. 
Published: October 2003

Purpose: We evaluated the feasibility, safety, and immunogenicity of mature, peptide-pulsed dendritic cell (DC) vaccines administered by different routes.Patients and Methods: We performed a randomized, phase I, dose-escalation study in 27 patients with metastatic melanoma receiving four autologous peptide-pulsed DC vaccinations. Patients were randomly assigned to an intravenous (IV), intranodal (IN), or intradermal (ID) route of administration (ROA). For each route, primary end points were dose-limiting toxicity, maximum-tolerated dose, and T-cell sensitization. Sensitization was evaluated through tetramer staining, in vitro peptide recognition assays, and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses.Results: Twenty-two (81.5%) of 27 patients completed all four vaccinations. Vaccinations were well tolerated; a few patients exhibited grade 1 to 2 toxicities including rash, fever, and injection site reaction. All routes of administration induced comparable increases in tetramer-staining CD8+T cells (five of seven IV, four of seven IN, and four of six ID patients). However, the IN route induced significantly higher rates for de novo development of CD8+T cells that respond by cytokine secretion to peptide-pulsed targets (six [85.7%] of seven IN patients v two [33%] of six ID patients v none [0%] of six IV patients; P = .005) and de novo DTH (seven [87.5%] of eight IN patients v two [33.3%] of six ID patients v one [14.3%] of seven IV patients; P = .01) compared with other routes.Conclusion: Administration of this peptide-pulsed mature DC vaccine by IN, IV, or ID routes is feasible and safe. IN administration seems to result in superior T-cell sensitization as measured by de novo target-cell recognition and DTH priming, indicating that IN may be the preferred ROA for mature DC vaccines.
Electrical activity of caudal neurosecretory neurons in seawater- and freshwater-adapted flounder: responses to cholinergic agonists
Authors: Brierley M. J. , Ashworth A. J. , Craven T. P. , Woodburn M. , Banks J. R. , Lu W. , Riccardi D. , Balment R. J. , McCrohan C. R. 
Published: October 2003

SUMMARY
The caudal neurosecretory system (CNSS) of the euryhaline flounder is involved in osmoregulatory responses underlying adaptation to seawater and freshwater. This study compared electrophysiological activity and responses to cholinergic agonists in the neuroendocrine Dahlgren cells in an in vitro preparation taken from fully seawater- (SWA) or freshwater-adapted(FWA) fish. Resting membrane and action potential parameters showed few differences between SWA and FWA cells. The hyperpolarisation-activated sag potential and depolarising afterpotential were present under both conditions;however, amplitude of the latter was significantly greater in SWA cells. The proportions of cells within the population exhibiting different firing patterns were similar in both adaptation states. However, bursting parameters were more variable in FWA cells, suggesting that bursting activity was less robust. The muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine, was largely inhibitory in Dahlgren cells, but increased activity in a non-Dahlgren cell population,α neurons. Nicotine promoted bursting activity in SWA Dahlgren cells,whereas it inhibited over half of FWA cells.
Seismic signals in a courting male jumping spider (Araneae:Salticidae)
Authors: Elias Damian O. , Mason Andrew C. , Maddison Wayne P. , Hoy Ronald R. 
Published: October 2003

SUMMARYVisual displays in jumping spiders have long been known to be among the most elaborate animal communication behaviours. We now show that one species, Habronattus dossenus, also exhibits an unprecedented complexity of signalling behaviour in the vibratory (seismic) modality. We videotaped courtship behaviour and used laser vibrometry to record seismic signals and observed that each prominent visual signal is accompanied by a subsequent seismic component. Three broad categories of seismic signals were observed(`thumps', `scrapes' and `buzzes'). To further characterize these signals we used synchronous high-speed video and laser vibrometry and observed that only one seismic signal component was produced concurrently with visual signals. We examined the mechanisms by which seismic signals are produced through a series of signal ablation experiments. Preventing abdominal movements effectively`silenced' seismic signals but did not affect any visual component of courtship behaviour. Preventing direct abdominal contact with the cephalothorax, while still allowing abdominal movement, only silenced thump and scrape signals but not buzz signals. Therefore, although there is a precise temporal coordination of visual and seismic signals, this is not due to a common production mechanism. Seismic signals are produced independently of visual signals, and at least three independent mechanisms are used to produce individual seismic signal components.
Arsenic — a Review. Part II: Oxidation of Arsenic and its Removal in Water Treatment
Authors: Bissen Monique , Frimmel Fritz H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn natural waters arsenic normally occurs in the oxidation states +III (arsenite) and +V (arsenate). The removal of As(III) is more difficult than the removal of As(V). Therefore, As(III) has to be oxidized to As(V) prior to its removal. The oxidation in the presence of air or pure oxygen is slow. The oxidation rate can be increased by ozone, chlorine, hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, or H2O2. The oxidation of As(III) is also possible in the presence of manganese oxide coated sands or by advanced oxidation processes.Arsenic can be removed from waters by coprecipitation with Fe(OH)3, MnO2 or during water softening. Fixed‐bed filters have successfully been applied for the removal of arsenic.The effectiveness of arsenic removal was tested in the presence of adsorbents such as FeOOH, activated alumina, ferruginous manganese ore, granular activated carbon, or natural zeolites. Other removal technologies are anion exchange, electrocoagulation, and membrane filtration by ultrafiltration, nanofiltration or reverse osmosis.
A view of our future: The case for redesigning rheumatology practice
Authors: Timothy Harrington J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract“At no time in the history of medicine has the growth in knowledge been so profound… As medical science and technology have advanced at a rapid pace, however, the health care delivery system has foundered in its ability to provide consistently high quality care for all Americans…The American health care delivery system is in need of fundamental change.” Committee on Quality Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine (1).
Microscopic polyangiitis and polyarteritis nodosa: How and when do they start?
Authors: Agard Christian , Mouthon Luc , Mahr Alfred , Guillevin Loïc 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo describe initial clinical symptoms attributable to microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) or polyarteritis nodosa (PAN).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical files of 72 patients (mean followup 6.7 years) with biopsy‐proven MPA (n = 36) or PAN (n = 36).ResultsInitial manifestations were similar in both entities except for peripheral neuropathy (P = 0.02) and gastrointestinal tract involvement (P = 0.006), which were significantly more frequent in PAN, and general signs alone in MPA (8%; P = 0.02). The mean time to diagnosis was 9.8 ± 19.4 months; 35% of the patients died and 26% relapsed; significantly more MPA than PAN patients relapsed (P = 0.03). Time to diagnosis ≥90 days was associated with a trend toward more patients relapsing (P = 0.12), but not with an increased risk of mortality.ConclusionInitial symptoms of MPA and PAN are usually nonspecific and last for several months before the diagnosis is made. A longer time to diagnosis is associated with a tendency to a higher relapse rate.
The Effect of Ring Nitrogen Atoms on the Homolytic Reactivity of Phenolic Compounds: Understanding the Radical‐Scavenging Ability of 5‐Pyrimidinols
Authors: Valgimigli Luca , Brigati Giovanni , Pedulli Gian Franco , DiLabio Gino A. , Mastragostino Marina , Arbizzani Catia , Pratt Derek A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSix substituted 5‐pyrimidinols were synthesized, and the thermochemistry and kinetics of their reactions with free radicals were studied and compared to those of equivalently substituted phenols. To assess their potential as hydrogen‐atom donors to free radicals, we measured their OH bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) using the radical equilibration electron paramagnetic resonance technique. This revealed that the OH BDEs in 5‐pyrimidinols are, on average, about 2.5 kcal mol−1 higher than those in equivalently substituted phenols. The results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions, and confirm that substituent effects on the OH BDE of 5‐pyrimidinol are essentially the same as those on the OH BDE in phenol. The kinetics of the reactions of these compounds with peroxyl radicals has been studied by their inhibition of the AIBN‐initiated autoxidation of styrene, and with alkyl and alkoxyl radicals by competition kinetics. Despite their larger OH BDEs, 5‐pyrimidinols appear to transfer their phenolic hydrogen‐atom to peroxyl radicals as quickly as equivalently substituted phenols, while their reactivity toward alkyl radicals far exceeds that of the corresponding phenols. We suggest that this rate enhancement, which is large in the case of alkyl radical reactions, small in the case of peroxyl radical reactions, and nonexistent in the case of alkoxyl radical reactions, is due to polar effects in the transition states of these atom‐transfer reactions. This hypothesis is supported by additional experimental and theoretical results. Despite this higher reactivity of 5‐pyrimidinols towards radicals compared to phenols, electrochemical measurements indicate that they are more stable to one‐electron oxidation than equivalently substituted phenols. For example, the 5‐pyrimidinol analogues of 2,4,6‐trimethylphenol and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were found to have oxidation potentials approximately 400 mV higher than their phenolic counterparts, but reacted roughly one order of magnitude faster with alkyl radicals and at about the same rate with peroxyl radicals. The 5‐pyrimidinol structure should, therefore, serve as a useful template for the rational design of novel air‐stable radical scavengers and chain‐breaking antioxidants that are more effective than phenols.
Structure and Reactivity of Homoleptic Samarium(II) and Thulium(II) Phospholyl Complexes
Authors: Turcitu Daniela , Nief François , Ricard Louis 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPotassium 2,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐3,4‐dimethylphospholide K(dtp) (9) was synthesised in 45 % yield from commercially available starting materials by using zirconacyclopentadiene chemistry. Reaction of the K salt of this bulky anion and of the previously described potassium 2,5‐bis(trimethylsilyl)‐3,4‐dimethylphospholide K(dsp) (8) with SmI2 in diethyl ether afforded the homoleptic samarium(II) complexes 7 and 6, respectively, whose solid‐state structures, [{Sm(dtp)2}2] (7 a) and [{Sm(dsp)2}2] (6 a), are dimeric owing to coordination of the phosphorus lone pairs to samarium, as shown by X‐ray crystallography. Reaction of 8 with TmI2 in diethyl ether afforded [Tm(dsp)2(Et2O)], which could not be desolvated without decomposition. In contrast, the coordinated ether group of the solvate [Tm(dtp)2(Et2O)], obtained from 9 and TmI2, could easily be removed by evaporation of the solvent and extraction with pentane at room temperature, and the monomer [Tm(dtp)2] (5) could be isolated and was characterised by X‐ray crystallography. Presumably, steric crowding in 5 is too high for dimerisation to occur. Compound 5, the first TmII homoleptic sandwich complex, is remarkably stable at room temperature in solution and did not noticeably react with nitrogen, in sharp contrast with other thulium(II) species. As expected, 5, 6 and 7 all reacted with azobenzene to give the trivalent complexes [Tm(dtp)2(N2Ph2)] (13), [Sm(dsp)2(N2Ph2)], (14) and [Sm(dtp)2(N2Ph2)] (15), respectively; 13 and 14 were characterised by X‐ray crystallography. Complex 5 immediately reacted with triphenylphosphane sulfide at room temperature to give [{Tm(dtp)2}2(μ‐S)] (16), which was characterised by X‐ray crystallography, whereas samarium(II) complexes 6 and 7 did not noticeably react with Ph3PS over 24 h under the same conditions.