bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperate Bacteriophages of Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Zahler Pamela S Fink Stanley A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacillus subtilis strains, like many other bacteria, contain temperate bacteriophage genomes within their chromosomes. Some of these bacteriophages form viable infective particles upon induction, for example f105 and SP b. Other bacteriophages, such as PBSX, appear to be remnants of intact viruses that no longer have a complete genome but package fragments of the bacteria1 chromosome during phage maturation. subtilis temperate bacteriophages come in a variety of shapes and sizes, which will be detailed in the next section. Despite physical differences, these phages have one thing in common: only linear, double-stranded DNA, be it bacteriophage or bacterial chromosome in origin, is packaged in the phage particle. There have been no reports of single-stranded DNA phages in Bacillus species, and only one report of an RNA phage, AP50, which is specific for Bacillus anthracis (89).
Bacteriophages in Bacterial Pathogenesis
Authors: Waldor Patrick L Wagner matthew K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacteriophages contribute to the virulence of many bacterial pathogens, largely by encoding the structural genes for virulence factors. The most widely recognized phage-encoded virulence factors are bacterial exotoxins, which account for the characteristic clinical manifestations of a number of human diseases caused by bacterial infections. The previous edition of this chapter focused primarily on phage-encoded toxins, but in the intervening years two themes have emerged (169). First, phages are increasingly recognized for encoding genes that contribute to other aspects of bacterial pathogenesis in addition to toxin production. In fact, phage-encoded gene products contribute to virtually every facet of bacterial pathogenicity, from attachment and invasion to immune evasion and transmission among humans. Second, while phages are like other mobile genetic elements in that they disseminate virulence genes among bacterial populations, phages have unique properties that enable them to contribute to bacterial pathogenesis by mechanisms other than transduction as well.
Methodological Considerations in the Study of Emotion Across Cultures
Authors: Matsumoto David , Yoo Seung Hee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of emotion across cultures has played an important role in the history of research on emotion and promises to make important contributions in the future. Conducting emotion studies in different cultures well requires care and attention to a host of methodological issues that are specific to cross-cultural research. Gone are the days when researchers can simply take what they have developed in one culture and simply “plug it in” to another. The goal of this chapter is to introduce readers to what those methodological issues are, with the ultimate goal of aiding in the conduct of methodologically sound cross-cultural studies in the future.
The Psychophysiological Laboratory
Authors: Curtin John J , Lozano David L , Allen John J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychophysiological measures have come out of the closet. A half century ago, psychophysiological tools were used by a highly specialized a group of scientists with specialized training and esoteric laboratories that resembled an electronics parts emporium. Today, however, such measures are used widely by nonspecialists as just one of many tools, in much the way they would select an implicit attitudes test, a behavioral coding scheme, or even a hierarchical linear model to address their research questions. In emotion research, the range of psychophysiological measures available is vast, including, as examples, skin conductance responses as measures of arousal (e.g., Hare, 1965) or fear conditioning (e.g., Öhman & Soares, 1994); myriad cardiovascular correlates of emotion (e.g., Chambers & Allen, 2002; Shalev et al., 1998); facial muscle activity as subtle measures of emotional valence (e.g., Cacioppo, Petty, Losch, & Kim, 1986); emotion-modulated startle responses (e.g., Curtin, Lang, Patrick, & Stritzke, 1998; Vrana, Spence, & Lang, 1988); electroencephalographic activity as a moderator or mediator of emotional response (e.g., Coan & Allen, 2004; Harmon-Jones, Sigelman, Bohlig, & Harmon-Jones, 2003); and event-related brain potentials to index various aspects of emotional stimulus processing (e.g., Curtin, Patrick, Lang, Cacioppo, & Birbaumer, 2001; Schupp, Cuthbert, Bradley, Cacioppo, Ito, & Lang, 2000).
The Fountain of Youth
Authors: Post Stephen G , Binstock Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wide variety of ambitions and measures to slow, stop, and reverse phenomena associated with ageing have been part of human culture since early civilization. From alchemy to cell injections to dietary supplements, the list of techniques aimed at altering the processes of ageing continues to expand. Charlatans, quacks and entrepreneurs proffering anti-ageing products and practices have always exploited uniformed customers and instilled doubt and apprehension toward practices intended to extend life. Recently, however, the pursuit of longevity has developed into a respectable scientific activity. Many biologists are substantially funded by the government and the private sector to conduct research that they believe will lead to effective anti-ageing interventions. While many embrace this quest for “prolongevity” - extended youth and long life - others fear its consequences. If effective anti-ageing interventions were achieved, they would likely bring about profound alterations in the experiences of individual and collective life. What if ageing could be decelerated to the extent that both average life expectancy and maximum life span would increase by forty percent? What if all humans could live to be centenarians, free of the chronic diseases and disabilities now commonly associated with old age? What if modern scientists could find the modern equivalent to the Fountain of Youth that Ponce de León sought? This book addresses these questions by exploring the ramifications of possible anti-ageing interventions on both individual and collective life. Through a series of essays, it examines the biomedical goal of prolongevity from cultural, scientific, religious and ethical perspectives, offering a sweeping view into the future of ageing.
Extending Life: Scientific Prospects and Political Obstacles
Authors: Miller Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the two decades, biogerontologists have established that the pace of aging can be decelerated routinely in mammals by dietary or genetic means. These discoveries, still largely unappreciated by the lay and scientific public alike, overturn the common assumption that human aging is likely to be unalterable and raise the question of whether we can make use of our growing knowledge about aging to produce 90-year-old adults who are as healthy and active as today’s 50-year-olds. This chapter deals with three related issues: first, why discussions of anti-aging medicines are no longer silly; next, why the development of anti-aging strategies is making so little headway; and lastly, whether further work in this area would be a good thing to do.
Nonlinear regression choices
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonlinear regression fits a model to your data. In most cases, your goal is to get back the best-fit values of the parameters in that model. If so, it is crucial that you pick a sensible model. If the model makes no sense, even if it fits the data well, you won’t be able to interpret the best-fit values. In other situations, your goal is just to get a smooth curve to use for graphing or for interpolating unknown values. In these cases, you need a model that generates a curve that goes near your points, and you won’t care whether the model makes scientific sense.
The first five questions to ask about nonlinear regression results
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonlinear regression programs can produce lots of output, and it can be hard to know what to look at first. This chapter explains the first five questions you should ask when interpreting nonlinear regression results. The next chapter explains the rest of the results. The whole point of nonlinear regression is to fit a model to your data-to find parameter values that make the curve come near your data points. The first step in evaluating the results, therefore, is to look at a graph of your data with the superimposed curve.
Using simulations to understand confidence intervals and plan experiments
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 17 explained how to use Monte Carlo simulations to create confidence intervals. You start with best-fit results from fitting one particular data set, and use the simulations to create confidence intervals for that data set. Monte Carlo simulations can also be used more generally to help you decide how to design experiments and to help you figure out how to express the model.
How should you compare models--AICc or F test?
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before comparing models statistically, use common sense. Only use statistical comparisons to compare two models that make scientific sense, and where each parameter has a sensible best-fit value and a reasonably narrow confidence interval. Many scientists rush to look at statistical comparisons of models too soon. Take the time to ask whether each fit is sensible, and only rely on statistical comparisons when both models fit the data well.
Reading unknowns from standard curves
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standard curves are used to determine the concentration of substances. First you perform an assay with various known concentrations of a substance you are trying to measure. The response might be optical density, luminescence, fluorescence, radioactivity, or something else. Graph these data to make a standard curve-concentration on the X axis, and assay measurement on the Y axis.
Refractory Tremor Syndromes: “Medications Don’t Help My Tremor!”
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parkinsonian tremor typically is controlled with levodopa and sometimes with dopamine agonist therapy. Usually it is not completely abolished but is markedly attenuated. In many cases, it tends to creep back at times, but is mostly quiescent and much less obtrusive. The primary exception is when stress or excitement sabotage tremor control, seemingly overriding the effect of medications. This chapter focuses on people with prominent tremor that is poorly responsive to levodopa and dopamine agonist therapy. This may occur in one of several settings: • Inadequate medication dosing • Breakthrough tremor (tremor comes and goes) • Only partial tremor control (despite maximum treatment) • “Benign tremulous parkinsonism” • Not PD, but a variant of essential tremor • Combination of PD and essential tremor
The First Few Years on a Dopamine Agonist Drug (Pramipexole, Ropinirole, or Pergolide)
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 15 you read about how things typically go during the first few years of carbidopa/levodopa treatment. What if you started a dopamine agonist rather than carbidopa/levodopa after you were first diagnosed? Will the problems be the same? Will it go as smoothly? Will the dose need to be changed? Will carbidopa/levodopa be necessary and if so, when? In this chapter we will focus on these and other questions that arise when your only drug for PD is pramipexole, ropinirole, or pergolide. Parkinsonism tends to slowly worsen over months to years. This is never rapid but insidious. The dopamine agonist drugs are not as effective as carbidopa/ levodopa and they may become inadequate after one to a few years. Sometimes a dosage change is sufficient to overcome the problem, whereas in other cases, the addition of carbidopa/levodopa may be necessary.
Dizziness and Orthostatic Hypotension
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Dizziness” is a common word in our vocabulary and is often used by those with Parkinson’s disease (PD) to describe one of their symptoms. However, the term dizziness has more than one meaning. There are three basic types of dizziness and each may be experienced by those with PD. It is crucial to distinguish these since the causes and treatments are quite different. The three categories of dizziness are: • Imbalance • Vertigo • Faintness due to low blood pressure (hypotension) The concepts behind these dizziness subtypes are summarized in table 21.1. To avoid confusing these terms, let’s consider each type of dizziness in detail.
Crazy Ideas, Visions, and Behavior: Hallucinations, Paranoia, Delusions, and Hypersexuality
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) do not experience hallucinations. However, they do develop in a distinct minority, usually later in the course of PD. These are not necessarily reflective of dementia and if they develop, this does not necessarily imply that you are becoming demented. Medications for PD may be responsible in some cases. Most importantly, they are treatable. Hallucinations experienced by people with PD are varied. In the mildest and simplest form, they are spots, dots, lines, or other small shapes in your field of vision. More troubling are hallucinations of people, animals, bugs, and so on. Hallucinations that I have commonly heard described include the following: • Animals in the yard • Children playing outside the window • Family, friends, or strangers sitting in the living room • Bugs crawling on the refrigerator (or countertop, floor, etc.)
Problems with Swallowing, Saliva, and Speaking
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Dysphagia” is the physician’s term for difficult swallowing. This is rarely a major problem early in the course of PD. Even after many years, significant swallowing problems may never develop. If dysphagia is an early and prominent symptom, this may be a red flag for a condition other than PD (see chapter 6). Dysphagia in PD is typically due to slowness and hesitancy initiating the act of swallowing. This is analogous to the general slowness of body movement that occurs in PD. Food and liquid tend to pool in the mouth. Severe dysphagia may lead to pneumonia (infection of the lungs). Normally swallowed food or liquid passes down the tube-like esophagus to the stomach. However, the passageway to the lungs (trachea) is right in front of the esophagus. If swallowing is impaired and food or liquid goes down the wrong pipe, it ends up in the lungs. This usually triggers coughing, which is a protective reflex that tends to expel this material out of the lungs. Hence frequent coughing during eating is often a sign of aspiration—food or liquid passing into your lungs.
Managing Digestive Problems and Constipation
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autonomic nervous system dysfunction makes a substantial contribution to the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). We previously considered one such problem, orthostatic hypotension. Now we will address impairment of bowel movement and digestion caused by autonomic malfunction. Digestion starts with the breakdown of food in the stomach. This food is attacked by stomach enzymes, which chemically cut it into smaller components that can subsequently be absorbed by the small intestine. Fluids are necessary to keep things mobile and flowing. A valve between the stomach and the small intestine controls the exit of food. As the stomach fills, this valve reflexively opens, allowing food products to pass into the small intestine where absorption into the body begins (see figure 26.1).
Using the Combined Etic-Emic Approach to Develop a Measurement of Interpersonal Subiective Well-Being in Chinese Populations
Authors: Ho Samuel M Y , Cheung Mike W L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Positive psychology originated in the West and is gaining a lot of interest among psychologists in different parts of the world. As positive psychology moves East, a major challenge for many positive psychology researchers in Asia is how to define and measure positive psychological constructs (e.g., subjective well-being, flow, gratitude, etc.) properly. The easiest approach is to translate the Western instruments and use them directly in non-Western populations. However, many researchers have raised issues on the comparability of the instruments across cultures (e.g., Cheung, Leung, & Ben-Porath, 2003). The key issues are the equivalence of translations, cultural relevance, measurement equivalence of the constructs, and the validity of the adapted instruments (Lonner & Berry, 1986).
Overcoming Secondary Stress in Medical and Nursing Practice
Authors: Wicks Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physicians, nurses, and allied health professionals working in today's health care settings must be prepared to offer support in dangerous times despite staffing shortages, financial pressures, and complex legal requirements. Overcoming Stress in Medical and Nursing Practice: A Guide to Professional Resilience and Personal Wel-Being is a concise guide for all medical professionals who face these demands. This book: * Provides critical information about the dangers of compassion fatigue/burnout and vicarious post-traumatic stress disorder in health care settings · Introduces a newly-developed "Medical-Nursing Professional Secondary Stress Self-Awareness Questionnaire" that can be profitably self-administered at each phase of one's career and reflected upon in private, with one's mentor, or in a small group setting * Includes a unique section on strengthening one's inner life through the use of three core spiritual wisdom approaches drawn from a world religion perspective * Provides a description of four types of "voices" one needs to have in one's circle of friends to ensure that balance, perspective, growth, and challenge are fostered in one's personal and professional life * Describes how physicians, nurses, and allied health professionals can formulate a personally-designed self-care protocol for themselves Lastly, this book offers an extensive and up-to date bibliography of recent research, clinical papers, and books on medical-nursing practice and secondary stress. Overcoming Stress in Medical and Nursing Practice is an indispensable resource for medical and nursing professionals, students, and the counselors and therapists who work with them.
Interview with the Brother
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ESS: Here we go. How much older than Arthur are you? BRO: I was born 24 months before Arthur. ESS: Please tell me about him. BRO: [Sigh] It’s hard to know where to begin. I was a couple of years older than Arthur, and we were a close family growing up, but Arthur and I fought a lot. I am somewhat ashamed and regretful of the fact that I bullied him a bit growing up, and I was regretful about that before he died. He and I. I guess I’ll skip over stuff and go back.
Interview with the Psychotherapist
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PSY: Basically, I knew him at three different phases of his life. I originally met him when he was a young boy and the parents brought him in to me because he was having a lot of difficulties. He was an angry, unhappy, difficult child, and I saw him. He might have been around 8 or so. He was one of the angriest children that I have seen in over 30 years of practice. In the beginning, he was physically almost unmanageable at times. I would have to hold him and restrain him. He once punched me in the groin so hard he doubled me over. He tried to pull my bookcases down. He ran off one time, and I had to carry him back for several blocks. In some respects, he was one of the most difficult children I have ever seen. My under- standing at the time was that much of this was a reaction to his parents’ relatively contentious divorce. There was no love lost between the parents. Treatment went well. He improved dramatically, and we terminated treatment ultimately because things were going well, and he was in a good place and things were going well in school.
Interview with the Psychiatrist
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MD: The circumstances were two suicides among present or recent medical students, which prompted the chairman to talk with me to see if we were missing something. In looking at it, medical students with problems were being treated by psychiatric residents, and we felt that they might not be able to pick up the subtleties that were required and, therefore, made a decision that all medical students and recent graduates would be treated by faculty. And so Arthur was the first patient that I saw under this program wherein only faculty members would treat young doctors. He was referred to me. He came in to see me, and I vividly remember his first visit because my impression was, clearly, that someday he was going to commit suicide.
Coping
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to chronic and recurrent problems of living, loss and threat of loss are major sources of stress in the lives of aging persons. And when a major loss appears imminent, it can be a difficult time for that person and others close to him or her. It is not just the amount of stress itself that is important, however, but how one copes with it. Effective coping allows people to keep stress levels moderate and to live with stress without significant psychic and physiological damage.
Institutional Decline
Authors: Mann Thomas E , Ornstein Norman J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eight Years Or More In The Making, the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 was signed into law by President George W. Bush on April 20, 2005. But in the weeks leading up to its effective date of October 17, the reaction to the impending law was not the usual mix of dread and anticipation. Instead, there was a mad political scramble in the aftermath of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. The changes in the law make filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy harder for individuals, as they are required to undergo a means test and produce such documents as tax returns to prove their economic status. “How does the means test apply in a situation where you’ve lost your job due to the hurricane and you don’t know whether you’re going to be employed?” asked Lawrence Anderson, a Louisiana bank-ruptcy lawyer.
Conclusion
Authors: Mann Thomas E , Ornstein Norman J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It Is Easy And Tempting to romanticize the past and demonize the present. The “Good Old Days” were rarely as beneficent as old-timers remember them, and the problems of the day seldom seem as awful or intractable with the passage of time or comparison to other eras. But we are both convinced that the Congress we have observed and experienced in recent years is qualitatively different than its predecessors in important and dismaying ways. To be sure, the change was not abrupt. It did not begin with the election of a Republican Congress in 1994 or the elevation of George W. Bush to the White House in 2000. Cracks in the institution began to show in the 1980s and early 1990s, during the last decade of the forty-year hegemony of Democrats in the House. They were exacerbated during that time by the appearance of a Democratic president, Bill Clinton, after a full twelve years of Republican control of the White House.
Lanny, or the Silence of the Mad Child
Authors: Grieve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
René Diatkine was fond of saying, “The worst may not happen.” Sometimes, even though a successful outcome seems unlikely, when there are obvious signs that a course of treatment may be discontinuous or irregular or may even be aborted, something nevertheless can be achieved as long as the therapist is aware of these untoward possibilities. This was what happened with Lanny.