bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The MLP Correlation Theory
Authors: Ravin Yael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The omission of any semantic discussion concerning the nature of thematic roles in LGB has not gone unnoticed within the GB framework. In particular, it has led to the formation of the MIT Lexicon Project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (henceforth, the MLP), whose aim is to provide Chomsky’s GB Theory with a more developed notion of thematic roles: The reliance on a predicate–argument representation in the GB frame-work makes it imperative that those other components of theta-theory[the set of possible theta-roles and theri assigners] be developed.
Introduction
Authors: Stewart M A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the successful launching in 1983 of Oxford studies in ancient philosophy under the editorship of Julia Annas, I was invited to prepare plans for a companion project to be called Oxford studies in the history of philosophy. This would avoid poaching on Professor Annas’s territory unless it was plain to both parties that ancient philosophy was in need of further outlets, but it would not discourage work which deliberately linked developments in classical and post-classical philosophy. We were also advised from several quarters that there are sufficient channels at present for such quality work as exists on exclusively medieval philosophy, although this is certainly an area of research which we would hope to open up to a wider public at some future date. The field of post medieval philosophy is still a vast one, and the diversity of study generated by it is immense. As consultations proceeded and plans progressed, it became clear to the editor and the publishers that the issue of an annual yearbook of unrestricted coverage would spread the interest too thinly to appeal to any but compulsive subscribers. To give the volumes a clear focus and a clear market, we have created instead a series which will consist of individual collections, each dedicated to a pre announced theme, even if necessary at the cost of a less rigid publication schedule.
Introduction
Authors: Chloros-Gardner Penelope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alsace is one of the countless areas of Europe with a complex plurilingual situation, which belies the persistent late eighteenth-early nineteenth-century stereotype of ‘one nation, one language’ which has its roots in German Romanticism (Edwards 1985; Wardhaugh 1987). At the same time, France is one of the European countries where this stereotype has been-and, to a considerable extent, continues to be-most powerful. Standard French, it has been said, has performed the same function for France as the monarchy for Britain (Charpentier, quoted Le Page 1989:14); the French Academy continues to act as watch-dog of its purity and to issue occasional edicts on the avoidance of ‘franglais’, and in schools pupils continue to be taught a strictly standardized form of the language which on principle takes no account of the variety they speak outside.
The Simple Believer
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I must start with an apology. The philosophy of religion is not a speciality of mine. It is, indeed, a subject which fastidious philosophers do not like to touch. This is not merely because it is a confused subject — -that could be said of other branches of philosophy — but because the whole atmosphere of the subject is such as to put a premium on unclarity of thought. The confusion is not of philosophical origin; nor do the problems with which I shall be dealing belong to the class sometimes confidently called ‘pseudo-problems’. They have been generated, rather, by the quite genuine perplexities of those who want to call themselves Christians, or at least theists, and yet cannot bring themselves to believe what theists are supposed to have to believe. These people have been appealing for help to the theologians for a long time; they have received a great deal of comfort but not much clarification — because the issues have not been faced in the clear light which only a thorough understanding of the concepts involved could give. The philosophers, for their part — those few of us who have cared to soil our fingers — have contributed, perhaps, a little towards this understanding; but our failure to make any decisive progress has prompted in some the thought that the concepts are inherently confused and can never be clarified. For the rest — the non-philosophers — hardly anybody has any interest in achieving clarity; it would be too harsh and unpleasant. And such philosophical work as has been done on these questions has not (or so it would appear) made much impact on those who are most troubled by them.
Satanism and Nihilism
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I wish to discuss two sorts of things that can easily go wrong in the transition from intuitive to critical thinking—that is, from the everyday moral thinking that suffices, and should suffice, for most of our moral thought, to the higher-level thinking that we have to do if we need to scrutinize the principles we are using at the intuitive level. This is a transition which in the course of our moral education we all have to learn to make if we are ever to get beyond intuitive moral thinking. I shall give to these two pitfalls in moral education the perhaps rather too dramatic names ‘Satanism’ and ‘Nihilism’. They both have some kinship with the amoralism that I discussed in MT, chs. 10 and 11; but they are different from it and from each other, though all three can be combined in various more or less confused mixtures. The discussion of these pitfalls will enable me both to clear up a theoretical difficulty which has often been raised against my views, and to shed some light on a pressing social problem.
A Little History
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The oldest and most continuously reiterated precept in the philosophy of music, sometimes merely amounting to a simple expression of faith, other times reaching the level of sophisticated theory, is that there is a special connection between music and the human emotions, beyond the connection there might be supposed between emotions and any other of the fine arts. It stretches back into the mists of time, has its first philosophical embodiment in Plato’s Republic, and is already present in the myth of Orpheus, singer of songs, whose music could subdue the savage beasts, and even the lord of the underworld himself. The philosophy of music begins with Plato’s account of music and the emotions. It is there that it is logical for us to begin our study.
And the Performance thereof
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I said at the end of the previous chapter that what I have to say about musical performance in this one will be consistent with any of the three theories put forth there about what the musical work is. The reason for this is that the question of what a musical performance is assumes as its first principle only that a musical performance must be compliant with a score. That is the basic necessary condition for being a performance of a musical work and not something else. But all three analyses of what a musical work is, previously examined, make that assumption as well. That is to say, whether you think the work of music is the score compliance class, or a created type, or an uncreated, discovered type, you will, as well, think that a performance of the work must be compliant with the score.
Absolute Music and the New Musicology
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And I completed my thought with what certainly seems to me now the very modest suggestion, that ‘We can have intellectually respectable description of music that is not remote from the humanistic understanding to which music itself has traditionally appealed. We can, in particular, have intellectually respectable description in the familiar emotive mode .. .’2 Five years later, Joseph Kerman wrote, in a book well known to many readers, ‘As a kind of formalistic criticism, analysis does not address all or even many of the problems that must be faced if music is to be studied in its integrity.’3
Sub-Maximizing Consequentialism
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having rejected Collective Consequentialism, we must now examine the resources of the Individual Consequentialist tradition. Individual Con- sequentialism begins with a demanding principle of impartial maximization. We can soften it in two ways: either by limiting that principle from within, or by constraining it from without. The former option leads to Sub-Maximizing Consequentialism, where we are no longer required to bring about the best possible outcome. The latter option leads to a Hybrid Moral theory, where a Maximizing Consequentialist principle is combined with other moral prin- ciples to produce a less demanding overall theory. Part Three examines these softer forms of Individual Consequentialism.
The New Theory
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I sketch a new moral theory, designed to deal appropriately with both moral realms. This theory consists of three basic elements: (1) a Reason to Promote the Good, governing our behaviour within the Realm of Necessity; (2) a Rule Consequentialist ideal code of rules, governing our behaviour within the Realm of Reciprocity; and (3) a device for balancing the competing reasons delivered by (1) and (2). This final role is played by a modi- fied version of Scheffler’s Agent Centred Prerogative. The overall theory, which I shall call Combined Consequentialism, thus takes the form of a modified Hybrid View. I argue that it offers Consequentialists their best chance of developing a plausible moral theory without unreasonable demands.
Discovering Significant Lexical Functions in Dictionary Entries
Authors: Fontenelle Thierry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The generative tradition of the I960s and 1970s in linguistics tended always to neglect the role of the lexicon in the description oflanguage. The advent of computer technology, however, enabled linguists to test their hypotheses and intuitions and it soon became apparent that the development of a whole range of natural language processing (NLP) systems required a great deal more information than was needed to parse a lexically simple sentence such as John loves Mary. Developers were quickly faced by what has come to be known as the ‘lexical acquisition bottleneck’ (Wilks et al. 1989). The problem was very simple: in order to develop a large-scale NLP system—for example, a machine translation system or an information-retrieval system—one needed to feed the lexical component of the system with the description of tens of thousands of lexical items.
The Lexicographical Scene of English-Speaking Countries
Authors: Béjoint Henri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lexicographical scene1 of a society is a complex thing to describe. A true portrait implies the study of the sociological conditions in which dictionaries are called for, then designed, produced, and finally used. The following questions should be answered: What sort of dictionaries are the most common in that particular society? What sort are rare, or do not exist at all? What dictionaries are remarkable, for their originality, or for their quality? The lexicographical scene of the English-speaking countries, for very obvious reasons, is characterized by the quantity and the variety of the dictionaries that are produced. Probably no other language in the world has produced so many dictionaries of so many different types, and none produces as many at present. In 1969, according to Barnhart (1969: 176), there were more than 60 general dictionaries available on the market. In 1977, Kister described 343 monolingual dictionaries of English available on the American market: this included dictionaries for children, for adolescents, or for foreign students, but excluded not only bilingual or multilingual dictionaries but also terminological, highly specialized dictionaries (Kister 1977). No doubt the figures would be even higher fifteen years later.
Tense and Nonfinite Clauses
Authors: Gary Miller D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, infinitives have been defined as [ ™Tense]. But Tense/tensein the literature is fraught with confusion. Most infinitives are deficient in tense in that independent tense distinctions are not semantically allowed or morphologically marked. However, it is also widely held that at least control infinitives have an internal temporal organization [ +tense] while ECM do not [ −tense]. Infinitives with morphological tense show that this distinction lacks explanatory value. Tense in non-matrix clauses that is independent of the matrix tense is licensed by the matrix predicate. Epistemic, declarative, and factive predicates license a [tense] feature; causative and perception verbs do not. Volitional predicates may license [ ™past]. In some languages, absence of tense correlates with reduced (clause union) structures.
A Numerical Simulation Study of Two-Dimensional Gravity Currents
Authors: Hartel Carlos , Michaud1 Manuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A direct numerical simulation study of gravity currents in twodimensional lock-exchange flow has been conducted. The simulations are based on the Boussinesq equations which are discretized using a mixed spectral/spectral-element scheme in space together with finite differences in time. The influence of viscous forces on the propagation speed of the currents is assessed by a series of simulations with widely different Grashof numbers. From the results it is estimated that a weak Grashof number dependence of the front speed remains up to Grashof numbers of the order of 1010. A direct comparison of simulation results for no-slip and free-slip boundaries reveals that the walls exert significant retarding forces on the propagating currents. The pronounced Kelvin-Helmholtz type instability of the interface between the light and heavy fluid is investigated
Interior and Basin-Wide Diapycnal Mixing in Stratified Water: A Comparison of Dissipation and Diffusivity
Authors: Goudsmit G -H , Wüest A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Turbulence measurements and basin-scale tracer balances can be employed to yield direct and indirect estimates of diapycnal diffusivity in stratified water bodies. As values inferred from these two fundamentally different approaches differ by an order of magnitude in the ocean thermocline, a series of experiments was carried out in order to quantify and to understand the mechanism of diapycnal mixing in a stratified freshwater basin.
Experimental Studies of Thorpe Scale Decay Rate
Authors: Folkard Andrew M , Fernando Harindra J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The accurate parameterization of turbulent diffusion coefficients is a critical pre-requisite for the development of useful models of ocean circulation and budgets. Determination of these coefficients rely on field measurements of microstructure in both vector and scalar fields. Understanding these measurements depends upon knowing how the state observed relates to the history of the turbulent event which caused it. A central, unresolved problem in the effort to understand these matters is that of how the decay rate of scalar anomalies caused by turbulent stirring relates to external measurable parameters. Such a relationship would allow field oceanographers to gain a fuller insight into the nature of their microstructure data. The present work addresses this problem. A set of laboratory experiments was carried out using the standard vertically oscillating, horizontal grid positioned within a horizontally constrained container, which was filled with a linearly-stratified fluid.
Forecasting of Plume Dispersion around a Power Plant
Authors: Souto* M J , Pérez-Muñuzuri* V , Souto** J A , Castro** M de , Casares** J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The legal limit of emissions guarantee, for the majority of locations and under most meteorological conditions, the observance of the law for ground level concentrations. However, the existence of single sources of significant magnitude, or the danger of fugitive emissions to the atmosphere, and also specific meteorological conditions may cause an impact of the plume on the ground that may go beyond the legal limits for the pollutant. To avoid the occurrence of these rare episodes, it is necessary to predetermine the maximum emission allowed for any meteorological condition [l].
Boundary Effects on Buoyant Cloud Discharges
Authors: Davies Peter A , Coulbourn Ian R , Newton Helen , Yu Guoliang , Doorschott Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though many marine outfall systems operate continuously with either gravityfed or pumped discharge, several are designed to store effluent at an intermediate stage before discharging into coastal waters (Davies and Neves [l]). Such systems usually operate intermittently, with the intervals between separate discharges being determined by, for example, the supply volume of available wastewater and/or the need to synchronise discharge with tidal cycles or diurnal periods of low energy cost. The relationship between the intervals separating individual discharge events and typical dilution times in the receiving waters control the extent to which individual discharges may be considered to behave independently.
Nitrile ylides
Authors: Ibata Toshikazu , Fukushima Kazuaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The metal-catalysed reaction of a diazo compound with benzonitrile generates a nitrile ylide as an unstable intermediate (Scheme 4.1.1). The utility of the reaction of a metal-ketocarbenoid with a nitrile for oxazole synthesis was first demonstrated by Huisgenet al. For the reaction of an a-diazocarbonyl compound, the use of a metal catalyst is essential in order to avoid side reactions of the ketocarbene intermediate such as Wolff rearrangements. The resulting acylated nitrile ylide is too unstable to be isolated, and undergoes intramolecular cyclization or intermolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to give a 5-membered heterocycle.
Inhibitors of cytokine production and action
Authors: Mantovani A , Dinarello C A , Ghezzi P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the first reports of protective effects of anti-cytokine antibodies in disease, industrial research has actively attempted to identify synthetic, simple chemicals to inhibit cytokine production or action. In particular, efforts have been aimed at developing receptor antagonists, an approach that has been successful in other areas of pharmacology. However, while the interest was obviously in identifying synthetic, orally active compounds, the really significant finding in this direction was the cloning of IL-Ira in 1990. More recently, screening of recombinant peptide display libraries has led to the identification of smaller peptides. With the advent of molecular modeling, the development of non-peptide inhibitors is forseeable in the future. For now, the general lack of success in the search for receptor antagonists has directed research towards inhibitors of cytokine synthesis or action by acting on specific signal transduction pathways implicated in the pro-inflammatory activities of cytokines. Table 2.1 gives a map of this chapter, and indicates the major classes of chemicals discussed.
Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokines
Authors: Mantovani A , Dinarello C A , Ghezzi P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The action of cytokines is under the control of several negative regulation circuits. These include glucocorticoid hormones (see Fig. 1.3, Chapter 1 and Chapter 2), soluble cytokine receptors (see Chapter 5), and anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive cytokines.
Conformation of monosaccharides and their derivatives
Authors: David Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conformations of the oxane ring (tetrahydropyran) of pyranoses are the same as those of cyclohexane. The carbons are numbered starting with the hemiacetal carbon, referred to as anomeric. This convention is not in keeping with the rule for numbering heterocycles where number one is assigned to the heteroatom (in this case, the oxygen). The oxane is represented with carbons 1, 3, and 5 in the horizontal plane, carbons l and 4 in the plane of the vertically positioned paper, and the cyclic oxygen behind the paper. To the viewer situated above the ring the numbers appear clockwise. In a pyranose sugar, all the carbons, or nearly all of them, are substituted, but for practical purposes, one only needs to introduce a substituent R to an arbitrary site. Equation (2.1) then represents the extension of the classic conformational equilibrium of cyclohexane to pyranoses.
Associations with anions, cations, and inorganic molecules
Authors: David Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a mixture of sugars and salts in solution it is quite obvious that there will always be a loose association between hydroxyl groups and metal cations. Likewise, when a sugar is crystallized from a concentrated solution of salts, X-ray analysis will show associations between the sugar, cations, and water molecules. This is not actually very important from our point of view. For example, there is a crystalline addition compound corresponding to the formula saccharose -NaBr-2H2O, whereas there is no visible association in solution between saccharose and sodium ions. In this work only associations which involve at least three hydroxyl groups of the same sugar molecule will be considered (Angyal 1989). We will not deal with associations in an alkaline medium which are, in fact, alkoxides. Examining solid structures (a limited number) will provide the basis for our discussion. Simple techniques such as paper electrophoresis, thin-layer cation-exchange chromatography, or NMR spectroscopy, give information on complexation in solution.
Sialic acids and sialylated oligosaccharides
Authors: David Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural sialic acids (Schauer 1982; 1991) are derivatives of 5-amino-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulosonic acid 12.1. This awkward name has been replaced by ‘neuraminic acid’. The most common derivative is N-acetyl-neuraminic acid 12.2 whose configuration is easy to memorize because, in the Fischer representation, 12.3, it is presented as an aldolic condensation product of N-acetylmannosamine (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-o-mannose) and pyruvic acid. When the expression ‘sialic acid’ is used without any other precision, it is in reference to derivative 12.2. It exists in the free state or glycosidated in the D-2C5 conformation, which allows an equatorial disposition of the three-carbon side chain. Structure 12.2 represents the stable β-anomer of the free sugar with an axial anomeric hydroxyl group and all-equatorial non-anomeric substituents.
The structure of some crystallized sugar—protein complexes
Authors: David Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this work we will encounter the following four types of proteins associated with sugars: enzymes concerned with the metabolism of sugars, lectins, specific antibodies, and transport proteins. A good number of these proteins have been crystallized and examined by X-ray analysis for the determination of their tertiary structure. In view of their high molecular weight, analysing their spectra by diffraction analysis is a difficult task. However, knowledge of their primary structure, that is to say the peptide chain, obtained by chemical procedures, can act as a guide. The resolution power of these methods is on average 2.5 Å. It is better than this in the examples we will give.