bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of fluid migration pathways in seismic data: implications for fault seal analysis
Authors: Ligtenberg J. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA new and efficient method for fault seal analysis using seismic data is presented. It uses multiple seismic attributes and neural networks to enhance fluid migration pathways, including subtle features that are not detectable using single attributes only. The method may be used as a first estimate of fault seal or to calibrate results from other techniques. The results provide information about which faults and fault segments are sealing or leaking. Fluid flow along individual faults appears to be focused along zones of weakness, and fault seal research should thus be focused on finding such weak locations within fault zones, a task that is best done using three‐dimensional (3D) seismic data. Under certain conditions, it is suggested that fluids migrate along fault planes by a diapiric fluid flow mechanism. The results assist in calibrating the bulk hydraulic properties of faults and rock formations and can be used in basin modelling.
Impersonal trust and professional authority: exploring the dynamics
Authors: Gilbert Tony P. 
Published: February 2005

Aim.  The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between impersonal trust, governmentality and professional activity through an analysis of professional discourse.Background.  This study emerged from an earlier paper that described a four‐dimensional model based on Luhmann's definition of trust as ‘reducing complexity and managing expectations’. Linking trust with the Foucauldian notion of governmentality develops this further. Governmentality raises the question of how professional authority is constituted through the practice of nurses and other health and welfare professionals.Method.  Discourse analysis was used to explore the text from two genres – academic literature and interview material (n = 17) – in the context of community residential services for people with learning disabilities.Findings.  The study provided evidence to support claims that trust is produced through impersonal systems. Trust is contested in a dynamic process where there are gains and losses. Professionals in organisations actively promote trust, often through systems of distrust. The study also built on the four‐dimensional model of impersonal trust – trust, mistrust, abuse and hope – and re‐conceptualized the trust‐hope dimension.Conclusion.  There are theoretical links between governmentality and trust. Similarly, in order to understand trust nurses need to understand the dynamic nature of the systems in which they operate. The proposition that trust could frustrate hope adds an element of controversy to the discussion of hope in the nursing literature.
Acute coronary syndromes: cardiac rehabilitation programmes and quality of life
Authors: Chan Dominic S.K. , Chau Janita P.C. , Chang Anne M. 
Published: February 2005

Aims.  This paper reports a study examining the quality of life of clients following hospital admission with acute coronary syndrome in Hong Kong and their use of cardiac rehabilitation.Background.  Coronary heart disease is a major source of mortality and morbidity in Hong Kong. Western studies have suggested that participation in cardiac rehabilitation improves the quality of life of clients with coronary heart disease yet the use of cardiac rehabilitation has been reported to be low. Better understanding is needed of the psychosocial status of these clients in Hong Kong and their use of cardiac rehabilitation services.Methods.  A prospective, pretest–post‐test study was carried out, with data collected over a period of 6 months with convenience sample of 182 participants. Baseline data were obtained within one week after hospital admission for individuals experiencing ACS. The second phase of data collection commenced at 6 months after hospital discharge. Total period of data collection took over 12 months between 2002 and 2003. The Chinese version of the SF‐36 was used to assess quality of life, and demographic data and the extent to which clients participated in the cardiac rehabilitation programme were assessed.Results.  Only 25% of the participants attended at least one session of the cardiac rehabilitation programme. Significant improvement occurred in all clients’ perceived quality of life 6 months following initial hospital admission. No significant group differences in perceived quality of life were found according to whether or not clients used the cardiac rehabilitation services.Conclusion.  Improvement in perceived health‐related quality of life was evident over a 6‐month period. Yet our findings suggested that participation in the cardiac rehabilitation programme did not have any apparent effects in subjects’ perceived quality of life. Further studies using both generic and disease‐specific health‐related quality of life instruments, as well as the inclusion of control group, are recommended. Continual improvement in cardiac rehabilitation programmes, and consideration of alternative modes of delivery other than the traditional attendance at hospital outpatient services, are also recommended.
Measuring neonatal intensive care unit‐related parental stress
Authors: Franck Linda S. , Cox Susanne , Allen Alison , Winter Ira 
Published: February 2005

Aims.  This paper reports a study: (1) to determine the validity and reliability of the Parent Stressor Scale:Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (PSS:NICU) for use with United Kingdom (UK) parents; (2) compare UK scores with those from a contemporary reference sample from the United States (US), (3) to identify the sources of greatest NICU‐related stressors for parents and (4) to identify demographic or situational factors influencing NICU‐related parental stress.Background.  Evaluation of the adequacy of nursing care and psychosocial support services for parents of ill infants in the NICU requires valid and reliable measures of parental stress. The PSS:NICU is a well‐validated scale developed in the US to measure NICU‐related parental stress. However, it has not been tested in the UK.Methods.  Consecutive samples of parents (n = 257) of infants in nine UK NICUs and two reference US units completed the PSS:NICU and the Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Scale approximately 1 week after admission. Psychometric properties of the PSS:NICU, including internal consistency reliability and construct, concurrent and predictive validity, were evaluated.Results.  PSS:NICU scores were similar in the UK and US samples and high internal consistency reliability was found for all metrics (e.g. Overall Stress: 0·94 for both samples). A three‐factor principal components solution accounted for 66% of the variance in the scores, with the items grouped into the three a priori scales specified in the PSS:NICU (Infant Behaviour and Appearance, Parental Role Alterations, and Sights and Sounds). Stress Occurrence and Overall Stress were moderately correlated with State Anxiety in both samples (r = 0·46–0·61, P < 0·001). Thirty‐one per cent of the variance in Stress Occurrence in the UK sample was explained by State Anxiety, infant severity of illness score, parent gender, and less frequent visitation.Conclusions.  The PSS:NICU demonstrated appropriate psychometrics in a large sample of parents from diverse NICUs in the UK. These findings support its wider use in research and clinical practice to identify parental distress and evaluate the effectiveness of nursing care and psychosocial support services for parents.
The role of nurses in preventing adverse events related to respiratory dysfunction: literature review
Authors: Considine Julie 
Published: February 2005

Aims.  This paper reports a literature review examining the relationship between specific clinical indicators of respiratory dysfunction and adverse events, and exploring the role of nurses in preventing adverse events related to respiratory dysfunction.Background.  Adverse events in hospital are associated with poor patient outcomes such as increased mortality and permanent disability. Many of these adverse events are preventable and are preceded by a period during which the patient exhibits clearly abnormal physiological signs. The role of nurses in preserving physiological safety by early recognition and correction of physiological abnormality is a key factor in preventing adverse events.Methods.  A search of the Medline and CINAHL databases was conducted using the following terms: predictors of poor outcome, adverse events, mortality, cardiac arrest, emergency, oxygen, supplemental oxygen, oxygen therapy, oxygen saturation, oxygen delivery, assessment, patient assessment, physical assessment, dyspnoea, hypoxia, hypoxaemia, respiratory assessment, respiratory dysfunction, shortness of breath and pulse oximetry. The papers reviewed were research papers that demonstrated a relationship between adverse events and various clinical indicators of respiratory dysfunction.Results.  Respiratory dysfunction is a known clinical antecedent of adverse events such as cardiac arrest, need for medical emergency team activation and unplanned intensive care unit admission. The presence of respiratory dysfunction prior to an adverse event is associated with increased mortality. The specific clinical indicators involved are alterations in respiratory rate, and the presence of dyspnoea, hypoxaemia and acidosis.Conclusions.  The way in which nurses assess, document and use clinical indicators of respiratory dysfunction is influential in identifying patients at risk of an adverse event and preventing adverse events related to respiratory dysfunction. If such adverse events are to be prevented, nurses must not only be able to recognise and interpret signs of respiratory dysfunction, but must also take responsibility for initiating and evaluating interventions aimed at correcting respiratory dysfunction.
Integrating environmental health into nursing and midwifery practice
Authors: Watterson Andrew , Thomson Patricia , Malcolm Cari , Shepherd Ashley , McIntosh Colette 
Published: February 2005

Aim.  With the recognition that environmental health has relevance to all nursing and midwifery activities, the aim of this paper is to discuss nurses’ and midwives’ past and present involvement in environmental health in the UK, where the international situation demonstrates good practice, and the challenges and possibilities for greater and more effective UK‐based activity in the future.Background.  The association between environmental hazards and adverse health effects has received increasing attention over recent years. In the United States of America (USA), the importance of developing an environmental health role for nurses outside of the ‘traditional’ occupational and environmental health nursing specialty has been recognized and acted upon through education, information programmes and policy developments. In the United Kingdom (UK), the same degree of interest, commitment and activity is somewhat lacking.Discussion.  Little nursing and midwifery activity on environmental health issues has taken place in the UK over recent years. The lack of development in this field may relate to the problems of an already overstretched disease treatment service and the lack of an upstream approach to public health. Theoretical and philosophical influences, as well as individual and organizational obstacles or constraints, exist and may hinder nurses and midwives in their efforts to address the subject. Yet nurses and midwives are the largest group in the National Health Service workforce and this gives enormous potential for effective interventions in environmental health.Conclusions.  Whilst barriers and obstacles to nursing and midwifery involvement in environmental health in the UK exist, they are all surmountable and appropriate interventions could prove cost‐effective in the middle and long‐term. Additionally, they may be viewed as a necessary activity for nurses and midwives in response to real health threats and the expressed worries and concerns of patients and communities.
The impact of research governance in healthcare and higher education organizations
Authors: Howarth Michelle L. , Kneafsey Rosie 
Published: February 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study exploring the impact and implementation of research governance in the North West region of England.Background.  In 2001, the UK Government launched a framework to ensure the governance of research within the National Health Service. Whilst this framework was undoubtedly geared towards improving the standards and practice of research, concerns have been raised in the academic literature about the potentially negative impact on future research.Methods.  A mixed method approach, using questionnaires (n = 350), semi‐structured interviews and focus groups with a volunteer sample, was used to explore research staff perspectives about research governance. Survey data were analysed using Microsoft Excel, and a thematic analysis was used to elicit themes from the semi‐structured interviews. The study lasted for 12 months and used a range of study sites, giving insight into potentially different experiences or approaches to implementing the research governance framework.Findings.  Questionnaire data revealed a good level of awareness about the Research Governance Framework. However, a range of concerns was also raised, such as the increased workload associated with the research governance application process and lack of transparency about the process. Five themes emerged from the focus groups: control, epistemology, organizational issues, impact on teaching and learning, and ambiguity in the definitions of research and audit.Conclusions.  Recommendations emerging from the study include the promotion of transparent research governance guidelines for practitioners, and the need for staff education about governance processes and greater parity between organizations in research governance processes.
Oligogalacturonides are able to induce flowers to form on tobacco explants
Authors: Marfà Victòria , Gollin David J. , Eberhard Stefan , Mohnen Debra , Dan/ill Alan , Albersheim Peter 
Published: February 2005

SummaryOligogalacturonides (α‐1,4‐D‐galactosyluronic acid oligomers) are fragments of the homogalacturonan component of the primary cell walls of higher plants. Treatment of cell walls with endopolygalacturonase (EPG) releases the polysaccharides rhamnogalacturonan‐1 (RG‐I) and rhamnogalacturonan‐II (RG‐II), and variously sized oligogalacturonide fragments of homogalacturonan. The EPG‐released sycamore cell wall components are able to regulate several morphogenetic processes of tobacco thin‐cell layer (TCL) explants. We followed one of these morphogenesis‐regulating activities, namely, the induction of flower formation on TCLs, to purify the biologically active component from EPG‐released material. Saponification of the methyl and acetyl esters of the EPG‐released material did not reduce the flower‐inducing activity. However, EPG treatment of the deesterified EPG‐released material destroyed the flower‐inducing activity, establishing that the active substance contained several, consecutive α‐1,4‐linked galactosyluronic acid residues that are required for the flower‐inducing activity. The flower‐inducing activity was purified and shown to be α‐1,4‐linked Oligogalacturonides with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 12‐14, which exhibited half‐maximum activity at approximately 0.4 μM. Smaller oligogalacturonides, RG‐I and RG‐II, did not, even at higher concentrations, induce flowers to form. The ability of oligogalacturonides to stimulate the formation of flowers on tobacco explants provides further evidence of the pleiotropic nature of this oligosaccharin.
Palisade endings in extraocular eye muscles revealed by SNAP‐25 immunoreactivity
Authors: Eberhorn Andreas C. , Horn Anja K. E. , Eberhorn Nicola , Fischer Petra , Boergen Klaus‐Peter , Büttner‐Ennever Jean A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPalisade endings form a cuff of nerve terminals around the tip of muscle fibres. They are found only in extraocular muscles, but no definite evidence for their role in eye movements has been established. Palisade endings have been reported in all species so far investigated except the rat. In this study we demonstrate that antibodies against SNAP‐25, the synaptosomal associated protein of 25 kDa, reliably visualize the complete motor, sensory and autonomic innervation of the extraocular muscles in human, monkey and rat. The SNAP‐25 antibody can be combined with other immunofluorescence procedures, and is used here to study properties of palisade endings. With SNAP‐25 immunolabelling putative palisade endings are identified in the rat for the first time. They are not well branched, but fulfil several criteria of palisade endings, being associated with non‐twitch fibres as shown by double labelling with ‘myosin heavy chain slow‐twitch’ antibodies. The putative palisade endings of the rat lack α‐bungarotoxin binding, which implies that these synapses are sensory. If palisade endings are sensory then they could function as an eye muscle proprioceptor. They seem to be a general feature of all vertebrate eye muscles, unlike the other two extraocular proprioceptors, muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs, the presence of which varies widely between species.
Substance P and opioid peptidergic innervation of the anterior eye segment of the rat: an immunohistochemical study
Authors: Selbach J. Michael , Buschnack Samia H. , Steuhl Klaus‐Peter , Kremmer Stephan , Muth‐Selbach Uta 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRecently discovered endogenous opioid peptides such as nociceptin are known to modulate neurotransmitter release of primary afferent neurons (especially substance P, SP) and they have also been demonstrated in peripheral nerve fibres. The aim of this study was to investigate the opioid peptidergic innervation of the anterior eye segment and to compare it with the innervation pattern of SP in order to shed light on the functional relationship between these peptides. Anterior eye segments of 20 rat eyes were cut in a tangential plane and the sections stained with antibodies against SP, nociceptin, nocistatin, endomorphin 1 and 2, leu‐enkephalin and met‐enkephalin. Sections of the spinal cord or brain were used as positive controls. Numerous SP‐immunoreactive nerve fibres were found in the conjunctiva, cornea, episclera, trabecular meshwork, iris and ciliary body. A weak staining for met‐enkephalin and leu‐enkephalin could only be found in the iris and anteriormost ciliary body. Nerve fibres immunoreactive for nociceptin, nocistatin, and endomorphin 1 or 2 could not be detected in any part of the anterior eye segment. It is tempting to speculate that the opioid peptidergic innervation of the anterior ciliary body may play a role in the modulation of intraocular inflammation.
Allergy‐like conditions and health‐care contacts among children with exclusion diets at school
Authors: Gunnarsson Nina , Marklund Birgitta , Ahlstedt Staffan , Borell Lena , Nordström Gun 
Published: February 2005

Aim:  To find out whether children with exclusion diet at school had allergy‐like conditions that could explain their food avoidance, the objective of this study was to describe health‐care contacts and diagnostic testing among schoolchildren with exclusion diet and compare the magnitude of allergy‐like conditions between those children who had vs. had not consulted health‐care professionals. Telephone interviews were conducted with the parents of 230 schoolchildren, aged 6–18 years, with certificates for exclusion diets at school.Results:  The majority of the schoolchildren (85%) had consulted health‐care professionals for food‐related problems, and 68% were doctor‐diagnosed as having food hypersensitivity. Those who had consulted health‐care professionals specifically for their food‐related problems had more complex and severe problems compared with those who had not consulted health‐care professionals. Breathing difficulties (27/196) and anaphylaxis (9/196) related to intake of food were reported only for those who had sought health‐care professionals (n = 196). Regardless of whether the children had consulted the health‐care professionals, their food‐related problems were consistent with food hypersensitivity. Schoolchildren avoided food items known to be associated with food hypersensitivity such as tree nuts, fruit, egg, peanut, lactose and fish. Furthermore, 83% of the 230 children also had allergic diseases (i.e. asthma, eczema or hay fever) or were hypersensitive to other substances besides food, and 83% had at least one sibling or parent with hypersensitivity to foods or other substances.Conclusions and implications for the school nurse:  Schoolchildren with food certificates for exclusion diets, based on parents’ statements, have food‐related and allergy‐like problems that may well motivate exclusion diets at school. The school nurses can rely on the parents’ information as to what foods their children should avoid, even when doctor diagnoses have not been made or health‐care consultations have not been carried out.
COOLING EFFECTS ON PROCESSED CHEESE FUNCTIONALITY
Authors: ZHONG QIXIN , DAUBERT CHRISTOPHER R. , FARKAS BRIAN E. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT Textural and functional properties of processed cheese are affected by a final production step – cooling. Rheological data demonstrate a firmer cheese at slower cooling rates. To simulate industrial production, five‐pound cheese loaves were cooled in an environment at 5C under free and forced convection. Slice‐ability was estimated by cutting loaves at different locations using a wire‐cutting device, and melt‐ability was determined by the Schreiber method. Cooling rates, estimated from a heat transfer model, did not show a large difference within the five‐pound loaf, and no obvious trends in slice‐ability and melt‐ability were observed. Comparing forced with free convection, a smaller force was required to slice the cheese, and a higher melt score was experienced for the forced convection scenario. Cheese manufacturers can benefit from this research by manipulating cooling schedules to achieve desired textural attributes of processed cheese.
MULTISPECTRAL IMAGING SYSTEM FOR FECAL AND INGESTA DETECTION ON POULTRY CARCASSES
Authors: PARK BOSOON , LAWRENCE KURT C. , WINDHAM WILLIAM R. , SMITH DOUGLAS P. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT A multispectral imaging system, including a common aperture camera with three optical trim filters (515.4, 566.4 and 631 nm), which were selected by visible/near‐infrared NIR spectroscopy and validated by a hyperspectral imaging system, was developed for a real‐time, on‐line poultry inspection application. The algorithm developed by a hyperspectral imaging system was employed for multispectral image analysis to validate the accuracy of fecal and ingesta detection in real‐time poultry processing. A multispectral imaging system could be used effectively for detecting feces (from duodenum, ceca, and colon) and ingesta on the surface of poultry carcasses with the processing time of approximately 251 ms or 3.99 frames/s. The multispectral imaging system developed in this research can be used for real‐time, on‐line detection of fecal and ingesta contaminant on poultry carcasses. The overall accuracy to identify fecal and ingesta contaminants was 96.8% and the prediction accuracy to identify each contaminant were 92.4% for duodenum and 98% for ceca, colon, and ingesta with moderate false positives.