bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migration as a Consumption Activity
Authors: Wallace Suzanne B. , DeLorme, Jr. Charles D. , Kamerschen David R. 
Published: March 2003

While a generalized utility maximization approach to migration decision‐making is not innovative, the principal extensions of this paper involve the search for an instrument capable of measuring changes in utility levels consistent with all preferences (i.e., with all forms of utility functions), requiring only data on observed behaviour. Our approach is to construct a Location‐Specific Utility Index (LSUI), whose component variables serve as proxies for the arguments in households’ utility functions. The LSUI is calculated for households at two times (before and after the migration decision) and then compared to produce a utility change index (the Delta Index) for each household. The approach is distinctive in that the Delta Index measures only the direction of the change in a household’s utility level due to its migration. The ordinal nature of utility rankings thus is not violated through aggregation over housholds or cross‐sectional comparisons of utility levels.Our database is the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a longitudinal nation‐wide sample survey conducted by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research. It provides information on more than two hundred variables per household per year. The objective is to test empirically whether migration is appropriately modelled as utility‐generating behaviour. The testable hypothesis is formulated as follows: Assuming constant household preferences and expansion of the household’s feasible set over time, the household’s utility level is greater following the migration decision. Stepwise discriminate analysis is used to measure the contributions of the component variables to the move decision. The conclusion reached through the stepwise discriminate analysis is that the LSUI and the Delta Index must be revised to include only six components: quality of life, proximity to relatives and cultural roots, net present value of future earnings, real household consumption activity by households to maximize utility.
The Fertility of Migrants Before and After Crossing the Border: The Ethnic German Population from the Former Soviet Union as a Case Study
Authors: Dinkel R.H. , Lebok U.H. 
Published: March 2003

Empirical data on persons of German ethnic origin migrating to Germany from the former Soviet Union are used to calculate their relative ferility levels before and after arriving in their new host country. Despite small numbers in the survey , a suitable method was used to effecitvely compare fertility before and after crossing the border with an index measure of national fertility rates. A relatively strong fertility decline was observed for German origin migrants (Aussiedler) from the former Soviet Union during their first years in Germany.More interesting, we consider, is how and to what extent the change in living conditions affected reproductive behaviour after arrival in Germany.Surprisingly, the fertility of this former high‐fertility population fell to a level much lower than the already low German fertility. The extraordinarily high fertility levels of certain religious groups within the former Soviet Union fell even more rapidly after arrival in their new home country.The results of the study may shed light on another development in Germany: that immediately after reunification the total fertility rate in the former GDR fell to the extremely low level of about 0.6 in 1993 and 1994. The experience of the former East German population is therefore similar to that of German‐origin migrants from the former Soviet Union.
Releasing the Development Potential of Return Migration: The Case of Senegal
Authors: Diatta Marie Angelique , Mbow Ndiaga 
Published: March 2003

Migration has long been a permanent part of Senegal’s history. Indeed, as a land of migrants and immigrants, Senegal has always been an important pole of West African immigration because of its colonial heritage, political stability and economic growth which, until the mid‐seventies, had been relatively good.Nonetheless, events of the past few decades have induced changes in migration. Continuing desertification, globalization of the economy and accelerated pauperization have intensified the human exodus. The emergence of world markets has stimulated demand for both cheap and highly skilled labour. In general, Senegalese who left the country did so in search of work. These migrations have not been limited to a South‐North direction but also, and increasingly, to a South‐South one. France, Côte d’Ivoire and Gabon have long been countries of call for Senegalese workers.This article seeks to evaluate the manner in which Senegal has undertaken to develop the potential of its returning migrants, to better assess the effects of the return and reinsertion of these migrants within the present context of restrictions on the flow of migrants.The first section presents the profile of Senegalese migrants and then evaluates what may be described as the "French‐Senegalese" experience. The latter offers an example of concerted efforts to ensure the reintegration and participation of returning migrants in the economic development of their country of origin.The second section reviews Senegal’s official policies for the protection and promotion of Senegalese living abroad and assesses the Programme of Support to Migrant Workers.The third section presents recommendations for actions which could accompany migrants returning to their countries of origin and facilitate their reinsertion in the current economic and social environment.
Best Practice Options: Turkey
Authors: Martin Philip , Midgley Elizabeth , Teitelbaum Michael 
Published: March 2003

At the ninth Migration Dialogue seminar, held 29–31 March 2001 in Istanbul, Turkey, opinion leaders discussed the major immigration and integration issues facing emigration, transit, and immigration countries. Several major issues regarding Turkey were discussed.First, the effect of the Turkish Government’s modernization effort, which began in the 1920s. In the 1960s the government began to promote the export of surplus labour, with the hope that sending workers abroad from less– developed parts of the country would bring remittances and returned workers with skills needed for modernization. Among the governments of labour–exporting countries, Turkey’s has been unique in its high hopes for recruitment, remittances, and returns. They were expected to bring about a transformation of the country. These high expectations help explain the widespread frustration with migration’s actual effects.Second, the Turkish Government’s current goal of gaining full membership in the European Union (EU). Ankara stresses that the EU should embrace full Turkish membership for a variety of reasons, including the country’s strategic position between Europe and Asia, and to send a signal to other Muslim societies, such as those of North Africa, that the EU will include Muslim societies that are secular and democratic.Third, Turkey’s fear that EU membership would lead to another wave of migration. Many Europeans fear that Turkish EU membership would lead to another wave of migration. Turkey hopes that admission to the EU will bring EU assistance and foreign direct investment (FDI) that creates jobs and pushes up wages, thus making migration insignificant.Finally, Turkey’s position as an emigration, transit, and immigration country. There are 3 to 4 million Turks abroad, 3 to 4 million foreigners living in Turkey (perhaps half Iranians), and tens of thousands who move through Turkey to Europe. Turkey is revising its asylum law in a manner that will allow persons fleeing persecution outside Europe to be considered refugees in Turkey, to establish for the first time a support system for refugees.
Migration Trends and Migration Policy in Europe
Authors: Stalker Peter 
Published: March 2003

This paper summarizes the latest information on both stocks and flows of migrants in Europe, focusing specifically on arrivals from developing countries. It starts out by setting this into its historical context by showing how flows of labour migrants were followed by flows of family members, and later by asylum seekers and refugees. Then it looks more closely at recent migration data, though it finds these to be frequently incomplete and inconsistent.The most comparable cross–national data come from the OECD and Eurostat, which indicate that Germany had the largest flows of migrants in the 1990s followed by the United Kingdom. In addition to these arrivals there are probably between 2 and 3 million undocumented immigrants in Europe – accounting for 10 to 15 per cent of the total population of foreigners. The paper also traces the countries from where immigrants are leaving. Sources vary considerably from one immigration country to another, reflecting a number of factors, of which the most important are former colonial links, previous areas of labour recruitment, and ease of entry from neighbouring countries. In recent years, however, immigrants have been coming from a wider range of countries and particularly from lower–income countries.The paper also examines changes in immigration policy. National policies were fairly liberal during the 1950s and 1960s, before becoming restrictive from the 1970s on. Recently, however, a number of governments have been revising their policies to take better account of employment and demographic needs. The paper also traces the emergence of a cross–national European response to immigration, as European Union (EU) countries have become more concerned about their common external frontier.Thus far European countries have done little to try to control migration through cooperation with sending countries. They could, for example, direct Official Development Assistance to those countries most likely to send immigrants, though few appear to have done so in a deliberate fashion.The paper concludes that in the future immigration to the EU is likely to increase, both as a result of the demand for labour and because of low birth rates in the EU. In the short and medium term many of these requirements are likely to be met by flows from Eastern Europe, particularly following the eastward expansion of the EU. But, the longer–term picture will probably involve greater immigration from developing countries.
Banken zwischen Politik und Markt: Worin besteht die volkswirtschaftliche Verantwortung der Banken?
Authors: Hellwig Martin 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The paper studies the changing relations between political systems and banking systems. After a brief survey of traditional mechanisms of protection for banks from competition combined with subsidized finance for selected worthy purposes, the paper sketches the structural change that has taken place in the financial sector and considers its implications for the workability of these mechanisms. For the future, the paper claims, the ``economic responsibility“ of banks lies in the avoidance of excessive risks burdening the community rather than in the subsidization of selected purposes.
Ach Europa: Einige kritische polito Èkonomische Notizen zum Thema „Europa“
Authors: Rothschild Kurt W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe project „Europe“ has two aspects: a political and an economic one. While the political aspect - a peaceful Europe - can count on universal consent, the economic „constitution“ necessarily invites controversies. In national politics such controversies are „solved“ in a democratic process. The delay in political unification has prevented the emergence of such a process on a European scale. The paper discusses some difficulties which arise from this fact. Attention is drawn to the dogmatic nature of some EU economic policies. It is suggested that in the transition to a more unified European framework a flexible economic policy leaving more room for subsidiarity should be adopted.
Smokers' Rights to Health Care: Why the ‘Restoration Argument’ is a Moralising Wolf in a Liberal Sheep's Clothing
Authors: Wilkinson Stephen 
Published: March 2003

Do people who cause themselves to be ill (e.g. by smoking) forfeit some of their rights to healthcare? This paper examines one argument for the view that they do, the restoration argument.It goes as follows. Smokers need more health‐resources than non‐smokers. Given limited budgets, we must choose between treating everyone equally (according to need) or reducing smokers' entitlements. If we choose the former, non‐smokers will be harmed by others' smoking, because there will be less resources available for them than if no‐one smoked. This is unfair: why should non‐smokers suffer because of others' unhealthy lifestyle choices? We should therefore choose the latter and reduce smokers' entitlements.This paper criticises the restoration argument on the following grounds. In order to avoid generating unpalatable conclusions elsewhere, it must be combined with a principle according to which activities which are sufficiently ‘socially valuable’ (e.g. parenting) are immune from restoration claims. This however means that what was supposed to be one of the argument's most attractive features, its compatibility with ‘liberal neutrality’ with respect to the value of different lifestyles, doesn't really exist. Hence, the restoration argument is nowhere near as attractive as it at first appears to be.
The Original Creative Principle
Authors: Renshaw John 
Published: March 2003

The following imaginary interview is linked to an hour long drawing workshop carried out during the 2002 NSEAD Annual Conference ‘Creativity in Art & Design Education’. The intention was to get closer to the experience by raising questions. I hope those who participated may recognise it as, in some way, connected to their experience.The American Artist, Robert Motherwell maintained an interest in psychic automatism throughout his life. Although he remained suspicious of its mystical connotations [1] fundamental principles appeared to inform his working methods. Motherwell identified a number of key issues which serve to define its potential in the origination and development of paintings and drawings. He saw the process as “...very little a question of the unconscious, but much more a plastic weapon with which to invent new forms.”[2] Motherwell’s analysis and, to some extent defence, of the process is as follows:1. It cuts through any a priori influences — it is not a style2. It is entirely personal3. It is, by definition, original4. It can be modified stylistically and in subject matter at any point during the process.The proposed drawing workshop seeks to explore Motherwell’s approach and by definition, exposes a related and learning and teaching strategy. The process serves as a catalyst for creative thinking, exploiting analogy, simile and metaphor in the generation of artistic and personally defined contexts or narratives.
The Politics of Hostage Rescue: Is Violence a Route to Political Success?
Authors: Scanlon Joseph 
Published: March 2003

Over the years, law enforcement agencies have acquired extensive experience with hostage incidents, and most Western countries have officers trained in all aspects of hostage resolution. There are also articles and manuals outlining how to deal with the media coverage of hostage takings (Scanlon, 1989). However, because hostage rescue efforts can provide dramatic visuals that attract enormous audiences, the media have steadily intensified their coverage of such incidents. Today, a group of previously obscure persons can suddenly dominate the media agenda by successfully resisting an armed assault or by seizing hostages and calling themselves terrorists.After defining a hostage incident and looking at the strategy for dealing with such incidents, this article examines the implications of two fatal incidents: the stand‐off involving religious fanatics at Waco, Texas; and the Air France hijacking that started in Algiers and ended in Marseille, France. Both became number one on the Western media agenda, and both became political crises involving the head of state; one threatening a president’s credibility, the other enhancing a president’s status. Together they suggest that the escalating media coverage of such incidents raises questions not only about the effectiveness of current response strategies, but also about political leadership. This article discusses a number of strategies that have been tried or suggested. It also debates whether involvement has a positive or negative effect on political leaders. It concludes that, from the evidence available, a successful hostage rescue can yield political rewards.
How similar are correlates of different subclinical eating problems and bulimia nervosa?
Authors: Graber Julia A. , Tyrka Audrey R. , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne 
Published: March 2003

Background:  This study examined the physical, parental, and psychological correlates of subtypes of high EAT‐26 scores and bulimia nervosa (BN) in 155 girls/young women seen at two times over a 6‐year period (ages 16 and 22). Participants were from white, upper‐middle‐class families.Methods:  In young adulthood, participants were interviewed for lifetime history for an eating disorder; participants completed questions assessing subclinical problems and correlates at both times of assessment. Based on their EAT‐26 scores and diagnostic status for BN at each time, girls were classified into the following groups: True Positive (BN and high EAT‐26 scores), False Positive (high EAT‐26 scores and no BN), and True Negative (low EAT‐26 scores and no BN).Results:  In adolescence, 4% of girls were classified as True Positives BN and 23% were classified as False Positives. Similar distributions were found at young adulthood (i.e., 5% True Positives BN and 21% False Positives). By using cluster analysis, two types of subclinical problems (False Positives) were identified at each time with some girls having only high Eating symptoms and others also having high psychopathology. The ‘high Eating symptoms only’ cluster was more similar to the True Negative group than was the ‘high Psychopathology’ cluster at each time.Conclusions:  Individuals in the latter group experienced co‐occurrence with depression, resulting in pervasive impairments in psychosocial functioning during both adolescence and young adulthood.
The Intraday Relation between NYSE and CBOE Prices
Authors: Hatch Brian C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractI extend the literature regarding price discovery across stock and option markets through an empirical model that allows information to flow through an error‐correction term and volatility. NYSE prices tend to lead CBOE prices by at least thirty minutes over the entire six‐year sample period. In addition, informed trading in the options market is revealed more strongly through persistence in volatility and the spillover of volatility to the stock market than it is through returns.
Skewness and Kurtosis Implied by Option Prices: A Correction
Authors: Brown Christine A. , Robinson David M. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Corrado and Su (1996) provide skewness and kurtosis adjustment terms for the Black‐Scholes model, using a Gram‐Charlier expansion of the normal density function. In this note we provide a correction to the expression for the skewness coefficient and illustrate the effect on call option prices of the error found.
Ginkgo biloba: A Cognitive Enhancer?
Authors: Gold Paul E. , Cahill Larry , Wenk Gary L. 
Published: March 2003

Ginkgo biloba is an herb often used as an alternative treatment to improve cognitive functions. Like most herbal treatments, the use of ginkgo is poorly regulated by government agencies, on the basis of either its efficacy or its health risks. This article reviews the experimental evidence available regarding efficacy, neurobiological actions, and health risks. Findings obtained in studies of humans often include demonstrations of rather mild cognitive enhancement. Interpretation of these findings is complicated by somewhat inconsistent findings, by experimental designs that do not permit identification of cognitive functions susceptible to the influence of ginkgo, and by the paucity of direct comparisons with other treatments. The number of peer-reviewed reports of studies in nonhuman animals is surprisingly small. In this small set, the findings reveal mild behavioral effects that might be attributable to actions on cognitive functions. However, these experiments in rodents, like those in humans, do not involve the use of designs to assess ginkgo's effects on particular cognitive attributes, and generally do not include direct comparisons with other treatments. Interpretation of the findings is further complicated by evidence, obtained in studies of both humans and rats, showing that a single administration of the treatment enhances performance on cognitive measures. If ginkgo has effects on cognition, there should be effects evident on biological processes as well. Neurobiological studies have largely examined the effects of chronic ginkgo administration, mirroring the most common design in behavioral studies. However, the addition of findings that single administration of ginkgo may influence behavior directs biological investigations to short-term actions of the treatment. Biological effects of ginkgo include vasodilation, protection of neurons from oxidative stress, and actions mediated by effects via neurotransmitters. Adverse reactions to ginkgo consumption have been observed but are relatively rare. Collectively, the behavioral literature reviewed cannot be used conclusively to document or to refute the efficacy of ginkgo in improving cognitive functions. At best, the effects seem quite modest. In particular, it is questionable whether effects of ginkgo, if present, are equal to those obtained by administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, hearing an arousing story, or ingesting glucose.
Determinants of No‐Fault Insurance Measures
Authors: Devlin Rose Anne 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn spite of being touted as the panacea for rising premiums and unfair settlements, no‐fault automobile insurance provisions exist in fewer than one third of U.S. states. Few researchers have examined why such measures exist in some states but not in others. This article focuses directly on this issue by looking at the factors that help explain the type of no‐fault regime in place. The article conducts an empirical analysis using a data set that spans all 50 states over the 19‐year period from 1972 to 1990. Among other things, the analysis finds that the structure of the insurance industry and the type of rate regulation under which it operates are determinants of these decisions.