bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals both with major psychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence that have been associated with developmental neurological deficit and the relationship between specific neurodevelopmental events and emotional and behavioral disorders. Psychiatric disorders found in children with some specific neurological syndromes were mentioned in previous chapters (e.g., low birth weight, brain injury, metabolic disorders, minor physical anomalies, vision, hearing and language disorders) and are not reviewed here.Childhood psychopathology may be Axis II diagnoses in DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association 1987). These diagnoses include, in addition to topics already discussed (e.g., mental retardation, ADHD), pervasive developmental disorders (such as autistic disorders), conduct disorder, oppositional defiant dis order, and a number of disorders outside the field of this book (anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence, gender identity disorders, and elective mutism). Other axis I and II childhood psychiatric disorders, such as depression or compulsive disorders, and specific neurodevelopmental events so far have attracted less attention from neuropsychologists and will be mentioned only briefly. The overall prevalence estimates of moderate to severe psychiatric disorders of any type range from 14 to 20 per cent (Brandenburg et al. 1990, Costello 1991).
Modem Perspectives on Mood
Authors: Thayer Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the radical behaviorists of the l960s, behavioral processes were the central focus of experimental psychology. Moods often were regarded as curious spill overs, or just aftereffects.1 Moods were hardly of greater interest to the scientific psychologists of the 1970s, when cognitive processes received the greatest focus (Zajonc, 1980). But in the 1980s, mood has been rediscovered. Writing at the beginning of this decade, Sylvan Tomkins may have been prophetic in stating that “the next decade or so belongs to affect” (Tomkins, 1981). The field is now rich with investigations and speculations about mood and general affect.
Arousal: A Basic Element of Mood and Behavior
Authors: Thayer Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of arousal as a general bodily process is both necessary and controversial in the biological and behavioral sciences-particularly psychology and physiology (e.g., Andrew, 1974; Duffy, 1962; Eason & Dudley, 1971; Levenson, 1983; Thayer, 1978b; Thayer, 1985). The controversy surrounding this concept derives mainly from the complexity of bodily processes, a complexity that seems to defy classification on a single arousal continuum. Yet the fact that one or more of these continua exists seems undeniable. It is clear that on most days we move from quiescence to activity, and back again to quiescence. Thus a continuum of integrated bodily changes occurs between sedentary rest and intense exercise, and from mild to intense emotions.
Daily Rhythms of Subjective Energy and Other Biopsychological Cycles
Authors: Thayer Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The newly emerging area of chronobiology, or perhaps more appropriately for this chapter, “chronopsychology,” can provide extremely important insights into mood. There is an extended history of research on biological cycles, including empirical observations and some theory (see reviews by Brown, 1982; Colquhoun, 1982), but until the last half of this century scientists have not really captured the full significance of these natural cycles in relation to mind and behavior (Aschoff, 1965; Colquhoun, 1971; Halberg, 1969). And even in much of the science as it is now developing, the full range ofrhythmicities has hardly been investigated and assimilated. This deficiency is particularly apparent with regards to psychological concepts.
Determinants of Energetic and Tense Arousal, Including Cognitive-Mood Interactions
Authors: Thayer Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The common perception that exercise results in fatigue is frequently wrong. One of the most interesting things about subjective energy is that often this feeling is immediately enhancedby moderate exercise. I am not speaking here of the enhancement that comes over time with physical conditioning. Instead, my point is that on any single occasion energy is often increased by moderate exercise, and the effect can continue for minutes if not hours. At first thought, this doesn ‘t seem logical. After all, exercise involves energy expenditure, and therefore, it should result in tiredness. Nevertheless, on the basis of experimental data, plus some speculative biological theory, it appears that much of the time the immediate effect of moderate exercise is increased energy.
The Natural Interaction of Energetic and Tense Moods: A Multidimensional Arousal Model
Authors: Thayer Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moods of energy and tension interact in a complex manner. Under certain conditions, increases in subjective tension are associated with increased subjective energy, but under other conditions, reduced energy occurs with heightened tension. In psychometric terms, the two mood dimensions appear to be orthogonal, but this apparent independence actually masks differing relationships between these moods at different levels of arousal. These relationships are very important, because different patterns of energy and tension are basic elements of a variety of other common mood states.
Issues Relating to Formal and Informal Research on Mood
Authors: Thayer Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the traditional experimental research on mood involves nomothetic designs that are usually carried out in a laboratory setting. Typically, behavior is assessed on only a single occasion, or at most, two occasions (e.g., pre and post experimental conditions). Probability models that are used to evaluate research results often depend on multiple replications across subjects. Discussions of the limitations arising from these traditional procedures in relation to general psychological research have become increasingly prominent in the recent scientific literature. Particularly noteworthy in this context are the ideas of Epstein (1980, 1983) and Rushton, Brainerd, and Pressley (1983). Recently Larsen (1988) has provided an excellent organizational framework for considering these issues.
Genetic Analysis of Hybrid Zones
Authors: Barton Nicholas H , Gale Katherine S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When two distinct gene pools meet and produce fertile hybrids, the outcome varies from gene to gene. At some loci a universally favorable allele has been established on one side. Such alleles soon spread through the whole population and hence differences are rarely observed. At other loci different alleles may be favored in different environments or genetic backgrounds; selection maintains these differences in the face of random mixing. At other loci—perhaps at most of those we observe in molecular surveys—different alleles may have been established by chance and may have no appreciable effect on fitness. These differences gradually fade away, at a rate that depends on the strength of selection against introgression at the other loci with which they are associated.
The Juridicized Policymaking Process
Authors: Stone Alec 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have argued that to limit our understanding of the Constitutional Council’s political behavior and impact to the terms of its jurisprudence obscures its political role and functioning, and leads to a narrow reading of the impact of constitutional review on policymaking. Focus on the application of the Council’s decisions by legislators is a necessary but only partial corrective. Given the Council’s potential to exercise indirect, deterrent power over policy decisions, the full picture is only visible to the extent that the analyst attends to each stage of the legislative process, and is able to evaluate, as systematically as possible, the full range of Council impact. This indirect impact too constitutes the Council’s policymaking behavior.
The Federalist: Liberal Commitments
Authors: Sinopoli Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In defending the newly drafted Constitution of 1787 in the New York State ratifying convention, Alexander Hamilton comes close to stating a general theory of constitutional design as pursued by a wise legislator. “Men,” he argues, “will pursue their interests. It is as easy to change human nature as to oppose the strong current of selfish passions. A wise legislator will gently divert the channel, and direct it, if possible, to the public good.”1 Elsewhere Hamilton paraphrases Hume in making much the same point.
Conclusion: American Citizenship Viewed from the Founding
Authors: Sinopoli Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I began this study with a statement of Rousseau’s problem-how to balance the competing demands of civic and private life on our time and energy-and attempted to provide some sense of the constitutional founders’ response to it. Though I have rejected the revisionist view that classical republican notions of civic virtue played a large role in shaping the constitutional founders’ thought, I have supported the revisionists to at least this extent: both Federalists and Anti-Federalists considered in some depth the social and psychological bases of civic motivations. They debated whether the national government could generate and sustain the support of citizens. They also disagreed over the role citizens should play in political decision making, with Anti-Federalists committed to variants of what I call weak republicanism. Neither Federalists nor Anti-Federalists believed institutional checks and balances to be enough to stabilize society without at least some degree of motivation of citizens to undertake civic duties. In making this case, I have attempted to give due weight to the differences within the broadly liberal consensus that has set the terms of debate in American politics;
The Counter examples
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1.1.There exists a subset of :R. such that the infimum of the set is greater than the supremum of the set. 1.2 Given any nonzero real number a, there exists a metric on :R. such that a is closer to O than to any other real number. 1.3 There exists an uncountable family of distinct infinite subsets of N such that the intersection of any two distinct sets from this family is finite. 1.4 Given any positive number E, there exists an open subset U of :R. such that U contains each of the rationals, yet the Lebesgue measure of U is less than E. 1.5 There exists a subset S of :R. such that inf{e &gt; 0: S EBE= S} = 0. 1.6 There do not exist Lebesgue measurable subsets of :R. with positive Lebesgue measure and with cardinality less than c. 1.7 There exists an uncountable collection of distinct subsets of N that are totally ordered by the inclusion relation. 1.8 For any closed interval I of :R. such that &gt;.(I) &gt; 0 and any a E [O, &gt;.(I)), there exists a Cantor-like subset of I having Lebesgue measure a.
Product Spaces
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we present counterexamples concerning products of topological spaces and products of measure spaces with particular emphasis placed upon examining unexpected properties of Rk. Example 6.1. Given any bounded subsets X and Y of R3. having non empty interiors, there exists a positive integer n, a partition { Xi: 1 &lt;5 i &lt;5 n} of X, and a partition {1’: 1 &lt;5 i &lt;5 n} of Y such that X, is congruent to 1’ for each i. Proof: The proof of this result due to Banach and Tarski is from Stromberg [1979]. For a point x in JR3. , we will let X denotes the standard Euclidean norm of x. Recall that a square matrix with real entries is said to be orthogonal if it is invertible and if its inverse equals its transpose.
Boyhood in Hildesheim
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hans Adolf Krebs was born on August 25, 1900, in a modest house on the Zingel,a broad street bordering the beautiful inner city of Hildesheim, in Hanover. His father chose the name Hans in the mistaken belief that it was a characteristically Germanic one. Hans was given the middle name Adolf after his maternal grandfather, but the spelling was modernized. Six weeks later the Krebs family moved to a larger house on the other side of the same street, at Zingel 9. Anticipating that a second child would require more room, Georg Krebs had already purchased the house at Zingel 9, and had had an extension built across the back to accommodate an office and a surgical operating room for his medical practice.
Initiative and Dependence
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Hans Krebs completed his medical training in Berlin, his year in Rona’s laboratory, and his first year in Warburg’s laboratory, Germany enjoyed greater outward stability than anything he had known since the outbreak of the war when he was a young teenager. After the end of the inflation German industrial production revived resiliently, and economic conditions for many people approached prewar levels. Although the republican government remained weak and divided by party factionalism, the forceful leadership of Gustav Stresemann in the Foreign Ministry gradually restored Germany to a respected place in the international community.
The Formation of Urea
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Henseleit first observed the enormous quantity of ammonia formed in kidney tissue to which he had added ornithine, it was an unexpected event that occurred within the context of the on going investigation of the ornithine effect. Three days later that event had already taken on the shape of a new investigative problem. The evolution of Krebs’s point of view during these 3 days appears to be well captured in the respective titles in Henseleit’s notebook of the experiment in which the initial observation was made, and of the first experiment designed to follow it up:
Reflections on the Formation of a Scientific Life
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hans Krebs took 31 years to become a well-trained independent scientific investigator, and only 9 months more to make one of the most significant discoveries of his generation in his chosen field. Retrospectively it is easy to organize the varied episodes in his life until 1931 as the necessary preparation for his auspicious achievement. An early interest in nature, fostered by his father; the well-organized use of his time, even as a boy; the industrious student in his Gymnasium years, who absorbed information very well even if he did not shine; the disciplining effect of his short interlude of military service; the purposeful, determined student of medicine who absorbed from his teachers a keen interest in research; lectures by Franz Knoop that outlined the approach to intermediary metabolism he was later to pursue so successfully; the early opportunity to whet his appetite for research under the guidance of von Mollendorff; the resourceful exploitation of the local opportunities for clinical research during his hospital year; the year spent in Rona’s laboratory to repair the deficiencies in his chemical education, were all climaxed by an apprenticeship in the laboratory of the great Otto Warburg that provided him with the methods, the standards, and much of the style that enabled him, as soon as he was on his own, to solve one of the large biochemical problems of his time.
A Space in the Public Place: Democracy
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern democracy developed in the liberal quest for freedom in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Democracy had already appeared in earlier forms in prehistoric and early historical societies2 and in ancient Greece. The latter appearance of democracy was democracy only in a qualified sense since in reality it included only a small portion3 of the civil community, the sons of citizens of the city-state who married women of the city-state.
Discovery and Invention in Polymer Chemistry
Authors: Morgan Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes discovery and invention in an industrial laboratory whose purpose is to seek new products for a synthetic fibers business. Here the search may be for fundamental information and understanding or for a specific practical goal. The searcher may be an individual working alone or a member of a team. The researcher may work on more than one project at a time, and assignments often are changed in midstream to serve the manpower needs of the laboratory.
The Analytic Inventive Thinking Model
Authors: Helfman Jacob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analytic Inventive Thinking is a practical model designed for scientists, engineers, and technicians to use in creating original and easy-to-implement solutions across the broad spectrum of technology. It provides an organized, systematic approach and efficiently shortens the problem-solving process. This teachable model has been developed in the Open University of lsrael and is briefly outlined in this article. The university is continuing to investigate and develop the model and offers teaching, training, and consultation in its use. To date, about 1250 students representing most of the major industries in Israel have participated in fifty in-house courses based on the model.
Neuroglia
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have emphasized that two special elements, which are really abstractions derived from many examples, form all neural tissue: the neuron with its various processes and the glial cell. The neuron has already been examined in detail, and we shall soon discuss its major process, the nerve fiber. However, before discussing the neural centers formed by various combinations of these special elements, we also need to understand the glial cell.
Histogenesis Of The Spinal Cord And Spinal Ganglia
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spinal cord is simply a fold of ectoderm, and the elements within it are actually just transformed epithelial cells. Thanks to the fundamental observations of HisI in the human embryo, the initial phases of this transformation are now understood, although little was done for several years to confirm his work. During the course of time, however, our own studies, along with those of Lenhossek,3 were carried out with the Golgi method in the chick embryo and published. This method allowed us to confirm the essential features of the work carried out by His, and even allowed us to discover the earliest form of neurons and epithelial cells, and to follow their subsequent transformation more clearly than His was able to do with the ordinary staining methods that he employed. We shall now summarize the first stages of spinal cord development according to the work of His.
Medullary Extension Of The Spinal Ventral Funiculus
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Longitudinal sections through the medulla and cervical spinal cord of small mammals demonstrate that the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord lies mainly ventral to the caudal end of the inferior olive, and that it continues on in the medulla as fibers associated with the medial or white reticular formation. The latest evidence about this continuity is presented in Fig. 409, which is from a sagittal section through the medulla of a newborn mouse. The most ventrolateral region of the ventral funiculus follows this course, and is particularly obviou,s around lateral parts of the inferior olive. In contrast, dorsomedial parts of the ventral funiculus are continuous with the medial longitudinal fascicle and with fibers in regions of the medial or white reticular formation dorsal to the inferior olive. In the mouse, rabbit, cat, and so on, some bundles of the ventral funiculus also course near the raphe, between the inferior olive dorsally and the pyramidal tract ventrally.
The Adolescent, Health, and Society: From the Perspective of The Nurse
Authors: Broering Jeanette M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The research literature on adolescents and health promotion has exploded in the past 2 to 3 years, with representation from a variety of professional perspectives including psychology, sociology, medicine, nursing, and public health. The quantity of research illustrates the magnitude of concern about the future health of our youth. Attempts to define, explain, and codify the complex interaction between behaviors such as substance use and delinquency or factors such as poverty and health status appear to have marginal predictive ability when attempting to understand adolescent’s choice of healthy lifestyle options (Chapter 7).
The Control of Violence and the Promotion of Nonviolence in Adolescents
Authors: Earls Felton , Cairns, Robert B , Mercy James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the outset, we should observe that few specific strategies to achieve the goals of controlling violence or promoting nonviolence have been described in the scientific literature. Yet the dual problems of violence reduction and nonviolence pro­ motion are critical health issues for adolescents. In 1987, homicide was the third leading cause of death in persons 10 to 19 years of age (National Center for Health Statistics, 1988). In that same year, 1 in 16 adolescents was a victim of violent crime. But it is not only victims who are vulnerable. Extreme aggression in adolescence has also been shown to be a reliable predictor of a host of subsequent health problems for the violent individual, from automobile accidents to suicide (Earls, 1991).
Colloidal Processes
Authors: Sposito Garrison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Basic concepts of colloid chemistry that are relevant to soils are discussed in Chap. 10 of G. Sposito, The Chemistry of Soils, Oxford University Press, New York, 1989, and in the first three chapters of R. J. Hunter, Foundations of Colloid Science, Vol. I, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987. The definitions of flocculation, jloccule, and aggregate given in the present chapter are those of its author.
See, for example, C. R. O'Melia, Particle-particle interactions in aquatic systems, Colloids Surfaces 39:255 (1989) for a review of these phenomena from the perspective of colloid chemistry.
See, for example, MF. DeBoodt, M. H. B. Hayes, and A. Herbillon, Soil Colloids and Their Associations in Aggregates, Plenum Press, New York, 1990, for comprehensive surveys of these applications.
Black Political Subordination in Chicago
Authors: Keiser Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In no U.S. city had Blacks achieved more substantial political empowerment by the first half of the twentieth century than in Chicago. Ralph Bunche declared that Chicago was “the seventh heaven” of political activity for Blacks.1 Harold Gosnell argued that “Negroes in Chicago have achieved relatively more in politics than have the Negroes in other cities of the United States.”2 Allan Spear concluded that during this period Blacks “had more political power in Chicago than anywhere else in the country.”3 Yet from the 1950s to 1983 (when Harold Washington was unexpectedly elected as the city’s first African-American mayor), the political gains of Blacks were rolled back so thoroughly that a new generation of analysts viewed the Windy City as an extreme example of Black political subordination and powerlessness.4 Out of the midst of this subordination, labeled plantation politics by local participants and scholars, emerged a movement that swept Harold Washington into the mayor’s of fice and dramatically increased the political power of African-Americans in Chicago. But in the aftermath of his sudden death, African-Americans have again become divided and have squandered most of the political power they so quickly accrued inhis brief tenure.