bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
American Adults Meeting the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Added Sugars Recommendation: WWEIA, NHANES 2011–12
Authors: Bowman Shanthy A 
Published: November 2023

Added sugars are defined as caloric sweeteners that are added to foods during food processing, food preparation, or at the table. All types of sugars and syrups, honey and molasses are examples of added sugars. The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommend that Americans limit their added sugars intake to no more than 10 percent of their daily total energy intake. The research objective was to estimate the percentage of adults, ages 20 years and over, meeting the added sugars guideline, by demographic groups. What We Eat in America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–12, day 1 dietary data and the Food Patterns Equivalents Database 2011–12 were used for the study. Survey design effects and weights were used and the analysis was conducted using SAS callable SUDAAN software. There were 4800 adults in the study. About 42 percent of males as well as females met the added sugars recommendation. However, only 37 percent of younger adults ages 20–49 years met the guideline compared with 48 percent of adults 50 years and over who met the guideline. Among the race‐ethnic groups, 32 percent of non‐Hispanic black, 43 percent of non‐Hispanic white, 62 percent of Asian, and 41 percent of Hispanic adults met the added sugars guideline. About 38 percent of adults living in household income under 131 percent of poverty, 41 percent living in households with income of 131–350 percent of poverty, and 47 percent living in households with income above 350 percent of poverty met the added sugars guideline. The mean intake of added sugars was 7 teaspoons equivalents or 29.4 grams for adults who met the guideline and 26.4 teaspoon equivalents or about 111 grams for adults whose added sugars intake exceeded the maximum allowance of 10 percent of total energy intake. The study showed that a high percentage (42 percent) of adults consumed no more than 10 percent of their total energy from added sugars. However, mean added sugar intake was quite high for those adults who did not meet the guideline. Adults 20–49 years of age, non‐Hispanic black adults, and adults living in low income households (under 131 percent of poverty) are more likely to have a high added sugars intake and may need dietary intervention to reduce their added sugars intake.Support or Funding InformationUSDA, Agricultural Research Servoce
High protein intake along with paternal part‐time employment is associated with higher body fat mass among girls from South China
Authors: Luo Jiao , Yang Mingzhe , Xue Hongmei , Pan Jay , Libuda Lars , Muckelbauer Rebecca , Yang Min , Cheng Guo 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveProtein intake has been suggested to be associated with body composition among Western children. Our aim was to determine whether protein intake is associated with body composition among Chinese children and to investigate whether parental socioeconomic status modifies these associations.MethodsDaily protein intake of 1704 children (47% girls) aged 7–12 years was obtained by 3‐d 24h dietary recalls. Skin‐fold thickness, body height and weight were measured to calculate percent body fat (%BF), fat mass index (FMI) and fat‐free mass index (FFMI). Parental characteristics were collected by questionnaires.ResultsAmong girls, protein intake was positively associated with %BF and FMI (estimate (SE) for %BF: 0.007 (0.003), p=0.04; for FMI: 0.092 (0.002), p=0.03), adjusted for pubertal stage, breast‐feeding, maternal overweight, carbohydrate intake, energy intake and physical activity level. Furthermore, there was interaction between paternal occupation and the relations of dietary protein with %BF and FMI (pfor interaction ≤ 0.04). None of associations between protein intake and %BF, FMI or FFMI was found among boys.ConclusionsOur data indicate that school aged girls but not boys living in South China with higher dietary protein intake might have higher body fat mass, which could be modified by paternal occupation.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported by a research grant from the New Century Excellent Talents in University Program (NCET‐12–0377), a research grant from the National 1000 Young Talents Program, and Sichuan Outstanding Young Scholars Foundation (2014JQ0005).
What Children Eat and Drink in America: Changes between 2003–2004 and 2013–2014
Authors: Rhodes Donna G , Clemens John C , Moshfegh Alanna J 
Published: November 2023

Public health campaigns promoting healthy eating for children became widespread during the last 10 years; however, data are limited on any potential changes in food and beverage intake among U.S. children. This research examines differences in food and beverage intake during 2003–2004 and 2013–2014 using nationally representative data from individuals aged 2–19 years participating in What We Eat in America (WWEIA), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004 (n=3824) and 2013–2014 (n=3019). Data are reported for all children or by the following age groups: 2–5yr, 6–11yr and 12–19yr. Dietary intake data, obtained from an in‐person 24‐hour recall, were collected using the interviewer‐administered 5‐step USDA Automated Multiple‐Pass Method. The WWEIA Food Categories were used to estimate the percentage of children who consumed groups of foods/beverages at least once during the intake day. Overall, the mean percentage ±SE of children consuming sweetened beverages declined from 76.0±1.6% in 2003–2004 to 55.7±1.1% in 2013–2014. The largest decline was noted for soft drinks. In 2003–2004, soft drinks were consumed by 34% (2–5yr), 58% (6–11yr) and 65% (12–19yr); in 2013–2014, percentages decreased to 16%, 28% and 39%, respectively. In 2003–2004, the percentage of children who consumed milk, as a beverage or with cereal, was 61.2±1.5%; in 2013–2014, the percentage decreased to 55.3± 1.5%. Declines were noted among all 3 age groups. Although the overall percentage of children drinking 100% juice decreased with time, the opposite was noted for fruit intake. In 2003–2004, fruits were consumed by 51% (2–5yr), 41% (6–11yr) and 29% (12–19yr); in 2013–2014, percentages increased to 64%, 53% and 42%, respectively. Apples were the most frequently consumed fruit during both time periods; the percentage reporting berries (primarily strawberries and blueberries) more than doubled between 2003–2004 (3.6%) and 2013–2014 (9.0%). The percentage of children consuming vegetables decreased slightly driven by a decline in consumption of potatoes. Although fried potatoes were the most frequently reported vegetable during both time periods, a higher percentage of children consumed fried potatoes in 2003–2004 (25%) compared to 2013–2014 (18%). During both time periods, snack foods (chips and crackers) and sweets (cookies, candy, ice cream) remained popular choices among children. On the day consumed, snack and sweet items contributed 19.9% and 21.2% of total daily energy in 2003–2004 and 2013–2014, respectively. This research highlighted some positive changes in food and beverage choices among U.S. children compared to 10 years ago – an increase in percentage eating fruit and a decrease in percentage drinking sweetened beverages.Support or Funding InformationARS, USDA
Is soy isoflavones consumption associated with pubertal onset in boys?
Authors: Siapco Gina Segovia , Pribis Peter , Sabate Joan 
Published: November 2023

The estrogenic properties of isoflavones may adversely affect the pubertal development of boys who consume soy. Using an adolescent male population with a wide range of soy intake, we assessed if consumption of soy isoflavones is associated with age at onset of puberty using pubic (pubarche) and facial hairs as pubertal markers. Boys ages 12–18y (n=248) who attended schools near Adventist universities in southern California and Michigan self‐reported their age at onset of pubertal markers. Intake of soy isoflavones was assessed with a validated web‐based food frequency questionnaire. Consumption levels of isoflavones (total, daidzein and genistein) were categorized as low (<3 mg/d), moderate (3–20 mg/d), and high (>20 mg/d). Descriptives, time‐to‐event analysis, and Cox proportional hazards regression that controlled for confounders were performed. Energy‐adjusted mean (SD) intakes were 22.1 (30.8) mg/d for total isoflavones, 8.9 (12.6) mg/d for daidzein, and 11.3 (15.8) mg/d for genistein. Energy‐adjusted mean (SD) intakes of total isoflavones were 0.8 (1.0) mg/d for low, 10.1 (4.6) mg/d for moderate, and 54.9 (35.4) mg/d for high consumers. Compared to low consumers (13.00 y), adjusted median age at pubarche was significantly earlier by 5 months for moderate consumers, 12.58 y (RR [95% CI]: 1.58 [1.06, 2.36]), and by 6 months for high consumers, 12.50 y (RR [95% CI]: 1.63 [1.03, 2.60]). In a similar manner, daidzein and genistein consumption were also significantly associated with age at pubarche. No significant associations were found for facial hair onset for any of the isoflavones but adjusted median age at onset of facial hair was earlier for low consumers (13.67 y) compared to moderate (14.00 y) and high (14.01 y) consumers. Age at pubarche in this population with a wide range of soy intake is within the reported age range for boys' pubarcheal age but moderate/high consumers tend to have it earlier compared to low consumers. Further studies are needed to determine if isoflavones intake during childhood/adolescence affects male pubertal development.Support or Funding InformationLLU McClean Fund for Nutrition Research and Soy Nutrition Institute
Disparities in Breastfeeding Outcomes Between Women Undergoing Medication‐Assisted Treatment (MAT) for Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and Abstaining Controls
Authors: Jimenez Elizabeth Yakes , Yonke Nicole , Leeman Lawrence M , Shrestha Shikhar , Cano Sandra , Garrison Laura , Williams Sonnie , Stephen Julia , Bakhireva Ludmila 
Published: November 2023

Opioid use and abuse is epidemic in the United States. MAT for SUD during pregnancy reduces the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. Breastfeeding can reduce the severity of neonatal abstinence syndrome, and is recommended for patients in MAT programs who are negative for HIV and not actively using illicit drugs. Breastfeeding outcomes were compared among women undergoing MAT (n=30) and abstaining controls (CON; n=28) in a prospective ENRICH birth cohort in New Mexico (NM). The MAT group was further stratified into: MAT/no prenatal alcohol use (MAT‐noA; n=17) and MAT with prenatal alcohol use (MAT‐A; n=13). Patients were recruited during pregnancy and followed up to 6 months postpartum. Data were self‐reported through prospective structured maternal interviews and verified by a review of electronic medical records, urine drug tests and ethanol biomarkers. The associations between prenatal exposures and other covariates and lactation initiation and continued lactation at 6 months postpartum were examined using Fisher's exact test and logistic regression.All participants delivered in a Baby Friendly hospital. Overall, about two‐thirds of all participants were Hispanic, half were overweight or obese before pregnancy, one‐third had a C‐section delivery, and 12% had a preterm delivery, with no significant differences between groups. There were significant differences between MAT and CON groups, respectively, for planned pregnancy (17% vs. 61%; p=0.002); WIC utilization (97% vs. 46%; p<0.0001); Medicaid or no insurance (93% vs. 57%; p=0.002); breastfeeding initiation (77% vs. 100%; p=0.01); and breastfeeding at 6 mo (17% vs. 56%; p=0.005). In subgroup analyses, fewer MAT‐A participants (69%) initiated breastfeeding compared to MAT‐noA participants (82%); but more MAT‐A participants reported breastfeeding at 6 months (31%) than MAT‐noA participants (6%).After adjustment for C‐section, infant prematurity, SES and perceived stress index, the difference in breastfeeding initiation between the MAT and CON groups was slightly attenuated (OR not breastfeeding = 8.01; 95% CI: 0.79, 81.21; p=0.08). At 6 mo, differences persisted between the MAT and CON groups (OR not breastfeeding = 3.97; 95% CI: 1.04, 148; p=0.04) in the same multivariable model.In the NM general population, 85.5% of women initiate breastfeeding and 51.1% continue to 6 months (CDC Breastfeeding Report Card 2016). At a Baby Friendly hospital, there were consistent disparities in breastfeeding outcomes for women on MAT compared to controls and NM state averages, particularly at 6 mo. Additional research should be conducted to better understand these disparities and identify appropriate interventions.Support or Funding InformationFunded by NIH R01 AA021771
Early‐Life Prebiotics Alter Exploratory Behavior, Recognition Memory, and Brain Serotonin in the Neonatal Piglet
Authors: Fleming Stephen A , Monaikul Supida , Patsavas Alexander J , Berg Brian M , Waworuntu Rosaline V , Dilger Ryan N 
Published: November 2023

A prebiotic blend of polydextrose and galactooligoasaccaride (PDX‐GOS) represents a mixture of long‐ and short‐chain oligosaccharides. Emerging evidence in rodent models suggests dietary prebiotics are capable of modulating the gut microbiota and animal behavior. The present research set out to describe the effects of feeding PDX‐GOS early in life on cognition, exploratory behaviors and brain neurochemistry using a piglet model. Piglets were provided customized milk replacer containing 2 g/L each of PDX and GOS (TEST) or 0 g/L (CONT) from postnatal day (PND) 2–33. Beginning at PND 25, piglets were tested on the novel object recognition (NOR), novel location recognition, and tonic immobility tasks to measure recognition memory and response to restraint stress. At study conclusion, piglets were euthanized, and intestine and brain tissues were collected. No effects of diet were observed for lengths or weights of intestinal tissues (P > 0.119). Concentrations of volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate) were decreased in the ascending colon of pigs in the TEST group (P < 0.012), but unchanged in the cecum (P > 0.383). Piglets consuming the TEST diet were able to demonstrate NOR after a 48 h delay (P < 0.001), but piglets consuming the CONT diet could not (P = 0.184). Additionally, piglets consuming the TEST diet visited both the novel and sample objects more frequently (all P < 0.05), spent less time per visit exploring the sample object (P = 0.028), and exhibited greater total movement during the sample phase (P < 0.001) than those on the CONT diet. Neither group was able to complete the novel location recognition task after a delay of 24 h (all P > 0.320), and there were no effects of diet observed for outcomes in the tonic immobility task (all P > 0.537). Concentrations of serotonin were lower (P = 0.016) in the hippocampus of pigs fed the TEST diet and tended to be lower (P = 0.055) in the striatum of those same pigs. These findings suggest that early‐life consumption of PDX‐GOS results in prebiotic effects in the ascending colon, subtly alters concentrations of catecholamines in the brain and supports recognition memory. We believe this is the first account of non‐digestible prebiotic fibers displaying simultaneous effects in the gut and brain of neonatal piglets. Such findings are likely the result of interactions within the gut‐microbiome‐brain axis, signifying dietary intervention as a possible mechanism to impact both gut and brain development and function in early life.Support or Funding InformationThis project was supported by Mead Johnson Nutrition.
Antimicrobial Peptides in Human Milk
Authors: Filgueira Luis , Kueffer Gwendoline K , Twigger Alecia‐Jane , Walch Michael , Geddes Donna T 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundEarly human milk (HM) contains a large variety of immune components, including leucocytes, providing protection to the newborn infant. Peptides such as perforin, granulysin and granzymes, stored in lymphocytes work together to induce apoptosis of infected host cells and pathogens such as bacteria and parasites. Thus far their presence in HM cells has not been shown.AimsThis project aims to examine the presence and localization of these immune peptides in HM cells.MethodsPresence of perforin, granulysin and granzymes (A, B, H and M) was examined in cells isolated from samples of prepartum secretions (PS) collected during pregnancy and HM collected longitudinally (2–5 sampling occasions) from participants (n=31) during the first year postpartum. Gene expression was analyzed through RNA sequencing and qRT‐PCR. Linear modeling and principle component analysis between the genes was conducted. Additionally flow cytometry was performed to investigate the presence of the peptides at the protein level.ResultsExpression of all genes was confirmed in PS and month 1 HM samples, where variation of expression was found between women and time points. Strong correlations were found between granzyme A – perforin (r2=0.86), granzyme A – CD45 (r2=0.76), perforin – CD45 (r2=0.68) and perforin – granzyme B (r2=0.67). Principle component analysis showed a cluster of all immune peptides in addition to the biggest variation between CD45 and EPCAM. Consequently, current investigations are being undertaken to examine the co‐expression of those immune peptides in HM cells at the protein level using flow cytometry. Comparison of gene expression in a healthy and a mastitic breast from a participant showed a significant increase in CD45 and all immune peptides in the presence of mastitis.ConclusionPresence of perforin, granulysin and granzymes has been confirmed in HM cells. An increase in gene expression of these peptides has been confirmed in one participant suffering from mastitis. Further investigations are required to elucidate the roles of these immune peptides for the infant and/or mother.
Serum concentration of appetite regulating hormones in infants according to the type of feeding. Preliminary data
Authors: Vasquez‐Garibay Edgar M , Larrosa‐Haro Alfredo , García‐Arellano Samuel , Muñoz‐Esparza Nelly , Guzmán‐Mercado Elizabeth , Muñoz‐Valle Francisco , Romero‐Velarde Enrique 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionHunger is an internal stimulus influenced by ingestion of food. There are hormones that play a role in the regulation of food intake and body composition with signaling hunger and satiety through hypothalamic receptors. One hypothesis has proposed that exclusively breastfed (EBF) infants have the ability to self‐regulate his energy intake according to his needs. Another has indicated that the appetite regulating hormone profile differs between EBF and formula fed (FF) infants. Therefore, the purpose is to present data on the serum concentration of appetite hormones in infants according to the type of feeding.MethodsIn a cohort observational study, with a non‐random sample at a concentration site, 70 infants of mothers who entered in the physiological puerperium room of the Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, who met the inclusion criteria and signed Informed consent were included. Fasting blood samples were obtained from infants in Vacutainer® tubes with anticoagulant EDTA treated with protease inhibitors aprotinin and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor. The hormones leptin, ghrelin, peptide‐YY (PYY) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) were analyzed with the ELISA method. The comparison between groups was performed with ANOVA, Post‐Hoc tests and Student's t test for independent samples or with Mann‐Whitney U. The Research and Bioethics Committee of the New Civil Hospital of Guadalajara authorized the protocol.ResultsOf the total sample at four months of age (70), 27 infants were EBF, 25 partial breastfeeding (PBF) and 18 FF. The mean serum concentration of ghrelin (932 pg/mL), leptin (2.2 ng/mL) and GLP‐1 (31.6 pM) did not show significant differences between the three groups. ANOVA showed significantly different serum concentrations of PYY among EBF infants (500 pg/mL), PBF infants (449 pg/mL) and FF infants (431 pg/mL), p=0.039. The largest difference was observed among EBF infants vs FF infants, p=0.012. GLP‐1 concentration was greater in PBF infants (40.3 pM) than FF infants (24.5 pM), p=0.055. Leptin concentration was lower in EBF infants (1.9 ng/mL) than PBF and FF infants (2.5 and 2.3 ng/mL, respectively), no significant difference.ConclusionThese preliminary results show a differentiated character in two appetite regulating hormones (PYY and GLP‐1) according to the type of feeding in four months old infants. It is likely that with increasing sample size leptin also shows a significantly lower concentration in EBF infants.Support or Funding InformationProject supported by the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico (234158)
Serum concentration of appetite regulating hormones in nursing mothers according to the type of feeding. Preliminary data
Authors: Vasquez‐Garibay Edgar M , Larrosa‐Haro Alfredo , García‐Arellano Samuel , Muñoz‐Esparza Nelly , Guzmán‐Mercado Elizabeth , Muñoz‐Valle Francisco , Romero‐Velarde Enrique 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionHunger is an internal stimulus influenced by ingestion of food. It has been pointed out that breastfed infants have the ability to self‐regulate their energy intake according to their needs and that the appetite regulating hormone profile differs between exclusively breastfed fed (EBF) infants and formula fed infants (FFI). Considering the possibility that the serum concentration of the appetite regulating hormones in the mother differs according to the type of feeding offered to her child, the purpose of this report is to show preliminary results on the serum concentration of appetite hormones in mothers of infants according to the type of feeding.MethodsIn a cohort study, with a non‐random sample at a concentration site, 70 women in the immediate postpartum period at the Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, who met the inclusion criteria and signed informed consent, were included. Fasting blood samples were obtained from mothers in Vacutainer® tubes with EDTA anticoagulant treated with protease inhibitors aprotinin and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor. The hormones leptin, ghrelin, peptide‐YY (PYY) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) were analyzed with the ELISA method. The comparison between groups was performed with ANOVA, Post‐Hoc tests and Student's t test for independent samples or with Mann‐Whitney U. The Research and Bioethics Committee of the New Civil Hospital of Guadalajara authorized the protocol.ResultsThe total sample of mothers (70) of four months postpartum was divided in three groups: Group 1, EBF (n=27); Group 2, partial breast fed (PBF) infants (n=25); and, group 3, FFI (n=18). The concentration of ghrelin in EBF mothers was greater (500 pg/mL), than in PBF mothers (326 pg/mL) and in FFI mothers (435 pg/mL), p=0.112. The leptin concentration was greater in PBF mothers (22 ng/mL) than in EBF mothers (9.8 ng/mL) and FFI mothers (13.2 ng/mL), p=0.081. GLP‐1 concentration was significantly lower in EBF mothers (20 pM) than in PBF and FFI mothers (33.6 and 33.4 pM), p=0.031. The concentration of PYY was significantly greater in PBF mothers (226 pg/mL) than in EBF and FFI mothers (186 and 181 pg/mL respectively), p=0.005. Leptin concentration was significantly greater in PBF than in EBF mothers, p=0.043. The concentration of GLP‐1 was significantly lower in EBF than in PBF mothers, p=0.009. The concentration of PYY was significantly lower in PBF than in EBF, p=0.035 and, that in FFI mothers, p = 0.001.ConclusionThese preliminary results show a significantly differentiated character in the serum concentration of the studied appetite regulating hormones according to the type of feeding in mothers of four‐month old infants.Support or Funding InformationProject supported by the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico (234158)