bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomical Relationship Between Enkephalin‐Containing Neurones and Caecum‐Projecting Neurones in the Chicken Intestinal Nerve
Authors: Ohmori Y. , Suzuki M. , Fukuta K. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryThe anatomical relationship between enkephalin‐immunoreactive neurones and caecum‐projecting neurones in the intestinal nerve of Remak (INR) of the chicken was investigated using retrograde transport of cholera toxin subunit B and immunohistochemistry with anti‐enkephalin serum. After injection of cholera toxin into the base or body of the caecum, labelled neurones were mainly observed in the cranial part of the rectal INR. Enkephalin‐immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were found in the caudal part of the rectal INR and their fibres closely surrounded caecum‐projecting neurones in the cranial part of the rectal INR. Diameters of caecum‐projecting neurones surrounded with enkephalin‐containing terminals were significantly larger than those of caecum‐ projecting neurones without enkephalin‐terminals (P < 0.01). From these results, it is suggested that enkephalin‐containing neurones are able to affect large‐sized caecum‐projecting neurones. This pathway may be involved with unique motility of the rectum and caeca that uric acid is retrogradely carried from the cloaca to the caeca.
Influence of dietary beetpulp on the plasma level of triacylglycerols in horses
Authors: Hallebeek J. M. , Beynen A. C. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryIn a cross‐over study with six adult horses, the effect of isoenergetic replacement of dietary glucose by beetpulp on the concentration of plasma triacylglycerols was studied. The test ration contained 25% beetpulp in the dietary dry matter. The feeding of beet pulp lowered plasma triacylglycerol concentrations (p = 0.058) in the fasting state and raised the activity of heparin‐released lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (p = 0.059) and the concentration of HDL2cholesterol (p = 0.058). In the fasting state, the plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (p = 0.073) and those of β‐hydroxybutyrate (p = 0.043) were increased after feeding beetpulp. At 3 h after feed intake, consumption of beetpulp instead of glucose had produced higher plasma concentrations of both glucose (p = 0.014) and insulin (p = 0.040). It is suggested that beetpulp ingestion activates LPL followed by a drop in plasma triacylglycerols.
Typical varicella zoster (ophthalmicus) in an HIV‐infected person
Authors: Sehgal Virendra N , Kumar Sunil , Jain Sanjiv , Bhattacharya Sumit N 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA typical varicella zoster (ophthalmicus) in an incidentally HIV‐infected person is reported in a young man. It was characterized by tense, grouped, vesiculobullous eruptions on a brick‐red base. The diagnosis was substantiated by demonstration of swollen epidermal (balloon) cells with a nucleus/several nuclei containing inclusion bodies. Reticular degeneration was apparant.
Clastogenic effect of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum v. arachnoideum) diet in peripheral lymphocytes of human consumers: preliminary data
Authors: Recouso R. C. , Santos R. C. Stocco dos , Freitas R. , Santos R. C. , Freitas A. C. de , Brunner O. , Beçak W. , Lindsey C. J. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIngestion of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum v. arachnoideum) is associated with digestive tract cancer in different regions of Japan, Venezuela and Brazil. In view of reports that dietary bracken fern causes chromosomal instability in cattle, the clastogenic effect of bracken fern was investigated, in a preliminary study, in peripheral lymphocytes obtained from habitual consumers and a control group of non‐consumers, which were carefully investigated about cancer history or family cancer history, negative in both cases, using protocols comparable to those previously described in studies in cattle raised on bracken pastures. Cytogenetic analysis showed significant increased levels of chromosomal abnormalities, such as chromatid breaks, in cultured peripheral lymphocytes of the consumer group. There was no correlation with subjects, gender, smoking habits or alcohol consumption, and the only correlation was with prolonged exposure to dietary bracken.
Involvement of Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide in Expression of the Ipomoelin Gene from Sweet Potato
Authors: Jih Pei-Ju , Chen Yu-Chi , Jeng Shih-Tong 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
The IPO (ipomoelin) gene was isolated from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas cv Tainung 57) and used as a molecular probe to investigate its regulation by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) after sweet potato was wounded. The expression of the IPO gene was stimulated by H2O2 whether or not the plant was wounded, but its expression after wounding was totally suppressed by the presence of diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, both in the local and systemic leaves of sweet potato. These results imply that a signal transduction resulting from the mechanical wounding of sweet potato may involve NADPH oxidase, which produces endogenous H2O2 to stimulate the expression of theIPO gene. The production of H2O2 was also required for methyl jasmonate to stimulate the IPO gene expression. On the contrary, NO delayed the expression of the IPO gene, whereas N G-monomethyl-l-arginine monoacetate, an inhibitor of NO synthase, enhanced the expression of the IPO gene after the plant was wounded. This study also demonstrates that the production of H2O2stained with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine hydrochloride could be stimulated by wounding but was suppressed in the presence of NO. Meanwhile, the generation of NO was visualized by confocal scanning microscope in the presence of 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate after sweet potato was wounded. In conclusion, when sweet potato was wounded, both H2O2 and NO were produced to modulate the plant's defense system. Together, H2O2 and NO regulate the expression of the IPO gene, and their interaction might further stimulate plants to protect themselves from invasions by pathogens and herbivores.
Chloroplast Membrane Photostability in chlPTransgenic Tobacco Plants Deficient in Tocopherols
Authors: Havaux Michel , Lütz Cornelius , Grimm Bernhard 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
The phototolerance of three chlP transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) lines, affected in geranylgeranyl reductase and, hence, deficient in tocopherols (vitamin E), was estimated by in vivo luminescence and fluorescence measurements and was compared with that of the wild type (WT). Exposure of leaf discs to high light (1 mmol photon m−2s−1) and low temperature (10°C) led to a rapid inhibition of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry that showed little dependence on the tocopherol level. PSII photo-inhibition was followed by lipid peroxidation with a time delay of about 4 h, and this phenomenon was exacerbated in the tocopherol-deficient leaves. A linear correlation was observed in these short-term experiments between resistance to photooxidation and tocopherol content. When whole plants were exposed to the same treatment, PSII was severely photo-inhibited in mature leaves of all genotypes. Lipid peroxidation was also observed in all plants, but it occurred much more rapidly in tocopherol-deficient transgenic plants relative to WT plants. The time at which extensive lipid peroxidation occurred was correlated with the tocopherol content of the leaves. The present results show that tocopherols protect thylakoid membranes against photodestruction through lipid peroxidation. However, tocopherol deficiency was compensated in young, developing leaves that were able to photo-acclimate in the long term and did not suffer from photooxidative damage. Soluble antioxidants (glutathione and ascorbate) did not accumulate in photo-acclimated chlP transgenic leaves relative to WT leaves. In contrast, a selective accumulation of xanthophyll cycle pigments was observed in young transgenic leaves, and this could represent a compensatory mechanism for tocopherol deficiency.
Genetic Modification Removes an Immunodominant Allergen from Soybean,
Authors: Herman Eliot M. , Helm Ricki M. , Jung Rudolf , Kinney Anthony J. 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
The increasing use of soybean (Glycine max) products in processed foods poses a potential threat to soybean-sensitive food-allergic individuals. In vitro assays on soybean seed proteins with sera from soybean-sensitive individuals have immunoglobulin E reactivity to abundant storage proteins and a few less-abundant seed proteins. One of these low abundance proteins, Gly m Bd 30 K, also referred to as P34, is in fact a major (i.e. immunodominant) soybean allergen. Although a member of the papain protease superfamily, Gly m Bd 30 K has a glycine in the conserved catalytic cysteine position found in all other cysteine proteases. Transgene-induced gene silencing was used to prevent the accumulation of Gly m Bd 30 K protein in soybean seeds. The Gly m Bd 30 K-silenced plants and their seeds lacked any compositional, developmental, structural, or ultrastructural phenotypic differences when compared with control plants. Proteomic analysis of extracts from transgenic seed detected the suppression of Gly m Bd 30 K-related peptides but no other significant changes in polypeptide pattern. The lack of a collateral alteration of any other seed protein in the Gly m Bd 30 K-silenced seeds supports the presumption that the protein does not have a role in seed protein processing and maturation. These data provide evidence for substantial equivalence of composition of transgenic and non-transgenic seed eliminating one of the dominant allergens of soybean seeds.
Subcortical Loop Activation during Selection of Currently Relevant Memories
Authors: Treyer Valerie , Buck Alfred , Schnider Armin 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
Clinical studies on spontaneous confabulation and imaging studies with healthy subjects indicate that the anterior limbic system, in particular, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), is necessary to adjust thought and behavior to current reality. It appears to achieve this by continuously suppressing activated memories that do not pertain to ongoing reality, even before their content is consciously recognized. In the present study, we explored through what anatomical connections the OFC exerts this influence. Healthy subjects were scanned with H2 15O PET as they performed four blocks of continuous recognition tasks, each block composed of a different type of stimuli (meaningful designs, geometric designs, words, nonwords). Within each block, three runs composed of exactly the same picture series, arranged in different order each time, were made. Subjects were asked to indicate item recurrences only within the currently ongoing run and to disregard familiarity from previous runs. In the combined first runs, in which all items were initially new and responses could be based on familiarity judgement (with repeated items) alone, we found medial temporal and right orbitofrontal activation. In the combined third runs, when all items were already known and selection of currently relevant memories was required, we found left orbitofrontal activation contingent with distinct activation of the ventral striatum, head and body of the caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, and medial thalamus. The study indicates that the OFC influences the cortical representation of memories through subcortical connections including the basal ganglia and the thalamus. The data are compatible with a role of the dopaminergic reward system in the monitoring of ongoing reality in thinking.
cAC10-vcMMAE, an anti-CD30–monomethyl auristatin E conjugate with potent and selective antitumor activity
Authors: Francisco Joseph A. , Cerveny Charles G. , Meyer Damon L. , Mixan Bruce J. , Klussman Kerry , Chace Dana F. , Rejniak Starr X. , Gordon Kristine A. , DeBlanc Ron , Toki Brian E. , Law Che-Leung , Doronina Svetlana O. , Siegall Clay B. , Senter Peter D. , Wahl Alan F. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe chimeric monoclonal antibody cAC10, directed against CD30, induces growth arrest of CD30+ cell lines in vitro and has pronounced antitumor activity in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse xenograft models of Hodgkin disease. We have significantly enhanced these activities by conjugating to cAC10 the cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) to create the antibody-drug conjugate cAC10-vcMMAE. MMAE, a derivative of the cytotoxic tubulin modifier auristatin E, was covalently coupled to cAC10 through a valine-citrulline peptide linker. The drug was stably attached to the antibody, showing only a 2% release of MMAE following 10-day incubation in human plasma, but it was readily cleaved by lysosomal proteases after receptor-mediated internalization. Release of MMAE into the cytosol induced G2/M-phase growth arrest and cell death through the induction of apoptosis. In vitro, cAC10-vcMMAE was highly potent and selective against CD30+ tumor lines (IC50 less than 10 ng/mL) but was more than 300-fold less active on antigen-negative cells. In SCID mouse xenograft models of anaplastic large cell lymphoma or Hodgkin disease, cAC10-vcMMAE was efficacious at doses as low as 1 mg/kg. Mice treated at 30 mg/kg cAC10-vcMMAE showed no signs of toxicity. These data indicate that cAC10-vcMMAE may be a highly effective and selective therapy for the treatment of CD30+ neoplasias.
Hair follicles serve as local reservoirs of skin mast cell precursors
Authors: Kumamoto Tadashi , Shalhevet David , Matsue Hiroyuki , Mummert Mark E. , Ward Brant R. , Jester James V. , Takashima Akira 
Published: May 2003

AbstractSeveral leukocyte populations normally reside in mouse skin, including Langerhans cells and γδ T cells in the epidermis and macrophage and mast cells in the dermis. Interestingly, these skin resident leukocytes are frequently identified within or around hair follicles (HFs), which are known to contain stem cell populations that can generate the epidermal architecture or give rise to the melanocyte lineage. Thus, we reasoned that HFs might serve as a local reservoir of the resident leukocyte populations in the skin. When vibrissal follicles of adult mice were cultured in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin 3 (IL-3), IL-7, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and Flt3 ligand, CD45+/lineage–/c-kit+/FcϵRI+ cells became detectable on the outgrowing fibroblasts in 10 days and expanded progressively thereafter. These HF-derived leukocytes showed characteristic features of connective tissue-type mast cells, including proliferative responsiveness to SCF, metachromatic granules, mRNA expression for mast cell proteases-1, -4, -5, and -6, and histamine release on ligation of surface IgE or stimulation with substance P or compound 48/80. These results, together with our findings that HFs contain c-kit+ cells and produce SCF mRNA and protein, suggest that HFs provide a unique microenvironment for local development of mast cells.
Effect of muscle length on strength and dexterity after stroke
Authors: Ada Louise , Canning Colleen , Dwyer Tiffany 
Published: May 2003

Objective: The effect of muscle length on strength and dexterity after stroke was investigated. The aim was to determine if poor function at a particular muscle length could be attributed solely to differential weakness at this joint angle or whether an additional problem of differential dexterity exists. Design: This descriptive research study measured elbow flexor and extensor strength as well as dexterity at three elbow joint angles: 30°, 60° and 90° flexion. Dexterity was measured independently of strength. Subjects: Fifteen (seven female, eight male) chronic stroke patients (mean age 67 years) who could actively flex and extend their affected elbow participated. Ten neurologically normal control subjects (mean age 67 years) acted as controls. Main outcome measures: Strength was measured as peak elbow flexor and extensor torque at three angles; and dexterity was measured as coherence for slow and fast tracking also at three angles. Results: Dexterity was not affected by muscle length but strength was and this finding was the same for both stroke and controls. While the magnitude of the torque-angle curves was not significantly different between stroke and controls, the shape of torque-angle curves was altered after stroke so that both the elbow flexors ( p < 0.05) and extensors ( p < 0.05) tested weaker in the testing position where they were shortest. Conclusion: Since there was no differential loss of dexterity, it appears that differential loss of strength, especially in the shortened range, may explain the clinical observation of poorer function at one muscle length than another after stroke. Specific training to strengthen the muscles in these ranges is therefore of clinical importance for rehabilitation.
Functional deterioration in adults with cerebral palsy
Authors: Ando Norihiko , Ueda Satoshi 
Published: May 2003

Objective: To examine the problem of functional deterioration of patients with cerebral palsy. Subjects: Adults with cerebral palsy who work at community workshops throughout Japan. Settings: Interviews combined with physical examinations. In the first part of the study a survey was conducted, to which 686 patients responded. In the second part, physicians conducted physical examinations on 163 patients. In the third part, the patients who had been examined in the second part were studied. Results: Functional deterioration was noted in approximately 35% of adult patients with cerebral palsy; it was higher among those with involuntary movements of the head and neck and abnormal movement patterns during locomotion. Deterioration was also noted among those who reported an inadequate work environment, such as poor posture during work and unsuitability of the desk, chairs and tools. Deterioration over a five-year period was noted in 8 of 122 patients. Conclusion: Although the factors intrinsic to cerebral palsy are often responsible for the functional deterioration, environmental factors are not to be taken lightly if functional deterioration is to be prevented.
A comparison of two approaches in the treatment of perceptual problems after stroke
Authors: Edmans J A , Webster J , Lincoln N B 
Published: May 2003

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of the transfer of training and functional approaches in improving perceptual and functional abilities after stroke. Design: Patients identified as having perceptual problems were randomly allocated to either the transfer of training approach or the functional approach for perceptual treatment. On completion of six weeks of treatment, each patient was reassessed for perceptual and functional abilities. Subjects and setting: Eighty inpatients on the Nottingham Stroke Unit. Interventionsy: Perceptual treatment was given for 2.5 hours per week for six weeks. Main outcome measures: Rivermead Perceptual Assessment Battery, Barthel ADL Index and Edmans ADL index. Results: There was no significant difference between the treatment groups on patient characteristics or impairments. The results also showed no significant difference between the treatment groups before and after treatment on perceptual ability total scores, individual perceptual subtest scores, or functional ability total scores (Mann–Whitney U 642.5–798.0, p > 0.05). Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks tests showed a significant improvement in both groups after treatment on perceptual and functional abilities (perceptual z = 6.02, p < 0.001, functional z = 6.72, p < 0.001). Conclusions: These results indicated that the improvement in perceptual abilities was equivalent using either of the two approaches. This could be due to spontaneous recovery or the effects of the Stroke Unit.
Low TENS treatment on post-stroke paretic arm: a three-year follow-up
Authors: Sonde L , Kalimo H , Fernaeus S E , Viitanen M 
Published: May 2003

Objective: To determine whether stroke patients with initial increases in arm motor recovery following low-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (low TENS) treatment go on to show long-term benefits. Also whether the same therapy results in long-term improvements in motor function, spasticity or activities of daily living (ADL). Design: A three-year follow-up study. Subjects: Twenty-eight stroke patients, who had participated in a randomized trial of daily treatment with low-frequency (1.7 Hz) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (low TENS) on the paretic arm for three months starting 6–12 months after stroke. Outcomes: Fugl-Meyer Motor Performance Scale for evaluation of changes in arm motor function. A 6-point Ashworth Scale to measure spasticity. Barthel Index to evaluate performance in ADL. Results: Motor function of the paretic arm had deteriorated in both treatment and control groups. Increased spasticity was seen in both groups. ADL score remained at a similar level in the low TENS group, whereas the control group had deteriorated during the same time period. Conclusions: Low TENS stimulation started 6–12 months after stroke may not have a specific effect on arm motor function years after completion of treatment.
Stress and coping in spouses of persons with spinal cord injuries
Authors: Chan Raymond CK 
Published: May 2003

Objective: To examine the sources of stress and the patterns of coping of spouses of persons with spinal cord injuries (SCI) among Hong Kong Chinese. Design: A cross-sectional correlation design. A set of structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were administered. Subjects: Forty spouses of persons with SCI were recruited and interviewed. Outcome measures: These included coping strategies, depression, care-giving burden, life satisfaction and marital adjustment. Results: The most stressful situations reported by the participants concerned health issues of their injured partners, the family and marital interactions, and the care-giving burden imposed on them. Cluster analysis indicated a potential at-risk group, characterized by high scores in external locus of control, inadequate coping modes and limited social support. They were noted to manifest high levels of depression, care-giving burden, low levels of life satisfaction and marital adjustment. Conclusion: The identification of the potential at-risk group indicates that spouses of persons with SCI suffer levels of stress comparable to those of their injured partners. Rehabilitation plans should include this potential at-risk group to help them release the stress and to prevent them from developing clinically significant mental disorders.
Preventing falls on an elderly care rehabilitation ward
Authors: Donald I P , Pitt K , Armstrong E , Shuttleworth H 
Published: May 2003

Objective: Comparison of two flooring types – carpet and vinyl – in the bed areas, and two modes of physiotherapy – conventional therapy and additional leg strengthening exercises – in avoiding falls. Design: Randomized 2 × 2 controlled trial. Setting: Elderly care rehabilitation ward in a community hospital. Subjects: Fifty-four consecutive patients referred for rehabilitation. Outcome measures: The incidence of falls, and the change in strength. Results: There were 10 falls on carpet, and only a single fall on vinyl floor covering (relative risk 8.3, 95% confidence interval 0.95–73, p = 0.05). There were four falls in those receiving additional exercise, and seven falls in those receiving only conventional physiotherapy (relative risk 0.21, 95% confidence interval 0.04–1.2, p = 0.12). Fifty-nine per cent of patients were able to complete strength measurements on admission and discharge. In these, handgrip strength improved more in those given additional exercise than conventional physiotherapy (2.1 kg versus – 0.3 kg, p < 0.05). Conclusion: There is no evidence to support either intervention in preventing falls on a rehabilitation ward, but within this low-powered study, there was a strong trend towards vinyl being superior.