bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 5‐μm filter does not reduce propofol‐induced pain
Authors: Hellier C. , Newell S. , Barry J. , Brimacombe J. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryWe assessed the effectiveness of a 5‐μm filter in reducing propofol‐induced pain and determined whether any reduction is due to removal of contaminants or an alteration in flow characteristics. A total of 120 unpremedicated women (ASA 1–3, aged 18–70 yr) were randomly allocated to one of three equal‐sized groups. In group A, propofol was drawn up and injected through an unfiltered plastic cannula. In group B, propofol was drawn up through a 5‐μm filter needle and injected through an unfiltered plastic cannula. In group C, propofol was drawn up and injected through a 5‐μm filter needle. Unmodified propofol from a 20‐ml rubber topped vial at room temperature was used. A 22‐g cannula was inserted into the largest visible vein on the dorsum of the non‐dominant hand. Propofol was administered at 0.5 ml.s−1 and patients were asked about pain every 10 s until unresponsive, by a blinded observer. The pain score for the patient was the taken as the most severe pain documented. The frequency and severity of pain were similar among groups. We conclude that a 5‐μm filter does not reduce pain associated with injection of propofol drawn from a vial with a rubber bung.
Structure and process quality illustrated by fibreoptic intubation: analysis of 1612 cases*
Authors: Heidegger T. , Gerig H. J. , Ulrich B. , Schnider T. W. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThe purpose of this investigation was the description of structure and process quality based on the analysis of 1612 fibreoptic intubations. We evaluated all fibreoptic intubations (nasotracheal in awake patients and orotracheal in anaesthetised patients) from a previously described database over a period of 2 years. We assessed structure quality by evaluating the distribution of the fibreoptic intubations across all staff anaesthetists, and process quality by analysing the number of attempts, the time required, the cases where we had to switch to conventional intubation and the complications. In all, 955 nasotracheal and 657 orotracheal intubations were evaluated. Almost all anaesthetists performed at least 15 nasotracheal and 10 orotracheal intubations. The success rate was 85.2% at the first attempt. Within 3 min, 93.9% of all fibreoptic intubations were successfully completed. In 24 cases, fibreoptic intubation was abandoned. Severe nasal bleeding as a major complication occurred in 1.3% of the nasotracheal intubations.
Transurethral vaporisation of the prostate and irrigating fluid absorption
Authors: Gray R. A. , Moores A. H. , Hehir M. , Worsley M. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryTransurethral vaporisation of the prostate gland (TUVP) is an emerging surgical alternative to conventional electroresection (TURP). This study examined vesical pressure and fluid absorption during TUVP in 35 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. The irrigating fluid was a solution of glycine 1.5% and ethanol 1%. Intraoperative intravesical pressure was monitored continuously and absorption of irrigating fluid was detected by ethanol analysis in expired breath. The incidence of absorption during TUVP was 34%. Intravesical pressures were higher amongst patients who went on to absorb than amongst patients who did not. Combining data from the current study and from 35 patients in our previous investigation into TURP (Gray et al.: Anaesthesia 2001; 56: 461–4), urological trainees operated at higher mean pressure and for longer than their consultant colleagues and their resections were significantly more likely to result in absorption. The incidence of irrigating fluid absorption during trainees’ operations appeared to be less using TUVP than using conventional TURP.
A national survey of the provision for patients with latex allergy
Authors: Yuill G. M. , Saroya D. , Yuill S. L. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThe prevalence of latex allergy has increased since the 1980s. As latex is found throughout hospitals and operating theatres, careful planning is required for latex‐allergic patients who present pre‐operatively. We conducted a postal survey of 269 departments of anaesthesia in England and Wales; responses were received from 208 (77%). Of these, 198 (95%) had a latex allergy protocol and 181 (87%) had a store of latex‐free equipment. Only 113 (54%) had a named nurse and 58 (28%) had a named consultant responsible for the update of latex allergy provisions. Access to allergy clinics and further investigations were available to 189 (91%). Many respondents called for national guidelines. We are reassured that the majority of trusts have an up‐to‐date latex allergy protocol and latex‐free equipment store. However, relatively few have nominated members of staff responsible for these and peri‐operative care of susceptible patients.
Orthopaedic theatre noise: a potential hazard to patients
Authors: Nott M. R. , West P. D. B. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryPotentially hazardous noise levels are generated in the course of major orthopaedic surgery. The risk to staff is probably real but very small. We used a sound level meter to record maximum and mean levels and found peak values which exceeded 100 dB(A). If sustained, there is a possibility of significant inner ear damage and perhaps permanent troublesome tinnitus, especially among elderly and already hearing‐impaired patients. This could be eliminated by the use of ear defenders or disposable earplugs.
Effect of introducing the Modified Early Warning score on clinical outcomes, cardio‐pulmonary arrests and intensive care utilisation in acute medical admissions*
Authors: Subbe C. P. , Davies R. G. , Williams E. , Rutherford P. , Gemmell L. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThe effects of introducing Modified Early Warning scores to identify medical patients at risk of catastrophic deterioration have not been examined. We prospectively studied 1695 acute medical admissions. All patients were scored in the admissions unit. Patients with a Modified Early Warning score > 4 were referred for urgent medical and critical care outreach team review. Data was compared with an observational study performed in the same unit during the proceeding year. There was no change in mortality of patients with low, intermediate or high Modified Early Warning scores. Rates of cardio‐pulmonary arrest, intensive care unit or high dependency unit admission were similar. Data analysis confirmed respiratory rate as the best discriminator in identifying high‐risk patient groups. The therapeutic interventions performed in response to abnormal scores were not assessed. We are convinced that the Modified Early Warning score is a suitable scoring tool to identify patients at risk. However, outcomes in medical emergency admissions are influenced by a multitude of factors and so it may be difficult to demonstrate the score's benefit without further standardizing the response to abnormal values.
Effect of supplemental pre‐operative fluid on postoperative nausea and vomiting*
Authors: Ali S. Z. , Taguchi A. , Holtmann B. , Kurz A. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryIn a prospective, double‐blind, randomised controlled trial, we studied the effects of pre‐operative fluid load on post‐operative nausea and vomiting. Eighty patients attending for laparoscopic cholecystectomy or gynaecological surgery were randomly allocated to receive 2 ml.kg−1 (conservative) or 15 ml.kg−1 (supplemental) Hartmann's solution intravenously, shortly before induction of anaesthesia. During the operation, fluid management was identical in both groups. During the first post‐operative 24 h, post‐operative nausea and vomiting occurred in 29 patients (73%) in the conservative fluid group and nine patients (23%) in the supplemental fluid group (p = 0.01). Supplemental pre‐operative fluid is an inexpensive and safe therapy for reducing post‐operative nausea and vomiting.
Pain during awake nasal intubation after topical cocaine or phenylephrine/lidocaine spray*
Authors: Cara D. M. , Norris A. M. , Neale L. J. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryAlthough several local anaesthetic techniques are described for nasal analgesia during awake intubation, there has been little attempt to evaluate their effectiveness. We examined pain scores associated with nasal intubation in a randomised cross‐over study of 25 volunteers. Local anaesthesia consisted of topical aerosol spray using either cocaine 5% or Co‐phenylcaine Forte (a proprietary mixture of phenylephrine hydrochloride 0.5% and lidocaine hydrochloride 5%), followed by lidocaine gel. Topical anaesthesia using an atomiser resulted in incomplete analgesia for insertion of nasopharyngeal airways. Larger diameter tubes resulted in higher pain scores. There was no difference in pain scores between the two drugs.
Delivery times for caesarean section at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi: is a 30‐minute ‘informed to start of operative delivery time’ achievable?
Authors: O'Regan M. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryA timesheet questionnaire was used to assess the time it took from informing the anaesthetist about a case to the start of operative delivery in 78 consecutive patients undergoing caesarean section. Median (IQR [range]) times for grade‐1 cases (immediate threat to the life of the mother or fetus) and grade‐2 cases (fetal or maternal compromise without immediate threat to life) were 20 (17–35 [6–75]) min and 41 (27–60 [17–136]) min, respectively. Delays occurred in all the component time intervals examined. The primary avoidable delay was the patient's late arrival in theatre. Many significant delays were apparently not perceived by the anaesthetist. In nine (69%) grade‐1 cases, the 30‐min target decreed by the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland and the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association was achieved.
Pulmonary mechanics during isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane anaesthesia
Authors: Dikmen Y. , Eminoglu E. , Salihoglu Z. , Demiroluk S. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThis study was designed to investigate the effects of desflurane on bronchial smooth muscle tone, following intubation and to compare these effects with isoflurane and sevoflurane. Patients were randomly divided into three groups to receive, isoflurane (n = 22), sevoflurane (n = 23), or desflurane (n = 22). Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), respiratory resistance (Rr) and dynamic compliance (Cdyn) measurements were recorded at three time points; After the beginning of ventilation and before inhalation agent was started, following 5 min of ventilation with 1 MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) inhalation agent and following 5 min of 2 MAC inhalation agent. We found that all inhalation agents caused a significant decrease in Peak Inspiratory Pressure (PIP) and respiratory resistance (Rr), and an increase in dynamic compliance (Cdyn) at 1 MAC concentrations. When the agent concentration was increased to 2 MAC, desflurane caused a significant increase in Rr and PIP and a decrease in Cdyn. We concluded that desflurane, like isoflurane and sevoflurane, exhibits a bronchodilator effect at 1 MAC concentration. However, increasing the concentration to 2 MAC caused an increase in airway resistance with desflurane, whilst sevoflurane and isoflurane continued to have a bronchodilator effect.
A new formulation of nasal fentanyl spray for postoperative analgesia: a pilot study
Authors: Paech M. J. , Lim C. B. , Banks S. L. , Rucklidge M. W. M. , Doherty D. A. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryTwenty‐four gynaecological patients receiving postoperative patient‐controlled analgesia were enrolled in an open cross‐over pilot study evaluating two new formulations of nasal fentanyl spray. The primary outcome was the bioavailability of nasal fentanyl in comparison with intravenous fentanyl. This manuscript describes the clinical outcomes of quality of postoperative analgesia and patient acceptability. There were 21 complete data sets for both sequences of the cross‐over design. In randomised order, patients received approximately 50 μg of fentanyl in a single dose by intranasal and intravenous administration, but separated by at least 2 h. Analgesia was of rapid onset (within 5 min) and similar quality. There was no significant difference in side‐effects. Four patients experienced mild nasal stinging and although 10 (42%) preferred intravenous administration, seven (29%) preferred intranasal and six (25%) had no preference. We conclude that these formulations of fentanyl, delivered as nasal spray, have potential clinical utility.
Granular starches as dietary fibre and natural microcapsules
Authors: Lii C. Y. , Tomasik P. , Hung W. L. , Yen M. T. , Lai V. M.‐F. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryCassava, corn, mung bean, potato, sweet potato, two varieties of rice, waxy maize and wheat starches were blended with a saturated aqueous NaCl solution. Wheat starch gelatinized and the other starches gave specific shear‐thinning suspensions. The proportion of components providing shear thinning in suspension depended on the starch variety. The shear thinning vanished with time because of water uptake by starch granules. The duration of this shear‐thinning effect, as well as either the Newtonian or Herschel–Bulkley nature of the blends, also depended on the starch origin. The rate of water uptake was lowest for waxy maize and cassava starches and highest for potato starch. Scanning electron microscopy showed that some, especially large, granules cracked and the pattern of the cracks varied for different starches. Powder X‐ray diffractograms revealed that the crystalline structure of granules did not change in any essential way. Potato starch granules seem, based on the extent of their ability to swell, the best source for natural microcapsules.
Influence of whey protein on syneresis of raw milk curds
Authors: Piyasena P. , Chambers J. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThe influence of whey protein dispersions (WPDs) on syneresis of renneted curd was studied. Homogenized and non‐homogenized WPDs containing 1.353% protein were added to raw milk to give a final concentration of 20.64%. The amount of whey released and the amount of protein and fat retained in the curd was determined at low (6.26) and high (6.5) pH. Adding WPDs to raw milk increased the amount of whey released at pH 6.5; however, no differences were observed at pH 6.26. Homogenization of WPDs tended to reduce whey yield at high pH but tended to increase it at low pH. More whey was released at low pH (34.3–34.4 g) compared to high pH (30.6–32.4 g). The amount of protein lost in whey was greater at low pH (0.298 vs. 0.268 g). Curd produced from milk with added WPDs contained less protein and less fat than that produced from raw milk. These findings reveal the importance of substrate pH in combination with homogenization of added protein dispersions from whey when utilized by cheese producers to optimize cheese yield and composition.
Inactivation characteristics shown by enzymes and bacteria treated with far‐infrared radiative heating
Authors: Sawai Jun , Sagara Koji , Hashimoto Atsushi , Igarashi Hideo , Shimizu Masaru 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThe inactivation of the enzymes lipase and α‐amylase were studied during treatment by far‐infrared (FIR) radiative heating and compared with activity changes due to heating by thermal conduction. The decrease in enzyme activity was found to be largely similar for the two processes, as long as the temperature profiles of the enzyme solutions were identical during heating. The inactivation of α‐amylase was compared with bacterial death (Escherichia coli) using both FIR and conductive heating. The inactivation energy required to inactivate enzymes was an order of magnitude lower than that for inactivation of E. coli and the death rate constants of bacteria (kdeath) became larger than the inactivation rate constant of the enzyme (ken) at about 50 °C or higher. At the given temperatures, the kdeath values for FIR was larger than kdeath values for conductive heating, suggesting that FIR heating may allow a given pasteurization target level to be achieved at lower temperatures than by conductive heating, while maintaining enzyme activity levels.
ESR detection of irradiated broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and kinetics of the radiation induced free radical and Mn2+ signals
Authors: Polat Mustafa , Korkmaz Mustafa 
Published: July 2003

SummaryAn ESR (Electron Spin Resonance) investigation on irradiated dry broad bean gave a spectrum which was composed of an equally spaced sextet and a single resonance line. These lines appeared at g = 2.0045 (±0.0005) and originated from Mn2+ ions and radiation induced radicals, respectively. Ground broad bean was used throughout the work to avoid any artefacts arising from a microwave cavity filling factor. Free radical signal intensity was observed to increase exponentially in relation to the increase in absorbed dose over the dose range 1.25–15 kGy. Although the Mn2+ signal increases below room temperature, the signal due to the natural and radiation induced radicals decreases. Above room temperature, they both decreased and these decreases were irreversible. The kinetics of these decreases were studied in detail over a temperature range of 308–373 K by annealing samples at different temperatures for various times.
The dependence of Ca2+ adsorption by rice bran on surface charge
Authors: Navas Petra Beatriz , Carrasquero‐Durán Armando 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThe calcium binding capacity of rice bran was evaluated by using adsorption isotherms at several pH values. Adsorption increased with pH and was associated with an increase in negative surface charges in plant fibres. At pH 4.4, the release of endogenous calcium was the main process, while adsorption determined Ca availability at higher pH. The Ca concentrations, at which neither adsorption nor release occurs were as follows: 7.86 × 10−3 m (pH 4.4), 4.14 × 10−3 m (pH 5.0), 2.31 × 10−3 m (pH 6.0) and 0.85 × 10−3 m (pH 7.5). When using NaCl as the electrolyte, the results showed that competition of Na+–Ca2+ for binding sites seemed to be the determinant of the rate of Ca adsorption. Negative electric charges in bran are produced by ionization reactions which depend on solution pH and were evaluated by using the Gouy–Chapman double‐layer model. The value of pH0, at which the surface charge is zero was found to be 5.5.
Osmotic dehydration of strawberry halves: influence of osmotic agents and pretreatment methods on mass transfer and product characteristics
Authors: Taiwo Kehinde A. , Eshtiaghi Mohammad N. , Ade‐Omowaye Beatrice I. O. , Knorr Dietrich 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThe impact of different pretreatment methods [high pressure (HP), high‐intensity electric field pulses and freezing], osmotic solutions (sucrose, glucose and salt–sucrose mix) and osmotic conditions (atmospheric pressure, vacuum and ultrasound treatment) on the mass transfer of strawberry halves during osmotic dehydration (OD) and on some physical characteristics (leaching of cell constituents, colour and texture), were investigated. Highest water loss was obtained in samples treated under vacuum, in a salt–sucrose mix or under HP or in a high‐intensity electric field. The increase in solid gain relative to untreated samples was 96–270% for the prefrozen treatment, 40–160% for high pressure and 50–62% for high‐intensity electric field treatments. OD under vacuum and the use of glucose solutions facilitated greater solid gain. Leaching of cell constituents was high in prefrozen samples, leading to greater change in product colour and softer texture compared with other pretreatments. Although OD under ultrasound treatment enhanced mass transfer, its overall influence was not significant (P > 0.05) compared with atmospheric pressure.
Use of electron spin resonance technique for the detection of irradiated rice seeds (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Polat Mustafa , Korkmaz Mustafa 
Published: July 2003

SummaryIn the present work, a detailed electron spin resonance (ESR) investigation of characteristic features, time stability and temperature dependence of the free radicals produced in a species of rice seeds cultivated in Turkey and irradiated at doses of up to 5 kGy by a γ‐source, is reported. Unirradiated rice seeds did not exhibit any ESR signal. Irradiation produces three different radicals tentatively identified as hydroxyalkyl (I), aldehydalkyl (II) and an unknown species (III). Room temperature dose–response curves and variations of different spectral parameters with temperature were investigated in the range of 130–390 K. The decay characteristics and the spectral parameters of the proposed radical species were also determined by simulating experimental spectra recorded following the irradiation.
Detection of hazelnut DNA traces in chocolate by PCR
Authors: Herman Lieve , Block Jan De , Viane Ronald 
Published: July 2003

SummaryBy use of the DneasyTM Plant Tissue kit (Qiagen Inc.) plant DNA could be extracted from chocolate and related matrices. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of mitochondrial plant DNA is directly correlated with the length of the amplified fragment indicating shearing of DNA during chocolate production. Hazelnut DNA could be specifically detected in chocolate matrices with primers derived from the intron between exon B and C of the mitochondrial gene nad1. Specificity was confirmed towards individual chocolate ingredients and in 20 hazelnut negative chocolates. From taxonomically closely related plant species, only Carpinus turczaninovii, Ostrya carpinifolia and Corylus americana showed cross reaction, this was because of the identical sequence of the nad1 fragment. Application of extra MgCl2 throughout the DNA extraction procedure and of a specially designed Mg2+ buffered PCR, increased the detection sensitivity of co‐processed hazelnut in chocolate to 0.001% or 10 ppm.
Fatty acid content of the seeds from 14 varieties of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L.
Authors: Al‐Shahib Walid , Marshall Richard J 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThe fat content and fatty acid profiles of 14 varieties of date seeds were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Fat content ranged from just over 5% (w/w) to about 9%. Eleven fatty acids were found with nearly 50% oleic acid in most varieties and an overall range from about 12 to 0.2%.The differences between samples were ascribed to both varietal and cultural differences. Some varieties had similar names but it is not known whether they are identical.The uses of dates seeds, which are currently only used for animal feed, is assessed with suggestions for potential uses as sources of edible oils and pharmaceuticals.
Changes in the microbiological quality of shellfish, brought about by treatment with high hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Linton M. , Mc Clements J. M. J. , Patterson M. F. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryFour types of shellfish, mussels, prawns, scallops and oysters, were pressure treated at 300, 400, 500 and 600 MPa for 2 min at 20 °C and stored for up to 28 days at 2 °C. The shellfish were sampled before and after pressure treatment and at 7‐day intervals for total aerobic counts, psychrotrophic counts, pseudomonads and coliforms. Pressure treatment readily inactivated psychrotrophic bacteria, coliforms and pseudomonads. Randomly selected isolates were identified from the shellfish before and after pressure treatment and after storage at 2 °C. The range of bacteria present in the shellfish decreased after pressure treatment. This was predominantly because of inactivation of Gram‐negative bacteria leading to an increase in the proportion of Gram‐positive species isolated. The main types of bacteria isolated from pressure‐treated shellfish, after storage, were Bacillus, Acinetobacter/Moraxella and lactic acid bacteria. Together these made up 96% of the bacteria isolated from all the pressure‐treated shellfish.