bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humanitarian Assistance in 21 Century: Between Humanity and Sovereignty
Authors: Puspoayu Elisabeth Septin , Riyanto Sigit , Wattimena Keanu Abinuno 
Published: December 2023

Humanitarian assistance is one of the actions that can be taken to limit and reduce the impact of armed conflict. Humanitarian assistance is aimed at civilians during armed conflicts. The purpose of this study is to analyze the position of humanitarian assistance in the 21st century. This research was conducted through conceptual and comparative approaches, as well as using normative legal research methods, also using prescription analysis techniques. The results showed that the principle of distinction is the basic principle of humanitarian assistance, which means that this assistance is mandatory. State sovereignty must still be recognized and upheld in the context of providing humanitarian assistance. States have the primary responsibility to provide assistance to their peoples in the midst of armed conflict as one of the parties responsible for armed conflict, external humanitarian actors must respect the agreement and cooperation of States affected by armed conflict.
Abstrak

Bantuan kemanusiaan merupakan salah satu Tindakan yang dapat dilakukan untuk membatasi dan mengurangi dampak dari adanya konflik bersenjata. Bantuan kemanusiaan ditujukan kepada masyarakat sipil selama konflik bersenjata. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisi kedudukan humanitarian assistance di abad 21. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui pendekatan konseptual dan komparatif, serta menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif, juga menggunakan teknik analisis preskripsi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa prinsip pembedaan adalah prinsip dasar bantuan kemanusiaan yang artinya bantuan ini merupakan hal yang wajib. Kedaulatan negara harus tetap diakui dan dijunjung tinggi dalam rangka pemberian bantuan kemanusiaan. Negara mempunyai tanggung jawab utama untuk memberikan bantuan kepada masyarakatnya yang sedang dilanda konflik bersenjata sebagai salah satu pihak yang bertanggung jawab pada konflik bersenjata, aktor kemanusiaan eksternal harus menghormati persetujuan dan kerja sama negara-negara yang terkena dampak dari konflik bersenjata
Problematika Kurikulum Merdeka Bagi Para Guru di Tingkat Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Malaika Ramadhani Jasmine , Hindun  
Published: December 2023

Pendidikan di Indonesia telah mengalami berbagai perubahan signifikan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Salah satu perubahan utama adalah pengenalan kurikulum merdeka. Latar belakang dilakukan penelitian ini untuk menyelidiki problematika yang dihadapi oleh para guru sekolah dasar dalam menerapkan kurikulum baru yakni, kurikulum merdeka. Kurikulum merdeka merupakan inisiatif pemerintah untuk memberikan kebebasan kepada pihak sekolah dalam merancang dan melaksanakan kurikulum sesuai dengan kebutuhan lokal. Namun, penerapan kurikulum merdeka di tingkat guru sekolah dasar menimbulkan sejumlah tantangan dan permasalahan. Dengan memahami hambatan dan tantangan yang dihadapi oleh para guru, diharapkan dapat mencari solusi dan rekomendasi kebijakan yang dapat meningkatkan efektivitas kurikulum merdeka di tingkat sekolah dasar Penelitian ini berfokus pada identifikasi hambatan-hambatan tersebut, termasuk kurangnya sumber daya, pemahaman yang belum memadai, dan dampaknya terhadap proses pembelajaran. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa pendekatan kualitatif dan metode deskriptif dengan studi pustaka. Data pada penelitian ini di dapat dari literatur yang diterbitkan sebelumnya terkait berbagai macam topik, baik dari karya ilmiah berupa jurnal dan media cetak berupa buku. Setelah dilakukan penelitian, terdapat problematika yang dihadapi oleh para guru di tingkat sekolah dasar, salah satunya adalah kurangnya tingkat pemahaman guru terhadap penyusunan RPP merdeka belajar dan juga kurangnya inovasi dalam mengajar di kelas.
“Tatar ... to pay a salary yasak against the Bashkirs by the fox for a year”. On the influence of the state fiscal policy on the formation of social groups of the Ufa district population at the end of the 17th century
Authors: Iskhakov Radik Ravilevich , Vladimirov Oleg Olegovich 
Published: December 2023

The publication presents documents from the fund “Ufa Prikaznaya Izba” of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, which help to assess the process of formation of social groups of the yasak population of Ufa district in the last third of the 17th century and the influence of the state's fiscal policy on this process. The documents shed light on the role of the state in the stratification of rural residents, as well as the mechanisms for integrating migrants from the Pre-Kama region into the established social structure of the local society.
For citation: Iskhakov R.R., Vladimirov O.O. “Tatar ... to pay a salary yasak against the Bashkirs by the fox for a year”. On the influence of the state fiscal policy on the formation of social groups of the Ufa district population at the end of the 17th century. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023, vol.13, no.3, pp.136–160. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-3.136-160 (In Russian)
Formation and development of the judicial system of the Russian Empire in the South Urals in the 1720s – 1750s
Authors: Voropanov Vitaly Aleksandrovich 
Published: December 2023

The change in the political and administrative status of the Southern Urals, which had been part of the Ufa province since 1719, was accompanied by the renewal of the system of justice authorities, adapted to the socio-political and ethno-cultural conditions of the region. At the stage of its integration into Russia and the transformation from an external to an internal province of the empire, the plurality of jurisdictions that were sanctioned by the supreme power, pluralism in law enforcement corresponded to the diversity of the population of the region, contributing to the protection of corporate and private rights and interests, growth the authority of the state and the role of law in the regulation of social relations, and finally, the formation of a regional society.
For citation: Voropanov V.A. Formation and development of the judicial system of the Russian Empire in the South Urals in the 1720s – 1750s. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023, vol.13, no.3, pp.31–45. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-3.31-45 (In Russian)
Smallpox vaccination in the Orenburg province
Authors: Golikova Svetlana Viktorovna 
Published: December 2023

Author studies the history of smallpox vaccination in the Orenburg province of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Vaccination is considered against the background of the incidence of smallpox. The development of Immunization on this eastern outskirts was characterized by positive (albeit unstable) dynamics and slower pace than in European Russia. The reasons for this situation were covered in organizational troubles and lay in the presence of anti-vaxxer groups (non-russians («inorodcy»), Cossacks, Old Believers («staroobrjadcy»), migrants). The First World War negatively affected the results of immunization and the development of smallpox epidemics in the region.
For citation: Golikova S.V. Smallpox vaccination in the Orenburg province. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023, vol.13, no.3, pp.60–77. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-3.60-77 (In Russian)
Formation of an entrepreneurial economy in animal husbandry (Southern Urals, mid-19th – early 20th centuries)
Authors: Rodnov Mikhail Igorevich , Tagirova Leyla Fakilovna 
Published: December 2023

After agriculture, the second main branch of farming in the Southern Urals was animal husbandry, especially for semi-nomadic and nomadic peoples. Since the 19th century an entrepreneurial, market economy is being formed, primarily in horse breeding and sheep breeding. However, due to the short duration of the livestock trade, identifying the actors in the livestock market remains a challenge for historians. The article uses new methods of searching and analyzing sources. In addition to the published data on the noble, landowner economy, where there is information about the number of livestock, direct and indirect information about large-scale, market livestock raising in the Bashkir-Meshcheryak army, as well as information from veterinary point doctors who controlled the arrival of cattle from other regions, was involved. The widest possible coverage of sources made it possible to establish that already from the first half of the 19th century. in the southern Urals there was trade horse breeding and sheep breeding. A large number of horses were sold at the Menzelinsky fair; individual herds were even brought to Nizhny Novgorod. Horse breeding for sale existed among the Turkic peoples (Bashkirs and Tatars), it was represented by both large stud farms and small businesses in the countryside. he development of market relations in the 19th – early 20th centuries in the Southern Urals was observed in animal husbandry, which was stimulated by the ancient traditions of the semi-nomadic Bashkirs.
For citation: Rodnov M.I., Tagirova L.F. Formation of an entrepreneurial economy in animal husbandry (Southern Urals, mid-19th – early 20th centuries). From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023. vol.13, no.3, pp.78–96. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-3.78-96 (In Russian)
1916 in Ufa: Tatar view
Authors: Gabdrafikova Liliya Ramilevna 
Published: December 2023

The article analyzes the life of the Tatar intelligentsia in Ufa in 1916 through the prism of ego-documents and in the context of the World War I. The main sources are the works of Shaikhzada Babich, Galiasgar Gafurov-Chygtai, Saifi Kudash and Zarif Bashiri. 1916 was a jubilee year for Tatar culture – 10 years since the founding of the Tatar theater, the establishment of newspapers, the opening of a madrasah. For Ufa, such iconic dominants were the Galia madrasah, the Tormysh newspaper, and the Nur troupe. Particular attention is paid to the conflict around the Galia madrasah, the relationship between Shaikhzad Babich and Sagit Suncheley, as well as the daily life of the military period. The author concluded that the conflicts of this period were continued in revolutionary times. Some pre-revolutionary episodes were mythologized thanks to memoirs of a later nature.
Fot citation: Gabdrafikova L.R. 1916 in Ufa: Tatar view. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023, vol.13, no.3, pp. 97–117. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-3.97-117 (In Russian)
Scientific and teaching activities of Kadyr and Maryam Gubaidullins
Authors: Mardanova Filyuza Fаnnurovna 
Published: December 2023

The article is devoted to the study of the scientific and teaching activities of Kadyr and Maryam Gubaidullins, who were actively engaged in the study of the history and ethnography of the Tatars in the 1920s. The contribution of young ethnographers to the development of Tatar ethnography for a number of reasons did not become the object of special research. Based on archival documents from the collections of the Central Museum of the Tatar Republic, the North-Eastern Archaeological and Ethnographic Institute, the Eastern Pedagogical Institute and the memoirs of relatives, the article presents in more detail the scientific and teaching activities of Kadyr and Maryam Gubaidullins. It is concluded that they were at the origins of the organization of higher special ethnographic education in the republic, carried out significant work on the collection and popularization of field ethnographic materials. Most of their works were the first studies in the Tatar national ethnography of the 1920s and served as the basis for further research.
For citation: Mardanova F.F. Scientific and teaching activities of Kadyr and Maryam Gubaidullins. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023, vol.13, no.4, pp.105–113. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-4.105-113 (In Russian)
About the history of the receiving and triage evacuation hospital 3127 in Ufa during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945
Authors: Sukhareva Irina Vitalievna , Buranbayeva Rimma Nurievna , Kinyabulatov Azat Uranovich , Sandyrev Kirill Yurievich 
Published: December 2023

The article provides materials on the activities of evacuation hospitals formed in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 on the territory of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The authors pay special attention to the analysis of the experience of the military evacuation deep rear hospital No. 3127 in Ufa. The main sources of the research were documentary materials stored in the archives and museums of the Republic of Bashkortostan, in particular in the funds of the National Archives of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan, collections of published documents, periodicals, and memoirs. The study showed that, in general, during the war years, evacuation hospitals in Bashkiria coped with the tasks assigned to them.
For citation: Sukhareva I.V., Buranbayeva R.N., Kinyabulatov A.U., Sandyrev K.Y. About the history of the receiving and triage evacuation hospital 3127 in Ufa during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023, vol.13, no.4, pp.114–134. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-4.114-134 (In Russian)
New documents on the history of the Arzamas, Kasimov and Tsna service Tatars (1640s)
Authors: Belousov Maxim Rudolfovich 
Published: December 2023

The work introduces into scientific circulation, investigates and publishes two sets of documents of the 1640s on the history of Arzamas, Kasimov and Tsna service Tatars, each of which includes the "memory" of the Kazan Palace Office to the Military Records Office and the nominal list of service people (the nominal list of "Alatortsy and Kurmyshane, nobleman and deti boyarskie, and Alator, and Arzamas, and Kasimov, and Temnikov, and Kadom princes, and Murzas, and Tatars of the 150 year, who must to be in the sovereign’s service in Pereslavl Rezansky from spring in the first half and who must to be to Moscow by the news in the other half"; the nominal list of "Tsna murzas and Tatars, who must to be in the sovereign’s service in Pereslavl Rezansky this year, in 153, in the first half and who must to be in the service by the news in the other half, and about the service they must to expect the sovereign’s decree"). All documents presented in the work were deposited in the fund of the Military Records Office of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA). The article gives an archaeographic description of the published documents, and describes the information potential of the nominal lists of service people. The publication is addressed to specialists in social history, the history of public administration, the genealogy of service people, primarily Murzas and Tatar Cossacks, and the source studies of clerical work documents.
For citation: Belousov M.R. New documents on the history of the Arzamas, Kasimov and Tsna service Tatars (1640s). From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023, vol.13, no.4, pp.147–179. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-4.147-179 (In Russian)
The newspaper “Tormysh” and Kryashen theme on its pages (1913–1918)
Authors: Akhtyamova Alsu Vazikhovna 
Published: December 2023

The article presents generalised conclusions based on the results of the study of Kryashen issues in the pages of the Tatar newspaper “Tormysh” (“Life”) published in Ufa in 1913–1918. It also examines the history of the newspaper and notes the contribution of representatives of the Muslim commercial and industrial bourgeoisie to the formation and development of the Tatar periodical. The study shows that the newspaper endeavoured to provide a broad coverage of topical social processes in the region. Taking into account local peculiarities, it paid attention to the activities of various cultural and educational institutions. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the materials about the spiritual life of the Kryashen population of Ufa Province published in the newspaper “Tormysh” were informational in nature. The topics for publications were most often missionary activities.
For citation: Akhtyamova A.V. The newspaper “Tormysh” and Kryashen theme on its pages (1913–1918). From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023, vol.13, no.4, pp.93–104. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-4.93-104 (In Russian)
Say on Pay Laws and Insider Trading
Authors: Bourveau Thomas , Brochet Francois , Ferri Fabrizio , Sun Chengzhu 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT
We examine whether mandatory adoption of say on pay increases executives’ incentives to engage in insider trading to compensate for the negative impact of say on pay on the value of their explicit compensation packages. Our empirical design exploits the staggered adoption of say on pay laws across 14 countries over the 2000–2015 period. We find that mandatory adoption is associated with a material increase in insider trading profits, especially in firms where executive pay is most affected. The increase in insider trading profits is driven mostly by more frequent and larger profitable insider sales, consistent with executives’ desire to reduce their greater exposure to firm-specific risk while increasing their trading profits. Overall, our results highlight the importance of considering potential effects on insider trading incentives when designing compensation reforms and when assessing their effectiveness.
Data Availability: All data used in the paper are available from cited public sources.
JEL Classifications: G30; G34; G38; J33; K22; M12; M16.
Study of self-calibrating photodiodes for trap detectors
Authors: Litvinenko Anatoliy , Tymofeiev Yevhen , Diumin Eduard , Hryhorieva Yevheniia , Hovorova Kateryna 
Published: December 2023

In accordance with the stated purpose of the study, the measurements and analysis of photodiodes were carried out, and the best alternative for the development of the trap detector was chosen. The paper substantiates the necessity for an alternative to the absolute cryogenic radiometer because of its highly expensive measurements. The need for more accurate measurement data has determined the use of trap detectors, including self-calibrating photodiodes. Such trap detectors can be used independently, without calibration by an absolute cryogenic radiometer. Thus, the cost of the study is reduced. Besides, the given approach does not affect the accuracy of the obtained measurement results.
When reviewing modern approaches to the use of the above-mentioned trap detectors, it was discovered that trap detectors, together with self-calibrating photodiodes, are widely used both in state measurements of photometric quantities and for laboratory needs in many developed countries worldwide. The given analysis allows us to assert that the issues of developing, studying, and using new trap detectors, considering a significant advantage in their characteristics in comparison with the previously developed ones, make up an urgent scientific task.
The paper defines selection criteria based on certain characteristics of photodiodes. When investigating the operating spectral range of the selected photodiodes, their internal quantum efficiency, geometrical dimensions of the receiving element of the selected photodiodes, and the coefficient of mirror and diffuse reflection of the receiving surface of the selected photodiodes, measurement results for all the stated characteristics were obtained. Based on these values, a screening of the photodiodes that do not meet the requirements for photodiodes specified for the development of the trap detector was made. Based on experimental studies, photodiodes S1337-1010BQ were selected.
ANALISIS FUNGSI JOSHI “MO” DALAM MANGA YAKUSOKU NO NEVERLAND KARYA KAIU SHIRAI
Authors: Yulistri Cici , Zalman Hendri 
Published: December 2023

This study aims to determine the function of joshi "mo" in Manga Yakusoku No Neverland by Kaiu Shirai. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods. The data used in this study were sentences containing joshi "mo" in Manga Yakusoku No Neverland by Kaiu Shirai. The data sources were taken from the Manga Yakusoku No Neverland by Kaiu Shirai volume 13-18 which consists of 55 chapters. Based on the results of the study, it was found that there were 6 functions of joshi "mo" belonging to the fukujoshi group, namely showing the same thing as the others; means “also”, the form “... mo... mo... も...も...” indicates several things that are all the same “both .... and ....; and .... also ", is used in a renegade form to indicate" .... not even .... ", following the interrogative pronoun to indicate the meaning of all not, following the number one, indicating absolutely not, following degrees or a large or many number ; "to". In addition, there is also found 1 joshi function "mo" which is included in setsuzokujoshi, namely the form "-te / de mo ～ て / で も" which shows the meaning of "even though; although; even though ”.
Counseling Skill, Knowledge, And Self-Confidence of Adolescent Health Counselors Working In West Bengal, India
Authors: Datta Mousumi , Chakraborty Arup 
Published: December 2023

Introduction: The impact of counseling on adolescent health and well-being has been well documented. The task-shifting in India’s Adolescent health program, from medical to non-medical cadres, necessitates understanding and capacity building of workers’ knowledge and skills.
Objective: To assess distribution and determinants of self-rated knowledge, skill and confidence of counseling among adolescent counselors and to explore the demand for learning new skills.
Methods: This was an observational study of cross-sectional design on adolescent counselors working under the National adolescent health program. Participants completed a self-administered electronic survey form, where they self-rated their knowledge, counseling skill and confidence on a six-point Likert scale. Mean ratings were dichotomized into high (≥4) or low (<4). Nominal regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of high rating. Counselors were also asked to identify areas where they require additional training.
Results: The mean age of counselors was 36.22 years (SD 6.08) and mean service duration was 7.37 years (SD 4.51); 80.2% had completed refresher training. Post-graduation level of education has been achieved by 87.2% of counselors and 86% gave high rating for all domains. High rating was associated with the participant’s mother tongue, place of service and education level by univariate analysis but on nominal regression, it was associated with education level only. The need for additional training was expressed by 67.4% of participants, among which the most common was mental health.
Conclusion: The rating of knowledge, counseling skill and confidence was high. Recruiting qualified counselors and clearly defined procedures appears to help in smooth task shifting.