bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPUTING HALL EXPONENTS IN THE FREE GROUP
Authors: MELANÇON GUY , REUTENAUER CHRISTOPHE 
Published: November 2004

Nous donnons une généralisation de la décomposition de M. Hall des éléments du groupe libre en produits décroissant de commutateurs de Hall. Nous généralisons les identités de Thérien, qui expriment les exposants de la décomposition comme des sommes à coefficients entiers positifs de fonctions sous-mots. Nous étudions l’algèbre des fonctions sous-mots et nous montrons que cette algèbre est librement engendrée par les fonctions qui donnent ces exposants; nous montrons aussi la continuité de ces fonctions pour la topologie de Hall sur le groupe libre. De plus, nous donnons de nouvelles preuves de résultats connus, entre autres les théorèmes de Magnus et Witt qui caractérisent les éléments de la série centrale descendante du grouple libre. We give the generalization of M. Hall’s expansion of each element of the free group as a decreasing product of Hall commutators. We also prove the generalization of Therien’s identities expressing the Hall exponents as nonnegative linear combinations of subword functions. We study the algebra of subword functions and show that it is freely generated by the Hall exponents functions; we also prove the continuity of these functions for the Hall topology on the free group. Besides these results, we give new proofs of known results, especially of the theorem of Magnus and Witt on the lower central series of the free group.
THE C++ EMBEDDABLE RULE SYSTEM
Authors: MIRANKER DANIEL P. , BURKE FREDERIC H. , STEELE JERI J. , KOLTS JOHN , HAUG DAVID R. 
Published: November 2004

Most the execution environments, having been derived from LISP, inference on internally defined data-types and come packaged with stand-alone development environments. Data derived from outside these systems must be reformatted before it can be evaluated. This mismatch leads to a duplicate representation of data, which, in turn, introduces both performance and semantic problems. This paper describes a C++ Embeddable Rule System (CERS) which avoids this mismatch. CERS is a compiled, forward-chaining rule system that inferences directly on arbitrary C++ objects. CERS can be viewed as an extension of C++, where the methods associated with a ruleset class can be defined either procedurally or declaratively. CERS is unique in that rules may match against and manipulate arbitrary, user-defined C++ objects. There is no requirement that the developer anticipated using CERS when defining the class. Thus CERS rules can inference over data objects instantiated in persistent object stores and third-party. C++ abstract data-type libraries.
A RULEBASE MODEL FOR DATA AND KNOWLEDGE INTEGRATION IN MULTIPLE SYSTEMS ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: BOUZIANE M’HAMED , HSU CHENG 
Published: November 2004

There are three aspects of integration that a computerized enterprise using multiple systems must address: (1) data integration (among, e.g., product design databases, shop floor control databases, and production planning databases), (2) knowledge integration (across various knowledge-based systems that share common enterprise facts, operating rules, or decision logic), and (3) data and knowledge integration (as as to, at least, calibrate databases with factbases and data models with knowledge models). A key issue in this integration problem is the global representation of knowledge (including data semantic constraints and application processing logic) in a form compatible with that of data resources. This paper develops a rulebase model to address this need. In particular, the model combines production rule and relation into a structure that allows (1) full factbase management, (2) inclusion of complete logic (both condition and action), and (3) efficient rulebase processing. It contributes directly to the problem of trigger management (or more generally, rule and event management) in both single-site and multiple-site data and knowledge systems. The model is implemented as a part of the Metadatabase system at Rensselaer.
LINK POLYNOMIALS AND A GRAPHICAL CALCULUS
Authors: KAUFFMAN LOUIS H. , VOGEL PIERRE 
Published: November 2004

This paper constructs invariants of rigid vertex isotopy for graphs embedded in three dimensional space. For the Homfly and Dubrovnik polynomials, the skein formalism for these invariants is as shown below. Homfly. [Formula: see text] Dubrovnik. [Formula: see text]
REIDEMEISTER MOVES FOR SURFACE ISOTOPIES AND THEIR INTERPRETATION AS MOVES TO MOVIES
Authors: CARTER J. SCOTT , SAITO MASAHICO 
Published: November 2004

A movie description of a surface embedded in 4-space is a sequence of knot and link diagrams obtained from a projection of the surface to 3-space by taking 2-dimensional cross sections perpendicular to a fixed direction. In the cross sections, an immersed collection of curves appears, and these are lifted to knot diagrams by using the projection direction from 4-space. We give a set of 15 moves to movies (called movie moves) such that two movies represent isotopic surfaces if and only if there is a sequence of moves from this set that takes one to the other. This result generalizes the Roseman moves which are moves on projections where a height function has not been specified. The first 7 of the movie moves are height function parametrized versions of those given by Roseman. The remaining 8 are moves in which the topology of the projection remains unchanged.
THE FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DYNAMIC SMALL ENTERPRISES: PREDICTING SUCCESS AND FAILURE
Authors: HUTCHINSON PATRICK J. , MENGERSEN KERRIE 
Published: November 2004

This paper deals with dynamic small enterprises which grow to achieve stock market quotation and comprises three main sections: a review of theoretical arguments concerning the effects of growth on small enterprises’ financial characteristics; a consideration of the predictability of small enterprise failure and success; and an assessment of development of predictive models. Results of empirical work in the UK and Australia are reported. The first section of the paper deals with the development of a prior arguments concerning the effects of growth on financial characteristics. This links financial characteristics in the form of profitability, liquidity and leverage with stage of development of enterprises including that of growth. This includes consideration of the ‘finance gap’ and the effect of stock market flotation on small enterprises’ financial characteristics. The purpose of this theorising is to make explicit what might be expected in terms of the effects of growth on the financial characteristics of small enterprises. The section concludes with an explanation of the methodology for the empiricial studies carried out at the University of New England on this topic. The second section of the paper deals with the predictability of small enterprise success and failure. This includes: consideration of the financial characteristics of dynamic small enterprises as they approach and go past stock market flotation; a review of previous work on predictive models in general and those for small enterprises in particular; and discussion of the issue of the problem of distinguishing between success and failure. The third section deals with the issues involved in the development of predictive models. These include: statistical and theoretical issues; the reliability of financial statement data; and the incorporation of non-financial variables. The conclusions consider the implications for relationships with providers of finance, particularly banks, and for owner-managers of the dynamic small enterprise. The finding that dynamic small enterprises have financial characteristics in common with bankrupt enterprises raises questions as to the effectiveness of credit scoring techniques which make use of accounting data. This in turn raises the prospect of small enterprises being denied finance and the creation of a new ‘finance gap’. Finally, consideration given to the implications of the findings for financial institutions, small enterprise owner-managers and for future research.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: THE ROLE OF SMALL FIRM FORMATION AND EXPANSION FOR REGIONAL ECONOMIC WELL-BEING
Authors: DAVIDSSON PER , LINDMARK LEIF , OLOFSSON CHRISTER 
Published: November 2004

Entrepreneurship, understood as the formation and growth of small, autonomous firms, is increasingly believed to be an important determinant of national and regional economic development. While several empirical studies in recent years have suggested that small firm formation is a major source of net new job creation, most studies that take on a regional perspective focus only on (gross) formation of new firms. The further development of these firms is thus neglected, and the positive relationship between small firm dynamics and economic well-being remains an assumption. In this study, a unique and comprehensive data set is used for examining how gross dynamics-births, turbulence, and growth-among establishments in small versus large firms relate to regional economic development. The results suggest the following: firstly, high gross birth rates lead to high net birth rates. This relationship is not self-evident, since high birth rates could be accompanied by high death rates. The results also show that the net effect of gross firm births is contingent on current small firm density and on the sectoral distribution of the start-ups. Secondly, out of the net dynamics measures tested (net formation and expansion surplus of small firm and large firm establishments) net small firm formation appears to be the most important predictor of growth in economic well-being. Thirdly, measures of gross business dynamics can explain more of the changes in regional economic well-being than can measures of net dynamics. In all, the results suggest that gross dynamics are important both for creating a net surplus of new firms and for reallocating resources for better use. They also suggest that for regional economic well-being, the vitality of the small firm sector is of great importance.
A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR DEPICTING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN SINGAPORE
Authors: WONG SOKE-YIN , WONG CHARMAINE LAI-YEEN , KWAN RICKY YUET-KEE , GANSHAM VATVANI CHANDRA 
Published: November 2004

The degree to which environmental factors foster/hinder entrepreneurship is unique to each individual entrepreneur. It is hence not possible to describe the “average” entrepeneur and the “typical” process of venture creation and management. As such, in this paper, a new model conceptualising the relationship between entrepreneurship and environmental factors is proposed. In this model, entrepreneurship (E) is conceptualised as being a function of the environmental factors (Ef) and personal attributes of the entrepreneur (Pa). Hence, E=f(Ef, Pa). The environmental factors affecting E are further categorised into a set of internal factors (Fin) and a set of external factors (Fex). Several studies have already been undertaken to examine the personal attributes of entrepreneurs in Singapore which explains for their success/failure. This study focuses on Ef in Singapore to assess the favorability of Singapore’s environment in promoting entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship development. A set of questionnaire designed for this purpose was sent to over 100 entrepreneurs, from which we received 44 usable responses. Environmental factors surveyed include financing, government assistance schemes, availability of labour, opportunity cost, competition by multi-national and government-related companies, the education system, social and cultural factors, technological advances and market opportunities. A detailed case study was also conducted with a successful local entrepreneur to further refine and validate our findings. Our findings appear to indicate that in Singapore, external factors are more conducive in fostering entreneurship than the internal factors.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of a Novel Sodium Vanadium Bronze with Single-crystalline Nanobelt-like Morphology
Authors: Zhou Gen-Tao , Wang Xin-Chen , Yu Jimmy C 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A novel sodium vanadium bronze was successfully synthesized at 180 °C by a facile hydrothermal method. XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS techniques were used to characterize the synthesized bronze. SEM and TEM analyses reveal that the bronze exhibits nanoblet-like morphology with an average width of ca. 55 nm and lengths from several to tens μm.
Long-Term Sampling Method for PCDD/Fs in Atmosphere by Adsorption onto Economical Materials
Authors: Katsumata Hideyuki , Kaneco Satoshi , Suzuki Tohru , Ohta Kiyohisa 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A sampling method of dioxins in atmosphere by using economical materials as monitoring indicators was proposed. The materials used were polyurethane foam, newspaper, and activated carbon paper filter. Among the adsorbents, polyurethane adsorbed the most amounts of dioxins. The TEQ values in spring and autumn seasons were 0.13 and 0.027 pg cm−2, respectively. The composition of dioxin congeners was compared with that obtained by the air-sampler one. As a result, the distribution pattern of dioxins approximately coincided with that of the air-sampler.
Formation of Niobates from Aqueous Peroxide Solution
Authors: Cheng Zhenxiang , Ozawa Kiyoshi , Miyazaki Akimitsu , Kimura Hideo 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
KNbO3 and LiNbO3 powders and thin films were fabricated through heat-treatment of their peroxide precursors prepared by the reaction of aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution with metal alkoxide. In comparison with the conventional alkoxide solution method, which is not successful for KNbO3, aqueous peroxide solution method is successful for KNbO3 with the advantages such as low weight loss and easy handling in preparing the niobates.
Synthesis of an Electron Pooling Ligand Based on Triruthenium Clusters and Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 by Its Zinc(II) Complex
Authors: Breedlove Brian K , Takayama Daisuke , Ito Tasuku 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
An electron pooling complexed ligand (PL) was prepared by linking μ3-oxo Ru3 clusters with 1,4,7-tris(4-pyridylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (pic3tacn). The cyclic voltammogram of the pooling ligand appeared similar to the Ru3 cluster monomers. Each wave corresponded to three simultaneous 1e− processes. In the presence of Zn(II) ions, CO2 was reduced, indicating cooperation between the Ru3 cluster centers. IR spectroelectrochemistry (IRSEC) indicated that the products of reduction were carbonate and formate and CO.
Effect of Methyl Groups onto Imidazolium Cation Ring on Liquid Crystallinity and Ionic Conductivity of Amphiphilic Ionic Liquids
Authors: Mukai Tomohiro , Yoshio Masafumi , Kato Takashi , Ohno Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Phase transition behavior of imidazolium dodecylsulfonate was considerably affected by the introduction of methyl groups onto the imidazolium cation ring. Methyl group on the 2-position eliminated the liquid crystallinity. That on the 4-position was effective to suppress the crystallization.
The Measurement of Delirium: Review of Scales
Authors: Schuurmans Marieke J. , Deschamps Patricia I. , Markham Susan W. , Shortridge-Baggett Lillie M. , Duursma Sijmen A. 
Published: November 2004

This review describes the characteristics and evaluates the psychometric qualities (process of testing and the results) of thirteen delirium instruments. Delirium instruments differ in goal (diagnosis, screening symptoms severity), type of data on which the rating is based (observation, interview or test of patients), the rater qualities required, the number of items and the rating time needed. Most instruments are based on the Diagnostic Statistical Manual criteria and measure signs and symptoms as described by these criteria. Reliability of delirium instruments shows good to excellent results. Validity of the delirium instruments is overall fair to good. Differences exist, however, in the degree to which reliability and validity were tested and the quality of the testing procedures. Most instruments are not further developed and tested after the initial study. Conclusion of this review is that most delirium instruments show promising results but need further testing. Testing is needed in different samples and on a broader range of aspects with regard to reliability and validity. Much emphasis should be given to the procedures used in future studies. Ease of use is an aspect of testing that is so far not taken into account, however, is important for use of instruments in clinical practice.A minority of instruments can be seen as “ready to use” instruments meaning well tested in more than one sample with good results. For screening high-risk, elderly hospitalized patients, the NEECHAM Confusion Scale and the Delirium Observation Screening Scale are recommended. The Confusion Assessment Method is the best diagnostic tool and the Delirium Rating Scale shows best results in screening symptom severity. For ICU patients the CAM-ICU is recommended. The MDAS is well tested in cancer patients. Nurses, however, have not yet tested the DRS and MDAS in practice.
The Effect of a Genetic Variant for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes on the Therapeutic Potential of Exercise and Calorie Restrictive Diets in Zucker Rats
Authors: Metzger Bonnie L. 
Published: November 2004

Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes are modern pandemics caused by unique genetic-environmental interactions and distinguished by almost universal treatment failures. Relative influences of genome and lifestyle changes on an adult onset Obesity-Type 2 diabetes phenotype were explored. Zucker rats, a recessive model of genetic obesity-Type 2 Diabetes (117 fa/fa and 98 Fa/fa) were used. Dietary induced obesity (DIO) was imposed via a high fat diet on one-half; and one-half were forced to swim daily (EX). After 6 weeks, 78 animals were placed on a calorie (Kcal) restrictive diet for 6 more weeks.Genotype accounted for > 20% additional insulin resistance and obesity and modulated the effects of DIO and EX in adult animals exhibiting obesity-Type 2 diabetes. Only DIO gains were responsive to Kcal restriction. EX effects on insulin resistance were mediated by both Kcal restriction and genotype. Kcal restriction directly reduced hyperglycemia.Genetic variation was the major determinant of obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Zucker rats. Genetically induced obesity and insulin sensitivity were resistant to EX and Kcal restriction; DIO and hyperglycemia were responsive to both. Successful treatment of Type 2 Diabetes requires understanding of how genotype may continue to modify adult responses to lifestyle change.
A new Q‐function structure for model‐free adaptive optimal tracking control with asymmetric constrained inputs
Authors: Zhao Mingming , Wang Ding , Li Menghua , Gao Ning , Qiao Junfei 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThis article aims to design a model‐free adaptive tracking controller for discrete‐time nonlinear systems with unknown dynamics and asymmetric control constraints. First, a new Q‐function structure is designed by introducing the control input into the tracking error of the next moment, in order to eliminate the final tracking error, avoid the steady control, and ignore the discount factor. Second, via system transformation, a general performance index is developed to overcome the challenge caused by asymmetric constraints of implicit control inputs. By this operation, the constrained tracking problem is converted to an unconstrained optimal tracking problem without the traditional nonquadratic performance function that is only applicable to explicit control inputs. Then, a value‐iteration‐based Q‐learning (VIQL) algorithm is derived to seek the optimal Q‐function and the optimal control policy by using offline data rather than the mathematical model. Next, the convergence, monotonicity, and stability properties of VIQL are investigated to demonstrate that the iterative Q‐function sequence can converge to the optimal Q‐function under ideal conditions. To realize the VIQL algorithm, the critic neural network is employed to approximate the Q‐function. Finally, simulation results and comparative experiments are conducted to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the present VIQL scheme.
Industrial design of 3D printing technology combined with assisted medical service robots
Authors: Zhang Jing 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWith the continuous development and maturation of the era of intelligent manufacturing, there is a perpetual emergence of new information technology, control technology, and material technology, which are constantly accelerating 3D printing technology to advance to an unprecedented level. To achieve the safety perception interaction ability of auxiliary medical service robots, this study develops a direct write hybrid 3D printing auxiliary medical service robot system, enabling it to achieve temperature sensing function. Moreover, combined with linear interpolation algorithms, 3D printing technology has been improved to achieve improvement of system control accuracy. The results indicate that the apparent viscosity of the printing material Ag‐TPU is still greater than 2000 Pa s at a rate of 87 s−1. The change in resistance during 20% stretching is within 1.2 Ω, and the change is around 3 Ω during 30% stretching. When the preset temperature is 39.2°C, the absolute deviation is the smallest, about 0.03. When the preset temperature is 41.7°C, the maximum value is approximately 0.17. The absolute error of real‐time temperature collection for auxiliary medical service robots is less than 0.2°C at temperatures ranging from 38 to 42°C. Over the past 30 days of overall operation, the system has had 970 users, 3270 interactions, and 99.4% availability. This system improves the perception and interaction ability of auxiliary medical service robots, which has certain practical potential in the field of medical services.
Benzoyl Sulfonyl Molecules for Bilateral Passivation and Crystalline Regulation at Buried Interfaces toward High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xiao Qian , Zhao Yingjie , Huang Zhuo , Liu Yihao , Chen Peiya , Wang Shiheng , Zhang Shasha , Zhang Yiqiang , Song Yanlin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWell‐engineered buried interfaces play a pivotal role in achieving high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A superior buried interface involves controlled perovskite crystallization, efficient charge transfer across interfaces, and robust interfacial bonding. Here, a class of innovative additives, benzoyl sulfonyl molecules including 4‐sulfobenzoic acid monopotassium salt (K‐SBA), and 4‐sulfamoylbenzoic acid (SBA) is introduced to tailer the SnO2/perovskite buried interface, aiming to meet these essential criteria. Among them, K‐SBA performed better. The findings reveal that the functional groups of K‐SBA establish interactions with both SnO2 and perovskite, leading to effective bilateral passivation and mitigation of interface stress. This results in the formation of a pore‐free buried interface and high‐quality perovskite films with substantial crystal sizes. Consequently, PSCs incorporating K‐SBA exhibited a notable increase in efficiency, achieving 24.56% efficiency compared to the control device's 22.27%. Furthermore, these K‐SBA‐enhanced PSCs maintain 90% of their original efficiency even after 500 h of maximum power point tracking. This work provides valuable insights for further refinement and advancement of buried interfaces in PSCs.