bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Enactive Exploration on Intrinsic Motivation, Strategy, and Performance in Electronic Search
Authors: Wood Robert , Kakebeeke Bastiaan , Debowski Shelda , Frese Michael 
Published: March 2003

On a re´alise´ une investigation expe´rimentale des effets de l’exploration e´nactive sur la motivation intrinse`que, la strate´gie et la performance dans une tache de recherche e´lectronique. L’exploration e´nactive recouvre une part d’exploration autonome et de gestion des erreurs que les sujets de la condition expe´rimentale ont e´te´ incite´s a` exploiter lors de la phase pratique d’un programme de formation. Les sujets controle be´ne´ficiaient de la même formation de base et e´taient confronte´s a` la même phase pratique sans l’incitation a` l’exploration e´nactive. Celle‐ci suscitait une motivation intrinse`que plus forte mais n’influenc¸ait pas les facteurs d’autore´gulation. Les sujets expe´rimentaux avaient aussi de meilleurs re´sultats dans les tâches de transfert re´alise´es avec une expectation pre´cise de la performance. L’efficacite´ perc¸ue a` l’issue de la formation et la satisfaction avaient un impact positif sur la qualite´ des strate´gies retenues dans les tâches de transfert, mais la motivation intrinse`que nuisait a` la qualite´ de la strate´gie. La discussion porte sur la fac¸on dont les consignes introduisant a` l’exploration e´nactive influencent la motivation intrinse`que et sur l’impact de la motivation intrinse`que sur la strate´gie et la performance dans les tâches complexes.An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of enactive exploration on intrinsic motivation, strategy, and performance on an electronic search task. Enactive exploration includes elements of self‐guided exploration and error management, which participants in the experimental condition were encouraged to utilise during the practice segment of a training programme. Participants in the comparison condition received the same basic training and completed the same practice segment without the enactive exploration intervention. Enactive exploration produced higher intrinsic motivation than the comparison condition but did not influence other self‐regulatory factors. Participants trained in the enactive exploration mode also had higher performance levels on transfer tasks performed under stringent performance expectations. Post‐training self‐efficacy and satisfaction had a positive influence on the quality of strategies used on the transfer tasks but intrinsic motivation was negatively related to strategy quality. The ways in which enactive exploration instructions influence intrinsic motivation and the effects of intrinsic motivation on strategy and performance on complex tasks are discussed.
Basic principles of MRI and morphometry studies of human brain development
Authors: Kennedy David N. , Makris Nikos , Herbert Martha R. , Takahashi Tsutomu , Caviness Verne S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging has undergone dramatic development in the past years. This has been paralleled by developments in the tools for extracting quantitative information from these images in support of capturing the anatomic features of brain development in living humans. This has revolutionized our expectations for current and future diagnostic and investigative work with the developing brain. This paper will cover the classes of information that are readily available in the MR image, the mechanisms for extracting quantitative results, and a sample of the application of these types of methods to developmental issues. These applications highlight tissue‐ and anatomic‐based contrasts in the nature and rate of developmental maturation within the brain. This will be followed by a discussion of the emergent themes of developmental science as elucidated by these classes of observation.
The effects of human resources management practices on the organizational performances of Canadian financial co‐operatives
Authors: Arcand Michel , Bayad Mohamed , Fabi Bruno 
Published: March 2003

Reading through academic literature with a critical eye shows that the relation between human resources management (HRM) and the performance of the firm is a relatively unknown phenomenon. This relation is sometimes described as a “black box”. Far from claiming to have closed the debate, this article sets forth an original approach that represents an undisputable input which allows a better understanding of this phenomenon.Even if there are many theories that try to explain this relation, only the universalistic approach of human resources will be of interest. While using both a qualitative and a quantitative approach, our research shows that some HRM practices do seem to give a competitive advantage to Canadian financial co‐operative enterprises.
A sea of islands — a myriad of indicators: on the interface between demography and planning in the Pacific Islands
Authors: Haberkorn Gerald 
Published: March 2003

While in recent years much has been written, and even more spoken, about the interrelationships between population and development, and particularly the importance of acknowledging population parameters in development planning and policy formulation, reality in most Pacific island countries and territories falls short of this rhetoric. Long‐term development plans and strategic development frameworks are still compiled without due consideration of demographic circumstances, and economic and public sector reform proceeds in many countries seemingly oblivious of contemporary population dynamics.It is not always lack of basic and timely data that accounts for this malaise, as is evident from a myriad of demographic indicators reported by a variety of government agencies and regional and international organisations. However, these often manage to portray quite different demographic scenarios using identical data sources. This paper examines the institutional and methodological context within which Pacific island population data are collected and demographic information is produced. It concludes by discussing ways in which demography and demographers can contribute towards more realistic planning and policymaking in the Pacific.
Indigenous wealth and development: micro–credit schemes in Tonga
Authors: Horan Jane C. 
Published: March 2003

‘Women in Development’ aid–funded credit schemes in the Kingdom of Tonga were designated as ‘failures’ by the funders because the recipient groups of textile producers, who were meant to be engaging in commercial handicraft production as development, were instead making and seemingly ‘retaining’ textile koloa (indigenous wealth). It is my contention that rather than making low–valued, low–priced textiles for tourist consumption the women made koloa textiles for the Tongan ceremonial economy where a greater range of ideological, spiritual and material gains including cash were available to them. Even though the default rate on the loans was low, and the women were engaged in a Tongan notion of development known as fakalakalaka, the funders and the critics of the schemes were either unable to or would not recognise development taking place, so driven by macroeconomic indices were their criteria and assessment.This paper looks at the implications of this disjuncture and the funders’ lack of understanding (and/or rejection) of indigenous global economic systems and hybrid notions of development inherent in the women textile producers’ actions. It explores a contemporary reality where indigenous wealth is thriving in the global economy, contributes to the literature on hybrid economic systems and challenges macroeconomically driven development policy in the Pacific.
Demand Diversification Under Uncertainty and Market Power
Authors: Seo John J. Y. 
Published: March 2003

This paper justifies theoretically and empirically the diversification behaviour of an importing firm when it chooses the mixture of potentially differentiated products of its major input under price uncertainty. The paper investigates an equilibrium relationship among three key explanatory variables, which are the expected price, the systematic risk of price, and monopolistic market power of the suppliers in the market. The theoretical section shows that there exists a conflict between the risk–diversification effect and the agent's preference over certain products when the importer chooses the vector of optimal quantity shares. The latter effect may disturb or even dominate the former, which can be represented in an equilibrium relationship similar to the framework of the CAPM. As an empirical application, the Chinese wheat import market is examined and analysed to answer the questions raised by the basic statistics. JEL classification: F12; F14; L22
Transaction Costs and Exchange: Nine Case Studies of Australian and Malaysian Firms
Authors: Dogan Ergun , Smyth Russell , Wills Ian 
Published: March 2003

This study investigates the transaction costs of cross–cultural exchange, drawing on interviews with senior management of Australian and Malaysian firms. Parties to a transaction need to undertake a number of costly activities, including identifying an exchange partner, measuring the quantity/quality dimensions of the good or service exchanged, definition of the parties' rights and obligations in respect of whatever is exchanged and contract enforcement. This paper uses a contractual approach focusing on each of these issues to examine the various factors, particularly cultural differences, which add to the costs of international exchange for Australian and Malaysian firms. JEL classification: F2; K0; Z1
Anonymity and Informed Consent in Artificial Procreation
Authors: Lebech Anne Mette Maria 
Published: March 2003

The practice of informed consent in biomedicine is so widely spread that it must be considered the most important principle within bioethics, and the most universally appealed to within recent legislation. There seems to be a consensus as to its value in research on autonomous persons, but also a problem concerning its application when dealing with people having a serious mental, social or even physical disability.Within the field of artificial procreation there are even more problems. Informed written consent is often demanded from anonymous donors of gametes in order to ensure their consent to the legal and moral consequences of their anonymity. The child resulting from the artificial procreation, on the contrary, cannot consent to, nor be informed before being conceived, of the secrecy laid on the identity of its genetic parents. Some countries resolve this problem by allowing the children, when they reach their majority, to obtain some information pertaining to the health or the identity of their genetic parents.This presents ethical problems. It can be argued that the anonymity of the parents chiefly affects the children, so that an agreement on this point among parents, doctors and others must be regarded as invalid. The paper will argue that a law ensuring the complete anonymity of the parents is disregarding the informed consent and the interests of the children resulting from artificial procreation, and is thus doing more damage to society than good.
Paying People to Participate in Research: Why not?
Authors: McNeill Paul 
Published: March 2003

This paper argues against paying people to participate in research. Volunteering to participate as a subject in a research program is not like taking a job. The main difference is to do with the risks inherent in research. Experimentation on human beings is, by definition, trying out something with an unknown consequence and exposes people to risks of harm which cannot be known in advance. This is the main reason for independent review by committee of research programs. It is based on a recognition that researchers are not always capable of putting the interests of their subjects ahead of their research objectives. It is not simply a matter of individual autonomy. Society has an obligation, prior to the protection of individual freedom and autonomy, to establish basic safeguards that are equitable in their operation.Any inducement for participating in research would add to the difficulty subjects have in adequately assessing the risks of participating in research. An acceptance of inducement to participate in research would further increase the inequity of research conducted on the impecunious for the benefit of the well‐off.
Social Acceptability, Personal Responsibility, and Prognosis in Public Judgments and Transplant Allocation
Authors: Ubel Peter A. , Baron Jonathan , Asch David A. 
Published: March 2003

Background: Some members of the general public feel that patients who cause their own organ failure through smoking, alcohol use, or drug use should not receive equal priority for scarce transplantable organs. This may reflect a belief that these patients (1) cause their own illness, (2) have poor transplant prognoses or, (3) are simply unworthy. We explore the role that social acceptability, personal responsibility, and prognosis play in people's judgments about transplant allocation. Methods: By random allocation, we presented 283 prospective jurors in Philadelphia county with one of five questionnaire versions. In all questionnaires, subjects were asked to distribute transplantable hearts between patients with and without a history of three controversial behaviors (eating high fat diets against doctors’ advice, cigarette smoking, or intravenous drug use). Across the five questionnaire versions, we varied the relative prognosis of the transplant candidates and whether their behavior caused their primary organ Results: Subjects were significantly less willing to distribute organs to intravenous drug users than to cigarette smokers or people eating high fat diets (p le; 0.0005), even when intravenous drug users had better transplant outcomes than other patients. Subjects’ allocation decisions were influenced by transplant prognosis, but not by whether the behavior in question was causally responsible for the patients’ organ failure. Conclusion: People's unwillingness to give scarce transplantable organs to patients with controversial behaviors cannot be explained totally on the basis of those behaviors either causing their primary organ failure or making them have worse transplant prognoses. Instead, many people believe that such patients are simply less worthy of scarce transplantable organs.
A Critical Approach to the Current Understanding of Islamic Scholars on Using Cadaver Organs Without Prior Permission
Authors: Aksoy Sahin 
Published: March 2003

Chronic organ diseases and the increasing demand for organ transplantation have become an important health care problem within the last few decades. Campaigns and regulations to encourage people to donate organs after their death have not met much success. This article discusses the subject from an Islamic perspective. It begins with some basic information on how Muslims reach legal rulings on a particular issue, and goes on to debate contemporary thinking among Islamic scholars on the ethical‐legal issues of organ donation and organ transplantation.It is shown that there are two groups of scholars, one allowing organ donation and organ transplantation, the other refusing it in any circumstances. Both groups agree that it is fundamentally wrong to harvest organs from cadavers without the prior permission of the deceased or the relatives. This dogma is re‐examined, and it is argued that, under the rule of necessity and the imperative to preserve life, there is enough moral and theological ground to allow the state to harvest organs from the deceased without prior permission.
Designing Web‐based Training
Authors: Barron Ann 
Published: March 2003

There are many methods and techniques for delivering instruction through the Web. Academic and industrial courses (taught in a traditional classroom) can be enhanced with links to resources on the Web, or the courses can be delivered virtually—completely via the Web. Instructional content can be delivered through email “correspondence‐type” courses, via Web pages written in HTML, or with very complex interactions developed with Java, JavaScript, Shockwave, ActiveX, or other tools. In this article, a range of Web‐based instructional options is outlined, general guidelines for designing Web‐delivered instruction are provided, and two case studies are discussed. In addition, links to example Web‐based training (WBT) sites are included.This article was originally published on the ITForum, an international listserv that is subscribed to by over 1000 professors, graduate students, and practitioners in Instructional Technology. General reactions to the article (that were posted on the ITForum), and responses from the author are included as postscripts to this article.
Interpretations of constructivism and consequences for Computer Assisted Learning
Authors: Dalgarno Barney 
Published: March 2003

The changes that have occurred in accepted approaches to teaching and learning in recent years have been underpinned by shifts in psychological and pedagogical theory, culminating in moves towards a constructivist view of learning. This paper looks at the consequences of these theoretical shifts for Computer Assisted Learning (CAL).Moshman has identified three interpretations of constructivism: endogenous constructivism which emphasises learner exploration, exogenous constructivism which recognises the role of direct instruction, but with an emphasis on learners actively constructing their own knowledge representations and dialectical constructivism which emphasises the role of interaction between learners, their peers and teachers. This classification scheme provides a framework for looking at the various constructivist approaches to CAL.For example, constructivist CAL materials that draw on the endogenous view include hypermedia environments, simulations and microworlds. Materials that draw on the exogenous view include learner controlled tutorials, cognitive tools and practice modules. Lastly, materials that draw on the dialectical view include Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) tools and support (or scaffolding) tools.
Intellectual Property Rights and Computer Software
Authors: Weckert John 
Published: March 2003

‘It is much more difficult than is often admitted to make a strong case for the ownership of computer software.’ This closely argued study of the strengths and weaknesses of the case for intellectual property rights and against software piracy is based on material contained in the author’s joint work with Douglas Adeney, Computer and Information Ethics, Greenwood Press, an imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, INC., Westport, CT, forthcoming May, 1997. The author is a member of the School of Information Studies at Charles Sturt University, PO Box 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650 Australia; tel 61 69 33 2372; fax 61 69 33 2733; email jweckert@csu.edu.auHe wishes to acknowledge the contribution to this paper of Douglas Adeney of the University of Melbourne.
Making profits and sweet music
Authors: Pearson Gordon 
Published: March 2003

This paper seeks to provide a practical theoretical setting for ethics in business. The perspective is that of the strategic practitioner rather than the moral philosopher. It seeks to take account of the currently dominant business influences of rapid technological development and globalisation and the resultant new form of stakeholder organisation.From this perspective it is clear that being perceived as trustworthy is seen as vital to long term business success. There are various corporate actions that are taken to ensure that organisations are perceived in this way and this paper reports those which were identified during interviews with executives in leading UK companies.The research found little support for corporate philanthropy involving firms investing in ‘good works’ unrelated to their business activities. The main focus was on setting standards of behaviour and achieving a high degree of openness and transparency between stakeholders made subject to independent audit and report. These practical initiatives do not rest on any knowledge and understanding of moral philosophy.
Distributed Reputation Management for Electronic Commerce
Authors: Yu Bin , Singh Munindar P. 
Published: March 2003

One of the major challenges for electronic commerce is how to establish a relationship of trust between different parties. Establishing trust is nontrivial, because the traditional physical or social means of trust cannot apply directly in virtual settings. In many cases, the parties involved may not ever have interacted before. Reputation systems seek to address the development of trust by recording the reputations of different parties. However, most existing reputation systems are restricted to individual market websites. Further, relevant information about a party may come from several websites and from interactions that were not mediated by any website.This paper considers the problem of automatically collecting ratings about a given party from others. Our approach involves a distributed agent architecture and adapts the mathematical theory of evidence to represent and propagate the ratings that participants give to each other. When evaluating the trustworthiness of a given party, a peer combines its local evidence (based on direct prior interactions with the party) with the testimonies of others regarding the same party. This approach satisfies certain important properties of distributed reputation management and is experimentally evaluated through simulations.
A Modeling and Rendering Method for Snow by Using Metaballs
Authors: Nishita Tomoyuki , Iwasaki Hiroshi , Dobashi Yoshinori , Nakamae Eihachiro 
Published: March 2003

The display of natural scenes such as mountains, trees, the earth as viewed from space, the sea, and waves have been attempted. Here a method to realistically display snow is proposed.In order to achieve this, two important elements have to be considered, namely the shape and shading model of snow, based on the physical phenomenon. In this paper, a method for displaying snow fallen onto objects, including curved surfaces and snow scattered by objects, such as skis, is proposed. Snow should be treated as particles with a density distribution since it consists of water particles, ice particles, and air molecules. In order to express the material property of snow, the phase functions of the particles must be taken into account, and it is well‐known that the color of snow is white because of the multiple scattering of light.This paper describes a calculation method for light scattering due to snow particles taking into account both multiple scattering and sky light, and the modeling of snow.