bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poetic justice
Authors: McCabe Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attitudes change. Since 1912 Greenlaw’s ‘charming romance’ has occasioned more controversy than any of Spenser’s other works. As confidence in the empire declined it came to seem more than a ‘trifle hard’ that ‘a poet should advise the extermination of brother poets’ and, in the wake of the Second World War, the term ‘extermination’ appeared particularly unfortunate. Yet modern disquiet on this account is less anachronistic than is sometimes claimed. It is well to remember that the age of Pizarro was also the age of Las Casas.
Pleading, Pragmatism, and Permissible Hypocrisy: The ‘Colours’ of Legal Discourse in Late Medieval England
Authors: Landman James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With these words, Sir John Fortescue voices his reluctance to reverse, at Edward IV’s request, arguments he had earlier made for Henry VI against Edward’s title to the English throne. Such a patent reversal of opinion (a reversal that was a condition of Fortescue’s removal from the attaint of treason and restoration to his estate of Ebrington) could only seem hypocritical, a disreputable doubleness that would condemn Fortescue in the opinion of’simple men’. But with the help of a ‘lernid man in the lawe of [England]’, Fortescue finds a way to evade ‘infame of dowblenesse’. His arguments against Edward were made as a lawyer for his client, Henry VI, and as this client is now dead, Fortescue is free to follow the practice of lawyers and argue the contrary position for his new client, Edward. Edward’s request, like the request of any client, demands from Fortescue ‘no doublenesse, but argument and proof of conynge and vertue’.
Career Development: William Godwin, Wilkie Collins, and the Psychopathies of Expertise
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of my first two chapters was the discovery or fabrication, during the nineteenth century, of an ‘ecological niche’, in Ian Hacking’s phrase, within which the disease entity we now call paranoia might take shape, and within which it has survived, more or less intact, despite significant changes of emphasis, to this day. Early psychiatry’s symptomatologics and case-histories constituted a way to think about and to represent a certain kind of behaviour, a certain attitude: a kind of behaviour and an attitude, familiar enough in society at large, the extreme version of which the asylums were built to contain (and perhaps in some sense to preserve). In the chapters which follow, I shall explore a sample of nineteenth- and twentieth-century English fiction: a different way to define, and significantly redefine, the same kind of behaviour, the same attitude.
Memories of a Lost War
Authors: Chattarji Subarno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the Fall of 1977, two years after the fall of Saigon, I was teaching a course on War Poetry at Cornell University in up-state New York. I had led an articulate and lively company of English majors from the plains of Troy to the ford at Maldon, from Waterloo to Spionkip, from the Western Front in the First World War to the Western Desert in the Second.
‘So far, I’ve done most of the talking’, I told them, ‘but today it’s your turn to tell me about Vietnam.’ They looked at me blankly and no one spoke.
Ireland and Scotland
Authors: Ryan Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While political connections between Ireland and Scotland have been vigorously promoted in recent years, Ray Ryan presents the first sustained, comparative study of literature and culture from both sites. Ryan’s focus is on the Irish state and the Scottish nation. How does literature from the Republic create the cultural shape and personality of the Irish state? Through comparison with Scotland, a stateless nation, Ryan argues that crucial themes in Irish culture emerge with new force and clarity: themes such as Republicanism and colonialism, the city and rural divide, and the partition of the island into separate ‘southern’ and ‘northern’ spheres. Analysing a broad range of Irish and Scottish literary texts, Ryan shifts attention from the traditionally defined canon of Irish culture, and establishes the relevance of Scotland for any future discussion of Irish cultural contexts. Offering a radical intervention across a range of disciplines, this book is essential reading for all those working on Ireland, on Scotland, and on contemporary English and British culture.
Between the Falls Road and Kildare Street: Thomas McCarthy and the Location of Memory
Authors: Ryan Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In One Key episode from Thomas McCarthy’s 1991 novel Without Power, rival Fianna Fail and Coalition workers, campaigning in the presidential election of 19 81, wander lost in thick fog in their west-Waterford constituency. The Coalition workers have destroyed Fianna Fail election posters, but retribution is suspended as a swirling mist envelops both factions. The Fianna Fail workers become ‘one eye, one ear … as if the cold ghosts of the mountain’s memory had taken over, and were now directing the progress of their minibus’ (WP, n7).
The Gilbertine Economy
Authors: Golding Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like all religious communities in medieval England, the economy and material prosperity of the Gilbertine priories was determined by the quantity and quality of their landed possessions, both arable and pastoral. They relied for their income on a portfolio of assets which included profits from the sale of agricultural produce (wool in particular) from their demesne land, ideally organized in granges; proceeds from spiritualia, which usually comprised revenues from glebe land and, where appropriation had proved possible, the greater tithes of the parish, as well as offerings at the altar; manorial perquisites such as fines and customary payments; rents from property that had been either permanently alienated or temporarily demised, and which might include payments from urban property; and incidental sources of income, of which the possession of mills and fisheries was probably the most significant. The relative importance of these commodities fluctuated according to prevailing economic conditions in the country at large, but were also determined by a number of other criteria, amongst which the scale of endowments (which was itself governed, as we have seen, by various factors) was the most influential.
George Lansbury
Authors: Shepherd John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most lovable figure in modern politics was how A.J.P Taylor described the Christian pacifist, George Lansbury. At 73 he took over the helm of the Labour Party of only 46 MPs in the Depression years of the 1930s. Throughout a remarkable life, Lansbury remained an extraordinary politician of the people, associated with a multitude of crusades for social justice. He resigned from Parliament to support 'Votes for Women', and for the next ten years edited the fiery Daily Herald. In 1921 Lansbury led the 'Poplar Rates Rebellion' - when thirty Labour councillors went willingly to prison in defiance of the government, the courts and their own party leadership. As Labour leader, Lansbury was known universally as a committed socialist an implacable opponent of capitalism and imperialism. He never sought personal wealth, travelled everywhere by public transport, and made his home in impoverished East London. His final years were spent in a tireless international peace crusade to prevent the drift towards another world war. In this major new biography, John Shepherd draws on an impressive range of research to reconstruct the life of a charismatic Labour pioneer. He reaffirms George Lansbury's standing at the heart of Old Labour and his importance to British politics as a whole.
Socialist Propagandist, 1892–1903
Authors: Shepherd John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the1930s, George Lansbury looked back on a long life, spent mostly in the labour movement, in which he ‘tried to fight the good fight’. In a private note to his family, he set out his simple personal philosophy in near-visionary terms, a universe for ordinary people based on love and service for one another, inspired by an enduring Christian faith. He recognized he would leave ‘very little wealth in the ordinary sense in which men use that word’ but, instead, ‘a wealth of love and high endeavour which in a tiny way I have enjoyed with others’.
Parliamentary Contests, 1900–1910
Authors: Shepherd John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his memoirs George Lansbury recalled that as a child he wrote his name in a church prayer book as ‘George Lansbury MP’ and probably added the name of an East End constituency. Other early memories, besides witnessing the hurly-burly of the political hustings at Greenwich during the 1868 general election, included the popular agitation that engulfed London during the remarkable case of the Tich borne Claimant in the 1870s. The young Lansbury was in the vast and frenzied crowd that tried to gain entry to the court at Westminster where the Tichborne claimant’s case was being heard. Some of the great debates on the Eastern Question between Gladstone and Disraeli in the late 1870s, as already noted, also made an enduring impression on the young labourer from the East End who watched spell bound from the Strangers’ Gallery of the House of Commons.
Introduction
Authors: Davies J D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seventeenth-century Royal Navy has always seemed something of a poor relation beside its sixteenth- and eighteenth-century counterparts. It gained no immortal triumphs on the scale of the Armada fight or Trafalgar; it left no Mary Rose to raise and no Victory to preserve; even Robert Blake did not quite live on in the popular imagination as Drake or Nelson did. However, if the navy of the seventeenth century has been neglected by posterity, its true worth was always recognized by its own contemporaries. As one pamphlet put it, the fleet was ‘the bulwark of our British dominions, the sole fence of our Country’.
Religion, Family, and Sex: the Private Crisis of the 1840s
Authors: Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I compare my convictions in religion, and the mercies that have been poured upon me, with the extraordinary tenacity of the evil in me, the fruit without doubt of indulgence, I cannot but deeply believe that my debt to the justice of God is the very heaviest that can be conceived: for have I not after all suffered that sin which I have described to have its habitation & to find its food in me, and could it have been covered by such flimsy pretexts but for an extreme corruption? The pursuit of knowledge, the desire of estimating different periods & states of the moral and religious life of man, the hope of doing good to the persons living in sin: of all these I had utterly failed to discern the proper bounds, and had sometimes perhaps often lost even these from view when once upon the train of thought on imagery of which they might have first effected the introduction.
The First Government: Ireland, Education, and External Policy
Authors: Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That Gladstone regarded the premiership which began in December 1868 as his last as well as his first, can hardly be doubted by any reader of his journal. Anticipation of retirement is perhaps the most frequently reiterated theme in moments of recorded private reflection and in hints in private correspondence. The foreknowledge of the dramas of subsequent decades should not warp the reader’s perspective on Gladstone’s attitude of mind as he kissed hands as First Lord of the Treasury, thus becoming Prime Minister of the only world power. Politically, Gladstone’s view was consistent. For the previous two decades he had seen politics and policies from the perspective of the Treasury. As Chancellor of the Exchequer he had been the codifier, legislator, and guardian of the canons of Peelite finance.
The Midlothian Campaign
Authors: Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Midlothian Campaign of 1878-80 was the culmination of a political drama which broadened gradually and sometimes hesitantly from the relatively limited issue of ‘the Bulgarian Horrors’ in 1876 to the wholesale condemnation of innovative Toryism. A former Prime Minister leading a great popular crusade was a new phenomenon in European politics, and before examining the substance of the objections to Beaconsfieldism, some comment on the nature of the campaign is necessary.
Private Life in Retirement
Authors: Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gladstone’s resignation of the premiership in February 1874 ended his £5,000 p.a. salary and left him with a shortage of ready cash. As we have seen in an earlier volume, he only had £1,000 p.a. Tor all general expenditure whatsoever’. This was by no means poverty, but out of it he was maintaining Hawarden Castle and 11 Carlton House Terrace, a big house in the smartest area of London, and, as we shall see, most of his children, now all adults. The announcement in 1875 of formal retirement from politics thus related to a major change in domestic arrangements, a move from the plush fashion of the Carlton House area to a—relatively—cheaper and less grand house in Harley Street.
The Second Gladstone Government, 1880-1885: Retirement, Cabinet, and Party
Authors: Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen how in Midlothian did Gladstone ‘hammer with all my little might at the fabric of the present Tory power’. The result of the general election of March and April 1880 was a Liberal majority over the Conservatives of 137, with the Irish Home Rulers winning 65 seats, an even more spectacular victory than the Liberal majority of between 56 and 76 which Gladstone had calculated in November 1878 as likely from the evidence of by-elections† Elected comfortably, as predicted in Midlothian, and, without visiting the constituency, overwhelmingly in Leeds‡ Gladstone went secretly from Edinburgh to Hawarden, rejecting plans for a triumphal entry into London-mindful perhaps of his trenchant condemnation of the Roman triumph of Beaconsfield and Salisbury in 1878§-and soon began an article on the Tory debacle.
Domestic Policy in the 1880s
Authors: Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gladstone supervised the domestic and legislative policy of his second government from four perspectives. As Prime Minister he had an overall responsibility for balance and content. As Chancellor of the Exchequer (until December 1882) he was responsible, at the least, for raising revenue and controlling expenditure. As Leader of the House of Commons, he was in charge of the strategic and tactical conduct of the legislative programme and of the proper working of the Commons, involving daily and usually lengthy attendance there. Lastly, as the chief force behind several of the Government’s major bills, he was responsible for arguing their case at second reading and for seeing them through the Committee stage.
Gladstone and Ireland 1875-1885
Authors: Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1921 the British government, sustained by a Conservative-dominated coalition, signed a treaty with the Irish Free State, already a de facto republic, thus effectively admitting the end of union between the United Kingdom and most of lreland. Such an outcome would have been regarded by any member of any British Cabinet of the 1880s, and certainly by Gladstone, as an utter failure for British policy.
The Daily Round: Court, Patronage, and the Commons
Authors: Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have thus far looked at the high ground occupied by Gladstone in this period, a ground marked out by the ‘special causes’ which retained him in political life. His own view was that those special causes were external to himself, causes objectively given by the process of politics. Yet in the 1880s that process was so dominated by his own political personality and so shaped by his distinctive style of rhetorical leadership that it is hard and probably unhistorical to try to separate the personality and the process. Gladstone seems to have underrated the extent to which the force of his political personality in itself shaped those causes, and it is in that underestimation that we find the key to what otherwise can seem like a dis-ingenuous series of excuses for not keeping his word about retiring.
Leading the Liberal Party, 1887-1892
Authors: Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dominance of ‘Ireland’ in this period of Gladstone’s life. is obvious enough. The circumstances of 1886 gave Gladstone, as he saw it, a clear role: the duty of leading a Liberal majority to pass a second and successful Government of Ireland Bill. The Home Rulers would show the genuineness of their commitment to a devolved Assembly, their moderation the more remarkable under the provocation of Unionist coercion; the purged Liberal party would win the next general election outright with a significant majority, and would pass a Government of Ireland Bill (with the Home Rulers in support but at a distance) which the Lords would not dare reject; Gladstone would then retire.
Introduction
Authors: Sheehan James J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jules Michelet began his lectures on British history by reminding his audience that 'l'Angleterre est une ile'. We can begin this book on German history from 1770 to 1866 by stating the equally obvious and no less significant fact that 'Germany' did not exist. In the second half of the eighteenth century, as in the second half of the twentieth, there is no clear and readily acceptable answer to the question of Germany's political,social, and cultural identity. To suppose otherwise is to miss the essential character of the German past and the German present: its diversity and discontinuity, richness and fragmentation, fecundity and fluidity. Our history, therefore, cannot be the single story of a fixed entity, a state or a clearly designated landscape. We must instead try to follow the many different histories that coexisted within German-speaking central Europe, histories that led Germans towards and away from one another, at once encouraging them to act together and making such common action virtually impossible.
Eighteenth-century Culture
Authors: Sheehan James J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Johann Gottfried Herder, a teacher’s son in the Prussian town of Möhringen, swiftly exhausted the meagre intellectual resources available to him at home and in the local school. By the time he was ten or eleven he had begun to wander the streets looking for new books; when he saw one through a window, he would ask to borrow it at once. Towards the end of his life, when he was a venerable figure on the cultural scene, Herder told an audience of schoolboys how joyfully he recalled his earliest encounters with authors old and new: ‘Scarcely anything in later years matched this pleasure, this sweet astonishment.’ Since we live in a culture awash with printed matter, we may find it difficult to share that sense of awe and wonder that books produced in intellectuals of Herder’s generation. For them the written word was sacred. While Herder may have praised folk culture in his theories, the culture to which he belonged was the culture of print.
Culture in the Revolutionary Era
Authors: Sheehan James J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New Year’s Day 1792, as the impact of the political revolution was just beginning to be felt east of the Rhine, Franz Dautzenberg, the editor of the Aachener Zuschauer, published an essay on ‘the spirit of our age’, which he defined as ‘the almost universal drive for a new existence’. There is hardly anywhere on earth, he went on, ‘where the disagreeable urge to change civil conditions has not expressed itself, either forcefully or hesitantly.’ Eight years later, a Protestant pastor greeted the new century with the same sentiments: ‘The unmistakable character of our era’, he told his congregation, ‘is the vital, free struggle for something new and better.’ In 1804 Hermann von Boyen, then a junior officer in the Prussian infantry, began his prize-winning essay on tactics by expressing the conviction that ‘the first, holiest law of the human spirit’ is ‘tireless progress’.
Restoration Politics, 1815-1830
Authors: Sheehan James J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN 1815 Heinrich Olivier, just returned from military service with the Free Corps, painted a picture celebrating the Holy Alliance formed by Austria, Russia, and Prussia. In the foreground of the painting stand the Emperors Francis and Alexander and King Frédérick William, their hands joined in an expression of solidarity, which was meant to recall their common victory over Napoleon and to affirm their common stand against further upheavals. The sovereigns are dressed in the cumbersome ceremonial armour of the late Middle Ages, crusaders’ crosses adorn their cloaks, a heavy Gothic altar-piece stands behind them. Here Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant came together in an enterprise whose symbols evoked the Christian heritage they shared. 1 Olivier’s Holy Alliance is not a very good painting, but it does exemplify the medieval idiom through which some people in restoration Europe tried to express their distaste for revolutionary change. Architecture and design, the settings of novels and the background of paintings, the subject-matter of historical monuments and •the focus of scholarly research all reflected this fascination for the Middle Ages. To be sure, medievalism was sometimes merely a temporary refuge, an escape from contemporary cares into the apparently more cohesive and peaceful world of chivalry and cathedrals. The fake castle built by William IX of Hesse-Kassel was supposed to provide an ambience in which such escapism might flourish, as was Franzenburg, constructed by the Emperor Francis outside Vienna. We probably should not make too much of these masquerades. But for some Europeans, the medieval world was more than a refuge; it provided a standard against which current shortcomings might be judged, a set of symbols with which deep-seated longings might be captured, and a model of how society and culture should be organized. The Middle Ages, seen through this historical lens, appeared to be a time when faith was secure and social hierarchies unchallenged, when people believed in God and obeyed their betters.
Revolution and Reaction
Authors: Sheehan James J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why DO people rebel? Our instinctive answer is, because they find their lives intolerable. But this is obviously no answer at all: not only is it circular, it ignores the unhappy truth that, while intolerable conditions are common, rebellions are rare. Suffering alone is not enough; it is a necessary but not a sufficient cause for revolution. Before they rebel, those who suffer must believe, if only for a short time, that their rebellion will lead to a better life for themselves or their communities. Only in this belief can people find the courage to act, the strength to break the bonds of habit and run the risks rebellion inevitably involves. By itself, suffering will not provide this strength and courage; indeed, suffering is more likely to weaken and demoralize than to incite and inspire. Revolutions are rare because they require an unusual conjunction of suffering and hope, a sense of outrage and an act of faith.