bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rise of the Domestic Woman
Authors: Armstrong Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In their effort to make young women desirable to men of a good social position, countless conduct books and works of instruction for women represented a specific configuration of sexual features as those of the only appropriate woman for men at all levels of society to want as a wife. At the same time, such writing provided people from diverse social groups with a basis for imagining economic interests in common.t Thus it was the new domestic woman rather than her counterpart, the new economic man, who first encroached upon aristocratic culture and seized authority from it. This writing assumed that an education ideally made a woman desire to be what a prosperous man desires, which is above all else a female.
Toward a New Urban Vision: Howard in the 1890s
Authors: Buder Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 1890s, a professor at the University of Edinburgh commented: “The kind of Socialism most in repute at present is one which cannot be carried into practice by the voluntary action of individuals, or illustrated by experi¬ments on a small scale. It is the Socialism which can only be realized through the State and which must have the whole nation as a subject on which to operate.” The emergence of the Independent Labour party and the growing prominence of the Fabians gave a collectivist and political thrust to British socialism. From the embers of communitarian interest, though, a spark was thrown off in the form of the Garden City movement.1
The Garden City and Town Planning, 1903-1918
Authors: Buder Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Howard and his type of reformer yearned for alternative cultures based on grand design rather than incremental reforms. By 1900 a more complex vision of the good society was largely in place. Darwin impelled thinking individuals to try for an understanding of progress through themes of evolutionary development and endless change. These views challenged the teleologic reasoning favored by communitarians. In A Modern Utopia (1905) H. G. Wells contrasted the old and new ways of thinking about progress: “The Modern Utopia must be not static but kinetic, must shape not as a permanent state but as a hopeful stage, leading to a long ascent of stages.” The mark of modern thinkers was their assumption that government, when staffed by highly trained experts, provided the means for the rational management of an ongoing process of social change.
Legitimacy: A Matter of Degree
Authors: Franck Thomas M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If one concedes that “international law is not law” in any sense that uses the national legal systems as its standard, one does not thereby admit that the Martian who wishes to learn about international relations as practiced by states on earth would be completely without normative guidance. International relations are not one damn thing after another, nor is the world system, in Matthew Arnold’s phrase, only “a darkling plain where ignorant armies clash by night.”52 Most people do keep their appointments and most states adhere to many international rules of conduct. Certainly, there are texts that predict with some accuracy to relations between states, as also between states and citizens or entities of other states ( transnational corporations, for example) and between persons or entities of one state and those of another.
The Artist as Refugee
Authors: Amishai-Maisels Ziva 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1933 the National Socialists ascended to power in Germany and declared war on Jews, Communists and Modem Art more or less at the same time. As a result, a growing number of artists who either were Jewish, had left-wing affiliations or simply refused to abandon their adherence to Modem Art began to leave the country and seek refuge elsewhere. This tendency spread to Austria, Italy, Eastern Europe and France as the Nazis extended their power and ideology over most of Europe, more or less closing the gates against further escape by late 1941. The problem of refugee artists has recently been discussed either as part of the larger problem of intellectuals who were refugees from the Nazis or as part of a study of those persecuted by the Nazis as “degenerate artists.”3 However, the question of the artists’ response to their status as refugees has not been adequately analyzed.
Medicine and Murder
Authors: Mosse George L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Doctors stood guard over the killing process at Auschwitz, and now Robert Lifton has set himself the task to discover why and how physicians coming from a profession dedicated to healing were transformed into mass murderers. The commitment of these doctors to mass murder also raises wider questions about the social role of medicine and its guardianship of public health and morals. For Auschwitz brings into focus and to a climax many trends and tendencies of the modem age: here as in a prism we can see the potential dangers inherent in certain ideas and social structures that were either ignored or only dimly perceived at the time. The role that medicine played in society for a century before the Holocaust provides one example of such a trend. This did not have to lead to the Holocaust but, in fact, it helped to define the attitudes of the Nazi doctors toward their victims.
Pinsk and Washington
Authors: Friesel Evyatar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The clash mentioned in the title of this book refers to what is known in Zionist historiography as the Brandeis-Weizmann struggle from 1919 to 1921, one of the great internal crises in the history of Zionism. It reached a dramatic climax at the Cleveland Conference of the Zionist Organization of America (ZOA) in early June 1921 when the Brandeis administration was forced to retire from the leadership of the American movement.
“Conquering Without War”
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
He great dilemma of Jefferson’s statecraft, then, lay in his apparent renunciation of the means on which states had always ultimately relied to ensure their security and to satisfy their ambitions, and in his simultaneous unwillingness to renounce the ambitions that normally led to the use of these means. He wished, in other words, that America could have it both ways-that it could enjoy the fruits of power without falling victim to the normal consequences of its exercise.
How Do They Rule? Liberal Democracy in America
Authors: Mills Richard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the Soviet view, the interaction of various segments of a society attempting to defend or advance differing interests produces politics (Guliev 1973; Boichenko 1970). Economic interests are paramount, and the clash of class interests, particularly those of the exploiting and the exploited classes, plays the determining role (Burlatskii 1970). In the past some ruling classes periodically attempted to mask the fact that they were in control by claiming that everybody ruled. In classical Greece and feudal Europe, for instance, those classes established political systems that were called democracies but really were not since the majority of the population was excluded from participation (Guliev 1970). The Soviets maintain that the same is largely true of the political system characteristic of capitalist nations.
How do Rulers and Ruled Interact? The class Struggle
Authors: Mills Richard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In principle, Soviet writers could discuss all American politics as PART of the class struggle. In practice, their writings on the class struggle cover a number of definite topics, some treated often, others receiving less attention. Despite the importance of class struggle to Marxist political analysis, there are few comprehensive Soviet studies of its American variant. Indeed, Petr Shishkin’s landmark volume on the subject was published only in 1972-on the one hand rather late in the game, on the other not starting a trend, either.
Design and Function of the Microcirculation
Authors: Desjardins Claude 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The circulatory system delivers blood at pressures that are adequate to perfuse organs and thereby regulates the microenvironment of individual cells within each tissue. If all vessels in every tissue were completely filled with blood, and had constant flow, the total volume of blood would be enormous: significantly more energy would be required to propel blood through the vasculature (Wiedeman et al., 1981). Instead, the efficiency of the cardiovascular system is enhanced in two ways. First, the total volume of blood in the vascular compartment is limited and controlled (Guyton, 1991). Second, capillary perfusion is regulated to coincide with the metabolic needs of cells at rest, and perfusion can be increased in direct proportion to the work performed by individual cells (Duling, 1990). Tissue perfusion is governed by controlling the number of microvessels that are perfused at any instant and by regulating the number of red blood cells that flow through perfused capillary segments (Desjardins and Duling, 1987). Therefore, cell performance and tissue perfusion are intimately coupled by the microcirculation and linked to the fraction of the cardiac output that is available for tissue perfusion.
Music, Literacy, and Society in Atlanta:1910-1916
Authors: Harris Michael W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Atlanta, Thomas and Etta were forced to alter radically their pattern of living from what it had been in Villa Rica in order to overcome the economic hardships they faced. For the first time since being married, Etta had to do work in addition to that of a homemaker: She worked, taking in washing and ironing. [She would] go and wash a big batch of clothes and maybe get a dollar for it. That’s about all a woman got to do down there in the south at that time.
Blues-From “Jass” to “Lowdown”:1924-1928
Authors: Harris Michael W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until 1921, Dorsey’s religious involvement had been passive. During his childhood, the disparity between the religious practices of his mother and father caused him to conceive of religion as a hodge-podge of antithetical images. During his adolescence in Atlanta, the church—no longer the site of his parents’ prestige—became for him merely a place to socialize. As he recovered from his nervous breakdown, around the age of 22, he seemed no longer prone to become religious. His mother’s all-too-frequent admonition, “serve the Lord, serve the Lord,” diminished in importance before his greater urge to return to Chicago and continue his career.1 Early on in his life, therefore, circumstances seemed to determine that a religious experience in order to have any meaning-would have to be cathartic.
Workplace Turbulence and Workforce Preparedness
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The year 1973 marked a divide in the postwar economy.1 During the 25 years between 1948 and 1973, private sector productivity increased at an annual rate of 2.9%. Productivity improvement after 1973 fell way below this long-term trend, leveling off at about 0.6% a year until 1981 and rising to only l.61J/o a year between 1981 and 1987. A similar pattern is reflected in the real wages of the workforce.2
Preparing the Future Workforce: A Labor-Management Consensus
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters have documented how workers and workplaces in the United States have been hard hit by economic shocks since the mid-1970s. More intense global competition, business deregulation, and corporate mergers and acquisitions have caused major shifts in the sectoral composition of employment. Technological change has altered skill needs, and demographic change has affected labor supply in ways that particularly impact on the job prospects of youth, older workers, and minorities. Throughout the labor market, work careers have become much less certain as fewer jobs are stable, as promotion opportunities are diminishing, and as compensation increases are becoming less routine.
An International Comparison of Manufacturing Productivity and Unit Labor Cost Trends
Authors: Neef Arthur 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents comparative trend measures of manufacturing productivity, as measured by output per hour, hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs in the United States, Canada, Japan, and nine European countries. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has been preparing these annual measures for many years to help assess changes in the U.S. competitive position. This chapter also introduces new research looking into productivity developments in component manufacturing industries, covering the United States, Japan, and Germany.
Straight Talk on Slanted News: “Bias’’ and Accountability in Reporting Carter and Reagan
Authors: Entman Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1980, the nation learned that President Carter’s brother had been representing the Libyan government without registering as a foreign agent. The “Billygate” scandal dominated the network news for weeks. In 1984, Secretary of Labor Raymond Donovan became the first sitting cabinet member ever indicted, for allegedly participating in a fraud conspiracy involving at least one reputed member of organized crime. The story vanished after only a few days. Consider another contrast. When nine service-men died in 1980 trying to rescue the American hostages in Iran, President Carter received a negative drumbeat of personal criticism in the press. When 241 U.S. Marines died in 1983 from a suicide bomb attack in Beirut, President Reagan largely escaped such condemnation.
Faith and Mystification in Broadcast Deregulation
Authors: Entman Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the 1980s, public policy toward broadcasting changed dramatically. The dominant trend was virtually to eliminate government regulation and to rely upon an enlarged, vigorously competitive economic market to protect and expand the “marketplace of ideas.” Perhaps the most important and controversial case in point is the Federal Communications Commission’s 1987 decision to abolish the broadcast Fairness Doctrine. A direct attempt by government to foster diverse accountability news, the doctrine required that broadcasters devote time to controversial issues and air varied opposing views. The FCC’s decision assumed that rising economic competition will provide a better means of attaining the original goals of the doctrine than regulation.
Introduction
Authors: Wertheimer Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
German Jewry’s encounter with East European Jews, the meeting of Yekkes and Ostjuden, has assumed near mythic significance in the modern Jewish imagination. According to popular accounts, these two segments of a once unified Ashkenazic Jewry had been riven into two distinctive and mutually exclusive camps by the time they met in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: one consisted of emancipated, bourgeois Germans of the Mosaic Persuasion who considered themselves secure and safe in their homeland; the other was comprised of ghettoized, impoverished Caftan Jews forced to choose between a miserable ex istence in the East or migration westward in search of new opportunities. Con fronted by their eastern brethren, German Jews, it is alleged, responded with arrogance and condescension. At best, they patronized Ostjuden, regarding the latter as backward, superstitious, dirty-and certainly inferior in culture and breeding. At worst, German Jews harbored a profound antipathy toward their coreligionists that smacked of Jewish self-hatred, if not anti-Semitism. Indeed, the very term Yekke is often used in written works and daily conversation as a shorthand for snobbishness and heartless meticulousness, whereas the term Ostjude evokes images of Jews victimized by their own kind.
Introduction
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“The Nature of the Firm,” the rudiments of which had already taken shape in Ronald Coase’s mind and had appeared in his correspondence by 1932, was first published in 1937. That was a seminal event-although it took a very long time for its full importance to register. The fiftieth anniversary of that event was celebrated at a 1987 conference. Coase’s 1937 article, the three lectures that he gave at the conference, and the conference papers are brought together here. I briefly examine each of these in that order and offer some observations about work in progress and the research agenda. The “main advantage which an economist brings to the other social sciences is simply a way of looking at the world” (Coase, 1978:210). But while a shared world view holds economists together—indeed, may be said to define membership in the club—a few economists venture beyond and reshape the worldview, which temporarily upsets the status quo. Ronald Coase is one of those reshapers; his 1937 article on “The Nature of the Firm” is recognized as a classic because it changed the way people think about economic organization.
The Way of the Mystics -2
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We Have Seen How women through mystical experience found the assertiveness and authority necessary to speak, teach and influence people. Others found different ways to assert their claim to religious equality. The effort on the part of individual women, each acting in her own way, persisted over the centuries. It took a variety of forms: 1) the development of female God-language and symbolism; 2) the re-conceptualization of the Divine as both male and female; 3) women’ s direct intervention in redemption and salvation; and 4) a deliberate and often scholarly feminist Bible criticism, which I will deal with in a separate chapter. The development of female God-language and symbolism has a complex and ambiguous history, because both men and women en­ gaged in the enterprise, although possibly for quite opposite reasons.
Crimes of Writing
Authors: Stewart Scsan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
These essays concern themselves with the relations between subjectivity, authenticity, writing, speech, and the law. Because they focus for the most part on specific cases of forgery, literary imposture, pornography, and graffiti, I have gathered them under the title “crimes of writing.” But I have used this title for another reason as well—to connote the ways in which such practices are in fact inversions or negations of cultural rules and so have opened a more “properly” transgressive space for those aesthetic writings stretching from Romanticism to the avant-garde. By establishing a realm of prosecutable actions, laws regarding crimes of writing might be seen to “spare” such aesthetic practices and at the same time to bracket, and thereby trivialize, their intentions and consequences.
Psalmanazar’s Others
Authors: Stewart Scsan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Who speaks writing? This question must hover as the thematic of the study with which I will begin—an account of the writings of the eighteenth-century forger, impostor, and friend of Samuel Johnson, “George Psalmanazar.” We know no other name than this pseudonym, which he took from 2 Kings 17:3—“Shalmaneser,” one of a line of Assyrian kings by this name. From 1702 to 1708, Psalmanazar presented himself to British society as a Formosan pagan converted to Christianity. Furthermore, he wrote a widely accepted Historical and Geographical Description of his “native” country. The aberration Psalmanazar poses in the description of otherness is an aberration that is nonetheless typical of a period in which, as we have seen, the claims of writing—the claims of authorship, originality, genius, and documentation—-were in tremendous flux.
How Military Mobilization Hurts the Economy
Authors: Higgs Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most people know that military mobilization is not cheap, but few appreciate the full range of economic consequences of going to war. President Eisenhower popularized the myth that war is good for business when he warned, in his farewell speech, of the dangers posed by a “military-industrial complex.” It is still widely believed that Franklin Roosevelt lifted the country out of the Great Depression by getting us into World War II. The fact is, hasteful and wasteful military buildups have led to budget deficits, higher taxes, inflation, expensive transfer programs for veterans, and government intervention in markets-all of which have continued for decades after the wars they were supposed to facilitate.
American Farming: If It’s Broke, Why Can’t We Fix It?
Authors: Alston Lee J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With all the media attention to the plight of American farmers in the 1980s, one might have thought that farms had never failed before. In fact, things have been much worse. In the 1920s and 1930s, agricultural distress prompted the federal government to take action to prevent farm failures. The current policies under review-government payments to farmers under existing commodity programs, infusion of capital into the Farm Credit System, and state moratoria on farm foreclosures-are extensions of programs originated in the 1930s. Perhaps, then, we can learn from past experience.
The Equal Rights Amendment­Yes, But Whose?
Authors: Rotella Elyce J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Should the government establish and enforce laws that require women and men be treated differently? Is it fair for the government to give protections to women that it docs not give to men? Can we justify laws that restrict women’s right to do things that men arc free to do? Should the U.S. Constitution be amended so that “equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex? ” Throughout U.S. history, many kinds of laws have required that women workers be treated differently from men. These laws have limited the hours that women work, forbidden the employment of women in certain occupations, required special facilities for female workers, and set minimum wages for women. Usually such laws have been motivated by concerns for women’s health and well-being, and for this reason are commonly referred to as “protective labor laws.” Often, however, these laws have had the effect of limiting women’s opportunities in the labor force, and have become what legal historian Judith Baer has called “chains of protection.”
Can Price Controls Work?
Authors: Rockoff Hugh 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whenever confronted with spiraling wages and prices during periods of inflation, policymakers are often tempted to freeze wages and prices by force of law. Opponents of such government intervention are quick to cite President Richard Nixon’s dismal experiment in 1971. Interventionists insist, however, that price control did work in World War II, so who is right? In this chapter, we will see what history has to say.
The Modernization of Antitrust: A New Equilibrium
Authors: Fox Eleanor m. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Antitrust law is in search of a new equilibrium. It is torn between claims that it should limit the power of large corporations and claims that it should increase the efficiency of American business. Regard for efficiency is in the ascendancy. Antitrust emerged from the 1960s as a philosophy and body of law reflecting American political democracy.