bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Horizon scanning of potential threats to high‐Arctic biodiversity, human health and the economy from marine invasive alien species: A Svalbard case study
Authors: Cottier‐Cook Elizabeth J. , Bentley‐Abbot Jude , Cottier Finlo R. , Minchin Dan , Olenin Sergej , Renaud Paul E. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe high Arctic is considered a pristine environment compared with many other regions in the northern hemisphere. It is becoming increasingly vulnerable to invasion by invasive alien species (IAS), however, as climate change leads to rapid loss of sea ice, changes in ocean temperature and salinity, and enhanced human activities. These changes are likely to increase the incidence of arrival and the potential for establishment of IAS in the region. To predict the impact of IAS, a group of experts in taxonomy, invasion biology and Arctic ecology carried out a horizon scanning exercise using the Svalbard archipelago as a case study, to identify the species that present the highest risk to biodiversity, human health and the economy within the next 10 years. A total of 114 species, currently absent from Svalbard, recorded once and/or identified only from environmental DNA samples, were initially identified as relevant for review. Seven species were found to present a high invasion risk and to potentially cause a significant negative impact on biodiversity and five species had the potential to have an economic impact on Svalbard. Decapod crabs, ascidians and barnacles dominated the list of highest risk marine IAS. Potential pathways of invasion were also researched, the most common were found associated with vessel traffic. We recommend (i) use of this approach as a key tool within the application of biosecurity measures in the wider high Arctic, (ii) the addition of this tool to early warning systems for strengthening existing surveillance measures; and (iii) that this approach is used to identify high‐risk terrestrial and freshwater IAS to understand the overall threat facing the high Arctic. Without the application of biosecurity measures, including horizon scanning, there is a greater risk that marine IAS invasions will increase, leading to unforeseen changes in the environment and economy of the high Arctic.
Beitrag zur Biologie des mexikanischen Spießhirsches Mazama sartorii (Saussure)*
Authors: Wagner Helmuth O. 
Published: November 2023

ZusammenfassungSpießhirsche leben in Mexiko in den flachen Küstenregionen und aufwärts bis über 2000 m Höhe sowohl im Trocken‐ wie im Nebelwald. Zum Lager brauchen sie dichtes Buschwerk, zur Nahrung Jungtriebe von Schlingpflanzen, die niederes Gestrüpp überspannen, Wasserpflanzen und Früchte. So leben Spießhirsche bis auf die Region des Nebelwaldes immer da, wo Dickungen vorherrschen.Sie sind ausgesprochene Schlüpfer. Die Hinterhand ist stark überbaut. Das Geweih kann mehrere Jahre getragen werden.Die Satzzeit umfaßt alle Jahreszeiten; mancherorts beschränken die Lebensbedingungen diese auf bestimmte Monate. Das Kitz trägt zwei Längs‐reihen weißer Flecke, deren obere am Hals in einen weißen Streifen ausläuft.Überrascht, verharren sie am Ort oder versuchen, sich heimlich zu verdrücken. Die Fluchtdistanz beträgt etwa 15 m.Spießhirsche passen sich weitgehend der Kulturlandschaft an. Sie bewohnen in ihr mehrjährige, dicht bewachsene Brachfelder.
Weitere Dressurversuche mit Delphinen und anderen Walen
Authors: Hediger Heini 
Published: November 2023

ZusammenfassungSeit 1951 wurden die Anlagen zur Haltung kleinerer Zahnwale, namentlich in Nordamerika, wesentlich vermehrt und dadurch auch eine wachsende Zahl von Arten der Beobachtung zugänglich gemacht. Verschiedene werden in kommerziell geführten Unternehmungen zirkusmäßig vorgeführt. Einige neuere Dressurleistungen werden kurz geschildert und diskutiert, ebenso die Methoden der herkömmlichen Dressur und derjenigen mit intracerebraler Reizung, von der einzelne Autoren wohl zu viel erwarten in bezug auf die Etablierung eines interspezifischen Dialoges auf Grund der bei einigen Delphiniden angeblich hochentwickelten Fähigkeit zur Imitation der menschlichen Sprache.SummarySince 1951 the number of installations for keeping smaller species of Odontoceti has increased remarkably especially in the USA. The possibilities for observing more and more species have grown correspondingly. Some species are performed in a circuslike manner by commercial enterprises. Some of the new performances are described and discussed as well as the methods of conventional training versus intracerebral stimulation. Some authors seem to expect too much of the electrode method in respect to the establishment of an interspecific dialogue on the basis of the alleged highly developed faculty for imitating (mimicking) the human language.
Vergleichende Verhaltensstudien zum Paarungsschwarm der Hummeln (Bombus) und Schmarotzerhummeln (Psithyrus) I. Teil*
Authors: Haas Adolf 
Published: November 2023

Zusammenfassung

Die ♂♂ von Bombus lucorum legen die höchsten und verborgensten der bei Hummeln bisher bekannten Schwarmbahnen an.
Nach diesen in der Blütezeit des lucorum‐Staates angelegten Höhenbahnen werden Tiefenbahnen an Blüten und Kräutern bis zum Ende der Vegetationsperiode beflogen. Man kann also bei lucorum‐♂♂ von einem Saison‐Dimorphismus des Schwärmens sprechen.
Bei terrestris‐♂♂ gibt es 3 Bahntypen, nämlich Tiefenbahnen an Kräutern, Gebüschbahnen und Höhenbahnen an Bäumen. Die bisher unbekannten Gebüsch‐ und Höhenbahnen werden beschrieben.
Die Schwarmbahnen von terrestris‐♂♂ in hochalpinem Gelände unterscheiden sich in mehrfacher Hinsicht von denen im Tal: a) Sie sind aus‐gedehnter und die Duftpunkte liegen in alien möglichen Höhen (zwischen 0,50 m und über 30 m). b) Dem täglichen Schwarmflug gehen ungezielte Erkundungsflüge voraus. c) Die Duftlegungen sind zahlreicher und verteilen sich über den ganzen Vormittag. Es werden häufig nur Teilstrecken mit Duft belegt. Die Punkte ergänzen sich aber, so daß schließlich die ganze Bahn frisch beduftet ist.
Die Duftpunkte der terrestris‐♂♂ liegen nicht beliebig urn den ganzen Baum herum, sondern in bestimmten Sektoren. Das ♂ befliegt von unten nach oben Äste, die im Süd‐Ost‐Sektor liegen.
Der Bahnflug beginnt, wenn der angeflogene Sektor am Baum in voller Sonne (oder bei bedecktem Himmel in vollem Licht) liegt. Der Schwarmflug endet, wenn der Schatten in den Flugsektor eintritt, z. B. im August auf gut 2200 m Höhe gegen 13.30 Uhr, so auch bei schönstem Wetter.
Der Schwarmflug der Gartenhummeln ist sehr wetterabhängig. Vom Beginn der Schwarmzeit (Ende Juni) bis zum Ende (September) verschiebt sich schrittweise der Termin für die 1. Duftlegung um etwa 90 Min. gegen Mittag, für das Flugende um etwa 1 Std. Das Anlegen einer gerichteten Duftspirale wird beschrieben.
Entfühlerte hortorum‐♂♂ versuchen ihre Bahnpunkte dauernd mit Duftspuren zu belegen. Aus ihrem alten Schwarmgebiet verpflanzte entfühlerte ♂♂ finden keinen Anschluß mehr an ein im neuen Gebiet vorhandenes Bahnen‐Netz und legen eine kleine Futterplatzbahn an, wie sie solitären Apiden eigentümlich ist.
Das Schwarmverhalten von B. variabilis in alpiner Situation wird beschrieben. Auf die Bedeutung des Flugniveaus wird zum erstenmal aufmerksam gemacht.
Die zu den Gartenhummeln (Hortobombus Vogt 1911) gehörige alpine B. gerstaeckeri M. legt im Gegensatz zu B. hortorum L. Gebüschbahnen an.
Patterns of Maternal Care in Lemurs
Authors: Klopfer P. H. , Dugard J. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractLemur fulvus, L. catta, and L. variegatus differ markedly in the details of mother‐infant relations. Do these differences account for those seen in adult life? We hope to determine this through interspecific cross‐fostering. Here we describe the normal pattern of rearing of 5 infants among two groups of 2 and 5 adult L. variegatus, reared in the laboratory. The descriptions cover the first 7 months of life, and include the effects of maternal separation at 150 days of age, when estrus normally disrupts maternal care. The principal finding is that in the mother's absence young turn more to other adults than to their siblings, who are, apparently, not adequate social substitutes for adults.
Clinical, immunological and microbiological evaluation of experimental peri‐implant mucositis and gingivitis in subjects with Grade C, stage III/IV periodontitis background
Authors: Dutra Tamires Pereira , Freitas Monteiro Mabelle , França‐Grohmann Isabela Lima , Casarin Renato Corrêa Viana , Casati Márcio Zaffalon , Silvério Ruiz Karina Gonzalez , Kumar Purnima S. , Sallum Enílson Antônio 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAimTo compare individuals with a periodontitis background (Grade C, stage III/IV—formerly generalized aggressive periodontitis) (H‐GAP) with periodontally healthy subjects (H‐Health) in terms of molecular changes (immunological/microbiological) accompanying experimental peri‐implant mucositis and gingivitis.Materials and MethodsH‐GAP and control (H‐Health) subjects were recruited, and experimental mucositis/gingivitis was induced around a single screw‐retained implant and one contralateral tooth. Participants refrained from oral hygiene for 21 days in the selected areas, followed by professional prophylaxis and hygiene instructions for 21 days. Clinical parameters, immunological markers (multiplex analysis) and microbial data (16S rRNA gene sequencing) were collected at baseline, during induction (7, 14 and 21 days) and following remission (42 days).ResultsClinically, no significant differences were observed between the groups (n = 10/each group) (H‐GAP vs. H‐Health) (p > .05, Mann–Whitney test) and the type of site (tooth vs. implant) (p > .05, Wilcoxon test) at the time of onset and resolution, or severity of gingival/mucosal inflammation. H‐GAP displayed lower concentrations of the cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1B, IL‐4, IL‐17, tumor necrosis factor‐α and interferon‐γ around implants than H‐Health at baseline and during induction of mucositis (p < .05, Mann–Whitney test). In both groups, implants showed significantly higher inflammatory background at baseline and all subsequent visits when compared with teeth (p < .05, Wilcoxon test). Alpha and β‐diversity metrics showed a significant shift in the microbiome composition and abundances of core species during induction and resolution of peri‐implant mucositis and gingivitis (p < .05, restricted maximum likelihood method of Shannon and Bray–Curtis indices, respectively). Differences were not significant for these parameters between the H‐Health and H‐GAP groups when the periodontal and peri‐implant microbiomes were compared separately; however, at each time point, the peri‐implant microbiome differed significantly from the periodontal microbiome.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this pilot study (e.g. low power), it can be concluded that different microbial shifts contribute to the onset and progression of inflammatory responses around teeth and implants and that history of periodontal disease experience plays an additional role in modulating the immune response of peri‐implant and periodontal tissues to biofilm accumulation.
Shedding light on the problem: Proficiency and maintenance practices of light‐curing units among dental assistants
Authors: Ismail Eman H. , Al‐Zain Afnan O. , Alghaith Lamya S. , Alsenan Dana , Ageel Fatin 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundProper light curing is crucial for the success of restorative dentistry and to bond brackets to teeth, yet the responsibility is often delegated to dental assistants (DAs). This study assessed the proficiency and maintenance protocols of DAs when using light‐curing units (LCUs) in Saudi Arabia.MethodsSelf‐administered questionnaires were distributed to practicing DAs. The questionnaire contained sections on knowledge, adherence to best practices, and how to maintain the LCU. Demographic data were collected as well. Descriptive statistics and linear regressions at a significance level of (p = 0.05) were conducted to identify any relationships that influenced the DAs' LCU knowledge, practice, and maintenance protocols.ResultsAmong the surveyed DAs, 66% were responsible for using the LCU during treatment, 16% used their fingers for support when light curing, 50% held the LCU tip 1–2 mm from the restoration during curing, and 51% did not have a specific maintenance protocol at their workplace. 70% did not know the output from the LCU, and their educational background correlated with knowledge (b = −14.42, p < 0.001). The type of institution type correlated with adherence to best practices (b = −13.65, p = 0.011), and level of knowledge and adherence to maintenance protocols showed a direct correlation (b = 0.002, p = 0.041).ConclusionsThe findings revealed that a significant percentage of the DAs who replied had insufficient knowledge and did not follow the best practices and maintenance protocols for the LCUs they were using. Their educational background and workplace factors influenced this knowledge gap, while the absence of a maintenance protocol and suboptimal practices were associated with the type of institution.Clinical SignificanceTo maintain the best practice, clinicians and institutions should improve the education and training of DAs. Otherwise, inadequate light curing by the DAs may jeopardize the long‐term success of many dental procedures.
Rhabdamoeba marina is a heterotrophic relative of chlorarachnid algae
Authors: Shiratori Takashi , Ishida Ken‐ichiro 
Published: November 2023

AbstractRhabdamoeba marina is a unique and poorly reported amoeba with an uncertain phylogenetic position. We successfully cultured R. marina from coastal seawater in Japan and performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis using the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequence. Our phylogenetic analysis showed that R. marina branched as a basal lineage of Chlorarachnea, a group of marine photosynthetic algae belonging to the phylum Cercozoa within the supergroup Rhizaria. By comparing the ecological and morphological characteristics of R. marina with those of photosynthetic chlorarachneans and other cercozoans, we gained insight into the evolution and acquisition of plastids in Chlorarachnida.
Biological information on a rare pelagic fish, black ruff Centrolophus niger, caught in Icelandic waters: Distribution, feeding, and otoliths
Authors: Kennedy James , Ólafsdóttir Anna Heiða , Aradóttir Svandís Eva , Egilsdóttir Svanhildur , Pampoulie Christophe 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBlack ruff (Centrolophus niger) is a rare and poorly studied species found in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and also in the Mediterranean Sea. It is sporadically caught south of Iceland during the annual International Ecosystem Summer Survey of the Nordic Seas. In total, 43 specimens were caught from 2009 to 2021, of which 41 specimens were caught during 2017–2021. All specimens, except one, were caught using a pelagic trawl (cod‐end mesh‐size: 50 mm) close to the surface (trawl depth: 0–35 m) with in situ temperature ranging from 9 to 13°C. The area south of Iceland is characterized by having warmer temperatures than other areas around the island, which might be indicative of a northern limit for the distribution of black ruff. The fish were primarily in the range of 29–46 cm with a few larger individuals up to 71 cm. Fourteen fish, caught in 2017 and 2021, were dissected to gather biological information on this species. These fish were all juveniles with no obvious sign of gonad development. Correlations between total length, fork length, and standard length are presented. Otoliths were thin and delicate with a length of ~13–16 mm, and otolith size (length, width, and area) was correlated with fish size. Much of the stomach content was at an advanced stage of digestion, but some contents could be identified and consisted of invertebrates, primarily of the orders Amphipoda and Calanoida with some unidentified fish also present.
Scaling of fast‐start performance and its thermal dependence in mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus
Authors: Collar David C. , Hobbs Trevor J. , Thompson Jessica S. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractFast‐start predator‐escape performance and its sensitivity to temperature (24, 30, and 36°C) were evaluated in mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus across a range of body sizes spanning YOY to adult (35–68 mm standard length). Mummichogs exhibit isometry of body dimensions and areas of the dorsal and anal fins but negative allometry of the caudal fin area. These scaling relationships are consistent with observed decreases in fast‐start angular velocities with increasing body size. Linear velocity, on the contrary, does not vary with size, and both large and small mummichogs are capable of traversing similar distances in a given amount of time. In addition, temperature influences fast‐start performance in similar ways over the size range, though the magnitude of the effect varies with size for some performance measures. In general, fast‐start performance increases with test temperature, but mummichogs acclimated to warmer temperatures exhibit lower performance at each test temperature. Altogether, our results suggest that mummichogs across the adult size range may suffer decreases in their predator‐escape performance as increasing sea temperatures combine with short‐term temperature fluctuations in the estuaries these fish occupy.
Feasibility and relevance of an immersive virtual reality cancellation task assessing far space in unilateral spatial neglect
Authors: Guilbert A. , Bara T.‐G. , Bouchara T. , Gaffard M. , Bourlon C. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractUnilateral spatial neglect (USN) is a highly prevalent neuropsychological syndrome. However, its assessment in clinical practice, mainly based on paper‐and‐pencil tests, encounters limits as only near space, called peripersonal, is assessed. However, USN is a multicomponent syndrome that can also affect far space, called extrapersonal. This space is not assessed in current clinical assessment although it can be more impacted than peripersonal space. Immersive virtual reality (VR) allows developing tasks in far space to assess this heterogeneity. This study aimed to test the feasibility and the relevance of an immersive VR task to assess far space. A cancellation task, the Bells test, was used in its original paper‐and‐pencil version and was also adapted into a far immersive VR version. Ten patients with left USN and sixteen age‐matched healthy participants were included. A single‐case method was performed to investigate the performance of each patient. Although five patients showed very similar results between both versions, the five others exhibited a dissociation with a more severe impairment in the VR version. Three of these five patients significantly differed from the healthy participants only on the VR version. As USN in far space is not brought to light by paper‐and‐pencil tests, immersive VR appears as a promising tool to detect USN affecting this space.
11β‐Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the brain: Not (yet) lost in translation
Authors: Seckl Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract11‐beta‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β‐HSDs) catalyse the conversion of active 11‐hydroxy glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone) and their inert 11‐keto forms (cortisone, 11‐dehydrocorticosterone). They were first reported in the body and brain 70 years ago, but only recently have they become of interest. 11β‐HSD2 is a dehydrogenase, potently inactivating glucocorticoids. In the kidney, 11β‐HSD2 generates the aldosterone‐specificity of intrinsically non‐selective mineralocorticoid receptors. 11β‐HSD2 also protects the developing foetal brain and body from premature glucocorticoid exposure, which otherwise engenders the programming of neuropsychiatric and cardio‐metabolic disease risks. In the adult CNS, 11β‐HSD2 is confined to a part of the brain stem where it generates aldosterone‐specific central control of salt appetite and perhaps blood pressure. 11β‐HSD1 is a reductase, amplifying active glucocorticoid levels within brain cells, notably in the cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, paralleling its metabolic functions in peripheral tissues. 11β‐HSD1 is elevated in the ageing rodent and, less certainly, human forebrain. Transgenic models show this rise contributes to age‐related cognitive decline, at least in mice. 11β‐HSD1 inhibition robustly improves memory in healthy and pathological ageing rodent models and is showing initial promising results in phase II studies of healthy elderly people. Larger trials are needed to confirm and clarify the magnitude of effect and define target populations. The next decade will be crucial in determining how this tale ends – in new treatments or disappointment.
Asymmetry of thalamic hypometabolism on FDG‐PET/CT in neurofibromatosis type 1: Association with peripheral tumor burden
Authors: Özden Cansu , Mautner Victor‐Felix , Farschtschi Said , Molwitz Isabel , Ristow Inka , Bannas Peter , Well Lennart , Klutmann Susanne , Adam Gerhard , Apostolova Ivayla , Buchert Ralph 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackground and PurposeThalamic hypometabolism is a consistent finding in brain PET with F‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). However, the pathophysiology of this metabolic alteration is unknown. We hypothesized that it might be secondary to disturbance of peripheral input to the thalamus by NF1‐characteristic peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs). To test this hypothesis, we investigated the relationship between thalamic FDG uptake and the number, volume, and localization of PNSTs.MethodsThis retrospective study included 22 adult NF1 patients (41% women, 36.2 ± 13.0 years) referred to whole‐body FDG‐PET/contrast‐enhanced CT for suspected malignant transformation of PNSTs and 22 sex‐ and age‐matched controls. Brain FDG uptake was scaled voxelwise to the individual median uptake in cerebellar gray matter. Bilateral mean and left‐right asymmetry of thalamic FDG uptake were determined using a left‐right symmetric anatomical thalamus mask. PNSTs were manually segmented in contrast‐enhanced CT.ResultsThalamic FDG uptake was reduced in NF1 patients by 2.0 standard deviations (p < .0005) compared to controls. Left‐right asymmetry was increased by 1.3 standard deviations (p = .013). Thalamic hypometabolism was higher in NF1 patients with ≥3 PNSTs than in patients with ≤2 PNSTs (2.6 vs. 1.6 standard deviations, p = .032). The impact of the occurrence of paraspinal/paravertebral PNSTs and of the mean PNST volume on thalamic FDG uptake did not reach statistical significance (p = .098 and p = .189). Left‐right asymmetry of thalamic FDG uptake was not associated with left‐right asymmetry of PNST burden (p = .658).ConclusionsThis study provides first evidence of left‐right asymmetry of thalamic hypometabolism in NF1 and that it might be mediated by NF1‐associated peripheral tumors.