bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Centromere proteins of higher eukaryotes
Authors: Choo K H Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the protein components of the higher eukaryotic centromere are described. These protein components can be broadly classified into two groups. Proteins from the first group are present on the centromere throughout the cell cycle and are referred to as constitutive centromere proteins. Members of this group of centromere proteins are CENP-A, CENP-B, CENP-C, and (maybe) CENP-D. The second group of proteins have been referred to as ‘passenger’ proteins, since these proteins undergo complex relocations to other cellular organelles during the cell cycle, appearing on the centromere only during specific stages of the cycle (Brinkley et al.1992; Earnshaw and Mackay 1994). To date, more than 30 passenger proteins have been described, although not all have been studied to the required degree of depth to be functionally informative. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to subgroup these different proteins according to their most outstanding proposed function, as follows: (i) centromere assembly, (ii) M phase and checkpoint control, (iii) sister chromatid cohesion, (iv) release of sister chromatid cohesion, (v) chromo-some movement, (vi) spindle dynamics, (vii) cytokinesis, and (viii) proteins with undetermined centromeric roles (Tables 6.1 and 6.2). It is, however, noteworthy that whilst this subgrouping provides a point of reference for each protein, some of the proteins may have more than one possible role in the cell cycle, and as such the subgrouping should not be considered unequivocal in some cases. The chapter begins with a definition of the CREST autoimmune antisera, since these antisera have played an important part in the study of centromere proteins.
Liverpool and a flirtation with industry
Authors: Williams Trevor I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a sense, in going to Liverpool Robinson was returning to his alma mater, for when he first went to Owens College in 1902 this was associated with University College, Liverpool, and Yorkshire College, Leeds, as the federal Victoria University of Manchester. In his second year a reorganization took place, and Leeds, Liverpool, and Manchester were granted individual university charters. He was also returning to familiar ground, for Liverpool was only some sixty miles from his native Chesterfield, and only half that distance from Manchester: Gertrude was even nearer her old home at Over, near Northwich.
Domesticated livestock and indigenous animals in Egyptian agriculture
Authors: Aboul-Ela M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the intensive agricultural system applied in Egypt, cultivable land is utilized all the year round. With a rapidly growing human population, which had increased to about 57 million in 1992, domesticated livestock species have special importance as the main source of animal protein. A wide range of indigenous animal species is also present in Egypt. Representatives of most of the known classes of insect pests have significant relevance to crop productivity, while vertebrate pests such as birds and rodents have always been regarded as a serious threat to crop production. The sea areas bordering Egypt, the River Nile and its tributaries, Lake Nasser, and the Northern littoral lakes all provide a variety of saline and fresh water habitats for a range of fish species.
Hypercycles
Authors: Rowe Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now return to the problem last mentioned in Chapter 2: how can we devise a model in which more information than that contained in single 100-base RNA molecules can be maintained over many generations? There are two main approaches that have been taken to this problem. The first is that of the proteins-first advocates: in order to give an information system a chance to develop, we must provide semi-isolated compartments in which molecular evolution can proceed relatively unmolested by the outside world. The second is that of the nucleic acids-first group: some sort of chemical reaction scheme must be found which is self-perpetuating, even in relatively dilute solutions.
Sometimes we can’tdo it
Authors: Harel David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The message of this chapter is simple and clear. Computers are not omnipotent. They can’t do everything. Far from it. We shall discuss problems that cannot be solved by any computer, past, present, or future, running any program that can be devised, even if given unlimited amounts of time and even if endowed with unlimited storage space and other resources it might need. We still require, of course, that algorithms and programs terminate for each legal input in a ﬁnite amount of time, but we allow that time to be unlimited. The algorithm can take as long as it wishes, and can use whatever resources it asks for in the process, but it must eventually stop and produce the right output.
Semantics
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conceptual primitives and semantic universals are the cornerstones of a semantic theory which Anna Wierzbicka has been developing for many years. Semantics: Primes and Universals is a major synthesis of her work, presenting a full and systematic exposition of that theory in a non-technical and readable way. It delineates a full set of universal concepts, as they have emerged from large-scale investigations across a wide range of languages undertaken by the author and her colleagues. On the basis of empirical cross-linguistic studies it vindicates the old notion of the 'psychic unity of mankind', while at the same time offering a framework for the rigorous description of different languages and cultures.
List of Texts
Authors: Coles Waltraud , Dodd Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Im Westen wie im Osten Deutsch lands ist der Arztberuf am beliebtesten. (2) Dies geht aus einer Umfrage des Emnid-lnstituts hervor. (3) Wahrend aber im Westen von den zehn angesehensten Berufen neun eine Hochschulausbildung voraussetzen, werden im Osten auch die Handwerker, Landwirte und Sozialarbeiter in der Beliebtheitsskala ganz vorn eingestuft. (4) Handwerker nehmen bei den Ostdeutschen sogar den Platz drei ein, gleich hinter dem Arzt und dem Zahnarzt, wahrend er im Westen nicht einmal unter den ersten zehn auftaucht.
Murdering Time
Authors: Yaguello Marina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Figurative meaning is produced, as we have just seen, whenever seman tic rules are broken, whenever the boundaries between animate and inani mate, human/non-human, material/non-material and so on are crossed or ignored. Idioms such as, babbling brook, killing time, whispering grass, walls have ears and so on, all use transferred semantic features. And this does not have to imply any poetic effect or intention. The whole of language is over run by figures of speech, regardless of whether the motivation is aesthetic or utilitarian. The effects may be different, but the mechanism is the same. The figurative use of language, then, results in shifts of meaning. Metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche-the three most common figures all rest on the two main organizing principles oflanguage: selection (on the paradigmatic or vertical axis) and combination (along the syntagmatic or horizontal axis).
Binding Theory
Authors: Szemerenyi Oswald J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we examine the long distance relation called binding. Informally, binding is a type of referential dependency, whereby the ref¬erence of the bound element is exactly the reference of the antecedent. A prototypical instance is given in (I).
(1) Every dog loves its owner
Here, every dog binds it. As we consider each dog in the set of relevant dogs, it is understood as referring to that particular dog. In this sense, the reference of it is dependent on the reference of the antecedent. This type of binding is called variable binding, because the pronoun it is interpreted as a variable bound by its antecedent.
A’-Movement
Authors: Szemerenyi Oswald J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 4 we examined the properties of A-movement. The most characteristic property of A-movement is that it forms a chain that is assigned Case at one position and a 0-role at another position. For in¬ stance, in the passive, the 0-role is assigned to the D-structure position of the subject while Case is assigned to [Spec, IP].
Binding and Logical Form
Authors: Szemerenyi Oswald J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we consider what the proper level for the representation of binding is. In previous discussions, we assumed that binding is com¬puted at S-structure, and there were some hints that it might also be necessary to satisfy the binding conditions at D-structure. Here we con¬ sider the possible role of LF. The binding conditions from Chapter 3 are given in (l ).
Language in Society/Society in Language
Authors: Romaine Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I NOTED in my Preface how prevailing trends in linguistics have marginalized the study of the social role of language. In discussing the differences between the concerns of sociolinguistics and mainstream linguistics, Noam Chomsky, who is the leading figure in theoretical linguistics, observed that socio-linguistics was not concerned with ‘grammar’ but with concepts of a different sort, among them perhaps ‘language’. To this he added, ‘if such an object can become an object of serious study’. Chomsky then goes on to say that questions of language are basically questions of power, but these are not the sorts of issues which linguists should address. He is certainly right about the former. The latter is a matter of opinion. The narrowing of modern linguistics to the study of grammar has ruled out investigation of many interesting questions about how language functions in society. This book is about some of these issues which form the subject matter of sociolinguistics, chief among them being the question of what we mean by a language.
Language Choice
Authors: Romaine Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech … And they said to one another, ‘Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven: and let us make a name, lest we be scattered abroad on the face of the whole earth’. And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. And the Lord said, ‘Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language, … let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech’. So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city. Therefore is the name of it called Babel: because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth.
Linguistic Problems as Societal Problems
Authors: Romaine Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A senior professor of education visited a London comprehensive school and discussed with one class the languages they spoke at home. One boy put up his hand and said that his family spoke a French Creole. In an unguarded moment the professor replied, ‘That’s nice’. ‘What’s nice about it?’, asked the boy. SOCIOLINGUISTIC research, in particular on social dialects and minority languages, has had many practical implications because it is concerned with fundamental inequalities in language use. In the last chapter I showed how pidgins and creoles have generally been excluded from use in education, despite evidence which shows that children learn best in their own language. Although linguists have increasingly appreciated the importance of these languages, as illustrated in the opening quotation to this chapter, they still suffer from low prestige among their speakers.
A General Account of Hume’s Theory of Mind
Authors: Pears David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The point from which I shall start is a point made in the Preface: Hume’s theory of mind is intended to help us towards answers to two distinct questions: ‘What ideas may we legitimately have?’ and ‘What may we legitimately believe?’ The first of these two questions is con cerned with the origin of our ideas, and the second is concerned with the connections between our ideas and the various ways in which we combine them in thinking, and especially in belief.
Belief and Existence
Authors: Pears David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hume’s theory of belief is naturalistic. He wanted to determine how much we may legitimately believe, and he thought that the way to do this was to start by inquiring what belief is, and how it works. When we know what belief is and what it actually does, we will be better able to establish the limits of what it can do. Here, as elsewhere, the solution to philosophical problems is to be extracted from the science of the human mind.
Philosophy and Faith: Augustine to Maimonides
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first volume of this history we traced the development of philosophy in the ancient world up to the conversion of St Augustine at the end of the fourth century of our era. The life of Augustine marks an epoch in the history of ideas. In his early life he imbibed from several sources philosophical ideas of various traditions, but especially the Platonic tradition, whether in the sceptical version of the New Academy or in the metaphysical version of Neoplatonism. After his conversion to Christianity he developed, in a number of massive treatises, a synthesis of Jewish, Greek, and Christian ideas that was to provide the backdrop for the next millennium of Western philosophical thought.
The Schoolmen: From the Twelfth Century to the Renaissance
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the twelfth century a series of devoted translators made a contribution to philosophy no less signiWcant than that of the century’s original thinkers. At the beginning of the century the only works of Aristotle known in Latin were the Categories and De Interpretatione in the translations of Boethius. Some twenty years later Boethius’ translations of Aristotle’s other logical works were recovered from virtual oblivion, and James of Venice translated the Posterior Analytics to complete the Latin Organon. By the middle of the century James had translated also the Physics, De Anima, and the early books of the Metaphysics, the rest of which was translated, with the exception of book 11, by an anonymous scholar.
Metaphysics
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the writings of the late Neoplatonists and of Augustine there is no lack of metaphysical thinking. However, in their work it is so bound up with consideration of the divine nature that it is difficult to disentangle from their natural theology, and in this volume it is considered in the chapter on God. This situation changes dramatically when we come to the philosophy of Avicenna, who was beyond doubt the greatest metaphysician of the Wrst millennium AD.
Freud to Derrida
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the nineteenth century there was a constant interchange of philosophical ideas between the countries of continental Europe and the English-speaking world. Kant and Hegel were massively influential in British universities, while the tradition of British empiricism was found attractive by many radical thinkers on the Continent. The career of William James illustrates the cosmopolitan nature of the philosophy of the time. Converted to philosophy by the reading of a French philosopher, he studied in Germany and lectured frequently in Britain, while based in the United States. Again, the young Bertrand Russell was not at all an insular philosopher: while working out his philosophy of mathematics he was in regular correspondence with the German Frege and the Italian Peano.
Metaphysics
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first part of the nineteenth century the most significant philosophers were all idealists of one kind or another. The period was the heyday of transcendental idealism in Germany, with Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel working towards a theory of the universe as the developing history of an absolute consciousness. But even those who were most critical of absolute idealism owed allegiance to a different form of idealism, the empiricist idealism of Berkeley according to which to be is to be perceived. John Stuart Mill in England and Arthur Schopenhauer in Germany both take as their starting point Berkeley’s thesis that the world of experience consists of nothing but ideas, and both try to detach Berkeley’s theory of matter from its theological underpinning.
Ethics
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most systems of morality, happiness is a concept of great importance. A long series of moral philosophers, tracing their ancestry back to Plato and Aristotle, had treated happiness as the supreme good, and some ethicists went so far as to affirm that human beings seek happiness in all their choices.1 In challenging the primacy of happiness, Kant was unusual. In his Groundwork he proclaimed that duty, not happiness, was the supreme ethical motive. At first sight, therefore, when Bentham declared that every action should be evaluated in accordance with the tendency it appears to have to augment or diminish happiness, he was just reaffirming a long- standing consensus. But on closer inspection Bentham’s greatest happiness principle is very different from traditional eudaimonism.
The Portrait Of Socrates In Plato’s Symposium
Authors: Prior William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato’s dialogues offer us numerous portraits of Socrates. Some of these are dramatic depictions that show us Socrates in conversation with various interlocutors. Others are descriptions of Socrates, sometimes presented by others, sometimes by Socrates himself. One of these descriptive portraits occurs in Plato’s Symposium. The portrait is complex, being made up of several contributions from several different characters. The relation between these various portraits is complicated. I believe that, taken together, they constitute a coherent description, when certain perspectival differences and other internal features of the individual portraits are taken into account. Thus, I shall speak in this paper of ‘the portrait’ of Socrates in the Symposium, rather than of multiple portraits. I cannot prove, beyond what I say here, that the various portraits amount to a coherent whole. Nor can I establish that the portrait is coherent in every detail. Still, I believe it is consistent in its main elements.
Plato In Tuä Bingen
Authors: Mann Wolfgang-Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What follows is not so much a review of the posthumously published collected papers of the late Konrad Gaiser (1929–88)— or even an examination of only those articles of his concerned with ancient philosophy—as it is an attempt at coming to terms critically with the so-called Tuä bingen School of Plato interpretation, of which Gaiser, along with Hans Joachim Kraämer and, more recently, Thomas Alexander Szlezaàk, is (was) a principal representative. But first a quick cautionary note. In his 1963 review of Kraämer’s Arete bei Platon und Aristoteles, Gregory Vlastos observed that he was not able to offer “a summary, let alone a complete summary, of this book”; still less was he able to engage with all of those claims of Kraämer’s which he did mention: “Practically every thesis I have reported calls for the most detailed and painstaking scrutiny. It would take scores of pages to do this for even one of them. The best I can do is to fasten, almost arbitrarily, on four topics, and make a few remarks on each.
Simulation centre operations and administration
Authors: Huang Yue Ming , Dongilli Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is 7:45 on a Monday morning after a long weekend and you are experiencing a crisis in the simulation centre. No, this is not a simulated critical incident scenario, but a real logistical nightmare. You have an 8:00 team training session with a community physician, two anaesthesia residents, one surgery resident, one operating room nurse and three faculty instructors. Additionally, you have three visitors from out of town who are interested in seeing how you run your sessions, and one of them has potential funding opportunities for simulation research. You have run many simulation sessions before but today, the stakes are higher with a paying participant, a multidisciplinary team training approach and a number of observers evaluating your work. Unfortunately, everything that can go wrong is going wrong today.
Airway training devices
Authors: Owen Harry , Hein Cindy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Good airway care is essential in anaesthesia, resuscitation and many other medical emergencies. All medical, nursing and paramedic training programs require their graduates to be proficient in basic airway management and postgraduate training programmes of acute care disciplines require acquisition of more advanced airway interventions. Airway management has been taught in many settings but many have ethical or logistical constraints and some have created their own adverse events. Mason’s recommendation that all teaching hospitals develop an airway care training facility(1) was mostly ignored until recently when many clinical skills and simulation facilities have been created and most include an element of airway management.
Equipment
Authors: Hope Gary , Chin Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with any tool, the effectiveness of simulation technology depends on how it is used. For clinical simulation training to be most effective, learners must ‘suspend disbelief ‘ and interact with the simulator and the simulation environment as if they were real(1). While other types of simulation such as case studies, part-task trainers and role-play are also an effective way of training, a complete clinical simulation facility will also provide access to mannequins that reliably duplicate patient signs and symptoms(2). In addition to these mannequins such a centre also provides the sights, sounds, and other sensations associated with a real clinical environment. A simulation centre therefore attempts to recreate characteristics of the real world, with the term simulation fidelity traditionally used to define the degree to which reality is replicated. Setting up a high fidelity clinical simulation scenario can be likened to a good theatrical production. The simulation room and human patient simulator, the actors/trainers, the equipment and the props support the illusion of reality and allow the trainee to become fully immersed in the experience. Designing, developing, and maintaining a simulation centre that reproduces the patient-care environment with high fidelity is a costly, challenging task which includes the provision of appropriate equipment and the development and use of props to create an appropriately realistic environment.
Teaching and learning through the simulated environment
Authors: Vardi Iris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The simulated environment offers many opportunities to learners that extend far beyond the traditional lecture, classroom, tutorial or laboratory setting. It has the potential to provide learners with an opportunity to take on a new role, to learn by doing, to experiment, to take risks, to solve problems, and to make decisions within a safe context that is as close as we can get to the ‘authentic’ workplace.
Medical educational simulation: a European perspective
Authors: van Meurs Willem , Østergard Doris , Mönk Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to highlight selected European contributions to medical educational simulation and briefly describe the Society in Europe for Simulation Applied to Medicine (SESAM). At the time of preparation of the manuscript, the authors were president, vice-president, and immediate past-president of SESAM, respectively.