bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women’s Devotion to Ancient Greek Goddesses
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although women in ancient Greece unquestionably worshipped both male and female deities, goddesses played a much more central role in their religious lives. With the exception of offerings to Asklepios, the god of healing, most recorded offerings of Athenian women were made to female deities.1 Much of women’s devotion to ancient Greek goddesses coalesces around marriage and fertility, reflecting women’s primary roles in Greek society as promoters of life, whether agrarian or human.
The Arete Standard as a Source of Mythmaking
Authors: Tyrrell WM Blake , Brown Frieda S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than other ancient peoples of the Mediterranean, the Greeks told stories about heroes, the mortal sons of gods and women. Some they placed in the earliest times when monstrous beasts plagued the earth and the cultivated fields of men. Others, later and lesser men, fought around Troy for the return of Helen of Sparta. Uniting the myths of both generations of heroes is the moment of combat against beast or warrior in a life-and-death struggle to win glory.
The Cities of the Champagne Fairs
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In societies in which the population is relatively sparse, the level of development not high, and the system of transport poor, one finds the phenomenon of the periodic market. In essence, in periodic markets merchants bring goods to customers at regular intervals (local markets are usually held once a week for consumer goods), following a circuit that in some cases even gives rise to the nomenclature of the marketing centers.
The Merchant Mariners of Genoa and Venice
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William McNcill (1974) gave his book on Venice the subtitle, “The Hinge of Europe”; the awkwardness of the term is compensated for by its precision. He may, however, be accused of pro-Venetian bias (a prejudice not uncommon in the literature on Italian cities) since Genoa could lay equal claim to that key position as link between Europe and the Orient.1
The State and the Olama in Late Qajar Iran: A Reappraisal
Authors: Bayat Mangol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike the Sunnis, whose legal practices were based on the concept of ejma (consensus of the community, which was soon defined as the consensus of the olama) and who resorted to analogical reasoning in matters not covered by the Koran or the recorded deeds and sayings of the Prophet, the Imami Shias claimed the Imam’s opinion alone is infallible, and thus it constitutes the sole source of the law. In the Imam’s absence the Shia jurists sought various legal devices to discover his opinion with certainty before making legal pronouncements. Although this practice of ejtehad (the effort exerted by the mojtahed to determine with certainty the Imam’s opinion) was limited in the tenth and eleventh centuries, by the seventeenth century it gained recognition.
Circus at Varna
Authors: Birnbaum Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What could be more attractive than a conference-the eighth postwar World Congress in Sociology-in Varna, a sea resort set in olive groves on the Black Sea coast. To the attraction of nature was added the prospect of the first large, public encounter between “bourgeois” sociology and its orthodox Marxist counterpart, against the backdrop of a “developing” state socialist society. The whole thing, however, was a barely mitigated disaster. But it all can best be understood in the context of the course of sociology since 1945.
Sociology: Discontent Present and Perennial
Authors: Birnbaum Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I dislike repeating myself; I dislike, even more, repeating others. When the editor did me the honor of requesting a contribution to this symposium, my first inclination was to decline. I had just sent to the press a collection of my recent work, a large expression and specification of my own discontents with our discipline.1 Moreover, Robert Friedrichs and Alvin Gouldner had just published critiques of American sociology at once remarkably dissimilar and remarkably convergent.2 Finally, I had-on my bookshelves-a number of recent contributions to the debate,3 partially read, partially unread. Under the circumstances, was it
Beyond Marx in the Sociology of Religion? (1973)
Authors: Birnbaum Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have attached a question mark to the title-and for a number of reasons. In what sense may we, intellectual descendants of Marxism whether or not we claim to be attached to the Marxist tradition, go beyond Marxism with respect to the sociological analysis of religion? In the original Marxist corpus, a view of historical progress implied that religion and irreligion would both disappear with the self-creation of a new humanity. Clearly, as disabused descendants not alone of Marx- I am grateful to the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation for a Fellowship which has given me the leisure to complete this paper and to the Fonda zione Giovanni Agnelli, Torino, for its hospitality during the writing of it. An earlier version of the paper was delivered at the 1969 Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, and a summary of this version was presented to the Eleventh Conference of the Conference Internationale de Sociologie Religieuse at Opatija, Yugoslavia, in September 1971.
Critical Theory and Psychohistory
Authors: Birnbaum Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Freud held that domination and compliance were reflections of that repressiveness without which civilization would dissolve and which was, indeed, the price of such progress as we could claim. He hoped for an ultimate alliance of Eros and reason, an extension of the psychoanalytic project to society at large. In the indeterminate historical interim, however, he resigned himself to a rational acceptance of Eros, defeat.
Are We Entering a Post-Marxist Age? Marx After Marxism
Authors: Birnbaum Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is it accurate to term our epoch post-Marxist? Two decades ago, the critical Left everywhere would have answered “no.” It was recognized that while class conflict in capitalist societies had not culminated in revolution, and while the global system of capitalist exploitation seemed more pervasive, the development of the welfare state in the West owed much to Marxism. Social, political, and even religious movements claiming direct descent from Marxism were widely distributed. And today, while state socialist societies hardly represent utopia (socialist appropriation of the means of production by party and state has entailed new forms of exploitation), the multiple forms of alienation and an intensified consciousness of homelessness in capitalist societies suggest that the deformation of the human spirit may be as acute now as it was at the beginning of the capitalist epoch. Marxism, of course, needs to be modernized, adapted to any number of phenomena not envisioned by its founders. But two decades ago, this task was felt to be well under way. It would have been impossible then to declare that Marxism could neither apprehend nor reshape our world.
Introduction
Authors: Guthrie Stewart Elliott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book holds that religion may best be understood as systematic anthropomorphism: the attribution of human characteristics to nonhuman things or events. Anthropomorphism is familiar, pervasive, and powerful in human thought and action. It often is noted in religion. Nonetheless, it has remained unexplained and hence inadequate as an account of religion. My book provides the missing explanation.
Religion as Anthropomorphism
Authors: Guthrie Stewart Elliott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People who say religion anthropomorphizes usually mean one of two different things: either that it attributes human characteristics to gods or that, in claiming gods exist, it attributes human characteristics to nature. In the former meaning, religion makes gods humanlike at least in crediting them with the capacity for symbolic action. In the latter, which is what I mean, religion makes nature humanlike by seeing gods there.
The Birth of Utopia
Authors: Dawson Doyne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will examine several Greek traditions about ideal societies that may have contributed something to philosophical utopianism. The oldest and most general of these, the “golden age” myth, has already been mentioned, and little more need be said about it. All Greeks knew that in the time of the old god Cronus food had been abundant and toil and trouble unknown. The Homeric and Hesiodic poems had popularized a systematic version of the myth. The reign of Cronus was fitted into a scheme of world ages of Middle Eastern origin: In the beginning, the immortals who have their homes on Olympus created the golden generation of mortal people. They lived in Kronos’ time, when he was the king in heaven.
The End of Utopia
Authors: Dawson Doyne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the first century B.C. utopianism had dropped out of the mainstream of Stoic teaching. The Stoic doxographical summaries of Roman times do not mention an ideal city of the wise in any way that would lead us to think this a living doctrine, and the Stoic moralists of Roman times seem virtually ignorant of it. It is only from non-Stoic sources that we know the earlier Stoics had taught such things. Furthermore, we hear of a sharp controversy within the Stoa early in the first century B.C. over the canonical status of certain of Zeno’s writings, particularly the Republic. This controversy must have been the final stage in a major break with the old Stoic tradition.
Strepsiades’ Failures: Lines 627-888
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scene between the parabasis and the agon picks up the story where we left it before the parabasis. Strepsiades finally begins the standard sophistic curriculum: instruction in language (627-92), practice in thinking and the definition of problems (693-734), and, finally, application of these skills to situations from real life (735-90). These are to be his last moments in the Thinkery, for he will, of course, fail. Further, his failure will take its characteristic form and one predicted by events in the parabasis.
The Origin and Authorship of the Politeiai
Authors: Keaney John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we consider the questions of the origin and authorship of the politeiai, it is useful to begin by reminding ourselves of the genre with which we are dealing. One set of general terms of a genre have been defined by Jacoby.
The limitations of such knowledge may best be clarified by posing two questions: what made up the contents of the genre, and how typical of the genre was the ‘Aθ π ολ?
Aristotle and Theopompus
Authors: Keaney John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modem interest in the relationship between Aristotle and Theopompus’ excursus on the Athenian demagogues in book 10 of his Philippica may be said to have had at least a chronological beginning with an article by Wade-Gery in 1938. Wade-Gery thought that, although Aristotle was writing later than the date of the excursus (350s), it was not used by him,2 and he posited a common source, the oligarchic revolutionary, Critias. Connor opted for the same conclusion but thought it pointless to attempt to identify this source. Raubitschek and Ruschenbusch, on the other hand, believed that Theopompus was a source for Aristotle.
The Other π ο λ ι τ ε ȋ α ι
Authors: Keaney John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an earlier chapter, I remarked that, irrespective of opinions on the authorship of the AP itself, few now would hold that Aristotle was responsible for all of the remaining one hundred and fifty-seven politeiai. The controlling assumption here is that the sheer size of the collection precludes single authorship. Since we know nothing of the absolute size of any of the other politeiai, and nothing of the way or ways in which they were produced, this assumption should share the same fate as others discarded in our first chapter.
The Structure of the Gang
Authors: Spergel Irving A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the organizational character of the gang and the social contexts in which different types of gang organization seem to develop. Major dimensions of gang structure have been identified as “age, size, subgrouping, level of involvement, leadership and role differentiation, and sex” (Klein 1971, pp. 64-65). But it is important also to add the sociocultural and community structural dimensions, especially as they affect race/ethnicity and gender. Political interests, location, and particular time period also condition and provide meaning to gang organization. More specifically, this chapter deals with how gang structures develop, the characteristics of different gang organizations, their component parts, and the functions these organizations or their subunits play in particular social, political, and cultural as well as economic contexts.
Proving Ground: Japanese Automobile Assembly in the United States
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since 1980, Japan’s major automobile companies have set up a dozen major automobile assembly plants in North America-nine of these are in the United States; another three are in Canada. The transplants produce an estimated 2.4 million cars annually in the United States, roughly 20 percent of total U.S. production. Total investment in U.S. production already exceeds $8.9 billion and continues to increase. The U.S. transplants employ more than 30,000 American workers, and Honda, the largest employer, currently employs an excess of9,000 workers in the United States and this number was expected to increase to 11,000. The vast bulk of these workers are at Honda’s central Ohio assembly complex. Employment is also increasing at Toyota and Nissan as they complete major expansions.
Building a Just-in-Time Complex: Automotive Parts Suppliers
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three types of transplant automotive suppliers have come to America. The first group, representing the majority, are original-equipment manufacturers who supply inputs directly to another stage in the assembly process, such as windshields, stamped metal parts, brake systems, seats, etc. The second group are “after-market” or replacement part suppliers who make parts that are supplied to assemblers and also the replacement market, such as batteries, brake pads, mufflers, etc. For example, the transplant supplier NGK not only supplies spark plugs to auto manufacturers, but also sells them through automotive parts stores. The final group consist of “capital goods” manufacturers who provide manufacturing and assembly-line equipment to the transplant assemblers (these are treated in more depth in Chapter 7).
Into Prison: The Iliad (1)
Authors: Vannortwick Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a fitting envoi, capturing in brief the qualities in Achilles that will soon cost him his companion: cosmic grandiosity, intense love, and above all, a stunning solipsism. Patroclus is going to fight in his friend’s place, and will die in his place, sacrificed to Achilles’ sense of honor.
Piezoelectric Scanner
Authors: Chen C Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The heart of STM is a piezoelectric scanner, sometimes called piezadrive or simply pieza. In this chapter, we provide a brief summary of the basic physics of piezoelectricity and piezoelectric ceramics relevant to the applications in STM. Three major types of piezodrives, the tripod, the bimorph, and the tube, are analyzed in detail. The piezoelectric effect was discovered by Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie (1880), about 100 years before the invention of the STM.4 A sketch of their pioneering experiment is shown in Fig. 9.1. A long, thin quartz plate, cut from a single crystal, was sandwiched between two tin foils. While one tin foil is grounded, another tin foil was connected to an electrometer. By applying a weight to generate vertical tension, an electrical charge was detected by the electrometer.
Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy
Authors: Chen C Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By interrupting the feedback loop and keeping the tunneling gap constant and applying a voltage ramp on the tunneling junction, the tunneling current as a function of bias provides information that is the convolution of the tip DOS and the sample DOS. It is an extension of the tunneling junction experiment (Giaever, 1960, 1960a; Bardeen, 1960), but with a richer information content: While the tip is scanning over the sample surface, a map of tunneling spectra is generated.
Moral Character and Moral Reasoning
Authors: Werhane Patricia H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a symposium on financial ethics, the chairman of a large New York bank asked why it is that the moral character of managers has declined in recent years. The chairman complained that younger managers exhibit none of the virtues that characterized good management in earlier decades; they care little about the bank, they have no notion of social welfare or the public interests, and they are concerned primarily with themselves, their future, and their own contributions. Robert C. Solomon’s complex and fascinating essay “Business and the Humanities: An Aristotelian Approach to Business Ethics” addresses such concerns directly. Solomon argues that we have lost what William Ophuls in another context calls a sense of “civic virtue.”1 This loss is due in great measure to a neglect of the personal dimension in ethics caused by an “obsession in ethics … with rational principles,” a neglect Solomon would remedy with an Aristotelian approach to business ethics.
OZCO: Gathering the Data
Authors: Martin Joanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OZCO has been the focus of several major organizational culture studies and has been mentioned frequently in a wide range of other texts. These are, generally, glowing reports that any company would be proud of. The firm is described as being unusually harmonious-a haven of shared values and mutual commitment in an industry (“high” technology) that has been wracked by economic difficulties and a turbulent market. In Chapters 3, 5, and 7, I will present three very different views of this company (an Integration, a Differentiation, and a Fragmentation perspective). The glowing portrait of OZCO, presented in the organizational culture literature cited in footnote one above, is consistent with only one of these views. Given this divergence of opinion, it is essential that I be explicit about my purpose, the sources of these data, their limitations, and the textual strategies I have used to present them.
Cultural Change: Moving Beyond a Single Perspective
Authors: Martin Joanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three perspectives view cultural change differently at the organizational, subcultural, and individual levels of analysis. Since they offer distinctive conceptualizations of the roles of leaders and environments, implications for practice differ accordingly. These contrasting elements of the three single-perspective views of cultural change, originally delineated by Meyerson and I, are explained in more detail in Chapters 4, 6, and 8 and are summarized here in Table 9-1.1 Each of these single perspective views makes an objectivist assumption: that each view offers a correct interpretation of how change occured in a particular context, accurately reflecting what researchers have observed and what cultural members reported. An objectivist, single-perspective approach assumes that re-searchers can judge, by some objective standard, which one of the perspectives offers a more accurate description of a particular context at a given point in time. The first half of this chapter discusses examples of this objectivist, single-perspective approach to understanding cultural change. Some of this research suggests that particular kinds of organizational cultures responding to particular kinds of environments should be more congruent with one perspective rather than another. Other studies offer a stage theory of change, whereby an organizational culture moves, for example, from an Integrated to a Differentiated to a Fragmented stage of development. Still other studies challenge the unidirectional, linear assumptions of stage theories, postulating tracks or oscillations as alternatives to a stage model. All these approaches to understanding cultural change make the objectivist, single-perspective assumption that an organization at a single point in time is more accurately described by one perspective rather than another.
The Enemy King Is A Monster
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In her 1973 study,1 M. K. Wakeman looked at the well-known motif of “the God’s battle with the monster” as it appears in the Bible, aiming to show through such a specific research “that the antimythological attitude of the Bible is not only the self-conscious polemic of the priestly authors of the first chapter of Genesis, but can better be described as the outcome of a more gen eralized change of attitude that required new forms of expression.”2 In fact, she has duly shown that a “new language” was gradually created out of the traditional mythical material in order to express the new cosmological (and, I should add, political) realities of the yahwistic faith.
Strain Gage Selection And Application
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On first observation, the strain gage appears to be a rather simple instrument that can be applied with minimum effort. This may be so, perhaps, if the gage is to be bonded to a fairly large plane area with ample working room and using a quick-setting cement. The novice soon learns, however, that even the supposedly simple task of satisfactorily soldering lead wires to the gage’s solder tabs is not easy. When he moves on to bonding gages in a confined space and then attaching lead wires, his appreciation of the talent of a skilled technician rises rapidly.
Islamic Da‘wah in the West
Authors: Poston Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Larry Poston explores the reality of da'wah - Islamic evangelism, or the `call' to Islam - as it has been interpreted and practised by Muslims in the West. Beginning with a brief examination of the expansion of Islam during its early centuries, Poston looks at the concept of da'wah as understood by the earliest followers of Muhammad. He shows how this early paradigm has been adapted to the demands of the Western context, and goes on to discuss the institutionalization of the new missionary strategy in North America.