bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computer simulation of the occlusal anatomy of the first mandibular molar after varying the determinants of mandibular movement in the CICERO CAD/CAM system
Authors: OLTHOFF L.W. , DE RUITER W. , MEIJER I. , BOSMAN F. 
Published: March 2003

Static and dynamic occlusal interferences often occur in restorations. The CICERO CAD/CAM technique was used to control the occlusal dimensions of all‐ceramic restorations by setting the variables which determine the mandibular contact movements. The anatomy of the occlusal form of the (pre)molar teeth is influenced by the setting of the sagittal and transversal determinants of mandibular contact movements.In this study the variation in occlusal morphology of a high‐ and low‐limit setting of six variables was compared with an averaged setting. The settings (high, low and averaged, respectively) of the mandibular movement: the sagittal condylar (60°, 0°, 30°) and the incisal guide angle (60°, 0°, 30°) as well as the long centric articulation (1·2 mm, 0 mm, 0·6 mm) influence mainly the antero‐posterior direction, whereas the settings of Bennett movement (laterotrusion: 30°, 0°, 15°), Bennett side shift (laterotranslation: 1, 0, 0·5 mm) and the wide centric (lateral intercuspal contact area: 0·6, 0, 0·3 mm) will mainly influence the transversal direction of the mandibular movement.The influence of the variation of settings on ‘dynamic’ crown morphology as compared with the static crown morphology was studied by comparison of mesio‐distal and bucco‐lingual sections at the same occlusal position of the first lower molar design. Furthermore, the amount of material needed for the correction of the ‘static’ crown to avoid interferences in dynamic conditions was calculated.It appeared that most correction was needed for the ipsilateral settings: Bennett side shift (1·0 mm), Bennett movement (30°) and the Sag. Condylar guidance (0°) as well as the Incisal angle (0°), which could be studied in the bucco‐lingual sections. Also the Bennett side shift on the contra‐lateral side influenced the occlusal contour strongly, which could be seen in the mesio‐distal section.It was concluded that simulation of the influence of several types of determinants of mandibular movement on the three‐dimensional occlusal anatomy can be studied using the CICERO‐CAD/CAM technique. The ipsi‐ and contralateral Bennett side shift variation influenced the occlusal anatomy more than other variables.
Functional impression and bite registration: a single session procedure for the construction of complete dentures
Authors: UTZ K. H. , MÜLLER F. , KETTNER N. 
Published: March 2003

The closed‐mouth technique for the construction of complete dentures provides in the first session both impressions and a rough idea of the jaw relation in habitual intercuspation. The aim of this study was to apply this methodological advantage to the open‐mouth technique and to assess whether the arbitrary moulding of tooth position‐analogue plastic rims on functional impression trays facilitates a subsequent preliminary bite registration. Therefore, 104 complete dentures, manufactured by students during their final exams, were surveyed at 22 different test points using the Gutowski–Meyding gauge. Furthermore, the position of the front teeth, the lip support and the vertical dimension were assessed clinically.The results were as followsUpper complete denturevertical distance: middle of ridge – incisal edge of central incisor: 13 ± 3 mm (5–21)vertical distance: middle of ridge – tip of cusp of first molar: 9 ± 2 mm (2–16)sagittal distance: middle of ridge – incisal edge of central incisor 7 ± 2 mm (3–14)Lower complete denturevertical distance: middle of ridge – incisal edge of central incisor: 12 ± 3 mm (7–19)vertical distance: middle of ridge – tip of cusp of first molar: 13 ± 3 mm (5–20)sagittal distance: middle of ridge – incisal edge of central incisor: 3 ± 2 mm (0–6)Complete dentures in maximum intercuspationvertical distance upper to lower ridge region central incisor 20 ± 4 mm (12–33)vertical distance upper to lower ridge region first molar 21 ± 4 mm (9–34)Because of the interindividual variance the arbitrary moulding of the tooth position‐analogue plastic rims seems not ideal. However, a functional and aesthetically pleasing existing denture should be surveyed to pre‐shape functional impression trays. Such individualized trays proved clinically a valuable tool for functional impressions and an immediate preliminary bite registration.
Nurse behavioural psychotherapy and pathological gambling: an Australian perspective
Authors: Tolchard B. , Battersby M. 
Published: March 2003

Nurses have been employed as behavioural psychotherapists for over 25 years. The first training in this field was established at The Maudsley Hospital ( Marks et al. 1977
). Since then there have been a number of courses producing many specialist nurse behavioural psychotherapists (NBTs) (
Duggan et al. 1993
). Nurse behavioural therapy is taken to mean nurses working as behavioural psychotherapists. This title does not mean they are practising a separate form of therapy from other professionals such as psychologists. In Australia there is no such training, with nurse behavioural psychotherapists working here having trained first in UK. Initially NBTs were trained to treat people with anxiety disorders. Over the past 25 years this emphasis has remained, but many NBTs have gone on to provide help to people with other problems. This paper will demonstrate the practical application of behavioural psychotherapy with problem gamblers, and how specialist trained nurses can provide such treatment. The paper will look briefly at nurse behavioural psychotherapy from its initial inception to its current status in Australia. The outcomes of the treatment programme carried out at Flinders Medical Centre for Problem Gamblers will be discussed with a view to nurses carrying out therapy. Finally, the future of nurse behavioural psychotherapy in Australia and how nurses can apply such skills across a wide range of problems, including gambling, will be reviewed.Aspects of this paper were first presented to the 7th NAGS conference, Adelaide 1996.
The N550 component of the evoked K‐complex: A modality non‐specific response?
Authors: Colrain Ian M. , Webster Kate E. , Hirst Giles 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA large amplitude late negative deflection peaking between 500 and 650 ms is observable in the averaged K‐complex wave‐form. This peak is thus often labelled the N550. ‘N550’ appears during stage 2 and is maintained into slow wave sleep but is not apparent during REM. Most studies have employed auditory stimuli to elicit the K‐complex. Two experiments were run to examine the effects of stimulus modality on the topographical distribution of the N550. In the first experiment, the K‐complexes were elicited in an auditory oddball procedure. In the second experiment, K‐complexes were elicited by respiratory occlusions. Twenty‐nine channel recordings were used to increase spatial resolution. N550 was substantially larger in the average of trials containing K‐complexes than in trials in which a K‐complex could not be identified. N550 varied inversely in amplitude with the probability of accordance of the stimulus. The topographic distribution of the N550 was consistent between experiments. It was bilaterally symmetrical and was maximal over fronto‐central regions of the scalp. The results indicate that the N550 reflects the activity of a modality non‐specific, sleep dependent generator that responds to both interoceptive and external stimulation.
Relations among hypnagogic and hypnopompic experiences associated with sleep paralysis
Authors: Cheyne J. Allan , Newby‐Clark Ian R. , Rueffer Steve D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe Waterloo Sleep Experiences Scale was developed to assess the prevalence of sleep paralysis and a variety of associated hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinoid experiences: sensed presence, felt pressure, floating sensations, auditory and visual hallucinations, and fear. Consistent with results of recent surveys, almost 30% of 870 university students reported at least one experience of sleep paralysis. Approximately three‐quarters of those also reported at least one hallucinoid experience, and slightly more than 10% experienced three or more. Fear was positively associated with hallucinoid experiences, most clearly with sensed presence. Regression analyses lend support to the hypothesis that sensed presence and fear are primitive associates of sleep paralysis and contribute to the elaboration of further hallucinoid experiences, especially those involving visual experiences.
Quantifying the performance impairment associated with fatigue
Authors: Lamond Nicole , Dawson Drew 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe present study systematically compared the effects of fatigue and alcohol intoxication on a range of neurobehavioural tasks. By doing so, it was possible to quantify the performance impairment associated with fatigue and express it as a blood alcohol impairment equivalent. Twenty‐two healthy subjects aged 19–26 years participated in three counterbalanced conditions. In the sustained wakefulness condition, subjects were kept awake for 28 h. In the alcohol and placebo conditions, subjects consumed either an alcoholic or non‐alcoholic beverage at 30 min intervals, until their blood alcohol concentration reached 0.10%. In each session, performance was measured at hourly intervals using four tasks from a standardised computer‐based test battery. Analysis indicated that the placebo beverage did not significantly effect mean relative performance. In contrast, as blood alcohol concentration increased performance on all the tasks, except for one, significantly decreased. Similarly, as hours of wakefulness increased performance levels for four of the six parameters significantly decreased. More importantly, equating the performance impairment in the two conditions indicated that, depending on the task measured, approximately 20–25 h of wakefulness produced performance decrements equivalent to those observed at a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.10%. Overall, these results suggest that moderate levels of fatigue produce performance equivalent to or greater than those observed at levels of alcohol intoxication deemed unacceptable when driving, working and/or operating dangerous equipment.
Comparison of plasma pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ceftiofur sodium and ceftiofur hydrochloride in pigs after a single intramuscular injection
Authors: Brown  , Hanson  , Mignot  , Millérioux  , Hamlow  , Hubbard  , Callahan  , Kausche  
Published: March 2003

Ceftiofur sodium, a broad‐spectrum cephalosporin, is active against gram‐positive and gram‐negative pathogens of veterinary importance. Two studies were designed to compare the intramuscular bioavailability of the current sodium salt and the new hydrochloride salt in pigs at doses of either 3 mg or 5 mg ceftiofur equivalents (CE)/kg body weight. Twenty‐six healthy young pigs were selected for these two‐period, two‐treatment crossover studies, 12 for the 3 mg/kg study and 14 for the 5 mg/kg study. Each animal received one intramuscular (i.m.) injection of ceftiofur sodium and one i.m. injection of ceftiofur hydrochloride with a 14‐day washout period between the two treatments. Blood samples were collected serially for up to 96 h postinjection. Plasma samples were then analysed using a validated assay that measures ceftiofur and all desfuroylceftiofur‐related metabolites by high‐performance liquid chromatography. In the 3 mg/kg dosage study, average maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) after administration of ceftiofur sodium was 15.8 ± 3.40 μg/mL at 0.4–4 h after injection. After administration of ceftiofur hydrochloride, the Cmax was 11.8 ± 1.67 μg/mL at 1–4 h after injection. Concentrations of ceftiofur and metabolites 72 h after the injection were 0.392 ± 0.162 μg/mL for ceftiofur hydrochloride and 0.270 ± 0.118 μg/mL for ceftiofur sodium. The mean area under the curve (AUC), from time 0 to the limit of quantitation (AUC0‐LOQ) after ceftiofur hydrochloride administration, was 216 ± 28.0 μg·h/mL, compared to 169 ± 45.4 μg·/mL after ceftiofur sodium administration. The calculated time during which plasma concentrations remained above 0.02 μg/mL (t>0.2) was 85.3 ± 10.6 h for ceftiofur sodium and 77.2 ± 10.7 h for ceftiofur hydrochloride. In the 5 mg/kg dosage study, Cmax after administration of ceftiofur sodium was 28.3 ± 4.45 μg/mL at 0.33–2 h after injection. After administration of ceftiofur hydrochloride, the Cmax was 29.7 ± 6.72 μg/mL at 0.66–2 h after injection. Concentrations of ceftiofur and metabolites 96 h after the injection were 0.274 ± 0.0550 μg/mL for ceftiofur hydrochloride and 0.224 ± 0.0350 μg/mL for ceftiofur sodium. The mean AUC0‐LOQ after ceftiofur hydrochloride administration was 382 ± 89.8 μg.h/mL compared to 302 ± 54.4 μg.h/mL after ceftiofur sodium administration. The t>0.2 was 78.9 ± 9.65 h for ceftiofur sodium and 94.2 ± 8.64 h for ceftiofur hydrochloride. Based on the similarity of the pharmacokinetic parameters of the sodium and hydrochloride formulations of ceftiofur, similar therapeutic efficacy can be inferred for the two products.
Absorption kinetics and bioavailability of cephalexin in the dog after oral and intramuscular administration
Authors: Carli  , Anfossi  , Villa  , Castellani  , Mengozzi  , Montesissa  
Published: March 2003

The pharmacokinetics of cephalexin, a first generation cephalosporin, were investigated in dogs using two formulations marketed for humans, but also often employed by practitioners for pet therapy. Cephalexin was administered to five dogs intravenously and intramuscularly as a sodium salt and by the oral route as a monohydrate. The dosage was always 20 mg/kg of active ingredient. A microbiological assay withSarcina luteaas the test organism was adopted to measure cephalexin concentrations in serum.The mean residence time (MRT) median values after intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and oral administration (p.o.) were 86 min, 200 min, and 279 min, respectively.After i.m. and oral dosing the peak serum concentrations (24.2 ± 1.8 μg/mL and 20.3 ± 1.7 μg/mL, respectively) were attained at 90 min in all dogs and bioavailabilities were 63 ± 10% and 57 ± 5%, respectively.The time course of the cephalexin serum concentrations after oral administration was best described by a model incorporating saturable absorption kinetics of the Michaelis‐Menten type; thus in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs a carrier mediated transport for cephalexin similar to that reported in humans, may exist.The predicted average serum concentrations of cephalexin after repeated i.m and oral administration indicated that, in order to maintain the therapeutic concentrations, the 20 mg/kg b.w. dosage should be administered every 6–8 h.
The effects of body composition on the pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously injected ivermectin and moxidectin in pigs
Authors: CRAVEN J. , BJØRN H. , HENNESSY D. R. , FRIIS C. 
Published: March 2003

Craven, J., Bjørn, H., Hennessy, D. R., Friis, C. The effects of body composition on the pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously injected ivermectin and moxidectin in pigs. J. vet Pharmacol. Therap.25, 227–232.Macrocyclic lactones are characterized by their long persistence in animals because of their extensive distribution into fat. This study examined the influence of body condition on the disposition of ivermectin (IVM) and moxidectin (MXD) in blood and fat following subcutaneous (s.c.) drug administration. `Fat' and `thin' lines of pigs were established using two different diets. All animals were then injected with either MXD or IVM at 300 μg/kg and blood samples were taken at regular intervals until slaughter. Two IVM‐treated animals from each diet group were slaughtered at either 3 days or 3 weeks posttreatment. Two MXD‐treated animals from each diet group were slaughtered at 3 days, 3, 6 or 9 weeks after treatment. Samples of backfat were taken from all animals at slaughter. Fluorescence HPLC was used to determine the concentrations of MXD or IVM in the plasma and fat samples. The plasma IVM concentration peaked more rapidly in the thin IVM treated pigs compared with the fat pigs. The concentration of IVM in backfat was significantly lower in the thin animals slaughtered 3 weeks after treatment. The MXD plasma concentration peaked within the first hour in both the thin and fat groups, but from 12 h posttreatment there was a higher MXD concentration in the plasma of the fat pigs resulting in MXD being detectable in these pigs for 28 days compared with only 17 days in the thin pigs. Despite this difference in plasma persistence no differences were seen in the MXD concentration of backfat between fat and thin animals. Body condition influenced the kinetic disposition of IVM and MXD following s.c. drug administration with both drugs being less persistent in thin compared with fat animals.
Interspecific hybridization and genetic variability of Phlebotomus sandflies
Authors: Ghosh K. N. , Mukhopadhyay J. M. , Guzman H. , Tesh R. B. , Munstermann L. E. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe first successful hybridization is reported between Phlebotomus papatasi and P. duboscqi, two important Old World sandfly vectors of leishmaniasis and other diseases. Laboratory strains of P. papatasi and P. duboscqi were separable by six diagnostic enzyme loci: Est‐3, Idh‐1, Mdh‐2, Mpi, Tre‐1 and Tre‐3. Hybrids between the two species were verified by the recovery of heterozygous isozyme patterns for the diagnostic loci. No F2 or backcross progeny were obtained. P. papatasi was separated from P. bergeroti by three diagnostic enzyme loci: Est‐3, Mpi and Pgd. The isozyme patterns of P. bergeroti contain elements of both P. duboscqi and P. papatasi, although seven diagnostic loci (Est‐3, Idh‐1, Me, Mpi, Pgd, Tre‐1 and Tre‐3) separated P. bergeroti from P. duboscqi. Genetic variability profiles of the three species were established for 20 enzyme loci. Three geographically distant strains of P. papatasi from Calcutta, Maharashtra and Israel had isozyme genetic distances of < 0.05. The recently established Calcutta strain showed an unexpectedly low genetic variability with only one (Idh‐2) of 20 loci being polymorphic (average heterozygosity of 1.9%) in contrast to 5–8 polymorphic loci (10–12% heterozygosity) in the Maharashtra and Israel strains. Mass and single pair crosses between the three P. papatasi strains were fertile with normal progeny numbers. Thus we found no signs of speciation in P. papatasi.
Vector competence of selected South African Culicoides species for the Bryanston serotype of equine encephalosis virus
Authors: Venter G. J. , Groenewald D. M. , Paweska J. T. , Venter E. H. , Howell P. G. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryEquine encephalosis virus (EEV) was recognized and described in the Republic of South Africa in 1967 and subsequent serological studies have shown this orbivirus to be both widespread and prevalent in southern Africa. In the present study it was shown that wild‐caught Culicoides (Avaritia) imicola Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) can become infected with and permit the replication of the Bryanston serotype of EEV following membrane‐feeding on infective blood containing 5.0 log10 plaque‐forming‐units (PFU)/ml. The mean prevalence of Bryanston virus infection in C. imicola after 10 days extrinsic incubation at 23.5°C was 22.3% (23/103). The mean infectivity of Bryanston virus in the infected C. imicola increased from 1.3 log10 PFU/midge, in insects assayed immediately after feeding on the blood‐virus mixture, to 2.6 log10 PFU/midge in insects assayed after incubation. The virus concentration in individual C. imicola infected with the Bryanston serotype of EEV ranged from 0.7 to 3.6 log10 PFU/midge. Bryanston virus titres higher than 2.5 log10 TCID50, found in individual C. imicola, suggest that this species may be able to transmit this virus to susceptible hosts. Prevalence of virus infection in C. imicola was determined by PFU and microtitration assays on both BHK and Vero cells and confirmation of the Bryanston serotype of EEV was determined by plaque inhibition. No virus replication could be demonstrated in 102 C. nivosus tested after the incubation period, suggesting that not all Culicoides species are equally susceptible to Bryanston virus infection. Other Culicoides species that survived the incubation period and that were negative for the presence of Bryanston virus were C. pycnostictus (42), C. leucostictus (7), C. magnus (2), C. bolitinos (1) and C. bedfordi (1).
Intraspecific variability in natural populations of Glossina palpalis gambiensis from West Africa, revealed by genetic and morphometric analyses
Authors: Solano P. , De La Rocque S. , Cuisance D. , Geoffroy B. , De Meeus T. , Cuny G. , Duvallet G. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank (Diptera: Glossinidae) from West Africa (Senegal and Burkina Faso) were analysed for microsatellite DNA polymorphisms and size of the wings. In the overall sample a strong heterozygote deficiency was found at two polymorphic microsatellite loci. It led to a highly significant value of Fis (within‐sample heterozygote deficit) in the western zone of Sideradougou area in Burkina Faso. Genetic differentiation was significant on a macrogeographic scale, i.e. between tsetse coming from Senegal and Burkina Faso. Wing measures also differed between these two countries; flies from Senegal appeared to be smaller. Microsatellite loci further allowed differentiation of populations of G. palpalis gambiensis trapped on the same hydrographic network a few kilometres apart. The results are interpreted as indicating that further investigations will allow the study of genetic variability of tsetse flies in relation to the dynamics of transmission of human and animal trypanosomoses.
Annual and spatial activity of dung flies and carrion in a Mediterranean holm‐oak pasture ecosystem
Authors: Martínez‐Sánchez A. , Rojo S. , Marcos‐García M. A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe annual activity and spatial distribution of Muscidae and Calliphoridae were investigated in a holm‐oak (‘dehesa’) ecosystem in western Spain over two years in pasture and woodland habitats, using wind‐orientated traps baited with a mixture of fresh cattle faeces, liver and sodium sulphide solution. Lucilia sericata (Meigen) was always the dominant species and, with Chrysomya albiceps (Weidemann), Hydrotaea ignava (Harris), Muscina levida (Harris) and Muscina prolapsa (Harris), was more abundant during the second than the first year. By contrast, Calliphora vicina Robineau‐Desvoidy, Calliphora vomitoria (L.), Hydrotaea armipes (Fallén), Hydrotaea penicillata (Rondani) and Hydrotaea dentipes (Fabricius) were more numerous during the first than the second year of the study. In summer, the Diptera sampled were significantly more abundant in a wooded than a pasture area. However, in autumn, while H. penicillata remained significantly more abundant in woodland, L. sericata became more abundant in the pasture, whereas C. vicina was captured in open and wooded areas in similar proportions. During winter and spring the populations sampled were relatively small. The changing patterns of abundance are discussed in relation to differences in climate within and between years.