bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Text of Articles
Authors: Lilleholt Kåre , Victorin† Anders , Fötschl Andreas , Konow Berte-Elen R , Meidell Andreas , Tørum Amund Bjøranger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scope of application and general provisions Article 1:101: Lease of goods This Part of Book IV applies to contracts for the lease of goods. A contract for the lease of goods is a contract under which one party, the lessor, undertakes to provide the other party, the lessee, with a temporary right of use of goods in exchange for rent. The rent may be in the form of money or other value This Part of Book IV does not apply to contracts where the parties have agreed that ownership will be transferred after a period with right of use even if the parties have described the contract as a lease The application of this Part of Book IV is not excluded by the fact that the contract has a financing purpose, the lessor has the role as a financing party, or the lessee has an option to become owner of the goods This Part of Book IV regulates only the contractual relationship between lessor and lessee Article 1:102: Consumer leases For the purpose of this Part of Book IV, a consumer lease is a contract under which a business leases goods to a natural person who is acting primarily for purposes which are not related to that person’s trade, business or profession (the consumer).
Remedies of the lessee
Authors: Lilleholt Kåre , Victorin† Anders , Fötschl Andreas , Konow Berte-Elen R , Meidell Andreas , Tørum Amund Bjøranger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Article 4:101: Overview of remedies If the lessor fails to perform an obligation under the contract, the lessee is entitled, according to Book III, Chapter 3 and the rules of this Chapter: to enforce specific performance of the obligation; to withhold performance of the reciprocal obligation; to terminate the lease; to reduce the rent to claim damages and interest Comments Overview Relationship to the general rules in Book III General rules in Book III, Chapter 3 on non-performance and remedies apply also to non-performance of obligations under a contract of lease of goods. Some derogations or additions are needed due to the characteristic traits of lease contracts. In the present Article a general reference is made initially to Book III, Chapter 3, while derogations and additions are found in subsequent provisions. Rules already found in Book III, Chapter 3 are thus not repeated Lessee’s remedies only The present Chapter deals with the lessee’s remedies only. Provisions on the lessor’s remedies for non-performance of the lessee’s obligations are found in Chapter 6.
Remedies of the lessor
Authors: Lilleholt Kåre , Victorin† Anders , Fötschl Andreas , Konow Berte-Elen R , Meidell Andreas , Tørum Amund Bjøranger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Article 6:101: Overview of remedies If the lessee fails to perform an obligation under the contract, the lessor is entitled, according to Book III, Chapter 3 and the provisions of this Chapter: to enforce performance of the obligation; to withhold performance of the reciprocal obligation; to terminate the lease; to claim damages and interest. Comments General Scope of this Chapter The provisions of the present Chapter apply where “the lessee fails to perform an obligation under the contract”. Thus the scope is limited to non-performance of the lessee’s obligations; cf. the parallel provisions in Chapter 4 concerning remedies of the lessee. Reference to general rules The lessor is entitled to the listed remedies according to Book III, Chapter 3 and the provisions of the present Chapter. This formula implies that the general rules are partly supplemented, and partly derogated from, by the provisions of the chapter. Listing of remedies The list of remedies is exhaustive, but the remedies are described in a general way and more specific rules are found in Book III, Chapter 3 and the subsequent provisions of the present Chapter.
New parties and sublease
Authors: Lilleholt Kåre , Victorin† Anders , Fötschl Andreas , Konow Berte-Elen R , Meidell Andreas , Tørum Amund Bjøranger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Article 7:101: Change in ownership and substitution of lessor Where ownership passes from the lessor to a new owner, the new owner of the goods is substituted as a party to the lease contract if the lessee has possession of the goods at the time ownership passes. The former owner remains subsidiarily liable for the non-performance of the lease contract as a personal security provider. A reversal of the passing of ownership puts the parties back in their original positions except as regards performance already rendered at the time of reversal. The rules in the preceding paragraphs apply accordingly where the lessor has acted as holder of a right other than ownership. Comments Overview Lease contracts and change in ownership Generally, a party to a contract may assign the right to performance under the contract (III. – 5:105 (Assignability. general rule)), but the party will not be discharged of contractual obligations without the other party’s assent (III. – 5:301 (Transfer of a contractual position)). For lease contracts, a change in ownership of the leased goods raises some special questions. The lessor’s position as owner of the goods (or holder of a comparable right) and as a party to the contract are closely connected. In order to perform the obligations under the contract the lessor must be able to make the goods available for the lessee’s use and in most cases must also be able to carry out work on the goods in the form of maintenance and repairs. This normally presupposes that the lessor is the owner of the goods. Rules are needed concerning the consequences of a change of ownership regarding both the contractual relationship between the lessee and the original lessor and the relationship between the lessee and the new owner.
Diagnostics for dislocated elements
Authors: De Cat CéCile 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter establishes the empirical basis of my investigation into the interpretive and syntactic properties of dislocated structures in spoken French. It opens with a discussion of what the term ‘spoken French’ covers. The following two sections assess the extent to which prosody and the presence of a resumptive element can be used as diagnostics for dislocated structures in this language.
Acquisition
Authors: De Cat CéCile 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of child language and that of the target system build on each other. Child language research relies on an informed study of the target system; in return, because the child’s linguistic production is not entirely target-like but constrained by universal rules, its study provides the researcher with a privileged means of investigating Universal Grammar (UG), hence allowing refinements of the analyses that fed it in the first place.
International Legal Theories Evolved at Nuremberg
Authors: Birkett Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
final verdict upon Nuremberg will no doubt be passed in the distant future; it will be the verdict of history. What we can do at the present time is, in quietude, to discuss some of the important matters upon which the verdict of history may finally rest. I say ‘in quietude’ for at Nuremberg we had movie cameras, and brilliant lighting, and 250 press representatives from one country alone; and in all those circumstances it was a little diﬃcult to realize that it was a trial at all comparable with the kind of trial with which we are familiar in Great Britain.
Looking Back at the Nuremberg Trials with Special Consideration of the Processes Against Military Leaders
Authors: Laternser Dr. Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost four decades ago on October 1, 1946, the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg pronounced its verdict in the so-called great process against Goering et al. and especially against the indicted organizations. Shortly thereafter, twelve further processes were carried out in Nuremberg. All these trials belong to history. Yet we are approaching a time which is ripe for a valid appraisal of this significant segment of the development of international law.
Nuremberg Trial: The Law Against War and Fascism
Authors: Larin A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 31 August 1946, at the end of the 403rd open judicial hearing, the presiding judge, G. Lawrence, announced a recess and the tribunal withdrew to consider and agree on its verdict. After a month, on 1 October 1946, the judges returned to the courtroom in the Palace of Justice and read out their verdict. It was indeed an unprecedented historical document. Peoples of the world have suffered from bloody conflicts for thousands of years, arising from the will of cruel and selfish rulers. However, on this occasion, in Nuremberg, those guilty of planning, preparing, unleashing, and waging an aggressive war, of war crimes and crimes against peace and humanity, were for the first time convicted and punished by a court.
The Legality of the Nuremberg Trials
Authors: Goodhart Arthur L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The International Military Tribunal which is now sitting in Nuremberg finds its being in the agreement² entered into in London on 8th August 1945 by the Governments of Great Britain, the United States, France, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for the ‘prosecution and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis’. After stating that, in accordance with the Moscow Declaration of 30th October 1943, those Germans who had been responsible for war crimes should ‘be sent back to the countries in which their abominable deeds were done’ to be tried by the national Courts of those countries, the Agreement provides that an International Military Tribunal shall be established ‘for the trial of war criminals whose offences have no particular geographical location’, these being ‘the major war criminals’.
Living with diabetes
Authors: Matthews David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A diagnosis of diabetes does not mean that the person with diabetes has to stop driving. The DVLA have clear criteria for new and existing licence holders who have diabetes, and it is important that relevant changes to treament and the development of complications that may affect driving are reported. A diagnosis of diabetes must be reported to insurers. A diagnosis of diabetes is a material fact and if not reported may invalidate the driver’s insurance cover. Testing blood glucose levels is recommended before and during a journey, and, if in any doubt about safety to drive, stop, test and treat if necessary.
Ergativity
Authors: könig Christa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike other case systems in Africa, the number of African languages with ergative systems is severely limited. Ergativity as a grammaticalized case system is not only limited in number; its occurrence is also areally and genetically restricted: It is largely confined to the Northern Lwoo languages of West Nilotic (Nilo-Saharan), spoken in the region of South-West Ethiopia/South-East Sudan (see section 3.1). The only other language with a restricted ergative system is Tima, presumably a Kordofanian language spoken in the Nuba Hills of West Sudan; the split ergative system of this language will be discussed in section 3.2.
Our aims in this section
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you or someone you know has been diagnosed as having chronic fatigue syndrome or my algic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) you are likely to have a lot of questions you want answered. During the 15 years and more that we have been working with those suffering from this illness, we have become familiar with the questions that are the most commonly asked. These are:
What should it be called and why?
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Various names are used for this illness, which can be very confusing. What are the different names, and where do they come from? Do they all mean the same thing? What name should we use? Well, to start with the first question (and ignoring the disgusting and inaccurate ‘yuppie flu’), the names used for this condition can be:
What do we know about CFS/ME?
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has already been a great deal of research into CFS/ME. The aims have been to find out how many people have CFS/ME and the factors associated with it (epidemiology), to understand the causes (epidemiology),), and to find a test which will positively diagnose the condition (diagnostic test). Research is of course ultimately devoted to finding an effective treatment. Research into treatment (clinical trials) is discussed in Chapter 8.
Improving your sleep
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People with CFS/ME often find that their sleep pattern has changed. At the beginning of their illness they sometimes sleep much more. Later on they may find that they have difficulty getting to sleep or that they may wake during the night. Often, even if they have slept, they still wake up feeling tired. Good-quality sleep, at normal times, is something we all need, so it is worth looking at all the ways that you can get back to this.
Managing your thinking
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the way you think—the way you view yourself, your life, and the world around you and your illness—can make a great difference to the way you cope. We all of us, well or ill, have established patterns of thinking. Some of these are helpful and some unhelpful, and they influence our feelings and our mood. Moods and emotions have a huge effect on how you feel generally, which is why we believe that actively managing your thinking is so important. Some of your beliefs and thought patterns may well have been appropriate in the past but no longer fit the person you are today.
Summary of our self-help advice
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We very much hope that you will try out the self-help techniques we have outlined in this section. Both research and increasing amounts of clinical experience have shown that they can result in an improvement in your condition. Over time they can make a great difference to your state of health and to your well-being. In the 15 years and more that we have been working with people with CFS/ME we have seen the benefits that can come from this approach. We do not say that these techniques will give you a cure, but they can give you the significant benefits of a decrease in symptoms and/or an increase in your level of functioning. You could try:
Cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and adaptive pacing therapy
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These are the main treatments used by the National Health Service in the UK for CFS/ME. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy (GET) have the strongest evidence for effectiveness. Adaptive pacing therapy (APT) has been less well researched, but is supported by anecdote and by professional and patient experience.
Children and young people with CFS/ME
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not only adults who can get CFS/ME. It is a sad fact that children and young people can suffer from it as well. Their symptoms are very similar to those experienced by adults, though they may not talk about being fatigued in quite the same way. Like adults, the onset of illness may be acute following a viral-type illness (such as glandular fever), or may be more gradual. As we have said before, the label CFS/ME probably covers more than one condition, so your child’s illness may be very different from that of another child with the same diagnosis.
Dynamics of Competition
Authors: Robertson Duncan A , Caldart Adrián A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we go beyond traditional, economics-based models and review how we can use new, alternative models to study the dynamics of competition. ‘Turbulence’, ‘high velocity environments’, ‘hypercompetition’: these are all notions that describe environments that are not stable and do not conform to the idealized notions of equilibrium that characterize the formal models discussed in the last chapter. In this section we review several different theoretical approaches that address the dynamism of competition.
Co-Evolution
Authors: Robertson Duncan A , Caldart Adrián A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our discussion so far in this book has focused on analysing the dynamics of the external landscape of organizations, where they interact with each other competitively or cooperatively (Chapters 2 to 4) and on the analysis of the internal dynamics of organizations (Chapters 5 and 6).
The conceptual divide between the dynamics of the interactions between firms and the dynamics within them is useful to emphasize the main features and challenges associated with each of these approaches. In the real world, however, firms face the challenge of managing their external and internal landscapes simultaneously.
From Servants of the State to Elected Representatives: Public Sector Background among Members of Parliament
Authors: Cotta Maurizio , Almeida Pedro Tavares de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elected parliaments were introduced in Europe for the fundamental purpose of checking and controlling the absolutist (or semi-absolutist) monarchies which in the previous period had greatly expanded their powers thanks to the development of the large and pervasive bureaucracies of the modern state (Tilly 1975; Bendix 1964; Poggi 1978). In this way, even when the king was not (or could not be) directly challenged, his government and his administrative longa manus could be scrutinized, controlled, kept within limits.
Audits, Monitoring and Impact Assessments
Authors: Hill Henrietta , Kenyon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vast majority of employers are familiar to some degree with management practices that analyse performance and set direction. These practices will vary from employer to employer and many will depend upon size, sophistication and resources. But it would be an unusual employer that did not draw up long-and short-term business plans, carry out some form of analysis of its operation and design metrics to monitor its performance.
The purpose of this chapter is to look at the way those general business concepts of planning, implementing and analysing can be imported into the promotion of equality and diversity.
Procurement and Outsourcing
Authors: Hill Henrietta , Kenyon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we seek to examine the ways in which one organisation can influence the equality and diversity performance of other organisations, when acting as a consumer of goods or services. That might occur where an organisation simply goes into the market as a purchaser. It might also occur when an organisation outsources some of its support services to a private or voluntary organisation or, having previously outsourced those services, decides to re-let them to another service provider—also known as second, third, fourth, etc, generation outsourcing.
Positive Action and Occupational Requirements
Authors: Hill Henrietta , Kenyon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 7 we look at the two decision-making processes of recruitment and promotion. This chapter is a precursor to Chapter 7. It deals with two preliminary considerations ahead of any recruitment or promotion exercise.
We begin with an examination of ‘positive action’, the legally permissible steps that an employer, wishing to promote equality and diversity, can take to encourage those from under-represented groups to apply for jobs and to better equip them for success at the selection stage in the recruitment and promotion processes.
Family-Friendly and Flexible Working
Authors: Hill Henrietta , Kenyon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The promotion of ‘family-friendly’ initiatives within the workplace has been a key plank of ‘New Labour’ policy. Since coming into power in 1997 the Government has deployed a range of education and awareness-raising campaigns designed to secure a better work-life balance for those with family responsibilities.
An essential part of that policy package has been the development of a complex legislative framework which provides extensive and enforceable rights for parents and carers.
Attendance Management
Authors: Hill Henrietta , Kenyon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about managing employees who are absent and unable to work on account of a medical condition. Although we have begun the chapter with a quote about disability, we do not wish to give the impression that attendance problems and disability are synonymous: attendance at work is not an issue for many disabled people. However, for some disabled people, regular attendance may be more difficult than for their non-disabled colleagues.
Religious Practice, Dress Codes and Freedom of Expression In The Workplace
Authors: Hill Henrietta , Kenyon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interplay between equality and diversity law and human rights principles in the workplace is perhaps strongest in the areas of religious practice, dress codes and freedom of expression. These three areas are interrelated in that they often overlap in practice, and all involve a tension between the employee’s right not to be discriminated against on any of the prohibited grounds and their right to respect for their human rights in the workplace (most strikingly if they are public sector employees); and the employer’s desire to run their business in efficient ways that are fair to all. In this chapter we explore the law relating to these issues and seek to offer practical ways in which advisers can strike a fair balance between these competing needs.
The Nature and Extent of Serious Further Offences
Authors: Nash Mike , Williams Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces and examines the concept and definition of serious further offences (SFOs), as well as the review and notification procedures. This will provide a more holistic understanding of such offences and why there are inquiries into them. To this end we examine three key elements. First, we examine the development of the concept of SFOs and review the key protocols and criminal justice policies that set out the current review and notification requirements for SFO cases. Secondly, we examine the definitions of SFOs, again linking these definitional parameters to both the current criminal justice policy and inquiries into them. Finally, we discuss basic facts and figures to give the reader an insight into the nature and extent of SFOs. Some readers, particularly practitioners, may consider the historical development of SFOs to be a trivial matter that can be ignored.
Failure and Blame—Learning Lessons from Elsewhere
Authors: Nash Mike , Williams Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Learning lessons from tragedy is invariably cited as a prime justification for instituting reviews of and inquiries into serious further incidents in a variety of organizational settings. Yet in a curious paradox, busy professionals rarely find the time to read the reports of these inquiries whilst a lack of time both to read and think is itself frequently cited as a cause of failure in the reports. Therefore it is possible that reports may be read more by managers than practitioners and that organizational changes needed may be submerged beneath greater demands for policy compliance, or what Alaszewski (2002:377) describes as ‘encoded ‘ knowledge.