bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KronoScope: The Beginning
Authors: Soulsby Marlene 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTime bears a unique and direct pertinence to all human concerns. It is a fundamental feature of the physical universe, of the life process, of the functions of the mind, and of collective behavior. In humans, temporal experience is all pervasive, intimate and immediate. Life, death and time combine in a dynamic unity that has been of concern to all great philosophies, religions, and to the arts and the humanities.
A new isidiate species of Catillaria from the Netherlands
Authors: van den Boom P. P. G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA new lichen species, Catillaria nigroisidiata, is described from the Netherlands: it is the first isidiate species known in the genus and has been collected growing on granite on dykes in the north-eastern part of the country. This new species is easily overlooked because of the completely black appearance. A key to Catillaria s.str. in western Europe is provided.
Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climate Change in the Amazon Basin Based on a 50,000 Year Pollen Record from the Amazon Fan, ODP Site 932
Authors: Haberle Simon G. , Maslin Mark A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHemipelagic sediments from the Amazon deep-sea fan, ODP Site 932 (5° 12.7′N, 47° 1.8′W), and continental shelf provide a 50,000-yr-long pollen record of Amazon Basin vegetation. The age model for Hole 932A is constrained by eight magnetic remanence intensity features, one paleomagnetic excursion, and three AMS14C dates.Alchornea,Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae, and Moraceae/Urticaceae are dominant taxa in the pollen record between 40,200 and 19,800 cal yr B.P. Andean taxa, such asPodocarpusandHedyosmum,increase in abundance between 19,800 and 11,000 cal yr B.P. and prior to 40,200 cal yr B.P. The Holocene pollen assemblage, derived from Amazon River and continental shelf sediments, is dominated by secondary growth taxa, such asCecropia.Climatic factors influencing the development of glacial and interglacial tropical vegetation are considered by comparing marine with terrestrial records of vegetation change. This comparison shows that the Amazon Basin forests were not extensively replaced by savanna vegetation during the glacial period, contradicting the refugia hypothesis.
A 560-Year Record of Santa Ana Fires Reconstructed from Charcoal Deposited in the Santa Barbara Basin, California
Authors: Mensing Scott A. , Michaelsen Joel , Byrne Roger 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMicroscopic charcoal from varved Santa Barbara Basin sediments was used to reconstruct a 560-yr record (A.D. 1425 to 1985) of Santa Ana fires. Comparison of large (>3750 μm2) charcoal with documented fire records in the Santa Barbara Ranger District shows that high accumulations correspond to large fires (>20,000 ha) that occurred during Santa Ana conditions. The charcoal record reconstructed a minimum of 20 large fires in the Santa Barbara region during the study period. The average time between fires shows no distinct change across three different land use periods: the Chumash period, apparently characterized by frequent burning, the Spanish/Early American period with nominal fire control, and the 20th century with active fire suppression. Pollen data support the conclusion that the fire regime has not dramatically changed during the last 500 yr. Comparison of large charcoal particle accumulation rates and precipitation reconstructed from tree rings show a strong relationship between climate and fire history, with large fires consistently occurring at the end of wet periods and the beginning of droughts.
The impact of gold price on the value of gold mining stock
Authors: Blose Laurence E. , Shieh Joseph C.P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe value of a gold mine is shown to be a function of the return on gold, production costs, the level of gold reserves, and the proportion of assets unrelated to gold price risk. Assuming that forward gold prices are the market's unbiased expectations of future spot prices, a model is derived that estimates the theoretical gold price elasticity of gold mining stock. The model shows that if a company's primary business is gold mining, the gold price elasticity of the company's stock is greater than one. Using monthly data over the ten year period 1981 through 1990, the model is tested for a sample of 23 publicly traded gold mining companies.
Microplankton community structure and the impact of microzooplankton grazing during an Emiliania huxleyi bloom, off the Devon coast
Authors: Fileman E.S. , Cummings D.G. , Llewellyn C.A. 
Published: October 2002

Phytoplankton and microzooplankton community structure and the impact of microzooplankton grazing were investigated during a one-day study of an Emiliania huxleyi bloom off the coast of Devon during July 1999. Vertical profiles were undertaken at four stations, along a transect which crossed from a low reflectance to a high reflectance area as seen by satellite imagery. Microzooplankton dilution grazing experiments, coupled with pigment analysis to determine class specific grazing rates, were performed at two of these stations.Highest concentrations of chlorophyll-a (5·3 mg m−3) and accessory pigments were measured inside the area of high reflectance. Phytoplankton standing stocks ranged between 1588 and 5460 mg C m−2 and were also highest in the area of high reflectance. The phytoplankton community was dominated by coccolithophores and diatoms in low reflectance waters and by photosynthetic dinoflagellates in high reflectance areas. Microzooplankton standing stocks ranged between 905 and 2498 mg C m−2. Protozoa dominated the microzooplankton community. The protozoan community comprised a relatively even mixture of heterotrophic dinoflagellates, non-choreotrich and choreotrich ciliates in low reflectance waters. However, non-choreotrich ciliates dominated the communities inside the high reflectance area. Of the heterotrophic ciliates, a predatory ciliate Askenasia sp. dominated both non-choreotrich abundance and biomass.Results from grazing experiments showed that 60–64% of the chlorophyll-a biomass was consumed daily by the microzooplankton. Highest grazing mortality was associated with peridinin (dinoflagellates) and alloxanthin (cryptophytes). Lower grazing rates were found on fucoxanthin (diatoms and prymnesiophytes). Our results indicate that grazing on E. huxleyi in the area of remotely sensed high reflectance was low and highest grazing was on photosynthetic dinoflagellates and cryptophytes.
Special values of the hypergeometric series III
Authors: JOYCE G. S. , ZUCKER I. J. 
Published: October 2002

In two previous papers [7, 10] the algebraic and transcendental
values of the Gauss hypergeometric seriesF(a, b; c; z) = 1+abcz1!+a(a+1)b(b+1)c(c+1)z22!+…
(1·1)were investigated, for various real rational parameters a; b; c and
algebraic and rational values of z ∈ (0, 1), by applying the singular values of the
complete elliptic integral of the first kind K(k) to certain classical
F transformation formulae, where k denotes the modulus. Our main aim in the
present paper is to use similar methods to determine the special values of (1·1) for
the case a = 112, b = 712
and c = 23.
Human alcoholism studies of genes identified through mouse quantitative trait locus analysis
Authors: Ehringer Marissa A. , Thompson Jessica , Conroy Otakuye , Goldman David , Smith Tom L. , Schuckit Marc A. , Sikela James M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCoding region DNA sequence variants have been recently identified in several QTL candidate genes in a mouse model of differential sensitivity to alcohol [inbred long‐sleep (ILS) and inbred short‐sleep (ISS)]. This work has been extended into a human population characterized for their initial level of response to alcohol (LR). The coding region of one of the most promising of these candidate genes, zinc finger 133 (Znf133), has been sequenced completely in 50 individuals who participated in alcohol challenges at approximately age 20 and have been followed subsequently for the last 15 years. PCR products were obtained for the protein coding region of ZNF133 using human genomic DNA and directly sequenced using automated sequencers. Novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected by analyzing the sequence data using a suite of bioinformatics programs including Consed, Phred, Phrap and Polyphred. Five human SNPs were detected, two that correspond to amino acid changes in the protein, two that are silent DNA changes and one located in an intron. In this small sample, no significant association between any of the SNPs and alcohol diagnosis was detected. A follow‐up of these SNPs in a larger sample should allow a more definitive conclusion to be reached. Significantly, the data presented here demonstrate the feasibility of directly testing genes in human alcoholic populations that had been identified first by comparative DNA sequencing of candidate genes located within mouse alcohol‐related QTLs, even without detailed knowledge of the gene's function.
Acupuncture in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms: a randomized, placebo‐controlled inpatient study
Authors: Karst Matthias , Passie Torsten , Friedrich Steffen , Wiese Birgitt , Schneider Udo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThirty‐four alcoholics were treated with acupuncture to the ear and the body in a randomized single‐blind placebo‐controlled design over 14 days. Orthodox points and placebo needles to orthodox points were used daily for a total of 10 treatments starting on the first day of admission as add‐on therapy to standard medication with carbamazepine. The primary outcome was the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA‐Ar‐scale) assessed on days 1‐6, 9 and 14. No initial differences were found regarding sociodemographic data, drinking history and alcohol‐related data, indicating successful randomization. Longitudinal analysis of the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA‐Ar‐scale) data showed that patients assigned to acupuncture had a general tendency towards better outcome results and significantly fewer withdrawal symptoms on day 14 (Wilcoxon‐W=177.500, Z=‐2.009, p = 0.045). No significant differences were found in the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI X1 and X2) and Eigenschaftswoerterliste (EWL S60). We conclude that acupuncture as an adjunctive treatment to carbamazepine medication shows promise for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Further investigation of this treatment modality appears to be warranted.
Does paradoxical sleep deprivation and cocaine induce penile erection and ejaculation in old rats?
Authors: Andersen Monica L. , Bignotto Magda , Machado Ricardo Borges , Tufik Sergio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA recent study has established that paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) and cocaine administration elicit genital reflexes (penile erection and ejaculation) in young rats. To discover whether the same effects occurred in old animals submitted to PSD, we administered cocaine (15 mg/kg) to young (3‐month) and old (22‐month) male rats after a 4‐day period of PSD or at the equivalent time‐point in control animals. We then evaluated erections and ejaculations. Sixty per cent of the old‐PSD group displayed erection, although ejaculation was not observed. Genital reflexes were absent in young and old control groups. We found that PSD reduced testosterone and increased progesterone levels in both young and old PSD groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that although genital reflexes usually decrease with age, testosterone levels alone cannot account for these changes. The interaction of PSD and cocaine probably enhances dopamine transmission in the brain and may elicit penile erection in old rats.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy Following Complete Resection of Soft Tissue Sarcoma in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors: Figueredo Alvaro , Bramwell Vivien H. C. , Bell Robert , Davis Aileen M. , Charette Manya L. , The members of the cancer care Ontario practice guidelines i  
Published: October 2002

Purpose. To review the literature and make recommendations for the use of anthracycline‐based adjuvant chemotherapy in adult patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS).Patients. The recommendations apply to patients >15 years old with completely resected STS.Methods. A systematic overview of the published literature was combined with a consensus process around the interpretation of the evidence in the context of conventional practice to develop an evidence‐based practice guideline.Results. Four meta‐analyses and 17 randomized clinical trials comparing anthracycline‐based adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation were reviewed. The Sarcoma Meta‐Analysis Collaboration (SMAC) was the best analysis because it assessed individual patient data and had the longest follow‐up. The results of the SMAC meta‐analysis together with data from more recently published randomized trials, as well as our analysis of the toxicity and compliance data, are incorporated in this systematic review.Discussion. It is reasonable to consider anthracycline‐based adjuvant chemotherapy in patients who have had removal of a sarcoma with features predicting a high likelihood of relapse (deep location, size >5 cm, high histological grade). Although the benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy are most apparent in patients with extremity sarcomas, patients with high‐risk tumours at other sites should also be considered for such therapy.
Cache behavior of combinator graph reduction
Authors: Koopman Philip J. , Lee Peter , Siewiorek Daniel P. 
Published: October 2002

The results of cache-simulation experiments with an abstract machine for reducing combinator graphs are presented. The abstract machine, called TIGRE, exhibits reduction rates that, for similar kinds of combinator graphs on similar kinds of hardware, compare favorably with previously reported techniques. Furthermore, TIGRE maps easily and efficiently onto standard computer architectures, particularly those that allow a restricted form of self-modifying code. This provides some indication that the conventional "stored program" organization of computer systems is not necessarily an inappropriate one for functional programming language implementations.
This is not to say, however, that present day computer systems are well equipped to reduce combinator graphs. In particular, the behavior of the cache memory has a significant effect on performance. In order to study and quantify this effect, trace-driven cache simulations of a TIGRE graph reducer running on a reduced instruction-set computer are conducted. The results of these simulations are presented with the following hardware-cache parameters varied: cache size, block size, associativity, memory update policy, and write-allocation policy. To begin with, the cache organization of a commercially available system is used and then the performance sensitivity with respect to variations of each parameter are measured. From the results of the simulation study, a conclusion is made that combinator-graph reduction using TIGRE runs most efficiently when using a cache memory with an allocate-on-write-miss strategy, moderately large block size (preferably with subblock placement), and copy-back memory updates.
The CLP( ℛ ) language and system
Authors: Jaffar Joxan , Michaylov Spiro , Stuckey Peter J. , Yap Roland H. C. 
Published: October 2002

The CLP( ℛ ) programming language is defined, its underlying philosophy and programming methodology are discussed, important implementation issues are explored in detail, and finally, a prototype interpreter is described.
CLP( ℛ ) is designed to be an instance of the Constraint Logic Programming Scheme, a family of rule-based constraint programming languages defined by Jaffar and Lassez. The domain of computation ℛ of this particular instance is the algebraic structure consisting of uninterpreted functors over real numbers. An important property of CLP( ℛ )is that the constraints are treated uniformly in the sense that they are used to specify the input parameters to a program, they are the only primitives used in the execution of a program, and they are used to describe the output of a program.

Implementation of a CLP language, and of CLP( ℛ ) in particular, raises new problems in the design of a constraint-solver. For example, the constraint solver must be
incremental
in the sense that solving additional constraints must not entail the resolving of old constraints. In our system, constraints are filtered through an inference engine, an engine/solver interface, an equation solver and an inequality solver. This sequence of modules reflects a classification and prioritization of the classes of constraints. Modules solving higher priority constraints are isolated from the complexities of modules solving lower priority constraints. This multiple-phase solving of constraints, together with a set of associated algorithms, gives rise to a practical system.
Improving the ratio of memory operations to floating-point operations in loops
Authors: Carr Steve , Kennedy Ken 
Published: October 2002

Over the past decade, microprocessor design strategies have focused on increasing the computational power on a single chip. Because computations often require more data from cache per floating-point operation than a machine can deliver and because operations are pipelined, idle computational cycles are common when scientific applications are executed. To overcome these bottlenecks, programmers have learned to use a coding style that ensures a better balance between memory references and floating-point operations. In our view, this is a step in the wrong direction because it makes programs more machine-specific. A programmer should not be required to write a new program version for each new machine; instead, the task of specializing a program to a target machine should be left to the compiler.
But is our view practical? Can a sophisticated optimizing compiler obviate the need for the myriad of programming tricks that have found their way into practice to improve the performance of the memory hierarchy? In this paper we attempt to answer that question. To do so, we develop and evaluate techniques that automatically restructure program loops to achieve high performance on specific target architectures. These methods attempt to balance computation and memory accesses and seek to eliminate or reduce pipeline interlock. To do this, they estimate statically the balance between memory operations and floating-point operations for each loop in a particular program and use these estimates to determine whether to apply various loop transformations.
Experiments with our automatic techniques show that integer-factor speedups are possible on kernels. Additionally, the estimate of the balance between memory operations and computation, and the application of the estimate are very accurate—experiments reveal little difference between the balance achieved by our automatic system that is made possible by hand optimization.
Should your specification language be typed
Authors: Lamport Leslie , Paulson Lawrence C. 
Published: October 2002

Most specification languages have a type system. Type systems are hard to get right, and getting them wrong can lead to inconsistencies. Set theory can serve as the basis for a specification language without types. This possibility, which has been widely overlooked, offers many advantages. Untyped set theory is simple and is more flexible than any simple typed formalism. Polymorphism, overloading, and subtyping can make a type system more powerful, but at the cost of increased somplexity, and such refinements can never attain the flexibility of having no types at all. Typed formalisms have advantages, too, stemming from the power of mechanical type checking. While types serve little purpose in hand proofs, they do help with mechanized proofs. In the absence of verificaiton, type checking can catch errors in specifications. It may be possible to have the best of both worlds by adding typing annotations to an untyped specification language.
We consider only specification languages, not programming languages.
Program transformations in a denotational setting
Authors: Nielson Flemming 
Published: October 2002

Program transformations are frequently performed by optimizing compilers, and the correctness of applying them usually depends on data flow information. For language-to-same-language transformations, it is shown how a denotational setting can be useful for validating such program transformations.
Strong equivalence is obtained for transformations that exploit information from a class of forward data flow analyses, whereas only weak equivalence is obtained for transformations that exploit information from a class of backward data flow analyses. To obtain strong equivalence, both the original and the transformed program must be data flow analysed, but consideration of a transformation-exploiting liveness of variables indicates that a more satisfactory approach may be possible.
Killing Time
Authors: Bertman Stephen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe ancient Greek god who symbolized time was Chronos, spelled with the letter chi, or "ch." Greek mythology also tells of another god named Kronos, spelled with a kappa, or "k." The similarity in the sound of gods' names paralleled a similarity in their natures: both were primordial deities, and both were all-devouring. Kronos, in particular, was said to have castrated his father to gain power and to have swallowed his children to retain it. Due to the electronic speed-up of contemporary life, Time (Chronos) is increasingly coming to resemble Kronos in its actions and effects. By distancing us from the past, it is emasculating our sense of history.By accelerating our behavior, it is swallowing our very humanity.