bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of local scour depth around bridge piers: modelling based on machine learning approaches
Authors: Kumar Virendra , Baranwal Anubhav , Das Bhabani Shankar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scouring is a threat to the foundations of bridges, and it frequently results in bridge collapse. Recently, machine-learning approaches have become quite popular in solving hydraulic and hydrologic problems. The present study adopted adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) and gene expression programming (GEP) to model bridge pier scour depth. A temporal scour depth relationship has been proposed based on ANFIS and GEP approaches. In this paper, 500 data sets have been used to model the temporal scour depth using ANFIS and GEP models, in which 80% (400) data sets for training and 20% (100) datasets for testing purposes are used to develop the model. The performance of the GEP model is validated by comparing the results of the developed ANFIS model and other existing empirical equations. It is found that the GEP-based scour depth prediction model is effective in training and validation. The present GEP model accurately predicts the scour depth with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) value of less than 12% and an R2 value greater than 0.85. Thus, the GEP model can be utilized to predict scour depth around the bridge pier for unsteady flow conditions.
How deep convolutional neural networks lose spatial information with training
Authors: Tomasini Umberto M , Petrini Leonardo , Cagnetta Francesco , Wyart Matthieu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central question of machine learning is how deep nets manage to learn tasks in high dimensions. An appealing hypothesis is that they achieve this feat by building a representation of the data where information irrelevant to the task is lost. For image datasets, this view is supported by the observation that after (and not before) training, the neural representation becomes less and less sensitive to diffeomorphisms acting on images as the signal propagates through the network. This loss of sensitivity correlates with performance and surprisingly correlates with a gain of sensitivity to white noise acquired during training. Which are the mechanisms learned by convolutional neural networks (CNNs) responsible for the these phenomena? In particular, why is the sensitivity to noise heightened with training? Our approach consists of two steps. (1) Analyzing the layer-wise representations of trained CNNs, we disentangle the role of spatial pooling in contrast to channel pooling in decreasing their sensitivity to image diffeomorphisms while increasing their sensitivity to noise. (2) We introduce model scale-detection tasks, which qualitatively reproduce the phenomena reported in our empirical analysis. In these models we can assess quantitatively how spatial pooling affects these sensitivities. We find that the increased sensitivity to noise observed in deep ReLU networks is a mechanistic consequence of the perturbing noise piling up during spatial pooling, after being rectified by ReLU units. Using odd activation functions like tanh drastically reduces the CNNs’ sensitivity to noise.
Infanticide
Authors: Brockington Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘infanticide’ covers the killing of infants and children in a wide variety of circumstances. During the nineteenth century it referred to the killing of the new born, which, since Resnick, has been renamed ‘neonaticide’; indeed, Beck included criminal abortion as a form of infanticide. All other forms of killing of infants and children by their parents were called ‘child murder’, and are now called ‘filicide’. In this chapter the various forms of infanticide will be considered in turn, as distinct phenomena.
Probability
Authors: Cruickshank Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A probability is a number between 0 and 1; that is, it lies in the interval [0,1]. A probability is the long-term relative frequency of an event. The probability of throwing a six with a fair die is 1/6, because if we continue long enough, then a six will appear on approximately 1/6 of the throws. The longer we continue throwing, the closer will the relative frequency be to the expected value.
Patients as partners in medical education
Authors: Kelly Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Patients as Partners’ is a learning approach introduced at St. Bartholomew’s and the Royal London Hospital School of Medicine. It is based on the belief that the training of doctors needs to be more patient-focused and less disease-oriented. It challenges the traditional passive role of patients in medical education by enabling them to be active facilitators of learning. It abo seeks to foster relationships between future doctors and patients based on mutual respect for each other’s expertise. Many people feel that they lose their identity and autonomy when they become patients and enter a hospital which is frequently seen as an alien environment and the doctors’ domain. It was felt that there was a need to redress the balance to enable students and patients to work together, within a more positive learning relationship.
Kilovoltage X-rays
Authors: Klevenhagen S C , Thwaites D I , Aukett R J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kilovoltage X-ray equipment has been widely used, and many older texts discuss equipment and techniques extensively. In recent years its use has diminished as megavoltage X-rays and, more recently, electrons have replaced it for most clinical applications. However, kilovoltage X-rays still have a role to play in the range of modalities available in radiotherapy. Their advantages are generally those of low cost compared with megavoltage units, because of the relative simplicity of design and operation, and the use of simple collimation and field shaping.
The Meniscus—Structure, Composition, and Pathology
Authors: Dudhia Jayesh , McAlinden Audrey , Muir, Paula , Bayliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The menisci of the human knee joint are two crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous elements that play a critical role in the maintenance of normal synovial articulation. Once described as the functionless remains of leg muscle,(1) the menisci are now known to be integral components of the knee and to contribute significantly to its biomechanical properties.
The Knee
Authors: Perry David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The knee is the largest joint in the human body and in some lower mammals three distinct synovial cavities are found. The human joint has two tibiofemoral components and one patellofemoral, connected by the same synovial cavity. It is a modified hinge joint that also shows gliding and rotation of the articular surfaces on each other. As it is not constrained by the shape of its bones, it depends for stability on internal (cruciates and menisci) and external (capsule and capsular ligaments) soft tissues, supported by muscular function/co-ordination.
Quantitative genetics
Authors: Cardno Alastair , McGuffin Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantitative genetics has traditionally been based on investigations of continuous or ‘metric’ phenotypes, where there are measurable differences between individuals, rather than on phenotypes that are simply present or absent (Falconer and Mackay 1996). Most characteristically, this involves phenotypes that tend to show a normal distribution in the population, such as height, weight or IQ-test scores. However, a similar approach can be taken to studying phenotypes that occur as an ordered series of classes (e.g. graded severity of a disorder), or as dichotomous (present/absent) phenotypes that do not show classical Mendelian inheritance, and this includes the presence or absence of all common psychiatric disorders.
Psychopharmacogenetics
Authors: Kerwin Rob W , Arranz Maria J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pharmacogenetic research is dedicated to the discovery of genetic alterations that affect drug action with the aim of producing safer and more effective clinical treatment. Although initially pharmacogenetics was consigned to the study of mutations in single genes affecting drug metabolism, it has been extended to cover single and multigenic variation in drug metabolism or action. The field of pharmacogenetics originated 50 years ago with the discovery of differences in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs between individuals. Biochemical research into drug metabolizing enzymes combined with molecular genetics lead to the identification of mutations related to poor metabolizing of drugs.
Confessions of a physicalist
Authors: Harrison John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the vast majority of us sensation is neatly divided into touch, vision, hearing, taste and smell—the five senses. However, in various fields of artistic endeavour there seem to have been attempts to bring these sensations together. The artist Kandinsky, for example, sought to imbue his canvasses with a sound dimension (‘Klangen’), and composers such as Scriabin have deliberately sought to create a visual impression through their music.
Through a cloudy lens
Authors: Harrison John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every now and then a whole branch of science bounds forward because of a new technological breakthrough. Think, for example, of the discoveries that were made possible by the invention of optical devices that could make small things bigger. Galileo’s (1564—1642) telescope gave us an understanding of the night sky and Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s (1632—1723) first scientific use of the microscope revealed to us flora and fauna of whose very existence we were unaware. These developments hugely increased our understanding of the world and its place in the universe.
It can’t be genetic, can it?
Authors: Harrison John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the last few chapters we have either speculated about or cited evidence suggesting that synaesthesia might be an inherited condition, i.e. it has a genetic component. By pure coincidence, in my email inbox this morning was an invitation from the editor of Nature to visit its web page and download a paper authored by a consortium of 62 scientists from Japan, Germany, France, Switzerland, the United States, and Britain.
1793–1795
Authors: Gill Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 21 January 1793 Louis XVI was guillotined in Paris. Eight days later two poems were published in London, An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches, ‘By W. Wordsworth, B.A. of St. John’s, Cambridge’. To bring these two events together may seem factitious, but it will serve to underline what was most important in Wordsworth’s life at that time. For him, George Eliot’s observation that ‘there is no private life which has not been determined by a wider public life’ was a fact of bitter experience. At every point he was under pressure from events which were beyond his control, grand happenings on the world stage which made his own anxieties seem both insignificant by contrast and yet also more intense.
Is the scientific paper a fraud?
Authors: Medawar Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have chosen for my title a question: Is the scientific paper a fraud? I ought to explain that a scientific ‘paper’ is a printed communication to a learned journal, and scientists make their work known almost wholly through papers and not through books, so papers are very important in scientific communication. As to what I mean by asking ‘is the scientific paper a fraud?’-I do not of course mean ‘does the scientific paper misrepresent facts’, and I do not mean that the interpretations you find in a scientific paper are wrong or deliberately mistaken. I mean the scientific paper may be a fraud because it misrepresents the processes of thought that accompanied or gave rise to the work that is de scribed in the paper. That is the question, and I will say right away that my answer to it is ‘yes’. The scientific paper in its orthodox form does embody a totally mistaken conception, even a travesty, of the nature of scientific thought.
Cloning People
Authors: Putnam Hilary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Ian Wilmut and his co-workers at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh announced early in I 997 that a sheep ‘Dolly’ had been successfully cloned, there was an amazing spontaneous reaction. People all around the world felt that something morally problematic was threatening to happen. I say ‘threatening to happen’, because most of the concern centres not on the cloning of sheep, guinea pigs, etc., but on the likelihood that sooner or later someone will clone a human being. And I say ‘spontaneous reaction’ because this is probably not a case in which a moral principle that had been formulated either by traditional ethical sources, religious or secular, was clearly violated or would be violated if we succeeded in cloning people, or someone would be deprived (if the feared possibility materializes) of what is already recognized to be a human right.
Bad Genetic Luck and Health Insurance
Authors: Burley Justine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Knoppers locates three sources of public concern over access to genetic information: the potential for discriminatory uses of such information by insurers and employers; the fear that genetic-based discrimination will affect individuals’ decision-making about health; and the implications of disclosure of genetic information for privacy and confidentiality in various domains including that of the family. Professor Knoppers covers much difficult ground and offers, in the process, many insights into the problems we are facing as well as sensible solutions to them. My own discussion will be limited to an exploration of a view suggested by Knoppers’s proposals for how the use of genetic information in the insurance market should be constrained.
Kansas City Jazz
Authors: Driggs Frank , Haddix Chuck 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There were but four major galaxies in the early jazz universe, and three of them--New Orleans, Chicago, and New York--have been well documented in print. But there has never been a serious history of the fourth, Kansas City, until now. In this colorful history, Frank Driggs and Chuck Haddix range from ragtime to bebop and from Bennie Moten to Charlie Parker to capture the golden age of Kansas City jazz. Readers will find a colorful portrait of old Kaycee itself, back then a neon riot of bars, gambling dens and taxi dance halls, all ruled over by Boss Tom Pendergast, who had transformed a dusty cowtown into the Paris of the Plains. We see how this wide-open, gin-soaked town gave birth to a music that was more basic and more viscerally exciting than other styles of jazz, its singers belting out a rough-and-tumble urban style of blues, its piano players pounding out a style later known as “boogie-woogie. “ We visit the great landmarks, like the Reno Club, the “Biggest Little Club in the World, “ where Lester Young and Count Basie made jazz history, and Charlie Parker began his musical education in the alley out back. And of course the authors illuminate the lives of the great musicians who made Kansas City swing, with colorful profiles of jazz figures such as Mary Lou Williams, Big Joe Turner, Jimmy Rushing, and Andy Kirk and his “Clouds of Joy. “ Here is the definitive account of the raw, hard-driving style that put Kansas City on the musical map. It is a must read for everyone who loves jazz or American music history.
Until the Real Thing Comes Along
Authors: Driggs Frank , Haddix Chuck 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following Bennie Moten’S Death, his nephew Bus attempted, in vain, to keep the band going under Bennie’s name. In mid-April 1935, the Bennie Moten Orchestra, directed by Bus Moten, opened at the Cocoanut Grove, a spacious nightclub sporting a Hawaiian theme complete with palm trees and dancers decked out as hula girls. Located at the busy intersection of 27th and Troost Avenue, the Cocoanut Grove had only recently opened its doors to African American patronage. Basie left the band during the second week of the engagement, as he felt “with Bennie Moten himself gone, it just wasn’t the same anymore. “1 Count Basie got along well with Bus and left on good terms, but other band members found Bus to be overbearing, an unwelcome change from Bennie’s laid-back leadership. “He’d [Bus] holler at the boys ‘cause somebody’d make a note wrong or somebody’d be late, “ Buster Smith declared. “He’d fuss and raise sin. Bennie was a fine skillful [leader]; he was very cooperative. Know how to talk to you, never would get mad whatever you did. He was a good fella. “2 Bus managed to keep a semblance of the original band going under Bennie’s name for the next year, but one by one, key members deserted until it became the Bennie Moten band in name only. Finally Bus could no longer financially sustain the big band, so he disbanded it and formed a small combo with George E. Lee.
Depression Children and War Babies
Authors: Tuttle William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
War was on The Mind s of the homefront children. “I was born September 3, 1939,” wrote one girl. “Some date, right?” Germany had just invaded Poland, thus triggering the Second World War. “For me,” she continued, “there was always War until I was six years old.” But the effects of the war were variable, depending upon numerous factors, one of the most important being chronological age. Clearly, children’s perceptions of what the war was varied from one age to the next.
Thought Without Representation
Authors: Perry John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I see a cup of coffee in front of me. I reach out, pick it up, and drink from it. I must then have learned how far the cup was from me, and in what direction, for it is the position of the cup relative to me, and not its absolute position, that determines how I need to move my arm. But how can this be? I am not in the field of vision: no component of my visual experience is a perception of me. How then can this experience provide me with information about how objects are related to me?
Combustion Species Detection by Resonance-Enhanced Ionization
Authors: Cool Terrill A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Methods for efficient, controlled combustion, without contamination of the environment from harmful by-products, are urgently needed to meet increasing demands for energy and for the safe disposal of hazardous wastes. In the past several years laser-based diagnostic methods have been under development for in situ detection and monitoring of flame species. Such laser-based methods are used in studies of combustion reaction mechanisms in laboratory flames to supplement information gained by direct sampling and mass spectrometric species detection.
Kant‘s Transcendental Psychology
Authors: Kitcher Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on a series of published essays, this book presents a clear account of Kant's views about the capacities a thinking subject must have to be capable of thought. This aspect of Kant's philosophy has been largely ignored by twentieth-century writers. From Kant's analysis of the necessary capacities for thought, Kitcher derives a new interpretation of the structure for the deduction of categories in The Critique of Pure Reason. She defends Kant's belief in the necessity of concepts that occur across all our thinking. She goes on to illuminate the problem of thinking itself, elucidating the uniquely useful set of starting assumptions about what thinking really involves, which are to be found in Kant's work.
Rape, Murder, and Revenge in “Slavery’s Pleasant Homes”: Lydia Maria Child’s Antislavery Fiction and the Limits of Genre
Authors: Karcher Carolyn L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I could not write the story as he told it. If I were to use the English tongue with the nervous strength that he did, when he told the bitterest portion of his tale, all the women in the land would tear the pages out of the fair volume; yet, alas! if we but knew it, when we mention the word Slavery, we sum up all possible indecencies as well as all possible villainies. In the cover of its consonants and vowels lie hid all manner of evils, that woman dare not name, even though to name were to avert them from half their sex. Caroline Healey Dall, “The Inalienable Love” (1858).
Relic, Fetish, Femmage: The Aesthetics of Sentiment in the Work of Stowe
Authors: Wardley Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When, in the middle of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Ophelia steps into Dinah’s kitchen, she enters the “Chaos and Old Night” of the plantation household, evidenced in the famous catalogue of Dinah’s accumulations. “The more drawers and closets there were” in the St. Clare pantry, “the more hiding holes Dinah could make for the accommodation of old rags, hair combs, ribbons, cast-off artificial flowers, and other articles of vertu wherein her soul delighted” (I. 298-299). The revelation of the cook’s pomade stored in a gilded china dish further alarms the guest from Vermont, for whom such an unpalatable mix as Dinah’s “har grease” in her “mistress’s best saucers” be speaks only the jumble of the savage mind (I. 300). Ophelia determines that Old Dinah is hopelessly “shif’less” and that Dinah’s mistress, the indolent aristocrat Marie St. Clare, is criminally helpless, and here the New England spinster’s “reformatory tour” begins in earnest (I. 298).
Alternative Control Strategies
Authors: Gold Roger E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The control of any organism, including the German cockroach is dependent on the elimination, modification, or contamination of one or more of their requisites for life. Included in these requisites are food, water, air, others of the same species (reproductive unit), and favorable environment in terms of temperature and other factors. This environment would include adequate harborage, favorable temperatures and humidities, the lack of pathogenic disease, parasites and predators, and limited competing species. Theoretically, provided with enough space and ample resources, a group of German cockroaches could experience unrestricted population growth. The converse of this hypothesis is that if requisites can be diminished or altered, the population potential of the species could be reduced or taken to such very low levels they would not be considered a pest. While this concept is valid, the German cockroach has proven to be a formidable foe due to its behavioral and physiological adaptability, reproductive potential and, consequently, ubiquitous distribution throughout the world. Even with the advent and promotion of Integrated Pest Management (1PM) programs for German cockroaches, we have generally relied on the use of pesticides, including insect growth regulators (IGRs), as the key direct control technology in these 1PM programs. There has, however, been a great deal of scientific and observational work done on the management of cockroach populations with non-chemical methods. Often these approaches are termed alternative or indirect control measures, and include many of the mechanical or physical processes associated with sanitation and habitat modification. This chapter will emphasize research done with the alternative methods, which generally are used most effectively within the context of an overall management program which includes pesticides, rather than specifically excluding pesticide use.
Sperm Washing
Authors: Mortimer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To be potentially functional ejaculate spermatozoa must be separated from seminal plasma quickly and efficiently. Prolonged exposure to seminal plasma results in marked declines in both sperm motility and vitality, which is not the case if spermatozoa are incubated for comparable periods in synthetic culture medium free of seminal plasma contamination. By virtue of constituents that inhibit or reverse capacitation, the presence of seminal plasma in in vitro fertilization systems inhibits the occurrence of acrosome reactions and hence the fertilizing ability of the spermatozoa.