bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical application of basic research on continuous passive motion for disorders and injuries of synovial joints: A preliminary report of a feasibility study
Authors: Salter Robert B. , Hamilton Henry W. , Wedge John H. , Tile Marvin , Torode Ian P. , O'Driscoll Shawn W. , Murnaghan John J. , Saringer John H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSince 1970, when the concept of continuous passive motion (CPM) was originated by one of the authors (R.B.S.), he and a succession of his research fellows have investigated its biological effects on the healing and regeneration of articular tissues in a wide variety of experimental models in rabbits. From this basic research he concluded that CPM is well tolerated, seems to be painless, stimulates the healing and regeneration of articular tissues, prevents joint stiffness, and permits the normal healing of arthrotomy incisions. Beginning in 1975, one of the authors (H.W.H.), and in 1978, the remaining authors, (from two additional Canadian cities) applied the knowledge from the basic research on CPM to the orthopaedic care of human patients. The CPM devices for humans (CPM Mobilimbs®), which have been designed in collaboration with University of Toronto engineers, include, to date, devices for the ankle‐knee‐hip, the elbow, and the finger. Indications for CPM in patients have been the immediate postoperative management following such operative procedures as open reduction and internal fixation of fractures, arthrotomy and arthrolysis for post‐traumatic arthritis, synovectomy, surgical drainage for septic arthritis, release of extraarticular contractures, metaphyseal osteotomies, total joint replacement, and ligamentous reconstruction. The case reports of nine selected patients are presented as examples of the clinical application of CPM. These patients have been relatively free of pain, have maintained the increased motion gained at operation, and have accepted the application of CPM well. There have been no complications of CPM; the operative wounds have healed well and the period of hospitalization has not been prolonged. The authors believe that the clinical application of CPM is feasible and that the clinical and radiographic results of CPM in these patients are encouraging. Long‐term, prospective clinical investigations (including control patients in whom CPM is not used) will be requited to assess the efficacy of CPM in relation to the various stated indications.
Ligamentous structures of the metacarpophalangeal joint: A quantitative anatomic study
Authors: Minami Akio , An Kai‐Nan , Cooney William P. , Linscheid Ronald L. , Chao Edmund Y. S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe ligamentous structure of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of the index finger in human cadavers was studied by gross examination and quantitative measurement. Anatomically, the collateral ligament is separable into two layers, with the precise origin arising from the metacarpal head and inserting on the proximal phalanx. Quantitatively, the change in length of the collateral ligament was studied with biplanar radiographic techniques. The distance between the origin and insertion of the collateral ligament changed in different portions of the ligament when the joint was moved from a position of hyperextension to that of flexion. When the MCP joint was flexed from 0° to 80°, the dorsal portions of both the radial and ulnar collateral ligaments were lengthened (3–4 mm). The middle portions of both ligaments were slightly elongated (0.4–1.0 mm), and the volar portions of the ligaments were shortened (1–2 mm). When the MCP joint extended into hyperextension, the dorsal portions of the ligaments shortened 2–3 mm, the middle thirds of the ligaments shortened slightly, and the volar thirds of the ligaments lengthened. The results of this study suggest that the dorsal and volar portions of the collateral ligament provide MCP joint constraint at the flexed and extended positions, respectively.
Carrying angle of the human elbow joint
Authors: An K. N. , Morrey B. F. , Chao E. Y. S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPrevious elbow kinematic studies have created some controversy because of conflicting and contradictory results. The lack of consistent results may be traced to the limitations and definitions of the specific measurement techniques, as well as individual variations in the specimens. To resolve this issue, a rigorous theoretical analysis of elbow kinematics was performed based on available anatomic and geometric data of the skeleton with consideration of anthropometric variations. Three definitions have been adopted previously for the measurement of the carrying angle of the elbow joint. The relationships of these three definitions of the carrying angle as a function of the elbow joint flexion angle were evaluated. Clinically, the dynamic change of carrying angle may have little practical significance. However, the variation is reflected in differences in design criteria of the resurfacing and semiconstrained elbow replacement implants.
Effects of freezing and freeze‐drying on the biomechanical properties of rat bone
Authors: Pelker Richard R. , Friedlaender Gary E. , Markham Thomas C. , Panjabi Manohar M. , Moen Clinton J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe effects of various preservation techniques on the biomechanical properties of bone have been investigated in a rat model. Freezing of the specimens to −20°C, −70°C, and −196°C did not adversely affect the strength of long bones tested in torsion or of vertebral bodies tested in compression. Freeze‐drying did not markedly affect the compression properties of the vertebral specimens; however, it did produce a significant deleterious reduction in the torsional strength of the long bones.
Metal ion release from titanium‐based prosthetic segmental replacements of long bones in baboons: A long‐term study
Authors: Woodman J. L. , Jacobs J. J. , Galante J. O. , Urban R. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractForty‐five baboons that had received titanium‐based fiber metal composite segmental bone replacements were studied along with 13 controls without implants. Thirty‐eight baboons with implants were sacrificed, and titanium, aluminum, and vanadium levels were assayed in homogenized lung, kidney, spleen, liver, adjacent muscle, and regional lymph nodes. In seven living baboons with implants, blood and urine samples were obtained for trace metal analysis as well as for biochemical and hematological profiles. In the 38 sacrificed baboons with implants, increased titanium levels were noted in the lungs, spleen, adjacent muscle (quadriceps, soleus, and triceps), and regional lymph nodes (inguinal, axillary, and popliteal) in comparison to those of six sacrificed controls without implants. In addition, vanadium was significantly elevated in the lungs of some animals, while aluminum increases were noted in adjacent muscle (quadriceps, soleus, and triceps), lung, and regional lymph nodes (inguinal, axillary, and popliteal). In the seven living baboons with implants, a sixfold increase (p < 0.0005) in the urine titanium level was noted in comparison to that of seven living controls without implants. Additionally, elevated aluminum levels were found in the serum (p < 0.0005) of the group with implants. Biochemical and hematological studies did not indicate statistically significant differences in serum electrolytes, in liver and renal function tests, or in complete blood counts between the seven living baboons with implants and their controls.
Electrostimulation of rat callus cells and human lymphocytes in vitro
Authors: Aro H. , Eerola E. , Aho A. J. , Penttinen R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAsymmetrical pulsing low voltage current was supplied via electrodes to cultured rat fracture callus cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The [3H]thymidine incorporation of the callus cells and 5‐[125I]iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine incorporation of the lymphocytes were determined. The growth pattern of callus cells (estimated by cellular density) did not respond to electrical stimulation. However, the uptake of [3H]thymidine was increased at the early phase of cell proliferation and inhibited at later phases of proliferation. The [3H]thymidine uptake of confluent callus cell cultures did not respond to electrical stimulation. Lymphocytes reacted in a similar way; stimulated cells took up more DNA precursor than control cells at the early phase of stimulation. During cell division, induced by the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and Concanavalin‐A, the uptake of DNA precursor by stimulated cells was constantly inhibited. The results suggest that electrical stimuli affect the uptake mechanisms of cell membranes. The duality of the effect seems to be dependent on the cell cycle.
Flexor tendon repair in vitro: A comparative histologic study of the rabbit, chicken, dog, and monkey
Authors: Gelberman Richard H. , Manske Paul R. , Berg Jerry S. Vande , Lesker Peggy A. , Akeson Wayne H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFlexor tendon healing in four different animal species was explored in a tissue culture system. Ninety percent transverse lacerations were made in 88 tendon segments obtained from rabbits, chickens, dogs, and monkeys. The tendons were removed from culture and studied by light and electron microscopy at intervals of 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. A characteristic sequence of repair including epitenon thickening, cellular differenctiation, cell migration, and phagocytosis was seen in each of the repaired tendons. The endotenon cells of several animal tendons appeared to be synthesizing collagen. There was a consistent difference in the rate of healing between the four species. The rabbit tendons demonstrated nearly complete closure of the repair site by 12 weeks. A lesser response was seen in the chicken, followed by the dog and monkey. The differences in healing rate appeared to be due to the non‐species‐specific in vitro culture media. The in vitro flexor tendon culture system is particularly useful in studying the tendon repair responses of various species with the contributions of vascularity and synovial cells excluded.
Sequential changes in the mechanical properties of viable articular cartilage stored in vitro
Authors: Thomas Victor J. , Jimenez Sergio A. , Brighton Carl T. , Brown Norman 
Published: February 2005

AbstractViable articular cartilage from the medial femoral condyles of rabbits was stored in vitro in tissue culture medium with various additives and the same site of each specimen was mechanically tested sequentially throughout a 12‐day storage period. Indentation testing was performed with instantaneous and sustained loads. Preservation of sustained‐load carrying capacity was observed in the condyles stored with additives, indicating maintenance of an intact cartilage matrix. However, initial testing with small sustained loads (preload) showed changes not observed at higher load levels. The changes noted at small sustained initial loads may reflect alterations in cartilage surface structure and may be an early indicator of its mechanical integrity. Chondrocyte viability and proteoglycan content, as measured by 35S incorporation and hexosamine concentration, were unchanged in comparison to fresh articular cartilage.
Radiation‐induced alterations of fracture healing biomechanics
Authors: Pelker Richard R. , Friedlaender Gary E. , Panjabi Monahar M. , Kapp Daniel , Doganis Andrew 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe effects of irradiation on the normal temporal progression of the physical properties of healing fractures were studied in a rat model. Fractures were surgically produced in the femur, stabilized with an intramedullary pin, and irradiated. One group of rats was exposed to 2,500 rads in divided doses over 2 weeks, beginning 3 days after fracture, and compared to a control group with fractures which were not irradiated. Animals were sacrificed at periodic intervals and the bones were tested to failure in torsion. The torque, stiffness, and energy increased and the angle decreased for the nonirradiated specimens in the expected fashion. This progression was deleteriously altered in the irradiated femurs.
Production of a standard closed fracture in laboratory animal bone
Authors: Bonnarens Frank , Einhorn Thomas A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTo develop a technique for the production of a standard closed experimental fracture, a new apparatus was designed and tested on 40 male Sprague‐Dawley rats. First, the femur was treated with an intramedullary Steinmann pin. The femoral diaphysis was then fractured by means of a blunt guillotine driven by a dropped weight. Radiographically, this technique resulted in a highly reproducible transverse fracture. There was minimal comminution and minimal angulation of the intramedullary pin. Histologically, there was minimal soft tissue damage. Mechanical testing showed that all fractures healed. Pin removal was accomplished with ease and without disturbance of the healed fracture site. The apparatus is simple to use and inexpensive to build. Through its use, a highly reproducible closed fracture model is established.
Biosynthesis and processing of collagens in different cartilaginous tissues
Authors: Sussman Michael D. , Ogle Roy C. , Balian Gary 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe distribution, structure, and biosynthesis of various collagen types have been studied in growth and structural cartilage from young rabbits. The major collagen of cartilage is α1(II); however, all cartilage matrix also contains 1α, 2α, 3α (Type Cm), as well as a high molecular weight disulfidelinked collagen (Type M). Cartilage fragments in organ culture demonstrate synthesis of precursors of collagen α chains and processing to their final forms. Although Type Cm collagen is present in the same proportion in the matrix of growth and structural cartilage, in vitro radiolabeling of rabbit cartilage showed that only growth cartilage is capable of actively synthesizing Type Cm, except in the newborn period when synthesis of Type Cm does occur in structural cartilage. A low molecular weight collagen (designated G collagen) is synthesized in vitro by growth cartilage but not by structural or articular cartilage. Preferential distribution of these minor collagens in growth cartilage suggests a role in development during normal cartilage growth.
Keratan sulfate content and articular cartilage maturation during postnatal rabbit growth
Authors: Zirn Jon R. , Schurman David J. , Smith R. Lane 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis article describes the macromolecular changes in keratan sulfate and proteoglycan that occur in rabbit articular cartilage during postnatal development. Articular cartilage glycosaminoglycan from femoral condyles and the tibial plateaus of rabbits at 8, 12, 18, and 26 weeks and 2 years of age were extracted, fractionated, and quantified. The predominant glycosaminoglycan present in articular cartilage at 8 weeks was chondroitin sulfate. During subsequent maturation the relative proportions of keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate varied inversely. The greatest increase in the amount of keratan sulfate present in cartilage was observed between 12 and 26 weeks of age. Hyaluronic acid content was measurable at 12 weeks; afterward the amount remained relatively constant with age. Proteoglycans, extracted from 6‐, 12‐, and 22‐week‐old rabbit femoral and tibial cartilage in the presence of protease inhibitors, were analyzed on columns of Sepharose CL‐2B. Cartilage proteoglycans decreased in hydrodynamic size between 12 and 22 weeks, corresponding to the period of maximal change in content of keratan and chondroitin sulfate.
Labeling of articular cartilage surface with cationized ferritin: Aged human normal and osteoarthritic cartilage
Authors: Stanescu Ritta , Stanescu Victor , Peyron Jacques 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe labeling of the articular surface with cationized ferritin (CF), an electron–dense marker, visualizes the anionic sites and may disclose abnormal penetration of the large CF molecule into the subsurface layers. Various areas of cartilage selected by unaided eye examination were taken from femoral heads excised in three cases of osteoarthritis and two cases of hip fracture. The fragments were examined by optical microscopy and by electron microscopy after labeling with CF. The labeling with and the penetration of CF were correlated with the morphological features of the surface. The surfaces belonging to the erosion border were disrupted and the CF penetrated approximately 2 μm into the matrix along the collagen fibers and in areas containing a patchy dense material. Prefixation with Karnovsky's fixative prevents CF penetration. The fragments taken at a distance from the erosion border showed at electron microscopical examination either an intact appearance of the surface that was labeled without penetration or a disrupted surface with penetration of the label. The osteophytes and the regeneration buds surface were labeled showing little or no penetration. The fragments from cartilage of hip fractures had either an intact surface regularly labeled or a slightly or moderately disrupted surface with moderate penetration of CF. The penetration of large molecules of CF in damaged cartilage demonstrates important permeability changes that may be significant for the pathogenetic mechanism of osteoarthritis. Similar permeability changes were previously shown in mice femoral heads treated in vitro with collagenase or trypsin and labeled with CF.
Effects of mechanical loading on the tissues of the rabbit knee
Authors: Radin Eric L. , Martin R. Bruce , Burr David B. , Caterson Bruce , Boyd Robert D. , Goodwin Claudia 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe studied changes in subchondral bone and articular cartilage in an animal model of osteoarthrosis. In this model we applied repetitive impulsive loads to rabbits' knees. Their legs were held in short leg splints so the rabbits were unable to dampen the peak applied load with ankle flexion. After sacrifice, at 1 day to 6 weeks, we studied proximal tibial load‐bearing cartilage histologically, biochemically, and with radioactive sulfate uptake. We also studied the subchondral bone under that cartilage histologically, histomorphometrically, with bone scan (99mTc pyrophosphate), and by tetracycline labeling. An increase in 99mTc labeling of the subchondral bone was the first reliable change observed. This was followed by an increase in tetracycline labeling, bone formation, and a decrease in porosity, which has been associated with relative stiffening of bone. Horizontal splitting and deep fibrillation of the overlying articular cartilage followed the early bone changes. All of these changes preceded changes in content and characterization of cartilage proteoglycans or increased chondrocyte activity as manifested by incorporation of radioactive sulfate. In this model the early bone changes preceded changes in the articular cartilage. The deep splitting of articular cartilage occurred prior to metabolic alteration of that tissue.
Dupuytren's disease: Comparative growth dynamics and morphology between cultured myofibroblasts (nodule) and fibroblasts (cord)
Authors: Berg Jerry S. Vande , Gelberman Richard H. , Rudolph Ross , Johnson Duane , Sicurello Paula 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe excised palmar fascia of 11 patients with Dupuytren's disease was separated clinically into nodules and cords. Myofibroblasts were seen by light and electron microscopy in each of the nodules, but the cords generally lacked myofibroblasts. Only one cord specimen had microscopic features that were intermediate between nodule and cord. Electron microscopy demonstrated that in vivo differences between myofibroblasts from nodules and fibroblasts from cords and control skin samples could be preserved in vitro. Growth studies showed slower growth of cultured myofibroblasts (mean ± SD generation time 68.7 ± 15 h) than cord‐derived fibroblasts (mean ± SD generation time 51.5 ± 0.9 h). These data suggest that the life cycle of the myofibroblasts from Dupuytren's disease nodules differs from that of fibroblasts found in cordlike tissues. These myofibroblasts have biological characteristics nearly identical to those of myofibroblasts found in other contracting tissues, such as granulating wounds and breast cancer.
Penetration of Staphylococcus aureus into sutured wounds
Authors: Hirshman H. Paul , Schurman David J. , Kajiyama Glen 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn animal model was developed to study whether Staphylococcus aureus could penetrate a sutured wound. Six days after bacteria were applied to sutured incisions, viable organisms could be recovered from the depths of the wounds in the majority of cases. Specifically, bacteria could be recovered in 23 of 24 wounds when they were applied 1 day after suturing, in 17 of 24 wounds when they were applied 4 days after suturing, and in 13 of 24 when applied 7 days after suturing. When Steri‐strips® were used to close the wounds, bacteria could not be recovered from any of 24 wounds when bacteria were applied 4 or 7 days after wound closure. When bacteria were applied 5 min after sutures had been placed but without incision, bacteria could be recovered in three of 12 cases and in two of 12 cases when they were applied 7 days after suturing. These results demonstrate that bacteria can penetrate sutured wounds. The sutures themselves probably contributed to this phenomenon.
Kinematic and EMG patterns during slow, free, and fast walking
Authors: Murray M. P. , Mollinger L. A. , Gardner G. M. , Sepic S. B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractKinematics and electromyographic (EMG) activity were recorded in seven normal women during walking at slow, free, and fast speeds. Speed‐related differences were found in the stride dimensions, temporal components, and most of the simultaneous displacement patterns of body segments measured. For most of the muscles tested, the amplitude of normalized EMG activity decreased as walking speed decreased. The findings emphasize the importance of accounting for the effect of speed itself on measurements of gait.
A biomechanical comparison of various methods of stabilization of subtrochanteric fractures of the femur
Authors: Tencer A. F. , Johnson K. D. , Johnston D. W. C. , Gill K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSubtrochanteric femoral fractures with and without bony contact were simulated in cadaver specimens, fixed with one of seven different types of intramedullary or plate implants, and tested biomechanically. The implants used were Enders pins, Zickel nail, compression hip screw, AO angled blade plate, and intramedullary locked nail systems of the Klemm‐Schellman, Brooker‐Wills, and Grosse‐Kempf types. Femur‐implant constructs using intramedullary devices were a maximum of 5% as stiff in torsion as intact cadaveric femora tested in the same manner, while plate‐fixed fractures were nearly 50% as stiff. In bending, all devices except the Enders pins were ∼80% as stiff as intact femora. Loss of bony contact at the fracture site had little effect on stiffness except in the case of the keyless compression hip screw, where the screw rotated freely in the barrel. In combined bending and compression to failure, a test to simulate forces due to body weight, the intramedullary locked rods were found to support between 300 and 400% of body weight while the plate systems failed at loads between 100 and 200% of body weight.