bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integration of the Extranuclear and Nuclear Actions of Estrogen
Authors: Levin Ellis R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEstrogen receptors (ERs) are localized to many sites within the cell, potentially contributing to overall estrogen action. In the nucleus, estrogen mainly modulates gene transcription, and the resulting protein products determine the cell biological actions of the sex steroid. In addition, a small pool of ERs localize to the plasma membrane and signal mainly though coupling, directly or indirectly, to G proteins. In response to steroid, signal transduction modulates both nontranscriptional and transcriptional events and impacts both the rapid and more prolonged actions of estrogen. Cross-talk from membrane-localized ERs to nuclear ERs can be mediated through growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, such as epidermal growth factor receptor and IGF-I receptor. Growth factor receptors enact signal transduction to kinases such as ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase that phosphorylate and activate nuclear ERs, and this can also occur in the absence of sex steroid. A complex relationship between the membrane and nuclear effects of estrogen also involves membrane-initiated phosphorylation of coactivators, recruiting these proteins to the nuclear transcriptosome. Finally, large pools of cytoplasmic ERs exist, and some are localized to mitochondria. The integration of sex steroid effects at distinct cellular locations of its receptor leads to important cellular physiological outcomes and are manifest in both reproductive and nonreproductive organs.
Direct Observation of Hydrogen Production from an Alcohol Polymer Stimulated by Surface Electron Current
Authors: Matsuura Hiroshi , Tanikawa Tamio , Takaba Hiromitsu , Usui Yuichi , Arimoto Hidenobu 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
We report here on direct observation of hydrogen production from an alcohol polymer stimulated by surface electron current using an atomic-force microscope (AFM) tip. The initiation of the reaction and one location of hydrogen production were identified by direct microscale observations.
Formation of Gold Nanoparticles by Good’s Buffers
Authors: Habib Ahsan , Tabata Masaaki , Wu Ying Guang 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Gold nanoparticle formation was found from tetrachloroaurate(III) in the presence of Good’s Buffers, such as 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid (MES) and 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), which are used widely in laboratories for studies of analytical, inorganic, physical, and bio-chemistry as well as biology. The obtained gold nanoparticles were examined by Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–vis), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Electrophoretic Light Scattering (ELS) in an aqueous system and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for particle morphologies. UV–vis spectra showed absorption maxima at ∼530 and ∼750 nm, depending on the buffer reagents and their concentration, pH, and ionic strength. The size and the surface zeta potential of the formed nanoparticles were 23 to 73 nm and −30 to −12 mV, respectively. The TEM pictures clearly indicated the formation of finely dispersed, chained, or aggregated gold nanoparticles, depending on the experimental conditions. The mechanism of gold nanoparticle formation was studied by the measurements of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electron spin resonance (ESR). MES and HEPES showed a positive anodic peak at approximately +800 mV vs Ag/AgCl electrode, which indicated that these buffering agents have mild reducing ability. ESR results indicated the generation of nitrogen-centered cationic free radicals from these Good’s Buffers in the presence of Au(III), resulting in the formation of gold nanoparticles. A reaction mechanism is proposed.
Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of Two New Two-Photon Photopolymerization Initiators
Authors: Yan Yun-Xing , Tao Xu-Tang , Sun Yuan-Hong , Yu Wen-Tao , Xu Gui-Bao , Wang Chuan-Kui , Zhao Hua-Ping , Yang Jia-Xiang , Yu Xiao-Qiang , Zhao Xian , Jiang Min-Hua 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Two new two-photon photopolymerization initiators, diphenyl-(4-{2-[4-(2-pyridin-4-ylvinyl)phenyl]vinyl}phenyl)amine 3 and 9-(4-{2-[4-(2-pyridin-4-ylvinyl)phenyl]vinyl}phenyl)-9H-carbazole 4, have been synthesized and their crystal structures have been determined. One-photon fluorescence, one-photon fluorescence quantum yields, one-photon fluorescence lifetimes, and two-photon fluorescence have been investigated. The results show that they are good two-photon absorbing chromophores and effective two-photon photopolymerization initiators. The calculated two-photon absorption cross sections of molecules 3 and 4 for the lowest excited state are 59.3 × 10−50 and 43.0 × 10−50 cm4 s photon−1, respectively. Two-photon initiating polymerization microfabrication experiments have been studied and the possible photopolymerization mechanisms have been discussed.
New Activators for the Coupling Reaction of Terminal Alkynes with Organic Halides
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed S , Sekiguchi Akitoshi , Shimada Tomohiro , Kawashima Jun , Mori Atsunori 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Cross-coupling reactions of terminal alkynes with organic halides catalyzed by palladium(0) or palladium(0)/Cu(I) take place in the presence of several activators, such as silver(I) oxide, tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF), and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH), to give the corresponding coupling products in good-to-excellent yields.
A New Method for the Synthesis of Organotellurium Compounds by the Use of Reductive Cleavage of the Tellurium–Tellurium Bond with Lanthanum Metal
Authors: Nishiyama Yutaka , Okada Mitsuo , Nishino Toshiki , Sonoda Noboru 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
It was confirmed that lanthanum metal is an efficient reagent for the reductive cleavage of the tellurium–tellurium bond of ditelluride. Alkyl phenyl tellurides were prepared by the reaction of diphenyl ditelluride with primary and secondary alkyl halides in the presence of lanthanum metal and a catalytic amount of iodine in moderate to good yields. The reaction was accelerated by the addition of HMPA. In addition, the reduction of ditelluride with lanthanum metal, followed by the addition of acyl or aroyl chlorides or α,β-unsaturated ester, provided the Te-phenyl tellurol esters and the β-phenyl telluro ester in moderate yields.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Phenylethynylpyridinium Derivatives for Second-Order Nonlinear Optics
Authors: Umezawa Hirohito , Okada Shuji , Oikawa Hidetoshi , Matsuda Hiro , Nakanishi Hachiro 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Several salts of 1-methyl-4-[4-(dimethylamino)phenylethynyl]pyridinium 1, whose ethenyl analogue 2 is the cation of DAST (1-methyl-4-{2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]ethenyl}pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate), were synthesized, and these properties were investigated. From a molecular-orbital calculation, the hyperpolarizability (β) of 1 was calculated to be about 80% of that of 2. The absorption maximum wavelength of 1 is shorter than that of 2. Six SHG active salts based on cation 1, including iodide and 4-substituted benzenesulfonates, were obtained in total. Among them, the crystal structures of p-chlorobenzenesulfonate salt (1c) and p-toluenesulfonate salt (1e) could be analyzed. As a result, these two have almost the same structures, and the off-diagonal second-order nonlinear optical coefficient (d) values were estimated to be about twice as large as those of DAST.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers with Signaling Function Based on the UV–Vis Spectral Change by Diastereoselective Binding Events
Authors: Takeuchi Toshifumi , Seko Akinobu , Mukawa Takashi 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Signaling cinchonidine-imprinted polymers were prepared using a polymerizable iron(III) porphyrin and/or methacrylic acid as functional monomer(s), and evaluated by chromatographic tests, Scatchard analysis, and spectroscopic analysis. An imprinted polymer prepared with an equimolar amount of the iron(III) porphyrin monomer to cinchonidine and six equivalents of methacrylic acid gave the strongest binding (Ka = 5.7 × 105 M−1) and highest selectivity (α = 14.6) for cinchonidine against its diastereomer, cinchonine. Thus, it was concluded that the iron(III) porphyrin and methacrylic acid residues worked cooperatively at the imprinted binding site. There is also the added advantage that the porphyrin provides a signaling function proportional to the chiral binding event of cinchonidine. A linear relationship was observed between the UV–vis absorbance of the imprinted polymer and the logarithm of cinchonidine concentrations, indicating that the polymer may be used as a selective cinchonidine sensing material. Moreover, various metalloporphyrins can be used as functionalized monomers in order to prepare functional MIPs for a wide range of target compounds capable of coordination with such metalloporphyrins, even if the target compounds have no characteristic UV–vis absorption or fluorescence.
Efficient Synthesis of 1,4-Dialkoxy and 1,4-Dialkyl Substituted 2,5-Divinylbenzenes via the Stille Reaction
Authors: Daoud Walid A , Turner Michael L 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
An efficient palladium catalyzed cross coupling of tributyl(vinyl)stannane with dialkoxy and dialkyl substituted 1,4-dihalobenzenes is described. This single-step coupling provides an efficient synthesis of functionalized 2,5-divinylbenzenes, which are useful precursors of 1,4-phenylenevinylene copolymers.
Test Foot Contact Time Effects in Pedestrian Slip-Resistance Metrology
Authors: Smith RH 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Pedestrian slip-resistance metrology involves the use of tribometers employing test feet on test surfaces. This paper investigates the hypothesis that measured static slip-resistance on smooth walkways increases with test foot contact time, as has been found for coefficient-of-friction testing between smooth metals. Earlier slip-resistance testing by others, as well as results from testing in the present investigation, is consistent with this hypothesis. Some tribometers cannot control contact time. If the contact-time hypothesis is correct, reproducible results cannot be obtained from such devices. The mechanism accounting for increased metallic friction with contact time, as well as its possible applicability to slip-resistance tribometry, is discussed.
Results of an Interlaboratory Study of the ASTM Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composites D 3039
Authors: Pinnell M , Fields R , Zabora R 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
An investigation was conducted on the ASTM Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composites (D 3039). This investigation consisted of both preliminary testing and an interlaboratory test program. Information generated from preliminary testing was used to determine the effects of various parameters and to optimize the interlaboratory test plan and test protocol. The interlaboratory study portion of this investigation was conducted on six composite material systems in a variety of lay-up configurations. The number of participating labs ranged from five to nine depending on the material type. Precision statistics were determined for the ASTM D 3039 standard from the data generated by the interlaboratory testing in accordance with the ASTM Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method (E 691).
Crystal structure and vibrational spectroscopy of the new acidic diphosphate (NH4)2Zn(H2P2O7)2 · 2 H2O
Authors: Capitelli Francesco , Khaoulaf Redouane , Harcharras Mohamed , Ennaciri Abdelaziz , Habyby Sidi Hmad , Valentini Veronica , Mattei Giorgio , Bertolasi Valerio 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The hydrated ammonium hemizinc dihydrogen diphosphate (NH4)2Zn(H2P2O7)2 · 2 H2O was synthesized. It crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P-1, Z = 1, with the following unit-cell-parameters: a = 7.0026(2) Å, b = 7.3297(2) Å, c = 7.7885(3) Å, α = 81.229(1)°, β = 71.064(1)°, γ = 88.172(1)°, V = 373.64(2) Å3. The structure was obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry, and a full-matrix least-squares refinement based on F
2 gave a final R
1 index of = 0.0447 (wR
2 = 0.1336), utilizing 2055 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I). The crystal packing consists in a three-dimensional network made by layers parallel to ab plane of ZnO6 octahedra sharing four vertices with H2P2O7 double tetrahedra: (NH4)+ cations fill up the cavities between tetrahedra and octahedra; strong hydrogen bonds stabilize the framework. The dihydrogendiphosphate anion (H2P2O7)2- shows bent eclipsed conformation and the Zn2+ ion lies on inversion centre. Raman and infrared spectra of (NH4)2Zn(H2P2O7)2 · 2 H2O have been collected and interpreted using factor group analysis. No coincidences observed between most of Raman and IR spectral bands confirmed the centrosymmetric structure of the title compound; the vibrational spectra point to a bent POP bridge angle.
The crystal structure of a metal-containing ionic liquid: A new octachlorotricuprate(II)
Authors: Sun Hongjian , Harms Klaus , Sundermeyer Jörg 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The crystal and molecular structure of 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octachlorotricuprate(II) has been determined at low temperature (193 K). The complex crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P-1, Z = 2, with unit cell dimensions a = 8.986(1), b = 12.595(1), c = 13.081(1) Å, α = 88.561(9), β = 79.743(9), γ = 81.724(9)° and Dx = 1.734 Mg/m3. The structure was refined by a full-matrix least-squares procedure on F
2 to final R = 0.0697 using 4366 reflections with I > 2σ(I). The copper atoms show square-pyrimidal coordination geometry with a long bond length Cu—Cl (2.623 ∼ 2.676 Å) in axial direction.
Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the γ-polymorph of glycine. 1. A polymorphic transition into a new δ-form
Authors: Boldyreva Elena V. , Ivashevskaya Svetlana N. , Sowa Heidrun , Ahsbahs Hans , Weber Hans-Peter 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The results of a high-resolution powder diffraction study of the effect of high hydrostatic pressure up to 8 GPa on the pure γ-polymorph of glycine (P31) are discussed. A phase transition with a jumpwise change of cell volume and cell parameters was observed. The transition starts at about 2.73 GPa and is still not complete even at 7.85 GPa. The crystal structure of the previously unknown high-pressure polymorph of glycine (δ-polymorph) could be solved and refined in the space group Pn. In this structure, glycine zwitter-ions are linked via NH…O hydrogen bonds into layers, which form double-layered bands via additional NH…O hydrogen bonds. The structure of the individual layers in the high-pressure polymorph is similar to that in the previously known α- (P21/n) and β- (P21) forms, but the packing of the layers is essentially different. The pressure-induced polymorphic transformation in the γ-glycine can be compared with a change in the secondary structure of a peptide, when a helix is transformed into a sheet.
Structural comparison of Ru(Cl)2(tBuNC)2(PPh3)2 isomers and relevance to their solid state isomerization reaction
Authors: Look Jennifer L. , Horwood Owen P. M. , Levendis Demetrius C. , Coville Neil J. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The solid state isomerization of ttt-RuCl2(tBuNC)2(PPh3)2 to generate cct-RuCl2(tBuNC)2(PPh3)2 demonstrates striking differences in behavior in the crystalline and powder forms. Single crystal structures of the two complexes have now been determined, and provide insight into this reaction. Comparison of the molecular structures indicates that electronic effects drive the reaction. Analysis of the crystal structures reveals that steric considerations prevent the isomerization from occurring within the crystal lattice. Lattice disruption must therefore occur concomitantly with or preceding the isomerization.
Geometric modeling of force equilibria in crystals: the “equal distance – equal force” formalism (EDEF)
Authors: Mädler Fritz , Knorr Karsten 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
For a broad class of symmetric compounds a formalism is presented which allows detection and proof of physical force equilibria on the basis of purely geomet ric considerations. To represent the atomic interactions be tween structural fragments, the traditional concept of coor dination is generalized by means of the Cartesian product of the sets of atomic coordinates of the fragments. If the physical forces between the atom pairs in the generalized coordination shells are of the same kind, translational and rotational equilibrium between fragments can be read from the geometric directions of the interactions rather than from quantitative physical laws. Partial force equilibrium, as a weaker notion of total force equilibrium, opens up a way to qualitative considerations of dynamic phenomena. Here the basic concepts of this “EDEF model” are defined and il lustrated. We also study the relationship between the EDEF formalism and the underlying symmetry and prove condi tions which are sufficient to conclude EDEF equilibria from the common symmetry elements of the fragments involved. The geometric model enables us to consider the structure of crystals from the point of view of their inner forces.
Update: Fear of Death
Authors: Penson Richard T. , Partridge Rosamund A. , Shah Muhammad A. , Giansiracusa David , Chabner Bruce A. , Lynch Thomas J. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Describe the fears that patients experience regarding death and the dying process. List the most successful methods caregivers can use to empathize with the dying patient. Discuss the benefits to physicians who share the emotional journey with patients during end-of-life care.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Shortly before his death in 1995, Kenneth B. Schwartz, a cancer patient at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) founded The Kenneth B. Schwartz Center® at MGH. The Schwartz Center® is a nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting and advancing compassionate health care delivery, which provides hope to the patient and support to caregivers and encourages the healing process. The center sponsors the Schwartz Center Rounds®, a monthly multidisciplinary forum where caregivers reflect on important psychosocial issues faced by patients, their families, and their caregivers, and gain insight and support from fellow staff members.
For many, cancer is synonymous with death. Fearing death is a rational response. For too long, medicine has ignored this primeval fear. Increasingly, clinicians recognize and address end-of-life issues, facing patients' and our own emotional vulnerabilities in order to connect and explore problems and fears. Listening and learning from the patient guides us as we acknowledge much of the mystery that still surrounds the dying process. Rarely is there a simple or right answer. An empathetic response to suffering patients is the best support. Support is vital in fostering the adjustment of patients. A silent presence may prove more helpful than well-meant counsel for many patients. Through an examination of eight caregiver narratives of their patients' experiences, the role of the health care provider in the dying process, particularly in regard to challenging fear, is reviewed.
Formation of CarbonCarbon and CarbonHeteroatom Bonds via Organoboranes and Organoborates
Authors: Negishi Ei‐Ichi , Idacavage Michael J. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract

Until recently the use of organometallics as discrete reagents and intermediates in organic synthesis had been largely restricted to a relatively few classes or compounds, such as those containing lithium and magnesium. Mainly within the last two decades, organocopper compounds and organoboron compounds have emerged as versatile and useful reagents and intermediates in organic synthesis. Except for carboranes, organoboron compounds generally exist either as tricoordinate or as tetracoordinate species. The trisubstituted derivatives of boron are called
boranes
, which may exist either as essentially trigonal planar monomeric species or as aggregates in which the boron atoms occupy the central position of an essentially tetrahedral configuration. In fact, essentially all monoorganoboranes (RBH
2
) and diorganoboranes (R
2
BH) as well as the parent borane (BH
3
) exist as the dimers, whereas triorganoboranes (R
3
B) are usually monomeric. For the sake of simplicity, however, all of these compounds are treated as monomers in this chapter, except when such a simplification is unacceptable. This chapter describes some of the key features common to various organoboron reactions used for the formation of carboncarbon and carbonheteroatom bonds and summarizes the available information on these reactions according to the product types. Hydration of olefins and acetylenes via hydroboration–oxidation was reviewed earlier, and this chapter does not update this reaction. Also excluded is a detailed discussion of the synthesis of olefins and acetylenes via organoboron compounds.
Fluorination by Sulfur Tetrafluoride
Authors: Wang Chia‐Lin J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis chapter is an update of Chapter 1 of Volume 21 ofOrganic Reactions, based on the nearly 110 publications that have appeared from 1972 through 1982. Since the nature of the reaction and its mechanistic considerations have been clearly described in the previous chapter, they are not repeated. However, mechanisms involving the reaction of sulfur tetrafluoride with certain specific compounds are discussed under “Scope and Limitations”.Sulfur tetrafluoride continues to be one of the more common fluorinating agents, especially for relatively inert substrates. Its synthetic applications are summarized.