bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ends of Medicine and Its Virtues
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In earlier chapters, we noted that the virtues acquire their standing within a moral community. So far, we have argued that they are interrelated with principles and moral rules within the context of that community and the wider society in which the practices of medicine occur. Since that society is constantly evolving, changes in the internal morality of the profession also occur. These changes are required by both the practice and its public expectations. Several problems arise in this scenario, however. One is that medicine should not be subject to the whims of the society in which it is found, and to its mores, without the self-critical examination brought to the discipline by medical ethics during the past thirty years. Examples of an uncritical acceptance of social mores include the Nazi physicians and their experiments, torturing of political prisoners in some countries in South America, or the use of psychiatric wards to detain and suppress political dissidents that occurred in the USSR.
A Crown of Glory That Fadeth Not Away
Authors: Costa Emilia Viotti da 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat and confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel and all their transgressions in all their sins, putting them upon the head of the goat, and shall send him away by the hand of a fit man into the wilderness: And the goat shall bear upon him all their iniquities unto a land not inhabited: and he shall let go the goat in the wilderness. Leviticus 16:21-22 Political trials are peculiar trials. Their goal is to reassert power and authority. A political trial is both a ritual of exorcism and a process of excommunication, whose purpose is to expel the one who has threatened the established order and raised doubts about its legitimacy. The defendant’s guilt has been decided a priori. The trial is theater, staged to reinforce community bonds, to sacralize rules and beliefs, and to demonstrate the “fair- ness” of the punishment. In such trials, the accusation, the inquiry, and the sentence expose the ideological foundations of the social “order” and offer important clues to the nature of the conflict rending it. By defining what is criminal, the trial reveals what is the norm. Political “criminals” have few choices. They may conform to the norms, admit their “guilt,” and make public penitence, in the hope their judges will be merciful (which is very unlikely considering the purposes of the trial). They may deny the ideas or actions imputed to them and plead innocence (which seldom has a better result). But they may reassert their repudiation of the norm and try to use the trial as a setting for the advocacy of their own ideas, a legitimation of their own norms, and a validation of their rebellion.
Industrialization: Managing a Socialist Enterprise
Authors: Kaple Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chinese Communist Party’s first goal in pursuing its “dream of a red factory” was to begin the process of socialist industrialization. The CCP’s proposed model was a hybrid of Soviet and indigenous thought and included a Soviet-inspired formal statement known as the “Indus­ trial Management Mechanism,” as well as its own movement to “demo­ cratize” enterprise management. Because of the plethora of contradic­ tory rules and instructions in this proposed model, it was an unwieldy and unrealistic progam for factory managers to follow.
Facets: Retellings in Therapeutic Discourse
Authors: Ferrara Kathleen Warden 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An understanding of how narratives arise and function in psychotherapy is essential to a discourse-centered ethnography of communication of this speech event because narratives are a principal component of each and every therapy session. Clients tell from one to many stories in a given hour’s session, and average four per session in the current corpus. These narratives are reconstructions of actual recent events, events of long ago, or childhood happenings in which the narrator was a participant. They are told in first person and belong to the genre of personal experience narrative.
Glimmers: Therapeutic Uses of Metaphor
Authors: Ferrara Kathleen Warden 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I focus on the actual and situated use of metaphor in therapeutic discourse from a discourse-centered perspective. This differs from the approaches taken in the vast literature on metaphor from various disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, anthropology, and linguistics. Often, in other approaches to metaphor, actual language tends to be set aside once codings are made, and extracts showing language in use are a rarity. Here, actual language is the centerpiece of my analysis, and the orientation is to the functional and interactional aspects of language in use.
New York and Chicago
Authors: James LR 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clearly, Art Knew from the beginning of his professional career-and there is no doubt that in 1928 he was already a professional-that New York was where the important action was. While Tatum was in grade school the dynamic center of jazz had moved from New Orleans to Chicago (not directly, or “up the river,” but through many indirections), and then during Tatum’s early ‘teens New York became the center of most important musical activity (clubs featuring top musicians, musical theater, music publishing, the recording industry). In effect, until you had competed and succeeded in New York, you were still in the minor leagues.
Introduction
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chemical contamination of the human environment and environmental radiation and noise did not originate at any particular time. Natural processes have been generating noise, heat, and chemical contaminants throughout most of the history of the earth. Some natural waters that are remote from human activities have levels of dissolved chemicals and radionuclides that make them unsafe by today’s standards, and the air above swamps and near geothermal springs is contaminated by sulfur gases. There have been some poisonings of humans and grazing animals by natural chemical toxicants in the fruits and foliage they consumed. Most current problems of chemical contamination, however, arise from anthropogenic sources, i.e., those attributable either directly or indirectly to human activity. In shaping the environment to our needs and convenience, we have used the earth’s resources to feed, clothe, and heat us, to power our machines, and to produce material goods. Our ability to mold our environment has enabled us to greatly increase our numbers and improve our standard of living. But in our often careless use of natural resources, we have created contamination. Although the term contamination is often used interchangeably with “pollution,” the latter is better defined as contamination to a degree that renders some resource unfit for its desired use.
Environmental Noise
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Noise contamination can be defined quite simply as unwanted sound. At high sound pressure levels it can cause temporary and/or permanent losses in our capacity to hear and/or understand speech and in our ability to hear and enjoy music. At lower sound pressure levels it can still be a significant environmental sensory stress. In order to understand how environmental acoustic noise can damage auditory capacity and interfere with human comfort and performance, we need to understand the nature of sound in our environment, as well as our capacity and limitations in sensing and interpreting auditory signals.
Nonionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electromagnetic radiation is emitted from sources in space and from anthropogenic sources on earth. It travels at a constant speed, i.e., the speed of light. The overall electromagnetic spectrum is illustrated in Figure 10–1. Energy is transmitted as a sinusoidal wave form, by time varying electric and magnetic fields. The transmission velocity, c, is described by the formula: The health effects of exposures to the various components of the electromagnetic spectrum vary greatly with frequency, and the discussion that follows outlines the sources, as well as the nature and extent of the effects that they produce. There are separate discussions on component bands within the overall spectrum, i.e., ionizing radiation, UV, visible, IR, and radio frequency (RF). The electric and magnetic fields induced by these radiations can also produce biological responses, and these responses will also be reviewed.
Ionizing Radiation and Environmental Radioactivity
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Naturally occurring ionizing radiation has always pervaded the biosphere, although this was only recognized a little more than a century ago. Ionizing radiation is electromagnetic or particulate radiation that is so named because it produces ion pairs in any material it traverses. An ion pair is a pair of charged particles, usually consisting of a negatively charged electron that has been separated from an atom, and the residual positively charged atom. Ionization occurs when the radiation transfers sufficient energy to the electron to enable it to separate and move away from the positive atom. If too little energy is given to the electron for it to move completely away from the residual atom, the ions can quickly recombine. If still less energy is transferred, the interaction will not produce ion pairs, but simply result in an atom that has more energy than normal, or an “excited atom.” Since the least strongly bound electron in an atom requires about 11 eV (see Table 11–1 for definitions of units) of energy to move away from the atom, radiation with less energy cannot cause ionization. Environmental ionizing radiation consists of high energy photons that travel at the speed of light (c = 3 X 1010 cm/sec), or charged atomic, or subatomic particles.
Cohort Studies:I Planning and Execution
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a case-control study, persons with a given disease (the cases) and persons without the given disease (the controls) are selected; the proportions of cases and controls who have certain background characteristics or who have been exposed to possible risk factors are then determined and compared. Case-control studies are also sometimes called case-comparison studies, case-referent studies, or retrospective studies. Usually cases enter the study as they are diagnosed over time, and controls enter the study as they are identified. In some studies, however, cases consist of individuals who have been diagnosed with the disease in the past. Such a study is sometimes called a “retrospective case-control study.”
Introduction
Authors: Vikner Sten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book I discuss a set of interrelated phenomena in the Germanic languages: the position of the finite verb, the various factors that determine this position, and some of the consequences that the choice of position has. These consequences are taken from the area of expletive constructions; I argue that it depends on the actual or potential position of the finite verb, whether it is possible for a noun phrase (NP) to appear outside the three following positions: the complement of a transitive verb, the complement of a preposition, and the standard subject position.
Relativised Minimality
Authors: Vikner Sten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For reasons of space, it is not possible to include a general introduction to the linguistic theory that I presuppose in the following chapters, the so-called principles and parameters model (also known as the theory of government and binding). For readers who would like such an introduction, I recommend the consultation of an introductory textbook such as Haegeman (1991), or alternatively Cook (1988), Fanselow & Felix (1987a,b), Lasnik & Uriagereka (1988), or Radford (1988).
NP-Positions in Expletive Constructions
Authors: Vikner Sten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this and the following chapter, I discuss various aspects of constructions with expletive subjects. Particularly, I show that the properties of these constructions in any given Germanic (or Romance) language are determined by the properties of finite verb movement-i.e. by whether the language has V2 and/or V0-to-l0 move ment.
Dealing With Constipation, Diarrhea, Nausea, And Vomiting
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain is not the only factor that can take its toll on a patient’s quality of life. Side effects from radiation, surgery, chemotherapy, and other medications, as well as other ailments resulting from cancer, can be the cause of significant discomfort. Just as cancer pain can be well controlled when treated aggressively, many of these other symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation, can also be effectively managed.
Special Cases: Children, The Elderly, And Patients With Special Needs
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, we’ve discussed techniques that are generally effective for controlling cancer pain. These techniques take into account the variability among individuals, recognizing that each person is unique, and that many of the techniques need to be applied differently for each individual. This is what doctors call ‘‘interindividual variability’‘-an important feature of cancer pain and its management. Yet, certain groups of individuals have special needs--namely, the very young and very old, as well as those with a history of substance abuse.
Dissidents in the Conscript Army
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 17 august 1840, the day of a great Whig political convention in Nashville, Tennessee, Jake, a slave owned by an old and respected farmer, Robert Bradford, refused to go to work. Like other blacks in the neighborhood, he wanted to go to the convention, listen to the speeches, and attend the celebrations. The overseer informed Bradford that Jake was “in an ugly mood “ and asked him what to do. Bradford said he would speak with Jake and see if he could calm him down. Bradford was unable to placate the black man and ordered his overseer to tie him up for a whipping. Jake quickly drew a knife. “Whether he aimed to cut the rope or the Overseer no one knew, “ a Nashville slave recalled, “but he made a wild thrust which killed Mr. Bradford on the spot. “
On the Run
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Along the western shore of Chesapeake Bay, the winter months of 1831-32 were harsh. The ground froze early and remained frozen until early spring. Although plowing and planting were delayed, the slaves on Doughoregan Manor (the House of Kings) in Anne Arundel County, the favorite plantation of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, went about their other daily chores much as in previous years. The last to survive among the signers of the Declaration of Independence, Carroll was an immensely wealthy man, owning a number of plantations, residential and business properties in Baltimore and Annapolis, stock certificates in banks and incorporated companies, outstanding debts and claims, herds of livestock, and a great many slaves. Indeed, during the late winter and early spring, more than 215 black men and women at the Manor were tending the horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs, mending fences, hauling rails, and making ready to plant wheat, rye, corn, and tobacco.
The Nature of Dual Attraction
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bisexuality consists of a mingling of sexual feelings, behaviors, and romantic inclinations that does not easily gel with society’s categories of typical sexuality. But just how different is bisexuality from other forms of sexual attraction? What is sexual attraction, and how do we learn to be attracted to one sex or the other, or both? Ideas about gender and gender roles are crucial factors in how we think about our sexuality. As we develop sexual identities, our frame of reference generally is not sexuality per se. Instead of learning directly to eroticize one gender or the other, we learn to act as a woman or to act as a man. A woman learns that to be an adequate woman in our society her sexual feelings and behaviors should be directed toward men, because this is “what women do,” while a man is socialized to direct his sexual feelings and behaviors toward women, because this is “what men do.” Gender, not sexuality, is the encompassing framework through which we learn and process this information.
Conclusions: Understanding Bisexuality
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We began the book by posing a riddle: how can current theories of exclusive homosexuality, with their emphasis on fixed biological characteristics, explain bisexuality? It did not seem feasible to us that these theories could do justice to the complexity of a sexual preference in which people engage in sex with both same- and opposite-sex partners and often change this mix over their lives. If current theories cannot explain these patterns, how exactly do our general conceptions of sexual preference need to be rethought?
Lincoln and McClellan
Authors: Sears Stephen W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ON OCTOBER 29, 1985, A TUESDAY, a dozen or so self-described “Civil War buffs and historians” assembled on Connecticut Avenue at California Street in Washington. The site was the equestrian statue of Major General George Brinton McClellan. The occasion was the 100th anniversary of the general’s death. Several in the group wore uniforms of Federal blue. One wore Confederate gray, in acknowledgment of the fact that one of the pallbearers at General McClellan’s funeral had been his old friend and foe, General Joe Johnston. The ceremony was brief but heartfelt and, as such things do in a city like Washington, it attracted a small crowd of curious spectators. A wreath of laurel tied with red, white, and blue ribbon was laid at the base of the statue, and there was a short address “touching on some of McClellan’s strengths.” “We Conluded ,” goes the report, ‘‘with three cheers for ‘Little Mac,’ which echoed down the avenue and over the traffic. . . .”
Lincoln and Sherman
Authors: Fellman Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing Could Be Further from the truth than the common picture of the Union war effort as some sort of well-organized, well-directed juggernaut. The Union won, of course, and historians have tended to read back into the war effort some necessary evolution toward that. victory .. As one could infer from the argument of Richard Berringer and his co-writers of Why the South Lost the Civil War&gt; perhaps the Union, which was somewhat less badly organized and motivated than the Confederacy, won by default. In any event, the mess of malice and wild disorder in Washington around the issue of civil liberties, which Mark Neely has demonstrated so vividly, ought to be extrapolated further than it has been thus far. At the center of the war effort in Washington, for lack of a bureaucratic, governmental, and martial tradition, a wide variety of officials improvised like mad and with little coordination, and managed to paste together a war effort sufficient to the day, but barely so.
Family Pathways to Child Health
Authors: Schor Edward L , Menaghan Elizabeth G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children’s physical and emotional health and their cognitive and social functioning are strongly influenced by how well their families function. A family’s functioning reflects its composition and the characteristics of its members—their talents and dispositions, their daily activities, their beliefs and values, and their experiences together and apart. Families are also shaped by the world in which they live and their positions and roles within it. As intermediaries between society and their children, parents may be buffeted or supported by external forces. This chapter will explore how changes in the composition and activities of families in the United States are affecting their abilities to safeguard and promote their children’s health. We will give particular attention to how family composition and parents’ economic roles affect children, and how family patterns of action and interaction shape the health of children, their youngest and most vulnerable members. In tracing the roots of family characteristics and behavior that alter children’s life chances and health status, we will consider the extent to which social factors—particularly parents’ education, employment and income—explain variations in what families do. We will assess the extent to which such variations in behavior directly affect children’s health even when social influences are statistically controlled. We will also explore the interaction between societal and family influences.
Care and Morality
Authors: Kultgen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Care is too important to be left to the vicissitudes of family affiliation and friendship. For there to be genuine community among any sizable group of people, solicitude must be a routine feature of daily intercourse. Since natural bonds of affection do not suffice, the group must cultivate caring relationships in a systematic way. Though no large society has ever aroused a wholehearted commitment to taking care of one another among all of its members, lesser groups-well-favored communes, brotherhoods and sisterhoods, families-have approximated the ideal. Such triumphs of care throw into relief the central place of social forms in developing solicitude.
The Role of Consent
Authors: Kultgen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The consent of persons affected by an action is an important consideration in justifying it. According to the guidelines in Chapter 6, the prospective parentalist should make a reasonable effort to get her subject to agree to her efforts to help him. However, his consent is neither necessary nor sufficient to justify intervention. It can be right to help him without his consent or in face of his opposition, and it can be wrong to help him even though he badly wants it.
Professional Parentalism
Authors: Kultgen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Swenson, an aging man dressed in neat overalls, appears at the office of James Saunders, M.D., urologist, at 8:45 A.M. The waiting room is already crowded. Swenson stands before the receptionist’s window. A matronly woman busies herself with clerical work. She finally looks up.
Progress in the Victorian Advertisement: Productive Engines and Consuming Conflagrations
Authors: Loeb Lori Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Victorian attitude toward progress was characteristically ambivalent. Victorians welcomed unprecedented material accomplishment. But by the end of the century there was a pervasive unease especially about the country's moral condition. This concern with moral progress found a number of well-known expressive avenues such as the aesthetic movement. I will argue in this chapter that advertisements, too, reflect the conflicted temper of the popular mood. Advertisements celebrate material progress; they praise its miraculous potential with grandiose images of smokestacks and production lines.