bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adrenergic agonists: clonidine and guanfacine
Authors: Newcorn Jeffrey H , Schulz Kurt P , Halperin Jeffrey M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic agonists clonidine and guanfacine were first developed as anti-hypertensive agents. However, these have agents secondary uses in psychiatry because of their effects on norepinephrine (NE) and other neurotransmitter systems. Efficacy of the α2 agonists in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders is principally derived from open studies, retrospective reviews, and case reports. There have been several controlled studies as well, but most are plagued by small sample size. Conditions in children that have been found to respond to the α2 agonists include Tourette’s disorder (TS), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), aggression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Newcorn et al., 1998). Nevertheless, the α2-adrenergic agonists are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any of these indications and, because the number of studies examining efficacy and safety remains quite limited, there are not yet clear-cut guidelines to inform clinical usage. Initial use of the α2 agonists in child psychiatry can be traced as far back as the 1970s. Cohen and colleagues (1979) first noted beneficial effects of clonidine in the amelioration of tics, (Cohen et al., 1979), and began to use it as an alternative to neuroleptic treatment in TS.
Introduction: Explosion or Implosion?
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is the United States coming apart? To put the question more delicately, is the constitutional structure of the United States undergoing a dangerous shift toward disunification? Although a basic theme to be developed in this book is that in fact the opposite is happening—that is, our political institutions are collapsing into the center—at the outset it is important to acknowledge what certainly appear to be signs of fragmentation.
The most visible and disturbing of these signs is the appearance of deep and apparently insoluble cultural and political conflicts. Disagreement about issues like abortion, homosexuality, and the place of religion in public life is sufficiently profound and systematic as to suggest that Americans are split by two fundamentally different worldviews. The danger is that this division is too wide for discourse or compromise, indeed, too wide for any peaceful resolution.’ Similarly, multiculturalism’s unsettling claims about collective guilt and racial entitlement raise the possibility of a moral and perceptual rupture significant enough to evoke images of breakdown and bloodshed.
Radical Nationalism
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the principal claims of the preceding chapters—that far from contemplating a radical antifederalist revival, the Supreme Court is actually hostile to the basic impulses underlying a robust form of federalism—may strike many as implausible if not upside down. After all, virtually everyone agrees that federalism is a basic element of our constitutional system, and it seems rash to attribute to five members of the Court a position that is profoundly hostile to that principle. And, indeed, as I described in the first chapter, there are many understandable bases for the belief that some members of the Court may actually be excessively enamored with that principle. If there is one judicial opinion that appears to support these doubts and objections, that opinion is Justice Clarence Thomas’s dissent in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, a decision that so far I have only touched on. Even Charles Fried’s sober “Foreword” in the Harvard Law Review, which is generally skeptical about the significance of “revolutionary gesture” in other recent federalism cases, concedes that the four votes in support of Thomas’s “manifesto” come “closest to revolutionary.” No other opinion has aroused as much alarm.
Judicial Supremacy and Nationhood
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is no accident that proponents of judicial supremacy use a word like “anarchy” in describing the alternatives. The deeper fear raised by the possibility of unsettled constitutional meaning is of open conflict and legal chaos. However, because judicial supremacy distances interpretations from the rich variety of experiences and understandings that make up the American political culture, reliance on centralized judicial authority does not produce stability. Indeed, it produces unrooted interpretive innovations and frequent fluctuations that themselves add to anxiety about anarchy. The paradoxical consequence is to induce ever more extravagant claims for judicial power. This can be demonstrated, I think, by a close examination of one of the most dramatic and extraordinary opinions of the twentieth century, Planned Parenthood v. Casey.
Justice, Health, and Health Care
Authors: Daniels Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A theory of justice for health and health care should help us answer three central questions. First, is health care special? Is it morally important in ways that justify (and explain) the fact that many societies distribute health care more equally than many other social goods? Second, when are health inequalities unjust? After all, many socially controllable factors besides access to health care affect the levels of population health and the degree of health inequalities in a population. Third, how can we meet competing health-care needs fairly under reasonable resource constraints? General principles of justice that answer the first two questions do not, I argue, answer some important questions about rationing fairly. Is there instead a fair process for making rationing decisions? About 20 years ago I answered the first question by claiming health care was special because of its impact on opportunity (Daniels, 1981, 1985). Specifically, the central function of health care is to maintain normal functioning. Disease and disability, by impairing normal functioning, restrict the range of opportunities open to individuals. Health care thus makes a distinct but limited contribution to the protection of equality of opportunity. Though I construed health care broadly to include public health as well as individual preventive, acute, and chronic care, I ignored other factors that have a profound effect on population health. Unfortunately, focusing on just health care adds to the popular misconception that our vastly improved health in the last century is primarily the result of health care.
Specifying the Content of the Human Right to Health Care
Authors: Hessler Kristen , Buchanan Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent wiring on the human right to health care is characterized by two trends. First, human rights scholars and health professionals emphasize that health is a complex good, promoted and protected by much more than services provided by medical professionals.This has prompted recognition that the human right to health care is not confined to entitlements to medical care alone. Second, and relatedly, some writers have attempted to delineate a universal, determinate standard defining the precise scope and content of the human right to health care (Toebes, 1999). We argue in this chapter that, whereas the first trend is an important step forward, the second is misguided. We proceed by first exploring the meaning of a human right to health care, considered in the context of the importance of health as a component of general well-being. We then consider some arguments against the claim that health care is a human right, and we show that those arguments fail. We then briefly survey three different accounts of health care as a human right. On the basis of those accounts, we demonstrate that a human right to health care is necessarily vague, and that the appropriate forum for specifying its content is through appropriate democratic political procedures, and not by moral or political theory alone.
Caring for the Vulnerable by Caring for the Caregiver: The Case of Mental Retardation1
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stories from which these paragraphs are taken have served as the inspiration for this chapter. What I set out to do here is to consider how it is that vulnerable people come to suffer, rather than thrive, in the hands of those to whom their well-being is entrusted. Frequently those who attempt to answer this question delve into the darker recesses of people’s hearts. What evil demons dwell there, they ask? While I do not doubt that sadistic impulses reside in us, and in some of us far more than in others, this is not the sort of answer I am interested in here. I want to ask about the social conditions that allow for the persistent and widespread neglect and abuse of some of the most vulnerable among us.
Justice, Health, and the Price of Poverty
Authors: Smith Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poverty, health, and health care, or rather poverty, ill health, and lack of health care are intimately connected. In this chapter I review some of the ways this is true and some major arguments about why or whether we should care. I first consider the issue of health itself, and whether a society is responsible for the conditions under which its members must live. Next, I examine the issue of health care, and whether a society has any obligation to provide it. There is no question that poverty is a health hazard. For some time now it has been statistically verified beyond any doubt that the poor get sick more often, stay sick longer, and die younger than those who are financially better off. They are also at higher risk of accidents, and are exposed to worse environmental conditions than those with greater wealth. These facts, while well established, are also widely disregarded. For example, if one were to follow the extensive media coverage one might well assume that hypertension and heart disease are primarily afflictions of high-level executives in high pressure positions. Statistics indicate otherwise: namely that the incidence of high blood pressure and heart attack increases as the levels of wealth and power decrease. Similar patterns have been shown for many (although not all) other problems of health and physical well-being. Some researchers have concluded that social class or inequality itself is a powerful health factor. Without question the farther you descend the economic ladder, the more likely you are to suffer from ill health.
Whether to Discontinue Nonfutile Use of a Scarce Resource
Authors: Kamm EM 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I consider some of the ethical problems presented by the desire to discontinue the non/utile use of a resource because it is scarce. It might be said that doctors should not do “rationing at the bedside” with patients. Rather, rationing should result from a systemwide macropolicy that ties doctors’ hands and prevents them from allocating resources as they wish. However, I shall argue that there may be an in-between case: When individuals are involved in trials for use of drugs, treatment to them might be discontinued because they do not do well enough, if and only if treating those who do better makes it possible to treat more candidates who are equally worthy. The drug clozapine, uniquely useful for treating schizophrenia, is taken as an example of such a resource made scarce because of its costliness. In the first section of the chapter I consider relevant available medical data, and I review current treatment policy involving the drug. In subsequent sections I isolate three major issues that arise in the morality of discontinuing aid: regression, doctors’ commitments to patients, and the temporal gap between denying aid to one person and providing better aid to someone else; I also deal with whether differential outcome should affect who gets helped. To examine this topic, I present, in outline, some general principles for the distribution of scarce resources and then begin to make clear what these principles might imply for the case of differential outcomes with clozapine.
Just Caring: Do Future Possible Children Have a Just Claim to a Sufficiently Healthy Genome?
Authors: Fleck Leonard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The defining theme of Philip Kitcher’s book The Lives to Come (1996) is that we are beyond the age of genetic innocence and that we have entered irrevocably the age of genetic responsibility (p. 204 ). Kitcher wants us to avoid the excesses and moral wrongs associated with the eugenics movement in the early twentieth century, advocating for what he terms “utopian eugenics.” He writes, “Utopian eugenics would use reliable genetic information in prenatal tests that would be available equally to all citizens. Although there would be wide spread public discussion of values and of the social consequences of individual decisions, there would be no societally imposed restrictions on reproductive choices-citizens would be educated but not coerced” (Kitcher, 1996, p. 202). Three key ideas comprise the core of Kitcher’s utopian eugenics: (1) respect for the procreative liberty of all, (2) equal access (no financial barriers) to the genetic technologies necessary for effective procreative liberty, and (3) a responsible social commitment to preventing “deep human suffering” (p. 192) associated with one’s genetic endowment to the extent that medicine provides us with the tools needed to achieve that objective. The primary question in this chapter springs from the second and third of those key ideas. If we take Norman Daniels’s fair equality of opportunity account of health care justice (1985) as providing us with an essential principle of health-care justice (as opposed to a full account), then what does health-care justice require of us, as a society, when it comes to determining the genetic endowment of future possible children? Buchanan, Brock, Daniels, and Wikler (2000) address this question from the perspective of a future possible capacity to do germline genetic engineering of eight cell embryos, either repairing or enhancing that genetic endowment through the replacement of some genes in those embryos with either normal or enhanced versions of those genes.
Derived Nominals and Their Satellites
Authors: Ogawa Yoshiki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Chomsky (1970) proposed the lexicalist hypothesis of nominalization, it has been widely assumed that derived nominals are formed in the lexicon and introduced into the syntactic structure under the category N, rather than formed by some syntactic movement operations. There appears to be good empirical reason to adopt the lexicalist hypothesis, since derived nominals have a couple of idiosyncratic properties that are lacking in the associated verbs and that are not expected if derived nominals are formed from verbs in the syntactic component.
Expansion and Slavery in Early National Politics
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of territorial government and its relationship to slavery arose in the 1780s, when the first state cessions of western lands made it clear that the central government of the new United States was about to take on certain attributes of an empire. Earlier, Virginia had reasserted her vast transappalachian claim but at the same time had felt some need to reconsider it in the light of the movement for independence from Britain. Republican government, according to the theory of the day, was unsuitable for the exercise of sovereignty over such a broad domain. So Thomas Jef­ ferson, in his several drafts of a state constitution, boldly provided for the creation of “new colonies” which would be “free and independent” of Virginia and of “all the world.” As finally adopted, the Virginia constitution of 1776 failed to go that far, but it did acknowledge the possibility that one or more territories might be “laid off, and Governments established Westward of the Allegheny Mountains.” At this early date, the status of slavery in the western wilder­ ness was not an issue, and neither Jefferson’s drafts nor the adopted constitution said anything on the subject.
Versus Emerson
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upcm returning from Texas, Dred Scott tried to buy his own and his family’s freedom from Mrs. Emerson, but she re­ fused. This, at least, is what he apparently told a newspaper reporter many years later. If true, the story leaves unanswered the question of why his mistress rejected the opportunity to get rid of an allegedly “shiftless” and by then middle-aged slave for whom she ob­ viously had no personal use. Perhaps Mrs. Emerson doubted her legal right to sell the Scotts, although that seems unlikely in view of the broad authority that she had been given and was exercising under her husband’s will. Perhaps the terms supposedly offered by Scott (partial payment with security for the remainder) were unsatisfactory; or, at the moment, it may just have seemed financially more advantageous to keep the slaves and hire them out.
Immunodeficiency Due to Defects of Purine Metabolism
Authors: Hirschhorn Rochelle , Candotti Fabio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic deficiency of the purine salvage enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) provides the molecular basis for approximately 40% of autosomal recessive cases of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and therefore approximately 20% of all cases of SCID (Hirschhorn, 1979b; Bertrand et al., 1999; Buckley, 2000). The identification, over two decades ago, of deficiency of ADA as the basis for immunodeficiency (MIM #102700) was serendipitous and unexpected (Giblett et al., 1972). By contrast, immunodeficiency due to genetic deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), the next enzyme in the purine salvage pathway, was identified by specific screening for deficiency of enzymes in this pathway in immunodeficient patients (Giblett et al., 1975). PNP immunodeficiency (MIM + 164050) is even rarer than ADA deficiency, having been reported in fewer than 30 unrelated families (Markert, 1991; Carpenter et al., 1996; Markert et al., 1997; Sasaki et al., 1998; Dalal et al., 2001; Baguette et al., 2002; Moallem et al., 2002; Tsuda et al., 2002; Tabarki et al., 2003; Grunebaum et al., 2004). Study of patients with these two disorders has shed light on the significance of the purine salvage pathway for lymphoid cells as well as on the potential for development of new antileukemic agents (Hirschhorn, 1993; Markert, 1994; Suetsugu et al., 1999; Hershfield and Mitchell, 2001; Dillman, 2004).
Generating Emotion: Value Systems, Emotive Stimuli, and Appraisal
Authors: O’Shaughnessy John , O’Shaughnessy Nicholas Jackson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter and the next two chapters describe the process by which emotions are generated. A process is a sequence of steps that occurs to bring about the outcome of interest, in this case emotion. For every emotional experience, there is a narrative process of antecedents, such as relevant stimuli, wants, and beliefs, that gave rise to the emotional experience. If the process is intended to be explanatory, it must show how the events in the sequence are connected in a way that makes the outcome (an emotional experience) intelligible.
Generating Emotion: Emotional Responses
Authors: O’Shaughnessy John , O’Shaughnessy Nicholas Jackson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a tradition, going back to Plato, that views emotion as the enemy of reason. For example, the emotion of fear is associated with inhibiting learning, as people are likely to forget newly acquired information after an emotional experience. Swift (1667–1745) was obsessed with the tension between reason and emotion. In his satirical masterpiece Gulliver’s Travels he juxtaposed the Houyhnhnms, equine creatures of pure reason, with the Yahoos, hairy humanoids dominated by sensual emotion. The Houyhnhnms have no word for “lie” but use the phrase “the thing that is not,” and their way of death is totally rational, with all the Houyhnhnms lining up to say a reasonable farewell to the dying. For Swift, reason alone does not make life meaningful, but emotion without the discipline of reason degrades us. This is insightful, as there is no way that emotion and reason can be considered totally independent. Emotion energizes and influences the process of deciding, while even hard reasoning involves emotional pressures. On the other hand, as Frijda points out, emotion is apt to be closed to judgments about consequences other than achieving the goal of the particular emotion (e.g., revenge).
Experimental Seizures
Authors: Somjen George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Animal models of the human condition are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of epileptic seizures and to develop drugs that can control them. Over the decades, experimental conditions have been created that present interictal discharges, absence seizures, simple and complex partial seizures with or without secondary generalization, and tonic-clonic convulsive seizures. These will now be described.
The Mechanism of Spreading Depression
Authors: Somjen George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In preceding chapters we have seen that during SD and HSD neurons, as well as glial cells, undergo profound depolarization, but neurons are the primary agents in the SD process. Chapter 15 examines the various possible ways in which the neuron membrane potential can be brought to near zero volts. The data indicate that several membrane ion channels cooperate in causing SD-related depolarization.
Lord Mountbatten’s Last Chukka, December 1946–June 1947
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wavell stayed on in London, pressing the cabinet for a “definite policy” on his breakdown plan, unaware that Attlee had already decided on his replacement. Rear-Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, called “Dickie” by his favorite cousin “Bertie,” King George VI, and by dear friends like Noel Coward, Alan Campbell-Johnson, and Winston Churchill, had served as Supreme Allied Commander of South East Asia since 1943. He and his wife, Lady Edwina Mountbatten, had met and befriended Nehru in Singapore in March 1946. The Labor Party’s Indian Chair Krishna Menon, Nehru’s closest comrade, had tirelessly urged Attlee to send Mountbatten out to India to replace Wavell as Britain’s last viceroy. Mountbatten’s royal blood appealed as much to India’s princes as his radical views and social charms did to Nehru.
The Actuarial Method
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classic loss-based approach described in the first part of this chapter is typically implemented for ABS and MBS transactions but not for CDOs. It is called actuarial because it rests on an assumption that large, well-diversified, homogeneous, and mainly amortizing pools of receivables in the seller’s portfolio give rise to stable, predictable loss distributions, and that representative loss and dispersion measures can be collected from sample data. The specifics of the actuarial approach depend on many factors: the rating agency doing the analysis; the experience, skill, and style of the analyst; and the quality and amount of data.