bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Respiratory medicine and respiratory therapy
Authors: Robinson Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide examples for using simulation and skills based teaching methods focusing on the respiratory care of patients. It is intended for all health specialties that provide respiratory care of patients, and provides examples to facilitate undergraduate and postgraduate learning. These may extend to multidisciplinary or inter-professional learning, and provide opportunities for certification or credentialing assessments. When looking through catalogues and websites, there is a vast array of part-task clinical trainers, mannequins, and simulators applicable for clinical training and respiratory care.
Society for simulation in healthcare
Authors: Raemer Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Society for Simulation in Healthcare (SSH) is the international association that provides a forum for the simulation community to share ideas, concerns, and interests (Fig. 38.1). By design, SSH is interdisciplinary and multispecialty in its programmes, leadership and membership. From its inception in 2004, SSH was envisioned as an umbrella organization that would provide a central point for regional associations with an interest in simulation to collaborate. As such, a number of organizations, such as the Society in Europe for Simulation Applied to Medicine, and the Australian Society for Simulation in Healthcare, have joint membership agreements with SSH and use the society’s journal as an official publication of their own society.
The cause of motor neuron disease
Authors: Talbot Kevin , Marsden Rachael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MND is just one of a group of neurodegenerative diseases. These are conditions in which the nervous system develops normally, functions adequately for a period of time (usually many years), but then for some reason fails because specific regions of the brain undergo cell death. As with other medical conditions, neurodegenerative diseases were described and named in an era when little was known of their cause. Neurologists grouped patients together as having a single common disease based on a combination of clinical features (what could be observed by history and examination in life) and pathological features (what could be observed under the microscope after death).
The individual patient journey
Authors: Talbot Kevin , Marsden Rachael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to understand how a disease will behave in the long term, doctors often consider their collective experience of looking after hundreds of patients. Questions about how quickly a disease will progress, the anticipated survival time and which functions will become affected with time in different patients can all be answered in this way. However, explanations about the clinical course of MND which refer to ‘the average patient’ can be extremely unhelpful to an individual living with MND. In reality, MND is a disease which is very variable. It is a fundamental part of our approach to the management of MND to consider the individual patient and their own journey through the disease.
Predicative Possession
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first comprehensive treatment of the strategies employed in the world's languages to express predicative possession, as in "the boy has a bat". It presents the results of the author's fifteen-year research project on the subject. Predicative possession is the source of many grammaticalization paths - as in the English perfect tense formed from to have - and its typology is an important key to understanding the structural variety of the world's languages and how they change. Drawing on data from some 400 languages representing all the world's language families, most of which lack a close equivalent to the verb to have, Professor Stassen aims (a) to establish a typology of four basic types of predicative possession, (b) to discover and describe the processes by which standard constructions can be modified, and (c) to explore links between the typology of predicative possession and other typologies in order to reveal patterns of interdependence. He shows, for example, that the parameter of simultaneous sequencing - the way a language formally encodes a sequence like "John sang and Mary danced" - correlates with the way it encodes predicative possession. By means of this and other links the author sets up a single universal model in order to account for all morphosyntactic variation in predicative possession found in the languages of the world, including patterns of variation over time. Predicative Possession will interest scholars and advanced students of language typology, diachronic linguistics, morphology and syntax.
Messy Morality
Authors: Coady C A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tony Coady explores the challenges that morality poses to politics. He confronts the complex intellectual tradition known as realism, which seems to deny any relevance of morality to politics, especially international politics. He argues that, although realism has many serious faults, it has lessons to teach us: in particular, it cautions us against the dangers of moralism in thinking about politics and particularly foreign affairs. Morality must not be confused with moralism: Coady characterizes various forms of moralism and sketches their distorting influence on a realistic political morality. He seeks to restore the concept of ideals to an important place in philosophical discussion, and to give it a particular pertinence in the discussion of politics. He deals with the fashionable idea of ‘dirty hands’, according to which good politics will necessarily involve some degree of moral taint or corruption. Finally, he examines the controversial issue of the role of lying and deception in politics. Along the way Coady offers illuminating discussion of historical and current political controversies. This lucid book will provoke and stimulate anyone interested in the interface of morality and politics.
Doing Justice to Musical Works
Authors: Morris Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is something puzzling about musical works. The puzzlement is ontological in a broad sense: we find it difficult to understand what kind of thing musical works are. We note, for example, that a musical work cannot be stored in a cellar, though copies of a score can be. Musical works can be performed on several occasions, though they can exist unperformed. Some musical works are written, but not all are.
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex condition relating to a hormone imbalance of the ovaries. It can cause irregular or absent menstrual cycles, reduced fertility, excess facial/body hair growth and an increased risk of diabetes. An estimated 10% of the adult female population - approximately 2 million of the 19 million adult women in Britain - are affected by PCOS. Written by a consultant endocrinologist and a dietician who run a PCOS clinic at a major hospital in the UK, this book aims to help women better understand PCOS and manage their condition. The book comprises concise chapters offering practical advice on the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. The book also includes a useful section dedicated to weight management as well as a resource section including GI and calorie tables, and a list of helpful websites. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: The Facts is an invaluable resource that will empower women with PCOS with the knowledge to take control of their health and provide them with strategies to cope with their condition.
Coping with head injury: introduction and overview
Authors: Daisley Audrey , Tams Rachel , Kischka Udo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coping with stressful and traumatic life events is something that almost all families will have to deal with at one time or another. Most of us will experience the death or serious illness of a loved one, the breakdown of a relationship, or the loss of employment, and will need to find ways to cope with the difficult circumstances that arise from these events. Head injury has been described as one of the most serious challenges a family will face, particularly because of its wide-ranging and long-lasting consequences (for both the injured person and their relatives). This book will help to guide you through the ‘maze’ of head injury so that you feel equipped to cope with the challenges it presents.
Time Travel, Coinciding Objects, and Persistence
Authors: Gilmore Cody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Endurantism, roughly stated, is the view that material objects lack temporal extent and persist through time by ‘enduring’—that is, by being wholly present at each moment of their careers. Perdurantism is the opposing view that material objects persist by ‘perduring’—that is, by being temporally extended and having different temporal parts located at different times.1 In this paper I offer an argument against perdurantism, one based largely on premises that have been used in arguments against endurantism. Perdurantists can resist the argument, but not, I think, without weakening at least one of the relevant anti- endurantist arguments.2 In one way or another, then, this chapter is meant to alter the overall debate between endurantists and perdurantists to the benefit of the former.
Brutal Simples
Authors: Mcdaniel Kris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An object is a simple if and only if it has no proper parts. ( x is a proper part of y just in case x is a part of y but x is not identical to y.) This is a definition of the word ‘‘simple’’, not a substantive criterion for being a simple. The Simple Question asks ‘‘under what circumstances is a material object a simple?’’ An answer to the Simple Question is an informative instance of the following schema:
Necessarily, x is a simple if and only if __________.
Paradigms (Optimal and otherwise): A case for skepticism
Authors: Bobaljik Jonathan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to contribute to the debate on the status of inflectional paradigms in grammatical theory, with special reference to the theory of Optimal Paradigms (OP, McCarthy, 2005), a particular version of Paradigm Uniformity. OP proposes that certain systematic phonological differences between nouns and verbs should be analyzed as arising from contingent facts about the individual affixes making up the nominal and verbal inflectional paradigms. I argue here that the Arabic data presented in OP does not support the OP model (as against, for example, cyclic alternatives) and that consideration of similar phenomena in Itelmen, a language with richer inflectional paradigms, suggests that it is morphosyntactic category, and not paradigmproperties, that determines phonological behavior.
On absolute and contextual syncretism: Remarks on the structure of case paradigms and on how to derive them
Authors: Calabrese Andrea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A set of morphologically-related words, each containing the same stem and the morphological realizations of different combinations of the same set of inflectional features–which may represent morphosyntactic properties such as case, gender, number, tense, person, etc.,–is traditionally called a paradigm. In this chapter I will deal with the nature and structure of paradigms in terms of the model of morphology called Distributed Morphology (DM) (Halle and Marantz 1993). The paradigms that will be investigated are those of the case systems of Old French, Sanskrit, Classical Greek, and, in particular, of Latin.
Language in Context
Authors: Stanley Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural languages all contain constructions the interpretation of which depends upon the situation in which they are used. In Language and Context, Jason Stanley presents a series of essays which develop a theory of how the situation in which we speak interacts with the words we use to help produce what we say. The reason we can so smoothly operate with sentences that can be used to express very different items of information, Stanley argues, is that there are linguistically mandated constraints on the effects of the situation on what we say. These linguistically mandated constraints are most evident in the cases of sentences containing explicit pronouns, such as ‘She is a mathematician’, where interpretation of the information expressed is guided by the use of the pronoun ‘she’. But even when such explicit pronouns are lacking, our sentences provide similar cues to allow our interlocutors to determine the information expressed. We are, in the main, confident that our interlocutors will smoothly grasp what we say, because the grammar and meaning of our sentences encodes these constraints. In defending this theory, Stanley pays close attention to specific cases of context-sensitive constructions, such as quantified noun phrases, comparative adjectives, and conditionals. Philosophers and cognitive scientist have appealed to the dependence of what is intuitively said by a sentence on the situation in which it is uttered to argue against the possibility of a systematic theory of meaning for natural language. The theory developed in this book is a vigorous defence of the possibility of a systematic theory of meaning for natural language against these influential tendencies.
Review of François Recanati’s Literal Meaning
Authors: Stanley Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In philosophy, the twentieth century began with the thought that the context-dependence and vagueness of natural language undermined the possibility of providing a systematic account of the meaning of natural language sentences. Philosophical reflection on language continued through its middle period with an even more explicit emphasis on the unsystematic character of language. But then Paul Grice showed how to explain some of the unruly effects of context on linguistic communication by appeal to general conversational principles. From the other direction, Richard Montague and his students showed that much of what appeared to be unsystematic was in fact explicable. Indeed, Montague and his coterie approached this task using the tools developed by the descendants of the very philosophers who had despaired of the possibility of providing a rigorous semantics for natural language.
Organic Unity And The Matter Of Man
Authors: Frey Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we assume, as many have, that Aristotle’s discussions of artefacts provide us with a characterization of matter and form that is applicable to hylomorphic composites outside the artefactual domain, then a candidate for the matter of any composite must satisfy an important requirement:(CS) Contingent Specification. For any hylomorphic composite with a given form, the matter of the composite must (1) be capable of being so formed, (2) be actually present in the composite, and (3) be identifiable independently of its having such a form.
The Union Of Cause And Effect In Aristotle: Physics 3. 3
Authors: Marmodoro Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The long history of philosophy has seen many formidable attempts at the analysis of causation. Necessary connection, counterfactual dependence, nomological subsumption, statistical correlation, and other core conceptions have been used in seeking to account for the relation between a cause and its effect. In view of the centrality causation has enjoyed in metaphysics on the one hand, and the immense amount of exegetical study that has been devoted to Aristotle’s works on the other, it is surprising that Aristotle’s unique analysis of causation has not been recognized as a chapter in the history of this concept. His analysis is fundamentally different from any other that has left its mark; and because his account has remained hitherto latent, it might even provide a promising new starting-point for us in tackling this elusive metaphysical notion.
Listening To Reason In Aristotle’s Moral Psychology
Authors: Gronroos Gosta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’S excellent, or virtuous, person must meet two requirements: he or she must strive for what is good, and be able to figure out how to achieve it. This means that the virtuous person must be motivated by sound desires, and have a well-developed power of reasoning. Virtue, therefore, is manifested both in the state of the desires and in the reasoning powers. Aristotle puts these two requirements on the excellent person in terms of two kinds of virtue: virtue of character and intellectual virtue. This twofold requirement has strong support in human experience. For it is easy to come up with examples of people with well-developed reasoning powers who still bring disaster upon both themselves and others.
Getting Objects For Free (Or Not) The Philosophy And Psychology Of Object Perception
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As adult human beings, we perceive objects effortlessly. We not only see the objects, in the sense that they are present in our visual fields, but we perceive them as objects. That is, we perceive them to be persisting, cohesive, unitary, individual things, many of which may be expected to retain their properties for weeks, months, years, or even millennia. What does it take to perceive an object? This is a tricky question. If we construe it merely as asking what it takes to perceive something that is in fact an object, we get a quick answer.
Is there a problem of induction for mathematics?
Authors: Baker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Induction’ is a term which means one thing in the context of mathematics and quite another in the context of philosophy. In mathematics, induction is a familiar (and highly useful) method of proof. To show that a conjecture, C (n), holds for all natural numbers, it suffices to show that it holds for C (1)—the so-called base step—and that if it holds for C (m) then it holds for C (m + 1)—the induction step. Mathematical induction of this sort is straightforwardly deductive.
The Liar Paradox, Expressibility, Possible Languages
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here is the liar paradox. We have a sentence, (L), which somehow says of itself that it is false. Suppose (L) is true. Then things are as (L) says they are. (For it would appear to be a mere platitude that if a sentence is true, then things are as the sentence says they are.) (L) says that (L) is false. So, (L) is false. Since the supposition that (L) is true leads to contradiction, we can assert that (L) is false. But since this is just what (L) says, (L) is then true. (For it would appear to be a mere platitude that if things are as a given sentence says they are, the sentence is true.) So (L) is true. So (L) is both true and false. Contradiction..
On the Metatheory of Field’s ‘Solving the Paradoxes, Escaping Revenge’
Authors: Leitgeb Hannes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a sequence of recent publications ([3],[4],[5],[6],[2]), Hartry Field has developed a new and sophisticated account of how to approach the problem of semantic paradoxes. The core of his theory is a theory of truth for languages that contain their own truth predicate, but Field has also shown how analogous type-free theories for satisfaction ([2]), property instantiation ([5]), and definability ([2]) can be introduced. Moreover, the theory can perhaps also be used to give consistent syntactic treatments of modalities in terms of modal predicates of sentences (cf. section 9 on designatedness in [2]). Field’s theory (together with related ones such as Yablo[12]) is now one of the main contenders in this area of philosophical logic and deserves critical attention from both philosophers and logicians who — like Field — are prepared to give up classical logic in view of the benefits from accepting Tarski’s T-scheme unrestrictedly, as well as from those who are willing to abandon the full strength of the T-scheme while not constraining the laws or rules of classical reasoning (I count myself among the latter).
Understanding the Liar
Authors: Patterson Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems natural to assume that understanding a language like English is knowing what its sentences mean and, since generally when someone knows something it can be said what it is, to assume that understanding a language is bearing some relation to a true theory that states what its sentences mean. Sentences such as ‘this sentence is false’ and expressions such as ‘does not apply to itself ’ raise problems as to how any such theory could be true, since they induce the derivation of contradictions from claims about them that it would seem reasonable or even unavoidable to include in an adequate semantic theory for a language that contains them. Indeed, Tarski flatly asserted that the set of true sentences could not be defined for any language containing such expressions (1944, 347– 9; 1983, 165, 247 ff. ), a view which, if correct, undercuts the possibility of any account of meaning on which meaning is understood at least in part in terms of the conditions under which a sentence would be in the set of true sentences of a language. Accepting this, however, goes against the assumption that understanding a language like English is some relation to a true theory of this sort, and the traditional response has been to blame Tarski’s views on the simplicity of his logic, in particular on the classical partition of sentences into the true and the false. Some additional category, it is thought, such as ‘meaningless’ or ‘does not express a proposition’, is required to handle such sentences.
Rational Credence and the Value of Truth
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Belief aims at truth—or so it is said, and there must be something right in the saying.1 Belief, though, can’t aim literally; it’s we who aim. We aim, moreover, in acting—when we shoot an arrow, say, or more broadly, whenever we act to try to bring something about. Believing isn’t an action; we can’t believe at will. In some extended, metaphorical sense, perhaps, belief does aim at truth. Understanding this sense might even offer a philosopical key to belief. It might in particular tell us something important about rationality in belief.
Real Conditionals
Authors: Lycan William G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers and logicians have long debated how best to understand conditional or hypothetical sentences. William G. Lycan has a distinctive approach to this debate, attending not just to the semantics of such sentences, but equally to their syntax. He shows how insights from linguistic theory help to illuminate problems about the meaning and function of conditionals. For instance, philosophers and logicians have had problems analysing the locutions 'only if', 'unless', and 'even if'. Lycan sets out a general semantic theory of conditionals which works for all such sentences; he assigns meanings to them in a way that explains how and why those meanings depend upon features of utterance context. According to Lycan's theory the 'if'-clauses refer to items called 'events', 'circumstances', or 'conditions'. Real Conditionals gives at last the definitive presentation of this original approach to a topic at the intersection of philosophy, logic, and linguistics. Lycan's characteristically lively and witty expository style ensures that it can be enjoyed by readers from all three disciplines.