bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helical Poly(3‐methyl‐4‐vinylpyridine)/Amino Acid Complexes: Preparation, Characterization, and Biocompatibility
Authors: Sannigrahi Biswajit , McGeady Paul , Khan Ishrat M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSummary: Helical poly(3‐methyl‐4‐vinylpyridine) (P3M4VP)/amino acid complexes have been prepared via acid‐base reaction of the achiral polymer with D and L amino acids: alanine, leucine, valine, serine and phenylalanine. The circular dichroism (CD) spectra of P3M4VP/D‐ and L‐alanine complexes in CH3OH/H2O show opposing (near mirror image) Cotton effect signals at 278.4, 274.8 and 270.8 nm, indicating the formation of enantiomeric secondary structures. The formation of the enantiomeric structures is supported by observed [α] values of −3.0 and +3.0 for the P3M4VP/D‐alanine and P3M4VP/L‐alanine complexes, respectively. The preparation of helical P3M4VP/amino acid complexes has been carried out in CH3OH and H2O at pH 1.8 and 2.7. The intensities of the Cotton effect signals were good. For example, for the P3M4VP/L‐alanine complexes in CH3OH/H2O and H2O (pH 1.8), the second Cotton effect signal around 275–277 nm show [θ] values of 49 980 and 79 210 deg · cm2 · dmol−1, respectively. The formation of the helical secondary structure is rapid. The acid‐base reaction between P3M4VP and L‐alanine in CH3OH/H2O, in 10 min, show a CD spectrum with Cotton effect signals at 274 and 272 nm with [θ] values of 27 000 deg · cm2 · dmol−1 and −36 000 deg · cm2 · dmol−1, respectively. P3M4VP permits ready conformational reorientation on complexation with amino acids, but once the helical P3M4VP/amino acid complexes are formed, it is stable at room temperature. P3M4VP is not compatible with HeLa ovarian cancer cells, but the helical P3M4VP/amino acid complexes are compatible with HeLa cells. The complexes minimally interfere with the adhesion and growth of HeLa cells on complex surfaces.Helical poly(3‐methyl‐4‐vinylpyridine)/D‐ and L‐alanine complexes support the attachment and growth of HeLa cells. The micrographs shows HeLa cells after three days: left panel: on P3M4VP/L‐alanine complex; right panel: on P3M4VP/D‐alanine complex.magnified imageHelical poly(3‐methyl‐4‐vinylpyridine)/D‐ and L‐alanine complexes support the attachment and growth of HeLa cells. The micrographs shows HeLa cells after three days: left panel: on P3M4VP/L‐alanine complex; right panel: on P3M4VP/D‐alanine complex.
Numerical approximation of two‐dimensional convection‐diffusion equations with boundary layers
Authors: Jung Chang‐Yeol 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOur aim in this article is to show how one can improve the numerical solution of singularity perturbed problems involving boundary layers. Incorporating the structures of boundary layers into finite element spaces can improve the accuracy of approximate solutions and result in significant simplifications. In this article we discuss convection‐diffusion equations in the two‐dimensional space with a homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition and a mixed boundary condition. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005
Structure and mechanical properties of poly(sulfone of bisphenol A)/poly(butylene terephthalate) blends
Authors: Retolaza A , Eguiazábal JI , Nazábal J 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBlends of poly(sulfone of bisphenol A) (PSU) with poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) were obtained by direct injection moulding across the composition range. The two components of the blends reacted slightly in the melt state, producing linear copolymers. The slight changes observed in the two glass transition temperatures indicate that the copolymers were present in the two amorphous phases of the blends. The observed reactions and the high viscosity of the matrix of the PSU‐rich compositions led to a very fine morphology which could not be attained in the PBT‐rich compositions due to the low viscosity of the matrix and the direct injection moulding procedure used. This procedure is fast and economically advantageous, but leads to poor mixing. The different morphologies influenced neither the modulus nor the yield stress, which tended to follow the rule of mixtures. However, the low fracture properties of the PBT‐rich compositions contrasted with the ductility behaviour, and even the impact strength of the PSU‐rich blends, which also tended to be proportional to the blend composition. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
On Applicability of a Direct Shear Test for Strength Estimation of Cereal Grain
Authors: Molenda Marek , Horabik Józef 
Published: November 2004

AbstractInvestigations were performed to verify the applicability of a direct shear method as recommended by Eurocode 1 for testing the strength of cereal grains [2]. Tests on rye without preconsolidation have shown that stress‐strain characteristics depend on the method of sample deposition. However, consolidation of the sample by twisting the top plate, as recommended by the code, neutralizes the influence of the grain packing structure on values of the angle of internal friction. Determination of the strength parameters for grain of six genera, under normal reference pressure of 100 kPa, and five levels of moisture content in a range from 10% to 20%, confirmed the applicability of the test. The only necessary modification of Eurocode procedure was elongation of the shear path up to the 0.1 ΔL/D level of the sample diameter. Values for the angle of internal friction were found to range from 22.1°–35.5° and were dependent on the grain genus and moisture content. The majority of dry grain samples showed low cohesion (below 4 kPa), and thus, should be treated as free flowing material. The increase in moisture content resulted in an increase of cohesion up to the highest observed value of 12 kPa. Triaxial compression tests were performed on wheat of five levels of moisture content, and gave results that were in close agreement with the results of the direct shear test.
The Reclaim Screw in Mammoth Silos Operating on a Free Surface: Comparison Between Horizontal and Inclined Operation on Free Flowing Bulk Solids
Authors: Oosterhuis Ekke , Schott Dingena , van Wijk Arjen 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAlthough the screw conveyor, operating on a free surface, has been used for years as reclaim and storage equipment in mammoth silos, there is no documented knowledge about its spill characteristics. Research at Delft University of Technology together with ESI Eurosilo B.V. on the inclined use of the reclaim screw to achieve homogenization in mammoth silos made this lack of knowledge apparent. This paper presents the results of experiments to gain insight into the spill during reclaiming. Experiments were conducted reclaiming a horizontal surface and up‐ and downwards along an inclined surface, using a free‐flowing bulk material. A relationship was found between the theoretical and effective fill ratio. This relationship shows a certain maximum effective fill ratio and a dependence on the reclaim‐depth. As expected, the effective fill ratio drops quickly when reclaiming upwards, mostly due to flow‐ and throwback: the fill is spilled behind the screw blades and over the axis. Unexpectedly, the effective fill ratio also decreases when reclaiming downwards due to a shift of material towards the non‐reclaiming side where it is left behind forming ridges on the surface. It is expected that all three mechanisms will cause less spill when reclaiming a cohesive material. The experiments provide the desired insight into spill mechanisms during reclaiming. Indeed, the inclined use of the reclaim screw to achieve homogenization is thought feasible when reclaiming downwards.
Characterization of Powder Beds by Thermal Conductivity: Effect of Gas Pressure on the Thermal Resistance of Particle Contact Points
Authors: Shapiro Michael , Dudko Vladislav , Royzen Victor , Krichevets Yuri , Lekhtmakher Samuel , Grozubinsky Victor , Shapira Moshe , Brill Moti 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe thermal conductivity of ceramic powder packed beds was measured at temperatures below 100 °C for various powder sizes and compositions and under different gas atmospheres. Measurements at low pressures (down to 10 Pa) combined with a theoretical model allowed the elucidation of geometrical and thermal resistance parameters for the contact points between granules. The gap thickness and contact point size were found to be well correlated with the mean particle size. The thermal conductivities of all powders at low pressure were found to differ at most by a factor of two, whereas the solid‐phase conductivities of the powder materials differed by more than one order of magnitude. A theoretical model accounting for the size‐dependence of contact point conductivity is incorporated to rationalize this trend.
Differential alterations in 5α‐reductase type 1 and type 2 levels during development and progression of prostate cancer
Authors: Thomas Lynn N. , Lazier C.B. , Gupta R. , Norman R.W. , Troyer D.A. , O'Brien S.P. , Rittmaster R.S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn the prostate, conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), by the enzymes 5α‐reductase types 1 and 2 (5αR1, 5αR2) is required for normal growth and probably also for development of prostate cancer (PCa). Finasteride, a 5αR2 inhibitor, was shown to reduce the prevalence of PCa in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. However, inhibition of both 5αR isoenzymes causes a greater decrease in serum DHT. The aim of this study was to assess differential expression of these enzymes at various stages of PCa development.METHODSImmunostaining for 5αR1 and 5αR2, using specific, well‐validated antibodies, was evaluated in 26 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (16 for 5αR2), 53 primary PCa (21 for 5αR2), 18 prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), 12 primary PCa treated with neoadjuvant androgen ablation, 15 locally recurrent PCa specimens, and 18 PCa metastases.RESULTSThe mean area of moderate plus high intensity staining for 5αR1 increased from 4.8 ± 2.8% of total epithelial area in BPH, to 18.9 ± 5.7% in PIN, 17.0 ± 3.2% in primary cancer, 38.0 ± 7.3% in recurrent cancer, and 55.8 ± 8.5% in PCa metastases. The mean staining area for 5αR2 decreased from 58.8 ± 7.2% in BPH, to 21.1 ± 5.5% in PIN and 34.8 ± 6.7% in primary PCa. Staining for 5αR2 was increased in recurrent cancer and PCa metastases compared to primary PCa, at 58.7 ± 5.2% and 69.2 ± 8.7%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS5αR1 immunostaining is increased and 5αR2 immunostaining is decreased during development of PCa. In addition, there is increased expression of both 5αR isozymes in recurrent and metastatic cancers, suggesting that both isozymes may be important in the development and progression of PCa. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection and quantification of genotoxicity in wastewater‐treated Tetrahymena thermophila using the comet assay
Authors: Lah B. , Malovrh S. , Narat M. , Cepeljnik T. , Marinsek‐Logar R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn the present study, the comet, or single‐cell, gel electrophoresis assay was adapted for use with the ubiquitous unicellular protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila, and the method was evaluated for its ability to detect DNA damage induced by known genotoxins and wastewater samples. The original comet assay protocol was substantially modified (e.g., lower concentrations of detergents were used in the lysis buffer; electrophoresis time was reduced). Using the modified method, T. thermophila were subjected to short exposures of phenol, hydrogen peroxide, and formaldehyde, leading to concentration‐dependent increases in DNA damage. The genotoxic potential of influent and effluent water samples from a local municipal wastewater treatment plant was evaluated. The results indicated that the influent wastewater was genotoxic and that the genotoxicity in the effluent water was substantially reduced. We assume employing T. thermophila in the use of the comet assay may become a cost‐effective and reliable tool for genotoxicity screening and monitoring of wastewater and similar systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 545–553, 2004
Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of urban air pollution in São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, using the Tradescantia stamen‐hair assay
Authors: Guimarães Eliane T. , Macchione Mariangela , Lobo Débora J. A. , Domingos Marisa , Saldiva Paulo H. N. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe used a short‐term bioassay—the Tradescantia stamen‐hair assay (TSH)—to evaluate the toxicity of ambient particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm sampled in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. Two exposure locations were selected: downtown São Paulo and Caucaia do Alto (mean PM10 levels of 64 and 14 μg/m3, respectively). The experiment was conducted July 11–August 15, 2002, and toxicity was assessed with the Tradescantia stamen‐hair assay (TSH) employing clone KU‐20 of Tradescantia. Four experimental groups were defined: inflorescences collected from plants cultivated in Caucaia, inflorescences collected from plants cultivated in São Paulo (to establish the baseline level of mutations in stamen hairs at both sites), inflorescences collected from plants cultivated in Caucaia and brought to São Paulo and maintained in chambers that received ambient air, and inflorescences collected from plants cultivated in Caucaia and brought to São Paulo and maintained in chambers that received air passed through a particle filter. The frequency of mutations observed in Caucaia was significantly lower than that in the remaining groups. Flower cuttings brought from Caucaia and receiving ambient air of São Paulo showed a rate of mutations similar to that of plants cultivated in São Paulo. Filtering particles from the air reduced the rate of mutation but not sufficiently to reach the level of that in Caucaia. The frequency of mutations observed in São Paulo was significantly associated with PM10 levels on the fifth day before the opening of the flowers (r = 0.47, p = 0.025). Our results indicate that urban particles play a significant role in the development of pollution‐dependent mutations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 578–584, 2004.
Ultrastructural changes in various organs of the fish Puntius gonionotus fed cadmium‐enriched cyanobacteria
Authors: Rangsayatorn N. , Kruatrachue M. , Pokethitiyook P. , Upatham E. S. , Lanza G. R. , Singhakaew S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe accumulation and toxicity of cadmium in Puntius gonionotus fish that consumed the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis contaminated with cadmium were studied. Fish were fed cadmium‐contaminated cells for 4 weeks, after which cadmium accumulation in various organs was determined. The highest cadmium content was found in the kidney (56.0 μg Cd/g wet weight). Cadmium was not detected in the gill during the entire 4 weeks of cadmium feeding. Histopathological alteration of cells was observed in the gill, kidney, and liver. The results showed that dietary cadmium caused hypertrophy and edema of gill filaments. Coagulative necrosis and karyolysis of the nucleus were observed in the kidney. Vacuoles and hyaline droplets had accumulated in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule. In the liver vacuolation of the cytoplasm, infiltration of macrophages, and focal necrosis were found. The ultrastructural changes that occurred in the cells of different organs were similar. These included a proliferation of vacuoles and lysosomes, formation of myelin bodies, degranulation, vesiculation, and dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as swelling of mitochondria with loss of cristae. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 585–593, 2004.
Light‐emitting diodes for the illumination of algae in ecotoxicity testing
Authors: Michel Karin , Eisentraeger Adolf 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEcotoxic effects of chemicals, preparations, and environmental samples are routinely quantified in standardized algae growth inhibition tests using microalgae like Desmodesmus subspicatus. The intention of this investigation was to prove the suitability of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) as an alternative to tubular discharge lamps in algae growth inhibition tests. This was approached by demonstrating that growth of algae was similar with both illuminating devices. Growth factors of growth controls were determined using LEDs. Growth curves of different light intensities of LEDs were compared with those of tubular discharge lamps. By testing certain chemicals with both illumination methods comparable results for ErC50 values were obtained. It could be shown that small‐scale construction of incubators using LEDs is possible and could be advantageous, especially for the illumination of algae in 96‐well microplate growth inhibition assays. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 609‐613, 2004.
Regulation of γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase activity by nerve growth factor
Authors: Pan Zhaohui , Perez‐Polo Regino 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNerve growth factor is a neurotrophic factor that regulates neuronal cell development, maintenance, and injury responses in the peripheral and central nervous system. Nerve growth factor reduces injury owing to oxidative stress in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells by increasing intracellular glutathione, in part owing to its stimulation of the activity of γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase, which is the rate‐limiting enzyme in the synthesis of glutathione. Here we show that nerve growth factor did not increase the activity of γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase in PC 12 cells at the transcriptional level. Rather, nerve growth factor enhanced the stability of y‐glutamylcysteine synthetase mRNA in PC12 cells. These results suggest that, during oxidative stress, nerve growth factor extended the half‐life of y‐glutamylcysteine synthetase mRNA, thus increasing y‐glutamylcysteine synthetase mRNA levels compared to nerve growth factor‐deprived PC 12 cells.
Coupling of the human A1 adenosine receptor to different heterotrimeric G proteins: evidence for agonist‐specific G protein activation
Authors: Cordeaux Yolande , IJzerman Adriaan P , Hill Stephen J 
Published: November 2004

The present study investigates the effect of varying ligand structure on the ability of agonists to activate guanine nucleotide‐binding proteins of the Gi, Gs and Gq families via the A1 adenosine receptor.
In CHO cells expressing this receptor, inhibition or potentiation of forskolin‐stimulated cAMP accumulation was used as an end point to measure the activation of Gi and, in Pertussis toxin (PTX)‐treated cells, Gs, respectively. Stimulation of inositol phosphate accumulation in PTX‐treated cells was used as an index of Gq activation.
CPA (N6‐cyclopentyladenosine), NECA (5′‐N‐ethyl‐carboxyamidoadenosine) and eight analogues of these ligands presented a range of guanine nucleotide‐binding protein (G‐protein)‐activating profiles. Some ligands could only activate Gi (e.g. 2′deoxyCPA), some primarily Gi and Gs (and only weakly Gq) (e.g. 3′deoxyCPA), highlighting the importance of the ribose hydroxyls in agonist activation of multiple G proteins. CHA (N6‐cyclohexyladenosine) activated Gi, Gs and Gq, but was more efficacious than CPA in activating Gs.
The NECA analogues 5′‐N‐cyclopropyl‐carboxamidoadenosine, 5′‐N‐cyclobutyl‐carboxamidoadenosine and 5′‐N‐cyclopentyl‐carboxamidoadenosine (CPeCA) also activated all three G proteins, although their ability to activate Gs and Gq (relative to CPA) was reduced with increasing substituent size, such that CPeCA produced only a small stimulation (at 100 μM) at Gq, but was a full agonist, relative to CPA, at Gi and Gs.
This study suggests that the A1 adenosine receptor can adopt agonist‐specific conformations, arising from small changes in ligand structure, which lead to the differential activation of Gi, Gs and Gq.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 705–714. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705925
An interpolated line of Terence at Cicero, De finibus 2.14
Authors: Brown P. G. McC. 
Published: November 2004

Hanc quoque ‘iucunditatem’, si vis, transfer in animum (‘iuvare’ enim in utroque dicitur, ex eoque ‘iucundum’), rnodo intellegas inter ilium qui dicatTanta laetitia auctus sum ut nihil constetet eum quiNunc demum mihi animus ardet,quorum alter laetitia gestiat, alter dolore crucietur, esse ilium medium [Quamquam haec inter nos nuper notitia admodum est] qui nee laetetur nee angatur, itemque inter eum qui potiatur corporis expetitis voluptatibus et eum qui crucietur summis doloribus esse eum qui utroque careat.
Thucydides 3.12.3
Authors: Winton R. I. 
Published: November 2004

The Oxford text of this passage reads as follows:This gives the received text and punctuation. No generally agreed meaning has been found in the opening sentence as it thus stands; nor have any of the numerous alternative versions which have been proposed gained widespread support. In this paper I suggest that good sense can, after all, be made of this passage in its received form.
Remembering and Forgetting: The Vatican, the German Catholic Hierarchy, and the Holocaust
Authors: Braham Randolph L. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
This study critically reviews We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah, a statement the Vatican issued on March 16, 1998. Following a summary of the many positive developments in Catholic-Jewish relations since the Second Vatican Council's landmark Nostra Aetate of 1965, the article analyzes the 1998 pronouncement, focusing on a perceived attempt by the Vatican to absolve the Church of responsibility in the Holocaust. The study addresses the distinction the Vatican makes between Christian anti-Judaism and Nazi antisemitism, as well as its positive interpretation of the role Pope Plus XII and the German Catholic Church played during the Nazi era. Finally, it summarizes other statements by several national Catholic episcopates since the mid-1960s that address the anti-Jewish stance of their followers during the Nazi era. All of these contributed to a historic reconciliation between Catholics and Jews, but points of disagreement remain to be addressed.
Goldhagen and Sarte on Eliminationist Ant-Semitism: False Beliefs and Moral Culpability
Authors: Kamber Richard 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
In Hitler's Willing Executioners, Daniel Goldhagen advances the “cognitive” thesis that Germans who tormented and executed Jews during the Holocaust were motivated primarily by their mistaken beliefs that Jews, by their very nature, were harmful to Germany and thus deserved to be eliminated. This article contends that Goldhagen's “cognitive” thesis significantly mitigates moral culpability and fails to explain how “ordinary” perpetrators could sustain their mistaken beliefs in the face of horrific, contrary evidence. It also suggests that Jean-Paul Sartre's analysis of anti-Semitism in terms of bad faith (a self-sustained passion to be deceived) provides a better explanation of how such perpetrators could sustain their beliefs and actions, and shows that Sartre's analysis, unlike Goldhagen's, preserves moral culpability.
The Mystery of Heinrich Müller: New Materials from the CIA
Authors: Naftali Timothy , Goda Norman , Breitman Richard , Wolfe Robert 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
In April 2001, the National Archives released twenty Central Intelligence Agency “Name Files” as part of the 1998 Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act. Many more such releases will follow. While all of the files contain items of interest to students of the Nazi period and the Cold War, the file for Hitler's Gestapo Chief, Heinrich Müller, is most interesting for what it does not contain. While it is impossible to say for certain how or even whether Müller died in Berlin in the war's final days, the strongest possibility is that such was indeed his fate. What seems very clear is that Müller wasnever recruited or even found—dead or alive—by any United States authority. The analysis below, written by historical consultants to the Interagency Working Group charged with implementing the 1998 Act, is not intended as a riposte to recent media speculation that U.S. intelligence protected Müller after 1945. On the other hand, the authors feel that such claims cannot withstand historical scrutiny.