bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crocodylians (Crocodylia)
Authors: Brochu Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crocodylia includes the alligators, caimans, crocodiles, and gharials found throughout the world’s tropics (Fig. 1). Twenty-three living species are currently recognized (1), though some probably represent cryptic species complexes (2–4). thefossil record of the group extends to the early part of the Campanian (84–71 Ma) and includes over 150 known species, with many more awaiting description (5). 7ey are semiaquatic ambush predators and include the largest living reptiles. Some of these species are used in the exotic leather industry and, as such, are important economic resources for impoverished nations; others are critically endangered. Crocodylians are central to research in developmental biology, osmoregulation, cardiophysiology, paleoclimatology, sex determination, population genetics, paleobiogeography, functional morphology, and reptile genomics. 7eir dense fossil record, with Arst appearance data throughout the clade’s stratigraphic range, gives us an excellent opportunity to empirically test methods used to estimate divergence times from molecular data (6). In this paper, I discuss divergence times within Crocodylia based both on the fossil record and on the nucleotide sequence data.
Carnivores (Carnivora)
Authors: Eizirika Eduardo , Murphyc William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Order Carnivora contains a diverse set of mammals, including well-known species such cats, dogs, lions, bears, and seals, as well as enigmatic animals such as the stink badgers (Mydaus spp.), the African Palm Civet (Nandinia binotata), and the Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox). 7ere are currently 286 recognized species of living carnivorans (e.g., Fig. 1), which vary widely in morphology, ecology, physiology, and behavior (1, 2). Size range among carnivoran species is broader than in any other mammalian order, with body weight varying 1000 times among its representatives. theOrder Carnivora has a relatively rich paleontological record. theearliest fossils, dating from the Paleocene (66–56 Ma), are usually placed in the extinct families Viverravidae and Miacidae (3), both of which likely comprise early branching lineages relative to the living taxa (4). thecarnivoran fossil record from the Paleocene to the Oligocene (34–23 Ma) is conAned to Eurasia and North America (4), supporting the view that this mammalian order has had its origin in Laurasia. Only in the Miocene (23–5 Ma) do carnivoran families appear in the fossil records of Africa and South America, indicating an initial period of intercontinental dispersal in this group. Here we review the current understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among carnivoran families, focusing exclusively on living lineages, and emphasizing results from recent studies.
Island Repair, Non-Repair, and the Organization of the Grammar∗
Authors: Lasnik Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomenon of island violation amelioration by ellipsis as in (1), first discovered by Ross (1969), has recently been the focus of much investigation, by Merchant (2001) and Lasnik (2001b), among many others.
(1) Irv and someone were dancing together, but I don’t know who (∗Irv and were dancing together). [Coordinate Structure Constraint]
Presentism and Ockham’s Way Out
Authors: Finch Alicia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Presentism is, roughly, the thesis that only present objects exist; eternalism is, roughly, the thesis that past, present, and future objects exist. Ockham’s way out purports to be a way out of fatalist arguments for the impossibility of free action. Fatalist arguments come in two varieties: logical and theological.
Spirituality, Expertise, and Philosophers
Authors: Frances Bryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We all can identify many contemporary philosophy professors we know to be theists of some type or other. We also know that often enough their non-theistic beliefs are as epistemically upstanding as the non-theistic beliefs of philosophy professors who aren’t theists. In fact, the epistemic-and-non-theistic lives of philosophers who are theists are just as epistemically upstanding as the epistemic-and-non-theistic lives of philosophers who aren’t theists. Given these and other, similar, facts, there is good reason to think that the pro-theistic beliefs of theistic philosophers are frequently epistemically upstanding. Given their impeccable epistemic credentials on non-theistic matters, the amount of careful thought that lies behind their theism, the large size of the community of philosophical theists, as well as other, similar facts, it would be surprising if all or even most of their pro-theistic beliefs were epistemically blameworthy in some or other significant sense tied to charges such as ‘He should know better than to believe that’ (so mere false belief need not be blameworthy in this sense; the use of ‘blameworthy’ will be clarified below). Of course some of the pro-theistic beliefs of some theistic philosophers are epistemically blameworthy; the mere large numbers of fallible theistic philosophers almost guarantees it. My point here is that it would be unexpected if most of the pro-theistic beliefs of theistic philosophers were epistemically blameworthy.
Ontology, Analyticity, and Meaning: the Quine – Carnap Dispute
Authors: Soames Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the middle of the twentieth century a dispute erupted between the chief architect of Logical Empiricism, Rudolf Carnap, and Logical Empiricism̓s chief reformer, Willard van Orman Quine — who was attempting to save what he took to be its main insights by recasting them in a more acceptable form. Though both eschewed metaphysics of the traditional apriori sort, and both were intent on making the investigation of science the center of philosophy, they disagreed about how to do so. Part of the disagreement involved the nature of ontological disputes.
Shared decision-making in mental health
Authors: Simon Daniela , Wills, Celia E , Härter Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shared decision-making (SDM) was originally described as an approach for physician-patient communication in the context of health decisions for which several treatment options exist (Charles et al., 1997). Positive outcomes of SDM including increased patient knowledge, satisfaction, and treatment adherence have been reported for various “physical” health conditions, but less research has been done on SDM for mental health conditions. Research on SDM in mental health care is a high priority for quality-of-life, autonomy, and health outcomes reasons (Wills and Holmes-Rovner 2006b), and results of early studies are favourable regarding the potential of SDM to improve mental health care (Loh et al., 2007; Swanson et al., 2007). SDM is highly relevant in mental health care due to the presence of multiple treatment decision options and the preferences of many consumers to participate in decision-making (Hamann et al., 2005). With its focus on mutual information sharing and respect for individual preferences, SDM can be an empowerng experience, assisting mental health recovery for people who have encountered stigmatization and discrimination due to mental illness (Pinninti and Bokkala-Pinninti, 2007). In the US, the incorporation of mental health consumer preferences into person-centered treatment focused on recovery is supported by the President’s New Freedom Commission Report (Hogan, 2003). Consumer participation in decision-making is also advocated by international clinical practice guidelines for mental disorders, e.g. in the UK and Germany, as well as training manuals (Härter et al., 2007, Härter et al., 2008, NICE 2002; Lehman et al., 2004). Individual values, explicit negotiation, empowerment, and self-determination are essential values for the treatment of people with mental illness and have been in the focus of psychiatric rehabilitation for decades (Anthony, Cohen and Pierce 1980; Anthony, Cohen and Farkas 1999; Deegan and Drake 2006; Lazare, Eisenthal and Wasserman 1975). SDM is also consistent with a fundamental assumption that rehabilitation is done with the person and not to the person (Schauer, Everett and del Vecchio, 2007).
Physician-Assisted Death: Not Just for Rich Countries∗
Authors: Delden Johannes J M van , Battin Margaret P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is broad recognition of the fact that continuing medical treatment is not always beneficial to the patient, nor need it always be what the patient wants. This has led to a debate about the way physicians may or may not be involved in the end of life of patients. On what grounds can they withhold or withdraw treatment? Could there be a justification for the active ending of life of the patient? This debate is certainly not typical for any one country, rather it has, we believe, a global character. Much of this debate has been done in developed countries, but in developing countries (e.g. Colombia) the debate is present as well, even when not considered a top priority regarding public health issues and even though there are no reliable data about the prevalence of end-of-life decisions.
Embryo as Epiphenomenon: Some Cultural, Social, and Economic Forces Driving the Stem Cell Debate
Authors: Green Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On July 19, 2006, U.S. President George W. Bush vetoed a bill that would have greatly expanded federal funding for human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research and permitted the derivation of new hESC lines from frozen embryos remaining from IVF. Bush announced his veto surrounded by eighteen families who had ‘ ‘adopted ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘snowflake babies, ‘ ‘ frozen IVF embryos not used by other couples to have children.
The Role and Influence of Religions in Bioethics∗
Authors: ller Denis Mü 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ipropose to treat the question of the role and influence of religions in bioethics from three successive points of view. After (I) sketching a general framework for taking into account the theoretical dilemmas posed by the relationships between religion, basic ethics, and applied bioethics, I briefly offer (II) the example of the transplantation of organs and the understanding of gift that illustrate the stakes and implications of the theoretical controversy, and then (III), speaking from the Protestant tradition, I propose my own normative thesis with respect to these relationships.
On the Derivation and Meaning of Spinoza’s Conatus Doctrine
Authors: Viljanen Valtteri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spinoza’s conatus doctrine, the main proposition of which states, ‘each thing, to the extent it is in itself[quantum in se est], strives[conatur] to persevere in its being’ (EIIIP6; translation modified),has been the subject of growing interest. This is understandable, for Spinoza holds that this striving is the innermost essence of all things, human beings included (EIIIP7); in other words, Spinozistic things are all strivers of different kinds.
Thomas and Thomism
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1879 Pope Leo XIII did two remarkable things. He published the encyclical Aeterni Patris commending the study of St Thomas Aquinas, and in the same year he appointed as Cardinal John Henry Newman. These two actions, in the eyes of many, gave two contradictory signals. In elevating Newman, who had been close to the inopportunist party at the Vatican Council, and had been an object of suspicion to the Curia of Pio Nono, Pope Leo was taken by many to indicate a more liberal attitude to the modern world. On the other hand, by giving St Thomas Aquinas a newly privileged position in the Catholic Church, the Pope seemed to be taking Catholicism back to the Middle Ages.
Debt Relief Initiatives, Development Assistance and Service Delivery in Africa
Authors: Development Bank African 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The African Development Bank commissioned four case studies on Debt Relief Initiatives, Development Assistance and Service Delivery in Ghana, Malawi, Senegal, and Uganda from the last quarter of 2006 to mid 2007. The objective of the study was to appraise the extent to which debt relief resources are being used to improve social service delivery. There is strong agreement from all four case studies that debt relief created flexibility in governments spending by playing the role of flexible and predictable budget support. In this context, governments acquired more degrees of freedom to allocate debt relief resources in line with their own objectives. In all four countries debt relief resources were more easily transformed into MDG-related spending than tied aid. The case studies had a consensus in identifying the accountability of public institutions to civil society, through community monitoring or execution of expenditures, as the most effective means of enhancing spending effectiveness. This formed the basis for the success observed in program implementation. From the findings of the case studies it is clear that debt relief can lead to enhanced service delivery provided certain conditions prevail. These conditions can be influenced by donors as well as the willingness of beneficiary governments to undertake reforms. The general observation across the case studies is that debt relief has a major positive impact on service delivery, and progress towards the MDGs, when beneficiaries: (i) have high capacity in MDG spending, (ii) are highly accountable, and (iii) receive stable and high-quality aid.
Archimedeanism and Why Metaethics Matters
Authors: Bloomfield Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may seem that, in a forum such as this, it is only preaching to the choir to argue for the thesis that metaethics both exists as a discourse in its own right and is important too. It is not unfair to say that philosophers are more prone to reflection than most, so it would not be surprising to find metaethicists engaged in self-justification as a matter of course. We are familiar with moral philosophers asking why anyone should care about morality, and we expect morality to be able to justify itself to our satisfaction. Something similar would be expected for metaethics. Why should anyone care about metaethics? But this essay is not a defense of metaethics in the name of idle self-justification, nor is the forum necessarily filled with choir members.
Design Inferences in an Infinite Universe
Authors: Monton Bradley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses two main questions. First, how does one determine that something has the features it does as a result of design, as opposed to, for example, chance? Second, how are inferences to design affected when one makes the (plausible) assumption that the universe is spatially infinite? I will show that arguments for the existence of God based on the improbable development of life do not go through under the supposition that the universe is spatially infinite.
Detecting RNA:protein interactions and isolating cDNA clones by Northwestern screening
Authors: Wilusz Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
RNA:protcin interactions play key roles in cell biology (1, 2). These interprotcin-;, poly(A) signal recognition) (6, 7), and regulatory (e.g. Rev, TAT. iron-response elements) (8-10). Identification and characterization of RNA binding proteins at the biochemical and molecular levels is, therefore. pivotal to understanding many post-transcriptional processes. The goal of this chapter is to describe methods of detecting and cloning RNA binding proteins based on their ability to interact in a stable fashion with RNA substrates while immobilized on solid support matrices. Such detection of immobilized proteins with lahelled RNA molecules is often referred to as ‘Northwestern’ screening. Successful application of these methodologies can lead to the rapid identification and cloning of RNA binding proteins without the need for labour-intensive biochemical purification and conventional cloning approaches. These methods, therefore, may be especially useful for characterizing RNA hinding proteins of low abundance.
Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation
Authors: Harding Stephen E , Winzer Donald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been a general misconception amongst biochemists that the analytical ultracentrifuge does not provide an absolute means of molecular mass determination and hence of the characterization of interaction phenomena. This has arisen from a lack of awareness about the difference between the two types of experiment that can be performed in the analytical ultracentrifuge. (a) Sedimentation velocity: an experiment performed at sufficiently high speed for the centrifugation of solute away from the centre of rotation to be monitored as the rate of movement of a sedimenting boundary. For a given rotor speed, solvent viscosity and solvent density the rate of migration depends upon the overall size and shape of the macromolecule or macromolecule ligand complex.
Circular dichroism
Authors: Drake Alex F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Circular dichroism (optical activity) can only be observed for chiral molecules or in the case of molecule-ligand binding only if at least one of the interacting species is chiral. This is usually true in biochemistry particularly if a biological macromolecule such as a protein/peptide is involved. A natural protein/peptide is built from amino acid residues that are preferentially of one hand (normally L-configuration). Monitoring processes by circular dichroism (CD) offers the following main advantages:Induced circular dichroism occurs only as the result of interaction. In the extreme, a non-chiral molecule does not display any optical activity and CD is only observed on contact with a chiral molecule.
Introduction: zebrafish as a system to study development and organogenesis
Authors: Nüsslein-Volhard Christiane , Gilmour Darren T , Dahm Ralf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the beginning of the twentieth century classical zoology focused on the discovery and description of a large number of new species. The mode of early development, and the shape of larval stages, provided crucial parameters for the assessment of evolutionary descent and relationship to other species, more so than adult morphologies and traits. With time, zoologists interested in embryonic development per se displayed an increasing tendency to focus on particular organisms that were chosen for traits that made them amenable to experimental manipulation. Each of these organisms allowed a particular approach to be taken and together they gave rise to all of the major concepts in developmental biology. For example, from several marine organisms, such as sea urchins, eggs could be obtained in incredible numbers. Species with large robust embryos, such as amphibia and some insects, were amenable to the transplantation and ablation experiments that lead to the notion of organizing centres in embryos. Early understanding of cell lineage was gained from work on animals with invariant cell lineages that could be traced throughout development (Ascaris spp.). Some organisms were chosen for reasons that at first glance might seem insignificant. For instance, the presence of cortical pigment granules in egg cytoplasm of ascidians gave rise to the concept of cytoplasmic inheritance. Despite these advances, the incredible diversity of phenomena observed in the different systems made embryology an increasingly bewildering topic. Generalizations, or even useful comparisons, were often difficult, even within phyla. In particular, the molecules underlying these phenomena remained elusive, despite considerable efforts.
Looking at embryos
Authors: Schulte-Merker Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The many advantages of zebrafish, such as its powerful genetics (Chapters 6 and 7) and experimental accessibility (Chapter 4), are described throughout this book and need no further elaboration. In this chapter we would like to focus on the one feature of zebrafish that brings all other advantages to full appreciation: this is the fact that zebrafish embryos are transparent, and that from the moment of fertilization onwards cellular and developmental processes, as well as organogenesis, can be observed in great detail. This is an extremely important asset and immensely facilitates the studies of development in this small teleost. Its transparency is also the reason why zebrafish are so successful as a system for performing genetic screens: while Drosophila larvae provide a cuticle pattern that allows a great readout for morphogenetic processes that occurred earlier in development, zebrafish are equally suited for screens. They do not have the epithelial hallmarks of a cuticle, but all cells and organs are easily visible, which results in a comparable ease of analysis. In this chapter we describe some of the methods required for observing embryos, for analysing gene expression, and for documenting data, both in life as well as in fixed material. This chapter provides the basic principles of performing in situ hybridization, either with or without simultaneous detection of a protein antigen in the same specimen, and describes performing antibody staining in embryos and larvae. We then cover preparing in situ or antibodystained specimens for microscopy, either without or with prior sectioning. Observing live embryos is described, as well as a protocol that prevents pigmentation in embryos. While staining protocols for cartilage and bone are contained in Chapter 3, the procedure for highlighting the vasculature of larvae is described in this chapter.
Manipulating gene expression in the zebrafish
Authors: Gilmour Darren T , Jessen Jason R , Lin Shou 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of techniques to introduce and express recombinant DNA constructs is an important step in the establishment of any genetic model system. Such constructs can be used to express proteins transiently during development or to produce transgenic lines that express the construct in subsequent generations. Transformation allows one to assay the effects of expressing molecules in particular embryonic domains or at different time points during development. In addition, transgene constructs that express marker genes such as the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or IacZ under the control tissue of specific enhancers lead to the marking of particular cell types and greatly simplify the observation of these cells during morphogenesis (1). Such reporter constructs can also be used to identify cis-acting sequences and, in turn, the transacting factors that regulate tissue-specific transcription. Finally, given the great number of mutants that are available to the zebrafish community, one very important use for transformation will be in the rescue of embryonic phenotypes by the microinjection of candidate genomic regions or cDNAs. It is therefore likely that transformation techniques will play an increasingly important role in zebrafish research. The aim of this chapter is to describe the methods most commonly used to transform zebrafish embryos, complete with experimental procedures and full descriptions of the equipment used. We will also cover, albeit briefly, the recently developed morpholino knockdown technique that has revolutionized zebrafish research. As well as providing protocols, we will explain why particular methods are used and what one can expect while following them.