bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
War
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was known that the Lincolns were entertaining at their first State dinner on March 28, 1861. Carriages and cabs filled the circular drive in front of the entrance to the mansion, a reminder of the almost perpetual crush of office-seekers that still plagued the new administration. Even if they could not gain access to the building they were on the wait for Cabinet members and other influentials whom they hoped to buttonhole on their arrival. The new Secretary of the Treasury, escorting his lovely young daughter Kate, managed to push through the throng as they hastened to the entrance and moved through the main hall to the Blue Room, where some thirty guests were gathered. Mrs. Lincoln was already present to receive her guests when the Chases arrived. A plump, self-conscious little woman, her dress described as “gorgeous and highly colored,” made a vivid contrast to the men, some in black evening dress, others simply in everyday frock-coats and trousers.
Life Before Birth
Authors: Steinbock Bonnie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every day issues raise the question of the moral status of the unborn; are embryos and fetuses part of the pregnant woman or are they persons? Are they sources for tissue, research tools, or are they pre-born children? Different conceptions of the unborn prevail in different contexts, giving rise to the charge of inconsistency. This book provides a framework for thinking clearly and coherently about the unborn. The first chapter elaborates the book’s basic idea, that all, and only, beings who have interests have moral standing, and only beings who posses conscious awareness have interests. This thesis, which is called “the interest view”, raises issues of considerable philosophical complexity, but is presented in language non-philosophers will be able to understand. Subsequent chapters apply the interest view, and explore the moral and legal aspects of a wide range of issues, including abortion, the legal status of the fetus outside abortion, maternal-fetal conflict, fetal research, and the use and disposition of extracorporeal embryos resulting from the new reproductive technologies. The philosophical discussion is enlivened by examples and actual cases which immediately catch, and sustain, the reader’s interest. Written in a lively style, this is a timely and important work that enables us to resolve contradictions in our current thinking about the unborn, and to approach new issues in a clear and rational manner.
Growth Monitoring for Health Promotion
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The original meaning of “monitoring “ is to remind or give warning. Growth monitoring consists of measuring, recording, and interpreting an individual ‘s growth over a sufficient period of time. It is an important part of health super vision and promotion, especially at those stages of life when rapid growth normally occurs. These include pregnancy, the neonatal period, infancy, and childhood. Worldwide, however, growth monitoring is particularly employed with young children in the first 5 years of life---during infancy and the so called preschool period. In addition, practical methods of maternal-fetal monitoring are being investigated and increasingly used in many parts of the world. Growth monitoring in early childhood is intended as a tool to (I) promote and sustain good health and growth in this vulnerable age group and (2) detect early growth failure due to an inadequate diet, infections, social influences or, very often, a combination of these factors.
Father, Brother, and Companion
Authors: Skemp Sheila L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Few are the Inducements that will tempt me to pass the Ocean again, if ever I am so happy as to return to my native Country.”-William Franklin to Betsy Graeme,1757 “Your son I really think one of the prettiest young gentlemen I ever knew from America. He seems to me [to] have a solidity of judgment, not very often to be met with in one of his years. This with the daily opportunities he has of improving himself in the company of his father, who is at the same time his friend, his brother, his intimate, and easy companion, affords an agreeable prospect, that your husband’s virtues and usefulness to his country, may be prolonged beyond the date of his own lifc.”-William Strahan to Deborah Franklin, 1757.
“Deprived of Their All”
Authors: Skemp Sheila L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“If I took a Rebel Prisoner, he was subject to be exchanged, according to the Laws of War and of nations-if I should happen to have fallen into the hands of Rebels, my life was subject to be taken as a Rebel to a Rebel state. The Laws of War and of nations have been wrested from the protection of subjects of an established Empire, & held sacred to those who have no national Character, & who are consequently not proper objects of the protection of those Laws.”-Court-Martial Proceedings for Richard Lippincott, 1782.
Introduction
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the labor market is central to understanding the modern economy. It is the largest “single” market in most economies, with compensation to labor accounting for more than half of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Economic Community.1 The operation of this market is a fascinating and complicated process. Workers differ in their abilities, attitudes, and tastes. Productivity depends not only on a worker’s abilities, but on how well a worker is matched to a job. An exceptionally talented carpenter might be a mediocre waiter. Complicating matters, workers in a labor market typically do not know the full range of opportunities available- what firms have openings in what fields, and at what wages. They must devote time and energy to finding out. Similarly, finns do not know the talents of a particular applicant.
Direct Evidence on Reservation Wages
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An individual’s sequence of reservation wages takes center stage in theoretical search models, but practical data problems preclude this in empirical work-a reservation wage cannot be directly observed. The best an empirical researcher might hope for are responses to a question such as “What is the lowest wage you would be willing to accept?”-perhaps asked frequently over the course of a single unemployment spell. Unfortunately, such data are rare. We found just a few studies that have access to more than one reservation wage observation per worker. Melnik and Saks (1977) have two reservation wage observations for a sample of college seniors at Michigan State. Lynch (1983) has multiple responses to a reservation wage question for some workers in her sample of London youth-but only a small number who remain unemployed between interviews held 6 months apart. Single interview responses have represented the primary source of direct evidence on reservation wages to date.
Conclusions
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have examined-at length-an impressive collection of empirical studies. Data range from answers to hypothetical questions (“What wage would you accept?”) to large and complex panel data sets. Statistical approaches range from simple interpretation of partial and multiple correlations to maximum likelihood estimation of tightly specified theoretical models. Objectives include program evaluation, investigating the determinants of the natural rate of unemployment, and tests of specific models. The feature common to all studies in our review is a relevance to some aspect of search in the labor market. Clearly, an enormous amount of energy and talent has been devoted to this area since Kasper’s 1967 study of “asking wages.” What have these efforts accomplished?
Introduction
Authors: Cusumano Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing software-instructions required to operate programmable computers, first introduced commercially during the l950s-has both intrigued and plagued engineers, managers, and customers since the beginning of the computer era. The development process consists of requirements analysis, system design, detailed program design, coding, testing, and installation, as well as redesign or repairs referred to as maintenance. Yet these phases are usually more iterative than sequential, and often unpredictable in time and costs, because the productivity of individual programmers tends to vary enormously and depend on elements difficult for management to control, such as personal talent and experience with particular applications.
Integrating Design And Manufacturing For Competitive Advantage
Authors: Susman Gerald I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book focuses on managing the design, development, and introduction of new products, with particular emphasis on how design and manufacturing can work together to manage these processes effectively. There are at least two reasons for this focus. First, competitive pressures are leading companies to offer their customers higher-quality products at lower prices and to deliver these products more quickly. These goals cannot be achieved simultaneously only by improving efficiencies within each organizational function. Simultaneous advances in these goals will require systemic changes in the way these functions relate to each other. Second, technological breakthroughs are increasingly becoming a significant driver of competitive advantage in new as well as mature industries. Such breakthroughs can lead to improved product performance. A major issue concerns how to introduce new technology into new products in a disciplined and strategically focused manner.
Prototypes For Managing Engineering Design Processes
Authors: Slusher E Allen , Ebert Ronald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Product engineering design (PED) is widely recognized as an important component in the competitive responses of manufacturing firms. Accordingly, major advances have occurred in many technical areas of design, for example, CAD, expert systems, embodiment design, and Taguchi methods. However, the benefits inherent in these tools are often unrealized because the overall management of the design process is not tailored to the special demands of each project. There is a tendency for project managers to use the same basic management approach for all projects. Although good managers intuitively make adjustments for the special demands of each new project, they must rely on their own limited personal experience. The purpose of this chapter is to improve engineering design management by developing a conceptual framework for classifying design situations and to show how the framework can be used to select a management process appropriate for a given project. Although each project must be uniquely managed, it is possible to identify four prototypical design situations and to make general recommendations for managing each type.
Dravidian Metaphony
Authors: Bright William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of South Dravidian phonology has shown, through its entire recorded and reconstructable history, extensive vocalic as-similation of the type which is known as metaphony, umlaut, or vowel mutation.1 Specifically, the vowels of radical (word-initial) open syllables have become lower when the following syllable contains the low vowel a. The points to be made in this paper are four.
Establishing a Foundation-Law and Practice
Authors: London Nancy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first and most important thing to be said about the Civil Code law governing private philanthropy and private philanthropic organizations in Japan is that far from providing exhaustive, detailed, and definitive rules, it offers merely a skeletal framework and a basis for guidance. Substance is given to the framework by the more informal practices and discretionary choices of the various government agencies whose responsibility is to administer the nonprofit provisions of the law.
Recent Developments and Future Directions
Authors: London Nancy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters I have attempted to illustrate and support the contention that even when extending beyond the borders of Japan, Japanese philanthropy functions largely within the confines of a unique domestic culture and cannot correctly be understood without reference to that context. Everything from attitudes toward and perceptions of philanthropy, as reflected in governing laws, to the apparatus for raising funds and awarding grants reflects traces of Japanese history and culture. History is continually progressing and culture perpetually evolving; accordingly, philanthropy cannot remain static. Japanese philanthropy is not likely to metamorphose dramatically to reappear suddenly in altered form. It is not likely ever to duplicate the American model. Nonetheless, it has grown and continues to grow into an increasingly sophisticated and effective shape of its own. The final pages of this book briefly examine recent trends and potential future directions in Japanese corporate philanthropy.
Managing the Introduction of New Process Technology: An International Comparison
Authors: Tyre Marcie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is mounting evidence that, despite rapid advances in the technology of manufacturing equipment and systems, U.S. firms are failing to exploit these technologies for competitive benefit. Jaikumar, for instance, argues that U.S. managers “are buying the hardware of flexible automation-but they are using it very poorly. Rather than narrowing the competitive trade gap with Japan, the technology of automation is widening it further” (1986, p. 69). Thurow blames “America’s poor productivity, quality, and trade performance” squarely on inferior capabilities in introducing and using process technology (1987, p. 1660). According to the Manufacturing Studies Board, U.S. companies need to “reemphasize process improvements-selecting, using, and implementing available manufacturing technologies-as a critical competitive weapon” (1986, p. 17).
Organizational Change and the Internationalization of R&D
Authors: Westney D Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the second half of the 1980s, Japanese avowals of their growing commitment to basic research and the increasing Japanese spending on research and development threw into sharp relief one of the major transformations of the final two decades of the twentieth century: the globalization of technology. As Ray Vernon pointed out, “The propensity of technology to cross national boundaries has been growing rapidly, mainly as a result of the improvement in communication and transport” (1987, p. 173). But the globalization of technology involves more than the growing permeability of national technology systems, with technology quickly moving from the most advanced to the less advanced nations. It increasingly extends to the growing interdependence of the science and technology systems of the highly industrialized countries, a development brought home to Americans with the negotiations between the Japanese and U.S. governments on U.S. military access to Japanese electronics technologies essential to the U.S. defense system.
Owners, Artisans, and Entrepreneurs
Authors: Lane Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problems of Philadelphia’s Afro-American businessmen in the decades following the Civil War were related to those which plagued the majority. They too had to face racism and conquer poverty. But the reasons why so few entrepreneurs were able to succeed were more complicated than these alone. The explanations offered by Afro-American contemporaries themselves ranged from lack of entrepreneurial talent or interest to lack of capital. But the first of these is belied by the biographies of many black Philadelphians; and the second, a handicap shared with other groups, had earlier been conquered by many of them. And neither is enough to explain not only why the community’s businesses remained small in number and size but why the relative resources and influence of their owners were actually shrinking. The situation was in fact complex, as different enterprises experienced different histories, not all were in trouble, and ingenious individuals found a variety of ways of making money. The community’s entrepreneurial history may best be explained through looking at the specific problems and attitudes illustrated by the lives of some of its more notable businessmen, together with the stories of some of its leading businesses, from cemetery management and catering through the manufacturing trades, barbering, and others, including illegal enterprises of several kinds. Some of the lesser reasons for decline include an apparently widespread distaste for the self-denying, even miserly life-style of some local “success” stories, changing fashions and technology, and simple bad luck. But the most important were related to racism, and to the situation of the black majority, as shown in the last chapter.
The Rise of College Baseball
Authors: Smith Ronald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“whoever wants to know the heart and mind of America, “ wrote Jacques Barzun at mid-twentieth century, “had better learn base ball, the rules and realities of the game. ‘ ‘1 Barzun ‘s aphorism was particularly true when applied to the heart of the collegiate extra curriculum in the nineteenth century. Baseball was the dominant sport of the 1800s in most American colleges, as it was in all of America until well into the twentieth century. Cricket, on the other hand, was played rather widely by collegians before intercollegiate competition began in the mid-nineteenth century. Though England gave America nearly all of its sports, cricket, the “national pastime “ of England in the nineteenth century, never became popular in American society.
The Early Failure of Faculty Inter-Institutional Control
Authors: Smith Ronald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When c11al Celloti maccnacken of New York University in 1905 called for an inner-institutional faculty conference to decide whether intercollegiate football should be banned or reformed, the resulting birth of the National Collegiate Athletic Association was not the first attempt to bring about faculty control of intercollegiate athletics. Neither was the creation of the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives ( Big Ten) in 1895. The movement toward inter institutional faculty control of athletics began a generation before the NCAA, when faculties from Princeton and Harvard Universities independently formed faculty athletic committees.
Amateur College Sport: An Untenable Concept in a Free and Open Society
Authors: Smith Ronald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rise OF the professional coach was a major force in the early movement in American intercollegiate athletics to adopt a professional model. By the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, it was clear that the professional model produced victories. Only those with idealistic blinders on, such as Outingeditor Caspar Whitney, believed that the amateur sport model would outlast a professional one in America. Only Whitney, or someone of his ilk, could claim in 1894 that professional sport was dead in America and that true amateurism had conquered all. Men ‘s intercollegiate sport had accepted much of the spirit of professionalism as its own. Yet college athletics expressed an amateur ideal during this period, as it did nearly a century later. One might say that Americans for well over a century have tended to profess amateurism while they have exhibited the professional spirit in most areas of “amateur “ sport. This was no more apparent than in intercollegiate athletics. Why have Americans accepted the professional model, and why have they felt the need to justify their actions in the name of amateur athletics?
Brutality, Ethics, and the Creation of the NCAA
Authors: Smith Ronald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In american intehcollegjate history, novear has been as momentous as that beginning in mid-1905. It as a watershed year, as important to the direction that college athletics would take as the contemporary publication of Upton Sinclair ‘s The Junglewas to creating legislation in the meat packing industry. In both cases the time was ripe to change laissez-faire policy by establishing national guidelines over brutal and unethical practices. One dealt with animals and the other with athletes, and some saw similarities between the two, particularly with regard to football. Not surprisingly, President Theodore Roosevelt was intimately involved in the reform of both meat packing and intercollegiate athletics.
Symbolic Representation and Attentional Control in Pragmatic Competence
Authors: Bialystok Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pragmatic competence entails a variety of abilities concerned with the use and interpretation of language in contexts. It includes speakers’ ability to use language for different purposes-to request, to instruct, to effect change. It includes listeners’ ability to get past the language and understand the speaker’s real intentions, especially when these intentions are not directly conveyed in the forms-indirect requests, irony and sarcasm are some examples. It includes command of the rules by which utterances are strung together to create discourse. This apparently simple achievement to produce coherent speech itself has several components-turn-taking, cooperation, cohesion.
Cross-Linguistic Influence in the Speech Act of Correction
Authors: Takahashi Tomoko , Beebe Leslie M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we examine American and Japanese performance of the speech act of correction by looking at how this speech act is performed with status unequals-a person of lower status addressing someone of higher status and a person of higher status addressing someone of lower status. By focusing on correction, we are not looking at opinions, but rather at situations where one person knows the other has made a factual error. By looking at situations between a professor and a student, we are choosing situations where the roles are clearly defined and the status relationships are relatively clear-cut. The difference in status here is not necessarily socio-economic, but rather a matter of the power structure within the classroom.
The Metapragmatic Discourse of American-Israeli Families at Dinner
Authors: Blum-Kulka Shoshana , Sheffer Hadass 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the broadest sense, interlanguage pragmatics is concerned with the ways in which nonnatives do things with words in a second language. The phenomena investigated from this perspective may relate to both pragmatic and discoursal knowledge; in practice, the emphasis has been on contrasting native and nonnative speech act performance, on detecting learners’ inappropriate speech act realization and accounting for pragmatic errors or deficits in terms of both source and communicative effects (see Blum-Kulka, House, & Kasper, 1989 for an overview).
Murdock v. Memphis: Section 25 of the 1789 Judiciary Act and Judicial Federalism
Authors: Wiecek William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nineteenth-century history of Section 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 constituted one of the most important chapters in the evolution of American federalism. Tracing its origins to the controversies surrounding the creation of the federal court system in 1787 and
J789, Section 25 served as the primary focus for competing theories
of the federal union throughout the antebellum and Reconstruction periods. In the 1875 case of Murdock v. Memphis, that history came to a close. Ironically, though, just as the United States Supreme Court staved off a revolution in federalism almost accomplished by the 1867 re-enactment of Section 25, Congress finally got around to conferring plenary jurisdiction over federal questions on the national courts.
Section 25 of the first Judiciary Act, which gave appellate juris diction over federal-question cases to the United States Supreme