bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Ecology, Genetic Diversity, and Declining Amphibian Populations
Authors: Waldman Bruce , Tocher Mandy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All over the world, populations of frogs and toads have declined precipitously in recent years. Declines have been noted in diverse habitats including areas far removed from known sources of human interference (e.g., Crump et al., 1992). The pattern is puzzling. Populations of certain species are dwindling even as sympatric species are thriving (e.g., Richards et al., 1993; Drost and Fellers, 1996). In some areas virtually all frogs have been wiped out; yet elsewhere few if any species appear to have been affected (Pechmann et al., 1991). The specter of mass extinctions within an entire vertebrate class is ominous not only because amphibians are key components of many ecosystems (Stebbins and Cohen, 1995), but because whatever factors are responsible might also be affecting other vertebrates including ourselves (Colborn and Clement, 1992).
How Do We Refocus Behavioral Ecology to Address Conservation Issues More Directly?
Authors: Caro Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I began this book by asking whether principles and methods used in behavioral ecology were of conservation significance. How should a new graduate student with an interest in behavioral ecological concepts and conservation biology focus his or her research? The chapters that followed highlighted the ways in which knowledge of the adaptive significance of behavior can change predictions about population persistence and the outcome of management schemes. Only in a few instances, however, did they actually demonstrate that individuals’ adaptive solutions to environmental problems altered the fate of populations or the success of conservation interventions. Now that the models and verbal arguments linking these disciplines have been laid out, the next phase of research must be to show empirically that variation in individual behavior does affect population dynamics and recovery programs. To achieve this, I see five main ways to proceed: streamline the methodology, alter the focus toward questions of greater conservation significance, study factors that affect reproductive parameters, investigate the effects of human activities on animal populations, and examine ways in which humans exploit and relate to biological resources. First, however, I briefly address the main difficulties in linking these disciplines since this acts as a springboard for making behavioral ecological work more relevant in future.
The Flute Book
Authors: Toff Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Teachers and flutists at all levels will welcome the return of Nancy Toff’s unique one-stop guide to the flute and its music. Organized into four main parts--The Instrument, Performance, The Music, and Repertoire Catalog--the book begins with a description of the instrument and its making, offers information on choosing and caring for a flute, sketches a history of the flute, and discusses differences between members of the flute family. In the Performance section, readers learn about breathing, tone, vibrato, articulation, technique, style, performing, and recording. In the extensive analysis of flute literature that follows, Toff places individual pieces in historical context. The book ends with a comprehensive catalog of solo and chamber repertoire, and includes appendices with fingering charts as well as lists of current flute manufacturers, repair shops, sources for flute music and books, and flute clubs and related organizations worldwide.
The Flute Family
Authors: Toff Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flutes come in a variety of sizes, each with its own distinctive tone, character, idiosyncracies, and musical potential. Variety in flutes is not a modern development; it has been a fact of musical life for centuries. Although the evolution of the flute family is often traced to the sixteenth century recorder consort, transverse flutes, too, have been described and illustrated in works on organology since the Renaissance. Martin Agricola’s Musica instrumentalis deudsch of 1529, one of the earliest sources on musical instruments, shows four sizes of Schweitzer Pfeiffen, which were descendants of the military fife. Michael Praetorius’s Syntagma Musicum (1619-20) shows three sizes of Querfloten or Querpfeiffen, which were similar keyless instruments.
Breathing
Authors: Toff Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Breathing is the foundation of good flute playing, because it is the first step in the generation of tone. When most people think of breathing, they think only of drawing in air; they take the expulsion of breath for granted. That’s probably because respiratory congestion usually is noticeable when one tries to inhale; exhalation is generally not a problem. For wind instrument players, in contrast, breathing is a three-step process: inhalation (inspiration), suspension, and exhalation (expiration), of which the third stage is by far the most important. For it is exhalation that activates the air column in the flute and thereby generates the tone. The ability to control that exhalation with the lungs and abdominal muscles before the airstream ever reaches the embouchure, much less the inside of the flute, is essential. Moreover, breathing is a musical tool, because breath functions as the line of demarcation between phrases.
The Romantic Era
Authors: Toff Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nineteenth century represents a low point in the history of flute music. This fact may seem surprising since the Boehm flute, a technological innovation that was to revolutionize instrumental music, came into being during this period. But the new flute was slow to be accepted, and the difficulties for players of adopting the new fingering system and the competition it provoked among instrument makers had a negative short-term effect on the flute literature. In addition, general developments in music were not conducive to the growth of the solo flute literature, though the romantic movement adopted the flute and the piccolo as valued members of the symphony orchestra. Quite simply, the flute did not, by itself, have the capacity to produce the power and variety of tone that were the vehicles of romantic musical expression. As a member of a large orchestra, however, the flute was an integral component of a varied texture.
Structural Variants and Invariants in Avian Embryonic and Postnatal Development
Authors: Starck J Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Differences in the external appearence of bird hatchlings have been widely used to describe and categorize altricial and precocial neonates (see chapter 2). As a basis of these externally visible differences, one would expect different time patterns in the embryonic expression of structures ordifferences in the functional maturity of structures at a given age. Thus, structural differences provide a challenging framework for comparative anatomical investigations into the evolutionary diversification of the altricial precocial spectrum. For example, whether the eyes of a neonate are open or closed may be indicative of diverging patterns of functional development of the eyes or the central nervous system (e.g., diencephalic optic pathway or ectostriatum); the obvious differences in the motor activity of altricial and precocial hatchlings may relate to the development of motor nuclei in the brain, to the development of peripheral nerve fiber pathways, or to the development of muscle tissue. Also, the presence or absence of feathers (ptilopaedic versus gymnopaedic chicks) always attracted the interest of morphologists and was thought to have resulted from heterochrony in the development of epidermal structures (Portmann 1955, 1963). A more functional point of view may relate feather development to the thermogenic capacity of the hatchling and parent-offspring interaction.
Development of Temperature Regulation
Authors: Visser G Henk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinction between altricial and precocial modes of development depends largely on differences in the sensory and motor capacities of the neonates. Because these capabilities also underlie the generation of heat by birds in response to cold stress, we may presume that the development of homeothermy is closely related to the mode of development of the chick, that is, the maturational state of the hatchling. This relationship has not been examined closely. In particular, it has not been clearly established whether chicks across the broad spectrum of precocial development have similar homeothermic capacities; whether semialtricial chicks with dense down can also generate enough heat to maintain their body temperature; and whether there is a distinct gap between the thermogenic abilities of altricial and precocial species, or whether the capacity of muscle to generate heat varies in direct relation to its state of maturation, indicated, for example, by dry matter content. Accordingly, the goal of this chapter is to relate the various factors that contribute to homeothermy along the altricial-precocial spectrum.
Variation, Constraint, and Phylogeny: Comparative Analysis of Variation in Growth
Authors: Starck J Matthias , Ricklefs Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolutionary diversification of life-history traits is 1991; Miles and Dunham 1992; Roff 1992; Steams driven by natural selection and limited by internal 1992). They represent not only different levels of constraints. Natural selection is caused by ecologic investigation (Mayr 1982) but also contrasting cal factors that interact with the structures, physic definitions of adaptation and constraint and different ecological performance, and behaviors of the organ- methods of comparative analysis (Clutton-Brock and ism to determine survival and reproductive success. Harvey 1979; Sibly and Calow 1986; Derrickson and Internal constraints limit the evolutionary diversi Ricklefs 1988; Bell 1989; Brooks and McLennan fication of these traits by restricting the evolution- 1991; Harvey and Keymer 1991; Harvey and Pagel ary responses to selective factors. Thus, the evolu 1991; Partridge and Sibly 1991; Arnold 1992; Miles tion of the life-histories of organisms may be con and Dunham 1992; Roff 1992; Stearns 1992; sidered a balance between natural selection and in McKitrick 1993; Leroi et al. 1994). Because ideas temal constraints. about constraints and comparative analysis are so Constraints may occur because developmental diverse, it is important to define terms, issues, and pathways cannot be changed (genetic or epigenetic); phenomena precisely, so that standards can be set because structural and functional relationships, that for the analysis of empirical data and for the inter is, form-function complex (Bock and von Wahlert pretation of evolutionary diversification.
Genetic Aspects of Growth
Authors: Noordwijk Arie J van , Marks Henry L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two important reasons to study the genetics of growth. First, the generation and maintenance of genetic variation is a necessary condition for evolutionary change. Genetic parameters therefore allow predictions about potential rates of change in response to selection pressures. Second, genetic analysis provides a particular approach to understanding the relationship among the parts of complex systems. The first essential step for dealing with this complexity is to limit the considerations to small deviations from a reference. Thus, rather than trying to build a complete understanding of a complex structure, such as a bird’s body, from the elementary building blocks of DNA codes for particular proteins, one focuses on variations around the chosen reference, such as the mean body size, in a particular population and in a particular environment. Genetic analysis addresses the causes and consequences of deviations from the reference. The procedures of genetic analysis are not only applicable to genetic questions but also offer more possibilities. When differences between groups can be inherited in a simple Mendelian way, groups can be described as deviations from the so called “wild type,” which is the reference. Genetic results do not tell us how peas or eye pigments come about, but they inform us about some properties of a difference between groups.
Causes of Growth Variation and Its Consequences for Fitness
Authors: Gebhardt-Henrich Sabine , Richner Heinz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of fitness is central to evolutionary theory because (Darwinian) fitness of an individual or a particular genotype is defined as the contribution of that individual or genotype to the next generation (Falconer 1981). Patterns of avian growth are highly variable within species and populations, and therefore the question arises of what consequences variation in growth had (and still has) on fitness. It is generally assumed that avian growth of various taxonomic groups or populations is adapted to their specific environmental conditions. By this statement, one implies that variation in growth, at least in the past was present (chapter 13), was partly heritable, and affected fitness.
Introduction
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
n the r86os and r87os, the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania drew national attention for their violence. After a series of assaults and killings, deeprooted fears of a secret Irish terrorist organization hardened into certainty. Sixteen men were assassinated, most of them mine officials, and there were numerous beatings and acts of industrial sabotage. The culprits, it was believed, were members of the Molly Maguires, an oath-bound secret society imported from Ireland. Pinkerton detectives were sent into the anthracite district under cover and the hunt for the Molly Maguires culminated in a series of showcase trials. Twenty Irishmen were convicted of a range of heinous crimes and sentenced to be hanged. Their trials and executions were the spectacular climax to a singular episode in American history, one that remains shrouded in ambiguity. Because of the uncertainties built into the subject, the Molly Maguires have been depicted in every imaginable way, from sociopaths and terrorists at one end of the spectrum to innocent victims and proletarian revolutionaries at the other. But ever since the r87os one specific narrative has been dominant: the Molly Maguires as inherently evil Irishmen who terrorized the anthracite region for two decades before being brought to justice by the heroic exploits of James McFarlan, a Pinkerton detective. This interpretation dominated the newspapers, pamphlets, and local histories of the time, as well as the first full-length books devoted to the subject, Allan Pinkerton’s semifictional work, The Molly Maguires and the Detectives, and Francis P Dewees’s ostensibly factual 4 Making Sense of the Molly Maguires history, The Molly Maguires, both of which were based on McParlan’s testimony and published in 1877. The same viewpoint was repeated, in its essentials, by the journalist Cleveland Moffett in 1894; by the historian James Ford Rhodes in 1909; and as literary fiction, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1915.
Enter the Molly Maguires
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first wave of Molly Maguire activities occurred during the American Civil War. Making sense of this violence requires an understanding of the political crisis of the 1850s and r86os, along with the economic, social, and cultural context in which the violence took place.The Molly Maguires existed on two related but distinct levels: as a shadowy pattern of actual violence and as an ambiguous concept in a system of ideological representation.The disparity between fact and representation was often quite considerable, but it was mediated by the ideology of the contemporary observers on whom historians have relied for their evidence-journalists, politicians, clergymen, mine operators, and military officials. These people had good reasons for saying what they said about the alleged secret society, and their ideology offers one key to interpreting the Molly Maguires.As for the violence itself, the men who were involved in the pattern of activities labeled “Molly Maguireism” left little direct evidence for historians to examine. But their actions begin to make sense when viewed in terms of the emergence and transformation, in industrializing Pennsylvania, of an ethic of retributive justice with its roots in the Irish countryside.
Che “Rise of o Labor Movement
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
with the return of thousands of demobilized soldiers, a continuing influx of immigrants, and the decline of coal prices and wages after the wartime boom, the immediate aftermath of the Civil War was a period of pronounced social instability in the anthracite region. Four assassinations and numerous beatings, assaults, and robberies were attributed to the Molly Maguires between 1865 and 1868. The extent to which these activities were connected to an organized conspiracy can never be known for certain, though most contemporaries had no hesitation in blaming the Molly Maguires for every incident. Like the events in Audenried and Cass Township during the early 1860s, the Molly Maguire activities in the period 1865-68 make sense only in terms of the general pattern of labor activism and social disorder that marked the history of the anthracite region in the turbulent decade of the Civil War. Much of the violence involved the settling of issues carried over from the war years; most of the rest took the form of robberies and beatings, as order and authority came close to a total collapse in Schuylkill County. But the violence subsided after 1868 for two reasons: the introduction of a new police and judicial system, and the rise of a well-organized, industrywide labor union. There were only two assassinations between October 1868 and October 1874, when the second wave of Molly Maguire violence began.
Carracks and Canoes
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1609, The Half Moon sailed inquisitively up the Hudson, from the Narrows to the site of modern Albany. Again and again along its way the three-masted carrack encountered canoes filled with Algonkian Indians eager for trade. The natives brought tobacco and maize, oysters and beans, beaver and otter skins, which, wrote Robert Juet, the ship’s mate, “wee bought for trifles.” The travel-weary Europeans had trinkets and beads, hatchets and knives, to swap for fresh food and furry treasures. Neither side fully trusted the other, and the crew expected “treacherie” at every turn. Certain that the Indians would betray them if given half a chance, the explorers acted accordingly. “Our Master and his Mate determined to trie some of the chiefe men of the Countrey, whether they had any treacherie in them. So they tooke them downe into the Cabbin, and gave them so much Wine and Aqua vitae, that they were all merrie. . . . In the end one of them was drunke . . . and that was strange to them; for they could not tell how to take it.” So it was, in this autumnal encounter between an eighty-ton carrack and some swift canoes, that two civilizations touched and began to get a taste of each other.
Sects and The State In a Secular Society
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spiritual life of eighteenth-century New York underwent permutations that reveal a great deal about. social change in an ever more secularized society. The causes and consequences of those changes are to be found in the interaction among sectarianism, the state, and the inevitability of accommodation in an unusually heterogeneous province. Regardless of which . denomination is examined, the story is roughly the same: slow growth, insufficient clergy, inadequate funds, conflicts with the governor and Assembly, theological conservatism, internal schism over. pietism, fluidity across congregational lines, and, ultimately, the emergence of toleration and a kind of ecumenical “civil religion.” These themes recur among problems of church and state, attempts to spread the gospel through missionary work, controversies pitting formalists against evangelicals, and tendencies toward “americanization” among the Dutch Reformed, French Protestant, Jewish, and Lutheran denominations.
“Liberty and Property”: From Resistance To Independence
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The advent of the American Revolution in New York seems paradoxical in so many ways that it almost defies explanation. If New York’s stentorian voice raised the loudest protests against British policies in 1764, it was also the very last colony to voice approval of independence in 1776. If the colony appeared aggressively radical during the Stamp Act crisis of 1765–66, it also seemed nervously reluctant during the Anglo-American breach of 1775–76. Although public affairs during the decade 1765–75 were severely complicated by class conflict, nevertheless it was class collaboration after 1776 that helped put an end to British colonialism in New York.
When the phrase “cock-pit of the Revolution” is invoked, we tend to think of Massachusetts Bay and Sam Adams, or Virginia and Patrick Henry, or possibly Philadelphia because the Continental Congress convened there. New York, meanwhile, has had the reputation of being a haven for Loyalists, or of having too many trimmers, at the least. It is certainly true that New York’s Assembly did not lead the province-into Revolution.
The Significance of Preemption
Authors: Ehring Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general import of chapter 1 is that certain kinds of noncausal information about an array of events over time do not guarantee that we can trace the correct causal paths through this array. Some forms of guidance definitely are insufficient. Information about type-type relations in the form of laws of nature alone, for example, may produce fairly crazy pairings. Information restricted to probabilistic and counterfactual relations also is insufficient. In short, generalist and quasi-generalist theories have difficulties sorting out causal relations in preemptive settings. These shortcomings naturally give rise to an interest in the singularist component of causation. The superior performance of naive transference theory on this tracing task further highlights that interest.
Causal Asymmetry
Authors: Ehring Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have concluded that the singularist component of causation is a matter of trope persistence. What remains to be determined is what gives causation its asymmetrical character. The account of causation in chapter 5 contains a place-holder, “causal priority,” which should be replaced with a substantial analysis. The goal of this final chapter is to make that substitution.
Beyond The Boundaries
Authors: Lankton Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beyond the Boundaries is a companion volume in many ways to Lankton’s Cradle to Grave (OUP 1991). Both books deal with copper mining in the Keweenaw Peninsula of Upper Michigan. While Cradle to Grave was concerned with the rise and fall of the copper mining industry - its technology, business practices, and human work experience-Beyond the Boundaries covers a more limited time period, 1840-1875, in the same region, and focuses instead on everyday life. It is essentially a book about men, women, and children, and families - not just their workplace but their homes, stores, churches, schools, hospitals and other aspects of community life as well. It is essentially the story of “reluctant pioneers,” who attempted to establish a decent measure of comfort, control, and security in what was in many ways a hostile environment.