bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FIESTA‐ET: High‐resolution cardiac imaging using echo‐planar steady‐state free precession
Authors: Slavin Glenn S. , Saranathan Manojkumar 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis work describes a technique that combines multishot echo‐planar imaging (EPI) with steady‐state free precession (SSFP, also known as TrueFISP, FIESTA, and balanced FFE) for multislice, cine MR imaging of the heart. Unlike recently reported methods, the technique presented here (FIESTA‐ET) is high‐resolution and does not require offline reconstruction or postprocessing. It is therefore suitable for use on standard clinical scanners. FIESTA‐ET was compared with conventional FIESTA imaging in 10 volunteers and quantitative analyses of myocardial signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNR) and ventricular volumes were performed. While providing comparable image quality, FIESTA‐ET required half the acquisition time per slice of conventional FIESTA. Because multiple slices could be imaged in a single breathhold, the entire heart could be scanned in less than 2 min. Although the FIESTA‐ET images exhibited an unexpected increase (P < 0.0005) in myocardial SNR of 16% over FIESTA, the volumetric measurements showed excellent correlation. Magn Reson Med 48:934–941, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relaxivity and diffusion of gadolinium agents in cartilage
Authors: Gillis Amy , Gray Martha , Burstein Deborah 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPrior work indicates that the distribution of Gd(DTPA)2‐ (as measured by T1) is a good surrogate measure of the distribution of gycosaminoglycan (GAG) in cartilage. In addition to the measured T1 in the presence of Gd(DTPA)2‐, the precision of the measurement of Gd(DTPA)2‐ concentration depends on the T1 without Gd(DTPA)2‐ (T), and the relaxivity (r) of Gd(DTPA)2‐ in cartilage, parameters that are influenced by cartilage composition. These parameters were measured in native and GAG‐depleted cartilage in order to estimate the bounds on the values one might expect for cartilage in arbitrary states of degeneration. The range of T was 0.3 sec; the range of r was 0.6 (mM*s)‐1 at 8.5 T and 1.4 (mM*s)‐1 at 2 T. These data suggest that Gd(DTPA)2‐ will be underestimated (and GAG overestimated) if the values for T and r are assumed to be those of native cartilage. (For example, in a severe case a 90% loss of GAG would be underestimated as a 70% loss.) Gd(HPDO3A) was investigated as a nonionic “control agent” and found to have relaxivity and diffusion properties that were comparable to Gd(DTPA)2‐ (rGd(HPDO3A)/rGd(DTPA) ≈ 1; DGd(HPDO3A)/DGd(DTPA) ≈ 0.85). Since Gd(HPDO3A) distributes uniformly through cartilage (independent of GAG), the distribution of T1 with Gd(HPDO3A) can be used as a surrogate measure of variations in T and r, if present. From the perspective of transport, if Gd(HPDO3A) has fully penetrated the cartilage, Gd(DTPA)2‐ would have in the same time frame. Therefore, the data confirm the efficacy of using Gd(HPDO3A) as a “control agent” for dGEMRIC. Magn Reson Med 48:1068–1071, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automatic selection of mask and arterial phase images for temporally resolved MR digital subtraction angiography
Authors: Kim Junhwan , Prince Martin R. , Zabih Ramin , Bezanson Jeff , Watts Richard , Erel Hale E. , Wang Yi 
Published: December 2002

AbstractFor time‐resolved background‐subtracted contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography, the bright and sparse arterial signal allows unique identification of contrast bolus arrival in the arteries. This article presents an automatic filtering algorithm using such arterial characterization for selecting arterial phase images and mask images to generate an optimal summary arteriogram. A paired double‐blinded comparison demonstrated that this automatic algorithm is as effective as the manual process. Magn Reson Med 48:1004–1010, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Business associations and growth coalitions in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Bräutigam Deborah , Rakner Lise , Taylor Scott 
Published: December 2002

Why are ‘growth coalitions’ involving business interest groups and governments so rare in Africa? How has democratisation affected the possibilities for growth coalitions? In three cases with varying degrees of democracy – Mauritius, Zambia, and Zimbabwe – we find that hypotheses about growth coalitions that place importance on the organisation of the business sector are generally borne out. Yet even when the business community is organised in an ‘ideal’ manner, growth coalitions still depend on factors within the state: leadership, ideas, and capacity. Democratisation has a mixed effect. We find that in the case of Zambia, business–state relations did not improve despite a pro-democracy stance by business and the pro-business agenda of the democratic government coming to power in 1991. In Zimbabwe, the erosion of democracy reduced business access to state elites, breaking up a growth coalition that initially showed considerable promise. In Mauritius, the strengthening of democracy has paralleled the deepening of the growth coalition, and both have been reinforced by a strong economy. Our study shows that growth coalitions are possible in Africa; the key lies in determining the conditions under which such coalitions can be sustained in Africa's fragile polities.
Costs of deinstitutionalization in a rural catchment area in the Netherlands
Authors: PIJL Y. J. , SYTEMA S. , BARELS R. , WIERSMA D. 
Published: December 2002

Background. In contrast to many other countries, the Netherlands left the initiative in deinstitutionalizing mental health care to the traditional providers of mental health services. The goal of this study is to determine the effect of this policy on the allocation of mental health care resources to services.Method. All 20- to 64-year old users and their use of community- and hospital-based services between 1990 and 1999 were retrieved from the Groningen case register. Service utilization was combined with the direct unit costs of these services for the 1999 price level. Changes in the population as to size and age were taken into account.Results. In 1999 the direct costs of mental health care were €268 per adult inhabitant of the register area, which is 9% higher than in 1990. Costs increased most in the early 1990s before deinstitutionalization policy took effect. From 1993 and onwards the reduced length of stay in the hospital was the main cause for the decreased costs of in-patient care. These savings equalled the increased expenditures for day-treatment, sheltered residences and home-treatment, even though the unit costs of these types of community care are much lower than the unit costs of admissions. This was not caused by an increasing number of new clients, but was a result of longer periods of care during a larger number of years.Conclusions. These findings are in accordance with Dutch mental health care policy, which aims at prolonged care and aftercare outside the hospital whenever possible.
Cognitive functioning and disturbances of mood in UK veterans of the Persian Gulf War: a comparative study
Authors: DAVID A. S. , FARRIN L. , HULL L. , UNWIN C. , WESSELY S. , WYKES T. 
Published: December 2002

Background. Complaints of poor memory and concentration are common in veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War as are other symptoms. Despite a large research effort, such symptoms remain largely unexplained.Method. A comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests and rating scales was administered to 341 UK servicemen who were returnees from the Gulf War and peace keeping duties in Bosnia, plus non-deployed military controls. All were drawn from a large randomized survey. Most were selected on the basis of impaired physical functioning defined operationally.Results. Group comparisons revealed an association between physical functioning and symptoms of depression, post-traumatic stress reactions, increased anger and subjective cognitive failures. Poorer performance on some general cognitive measures, sequencing and attention was also seen in association with being ‘ill’ but virtually all differences disappeared after adjusting for depressed mood or multiple comparisons. Deployment was also associated with symptoms of post-traumatic stress and subjective cognitive failures, independently of health status, as well as minor general cognitive and constructional impairment. The latter remained significantly poorer in the Gulf group even after adjusting for depressed mood.Conclusions. Disturbances of mood are more prominent than quantifiable cognitive deficits in Gulf War veterans and probably lead to subjective underestimation of ability. Task performance deficits can themselves be explained by depressed mood although the direction of causality cannot be inferred confidently. Reduced constructional ability cannot be explained in this way and could be an effect of Gulf-specific exposures.
The relation between coping, social support and psychological and somatic symptoms among torture survivors in Nepal
Authors: EMMELKAMP J. , KOMPROE I. H. , VAN OMMEREN M. , SCHAGEN S. 
Published: December 2002

Background. Little is known about the relation between coping, social support, and psychological and somatic symptoms among survivors of torture living outside the West.Method. In a population-based dataset of 315 tortured Bhutanese refugees, univariate and multivariate relationships between coping and social support and symptoms were estimated. These relationships were verified in a second sample of 57 help-seeking Nepalese torture survivors.Results. A relationship was observed between the total number of coping strategies used and anxiety and depression. Negative coping, in contrast to positive coping, was related to all symptom outcome measures. Received social support was stronger related to symptoms than perceived social support. The findings from the first sample were replicated in the second sample.Conclusion. We found hypothesized relationships between coping, social support, and psychological and somatic symptoms among survivors of torture living in Nepal. The findings from this study confirm the importance of understanding specific types of coping and social support to develop intervention programmes for torture survivors in Non-western settings.
Severe somatization in women is associated with altered cerebral glucose metabolism
Authors: HAKALA M. , KARLSSON H. , RUOTSALAINEN U. , KOPONEN S. , BERGMAN J. , STENMAN H. , KELAVUORI J.-P. , AALTO S. , KURKI T. , NIEMI P. 
Published: December 2002

Background. Somatization is a clinical phenomenon characterized by multiple, medically unexplained somatic symptoms. The pathophysiology remains unknown. We aimed to test the hypothesis of a central nervous system dysfunction in the pathophysiology of this disorder.Methods. We studied 10 female patients diagnosed as having somatization disorder or undifferentiated somatoform disorder with no current Axis I disorders according to DSM-IV. They were compared with 17 healthy female volunteers using brain [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET with MRI reference.Results. The patients had lower cerebral metabolism rates of glucose (P<0·05) in both caudate nuclei, left putamen and right precentral gyrus compared with healthy volunteers.Conclusions. This is the first study to demonstrate changes in brain metabolism in somatizing women. The regional cerebral hypometabolism is probably associated with the pathophysiology of somatization.
Ultrasound biometry and fetal growth restriction
Authors: Gardosi Jason 
Published: December 2002

With the ascendancy of biophysical assessment with Doppler velocimetry, and the establishment of routine scan dating in early pregnancy, there needs to be a radical re-think of the role of ultrasound biometry in the definition and assessment of fetal growth restriction (FGR).Doppler flow velocimetry of the umbilical artery has proven its value in defining the FGR fetus. It is more useful than cardiotocography (CTG) or biophysical profile scoring. However, the sensitivity of any test depends on the prevalence of the condition being looked for. While Doppler is of value in fetuses which are small-for-gestational age (SGA), it is less useful in predicting growth restriction or adverse outcome in the general population. The question is therefore, how to detect those pregnancies for which further fetal assessment is indicated.
Preparation, characterization, and some physical properties of polypropylene/poly(methyl acrylate)‐grafted glass wool composites
Authors: Turky G. M. , Madani M. M. , Abdel‐Rehim M. H. , Badran A. S. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPolypropylene/poly(methyl acrylate)‐grafted glass wool (PMA‐g‐GW) mixes were prepared. The polymerization process was carried out using potassium persulfate (PPS) and PPS/acetone sodium bisulfite (ASBS) as a redox‐pair initiation system at 60 and 70°C. The effect of using PPS or PPS/ASBS on the grafting percent and conversion percent reveals that the conversion percent values on using PPS as an initiator are higher than those of PPS/ASBS, while in the case of grafting, the inverse is true, that is, using PPS as an initiator gives grafting percent values lower than those that can be obtained using PPS/ASBS. The dielectric properties, thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of PP loaded with modified glass wool as a function of different types and concentrations of initiators—used in the grafting polymerization process, namely, PPS and the redox initiating system—were also studied. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 723–732, 2003
Electrical charge transport and optical properties of a poly(methacrylate) with a new side chain and its Ni(II) complex
Authors: Yakuphanoglu F. , Sarman S. , Aydogdu Y. , Ilter Z. , Coskun M. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe electronic conductivity of poly[2‐(2‐hydroxybenzyliden hydrazino)thiazole‐4‐yl methyl methacrylate] bearing a thiazole ring, Schiff base, and hydroxyl group in its side chain and its Ni(II) complex were measured as functions of temperature and frequency. The electrical measurements show the semiconducting nature of the samples as their electrical conductivity increased with increased temperature. Also, the activation energies were below 2 eV, which places them in the semiconductor regime. The conduction mechanism in the samples is discussed. Although extrinsic conduction mechanism occurs in the polymer, intrinsic conduction mechanism take places in its metal complex. The optical absorption spectra were recorded at room temperature and the optical energy gaps of samples were determined by optical spectra. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 741–746, 2003
Binary and ternary polymer–strontium complexes and the capture of radioactive strontium‐90 from the polluted soil of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site
Authors: Orazzhanova L. K. , Yashkarova M. G. , Bimendina L. A. , Kudaibergenov S. E. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe interaction of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with strontium ions and the binding of strontium ions by equimolar interpolymer complexes (IPCs) of PAA and PEG were studied. The stability constants of binary polymer–metal complexes were determined. Aqueous solutions of IPCs of PAA and PEG were applied as soil structuring agents in model and real experiments. The ability of IPCs to capture radioactive strontium ions from the polluted soil of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site was established. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 759–764, 2003
Preparation of uniform calcium alginate gel beads by membrane emulsification coupled with internal gelation
Authors: Liu X. D. , Bao D. C. , Xue W. M. , Xiong Y. , Yu W. T. , Yu X. J. , Ma X. J. , Yuan Q. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWith the objective of making calcium alginate gel beads with small and uniform size, membrane emulsification coupled with internal gelation was proposed. Spherical gel beads with mean size of about 50 μm, and even smaller ones in water, and with narrow size distribution were successfully obtained. Experimental studies focusing mainly on the effect of process parameters on bead properties were performed. The size of the beads was mainly dependent on the diameter of the membrane pores. High transmembrane pressure made for large gel beads with wide size distribution. Low sodium alginate concentration produced nonspherical beads, whereas a high concentration was unsuitable for the production of small beads with narrow distribution. Thus 1.5% w/v was enough. A high surfactant concentration favored the formation of small beads, but the adverse effect on mass transfer should be considered in this novel process. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 848–852, 2003
Feigning≠malingering: a case study
Authors: DeClue Gregory 
Published: December 2002

AbstractResearchers and scholars assert that feigning should not be equated with malingering. Some practicing clinicians doing the everyday work of forensic assessment may view this as merely an academic distinction. This case study illustrates that a high level of certainty about feigning must not be considered indicative of malingering. The case also contrasts two models for assessing malingering and highlights the need for forensic examiners to present assessment‐of‐malingering data clearly and cautiously. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of disability in late 19th century America: Civil War pensions for Union Army veterans with musculoskeletal conditions
Authors: Blanck Peter , Linares Claudia , Song Chen 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis article examines the evolution of musculoskeletal (MSK) disability and its impact on mortality and work patterns in the late 19th century in America, in the context of the Civil War disability policy scheme. The study was conducted on 17,702 Union Army (UA) Civil War veterans. Of these, 10,789 were examined and diagnosed with major MSK conditions, rheumatism, sciatica, and spinal curvature, between 1862 and 1907. Analyses examine MSK (i) prevalence rates by birth cohort and age group; (ii) fatality rates as compared with other disabilities; (iii) risk rates by occupation type; and (iv) lifespan for MSK patients. MSK conditions are commonly claimed disabilities within the Civil War data set, with prevalence rates increasing with age. Regression studies show that working in clerical and professional (relative to manual labor) occupations decreases the likelihood of being examined for and diagnosed with MSK conditions. MSK patients examined at older ages tended to have longer lifespan than those examined at younger ages. The findings suggest that changes in age, environmental, and occupational conditions during the late 19th century affected MSK condition prevalence and the average lifespan of MSK patients. Implications for contemporary disability policy are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dead end jobs or a path to economic well being? The consequences of non‐standard work among people with disabilities
Authors: Schur Lisa A. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractHow do non‐standard jobs affect the economic well‐being of workers with disabilities, and what happens when non‐standard workers use disability lawsuits to challenge discrimination and improve their economic opportunities? This study uses data from the Current Population Survey, the Survey of Income and Program Participation, and a Lexis search of legal cases to help answer these questions. Temporary employment, independent contracting, and part‐time employment are almost twice as likely among workers with disabilities as among those without disabilities. Non‐standard workers with disabilities receive lower pay and fewer benefits due both to the types of job they hold, and disability gaps within job types, which contribute to their high poverty rates. They would continue to have high poverty rates even if these pay gaps were eliminated, however, because they work fewer hours than non‐standard workers without disabilities and are concentrated in lower‐paying occupations. In attempting to improve their opportunities through disability lawsuits, non‐standard workers prevail in only a small minority of cases. Several policy implications of the lawsuits and survey data are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public policy and employment of people with disabilities: exploring new paradigms
Authors: Cook Judith A. , Burke Jane 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA “sea change” in public attitudes, legislation, and political power at the end of the 20th century in the United States has helped set the stage in the early 21st century for the entry of people with disabilities into the labor force. Major pieces of federal legislation have altered national policy with the intention of maximizing the work force participation of people with disabilities. At the same time, a new theoretical paradigm of disability has emerged, which emphasizes community inclusion, accommodation, and protection of civil rights. This “New Paradigm” of disability can be applied in concert with rigorous behavioral science methodologies to shed light on the outcomes of recent federal policy changes regarding the labor force participation of people with disabilities. In so doing, social science can be used in more meaningful ways to understand both the intended and unintended consequences of federal policy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transplanted multipotential neural precursor cells migrate into the inflamed white matter in response to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Ben‐Hur Tamir , Einstein Ofira , Mizrachi‐Kol Rachel , Ben‐Menachem Ofra , Reinhartz Etti , Karussis Dimitrios , Abramsky Oded 
Published: December 2002

AbstractTransplanted neural precursor cells remyelinate efficiently acutely demyelinated focal lesions. However, the clinical value of cell transplantation in a chronic, multifocal disease like multiple sclerosis will depend on the ability of transplanted cells to migrate to the multiple disease foci in the brain. Here, we expanded newborn rat neural precursor cells in spheres and transplanted them intracerebroventricularly or intrathecally in rats. The cells were labeled by the nuclear fluorescent dye Hoechst or by incubation with BrdU to enable their identification at 2 days and 2 weeks after transplantation, respectively. Spheres consisted of PSA‐NCAM+, nestin+, NG2− undifferentiated precursor cells that differentiated in vitro into astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. Spheres that were transplanted into intact rats remained mostly in the ventricles or in the spinal subarachnoid space. Following transplantation at peak of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, cells migrated into the brain or spinal cord parenchyma, exclusively into inflamed white matter but not into adjacent gray matter regions. After 2 weeks, many transplanted cells had migrated into distant white matter tracts and acquired specific markers of the astroglial and oligodendroglial lineages. Thus, the inflammatory process may attract targeted migration of transplanted precursor cells into the brain parenchyma. GLIA 41:73–80, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.