bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of thermal desorption tubes on the variability of exhaled breath data
Authors: Jung Anne E , Davidson Christina N , Land Christopher J , Dash Aubrianne I , Guess Barlow T , Edmonds Heidi S , Pitsch Rhonda L , Harshman Sean W 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Due to the overall low abundance of volatile compounds in exhaled breath, it is necessary to preconcentrate the sample prior to traditional thermal desorption (TD) gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. While certain aspects of TD tubes, such as volatile storage, have been evaluated, many aspects remain uncharacterized. Two common TD tubes, Tenax TA and Biomonitoring 5TD tubes, were evaluated for background content and flow rate variability. The data illustrate that the Biomonitoring 5TD tubes have the highest number (23) and abundance of background contamination greater than 3x the mean noise when compared to Tenax TA (13) and empty tubes (9). Tentative identifications of the compounds in the background contamination experiment show that greater than 59% (16/27) of the compounds identified have been reported in the breath literature. The data illustrate the TD tube background abundance could account for more than 70% of the chromatographic signal from exhaled breath for these select compounds. Flow rate measurements of 200 Tenax TA and 200 Biomonitoring 5TD tubes show a large range in measured flow rates among the TD tubes (Tenax: 252.9–284.0 ml min−1, 5TD: 220.6–255.1 ml min−1). Finally, TD tubes of each type, Tenax TA and Biomonitoring 5TD, previously established to have high, medium, and low flow rates, show insignificant differences (p > 0.05) among the tubes of different flow rates, using both gas standards and an exhaled breath from a peppermint experiment. Collectively, these results establish overall background compounds attributed to each TD tube type tested. Additionally, while measured flow rate variability is present and plausibly impacts exhaled breath results, the data demonstrate no statistically significant difference was observed between tubes showing high, medium, and low flow rates from two separate sample types.
Challenges Facing the Agricultural Extension Organization and Ways to Address Them
Authors: Khamis Adnan Ibrahim , Ali Najwa S. , Ali Anhar Mohamed 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The study aimed to identify the size of the challenges and obstacles facing the agricultural extension organization in the following areas (the approved extension approach, the organizational structure of the extension organization, the degree of centralization and decentralization, the use of communication technology and information systems, the organizational links and relationships with the relevant authorities, the development of human capabilities). The study identified the problems experienced by agricultural extension agents in the fields of work through the following areas (administrative and organizational problems, problems related to capabilities and facilities, psychological and social problems, financial problems), the study was conducted in the city of Baghdad and the research included all agricultural extension agents working in the extension and training department Agricultural and Extension Center in Baghdad, Training and Rehabilitation Center and Extension Centers working in the Directorate of Agriculture, if the research community totaled (114) respondents, the questionnaire form was used as a data collection tool and included three axes: The first axis included (60) items distributed over (6) areas that represent the challenges that The extension organization faces, and the second axis included (27) paragraphs distributed over four areas that represent the problems facing agricultural extension workers in the fields of work, while the third axis included (15) paragraphs that represent some proposals and solutions to face these challenges and problems. On a group of experts and specialists in the field of extension, and the stability of the research tool was confirmed, after the data collection process, the statistical program (SPSS) was used to analyze that data, and the study concluded the following results: The agricultural extension organization is facing today a set of challenges and obstacles that have an impact The actor on the workflow and implementation of agricultural extension programs and activities, and the agricultural extension workers working in the fields of work suffer from a number of problems and obstacles affecting the efficiency of performing extension tasks, and that the approach and extension approach adopted by the agricultural extension organization do not fit the requirements of the current stage, and that the organizational structure of the current extension organization It includes a lot of work problems and obstacles, and there is a clear deficiency in the delegation of powers, as it was found that there is a weakness in the level of use of that information and communication technology, and also a weakness in the strength of interdependence with the relevant authorities, and the study included some recommendations that would work to improve and develop the performance of the extension organization.
Fish Marketing in Salah Al-Din Governorate for the 2022 Productions (Tikrit District as a Model)
Authors: Al-Nimrawi Khalil Hammadi Musleh , Rahim Firas Ibrahim 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The research mainly aims to study fish marketing in Salah al-Din Governorate / Tikrit district for the year (2022) by measuring marketing costs, marketing margins, and the share of the producer, wholesaler, and retailer from the distribution of consumer dinars, Calculate marketing efficiency and know the level of competence for each of the producer, intermediaries, wholesalers, and retailers, and find strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities through (SWOT) analysis, A stratified random sample was selected in the study area consisting of (73) fish producers in the district, and the information related to the study was collected through the questionnaire that was designed for producers. Then, information on camel traders was collected through a questionnaire distributed to (25) wholesale market traders, and then information on retail traders was collected through a questionnaire number (25) distributed to retail market traders. The marketing costs of the product, wholesalers, and retailers, respectively, amounted to (1090, 746.1, 235.75) dinars/kg, and the absolute and relative marketing margin between the wholesaler and the producer amounted to (1250) dinars/kg (23.8%), and the absolute and relative marketing margin between the retailer and the merchant Total (1750) dinars/kg (25%), And between the retailer and the producer, it amounted to (3000) dinars/kg (42%), and the share of the producer, the wholesaler, and the retailer in consumer dinars, respectively, was (57.15%), (17.85%), (25%,)As for the marketing efficiency, according to the first scale, it reached (62.26%), and the marketing efficiency according to the second scale, in the three stages of the product and wholesale, amounted to (73.22%), retail and wholesale, it amounted to (66.14%), and finally, for retail and product, it was (53.25%). As for marketing efficiency according to the third scale, it amounted to (21.59%). We conclude from this that there is a difference in marketing efficiency according to the three formulas because of the difference in prices, production, and marketing costs, The study recommends giving importance to scientific research for fish in terms of production, costs and marketing because of its nutritional importance and the provision of job opportunities and a comprehensive study of the fish market in Salah Governorate and seizing opportunities and avoiding potential risks and identifying needs and requirements and identifying products required for consumers because of their importance in increasing production efficiency, marketing and consumption optimal allocation of resources, achieving stability and encouraging growth.
Environmental Radioactivity of Alpha in Paint samples of Iraqi Markets
Authors: Hashim Abdalsattar Kareem , Nayif Sara Salih , Mohammed Elham Jasim , Al-Rawaf Ali F. , Abojassim Ali Abid 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
By using a sealed technology, radon levels were determined, annual effective dose, the effective content of radium, radon exhalation rate and uranium concentrations to be the total 30 samples materials used to paint the walls of buildings and homes in Iraq. It was found that the recommended value for all samples for radon concentration is with low potency radium content of 300 Bq / m3 and 370 Bq / kg respectively. In addition, Annual effective dose in all values was found to be less than the permission level (10 mSv / y). The values of exhalation rate relative to samples lower than the permission value (57.600 mBq/m2.h) set by UNSCEAR organization. The strong correlation (R2=1). It turns out that the content effective radium with the surface radon exhalation rate, the mass radon exhalation rate, and the uranium concentration, respectively. In general, the studied of 30 samples materials used to paint the walls of buildings and homes in Iraq be safe to use as construction material.
Effect of Alcoholic Extract of Syntrichia intermedia on some Yeasts Isolated from Mobile Phones and the User’s Finger
Authors: Al-Sumaidaiea Baraa Z. , Al-Rejaboo Maha A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Syntrichia intermedia was isolated from the Amadiya region in northern Iraq for the first time, as it was used against the yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Candida krusei and the yeast Meyerozyma caribbica isolated fore the first one and registered as a new strain in the Gen Bank of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) with identification number LC723825.1. Three methods were used to determine the effect of the alcoholic extract of S. intermedia at the following concentrations, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mg/ml against yeast isolates, When using the first method-turbidity measurement the concentrations were shown starting from 1 mg/ml an inhibitory effect respectively up to the highest concentration of 10 mg/ml against yeast B. bruxellensis, C. krusei and M. caribbica. and When using the second method-disc diffusion the following concentration showed the highest inhibition percentage the concentration of 2 mg / ml with a diameter of (12.50 mm) against the yeast B. bruxellensis. and The concentrations 1 with a diameter of (11.0 mm) against the yeast C. krusei and The concentrations 4 mg / ml with a diameter of (11.50 mm) Compared with the antibiotic Nystatin which showed a higher percentage of inhibition than the alcoholic extract, While the third method-diffusion by wells was used and the concentration of 4 mg / ml showed the highest percentage of inhibition with a diameter of (23.0 mm) for yeast B. bruxellensis and a concentration of 6 mg / ml showed the highest percentage of inhibition with a diameter of (19.00 mm) against yeast C. krusei. and a concentration of 8 mg / ml showed the highest percentage of inhibition with a diameter of (15.67 mm) against yeast M. caribbica compared with the antibiotic Nystatin, which showed less inhibition than the alcoholic extract, so the yeast B. bruxellensis was more sensitive to the alcoholic extract, followed by the yeast M. caribbica. Then the yeast When using the method of diffusion by discs and digging, either by measuring the turbidity the yeast M. caribbica was the most sensitive to the alcoholic extract followed by C. krusei Then the yeast B. bruxellensis, so the turbidity measurement method is considered one of the best methods that can be used to measure the effect of the alcoholic extract because of measuring the turbidity using a spectrophotometer, followed by the diffusion method by wells, then the method of diffusion by discs.
Study of Cloud Liquid Water Content Over Iraq Through Heavy Rain Cases
Authors: Deagan Eptehaal M. , Al-Jiboori Monim H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Because of heavy rains and drought, Iraq’s water resources have been catastrophically depleted. In this study, we relied on four cities distributed in Iraq. The date of this study where the floods occurred is January 27-28 2019. Torrential rains cause great dangers to lives, agriculture, and water resources, as happened in the history of this study. These risks can be avoided by knowing more accurately the behavior of the cloud. The basic building block for knowing cloud behavior is knowing the behavior of the liquid water content cloud (CLWC). Through it, we addressed the issue of the characteristics of the CLWC, its variation with time and space, and its vertical distribution within the cloud over Iraq, affected by the synoptic low-pressure system. Through this study, they noticed a significant difference in the behavior of CLWC in the different cities of Iraq. We also determined the nature of the relationship between CLWC and relative humidity, air temperature, and precipitation. Data used in the study are taken from ERA5 | ECMWF, and the General Authority for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring).
Effect of Dust Emitted from Al-Kufa Cement Factory on some Indicators of Vegetative Growth of Wheat Plants
Authors: Abdel-Hamza Zahraa Mohamed , Abdel-Kalabi Hussein Ghaith 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field study was conducted in the winter of 2022–2023 to determine the effect of Al-Kufa Cement Factory (CKD) dust on some soils in the plant’s neighboring areas on some botanical indicators of the wheat crop grown there by comparing them to vegetative growth indicators. The study was conducted on four locations surrounding Al-Kufa Cement Factory, three of which were southeast of the plant and under the influence of the cement factory dust with a sandy loam texture, and the fourth was northwest of the factory and not affected by the factory dust (comparison) with a sandy location texture. Some physical features of these sites have been measured. Seven replicates were used to measure plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, wheat production, and vegetative growth. The results showed that the dust factor had a significant effect on the studied vegetative growth indicators of wheat plants, including plant height, which increased with the dust factor, as the average of the studied grade in dust-affected locations was (89.73) cm. plant-1 and (74.13) cm. plant-1 in the unaffected location. According to the data, the average number of plant branches in dust-affected areas was (3.86-3.26) more than in unaffected areas. respectively plant-1 Leaf number attributes are the same. The average number of leaves in cement industry dust-affected areas increased to 10.73. Plant-1. The average of the same grade in the industrial dust-free area was 8.43 leaves. Plant-1, and the dust component increased the edge weight of wheat yield by 1.78 g. Plant-1 in dusty areas and (1.42) gm. Unaffected Plant-1, In the dust-affected area, the vegetative group’s dry weight increased with the dust factor, reaching (5.56) g. (4.43) g and plant-1. Unaffected plant-1.
Impact of Environmental Pollution by Spent Oil Levels on Leaf Anatomy of Eruca Sativa
Authors: Mohsen Russell Khaled , Al-Robai Hazim Aziz 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Pollution is the quantitative change that occurs to one or more of the elements of the environment that would harm the life of the living organism and weaken the ability of the environment to continue its production. The current research was carried out to study the impact of spent engine oil pollution on some anatomical leaf characters of Eruca Sativa. The pots of sandy soils were contaminated by adding spent engine oil levels of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 15.0 and 30.0 ml.3kg-1. From the results, it is noted that a convergence and a slight decrease in the thickness of the cuticle layer of the upper and lower surface of the leaf at the levels of added oil 1.5 and 2.5 ml.kg -1. It was observed, that there was a relative decrease in the thickness of the upper and lower epidermal cells layer at the low levels of addition, with the increase in the decrease in thickness with the increase in the levels of spent oil. And it was found that a clear increase in the thickness of the palisade layer with the increase in the levels of spent oil addition compared to the thickness of the layer in the leaves of plants grown in soil with an addition level of 0 ml.kg-1. It is clear that the dimensions of the stomata for the upper and lower leaf surface of the plant leaf increased and took a behavior that corresponded to the increase in the levels of spent engine oil.
Survey of the Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) Associated with some Brassicaceae Plants in Basrah Provence, Iraq
Authors: Jaber Faisal Nasser , Alyousuf Aqeel , Al-Saffar Hanaa H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Butterflies were collected from two regions of Basra south of Iraq during November 2021 to March 2022. This survey showed ten species belong to ten genera under four families: Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae. The species Vanessa cardui showed the highest level of distribution while the lowest one was Pieria rapae.
Evaluation of the Efficiency of some Integrated Control Agents in Controlling the Different Stage of the Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleurodidae) in the Field
Authors: Cheflawi Roaa Rafie , Kareem Ali Abdulhuisen , Ali Abdulzahra Jabar 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The cotton whitefly is a complex biological species. Bemisia tabaci (Genn) is an important pest that affects various crops in Iraq and the world, which causes economic damage to the vegetable production of crops. For this reason, the study aimed to use some elements of integrated control to whitefly in all its harmful stages on crops and to evaluate the efficiency of biopesticides (Bacillus bassiana, Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces lilacinus fungus, Entomopathogenic nematodes for both sexes, Heterohabditis sp. - Steinernema sp.)and chemical pesticides (Alafsket, Oxymatrin, Baron) used in the field against the different stages of the insect, as these bio and chemical treatments recorded a high mortality rate for eggs and primary stages that were more sensitive than pupae and adults who had a lower death rate for those advanced stages of the insect. Where the pathogenic nematodes gave the highest mortality rate compared to the used biopesticides, the results of the nematode suspension for the egg death experiment on the third day of treatment were 84.0%. In comparison, the treatment results for the experiment with the destruction of primary nymphs for the seventh day were 80.3%. The results of the treatment for the adult mortality experiment on the thirteenth day were 87.50% (note that nematodes were used in the field under suitable conditions for the growth of effective larvae to control against the stages of the insect, and it was 25-30 °C and humidity 60, and the diluted nematode suspension was kept under 10 °C to maintain the vitality of the effective larvae. As for the chemical treatments, the chemical pesticide Offset was superior to a high mortality rate for different insect stages compared to other chemical treatments. As for the experiment results, the morality of the primary nymphs on the seventh day was 87.7%, and the pesticide treatment for the experiment with the death of adults on the thirteenth day was recorded at 94.17%.
A new Report of Trichocladium griseum in Iraq: Morphological and Molecular Descriptions
Authors: Dakheel Feed A. , Gamaz Burair A. N. , Abdulhay Mohammed M. , Abdalmoohsin Rajaa G. , Lahuf Adnan A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
During a survey of diversity of fungal pathogens in nurseries of Babylon and Karbala Provinces of Iraq in 2021. Trichocladium griseum associated with diseased ornamental plants, Gazania sp. and Carpobrotus edulis was isolated and identified relied on its morphological features, ITS rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The T. griseum fungus has not yet been described previously in Iraq. Hence, this is the first report of Trichocladium griseum presence in Iraq.
Evaluation of the Effect of Plant Age on Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Disease and Age Relationship in Plants
Authors: Abd Bashar Falih , Dhaher Inad 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The variables involved in ARR (Age - Related Resistance) to TYLCV in tomato plants were investigated in order to ascertain the impact of plant age and its link to disease development on gene expression of genetic resistance to TYLCV. Before being moved to the greenhouse, eleven virus-resistant and -susceptible kinds were nurtured in sterile conditions in Baghdad governorate’s protected nurseries. They were 15 days old when they went into the greenhouse to be planted on September 15, 2021. The virus-transmitting Bemisia tabaci bug was released into the plastic greenhouse following its activity, exposing the plants to direct infection. Afterwards, the plants were evaluated for their production, height, and molecular resistance by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, symptoms were tracked. All the cultivars evaluated showed a substantial decrease in yield when the plant was older when infected. Infection with TYLCV significantly reduced production for all cultivars. Our findings provide evidence that tomato plants develop resistance to TYLCV as they mature.
First Record of Endophytic Fungi “Trichoderma asperellum” on Oryza sativa in Iraq
Authors: Toman Raad T. , Al-Gburi Bashar K. H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The detection of Trichoderma spp. is a great challenge as the attention in the past four decades has been focused on the endophytic fungi in terms of agricultural benefit mainly. Therefore, the aim of current study emphasized on the extent of presence and spread of Trichoderma asperellum on rice in Iraq. The activity of isolated fungi was studied with diagnosing it morphologically and molecularly. Results showed that the Tr5 isolate was exceeded in the number of live units and gave 2.6 × 108 CFU.g-1 as well as the highest rate of germination reached 100%. Based on the microscopic and molecular identification, the Tr5 isolate was diagnosed as Trichoderma asperellum which was registered in GenBank under the accession number OQ378987. The genetic affinity in the phylogenetic tree indicated that Tr5 isolate was segregated into unique clade as the percentage of genetic compatibility reached 91% with two isolates from India and China. This research will provide the basis for future studies within biology and ecology of endophytic fungi including T. asperellum in Iraq.
Study on the Effect of Bee Strain and Pollination Method on the Hygienic Behavior of Honey Bee Colonies Tested by Liquid Nitrogen Freezing Method
Authors: Awwad Waad H. , Shaher Kamila W. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Bee queen breeding was conducted for local and Carniolan honey bee strains, as well as hybrids resulting from cross-pollination, using both natural and artificial insemination methods. The hygienic behavior test was conducted using liquid nitrogen freezing method. The results showed that the hybrid bee strain T3 outperformed with detection and removal rates of 92.66% and 87.50% respectively, 48 hours after the study, regardless of the insemination method. The results also demonstrated the superiority of the natural insemination method, regardless of the studied strain, with detection and removal rates of 85.66% and 78.66% respectively, 48 hours after the killing process. The results also showed the interaction between the bee strain and the insemination method, 48 hours after the killing process, with significant superiority for treatment T2A1 in terms of detection and removal rates at 98.00% and 96.66% respectively. It was followed by treatment T3A2, which had no significant difference in detection rate (94.33%) and a removal rate of 89.00%, which was not significantly different from treatment T3A1 with a removal rate of 86.00%.