bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field observations quantifying attraction of four tortricid moths to high‐dosage pheromone dispensers in untreated and pheromone‐treated orchards
Authors: Stelinski L.L. , Gut L.J. , Pierzchala A.V. , Miller J.R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOrientational responses of four species of feral tortricid moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to polyethylene tube dispensers of pheromone were observed in a 0.8 ha apple orchard treated with such pheromone dispensers and in an untreated 0.8 ha orchard. Male oblique‐banded leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana (Walker) (mean 7.2 ± 0.4 moths/night during 21 nights), Oriental fruit moths, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (mean 10.5 ± 2.1 during 20 evenings), and the redbanded leafrollers, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker) (mean 2.0 ± 1.1 during 14 nights) were observed approaching within 100 cm of their respective polyethylene‐tube pheromone dispensers in the untreated orchard. Furthermore, C. rosaceana (mean 2.0 ± 0.7 during 17 nights) and G. molesta (mean 1.5 ± 0.4 over 20 evenings) came within 100 cm of their respective polyethylene‐tube pheromone dispensers in the pheromone‐treated orchard. Most visits lasted less than 10 s, after which the majority of moths departed by flying upwind. In the untreated orchard, the number of C. rosaceana observed orienting to polyethylene tube dispensers was greater than the number captured in optimized monitoring traps (1.9 ± 0.4) per night of observation. The numbers of A. velutinana (2.0 ± 1.1) or G. molesta (10.5 ± 2.1) attracted to polyethylene‐tube dispensers in the untreated orchard did not differ statistically from the numbers captured in optimized monitoring traps per night of observation. In the pheromone‐treated orchard, the number of C. rosaceana (2.0 ± 0.4) or G. molesta (1.2 ± 0.2) observed orienting to polyethylene‐tube dispensers did not differ statistically from the numbers of male moths of these species captured in optimized monitoring traps per night of observation. No codling moths, Cydia pomonella L. were observed orienting to, or landing near, their respective polyethylene‐tube dispensers in either the untreated or pheromone‐treated orchards, although substantial numbers were captured in monitoring traps per night of observation (6.0 ± 1.7) in the untreated orchard. The attraction of male moths to polyethylene tube dispensers thus occurred in three of the four species observed. These results provide support for the idea that false‐plume‐following is an important component of the mechanisms mediating communicational disruption in moths by polyethylene‐tube dispensers.
Decreased preference and reproduction, and increased mortality of Frankliniella occidentalis on thrips‐resistant pepper plants
Authors: Maris P.C. , Joosten N.N. , Goldbach R.W. , Peters D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe effect of thrips resistance in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) – previously shown to result in impeded thrips population development (Maris PC, Joosten NN, Goldbach RW & Peters D (2003a) Restricted spread of Tomato spotted wilt virus in thrips‐resistant pepper. Phytopathology 93: 1223–1227. Maris PC, Joosten NN, Goldbach RW & Peters D (2003b) Spread of Tomato spotted wilt virus and population development of Frankliniella occidentalis in pepper resistant to thrips. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology Netherlands Entomological Society (NEV) Amsterdam 14: 95–101.) – on thrips’[Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)] reproduction, mortality, host preference, and behaviour was investigated. Reproduction, studied by oviposition and larval survival, was negatively affected by the thrips‐resistant (TR) phenotype, whereas the offspring's developmental rate did not differ on TR and the thrips‐susceptible (TS) phenotype. While thrips’ behaviour was hardly affected by thrips resistance, a significant preference for TS plants over the TR plants was found in different tests. When released on either a TR or a TS plant, thrips dispersed at significantly higher rates from the TR plants, demonstrating that not only an impeded reproduction, but also a reduced residence time adds to the reported lower thrips numbers on TR plants.
Host crop influence on the susceptibility of the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, to Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki HD‐73
Authors: Gujar G.T. , Mittal A. , Kumari Archana , Kalia V. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractStudies on the susceptibility of F1 neonates of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) collected from chickpea in Delhi and cotton in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan in northern India, to Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki HD‐73, and the impact of host crop diets on insect susceptibility, were carried out by diet incorporation bioassays. The susceptibility of F1 neonates of H. armigera to Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki HD‐73 ranged from twofold (LC50 96 h, 84.5–164.2 µg (ai) l−1) for chickpea to about fivefold (LC50 96 h, 51.1–247.7 µg (ai) l−1) for cotton. The F1 neonates of insects collected from pearl millet were twice as tolerant as those collected from cotton and sunflower at Sirsa to B. thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki HD‐73, suggesting that there was an influence of host crops on insect susceptibility. Insects originally collected from cotton fields at Bhatinda and reared for four generations on a chickpea‐based meridic diet were used to initiate host‐specific colonies of H. armigera. These host‐specific colonies were allowed to complete one generation on meridic diets prepared with different hosts, viz., cabbage, cauliflower, chickpea, green pea, pearl millet, and pigeon pea. Larvae of H. armigera were heaviest on the 15th day, and had a higher growth rate on a pigeon pea‐based diet than all other host diets. The larval period was shorter on chickpea and pigeon pea, with higher percentage pupation than all other host‐diets. The pupal weight of H. armigera was greater on chickpea and pigeon pea diets than on other host diets. The growth and development of larvae was significantly poorer on pearl millet diet than on other host diets. The F1 neonates of H. armigera belonging to cabbage, cauliflower, and pearl millet host‐specific colonies were more susceptible than those belonging to chickpea, green pea, and pigeon pea host‐specific colonies to B. thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki HD‐73, suggesting the importance of proteinaceous nutrients in tolerance. The F1 neonates of the pearl millet colony of H. armigera grown on a chickpea‐diet for 4 days were significantly more tolerant to B. thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki HD‐73 than those reared on the pearl millet‐based diet. These studies show the impact of the host diet of H. armigera on tolerance to B. thuringiensis.
Temporal and developmental aspects of diet‐induced food preferences in larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta
Authors: De Boer Gerrit 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDiet‐induced changes in food preferences in an oligophagous caterpillar were studied in order to characterize the conditions under which this induction occurs. The time course of acquisition and extinction of induced food preferences by larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johan.) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae), was examined by varying the food and duration of larval food experience. Larvae were given feeding experience with the host plant tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.) (Solanaceae), or the acceptable non‐host plant cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (Walp.) (Fabaceae), or switched from one to the other during different instars. Food preferences for V. unguiculata by the fourth or fifth instar larvae were measured individually in two‐choice tests with discs of V. unguiculata and moist filter paper. The acquisition or extinction of an induced food preference for V. unguiculata was indicated by larvae preferring V. unguiculata to filter paper or the reverse, respectively. Results showed that: (1) the period required for the acquisition of induced preference for V. unguiculata can be short (36 h), (2) food experience in either the third or fourth instar period is sufficient, and (3) the most recent feeding experience appears to be important. In contrast, the period required for extinction of induced preference for V. unguiculata appeared to be longer (1–3 instars), and both the most recent feeding experience and total duration of larval experience with the inducing food seem to play a role. Experience is not restricted to a particular instar period to acquire or extinguish such an induced food preference. The induced food preference for V. unguiculata was not very rigid and could be reversed by having one instar of feeding experience on L. esculentum. The findings indicate that diet‐induced food preferences in M. sexta contains elements of habituation and associative learning, but do not support food imprinting and induction of oligophagy.
Impact of alcohol consumption upon medical care utilization and costs in men: 4‐year observation of National Health Insurance beneficiaries in Japan
Authors: Anzai Yukiko , Kuriyama Shinichi , Nishino Yoshikazu , Takahashi Kohko , Ohkubo Takayoshi , Ohmori Kaori , Tsubono Yoshitaka , Tsuji Ichiro 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAims  The purpose of the present study was to examine the association between alcohol consumption and in‐patient and out‐patient care utilization and its costs, respectively.Design and participants  The present data were derived from a 4‐year prospective observation of National Health Insurance beneficiaries in rural Japan. A total of 17 497 men aged 40–79 years were analysed, after excluding subjects who at the baseline reported having had at least one of four chronic diseases: stroke, myocardial infarction, liver disease and cancer. Alcohol intake was classified into five groups, not including ex‐drinkers: life‐long abstainers and ethanol intakes of 1–149 g/week, 150–299 g/week, 300–449 g/week, and ≥450 g/week.Findings  The hospital days and in‐patient care cost showed a U‐shaped relationship with alcohol consumption. In‐patient cost was highest for those consuming more than 450 g/week [£74.96, 95% confidence interval (CI): 54.39, 95.52] and for life‐long abstainers (£69.16, 95% CI: 62.08, 77.83), and lowest for those consuming 150–299 g/week (£51.69, 95% CI: 45.33, 58.04). In‐patient use by age specific analysis also showed a U‐shape at all ages, and was lowest for those consuming 1–149 g/week in youngest age group. In contrast, the number of physician visits and out‐patient cost showed an inverse linear relationships with alcohol consumption.Conclusions  This study suggests that in‐patient use shows a U‐shaped curve and out‐patient use shows an inverse linear relationship to alcohol consumption.
Heroin and diplopia
Authors: Firth Alison Y. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAims  To describe the eye misalignments that occur during heroin use and heroin detoxification and to give an overview of the management of persisting diplopia (double vision) which results from eye misalignment.Methods  A literature review using Medline and the search terms strabismus, heroin and substance withdrawal syndrome is presented. General management of cases presenting to the ophthalmologist and orthoptist with acute acquired concomitant esotropia is described.Findings  A tendency towards a divergence of the visual axes appears to be present in heroin users, although when present it may not always lead to diplopia. Following detoxification intermittent esotropia or constant esotropia (convergence of the visual axes) can occur; if intermittent the angle tends to be small and diplopia present when viewing distance objects. Occlusion of one eye to eliminate the second image could encourage the development of a constant deviation. The deviation is not caused by a cranial nerve palsy. Constant deviations of this type are classified as ‘acute acquired concomitant esotropia’. Relief from the diplopia may be gained by prismatic correction, and the deviation may then resolve spontaneously. Botulinum toxin or surgical intervention may be necessary in cases that do not resolve.Conclusions  Heroin use may lead to intermittent or constant exotropia and withdrawal may result in intermittent or constant esotropia. Awareness of the mechanism causing this may avoid referral to other specialties (e.g. neurology) and awareness of treatment modalities could encourage patients to seek appropriate help for relief of symptoms.
Primary medical care and reductions in addiction severity: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Saitz Richard , Horton Nicholas J. , Larson Mary Jo , Winter Michael , Samet Jeffrey H. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAims  To assess whether receipt of primary medical care can lead to improved outcomes for adults with addictions.Design  We studied a prospective cohort of adults enrolled in a randomized trial to improve linkage with primary medical care.Methods  Subjects at a residential detoxification unit with alcohol, heroin or cocaine as a substance of choice, and no primary medical care were enrolled. Receipt of primary medical care was assessed over 2 years. Outcomes included (1) alcohol severity, (2) drug severity and (3) any substance use.Findings  For the 391 subjects, receipt of primary care (≥2 visits) was associated with a lower odds of drug use or alcohol intoxication (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29–0.69, 2 d.f. χ2P = 0.002). For 248 subjects with alcohol as a substance of choice, alcohol severity was lower in those who received primary care [predicted mean Addiction Severity Index (ASI) alcohol scores for those reporting ≥ 2, 1 and 0 visits, respectively, 0.30, 0.26 and 0.34, P = 0.04]. For 300 subjects with heroin or cocaine as a substance of choice, drug severity was lower in those who received primary care (predicted mean ASI drug scores for those reporting ≥ 2, 1 and 0 visits, respectively, 0.13, 0.15 and 0.16, P = 0.01).Conclusions  Receipt of primary medical care is associated with improved addiction severity. These results support efforts to link patients with addictions to primary medical care services.
How have smoking risk factors changed with recent declines in California adolescent smoking?
Authors: Gilpin Elizabeth A. , Lee Lora , Pierce John P. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAim  To compare predictors of smoking initiation in two longitudinal studies in California conducted during periods when adolescent smoking prevalence was increasing (1993–96) and decreasing (1996–99).Design, setting and participants  Cohorts of 12–15‐year‐old never smokers were identified from the cross‐sectional 1993 and 1996 California Tobacco Surveys (large population‐based telephone surveys) and followed‐up 3 years later (1993–96, n = 1764; 1996–99, n = 2119).Measures  We compared cohort transition rates to any smoking by follow‐up in risk groups defined by known predictors of smoking initiation at baseline. Besides examining predictors individually, risk groups were defined using a multivariate analysis.Findings  Overall, transition to any smoking by follow‐up occurred in 38.3 ± 4.0% (% ± 95% confidence interval) of never smokers in the 1993–96 cohort and 31.1 ± 2.6% in the 1996–99 cohort. For most predictors, the transition rate for adolescents with the characteristic was the same or only slightly lower in the 1996–99 cohort compared to the 1993–96 cohort, but the transition rate in those without the characteristic was generally much lower, thus increasing the power of the predictor. The multivariate analysis confirmed that compared to the 1993–96 cohort, transition occurred much less often in the 1996–99 cohort for adolescents at low rather than at medium or high risk of future smoking.Conclusions  The turnaround in California adolescent smoking in the mid‐1990s, when smoking began to decline, appears to come primarily from adolescents already at low risk of future smoking (as defined by a variety of predictors), who transitioned to smoking at much lower rates than previously.
Review article: nucleoside analogues for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Younger H. M. , Bathgate A. J. , Hayes P. C. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryCurrent accepted treatment for chronic hepatitis B uses either the immunomodulator interferon alpha or nucleoside analogues lamivudine or adefovir. Interferon has side effects which mean it is often poorly tolerated. Long‐term use of lamivudine is associated with increasing viral resistance for each year it is taken and the rebound viraemia that can occur when the drug is stopped is also of concern to many. Adefovir appears to have less of the resistance issues of lamivudine but is still a relatively new drug and at present its use is principally limited to patients with lamivudine‐resistant disease.A number of other nucleoside analogues are currently being developed with some now at the stage of early clinical trials. A proportion share the significant resistance problems of lamivudine but many appear to have more potent anti‐viral effect than the drugs currently available. If some of these newer anti‐viral agents are approved for use in chronic hepatitis B, the potential for prolonged suppression of hepatitis B virus replication with resultant stabilization or improvement in liver disease may be achieved.
Clinical and endosonographic effect of ciprofloxacin on the treatment of perianal fistulae in Crohn's disease with infliximab: a double‐blind placebo‐controlled study
Authors: West R. L. , van der Woude C. J. , Hansen B. E. , Felt‐Bersma R. J. F. , van Tilburg A. J. P. , Drapers J. A. G. , Kuipers E. J. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground : Ciprofloxacin is effective in perianal Crohn's disease but after treatment discontinuation symptoms reoccur. Infliximab is effective but requires maintenance therapy.Aim : To evaluate the effect of combined ciprofloxacin and infliximab in perianal Crohn's disease.Methods : A double‐blind placebo‐controlled study was conducted. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 500‐mg ciprofloxacin twice daily or a placebo for 12 weeks. All patients received 5‐mg/kg infliximab in week 6, 8 and 12 and were followed for 18 weeks. Primary end‐point was clinical response, defined as a 50% or greater reduction from baseline in the number of draining fistulae. Secondary end‐points were the change in Perianal Disease Activity Index and hydrogen peroxide enhanced three‐dimensional endoanal ultrasonography findings. Analysis was by intention‐to‐treat.Results : Twenty‐four patients were included but two discontinued treatment. At week 18, response was 73% (eight of 11) in the ciprofloxacin group and 39% (five of 13) in the placebo group (P = 0.12). Using logistic regression analysis patients treated with ciprofloxacin tended to respond better (OR = 2.37, CI: 0.94–5.98, P = 0.07). The Perianal Disease Activity Index score only improved (P = 0.008) in the ciprofloxacin group. Three‐dimensional endoanal ultrasonography improved in three patients with a clinical response.Conclusions : A combination of ciprofloxacin and infliximab tended to be more effective than infliximab alone.
Review article: the eosinophil as a therapeutic target in gastrointestinal disease
Authors: Hogan S. P. , Rothenberg M. E. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryElevated levels of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract is a common feature of numerous gastrointestinal disorders including food allergy, parasitic infections, gastro‐oesophageal reflux, eosinophilic oesophagitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, allergic colitis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Recently, clinical and experimental studies have provided evidence that eosinophils have a critical role in the pathophysiology of eosinophil‐associated gastrointestinal disease. Collectively, these studies have provided relevant insight into identifying key targets for therapeutic intervention. The present review describes recent experimental investigations on the role of eosinophils in the clinical manifestations of eosinophil‐associated gastrointestinal disease and discusses future therapeutic approaches for the treatment of disease.
Oesophageal pH has a power‐law distribution in control and gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease subjects
Authors: Gardner J. D. , Sloan S. , Robinson M. , Miner P. B. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground : We are unaware of any solid theoretical or pathophysiological basis for selecting pH 4 or any other pH value to assess oesophageal acid exposure or to define oesophageal reflux episodes.Aim : To examine the frequency of different oesophageal pH values in control and GERD subjects.Methods : Oesophageal pH was measured for 24 h in 57 gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease subjects and 26 control subjects. Histograms were constructed using the 21 600 values from each recording and bins of 0.25 pH units.Results : Compared with controls, gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease subjects had significantly more low pH values and significantly fewer high pH values. In both gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease and control subjects, the frequency of oesophageal pH values was characterized by a power‐law distribution indicating that the same relationship that describes low pH values also describes high pH values, as well as all values in between.Conclusions : The distribution of oesophageal pH values indicates that a variety of different pH values can be used to assess oesophageal acid exposure, but raises important questions regarding how oesophageal reflux episodes are defined.
Dermatophytes in the rural area of Duzce, Turkey
Authors: Sahin Idris , Oksuz Sukru , Kaya Demet , Sencan Irfan , Çetinkaya Reyhan 
Published: December 2004

SummaryA total of 227 subjects (112 were male and 115 female), who were residents of the rural region of Duzce, were examined for dermatomycosis. A total of 120 samples (47 nail fragments, 73 skin scales) were collected from 81 patients for mycological analysis on the basis of the results of clinical evaluation. All specimens collected were analysed by direct microscopy and culture. Positive results were detected in the cultures of 53 (44.1%) of the 120 samples. About 46 (86.7%) samples also presented positive results in direct microscopy. In the cases of seven samples positive results were found in culture and negative results with direct microscopy. Both culture and direct microscopy presented negative results in 67 (55.8%) samples. The most frequently isolated aetiological agents were 33 Trichophyton rubrum (62.2%), and nine T. mentagrophytes (16.9%). In conclusion, traditional and religious habits such as cohabitation and performing ritual ablutions may affect the prevalence of dermatophyte infections. The performance of ritual ablutions is not in itself a risk factor for acquiring dermatophyte infection; rather it is not drying the extremities after ablutions, that is the main risk factor for this group. Tinea capitis was not found in any of the subjects in spite of the fact that it is one of the most common infectious conditions in children. This is the first paper to report the prevalence of fungal infections in Duzce, a western Black Sea region of Turkey.
Case reports: tinea corporis in a 13‐year‐old German girl due to Trichophyton schoenleinii
Authors: Roos T. C. , Bordeaux A. , Gentzen‐Luebbs U. , Tietz H. J. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryWe report the first case of a tinea corporis with partly profound lesions in a 13‐year‐old girl on her arms, legs and trunk due to Trichophyton schoenleinii but without any lesion on scalp and hair. Moreover, this is the first case of an infection with Trichophyton schoenleinii in Germany since more than 40 years. The diagnosis was confirmed by microscopy of mycological specimens. Other causes of the skin symptoms could be excluded (atopic dermatitis, bacterial or other fungal infection). Clinical and epidemiological aspects of this anthropophile dermatophyte are briefly reviewed.