bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loyalty and Betrayal
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter confronts the problem of conferring meaning on the violence of armed conflict – is it crime, or is it war? – and addresses the questions of treason and loyalty that arose during the Reconstruction as the U.S. reached for reconciliation between North and South. These oppositions are illuminated in discussions of the treatment of John Brown following his raid on Harper's Ferry; the fate of Jefferson Davis; and the problem of the Prize Cases, in which the Supreme Court determined the legality of the Southern blockade.
Equality
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the myriad shadings of the concept of equality. The author discusses the origins and philosophical underpinnings of the phrase, “all men are created equal,” Immanuel Kant's concept of human dignity, and the impact of religion and nationalism on the theory of equality found in the Fourteenth Amendment. Special attention is paid to Charles Black's alternative reading of the Amendment's emphasis on citizenship as the requisite for equal treatment under the law.
The Revolution That Never Was
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter addresses the problems arising from the clash of old and new ideologies during Reconstruction. Questions of federalism and states’ rights, and of equal protection and citizenship in light of abolition – illustrated in the landmark Slaughterhouse Case, and the Civil Rights Cases of 1883 – were ultimately referred to the Supreme Court. The author asserts that the Court's interpretation of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments in these cases served to undermine the cause of the new “secret” constitution.
Neither Blue Nor Gray
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This concluding chapter examines the postbellum rise of the philosophical school of Pragmatism, promoted in large part by Oliver Wendell Holmes. The author argues for Pragmatism as a response to the ideological extremes that spawned the Civil War, but asserts that neither path adequately describes the U.S. today. Rather, our nationhood rests in the tension between these two opposing ideals.
The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman , Haddad Yvonne 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Islamic concepts of life after death, reward and punishment, human decision, and divine judgment have always held a certain fascination for Western readers. Recent world events have served only to heighten those interests and to raise new questions about how Muslims understand the developments that are to signal the coming of the day of resurrection, whether martyrs have immediate access to paradise, who are the black‐eyed maidens waiting in paradise for the believers, and who will intercede for communities of Muslims, Christians, and Jews at the final judgment. The text looks at two distinct periods of time in the ongoing story of life after death in Islam. First is the period between individual death and the coming of the day of resurrection, about which the Qur’an says little and the traditions a great deal. Second is the series of events that will take place at the time of judgment, which are detailed thoroughly by the Qur’an. Interpretations of the materials related to each of these periods are provided first from the writings of the classical exegetes and theologians, and then from those of contemporary Muslim thinkers and writers. The narratives are presented so as to give the reader an overview of the whole process from death to resurrection to final consignment in the abodes of reward or of punishment. The entire discussion is placed within the framework of the Islamic understanding of God's expectations of human belief and behavior, and human ethical responses to those expectations. Two appendices deal respectively with evidence of afterlife concerns in pre‐Islamic Arabia, and the special case of women and children in the afterlife.
From Death to Resurrection: Classical Islam
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman , Haddad Yvonne Yazbeck 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Qur’an has little direct commentary on what will happen to individuals from the moment of death to the end of time and the bodily resurrection. The classical literature of theologians, Qur’an commentators, collectors of traditions, and others, however, has speculated about the various postdeath states. Among the topics discussed are the modalities of death, punishments, and rewards in the grave itself, potential locations of the deceased, different degrees of consciousness of those awaiting resurrection, and possible interaction between the living and the dead.
From Death to Resurrection: Modern Islam
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman , Haddad Yvonne Yazbeck 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Contemporary (twentieth century) Muslim exegetes and interpreters have taken the classical materials of scripture and tradition and recast them in the light of modern understanding. In this chapter, the events proposed by classical writers to pertain to the period between death and resurrection are reexamined and either rejected or accepted, sometimes with new twists. Modern science and new theories of psychology are drawn on as they consider the state of the soul after death. Particular attention is given to contemporary Muslim spiritualist interpretations.
The Eschaton, the Judgment, and the Final Dispensation: Modern Islam
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman , Haddad Yvonne Yazbeck 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Here again modern interpreters seek to provide deeper understanding of, or give new meanings to, the modalities of the day of resurrection. Consideration is given to attempts to reconcile the Qur’an with modern scientific findings, to the strongly ethical dimensions of the Qur’anic presentation of judgment and recompense, and to the physical and spiritual dimensions of the rewards of the Garden and the punishments of the Fire. A prominent theme in contemporary interpretation is the relationship between divine justice and human responsibility.
Republicanism Black and White
Authors: Saillant John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
During the American Revolution and in the early national years, republican ideology was claimed by both the supporters and the critics of American slavery. For some, black men seemed to lack the civic virtue necessary to defend liberty, while the African American population at large undermined the political security of the USA insofar as conflicts between the majority white population and the minority black population seemed inevitable. The solution favored by leading republicans such as Thomas Jefferson and James Madison was colonization, the expatriation of African Americans to Africa. Sierra Leone and Liberia were settled by black people sent from North America; some migrated to Haiti. For others, like Lemuel Haynes, black men had already demonstrated their civic virtue by supporting the patriot cause in the Revolution as well as by participating in the economic and religious life of the U.S. He countered colonizationist thought with arguments for the integration of blacks and whites in the republic.
The Divine Providence of Slavery and Freedom
Authors: Saillant John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Lemuel Haynes was schooled in the New Divinity, the Calvinist theology of the students of Jonathan Edwards. Haynes declared himself a follower of Samuel Hopkins, the leading interpreter of Edwardsean theology in the last third of the eighteenth century. Hopkins favored colonization, the expatriation of African Americans, but he also developed at length a claim that whites should exhibit disinterested benevolence in their relations with blacks. Edwardsean ethics cast disinterested benevolence as the highest moral state. Haynes argued that disinterested benevolence could unite black and white and, in fact, according to the scriptural covenant between God and Abraham, mandated the manumission of slaves and their acceptance into free society.
Making and Breaking the Revolutionary Covenant
Authors: Saillant John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Support of the Federalist Party and opposition to the Democratic‐Republicans afforded Lemuel Haynes his first engagement with a public sphere beyond church congregations and revival audiences. He supported Federalists George Washington and John Adams, both of whom had some reputation in the early republic as enemies of slaveholding. New Englanders Ezra Stiles and Timothy Dwight, each man a president of Yale College, articulated a vision of blacks and whites united in a Christian postslavery society. This was a patrician vision that Haynes and black contemporaries like Richard Allen, leader of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, found convincing insofar as it suggested that a class of social and religious leaders would act to protect black rights. However, Jeffersonian ideology spread even into western Vermont; in 1818, Haynes was dismissed from his pulpit because of his Federalism and his criticism of the War of 1812.
Why Do Global Public Goods Matter Today?
Authors: Kaul Inge , Conceição Pedro , Le Goulven Katell , Mendoza Ronald U. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplains the general character of the critical link between globalization and global public goods, in order to set the context for the specific analyses in the four main parts of the book, and to highlight the need for a proper theoretical basis to guide public policy‐making. Without such a basis, globalization will be shaped by disjointed political pressures and jurisdictions, which are likely to favour the emergence of public bads and hinder the development of public goods.
Assessing the Optimal Provision of Public Goods: In Search of the Holy Grail
Authors: Sandler Todd 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDevelops two typologies of global public goods, and explains how issues of publicness relate to issues of production level and efficiency. It begins by examining the main classes of public goods from the viewpoint of how the nature of their benefits could affect the prognosis for their provision. It shows that judging provision efficiency becomes more complex when technologies of supply aggregation are taken into account. It then discusses two additional, special classes of public goods—club goods and joint products. On the basis of this analysis, the chapter suggests a few measures that could be employed in judging optimal provision, a discussion that leads to the two typologies, and is useful for supply prognoses. Finally, it searches for the Holy Grail: an empirical measure of optimality.
The Governance of the International Monetary Fund
Authors: Buira Ariel 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn view of its influence, it is of interest to consider to what extent the IMF's (International Monetary Fund) own governance meets the standards of transparency and accountability required to ensure the ownership of programmes by member countries, and the prudent and effective use of international public resources. This chapter takes up that question, and begins with an analysis of the IMF's power structure and of the issues raised by its current patterns of decision‐making.
Institutional Options for Producing Global Public Goods
Authors: Kaul Inge , Le Goulven Katell 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explores the production process for global public goods. The main issue is what happens after international agreements have been made to enhance the provision of public goods. How is the follow‐up managed? Key factors are the extent of compatibility between the institutions and organizations involved, the extent to which national structures allow transnational decisions to filter back into national policy‐making, and the extent to which international public management structures are themselves designed to carry out follow‐up tasks.
Conserving Biodiversity: Reconciling Local and Global Public Benefits
Authors: Perrings Charles , Gadgil Madhav 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
While species conservation (bio‐diversity) is a global public good, it can be frustrated by populations living at subsistence level whose condition of life precludes such environmental concern. However, this apparent trade‐off between poverty reduction and bio‐diversity conservation is largely false. Moreover, it could be avoided, or at least much reduced, by the introduction of some basic policy reforms relating to land management and conservation.
Problems of Publicness and Access Rights: Perspectives from the Water Domain
Authors: Mehta Lyla 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEvaluates the concept of global public goods in terms of its usefulness for guiding debates on people's access to freshwater resources, and argues that more attention needs to be paid to two issues—first, the divergence of perception of the nature of the good and of how it should be accessed and delivered; second, the disparity of power of different actors in determining its distribution. These issues involve questions of realpolitik, which are inconsistent with the definition of water as a public good. The essential question is whether water is a contested or a common resource, global or local.
Corruption and Global Public Goods
Authors: Eigen Peter , Eigen‐Zucchi Christian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplains how corruption is a major hindrance to the provision of global public goods, and how international attempts to control corruption, while not always necessarily successful, constitute a global public good in themselves. Explores the difficult incentives surrounding the production of the global public good of corruption control. It also provides a case study showing how an international civil society organization, Transparency International, has helped to build coalitions between governments and private corporations to control corruption in the international arena.
Supreme Injustice
Authors: Dershowitz Alan M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Millions of Americans were mystified by, and outraged, by the US Supreme Court's role in deciding the presidential election of 2000. The Court had held a unique place in the system of checks and balances, seen as the embodiment of fairness and principle, precisely because it was perceived to be above the political fray. How could it now issue a decision that reeked of partisan politics, and send to the White House a candidate who may have actually lost the election? Addresses these questions head‐on, and demystifies Bush vs Gore for those who are still angered by the court's decision but unclear about its meaning. Digs deeply into the Court's earlier writings and rulings, and proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the justices who gave George W. Bush the presidency contradicted their previous positions to do so. Shows how the use by the five majority justices of the equal‐protection clause to halt the Florida recount was utterly irreconcilable with their previous jurisprudence, and how each violated his or her own judicial philosophy in crafting a monstrous opinion that cannot be squared with their prior opinions.
Introduction
Authors: Dershowitz Alan M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Presents the author's strong opinions on the ending of the 2000 US presidential election. Starts by pointing out that the five justices who ended the 2000 election by stopping the Florida hand recount have damaged the credibility of the US Supreme Court, and that their lawless decision in Bush vs Gore promises to have a more enduring impact on Americans than the outcome of the election itself. The USA accepted the election of George W. Bush, as it must under the rule of law, but the unprecedented decision of the five justices to substitute their political judgement for that of the people threatens to undermine the moral authority of the high court for generations to come — for the Supreme Court consists of only nine relatively unknown justices with small staffs, and it has wielded an enormous influence on US history. The majority ruling in Bush vs Gore has marked a number of significant firsts in American history; these are outlined and it is noted that there is now a widespread loss of confidence that reaches to the highest part of the judiciary, that the Supreme Court decision may well have violated Article II of the Constitution, and, furthermore, determined a presidential election on doubtful equal protection grounds. Attempts to explain the Court's decision and the justices concerned, and establish how the USA has reached the point where five unelected judges could have had so much influence on the political destiny of a nation.
Would the Majority Have Stopped the Hand Count if Gore Had Been Ahead?
Authors: Dershowitz Alan M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Aims to demonstrate that, during the (Bush vs Gore) US presidential election of 2000, by any reasonable standard of evaluation, the majority justices of the US Supreme Court failed to test the US constitutional system in ways that it had never been tested before, and did so not because of incompetence, but because of malice aforethought. The author states that he is convinced that if it had been Bush rather than Gore who needed the Florida recount in order to have any chance of winning the election, that at least some of the five justices who voted to stop the recount would instead have voted to allow it to proceed. The main sections of the chapter are: Judicial Impropriety; Hypothetical Cases Involving a Supreme Court Decision Regarding a Presidential Election; The Difficulty of Proving an Improper Motive; Academic Defenders of the Majority Justices; Ad Hominem Arguments and Analysis of Motive; and Analysing the Justices’ Motives in Bush vs Gore: A Prelude.
The Importance of Bush v.Gore to All Americans
Authors: Dershowitz Alan M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Aims to demonstrate that, during the (Bush vs Gore) US presidential election of 2000, by any reasonable standard of evaluation, the majority justices of the US Supreme Court failed to test the US constitutional system in ways that it had never been tested before, and did so not because of incompetence, but because of malice aforethought. Discusses the importance of Bush vs Gore to all Americans, and starts by noting that Bush vs Gore is certainly not the first bad Supreme Court ruling. It looks at some of the other evil, immoral, and even dangerous, decisions made, most of which have been overturned by later courts and condemned by the verdict of history. However, for the most part, the justices who wrote or joined the majority opinions for these terrible decisions were acting consistently with their own judicial philosophies; Bush vs Gore was different because the majority justices violated their own previously declared judicial principles, and in this respect, the decision in the Florida election (recount) case may be ranked as the single most corrupt decision in Supreme Court history. The different sections of the chapter discuss why criticism and accountability are important, some lessons to be learned from Bush vs Gore, the wages of Roe vs Wade (a controversial abortion case that helped to secure the presidency for Ronald Reagan), and changing how justices are selected.
St.Francis and the Leper
Authors: Wolf Kenneth Baxter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
One of the ways in which Francis dramatized his conversion was by kissing a leper, an act that symbolized his desire to detach himself from the worldly life of the urban elite and embrace a life apart, the life of a spiritual leper. The power of this gesture lay in the deep‐rooted disdain that people living during that time felt for the victims of leprosy. Though the biographies indicate that Francis and his brothers spent time in the company of lepers, the point for the early Franciscans seems to have been less to alleviate the suffering of the lepers through acts of charity than to draw attention to their own status as voluntary lepers.
St.Francis and His Poverty
Authors: Wolf Kenneth Baxter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
To a degree, Francis modeled his voluntary poverty on the poverty of the involuntary poor, who served as the most immediate “visual aids” for what his artificial poverty might look like. But aside from appearances (Francis owned nothing, wore a rough tunic, and resorted to begging for his food), Francis's poverty was utterly different from that of the ordinary poor, in that Francis regarded his poverty as something to be sought after and protected, as if it were a form of wealth; as something to be exaggerated, in order to assure that he would receive his heavenly recompense. Francis's aversion to money and possessions prevented him from alleviating the poverty of the ordinary poor, for fear of compromising his own “perfect poverty,” a form of poverty that was, ironically enough, out of the reach of those whose poverty prevented them from making the same kind of voluntary sacrifices.
St.Francis and Lady Poverty
Authors: Wolf Kenneth Baxter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Francis's fascination with poverty as a spiritual discipline is nowhere better illustrated than in the allegory, the Sacred Commerce of St. Francis and Lady Poverty, which appears to have been written about a decade after the saint's death. In the Sacred Commerce, Francis is depicted as a suitor to Lady Poverty, the personification of the perfect poverty that Francis spent his life pursuing. Borrowing tropes from the biblical books of the Song of Songs, Proverbs, and Wisdom, as well as from chivalric romance, the author used the courtship of Francis and Lady Poverty as a way of underscoring the threats posed to religious orders like the Franciscans by the enticements of Lady Poverty's rival, Greed.
St.Francis and Jesus
Authors: Wolf Kenneth Baxter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Francis's decision to live a life of poverty was inspired by his sense of the perfect poverty of Jesus. On the basis of his understanding of the New Testament themes, Francis seems to have focused his attention on Paul's idea that the Incarnation itself was the quintessential form of voluntary poverty, because Jesus gave up the “riches” of heaven to assume the life of a mere man, and a poor man at that. Francis's own imitatio Christi was designed, therefore, first and foremost, as an imitation of the Incarnation. This connection seems to have contributed to Francis's decision to prioritize imitating Jesus's “poverty” over alleviating the poverty of the ordinary poor.
St.Francis and Early Christian Sanctity
Authors: Wolf Kenneth Baxter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Francis's decision to put his energy into imitating the poverty of Jesus and the apostles rather than alleviating the poverty of the poor was a decision that many saints before him had made. This chapter offers a history of Christian sanctity up to the time of Francis, with special emphasis on the two paths toward Christian perfection: the vita passiva of the monks and the vita activa of the bishops. This survey shows that the vita activa, with its emphasis on serving the physical and spiritual needs of other Christians, inevitably played second fiddle to the vita passiva, with its emphasis on ascetic withdrawal and the perfection of one's self. The early hagiographers of Francis relied on the techniques pioneered by Sulpicius Severus and Gregory I to vindicate the vita activa, but ultimately still presented Francis as a devotee of the vita passiva.