bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The “boy problem” in public policy
Authors: Holst Cathrine , Teigen Mari 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe article investigates how gender differences in school performance are conceptualized in recent Swedish and Norwegian public commission reports against the backdrop of an increasing public focus on “problem boys” and boys' underachievement in school as a policy challenge. We found substantive country differences, despite regime similarities and the considerable level of gender equality norms and policy diffusion within the Nordic region. Whereas Swedish reports address gender differences in school performance and behavior equipped with radical feminist perspectives and theories of patriarchal oppression, Norwegian reports largely avoid explicit references to feminist theory and include analyses of the unfair burdens of boys in school and society. It is argued that the diverging approaches are connected to features of the commissions and of the wider knowledge regimes of the two gender equality forerunners, but also to historical differences in the ideological underpinnings of Swedish and Norwegian gender equality policy making.Related ArticlesIreni‐Saban, Liza. 2013. “Give Me Children or Else I Die: The Politics and Policy of Cross‐Border Reproductive Care.” Politics & Policy 41(1): 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12004.Svallfors, Stefan, Erica Falkenström, Corrie Hammar, and Anna T. Höglund. 2022. “Networked Reports: Commissioning and Production of Expert Reports on Swedish Health Care Governance.” Politics & Policy 50(3): 580–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12462.Tusalem, Rollin F. 2022. “Does Gendered Representation in National Legislatures Promote Substantive Representation and Human Development? Evidence from the Developing World.” Politics & Policy 50(6): 1096–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12503.
Reduced reward responsiveness and depression vulnerability: Consideration of social contexts and implications for intervention
Authors: Kujawa Autumn 
Published: January 2024

AbstractDepression is a prevalent, heterogeneous, and debilitating disorder that often emerges in adolescence, and there is a need to better understand vulnerability processes to inform more targeted intervention efforts. Psychophysiological methods, like event‐related potentials (ERPs), can offer unique insights into the cognitive and emotional processes underlying depression vulnerability. I review my and others' research examining ERP measures of reward responsiveness in youth depression and present a conceptual model of the development of low reward responsiveness, its role in depression vulnerability, and potential windows for targeted intervention. There is evidence that a blunted reward positivity (RewP) is observable in children at risk for depression, appears to be shaped in part by early social experiences, and predicts later depressive symptoms in combination with other risk factors like stress exposure. Further, a component consistent with RewP is reliably elicited in response to social acceptance feedback in computerized peer interaction tasks and demonstrates unique associations with social contextual factors and depressive symptoms, supporting the utility of developing psychophysiological tasks that may better capture youths' real‐world experiences and social risk processes. In addition, I address the translational implications of clinical psychophysiological research and describe a series of studies showing that a reduced RewP predicts greater reductions in depressive symptoms with treatment but is not modifiable by current treatments like cognitive behavioral therapy. Finally, I describe our preliminary efforts to develop a positive emotion‐focused intervention for the offspring of depressed mothers, informed by the RewP literature, and describe future directions for translating psychophysiological research to intervention and prevention.
Relative's suggestions for improvements in support from health professionals before and after a patient's death in general palliative care at home: A qualitative register study
Authors: Midlöv Elina Mikaelsson , Lindberg Terese , Skär Lisa 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIntroductionThe efforts of relatives in providing palliative care (PC) at home are important. Relatives take great responsibility, face many challenges and are at increased risk of poor physical and mental health. Support for these relatives is important, but they often do not receive the support they need. When PC is provided at home, the support for relatives before and after a patient's death must be improved. This study aimed to describe relatives' suggestions to improve the support from health professionals (HPs) before and after a patient's death in general PC at home.MethodsThis study had a qualitative descriptive design based on the data from open‐ended questions in a survey collected from the Swedish Register of Palliative Care. The respondents were adult relatives involved in general PC at home across Sweden. The textual data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThe analysis identified four themes: (1) seeking increased access to HPs, (2) needing enhanced information, (3) desiring improved communication and (4) requesting individual support.ConclusionsIt is important to understand and address how the support to relatives may be improved to reduce the unmet needs of relatives. The findings of this study offer some concrete suggestions for improvement on ways to support relatives. Further research should focus on tailored support interventions so that HPs can provide optimal support for relatives before and after a patient's death when PC is provided at home.
Ideological Disagreement and the Rejection of Laws by Italian Heads of State
Authors: Ceron Andrea 
Published: January 2024

AbstractHeads of state in parliamentary democracies are usually perceived as neutral and non‐partisan political actors. However, they can make autonomous political choices, sometimes oriented by their own partisan preferences. Focusing on the Italian case, we analyze the propensity of the president of the Republic to publicly express political disagreement by rejecting the promulgation of laws. We contribute to the literature by creating and exploiting a new dataset, based on a content analysis of presidents' investiture speeches and New Year's Eve messages which maps the ideological position of Italian heads of state and their distance from the cabinet over more than 75 years (1946–2022). We show that such ideological distance increases the number of laws rejected by the president. This effect holds when controlling for the size and heterogeneity of the government coalition, as well as the state of the economy and the occurrence of crises.
Survey on the approach to antibiotic prophylaxis in liver and kidney transplant recipients colonized with “difficult to treat” Gram‐negative bacteria
Authors: Bonazzetti Cecilia , Rinaldi Matteo , Cosentino Federica , Gatti Milo , Freire Maristela Pinheiro , Mularoni Alessandra , Clemente Wanessa Trindade , Pierrotti Ligia Camera , Aguado Jose Maria , Grossi Paolo , Pea Federico , Viale Pierluigi , Giannella Maddalena ,   European Study Group of Infections in Immunocompromised Host
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackgroundPerformance of active screening for multidrug‐resistant Gram‐negative bacteria (MDR‐GNB) and administration of targeted antibiotic prophylaxis (TAP) in colonized patients undergoing liver (LT) and/or kidney transplantation (KT) are controversial issues.MethodsSelf‐administered electronic cross‐sectional survey disseminated from January to February 2022. Questionnaire consisted of four parts: hospital/transplant program characteristics, standard screening and antibiotic prophylaxis, clinical vignettes asking for TAP in patients undergoing LT and KT with prior infection/colonization with four different MDR‐GNB (extended‐spectrum cephalosporin‐resistant Enterobacterales [ESCR‐E], carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacterales [CRE], multidrug‐resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa [MDR‐Pa], and carbapenem‐resistant Acinetobacter baumannii [CRAb]).ResultsFifty‐five respondents participated from 14 countries, mostly infectious disease specialists (69%) with active transplant programs (>100 procedures/year for 34.5% KT and 23.6% LT), and heterogeneous local MDR‐GNB prevalence from <15% (30.9%), 15%–30% (43.6%) to >30% (16.4%). The frequency of screening for ESCR‐E, CRE, MDR‐Pa, and CRAb was 22%, 54%, 17%, and 24% for LT, respectively, and 18%, 36%, 16%, and 11% for KT. Screening time‐points were mainly at transplantation 100%, only one‐third following transplantation. Screening was always based on rectal swab cultures (100%); multi‐site sampling was reported in 40% of KT and 35% of LT. In LT clinical cases, 84%, 58%, 84%, and 40% of respondents reported TAP for prior infection/colonization with ESCR‐E, CRE, MDR‐Pa, and CRAb, respectively. In KT clinical cases, 55%, 39%, 87%, and 42% of respondents reported TAP use for prior infection/colonization with ESCR‐E, CRE, MDR‐Pa, and CRAb, respectively.ConclusionThere is a large heterogeneity in screening and management of MDR‐GNB carriage in LT and KT.
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Risk factors associated with severe dengue in Latin America: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Paraná Victoria Cruz , Feitosa Caroline Alves , da Silva Greice Carolina Santos , Gois Luana Leandro , Santos Luciane Amorim 
Published: January 2024

AbstractObjectiveSevere dengue is a significant health problem in Latin America, with children being the most affected. Understanding risk factors for severe dengue is crucial for enhancing patient care. Therefore, this study aims to systematically review the literature to identify the risk factors associated with severe dengue in Latin America through systematic review and meta‐analysis.MethodsPubMed, SciELO, LILACS and EMBASE databases were used to search for eligible scientific articles for the review. The outcomes considered were symptoms of severe dengue, hospitalisation and death. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess the quality of the studies. Data analysis was performed using STATA v 13.0 software. The degree of heterogeneity between studies was quantified using the I2 measure, and statistically significant results were defined as those with p values <0.05.ResultsOf the 1876 articles screened, 47 articles were included in the systematic review and 45 articles were analysed through meta‐analysis. Identified risk factors associated with severe dengue included secondary dengue infection, female sex, white or Caucasian ethnicity and specific signs and symptoms such as headache, myalgia and/or arthralgia, vomiting/nausea, abdominal pain or tenderness, diarrhoea, prostration, lethargy, fatigue or similar. For the death outcome, respiratory symptoms and age <18 years were identified as risk factors. On the other hand, in women, the diagnosis of positive tourniquet test, platelet count <100,000 per μL and symptoms of capillary fragility were associated with a lower probability of death. These data highlight the importance of early screening of patients, to identify possible haemorrhagic signs and reduce deaths from dengue. This study has limitations, including possible publication bias, heterogeneity of results and study design biases.ConclusionThese findings are significant for shaping strategies, management approaches and identifying high‐risk groups, which will help establish future guidelines.
Dependence of Critical Stress Intensity Factor on Crack Depth From the Loading Boundary of Crystalline Silicon
Authors: Basu Ayan , Singh Gaurav 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In the present work, an atomistic scale investigation is done on crystalline silicon to understand the effect of crack depth from the loading (pulling) boundary on the critical near-tip state of stress. For various depths of embedded cracks, the near-tip stress field has been calculated at the critical state just before the crack propagation initiation. This atomistically calculated stress field is found to be quite close to those found using continuum linear elasticity. Thereafter, the critical stress intensity factor (SIF) is calculated for all cases by fitting the atomistically calculated normal stress over inverse square-rooted distance from the crack tip. It has been found that the closer the crack is located to the loading boundary (i.e., lesser depth), the lower is the (locally calculated) critical SIF. This implies that it is easier to initiate crack propagation when the crack is located closer to the loading boundary. The claim is also strengthened by a similar observation of (globally calculated) boundary stresses at the critical state just before crack propagation initiation.
A Kinematics-Based Optimization Design for the Leg Mechanism of a Novel Earth Rover
Authors: Wu Yifan , Guo Sheng , Niu Lianzheng , Yang Xinhua , Zhao Fuqun , He Yufan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper proposes a general kinematic-based design method for optimizing the side-mounted leg mechanism of BJTUBOT, a novel multi-mission quadrupedal Earth rover. The focus issue lies in designing structural improvements that not only enhance its kinematic performance but also prevent singularity, all while meeting the demands for miniaturization and lightweight without deviating from the original leg design concept. To solve this issue, a novel 3-UPRU&PPRR mechanism is envisaged based on the original configuration. Around the unique structural features of this mechanism, its inverse kinematic solution and Jacobian matrix are calculated, and a coupled motion relation between a key limb and its moving platform (MP) is presented. In order to achieve singularity avoidance, some typical singularity configurations based on line geometry analysis are given. In accordance with this result, an initial configuration for multi-objective dimensional optimization is presented. To further enhance its kinematic performance, we introduce the use of the GCI (global conditional index) performance at extreme positions as one of the optimization criteria based on the NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm) algorithm, and directly measuring the crowding distance using the position vector of the U (universal) joints on the moving platform. This optimized mechanism prototype is demonstrated in a single-leg Adams simulation, which exhibits good velocity mapping effects and displacement accuracy. Finally, a new BJTUBOT prototype was constructed based on the optimized leg, and its flexibility was tested with various classical forms of motions. The workflow in this paper significantly improves the leg performance under the current design needs.
One-Step Solving the Hand–Eye Calibration by Dual Kronecker Product
Authors: Wang Xiao , Song Hanwen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Hand–eye calibration is a typical research direction in robotics applications. The current methods can be divided into two categories according to whether the rotational and translational equations are decoupled for computation: two-step methods and one-step methods. Both one-step and two-step methods generally convert such problems to linear null space computations, which are implemented by the corresponding computational operators. Owing to the booming development of the rotation operators, the two-step methods have been more fully researched. However, due to the limitations of the research on computational operators integrating rotation and translation, the one-step methods still have much scope for research. Dual algebra, as effective mathematical entities for screws and wrenches, provides the theoretical basis for the development of the one-step methods for hand–eye calibration. In this paper, a computational operator for the dual matrices computation was first proposed, i.e., dual Kronecker product. Subsequently, a hand–eye calibration framework was proposed based on the dual Kronecker product, which allowed the screw motion to be represented as multiple dual vectors. Furthermore, the equivalence of this framework with the orthogonal-dual-tensor-based approach was derived, providing a more intuitive computational representation. The feasibility and superiority of the proposed computational framework were experimentally verified.
Inequalities in use of hospitals for childbirth among rural women in sub-Saharan Africa: a comparative analysis of 18 countries using Demographic and Health Survey data
Authors: Straneo Manuela , Hanson Claudia , van den Akker Thomas , Afolabi Bosede B , Asefa Anteneh , Delamou Alexandre , Dennis Mardieh , Gadama Luis , Mahachi Nyika , Mlilo Welcome , Pembe Andrea B , Tsuala Fouogue Jovanny , Beňová Lenka 
Published: January 2024

IntroductionRising facility births in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) mask inequalities in higher-level emergency care—typically in hospitals. Limited research has addressed hospital use in women at risk of or with complications, such as high parity, linked to poverty and rurality, for whom hospital care is essential. We aimed to address this gap, by comparatively assessing hospital use in rural SSA by wealth and parity.MethodsCountries in SSA with a Demographic and Health Survey since 2015 were included. We assessed rural hospital childbirth stratifying by wealth (wealthier/poorer) and parity (nulliparity/high parity≥5), and their combination. We computed percentages, 95% CIs and percentage-point differences, by stratifier level. To compare hospital use across countries, we produced a composite index, including six utilisation and equality indicators.ResultsThis cross-sectional study included 18 countries. In all, a minority of rural women used hospitals for childbirth (2%–29%). There were disparities by wealth and parity, and poorer, high-parity women used hospitals least. The poorer/wealthier difference in utilisation among high-parity women ranged between 1.3% (Mali) and 13.2% (Rwanda). We found use and equality of hospitals in rural settings were greater in Malawi and Liberia, followed by Zimbabwe, the Gambia and Rwanda.DiscussionInequalities identified across 18 countries in rural SSA indicate poor, higher-risk women of high parity had lower use of hospitals for childbirth. Specific policy attention is urgently needed for this group where disadvantage accumulates.
An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the lived experience of people with multimorbidity in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Tran Phuong Bich , Ali Ayaz , Ayesha Rubab , Boehnke Jan R , Ddungu Charles , Lall Dorothy , Pinkney-Atkinson Victoria J , van Olmen Josefien 
Published: January 2024

People living with multimorbidity (PLWMM) have multiple needs and require long-term personalised care, which necessitates an integrated people-centred approach to healthcare. However, people-centred care may risk being a buzzword in global health and cannot be achieved unless we consider and prioritise the lived experience of the people themselves. This study captures the lived experiences of PLWMM in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) by exploring their perspectives, experiences, and aspirations.We analysed 50 semi-structured interview responses from 10 LMICs across three regions—South Asia, Latin America, and Western Africa—using an interpretative phenomenological analysis approach.The bodily, social, and system experiences of illness by respondents were multidirectional and interactive, and largely captured the complexity of living with multimorbidity. Despite expensive treatments, many experienced little improvements in their conditions and felt that healthcare was not tailored to their needs. Disease management involved multiple and fragmented healthcare providers with lack of guidance, resulting in repetitive procedures, loss of time, confusion, and frustration. Financial burden was exacerbated by lost productivity and extreme finance coping strategies, creating a vicious cycle. Against the backdrop of uncertainty and disruption due to illness, many demonstrated an ability to cope with their conditions and navigate the healthcare system. Respondents’ priorities were reflective of their desire to return to a pre-illness way of life—resuming work, caring for family, and maintaining a sense of independence and normalcy despite illness. Respondents had a wide range of needs that required financial, health education, integrated care, and mental health support.In discussion with respondents on outcomes, it appeared that many have complementary views about what is important and relevant, which may differ from the outcomes established by clinicians and researchers. This knowledge needs to complement and be incorporated into existing research and treatment models to ensure healthcare remains focused on the human and our evolving needs.
Understanding the factors affecting global political priority for controlling sexually transmitted infections: a qualitative policy analysis
Authors: Wu Dadong , Low Nicola , Hawkes Sarah J 
Published: January 2024

IntroductionSexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a significant public health challenge, but there is a perceived lack of political priority in addressing STIs as a global health issue. Our study aimed to understand the determinants of global political priority for STIs since the 1980s and to discern implications for future prioritisation.MethodsThrough semistructured interviews from July 2021 to February 2022, we engaged 20 key stakeholders (8 women, 12 men) from academia, United Nations agencies, international non-governmental organisations, philanthropic organisations and national public health agencies. A published policy framework was employed for thematic analysis, and findings triangulated with relevant literature and policy documents. We examined issue characteristics, prevailing ideas, actor power dynamics and political contexts.ResultsA contrast in perspectives before and after the year 2000 emerged. STI control was high on the global health agenda during the late 1980s and 1990s, as a means to control HIV. A strong policy community agreed on evidence about the high burden of STIs and that STI management could reduce the incidence of HIV. The level of importance decreased when further research evidence did not find an impact of STI control interventions on HIV incidence. Since 2000, cohesion in the STI community has decreased. New framing for broad STI control has not emerged. Interventions that have been funded, such as human papillomavirus vaccination and congenital syphilis elimination have been framed as cancer control or improving newborn survival, rather than as STI control.ConclusionGlobally, the perceived decline in STI control priority might stem from discrepancies between investment choices and experts’ views on STI priorities. Addressing STIs requires understanding the intertwined nature of politics and empirical evidence in resource allocation. The ascent of universal health coverage presents an opportunity for integrated STI strategies but high-quality care, sustainable funding and strategic coordination are essential.