bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Information Society: Competing Perspectives on the Social and Economic Implications of and Communication Technologies
Authors: Miles Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information processing is an integral feature of human activities. Innate human capabilities have been augmented by various technologies since ancient times—writing to store information, drums and flags to transmit and display it, the abacus to process it. But current social and technological developments are distinctive. Information storage, processing, and communication have become increasingly visible and important in economic, social, and political life. New ICTs that help to perform these activities are a substantial advance on earlier technologies and offer tremendous scope for transforming the ways in which we produce and use information.
Systems Thinking
Authors: Checkland Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may appear obvious to an optimist that ‘management information systems’ (MIS) are a particular kind of ‘system’ and that systems theory should be there in the background to underpin the creation of such systems. This chapter cannot but dispel that naive optimism. There is no simple link between systems theory and work on MIS, no spick-and-span body of ready made theory which can be used in a straightforward way to help in the design of such systems.
Deciding the Future for IS Failures Not the Choice You Might Think
Authors: Sauer Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experience does not encourage optimism. However, there are changes unfolding in practice and research which could result in significantly reduced failure rates. The first is a shift in practice toward risk containment, a relatively new approach which promises to reduce the high incidence and cost of failure. The second is the growing research interest in IS failures. This chapter places IS failures research in its historical context to help us see what has and has not been achieved in the past, what is happening today, and where current trends are taking us. The main purpose is to demonstrate that we face a choice between reducing risk through containing it and accepting high risk but trying to control it. The dilemma is this in an ideal world there would be no IS failures, but a world in which there are no IS failures will not necessarily be ideal.
A Historical Analysis of Implementing IS at J. Lyons
Authors: Land Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thompson and Standing ford immediately recognised that computers could be the solution to the problems of business data processing faced by the growing Lyons company. In a remarkable report they outlined their vision of what computers for business use should look like, and how they might be applied to help solve business problems. Their report went on to recommend that J. Lyons should either acquire a computer from a supplier, or, as few companies were interested in building a computer to the Lyons specification, that the company should fund a university to help develop a computer for the use of Lyons. A quotation taken from their report gives an indication of the importance they attached to their recommendation.
An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change
Authors: Nelson Richard R , Winter Sidney G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A variety of terms have been used in the literature of social science to denote a smooth sequence of behavior that functions, in some sense, as an effective unit. ‘Skill’ is obviously one such; there is, in particular, a substantial psychological literature relating to skills and skill learning. The terms ‘plan,’ ‘script,’ ‘habit,’ ‘routine,’ and ‘program’ have also been used to name either the same concept or a very closely related one. But there are obvious differences in connotation among these terms, and exploration of these various connotations can be informative.
Economies of Scope and the Scope of the Enterprise
Authors: Teece David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Explaining the scope of activities pursued by the modern business enterprise is clearly central to our understanding of the organization of industry. Yet, as Ronald Coase points out, the received theory of industrial organization is unable to explain why General Motors is not a dominant factor in the coal business or why A & P does not manufacture airplanes (Coase (1972, p. 67)).
The Art of War
Authors: Tzu Sun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Generally in war the best policy is to take a state intact; to ruin it is inferior to this. Li Ch ‘iian: Do not put a premium on killing. To capture the enemy ‘s army is better than to destroy it; to take intact a battalion, a company or a five-man squad is better than to destroy them. For to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the acme of skill. To subdue the enemy without fighting is the acme of skill. Thus, what is of supreme importance in war is to attack the enemy ‘s strategy; Tu Mu: . . . The Grand Duke said: ‘He who excels at resolving difficulties does so before they arise.
Differences in Learning and Inequality1
Authors: Cappelen Ådue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become commonplace to say that knowledge is the most important resource in modern economies. Estimates of national wealth often end up with a share of total wealth due to human capital in the order of two-thirds or three quarters of total wealth. Knowledge is accumulated through learning. In the learning economy the core processes are related to producing, distributing, and using knowledge according to OECD (1996a). The knowledge-based economy means, ‘… economies which are directly based on the production, distribution and use of knowledge and information. This is reflected in the trend in OECD economies towards growth in high-technology investments, high-technology industries, more highly skilled labour and associated productivity gains’ (OECD 1996a: 229).
Organizational Forms and Innovative Performance: A Comparison of the EU-15
Authors: Lorenz Edward , Valeyre Antoine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last decades European researchers have made major efforts aimed at understanding and measuring technical innovation including its diffusion and impact upon economic performance. These efforts, often supported by the European Commission programmes, have relied on the establishment of international norms for the collection of harmonized S&T measures including the Frascati Manual for R&D statistics, the Canberra Manual for human resources for science and technology (HRST), and the Oslo Manual for product and process innovation.
Innovation Systems and Institutional Regimes: The Construction of Different Types of National, Sectoral, and Transnational Innovation Systems
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The existence and nature of distinct systems of innovations have been extensively discussed over the past few decades (see e.g. Lundvall 1992; Nelson 1993; Edquist 1997, 2005; Braczyk, Cooke, and Heidenreich 1998). However, there has been much debate about whether they are predominantly national, regional, or sectoral, and the relative importance of societal institutions and technological regimes in generating them (Malerba and Orsenigo 1993; Breschi and Malerba 1997; Guerrieri and Tylecote 1997; Whitley 2000b). This is partly because many authors have been reluctant to specify precisely the nature of innovation systems, their key components, and variable characteristics (Carlsson et al. 2002; Edquist 2005).
Introduction: ethical human resource management∗
Authors: Pinnington Ashly , Macklin, Rob , Campbell Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a curious fact that the current surge of interest in business ethics has largely bypassed the theory and the practice of human resource management (HRM).While business as a whole is presenting itself more and more in terms of social responsibility, and employees are routinely accepted as crucial stakeholders in most business organizations, HRM practice continues to affirm its significance for corporate profitability and prefers to distance itself from its traditional welfare image. It is, therefore, timely to revisit the subject of ethics in employment with respect to HRM, and to do so in a way that brings out the complexity of articulating a conception of ethical HRM that goes beyond a shaky affirmation that ‘good ethics is always good for business’.
The ethics of HRM in dealing with individual employees without collective representation
Authors: Legge Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I wish to do four things. First, to establish the degree to which collective representation has declined in neo-liberal Anglo-American economies (with particular reference to Britain) and to consider why this has occurred. Second, using Berlin’s ideas (1958/2002) about the two conceptions of liberty as a heuristic, to explore the case for and against the ethicality of both collectivism and individualism (see also Gray 1995). Third, on the basis of this, to consider whether and to what extent particular groups without collective representation enjoy the good life at work in the light of the explicit or implicit HRM policies deemed appropriate to their occupational group. Finally, I consider how the role and responsibilities of HRM might develop in relation to these employees, noting that what might be ethically desirable shows little evidence of emerging.
The ethical basis for HRM professionalism and codes of conduct
Authors: Ardagh David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the extent, feasibility, and desirability of the professionalization of HRM and HRM professionalism are discussed. It is argued that there are three broad marks of a profession. First, it meets a human need. Second, it applies knowledge to this need, and third, a profession has a social grant of authority. More specific criteria can be found in the literature, for example, one condition of full professionalization is a self-enforced code of ethics and conduct. The question of feasibility and desirability of professionalization is explored using the more specific criteria and the ethical framework of Neo-Aristotelian Virtue Ethics (NAVE).
Engineers of human souls, faceless technocrats, or merchants of morality?: changing professional forms and identities in the face of the neo-liberal challenge
Authors: Reed Michael I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary social science and social commentary are dominated by an incurably pessimistic metaphysical pathos over the ‘professional society or state’ (Perkin 1989). Although professions have been under attack, from one ideological direction or another, the virulence of contemporary critiques of the inherent immorality of unaccountable professional power reflects deeper structural movements and political shifts that seem to sound the death knell of professionalism.
Expanding ethical standards of HRM: necessary evils and the multiple dimensions of impact
Authors: Margolis Joshua D , Grant, Adam M , Molinsky Andrew L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethical challenges abound in HRM. Each day, in the course of executing and communicating HR decisions, managers have the potential to change, shape, redirect, and fundamentally alter the course of other people’s lives. Managers make hiring decisions that reward selected applicants with salaries, benefits, knowledge, and skills, but leave the remaining applicants bereft of these opportunities and advantages. Managers make promotion decisions that reward selected employees with raises, status, and responsibility, leaving other employees wondering about their future and their potential.
The morally decent HR manager
Authors: Macklin Rob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, my aim is to help HR managers who wish to be decent and who wish to defend ethical decision-making. In order to do this, I describe the theory developed by the moral philosopher, Agnes Heller (especially 1987a, 1988, 1990, and 1996) and argue that her approach could be of use to HR managers who wish to be decent people when fulfilling their roles.
Litigation with a Foreign Aspect
Authors: James Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a practical guide to the problems which arise when litigation has a foreign element, for example: · The defendant is resident abroad: do the English courts have jurisdiction? · Is it best to bring proceedings in England or in another country? · How do you enforce a foreign judgment in England? · Can you get security for costs because the defendant is resident abroad? · When do the English courts apply foreign law? This area is a minefield. It may require navigating through complex EU instruments -the Judgments Regulation, the Brussels or Lugano Conventions - and working out how they relate to each other and to the traditional common law rules. Difficult tactical points may arise, such as whether to ignore foreign proceedings on the basis that a foreign default judgment may be unenforceable in England. Practical issues may include how to serve process in any particular foreign country - can you do it by post, or through agents? Must you serve through official channels? This book deals with these matters in a practical non-academic way, with detailed guidance to procedure. It sets out the jurisdictional rules in alphabetical order based on the type of claim - contract, insurance, land etc - and clearly explains the inter-relation of the different regimes. It addresses controversial issues such as whether the English courts can ever decline to exercise jurisdiction derived from the EU instruments. It has a focused treatment of specialist areas such as insolvency, employment and shipping. It makes extensive use of tables, flow charts and examples.
Scenario design: theory to delivery
Authors: Holland Chris , Sadler, Chris , Nunn Angie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scenarios used in simulation teaching are equivalent to a classroom teacher’s lesson plan. Just as a high school teacher would not start teaching for a new curriculum without creating new lesson plans, so scenario scripting should be accorded the attention it requires. In addition, the high school teacher will want to ensure that their lessons fit into the whole student curriculum in a logical way that will make their lessons seem relevant and necessary to the student.
epilogue: the Last Tudor Entry into London
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ONCE again the royal physicians and surgeons were called upon to perform what was, perhaps, the one task at which they were really efficient. Queen Mary’s corpse was prepared for burial, and her heart, ‘beinge severally inclossed in a Coffen covered with Velvet bounde with Silver’, was separately interred. The final ceremonies took place on 14 December, and were followed by the declaration of the new Queen’s style.1 Great was the rejoicing thereafter, and the ensuing Christmas season witnessed a riotous release of long-pent-up feelings.
Motor Neuron Disease
Authors: Talbot Kevin , Marsden Rachael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Motor neuron disease (MND) is a common but devastating disability that has a profound impact on people's lives. This book provides an easily-accessible guide to the disease for patients with motor neuron disease and their carers. The authors have organised it around a series of the commonest questions asked in their clinic, emphasising the variation in the course of MND and the individual nature of the patient journey through the disease. After an initial description of the symptoms for MND and how neurologists make the diagnosis the authors describe what is known about the causes and how scientists are trying to understand the disease. The book also looks at how a team of specialists can provide support and symptom control for the patient
On Contact-Induced Grammatical Change in Likpe
Authors: Ameka Felix K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Different factors have promoted contact among the peoples of the Volta Basin over the centuries including migration, trade, and warfare. The oral traditions of many of the peoples in the region, the interpretation of some older written records, and the lower-level relationships among the languages suggest that there have been different waves of migration: from the east to the west, and later some other expansions from the west towards the east. As population movements continued, different processes of linguistic assimilation took place. For instance, Agotime, a town in Ghana’s Volta region, used to be Dangme-speaking but has now completely shifted to Ewe.
The Vaupes Melting Pot: Tucanoan Influence on Hup
Authors: Epps Patience 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Vaupe´s region of the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon is relatively well established as a linguistic area, characterized by considerable indirect diffusion of grammatical categories and patterns, but little direct borrowing of forms (cf. Sorensen 1967; Gomez-Imbert 1996; Aikhenvald 1996, 2002: ch. 10). To date, most of the discussion regarding the ffaupe´s area has focused on the contact that has taken place among languages of the East Tucanoan and Arawak families (particularly Tariana). This contact has been shaped by the cultural practice of linguistic exogamy, which fosters sociolinguistic norms of multilingualism on the one hand, and strong inhibitions against overt language mixing on the other.
Essential Tremor
Authors: Plumb Dr Mark , Bain Dr Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Essential Tremor is the most common movement disorder in the world, and affects between 4 and 40 people per 1000 of the population amongst all ethnic groups. Characterised by shaking hands, this disorder can affect the head, voice and legs, and is often made worse by physical and emotional stress. Essential Tremor: The Facts provides a comprehensive guide to understanding this disorder and minimising its impact upon the lives of sufferers, their friends and families. It begins with a close look at what essential tremor is and how it should be diagnosed, as well as details on who gets the disorder, the causes, and how it affects sufferers day-to-day lives. Current treatment options are covered, along with patient advice on how to cope with the stigma of essential tremor, as well as the disability and social handicap it invokes. The book concludes with a chapter on the future and prospects of a potential cure.
Towards flexible types with constraints for manner and factive adverbs
Authors: Wyner Adam Zachary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I discuss the syntax and semantics of so-called Lactive and manner adverbs such as in (1a) and (2a), with their respective paraphrases in (1b) and (2b).(1) a. Stupidly, Bill kissed Jill. b. The fact that Bill kissed Jill was stupid. ( 2) a. Bill kissed Jill passionately. b. The manner in which Bill kissed Jill was passionate. In section 10.2, I provide syntactic and semantic evidence to support the distinction between these two classes. Other factive adverbs are wisely, rndely, and appropriately; other manner adverbs are gently and roughly. For the moment, let us say that stupidly in (1a) is a sentence adverb, while passionately in (2a) is a verb phrase adverb. Some £active adverbs are polysemous between a factive and a manner interpretation (e.g., rudely), but I do not address polysemy in this chapter.
Sexual Assaults
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to 31.12.1956, the law did not differentiate as between the gender of the person assaulted. The first section of this chapter therefore applies equally to assaults upon males and females.
Thereafter, for facts falling within the period 1.1.1957 to 30.4.2004, the chapter deals first with assaults upon women/girls and then with assaults upon men/boys under the 1956 Act, followed by assaults upon adults of both genders under the 2003 Act (commencement date 1.5.2004), which reverted to there being no differentiation between genders but does categorize offender and complainant.
Offences Involving Children
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter includes offences committed both against and by children or young persons. Offences committed by those under 18 appear in this chapter together with the offence as set out for an adult defendant, with amended particulars for indictments and information on maximum sentences available. Part II, set out towards the end of this chapter, also deals with these. The notification requirements for a child/young person convicted of a sexual offence also differ from those for adults; these are set out in App 2.
Insubordination and its uses
Authors: Evans Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prototypical finite clauses are main clauses—indeed, the ability to occur in a main clause is often taken as definitional for finiteness, e.g. by Crystal (1997: 427) —and prototypical nonfinite clauses are subordinate clauses. Problems thus arise when clauses that would by standard criteria be analysed as non- finite are used as main clauses; examples are the use in main clauses of the English bare infinitive go (1a) or Spanish ir in (1b) (both from Etxepare and Grohmann 2005: 129), or the Italian and German infinitives used to express commands in (2).
Finiteness in first and second language acquisition
Authors: Gretsch Petra , Perdue Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finiteness is traditionally associated with the categories of person and tense. The notion of finiteness has however much wider ramifications, as the other contributions to this volume make clear. The aim of this chapter is to unfold the complexity of the label ‘finiteness’ by splitting it up into a structural component, morphological finiteness, and an interpretational component, semantic finiteness. Both components may be conflated in individual target languages, but we can show that they pose separated steps for children as well as adults in language acquisition.
The Pursuit of Justice
Authors: Woolf Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lord Woolf ‘s judicial career has spanned four decades, culminating in five years as Lord Chief Justice. Now 26 of his most influential papers and lectures are published together for the first time. They present a remarkable overview and commentary on the judicial and legal reforms of recent decades, and span a huge range of issues including the rule of law and the constitution, the role of judges, access to justice, human rights, medicine, the environment, crime and penal reform. Each paper discusses the challenges that have arisen in English common law in recent times and the way they have been solved or attempted to be solved to ensure that justice is done - so that arrests and searches are made properly, that there are fair hearings, readily available lawful remedies, and the removal of unnecessary costs and delays. In his introductory chapter, Lord Woolf provides a fresh account of his current thinking on key legal areas resonating from the main topics and themes presented in the papers. The Pursuit of Justice offers an unparalleled insight into the views of one of the most influential figures in recent British legal history.
Implementing Experiential Learning It’s not Rocket Science
Authors: Hornyak Martin J , Green Steve G , Heppard Kurt A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experiential learning is a powerful pedagogical tool that recognizes that people learn best from their own experiences. This Chapter presents a brief description of experiential learning, its relationship with the changing educational landscape, and insights into why the academic community is embracing it so actively. Experiential education in all of its contemporary forms, including active or participatory learning, self-directed learning, and service learning, to name a few, has been extensively studied and the many merits and shortcomings are well documented in education, business, and management literature (Henry 1989).