bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
117 Evaluation of Semen Production and Biomarkers Produced by Boars Fed Microfused Essential Oil Technology in Their Diet
Authors: Fent Russell W , Cooper Carson V , Keller A M , Keller E L , Maus M J , Jimmerson K S , Kerns K C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding Microfused Essential Oil Technology (MEOT, Ralco Nutrition, Inc.) to mature boars on their semen production and semen quality biomarkers. In Experiment 1, boars (n = 21) housed at a commercial boar stud were fed MEOT in their diet. These boars were collected in their normal collection routine of twice per week. Total motile sperm count was measured for each collection over a 10-month period (December to September). A baseline motile sperm count was determined for each boar during the 2 months before the beginning of the MEOT feeding in February. Repeated measures analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of sperm production over time. Feeding MEOT to boars resulted in greater motile sperm count (P &lt; 0.0001) and greater (P &lt; 0.0001) economic revenue per collection. In Exp. 2, the objective was to determine if the increased semen production measured had any impact on semen quality biomarkers. Semen samples were collected from the same boar stud used in Exp. 1 after MEOT feeding. Control samples were collected from a boar stud using similar boar genotypes, environmental condition, semen extender, and time from collection. One 75 mL extended semen dose from 8 to 10 boars across 3 weeks was collected and sent to the laboratory for semen quality analysis. The traits and biomarkers that were analyzed for each sample included morphology, zinc signature, plasma membrane integrity (detected by propidium iodide; PI), lectin PNA acrosome health, lectin LCA membrane health, reactive oxygen species status (ROS; detected by H2DCFDA), aggresome (AGG), and DNA fragmentation (dected by acridine orange). No differences in morphology (P &gt; 0.05) were detected. For the MEOT-fed boars, a greater portion (P &lt; 0.001) of the sperm population was in the zinc signature 2 category indicating more live, non-capacitated sperm and a lesser portion (P &lt; 0.0003) in the zinc signature 4 category indicating less dead, fully capacitated sperm. In addition, for PI, a greater portion (P &lt; 0.03) of the sperm were live with good plasma membrane integrity for boars fed MEOT versus the controls. A greater portion of the sperm from the MEOT-fed boars had better acrosome integrity (P &lt; 0.001) as well as tail membrane health (P &lt; 0.01). No differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed for ROS. Semen from MEOT-fed boars had less AGG misfolded proteins (P &lt; 0.0001) and a tendency (P &lt; 0.07) for less DNA fragmentation. These data indicate that feeding MEOT to boars resulted in greater motile sperm production and that did not result in a negative impact on semen quality with many semen biomarkers being improved in MEOT-fed boars.
105 Awardee Talk: Timing of Dietary Zinc Supplementation During Gestation did not Affect Trace Element Concentrations in Sows and Their Piglets
Authors: Hammers Kelsey L , Urriola Pedro E , Schwartz Mark , Ryu Moon-Suhn , Johnston Lee J , Gomez Andres 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gestating sows (n = 267) were used to determine if timing of high dietary zinc supplementation in a commercial setting would reduce pre-weaning mortality of pigs and influence maternal and piglet copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) concentrations. Sows from three consecutive weekly farrowing groups were assigned randomly within parity to one of three dietary treatments consisting of: 1) Control: a corn-soybean meal diet containing 125 ppm supplemental Zn supplied by zinc hydroxychloride; 2) Breed-to-Farrow (B-to-F): as Control + 141 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (266 ppm total supplemental Zn) fed from 5 days after breeding to farrowing; and 3) Day 110-to-Farrow (D110-to-F): as the Control diet fed from breeding to farrowing + 2,715 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (2,840 ppm total supplemental Zn) starting on day 110 of gestation until farrowing. A subset of ten sows per treatment (n = 30; average parity = 3) were selected to assess Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations of serum, colostrum, and milk. Sera were isolated from blood collections at allotment and the day before respective farrowing date of each sow. Colostrum was collected the day of farrowing and milk on day 2 of lactation. At farrowing, two average and two low birth weight pigs from each sow (n = 122) were selected for collections of serum and tail samples at days 1 and 2 of age, respectively. The statistical model included fixed effects of treatment, farrowing group, and the random effect of their interaction. The piglet model was similar but included the random term of pig nested within sow. There were no differences in concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Zn in sow serum, milk, or colostrum attributable to dietary treatment. Piglet serum concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Zn were unaffected by feeding gestating sows high levels of supplemental zinc at any time (Table). Low birth weight pigs born to sows fed the Control diet tended (P = 0.082) to have increased concentrations of Cu in tails compared with pigs born to sows fed high zinc. In conclusion, timing of dietary zinc supplementation to gestating sows had minimal influence on concentrations of important trace elements in sows and their offspring.
112 Effect of Selenium Sources on Sow Productive and Reproductive Performance and Their Progeny
Authors: Bloxham Darlene J , Fagundes Naiara Simarro , Cardoso Denise , Fontinhas-Netto Garros , Callegari Marco Aurélio , Dias Cleandro Pazinato , de Romano Gabrieli Souza , da Silva Caio A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dietary selenium (Se) supplementation is a standard practice, using either an inorganic form, such as sodium selenite (SS) or organic forms, like SeYeasts (SY) or pure forms of selenomethionine (SeMet). Hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet) is a chemically synthesized organic Se form and has been proven to be efficient in transferring Se from the diet to muscle compared with SS or SY products. The transfer of Se in tissues, in fact, leads to the buildup of a Se reserve as SeMet in the body that participates in maintaining effective antioxidant defenses and supports animal performance, particularly under challenging conditions. This trial aimed to determine the effects of different Se sources on the productive and reproductive performance of sows and on their progeny. Sows (n = 120) were allocated in individual cages in one of the three treatments according to the number of parities, number of piglets in previous parturition, body condition score and initial body weight. The experiment lasted 141 days (from the insemination of sows up to the weaning of the piglets at 21 days). A corn-soybean-based basal diet was formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of the sows during gestation and lactation. The Se supplementation was 0.35 ppm of Se either from SS, SY or OH-SeMet. The number of total piglets born showed a tendency (P = 0.06) for treatments fed organic Se sources (15.6 OH-SeMet; 15.4 SY vs 14 SS) with no differences on the litter weight at birth. However, sows fed OH-SeMet weaned more piglets (13.4) than the other treatments (12.5 SY and 12.2 SS, respectively, P &lt; 0.01). The litter weight at weaning showed no differences among treatments (73.4, 70.4 and 75.9kg for SS, SY and OH-SeMet, respectively). The feed conversion of the sows during lactation was also affected by the Se source, in which OH-SeMet showed a significantly reduced FCR of 2.6 vs 3.0 and 3.1 for SS and SY, respectively (P &lt; 0.01). Piglets fed organic sources showed a decreased diarrhea incidence (scores 2 and 3) compared with SS (P &lt; 0.001), respectively, 5.68 vs 3.28 and 3.27%. The Se concentration of sows’ colostrum and milk of sows were numerically improved from SS to SY, but only significantly greater on OH-SeMet treatment. The same pattern of Se concentration in the milk was observed in the serum of piglets 48 h after birth (142, 122 and 228 μg/kg for SS, SY and OH-SeMet, respectively) and at weaning (85, 85 and 117 μg/kg for SS, SY and OH-SeMet, respectively). Feeding pure forms of organic Se, such as OH-SeMet supports the productive and reproductive performance of sows and improve the Se status of the progeny. Organic Se also reduces the diarrhea of piglets, compared with SS.
122 Effects of Varying the Acid-Binding Capacity-4 in Diets Utilizing Specialty Soy Products with or without Pharmacological Levels of Zinc on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Stas Ethan , Warner Alan , Hastad Chad W , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 1,057 pigs (initial BW = 6.2 ± 0.4 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of acid-binding capacity-4 (ABC-4) with or without pharmacological levels of Zn on nursery pig performance. At weaning, pigs were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments based on initial body weight. There were 22 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial consisting of a low and high ABC-4 level with or without pharmacological levels of Zn provided by ZnO. The low ABC-4 diets contained 13.0 and 10.75% novel soy protein concentrate (AX3 Digest; Protekta; Plainfield, IN) in phase 1 and 2, respectively. The high ABC-4 diets contained 15.85 and 13.15% enzymatically treated soybean meal (HP 300; Hamlet Protein; Findlay, OH) in phase 1 and 2, respectively, replacing the soy protein concentrate on a SID Lys basis. The low ABC-4 diets without ZnO were formulated to 150 and 200 mEq/kg in phase 1 and 2, respectively. Replacing novel soy protein concentrate with enzymatically treated soybean increased the ABC-4 of the diet by 104 to 127 mEq/kg. Diets with added ZnO increased the ABC-4 of the diet by 60 to 65 mEq/kg. Diets with pharmacological levels of Zn contained approximately 2,000 mg/kg of Zn from ZnO in phase 1 and 2. Pigs were fed experimental diets during phase 1 (d 0 to 7) and phase 2 (d 7 to 21). Following phase 2, pigs were fed a common diet for an additional 21 days (d 21 to 42). During the experimental period, ABC-4 × ZnO interactions were observed (P ≤ 0.026) where pigs fed a low ABC-4 diet had improved (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F when ZnO was not present, but no differences (P &gt; 0.10) were observed based on ABC-4 level when ZnO was added (Table 1). Overall, there was an ABC-4 × ZnO interaction (P = 0.002) observed where pigs fed a high ABC-4 had increased (P &lt; 0.05) removals and mortalities when ZnO was not present and no differences (P &gt; 0.10) due to ABC-4 level were observed when ZnO was added. In summary, a low ABC-4 diet can improve growth performance and reduce removals and mortalities in nursery pigs when ZnO is not present in the diet.
119 Effects of Replacing Lactose with Novel Carbohydrate Sources on Feed Intake Preference in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Royall Rafe Q , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , Goodband Robert D , Mertz Keith , Patience John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of replacing lactose in phase 1 and 2 nursery diets with 1 of 2 novel carbohydrate products; (Cargill Starches, Sweeteners, & Texturizers, Blair, Nebraska) on feed intake preference. Pigs (n = 300; 600×241, DNA; initial BW = 5.6 kg) were used in three, 3-d periods to determine feed intake preference from various CHO sources. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 days of age and allotted to pens in one of two BW blocks based on initial BW (initially 5.0 and 6.2 kg), with 5 pigs/pen. Pigs were provided ad libitum access to water and pelleted feed. To determine feed intake preference, each pen was equipped with two identical feeders containing dietary treatments. Feeder location within pen was balanced across dietary comparison to minimize feeder location bias. On d 3, 9, and 17 post-weaning, pigs were weighed, and pens were allotted to 1 of 3 dietary comparisons in a completely randomized design. There were 20 replications of each diet comparison during each period. The carbohydrate sources utilized were whey powder, a novel dry carbohydrate (CHO-D), and a novel liquid carbohydrate (CHO-L). Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based with 5-7.5% DDGS and included: 1) a positive control (PC; containing 10 and 5% lactose, phase 1 and 2, respectively); 2) a diet replacing 100% of lactose with CHO-D; and 3) a diet replacing 100% of lactose with CHO-L. Novel carbohydrate sources (CHO-D or CHO-L) replaced whey powder on a total carbohydrate basis in phase 1 and 2 diets. Phase 1 diets were fed from d 3 to 6 and 9 to 12, with phase 2 diets fed from d 17 to 20. Within each period, 20 pens were used to test the effect of feeder location within pen with each feeder containing the PC diet. There was no observed effect of feeder (P &gt; 0.100) on daily feed disappearance indicating feeder location within pen did not influence feed intake preference (Table). During each period, dietary comparisons included: 1) PC vs. CHO-D; and 2) PC vs. CHO-L. For comparison 1, pigs tended (P = 0.060) to prefer the diet with CHO-D compared with the PC, on a percentage intake basis during phase 1; however, this reversed in phase 2 (P = 0.001) as pigs consumed more of the PC diet compared with the diet with CHO-D. For comparison 2, in all phases pigs preferred (P &lt; 0.001) the PC diet compared with the CHO-L diet. In summary, pigs tended to prefer the CHO-D diet compared with the PC during phase 1, but the inverse was observed during phase 2. However, throughout all phases, pigs preferred the PC diet over the diet containing CHO-L. Additional research could be conducted to further explore the ability of CHO-D to increase feed intake immediately after weaning.
141 Dietary Supplementation of Blends of Organic Acids and Monoglycerides Alleviated Diarrhea and Systemic Inflammation of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Infected with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli F18
Authors: Park Sangwoo , Sun Shuhan , Wongchanla Supatirada , Zhao Yating , Kovanda Lauren L , Hernandez Robert A , Kim Kwangwook , Chen Ying , Liu Yanhong 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate dietary supplementation of organic acids blend, monoglycerides blend, and combination of both on growth performance, diarrhea, and systemic inflammation of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) F18. Forty pigs (7.81 ± 0.84 kg BW) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly allotted to one of four treatments with 10 replicate pigs per treatment. The four dietary treatments were: 1) Control: nursery basal diet, 2) Acids: basal diet supplemented with a blend of organic acids (formic acid, lactic acid, and sodium formate) at 0.3%, 3) Monoglycerides: basal diet supplemented with a blend of monoglycerides of fatty acids at 0.3%, and 4) Combination of acids and monoglycerides: basal diet added with the acids blend at 0.2% and the monoglycerides blend at 0.2%. The experiment lasted 28 d [7 d before and 21 d after the first inoculation (d 0)]. All pigs were orally inoculated with E. coli F18 1010 CFU/3 mL for 3 consecutive days from d 0. Growth performance was measured weekly. Diarrhea score (1, normal, to 5, watery diarrhea) was daily recorded for each pig. Fecal samples were collected on d 2, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 post-inoculation (PI) to confirm the presence of β-hemolytic coliforms in feces. Whole blood samples were collected on d 0, 5, and 14 PI to perform complete blood counting analysis. All data were analyzed by ANOVA using the PROC MIXED of SAS with a pig as the experimental unit. Frequency of diarrhea was calculated and analyzed by Chi-square test. Supplementation of acids blend, monoglycerides blend, or the combination of both had limited impacts on growth performance throughout the trial but significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) frequency of diarrhea (25.5 to 29.8%) compared with control (39.3%). E. coli F18 infection increased (P &lt; 0.05) the counts of total white blood cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes on d 5 and 14 PI, compared with d 0. Supplementation of the combination of acids and monoglycerides reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the counts of total white blood cells, lymphocytes, and the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes, and tended (P &lt; 0.10) to reduce neutrophil count on d 5 PI, compared with control. Pigs fed with 0.3% monoglycerides blend had greater (P &lt; 0.05) neutrophil count than pigs in the control group on d 14 PI. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of organic acids blend, monoglycerides blend, and the combination of both can alleviate diarrhea or systemic inflammation caused by E. coli F18 infection.
145 Dose-Response and Functional Roles of Zinc Glycinate on Growth and Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs Challenged with F18+Escherichia Coli
Authors: Jang Ki Beom , Moita Vitor Hugo C , Martinez Nicolas , Sokale Adebayo O , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study was to evaluate dose-response and supplemental effects of zinc glycinate (ZnGly) on growth and intestinal health of nursery pigs challenged with F18+Escherichia coli. Nursery pigs (n = 40; BW = 6.5 ± 0.5 kg) were allotted to 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW and sex as blocks: 1) NC: no-challenge/no-supplement; (2) PC: F18+E. coli challenge/no-supplement; (3 to 5) F18+E. coli challenge/supplementations of ZnGly at 400, 800, and 1,200 mg/kg. On d 7, challenged groups were orally inoculated with F18+E. coli at 6 × 109 CFU/mL, whereas NC received saline solution. Pigs were fed for 28 d based on 2 phases (Phase 1: 14 d and phase 2: 14 d), and experimental diets were formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements suggested by NRC (2012). Pigs were euthanized on d 28 to collect tissues to evaluate TNF-α, IL-8, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, gene expression of Zn transporters, and mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum. Data were analyzed using contrasts in the MIXED procedure of SAS. The E. coli challenge tended to reduce (P = 0.065) ADG (308 to 244 g/d) and increase (P &lt; 0.05) fecal score (3.2 to 4.1) of the pigs during the first week of post-challenge. Supplementation of ZnGly from 0 to 1,200 mg/kg linearly (P = 0.092) increased G:F (0.69 to 0.81) during phase 1 and decreased (P &lt;0.05) fecal score (4.1 to 3.5) of the pigs during the first week of post-challenge. Supplementation of ZnGly from 0 to 1,200 mg/kg had quadratic effects on TNF-α (P = 0.065; minimum 1.51 pg/mg at 405 mg/kg of ZnGly), IL-8 (P = 0.093; minimum 0.53 ng/mg at 494 mg/kg), and protein carbonyl (P = 0.054; minimum 2.30 pg/mg at 675 mg/kg) and linearly increased mRNA expressions of (P = 0.057) ZIP4 (0.69 to 1.03) and (P = 0.075) ZnT5 (0.92 to 1.22) in the jejunum of the pigs. Supplementation of ZnGly from 0 to 1,200 mg/kg tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.065) Chao1 index (150.6 to 144.6) and linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) relative abundance of Actinobacteria (13.10 to 16.26%) and had quadratic effects (P &lt; 0.05) on the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria (minimum 0.67 % at 625 mg/kg) and Proteobacteria (minimum 45.6% at 735 mg/kg) at the phylum level with Enterobacteriaceae (minimum 4.79% at 660 mg/kg) at family level in jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota of the pigs. In conclusion, supplementation of ZnGly at a range of 400 to 675 mg/kg could reduce the negative impacts of F18+E. coli on growth performance and diarrhea of nursery pigs. These positive changes are related to reducing jejunal inflammation and oxidative stress by enhancing jejunal Zn absorption with positive changes in jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in the pigs.
142 Evaluation of Dietary Fiber in Health Challenged Nursery Pigs
Authors: Miller Kayla A , Mendoza Omarh F , Shull Caleb M , Burrough Eric R , Spencer Joel D , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Enteric pathogens often antagonize nursery pig health, growth performance, and scouring. Increased dietary fiber may alleviate bacterial pathogen burdens via improving intestinal health, fecal consistency, binding of pathogens, and improving early post-weaned growth performance. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effect of three dietary fiber sources on growth performance, digestibility, and fecal consistency in nursery pigs undergoing an F18 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenge. The study was conducted with 541 newly weaned pigs (starting BW of 5.9 ± 1.25 kg) in a complete randomized design with four dietary treatments (n = 12 pens/treatment, 11to 12 pigs/pen), fed over three phases. Phase 1 (day 0 - 14) and 2 (day 15 - 28) treatments included: 1) corn-soybean meal-based diet with no addition of fiber source (CON); 2) corn-soybean meal-based diet + 15 and 7.50% oat groats (Phase 1 and 2, respectively; Oats); 3) corn-soybean meal-based diet + 5% soyhulls (Soyhulls); and 4) corn-soybean meal-based diet + 5% wheat bran (Wheat Bran). All pens were fed a common Phase 3 (day 29 - 48) corn-soybean meal-based diet. At placement, 12 pigs were sacrificed for baseline evaluation and pigs were confirmed positive for K88 E. coli and Rotavirus A. On day 14 (dpi = 0), all pigs were orally drenched with ~5 mL F18 ETEC inoculum suspended in Luria broth. On day 21 of the study (dpi 7), 1 pig/pen was euthanized to examine the effects of diet on intestinal health including histopathology assessment of attachment of E. coli, coccidia, villus atrophy, and colitis. Pig BW and pen feed disappearance were recorded weekly from day 0 – 28, and day 48 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and feed efficiency (G:F). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with pen as the experimental unit and the fixed effect of treatment. There were no differences in ADG, ADFI, or G:F in phase 1 or phase 2 when pigs were fed Oats, Soyhulls, or Wheat Bran compared with CON (P &gt; 0.05). Overall nursery ADG (0.43 vs. 0.41, 0.42, 0.40 kg/d, respectively), ADFI (0.67 vs. 0.67, 0.68, 0.64 kg/d, respectively), and G:F (0.55 vs. 0.55, 0.55, 0.55, respectively) were not different from CON when pigs were fed either Oat, Soyhulls, or Wheat Bran (P &gt; 0.05). Pigs fed Oats had a decreased fecal nitrogen content compared with CON, Soyhulls, and Wheat Bran (P &lt; 0.05) and no differences in dry matter, organic matter, or gross energy (P &gt; 0.05). Although scouring was observed, fecal consistency scores did not differ between dietary treatments. Growth performance and fecal score data from this study indicate no additional benefit of a diet containing oat groats, soyhulls, or wheat bran to nursery pigs undergoing naturally endemic and controlled enteric health challenges.