bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wavelet analysis of inter‐annual variability in the runoff regimes of glacial and nival stream catchments, Bow Lake, Alberta
Authors: Lafrenière Melissa , Sharp Martin 
Published: April 2003

AbstractContinuous wavelet analyses of hourly time series of air temperature, stream discharge, and precipitation are used to compare the seasonal and inter‐annual variability in hydrological regimes of the two principal streams feeding Bow Lake, Banff National Park, Alberta: the glacial stream draining the Wapta Icefields, and the snowmelt‐fed Bow River. The goal is to understand how water sources and flow routing differ between the two catchments. Wavelet spectra and cross‐wavelet spectra were determined for air temperature and discharge from the two streams for summers (June–September) 1997–2000, and for rainfall and discharge for the summers of 1999 and 2000. The diurnal signal of the glacial runoff was orders of magnitude higher in 1998 than in other years, indicating that significant ice exposure and the development of channelized glacial drainage occurred as a result of the 1997–98 El Niño conditions. Early retreat of the snowpack in 1997 and 1998 led to a significant summer‐long input of melt runoff from a small area of ice cover in the Bow River catchment; but such inputs were not apparent in 1999 and 2000, when snow cover was more extensive. Rainfall had a stronger influence on runoff and followed quicker flow paths in the Bow River catchment than in the glacial catchment. Snowpack thickness and catchment size were the primary controls on the phase relationship between temperature and discharge at diurnal time scales. Wavelet analysis is a fast and effective means to characterize runoff, temperature, and precipitation regimes and their interrelationships and inter‐annual variability. The technique is effective at identifying inter‐annual and seasonal changes in the relative contributions of different water sources to runoff, and changes in the time required for routing of diurnal meltwater pulses through a catchment. However, it is less effective at identifying changes/differences in the type of the flow routing (e.g. overland flow versus through flow) between or within catchments. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transpiration coefficient and ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration of pear tree (Pyrus communis L.) under alternative partial root‐zone drying conditions
Authors: Kang Shaozhong , Hu Xiaotao , Du Taisheng , Zhang Jianhua , Jerie Peter 
Published: April 2003

AbstractTranspiration coefficient Kcb, crop coefficient Kc, and the ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration (T/ET) are important parameters for pear orchard irrigation management and may vary with different methods of irrigation. This study investigated their changes under three irrigation methods: conventional flood irrigation (CFI), fixed partial root‐zone drying and irrigation (FPRD) and alternative partial root‐zone drying and irrigation (APRD), in a semi‐arid region of Victoria, Australia. The average seasonal ET was 865·29, 795·63 and 804·72 mm respectively for CFI, FPRD, and APRD with ET0 of 817·59 mm for the pear fruiting season. The seasonal transpiration accounted for 81·1%, 84·4%, and 84·1% of evapotranspiration for CFI, FPRD, and APRD respectively. For the CFI, FPRD, and APRD treatments, the seasonal average Kc were 1·058, 0·973, and 0·984 (with their maximum values of 1·326, 1·211, and 1·257) respectively similarly, the respective seasonal average Kcb were 0·858, 0·822, and 0·828 (with maximum values of 1·059, 1·024, and 1·054). The relationships between Kcb, Kc, T/ET, and days after the season beginning were fitted to a fifth‐order polynomial equation with higher coefficients of determination R2. The maximum Kc and Kcb occurred in mid‐January. The ratio T/ET varied from 0·736 to 0·909, 0·743 to 0·947, and 0·741 to 0·925 in the pear fruiting season for CFI, FPRD, and APRD treatments respectively. Results suggested that APRD and FPRD can improve the ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration, and reduce transpiration coefficient and crop coefficient. Such effects should help improve of water‐use efficiency in pear orchards. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geologic controls on the chemical behaviour of nitrate in riverside alluvial aquifers, Korea
Authors: Min Joong‐Hyuk , Yun Seong‐Taek , Kim Kangjoo , Kim Hyoung‐Soo , Kim Dong‐Ju 
Published: April 2003

AbstractTo investigate the origin and behaviour of nitrate in alluvial aquifers adjacent to Nakdong River, Korea, we chose two representative sites (Wolha and Yongdang) having similar land‐use characteristics but different geology. A total of 96 shallow groundwater samples were collected from irrigation and domestic wells tapping alluvial aquifers.About 63% of the samples analysed had nitrate concentrations that exceeded the Korean drinking water limit (44·3 mg l−1 NO3−), and about 35% of the samples had nitrate concentrations that exceeded the Korean groundwater quality standard for agricultural use (88·6 mg l−1 NO3−). Based on nitrogen isotope analysis, two major nitrate sources were identified: synthetic fertilizer (about 4‰ δ15N) applied to farmland, and animal manure and sewage (15–20‰ δ15N) originating from upstream residential areas. Shallow groundwater in the farmland generally had higher nitrate concentrations than those in residential areas, due to the influence of synthetic fertilizer. Nitrate concentrations at both study sites were highest near the water table and then progressively decreased with depth. Nitrate concentrations are also closely related to the geologic characteristics of the aquifer. In Yongdang, denitrification is important in regulating nitrate chemistry because of the availability of organic carbon from a silt layer (about 20 m thick) below a thin, sandy surface aquifer. In Wolha, however, conservative mixing between farmland‐recharged water and water coming from a village is suggested as the dominant process. Mixing ratios estimated based on the nitrate concentrations and the δ15N values indicate that water originating from the village affects the nitrate chemistry of the shallow groundwater underneath the farmland to a large extent. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The hydrology of inland valleys in the sub‐humid zone of West Africa: rainfall‐runoff processes in the M'bé experimental watershed
Authors: Masiyandima Mutsa C. , van de Giesen Nick , Diatta Sitapha , Windmeijer Pieter N. , Steenhuis Tammo S. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractInland valleys with wet lowlands are an important water source for farming communities in the sub‐humid zone of West Africa. An inland valley and surrounding contributing watershed area located in the sub‐humid zone near M'bé in central Côte d'Ivoire was instrumented to study surface runoff and base flow mechanisms. Four flumes at different distances down the main stream and more than 100 piezometers were installed. Measurements were taken during two rainfall seasons in 1998 and 1999. Under initial wet conditions, a typical single‐peak hydrograph was observed. Under low antecedent moisture conditions, however, runoff was characterized by a double‐peaked hydrograph. The first peak, which occurred during the storm, was caused by rain falling on the saturated valley bottom. The second peak was delayed by minutes to hours from the first peak and consisted of rain flowing via the subsurface of the hydromorphic zone that surrounds the valley bottom. The duration of the delay was a function of the water table depth in the hydromorphic zone before the storm. The volume of the second peak constituted the largest portion of the stream flow. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological flowpaths and nitrate removal rates within a riparian floodplain along a fourth‐order stream in Brittany (France)
Authors: Clément Jean‐Christophe , Aquilina Luc , Bour Olivier , Plaine Kristelle , Burt Tim P. , Pinay Gilles 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThree main reservoirs were identified that contribute to the shallow subsurface flow regime of a valley drained by a fourth‐order stream in Brittany (western France). (i) An upland flow that supplied a wetland area, mainly during the high‐water period. It has high N‐NO3− and average Cl− concentrations. (ii) A deep confined aquifer characterized by low nitrate and low chloride concentrations that supplied the floodplain via flow upwelling. (iii) An unconfined aquifer under the riparian zone with high Cl− and low N‐NO3− concentrations where biological processes removed groundwater nitrate. This aquifer collected the upland flow and supplied a relict channel that controlled drainage from the whole riparian zone. Patterns of N‐NO3− and Cl− concentrations along riparian transects, together with calculated high nitrate removal, indicate that removal occurred mainly at the hillslope–riparian zone interface (i.e. first few metres of wetland), whereas dilution occurred in lower parts of the transects, especially during low‐water periods and at the beginning of recharge periods. Stream flow was modelled as a mixture of water from the three reservoirs. An estimation of these contributions revealed that the deep aquifer contribution to stream flow averaged 37% throughout the study period, while the contribution of the unconfined reservoir below the riparian zone and hillslope flow was more variable (from ca 6 to 85%) relative to rainfall events and the level of the riparian water table. At the entire riparian zone scale, NO3− removal (probably from denitrification) appeared most effective in winter, despite higher estimated upland NO3− fluxes entering the riparian zone during this period. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of an extreme melt event on the runoff and hydrology of a high Arctic glacier
Authors: Boon Sarah , Sharp Martin , Nienow Peter 
Published: April 2003

AbstractOn 28–30 July 2000, an extreme melt event was observed at John Evans Glacier (JEG), Ellesmere Island (79° 40′N, 74° 00′W). Hourly melt rates during this event fell in the upper 4% of the distribution of melt rates observed at the site during the period 1996–2000. Synoptic conditions during the event resulted in strong east‐to‐west flow over the northern sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet, with descending flow on the northwest side reaching Ellesmere Island. On JEG, wind speeds during the event averaged 8·1 m s−1 at 1183 m a.s.l., with hourly mean wind speeds peaking at 11·6 m s−1. Air temperatures reached 8°C, and rates of surface lowering measured by an ultrasonic depth gauge averaged 56 mm day−1. Calculations with an energy balance model suggest that increased turbulent fluxes contributed to melt enhancement at all elevations on the glacier, while snow albedo feedback resulted in increased melting due to net radiation at higher elevations. The event was responsible for 30% of total summer melt at 1183 m a.s.l. and 15% at 850 m a.s.l. Conditions similar to those during the event occurred on only 0·1% of days in the period 1948–2000, but 61% of events occurred in the summer months and there was an apparent clustering of events in the 1950s and 1980s. Such events have the potential to impact significantly on runoff, mass balance and drainage system development at high Arctic glaciers, and changes in their incidence could play a role in determining how high Arctic glaciers respond to climate change and variability. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing monetary rules performance across EMU countries
Authors: Altavilla Carlo 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe topic covered in this paper is the performance of different monetary policy rules used as guidelines in practical policy making. To this end, different rules are evaluated using alternative econometrics techniques. A comparative analysis is made of the ability of the rules to correspond to the historical central bank behaviour and of the volatility of output, inflation and interest rate changes that they imply. The study is conducted of the EMU countries. The results suggest that simple rules perform quite well and that the advantages obtained from adopting an optimal control‐based rule are not so great. Moreover, the addition of a forward‐looking dimension and of an interest rate smoothing term in the reaction function seems to improve the performance of the rules. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical analysis of nominal rigidities and exchange rate overshooting: an intertemporal approach
Authors: Park Gonyung , Kim Young‐yong 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper develops a system of equations from a model that combines an intertemporal approach with nominal rigidities, and empirically examines for five foreign currencies if exchange rates overshoot. Exchange rate overshooting is considered as a country's idiosyncrasy that depends on characteristics of the goods produced by the country. Empirical results show that exchange rates tend to overshoot in response to the US monetary shocks and undershoot in response to foreign monetary shocks. According to the underlying framework of consumption‐based intertemporal optimization, the results imply that the consumption demand is elastic for foreign goods and inelastic for the US‐produced goods. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exchange rate pass‐through in a small open economy: Panel evidence from Hong Kong
Authors: Parsley David C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper presents estimates of exchange rate pass‐through derived from a panel of very disaggregated import unit‐values to Hong Kong. The estimation approach builds on that utilized by Knetter (1989, 1993) to study export pricing and pricing to market. The three‐dimensional data set examined comprises Hong Kong's top eight floating exchange rate trading partners, and twenty‐one of the top 5‐digit SITC imports since 1992. Pass‐through estimates for Hong Kong imply relatively faster import price adjustment than is typically found for larger, less open economies. These estimates are robust to a number of sensitivity tests. Finally these results confirm, from a different perspective, findings by Parsley (2001) that deviations from the law of one price play a relatively smaller role in real exchange rate movements for Hong Kong to be supplies than for other East Asian countries. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On currency crises and contagion
Authors: Fratzscher Marcel 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper analyses the role of contagion in the currency crises in emerging markets during the 1990s. It employs a non‐linear Markov‐switching model to conduct a systematic comparison and evaluation of three distinct causes of currency crises: contagion, weak economic fundamentals, and sunspots, i.e. unobservable shifts in agents' beliefs. Testing this model empirically through Markov‐switching and panel data models reveals that contagion, i.e. a high degree of real integration and financial interdependence among countries, is a core explanation for recent emerging market crises. The model has a remarkably good predictive power for the 1997–1998 Asian crisis. The findings suggest that in particular the degree of financial interdependence and also real integration among emerging markets are crucial not only in explaining past crises but also in predicting the transmission of future financial crises. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multi‐country comparison of the linkages between inflation and exchange rate competitiveness
Authors: Kamin Steven B. , Klau Marc 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper compares the response of inflation to changes in exchange rate competitiveness in various regions of the world. The paper first presents evidence that an empirical relationship between the rate of inflation and the level of the real exchange rate holds for a large set of countries. It then demonstrates that the responsiveness of inflation to the real exchange rate has been much higher in Latin America than in Asian or industrialized countries. This difference in inflationary responsiveness is not fully explained either by the prior history of inflation or by the extent of openness to foreign trade. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling the risk: a case study of the Indian liquidity crisis 1990–92
Authors: Clark Ephraim , Lakshmi Geeta 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOver the period 1990–92, India experienced a foreign exchange crisis complicated by political turmoil that led to three rapid downgrades of its credit rating within the short space of a year. However, India did not default or reschedule its debt and with the help of foreign exchange loans after 44 years of socialism, proceeded with a structural, market‐oriented reform of the economy. This crisis differs from the subsequent crises in Mexico, Asia and Russia that followed later in the 1990s in that it did not spread to other countries. The reaction of the international markets was mild. Net flows of private foreign capital remained positive over the crisis period and the three rating migrations increased the country's cost of borrowing by only 1 per cent. The reaction of domestic markets was also positive and by the end of 1991 the local stock market had started an impressive bull run. Thus, the case of India 1990–92 is an interesting study in macroeconomic crisis management with lessons for the future. The crisis was short, damage to investor confidence was minimal, and a turnaround was achieved within three years. This study attempts to examine the crisis, its handling and reaction of the market to downgradings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why was there a precrisis capital inflow boom in Southeast Asia?
Authors: Rajan Ramkishen S. , Siregar Reza , Sugema Iman 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMuch of the recent literature on the East Asian crisis of 1997–98 has focused on the sudden capital reversals and the accompanying regional bust. An oft ignored fact is that the bust was preceded by a prolonged boom period. This boom was fuelled primarily by large‐scale capital inflows throughout the early 1990s, a significant proportion of which was intermediated via the domestic banking sector. Motivated by this observation, along with the recognition of the importance of the credit (bank lending) transmission channel in the crisis‐hit Southeast Asian economies, this paper concentrates on the precrisis capital inflow boom to emerging economies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The social impact of structural adjustment in Bolivia
Authors: Thiele Rainer 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper provides an account of the evolution of poverty and inequality during adjustment in Bolivia, covering the period 1985–99. It turns out that urban poverty declined somewhat after the initial stabilization phase that followed the hyperinflation in 1985. A similar evolution of per capita income suggests a positive impact of growth on urban poverty, although the correlation between the two variables is rather low in international perspective. Urban inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient does not exhibit a clear long‐term trend upward or downward, but a rising premium for high‐skilled workers indicates increasing disparities in the urban labour market. For rural areas, the scant evidence available points towards persistently high poverty levels and a widening rural–urban gap. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stochastic frontier approach to total factor productivity measurement in Bangladesh crop agriculture, 1961–92
Authors: Coelli Tim , Rahman Sanzidur , Thirtle Colin 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper applies a stochastic production frontier model to measure total factor productivity growth, technical efficiency change and technological change in Bangladesh crop agriculture for the 31 observations from 1960/61 to 1991/92, using data for 16 regions. The results reveal that technical change followed a U‐shaped pattern, rising from the early 1970s, when the green revolution varieties were adopted, giving an overall rate of technical progress at 0.27 per cent per year. However, technical efficiency declined throughout, at an estimated annual rate of 0.47 per cent. The combined effect of slow technical progress, dominated by the fall in technical efficiency resulted in total factor productivity (TFP) declining at a rate of 0.23 per cent per annum, with the rate of decline increasing in the later years. TFP change is shown to depend on the green revolution technology and agricultural research expenditures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capital source and the location of industrial investment: a tale of divergence from post‐reform India
Authors: Chakravorty Sanjoy 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe industrial locational decisions of private capital are expected to be profit‐maximizing or efficiency‐oriented, and directed towards leading industrial regions, coasts and metropolises, and away from socialist governments. Industrial investments by the state, on the other hand, are expected to consider equity and security issues, and therefore be less biased towards leading regions. Since the state as an agent of industrialization is weaker under liberalization, and private capital is increasingly dominant, structural reforms can be expected to lead to increased regional divergence. These propositions are tested using district‐level data from the pre‐reform and post‐reform periods in India using logistic and OLS regression models. The results provide unambiguous support for the outlined propositions and raise concerns about the political and welfare implications of these location decisions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linking public issues with private troubles: panel studies in developing countries
Authors: Harpham Trudy , Huttly Sharon , Wilson Ian , De Wet Thea 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAccompanying the call for increased evidence‐based policy the developed world is implementing more longitudinal panel studies which periodically gather information about the same people over a number of years. Panel studies distinguish between transitory and persistent states (e.g. poverty, unemployment) and facilitate causal explanations of relationships between variables. However, they are complex and costly. A growing number of developing countries are now implementing or considering starting panel studies. The objectives of this paper are to identify challenges that arise in panel studies, and to give examples of how these have been addressed in resource‐constrained environments. The main issues considered are: the development of a conceptual framework which links macro and micro contexts; sampling the cohort in a cost‐effective way; tracking individuals; ethics and data management and analysis. Panel studies require long term funding, a stable institution and an acceptance that there will be limited value for money in terms of results from early stages, with greater benefits accumulating in the study's mature years. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The economic potential of tourism in Tanzania
Authors: Kweka Josaphat , Morrissey Oliver , Blake Adam 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFor sub‐Saharan African countries with few evident opportunities to diversify export earnings away from primary commodities, tourism has emerged as an option to contribute to economic growth. This study uses input–output analysis to estimate the economic impact of tourism and assesses its potential contribution for the Tanzanian economy. The results show that tourism has a significant impact on output and incomes, especially taking into account the strong inter‐sector linkage effects, although this has not been translated into corresponding employment gains. The tourism sector also contributes to tax revenue and foreign exchange earnings. Overall, tourism is shown to make a significant economic contribution. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.