bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Works of John Francis Wade
Authors: Zon Bennett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Francis Wade (1711/12–86) is perhaps best known as the composer and author of the Christmas carol ‘Adeste fidcles’ (‘O Come All Ye Faithful’). He was almost certainly a convert to Roman Catholicism and attended the Dominican college at Bornhem (Belgium) where, presumably, he learnt to copy plainchant. His extant works date from 1737 to 1774 and divide into three types: plainchant manuscripts, printed books with hand-notated plain-chant, and printed liturgical books without plainchant. The manuscripts, which substantially outnumber his other works, serve a wide range of functions and include Antiphonals, Graduals, Vesperals, Offices for the Dead, and books of diverse chants. Not only were they used extensively in their own time, but numerous later influential Catholic volumes were based on his work. The graphic quality of his manuscripts, often in a wide range of colours and metallic pigments, attests consistently to a scribe in complete command of his calligraphic and miniature decorative art. Wade’s printed books with plainchant comprise a gradual, psalter, and confraternity handbook. His liturgical books without plainchant include two vesperals—one for general use and another for Holy Week. Evidence internal to the manuscripts proves that they were used in practically all London’s foreign embassy chapels, and by extension it can be assumed that Wade’s manuscripts circulated amongst many Catholic aristocratic families.
Manuscripts by Scribes other than Wade
Authors: Zon Bennett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The manuscripts described in this chapter are included here because of their similarity to Wade manuscripts. In some cases they were copied in part or in toto from his work. Some are particularly relevant because they link Wade to Douai, as with ‘Arttiphonale Romanum-Franciscanum’. Others, like ‘The Abergavenny Gradual’ and ‘The Abergavenny Antiphonale Roman um’, are significant in the documentation which surrounds them, more perhaps than the manuscript itself In some instances Wade’s influence is fairly small, as in the hymns of AAR1799, but in others, such as CDMan or UCB similarities are so abundant that one must assume that their scribes copied them directly from either Wade manuscripts or sources identical to those used by Wade. In either case the ubiquity of Wade’s manuscripts and possibly Wade-related sources is confirmed by the fact that his or a similar influence is found in books stemming from such wide geographical and chronological backgrounds as those discussed in this chapter. The graphic quality of these manuscripts is decidedly lower than Wade’s and highlights the general decline of plainchant calligraphy in English and Continent sources of the period. None of the manuscripts examined below appear to have had any wider influence than that of their own sphere, and in some cases their historical and/or ecclesiastical context remains elusive.
Roman Catholic Plainchant Apologetics: the 1840s to 1850s
Authors: Zon Bennett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the many Catholic periodicals and newspapers which commenced in the 1830s and 1840s, four covered the issue of chant and sacred music extensively: The London & Orthodox journal (founded 1835)The Dublin Review (1836), The Tablet (1840), andThe Rambler (l848). The earliest of these to do so was The Dublin Review, beginning its long interest in sacred music with its inaugural issue of May 1836 in an article reviewing George Hogarth’s Music History, Biography, and Criticism: being a General Survey of Music, from the earliest period to the present time (1835). Far more a defence of church music than merely common book review, the article presents an almost syllogistic apologetic for the preservation and revival of sacred music. Like all church music apologetics, it is premissed on the absolute belief that
The noblest employment of music is in conjunction with the exercises of religion. Its power, in exciting those feelings of awe, reverence, and love, with which man ought ever to approach his Creator and Preserver, has been felt in all ages of the world; and its use, in expressing those feelings, not only appears to have been silently dictated by God himself, in the act of constituting the human mind, but has received his express authority and sanction.
Death
Authors: Poznansky Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
His breathing grew more shallow, though he could still be brought to consciousness, it seemed, by asking him whether he wanted to drink: he no longer responded with words, but only with affirmative or negative sounds. Suddenly his eyes, which up until then had been half-closed and glazed, opened wide. An indescribable expression of full consciousness appeared. He rested his gaze in turn on the three people who were standing near him, then lifted it towards the sky. For a few moments something in his eyes lit up and then faded with his final breath. It was a little after three in the morning.
Hearsay
Authors: Poznansky Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after Pyotr Ilyich’s death there appeared, and for a while persevered, a legend that he had died not from cholera, but because he had voluntarily poisoned himself. I personally started to believe in this leg end without much difficulty after I became acquainted with the Sixth Symphony, the content of which seemed to provide enough reason to do so. Indeed, the general sombre mood that permeates all movements of the symphony, one may say, ‘smells of death’.... In the last movement of the symphony (Adagio lamentoso) the very first notes emanate utter hopelessness and irreparable anguish.
The Golden Age, Part I: 1580–1603
Authors: Spring Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ovid, in his first book of the Metamorphoses, describes the four ages of man, of which ‘The Golden Age was first; which uncompelled, And without rule, in faith and truth exceelled’. Under the reign of Saturn this age experienced no wars, no laws, no seasons, and there was no work to be done. Peace, justice, and equality were universal. Virgil in his fourth Eclogue spoke of the dawning of a new golden age for Rome under Augustus, when civilization and the arts would flourish. This poem was later reinterpreted by Constantine, with the virgin goddess Astraea, who ushers in the new golden age, identified as the Virgin Mary. John Foxe, in his Book of Martyrs, the most influential and popular book of Elizabethan times after the Bible, drew a parallel between Constantine’s ending of religious persecutions, and the accession of Elizabeth after the repression and burnings of the Marian period. The new Astraea was personified by Elizabeth I, whose favourite personal device was the phoenix. Like Augustus in the early days of Imperial Rome, she was seen to have re-established justice, and to have provided a rule under which peace and the arts could flourish. This point was made by Sir John Davies in his Hymnes of Astraea (1599), referring to Elizabeth as she who: ‘Hath brought againe the golden dayes, And all the world amended.’
Sound and Vibration
Authors: Beamnt Jams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are three simple ways of producing pitched sound: hitting something making air in a tube vibrate and plucking a stretched string. The string started with a disadvantage for on its own it produces tiny sound, but this was sufficiently intriguing for man to experiment for thousands of years, to find ways of increasing the sound by attaching strings to pieces of wood. Bowing was invented only hundreds of years ago, and gave the string an ability long the preserve of using air in tubes: producing a sustained sound. At first it was bowed on instruments evolved for plucked strings; the violin emerged from them.
Resonance and Response
Authors: Beamnt Jams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reader with an eye for elegant English may feel that the word ‘vibrate’ has been used ad nauseam, and the author should have rung the changes with ‘oscillate’, ‘reverberate’, or ‘resonate’. One problem of scientific writing is that each of these words has a specific meaning, and the right one must be used in a given context. ‘Resonate’ is misused more frequently than it is used correctly in ordinary speech; resonance so intrigues physicists that it seems sometimes to prevent them from seeing the wood for the trees.
The Bow
Authors: Beamnt Jams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The violin would not exist but for the discovery of bowing. People who do not play sometimes ask why the left hand was chosen to do the intricate things while the right hand just pushes a stick with some horsehair on it up and down. It may stem from the notion that the left hand is ‘making the notes’; televised pictures of soloists enhance this view. Richard Wilson relates that when he was a viola student at the Guildhall School of Music, he had a poor instrument and despaired of producing a reasonable sound. William Primrose visited the School and, to illustrate something in a seminar, picked up this viola and played. None of them had ever heard such wonderful sound.
Real Strings
Authors: Beamnt Jams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have only obtained some idea of how violins work in the latter part of the twentieth century. The basic laws which determine the pitch of strings have been known for more than three centuries, but the technology which made it possible to apply them fully has only been developed in the past fifty years, producing a string-making revolution. A wide range of strings with very different properties is now available; it has proved to be a mixed blessing. Few people would dream of modifying their instrument or bow, but strings are changed and mixed with abandon. Players need not know how a violin works, but there are several things they should know about strings.
Conclusions
Authors: Beamnt Jams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The production of sound by a violin might be represented by the sequence: player bow string bridge body sound hearing perception. If we assume uniform bowing, we can obtain a generalized picture of the vibration of the string and of the events up to the point where sound is produced in the air. But these physical steps are not independent because the string interacts with the bow, and the body interacts with the string via the bridge. We can relate basic aspects of bowing to basic features of the sound. The picture is limited to sustained sound because that is what uniform bowing produces.
Americus Backers and the English Grand Piano
Authors: Cole Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DuringThe Operaseason when J.C. Bach presented his first works at the King’s Theatre, Americus Backers set up his workshop in the first house at the eastern end of Jermyn Street. In those days Great Jermyn Street ended at this point where Little Jermyn Street, no more than a short alley, connected it to Haymarket, not far from the theatre. A glance at a map of the area shows just how close these two establishments were: a minute’s walk from the theatre would bring you to Backers’ house. If this simultaneous co-location of Bach and Backers was not contrived it was certainly fortuitous. With no known past Backers was plummeted into the theatre and concert world of London and was soon taken up by some of the most influential people.
The English Grand, 1778-1805
Authors: Cole Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AmericusBackers Unrivalledposmon in grand piano making meant that his early death in January 1778 left a void in London’s musical scene at the very moment when the pianoforte was finally and irrevocably accepted in concert life. Those who had bought instruments from Backers, or were contemplating such a purchase, then had to look for a successor. The man who took up the mantle of Backers was Robert Stodart. Stodart is believed to have been born in southern Scotland in the 1735-40 period. Arriving in London c.1765, he was employed for some years in Shudi’s workshop, where he learnt harpsichord making under the supervision of his compatriot, John Broadwood. After Shudi’s death in 1773, Stodart made plans to set up his own workshop, which he accomplished when he took the lease of a house in Wardour Street in 1775. Part of his plan was to exploit the potential of combining the harpsichord and pianoforte in one instrument. In November 1777 Stodart patented a type of combination grand piano and harpsichord which did not infringe Joseph Merlin’s patent of three years earlier. Merlin’s concept was of a down-striking set of hammers applied to what was in essence a harpsichord: Stodart’s, on the contrary, was a piano-forte with an up-striking action wherein two harpsichord jacks replaced the usual damper.
The Upright Pianoforte: The Genesis of Upright Forms
Authors: Cole Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It1s Easyto imagine that the development of upright pianos is merely an answer to the need to save space in a domestic environment. During the twentieth century such a perception was plainly evident: the best type of piano was the grand, but for those who needed to save space or expense, the upright must suffice. In former times it was different.Throughout the period covered by this study the pianoforte came principally in two forms: the square piano and the grand. Economy was effected by choosing the square. When such an instrument cost as little as one-third of the cost of the grand, it is quite obvious that an upright, however cheaply manufactured, could yield no advantage in terms of price. In terms of floor space, the five-octave square piano was so unobtrusive that any small reduction that the upright might offer would not be a significant factor.
Envoi
Authors: Cole Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
InThe Lastdecade of the eighteenth century the harpsichord experienced a dramatic loss of esteem, which a few well-chosen numbers may illustrate. In 1785 the Shudi & Broadwood workshop was selling harpsichords at 70 guineas in a market that appeared to be unaffected by the rival claims of the pianoforte. Yet, within three years production had declined alarmingly. The last known harpsichord (signed by John Broadwood alone) was dated 1793. Kirckrnan’s workshop continued to turn out a few harpsichords until 1800, as did the firm of Longman & Broderip, but as the century drew to a close, trade in such instruments was all but dead. Prices for second-hand harpsichords also fell alarmingly.
The Foundation of the Oratory in Bologna
Authors: Crowther Victor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The founding father of the Congregation of the Oratory, Filippo Neri, died in Rome at the age of 80 in 1595. Revered by all for his apostolic zeal, capricious good humour and determination to spread the joys of Christian spirituality to the laity, particularly the youth of Rome, Filippo rekindled such hope among Italian Catholics that priests and laymen throughout the peninsula were beginning to gather together under the easy yoke of the Oratorian Rule by the end of the century.
Foreword
Authors: Picken Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The context in which musics of the world are here to be examined is that of geography, history (in the old-fashioned sense of who did what to whom and when), and social structure (in the basic sense of who were at the bottom of the heap and who on There are those who will say that so simple-minded a project should never have been attempted in a post-Claude-Levi-Straussian-and-Charles-Seegerian world. Evidently, to attempt a necessarily brief account of the history of any one of the great cultural zones of the planet is hazardous in the extreme. Specialists themselves will differ about both ‘facts ‘ and their ‘interpretation ‘; specialists, as they read, may wish to qualify virtually every statement made. Old charges once preferred in the history of ethnic-music studies will be revived.
Introduction
Authors: Fletcher Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Awareness of musical traditions other than those of Europe and North America has increased greatly in recent years: tourism has led to familiarity with once-distant lands and peoples, while ever-advancing technological developments have facilitated the wide dissemination, on tape, video, and film, of the sights and sounds of other lands and peoples. Irresistibly, different musics of the world have been forced on our awareness through radio and television. Simultaneously, the ethnic mix of peoples that now exists in most countries of the western world has created its own inoperative, necessitating the adoption of a global view of cultures and their musics. This book adopts such a view.
Elemental Features of Music
Authors: Fletcher Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From time immemorial, music has been one of humankind ‘s rr1ost important resources. It has eased the burden of and coordinated its rhythms. It has helped people in love, and calmed their fever. It has cemented social rituals, recalled ancestral history, and shaped codes of conduct. It has been held to appease gods and ancestral spirits, and to induce rain, or drive it away. Nor are such attributes mere relics of ancient superstition. Music still soothes the spirit in sickness or in love. It can still condition human behavior. It still has strong historical associations. All over the world, people still sing or listen to music as they work, and they still celebrate their harvest in elaborate ritual. And music is still one of the most fundamental elements in religious and social ceremony. As technology makes musical from all over the world accessible to us, their fundamental similarities are as evident as their differences.
Aspects of Civilization
Authors: Fletcher Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fossil finds in East Africa suggest that the genus Homo emerged there some two million years ago. Modern humans are thought to have originated in Africa some 100,000 years ago: fossil finds in South Africa, Ethiopia, and Israel attest to the success and widespread dispersal of a new species. These early humans made effective tools and weapons, and were probably able to communicate through some form of spoken language. ·with the later Stone Age (or ‘Upper Palaeolithic ‘) of sorr1e 40,000 years ago, such activities as orderly burial of the dead, and painting of wildlife scenes on cave walls and rock faces, bear witness to a more advanced capacity for structured thought. The development of language, the medium for such thought, may then be associated specifically with the development of Homo sapiens sapiens (anatomically modern humans).
Early Oligarchies in Mesopotamia and Egypt
Authors: Fletcher Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Civilization appears first to have developed in what is known as the ‘Fertile Crescent ‘ of Mesopotamia. The name Mesopotamia means ‘between rivers ‘, and indicates the land drained by the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. The irrigation techniques needed to control these rivers had evolved elsewhere; but it was in Mesopotamia that writing first developed, and writing enabled the peoples of this area to create the administrative apparatus needed for a political structure of evolving city states, and thus to meet the challenge of their physical environment. Writing also enabled a record to be left of a remarkable understanding of the relationships between string lengths and pitches in the generation of musical sound.
West Asia
Authors: Fletcher Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most conspicuous cultural feature of West Asia today is Islam. Between a sixth and a seventh of the total population of the globe now adhere to this faith. The majority of Muslims are presently to be found, however, not in west Asia but in Indonesia, Bangladesh, Nigeria, India, and Egypt: ‘“\west Asia ‘s vast areas of desert, mountain, and high plateau make it a sparsely and unevenly populated part of the world. Nevertheless, \Vest Asia is Islam ‘s heartland. It was here that Islam arose, that its formative caliphates were situated, and from whence the spread of the faith-along with the Arabic language—led to the formation of a distinctive Islamic civilization. Islam brought a measure of unity to many diverse cultural systems, the dynamics of which had been shaped in the ancient world. The religion itself was based largely on Judaic and local nomadic traditions. In Africa, South Asia, and South East Asia, Islam contributed to existing cultural systems, but was ultimately assimilated by them. 1n Egypt, the Levant, Iraq, and Iran, it blended with the cultural systems of Persia and Byzantium. As Islam spread, it absorbed elements of Zoroastrian, Hellenic, Christian, and Hindu thought. In the end, it was a synthesis of all these elements, and in that lay its appeal: Islamic culture transcended the religion that generated it.
East Asia
Authors: Fletcher Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most remarkable feature of Chinese civilization is its continuity. Aspects of Chinese culture, still functional today, date back some 4,000 years. Social and governmental systems were integrated by a written language, of which the symbols (the ‘characters ‘) were standardized in 221 BC, and still form the basis of the Chinese script. The social and governmental systems themselves, codified towards the end of the first millennium BC, were perpetuated with little essential change until the death of the last empress in 1908; many elements are part of received custom to this day. The roots of this remarkable continuity derive, in part at least, from the use made by Confucius of song-texts with a historical content in teaching the sons of the nobility. Confucius—a sage, but to his countrymen a saint—ived from c.551 to 4.79 BC.
New Horizons
Authors: Fletcher Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the year 1400, a group of Florentine businessmen returned from a visit to Constantinople with a copy of Ptolemy ‘s Guide to Geography, a second-century text that described the world then known to the Greeks. Little of that world was known to Europeans of the early fifteenth century. Included in the Guide was the already familiar Ptolemaic understanding of the universe: the sun, the moon, the planets, and ‘fixed ‘ stars circling around the earth, with the ‘ideal ‘ realm beyond them. But the Guide also listed some 8,000 place names in Europe, Africa, and Asia; and it demonstrated the use of grid lines of longitude and latitude, and the calculation of geographical positions within them by astronomical means. Ptolemy ‘s geography was far from accurate, but his Guide brought to European cartography a new, scientific, method of viewing the world as an entity. Metrification of the earth ‘s surface enabled all points on a map to be placed proportionately distant from each other, and even unknown locations could be given coordinates.
Enlightenment
Authors: Fletcher Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just off London ‘s Strand is a house built by John Adam in l 754 for the Society of Arts. The Society—now the Society of Arts, manufactures, and Commerce-still occupies it. On the panels of its Great Room, a series of paintings by James Barrie, Professor of Painting at the Royal Academy, provides insight into the attitudes and beliefs of the merchant gentlemen who were its members. The purpose of these paintings—in the artist ‘s words—was to illustrate ‘one great maxim or moral truth, that the obtaining of happiness ... depends on cultivating the human faculties ‘. Man is shown beginning ‘in a savage state, full of inconvenience, imperfection and misery ‘. He then ‘progresses through several gradations of culture and happiness, which ... are finally attended with beatitude or misery ‘.