bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Third Parties (Rights Against Insurers) Act 1930
Authors: Hogarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Third Parties (Rights Against Insurers) Act 1930 is a short piece of legislation, designed to satisfy a simple need: to enable claimants seeking to sue an insolvent defendant to ‘step into the shoes’ of the defendant and receive directly the benefit of their opponent’s liability insurance. In the absence of this Act, the insolvent defendant’s insurance proceeds would be gathered by the liquidator or trustee in bankruptcy for distribution among all the
Future Changes In Insurance Law
Authors: Hogarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the foreseeable changes in the statutory law that regulates the terms of insurance contracts. As long ago as 1957 the Law Reform Committee recommended reform, as did its successor the Law Commission in 1980; the National Consumer Council considered a range of issues in a report in 1997, but to no effect; the British Insurance Law Association recommended reform in 2002.
Structural Factors in China’s Economic Reform
Authors: Sachs Jeffrey , Woo Wing Thye 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The divergent reform experiences of Eastern Europe, the Former Soviet Union, and China raise important questions about the strategy of economic transition. China has grown rapidly since market reforms began in 1978, while Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (EEFSU) have faced continued economic turmoil and significant declines in output. The reasons for these divergent trends have been heatedly debated.
Making Fiscal Policy in Japan
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Making Fiscal Policy in Japan is written for those who want to understand the role and performance of fiscal policy as an integral component of macroeconomic policy, and the attendant effects on economic growth. The case explored here is post-Second World War Japan, but the approach is one of international comparison. Ishi traces and analyses the central features of postwar Japanese fiscal policy and considers the institutional framework and policy objectives which shaped the budget process. The first part of the book provides a detailed overview of the topic, with detailed institutional and empirical information. In particular, the role that government played in Japan's postwar economic growth is explored in depth, with specific focus on the four sub-periods of occupation, rapid economic growth, internationalization, and the bubble economy. Part II explains the basic framework of budgets, the budgetary process in Japan, and fundamental strategies of fiscal authority. It looks in depth at the unique aspects of the balanced budget policy for 1953-65 and then at how financial resources for budgeting were automatically generated in a growing economy. The final part analyses specific policy issues in the public sector, among them human resource development, the ageing population and the social security system, tax incentives for export promotion, the Fiscal Investment and Loan Programme, and intergovernmental grant policy. Ishi argues that the Japanese government has been generally passive in guiding the state's economic activities, using fiscal policy to support the private economy rather than directly to influence the economy through deliberate expenditure and tax policies. The approach has been one of enhancing the market rather than of government intervention.
Protecting the Global Environment: Towards Effective Governance and Equitable Solutions
Authors: Pachauri Rajendra K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before this decade ends and human civilization enters the new millennium, these ten years will be remembered as a period that saw the emergence of several concerns on protecting the global environment. We see today a unique combination of scientific endeavour, economic decision-making, and the formulation of public policy that embraces various actions directed towards understanding and halting widespread damage to the global environment. However, while much has been achieved in this field, such as eliminating the production and use of ozone depleting substances (ODS), many other more serious problems threatening the global environment, specifically those related to climate change, loss of biodiversity, and large-scale deforestation, remain subjects of relative inaction and prolonged dispute. There is as yet no clarity both within international bodies and national as well as local governments on the means by which these problems will be addressed effectively. There is, therefore, considerable confusion among decision-makers on the governance structures that need to be activated or created for achieving results in these spheres. In other words, the architecture for creating solutions and human responses in the right direction remains very much an elusive development. Nor is there, as yet, any creative consensus on what might constitute effective and equitable actions for protecting the global environment.
Trends in Fertility and Contraceptive Use in Bangladesh
Authors: Mceachran Juliet , Diamond Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite differing opinions about fertility levels in the past, there is now broad agreement that a major fertility decline has now occurred in Bangladesh. Because it lacked evidence of any of the traditional precursors of fertility transition, Bangladesh has become a country of increasing interest to demographers and to the managers of reproductive health programmes. This chapter examines trends in fertility and contraceptive use in Bangladesh over the last 20 years, and describes how these changes have been brought about.
The Relative Roles of Gender and Development in Explaining Fertility in Rural Punjab
Authors: Kazi Shah Naz , Sathar Zeba A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Even by South Asian standards, Pakistan is considered a demographic outlier. Only in the last decade has fertility begun to decline somewhat, going from 6.1 in 1991 to 5.5 in 1996, while the most rapid mortality declines occurred about three decades earlier (Sathar 1993). Yet economic development, at least in terms of rising per capita income, has advanced significantly in the last two decades. The question is, therefore, why fertility decline in Pakistan has been so delayed.
Solutions Manual for Financial Economics
Authors: Eichberger Jürgen , Harper Ian , Pfeil Christian , Scheid Florian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Financial Economics is an exciting new field of study that integrates the theory of finance and financial institutions into the main body of economic theory. Eichberger and Harper’s successful textbook, Financial Economics, provides a self-contained and comprehensive introduction to the field for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate economists and finance specialists. This Solutions Manual provides worked solutions to all the exercises in Financial Economics, organized according to the chapters in the original textbook. Each chapter has a short preface explaining its contents and objectives. The manual will prove an invaluable tool for both students and teachers of financial economics, and may be used as a self-contained problem-and-answer text as well as an accompaniment to Financial Economics.
Political Crafting of Democratic Consolidation or Destruction: European and South American Comparisons
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To what extent can our knowledge about the breakdown of democratic regimes in Europe and Latin America contribute to a better understanding of the conditions under which reborn democracies in Latin America can acquire stability and avoid renewed breakdown? Does our knowledge about past crises in democracies tell us something about the future of democracies? Our answer is a qualified yes. We think that a reading of the work of the many social scientists and historians who have addressed the great theme of democratic stability could help avoid some of the mistakes that in the past have led to the demise of democracy. However, we feel obliged to caution against facile extrapolations from the study of the past. Polities and political actors have to face crises and conflicts as new challenges. As an ancient philosopher said, “We never bathe in the same river twice.” We should be conscious that our knowledge of the past is limited, and that it is sometimes selective, particularly when so much of it is derived from the intensive study of a limited number of historic ally important cases of breakdown and often on an insufficient analysis of those that avoided the drama of democratic breakdown.
On the Tasks of a Democratic Opposition
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While democracy as a form of government has long been a staple concern of social science, the question of the genesis of democracy has been largely neglected. Moreover, until very recently, most studies of the growth of democracy have restricted their focus to its emergence from traditional oligarchies or absolute monarchies over the last two centuries in Europe, or to the problem of democracy in the context of decolonization.
Democratic Opposition and Democratization Theory
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
About a quarter of a century past the beginning of the “third democratic wave” in politics, what are some of the most important implications to be drawn about the role of the democratic opposition in the processes of democratization, and in new democratic governance? One body of theory concerns “pacted transitions”, and another the oppositional role of “civil society against the state”. Both bodies of theory, and the empirical evidence brought to bear in them, relate to important processes; but in my view they are in need of substantial revision before they can be incorporated into our new efforts to build a democratic theory of opposition. These revisionist tasks will constitute the main effort of this essay.
Toward a New Comparative Politics of Federalism, (Multi)Nationalism, and Democracy: Beyond Rikerian Federalism
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The subject of this article is the role of federalism in the functioning, and occasionally even the making or breaking, of democracies. Federalism has never been more crucial for the study of democracy and comparative politics. If our unit of analysis is the total number of people who live in long-standing democracies, the majority of them live in federal systems. If our unit of analysis is relatively long-standing (if often troubled) multinational and multi lingual democracies, all the polities that fall most clearly into this category are federal.2 However, all the territorial fragmentation of postcommunist Europe occurred in three multinational, formally federal, systems.
A Framework for Fragmentation
Authors: Jones Ronald w. , kierzkowski henryk 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In current discussions of globalization, focus has been placed on the increased freedom of international trade in goods and services, as well as greater mobility of financial assets. However, recent patterns of globalization have exhibited a further phenomenon, namely, the role of advances in technology and lowered costs of services in fostering a fragmentation of vertically integrated production processes into separate segments that may enter international trade. The production of automobiles in most countries now makes use of components such as tires made by French or Italian producers, injection systems produced in Germany, computer chips manufactured in Malaysia, with software developed in the United States. Plunging international costs of telecommunication and developments of fax and Internet technology have allowed the production process to be widespread on a global basis with much less attention paid to national boundaries.
The Execution of Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Polakiewicz Jörg 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The provisions of articles 41, 44, 45, arid 46 of the ECHR are based on the traditional dualist understanding of the effects of judgments of international tribunals. According to this view, such judgments were supposed to have no direct effect on domestic law and national authorities unless the domestic law itself requires or at least permits national authorities to apply or to execute them.
Austria
Authors: Tretter Hannes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before Austria ratified the ECHR (below: Convention) in 1958, fundamental rights and freedoms were only guaranteed by the Austrian ‘bill of rights’, the Basic Law of 1867 on the General Rights of Nationals (Staatsgrundgesetz iiber die allgemeinen Rechte der Staatsbürger 1867-StGG 1867, below: Basic Law 1867) which as a law of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy was incorporated into the constitutional legal order of the new democratic Republic of Austria in 1920. Amended several times, it is still in force. This Basic Law contained (and still contains) a core of civil and political rights symbolizing the legal achievements of the Austrian bourgeoisie and constitutionalism visa-vis the police state of the nineteenth century. In 1867 a high court, the Reichsgericht, was appointed to decide on applications asserting the rights and freedoms guaranteed to the people.
Belgium
Authors: Marcus-Helmons Silvio , Marcus-Helmons Philippe 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Human rights have flourished over the centuries in Belgium, as they have in other countries of Europe. Back in the Middle Ages, a wealthy middle class of artisans and tradesmen fostered the development of the towns. The feudal lords, constantly in need of money to pay for their warfare and simply to maintain their standard of living, often had to turn to these rich burghers. In return the latter exacted growing privileges which were enshrined in a large number of charters.
The French Revolution 1789-1799
Authors: McPhee Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book provides a succinct yet up-to-date and challenging approach to the French Revolution of 1789-1799 and its consequences. Peter McPhee provides an accessible and reliable overview and one which deliberately introduces students to central debates among historians. The book has two main aims. One aim is to consider the origins and nature of the Revolution of 1789-99. Why was there a Revolution in France in 1789? Why did the Revolution follow its particular course after 1789? When was it 'over'? A second aim is to examine the significance of the Revolutionary period in accelerating the decay of Ancien Regime society. How 'revolutionary' was the Revolution? Was France fundamentally changed as a result of it? Of particular interest to students will be the emphasis placed by the author on the repercussions of the Revolution on the practives of daily life: the lived experience of the Revolution. The author's recent work on the environmental impact of the Revolution is also incorporated to provide a lively, modern, and rounded picture of France during this critical phase in the development of modern Europe.
Introduction
Authors: McPhee Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The French Revolution is one of the great turning-points in history. Never before had the people of a large and populous country sought to remake their society on the basis of the principle of popular sovereignty. The drama, success, and tragedy of their project, and of the attempts to arrest or reverse it, has attracted students to it for more than two centuries. Although right-wing journalists at the time of the bicentenary of 1989 rushed to proclaim that ‘the French Revolution is finished’, its importance and fascination for us are undiminished.
Methodological issues of large-scale macromodels
Authors: Bårdsen Gunnar , Eitrheim Øyvind , Jansen Eilev S , Nymoen Ragnar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Macroeconometric modelling aims at explaining the empirical behaviour of an actual economic system. Such models will be systems of inter-linked equations estimated from time-series data using statistical or econometric techniques. A conceptual starting point is the idea of a general stochastic process that has generated all data we observe for the economy, and that this process can be summarised in terms of the joint probability distribution of random observable variables in a stochastic equation system: see Section 2.3. For a modern economy, the complexity of such a system, and of the corresponding joint probability distribution, is evident. Nevertheless, it is always possible to take a highly aggregated approach in order to represent the behaviour of a few ‘headline’ variables (e.g. inflation, GDP growth, unemployment) in a smallscale model.
Systemic Risk in Banking: A Survey
Authors: De Bandt Olivier , Hartmann Philipp 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last couple of years significant concerns about the stability of national and international fmancial systems have been raised. These concerns are reflected in a series of official summits and reports, private initiatives and academic papers,1 and they have been underlined by the recent crises in East-Asia, Russia and Brazil. Fears exist that in an environment of relatively free international capital markets such events are becoming more frequent and that such developments may easily spill over to other countries. Although the increase in theoretical, empirical and policy analyses of fmancial instability has been substantial, we make two observations: First, while ‘systemic risk’ is now widely accepted as a fundamental underlying concept for the study of facial instability and possible policy responses, most work so far tackles one or several aspects of that risk, and there is no clear understanding of the overall concept of systemic risk. Second, we are not aware of any comprehensive survey of the substantial recent theoretical and empirical work on systemic risk in banking.
Earmarks of a Lender of Last Resort
Authors: Schwartz Anna J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some observers of the fmancial distress of countries in Asia and Latin America in recent years have suggested that what the world needs is an international lender of last resort. The institution that could serve this purpose, it is claimed, is the International Monetary Fund (IMF), either as presently constituted, or perhaps with some minor adjustments of its mandate.
Military Prowess
Authors: Thomas Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since time immemorial, all societies which depend upon force for the acquisition and retention of their means of subsistence have regarded physical courage as the supreme proof of manhood. From Homeric Greece to pre-Tokugawa Japan, prowess in warfare has been seen as the highest form of human achievement. Early modern England had a sophisticated agricultural and commercial economy, but it had not wholly abandoned the values of the heroic age. ‘Fortitude, called manliness,’ said an Elizabethan writer, was ‘the most proper virtue belonging to a man’.
Staff Loans and Transfers among Central and Local Governments in Japan
Authors: Inoki Takenori 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The bulk of staff in Japanese central and local government units are career staff in the sense that they come in at entry-level jobs and are then gradually selected and promoted from within to jobs featuring greater responsibilities and larger management spans. There are exceptions to this general rule, how ever. One important exception is the practice of personnel transfers from the central government to local government units and vice versa. Personnel can be loaned or transferred depending on the length and specific conditions of the out-placement. This practice illustrates the interdependence of central and local governments in Japan, a feature that has influenced the manner in which decentralization has proceeded in post-war Japan (see Chapter 3, this volume, by Akizuki on this point).
The Dancer Defects
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The cultural Cold War between the Soviet Union and the West was without precedent. At the outset of this original and wide-ranging historical survey, David Caute establishes the nature of the extraordinary cultural competition set up post-1945 between Moscow, New York, London and Paris, with the most intimate frontier war staged in the city of Berlin. Using sources in four languages, the author of The Fellow-Travellers and The Great Fear explores the cultural Cold War as it rapidly penetrated theatre, film, classical music, popular music, ballet, painting and sculpture, as well as propaganda by exhibition. Major figures central to Cold War conflict in the theatre include Brecht, Miller, Sartre, Camus, Havel, Ionesco, Stoppard and Konstantin Simonov, whose inflammatory play, The Russian Question, occupies a chapter of its own based on original archival research. Leading film directors involved included Eisenstein, Romm, Chiarueli, Aleksandrov, Kazan, Tarkovsky and Wajda. In the field of music, the Soviet Union in the Zhdanov era vigorously condemned 'modernism', 'formalism', and the avant-garde. A chapter is devoted to the intriguing case of Dmitri Shostakovich, and the disputed authenticity of his 'autobiography' Testimony. Meanwhile in the West the Congress for Cultural Freedom was sponsoring the modernist composers most vehemently condemned by Soviet music critics; Stravinsky, Schoenberg, Hindemith among them. Despite constant attempts at repression, the Soviet Party was unable to check the appeal of jazz on the Voice of America, then rock music, to young Russians. Visits to the West by the Bolshoi and Kirov ballet companines, the pride of the USSR, were fraught with threats of cancellation and the danger of defection. Considering the case of Rudolf Nureyev, Caute pours cold water on overheated speculations about KGB plots to injure him and other defecting dancers. Turning to painting, where socialist realism prevailed in Russia, and the impressionist heritage was condemned, Caute explores the paradox of Picasso's membership of the French Communist Party. Re-assessing the extent of covert CIA patronage of abstract expressionism (Pollock, De Kooning), Caute finds that the CIA's role has been much exaggerated, likewise the dominance of the New York School. Caute challenges some recent, one-dimensional, American accounts of 'Cold War culture', which ignore not only the Soviet performance but virtually any cultural activity outside the USA. The West presented its cultural avant-garde as evidence of liberty, even through monochrome canvases and dodecaphonic music appealed only to a minority audience. Soviet artistic standards and teaching levels were exceptionally high, but the fear of freedom and innovation virtually guaranteed the moral defeat which accelerated the collapse of the Soviet Union.