bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operations on external files
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have discussed the topic of external files in a rather superficial way. In the examples of the various I/O statements in the previous chapter, an implicit assumption has always been made that the specified file was actually available, and that records could be written to it and read from it. For sequential files, the file control statements described in the next section further assume that it can be positioned. In fact, these assumptions are not necessarily valid. In order to define explicitly and to test the status of external files, three file status statements are provided: open, close, and inquire. Before beginning their description, however, two new definitions are required.
Other features
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes features that are redundant within Fortran 95 and whose use we deprecate. They might become obsolescent in a future revision, but this is a decision that can be made only within the standardization process. We note again that this decision to group certain features into a final chapter and to deprecate their use is ours alone, and does not have the actual or implied approval of either WG5 or J3.
Gastrointestinal dysfunction in myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Engelen Baziel G M van , Brunner Han G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Involvement of smooth muscle is more prominent in myotonic dystrophy than in any other neuromuscular disease (Harper and Rudel 1993). Symptoms related to smooth muscle dysfunction are not only surprisingly common, they can be the initial clinical feature and, in some cases, can dominate the clinical picture, being more troublesome than skeletal muscle weakness (Harper 2001). By comparison with the gastrointestinal tract, abnormalities of smooth muscle function in other systems such as urinary bladder, ureter, uterus and ciliary body of the eye are present less frequently and are not discussed in this chapter, although they may be important for individual patients and, particularly in the case of the gall-bladder, in the context of surgery. Gastrointestinal abnormalities may directly (pseudo-obstruction, megacolon) or indirectly (aspiration) be the cause of death. Nevertheless, gastrointestinal symptoms are much underestimated and often unrecognized (Hilton-Jones 1997).
Endocrine changes in myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Johansson Asa , Olsson Tommy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Loss of potency and testicular atrophy were among the earliest clinical features of myotonic dystrophy to be described. Curschmann (1912) was the first to suggest that myotonic dystrophy was a generalized disorder. He described both cataracts and testicular atrophy in myotonic dystrophy and suggested that generalized endocrine disturbances were part of the clinical expression of myotonic dystrophy. Despite this, a minimal amount of research has been concerned with endocrinology in myotonic dystrophy. Most of the scientific endocrine work published has been concerned with insulin, insulin resistance and testosterone. In more recent years, however, endocrine research in myotonic dystrophy has gained interest. Reports have been published on new areas such as the metabolic syndrome, cytokines and leptin, and there has been renewed research interest in steroid hormones. Many endocrine studies in myotonic dystrophy patients show a gender discrepancy, with males most often being more severely affected than females. The reasons for the endocrine disturbances and the gender difference are not dear and may involve several different mechanisms including the severity of the genetic defect, which in turn may affect the response to hormones, and tissue-specific metabolism and production. So far, the clinical significance of the extensive endocrine disturbances encountered is not always obvious and, accordingly, treatment strategies are not easily decided on.
Sharing information, knowledge, and experience to build a team to help manage myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Wilcox Douglas E , Bowler Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the result of collaboration between the Scottish Muscle Network (SMN) and the Myotonic Dystrophy Support Group (MDSG). Both groups were concerned that not all patients with myotonic dystrophy had access to current best practice in terms of their medical management. In The Expert Patient: A New Approach to Chronic Disease Management for the 21st Century, Donaldson (2001) presents a vision of expert patients who share expertise and participate in user-led self-management training programmes. As a result of greater control and involvement in their medical management, expert patients will be able to minimize the effects of the disease on their daily living. This is a bold vision but much of the underlying theory is based on patients with single-system disabilities such as arthritis, stroke and heart disease (Lorig et al. 1999). However, people with myotonic dystrophy can be disabled by an array of debilitating multisystem complications.
Therapeutic trials and future advances
Authors: Richard T Moxley , Pandya Shree , Thornton Charles A , Griggs Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent discoveries of the gene defects responsible for myotonic dystrophy type I (DM1) (Brook et al. 1992; Fu et al. 1992; Mahadevan et al 1992) and myotonic dystrophy type 2/proximal myotonic myopathy (DM2/PROMM) (Liquori et al. 2001; Day et al. 2003) have created new opportunities to pursue therapeutic trials. They have also presented the need to redefine the natural history of the myotonic dystrophies. Specific diagnostic tests using DNA analysis are now available to identify both asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals
Psychogeriatric services: current trends in the USA
Authors: Borson Soo , Colenda Christopher , Lessig Mary C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychogeriatrics in the USA was founded twenty-five years ago on the pioneering contributions of old age psychiatrists in the UK. The development of the field, assessed two decades later in a cross-national study (Reifler and Cohen, 1998), was ranked by US practitioners as second only to the UK in dissemination of training programmes, emergence of national leadership, and achievement of formal certification.
Psychogeriatric services: trends in the UK
Authors: Wattis John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Old age psychiatry in the United Kingdom is a well-established specialty. The very first survey of old age psychiatry services in the UK, in 1980, found 106 consultants working in the field (Wattis et al.,1981). Further surveys saw this number rising substantially (Wattis, 1988; Wattis et al., 1999).
Psychogeriatric services: trends in Europe
Authors: Ritchie Karen , Norton Joanna , Kurz Alexander , Hartmann Julia , Parnowski Tadeusz , Eriksson Catalina Tudose,Sture 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite being the continent with the highest proportion of older people, European countries have not widely embraced the development of comprehensive psychogeriatric services of the type described by Edmond Chiu in Chapter 2. A 1997 survey found that the Netherlands and Switzerland were the only continental European countries that had a full range of long term, hospital-based and community-based psychogeriatric services in many parts of the country (Reifler and Cohen, 1998).
Specialized service components
Authors: Conn David K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to describe a number of specialized psychogeriatric services including the day hospital, memory clinic, consultation-liaison service, respite service and services for younger individuals suffering from dementia. These services are ideally components of a larger comprehensive psychogeriatric programme, which would also include inpatient and community outreach services (Sadavoy and Conn, 1994). In addition some special issues relevant to academic psychogeriatric services will be addressed. Good quality of care for older people with mental health problems should be comprehensive, accessible, responsive, individualized, transdisciplinary, accountable and systematic as described in the Consensus Statement issued by the World Health Organization and World Psychiatric Association (Graham et al., 1998).
Introduction To Problem-Solving Treatment
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Problem-solving treatment is a brief, psychological treatment that has been adapted and developed for particular use in primary care. As the name suggests, the treatment takes a problem-solving approach to the management of psychological disorders. The theoretical assumption underpinning problem-solving is that psychological symptoms of depression and anxiety are often caused by practical problems people face in their everyday lives. Patients themselves readily recognize this link between their problems and the development of their illness. Problem-solving treatment, therefore, is often viewed by patients as a sensible and appropriate intervention.
Other Techniques To Assist The Problem-Solving Process
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although problem-solving treatment is a treatment in its own right, there are other simple skills that the therapist might wish to integrate into a course of problem-solving. Activity scheduling is the most commonly used of these interventions and will be incorporated into most problem-solving treatments. Specific help with sleep and anxiety can also occasionally be used as part of a course of problem-solving treatment. Care should be taken, however, that the techniques are used alongside problem-solving and do not replace the problem-solving process. If more specialist and specific treatments are needed, it may be that problem-solving is not the appropriate treatment. Communication skills are also discussed in this chapter. Knowledge and use of these skills will enhance problem-solving treatment.
Adverse events, equally important as efficacy as an outcome parameter?*
Authors: Stenver D I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the diverting attitudes throughout history towards efficacy and safety parameters. For several decades drug development was focused on providing effective mediactions indicated for life-threatening diseases. The randomized clinical trial was designed with the purpose of demonstrating efficacy and provides only scarce information on safety. This is exemplified by migraine prophylaxis trials. In recent years documentation has emerged that adverse drug reactions represent a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Therefore, the various stakeholders pay increasing attention to safety. A need for developing scientific methods appropriate for a high-quality evaluation of safety signals is recognized.
Migraine prophylaxis:a pharmacoepidemiological study of practices used by general practitioners and neurologists in France
Authors: Lanteri-Minet M , Alchaar H , Besson G , Bille-Turc F , Brudon F , Donnet A , Valance, J , Gastaut J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One aspect of a comprehensive migraine treatment plan is long-term preventive therapy. In France, the Framig I study has demonstrated that only 7% of all migraine subjects use a preventive therapy. In order to understand such an undertreatment, we conducted a pharmacoepidemiological survey to describe the pattern of utilization of migraine prophylactic drugs by French physicians. A telephone survey using a computer assisted telephone interview ( CATI) system was carried out in September 1998 and French physicians completed a phone-mail-phone questionnaire which inquired about migraine prophylactic treatment.
Prophylactic drugs I: discussion summary
Authors: Silberstein S D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Key issues in the methodology of prophylactic headache trials were discussed by Peer Tfelt-Hansen. The chosen drug needs to be proven effective in comparison with placebo, even in comparative trials. The minimal effective dose should be determined. Adverse events (AEs) should be quantitated. Onset should be comparable to standard treatment. The benefit/tolerability ratio needs to be estimated. Noise and variability are important issues. Migraine attack frequency fluctuates. Variability can be reduced with a longer period of evaluation. Regression to the mean often accounts for spurious results. Non-responders could be decreased by limiting the number of attacks/month. Dropouts are due to causes other than AEs and lack of efficacy; causes include psychosocial and medical events including pregnancy, death of a near relative, moving, or loss of a job.
Topiramate in a selective group of therapy refractory headache patients
Authors: Agosti R M , Eugster S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Topiramate (Topamax®) was developed and introduced as a broad spectrum antiepileptic drug. It is shown to be effective in migraine prophylaxis in several open-label and controlled trials including three double-blind placebo-controlled studies. The mechanism of action in migraine is not known8 but several of the mechanisms discussed for epilepsy could be effective in migraine including inhibition of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, limitation of glutamate mediated neurotransmission at the AMPA-kainate receptor subtype, and enhancement of GABAA receptor-mediated chloride flux.
Efficacy of antidepressants in headache prophylaxis
Authors: Bendtsen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antidepressants have been used for headache prophylaxis for more than four decades. As early as in 1964, Lance and Curran reported that the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline was effective in tension-type headache independent of the antidepressant effect and a positive effect in migraine was reported in 1973. Antidepressants are widely used for the prophylactic treatment of primary headaches. After beta-blockers, amitriptyline is the most used drug for migraine prophylaxis in the US for both neurologists and primary care physicians. Amitriptyline is the first drug of choice for the prophylaxis of tension-type headache. The newer antidepressants, in particular the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRis), are also used in headache, because of their favourable side effect profile.5 With such an extensive use one would expect a substantial number of studies supporting the effectiveness of antidepressants in headache. But is this the case? The aim of the present paper is to review the scientific evidence for an effect of antidepressants in the prophylactic treatment of primary headaches.
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of refractory headache
Authors: Tepper S J , Bigal M E , Sheftell, F D , Rapoport A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Botulinum toxin type A is being evaluated worldwide as a potential treatment for episodic migraine, chronic migraine, and cluster headaches. According to the revised version of the International Headache Society (2003 ), chronic migraine (CM) is considered a complication of migraine. Patients with CM usually have a past history of episodic migraine, reporting a process of transformation characterized by headaches that become more frequent over months to years, with the associated symptoms becoming less severe. Patients then develop a pattern of daily or near daily headache that resembles chronic tension type headache, with a few attacks of full-blown migraine superimposed. They often have daily headaches.
Botulinum toxin A in the prophylaxis of migraine-a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study comparing frontal and cervical injection
Authors: Schwaag S , Frese A Rahmannf A , Husstedt 1.-W , lmer-Haase, J Vo , Evers S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Botulinum toxin A has been suggested to be effective in the prophylactic treatment of headache. However, conflicting results have been reported to date. For the prophylactic treatment of migraine, one placebo-controlled and well-designed study has been published showing an efficacy of botulinum toxin A in those patients receiving a small dose (25 U) but not a larger dose (75 U) of Botox® in the pericranial muscles. Another placebo-controlled study, not fully published yet, showed a significant decrease of migraine intensity, but not of migraine frequency and duration, by botulinum toxin A 12 weeks after injection.4 In addition, some open retrospective studies have been published all showing a positive effect of botulinum toxin A on migraine intensity and frequency using different injections sites and different doses of botulinum toxin A.
New possibilities for antimigraine therapy via 5-HT receptors?
Authors: Hill R G , Cumberbatch, M J , Williamson D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of 5-HT (serotonin) dependent mechanisms has been pivotal in migraine therapy research for many years. Indeed, the second seminar in this series devoted the whole meeting to 5-HT mechanisms and more recently a seminar was dedicated to perhaps the most successful product of this field of research, the trip tans.2 The question we are now asking is whether there is significantly untapped potential left in 5-HT receptor mechanisms that will lead to better antimigraine drugs, in particular for use in preventive pharmacotherapy. We have learned a great deal about the mechanism of action of the triptans since they were introduced (see ref. 3). In particular, the realization that their key mechanism involves agonism at two distinct receptors (5-HTrn and 5-HTrn) raises the question of whether selective agonists stimulating just one of these receptors might have therapeutic advantages.
Dihydroergotamine interaction with 5-HT2 receptors and its relevance to migraine
Authors: Schaerlinger B , Hickel P , Etienne, N , Roteaux L Ma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors have been implicated in the regulation of several psychiatric and neurological disorders related to serotonergic neurotransmission, and specific receptor subtypes have recently been associated with either the pathogenesis or the treatment of migraine headache. A role for 5-HT in migraine has been supported by changes in circulating levels of 5-HT and its metabolites observed during the phases of a migraine attack, along with the ability of 5-HT-releasing agents to induce migraine-like symptoms. The ergot alkaloids semi-synthetic derivative DHE interacts with multiple receptors, at variable receptor affinity, intrinsic activity, and organ-specific access.
Nitric oxide and its signalling pathways: a rich source of potential targets for migraine therapy
Authors: Strijbos P J L M , Parsons A A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a simple chemical molecule, yet it participates in highly com plex and varied biological activities. It has been implicated as a key messenger molecule in diverse processes including neurotransmission in the central and peripheral nervous systems, vasodilation and host defence signalling during infection, tissue trauma, and neurological disorders. In the context of headache, NO may be involved at a multitude of levels. For example, NO mediates vasodilation of dural blood vessels, NO and its synthesizing enzymes are expressed in migraine relevant tissues such as the dura, spinal trigeminal nucleus, and other somatosensory nuclei in the brain, and NO regulates the release of a host of vasoactive molecules including CGRP, serotonin, and substance P.
Keeping Going with a Self-Management Programme
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even if you have a self-management programme that you know is really helpful, keeping going with it can be surprisingly difficult, particularly when the first enthusiasm has died away. If you have been getting on-going medical support and that support comes to and end, it can be even more difficult to keep going. This is a common problem.
Improving Your Sleep
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of us delight in ‘a good night’s sleep’. Unfortunately, sleep problems are common in many long-term illnesses and can add to fatigue and general misery. You may find it difficult to get to sleep, or you may wake often during the night. Sometimes, even if you have slept, you may still wake up feeling tired. These problems can increase fatigue and add to the general misery of illness, so it is worth looking at all the ways in which you could improve the situation.
Setting Goals For Yourself
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Setting a goal for yourself and then achieving it can be a very satisfying experience. It is something we all do to a greater or lesser extent, and it can be a good way of improving your quality of life within a long-term illness. You are probably doing some of this already, but there may be things that you would like to accomplish, but have set aside because your illness seems to make them difficult. Difficult, however, does not mean impossible. Done in a different way or at a slower pace, some of your goals might be attainable. You may feel that your life would be more satisfying if you could do more physically or mentally, or if you could do more with other people. All this could be part of your self-management plan. You will already have your own way of thinking about what you want to achieve, but may find the following structured approach useful. It looks at both picking out a goal and working out what would need doing to achieve it.
Managing Your Self-Esteem
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Self-esteem means your personal feeling of self-worth. This is likely to be of great importance to your quality of life. You may have previously had good self-esteem, or you may perhaps have always had problems with this. Whichever is the case, a long-term illness can undermine your sense of self-worth in a variety of ways. It can change your whole idea of who you are and what makes you a valuable and valued person. You may have lost your good looks or physical prowess, the beautiful, active, healthy body you once had, and feel a loss of value because of that. Your illness may have caused a disfigurement. You may feel less effective as a parent, partner or carer. If you have had to give up your job, you may feel that you have lost your position as an achieving person. You may have lost some of your independence and now have to accept help from other people (and perhaps feel that you ought to be grateful, even though you hate having to ask for help).
Thinking About the Future
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What about your future? Do you think about it? Some people with a long-term illness would rather not think about what might happen, but others prefer to make detailed plans for each eventuality. As in most things, a balance is probably best—somewhere between reasonable planning and excessive worry. Practical, constructive thought about how you could cope with future challenges could be very helpful, and may help you to be less fearful of what might happen. It could be sensible to discuss with your family doctor or consultant what the prognosis is in your particular condition. They may only be able to give you an informed, expert guess, but that might ease some of your fears.