bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Health Sector Gap in the Southern Africa Crisis in 2002/2003
Authors: Griekspoor Andre , Spiegel Paul , Aldis William , Harvey Paul 
Published: November 2004

The southern Africa crisis represents the first widespread emergency in a region with a mature HIV/AIDS epidemic. It provides a steep learning curve for the international humanitarian system in understanding and responding to the complex interactions between the epidemic and the causes and the effects of this crisis. It also provoked much debate about the severity and causes of this emergency, and the appropriateness of the response by the humanitarian community.The authors argue that the over‐emphasis on food aid delivery occurred at the expense of other public health interventions, particularly preventative and curative health services. Health service needs were not sufficiently addressed despite the early recognition that ill‐health related to HIV/AIDS was a major vulnerability factor. This neglect occurred because analytical frameworks were too narrowly focused on food security, and large‐scale support to health service delivery was seen as a long‐term developmental issue that could not easily be dealt with by short‐term humanitarian action. Furthermore, there were insufficient countrywide data on acute malnutrition, mortality rates and performance of the public health system to make better‐balanced evidence‐based decisions.In this crisis, humanitarian organisations providing health services could not assume their traditional roles of short‐term assistance in a limited geographical area until the governing authorities resume their responsibilities. However, relegating health service delivery as a long‐term developmental issue is not acceptable. Improved multisectoral analytical frameworks that include a multidisciplinary team are needed to ensure all aspects of public health are dealt with in similar future emergencies. Humanitarian organisations must advocate for improved delivery and access to health services in this region. They can target limited geographical areas with high mortality and acute malnutrition rates to deliver their services. Finally, to address the underlying problem of the health sector gap, a long‐term strategy to ensure improved and sustainable health sector performance can only be accomplished with truly adequate resources. This will require renewed efforts on part of governments, donors and the international community.Public health interventions, complementing those addressing food insecurity, were and are still needed to reduce the impact of the crisis, and to allow people to re‐establish their livelihoods. These will increase the population's resilience to prevent or mitigate future disasters.
Doomed to Defeat? Electoral Support and the Conservative Party
Authors: BROUGHTON DAVID 
Published: November 2004

This article recaps the main trends in public opinion and electoral support for the Conservative party since the last general election in June 2001 by examining the overall polling data relating to party popularity. The article also considers by‐elections, local elections and leadership change, as well as the most recent elections in 2004. The various challenges the party faces as it attempts to position itself as a credible alternative government to the Labour party under Tony Blair are considered.Given the clear biases of the electoral system used for the House of Commons, which are certain to benefit Labour substantially even if the Conservatives get close to them in terms of overall vote share, or indeed even overtake them, it still seems unlikely that such success will be sufficient to achieve much more than to reduce Tony Blair's House of Commons majority in 2005.
TheMycoplasma-Derived Macrophage-Activating 2-Kilodalton Lipopeptide Triggers Global Immune Activation on Nasal Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues
Authors: Rharbaoui Faiza , Westendorf Astrid , Link Claudia , Felk Sandra , Buer Jan , Gunzer Matthias , Guzmán Carlos A. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTA better knowledge on how immune responses are initiated in mucosal tissues would facilitate the design of new mucosal vaccines, as well as improve our understanding on host defense against infection. We investigated the mechanisms of adjuvanticity of theMycoplasma-derived macrophage-activating 2-kDa lipopeptide (MALP-2), which binds to the heterodimer formed by the Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 (TLR2 and -6), at the level of the murine nasal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT). TLR2 expression analysis demonstrated that several cell types from the nasal cavity were able to overexpress this receptor, either constitutively (such as B cells) or after stimulation (i.e., T cells). MALP-2 stimulated a strong B-cell activation. In addition, the antigen presentation capacity of dendritic cells was improved after in vivo loading with antigen in the presence of MALP-2. We also observed an up-regulated expression of activation markers and adhesion molecules on T cells, suggesting that they have enhanced responsiveness and interaction potential. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that MALP-2 administration resulted in the stimulation of a proinflammatory cascade. We observed an early up-regulated expression of IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-3, MIP-1α, MIP-2, and CCR-2 which was reversed within 36 h. The obtained results demonstrated that MALP-2 creates a reversible local microenvironment which promotes effective priming of T and B cells in the NALT.
Toll-Like Receptor 9 Can Be Expressed at the Cell Surface of Distinct Populations of Tonsils and Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Eaton-Bassiri Ashlyn , Dillon Susan B. , Cunningham Mark , Rycyzyn Michael A. , Mills Juliane , Sarisky Robert T. , Mbow M. Lamine 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTUnmethlylated CpG dinucleotides induce a strong T-helper-1-like inflammatory response, presumably mediated by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). However, the nature and cellular localization of TLR9 in primary human cells remain controversial. Here we demonstrate, using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy techniques, that TLR9 can be expressed at the cell surface. The primary human cell subsets that were positive for TLR9 expression were distinct depending on the tissues analyzed. Specifically, in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) the majority of cell surface TLR9+cells were confined to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+CD19−populations that express CD11c and/or CD14, whereas in tonsils the same gated population contained primarily MHC class II+CD19+cells. Cells positive for surface expression represented a minor fraction of the total cell populations examined, varying between 2 and 10%. In addition, we found that TLR9 expression at the surface of PBMC was up-regulated approximately fourfold following stimulation with the gram-negative bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide, suggesting a potential modulatory role of TLR4 agonists on TLR9 expression. Taken together, these data validate human TLR9 expression at the surface of primary cells, in addition to the previously described intracellular localization. Further, our results suggest that human antigen-presenting cells comprise the major cell populations expressing cell surface TLR9.
Transcriptional Profiling of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Jeyaseelan Samithamby , Chu Hong Wei , Young Scott K. , Worthen G. Scott 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTMortality associated with acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) remains high in humans, warranting improved treatment and prevention strategies. ALI is characterized by the expression of proinflammatory mediators and extensive neutrophil influx into the lung, followed by severe lung damage. Understanding the pathogenesis of LPS-induced ALI is a prerequisite for designing better therapeutic strategies. In the present study, we used microarrays to gain a global view of the transcriptional responses of the lung to LPS in a mouse model of ALI that mimics ALI in humans. A total of 71 inflammation-associated genes were up-regulated in LPS-treated lungs, including a chemokine, LPS-induced CXC chemokine (LIX), whose role in the induction of ALI is unknown. Most of the inflammatory genes peaked at 2 h post-LPS treatment. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR confirmed the LPS-induced up-regulation of selected genes identified by microarray analysis, including LIX. The up-regulation of LIX, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 was confirmed at the protein level by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. To determine the role of LIX in the induction of ALI, we used both exogenous LIX and a LIX blocking antibody. Exogenous LIX alone elicited a neutrophil influx in the lungs, and the anti-LIX antibody attenuated the LPS-induced neutrophil accumulation in the lungs. Taken together, the results of our study demonstrate for the first time the temporal expression of inflammatory genes during LPS-induced ALI and suggest that early therapeutic intervention is crucial to attenuate lung damage. Moreover, we identified a role for LIX in the induction of ALI, and therefore LIX may serve as a novel therapeutic target for the minimization of ALI.
Expression of a β-Defensin mRNA, Lingual Antimicrobial Peptide, in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Tissue Is Induced by Mastitis
Authors: Swanson Kara , Gorodetsky Stas , Good Laura , Davis Stephen , Musgrave David , Stelwagen Kerst , Farr Vicki , Molenaar Adrian 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTThe expression of a β-defensin, the lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), in response to mastitis was investigated by real-time PCR of RNA from mastitic and control udder quarters. There was a positive relationship between somatic cell count in milk and LAP expression. In situ hybridization showed that LAP mRNA was expressed in epithelial cells of mastitic tissue. These results suggest that LAP plays a role in the innate immune response to mastitis.
Two
tonB
Systems Function in Iron Transport in
Vibrio anguillarum
, but Only One Is Essential for Virulence
Authors: Stork Michiel , Di Lorenzo Manuela , Mouriño Susana , Osorio Carlos R. , Lemos Manuel L. , Crosa Jorge H. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

We have identified two functional
tonB
systems in the marine fish pathogen
Vibrio anguillarum
,
tonB1
and
tonB2
. Each of the
tonB
genes is transcribed in an operon with the cognate
exbB
and
exbD
genes in response to iron limitation. Only
tonB2
is essential for transport of ferric anguibactin and virulence.
THE COMPLEXITY OF FINDING MIDDLE ELEMENTS
Authors: VOLLMER HERIBERT , WAGNER KLAUS W. 
Published: November 2004

Seinosuke Toda introduced the class Mid P of functions that yield the middle element in the set of output values over all paths of nondeterministic polynomial time Turing machines. We define two related classes: Med P consists of those functions that yield the middle element in the ordered sequence of output values of nondeterministic polynomial time Turing machines (i.e. we take into account that elements may occur with multiplicities greater than one). [Formula: see text] P consists of those functions that yield the middle element of all accepting paths (in some resonable encoding) of nondeterministic polynomial time Turing machines. We exhibit similarities and differences between these classes and completely determine the inclusion structure between these classes and some other well-known classes of functions like Valiant’s # P and Köbler, Schöning, and Torán’s span-P, that hold under general accepted complexity theoretic assumptions such as the counting hierarchy does not collapse. Our results help in clarifying the status of Toda’s very important class Mid P in showing that it is closely related to the class PPNP .
LEARNING BLACKBOARD-BASED SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS FOR COMPUTER VISION
Authors: DRAPER BRUCE A. , HANSON ALLEN R. , RISEMAN EDWARD M. 
Published: November 2004

The goal of image understanding by computer is to identify objects in visual images and (if necessary) to determine their location and orientation. Objects are identified by comparing data extracted from images to an a priori description of the object or object class in memory. It is a generally accepted premise that, in many domains, the timely and appropriate use of knowledge can substantially reduce the complexity of matching image data to object descriptions. Because of the variety and scope of knowledge relevant to different object classes, contexts and viewing conditions, blackboard architectures are well suited to the task of selecting and applying the relevant knowledge to each situation as it is encountered. This paper reviews ten years of work on the UMass VISIONS system and its blackboard-based high-level component, the schema system. The schema system could interpret complex natural scenes when given carefully crafted knowledge bases describing the domain, but its application in practice was limited by the problem of model (knowledge base) acquisition. Experience with the schema system convinced us that learning techniques must be embedded in vision systems of the future to reduce or eliminate the knowledge engineering aspects of system construction. The Schema Learning System (SLS) is a supervised learning system for acquiring knowledge-directed object recognition (control) strategies from training images. The recognition strategies are precompiled reactive sequences of knowledge source invocations that replace the dynamic scheduler found in most blackboard systems. Each strategy is specialized to recognize instances of a specific object class within a specific context. Since the strategies are learned automatically, the knowledge base contains only general-purpose knowledge sources rather than problem-specific control heuristics or sequencing information.
EXTRACTING PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE FROM SOFTWARE SYSTEMS USING INDUCTIVE LEARNING IN THE PM SYSTEM
Authors: REYNOLDS ROBERT G. , ZANNONI ELENA 
Published: November 2004

Biggerstaff and Richter suggest that there are four fundamental subtasks associated with operationalizing the reuse process [1]. They are finding reusable components, understanding these components, modifying these components, and composing components. Each of these sub-problems can be re-expressed as a knowledge acquisition sub-problem relative to producing a new representation for the components that make them more suitable for future reuse. In this paper, we express the first two subtasks for the software reuse activity, as described by Biggerstaff and Richter, as a problem in Machine Learning. From this perspective, the goal of software reuse is to learn to recognize reusable software in terms of code structure, run-time behavior, and functional specification. The Partial Metrics (PM) System supports the acquisition of reusable software at three different levels of granularity: the system level, the procedural level, and the code segment level. Here, we describe how the system extracts procedural knowledge from an example Pascal software system that satisfies a set of structural, behavioral, and functional constraints. These constraints are extracted from a set of positive and negative examples using inductive learning techniques. The constraints are expressed quantitatively in terms of various quality models and metrics. The general characteristics of learned constraints that were extracted from a variety of applications libraries are discussed.
A REAL-TIME EXPERT SYSTEM FOR PROCESS MANAGEMENT—THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ExPro
Authors: GOLSHANI F. , KOZICKI M.N. , RASTOGI P. 
Published: November 2004

We present ExPro—a real-time knowledge based system for process management. This system is designed to provide process setup, monitoring, and supervisory control capabilities for a real-time semiconductor manufacturing environment. The specific process selected for development and demonstration purposes is rapid thermal oxidation (RTO), a technique used in the controlled formation of thin silicon dioxide layers for silicon integrated circuits. This is an ideal application domain for process management system development since we can readily obtain direct process variable feedback in real-time from the equipment. ExPro demonstrates several novelties, not the least of which is a modular design. It includes an integrated analytical simulator whose primary responsibilities are to predict process parameters a priori and to provide the necessary information on the growth of the oxide during the process. The knowledge base, in cooperation with the simulator, achieves a high degree of accuracy for control of the thickness of the wafer.
QUANTUM INVARIANTS GIVEN BY EVALUATION OF KNOT POLYNOMIALS
Authors: MORTON H.R. 
Published: November 2004

It is shown that the knot invariant arising from an irreducible representation of a quantum group is, under certain conditions, an evaluation of the Homfly or Dubrovnik polynomial of the knot. Besides the known cases of the fundamental representation for each of the quantum groups in the series An, Bn, Cn and Dn, the results cover the special cases of the 3-dimensional representation of SU(2) and the 6-dimensional representation of SU(4), which can be viewed as the fundamental representations of SO(3) and SO(6) respectively. The second of these cases leads to a new relation between an evaluation of the Dubrovnik polynomial of a knot and an evaluation of the Homfly polynomials of two 2-cables about the knot.
Niocalite-cuspidine solid solution and manganoan monticellite from natrocarbonatite, Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania
Authors: Mitchell R. H. , Belton F. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractLapilli and spatter of natrocarbonatite extruded from the T56B cone of Oldoinyo Lengai (Tanzania) in August 2003 are unusually rich in apatite, silicate, oxide and sulphide minerals. These minerals occur primarily within inclusions of quenched natrocarbonatite in gregoryite and fractures in nyerereite-gregoryite intergrowths. Silicates include members of the sodian cuspidine–niobian cuspidine–niocalite solid-solution series and manganoan monticellite. Oxides are represented by members of the magnesioferrite–jacobsite–magnetite solid-solution series. Sulphides occurring in decreasing order of abundance include: ferroan alabandite, manganoan ferroan sphalerite, galena and pyrrhotite. Petrographic and compositional data for these minerals are interpreted to indicate that all are high-temperature (<900–650°C), early-crystallizing phases from relatively-unevolved natrocarbonatite magma, with the sulphides forming prior to the silicates, and the latter before gregoryite. Sulphur fugacityand oxygen fugacity of natrocarbonatite magma are considered to decrease and increase, respectively, during the formation of the sulphide-oxide assemblage. Crystallization of cuspidine-niocalite, monticellite and Si-bearing apatite rapidly depletes natrocarbonatite magma of its initial low silica content, preventing crystallization of late-stage groundmass silicates.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Movius H. L. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:EUROPE AND ASIA: Naskal'nye izobrazheniia Onezhskogo i Belgo moria: Les Gravures Rupestres des Bords du lac Onega et de la mer Blanche. V. I. Raudonikas.EUROPE AND ASIA: Première Partie:EUROPE AND ASIA: Seconde Partie:
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Kroeber A. L. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:MISCELLANEOUS: Die Historische Richtung in der Völkerkunde; Der Funktionalismus in der Völkerkunde; Die Lehre von den Kulturstylen in der Völkerkunde. Wilhelm MilkeMISCELLANEOUS: Uber einige Kategorien der funktionellen Ethnologie, Wilhelm Milke
YUMA KINSHIP TERMSI1
Authors: HALPERN A. M. 
Published: November 2004

The Yuma kinship terms have been listed and their structure analyzed.
Comment has been made on certain morphological features of the kinship terms.
From the analysis of the usage pattern of male and female terms the suggestion has been derived that a relatively simple conceptual system underlies the relatively complex terminological system.
Some congruence has been shown between the affinal kinship terminology, the naming practices, and the probable former local group organization.
Book Reviews
Authors: Spink Walter 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:PRIMITIVE ART: The Tribal Art of Middle India. Verrier ElwinPRIMITIVE ART: The Art of India Through the Ages. Stella KramrischPRIMITIVE ART: India: Paintings from Ajanta Caves. Preface by Jawaharlal Nehru and Introduction by Madanjeet Singh
Book Reviews
Authors: Wallerstein Immanuel 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:ETHNOLOGY: Les Citadins Katangais et Leur Jardin: Aspects Psycho‐sociaux de la Vie en Milieu Africain Urbain. Robert Dethier. Foreword by René Clémens.ETHNOLOGY: Une Famille de Citadins du Katanga. Robert Dethier. Foreword by René Clémens.
Economic Development and Conflicting Values: A Social Experiment in Tristan da Cunha1
Authors: Munch Peter A. 
Published: November 2004

In the small, utopian community of Tristan da Cunha, the core values of equality, anarchy, and individual integrity find expression and reinforcement in an intricate system of selective reciprocity that takes the form of mutual aid, services, and gifts in a network of overlapping and interlocking personal relationships. This pattern of selective reciprocity is closely tied in with activities connected with the traditional subsistence economy.After the war, South African interests established a commercial fishing industry on the island, introducing a cash economy that supplemented the traditional subsistence economy, resulting in “progress” and an increased material affluence for the community. This new value, however, was only obtainable by submitting to a contract relationship that was soon felt to be an infringement on traditional core values. A conflict of values ensued.In this case, because of a particular awareness of traditional core values among the people of Tristan, the ethos of industrialism was rejected within the community, or accepted only in second place to independence, individual integrity, and selective reciprocity.
MONKEYS. African Species
Authors: BOHANNAN PAUL 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Baboon Films: Baboon Behavior. By I. DEVORE.Baboon Ecology I. DEVORE.Baboon Social Organization I. DEVORE.The Baboon Troop I. DEVORE.Dynamics of Male Dominance in a Baboon Troop I. DEVORE.Observing Baboons from a Vehicle, Evening Activity I. DEVORE.Animals in Amboseli. By I. DEVORE.Older Infant: Four Months to One Year. By I. DEVORE.Younger Infant: Birth to Four Months. By I. DEVORE.
Book Reviews: General, Applied and Theoretical
Authors: Coser Lewis A. 
Published: November 2004

Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work. STEVEN LUKES.Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings. ANTHONY GIDDENS, ed.Emile Durkheim: Sociologist and Philosopher. DOMINICK LACAPRA.Durkheim: Morality and Milieu. ERNEST WALLWORK.
Peasantries and Other Topics: South and Mesoamerica
Authors: MIDDLETON WIGHT R. 
Published: November 2004

The Peasant Marketing System of Oaxaca, Mexico. Ralph L. Beals.Pyramids of Sacrifice: Political Ethics and Social Change. Peter L. Berger.Struggle in the Andes: Peasant Political Mobilization in Peru. Howard Handelman.The Moving Frontier: Social and Economic Change in a Southern Brazilian Community. Maxine L. Margolis.Peasants, Politics, and Revolution: Pressures toward Political and Social Change in the Third World. Joel S. Migdal.Formaciones economicas y politicas del mundo andino. John V. Murra.The Shaman and the Jaguar: A Study of Narcotic Drugs among the Indians of Colombia. Gerardo Reichel‐Dolmatoff.Brazilian Society. T. Lynn Smith.