bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amygdalo‐cortical sprouting continues into early adulthood: Implications for the development of normal and abnormal function during adolescence
Authors: Cunningham Miles Gregory , Bhattacharyya Sujoy , Benes Francine Mary 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAdolescence is a critical stage for the development of emotional maturity and diverse forms of psychopathology. The posterior basolateral nucleus of the amygdala is known to mediate fear and anxiety and is important in assigning emotional valence to cognitive processes. The medial prefrontal cortex, a homologue of the human anterior cingulate cortex, mediates emotional, attentional, and motivational behaviors at the cortical level. We postulate that the development of connectivity between these two corticolimbic regions contributes to an enhanced integration of emotion and cognition during the postnatal period. In order to characterize the development of this relay, injections of the anterograde tracer biocytin were stereotaxically placed within the posterior basolateral nucleus of the amygdala of rats at successive postnatal time points (postnatal days 6–120). Labeled fibers in the medial prefrontal cortex were evaluated using a combination of brightfield, confocal, and electron microscopy. We found that the density of labeled fibers originating from the posterior basolateral nucleus shows a sharp curvilinear increase within layers II and V of the anterior cingulate cortex and the infralimbic subdivisions of medial prefrontal cortex during the late postweanling period. This increase was paralleled by a linear rise in the number of axospinous and axodendritic synapses present in the neuropil. Based on these results, we propose that late maturation of amygdalo‐cortical connectivity may provide an anatomical basis for the development and integration of normal and possibly abnormal emotional behavior during adolescence and early adulthood. J. Comp. Neurol. 453:116–130, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human GABAA receptors on dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra
Authors: Petri Susanne , Krampfl Klaus , Dengler Reinhard , Bufler Johannes , Weindl Adolf , Arzberger Thomas 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe γ‐aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor subunit expression of the dopaminergic cells of the substantia nigra (SN) was investigated in the present study. Especially the dopaminergic cells, located in the pars compacta of SN (SNc), are of great neurologic interest, because the functional deficit and depletion of these cells are the correlate of Parkinson's disease. We used a combination of in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on sections of human postmortem mesencephalon to investigate the expression of GABAA receptor subunit messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and of the receptor protein in dopaminergic SN cells. Immunohistochemical detection of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the pivotal enzyme of dopamine synthesis, was used to define the boundaries of SN pars reticulata (SNr) and pars compacta subregions. In SNr, all neurons were labeled by subunit‐specific oligonucleotide probes and the amount of GABAA receptor mRNA expression was quantified as α1 = β2 > γ2 > α3. In contrast, in SNc, only around 25% of neurons expressed mRNA transcripts of GABAA receptor subunits, quantified as α1 = β2 > γ2 > α3 > α4 = β3. In approximately the same percentage of neurons, which were labeled by α1‐subunit–specific probe, the α1‐subunit also was detected at the protein level by a specific monoclonal antibody. We, therefore, could demonstrate that a subset of dopaminergic neurons in human SNc receive inhibitory synaptic input by means of GABAA receptors mainly of the α1β2γ2 subtype. This might represent a negative feedback loop between the striatum and the SNc and be a target of pharmacologic interventions in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. J. Comp. Neurol. 452:360–366, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase in the rat brain endothelium and parenchyma in adjuvant‐induced arthritis
Authors: Engblom David , Ek Monica , Andersson Ingela M. , Saha Sipra , Dahlström Marie , Jakobsson Per‐Johan , Ericsson‐Dahlstrand Anders , Blomqvist Anders 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlthough central nervous symptoms such as hyperalgesia, fatigue, malaise, and anorexia constitute major problems in the treatment of patients suffering from chronic inflammatory disease, little has been known about the signaling mechanisms by which the brain is activated during such conditions. Here, in an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis, we show that microsomal prostaglandin E‐synthase, the inducible terminal isomerase in the prostaglandin E2‐synthesizing pathway, is expressed in endothelial cells along the blood‐brain barrier and in the parenchyma of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. The endothelial cells but not the paraventricular hypothalamic cells displayed a concomitant induction of cyclooxygenase‐2 and expressed interleukin‐1 type 1 receptors, which indicates that the induction is due to peripherally released cytokines. In contrast to cyclooxygenase‐2, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase had very sparse constitutive expression, suggesting that it could be a target for developing drugs that will carry fewer side effects than the presently available cyclooxygenase inhibitors. These findings, thus, suggest that immune‐to‐brain communication during chronic inflammatory conditions involves prostaglandin E2‐synthesis both along the blood‐brain barrier and in the parenchyma of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and point to novel avenues for the treatment of the brain‐elicited disease symptoms during these conditions. J. Comp. Neurol. 452:205–214, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential effects of neurotrophins on neuronal survival and axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury in adult rats
Authors: Novikova Liudmila N. , Novikov Lev N. , Kellerth Jan‐Olof 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) induces retrograde cell death in descending pathways, which can be prevented by long‐term intrathecal infusion of neurotrophins (Novikova et al. [2000] Eur J Neurosci 12:776–780). The present study investigates whether the same treatment also leads to improved regeneration of the injured tracts. After cervical SCI in adult rats, a peripheral nerve graft was attached to the rostral wall of the lesion cavity. The animals were treated by local application into the cavity of Gelfoam soaked in (1) phosphate buffered saline (untreated controls) or (2) a mixture of the neurotrophins brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) (local treatment), or by intrathecal infusion of BDNF + NT‐3 for (3) 2 weeks (short‐term treatment) or (4) 5–8 weeks (long‐term treatment). Despite a very strong survival effect, long‐term treatment failed to stimulate ingrowth of descending tracts into the nerve graft. In comparison with untreated controls, the latter treatment also caused 35% reduction in axonal sprouting of descending pathways rostral to the lesion site and 72% reduction in the number of spinal cord neurons extending axons into the nerve graft. Local and short‐term treatments neither prevented retrograde cell death nor enhanced regeneration of descending tracts, but induced robust regeneration of spinal cord neurons into the nerve graft. These results indicate that the signal pathways promoting neuronal survival and axonal regeneration, respectively, in descending tracts after SCI respond differently to neurotrophic stimuli and that efficient rescue of axotomized tract neurons is not a sufficient prerequisite for regeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 452:255–263, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Report from a workshop on multianalyte microsphere assays
Authors: Earley Marie C. , Vogt Robert F. , Shapiro Howard M. , Mandy Francis F. , Kellar Kathryn L. , Bellisario Ronald , Pass Kenneth A. , Marti Gerald E. , Stewart Carleton C. , Hannon W. Harry 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMultiplexed assays using fluorescent microspheres is an exciting technique that has been gaining popularity among researchers, particularly those in the public health field. Part of its popularity is due to its flexibility, as both immunoassays and oligonucleotide hybridization assays can be developed on this platform. This report summarizes a workshop held by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that discussed issues surrounding these assays and the Luminex 100 xMAP instrument. Topics included instrumentation, assay design, sample matrix and volume, quality control, and development of commercial applications. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:239–242, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A sample injection device for flow cytometers
Authors: Steen Harald B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe sample injection systems of flow cytometers employ either a pressure differential between the sample vial and the sheath fluid reservoir or volumetric injection of the sample from a syringe. The pressure differential method facilitates rapid and efficient flushing to eliminate carryover between samples, but does not allow accurate determination of the rate of sample flow and cell concentration. Volumetric injection, which comprises a valve for switching the sample flow, facilitates highly accurate measurement of the cell concentration, but requires a less efficient and more time‐consuming flushing procedure.MethodsApplying a removable syringe, which connects to the inlet of the sample tubing via a tight sealing, we eliminate the valve and obtain efficient flushing while maintaining the advantage of volumetric sample injection.ResultsThis device gives highly constant sample flow rates strictly proportional to syringe velocity over the range 0.2–50 μl/min with a settling time of about 2 sec.ConclusionThis device has the same precision as the conventional sample injection system, whereas the speed and efficiency of flushing are improved greatly. Cytometry 49:70–72, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantification of epithelial cells in coculture with fibroblasts by fluorescence image analysis
Authors: Krtolica Ana , Ortiz de Solorzano Carlos , Lockett Stephen , Campisi Judith 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundTo demonstrate that senescent fibroblasts stimulate the proliferation and neoplastic transformation of premalignant epithelial cells (Krtolica et al.: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:12072–12077, 2001), we developed methods to quantify the proliferation of epithelial cells cocultured with fibroblasts.MethodsWe stained epithelial–fibroblast cocultures with the fluorescent DNA‐intercalating dye 4,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI), or expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the epithelial cells, and then cultured them with fibroblasts. The cocultures were photographed under an inverted microscope with appropriate filters, and the fluorescent images were captured with a digital camera. We modified an image analysis program to selectively recognize the smaller, more intensely fluorescent epithelial cell nuclei in DAPI‐stained cultures and used the program to quantify areas with DAPI fluorescence generated by epithelial nuclei or GFP fluorescence generated by epithelial cells in each field.ResultsAnalysis of the image areas with DAPI and GFP fluorescences produced nearly identical quantification of epithelial cells in coculture with fibroblasts. We confirmed these results by manual counting. In addition, GFP labeling permitted kinetic studies of the same coculture over multiple time points.ConclusionsThe image analysis–based quantification method we describe here is an easy and reliable way to monitor cells in coculture and should be useful for a variety of cell biological studies. Cytometry 49:73–82, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cystic lesions of the salivary glands: Cytologic features in fine‐needle aspiration biopsies
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Gopez Evelyn V. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA variety of neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions of the salivary glands have a predominantly cystic architecture. Fine‐needle aspirates of these lesions yield watery or mucoid material, frequently of low cellularity. Such aspirates may be obtained from mucus retention cysts, lymphoepithelial cysts, cystadenomas, Warthin's tumors, cystic pleomorphic adenomas, low‐grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas, cystadenocarcinomas, and examples of polycystic disease of the parotid gland. The cellular component within the fluid obtained from these lesions may be exceedingly scant or absent, making cytologic diagnosis difficult and, at times, impossible. We studied a series of 56 cystic lesions of the salivary glands, including 38 Warthin's tumors, 6 benign cysts, 2 lymphoepithelial cysts, 5 low‐grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 1 cystic pleomorphic adenoma, 2 cystadenomas, and 2 cystadenocarcinomas. Careful attention to the cellular elements present often allowed definitive cytologic diagnosis, with an overall accuracy rate of 84%. The presence of atypical squamous metaplasia in oncocytic lesions was a significant cause of false‐positive diagnoses of carcinoma (4 cases, 7%). Aspirates of low‐grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma may contain no epithelial cells and result in false‐negative diagnoses (1 case, 2%). Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:197–204. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic value of image‐guided needle aspiration cytology in the assessment of vertebral and intervertebral lesions
Authors: Gupta Raj K. , Cheung Y.K. , Al Ansari Abdul G. , Naran Sarla , Lallu Sharda , Fauck Robert 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of the noninvasive method of image‐guided needle aspiration cytology (NAC) in the assessment of radiologically detected vertebral and intervertebral space‐occupying lesions. NAC was performed under computed tomographic (CT) guidance on 70 patients suspected of having a vertebral or intervertebral lesion. Cytologic examination was performed on site after staining smears with the Papanicoloau method. In addition, air‐dried smears, fixed smears, filter preparations from needle washings, and cell blocks were studied. The NAC diagnosis was supported by examining cell blocks, which showed the reliability of histologic architecture; further support was obtained with a tissue biopsy in some cases. Additionally, immunoperoxidase and/or histochemical studies were done. Ten cases were diagnosed as inflammatory/degenerative lesions, and in 2 cases a diagnosis of neurofibroma was made. Twelve cases consisted of normal cellular elements, 7 cases were unsatisfactory/inadequate for diagnosis, and 4 cases were suspicious for malignancy. In 32 cases, a variety of metastatic tumors were diagnosed, while in 3 cases, a diagnosis of chordoma was made. Based on our study, we feel that NAC, as a first line of investigation, is not only useful in the diagnosis of space‐occupying lesions of vertebral and intervertebral regions, but can also help in deciding on appropriate management. Also, histologic architecture from cell blocks can be correlated with cytology, and such material can be used for histochemical and immunomarker studies. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:191–196. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of breast cancer metastases in pleural effusions by molecular biology techniques
Authors: de Matos Granja Nara , Soares Raquel , Rocha Simão , Paredes Joana , Longatto Filho Adhemar , Avancini Alves Venâncio , Wiley Elizabeth , Schmitt Fernando C. , Bedrossian Carlos 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of allelic loss in chromosomal regions previously described as exhibiting loss of heterozigosity (LOH) during breast carcinogenesis, in pleural effusions of breast cancer patients. LOH was analyzed in three loci (1p32, 7q31, and 17q21).We studied 41 samples of pleural effusions from breast cancer patients (24 positive for neoplastic cells, 14 suspected, and 3 negative cases) and breast tissues from the patients (primary tumors and nonneoplastic adjacent tissue). DNA was extracted from pleural effusions, primary tumor, and adjacent normal tissue. LOH was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction assay and was observed in 38% of pleural effusions positive for neoplastic cells, and in 36% of suspected cases where morphology only did not allow the diagnosis of malignancy.We conclude that LOH analysis in pleural effusions of breast cancer patients is able to identify metastases in cases where morphologic analysis becomes difficult. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:210–213. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preclinical experiments on cognition enhancement in Alzheimer's disease: Drugs affecting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Woodruff‐Pak Diana S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play a role in a variety of diseases of the central nervous system including Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is currently great interest in evaluating AD‐related nAChR changes, and pharmacological treatment of nAChR deficits is a promising therapy. In AD, α7 nAChRs remain relatively stable in contrast to α4β2 nAChRs that are lost in substantial numbers. However, α7 nAChRs may be functionally impaired in AD because β‐amyloid, a major neuropathology in AD, blocks α4β2 and α7 nAChRs. Agonists selective to α7 or α4β2 nAChRs are neuroprotective against β‐amyloid. A preclinical test of cognition‐enhancing drugs affecting nAChRs is eyeblink classical conditioning. This task is severely impaired in human probable AD patients and is impaired by antagonists to nAChRs. Three drugs with different mechanisms of action on nAChRs (partial α7 nAChR agonism [GTS‐21], acetylcholinesterase inhibition and allosteric modulation [galantamine], nootropic activation [nefiracetam]) were tested in young and older rabbits using eyeblink classical conditioning. All three drugs ameliorated learning and memory impairments in older rabbits and reversed an antagonist to nAChRs in young rabbits. Galantamine, with its allosteric modulatory action, was the only drug that facilitated learning in young rabbits. On the basis of efficacy of these drugs that affect nAChRs in preclinical studies and in Phase I (GTS‐21), Phase II (nefiracetam), or Phase III (galantamine) clinical trials, exploration of nAChRs as targets for therapeutic intervention via a number of different pathways seems warranted. Drug Dev. Res. 56:335–346, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Forgetting functions of reactivated memories over the first year of life
Authors: Hildreth Karen , Rovee‐Collier Carolyn 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA reactivation treatment alleviates forgetting by reexposing organisms to an isolated component of the original event. How long a reactivated memory persists, however, has not been studied systematically. Presently, we documented the retention of a reactivated memory with 6‐, 9‐, and 12‐month‐old human infants. All infants learned an operant task, forgot it, and then received a brief reactivation treatment 1 week later. They were tested after increasingly longer delays until the reactivated memory also was forgotten. To provide a picture of retention over the entire first year of life, we combined their data with corresponding data previously obtained from 3‐ and 6‐month‐olds in an equivalent task. Although the maximum duration of original retention increases linearly between 3 and 12 months of age, infants consistently forgot the reactivated memory at the same rate as the original one over this period. In essence, a reactivation treatment doubles the life of the memory. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 277–288, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10044
Influences of postconceptional age and postnatal experience on the development of auditory recognition memory in the newborn infant
Authors: deRegnier Raye‐Ann , Wewerka Sandi , Georgieff Michael K. , Mattia Frank , Nelson Charles A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe evaluated the effects of postconceptional age and postnatal experience on the development of neonatal auditory recognition memory. Three groups were tested: a premature newborn group (tested at 35–38 weeks postconceptional age, ≤1 week old), a full‐term newborn group (tested at 39–42 weeks postconceptional age, ≤1 week old), and a full‐term experienced group (tested at 39–42 weeks postconceptional age, >1 week old; range 8–30 days). Event‐related potentials were collected while infants listened to the maternal voice alternating with a stranger's voice. Postconceptional age was correlated with the development of recognition memory for the maternal voice while there were qualitative effects of postnatal experience on latency measurements. Maturity of auditory cortical responses was not correlated with recognition memory abilities. We conclude that maturation of the recognition memory pathways is primarily a function of postconceptional age with qualitative effects of postnatal experience. Maturation of the auditory recognition memory pathway is not contingent upon maturation of the “P2” peak thought to arise from primary auditory cortex. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 216–225, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10070
BMP4 modulates fibroblast growth factor–mediated induction of proximal and distal lung differentiation in mouse embryonic tracheal epithelium in mesenchyme‐free culture
Authors: Hyatt Brian A. , Shangguan Xiaofei , Shannon John M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLung morphogenesis and differentiation require interaction between the epithelium and mesenchyme, which is mediated by diffusible molecules such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), and Shh. We have used mesenchyme‐free culture to study the effects of these molecules on lung epithelial differentiation. We have tested the individual abilities of FGF1, FGF2, FGF7, FGF9, FGF10, and FGF18, as well as BMP4 and Shh to promote growth and specify distal lung differentiation in mouse tracheal epithelium. The different FGFs exhibited distinct abilities to induce epithelial growth and the expression of the distal lung epithelial marker, surfactant protein C (SP‐C), although all FGFs were able to induce expression of BMP4. Tracheal epithelium treated with FGF10 showed little growth and failed to express SP‐C as measured by whole‐mount in situ hybridization and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. FGF1 treatment resulted in the strongest induction of SP‐C. Treatment with BMP4 inhibited epithelial growth and differentiation and antagonized the stimulatory effects of FGF1. In contrast, inhibition of endogenous BMP4 signaling with Noggin protein did not inhibit growth or expression of SP‐C but did increase the expression of the proximal lung markers CCSP and HFH4. Expression of Shh was not affected by any of the conditions tested. These results suggest that BMP4 does not signal epithelial cells to adopt a distal fate but may regulate the expansion of proximal epithelial cells in the lung. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.