bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maintenance of narrow diet breadth in the monarch butterfly caterpillar: response to various plant species and chemicals
Authors: Vickerman Danel B. , de Boer Gerrit 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn order to better understand the maintenance of a fairly narrow diet breadth in monarch butterfly larvae, Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae), we measured feeding preference and survival on host and non‐host plant species, and sensitivity to host and non‐host plant chemicals. For the plant species tested, a hierarchy of feeding preferences was observed; only plants from the Asclepiadaceae were more or equally preferred to Asclepias curassavica, the common control. The feeding preferences among plant species within the Asclepiadaceae are similar to published mean cardenolide concentrations. However, since cardenolide data were not collected from individual plants tested, definitive conclusions regarding cardenolide concentrations and plant acceptability cannot be made. Although several non‐Asclepiadaceae were eaten in small quantities, all were less preferred to A. curassavica. Additionally, these non‐Asclepiadaceae do not support continued feeding, development, and survival of first and fifth‐instar larvae. Preference for a host versus a non‐host (A. curassavica versus Vinca rosea) increased for A. curassavica reared larvae as compared to diet‐reared larvae suggesting plasticity in larval food preferences. Furthermore, host species were significantly preferred over non‐host plant species in bioassays using a host plant or sucrose as a common control. Larval responses to pure chemicals were examined in order to determine if host and non‐host chemicals stimulate or deter feeding in monarch larvae. We found that larvae were stimulated to feed by some ubiquitous plant chemicals, such as sucrose, inositol, and rutin. In contrast, several non‐host plant chemicals deterred feeding: caffeine, apocynin, gossypol, tomatine, atropine, quercitrin, and sinigrin. Additionally the cardenolides digitoxin and ouabain, which are not in milkweed plants, were neutral in their influence on feeding. Another non‐milkweed cardenolide, cymarin, significantly deterred feeding. Extracts of A. curassavica leaves were tested in bioassays to determine which components of the leaf stimulate feeding. Both an ethanol extract of whole leaves and a hexane leaf‐surface extract are phagostimulatory, suggesting the involvement of both polar and non‐polar plant compounds. These data suggest that the host range of D. plexippus larvae is maintained by both feeding stimulatory and deterrent chemicals in host and non‐host plants.
An improved breeding method for solitarious locusts
Authors: Hoste Bruno , Luyten Lieve , Claeys Ilse , Clynen Elke , Rahman Mazibur M. , De Loof Arnold , Breuer Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn order to unravel the physiological, endocrine, and behavioral differences between gregarious and solitarious forms of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) (Orthoptera, Acrididae), a constant supply of rather large numbers of solitary individuals has to be guaranteed. This represents a bottleneck, mainly because of the intensity of the labor involved and limited laboratory accommodation. The method we describe here substantially reduces the space and manpower needed. The survival rate we obtained in the solitarised population was relatively high, reaching about 55%. The optimal rearing temperature proved to be 32–36 °C. Cabbage leaves and oat flakes sufficed for feeding all year round. Special racks have been designed that enable high density stacking and easy handling. The solitarisation process was monitored over ten consecutive generations. Changes in morphometrics, eye stripes, color, and behavior were recorded, of which only morphometrics, temperature related development, and mortality are discussed. A shift towards the solitarious phase was recorded, with clear differences between gregarious, 1st generation and 7th to 10th generation solitarious locusts.
Impact of the egg parasitoid Uscana lariophaga and the larval‐pupal parasitoid Dinarmus basalis on Callosobruchus maculatus populations and cowpea losses
Authors: van Huis A. , van Alebeek F.A.N. , van Es M. , Sagnia S.B. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn West Africa, Uscana lariophaga Steffan (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Dinarmus basalis (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitize the eggs and larvae, respectively, of Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), an important pest of stored cowpea. The impact of the parasitoids on pest populations was evaluated in clay pots similar to the ones used in traditional storage in Niger. At the beginning of the storage period, cowpeas were infested with one density of C. maculatus and with either one or both of the parasitoid species. If the parasitoids we inoculated as single species in stores, both D. basalis and U. lariophaga significantly suppressed the bruchid population, but the former did so more effectively than the latter. A combination of D. basalis and U. lariophaga resulted in the same suppression of bruchid populations as when D. basalis was the only parasitoid. Fifteen weeks after storage, the parasitoids reduced the number of grains damaged significantly by 38–56%. The effect of inoculating single or multiple parasitoid species on C. maculatus populations in an augmentation strategy is discussed.
Behavioural differences between Aphidius ervi populations from two tritrophic systems are due to phenotypic plasticity
Authors: Daza‐Bustamante P. , Fuentes‐Contreras E. , Rodríguez L.C. , Figueroa C.C. , Niemeyer H.M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Palaeoarctic parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae) parasitises legume aphids in its region of origin. In Chile, it parasitises both legume and cereal aphids. This special situation was studied at two levels: (i) the host searching behaviour of A. ervi from two different tritrophic systems (Acyrthosiphon pisum on alfalfa and Sitobion avenae on wheat) was investigated in dual choice tests in a wind tunnel between odours from both A. pisum‐alfalfa host plant complex (HPC) and S. avenae‐wheat HPC, and (ii) the genetic structure of A. ervi populations from both sources using molecular markers. Responses of A. ervi females to volatile olfactory cues emanating from A. pisum‐alfalfa HPC and S. avenae‐wheat HPC were significantly higher towards the HPC on which they were reared during the last generation before experimentation, regardless of the origin of the parasitoid. As previously described for this parasitoid species, oviposition experience was also of major relevance in the preferences of female parasitoids. On the other hand, variation in mitochondrial DNA segments and RAPD‐PCR polymorphism using total DNA showed the absence of host‐based population structure and a high genetic homogeneity between these A. ervi populations. These results reject the possible existence of different host‐strains of this parasitoid in Chile.
Common Adverse Events Associated with the Use of Ribavirin for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Canada
Authors: Knowles Sandra R. , Phillips Elizabeth J. , Dresser Linda , Matukas Larissa 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAlthough information on efficacy and adverse drug reactions is lacking, ribavirin has been used empirically for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). We report common adverse events in 110 patients with suspected or probable SARS who were treated with ribavirin. Sixty-one percent of the patients had evidence of hemolytic anemia, and hypocalcemia and hypomagnesmia were reported in 58% and 46% of patients, respectively.
The Meaning of a Word
Authors: Austin J. L. , Urmson J. O. , Warnock G. J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
‘The Meaning of a Word’ is a polemic against the view that philosophy can be done by way of pinning down the meaning of words used in philosophising. Its argument is threefold: the first part argues that ‘the meaning of a word’ is, in general, if not always, a dangerous nonsensephrase, in the sense that there is no simple and handy appendage of a word called ‘the meaning of (the word) “x”’. The second part applies this conclusion to problems that rely on the assumption that phrases like ‘the meaning of a word’ or ‘part of the meaning of the word’ are not completely undefined (e.g. the question of whether a statement such as ‘x is y’ is analytic or synthetic), proposing that we are using a working-model for philosophical problems which fails to fit the facts that we really wish to talk about. The third part addresses the problem of universals, which, according to Austin, boils down to the question of why we call different things, say two chairs in your living room, by the same name, that is, ‘chair’. Austin examines the phrase ‘having the same meaning’ in order to reveal the different reasons we have for calling different things by the same name.
Unfair to Facts
Authors: Austin J. L. , Urmson J. O. , Warnock G. J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
‘Unfair to Facts’ is a follow-up on Ch. 5, addressing objections Peter Strawson raised against Austin’s view of truth as a description of the conditions that must be satisfied if we are to say of a statement that it is true. Austin addresses the objection that his description of these conditions is due to a misunderstanding about the use of ‘fact’, arguing, against Strawson, that facts are not pseudo-entities and that the notion of ‘fitting the facts’ is not a useless notion.
Performative Utterances
Authors: Austin J. L. , Urmson J. O. , Warnock G. J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Austin attacks the view that language is referential, based on the simplistic division of utterances into the ‘descriptive’ and ‘evaluative’, using his notion of performative utterances. Such utterances, in the appropriate circumstances, are neither descriptive nor evaluative, but count as actions, i.e., create the situation rather than describing or reporting on it. In saying ‘I promise to go’ one is making a promise, not stating that one is making it. A performative promise is not, and does not involve, the statement that one is promising. It is an act of a distinctive sort, the very sort (promising) named by the performative verb. And, according to Austin, making explicit what one is doing is not describing what one is doing or stating that one is doing it.
Significant Issues for the Future of Product Innovation
Authors: Souder Wm. E. , Thomas Robert J. 
Published: October 2003

In this issue, William Souder and Robert Thomas present their thoughts on two issues they feel will shape aspects of our approach to effective new product development in coming years. Souder, stimulated by a recent trip to New Zealand, reflects on the different approaches to the management of new products he found in a variety of smaller, family‐controlled businesses he visited. Both the need for documented processes and the emphasis on time‐to‐market were diminished in these organizations, characterized by family involvement and continuity in operations. In these companies, expectations for growth were set by those running and owning the business. There was time to work on projects and fund progress from cashflows. Does this reflect persistence, or flexibility? Souder simply points out that it seems to provide an effective platform for business growth in certain international arenas, asks us to ponder the consequences for ourselves, and states that we should not be too quick to label these practices as limited in scope or only suitable for low‐tech products.Robert Thomas reminds us that new product forecasting no longer is limited to projections of future sales. He writes about evolution in the field, with a particular emphasis on our growing need to forecast based on analogies. As we increasingly have access to information about products in other companies and in other lands, we have an increasing opportunity to discover ways to incorporate this knowledge into our business plans. These essays continue a year‐long series of contributions that the editor‐in‐chief solicited from members of the editorial board. Members were asked to reflect upon changes and opportunities that they see influencing our profession during the coming decade. Both of these short essays are designed to introduce new perspectives. It is not essential that you agree with the recommendations, but we hope that you are stimulated as you reflect on the issues they discuss.
Toward a Model of New Product Preannouncement Timing
Authors: Lilly Bryan , Walters Rockney 
Published: October 2003

For products and services ranging from software to the latest motion picture, the use of new product preannouncements (NPPAs) has become commonplace. In the weeks and months (and perhaps years) before the release of a new product, a company may share information with various groups, including customers, competitors, and producers of complementary products. These prelaunch communications serve various purposes—for example, building interest for the new product, obtaining feedback from customers, or encouraging consumers to delay purchases until the new product becomes available. Despite the key role that NPPAs play in the successful release of new products, however, almost no research has been conducted to explore the proper timing for such communications.Bryan Lilly and Rockney Walters provide a starting point for these investigations, by describing the elements of an NPPA and presenting a model of the factors that influence NPPA timing. Drawing on existing research and interviews with managers from firms in a wide range of industries, they offer insights into the nature and the timing of NPPAs, and they provide recommendations for improving the effectiveness of NPPAs.Their conceptual model lists four sets of factors that affect NPPA timing: expected reactions of competitors; product‐related factors, such as the product's complexity and innovativeness; buyer‐related factors, such as the length of the buying process; and firm‐related factors, including final determination of the product's feature set. The relative strength of these effects depends on the objectives and the audience for the NPPA. For example, a late NPPA—that is, one close to the product's release date—effectively shields a new product from rapid competitive responses. On the other hand, an early NPPA allows channel members and customers to gain familiarity with complex or innovative products.Their findings suggest that early NPPAs are most appropriate for complex or highly innovative products as well as those that carry high, but avoidable switching costs for buyers. Late NPPAs are recommended if the firm expects sales of the new product to cannibalize those of existing products. Late NPPAs are also appropriate if a product's feature set is not yet frozen. To improve the effectiveness of NPPAs, managers must clearly define their objectives and carefully match the timing and the content of the NPPA to the target audience.
Antecedents and Consequences of Cross‐Functional Cooperation: A Comparison of R&D, Manufacturing, and Marketing Perspectives
Authors: Song X. Michael , Montoya‐Weiss Mitzi M. , Schmidt Jeffrey B. 
Published: October 2003

By breaking down the walls among the R&D, manufacturing, and marketing functions, techniques such as concurrent engineering and quality function deployment can pave the way to more effective new product development (NPD). Recognizing the benefits of such cross‐functional efforts, practitioners and researchers have examined the interrelationships among various groups in the NPD process, paying particularly close attention to the R&D–marketing interface. However, manufacturing also plays an important role in NPD. Consequently, any thorough exploration of the relationship between cross‐functional cooperation and NPD success must consider manufacturing's perspective.X. Michael Song, Mitzi M. Montoya‐Weiss, and Jeffrey B. Schmidt provide such a balanced perspective in a study of cross‐functional cooperation during NPD in Mexican high‐tech firms. Notwithstanding the differing functional goals, objectives, and reward systems present in R&D, manufacturing and marketing, they hypothesize that all three functions recognize that successful NPD requires crossfunctional cooperation. In particular, they expect that representatives of these three functional groups will share similar perceptions, regarding both the drivers and the consequences of cross‐functional cooperation.The survey results support the hypothesis that R&D, manufacturing, and marketing professionals share the same perceptions, regarding the drivers and the consequences of cross‐functional cooperation. Respondents from all three groups view internal facilitators as the drivers of cross‐functional cooperation. In other words, regardless of their functional area, the survey respondents believe that the strongest, most direct effects on cross‐functional cooperation and NPD performance come from a firm's evaluation criteria, reward structures, and management expectations.Respondents perceive these internal facilitators as having a greater effect on cross‐functional cooperation than that of external forces such as market competitiveness and technological change. In fact, contrary to expectations, the respondents do not view these external forces as having a significant effect on cross‐functional cooperation or NPD performance. And contrary to persistent reports about friction between technical and nontechnical personnel, all three groups perceive a strong, positive relationship between cross‐functional communication and NPD performance.
The Role of Market Information in New Product Success/Failure
Authors: Ottum Brian D. , Moore William L. 
Published: October 2003

Although no single variable holds the key to new product performance, many of the widely recognized success factors share a common thread: the processing of market information. Understanding customer wants and needs ultimately comes down to a company's capabilities for gathering and using market information. And another well‐acknowledged success factor the integration of marketing, R&D, and manufacturing focuses on the sharing of information. In other words, a firm's effectiveness in market information processing—the gathering, sharing, and use of market information—plays a pivotal role in determining the success or failure of its new products.Brian D. Ottum and William L. Moore describe the results of a study that examines the relationship between market information processing and new product success. They also explore the organizational factors that facilitate successful processing of market information, and thus offer ideas for better managing the development of new products. The respondents—marketing, R&D, and manufacturing managers from Utah‐based computer and medical device manufacturers—provided information about 58 new products, including equal numbers of successes and failures.The survey responses reveal strong relationships between product success and market information processing, with success most closely linked to information use. In other words, the gathering and sharing of information are important, but only if the information is used effectively. In 80 percent of the product successes studied, the respondents ultimately possessed and used a greater than average amount of market information. And in 75 percent of the failures, the respondents knew less than average about the market at project inception, and gathered or used less than the average amount of market information during the project.For the projects in this study, the integration of marketing, R&D, and manufacturing contributed not only to the sharing and use of information, but also to overall project success. However, the results of the study suggest that the way in which a project is organized plays only an indirect role in determining new product success—most likely by improving the processing of market information. From a managerial perspective, the most important variables identified in the study are market information shared, market information used, and financial success.
R&D, Firm Size and Innovation Outputs: Are Japanese Firms Efficient in Product Development?
Authors: Wakasugi Ryuhei , Koyata Fumihiko 
Published: October 2003

Although Japanese firms in various industries enjoyed outstanding success during the 1980s, the recent economic news has been less favorable. Like their American counterparts, Japanese managers have faced difficult decisions regarding plant closures, layoffs, and moving production facilities overseas. Many Japanese business leaders attribute the innovation successes of the 1980s, at least in part, to economies of scale resulting from increases infirm size. If this assertion holds true, the current economic climate in Japan seems certain to result in diminished economies of scale for innovative activities.Ryuhei Wakasugi and Fumihiko Koyata test this assertion in a statistical study of the innovation efficiency of Japanese electrical machinery firms. In other words, their study explores whether the hypothesized economies of scale apply to the innovation inputs and outputs of these firms. They examine the manner in which R&D expenditures, patent applications, and product developments relate to the size of Japanese electrical machinery firms during the late 1980s and early 1990s—a period marked by high levels of innovative activity among these firms.For the Japanese electrical firms in this study, innovation inputs that is, R&D expenditures—increase in greater proportion than firm size. In other words, the larger firms in this study pursued their innovation efforts more aggressively than did the smaller firms in the study.In terms of R&D expenditures, however, the study does not reveal any resulting economies of scale for either patent applications or product developments. Similarly, analysis of the data in this study does not identify any economics of scale for product developments as a result of increases in firm size. In fact, the only economies of scale identified in the study involve firm size and the number of patent applications. In general terms, the statistical evidence in this study does not support the hypothesis that an increase in firm size improves the efficiency of innovation activity. To put this another way, the study does not provide evidence to support the hypothesis of economies of scale in product development.