bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To be reassured or to understand? A dilemma in communicating normal cervical screening results
Authors: Michie Susan , Thompson Matthew , Hankins Matthew 
Published: February 2004

Background: Receiving negative test results may be associated with two problems:

not being reassured and wanting further, unnecessary screening;
not understanding residual risk and not attending future recommended screening.

Aim: To test two hypotheses:

Emphasizing test accuracy and low residual risk when giving negative test results reduces a desire for further unnecessary screening, while also reducing a correct understanding of the meaning of the result.
The effect of emphasizing low risk on desire for future screening is mediated by lack of reassurance.

Design: Experimental, vignette‐based study, with a 2 × 2 factorial design.Method: A sample of 184 women was asked to imagine that they had recently undergone a cervical screening test and received a normal result. They were given one of four hypothetical letters from their GP, differing in whether or not it emphasized test accuracy and low residual risk of developing cervical cancer. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing perceived risk, reassurance about test results, desire for further screening within six months and understanding of the test results.Results: Emphasizing test accuracy and low residual risk increases desire for inappropriate screening while reducing the understanding of residual risk. These effects are interactive, in that presenting both together has a larger effect than the sum of the two individual effects. The effect of emphasizing low risk on desire for future screening was mediated by reassurance.Conclusion: Emphasizing low residual risk and test accuracy is a double‐edged sword: it reduces a desire for unnecessary screening, but also reduces correct understanding of the result.
Rapid Detection and Differentiation of Human Pathogenic Orthopox Viruses by a Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Real-Time PCR Assay
Authors: Panning Marcus , Asper Marcel , Kramme Stefanie , Schmitz Herbert , Drosten Christian 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Background: The orthopox viruses that are pathogenic for humans include variola major virus (VAR), monkeypox virus (MPV), cowpox virus (CPV), and to a lesser extent, camelpox virus (CML) and vaccinia virus (VAC). PCR is a powerful tool to detect and differentiate orthopox viruses, and real-time PCR has the further advantages of rapid turnaround time, low risk of contamination, capability of strain differentiation, and use of multiplexed probes.
Methods: We used real-time PCR with fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology to simultaneously detect and differentiate VAR, MPV, CPV/VAC, and CML. An internal control generated by cloning and mutating the PCR target gene facilitated monitoring of PCR inhibition in each individual test reaction.
Results: Strain differentiation results showed little interassay variability (CV, 0.4–0.6%), and the test was 100-fold more sensitive than virus culture on Vero cells. Low copy numbers of DNA could be detected with ≥95% probability (235–849 genome copies/mL of plasma).
Conclusions: The real-time PCR assay can detect and differentiate human pathogenic orthopox viruses. The use of an internal control qualifies the assay for high sample throughput, as is likely to be needed in situations of suspected acts of biological terrorism, e.g., use of VAR.
Model for Predicting the Impact of Gadolinium on Plasma Calcium Measured by the o-Cresolphthalein Method
Authors: Kang Hyunseok Peter , Scott Mitchell G , Joe Bonnie N , Narra Vamsi , Heiken Jay , Parvin Curtis A 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Background: Gadolinium formulations, which are administered as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging examinations, interfere with colorimetric serum calcium determinations.
Methods: We performed an in vitro study to determine the extent to which three gadolinium formulations—gadodiamide (Omniscan), gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist), and gadoversetamide (OptiMARK)—affect measurements by two methods that use o-cresolphthalein (Dade Behring, Inc. and Roche Diagnostics) and one that uses arsenazo dye (Equal Diagnostics). We also compared values from the o-cresolphthalein methods for 116 samples from patients administered gadodiamide.
Results: Magnevist did not affect any of the methods evaluated, whereas Omniscan and OptiMARK were identical in their effects. For the Dade method, the differences from the control sample were ≤4.0 and 7.0 mg/L at 0.25 and 0.5 mmol/L gadolinium, respectively. For the Roche method, the differences were 19, 9.0, and 5.0 mg/L at 0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 mmol/L gadolinium, respectively. Falsely increased calcium values were seen when samples were measured by the arsenazo-based method: differences were 6.0 and 3.0 mg/L at 1.0 and 0.5 mmol/L gadolinium. Using patient data collected at our institution, we were able to generate a model for predicting, from a patient’s glomerular filtration rate and the time elapsed since administration, the impact of Omniscan on calcium measurements by the o-cresolphthalein method from Roche Diagnostics.
Conclusions: The predictive model can be used to calculate, in patients who have received gadodiamide, the minimum length of time to wait before blood collection to avoid pseudohypocalcemia when the Roche o-cresolphthalein method is used.
Workbench zur Modellbildung, Simulation und Analyse zellulärer Systeme (Workbench for Model Set Up, Simulation, and Analysis of Cellular Systems)
Authors: Kremling Andreas , Klamt Steffen , Ginkel Martin , Gilles Ernst-Dieter 
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung
Die aktuelle Forschung in der molekularen Genetik und die Erfolge bei der Analyse von Genexpression und Proteinfunktion führen zu einer bisher unerreichten Fülle von Informationen über biologische Phänomene. Werkzeuge, die eine quantitative Beschreibung und Analyse ermöglichen, haben dabei eine entscheidende Bedeutung. Der Beitrag stellt Werkzeuge zur Modellerstellung, -simulation und -analyse vor, die bereits für eine Anzahl von biologischen Modellsystemen (Bakterien, Hefen) angewendet wurden. Das Werkzeug ProMoT dient zur automatischen Erstellung der Modellgleichungen, die anschliessend vom Gleichungslöser Diva numerisch untersucht werden können. Eine Analyse der Modellstruktur sowie die Berechnung von stationären Flüssen ist mit dem FluxAnalyzer möglich.
Tools für die Proteom-Analyse in silico
Authors: Pruess Manuela 
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung
Um die im Zuge der Genomsequenzierungen ständig anwachsende Datenmenge sinnvoll nutzen zu können, werden Tools zur in silico-Analyse sowohl einzelner Proteine als auch kompletter Proteome entwickelt. Spezialisierte Nukleinsäure- und Protein-Datenbanken sind wichtige Hilfsmittel für die Analyse, Charakterisierung und Klassifizierung von Proteinsequenzen. Im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen Tools, deren Schwerpunkte auf dem Sequenzvergleich, der Strukturanalyse und -vorhersage oder der Erkennung spezifischer Regionen liegen, bieten übergreifende Datenbanken zur Proteomanalyse die Möglichkeit, unterschiedliche Arten von Informationen zu integrieren und damit umfassende statistische Analysen ganzer Proteome durchzuführen.
Genexpressionsanalyse komplexer klinischer Phänotypen mittels cDNS-Arrays (Gene Expression Profiling of Complex Clinical Phenotypes using cDNA-Arrays)
Authors: Heydebreck Anja von , Sperling Silke , Kaynak Bogac , Lehrach Hans , Vingron Martin 
Published: February 2004

ZusammenfassungIn einer genomweiten Genexpressionsstudie wurden normale und fehlgebildete menschliche Herzen mittels cDNS-Arrays untersucht. Statistische und bioinformatische Methoden wurden benutzt, um gewebe- und krankheitsspezifische Genexpressionsmuster zu identifizieren und funktionelle Genkategorien mit bestimmten Phänotypen zu assoziieren.
Differenzielle Proteomanalyse – Experimentelle Methoden, algorithmische Herausforderungen (Differential Analysis in Proteomics: Experimental Methods, Algorithmic Challenges)
Authors: Kohlbacher Oliver , Reinert Knut 
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung
Nach den großen Genomprojekten steht nun die Erforschung der Genprodukte, der Proteome, an. Die Proteomik verspricht neben fundamentalen Einsichten in die Funktionsweise des menschlichen Organismus, eine endlose Vielfalt von Applikationen in der medizinischen Diagnostik und Therapie. Wir beschreiben die derzeit gängigen experimentellen Techniken in der Proteomik. Diese Techniken erzeugen große Mengen komplexer Daten, die ohne geeignete Informatikmethoden nicht zu analysieren sind. Unter anderem kommen dabei Techniken aus dem Bereich der Statistik, des maschinellen Lernens, der Graphentheorie und der Bildverarbeitung zum Einsatz.
Middleware zur Realisierung offener Steuerungssoftware für hochdynamische Prozesse (Realizing Open Control Software for High Dynamic Processes with a Middleware)
Authors: Diethers Karsten , Finkemeyer Bernd , Kohn Nnamdi 
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung
Middlewarelösungen haben sich in der Praxis bewährt, da sie einen transparenten Softwareentwurf und einen dynamischen Austausch von Softwarekomponenten ermöglichen. Bisherige Ansätze sind für viele Echtzeitanwendungen zu aufwändig und können nicht den Datendurchsatz von hochdynamischen Anwendungen leisten. Daher wird hier mit MiRPA eine leichtgewichtige, echtzeitfähige Middleware vorgestellt, die entsprechend hohe Datenraten erlaubt. Kernstück der Kommunikationsarchitektur ist ein Object Server, der Kommunikationsdienste, wie Nachrichten und kontrollierten Zugriff auf Shared Memory, bereitstellt. Ein auf IEEE1394-Standard (Firewire) aufsetzendes echtzeitfähiges Hochgeschwindigkeitsprotokoll (IAP) erlaubt den Zugriff auf verteilte Komponenten. MiRPA wurde insbesondere für den Einsatz innerhalb von Robotersteuerungen konzipiert und implementiert.
Stoffwechselanalyse: Der Weg vom Genom zum metabolischen Netzwerk (Pathway Analysis: On the Route from Genomics to Metabolic Networks)
Authors: Bertram Helge , Dandekar Thomas 
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung
Die Rekonstruktion von Stoffwechselwegen fußt auf genomischen und biochemischen Daten. Mit diesen Daten soll eine höhere Interaktionsebene zwischen Enzymen in einem spezifischen Genom dargestellt werden. Dabei geht es vor allem um Stoffwechselwege in einer Spezies oder einem Individuum (Patient). Es wird der Fluss der Metabolite in einem Netzwerk aus unterschiedlichen Stoffwechselwegen mit verschiedenen Werkzeugen wie zum Beispiel der Elementarmodenanalyse untersucht. So werden Schlüsselenzyme und potenzielle medizinische Ziele erkannt.
Lineshape and Moment Analysis in Isotropic and Anisotropic Interaction-Induced Light Scattering Spectra of Gaseous Helium
Authors: El-Kader M. S. A. 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Calibrated Raman spectra of the helium gas diatom at room temperature (294.5 K) have recently been measured over a wide range of intensities, with polarizations of the incident beam parallel and perpendicular to the direction of observation. From the resulting spectra, the isotropic and anisotropic components are separated for the helium diatom. For direct comparison with the measurements, quantum mechanical lineshapes are computed using recent model of the interatomic potential and models of the diatom polarizability tensor invariants as input. New empirical trace and anisotropy parameters, consistent with the spectroscopic measurements, are thus obtained for the helium gas. We compare these where possible with the existing computations based on classical physics, utilizing the first few even moments of the isotropic and anisotropic spectra. Good agreement with ab initio results in the literature is obtained and profiles calculated with these models are in excellent agreement with experiments.
Rotational State Distribution of HBr+ Ions Formed by Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization
Authors: Penno Martin , Weitzel Karl-Michael 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
The rotational state distribution of HBr+ ions formed via a large number of pump lines in the f 3Δ2 ← 1Σ and the F 1Δ2 ← 1Σ REMPI spectrum has been derived from the analysis of state-selective predissociation spectra. For most pump lines in the two REMPI spectra molecular ions are formed in narrow state distributions with dominant contributions of two or three different rotational states. By choice of the appropriate pump line in the REMPI spectrum this state distribution can be shifted from N = 0 to about N = 10. The data provide evidence that REMPI spectroscopy is a viable tool for the formation of state-selected molecular ions.
Electrical Conductances of Some Alkali-Metal Salts in N,N-Dimethylacetamide–Water Mixture at 25 °C
Authors: Das Debashis , Das Bijan , Hazra Dilip K. 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Precise measurements on electrical conductances of the solutions of lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), sodium bromide (NaBr), sodium tetraphenylborate (NaBPh4), potassium bromide (KBr), rubidium bromide (RbBr), cesium bromide (CsBr) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (Bu4NBr) in N,N-dimethylacetamide + water (50 v/v) mixture have been reported at 25 °C in the concentration range 0.02–0.05 mol dm−3. The conductance data have been analyzed by the 1978 Fuoss conductance–concentration equation in terms of the limiting molar conductance (Λ0), the association constant (K
A) and the association diameter (R). The limiting ionic conductances (λ0
±) have been estimated from the appropriate division of the limiting molar conductivity value of the “reference electrolyte” tetrabutylammonium tetraphenylborate (Bu4NBPh4). The electrolytes investigated here are found to be significantly dissociated in this solvent medium and all ions remain unsolvated in N,N-dimethylacetamide + water (50 v/v) mixed solvent system with exception of the lithium ion where significant solvation has been noticed. The results have been interpreted in terms of the specific constitutional and structural factors of the solvent and of the solute ions.
Thermodynamics of the Interaction between Electrolyte (CaCl2, NaCl, NaBr, NaI) and Monosaccharide (D-mannose, D-ribose) in Water at 298.15 K
Authors: Yang Lixia , Zhuo Kelei , Zhao Yang , Wang Jianji 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Electrochemical cells with a cation selective electrode (Ca–ISE, Na–ISE) versus an anion selective electrode (Cl–ISE, Br–ISE, I–ISE) as a reference electrode were used to determine the activity coefficients for electrolyte (CaCl2, NaCl, NaBr and NaI)–monosaccharide (D-mannose, D-ribose) systems in water at 298.15 K. The Gibbs free energy interaction parameters and salting constants were also evaluated. The results showed that the interaction of ribose is stronger than that of mannose with these electrolytes, and the interaction of calcium ion is stronger than that of sodium ion with these monosaccharides. These were discussed in terms of the stereochemistry of saccharide molecules and the structural interaction model.
A non‐parametric approach to software reliability
Authors: Gandy Axel , Jensen Uwe 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn this paper we present a new, non‐parametric approach to software reliability. It is based on a multivariate counting process with additive intensity, incorporating covariates and including several projects in one model. Furthermore, we present ways to obtain failure data from the development of open source software. We analyse a data set from this source and consider several choices of covariates. We are able to observe a different impact of recently added and older source code onto the failure intensity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a cumulative damage process and resulting first passages times
Authors: Kahle Waltraud , Wendt Heide 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe reliability of a product is often affected by a damage process. In this paper we consider a shock model where at random times a shock causes a random damage. The cumulative damage process is assumed to be generated by a position‐dependent marking of a doubly stochastic Poisson process. Some characteristics of this process are described. For general and special cases the probability that the damage process does not cross a certain threshold before a time t is calculated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of steady system availability with imperfect repair
Authors: Cha Ji Hwan , Lee Sangyeol , Mi Jie 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAvailability is a very important measure of performance for a repairable system which can be in one of two states: operational and non‐operational. In this paper we compare steady system availabilities of two different systems which are subject to imperfect repair policy. Comparisons of the measure are made based on failure rate orderings, usual stochastic orderings, repair policy orderings and classifications of life distributions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical comparisons of approximations of geometric sums
Authors: Bon Jean‐Louis , Philippe Anne 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe knowledge of the failure probability of industrial systems is now a crucial test of quality. But in practice, when components are repairable, two difficulties make actually untractable the explicit calculation. The first is the number of components and the second the general distribution of the lifetime or repairtime components. Even in the Markov case, the formulae are not convenient. Nevertheless, reliability engineers use simple exponential approximations with success. This can be explained by the decomposition in a geometric sum of the system lifetime and the closeness between geometric sum and exponential. Here we resume the available approximations and give numerical comparisons. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combinatorial approaches to Monte Carlo estimation of network lifetime distribution
Authors: Gertsbakh I. , Shpungin Y. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is estimating the lifetime distribution for two types of dynamic networks. The first one is a network, with edges existing in time, which may be erased independently of each other. The second one is a network with renewable edges. We consider effective Monte Carlo methods based on combinatorial approaches which were suggested earlier for estimating parameters of static networks. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Warranty cost analysis: non‐zero repair time
Authors: Chukova Stefanka , Hayakawa Yu 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe main focus of this study is on the modelling of the warranty claims and evaluating the warranty expenses. The cost of each warranty claim depends on the non‐zero length of the repair time. Alternating renewal process is employed to model the operating and repair times. New results for alternating renewal process in finite horizon are derived. They are used to evaluate the warranty costs over the warranty period under non‐renewing free replacement policy and over the life cycle of the product. Examples are provided to illustrate the ideas. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal replacement policy for a series system with obsolescence
Authors: Mercier Sophie , Labeau Pierre‐Etienne 
Published: February 2004

AbstractMost maintenance policies assume that failed or used components are replaced with identical units. Actually, such a hypothesis neglects the possible obsolescence of the components. When a new, more reliable and less consuming technology becomes available, a decision has to be made as for the replacement strategy to be used: old‐type components can all be immediately replaced, or new‐type units can be introduced progressively, each time a corrective action is undertaken. Partly corrective, partly preventive policies can also be envisioned.This work tackles this issue in the case of a series system made of n identical and independent components with a constant failure rate. It provides, under given modelling assumptions, the fully analytical expression of the mean total cost induced by each possible strategy, as well as the optimal replacement policy, as a function of the problem parameters. This is performed by accounting for different costs for preventive or corrective replacements, with some economical dependence between replacements, different energy consumption rates for old‐type and new‐type components as well as a discount rate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by N‐substituted indole‐2 and 3‐carboxamides
Authors: Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Kruk Irena , Lichszteld Krzysztof , Michalska Teresa , Kladna Aleksandra , Marczynski Slawomir , Ölgen Süreyya 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIndole‐2 and 3‐carboxamides (IDs) are proposed to be selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Since cyclooxygenase‐1 may be involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, we hypothesize that these indole derivatives have antioxidative properties. We have employed chemiluminescence (CL) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping to examine this hypothesis. We report here the results of a study of reactivity of 10 selected indole derivatives towards ROS. The following generators of ROS were applied: potassium superoxide (KO2) as a source of superoxide radicals (O2·−), the Fenton reaction (Co‐EDTA/H2O2) for hydroxyl radicals (HO·), and a mixture of alkaline aqueous H2O2 and acetonitrile for singlet oxygen (1O2). Hydroxyl radicals were detected as 5,5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrroline‐N‐oxide (DMPO) spin adduct, whereas 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐piperidine (TEMP) was used as a detector of 1O2. Using the Fenton reaction, 0.5 mmol/L IDs were found to inhibit DMPO‐ȮH radical formation in the range 7–37%. Furthermore the tested compounds containing the thiazolyl group also inhibited the 1O2‐dependent TEMPO radical, generated in the acetonitrile + H2O2 system. About 20% inhibition was obtained in the presence of 0.5 mmol/L IDs. 1 mmol/L IDs caused an approximately 13–70% decrease in the CL sum from the O2·− generating system (1 mmol/L). The aim of this paper is to evaluate these indole derivatives as antioxidants and their abilities to scavenge ROS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of beetle bioluminescence: the origin of beetle luciferin
Authors: Day John C. , Tisi Laurence C. , Bailey Mark J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBioluminescence, the conversion of chemical energy into light in living organisms, is dependent on two principal components, an enzyme luciferase and the substrate luciferin. In beetles, the enzyme luciferase has been extensively studied, with signiﬁcant enzymological, sequence and structural data now available. Furthermore, the enzyme has been employed in a remarkable number of important applications, from microbial detection and medical imaging to GM gene expression studies. However, there is little information regarding the biosynthesis of beetle luciferin, and here we review the literature and speculate as to its evolutionary origins. Luciferin consists of a benzothiazole moiety attached to a thiazole carboxylic acid moiety, the former being rarely observed in nature but the latter being observed in a broad range of biologically derived molecules. Benzothiazoles are, however, observed in melanogenesis and we speculate as to whether this may be relevant to the understanding of luciferin biosynthesis in beetles. This review examines recent novel insights into beetle luciferin recycling and we assess a range of possible biosynthetic mechanisms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.