bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Like a baby with a box of matches’: British scientists and the concept of ‘race’ in the inter-war period
Authors: SCHAFFER GAVIN 
Published: August 2005

Historians of science have often presented the inter-war period as a time when British scientific communities radically questioned existing scholarship on ‘race’. The ascendancy of genetics, and the perceived need to challenge Nazi ‘racial’ theory have been highlighted as pivotal issues in shaping this British revision of ‘racial’ ideas. This article offers a detailed analysis of British scientific thinking in the inter-war period. It questions whether historians have exaggerated or oversimplified the prevalence of anti-‘racial’ reform. It uses a wide range of scientific writings to consider issues of continuity and change in ‘racial’ thinking in mainstream British scientific communities. The article probes the relationship between science and politics, focusing on the extent to which ideological factors affected both the scientific agenda and conclusions as regards ‘racial’ issues. Far from dismissing the idea that events in the inter-war period triggered changes in the way in which British scientists dealt with ‘race’, the article argues that the seeds of the post-Second World War international scientific rejection of ‘race’ were sown in inter-war Britain amid considerable ambivalence and discord.We must remember that the investigator, whether a biologist, an economist, or a sociologist, is himself a part of history, and that if he ever forgets he is a part of history he will deceive his audience and deceive himself.J. B. S. Haldane, Heredity and Politics, 1938
Mood- and restraint-based antecedents to binge episodes in bulimia nervosa: possible influences of the serotonin system
Authors: STEIGER HOWARD , GAUVIN LISE , ENGELBERG MARLA J. , YING KIN N. M. K. NG , ISRAEL MIMI , WONDERLICH STEPHEN A. , RICHARDSON JODIE 
Published: August 2005

Background. In bulimic syndromes, binge episodes are thought to be caused by dietary restraint and negative moods. However, as central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) mechanisms regulate appetite and mood, the 5-HT system could be implicated in diet- and mood-based binge antecedents.Method. We used hand-held computers to obtain repeated ‘online’ measurements of eating behaviors, moods, and self-concepts in 21 women with bulimic syndromes, and modeled 5-HT system activity with a measure of platelet [3H]paroxetine-binding density.Results. Mood and self-concept ratings were found to be worse before binge episodes (than at other moments), and cognitive restraint was increased. After binges, mood and self-concept deteriorated further, and thoughts of dieting became more intense. Intriguingly, lower paroxetine-binding density predicted poorer mood and self-concept before a binge, larger post-binge decrements in mood and self-concept, and larger post-binge increases in dietary restraint.Conclusions. Paroxetine binding thus seemed to reflect processes that impacted upon mood-related antecedents to binge episodes, and consequences implicating mood and dietary restraint.
Introduction
Authors: MITTELSTRASS JÜRGEN 
Published: August 2005

These papers resulted from the first workshop in a series exploring concepts that are of central importance to all of the sciences. The series will bring together the perspectives of natural and social sciences and the humanities in intimate, cross-disciplinary dialogue. The intention is to improve our understanding of the concepts discussed by emphasizing their different uses in the many different disciplines, while at the same time focusing on shared concerns and structural commonalities. And this is the peculiarity of the concepts to be examined here – they do not get defined in just one discipline, so that they only form part of the basic concepts of that discipline, as distinguished from the basic concepts of other disciplines. Rather, their unique character derives from the fact that they have different uses in different disciplines, and all of them in the foundations of the respective sciences. The concepts of natural law, causality, of complexity and truth, scientific truth, are of this kind, and so is the concept of symmetry, with which we will start this series.As we all know, this concept has many different (scientific) meanings, while the basic meaning remains stable. In geometry, for instance, mirroring, rotation and periodicity prove to be symmetry-properties, that is, self-copies (automorphisms) of spaces, which leave the structure of figures and bodies unchanged (invariant). In natural philosophy, symmetry is the property of natural objects to remain invariant under certain operations, namely symmetry-operations. In logic, a two-place relation R is symmetric on a set S, if for any two elements x and y from that set, the following is the case: if the relation R holds between x and y, then it also holds between y and x.
The folding energy landscape and phosphorylation: modeling the conformational switch of the NFAT regulatory domain
Authors: Shen Tongye , Zong Chenghang , Hamelberg Donald , Andrew Mccammon J. , Wolynes Peter G. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTAn energy landscape approach predicts the conformational changes of the configurations of the regulatory domain of the protein nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) caused by phosphorylation of specific multiple sites. Structurally local effects and secondary structural changes are modeled using allatom Brownian dynamics to investigate the changes of the backbone torsional distributions upon phosphorylation. For tertiary and global changes' we employ a coarse‐grained model to sample ensembles of conformations both with and without phosphorylation. At the secondary structure level' phosphorylation moderately increases the helical propensity and gives a more rigid local backbone conformation. The tertiary effects of phosphorylation caused by the extensive charge modification are more pronounced and collectively change the conformation of the regulatory domain of NFAT from a flexible globular ensemble to a rather rigid helical bundle, blocking access to the nuclear localization sequence. These studies give computational support to one scenario conjectured from experiments. Shen, T., Zong, C., Hamelberg, D., McCammon, J. A., Wolynes, P. G. The folding energy landscape and phosphorylation: modeling the conformational switch of the NFAT regulatory domain. FASEB J. 19, 1389–1395 (2005)
Serotonin, l‐tryptophan, and tryptamine are effective inhibitors of the amino acid transport system PAT1
Authors: Metzner Linda , Kottra Gabor , Neubert Klaus , Daniel Hannelore , Brandsch Matthias 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe proton‐coupled amino acid transporter PAT1, cloned recently from brain and intestine, mediates the uphill transport of l‐ and d‐proline, l‐alanine, glycine, taurine, d‐serine, GABA, and many other related compounds and drugs. Here we describe the novel finding that l‐tryptophan and its derivatives tryptamine, 5‐hydroxy‐l‐tryptophan, serotonin, and indoles‐propionic acid strongly inhibit H+‐dependent l‐[3H]proline uptake into Caco‐2 cells with inhibition constants (Ki) of 0.9 to 6.1 mM. Uptake of l‐[3H]tryptophan into Caco‐2 cells on the other hand was not inhibited by l‐proline. Whereas PAT1 substrates produced significant changes in a membrane potential assay for electrogenic transport in Caco‐2 cells, l‐tryptophan, tryptamine, and 5‐hydroxy‐l‐tryptophan failed to alter membrane voltage. When PAT1 was expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and analyzed by the two‐electrode voltage clamp technique, glycine elicited high inward currents that were dependent on membrane potential but no currents were observed with l‐tryptophan, tryptamine, 5‐hydroxy‐l‐tryptophan, or serotonin. Although not transported electrogenically by PAT1, l‐tryptophan and its derivatives inhibited glycine‐evoked currents dose‐dependently. We conclude that serotonin, l‐tryptophan, and tryptamine bind to PAT1 with potencies similar to the prototype substrates, inhibit transport function but are not transported by this carrier protein. They may be considered as the carriers' naturally occurring inhibitors that may alter the transport function of PAT1. Metzner, L., Kottra, G., Neubert, K., Daniel, H., Brandsch, M. Serotonin, l‐tryptophan, and tryptamine are effective inhibitors of the amino acid transport system PAT1. FASEB J. 19, 1468–1473 (2005)
Regulation of phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor expression by hypoxia
Authors: Funasaka Tatsuyoshi , Yanagawa Takashi , Hogan Victor , Raz Avraham 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTPhosphoglucose isomerase (PGI; EC 5.3.1.9) is a housekeeping cytosolic enzyme of the sugar metabolism pathways that plays a key role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. PGI is a multifunctional dimeric protein that extracellularly acts as a cytokine with properties that include autocrine motility factor (AMF) eliciting mitogenic, motogenic, differentiation functions and has been implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. Since metastasis is regulated in part by hypoxia, which induces the transcription of metastasis‐associated genes and anaerobic glycolic metabolism, we questioned whether hypoxia also regulates the expression level of tumor cells' PGI/AMF. We establish here that in the human breast carcinoma BT‐549 cells hypoxia enhanced expression of the transcription factor hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) ‐1, which in turn led to the up‐regulation of PGI/AMF expression and was specifically inhibited by inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3′‐kinase signaling pathway. In addition, the hypoxia induction of PGI/AMF expression was suppressed by inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or VEGF receptors, suggesting that hypoxia‐inducible VEGF regulates the PGI/AMF expression. Hypoxia also enhanced cancer cell motility, and these effects were strongly inhibited by the PGI/AMF, VEGF, or VEGF receptor inhibitors. The results presented here suggest that under hypoxic conditions the expression of PGI/AMF is regulated in part by the HIF pathway, which in turn increases the flow of the glycolytic cascade leading to an increased anaerobic energy generation; thus, inhibition of PGI/AMF expression and activities may provide a new therapeutic modality for treatment of hypoxic tumors. Funasaka, T., Yanagawa, T., Hogan, V., Raz, A. Regulation of phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor expression by hypoxia. FASEB J. 19, 1422–1430 (2005)
Central angiotensin II controls alcohol consumption via its AT1 receptor
Authors: Maul Björn , Krause Winfried , Pankow Kristin , Becker Matthias , Gembardt Florian , Alenina Natalia , Walther Thomas , Bader Michael , Siems Wolf‐Eberhard 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTPharmacological and genetic manipulations of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) have been found to alter the voluntary consumption of alcohol. Here we characterize the role of central angiotensin II (Ang II) in alcohol intake first by using transgenic rats that express an antisense RNA against angiotensinogen and consequently have reduced Ang II levels exclusively in the central nervous system [TGR(ASrAOGEN)680]. These rats consumed markedly less alcohol in comparison to their wild‐type controls. Second, Spirapril, an inhibitor of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), which passes the blood‐brain barrier, did not influence the alcohol consumption in the TGR(ASrAOGEN)680, but it significantly reduced alcohol intake in wild‐type rats. Studies in knockout mice indicated that the central effect of Ang II on alcohol consumption is mediated by the angiotensin receptor ATI whereas the AT2 receptor and the bradykinin B2 receptor are not involved. Furthermore, the dopamine concentration in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is markedly reduced in rats with low central Ang II, strengthening our hypothesis of a role of dopaminergic transmission in Ang II‐controlled alcohol preference. Our results indicate that a distinct drug‐mediated control of the central RAS could be a promising therapy for alcohol disease. Maul, B., Krause, W., Pankow, K., Becker, M., Gembardt, F., Alenina N., Walther, T., Bader, M., Siems, W.‐E. Central angiotensin II controls alcohol consumption via its ATI receptor. FASEB J. 19, 1474–1481 (2005)
Targeted deletion of melanocortin receptor subtypes 3 and 4, but not CART, alters nutrient partitioning and compromises behavioral and metabolic responses to leptin
Authors: Zhang Yubin , Kilroy Gail E , Henagan Tara M. , Prpic‐Uhing Vera , Richards William G. , Bannon Anthony W. , Mynatt Randall L. , Gettys Thomas W. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTMouse lines with targeted disruption of the cocaine amphetamine‐related transcript (CART), melanocortin receptor 3 (MCR3), or melanocortin receptor 4 (MCR4) were used to assess the role of each component in mediating the anorectic and metabolic effects of leptin, and in regulating the partitioning of nutrient energy between fat and protein deposition. Leptin was administered over a 3 day period using either intraperitoneal or intracerebroventricular routes of injection. The absence of MCR4 blocked leptin's ability to increase UCP1 mRNA in both brown and white adipose tissue, but not its ability to reduce food consumption. In contrast, deletion of MCR3 compromised leptin's ability to reduce food consumption, but not its ability to reduce fat deposition or increase UCP1 expression in adipose tissue. Leptin‐dependent effects on food consumption and adipocyte gene expression were unaffected by the absence of CART. Repeated measures of body composition over time indicate that the absence of either MCR3 or MCR4, but not CART, increased lipid deposition and produced comparable degrees of adiposity in both lines. Moreover, modest increases in fat content of the diet (4 to 11%) accentuated fat deposition and produced a rapid and comparable 10–12% increase in % body fat in both genotypes. The results indicate that nutrient partitioning, as well as the anorectic and metabolic responses to leptin, are dependent onintegrated but separable inputs from the melanocortin 3 and 4 receptor subtypes. Zhang, Y., Kilroy, G. E., Henagan, T. M., Prpic‐Uhing, V. Richards, W. G., Bannon, A. W., Mynatt, R. L., Gettys, T. W. Targeted deletion of melanocortin receptor subtypes 3 and 4, but not CART, alters nutrient partitioning and compromises behavioral and metabolic responses to leptin. FASEB J. 19, 1482–1491 (2005)
HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor augments survival and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors in animal model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Paintlia Ajaib S. , Paintlia Manjeet K. , Khan Mushfiquddin , Vollmer Timothy , Singh Avtar K. , Singh Inderjit 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTImpaired remyelination due to degeneration of both postmitotic oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPs) is the major hallmark of inflammatory demyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, we have demonstrated the potential of lovastatin, a HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor, for the restoration of impaired remyelination mediated through enhanced survival and differentiation of OPs in the spinal cord of treated EAE animals. Lovastatin treatment significantly increased the level of myelin lipids in the spinal cord of treated EAE animals, coinciding with the attenuation of disease severity and inflammatory demyelination as compared with untreated EAE animals. The increased expression of myelin proteins and transcription factors associated with differentiating oligodendrocytes along with the increase in number of NG2+/BrdU− and NG2+/BrdU+ cells, and the expression of proliferating OP‐specific proteins, demonstrated the restoration of remyelination in the spinal cord of lovastatin‐treated EAE animals. Corresponding to this, in vitro studies further corroborated the increased survival and differentiation of OPs in lovastatin‐treated activated mixed glial cells suggesting that lovastatin protects against the degeneration of OPs and enhances their differentiation through induction of a pro‐remyelinating environment in the spinal cord of treated EAE animals. Together, these data demonstrate that lovastatin has the potential to augment remyelination in MS lesions and other neuroinflammatory diseases. Paintlia, A. S., Paintlia, M. K., Khan, M., Vollmer, T., Singh, A. K., Singh, I. HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor augments survival and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors in animal model of multiple sclerosis. FASEB J. 19, 1407–1421 (2005)
Kinetics and Extravascular Retention of Acetated Ringer’s Solution during Isoflurane or Propofol Anesthesia for Thyroid Surgery
Authors: Ewaldsson Carl-Arne , Hahn Robert G. 
Published: August 2005

Background
In sheep, isoflurane causes extravascular accumulation of infused crystalloid fluid. The current study evaluates whether isoflurane has a greater tendency than propofol to cause extravascular retention in surgical patients.

Methods
Thirty patients undergoing thyroid surgery lasting for 143 +/- 32 min (mean +/- SD) received an intravenous infusion of 25 ml/kg acetated Ringer's solution over 30 min. Anesthesia was randomized to consist of isoflurane or propofol supplemented by fentanyl. The distribution and elimination of the infused fluid was estimated using volume kinetics based on the fractional dilution of blood hemoglobin over 150 min. Extravascular retention of infused fluid was taken as the difference between the model-predicted elimination and the urinary excretion. The sodium and fluid balances were measured.

Results
The fractional plasma dilution increased gradually to approximately 30% during the infusion and thereafter remained at 15-20%. Urinary excretion averaged 11% of the infused volume. Mean arterial pressure was 10 mmHg lower in the isoflurane group (P < 0.001). The excess fluid volumes in the central and peripheral functional body fluid spaces were virtually identical in the groups. The sum of water losses by evaporation and extravascular fluid retention amounted to 2.0 +/- 2.5 ml/min for isoflurane and 2.2 +/- 2.1 ml/min for propofol. The sodium balance refuted that major fluid shifts occurred between the extracellular and intracellular spaces.

Conclusions
The amount of evaporation and extravascular retention of fluid was small during thyroid surgery, irrespective of whether anesthesia was maintained by isoflurane or propofol.
Collapsibility of the Upper Airway at Different Concentrations of Propofol Anesthesia
Authors: Eastwood Peter R. , Platt Peter R. , Shepherd Kelly , Maddison Kathy , Hillman David R. 
Published: August 2005

Background
This study investigated the effect of varying concentrations of propofol on upper airway collapsibility and the mechanisms responsible for it.

Methods
Upper airway collapsibility was determined from pressure-flow relations at three concentrations of propofol anesthesia (effect site concentration = 2.5, 4.0, and 6.0 mug/ml) in 12 subjects spontaneously breathing on continuous positive airway pressure. At each level of anesthesia, mask pressure was transiently reduced from a pressure sufficient to abolish inspiratory flow limitation (maintenance pressure = 12 +/- 1 cm H2O) to pressures resulting in variable degrees of flow limitation. The relation between mask pressure and maximal inspiratory flow was determined, and the critical pressure at which the airway occluded was recorded. Electromyographic activity of the genioglossus muscle (EMGgg) was obtained via intramuscular electrodes in 8 subjects.

Results
With increasing depth of anesthesia, (1) critical closing pressure progressively increased (-0.3 +/- 3.5, 0.5 +/- 3.7, and 1.4 +/- 3.5 cm H2O at propofol concentrations of 2.5, 4.0, and 6.0 microg/ml respectively; P < 0.05 between each level), indicating a more collapsible upper airway; (2) inspiratory flow at the maintenance pressure significantly decreased; and (3) respiration-related phasic changes in EMGgg at the maintenance pressure decreased from 7.3 +/- 9.9% of maximum at 2.5 microg/ml to 0.8 +/- 0.5% of maximum at 6.0 microg/ml, whereas tonic EMGgg was unchanged. Relative to the levels of phasic and tonic EMGgg at the maintenance pressure immediately before a decrease in mask pressure, tonic activity tended to increase over the course of five flow-limited breaths at a propofol concentration of 2.5 microg/ml but not at propofol concentrations of 4.0 and 6.0 microg/ml, whereas phasic EMGgg was unchanged.

Conclusions
Increasing depth of propofol anesthesia is associated with increased collapsibility of the upper airway. This was associated with profound inhibition of genioglossus muscle activity. This dose-related inhibition seems to be the combined result of depression of central respiratory output to upper airway dilator muscles and of upper airway reflexes.
Sniffing Position Improves Pharyngeal Airway Patency in Anesthetized Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Isono Shiroh , Tanaka Atsuko , Ishikawa Teruhiko , Tagaito Yugo , Nishino Takashi 
Published: August 2005

Background
Appropriate bag-and-mask ventilation with patent airway is mandatory during induction of general anesthesia. Although the sniffing neck position is a traditionally recommended head and neck position during this critical period, knowledge of the influences of this position on the pharyngeal airway patency is still inadequate.

Methods
Total muscle paralysis was induced with general anesthesia in 12 patients with obstructive sleep apnea, eliminating neuromuscular factors contributing to pharyngeal patency. The cross-sectional area of the pharynx was measured endoscopically at different static airway pressures. Comparison of static pressure-area plot between the neutral and sniffing neck positions allowed assessment of the influence of the neck position change on the mechanical properties of the pharynx.

Results
The static pressure-area curves of the sniffing position were above those of neutral neck position, with increasing maximum cross-sectional area and decreasing the closing pressure at both retropalatal and retroglossal airways. The beneficial effects of the sniffing position were greater in obstructive sleep apnea patients with higher closing pressure and smaller body mass index.

Conclusions
Sniffing position structurally improves maintenance of the passive pharyngeal airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and may be beneficial for both mask ventilation and tracheal intubation during anesthesia induction.