bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
T
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
T type See eidetic imagery.
TA Transactional analysis (q.v.).
tabes (L. “a wasting, emaciation “) Tabes dorsalis, locomotor ataxia; a chronic, progressive disease of the nervous system occurring rather late in a comparatively small percentage of persons affected with syphilis. The main pathological process involves the posterior spinal ganglia in a mild inflammation. The roots between the ganglia and the spinal cord, and, to some extent, the meninges are also involved. There is a degeneration of the nerve fibers with a selective degeneration of the posterior columns of the cord. The cranial nerves, especially the optic and those supplying the ocular muscles, are particularly involved. The symptoms are ataxia, or muscular incoordination, neuralgia, anesthesia, visceral crises, lancinating pains, and muscular atrophy. Trophic disorders of the joints (arthropathies) are frequent, atrophy of the optic nerve occurs, and paralysis may be a late symptom. Mental symptoms are not usually prominent, although a severe depression may occur.
tabes, congenital See neurosyphilis, congenital.
tabes, juvenile Juvenile tabes presents an essentially identical pathological process and clinical course as in the adult. The symptoms appear from the age of 10 onward in children who have congenital syphilis or who acquired the disease in infancy or early childhood. Ataxia is rather infrequent, while optic atrophy is very common in juvenile tabes. Mental symptoms and taboparesis occur frequently. The Wasserman blood reaction is often negative. The course is much more rapid than in the adult form, and the disease terminates fatally comparatively early.
V
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
vaccinophobia A morbid fear or dread of being vaccinated.
VaD Vascular dementia; vascular cognitive impairment (VCI); the second most frequent cause of dementia following Alzheimer disease (AD). Compared with AD, in VaD episodic memory is relatively preserved, but verbal fluency and frontal executive functioning are more impaired. Subtypes of VaD have been described, but no one system of nomenclature has achieved universal acceptance. The subtypes include the following:
vagus nerve The tenth cranial nerve. The vagus nerve is motor to the muscles of the soft palate and pharynx, sends parasympathetic fibers to the thoracic and abdominal viscera, and is sensory to the pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and the thoracic and abdominal viscera. Symptoms of vagus nerve lesions include aphonia, dysphagia, paralysis of the soft palate with loss of the gag reflex, cough, bradycardia (with irritative lesions), or tachycardia (with vagus palsies).
vagus nerve stimulation VNS; an adjunctive therapy for patients with refractory partial epilepsy. It may be effective in patients with severe, chronic, treatment-resistant depression. The pacemaker device is implanted in the chest and stimulates the left vagus nerve. Typically, stimulation is on for 30 seconds and
then off for 5 minutes. Transient hoarseness is the most common adverse effect. Other possible effects include infection, voice alteration, CADASIL and CAA (qq.v.)
Juvenile Arthritis
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Arthritis is defined as pain, swelling, or limitation of motion in a joint. According to the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is the proper diagnosis for any child with the onset of arthritis before sixteen years of age if the arthritis lasts at least six weeks in more than one joint or three months in a single joint, without other explanation.
Uveitis: Eye Complications of Juvenile Arthritis and Related Conditions
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In juvenile arthritis and related conditions, the eyes may be involved even when there is no evidence of active joint disease. Ocular complications may take several forms. Children with pauciarticular-onset, polyarticular-onset, and psoriatic arthritis are all at risk of developing eye inflammation (chronic anterior uveitis). In this condition, inflamed cells accumulate in the eye and the resultant irritation may cause damage to the colored part of the eye (iris), the lens, and other structures (see Fig. 5-1 in Chapter 5). The most worrisome aspect of this inflammation is that often it does not produce pain or redness, and so it may cause serious eye damage before it is detected.
Spondyloarthropathies: Enthesitis-associated Arthritis
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The term spondyloarthropathy does not refer to a specific disease. Meaning “arthritis involving the back,” it describes a pattern of inflammation that may occur in children with a variety of underlying conditions. For many years, children with spondyloarthropathies were considered to have JA, but now these children are described as having enthesitis-associated arthritis. Although enthesitis-associated arthritis is considered a subtype of juvenile arthritis, it is important to recognize that this is a very different disease from, for example, pauciarticular-onset arthritis. Remember, juvenile arthritis is being used as an umbrella term encompassing a large number of different conditions. In contrast to other types of arthritis, the spondyloarthropathies have a different pattern of joint involvement, a different prognosis, a different best medication, and a different cause.
Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The goal of every pediatric rheumatologist is to maintain and restore the fullest possible level of function. In an ideal world, every child would receive proper medical attention early in the disease course and respond dramatically to therapy. Unfortunately, in the real world children do not always receive proper medical attention early in the course of their disease. In addition, some of those who do receive proper medical attention nonetheless fail to respond well. For those patients, our ability to replace severely damaged joints provides one of the most dramatic improvements in their long-term prognosis.
Sjögren’s Syndrome Children with Dry Eyes and Dry Mouth
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Children with Sjögren’s syndrome are often sent to the rheumatologist by a dentist who has noted that they have unusually severe cavities or by an ophthalmologist who has noted that their complaints of eye discomfort are due to chronically dry eyes and poor tear production. Other children with Sjögren’s syndrome are sent to the rheumatologist because of Raynaud’s syndrome and a positive ANA or RF.
Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hillary was a delightful four-year-old. She had a younger sister who was just beginning to walk when the family noticed that Hillary was asking to be carried and was holding on much more often than she had previously. Her family thought this was a reaction to the increased attention given to her sister. But the next month, she became increasingly difficult. She often refused to walk and had tantrums if her parents would not carry her. Hillary’s bedroom was on the second floor. Although she would come downstairs in the morning, she insisted on being carried up to bed every night. One morning she wanted a doll from her bedroom but refused to go upstairs to get it. Her parents could not understand why she was getting so lazy. Over the next few weeks, they noted that she was holding on to the stair rail with both hands when coming down the steps and seemed to be falling unexpectedly.
Medications and Immunizations
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I do not discuss every possible medication in this chapter. I discuss the medications I commonly use. There are many choices and many individual styles. At the right time and in the right place, there are a number of medications that I use that are not covered here. The omission of a medication indicates only that I do not use it routinely or that I don’t think of it as a rheumatic disease drug (e.g., I don’t discuss antibiotics here).
Extension of the eXpanded Nystagmus Acuity Function to Vertical and Multiplanar Data
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan B , Dell’osso Louis F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The original eXpanded Nystagmus Acuity Function (NAFX),which was based on the Nystagmus Acuity Function (NAF), is a mathematically derived relationship that relates visual acuity to the attempts at foveation that occur within nystagmus waveforms, based on the duration and cycle-to-cycle stability of these foveation periods. In the original function, the foveation window was defined as the times at which the target was within ±0.5° of the fovea and not moving faster than ±4.0 deg/s with respect to it. However, there are many patients who could not meet these criteria, so their nystagmus could not be analyzed by the NAF, prompting the development of the NAFX, which allows for larger foveation windows (up to ±6° by ±10 deg/s) by varying i, the foveation duration constant. The collection of , for all combinations of position and velocity limits is called the “tau surface,” and is shown in Figure 18.1A. While the shape does, in general, appear to be regular, there are obvious irregularities in the surface, most notably along the lower position values (left side of Fig. 18.1A). This was a consequence of some of the data that were used to generate the original surface: the “pseudopendular with foveating saccades” (PPfs) waveform has two saccades per cycle, and as the position limit was increased, the slow phase following the braking saccade was included in the calculation, inadvertently increasing the measured foveation time.
Population
Authors: Post David G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Put aside, for the moment, any questions you may have about precisely where these numbers come from or how they were obtained; counting the number of computers on the Internet at any one time is a tricky business, for reasons we ‘ll take a look at shortly. But for now, we can take these as roughly accurate counts of the number of machines connected together on the global TCP/IP network, with no reason to suspect that they systematically overstate the number of those machines or the rate of growth of that population of machines.
Interlude
Authors: Post David G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is an old joke: There are two kinds of people in the world—those who think there are two kinds of people in the world, and those who don ‘t.1 But I ‘m with Jeff erson on this one; I think there really are two kinds of people in the world (though I am not as certain as he was that the division is founded in the nature of man—part of natural, as well as civil, history, as he put it elsewhere). He usually called them, using language that is now decidedly out of style, “whigs” and
“tories.” I prefer “Jeff ersonians” and “Hamiltonians.”
Governing Cyberspace I: Code
Authors: Post David G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Who controls the Internet? Who makes its law, and what does that law look like? Who governs there, and how?
As the fledgling TCP/IP inter-network grew to become “the Internet,” it was inevitable that more and more people would start asking these questions; they ‘re a lot more interesting, and a lot more important, in 2008 than they were in 1988, because the TCP/IP inter-network ‘s a lot bigger in 2008 than it was in 1988, and there has indeed been an accelerating stream of conferences, governmental white papers, scholarly books and articles, and the like focusing on them over the past decade or so.
Newton‘s Plow, And The Condition Of The General Mind
Authors: Post David G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Any system of laws applicable to Internet activities, wherever it comes from and whoever creates it and enforces it, must address two great and complex issues central to any legal order in cyberspace: first, where to draw the line between permissible and impermissible speech (a question of First Amendment law, in the United States) and, second, how much legal protection to provide for “intellectual property.”
These two issues have been featured in virtually all of the Internet ‘s Big Cases— the legal disputes generating lots of public debate and commentary, the ones that made it onto the docket of the Supreme Court or the front page of the New York Times—during the first couple of decades of its existence. It ‘s just what we would have expected (and what many people did expect). For one thing, with hardly anything but “speech” out there in cyberspace, people in one place communicating with people in another place, it ‘s no surprise that questions about the regulation of speech arose early on during the Internet ‘s rise in the public ‘s consciousness.
Nigeria: The Challenge of E-Commerce to Tax Laws and Administration in Nigeria
Authors: Ekisola Rudolf Ezeani Adejumo , Ezeani Ezeani 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 2007, Nigeria made a substantial and long-overdue review of some of its tax laws. The specific areas reviewed were the administration mechanism and system, the company income tax law, and the value-added tax regime. A lot more, however, still needs to be done. Taxation has become a hot topic for government in Nigeria because of the dwindling fortunes in oil exploration, production, and sales. Oil still accounts for about 40 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), 90 percent of exports, and 80 percent of government revenue. The Niger Delta area of the country, which is the source of most of the oil, has become notorious for disruptions in oil exploration and production. Other reasons for taxation’s rising profile include the current view of small- and medium-scale enterprises as the engine of growth in the economy and the attempt government’s attempts to attract much-needed foreign investment.
United Kingdom: E-Commerce and Taxation: Cases of Goods, Digital Products, and Services
Authors: Jupe Erika 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are a number of ways in which goods and services can be provided over the Internet, which are, for the purposes of this chapter, categorized into two principal types: the classical model and the modern approach. The classical model is very similar to a typical brochure or catalog business. The e-business will set up a Web site to advertise its goods, and customers will make purchases online that are then delivered to them. The e-business’ Web site is similar to a traditional brochure or catalog. A good example of the classical model would be the original Amazon.com Web site, whereby customers could browse online and purchase a book in hard-copy form, which Amazon would deliver to them by postal service or other similar means.
Ukraine: E-Commerce Taxation in Ukraine
Authors: Losevska Olena V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recently, Ukraine has observed an unprecedented increase of Internet users. Today, practically every Ukrainian family has a PC connected to the World Wide Web. The spread of Internet use among the population has led to more and more users buying goods on the Internet, in online shops and through Internet auctions, and acquiring e-products. The use of Internet technology in business life has become standard for Western and Ukrainian domestic companies. However, Western companies use the Web not only for mailing and accessing information but also to perform specific commercial transactions, from which stems e-commerce. Development of such technologies promotes loss reduction, accelerates business procedures, and, as a result, increases a company’s profitability.
Canada: E-Commerce: Canadian Considerations of Residency, Carrying on Business in Canada, Permanent Establishment, and the General Anti-Avoidance Rule
Authors: Chodikoff David W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are no special Canadian income tax rules applicable to electronic commercial transactions. Undoubtedly, this will change in the not-too-distant future. In the short term however, current federal income tax laws provide one framework for federal e-commerce taxation. There are a number of concepts and provisions applicable to the Income Tax Act and Canada’s tax treaties that will continue to be the subject of intense discussion and review by Canadian legislators and bureaucrats in order to develop more precise and efficient ways to tax and administer e-commerce transactions. Central to these deliberations is the necessity for tax policy makers and specialists to fully understand the concepts of Canadian tax residency, carrying on business in Canada, the permanent establishment principle, and the application of the general anti-avoidance rule (GAAR).
United States: The Allocation and Sourcing of Service Income in E-Commerce for State Income Tax Purposes
Authors: Kaminski Stanley R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Currently, there are 45 states (and the District of Columbia) in the United States that impose some form of corporate income tax, as well as 4 states that impose a type of gross or adjusted gross revenue/receipts tax. While many of these taxes are similar in kind, there are exclusions, terminology, interpretation, and application differences that impact how these taxes are imposed. As to the taxation of income from the sale of services, differences in the sourcing or allocation of such services also arise depending on the type of service being sold. Nevertheless, income from the sale of services is generally sourced or allocated based on either (1) the location at which the service is performed (commonly cost of performance is used for this analysis); or (2) the location of the benefit of the service to the customer (sometimes customer receipt or billing location is used for this purpose).
St. Kitts & Nevis: E-Commerce Taxation in Saint Kitts & Nevis
Authors: Woodley K Alex 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The islands of St. Kitts and Nevis, with a total population of about 40,000, are located in the northern part of the Leeward islands in the Eastern Caribbean. Tourism, investment, and financial services have fast emerged as the islands’ primary business attractions. Information technology and telecommunications also play a very important role in the economic development of the islands. The government of St. Kitts and Nevis is aware of the need to expand its infrastructure to deliver information and communication technology (ICT) services, and recognizes the high prices users pay for international calling, Internet use, and leased lines. These costs impact traditional industries, which depend on communications to market and sell their services and goods, but the cost is highest for new information-based sectors, hindering their ability to compete effectively in the global market.
A Powerful Healing Combination: Friendship, Resilience, and Compassion
Authors: Wicks Robert J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the key aspects of self-care that is worth special emphasis when we are focusing on remaining resilient is to have a well-rounded circle of friends. Anthropologist Margaret Meade once noted that “One of the oldest human needs is having someone to wonder where you are when you don’t come home at night.”
The First Drug Set
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“If our descendants should ever look back at the present era in psychi- atry, they would probably call it the age of psychopharmacology,” said Harry Pennes, research director of a psychiatric hospital in Philadel- phia, at an after-dinner meeting at the New York Academy of Medicine in 1956.1 The remark was prescient. Between 1951 and 1959 a set of drugs was introduced into American psychiatry that even today has never been bested. This discovery so early of drugs that truly work is a remarkable development. One would not normally expect the first at- tempts at drug discovery to remain superior to those that came along a half century later. There is no counterpart anywhere else in medicine; it is as though the airplanes of the Wright brothers have continued to best today’s Boeing jets. In cardiology, cancer medicine, or any other medical field, we are accustomed to progress, to steady improvement, and to building upon the blocks laid down by previous generations. In psychopharmacology, such progress has not happened. If anything, we have lost knowledge, as the drugs available today are in no sense an improvement upon the pioneer generation of drugs whose efficacy we have forgotten.
Killer Drugs!
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Taking down meprobamate was a real triumph for the Feds, the first time the formerly inert cop agency had stood up against a substantial company. Yet Carter-Wallace was not one of the majors. Hoffmann-La Roche was. In 1960, the American affiliate of this Swiss drug company, its headquarters in Nutley, New Jersey, launched the first of the benzodiazepine series, Lib- rium (chlordiazepoxide). Valium (diazepam) followed 3 years later. These drugs have customarily never been considered part of the first drug set. For one thing, the benzodiazepine period didn’t peak until well past the heyday of the first drug set. For another, the “benzos” were not “tranqui- lizers”; rather, as antianxiety drugs, a different clinical effect was claimed for them. But these terms are really just conventions: Carter-Wallace claimed tybamate (Solacen), meprobamate’s sister drug, to be an “antineu- rotic,” and there is no reason why the benzos should not also have been declared “antineurotics” (but for reasons of commercial competition never were). Whatever their designation, in terms of real-world effectiveness, the benzos have probably been the best drug class in history, for they have few side effects and deliver a significant therapeutic punch in a wide range of illnesses. It was therefore a decision of awesome import that in the 1960s, the Food and Drug Administration decided they must be destroyed.
Clubs Controlling the Opposition
Authors: Lubet Steven 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The foundation of good poker is self-control, making only wise bets when you are likely to win and folding when the odds are unfavorable. But disciplined play will carry you only so far. The key to greater success is influencing the behavior of your opponents—making them fold when they might beat you and inducing them to keep betting when they are sure to lose. This ability separates the good players from the stars. Likewise in law, it is important to control witnesses’ testimony, making sure that you get precisely the answers you need. Better yet, you might even be able to lure your adversaries into ruinous mistakes. An excellent example of the latter occurred during the O. J. Simpson trial, when the late Johnnie Cochran outmaneuvered prosecutor Christopher Darden.
It should have been a moment of high drama for the prosecution, as Darden laid the foundation for admission of the infamous “bloody gloves,” one of which was recovered at the crime scene while the other was found at Simpson’s home.
Hellenic, Hellenistic, and Roman Medicine: Fifth Century BCE to Third Century CE
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This era opens with the Greek physician Hippocrates of Cos (-460 to -370), and closes with the Roman physician Galen (+129-+199/216). This absurdly long piece of history is held together by the persistent attempt on the part of numerous authors to make medicine literate, that is, to record, analyze, and theorize about the work of healing in written books. The work of healing wounds and treating disease first appears in the Hellenic world, as it does in most early societies, as folk practice and as religious ritual.