bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second trimester maternal serum analytes in triploid pregnancies: correlation with phenotype and sex chromosome complement
Authors: Benn Peter A. , Gainey Andrea , Ingardia Charles J. , Rodis John F. , Egan James F. X. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSecond trimester maternal serum alpha‐fetoprotein (MS‐AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), unconjugated estiol (uE3), and inhibin‐A (INH‐A) levels were evaluated in pregnancies complicated by triploidy. In addition to seven new triploid pregnancies, the results for 67 published cases were reviewed. All cases appear to fall into two major groups. First, those identifiable as screen‐positive for both Down syndrome and an open neural tube defect (ONTD) with elevated MS‐AFP, grossly elevated hCG, low/normal uE3, and probably elevated INH‐A. Pregnancies in the second group are identifiable as screen‐positive for trisomy 18 with low/normal MS‐AFP, and very low hCG, uE3 and INH‐A. Triploid pregnancies with high maternal serum hCG nearly always show a placenta with partial mole (25/27 or 93%), a high frequency of ONTDs or ventral wall defects (VWDs) (8/28 or 29%) and have either an XXX or XXY karyotype (observed ratio 6:10, respectively). Low hCG is infrequently associated with a molar placenta (1/11 or 9%), does not appear to be associated with ONTDs or VWDs (0/29 or 0%), and shows an excess of XXX over XXY karyotypes (observed ratio 17:2). There were 16 cases with either a molar placenta, an ONTD or a VWD that received the MS‐AFP and hCG tests. All 16 were screen‐positive for an ONTD (MS‐AFP≥2 multiples of the median). In addition, all 31 cases that received MS‐AFP, hCG, uE3 (and where available INH‐A) were screen‐positive for either Down syndrome or trisomy 18. The findings are discussed in the context of expected differences between digynic and diandric triploidy. It is suggested that the sex chromosome complement in triploidy is an important factor in determining risk for partial mole development and in utero survival. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase deficiency
Authors: Niers L. E. M. , Smeitink J. A. M. , Trijbels J. M. F. , Sengers R. C. A. , Janssen A. J. M. , van den Heuvel L. P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain) deficiency is a severe disorder with an often early fatal outcome. Prenatal diagnosis for complex I defects currently relies mainly on biochemical assays of complex I in fetal tissues such as chorionic villi (CV), and is only in a minority of cases possible by means of mutational analysis of nuclear‐encoded genes of complex I. We report on our experience to date with prenatal diagnosis in pregnancies at risk for complex I deficiency. We measured complex I activity in native CV and/or cultured CV in 23 pregnancies in 15 families. In accordance with the results of the investigations in CV, 15 children were born clinically unaffected. Two prenatally diagnosed unaffected fetuses and two prenatally diagnosed affected fetuses were lost prematurely with spontaneous or provoked abortions, respectively. Two affected children were born (prenatally found to be affected). In two pregnancies a discrepancy between native and cultured cells was found. We conclude that prenatal diagnosis for complex I deficiency can be reliably performed. Pitfalls were encountered in using cultured CV as a result of maternal cell contamination (MCC). Future research on pathogenic nuclear mutations underlying complex I deficiency will extend the possibilities for prenatal diagnosis at the molecular level. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postnatal investigation of fetal renal disease
Authors: de Bruyn Rose , Gordon Isky 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe antenatal ultrasound diagnosis of renal tract abnormalities is now firmly established. Postnatal imaging protocols are constantly evolving and still many questions remain unanswered. Most infants are asymptomatic at birth and aggressive imaging is unwarranted both for the infant and overburdened Radiology departments. The urgency with which to undertake imaging relates to the suspected antenatal diagnosis and clinical scenario, with bilateral hydronephrosis, posterior urethral valves and complicated duplex systems taking a high priority. The main imaging modality postnatally remains ultrasound, and together with nuclear medicine gives a powerful combination of both anatomy and function. Intravenous urography is never indicated in the neonate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrauterine rescue transfusion in monochorionic multiple pregnancies with recent single intrauterine death
Authors: Tanawattanacharoen Somchai , Taylor Myles J. O. , Letsky Elizabeth A. , Cox Phil M. , Cowan Frances M. , Fisk Nicholas M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo assess the role of fetal blood sampling and intrauterine transfusion in monochorionic (MC) multiple pregnancy complicated by single intrauterine death (IUD), we reviewed ten cases over a 4‐year period in a tertiary referral centre which underwent fetal blood sampling within 24 h of death of its MC co‐twin. Intrauterine rescue transfusion was performed in all seven anaemic fetuses (hematocrit; Hct<30%) to raise the fetal Hct to ≥40%. The rationale was to prevent death and/or brain injury. Two fetuses, which were severely acidaemic at blood sampling, died in utero within 24 h of the procedure. In two cases, the surviving twins manifested abnormal sonographic findings of the fetal brain 2–5 weeks later and underwent late termination. In two cases, the pregnancies continued uneventfully until delivery at 35 and 40 weeks' gestation with good neonatal outcome. In one case the co‐twin delivered 1 week later at 29 weeks but died within 12 h. Fetuses without anaemia were not transfused and had normal clinical outcomes. We suggest that intrauterine rescue transfusion before the development of severe acidaemia in anaemic surviving MC co‐twins may prevent fetal death, but does not necessarily prevent brain injury. Until its role becomes clearer, we recommend that its use be restricted to situations in which the parents and the local jurisdiction allow late termination as an option if brain injury subsequently manifests on ultrasound. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The second injection technique event (SITE), May 2000, Barcelona, Spain
Authors: Strauss Kenneth , Gols Heidi De , Letondeur Corinne , Matyjaszczyk Marc , Frid Anders 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDiabetes nurses and observant patients have long known that the technique of injection is critical to the successful use of insulin, but the medical community at large and most insulin‐injecting patients remain unaware of the hows and whys of proper technique. The Second Injection Technique Workshop, held in Barcelona, brought together over 90 injection experts from across Europe and the world. This paper highlights major findings in this emerging field as well as practical guidelines and recommendations. Epidemiologic findings on current injection practice are presented and areas meriting future study are outlined. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical treatment of obesity and its co‐morbidities
Authors: Dachtler Jenny , Johnston David 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
The obesity epidemic now affects children and adolescents as well as 20% of adult Britons. Though some recently introduced drugs seem promising, the epidemic has thus far proved impervious to all attempts at controlling it, and the prevalence of the disease has tripled in the past 25 years. All obesity (BMI > 30) should be regarded as ‘morbid’, as it is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer and premature death. So‐called ‘morbid obesity’ (BMI > 40) represents an extreme form of the disease – almost double ideal weight – and it is not logical to delay treatment, whether medical or surgical, until this stage has been reached. Naturally, all conservative strategies should be exhausted before surgical treatment is contemplated, but if 1–3 years of intensive medical treatment prove unsuccessful, effective surgical treatment should not be too long delayed, otherwise irreversible pathological changes may develop in blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and elsewhere, while social, emotional and economic troubles may wreck young lives. The various surgical procedures used today in the treatment of obesity all limit intake, and some also impair absorption. Many are now performed laparoscopically, with the expected advantages of shorter hospital stay and fewer complications. While by no means devoid of side effects, modern operative procedures for obesity are much more successful than the old ‘gastric stapling’ or jejuno‐ileal bypass procedures. Mortality and post‐operative morbidity are both very low, weight loss averages about 30% of pre‐operative weight 1–2 years after operation, and this loss is maintained in most patients. Most patients who are hypertensive or have impaired glucose tolerance before operation return to normal after operation, and normal glucose tolerance is also restored in approximately 80% of patients with type 2 diabetes, for periods of up to 14 years. Patients report improvements in quality of life, self‐esteem and mood. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radical thermo‐ and sonopolymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by iodobenzene 1,1‐diacetate
Authors: Georgiev George S , Kamenska Elena B , Tsarevsky Nikolay V , Christov Latchezar K 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe efficiency of iodobenzene 1,1‐diacetate or (diacetoxyiodo)benzene (DAIB) as a thermo‐ and sono‐initiator of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in radical bulk polymerization is tested. The polymerization kinetics and molecular‐mass characteristics support an assumption for a combined polymerization mechanism including a classical bimolecular termination with chain transfer reaction and iniferter quasi‐living polymerization. In addition to the equilibrium formation and degradation of the ‘dormant’ polymer ends, other possible decomposition reactions of the hypervalent iodine bond are the probable reason for the deviation of this polymerization from the iniferter polymerization mechanism. These reactions bear some similarity to the two‐step addition–fragmentation chain transfer mechanism of controlled radical polymerization. The application of the poly(MMA) obtained as a macroinitiator is evidence of ‘dormant’ chain end formation.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of new biodegradable fluorescing poly(amide‐anhydrides)
Authors: Jiang H L , Zhu K J , Dai L J 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBiodegradable/alternate/poly(amide‐anhydrides), [C(O)PhNHC(O)(CH2)
nC(O)O]
x, were synthesized by melt polycondensation, where n was 2, 3 or 4. The polymers have been characterized by NMR, DSC, wide‐angle X‐ray diffractometry and fluorometry. All the polymers are amorphous and their Tg ranges from 60 to 80 °C. Poly(p‐(carboxyethylformamido)benzoic anhydride) (PCEFB) as a film or in solution in chloroform can emit strong fluorescence, which was not observed for the other two polyanhydrides (n  = 3, 4). The maximum emission wavelength varies with the excitation wavelength, 480 and 520 nm at the excitation wavelength of 470 nm, and 430 nm at 356 nm. In addition, the fluorescence intensities increase linearly with the molecular weight of PCEFB. Such inherent fluorescing properties of PCEFB, together with its biodegradability, make the polymer a potential visible matrix for drug delivery.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Benzoyl peroxide–p‐acetylbenzylidenetriphenyl arsoniumylide initiated copolymerization of citronellol and styrene
Authors: Srivastava A K , Pandey Prachi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlternating copolymers, containing styrene and citronellol sequences, have been synthesized by radical polymerization using benzoylperoxide (BPO)–p‐acetylbenzylidenetriphenyl arsoniumylide (pABTAY) as initiator, in xylene at 80 ± 1 °C for 3 h under inert atmosphere. The kinetic expression is Rp ∝ [BPO]0.88 [citronellol]0.68 [styrene]0.56 with BPO and Rp ∝ [pABTAY]0.27 [citronellol]0.76 [styrene]0.63 with pABTAY, ie the system follows non‐ideal kinetics in both cases, because of primary radical termination and degradative chain transfer reactions. The activation energy with BPO and pABTAY is 94 kJ mol−1 and 134 kJ mol−1, respectively. Different spectral techniques, such as IR, FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR, have been used to characterize the copolymer, demonstrating the presence of alcoholic and phenyl groups of citronellol and styrene. The alternating nature of the copolymer is shown by the product of reactivity ratios r1 (Sty) = 0.81 and r2 (Citro) = 0.015 using BPO and r1 (Sty) = 0.37 and r2 (Citro) = 0.01 using (pABTAY), which are calculated by the Finemann–Ross method. A mechanism of copolymerization is proposed.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Polymerization and characterization of various di(pyridine)bis(trihalophenolato)cobalt(II) complexes in solid and melt states
Authors: Kesici Neslin , Kısakürek Duygu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe syntheses of distorted tetrahedral bis(pyridine)bis(trihalophenolato)cobalt(II) complexes from an aqueus solution were achieved and their characterization by FT‐IR, X‐ray, DSC, UV‐visible and elemental analysis in solid state or in melt form is reported. Polymerizations of these complexes were accomplished either at constant temperature, employing different time intervals or constant decomposition times while varying the temperature range. The slow decomposition at constant temperature leads to long chain products, whereas long chains formed at higher temperatures were during a constant time. The resulting poly(dihalophenylene oxide)s were characterized by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectral analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and molecular weight determinations by viscometric method.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of polyelectrolyte hydrogels with controlled swelling behaviour
Authors: Atta Ayman M , Arndt Karl F 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCopolymerization of sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (K‐SPMA) and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) has been studied in the range 10–90% K‐SPMA in the feedstock. The reactivity ratios have been determined for K‐SPMA/AMPS copolymers. The copolymer compositions, utilized for determining the reactivity ratio, have been determined from nitrogen content. Crosslinked poly(AMPS) and K‐SPMA/AMPS copolymers were prepared in water in the presence of potassium persulfate as initiator and N,N‐methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as tetrafunctional crosslinker. Irradiation of K‐SPMA and AMPS with an electron‐beam was carried out at 50 wt% aqueous solution with low pH and irradiation dose 40–120 kGy. The swelling behaviour of highly crosslinked K‐SPMA/AMPS copolymer polyelectrolyte gels in aqueous medium was studied in the presence of different types of salts. The crosslink density, the average molecular weight between the crosslinks and the dissociation constant (pKa) of the crosslinked polymer were determined from stress–strain measurements.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Formation and behaviour of low‐temperature melting peak of quenched and annealed isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Dudić Dus̆ke , Kostoski Dus̆an , Djoković Vladimir , Dramićanin Miroslav D 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe process of low‐melting point (LMP) α‐phase formation in a quenched and annealed isotactic polypropylene (iPP) was studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry. The influence of preparation conditions (quenching and annealing temperatures, annealing times and sample thickness), together with the measurement parameters (heating and cooling rates), on the iPP melting behaviour are analysed. The results reveal a constant yield of LMP crystals over a wide range of quenching temperatures. This study also suggests that the LMP α‐crystals originate from the crystallization of polymer portions, which are somewhere between the amorphous and the smectic phase on the macromolecular scale of order.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Predicting school weapon possession: A secondary analysis of the youth risk behavior surveillance survey
Authors: Furlong Michael J. , Bates Michael P. , Smith Douglas C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs school psychologists are asked to help schools evaluate the level of violence risk posed by specific students, they need to fully consider the technical adequacy of any test or procedure that is proposed to “predict” future violent behavior or conditions. In this article, we contribute to this discussion by examining responses of 40,435 students from the 1993, 1995, and 1997 administrations of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey. Student self‐reported school risk behaviors and experiences are used to “predict” recent weapon possession on school campuses and to illustrate the use of receiver operating characteristic curves to evaluate the performance of a test for prediction purposes. An index of nine school risk behaviors was moderately correlated (r = .36) with school weapon possession. However, when the accuracy of using this school risk index to predict weapon possession is evaluated, it is found that the area under the ROC curve was approximately .75, a moderate‐to‐large effect size but still demonstrating inadequate prediction at the individual student level. Further, there were twice as many frequent weapon carriers with zero school risks than with 7–9 risks, suggesting that attention directed toward violence risk profiles may promote inattention to another group of students who engage in potentially high‐risk behaviors at school. It is argued that school psychologists should consider school violence appraisals within a developmental, long‐term model. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Molecular geometry and electronic structure of molecules in free‐radical copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate derived from density functional calculations
Authors: Megiel Elżbieta , Kaim Andrzej 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe molecular geometry and electronic structure of styrene and methyl methacrylate as well as corresponding radicals formed by the addition of a methyl radical to the β‐carbon of the monomer were determined using the density functional theory at the B3LYP/6‐311+G** level. Results were in good agreement with the theoretical and experimental data available in the literature. Full optimized molecular geometry of methyl methacrylate showed the trans form of the molecule. Monomers transformed into corresponding radicals preserved the main structural parameters of substituents whereas bonds between substituents and adjacent radical carbon atoms shortened. It was found that the correlation of the theoretically calculated electronic parameters for monomers and the corresponding radicals with the Q and e parameters from the Alfrey–Price scheme strongly depends on the level of calculations. Application of the higher level of theory including the correlation effect changes the relationship discussed in the literature between energy (EY) of formation of a radical from the monomer, the experimental e parameter, and the Q parameter and monomer/average electronegativity, respectively. The total atomic spin density at the radical carbon atom correlated with the radical parameter P in the Alfrey–Price scheme was computed to be higher for the methoxycarbonyl‐1‐methyl‐ethyl radical when compared with the 1‐phenyl‐propyl radical. These values are in good agreement with the localization energies and the P values determined from the kinetic measurements for macroradicals ending with styrene and methyl methacrylate monomer units. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3761–3769, 2001
Long‐chain‐branched polyethene by the copolymerization of ethene and nonconjugated α,ω‐dienes
Authors: Kokko Esa , Pietikäinen Pirjo , Koivunen Jari , Seppälä Jukka V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEthene was copolymerized (1) with 1,5‐hexadiene with rac‐ethylenebis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride/methylaluminoxane (MAO) used as a catalyst and (2) with 1,7‐octadiene with bis(n‐butylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride/MAO and rac‐ethylenebis(indenyl)hafnium dichloride (Et[Ind]2HfCl2)/MAO used as catalysts at 80 °C in toluene. The copolymer microstructure and the influence of diene incorporation on the rheological properties were examined. Ethene and 1,5‐hexadiene formed a copolymer in which a major fraction of the 1,5‐hexadiene was incorporated into rings and a small fraction formed 1‐butenyl branches. The copolymerization of ethene with 1,7‐octadiene resulted in a higher selectivity toward branch formation. Some of the branches formed long‐chain‐branching (LCB) structures. The ring formation selectivity increased with decreasing ethene concentration in the polymerization reactor. Melt rheological properties of the diene copolymers resembled those of metallocene‐catalyzed LCB homopolyethenes and depended on the vinyl content, the catalyst, and the polymerization conditions. At high diene contents, all three catalysts produced crosslinked polyethene. This was especially pronounced with Et[Ind]2HfCl2, where only 0.2 mol % 1,7‐octadiene in the copolymer was required to achieve significantly modified rheological properties. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3805–3817, 2001
Application of novel polymers with S‐alkylsulfonium salt moieties as alkylating agents and thermal latent cationic initiators
Authors: Shimomura Osamu , Tomita Ikuyoshi , Endo Takeshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSulfonium‐containing polymers prepared from dibenzothiophene and diphenyl sulfide were applied as both alkylating agents and latent initiators for the cationic polymerization of glycidyl phenyl ether. The alkylation of acetonitrile proceeded smoothly with poly(S‐n‐octyl‐2‐vinyldibenzothiophenium tetrafluoroborate) (4; 64 mol % octyldibenzothiophenium tetrafluoroborate unit) to give N‐(n‐octyl)acetamide in an excellent yield on the basis of the starting octyldibenzothiophenium tetrafluoroborate unit in 4. The cationic polymerization of glycidyl phenyl ether was also carried out in the presence of poly(S‐methyl‐2‐vinyldibenzothiophenium tetrafluoroborate) or poly(S‐n‐octyl‐4‐vinyldiphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate) to confirm their moderate thermal latent activity. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3928–3933, 2001