bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression and estrogen regulation of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene and protein in the forebrain of female prairie voles
Authors: Liu Yan , Fowler Christie D. , Young Larry J. , Yan Qiao , Insel Thomas R. , Wang Zuoxin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been linked to the development, differentiation, and plasticity of the central nervous system. In the present study, we first used a highly specific affinity‐purified antibody and a cRNA probe to generate a detailed mapping of BDNF immunoreactive (BDNF‐ir) staining and mRNA labeling throughout the forebrain of female prairie voles. Our data revealed that (1) BDNF‐ir cells were present essentially in the brain regions in which BDNF mRNA‐labeled cells were found; (2) BDNF‐ir fibers were distributed extensively throughout many forebrain regions; and (3) BDNF mRNA was also detected in some thalamic regions in which BDNF‐ir fibers, but not immunostained cells, were present. With few exceptions, the distribution pattern of BDNF in the vole brain generally resembled the pattern found in rats. In a second experiment, we examined the effects of estrogen on BDNF expression. Ovariectomized prairie voles that were treated with estradiol benzoate had a higher level of BDNF mRNA labeling in the dentate gyrus and CA3 region of the hippocampus, as well as in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, than did ovariectomized voles that were treated with vehicle. In addition, estrogen treatment increased the density of BDNF‐ir fibers in the lateral septum, dorsolateral area of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and lateral habenular nucleus. These data suggest that estrogen may regulate BDNF at the level of gene and protein expression, and thus, BDNF may be in a position to mediate the effects of estrogen on the brain of the prairie vole. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:499–514, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two types of projection neurons in the internal pallidum of primates: Single‐axon tracing and three‐dimensional reconstruction
Authors: Parent Martin , Lévesque Martin , Parent André 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe axonal projections of the internal pallidum (GPi) in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were studied by labeling small pools of neurons with biotinylated dextran amine. Fifty‐two axons were reconstructed entirely from serial sections with a camera lucida. Two types of projection neurons were identified in the GPi on the basis of their target sites. The abundant and centrally located type I neurons gave rise to a long axonal branch that descended directly to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, where it arborized discretely. Other branches ascended to the thalamus and broke into 10–15 thinner collaterals that ran through most of the ventral anterior nucleus, where they terminated as typical plexuses. About half of these axons gave rise to collaterals that arborized in both components of the centre médian/parafascicular thalamic complex. The less numerous and peripherally located type II neurons had an axon that climbed the rostral thalamic pole, coursed along the stria medullaris, and arborized profusely within the lateral habenular nucleus, which stood out as the most densely innervated pallidal target. Some type II axons provided collaterals to the anterior thalamic nuclei. A small proportion of axons of both types had branches that crossed the midline and terminated in contralateral GPi target structures. Three‐dimensional reconstruction showed that type I axons arborized principally along the sagittal plane. These data reveal that GPi neurons of type I act through a widely distributed axonal network upon thalamic and brainstem premotor neurons, whereas type II neurons act in a much more focused manner upon lateral habenular neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:162–175, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The limit behavior of solutions for the Cauchy problem of the complex Ginzburg‐Landau equation
Authors: Wang Baoxiang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper is devoted to the study of the limit behavior as ε ↓ 0 (or ε ↓ 0 and a ↓ 0) for the solutions of the Cauchy problem of the complex Ginzburg‐Landau equation ut − ε▵u − i▵u + (a + i)|u|α u = 0, u(0, x) = u0(x), 4/n ≤ α ≤ 4/(n − 2) (0 < α < 4/(n − 2) as ε ↓ 0 and a ↓ 0 ). We show that its solution will converge to the solution of the Cauchy problem for the semilinear Schrödinger equation vt − i▵v + (a + i)|v|α v = 0, v(0, x) = u0(x) (a = 0 if ε ↓ 0 and a ↓ 0) in the spaces C(0, T; Ḣs) for any T > 0, s = 0, 1, and s(α) := n/2 − 2/α. Moreover, the sharp convergence rate in such spaces is also given. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Asymptotic dynamics of nonlinear Schrödinger equations: Resonance‐dominated and dispersion‐dominated solutions
Authors: Tsai Tai‐Peng , Yau Horng‐Tzer 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe consider a linear Schrödinger equation with a nonlinear perturbation in ℝ3. Assume that the linear Hamiltonian has exactly two bound states and its eigen‐values satisfy some resonance condition. We prove that if the initial data is sufficiently small and is near a nonlinear ground state, then the solution approaches to certain nonlinear ground state as the time tends to infinity. Furthermore, the difference between the wave function solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and its asymptotic profile can have two different types of decay: The resonance‐dominated solutions decay as t−1/2 or the dispersion‐dominated solutions decay at least like t−3/2. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using knowledge‐based systems for research on parallelizing compilers
Authors: Yang Chao‐Tung , Tseng Shian‐Shyong , Fann Yun‐Woei , Tsai Ting‐Ku , Hsieh Ming‐Huei , Wu Cheng‐Tien 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe main function of parallelizing compilers is to analyze sequential programs, in particular the loop structure, to detect hidden parallelism and automatically restructure sequential programs into parallel subtasks that are executed on a multiprocessor. This article describes the design and implementation of an efficient parallelizing compiler to parallelize loops and achieve high speedup rates on multiprocessor systems. It is well known that the execution efficiency of a loop can be enhanced if the loop is executed in parallel or partially parallel, such as in a DOALL or DOACROSS loop. This article also reviews a practical parallel loop detector (PPD) that is implemented in our PFPC on finding the parallelism in loops. The PPD can extract the potential DOALL and DOACROSS loops in a program by verifying array subscripts. In addition, a new model by using knowledge‐based approach is proposed to exploit more loop parallelisms in this paper. The knowledge‐based approach integrates existing loop transformations and loop scheduling algorithms to make good use of their ability to extract loop parallelisms. Two rule‐based systems, called the KPLT and IPLS, are then developed using repertory grid analysis and attribute‐ordering tables respectively, to construct the knowledge bases. These systems can choose an appropriate transform and loop schedule, and then apply the resulting methods to perform loop parallelization and obtain a high speedup rate. For example, the IPLS system can choose an appropriate loop schedule for running on multiprocessor systems. Finally, a runtime technique based on the inspector/executor scheme is proposed in this article for finding available parallelism on loops. Our inspector can determine the wavefronts of a loop with any complex indirected array‐indexing pattern by building a DEF‐USE table. The inspector is fully parallel without any synchronization. Experimental results show that the new method can resolve any complex data dependence patterns where no previous research can. One of the ultimate goals is to construct a high‐performance and portable FORTRAN parallelizing compiler on shared‐memory multiprocessors. We believe that our research may provide more insight into the development of a high‐performance parallelizing compiler. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grading of laboratories on CD4+ T‐lymphocyte evaluations based on acceptable data boundaries defined by the measurement error
Authors: Kunkl Annalisa , Risso Domenico , Terranova Maria Paola , Girotto Mauro , Brando Bruno , Mortara Lorenzo , Lantieri Pasquale Bruno 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDWe addressed the definition of limits of error of %CD4+ and CD4+ counts (AbsCD4+) typical of laboratories of excellence, as well as the grading of laboratories based on the decision to take these limits as boundaries of unacceptable data. Methods: We studied the 99.9% confidence intervals of the means of 24 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)+ and HIV‐ blood samples analyzed by 18 laboratories of the Liguria Region Quality Assessment Program (Liguria Region QALI). Regression equations of lower (L1) and upper (L2) confidence limits over the means of data cleared of unusual results were used to interpolate limits of error for mean values in the tested range. Results: L1 and L2 were symmetric around the mean and a single absolute difference (Abs Res) between the limits and the mean was found. Abs Res significantly increased over mean values (P = 0.0005 for %CD4+, P < 0.0001 for AbsCD4+). Limits were compatible with errors shown with blind replicates. Unacceptable results, outside the limits, accounted for 25% and 30% of %CD4+ and for 18% and 35% AbsCD4+ in the Liguria Region QALI and in the Piemonte Region QA Program, respectively. Limits interpolated over the median showed a similar grading. A comparable fraction of unacceptable data was also found with the method used in the U.K. National External Quality Assessment Scheme (NEQAS) immune monitoring scheme. Conclusions: We propose the general use of these regression equations to determine bounds for unacceptable data in proficiency testing and to identify laboratories of excellence. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:117–126, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Precise CD4 T‐cell counting using red diode laser excitation: For richer, for poorer
Authors: Janossy George , Jani Ilesh V. , Kahan Melvyn , Barnett David , Mandy Frank , Shapiro Howard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDMeasuring CD4 T‐cell counts at low cost is relevant in dealing with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic throughout the developing world. The recently introduced novel concepts in gating strategies and sample stabilization facilitate affordable immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. However, the impact of these developments is still limited by the high cost of currently available flow cytometers. Methods: Diode lasers emitting 10–15 mW at 635 nm are one‐tenth the size and cost and require one thousandth the power of an equivalent 488‐nm argon ion laser. We used the available 635‐nm diode‐based flow cytometers, including PA‐II, Luminex 100, SuperMot, and FACSCalibur, to investigate whether these instruments can generate reliable CD4 counts when used with allophycocyanin (APC) and cyanin‐5 (Cy5)‐labeled CD4 antibodies. Results: We document the feasibility of obtaining leucocyte differential counts using orthogonal side scatter (SSC) without the need for forward scatter (FSC). Accurate CD4% values among lymphocytes and leucocytes can be obtained by primary CD4 gating using a single CD4 monoclonal antibody conjugated to APC or Cy5. Double immunofluorescence (IF) staining with CD4‐APC (FL1) and CD45‐APC‐Cy7 (FL2) introduces pan‐leucogating for a convenient assessment of absolute CD4 counts on double platforms. We demonstrate that small flow cytometers with laser diodes are capable of delivering absolute CD4 T‐cell counts with a precision similar to the performance of the current state‐of‐the‐art single‐platform instruments (e.g., the CytoronAbsolute; R2 = 0.961). In this respect, they appear to be superior to the nonflow CD4 counting techniques. Conclusions: Accurate CD4 counts can be generated at minimal cost on red diode laser‐operated flow cytometers, retaining the potential for high throughput capacity without compromising precision. With further improvements in volumetric technology and clinical software, these cytometers may develop into a new generation of inexpensive battery‐operated laboratory hardware that combines cellular phenotyping with bead‐based multiplexing immunoassays for (HIV) serology. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:78–85, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenosine‐glutamate receptor–receptor interactions in the central nervous system
Authors: Ciruela Francisco , Escriche Marisol , Soloviev Mikhail M. , Canela Enric I. , Burgeño Javier , Mallol Josefa , Chan Wai‐Yee , Lluis Carmen , McIlhinney R.A. Jeffrey , Franco Rafael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and its function through ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors can be modulated by other neurotransmitters/neuromodulators. Recently, evidence has emerged that seven transmembrane G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) may be present as homo‐ and heteromers in the plasma membrane. Here we propose a new molecular and functional interaction between two unrelated types of GPCR, namely, the metabotropic glutamate type 1α and the adenosine A1 receptors in the central nervous system. Apart from providing a molecular basis for adenosine/glutamate receptor cross‐talk, this interaction may lead to the development of novel reagents to treat neuropsychiatric disorders in which abnormal glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved. Drug Dev. Res. 52:316–322, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The anterior attention network: Associations with temperament and neuroendocrine activity in 6‐year‐old children
Authors: Davis Elysia Poggi , Bruce Jacqueline , Gunnar Megan R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe capacity to effortfully control or regulate behavior is of central importance in social development. Individual differences in effortful control have been hypothesized to reflect biologically based, temperamental variation among children. Posner and Rothbart (1994, 1998) have argued that the anterior attention system, which includes areas of the midprefrontal cortex, underlies effortful control capabilities. Furthermore, components of the anterior attentional system are believed to be involved in the regulation of reactive, emotion‐related system, such as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical system. We assessed 58 six‐year‐old children's performance on neuropsychological tasks that have been found in functional imaging studies to involve the anterior brain regions which Posner (1995) describes as comprising the anterior attentional system. We then related performance on these tasks to delay of gratification tasks and parent report of temperament and behavior problems as well as home and laboratory cortisol levels. Results provide some support for Posner and Rothbart's model and suggest a relationship between the anterior attentional system and cortisol regulation. However, these data also illustrate the multifaceted nature of effortful control and the need for care when attempting to understand the neural systems involved in the effortful regulation of behavior. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 43–56, 2002
Expression of the boc gene during murine embryogenesis
Authors: Mulieri Philip J. , Kang Jong‐Sun , Sassoon David A. , Krauss Robert S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBOC is a receptor‐like protein that, with the related factor CDO, belongs to a newly recognized subfamily within the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell‐surface molecules. BOC and CDO form complexes that positively regulate myogenesis in vitro. To gain a better understanding of the role of boc during vertebrate embryogenesis and whether it could cooperate with cdo in vivo, we carried out an extensive in situ hybridization analysis of boc expression in mouse embryos from E7.0 to E17.5. Our results show that boc is widely expressed during murine embryogenesis, in a spatially and temporally restricted pattern. Overall, the highest levels of boc expression are detected between E10.5 and E15.5, with the strongest signals observed in the developing musculoskeletal and central nervous systems. At late stages of development, boc expression becomes more restricted and is limited primarily to regions harboring proliferating cells, undifferentiated cells, or both. This expression pattern is strikingly similar to that described for cdo (Mulieri et al., 2000). The overlapping expression patterns of cdo and boc in vivo, combined with the promotion of myogenesis by CDO/BOC complexes in cultured cells, strongly suggests that these proteins play a role together in the determination, differentiation, or both, of numerous cell types during vertebrate embryogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immediate early genes krox‐24 and krox‐20 are rapidly up‐regulated after wounding in the embryonic and adult mouse
Authors: Grose Richard , Harris Brett S. , Cooper Lisa , Topilko Piotr , Martin Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEmbryos show a remarkable capacity for perfect repair after injury. Wounding of embryonic skin triggers rapid activation of epithelial sweeping and mesenchymal contraction tissue movements that bear striking analogy to several naturally occurring morphogenetic tissue movements, but very little is known about the early molecular signals that might initiate such movements. Here, we describe the rapid and transient up‐regulation of two immediate early genes, krox‐24 and krox‐20, after wounding of the embryonic mouse. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these signals are conserved, but of longer duration, in the neonate and adult wound situation. To further test the roles of these transcription factors in vivo, we performed wound healing studies on embryos lacking either Krox‐24 or 20. Despite the dramatic up‐regulation of these genes in response to injury, our studies reveal that neither of them on their own is essential for repair. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In early development of the rat mRNA for the major myelin protein P0 is expressed in nonsensory areas of the embryonic inner ear, notochord, enteric nervous system, and olfactory ensheathing cells
Authors: Lee Meng‐Jen , Calle Ester , Brennan Angela , Ahmed Sabrina , Sviderskaya Elena , Jessen Kristjan R. , Mirsky Rhona 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe myelin protein P0 has a major structural role in Schwann cell myelin, and the expression of P0 protein and mRNA in the Schwann cell lineage has been extensively documented. We show here, using in situ hybridization, that the P0 gene is also activated in a number of other tissues during embryonic development. P0 mRNA is first detectable in 10‐day‐old embryos (E10) and is at this time seen only in cells in the cephalic neural crest and in the otic placode/pit. P0 expression continues in the otic vesicle and at E12 P0 expression in this structure largely overlaps with expression of another myelin gene, proteolipid protein. In the developing ear at E14, P0 expression is complementary to expression of serrate and c‐ret mRNAs, which later are expressed in sensory areas of the inner ear, while expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐4 and P0, though largely complementary, shows small areas of overlap. P0 mRNA and protein are detectable in the notochord from E10 to at least E13. In addition to P0 expression in a subpopulation of trunk crest cells at E11/E12 and in Schwann cell precursors thereafter, P0 mRNA is also present transiently in a subpopulation of cells migrating in the enteric neural crest pathway, but is down‐regulated in these cells at E14 and thereafter. P0 is also detected in the placode‐derived olfactory ensheathing cells from E13 and is maintained in the adult. No signal is seen in cells in the melanocyte migration pathway or in TUJ1 positive neuronal cells in tissue sections. The activation of the P0 gene in specific tissues outside the nervous system was unexpected. It remains to be determined whether this is functionally significant, or whether it is an evolutionary relic, perhaps reflecting ancestral use of P0 as an adhesion molecule. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Fgfr2) plays an important role in eyelid and skin formation and patterning
Authors: Li Cuiling , Guo Huimin , Xu Xiaoling , Weinberg Wendy , Deng Chu‐Xia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInitiating as protruding ridges above and below the optic vesicle, the eyelids of mice grow across the eye and temporarily fuse in fetal life. Mutations of a number of genes disrupt this developmental process and result in a birth defect, “open‐eyelids at birth.” Here we show that a critical event for eyelid induction occurs at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) when the single cell‐layered ectoderm in the presumptive eyelid territory increases proliferation and undergoes morphologic transition to form cube‐shaped epithelial cells. Using embryos lacking the Fgfr2 Ig domain III (Fgfr2ΔIII/ΔIII) generated by tetraploid rescue and chimeric embryo formation approaches, we demonstrate that this event is controlled by Fgfr2 signals as the Fgfr2ΔIII/ΔIII mutation blocks these changes and results in embryos without eyelids. Fgfr2 and its ligands are differentially expressed in the ectoderm and underlying mesenchyme and function in a reciprocal interacting loop that specifies eyelid development. We also demonstrate that similar defects account for failure of skin formation at early stages. Interestingly, Fgfr2‐independent skin formation occurs at E14.5 mutant embryos, resulting in much thinner, yet well‐differentiated epidermis. Notably, mutant skin remains thin with decreased hair density after transplantation to wild‐type recipients. These data demonstrate an essential role of Fgfr2 in eyelid and skin formation and patterning. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cue reactivity as a predictor of outcome with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Carter Frances A. , Bulik Cynthia M. , McIntosh Virginia V. , Joyce Peter R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present study sought to evaluate specific hypotheses concerning the relation between cue reactivity and outcome among women with bulimia nervosa. Participants were 135 women aged between 17 and 45 years with a current, primary diagnosis of bulimia nervosa who participated in a randomized clinical trial evaluating the additive efficacy of exposure and nonexposure‐based behavior therapy, to a core of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Physiological, self‐report, and behavioral measures of cue reactivity to individualized high‐risk binge foods were obtained at pretreatment and posttreatment. Primary, secondary, and tertiary outcome measures are reported for posttreatment and six‐month follow‐up. Self‐report measures of cue reactivity at posttreatment were significantly positively associated with symptomatology at posttreatment. Cue reactivity at posttreatment was significantly positively associated with symptomatology at 6‐month follow‐up. However, cue reactivity at posttreatment did not contribute to the prediction of outcome at follow‐up over and above posttreatment outcome. The notion that pretreatment cue reactivity may predict which treatment modality will be most beneficial (exposure or nonexposure‐based treatment), as measured by reductions in symptomatology at posttreatment could not be supported. Implications for future research are discussed. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 240–250, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10041