bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Widespread occurrence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA from 18th–19th century Hungarians
Authors: Fletcher Helen A. , Donoghue Helen D. , Holton John , Pap Ildikó , Spigelman Mark 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA large number (265) of burials from 1731–1838 were discovered in sealed crypts of the Dominican Church, Vác, Hungary in 1994. Many bodies were naturally mummified, so that both soft tissues and bones were available. Contemporary archives enabled the determination of age at death, and the identification of family groups. In some cases, symptoms before death were described and, occasionally, occupation. Initial radiological examination of a small number of individuals had indicated calcified lung lesions and demonstrable acid‐fast bacteria suggestive of tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis was endemic in 18th–19th century Europe, so human remains should contain detectable Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB) DNA, enabling comparisons with modern isolates. Therefore, a comprehensive examination of 168 individuals for the presence of MTB DNA was undertaken. Specific DNA amplification methods for MTB showed that 55% of individuals were positive and that the incidence varied according to age at death and sampling site in the body. Radiographs were obtained from 27 individuals and revealed an association between gross pathology and the presence of MTB DNA. There was an inverse relationship between PCR positivity and MTB target sequence size. In some cases, the preservation of MTB DNA was excellent, and several target gene sequences could be detected from the same sample. This information, combined with MTB DNA sequencing data and molecular typing techniques, will enable us to study the past epidemiology of TB infection, and extends the timeframe for studying changes in molecular fingerprints. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:144–152, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Coexistence of two distinct patterns in the surname structure of Sicily
Authors: Pavesi Angelo , Pizzetti Paola , Siri Enzo , Lucchetti Enzo , Conterio Franco 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe extent of variation in the migratory movements that occurred in Sicily was evaluated using surname data taken from the telephone directories of the 390 communes of the island. The surname distribution of each commune was linearized by a log‐log transformation, and a significant fit to a linear regression model was found in almost all cases. Interestingly, the slope of the regression line appeared to be a sensitive indicator of the different level of isolation associated with each Sicilian commune. By this approach, two distinct groups of communes, showing a higher or lower degree of isolation, were obtained, and two independent analyses of the surname structure of Sicily were carried out. A first multidimensional scaling analysis, based on the more isolated communes, yielded evidence for a more ancient pattern, characterized by a geographical gradient along the east‐west axis. The same analysis, addressed to the less isolated communes, instead highlighted a wide network of interactions between geographically distant zones of the island. The fitting of the surname distribution to the log‐log model allowed for the detection of a narrow subset of 35 Sicilian communes, whose significantly higher degree of isolation was statistically proved by the parallelism test. We believe that a genetic analysis focused on such specific zones of the island could reveal ancient patterns of differentiation, thus helping to answer the controversial question of the genetic history of Sicily. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:195–199, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative functional analysis of skull morphology of tree‐gouging primates
Authors: Vinyard Christopher J. , Wall Christine E. , Williams Susan H. , Hylander William L. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractMany primates habitually feed on tree exudates such as gums and saps. Among these exudate feeders,Cebuella pygmaea,Callithrixspp.,Phaner furcifer, and most likelyEuoticus elegantuluselicit exudate flow by biting into trees with their anterior dentition. We define this behavior as gouging. Beyond the recent publication by Dumont ([1997] Am J Phys Anthropol102:187–202), there have been few attempts to address whether any aspect of skull form in gouging primates relates to this specialized feeding behavior. However, many researchers have proposed that tree gouging results in larger bite force, larger internal skull loads, and larger jaw gapes in comparison to other chewing and biting behaviors. If true, then we might expect primate gougers to exhibit skull modifications that provide increased abilities to produce bite forces at the incisors, withstand loads in the skull, and/or generate large gapes for gouging.We develop 13 morphological predictions based on the expectation that gouging involves relatively large jaw forces and/or jaw gapes. We compare skull shapes forP. furciferto five cheirogaleid taxa,E. elegantulusto six galagid species, andC. jacchusto two tamarin species, so as to assess whether gouging primates exhibit these predicted morphological shapes. Our results show little morphological evidence for increased force‐production or load‐resistance abilities in the skulls of these gouging primates. Conversely, these gougers tend to have skull shapes that are advantageous for creating large gapes. For example, all three gouging species have significantly lower condylar heights relative to the toothrow at a given mandibular length in comparison with closely related, nongouging taxa. Lowering the height of the condyle relative to the mandibular toothrow should reduce the stretching of the masseters and medial pterygoids during jaw opening, as well as position the mandibular incisors more anteriorly at wide jaw gapes. In other words, the lower incisors will follow a more vertical trajectory during both jaw opening and closing.We predict, based on these findings, that tree‐gouging primates do not generate unusually large forces, but that they do use relatively large gapes during gouging. Of course, in vivo data on jaw forces and jaw gapes are required to reliably assess skull functions during gouging. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:153–170, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two probable cases of treponemal disease of Medieval date from England
Authors: Mays Simon , Crane‐Kramer Gillian , Bayliss Alex 
Published: January 2003

AbstractTwo British Medieval skeletons are described. Paleopathological examination suggests that treponemal disease was present in each case. Radiocarbon dating indicates that one is firmly pre‐Columbian, and the other of likely pre‐Columbian date. The implications for our understanding of the history and geographic spread of the treponemal diseases, particularly venereal syphilis, are discussed. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:133–143, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dietary constraints on encephalization in primates
Authors: Fish Jennifer L. , Lockwood Charles A. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractEncephalization, and its relationship to potential selective forces, have been a focus of many studies of primate adaptation. It has been argued that gut size may constrain brain mass because these two types of “expensive tissue” (among others) compete in their metabolic requirements (Aiello and Wheeler [1995] Curr. Anthropol.36:199–221). Following from the inverse correlation of gut size with diet quality, the expensive tissue hypothesis predicts that differences in diet quality are positively correlated with differences in brain mass, once the correlation of each variable with body mass is taken into account. We tested this prediction using both nonphylogenetic and phylogenetic methods. The results of both methods are consistent with predictions made by the expensive tissue hypothesis. We also discuss several examples of independent contrasts that are consistent with the hypothesis (e.g., Colobinae vs. Cercopithecinae), as well as some that are not (e.g.,Tarsiusvs. anthropoidea). Overall, the results indicate that improved diet quality, by allowing reduction in relative gut mass, is one mechanism involved in increased encephalization. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:171–181, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Native American mtDNA prehistory in the American Southwest
Authors: Malhi Ripan S. , Mortensen Holly M. , Eshleman Jason A. , Kemp Brian M. , Lorenz Joseph G. , Kaestle Frederika A. , Johnson John R. , Gorodezky Clara , Smith David Glenn 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis study examines the mtDNA diversity of the proposed descendants of the multiethnic Hohokam and Anasazi cultural traditions, as well as Uto‐Aztecan and Southern‐Athapaskan groups, to investigate hypothesized migrations associated with the Southwest region. The mtDNA haplogroups of 117 Native Americans from southwestern North America were determined. The hypervariable segment I (HVSI) portion of the control region of 53 of these individuals was sequenced, and the within‐haplogroup diversity of 18 Native American populations from North, Central, and South America was analyzed. Within North America, populations in the West contain higher amounts of diversity than in other regions, probably due to a population expansion and high levels of gene flow among subpopulations in this region throughout prehistory. The distribution of haplogroups in the Southwest is structured more by archaeological tradition than by language. Yumans and Pimans exhibit substantially greater genetic diversity than the Jemez and Zuni, probably due to admixture and genetic isolation, respectively. We find no evidence of a movement of mtDNA lineages northward into the Southwest from Central Mexico, which, in combination with evidence from nuclear markers, suggests that the spread of Uto‐Aztecan was facilitated by predominantly male migration. Southern Athapaskans probably experienced a bottleneck followed by extensive admixture during the migration to their current homeland in the Southwest. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:108–124, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathological alterations in the archaic Homo sapiens cranium from Eliye Springs, Kenya
Authors: Bräuer Günter , Groden Christoph , Delling Günter , Kupczik Kornelius , Mbua Emma , Schultz Michael 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper reports on the results of a first computerized tomography (CT)‐based study of the Middle Pleistocene matrix‐filled skull KNM‐ES 11693 from Eliye Springs at Lake Turkana. Ectocranially, the hominid cranium exhibits a remarkable enlargement of the vault symmetrical to the sagittal suture and a porotic surface covering most of the vault. CT analysis further revealed a strong thickening of the cranial vault as well as other relevant aspects. Differential diagnosis suggests that the changes of the Eliye Springs cranium were probably caused by chronic anemia in the childhood or youth of this individual. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:200–204, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demographic and life‐history patterns in a population of ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at Beza Mahafaly Reserve, Madagascar: A 15‐year perspective
Authors: Gould Lisa , Sussman R.W. , Sauther Michelle L. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractOver 15 field seasons (1987–2001), we collected census and life‐history data on a population of individually identified ring‐tailed lemurs at the Beza Mahafaly Reserve, Madagascar. No significant difference was found in population size over the study period, though a marked decline in the population occurred following a 2‐year drought. The population rebounded rapidly after the immediate postdrought period. There was nearly a complete replacement of individuals over the study period. Average group size is 11.5 animals, and adult male to female sex ratio is 0.92. Most females reproduce annually, and the average fecundity rate is 84.3%. The greatest variability in fecundity is found among old females. We suggest that ring‐tailed lemur females follow an “income breeding” strategy, i.e., females use maximum resources during reproduction rather than relying on fat stores, as do “capital breeders.” Infant mortality to 1 year of age in a nondrought year is 52%, higher than infant mortality in small to medium‐sized anthropoids. The oldest known female was 18 years old in 2001. We suggest that 18–20 years may represent the maximum life‐span for wild ring‐tailed lemurs. Because males regularly emigrate from the population, we have no data regarding male life‐span; however, there is some indication that males do not survive as long as females. Group fission has occurred three times: twice from one parent group living in the driest area of the reserve, with the most dispersed food resources. We suggest that the reproductive strategy that has evolved in this species, wherein females reproduce early in life and annually until old age, is a response to the unusual climate and environmental conditions under which Lemur catta has evolved. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:182–194, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic diversity of JC virus in the modern Filipino population: Implications for the peopling of the Philippines
Authors: Miranda Jasmin Jiji , Sugimoto Chie , Paraguison Rubigilda , Takasaka Tomokazu , Zheng Huai‐Ying , Yogo Yoshiaki 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe Philippines is generally believed to have been established by various peoples who migrated from neighboring areas. To gain new insights into the peopling of the Philippines, we used the JC virus (JCV) genotyping approach. We collected about 50 urine samples on each of two representative islands of the Philippines, Luzon and Cebu. DNA was extracted from the urine samples and used to amplify the 610‐bp region (IG region) of the viral genome. For each island, we determined about 20 IG sequences, from which a neighbor‐joining phylogenetic tree was constructed to classify the JCV isolates detected into distinct genotypes. The predominant genotype detected was SC, the Southeast Asian genotype. Minor JCV genotypes were SC/Phi, B1‐a, and B3. SC/Phi was a subcluster of SC and has not been detected in areas other than the Philippines. B1‐a was detected previously in mainland China, Pamalican Island (Palawan, Philippines), and Taiwan (an aboriginal tribe). B3 was classified in this study into two subgroups, one (B3‐a) containing three Luzon isolates and several Chinese, Thai, and Uzbek isolates, the other (B3‐b) containing two Luzon, one Cebu, and one Indonesian isolate. These findings suggest that the modern Filipino population was formed not only by Southeast Asians carrying SC but also by a few distinct ethnic groups carrying SC/Phi, B1‐a, and B3‐a or ‐b. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:125–132, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and high lactate
Authors: Van Der Knaap Marjo S. , Van Der Voorn Patrick , Barkhof Frederik , Van Coster Rudy , Krägeloh‐Mann Ingeborg , Feigenbaum Annette , Blaser Susan , Vles Johan S. H. , Rieckmann Peter , Pouwels Petra J. W. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe identified eight patients with a distinct magnetic resonance imaging pattern of inhomogeneous cerebral white matter abnormalities and selective involvement of brainstem and spinal tracts. Proton magnetic resonance imaging showed increased lactate in the abnormal white matter. Clinically, the patients had slowly progressive pyramidal, cerebellar, and dorsal column dysfunction. The uniform, highly characteristic magnetic resonance imaging pattern and the similarities in clinical and magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings provide evidence for a new disease entity. Autosomal recessive inheritance is likely.
Additive neuroprotective effects of minocycline with creatine in a mouse model of ALS
Authors: Zhang Wenhua , Narayanan Malini , Friedlander Robert M. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe known neuroprotective effects of minocycline and creatine in animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) led us to examine whether the combination of these agents would result in increased neuroprotection. As previously reported, we confirmed in ALS mice that either minocycline or creatine treatment results in improvement in motor performance and extended survival. We report that combination of minocycline and creatine resulted in additive neuroprotection, suggesting this to be a novel potential strategy for the treatment of ALS. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating additive neuroprotection of a combinatorial approach in a mouse model of ALS. Adding relevancy to our findings, minocycline and creatine, are relatively safe, cross the blood–brain barrier, and are currently available for human evaluation.
A new case of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency due to a novel mutation in the pdx1 gene
Authors: Dey Runu , Mine Manuele , Desguerre Isabelle , Slama Abdelhamid , Van Den Berghe Loic , Brivet Michèle , Aral Bernard , Marsac Cécile 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe report a case of neonatal congenital lactic acidosis associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase E3‐binding protein deficiency in a newborn girl. She had a severe encephalopathy, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed large subependymal cysts and no basal ganglia lesions. She died 35 days after birth. We detected a novel homozygous deletion (620delC) in the PDX1 gene, which encodes for the E3BP subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
Homogene und heterogene Katalyse – Brückenschlag durch Oberflächen‐Organometallchemie
Authors: Copéret Christophe , Chabanas Mathieu , Petroff Saint‐Arroman Romain , Basset Jean‐Marie 
Published: January 2003

AbstractDie Oberflächen‐Organometallchemie ist ein Gebiet der heterogenen Katalyse, das erst vor kurzem aus einer vergleichenden Analyse der homogenen und der heterogenen Katalyse hervorgegangen ist. In der chemischen Industrie wurde die heterogene Katalyse häufig bevorzugt, doch wurde die Entwicklung besserer Katalysatoren dadurch erschwert, dass zahlreiche verschiedene aktive Zentren vorliegen und diese zudem in zu geringer Zahl. Hierdurch wurde eine gezielte Verbesserung dieser Systeme verhindert – daher die empirische Natur der heterogenen Katalyse. Katalyse ist in erster Linie ein molekulares Phänomen, und es müssen wohldefinierte Organometallintermediate oder ‐übergangszustände auf Oberflächen beteiligt sein. Man muss daher in der Lage sein, ein wohldefiniertes aktives Zentrum aufzubauen, seine Katalysatorleistung zu testen und eine Struktur‐Aktivitäts‐Beziehung aufzustellen, die dann wiederum – wie bei der homogenen Katalyse – zur Entwicklung besserer Katalysatoren genutzt wird.Die Oberflächen‐Organometallchemie überträgt die Konzepte und Methoden der molekularen Organometallchemie auf Oberflächen. So können über das Verständnis der Reaktion von Organometallkomplexen mit dem Träger, der als starrer Ligand aufgefasst werden kann, wohldefinierte Oberflächenspezies hergestellt werden. Durch diesen neuartigen Ansatz der heterogenen Katalyse kann man auf molekularem Niveau Einsichten in das Design neuer Katalysatoren erhalten; sogar die Entdeckung neuartiger Reaktionen ist möglich (Ziegler‐Natta‐Depolymerisation und Alkanmetathese). Obwohl sie schon seit mehr als 100 Jahre bekannt ist, kann die heterogene Katalyse auch heute noch verbessert werden – sie wird eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Lösung einiger der gegenwärtigen gesellschaftlichen Probleme spielen. Sie verspricht eine Antwort auf ökonomische und ökologische Probleme, denen sich die Industrie bei der Herstellung von Chemikalien (Agrochemikalien, Petrochemikalien, Pharmazeutika, Polymeren, Grundchemikalien) gegenüber sieht.
Quantentunneln der Magnetisierung und verwandte Phänomene in molekularen Materialien
Authors: Gatteschi Dante , Sessoli Roberta 
Published: January 2003

AbstractMoleküle mit einer großen Zahl gekoppelter paramagnetischer Zentren werden gegenwärtig intensiv erforscht. Man hofft auf Eigenschaften zu treffen, die zwischen denen isolierter Paramagnete und klassischer Magnete liegen, und damit einen eindeutigen Nachweis für das Auftreten von Größenquantisierungseffekten in Magneten zu erhalten. Als Prüfsteine für neue Theorien dienten bislang die beiden Clusterfamilien Mn12 und Fe8. Man darf jedoch davon ausgehen, dass die Synthesechemie in naher Zukunft weitere Klassen mit ähnlichen oder gar besseren Eigenschaften hervorbringt. Als eine Voraussetzung hierfür müssen die Beziehungen zwischen Struktur und Eigenschaften des Moleküls klar verstanden und Konzepte wie Quantentunneln, Quantenkohärenz oder Quantenoszillation gut bekannt sein. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, die notwendigen Grundlagen zum Verständnis der Größenquantisierungseffekte zusammenzufassen und einen kritischen Überblick über die Entwicklung dieses jungen Forschungsgebietes zu geben.
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis: Bridging the Gap through Surface Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Copéret Christophe , Chabanas Mathieu , Petroff Saint‐Arroman Romain , Basset Jean‐Marie 
Published: January 2003

AbstractSurface organometallic chemistry is an area of heterogeneous catalysis which has recently emerged as a result of a comparative analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. The chemical industry has often favored heterogeneous catalysis, but the development of better catalysts has been hindered by the presence of numerous kinds of active sites and also by the low concentration of active sites. These factors have precluded a rational improvement of these systems, hence the empirical nature of heterogeneous catalysis. Catalysis is primarily a molecular phenomenon, and it must involve well‐defined surface organometallic intermediates and/or transition states. Thus, one must be able to construct a well‐defined active site, test its catalytic performance, and assess a structure–activity relationship, which will be used, in turn—as in homogeneous catalysis—to design better catalysts.By the transfer of the concepts and tools of molecular organometallic chemistry to surfaces, surface organometallic chemistry can generate well‐defined surface species by understanding the reaction of organometallic complexes with the support, which can be considered as a rigid ligand. This new approach to heterogeneous catalysis can bring molecular insight to the design of new catalysts and even allow the discovery of new reactions (Ziegler–Natta depolymerization and alkane metathesis). After more than a century of existence, heterogeneous catalysis can still be improved and will play a crucial role in solving current problems. It offers an answer to economical and environmental problems faced by industry in the production of molecules (agrochemicals, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, polymers, basic chemicals).
Quantum Tunneling of Magnetization and Related Phenomena in Molecular Materials
Authors: Gatteschi Dante , Sessoli Roberta 
Published: January 2003

AbstractMolecules comprising a large number of coupled paramagnetic centers are attracting much interest because they may show properties which are intermediate between those of simple paramagnets and classical bulk magnets and provide unambiguous evidence of quantum size effects in magnets. To date, two cluster families, usually referred to as Mn12 and Fe8, have been used to test theories. However, it is reasonable to predict that other classes of molecules will be discovered which have similar or superior properties. To do this it is necessary that synthetic chemists have a good understanding of the correlation between the structure and properties of the molecules, for this it is necessary that concepts such as quantum tunneling, quantum coherence, quantum oscillations are understood. The goal of this article is to review the fundamental concepts needed to understand quantum size effects in molecular magnets and to critically report what has been done in the field to date.
Crystallographic report: Bis(N,N‐diethyldithiocarbamato)(2,9‐dimethyl‐1, 10‐phenanthroline)cadmium(II)
Authors: Sing Lai Chian , Tiekink Edward R. T. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe mononuclear structure of Cd(S2CNEt2)2(2,9‐Me2‐1,10‐phenanthroline) shows symmetric coordination of the dithiocarbamate ligands and a distorted octahedral geometry for cadmium, defined by an N2S4 donor set, results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.