bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantum Interference Effects in Transport Properties, The Landauer Formulation and Applications
Authors: Imry Yoseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transport properties of mesoscopic systems display a wealth of interesting phenomena that are quite novel with respect to the usual macroscopic systems. Among these one can mention the nonadditivity of series resistances and parallel conductances, the periodic sample-specific oscillations (Gefen et al.1984a,b, Webb et al.1985a,b) in the magnetoresistance of a ring (i.e., two parallel resistors) as a function of the Aharonov-Bohm flux through its opening, and the analogous aperiodic conductance fluctuations (Blonder 1984, Umbach et al.1984, Altshuler 1985, Lee and Stone 1985, Licini et al.1985a, Stone 1985, Skocpol et al.1986), in a fine singly-connected wire. These fluctuations have interesting universal aspects. As in the previous chapters, there is an important distinction here between the effects of elastic and inelastic scattering. Also, since the system is so small, its measured resistance may depend on the existence, type, and structure of contacts made onto it. Various other effects, familiar to varying extents from waveguiding systems, may also occur. For example, an open-ended branch can greatly change the resistance of the system (Gefen et al.1984a,b); the resistance may be nonlocal in the sense that what is measured between a given pair of points may depend on things connected further away (Anderson et al.1980, Engquist and Anderson 1981). Contact and spreading resistances, which are not always negligible, may play a role (lmry 1986b, see section 2 as well).
The Quantum Hall Effect
Authors: Imry Yoseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the quantum Hall effect (QHE) is almost a macroscopic phenomenon (except that it occurs for 2D electrons), its physics has much in common with many aspects of mesoscopic physics. The quantized Hall current is very similar to a persistent current over large length-scales, and many other considerations are related as well. Thus, we devote this chapter to the QHE. Small-size effects on the QHE will be an interesting research direction.
Noise in Mesoscopic Systems
Authors: Imry Yoseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall be concerned here with three main types of noise phenomena:
Equilibrium or Nyquist—Johnson noise across a resistor (see eqs. A.9 andA.13–17).
Various nonequilibrium or shot-noise phenomena around a steady state with a current flow. Low-frequency, typically “1/f,” noise due to slow changes of the resistance with time.
Deformation of Metals by Spherical Indenters ‘Shallowing’ and Elastic ‘Recovery’
Authors: Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already noted that the permanent indentation left in a metal surface deformed by a hard spherical indenter has a larger radius of curvature than that of the indenting sphere. This effect has generally been ascribed to the release of elastic stresses in the specimen. It is at once evident that if this is indeed the case, it should be essentially reversible. That is to say, if the indenter is replaced in the ‘recovered’ indentation and the original load is applied, the surfaces should deform elastically, and on removing the load, the diameter and curvature of the ‘recovered’ indentation should remain unchanged.
The Nature of Metallic Wear [A]
Authors: Bowden F P , Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wear of solid surfaces is a complex process which under many conditions includes both chemical attack and physical damage. Any slight change in the operating conditions may change the whole nature of the wear process. For this reason practical ‘tests’ seldom give reproducible or conclusive results and considerable caution must also be exercised in interpreting even the most carefully controlled laboratory experiments. It is also clear that any theoretical treatment of the problem of wear must make sweeping simplifications. In this chapter we shall consider the part played by the continual formation and shearing of metallic junctions in producing wear between rubbing surfaces and discuss briefly some of the factors which, in practice, complicate the wear process.
Importance and evolution of incubation in avian reproduction
Authors: D. C. Deeming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reproduction in birds is extremely conservative with the vast majority of the 8,900 species adopting bird-egg contact incubation to maintain an appropriate environment for embryonic development. The exact conditions adopted by different species vary considerably, but factors such as initial egg mass, incubation period, eggshell conductance to gases and weight loss during incubation are all interrelated in a wide range of avian species (Rahn and Paganelli 1990; Chapter 3). Man has exploited this uniformity in avian incubation to use birds from one species, usually the domestic fowl (Gallus gal/us) to incubate the eggs of a second species (e.g. raptor eggs), and to build artificial incubators that mimic the incubation environment for up to 120 000 fowl eggs at a time.
Microbiology of natural incubation
Authors: Baggott G K , Graeme-Cook K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interaction between the microbial flora of the environment and the avian egg has been investigated extensively for poultry species {Bruce and Drysdale 1991). Primarily, research has focussed on the spoilage of eggs during incubation and the contamination of the domestic fowl(Gallus gallus) egg when used as food, with much emphasis on the routes of infection, either transmission across the eggshell after lay or vertical transmission through the laying female. To combat microbial invasion of the egg, antimicrobial defences consist of two main components: a physical defence provided by the shell and a chemical defence primarily provided by the albumen (Board and Fuller 1974). The physical defences against microbial transmission arise from the eggshell acting as a resistance network comprised of cuticle, the pore canal and the shell membranes (Board 1980). Of these three components the cuticle is the most important in reducing the possibility of liquid water entering the pore canal, and so movement of bacteria into the egg (Sparks 1994). Eggs lacking cuticle readily absorbed liquid water (Sparks and Board 1984), and newly laid fowl eggs, where the cuticle is not complete, were less able to resist bacterial penetration of the shell (Sparks and Board 1985). However, fungal hyphae can easily penetrate this barrier if conditions are suitable for their growth, e.g. humidity (Boardet al. 1964, 1994). The chemical defences of the egg consist primarily of the alkaline pH of the albumen and the presence of ovotransferrin, which reduces the availability of iron ions (Fe3+) that micro-organisms need for their growth (Board and Fuller 1974).
Incubation in extreme environments
Authors: Carey C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some birds can nest successfully in some of the most inhospitable environments on earth, such as cold regions, high altitudes, and deserts. These accomplishments are particularly striking because the embryos are incubated outside the body of the adult where they are more vulnerable to fluctuations of the ambient environment than are embryos protected within the body of viviparous vertebrates. Embryonic requirements for successful development (application of external heat, periodic turning, defence from predators, and exchange of appropriate levels of gases with the environment) must be met in all environments in which birds breed (Drent 1975). Adults breeding in hostile environments must meet these embryonic demands despite major challenges to meet their own needs for nutrition, thermoregulation, water and gas exchange (Schmidt-Nielson 1964; Dawson and Bartholomew 1968; Serventy 1971; Immelman 1971; Irving 1972; Remmert 1980; Marsh and Dawson 1989; Bech and Reinertsen 1989; Faraci 1991). These physiological challenges, added to the demands of reproduction, can create situations in which the needs of the adults conflict with those of their offspring.
Ecological factors affecting initiation of incubation behaviour
Authors: Hèbert P N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contact incubation behaviour ensures that bird eggs are maintained at a temperature sufficient to promote embryonic development (Nice 1954). Although the dynamics of heat exchange vary during the incubation period (Turner 1991; Chapter 9), the thermal requirements of the clutch generally remain constant from the start of incubation through to hatching. Incubation temperatures, once attained, must be maintained within narrow limits to assure optimal embryonic development (Webb 1987). As such, the thermal requirements of the dutch may conflict(sensu Trivers 1974) with the nutritional and metabolic requirements of the parent (Nilsson 1993a).
Perspectives in avian incubation
Authors: Deeming D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the 20th Century avian eggs and incubation has been an area of considerable research effort. Studies concentrated on domestic fowl(Gallus gallus) driven, particularly in the first 50–60 years of the century, by a need to improve hatchability of poultry eggs under artificial incubation. These studies were largely successful and modern commercial incubation is able to achieve high hatchability within some very large incubators. Interest in natural incubation has been particularly strong during the last 30–40 years, and although the domestic fowl remained the species of choice for many laboratory studies, incubation in nests was studied for a wide range of species. In particular, the physiology of the avian egg during incubation was extensively studied (see Rahn and Paganelli 1990). The contents of this book are a reflection of our broad knowledge of incubation in nests. However, the book has also revealed our lack of knowledge and understanding about many aspects of contact incubation. Each chapter has highlighted at least one area of research where further work is needed to extend our comprehension of natural incubation. Some of these (albeit a personal choice) are briefly discussed below.
Background
Authors: Whitten Tony , Damanik Sengli J , Anwar Janzanul , Hisyam Nazaruddin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About 250 million years ago, at the beginning of the Mesozoic era (table 1.1), the earth’s continents formed a single land called Pangea. During the Triassic, roughly 230 million years ago, Pangea broke into two, with Laurasia (North America, Europe and Asia) splitting off from Gondwanaland (India, Australia, Africa, South America and Antarctica). Gondwanaland began to split into its separate parts 200 million years ago during the Jurassic, and India floated towards Asia at about 10-18 cm per year (figs. 1.1 and 1.2). By the early Tertiary, about 70 million years ago, India and the plate on which it lay began to collide with and move under Asia. Its major thrust caused the uplift of the Himalayas, and one of the associated thrusts caused the uplift of the Barisan Mountains that run the length of Sumatra. The movement of the Indian Plate under Asia caused great earthquakes, and although the rate of movement is now less, almost all the earthquakes experienced in Sumatra (and Java, Burma, etc.) today are caused by those continuing movements. The main parts of Southeast Asia remained in more or less their present relative positions throughout this period although their absolute positions moved north and south of the equator.
A brief overview of the kinetic approach
Authors: Perthame Benoît 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We begin with a very rapid and informal overview of the kinetic approach to conservations laws. It is intended to present quickly the examples where the same approach can be developed, and to present the main ideas behind this theory. We also try to show its applications and limitations. More complete proofs and consequences in the hyperbolic case are developed later, as well as a more gradual introduction of the tools.
Uniqueness of solutions to scalar conservation laws and consequences
Authors: Perthame Benoît 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the proof of uniqueness of the entropy solution to scalar conservation laws. The first uniqueness proof was given by S.N. Kruzkov [119,120] and uses the particular so-called Kruzkov’s entropies S ξ (u) |u ξ −| combined with a technical argument of doubling variables. Here we give a more direct proof due to [152] which relies on the kinetic formulation. In principle it is the same result, because it also uses all the entropies (the family of Kruzkov’s entropies generate by density all the convex entropies). But the technical arguments are much simpler here because the doubling of variables is replaced by mere convolution. It turns out that we can easily prove some kind of L 2 contraction on the function χ( ℝ u) which gives the L 1 contraction for the macroscopic quantity u.
Microstructure of Martensite
Authors: Bhattacharya Kaushik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Martensites are crystalline solids that display dazzling patterns at the microscopic scales. This microstructure gives rise to unusual macroscopic properties like the shape-memory effect. Starting with the crystalline structure, this book describes a theoretical framework for studying martensites and uses the theory to explain why these materials form microstructure. The macroscopic consequences of the microstructure are subsequently discussed. Complete with a piece of shape-memory wire and numerous examples from real materials, this book represents a successful case study in multiscale modelling, giving a clear understanding of the link between microstructure and macroscopic properties. Beautifully written, in a most clear and pedagogical manner, it holds appeal for a broad audience. On the one hand, it introduces modern modelling techniques to those trained in materials science, mechanics and physics, and shows how these techniques can be used in real-world problems. On the other hand, it introduces physical phenomena to those trained in mathematics, and demonstrates how such phenomena give rise to interesting mathematical problems.
Nitrides as seen by a Theorist
Authors: Bechstedt Friedhelm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modern solid state physics and materials science try to understand the properties of solids starting from basic notions and to predict the properties of novel materials. For instance, the combination of two or more compounds in hetero structures makes it possible to tailor electronic and optical properties via the quantum confinement effect. In the past experiments have mainly been used to determine the properties of the new solids. Theories accompanied the measurements to tell us why the solids have the properties they have. However, in the last 15 years it became possible to compute lattice constants, bulk moduli, cohesive energies, phonon spectra, and other static and elastic properties of solids starting from no other ingredients than the atomic numbers and masses of the atoms composing the materials.
Topological defects and low-dimensional nitride layers
Authors: Ruterana Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large research effort is going on with wurtzite nitride semiconductors, due to their large direct bandgap which provides a possibility for optoelectronic devices from red to the ultraviolet range [1]. The bandgaps of InxGa1_xN alloys cover a wide spectral range, from red (InN: l.89eV) to UV (GaN: 3.SeV), and that of the AlGaN goes to deep UV(AlN: 6.2eV). As expected, the most difficult part is InGaN, due mainly to the large mismatch (10%) between GaN and InN. In this case, ordering [2], phase separation [3], and growth instabilities have been reported [4]. For AlN and GaN, the misfit is smaller (ce2.5%) and one would expect more stable growth. The growth of quantum wells (QWs) appears to follow the 2D growth mode and that of high-quality quantum dots (QDs) has been achieved [5]. However, it was in this system that ordering along the c-axis was reported in AlGaN by Korakakis et al. [6], where the Ga and Al atoms separately occupy two simple hexagonal sublattices of the wurtzite system, giving rise to the lower symmetry P3ml space group. Active areas in visible GaN-based electroluminescent diodes (ELDs) and laser diodes (LDs) consist mainly of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells. Results have been published concerning the phase separation which was mainly supposed to give rise to the formation of layers composed of InN and GaN patches. This was first reported in polycrystalline InGaN films that had been annealed at temperatures below 700 °C [7]. More recently, it was shown that a ternary layer grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) with In fraction larger than 30% contains regions of pure In, but atomic In concentrations up to 80% could be incorporated without phase separation in GaN/InGaN/GaN heterostructures [3]. This was tentatively explained by the fact that the two compounds have a large mismatch of lattice parameters (-10% ). In fact, the growth of InGaN layers may lead to the formation of the ternary alloy InxGa1_xN, InN and GaN, In, and finally in some cases to a ternary ordered alloy. Depending on the growth conditions one may obtain a combination of the various cases, along with the characteristic crystallographic defects.
Health economics and funding interventions: what health economics can contribute
Authors: Walley John , Wright John , Hubley John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economists in general have a poor public image. They are associated with unintelligible graphs, an obsession with making savings, and a lack of concern for the suffering of the poor and the sick. But nothing could be further from the truth. Health economics, like public health, takes a population perspective, and asks the fundamental question: how can we get the best results, in terms of better health, from the resources which are available in this community? In pursuing this question, health economists use public health information about, for ex- ample, the effectiveness of a health programme, and combine it with information about resources (money, staff time, equipment, etc.) in order to advise on whether that programme should be pursued.
The production of UCN
Authors: Ignatovich V K , Pontecorvo G B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The production of UCN should more appropriately be termed the extraction of UCN since in the main they are only extracted from the total thermal flow of neutrons coming from the surface of the moderator of the reactor. However, even if there are UCN present in this flow, they cannot enter the neutron guide since the channel for the UCN is separated from the moderator by a wall that cannot be penetrated by UCN. This is done for technological reasons, in particular for creating a vacuum in the channel. For regeneration of UCN an additional moderator is placed inside the neutron guide; henceforth this moderator will be termed a converter. In this chapter, we shall deal with the slowing down of neutrons in the converter and also discuss the properties of the converter from the standpoint of UCN production. In some cases the regeneration of UCN is performed by directly slowing down the neutrons from higher energies mechanically or with the aid of external fields. These methods will be dealt with at the end of this chapter.
The foundation for the interaction potential of a neutron with matter
Authors: Ignatovich V K , Pontecorvo G B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ultracold neutrons can undergo total reflection from most materials, i.e. most substances repel the neutrons. At first sight this seems quite improbable since each individual nucleus attracts neutrons. To dispel the seeming contradiction, it is necessary to analyse the main ideas relevant to the interaction of a neutron with matter. Naturally, we cannot go into details of nuclear structure or of the theory of strong interactions here, but, on the other hand, we will not restrict the scope of our discussion to the region of UCN since the issues considered here, for instance repulsion by a solid body, are characteristic of slow neutrons within a wide range of energies: from UCN up to thermal, and even higher.
Storage of UCN in material traps
Authors: Ignatovich V K , Pontecorvo G B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main characteristic property of UCN is that they can be kept in a hermetically sealed vessel for a long time. The storage time τ is limited by the lifetime of the neutron itself, τ β, and by the time τ 1 due to losses occurring in collisions of the UCN with the walls of the trap.The time τ 1 is determined by the cross-sections of absorption, σa, and inelastic scattering, σie, on the nuclei of the material of the walls and by the geometric dimensions of the trap l. The smaller the loss cross-section σ1 = σa + σie and the larger the value of l, the longer is the time τ. If τ 1 is significantly greater than τ β, then the storage time τ is determined mainly by the lifetime of the neutron itself, τ β ≈ 1000 s. Studies reveal, however, that in a weakly absorbing and sufficiently large trap the time τ is significantly smaller than the expected value. This means that the actual value of τ 1 is essentially smaller than the theoretical value, sometimes even by two orders of magnitude.
The Compton scattering regime
Authors: Schülke Winfried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has already been pointed out in Chapter 1, on the basis of more intuitive arguments, and will be derived in greater detail in Chapter 6, how the measurement of the double differential inelastic X-ray scattering cross-section can yield information about a fundamental ground-state quantity, namely the electron density in momentum space. We will summarize the relevant relations, stressing the prerequisites, on which these relations are applicable, and will then deduce practicable rules for extracting the desired information on momentum densities out of the experimental data.
The evolution of animal-like mobile robots
Authors: Holland Owen , McFarland David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, early ethological models were often presented in terms of the familiar characteristics of contemporary physical systems, as in von Holst’s (1939) mechanical model, or Lorenz’s (1950) hydraulic model. As new technologies developed, models expressed in terms of these technologies appeared; for example, Heiligenberg’s (1974) model of the determinants of attack behaviour in cichlid fish used the symbolic language of analogue computing. However, perhaps the greatest influence on modelling in the last few decades has been the digital computer. This provided both a general model of information processing, and a range of techniques for describing and analysing information-processing systems. The scientific community soon became familiar with these ideas, and the computer became the analogy of choice: concepts such as software, hardware, flow diagrams, programs, data, processing, and memory storage became pervasive. Models could then be presented in quite abstract terms, with a computer simulation serving as an adequate investigative, illustrative, and explanatory tool.
Almost Complex Structures
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every symplectic manifold admits a family of compatible almost complex structures, but none of these need be integrable. When one is, the manifold is said to be Kahler, In this chapter we discuss basic results about almost complex structures and Kähler manifolds. We may think of these as global analogues of the results in Chapter 2 which relate symplectic to complex vector bundles.
Symplectic Group Actions
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss symplectic manifolds with group action. There is a very basic process called symplectic reduction which is a formalization of the well known classical fact that if there is a symmetry group of dimension d acting on a system then the number of degrees of freedom of the system may be reduced by d. This means that the dimension of the phase space is reduced by 2d as both the position and the momentum coordinates are reduced by d.