bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The augmentation of reality
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter details how recognition of the productive imagination transformed the philosophy of imagination and preoccupied philosophers throughout the 20th century. It considers the implications of the productive turn as explored in 20th-century theories of imagination from Wittgenstein’s notion of aspect perception or seeing-as to the phenomenology of Jean-Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau-Pointy, Gaston Bachelard, and the hermeneutics of Paul Ricoeur. This chapter shows how productive imagination augments reality by endowing it with distinctly human meaning and shaping our experience of it. From seeing-as to the linguistic use of metaphor and narrative structure, imagination manifests new meanings that transcend, and may illuminate, given configurations of the real.
Nebulized medications in the emergency department: A narrative review of nontraditional agents
Authors: Weant Kyle A , Baum Regan A , Hile Garrett B , Humphries Roger L , Metts Elise L , Miller Amy R , Woolum Jordan A , Bailey Abby M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Purpose
This article summarizes emerging nontraditional therapies administered via the nebulization route for use in the emergency department (ED).

Summary
Although traditional routes of medication administration (eg, intravenous) have been the mainstay of administration modalities for decades, these routes may not be appropriate for all patients. Nowhere is this more readily apparent than in the ED setting, where patients with a variety of presentations receive care. One unique route for medication administration that has increasingly gained popularity in the ED is that of aerosolized drug delivery. This route holds promise as direct delivery of medications to the site of action could yield a more rapid and effective therapeutic response while also minimizing systemic adverse effects by utilizing a fraction of the systemic dose. Medication administration via nebulization also provides an alternative that is conducive to rapid, less invasive access, which is advantageous in the emergent setting of the ED. This review is intended to analyze the existing literature regarding this route of administration, including the nuances that can impact drug efficacy, as well as the available literature regarding novel, noncommercial nebulized medication therapy given in the ED.

Conclusion
Multiple medications have been investigated for administration via this route, and when implementing any of these therapies several practical considerations must be taken into account, from medication preparation to administration, to ensure optimal efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. The pharmacist is an essential bedside team member in these scenarios to assist with navigating unique and complex nuances of this therapy as they develop.
Learning curve in open groin hernia surgery: nationwide register-based study
Authors: Bladin Olof , Young Nathalie , Nordquist Jonas , Roy Joy , Järnbert-Pettersson Hans , Sandblom Gabriel , Löfgren Jenny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Background
Current recommendations regarding the number of open groin hernia repairs that surgical trainees are required to perform during their residency are arbitrarily defined and vary between different curricula. This register-based study sought to investigate the learning curve of surgeons performing open anterior mesh repair for groin hernia by assessing hernia recurrence rates, surgical complications and operating times in relation to the number of procedures performed.

Method
Nationwide data on open anterior mesh repair for groin hernia performed by surgical residents were collected from the Swedish Hernia Register between 2005 and 2020. The data were analysed in a cohort undergoing procedures carried out by surgeons performing their first registered repair as resident general surgeons. Repairs by surgeons with fewer than 30 repairs were excluded.

Results
A total of 38 845 repairs carried out by 663 surgeons were included. Operation time decreased with increasing number of performed procedures, mean (s.d.) operation time was 79 (26) min for the first 15 procedures and 60 (23) min after 241 procedures (P &lt;0.001). A turning point where complication rates began to decrease was seen after 60 procedures. Complication rates were 3.6 per cent (396 of 10 978) for procedures 31–60 and 2.7 per cent (157 of 5 798) for procedures 61–120 (P = 0.002). There was no significant relationship between the number of procedures performed and the rate of operation on for recurrence (P = 0.894).

Conclusion
Sixty performed procedures during surgical residency is a reasonable target for achieving competency to perform open anterior mesh repair for groin hernia safely without supervision.
Spurious Regressions and Panel IV Estimation: Revisiting the Causes of Conflict
Authors: Christian Paul , Barrett Christopher B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The long-recognised spurious regression problem can lead to mistaken inference in panel instrumental variable estimation. Spurious correlations arising from correlated cycles in finite time horizons can make irrelevant instruments appear strong with signable consequences for estimated instrumental variable coefficients, or interfere with valid inference of causal effects from instrumental variable coefficients estimated using relevant instruments. The inclusion of time fixed effects in interacted specifications does not always resolve these problems. We demonstrate these concerns by revisiting recent studies of the causal origins of conflict. We offer diagnostic and corrective recommendations for avoiding the pitfalls arising from time series exhibiting persistence.
Quantifying the ability of imaging sonar to identify fish species at a subtropical artificial reef
Authors: Sibley E C P , Madgett A S , Lawrence J M , Elsdon T S , Marnane M J , Fernandes P G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Imaging sonars (ISs) are high-frequency acoustic devices that are increasingly being used to study fish in marine and freshwater habitats. Acoustic devices are limited in quantifying species richness, and previous attempts to identify fish species using IS have mostly focused on assemblages of low species richness or high morphological diversity. This study aimed to determine the ability of IS for identifying fish species at a subtropical artificial reef off Perth, Western Australia. Several fish traits that could be defined using IS were identified and described for all fish species observed with simultaneous optical footage. These traits were used to create a clustering algorithm to infer the species identity of IS detections of the five most abundant species at the reef. The identities of all fish from two species (Chromis westaustralis and Neatypus obliquus) were inferred with 100% success, though no individuals from the remaining three species (Seriola dumerili, Coris auricularis, and Pempheris klunzingeri) were correctly identified. An alternative clustering-based approach to categorising fish detected by IS independent of taxonomic inference was also implemented. Overall, this study demonstrates that IS can identify reef fish with variable success, and proposes an alternative method for describing fish assemblages irrespective of species identity.
Decades of eelgrass meadow dynamics across the northeast Pacific support seascape-scale conservation
Authors: Munsch S H , Walter R K , Sanderson B L , Reshitnyk L , O'Leary J K , Kiffney P M , Hessing-Lewis M , Gerwing T G , Endris C A , Chesney W B , Beheshti K M , Beaty F L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Eelgrass meadows provide vital nearshore habitats and ecosystem services, but they have declined from human stressors and conservation efforts are now widespread. Dynamic ecosystems like eelgrass meadows naturally rearrange as disturbance and recruitment unfold across seascapes. However, some decisions that protect eelgrass only consider extant meadows, thus ignoring the potential for change. Here, we report decades of eelgrass dynamics observed across the northeast Pacific. Our observations support conservation expanded to the seascape scale, which includes potentially inhabitable areas along with extant meadows. We found that total seascape meadow area changed over time, and changes within seascapes were often asynchronous. Some meadows rearranged across seascapes over multiple kilometres and decades. Also, some seascapes compartmentalized meadow collapse, which enabled later recovery, or supported local recruitment that substantially increased total meadow area. These observations were consistent with hierarchical patch dynamics, which promote ecosystem persistence over larger space and time scales. Thus, to enable the dynamics that underpin eelgrass persistence, it is necessary to keep many eelgrass habitat options open across seascapes, rather than protect only extant meadows. Given that dynamic, hierarchical ecosystems are common along marine shorelines, this approach may be effective for both nearshore ecosystems in general and for eelgrass in particular.
The relationship between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and glucolipid metabolism in pregnant women with large for gestational age infants
Authors: Lan Yehui , Pan Shuangjia , Chen Baoyi , Zhou Feifei , Yang Fan , Chao Shan , Hua Ying , Liu Haibin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Aim
To elucidate the association between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and glucolipid metabolism in women with large for gestational age (LGA) infants.

Methods and results
A single-center, observational prospective cohort study was performed at a tertiary hospital in Wenzhou, China. Normal pregnant women were divided into LGA group and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) group according to the neonatal birth weight. Fecal samples were collected from each subject before delivery for the analysis of gut microbiota composition (GMC) and SCFAs. Blood samples were obtained at 24–28 weeks of gestation age to measure fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin levels, as well as just before delivery to assess serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein. The GMC exhibited differences at various taxonomic levels. Within the Firmicutes phylum, genus Lactobacillus, genus Clostridium, species Lactobacillus agil, and species Lactobacillus salivarius were enriched in the LGA group. Microbispora at genus level, Microbispora rosea at species level belonging to the Actinobacteria phylum, Neisseriales at order level, Bartonellaceae at family level, Paracoccus aminovorans, and Methylobacterium at genus level from the Proteobacteria phylum were more abundant in the LGA group. In contrast, within the Bacteroidetes phylum, Prevotella at genus level and Parabacteroides distasonis at species level were enriched in the AGA group. Although there were few differences observed in SCFA levels and most glucolipid metabolism indicators between the two groups, the serum HDL level was significantly lower in the LGA group compared to the AGA group. No significant relevance among GMC, SCFAs, and glucolipid metabolism indicators was found in the LGA group or in the AGA group.

Conclusions
Multiple different taxa, especially phylum Firmicutes, genus Prevotella, and genus Clostridium, might play an important role in excessive fetal growth, and LGA might be associated with the lower serum HDL level.
Surgical anatomy of the liver
Authors: Rammohan Ashwin , Rela Mohamed 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A thorough anatomical knowledge of the liver is essential for safe and precise liver surgery. Most immediate postoperative biliary and vascular complications can be attributed to technical problems which at times may be due to a failure in recognition of anomalous anatomy. Apart from liver resections, where the goal is to preserve a good functional liver remnant while achieving appropriate oncological clearance, a thorough knowledge of liver anatomy is also of paramount importance in liver transplantations. This chapter presents a brief overview of liver anatomy, along with its common variations, with a view to providing a comprehensive understanding of its surgical application.
Extrahepatic portal venous obstruction, idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis, and hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction
Authors: Khan Mohammad Qasim , Kamath Patrick S. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While portal hypertension commonly arises secondary to cirrhosis, it can also present in its absence, termed non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. This group of disorders is classified into prehepatic, intrahepatic and post-hepatic aetiologies based on the level of involvement. Prehepatic aetiologies involve disruption of the portal venous or splenic venous systems. Intrahepatic aetiologies may be presinusoidal, sinusoidal, or postsinusoidal. Post-hepatic aetiologies of portal hypertension comprise disruption of the hepatic venous outflow from the level of the hepatic venules to the heart. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management of extrahepatic portal venous obstruction, idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension, and hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction, with specific emphasis on Budd–Chiari syndrome.
Interventional radiological and surgical treatment of portal hypertension
Authors: Khan Mohammad Qasim , Kamath Patrick S. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first-line management of portal hypertension and its complications, such as variceal bleeding and ascites, involves utilizing non-invasive medical therapies including diuretics, beta-blockers, paracentesis, and oesophagogastroduodenoscopy. However, patients may become refractory to these therapies or may develop adverse reactions or complications that preclude their use, warranting leveraging of interventional radiological and surgical techniques. This chapter discusses the technicalities, indications, complications, and outcomes of (1) interventional radiological procedures such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration, (2) non-shunt surgical procedures, and (3) surgical portosystemic shunts, in the management of portal hypertensive complications.
Principles and techniques of liver resection
Authors: Kron Philipp , Lodge J. Peter A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of any liver resection surgery is to successfully remove part of the liver, most usually because of the presence of a tumour. For liver tumour resection, it is important to achieve clear margins, but also leave an adequate future liver remnant in terms of parenchymal volume and quality, adequate vascular inflow and outflow, and adequate biliary drainage. To compromise on margins may result in tumour recurrence but to compromise on any of the other aspects will be associated with catastrophe due to postoperative liver failure, often resulting in death. Liver resection techniques continue to advance rapidly, with improved immediate safety and long-term outcomes. Thus, liver resection should only be performed in expert centres.
Non-invasive imaging of the biliary tract
Authors: Husarik Daniela , Reiner Cäcilia S. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Non-invasive imaging has a key role in the examination of a wide spectrum of diseases of the gall bladder and bile ducts. Conditions affecting the biliary tract include cholelithiasis and associated complications, cholecystitis, cholangitis, and benign and malignant focal lesions. Imaging modalities used to asses these conditions are ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography–CT (PET/CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). US is often the first imaging modality in suspected biliary disease with high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of gallstones and acute cholecystitis. Complicated forms of cholecystitis, cystic biliary lesions, and malignancies of the bile duct or gall bladder are assessed on cross-sectional imaging (CT, MRI with MRCP) with PET/CT having the ability to detect unsuspected metastases of biliary malignancies. MRCP is especially useful for evaluating the biliary tree, choledocholithiasis, traumatic and postoperative bile duct injuries, as well as patients with post-transplantation cholangiopathy.
Laparoscopic liver surgery
Authors: Hobeika Christian , Cauchy François , Soubrane Olivier 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first successful laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) was reported in 1993. To date, tens of thousands of LLRs have been performed worldwide and both the feasibility and safety of this approach have now been demonstrated. LLR has become a standard in the management of patients with pauci-nodular colorectal cancer liver metastases. Moreover, there are various advantages of LLR which seem to benefit the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and underlying liver disease. LLR is an innovative and skill-demanding technique and its development has led to the refinement of the basic steps of liver surgery. Thus, adopting LLR for HPB trainees requires a stepwise approach with progressive increase regarding the technical difficulty of the procedures. This chapiter describes the fundamental surgical steps of LLR such as laparoscopic vascular controls, laparoscopic bleeding management, the art of laparoscopic parenchymal transection, the situation of conversion and the specimen extraction site.
Neonatal cholestasis syndrome
Authors: Ramachandran Priya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Neonatal cholestasis syndrome refers to a spectrum of disorders which present as cholestasis in early infancy. They include diseases involving defects in bile component synthesis and transport as well as those causing obstruction to the biliary tree. The varied range of aetiopathogenic factors which play a role in the onset and progression of the neonatal cholestasis syndrome spectrum of disorders is discussed in this chapter along with management strategies. Early diagnosis is possible by analysis of known gene mutations. Prevention of disease progression and treatment of the component diseases involves therapeutic interventions such as surgery. Surgery is performed to relieve obstruction when possible and reduce the total circulating bile acid pool (biliary diversion procedure) when necessary and plays a major role in ameliorating disease morbidity.
Malignant lesions of the extrahepatic biliary system
Authors: Compagnon Philippe , Peloso Andrea , Toso Christian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (eCCAs), focusing on the role of endoscopy, surgery, and transplantation. It reviews optimal evaluation and management of patients with eCCA, including a careful integration of clinical information, imaging studies, cytology, and/or histology, as well as a coordinated multidisciplinary approach. It also discusses epidemiological trends, newly identified risk factors, and most recent staging systems. It reviews additional therapy such as radio- or chemotherapy either in the neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting. Furthermore, it addresses palliative approaches as well as emerging targeted therapy and immunotherapy. eCCAs account for nearly 90% of biliary tract malignancies and present an ongoing challenge for hepatobiliary surgeons.
The ESC Textbook of Thrombosis
Authors: De Caterina Raffaele , Moliterno David , Kristensen Steen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Written by internationally renowned experts in the field of thrombosis, The ESC Textbook of Thrombosis presents an up-to-date and in-depth review of all aspects of thrombosis and antithrombotic therapies. Not only does it reflect contemporary European guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology but it also summarizes the latest evidence from clinical trials. Covering the topic in great detail with 30 chapters, the textbook is split into four sections: pathophysiology of thrombosis, clinical pharmacology of antithrombotic drugs, therapeutic strategies, and special situations. The content will help cardiologists dealing with acute and chronic coronary syndromes, atrial fibrillation, artificial heart valves, and pulmonary embolism as well as cardiac surgeons, cardiovascular researchers, and general physicians alike.
Thrombosis and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: pathophysiological background
Authors: Calvert Peter , Tidbury Nicola , Lip Gregory Y.H. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Atrial fibrillation presents a situation whereby all three elements of Virchow’s triad of thrombosis are met within the left atrium. Chronic endothelial injury and dysfunction results in fibrotic remodelling of the left atrium, and fibrillation impairs contractile function, resulting in blood stasis. Meanwhile, the coagulation system activates abnormally, and fibrinolysis is impaired. This creates a prothrombotic state for thrombus formation, particularly within the left atrial appendage, which may lead to systemic thromboembolism and stroke.
Vitamin K antagonists
Authors: Verheugt Freek W.A. , Brouwer Marc A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the 1950s, vitamin K antagonists have been used for the prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thrombotic disorders. They have a narrow therapeutic window. To ensure efficacy and safety, close monitoring of the anticoagulation status is mandatory. Dietary and drug interactions are common. The most frequent side effect is bleeding, but birth defects and skin necrosis may occur as well. Rapid and effective reversal can be achieved with prothrombin complex concentrates. With the advent of direct oral anticoagulants, the use of vitamin K antagonists will diminish, but they currently remain the first choice in anticoagulation-eligible patients with advanced kidney disease, rheumatic heart valve disease, left ventricular thrombus, and in those with mechanical heart valves.
Oral factor Xa inhibitors
Authors: Siegbahn Agneta , Svensson Peter J. , Wallén Håkan , Wallentin Lars 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Oral factor Xa (FXa) inhibitors exert their antithrombotic effects and increase the risk of bleeding by their effects on the coagulation system. The oral direct FXa inhibitors are highly potent, reversible active-site inhibitors of FXa with good bioavailability, rapid onset, and used in a daily standard dose without laboratory monitoring. Dose adjustment is needed in relation to renal function. Three FXa inhibitors are registered for clinical use in the European Union for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism and for the prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation—rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban. The FXa inhibitors provide similar or better protection against venous thromboembolism and stroke than warfarin. In patients with atrial fibrillation there is improved long-term survival as compared with warfarin. Simultaneously, there is a much lower risk of intracranial bleeding and, with apixaban and edoxaban, also a lower risk of all bleeding than with warfarin. The treatment is cost-effective and preferred by most patients.
Antithrombotic therapies in ischaemic stroke
Authors: Diener Hans Christoph , Hankey Graeme J. , Eikelboom John W. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most cases of ischaemic stroke are caused by cerebrovascular thrombosis or thromboembolism as a complication of underlying cardiovascular diseases. The acute treatment of ischaemic stroke in stroke centres includes chemical lysis and/or mechanical aspiration of occlusive thrombi to restore perfusion of any salvageable ischaemic penumbra. Early initiation and long-term maintenance of antithrombotic therapies with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs are effective adjuncts to vascular risk factor control and revascularization procedures, where appropriate, for preventing early and long-term recurrent thromboembolic ischaemic stroke and other major adverse cardiovascular events.