bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CAM Therapies to Mitigate the Toxicities of Cancer Therapy
Authors: Lawenda Brian D , Johnstone peter A S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) modalities have been demonstrated, through well-designed clinical trials, to be effective in the management and prevention of side effects of conventional oncologic treatments. Acupuncture and certain mind–body therapies (like music therapy and guided imagery) can be successfully employed in patients suffering from chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. In addition to pharmacologic interventions, acupuncture, mas- sage, and other mind–body therapies are useful adjuncts in the management of cancer pain.
Integrative Oncology: The Future
Authors: Rosenthal David s. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Integrative care is collaborative care—consolidating the many disciplines of support services. Best overall cancer treatment incorporates the patient’s individual profile including family history, ethnic origin, prior health habits, nutrition, and physical activity. most cancer patients require and seek assistance navigating the healthcare system and addressing their complex and unmet needs. The practice of integrative oncology helps the clinical team better address the patient’s total care.
Twenty-five Years of WHO-Coordinated Activities Concerning Schizophrenia
Authors: Sartorius Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some 20 million people in the world suffer from schizophrenia. The disease usually starts early and often has a chronic, disabling course. Treatment, unless rationalized, can be expensive, and the losses in terms of working capacity are staggering. Family members of patients experience disadvantages because of the stigma attached to both the diseased person and his or her relatives. Schizophrenia is a major public health problem. Despite advances in our knowledge about schizophrenia in the past few decades, nothing allows us to surmise that the causes of schizophrenia will soon become known, or that the prevention of the disorder will become possible in the immediate future. Nor is it likely that it will become easier to help people with schizophrenia: The increasing complexity of human society and the disruption of social networks often accompanying economic growth raise the probability that despite progress in treatment, schizophrenia will continue to result in disability and in diminished quality of life.
Study Methodology
Authors: Siegel Carole , Laska Eugene M , Wanderling Joseph A , Baker Sherryl , Harrison Glynn , Bank Rheta , Meisner Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Isos is a follow-up study on the course of illness and outcomes of a subset of subjects who had been in previous WHO-coordinated research studies of schizophrenia— the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (IPSS), the study on the Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders (DOSMeD), and the study on Reduction and Assessment of Psychiatric Disability (RAPyD or Disability)—and additionally, subjects who had been in studies conducted locally at three other centers (Retrospective Analysis or Invited). Throughout this volume, these four distinct long-term follow-up cohorts (IPSS, DOSMeD, RAPyD, and Retrospective Analysis) are referred to as the “subsamples” of ISoS.
IPSS: Cali, Colombia
Authors: León Carlos A , León Agatha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cali World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Research and Training in Mental Health originally selected the metropolitan district of the city as its catchment area for the IPSS. However, after June 1969, this area was expanded to include the neighboring town of Palmira. The city of Cali is the capital city of the Departamento del Valle and lies on one side of the long, fertile Cauca valley on the southwest side of Colombia, hemmed in by two of the three parallel ranges of the Andes mountains which edge the western coast of Colombia. Palmira lies across the valley, 25 km north of Cali; the Pacific Ocean is a mere 120 km to the west. Steep terrain and dense jungle vegetation to the west and high mountains to the east have effectively isolated Cali from the capital city of Bogotá. Although Cali lies just 3.5 degrees north of the Equator, its altitude of 1,000 meters insures a mild, semitropical climate all year round, with alternating rainy and dry seasons and small variations in temperature.
IPSS: Prague, Czech Republic
Authors: Skoda Ctirad , Baudis Pavel , Dragomirecká Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fifth and sixth centuries, the Slavs migrated into Prague, founding Prague Castle, which became a cultural and spiritual center. Prague was the capital of Bohemia from the ninth century on. In the 14th century under King Charles IV, it became the capital of the “Holy Empire of the German Nation,” boasting the first university center in Europe (founded in 1348), and ranking as its third largest city after Constantinople and Rome. With the overthrow of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, Prague became the capital of Czechoslovakia. Since 1900, its population has increased fourfold. By 1967, the start of the IPSS, Prague had 1,102,060 inhabitants.
Dublin, Ireland
Authors: Finnerty Aine , Keogh Fiona , Walshe Anne O’Grady , Walsh Dermot 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the late 19th century, there has been preoccupation with major functional psychotic illness in the Irish because of high hospitalization rates for mental illness and because of reportedly similar high rates among the emigrant Irish, particularly in North America. Speculation has centered on whether incidence is higher among the Irish than in other populations and, if so, whether this is due to a high incidence rate and/ or to an abnormally poor outcome. In the 1960s, these concerns led to considerable research through both fleldwork and improved mental health information systems in Ireland. To begin with, critical examination of hospitalization figures revealed artifactual difficulties indicating that hospital-derived data were unreliable; for example, the term first admission was not rigorously defined, so that there was a substantial over reporting of first admissions. Thus, as an incidence indicator, first admission was invalid perhaps to a greater degree than in other jurisdictions. Second, traditions and practices established in the 19th century and continued into the 20th ensured that Irish mental hospitals became an indiscriminate repository for social problems.
Honolulu, Hawai’i
Authors: Marsella Anthony J , Suarez Edward , Leland Thomas , Morse Heather , Digman Barbara , Scheuer Alice , Katz Martin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hawai’i consists of eight major volcanic islands and more than 200 small islets totaling 6450 square miles in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, approximately 2100 miles southwest of San Francisco, California. Volcanic activity continues to add landmass from eruptions that flow from the Kilauea Crater to the ocean. The Hawaiian Islands are a lush tropical paradise of flora and fauna that thrived because of their isolation from other lands and people (Nordyke, 1989). According to the 1990 census, Hawai’i has more than 1,150,000 people with ethnocultural minorities making up more than 75% of the population; there are Caucasians, Japanese, Filipinos, Chinese, AfricanAmericans, Koreans, pure and part-Hawaiians, Samoans, Hispanic/ Latinos, and other mixed races.
Moscow, Russia
Authors: Tsirkin Sergey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late 1970s, an administrative district of Moscow was chosen to participate in the Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders study (DOSMeD), a WHO-coordinated epidemiological study of new cases of schizophrenia. The population of this district was then approximately 400,000, of whom about 230,000 were aged 18 to 54, the age of inclusion in the study. (The population of the City of Moscow, now about 9 million, was then about 8 million.) The selected catchment area does not include historic central Moscow, but is a relatively new area that has more factories and fewer offices, theaters, and museums. The population, having migrated to the catchment area during the last decades to improve their living conditions, is accordingly more numerous and younger. Most of the houses, erected in the sixties, are much larger than those in other parts of the city. Several hostels house relatively young workers from the provinces who came with the obligation of taking menial jobs in specific factories with manpower shortages.
Nagasaki, Japan
Authors: Nakane Yoshibumi , Takada Koichi , Yoshitake Kazuyasu , Hatada Keiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Located in the western part of Kyushu Island of the Isles of Japan and in the southern part of Nagasaki Prefecture, Nagasaki City is home of the prefectural government of Nagasaki and a center of economic activity: industry, business, and trade. It extends 25 km from east to west and 25.9 km from north to south, for a total area of 240.43 sq km. According to the October 1995 census (Statistical Bureau, Prime Minister’s Office), the population of Nagasaki City is 438,724 (204,252 men and 234,472 women), and the population of Nagasaki prefecture is about 1,545,000. In the 17th century, an isolationist policy closed Japan to the outside world. Only the Dutch and the Chinese were allowed to carry on very restricted trade with Japan and only through Nagasaki harbor. Thus, for nearly 250 years, Nagasaki was Japan’s only window to foreign culture. Even after the opening of Japan in the mid-19th century, Nagasaki remained an important entry point for foreign culture and technology. Among its innovations were a training school for sailors and the first steel ingot factory, which marked the beginning of modern technological industry in Japan and set the stage for the development of Japan’s major industries.
Groningen, The Netherlands
Authors: Wiersma Durk , Nienhuis Fokko J , Slooff Cees J , Giel Robert , Jong Ate de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While population growth of the Netherlands (from about 13.8 million in 1976 to over 15 million in 1990) will continue into the 21st century because of age distribution (the aging of people and the lengthening of average life expectancy which is already amongst the highest in Europe), the birthrate has been decreasing since 1963 and, in 1973, dropped below replacement level. The decrease accompanied by a high divorce rate can be regarded as an indication of a changed lifestyle in which marriage and family became less important. Since the mid-1980s, however, a growing number of marriages and a recent reduction in divorces may indicate a return to more traditional ways. The educational system is greatly accessible, and there is a very high degree of active participation by the young. Dutch is spoken and understood everywhere, although almost every region or province has a dialect or vernacular. Foreign nationals (refugees, asylum seekers, second-generation immigrants) are a small but growing (less than 5%) proportion of the Dutch population.
Sofia, Bulgaria
Authors: Ganev Kimon , Onchev Georgi , Ivanov Plamen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bulgaria, with a total population of nearly 9 million, is situated in the middle of the Balkan peninsula on a territory of 110,000 sq km. The population is largely Bulgarian; Turks, the largest minority, account for about one-tenth of the population. There are also Gypsies, Jews, Armenians, and other minorities. The dominant religion is Eastern Orthodox Christianity. The official language is Bulgarian, which is also spoken by most minority group members. The WHO Collaborating Center is located in Sofla, the largest city and the administrative and academic center of Bulgaria, comprising about 1.2 million inhabitants. The largest proportion of the population is engaged in service activities. There are also various industries, and some neighborhoods of the city are inhabited exclusively by the families of industrial workers. A significant portion of older people practices seasonal migration: They move to the villages in spring and summer, growing food and raising animals, and come back to the city during the winter. Fifty years ago, Bulgaria was a traditional patriarchal society with extensive kinship networks as a constant source of support throughout life. Despite significant changes in this pattern during the past half-century, old traditions still have their influence, and kinship obligations can be described as strong.
RA: Chennai (Madras), India
Authors: Thara R , Rajkumar S , Joseph A Albert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chennai (Madras) is the fourth largest city in India, the second most populous country in the world, with a population of nearly 980 million. Chennai and its suburbs contain about 5.5 million people. A port city, Chennai is the seat of south Indian culture and the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu bordering the southeast coast of the country. For the past 30 years, the state has been ruled only by regional political parties that have no base outside the state. A matter of political contention has been the relationship between the central government and the states, and the struggle for greater autonomy for states continues. Hindus constitute about 80% of the population with Christians and Muslims accounting for the rest; religious groups generally coexist in harmony. There is an air of cultural homogeneity.
Impediments That Prevent Physicians And Therapists From Making Valid Inferences
Authors: Bausell R Barker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s one thing to hypothesize how someone like Sarah can be tricked into believing that a CAM therapy is helping her when nothing is operating except placebo effects, the natural history of pain, and a few Psych 101 concepts such as cognitive dissonance. It’s still another to explain how a highly trained, skilled, and compassionate physician can be tricked into believing a placebo is really a miraculous panacea. Here is one scenario demonstrating how such a state of affairs could come to pass.
Why Randomized Placebo Control Groups Are Necessary In CAM Research
Authors: Bausell R Barker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Employing a placebo control group does not prevent the placebo effect from occurring. The only way to do that is to convince people that the experimental intervention that they are about to receive will not help them or that there is nothing special about it. Using a placebo group doesn’t even tell us how large the placebo effect is in a particular experiment because so many other inferential impediments are operating at the same time. The only way to ascertain the actual size of a placebo effect is to employ a no-treatment control group and to compare its results with those obtained for the placebo group.
What High-Quality Systematic Reviews Reveal About Cam
Authors: Bausell R Barker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I’ve already mentioned the fact that there are thousands of research journals and archives containing the results of hundreds of thousands of research trials. In the past few decades an exceedingly creative tool has evolved to help us make sense of this embarrassment of riches. In 1976, a research methodologist named Gene V. Glass published a paper unremarkably titled ‘‘Primary, Secondary, and Meta-analysis of Research,’’ in which he proposed a new approach for dealing with the results of multiple trials designed to evaluate the same interventions.
Sacrificing Patient Benefit to Protect Patient Rights
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The insurmountable difficulties that physicians face in predicting what will benefit their patients are only the first challenge to the Hippocratic ethic that will lead to its abandonment as the new medicine becomes more and more dominant. Two other problems are even more serious. The first is deciding whether a physician who somehow knows what will maximize benefit to his or her patient should be permitted—legally or ethically—to pursue that benefit even when it violates a patient’s rights. That will be our topic in this chapter. The other problem is whether a physician should pursue a patient’s benefit when doing so conflicts with benefit to others. That will be the topic of the following chapter.
Randomized Human Experimentation: A Proposal for the New Medicine
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the unexpectedly bleak turn in the recent history of the concept of indifference (or equipoise) as the justification for randomization, what should be done to salvage these crucially important trials? Both individual clinicians and the clinical community will typically drift out of equipoise long before an adequate level of certainty has been reached to conclude that we know one treatment is better than another. Reasonable patients will have a real interest in betting on the apparently winning treatment. Reasonable clinicians bound to promote their patients’ interest will be obliged to tell them which treatment has the better odds. As long as benefit is conceived of as a matter of objective medical fact that can be known by competent clinicians informed by the latest research findings, no study of moment will ever be completed.
Conflicts of Interest and Conflicts of Commitment
Authors: Jones James W , McCullough Laurence B , Richman Bruce W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medical practice abounds with conflicts of interest and conflicts of commitment. Conflicts of interest occur when there are conflicts between the physician’s obligations to the patient and the physician’s self-interest. Conflicts of interest arise because surgeons have multiple self-interests that they cannot or will not abandon in their role as physicians. Conflicts of commitment exist when the surgeon’s obligations to the patient collide with responsibilities to people other than the patient or himself. Conflicts of commitment often arise when the physician simply cannot excuse himself or herself from these obligations, many of which are not related to his professional persona.
Nuclear Chemistry: Lewis, Urey, and Seaborg
Authors: Coffey Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Gilbert Newton Lewis of the University of California, and Dr. Harold Clayton Urey, former student at the university, were mentioned today in Stockholm dispatches as likely recipients of this year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Dr. Urey, now professor of chemistry at Columbia University, attracted wide attention by his discovery of “heavy water,” and Dr. Lewis has developed notable methods of concentrating this water. Dr. Urey was a student under Dr. Lewis while attending the university at Berkeley. Dr. Lewis, one of the world’s outstanding chemists, has been mentioned for the Nobel Prize before. His scientific works have been widely acclaimed.
Like Nobody Else 1956–7
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As important as the quintet was, there were few attempts at recording it on the hoof: frustratingly little exists of the group away from its studio sessions for Prestige and Columbia. One early fragment which has survived is its appearance on the Steve Allen TV show for NBC (17 November 1955), although it exists in audio only (Rare Unissued Broadcasts [1]). The group play fairly brief versions of’Max Is Making Wax’, a bop tune dating back to Charlie Parker days, and ‘It Never Entered My Mind’. Allen tries to engage Davis in a little repartee, but is shocked by the sound of his voice: ‘Got a cold?’. ‘No,’ responds Miles, ‘I had an operation on my throat.’ A month earlier, Davis had indeed undergone surgery, to remove polyps on his larynx. He had never had an elegant speaking voice – it already sounds throaty on the Prestige session where he castigates Monk – and the operation had been meant to alleviate some of the problem. But he had been required not to speak beyond the bare minimum for a period after the operation, and had, at some point, raised his voice in some measure of anger: it may have been at a rehearsal, or in some heated conversation with some industry figure, nobody seems quite sure.
Normativity and Epistemic Intuitions
Authors: Weinberg Jonathan M , Nichols Shaun , Stich Stephen P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay we propose to argue for two claims. The first is that a sizable group of epistemological projects—a group which includes much of what has been done in epistemology in the analytic tradition—would be seriously undermined if one or more of a cluster of empirical hypotheses about epistemic intuitions turns out to be true. The basis for this claim will be set out in section 2. The second claim is that, while the jury is still out, there is now a substantial body of evidence suggesting that some of those empirical hypotheses are true. Much of this evidence derives from an ongoing series of experimental studies of epistemic intuitions that we have been conducting. A preliminary report on these studies will be presented in section 3. In light of these studies, we think it is incumbent on those who pursue the epistemological projects in question to either explain why the truth of the hypotheses does not undermine their projects, or to say why, in light of the evidence we will present, they nonetheless assume that the hypotheses are false. In section 4, which is devoted to Objections and Replies, we’ll consider some of the ways in which defenders of the projects we are criticizing might reply to our challenge. Our goal is not to offer a conclusive argument demonstrating that the epistemological projects we will be criticizing are untenable. Rather, our aim is to shift the burden of argument. For far too long, epistemologists who rely heavily on epistemic intuitions have proceeded as though they could simply ignore the empirical hypotheses we will set out. We will be well satisfied if we succeed in making a plausible case for the claim that this approach is no longer acceptable.
Abstract + Concrete = Paradox
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every area of philosophy is beset, bemused, and beguiled by paradoxes, which are riddles with good reasons for contrary answers and no expert or rational consensus on which answer is best (Sorensen 2003). Some paradoxes depend on curious examples, such as in the liar paradox. Others arise out of ordinary life. The former bother only philosophers, but the latter bother both philosophers and common folk. The latter, ordinary kind of paradox will be my topic here.
Fast and Frugal Heuristics
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you open a book on judgment and decision making, chances are that you will stumble over the following moral: Good reasoning must adhere to the laws of logic, the calculus of probability, or the maximization of expected utility; if not, there must be a cognitive or motivational flaw. Don’t be taken in by this fable. Logic and probability are mathematically beautiful and elegant systems. But they do not always describe how actual people—including the authors of books on decision making—solve problems, as the subsequent story highlights.
Out of the Frying Pan into the Fire
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 9/11 Commission’s report unfolded the chronology of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, which cost the lives of some three thousand people and billions of dollars in property damage (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, 2004). It focused on how al-Qaeda terrorism evolved, the possible failures of intelligence agencies to detect and avoid the attack, and potential diplomatic, legal, and technological measures to prevent future attacks. The report concerned the origins and prevention of what I refer to as direct damage, that is, the immediate consequences of terrorist action.