bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redeployment 1960–1970
Authors: Fieldhouse D K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all the major European merchant capitalists who operated primarily in Black Africa, it was becoming clear by 1960 that their future there must be in some doubt. This was not due entirely, or even primarily, to the coming of political independence; indeed, it has been seen that in many respects this was thought to offer attractive new options. By then traditional trading activities were unlikely to continue indefinitely in their older form: in many countries the commodity trades were controlled by indigenous institutions such as marketing boards or their francophone equivalents. General trading also was increasingly being taken over by African wholesalers and retailers. Yet this left the foreign firms free to move on to more sophisticated forms of trading, mainly in ‘technical’ goods which required higher levels of skill, particularly in servicing equipment, than most African traders then possessed. All the foreign firms duly shifted their merchandising business into these areas in the later 1950s and early 1960s. In addition, there was the possibility of local manufacture, already well under way by 1960. In short, decolonization and accelerating indigenous control of key elements in the local economies did not constitute a dead-end for foreign merchant capital.
Diversification 1971–1983
Authors: Fieldhouse D K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the 1960s was the age of UAC’s apprenticeship in the art of redeploying outside Africa, the 1970s was the period during which it made a sustained attempt to put into practice the lessons it had learnt. The period in fact falls into three loosely differentiated parts. From 1971 to 1975 UAC first defined and then carried out a programme which was almost entirely generated by its own management. From 1975 to about 1980 redeployment was driven by a broader Unilever policy of expanding the geographical coverage of the activities of the concern as a whole. The last period, from about 1980 to 1983, provided growing evidence that most of the initiatives of the past decade were commercial failures and paved the way for a major reassessment of UAC’s role and future.
From UACI to AMEC 1977–1987
Authors: Fieldhouse D K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the whole history of UAC the six years from 1977 to 1983 can in retrospect be seen to have been perhaps the most critical. At the end of 1976 the company was at its peak. At current prices its consolidated post-tax result had risen from £15.8m. in 1972/3 to £52.7m. in 1975/6. In constant (1982) prices, deflated by the UK RPI index, profit had risen from £54.8m. to £109.6m. during the same years. In 1983 the consolidated result was £24.2m., lower still in constant 1982 prices. Moreover, the post-tax yield had dropped from its highest point of 19.2 per cent in 1975 to 3 per cent in 1983, and was to decline still further in the following two years. The trend is clear from Tables 18.1 to 18.3. Table 18.1 sets out UAC’s consolidated results (that is, final, after all adjustments) from 1972/3 to 1987. Table 18.2 shows the yield (after tax) on GCE from 1962/3 to 1984. Table 18.3 gives the pre-tax trading results for all companies managed by UAC (including profits due to third parties) from 1974/5 to 1987.
Introduction
Authors: Bartlett Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
England in 1075was a conquered country. Many of those who had recently been its rulers, the Anglo-Saxon landed class, were dead, exiled, or pressed down into the ranks of the peasantry. A small armed group speaking a language incomprehensible to the majority of the population controlled virtually all the landed wealth. Members of this group were busy supervising the construction of scores of castles, designed to ensure their dominion.
The Institutional Church
Authors: Bartlett Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the seventh century, when it was established, to the sixteenth, when it underwent fundamental transformation, the English Church was one of the most dominant, visible, and pervasive forces in English society. In the period covered here, Christian baptism and Christian burial were virtually universal, while, to an ever-increasing extent, those who married did so through the forms of Christian matrimony. AU these rites of passage were handled by ritual specialists, the priests and other clergy; whose legal standing, dress, and appearance set them off from others. Ethics and theology were in their hands.
Scotland
Authors: Prestwich Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 1296 a small band of Scots crossed the Tweed at Pressen, near Wark. The village was surrounded and burned. Many of the inhabitants were killed, and others were taken away to Roxburgh castle. Those who were quick-witted enough to overhear and use the password which the Scots employed managed to escape.1 This small-scale skirmish opened the Anglo-Scottish convict, which dominated the years until the late 1330s. It provided Edward I and his successors on the throne with a far more severe test than the conquest of Wales, and contributed much to the increasing militarization of England.
England under Edward III
Authors: Prestwich Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With hindsight, it appears that there was a complete transformation of political life when Edward III came to power in 1330. At the time this cannot have seemed to be the case; here was yet another small clique of courtiers seizing power. Those responsible for the palace coup of 1330 had not built up any power in the localities, and had no obvious backing among the central administrators and social’s. Edward was a young man with no experience and little to recommend him. Yet within a few years he had established a wide power base. He was much more than a highly successful war leader; he had political skills and the capacity to win the support of the nation he ruled.
The Armies of Edward III’s French War
Authors: Prestwich Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even at the outset of the Hundred Years War, English armies were formidable. The chronicler Jean le Bel commented that the English had no reputation at the start of Edward III’s reign for prowess or bravery, and that their armour and equipment were then completely out of date. By the late 1330s they had learned well, and were, the chronicler claimed, most noble and redoubtable warriors.1 The Scottish wars had seen important developments such as the appearance of mixed retinues of cavalry and archers. The advent of mounted archers enabled forces to move with impressive speed. Military tactics had been developed that had proved highly elective against the Scots at Dupplin Moor and Halidon Hill, and a cadre of experienced soldiers knew how to exercise command. Royal oYcials were practised in the vital tasks of recruiting men, and of organizing victualling and the shipping of supplies.
Landownership and the Law
Authors: Prestwich Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Broad acres of arable and pasture provided the aristocracy with their wealth; wide forests provided them with sport. Land and the right to inherit it were central to the workings of medieval society, from the highest down to the lowest. The law provided a framework for acquiring and passing on estates. Knowledge of how it operated, and how it might be manipulated, was essential for success. Relationships between lords and tenants, and family disputes, frequently led to the courts, with their formalized procedures. This was an age of litigation.
The Peasantry
Authors: Prestwich Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Robert Manning of Brunne, admittedly a biased witness, ordinary Englishmen, given good food and drink, were as handsome as the nobility. They had excellent fair, clear complexions, and had an attractive smell.1The great majority of such ordinary people in this period were peasants. They were the bedrock of the economy. It was they who were the producers, growing the corn, tending the herds and the locks. Their labours were the basis of the economic growth of the thirteenth century, and in the fourteenth it was they who were in the front line, facing the problems of famine, animal murrain, and plague. It would be wrong, however, to idealize them. For the most part, the records suggest that they were ungenerous, suspicious, highly litigious, as well as downtrodden. Theirs was a miserable existence.
Population and the Black Death
Authors: Prestwich Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the population of England underwent dramatic changes. The Black Death of 1348-9 saw a level of mortality unprecedented in the historical record. There is surprising agreement about the broad outlines of the demographic changes of this period. Population grew in the thirteenth century, reached a plateau in the early fourteenth, and fell dramatically with the great epidemic that reached England in 1348. The devil, however, is in the detail. There are no sources that can be used to provide global Wagers, no equivalent to Doomsday Book of the eleventh century, or to the poll taxes of the late fourteenth. Instead, there is a difficult jigsaw of small pieces of evidence, and as so often happens with jigsaws where many pieces are lost, those that remain do not all Wit neatly together.
The ‘Tácito’ Group and the Transition to Democracy, 1973-1977*
Authors: Powell Charles T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A remarkable feature of Spain’s transition from authoritarian to democratic rule was the role played by some members of the Francoist political élite. Its success is partly attributable to the presence of groups within the ruling coalition which observed the minimal possible adherence to the regime during the final years of its existence while simultaneously staking out a strong position in a future democratic system of government. This was done by formulating and publicizing a political strategy and programme—which we shall describe as reformist—which sought to guarantee a non-violent transition to democratic rule after Franco’s death. In doing so, these sectors of the Francoist elite blurred the boundaries between those ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ the official political world (never very clearly defined in authoritarian regimes), which enabled them to exercise influence in both camps. During Franco’s lifetime, these groups undermined the position of those within the ruling coalition who were opposed to democratic change by making the reformist alternative attractive to the sectors of Spanish society which had benefited most from the regime’s existence. After his death, they provided leadership and an element of continuity which reassured these social groups and encouraged them to participate in the consolidation of the new democratic system.
Resources Available to Victims: Public Funding, Prosecution Associations, Print, and Policing
Authors: King Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Victims of property appropriation in the eighteenth century did not have to rely solely on their own resources in order to detect, apprehend, and prosecute offenders. They were often able to use the physical, financial, and informational resources provided by public funding and statutory incentives, by prosecution associations, by the printed media, by neighbours and friends, and by public or private policing networks. Some of these resources were available whatever the victim’s wealth or status; others were not. Some cost money; others provided it. To understand the decisions that were made during the pretrial stages of the accused’s journey towards formal prosecution it is necessary to ask several questions about these resources. Who decided what assistance would be given, and who was responsible for giving it? How helpful were the people and material resources made available, and what effect did they have on detection and prosecution rates? Which social groups found it easiest to mobilize these resources, and to what extent did using them place restraints upon the victim’s discretionary powers? The answers to these questions are complex because the support mechanisms provided for victims by local parishes, by the central state, by voluntary associations, and by entrepreneurs such as printers and thieftakers changed rapidly between 1740 and 1820.
Trials, Verdicts, and Courtroom Interactions
Authors: King Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having analysed pretrial processes and assessed the impact of their deeply discretionary nature on recorded crime rates and on the vulnerability of different groups to prosecution, Part 3 now focuses on the final stages of the accused’s journey through the judicial process. Chapter 7 deals with trials and verdicts, Chapters 8 and g with sentences and pardoning, and Chapter IO with rituals of punishment. Although trials and verdicts were better documented than pretrial hearings and decisions, severe evidential problems remain. The first stage of the trial process, the grand jurors’ private deliberations, remained shrouded in mystery and even the public trials held before petty juries were rarely systematically recorded because they were primarily intended to be oral confrontations between victim and accused. Newspapers, judges’ reports, private correspondence, and formal court records all provide some insights into the trial process, but the most important source was created by the London printers who published detailed reports of every Old Bailey sessions. The survival of these sessions papers has enabled several historians1 to study metropolitan trials in detail but provincial trials are more problematic.
Conclusion
Authors: Fincham Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The religious changes of the sixteenth century had sapped the reputation and resources of the episcopate without redefining their position in English society. In 1603 bishops were still expected to support an impressive household, offer hospitality and charity to their neighbours, play their part in ruling the shires as magistrates and royal commissioners, and attend Parliament and Convocation. In some respects the burdens of office had actually increased. It is true that after 1558 bishops ceased to be sent on foreign embassies1 but in James I’s reign they regained their role as royal advisers and politicians, without relinquishing their active involvement in diocesan affairs. Many protestants expected their bishop to be pastor as well as prelate, and in particular hoped to hear him in the pulpit. Alongside the traditional work of moral reform through the church courts, bishops also faced the novel problem of containing sizeable minorities of Puritans and Catholics. We cannot doubt that the Jacobean episcopate had many and conflicting responsibilities, but we may wonder what, if anything, they achieved.
Local Society
Authors: Fincham Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1633 the city of Bristol welcomed its new Bishop, George Coke. On his arrival, Coke was greeted first by the mayor and aldermen, then by the chapter and choir, who escorted him to the cathedral ‘with great solemnity’. There, on the second Sunday after his entry, Coke preached before ‘the greatest concourse of people’ that he had ever seen, including the mayor, aldermen, sheriffs and city clergy, ‘who to increase the auditory preached not one sermon at their own churches in the forenoon’. Presents were despatched and invitations were issued: the mayor invited Coke to one ‘royal and sumptuous feast’, the sheriff to another.
Clerical Nonconformity
Authors: Fincham Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preface to the King’s Works in 1616, Bishop Mountagu claimed that James I had ‘so tempered’ Puritan nonconformity at the Hampton Court Conference in 1604 ‘as the harmony hath bene the better ever since’.1 Many historians, in their search for religious origins of the English Civil War, would contest this view. Lord Clarendon maintained that the uniformity of the English Church was fatally undermined by the lax rule of Archbishop Abbot of Canterbury from 16u to 1633.
Global Origins and Dispersals
Authors: Haggett Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The closing decade of the twentieth century saw a curious paradox in the history of epidemic diseases. On the one hand, we observed a steady fall in mortality from the classic infectious diseases, culminating in the 1970s in the global eradication of one of the world’s most dreaded killers (small pox). This was the decade in which W H. Stewart, the Surgeon-General told the United States Congress that it was ‘ ... time to close the book on infectious diseases, declare the war against pestilence won, and shift national resources to such chronic problems as cancer and heart disease’.In like vein, biologist John Cairns could write in 1975 that ‘... the western world has virtually eliminated death due to infectious disease’.
Ambonwari: The Way of the Village
Authors: Telban Borut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1990 I left Wewak, the capital of the East Sepik Province in Papua New Guinea, and took a truck along the dirt road to Angoram, a wellknown market town on the Sepik River. The larger part of the settlement near the river was built by non-local people from different language groups, some coming from the north but most from the swampy areas to the south. They bring fish and sago to sell at the market before they return to their homes with the goods they have purchased at the local trade stores. A large canoe, once used for the purpose of war, took me up the Sepik River. Heavy rain drenched the outboard operator, his son, and myself all day long. I tried to see, through the mist and rain, if anyone else was travelling in either direction. Except for islands of grass floating in the muddy river there was nothing. I was left to ponder my first trip to Papua New Guinea several years before, and the uncertainty of my arrival in Ambonwari. The people, of course, did not know that I was coming.
Transformation and Presentation
Authors: Telban Borut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the book I have been concerned with imi-nggan kay (the way of the village) in its various manifestations and refractions. For Ambonwari the most salient feature of imi-nggan kay is that it embodies and reproduces kupambi-n kay, ‘the way of the ancestors’. As noted in Chapter 2, however, this phrase is often used to refer specifically to those practices which anthropologists refer to as ritual, and amongst these the paradigms of this ancestral way are male initiation and female menstruation rituals. And for the Ambonwari there is no doubt that it is the male initiation ritual that exemplifies kupambin kay in its purest form, being also referred to as ‘the way we are/live/ stay’ (kay apia kaykan). As in Fiji, ‘ritual is doing something in a Fijian way; its meaning arises from how things are done, as well as from what is done. Moreover, if one does something in a Fijian way then the doing of it becomes Fijian. This is a processual notion and so it can incorporate change’ (Toren 1988: 712).
Tradition and Ideology
Authors: Hastrcp Kirsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tradition connects people to their history and thus informs their sense of self or their identity. Tradition gives shape to the collective remembrance of the past; it is memory rephrased in words and action. In this view, tradition is not only what is handed down, it is also the way it is shaped and by its shape influences the present. In other words traditions are those myths we live by (Samuel and Thompson 1990). By being lived by, they are of course part of contemporary reality. If contexture is what surrounds and constitutes the world, as I have argued, tradition provides contexture with a depth of time. This is pre-eminently true in Iceland, where historical self-consciousness is constantly reaffirmed by reference to shared stories from and about the past.
Space: Remoteness
Authors: Hastrcp Kirsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Culture and wilderness are categories of thought, not entities. They may not even be categories of thought, just blurry images of an operative distinction between the controlled or tamed on the one hand, and the uncontrolled or wild on the other. In earlier works I have often emphasized this distinction, or the equally abstract distinction between inside and outside, in the Icelandic world, using it as an analytical instrument in my coming to grips with certain practices and figures of speech. This has been criticized as part of a ‘neo-orientalist’ discourse on the Icelanders (Palsson 1995: 62ff). There is all the more reason to stress, therefore, that in social practice, of course, there is no boundary, no distance between ‘culture’ and ‘nature’; living from nature as do fishermen and farmers means being at one with it, even if it also means being subject to hazards and unpredictabilities that cannot be controlled. As we discussed in connection with the landscape, nature is no stage upon which culture may perform itself.
People: Othering
Authors: Hastrcp Kirsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is in the nature of people to see their world partly through the (imagined) eyes of the other (Mead 1934). One could argue that this dual vision is the bottom line of any reflexivity which nevertheless implies the taking of a first-person standpoint (Taylor 1989: 130). Awareness and experience are always those of an agent, and reflexivity implies a kind of presence to oneself which is inseparable from one’s being the agent of experience. Yet the very idea of a first-person standpoint, and the sensation of its uniqueness implies a consciousness of second-person standpoints as well.
Introducing Social and Political Factors in the Study of Growth
Authors: Rodríguez-Pose Andrés 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quest for the explananda of growth is not new. Since the pioneering work of Adam Smith (1776), economists, geographers, sociologists, political scientists, and other social scientists have progressively been attracted to the field of spatial disequilibria and growth. The analysis of wealth and its uneven territorial distribution has led to the development of many theories concerning economic inequalities, both from a theoretical and from an empirical point of view. Growth studies flourished especially after the Second World War and during the period of decolonization, and the analysis of growth has been tackled with most fervour by economists. Accordingly, the economic dimension of growth has tended to be over-emphasized in most analysis, whereas the impact of social and political factors on growth trends has remained in the background, only coming to the foreground in a limited number of explanations. The following pages contain a brief review of the major recent theories of economic growth, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses and paying special attention to the consideration of social and political conditions as contributing factors to economic growth.