bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origin of Arsenic Pollution in Southwest Tuscany: Comparison of Fluvial Sediments
Authors: Donati Alessandro , Pulselli Federico Maria , Riccobono Francesco , Dallai Luisa , Francovich Riccardo , Tiezzi Enzo 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe Colline Metallifere in SW Tuscany are characterized by strong anomalies in arsenic concentrations and distribution. The area is sparsely populated and largely wild, though it has been subject to human impact due to mining and metal processing since Etruscan and Roman times. In the Middle Ages it was exploited intensively for silver and copper. Until 1995, pyrite (FeS2) was mined and roasted to produce sulphuric acid and iron. Hypotheses based on geological and mineralogical factors formulated in the last 20 years have failed to explain the peculiar distribution of arsenic in the Colline Metallifere. Here we report preliminary results of widespread sampling and analysis of the fluvial sediments of rivers originating in this mining area. The data was analysed in relation to the archaeological features of the area, since the presence of ancient mining and ore processing sites can shed light on the peculiar distribution of arsenic. Comparison of data from two rivers and their respective contaminated and uncontaminated coastal lagoons also clarified the general mechanisms of arsenic mobility, pinpointing the source of arsenic contamination. The study methods also promise to be useful for discovering unknown archaeological sites.
Characterization of Wax Manufactures of Hystorical and Artistic Interest
Authors: Campanella Luigi , Chicco Federica , Colapietro Marcello , Gatta Tania , Gregori Emanuela , Panfili Manuela , Russo Mario Vincenzo 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurpose of this scientific research is the physic and chemical characterization of two historical wax manufactures, made at the end of XIX century by Francesco Bianchi, a papal engraver. The chemical and analytical investigation was necessary to complete and to confirm the restorer's work. The IR Spectroscopy, X‐Ray and GC‐MS, the best technique to characterise wax, allowed us to obtain the following results. The two manufactures were made with commercial beeswax: in fact, the relative chromatograms showed unchanged peaks about esters of palmitic acid with C24 to C32 alcohol molecules; using standard beeswax we determined the same amount of hydrocarbons present in the wax manufactures. We found several hydrocarbons in these beeswax materials so that it is reasonable to think about successive modifications. ZnO (white zinc), a pigment, was added, probably due to its colour and covering capacity. Sb2S3, Anthimoniun vermilion, a red‐orange pigment, was added to these manufactures to give them a soft pink‐orange colour. By all used techniques we determined some modifications in the original beeswax; surely they were made to get a more malleable, mouldable, and then more able to be modelled wax.
Ranking of Phenols for Abiotic Oxidation in Aqueous Environment: a QSPR Approach
Authors: Gramatica Paola , Pilutti Pamela , Papa Ester 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe limited availability and variability of data related to the overall degradation of compounds in the environment is a very relevant issue in studies related to environmental fate and chemical behavior. The studied phenol data set consists of reaction rate constants of different oxidation reactions in surface waters, available either experimentally or, to fill the data gap, from our QSAR models reported herein. A PCA (Principal Component Analysis) model based on these oxidative degradations has been proposed to evaluate the degradability of chemicals. The score of the first Principal Component is modelled by theoretical molecular descriptors to obtain a multiple linear regression (MLR) model with high predictive power, both internally and externally validated. This modeling approach allows a fast and preliminary ranking of phenols according to their tendency to be degraded by oxidants in water, starting only from knowledge of their molecular structure.
Oxalate Films and Red Stains on Carrara Marble
Authors: Realini Marco , Colombo Chiara , Sansonetti Antonio , Rampazzi Laura , Colombini Maria Perla , Bonaduce Ilaria , Zanardini Elisabetta , Abbruscato Pamela 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe analytical studies carried out during two different diagnostic surveys, respectively in 1983 and 2003, offered the opportunity to control decay phenomena development on stones facing Certosa of Pavia (Italy). Calcium oxalate films and red stains, present on Carrara marble surface, have been particularly focused; these are the only decay phenomena which apparently have remained unchanged during a period of twenty years. More sensitive and in‐depth analytical studies (FTIR equipped with diamond cell, GC‐MS, SEM‐EDS and optical microscopy) achieved a better knowledge about their composition. Results allowed a critical evaluation of the role of oxalate films on the external marble surface and to suggest new hypotheses about the formation of red stains.
Underground Waters Quality in the Province of Lecce (Apulia, Southern Italy)
Authors: Buccolieri Alessandro , Buccolieri Giovanni , Cardellicchio Nicola , Maci Antonella 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper shows the results of underground waters last monitoring in the province of Lecce (Apulia, Southern Italy). We carried out the physical‐chemical characterization of the aquifers and their classification in accordance to limit values sanctioned by Italian legislation in force, by European directives and by FAO, in order to define their quality and to establish their possible use for drinkable and irrigation purposes. The attention has been focused on salinity evaluation and underground waters contamination phenomena, due to sea‐water intrusion and to the use of fertilizers. Salinity and nitrates concentrations are high in a few wells. Iron and manganese concentrations are very high for almost every sample and this is due to corrosion phenomena of artesian wells metallic structure. For a better interpretation of data, multivariate statistical analysis has been used, in order to obtain the correlation among analytical results, soils hydro‐geological properties and anthropic conditions.
Lamination of Fragile Documents as Preliminary Intervention to Aqueous Mass Deacidification. A Study on Reversibility Effects
Authors: Zappalà Antonio , Calvini Paolo , Gorassini Andrea , de Stefani Caroline 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPaper lamination is a widely known method to consolidate fragile and brittle documents. Since the loss of mechanical strength of paper documents is almost completely due to their acidity, the procedure generally adopted by restorers consists of an aqueous treatment of deacidification followed by consolidation. The drawback of this method is due to the loss of paper fragments during the deacidification step, that must be therefore accurately controlled. Some preliminary experiments showed that a better and faster practice would be the lamination of paper documents with a water‐resistant sheet before their immersion in the deacidification bath. The aim of this work is to evaluate the permeability, chemical stability and reversibility of the lamination sheets coated with two commercially available acrylic resins. From both gravimetric and FTIR analyses it appeared that slight modifications of the acrylic monomers led to different properties, and this behaviour can be exploited to improve the properties of lamination sheets in order to set up a reliable method of aqueous mass deacidification.
Operational and microbiological aspects of a bioaugmented two‐stage biotrickling filter removing hydrogen sulfide and dimethyl sulfide
Authors: Sercu B. , Núñez D. , Van Langenhove H. , Aroca G. , Verstraete W. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA two‐stage biotrickling filter was developed for removing dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The first biotrickling filter (ABF) was inoculated with Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and operated without pH control, while the second biotrickling filter (HBF) was inoculated with Hyphomicrobium VS and operated at neutral pH. High DMS elimination capacities were observed in the HBF (8.2 g DMS m−3 h−1 at 90% removal efficiency) after 2 days. Maximal observed elimination capacities were 83 g H2S m−3 h−1 (100% removal efficiency) and 58 g DMS m−3 h−1 (88% removal efficiency) for the ABF and the HBF, respectively. The influence of a decreasing empty bed residence time (120 down to 30 sec) and the robustness of the HBF towards changing operational parameters (low pH, starvation, and DMS and H2S peak loadings) were investigated. Suboptimal operational conditions rapidly resulted in lower DMS removal efficiencies, but recovery of the HBF was mostly obtained within a few days. The H2S removal efficiency in the ABF, however, was not influenced by varying operational conditions. In both reactors, microbial community dynamics of the biofilm and the suspended bacteria were investigated, using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). After a period of gradual change, a stable microbial community was observed in the HBF after 60 days, although Hyphomicrobium VS was not the dominant microorganism. In contrast, the ABF biofilm community was stable from the first day and only a limited bacterial diversity was observed. The planktonic microbial community in the HBF was very different from that in the biofilm. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An intron GATA‐binding site regulates chromatin accessibility and is essential for IL‐4 gene expression in mast cells
Authors: Kwan Mildred , Powell Doris R. , Nachman Tammy Y. , Brown Melissa A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSeveral GATA‐binding sites have been identified in regions both distal to and within the murine IL‐4 gene locus, yet their relative role in IL‐4 expression is unknown. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to demonstrate that GATA‐1 and GATA‐2 are associated with a regulatory element within the second intron of the IL‐4 gene in murine mast cells in vivo. Furthermore, although expression from a stably integrated wild‐type IL‐4 minigene parallels endogenous IL‐4 gene expression, mutation of the GATA‐binding element, but not an SP‐1‐binding site, virtually abolishes transcription in mast cells, an observation that correlates with the local loss of H3 and H4 histone acetylation in the intron. Treatment with the chromatin remodeling agents 5 azacytidine and trichostatin A can restore this defect in transcription. These results define an essential site of GATA influence on IL‐4 expression in mast cells and directly support the idea that GATA factors have a profound impact on locus accessibility.
Dendritic cells govern induction and reprogramming of polarized tissue‐selective homing receptor patterns of T cells: important roles for soluble factors and tissue microenvironments
Authors: Dudda Jan C. , Lembo Annalisa , Bachtanian Eva , Huehn Jochen , Siewert Christiane , Hamann Alf , Kremmer Elisabeth , Förster Reinhold , Martin Stefan F. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTissue‐selective homing is established during naive T cell activation by the tissue microenvironment and tissue‐specific dendritic cells (DC). The factors driving induction and maintenance of T cell homing patterns are still largely unknown. Here we show that soluble factors produced during the interaction of T cells with CD11c+ DC isolated from skin‐ or small intestine‐associated tissues differentially modulate expression of the corresponding tissue‐selective homing receptors (E‐selectin ligands and α4β7 integrin/CCR9, respectively) on murine CD8+ T cells. Injection of tissue‐specific DC via different routes induces T cells with homing receptors characteristic of the corresponding local tissue microenvironment, independent of the origin of the DC. These data indicate an important role for signals delivered in trans. Moreover, DC can reprogram the homing receptor expression on T cells previously polarized in vitro for homing to skin or small intestine. Importantly, skin‐homing memory T cells stimulated directly ex vivo can also be reprogrammed by intestinal DC to a gut‐homing phenotype. Our results show that tissue‐selective homing receptor expression on effector and memory T cells is governed by inductive as well as suppressive signals from both DC and tissue microenvironments.
Characterization of some synthetic Ru and Ir complexes by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Lou Xianwen , van Buijtenen Jeroen , Bastiaansen Jolanda J. A. M. , de Waal Bas F. M. , Langeveld Bea M. W. , van Dongen Joost L. J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) was applied to the analysis of Ru(OCOCF3)2(CO)(PPh3)2, Ru(OCOC3F7)2(CO)(PPh3)2, Ir(tBuppy)3 and Ir(ppy)2(acac) complexes. A troublesome problem in the MALDI‐TOFMS characterization of these metal complexes is the possible replacement of complex ligands by matrix. In this contribution, 10 matrices, ranging from acidic to basic, were investigated: α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), sinapinic acid (SA), dithranol, 2,4,6‐trihydroxyactophenone (THAP), 6‐azo‐2‐thiothymine (ATT), norharman, 2‐[(2E)‐3‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐2‐methylprop‐2‐enylidene]malononitrile (DCTB), 4‐nitroaniline (NA) and 2‐amino‐5‐nitrophyridine (ANP). With most of the matrices, including the neutral and basic ones, matrix substitution of ligand could clearly be detected. Based on the experimental results, possible mechanisms of matrix substitution were discussed. It was demonstrated that the ligand exchange process might also occur through the gas‐phase reactions initiated by laser shots. Among the matrices tested, DCTB was found to be the best one for the complexes that are prone to ligand exchange by matrix. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of thermal exposure on the microstructure, tensile properties and the corrosion behaviour of 6061 aluminium alloy sheet
Authors: Braun R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSheet material of the Al‐Mg‐Si alloy 6061 in the tempers T4 and T6 was thermally exposed at temperatures ranging from 85 to 120°C for 1000 h. The microstructure, tensile properties and the corrosion behaviour in the different heat treatment conditions were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy as well as performing tensile tests and various corrosion tests. The additional heat treatments, which should simulate aging during long‐term service usage, caused an increase in strength of 6061‐T4 sheet, associated with changes in the naturally aged microstructure. Thermal exposure at 120°C for 1000 h resulted in tensile and corrosion properties being similar to those obtained for peak‐aged sheet. Alloy 6061 in the T6 temper exhibited microstructural stability when additionally heat treated at 85 and 120°C for 1000 h. No significant alterations in the microstructure, tensile properties, and corrosion performance were observed after exposure to slightly elevated temperatures.
Optimierung des Schweißprozesses hochlegierter Stähle und Verbesserung der Korrosionsbeständigkeit der Schweißverbindungen
Authors: Schilling K. , Göllner J. , Ryspaev T. , Reiter R. , Wesling V. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDie Optimierung von Schweißprozessen ist erforderlich, um eine gute Haltbarkeit der Schweißverbindungen und eine Minimierung der Korrosionsneigung zu erzielen.Schweißprozesse stellen eine erhebliche Beeinflussung für den Werkstoff dar. Es kann dabei zu Ausscheidungen bzw. zu starken Gefügeveränderungen, zur Erhöhung der Eigenspannungen und nicht zuletzt zu Schichtbildungen kommen. All diese Veränderungen üben einen großen Einfluss auf das Korrosionsverhalten aus. Insbesondere Anlaufschichten verändern die für die Korrosionsbeständigkeit entscheidende Passivschicht. Aber auch Oberflächenbearbeitungsverfahren können das Korrosionsverhalten beeinflussen. Deshalb musste sowohl der Schweißprozess als auch eine auf den jeweiligen Schweißprozess abgestimmte “Nachsorge” optimiert werden. Die Optimierung des Schweißprozesses erfolgte durch Variation der Streckenenergie und verschiedener Schutzgase. Bei der Wahl des Oberflächenbehandlungsverfahrens ist zu berücksichtigen, dass ein augenscheinliches Entfernen der Anlaufschichten nicht unbedingt eine Verbesserung des Korrosionsverhaltens nach sich zieht. Oft bleiben Spuren des Bearbeitungswerkzeuges auf der Oberfläche zurück, die sich negativ auf das Korrosionsverhalten auswirken können.Der Einfluss dieser verschiedenen Parameter auf die Korrosionseigenschaften konnte mit Hilfe von elektrochemischen und oberflächenanalytischen Untersuchungen belegt werden.Dazu wurden verschieden oberflächentechnisch behandelte Proben von zwei typischen hochlegierten austenitschen Stählen und Verbindungsschweißungen verwendet.
Using pit solution chemistry for evaluation of metastable pitting stability of austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Moayed M. H. , Newman R. C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe stability of a corrosion pit is directly related to the pit solution chemistry. In order to know the stability of a meastable pit, the product of corrosion current density and diffusion depth (pit radius for an open hemisphere pit) is compared to the stability product obtained from the artificial pit electrode results. In this paper the stability of a metastable pit recorded on a 904L stainless at 54°C (2°C below the alloy CPT) is investigated. Assuming the geometry result of such a transient is an open hemisphere, pick current density and pit radius were calculated from Faraday's equation and then pit stability product (i·a) was calculated. This value was compared with the product of i·a associated with the pit solution chemistries (critical, saturation and supersaturation concentrations) which were obtained from the investigation on artificial pit electrode at the same temperature. SEM investigations on pit cavity generated from large metastable pit current transients with the stability product greater than the stability product associated with supersaturation concentration of pit environment proves that measured pit solution chemistry from artificial pit electrode is a reliable step for evaluation of pit stability.
Conformations produced by interactions of the side chains in poly(silylenemethylene) with the repeating sequence [Si(CH3)RCH2]x [R = O(CH2)3OC6H4C6H5]
Authors: Helfer Carin A. , Chen Donghai , Mattice Wayne L. , Farmer Barry L. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA coarse‐grained model has been developed for asymmetrically substituted poly(silylenemethylene)s in which the side chain is a flexible spacer terminated by a biphenyl unit. Each monomer unit is represented by four coarse‐grained beads that interact via a Lennard–Jones potential and are subject to the first‐ and second‐order interactions deduced from the atomistically detailed model. Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations were performed for isolated syndiotactic, isotactic, and atactic chains. Snapshots from the equilibrated coarse‐grained chain on the discrete space of a high coordination lattice were reverse‐mapped to atomistically detailed structures in continuous space. At 373 K, the chains were disordered independent of the stereochemical composition. The occupancy of bond pairs depended on the stereochemical composition, with the trans‐gauche (tg) sequence being favored by the isotactic chain. When the simulation was performed with the backbone constrained to specific periodic structures, the g helix was the lowest energy structure for either the atactic or isotactic chains. For the syndiotactic chain, the g and gt helices were favored. The appearance of the g helix as the favored periodic structure of the isolated chain was consistent with the chain conformation reported previously for the smectic phase of this polymer in the bulk state. The g helix was disrupted when the backbone was allowed to access nonhelical conformations, even though these conformations may have been slightly higher in energy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 886–896, 2005
Adolescents’ and parents’ future beliefs
Authors: Malmberg Lars‐Erik , Ehrman Jonas , Lithén Tom 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe investigated how adolescents’ and parents’ future beliefs, i.e. their goals and probability estimations (regarding future career, social and family life) were (1) structured, (2) interrelated, and (3) whether adolescents’ perceived family interaction mediated parents’ and adolescents’ beliefs, among 239 11–16‐year olds and 197 parents. Using structural equation models we found that (a) goals were similarly structured, but unrelated, suggesting cultural transmission of goals and autonomous goal setting for adolescents, (b) probability estimations were differently structured, and related, suggesting different perceptions of opportunities, and (c) family interaction mediated the relationship between parents’ probability estimations and adolescents’ future beliefs, reflecting the role of the family for adolescents’ future co‐planning.
Perceived parent–child adjustment in the family reunification among a group of runaway adolescents in Hong Kong
Authors: Liu E. Suk‐Ching 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis qualitative research explores, from the perspectives of runaway adolescents, what kind of family responses facilitate and attract a runaway adolescent to return home and what kind of parental characteristics facilitate the adolescents’ adjustment to family reunification. The study carried out in‐depth interviews with 16 adolescent boys between the ages of 13–17 in Hong Kong who, at the time of interview, had returned home after a runaway event and had been living together with their parents for considerably long and stable periods of time (from one to four years). Implications are directed toward counsellors and parents who are concerned with intervening with such at‐risk adolescents.
Upper limb activity over time in complex regional pain syndrome type 1 as objectively measured with an upper limb‐activity monitor: An explorative multiple case study
Authors: Schasfoort Fabiënne C. , Bussmann Johannes B.J. , Krijnen H. John , Stam Henk J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackground An upper limb‐activity monitor (ULAM) has been developed to determine activity limitations in complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1). The ULAM is based on 24 h ambulatory monitoring of body segment accelerations and enables valid and objective quantification of mobility and upper limb activity in transversal studies.Aims To explore upper limb activity over time in acute upper limb CRPS1 as measured with the ULAM in a longitudinal study, and to compare this to time courses of other outcome measures for activity limitations and impairments.Methods Four subjects were measured four times during a treatment protocol. Several ULAM outcome measures related to upper limb usage and mobility, three questionnaires (RASQ, DASH, RAND36), and six impairment outcome indicators (VAS‐momentary pain, VAS‐pain resulting from effort, volume, temperature, active range of motion, strength) were used.Results Objectively measured upper limb activity frequently improved; improvements of >5% were found for 63% of the ULAM outcome measures at final assessment. The ULAM outcome measures had a time course more similar to the body‐part and CRPS1 specific questionnaire RASQ than the other questionnaires. The time course of impaired temperature was most often in accordance with the ULAM, and both VAS scores showed least accordance.Conclusions Clear changes in upper limb activity over time were frequently found as objectively measured with the ULAM, and relationships among the time courses of the ULAM and other outcome measures were largely explainable. The ULAM can validly assess upper limb activity over time in CRPS1, but between‐measurement variability needs careful consideration.