bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Millennial to multi‐decadal variability in the climate of southern Africa
Authors: Tyson P. D. , Cooper G. R. J. , McCarthy T. S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWavelet analysis has been used to determine changes in the variability of southern Africa climate over the last three millennia. The structure of the variability in a 3000‐year δ18O record has been compared with that in tree ring data for the last 600 years and both to the variability in annual rainfall and runoff during the 20th century. Preferred modes of variability are shown to have occurred in all the data sets. For overlap periods, the variability modes are in phase where the data are for a common seasonal rainfall regime.From the combined proxy and instrumental data it appears that an ∼1500‐year oscillation in rainfall variability may have been present during the late Holocene. Considerable variability in South African climate has been shown to reside in the bands 500–800 and 60–120 years. The latter is manifest in stable isotope and tree ring proxy data and in measured rainfall and runoff, and shows a distinctive latitudinal variation over southern Africa. The ∼80‐year variability has been present for at least 600 years in the tree ring data and at least 3000 years in the stable isotope data. During the 20th century, the variability in the 60–120‐year range was confined south of 20° S in southern Africa.The existence of considerable multi‐decadal climate variability in the range 16–20 years has been confirmed south of 15° S. Tree ring data show that the ∼18‐year oscillation in climate has been present for at least 600 years. The 500–800‐year, ∼80‐year and ∼18‐year variability has been both frequency‐ and amplitude‐modulated over time, but never to the extent that the variability bands have lost their integrity. Their persistence is a striking feature of southern African climate.The millennial, centennial and multi‐decadal variability in climate over southern Africa finds counterparts with temporal variability in similar time ranges reported elsewhere. Spatial teleconnections in variability likewise have been shown to occur. The changes in climate variability over the subcontinent are part of variability changes affecting the Earth system in many other regions. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Norwegian sea‐surface palaeoenvironments of marine oxygen‐isotope stage 3: the paradoxical response of dinoflagellate cysts
Authors: Eynaud F. , Turon J. L. , Matthiessen J. , Kissel C. , Peypouquet J. P. , de Vernal A. , Henry M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractHigh‐resolution marine palynological data have been obtained from two very long sediment cores (MD952009 and MD952010) retrieved from the southern Norwegian Sea. The dinoflagellate cyst assemblages show pronounced fluctuations in composition, which correlate strongly with magnetic susceptibility records and also mimic the δ18O signal of the GISP2 Greenland ice‐core. If focusing on the period from 48 to 30 cal. kyr BP, this correlation suggests a paradoxical response of the sea‐surface environments to the atmospheric conditions over Greenland: when the Greenland δ18O signal reflects warm interstadial conditions, the Norwegian Sea depicts cold sea‐surface temperatures with quasi‐perennial sea‐ice cover (based on dinoflagellate cysts). In contrast, when the Greenland δ18O records cold stadial periods, the Norwegian Sea‐surface temperatures are warm (based on dinoflagellate cysts), probably linked to inflow of the North Atlantic Drift. These results, similar in both cores, are contrary to those of previous studies and shed light on a possible decoupling of Norwegian sea surface‐water conditions and atmospheric conditions over Greenland. This decoupling could be linked to an atmosphere–ocean system behaving similar to that which the Northern Hemisphere is experiencing at present, i.e. strongly variable owing to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depositional history of the North Taymyr ice‐marginal zone, Siberia—a landsystem approach
Authors: Alexanderson Helena , Adrielsson Lena , Hjort Christian , Möller Per , Antonov Oleg , Eriksson Saskia , Pavlov Maksim 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe sediment–landform associations of the northern Taymyr Peninsula in Arctic Siberia tell a tale of ice sheets advancing from the Kara Sea shelf and inundating the peninsula, probably three times during the Weichselian. In each case the ice sheet had a margin frozen to its bed and an interior moving over a deforming bed. The North Taymyr ice‐marginal zone (NTZ) comprises ice‐marginal and supraglacial landsystems dominated by thrust‐block moraines 2–3 km wide and large‐scale deformation of sediments and ice. Large areas are still underlain by remnant glacier ice and a supraglacial landscape with numerous ice‐walled lakes and kames is forming even today. The proglacial landsystem is characterised by subaqueous (e.g. deltas) or terrestrial (e.g. sandar) environments, depending on location/altitude and time of formation. Dating results (OSL, 14C) indicate that the NTZ was initiated ca. 80 kyr BP during the retreat of the Early Weichselian ice sheet and that it records the maximum limit of a Middle Weichselian glaciation (ca. 65 kyr BP). During both these events, proglacial lakes were dammed by the ice sheets. Part of the NTZ was occupied by a thin Late Weichselian ice sheet (20–12 kyr BP), resulting in subaerial proglacial drainage. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topographically‐independent ice flow in northwestern British Columbia: implications for Cordilleran Ice Sheet reconstruction
Authors: McCuaig S. J. , Roberts M. C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractStudies in southern British Columbia have shown that Cordilleran Ice Sheet flow was controlled by topograph, even in full glacial time. New ice‐flow evidence from the Nass River region, northern British Columbia, however, indicates that ice was thicker there and that the continental ice‐sheet phase of glaciation was reached. Inspection of high elevation sites has revealed a suite of ice‐flow indicators (mainly striae) undetected by earlier work. These suggest that at the Last Glacial Maximum (Fraser Glaciation), ice flowed southwestward across the Nass River region from an ice divide that probably was located in the Skeena Mountain area. Comparisons with adjacent work allow this divide to be mapped over a wide area. The results suggest that maximum ice thicknesses in the northern part of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet were larger than reported previously. The location of storm tracks in full glacial time may have played an important role in the production of an ice sheet that was thicker in northern British Columbia than it was in the southern half of the province. During deglaciation, ice thinned and gradually became confined to fiords and valleys, resulting in numerous and variable ice‐flow directions at that time. Topographic control was thus exerted on ice flow only after the glacial maximum was reached, despite the significant amount of relief in this region. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multiproxy record of Holocene environmental changes in the central Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia
Authors: Solovieva Nadia , Jones Vivienne J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA sediment core from Chuna Lake (Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia) was studied for pollen, diatoms and sediment chemistry in order to infer post‐glacial environmental changes and to investigate responses of the lake ecosystem to these changes. The past pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of the lake were inferred using diatom‐based transfer functions. Between 9000 and 4200 cal. yr BP, slow natural acidification and major changes in the diatom flora occurred in Chuna Lake. These correlated with changes in regional pollen, the arrival of trees in the catchment, changes in erosion, sediment organic content and DOC. During the past 4200 yr diatom‐based proxies showed no clear response to changes in vegetation and erosion, as autochthonous ecological processes became more important than external climate influences during the late Holocene. The pollen stratigraphy reflects the major climate patterns of the central Kola Peninsula during the Holocene, i.e. a climate optimum between 9000 and 5400/5000 cal. yr BP when climate was warm and dry, and gradual climate cooling and an increase in moisture during the past 5400/5000 yr. This agrees with the occurrence of the north–south humidity gradient in Fennoscandia during the Holocene. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro and in vivo identification of ‘pseudocatalase’ activity in Dead Sea water using Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Schallreuter Karin U. , Moore Jeremy , Behrens‐Williams Stefanie , Panske Angela , Harari Marco , Rokos Hartmut , Wood John M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBalneotherapy with Dead Sea water has been reported as a successful treatment modality for psoriasis, atopic eczema and vitiligo, but the precise mode of action has escaped definition so far. The saturating salt concentration (346 g/litre) together with the unique UV spectrum have been suggested to trigger the release of pro‐inflammatory and chemotactic mediators. The results of our study show for the first time a high content of transition metal ions (manganese, iron and copper) in Dead Sea water. Using in vitro Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy, we were able to identify ‘pseudocatalase’ activity by observing the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) over time by Dead Sea water. Since patients with vitiligo accumulate millimolar levels of H2O2 in their skin, we followed the degradation of H2O2 in vivo again utilizing the same technique. The results of this in vitro and in vivo study show for the first time a ‘pseudocatalase’ activity of Dead Sea water and provide evidence that the antioxidant properties of Dead Sea water bathing could play an important role in this unique treatment modality. Furthermore, the use of non‐invasive in vivo FT‐Raman spectroscopy introduces an excellent biomedical application in investigative dermatology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman excitation wavelength investigation of single red blood cells in vivo
Authors: Wood Bayden R. , McNaughton Don 
Published: September 2002

AbstractRaman spectra are reported for oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin contained within a single red blood cell in vivo using excitation wavelengths of 488, 514, 568 and 632.8 nm. The peak assigned in previous work to ν4 is observed at 1376 cm−1 in oxygenated cells and 1356 cm−1 in deoxygenated cells with the results from 488 nm excitation consistent with earlier Raman studies on isolated haem proteins. Exciting the cells with 514 nm radiation revealed two bands appearing in this region at 1372 and 1356 cm−1 in the oxygenated state, whereas in the deoxygenated state only one band at 1356 cm−1 is observed. At 632.8 nm excitation bands in the ν4 region appeared at 1367 and 1365 cm−1 in the oxygenated and deoxygenated states, respectively. Our results clearly show that the enhancement of bands in the vicinity of ν4 within single erythrocytes is influenced by the excitation wavelength. Furthermore, many other bands observed in oxygenated erythrocytes using 632.8 nm excitation were dramatically enhanced compared with the bands observed with other excitation wavelengths. Ruling out other explanations, it is hypothesized that the enhancement observed at 632.8 nm results from excitonic coupling between aligned porphyrins. The high concentration of haemoglobin in a single cell enables the porphyrins to be in close proximity to permit charge transfer between the haem moieties. The high signal‐to‐noise ratio and excellent reproducibility obtained using Raman water immersion microspectroscopy on single erythrocytes in vivo shows potential as a diagnostic tool for a variety of haemopathies. However, judicious choice of the excitation wavelength is a prerequisite especially if the technique is applied to diagnose oxidation status within erythrocytes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC flavonoid profiles as markers for the botanical origin of European unifloral honeys
Authors: Tomás‐Barberán Francisco A , Martos Isabel , Ferreres Federico , Radovic Branka S , Anklam Elke 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe HPLC phenolic profiles of 52 selected unifloral honey samples produced in Europe were analysed to detect possible markers for the floral origin of the different honeys. Lime‐tree (five markers), chestnut (five markers), rapeseed (one marker), eucalyptus (six markers) and heather (three markers) honeys had specific markers with characteristic UV spectra. In addition, the flavanone hesperetin was confirmed as a marker for citrus honey, as well as kaempferol for rosemary honey and quercetin for sunflower honey. Abscisic acid, which had been reported to be a possible marker for heather honey, was also detected in rapeseed, lime‐tree and acacia honeys. Ellagic acid in heather honey and the hydroxycinnamates caffeic, p‐coumaric and ferulic acids in chestnut, sunflower, lavender and acacia honeys were also detected. The characteristic propolis‐derived flavonoids pinocembrin, pinobanksin and chrysin were present in most samples in variable amounts.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Physicochemical and colorimetric evaluation of local varieties of tomato grown in SE Spain
Authors: Gómez Ricardo , Costa Joaquín , Amo María , Alvarruiz Andrés , Picazo Marta , Pardo José E 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe different physicochemical and colorimetric parameters which define fruit quality were evaluated in 12 varieties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) from several localities in SE Spain, using three widely grown commercial (F1) hybrids as controls. Several local varieties were identified with better scores for specific quality parameters (fruit firmness, soluble solids content, pH, citric and malic acids and lycopene) than the commercially grown hybrids. These may find a place in the market as distinctive quality fruits or as source material for optimal quality characteristics in breeding programmes. The correlations obtained in the overall study of the results point to the advantages and disadvantages of choosing certain quality parameters. The colorimetric study showed that the ratio between the chromatic co‐ordinates of the CIELAB system (a*/b*) separated the fruits of the different varieties as a function of their external colour better than the tomato colour index (TCI).© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
β‐Cyclodextrin‐catalyzed decomposition of Caro's acid
Authors: Ramachandran M. S. , Lathakannan  
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe kinetics and mechanism of decomposition of peroxomonosulphate (PMS) in aqueous sodium hydroxide medium in the presence β‐cyclodextrin has been investigated. The rate of decomposition of PMS is considerably enhanced by the added β‐cyclodextrin. The reaction follows first order kinetics with respect to [PMS]. The experimental results suggest the formation of β‐cyclodextrin peroxy anion by the interaction between SO52−, and β‐cyclodextrin anion (BCDO−). β‐Cyclodextrin peroxy anion subsequently reacts with PMS to give O2, SO42− and β‐cyclodextrin anion. The rate constant for the β‐cyclodextrin‐catalyzed decomposition of SO52− (BCD + SO52−) is of the same order of magnitude as that of the reaction HSO52− + SO52− products. © 2002 Wiley Periodic mals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 508–513, 2002
Legitimacy and quality of multi‐criteria environmental policy analysis: a meta analysis of five MCE studies in Norway
Authors: Wenstøp Fred , Seip Knut 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper argues for multi‐criteria decision analysis (MCDA) as a tool in environmental policy analysis. From an ethical point of view, neither rule‐based methods, nor benefit–cost analyses (BCA) are sufficient. Multi‐criteria decision analysts need, however, to be concerned about the legitimacy and quality of their applications. Neuro‐physiological evidence indicates that a necessary, but not sufficient, criterion for quality is that the decision‐makers experience emotions in the valuation process. Without emotions, and in contrast to popular belief, its valuation part is liable to be out of proportion with the range of values held by reasonable selections of the society. This paper proposes criteria for evaluation of legitimacy and quality, reviews five applications in Norway of MCDA for environmental policy, but finds that there is no clear relationship between the legitimacy and quality of the studies and their significance for decision‐makers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A dynamic interval goal programming approach to the regulation of a lake–river system
Authors: Hämäläinen Raimo P. , Mäntysaari Juha 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a model and a decision support tool for the regulation of a lake–river system using both goal sets and goal points for the water level over the year. The inflow forecast is updated periodically, which results in a series of dynamic rolling horizon goal programming problems. This involves heavy computation, and yet it can be successfully done with the spreadsheet program. The related decision support tool with a graphical user interface is called Interactive analysis of dynamic water regulation Strategies by Multi‐criteria Optimization (ISMO). The Finnish Environment Institute (FEI) actively uses it in the generation of regulation policy alternatives when considered from the different perspectives of the stakeholders. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hanford waste blending and the value of research: stochastic optimization as a policy tool
Authors: Johnson Timothy Lawrence , Diwekar Urmila M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA new approach to stochastic, combinatorial optimization is presented through its application to a contemporary policy problem: cleanup of radioactive wastes stored underground at the US Government's Hanford, WA, nuclear fuels processing site. Current plans call for the tank contents to be selectively combined prior to their immobilization in glass; such blending of wastes reduces the amount of extra material required for vitrification, therefore, decreasing the costs of processing and disposal. Uncertainty in the tank contents, the error inherent in the glass property models governing vitrification, and the computationally intensive nature of the problem, however, render determination of an optimal tank‐blend assignment a challenge to existing optimization techniques. Previous studies have focused exclusively on minimization of processing and disposal costs, ignoring such policy‐related dimensions as the value of reducing select sources of uncertainty. In addition, the stochastic framework employed by these studies could not guarantee that the glass property requirements (in the guise of model constraints) were met on more than a probabilistic basis. This paper presents a novel stochastic annealing‐nonlinear programming framework that incorporates variance—a proxy for the opportunity costs of reducing uncertainty—as an attribute in its objective function. Compared with conventional mathematical programming algorithms, the new optimization framework is seen to be more robust, flexible, and efficient. The algorithm also facilitates analysis of the trade‐off between minimizing processing and disposal costs, and reducing the expenses of achieving these savings. Specifically, the prediction error of the glass property models is found to be a more significant source of uncertainty than variation in tank component mass fraction estimates, and constraint violations are traced to specific requirements of the glass property models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term results after lymphatic‐venous anastomoses for the treatment of obstructive lymphedema
Authors: Campisi Corradino , Boccardo Francesco , Zilli Angelo , Macciò Alberto , Napoli Francesco 
Published: September 2002

AbstractOver the past 25 years, 665 patients with obstructive lymphedema have been treated with microsurgical lymphatic‐venous anastomoses; of these, 446 patients were available for long‐term follow‐up study. Objective assessment was undertaken by water volumetry and lymphoscintigraphy. Lymphangioscintigraphy, lymphangiography (in patients with gravitational reflux pathology), and echo‐Doppler were used preoperatively. Subjective improvement was noted in 578 patients (87%). Objectively, volume changes showed a significant improvement in 552 patients (83%), with an average reduction of 67% of the excess volume. Of those patients followed up, 379 patients (85%) have been able to discontinue the use of conservative measures, with an average follow‐up of more than 7 years and average reduction in excess volume of 69%. There was a 87% reduction in the incidence of cellulitis after microsurgery. In those patients who improved, drainage resulted in increased softness of the limbs. Peripheral edema (hand and foot) diminished considerably in most patients. These long‐term results indicate that lymphatic‐venous anastomoses have a place in the treatment of obstructive lymphedema and should be the therapy of choice in patients who are not sufficiently responsive to nonsurgical treatment. Improved results can be expected with earlier operations because patients referred earlier usually have fewer lymphatic alterations.
Sequential transplantation induces islet allograft tolerance
Authors: Sun Junhong , Wang Xiaoyang , Wang Chuanmin , Sheil A.G. Ross 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLiver transplantation (LT) in some rat strain combinations can induce tolerance to other organ grafts of liver donor strain. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of LT on islet allografts. Islets were isolated by collagenase digestion and purified by dextran‐gradient separation. Islets from two donor animals (>2,000) were transplanted under the left kidney capsule of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. The liver was implanted orthotopically. The results showed that concurrent LT and islet transplantation (IT) prolonged survival of islet allografts modestly, but islet allografts survived indefinitely when LT was performed before or after IT. LT delayed or reversed ongoing islet graft rejection. IT could trigger rejection in otherwise tolerated liver grafts. We conclude that sequential IT‐LT or LT‐IT can induce islet allograft tolerance or liver rejection and that the mechanisms involved may differ from those involved with LT simultaneously with either IT or vascularized organ grafts. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 21:148–152 2001
Liver microcirculation after selective denervation
Authors: Pedrosa Marcelo E. , Montero Edna F.S. , Nigro Amaury J.T. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMicrocirculatory disturbances have been related to a decrease in survival after liver transplant. Because innervation is involved in liver hemodynamics regulation, we decided to evaluate microcirculatory hepatic perfusion. Thirty rats were divided into three groups: denervated (DG), hepatic microsurgical denervation; manipulated (MG), hepatic manipulation; control (CG), laparotomy. Hepatic microcirculation was assessed in the median lobe using laser Doppler flowmetry in the following moments: T0, after laparotomy and T1, after denervation; and in the following moments after denervation: T2, 10 minutes, T3, 20 minutes, T4, 30 minutes, T5, 1 hour, T6, 1.5 hours, and T7, 2 hours for DG, and in same moments for MG and CG. DG showed a decrease in hepatic perfusion for 20 minutes after denervation, different from MG and CG. After that, there was recovery in hepatic perfusion in MG and DG (Kruskal‐Wallis and Friedman tests). Therefore, denervation and manipulation alter hepatic microcirculation, but denervation promotes a more severe decrease than manipulation. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 21:163–165 2001