bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Azole Antifungal Drugs
Authors: Como Jackson , Dismukes William E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The introduction of the azole class of antifungal drugs with the licensing of miconazole in 1979 marked the beginning of a new era in therapy for systemic fungal diseases. Although miconazole, an intravenous formulation associated with significant toxicity, is no longer commercially available, it set the stage for the development and subsequent licensing of three oral azole drugs, ketoconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole. For many systemic mycoses, these drugs have been effective and safe alternatives to the older antifungal drugs, amphotericin B, a member of the polyene class and for years the so-called “gold standard” of therapy, and flucytosine, a fluorinated pyrimidine. Ketoconazole introduced in 1981, fluconazole (1990), and itraconazole (1992) have been attractive agents because of their excellent spectrum of activity against Candida species and the endemic fungi (e.g., Histoplasma capsulatum and Coccidioides immitis) overall efficacy, safety, and ease of oral administration. However, these drugs for the most part lack significant activity against mould pathogens, the important group of emerging opportunistic fungi. Consequently, the past several years have witnessed the development of an exciting group of second generation triazole drugs (see under CHEMISTRY), which possess an expanded spectrum of activity, especially against various moulds and resistant Candida species. Voriconazole, approved in 2002, is the first of these to become commercially available; posaconazole (SCH 56592) and ravuconazole (BMS 207147) are the two other triazoles that are far along in development but not yet licensed. Our purpose in this chapter is to compare and contrast the pharmacologic properties of the older oral azoles and the newer triazoles and to provide perspective on the clinical indications for these agents.
Fungal Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Pappas Peter G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Solid organ transplantation has become an effective life-sparing modality for thousands of patients with organ failure syndromes. In spite of important advances in surgical technique and immunosuppressive regimens that have made solid organ transplantation a safer procedure today when compared to previous decades, there remain substantial risks of infection and other complications related to the procedure. Among the infectious complications of organ transplantation, none is associated with a greater impact on morbidity and mortality than invasive fungal infections (IFI) (Paya, 1993; Hibberd and Rubin 1994; Hadley and Karchmer, 1995a; Dictar et al, 2000). Fungal infections in organ transplant recipients (OTRs) vary in frequency, etiology, and pathogenesis according to the type of organ transplant procedure. Variations in immunosuppressive regimens, surgical technique, infection control, and exposure history further complicate evaluation of these patients. Moreover, the incidence of IFIs among this group of patients varies considerably from center to center, and an understanding of the overall burden of these infections according to type of organ transplant is lacking. Thus, the clinician is faced with a number of challenges in assessing the OTR with possible IFI. First, there is a lack of sensitive and specific diagnostic assays that might lead to earlier intervention. Second, once a diagnosis of proven or suspected fungal infection is established, therapy is frequently toxic, which may be dose-limiting. Third, significant potential for drug–drug interactions exists between existing antifungal agents and immunosuppressive agents. Fourth, only limited data are available that facilitate early identification of patients who are at the highest risk for IFI within each transplant group. This chapter describes risk factors for developing IFIs among OTRs, reviews the specific fungal pathogens, and discusses an approach to the diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of these potentially devastating infections.
William Henry Sleeman and the Suttee Romance
Authors: Sabin Margery 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The revival of scholarly attention to the vexed subject of Hindu widow burning comes partly from its long, conspicuous, and now suspect role in British imperial self-justification, starting in the nineteenth century.1 Historical interest is reinforced by current widespread public uncertainty about how to think and what, if anything, to do about continuing social practices such as female circumcision, female infanticide, and other violent behaviors against women that retain cultural sanction in some parts of the world.
Epilogue: Pankaj Mishra and Postcolonial Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Sabin Margery 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thanks to the World Wide Web, readers from all over may now converse, even in “real time, “ with authors in India and elsewhere. The shorthand style and the cryptic pseudonyms of e-mail obscure identities and locations. Thus Pankaj Mishra, the young Indian journalist, literary critic, and author of a first novel, The Romantics, fielded random questions from Delhi on a Saturday in February 2000, in a chat room sponsored by Rediff Music Shop.
Introduction
Authors: Tabarrok Alexander 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No one goes to the barricades for efficiency. For liberty, equality, or fraternity, perhaps, but never for efficiency. Efficiency’s failure as a revolutionary battle cry is rather puzzling, at least to an economist. Efficiency is the one thing everyone should go to the barricades for. Will the chapters in this volume therefore inspire marches on city hall? It’s doubtful, but even modest moves toward more efficient policies can be highly valuable. Ronald Coase, the 1991 winner of the Nobel Prize in economics, argued that an economist who delays a bad policy from being implemented by as little as a week has earned his salary for a lifetime. Presumably an economist who encourages a good policy has done the same. Coase’s own contribution to more efficient public policy, his 1959 proposal to auction off the radio spectrum, was not adopted until 1993. Coase, however, was not disappointed by the nearly forty years of delay. The first nine spectrum auctions alone raised over $20 billion in revenue and reduced deadweight costs by close to $1 billimi.
The Organ Shortage: A Tragedy of the Commons?
Authors: Tabarrok Alexander 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The current system for motivating the supply of human organs has failed to end the shortage. Thousands of people die every year while they wait helplessly for an organ transplant and thousands more will die in the next few years. These deaths could be avoided if more people signed their organ donor cards. Yet, every year, the organ shortage tends to become worse as medical technology increases the number of potential beneficiaries while social apathy and fear keep the number of donors relatively constant. Today, roughly 60,000 people are waiting for organ transplants, although less than 10,000 will become donors. Despite a prominent advertising campaign with Michael Jordan as spokesperson and a national campaign of pastors, rabbis, and other clergy supporting donation, the number of donors remains far below what is necessary to save everyone on the waiting list.
The Pursuit Of Fairness
Authors: Anderson Terry H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Affirmative action strikes at the heart of deeply held beliefs about employment and education, about the concepts of justice and fairness, and about the troubled history of race relations in America. Published on the 50th anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education, this is the only book available that gives readers a balanced, non-polemical, and lucid account of this highly contentious issue. Beginning with the roots of affirmative action, Anderson describes African-American demands for employment in the defense industry--spearheaded by A. Philip Randolph’s threatened March on Washington in July 1941--and the desegregation of the armed forces after World War II. He investigates President Kennedy’s historic 1961 executive order that introduced the term “affirmative action” during the early years of the civil rights movement and he examines President Johnson’s attempts to gain equal opportunities for African Americans. He describes President Nixon’s expansion of affirmative action with the Philadelphia Plan--which the Supreme Court upheld--along with President Carter’s introduction of “set asides” for minority businesses and the Bakke ruling which allowed the use of race as one factor in college admissions. By the early 1980s many citizens were becoming alarmed by affirmative action, and that feeling was exemplified by the Reagan administration’s backlash, which resulted in the demise and revision of affirmative action during the Clinton years. He concludes with a look at the University of Michigan cases of 2003, the current status of the policy, and its impact. Throughout, the author weighs each side of every issue--often finding merit in both arguments--resulting in an eminently fair account of one of America’s most heated debates. A colorful history that brings to life the politicians, legal minds, and ordinary people who have fought for or against affirmative action, The Pursuit of Fairness helps clear the air and calm the emotions, as it illuminates a difficult and critically important issue.
“When Then Came the Change”: The Fight against Disrepute
Authors: Williams Rhonda Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 1950s, public housing still lured tenants like Frances Reives, who searched for an inexpensive yet “decent place” to “make a home.” In 1955 when Lafayette Courts opened, she and her daughter, Mary, who had migrated years earlier from Greensboro, North Carolina, moved in. By 1957 Reives had married and birthed another daughter, and life was a little easier—just a little—for a short time. Her husband did not like public hous-ing, but “he didn’t try to buy us a house,” and “I wasn’t moving in no more shacks.” Three more children and a rocky relationship later, Reives’s husband left.
Doing Justice and the Distractions from It
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What if there were a law that prevented punishing someone we know to be a murderer or a rapist? Not merely a lack of evidence or some other regrettable problem impeding our ability to prosecute that particular case, but a law, a categorical rule, saying that we must let the person go, though we all agree he has committed a crime. Or what if there were a law that punished people as criminals, perhaps even sending them to prison, when they were known to be blameless? Again, not because of some tragic mistake or faulty perception of the facts, but because the law required us to punish someone we all agree is without fault.
Advancing Reliability
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Another practical constraint cited as a justification for rules generating deviations from desert is a concern with reliability: either the untrustworthiness of specific pieces of evidence or the overall undependability of litigation outcomes more broadly. Unlike the rules proceeding from the fear of manipulation discussed in chapter 2, these rules do not respond to the peculiarly human element of potential deliberate abuse, but to the general, and unavoidable, difficulty of recreating past events. In other words, even if everyone is honest and nobody is trying to distort the result, there is still no guarantee that the result will be accurate, and in fact, there are various evidentiary problems that will make an accurate result difficult to obtain. For example, the difficulty of proving a defendant’s culpable state of mind—a fact that is necessarily a matter of speculation by all persons other than the defendant—can impose a serious burden on a prosecution charged with proving culpability beyond a reasonable doubt. Some appropriate efforts to punish the guilty might falter for lack of clear proof of culpability. It is therefore tempting to ease the prosecutorial burden by reducing the culpability requirement or by allowing indirect proof by other facts to facilitate or substitute for a finding of culpability.
Controlling Police and Prosecutors
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
sixth justification offered in support of deviations from desert is the need to curb misconduct by criminal-justice officials, whose zealous pursuit of criminals has the potential to overwhelm the desire for fair play and respect for individual rights. In turn, our desire to limit governmental intrusion and to promote procedural integrity sometimes appears to require a sacrifice of justice. What is at stake here is a tradeoff between the societal interest in effective law enforcement and the countervailing interest in preventing abusive or overly intrusive law enforcement.
Hacking the Nineteenth Century Babbage and Lovelace in The Difference Engine and Arcadia
Authors: Clayton Jay 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Midway through William Gibson and Bruce Sterling’s The Difference Engine (1991), a historical science fiction set in nineteenth-century England, an automaton startles the protagonist Edward Mallory by whirring to life in the parlor of a foreign-service operative. The figure is a carved Japanese doll, fashioned entirely of bamboo, horsehair, and whalebone. It is lifelike enough to be mistaken for a kneeling lady, although stereotypes of the submissive Asian woman contribute to the deception. The urbane secret agent appears at ease with such marvels, so Mallory, who is jealous of his reputation as a scientist, recovers his composure with a show of expertise: he places the automaton in the context of other mechanical figures, com paring it to “one of those Jacquot-Droz toys, or Vaucanson’s famous duck” and observing that it moves with the precision of a “Maudsley lathe” (168).The habit of associating windup figures and clockwork dolls with the latest precision engineering from the workshops of Henry Maudslay, who got his start with Marc Brunel in Samuel Bentham’s dockyards, is an accurate reflection of early-nineteenth-century scientific culture.
Convergence of the Two Cultures A Geek’s Guide
Authors: Clayton Jay 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dickens was witness to the beginning of the two-culture split. In chap ter 3, I presented Mr. Pickwick as comically trapped between an older, undisciplined culture, which mixed science, literature, engineering, and the social sciences, and a newer, disciplinary culture, which was beginning to segregate literature from science, science from engineering, and the social sciences from all the rest. Dickens’s portly hero was at a loss about how to make the transition.
The Geopolitical Background
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Aknowledge of the geopolitical context in which Russia’s grand strategy developed is a fundamental necessity. Not only did that context shape a global vision, it helps us understand the relative strengths and weaknesses of the rival powers engaged in a struggle for hegemony in the three theaters making up the Heartland, and it determined what was possible at a given time as well as the stakes involved in committing military power to the transformation of that vision into a blueprint for troop movements and diplomatic negotiations.
The western theater included the entire basin of the Baltic Sea and the broad corridor between the Dniepr and the Prut along the eastern curve of the Carpathian Mountains. The Baltic Basin was the aggregate of the basins of all the rivers flowing into the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, and the Baltic proper, from Lubeck to Reval. The Norwegian Alps and the Elbe River descending from the Sudeten Mountains formed the outer periphery of the western theater and of the Heartland as well, beyond which began the European Coastland facing outward toward the Atlantic Ocean.
Client States and Societies
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Russian grand strategy was an essentially political concept, recognizing no dis-continuity between peace and wartime. The decisions that shaped it proceeded from a consensus worked out among the ruling elite not only on military and economic policy but also on diplomatic relations with neighboring territories. Most of those territories were found within the Heartland. Some were core areas, others were frontiers between them and Russia. Russia’s diplomatic vision was largely confined to the Heartland. Muscovy and the empire—even if the term empire did not come into official use until Peter’s reign—had grown since the mid-sixteenth century by co-opting local elites and becoming a multi-clan and multi-ethnic political configuration, in which the tsar was the grand patron of a complex system of clientage. Much of Russian diplomacy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries sought to expand this system of patronage, from which the Romanov house derived great prestige. Relations with peripheral states and societies were rooted in the traditional pattern of patron-client relationships at the Muscovite court. This brings us to the third principle underlying Russia’s emerging grand strategy: if one was the determination to carry out deep strategic penetrations within the Heartland and only occasionally beyond its periphery, and the second the deployment of the strategic force originally in the old Muscovite core, the third was the creation of a glacis of client states and societies beyond which there sometimes stretched an “invisible frontier” of client relationships with other peoples along the Heartland’s periphery or even beyond it.
Independence
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While the British army was ending its long ordeal in Boston, the second Continental Congress was in the midst of deliberations that would end with the Declaration of Independence. The second Congress began its sessions on May 10, 1775, a day midway in the period marked out by the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill. From the outset, the Congress suffered its own ordeal—a tortuous questioning of whether America could better protect its liberties inside or outside of the British empire.
Inside the Campaigns
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina, the last major action of the Revolutionary War before Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, over 500 Americans were killed and wounded. Nathanael Greene had led some 2200 men into the Springs; his casualties thus represented almost one-fourth of his army. More men would die in battles in the next two years, and others would suffer terrible wounds.
The Constitutional Convention
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The delegates to the Constitutional Convention straggled into Philadelphia throughout most of May 1787. The state legislatures had not appointed delegates with undue speed, and those chosen found travel over rough roads slow and uncomfortable. May 14, the day set for the opening, came and went with only a few delegates present. Delay in getting the meeting started distressed those in the city who were committed to major reform because it suggested to them that others might not share their purposes.
The World from 1450 to 1700
Authors: Wills John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In The World from 1450 to 1700, historian John Wills takes a fresh look at one of the most fascinating and tumultuous periods in world history. Assuming a global perspective, rather than the traditional Eurocentric view, Wills traces the interwoven changes that led from the world of Columbus, Luther, and the Mughal emperor Babur to the world of Locke, Louis XIV, and the Kangxi emperor. The book’s multi-centered approach explores historical events not in isolation but rather in a dynamic nexus of connections ranging from the Italian Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation to the Sikh, Hindu, and Confucian revivals; from the transformation of Japan in 1600 to the forced migrations of millions of African slaves; from the English Civil War and expanding Qing and Muscovite empires in Asia to new forms of scientific knowledge and parliamentary democracy in Europe. It is an interlocking world of change and movement, innovation and conquest, and Wills marshals his extraordinary narrative skill and breadth of learning to bring this period vibrantly to life.
Emergence of the Genus Homo
Authors: Tattersall Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is widely assumed that our own genus, Homo, arose somewhere among the welter of australopith species. But nobody knows for sure which australopith was closest to our own ancestry. As always, the hunt is on for more fossils; but in the meantime there are several candidates for classification as the earliest known Homo. The first really ancient species of our genus to have been named is Homo habilis, described by Louis Leakey and two colleagues in 1964. The fossils—a rather fragmentary bunch consisting of a broken lower jaw, some pieces of braincase, and some hand bones—were found in Olduvai Gorge, a hot, dusty canyon in the Serengeti Plains of what is today Tanzania.
Cervantes’Don Quixote
Authors: Echevarría Roberto González 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This casebook gathers a collection of ambitious essays about both parts of the novel (1605 and 1615) and also provides a general introduction and a bibliography. The essays range from Ramón Menéndez Pidal's seminal study of how Cervantes dealt with chivalric literature to Erich Auerbachs polemical study of Don Quixote as essentially a comic book by studying its mixture of styles, and include Leo Spitzer's masterful probe into the essential ambiguity of the novel through minute linguistic analysis of Cervantes prose. The book includes pieces by other major Cervantes scholars, such as Manuel Durán and Edward C. Riley, as well as younger scholars like Georgina Dopico-Black. All these essays ultimately seek to discover that which is peculiarly Cervantean in Don Quixote and why it is considered to be the first modern novel.
The Enchanted Dulcinea
Authors: Auerbach Erich 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ahora me libre Dios del diablo, respondió Sancho; ¿y es posible que tres hacaneas, o como se llaman, blancas como el ampo de la nieve, le parezcan a vuesa merced borricos? Vive el Señor, que me pele estas barbas si tal fuese verdad.
Don Quixote Story or History?
Authors: Wardropper Bruce W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although today we call Don Quixote a novel, Cervantes did not. The modern Spanish word “novela” did not yet exist in the sense of an extended work of prose fiction; it could be applied only to the short story of Italian origin. The other family of words used to designate longer prose fiction derived from Latin “romanice”; in France “roman” covered fictional romance, but in Spain the equivalent word “romance” had been preempted for other purposes.1 There was thus no appellation for the early Spanish romance or novel. The chivalric and pastoral romances were called “libros”; the sentimental romances, “tratados,” or treatises; Francisco Delicado’s La lozana andaluza, a “retrato,” or portrait; the picaresque works, “vidas.” On his title pages Cervantes carefully refrains from saying what his work is: “El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha” and “Segunda parte del ingenioso caballero don Quijote de la Mancha.” The friend who advises him, in the prologue to part I, about the preliminaries to his work calls it simply a “book.” If, as the friend assumes, Don Quixote is essentially a parody of the libros de caballerías, one would think that the term designat-are those of sociology, not of morality, on which Cervantes has based his novel (though, as we have said, he offers us the conflict between different moral standards). The attitude of this critic, which seems to abound in the sense of Carl Becker (“the historian has become the successor of the theologian”), is, in my opinion, contingent on the presupposition that moral values are obsolete in a modern world given to the sociological explanation of history.