bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two ribbon synaptic units in rod photoreceptors of macaque, human, and cat
Authors: Migdale Karen , Herr Steve , Klug Karl , Ahmad Kareem , Linberg Ken , Sterling Peter , Schein Stan 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe rod photoreceptor's synaptic terminal (or spherule) uses an elaborate synaptic structure to signal absorption of one or more photons to its postsynaptic targets. This structure includes one or two synaptic ribbons inside the terminal and a pouch‐like “invagination” outside the terminal, into which enter a widely variable number of incoming fibers and postsynaptic targets—central elements supplied by rod bipolar cells and lateral elements supplied by horizontal cells. Nonetheless, our three‐dimensional reconstructions of this synaptic structure in foveal retina of macaque monkey and peripheral retina of human and cat reveal several features that are highly conserved across species and with eccentricity: 1) every spherule has one invagination; 2) with rare exceptions, every spherule has two ribbon synaptic units with these features: a) on the presynaptic side, each ribbon synaptic unit has a ribbon or part of a ribbon and one trough‐shaped arciform density that demarcates its active zone; b) on the postsynaptic side, each ribbon synaptic unit has two apposed lateral elements and one or more central elements; 3) the volume of the extracellular space in the single invagination is small, ∼0.1 μm3; and 4) the largest distance from active zone to receptor regions on bipolar cells is small, less than ∼1.5 μm. With such small dimensions, release of one quantum of transmitter can pulse glutamate to a concentration comparable to the EC50 of the metabotropic glutamate receptors on the central elements associated with both synaptic units. We speculate that two ribbon synaptic units are required to sustain the high quantal release rate needed to signal a single photon. J. Comp. Neurol. 455:100–112, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor‐, neurotrophin‐3‐, and tyrosine kinase receptor‐like immunoreactivity in lingual taste bud fields of mature hamster
Authors: Ganchrow Donald , Ganchrow Judith R. , Verdin‐Alcazar Mary , Whitehead Mark C. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe neurotrophins brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3), as well as their respective tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptors, TrkB and TrkC, influence peripheral target cell innervation, survival, and proliferation. In the mature taste system the role of neurotrophins and their receptors is not known. The mature hamster is an intriguing model because anterior lingual fungiform, unlike posterior lingual foliate and circumvallate, taste buds survive denervation. In light of this difference, we examined whether the degree of neurotrophin‐ or neurotrophin receptor‐like immunoreactivity (IR) normally differs among lingual gemmal fields. In single‐ and double‐labeled immunofluorescent experiments, 3,209 taste bud sections (profiles) from 13 hamsters were examined for immunopositive gemmal cells or nerve fibers using antibodies to BDNF and NT‐3, their respective receptors TrkB and TrkC, and the neural marker ubiquitin c‐terminal hydrolase L‐1 [protein gene product (PGP) 9.5]. In each gemmal field, more than 75% of taste bud profiles showed immunopositivity to BDNF, NT‐3, and TrkB. Across bud fields, BDNF‐, TrkB‐, and BDNF/TrkB‐like IR, as well as PGP 9.5 and PGP 9.5/BDNF‐like IR in centrally located, fungiform bud cells was greater (P < 0.0001 to P < 0.002) than in circumvallate or foliate buds. Within bud fields, the number of BDNF‐like, labeled bud cells/bud profile was greater than that for NT‐3‐like IR in fungiform (P < 0.0002) and foliate (P < 0.0001) buds. TrkC was immunonegative in gemmal cells. The average density of TrkB‐ and TrkC‐like fiber IR was more pronounced in fungiform than posterior gemmal‐bearing papillae. Thus, fungiform papillae, whose taste buds are least affected by denervation, exhibit specific neurotrophin and receptor enrichment. J. Comp. Neurol. 455:11–24, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recognizing, appreciating, and capturing the tacit knowledge of R&D scientists
Authors: Sapienza Alice M. , Lombardino Joseph G. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractOne of the most important assets of biopharmaceutical firms is the expertise of their R&D scientists, and it is important that such intellectual assets be developed for competitive advantage. On the other hand, we have observed instances in whichtacit knowledge—that which resides in the minds of scientists but is not yet communicated—was overlooked. For the biomedical sector, tacit knowledge is an important issue from the perspectives of retirement, recruitment, and turnover. As the National Science Foundation noted, (1) retirement of PhDs will dramatically increase over the next decade, and (2) between 1998 and 2008, the biological sciences are expected to have the highest job growth rate of the life sciences (35%). In addition, turnover among small, startup biotechnology companies can be a sizable fraction of total scientific employment. If the tacit knowledge of experienced scientists is not captured, in each of the above cases it may become a lost rather than a strategic asset. Our objective is to focus readers' attention on the tacit aspect of scientists' expertise and to suggest tactics for capturing and communicating that knowledge, for the strategic advantage of teams, departments, and organizations. Drug Dev. Res. 57:51–57, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fostering venture research: A case study of the discovery that ascorbate enhances adrenergic drug activity
Authors: Root‐Bernstein Robert , Dillon Patrick F. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAscorbic acid (vitamin C) enhances the smooth muscle and cardiac activity of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and other adrenergic drugs, increasing the dose response up to threefold and the duration of activity up to fivefold. The effect is not due to the antioxidant effects of ascorbate. The mechanism by which this enhancement occurs is as yet unknown. This discovery has broad implications for utilizing all existing adrenergic drugs as well as for formulating new mixtures for the delivery of such drugs. Despite the clear‐cut pharmaceutical potential of this discovery, it was not begun as a drug development project, and at no stage prior to its patenting was the research funded. As such, the discovery raises some basic questions about how research projects are evaluated; why this discovery was not made before; whether it could have been made by means of a mechanism‐driven research program; and how unexpected discoveries are to be fostered within the broad arena of biotech and pharmaceutical research. Does the current system of concensus‐ and market‐driven research actually yield the kinds of results needed to drive industry innovation and keep the drug pipeline full? Drug Dev. Res. 57:58–74, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic and enabling/platform technology: Companies in transition
Authors: Fersko Raymond S. , Garner Ebun S. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis overview discusses the shifting focus of genomics and platform technology companies from concentrating solely on licensing tool technologies toward becoming true drug and product developers. This issue is examined in the context of public policy, the licensing of research tools, and shifting paradigms in drug development as a result of genomics. Drug Dev. Res. 57:83–96, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Control of large space structures using GPS—modal parameter identification and attitude and deformation estimation
Authors: Harigae Masatoshi , Yamaguchi Isao , Kasai Tokio , Igawa Hirotaka , Suzuki Tomohiro 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes a method for identifying the modal parameters of large space structures and estimating their attitude and deformation using kinematic GPS. The Eigensystem Realization Algorithm method is used for the modal parameter identification, and for attitude and deformation estimation, we adopt the Kalman filter based on the identified system dynamics. The proposed method was evaluated through computer simulations and in ground‐based experiments, and the results confirmed its feasibility. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(4): 63–71, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10045
A study on a CDMA using orthogonal spreading code without synchronization
Authors: Kawanami Yasuhiko , Sasaoka Hideichi 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIn CDMA cellular system, it is important to reduce interchannel interference in order to enlarge the channel capacity. For this purpose, CDMA using the orthogonal code is applied to the downlink. It is difficult, however, to apply the method to the uplink multiple access, since interchannel interference appears when the synchronization is lost. Regarding this point, this paper considers CDMA system using the orthogonal code without synchronization, where the interchannel interference does not appear even if the synchronization is lost, and evaluates its effectiveness by computer simulation. The following results are verified. In the uplink multiple access without the transmitter power control for the fading, the BER characteristic is degraded by interchannel interference in CDMA system using M sequence code, as well as in CDMA system using orthogonal Walsh code with synchronization. The BER characteristic in CDMA system using the orthogonal code without synchronization is the same as in the single‐station case (i.e., without interchannel interference). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(4): 19–34, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10077
A two‐wire spiral antenna backed by a plane reflector with an unbalanced feed system
Authors: Hirose Kazuhide , Miyamoto Masamitsu , Nakano Hisamatsu 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA novel unbalanced feed system, which achieves quasi‐antiphase excitation without a balun circuit, is proposed for a two‐wire spiral antenna backed by a conducting plane reflector. An inner spiral‐wire end is fed from a coaxial line and the other inner spiral‐wire end is short‐circuited to the reflector. The antenna is analyzed using the method of moments. The radiation characteristics are found to be comparable to those of a conventional spiral antenna with antiphase excitation. The frequency bandwidth for a 3‐dB axial‐ratio criterion is 18% (20% for antiphase excitation), with a gain of approximately 8 dBi (8 dBi for antiphase excitation). The input impedance is almost constant at 170–j30 ohms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(4): 1–9, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10079
Adverse reaction to surgical sutures in thyroid surgery
Authors: Hocwald Eitan , Sichel Jean‐Yves , Dano Ithak , Meir Karen , Eliashar Ron 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackground.A mild reaction to surgical sutures after thyroid surgery is common and is characterized by local edema and inflammation around the surgical scar. Severe reaction with microabscesses and granulomatous masses is quite rare.Methods and Results.Two cases of severe reaction to silk sutures after thyroid surgery are presented. Meticulous surgical removal of all surgical sutures along with granulomatous masses, granulation tissue, and microabscesses cured both patients. Pathologic examination revealed giant cells and lymphocytes. Intradermal skin tests were positive to silk sutures. The etiology and the treatment options are discussed.Conclusions.In rare cases, severe reaction to silk sutures may develop after thyroid surgery. Surgical removal of the stitches is the treatment of choice. Intradermal skin test is a good predictor of allergy to sutures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 000–000, 2002
Sparganosis presenting as a lateral neck mass
Authors: Chae Sung Won , Choi Jin Ho , Lee Dong Jin , Lee Heung Man 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackground.Cervical sparganosis is rare, and its rarity makes it difficult to be distinguished from tumors. A case of cervical sparganosis is reported.Methods and Results.An 80‐year‐old man was initially seen with a painless lateral neck mass for 3 months, which was initially diagnosed as cervical lymphadenopathy. Laboratory studies revealed eosinophilia, and the patient recalled that he had frequently taken mountain water. Serologic study of human sparganosis by a monoclonal antibody–based competition enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was positive. Surgical excision was performed, and the sparganosis was confirmed by histologic examination.Conclusions.Sparganosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue tumors, especially among patients who have frequently ingested mountain water and consumed raw snakes or frogs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Primary oromandibular reconstruction using free flaps and thorp plates in cancer patients: A 5‐year experience
Authors: Poli Tito , Ferrari Silvano , Bianchi Bernardo , Sesenna Enrico 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackground.Low‐profile second‐generation THORP titanium plates combined with soft tissues free flaps (forearm or TRAM) can be used for oromandibular reconstruction in patients with SCC in advanced stage (stage III–IV).Methods.To evaluate long‐term stability and possible complications of this reconstructive technique, we recorded, retrospectively, data of 25 patients with posterolateral oromandibular defects after tumor resection collected during a 5‐year period.Results.All free flaps were successfully transferred, although eight patients were initially seen with delayed hardware‐related reconstructive complications: plate exposure in four patients and plate fracture in four patients.Conclusions.Nowadays, the state‐of‐the‐art treatment for mandibular defects is primary bone reconstruction with bone free flaps, but in selected cases (elderly patients, poor performance status, posterolateral oromandibular defects, soft tissue defects much more important than bone defects) the association with THORP plate‐soft tissue free flaps represents a good reconstructive choice. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 000–000, 2002
Polymorphisms of the glutathione S‐transferase P1 gene and head and neck cancer susceptibility
Authors: Oude Ophuis Michael B. , Roelofs Hennie M. J. , van den Brandt Piet A. , Peters Wilbert H. M. , Manni Johannes J. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackground.Factors determining the individual susceptibility to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are still largely unknown. An imbalance between enzymes involved in the toxification and detoxification of (pre)‐carcinogens closely related to HNSCC, which may appear during smoking and alcohol consumption, may play a role. Genetic polymorphisms in glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) often result in altered detoxification, which may contribute to individual susceptibility to HNSCC.Methods.We studied the frequencies of polymorphic variants in the GSTP1 gene in 235 patients with HNSCC and 285 healthy controls. In addition, data on exposure to alcohol and tobacco consumption were recorded. DNA was extracted from whole blood, and polymerase chain reaction–based methods were used to detect genetic polymorphisms.Results.In patients with HNSCC and control groups, the homozygous GSTP1 BB genotype was observed in 12.3% and 13.6%, respectively. No statistical differences were found for the GSTP1 AA and GSTP1 AB/GSTP1BB genotypes.Conclusions.Our study showed that genetic polymorphisms of GSTP1 are not associated with altered susceptibility to HNSCC. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 00–00, 2002
Use of fine‐needle aspiration cytology and frozen section in the management of nodular goiters
Authors: Abboud Bassam , Allam Soha , Chacra Lara Abou , Ingea Henri , Tohme Cyril , Farah Pierre 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackground.This study evaluates the role of frozen section (FS) in surgical decisions for nodular thyroid disease when a preoperative fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is available.Material and Method.The charts of 113 patients who underwent thyroidectomy for nodular goiter were reviewed. Each patient underwent FNAC, FS, or both. Results were compared with the final pathologic examination to evaluate their effectiveness in predicting malignancy.Results.The sensitivity and specificity of FNAC alone (49 patients) were 73% and 93.5%, respectively, and of FS (111 patients) 68% and 99%, respectively. The result of fine‐needle aspiration cytology was: benign (n = 8), malignant (n = 13), indeterminate (n = 25), and nondiagnostic (n = 3). All cases diagnosed as benign on FNAC were benign on final pathology, but of the six FS performed in these cases, four were benign and two were suspect. Of the 13 FNAC that were interpreted as malignant, 11 and 10 proved to be malignant on final pathology and FS, respectively. The 25 indeterminate cases on FNAC were on final pathology benign (n = 21) and malignant (n = 4) and on frozen section were benign (n = 12), malignant (n = 2), and suspect (n = 11).Conclusion.When results of FNAC are interpreted as benign or malignant, FS is of little value, because it does not change the extension of thyroidectomy. FS proved useful in determining the extent of thyroidectomy only when results of the FNAC were suspect or atypical. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 000–000, 2002
Afferent and efferent lymph‐collecting vessels of the submandibular nodes with special reference to the lymphatic route passing through the mylohyoid muscle
Authors: Abe Masato , Murakami Gen , Noguchi Makoto , Yajima Toshihiko , Kohama Gen‐iku 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackground.Although metastasis of cancer in the oral region to the submandibular node is well described, there has been no anatomic representation of lymph vessels penetrating the oral floor and draining into the node.Materials and Methods.Ninety specimens were obtained from formalin‐fixed, donated cadavers. Histologic observations using serial sections followed the macroscopic observations.Results.In 19 of 90 specimens, we found afferent collecting lymph vessels exiting from the mylohyoid surface and draining into the preglandular submandibular node. In 3 of the19 specimens, collecting vessels passing through the narrow muscle gap with or without arteries, veins, and nerves were identified histologically. The postglandular submandibular node was not evident in the drainage route.Conclusions.Although it carries a low incidence, because of the direct lymphatic route or pathway between the oral region and preglandular submandibular node, the pathologically positive supraomohyoid node sometimes seems to be found even in elective neck dissection. However, we speculate that sentinel node investigation would reveal the much more critical role of the jugulodigastric node not only as the actual sentinel node but also as the common terminal node along the various drainage routes from the oral region. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 000–000, 2002
Sentinel node biopsy in oral cavity cancer: Correlation with PET scan and immunohistochemistry
Authors: Civantos Francisco J. , Gomez Carmen , Duque Carlos , Pedroso Felipe , Goodwin William Jarrard , Weed Donald T. , Arnold David , Moffat Fred 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackground.Lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node biopsy (LS/SNB) is a minimally invasive technique that samples first‐echelon lymph nodes to predict the need for more extensive neck dissection.Methods.We evaluated this technique in 18 oral cavity cancers, stages T1–T3, N0. Patients underwent CT and positron emission tomography (PET) of the neck, followed by LS/SNB, frozen section, immediate selective neck dissection, definitive histology, and immunoperoxidase staining for cytokeratin. Histopathology of the sentinel node was correlated with that of the neck specimen.Results.There were 10 true positives: 6 identified on frozen section; 2 on permanent histology; and 2 only on immunoperoxidase staining. In six, the sentinel node was the only positive node. There were seven true negatives and one false negative.Conclusions.Gross tumor replacement of lymph node architecture may obstruct and redirect lymphatic flow. Overall LS/SNB holds promise for oral cancer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 000–000, 2003
Influence of thermal and flow boundary perturbations on convection heat transfer characteristics: Numerical analysis based on adjoint formulation
Authors: Momose Kazunari , Ueda Makoto , Kimoto Hideo 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA numerical approach based on adjoint formulation of convection heat transfer is proposed to predict the change of heat transfer characteristics for arbitrary thermal and flow boundary perturbations. In order to obtain the adjoint system of the convection heat transfer problem, we formally linearize the governing equations by the perturbation method and then derive the adjoint system for the perturbation system. As a result, it is shown that the numerical solutions of the base and the adjoint problems enable us to predict the changes of heat transfer characteristics, such as the change of total heat transfer rate or the change of temperature at a specific location, when the thermal and flow boundary conditions are perturbed. An application example is presented to demonstrate the proposed method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(1): 1–12, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10065
Study of nucleate boiling heat transfer to slush hydrogen and slush nitrogen
Authors: Ohira Katsuhide 
Published: December 2002

AbstractSlush hydrogen is a mixture of liquid hydrogen and solid hydrogen particles, and is being considered as a spaceplane fuel or as a means of transport for hydrogen used as a source of clean energy. This paper describes nucleate boiling heat transfer characteristics of slush hydrogen and slush nitrogen. For the visual observation of heat transfer states, a heat transfer unit was placed in a glass Dewar designed to minimize the heat loss from an atmospheric environment. The heat transfer unit used was a circular flat plate 0.025 m in diameter made of electrolytic tough pitch copper. During testing, three different orientations of the heat transfer surface were used: horizontal facing up, vertical, and horizontal facing down. Heat transfer data for the normal boiling point (NBP) of liquid hydrogen, the triple point (TP) of liquid hydrogen, the NBP of liquid nitrogen, and the TP of liquid nitrogen were obtained up to the critical heat flux (burnout). These data for slush hydrogen and nitrogen, including the results of observation of the heat transfer surface were compared. This clarified the nucleate boiling heat transfer characteristics of slush hydrogen and slush nitrogen, which have rarely been investigated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(1): 13–28, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10068