bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrostatic Processes
Authors: Mazumder Malay K. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areFundamental Concepts of Electrostatic ProcessesCharging of Materials and Transport of Charged ParticlesFriction ChargingElectrostatic PrecipitatorsInk Jet PrintingPowder Coating ProcessElectrophotography: Copying Machines and Laser PrintersElectrostatic SeparationElectrostatic Hazard Control: Electrostatic Discharge by Dust Explosion
Grounding
Authors: Zipse Donald W. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areInstallation PracticesPersonnel Safety ProtectionEquipment GroundingTypes of Low‐Voltage Power System GroundingElectrical Properties of the EarthConnection to Earth—Grounding Electrode SystemsInstallation Recommendations and PracticesLightning Protection GroundingStatic‐Protection GroundingGrounding of Computer SystemsGenerator GroundingTesting the Grounding and Bonding Systems
Fault Location
Authors: Kezunovic Mladen , Drazenovic‐Perunicic B. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Fault‐Location Requirements

Fault‐Location Algorithm Fundamentals

Standard Approaches: Phasor‐Based Algorithms

Advanced Approaches: Partial Differential Equation–Based Methods

Advanced Approaches: Traveling‐Wave‐Based Methods
Standing Wave Meters and Network Analyzers
Authors: Schiek Burkhard , Gronefeld Andreas 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areMeasurement of Networks at Microwave FrequenciesReflection Measurement TechniquesArchitectures of Network AnalyzersError Models, Calibration, and Error CorrectionModern Self‐Calibration Techniques for Four‐Receiver VNAsOutlook and Related Topics
Fiberoptic Sensors
Authors: Bock Wojtek J. , Karpierz Miroslaw A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areBasic PrinciplesFiber‐OPtic Sensor ComponentsFiber‐Optic Sensors: OverviewFiber‐Optic Sensor SystemsFuture of Fiber‐Optic Sensors
Impulse Testing
Authors: Radwan Roushdy M. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Lightning Overvoltages

Switching Overvoltages

Generation of Impulse Voltages

Generation of Switching Surges

Impulse Voltage Measurement

Electrical Discharge

Impulse Breakdown

Impulse Breakdown Strength

Transfer Characteristics

Measurement Standards

Calibration

Applications
Frequency and Time Interval Meters
Authors: Rusek Andrew 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Frequency Meters

Time Interval Measurement

Ratio Measurement Mode

Reciprocal Counter

Input Conditioning Circuit

Digital Circuits of the Counters

Time Base Oscillators

Errors in Digital Frequency and Time Interval Meters

High‐Frequency Meters

Transfer Oscillator

Frequency Translation

Low‐Frequency Meters

Examples of Calibration of Frequency and Time Interval Meters
Millimeter‐Wave Measurement
Authors: Dambrine Gilles , Crozat Paul , Cros Jean‐Dominique , Gheudin Maurice , Huyart Bernard , Nebus Michel 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areMillimeter‐Wave Automatic Network AnalyzerVoltage and Power Ratio Techniques: Six‐Port Network AnalyzerSource‐Pull and Load‐Pull TechniqueDielectric Waveguide Cavity ResonatorFree‐Space Methods. Interferometry
Power Factor Measurement
Authors: Czarnecki Leszek S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article arePower Factor and Its MeaningPower Factor in Single‐Phase, 2‐Phase, and 3‐Phase Balanced Circuits With Sinusoidal Voltage and CurrentEffects of the Power Factor on the Supply SourcePower Factor in 3‐Phase Unbalanced Systems with Sinusoidal Voltages and CurrentsPower Factor of Linear Loads with Nonsinusoidal VoltagePower Factor of Nonlinear Loads with Sinusoidal Supply VoltagePower Factor MeasurementPower Factor MetersIron‐Vane PF MetersCrossed‐Coil PF MetersElectronic Power Factor Meters Based on Phase‐Shift Angle MeasurementElectronic Power Factor Meters Based on the Measurement of the Ratio of Active to Apparent Power
Wattmeters
Authors: Mirri Domenico , Pasini Gaetano , Iuculano Gaetano , Filicori Fabio , Sasdelli Renato , Tinarelli Roberto 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areEqually‐Spaced Sampling WattmetersRandom Sampling WattmetersPerformance Analysis of the Sampling WattmetersTime‐Jittered Equispaced Sampling WattmetersInput Conditioning CircuitsWattmeters CalibrationPower Quality Analyzer
Image and Video Coding
Authors: Ramchandran Kannan , Gharavi‐Alkhansari Mohammad , Huang Thomas S. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Compression Framework For Still Images

Jpeg–Still‐Image Compression Standard

Beyond JPEG: Wavelets

Beyond JPEG: Fractal Coding

Compression Framework For Video

Video Standards

MPEG‐4 Standard

MPEG‐7 and Multimedia Databases

Current and Future Research Issues

Acknowledgments
Trellis‐Coded Modulation
Authors: Jafarkhani Hamid , Tarokh Vahid 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areHistorical RemarksOverviewTrellises as Finite‐State MachinesMapping by Set‐PartitioningDecoding Trellis Codes: the Dynamic Programming AlgorithmMultidimensional Trellis CodesResearch Activities
Database Processing
Authors: Vossen Gottfried 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDatabase processingsubsumes a variety of algorithmic activities that must be performed in modern database management systems. These mostly stem from the specific functionality provided by a database system to applications at various levels. We divide this functionality into two major layers. At theapplication layer, a database system has to processqueries. To this end, we describe how query processing and optimization take places inrelationaldatabase systems. For a subclass of relational queries we discuss optimization, and for the most important relational operation, the(natural) join, we sketch algorithms for its internal implementation. At thesystem layer, user requests to a database are treated in terms oftransactions, which are atomic units of work that preserve database consistency. Transaction processing amounts to interleaved and resilient executions of multiple database accesses according to predefined goals. We explain the major techniques exploited here and show how they carry over todistributeddatabase servers. We conclude by mentioning current and future challenges to database processing.Functional Layers in Database SystemsRelational DatabasesTransaction ManagementDistributed Database ServersFuture Challenges
Database Languages
Authors: Kim Ung Mo , Sheu Phillip C‐Y 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Background

Relational Data Model, Relational Algebra, and Relational Calculus

Structured Query Language (SQL)

Object Relational Database Languages

Object‐Oriented Database Languages

Temporal Database Languages

Active Database Languages

Deductive Database Languages

ODBC

Conclusion
Statistical Databases
Authors: Srivastava Jaideep , Ngo Hung Q. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areRequirements of Statistical DatabasesStatistical Data Models and MetadataStatistical Query LanguagesPhysical Database Design and Index Structures for Statistical OperationsQuery Processing and OptimizationSampling and Its Role in Statistical DatabasesStatistical Database SecurityOther IssuesConclusion
Optical Waveguide Transitions
Authors: Burns W. K. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Separating Waveguides and Horns

Local Normal Mode Formalism

Adiabatic and Abrupt Transitions

Coupled‐Mode Theory Representation of Normal Modes

Scattering Matrix Formalism

Coupled Amplitude Equations

Coupled Mode Theory Representation of
C

ij

and Δβ

ij

Branches

Waveguide Horns

Direct Computational Methods
Photonic Crystals
Authors: Sigalas M. M. , Ho K. M. , Soukoulis C. M. , Biswas R. , Tuttle G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areTheoretical MethodsExperimental Techniques for Fabrication of Photonic Band Gaps3‐D Photonic Crystals with DielectricsAcknowledgments
Magnetic Media, Imaging
Authors: Ross C. A. , Schabes M. E. , Nolan T. , Tang K. , Ranjan R. , Sinclair R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areBitter PatternsMagnetooptical Kerr EffectLorentz Transmission Electron MicroscopyScanning Electron Microscope–Based TechniquesElectron HolographyMagnetic Force MicroscopyConclusions
Magnetic Flux
Authors: Jayakumar Raghavan 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areFlux Line and Flux TubeFlux and Fields in a Toroidal GeometryMagnetomotive Force and ReluctanceDemagnetization FactorMagnetic HelicityElectrical MachinesCharged‐Particle Motion in a Magnetic FieldPlasma Equilibrium and Flux SurfacesSuperconductors and Magnetic FluxMeasurement of Flux
Planar Dielectric Leaky‐Wave Antennas
Authors: Schmidhammer Edgar K. , Ostner Helmut W. , Detlefsen Juergen B. , Jackson David R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionBasic Properties of Planar Leaky‐Wave StructuresAnalysis of One‐Dimensional Dielectric Leaky‐Wave AntennasAnalysis of Two‐Dimensional Dielectric Leaky‐Wave AntennasAlternative Feed and Aperture ConfigurationsConclusions
Power Combiners and Dividers
Authors: Bialkowski Marek E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areMicrowave and Millimeter‐Wave Power Combining TechniquesResonant and Nonresonant Cavity Combiners/DividersNonresonantN‐Way CombinersSpatial Power CombinersAnalysis Methods for Power Combiners/DividersApplications
Quasi‐Optical Circuits
Authors: Shiroma Wayne A. , De Lisio Michael P. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areQuasi‐Optical Power CombiningOscillatorsAmplifiersFrequency‐Conversion and Beam‐Control ArraysCharacterization of Quasi‐Optical ArraysPassive Quasi‐Optical ComponentsQuasi‐Optical Subsystems and Modeling Techniques
Slow Wave Structures
Authors: Wu Ke 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areGuided Waves and WaveguidesFundamentals of Slow‐Wave StructuresA Brief History of Slow‐Wave DevelopmentBasic Theory of Slow‐Wave Structure(ω − β) Dispersion Diagram and Slow‐Wave ParametersApproximate and Quasi‐Static ModelsAccurate and Hybrid‐Mode Field ModelsSlow‐Wave Summary and Applications
Neural Chips
Authors: Dündar Gunhan , Rose Kenneth 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Neural Network Constraints on Neural Chip Design

Digital Implementations of Neural Chips

Nonideality Constraints on Analog Neural Chip Design

Analog Implementations of Neural Chips

Implementing On‐Chip Learning

Subthreshold Analog Neural Chips

Pulse Stream Neural Chips

Implementing Alternative Neural Network Architectures

Conclusion
Optical Neural Nets
Authors: Javidi Bahram 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areFundamentals of Optical Image ProcessingSpatial Light ModulatorsOptical Pattern RecognitionOptical Neural ComputingMultilayer Optical Neural Nets Using Holographic MemoryOptical Associative MemoryOptical Correlator Associative MemoryHologram‐Based Associative MemorySummary
Nuclear Power Station Design
Authors: Green Kenneth J. , Gulati Diljit , Steele John Scott 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Nuclear Licensing Process

Reactor Types

The Fission Process

Radiation and Shielding Design

Site Layout and Plant Arrangement

Structural Design

Power Cycle

Nuclear Power Plant Equipment

Nuclear Plant Systems

Radioactive Waste Processing

Nuclear Power Plant Electrical Systems

ALWR Program

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

Fire Protection Systems
Thyristors for Power Electronics
Authors: Yatsuo Tsutomu 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areBasic Structure of GTO ThyristorPrinciple of GTO Thyristor OperationTheory of Gate Turn‐OffCurrent Filamentation in the Unit GTO Thyristor SegmentTurn‐Off Failure Modes of GTO ThyristorsSafe Operating Area (SOA) of GTO ThyristorAnode Emitter ShortingSegment Arrangement in GTO ThyristorsTurn‐Off Characteristics of GTO ThyristorsSnubber CircuitsGate Driver for GTO ThyristorsRatings of GTO ThyristorsReverse Conducting GTO ThyristorsPunch‐Through (pnipn) Type GTO ThyristorsHard Drive Operation of GTO Thyristors
Optical Amplifiers
Authors: Willner Alan E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areHistorical PerspectiveBasic ConceptsPhotoabsorption and PhotoemissionSNR Background in Generic Optical SystemsAmplifier Gain and NoiseSemiconductor AmplifiersErbium‐doped Fiber AmplifiersMultiple‐Wavelength SystemsApplications to SolitonsFuture Trends
Power Factor Correction
Authors: Mao Hengchun , Jiang Yimin , Lee Fred C. , Boroyevich Dushan , Ribeiro Paulo F. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areUtility Interface RequirementsPower Quality Requirements for Electrical EquipmentSingle‐Phase Power Factor CorrectionThree‐Phase Power Factor CorrectionInput Filter DesignRecent Research ResultsConclusion
Speech Production
Authors: Kent Ray D. , Weismer Gary 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areProperties of SpeechThe Linguistic‐Phonetic Structure of SpeechThe Physical Structures of Human Speech ProductionLevels of Observation in Studies of Speech ProductionAcoustic Theory of Speech ProductionThe Intersection of Phonology, Speech Acoustics, and Speech MovementsSpeech Aerodynamics and Obstruent ProductionTheories of Speech Production: an Abstract
Thin Film Resistors
Authors: Collins F. M. , Anderson W. A. , Ma E. M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areHistorical DevelopmentDesign ConceptsWafer‐Scale FabricationMaterialsFinished FormatsPerformance CharacteristicsSummary of the Advantages of Thin Film, Integrated Resistor ConstructionNicr Thin Film ResistorsTantalum Nitride Thin Film ResistorsRuthenium Oxide Thin Film ResistorsDouble‐Layer Ruo2/Ta2N Thin Film ResistorsConclusion
Software Validation for Reliability
Authors: Schneidewind Norman F. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areCategories of Reliability Measurements and PredictionsDefinitionsCriteria for SafetyRisk AssessmentApproach to PredictionPredictive EquationsCriterion for Optimally Selecting Failure DataRelating Testing to Reliability and QualityMaking Safety DecisionsSummary of Predictions and Model Validation
Geometric Programming
Authors: Peterson Elmor L. , Plenert Gerhard 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

An Elementary Example: the Optimal Design of a Power Line

Generalized Polynomials

Traditional Calculus and Numerical Approaches

The Geometric Programming Approach

Unconstrained Posynomial Minimization VIA Geometric Programming: The General Case

An Important Example: Entropy Optimization in Information Theory, Thermodynamics, and Statistical Mechanics
Software Performance Evaluation
Authors: Tiwari Vivek , Malik Sharad 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areComponents of Software Performance EvaluationClassification of Software Performance EvaluationApplications of Software Performance EvaluationMethods for Software Performance EvaluationAverage Case Performance AnalysisExtreme Case Performance AnalysisFurther Details on ModelingSoftware Power EvaluationComponents of Software Power EvaluationApplications of Software Power EvaluationPower and EnergyMethods for Software Power EvaluationInstructional Level Power ModelsSoftware Power Estimating MethodologyFuture Directions
Software Quality
Authors: Melo Walcélio L. , Lounís Hakim , Sahraoui Houari A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areRelated WorkCoupling of ModulesEmpirical Validation of Coupling MeasuresFault‐Prone Predictive ModelsComparison Between Our Measures and Existing MeasuresConclusionAcknowledgments
User Interface Management Systems
Authors: Myers Brad A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areDefinitionsImportance of User‐Interface ToolsOverview of User‐Interface Software ToolsWindowing SystemsToolkitsVirtual ToolkitsHigher‐Level ToolsTechnology TransferEvaluating User‐Interface ToolsResearch IssuesConclusionAcknowledgment
Ion Implantation
Authors: Nanver Lis K. , Goudena Egbert J. G. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Applications of Ion Implantation

Implanted Impurity Distributions

Implantation Damage In Silicon

Junction Formation In Silicon

Masking and Patterning

Measurement Techniques for Characterization of Ion Implantations

Modeling and Simulation of Implantations

Ion Implantation Systems
Acousto‐Optical Signal Processing
Authors: Riza Nabeel A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areThe Acousto‐Optical Device ModelAcousto‐Optical System Components and IssuesOptical Processing TechniquesRadio‐Frequency Spectrum Analysis Using Acousto‐Optical DevicesAcousto‐Optical CorrelatorsAcknowledgment
Kalman Filters
Authors: Kailath Thomas , Sayed Ali H. , Hassibi Babak 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Stochastic Estimation

The Innovations Process

The Standard State‐Space Model

The Kalman Filter

Steady‐State Behavior

Fast Algorithms For Time‐Invariant Systems

Array Algorithms

Smoothing Algorithms

Continuous‐Time State‐Space Filtering

Approximate Nonlinear Filtering

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgment
Multirate Filterbanks
Authors: Xia Xiang‐Gen 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionNotations, Basic Building Blocks, and Their PropertiesM‐Channel Multirate FilterbanksPerfect Reconstruction Fir Multirate Filterbank Factorization and ConstructionDFT and Cosine Modulated FilterbanksSome Additional and Recent Research TopicsSummary
Pattern‐Transfer Fidelity in Soft Lithography: The Role of Pattern Density and Aspect Ratio
Authors: Lee T.‐W. , Mitrofanov O. , Hsu J. W. P. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractUsing high‐aspect‐ratio nanostructures fabricated via two‐photon laser‐scanning lithography, we examine the deformation of elastomeric stamps used in soft nanolithography and the fidelity of patterns and replicas made using these stamps. Two‐photon laser‐scanning lithography enables us to systematically regulate the aspect ratio and pattern density of the nanostructures by varying laser‐scanning parameters such as the intensity of the laser beam, the scanning speed, the focal depth inside the resist, and the scanning‐line spacing. Two commercially available stamp/mold materials with different moduli have been investigated. We find that the pattern‐transfer fidelity is strongly affected by the pattern density. In addition, we demonstrate that true three‐dimensional structures can be successfully replicated because of the flexible nature of elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane).
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Nanocrystalline MgO and Its Use as a Bacteriocide
Authors: Makhluf S. , Dror R. , Nitzan Y. , Abramovich Y. , Jelinek R. , Gedanken A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractNanocrystalline particles of MgO were synthesized using microwave radiation in an ethylene glycol solution. The antibacterial activities of the MgO nanoparticles were tested by treating Escherichia coli (Gram negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) cultures with 1 mg mL–1 of the nanoparticles. We have examined the importance of the size effect, pH, and the form of the active MgO species as a bactericidal agent. A clear size dependence of the nanoparticles is observed where the amount of eradicated bacteria was strongly dependent on the particle size.
Organic Solid Solutions: Formation and Applications in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Shao Y. , Yang Y. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTo enhance the performance of organic devices, doping and graded mixed‐layer structures, formed by co‐evaporation methods, have been extensively adopted in the formation of organic thin films. Among the criteria for selecting materials systems, much attention has been paid to the materials' energy‐band structure and carrier‐transport behavior. As a result, some other important characteristics may have been overlooked, such as material compatibility or solubility. In this paper, we propose a new doping method utilizing fused organic solid solutions (FOSSs) which are prepared via high‐pressure and high‐temperature processing. By preparing fused solid solutions of organic compounds, the stable materials systems can be selected for device fabrication. Furthermore, by using these FOSSs, doping concentration and uniformity can be precisely controlled using only one thermal source. As an example of application in organic thin films, high‐performance organic light‐emitting diodes with both single‐color and white‐light emission have been prepared using this new method. Compared to the traditional co‐evaporation method, a FOSS provides us with a more convenient way to optimize the doping system and fabricate relatively complicated organic devices.
Observation of a Chiral Smectic Phase in Azobenzene‐Linked Bolaamphiphiles Containing Free Sugars
Authors: Abraham S. , Paul S. , Narayan G. , Prasad S. K. , Rao D. S. S. , Jayaraman N. , Das S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAmphiphilic sugars exhibit both lyotropic and thermotropic liquid‐crystalline behavior. Interestingly, in spite of the abundance of chiral centers in amphiphilic sugars, their liquid‐crystalline phases do not exhibit macroscopic chirality. Herein, we report on the first observation of macroscopic chirality in sugar‐based bolaamphiphiles containing free hydroxyl groups. The manifestation of the chiral smectic C* phase in these bolaamphiphiles has been observed to be critically dependent on the presence of the azobenzene moiety and the suitable length of the methylene spacer. These results imply that by suitable selection of linker groups, mesogenic bolaamphiphiles possessing macroscopic chirality can be designed using a variety of naturally available sugar derivatives.
Morphology of Polymer/Liquid‐Crystal Nanotubes: Influence of Confinement
Authors: Steinhart M. , Murano S. , Schaper A. K. , Ogawa T. , Tsuji M. , Gösele U. , Weder C. , Wendorff J. H. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPolymer/liquid‐crystal (LC) tubes consisting of an approximately 30 nm thick poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) layer on the outside and a 5 to 10 nm thick discotic liquid‐crystalline layer on the inside of the tube walls have been prepared by wetting ordered porous alumina templates with a pore diameter of 400 nm. Decreasing the pore diameter to 60 nm results in a confinement‐induced transition from a wetting state to a non‐wetting state, and solid rods with a sequential morphology are obtained. The texture of the mesophase depends on the morphology type and the thermal history. Under certain conditions the LC mesophase exhibits a dominant, well‐ordered planar texture where the discotic columns are aligned with the long axes of the tubes. The controlled generation of one‐dimensional nano‐objects possessing mesoscopic fine structures and intrinsic anisotropy should be the first step towards a rational design of miniaturized building blocks.
Fabrication of Thermoresponsive Plasmonic Microspheres with Long‐Term Stability from Hydrogel Spheres
Authors: Kuang M. , Wang D. , Möhwald H. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractGold nanoparticles have been incorporated with high efficiency into thermoresponsive hydrogel spheres, due to the suitable relationship of the nanoparticles and pore sizes given by the gel network. The hydrogel loaded with nanoparticles remains thermoresponsive, and the loaded gold nanoparticles exhibit little aggregation as detected by plasmon resonance, and are reversibly sensitive to the refractive index and temperature of the surrounding media. The layer‐by‐layer growth of polyelectrolyte multilayers on the composite spheres has also been demonstrated. These thermoresponsive plasmonic microspheres are appealing for application in biological assays.