bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Britain and European Integration: Of Sovereignty, Slow Adaptation, and Semi-Detachment
Authors: Bulmer Simon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Against this background it is scarcely surprising that the United Kingdom continues to be regarded as a ‘semi-detached’ member of the European Community. Yet things have changed. The EC’s decisions in 1988 to reform the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), and the more equitable basis for budgetary contributions in the period since 1984 have weakened some of Britain’s grievances against the EC. Moreover, the programme for completion of the EC’s internal market has brought a much closer identity of purpose between the EC’s objectives and those of the Conservative Government. Finally, by the end of 1988 the key British political forces, including the Labour party, the Scottish and Welsh nationalists, the trade union movement, and industrialists had joined those already ‘thinking European’. Of the established UK parties, it is the Ulster Unionists which remain as bastions of opposition to the EC.
The Political Parties1
Authors: Ashford Nigel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The role of the political parties in determining Britain’s approach to membership, policies, and future of the EC has been great. They contributed to the slow adjustment of British politics by the failure to present clear and consistent views of Britain’s relations with Europe; undermined the role of government as gatekeeper by domesticating membership of the EC as an issue but failing to develop views on European issues; and reinforced the semi¬ detached image of Britain in the rest of the Community by their failure to co-operate effectively with their fellow parties in the EC. Europe could have been integrated more effectively into British politics if either there had been a party consensus that membership of the EC was in the national interest, or there had been a sharp distinction between the parties on their attitudes to Europe, which would have encouraged a clearer appreciation of the issues involve.
Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Hughes Colin A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The political systems of Australia and New Zealand are ‘noted for their general similarity’,1 yet in the electoral sphere there are significant variations. Size is an obvious difference likely to influence electioneering: Australia’s national electorate is five times as numerous as New Zealand’s and spread over almost thirty times the area. But both are highly urbanized societies whose rural constituencies are a minority interest which has declined in importance for most of the century. Australia has compulsory voting, both have compulsory enrolment. But turn-out figures in New Zealand are not very much below the Australian level.
Conclusion
Authors: Butler David , Ranney Austin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Each chapter in this book has described the unique way in which particular democracies conduct some aspects of their elections today. But every chapter has also highlighted some common elements in electioneering; and everywhere there can be found similar changes which have overtaken electioneering since 1945. It remains for us to explore the similarities and the differences, the main themes and the principal variations.
Moral Topophilia: The Significations of Landscape in Indian Oleographs
Authors: Pinney Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the depiction oflandscape in a genre of popular Indian art. These landscapes are represented through a stylized aesthetic which expresses a historical and moral topophilia.1 They frequently give visible form to the intersection and conflict of, on the one hand, a folk model of historical decay and, on the other, a nationalist political language of modernity. I refer to these mass-produced depictions as ‘oleographs’2 while others refer to them as ‘calendar art’ or ‘bazaar art’. Although this artform is ‘now sedimented as an authentic Indian “kitsch’” (P. Uberoi 1990: 43), it is a product of a colonial hybridity in which Indian and European styles were mixed. Patricia Uberoi has argued that the Indianization of this hybrid form of representation should be understood within the context of a rising cultural nationalism which sought to construct an appropriate past through a new traditionalizing Hinduism. This was recognized by nationalists of the time: the printing press established in Bombay in 1892 by Ravi Varma (who ‘perfected’ the style and ensured its mass reproduction and India-wide penetration)3 was patronized by moderate nationalists such as Gokhale, Ranade, and Dadabhai Naoroji (Guha-Thakurta 1986: 188), and Surendranath Banerjea claimed that these images ‘were working towards a re-instatement of national culture in the same way as their nationalist speeches were’ (ibid.). Uberoi is particularly concerned with the articulation of feminine identity with this new ‘national ethos’; here I will argue that the limited appearance of’landscape’ can be read for similar clues. It has often been noted that within Indian art there has been remarkably little that could properly be described as ‘landscape’ as understood in the Western tradition. However, both the presence and absence of’landscape’ in oleographs and the relationship between ‘place’ and ‘space’ reveal much about the construction of this new national Hinduized identity (inflected through landscape as ‘the land’ or ‘the nation’) and its continuing negotiation.
EU Cohesion Policy in Greece: The Tension Between Bureaucratic Centralism and Regionalism
Authors: Ioakimidis P C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Greece joined the European Union in January 1981 as its tenth member. It had been an associate member for almost twenty years. The country opted for European membership primarily to consolidate its young democratic institutions, although the prospect of economic benefits was also a powerful factor.
This chapter will examine the impact of EU membership on a very limited area of Greek political development, the territorial structure of politics. It will try to determine whether and, if so, to what extent EU membership has altered the political balance between the centre and the periphery. Put in concrete terms, the main question is whether the implementation of EU cohesion policy has generated pressures for the decentralization of political power in the traditionally highly centralized Greek state.
Policy Networks and Policy-Making in the European Union: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Rhodes R A W , Bache Ian , George Stephen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is commonplace to treat policy-making in the European Union (EU) as distinctive. The EU is neither a federation nor an inter-governmental body, although it has features of both. The policy process varies and does not conform to a single pattern or model (Nugent 1994: 297). However, this chapter adopts a different approach because it does not start with the differences between the EU and the member states. It focuses on similarities and asks whether models of policy-making known to be useful in analysing member states are also useful for analysing EU policy-making. It assumes that all governmental units confront similar imperatives and respond in similar ways. In particular, it examines critically the literature on policy networks and asks whether this idea is useful for understanding EU policy-making.
Exploring and Explaining Variation in EU Cohesion Policy
Authors: Marks Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is often said that policy-making varies decisively across policy areas in the European Union. However, when one takes a closer look at most policy areas, it soon becomes clear that they are far from homogeneous. This is certainly the case in the European Union’s cohesion or structural policy, which involves successive phases of financial bargaining, institutional design, and the creation, negotiation, implementation, and monitoring of regional development plans. The point of departure of this chapter is that to understand the political dynamics of cohesion policy, one must disaggregate the policy into its component parts, each of which, I shall argue, has a distinctive logic.
The European Issue in British Politics
Authors: Gamble Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Britain’s relationship with the European Union has been one of the dominant issues of British politics in the last fifty years. It has also been one of the most divisive. The debate has moved through a number of phases. The British government initially refused to participate in the negotiations which led to the setting up of the European communities in the 1950s. It then applied to join in the 1960s and was twice rebuffed. Entry was finally negotiated in 1971 and Britain became a full member in 1973.
A ‘Rosy’ Map of Europe? Labour Parliamentarians and European Integration
Authors: Baker David , Seawright David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The raw nerves of division within the Conservative Party over European integration, with consequent problems for party management, are well documented in this book and elsewhere (Baker et al. 1994a). Labour divisions over European integration clearly exist, but what is the extent of those divisions and how might they obstruct a Labour government? Tony Blair was quick to denounce Tory claims of greater division within Labour ranks: ‘Of course, Conservatives are fond of pointing out that there are divisions in the Labour Party too. This is a glib line ... the Labour divisions, unlike the Tory ones, are largely part of the past.’
The Decline of Mortality in Europe
Authors: Schofield Roger , Reher David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At first glance, the historical development of mortality in Europe can be easily and quickly summarized. Pre-decline patterns typical of most Ancien Regime societies were characterized by high overall levels, punctuated by periodic bouts with epidemics caused by infectious disease (plague, smallpox, typhus, etc.). During the eighteenth century, and chiefly thanks to ever more efficient government intervention, the incidence of crisis mortality diminished drastically in most of Europe. It was the ‘stabilisation of mortality’ as Michael Flim called it, and was essential to the subsequent spurt in European growth rates. With the reduction of epidemics, endemic infectious diseases became relatively more important and gains in life i:xpectancy slowed considerably. It was not until the latter part of the nineteenth century that mortality once again declined sharply in most areas of Europe. Child mortality and, somewhat later, infant mortality were responsible for much of this decline, though gains in life expectancy affected all age groups. Mortality improvement was due mostly to the decline in diseases such as diarrhoea and tuberculosis. The third period of mortality decline began after World War II, spread throughout the world, and seems inextricably, though not exclusively, linked to the discovery and use of sulpha drugs and antibiotics.
The Attenuation of Mortality Crises and the Decline of Mortality
Authors: Perrenoud Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If this chapter had been written a few years ago, the questions with which I am concerned in this paper would have appeared simple; it seemed selfevident that the secular fall in mortality had been caused primarily by a reduction in the importance of mortality crises, which were a fixed feature of the old demographic regime. It was also thought that these crises played an important part in the determination of population growth, ‘the regulator par excellence-perhaps better termed the destroyer of population growth’.’When looked at from this point of view, the old demographic regime seems to have been subject to periodic fluctuations in mortality, which appeared as a dynamic variable in the interaction between the economy, population, and society. Equilibrium between population and resources seemed to be determined as much by ecological constraints as by food supplies, technology, and social organization. The forces which acted as a brake on population growth were inherent in the system and closely dependent on one another.
Health Transition and Cause-Specific Mortality
Authors: Caselli Graziella 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the eighteenth century man had not yet succeeded in mastering the forces of nature, and life expectancy, which was short even in normal times, was affected by subsistence crises and famines which resulted in misery and extremely high death rates. The effects of these crises were often made worse by epidemics of plague and other fevers.This series of crises which lasted until the early decades of the nineteenth century, the most important of which affected the Baltic and Scandinavian regions and other areas in north-eastern Europe in 1708-09, was followed in most countries of central and northern Europe by a period when subsistence crises became rarer and affected mortality less. Epidemics, however, continued and typhus, smallpox, dysentery, and influenza were recorded throughout the eighteenth and a large part of the nineteenth centuries, but they were less lethal and less widespread than formerly. After the middle of the eighteenth century, the less serious nature of the crises was reflected by lower levels of mortality. Life expectancy began to increase in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, England, and France and had reached a figure of between 40 and 42 years by the early nineteenth century.
Variable Trends in Economic Time Series
Authors: Stock James H , Watson Mark W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The two most striking historical features of aggregate output are its sustained long run growth and its recurrent fluctuations around this growth path. Real per capita GNP, consumption and investment in the United States during the postwar era are plotted in Figure 1. Both growth and deviations from the growth trend-often referred to as ‘business cycles’-are apparent in each series. Over horizons of a few years, these shorter cyclical swings can be. pronounced; for example, the 1953, 1957, and 1974 recessions are .evident as substantial temporary declines in aggregate activity. These cyclical fluctuations are, however, dwarfed in magnitude by the secular expansion of output. But just as there are cyclical swings in output, so too are there variations in the growth trend: growth in GNP in the 1960s was much stronger than it was in the 1950s. Thus, changes in long-run patterns of growth are an important feature of postwar aggregate economic activity.
Nicholas Kaldor
Authors: Targetti Ferdinando 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nicholas Kaldor (1908-1986) was one of this century's most original thinkers on economics, his influence on British economic policy second only to that of Keynes. This book traces the development of Kaldor's thought as it underwent a remarkable evolution from his membership of the Austrian neoclassical school to his embracing of radical Keynesianism. He was also extremely quick to grasp essential changes in economic reality and to forge analytical tools to explain them. Although he was innovative from 1938 onwards, much of his seminal work belongs to a coherent project of research which made him, together with Joan Robinson and Michal Kalecki, a leading representative of the post-Keynesian school, an outstanding critic of the neoclassical theory of equilibrium, growth, and distribution, and a convinced opponent of the monetarist school. The book also seeks to show how economic policy and political economy were closely connected in Kaldor's work. It was this that made Kaldor one of the most lucid and radical champions of the economic policies which, by blending political freedom with social justice, have been the outstanding feature of the great European tradition of social democracy.
The Process of Privatization
Authors: Bos Dieter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When dealing with the process of privatization, we have to answer questions about how to move from public to private ownership: should the right to produce and sell particular goods be auctioned off to that private firm which offers the highest bid? Or should the public firm be transformed into a shareholding company and the shares be sold to the public? Should the government employ an underwriter? How should the government set the offer price of the shares? Should the offer price be fixed a priori and the potential investors be rationed by quantity (offer for sale), or should the potential investors be requested to bid for the shares and the shares be rationed by price (tender offer)? Should privatization be used to promote widespread share ownership of small investors to achieve a ‘people’s capitalism’? To what extent should the employees of the privatized firm be encouraged to buy shares? Two particularly well-known authors of the principal-agent literature1 have presented a fundamental privatization theorem. This theorem ‘provides conditions under which all of the government’s objectives can be attained by an appropriately designed auction of the rights to produce a given product or service’ (Sappington and Stiglitz, 1987: 568). It is a general theorem which shows under which conditions privatization is optimal. The conditions are rather strict, hence for practical purposes it is more important to discuss ‘privatization failures’, i.e. the reasons why the conditions of the fundamental theorem do not hold. When discussing these failures we learn a lot about the process of privatization.
Incentives and Efficiency in Public and Privatized Firms
Authors: Bos Dieter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The productive results of any firm are due to the interaction of various economic actors which can be modelled in a three-tier setting. In a public enterprise the first tier consists of the government. In a fully privatized firm the first tier consists of the private shareholders. In the next tier of a public enterprise we typically have a planning board, which makes general decisions on prices, wages, and output and input quantities. In a fully private firm these decisions are ordinarily made by senior management personnel. The third tier contains lower-level ‘technological’ management personnel who decide on ‘how efficiently’ the output is produced. (In a simple Leibenstein view of the world, this is expressed as how near the actual production comes to the frontier.)
Efficiency and Privatization
Authors: Bos Dieter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Let us consider an enterprise which undergoes a shift from 100 percent public ownership to 100 percent private ownership. The enterprise operates in a monopolistic environment: it is not necessarily a monopoly in the strict sense, but the market is not fully competitive either. When publicly owned, the enterprise does not exploit its monopolistic market position. However, will the management be given the right incentives to work X-efficiently? On the other hand, when privately owned, the enterprise exploits its monopolistic position, because in this chapter we exclude any regulation of the privatized firm. However, profit maximization should imply the best incentives for X-efficient operations.
The Common Agricultural Policy
Authors: Fennell Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Common Agricultural Policy: Continuity and Change is a major retrospective analysis of the CAP since its inception, set against the background of agricultural policy in Western Europe since the end of the Second World War. The topics covered include the development of the CAP, in particular the early dominance of the market policy contrary to the original intention; the struggle to introduce a structural policy and its subsequent unsatisfactory record; the uneasy relationship between market policy and trade policy; the question of agricultural incomes; and the broadening of policy horizons since the mid-1980s, particularly to include environmental issues. The book concludes with a discussion of some unresolved issues, including the role and appropriateness of a sectoral policy in today's circumstances.
Foreign Trade in the Tokugawa Period— Particularly with Korea
Authors: Tashiro Kazui 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
However, recent scholarship has begun to reevaluate sakoku in terms of both the international and domestic concerns of the day, namely, the establishment of a Japanese world order in East Asia and securing the legitimacy of the Tokugawa regime (Toby 1984: 173). Such studies reveal that sakoku was an affirmative policy meant to shape and control international relations along lines desired by the Tokugawa shogunate, rather than an attempt to avoid or take a passive stance toward contact with foreign countries.
Domains and Their Economic Policies
Authors: Nishikawa Shunsaku , Amano Masatoshi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was customary in the Tokugawa period to speak of the “three-hundred lords (daimyo),” but the number of holders of domains rated at greater than 10,000 koku (approximately 50,000 bushels), which was the precise definition of the daimyo status, was a little more than 260.
World Population Growth: Trends and Prospects,1960-2020
Authors: Demeny Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Understanding the changing relationships between population and resources presupposes a quantitative grasp on the underlying dynamics of demographic change. This is a tall order, but one that the existing corpus of demographic literature now can fulfill better than was the case just a few decades ago. Magnitudes of the main components of global demographic change-such as the number of entries into the human population by birth and the number of exits through death-are still not known with a high degree of accuracy. But we might claim, for example, that the global number of births in 1993 was 144 million and the number of deaths in the same year was 51 million (thus yielding a net 1993 population increase of 93 million), and be reasonably confident that the true figures lie within 5 percent, plus or minus, of these estimates.
The Japanese Bureaucracy and Economic Development: Structuring a Proactive Civil Service
Authors: Pempel T J , Muramatsu Michio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For centuries, cross-national investigation has been a vital lens through which people have gained insights on their own societies. From Aristotle to Tocqueville, individuals have studied other societies with an eye toward improving their own. In the contemporary world, policymakers and scholars alike examine the experiences of various countries searching for learnable lessons. This search is particularly vigorous among statemakers involved in actively structuring, or restructuring, their own societies, such as is happening today in many of the developing countries and in Eastern Europe. But it is widespread among more well-established regimes as well, as politicians and policymakers search continually for better ways to achieve their desired ends.
Institutional Analysis of Fertility
Authors: McNicoll Geoffrey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Few would deny that societies have a legitimate interest in their demographic futures. This is perhaps clearest in the case of immigration, which is subjected to often-stringent control at virtually any national border as an accepted exercise of national sovereignty. For natural in crease, the excess of births over deaths, there is potentially an analogous social interest, although the intrinsic decentralization of this case and the countervailing individual interests that are involved render any organized societal response much more difficult.