bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Italy
Authors: Selmini Rosella , Nobili Gian Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contemporary Italian society, ‘nightlife’ is a concept whose importance has increased enormously in many different contexts: as a key element in understanding the changing nature of young people’s lifestyles, a central aspect of urban governance, including crime control and place marketing, and as an issue of public debate. In Italy, as elsewhere, nightlife is also an important issue in two different and conflicting ways: on the one hand, improving access to leisure helps drive and sustain economic development and cultural vibrancy. On the other, nightlife is still associated with feelings of public anxiety and insecurity and with some established and chronic forms of crime and disorder. These different ways of interpreting and attaching meaning to nightlife lie at the core of conflict among different social groups concerning the ways in which nightlife should be regulated.
Can I take Medications for My Pain?
Authors: Lee John , Brook Suzanne , Daniel Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medications can have different names and come in different forms. The names often describe something about what they look like or what they do, for example, pills, tablets, patches, creams or pain killers. This chapter will explain more about the different categories of medicine available and how you can use them to maximum benefi t. Quite a few people also want to reduce or stop taking medicines and we will talk about this too. In this chapter, the terms ̒medication̓ or ̒medicine̓ are used interchangeably whereas the term ̒drug̓ normally refers to a chemical compound used as a medicine.
Coping with a New Pain: what can I Expect from Treatments?
Authors: Lee John , Brook Suzanne , Daniel Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Miss Havent (aged 37) has had low back pain for over twenty years. She has seen many doctors over this time. These have included a surgeon, a rheumatologist and a pain management consultant. No one has ever found a definite cause and at least two doctors have given her different diagnoses. She has had physiotherapy, and acupuncture. Some interventions have helped and some have not. None have helped for a long period of time.
Nights are the Worst Time
Authors: Lee John , Brook Suzanne , Daniel Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sleep problems are extremely common in people with pain. The problem maybe finding it hard to get to sleep, waking up through the night or not being able to return to sleep after waking up. Poor sleep can result in feeling slowed mentally and physically, being less able to enjoy things, feeling irritable or low in mood and people often say that their pain is often harder to cope with during these days.
Uk Criminal Cartel Conduct
Authors: O’Kane Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses primarily on the liability of individuals for the statutory cartel offence set out in section 188 of the Enterprise Act (‘EA’) 2002. The history and development of the law in relation to cartel conduct and the introduction of the cartel offence is analysed in detail in Chapter 1. The main aim of this chapter is to dissect and examine the main elements of the offence and consider the inter- action of the cartel offence with UK and EC civil competition law. The liability of companies and individuals to being prosecuted under the common law offence of conspiracy to defraud is also reviewed (paragraphs 2.121 onwards).
Russian Legal Theory
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For nearly three-quarters of a century the fundamentals of Marxism-Leninism comprised the starting point in the former Soviet Union for university and secondary-level studies in every discipline, including law. Courses in political economy, historical materialism, dialectical materialism, history of the Communist Party, and basic principles of Marxism-Leninism were required in the first and second years of higher education to create what the Soviet authorities considered to be the proper ideological and philosophical base for the further acquisition of knowledge. With the demise of the Soviet Union, those ideological foundations were discredited and removed from the curriculum (although not instantaneously).
Civil Law
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Civil law’ is widely used in several senses. Civil law may refer to Roman law, or to the family of modern legal systems concentrated on the mainland of Europe which has developed on the basis of legal science fashioned after Justinian in the Romano- Germanic universities from the twelfth century, and to the legal systems elsewhere that received the European civilist tradition. In a narrower sense civil law may encompass private law, that is, the branch of law regulating legal relations between natural and juridical persons. In the Soviet legal system civil law was the branch of law regulating ‘property and personal non-property relations’ in a socialist society for the object of creating the material-technical base of communism and in order to satisfy more fully the material and spiritual requirements of citizens. Under a market economy Russian law has dramatically transformed the meaning of civil law to encompass ‘the legal status of the participants of civil turnover, the grounds for the origin and the procedure for the effectuation of the right of ownership and other rights to a thing and exclusive rights in the results of intellectual activity’, the regulation of contractual and other obligations, and also other property and related non-property relations based on equality, autonomy of will, and the property autonomy of the participants thereof (Article 2(1), Civil Code). Anglo-American law, also rooted in the Roman legal tradition, has for historical reasons developed with divisions, concepts, vocabulary, and methods that diverge in many key respects from all the aforementioned notions of civil law.
Making the diagnosis of COPD
Authors: Currie Graeme P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Typical symptoms of COPD include breathlessness, chest tightness, wheeze, cough, sputum production (especially in the mornings), reduced exercise capacity, and frequent chest infections. Many other medical conditions have features similar to COPD and need to be excluded. Breathing tests—known as spirometry—are required to diagnose COPD with certainty.
Managing COPD with drugs
Authors: Currie Graeme P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All patients with COPD should have a reliever inhaler for use on an ‘as required’ basis; these drugs open up the airway and are called short-acting bronchodilators. Individuals with persistent symptoms should use a preventer inhaler on a daily basis; these drugs also open up the airway and are called long-acting bronchodilators.
Episodes of worsening symptoms (exacerbations)
Authors: Currie Graeme P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most patients with COPD will experience a worsening of symptoms (called an exacerbation) at some time; these should be treated promptly. Most exacerbations can be successfully managed at home with short courses of steroid tablets and antibiotics, and increased use of reliever inhalers. If admitted to hospital, patients will probably receive oxygen, high-dose inhaled bronchodilators (drugs to open up the airways) and a short course of steroid tablets and antibiotics.
Capacity-building
Authors: Turk Volker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ideal circumstances, the state, in the exercise of its sovereignty, provides a safe, secure and stable environment, guarantees the functioning of basic services, and protects human rights. The effective exercise of state power and corresponding state responsibilities are, along with people and territory, core defining features of statehood. However, this ideal is not met in situations of underdevelopment, poor governance, weak or fragile state structures, or violent conflict-all situations in which the state is either unwilling or unable to exercise effectively power and responsibilities through national structures.
Conflict Economies
Authors: Wennmann Achim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conflict economies are an established concept in the history of warfare and the emergence of the state in Europe. Historically, mobilizing resources for war became one of the major preoccupations of rulers and they consequently devoted the largest share of national revenue to war-making. However, changes in weapons technology increased the cost of warfare and encouraged innovations in fundraising strategies-including the development of state taxation systems, central banking, and the formation of state institutions-that ultimately fostered state¬building in Europe between the 16th and 19th centuries (Tilly, 1992). In terms of guerrilla warfare, conflict economies defined the relationship between guerrillas and local populations. As guerrillas were difficult to distinguish from civilian populations, they provided cover from the relatively stronger state armed forces. However, a tension arose once the economic requirements of the guerrillas went above what local populations were willing to provide, thus jeopardizing the pro¬ vision of protection (Rufin, 1996: 23).
International Crimes
Authors: Doswald-Beck Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of international crimes became well established in 1945 with the Charter of the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. This charter pro¬ vided for the trial of persons not only of war crimes, which existed before this date, but also of crimes against peace and crimes against humanity committed during the Second World War. The same set of crimes was prosecuted by the Tribunal for the Far East, established in 1946.
Mine Action
Authors: Orifici Davide , Damman Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The definition of mine action has evolved over time together with the operational activities in mine-affected countries. The use of the term ‘mine action’ to describe the discipline was formally endorsed by the United Nations in its policy document issued in 1998 (UNMAS, 1998), although it was already used the previous year in a groundbreaking study of indigenous mine action capacities.
Return and Reintegration
Authors: Tennant Vicky 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of return and reintegration is most commonly used with reference to people and communities who have been forcibly displaced as a result of conflict, war, persecution, or natural disasters. The right to return (and, conversely, the right not to be forced to return to a situation of danger or persecution) developed as a key component of international human rights law and refugee law in the mid-twentieth century. The related concept of reintegration has developed more recently, and encompasses the complex process by which returnees are gradually reincorporated within the social, economic and cultural fabric of their communities, and their rights as citizens restored to them.
Rule of Law
Authors: Gowlland-Debbas Vera , Pergantis Vassilis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rule of law concept was conceived as a constraining force against political power when jus divinum and natural law lost their legitimacy and binding force. It is inextricably linked to the liberal state and the idea of constitutionalism. Despite its frequent use, the term lacks conceptual clarity. While the idea of the rule of law has been characterized as a pleonasm or as an ‘essentially contestable concept’ (Fallon, 1997: 7), others consider it ‘a key element of constitutional democracy’ (Maddex, 2000: 305). Undeniably an open-textured notion, the rule of law can be better characterized as a normative standard, albeit a general, vague, and imprecise one, always to be attained (Salmon, 2001: 1049).
Writing Up Your Research
Authors: Hancké Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone who teaches graduate students probably recognizes the following scene, if not from our own graduate experience, then definitely from our years as a teacher. Ask any third or fourth-year doctoral student how far they’ve got in their research and there is a big chance that you receive an answer along the lines of ‘I have finished my Weld research and am now beginning to write it up. I hope to finish a draft in the next six months and submit my thesis in about a year.’ Ask the same student again a year later, and you are bound to receive a very similar answer. Has this student truly done nothing in between? Very unlikely. What has probably happened is something else. The student has discovered that producing your research—asking the right question, collecting material, and interpreting it in a way that it sheds new light on the issue—is something very different from reproducing your research on paper. Unfortunately, since the thesis is ultimately what they are judged on, there is no short cut. The student almost certainly also discovered that more empirical research was needed, not in the general, almost ubiquitous sense that students always claim that they need to do more research, but in the practical sense that when they started writing up, they discovered there were holes in their material in light of the argument they were making.
Doing Typology
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linguistic typology is ‘the classification of languages according to their general structure rather than according to their historical or geographical relationship’ (Bazell 1958: 3). It aims at putting forward hypotheses concerning universal characteristics of underlying grammatical categories and structures, and interrelations between them. Some of the earliest endeavours were the classifications of languages into isolating, agglutinating, and fusional (or inflectional) types, or along the continuum from analytic to synthetic (to which the label ‘polysynthetic’ has been unnecessarily added), as described in §5.5. (However, the actual term ‘linguistic typology’ did not come into circulation until relatively recently.)
Copula Clauses and Verbless Clauses
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each language has intransitive and transitive clause types. There is frequently a further minor—but still important—type: copula clause. This has as predicate a copula verb, taking two core arguments, Copula Subject (CS) and Copula Complement (CC).The predicate in an intransitive or transitive clause has reference. A copula verb as predicate is different in that it has relational rather than referential meaning.
Possession
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘possession’ is used to cover a wide range of relationships. Every language has—in its grammar—a ‘possessive construction’ within an NP; for example the surgeon’s knife or the trunk of the tree in English. There is cross- linguistic variation concerning what kind of person, animal, or thing may be the possessor, what may be the possessed, and what kind of possessive relationship is involved. Also, as to whether there is some formal marking on the possessor, or on the possessed, or on both, or on neither (possessor and possessed then being simply apposed).
Reason and Judgment
Authors: Sachs Justice Albie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I had been in solitary confinement I had wondered why it had been so difficult to be brave. Now as a judge I found myself puzzled by how difficult it was to be logical. Surely, I had thought, judgments wrote themselves: connect the principles with the facts, and the solution will ?ow like water from a rock struck by Moses. Yet in reality I laboured mightily, changed my arguments frequently, felt I was always on the verge of wrapping it all up and yet never quite able to achieve the certainty I craved. Neither life experiences nor application of dogmatic rules provided obvious answers. My secretary once informed me that her computer showed that I was proposing corrections to the twenty-sixth version of a draft, and that she and my law clerks sometimes conspired to hide my judgments in case I felt the urge to make yet one more change.
The Beginning and the End
Authors: Sachs Justice Albie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the beginning and in the end is the word, at least as far as the life of a judge is concerned. We pronounce. We work with words, and become amongst the most influential story-tellers of our age. How we tell the story is often as important as what we say. The voice we use cannot be that of a depersonalized and divine oracle that declares solutions to the problems of human life through the enunciation of pure and detached wisdom. Nor dare we seek to imitate the artificial sound of a computer that has been programmed to produce inexorable outcomes. We speak with the living voices of real protagonists who are immersed in and affected by the very processes we deal with. If law is a machine we are the ghosts that inhabit it and give it life. We are animated by consciences that will have been shaped not only by our learning but by our varied engagements with life, by experiences both inside and outside the law. And we continue to live in the very world on which we pronounce. Indeed, being a judge and participating in the work of the courts is nothing less than a rich and ongoing life experience in itself.
A Latent Activated Olfactory Stem Cell State Revealed by Single Cell Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Profiling
Authors: Van den Berge Koen , Chou Hsin-Jung , Kunda Divya , Risso Davide , Street Kelly , Purdom Elizabeth , Dudoit Sandrine , Ngai John , Heavner Whitney 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe olfactory epithelium is one of the few regions of the nervous system that sustains neurogenesis throughout life. Its experimental accessibility makes it especially tractable for studying molecular mechanisms that drive neural regeneration after injury-induced cell death. In this study, we used single cell sequencing to identify major regulatory players in determining olfactory epithelial stem cell fate after acute injury. We combined gene expression and accessible chromatin profiles of individual lineage traced olfactory stem cells to predict transcription factor activity specific to different lineages and stages of recovery. We further identified a discrete stem cell state that appears poised for activation, characterized by accessible chromatin around wound response and lineage specific genes prior to their later expression in response to injury. Together these results provide evidence that a subset of quiescent olfactory epithelial stem cells are epigenetically primed to support injury-induced regeneration.
Intrinsic dynamics of randomly clustered networks generate place fields and preplay of novel environments
Authors: Breffle Jordan , Germaine Hannah , Shin Justin D. , Jadhav Shantanu P. , Miller Paul 
Published: November 2023

AbstractDuring both sleep and awake immobility, hippocampal place cells reactivate time-compressed versions of sequences representing recently experienced trajectories in a phenomenon known as replay. Intriguingly, spontaneous sequences can also correspond to forthcoming trajectories in novel environments experienced later, in a phenomenon known as preplay. Here, we present a model showing that sequences of spikes correlated with the place fields underlying spatial trajectories in both previously experienced and future novel environments can arise spontaneously in neural circuits with random, clustered connectivity rather than pre-configured spatial maps. Moreover, the realistic place fields themselves arise in the circuit from minimal, landmark-based inputs. We find that preplay quality depends on the network’s balance of cluster isolation and overlap, with optimal preplay occurring in small-world regimes of high clustering yet short path lengths. We validate the results of our model by applying the same place field and preplay analyses to previously published rat hippocampal place cell data. Our results show that clustered recurrent connectivity can generate spontaneous preplay and immediate replay of novel environments. These findings support a framework whereby novel sensory experiences become associated with preexisting “pluripotent” internal neural activity patterns.
Graph attention-based fusion of pathology images and gene expression for prediction of cancer survival
Authors: Zheng Yi , Conrad Regan D. , Green Emily J. , Burks Eric J. , Betke Margrit , Beane Jennifer E. , Kolachalama Vijaya B. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractMultimodal machine learning models are being developed to analyze pathology images and other modalities, such as gene expression, to gain clinical and biological in-sights. However, most frameworks for multimodal data fusion do not fully account for the interactions between different modalities. Here, we present an attention-based fusion architecture that integrates a graph representation of pathology images with gene expression data and concomitantly learns from the fused information to predict patient-specific survival. In our approach, pathology images are represented as undirected graphs, and their embeddings are combined with embeddings of gene expression signatures using an attention mechanism to stratify tumors by patient survival. We show that our framework improves the survival prediction of human non-small cell lung cancers, out-performing existing state-of-the-art approaches that lever-age multimodal data. Our framework can facilitate spatial molecular profiling to identify tumor heterogeneity using pathology images and gene expression data, complementing results obtained from more expensive spatial transcriptomic and proteomic technologies.
Linked-Pair Long-Read Sequencing Strategy for Targeted Resequencing and Enrichment
Authors: Uppuluri Lahari , Shi Christina Huan , Varapula Dharma , Young Eleanor , Ehrlich Rachel L. , Wang Yilin , Piazza Danielle , Mell Joshua Chang , Yip Kevin Y. , Xiao Ming 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACTIn this report, we present linked-pair sequencing, a novel strategy to construct a long-read sequencing library such that adjacent fragments are linked with end-terminal duplications. We use the CRISPR-Cas9 nickase enzyme and a pool of multiple sgRNAs to perform non-random fragmentation of targeted long DNA molecules (>300kb) into smaller library-sized fragments (about 20 kbp) in a manner so as to retain physical linkage information (up to 1000 bp) between adjacent fragments. DNA molecules targeted for fragmentation are preferentially ligated with adaptors for sequencing, so this method can enrich targeted regions while taking advantage of the long-read sequencing platforms. This enables the sequencing of target regions with significantly lower total coverage, and the genome sequence within linker regions provides information for assembly and phasing. We demonstrated the validity and efficacy of the method first using phage and then by sequencing a panel of 100 full-length cancer-related genes (including both exons and introns) in the human genome. When the designed linkers contained heterozygous genetic variants, long haplotypes could be established. This sequencing strategy can be readily applied in both PacBio and Oxford Nanopore platforms. This economically viable approach is useful for targeted enrichment of hundreds of target genomic regions and where long no-gap contigs need deep sequencing.