bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is it necessary to extend fusion to L4 when correcting pediatric L5–S1 spondylolisthesis?
Authors: Jiao Jiahao , Ye Xiaohan , Guo Dong , Cao Jun , Zhang Xuejun , Wang Shengru , Zhang Jianguo , Yao Ziming 
Published: February 2024

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to investigate whether extending fusion to L4 is imperative in the surgical treatment of pediatric L5–S1 spondylolisthesis.

METHODS
This retrospective analysis encompassed 68 pediatric cases of dysplastic L5–S1 spondylolisthesis who underwent posterior lumbar interbody fusion surgery at two hospitals. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the upper instrumented vertebra (group L4 and group L5). Data were collected from medical records and radiological images obtained preoperatively and at last follow-up. Radiographic parameters including slip percentage (SP), lumbar lordosis (LL), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), pelvic incidence (PI), Spinal Deformity Study Group dysplastic lumbosacral angle (SDSG-LSA), pelvic tilt (PT), Dubousset’s lumbosacral angle (Dub-LSA), sacral slope (SS), and severity index (SI) were measured. Surgery-related data and complication data were also collected. The incidence rates of complications were compared, including those of neurological deficit, adjacent-segment instability (ASI), and other complications. ASI was defined as progression of slippage > 3 mm or posterior opening > 5° in the adjacent segment. Clinical outcomes were assessed with the numeric rating scale (NRS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores. The follow-up period for all patients lasted a minimum of 2 years.

RESULTS
Among all 68 patients, group L4 consisted of 15 patients and group L5 comprised 53 patients. The patients included in both groups had comparable baseline demographic characteristics and radiographic parameters. Postoperative SP and SDSG-LSA were significantly lower in group L5 (p < 0.05). No other postoperative radiographic differences were observed between groups. One patient in group L4 and 3 patients in group L5 experienced transient neurological deficits (p > 0.05). There were 13 cases of ASI in group L5 compared with none in group L4 (24.5% vs 0%, p > 0.05). Of the 13 patients with ASI, 4 underwent revision surgery due to L4–5 level instability and clinical symptoms. The remaining individuals exhibited no symptoms, and regular annual follow-up assessments are being conducted for all patients. The NRS and ODI scores at final follow-up did not exhibit any significant differences between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Fusion to L5 could achieve comparable satisfactory results to fixation to L4, albeit with increased likelihood of ASI. Extension of fusion to L4 may not be necessary for most patients with pediatric L5–S1 spondylolisthesis.
Modified Clavien-Dindo-Sink Classification System for operative complications in adult spine surgery
Authors: Ridolfi Dominic , Oyekan Anthony A. , Tang Melissa Yunting , Chen Stephen R. , Como Christopher J. , Dalton Jonathan , Gannon Emmett J. , Jackson Keith L. , Bible Jesse E. , Kowalski Christopher , de Groot S. Joseph , Donaldson William F. , Lee Joon Y. , Shaw Jeremy D. 
Published: February 2024

OBJECTIVE
Currently there is no standardized mechanism to describe or compare complications in adult spine surgery. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to modify and validate the Clavien-Dindo-Sink complication classification system for applications in spine surgery.

METHODS
The Clavien-Dindo-Sink complication classification system was evaluated and modified for spine surgery by four fellowship-trained spine surgeons using a consensus process. A distinct group of three fellowship-trained spine surgeons completed a randomized electronic survey grading 71 real-life clinical case scenarios. The survey was repeated 2 weeks after its initial completion. Fleiss’ and Cohen’s kappa (κ) statistics were used to evaluate interrater and intrarater reliabilities, respectively.

RESULTS
Overall, interobserver reliability during the first and second rounds of grading was excellent with a κ of 0.847 (95% CI 0.785–0.908) and 0.852 (95% CI 0.791–0.913), respectively. In the first round, interrater reliability ranged from good to excellent with a κ of 0.778 for grade I (95% CI 0.644–0.912), 0.698 for grade II (95% CI 0.564–0.832), 0.861 for grade III (95% CI 0.727–0.996), 0.845 for grade IV-A (95% CI 0.711–0.979), 0.962 for grade IV-B (95% CI 0.828–1.097), and 0.960 for grade V (95% CI 0.826–1.094). Intraobserver reliability testing for all three independent observers was excellent with a κ of 0.971 (95% CI 0.944–0.999) for rater 1, 0.963 (95% CI 0.926–1.001) for rater 2, and 0.926 (95% CI 0.869–0.982) for rater 3.

CONCLUSIONS
The Modified Clavien-Dindo-Sink Classification System demonstrates excellent interrater and intrarater reliability in adult spine surgery cases. This system provides a useful framework to better communicate the severity of spine-related complications.
Comparison of sleep improvement in patients undergoing lumbar spine decompression
Authors: McNassor Ryan , Yang Jennifer , Shost Michael D. , Benzil Deborah L. 
Published: February 2024

OBJECTIVE
Degenerative spine conditions affect many people each year. These conditions have been shown to negatively impact pain, function, and patient quality of life (QOL), which often require surgical intervention. It is understood that sleep plays an important role in all of these factors. However, the relationship between sleep disruption and lumbar surgery is not well understood. The objective of this study was to use a large database to understand the relationship between sleep quality and lumbar spine surgery outcomes.

METHODS
The surgical database of the authors’ institute was used to identify all patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery for degenerative spine disease from January 1, 2012, through December 31, 2021. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) sleep disturbance scores were collected, and only patients with both pre- and postoperative scores were included. Additional measures related to disability, pain, and depression were also obtained. Chart review was performed to collect patient demographics, health risk factors, and information related to sleep disturbances such as sleep medication usage and prior sleep condition diagnosis.

RESULTS
The study had 674 patients who met the criteria. At 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, there was a significant decrease in sleep disruption scores (i.e., sleep improvement), although these decreases were not greater than the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). When stratified based on preoperative sleep quality, patients with poor preoperative scores (PROMIS sleep disruption > 63.04) showed a significant decrease in sleep disruption by 8.17 at 3 months, 7.99 at 6 months, and 7.21 at 12 months. All of these decreases were greater than the sleep disruption MCID of 6.5. Multivariate analysis showed high preoperative sleep disruption and improvement in PROMIS physical health were most associated with decreased postoperative sleep disruption at all postoperative time points.

CONCLUSIONS
In patients with degenerative spine conditions, lumbar spine surgery offers improvement in sleep disruption for all patients. Those with poor preoperative sleep quality are more likely to see clinical improvement in their sleep disruption.
Ideal length of accessory rod for the prevention of rod fracture after pedicle subtraction osteotomy in adult spinal deformity: short or long?
Authors: Lee Ki Young , Lee Jung-Hee , Kang Kyung-Chung , Cho Seong Jin , Jang Woo Jae 
Published: February 2024

OBJECTIVE
Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) is an effective surgical procedure for adult spinal deformity (ASD). However, the complexity of the procedure and its associated complications including rod fracture (RF) remain challenging issues. Among several RF reduction methods, the accessory rod (AR) is an important surgical technique. To date, knowledge about the ideal length and configuration of the AR is limited. This study aimed to assess the influence of the connection levels and configuration of the AR on RF occurrence in patients with ASD who underwent long level constructs and PSO.

METHODS
The authors retrospectively selected 57 consecutive patients (mean age 70.6 years) who underwent deformity correction including PSO and the AR technique with a minimum 2-year follow-up. The patients were classified into a non-RF group (n = 49) and an RF group (n = 8). Along with analysis of patient and radiological factors in the 2 groups, comparative studies were performed including configuration of the AR (D shaped vs linear shaped) and the connection levels of AR (long AR [the lower end below S1–2] vs short AR [above L5–S1]).

RESULTS
The overall rate of RF incidence was 14% (8/57 cases) at an average of 42.5 months (2 patients with unilateral RF and 6 with bilateral RF). RF occurred most commonly at the L4–5 level, below the lower end of the AR: 6 below the lower end of the AR and 2 at the PSO site. There were no significant differences in patient and radiological factors between the groups. Comparisons between the 2 groups indicated that more RFs occurred when the configuration of the AR was a linear shape (p = 0.016) and when the distal end of the AR was above L5–S1 (p = 0.025).

CONCLUSIONS
In this study the authors found that the D-shaped configuration of the AR and lower end of the AR below S1–2 (i.e., long AR) could be preventive methods for reducing RF after deformity correction performed using PSO and the AR technique for ASD. Here, the authors have provided the first comprehensive outline for the AR technique. These findings could establish effective guidelines for spine surgeons.
Exploring Self-Regulated Learning Strategies and Academic Performance among Orphanage Secondary School Students
Authors: Rahmadhani Devy Yuniastuti , Budiraharjo Markus 
Published: February 2024

This study investigated the self-regulated learning strategies employed by secondary school students living in Panti Asuhan Bahagia Sampit. It attempted to reveal some variables influencing their self-regulated learning strategies in relation to their academic achievement. Using a qualitative research methodology and a narrative approach, the study was laid upon a social cognitive theory. Drawing from 45 children as the population of the study, six participants were selected for the study using purposive sampling. Each participant was interviewed twice, with each lasting for about 30 minutes. The findings demonstrated that those exhibiting high levels of self-regulation outperform those exhibiting low levels of self-regulation or lacking self-regulated learning. Personal, behavioral, and environmental factors all had an impact on how students underwent self-regulated learning. The study is set to offer efficient interventions to help secondary school children from orphanages succeed academically by examining those areas.
The Students’ Perception of Technique Used by the Teacher in Teaching Speaking at Vocational High School
Authors: Gardini Nosa Violeta , Hikmat Mauly Halwat 
Published: February 2024

The research focused on students' perceptions of teaching techniques in English speaking skills at vocational high school in Kebumen. The method employed in this research is a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The instrument used comprises 8 statement items crafted from the aspect of perception. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistical tests complemented by frequency distribution analysis. The sample for this research consisted of 86 students from grades XI at vocational school in Kebumen. The results showed varying perspectives among the students: Around 60.1% of students expressed positive views regarding the usefulness of diverse techniques employed in speaking practices, such as dialogues and role plays. Approximately 41.1% perceived teaching tools, including audio and visual aids, as supportive in comprehending speaking materials. Roughly 54.1% of students believed that the methods used, particularly those involving concrete examples and relevant exercises, facilitated their understanding of speaking materials. Concerning constructive feedback, 67.3% of students acknowledged its role in improving their speaking skills. Around 50.2% of the respondents supported the idea that the chosen teaching materials effectively assisted in their comprehension. A significant majority, approximately 89.9%, felt motivated to learn speaking due to the teacher's approach
Utilization of Waste in Cultivating Creativity of P5-Based Class IV Students In Elementary School
Authors: Romandhoni Viona Nova , Fathoni Achmad 
Published: February 2024

This research was motivated by the low creativity of students in utilizing waste. Even though at school students have been provided with trash bins according to their type. This study aims to analyze the stages of P5 through the use of waste in fostering student creativity as well as the supporters and obstacles in fostering student creativity at SD Muhammadiyah PK Kottabarat. The research method used used a qualitative approach with a case study type of research. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique uses an interactive model. Data validity uses triangulation of techniques and sources. The results of this study indicate that (1) There are four stages in the implementation of the project including: a) Introduction, the activity is to find information on the utilization of used goods around and clean Friday at my school; b) Contextualization, the activities are outing projects and formative assessments; c) Action, the activities are the "Towards SD PK Zero Waste" movement campaign and making works from used goods; and d) Reflection, the activity is to carry out product exhibitions (2) Supporting and inhibiting factors in fostering student creativity through the utilization of waste, supporting factors can come from the school. while the inhibiting factors are requiring a long time and lack of consistency in completing an activity.
Keywords: project to strengthen the profile of pancasila students, waste utilization, creativity
Quality control of instruments for measuring the characteristics of bactericidal UV radiation
Authors: Minaeva O. A. , Ragutkin A. V. , Anevsky S. I. , Minaev R. V. , Minh Th. T. , Romanova I. A. 
Published: February 2024

Objectives. Quality control of instruments for measuring bactericidal irradiance of ultraviolet (UV) radiation is based on studying the main metrological characteristics. These characteristics include: angular and spectral sensitivity; linearity range; and absolute calibration in irradiance units. Deviations of the angular sensitivity of measuring instruments from the ideal cosine characteristic can significantly impact error estimation. They can also lead to the distortion of measurement results and a significant difference in instrument readings. The aim of this work is to enhance accuracy in resolving metrological problems of determining irradiance of bactericidal radiation.Methods. An effective method of resolving this problem is to introduce correction coefficients for the angular sensitivity of radiometers, spectroradiometers and dosimeters. The values are calculated based on the results of measurements on the goniometer when testing measuring instruments. An important role is played by computer models and digital twins of measuring instruments based on the results of studies of the metrological characteristics of radiometers by means of software. This includes modeling the measuring task.Results. The study of angular dependence of bactericidal UV radiometer sensitivity complemented by an analysis of measurement results obtained by other authors allows determining the value of the angular sensitivity correction coefficients by the deviation of the angular sensitivity of the irradiance measuring instruments of bactericidal radiation from the standard cosine dependence.Conclusions. Deviations of the angular dependence of bactericidal radiation UV radiometer sensitivity from the cosine characteristic lead to a significant underestimation of the irradiance measurements results from extended emitters. An effective solution is the use of digital angular sensitivity correction coefficients to measure the irradiance of bactericidal radiation determined during tests. When assessing the quality of radiometers, spectroradiometers and dosimeters for bactericidal radiation, incomplete control of the main metrological characteristics of the measuring instruments creates risks of serious errors in the measurement results of bactericidal irradiance.
Detection of defects in printed circuit boards by the acoustic emission method
Authors: Uvaysov S. U. , Luu N. T. , Nguyen C. D. , Vo Th. H. , Dolmatov A. V. 
Published: February 2024

Objectives. Defects in the form of layering may occur during lamination in the production of multilayer printed circuit boards (MPCB). These defects cannot be detected by optical and electrical methods of output control. However, they can lead to breaches of the mechanical mode of operation and failures while running radioelectronic devices. In order to detect such defects, the acoustic emission (AE) method is proposed. This is based on the occurrence and propagation of acoustic waves in MPCBs caused by the presence of defects. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of using the AE method to detect defects in multilayer printed circuit boards. These defects can occur, in particular, in the lamination process.Methods. A mechanical processes modeling program (for research on the MPCB model) and various samples of two-layer printed circuit boards with pre-introduced defects (for experimental studies) were used to study the propagation of acoustic signals in the MPCB in the presence of defects. A solenoid mounted on the MPCB was used as a source of acoustic signals, while a piezoelectric sensor was used to receive signals. Data processing was carried out by comparing AE signals obtained for a serviceable MPCB sample and for MPCB samples with defects.Results. Simulation of the acoustic signal propagation in MPCBs in serviceable and faulty (with a rectangular defect in the form of delamination) states was carried out to show the difference in the received signals at the sensor installation point. Experimental studies were also conducted to examine the AE method applicability for detecting defects of various sizes and quantities.Conclusions. The studies demonstrated that the AE method allows the presence of defects in MPCB occurring during the lamination process to be detected effectively and reliably. This study proposes a new approach to non-destructive testing of MPCB using the AE method. This method significantly increases the reliability of MPCBs and the efficiency of their production processes.
Influence of quadrature transformation imbalance on the noise immunity of signal reception with amplitude-phase shift keying
Authors: Kulikov G. V. , Dang X. Kh. 
Published: February 2024

Objectives.At the present time, amplitude-phase shift keyed (APSK) signals are actively used in satellite communication systems. In particular, they are applied in systems which operate in a limited radio frequency spectrum with increased data transmission quality requirements. Such systems use multi-channel type receivers with maximum likelihood decision on the received symbol (correlation receiver) or quadrature type receivers. The noise immunity of these receivers is directly dependent on the quality of the formation of reference oscillations. These oscillations are reference signals for correlation receivers and in-phase and quadrature components for quadrature receivers. The aim of the work is to analyze the influence of the amplitude and phase parameter spread of the in-phase and quadrature channels on the noise immunity of receiving APSK signals with a circular shape of the signal constellation.Methods.Methods of statistical radio engineering, theory of optimal signal reception, and computer simulation are used.Results.The study established the characteristics of noise immunity of the APSK signal reception depending on the spread of parameters of the quadrature converter. The theoretical calculations were confirmed by the results of modeling the transmission of APSK signals in a Gaussian communication channel. A comparison with systems using quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) was carried out, in order to assess system stability in the presence of spread parameters among other similar systems.Conclusions.The studies enabled us to conclude that an imbalance of the quadrature reference oscillations can lead to a significant decrease in the noise immunity of radio systems using APSK signals. The minimum energy loss due to imbalance of quadrature reference oscillations is achieved when the imbalance value is less than 10% in amplitude and 2°–3° in phase. The amplitude imbalance of quadrature reference oscillations when receiving QAM signals is more pronounced than in the case of APSK signals. The phase imbalance affects approximately the same.
Control system for noise-resistant electronic speed controller of a brushless electric motor for an unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Parinov M. V. , Yurov A. N. , Skitskiy Ya. V. 
Published: February 2024

Objectives. The high demand for unmanned aircraft and their efficiency makes the production of their components a matter of relevance. One of these components is the speed controller of the brushless electric motor of the propeller motor group. At the current time, Russian industry, however, does not mass-produce them. In order to start production, control methods and algorithms for the hardware and software parts of devices of this type are needed. Criteria for selecting the main components also need to be formalized. The aim of this work is to develop a method for the software control of electric motors. This includes block diagrams and invariant algorithms and methods for the calculated selection of parameters of the main microcontroller of the electronic speed controller.Methods. Methods of algorithmization, expert assessments, linear computational processes and experimental studies were used.Results. The paper presents the theoretical basis for controlling the required motors. It proposes a block diagram of the implementation of the controller, and a technique for switching windings when controlling with a trapezoidal signal is proposed. Examples are given in the form of an oscillogram. Based on theoretical research, an invariant algorithmic apparatus was developed for building software for various types of microcontrollers. Block diagrams of all the main modules of the software are also presented. The main ones include: the event switching algorithm; and the main endless loop of the microcontroller. The requirements for microcontrollers to create the various types of speed controllers are formalized herein and presented in the form of a set of mathematical expressions. They enable the number of required peripheral devices and microcontroller ports to be calculated according to the requirements for the microcontroller, as well as the computing power of the core used.Conclusions. Experimental studies show the reliability of the theoretical research presented herein. The results obtained can be used to select the optimal element base and develop software for speed controllers of electric motors of the propellers of unmanned aircraft.