Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Elderly Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Tun Aung M. , Patel Romil , St-Pierre Frederique , Ouchveridze Evguenia , Niu Alex , Obasi Jennifer , Rosenthal Allison C. , Pophali Priyanka A , Fenske Timothy S. , Karmali Reem , Ahmed Sairah , Johnston Patrick B 
Published: December 2023

Background: Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART) therapy is a standard of care in patients (pts) with relapsed or refractory (RR) large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL). However, it remains underutilized in elderly pts due to limited efficacy and safety data. We therefore evaluated real world outcomes of CART in such pts.
Methods: Seven academic centers participated in this retrospective study. Pts aged ≥65 years with RR LBCL who received a commercial CART product were included. Baseline characteristics, treatment data, CART toxicity, and clinical outcomes were collected. Progression-free survival (PFS; time from infusion to disease progression or death) and overall survival (OS; time from infusion to death from any cause) were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method. Cumulative incidences of non-relapse mortality (NRM) and disease relapse/progression were estimated accounting for competing risks. Statistical analyses were performed in JMP v15 and XLSTAT v2022.1.2.
Results: 209 pts were identified. Baseline characteristics and treatment pattern are shown in Table. Median age at infusion was 71 years (range 65-89), and 25 (12%) were ≥80 years. 131 (63%) were male, 188 (90%) were white, and 27 (13%) had ECOG PS of ≥2. The median HCT-CI was 1 (range 0-6), and 39 (22%) pts had a score of ≥3. 165 (84%) had stage III-IV disease, 131 (70%) had extranodal involvement, 24 (18%) had bulky disease, and 24 (11%) had high grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBL; double- or triple-hit lymphoma, n=15; HGBL, NOS, n=9). The median number of prior lines of therapy was 2 (range 1-8), and 99 (48%) pts had ≥3 prior lines of therapy, 45 (22%) had prior bendamustine, and 44 (21%) had prior stem cell transplant (SCT; auto-SCT, n=41; allo-SCT, n=2; both auto- and allo-SCT, n=1).
Bridging therapy was given to 100 (52%) pts; among those, 57 had chemotherapy, 20 had radiotherapy, 6 had both chemotherapy and radiotherapy, 10 had lenalidomide-based regimen, and 7 had CD20 antibody and/or corticosteroids. Axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) was most frequently used (63%, n=131), followed by lisocabtagene maraleucel (liso-cel) (24%, n=49) and tisagenlecleucel (tisa-cel) (13%, n=27).
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) occurred in 75% of pts, and a minority (6%) had grade ≥3. Immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) occurred in 55%, and 29% had grade ≥3. The management of CRS and ICANS included corticosteroids in 101 (49%) pts, tocilizumab in 116 (56%) pts, and other biologic agents (anakinra, siltuximab, basiliximab) in 8 (4%) pts.
Day 30 response was evaluable in 195 pts with an objective response rate (ORR) of 84%, and a complete response rate (CR) of 52%. 82% of the responders continued to have a response at 3 month follow up. The ORR/CR rates were 86%/53% for axi-cel, 64%/44% for tisa-cel, and 89%/52% for liso-cel, respectively.
At a median follow up of 19.1 months (95% CI 16.1-23.6) after infusion, the median PFS was 6.7 months (95% CI 5.1-11.5), with 6- and 12-month PFS rates of 54% (95% CI 47-61) and 43% (95% CI 35-50), respectively. The median OS was 16.5 months (95% CI 13.2-26.7), and the 6-and 12-month OS rates were 70% (95% CI 64-77) and 61% (95% CI 54-68), respectively. The NRM rate was 17% (95% CI 11-24) at 1 year, primarily due to infections including 5 COVID-19 related deaths. In univariate analysis, ECOG PS ≥2, bulky disease, elevated LDH, and the need for bridging therapy were associated with inferior PFS and OS. No significant difference in PFS and OS was seen based on age at infusion with a median PFS of 6.4 vs 9.6 vs 6.4 vs 6.0 months ( P=0.93) (Figure) and OS of 16.4 vs 19.2 vs 28.5 vs 12.7 months ( P=0.85) in age groups ≥65-69 vs ≥70-74 vs ≥75-79 vs ≥80-89. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference in PFS and OS based on type of CART with a median PFS of 6.4 vs 5.6 vs 12.7 months ( P=0.16) and OS of 15.1 vs vs 16.1 vs NR months ( P=0.24) in pts treated with axi-cel vs tisa-cel vs liso-cel.
Conclusions: In this large multicenter study of elderly pts with RR LBCL, CART therapy demonstrated favorable efficacy and safety profile comparable to that in pivotal registration trials. Survival outcomes appeared similar regardless of patient age, including those aged ≥80 years, and type of CART product used. Similar to younger pts, high tumor burden and poor performance status at CART infusion were associated with inferior survival. This analysis confirms that older pts should not be excluded from receiving CART therapy solely due to chronological age.