bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipid and carbohydrate utilization during flight of the migratory moth, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Sappington Thomas W. , Fescemyer Howard W. , Showers William B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMale black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) moths, were attached to laboratory flight mills on the third night after emergence. Individuals were classified according to their longest uninterrupted flight during the night. There were not enough non‐fliers or trivial fliers (flight < 1 h) to make meaningful comparisons, so only short‐fliers (flight ≥ 1 h but ≤ 5 h) and long‐fliers (flights ≥ 5 h) were further tested. After a day of rest, short‐ and long‐fliers were tethered to a stationary pin and forced to fly 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, or 180 min, after which hemolymph was sampled and lipid and carbohydrate concentrations determined. Concentrations in samples taken at intervals after cessation of a 60‐min flight indicated that both energy sources were being utilized during flight. Neck‐ligation experiments indicated that a handling‐induced hyperlipemic response occurs 15 min after the beginning of the sampling procedure, and that the hormone triggering does not come from the head. Resting concentration of lipid in long‐fliers is about half that of short‐fliers, but it increases threefold in the first 20 min of flight, whereas that of short‐fliers remains unchanged. In‐flight lipid concentration in controls, which experienced their first and only flight on day 5, was greater than the concentration in both short‐ and long‐fliers. Between 10 and 20 min, carbohydrate concentrations decrease about twofold in long‐fliers but drop only slightly in short‐fliers. These data suggest that long‐fliers may have a lower basal metabolic rate and depend more on carbohydrate when at rest than short‐fliers and that long‐fliers may utilize more carbohydrate than lipid during the initial period of flight. In addition, previous flight on the flight mills has a greater influence on lipid mobilization and usage in short‐fliers than it does on long‐fliers. Patterns of lipid mobilization during flight seem to differ between migrant and non‐migrant species and to vary among migrants depending on the flight strategy used, but there are no major differences in patterns of carbohydrate usgaeg. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of 2,2‐dimethylchromene derivatives on wing determination and metamorphosis in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum
Authors: Hardie Jim , Honda Ken‐Ichiro , Timár Tibor , Varjas László 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe relationship between the structure of nineteen 2,2‐dimethylchromene derivatives and their effects on aphid morphogenesis were investigated in a pink clone of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Three bioassay systems were used: (1) wing induction—the induction of winged (alate) progeny by winged adults that normally produce only wingless (apterous) daughters, (2) wing inhibition—the inhibition of production of winged progeny by wingless adults that had been crowd‐induced to promote the appearance of winged progeny, (3) the effect on metamorphosis—the production of precocious adults indicating a decrease in juvenile hormone titre or the induction of supernumerary moults indicating a juvenile hormone agonist effect. Compounds demonstrating wing‐promoting effects had short (≤2 carbon) side chains at the C6 and/or C7 positions while methylation of C5 tended to decrease this activity. Of the seven compounds inducing wing formation, three also inhibited the production of winged progeny. However, the compounds affecting metamorphosis, in particular promoting precocious adult development, were similar to those that promoted wing inhibition rather than those with wing inducing effects; they had alkoxy groups at C7 with lengths of ≥2 carbons.There is a stronger correlation between compounds interfering with metamorphosis (and therefore evidenced to be affecting juvenile hormone levels, a classic property of some 2,2‐dimethylchromene derivatives) and the promotion of wingless forms than the induction of winged forms. This finding is in contradiction to the idea that juvenile hormones are involved in promoting wingless forms. In addition, attempts to reduce the wing‐inducing properties of Precocene II (the most potent compound effecting wing induction) by subsequent treatment with juvenile hormone Ill or the juvenile hormone analogue, pyriproxyfen, were inconclusive and attempts to inhibit w ng formation with these two compounds atter crowding were also unsuccessful. The precise mode of action of the 2,2‐dimethylchromenes in relation to aphid wing induction remains unclear but it seems likely that the effect is not related to changes in juvenile hormone titres. © 1095 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular analysis of the Methorprene‐tolerant gene region of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Turner Christopher , Wilson Thomas G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAdult functions of juvenile hormone (JH) have been described for Drosophila melanogaster and other dipteran insects, but preadult function for this hormone remains largely unknown in this order of insects. We have identified a mutation of Drosophila, Methoprene‐tolerant (Met), which appears to alter JH reception during late larval development. The molecular cloning of Met will be a step toward understanding this gene and possibly identifying a preadult role(s) for JH. Molecular cloning was initiated using the technique of transposon‐tagging with a transposable P element. P‐element insertional alleles of Met were generated, and genomic libraries were constructed from two of these alleles. From these libraries P‐element‐bearing clones were isolated that in situ hybridized to the cytogenetic region where Met had been previously localized by genetic methods. Two of the alleles were shown to have complete P‐elements inserted in similar, but not identical, locations in the predicted cytogenetic region where Met is located. A late‐larval cDNA library was screened to identify transcriptional units in this region, and clones were recovered with homology to a DNA fragment abutting the P‐element insertion site. These clones may represent Met cDNA molecules. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Juvenile hormone regulation of hemolymph juvenile hormone binding protein in the black strain of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta
Authors: Orth Anthony P. , Goodman Walter G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractNumerous studies have demonstrated regulation of specific lepidopteran proteins by pharmacological doses of insect juvenile hormone (JH). In this study, topical application of a 1 pg dose of JH I to fourth stadium larvae of the black (bl) mutant strain of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, induced a 50% increase in the titer of hemolymph juvenile hormone binding protein (hJHBP). Radioimmunoassay confirmed that JH titers were lower in bl larvae than in wild‐type larvae at the time of JH treatment. Enzyme immunoassay analysis of hJHBP titers demonstrated that regulation by JH I was dose‐dependent at doses up to 10 pg and that the response was saturated above 100 pg. Western blotting and equilibrium dialysis confirmed these results and demonstrated that hJHBP from bl larvae had the same molecular mass and displayed the same affinity for JH I as hJHBP isolated from wild‐type larvae. Time course studies showed that regulation was complex: 1 2 h after JH I treatment, hJHBP titers were twofold lower in treated than in control bl larvae, while 44 h after treatment they were twofold higher. JH I regulation of hJHBP titers in bl larvae was independent of changes in total hemolymph protein. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation between glycerolipids and pheromone aldehydes in the sex pheromone gland of female tobacco hornworm moths, Manduca sexta (L.)
Authors: Fang Nianbai , Teal Peter E. A. , Tumlinson James H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAnalysis by TLC and HPLC revealed that the triacylglycerols comprise the most abundant lipid class in the sex pheromone glands of Manduca sexta females. Also, conjugated olefinic acyl analogs of the major pheromone aldehydes occur principally in the triacylglycerols. The amount of triacylglycerols with conjugated diene acyl moieties significantly decreased when the period of pheromone production was extended by 7 h beyond the normal period of pheromone production by 3 injections of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) at 3 h intervals. This decrease indicates that the triacylglycerols stored in the gland may serve as major sources of pheromone precursors in the biosynthesis of the sex pheromone aldehydes. Furthermore, analysis of pheromone aldehydes and triacylglycerols in the gland from moths treated with PBAN showed that the proportions of the triacylglycerols with conjugated diene moieties were closely correlated with the proportions of aldehydes found in the same gland. This correlation suggests that the proportions of fatty acids bound to certain triacylglycerols regulates the proportions of aldehydes in biosynthesis of the pheromone blend in M. sexta. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Development of a highly sensitive ELISA for the determination of PBAN and its application to the analysis of hemolymph in Spodoptera littoralis
Authors: Marco M.‐Pilar , Fabriàs Gemma , Camps Francisco 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA highly sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) has been developed. Six antisera have been obtained that recognize the carboxyl terminal side of this peptide. Two immunogens have been rationally designed and synthesized in order to direct antibody specificity, using as haptens PBAN or PBAN(20‐33) with a Cys residue attached to their amino‐terminal side. The Cys thiol group has been used to covalently bind the peptide to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) by using N‐succinimidyl‐4‐(maleidimidomethyl) cyclohexane carboxylate (SMCC) as a convenient heterobifunctional cross‐linker. Several usable competitive immunoassays have been obtained by synthesizing eight different coating antigens and screening the sera against all of them. The best assay was obtained with antibody 4 using Cys‐Hez‐PBAN(20‐33) coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) through the Lys groups by using the homobifunctional cross‐linker dimethylpimelidate dihydrochloride (DMP) as the coating antigen. The optimized assay allows to detect PBAN at concentrations as low as 1 fmol/well (l50 = 2.5 fmol/well). An extraction procedure for the hemolymph has been developed that allows to perform PBAN measurements in this tissue even after a tenfold dilution. In these conditions matrix effect is negligible. Preliminary results on the presence of PBAN like immunoreactivity (PBAN‐IR) in the hemolymph of Spodoptera littoralis females are reported.© 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth of the male accessory gland in adult locusts: Roles of juvenile hormone, JH esterase, and JH binding proteins
Authors: Braun R. P. , Wyatt G. R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe participation of juvenile hormone (JH) in the regulation of growth and protein synthesis in the accessory reproductive gland of male Locusta migratoria has been investigated. After elimination of endogenous JH with ethoxyprecocene, the accessory gland failed to grow, but growth was restored by a single application of the JH analog, pyriproxyfen. Pyriproxyfen appeared to stimulate total protein synthesis by 3 h, with a significant effect by 12 h, in contrast to 24 h observed in fat body. The dose curve for stimulation of protein synthesis 12 h after applying pyriproxyfen gave an ED50 of 0.1 μg; the dose curve for gland growth at 72 h was biphasic, with steps at about 0.01 μg and 10 μg, suggesting two phases in JH action. SDS‐PAGE analysis showed several components that were stimulated by pyriproxyfen, the effect being strongest in an 11 kDa band. A 5 kDa component was enhanced in the soluble and reduced in the particulate fraction after precocene treatment. The accessory gland contained JH esterase activity at levels about 100 times those in fat body or hemolymph, and was higher in precocene treated locusts. Binding activity for [3H]10R‐JH III was high in cytosolic and nuclear fractions, and was identified immunologically as due to the previously described hemolymph JH binding protein. The results indicate that the mode of action of JH in the accessory gland may differ from that in the fat body. The presence of intracellular JH binding protein suggests a direct action of JH within the gland, that may be modulated by JH esterase. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical terminology/clinical terminology
Authors: Moore Keith L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractNearly 100 years ago, the first formal attempt was made to standardize anatomical nomenclature. As Latin was the only language that many countries had in common, it formed the basis of anatomical terminology. It is common and accepted practice to translate the Latin terms into the language of the country concerned. As anatomical terminology is complex, it becomes very difficult when two or more widely accepted terms are used for the same structure (e.g., epiploic foramen and foramen of Winslow). In 1950, an International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee was formed to standardize anatomical terminology. It produced a book called Nomina Anatomica, which is now in its fifth edition. Many physicians with whom medical and other students are associated are unfamiliar with this new terminology. As a result they use terms, often synonyms, with which they are familiar. Members of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists are urged to use the terminology recommended in the Nomina Anatomica;, fifth edition, and to encourage their clinical colleagues to adopt the new terminology by giving both terms as follows: internal thoracic artery, (formerly called the internal mammary artery). In due course, anatomists and clinicians will be using the same terms and medical and other students will be most grateful.
Anatomic variations of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel
Authors: Amadio Peter C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTwo hundred seventy‐five consecutive carpal tunnel releases were reviewed to identify anomalies of median nerve anatomy. High division of the median nerve was observed in nine cases; in two of these the nerve divided proximally and then rejoined distally as a “closed loop.” In 42 cases the motor branch passed through the flexor retinaculum. Multiple motor branches were present in 13 cases. The palmar cutaneous branch passed through the flexor retinaculum in seven cases. In three cases, the distal communicating sensory ramus between the medial and ulnar nerves arose proximal to the superficial arch. Median nerve anomalies within the region of the carpal tunnel are common. Knowledge of such anomalies is important to avoid iatrogenic injury.
Occurrence and distribution of valves in the canine hepatic portal system
Authors: Dawson David L. , Scott‐Conner Carol E. H. , Molina Manuel E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMajor tributaries of the hepatic portal system were studied in 26 mongrel dogs to verify the occurrence and distribution of valves in this venous system. Methods included retrograde injection of modified Batson's no. 17 compound (16 splenic veins, 7 cranial mesenteric veins or its tributaries, and 6 caudal mesenteric veins), gross dissection (6 splenic veins and tributaries), and histologic sections (one specimen from each major drainage system). Functional valves, or cast impressions thereof, were common in each drainage system, and were present in veins ranging in diameter from 0.1 mm to 5.5 mm. Typically, valves were most abundant in veins directly draining an organ, such as segmental splenic veins and vasa recti of the small intestine. These valves were commonly located in close proximity to the confluence of two or more veins, or at the ostium of a comparatively small vein and a large vein. However, valves were also seen in the larger, more proximal veins of all three drainage systems, and these were not necessarily associated with the confluence of any major tributaries. This fundamental anatomic difference between dogs and humans should be noted by investigators using dogs as research models for portal system research.
Microsurgical anatomy of the pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri) and the sellar region. Part IV: The optic nerves and optic chiasma
Authors: Ouaknine Georges Elie 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe anatomical relationships of the optic nerve and optic chiasma to the different structures of the sellar region were studied in 100 cadaver sphenoidal blocks and in patients during transfrontal surgery to the sellar region. This study includes the relationships with the bony structures (tuberculum sellae, dorsum sellae, sella turcica, optic canal), with the meninges (arachnoidal cisterns, tentorium of the optic nerve), with the vessels (carotid and ophthalmic arteries), and finally with the neural structures (hypophysis cerebri, cranial nerves third ventricle). Relevant clinical or surgical aspects in relation to normal anatomy and anatomical variations of the optic nerves and optic chiasma are discussed. The varieties of the chiasma (normal, prefixed, postfixed) and the measurements of the optic nerves and optic chiasma (width, length, height, distance, and angle between optic nerves) were studied in the cadaver only. Different transfrontal approaches to the sellar region are discussed according to the morphology of the chiasma.
Applied anatomy of the musculus flexor carpi ulnaris and its clinical application
Authors: Liu Huaichen , Wang Yong‐Xian , Yang Zhi‐Ming 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe blood vessels and nerves supplying 50 specimens of musculi flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) in 25 Chinese male adult cadavers were investigated. The majority of the muscles were supplied by four to six blood vessels and by two branches of the ulnar nerve. The diameters of the second to fourth arteries were larger than 0.9 mm, which would allow them to be anastomosed to recipient vessels. As the arteries to the muscle were derived directly and/or indirectly from the ulnar artery, they could therefore be used as the arterial pedicles. The nerves were broad enough (1.18–1.05 mm) to act as nerve pedicles. These findings suggest that the FCU might be suitable for use as a free transplantation flap. Since the vessels and nerves to the FCU enter the muscle in its superior half, transposition in the reversed position is also possible. Eight patients have been treated by reversed transplantation of the FCU to restore lost function of the elbow joint. Follow‐up studies showed uniformly good results.
Vasectomy: Morphological and immunological effects
Authors: McDonald Stuart W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFollowing initial concern that vasectomy might promote arterial and autoimmune disease, recent studies offer reassurance about its safety. The principal clinical problems are discomfort from distension and rupture of the epididymis and ductus deferens and low fertility after vasectomy reversal. This article reviews the local effects of vasectomy on the reproductive tract and the autoimmune response to spermatozoa which form the scientific background of these problems. Throughout the review, the contribution of morphological studies to current knowledge is stressed.
Use of plastinated specimens in surgical education and clinical practice
Authors: Fasel Jean H. D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the usefulness of the process of plastination, a new technique of tissue preservation, for demonstrating both diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of advanced surgical anatomy. In contrast to existing methods, plastination provides dry, firm, odorless, and manipulable specimens that are esthetically acceptable everywhere and thus allows anatomy to be both literally and metaphorically carried into the clinic. The author regards this process as an important factor in bridging the gap between anatomy and clinical practice.
Functions of the medial pterygoid muscle
Authors: Friedman Mark H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMany anatomy textbooks disagree on protrusive and lateral functions of the medial pterygoid muscle. The muscle fibers run obliquely and anteroposteriorly and function during jaw closing, protrusion, and lateral movements. Mandibular movement during protrusion and lateral jaw movement to the contralateral side are described, as well as medial pterygoid muscle action contributing to these movements. Protrusive and lateral isometric muscle tests can identify pterygoid muscle function. Masticatory muscle function correlates closely with muscle fiber direction.
The arterial architecture of the left ventricular wall of human hearts
Authors: Zuo Huan Chen , Yu Yan Zheng 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe normal arterial and microvascular patterns of the left ventricular wall, including the papillary muscles, were studied in 54 human hearts using coronary angiography, arterial and microvascular casts, and histologic sections. According to their shapes and distributions, the arteries in the left ventricular wall may be classified as epicardial, arborized, straight, and papillary. The arborized arteries supply the whole myocardial wall, including some trabeculae carneae, and they anastomose with the straight arteries to form the subendocardial plexus. The papillary arteries have various arrangements: hooked, bifurcated, and tortuous S‐shaped. The use of histologic sections and arterial casts revealed no single central core artery and at least two arteries in each papillary muscle. The morphology and blood supply of the anterior and posterior papillary muscles varied somewhat. Scanning microscopy of the arrangement and appearance of arterioles, capillaries, and venules of the left ventricle revealed that large‐diameter capillaries, which were sometimes guarded by precapillary sphincters, arose from arterioles. The capillaries were parallel to cardiac muscle fibers and had numerous Y‐, H‐, and O‐shaped anastomotic connections. The small venules were arranged in a fan‐shaped fashion in relation to these capillaries.
The blood vessels and nerves of the dorsalis pedis flap
Authors: Li Fu Zhuang , Yi Xin Gang , Liu Huai Shen , Wang Yong Xian , Wang Yung Kwei 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAlthough there are numerous reports on the anatomy of blood vessels and nerves in the feet of the Chinese (Chen, 1964; Weng et al., 1964; Chen, 1965; Zhang et al., 1979; Chen et al., 1980; Wu et al., 1980; Ling et al., 1981) discussions of their clinical and/or surgical significance are rare.The dorsa of the feet of 30 Chinese adults were dissected after injecting red‐colored latex into the anterior tibial artery. The dorsalis pedis artery (DPA) was present in all cases, but two of the vessels took an unusual course. At the inferior border of the superior extensor retinaculum, the external diameters of the DPA and the great saphenous vein were 2.57 ± 0.09 mm and 3.66 ± 0.22 mm, respectively. The diameters of the vessels that constitute the pedicle of this free flap are large enough to allow anastomosis with those vessels at the recipient site. The dorsalis pedis veins connect with either the dorsal venous arch or the first metatarsal vein at a point 0.27–0.98 cm distal to the arch; therefore, to ensure a satisfactory venous return, a dorsalis pedis flap should be elevated 1 cm beyond the arch. The superficial peroneal nerve may supply only the medial half of the dorsum of the foot (27.58%); thus, reconstitution of the severed nerve would fail to restore sensation to the lateral part of the flap.A free flap from the first metatarsal space for covering small defects is recommended and is also based on a detailed knowledge of the neurovascular supply of this space.