bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transgenic rice plants expressing a trypsin inhibitor are resistant against rice stem borers, Chilo suppressalis
Authors: Mochizuki Atsushi , Nishizawa Yaeko , Onodera Haruko , Tabei Yutaka , Toki Seiichi , Habu Yoshiki , Ugaki Masashi , Ohashi Yuko 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA synthetic gene, mwti1b, coding for a winged bean trypsin inhibitor WTI‐1B, has been introduced and expressed in rice plants, Oryza sativa. Protein extracts from transgenic rice plants expressing the trypsin inhibitor inhibited the gut proteases of larvae of the serious insect pest, the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in vitro. The growth of larvae reared on transgenic rice plants expressing WTI‐1B at more than 1 ng/10 μg total protein was significantly retarded compared to that on non‐transgenic control plants.
Comparative efficacy of Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis, and aldicarb for control of Colorado potato beetle in an irrigated desert agroecosystem and their effects on biodiversity
Authors: Lacey L.A. , Horton D.R. , Chauvin R.L. , Stocker J.M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFive weekly applications of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, a genetically engineered isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Raven®), and aldicarb (Temik®) were compared for control of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in an irrigated desert cropping system. B. thuringiensis was applied using low and high label rates (1.17 and 7.0 l ha−1). B. bassiana was applied at 5×1013 spores ha−1. Aldicarb (Rhône‐Poulenc), applied at 3.37 kg a.i. ha−1 provided the greatest beetle control and potato yields (45 metric tons ha−1), but overall lowest biodiversity in nontarget organisms, particularly predatory Heteroptera. Low and high rates of B. thuringiensis produced fair to excellent beetle control, yielded 33 and 40 metric tons ha−1 and enabled good survival in predatory Heteroptera and other nontargets. Plots treated with B. bassiana resulted in poor control of beetles prior to row closure after which fair to good control was achieved. Yield in the Beauveria‐treated plots was 33 metric tons ha−1 and effect on biodiversity was comparable to the Bt‐treated plots. The lowest number of overwintering adult L. decemlineata was found in the plots treated with bacteria and fungi (0.68–0.84 adults/0.03 m−3 of soil) and the highest was found in control and aldicarb plots (3.44 and 1.84 adults/0.03 m3 of soil). Aphids and leafhoppers showed higher densities in plots treated with microbial control agents, but were eliminated from plots treated with aldicarb.
Relationships between temperature, development and survival of different life stages of the tomato fruit fly, Neoceratitis cyanescens
Authors: Brévault Thierry , Quilici Serge 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe development and survival of female Neoceratitis cyanescens (Bezzi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) from egg to complete ovarian maturation were studied in the laboratory at five different constant temperatures: 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C. The aim of this study was to get information on the influence of temperature on pre‐mature stages, as a prerequisite to optimise rearing procedures and to understand temporal and geographical patterns of fruit fly occurrence. The developmental rate of the different life stages increased linearly with increasing temperatures up to 30 °C. The fastest development of pre‐mature stages was recorded at 30 °C (22±1 days) and the slowest at 15 °C (98±3 days). The day‐degrees requirements (K) to complete total development were 432.6 day‐degrees. Lower temperature thresholds were 11.4, 11.9, 10.0, and 11.1 °C for egg, larval, pupal stages and ovarian maturation, respectively. The number of adults obtained from an initial batch of 100 eggs reached a maximum (64) at 25 °C. At 35 °C, no adults emerged. Larval developmental time was significantly shorter in green tomato fruits than in potato tubers at 15, 20, and 25 °C. Mortality rate of larvae was higher in green tomato fruits than in potato tubers at 25 and 30 °C.
Secretory avocado idioblast oil cells: evidence of their defensive role against a non‐adapted insect herbivore
Authors: Rodriguez‐Saona Cesar , Trumble John T. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that avocado idioblast oil cells play a defensive role against herbivorous insects. Toxicities of the intact avocado idioblast oil cells and the extracted idioblast oil were compared for three insect herbivores. Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) larvae are generalists that do not feed on avocados. By contrast, Sabulodes aegrotata (Guenée) and Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) larvae are generalist herbivores that readily feed on avocados. All bioassays were performed at a naturally occurring concentration of idioblast oil cells (2% w/w). Choice experiments showed that S. exigua larvae avoided diet treated with avocado idioblast oil cells and consume more control than treated diet. In contrast, idioblast oil cells had no significant antifeedant effects on the adapted S. aegrotata and P. includens larvae. Subsequent experiments designed to assess resistance mechanisms separated pre‐ingestive (behavioral) and post‐ingestive (physiological) effects of the avocado idioblast oil cells, and the extracted idioblast oil, on the two adapted herbivores. Post‐ingestive adaptation was the mechanism that allows feeding. Because the impact of the avocado idioblast oil cells was greatest on the performance of non‐adapted S. exigua, additional experiments determined that larvae fed diet containing the oil cells had higher mortality and reduced larval growth compared to controls. Developmental times were significantly prolonged for the survivors. Thus, increased mortality, reduced developmental rates, and antifeedant activity in the non‐adapted insect indicate that defense against non‐adapted herbivores may be an important function of idioblast cells in avocados.
Susceptibility of Megalurothrips sjostedti developmental stages to Metarhizium anisopliae and the effects of infection on feeding, adult fecundity, egg fertility and longevity
Authors: Ekesi S. , Maniania N.K. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe susceptibility of immature stages of the legume flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti, to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, was investigated under laboratory conditions. The adult stage was found to be more susceptible to infection than the larval and pupal stages. Mortality at all stages was dose‐dependent, with the highest concentration of 1×108 conidia ml−1 producing the highest mortality (26, 46 and 100% for larvae, pupae and adults, respectively) at 8 days post‐inoculation. At the same concentration, daily pollen consumption was significantly reduced at 2 days after treatment in infected adults but more slowly in infected larvae. Fecundity, egg fertility and longevity in adults surviving infection as larvae were significantly reduced compared to the control.
Summer dormancy ensures univoltinism in the predatory bug Picromerus bidens
Authors: Musolin Dmitry L. , Saulich Aida H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe seasonal cycle of Picromerus bidens L. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is usually considered to be univoltine with an obligatory winter egg diapause. Seasonal adaptations of the species were studied in the laboratory and in field experiments. When reared under short‐day photoperiodic conditions (L12:D12 and L14:D10), all females began to lay eggs synchronously soon after their emergence. However, in the females reared under long‐day conditions (L18:D6 and L20:D4) and outdoors in June–July, oviposition was significantly delayed. This delay in reproduction induced by photoperiodic conditions and then spontaneously terminated was considered to be aestivation. Egg batches laid by females in the laboratory and in the field were kept at 25 °C for two months. From 30.8 to 93.8% of batches contained eggs which hatched without cold treatment between day 14 and 60 after oviposition. The proportion of eggs hatched was 17.7 to 20.9% in the short‐day regimes, while it was significantly less (5.7 to 6.0%) under long‐day conditions. It is concluded that in some eggs diapause is of low intensity and that if under natural conditions the first batches had been laid at the end of June, nymphs would have hatched at least from some eggs during the same season even without cold treatment. Such untimely hatching would have resulted in the death of nymphs and adults unprepared for overwintering. A photoperiodic response which induces aestivation in the early emerging adults in June–August may prevent early oviposition and occurrence of a second generation and thus maintains univoltinism in P. bidens.
Interpopulation variation in Chrysoperla carnea reproduction: implications for mass‐rearing and storage
Authors: Chang Yin‐Fu , Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A. , Nyrop Jan P. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTo determine whether diverse populations and biotypes of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) can be mass‐produced and stored under uniform conditions, we assessed reproduction in five North American populations, four from the carnea biotype and one from the mohave biotype. Non‐diapause adults from the carnea biotype varied significantly in only one aspect of reproduction, viz., the preoviposition period, whereas the duration and rate of oviposition, as well as fecundity, did not vary significantly. Relative to the carnea populations, the mohave population typically had delayed oviposition and a lower rate of oviposition; however, its oviposition period was long, and thus its fecundity differed only from that of the most productive carnea populations.The shelf‐life (= survival during storage, and subsequent survival and reproduction after storage) was evaluated for four populations of the carnea biotype. Survival of diapausing adults during the first 18 weeks of storage was high among all four populations; adults from three populations also showed high survival after 35 weeks of storage. A high incidence of females from all four populations laid some fertile eggs after being stored for up to 31 weeks or longer. After six or more weeks of storage, average fecundity was high and ranged from ∼400–900 eggs/female. Duration of storage (up to 39 weeks) was a significant determinant of fecundity in two of the four populations.In practice, diverse populations of C. carnea can be efficiently mass‐produced (with or without storage) under uniform conditions in the insectary. Thus, the choice of which populations to mass‐produce and use in augmentation can be based primarily on the characteristics (e.g., climate, habitat, crop) of the intended area of release, rather than on considerations concerning mass‐rearing.
Effect of host density, temperature, and photoperiod on the fitness of Anagyrus kamali, a parasitoid of the hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus
Authors: Sagarra L.A. , Vincent C. , Peters N.F. , Stewart R.K. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe peformance of the parasitoid Anagyrus kamali Moursi [Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae], as a function of host density, temperature, and photoperiod was investigated with the objective to optimize a mass‐rearing system in the context of a biological control program. The number of hosts parasitized at densities varying from 2–100 hibiscus mealybug (HMB), Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green [Homoptera: Pseudococcidae], corresponded to a type II‐III functional response in fixed‐time conditions and a type III in variable‐time conditions. Twenty‐six percent of the oviposited eggs led to progeny emergence with a sex ratio of 0.49±0.102 (M/F), regardless of host density. Fecundity and oviposition period under six abiotic combinations (i.e., two temperatures (26±2 °C and 32±2 °C) and three photoperiods (L0:D24, L12:D12, L24:D0)) were measured. Lifetime fecundity and reproductive life were significantly affected by temperature and photoperiod conditions. Optimum female parasitoid lifetime fecundity was attained at 26±2 °C, L0:D24 with an average of 116.1±17.43 eggs. At 32±2 °C, L24:D0 and L12:D12, an average of 79.4±34.57 and 85.8±35.81 eggs were laid, respectively. Reproductive longevity was maximal at 26±2 °C, L0:D24 with 12±4.85 days of oviposition. Because the parasite A. kamali can be reared optimally without light, this may save tremendous energy costs.
Metapopulation dynamics in an aphid‐parasitoid system
Authors: Weisser Wolfgang W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMetapopulation theory makes a number of predictions concerning the effects of dispersal on the persistence of predator‐prey or host‐parasitoid systems. While the stabilising effects of dispersal have been shown in a number of laboratory studies, evidence from field studies remains scarce due to a lack of suitable model systems. I describe a host‐parasitoid system that shows a classical metapopulation structure with frequent extinctions and colonisations consisting of the aphidiid Lysiphlebus hirticornis and the aphid Metopeurum fuscoviride. Both the parasitoid and the aphid are specialists on their respective hosts. I followed the dynamics of host and parasitoid on individually marked tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) plants, the host of M. fuscoviride. Dynamics of host and parasitoid populations were characterized by frequent extinctions and colonisations. Mean longevity of aphid colonies was only 3.1 weeks. Parasitism by L. hirticornis was a main cause of extinction for the aphid as rates of parasitism often reached 100%, in particular towards the end of the field season. Patchiness in this system occurs at two spatial scales. Aphid colonies form on single tansy ramets = shoots but movements of aphid individuals among ramets within a particular tansy genet are frequent. Because aphids can persist on a genet for a large numer of generations, it is argued that local populations form on genets rather than ramets. The number of host and parasitoid extinctions described in this study exceeds the number of extinctions usually observed in field studies of host‐parasitoid metapopulations. It is suggested that aphid‐parasitoid systems such as the one studied in this paper may be good models to test the predictions of metapopulation theory.
Influence of previous herbivory on behavior and development of Spodoptera exigua larvae on glanded and glandless cotton
Authors: McAuslane Heather J. , Alborn Hans T. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe examined the influence of previous herbivore injury on the feeding behavior, survival and development of larval beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on glanded and glandless ‘Stoneville 213’ cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. In a greenhouse study, neonate S. exigua placed on the terminal foliage of glanded cotton plants moved down the plant to feed on older leaves. The location of feeding was more concentrated towards the bottom of the plant on previously damaged plants than on undamaged control plants. In contrast, larval feeding on glandless plants was evenly distributed within the plant and no difference in distribution was noted on plants that had sustained previous herbivore injury when compared to undamaged plants. In a laboratory study, where larvae were offered one type of foliage in a no‐choice situation, survival on young or mature leaves from glanded or glandless plants, with or without previous herbivore injury, did not differ significantly. However, pupae of larvae reared on young leaves of damaged glanded cotton weighed significantly less than pupae from larvae fed all other diets. Pupae from larvae fed young leaves of control glandless plants weighed significantly more than pupae from all other diets. Similar trends were observed in adult weights. In addition, time to pupation and time to adult emergence were significantly longer for larvae fed young leaves from damaged glanded plants compared to all other diets. The experiments reported here link larval feeding behavior of S. exigua to performance. Larval feeding preferences changed following induction of systemic defense such that food choice was optimized for growth.
Biotypes of Dasineura tetensi, differing in ability to gall and develop on black currant genotypes
Authors: Hellqvist Sven 
Published: October 2003

AbstractVariation in damage levels on certain black currant, Ribes nigrum L., genotypes, caused by the black currant leaf midge, Dasineura tetensi (Rübs.) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), has been observed in northern Sweden. I investigated whether this variation is due to variation in virulence among midges. From a field population of midges, I successfully selected for virulence and avirulence, respectively, on the resistant black currant genotype cultivar ‘Storklas’ (called resistant genotype). The performance of avirulent and virulent midge larvae on two black currant genotypes were studied in experiments where first or second instar larvae were artificially transferred. There were no differences in larval survival and developmental rate between the two midge types when transferred to the susceptible currant genotype ‘7801–31’ (called susceptible genotype). Larvae of the virulent strain established galls and developed on ‘Storklas’ but development was initially slower there than on the susceptible currant genotype. Larvae of the avirulent strain suffered high mortality or remained in first instar on that same currant genotype when transferred alone, but developed readily if transferred together with virulent larvae. Larvae transferred in second instar to host plants susceptible to the larvae resumed feeding and developed further to maturity. Second instar larvae were also able to establish new galls even though these galls were not as well developed as those caused by first instar larvae. Black currant plantations in northern Sweden were surveyed and local midge populations were found to be composed of either avirulent, virulent or a mixture of both midge types. Virulent midges were not restricted to plantations where resistant currant genotypes were grown. I conclude that, at least, two biotypes of the midge exist, and that those two are distinguished by the ability to gall and survive on ‘Storklas’.
Is the parasitization capacity of Trichogramma cordubensis influenced by the age of the females?
Authors: Garcia Patrícia Ventura , Wajnberg Eric , Oliveira Maria Luísa Melo , Tavares João 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe investigated the parasitization capacity of Trichogramma cordubensis Vargas & Cabello (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) females aged 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 120 h, and 144 h, using Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs as hosts. Wasps were held without hosts during the period of ageing, therefore being increasingly time‐limited with respect to parasitization as they got older. The total number of parasitized hosts decreased as the age of the parasitoid increased. However, the proportion of lifetime parasitism carried out on the first day increased with wasp age, up to 120‐h old females. These results show that the parasitization capacity of ageing T. cordubensis females changes as they become time‐limited. The consequences of such changes for biological control programs are discussed.
Prostephanus truncatus mate choice on contact: does pheromone signalling by males affect their mating success?
Authors: Birkinshaw L.A. , Smith R.H. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Prostephanus truncatus is an economically important beetle pest of stored maize and cassava in the tropics. Male beetles signal using an aggregation pheromone that attracts both female and male beetles over large distances. Females preferentially orientate towards the pheromone signals of particular males when given a choice. The influence of pheromone signalling on courtship and mating success was investigated using pheromone biossays and mating trials in both of which a female made a choice between two males. Signalling was manipulated by exposing males to a Female Factor that inhibits pheromone production. The relative attractiveness of males to females based on pheromone bioassays was found not to influence short‐range courtship behaviour or mating success.
Comparative sensitivity of larval mosquitoes to vegetable polyphenols versus conventional insecticides
Authors: Rey D. , David J.P. , Besnard G. , Jullien J.L. , Lagneau C. , Meyran J.C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe larvicidal effects of polyphenols of natural crude decomposed alder leaf litter and commercially available tannic acid were experimentally compared with those of two common conventional insecticides (Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis: microbial insecticide; temephos: organophosphate insecticide). Comparative standard bioassays using third instar larval Aedes aegypti, A. albopictus, Culex pipiens and Coquillettidia richiardii as references indicated that Aedes and Culex taxa are far more sensitive to alder leaf litter than to tannic acid and conventional insecticides. C. richiardii is far more resistant to conventional insecticides than Aedes and Culex taxa, but its sensitivity to tannic acid is close to that of those taxa. Dietary vegetable polyphenols are thus proposed as new, practical, alternative chemicals for mosquito control when conventional insecticides are difficult and costly to be used (e.g., in the management of Aedes and Culex populations in man‐made breeding sites and Coquillettidia control strategy).
Temperature and humidity responses of the arctic‐alpine seed bug Nysius groenlandicus
Authors: Böcher Jens , Nachman Gösta 
Published: October 2003

AbstractField observations in Greenland as well as arena choice experiments showed that the arctic‐alpine seed bug Nysius groenlandicus (Zetterstedt) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) is markedly xerophilous and thermophilous, preferring temperatures around 30 °C. Some variation in thermo‐preference was found among individuals from different localities in Greenland. Individuals from an inland locality (Søndre Strømfjord/Kangerlussuaq) had the highest temperature preference. Exposing individuals to rising temperature showed very high thresholds for excessive activity (ca. 41 °C), heat stupor (ca. 51 °C) and death (ca. 52 °C). All stages initially preferred the lowest humidity obtainable but gradually changed to higher humidities. The youngest nymph stages were most tolerant to desiccation. The observed preferences are interpreted as adaptations to a habitat where a warm and dry microclimate allows this obligatorily univoltine species to complete its life cycle within one year. The paper presents some general statistical approaches to analyses of behavioural responses to environmental gradients.
Host frass as arrestant chemicals in locating host Mythimna separata by the tachinid fly Exorista japonica
Authors: Tanaka Chiharu , Kainoh Yooichi , Honda Hiroshi 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe investigated the response of the tachinid fly, Exorista japonica (Townsend), to host frass or its extracts in order to clarify the host location mechanisms of female flies in a potential host habitat. Host searching time in a patch and the number of patch visits were analyzed by using a frass‐containing patch which was excreted by host larvae, Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and patches to which host frass extracts were applied. E. japonica females were arrested in response to the host‐frass‐containing patch after contacting the frass with their front tarsi, thereby spending most of the time to search the patch and to revisit the host‐frass patch. While host‐searching time in the patch by the females was longest at their first visit of a patch with host frass, searching time decreased with successive visits. The female flies also exhibited area‐restricted searching with methanol extracts of the host frass. Area‐restricted searching activity increased with the concentration of host‐frass extract, i.e., total searching time in the patch and the number of patch visits varied in a dose‐dependent manner. E. japonica females likely employ chemicals in host frass as arrestants in host location.