bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Chemical and Physical Control of Boiler Operation: Including the Application of Simple Formulae for Estimating the Heat-Loss Items, etc.
Authors: Uehling E. A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The economical status of a boiler plant can be approximately determined by either of two methods: (a) the mechanical method, based on the heat utilized; and (b) the chemical and physical method, based on the heat wasted. In the former, reliance is placed on the coal weigher and the water meter or steam-flow meter; in the latter the CO2 meter and pyrometer are used.
The author discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both methods and shows that while each is necessary for complete results, the chemical and physical method gives more directly useful information. He emphasizes the facts that no wholesale method is adequate; that every boiler must be treated individually and that it must be known what every boiler is doing all the time and adjustments made to keep the results right.
Examples are given of the application of information shown by charts from recording instruments to control of firing. The reliability of the chemical method of control is discussed at length. The author then shows by actual numerical examples the application of formulas which he has derived to data taken from autographic records of CO2.
Standards for Large Taper Shanks and Sockets
Authors: Burlingame Luther D. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
War needs have demanded the construction of machine tools embodying taper shanks and sockets of larger dimensions than it has been customary to use. Most of the tapers established in the early days present irregular variations in size and in depth, even within the same system, and the application to the large sizes of the rules followed in proportioning these early types does not give the dimensions required to meet the new conditions. To supply this deficiency, the Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., after a careful study of the present established tapers and of the experience of several prominent manufacturers, has developed the set of “Magnum” standard tapers described at length in the paper.
In these tapers the diameters at the large end vary from 4 to 14 in. and those at the small end from 3¼ to 12 in. The depth of taper is made equal to twice the diameter of the large end plus 4 in. The selected standard taper is ¾ in. per ft.
Advantages of High Pressure and Superheat as Affecting Steam-Plant Efficiency
Authors: Berg Eskil 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
After pointing out that steam turbines having a thermodynamic efficiency of nearly 90 per cent are available and that this figure permits of but slight increase through improvement, the author gives calculations showing the gains in fuel economy that may be obtained by the use of higher steam pressures and by the application of superheat. He further shows that a combination of both will give the best results and that, assuming a turbine efficiency of 85 per cent, a boiler (oil-fired) efficiency of 88 per cent, 800 lb. pressure and a steam temperature of 800 deg. fahr., the steam process compares very favorably with the results obtained with Diesel engines when it is considered that fuel for the latter is 50 per cent higher in price than that which can be satisfactorily burned under a boiler.
Machine-Shop Organization
Authors: Kent Fred G. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This paper seeks to set forth the fundamentals of a typical machine-shop organization.
It begins with a discussion of the methods for introducing changes in the way of reorganization, has something to say about the kind of man who does the job and how he gets started; then goes on to an analysis of the organization by departments.
Each department is described so as to show its importance, its special duties and responsibilities, and its relation to the whole.
Fig. 1 shows how this analysis is developed.
The Relation of Port Area to the Power of Gas Engines and its Influence on Regulation
Authors: Du Priest J. R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Any system of connecting up the governor of a gas engine to the throttle valve which gives equal changes in port area for equal changes in the governor speed, will make the regulation of the engine very sensitive at light loads and too slow at heavy loads.
The object of this paper is to present a method of determining the port area required for any fractional load on a throttling gas engine operating on the four-stroke cycle, and to suggest a means of admitting the fuel so as to get the same degree of speed regulation throughout the full range of load.
The author has made an extended study of the working of a 16½ × 24-in. horizontal double-acting tandem throttling engine, running on natural gas at 180 r.p.m., and from a consideration of the data obtained in tests and the characteristic curve of the governor used, has devised a method by means of which the relation between the travel of the governor collar and port area for a given power can be determined. A governing mechanism may then be designed which will give equal changes of load for equal movements of the collar, or the ports may be so shaped that equal changes in governor-collar travel will give equal movements of the valve, but at the same time give the proper port area for equal changes in power delivered.
The Steam Motor in the Automotive Field
Authors: Adams E. T. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The tremendous increase in the demand for automotive power has outdistanced the ability of the gasoline engine to meet this demand, chiefly on account of the condition that the supply of fuel is not now equal to the requirements.
The steam unit has many advantages for automotive service. Its high torque at low speed, its overload capacity, its smooth, flexible speed and power control have remained the standards of excellence, reached for but never attained by any gasoline motor.
The design of the steam unit is simple and many features of construction have been introduced which tend toward long life and low cost of upkeep.
Numbers of new steam trucks, tractors and pleasure cars are in service, or in process of manufacture or design. This effect and this demand will have a profound influence on the automotive industry.
The Engineer, the Cripple and the New Education
Authors: Gilbreth Frank B. , Gilbreth L. M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This paper is a progress report and states definitely the work that the engineer should do to help the cripple to be independent of all charity. It states how the cripple can be enabled to compete successfully with normal workers in the trades at the present time. It calls attention to the fact that the cripple after receiving intensive education by means of micromotion study is able to earn more than normal workers who have not received such education.
The war has made an upheaval in many methods, particularly those of education. After the war the intensive methods now used in our emergency will be used permanently. These methods are not transitory. They will remain because they are more efficient.
The intensive education in motion study of the one best way to do work, now being done for the cripple, is the model for all the intensive training of the nation’s workers after peace comes — that they may become more efficient and more productive and suffer less fatigue. The military cripple will thus have served his country doubly.
Critical Thinking Assessment in Engineering Education: A Scopus-Based Literature Review
Authors: Deo Saurabh , Hölttä-Otto Katja 
Published: December 2023

AbstractCritical Thinking (CT) skills are highly valued by employers, leading to their integration into engineering education through various design- and problem-based approaches. Despite their recognized importance, the varying perceptions of CT present challenges in achieving a unified approach to its development and assessment. This paper reviews CT assessment in engineering education, particularly mapping Facione's CT skills with assessment approaches to discern how CT is evaluated. We conducted a systematic keyword search in the SCOPUS database and identified 462 articles from 2010 to March 2023. These were reviewed and distilled down to 80 articles included in this study. We find that CT has been recognized as an essential skill set, but there are no consistent definitions or means to assess it. Further, while CT is a multifaced skill, we find that very few assessment methods assess CT holistically. We identify three goals for CT assessment: (1) understand and recognize CT, (2) demonstrate CT, and (3) identify if CT has changed due to intervention. We discuss how different assessment approaches, including rubrics, surveys, standardized tests, and customized assessments, have been used and propose recommendations to support reaching a better understanding of CT assessment in engineering education. Further research is needed to understand better how these skills can be taught and assessed as part of engineering education to meet the needs of employers.
Optimization of Tooth Profile Modification Amount and Manufacturing Tolerance Allocation for Rotate Vector Reducer Under Reliability Constraint
Authors: Li Yutao , Su Yuewen , Wang Shaohu 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Rotate vector (RV) reducer is mainly applied in high-precision transmission. Its manufacturing errors strongly influence transmission accuracy. In order to select the optimal gear profile parameters and manufacturing accuracy to meet the transmission conditions in actual machining, a model of gear tooth contact analysis of involute and cycloid transmission considering tooth profile modification and manufacturing errors was established according to the principle of coordinate transformation and conjugate contact of gear. The sensitivity of different manufacturing errors to transmission errors was analyzed. At the same time, the optimization method of gear tooth profile modification parameters and manufacturing accuracy configuration under transmission reliability constraints was designed. The results showed that based on the optimization calculation of samples by the DIRECT algorithm, it was possible to obtain a set of RV reducer modification parameters and manufacturing tolerance bands with the lowest manufacturing cost under the condition of transmission accuracy. The selected parameters had high-reliability characteristics. Therefore, this method provides a theoretical optimization reference for manufacturing high-reliability RV reducer.
Data-Driven Modeling of the Nonlinear Dynamics of Passive Lower-Limb Prosthetic Systems
Authors: Donahue Seth , Kingsbury Trevor , Takahashi Kota , Major Matthew J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Modeling the nonlinear dynamics of prosthetic feet is an important tool for linking prosthesis mechanical properties to end-user outcomes. There has been a renewed interest in data-driven modeling of dynamical systems, with the development of the Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition with control (eDMDc) and the Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics with Control (SINDYc). These algorithms do not require prior information about the system, including mechanical configuration, and are data-driven. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and accuracy of applying these data-driven algorithms to model prosthesis nonlinear load response dynamics. Different combinations of a dynamic response foot, a hydraulic ankle unit, and three shock-absorbing pylons of varying resistance were tested loaded and unloaded at three orientations reflecting critical positions during the stance phase of walking. We tested two different data-driven algorithms, the eDMDc, with two different kernels, and the SINDYc, which regresses the coefficients for a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Each algorithm was able to model the nonlinear prosthesis dynamics, but the SINDYc outperformed the eDMDc methods with a root mean square error across orientations &lt; 1.50 mm and a maximum error in peak displacement of 1.28 mm or 4% relative error. From the estimated SINDYc governing equation of the system dynamics, we were able to simulate different mechanical behavior by systematically varying parameter values, which offers a novel foundation for designing, controlling, and classifying prosthetic systems ultimately aimed at improving prosthesis user outcomes.
Draft genomes of 12
Bifidobacterium
isolates from human IBD fecal samples
Authors: Souza Cole E. , Jacobson Nicole E. , An Michelle A. , Droit Lindsay , Vega Alejandro A. , Rosales Mariel , Mihindukulasuriya Kathie A. , Pastrana Karina , Handley Scott A. , Parkes Miles , Rimmer Joanna , Wang David , Dinsdale Elizabeth A. , A. Edwards Robert , Segall Anca M. 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

Twelve
Bifidobacterium
strains were isolated from fecal samples of inflammatory bowel disease patients and matched “household control” individuals. These include the species
Bifidobacterium adolescentis
,
Bifidobacterium animalis
,
Bifidobacterium breve
,
Bifidobacterium catenulatum
,
Bifidobacterium longum
, and
Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum
.
A high-quality whole-genome sequence, assembly, and gene annotation of
Fusarium oxysporum
f. sp.
vasinfectum
(Fov) race 1 from California
Authors: Jobe Timothy O. , Ulloa Mauricio , Ellis Margaret L. 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

Fusarium wilt [
Fusarium oxysporum
f. sp.
vasinfectum
(FOV)] in cotton is a widespread soilborne pathogen that causes vascular plant disease and is responsible for substantial crop losses worldwide. FOV race 1 (FOV1) is well established across almost all cotton production regions, especially in the USA. Herein, we report a high-quality whole-genome sequence, assembly, and gene annotation of a FOV1 isolate from California.
Draft genome sequences of two
Salmonella
Uzaramo isolates from poultry in South Africa
Authors: Karama Musafiri , Lawal Opeyemi U. , Parreira Valeria R. , Soni Mitra , Chen Yanhong , Cenci-Goga Beniamino T. , Grispoldi Luca , Greyling Janita , Goodridge Lawrence 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

Salmonella enterica
is a zoonotic pathogen and a leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of two
Salmonella
Uzaramo isolates, which were isolated from poultry organs during routine post-mortem examination in South Africa. Currently, whole-genome sequences on
Salmonella
Uzaramo are scanty.
CSFV restricts necroptosis to sustain infection by inducing autophagy/mitophagy-targeted degradation of RIPK3
Authors: Wu Keke , Li Bingke , Zhang Xiaoai , Fang Yiqi , Zeng Sen , Hu Wenshuo , Liu Xiaodi , Liu Xueyi , Lu Zhimin , Li Xiaowen , Chen Wenxian , Qin Yuwei , Zhou Bolun , Zou Linke , Zhao Feifan , Yi Lin , Zhao Mingqiu , Fan Shuangqi , Chen Jinding 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

As an essential component of host defense against infection, necroptosis is a novel highly regulated mode of cell death that is mediated by signaling complexes containing receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3. Lymphocyte depletion and immunosuppression are typical clinical features of pigs infected with classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Here, we provide the first evidence for the involvement of necroptosis in the necrosis of T lymphocytes in the spleen and peripheral blood of pigs infected
in vivo
with CSFV. However, it is true for some viruses with non-cytopathic effects, including CSFV, to balance host defense against infection.
In vitro
, the induction of autophagy by CSFV at a later stage of infection clearly restricts necroptosis. Mechanistic studies revealed that CSFV NS4A protein promoted tripartite motif-containing 25 expression, synergistically induced the occurrence of mitophagy, targeted the autophagic degradation of RIPK3 to block the progression of necroptosis occurrence, and achieved persistent viral infection. Interestingly, we found that RIPK3 was able to specifically localize at the outer mitochondrial membrane, and the autophagy receptor NDP52 was most likely involved in the autophagic degradation of RIPK3 during CSFV infection. Our findings provide evidence supporting that the CSFV-induced autophagy pathway plays an important role in counteracting host cell necrosis, enriching our knowledge of pathogens that may subvert and evade necroptosis this host defense, and shedding new light on understanding the mechanisms of T lymphocyte exhaustion and immunosuppression during CSFV infection.

IMPORTANCE
CSFV infection in pigs causes persistent high fever, hemorrhagic necrotizing multi-organ inflammation, and high mortality, which seriously threatens the global swine industry. Cell death is an essential immune response of the host against pathogen invasion, and lymphopenia is the most typical clinical feature in the acute phase of CSFV infection, which affects the initial host antiviral immunity. As an “old” virus, CSFV has evolved mechanisms to evade host immune response after a long genetic evolution. Here, we show that necroptosis is a limiting host factor for CSFV infection and that CSFV-induced autophagy can subvert this host defense mechanism to promote its sustained replication. Our findings reveal a complex link between necroptosis and autophagy in the process of cell death, provide evidence supporting the important role for CSFV in counteracting host cell necrosis, and enrich our knowledge of pathogens that may subvert and evade this host defense.
Genome sequence-based identification of
Enterobacter
strains and description of
Enterobacter pasteurii
sp. nov.
Authors: Rahi Praveen , Mühle Estelle , Scandola Cyril , Touak Gerald , Clermont Dominique 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

Members of the
Enterobacter cloacae
complex (ECC) are almost ubiquitous in nature and can act as pathogens. In this study, we used a polyphasic taxonomy approach to establish the accurate taxonomic position of six strains within the ECC. Notably, the 16S rRNA gene-based phylogeny failed to group all
Enterobacter
species into a monophyletic cluster. As an alternative to this, we explored genome sequence-based phylogenetic approaches. The bac120 gene-based phylogeny successfully grouped all
Enterobacter
species into a monophyletic cluster, although some species-level clustering conflicted with average nucleotide identity (ANI) values. Furthermore, the
Enterobacter
-specific core gene phylogeny resolved all species, aligning with ANI results. Three strains were identified as
Enterobacter asburiae
, while strain P99 was classified as “
Enterobacter xiangfangensis
” and strain C45 as
Enterobacter quasihormaechei
. Conversely, strain A-8
T
formed a distinct cluster in all phylogenies, with ANI and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values below the species threshold (<92% and <44%, respectively) with all known
Enterobacter
species. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry biotyper results confirmed that all strains belonged to the ECC. However, the comparison of mean spectrum profile of strain A-8
T
with those of other strains revealed the presence of 18 unique peaks, highlighting its distinct protein profile. Based on comprehensive genotypic and phenotypic characterizations, we propose that strain A-8
T
is a new species of the genus
Enterobacter
, which is named
Enterobacter pasteurii
sp. nov. The type strain is A-8
T
(CIP 103550
T
; ATCC 23355
T
; DSM 26481
T
; and WDCM 00082
T
). This study advances our understanding of the ECC, emphasizing the need for multidimensional taxonomic techniques and contributing to the better management of microbial resource centers.

IMPORTANCE

Accurate taxonomy is essential for microbial biological resource centers, since the microbial resources are often used to support new discoveries and subsequent research. Here, we used genome sequence data, alongside matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer biotyper-based protein profiling, to accurately identify six
Enterobacter cloacae
complex strains. This approach effectively identified distinct species within the
E. cloacae
complex, including
Enterobacter asburiae
, “
Enterobacter xiangfangensis
,” and
Enterobacter quasihormaechei
. Moreover, the study revealed the existence of a novel species within the
Enterobacter
genus, for which we proposed the name
Enterobacter pasteurii
sp. nov. In summary, this study demonstrates the significance of adopting a genome sequence-driven taxonomy approach for the precise identification of bacterial strains in a biological resource center and expands our understanding of the
E. cloacae
complex.
Klebsiella pneumoniae
OmpR facilitates lung infection through transcriptional regulation of key virulence factors
Authors: Janssen Axel B. , de Bakker Vincent , Aprianto Rieza , Trebosc Vincent , Kemmer Christian , Pieren Michel , Veening Jan-Willem 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

Bacteria must adapt to the stresses of specific environmental conditions to survive. This adaptation is often achieved by altering gene expression through two-component regulatory systems (TCSs). In Gram-negative bacteria, the response to environmental changes in osmolarity and pH is primarily mediated by the EnvZ/OmpR TCS. Although the functioning of EnvZ/OmpR has been well characterized in
Escherichia coli
,
Salmonella enterica
, and the
Yersinia
genus, the importance of EnvZ/OmpR TCS in the opportunistic human pathogen
Klebsiella pneumoniae
has been limitedly studied. Here, we investigated the importance of EnvZ/OmpR in
K. pneumoniae
for fitness, gene regulation, virulence, and infection. Through the generation of a markerless
ompR
-deletion mutant, we show that overall fitness of
K. pneumoniae
is not impacted
in vitro
. Using dual RNA sequencing of
K. pneumoniae
co-incubated with human lung epithelial cells, we demonstrate that the
K. pneumoniae
OmpR regulon includes important virulence factors but shows otherwise limited overlap with the regulons of other Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, we show that deletion of
ompR
in
K. pneumoniae
leads to a stronger antibacterial transcriptional response in human lung epithelial cells. Lastly, we show that OmpR is crucial for
K. pneumoniae
virulence and infection through a murine lung infection model. As the adaptation of commensal bacteria to specific niches is mediated by TCSs, we show that EnvZ/OmpR plays a crucial role in successful lung infection, as well as in virulence. These results suggest that OmpR is an interesting target for anti-virulence drug discovery programs.

IMPORTANCE

Bacteria use two-component regulatory systems (TCSs) to adapt to changes in their environment by changing their gene expression. In this study, we show that the EnvZ/OmpR TCS of the clinically relevant opportunistic pathogen
Klebsiella pneumoniae
plays an important role in successfully establishing lung infection and virulence. In addition, we elucidate the
K. pneumoniae
OmpR regulon within the host. This work suggests that
K. pneumoniae
OmpR might be a promising target for innovative anti-infectives.
Comparative Analysis of Weld Microstructure in Ti-6Al-4V Samples Produced by Rolling and Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Panin A. V. , Kazachenok M. S. , Krukovsky K. V. , Kazantseva L. A. , Martynov S. A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The microstructure and phase composition of electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy were studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy, backscattered electron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Deep-penetration electron beam welds were made in a single pass on rectangular Ti-6Al-4V samples obtained by rolling and wire-feed electron beam additive manufacturing. It was found that the weld width in the 3D printed Ti-6Al-4V samples is greater than in the rolled material. The influence of the vapor capillary on the size, shape and structure of primary β grains formed in the fusion zone was shown. The variation of the penetration coefficient, volume fraction of the residual β phase, and residual stresses along the weld length was studied for Ti-6Al-4V samples obtained by both rolling and 3D printing.