bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On operationally defining reconciliation
Authors: Cords Marina 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPost‐conflict reconciliatory behavior has been reported to occur with variable frequencies in different primate groups and species. Because different investigators have used different criteria to operationalize reconciliation, however, it is possible that the variation reported merely reflects different methods of study. To compare different groups and species in a meaningful way, an accurate operationalization of reconciliation is necessary. This study explores the correlation between operationally defined reconciliation (what observers recognize, such as friendly reunion) and functional reconciliation (behavior that restores a dyadic social relationship) in a group of captive long‐tailed macaques, using results from an experiment originally undertaken to demonstrate the function of friendly reunions in restoring dyadic tolerance after aggression. In dyads of unrelated animals, reunions were equally effective in restoring tolerance whether they involved body contact, overt friendly gestures, or mere proximity. Classification of post‐conflict reunions as “reconciliations” depends on comparisons with control observations; these comparisons have been carried out in several ways. Comparisons using the “n‐minute rule” missed functional reconciliations, whereas those based on the “post‐conflict/matched‐control rule” appeared to lead to more accurate classification of functional reconciliations. Post‐conflict reunions were equally effective in restoring tolerance whether they were initiated by the original aggressor or by the victim. An accurate operational definition of reconciliation, not a conservative one, is prerequisite to comparisons of the frequency of this behavior, and depends on empirical verification. This study suggests specific guidelines for an operational definition based on such verification. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dispersal by Propithecus verreauxi at Beza Mahafaly, Madagascar: 1984–1991
Authors: Richard A. F. , Rakotomanga P. , Schwartz M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFrom 1984 to 1991, 126 males and females were marked and monitored in a wild population of Propithecus verreauxi in southwest Madagascar. Animals were assigned birth years, based on known birth date or degree of dental wear calibrated by recapture data. Twenty‐one of 27 groups identified in 1984 persisted within stable home range boundaries, 6 groups disappeared, and 6 new groups formed. Only males transferred between existing groups, although individuals of both sexes left groups to form new groups. The home range of the group into which a male transferred usually overlapped that of his group of origin. On average, 35% of males aged 3–6 years transferred each year. Older males transferred at a lower rate. Three to 6‐year‐old males were more likely than older males to transfer two or three times. Most 3–6‐year old males transferred into groups with a higher proportion and number of females, whereas older males were progressively more likely to transfer into groups with a lower proportion and number of females. New groups were formed by older males, whose mates had died or who had not been successful in joining an existing group, and by young, nulliparous females. Males have rarely been observed for more than 5 years in the same group. Dispersal by 3–6‐year‐old males appeared to be voluntary. Females helped evict non‐natal males from the group but did not prevent new males from joining. Age at first reproduction was 5 years in this population. Forced secondary dispersal may occur when maturing females cease to tolerate males who may be their fathers. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal protectiveness and response to the unfamiliar in vervet monkeys
Authors: Fairbanks Lynn A. , McGuire Michael T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractVervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) show individual differences in approach‐avoidance behavior when faced with an unfamiliar and potentially threatening situation. Prior research from our colony demonstrated that juveniles who had experienced high levels of early maternal protectiveness were more cautious in response to novelty, compared to juveniles who had had less protective mothers. The research reported here was designed to verify this result in a paradigm that experimentally varied maternal protectiveness through the introduction of new breeding adult males. Mothers responded to the presence of new males by increased maternal protectiveness toward infants born in the year following the introductions. Individual differences in response to the unfamiliar were later evaluated by measuring the latency to approach within 1 m of novel food containers placed into the home enclosure of four naturally composed social groups. Infants approached with the same latency and in the same order as their mothers. Juveniles approached sooner than, and independent of, their mother's current behavior, but their latency to approach could be predicted by the experimentally induced variation in maternal protectiveness they had experienced as infants. Immatures who had been born in New Male years, when maternal protectiveness was high, were more cautious and had significantly longer latencies to approach the novel stimulus compared to immatures who had been born in Resident Male years. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Observations on effects of neonatal castration upon sexual and aggressive behavior in the male common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Dixson A. F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe behavior of eight adult male marmosets that were bilaterally castrated during neonatal life (postnatal days 1–7), a single unilaterally castrated male, and eight age‐matched intact adult males was observed during encounter tests with unfamiliar conspecifics. When neonatally castrated (NC) males encountered ovariectomized, estradiol‐treated females, both partners were intensely aggressive and 66% of tests were terminated to avoid injuries. No mounts occurred, and females exhibited little or no sexual initiating behavior (proceptivity) towards NC males. By contrast, encounters between NC males and intact adult males were characterized by low levels of aggression and no tests were terminated. Intact males frequently mounted NC males. However, NC males initiated only 4% of these mounts by intact males and they refused or terminated 67% of mount attempts and mounts by intact males. The age‐matched intact adult males provided data which differed markedly from those obtained using NC males. The intact males were highly aggressive during encounters with other intact males, whereas they mounted and ejaculated when paired with females. The single male which had been unilaterally castrated in infancy provided similar results to the intact males. These experiments indicate that neonatal castration has profound effects upon the development of sexual and aggressive behavior in male marmosets. However, the stimulus qualities as well as the behavior of males are altered by neonatal castration, so that unfamiliar conspecifics react towards them as females during paired encounters. This finding complicates the interpretation of effects of neonatal castration upon development of sexually dimorphic behavioral patterns in male marmosets. Behavioral effects of castration later in postnatal development romain to be determined. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The stability of the vocal signature in phee calls of the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus
Authors: Jones Bidda S. , Harris Duncan H. R. , Catchpole Clive K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPhee calls were recorded from five captive common marmosets on three occasions. An initial recording session was followed by further sessions 1–12 days later, and finally, 12 months after the initial sample. Sonograms from the first recordings were measured using one duration and five frequency parameters, and significant differences between individuals were found for all six parameters. Discriminant function analysis was then applied to classify each call to a particular individual, witn a resulting classification accuracy of 97.27%. Analysis of the second and third recordings demonstrated accurate classification to the same caller using the measurements obtained from the initial sample. The accuracy remained high despite intra‐individual differences in acoustic structure among the three recording periods. Such differences may well reflect proximate changes in the underlying arousal state of the caller. Stability over time in the vocal signature of the phee call supports the view that this vocalization may be important in signalling individual identity over long distances, in a habitat where visual contact is limited. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A quantitative comparison of terrestrial herbaceous food consumption by Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire, and Pan troglodytes in the Kibale Forest, Uganda
Authors: Malenky Richard K. , Wrangham Richard W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDifferences in the social organization and dental morphology of Pan paniscus (bonobos) and Pan troglodytes (chimpanzees) have been related to differences in the spatiotemporal availability of food and its exploitation. The presence of abundant terrestrial herbaceous vegetation (THV) in the bonobo's habitat and the apparent greater reliance on herbs for food has been used to explain differences in party size and, by extension, social organization. Using fecal analysis, we assess quantitatively the amount of herbaceous foods consumed by Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire, compared to similar data for Pan troglodytes in the Kibale Forest, Uganda. We examine this data in the context of spatiotemporal patterns of availability of herbaceous foods and fruit, as well as their nutritional content. The results support the suggestion that bonobos consume more herbaceous food than do the Kibale chimpanzees and that these foods are more prevalent in the bonobo's habitat than in the Kibale Forest. However, temporal changes in fruit availability and herb consumption, along with nutritional analyses, suggest that chimpanzees consume herbs as a fallback source of carbohydrates, whereas bonobos consume herbs as a source of protein regardless of season or fruit abundance. Available data suggest that party size while feeding on terrestrial herbs is restricted at both sites, but a determination of the relative strength of this constraint is not possible at this time. Difficulties in methods used for data collection are discussed and areas where more information is needed are highlighted. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Personality features in vervet monkeys: The effects of sex, age, social status, and group composition
Authors: McGuire Michael T. , Raleigh Michael J. , Pollack Deborah B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPersonality ratings were completed in 97 socially living vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) ranging in age from 19 months to 14 years. Monkeys were rated on 17 distinct items on three separate occasions over a 14 month period. For each rating session, factor analysis resulted in similar factors: socially competent, playful/curious, and opportunistic, which are provisionally labeled as personality features.Individuals' scores on the three factors were linked to the subjects' social status, age, and sex. Relative to subordinate animals, dominant individuals had higher scores on the socially competent and lower scores on the opportunistic factors. Juvenile and subadult animals scored higher on playful/curious and opportunistic factors than adults. Females had higher scores on the opportunistic factor than males. Scores on the three factors changed during maturation, which suggests that some aspects of personality are age‐ and context‐dependent.When group composition and social status were unaltered, intraindividual differences in factor scores were as consistent over time as were the rates of social grooming, being in proximity to others, resting, and other overt behaviors. Alterations in social status, group composition, and group membership were associated with changes in factor scores among some, but not all animals.These observations suggest that studies assessing personality can supplement ethological investigations of nonhuman primate behavior, and support the view that nonhuman Primates can serve as models for important features of human behavior. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prometaphase chromosomes of the howler monkey (Aloutta caraya): G, C, NOR, and restriction enzyme (RES) banding
Authors: Mudry M. , Ponsà M. , Borrell A. , Egozcue J. , Garcia M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrometaphase lymphocyte chromosomes from eight adult argentinian Alouatta caraya females were characterized using sequential G‐C banding techniques, Ag‐NOR bands and bands obtained with the restriction enzymes Hae III, Eco RI, Alu I and Sau 3A.The cytogenetic analysis showed 2n = 52, with four, five, or six NOR chromosomes. Digestion with Hae III and Eco RI produced G‐like‐bands. Centromere regions and two interstitial C‐bands (in chromosomes number 16 and 21) showed intraindividual or interindividual heterochromatic polymorphisms. Alu I digestion produced C‐like bands with gaps in the centromere regions, and Sau 3A produced C‐like bands. The karyotypes and banding patterns of A. caraya, A. palliata, A. belzebul, and A. seniculus are compared, based on whole chromosome and whole arm homeologies. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrasound measurement of fetal growth in Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Conrad Suzanne , Ha James , Lohr Charles , Sackett Gene 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLongitudinal ultrasound data were collected for 18 structures in 37 pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) fetuses to 1) generate standards of normal fetal growth, 2) measure operator reliability, 3) assess the accuracy of linear and nonlinear regression models to estimate gestational age and dates of delivery, and 4) evaluate the portability of equations and absolute values derived from data at one facility (Seattle) to describe independently collected data on the same species at another facility (Medical Lake Breeding Colony). Femur length, biparietal diameter, and head area were found to be the best predictors of gestational age, as judged by maximum “explained” variance (R2) with minimum error estimates. Days to delivery could not be adequately predicted by any single fetal growth parameter or by the best combination of parameters. Operator reliability was very good: error was ⩽5% over all parameters studied. Although the form of growth curves from each facility was generally the same, variability was much greater for most parameters at Medical Lake, and both femur and humerus lengths were overestimated relative to the Seattle data. The same result was obtained for femur length when Seattle data on pigtailed macaques were compared with published data on rhesus macaques. We believe that these differences in facilities and populations may be due to the practices of the ultrasound operators. We suggest that portability of regression coefficients and absolute values for structures at a given gestational age can be accomplished only if operators are trained to use the same standard methods and receive periodic reliability checks. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal and social correlates of changes in hair, skin, and scrotal condition in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) of Amboseli National Park, Kenya
Authors: Isbell Lynne A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn a 20‐month study of six groups of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, I documented changes in hair loss in all individuals, and scrotal color and hyperpigmentation in all adult males. Hair loss occurred seasonally and was most pronounced in low‐ranking individuals, especially males. The mean shade of scrotal color for all males and the percentage of males with scrotal hyperpigmentation both covaried with hair loss over time. Scrotal color was strongly negatively correlated with scrotal hyperpigmentation. The underlying causes are not yet known. I present three scenarios based on nutrition, stress from competition, or a combination of the two, that might explain these patterns. Awareness of these easily observable changes may provide field‐workers with a quickly assessed visual measure of physical or emotional stress in free‐ranging vervets. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and gas sorption properties of an aromatic polyamide with long alkyl side chains
Authors: Takashima H. , Okamoto S. , Yoshimizu H. , Tsujita Y. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn aromatic polyamide with long alkyl side chain, A‐C12, was synthesized from the condensation of 1,4‐didodecylester of pyromellitic acid and p‐phenylenediamine to clarify the relationship between its higher order structure and gas sorption properties. A‐C12 formed a layered structure composed of alternating rigid aromatic main chain layers and flexible dodecyl side chain layers. This polyamide could be imidized by the usual imidization method. Imidized A‐C12 could not keep the layered structure of A‐C12. CO2 sorption of A‐C12 occurred only in the side chain layer region, which is almost a liquid‐like environment, and the sorption isotherms obeyed Henry's law. This result also indicates that the main chain layer is very dense and cannot sorb CO2. On the other hand, imidized A‐C12 showed a large sorption amount of CO2 and dual mode sorption, despite high density, meaning imidized A‐C12 does not contain a layered order structure but an amorphous glassy state. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1771–1775, 2005
Ambient‐cured polyesteramide‐based anticorrosive coatings from linseed oil—A sustainable resource
Authors: Zafar Fahmina , Sharmin Eram , Ashraf S. M. , Ahmad Sharif 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAmbient‐cured polyesteramide (APEA) coating resin synthesized from dihydroxy fatty amide obtained from linseed oil, a sustainable resource, and poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride), a bifunctional acid component, was found to exhibit improved physicomechanical and anticorrosive properties. The structural elucidation of APEA resin has been carried out by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopies. The physicomechanical and chemical resistance properties were investigated by standard methods. The corrosion resistance performance was evaluated in acid, alkali, and organic solvent. The thermal behavior was studied by TGA technique. A comparative study of these properties of APEA with reported baked polyesteramide (PEA) coatings was carried out. A remarkable improvement in the drying property of APEA was observed. The APEA coatings also showed improved physicomechanical and anticorrosive properties as compared to the baked PEA coatings. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1818–1824, 2005
A comparative study of the effect of some paraffinic oils on rheological and dynamic properties and behavior at low temperature in EPDM rubber compounds
Authors: Ibarra L. , Posadas P. , Esteban‐Martínez M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe influence of some paraffinic oils on rheological properties, dynamic properties, and behavior at low temperature of various ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber (EPDM) compounds was studied. Three different types of EPDM, Dutral TER 4049, Dutral Ter 4038, and Nordel IP 4770 R, and five different paraffinic oils were used. The properties of the compounds were evaluated with reference to the oil characteristics: viscosity, composition, glass transition temperature, and solubility parameter. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1825–1834, 2005
Infections in children and young adults with bone malignancies undergoing limb‐sparing surgery
Authors: Gaur Aditya H. , Liu Tiebin , Knapp Katherine M. , Daw Najat C. , Rao Bhaskar N. , Neel Michael D. , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos , Brand Diane , Adderson Elisabeth E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe epidemiology, risk factors, and efficacy of therapy for infections complicating limb‐sparing surgery (LSS) are not understood completely.METHODSThe authors conducted a retrospective review of children and adolescents with bone malignancies who underwent LSS.RESULTSOne hundred three patients underwent 104 LSS procedures. Patients experienced a median of 4 infections (range, 0–13 infections), including focal bacterial infections in 67% of patients and bacteremia in 21% of patients. Infections at the LSS site occurred in 26% of patients, and 21% of patients developed orthopedic device infections (ODIs). Compared with patients without ODIs, patients who developed ODIs were more likely to be African American and to have wound infections, and they were less likely to have tumors of the femur than the tibia. In a multivariate analysis, only African‐American race and local infection at the LSS site retained a significant association with ODIs. Among survivors, patients who developed ODIs were more likely to undergo amputation (odds ratio [OR], 24.0; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 5.1–114.0; P < 0.001) and were less likely to have good functional outcomes (OR, 0.02; 95%CI, 0.002–0.15; P < 0.001) compared with patients who did not have an ODI. Overall, only 1 of 22 patients with an ODI was treated successfully without removal of the orthopedic device or amputation.CONCLUSIONSCurrent treatment for bone malignancies is complicated by an unexpectedly high incidence of infection. ODI was the most common reason for amputation and poor functional outcomes. The identification of risk factors for ODI may allow modifications of therapy that reduce the incidence and severity of infection, but prevention of all ODIs will require novel strategies. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A control method for the matrix converter based on virtual AC/DC/AC conversion using carrier comparison method
Authors: Itoh Jun‐Ichi , Sato Ikuya , Ohguchi Hideki , Sato Kazuhisa , Odaka Akihiro , Eguchi Naoya 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel control method based on the virtual AC/DC/AC conversion for the matrix converter. The virtual AC/DC/AC conversion method is a very simple strategy to control the input current and the output voltage for the matrix converter. There are two new topics proposed in this paper. First, this paper proposes the minimum switching loss modulation on the virtual rectifier. In our proposed modulation, only two arms switching in the virtual rectifier using DC link current control by the virtual inverter can obtain clean sinusoidal input current. Second, a novel lean controlled carrier modulation on the virtual inverter is proposed. The leans of the triangle carrier are controlled by the duty ratio of the rectifier side pulse. The lean controlled carrier reduces harmonic distortion of the input current by avoiding interference between the rectifier control and the inverter control. These new proposals are confirmed by simulation and experimental results. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(3): 65–73, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20144