bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon isotope ratio and the extent of daily CAM use by Bromeliaceae
Authors: Pierce Simon , Winter Klaus , Griffiths Howard 
Published: March 2003

Summary

Use of carbon isotope ratio (δ 13
C) to resolve photosynthetic pathways (C
3
, C
4 or CAM) has limitations imposed by the use of intermediate photosynthetic modes by certain plant taxa.
Diel gas‐exchange patterns, leaf δ 13 C values and nocturnal tissue acidification were determined for 50 Bromeliaceae.
δ 13
C values for well watered plants reflected the proportion of daily CO
2
uptake occurring at night. Thirteen per cent of species with δ
13
C values typical of C
3
plants (i.e. from −22.6 to −31.5‰) showed nocturnal acidification and either a small proportion (< 10%) of daily CO
2
uptake occurring nocturnally or internal CO
2
recycling during part of the night. None altered CAM expression in response to short‐term drought, but the contribution of CAM to daily carbon gain became proportionally more important as C
3
CO
2 uptake failed.
Surveys of plant communities using solely the carbon isotope technique underestimate the number of CAM‐equipped plants.
Reactions of paratracheal cells of resistant and susceptible carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) cultivars to vascular invasion by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi
Authors: Ouellette G. B. , Baayen R. P. , Simard M. , Rioux D. 
Published: March 2003

Summary

Here, cell and wall modifications in resistant (cv. I
) and susceptible (cv.
II
) carnation inoculated with
Fusarium oxysporum are characterized.
Samples, of various days after inoculation (dai), were double‐fixed and gold‐complexed probes used for cellulose, pectin, chitin.
In cv. I
, mature paratracheal cells contained appositions mostly bound by a cellulose layer over the densely opaque native walls. Middle lamellae of younger cells, many hyperplastic and much distorted, were obliterated, and appositions displayed a mingling of cellulose‐labelled and ‐unlabelled components; adjoining cells contained inner suberin layers. Cell wall modifications in cv.
II
were limited, but early pathogen invasion was restricted to middle lamellae despite pronounced host cell content alterations. In both cvs, microfilaments linked to often small, thin‐walled fungal cells in vessels and in turn to coating on their walls, extended into adjoining cells, seemingly associated in cv.
I
with cell reactions, and in cv.
II excreted as bodies into vacuoles.
The present results highlight that extensive cell reactions and wall modifications, including suberin deposition in hyperplastic tissue, are the main initial factors of defence conducive to final pathogen confinement.
Plant resistance towards insect herbivores: a dynamic interaction
Authors: Gatehouse John A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryPlant defences against insect herbivores can be divided into ‘static’ or constitutive defences, and ‘active’ or induced defences, although the insecticidal compounds or proteins involved are often the same. Induced defences have aspects common to all plants, whereas the accumulation of constitutive defences is species‐specific. Insect herbivores activate induced defences both locally and systemically by signalling pathways involving systemin, jasmonate, oligogalacturonic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Plants also respond to insect attack by producing volatiles, which can be used to deter herbivores, to communicate between parts of the plant, or between plants, to induce defence responses. Plant volatiles are also an important component in indirect defence. Herbivorous insects have adapted to tolerate plant defences, and such adaptations can also be constitutive or induced. Insects whose plant host range is limited are more likely to show constitutive adaptation to the insecticidal compounds they will encounter, whereas insects which feed on a wide range of plant species often use induced adaptations to overcome plant defences. Both plant defence and insect adaptation involve a metabolic cost, and in a natural system most plant–insect interactions involving herbivory reach a ‘stand‐off’ where both host and herbivore survive but develop suboptimally.

Contents

Summary
145

I.
Introduction
146

II.
Accumulation of defensive compounds and induced resistance
146

III.
Signalling pathways in wound‐induced resistance
147

IV.
Insect modulation of the wounding response
155

V.
Insects which evade the wounding response
156

VI.
Insect‐induced emission of volatiles and tritrophic interactions
157

VII.
Insect adaptation to plant defences
160

Conclusions
163

Acknowlegements
163

References
163
Fusarium oxysporum and its biocontrol
Authors: Fravel D. , Olivain C. , Alabouvette C. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Fusarium oxysporum is well represented among the rhizosphere microflora. While all strains exist saprophytically, some are well‐known for inducing wilt or root rots on plants whereas others are considered as nonpathogenic. Several methods based on phenotypic and genetic traits have been developed to characterize F. oxysporum strains. Results showed the great diversity affecting the soil‐borne populations of F. oxysporum. In suppressive soils, interactions between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains result in the control of the disease. Therefore nonpathogenic strains are developed as biocontrol agents. The nonpathogenic F. oxysporum strains show several modes of action contributing to their biocontrol capacity. They are able to compete for nutrients in the soil, affecting the rate of chlamydospore germination of the pathogen. They can also compete for infection sites on the root, and can trigger plant defence reactions, inducing systemic resistance. These mechanisms are more or less important depending on the strain. The nonpathogenic F. oxysporum are easy to mass produce and formulate, but application conditions for biocontrol efficacy under field conditions have still to be determined.
Soil community feedback and the coexistence of competitors: conceptual frameworks and empirical tests
Authors: Bever James D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA growing body of empirical work suggests that soil organisms can exert a strong role in plant community dynamics and may contribute to the coexistence of plant species. Some of this evidence comes from examining the feedback on plant growth through changes in the composition of the soil community. Host specific changes in soil community composition can generate feedback on plant growth and this feedback can be positive or negative. Previous work has demonstrated that negative soil community feedback can contribute to the coexistence of equivalent competitors. In this paper, I show that negative soil community feedback can also contribute to the coexistence of strong competitors, maintaining plant species that would not coexist in the absence of soil community dynamics. I review the evidence for soil community feedback and find accumulating evidence that soil community feedback can be common, strongly negative, and generated by a variety of complementary soil microbial mechanisms, including host‐specific changes in the composition of the rhizosphere bacteria, nematodes, pathogenic fungi, and mycorrhizal fungi. Finally, I suggest topics needing further examination.
Farmers' markets: consuming local rural produce
Authors: Trobe Helen La 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMarketing food directly from producers to consumers, so circumventing the ‘middlemen’ in the food supply chain, has many potential benefits. For consumers, direct marketing initiatives are providing people with locally grown, fresh, healthy and, in many cases, organic food at affordable prices. Through buying locally grown produce, consumers are giving their support to local producers as well as helping to revitalize rural economies. Producers benefit through retaining more of the value of their produce, which can help them survive through the current crisis in UK farming. There are also environmental benefits. Creating markets where people can buy produce from local farmers and growers reduces the distance that food travels between producers and consumers, which in turn decreases global environmental pollution. One direct marketing scheme – the farmers’ market – has proved to be particularly popular with local people, producers and the local councils, organizations and institutions who are involved in setting them up. This paper focuses on one such market, the Stour Valley Farmers' Market, which commenced trading on 20th June 1999. Customers who attended the first three of these monthly markets were interviewed to investigate the reasons for their attendance at the market, and their attitudes towards a number of food issues including organic and genetically modified food, local and seasonal food and concerns they may have over the way their food is produced. The research has shown that most customers visited the markets initially out of curiosity, although some attended specifically to buy healthy fresh foods. The vast majority of interviewees expressed a preference for food which is organically grown and free from genetic modification. Organic foods are generally perceived to be healthier and more flavoursome. When buying fresh foods, interviewees stated the importance of quality and freshness in their choice of produce.
Food consumption patterns, dietary quality and health status of expectant mothers: case studies in suburban and rural communities in Ghana
Authors: Nti Christina A. , Larweh Patience M. , Gyemfua‐Yeboah Yaa 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe study was conducted to determine the food consumption patterns, dietary quality and health status of expectant women and also to assess their level of awareness of nutritional requirements during pregnancy. Food beliefs, taboos and superstitions held by the women were also investigated. Using the purposive sampling technique, 30 pregnant women attending the Maternal and Child Health Clinic at Dodowa (rural) and University Hospital, Legon (suburban), were selected for the study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on the respondents’ nutritional knowledge, beliefs, taboos and superstitions and health status. A food frequency questionnaire and the 24‐h dietary recall method were used to obtain information on food consumption patterns and dietary quality. The study revealed that, although the majority of the respondents (83.3%) had some knowledge of nutrition, not all were applying it in their feeding practices because of financial constraints. With regard to consumption patterns, most of the women (83.3%) were having three meals a day, while the rest either ate twice a day or anytime they were hungry. Seventy‐three per cent of the respondents also increased their food intake during pregnancy. Foods eaten were based mainly on starchy roots and tubers, cereals and vegetables. Legumes, oilseeds and fruits were often lacking in the main meals of respondents. Although animal products were consumed daily, the quantities taken were very small to provide for adequate protein, especially in the rural area. Various types of food were avoided by some of the expectant mothers for reasons such as nausea, loss of appetite, taboos and superstition. With regard to dietary quality, respondents from the rural area had diets of poorer quality in terms of nutrient intake compared with those from the suburban area. In both communities, iron contents of diets were quite low. Forty‐seven per cent of the women interviewed were anaemic, with a higher prevalence of anaemia being observed in the rural community. Common ailments reported by the women were dizziness, headache, waist pains and malaria. Based on the results of the study, it was recommended that nutrition education for pregnant women should be stepped up at antenatal clinics especially in rural areas.
Cultural foodways in Sweden: repeated focus group interviews with Somalian women
Authors: Jonsson Inger M. , Hallberg Lillemor R‐M. , Gustafsson Inga‐Britt 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe aim of this study was to provide increased understanding of what ‘feeding the family’ means to Somalian women in Sweden. Focus group interviews were carried out with Somalian women, analysed by means of the Grounded theory method. The results show that factors both in the family and in the outside world influenced their food choice and traditions, both in their home country of Somalia and in their new country, Sweden, after migration. The categories generated in the analysis were brought together in a model showing the women ‘struggling for their own cultural identity’ and oscillating between ‘remaining Somalian’ and ‘becoming part of Swedish society’, food being an important instrument in maintaining the cultural identity of their families. Cultural identity in this respect is a matter of the wishes of the husband, followed by those of the women and children and, at the same time, the strong pressure of the Swedish host country. This indicates how important it is for professionals to be aware of the trust people have in their own cultural food and therefore also how necessary it is to give culturally adapted food advice through public health work, in this case to Somalian families.
An assessment of ethical obligation and self‐identity in ethical consumer decision‐making: a structural equation modelling approach
Authors: Shaw Deirdre , Shiu Edward 
Published: March 2003

AbstractResearch has supported the addition of ethical obligation and self‐identity to models of consumer decision‐making in ‘ethical’ contexts. The particular placement of ethical obligation and self‐identity within a model of ethical consumer decision‐making remains unclear. Are these measures an antecedent to attitude or behavioural intention? This paper presents findings from a large scale survey of ethical consumers that explores, through structural equation modelling, the specific placement of these measures within a validated model of ethical consumer decision‐making, which uses the theory of planned behaviour as an initial framework. This research is examined within the ‘ethical’ context of fair trade grocery purchasing. (Fairly traded products are those purchased under equitable trading agreements, involving co‐operative rather than competitive trading principles, ensuring a fair price and fair working conditions for the producers and suppliers.)
Effect of enzymatic cross‐linking of milk proteins on functional properties of set‐style yoghurt
Authors: Lorenzen P Chr , Neve H , Mautner A , Schlimme E 
Published: March 2003

This paper presents research on the effect of enzymatic cross‐linking of milk proteins on the properties of yoghurt. Whole milk was incubated with transglutaminase (TG) prior to fermentation (2 h, 40°C, E/S ratio 1/2000). Enzyme action was stopped by heating (1 min, 80°C). Skim‐milk was treated by simultaneous use of TG and thermophilic yoghurt starter culture without inactivation of the enzyme. A TG treatment of milk prior to fermentation led to prolonged fermentation, while the concomitant use of TG and culture had no influence on fermentation time. Post acidification of yoghurt during storage was lower for products from enzyme‐treated milk. This applies both for products cross‐linked prior to fermentation with enzyme inactivation, and for simultaneous use of culture and TG without inactivation of the enzyme. Scanning electron microscopic studies revealed that a TG treatment of milk led to reduced mesh sizes of the protein network, and a more regular distribution of the proteins in the yoghurt gel. As a result, yoghurt products from enzyme‐treated milk showed increased gel strength and less syneresis, especially when the enzyme was not inactivated. Sensory studies revealed that odour and consistency properties of products from TG‐treated milk were assessed as less ‘yoghurt specific’. On the other hand, products from enzyme‐treated milk were described as being more creamy, indicating that a TG treatment may simulate fat in fermented milk products.
SALUS: online co‐operation between South Australian health libraries
Authors: Peterson Mary , Harris Lindsay 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe establishment of the South Australian Health Libraries Consortium led to the development of the SALUS project which enabled the online delivery of core health, clinical information and bibliographic databases with full‐text resources across South Australian government health services. This was the first venture of Australian health librarians to create an online consortium. This article discusses the policy and management issues surrounding the implementation of the SALUS project and its influence on the evolution of the health Libraries Consortium over several years. Lessons learned during this process included: the necessity to plan well ahead yet to remain flexible in implementing those plans, to avoid procedure becoming more important than improvization during planning, to be willing to take well judged risks on occasions, and to be fully aware of changing circumstances in the project’s funding and political environment. The importance of securing influential advocates outside of the participating libraries to support continued project funding is also considered.
Distance learning project—Information skills training: supporting flexible trainees in psychiatry*
Authors: Poyner Ann , Wood Aileen , Herzberg Joe 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis one‐year project was designed to investigate the skills training needs of a group of 12 specialist registrars in psychiatry working as flexible trainees (part time) in the NHS. They had expressed concerns about their lack of information technology skills at training assessment seminars. A part‐time project officer, was appointed to support the group giving information skills training to each flexible trainee on an individual basis, through a series of home visits. The project officer worked under the supervision of the London Library & Information Development Unit (LLIDU) from a home base, to identify with the insular feelings expressed by the project group. Project funding purchased a laptop computer with modem and a printer for each participant to use during the project. The training covered: basic search skills and developing search strategy techniques using quality filters particularly in relation to the medline database; how to search the Cochrane Library and PubMed and exploiting Internet information resources. The group asked for help with word processing and presentation software use. These needs were met in a series of half‐day workshops. Experience and insight gained during the project will feed into future planning of information skills training for larger numbers of flexible trainees.
Parameters related to lipid metabolism as markers of myelination in mouse brain
Authors: Muse Evan D. , Jurevics Helga , Toews Arrel D. , Matsushima G. K. , Morell Pierre 
Published: March 2003

Myelination, during both normal development and with respect to disorders of myelination, is commonly studied by morphological and/or biochemical techniques that assay as their end‐points the extent of myelination. The rate of myelination is potentially a more useful parameter, but it is difficult and time‐consuming to establish, requiring a complete developmental study with labor‐intensive methodology. We report herein development of methodology to assay the absolute rate of myelination at any desired time during development. This involves intraperitoneal injection of 3H2O to label body water pools, followed by determination of label in the myelin‐specific lipid, cerebroside. The absolute amount of cerebroside synthesized can then be calculated from the specific radioactivity of body water and knowledge of the number of hydrogens from water incorporated into cerebroside. During development, the rate of cerebroside synthesis correlated well with the rate of accumulation of the myelin‐specific components, myelin basic protein and cerebroside. For purposes of control, we also tested other putative, albeit less quantitative, indices of the rate of myelination. Levels of mRNA for ceramide galactosyltransferase (rate‐limiting enzyme in cerebroside synthesis) and for myelin basic protein did not closely correlate with myelination at all times. Cholesterol synthesis closely matched the rate of cholesterol accumulation but did not track well with myelination. Synthesis of fatty acids did not correlate well with accumulation of either fatty acids (phospholipids) or myelin markers. We conclude that measurement of cerebroside synthesis rates provides a good measure of the rate of myelination. This approach may be useful as an additional parameter for examining the effects of environmental or genetic alterations on the rate of myelination.
Site of injury‐directed induction of heme oxygenase‐1 and ‐2 in experimental spinal cord injury: differential functions in neuronal defense mechanisms?
Authors: Panahian Nariman , Maines Mahin D. 
Published: March 2003

The heme oxygenase (HO) isozymes catalyze oxidation of the heme molecule to biliverdin and carbon monoxide (CO) with the release of chelated iron. Presently, we have defined, for the first time, propensity for site of injury‐directed induction of isozymes – the stress‐inducible isozyme, HO‐1, responds distal (below) and the glucocorticoid (GC)‐inducible HO‐2 responds proximal (above) to the site of injury. We have also shown that reactive iron (Fe3+) and cGMP staining spatially resemble that of HO‐1; which, in turn, colocalizes in motor neurons with transcription factors: Fas‐associated protein containing death domain (FADD), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) and p53. Spinal cord injury (SCI) was inflicted by clip compression for 30 min, and analyses were carried out after 4 h or 16 h. When compared with spinal cord segments proximal to the site of injury, northern blot analysis showed remarkably higher levels of HO‐1 mRNA distal (below) to the site of injury at both time points. In contrast, HO‐2 mRNA levels were elevated proximal (above) to the site of injury and more prominently at 16 h post SCI. Immunohistochemical analyses were carried out using 2 × 5 mm segments above and below the compression site. When compared with segments above the site of injury, the intensity of HO‐1 immunostaining and the number of HO‐1 positive neurons in the ventral horn motor neurons were prominently increased in segments below the injury. Western blot analysis confirmed the observations. HO‐2 protein was mapped to the ventral horn motor neurons, oligodendrocytes, the Clarke's nucleus neurons and the ependymal cells. When compared with segments below the site of injury, neuronal HO‐2 staining intensity was increased above the site of injury, and most notably at 16 h. These observations were also confirmed by western blotting and HO activity measurements. Tissue Fe3+ and cGMP staining were increased and prominently mapped below the site of injury, where cGMP colocalized with HO‐1 in the nucleus of the motor neurons. Also, a site of injury‐directed pattern of induction of FADD, TRAIL, and p53 immunoreactivity, and a widespread colocalization of the oncogenes with HO‐1 protein, were found within motor neurons below the level of injury.We forward the hypothesis that HO‐1 and HO‐2 have different roles in the defense mechanisms of the injured nervous system. We hypothesize that HO‐1 protects against further damage by contributing to controlled cell death through their intrinsic suicide program, while HO‐2 is involved in suppression of inflammatory response by NO derived radicals.