bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibitors of glycolytic metabolism affect neurulation‐staged mouse conceptuses in vitro
Authors: Hunter E. Sidney , Tugman J. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn order to evaluate the apparent discordance between altered glucose metabolism and embryonic energy production, the effects of inhibitors of glucose utilization on morphological development and biochemical changes in mouse embryos in culture were evaluated. Day 9 ICR mouse conceptuses having 3‐6 pairs of somites were prepared for culture as previously described. 2‐Deoxyglucose (2DG) produced a concentration‐dependent effect on development. A 25 μM 2DG concentration did not induce neural tube closure defects (NTDs) but 100 μM, 100% of embryos exhibited this defect. A 17% reduction in the rate of lactate production by the conceptus was produced by a 24‐hr exposure period to 100 μM 2DG. Iodoacetate, which inhibits glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase in adult tissues, produced high rates of NTDs at concentrations ⩾2.5 μM. Following a 24 hour exposure to iodoacetate, lactate production was inhibited at 10 and 25 μM. The effects of 2DG on embryonic ATP content were assessed to test the hypothesis that effects on glucose utilization would effect embryonic ATP content. Despite using 2DG concentrations that alter development and inhibit glycolysis, there were no effects on whole embryo or visceral yolk sac (VYS) ATP content. However, when the embryo was divided into regions, there was a specific reduction in ATP content in the head following a 24‐hr exposure period. No effect of 2DG on head ATP content was produced after 12 hr of exposure. To determine if there were region specific differences in 2DG uptake and distribution that could account for the differential effects of 2DG on ATP content, 14C‐2DG accumulation in different regions of the embryo and VYS was determined over the 24‐hr culture period. The uptake of 2DG was dependent on the medium 2DG concentration and suggested a higher accumulation in regions with decreased ATP. However, when the uptake was monitored for a 1‐hr period after a 24‐hr exposure, there was no region specific differences in 2DG uptake. These studies further document the adverse developmental effects of inhibitors of glucose utilization during the early stage of neurulation. The biochemical mechanism for induction of these defects is unclear, but an effect on ATP content does not appear to be solely responsible for the dysmorphogenesis. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rachipagus conjoined twins: They really do occur!
Authors: Spencer Rowena 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe myth of rachipagus twins is hereby exploded—the myth, not the rachipagus! In a review of over 1,200 cases of conjoined twins, one classic example of rachipagus was found—two complete infants with dorsal union of the entire head and trunk, with roentgenograms showing clearly visible bony union of the vertebral arches from T6 to L3. After the typical case was discovered, 20 dorsal parasitic twins were reevaluated and reclassified as rachipagus. Two had extensive vertebral fusion and 18 were united in the dorsal midline, all with a meningocele, vertebral anomaly, and/or bony or neural connection. A theory of the embryologic origin of these twins is proposed: two embryonic discs located on diametrically opposing aspects of a single amniotic cavity becoming united in the area of the closing neural folds. This again raises the controversy concerning “fission or fusion” in conjoined twins. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of ovulation and successful artificial insemination in a Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor)
Authors: Dresser B. L. , Kramer L. , Reece B. , Russell P. T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTechniques of artificial insemination have not been readily applied to zoo animals. The nonsurgical approach has been unsuccessful in nondomestic felids until the present study where pregnancy was achieved in a Persian leopard. The demonstration of this technique should encourage renewed attempts to artificially inseminate nondomestic felids.
The skulls of Asian rhinoceroses: Wild and captive
Authors: Groves Colin P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSkulls of identified individual Asian rhinos from zoos were compared with wild‐shot skulls of the same species to detect any captivity‐induced changes. Rhinoceros unicornis and Rhinoceros sondaicus are typically stunted by captivity, while Dicerorhinus sumatrensis is not and may even be affected in the opposite manner, becoming giant. The consequences for husbandry are discussed.
Sex and age differences in the avoidance of reptile exhibits by zoo visitors
Authors: Hoff Michael P. , Maple Terry L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractVisitors at two zoos were observed as they approached the reptile exhibits at the respective institutions. Both age and sex differences were discovered among several variables designed to measure avoidance behavior. At most ages, females more often refused to enter the exhibits than males. Females also spent less time within the exhibits than males. With respect to age differences, teen aged visitors refused to enter less often and spent more time in the exhibits than did individuals of other ages.
Focal palatine erosion associated with dental malocclusion in captive cheetahs
Authors: Fitch Helena M. , Fagan David A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA severe palatine disorder caused by maloccluded molars was discovered in captive adult cheetahs at the San Diego Wild Animal Park. This defect has been labeled focal palatine erosion (FPE). Subsequently, a total of 59 cheetahs from several institutions have been examined to evaluate the occurrence and etiology of this disorder. Maloccluded lower molars contacting the palatal mucosa appear to be the primary source of irritation. Infection develops when decaying food and grass particles become lodged in the resulting defect. Eventually, complete palatine perforation results which can extend into the nasal passages and eventually lead to systemic disorders.Of 59 cheetahs studied, 15 displayed various stages of FPE. Examination of 26 museum skull specimens revealed four cases of palatine perforation. These four were from a group of eight animals that were zoo raised.Focal palatine erosion appears to be a result of dietary factors. All cheetahs with FPE received a commercially prepared soft diet while in captivity. The lack of normal biting, tearing, and pulling action associated with natural prey capture and consumption could result in malocclusion caused by atrophy from disuse of the masticatory apparatus. Improper occlusion could also stem from insufficient wear or unsynchronized development of the opposing dental arches.All but two cases of FPE were found in cheetahs imported from a limited area in southwest Africa in 1970, or their offspring. Since molar size and jaw structure can be inherited, there may be genetic factors involved but more data are needed to support this idea. Treatment includes changing diet, reducing the height of the offending molar, controlling infection, eliminating irritants, and in some cases, surgical reconstruction.
Xylazine hydrochloride for immobilizing captive white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
Authors: Gibson David F. , Scanlon Patrick F. , Warren Robert J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWhite‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were immobilized with intramuscular doses of xylazine hydrochloride to facilitate blood sampling. Injection was either remotely by modified dart syringe or manually by hand syringe. In 86 attempts to immobilize female deer (aged 2, 5–6 yr) 73.3% were effectively immobilized for 90 min while 108 attempts to immobilize male deer (aged 2–3 yr) for at least 30 min resulted in 94.4% effective immobilization. Induction times averaged approximately 10 min for both sexes. Treated deer exhibited sedation, hypothermia, reduced respiration rates, anorexia, salivation, tongue paralysis and diarrhea. Deer also showed a loss or partial loss of pedal, palpebral, corneal, and swallowing reflexes during immobilization. Side effects of xylazine and length of immobilization appeared to be dose dependent. Mortality as a result of xylazine immobilization was four male deer out of a total of 194 immobilizing attempts on both sexes. Recommendations are given concerning care of deer during immobilization and recovery.
Seasonal variation in mother‐daughter groupings in Siberian ibex (Capra ibex siberica)
Authors: Horwich Robert H. , Cogswell Stephen J. H. , Burrows Jane , Mitchell Nancy 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe association of three pairs of mother‐yearling Siberian ibex was recorded by noting the distance between the mothers and daughters at 5‐min intervals for 1–2‐h observation periods for 1 yr at the Brookfield Zoo. Monthly averages of climatological data were obtained. All three pairs showed a seasonal fluctuation of association, with a higher level during spring and fall‐winter and a low degree of sociality in midsummer and late winter. Within the high social periods, short 1–3‐wk periods of low association occurred, which were correlated to actual rut and calving times in individual females. The mother‐daughter associations were most highly correlated to day length and sunrise of the climatological measures. These data seem to support the original hypothesis that these social periods, which began as developmental associations in the infant, aid in keeping the matrifocal herd structure together despite aggression at the times of rut and calving. It seems also that the social cycling, although linked to reproductive cycling, has its own physiological mechanism.
Zoo animal protection in the event of thermonuclear catastrophes
Authors: Maroldo Georgette K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOne‐hundred and fifteen zoos in 41 countries (including the United States) were surveyed by questionnaire concerning current and anticipated plans for the protection of zoo animals in the event of thermonuclear catastrophes. Of these, 78 (68.00%) in 23 (56.00%) of the countries responded. The results indicate that 91.00% of these zoos do not have such animal protection. Psychological and philosophical factors are discussed briefly as they allegedly bear on this situation. Preliminary guidelines for a zoo animal defense program are offered in the closing section.
1982 Studbook report on the brown hyena, Hyaena brunnea: Decline of a pedigree species
Authors: Shoemaker Alan H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBrown hyenas became more common in European and North American zoos from 1960 to 1975 and 75 young were born. Survivalship of young was low (45%) and none have been reared in zoos outside of Africa since 1975. Captive females cease reproduction at an unusually early age, reducing the species' fecundity to the point where captive populations have decreased 41% between 1980 and 1983. It is likely that brown hyenas will disappear from captive collections in the near future.
Freeze‐mark techniques applied to mammals at the Santa Barbara Zoo
Authors: Miller David S. , Berglund Jeff , Jay Mike 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDichlorodifluoromethane (CCl2F2) was evaluated as a means of freeze‐marketing ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), brown lemurs (L. fulvus), and Parma wallabys (Wallabia parma). Application times of 3–6 sec on unshaven lemurs resulted in successful markings, but the wallabys failed to respond with growth of white hair to application times of 3–10 sec. The freeze‐marking process caused little physical discomfort when applied to fleshy regions, and the marks appear to be permanent.
Managerial strategies in the captive propagation of endangered species
Authors: Beck Benjamin B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA captive propagation manager, committed to the welfare of captive populations of exotic animals, must often make decisions that are risky to individual animals. Innovative decisions that place animals at risk are essential to the progress of captive propagation. Such decisions must be grounded thoroughly on peer consultation, the scientific and zoo literature, and where possible on original applied research targeted specifically to the procedure in question. The management of two closely spaced births in a gorilla group is provided as an example.
The breeding of great apes at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust and a look into the future
Authors: Mallinson Jeremy J. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDetails of breeding orangutans and gorillas at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust are reviewed, with special reference to the diversity of managerial requirements and reproductive parameters for the two species of great apes represented. The importance of recording and publishing as much data as possible to provide important guidelines for others involved with the same or related species in captivity, as well as such information contributing directly to conservation in the wild, is underlined. The Jersey Trust's involvement with cooperative and coordinated breeding programs for the two species on both a national and international basis is reported, and prospects for future long‐term management strategies are outlined.
Mechanical properties of river otter limb bones
Authors: Wilson James H. , Anderson‐bledsoe Karen Lynn , Baker Jerry L. , Scanlon Patrick F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe determination of the bone strengths of wild animals has many potential advantages, which include the ability to estimate age of animals; monitor strengths of bones as influenced by contaminants, particularly lead; provide appropriate data for design of capture, handling, and holding equipment to minimize the possibility for bone fracture in captured animals; and measure effects of nutrition on bone strength. The objectives of of this study were to provide data on the mechanical properties of limb bones of river otters and to consider effects of age and sex on the properties.Three‐point bending and shear tests were conducted on the radius, ulna, tibia, and fibula. The three‐point bending tests were first conducted on the bones loaded within their elastic limit. These tests were used to evaluate the modulii of elasticity of the bones. The data on the modulii indicated that age and sex did not have significant effects on the values. The four different bones tested had approximately the same modulus of elasticity, with an average value of 14. 1 gigapascal (GPa).The shear tests were conducted on the limb bones to failure in order to determine the maximum breaking force and strength of the bones. The shear force of the radius tended to increase with age and there was a significant (P < .001) age effect. The shear force of the ulna for males was significantly (P < .002) higher than that of the females. A similar trend was observed for the fibula (P < .03). The shear strength of the radius increased with age and there was a significant (P < .005) age effect. There was also a significant (P < .001) effect of sex on shear strength of the radius; values for females were higher. There were no significant effects of sex or age found on shear strengths of the ulnae, tibia, and fibulae.
The role of scent marking in Lemur catta agonistic behavior
Authors: Gaspari Margaret K. , Crockett Carolyn M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCertain forms of marking behavior in Lemur catta have been considered to be aggressive in nature but had not been analyzed specifically in this respect. This study examines the relationship between the occurrence of all forms of marking behavior displayed by a captive group of lemurs and their physical and nonphysical aggressive interactions. All forms of marking behavior, especially males' tail mark and tail wave displays, were found to correlate with aggressive behavior including female‐instigated agonism. In comparison, allogrooming, a behavior thought not to have an agonistic component, was not significantly correlated with any marking nor agonistic category. The data suggest that in intersexual interactions male marking behavior is an aggressive but nonphysical substitute for physical aggression toward females who have generally been regarded as dominant to males in this species.
Comparative gross anatomy of ratites
Authors: Cho Patricia , Brown Rosanne , Anderson Marilyn 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe four most common ratites kept in captivity, emus, rheas, ostriches, and cassowaries, share similar musculoskeletal features based on their common evolution to a flightless form. However, they differ in body size and coloration, wing size relative to entire body size, extent of leg feathering, and number of toes. During necropsies we observed the differences among the birds, which include the shape of tongue and tonsils, a tracheal cleft found only in emus, varied shapes of the thymus, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, proventriculus, duodenal loop, and ceca, different lengths of colon and ceca relative to the entire intestinal length, and different coloration of the gonads. Several of the structural differences reflect the phylogeny of the ratites. Rheas and ostriches share common features in relatively large wings, kidney‐bean shaped spleen, tan gonads, and long ceca, whereas emus and cassowaries have relatively small wings, short ceca, and similar proventriculi. The anatomical variations may reflect their varied diets in the wild and the different behaviors among the groups such as their characteristic vocalizations. Knowledge of the differences may be useful in formulating proper diets for captive birds and is important for the recognition of clinically normal structures in the ratites.
Factors eliminating inbreeding depression in a captive herd of speke's gazelle (Gazella spekei)
Authors: Templeton Alan R. , Read Bruce 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInbreeding is commonly associated with a lowering of viability and birth weights—a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. A severe inbreeding depression was encountered in a captive breeding program for Speke's gazelle. Unfortunately, the solution of simply avoiding inbreeding could not be implemented because the entire herd was descended from one import male and three import females. Because of this founder effect, it was impossible to avoid inbreeding. However, laboratory experiments with fruit flies and basic evolutionary theory indicate that animals can rapidly adapt to inbreeding by the selective elimination of the genes responsible for inbreeding depression. These experimental and theoretical results were translated into a breeding program for the Speke's gazelle. The first goal of the breeding program is a demographic goal: increase the total population size as rapidly as possible to the carrying capacity. The other goals all deal with genetic attributes of either parents or offspring: Both parents and offspring should be inbred, and both parents and offspring should have genes from as many different founding ancestors as possible. In this paper, we document that this breeding program does eliminate the inbreeding depression very rapidly, and moreover that the genetic goals of the program aid this elimination exactly as theory predicts. Furthermore, our analysis clearly shows that the gazelles suffered from an inbreeding depression rather than an outcrossing depression. We conclude that inbreeding depressions can be rapidly and effectively reduced by an appropriate breeding program, and hence an inbreeding depression does not constitute an insurmountable barrier to the long‐term maintenance of a species in which inbreeding cannot be avoided.
The influence of the zoo environment on social behavior of groups of cotton‐topped tamarins, Saguinus oedipus oedipus
Authors: Glatston Angela R. , Geilvoet‐Soeteman Ernie , Hora‐Pecek Eva , Van Hooff J. A. R. A. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe cotton‐topped, tamarin, Saguinus oedipus oedipus, is a species that is severely threatened in the wild. Thus, if its survival is to be ensured, a self‐sustaining captive population needs to be established. However, the breeding results of cotton‐topped tamarins in zoos are far from optimal; infant mortality is high and the fertility of captive‐born specimens is critically low. The roots of both these problems may be sought in the social behavior of this species in zoos. In order to evaluate the influence of the zoo environment on behavior, a comparison is made between the behavior of a group of tamarins housed in a typical zoo environment and groups of successfully breeding cotton‐topped tamarins housed off public display in the zoo. Significant differences were found between the behavior of the animals in the two different situations. Behavioral differences were correlated with the number of visitors in the zoo environment and with the design of the cage.
Growth and teat ownership in a litter of binturongs
Authors: Schoknecht Patricia A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTeat ownership has been hypothesized to reduce competition among littermates and has been documented in several species. This study was conducted at the Conservation and Research Center to determine if competition and ownership occurred in the binturong (Arctictis binturong). One litter of four cubs was observed for 2 h, three times per day for 16 wk. Cubs showed definite teat preferences, but no exclusive ownership. Competition, as measured by teat fighting, occurred most frequently for the inguinal pair of mammae. The cubs that suckled most frequently on the inguinal teats had a faster growth rate after day 45. Thus, based on suckle frequency, fight frequency, and growth rates, binturong cubs prefer the inguinal pair of teats.
Hematological acs serum chemistry values for captive suni (Neotragus moschatus zuluensis)
Authors: Goebel A. M. , Whitmore D. H. , Raphael B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHematological and serum chemistry values were determined on single samples from 15 clinically healthy captive suni antelope (Neotragus moschatus zuluensis) in order to help establish the boundaries of normal physiological variation for this species. Statistically significant age‐related variations were found for the numbers of red and white blood cells, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase. Differences related to sex included chloride, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and glucose. Comparisons of pregnant females to nonpregnant females revealed differences in creatinine and thyroxine. Phosphorus was significantly lower in nonlactating females when compared to lactating females. Mean values and coefficients of variation of suni data were compared to those of other artiodactylid species. Factors known to influence serum values—age, sex, and pregnancy—are discussed in relation to acceptable limits of variation.