bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A pilot study to build a database on seven anti‐hypertensive drugs
Authors: Fujita Toshiharu , Miura Yoshihiko , Mayama Takeshi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPurposeIn Japan, all patients are able to see freely any clinics or hospitals. So clinical data of all patients have been stored at clinics, hospitals and medical institutes respectively. These patients' clinical course data stocks have not been combined with one another. There is no large‐scale database, which has been available and has played its role in complementing spontaneous adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting system. We tried to build an original database using anti‐hypertensive drugs' data from Drug Use Investigation conducted for the Japanese Drug Re‐examination application by every pharmaceutical manufacturer in conformity with Japanese Pharmaceutical Affairs Law and Related Regulation.MethodsThe 43 565 case data of seven anti‐hypertensive drugs (one Ca‐antagonist, one α‐blocker, two β‐blockers, three ACE inhibitors) were kindly offered from seven manufacturers who were members of RAD‐AR Council, Japan. After examining the data items and categories, they were standardized into common codes based on Japanese Drug Category Classification (JDCC), International Classification of Diseases 9 (ICD‐9) and Japanese Adverse Drug Reaction Terminology (J‐ART). As each manufacturer had a different coding method in accordance to manufacturer's own practice of data management, the original forms were divided into several datasets. The data processing and statistical analysis were conducted using Statistical Analysis System (SAS).Results(1) Technology and know‐how to combine data coded by different methods were established for building a database that had never been tried in Japan. (2) The following are the by‐products of the study: a) Onset of ADR concentrated in the early stage but onset of some disorders prevailed equally throughout the investigation period. b) Although the number of collected cases of anti‐hypertensive drugs was 43 565, total number of administrated anti‐hypertensive drugs reached to 70 714 because additional anti‐hypertensive drugs were often used with subject drugs.ConclusionThere is no large‐scale database of patients' clinical course in Japan. However, since the Japanese Drug Re‐examination System started in 1979, almost eight million cases of Drug Use Investigation on about 700 drugs have been collected with enormous human power and huge expenditure for Japanese Drug Re‐examination application by pharmaceutical manufacturers. New and more appropriate information will be detected by the database, built using Drug Use Investigation data that were collected only for the Japanese Drug Re‐examination application. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shrinkage and warpage prediction of injection‐molded thin‐wall parts using artificial neural networks
Authors: Liao S. J. , Hsieh W. H. , Wang James T. , Su Y. C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis study demonstrates the successful use of back‐propagation artificial neural networks (BPANNs) in predicting the shrinkage and warpage of injection‐molded thin‐wall parts. The effects of structural parameters of a BPANN on the predictionaccuracy and the capability of a BPANN in determining the optimal process condition are also discussed. The training and testing data are obtained experimentally based on a Taguchi L27 (313) test schedule. The results show that the trained BPANN can successfully predict the shrinkage and warpage of injection‐molded thin‐wall parts. Comparing the prediction accuracies of the trained BPANN and C‐Mold software, it is noted that the trained BPANN predicts more accurately. In terms of determining the optimal process condition for minimizing the shrinkage and warpage of injected thin‐wall parts, the trained BPANN is also shown to give a better optimal process condition than Taguchi's method. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2029–2040, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of vinylester resin nanocomposites with various organo‐modified montmorillonites
Authors: Someya Yoshihiro , Shibata Mitsuhiro 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNew nanocomposites based on a vinylester resin (VER) and the organo‐montmorillonites (ODA‐M, BHL‐M, DEM‐M, BHLV‐M) modified with octadecylammonium, bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)lauryl ammonium, diethyl[2‐(methacryloyloxyl)ethyl]ammonium, and bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)lauryl(vinylbenzyl)‐ammonium chlorides, respectively, were prepared by dispersing the organoclays in VER, and subsequent crosslinking at finally 120°C. X‐ray diffraction studies and morphological studies using transmission electron microscopy revealed that exfoliation occurs for the VER/ODA‐M and BHL‐M composites, intercalation occurs for the VER/BHLV‐M composite, and neither intercalation nor exfoliation occur for the VER/DEM‐M and unmodified montmorillonite composites. On the whole, although the enhancement in flexural modulus was observed for the exfoliated ODA‐M and BHL‐M composites, the flexural strength was rather lowered. Dynamic viscoelastic measurement revealed that the ODA‐M, BHL‐M, and BHLV‐M nanocomposites have significantly higher storage modulus at the rubbery state than the other composites. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2041–2046, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Solubility of butane and isobutane in molten polypropylene and polystyrene
Authors: Sato Yoshiyuki , Wang Ming , Takishima Shigeki , Masuoka Hirokatsu , Watanabe Taku , Fukasawa Yoshihito 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe solubility of butane and isobutane in molten polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) was measured at pressures up to 3 MPa and along four isotherms from 438 to 483 K for PP and from 348 to 473 K for PS. The solubility increased with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature. At 438 K and 2 MPa, the solubilities of butane and isobutane in PP were 0.15 and 0.11 g‐gas/g‐polym, respectively. At 423 K and 2 MPa, the solubilities of butane and isobutane in PS were 0.08 and 0.05 g‐gas/g‐polym, respectively. Solubility could be correlated with the Sanchez‐Lacombe equation of state with temperature‐dependent binary interaction parameters to within 4.4% average relative deviation. Henry's constant for these gases in the PP and PS obtained in this work were used to determine correlation equations along with literature data. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2083–2089, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Shear‐induced migration of conductive fillers in injection molding
Authors: Hong Chang‐Min , Kim Jongdae , Jana Sadhan C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe effect of shear‐induced conductive filler migration on surface and volume conductivity of injection molded articles of polystyrene and polypropylene with carbon black was investigated. It was found that the loss of conductivity was most significant when the mean particle concentration was at or slightly above the percolation threshold. The compounds with mean particle concentration well above the percolation threshold showed no loss at all. The conductivity decreased with the increase of shear rate used in molding. The removal of surface layers by excimer laser led to restoration of the conductivity to the value of well‐mixed, compression‐molded specimens. The thickness of surface layer removed before conductivity was restored was found to be a strong function of the shear rate and the nature of polymer used. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2101–2109, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Sequential injection overmolding of an elastomeric ethylene‐octene copolymer on a polypropylene homopolymer core
Authors: Arzondo L. M. , Pino N. , Carella J. M. , Pastor J. M. , Merino J. C. , Póveda J. , Alonso C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA systematic approach was used to study and compare the bonding of an ethylene‐octene random copolymer and a low‐density polymer, injection molded over polypropylene homopolymer. Wide ranges of overmolding and cooling interface temperatures and packing pressures were explored. Standard peeling tests were conducted at room temperature on overmolded samples, to measure the bonding strength. Large differences were found for bonding strength for both ethylene‐based polymers, which are explained on a molecular basis. The analysis of the experimental results gives strong indications about the bonding mechanism and the temperatures and time scaleinvolved in the process. Simple, reliable rules to design the overmolding process parameters for these polymers pairs are developed. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2110–2116, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Temperature gradients in the channels of a single‐screw extruder
Authors: Bur Anthony J. , Roth Steven C. , Spalding Mark A. , Baugh Daniel W. , Koppi Kurt A. , Buzanowski Walter C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe used a temperature‐sensitive fluorescent dye, perylene, to monitor the true resin temperature during extrusion of polycarbonate. The measurement involved doping polycarbonate with perylene and detecting fluorescence with an optical sensor that accesses a standard instrumentation port on a barrel of a single‐screw extruder. The sensor's confocal optics design permits fluorescence intensity measurements as a function of position. Using a previously established calibration function, temperature and temperature gradients were obtained from the measured fluorescence. Because the origin of the measurement is the fluorescent dye molecule that is soluble in the resin, this method allows temperature measurement of the polymer without interference from the surrounding metal parts. With the sensor looking over the screw, temperature profiles from the barrel wall to the core of the screw were obtained as a function of screw speed, screw design and resin melt flow rate. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2148–2157, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.This paper is a contribution from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and, thus, is not subject to copyright in the United States.
New solid polymer electrolyte membranes for alkaline fuel cells
Authors: Wan Ying , Creber Katherine AM , Peppley Brant , Bui V Tam , Halliop Ela 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNew solid polymer electrolyte composite membranes have been prepared using chitosan as matrices and incorporating potassium hydroxide as the functional ionic source. These membranes were featured as a three‐layer structure having a porous intermediate layer while the two crosslinked surface layers are dense. Results from impedance spectroscopy analysis showed that the conductivity of some hydrated composite membranes, after hydration for 1 h at room temperature, reached about 10−2 S cm−1. Several composite membranes were then tested in alkaline fuel cells, using hydrogen as fuel, air as oxidant and platinum as the electrode catalyst. A current density of 35 mA cm−2 has been achieved at 60 °C with a flow rate of hydrogen at 50 ml min−1 and air at 200 ml min−1. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Der einfachste Elektromotor der Welt: Spielwiese
Authors: Schlichting H. Joachim , Ucke Christian 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDas älteste Prinzip eines Elektromotors ist mit Hilfe moderner Materialien als Freihandexperiment einfach demonstrierbar. Es kann in wenigen Sekunden im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes “frei aus der Hand” realisiert werden und illustriert auf durchschaubare Weise die Umsetzung von elektrischer in mechanische Energie. Diese Art des Elektromotors wird auch Monopolar‐ oder Unipolarmotor genannt.
Cerebrospinal fluid protein patterns in neurodegenerative disease revealed by liquid chromatography‐Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: Ramström Margareta , Ivonin Igor , Johansson Anders , Askmark Håkan , Markides Karin E. , Zubarev Roman , Håkansson Per , Aquilonius Sten‐Magnus , Bergquist Jonas 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis study demonstrates the power of a novel proteomic approach developed for the detection and identification of biological markers in body fluids. The goal was to observe alterations in the protein patterns of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disorder with unknown etiology. In the experiments, tryptic digests of CSF from patients and healthy controls were analyzed by on‐line capillary liquid chromatography‐Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. (FT‐ICR MS) Typically, around 4000 peptides were detected in one such experiment, and a pattern recognition program was constructed for the data analysis to distinguish mass chromatograms from patients and controls. This strategy was evaluated comparing the peptide patterns of CSF spiked in vitro with a biomarker, with control CSF. The patterns were clearly separated and the tryptic peptides of the biomarker were successfully selected as characteristic peaks. Hence, the method was applied to compare mass chromatograms of CSF from 12 ALS‐patients and 10 matched healthy controls. While no biomarker alone could be identified from the characteristic peaks, we were able to assign 4 out of 5 unknown samples correctly (i.e., 80% correctly diagnosed, 20% false‐negative), and it would be 100% if we reject a possible outlier believed to be caused by an occlusion in the spinal CSF compartment. These findings are very promising, although the clinical relevance is not fully established due to the low number of unknown samples analyzed. In addition to the diagnostic potential, these results may be important steps towards understanding the neurodegenerative process.
Two‐dimensional electrophoretic analysis reveals that lipid rafts are intact at physiological temperature
Authors: Kim Ki‐Bum , Kim Sang‐Il , Choo Hyo‐Jung , Kim Ji‐Hyun , Ko Young‐Gyu 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDifferent proteins are found in lipid rafts depending on the isolation method. For example, insulin receptor was predominantly found in lipid raft fractions prepared from HepG2 cells with Brij 35, but were not present in lipid rafts isolated with Triton X‐100. In order to assess the effect of detergent type and temperature on raft isolation, raft proteins from HepG2 cells were analyzed by two‐dimensional (2‐D) electrophoresis. More raft protein spots appeared when rafts were isolated by Brij 35 than by Triton X‐100. In addition, more raft proteins were found when isolated at 37°C than at 4°C, indicating that lipid rafts are much more stable at physiological temperature (37°C) in the presence of detergents. Indeed, lipid‐modified proteins, such as Src and Lyn, were found in raft fractions even when detergent‐resistant rafts were isolated at room or physiological temperature. The 2‐D gel profile of raft proteins isolated with detergent‐free (high‐pH/carbonate) method was considerably similar to that of detergent‐resistant raft proteins but contained a greater number of distinct protein spots. Whereas many detergent‐resistant raft proteins disappeared upon cellular exposure to methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, high pH/carbonate‐resistant raft proteins did not, suggesting that many of proteins isolated by high pH/carbonate could be contaminants. Considering these data, we conclude that liquid‐ordered state of detergent‐resistant lipid rafts is not destroyed at physiological temperature.
Security vulnerability assessment in the chemical industry
Authors: Dunbobbin Brian R. , Medovich Thomas J. , Murphy Marc C. , Ramsey Annie L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAfter the events of September 11, 2001, Air Products and Chemicals Inc. (APCI) developed a Security Vulnerability Assessment (SVA) methodology, consistent with the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) guidelines. This methodology is designed for efficient and thorough evaluation of a large number of facilities, ranging from small industrial gas sites to large chemical plants. This methodology evaluates the potential consequences and attack scenarios at a facility and the attractiveness of the facility as a terrorist target. The team then provides recommendations for engineering and security improvements. Participation in early SVA development exercises with industry and governmental agencies made it clear that it is critical to have a team approach that includes process safety, security, and site operations functional expertise.This paper presents an overview of the APCI SVA methodology and summarizes major findings and lessons learned. Findings from an SVA provide multiple levels of protection for our assets and the public. The engineering and security solutions from the evaluation are intended to deter, detect, delay, and respond to an attacker. They include:
Inherently safer alternatives such as reducing inventory, designing fail‐safe systems, and improving plant layout.
Enhanced physical security systems such as fences, access control, and monitored intrusion detection.
© 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 23: 214–220, 2004
The efficacy of spinosad against the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and its impact on associated biological control agents on greenhouse cucumbers in southern Ontario
Authors: Jones Terri , Scott‐Dupree Cynthia , Harris Ron , Shipp Les , Harris Brenda 
Published: November 2004

AbstractInsecticides are the most commonly used tactic to control western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on greenhouse cucumber. However, WFT has developed resistance to several of the insecticides presently in use. In addition, some of these insecticides adversely affect greenhouse biological control agents used to control WFT, resulting in subsequent pest resurgence. Therefore, there is a need to identify novel insecticides with unique modes of action for use in integrated pest management (IPM) programs to effectively control WFT with minimal impact on associated biological control agents. In laboratory bioassays conducted in 2001, immature and adult WFT and three associated greenhouse biological control agents: Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans (Acarina: Phytoseiidae), Orius insidiosus Say (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were exposed to direct, direct/residual, and residual contact applications of the novel biopesticide, spinosad (Conserve® 120 SC), and the industry standard for whitefly control, endosulfan (Thiodan® 50 WP). In all three types of assay, spinosad was effective against immature and adult WFT life stages. It showed low toxicity to A cucumeris, moderate toxicity to O insidiosus and high toxicity to E formosa. Greenhouse studies involving exposure of immature and adult WFT and adult biological control agents to cucumber leaves sprayed previously with spinosad supported the laboratory data. Spinosad showed low toxicity to A cucumeris exposed to leaves 1 day after treatment (DAT), moderate toxicity to O insidiosus 1 and 8 DAT, and high toxicity to E formosa up to 28 DAT. These data, along with spinosad's unique mode of action, suggest it would be a valuable reduced‐risk control agent for greenhouse cucumber IPM programs. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Demographic and spatial patterns of Indonesia's recent urbanisation
Authors: Firman Tommy 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAn Erratum has been published for this article in Population, Space and Place 10(6)2004, 421–434.
This study examines urbanisation patterns in Indonesia, using data from the National Population Census 2000. Urbanisation in Indonesia is still characterised by the high concentration of urban population in a few large cities, notably Jakarta Metropolitan Area (Jabotabek), which indicates an interurban disparity between Jabotabek and other cities, and between large and smaller cities. It might also reflect an integration of Jabotabek into the global economy. The populations on the outskirts of large cities are growing rapidly, while those in core areas have a very low rate of growth. The small towns and intermediate cities on the outer islands are experiencing higher population growth compared with those in Java, which might suggest that those towns and cities are playing a more significant role in regional development. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Migration of elderly households in Canada, 1991–1996: determinants and differences
Authors: Marr William , Millerd Frank 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe elderly, already a significant component of internal migration in Canada, will be an increasingly important element of future internal migration. Using census data on households, the flows and determinants of elderly migration are examined and compared with younger groups. Few migrate as individuals, most moves are multiple‐person moves, and the household, particularly the family, is the appropriate unit of analysis. In 1996 over 88% of those who migrated in the previous five years were members of households of two or more persons. The elderly are compared with the near‐elderly and those likely to be in the labour force, using the age of the primary household maintainer, a person named by each household, to classify households. The elderly are households with a primary household maintainer 65 years of age or over, the near‐elderly have a primary household maintainer of 55 to 64 years, and independent decision‐makers, the major component of the labour force, have a primary household maintainer aged 25 to 54. Significant differences are found between the groups. The elderly have a lower rate of migration and their migration determinants and destinations are less driven by employment considerations. While education, for example, is a consistently‐found determinant of migration for those in the labour force, it is much less significant for the elderly. The human capital model of migration is not applicable to the elderly. For couples both the characteristics of the primary household maintainer and the characteristics of the spouse or common‐law partner are determinants of the couple's migration, underlining the importance of modelling migration as a household move. Single‐person households often, but not always, show results similar to those for couples. When male and female single‐person households are compared, migration determinants usually have a stronger effect on females then on males. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Receptor‐based 3D QSAR Studies on PPARγ Agonists using CoMFA and CoMSIA Approaches
Authors: Hyun Kwan Hoon , Lee Do Young , Lee Bon‐Su , Kim Chan Kyung 
Published: November 2004

AbstractReceptor‐based (RB) quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) studies were performed on the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors gamma (PPARγ) agonists with antihyperglycemic property using the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) implemented in the SYBYL packages. The initial X‐ray structure of PPARγ with GI262570 agonist was used to sketch 36 training set molecules having the receptor bound conformation. These structures were subjected to subset energy minimization using TRIPOS force field and aligned against an α‐helix of PPARγ receptor. Four models were generated using CoMFA and CoMSIA with two different grid spacing, 2 Å and 1 Å. After PLS analysis, the best predicted CoMSIA model with grid spacing 1 Å, Model 4, showed that a leave‐one out (LOO) cross validated value (r$\rm{ {_{cv}^{2}}}$) and non‐cross validated conventional value (r$\rm{ {_{ncv}^{2}}}$) are 0.758 and 0.994, respectively. From the CoMFA and CoMSIA contour maps, important interactions crucial to strong binding to the receptor can be identified and verified. This information on the pharmacophore models can be used to design new ligands. Traditional ligand‐based (LB) QSAR studies were also performed using the global minima of the same training set molecules. Compared to LB QSAR study, advantage of using subset‐minimized RB QSAR study is discussed in detail.