bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability of Cefepime Hydrochloride in AutoDose Infusion System Bags
Authors: Trissel Lawrence A , Xu Quanyun A 
Published: April 2003

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the physical and chemical stability of cefepime (as the hydrochloride) 1 g/100 mL and 4 g/100 mL admixed in NaCl 0.9% injection and packaged in AutoDose Infusion System bags. DESIGN: Triplicate test samples of cefepime hydrochloride in NaCl 0.9% injection were packaged in ethylene vinyl acetate plastic containers, AutoDose bags, designed for use in the AutoDose Infusion System. Samples were stored protected from light and evaluated at appropriate intervals for up to 7 days at room temperature of approximately 23 °C and 30 days under refrigeration at 4 °C. Physical stability was assessed using turbidimetric and particulate measurement, as well as visual inspection. Chemical stability was assessed by HPLC. RESULTS: All of the admixtures were initially clear and light yellow when viewed in normal fluorescent room light and with a Tyndall beam. Measured turbidity and particulate content were low initially but increased over time, eventually becoming a yellow or orange precipitate. The higher concentration precipitated earlier; refrigeration slowed precipitation for both test concentrations. HPLC analysis found that the 1-g/100 mL concentration maintained adequate stability for 2 days at 23 °C and up to 30 days at 4 °C. The 4-g/100 mL concentration maintained adequate stability for 1 day at room temperature and 7 days under refrigeration; however, unacceptable drug loss and precipitation developed after those time points. CONCLUSIONS: Cefepime hydrochloride exhibited physical and chemical stability consistent with previous stability studies. The AutoDose Infusion System bags were not found to affect adversely the physical and chemical stability of this drug.
Rhabdomyolysis Causing AV Blockade Due to Possible Atorvastatin, Esomeprazole, and Clarithromycin Interaction
Authors: Sipe Brooke E , Jones Ronald J , Bokhart Gordon H 
Published: April 2003

OBJECTIVE: To report rhabdomyolysis (RML) causing third-degree atrioventricular block secondary to a possible interaction between atorvastatin, esomeprazole, and clarithromycin. CASE SUMMARY: A 51-year-old white woman presented to the emergency department with severe weakness, near syncope, shortness of breath, and chest pain. On admission, her electrocardiogram demonstrated bradycardia (40 beats/min) and third-degree heart block. A creatine kinase (CK) level was >7000 U/L. Her medication history was significant for long-term use of atorvastatin (>1 y), a 6-week history of esomeprazole use, and three 500-mg doses of clarithromycin just prior to admission. Her symptoms of weakness, shortness of breath, and chest pain coincided with starting the esomeprazole. During her hospitalization, the woman required pacemaker placement and her CK continued to rise to >40 000 U/L. Screening for other causes of RML, such as thyrotoxicosis, infection, and immune or hepatic diseases, was negative. She gradually improved over a 26-day hospitalization. DISCUSSION: This is a case of RML resulting in third-degree atrioventricular blockade. An objective causality assessment of the adverse reaction via the Naranjo probability scale revealed a probable association with atorvastatin and a possible association with esomeprazole and clarithromycin. The pharmacokinetic profiles of these agents suggest that a possible contribution to this reaction was P-glycoprotein (PGP) inhibition by esomeprazole altering atorvastatin's normally significant first-pass clearance. CONCLUSIONS: PGP drug interactions with atorvastatin and other hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) may be associated with unreported risks for RML. Further investigation into PGP impact on HMG-CoA appears warranted.
Communication of BRCA1 and BRCA2 results to at‐risk relatives: A cancer risk assessment program's experience
Authors: Costalas Josephine Wagner , Itzen Mark , Malick John , Babb James S. , Bove Betsy , Godwin Andrew K. , Daly Mary B. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe describe results from a survey designed to assess patterns of communication within families shortly after an individual receives results of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carrier status. Shortly after disclosure of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic test results, the proband was contacted by phone to administer the post disclosure survey. Questions asked included whether they had shared their results with their siblings or adult children, if there were difficulties in communicating the test results, and if there was any distress associated with the sharing of results. A total of 162 women who have received results from BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic testing participated in the survey. The probands shared their results more often with their female than their male relatives (P < 0.001). Probands who had tested positive for a mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene shared their results more often with their relatives than did probands who were not carriers (P = 0.002). Probands reported more often that their siblings rather than their adult children had difficulties understanding the results (P = 0.001). The probands who were carriers more often reported having difficulties explaining their results to their relatives (P < 0.001) and their relatives were upset on hearing the result more often than were the relatives of probands who were not carriers (P < 0.001). The probands who were carriers reported more often that they were upset explaining their results to their relatives than did the probands who were not carriers (P < 0.001). Individuals are disclosing their test results to their relatives. Probands who are BRCA1‐ or BRCA2‐positive are more likely to experience difficulty and distress with the communication of their test results to family members. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Duty to warn at‐risk relatives for genetic disease: Genetic counselors' clinical experience
Authors: Dugan R. Beth , Wiesner Georgia L. , Juengst Eric T. , O'Riordan Maryann , Matthews Anne L. , Robin Nathaniel H. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWhen a patient refuses to inform relatives of their risk for genetic disease, the genetic healthcare professional is faced with conflicting ethical obligations. On one side of the issue is the obligation to respect and protect patients' right to privacy. On the other side is the obligation to prevent harm and promote the welfare of the family members, which suggests a responsibility to warn at‐risk relatives, even without the patient's consent. In an effort to examine the actual clinical impact of this issue, we conducted a pilot study that explored genetic counselors' experience with this conflict. A survey was developed and made available to members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. Questions were either multiple‐choice responses or open‐ended. Almost half of respondents (119/259; 46%) had had a patient refuse to notify an at‐risk relative. The most commonly cited reasons for refusal were estranged family relationships, altering family dynamics, insurance discrimination, and employment discrimination, respectively. Of these 119 counselors, 24 (21%) reported that they seriously considered warning the at‐risk relatives without patient consent, and one actually did disclose. Three factors consistently made the counselors less likely to disclose: their patient's potential emotional reaction, the relationship between the relative and patient, and the chance that the relative could be aware of the disease by another means. These results suggest that while the conflict is often encountered in clinical practice, it is rare that the situation remains unresolved to the extent that genetic counselors actually consider warning at‐risk relatives. However, when the situation was encountered, the counselors in this study reported a lower rate of disclosure without consent than would have been anticipated based on previous studies that used hypothetical situations. It may be that counselors do not recognize a duty to warn at‐risk relatives as integral to their role and professional obligations. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of shore‐based diamond‐diving on intertidal and subtidal biological communities and rock lobsters in southern Namibia
Authors: Pulfrich Andrea , Parkins Colleen A. , Branch George M. 
Published: April 2003

Abstract
Divers mine shallow‐water diamonds on the west coasts of South Africa and Namibia. In the process they cut kelp, suck up gravel that is sorted on the shore and then deposited intertidally, and uncover and overturn subtidal boulders.
The impacts of these divers on intertidal and subtidal reefs, and on the population structure of the commercially important rock lobster Jasus lalandii, were monitored for 5 years near Lüderitz in southern Namibia. Sampling was undertaken at unmined reference (control) sites and at sites mined at various times in the past. Percentage cover and densities of benthic organisms were recorded, and the abundance, length‐frequencies and sex ratios of rock lobsters determined.
High natural variability in benthic community structure made it difficult to distinguish mining impacts even a short time after mining had ceased. Nevertheless, mining reduced the species diversity and abundance of both intertidal and subtidal communities. Recovery did, however, occur within 2 years. During, or immediately after mining, the intertidal community became characterized by the near disappearance of grazers, proliferation of fast‐growing, opportunistic foliose algae and decreased cover of filter‐feeders. Subsequently, grazers increased, curtailing the algae. In contrast, mining reduced subtidal algal cover. Kelp was cut to facilitate mining, foliose algae were removed and smothered as rocks were overturned, and reef‐building filter‐feeders diminished.
The abundance and population structure of rock lobsters appeared to be largely determined by environmental conditions and habitat suitability. Their abundance and catch per unit effort were more often higher at reference sites and recently mined sites than at sites mined > 5 years previously. Sex ratios and mean sizes of rock lobsters were not statistically affected by mining. Mining does alter the biological and physical characteristics of the habitat, and in the process, it may temporarily increase the availability of suitable rock‐lobster habitats. No negative impacts of shore‐based diamond‐diving on rock lobsters were detected.
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental changes in man‐made coastal dune pools since 1850 as indicated by sedimentary and epiphytic diatom assemblages (Belgium)
Authors: Denys Luc 
Published: April 2003

Abstract
Diatom assemblages of man‐made coastal dune wetlands between Blankenberge and Heist (Belgium), dating from 1852 to 1929 and sampled from herbarium specimens of macrophytes, were compared with more recent samples collected in the remaining calcareous dune marshes and pools in this area.
Overall, nutrient conditions inferred from the reference assemblages were fairly eutrophic for phosphorus. Only a minority of the historical assemblages pointed to presumably nitrogen‐limited conditions.
Significant alterations in general assemblage composition were observed, including a marked decline of epiphytic species, and a decrease in the compositional variation in sediment diatom assemblages. These changes can be attributed mainly to an increased availability of nutrients and degradable organic matter since the mid 1970s. No changes in the salinity range seem to have occurred, suggesting fairly stable hydrological conditions.
Possible causes for eutrophication include increased atmospheric deposition of nutrients, but also more site‐related phenomena such as guanotrophication, angling and, perhaps, effects of nature management on soil–nutrient cycling. Their relative importance needs to be established and further monitoring is necessary.
Measures are required to reduce nutrient levels of both permanently and periodically inundated sites and to promote small‐scale habitat differentiation. Due to physical constraints, the latter will be possible only by mimicking the processes that act upon more natural dune systems in management practice.
Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mice with neonatally induced inactivation of the vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 fail to control the parasite in Toxoplasma encephalitis
Authors: Deckert Martina , Lütjen Sonja , Leuker Christoph E. , Kwok Lai‐Yu , Strack Andreas , Müller Werner , Wagner Norbert , Schlüter Dirk 
Published: April 2003

AbstractUnder various inflammatory conditions, cell adhesion molecules are up‐regulated in the central nervous system (CNS) and may contribute to the recruitment of leukocytes to the brain. In the present study, the functional role of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)‐1 in Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) was addressed using VCAMflox/flox MxCre mice. Neonatal inactivation of the VCAM‐1 gene resulted in a lack of induction of VCAM‐1 on cerebral blood vessel endothelial cells, whereas the constitutive expression of VCAM‐1 on choroid plexus epithelial cells and the ependymawas unaffected; in these animals, resistance to T. gondii was abolished, and VCAMflox/flox MxCre mice died of chronic TE caused by a failure to control parasites in the CNS. Although leukocyte recruitment to the CNS was unimpaired, the B cell response was significantly reduced as evidenced by reduced serum levels of anti‐T. gondii‐specific IgM and IgG antibodies. Furthermore, the frequency and activation state of intracerebral T. gondii‐specific T cells were decreased, and microglial activation was markedly reduced. Taken together, these data demonstrate the crucial requirement of VCAM‐1‐mediated immune reactions for the control of an intracerebral infectious pathogen, whereas other cell adhesion molecules can efficiently compensate for VCAM‐1‐mediated homing across cerebral blood vessels.
Proteoglycans are potent modulators of the biological responses of eosinophils to chemokines
Authors: Culley Fiona J. , Fadlon Emma J. , Kirchem Antje , Williams Timothy J. , Jose Peter J. , Pease James E. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractChemokines play critical roles in governing the recruitment and activation of eosinophils at sites of allergic inflammation, particularly the asthmatic lung. However, we know little of how chemokine function is regulated post‐translationally. Proteoglycans, consisting of a core protein and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains, are cell surface molecules and components of the extracellularmatrix that are able to bind chemokines, whilst heparin is a GAG with therapeutic value in asthma. We examined whether soluble GAG could alter the actions of chemokines in assays of eosinophil activation. Heparin inhibited intracellular calcium flux, respiratory burst and chemotactic responses of eosinophils to CCL11, but not to the chemoattractant C5a, and inhibited binding of CCL11 to CCR3. Heparin also inhibited eosinophil stimulation by CCL11, CCL24, CCL7, CCL13 and CCL5 to differing degrees, which broadly correlated with their relative affinities for heparin. Heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate, but not chondroitin sulfate, also inhibited the actions of CCL11 and CCL13 in assays of cellular shape change and chemotaxis. Following treatment with the sulfation inhibitor chlorate or proteoglycanases, no inhibition of CCL11‐induced activity was observed using either eosinophils or a CCR3‐expressing transfectant cell line. This suggests that cell surface proteoglycans are not necessary for signaling via CCR3. However, the GAG context in which chemokines are expressed is likely to represent an important level of regulation of allergic inflammation.
Comparison of FcϵRI‐ and FcγRI‐mediated degranulation and TNF‐α synthesis in human mast cells: selective utilization of phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase for FcγRI‐induced degranulation
Authors: Okayama Yoshimichi , Tkaczyk Christine , Metcalfe Dean D. , Gilfillan Alasdair M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe have demonstrated that CD34+ IFN‐γ‐treated human mast cells (HuMC) express functional FcγRI and that aggregation of these receptors leads to mediator release. As the signaling pathways linking FcγRI aggregation to mediator release are unknown, we examined FcγRI‐dependent activation of specific signal transduction molecules and determined the relative involvement of these events in HuMC degranulation and TNF‐α production following both FcγRI and FcϵRI aggregation. FcγRI aggregation resulted in the phosphorylation/activation of srckinases and p72syk and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple substrates. Inhibitor studies revealed that these responses were required for degranulation and TNF‐α synthesis. Both FcγRI and FcϵRI aggregation also activated the MAP kinases ERK 1/2, JNK and p38 and this was necessary for TNF‐α synthesis, but not degranulation for both receptors. Thus, signalingevents in HuMC following aggregation of FcγRI were generally similar to those observed following FcϵRI aggregation. The one exception was that, although phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase was activated after both FcϵRI and FcγRI aggregation, only the FcγRI appeared to require this molecule for degranulation.
Tumor rejection by gene transfer of the MHC class II transactivator in murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Meazza Raffaella , Comes Alberto , Orengo Anna M. , Ferrini Silvano , Accolla Roberto S. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe murine mammary adenocarcinoma cell line TS/A is a highly malignant MHC class II‐negative tumor. We show that transfection of TS/A cells with the MHC class II transactivator CIITA renders them MHC class II‐positive and highly immunogenic in vivo. These cells were fully rejected by 51% of syngeneic recipients and had a significantly lower growth rate in the remaining 49% of animals. This directly correlated to the amount of MHC class II molecules expressed in the transfected tumor. Tumor rejecting animals were protected against rechallenge with the parental TS/A tumor. The rejection required CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CD4+ T cells were fundamental in the priming phase of the antitumor response. CTL‐specific for a peptide of the envelope gp70 of an endogenous ecotropic retrovirus were identified and explained the specificity of the effector mechanism of rejection against the TS/A and the antigenically related C26 carcinoma cells but not against the unrelated gp70‐negative syngeneic fibrosarcoma F1F cells. This is the first example of successful tumor vaccination by genetic transfer of CIITA. These results open the way to a possible use of CIITA for increasing both the inducing and the effector phase of the antitumor immune response.
A role for antibodies in the generation of memory antifungal immunity
Authors: Montagnoli Claudia , Bozza Silvia , Bacci Angela , Gaziano Roberta , Mosci Paolo , Morschhäuser Joachim , Pitzurra Lucia , Kopf Manfred , Cutler Jim , Romani Luigina 
Published: April 2003

AbstractProtective immunity to Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus is mediated by antigen‐specific Th1 cells. To define the role of B cells and antibodies in the generation ofantifungal immune resistance, B cell‐deficient (μMT) mice were assessed for immune resistance to primary and secondary infections with both fungi. The results showed that, although passive administration of antibodies increased the fungal clearance, the innate and Th1‐mediated resistance to the primary and secondary infections were both heightened in μMT mice with candidiasis and aspergillosis. However, although capable of efficiently restricting the fungal growth, μMT mice did not survive the re‐infection with C. albicans, and this was concurrent with the failure to generate IL‐10‐producing dendritic cells and regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells. Antifungal opsonizing antibodies restored IL‐10 production by dendritic cells from μMT mice, a finding suggesting that the availability of opsonizing antibodies may condition the nature of the dendritic cell interaction with fungi, possibly impacting on the development of long‐lasting antifungal immunity.
Catalytic Aziridination of Styrene with Copper Complexes of Substituted 3,7‐Diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanones
Authors: Comba Peter , Merz Michael , Pritzkow Hans 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe copper(II) complexes of five bispidine‐type ligands {3,7‐diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanone; three tetradentate ligands with 2‐pyridyl (L1), 6‐methyl‐2‐pyridyl (L2) or 2‐imidazolyl‐3‐methyl (L3) substituents in 2,4‐positions; two pentadentate derivatives of L1 with an additional 2‐methylpyridine substituent at N3 (L4) or N7 (L5)} have, with one co‐ligand (Cl−), a ligand‐enforced square pyramidal (L1,2,3) or octahedral (L4,5) geometry. The main structural properties of three of the five [Cu(L)(Cl)]+ complexes (L1,2,3) are very similar, with Cu−N3 < Cu−N7 and Cu−Cl ≈︁ 2.25 Å (trans to N3); with L2 Cu−N3 ≈︁ Cu−N7 and Cu−Cl = 2.22 Å (trans to N7); with L5 Cu−N3 < Cu−N7 and Cu−Cl = 2.72 Å (trans to N7). These structural patterns lead to considerable differences in ligand field and electrochemical properties (range of E° of approx. 500mV), and the reactivities of the copper(II) complexes as aziridination catalysts (styrene, PhINTs, CH3CN) are strikingly different. While the complex with L2 is very efficient, the activities of those with L1 and L3 are reduced to approx. 50% and 30%, respectively, and those with L4 and L5 are inactive. The fact that the maximum TON (maximum turnover number) of CuIIL2 (19) is much smaller than the maximum TON of CuIL2 (47) suggests that in the active form the catalysts are in the CuI oxidation state, and that the differences in reduction potentials are of major importance for catalysis. The result that CuL4,5 have no activity in the CuII state and only a small activity in the reduced form indicates that, apart from the reduction potentials, steric effects might also be of importance. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
The Growth Process, Stability of GaP Nanocrystals and Formation of Ga3P Nanocrystals under Solvothermal Conditions in Benzene
Authors: Gao Shanmin , Lu Jun , Zhao Yan , Chen Nan , Xie Yi 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe growth process, stability of GaP nanocrystals and the formation of Ga3P nanocrystals under solvothermal conditions were investigated. At moderate reaction times and temperature, the growth process is mainly in accordance with the Ostwald ripening mechanism, which is the dissolving of the smaller GaP crystallites and growth into larger ones. However, GaP nanocrystallites become unstable under increasing reaction temperatures or prolonged reaction times. EDAX and XRD were used to identify the new Ga3P phase. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Influence of Incorporated Lipophilic Particles on Ion Fluxes Through Polymeric Ion‐Selective Membranes
Authors: Vigassy Tamás , Gyurcsányi Robert E. , Pretsch Ernö 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe incorporation of lipophilic particles into the sensing membrane of ion‐selective electrodes (ISEs) can strongly influence the uptake of ions from the sample. The apparent super‐Nernstian response of ISEs caused by a strong flux of primary ions from the sample to the inner solution can be suppressed completely. This opens up new possibilities of improving the ruggedness of trace‐level measurements.