bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politics, Culture and Fertility: Transitions in Indonesia
Authors: Hull Terence H , Hull Valerie J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In much of the discussion of demographic transition, and in the various theories of fertility change developed to explain the widespread reduction of family size, a contrast is made between the demographic impact of socio-economic change (which is sometimes characterized as ‘autonomous’) and planned government interventions. In the case of mortality, the influence of McKeown’s work stressed the role of hygiene and nutrition, rather than the heroic interventions of doctors and clinics, as factors producing the greater survival chances and longer life expectancies of the last 150 years. Analysis of fertility transition likewise contrasts the role of mass attitude and behaviour change brought about through schooling, cultural change, or rising incomes with explanations emphasizing government-organized family planning programmes as determinants of smaller families.
The Social Implications of Adolescent Fertility
Authors: Gage Anastasia j. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing have emerged as a source of social and policy concern in a number of countries during the last two decades. However, the cultural and social circumstances surrounding adolescent fertility are so diverse that they defy generalization. In many countries of sub-Saharan Africa, adolescent child bearing is the norm: teenage childbearing exceeds 150 per thousand, and births to women under the age of twenty comprise about 15-20 per cent of total births (Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) 1990). On average, more than 50 per cent of young women give birth before the age of twenty, and in some countries, as many as 40 per cent of women have their first child before the age of eighteen. The low age at first marriage means that most adolescent childbearing occurs within marriage, although in some countries, the proportion of children born before marriage is not trivial, and is of increased visibility, particularly in urban areas (Bledsoe and Cohen 1993; Gage-Brandon and Meekers 1993). In the United States, on the other hand, adolescent childbearing is relatively uncommon. It occurs largely out of wedlock and is selective of particular groups of women (Geronimus 1987).
Introduction
Authors: Strand David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this century, China has experienced reform and revolution by government fiat, by broader cultural and social movements, and by the accretion (and loss) of technologies and public and private goods and services. The impulse to reform and rebuild has erupted on a national scale every several years since the turn of the century: the ‘New Policies’ (xinzheng) of the Qing dynasty’s last decade, early Republican constitutionalism, the May Fourth Movement, the Nationalist Party ‘Reorganization’ of the early 1920s, the Nanjing decade of 1927—37, the Yan’an reconsolidation and expansion of Communism, Nanjing’s post-war attempt at reconstruction, building socialism in the 1950s, the Great Leap, the Cultural Revolution, the 1980 reforms, the Democracy Movement, and, most recently, China’s exploding economy.
Calling the Chinese People to Order: Sun Yat-sen’s Rhetoric of Development
Authors: Strand David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Modern leaders benefit both from the power of the state as a likely instrument of their will and from crises that cast doubt on the ability of government or other political agencies to respond to social demands and interests. A strong leader can expose the weakness of a state and the latent power of a particular social reform or political constituency, or employ state power to recast society through reform or revolution from above. Alternatively, a political leader may contribute to both state power and social upheaval and so drive state and society towards higher levels of influence and mobilization. In this latter process, at certain moments of political and social conjuncture leaders may seem to take possession not only of a regime or a movement, but also of an entire country and era.
State and Society in Hainan: Liao Xun’s Ideas on ‘Small Government, Big Society’
Authors: Brødsgaard Kjeld Erik 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In connection with the establishment of Hainan as a new province and a special economic zone in 1988, a series of economic, political, and social reform proposals were advanced under the concept of ‘small government, big society’. The concept constitutes one of the clearest examples of how social and economic change during the Deng period has stimulated new thinking about the relationship between state and society in China and how new conceptions often are developed locally before having a national impact.
Japan
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The reorganization of Japan’s tax system in the post-war period was undertaken on the initiative of the USA by a tax mission headed by Carl S. Shoup. The objective of the Shoup mission was to design a tax system that would ensure a complete overhaul of the Japanese economy. The Shoup mission placed the greatest importance on direct taxes, mainly income tax on individuals and corporations. The entire tax system was completely restructured, leading to a shift from indirect to direct taxes as the major source of government revenue. However, changes initiated by the USA in the tax system were only short-lived since many of the taxes were abolished or modified soon after their enactment. The main features of the post-Shoup tax system are summarized below.
Introduction : Approaches to Anthropological Demography
Authors: Basu, Alaka Malwade , Aaby Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The discipline of demography has generally been tolerant of intervention by outsiders, and has welcomed their contribution to the study of its primary concerns—births, deaths, and population movements. Thus, economists continue to have their say on these matters, along with epidemiologists, statisticians, and sociologists. But one of the disciplines most intimately interested in questions of life and death, namely anthropology, was until recently curiously disinclined to go the next step and attach a wider demographic component to its deliberations. At the same time, demographers, with their unstinting loyalty to field and analytical methods antithetical to the traditional field and analytical techniques of anthropology, did not seem to find this at all curious.
Using Qualitative Data for Understanding Old-Age Security and Fertility
Authors: Knodel John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The reliance of parents on children for support and care during their elderly years is typically cited as a crucial prop of high fertility and a barrier to fertility transition by demographers (e.g. Caldwell 1977). In many societies where alternative forms of old-age support are lacking, adult children take on paramount importance for parents in their old age when physical health is impaired and the ability to perform economic activities is in decline. Two extensive reviews of the theoretical arguments and empirical research on the so-called ‘old-age security motive’ for having children exist, although both are written primarily from an economic perspective (Nugent 1985; Nugent and Anker 1990).
Anthropological Perspectives on Migration in Africa
Authors: Anarfi John Kwasi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For reasons that are not easy to explain, demographers seem to have a greater understanding for the fertility and mortality aspects of population than they have for migration, the third of the components of population change. While social scientists in other disciplines also work in the area of fertility and mortality, they seem to have accepted the lead of demographers, and there is very little or no controversy over concepts and definitions. This is not so with migration. Geographers as well as economists regard migration with special interest and have, in fact, contributed much to the study of its development at both the theoretical and empirical levels.
Employment Policy and Productive Efficiency as Alternative Managerial Objectives
Authors: Chan Hing-Lin , Lee Shu-Kam 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is twofold. First, we seek to examine the extent to which the reform policies of the 1980s succeeded in stimulating the productive efficiency of China’s state-owned enterprises. Second, we investigate the nature of the employment policies pursued by such enterprises in order to show whether employment expansion remained a major objective for these enterprises.
Nutritional Status, the Capacity for Work, and Poverty Traps
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Analytical economists, even analytical development economists, have in large measure found it reasonable to assume that the science of nutrition does not exist. At the same time, nutritionists have often ignored economics. Development economists have yet to incorporate into their theoretical models the dynamic effects of nutritional and health-care deprivation on human productivity. Nutritionists, in turn, could better design some of their experiments if they were informed of economic theory. There is a good deal that each group has to say to the other.
‘Population’: A Commentary
Authors: Toye John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The argument of Keynes’s lecture on “Population was polemical in intent. Its rhetorical purpose was to persuade his hearers of the dangers of population growth, and of the practicality of actively limiting the size of Britain’s future population. Keynes’s intended wider audience was thus those pro-natalists who, at the turn of the twentieth century, were making increasingly energetic and strident efforts to turn public opinion in their direction, and who were having a growing success in the political arena. In “Population’, Keynes memorably categorized the sources of early twentieth-century pro-natalism as English bishops, French politicians and German economists (Fo. 21). In order to have an understanding of some of the ideas and political pressures that Keynes was concerned to weaken through his critical assault, this commentary begins by examining each of these three categories.
The Rapid Multiplication Of The Unfit
Authors: Toye John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How is the young Keynes’s writing on population to be located within the field of neo-Darwinian and eugenic thinking of his own day? To what extent does he merely articulate an existing contemporary consensus? To what extent did he achieve his own individual synthesis? If there was, somewhere in the early twentieth-century aether, an ideology that brought together population growth, the fear of the ‘rapid multiplication of the unfit’, and a belief in the inevitability of race conflict, how did Keynes’s distillation from the aether resemble or differ from those of other intellectuals? To see Keynes’s contribution on these issues in isolation is to risk judging it only by the liberal standards that hold general sway at the end of the twentieth century It is impossible for us to suspend or set aside our knowledge of what these standards are. However, a more comprehensive and satisfactory evaluation requires them to be balanced by the additional knowledge of the standards of judgement that prevailed on these matters in the late Victorian and Edwardian eras. Otherwise, our evaluation runs the risk of anachronism.
Capitalism and Contraception, 1919-1936
Authors: Toye John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The five and a half years between the delivery of the Oxford lecture on “Population” and the publication of The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) involved Keynes, as it did so many of his generation, in a journey across a vast psychological distance. The Great War was simply the most transforming event of his and their lives. Keynes had to deal with complex problems of war finance from his temporary position inside the Treasury, had to come to terms with his own and his friends” attitudes to military conscription and had to assist in negotiating financial aspects of a peace treaty that he realized could never last. Every day taught him the lesson of the uncertainty of human economic affairs, and finally brought him to the nervous breakdown that ended his official duties at the Paris Peace Conference. He recovered. The therapy was “violent and ruthless truth telling”, in his whirlwind composition of The Economic Consequences of the Peace.
Returning to Europe
Authors: Boeri Tito 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters it has been shown that the design of non-employment benefits and the timing of their reforms have deeply shaped transition. Such policies have affected the scope and speed of job reallocation and the dynamics of inequalities, and differences in the design of transfers provided to non-employed individuals of working age can explain much of the large dispersion in labour-market outcomes both across countries and over time. The focus so far has been on the effects of policies, which were taken as given.
Understanding the North American System
Authors: Massey Douglas S , Arango Joaquín , Hugo Graeme , Kouaouci Ali , Pellegrino Adela , Taylor J Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We begin our review of the global research literature by examining the North American international migration system, concentrating primarily but not exclusively on the post-1945 period. After briefly discussing what we mean by an international migration ‘system’, we describe the evolution and structure of that which prevails in North America. We go on to review the rather voluminous literature on migration into Canada and the USA to determine how well the various theoretical propositions are borne out by empirical reality in North America. We conclude with a reappraisal of how well each theoretical model holds up under close scrutiny in the world’s largest and oldest migration system, describing the kinds of studies and data that will be needed in the future to address the core theoretical questions and conceptual issues before the field.
Coming to Terms with European Migration
Authors: Massey Douglas S , Arango Joaquín , Hugo Graeme , Kouaouci Ali , Pellegrino Adela , Taylor J Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a few short years, the foreign-born percentage of Europe has come to rival that of older immigrant-receiving societies such as the USA, Australia, or Canada. Ardittis (1990) estimates that in 1985 some 12 million foreigners legally resided in Western Europe, about half from nations outside the European Union (EU), plus around 2-3 million additional illegal non-EU immigrants. Haskey (1992) puts the total number of immigrants, legal and illegal, at around 16 million in 1990, and Fassmann and Munz (1992) estimate it at 16.6 million. Official tabulations prepared by SOPEMI (1992) indicate that 15.5 million foreign nationals lived in the countries Western Europe in 1990, representing around 7 per cent of its total population.
International Migration in South America
Authors: Massey Douglas S , Arango Joaquín , Hugo Graeme , Kouaouci Ali , Pellegrino Adela , Taylor J Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last of our empirical assessments of migration theory, we consider research on international migration in South America, excluding Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, which were already covered in our discussion of the North American system. As in earlier chapters, we seek to compare theoretical predictions with empirical data, to evaluate existing conceptual models, and to foster a closer integration among the various conceptual frameworks. Once again we begin by describing patterns of migration in the region, focusing in particular on the structure and organization of the Argentine subsystem.
International Migration and Community Development
Authors: Massey Douglas S , Arango Joaquín , Hugo Graeme , Kouaouci Ali , Pellegrino Adela , Taylor J Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we reviewed the accumulated research on international migration and economic development at the national level. We found that once the various direct and indirect effects are taken fully into account, international migration carries considerable potential for national economic development, but that this potential is often unrealized in practice. All too frequently, countries pin their hopes on labour export while ignoring more basic economic problems.
Conclusions for the Next Century
Authors: Massey Douglas S , Arango Joaquín , Hugo Graeme , Kouaouci Ali , Pellegrino Adela , Taylor J Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The foregoing chapters have laid the groundwork for a larger and more important task: building a conceptually accurate and empirically valid theoretical model to explain the emergence of international migration worldwide in the late twentieth century. Prior to the Second World War, world migration flows were dominated by Europeans. Mass emigration began in the British Isles with the Industrial Revolution and moved south and east across the Continent as industrialism spread. The vast majority of emigrants went to one of five frontier societies that were themselves in the throes of rapid economic development: the USA, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, or Australia. The massive out-migration of Europeans ended during the Great Depression of the 1930s, and a revival of significant international movement was largely precluded during the 1940s by the hostilities of the Second World War.
Fathers And Families In Contemporary Spain: From Dictatorship To Democracy
Authors: Miret-Gamundi Pau 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Male fertility is of secondary interest to most demographers, most work on fertility having focused on women. Nevertheless, to treat male fertility as an isolated topic would be misleading, for having a baby overwhelmingly takes place within a couple, at least in Spain and, to a great extent, throughout Europe. Having a child marks what people regard as the critical social threshold between the constitution of a couple and the formation of a family.
One Decade of External Coffee Shocks in Colombia, 1975-85
Authors: Montenegro Santiago 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to study the Colombian coffee shocks in the period 1975-1985.1 Between 1975 and 1977, the relative price of coffee multiplied 2.6 times, which increased the country’s terms of trade by 50%. While the real exchange rate appreciated significantly, the current account of the balance of payments developed a substantial surplus and the budget deficit fell dramaticaly and even presented surpluses in two years of the boom. The boom years (1976-80) were followed by a reverse shock, expressed in the collapse in the value of coffee and non-coffee exports in 1981 and the following three years.
The Mexican Oil Boom, 1977-85
Authors: Gavin Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Throughout the twentieth century petroleum has played a prominent, and occasionally decisive, role in Mexico’s political and economic development, and the 1970s and early 1980s were no exception. Mexico was profoundly shaken by the oil market disturbances that rocked the world economy during that period, and only with great difficulty did Mexico emerge from the macroeconomic cloud left by the shocks.
The Philippines, 1986-89
Authors: Fabella Raul , Jayasuriya Sisira 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1980s were a period of tremendous political and economic turbulence in the Philippines. The combination of the second OPEC oil price in creases-the Philippines is a net oil importer-and the collapse of commodity prices (sugar, coconut and copper) led to a terms of trade deterioration of 30% between 1979 and 1985. Its effects were aggravated by the rise in world interest rates and drying-up of capital flows to heavily indebted developed countries during the early 1980s.
The Remittance Boom in Bangladesh, 1978-86
Authors: Azam Jean-Paul , Shahabuddin Quazi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bangladesh is widely regarded as a symbol of poverty and natural disaster: floods, droughts, cyclones, etc. have stricken this overpopulated economy recurrently, leaving millions in destitution (Sen 1981; Ravallion 1987). With about 110 million inhabitants for only 144 thousand square kilometres, it is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Its population density is about eight times that of France, and nearly twice that of the Netherlands. In 1983, it was second poorest, after Ethiopia, in the ranking of countries by per capita GNP, according to the World Development Report 1985 (World Bank 1985). Although it enjoys a steady growth rate of per capita income well above that of most African countries (1.9% per annum on average in 1980-91), but lower than that of the neighbouring countries, it remains nowadays among the poorest countries in the world: in 1991 per capita GNP was US$220 (World Bank 1993a).
Indonesia: Trade Shocks and Construction Booms
Authors: Warr Peter G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Indonesia is the world’s third largest developing country, after China and India, and by far the most populous member of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Like all petroleum exporting countries, Indonesia was greatly affected by the volatility of international petroleum prices during the 1970s and 1980s. This chapter deals with the way in which Indonesia adjusted to that external environment.
Adolescent Women in Buenos Aires: The Influence of Social Class and Gender Images on Reproductive Behaviour
Authors: Pantelides Edith A , Dominguez, Graciela Infesta , Geldstein Rosa N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Interest in the determinants of adolescent reproductive behaviour in Argentina arose a few years ago from the observation that fertility rates for women below the age of 20 had risen, and were relatively high, for a country where fertility levels have been moderate and diminishing for more than seven decades. The fertility rate for the 15-19 age group reached its lowest level around 1960 (61 per thousand). By 1980 the rate had gone up to 81 per thousand. Although the rate diminished afterwards, it has not returned to its 1960s level, oscillating around 68-70 per thousand in the last few years (69.7 in 1991). Additionally, half of the provinces have adolescent fertility rates above 90 per thousand (Giusti and Pantelides 1991; Pantelides 1995).
Levels of Childbearing, Contraception, and Abortion in Brazil: Differentials by Poverty Status
Authors: Singh Susheela , Monteiro Mario 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The very large and rapid decline in fertility that occurred in Brazil, beginning in 1970 and continuing through the 1980s, has now been well documented (Carvalho and Wong 1990; Silva et al. 1990). The total fertility rate (TFR) declined from about 5.8 in 1970 to approximately 4.4 in 1980, and then to 3.5 in the mid-1980s. This decline in fertility is continuing, and the TFR has been estimated to be slightly under 3.0 by the early 1990s (United Nations 1994).
Female Migration in Relation to Female Labour Force Participation: Implications for the Alleviation of Poverty
Authors: Zlotnik Hania 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
According to the World Bank, more than a billion people live in poverty, struggling to survive on very low incomes, and the weight of poverty falls more heavily on certain groups, particularly on women who, as members of poor households, are generally faced with heavier workloads than men, are less educated, and have less access to remunerative activities (World Bank 1990). Although progress has been made in raising average incomes, the problem of ensuring that major sectors of society do not fall behind in terms of having access to an adequate income has been less tractable. Given that migration has generally been viewed as a process through which people can improve their likelihood of earning better wages (Todaro 1976), it is pertinent to enquire to what extent it has been or can be a means of combating poverty.