bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of allergen challenge on plasma concentrations of prostaglandins, thromboxane B2, and histamine in calves infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Gershwin L. J. , Giri S. N. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To examine the influence of allergen-induced type-1 hypersensitivity on the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infection, we sensitized calves by aerosol to Micropolyspora faeni (mf) and challenge exposed them during infection with brsv. The development of mf-specific IgE serum concentrations was confirmed by elisa. The dynamics of arachidonic acid metabolism and histamine release during a type-1 hypersensitivity reaction in the bovine lung were studied by quantitating the concentrations of prostaglandin (pg)e2, pgf2α, pgi2 as 6-keto-pgf1α, thromboxane (tx) A2 as txb2, and histamine in plasma of brsv-infected and/or mf-sensitized/challenge-exposed calves. Four treatment groups were established: (1) brsv infection only, (2) aerosol sensitization to mf followed by brsv infection and aerosol challenge exposure to mf, (3) mf aerosol sensitization and challenge exposure without brsv infection, and (4) aerosol sensitization to mf followed by brsv infection without mf challenge exposure. Significantly increased concentrations of pgi2 were associated with mf aerosol exposure, particularly when combined with brsv infection in group 2. After mf challenge exposure, txb2 concentrations were significantly greater in the virus and mf challenge-exposed group 2. Individual calf data for the change in mf-specific IgE concentration between the first and second mf challenge exposures and the change in pge2 concentration 30 minutes after the second mf challenge exposure had a highly significant direct correlation. Histamine concentrations were significantly greater in calves infected with brsv than in uninfected controls regardless of mf exposure. These data further substantiate the thesis that implicates type-1 hypersensitivity as a pathogenic mechanism in brsv-related disease.
Identification of halothane gene carriers by use of in vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in pigs
Authors: Geers Rony , Decanniere Caroline , Villé Hilde , Van Hecke Paul , Goedseels Vic , Bosschaerts Ludo , Deley Jef , Janssens Steven , Nierynck Willem 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In vivo muscle 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed on 12 homozygous halothane-nonsensitive female pigs and 13 female pigs heterozygous with respect to the halothane gene. Fifteen female pigs of a third line, consisting of heterozygotes and halothane-nonsensitive homozygotes, were also available. Body weight ranged from 12 to 18 kg.
Mean decrease in phosphocreatine concentration in the biceps femoris of anesthetized pigs was significantly lower for heterozygous vs homozygous pigs (3.46% vs 5.94%, P < 0.01) after 40 minutes of halothane exposure (3%; oxygen flow, 3 L/min). Also, a statistically significant difference, with respect to the initial (7.21 vs 7.11, P < 0.008) and end muscle pH values (7.18 vs 7.06, P < 0.0002), was observed for homozygous vs heterozygous pigs. By means of canonical discriminant analysis, it was possible to distinguish nonsensitive homozygotes from heterozygotes (P < 0.0001). When applying this classification method to pigs of the same strain, 2 populations (nonsensitive homozygotes, heterozygotes) emerged, with a proportion of pigs corresponding to the expected value on the basis of breeding records.
In contrast to the phenotypic expression of muscular rigidity related to the malignant hyperthermia syndrome, the expression of metabolic variables (phosphocreatine, pH) was shown to be dominant.
Comparison of the immunoreactive plasma corticotropin and cortisol responses to two synthetic corticotropin preparations (tetracosactrin and cosyntropin) in healthy cats
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Kemppainen Robert J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Plasma cortisol and immunoreactive (ir)-acth responses to 125 μg of tetracosactrin and cosyntropin—the formulation of synthetic acth available in Europe and the United States, respectively—were compared in 10 clinically normal cats. After administration of tetracosactrin or cosyntropin, mean plasma cortisol concentration reached a peak and plateaued between 60 and 120 minutes, then gradually decreased to values not significantly different from baseline concentration by 5 hours. Mean plasma ir-acth concentration reached a maximal value at 15 minutes after administration of tetracosactrin or cosyntropin and was still higher than baseline concentration at 6 hours. Difference between mean plasma cortisol and ir-acth concentrations for the tetracosactrin or cosyntropin trials was not significant at any of the sample collection times. Individual cats had some variation in the time of peak cortisol response after administration of either acth preparation. About half the cats had peak cortisol concentration at 60 to 90 minutes, whereas the remainder had the peak response at 2 to 4 hours. In general, however, peak cortisol concentration in the cats with delayed response was not much higher than the cortisol concentration at 60 to 90 minutes. Overall, these results indicate that tetracosactrin or cosyntropin induce a comparable, if not identical, pattern of adrenocortical responses when administered to healthy cats.
Evaluation of serum fructosamine concentration as an index of blood glucose control in cats with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kaneko J. J. , Kawamoto M. , Heusner A. A. , Feldman E. C. , Koizumi I. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Fructosamine, a glycated serum protein, was evaluated as an index of glycemic control in normal and diabetic cats. Fructosamine was determined manually by use of a modification of an automated method. The within-run precision was 2.4 to 3.2%, and the day-to-day precision was 2.7 to 3.1%. Fructosamine was found to be stable in serum samples stored for 1 week at 4 C and for 2 weeks at − 20 C. The reference range for serum fructosamine concentration in 31 clinically normal colony cats was 2.19 to 3.47 mmol/L (mean, 2.83 ± 0.32 mmol/L). In 27 samples from 16 cats with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, the range for fructosamine concentration was 3.04 to 8.83 mmol/L (mean, 5.93 ± 1.35 mmol/L). Fructosamine concentration was directly and highly correlated to blood glucose concentration. Fructosamine concentration also remained high in consort with increased blood glucose concentration in cats with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus over extended periods. It is concluded that measurement of serum fructosamine concentration can be a valuable adjunct to blood glucose monitoring to evaluate glycemic control in diabetic cats. The question of whether fructosamine can replace glucose for monitoring control of diabetes mellitus requires further study.
Temporal lectin histochemical characterization of porcine small intestine
Authors: Gelberg Howard , Whiteley Herbert , Ballard Greg , Scott John , Kuhlenschmidt Mark 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A variety of biotinylated lectins was applied to formalin-fixed intestinal sections from isolator-reared pigs ranging in age from newborn through 12 weeks. Lectin binding to brush borders of villus enterocytes, crypt enterocytes, and dome epithelium, and lectin reactivity within goblet cells and Brunner's glands was semiquantified by microscopy and was used to estimate temporal changes in complex carbohydrates of enteric epithelium. Although variability in binding scores often was observed among pigs of the same age, several general patterns of lectin binding were detected. Dolichos biflorus and Ulex europaeus lectins had increasing binding to brush border membranes as pigs aged. The Dolichos biflorus, however, had decreased binding at the 12-week time point. Neuraminidase-treated Arachis hypogaea and Triticum vulgaris were associated with high mean binding scores at all time points. Canavalia ensiformis bound, with high mean score at all time points, to villus but not to crypt enterocytes. Arachis hypogaea was associated with variable but often high binding scores, regardless of pig age. Succinylated wheat germ agglutinin bound more to crypt than to villus enterocytes. Goblet cells were generally less reactive than were corresponding villi and crypts. Dome epithelium reactivity varied with the lectin used, whereas Brunner's glands reacted with all lectins tested. We conclude that age and regional variations in lectin binding may reflect differences in intestinal function and differentiation. Because complex carbohydrates may act as cell surface receptors for a variety of enteric pathogens, our results indicate that these differences may be partially responsible for age and anatomic differences in susceptibility or resistance to enteric disease.
Systemic and pulmonary antibody responses of calves to Pasteurella haemolytica after intrapulmonary inoculation
Authors: McBride J. W. , Corstvet R. E. , Paulsen D. B. , McClure J. R. , Enright F. M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Systemic and pulmonary antibody responses of calves to Pasteurella haemolytica were evaluated by measuring immunoglobulin production in blood for 9 days and in pulmonary lavage fluid for 7 days after intrapulmonary inoculation. Clinical signs, pulmonary lesions, pulmonary and systemic inflammatory response, and amount of antigen in lavage fluid were used to evaluate the response of calves to challenge with P haemolytica.
The pulmonary response consisted of production of IgG, IgE, and IgM antibodies to P haemolytica antigens and a 17- to 68-fold increase of cells in lavage fluid 8 hours after inoculation, with a gradual decrease toward normal. Antibodies of the IgM isotype to P haemolytica were demonstrated as early as 8 hours through 7 days after inoculation in 3 of 3 calves. Of the anti-P haemolytica isotypes, IgM was found in the highest concentration. In all of the inoculated calves, IgE was found 1 to 2 days after inoculation, and IgG was found in 2 of 3 inoculated calves from day 1 through 7 after inoculation. Detection of IgG correlated with smaller pulmonary lesions. Immunoglobulin A was not detected in lavage fluid.
Serum was evaluated for IgG and IgM antibody response to P haemolytica. Specific IgM was detectable 5 days after inoculation, and IgG was detectable 7 days after inoculation. Pasteurella haemolytica antigens were not detected in serum or plasma. A transient increase in neutrophil count was found 8 hours after inoculation, with return to baseline values by 24 hours after inoculation.
Antigen was detected in lavage fluid by use of monoclonal antibodies against selected P haemolytica capsular antigen, outer membrane antigens, and leukotoxin in all inoculated calves 8 hours after inoculation. The monoclonal antibody specific for P haemolytica capsule provided the best detection of antigen. The other monoclonal antibodies detected antigen, but were less consistent.
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and enhanced intestinal permeability in healthy Beagles
Authors: Batt Roger M. , Hall Edward J. , McLean Lynn , Simpson Kenneth W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The small intestine of healthy adult Beagles was examined to determine whether subclinical abnormalities might exist that would be relevant to the use of Beagles in pharmacologic studies. Duodenal juice was obtained for qualitative and quantitative bacteriologic examinations; jejunal mucosa was taken for morphologic and biochemical investigation, and intestinal permeability was assessed by quantification of 24-hour urinary excretion of 51Cr-labeled edta after its oral administration. Comparisons were made with findings in healthy adult dogs of other breeds that served as controls. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth was found in 14 of the 21 Beagles examined, and represented a mixed flora that included obligate anaerobic bacteria in 8 dogs and exclusively aerobic bacteria in 6 dogs. Intestinal permeability (percentage urinary recovery of 51Cr-labeled edta; mean ± sem) was considerably higher (P < 0.01) in Beagles with anaerobic overgrowth (37.6 ± 3.2%) or aerobic overgrowth (30.5 ± 4.8%), compared with Beagles with no overgrowth (17.3 ± 1.6%) and with controls (11.1 ± 1.0%). In Beagles, significant (r = 0.54, P = 0.03) correlation was observed between 24-hour urinary recovery of 51Cr-labeled edta and bacterial numbers in duodenal juice. Morphologic changes in jejunal mucosa were minimal, and specific activities of brush border enzymes were not significantly decreased, apart from aminopeptidase N, but activities of lysosomal and endoplasmic reticular marker enzymes were higher in the 3 groups of Beagles with anaerobic, aerobic, or no overgrowth, compared with controls. These findings indicate that apparently healthy Beagles can have bacterial overgrowth in the proximal portion of the small intestine, which is associated with enhanced intestinal permeability and may not be suspected by clinical examination or routine histologic examination of mucosa.
Gastric emptying of nondigestible radiopaque markers after circumcostal gastropexy in clinically normal dogs and dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus
Authors: Hall Jean A. , Willer Randy L. , Seim Howard B. , Lebel Jack L. , Twedt David C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Using radiopaque particles mixed with food, gastric emptying was assessed in healthy dogs not subjected to surgery, in healthy dogs 9 to 35 days after circumcostal gastropexy, and, in dogs 1 to 54 months after surgical treatment and recovery from gastric dilatation-volvulus (gdv). Circumcostal gastropexy surgery did not alter the 90% gastric emptying time for radiopaque particles in healthy dogs. However, 90% gastric emptying time was significantly (P < 0.05) increased after circumcostal gastropexy in dogs with gdv, compared with healthy dogs after the same surgical procedure and recovery period. These results imply that dogs with gdv have delayed gastric emptying of solid particles. Whether delayed gastric emptying of markers detected in affected dogs after surgical treatment and recovery was the result or the cause of gdv was not determined.
Results indicate that circumcostal gastropexy could be recommended as a prophylactic procedure for gdv in large breeds with deep thorax, because delayed gastric emptying of markers secondary to the surgical procedure is unlikely.
Protection of neonatal calves against fatal enteric colibacillosis by administration of egg yolk powder from hens immunized with K99-piliated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Ikemori Yutaka , Kuroki Masahiko , Peralta Robert C. , Yokoyama Hideaki , Kodama Yoshikatsu 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The protective effects of egg yolk powder prepared from hens vaccinated with heat-extracted antigens from K99-piliated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (etec) strain 431 were evaluated in a colostrum-fed calf model of etec-induced diarrhea caused by a heterologous strain (B44). The antibody powder was obtained by spray-drying the water-soluble protein fraction of egg yolks after removing the lipid and fatty components by precipitation with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate. A total of 16 colostrum-fed calves were studied to determine whether the orally administered antibody powder would prevent fatal bovine colibacillosis caused by a virulent etec strain. Clinical response of individual calves was monitored and evaluated in the context of these variables: fecal consistency score, intestinal colonization, weight loss, and mortality. Control calves that were treated with vehicle (milk with egg yolk powder from nonimmunized hens) had severe diarrhea and dehydration and died within 72 hours after infection was manifested. In contrast, calves fed milk containing egg yolk powder with antipili agglutinin titers of 1:800 and 1:1,600 had transient diarrhea, 100% survival, and good body weight gain during the course of the study. Results indicate that the orally administered egg yolk powder protected against etec-induced diarrhea in neonatal calves and that the protective components may have been the antibodies raised by vaccination of chickens against etec.
Effects of clinically apparent and subclinical Ostertagia ostertagi infections on nitrogen and water metabolism in calves
Authors: Xiao L. , Gibbs H. C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Four balance trials were conducted in 3 groups of 5 calves each at 0, 4, 8, and 14 weeks after initial inoculation with Ostertagia ostertagi. Group-1 calves were inoculated with 100,000 third-stage larvae (L3) of O ostertagi/wk for 14 weeks. Group-2 calves were inoculated with 10,000 L3/wk for 14 weeks, and group-3 calves were not inoculated. Effects of infection on apparent digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen, and balances of nitrogen and water were evaluated. Neither clinically apparent (group 1) nor subclinical (group 2) O ostertagi infections had observable effects on the apparent digestibility of dry matter. Subclinical infection also had no significant effects on nitrogen digestibility or nitrogen and water balance. Clinically apparent infection, however, decreased the apparent digestibilities of nitrogen significantly (P < 0.05) at 4, 8, and 14 weeks after inoculation, and decreased nitrogen balance at 4 and 8 weeks after inoculation. Group-1 calves also had lower water intake, fecal-water excretion, and apparent water balance, but higher urinary water output at 4, 8, and 14 weeks after inoculation.
Nutritional and pathophysiologic effects of clinically apparent and subclinical infections of Ostertagia ostertagi in calves
Authors: Xiao L. , Gibbs H.C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Nutritional and physiologic effects of clinically apparent and subclinical Ostertagia ostertagi infections were studied in 3 groups of 5 calves each. Group-1 calves were inoculated with 100,000 Ostertagia ostertagi third-stage larvae (L3)/calf/wk for 14 weeks. Group-2 calves were inoculated with 10,000 L3/calf/wk for 14 weeks, and group-3 calves were not inoculated. Calves in group 1 had decreased dry matter intake and feed utilization from 4 weeks after initial inoculation. Group-2 calves had no changes in dry matter intake, but had decreased feed utilization at 12 and 14 weeks. Calves with clinically apparent infections (group 1) lost a mean weight of 11.8 kg, whereas calves with subclinical infections (group 2) lost a mean of 46.6 kg, and control calves lost a mean of 60.7 kg. Calves with O ostertagi infections (groups 1 and 2) also had decreased carcass quality at slaughtering, which was reflected in decreased dressing weights and increased water-holding capacity of the rib-eye muscle. Calves in groups 1 and 2 also had lower carcass yield and rib-eye muscle weight, and group-1 calves had decreased protein content. Results of hematologic, pathologic, parasitologic, and clinical examinations mirrored nutritional changes.
Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of inoculating cattle with a vaccine containing Tritrichomonas foetus
Authors: Kvasnicka William G. , Hanks Donald , Huang Juch-Chin , Hall Mark R. , Sandblom David , Chu Hsien-Jue , Chavez Lloyd , Acree William M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
To test the efficacy of a polyvalent Tritrichomonas foetus vaccine, 130 nulliparous heifers were randomly assigned to either receive the test T foetus vaccine or to serve as nonvaccinated controls. The polyvalent test vaccine consisted of a Campylobacter fetus/Leptospira canicola-grippotyphosa-hardjo-icterohaemorrhagiae-pamona bacterine containing 5 × 107 killed T foetus/dose. The polyvalent control vaccine consisted of the aforementioned formulation without T foetus. Heifers were administered 2 doses of control or experimental vaccine at 3-week intervals. Heifers were bred to T foetus-infected bulls and their conception and pregnancy rates were determined throughout gestation. In addition, serum samples were analyzed to determine induced concentrations of antitrichomonal antibodies and vaginal secretions were sampled to determine T foetus infection rates in control and vaccinated animals. One week after each of the 15-day breeding periods, 60% (6 of 10) of tested vaccinates and 80% (8 of 10) of tested control animals were T foetus culture-positive. The mean duration of infection of vaccinates was 3.8 weeks (± 7.5 days), compared with 5.4 weeks (± 7.5 days) of infection for control heifers. All vaccinates developed increased immunofluorescence and serum neutralizing antibody titers following the first immunization, and had additional increases of at least fourfold in response to the second injection. In contrast, no consistent increase in immunofluorescence or serum neutralizing antibodies was observed in control animals.
Conception rates were 89.2% for vaccinates and 85.9% for control animals 30 days after breeding and 80 to 90% of these remained pregnant 60 days after breeding. However, within the next 4 months, the pregnancy rate of control heifers decreased to 30% for those that had conceived. During the same 4-month period, more than 60% of vaccinated heifers remained pregnant. Significantly, 62.5% of heifers vaccinated against T foetus produced calves, whereas only 31.5% of control heifers produced calves. These findings indicate that the polyvalent test vaccine induced an immune response that was effective in lowering the rate of T foetus infection, decreasing the duration of infection, and reducing losses in calf production attributable to early fetal death and abortion caused by T foetus infection.
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous and intramuscular injection in rabbits
Authors: Cabanes Ana , Arboix Margarita , Garcia Anton Jose M. , Reig Francisca 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of enrofloxacin were determined after iv and im administration of 5 mg/kg of body weight to 6 healthy adult rabbits. Using nonlinear least-squares regression methods, data obtained were best described by a 2-compartment open model. After iv administration, a rapid distribution phase was followed by a slower elimination phase, with a half-life of 131.5 ± 17.6 minutes. The mean body clearance rate was 22.8 ± 6.8 ml/min/kg, and the mean volume of distribution was 3.4 ± 0.9 L/kg. This large volume of distribution and the K12/K21 ratio close to 1, indicated that enrofloxacin was widely distributed in the body, but not retained in tissues. After a brief lag period (6.2 ± 2.86 min), im absorption was rapid (4.1 ± 1.3 min) and almost complete. The mean extent of im absorption was 92 ± 11%, and maximal plasma concentration of 3.04 ± 0.34 μg/ml was detected approximately 10 minutes after administration.