bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Welfare state development in the context of European integration and economic convergence: situating Ireland within the European Union context
Authors: O’Connor Julia S. 
Published: June 2003

English
Convergence towards the European Community average on key economic dimensions was the dominant objective of Ireland’s entry into the Community in 1973 and is now central to the admission aspirations of the applicant countries. This article outlines key aspects of Ireland’s economic convergence and the associated policy choices. It examines whether its welfare state is converging towards the European Union average in expenditure and selected distributional outcomes and discusses its welfare regime characterisation. The simultaneous processes of economic convergence and maintenance of traditional social policy patterns are identified, as are differences between the economic development and distributional roles of the state.
Rheological properties of LDPE processed by conventional processing machines
Authors: Yamaguchi Masayuki , Todd David B. , Gogos Costas G. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe impact of applied processing history and the postprocessing annealing on the rheological properties of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) have been studied employing various kinds of conventional processing machines. Processing by a corotating twin‐screw extruder (Co‐TSE) and an internal batch mixer depressed the drawdown force, one of the elastic properties of a melt, to a great extent, even though molecular weight and the polydispersity did not change. On the other hand, the sample processed by a two‐roll mill exhibited the drawdown force as high as the original pellets, which is owing to the intermittent stress history instead of the relentless one in the Co‐TSE and the internal batch mixer. Furthermore, the effect of screw configuration in the Co‐TSE has also been investigated. It was found that the processing by conveying screws depressed the drawdown force and melt fracture more than that by kneading blocks as long as the torque and the residence time are the same. The large, abrupt, and frequent change in flow direction in the Co‐TSE with kneading blocks prohibits the molecular orientation, which leads to disentanglement associated with long‐chain branches. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 22: 179–187, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10047
Prediction of cooling time in injection molding by means of a simplified semianalytical equation
Authors: Zarkadas D. M. , Xanthos M. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA simplified semianalytical equation, used successfully in food freezing/chilling time prediction, is proposed as a potential simple alternative for cooling time prediction in injection molding of polymer parts, amorphous or semicrystalline. This equation is based on a convective boundary condition for the mold‐part interface and requires information on the thermal contact resistance (TCR) or thermal contact conductance (TCC) at this interface, as well as information on the initial and final product temperatures, the mold surface temperature, and the thermal properties of the part. Eighty‐five data points for four polymers, Polystyrene (PS), Polycarbonate (PC), Polypropylene (PP), and Polyethylene (PE) were generated with C‐MOLD™, a commercial injection molding design software, and the performance of the proposed equation was tested. The % mean error and its standard deviation (SD) in cooling time prediction were, respectively, −11.61 and 2.27 for PS, −6.04 and 2.13 for PC, −7.27 and 6.55 for PP, and −8.88 and 2.93 for PE. It was also shown that the accuracy of the proposed equation is not affected significantly by the exact knowledge of the TCC, provided that the latter is not smaller than 1000–2000 W m−2 K−1. Since in this comparison all necessary temperatures were obtained from C‐MOLD™, methods of using the proposed equation independently were tested. The use of the inlet melt temperature as the initial product temperature increased the % mean error by mostly 1.5% while its SD remained practically the same. By incorporating a literature based heat balance method in the proposed equation, it was possible to use it as a stand‐alone predictor of polymer cooling time. The % mean error and its SD calculated this way were, respectively, −9.44 and 0.97 for PS, −9.44 and 0.83 for PC, −14.22 and 5 for PP, and −20.12 and 1.38 for PE. The proposed equation, at least in a preliminary stage, can be used successfully to predict the cooling time of the selected semicrystalline or amorphous polymers with the accuracy being higher for amorphous polymers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 22: 188–208, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10048
Binary blends of EVA and metallocene‐catalyzed ethylene‐α‐olefin copolymers and their film properties
Authors: Kontopoulou Marianna , Huang Leo C. , Lee Jennifer A. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractBlends of Ethylene‐Vinyl Acetate (EVA) copolymer with a metallocene (single‐site type) catalyzed elastomeric ethylene‐α‐olefin copolymer have been investigated, with a focus on film applications. These blends were found to be immiscible in the melt and solid state, but mechanically compatible. EVA rich blends had a coarser morphology and showed more pronounced shear thinning and elastic behavior, suggesting better processability during the extrusion film blowing process. Ethylene‐α‐olefin copolymer rich blends displayed finer morphologies, better tensile, heat seal, and optical properties and less extrudate swell. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 22: 209–217, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10049
Improved polyurethane dispersion stability via continuous process
Authors: Keyvani Majid 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis paper presents a continuous process for producing waterborne polyurethane dispersion (PUD) with improved shelf life stability. The work also demonstrates that when a typical batch operation fails to produce stable PUD products because of low emulsifier content and/or absence of solvent, the continuous process offers reasonable colloidal stability performance. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 22: 218–224, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10050
Secondary gas penetrations in ribs during full‐shot gas‐assisted injection molding
Authors: Yang Sen‐Yeu , Lin Chui‐Te , Chang Jer‐Haur 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAlthough gas‐assisted injection molding (GAIM) eliminates sink marks and prevents warpage, many problems are encountered during gas‐assisted filling owing to gas–melt flow interactions. Large voids created by gas penetration during gas‐assisted filling result in degraded rigidity. To avoid gas‐assisted filling, the shot weight is increased to 100%. Gas is injected after the cavity is completely filled. The so‐called “full‐shot gas‐assisted injection molding” process is investigated in this paper. The effects of the processing conditions and rib geometry on the behavior of gas penetration are systematically investigated. High melt temperature and a short gas injection delay time are found to increase the length of gas penetration during full‐shot GAIM. Wide ribs and ribs with fillets cause the gas penetration length to decrease. Although the mechanisms of gas penetration for short‐shot and full‐shot GAIMs are not identical, the resulting penetration patterns of the gas void shape are similar.© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 22: 225–237, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10051
Experimental determination of gelation and swelling parameters using time‐resolved fluorescence technique
Authors: Pekcan Ö. , Kaya D. , Erdoğan M. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA fast transient fluorescence (FTRF) technique was used to study the sol–gel transition during gelation of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM). Pyrene (Py) was used as a fluorescence probe for the in situ polymerization experiments. Swelling of this cylindrical poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) gel in chloroform was monitored using FTRF technique. Fluorescence lifetimes of Py from its decay traces were measured and used to monitor both the gelation and swelling processes. Stern–Volmer kinetics were employed to determine the quenching rate constant before the onset of gelation. MMA consumption rate was measured during gelation process using the Stern–Volmer model. A Li–Tanaka equation was introduced to determine the cooperative diffusion coefficient Dc, which was found to be around 10−5 cm2 s−1 during the swelling of PMMA gel in chloroform. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 22: 238–245, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10052
Thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐N‐vinylimidazole) hydrogels by redox polymerization
Authors: Işik Belma 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThermoresponsive hydrogels in the form of rods were prepared from N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N‐vinylimidazole (NIV) by a redox copolymerization method. Poly(NIPAM‐co‐NVI) hydrogels with different thermoresponsive properties were obtained by changing the initial NIPAM/NVI mole ratio and total monomer concentrations. Equilibrium swelling ratio, dynamic swelling ratio, and dynamic deswelling ratio were evaluated for all hydrogels systems. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 22: 246–251, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10053
Swelling behavior of poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) and poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone)/K2S2O8 hydrogels in α‐lactose solutions
Authors: Can Hatice Kaplan , Kavlak Serap , Kırcı Betül , Güner Ali 
Published: June 2003

AbstractHydrogels with varying cross‐linking densities, and average molecular weights between two consecutive cross‐links, were prepared from the binary poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone)/water and ternary poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone)/water/K2S2O8 systems by irradiation with γ‐rays at ambient temperature. Both hydrogel systems were employed for diffusion and swelling experiments in 0.00278 M α‐lactose solution at room temperature. Diffusion of α‐lactose solution into hydrogels was found to be of the Fickian type. The percent swelling, equilibrium swelling, initial rate of swelling, swelling rate of constant, equilibrium water/α‐lactose content, and diffusion constant values were determined for PVP and PVP/K2S2O8 hydrogel systems in 0.00278 M α‐lactose solution. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 22: 252–259, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10054
Primary B‐cell lymphoma and lymphoma‐like lesions of the uterine cervix
Authors: Au W.Y. , Chan B.C.P. , Chung L.P. , Choy C. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe present three patients with atypical lymphoid cells on cervical smear screening, with diffuse large‐cell B‐cell lymphoma diagnosed by morphology on cervical biopsy. One patient with extensive pelvic disease was treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy and remained in remission 8 years later. Two patients with presumed stage 1E lesions showed spontaneous regression on repeat cervical biopsy, despite light chain restriction and clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangement. They are without recurrent malignancy 1 and 5 years after their initial diagnosis. The presence of malignant looking lymphoid cells on cervical smear should be investigated by repeated colposcopic biopsies. The reason for the highly skewed atypical B‐cell lymphoproliferation in lymphoma‐like lesions of the cervix is unknown. With early stage, nonbulky cervical lymphoma in an otherwise healthy patient, a cone biopsy is advised. A number of these lesions may regress even when clonal populations are detected. Am. J. Hematol. 73:176–179, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary Balantidium coli infection in a leukemic patient
Authors: Anargyrou K. , Petrikkos G.L. , Suller M.T.E. , Skiada A. , Siakantaris M.P. , Osuntoyinbo R.T. , Pangalis G. , Vaiopoulos G. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA 59‐year‐old woman suffering from chronic lymphocytic leukemia developed pulmonary lesions; bronchoalveolar lavage was performed for possible systemic fungal infection. However, direct microscopic analysis revealed ciliated protozoa identified as Balantidium coli. B. coli is the only known pathogenic ciliate, and is usually associated with intestinal infection in areas associated with pig rearing. On very rare occasions the organisms may invade extra‐intestinal organs, in this case the lungs of an immunocompromised patient. This case is unusual as balantidiasis is rare in Europe, the patient had no obvious contact with pigs, and there was no history of diarrhea prior to pulmonary colonization. Metronidazole was rapidly administered, and the condition improved after 24–48 hr. Am. J. Hematol. 73:180–183, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD34 expression is associated with poor clinical outcome in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Lee Je‐Jung , Cho Duck , Chung Ik‐Joo , Cho Sang‐Hee , Park Kyeong‐Soo , Park Moo‐Rim , Ryang Dong‐Wook , Kim Hyeoung‐Joon 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis study investigated the clinical characteristics and prognostic relevance of CD34 expression in 47 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), showing t(15;17) or PML/RARα. Ten (21.3%) of the APL patients were CD34+. CD34 expression was associated with hypogranular morphology (P = 0.002) and hyperleukocytosis (P = 0.015). However, there were no statistically significant differences in age, sex, hemoglobin level, platelet count, or percentage of blasts between the CD34+ and CD34− APL groups. Multiplex RT‐PCR analysis showed that the L‐form (BCR1) and S‐form (BCR3) were correlated with CD34− APL and CD34+ APL, respectively. Despite the lack of a difference in the complete remission rate, overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) were significantly lower in the CD34+ group than in the CD34− group (P = 0.012 and P = 0.0051, respectively). By multivariate analysis, the CD34+ group showed a significant independent variable in DFS compared with the CD34− group, but this was not demonstrated for OS. In conclusion, CD34 expression in APL is a unique clinical feature associated with leukocytosis and atypical morphology with hypogranular pattern and is associated with a poor clinical outcome. Am. J. Hematol. 73:149–153, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of MTHFR, GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, and CYP1A1 genotypes in childhood acute leukemia
Authors: Balta Gunay , Yuksek Nazmiye , Ozyurek Emel , Ertem Ulya , Hicsonmez Gonul , Altay Cigdem , Gurgey Aytemiz 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe role of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T), glutathione S‐transferases (GSTM1 and GSTT1 null, GSTP1 Ile105Val), and cytochromes p450 (CYP1A1*2A) genotypes in the etiology of childhood leukemia was simultaneously investigated. 144 Turkish children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 33 with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) were studied and compared with 185 healthy pediatric controls. The frequency of MTHFR genotype was insignificantly higher in ALL (7.7%) and ANLL (6.3%) than in controls (4.4%). Equal distribution of the GSTM1 null genotype was detected between ALL patients and controls (55%), while its incidence was slightly higher in ANLL patients (61.3%). Although GSTT1 null genotype was insignificantly lower in ALL patients (20.9%) than controls (22.7%), it was significantly underrepresented in ANLL patients (6.5%) (P = 0.05, OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.05–1.03). The homozygous frequency of GSTP1 genotype did not differ significantly between groups of ALL (3.7%), ANLL patients (9.1%) and controls (4.9%). Homozygous CYP1A1*2A genotype was underrepresented in ALL patients (1%) as compared to control (4.8%) but the differences did not reach to statistical significance (OR 0.21; 95% CI 0.03–1.72). Homozygosity for this genotype was not detected in ANLL patients. No particular association was noted between different combinations of combined genotypes and risk of development of childhood ALL and ANLL. These results suggested that there are no significant associations between the studied genotypes and the risk of developing either form of acute leukemia except GSTT1 null and homozygosity for CYP1A1 genotypes that may play protective roles in the development of ANLL in Turkish children. Am. J. Hematol. 73:154–160, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pleural effusion of a second neoplasm in a patient with B‐CLL: Two immunological compartments
Authors: Atanackovic D. , Brettner S. , Hegewisch‐Becker S. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe report the case of a patient with a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who later developed a metastasized large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung that was complicated by a malignant pleural effusion. In contrast to the peripheral blood where the malignant B‐CLL cells represented >99% of all lymphocytes, lymphocytes infiltrating the malignant effusion were mainly T cells. Nearly all of these T cells were CD4+. This stood in sharp contrast to the peripheral blood where the CD4+/CD8+ ratio remained balanced. A detailed analysis of the CD4+ T cells within the malignant effusion revealed that these cells uniformly expressed a CCR7+ CD62L+ “non‐effector” phenotype. When the monoclonal B cells within the malignant effusion were analyzed, we found that these cells, in contrast to the B‐CLL cells in the peripheral blood, were negative for CD23 and expressed much higher levels of the adhesion molecules L‐selectin (CD62L) and CD11a. A deficient expression of these adhesion molecules might have led to a “trapping” of the majority of B‐CLL cells in the peripheral blood. This phenomenon might have contributed to the development of two highly different immunological compartments in this patient with CLL and pleural effusion of a solid tumor. Am. J. Hematol. 73:184–189, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined chemotherapy including high‐dose methotrexate in KSHV/HHV8‐associated primary effusion lymphoma
Authors: Boulanger Emmanuelle , Daniel Marie‐Thérèse , Agbalika Félix , Oksenhendler Eric 
Published: June 2003

AbstractPrimary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare KSHV/HHV8‐associated high‐grade non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of B‐cell origin, characterized by serous effusions in body cavities. Most patients are HIV‐infected homosexual men with severe immunosuppression and other KSHV/HHV8‐associated diseases such as Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). The prognosis is poor with a median survival of less than 6 months in most cohorts. The achievement of a sustained complete remission is rare. High‐dose chemotherapy regimens are warranted to improve complete remission rate and survival. Seven patients with AIDS‐associated PEL were treated with a combined chemotherapy including high‐dose methotrexate followed by leucovorin rescue. In all cases, KSHV/HHV8 sequences were detected in the effusion samples using quantitative PCR assays. Five patients had a pre‐existing KS, associated in three cases with multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). Upon diagnosis, 6 patients received antiretroviral therapy, which was maintained during chemotherapy in 5 of them. At time of analysis, 3 out of 7 patients were in complete remission 18, 26, and 78 months after PEL diagnosis. Three patients died with a progressive PEL at 22, 67, and 153 days after diagnosis, and 1 patient died 9 months after PEL diagnosis with a MCD‐associated plasmablastic NHL. Complete remission was obtained in 3 out of 7 patients treated for AIDS‐associated PEL with combined chemotherapy containing high‐dose methotrexate. Am. J. Hematol. 73:143–148, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide as conditioning for autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma
Authors: Cogle Christopher R. , Moreb Jan S. , Leather Helen L. , Finiewicz Katarzyna J. , Khan Shahab A. , Reddy Vijay S. , Wingard John R. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAutologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has enabled the use of high‐dose alkylating agents either as a single agent or in combination with other cytotoxic agents and/or total body irradiation (TBI) for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Despite improved complete remission rates, relapse and regimen‐related toxicities remain challenging. In an effort to increase event‐free survival and decrease the high incidence of regimen‐related toxicity, we have studied the use of etoposide in combination with reduced‐dose busulfan and cyclophosphamide as a conditioning regimen for ASCT in a group of 26 patients with advanced multiple myeloma. Median follow‐up for the group was 30 months. There was no early treatment‐related mortality. The main toxicity was mucositis. Otherwise, there was 1 case of reversible, clinically diagnosed hepatic veno‐occlusive disease. Post‐engraftment, 10 patients (38%) achieved CR, 15 (58%) patients achieved PR or SD, and 1 patient developed progressive disease (4%). Five patients in PR and 1 with progressive disease before transplant attained a CR post‐transplant. The median times for event‐free survival and overall survival after transplantation were 24 and 43 months, respectively. In conclusion, conditioning with busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide followed by ASCT is a safe regimen with comparable effectiveness to other previously used preparative regimens, thus providing another approach of non‐TBI containing high‐dose chemotherapy for patients with multiple myeloma. Am. J. Hematol. 73:169–175, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Case of Epstein‐Barr virus‐associated transformation of mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Terasawa Teruhiko , Ohashi Haruhiko , Utsumi Makoto , Tsushita Keitaro , Kinoshita Tomohiro , Nakamura Shigeo , Saito Hidehiko 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe report here a case of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) in a patient who, following Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection, developed diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). A 47‐year‐old woman was diagnosed as having MCL with clinical stage IIIA in July 1990. After treatment with a third‐generation chemotherapy without response, she was kept under observation for 8 years. In January 1999, fever and night sweats appeared with laboratory evidence for EBV infection, and acute swelling of lymph nodes and hepatosplenomegaly developed in May 1999. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of DLBCL. Sequence analysis of the complementarity‐determining region (CDR)‐III of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene demonstrated clonal identity between the initial MCL and the subsequent DLBCL. Immunohistochemistry revealed that cyclin D1, CD5, and CD20 were expressed in the MCL but lost in the DLBCL cells, and EBER‐ISH confirmed that EBV infection was absent in the former but present in the latter. Southern hybridization with the EBV terminal repeat probe showed a clear monoclonal pattern in the DLBCL specimen. All these results suggest that EBV infection may have been the molecular event that caused transformation of MCL cell(s) to DLBCL in this case. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first well‐documented case of EBV‐associated transformation of MCL. Am. J. Hematol. 73:194–199, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.