bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dorgères, The Agrarian Elite, and The State, 1934–44
Authors: Paxton Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Dorgères Began gathering the biggest political assemblages ever seen in rural France and threatening public order, the state had to decide how to react. Should the police, prefects, and magistrates of the Third French Republic ignore Dorgères and thus deny him the publicity he sought? Should they wink at his excesses because he was keeping communism out of the countryside? Or must the state uphold due process and the rule of law against Dorgeres’s claim to lawlessness in a higher cause?
The conservative notables of the French countryside, too, had to decide what to do about Dorgères. Should they ignore him, oppose him, try to coopt his mass following to fortify their own shaken hegemony, welcome his anti-Republican violence from a safe distance, or simply throw in their lot with him? Some of all these responses occurred among them in the 1930s. The extent of notable cooperation with Dorgères tells us how deeply his movement penetrated the French rural world by the mid-193os and how successful he was in detaching parts of their clientele from the Third Republic. We widen our canvas in this chapter, for Dorgèrism is not fully comprehensible alone, without attention to the variegated mosaic that was French rural society in the 1930s and to the allies, rivals, and accomplices Dorgères found within it. But first we need to know just how strong Dorgères’s movement had become by the middle 1930s.
The Proximate Other: The Nation of Islam and Judaism
Authors: Deutsch Nathaniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In His Essay “What a Difference a Difference Makes;’ historian of religions Jonathan Z. Smith has argued that the most provocative challenge to an individual or group is always posed by what he calls the “proximate other;’ or as he puts it, “The problem is not alterity, but similarity-at times, even identity:’ Only when the other appears like us or even claims to be us is our sense of self truly threatened and our interest captured. Smith’s theory provides an entree into the Nation of Islam’s complex views on Jews and Judaism. These views range from classical anti-Semitic stereotypes of Jewish economic conspiracies to profound religious identification.
This Is the Gateway to the Lord: The Legacy of Synagogue Buildings for African American Churches on Cincinnati’s Reading Road
Authors: Goldman Karla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Classical Stone-Faced edifice of the Southern Missionary Baptist Church stands imposingly at the corner of Lexington Ave. and Reading Road in Cincinnati’s Avondale neighborhood, an area of old-world apartment buildings and detached homes, some stately and some more modest (fig. 9.1). About a mile further up Reading in North Avondale, the Zion Temple First Pentecostal Church, with its distinctive facade of massive rough-hewn stones occupies the corner of Reading and North Crescent1 with retiring dignity and solidity. Although these two thriving African American Christian congregations reflect the current ethnic character of the Avondale and North Avondale neighborhoods, both church buildings were dedicated as synagogues in 1927, the centerpieces of a proud, prosperous, and dynamic urban Jewish community. While that community is all but gone from Avondale, these churches remain as physical reminders of its existence and offer an intriguing point of connection between two communities which in today’s Cincinnati find few moments of vital contact.
The virginal soul of Margaret fuller’s
Authors: Gatta John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both in her own estimation and as tagged by detractors who mocked her claims to intellectual superiority, Margaret Fuller held sway as New England’s queen. The regal title might censure her for betraying an uncommon arrogance antagonistic to American democracy. More favorably, it might typify the sovereignty achieved through Transcendental self-reliance or a singular vocation to lead others-especially women-toward artistic and cultural ambitions loftier than those supported by common standards of taste in the United States. Sophia Peabody Hawthorne, rejecting the central argument of Woman in the Nineteenth Century for female emancipation, labeled this work with its regal opening citation (“The Earth waits for her Queen”) in a letter to her mother as “the speech which Queen Margaret Fuller has made from the throne,” and Fuller herself imaged her “natural position” as that of a monarch ordained to govern “without throne, sceptre, or guards.”
The Transformation of Passover and Unleavened Bread in Deuteronomy 16
Authors: Levinson Bernard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The festival calendar of Deut 16:1-17 goes to the very heart of the Deute ronomic program and reveals the authors’ literary and religious achieve ments. The Deuteronomic drive to centralize the cultus did not involve a mere restriction of the location for sacrifice. It entailed a much more systematic and profound transformation of Judaean religious and social life. The authors of Deuteronomy also found it necessary to transform the festival calendar of an cient Israel together with other religious observances, most notably the Pass over. Deuteronomy’s proscription of the local sanctuaries meant that the an cient festivals of Unleavened Bread, Weeks, and Tabernacles could no longer be observed in the customary way.
Mary Lyon and the Mount Holyoke Missionaries
Authors: Porterfield Amanda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American women played in important part in Protestant foreign missionary work from its early days at the beginning of the nineteenth century, enabling them not only to disseminate religious principles but also to break into public life and create expanded opportunities for themselves and other women. No institution was more closely associated with women missionaries that Mount Holyoke College. This book examines Mount Holyoke founder Mary Lyon and the missionary women trained by her. Porterfield sees Lyon and her students as representative of dominant trends in American missionary thought before the Civil War. She focuses on how their activities in several parts of the world--particularly northwest Persia, Maharashtra in western India, and Natal in southeast Africa--and shows that while their primary goals remained elusive, antebellum missionary women made major contributions to cultural change and the development of new cultures.
The Presence and Impact of Mary Lyon’s Students in Maharashtra
Authors: Porterfield Amanda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American missionaries also contributed to the creation of a Protestant inspired, reform-minded culture in Maharashtra, the triangular region in western India known as the Bombay Presidency, which included the coastal region of the Konkan, the Sahyadri Mountains, and the arid plains of the Deccan. But this reform-minded culture had a very different shape and history than the new culture inspired by missionaries in Persia, where the weakness of Nestorian culture left the Nestorian people highly vulnerable to intellectual domination by missionaries. In contrast, the strength of Hindu culture in Maharashtra enabled Hindu reformers to exploit missionary influence to an extraordinary degree. Mary Lyon’s students and their missionary associates exerted no less influence in this region than they did in northwest Persia, but in Maharashtra their influence was absorbed, to a considerable extent, within the context of the heterogeneous and powerfully syncretic tradition of Hinduism. Thus missionary efforts in Maharashtra functioned as a catalyst for Hindu reform, which coincided with a significant degree of missionary failure to convert Hindus to Christianity.
The World Of The Ninth Century
Authors: Carabine Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Charles Martel defeated the Arabs at Tours in 732, he laid the central foundation stone for the establishment of the great Carolingian dynasty that was to become the focal point of the ninth-century revival of learning. His son, Pepin III, ascended the throne in 741, but it was his grandson, Charles the Great, Charlemagne (742-814), king of the Franks at the early age of twenty-one and subsequently reigning for the next forty-six years, who put the Frankish kingdom on the intellectual map.
Human Nature In Paradise
Authors: Carabine Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The anthropology of Eriugena is perhaps the most difficult theme in the Periphyseon, and his speculations on the subject of human nature are found chiefly, though not exclusively in book rv. We were warned that the fourth book of the Periphyseon would enter into more dangerous waters, indeed at times we do find indeed find ourselves in need of a lifeline in the form of the opinion of Augustine, Ambrose, Basil, or Gregory of Nyssa. However, even though the Irishman’s anthropology is a difficult subject, it is worth the effort to understand his concept of the constitution, role, and place of human na¬ture in the scheme of nature because it is his understanding that it is within human nature that the whole of creation is brought together in an ineffable harmony.
Human Nature In The World
Authors: Carabine Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The consequences of the fall in relation to human nature, according to the account Eriugena gives in the Periphyseon, are threefold: propagation via sex¬ual means; the loss of intellect, which constitutes a severe form of damage to human rationality; and obscuring the image of God within, resulting in ig¬norance of God. This last point in relation to the loss of the image of God I discuss specifically with reference to the restoration of the human nature to its rightful state in chapter 7, However, perhaps the most important conse¬quence of the fall is that it effected the creation of the body and the material world. Without the fall, which occurs much as it had done in the Enneads of Plotinus, the body and material creation would not have existed.
Cassian the Monk
Authors: Stewart Columba 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Cassian, like other early monks, eludes his modern readers. His discursive writing style, his evocations of incredible degrees of ascetical and contemplative perfection, his antique (and male-centered) understanding of sexuality dissuade even the hardy from threading their way through his thicket of words. More fundamentally, the religious assumptions and imperatives that underlie and empower his works can be unfamiliar or misunderstood. Monastic readers, and those who share their interests, continue to find much of Cassian’s teaching helpful, though his work is increasingly opaque even to them. The aim of this study is to bring us to Cassian and him to us, to catch his voice as well as I can while knowing that whatever he says requires both translation and interpretation.
Cassian the Writer
Authors: Stewart Columba 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the monastic writings one meets several john cassians: a young monk dazzled by monastic Egypt and an old man relating youthful experiences; an advisor of church leaders in Gaul and an apologist scarred by battle; a monastic founder concerned that new monasteries learn the right kind of monasticism; a spiritual writer integrating earlier traditions into a theology of the monastic life. These authorial personae coexist in the texts, generating an array of purposes and meanings. Like the Bible so central to his life and thought, Cassian’s own works must be read through several interpretative lenses.
Cassian the Theologian
Authors: Stewart Columba 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Cassian was both a visionary and a pragmatist. He urged his readers to look beyond their mundane tasks and preoccupations, yet acknowledged the fragmenting pressures of the present life. In his mind, the purpose of the monastic life was to prepare for citizenship in heaven and to anticipate, however fleetingly and imperfectly, the joy to be fully realized there. He is often read as a “spiritualized’ of the monastic life, caricatured as a neo-Platonist who exalted eternal and spiritual goals at the expense of the present and material aspects of human existence. The philosophical influences on his thought are certainly profound, but it is more accurate to characterize his approach as consistently eschatological rather than spiritualizing. He explores the temporal and experiential disjunction between present experience and future hope, and he places the monk on the frontier between them.
The Bible and Prayer
Authors: Stewart Columba 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antony, afraid to lose the spiritual light of contemplation, and his antitype Sarapion, bereft without his mental picture of God, stand at either horizon of Cassian’s map of prayer. Their stories illustrate the urgency of moving beyond the cramped parameters of human imagination to the divine glory of Christ accessible in contemplation, spiritual interpretation of the Bible, and prayer.
Revolutions Civil and Religious: Methodist Beginnings in America
Authors: Lyerly Cynthia Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Failed And Persecuted Irish farmer and a bold, pious woman are credited with founding Methodism in America, a fact less coincidental than it would first appear. Robert Strawbridge, a Methodist who fled his native Ulster because of religious persecution, emigrated to America in 1760, settling on a farm near Baltimore, Mary land. Strawbridge was not successful “as a man of business”; his farm, “had it not been for the toil of his wife and the charity of his neighbors, would have failed to keep himself and family from want.” Better at preaching than farming, Strawbridge soon raised a small society of Methodists that met and worshiped at his home. An other immigrant band of British Methodists landed in New York in 1760-only these men and women began to forsake Methodist ethics in the New World. When Barbara Heck, “a woman of piety, persistence, and genius for affairs” encountered her male friends and relatives playing cards, she became outraged, “seized the cards, threw them into the fire, and gave her friends a solemn warning against sin.” To return the group to Wesleyan piety, Heck entreated her cousin, Philip Embury, who had been a Methodist preacher in England, to begin holding services. Word soon spread that Embury’s home was the scene of strange goings-on, where “women often prayed, and even stood up and made speeches just like the men.” Heck was likely one of these women.2 From these modest beginnings, the Methodists grew into one of the most successful religious movements in American history.
Education, Fair Starts, and Economic Opportunity
Authors: Winfrey John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As parents and citizens we have many goals for education. We firmly believe that a good education is necessary if children are to have a fair start in life. Americans of every political persuasion believe that every child deserves a fair start. For the decades following World War II, the paintings of Norman Rock-well have helped Americans shape their visions of society. In Rockwell paintings of schoolrooms, we see teachers lovingly imparting solid American values to eager, receptive children. Their hopes and expectations run high.
Environmental Issues
Authors: Winfrey John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The litany of ways we are damaging the environment grows longer daily. We are depleting ozone in the stratosphere, polluting the air and water, and destroying species and large areas of wilderness. We are using up nonrenewable energy sources and putting future generations at risk in a multitude of ways. Our treatment of the environment as individuals, businesses, and nations is often immoral. And yet the thesis of this book is that we and our fellow citizens are essentially moral. We assume that, given the right opportunity, most people want to “do the right thing.” The challenge of environmental ethics is to ask how we should relate to the natural environment. The challenge of formulating ethical environmental policy is to reorganize our institutions so that our economic behavior can better reflect our moral responsibilities.
Rethinking Social Movement Theory
Authors: Robnett Belinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Womanist Black Feminist retelling of the story of the civil rights movement contributes significantly to our understanding not only of the civil rights movement but of social movements in general It is evident that social movements are complex and many diverse theories have developed to explain them. This book brings to light some connections between these competing ideas.
One of the earliest social movement theories—collective behavior theory—concluded that movements were irrational, spontaneous events that tended to emerge from shared grievances and collective frustration. This model has increasingly lost favor, and many social movement scholars have turned their attention to the more rational components of a movement. Resource mobilization theory posits that, while grievances and frustrations may spark collective action, resources are most critical for shaping those grievances into a viable social movement. Movements cannot occur without money, persons with free time, and other such pragmatic elements. This framework disavows the strategic significance of emotions and the spontaneous. Social movements, resource mobilization theorists claim, develop through rational, planned activity as do organizations that maintain the status quo. Moreover, activists behave in ways similar to actors in ordinary organizations.
Race, Class, and Culture Matter
Authors: Robnett Belinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Powerful Role Models provided by older Black women were significant not only to young Black women but also to young White women. Women felt empowered by their participation in the movement. Although much has been written about gendered relationships in the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, most of it has been about the relationships between White women and Black men, a focus which is nonrepresentative of the majority of gendered relations between men and women activists. The analyses of these relationships has tended to focus on Black men’s sexism, Black men’s lust for White women, and Black women’s racism toward White women.
McAdam and Rothschild, in particular, and Evans, to a lesser extent, have focused attention on the sexual relationships of Black men and White women. They contend that White women were sexually exploited in SNCC. This, along with women’s relegation to household and clerical labor, supports their thesis of sexism within SNCC. They do not, however, sufficiently consider the gender relationships of Black women and Black men in the movement except within the context of Black male and White female relationships. None of the authors in question considered the relationships between Black men and Black women as important to their gendered analyses. Thus, they are left with only a partial analysis of the gender relations as they relate to sexism in SNCC.
The Movement Unravels From the Bottom
Authors: Robnett Belinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The events at the Democratic National Convention were to have profound con sequences for the future of the civil rights movement and for the Black struggle in general. They signaled the beginning of the deterioration of movement solidarity. Although relations had always been strained, the disillusionment of those in the lower ranks, as well as among many SNCC and CORE activists, particularly those working in Mississippi, led to a fractured movement and the loss of its bridging tiers.
In his autobiography, Cleve Sellers describes the beginning of the movement’s descent:
The national Democratic party’s rejection of the MFDP at the 1964 convention was to the civil rights movement what the Civil War was to American history: afterward, things could never be the same. Never again were we lulled into believing that our task was exposing injustices so that the “good” people of America could eliminate them. We left Atlantic City with the knowledge that the movement had turned into something else. After Atlantic City, our struggle was not for civil rights, but for liberation.
Colossians against Erasmus on the Freedom of the Will
Authors: Wengert Timothy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Melanchthon’s attack on Erasmus’s defense of the will’s freedom developed from a simple classroom declamation in 1526, criticizing the misuse of philosophy and based on Col. 2:8. Melanchthon broadened his attack the following year with the publication of the first edition of the Scholia, in which he outlined his own position on the freedom of the will and expanded the comments on philosophy. Throughout the commentary he defined certain theological terms in stark contrast to Erasmus’s own position. In 1528, in the second edition of the Scholia, Melanchthon sharpened his arguments and attacked both Erasmus’s style of argumentation and his (to Melanchthon) immoral equivocation. In the 1529 translation of this edition Justus Jonas took the opportunity to state explicitly what Melanchthon had in part only implied, especially with respect to the comments on philosophy. Although Melanchthon’s arguments differed from Luther’s own, both men and their contemporaries understood that they were fighting the same opponent, using different means.
The Rise of Consciousness The Student Movement, 1899–1904
Authors: Morrissey Susank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In response to an incident of police brutality in February 1899, Petersburg students called a strike that quickly spread across the country. At its height, 25,000 students boycotted the classroom under the banner of human dignity, personal inviolability, and rule of law. This strike inaugurated a period of mass protest in higher education that marked the entrance of educated society into the political struggles, which would culminate in the 1905 Revolution. For students, the explosion of a nationwide movement confirmed the existence of studenchestvo as one body, united by an ethos of honor and solidarity. They had some reason to believe this: appeals to studenchestvo galvanized mass protest through 1905. The causes of the student movement were largely structural, arising from the conflict between an authoritarian government and a proud studenchestvo, both with definite ideas about education, science, and individual rights.
Righteous Men and Sinners Honor and the Politics of “Personal” Life
Authors: Morrissey Susank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rumors that Leonid Ponomarev, a student at Petersburg’s Mining Institute, was a spy had been rampant for years. Fellow students recall that he was regarded as an “alien body in the organism of studenchestvo.” Long-simmering suspicions finally boiled over in 1901, when Ponomarev unexpectedly appeared at a party in honor of the memory of the Ukrainian writer Taras Shevchenko. After being tailed by several students calling him a spy, among other epithets, he quit the gathering only to appear several days later in the student cafeteria, the meeting place of the radicals. This time, a student loudly accused him of being a spy and suggested that after the events of the other evening, he should be more circumspect than to show his face in the dining hall. Ponomarev feigned ignorance of the immediate accusation and the circumstances of the party.