bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risks Associated with the Use of Natural Language Generation: Swiss Civil Liability Law Perspective
Authors: Lanz Marcel , Mijic Stefan 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe use and improvement of Natural-Language-Generation (NLG) is a recent development that is progressing at a rapid pace. Its benefits range from the easy deployment of auxiliary automation tools for simple repetitive tasks to fully functional advisory bots that can offer help with complex problems and meaningful solutions in various areas. With fully integrated autonomous systems, the question of errors and liability becomes a critical area of concern. While various ways to mitigate and minimize errors are in place and are being improved upon by utilizing different error testing datasets, this does not preclude significant flaws in the generated outputs.From a legal perspective it must be determined who is responsible for undesired outcomes from NLG-algorithms: Does the manufacturer of the code bear the ultimate responsibility or is it the operator that did not take reasonable measures to minimize the risk of inaccurate or unwanted output? The answer to this question becomes even more complex with third parties interacting with a NLG-algorithm which may alter the outcomes. While traditional tort theory links liability to the possibility of control, NLG may be an application that ignores this notion since NLG-algorithms are not designed to be controlled by a human operator.
The Impact of Language Technologies in the Legal Domain
Authors: Trancoso Isabel , Mamede Nuno , Martins Bruno , Pinto H. Sofia , Ribeiro Ricardo 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn the current digital era, language technologies are playing an increasingly vital role in the legal domain, assisting users, lawyers, judges, and legal professionals to solve many real-world problems. While open datasets and innovative deep learning methodologies have led to recent breakthroughs in the area, significant efforts are still being made to transfer the theoretical/algorithmic developments, associated with general text and speech processing, into real applications in the legal-domain. This chapter presents a brief survey on language technologies for addressing legal tasks, covering studies and applications related to both text and speech processing (Manuscript submitted in May 2022).
The “Artificial Intelligence Act” Proposal on European e-Justice Domains Through the Lens of User-Focused, User-Friendly and Effective Judicial Protection Principles
Authors: Covelo de Abreu Joana 
Published: December 2023

AbstractEuropean e-Justice aims at developing electronic tools to allow national jurisdictions and ECJ to contact through reliable and secure digital channels. The 2019–2023 e-Justice Strategy underlined some new EU general principles directly developed under e-Justice paradigm, deserving particular attention the ones concerning user-focused and user-friendly dimensions. As 2021 is the year where justice digitalization will be under discussion, there is a need to understand how AI will impact on justice fields, not only in MS judicial systems (EU functional jurisdictions, when applying EU law), but also in ECJ, as this disruptive technology is being discussed. The Proposal for an AI Act stresses AI systems intended for the administration of justice should be classified as high-risk, considering their potentially significant impact on effective judicial protection domains. Therefore, this paper intends to understand the need to fully stress AI human-centric approach on justice fields, so effective judicial protection can be deepened through user-focused and user-friendly principles; and to scrutinize, from the e-Justice standpoint, how the Proposal for an AI Act must further address judicial instrumental usage of AI systems, so judicial independence, procedural rights and access to justice are observed in the EU jurisdictional setting.
Before and Beyond Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Neves M. Patrão , de Almeida A. Betâmio 
Published: December 2023

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) and digital systems are currently occupying a fundamental place throughout society. They are devices that shape human life and induce significant civilizational changes. Given their huge power, namely systems with autonomous decision-making capacity, it is natural that the potential social effects deserve a critical reflection on the opportunities and challenges addressed by AI. This is the main goal of this text. The authors begin by explaining the philosophical position from which they start, and which contextualizes their reflection on technological innovation in general, then briefly considering the genealogy (“before”) of AI, in its main characteristics and direction of evolution (“Can machines imitate humans?”). It is considering the path of development of AI and its disruptive effects on human life (“beyond”) that it is proposed its systematization in three categories—functional, structural, identity—(“Can humans imitate machines?”).Regardless of the optimistic or pessimist expectations towards technological evolution, there is a need for a public debate about its current and future regulation. The text also identifies major ethical principles and legal requirements to regulate AI in order to protect fundamental human rights.
Autonomous and Intelligent Robots: Social, Legal and Ethical Issues
Authors: Lima Pedro U. , Paiva Ana 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe word “robot” was used for the first time in 1921 by the Czech writer Karel Čapek, who wrote a play called R.U.R. (“Rosumovi Univerzální Roboti”), featuring a scientist who develops a synthetic organic matter to make “humanoid autonomous machines”, called “robots”. These so called “robots” were supposed to act as slaves and obediently work for humans. Over the years, as real “robots” actually began to be built, their impact on our lives, our work and our society, has brought many benefits, but also raised some concerns. This paper discusses some of the areas of robotics, its advances, challenges and current limitations. We then discuss not only how robots and automation can contribute to our society, but also raise some of the social, legal and ethical concerns that robotics and automation can bring.
The Ethical and Legal Challenges of Recommender Systems Driven by Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Magrani Eduardo , da Silva Paula Guedes Fernandes 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn a hyperconnected world, recommendation systems (RS) are one of the most widespread commercial applications of artificial intelligence (AI), initially mostly used for e-commerce, but already widely applied to different areas, for instance, content providers and social media platforms. Due to the current information overload, these systems are designed mainly to help individuals dealing with the infinity of options available, in addition to optimizing companies’ profits by offering products and services that directly meet the needs of their customers. However, despite its benefits, RS based on AI may also create detrimental effects—sometimes unforeseen—for users and society, especially for vulnerable groups. Constant tracking of users, automated analysis of personal data to predict and infer behaviours, preferences, future actions and characteristic, the creation of behavioural profiles and the microtargeting for personalized recommendations may raise relevant ethical and legal issues, such as discriminatory outcomes, lack of transparency and explanation of algorithmic decisions that impact people’s lives and unfair violations of privacy and data protection. This article aims to address these issues, through a multisectoral, multidisciplinary and human rights’-based approach, including contributions from the Law, ethics, technology, market, and society.
Metacognition, Accountability and Legal Personhood of AI
Authors: Ribeiro Beatriz A. , Coelho Helder , Ferreira Ana Elisabete , Branquinho João 
Published: December 2023

AbstractOne of the puzzles yet to be solved regarding Artificial Intelligence (AI) is whether or not robots can be considered accountable and have, eventually, legal personhood. With inputs from Philosophy, Psychology, Computation and Law, the paper proposes an interdisciplinary approach to the question of legal personhood in AI. In this paper, we examine, firstly, the concepts of Object (a mere tool) and Agent, in order to understand in which category AI may belong to. Secondly, we analyze how Metacognition, broadly defined as the cognition about cognition, which results in mental processes that control an entity’s thoughts and behavior, can be applied to law as a minimum requirement for accountability. For instance, we shall see that both children and people with mental diseases, besides being two categories of subjects that have a very restricted legal capacity, also show some limitations when it comes to Metacognition. In other words, we argue that the main difference between a non-responsible and a responsible Agent depends on the metacognitive processes that can be carried out by the entity. Ultimately, we discuss how to transpose this idea to AI, debating the possible terms of legal personhood of AI.
Introduction: Translating and Mediating Feminisms, Travelling Women’s Movements
Authors: Gehmacher Johanna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis study investigates how the emergence of a transnational civil society in the decades before the outbreak of the First World War was supported by, and entangled with, practices of travel, translation, and mediation in various forms of (mass) media. It takes one activist from the transnational women’s movements of the West as a case study to explore how political activists employed a variety of transnational strategies to foment activism at home and abroad. The introductory chapter takes the example of one activist’s speech at the feminist congress in Paris in 1896—one of the first larger congresses of its kind—and the media reaction to this appearance to sketch the position of a mediator in a transnational civil space. Following on from this, it lays out the contexts, concepts, and the research questions of this book and presents its main protagonist, Käthe Schirmacher (1865–1930). In particular, the chapter discusses theoretical frameworks of translation, feminism, activism, and trust; contextualises travel in a transnational history of women’s movements of the West; and reflects on the advantages and limitations of a case study approach.
Become a Translator! Formations of an Im/Possible Persona
Authors: Gehmacher Johanna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractDrawing both on the history of women’s education and on the interdisciplinary concept of the persona, this chapter discusses the discourses and practices that framed and limited young middle-class women’s chances of studying and becoming a learned person in late nineteenth-century Europe. It argues that in connection with the middle-class ideology of a woman’s place, a double standard of male and female scholarship prevailed. Considering the links between accepted models of femininity and new forms of professional identity, the chapter shows the development of new, if hidden, female personae at the fringes of academe, for example the persona of the supportive wife of a male academic or of the translator.
Correspondences: Transnational Journalism
Authors: Gehmacher Johanna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses the growing participation of women in journalism in the late nineteenth century. It gives insights into contemporary perceptions of the profession and examines Käthe Schirmacher’s career as a transnational and multilingual journalist. Based on her example, the chapter explores the possibilities and challenges that this position between languages and cultures entailed and analyses particular practices of transnational journalism. It argues that both Schirmacher’s experience in translating and her personal practice of letter-writing were important resources for her activity as a transnational correspondent.
Travel as Political Practice and Economic Strategy
Authors: Gehmacher Johanna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter deals with travel and travel writing and posits that travel was an essential practice for the development of social and political movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Examining Käthe Schirmacher’s travels on her lecture tours and how she organised them, the chapter illustrates the close entanglement of political practice and economic strategy and therefore argues for an analytical perspective that includes both aspects. The chapter also looks at examples of Schirmacher’s travel writing. It analyses how she constructed cultural differences, and thus allows a more nuanced view of her varying uses of the term ‘civilisation’, which also plays an important role in her writing on women’s movements in a global context.
Migration Policies in the OSCE Region
Authors: Abeytia Anisa , Brito Esther , Ojo John Sunday 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we postulate and argue that the differential responses to Ukrainian, Syrian and Afghan refugees exemplify the discrepancies in the application of international asylum law among OSCE countries, which are rooted in historical animosities. Through case studies, we trace institutional racial biases in immigration policies and the exportation of Global North bordering practices. Identifying the dissonance these differential responses present in both the political sphere and the public provision of social solutions, we critically assess policy needs and affirm the continued impacts of historic, colonial, and racial antecedents in migration policy. Finally, we explore localization as an approach community leaders and social actors may employ to create sites of civic resistance through whole-of-society collaborations and the development of micro-social policies.
Transformations of Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine Towards EU Membership
Authors: Nakashidze Malkhaz 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the processes of democratic transformation in Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. These countries must meet the political criteria for membership established by the European Union. To achieve this goal, they should implement reforms in the rule of law, protection of human rights, judicial independence, the fight against corruption, and building stable institutions, among others. The chapter discusses the common and differing challenges countries face in democratic transformation, particularly those under consideration for candidate status by the European Union as of June 2022. The chapter's various studies, reports, expert assessments, and documents confirm that these states must make significant changes in the coming years.
Early Warning Models in the OSCE: Adoption and Re-invention
Authors: Isakova Alina 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn the 1990s, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) became a pioneer in conflict prevention: from creating the Conflict Prevention Centre (CPC) to signing the Helsinki Summit Declaration and establishing the institutution of the High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM). Drawing on sociological neo-institutionalism and constructivism, this paper looks at the construction of conflict early warning in the OSCE as first linked to the relevant world cultural models. These include the norm of conflict prevention, inter-organizational cooperation, and bureaucratization that helped its proliferation. Second, the OSCE example shows that standards such as conflict prevention, reflected in the organization’s mandate, can be interpreted, and implemented in a manner that international bureaucracies see as a better fit to fulfill their mission. Such bodies as the HCNM and the CPC thus contribute to implementation and the construction of a specific understanding and, ultimately, the future of conflict early warning.
Greece’s Response to Russia’s War on Ukraine
Authors: Manoli Panagiota 
Published: December 2023

AbstractSince the Russian invasion of Ukraine began, Greece has maintained a solid position in support of Ukraine and complete alignment with EU and NATO policy. Greece has actively supported Ukraine, despite a long-standing, bipartisan policy of engagement with Russia and pro-Russian solid sentiments in the society. This chapter delves into the factors influencing Greece's policy regarding the Russian aggression in Ukraine. This policy is constructed upon normative arguments serving national security considerations. It elucidates how the conflict in Ukraine has reinforced traditional principles and axes underpinning Greek foreign and security policy.
NATO and EU Strategic Security Environment
Authors: Yalcin-Ispir Aybike 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter begins by exploring how the latest NATO and EU strategic documents assessed the strategic security environment. Following this, these documents examine how roles and responsibilities have been defined for better governance of the European security. To find answers to these questions, the historical evolution of both organizations’ security documents is analyzed. This is followed by discussing of how NATO and the EU have defined regional threats and risks in their latest strategic documents, especially in a period transformed by Russian threat. Lastly, strategic security documents are examined under three themes: collective defense, crisis management, and cooperative security. As a result, it is argued that the Russian threat is a fact for both organizations and that NATO is the entity responsible for collective defense. In contrast, the EU is more inclined to assume roles necessitating medium-sized military operations, especially concerning crisis management but also on counter-terrorism and migration-related issues. Because they counter a common security threat, the increased clarity in the latest NATO and EU documents regarding the division of labor for providing security in their areas of responsibility is discussed.
Digital Citizen Activism in Central Asia: Beyond Contestation and Cooperation
Authors: Kurmanov Bakhytzhan 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe rise of digital activism in the Arab Spring and Euromaidan demonstrated the significance of social media and new technologies in mobilizing civil society activists in authoritarian regimes. Digital citizen activism has also been on the rise in post-Soviet Central Asia, with evidence that the October events in Kyrgyzstan in 2020 and the January riots in Kazakhstan in 2022 were fueled by heightened tension and the mobilization of citizens on social media. This chapter investigates how digital activism evolves and engages with authoritarian states in autocratic post-Soviet Central Asia. It is critical to understand how digital activists negotiate their roles of cooperation, contestation, and legitimation discourse (using the ( Lewis, D. (2013). Civil society and the authoritarian state: cooperation. contestation and discourse. Journal of Civil Society, 9(3), 325–340. https://DOI:10.1080/17448689.2013.818767) framework) in the region's evolving autocracies and whether this leads to democratization.This chapter aims to answer these questions by uncovering the activities of the digital activist communities through in-depth interviews with activists in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Such a broad selection of cases widens the scope of this chapter and contributes to the understanding of digital citizen activism in non-Western settings. Ultimately, this chapter reveals the limits of digital activism in autocracies and how the authoritarian state manages to impose legitimation discourse on such activism.
Exploring supersymmetric wormholes in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 SYK with chords
Authors: Boruch Jan , Lin Henry W. , Yan Cynthia 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A feature the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 supersymmetric Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model shares with extremal black holes is an exponentially large number of ground states that preserve supersymmetry. In fact, the dimension of the ground state subsector is a finite fraction of the total dimension of the SYK Hilbert space. This fraction has a remarkably simple bulk interpretation as the probability that the zero-temperature wormhole — a supersymmetric Einstein-Rosen bridge — has vanishing length. Using chord techniques, we compute the zero-temperature Hartle-Hawking wavefunction; the results reproduce the ground state count obtained from boundary index computations, including non-perturbative corrections. Along the way, we improve the construction [1] of the super-chord Hilbert space and show that the transfer matrix of the empty wormhole enjoys an enhanced $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 supersymmetry. We also obtain expressions for various two point functions at zero temperature. Finally, we find the expressions for the supercharges acting on more general wormholes with matter and present the superchord algebra.
Symmetries and spectral statistics in chaotic conformal field theories. Part II. Maass cusp forms and arithmetic chaos
Authors: Haehl Felix M. , Reeves Wyatt , Rozali Moshe 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We continue the study of random matrix universality in two-dimensional conformal field theories. This is facilitated by expanding the spectral form factor in a basis of modular invariant eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on the fundamental domain. The focus of this paper is on the discrete part of the spectrum, which consists of the Maass cusp forms. Both their eigenvalues and Fourier coefficients are sporadic discrete numbers with interesting statistical properties and relations to analytic number theory; this is referred to as ‘arithmetic chaos’. We show that the near-extremal spectral form factor at late times is only sensitive to a statistical average over these erratic features. Nevertheless, complete information about their statistical distributions is encoded in the spectral form factor if all its spin sectors exhibit universal random matrix eigenvalue repulsion (a ‘linear ramp’). We ‘bootstrap’ the spectral correlations between the cusp form basis functions that correspond to a universal linear ramp and show that they are unique up to theory-dependent subleading corrections. The statistical treatment of cusp forms provides a natural avenue to fix the subleading corrections in a minimal way, which we observe leads to the same correlations as those described by the [torus]×[interval] wormhole amplitude in AdS3 gravity.