bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMMUNE RESPONSES IN VITRO
Authors: Pierce Carl W. 
Published: June 2004

The effects of hyperimmune anti-sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) antibody on the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to SRBC by mouse spleen cells in vitro were studied. Anti-SRBC antibody specifically suppressed the PFC response against SRBC. The degree of suppression was directly related to the amount of antibody added and was overcome by large amounts of antigen. Suppressive activity was absorbed from the sera by SRBC and could be partially eluted from the antigen by heat. The PFC response in cultures stimulated with antigen-antibody complexes prepared with high concentrations of antibody were suppressed; however, some complexes prepared at lower antibody concentrations stimulated greater responses than SRBC alone.
Antibodies collected after four immunizations had greater suppressive ability than those collected after two immunizations. The degree of suppression was as great whether antibody was added at the initiation of the cultures or 24 hr later, suggesting that during the first 24 hr the culture system was antigen-dependent.
Incubation of separated lymphoid cells with antibody did not impair their ability to develop a PFC response in vitro. However, if macrophages were incubated with antibody either before or after incubation with SRBC, the subsequent PFC response by lymphoid cells was suppressed.
The data are consistent with the conclusion that antibody suppresses the PFC response in vitro by neutralizing the antigenic stimulus at the macrophage-dependent phase of the response.
IDIOTYPY OF RABBIT ANTIBODIES
Authors: Oudin Jacques , Michel Mauricette 
Published: June 2004

Sera of rabbits immunized against Salmonella typhi have been studied for the idiotypy of certain of their components, i.e., the property of these components to possess an antigenic specificity which is different in individual rabbits, and which varies with the antigens against which these rabbits have been immunized. The reagent used (precipitating anti-idiotypic sera) have been prepared by injecting rabbits with bacteria agglutinated by anti-S. typhi sera (immunizing sera) as was done in the first observations by the authors of the phenomenon in the rabbit. These first observations have been confirmed and extended.
In contrast to allotypy, the anti-idiotypic sera precipitate the corresponding immunizing sera, but not the sera taken in the immunizing rabbits prior to their immunization against S. typhi, nor the immunizing sera absorbed with the somatic antigen of S. typhi, demonstrating that idiotypes are antibodies.
The idiotypic specificities of the antibodies of one rabbit against S. typhi are not detected in the antibodies of the same rabbit against another noncross-reacting Salmonella (S. tranoroa) and vice versa; nor are they detected in the anti-pneumococcal antibodies of the same rabbit.
Each anti-idiotypic serum fails to precipitate anti-S. typhi sera of rabbits other than the immunizing one except for certain extremely faint reactions, the significance of which has not been established. The idiotypic specificities of anti-S. typhi antibodies of three rabbits were not found in anti-S. typhi antibodies of their parents. This lack of a sign of hereditary transmission of idiotypic specificities contrasts with allotypy. The apparent role of random chance in the determinism of the idiotypic patterns or of the idiotypic determinants has been discussed.
Unless it were admitted that antibodies with similar functions do not exist in different individuals, idiotypy apparently adds an order of magnitude to the antibody variability which had been previously envisaged. In one given individual, the heterogeneity of the idiotypic specificities seems to be less extended than that of the antibody functions. The possible relationships between these two levels of molecular variability and between the corresponding levels of cellular variability have been discussed.
ANTIBODIES OF THE IgA TYPE IN INTESTINAL PLASMA CELLS OF GERMFREE MICE AFTER ORAL OR PARENTERAL IMMUNIZATION WITH FERRITIN
Authors: Crabbé P. A. , Nash D. R. , Bazin H. , Eyssen H. , Heremans J. F. 
Published: June 2004

In adult germfree C3H mice immunized with horse spleen ferritin, either subcutaneously or intraperitoneally, plasma cells containing specific antibodies were found in lymph nodes and spleen and, in smaller numbers, also in the lamina propria of the intestine. In extraintestinal sites, these antiferritin-containing plasma cells were mainly of the IgM class after a single stimulation, and of the IgG1 class after repeated stimulation. In the intestine, all the anti-ferritin-containing cells appeared to be of the IgA class. Circulating antibodies, after repeated stimulation, were for the major part IgG1 and IgG2.
In germfree mice given ferritin in their drinking water, antiferritin-containing cells were abundant in the intestinal mucosa, much less numerous in the mesenteric lymph nodes, and extremely scarce in other lymphoid tissues. All these cells, whatever their location, appeared to belong exclusively to the IgA class. Similarly, all the circulating antibody in these animals was found to be IgA.
These findings illustrate the role of the gut as a site of antibody synthesis, as well as its selective commitment to the production of antibodies of the IgA class.
INITIATION OF ANTIBODY RESPONSES BY DIFFERENT CLASSES OF LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Strober Samuel 
Published: June 2004

Thoracic duct cells and spleen cells were tested for their ability to restore the primary antibody response of X-irradiated rats to bovine serum albumin (BSA), sheep red blood cells (SRBC), horse spleen femtin (HSF), and Salmonella typhi flagella. Spleen cells were at least as efficient as thoracic duct cells in restoring the response to BSA, HSF, and Salmonella typhi flagella.
In further experiments thoracic duct cells lacking large dividing lymphocytes were tested for their ability to restore the primary response. Large lymphocytes were eliminated by the in vitro incubation of thoracic duct cells for 24 hr at 37°C or by treatment of thoracic duct cell donors with the mitotic inhibitor vinblastine sulfate 24 hr prior to cannulation of the thoracic duct.
Experiments with SRBC show that incubated cells and cells from vinblastine-treated donors are as efficient as normal cells in restoring the primary antibody response. On the other hand, experiments with HSF and Salmonella typhi flagella show that incubated cells and cells from vinblastine-treated donors are about five times less efficient than normal cells in restoring the response. Normal thoracic duct cells were more efficient than incubated cells but less efficient than cells from vinblastine-treated donors in restoring the early response to BSA.
The experimental findings indicate that the classes of thoracic duct lymphocytes which initiate the primary antibody response to SRBC differ from the classes which initiate the response to HSF and Salmonella typhi flagella, or BSA.
COMPARISON OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS OF NZB AND NZB x NZW F1 HYBRID MICE WITH THAT OF OTHER STRAINS OF MICE
Authors: Cerottini Jean-Charles , Lambert Paul-Henri , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: June 2004

The immune responsiveness of (NZB x NZW) F1 hybrid mice (NZB/W) has been compared with that of three other strains of mice, A/J, BALB/c, and CBA/J. The antigens used included sheep red blood cells (SRBC), keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and human γ-globulin (HGG). It was found that important strain differences existed in the amount of antibody produced, but the relative immune responsiveness depended very much upon the nature of antigen. By comparison with the other strains tested, NZB/W mice had a higher antibody production to some antigens (SRBC and BSA) but were low responders to others (KLH).
Induction of unresponsiveness to HGG by treatment with ultracentrifuged HGG was studied in the strains cited above. NZB/W mice became tolerant after injection of HGG ultracentrifuged at 100,000 g for 2 hr. Similar experiments carried out with another preparation of HGG (centrifuged at 20,000 g for 30 min) failed to reveal any abnormal behavior of NZB/W mice as compared to BALB/c or A/J mice.
These results do not support the concept that NZB/W mice possess a general immune hyperreactivity or a relative inability to be made tolerant to protein antigens. However, they do not rule out the possibility that these mice have a genetically determined hyperresponsiveness to some antigens, in particular to nuclear antigens.
TRANSFER OF RESPONSIVENESS TO HAPTEN CONJUGATES OF POLY-L-LYSINE AND OF A COPOLYMER OF L-GLUTAMIC ACID AND L-LYSINE TO LETHALLY IRRADIATED NON-RESPONDER GUINEA PIGS BY BONE MARROW OR LYMPH NODE AND SPLEEN CELLS FROM RESPONDER GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Foerster John , Green Ira , Lamelin Jean-Pierre , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: June 2004

Hartley guinea pigs genetically unresponsive to hapten-PLL (poly-L-lysine) conjugates were lethally irradiated and given allogeneic bone marrow from Hartley responder animals. Many of the animals died of graft versus host disease before their response to 2,4-dinitrophenyl-PLL (DNP-PLL) could be measured. The immune response of the surviving recipient animals was evaluated by anti-DNP antibody production, development of delayed hypersensitivity to DNP-poly-L-lysine, as well as by lymph node cell stimulation in vitro by this antigen. 12 of 14 recipient animals thus treated made an immune response as measured by 2 of the 3 parameters.
Strain 13 guinea pigs, genetically unable to respond immunologically to DNP-PLL and to DNP-GL (2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-glutamic acid L-lysine copolymer) were lethally irradiated and given bone marrow from (2 x 13) F1 responder animals or strain 13 bone marrow and (2 x 13) F1 lymph node and spleen cells. A high proportion of the animals survived this procedure; no evidence of graft versus host disease was observed. Three of three strain 13 animals irradiated and, given strain 13 bone marrow and (2 x 13) F1 lymph node and spleen, and then immunized with DNP-PL, made a specific immune response. 7 of 10 irradiated strain 13 animals given strain 13 bone marrow and (2 x 13) F1 lymph node and spleen made an immune response to DNP-GL. However, only one of six irradiated strain 13 animals made a vigorous immune response to DNP-GL after reconstitution with (2 x 13) F1 bone marrow alone.
The ability to transfer the immune response to PLL antigens from responder to nonresponder animals demonstrates unequivocally that the defect in the non-responder animals is immunological rather than due to some other type of non-immunological mechanism. The bone marrow contains all the immunological cells necessary for the expression of the PLL gene. However, the finding that (2 x 13) F1 lymph node and spleen cells were more effective than (2 x 13)F1 bone marrow cell populations (known to be a rich source of monocyte precursors) suggests that the cells in which the PLL gene function is expressed may be lymphocytes rather than monocytes and macrophages.
CELLS INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Daguillard Fritz , Richter Maxwell 
Published: June 2004

Cells of the different lymphoid organs in the normal adult rabbit were investigated for their capacity to respond in vitro to a number of stimuli, such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA), anti-rabbit immunoglobulin antiserum (GARIG) and allogeneic and xenogeneic lymphoid cells, and for their capacity to adsorb radioactively-labeled anti-immunoglobulin antiserum. The bone marrow cells responded minimally to PHA, GARIG, and the allogeneic and xenogeneic stimuli. The thymus cells were unable to respond to stimulation with GARIG although they responded to the other stimuli. The cells of the other lymphoid organs tested responded to all the mitogenic agents, to varying degrees.
On the basis of the results presented and the findings of other investigators, it is concluded that:
1. The response of the cells to GARIG indicates a potential capacity to mediate humoral immunity and requires the presence of immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin-like recognition sites on the cell surface.
2. The response of the cells to PHA and allogeneic and xenogeneic cells indicates a potential capacity to mediate cellular immunity and does not necessitate the presence of immunoglobulin-recognition sites on the cell surface.
3. The thymus in the normal adult rabbit consists of cells capable of mediating cellular immunity only.
4. The other lymphoid organs appear to possess cells capable of mediating humoral and cellular immunity.
LASTING BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
Authors: Dubos Rene , Lee Chi-Jen , Costello Richard 
Published: June 2004

The effects of neonatal influences on the growth and longevity of mice were studied by using animals derived from a highly inbred germfree colony that had been reassociated with a microbial flora free of known pathogens.
The size of the animals at weaning time could be conditioned predictably by manipulating the diet of their mothers during gestation and lactation or by shortening or lengthening the period of lactation.
A deficient diet during gestation or during lactation decreased the metabolic efficiency of the adult animal, even if it was fed an optimum diet after weaning. The effect was greatest when malnutrition occurred during both pregnancy and lactation. In contrast, an optimum diet during gestation and lactation rendered the animal less susceptible to the depressing effects of nutritional deficiency during adult life.
A marked and lasting growth depression could be reproducibly achieved by contaminating newborn mice orally with an unidentified enterovirus. But neonatal infection with enterobacteria or mycobacteria even though severe, did not significantly alter the growth rate.
Regardless of its initial cause, the depression of the growth rate during the preweaning period persisted throughout the whole life span of the animals, even when they were placed under optimum sanitary and nutritional conditions after weaning.
Agencies (nutritional or infectious) which brought about a depression of whole body weight also affected the absolute and relative sizes of the various organs, especially of the brain.
By manipulating neonatal influences, it was possible to produce at will in a given colony of highly inbred mice a family of strikingly different growth curves. This could be done without causing the death of any animal or affecting longevity.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON ANTIGENIC RECOGNITION
Authors: Ramseier Hansruedy 
Published: June 2004

Lymphoid cells from normal animals from two genetically alien but isogenic strains of mice or rats elaborated a factor into the medium during in vitro cultivation. Similarly, lymphoid cells from specifically presensitized animals mixed and cultivated with donor-type lymphoid cells, as well as normal or specifically immunized mouse spleen cells exposed to heterologous red blood cell antigens, formed this factor. Culture supernatants of genetically identical lymphoid cells lacked activity.
This factor was measured by its ability to induce accumulations of polymorphonuclear cells following injection into the skin of normal hamster hosts. Gentle trypsinization of excised 24 hr cutaneous reactions permitted quantitative estimation of the number of polymorphonuclear cells accumulated and, therefore, of the activity of the factor.
The factor present in culture fluids could be defined as a product of antigenic recognition (PAR). PAR was formed only when immunologically competent cells were exposed to cells carrying histocompatibility antigens of recognizable foreignness. This view was based chiefly on the observation that, whereas lymphoid cells from specifically tolerant mice failed to recognize the paralytogen, they did recognize antigens of an unrelated mouse strain. In addition, immunocompetence was of paramount importance, since cocultivation of immunologically incompetent, yet strongly incompatible, rat thymocytes did not result in the formation of PAR.
Formation of PAR was observed in very simple media. A source of energy and a suitable culture vessel were found to be the only essential nonimmunological factors for PAR to be elaborated. The presence of inhibitors of glycolysis in the medium during cultivation of mixtures of immunocompetent cells of disparate origin severely inhibited the recognition process. With cell mixtures of the immunological one-way variety, treatment of aggressor cells with inhibitors of glycolysis or of protein synthesis interfered with antigenic recognition, whereas similar treatments of the target cells were without effect.
The findings presented sustain the thesis that the elaboration of PAR is a very early event in the immune process.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF LARGE DIVIDING LYMPH NODE CELLS IN SYNGENEIC RECIPIENT RATS AFTER INTRAVENOUS INJECTION
Authors: Griscelli Claude , Vassalli Pierre , McCluskey Robert T. 
Published: June 2004

The distribution of large dividing lymph node or thoracic duct lymph cells, labeled in vitro with 3H-thymidine, was studied in syngeneic recipient rats after intravenous injection. In most experiments the donor rats had been immunized with Bacillus pertussis 4 days earlier, but in some instances cells from nonimmunized donors were used. In smears, the labeled donor cells had the appearance of large lymphocytes or large pyroninophilic cells. By electronmicroscopy, the majority of labeled donor cells were seen to have only scanty endoplasmic reticulum.
It was found that the labeled cells rapidly "homed" to lymphoid tissue and recirculated in the recipient, in a fashion resembling that of small lymphocytes. However, the distribution of labeled cells was found to depend upon the source of the donor cells. Cells from mesenteric lymph nodes or thoracic duct lymph showed a marked preferential accumulation in lymphoid tissue within or adjacent to the intestine, whereas cells from peripheral nodes accumulated preferentially in peripheral lymph nodes. Cells from any of these sources showed an equal tendency to accumulate in the white pulp of the spleen.
Suspensions of small lymphocytes, labeled in vitro with 3H-uridine, did not display a similar tendency to localize preferentially in lymphoid tissue in certain regions.
It was also found that large dividing lymph node cells from donors immunized with an antigen (2,4-dinitrophenyl-bovine gamma globulin (DNP-BGG) or B. pertussis) showed a greater tendency to accumulate in a recipient lymph node containing that antigen than in the contralateral node.
It was not determined whether the selective accumulation of large dividing lymphoid cells from different sources in lymphoid tissue of different regions in recipients was due to an antigen recognition mechansim or was the result of two different populations of cells with different "homing" mechanisms.
PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRAL INFECTION
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: June 2004

Tissue injury (chronic disease) associated with persistent LCM infection is apparently caused by the host immune response to the virus. Employing parabiosis or cell transfer from hyperimmune donors to isologous virus carriers, the tissue injury of chronic disease could be initiated and/or intensified. Furthermore, the transfer of anti-LCM antibody to SWR/J carrier mice results in acute necrotizing inflammatory lesions in regions of viral persistence, followed by chronic mononuclear infiltrates quite similar to those seen after the transfer of immune cells.
The pathogenesis of the nonglomerular tissue injury of chronic LCM disease is apparently at least in part related to the interaction of circulating anti-LCM antibody with viral antigen at the tissue site. Trapping of circulating virus-antibody complexes in the glomerular filter is apparently the major cause of the glomerulonephritis.
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN VITRO
Authors: Feldmann Marc , Diener Erwin 
Published: June 2004

Antibody-mediated suppression of the in vitro immune response to polymerized flagellin of Salmonella adelaide and to sheep erythrocytes was studied at the cellular level. Normal mouse spleen cells, preincubated in vitro with mixtures of antigen and antibody for short periods of time before being washed, did not respond to an optimal antigenic challenge in vitro, whereas similar cells treated with antibody alone gave a normal response. The degree of immune suppression was found to depend on the time of preincubation. Significant immune suppression could be induced in as short a time as 15 min, whereas profound suppression (90%) required the incubation of cells with mixtures of antigen and antibody for 4–6 hr. Mouse spleen cells treated similarly were also unable to respond subsequently to the antigen upon transfer to lethally irradiated hosts, as measured at both the level of the antigen-reactive cell and that of serum antibody production. These results were taken as evidence that in vitro an effect of antibody-mediated suppression occurred at the level of the immunocompetent cell.
Similarities between immune tolerance and antibody-mediated suppression in vitro were described, and the significance of the findings discussed in the light of current concepts of the mechanism of antibody-mediated suppression.
ALLOGENEIC THYMUS GRAFTS AND THE RESTORATION OF IMMUNE FUNCTION IN IRRADIATED THYMECTOMIZED MICE
Authors: Aisenberg Alan C. 
Published: June 2004

Irradiated and thymectomized CBA mice are markedly depressed in several immunological parameters (skin homograft rejection, graft-vs.-host activity and hemolytic plaque-forming cells of the spleen, hemolysin and hemagglutinin formation, and peripheral lymphocyte counts). In the present experiments the ability of homografts of neonatal thymus placed beneath the kidney capsule to restore immunological capacity of such animals was studied.
Thymus homografts which share the same H-2 locus with the CBA mouse were permanently tolerated and immunological restoration was complete. Skin from the thymus donor was specifically retained, but third party skin with even minor (non-H-2) incompatibility was normally rejected and hemolytic plaque-forming cells of the spleen were restored.
Thymus homografts which differ at the H-2 locus were promptly rejected and led to accelerated rejection of skin subsequently grafted from the thymus donor. With such H-2 incompatible thymus grafts, third party skin with minor histo-incompatibility was retained while there was slight to moderate restoration of rejection of skin with major (H-2) incompatibility. Graft-vs.-host activity was restored, but there was no return of plaque-forming spleen cells, hemolysins, hemagglutinins, or peripheral lymphocyte counts.
In view of the cross-reactivity at the H-2 locus in CBA mice between thymus and third party skin donors, it was felt that restoration of skin rejection and graft-vs.-host activity could be adequately explained on the basis of immunization by the thymus graft and did not require the postulation of true immune restoration or a thymus hormone.