bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Botanical Research Begins
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In December 1771 Linnaeus was pleased to inform his friend, John Ellis, a London merchant, that his former pupil, Johann Koenig, had ‘found a lot of new things in Tranquebar’ in India. Tranquebar, a coastal town some 150 miles south of Madras, had been leased by the Danish East India Company from the Raja of Tanjore in 1620. Prosperity always eluded it and eventually in 1845 the Danes sold it without regret to the British. The natural history interests of some of the missionaries stationed there provided a focus for botanical activity among Europeans in the south. A Protestant Moravian mission, directed from Halle University in Saxony with the co-operation of the Danes, had been operating in Tranquebar since 1702. It would be reasonable to suppose that botanizing was only taken up seriously by some of the missionaries or ‘United Brethren’ as they called themselves, after Koenig’s arrival there in 1768 as surgeon. He initiated them in Linnaean methodology; they exchanged specimens, formed a herbarium, named plants which until experience gave them confidence they did collectively, applying the word ‘nobis’ (named by all of us) to their plant labels. They sent plants to their European correspondents including Joseph Banks in London. In 1788 the Tranquebar Society, a learned society modelled on the recently formed Asiatic Society in Calcutta, attracted naturalists as well as orientalists, linguists, and historians. The m1Ss10naries were some of its most active members; one of their number, Christoph Samuel John, contributed several papers on the local flora.
Francis Buchanan
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When William Roxburgh left Calcutta to regain his health early in 1813, very few of his friends expected him to return. It was generally known that Francis Buchanan was the Company’s next nominee for the post and if he refused there would be no shortage of contenders. Among them was Thomas Hardwicke (1755-1835), an all-round amateur naturalist with a predilection for zoology. Early in his military career he had botanized on a tour to Srinagar in Kashmir and described his gatherings in Asiatick Researches. He discovered Rhododendron arboreum in the Siwalik Hills and sent seeds of it to England, the first Indian rhododendron to be introduced to European gardens. Sir James Edward Smith was pleased to copy Hardwicke’s drawing of this rhododendron in his Exotic botany (1804). The opportunity, however, for Hardwicke to change career never arose and he eventually retired from the Bengal Artillery in 1823 with the rank of Major-General.
Green Medicine
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both the Dutch and British East India Companies endeavoured to make their overseas settlements less dependent on supplies of drugs from Europe by substituting cheaper and fresher local products. Royle, asked by the Medical Board of Bengal to report on native medicines, purchased a representative selection in the bazaars, and listed them in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, giving vernacular and botanical names and indicating those parts of plants used as drugs. The first use of the phrase, ‘bazaar medicines’, has been attributed to Royle who had a great respect for Indian works on materia medica ‘which were far advanced and embraced an extensive range of subjects before any progress had been made in Europe’. While Superintendent at Saharanpur Botanic Garden he established a garden at Mussoorie for medicinal plants including indigenous species used by native doctors. As Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics at King’s College London, he paid tribute to the efficacy of traditional Hindu medicine in his introductory lecture to students.
Rubber, Coffee, And Forestry
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one today would dispute the immorality of Britain’s defiant continuance of the opium trade in the face of official Chinese opposition. It was a sordid episode in British imperialism, yet it had its supporters apart from the principal beneficiaries, the Government of India and British and Chinese merchants. They even included some deluded Christians. The German missionary, Karl Gutzlaff, convinced himself that the ‘traffic would tend ultimately to the introduction of the Gospel’. Religious tracts often accompanied each case of opium. An American missionary compared the British expeditionary force in 1839 to ‘God’s Axe’ and hailed this intervention as ‘The Divine will’. The Government of India casually refuted all charges of unethical behaviour. It argued that Chinese officials were more concerned about the drain on their bullion than about the drug’s pernicious effects. The Bengal Finance Minister in 1862, defending the export of Indian opium, reassured his audience that ‘as the Englishman is a drinker of beer, so is the Chinaman a smoker of opium’. Some advocates of opium went so far as to claim positive benefits. G. H. M. Batten of the Bengal Civil Service saw it as a means ‘to resist fatigue, to sustain privation, and to save life’.
Palatal expression of TGF-β isoforms in normal and retinoic acid-treated mouse embryos
Authors: FitzPatrick David R , Abbott Barbara D , Akhurst Rosemary J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transforming growth factors type beta (TGF-β.is) are a fascinating family of closely related dimeric proteins that have tissue-specific effects on the growth, differentiation, and extracellular matrix deposition of cells in culture (for review see Massague 1990; Roberts and Sporn 1990). Although there are at least eight isoforms of TGF-β1 in vertebrates (Thomsen and Melton 1990), only three have been characterized in mammalian species, TGF-β1 (Moses et al. 1981; Roberts et al. 1981; Derynck et al. 1985), TGF-β2 (Cheifetz et al. 1987; Seyedin et al. 1987; Wrann et al. 1987; Hanks et al. 1988), and TGF-β3 (ten Dijke et al. 1988; Miller et al. 1989; Denhez et al. 1990).
Expression of retinoic acid receptors and dermal-epidermal interactions during mouse skin morphogenesis
Authors: Viallet Jean P , Ruberte Esther , Krust Andrée , Zelent Arthur , Dhouailly Danielle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vertebrate skin comprises two tissues—the epidermis and the underlying dermis. Much data is available relating to the respective roles of these two skin components for each step of scale, feather, and hair morphogenesis (see Sengel 1976; Dhouailly 1977h, 1984; Sawyer 1983 for reviews) but little is known about the language of communication used by the tissues. In particular, two different and successive waves of dermal information are required for the initiation and achievement of morphogenesis of the cutaneous appendages (Dhouailly 1973). The early wave, which can be understood and interpreted by an epidermis from another vertebrate class, is responsible for the formation of epidermal placodes; the later wave, which contains indispensable information for regional structural organization of cutaneous appendages, is responsible for the development of a specific programme of differentiation of the placodes, i.e. the choice between scale and feather in birds, and hair and gland formation in mammals. Exogenous retinoic acid (RA) has marked effects on embryonic skin morphogenesis, leading to the exchange of one developmental pathway for another, e.g. abnormal location of feather is obtained on the normally scaled feet of chick embryos (Dhouailly et al. 1980), while glomerular-type glands develop in mouse upper-lip skin (Hardy 1968, 1983, Chapter 14). Furthermore, the fact that these homeotic-type effects are observed only when RA is added at the placodal stage of cutaneous appendage morphogenesis, led to the hypothesis that RA treatment might alter the dermis in such a way that the developing placodes can be diverted to a different programme of morphogenesis (Hardy 1983).
Lateral mobility of membrane proteins—a journey from heterokaryons to laser tweezers
Authors: Edidin Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after virus-induced heterokaryons were described (Harris and Watkins 1965) it was observed by several laboratories that species-specific surface markers of the parent cells were randomly distributed over the heterokaryon surface (Watkins and Grace 1967; Harris et al. 1969; Gordon and Cohn 1970). All of these observations were made hours after the fusion of the parent cells, and were made with fairly low spatial resolution. Larry Frye, then a graduate student in my laboratory, decided to refine the experiments by resolving the time required for randomization of surface markers from parent cells.
Radiation hybrid mapping: an idea whose time has finally arrived
Authors: Cox David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1975, Stephen Goss and Henry Harris published a short paper in the journal Nature that promised to revolutionize the field of human gene mapping. Entitled ‘New method for mapping genes in human chromosomes’, this paper described a systematic approach for determining the linear order of human genes and estimating the distances between them. Previous workers had used rodent-human somatic cell hybrids to map genes to specific human chromosomes or to specific chromosomal segments in those regions of the genome where human translocation chromosomes were available. However, such maps were very crude in comparison with the genetic maps available for many other organisms.
Davidsoniaceae
Authors: Wilkinson By Hazel P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Davidsonia F. Muell. is a monotypic genus of one species and two varieties endemic to NE Australia. The trees reach to c.10 m in height. DaFidsonia was formerly included in the Cunoniaceae but has been excluded by Bange (1952; see Taxonomic Notes).
Account for leaf and young stem based mainly on original observations at Kew on D. pruriens F. Muell.
Pittosporaceae
Authors: Wilkinson By Hazel P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This family comprises some 240 species (Carlquist 1981b) and nine genera. The largest genus, Pittosporum Banks ex Soland. (150-160 spp.), grows in tropical and subtropical parts of Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. Bentleya E.M. Bennett (2 spp.), Billardiera J.E. Smith (c.25 spp. including 16 spp. formerly in Marianthus Huegel and 3 spp. in Rhytidosporum F. Muell. ex Hook. f.), Bursaria Cav. (c.5 spp.), Cheiranthera A. Cunn. ex Brongn. (c.4 spp.), Citriobatus A. Cunn. (c.5 spp.), Pronaya Huegel (1 sp.) and Sollya Lindi. (2 spp.) are all confined to Australia and Tasmania, except one species of Citriobatus which is Malaysian. Hymenosporum R.Br. ex F. Muell. (l sp.) grows in Australia and New Guinea. The family includes trees, shrubs, climbers and twiners with flexuose or decumbent branches; the plants are frequently evergreen, occasionally spinescent and five species of Pittosporum arc sometimes epiphytic (Schodde 1972).
Byblidaceae
Authors: Wilkinson By Hazel P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Byblidaceae consist of five species of carnivorous plants belonging to the genus Byblis Salisb., mostly endemic to Australia. In northern Australia there are four herbaceous, annual species (Lowrie and Conran 1998), of which only B. liniflora Salish. has been examined for this work. In SW Australia and New Guinea is a short-lived perennial, moderately woody plant, B. gigantea Lindl., up to 0.5 m in height, also examined for this work. Both live in white sandy areas that are swampy in winter but dry in summer, where each year a proportion of plants succumbs to drought. B. gigantea is found growing on burnt areas, where it may occur in abundance. Both species have rhizomes from which the aerial parts arise.
MHC expression in the natural history of cervical cancer
Authors: Stern Peter L , Duggan-Keen Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An active role of the immune system in preventing the development of HPV-associated malignancies is supported by evidence that immuno compromised individuals such as allograft recipients, cancer and AIDS patients exhibit an increased incidence of HPV-associated lesions (Schneider and Koutsky 1992). Immunological intervention might therefore be a use ful approach to the control and prevention of cervical neoplasia. It is likely that the T cell mediated arm of the immune response would be of primary importance in any surveillance of tumour cells. The most likely viral target antigens would be derived from the HPV16/ 18 E6 and E7 transforming genes which are frequently retained and expressed in cervical carcinomas (see Chapter 5).
Concluding remarks
Authors: Stern Peter L , Stanley Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much effort is being devoted to understanding the immunobiology of human papillomaviruses. Owing to the overwhelming experimental and epidemiological evidence to implicate the ‘high risk’ HPV types (notably, HPV 16 and 18) in the development of cancer of the cervix, much of this research effort is focused on the high-risk group. The rationale is two-fold. Firstly, the identification of naturally occurring immune responses will have implications in the design of vaccination strategies. Thus, the kinds of responses and the target viral antigens associated with natural immunity may allow us to elicit particular kinds of responses known to have protective value.It is clear that HPV infection is a necessary but not sufficient factor in the development of cervical malignancy. The natural history of genital infection with HPV is largely unknown but recent epidemiological studies indicate that infection with HPV is common in adolescents and young adults and is acquired at the onset of sexual activity.
Drugs, their behaviour and their effects on the body
Authors: Ferner R E , Norman Elizabeth , Rawlins M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A drug is a single chemical substance or natural product that can be used to prevent or treat disease or to alter the physiological state of the body. This definition of a drug therefore includes those products such as attenuated measles virus which are given to healthy people in the hope of preventing disease. It also includes those substances which alter the physiological functions of the body, examples of which would be contraceptive substances, such as the spermicidal compound nonoxynol-9, and the progestagen used as an oral contraceptive.
Insulin
Authors: Ferner R E , Norman Elizabeth , Rawlins M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insulin is a hormone, that is, a ‘chemical messenger’, secreted by specialized cells called the B cells (formerly the β cells) in the pancreas of vertebrate animals. The pancreas synthesizes a large molecule called preproinsulin, which is broken down to proinsulin and then to insulin and C-peptide. When a molecule of insulin is released from the pancreas, a molecule of C-peptide is released with it. The rate at which the normal pancreas secretes insulin (with C-peptide) varies, and is mainly determined by the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream. The insulin secretion rate is high when the blood glucose concentration is raised above nor mal, and falls to zero when the blood glucose concentration is below normal. Insulin itself affects cells in the liver, the muscles, and the fatty tissue, and increases the rate at which these cells take up glucose. It also prevents glucose being formed from the storage compound glyco gen. These two effects combine to reduce the blood glucose concentration.
The bowerbirds—an introduction
Authors: Frith Clifford B , Frith Dawn W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many ornithologists would agree with the late Professor A.J. Marshall in nominating bowerbirds as the most interesting of all of the 144 bird families presently acknowledged with respect to the complexity of their behaviour and associated phenomena (Marshall 1951c; Sibley and Ahlquist 1990). The twenty species of passerine (or perching) birds that constitute the bowerbird family Ptilonorhynchidae are confined to the great island of New Guinea and the island continent of Australia, and their immediately adjacent islands, of the region known as Australasia (Fig. 1.1). Uniquely within the avian world, male bowerbirds skilfully build structures of sticks, grasses or other plant stems on or close to the ground and artistically decorate these ‘bowers’ with colourful fruits, flowers, feathers, bones, stones, shells, insect skeletons, and numerous other natural (and human-made) objects. Such decorations may exceed several thousand on a single bower, and males constantly steal them from one another. Where possible, males also attempt to destroy or damage the bower structures of their rivals. Males of some species manufacture and apply paint to their bowers, even holding a wad of vegetable matter in the bill tip to use as a tool to assist in applying their paint. The highly sophisticated building, decorating, collecting, arranging, thieving, singing, and courtship posturing and dancing by males is primarily to attract and impress females to the point of stimulating them to solicit and permit mating.
Ecological cycles, foraging, and other behaviour
Authors: Frith Clifford B , Frith Dawn W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seasonality of bowerbird court establishment, attendance, courtship, mating, nesting, and moult are in large part governed by climate as reflected in the relative availability of food resources critical to sustaining birds through these energetically demanding activities. Foods typically peak in abundance towards the end of the dry/early wet seasons, with display and breeding, followed by moult, occurring during maximum fruit abundance of favoured food plant groups, which is largely synchronous with annual peak abundance of arthropods (FF 2001d and references therein).Avian frugivores fall into two groups: one of opportunists or generalists, that supplement their diet with fruit, and the other of specialists that feed pre-dominantly to exclusively upon fruit (McKey 1975; Snow 1981). Bowerbirds are specialist frugivores, with arthropods (mostly insects) comprising a smaller but significant part of their diets, especially important to nestlings (see Nestling diet, Chapter 6). Most plant food consists of fruits, but flower buds, flowers, new-growth stems, leaves, nectar, and sap are also occasionally taken.
Morphology, demography, bower sites, structures, and their significance
Authors: Frith Clifford B , Frith Dawn W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Weirds are generally robust passerines with strong and relatively stout bills, typical of omnivores, they are capable of the most delicate and skilful manipulation of objects. This ability is reflected in both the birds’ skull and its musculature (Bock 1963), and the bower structures they build. While they form a morphologically more homogeneous group than many passerine families, in terms of general appearance, body proportions, and posture, they do include some strikingly diverse plumages. Both sexes of all catbird species are similarly green above and spotted or streaked green to buff below with sharply contrasting black and white facial markings. Both sexes of the Tooth-billed and Vogelkop Bowerbirds are generally brown, whereas adult males of the remaining three, and otherwise brown, gardeners and the all black Archbold’s wear elongate erectile crests of brilliant orange or yellow. In marked contrast to its preceding close relatives, adult male Goldens are largely brilliant canary yellow while females and immature males are greyish (see Plates 3–8
Breeding biology and parental care
Authors: Frith Clifford B , Frith Dawn W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bowerbirds have long attracted attention because of the bower building and associated behaviour of males of the polygynous species, and their significance to sexual selection theory. On the other hand, studies of nesting biology are few compared with those of males at bowers but are critically important to an understanding of the ecology of reproduction, relationships between sexes, and possibly also of male dispersion. Nesting biology within the family is of particular interest because it involves both monogamous and polygynous breeding strategies. In this regard bowerbirds are similar to the birds of paradise, also confined to Australasia (CF and Beehler 1998). Bowerbirds for which nests are known are solitary nesting species and it appears unlikely that any species ever nests gregariously, colonially, or with the involvement of ‘helpers’ (cf. Skutch 1987). Nest parasitism has not been recorded in bowerbirds.
Family Ptilonorhynchidae: the bowerbirds
Authors: Frith Clifford B , Frith Dawn W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The family Ptilonorhynchidae comprises 20 spp of compact, robust, oscinine songbirds of Australia (6 genera, and 10 spp of which 8 are endemic) and New Guinea (5 genera, and 12 spp of which 10 are endemic): see Fig. 2.2 and Plates 3–8. Most inhabit humid, mostly tropical, forest and/or woodlands and savannas but 5 occur S into the Aust subtropics. Only Ptilonorhynchus ranges significantly into the temperate zone. New Guinea is traditionally considered the centre of generic diversity and spp richness and presumed to be where the group originated, but recent studies suggest the possibility of a Gondwanan-Australian origin. Molecular results support anatomical ones in indicating bowerbirds are among the root lineages of Aust song birds. The family exhibits the following characters: an enlarged lachrymal that is unique in songbirds and parallelled only by lyrebirds. The temporal fossae are large and well defined (Fig. 2.1), except in Ailuroedus in which the postorbital and zygomatic processes are reduced.
Principles of in situ hybridization
Authors: Hofler Heinz , Mueller James , Werner Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past few years methods employing immunological and molecular biological techniques have had an increasingly important impact on pathology. The introduction of immunohistochemistry and Western blotting as research and diagnostic tools began a new era in pathology and led to a much clearer understanding of cell and tumour biology. Over the past decade the amount of information available through molecular biology has expanded dramatically with the development of recombinant DNA techniques, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sensitive methods for the detection of specific DNA and RNA sequences by molecular hybridization. Generally, hybridization can be performed on solid supports, in solution (in vitro) or on tissue sections or cell preparations (in situ). Traditional hybridization techniques for solid supports involve the transfer of extracted and electrophoretically separated DNA fragments on to a filter (nitrocellulose or nylon membranes) followed by hybridization with a specific DNA probe (Southern blotting).
The preparation of non radioisotopic hybridization probes
Authors: Bakkenist Christopher J , Mcgee James O’D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The detection of specific nucleic acid sequences in DNA or RNA, which have been biochemically purified and immobilized on a membrane, either directly, or by transfer following electrophoretic fractionation, is one of the most prevalent methodologies used in molecular biology. The sequences of interest are detected on the membrane by hybridization to a labelled nucleic acid probe. The molecules most commonly used to label probes are radionuclides, which may be detected indirectly using autoradiography, and radionuclides remain the most resilient labels available. The purpose of in situ hybridization is the detection of specific nucleic acid sequences in intact cells, such as Drosophila oocytes, or within tissue sections, such as human biopsies, and requires the presence of the DNA or RNA sequence of interest to be correlated with microscopic morphology. .