bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Third Intermediate Period (1069–664 BC)
Authors: Taylor John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This 400-year period, comprising the 21st to 25th Dynasties (1069–664 BC), may justly be regarded as marking a new phase in Egypt’s history. The period is characterized by significant changes in Egypt’s political organization, society, and culture. Centralized government was replaced by political fragmentation and the re-emergence of local centres of power; a substantial influx of non-Egyptians (Libyans and Nubians) permanently modified the profile of the population, while Egypt as a whole became more inward-looking, its contacts with the outside world (and its impact on the Levant in particular) greatly reduced in scale. These, and other, factors had important consequences for the functioning of the economy, for the structure of society, and for the religious attitudes and funerary practices of the inhabitants. It is true that the period was marked by tensions over control of territory and resources, leading on occasion to conflicts, but violence was not endemic; the period as a whole was stable and represents far more than a temporary lapse from traditional pharaonic rule (an unfortunate implication of the customary designation ‘Intermediate’). Many of the events and trends of these years were permanent in their effect and played a crucial role in shaping the Egypt of the later first millennium BC.
Rome and the Outside World: Senatorial Families and the World They Lived In
Authors: Eck Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Minicius Fundanus, one of Pliny’s closest friends (I. 9; 4. 15; 5. 16; 6. 6; 7. 12), is a person we know better still because he was also one of Plutarch’s friends and appears as a participant in several of Plutarch’s Essays. For a long time it was debated how the acquaintance with Plutarch arose. It seemed plausible to suppose that Fundanus had held office in the province of Achaia at some stage in his preconsular career, either as quaestor or as legate to the governor, or indeed as proconsul. He could have got to know the sage of Chaeronea at this time, as was the case, so it is assumed, with Sosius Senecio, the consul ordinarius of AD 99. The latter may indeed have been quaestor in Greece (Jones 1970: 98 ff.). However, an inscription, long overlooked, which supplies the cursus honorum of Minicius Fundanus up to the point just before his consulship in 107, has made it plain that Fundanus never visited Greece in an official capacity. Where then did these two philosophically inclined persons meet? Ronald Syme, in one of his last papers (1991: 603-19, at 619), argued persuasively, from the fact that Fundanus spent the entire period between quaestorship and praetorship in Rome, that it was at Rome itself that this first contact took place. ‘Plutarch had visited Rome several times, for certain in 88 and 92. Rome was the intellectual centre of the Greek world, the goal of ambition, the resort of talkers and thinkers.’
Perceptions of Domestic Space in Roman Italy
Authors: Nevett Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wealth of the material evidence uncovered at Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Ostia offers an almost unparalleled opportunity to explore the domestic life of a past society through archaeological evidence. Indeed, Pompeii has sometimes been held up by archaeologists working on other societies as the site that exemplifies their ideals in terms of the manner of its destruction and the exceptional standard of preservation (the ‘Pompeii premise’, cf. Allison 1992a: passim). Yet despite all the advantages offered by this material, in many ways it has yet to be exploited to its full potential, and, in particular, our knowledge of patterns of activity within individual dwellings remains surprisingly poor, even for the atrium house, which has been the subject of the most extensive research. In this chapter it is argued that, in conjunction with study of the archaeological evidence, an alternative approach to the use of literary sources for activity in the Roman household in general, and in urban houses in particular, can help us to construct a clearer and more detailed picture of Roman attitudes to spatial organization and of some of the factors that helped to shape domestic space in different types of dwelling.
The Roman Army at War 100 BC - AD 200
Authors: Goldsworthy Adrian Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This detailed examination of the way in which the Roman army operated during a war and how it fought a battle breaks away from existing studies that mostly concentrate on the army in peacetime and attempts to understand the army as an institution whose ultimate purpose was to wage war. Adrian Goldsworthy explores the influence of the Roman army's organization on its behaviour during a campaign, emphasizing its great flexibility in comparison to most of its opponents. He considers the factors determining the result of a conflict and proposes, contrary to orthodox opinion, that the Roman army was able to adapt successfully to any type of warfare. Following the technique pioneered by John Keegan in The Face of Battle (1976), Dr Goldsworthy builds up a precise picture of what happened during battle: tactics employed; weaponry; leadership; behaviour of individuals as well as groups of soldiers; and, of utmost importance, morale.
Theseus, Tragedy and the Athenian Empire
Authors: Mills Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book traces the development of the Theseus myth and its importance for Athens from the earliest evidence down to the end of the fifth century. The author examines all extant tragedy in which Theseus appears, even including the fragmentary drama in which Theseus is known to appear, to assess the significance of his role as mythological representative of Athenian greatness. The author argues that the Theseus of most Athenian tragedy is carefully drawn to exemplify the idealized image of the Athenian `national character' that was prevalent in the age of the Athenian empire. Every nation needs role models: the Athenians were no exception. Handsome, brave, intelligent, and just, Theseus seemed the perfect Athenian, but under the exterior lay a heartless seducer, rapist, and killer of his own son. The author describes Athenian attempts to cope with these contradictions in her discussion of how the Theseus of Athenian tragedy relates to Athenian life and imperial ideology.
Images of Theseus before Tragedy
Authors: Mills Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every human being experiences a continuous interplay between past and present, because only by constantly referring to what is known already can the present be understood and preparations for the future be made. Something similar is true of human societies, for which the past can be defined as comprising certain events, personalities or institutions which are considered by most people to have a continuing relevance for their present and future prosperity. The function of this past is essentially aetiological because it purports to explain what has made the society what it is: it defines the nature of the society for its members, and the past is used as a guide to the future to encourage certain values and types of conduct. In the Greek world especially, what past generations were has a direct bearing on current ones, and particularly outstanding individuals or groups, whether from recent history or the heroic past, can be made to stand as allegedly typical examples of the prowess of the city as a whole, exemplifying behaviour which should be ‘natural’ for all its members. It need hardly be said that this so called ‘national character’ prescribes behaviour at least as much as it describes it, and that it is not necessarily fixed or free from contradictions, in spite of the way that it is usually presented, as something natural, time-honoured and self-evidently right.
The Athenian Image of Athens
Authors: Mills Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the first book of Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War is devoted to examining the relationship between the outbreak of the war and the growth of the Athenian empire. The first extended exploration of the links between them is presented in the account of the debate at Sparta (Thuc. I. 66-88) which was convened to discuss the incidents at Epidamnus and Potidaea, where Athenians and Corinthians had recently come into conflict with one another. The Corinthians open the discussion, and try to frighten the Spartans into making war on Athens by painting a formidable portrait of their common enemy. For them, the Athenian empire is intimately connected with the national character of the Athenians (Thuc. I. 70), who are a uniquely active, aggressive people, never still, but always taking risks and striving to do better: their limitless ambition and energy are manifested in an unceasing expansion which is a direct threat to Sparta and the whole of Greece.
Theseus at Colonus
Authors: Mills Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter traced the influence of Athenian ideals on Euripides’ reinvention of the myth of Heracles’ madness. Theseus’ encounter with Heracles is almost certainly Euripides’ own extension of older traditions of Athenian hospitality to distressed suppliants, so as to include Greece’s greatest hero in the list of clients of Athens. In Oedipus at Colonus, Sophocles takes the process of Athenian reinvention even further. Although Oedipus, like Heracles, is a well-established figure in Greek mythology, he has no close or early connections with Attica, and the help Athens gives to him has no roots in mainstream Greek tradition. Sophocles’ account may instead be seen as a kind of local variant of the Oedipus story, whose primary interest is for Athenians. Moreover, Oedipus is a figure whose appalling crimes had perhaps previously made any help or resolution of his sufferings unthinkable. The daring of Sophocles in suggesting that he could be welcomed into the city is akin to the daring of Athens in the face of danger that is emphasized in the Athenian encomia. The mythological expansionism which claims for Athens a share in non-Athenian myths, and even resolution of their problems by a virtuous representative of the city is, perhaps, akin to Athenian territorial expansionism and its justification in terms of the justice and Tollµ,a of Athens (cf. Thuc. 2. 41. 4).
Theseus in Fragmentary Tragedy
Authors: Mills Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Error and human suffering are central to tragedy: as Phrynichus discovered at the cost of 1 ,ooo drachmas, it is easier for an Athenian audience to look at others’ errors than their own (Hdt. 6. 21), and therefore the role of representative of the ideal city, in which Theseus is normally cast in tragedy, fundamentally conflicts with any attempt to make him into a tragic hero like those whose crimes and punishments are judged by Aristotle to be part of the ‘best’ tragedies (Poetics 1453a17 ff.). A hero who embodies Athens must normally be competent and successful, and in the Hippolytus, where he is neither–and more like traditional tragic heroes–his connection with the ideal Athens has been cut.
Afterword
Authors: Mills Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent scholarship has emphasized the problematic aspects of Theseus in his role as the national hero of Athens. His mother’s Trozenian nationality, especially after Pericles’ citizenship law of 451/0,2 makes his very status as an Athenian dubious, and, with the exception of the triumph over the Minotaur, the deeds for which he is famous in early narrative are moral failures in their conception and actual failures in their results. It seems very strange that the Athenians should focus on such an apparently unsuitable character as their representative in tragedy and other art-forms.
Written Women: Propertius’ scripta puella (2.10–13)
Authors: Wyke Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The narrative organisation of Propertius’ first poetry-book seems to encourage a practice of reading the characters and events of his love elegy as real. The predominantly autobiographical mode allows the reader to equate the lover of the text with the author Propertius. Direct addresses to a beloved Cynthia who is allocated physical and psychological characteristics suggest that the narrative’s female subject has a life outside the text as Propertius’ mistress. The illusion of a real world populated by real individuals is then sustained by various other formal mechanisms such as the regular deployment of addresses to the historically verifiable figure of Tullus or occasional references to the landscape of Baiae, Umbria, and Rome.
Incompleteness: me talia uelle?
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica comes to a sudden stop. The Argo is at Peuce, where Jason and Medea have celebrated their marriage, but Medea begins to suspect that the Argonauts plan to abandon her to her pursuing brother and to the wrath of her betrayed father, and harangues Jason with threats and entreaties, whipping herself up into a maenadic frenzy in the process (8. 408 – 63).
Digressions: The Road Not Taken
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But look, at first light the waves, gaping open beneath it, terrified the flying ship, and fillet-wearing Helle stood up, now the sister of Panope and Thetis and now holding a golden sceptre in her left hand, while she made the waves subside and saw the princes and their leader, and addressed Jason with calm words ... (2. 587–91).
Statius’ Thebaid: Furor Without Limits
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Aeneid, Juno’s declaration fiectere si nequeo superos, Acheronta mouebo (‘ If I am unable to bend the heavens, I shall move Acheron’, 7. 312) signals the shift in the emphasis of Vergil’s poetic enterprise as much as it reflects the angered goddess’ new resolve. Hatred, discord, and, most of all, madness come to the forefront of the epic as Juno summons Allecto from the underworld, bringing to the surface, as it were, the infernal forces which will guide the action of the second half of the Aeneid. Juno requests the Fury’s services to produce strife between the Italians and the Trojans and thus sow the seeds of war, which Allecto does easily, spreading madness throughout Latium, and in doing so causing divinely sanctioned fata to give way to infernally produced furor.
Visual and written culture in ancient Egypt
Authors: Baines John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A generously illustrated selection of John Baines’s influential writings on two core areas of ancient Egyptian civilization: the role of writing, which was very different in antiquity from what is familiar in the modern world, and the importance of visual culture. These questions are explored through a number of case studies. The volume assembles articles that were scattered in publications in a variety of disciplines, making available key contributions on core problems of theory, comparison, and analysis in the study of many civilizations and offering important points of departure for further research. Three wholly new essays are included, and the overall approach is an interdisciplinary one, synthesizing insights from archaeology, anthropology, and art history as well as Egyptology.
Stone and other materials: usages and values
Authors: Baines John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stone is fundamental to ancient Egyptian monumental buildings, statuary, and objects of all sizes down to amulets and beads. It played a leading role in the Egyptian elite’s display of high culture through its main actor, the king, to its eternal participants, the gods and the dead. The Egyptians used some stones to give structural strength as well as aesthetic and symbolic value to their most important buildings; they exploited an overlapping, wider range of stones for statuary and other monuments such as stelae; and they employed yet other varieties as inlays and display elements in such contexts as jewellery.
Morality, Schooling, and the Printed Book in Renaissance Venice
Authors: Kallendorf Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just four years after the first Venetian edition of Virgil’s works came off the newly established printing press of Vindelinus de Spira, a copy of the Eclogues, Georgics, and Aeneid was prepared in the traditional handwritten fashion in Ferrara. By around I 540 this manuscript (now Princeton University Ms. 36) had travelled the hundred kilometres north to Venice, where it entered the library of one Marco Michiel.1 Michiel’s manuscript was a luxury production, written on vellum with illuminated initials, but a series of pointing hands and Nota (‘note this’) markers shows us that its owner had clearly bought this book to use as well as to enjoy.
Thucydides
Authors: Rood Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
War is a harsh teacher wrote Thucydides in the fifth century BC. Rood analyses the techniques through which Thucydides' narrative explains the origin and course of the Peloponnesian War and exposes harsh truths about how individuals and states behave. Rood concentrates on how the use of techniques, such as selectivity, interaction of speech and narrative, and manipulation of time and perspective, points at one level to general human constraints, at another to the self-destructiveness of Athen's imperial power. The book explores some techniques that have received little attention and offers new ways of reading others; it gives new insight into Thucydides' sophistication and the way he relates to his predecessors. It is also important for its attempts to refute views that Thucydides' History is made up of different compositional strata or inspired by pro-Athenian bias. And it addresses directly the way modern historians use Thucydides,, contributes to the contemporary debate over narrative history, and shows the value of applying some of the concepts of recent narrative theory to historical texts.
Perceptions: Towards Peace
Authors: Rood Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rhamphias and his men [reinforcements for Brasidas] returned home, knowing that when they set out, the Spartans were more inclined towards peace. Indeed it happened that, directly after the battle of Amphipolis and the retreat of Rhamphias from Thessaly, both sides no longer set their hands to war, but were more inclined to peace. The Athenians had suffered a blow at Delion, and again shortly afterwards at Amphipolis, and no longer had that confidence in their strength through which they had previously refused peace, thinking that in their present good fortune they would come out on top; they were afraid, too, that their allies elated by their failures might revolt more generally; and they regretted that they had not come to terms after the affair at Pylos, when a good opportunity offered. The Spartans, on the other hand, found that the war was not turning out as they had expected: they had thought that they would destroy the power of the Athenians . within a few years if they ravaged their land. As it was, they had met on the island a disaster such as had never happened to Sparta; their land was being plundered from Pylos and Kythera; the helots were deserting; and they were in constant apprehension that the helots who remained, trusting in those outside, might revolt, as before, in response to present circumstances.
Misreadings: Book V
Authors: Rood Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Victory at Mantineia ends one strand of the story of Pylos: Utterly worsted in respect of skill, the Spartans showed then that they were superior in courage. . . . By this one achievement they freed themselves from the imputations cast upon them by the Greeks at the time, of cowardice because of the disaster on the island, and of mismanagement and slowness generally: they were being maligned, so it seemed, for what was only ill fortune, but in spirit they were still the same.
Athens and Sicily
Authors: Rood Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a result many other mistakes were made, as was to be expected in a great city with an empire, and above all the voyage to Sicily. It was not so much that this was an error of judgement with regard to those whom they were attacking, it was rather that the senders did not take the best measures for those who had gone out, but because of their personal quarrels over the leadership of the demos they weakened the army in the field and first introduced civil discord at home.
Extortion
Authors: Lyne R O A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vergil contrives local collocations and larger contexts which wrest surprising senses from words. Compared with Horace’s combinations, Vergil’s can be extortionate (1.5). To illustrate the point, we will observe first how he extorts sense from an apparently poetical word: ‘taenia’. ‘Taenia’ is a Latin borrowing of the Greek word, ταιíα , which basically means ‘ribbon’, ‘headband’. More information will be given on this word in a moment. For now we observe that the denotative value of ’taenia’ seems the same as that of the Latin ‘uitta’; ‘taenia’ seems therefore (and has been judged to be) simply a poetical variant, a grecism, for ‘uitta’.
The Fury Allecto flings a snake at Amata in order to inflame her. It ranges over and into her, becoming in its progress items in her apparel.
Incitement
Authors: Lyne R O A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vergil will catch the eye with, say, a prosaic word and then exploit its particular sense (chs. III and V). He may do this just once (‘uxorius’, 111.2) or several times (‘conlabor’, III.I). In the latter case each example may produce a self-contained effect. Or Vergil may use one exploitation, by its nature ‘eye-catching’, to initiate a pair or sequence of related effects. We may regard an example of exploitation as a potential incitement to pursue a sequence, for Vergil likes to integrate effects elaborately into his text. Or we can have another, kindred situation. We may be struck by a word, not necessarily prosaic or colloquial, that in its combination is eye-catching, and infer that some important effect is operative; yet scrutiny of the immediate context may leave us unenlightened as to what that full effect is. We should regard this too as an incitement, an incitement to search further abroad for the full explanation. Nothing in Vergil is without explanation or purpose.
Acquisition
Authors: Lyne R O A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 10.622 f. Jupiter refers to Turnus as ‘caduco ... iuueni’, the young man who will fall. I suggested above (Vll.6) that Jupiter implies much else by the epithet ‘caducus’: that Turnus is as insubstantial and ultimately unimportant as the leaves. I argued that ‘caducus’ had acquired the potential to deliver such implications by virtue of a signal use in book 6. Likewise I argued that ‘Saturnius’, owing to the way it is used in 5.606 ff., acquires the potential to connote sinister things in the rest of the Aeneid (Vll.8). These are I think less certain examples of acquisition than the ones which l shall proceed to adduce now.
The technique I have in mind is not essentially a mysterious one. Characteristic of Vergil, but not confined to Vergil, it takes various forms, which I now schematically outline.
i. If a poet uses a word on one occasion in some particularly striking way, if he organizes a combination which imparts some signal novelty of sense to it, that use will stick in our memory and affect or potentially affect our response to later occurrences of the word in the same text. It has acquired for the duration of this poet’s text the potential to mean something special. The poet can then cash in this special value when he pleases; and he can do so more or less patently, depending on the combination he organizes at the time of encashment. ‘Caducus’ and ‘Saturnius’ (after 5.606 ff.) arguably acquire special value in this way. A more familiar example might be ‘furor’. This word is given a striking political resonance in its first use in the Aeneid (1.150), and acquires thereby the potential to bring to mind political