bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, X‐ray Structures, Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of Two New Organic Ammonium Tetrathiotungstates
Authors: Srinivasan Bikshandarkoil R. , Dhuri Sunder N. , Poisot Martha , Näther Christian , Bensch Wolfgang 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTwo new tetrathiotungstates (pipH2)[WS4] (1) and (trenH2)[WS4] · H2O (2) (pip = piperazine and tren = tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, Raman, UV‐Visible and 1H NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X‐ray crystallography, and thermoanalysis. In 1 and 2 the amines pip and tren are diprotonated and they are linked to the [WS4]2− tetrahedra via weak N‐H···S (1, 2) and N‐H···O (2) hydrogen bonds. In 2 the H atoms of the H2O molecule have also contacts to S atoms. The strength and number of the S···H interactions affect the W‐S bond lengths and a relatively long W‐S bond of 2.2147(7) Å is observed in 1 while the longest W‐S bond in 2 is 2.1997(6) Å. The different degree of distortion of the [WS4]2− anions is reflected in the IR and Raman spectra. The compounds decompose upon heating in an inert atmosphere to form amorphous WS2.1C1.2N0.3 and WS2.1C3N0.8 respectively, and the C and N content of the decomposition products is determined by the C and N content of the amines. In contrast to other tetrathiotungstates, the thermal reaction of both compounds do not proceed via amorphous WS3 as an intermediate phase. Compound 2 can be reversibly de‐ and re‐hydrated, and the process of re‐hydration proceeds presumably via dissolution‐re‐crystallization mechanism.
The Controlled Oxidative Coupling of Ge94− Zintl Anions to a Linear Trimer [Ge9=Ge9=Ge9]6−
Authors: Yong Li , Hoffmann Stephan D. , Fässler Thomas F. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe compound [K(18‐crown‐6)]6[Ge9=Ge9=Ge9]·3en·tol (1) featuring a [Ge9=Ge9=Ge9]6− cluster anion was synthesized from K4Ge9. The neighboured nine‐atom clusters are connected by two covalent Ge‐Ge exo‐cluster bonds with the Ge‐Ge distances ranging from 2.581 to 2.640Å. The X‐ray single crystal structure analysis shows that, in respect to bond connection and packing style, compound 1 is quite different from the previously reported compound [Rb(2.2.2‐crypt)]6[Ge9=Ge9=Ge9]·3en (2).
From Amorphous Aggregates to Crystallites: Modelling Studies of Crystal Growth in Vacuum
Authors: Kawska A. , Brickmann J. , Hochrein O. , Zahn Dirk 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe growth of NaCl and CaF2 aggregates is studied with the framework of an atomistic simulation approach. Our method combines a Monte‐Carlo type scheme for the identification of ion adsorption sites and structural optimization of the ion cluster after individual growth steps. This allows investigating putative conformers of ion aggregates as a function of size. The structure of clusters counting only a small number of ions was found to be quite amorphous. During the early stage of aggregate growth, the addition of further ions leads to considerable structural changes. Once the clusters exceed a critical size, a disorder→order transition is observed, leading to large domains exhibiting motifs of the crystalline structure. Such crystalline regions were found to be stable and hence change only marginally during further aggregate growth.
In Situ High Temperature Neutron Diffraction Study of Sr/Mg‐doped Lanthanum Gallate Superionic Conductors under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Günter M. M. , Korte C. , Brunauer G. , Boysen Hans , Lerch Martin , Suard E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFirst in situ high temperature neutron scattering experiments under microwave irradiation have been carried out on a superionic conductor, doped LaGaO3. A definite non‐thermal microwave effect on the resulting crystallographic structures was discovered mainly derived from oppositechanges of the lattice constants and the atomic displacement parameters. These effects are related to changes in the phonon density of states (DOS) due to coupling of the microwave field via (anharmonic) multi phonon processes, limited phonon life times and local modes arising from the defects. The problem of defining a temperature in a microwave field due to the non‐equilibrium DOS is discussed.
Cs3OsH9 ‐ Synthese, Struktur und magnetische Eigenschaften
Authors: Auffermann G. , Bronger Welf , Müller P. , Roth G. , Schilder H. , Sommer T. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCs3OsH9 ‐ Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic PropertiesCs3OsD9 was synthesized by the reaction of cesium deuteride with osmium powder at 870 K and a deuterium pressure above 1500 bar.Elastic neutron diffraction experiments on a powder sample at room temperature led to an atomic arrangement nearly describable in a cubic unit cell (Pm3m; a = 6.128(2) Å, Z = 1). According to the formula Cs3D[OsD8] the structure corresponds to that of the perovskite type. The coordination polyhedron of the deuterium atoms surrounding each osmium atom can be described crystallographically as a statistical occupation of two 24‐fold positions with deuterium. A detailed investigation on the gaussian profiles of the neutron diffraction pattern leads to the result that the compound crystallizes in a tetragonal unit cell with a = 8.602(1) Å, c = 12.250(1) Å and Z = 4. Below a phase transition at 110 K an orthorhombic unit cell was found with a = 8.6983(4) Å, b = 8.6046(4) Å, c = 11.9437(6) Å and Z = 4. A provisional structure model is presented.Magnetic susceptibility measurements in the temperature range between 1.8 and 400 K reveal a weak paramagnetism. Quantum mechanical calculations confirm the experimental result and show in detail that spin momentum and orbital momentum cancel each other nearly complete with regard to the ground state.
Structural and Electronic Properties of Bulk Gibbsite and Gibbsite Surfaces
Authors: Frenzel Johannes , Oliveira Augusto F. , Duarte Helio A. , Heine Thomas , Seifert Gotthard 
Published: April 2005

AbstractStructure and electronic structure of gibbsite and gibbsite surfaces are studied using gradient‐corrected density functional theory and a density‐functional based tight‐binding (DFTB) scheme. The electronic density‐of‐states (DOS) is insignificantly changed when comparing bulk and single‐layer (001) surfaces, but changes for other surfaces, as pentacoordinated Al sites appear. Model structures of other chemically relevant surfaces are proposed, including a stripe and an Al6(OH)18 cluster model for the (100) face, which turns out to be equivalent to the (011) face if only covalently bound blocks are considered. In all cases quantitative agreement of GGA‐DFT and DFTB for structures and occupied electronic states is observed.
Kinetics of procalcitonin, interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein after cardiopulmonary-bypass in children
Authors: Beghetti Maurice , Rimensberger Peter C. , Kalangos Afksendiyos , Habre Walid , Gervaix Alain 
Published: April 2005

Cardiopulmonary bypass induces a generalized inflammatory response, with fever and leukocytes, which is difficult to differentiate from an infection. Recently, procalcitonin has been proposed as an early and specific marker of bacterial infection. The influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on production of procalcitonin, therefore, must be assessed before considering this molecule as a valuable marker of infection after cardiac surgery in children. With this in mind, we measured levels of procalcitonin, interleukin 6, and C-reactive protein before and 6 h, 1, 3 and 5 days after cardiopulmonary bypass, in 25 children undergoing cardiac surgery. Cardiopulmonary-bypass induced a transient increase in procalcitonin, with a peak at 24 h, with a median of 1.13 μg/l, a 25th and 75th interquartile of 0.68–2.25, and a p value of less than 0.001. The value had returned to normal in the majority of the children by the third day after surgery. Peak values correlated with the duration of cardiopulmonary-bypass, with a r-value of 0.58 and a p value of 0.003; cross-clamp time, with a r-value of 0.62 and a p value of 0.001; days of mechanical ventilation, with a r-value of 0.62 and a p value of 0.001; and days of stay in intensive care, with a r-value of 0.68, and a p value of 0.0003. The value returned to normal after 3 days in 83% of the patients. Levels of interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein also increased significantly after surgery, and remained elevated for up to 5 days.Thus, in contrast to other markers, levels of procalcitonin in the serum are only slightly and transiently influenced by cardiopulmonary bypass, and may prove to be useful in the early recognition of an infection subsequent to cardiopulmonary bypass.
Tramadol produces outward currents by activating μ‐opioid receptors in adult rat substantia gelatinosa neurones
Authors: Koga Akiko , Fujita Tsugumi , Totoki Tadahide , Kumamoto Eiichi 
Published: April 2005

An action of a tramadol metabolite, mono‐O‐dimethyl‐tramadol (M1), on substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurones in adult rat spinal cord slices was examined by using the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique.
In 41% of the neurones examined, superfusing M1 produced an outward current at −70 mV; this response reversed at a potential close to the equilibrium potential for K+. M1 current hardly declined and persisted for >30 min after its washout.
M1 current correlated in amplitude with current produced by μ‐opioid receptor agonist DAMGO in the same neurone, and largely reduced in amplitude in the presence of μ‐opioid receptor antagonist CTAP but not α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine. In a neurone where M1 had no effect on holding currents, noradrenaline produced an outward current at −70 mV.
The amplitude of the M1 response, relative to that of the DAMGO response, exhibited an EC50 value of 300 μM.
We conclude that M1 produces a persistent hyperpolarization by activating μ‐opioid receptors in adult rat SG neurones. This could contribute to at least a part of pain alleviation produced by tramadol.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 602–607. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706225
Increased αCGRP potency and CGRP‐receptor antagonist affinity in isolated hypoxic porcine intramyocardial arteries
Authors: Hasbak Philip , Eskesen Karen , Schifter Søren , Edvinsson Lars 
Published: April 2005

This study describes the effects of hypoxia on relaxing responses and cAMP production induced by the known vasodilator peptides: αCGRP, amylin (AMY) and adrenomedullin (AM) on isolated pig coronary arteries in vitro.
Hypoxic incubation increased the vasorelaxant effect of αCGRP (four‐fold; P<0.05), AMY (3.2‐fold; P<0.05), but not significantly for AM (two‐fold; NS).
Whereas hypoxia had no effect on arterial cAMP levels, it significantly potentiated the production of cAMP stimulated of αCGRP and AMY, but not of AM.
The antagonist αCGRP8–37 also exerted an increased effect in hypoxia. The Schild plot‐derived pKB values revealed an increase in the apparent affinity of the antagonist for the CGRP1 receptor from 7.0 to 7.2 under control conditions versus 8.0 in hypoxia.
Removal of endothelium, peptidase inhibitors, preincubation with the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist CSC (10−3 M), the ATP‐sensitive K‐channel inhibitor glibenclamide (10−5 M), the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10−3 M) or NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (10−4 M) had no effect on the αCGRP‐induced vasorelaxation in hypoxia; neither did hypoxia influence the levels of CGRP and AM receptor mRNA.
We conclude that hypoxic incubation increases the relaxation and cAMP production induced by αCGRP and AMY in rings of porcine coronary arteries in vitro. A concomitant release of adenosine, a cyclooxygenase product, an endothelium‐derived substance, activation of vascular ATP‐sensitive K‐channels, peptidase inhibitors or changes in CGRP and AM receptor mRNA cannot account for the changes observed in hypoxia. Moreover, αCGRP8–37 showed increased affinity at the CGRP1 receptor during hypoxia, possibly due to a conformational change at the CGRP1 receptor site.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 646–655. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706232
Early and Delayed Myocardial Infarction after Abdominal Aortic Surgery
Authors: Le Manach Yannick , Perel Azriel , Coriat Pierre , Godet Gilles , Bertrand Michèle , Riou Bruno 
Published: April 2005

Background
Although postoperative myocardial infarction (PMI) after vascular surgery has been described to be associated with prolonged ischemia, its exact pathophysiology remains unclear.

Methods
The authors used intense cardiac troponin I (cTnI) surveillance after abdominal aortic surgery in 1,136 consecutive patients to better evaluate the incidence and timing of PMI (cTnI > or = 1.5 ng/ml) or myocardial damage (abnormal cTnI < 1.5 ng/ml).

Results
Abnormal cTnI concentrations was noted in 163 patients (14%), of which 106 (9%) had myocardial damage and 57 (5%) had PMI. In 34 patients (3%), PMI was preceded by a prolonged (> 24 h) period of increased cTnI (delayed PMI), and in 21 patients (2%), the increase in cTnI lasted less than 24 h (early PMI). The mean times from end of surgery to PMI were 37 +/- 22 and 74 +/- 39 h in the early PMI and delayed PMI groups, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean time between the first abnormal cTnI and PMI in the delayed PMI group was 54 +/- 35 h, during which the cTnI profiles of the myocardial damage and delayed PMI groups were identical. In-hospital mortality rates were 24, 21, 7, and 3% for the early PMI, delayed PMI, myocardial damage, and normal groups, respectively.

Conclusions
Intense postoperative cTnI surveillance revealed two types of PMI according to time of appearance and rate of increase in cTnI. The identification of early and delayed PMI may be suggestive of different pathophysiologic mechanisms. Abnormal but low postoperative cTnI is associated with increased mortality and may lead to delayed PMI.
Effect of Metoclopramide on Gastric Fluid Volumes in Diabetic Patients Who Have Fasted before Elective Surgery
Authors: Jellish W Scott , Kartha Vyas , Fluder Elaine , Slogoff Stephen 
Published: April 2005

Background
Diabetes-induced gastroparesis is believed to increase fasting gastric fluid volume before elective surgery. Metoclopramide is routinely administered preoperatively to reduce gastric fluid volume in these patients. This study compared nondiabetic controls to non-insulin-dependent and insulin-dependent diabetics to determine the effect of metoclopramide, administered before surgery, on gastric volumes in patients who fasted before surgery.

Methods
Control and diabetic patients fasted preoperatively before receiving either placebo or 10 mg intravenous metoclopramide 20 min before induction of anesthesia. After intubation, a gastric tube was placed, and stomach contents were aspirated with volumes compared among the groups.

Results
Both groups of diabetic patients were older than the control group, and insulin-dependent patients had a higher incidence of comorbidities compared with the non-insulin-dependent group. Fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin A1C values were higher in both insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent patients. Gastric fluid volumes were similar in control, non-insulin-dependent, and insulin-dependent patients (8.0 +/- 2.6 vs. 9.6 +/- 4.1 vs. 17.7 +/- 2.5 ml, respectively). In insulin-dependent diabetic patients, metoclopramide decreased gastric volume compared with placebo treatment (17.7 +/- 2.5 vs. 7.8 +/- 2.9 ml; P = 0.027). After stratification, a subpopulation of patients with poorly controlled diabetes, regardless of type, were identified to have increased gastric residual volumes.

Conclusion
In elective surgical patients who have fasted before surgery, gastric volumes are minimal, even in diabetics with severe neuropathic symptoms. Metoclopramide prophylaxis to reduce gastric volumes seems to be unnecessary unless the patient has a prolonged history of poor blood glucose control.
Endoscopic Study of Mechanisms of Failure of Endotracheal Tube Advancement into the Trachea during Awake Fiberoptic Orotracheal Intubation
Authors: Johnson Dana M. , From Aaron M. , Smith Russell B. , From Robert P. , Maktabi Mazen A. 
Published: April 2005

Background
Advancing the endotracheal tube (ETT) over a flexible bronchoscope (FB) during awake fiberoptic orotracheal intubation is often impeded. The goal of this study was to identify the sites and mechanisms that inhibit the passing of the ETT into the trachea.

Methods
Forty-five consenting patients underwent a clinically indicated awake fiberoptic orotracheal intubation. After topical anesthesia, nerve block, or both, an awake fiberoptic orotracheal intubation was performed. The placement of the FB and advancement of the ETT over the FB were videotaped using a second nasally inserted FB. An otolaryngologist later reviewed the videotaped data.

Results
The right arytenoid or the interarytenoid soft tissues inhibited advancement of the ETT in 42 and 11% of all patients, respectively. In all cases in which the FB was located on the right side of the larynx, failure of ETT advancement almost always occurred at the right arytenoid. Withdrawing the ETT and rotating it 90 degrees counterclockwise resulted in successful intubation on the second, third, and fourth attempts in 26.6, 20, and 0.7% of patients, respectively.

Conclusion
The right arytenoid frequently inhibits advancement of the ETT over the FB into the trachea during awake fiberoptic orotracheal intubation. The FB position in the larynx before tube advancement and the orientation of the ETT are relevant factors in failure of advancement of the ETT into the trachea. The authors recommend positioning the FB in the center of the larynx and orienting the bevel of the ETT to face posteriorly during the first attempt at intubation.
Onset and Duration of Rocuronium-induced Neuromuscular Blockade in Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Wick Stefanie , Muenster Tino , Schmidt Joachim , Forst Juergen , Schmitt Hubert J. 
Published: April 2005

Background
In patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) the response to nondepolarizing muscle relaxants is scarcely documented and conflicting. The current study was conducted to determine the time to peak effect and the time for complete spontaneous recovery after a single dose of 0.6 mg/kg of rocuronium in patients with DMD.

Methods
Twenty-four patients (12 with DMD, 12 controls, aged 10-16 yr) were studied. All patients were anesthetized with propofol and fentanyl/remifentanil. Neuromuscular transmission was monitored by acceleromyography. After induction all patients received a single dose of 0.6 mg/kg of rocuronium. The complete time course of onset and spontaneous recovery were recorded

Results
Significant (P < 0.01) increase in the onset times to 95% neuromuscular block was observed in DMD patients (median, 203 s; range, 90-420 s) compared with controls (median, 90 s; range, 60-195 s). The time between rocuronium administration and recovery of first twitch of the train-of-four to 90% was significantly (P < 0.01) prolonged in DMD compared with controls (median, 132 min; range, 61-209 min versus 39 min; 22-55 min). The recovery index was also significantly prolonged in the DMD group compared with controls (median, 28 min, range, 15-70 min versus 8 min; 3-14 min).

Conclusions
The most striking and surprising result of this study is the delayed onset of blockade in DMD after a standard dose of rocuronium. This effect should be kept in mind in situations when a rapid airway protection is necessary in DMD patients. The documented very long recovery from rocuronium-induced block emphasizes the need for careful assessment of neuromuscular function in DMD patients.
Modulation of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor–mediated Spontaneous Inhibitory Postsynaptic Currents in Auditory Cortex by Midazolam and Isoflurane
Authors: Verbny Yakov I. , Merriam Elliott B. , Banks Matthew I. 
Published: April 2005

Background
Anesthetic agents that target gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors modulate cortical auditory evoked responses in vivo, but the cellular targets involved are unidentified. Also, for agents with multiple protein targets, the relative contribution of modulation of GABA(A) receptors to effects on cortical physiology is unclear. The authors compared effects of the GABA(A) receptor-specific drug midazolam with the volatile anesthetic isoflurane on spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in pyramidal cells of auditory cortex.

Methods
Whole cell recordings were obtained in murine brain slices at 34 degrees C. GABA(A) sIPSCs were isolated by blocking ionotropic glutamate receptors. Effects of midazolam and isoflurane on time course, amplitude, and frequency of sIPSCs were measured.

Results
The authors detected no effect of midazolam at 0.01 microM on sIPSCs, whereas midazolam at 0.1 and 1 microM prolonged the decay of sIPSCs by approximately 25 and 70%, respectively. Isoflurane at 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mm prolonged sIPSCs by approximately 45, 150, and 240%, respectively. No drug-specific effects were observed on rise time or frequency of sIPSCs. Isoflurane at 0.5 mm caused a significant decrease in sIPSC amplitude.

Conclusions
The dose dependence of isoflurane effects on GABA(A) sIPSCs in pyramidal cells is consistent with effects on auditory evoked response in vivo. By contrast, comparable effects of midazolam on GABA(A) sIPSCs arise at concentrations exceeding those currently thought to be achieved in vivo, suggesting that the cellular targets of midazolam reside elsewhere in the thalamocortical circuit or that the concentration of midazolam reached in the brain is higher than currently believed.
Clinically Relevant Concentrations of Propofol but Not Midazolam Alter In Vitro Dendritic Development of Isolated γ-Aminobutyric Acid-positive Interneurons
Authors: Vutskits Laszlo , Gascon Eduardo , Tassonyi Edomer , Kiss Jozsef Zoltan 
Published: April 2005

Background
Recent laboratory studies showed that exposure to supraclinical concentrations of propofol can induce cell death of immature neurons. However, no data are available regarding the effects of clinically relevant concentrations of this agent on neuronal development. The authors addressed this issue by evaluating the effect of propofol on dendritic growth and arbor expansion of developing gamma-aminobutyric acid-positive (GABAergic) interneurons.

Methods
Immature neuroblasts were isolated from the newborn rat subventricular zone and differentiated into GABAergic interneurons in culture. In addition to cell death, the effects of increasing concentrations and durations of propofol exposure on neuronal dendritic development were evaluated using the following morphologic parameters: total dendritic length, primary dendrites, branching point, and Scholl analysis.

Results
The authors demonstrate that propofol induced cell death of GABAergic neurons at concentrations of 50 microg/ml or greater. As little as 1 microg/ml propofol significantly altered several aspects of dendritic development, and as little as 4 h of exposure to this agent resulted in a persistent decrease in dendritic growth. In contrast, application of midazolam did not affect neuronal development.

Conclusion
Short-term exposure of immature developing GABAergic neurons to clinically relevant concentrations of propofol can induce long-term changes in dendritic arbor development. These results suggest that propofol anesthesia during central nervous system development could interfere with the molecular mechanisms driving the differentiation of GABAergic neurons and thus could potentially lead to impairment of neural networks.