bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composite Model for Predicting SYM‐H Index
Authors: Ji Yong , Ma Lan , Shen Chao , Zeng Gang , Yang YanYan , Ti Shuo 
Published: October 2023

AbstractPredicting SYM‐H index is significant in space weather because it quantifies the degree of perturbation of the geomagnetic field during storm. This study presents a composite model to predict SYM‐H index based on solar wind parameters by combining the empirical magnetospheric dynamical equation with neural networks. The formula for predicted SYM‐H originates from the well‐known empirical relationship between interplanetary conditions and the Dst index. In particular, the coefficients in the empirical relationship are determined by using neural networks that excel at approaching the function linking the coefficients and the solar wind parameters. The 1‐ and 2‐hr forecasts of SYM‐H during storm time are reliable, and the precision of some cases is even better than the latest models solely using deep neural networks. Based on the composite model, the dependence of loss time and injection rates of ring current energy on the solar wind parameters and SYM‐H are investigated.
Lithospheric Flexure Controls on Geomorphology, Hydrology, and River Chemistry in the Andean Foreland Basin
Authors: Repasch Marisa , Scheingross Joel S. , Cook Kristen L. , Sachse Dirk , Dosch Sophia , Orfeo Oscar , Hovius Niels 
Published: October 2023

AbstractTectonics exerts a strong control over the morphology of Earth's surface that is apparent in active mountain belts. In lowland areas, subtle processes like lithospheric flexure and isostatic rebound can impact Earth surface dynamics, hydrologic connectivity, and topography, suggesting that geomorphic and hydrologic analyses can shed light on underlying lithospheric properties. Here we examine the effect of lithospheric flexure on the geomorphology, hydrology, and river water chemistry of the Rio Bermejo fluvial system in the east Andean foreland basin of northern Argentina. Results show that proximal to the mountain front, foredeep basin subsidence causes sedimentation along a braided channel belt that is superelevated relative to the surrounding flood basin. During floods, water flows from the superelevated channel into the groundwater reservoir, causing a net loss of discharge with distance downstream. Further downstream, forebulge uplift forces channel narrowing, high lateral migration rates, and incision up to 13 m into older river deposits. This incision locally allows groundwater flow into the river, causing a ∼20% increase in river solute load. Groundwater emerges from the forebulge into the backbulge, predominantly as spring‐fed channels. Here, channel migration rates decrease, suggesting a switch from net uplift to subsidence that reduces the depth to the groundwater table. This analysis shows that subtle lithospheric flexure can have significant effects on river channel morphology that determine hydrologic flow paths, and ultimately influence geochemical and ecological patterns. We suggest that these effects may elucidate lithospheric properties that are otherwise inferred from bulk geophysical observations.
A Complete 60‐Year Catalog of Wind Events in the German Bight (North Sea) Derived From ERA5 Reanalysis Data
Authors: Rubinetti S. , Fofonova V. , Arnone E. , Wiltshire K. H. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe German Bight is a shallow area in the southeastern North Sea. Atmospheric forcing, particularly wind stress, plays an essential role in the sea circulation dynamics in the area as a source of momentum and consequent driver of the variability on seasonal to interannual timescales. Westerly and SouthWesterly winds constitute the mean state of this forcing over the North Sea due to the persistent pressure gradients between the Icelandic Low and the Azores High. Consequently, the transport in the North Sea is primarily cyclonic. Nevertheless, the presence of land influences wind stress in the coastal regions (in terms of both intensity and direction). Moreover, distant locations respond differently to the action of the atmospheric pressure centers. Therefore, studies characterizing wind statistics in specific regions are mandatory for understanding and numerically simulating the sea circulation patterns in such areas. We present a detailed analysis of wind patterns in the German Bight, specifically in the Marine Protected Areas and Helgoland Island, using ERA5 reanalysis atmospheric data. We define and catalog area‐specific “events” according to their typical duration and magnitude and analyze their seasonality and interannual variability. We investigate the most recurrent locations and intensities of the high‐ and low‐pressure dipoles causing specific wind patterns over the German Bight during the different periods of the year. We show how, besides Westerly and SouthWesterly winds, NorthWesterly flows are a recurrent pattern in the area; winds from the East are less frequent but can be extremely persistent over the same site in the spring.
Magnetite in Muong Nong‐Type Australasian Tektites From South China
Authors: Pan Qing , Xiao Zhiyong , Wu Yanxue , Wu Yunhua , Yan Pan 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSouth China belongs to the northern geographic branch of the Australasian strewn field (AASF) of tektites and microtektites, and this area is assumed to be part of the uprange region of the putative impactor trajectory that formed the yet undiscovered source crater. Ferromagnetic minerals in impact glass may record the magnetization process and thermal history of impact melt, but the possible identity of ferromagnetic minerals in AASF tektites from South China is elusive. Here, we perform a rock magnetism and crystallography study of iron‐sulfur spherules in Muong Nong‐type tektites from South China, revealing abundant single‐domain and pseudo single‐domain nano‐grains of magnetite within the spherules. This result is consistent with the detection of magnetic signals caused by single‐domain and pseudo single‐domain magnetite in these samples. Compared to the large value ranges of magnetic properties of tektites in the entire strewn field, individual specimens of both Muong Nong‐type and single splash‐form tektites have relatively homogeneous magnetic properties in terms of magnetic susceptibility, natural remanent magnetization (NRM), saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) and NRM/SIRM ratio. The results indicate that the impact melt that formed each tektite specimen experienced similar thermal history, and most AASF tektites from South China were cooled in an ambient magnetic field that is the same order of magnitude as the Earth's magnetic field.
Petrology, Age, and Rift Origin of Ultramafic Lamprophyres (Aillikites) at Mount Webb, a New Alkaline Province in Central Australia
Authors: Sudholz Z. J. , Reddicliffe T. H. , Jaques A. L. , Yaxley G. M. , Haynes M. , Gorbatov A. , Czarnota K. , Frigo C. , Maas R. , Knowles B. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDiamond exploration over the past decade has led to the discovery of a new province of kimberlitic pipes (the Webb Province) in the Gibson Desert of central Australia. The Webb pipes comprise sparse macrocrystic olivine set in a groundmass of olivine, phlogopite, perovskite, spinel, clinopyroxene, titanian‐andradite and carbonate. The pipes resemble ultramafic lamprophyres (notably aillikites) in their mineralogy, major and minor oxide chemistry, and initial 87Sr/86Sr and εNd‐εHf isotopic compositions. Ion probe U‐Pb geochronology on perovskite (806 ± 22 Ma) indicates the eruption of the pipes was co‐eval with plume‐related magmatism within central Australia (Willouran‐Gairdner Volcanic Event) associated with the opening of the Centralian Superbasin and Rodinia supercontinent break‐up. The equilibration pressure and temperature of mantle‐derived garnet and chromian (Cr) diopside xenocrysts range between 17 and 40 kbar and 750–1320°C and define a paleo‐lithospheric thickness of 140 ± 10 km. Chemical variations of xenocrysts define litho‐chemical horizons within the shallow, middle, and deep sub‐continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). The shallow SCLM (50–70 km), which includes garnet‐spinel and spinel lherzolite, contains Cr diopside with weakly refertilized rare earth element compositions and unenriched compositions. The mid‐lithosphere (70–85 km) has lower modal abundances of Cr diopside. This layer corresponds to a seismic mid‐lithosphere discontinuity interpreted as pargasite‐bearing lherzolite. The deep SCLM (>90 km) comprises refertilized garnet lherzolite that was metasomatized by a silicate‐carbonatite melt.
Effect of Intermittent Structures on Electron Heating in Saturn's Magnetosphere: Cassini Observations
Authors: Xu S. B. , Huang S. Y. , Yuan Z. G. , Wu H. H. , Jiang K. , Zhang J. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIn Saturn's magnetosphere, the plasma temperature increases with radial distance, requiring a heating mechanism to counteract the adiabatic cooling effect of expanding plasma. To explore potential heating source, we perform a statistical study about intermittent structures and intermittent heating in Saturn's magnetosphere based on the observations from the Cassini spacecraft. Partial Variance of Increments (PVI) technique is used to measure the intermittency of magnetic field and identify the intermittent structures. It is found that the electron temperature has a rising trend as the increase of magnetic field intermittency, implying the occurrence of electron heating in the intermittent structures. Additionally, the turbulence heating rate also exhibits an increasing trend as the increase of probability density of intermittent structures. Our results evidence the effect of intermittent heating in the Saturn's magnetosphere, and suggest that intermittent structures with high magnetic field intermittency play an important role in turbulence heating.
Establishing a Lunar Origin for Paleomagnetic Records in Apollo Samples
Authors: Tikoo S. M. , Jung J. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractNumerous paleomagnetic studies attribute the magnetization preserved within Apollo samples to an ancient dynamo. However, other works propose that lunar rocks were instead magnetized by either transient impact‐related magnetic fields on the Moon or by the return spacecraft. To test whether lunar samples could have been magnetized during return to Earth, sample handling, or transport, we exposed lunar rocks to 5–10 mT fields for varying durations. We then determined how easily these magnetic overprints could be removed and how paleointensity estimates are affected by the overprints and their removal. We found that magnetic overprints were cleaned by alternating field (AF) demagnetization to ∼10–30 mT for nearly all samples and that acceptable paleointensities may be obtained from higher AF levels. Therefore, high coercivity (>30 mT) magnetizations observed within lunar rocks are generally not magnetic contamination and were initially acquired on the Moon.
Global Distribution of Climatic Aridity
Authors: Yin Jun , Porporato Amilcare 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAridity exerts fundamental controls on terrestrial hydrology with impacts on ecosystems and society. Here we show that the global distribution of dryness index is dominated by the exponential variability of precipitation. The resulting distribution of the dryness index only has one parameter describing the balance between global mean atmospheric water demand and supply. Its shape, with a minus two power‐law tail, is well supported by observations and appears to be robust to future changes in aridity, making it a possible benchmark for Earth System Models.
Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence to Quantify “Climate Distinguishability” After Stratospheric Aerosol Injection
Authors: Mamalakis Antonios , Barnes Elizabeth A. , Hurrell James W. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractStratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) has been proposed as a possible response option to limit global warming and its societal consequences. However, the climate impacts of such intervention are unclear. Here, an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) framework is introduced to quantify how distinguishable an SAI climate might be from a pre‐deployment climate. A suite of neural networks is trained on Earth system model data to learn to distinguish between pre‐ and post‐deployment periods across a variety of climate variables. The network accuracy is analogous to the “climate distinguishability” between the periods, and the corresponding distinctive patterns are identified using XAI methods. For many variables, the two periods are less distinguishable under SAI than under a no‐SAI scenario, suggesting that the specific intervention modeled decelerates future climatic changes and leads to a less novel climate than the no‐SAI scenario. Other climate variables for which the intervention has negligible effect are also highlighted.
Cluster Observation on the Latitudinal Distribution of Magnetic Pc5 Pulsations in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Yan Li , Liu Wenlong , Zhang Dianjun , Sarris Theodore E. , Li Xinlin , Tong Xin , Cao Jinbin 
Published: October 2023

AbstractUltralow frequency (ULF) waves in the Pc5 band are ubiquitous in the inner magnetosphere and can impact radiation belt dynamics by interacting with electrons through drift or drift‐bounce resonance. In this paper, based on ∼ 19 years of Cluster measurements, we perform a comprehensive study of the three‐dimensional distribution of poloidal, toroidal, and compressional ULF waves from L = 4 to 10, for magnetic latitudes (MLAT) up to Ultralow frequency ±50°, and in all magnetic local times (MLT). The distribution of the Pc5 ULF wave power is found to vary greatly as a function of L and MLT. For all L and MLT sectors, wave power of the poloidal and toroidal modes of the magnetic field increase with increasing |MLAT|, while the compressional mode decreases with increasing |MLAT|. The dawn–dusk asymmetries of wave power in poloidal and toroidal modes are more pronounced at higher |MLAT|. Furthermore, the wave power for Kp > 2 is approximately 2.93, 3.21, and 3.42 times greater than the wave power for Kp ≤ 2, respectively for compressional, poloidal and toroidal components. The information on the latitudinal distributions of ULF waves presented in this paper is important for future investigations on the radial diffusion process of radiation belt electrons with non‐90° pitch angles while they bounce away from the magnetic equator.
Emission of Energetic Neutral Atoms From the Magnetosphere‐Atmosphere Interactions at Callisto and Europa
Authors: Haynes C. Michael , Tippens Tyler , Addison Peter , Liuzzo Lucas , Poppe Andrew R. , Simon Sven 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWe analyze the emission of energetic neutral atom (ENA) flux from charge exchange between Jovian magnetospheric ions and the atmospheres of Callisto and Europa. For this purpose, we combine the draped electromagnetic fields from a hybrid plasma model with a particle tracing tool for the energetic ions. We determine the ENA flux through a concentric sphere located just outside of each moon's atmosphere, thereby capturing the complete physics imprinted in these emission patterns. In order to constrain the modifications to the ENA emissions that arise from the periodic change of the ambient plasma conditions, we calculate the emission morphology at multiple positions during a Jovian synodic rotation. To isolate the influence of field line draping, we compare to the emission patterns in uniform fields. Our major results are: (a) At Europa and Callisto, the majority of detectable ENA emissions are concentrated into a band normal to the Jovian magnetospheric field. (b) The fraction of observable ENA flux that contributes to this band depends on the number of complete gyrations that the parent ions can complete within the moon's atmosphere. (c) Field line draping partially deflects impinging parent ions around both moons, thereby attenuating the ENA flux and driving significant morphological changes to the emission patterns. (d) The band of elevated ENA flux is locally maximized on the opposite (antipodal) side of the moon where the flux is locally minimized. At Europa, detectable ENA emissions are maximized slightly west of the ramside apex. At Callisto, they maximize near the Jupiter‐facing apex.
Enhanced Intensity of Interannual Variability of May Drought in Northeast China After 2000 and Its Connection With the Barents Sea Ice
Authors: Hu Yuepeng , Zhou Botao , Li Huixin , Han Tingting , Wang Huijun 
Published: October 2023

AbstractUsing the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index, this article demonstrates that the intensity of interannual variability (IIV) of May drought in Northeast China has enhanced remarkably after entering into the 21st century. Relative to 1980–1999, the percentage increase of IIV reaches 70% during 2000–2016. Such an enhancement is well supported by the intensification of IIVs in the East Asian polar front jet stream (EAPJ), East Asian subtropical jet stream (EASJ), and lower‐level anticyclonic circulation anomaly over Northeast China. Remarkable impact from the Barents Sea ice in April is also highlighted. With respect to the former period, a substantial increase occurs as well in the IIV of April Barents Sea ice during 2000–2016. Due to larger IIV in the latter period, the decline of April Barents Sea ice can exert evident effects on heat fluxes, consequently resulting in a significant increase of surface air temperature (SAT) in situ in May. The increased SAT further induces a wave train propagating southeastward to the East Asian region from the Barents Sea, which leads to a strengthened EAPJ and a weakened EASJ in the upper level, concomitant with an anomalous anticyclonic circulation covering Northeast China in the lower level. These atmospheric circulation anomalies link to the drought variability over Northeast China. Thus, the increase in the IIV of April Barents Sea ice favors the enhanced IIV of May drought in Northeast China.
Simulated Atmospheric Response to Large‐Scale Dust Forcing and Implications for Martian Dust Storm Growth
Authors: Wang Huiqun , Toigo Anthony D. , Richardson Mark I. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe response of tidal, “weather,” and intra‐seasonal transient eddies in a global numerical model to dust imposed in different latitudinal bands and seasons has been examined in order to investigate the impact of regional scale dust storm episodes on large‐scale circulation and hence on further dust storm development. The eddy kinetic energy and surface friction speed for each eddy group were derived using wavelet analysis from multi‐year simulations and statistical comparisons were made among the experiments. Results show that different eddy categories respond differently to dust storm forcing, and that the responses are dependent upon both modeled storm location and season. These responses can be cast in terms of potential positive and negative feedbacks on large‐scale dust storm development and have implications for the cascade of dust storms through different scales and circulation components. The model results suggest positive feedback between northern high latitude dust forcing and weather transients in the same latitudes in Quartober (Ls = 185°–245°), which weakens or disappears in Sixtober (Ls = 295°–360°). The results also suggest positive feedback between dust heating in the tropics/subtropics and tidal eddies, which may enhance the southward transport of “flushing” storms. However, southern high latitude dust forcing suppresses northern weather transients in both pseudo‐season sextons, suggesting negative feedback which may terminate northern frontal/flushing dust storm sequences and hence weaken further development of a dust storm episode through this mechanism.
Tying Shock Features to Impact Conditions: The Significance of Shear Deformation During Impact Cratering
Authors: Alwmark S. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractImpact cratering is associated with extreme physical conditions with temperatures and pressures far exceeding conditions otherwise prevailing at the surfaces of terrestrial planets. As a consequence, shock‐metamorphosed rocks contain unique deformation features such as planar deformation features in quartz, high‐pressure mineral polymorphs and melted rock. While the physical conditions of formation for impact‐induced melting following the highest pressure and temperature conditions is relatively well understood, aspects of the formation of melt‐veins in otherwise seemingly relatively low shock material has been the topic of discussion. In a new study, Hamann et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JE007742) are able to largely reproduce the current classification of progressive shock metamorphism of felsic rocks using a modern experimental set up that eliminates multiple shock wave reflections at sample containers and excavation and ejection of target material. Importantly, however, they find that shear deformation results in the formation of melt veins at pressures as low as 6 GPa. The authors recover stishovite in melt veins formed at low‐moderate (<18 GPa) shock pressure, lower than most previous studies. These results have bearing on our understanding of the conditions of progressive shock metamorphism at terrestrial impact structures. However, since the results are similar to data obtained from experiments on basaltic rocks, the results also have broader implications for understanding the shock histories of meteorite parent bodies. Hamann et al. show the importance of experimental impact cratering for bridging the gap between observations in shocked rocks from terrestrial impact structures, in meteorites, and in returned samples, and their formational conditions.
The role of the general dental practitioner in the management of the hypodontia patient
Authors: Rana Shivani , Orloff Courtney , I. Bomfim Deborah , P. Ashley Martin , Bassi G. Steven 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe general dental practitioner (GDP) is usually the first person to suspect that a young patient is affected by hypodontia. The condition occurs rarely in the primary dentition but is relatively common in the permanent dentition. Between the ages of 7 and 12 years, failure of a permanent tooth to erupt as expected will lead the GDP to initiate and then contribute to the ideal management of the patient's condition. This ranges from reassurance and preventive measures to providing aspects of treatment in a long-term management plan, alongside a multidisciplinary specialist team and thereafter, delivery of life-long dental care.
Structural details of carboxylic acid-based Hydrogen-bonded Organic Frameworks (HOFs)
Authors: Suzuki Yuto , Hisaki Ichiro 
Published: October 2023

AbstractCrystalline porous molecular frameworks formed through intermolecular hydrogen bonding are often called hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) by analogy to metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Although the origin may go back to the 1960s, HOFs have recently been investigated as a new family of functional porous materials. In this review, HOFs composed of tritopic, tetratopic, and hexatopic carboxylic acid derivatives are reviewed by considering structural aspects such as isostructurality. These derivatives typically form H-bonded hcb, dia, sql, hxl, and pcu networks depending on the numbers, positions, and orientations of the carboxy groups in the molecule. We show detailed structures for selected HOFs indicating the low-dimensional networks formed through H-bonding of the molecule and higher-dimensional structures formed by assembly of the network. The networks can be designed and predicted from the molecular structure, while the latter is still difficult to design. We hope that this review will contribute to the well-controlled construction of HOFs.