bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
United States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research Service research on managing insect resistance to insecticides
Authors: Elzen Gary W , Hardee Dick D 
Published: May 2003

AbstractInsecticide resistance has developed within many classes of pesticide, and over 500 species of insects and mites are resistant to one or more insecticides. Insecticide resistance and the consequent losses of food and fiber caused by failure to control insect and mite pests causes economic losses of several billion dollars worldwide each year. It is the goal of insect resistance management (IRM) to preserve useful pesticides by slowing, preventing or reversing development of resistance in pests. Important aspects of this goal are understanding the development of resistance and monitoring to determine ways to prevent its development. We describe programs specific to missions of the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, which are designed to characterize insecticide resistance in insects and mites with the goal of managing pests in an ecologically acceptable manner. Resistance management of cotton, potatoes, vegetables, melons, ornamentals, greenhouse crops, corn, stored grains, livestock, honeybees and mites, as well as management of transgenic crops are evaluated. We conclude that IRM is a vital part of stewardship of any pest management product and must be a combined effort of manufacturers, growers, consultants, extension services and grower organizations, working closely with regulators, to achieve logistically and economically feasible systems that prolong the effectiveness of all pest‐control products. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Ecological Areawide Management (TEAM) of leafy spurge program of the United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service
Authors: Anderson Gerald L , Prosser Chad W , Wendel Lloyd E , Delfosse Ernest S , Faust Robert M 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe Ecological Areawide Management (TEAM) of Leafy Spurge program was developed to focus research and control efforts on a single weed, leafy spurge, and demonstrate the effectiveness of a coordinated, biologically based, integrated pest management program (IPM). This was accomplished through partnerships and teamwork that clearly demonstrated the advantages of the biologically based IPM approach. However, the success of regional weed control programs horizontally across several states and provinces also requires a vertical integration of several sectors of society. Awareness and education are the essential elements of vertical integration. Therefore, a substantial effort was made to produce a wide variety of information products specifically designed to educate different segments of society. During its tenure, land managers and agency decision makers have seen the potential of using the TEAM approach to accelerate the regional control of leafy spurge. The example set by the TEAM organization and participants is viewed as a model for future weed‐control efforts. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Software for pest‐management science: computer models and databases from the United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service
Authors: Wauchope R Don , Ahuja Lajpat R , Arnold Jeffrey G , Bingner Ron , Lowrance Richard , van Genuchten Martinus T , Adams Larry D 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWe present an overview of USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) computer models and databases related to pest‐management science, emphasizing current developments in environmental risk assessment and management simulation models. The ARS has a unique national interdisciplinary team of researchers in surface and sub‐surface hydrology, soil and plant science, systems analysis and pesticide science, who have networked to develop empirical and mechanistic computer models describing the behavior of pests, pest responses to controls and the environmental impact of pest‐control methods. Historically, much of this work has been in support of production agriculture and in support of the conservation programs of our ‘action agency’ sister, the Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service). Because we are a public agency, our software/database products are generally offered without cost, unless they are developed in cooperation with a private‐sector cooperator. Because ARS is a basic and applied research organization, with development of new science as our highest priority, these products tend to be offered on an ‘as‐is’ basis with limited user support except for cooperating R&D relationship with other scientists. However, rapid changes in the technology for information analysis and communication continually challenge our way of doing business. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corn rootworm areawide management program: United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service
Authors: Chandler Laurence D 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe corn rootworm areawide management program was implemented by USDA‐ARS in 1995 at five locations across the USA. This program is based on the use of a semiochemical insecticide bait applied to maize (Zea mays L) during peak adult corn rootworm activity. Managing adult rootworms minimizes the number of eggs laid, resulting in fewer larvae available to economically damage maize roots in the following growing season. To date, rootworm populations have been significantly reduced at all participating locations and new bait products have been developed and evaluated for use in rootworm‐infested areas. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research on plant‐parasitic nematode biology conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service
Authors: Chitwood David J 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe recent de‐registration of several chemical nematicides and the impending loss of methyl bromide from the pest‐control market necessitate the development of new methods for controlling nematode‐induced crop damage. One approach for developing novel target‐specific controls is by exploiting fundamental differences between the biological processes of nematodes and their host plants. Researchers of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the US Department of Agriculture are actively exploring these differences. Research accomplishments include the discovery of heat shock protein genes possibly involved in developmental arrest of the soybean cyst nematode, the identification of neuropeptides and female‐specific proteins in the soybean cyst nematode, the disruption of nematode reproduction with inhibitors of nematode sterol metabolism, the development of novel morphological and molecular (heat shock protein genes and the D3 segment of large subunit ribosomal DNA) features useful for nematode identification and classification, and the elucidation of the population genetics of potato cyst nematode pathotypes. In addition, several ARS researchers are investigating biological determinants of nematode response to management strategies utilized in agricultural fields. These collective efforts should lead to new chemical and non‐chemical alternatives to conventional nematode control strategies. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐harvest entomology research in the United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service
Authors: Throne James E , Hallman Guy J , Johnson Judy A , Follett Peter A 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis is a review of current post‐harvest entomology research conducted by the Agricultural Research Service, the research branch of the US Department of Agriculture. The review covers both durable and perishable commodities. Research on biochemistry, genetics, physiology, monitoring and control of insects infesting stored grain, dried fruits and nuts, and processed commodities is reviewed. Research on development of quarantine treatments, particularly for fruit flies, is also reviewed, including research on thermal and irradiation treatments and a discussion of risk management for quarantine pests. Two areas of research are covered more extensively: a project to map the genome of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and the use of near‐infrared spectroscopy for detection of hidden infestations in grain, quantification of insect fragments in food, determination of quality in dried fruits, identification of insect species and age‐grading insects. Future research directions are identified. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service stored‐grain areawide Integrated Pest Management program
Authors: Flinn Paul W , Hagstrum David W , Reed Carl , Phillips Tom W 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) funded a demonstration project (1998–2002) for areawide IPM for stored wheat in Kansas and Oklahoma. This project was a collaboration of researchers at the ARS Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, Kansas, Kansas State University, and Oklahoma State University. The project utilized two elevator networks, one in each state, for a total of 28 grain elevators. These elevators stored approximately 31 million bushels of wheat, which is approximately 1.2% of the annual national production. Stored wheat was followed as it moved from farm to the country elevator and finally to the terminal elevator. During this study, thousands of grain samples were taken in concrete elevator silos. Wheat stored at elevators was frequently infested by several insect species, which sometimes reached high numbers and damaged the grain. Fumigation using aluminum phosphide pellets was the main method for managing these insect pests in elevators in the USA. Fumigation decisions tended to be based on past experience with controlling stored‐grain insects, or were calendar based. Integrated pest management (IPM) requires sampling and risk benefit analysis. We found that the best sampling method for estimating insect density, without turning the grain from one bin to another, was the vacuum probe sampler. Decision support software, Stored Grain Advisor Pro (SGA Pro) was developed that interprets insect sampling data, and provides grain managers with a risk analysis report detailing which bins are at low, moderate or high risk for insect‐caused economic losses. Insect density was predicted up to three months in the future based on current insect density, grain temperature and moisture. Because sampling costs money, there is a trade‐off between frequency of sampling and the cost of fumigation. The insect growth model in SGA Pro reduces the need to sample as often, thereby making the program more cost‐effective. SGA Pro was validated during the final year of the areawide program. Based on data from 533 bins, SGA Pro accurately predicted which bins were at low, moderate or high risk. Only in two out of 533 bins did SGA Pro incorrectly predict bins as being low risk and, in both cases, insect density was only high (>two insects kg−1) at the surface, which suggested recent immigration. SGA Pro is superior to calendar‐based management because it ensures that grain is only treated when insect densities exceed economic thresholds (two insects kg−1). This approach will reduce the frequency of fumigation while maintaining high grain quality. Minimizing the use of fumigant improves worker safety and reduces both control costs and harm to the environment. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Herbicide resistance work in the United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service
Authors: Vaughn Kevin C 
Published: May 2003

AbstractHerbicide‐resistant weed biotypes are an increasing problem in agriculture, with reports of resistance to almost every herbicide class at some place in the world, and the total number of resistant biotypes at over 250. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists have been key players in this area since the first substantiated occurrence of these resistant biotypes in the 1970s. The most significant of their contributions is the complete unraveling of the mechanism of triazine resistance by Arntzen and colleagues, then with ARS at the University of Illinois. These studies established a high benchmark for research in this area and are a model for all studies in this area. Other ARS scientists have investigated a large number of weed biotypes with resistance to a wide range of herbicide classes and mechanisms of resistance. Collectively, these studies have been used to generate herbicide resistance‐management schemes for growers, based upon the herbicide site and the potential for resistance development. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service research in application technology for pest management
Authors: Smith LA , Thomson SJ 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA research summary is presented that emphasizes ARS achievements in application technology over the past 2–3 years. Research focused on the improvement of agricultural pesticide application is important from the standpoint of crop protection as well as environmental safety. Application technology research is being actively pursued within the ARS, with a primary focus on application system development, drift management, efficacy enhancement and remote sensing. Research on application systems has included sensor‐controlled hooded sprayers, new approaches to direct chemical injection, and aerial electrostatic sprayers. For aerial application, great improvements in on‐board flow controllers permit accurate field application of chemicals. Aircraft parameters such as boom position and spray release height are being altered to determine their effect on drift. Other drift management research has focused on testing of low‐drift nozzles, evaluation of pulsed spray technologies and evaluation of drift control adjuvants. Research on the use of air curtain sprayers in orchards, air‐assist sprayers for row crops and vegetables, and air deflectors on aircraft has documented improvements in application efficacy. Research has shown that the fate of applied chemicals is influenced by soil properties, and this has implications for herbicide efficacy and dissipation in the environment. Remote sensing systems are being used to target areas in the field where pests are present so that spray can be directed to only those areas. Soil and crop conditions influence propensity for weeds and insects to proliferate in any given field area. Research has indicated distinct field patterns favorable for weed growth and insect concentration, which can provide further assistance for targeted spraying. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological control of weeds: research by the United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service: selected case studies
Authors: Quimby Paul C , DeLoach C Jack , Wineriter Susan A , Goolsby John A , Sobhian Rouhollah , Boyette C Douglas , Abbas Hamed K 
Published: May 2003

AbstractResearch by the USDA‐Agricultural Research Service (ARS) on biological control of weeds has been practiced for many years because of its inherent ecological and economic advantages. Today, it is further driven by ARS adherence to Presidential Executive Order 13112 (3 February 1999) on invasive species and to USDA‐ARS policy toward developing technology in support of sustainable agriculture with reduced dependence on non‐renewable petrochemical resources. This paper reports examples or case studies selected to demonstrate the traditional or classical approach for biological control programs using Old World arthropods against Tamarix spp, Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav) ST Blake and Galium spurium L/G aparine L, and the augmentative approach with a native plant pathogen against Pueraria lobata Ohwi = P montana. The examples illustrated various conflicts of interest with endangered species and ecological complexities of arthropods with associated microbes such as nematodes. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service research on biological control of arthropods
Authors: Hopper Keith R 
Published: May 2003

AbstractDuring 1999–2001, ARS scientists published over 100 papers on more than 30 species of insect pest and 60 species of predator and parasitoid. These papers address issues crucial to the three strategies of biological control: conservation, augmentation and introduction. Conservation biological control includes both conserving extant populations of natural enemies by using relatively non‐toxic pesticides and increasing the abundance of natural enemies in crops by providing or improving refuges for population growth and dispersal into crops. ARS scientists have been very active in determining the effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods and in studying movement of natural enemies from refuges into crops. Augmentation involves repeated releases of natural enemies in the field, which can be inoculative or inundative. Inoculative releases are used to initiate self‐propagating populations at times or in places where they would be slow to colonize. ARS scientists have studied augmentative biological control of a variety of pest insects. The targets are mostly pests in annual crops or other ephemeral habitats, where self‐reproducing populations of natural enemies are not sufficiently abundant early enough to keep pest populations in check. ARS research in augmentative biological control centers on methods for rearing large numbers of healthy, effective natural enemies and for releasing them where and when they are needed at a cost less than the value of the reduction in damage to the crop. ARS scientists have researched various aspects of introductions of exotic biological control agents against a diversity of pest insects. The major issues in biological control introductions are accurate identification and adequate systematics of both natural enemies and target pests, exploration for natural enemies, predicting the success of candidates for introduction and the likelihood of non‐target impacts, quarantine and rearing methods, and post‐introduction evaluation of establishment, control and non‐target impacts. ARS scientists have published research on several general issues in biological control. Among the most important are the mechanisms affecting mate‐ and host‐finding and host specificity. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service research programs on microbes for management of plant‐parasitic nematodes
Authors: Meyer Susan LF 
Published: May 2003

AbstractRestrictions on the use of conventional nematicides have increased the need for new methods of managing plant‐parasitic nematodes. Consequently, nematode‐antagonistic microbes, and active compounds produced by such organisms, are being explored as potential additions to management practices. Programs in this area at the USDA Agricultural Research Service investigate applied biocontrol agents, naturally occurring beneficial soil microbes and natural compounds. Specific research topics include use of plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria and cultural practices for management of root‐knot and ring nematodes, determination of management strategies that enhance activity of naturally occurring Pasteuria species (bacterial obligate parasites of nematodes), studies on interactions between biocontrol bacteria and bacterial‐feeding nematodes, and screening of microbes for compounds active against plant‐parasitic nematodes. Some studies involve biocontrol agents that are active against nematodes and soil‐borne plant‐pathogenic fungi, or combinations of beneficial bacteria and fungi, to manage a spectrum of plant diseases or to increase efficacy over a broader range of environmental conditions. Effective methods or agents identified in the research programs are investigated as additions to existing management systems for plant‐parasitic nematodes. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insect chemical ecology research in the United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service
Authors: Aldrich Jeffrey R , Bartelt Robert J , Dickens Joseph C , Knight Alan L , Light Douglas M , Tumlinson James H 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis multi‐author paper reviews current work by USDA‐ARS scientists in the field of chemical ecology. Work with pheromones, the discovery and development of the codling moth kairomone, studies on insect–plant interactions and chemically mediated tritrophic plant–insect interactions have led to practical methods for control of important insect pests. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overview of areawide programs and the program for suppression of codling moth in the western USA directed by the United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service
Authors: Calkins Carrol O , Faust Robert J 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAn areawide suppression program for codling moth (Cydia pomonella L) populations was initiated in 1995 in Washington, Oregon and California under the direction of the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service in cooperation with Washington State University, Oregon State University and University of California, Berkeley. Mating disruption was used to reduce the pest population while reducing and eliminating the use of organophosphate insecticides. During the 5‐year program, the original 1064 hectares were expanded to 8400 hectares and from 66 grower participants to more than 400 participants. The acreage under mating disruption in the three states increased from 6000 hectares in 1994 to 54 000 hectares in the year 2000. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.