bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repetitive nerve stimulation of the nasalis muscle: Technique and normal values
Authors: Ruys‐Van Oeyen Astrid E.W.M. , Van Dijk J. Gert 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA technique of repetitive nerve stimulation of the facial nerve with recording from the nasalis and orbicularis oculi muscles was developed and tested in 15 healthy subjects. Quality criteria were that the stimulus artifact should return to baseline before the onset of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP), and that the CMAP should begin with a negative phase, be biphasic in shape, and have an amplitude of over 1 mV. Repetitive nerve stimulation was only performed if all four criteria were met, which was the case in all 15 subjects for the nasalis muscle, but in only 5 subjects for the orbicularis oculi muscle. The largest observed decrement was 9% in area. Reptitive nerve stimulation of the nasalis muscle is thus feasible, but its diagnostic utility remains to be established in patients with disorders of neuromuscular transmission. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 279–282, 2002
Bicriteria product design optimization: An efficient solution procedure using AND/OR trees
Authors: Raghavan S. , Ball Michael O. , Trichur Vinai S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCompetitive imperatives are causing manufacturing firms to consider multiple criteria when designing products. However, current methods to deal with multiple criteria in product design are ad hoc in nature. In this paper we present a systematic procedure to efficiently solve bicriteria product design optimization problems. We first present a modeling framework, the AND/OR tree, which permits a simplified representation of product design optimization problems. We then show how product design optimization problems on AND/OR trees can be framed as network design problems on a special graph—a directed series‐parallel graph. We develop an enumerative solution algorithm for the bicriteria problem that requires as a subroutine the solution of the parametric shortest path problem. Although this parametric problem is hard on general graphs, we show that it is polynomially solvable on the series‐parallel graph. As a result we develop an efficient solution algorithm for the product design optimization problem that does not require the use of complex and expensive linear/integer programming solvers. As a byproduct of the solution algorithm, sensitivity analysis for product design optimization is also efficiently performed under this framework. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 49: 574–592, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/nav.10031
Early and transient ontogenetic expression of the cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript peptide in the rat mesencephalon: Correlation with tyrosine hydroxylase expression
Authors: Brischoux F. , Griffond B. , Fellmann D. , Risold P. Y. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe ontogeny of cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) expression has been analyzed by immunohistochemistry in the mesencephalon of the rat central nervous system, and compared to the pattern of tyrosine hydroxylase‐ (TH‐) expression. CART‐producing neurons were first detected on the embryonic day 11 (E11) in the ventral mesencephalic vesicle. These neurons are among the first cells of the mantle layer to differentiate. From E13, a complementary pattern of distribution was observed, dividing the mantle layer into an external TH zone and an internal CART zone. Many TH‐positive neurons were found to migrate from the neuroepithelium through the area containing the CART‐immunoreactive neurons to settle more laterally. These TH cells exhibited prominent leading and trailing dendrites in the immediate vicinity of CART perikarya. On E16, the number of CART neurons appeared to diminish, and they were confined near the ventricle and around the fasciculus retroflexus. On E18 and E20, only the Edinger‐Westphal nucleus exhibited a strong CART staining as described in the adult brain. Thus, the very early detection of CART during prenatal ontogeny led us to speculate that this peptide might have a role in the development of specific regions of the rat brain. In particular, our observations suggest that CART‐expressing neurons might help the migration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 52: 221–229, 2002
Myosin light chain phosphorylation and growth cone motility
Authors: Schmidt John T. , Morgan Patricia , Dowell Natalie , Leu Byunghee 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAccording to the treadmill hypothesis, the rate of growth cone advance depends upon the difference between the rates of protrusion (powered by actin polymerization at the leading edge) and retrograde F‐actin flow, powered by activated myosin. Myosin II, a strong candidate for powering the retrograde flow, is activated by myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Earlier results showing that pharmacological inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) causes growth cone collapse with loss of F‐actin‐based structures are seemingly inconsistent with the treadmill hypothesis, which predicts faster growth cone advance. These experiments re‐examine this issue using an inhibitory pseudosubstrate peptide taken from the MLCK sequence and coupled to the fatty acid stearate to allow it to cross the membrane. At 5–25 μM, the peptide completely collapsed growth cones from goldfish retina with a progressive loss of lamellipodia and then filopodia, as seen with pharmacological inhibitors, but fully reversible. Lower concentrations (2.5 μM) both simplified the growth cone (fewer filopodia) and caused faster advance, doubling growth rates for many axons (51–102 μm/h; p < .025). Rhodamine‐phalloidin staining showed reduced F‐actin content in the faster growing growth cones, and marked reductions in collapsed ones. At higher concentrations, there was a transient advance of individual filopodia before collapse (also seen with the general myosin inhibitor, butanedione monoxime, which did not accelerate growth). The rho/rho kinase pathway modulates MLC dephosphorylation by myosin‐bound protein phosphatase 1 (MPP1), and manipulations of MPP1 also altered motility. Lysophosphatidic acid (10 μM), which causes inhibition of MPP1 to accumulate activated myosin II, caused a contracted collapse (vs. that due to loss of F‐actin) but was ineffective after treatment with low doses of peptide, demonstrating that the peptide acts via MLC phosphorylation. Inhibiting rho kinase with Y27632 (100 μM) to disinhibit the phosphatase increased the growth rate like the MLCK peptide, as expected. These results suggest that: varying the level of MLCK activity inversely affects the rate of growth cone advance, consistent with the treadmill hypothesis and myosin II powering of retrograde F‐actin flow; MLCK activity in growth cones, as in fibroblasts, contributes strongly to controlling the amount of F‐actin; and the phosphatase is already highly active in these cultures, because rho kinase inhibition produces much smaller effects on growth than does MLCK inhibition. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 52: 175–188, 2002
Tetrahedral composite finite elements
Authors: Thoutireddy P. , Molinari J. F. , Repetto E. A. , Ortiz M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe develop and analyse a composite ‘CT3D’ tetrahedral element consisting of an ensemble of 12 four‐node linear tetrahedral elements, coupled to a linear assumed deformation defined over the entire domain of the composite element. The element is designed to have well‐defined lumped masses and contact tractions in dynamic contact problems while at the same time, minimizing the number of volume constraints per element. The relation between displacements and deformations is enforced weakly by recourse to the Hu–Washizu principle. The element arrays are formulated in accordance with the ‘assumed‐strain’ prescription. The formulation of the element accounts for fully non‐linear kinematics. Integrals over the domain of the element are computed by a five‐point quadrature rule. The element passes the patch test in arbitrarily distorted configurations. Our numerical tests demonstrate that CT element has been found to possess a convergence rate comparable to those of linear simplicial elements, and that these convergence rates are maintained as the near‐incompressible limit is approached. We have also verified that the element satisfies the Babuška–Brezzi condition for a regular mesh configuration. These tests suggest that the CT3D element can indeed be used reliably in calculations involving near‐incompressible behaviour which arises, e.g., in the presence of unconfined plastic flow. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A one‐dimensional theory of thin‐walled curved rectangular box beams under torsion and out‐of‐plane bending
Authors: Kim Yoon Young , Kim Youngkyu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA new five degree‐of‐freedom one‐dimensional theory is proposed for the analysis of thin‐walled curved rectangular box beams subjected to torsion and out‐of‐plane bending. In addition to the usual three degrees of freedom used for solid curved beams, two additional degrees corresponding to warping and distortion are included in the present theory. The coupling between the deformations corresponding to five degrees of freedom due to the curvature of the beam is carefully treated in the present work. The superior behaviour of the present beam theory is verified through numerical examples. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contact between 3D beams with rectangular cross‐sections
Authors: Litewka Przemysław , Wriggers Peter 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper frictionless contact between 3D beams is analysed. The beam model is used in which large displacements but small strains are allowed. The element is derived on the basis of updated Lagrangian formulation using physical shape functions with shear effect included. An effective contact‐search algorithm, which is necessary to determine an active set for the contact contribution treatment, is elaborated. The contact element uses the same set of physical shape functions as the beam element. A consistent linearization of contact contribution is derived and expressed in suitable matrix form, easy to use in FEM approximation. Several numerical examples depict the efficiency of the presented approach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a simple and efficient method for robust optimization
Authors: Jung Do Hyun , Lee Byung Chai 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRobust optimization problems are newly formulated and an efficient computational scheme is proposed. Both design variables and design parameters are considered as random variables about their nominal values. To ensure the robustness of objective performance, we introduce a new performance index bounding the performance together with a constraint limiting the performance variation. The constraint variations are regulated by considering the probability of feasibility. Each probability constraint is transformed into a sub‐optimization problem by the advanced first‐order second moment (AFOSM) method for computational efficiency. The proposed robust optimization method has the advantages that the mean value and the variation of the performance function are controlled simultaneously and rationally and the second‐order sensitivity information is not required even in case of gradient‐based optimization process. The suggested method is examined by solving three examples and the results are compared with those for the deterministic case and those available in the literature. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extracting edge flux intensity functions for the Laplacian
Authors: Yosibash Zohar , Actis Ricardo , Szabó Barna 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe solution to the Laplace operator in three‐dimensional domains in the vicinity of straight edges is presented as an asymptotic expansion involving eigenpairs with their coefficients called edge flux intensity functions (EFIFs). The eigenpairs are identical to their two‐dimensional counterparts over a plane perpendicular to the edge. Extraction of EFIFs however, cannot be obtained in a straightforward manner over this two‐dimensional plane. A method based on L2 projection and Richardson extrapolation is presented for point‐wise extraction of EFIFs from p‐finite element solutions and illustrated by examples. A similar but more efficient method, based on ‘energy projection’, for extracting EFIFs is proposed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An approach to multi‐start clustering for global optimization with non‐linear constraints
Authors: Tu W. , Mayne R. W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a multi‐start with clustering strategy for use on constrained optimization problems. It is based on the characteristics of non‐linear constrained global optimization problems and extends a strategy previously tested on unconstrained problems. Earlier studies of multi‐start with clustering found in the literature have focused on unconstrained problems with little attention to non‐linear constrained problems. In this study, variations of multi‐start with clustering are considered including a simulated annealing or random search procedure for sampling the design domain and a quadratic programming (QP) sub‐problem used in cluster formation. The strategies are evaluated by solving 18 non‐linear mathematical problems and six engineering design problems. Numerical results show that the solution of a one‐step QP sub‐problem helps predict possible regions of attraction of local minima and can enhance robustness and effectiveness in identifying local minima without sacrificing efficiency. In comparison to other multi‐start techniques found in the literature, the strategies of this study can be attractive in terms of the number of local searches performed, the number of minima found, whether the global minimum is located, and the number of the function evaluations required. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A FEM model for the active control of curved FGM shells using piezoelectric sensor/actuator layers
Authors: He X. Q. , Liew K. M. , Ng T. Y. , Sivashanker S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a generic finite element formulation is developed for the static and dynamic control of FGM (functionally graded material) shells with piezoelectric sensor and actuator layers. The properties of the FGM shell are graded in the thickness direction according to a volume fraction power‐law distribution. The proposed finite element model is based on variational principle and linear piezoelectricity theory. A constant displacement and velocity feedback control algorithm coupling the direct and inverse piezoelectric effects is applied in a closed‐loop system to provide feedback control of the integrated FGM shell structure. Both static and dynamic control of FGM shells are simulated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed active control scheme within a framework of finite element discretization and piezoelectric integration. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topology optimization of resonating structures using SIMP method
Authors: Tcherniak Dmitri 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe present paper is concerned with the layout optimization of resonating actuators using topology optimization techniques. The goal of the optimization is a maximization of the magnitude of steady‐state vibrations for a given excitation frequency. The problem formulation includes an external viscous damper at the output port which models a working load on the structure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between clinicopathological features and karyotype in 100 cartilaginous and chordoid tumours. A report from the Chromosomes and Morphology (CHAMP) Collaborative Study Group
Authors: Tallini Giovanni , Dorfman Howard , Brys Peter , Dal Cin Paola , De Wever Ivo , Fletcher Christopher D. M. , Jonson Kjell , Mandahl Nils , Mertens Fredrik , Mitelman Felix , Rosai Juan , Rydholm Anders , Samson Ignace , Sciot Raf , Van den Berghe Herman , Vanni Roberta , Willén Helena 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe evaluation of chondroid lesions requires full integration of clinical, radiographic, and pathological data; tumour typing is often a challenge for the diagnostic pathologist. Although a variety of chromosomal abnormalities have been documented in chondroid lesions, the potential usefulness of cytogenetic analysis remains unclear. This study has critically reviewed and analysed 117 karyotyped samples from 100 patients with cartilaginous and chordoid tumours. Cases were selected based on successful chromosomal analysis and adequacy of clinical, radiographic, and pathological information. To ensure objective evaluation, the cytogenetic results were correlated in a double‐blind setting with consensus diagnoses independently determined on each case, after complete review of the histological, radiographic, and clinical findings. Karyotypic aberrations were identified in 41/92 cartilaginous tumours (5/11 osteochondromas, 2/3 chondromyxoid fibromas, 0/4 chondroblastomas, 11/29 chondromas, 0/3 chondroid tumours of undetermined malignant potential, 22/40 chondrosarcomas and 1/2 miscellaneous cartilaginous lesions) and 5/8 chordomas. Complex karyotypic changes were a feature of malignant tumours (chondrosarcoma and chordoma) and of chondrosarcoma among cartilaginous tumours, where they correlated with high tumour grade. Among primary well‐differentiated cartilaginous lesions of bone, the finding of an abnormal karyotype was consistently associated with a grade 1 chondrosarcoma diagnosis. Among karyotypically abnormal cartilaginous tumours, loss of distal 8q was associated with osteochondroma, +5 with synovial chondroma/chondromatosis and parosteal or soft tissue chondroma, alterations of chromosome arm 6q with chondromyxoid fibroma, +7 with bone chondrosarcoma, and 17p1 alterations with grade 3 chondrosarcoma. Alterations involving 12q13 characterized synovial chondroma/chondromatosis in the chondroma group and myxoid chondrosarcoma of bone in the chondrosarcoma group. In conclusion, cytogenetic abnormalities in chondroid lesions are common and are not randomly distributed. They are associated with malignancy/tumour grade as well as with specific diagnoses in many cases, and can therefore be of potential value for tumour typing. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of HIF‐1α by human macrophages: implications for the use of macrophages in hypoxia‐regulated cancer gene therapy
Authors: Burke Bernard , Tang Ngai , Corke Kevin P. , Tazzyman Dean , Ameri Kurosh , Wells Michael , Lewis Claire E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLarge numbers of monocytes extravasate from the blood into human tumours, where they differentiate into macrophages. In both breast and prostate carcinomas, these cells accumulate in areas of low oxygen tension (hypoxia), where they respond to hypoxia with the up‐regulation of one or more hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs). These then accumulate in the nucleus and bind to short DNA sequences called hypoxia‐response elements (HREs) near or in such oxygen‐sensitive genes as that encoding the pro‐angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This stimulates gene expression and could explain why, in part, macrophages express abundant VEGF only in avascular, hypoxic areas of breast carcinomas. It also suggests that macrophages could be used to deliver HRE‐regulated therapeutic genes specifically to hypoxic tumour areas. A recent study suggested that hypoxic macrophages accumulate HIF‐2 rather than HIF‐1, prompting the search for HRE constructs that optimally bind HIF‐2 for use in macrophage‐based gene therapy protocols. However, the present study shows that human macrophages accumulate higher levels of HIF‐1 than HIF‐2 when exposed to tumour‐specific levels of hypoxia in vitro; that macrophages in human tumours express abundant HIF‐1; and that expression from HRE‐driven reporter constructs in the human macrophage‐like cell line MonoMac 6 correlates more closely with HIF‐1 than with HIF‐2 up‐regulation under hypoxia. Taken together, these findings suggest that HIF‐1 may be the major hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor in macrophages and that HIF‐1‐regulated constructs are likely to be effective in macrophage delivery of hypoxia‐regulated gene therapy to human tumours. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oestrogen receptor β in breast cancer: good, bad or still too early to tell?
Authors: Speirs Valerie 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo oestrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ, have been identified. ERα is by far the better characterized and is an established predictive marker in breast cancer which influences decisions on whether or not to give adjuvant anti‐oestrogens, such as tamoxifen. In contrast, the function of ERβ in breast pathobiology is unclear, partly because most studies have focused on its mRNA rather than the protein. In this review, the significance of ERβ in the human breast is reviewed with respect to recent literature and its possible implications are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequent phosphorylation at serine 392 in overexpressed p53 protein due to missense mutation in carcinoma of the urinary tract
Authors: Furihata Mutsuo , Kurabayashl Atsushi , Matsumoto Manabu , Sonobe Hiroshi , Ohtsuki Yuji , Terao Naotami , Kuwahara Morimasa , Shuin Taro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPost‐transcriptional modification of p53 by phosphorylation has been proposed to be an important mechanism of p53 stabilization and functional regulation. Phosphorylation of p53 Ser392, in particular, activates specific DNA binding functions by stabilizing p53 tetramer formation. This study evaluated the relationship between p53 Ser392 phosphorylation and various types of p53 missense mutation detected in urothelial transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs), with stratification ofthe mutations according to the functional domains elucidated by the crystal structure of the p53protein. Of 41 TCCs with missense mutations, 26 (63.4%) exhibited immunopositivity with Ser392 phospho‐specific p53 antibody. In comparison to structural mutations, the missense mutations at exon 7 (p=0.0307) or located in regions that affect direct DNA binding ability (p=0.0273) were significantly associated with Ser392 immunopositivity. No statistically significant relationship was found between Ser392 immunoreactivity and other different types of p53 mutation. The prevalence of cases exhibiting Ser392‐positive immunostaining was higher forhigh‐grade (p<0.0001) and advanced‐stage TCCs (p=0.0119) than for TCCs with wild‐type p53. No significant relationship was found between Ser392 immunoreactivity and apoptotic index in urothelial TCCs. These in vivo findings indicate that Ser392 phosphorylation frequently occurs in mutant form p53 in TCCs. Because mutant form p53 can act dominant‐negatively by hetero‐oligomerization with wild‐type p53, these findings also suggest that Ser392 phosphorylation might activate tetramer formation to promote the dominant‐negative effects of mutant form p53, andthereby contribute to proliferation of aggressive TCCs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.