bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence and neuro‐ophthalmology
Authors: Milea Dan 
Published: January 2024

Deep‐learning (DL) methods have been successfully applied to Neuro‐ophthalmology and in particular to interpretation of images of retina and the optic nerve for detection of life‐ and/or vision‐treating cerebral conditions. DL systems are nowadays able to accurately detect papilledema related to raised intracranial pressure, (1) as well as other optic neuropathies, on standard retinal photographs alone. In addition to detection of specific retinal features and abnormalities, more recent DL methods suggest that neurodegenerative conditions (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease), affecting the ocular structures, can be also detected on trivial retinal photographs.(2).Ophthalmologists and neuro‐ophthalmologists are in a privileged position to detect cerebral conditions affecting the eyes, using novel, cutting‐edge DL technologies, which may transform our clinical practice in the next years.(3) Such algorithms may be implemented in the future, if further validated in real‐life situations, for the triaging of patients who are seen in non‐ophthalmic set‐ups (emergency rooms, neurology offices, etc.). This presentation will share the current hopes, doubts, successes and failures of assistive AI applied to Neuro‐ophthalmic conditions.References.
Milea D, Najjar RP, Zhubo J, Ting D, Vasseneix C, Xu X, Aghsaei Fard M, Fonseca P, Vanikieti K, Lagrèze WA, La Morgia C, Cheung CY, Hamann S, Chiquet C, Sanda N, Yang H, Mejico LJ, Rougier M‐B, Kho R, Thi Ha Chau T, Singhal S, Gohier P, Clermont‐Vignal C, Cheng C‐Y, Jonas JB, Yu‐Wai‐Man P, Fraser CL, Chen JJ, Ambika S, Miller NR, Liu Y, Newman NJ, Wong TY, Biousse V for the BONSAI Group. Artificial Intelligence to Detect Papilledema from Ocular Fundus Photographs. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 30;382(18):1687–1695.
Cheung CY, Ran A, Wang S, Chan VTT, Sham K, Hilal S, Venketasubramanian N, Cheng CY, Sabanayagam C, Tham YC, Schmetterer L, McKay GJ, Williams MA, 12, Wong A, Au L, Lu A, Yam JC, 1 Tham CC, Chen JJ, Dumitrascu OM, Pheng‐Ann H, Kwok T, Mok V **, Milea D**, Chen LH, ** Wong TY**. A deep‐learning screening model for Alzheimer's disease based on retinal photographs. Lancet Digital Medicine, 2022 Nov;4(11):e806‐e815.
Sathianvichitr K, Lamoureux O, Nakada S, Tang Z, Schmetterer L, Chen C, Cheung CY, Najjar RP, Milea D. Through the eyes into the brain, using artificial intelligence. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2023 Feb;52(2):88–95.
Optic treatments to myopia management
Authors: Rodriguez Juan Gonzalo Carracedo 
Published: January 2024

Myopia has become a challenge for public health in the last decades due to the increase in its prevalence and its effect on the axial growth of the eye. The main concern about the myopia progression in the child population is due to the appearance of secondary pathologies of myopia in the adulthood. They have been developed various optical and pharmacological treatments in the last years to try to minimize the axial growth of the eye and therefore to try to prevent, to delay or to minimize the impact of pathologies associated to myopia that could provoke loss of vision.Within the optical treatments to control the axial growth progression, orthokeratology contact lenses, peripheral defocus soft contact lenses and ophthalmic lenses have been described. Other optical devices are also being developed that through the management of different wavelengths of light will serve as adjuvants for the myopia control.That presentation will try to show the scientific evidence on the efficacy and safety of the use of these treatments as well as to discuss the possible mechanisms of action to minimize the axial growth progression.
Photoreceptor rescue in retinal degenerative diseases
Authors: Perez Maria Paz Villegas 
Published: January 2024

María Paz Villegas‐Pérez, Johnny Di Pierdomenico Spitilli, Ana Martínez Vacas y Diego García Ayuso.Inherited retinal degenerations are genetic diseases that cause irreversible blindness at working age. Although the most common form is retinitis pigmentosa (RP) there are many forms of the disease. More than 100 genetic defects have been documented in RP and therefore genetic treatment for this disease is not possible at present. We have used pharmacological, dietary and cellular therapies to augment photoreceptor survival in two animal models of inherited retinal degeneration with genetic defects also observed in human RP, the P23H1 rat and the RCS rat. Different therapies have shown promising results and may be thus used alone or in combination to promote photoreceptor survival in inherited retinal degenerations.
Autophagy modulators as potential neuroprotective drugs in glaucoma
Authors: Russo Rossella 
Published: January 2024

Glaucoma, a progressive age‐related optic neuropathy characterized by retinal ganglion cell degeneration and alteration of the optic nerve head, is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the main and the only known modifiable risk factor. However, despite lowering IOP, glaucomatous damage still progresses in a relevant percentage of patients.Neuroprotection in glaucoma refers to any non‐IOP related treatments that can prevent or delay neurodegeneration. Metformin (1,1‐dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride) is one of the first‐line anti‐hyperglycemic drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In recent years, several studies have investigated the neuroprotective effect of metformin in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, revealing that this drug is able to regulate energy metabolism, prevent oxidative stress, reduce neuroinflammation and trigger autophagy.The autophagy‐lysosome system, which is responsible for breaking down cellular components, preserving cellular homeostasis and preventing accumulation of protein aggregates and damaged organelles, is often dysregulated in neurodegenerative pathologies.Here we show that the neurodegeneration observed in experimental models of glaucoma is associated with autophagy and mitophagy dysregulation, and describe the neuroprotective effects of treatment with metformin as autophagy modulator. To explore the possibility of the clinical translation of our findings, we performed a retrospective pilot study documenting for the first time a putative neuroprotective effect of metformin in glaucomatous diabetic patients.
Exfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma ‐ Current research and Management in Georgia
Authors: Kobakhidze Nino 
Published: January 2024

Exfoliation Syndrome (XFS) is an age‐related disorder of extracellular matrix affecting millions of people worldwide. It is the most common identifiable cause of glaucoma which is characterized by much more severe clinical course, more fluctuation of intraocular pressure (IOP), less response to medical treatment, faster progression of optic nerve atrophy and visual field deterioration, more frequent need of surgical treatment.XFS is a heritable condition. This fact is long known from familial aggregation studies. Very little is known about the mechanisms of disease development. This is especially true about Exfoliation Glaucoma (XFG), considering that not every XFS patient converts to XFG.The only evidence‐based treatment of XFG nowadays is IOP lowering, although addressing mechanisms of IOP elevation could be the best preventive and treatment measure.The aim of this talk is to summarize the current status of genetic studies of XFS/XFG and to provide some tips for treatment based on several clinical examples.
Anatomical and optical origins of negative dysphotopsia
Authors: Beenakker Jan‐Willem 
Published: January 2024

Negative dysphotopsia (ND) is a complaint after, an otherwise uneventful, cataract surgery with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. It is generally described as a shadow in the temporal peripheral visual field. Approximately 3% of the patients suffer from this condition and complaints range from mild visual field defects to a significant loss of peripheral vision that disturbs daily life. Originally, this condition was poorly understood as conventional ophthalmic techniques are not designed for a comprehensive evaluation of the peripheral vision. In the last years, however, a combination of dedicated anatomical measurements and optical ray tracing simulations have revealed the cause of ND and proposed different treatments.In this presentation the basic principles of ray tracing of the eye will be presented, followed by the main results of the ESCRS vRESPOND study. In this study, a detailed anatomical assessment of the pseudophakic population with and without ND was made. The distinct differences between both groups, such as a smaller (p = <0.01) and more decentered (p < 0.01) pupil and an increased temporal‐tilted iris (p < 0.01), will be discussed. Interestingly, high‐resolution ocular MRI revealed that the in‐the‐bag IOL position and retinal shape did not differ significantly between both groups. The impact of these differences on the patient's peripheral vision will be shown through ray tracing simulations. First the optical origin of the shadow, caused by light rays missing the IOL, will be presented, followed by a quantitative analysis of the effect the different anatomical and IOL‐design parameters on the severity of this shadow. At the end of the presentation, the optical rationale behind some of the treatments of ND will be discussed.
Direct observation of negative dysphotopsia in a physical model of the pseudophakic eye
Authors: Ginis Harilaos 
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Negative dysphotopsia (ND) is a phenomenon affecting pseudophakic eyes where a dark crescent or shadow is perceived in the peripheral temporal visual field. Although is it understood that the size and position of the intraocular lens (IOL) creating a space between the IOL's optic and the iris are involved, the exact aetiology and conditions remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to develop a physical model of the pseudophakic eye and to record ND at the retinal plane in a variety of conditions.Methods: The eye model resembles anatomically the human eye with an aspheric cornea made of PMMA (R = 7.73 mm, Q = −0.24) an exchangeable iris and an IOL holder with variable distance (0.5 to 1.5 mm) from the pupil, representing a pseudophakic anterior chamber depth (pACD) ranging from 4.05 to 5.05 mm. The eye model is filled with distilled water. A camera, in a water‐tight housing is used to record images at the retinal plane. Negative dysphotopsia was investigated using both point sources and extended surfaces for two different pACD values (4.05 and 5.05 mm) and two pupil diameters (3 and 6 mm).Results: A characteristic crescent appeared next to the point spread function (PSF) in the periphery, representing light that was propagated beyond the edge of the IOL. This crescent was more prominent in greater pupil diameters and greater pACD values. When testing with an extended field, a relatively dark band appeared at a specific location at approximately 75 degrees of field angle. Various optical strategies to eliminate negative dysphotopsia can be envisaged including inverted meniscus lenses that ‐naturally‐ have a narrower peripheral gap and allow optical propagation until greater field angles as well as formations that block peripheral light.Conclusion: A peripheral crescent, corresponding to light that misses the IOL's optic results to a double‐peaked PSF for field angles as small as 45 degrees in some conditions (large pupil diameter, deep pACD). Yet, a dark band does not appear until much greater angles, where effectively the part of light passing through the IOL is eliminated while the peripheral crescent persists.
Retrospective analysis of negative Dysphotopsia after cataract surgery
Authors: Mihaltz Kata 
Published: January 2024

Purpose: To describe the incidence and characteristics of negative dysphotopsia (ND) as well as the risk factors contributing to it.Methods: In this retrospective study postoperative results of 8122 eyes after cataract surgery were analysed. Three different IOLs have been implanted (EyeCee® One by Bausch + Lomb, TECNIS® by Johnson & Johnson, HOYA Vivienx™ by HOYA). Following parameters were studied: pupil size, axial length, anterior chamber depth, angle kappa, IOL power and other biometrical factors. The scotomas were depicted on a Harms tangent screen.Results: An incidence of 1.99% of ND was found, of which 1.58% was transient and 0.42% persistent. The average duration of the symptoms was 5.40 (±6.15) weeks in the transient ND group. In the total cohort of 8122 eyes, there was no difference in the distribution of implanted IOL types or IOL power; neither played the surgeon a significant role in the development of ND. There was no significant difference between ND and control eyes regarding pupil size, axial length, and angle kappa. The anterior chamber was significantly shallower in the ND group: 5.1 ± 0.58 mm vs. 5.41 ± 0.61 mm (p = 0.03).Conclusion: According to our findings, a shallower anterior chamber poses a risk to the development of ND.
ILM Peel?
Authors: Perez Rafael Martinez‐Costa 
Published: January 2024

To peel or not to peel the internal limiting membrane (ILM) is a continuous matter of discussion among macula surgery practitioners.Undoubtedly to remove ILM, which is responsible off the 50% of retina rigidity, turns neurosensorial retina more flexible, allows an easiest removal of the vitreous remnants on the posterior pole, inhibits further relapses of epiretinal membranes, and promotes closure of the retinal holes when they exist by activating a glial proliferation.Nevertheless as any other surgical manoeuvre, peeling of the ILM can produce complications such as haemorrhages, harm to the retina, vascular capillaries of the internal plexus, and even macular holes. Transitory degree of fibre layer oedema, displacement of the macula towards the disk and sometimes thinning of the nerve fibre layer can occur.Beneficial effects of ILM peeling in ERM regarding improving vision or reducing relapses, has not been proved, but peeling is routinely made by many surgeons, and many times when intentionally not peeled, the ILM is peeled following the ERM.
Presentation of cases who underwent vitrectomy for the management of idiopathic epiretinal membranes (iERM)
Authors: Gkizis Ilias 
Published: January 2024

Epiretinal membrane (ERM) is a term used to describe cellular avascular membranes that form on the inner retinal surface, causing distortion and a decrease in the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The prevalence of ERM ranges from 7% to 29% in the general population. Pre‐macular fibroplasia, macular pucker, cellophane maculopathy and pre‐macular fibrosis have also been used to describe this condition. The majority of ERM's have no associated ocular abnormality and are termed idiopathic while the secondary ERM's are associated with preexisting or coexisting conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, cataract surgery, retinal detachment and retinal detachment surgery.Patients with ERM are usually monitored by measuring BCVA and retinal morphology. Last decades a valuable tool in diagnosis, grading, follow up and post‐surgical evaluation of ERM is Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). OCT can demonstrate the presence of ERM, degree of traction, the presence of cystoid macular edema and various biomarkers such us the disorganization of the inner retinal layers (DRIL).ERM may remain stationary with minimal effect on visual performance. However, some cases may progress with worsening of symptoms, increasing retinal thickness and traction. In those symptomatic cases, surgical peeling of ERM through pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) is the treatment of choice. Some surgeons prefer to peel the Internal limiting membrane (ILM) during primary vitrectomy. Previous studies showed that 40–83% of patients gain on average of 2 or more lines of BCVA after ERM surgery.We present three cases of successful surgical ERM repair. The first patient had a longstanding ERM with DRIL, his symptoms were metamorphopsia and low vision. One month following vitrectomy gained 5 lines. BCVA improved from CF pre‐op to 5/10 Snellen chart 1 month post‐op, with good macular anatomical restoration. The second patient, 1 month postoperatively, had also good anatomical result but presented an eccentric macular hole even though we did not perform an ILM peel. The third patient, 18 months after a successful vitrectomy for ERM peel in his only eye and BCVA 8/10 cc on Snellen chart the first 6 months, he experienced a decline in his vision and an OCT revealed a full thickness macular hole. Hence, a second operation was performed with ILM peel and good anatomical and functional restoration.
Fostering an international network of women scientists and clinicians, encouraging open dialogue, and inspiring future women scientists in ophthalmology and vision science
Authors: Soubrane Gisèle , Ou Yvonne , Audo Isabelle , Votruba Marcela , Tassignon Marie‐José 
Published: January 2024

Fostering an international network of women scientists and clinicians, encouraging open dialogue, and inspiring future women scientists in Ophthalmology and Vision Science.How to encourage women scientists and clinicians to go after their dreams
Be a listening ear. …
Stay open‐minded. …
Help her set attainable goals. …
Take action. …
Encourage her to visualize her goals. …
Reinforce the importance of positive life skills, such as hard work, persistence, a positive attitude, and responsibility.
Be realistic about challenges.
Walnuts for the eye and vision
Authors: Casaroli‐Marano Ricardo P. 
Published: January 2024

The increase in lifespan with the consequent expansion of the aging of the world population has become an important challenge for public health. In recent decades, there has been a progressive increase in the incidence of debilitating diseases related to aging, including neurodegenerative disorders and eye diseases. Oxidative stress and inflammation are believed to play a critical role in several eye disorders, such as age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and cataracts, the leading causes of visual loss and blindness worldwide. Neurodegenerative events were also related to AMD and DR.Nutrients such as n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) and antioxidants, specifically polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins C and E, may play a role in preventing both cognitive decline and retinal degenerative processes. Nuts have been described as a “superfood”, containing a notable variety of natural components that may have additive and/or synergistic properties for health and may prevent some pathologies. Nuts in general and walnuts in particular have a rich matrix of these bioactive components and through additive effects, have the potential to beneficially impact neuronal function in the brain and retina. Among different nuts, walnuts contain n‐3 PUFAs, specifically α‐linolenic acid (ALA; C18:3n‐3). It is believed that ALA may improve brain health indirectly through conversion to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n‐3), which has the ability to modulate brain plasticity and counteracts neuroinflammation in experimental studies. Other bioactive compounds in walnuts, such as arginine, tocopherols, folate, melatonin and polyphenols, also support neurological health and cognitive well‐being by modulating blood pressure, HDL function, glucoregulation, endothelial vasodilator function, oxidative status and vascular dysfunction. Polyphenols (including ellagitannins) have high antioxidant and prebiotic properties, which can regulate the gut microbiome, which is related to the increased risk of several inflammatory diseases. There is growing evidence that walnuts may contribute positively to eye disorders such as AMD, DR, and cataract prevention.
The value of assessing progressive loss of red/green and yellow/blue chromatic sensitivity in glaucoma
Authors: Rauscher Franziska G. , Edgar David F. , Chisholm Catharine M. , Barbur John L. 
Published: January 2024

*Correspondence: franziska.rauscher@medizin.uni-leipzig.deThe value of assessing progressive loss of red/green and yellow/blue chromatic sensitivity in glaucoma.The study employed visual stimuli designed to isolate and reveal how spatial, temporal and chromatic aspects of visual processing change from normal sensitivity to extreme loss in glaucoma. The experiments carried out examined the fovea and each of four paracentral retinal regions, arranged diagonally away from fixation at an eccentricity of 6°. Spatial vision was investigated by measuring both absolute detection thresholds and functional contrast sensitivity using Landolt ring stimuli (Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2022;42:1363–1378). These psychophysical tests based on Landolt C optotypes measure both detection thresholds and gap orientation discrimination thresholds in the same experiments using randomly interleaved test locations. First‐order motion perception was examined by using moving stimuli embedded in static luminance contrast noise. Red/green (RG) and yellow/blue (YB) colour thresholds were measured with the Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test, which makes use of random, dynamic luminance contrast noise (±45%) to isolate the use of RG and YB colour signals. Subjects were normal controls (n = 65) and glaucoma patients with binocular visual field defects (n = 15) classified based on their Humphrey Field Analyser mean deviation (MD) scores. The impairment of visual function varied depending on the stimulus attribute and location tested. The severity of loss increased monotonically with disease progression. For subjects with mild glaucoma (MD −0.01 to −6.00 dB), significantly more data points exceeded the upper normal threshold limits for the corresponding age for RG colour thresholds than for any other visual test (Br Med Bull 2017;122:51–77), followed by motion thresholds. This was particularly the case for the parafoveal locations when compared with the equivalent thresholds measured at the fovea. The results suggest that a multifaceted measure of binocular visual performance based on foveal and parafoveal tests of RG colour vision and first‐order motion, can best inform on the progression of glaucoma and the overall loss of visual performance for comparison with other measures of changes in the quality of life in patients with glaucoma.Keywords: Glaucoma, Visual function, Colour vision, Motion detection, Contrast, Acuity, Colour Assessment and Diagnosis, CAD.