bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of stromelysin activity on proteoglycan degradation of canine articular cartilage explants
Authors: Todhunter R. J. , Yeh L.-A. , Sheldon A. , Grisanzio L. , Walker S. L. , Burton-Wurster N. , Lust G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We investigated whether stromelysin activity in the medium of canine articular cartilage explants is associated with proteoglycan degradation in these explants. Cartilage explants were treated with recombinant human interleukin 1α (rh-il-lα), lipopolysaccharide, or canine monocyte-conditioned medium. Proteoglycan synthesis and degradation were measured. Metalloproteinase activity (inhibitable by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2) in the culture medium was measured by use of fluorimetry with a quenched fluorescent substrate. Western blots of the medium were probed with polyclonal antibodies to human stromelysin, collagenase, and gelatinase.
Neither metalloproteinase activity nor proteoglycan degradation were inducible in canine cartilage explants treated with rh-ll-1α. However, proteoglycan synthesis was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by concentrations of 10 and 100 ng of rh-il-1α/ml. Metalloproteinase activity in the medium accompanied proteoglycan degradation of cartilage treated with lipopolysaccharide and monocyte-conditioned medium. The metalloproteinase released into the medium was identified as prostromelysin by results of western blotting.
Effects of feeding fumonisin B1 in lactating sows and their suckling pigs
Authors: Becker B. A. , Pace L. , Rottinghaus G. E. , Shelby R. , Misfeldt M. , Ross P. F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) produced by Fusarium moniliforme in corn causes pulmonary edema in finishing swine. Effects of lower nonlethal amounts and effects in lactating sows with suckling pigs are unknown. An initial study was conducted to determine a nonlethal concentration of FB1 for lactating sows; whether ingested FB1 could be detected in the milk; and whether toxicosis could be detected in the pigs, as determined by necropsy. Another study was conducted to determine toxicosis in the pigs by measuring liver sphinganine-to-sphingosine ratio, and whether ingested FB1 affected T-lymphocyte function in sows and their pigs. Furthermore, sows of this study were maintained in controlled hot (27 to 32 C, 50 to 70% relative humidity) and thermoneutral (21 C, 55% relative humidity) environments to determine whether high temperature exacerbated the effects of FB1. In the first study, 100 μg of FB1/g of corn soybean meal diet was found to be nonlethal when fed for 14 days. Fumonisin B1 was not detected in the milk at 30 ppb and lesions were not found in the necropsied pigs, including 1 from a sow that died of porcine pulmonary edema syndrome after ingesting FB1 at a concentration of 175 ppm. In the second study, differences in liver sphinganine-to-sphingosine ratio of pigs were not found. Expressions of cell surface antigens on blood lymphocytes and lymphocyte proliferation response to various mitogens were not affected by FB1 or high temperature in sows or their pigs. The results indicated that when sows ingested nonlethal concentrations of FB1 for 17 days, there were no detectable amounts of FB1 in the sows' milk and no evidence of toxicosis in their pigs; no significant effect of FB1 on T-lymphocyte function in sows and pigs; and no enhanced toxic effects of FB1 attributable to high temperatures.
Intraocular pressure variation associated with body length in young American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)
Authors: Whittaker C. J. G. , Heaton-Jones T. G. , Kubilis P. S. , Smith P. J. , Brooks D. E. , Kosarek C. , Mackay E. O. , Gelatt K. N. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Using an applanation tonometer, 5 replicate intraocular pressure (iop) measurements were obtained from each eye of 12 young, clinically normal, American alligators. Alligator length ranged from 46 to 117 cm, measured from snout to tail tip. All iop were recorded by a single observer at an ambient temperature of approximately 25 C, and ranged from 5 to 35 mm of Hg. Observer reliability was excellent (intraclass r = 0.93), and iop did not change over the ordered sequence of 5 replicate measurements/eye. Replicate iop measurements were, therefore, averaged in each eye for comparison between eyes of the same alligator. Left and right eye iop were highly correlated within individual alligators (r = 0.92), whereas the mean within-animal difference between left and right eye iop was not statistically significant (95% confidence interval [ci] for the left eye-right eye mean difference, −1.9 to 1.5 mm of Hg). Mean iop determined for 5 confirmed females and 3 confirmed males did not differ significantly between the sexes (95% ci for the male-female difference in means, −2.1 to 3.7 mm of Hg). Mean ± sem iop of 23.7 + 2.1 mm of Hg determined for 4 alligators < 50 cm long was significantly (P = 0.009) greater than mean iop of 11.6 + 0.5 mm of Hg determined for 8 alligators > 50 cm long (95% ci for the difference in means, 8.5 to 15.7 mm of Hg). In young alligators, the relation between body length and iop appears to be nonlinear, possibly with a negative exponent.
Intraocular pressure measurement through two types of plano therapeutic soft contact lenses in dogs
Authors: Miller Paul E. , Murphy Christopher J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Intraocular pressure (iop) was measured by use of Mackay-Marg applanation tonometry in 8 normal, manometrically controlled, enucleated, canine eyes with and without 1 of 2 plano therapeutic soft contact lenses (1 and 2) covering the cornea. Differences were not significant between measurements made without a contact lens and those made through either lens at manometer iop < 30 mm of Hg. At manometer iop ≥ 30 mm of Hg, use of a contact lens tended to result in a statistically greater (P < 0.05) estimate of iop than when a lens was not used. This difference, however, achieved only a maximum of 2.6 mm of Hg at the 80 mm of Hg value, and was not regarded as clinically important. Measurements obtained through lens 1 were not significantly different from those obtained through lens 2. The iop can be accurately estimated in dogs, using the Mackay-Marg tonometer, without removing either type of bandage soft contact lens, thereby avoiding potential disruption of an already compromised cornea.
Flow cytometric analysis of punctate and aggregate reticulocyte responses in phlebotomized cats
Authors: Perkins Paula C. , Grindem Carol B. , Cullins Laura D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Five cats were made anemic by one-time phlebotomy, and their reticulocyte responses were monitored daily for 20 days, using manual enumeration and a standardized feline reticulocyte protocol developed and validated in our laboratory. The reticulocyte responses of 38 clinically normal client-owned cats also were analyzed manually and cytometrically to determine clinical reference ranges.
Increases in the percentage of aggregate reticulocytes over the reference range were detected in 5 of 5 phlebotomized cats, using the cytometric protocol. Only 4 of the 5 cats had an increase by results of manual enumeration. Manual aggregate counts had considerable daily variation and often fluctuated in and out of reference range, whereas cytometric aggregate counts remained consistently increased for distinct periods. Increased numbers of aggregate cells could also be detected for longer periods when evaluated by flow cytometry.
Increased numbers of punctate reticulocytes were detected in 4 of 5 cats, using the cytometric protocol. None of the cats had increased numbers of punctate cells when evaluated by use of the manual technique.
Aggregate reticulocytes in the 38 clinically normal cats ranged from 0.1 to 0.5%, which corresponded to 8,487 to 42,120 cells/μl. Punctate reticulocytes ranged from 2 to 17%, which corresponded to 225,400 to 1,268,584 cells/μl.
Flow cytometry, using a standardized analysis protocol, was a more reliable and sensitive technique for detection and evaluation of feline reticulocytosis than was manual enumeration. The sensitivity of the flow cytometer to small amounts of intracellular nucleoprotein makes this assay especially valuable for detection of punctate reticulocytosis and low degrees of aggregate reticulocytosis in cats.
Measurement of von Willebrand factor-specific mRNA and release and storage of von Willebrand factor from endothelial cells of dogs with type-I von Willebrand's disease
Authors: Meinkoth James H. , Meyers Kenneth M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To characterize the cellular basis of the plasma von Willebrand factor (vWf) deficiency in Doberman Pinschers with type-I von Willebrand's disease (vWd).

Animals
Five Doberman Pinschers with type-I vWd and 5 clinically normal dogs used as controls.

Procedure
Vascular endothelial cell cultures were used to measure constitutive vWf release, thrombin-stimulated vWf release, baseline intracellular vWf concentration, and vWf mRNA expression.

Results
Cells cultured from vWd-affected dogs were morphologically indistinguishable from cells cultured from control dogs, but had reductions in constitutive vWf release (6.5-fold) and vWf mRNA content (fivefold) that correlated to the reduction in plasma vWf concentration (sixfold) in these dogs. The 9.0-kb, canine vWf message was identified, using a polymerase chain reaction-amplified segment of the canine vWf gene and was similar in size to the human vWf message. The vWd cells also had reductions in baseline intracellular vWf concentration (15.6-fold) and thrombin-stimulated vWf release (14.5- fold). Additionally, it was observed that normal canine endothelial cells from different anatomic locations were heterogeneous with respect to vWf expression.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that the plasma vWf deficit in dogs with type-I vWd results from decreased endothelial cell production of vWf resulting from either decreased transcription of the vWf gene or abnormalities in mRNA processing/stability. This is similar to findings in human beings with type-I vWd.
Comparison of methods for sodium and potassium determination in llama urine
Authors: Christopher Mary M. , Belknap Ellen B. , Meyer D. J. , Lackey Margaret N. , Vap Linda M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare results for sodium and potassium determination on llama urine, using flame emission spectrophotometry (flame photometry), atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), indirect ion-selective electrode potentiometry (ISE), and direct ISE.

Design
Llama urine samples encompassing a wide range of electrolyte concentrations were analyzed for sodium and potassium concentrations, using 4 analytical methods, and results were compared statistically to assess correlation, bias, and potential interferents.

Sample Population
10 healthy male llamas.

Procedure
Urine specimens were obtained from llamas fitted with urine collection apparatus at defined intervals over a 24-hour period. Urine samples were centrifuged, and supernatants were frozen at −70 C until analysis. Analytical procedures were done, using standard laboratory protocols. Means, correlation coefficients, and bias were calculated, and differences were evaluated by ANOVA, with significance set at P < 0.05.

Results
There was strong correlation and good agreement among sodium values obtained by flame photometry, AAS, and indirect ISE. Sodium values obtained by use of direct ISE correlated poorly with other methods; urine is not an acceptable specimen for this method. Only AAS and indirect ISE had good correlation (r > 0.9) for potassium values. Data did not suggest presence of a potassium chelator in llama urine; urine potassium values measured by indirect ISE were significantly higher (by 150 to 200 mmol/L) than those measured by other methods.

Clinical Relevance
Urine electrolyte analysis in llamas resulted in less agreement between methods than is generally found for serum. Data collection for patient monitoring or research analysis should be restricted to a single method to avoid differences in results attributable to analytical variance. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:25-30
Infection and cross-protection studies of winter dysentery and calf diarrhea bovine Coronavirus strains in colostrum-deprived and gnotobiotic calves
Authors: El-Kanawati Zakaria R. , Tsunemitsu Hiroshi , Smith David R. , Saif Linda J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate in vitro antigenic relations, in vivo cross-protection, and isotype antibody responses to a winter dysentery (WD) and calf diarrhea strain of bovine coronavirus (BCV).

Design and Animals
Gnotobiotic and colostrum-deprived calves were inoculated oronasally with a WD (DBA) or a calf diarrhea (DB2) BCV, and were challenge exposed with the heterologous BCV.

Procedure
Nasal swab and feces specimens and blood samples were collected. Fecal and nasal specimens were assayed for BCV shedding by antigen-capture ELISA or immune electron microscopy. Bovine coronavirus antigens were detected in nasal epithelial cells by immunofluorescence. Antibody titers to BCV in serum were assayed by virus neutralization (VN), and BCV antibody isotype titers in feces and sera were quantitated by ELISA.

Results
All calves developed diarrhea and shed BCV nasally and in feces, then recovered and were protected from BCV-associated diarrhea after challenge exposure with the heterologous BCV. After challenge exposure with either strain, fecal shedding of DBA was detected in 1 of 4 calves and nasal shedding of DB2 was detected in 2 of 4 calves. Immunoglobulin M was the principal coproantibody to BCV early, followed predominantly by IgA. Immunoglobulin G1 coproantibody titers to BCV were low, but increased after challenge exposure. Immunoglobulin G1 antibodies were predominant in serum. After challenge exposure, all serum antibody isotype titers increased except IgG2. The VN antibody responses paralleled serum IgG1, antibody responses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Immunoglobulin A coproantibodies at challenge exposure were associated with protection against diarrhea. Nasal shedding of BCV after challenge exposure confirmed field data documenting reinfection of the respiratory tract of cattle, suggesting that, in closed herds, respiratory tract infections constitute a source of BCV transmission to cows (WD) or young calves. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:48-53)
Comparison of two techniques of narcotic-induced anesthesia for use during recording of magnetic motor evoked potentials in dogs
Authors: Van Ham Luc M. L. , Nijs Jozef , Vanderstraeten Guy G. W. , Mattheeuws Daniel R. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare 2 types of narcotic-induced anesthesia for recording of transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials (TMMEP) in dogs.

Design
The effect of different doses of sufentanil and midazolam and of sufentanil and nitrous oxide on onset latencies and peak-to-peak amplitudes of TMMEP was evaluated and compared.

Animals
18 neurologically normal dogs.

Procedure
Premedication with droperidol and fentanyl. Induction and maintenance of anesthesia either with sufentanil and midazolam or with sufentanil and nitrous oxide. Recording of TMMEP from the extensor carpi radialis muscle of the forelimb and from the cranial tibial muscle of the hind limb.

Results
Both types of narcotic anesthesia induced dose-dependent suppression of TMMEP; compared with baseline recordings, latencies increased, amplitudes decreased, and reproducibility became poorer with increasing dose of the anesthetics. Using surgical-depth doses of the anesthetics, TMMEP could still be recorded in all dogs with sufentanil and nitrous oxide, but not with sufentanil and midazolam anesthesia.

Conclusions
Sufentanil and nitrous oxide anesthesia was superior to sufentanil and midazolam anesthesia for TMMEP recording.

Clinical Relevance
In small animal medicine, and in dogs in particular, spinal cord diseases are among the most frequently encountered neurologic disorders. The development of techniques for recording TMMEP in anesthetized dogs allows noninvasive evaluation of transmission along descending motor pathways of the spinal cord.
Antigenic and restriction enzyme analysis of Campylobacter spp associated with abortion in sheep
Authors: Delong W. J. , Jaworski M. D. , Ward A. C. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the scope of strain variations among Campylobacter spp associated with abortion in sheep.

Design
To examine Campylobacter spp isolated from cases of abortion for biochemical, antigenic, and genetic differences.

Sample Population
15 isolates of Campylobacter spp isolated from cases of abortion during a single lambing season.

Procedure
Isolates were examined, using biochemical tests, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of outer membrane proteins (OMP), and DNA restriction enzyme analysis (REA).

Results
Eight strain variants were detected among the 15 isolates. 14 of the isolates were C jejuni, 13 of which were biotype I and 1 biotype II, and the remaining isolate was identified as C fetus subsp fetus. Five sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis OMP patterns had distinctive profiles for C fetus subsp fetus and C jejuni biogroup-II isolates and 3 variants within the C jejuni bio-group-I isolates. Examination of REA patterns of DNA from the 15 isolates digested with Cfo I indicated clear differences correlating with species and biogroups and 4 REA variants among biotype-l isolates.

Conclusions
Marked antigenic and genetic heterogeneity of Campylobacter isolates were associated with ovine abortion within a defined geographic area.

Clinical Relevance
Representatives of differing OMP and REA profile groups should be considered for incorporation in vaccines to optimize protection in this region and possibly other geographic areas.
Lipid peroxidation in free skin grafts in rats
Authors: McCarthy Paul E. , Hosgood Giselle , Church Daniel F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate accumulation of products of lipid peroxidation in free skin grafts in rats over 10 days after grafting.

Design
Prospective analysis.

Animals
30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats.

Procedure
Free skin grafts were applied to 1 hemithorax of 30 rats (2 groups, n = 15/ group), the other hemithorax acting as a nongrafted control. Biopsy specimens were taken from the nongrafted side of all rats immediately before and from the nongrafted and grafted sides immediately after the procedure. Biopsy specimens of both sides of the thorax were performed on days 1, 3, and 7 after grafting in group-1 rats, and on days 2, 4, and 10 after grafting in group-2 rats. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) analysis for malondialdehyde and other aldehydic products (TBA-reactive substances) was used to determine lipid peroxidation. Concentration of TBA-reactive substances was determined by absorbance spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 532 nm.

Results
Accumulation of products of lipid peroxidation, reflected by increase in absorbance, continued to increase over the 10 days of this study. Difference in absorption between the nongraft and graft biopsy specimens was significant (P = 0.0011). Absorbance on days 3 and 4 was significantly higher than control and day-0 values (P ≤ 0.05). Absorbance on days 7 and 10 was significantly higher than control, day-0, and day-1 values (P ≤ 0.05). Rate of increase in absorption was maximal at day 4 and rapidly decreased thereafter.

Conclusion
Accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in skin grafts may be best explained by oxygen-derived free radical-induced injury attributable to postischemic reperfusion. Maximal rate of accumulation corresponded to the known time of graft recirculation and revascularization.

Clinical Relevance
Predictability of free radical damage may allow timely pharmacologic intervention to reduce radical formation and ameliorate effects of peroxidation. Such intervention may help increase free graft survival or mitigate the effects of vascular compromise to axial pattern flaps.
Efficacy dose determination study of tilmicosin phosphate in feed for control of pneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in swine
Authors: Moore Gregory M. , Mowrey Daniel H. , Tonkinson Lealon V. , Lechtenberg Kelly F. , Schneider John H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effective dosage of tilmicosin phosphate when fed to pigs for the control of pneumonia attributable to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.

Design
Randomized complete block design, with initial weight as the blocking factor.

Animals
Seeder pigs were used to infect clinically normal male and female pigs weighing between 13.6 and 36.3 kg at each of 4 trials.

Procedure
Five doses of tilmicosin phosphate (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 µg/g) were fed to pigs for 21 days. Pigs received experimental feeds 7 days before the seeder pigs were placed into pens. Feeding continued for an additional 14 days, with seeder pigs removed 3 to 8 days after placement. All pigs were euthanatized and necropsied, with lung bacterial flora and percentages of pneumonic involvement determined.

Results
Improvement in clinical impression score, daily rectal temperature, and weight gain were seen for all doses of tilmicosin, compared with controls. For the same variables, tilmicosin administered at 200 to 400 µg/g resulted in improvements over the 100 µg/g dose.

Conclusions
Data indicate that tilmicosin phosphate fed to pigs at 200 to 400 µg/g is effective in controlling and preventing A pleuropneumoniae-induced pneumonia, when administered in feed for 21 days.
Canine glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase complementary DNA: Polymerase chain reaction amplification, cloning, partial sequence analysis, and use as loading control in ribonuclease protection assays
Authors: Gröne Andrea , Weckmann Michelle T. , Capen Charles C. , Rosol Thomas J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To use canine glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase complementary DNA (GAPDH cDNA) as a template in ribonuclease (RNase) protection assays to measure canine GAPDH mRNA expression.

Design and Procedure
Primers designed from the human GAPDH gene were used to amplify a 191 -base pair canine GAPDH cDNA by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The cDNA was sequenced, and used as a template for RNase protection assay.

Sample Population
Total RNA was isolated from a canine squamous carcinoma cell line.

Results
Canine GAPDH cDNA had a high degree of homology to human, rat, and mouse GAPDH. In vitro transcription of canine GAPDH cDNA was used to produce complementary RNA that detected canine GAPDH mRNA by RNase protection assay.

Conclusion
Canine GAPDH cDNA is a useful loading control to be used in RNase protection assays measuring mRNA expression in canine cells or tissues.