bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SIX CHALLENGES IN DESIGNING EQUITY‐BASED PAY
Authors: Hall Brian J. 
Published: April 2005

The past two decades have seen a dramatic increase in the equitybased pay of U.S. corporate executives, an increase that has been driven almost entirely by the explosion of stock option grants. When properly designed, equity‐based pay can raise corporate productivity and shareholder value by helping companies attract, motivate, and retain talented managers. But there are good reasons to question whether the current forms of U.S. equity pay are optimal. In many cases, substantial stock and option payoffs to top executives–particularly those who cashed out much of their holdings near the top of the market–appear to have come at the expense of their shareholders, generating considerable skepticism about not just executive pay practices, but the overall quality of U.S. corporate governance. At the same time, many companies that have experienced sharp stock price declines are now struggling with the problem of retaining employees holding lots of deep‐underwater options.This article discusses the design of equity‐based pay plans that aim to motivate sustainable, or long‐run, value creation. As a first step, the author recommends the use of longer vesting periods and other requirements on executive stock and option holdings, both to limit managers' ability to “time” the market and to reduce their incentives to take shortsighted actions that increase near‐term earnings at the expense of longer‐term cash flow. Besides requiring “more permanent” holdings, the author also proposes a change in how stock options are issued. In place of popular “fixed value” plans that adjust the number of options awarded each year to reflect changes in the share price (and that effectively reward management for poor performance by granting more options when the price falls, and fewer when it rises), the author recommends the use of “fixed number” plans that avoid this unintended distortion of incentives.As the author also notes, there is considerable confusion about the real economic cost of options relative to stock. Part of the confusion stems, of course, from current GAAP accounting, which allows companies to report the issuance of at‐the‐money options as costless and so creates a bias against stock and other forms of compensation. But, coming on top of the “opportunity cost” of executive stock options to the company's shareholders, there is another, potentially significant cost of options (and, to a lesser extent, stock) that arises from the propensity of executives and employees to place a lower value on company stock and options than well‐diversified outside investors. The author's conclusion is that grants of (slow‐vesting) stock are likely to have at least three significant advantages over employee stock options:

they are more highly valued by executives and employees (per dollar of cost to shareholders);
they continue to provide reasonably strong ownership incentives and retention power, regardless of whether the stock price rises or falls, because they don't go underwater; and
the value of such grants is much more transparent to stockholders, employees, and the press.
VALUE MAXIMIZATION AND STAKEHOLDER THEORY: COMPATIBLE OR NOT?
Authors: Wallace James S. 
Published: April 2005

Complicating the current corporate governance controversy is a major disagreement about the fundamental purpose of the corporation. There are two main views on what should constitute the principal goal of the firm. Most economists tend to endorse value maximization—that is, maximization of the value of the firm's debt plus equity—or a version of value maximization known as “value‐based management” (VBM) that aims to maximize shareholder value. The main challenger is “stakeholder theory,” which argues that the corporation exists to benefit not just investors but all its major constituencies—employees, customers, suppliers, the local community, and the federal government, as well as shareholders. Thus, whereas the success of a corporation under VBM could be assessed simply by its long‐run return to shareholders, under stakeholder theory a company's success would be judged by taking account of its contributions to all its stakeholders.Using statistical analysis of various measures of corporate success in satisfying non‐investor stakeholders, the author investigates whether a broader focus on multiple stakeholders is necessarily inconsistent with the pursuit of long‐term shareholder value. His main findings in fact suggest just the opposite—namely, that long‐term value creation appears to be a necessary condition for maintaining corporate investment in stakeholder relationships. More specifically, the author's study shows that companies with higher levels of value creation tend to have stronger reputations for treating stakeholders well while companies that create little value end up shortchanging not just their shareholders but all their constituencies. For profitable companies that have previously failed to devote the optimal level of resources to their non‐investor stakeholders, the message of this article is that investing in stakeholders can add value—and, in fact, it pays for companies to spend an additional dollar on stakeholder relationships as long as the present value of the expected (long‐run) return is at least a dollar.
Stroboscopic-Cine MRI Data on Korean Coronal Plosives and Affricates: Implications for Their Place of Articulation as Alveolar
Authors: Kim Hyunsoon 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe present study aimed to explore the place of articulation of the Korean (pulmonic egressive) lenis, aspirated and fortis affricates /c, c<sup>h</sup>, c’/ in comparison with that of the coronal plosive counterparts /t, t<sup>h</sup>, t’/. For this purpose, a stroboscopiccine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiment was conducted to examine not only where oral contact and constriction occur during oral closure and at its release, but also which part of the tongue is involved and how the apex, the blade and the body of the tongue are positioned as a function of time. Based on the results of the MRI experiment, we propose that the affricates should be classified as alveolar like the plosives but that they could be different in tongue shapes during oral closure and at its release: the affricates are laminal and the plosives are apical or apico-laminal. This distinction is associated with correlated variations in tongue body position (measured as pharyngeal width) and tongue blade position: tongue body position is more fronted with a relatively higher tongue blade position in affricates than in plosives. It is proposed that the gestural differences between the two types of stops serve to enhance the auditory contrast between the [+strident] affricates and the [–strident] plosives.
Cu–Pd/β-Zeolites as Highly Selective Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Nitrate with Hydrogen to Harmless Products
Authors: Nakamura Kyosuke , Yoshida Yasuyuki , Mikami Ikkou , Okuhara Toshio 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Cu–Pd/β-zeolites (BEA) are excellent catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of NO3− with H2 to harmless products. 1.2 wt % Cu–1.0 wt % Pd/BEA shows a high selectivity for N2 + N2O (14 and 80% at 278 K, respectively), while suppressing NH3 production (6%, 3 ppm from 200 ppm of NO3−). By coupling the catalyst to Pd/AC, any N2O produced could be entirely converted to N2.
Peculiar Magnetic Transition Behaviour Around 208 K in One-dimensional Nickel(III) Chain Complex [1-(4′-Vinylbenzyl)pyridinium][Ni(mnt)2] (mnt2− = Maleonitriledithiolate)
Authors: Dang Dongbin , Ni Chunlin , Bai Yan , Tian Zhengfang , Ni Zhaoping , Wen Lili , Meng Qingjin , Gao Song 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
A new ion-pair complex, [VBzPy][Ni(mnt)2], where [VBzPy]+ = 1-(4′-vinylbenzyl)pyridinium and mnt2− = maleonitriledithiolate, has been synthesized. The cations and anions stack into completely separated columns and Ni(III) ions form a uniformly spaced one-dimensional (1-D) zigzag chain within a [Ni(mnt)2]− column in solid state. Magnetic susceptibility and DSC measurements revealed that there exists a first-order phase transition at approximately 208 K.
Barium Hexaaluminate as a Novel Promising Support for Ruthenium-based Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts
Authors: You Zhixiong , Inazu Koji , Balint Ioan , Aika Ken-ichi 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
High-surface area (49 m2/g) barium hexaaluminate (BHA) has been successfully synthesized by reverse microemulsion method. The BHA supported Ru catalyst showed significantly higher activity and structural stability than Ba-promoted Ru catalyst supported on MgO under ammonia synthesis conditions.
Surface enthalpy of goethite
Authors: Mazeina Lena , Navrotsky Alexandra 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHigh-temperature oxide-melt solution calorimetry and acid-solution calorimetry were used to determine the heat of dissolution of synthetic goethite with particle sizes in the range 2–75 nm and measured surface areas of 30–273 m2/g (27–240 × 103 m2/mol). Sample characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller method and thermogravimetric analysis. Water content (structural plus excess water) was determined from weight loss after firing at 1100°C. Calorimetric data were corrected for excess water assuming this loosely adsorbed water has the same energetics as bulk liquid water. The enthalpy of formation was calculated from calorimetric data using enthalpies of formation of hematite and liquid water as reference phases for high-temperature oxide-melt calorimetry and using enthalpy of formation of lepidocrocite for acid-solution calorimetry. The enthalpy of formation of goethite can vary by 15–20 kJ/mol as a function of surface area. The plot of calorimetric data vs. surface area gives a surface enthalpy of 0.60±0.10 J/m2 and enthalpy of formation of goethite (with nominal composition FeOOH and surface area = 0) of −561.5±1.5 kJ/mol. This surface enthalpy of goethite, which is lower than values reported previously, clarifies previous inconsistencies between goethite-hematite equilibrium thermodynamics and observations in natural systems.
Characteristics of the minerals associated with gold in the Shewushan supergene gold deposit, China
Authors: Hong Hanlie , Tie Liyun 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe mineralogical properties of goethite and clay minerals from the Shewushan supergene gold deposit have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These results show that in the weathering zone of the Shewushan supergene gold deposit the mineral assemblage is mainly composed of quartz, kaolinite, halloysite, minor illite and goethite. The coexistence of these minerals is apparently indicative of weak laterization. The Al content in goethite from XRD data is ∼10.0%, suggesting formation by weak desilicification. Observation by TEM shows that the flakes of clay minerals with larger particle size usually have extremely rounded outlines, indicating intensive dissolution of clay minerals. Halloysite is derived from the decomposition of kaolinite and the micrographs of curling, tubular, and club-shaped halloysite strongly suggest significant hydration and thus a water-saturated environment. Both the XRD data of goethite and the micrographs of the clay minerals show that the environment in Shewushan is characteristic of high [H2O] activity and high [SiO2] activity. The high dynamic hydraulic conditions may facilitate the downward migration of the primary gold particles during their mechanical concentration, resulting in the accumulation of gold in the lower portion near the water table.
Modeling the response of pyrophyllite interlayer to applied stress using steered molecular dynamics
Authors: Katti Dinesh R. , Schmidt Steven R. , Ghosh Pijush , Katti Kalpana S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPyrophyllite is the precursor to other smectite-group minerals which exhibit swelling. The mineral structure of pyrophyllite can lead to other minerals in the smectite group, including montmorillonite, through appropriate isomorphous substitutions. In this work, an atomic model of the pyrophyllite interlayer was constructed. The response of the interlayer was evaluated using steered molecular dynamics simulations. In steered molecular dynamics, external forces were applied to individual atoms to study the response of the model to applied forces. In this work, forces are applied to the surface clay atoms to evaluate the displacement vs. applied stress in the interlayer between clay layers. This paper describes the construction of the model, the simulation procedure, and the results of the simulations which show that under the applied loading, deformation occurs mainly in the interlayer. The clay layers show relatively little deformation. The results show that the relationship between applied stress and displacement of the interlayer is linear. The stress-deformation relationship for the interlayer is presented.
AbuSayyafGroup (ASG)
Authors: Bale Jeffrey M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) can be traced back to 1989. It is a violence‐prone separatist group in the southern Philippines that has carried out numerous acts of terrorism, including indiscriminate bombings of public places, murders, and kidnappings‐for ransom of both Philippine nationals and foreigners. The ASG was established by Abdurrajak Abubakar Janjalani. The ASG is said to be loosely organized into a cellular structure under the direction of an Executive Committee headed by a Caliph (Janjalani). As of 2004 no one associated with the ASG has publically expressed any interest in obtaining or using chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons. ASG is listed on the U.S. government's list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations, but as a collective entity, it is very unlikely to resort to weapon of mass destruction attacks. It does not have a high level of technical and operational capabilities. However, some of its members may be drawn into the orbit of other organizations.
Agricultural Bioterrorism (Agricultural Biosecurity, Agroterrorism)
Authors: Casagrande Rocco 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAgricultural bioterrorism is defined as the intentional spread of pathogens of livestock or crops in order to cause economic harm. This definition is used here to distinguish agricultural bioterrorism from bioterrorist attacks on the food supply. In practice, the distinction can be fuzzy. The distinction, however artificial, is valuable because biological attacks on agriculture differ markedly from attacks on the food supply or direct biological attacks on civilians. Agricultural bioterrorism has received relatively little attention until recently. Agriculture is a vital sector in the U.S. The United States Department of Agriculture has always been concerned with outbreaks of disease among livestock and plant disease. However, it current resources are strained by naturally occurring outbreaks and appear to be insufficient to respond to pathogens purposely introduced. The article gives information on why U.S. agriculture is vulnerable, qualities of agricultural pathogens that enhance its capacity as weapons, and the consequences of an agricultural attack. Technical barriers to prevent such attacks are minimal and terrorists can be considered motivated to carry out such attacks. No successful large‐scale attacks have been reported to‐date. The article ends with a discussion of what the United States efforts are to prevent such attacks.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Bioterrorism Preparedness Program
Authors: Strikas Raymond A. , Sinclair Maureen F. , Morse Stephen A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is intimately involved in a number of aspects of bioterrorism defense. It lists the “Critical Agents” of concern; works with local and state health departments to ensure adequate preparedness; oversees the Laboratory Response Network, in place to facilitate the rapid identification of threat agents; has worked with the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to develop the National Pharmaceutical Stockpile, now managed by HHS and the Department of Homeland Security as the Strategic National Stockpile; maintains the Director's Emergency Operations Center (DEOC), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's central public health incident management center for coordinating and supporting staff, information, and other assets; has implemented the U.S. smallpox vaccination program; and collaborates on an international level to prevent biological warfare and bioterrorism. In addition, the CDC carries out its baseline public health responsibilities, including combating infections diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Each of these areas is discussed in order to provide a general overview of CDC activities in the bioterrorism sphere.
Equine Encephalitis, Venezuelen, and Related Alphaviruses
Authors: Morse Stephen S. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Alphaviruses are classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as Category B agents, or of second highest priority with respect to public health and national security. The viruses exist throughout the world, and natural outbreaks among horses and humans are common. Generally, this disease is fatal in horses but only incapacitating in humans. Western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus has been researched and developed as a biological weapon by state‐level programs in the past. Its potential as a terrorist threat agent remains unclear.
Ethnic Weapons
Authors: Zilinskas Raymond A. , Carus W. Seth 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
An ethic weapon is one that can be defined as a weapon that will cause high morbidity and/or mortality rates among a targeted human population, which can be specified on the basis of ethnic or racial characteristics. Little or no damage can be caused to other populations. This article discusses the feasibility that scientists working for terrorist groups might successfully develop such weapons. Most probably such weapons would not be available for ten years and such a weapon would not be sufficiently specific to offer any advantage over other nonspecific biological weapons.
Preparation and properties of a slow release NP compound fertilizer with superabsorbent and moisture preservation
Authors: Guo Mingyu , Liu Mingzhu , Hu Zheng , Zhan Falu , Wu Lan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA slow‐release NP compound fertilizer with superabsorbent and moisture preservation was prepared by carboxyl methyl starch, acrylic acid, ammonia, urea, diammonium phosphate, and so on. The effects of the amount of initiator, crosslinker, and the degree of neutralization of acrylic acid on water absorbency were investigated and optimized. The product was characterized by FTIR, ICP, and element analysis, and the results showed that the product contained 22.6% nitrogen element and 7.2% phosphor (shown by P2O5) element. Its water absorbency was about 85 (g · g−1) times its own weight in tap water. We also investigated the water retention property of the product and the slow release behavior of N and P in the product. The results showed that the product had a good water retention capacity and slow release property. The mechanism of the release of N and P in water was also investigated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2132–2138, 2005
Development of thermoregulating textile materials with microencapsulated phase change materials (PCM). II. Preparation and application of PCM microcapsules
Authors: Shin Younsook , Yoo Dong‐Il , Son Kyunghee 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMelamine–formaldehyde microcapsules containing eicosane were prepared by in situ polymerization. The characterization of the microcapsules, including the particle size and size distribution, morphology, thermal properties, and stability, was carried out. The prepared microcapsules were added to polyester knit fabrics by a conventional pad–dry–cure process to develop thermoregulating textile materials. The morphology, thermal properties, and laundering properties of the treated fabrics were also investigated. The microcapsules were spherical and had melamine–formaldehyde shells containing eicosane. The microcapsules were strong enough to secure capsule stability under stirring in hot water and alkaline solutions. The heat storage capacity increased as the concentration of the microcapsules increased. The thermoregulating fabrics had heat storage capacities of 0.91–4.44 J/g, which depended on the concentration of the microcapsules. The treated fabrics retained 40% of their heat storage capacity after five launderings. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2005–2010, 2005
Conducting polymer composites of zinc‐filled urea–formaldehyde
Authors: Pinto Gabriel , Maaroufi Abdel‐Karim 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis article is concerned with the preparation and characterization of composite materials prepared by the compression molding of mixtures of zinc powder and urea–formaldehyde embedded in cellulose powder. The morphologies of the constituent, filler, and matrix were investigated by optical microscopy. The elaborated composites were characterized by density, which was compared with calculated values, and the porosity rate was deduced. Further, the hardness of samples remained almost constant with increasing metal concentration. The electrical conductivity of the composites was less than 10−11 S/cm unless the metal content reached the percolation threshold at a volume fraction of 18.9%, beyond which the conductivity increased markedly, by as much as eight orders of magnitude. The obtained results interpreted well with the statistical percolation theory. The deduced critical parameters, such as the threshold of percolation, the critical exponent t, and the packing density coefficient were in good accord with earlier studies. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2011–2015, 2005
Block copolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) and methyl acrylate using potassium diperiodatocuprate(III)
Authors: Liu Yinghai , Bai Libin , Zhang Rongyue , Li Yanxiang , Liu Yuanwei , Deng Kuilin 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBlock copolymers of methyl acrylate (MA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) have been obtained using a novel redox system—potassium diperiodatocuprate(III)[DPC]/PEG system in alkaline aqueous medium. Block copolymers with a high percentage of blocking were obtained, which indicated that the DPC/PEG redox system was an efficient initiator for this blocking. Effects of different conditions (concentration of reactants, temperature, concentration of the DPC, and reaction time) on the total conversion, percentage of blocking, and intrinsic viscosity were examined. The effects of different monomers and various PEGs with different molecular weight on the total conversion were also examined. A mechanism is proposed to explain the generation of radicals and the initiation of block compolymerization. Some basic properties of the block copolymers were also studied by thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscope. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2139–2145, 2005