bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of the Classical System
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The āśrama system, we have seen, was primarily a theological construct. On the one hand, the system imposed its own tidy fourfold scheme on a variety of behavior patterns. The classical system, on the other hand, imposed a somewhat artificial sequence for the assumption of the four āśramas, a sequence that did not totally correspond to actual practice, especially in the case of renunciation. In this chapter I examine some further elaborations of the classical system that were intended to address these issues.
Why Rivers Purify (And Only Bad Witches Are Ugly)
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A common theme that runs through many studies of Hinduism and other religions emphasizes the identity, or at least interconnectedness, of natural and moral conceptions. More specifically, the view that pollution and sin are somehow identical rests on the assumed failure of certain cultures to distinguish between the natural and moral order of being. The ultimate goal of purification, as Van der Leeuw observed in 1933, “is no more liberation from actual dirt in the sense of modern hygiene, but release from evil and the induction of good.”
The Adharmic Force of Punishment (Dati4a)
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point we have looked at the implications of horizontal spatial metaphors in imagining dharma and its violation. This chapter focuses on punishment and the restoration of dharma so ably violated by thieves and lovers. It will become evident that since the notion of punishment is embodied in the royal staff, we shall have to explore this switch to metaphors of verticality. In chapter 5 we have seen that horizontal space is clearly related to human existence and action in the world, to will, change, and even contingency. In short, metaphors of horizontality even include spatialized time as a context for action, both dharmic, and nondharmic. However, even there, verticality played a subsidiary role to horizontal movement: the thief or devotee must crawl under a fence or climb over it; Rama had to get above the ocean (unless he were to dry it up-which he threatened to do), and so forth. The movement up or down seems merely instrumental for getting across. Even the religious crossing of firtha takes place mainly in horizontal space, though the climbing of stairs and mountains plays a key role. Absolute verticality, in contrast, is the movement up or down without any corresponding travel in horizontal space.
God: The Supreme Historical Agent
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With Pols’ explication of agent-act as our foundation, we can now begin to develop its application to a concept of God as the supreme Agent who acts decisively in history. The notion of personal agency as a model for divine action is not new in Christian theology.1 Our task is to show how a ‘literal’ application of agency is appropriate to God as the Agent who is together bound with us in the deepest possible kind of mutual relationship. In particular we want to show that this relationship must include the possibility of divine action at particular times and places, in addition to an overarching divine act through which everything created is sustained in existence. At the same time, however, we need to identify those elements in the concept of God as Agent that distinguish it from the concept of the human being as agent. We will have to walk a rather narrow tight rope between reducing God to the status of being simply a very powerful human-type agent and extending God to a transcendent realm so utterly different from that in which we human agents act that God’s being becomes absolutely unintelligible to us.
The Credibility of Biblical Claims That God Has Acted Historically and the Problem of Evil
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What I have tried to do to this point is establish the metaphysical credibility, in principle, of divine acts in the world. What now needs attention is the question of whether there is historical credibility to the claim that there have been, in fact, some divine acts in the world. Without denying that such acts could have occurred (and probably did) in the historical experience of many different peoples and persons, I will focus my attention upon the record of what Jews and Christians have traditionally believed to be such acts, namely the Bible.
The History of Architecture: Settings and Rituals
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the late Spiro Kostof's A History of Architecture appeared in 1985, it was universally hailed as a masterpiece--one of the finest books on architecture ever written. The New York Times Book Review, in a front cover review, called it "a magnificent guided tour through mankind's architecture," and The San Francisco Chronicle wrote that "Kostof...has enthralled a generation of students.... Now he has done the same thing for the public at large, in an extraordinary book that is a new kind of architectural history." This magisterial work has now been revised and expanded by Greg Castillo, Kostof's colleague and literary executor. Insightful, engagingly written, and graced with almost a thousand superb illustrations, the Second Edition of this classic volume offers a sweeping narrative that examines architecture as it reflects the social, economic, and technological systems of human history. The scope of the book is astonishing. No mere survey of famous buildings, Kostof's History examines a surprisingly wide variety of manmade structures: prehistoric huts and the TVA, the pyramids at Giza and the Rome railway station, the ziggurat and the department store. Indeed, Kostof considered every building worthy of attention, every structure or shelter a potential source of insight, whether it be the prehistoric hunting camps at Terra Amata, or the caves at Lascaux with their magnificent paintings, or a twenty-story hotel on the Las Vegas strip. The Second Edition features a new concluding chapter, "Designing the Fin de Si`ecle," based on Kostof's last lecture notes and prepared by Castillo, as well as an all-new 16-page color section. Many of the original line drawings by Richard Tobias, as well as some 50 photographs, have also been updated or replaced, for improved clarity. Visually and intellectually stimulating, this book is at once a compelling history and an indispensable reference on all aspects of our built environment. It achieves for architecture what Janson's history accomplished for visual art.
The Architecture of Ancient Egypt
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ancient Egyptians were in all likelihood an indigenous people, though they were not as isolated from the rest of the Mediterranean world as it has sometimes been claimed. From the beginning they traded with the communities of Western Asia across the Sinai Pen insula, and with the Libyan tribes to the west across the Delta. They imported cedarwood from Lebanon and exploited the gold mines of Nubia (Ethiopia) to the south.
The Hellenistic Realm
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The crowning age of the polis-the administrative and social unit of the Greek commonwealth- was the fifth century B.c. By then this vigorous institution had begun to leave its mark beyond the Greek sphere. To some degree, the example of Greek Sicily and southern Italy had touched the citymaking of the Etruscans even before. Rome itself had come about, in the eighth century B.c., by a process akin to the "synoecism" that Aristotle diagnosed as the agent of early Greek urbanization . In fact, quasiurban settlements in Spain and in central and northwestern Europe at the time of the polis indicate that Greek practice was now being heeded beyond the coastline of the Mediterranean, in areas where the usual pattern had been one of hill forts.
Rome: Caput Mundi
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To hear her later advocates tell it, Rome had known from the start that she was destined for great things. The site, a healthy spot amid infested land, was chosen by the founder, Romulus, far enough away from sea to escape invasion, and yet close enough to reap the benefits of trade: that was Cicero's opinion. To Vitruvius, Italy was ideally situated between north and south, just as Jupiter lay between Mars, which is very hot, and Saturn, which is very cold.
The Mediterranean in the Early Middle Ages
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emperor Justinian died in 565, his dream of restoring Roman rule around the Mediterranean unfulfilled. The Greek-speaking Eastern half of the empire-the Byzantine Empire-lived on for nine more eventful centuries. (Fig. 12.1) The West had been permanently fractured under the steady pressure of Germanic tribes.
Spain and The New World
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European colonialism began with the Crusades. When their fast gains were lost and the trade routes to the Far East were permanently blocked by the Ottoman Turks in the fifteenth century, Europe turned elsewhere. The lead nations this time were Portugal and Spain. The targets: Africa, the coasts of South Asia, and the hitherto unknown lands across the Atlantic. Slaves and gold more than any lasting benefit of diversified trade repaid the crowned heads who launched the expeditions. To the colonists fell the chance for a new life.
The American Experience
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1842, several years before the Great Exhibition in London, the famous English novelist Charles Dickens made an extended visit to America, "that vast countinghouse which lies beyond the Atlantic." He disembarked at Boston where he spent two weeks, visiting its hospitals and correctional institutions, walking its streets, taking side trips out to Harvard and the textile mills at Lowell. He found the city beautiful, clean, and sparkling, and so slight and insubstantial in appearance that every street "looked exactly like a scene in a pantomine." The houses for the most part were large and elegant-some of brick; others, white wooden houses with green jalousie blinds. The public buildings were handsome; he mentioned specifically the new customs house, the two theaters, and the State House built on Beacon Hill with the green enclosure of the Common sloping down before it.
The Ends of Modernism
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no room in such unsettled waters for the cocksure or prophetic. We are confused. The best start is to observe and describe what has been happening: let stories overlap and contradictions go unreconciled. This is the way to come to terms with our confusion and so consign these times to the embrace of history, where we too will find a measure of understanding.
Introduction: The Offense and Us
Authors: mccracken David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1848, Sdren Kierkegaard wrote, “Offense is never mentioned these days-alas.” Now, however, it is not quite true that offense is never mentioned; it-or itsnear relation, scandal-is mentioned, for example, by Levi-Strauss, Derrida, and Bakhtin, but it is also not quite true that in 1848 offense was “never mentioned.” It had in fact been discussed at some length by Johannes Climacus in Philosophical Fragments and Concluding Unscientific Postscript and by Vigilius Haufniensus in The Concept of Anxiety, and it was about to be discussed at still greater length by AntiClimacus in The Sickness unto Death and later in Practice in Christianity. All of these books, of course, were written by Kierkegaard himself; the putative authors, representing different points of view, were part of his ventriloquistic strategy to awaken his readers to things unknown to the Hegelians and the established church. Offense, for Kierkegaard, is something of profound human and religious importance, as is apparent from the full lament, of which I have quoted only a part: “Offense,” he wrote in his journal, “is never mentioned these daysalas, and even to the disciples, the believing disciples, Christ said: You will be offended in me” lfournals 3: 3028; cf. Matt. 26:31 and Mark 14:27). But the truth is that in this sense the offense is still seldom mentioned, in spite of Kierkegaard’s best efforts to awaken the world to what he called the essential offense. Kierkegaard would find his “alas” no less applicable today than in 1848.
The Offensiveness of Offense
Authors: mccracken David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In associating the offense primarily with the idols that Yahweh “lays” and “becomes” in the Hebrew Bible and with Jesus in the New Testament, and in asserting, with Kierkegaard, that the offense is essential to faith, I appear to be arguing-as indeed I am-that the Bible posits the offense as both necessary and valuable. Although the offense may be seen as an obstacle that blocks the way to truth and alienates one from God, this commonsense view presents problems as soon as Yahweh or Jesus becomes the offense. But even where Yahweh or Jesus does not obviously or clearly constitute the offense, it is evident that in its biblical usage the offense also may lead one to “walk in the way of the LORD” (Judg. 2:22). The stumbling block is a way not only of testing the Israelites but also of revealing their hearts’ desires, which may be unknown even to themselves. The revelation may or may not lead to the divine. If they desire God, they are his people. If not, their desires alienate them from God.
Training the Scribes of the Kingdom
Authors: mccracken David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The argument that parables are the scandalous word of Jesus, that they constitute a collision between the world and the kingdom, and that they bring the reader to a threshold experience, may, I am well aware, seem to violate common sense. Some readers of Crossan’s In Parables found his arguments that a parable “shatters world” (26- 27, 114-15) unconvincing, perhaps because they had read parables for years without the reading ever having been accompanied by anything resembling a shattered world. Experientially, it seems more sensible to look for, and find, meanings in these utterances. Parables seem to cry out for explanations. Why not respond with explanations? Many, perhaps most, hearers or readers feel that the role of interpreter, looking for codifiable meanings, whether through allegorical, exemplary, or metaphorical readings, is a reasonable role to assume. It even has a biblical basis: parables are told by Jesus to (among others) twelve chosen disciples who want to know what they mean, and Jesus, as teacher, ex.plains them, asking the disciples whether they understand them and sometimes reprimanding them for their slowness in understanding. In such a context, it is little wonder we should keep asking, “What do they mean?”
Life in the Between: Nathan and the Good Samaritan
Authors: mccracken David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 4, I presented Kierkegaard’s account of offense, which constitutes the ground of my argument, by examining his narratives of offense and the voices of his speakers. His narratives include such oddities as a judge wrestling with the contradiction of offensive corns on the feet of a beautiful woman, as well as the more weighty attempt by Quidam to extricate himself &om an engagement without offending his fiancee. Kierkegaard’s various voices belong to a wide range of characters: the aesthetic Johannes the Seducer, the ethical Judge William, and the differently religious Johannes Climacus and Anti Climacus, among others. The narrative, voice-oriented approach offers a way of presenting Kierkegaard’s views without falsifying them as something abstract, mechanical, or systematic. But although Kierkegaard presents the idea of offense through narratives, he does not explore the narrative manifestations of offense in the Gospels, nor does he examine parables as occasions for offense. He makes it clear that Jesus is an offense, but apart &om his powerful and subtle presentations of the offense and of Jesus as offense, he does not provide us with much in the way of models or tools for the study of Gospel narratives.
Enlightenment Individualism
Authors: Christians Clifford G , Ferre John P , Fackler P Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The roots of Anglo-American news lie in the Enlightenment. Although definitive in shaping the Western mind until now, the eighteenth century was not a smooth and singular time. The intellectual revolutions of the previous two centuries-the Age of Reason and the Age of Science, as they are often called-exploded into this rough-hewn era.1 The elite philosophers and scientists of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, such as Locke, Bacon, Descartes, and Newton, saturated Enlightenment culture. Immutable laws were presumed to govern both the universe and human reality. Most of the writers and thinkers were popularizers, journalistic types centered largely in France and known as philosophes: Frarn;ois Marie Arouet (Voltaire), Jean Jacques Rousseau, Denis Diderot, Baron Holbach, and Antoine Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet.
The Evangelical Mission: The Spirit of True Christianity:, 1820-1831
Authors: Butler Diana Hochstedt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At fourteen, Charles Pettit Mcllvaine matriculated at Princeton College. As the son of a military man, lawyer, and United States senator, and grandson of the governor of Pennsylvania, Mcllvaine prepared for a career fit for such an illustrious family and received training as a republican gentleman at Princeton.1 His parents, Joseph and Maria Mcllvaine, did not hold strong religious views. They attended an Episcopal church but remained unbaptized and did not join the church. His two older brothers, both Princeton graduates, achieved success in law and business. The parents expected their third son to follow the family tradition of public service, and Charles gave no indication that he would choose a clerical career.
Reassessing Calvin’s Understating of the Divine-Human Realtionship
Authors: Butin Philip Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first is the long legacy of “confessional “ treatments of Calvin. These familiar discussions ate frankly concerned with Calvin because he is the seminal figure from which the scholars’ own theological tradition takes its reference. As such, they make no pre-tense to “objectivity. “ Sometimes, somewhat naively, they address themselves primarily to readers who share their own indebtedness to Calvin and his heritage as well as their assumptions about his importance and authority. In any case, their discus-sions and evaluations take for granted commitment to the general theological worldview of Calvinism, and seek (with varying degrees of critical awareness) to clarify, adjust, extend, or update this worldview. They stand within a certain theo-logical frame of reference shared and prototypically shaped by Calvin, and their study of his thought willingly affirms his legacy as the living tradition of a historical faith community.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930)
Authors: Herbert Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems appropriate to launch a volume of shipboard and shoreline mystery stories with a tale of murder, mayhem, and mutiny on deck. This also happens to be the account of the first case undertaken by the world’s great consulting detective, Sherlock Holmes. Although Holmes was introduced in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “A Study in Scarlet” in 1887, “The ‘Gloria Scott,’” published six years later, holds a special place in the canon of Holmes stories. Here Holmes recounts the case that revealed to him that his extraordinary skills at observation might serve him-and others in need-as more than the “hobby” of a restless intellect.
M. Mc DONNELL BODKIN (1850–1933)
Authors: Herbert Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The steamship Titanic slides smoothly through the waves-setting out from New York as though it had survived its first fateful voyage to that city from Southampton, England-in this 1908 story written before the actual ship made its disastrous maiden voyage in 1912. M. McDonnell Bodkin may have read about plans for the luxury ship’s construction, since he describes the vessel as “the largest and fastest passenger boat afloat.” Unaware of the ship’s doom, Bodkin wrote a story in which the only anxiety a passenger might entertain during a voyage is the fear of encountering cardsharpers.
Lester Dent (1905–1959)
Authors: Herbert Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems fitting that Lester Dent made a living as a night-shift telegrapher in Tulsa, Oklahoma, sending out words at high speeds for the Associated Press, when he decided to try his hand at writing. A coworker had sold a story to a magazine for handsome pay, and Dent, who at age twenty had given up his notion of becoming a banker when he learned that telegraphers earned more, was attracted to writing when he saw money in it. Telegraphing by night and writing rapidly by day for pay-by-the-word pulp magazines, Dent wrote up to 140,000 words a month during his next, most energetic decade, the 1930s. He swiftly honed a style that relied on quick dialogue sparked with wisecracks. Within three years of picking up a pen, he was able to leave the Associated Press and make his way to New York, where he became a house writer for Dell Publishing and contributed to a variety of pulp magazines. He created the immensely successful Doc Savage series un der the pseudonym Kenneth Robeson in 1935 and continued the series to more than 160 novels. The Doc Savage series brought him financial success, enabling him to return to LaPlata, Missouri, where he was born and had spent the latter part of his childhood on a dairy farm. He had spent his earliest years on a ranch in Wyoming.
William Faulkner (1897–1962)
Authors: Herbert Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Nobel laureate in literature, the southern-born William Faulkner became one of the foremost American novelists of his generation. His work, set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, mapped the territory in both a physical and moral sense. He knew his southern scene well. Born William Cuthbert Falkner (he later changed the spelling of the family name), he grew up in Oxford, Mississippi, where he did not complete high school. He joined Canada’s Royal Air Force, then attended the University of Mississippi, where he served as the university postmaster. He also produced a privately printed book of poetry before living briefly in New Orleans and writing sketches for newspapers there. He traveled to Europe and later returned to Oxford, where he married, had one daughter, and embarked upon his career as a full-time writer.
Ellery Queen
Authors: Herbert Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most unusual piece in this volume is a radio play created at the height of World War II by the Ellery Queen writing team at the request of the United States Office of War Information. While “The Adventure of the Murdered Ship” has been both praised as a patriotic effort and denigrated as propaganda, there is no doubt that this drama, first broadcast in January 1943, remains an important piece of documentary evidence about the time in which it was written and the ways in which writers of popular fiction were asked to use their talents.