bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation Interaction with Molecules
Authors: Lombardi John R. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractVarious aspects of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter are explored. The fundamental interaction involves the response of matter to electric and magnetic fields generated by the radiation. Any collection of charged particles will respond through its polarizationP, which may be expanded in increasing powers of electric fieldEasP = χ(1)E + χ(2)E2 + χ(3)E3. The term χ(1)is called thelinear susceptibility(or more commonly thepolarizabilityα), and is the term responsible for the linear refractive index as well as for linear absorption. The first order susceptibility is shown to be responsible for normal one‐photon spectroscopy, and we examine microwave, infrared, and optical spectroscopy as tools to obtain information as to the rotational, vibrational, and molecular orbital nature of molecules. Rydberg states, vibronic interactions, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy are also considered. χ(2)is the second‐order polarizability, sometimes called thehyperpolarizabilityβ. This is responsible for hyper‐Rayleigh scattering and second‐harmonic generation, as well as the hyper‐Raman effect. These are often termedtwo‐photon effectsowing to the quadratic dependence on the electric field. Three‐photon effects are obtained from the third‐order polarizability χ(3)or γ. Stimulated Raman spectroscopy and four‐wave mixing are some of the most important consequences of this term. These involve coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) as well as Raman‐induced Kerr‐effect spectroscopy (RIKES).
Photochemistry
Authors: Stevenson Kenneth L. , Horváth Ottó 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis article presents a systematic introduction to theoretical and experimental aspects of photochemistry, along with typical examples and applications. It gives a survey of photochemical laws and fundamental principles of photophysics and photochemistry, including multiphoton processes that occur at high light intensity laser irradiation. Descriptions of experimental techniques are given for both continuous irradiation and flash photolysis, including laser spectroscopy and femtochemistry. Detailed discussions of the important theories and representative reactions in the photochemistry of organic, inorganic, and coordination compounds are also presented. Finally, some of the more significant roles photochemistry plays in nature and in modern life, such as photosynthesis, information storage, and phototherapy, are briefly introduced.
Information Processing, Optical
Authors: Javidi Bahram , Horner Joseph L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis article presents a brief review of the fundamentals of optical information processing. We discuss optical information processing techniques, materials and devices for optical processing, optical pattern recognition, optical security, optical neural computing, and optical memory. Optical image processing algorithms and architectures as well as basic hardware concepts such as the fundamentals of optical spatial light modulators are reviewed.
Spectrometers, Infrared
Authors: Kauppinen Jyrki K. , Hollberg Matti R. , Keens Axel 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis paper is a review‐type article dealing with infrared (IR) spectrometers and their applications. The paper represents general aspects of IR spectrometry and general principles of IR spectrometers. Performance properties of IR spectrometers and especially detectors are defined and described. More detailed descriptions are given for prism, grating, Fourier transform (FT), and laser spectrometers. Because nowadays most of the IR spectra are recorded by FT‐IR spectrometers, the main attention of the paper is aimed at FT‐IR instruments. The advantages of FT spectrometers as compared with grating spectrometers are also demonstrated. The paper gives a large number of typical examples of applications of FT‐IR spectrometers in science and practical analysis.
Spectroscopy,Raman
Authors: Edwards Howell G. M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis article describes the origins of Raman scattering and the important parameters upon which its application depends, in particular, its dependence upon molecular species concentration, molecular and crystal orientation, polarizability changes, and the wavelength and power densities of the laser excitation. The instrumentation used to record Raman spectra from the ultraviolet to the near‐infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and the minimization of sample fluorescence is reviewed. Finally, some current applications of Raman spectroscopy to the characterization of materials are highlighted in the fields of biomedical diagnostics, archaeological science, art history, industrial process control, environmental science, and astrobiology. The interdisciplinarity of modern Raman‐spectroscopic technique applications is illustrated by the efforts now being made in the miniaturization of Raman spectrometers for planetary exploration as part of instrumentation suites on robotic landers—projects that bring together teams of chemists, applied spectroscopists, biologists, physicists, astronomers, space scientists, and astrobiologists.
Optical Techniques for the Analysis and Characterization of Chemicals and Materials
Authors: Andrews David L. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Optical methods are widely used by industry, academia, medicine, and the military for the analysis and characterization of chemicals and materials. Prominent amongst these techniques are measurements based on infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, molecular fluorescence, and Raman scattering. Microscopy and imaging procedures are also leading features in the analysis of heterogeneous samples, and a variety of laser‐based diagnostic methods are applied for specialized applications. In this account, the fundamental and technical issues for optical characterization are first examined, and then each of the major techniques is discussed in detail. Examples range from flame analysis to the determination of protein structures, surface optical nonlinearity, and chiral characterization.
Microoptics
Authors: Grunwald Rüdiger 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMicrooptics is a generic term for miniaturized refractive, reflective, diffractive or hybrid components with characteristic dimensions in submillimeter range but larger than the wavelength. For their fabrication, subtractive, modifying or additive technologies can be used. Compared to macrooptics, scale‐variant properties have to be taken into account for the system design. Arrays of microlenses enable a multichannel processing of light and are of particular interest for many applications like collimation, focusing, imaging, guiding or coupling of light from lasers, light emitting diodes (LED), waveguides, fibers, or other sources. The progress in nanooptics, microstructured fibers, or adaptive optical devices will lead to more complex optical systems with microoptical building blocks as an essential part within.
Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers: High‐Power Operation
Authors: Zellmer Holger 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSince their invention in the beginning of the 1960s, fiber lasers have been improved from a helical shaped laser rod with an embedded waveguide structure to highly sophisticated laser systems that caused a revolution in telecommunications. In four decades of development, the wavelength range has been extended to the visible, ultraviolet, and mid‐infrared regime applying different rare earth–doped host glasses. Whereas diode laser pumped fiber lasers with emission in the visible spectral range became of great interest for applications in multimedia, measurement technique, medicine, and photofinishing, high‐power infrared, and high‐energy short‐pulse fiber lasers have been qualified for applications in thermal printing, marking, and material processing.However, nonlinear effects and the damage threshold of standard laser fibers hampered a straightforward scaling of the output power. Research is focused on these issues to develop scaling techniques for high‐power operation of infrared and visible upconversion fiber lasers in cw and pulsed modes. Nonlinear effects and power resistant fiber cores are factored into the fiber laser design.The fundamentals and the current state of the art of fiber lasers operating in the visible and infrared spectral ranges will be discussed in this work.
Optoelectronics
Authors: Kasap Safa O. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
It is useful to view today's optoelectronics in terms of various functional categories, most important of which are the generation of light, modulation of light, transmission of light and its connection between devices, amplification of light, switching of light, isolation of light, filtering of light, wavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing of light, and detection of light. The corresponding devices that implement these functions are light emitters (or light sources), modulators, waveguides and connectors, optical amplifiers, optical switches, optical isolators, optical filters, multiplexers and demultiplexers, and detectors. This introductory article reviews the principles of operation and characteristics of a number of selected devices to provide a general introduction to the field of optoelectronics with an emphasis on optical communications—a major area of application.
South Amerindian craniofacial morphology: Diversity and implications for Amerindian evolution
Authors: Sardi Marina L. , Rozzi Fernando Ramírez , González‐José Rolando , Pucciarelli Héctor M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe most compelling models concerning the peopling of the Americas consider that modern Amerindians share a common biological pattern, showing affinities with populations of the Asian Northeast. The aim of the present study was to assess the degree of variation of craniofacial morphology of South American Amerindians in a worldwide context. Forty‐three linear variables were analyzed on crania derived from American, Asian, Australo‐Melanesian, European, South‐Saharan African, and Polynesian regions. South America was represented by seven Amerindian samples. In order to understand morphologic diversity among Amerindians of South America, variation was estimated using regions and local populations as units of analysis. Variances and FST values were calculated for each unit, respectively. Both analyses indicated that morphologic variation in Southern Amerindians is extremely high: an FST of 0.01531 was obtained for Southern Amerindians, and values from 0.0371–0.1205 for other world regions. Some aspects linked to the time and mode of the peopling of the Americas and various microevolutionary processes undergone by Amerindians are discussed. Some of the alternatives proposed to explain this high variation include: a greater antiquity of the peopling than what is mostly accepted, a peopling by several highly differentiated waves, an important effect of genetic drift, and gene flow with Paleoamericans. A combination of some of these alternatives explains at least some of the variation. Am J Phys Anthropol 127:, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secondary metabolic effects in complex I deficiency
Authors: Esteitie Nayla , Hinttala Reetta , Wibom Rolf , Nilsson Helene , Hance Nicole , Naess Karin , Teär‐Fahnehjelm Kristina , Von Döbeln Ulrika , Majamaa Kari , Larsson Nils‐Göran 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate clinical, biochemical, and genetic features in 7 probands (a total of 11 patients) with nicotine‐amide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase (complex I) deficiency. We screened the mitochondrial DNA for mutations and found pathogenic mutations in complex I genes (mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit (MTND) genes) in three probands. The 10191T〉C mutation in MTND3 and the 14487T〉C mutation in MTND6 were present in two probands with Leigh's‐like and Leigh's syndrome, respectively. Four siblings with a syndrome consisting of encephalomyopathy with hearing impairment, optic nerve atrophy, and cardiac involvement had the 11778G〉A mutation in MTND4, previously associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. These findings demonstrate that mutations in MTND genes are relatively frequent in patients with complex I deficiency. Biochemical measurements of respiratory chain function in muscle mitochondria showed that all patients had a moderate decrease of the mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production rate. Interestingly, the complex I deficiency caused secondary metabolic alterations with decreased oxaloacetate‐induced inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) and excretion of Krebs cycle intermediates in the urine. Our results thus suggest that altered regulation of metabolism may play an important role in the pathogenesis of complex I deficiency. Ann Neurol 2005
Design, Synthesis, and Preliminary Evaluation of Gabapentin‐Pregabalin Mutual Prodrugs in Relieving Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Shi Weiguo , Liu He , Zhang Yanping , Zhong Bohua , Yang Hongju 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAs a part of a program for the development of specific analgesics in relieving neuropathic pain, the purpose of the present study was to investigate a new concept that involves the conjugation of two drugs, gabapentin and pregabalin, as mutual prodrugs using a chemical modification approach. A series of gabapentin‐pregabalin diester compounds were synthesized using linear or branch bis‐hydroxyl linkers. Their pharmacological properties for treating neuropathic pain were investigated in a rat model of chronic sciatic nerve constriction injury (CCI). In‐vivo evaluation demonstrated that 1a and 1b composed of two gabapentin molecules as well as 3a composed of gabapentin and pregabalin with the short linear linker, were effective in reversing tactile allodynia in CCI rats. Compounds with longer or side‐branched linkers showed lower efficiencies and severe adverse effects.
Synthesis of Some Floctafenine Derivatives of Expected Anti‐inflammatory/Analgesic Activity
Authors: Hegazy Gehan Hegazy , Taher Azza , El‐Zaher Asmaa Ahmed 
Published: July 2005

AbstractNew derivatives related to floctafenine were synthesized and representative examples were screened for their anti‐inflammatory and analgesic activities. All compounds tested were found to exhibit anti‐inflammatory and analgesic activities and some were more potent than the references, floctafenine and indomethacin, in carragenan‐induced rat's paw edema. None of the tested compounds showed an ulcerogenic effect on the p‐benzoquinone‐induced writhing test in mice.
Convenient Synthesis of Fused Heterocyclic 1,3,5‐Triazines from Some N‐Acyl Imidates and Heterocyclic Amines as Anticancer and Antioxidant Agents
Authors: Bekircan Olcay , Küxük Murat , Kahveci Bahittin , Kolaylı Sevgi 
Published: July 2005

AbstractN‐Acyl imidates (2), reacting with 5‐amino pyrazole (3), 2‐aminobenzimidazole (4), 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (5), 3,5‐diamino‐1,2,4‐triazole (6), and 5‐aminotetrazole (7) give pyrazolo[1,5‐a][1,3,5]triazine (8), benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐a][1,3,5]triazine (9), [1,2,4]triazolo [2,3‐a][1,3,5]triazine (10), [1,2,4]tri azolo[2,3‐a][1,3,5]triazin‐5‐ylamine (12), and tetrazolo‐[1,5‐a][1,3,5]triazine (14) derivatives, respectively. The synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and mass spectral data and elemental analyses results. Five of the newly synthesized compounds, 8a, 9a, 10a, 12a, and 14a, were selected by National Cancer Institute and screened for their anticancer activity against three cancer cell lines MCF7, NCI‐H460, and SF‐268, where 12a exhibited moderate anti‐proliferation potential. 12a was, thus, further tested for anticancer activity against 60 human cancer cell lines and showed moderate growth inhibition potency. 12a showed a high growth inhibitory activity against A498 renal cancer cell line. All of the newly synthesized compounds 8‐10, 12 and 14 were tested for their antioxidant capacity where they exhibited very high activity, even higher than the widely used reference antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene and 6‐hydroxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid (Trolox®) Compound 12a also showed the highest antioxidant activity.
A Note on the Antitubercular Activities of 1‐Aryl‐5‐benzylsulfanyltetrazoles
Authors: Adamec Jan , Waisser Karel , Kuneš Jiří , Kaustová Jarmila 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA set of 32 1‐phenyl‐5‐benzylsulfanyltetrazoles substituted on the phenyl ring as well as on the benzyl moiety was synthesized. The compounds were evaluated for in vitro antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The activity against M. tuberculosis becomes higher with increasing electron‐accepting properties of the substituents on the phenyl ring. On the other hand, any substitution on the benzylic moiety decreases the activity.
Synthesis of Some New 2‐(6‐Methoxy‐2‐Naphthyl)‐ 5‐Aryl‐1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles as Possible Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory and Analgesic Agents
Authors: Narayana Badiadka , Vijaya Raj Kuniyil Kulangara , Ashalatha Badiadka Valamale , Kumari Nalilu Suchetha 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe synthesis of some new 2‐(6‐methoxy‐2‐naphthyl)‐5‐aryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles (4a–k) has been described. Ethyl‐6‐methoxy‐2‐naphthoate (1) yielded on treatment with hydrazine hydrate to 6‐methoxy‐2‐naphthoic acid hydrazide (2). Compound 2 reacted with substituted aromatic carboxylic acids (3a–k) in phosphorus oxychloride yielded 2‐(6‐methoxy‐2‐naphthyl)‐5‐aryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles (4a–k). Newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H‐NMR and mass spectral data. All the compounds were screened for their anti‐inflammatory and analgesic activity. Compound 4j exhibited promising anti‐inflammatory and analgesic activities.
Chromatin Modifications as Targets for New Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Schäfer Stefan , Jung Manfred 
Published: July 2005

AbstractChromatin proteins undergo diverse posttranslational modifications, esp. acetylation and methylation, that contribute to the control of transcriptional processes. The result of these modifications in its various states is called the histone code. This review presents an overview of those modifications of chromatin proteins that affect the side chains of lysines and arginines and define variations of the chromatin acetylome and methylome. The relevant enzymes are presented and the feasibility to influence their activity by inhibition or activation is discussed. The manipulation of these enzymes is an exciting strategy towards an increased understanding of their role in the functionality of a cell. Additionally, this may lead to new approaches for the treatment of diseases that are based on a dysregu lation of transcription, especially cancer.
Modeling of sodium acetate recovery from aqueous solutions by electrodialysis
Authors: Fidaleo Marcello , Moresi Mauro 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe main engineering parameters (i.e., ion transport numbers in solution and electro‐membranes; effective solute and water transport numbers; effective membrane surface area, membrane surface resistances, and limiting current intensity) affecting the recovery of sodium acetate from model solutions by electrodialysis (ED) were determined in accordance with a sequential experimental procedure. Such parameters allowed a satisfactory simulation of a few validation tests carried out under constant or step‐wisely variable current intensity. The performance of this ED process was characterized in terms of a current efficiency (Ω) of about 93% in the constant‐current region, a water transport number (tW) of about 15, and a specific energy consumption (ε) increasing from 0.14 to 0.31 kWh/kg for a solute recovery yield of 95% as the current density (j) was increased from 112 to 337 A/m2. The specific resistance of the anion‐ or cation‐exchange membranes were found to be three or two times greater than those measured in aqueous NaCl solutions and are to be used to design and/or optimize ED stacks involved in the downstream processing of acetic acid fermentation broths. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Light‐responsive bioconjugates as novel tools for specific capture of biologicals by photoaffinity precipitation
Authors: Desponds Arnaud , Freitag Ruth 
Published: July 2005

AbstractLight‐responsive bioconjugates are synthesized by a two‐step protocol calling first for cotelomerization (chain‐transfer polymerization) of N‐isopropylacrylamide and N‐acryloxysuccinimide. The desired bioligand (biotin) is used in modified form as chain‐transfer agent in this step. As a consequence, 100% of the produced bioconjugates carry this group. In a second step, the cotelomers (bioconjugates) are rendered photoresponsive by linking a chromophore ((3‐aminopropyloxy)azobenzene) group to the N‐acryloxysuccinimide side chains. The resulting structures show a critical solution temperature in pure water of 16°C when the azo groups in the side chains are predominately in the (stable) trans state. Irradiation with UV light (330 nm) switches the azo group into the more hydrophilic cis state, and the critical solution temperature rises to 18°C. Irradiation with visible light (> 440 nm) switches the group back to the trans state. Adjusting the temperature to an intermediate level, the bioconjugates are used to demonstrate the concept of photo affinity precipitation, i.e., the specific capture and recovery by light‐induced precipitation of a target molecule (avidin) from a serum‐containing cell‐culture supernatant. The avidin was obtained in highly purified form; no nonspecific copurification of protein impurities was observable. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High density cultures of embryonic stem cells
Authors: Oh Steve K.W. , Fong Wey Jia , Teo Yawen , Tan Heng Liang , Padmanabhan Jayanthi , Chin Angela C.P. , Choo Andre B.H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractEmbryonic stem cells (ESC) have the unique ability to differentiate into a variety of tissue types. However, the realization of regenerative medicine will require the production of large quantities of ESC which subsequently have to be differentiated into the final phenotype. Thus, we sought to develop a simple and scaleable bioprocess to increase densities of ESC to achieve this goal. Using mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) as a model, by combining automated feeding and culture of mESC on petriperm dishes, cell densities were enhanced up to 6.4 × 106 cells/cm2 compared to conventional petri dish culture which only reached 0.2 to 1.4 × 106 cells/cm2. It was found that mESC from all experiments maintained excellent viability, pluripotency, and genetic stability after growing for 6 days in petriperm cultures with automated feeding. The expression of Oct‐4 transcription factor was observed in all cultures, mESC formed embryoid bodies in differentiated cultures and teratomas in SCID mice, confirming their pluripotency, and karyotype of the cultures was normal. This culture method was stable for routine passaging and a second mESC cell line was shown to perform in a similar manner on petriperm with automated feeding. This work represents an important step towards achieving high density cultures of ESC. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.