bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing a belt conveyor controller in a bottling plant using fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms
Authors: Braglia Marcello 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents an industrial case study relevant to a fuzzy logic controller designed via a properly developed genetic algorithm. We consider an example of a fuzzy logic‐based industrial process‐controller. In particular, we deal with the problem of controlling the speed of a belt conveyor for glass containers in a bottling plant. The primary objective of the controller is to guarantee the continuous feed to the filling station, in the presence of frequent gaps between bottles. The secondary objective is to reduce the impact speed between arriving bottles and those standing in the queue, in order to reduce the plant noise. High‐performance parameters of the fuzzy controller are found by a properly developed genetic algorithm. The results provided by Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that, with such controllers, it is possible to achieve both the objectives mentioned above. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Standard operating procedures ‐ a novel perspective
Authors: Hattemer‐Apostel Rita 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStandard operating procedures (SOPs) are a vital component in any quality management system. Written instructions on standardized processes provide guidance to ensure that activities are conducted in a consistent way, thus leading to reliable product and service quality. SOPs should be prepared in full compliance with guidelines and regulations and must mirror current organizational practices. Many items must be considered in connection with SOPs and a particular format was used in this article to discuss a selection of those items. Compliance with SOPs will depend on the way employees are familiarized with the concept and contents of SOPs. Novel approaches are offered for SOP training, based on the selected items associated with SOPs, in order to ‘infect’ employees with the ‘SOP virus’ – a prerequisite for high‐quality products and services. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The efficacy of a test and ESS program
Authors: Katz Asaf , Argov Nitay , Shapira Alon , Gershman Israel , Refaeli Nir 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStatistical results of all the 1621 failure analyses, which cover a four‐year effort, are presented. The failure analyses were part of an elaborate test and ESS process of a high‐reliability system. Of the failure analyses, 97.5% identified the root cause. The classification of the failures by 11 root cause classes, including the test and ESS process itself is provided. The distribution of failure root causes detected during the various phases of the process is shown. Each test phase was analyzed according to the share of failures found and the fraction of failures that occurred during that phase. Applying a linear formula that summarizes the relative efficacy of each test phase compares the performances of the various phases. The term efficacy is used to describe the ability of a test phase to reveal failures without generating new problems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural motifs as functional microdomains in G‐protein‐coupled receptors: Energetic considerations in the mechanism of activation of the serotonin 5‐HT2A receptor by disruption of the ionic lock of the arginine cage*
Authors: Visiers Irache , Ebersole Barbara J. , Dracheva Stella , Ballesteros Juan , Sealfon Stuart C. , Weinstein Harel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStudies of the structural changes associated with the activation of several G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have suggested that the cytoplasmic ends of transmembrane helices 6 and 3 move apart, but the molecular mechanisms involved in the helix rearrangements are not known. The cytoplasmic end of helix 3 contains the structural motif DRY that is universally conserved in the sequences of GPCRs in the rhodopsin family. Using computational modeling of the 5‐HT2A receptor, we find that an interaction of the central arginine in this motif, R3.50, with the conserved acidic side chain of the neighboring Asp (D3.49) is supplemented by a concomitant interaction with the conserved glutamate in helix 6, E6.30. Thus, R3.50 is caged in the inactive state of the receptor by its interaction with D3.49 and other conserved residues including E6.30. In the model, these interactions support the close packing of the ends of helices 3 and 6 that contributes to the stabilization of the inactive receptor state. To understand the energetic determinants for the stabilization of the inactive form of the receptor, and the mode in which activation can free the caged R3.50, we compared the electrostatic properties of the conserved residues in the conformations corresponding to the active and inactive forms of the receptor. These comparisons were analyzed with respect to a hypothesis about the role of protonation of D3.49 and E6.30 in the activation mechanism. The inferences from the computational analysis were used to design mutations to probe the mechanistic hypothesis. The experiments with mutant receptor constructs show that the removal of the acidic side‐chain at either position 3.49 or 6.30, or both, increases the level of ligand‐independent (constitutive) activity of the receptor. These results support the hypothesis regarding the role of these acidic residues in stabilizing the inactive state, because mutations that weaken the interactions should facilitate the receptor's transition to the active conformation. Hence we find a constitutively active state for receptor constructs in which E6.30 is mutated to N, Q, or L. The weakening of the helix 3–helix 6 link that results from these substitutions allows the helices to move apart in the activated state of the receptor. From the results of the computational analysis combined with related experimental probing of receptor function we thus propose a general molecular model for the role of the structural motif that include D3.49, R3.50, and E6.30, as a functional microdomain in the receptor activation mechanism. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 88: 65–75, 2002
Molecular orbital studies relating to potential anticancer activity of cis‐platinum ammines
Authors: Boudreaux Edward A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe binding of platinum(II) diammines to 1‐methylcytosine and guanine has been reevaluated from earlier published molecular orbital calculations, in which the Löwdin overlap charge density has been defined and evaluated for platinum–ammine bonds in the Pt(II) diammine drugs and the PN bonds involved with 1‐methylcytosine and guanine. It is also shown that the effectiveness of anticancer activity is reduced in the Pt(II) diammine drugs, with increasing methyl substitution on the ammine nitrogen. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 83: 255–258, 2001
Attachment of alkali cations on β‐D‐glucopyranose: matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight studies and ab initio calculations
Authors: Botek E. , Debrun J. L , Hakim B. , Morin‐Allory L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, carbohydrates ionize by attachment of an alkali cation, and the ion yield varies with the nature of the cation. In an attempt to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms involved, we have conducted matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) experiments on the simple glucose molecule with the alkali cations Li+, Na+ and K+, and have also performed ab initio calculations. The calculations show that, for the most stable carbohydrate‐cation geometry, the carbohydrate ring is twisted and the cation is coordinated to four oxygen atoms. Calculations also show that in these complexes the positions of the three cations are very similar, and the smaller the cation, the closer it is to the oxygen atoms. Finally, the calculated formation enthalpies of the different complexes agree with the experimental results obtained for the order of stability of these complexes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of a drug candidate and its metabolite in rat plasma samples using ultrafast monolithic column high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Hsieh Yunsheng , Wang Gangfeng , Wang Yuguang , Chackalamannil Samuel , Brisson Jean‐Marc , Ng Kwokei , Korfmacher Walter A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn ultrafast bioanalytical method using monolithic column high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) was evaluated for the simultaneous determination of a drug discovery compound and its metabolite in plasma. Baseline separation of the two compounds was achieved with run times of 24 or 30 s under isocratic or gradient conditions, respectively. The monolithic column HPLC/MS/MS system offers shorter chromatographic run times by increasing flow rate without sacrificing separation power for the drug candidate and its biotransformation product (metabolite). In this work, the necessity for adequate chromatographic resolution was demonstrated because the quantitative determination of the drug‐related metabolism product was otherwise hampered by interference from the dosed drug compound. The chromatographic performance of a monolithic silica rod column as a function of HPLC flow rates was investigated with a mixture of the drug component and its synthetic metabolite. The assay reliability of the monolithic column HPLC/MS/MS system was checked for matrix ionization suppression using the post‐column infusion technique. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of study rat plasma samples for the simultaneous quantitation of both the dosed drug and its metabolite. The analytical results obtained by the proposed monolithic column methods and the ‘standard’ silica particle‐packed HPLC column method were in good agreement, within 10% error. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/negative ion tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of an indolocarbazole in human plasma using internal standard (IS) 96‐well diatomaceous earth plates for solid‐liquid extraction
Authors: Wang Amy Q. , Zeng Wei , Musson D. G. , Rogers J. D. , Fisher A. L. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract An Erratum has been published for this article in Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 16 (16) 2002, 1610A sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the quantitation of a novel topoisomerase I inhibitor (indolocarbazole derivative I) in human plasma was developed to support clinical studies. Drug and internal standard were isolated from plasma by solid‐liquid extraction using 96‐well diatomaceous earth plates. Various extraction solvents were evaluated for extraction of I and 9% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in methyl‐tert‐butyl ether (MtBE) was chosen as the optimal extraction solvent. The sensitivity of this LC/MS/MS method is 10× higher in negative ion mode using alkaline conditions than in positive ion mode using a wide range of pH's. A mobile phase with 2 mM ammonium hydroxide enhanced the sensitivity in negative ion mode over other volatile bases. The calibration curve for compound I is linear over the range 0.05–200 ng/mL in plasma and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the assay is 0.05 ng/mL, when 0.25 mL of plasma is processed. The method was fully validated and successfully applied to plasma samples from clinical studies. Performing chromatography at high pH, for enhanced negative ion sensitivity, eliminates the need for post‐column addition of base. Furthermore, the 96‐well diatomaceous earth plate extraction offers the following advantages over liquid‐liquid extraction (LLE) or solid‐phase extraction (SPE): clean sample extracts with reduced sample preparation time; increased sample throughput; no conditioning or washing steps; and a neutral eluate applicable to acid/base labile compounds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mucosal immune network in the gut for the control of infectious diseases
Authors: Iijima Hideki , Takahashi Ichiro , Kiyono Hiroshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe common mucosal immune system (CMIS) consists of an integrated cross‐communication pathway of lymphoid tissues made up of inductive and effector sites for host protection against pathogenic microorganisms. Major effector molecules of the CMIS include IgA antibodies and cytokines, chemokines and their corresponding receptors. Secretory IgA (S‐IgA), the major immunoglobulin, is induced by gut‐associated lymphoreticular tissue (GALT)‐derived B cells with the help of Th1‐ and Th2‐type CD4+ T lymphocytes. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the mucosal epithelium, a subpopulation of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), also help maintain the mucosal barrier. The CMIS is unique in that it can provide both positive and negative signals for the induction and regulation of immune responses in both the mucosal and systemic compartments after oral or nasal antigen exposure. Prevention of infection through mucosal surfaces can be achieved by the CMIS through connections between inductive (e.g. GALT) and effector tissues. When vaccine antigens are enterically administered together with mucosal adjuvants [e.g. cholera toxin (CT), heat‐labile toxin produced by Escherichia coli (LT) and IL‐12], antigen‐specific Th1/Th2 and IgA B cell responses are induced simultaneously in the mucosal effector compartment. Since these antigen‐specific immune responses are not generated by oral vaccine without mucosal adjuvant, safe and effective adjuvants for the induction of antigen‐specific S‐IgA and CTL responses are essential for the development of mucosal vaccines for protection against infectious diseases. Finally, recent findings suggest the presence of a CMIS‐independent IgA induction pathway, which also must be considered in the development of mucosal vaccines. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Providing IP QoS over GEO satellite systems using MPLS
Authors: Ors Tolga , Rosenberg Catherine 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMulti‐protocol label switching (MPLS) is a promising technology that is quickly gathering momentum as a solution for delivering quality of service (QoS) on IP‐based terrestrial networks. It is then appropriate to wonder how this technology could affect the next generation satellite networks (from at least an interoperability standpoint) and if satellite network designers should implement MPLS on their space segment (and if yes, how?). These are the main questions that this paper is addressing.We will show how MPLS can be used on top of any layer 2 technology on the space segment, to provide IP QoS. In particular we will discuss MPLS over ATM over satellite where MPLS is essentially used to control and manage an on‐board ATM switch fabric. Problems with MPLS and solutions will be presented. As the digital video broadcast (DVB) standard is becoming popular to be used on both the forward and return link, the different methods to carry IP over DVB will also be discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why firefighting is never enough: preserving high‐quality product development
Authors: Black Laura J. , Repenning Nelson P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this article, we add to insights already developed in single‐project models about insufficient resource allocation and the “firefighting” and last‐minute rework that often result by asking why dysfunctional resource allocation persists from project to project. We draw on data collected from a field site concerned about its new product development process and its quality of output to construct a simple model that portrays resource allocation in a multi‐project development environment. The main insight of the analysis is that under‐allocating resources to the early phases of a given project in a multi‐project environment can create a vicious cycle of increasing error rates, overworked engineers, and declining performance in all future projects. Policy analysis begins with policies that were under consideration by the organization described in our data set. Those policies turn out to offer relatively low leverage in combatting the problem. We then test a sequence of new policies, each designed to reveal a different feature of the system's structure and conclude with a strategy that we believe can significantly offset the dysfunctional dynamics we discuss. The article concludes with a discussion of the challenges managers may face in implementing the strategy that can prevent persistent under‐allocation of resources to projects. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative ToF‐SIMS analysis of monomers, oxidation and trace elements in EPDM gels
Authors: Galuska Alan A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDuring the production, processing and use of ethylene–propylene–diene monomer terpolymers (EPDMs), small (0.1–2 mm) visible inclusions are occasionally encountered in the polymer matrix. These inclusions are commonly called gels and result in degraded polymer performance. In this work, new cross‐sectional time‐of‐flight (ToF) SIMS methods were developed for quantitative ethylene, ethylidene–norbornene (ENB), oxidation and trace element analysis of EPDM gels. The ethylene calibrations were obtained by plotting C5H9+/C2H3+ and C8H13+/C2H3+ versus wt.% ethylene. The ENB calibration was obtained by plotting (C7H8+ + C7H10+)/2(C2H3+) versus wt.% ENB. Oxidation calibrations were obtained by plotting C2H3O+/C2H3+ versus wt.% oxygen from oxidation for both high‐ and low‐ENB EPDMs. Relative sensitivity factors were also determined for semiquantitative trace metals (V, Al, Cl, Ti, Si, S, Fe, Ni, Ca and Zn) analysis in polypropylene, EPDM and polyethylene polymers. The relative sensitivity factors determined in the different polymers were very similar, indicating the absence of substantial matrix effects. The detection limits for these trace element analyses varied from 2 to 50 ppm. The analyses of well‐characterized EPDMs (treated as unknowns) were used to verified the accuracy of these calibrations. These ToF‐SIMS methods then were used to examine the composition of a variety of EPDM gels found in industry. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of random effect ordinal regression model for outcome evaluation of two randomized controlled trials
Authors: Marinacci Chiara , Schifano Patrizia , Borgia Piero , Perucci Carlo A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCluster randomization is often used in intervention trials, yet when individuals nested within clusters are considered as the units of analysis for outcome evaluation, it cannot be assumed that the observations are statistically independent. Observations that are not statistically independent also result when repeated measures are taken over time for the same individual. Ignoring clustered observations when performing data analysis can lead to the erroneous conclusion that the intervention under study had a statistically significant effect. Moreover, individual responses are often collected on ordinal scales; thus models for continuous or categorical data are usually not appropriate. We applied a random effect ordinal regression model to data sets from two randomized controlled intervention trials that measured graded scale non‐independent responses. The first trial compared two school programmes for AIDS prevention in terms of impact (i.e., changes in the frequency of condom use). The second trial used the MOS‐HIV questionnaire to measure the quality of life of new AIDS cases four times over a one‐year follow‐up period (only results of the role‐functioning scale are reported). Regarding the first data set, the effect of the intervention was not significant, and the post‐intervention frequency of condom use was mainly attributable to the pre‐intervention frequency (p<0.01), with no differences among schools. Regarding the second data set, a borderline significant increase in the role‐functioning scale scores was observed over the follow‐up period; the results differed only slightly by intervention group; a significant (p<0.01) intra‐individual correlation of 0.4 was found. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
The impact of the international guideline entitled Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials (ICH E9)
Authors: Lewis J. , Louv W. , Rockhold F. , Sato T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAt the time of writing, the ICH E9 Note for Guidance entitled ‘Statistical principles for clinical trials’ has been in force in Europe, Japan and the U.S.A. for almost a year. The purpose of this paper is to review the initial progress of E9 in terms of its degree of acceptance and also in terms of any early problems which have emerged. A different means of exploring these questions has been adopted in each of the three regions. From Europe there is a regulatory perspective on statistical issues which have been found to be incompletely covered within E9 and which have been important for specific regulatory decisions. From the U.S. there is a report of the results of a survey of U.S. pharmaceutical industry opinion concerning the effect of E9 on statistical practice in drug development. From Japan there is a discussion of the shortage of qualified statisticians in Japan and the difficulties that this causes when trying to implement E9. Some overall conclusions are drawn. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A framework for practical, automated black‐box testing of component‐based software†
Authors: Edwards Stephen H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper outlines a general strategy for automated black‐box testing of software components that includes automatic generation of component test drivers, automatic generation of black‐box test data, and automatic or semi‐automatic generation of component wrappers that serve as test oracles. This research in progress unifies several threads of testing research, and preliminary work indicates that practical levels of testing automation are possible. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cholinergic system modulates kindling and kindling‐induced mossy fiber sprouting
Authors: Adams Beth , Vaccarella Liezanne , Fahnestock Margaret , Racine Ronald J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn a previous study, our laboratory demonstrated that the intraventricular infusion of nerve growth factor (NGF) accelerated kindling rates and enhanced mossy fiber sprouting in the absence of noticeable kindling‐associated neuronal loss. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether these NGF effects were mediated via the cholinergic system. This study evaluated the effects of the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine and the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine on kindling rates and kindling‐induced mossy fiber sprouting in adult rats. The results showed that pilocarpine accelerated kindling rates and enhanced kindling‐induced mossy fiber sprouting in the CA3 region of the hippocampus, whereas scopolamine retarded kindling rates and blocked kindling‐induced mossy fiber sprouting in the CA3 and IML regions. These findings suggest that the cholinergic system may contribute to the long‐term structural and functional alterations that are characteristic of the kindled state. Moreover, these data provide support for the hypothesis that NGF infusions may mediate kindling and kindling‐induced mossy fiber sprouting via regulation of the cholinergic system. Synapse 44:132–138, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seismic rehabilitation of a base‐isolated building using viscous dampers
Authors: Hart G. C. , Brandow G. , Johnston R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe seismic rehabilitation of steel buildings can be effectively done using viscous dampers. The dampers increase the energy loss without increasing the stiffness of the building and associated acceleration‐related earthquake damage. This paper discusses how a base‐isolated building used viscous dampers for seismic rehabilitation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.