bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Analysis of Plasma Sheath Characteristics in One‐Dimensional and Three‐Dimensional Velocity Spaces Governing Nonextensive Electron Density
Authors: Jdaini Oussama , Missaoui Abdelhak , El Bojaddaini Mohamed , El Kaouini Morad , Chatei Hassan 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTIn this study, we developed a model to explore the characteristics of a magnetized plasma sheath, containing positive ions, electrons, and neutral particles. The ions are described using a fluid model based on the continuity and momentum equations, while the electron distribution is analyzed using three cases: the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution and the Tsallis distribution in both 1‐D and 3‐D velocity spaces. Applying the Sagdeev method, we established the modified Bohm sheath criterion to obtain the required ion velocity at the sheath entrance for all three cases. The lower Mach number limit for Bohm velocity modification depends on factors such as ion temperature, ionization frequency, collision frequency, magnetic field angle, nonextensive parameter , and the velocity space governing the density of nonextensive electrons, independent of magnetic field magnitude. Additionally, the electron velocity distribution was analyzed for various q‐values, revealing that in 3‐D velocity space, the energy range is broad and extensive, while in 1‐D velocity spaces, it is narrower and confined within the broader 3‐D interval. We examined the influence of key parameters on sheath characteristics under the Maxwellian distribution, as well as in 1‐D and 3‐D velocity spaces for the Tsallis distribution. The results demonstrated significant differences between the three cases, showing that in the 3‐D case, the sheath thickness expands more compared to the 1‐D and the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. This underscores the significance of accounting for the dimensionality of velocity space when investigating plasma sheath phenomena. Such understanding is crucial for optimizing plasma‐surface interactions in various applications.
The UK National Youth Work Curriculum—Democratic challenges from Finland
Authors: Kiilakoski Tomi , Ord Jon 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis article compares the only two countries—the UK and Finland—that have systematically applied the concept of curriculum to youth work on the national level. It begins by charting the development of a curriculum in youth work in England which has culminated in the production of the new UK government's Department for Culture Media & Sport funded ‘National Curriculum for Youth Work’ produced by the NYA in 2020. Whilst this entails a shift for youth work in England and removes an element of democracy for local youth workers to agree and establish their own priorities, it does provide a clear policy direction for a beleaguered youth sector. This article then discusses the published findings of a 10‐year action research project led by the Finnish Youth Research Society which has worked with local youth workers and managers in a variety of municipal youth work organizations (N = 6) to establish local youth work curricula. The model has been utilized in 26 municipalities since. The Finnish experience provides a marked contrast to the UK youth work curriculum, as they argue their approach is a more authentic method of establishing a youth work curriculum. The documents produced a clear representations of youth work practice and they contrast with the top‐down national curriculum framework. Whilst the UK model may be a positive response to the policy challenges facing youth workers in the UK—the Finnish experience raises questions of the currency within and ownership by the field of any youth work curriculum.
Off‐Grid DOA Estimation of Acoustic Vector Sensor Array Based on Look Ahead Strategy in Impulsive Noise
Authors: Shan Zebiao , Yao Ruiguang , Liu Xiaosong , Liu Yunqing 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTTo address the issue of low direction‐of‐arrival (DOA) estimation accuracy for acoustic vector sensor arrays under impulsive noise and grid mismatch conditions, a look ahead orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm based on phased fractional lower‐order moments (PFLOM) is proposed. First, the algorithm uses PFLOM to suppress impulsive noise and reconstructs the PFLOM matrix using a vectorization operator. Next, it introduces off‐grid deviation by performing a first‐order Taylor expansion on the steering vector matrix, constructing a PFLOM‐based off‐grid sparse DOA model. Then, the look ahead strategy is introduced into the algorithm to select the optimal atoms by predicting their impact on the residuals. Finally, the joint sparsity of the coarse DOA estimation and the off‐grid deviation vector is exploited to calculate the corresponding off‐grid deviation using the alternating direction iteration method, resulting in the DOA estimation for the off‐grid targets. Computer simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, with experimental results showing higher estimation accuracy and success rate compared with existing methods.
Review of Associations of Diabetes and Insulin Resistance With Brain Health in Three Harmonised Cohort Studies of Ageing and Dementia
Authors: Biswas Roshni , Capuano Ana W. , Mehta Rupal I. , Barnes Lisa L. , Bennett David A. , Arvanitakis Zoe 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTDiabetes increases the risk of dementia, and insulin resistance (IR) has emerged as a potential unifying feature. Here, we review published findings over the past 2 decades on the relation of diabetes and IR to brain health, including those related to cognition and neuropathology, in the Religious Orders Study, the Rush Memory and Aging Project, and the Minority Aging Research Study (ROS/MAP/MARS), three harmonised cohort studies of ageing and dementia at the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (RADC). A wide range of participant data, including information on medical conditions such as diabetes and neuropsychological tests, as well as other clinical and laboratory‐based data collected annually. Neuropathology data are collected in participants who agree to autopsy at death. Recent studies have measured additional peripheral and brain IR data, including multi‐omics. This review summarises findings from the RADC cohort studies that investigate the relation of diabetes and IR in older adults to cognition, neuropathology, omics in dementia, and other brain health measures. Examining the risk of clinically diagnosed dementia in older adults, our study found a 65% increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia in individuals with diabetes compared with those without. Regarding cognitive function, we have consistently observed associations of diabetes, as well as both peripheral and brain IR, with worse and declining performance in global cognition and specific cognitive domains, particularly semantic memory and perceptual speed. Studies utilising neuropathological data showed associations of diabetes and peripheral IR with brain infarcts, while brain IR measures, notably alpha serine/threonine‐protein kinase1 (AKT1), were associated with both brain infarcts and AD pathology. Multi‐omics studies suggested shared causal genes and pathways between diabetes and dementia. Recent epigenetic studies have revealed associations between IR and AD risk, along with distinct 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine signatures in diabetes‐associated AD. Furthermore, our studies have utilised other available data to investigate the impact of diabetes on neurological outcomes other than cognition and reported worsening of parkinsonian‐like signs in diabetes. Recent studies have also explored risk factors for diabetes and have reported associations between lower literacy and decision‐making abilities with elevated haemoglobin A1C levels, a peripheral IR measure. Overall, our findings, as summarised in this review, illustrate a range of mechanistic and other insights into the complex relationship of diabetes and IR with brain health. These findings may have important implications for future research on the ageing brain, including the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia in persons at risk for or with diabetes.
Habitat Unit Mapping in Large River: Combining Ecological Opinions and Hydrodynamic Modelling to Inform River Management
Authors: Xie Qingrong , Wang Li , Yang Shengfa , Zhang Shuaishuai , Xiao Yi , Zhang Peng , Hu Jiang , Li Wenjie , Yang Jin 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTRestoration of complex river ecosystems requires an understanding of the availability of habitat for populations and multi‐scale choices. Habitat unit (HU) mapping classifies river habitats, aiding in establishing the connection between the physical and biological conditions of rivers. Mid‐scale HU classification can effectively predict fish habitat utilization patterns and has been developed and applied in numerous small to medium‐sized river classifications. However, the delimitation of habitat units (HUs) for large rivers remains in its preliminary stages. This study used a two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic numerical model to calculate hydrodynamic data and forms ecological expert opinions based on the swimming abilities of typical fish species and geomorphic characteristics. A HU mapping procedure was constructed to describe the mesohabitat heterogeneity of HUs in the fluctuating backwater areas of the upper Yangtze River. Results indicated: (1) Rich diversity of habitats in the investigated river segment. HUs exhibit evident patterns in their planar, longitudinal, and lateral distribution. (2) Discharge magnitude influences the stability of HUs, leading to transitions between HU types. During the storage and falling periods, no dominant HU was observed, whereas the fast channel unit dominates during flood period, resulting in a reduction of the preferred habitat of fish. (3) Field monitoring of fish communities validates the potential of HU mapping in describing habitat utilization, which HUs such as pools and riffles were favoured by fish, while fast channel and slackwater unit were actively avoided, confirming the efficacy of the procedure. This research holds significant implications for habitat restoration in river management.
A Real‐Time Adaptive Machine Learning Charging and Neural Network Balancing Mechanism of Lithium‐Ion Battery Pack
Authors: Malik Gaurav , Saini Manish Kumar 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTIn this article, a real‐time novel adaptive deep neural network (A‐DNN) charging scheme is proposed which increases the life of the batteries by controlling the heating impact inside the battery. The input variables used in the charging algorithm are state of charge (SoC), state of health (SoH), voltage (V), current (I), and temperature (T) which makes the algorithm adaptive toward the temperature deviation and reduces the peak overshoot of the temperature at different SoH of the batteries. The parameters of the battery 1‐RC model are estimated by the forgetting factor recursive least square (FF‐RLS) method. The SoC and SoH are estimated by the dual‐particle filter (D‐PF) algorithm. Furthermore, a DNN balancing mechanism sensitive to SoC and SoH is developed to avoid the fault in the battery during the charging process. The A‐DNN charging algorithm is compared with the constant current constant voltage (CC‐CV), constant current pulse charging (CC‐PC), and deep neural network (DNN) charging algorithms at 40°C, 45°C, and 50°C. The A‐DNN outperforms in terms of peak temperature, incremental life, and charging time of the batteries at 45°C. The proposed charging methodology reduces the economic cost of the EVs by increasing the life of the battery by 34.41% at 45°C as compared to the other algorithms.
Assessing the Equitable Renewable Energy Access and Environmental Justice for Sustainable Development in China
Authors: Yu Jiaojiao , Shen Jianjiang 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThe pursuit of sustainable development in China necessitates a comprehensive evaluation of renewable energy access and environmental justice. As China experiences rapid economic growth and shifts towards cleaner energy sources, it is crucial to examine the fairness of renewable energy distribution and the equitable allocation of environmental benefits and burdens. This study explores the complexities involved in balancing renewable energy, social equity, and environmental factors. A twofold methodological approach was employed such as the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was first used to systematically assess the equity of renewable energy distribution, identifying six key factors and 24 sub‐factors that influence renewable energy access and environmental justice. The results from fuzzy AHP show that the distribution of environmental burdens and socio‐economic equity are the most critical factors shaping renewable energy access and environmental justice. To further refine strategic insights, the fuzzy complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) method was applied, ranking six strategic approaches for advancing renewable energy access and environmental justice. The top‐ranked strategy was expanding renewable energy infrastructure in underserved regions which emerged as the most impactful, emphasising the importance of addressing geographic disparities. Following closely were strategies aimed at strengthening financial mechanisms for low‐income households and promoting community‐led renewable energy projects, emphasising the importance of economic support and local empowerment in achieving energy justice.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Presenting as Anorexia Nervosa in a Middle‐Aged Woman: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Baroudi Maen Nizam , Joudeh Anwar I. , Alattiya Mohammed Kays , Lutf Abdo Qaid Ahmed , Abuzaid Hassan , Mahdi Salah 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with multisystemic involvement and unclear etiology. Although SLE could be linked to multiple neuropsychiatric manifestations, the co‐occurrence of anorexia nervosa was only described through a few case reports that mainly affected children and adolescents.Case Presentationa 40‐year‐old Filipina woman presented to hospital with a 3‐day history of agitation, anorexia and auditory hallucinations. She also had restrictive dietary habits with substantial weight loss and excessive fear of weight gain for the past several months. Her medical history was also noticeable for a 3‐month history of erythematous non‐itchy skin rash. On examination, the patient was pale and underweight. She had angular stomatitis, bilateral exophthalmos, and diffuse goiter. Skin examination revealed diffuse scaly and erythematous rash over the neck and upper torso with post‐inflammatory skin discoloration. Laboratory investigations showed pancytopenia, high serum creatinine, and +1 proteinuria. Further workup confirmed thyrotoxicosis due to Graves disease as well as having multiple positive autoantibodies including antinuclear antibody (ANA) which were suggestive for SLE. A subsequent kidney biopsy demonstrated class IV diffuse lupus nephritis. The patient was treated successfully with intravenous pulse steroid therapy, rituximab, and antithyroid medications with no residual symptoms or laboratory abnormalities.ConclusionsThe concurrence of anorexia nervosa with SLE and the complete resolution of anorexia nervosa symptoms with immunosuppressive therapy suggest common autoinflammatory pathogenesis for both conditions. Further research is needed to elucidate any potential association between SLE and anorexia nervosa.
Scan Converter Tubes and their Applications
Authors: Nagy G. T. 
Published: January 2025

SummaryThe scan converter tube described in this paper is a special Cathode Ray Tube used for the bright display conversion of air traffic control displays. In recent years, this device was further developed for several other display systems, for storage, scan conversion and signal integration. The tubes developed by several manufacturers are designed with different target systems and, therefore, different operation principles. The theory of the target systems and operation principles, storage capabilities and properties are discussed. The two major types of tubes, the single and dual gun tube construction and their applications, are described in a form which shows the usefulness and further potential for the future of this device.
Legibility requirements for educational television
Authors: Neal Alan S. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTTo find out how classroom seating affects the student's view of a televised lesson, the quality of a video tape display was evaluated at distances equivalent to that of the last row of seats in a classroom. Displays of alphanumeric symbols allowed quantitative performance measurements that can be generalized to other types of images. The legibility of the televised symbols was measured in terms of the accuracy with which viewers could copy the random character sequences on an input/output typewriter connected to a computer. Four variables were tested: (1) scan lines per character height; (2) bandwidths of 2.5, 3.1, and 4.0 MHz; (3) visual angle formed by the displayed character at the eye; and (4) the off‐axis from which the monitor was viewed.As expected, accuracy improved as the visual angle and number of scan lines increased, and was reduced as the off‐axis angle increased. The average number of characters keyed per minute was also measured, with similar, but less consistent, results. Though viewers could often perceive the bandwidth differences, the results showed no significant effect of bandwidth on accuracy or throughput. Tests with a special lownoise video tape also revealed no significant effect on performance.These results are translated into recommendations for classroom viewing, indicating the maximum distance and angle from the monitor within which students should be seated.
Experimental evaluation of the resolution capabilities of image‐transmission systems
Authors: Knudson Donald R. , Teicher S. N. , Reintjes J. F. , Gronemann U. F. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThe resolution capabilities of an experimental image‐transmission system intended for microfilm library application have been investigated. The modulation‐transfer‐function concept is used as a quantitative measure of component and overallsystem performance. The theory of MTF is discussed with emphasis on the analogy between the spatialand temporal‐frequency domains. Practical techniques for measuring the MTF's of electro‐optical components are developed and results obtained from measurements made on specific components are presented. Also included in the paper are the conclusions which have been reached on line‐scan requirements for a highresolution microfilm facsimile system.
Characterization of SARS‐CoV‐2 Entry Genes in Skeletal Muscle and Impacts of In Vitro Versus In Vivo Infection
Authors: Bhattarai Salyan , Kaufmann Eva , Liang Feng , Zheng Yumin , Gusev Ekaterina , Hamid Qutayba , Ding Jun , Divangahi Maziar , Petrof Basil J. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundCOVID‐19 has been associated with both respiratory (diaphragm) and non‐respiratory (limb) muscle atrophy. It is unclear if SARS‐CoV‐2 infection of skeletal muscle plays a role in these changes. This study sought to: 1) determine if cells comprising skeletal muscle tissue, particularly myofibres, express the molecular components required for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection; 2) assess the capacity for direct SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and its impact on atrophy pathway genes in myogenic cells; and 3) in an animal model of COVID‐19, examine the relationship between viral infection of skeletal muscle and myofibre atrophy within the diaphragm and limb muscles.MethodsWe used in silico bioinformatics analysis of published human single cell RNA‐seq datasets, as well as direct qPCR examination of human myotubes and diaphragm biopsies, to assess expression of key genes involved in SARS‐CoV‐2 cellular entry. In Vitro, we determined the ability of SARS‐CoV‐2 to directly infect myogenic cells and employed qPCR to assess the impact on muscle atrophy pathway genes (ubiquitin‐proteasome, autophagy). In vivo, the diaphragm and quadriceps of Roborovski hamsters with SARS‐CoV‐2 respiratory infection were examined at day 3 post‐inoculation to evaluate the relationship between atrophy pathway and SARS‐CoV‐2 transcripts by qPCR, as well as histological measurements of myofibre morphology.ResultsAngiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the primary receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2, as well as cooperating proteases (furin, cathepsins B and L), are expressed by myofibres. ACE2 expression was increased 5‐fold (p = 0.01) in the diaphragms of mechanically ventilated human subjects compared to controls. In Vitro, a time‐dependent increase of SARS‐CoV‐2 transcript levels was observed in myotubes directly exposed to the virus (p = 0.002). This was associated with downregulation of the ubiquitin ligase MuRF1 (by 64%, p = 0.002) and the autophagy gene LC3B (by 31%, p = 0.009). In contrast, in vivo infection led to upregulation of MuRF1 in quadriceps (23‐fold, p = 0.0007) and autophagy genes in both quadriceps (5.2‐fold for Gabarapl1, p = 0.03; 7‐fold for p62, p = 0.0002) and diaphragm (2.2‐fold for Gabarapl1, p = 0.03; 2.3‐fold for p62, p = 0.057). In infected hamsters the diaphragm lacked viral transcripts but exhibited atrophy (48% decrease in myofibre area; p = 0.02), whereas the quadriceps lacked myofibre atrophy despite elevated viral transcripts in the muscle.ConclusionsAlthough myogenic cells express the genes required for SARS‐CoV‐2 entry and can be directly infected, there was no evident relationship between viral transcript levels and manifestations of atrophy, either in vitro or in vivo. Our results do not support direct myofibre infection by SARS‐CoV‐2 as a likely cause of atrophy in COVID‐19.