bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Concept Proxies and the Actually Smart Hans Problem: What’s Special About Deep Neural Networks in Science
Authors: Boge Florian J. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractDeep Neural Networks (DNNs) are becoming increasingly important as scientific tools, as they excel in various scientific applications beyond what was considered possible. Yet from a certain vantage point, they are nothing but parametrized functions $$\varvec{f}_{\varvec{\theta }}(\varvec{x})$$

f

θ

(

x

)

of some data vector $$\varvec{x}$$

x

, and their ‘learning’ is nothing but an iterative, algorithmic fitting of the parameters to data. Hence, what could be special about them as a scientific tool or model? I will here suggest an integrated perspective that mediates between extremes, by arguing that what makes DNNs in science special is their ability to develop functional concept proxies (FCPs): Substructures that occasionally provide them with abilities that correspond to those facilitated by concepts in human reasoning. Furthermore, I will argue that this introduces a problem that has so far barely been recognized by practitioners and philosophers alike: That DNNs may succeed on some vast and unwieldy data sets because they develop FCPs for features that are not transparent to human researchers. The resulting breach between scientific success and human understanding I call the ‘Actually Smart Hans Problem’.
Can CPS better prepare 8th graders for problem-solving in electromagnetism and bridging the gap between high- and low-achievers than IPS?
Authors: Guo Jiun-Wei , She Hsiao-Ching , Chen Meng-Jun , Tsai Pei-Yi 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe individual problem-solving (IPS) and collaborative problem-solving (CPS) have received a lot of attention, yet little research has been conducted to investigate whether CPS and IPS are equally effective in improving students’ understanding of physics concepts, problem-solving abilities, and minimizing achievement gaps. Therefore, the present study developed two types of online electromagnetism problem solving programs with simulation—IPS and CPS—for 8th grade students over five class sessions. Students in the CPS group significantly outperformed those in the IPS group on their performance of physics problem solving test and online problem-solving solution, while IPS and CPS both affected their physics concept test performance to the same degree. The CPS group allocated more time to the online problem-solving solution, evidence-based reasoning, simulation and data reporting than the IPS group. Both CPS and IPS affected high-achievers' problem-solving performance to the same extent. Nonetheless, CPS was more effective in maximizing low-achievers' problem-solving performance and minimizing the discrepancy between high- and low-achievers than IPS, possibly because low-achievers in CPS group requested and received more support from high-achieving students. Regression analysis indicated that students' online problem-solving solution significantly predict their posttest performance in the physics concept test and physics problem-solving test.
Serial assessment of computed tomography angiography for pulmonary and systemic arteries using a reduced contrast agent dose for the diagnosis of systemic artery-to-pulmonary artery shunts
Authors: Fukamatsu Fumiaki , Yamada Akira , Yamada Keiichi , Nonaka Tomofumi , Aonuma Takanori , Tsukahara Yoshinori , Kawakami Satoshi , Sasaki Hiroyuki , Fujinaga Yasunari 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the diagnostic performance and feasibility of a modified computed tomography (CT) scan protocol, we performed a serial assessment of the computed tomography angiography for pulmonary artery (CTA-P) and systemic artery (CTA-S) (CTA-PS) using a reduced contrast agent dose to diagnose systemic artery-to-pulmonary artery shunts (SPSs).

Materials and methods
Twenty-five patients who underwent multiphase contrast-enhanced chest CT and conventional chest angiography were included. Three image sets (CTA-P, CTA-S, and CTA-PS) were evaluated by two board-certified radiologists. The visualization of the CT image findings associated with SPSs, such as filling defects and enhancement in the pulmonary arteries, was evaluated using a 5-point scale.

Results
The diagnostic performance (sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy) of CT imaging findings associated with SPSs in CTA-P and CTA-PS were as follows: CTA-P, 57.1%, 87.5%, and 62.0%; CTA-PS, 81.0%, 100.0%, and 84.0%. CT findings associated with SPSs in CTA-P were significantly sensitive to the CTA-PS protocol. There were no significant differences between the CTA-S and CTA-PS protocols. The area under the curve (AUC) of the CT imaging findings associated with SPSs in the CTA-P and CTA-PS groups was 0.835 and 0.911, respectively (P = 0.191). The AUC of the CT imaging findings associated with SPSs in CTA-S and CTA-PS were 0.891 and 0.926, respectively (P = 0.373).

Conclusion
CTA-PS using a reduced contrast agent dose protocol could improve the overall diagnostic confidence of SPSs, owing to better visualization of CT imaging findings associated with SPSs compared to individual assessments of CTA-P or CTA-S. Therefore, CTA-PS can be used as an alternative preembolization evaluation modality to conventional angiography in patients with hemoptysis suspected of having SPSs.
Managing Hypertension in Older Adults
Authors: Egan Brent M. , Mattix-Kramer Holly J. , Basile Jan N. , Sutherland Susan E. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Purpose of Review
The population of older adults 60–79 years globally is projected to double from 800 million to 1.6 billion between 2015 and 2050, while adults ≥ 80 years were forecast to more than triple from 125 to 430 million. The risk for cardiovascular events doubles with each decade of aging and each 20 mmHg increase of systolic blood pressure. Thus, successful management of hypertension in older adults is critical in mitigating the projected global health and economic burden of cardiovascular disease.

Recent Findings
Women live longer than men, yet with aging systolic blood pressure and prevalent hypertension increase more, and hypertension control decreases more than in men, i.e., hypertension in older adults is disproportionately a women’s health issue. Among older adults who are healthy to mildly frail, the absolute benefit of hypertension control, including more intensive control, on cardiovascular events is greater in adults ≥ 80 than 60–79 years old. The absolute rate of serious adverse events during antihypertensive therapy is greater in adults ≥ 80 years older than 60–79 years, yet the excess adverse event rate with intensive versus standard care is only moderately increased. Among adults ≥ 80 years, benefits of more intensive therapy appear non-existent to reversed with moderate to marked frailty and when cognitive function is less than roughly the twenty-fifth percentile. Accordingly, assessment of functional and cognitive status is important in setting blood pressure targets in older adults.

Summary
Given substantial absolute cardiovascular benefits of more intensive antihypertensive therapy in independent-living older adults, this group merits shared-decision making for hypertension targets.
Embracing fairness within a cross-efficiency hierarchical network DEA system
Authors: Xiao Siwei , Kremantzis Marios Dominikos , Kyrgiakos Leonidas Sotirios , Vlontzos George , Pardalos Panos M. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractSeveral scholars have utilized hierarchical network Data Envelopment Analysis modeling techniques to assess the performance of complex structures. However, there has been limited consideration given to the integration of a peer-appraisal setting within a self-evaluation hierarchical context. This aims to enhance discriminatory power and mitigate the issue of unrealistic weighting scheme. To this end, our study extends the single-stage hierarchical additive self-evaluation model of Kao (Omega 51:121–127, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2014.09.008), by integrating the well-established cross-efficiency method. An original combination of a maxmin secondary goal model and the Criteria Importance Through Inter-criteria Correlation (CRITIC) method is proposed, to expand the basic hierarchical self-evaluation model. The maxmin model addresses the issue of the non-unique optimal multipliers obtained from the self-evaluation model, ensuring a more realistic weight scheme. The CRITIC method, that tackles the aggregation problem by objectively determining weights of criteria, rewards the minority and is conducive to a fairer evaluation. Results indicate that the proposed approach is more likely to obtain a unique efficiency and ranking score for the units under consideration. This study entails a numerical experimentation aimed at evaluating the efficiency of a set of 20 universities while validating the applicability of our proposed approach. To conclude, the practical applications of this methodological framework could encompass assessing services within the higher education sector or fostering sustainable development across various operations within a hierarchical structure.
Towards implementation of warrant-based content self-moderation
Authors: Lin Herbert S. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis paper recaps the issue of online mis- and disinformation as a societal problem, reviews why government roles in defining mis- and disinformation are constitutionally suspect under First Amendment jurisprudence, and builds on a content-neutral theory of disincentivizing the production of mis- and disinformation first proposed by Marshall Van Alstyne. The purpose of this paper is to develop some key implementation details that would be necessary to resolve if the theory is to be adopted operationally.
The Dynamics of Interorganizational Collaboration in Disaster Management: A Network Study Based on Flood Disasters in China
Authors: Li Zhichao , Liu Long , Liu Shaodan 
Published: December 2023

AbstractInterorganizational collaboration networks have become an important tool for disaster management. However, research on how different organizations can effectively collaborate throughout the entire disaster management process in centralized states such as China is scarce. This study begins to fill this lacuna by investigating interorganizational collaboration in different phases of disaster management and analyzing changes in the structure of the networks constructed during the preparedness and response phases of the 2020 flood disaster in Hubei Province, China. Building on the complex adaptive systems (CAS) theory, we argue that interorganizational collaboration changes dynamically according to its tasks and requirements. In the preparedness phase, interorganizational collaborations primarily follow established plans and choose horizontal self-organized collaboration mechanisms. However, when the urgent information and resource requirements increase in the response phase, many organizations choose vertical mandatory collaboration mechanisms. We found that organizations at the central and provincial levels in China were well positioned to coordinate information and resources and strengthen the interorganizational collaboration and communication that is crucial in disaster management. These findings contribute to the study of interorganizational collaboration networks in disaster management.
Prevalence of undernutrition and associated factors among children aged 6–23 months: a cross-sectional analysis from South-East Ethiopia
Authors: Ararsa Gosa Girma , Getachew Meheret Tena , Diddana Tona Zema , Alemayehu Fikadu Reta 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
To meet the 2030 goal to end all types of malnutrition, thoroughly investigating and addressing context-specific factors of undernutrition is crucial. Therefore, this study assessed the prevalence of undernutrition and associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in South-East Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 580 randomly sampled mother–child pairs in February 2022. Socio-demographic, dietary intake, household food security (HFS), maternal knowledge and practices of child feeding, and the child's weight and height data were collected. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was done. The prevalence of stunted, wasted, and underweight children was 32⋅1, 7, and 9 %, respectively. Being male (AOR = 1⋅75), not using the growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) service (AOR = 1⋅50), household food insecurity (HFI) (AOR = 1⋅67), lack of improved water (AOR = 2⋅26), and bottle-feeding (AOR = 1⋅54) were significantly associated with stunting. Being male (AOR = 3⋅02), having low maternal knowledge on child-feeding practices (AOR = 3⋅89), not listening to the radio/television (AOR = 3⋅69), having a history of fever (AOR = 3⋅39), bottle-feeding (AOR = 3⋅58), and HFI (AOR = 3⋅77) were significantly predicted wasting. Being male (AOR = 3⋅44), not using GMP service (AOR = 2⋅00), having a history of fever (AOR = 4⋅24), lack of knowledge on optimal breastfeeding duration (AOR = 3⋅58), low maternal knowledge on child feeding (AOR = 2⋅21), HFI (AOR = 2⋅04), and lack of improved water (AOR = 3⋅00) showed significant association with underweight. In conclusion, stunting is alarmingly common while wasting and underweight are sub-optimal. Prevention of infectious disease, providing basic education for fathers, ensuring HFS; enhancing media access, maternal knowledge about IYCFP and improving water access; and GMP service utilisation are crucial to improve child nutrition.
Narration and Representation of Space in Amar Mezdad's Novel Tettḍilli-d ur d-tkeččem
Authors: Salhi Mohand Akli , Akli Samir 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis article analyzes the narration and representation of space in Amar Mezdad's novel Tettḍilli-d ur d-tkeččem. Concretely, we highlight the relation between the spatial dimension and the narrative fulfillment of the novel. The main objective is to accentuate the way in which the spatial dimension is inscribed in the narration and in moments of narrative suspension (commentaries, descriptions, secondary tales, dialogues) and to present a more global reflection on the organization and the meaning of the space as well as the writing style of Mezdad.
Lyrical Opponency in Amazigh Music: The Racial and Gender Question in Tanddamt
Authors: Oudadene Hassane 
Published: December 2023

AbstractA very significant sub-version that derives from Tirruyssa (ⵜⵉⵔⴻⵢⵙⴰ) is called Tanddamt (ⵜⴰⵏⴹⴰⵎⵜ), which refers to musical jousting between two seemingly opponent Rways and/or Raysat. Each singer attempts to address convincing and satirical chants to the opponent singer. Tanddamt is rich of social topoi such as race and gender. This chapter aims to deconstruct the discursive contexts that gave rise to the derivative form of tanddamt, and provide an in-depth analysis of the assorted images of eloquence and satire in the discourse of this melodious genre of contest. A close reading of the conversational poetics of tanddamt shall provide us with profound insight into individual as well as social worries and memories as expressed in the art of Tirruyssa. While the black-versus-white tanddamt triggers an historical debate of racial discourse, blackness, negritude, and slavery, the male-versus-female tanddamt revisits an everlasting discourse of gender discontentment. These binaries are an inherent subject in Amazigh music and constitute a source of acoustic pleasure for the audience. I argue that Tanddamt, as a refined art of lyrical opponency provides a considerable space for ‘subaltern’ expression in the public sphere, which sets it as a propitious canonical genre, amply instrumental in the enrichment of world literature.
Scientizing the ‘environment’: Solly Zuckerman and the idea of the School of Environmental Sciences
Authors: Honeybun-Arnolda Elliot 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn 1960 Sir Solly Zuckerman proposed the idea of an interdisciplinary department of ‘environmental sciences’ (ENV) for the newly established University of East Anglia (UEA). Prior to this point, the concept of ‘environmental sciences’ was little known: since then, departments and degree courses have rapidly proliferated through universities and colleges around the globe. This paper draws on archival research to explore the conditions and contexts that led to the proposal of a new and interdisciplinary grouping of sciences by Zuckerman. It argues that the activities of Zuckerman and other scientists in Britain during the Second World War and in the post-war period helped to create fertile conditions for a new kind of scientific authority to emerge as a tool of governance and source of policy advice. In particular, the specific challenges of post-war Britain – as addressed through scientific advisers and civil servants – led to the ‘environment’ becoming both the subject of sustained scientific study and an object of concern.
Development and implementation of a new approach for posture control of a hexapod robot to walk in irregular terrains
Authors: Coelho Joana , Dias Bruno , Lopes Gil , Ribeiro Fernando , Flores Paulo 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe adaptability of hexapods for various locomotion tasks, especially in rescue and exploration missions, drives their application. Unlike controlled environments, these robots need to navigate ever-changing terrains, where ground irregularities impact foothold positions and origin shifts in contact forces. This dynamic interaction leads to varying hexapod postures, affecting overall system stability. This study introduces a posture control approach that adjusts the hexapod’s main body orientation and height based on terrain topology. The strategy estimates ground slope using limb positions, thereby calculating novel limb trajectories to modify the hexapod’s angular position. Adjusting the hexapod’s height, based on the calculated slope, further enhances main body stability. The proposed methodology is implemented and evaluated on the ATHENA hexapod (All-Terrain Hexapod for Environment Adaptability). Control feasibility is assessed through dynamic analysis of the hexapod’s multibody model on irregular surfaces, using computational simulations in Gazebo software. Environmental complexity’s impact on hexapod stability is tested on both a ramp and uneven terrain. Independent analyses for each scenario evaluate the controller’s effect on roll and pitch angular velocities, as well as height variations. Results demonstrate the strategy’s suitability for both environments, significantly enhancing posture stability.
Beverage industry TV advertising shifts after a stepwise mandatory food marketing restriction: achievements and challenges with regulating the food marketing environment
Authors: Mediano Stoltze Fernanda , Correa Teresa , Corvalán Aguilar Camila Luz , Taillie Lindsey Smith , Reyes Marcela , Dillman Carpentier Francesca Renee 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objective:
Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) are heavily advertised globally, and SSB consumption is linked to increased health risk. To reduce unhealthy food marketing, Chile implemented a regulation for products classified as high in energies, sugar, saturated fat or sodium, starting with a 2016 ban on child-targeted advertising of these products and adding a 06.00–22.00 daytime advertising ban in 2019. This study assesses changes in television advertising prevalence of ready-to-drink beverages, including and beyond SSB, to analyse how the beverage industry shifted its marketing strategies across Chile’s implementation phases.

Design:
Beverage advertisements were recorded during two randomly constructed weeks in April-May of 2016 (pre-implementation) through 2019 (daytime ban). Ad products were classified as ‘high-in’ or ‘non-high-in’ according to regulation nutrient thresholds. Ads were analysed for their programme placement and marketing content.

Setting:
Chile.

Results:
From pre-regulation to daytime ban, child-targeted, daytime and total ads decreased by 51·8 percentage points (p.p.), 51·5 p.p. and 61·8 p.p. for high-in products and increased by 62·9 p.p., 54·9 p.p. and 61·8 p.p. for non-high-in products (Ps < 0·001). Additionally, total ready-to-drink beverage ads increased by 5·4 p.p. and brand-only ads (no product shown) by 7 p.p.

Conclusions:
After the regulation implementation, ‘high-in’ ads fell significantly, but ‘non-high-in’ ads rose and continued using strategies targeting children and being aired during daytime. Given research showing that advertising one product can increase preferences for a different product from that same brand and product categories, broader food marketing regulation approaches may be needed to protect children from the harmful effects of food marketing.
Phosphorus influence on the critical period of weed control in sweet corn
Authors: Rodriguez Alex G. , Sandhu Hardev S. , Wright Alan L. , Odero D. Calvin 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Understanding the effect of phosphorus (P) fertilization on weed interference with sweet corn is important for deciding appropriate fertilization levels and weed control programs. Field experiments were conducted in 2020 and 2021 in Belle Glade, FL, to determine the influence of P fertilization levels (0 or residual P, 62.5, and 120 kg P2O5 ha−1) on the critical period of weed control (CPWC) in sweet corn on organic soils. Experimental plots were subjected to increased duration of weed interference and weed-free period treatments for each P fertilization level. The beginning and end of the CPWC based on 5% and 10% acceptable yield loss (AYL) levels were determined by fitting log-logistic and Gompertz models to represent the increasing duration of weed interference and duration of the weed-free period, respectively. The log-logistic curves did not estimate the beginning of the CPWC at 5% AYL for 0 and 125 kg P2O5 ha−1 because the estimated upper limits of the curves were lower than the 95% relative yield used for estimation of 5% AYL. Based on a 10% AYL level, the length of the CPWC in sweet corn under optimum P fertilization levels was estimated to be 27 d, from the 6- to 7-leaf stage until the silking stage of growth. Reducing P fertilization by 50% increased the CPWC to 36 d, from the 5-leaf stage until the silking to blister stage of growth. Lack of P fertilization increased the CPWC to 64 d, from sweet corn emergence until the blister to milk stage of growth. These results show that the beginning of the CPWC in sweet corn is delayed and the end is shortened as P fertilization level increases. Therefore reduction in P fertilization will require a more intensive weed management program for sweet corn because of the prolonged duration of the CPWC.