bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing Network Resources
Authors: Gulati Ranjay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today’s firms are increasingly embedded in networks of alliances and other ties that influence their behavior and performance. In this, his first book on the subject, Ranjay Gulati examines the ‘network resources’ that arise from these ties, how successful firms manage these, and how they influence strategy, access to material resources, and perceptions of a firm’s legitimacy held by key external parties such as investors and banks. The book synthesises Gulati’s influential work on network dynamics from the last fifteen years, and presents the key findings from this extensive body of research. Gulati’s insights are important for scholars, students, and practitioners interested in the behavior of firms in an increasingly networked economy. Ranjay Gulati is one of the leading theorists and researchers studying alliances and networks, and has written widely on the subject. His work has been published in leading academic journals such as Administrative Science Quarterly, and in the Harvard Business Review.
Introduction
Authors: Gulati Ranjay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past two decades, researchers have become fascinated with the growing array of cooperative ties that firms are entering into with each other. While much of the previous research has focused on the dynamics of competition, scholars are increasingly redirecting their interest to aspects of cooperative behavior. One of the fastest growing sets of interorganizational ties has been strategic alliances that firms enter into to achieve a common goal. Strategic alliances can be defined as any voluntary and enduring arrangements between two or more firms involving the exchange, sharing, or codevelopment of products, technologies, or services. The rapid proliferation of alliances between firms in the past several decades has led to a growing stream of research by strategy and organizational scholars who have examined some of the causes and consequences of such partnerships, mostly at the dyadic level.
Network resources and the choice of governance structure in alliances
Authors: Gulati Ranjay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, I discussed how firms entering alliances face considerable hazards because of the potential for unpredictable partner behavior. Network resources minimize these risks by providing information about the reliability of potential partners. Moreover, firms with a positive reputation in these networks and more connections with others through direct and indirect ties are more likely to be identified as reliable alliance partners. As the network of alliances itself grows, it becomes an expanding repository of network resources and in turn asserts a greater influence on firm behavior. In Chapter 4, I also considered the interplay among different kinds of network ties including board interlocks and alliance networks in shaping firm behavior.
Network resources and the performance of firms
Authors: Gulati Ranjay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do firms benefit from entering strategic alliances and reaping the network resources these generate? To answer this question, one must consider two dimensions of performance: the performance of a given alliance and the performance of the individual firms that enter it. This chapter, based on a study I conducted with Lihua Wang, relates to the latter dimension, with a focus on the performance consequences of alliances and the network resources generated for firms entering such partnerships. A study of these performance consequences is important because it allows us to assess the actual benefits of network resources emanating from the alliance networks in which firms participate.
The multifaceted nature of network resources
Authors: Gulati Ranjay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at how successful firms differ from less successful ones with regard to the architecture of their intra- and interorganizational relationships. An important component of this difference is that successful firms focus on developing and elevating an array of relationships with key stakeholders that in turn becomes a vehicle for them to accumulate network resources. This chapter defines network resources more broadly to encompass not just a firm’s ties with its alliance partners but also those with its customers and suppliers and those that exist between its internal subunits. It further considers how the quality of ties with each of these key stakeholders may evolve and become richer in content that in turn will provide those firms with access to greater network resources.1 This chapter shows that winning companies define relationships in a very consistent, specific, and multifaceted manner. They focus extraordinary enterprisewide energy on moving beyond a transactional mind- set as they develop trust-based, mutually beneficial, and enduring relation- ships with key constituencies both inside and outside of their organizational walls.
The contingent effects of network resources
Authors: Gulati Ranjay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By focusing on the origin of interorganizational endorsements in the context of IPOs, the first chapter in this section showed how prior upper echelon aﬃliations engender network resources that are influential in helping start- up firms secure endorsements from prestigious underwriters by serving as powerful signals of legitimacy. I went on to suggest that such endorsement ties with important intermediaries can themselves be considered a form of network resource in turn beneficial to firms in other ways, especially at the time they go public. This chapter extends these findings by directly assessing the beneficial consequences for IPO-bound entrepreneurial firms of their endorser-based network resources and those based in other such ties.
The ‘Unreformed’ Colleges
Authors: Curthoys C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of May 1848 the venerable Dr Routh, President of Magdalen, who was then in his ninety-third year, planted a cedar of Lebanon in the college grounds to mark the four-hundredth anniversary of the first charter given to his college. This scene during the year of revolutions, one observer remarked, presented a curious contrast with the planting of liberty trees ‘by our neighbours across the channel’.’ Charles Daubeny, a fellow of Magdalen, later commented that the avoidance of revolutionary ‘political convulsions’ in England had ensured the survival of her two ancient universities with their wealth and constitutions intact.2 Like all the Oxford colleges, Magdalen had experienced no decisive breach with the past for two centuries; and the successful resistance to James II’s assault on the college’s independence was carefully commemorated. Dr Plumptre, the Master of University College, reminded the Archaeological Institute meeting in June 1850 that Oxford’s buildings were ‘memorials’ to a long history of independence from external interference.
The Progress of Exegetic Practice And The Advent of Lexicographical Works In China
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When did man begin to inquire into language? There may be no definite answers to this question despite serious research having been conducted. It is generally believed that the history of man’s study of language goes back about two or three thousand years. It is undeniable, however, that man’s reflection on language must have evolved alongside the development of language itself. The emergence of characters is undoubtedly the result of man’s long-term thinking over language. When the development of human thought and language reached a certain stage, a writing system would appear inevitable. The continuous evolution of human civilization and the in depth and comprehensive study of language itself are the prerequisites for the creation and development of characters. Without such prerequisites, the characters could not have been shaped into such a perfect cultural vehicle, to say nothing of designing and compiling different types of dictionaries to meet extremely varied user needs.
The Evolution And Reformation Of Special And Encyclopedic Dictionaries In China
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AS indicated in the Introduction, dictionaries are classified into two major categories – general and special dictionaries – on the basis of their functions. Special dictionaries are mainly compiled to serve special purposes and meet the needs of specific user groups. They usually involve the technical terms of specific fields (such as law, medicine, etc.), or a certain part of the lexicon of a language (such as verbs, prepositions, etc.), or a certain aspect of language use (such as spelling, pronunciation, rhymes, etc.). The special dictionaries to be discussed in this chapter are mainly dictionaries of function fiords, and dictionaries of quotations, idioms, and proverbs. Encyclopedic dictionaries are more ‘general’ in nature than general dictionaries as they cover a much wider range of information and knowledge concerning human civilization and language. Encyclopedic dictionaries included in this chapter are mainly classified dictionaries, which resemble encyclopedias in several conspicuous ways. Since rhyme dictionaries have evolved into a relatively independent system in the special dictionary genre, they will be discussed separately in the next chapter.
Chinese Government Establishments And Chinese Bilingual Dictionary Compilation
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The practice of establishing foreign affairs organizations in China started in the pre-Qin Dynasty, when the concepts of ‘differentiating the Chinese from the alien’ and ‘using the Chinese to reform the alien’ were being formulated. After the unification of the small kingdoms into a giant Chinese empire in the Qin Dynasty, special establishments were set up to receive foreign visitors and take charge of foreign affairs, and this tradition continued from the Han Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty. To maintain the relations and promote communication with foreign countries, the Ming Dynasty government founded the Foreign Affairs Establishment affiliated to the Hanlin Academy (翰林院), which was in 1644 transformed into the Foreign Studies School (四译馆).
Neonates
Authors: Warnock Mary , Macdonald Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, we considered the central case of those people who, being mentally competent, express a serious wish to die. It is largely for their sake that campaigners for change want euthanasia or assisted suicide to be legalized in certain strictly controlled circumstances. But the question of legalized euthanasia arises also in the case of those who, for various reasons, cannot ask to die, but in whose best interests it may be argued that they should not continue to live. One such category is that of infants, new-born babies who are either extremely premature or who, even if the pregnancy is carried to term, are born with very serious disabilities and are unlikely to live long, or whose quality of life, if they do live, is likely to be very low.
Prologue
Authors: Tattersall Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When people are asked to rank diseases in order of seriousness, diabetes is usually at the mild end of the spectrum. A journalist whose 16-year-old son had just been diagnosed wrote that he had always thought of it as ‘something manageable and unprofound, a disease where not much happens’. By contrast, a patient of mine who had had it for many years compared it to living with a tiger, since, as he said: ‘If you look after it, and never turn your back on it, you can live with a tiger. If you neglect it, it will pounce on you and rip you to shreds.
Trends in Technology
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Predicting the future is a hazardous business. Many information technologists nurture a collection of anecdotes about specialists and futurists whose prognostications turned out to be horribly misguided. I also treasure a few tales that I particularly enjoy; and, from my web browsing, I believe them to be true and not apocryphal. I like, perhaps best of all, the quotation attributed to Thomas J Watson, the erstwhile Chairman of IBM who, in 1943, it is said, declared with some confidence that ‘I think there is a world market for about five computers’.
Mapping the Article 174(2) EC Case Law: A First Step to Analysing Community Environmental Law Principles
Authors: Scotford* Eloise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Environmental principles ‘ appear extensively in international, supranational, and national legal and policy contexts. :is article considers the nature of ‘environmental principles ‘ in European Community (EC) law. More particularly, it considers the roles of the four environmental principles in Article 174(2) of the EC Treaty²—the preventive principle, the precautionary principle, the polluter pays principle, and the principle of rectification at source—in the case law of the For example, the ‘precautionary principle ‘ appears in various international treaties, e.g. Art. 2(5)(a) of the UN/ECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes
IX.Case Law of the European Court of Justice
Authors: Notaro* Nicola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surprisingly, the two most interesting decisions of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in 2006 did not concern questions of substantive European Community (EC) environmental law but rather institutional questions. :ese concerned the choice of the appropriate legal base for the ratification of a Multilateral Environmental Treaty (MEA) by the Community and the extent of the jurisdiction of the Court over controversies among Member States that regard, at the same time, mixed agreements and EC environmental law. :ese decisions, on balance, clarify and reinforce the basis of EC external competence on environmental matters and, if appropriately followed
Cholera
Authors: Hamlin Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cholera is a frightening disease. Victims are wracked by stomach cramps and suffer intense diarrhoea. Death can come within hours. Though now seeming a distant memory in Europe, which suffered several epidemics in the 19th century before John Snow identified the link with water, it is still a serious threat in many parts of the world - Zimbabwe is a recent example. Snow's discovery was one of the great breakthroughs of epidemiology and a wonderful story from the history of science. Later came the discovery of the culprit organism - Cholera vibrio - understanding of its life cycle, and the development of a vaccine. But the problem of cholera has not disappeared. This book tells the story of cholera, and looks at both the medical success in the West, and the different attitudes to the disease in countries in which it is prevalent as opposed to those in which it put in a temporary appearance. Unlike other books on cholera, which focus on the experience of particular countries, Christopher Hamlin's account draws together the experiences from various countries, both those that were colonies and those that were not. Cholera: the biography is part of the Oxford series, Biographies of Diseases, edited by William and Helen Bynum. In each individual volume an expert historian or clinician tells the story of a particular disease or condition throughout history - not only in terms of growing medical understanding of its nature and cure, but also shifting social and cultural attitudes, and changes in the meaning of the name of the disease itself.
Prologue: Home Alone
Authors: Hamlin Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“ ‘ I am Mary Lennox,’ the little girl said, drawing herself up stiffly …‘I fell asleep when everyone had the cholera and I have only just wakened up. Why does nobody come?’ “ No one comes because most are dead. Nine-year old Mary’s query in some unnamed south Asian cantonment in 1906 opens Frances Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden (1911). The spoiled child is vexed that her personal servant has not come— her “Ayah” has not only taken the cholera but had the audacity to die of it. So, too, have her mother and father. The servants had died or fled; “the people were dying like flies.” Cholera produced panic; “noise and hurrying about and wailing” frighten Mary. Social order breaks down: “when people had the cholera it seemed that they remembered nothing but themselves.” But cholera would also lead (as it does for Mary at Mistlethwaite Manor in North Yorkshire) to soul searching and sometimes to remarkable altruism.
Epilepsy and fertility
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infertility (not having a pregnancy after 2 years of regular trying) is common.
Some women with epilepsy may be less fertile than the average woman.
Women with epilepsy have more anovulatory (eggless) menstrual cycles.
Get your epilepsy and child-friendly medication sorted BEFORE infertility treatment.
Premature menopause is possibly commoner in women with epilepsy.
Introduction
Authors: Washer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous generations of medical students were not taught clinical communication. Instead, people spoke of a doctor’s ‘bedside manner’ – a personal attribute that they were lucky enough to be born with – or not – and certainly not something that could be taught (Suchman, 2003). Now, professional development has a place in the curriculum of most, if not all, medical schools, and this usually includes clinical communication, together with medical ethics, medical sociology, and public health (Stephenson et al., 2001). This change in the medical curriculum has come about because the society in which medicine is being practised has changed, and because of a sense that the medical profession was becoming out of step with the expectations of patients. The background for this new book on clinical communication is thus the changing relationship between doctors, patients and their families, and other professionals.
skills?
Authors: Washer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Why learn communication skills?’ might seem like a strange title for an opening chapter of a textbook for medical students on communication skills. To be a doctor you need to learn about clinical sciences (anatomy, pharmacology, etc.) as well as clinical skills, such as examination skills. A textbook on anatomy or clinical skills would not need to start with a chapter entitled ‘Why bother?’ What’s the point of learning communication skills when it’s just talking, and you can do that already? Hopefully by the end of this chapter you will see that the reason you need to learn communication skills formally as part of a medical degree is because as good as your general communication skills.
How to take a medical history
Authors: Washer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Taking a medical history is a complicated business; in order to simplify it for learners, process and content are often taught separately. In medical school, you tend to learn about the process (how to do it), often using a communication model such as the Calgary– Cambridge model (Silverman et al., 2005). Then, while on clinical placements, you focus more on the content of the medical history (what you need to cover), including the history of the presenting complaint, past medical history, social history, systems review, and so on. Unfortunately, this separation of process and content is, generally speaking, bad practice because it leaves many students with the impression that they are learning two entirely different models, rather than two aspects of the same thing (Kurtz et al., 2003). It is difficult at first to remember to pay attention to both the process and content at the same time – it is a bit like that children’s game where you have to pat your head with one hand and rub your stomach with the other and then swap hands.
Talking with disabled people
Authors: Washer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the more positive social changes over the past generation or so has been a fundamental rethink about the way that society treats disabled people. Since the 1970s, disabled people around the world have argued that changes in the law are needed to protect them from discrimination, just as there have been changes in the law in many countries to protect people from discrimination on racial and religious grounds. In many countries, this lobbying has resulted in legislation prohibiting discrimination against disabled people, for example, in the USA (The Americans with Disabilities Act 1990), in Australia (The Disability Discrimination Act 1992), and in the UK (The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and 2005), as well as elsewhere. European Human Rights legislation has also been fundamental. This type of legislation generally places a duty on all public bodies such as healthcare providers and educational institutions to provide equal access to services and opportunities.
Shared decision making and communicating risk
Authors: Washer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we reflect on the complexity of modern medicine, it is perhaps not surprising that patients often feel overwhelmed by the information that they need to process in order to decide what is best for them. Think of the range of investigations and treatments available today, and the research evidence available to support them, and compare that with what would have been available to patients even a couple of generations ago, say at the end of the Second World War. Another change in the context of contemporary medical practice is that society is ever more risk-aware and people are more risk-averse. The furore over the alleged link between autism and the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination in the 1990s is one example (Bellaby, 2003). Patients also have access to a great deal more information now through the Internet, and many patients can rightly be called experts, particularly some patients with chronic medical conditions or diseases like AIDS.
Multiple Party Investment Dispute Resolution:Who are the Proper Parties?
Authors: Koutoglidou Alexandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“International investment arbitration is not a sub-genre of any existing discipline. It is dramatically different from anything previously known in the international sphere.” This phrase was prophetically stated in 1995, in order to support the author’s argument that investment arbitration cannot be adequately rationalized either as a form of public international or private transnational dispute resolution. Bilateral and multilateral investment treaties, signed between sovereign states, grant foreign investors the right to pursue their claims for damages against states by directly seizing international arbitral tribunals, the awards of which are enforceable by the national courts of a large number of countries. Over twelve years later, the unique character of international investment dispute resolution seems to have been confirmed, for a number of other reasons.
Private Labels—What Drives Them Forward?
Authors: Herbert Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Private labels have existed for a long time, yet the significant development in their market shares is a relatively recent phenomenon. This chapter reviews the development of private labels, the sources for their success, and the possible counter strategies which may be adopted by branded manufacturers. The chapter builds on a study conducted in 2003 and 2004 by Europanel in partnership with Professor Jan-Benedict Steenkamp. The study set out to identify the reasons for the success of private labels to help branded manufacturers understand effective counter strategies. This study shows which country and category factors lie behind the size and development of private labels. It examines issues such as the impact of country culture, economic situation, and trade structure. It also looks at consumer perceptions at category level such as quality, value, trust, and marketing activity.