bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wood Fracture Pattern during the Water Adsorption Process
Authors: Liyu W. , Zhenyou L. , Guangjie Z. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
A research program was conducted to investigate the effect of water transition on wood fracture
properties, focusing on fracture behavior and patterns with different crack orientations of Betula
platyphylla Suk. and Pinus bungeana in three different moisture adsorption processes. At a constant
temperature of 20°C, three levels of relative humidity were considered: 66%, 82% and
100%. The results indicated that moisture content did not influence the crack propagation path,
while specimen crack orientation did. With longer moisture adsorption times, the time needed to
reach the maximum load from the critical load also grew; this is because below the fiber saturation
point, from excessive dryness to a certain moisture content, the cell wall becomes less brittle and
the toughness is enhanced. At 20°C constant temperature, the fracture toughness gradually increased
from oven-dry state adsorbing moisture to 82% relative humidity, but decreased from
82% to 100% relative humidity. Within a tree species, fracture toughness depended on specimen
type. The fracture toughness of LT specimens was by far higher than that of TL and TR specimens.
The LT specimen fracture toughness of Betula platyphylla Suk. was comparable to that of Pinus
bungeana.
Use of the Partial Least Squares Method with Acoustic Vibration Spectra as a New Grading Technique for Structural Timber
Authors: Brancheriau L. , Baillères H. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
This study develops a high performance grading process based on the analysis of acoustic vibrations
in the audible frequency range. The unique feature of the method is that the spectrum is directly
applied to obtain predictive variables for estimating the modulus of elasticity and modulus
of rupture. A partial least squares regression was used. This powerful method represents a compromise
between principal component regression and multi-linear regression. Partial least squares
regression screens for factors which account for the variance in the predictor variables and
achieves the best correlation between factors and predicted variable. The method is based on projections,
similar to principle components regression, whereby a set of correlated variables is compressed
into a smaller set of uncorrelated factors.
Cationic effect in high concentration alcohol organosolv pulping: The next generation biorefinery
Authors: Yawalata D. , Paszner L. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Catalyst employment in cooking liquor of 80% aqueous methanol is required for fiber liberation at high yield (50%) and has a remarkable impact on pulp production capability in the alcohol organosolv pulping of spruce wood. In alcohol solution without a suitable catalyst, the softwood fibers cannot be effectively liberated from the wood matrix. The effectiveness of the catalysts tested in this research varied widely. Divalent metal ions were found to be very effective, whereas monovalent cations were incapable of fiber liberation and trivalent cations were found to be too aggressive and hydrolyzed the carbohydrates, causing extensive damage to the fibers. Under the specified pulping conditions, the divalent metal ion catalyzed alcohol organosolv pulping process was capable of producing 60–61% screened pulp. Successful chemical pulp production by the NAEM (Neutral Alkali Earth Metal) catalyzed organosolv pulping process opens access to biorefining and provides value recovery both from the pulp and also from the dissolved wood components from the spent pulping liquor.
Cooperativity analysis of the in situ lignin glass transition
Authors: Laborie M.-P. G. , Salmén L. , Frazier: C. E. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
This paper demonstrates the applicability of cooperativity
analysis for the glass transition of lignin in wood. In ethylene
glycol plasticized wood, the coupling model of
relaxation proposed by Ngai allows for quantifying intermolecular
coupling associated with the lignin glass transition.
The method utilizes Time-Temperature Superposition
of viscoelastic properties measured by submersion
dynamic mechanical analysis. It is shown that the
coupling model by Plazek and Ngai adequately describes
segmental relaxation above the lignin glass transition
temperature only. No significant difference in intermolecular
coupling was found between spruce and yellow-poplar.
Influence of temperature on the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of Pinus sylvestris L.
Authors: Moraes P. Dias de , Rogaume Y. , Triboulot P. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The influence of temperature on the modulus of elasticity
(MOE) and on the flexural stiffness of Pinus sylvestris L.
was determined under temperature conditions ranging
from 25 to 300°C for samples with a water content of
about 6.0%. The experiments were carried out on microsamples,
with a thermomechanical analyser, in isothermal
conditions and under temperature ramping rates.
The behaviour of the curves of the MOE is explained by
wood drying and by the behaviour of the wood polymers
as a function of temperature. The results obtained by
thermomechanical analysis were validated by the results
obtained by centre-point bending tests on small scale
samples, which therefore allows for its use in modelling
the behaviour of timber structures during a fire.
Microbial colonizers of freshly sawn yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) lumber in two seasons: Part 1. Fungi
Authors: Mikluscak M. R. , Dawson-Andoh B. E. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis is the first of a three-paper series that reports on the abundance, identity, and diversity of microorganisms isolated from dead-stacked yellow-poplar lumber in four time periods during the spring and summer of 2000. This paper focuses on filamentous fungi. Over the entire period, a total of 427 fungal isolates were obtained and 14 species representing 12 genera were identified. Nearly 15% of the fungal isolates were not identified. In total, fungal colonies accounted for 41% of the total abundance of microorganisms that were isolated from samples during this entire study.Penicillium implicatumandAspergillus versicolorwere the predominant fungal species identified and accounted for 29.7% and 14.5%, respectively, of the total fungal isolates.Penicilliumsp was the most commonly isolated genera. Other fungi isolated at lower frequencies includeGraphium penicilliodes,Cladosporium cladosporioides,Trichoderma harzium,Alternaria alternata,A. tenuissima,Epicoccum purpurscens,Hormoconis resinae,Fusarium monoilforme,Geotrichumsp,Chaetomium globosum, andExophiala jeanselmi.
Antifungal activity of constituents from the heartwood of Gmelina arborea: Part 1. Sensitive antifungal assay against Basidiomycetes
Authors: Kawamura F. , Ohara S. , Nishida A. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Antifungal activity of constituents from the heartwood of
the Malaysian Gmelina arborea against Trametes versicolor
and Fomitopsis palustris was investigated. A sensitive
bioassay system for antifungal activity against
basidiomycetes was developed which uses a medium in
which homogenized hyphae were dispersed. Ethyl acetate-
solubles from the heartwood showed the highest
activity against both fungi, although the activity against
F. palustris was quite weak. Spots exhibiting antifungal
activity against T. versicolor were specified by autobiography
of ethyl acetate-solubles, and five constituents
were isolated and identified as (+)-7′-O-ethyl arboreol,
(+)-paulownin, (+)-gmelinol, (+)-epieudesmin and (−)-β-sitosterol. The four lignans showed antifungal activity,
whereas β-sitosterol did not. From the comparison of
antifungal activity, it was concluded that the piperonyl
nucleus contributed to the activity of lignans. Of the four
lignans isolated, gmelinol appeared to be an important
antifungal constituent, since it was rich in the heartwood
of G. arborea. Furthermore, the synergism by coexistence
of these five compounds was confirmed.
Officer-Involved Killings of Unarmed Black People and Racial Disparities in Sleep Health
Authors: Venkataramani Atheendar S. , Bair Elizabeth F. , Bor Jacob , Jackson Chandra L. , Kawachi Ichiro , Lee Jooyoung , Papachristos Andrew , Tsai Alexander C. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceRacial disparities in sleep health may mediate the broader health outcomes of structural racism.ObjectiveTo assess changes in sleep duration in the Black population after officer-involved killings of unarmed Black people, a cardinal manifestation of structural racism.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsTwo distinct difference-in-differences analyses examined the changes in sleep duration for the US non-Hispanic Black (hereafter, Black) population before vs after exposure to officer-involved killings of unarmed Black people, using data from adult respondents in the US Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS; 2013, 2014, 2016, and 2018) and the American Time Use Survey (ATUS; 2013-2019) with data on officer-involved killings from the Mapping Police Violence database. Data analyses were conducted between September 24, 2021, and September 12, 2023.ExposuresOccurrence of any police killing of an unarmed Black person in the state, county, or commuting zone of the survey respondent’s residence in each of the four 90-day periods prior to interview, or occurence of a highly public, nationally prominent police killing of an unarmed Black person anywhere in the US during the 90 days prior to interview.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSelf-reported total sleep duration (hours), short sleep (&amp;lt;7 hours), and very short sleep (&amp;lt;6 hours).ResultsData from 181 865 Black and 1 799 757 White respondents in the BRFSS and 9858 Black and 46 532 White respondents in the ATUS were analyzed. In the larger BRFSS, the majority of Black respondents were between the ages of 35 and 64 (99 014 [weighted 51.4%]), women (115 731 [weighted 54.1%]), and college educated (100 434 [weighted 52.3%]). Black respondents in the BRFSS reported short sleep duration at a rate of 45.9%, while White respondents reported it at a rate of 32.6%; for very short sleep, the corresponding values were 18.4% vs 10.4%, respectively. Statistically significant increases in the probability of short sleep and very short sleep were found among Black respondents when officers killed an unarmed Black person in their state of residence during the first two 90-day periods prior to interview. Magnitudes were larger in models using exposure to a nationally prominent police killing occurring anywhere in the US. Estimates were equivalent to 7% to 16% of the sample disparity between Black and White individuals in short sleep and 13% to 30% of the disparity in very short sleep.Conclusions and RelevanceSleep health among Black adults worsened after exposure to officer-involved killings of unarmed Black individuals. These empirical findings underscore the role of structural racism in shaping racial disparities in sleep health outcomes.
Perspectives on Admissions and Care for Residents With Opioid Use Disorder in Skilled Nursing Facilities
Authors: Moyo Patience , Nishar Shivani , Merrick Charlotte , Streltzov Nicholas , Asiedu Emmanuella , Roma Corinne , Vanjani Rahul , Soske Jon 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceSkilled nursing facilities (SNFs) are being referred more individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD), even when their medical needs are not directly associated with OUD.ObjectiveTo characterize factors that influence SNF admission for individuals with OUD and identify strategies for providing medications for OUD (MOUD) in SNFs.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this semistructured qualitative study, interviews were conducted with SNF administrators from 27 SNFs in Rhode Island from November 5, 2021, to April 27, 2022. Data analysis occurred from August 22, 2022, to May 31, 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThemes and subthemes on administrator perspectives on admissions and care for people with OUD in SNFs. Audio interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using codebook thematic analysis and guided by community-engaged and participatory research principles.ResultsThe study included 29 participants representing 27 SNFs in Rhode Island. Participant roles were administrators (17 participants [59%]), directors of nursing (6 participants [21%]), directors of admissions (5 participants [17%]), and unit managers (1 participant [3%]). Participants described active substance use, Medicaid insurance, housing instability, and younger age as potential barriers to SNF admission for individuals with OUD. The lack of formal guidelines for OUD management, staff shortages, facility liability, state regulations, and skills and training deficits among staff were cited among challenges of effectively meeting the needs of residents with OUD. Many participants reported inadequate institutional capacity as a source of negative outcomes for people with OUD yet expressed their concerns by characterizing individuals with OUD as potentially violent, nonadherent, or likely to bring undesirable elements into facilities. Participants also shared strategies they used to better serve residents with OUD, including providing transportation to support group meetings in the community, delivery in advance of resident arrival of predosed methadone, and telemedicine through the state’s hotline to prescribe buprenorphine.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this qualitative study of administrator perspectives about admissions and care for individuals with OUD in SNFs, gaps in institutional capacity overlapped with stigmatizing beliefs about OUD; such beliefs perpetuate discrimination of individuals with OUD. Adequate SNF funding and staffing combined with OUD-specific interventions (eg, antistigma training, community partnerships for MOUD and recovery support) could incentivize SNFs to serve individuals with OUD and facilitate OUD care consistent with practice guidelines.
Healthy Lifestyle and Cognition in Older Adults With Common Neuropathologies of Dementia
Authors: Dhana Klodian , Agarwal Puja , James Bryan D. , Leurgans Sue E. , Rajan Kumar B. , Aggarwal Neelum T. , Barnes Lisa L. , Bennett David A. , Schneider Julie A. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceA healthy lifestyle is associated with better cognitive functioning in older adults, but whether this association is independent of the accumulation of dementia-related pathologies in the brain is uncertain.ObjectiveTo determine the role of postmortem brain pathology, including β-amyloid load, phosphorylated tau tangles, cerebrovascular pathology, and other brain pathologies, in the association between lifestyle and cognition proximate to death.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used data from the Rush Memory and Aging Project, a longitudinal clinical-pathologic study with autopsy data from 1997 to 2022 and up to 24 years of follow-up. Participants included 754 deceased individuals with data on lifestyle factors, cognitive testing proximate to death, and a complete neuropathologic evaluation at the time of these analyses. Data were analyzed from January 2023 to June 2023.ExposuresA healthy lifestyle score was developed based on self-reported factors, including noncurrent smoking, at least 150 minutes of physical activity per week, limiting alcohol consumption, a Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet score higher than 7.5, and a late-life cognitive activity score higher than 3.2. The lifestyle score ranges from 0 to 5, with higher scores reflecting a healthier lifestyle.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe global cognitive score was derived from a battery of nineteen standardized tests. Brain pathology measures included β-amyloid load, phosphorylated tau tangles, global Alzheimer disease pathology, vascular brain pathologies, Lewy body, hippocampal sclerosis, and TAR DNA-binding protein 43.ResultsOf 586 included decedents, 415 (70.8%) were female, 171 (29.2%) were male, and the mean (SD) age at death was 90.9 (6.0) years. Higher lifestyle score was associated with better global cognitive functioning proximate to death. In the multivariable-adjusted model, a 1-point increase in lifestyle score was associated with 0.216 (SE = 0.036,P &amp;lt; .001) units higher in global cognitive scores. Neither the strength nor the significance of the association changed substantially when common dementia-related brain pathologies were included in the multivariable-adjusted models. The β estimate after controlling for the β-amyloid load was 0.191 (SE = 0.035;P &amp;lt; .001). A higher lifestyle score was associated with lower β-amyloid load in the brain (β = −0.120; SE = 0.041;P = .003), and 11.6% of the lifestyle-cognition association was estimated through β-amyloid load.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found that in older adults, a healthy lifestyle may provide a cognitive reserve to maintain cognitive abilities independently of common neuropathologies of dementia.
The effect of individual differences in episodic future thought on credibility in occupation interviews
Authors: O'Connell Felicity , Stone Delyth , Vernham Zarah , Taylor Paul , Warmelink Lara 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn this paper, we describe three experiments that explored whether individual differences in episodic future thought (EFT) ability affects credibility when participants told the truth and lied about their occupation. Credibility was measured by the number of perceptual details, statement length, level of detail and plausibility in verbal accounts and sketches (Experiment 1) and by other participants' veracity judgments of the verbal accounts (Experiment 2) and sketches (Experiment 3). In Experiment 1, participants with higher EFT ability generated more detailed verbal accounts and more plausible sketches than those with lower EFT ability. In Experiments 2 and 3, EFT ability did not predict veracity judgements of the verbal accounts or sketches derived from Experiment 1. The findings across all experiments suggest that EFT ability affects the ability to generate credible accounts however, EFT ability does not affect credibility judgements.
Q‐learning based adaptive Kalman filtering for partial model‐free dynamic systems
Authors: Tang Kun , Luan Xiaoli , Ding Feng , Liu Fei 
Published: February 2024

SummaryIn this article, we propose an adaptive Kalman filtering based on Q‐learning for partial model‐free dynamic systems. First, a cost function is defined to iteratively update the prior state value when the model parameters are unknown. Then, the observations in a period of time are utilized to improve the accuracy and updating speed of the prior state estimation by means of the multi‐innovation least squares. Next, considering that the weight matrix in the cost function will change due to external noise noise and model mismatch, the innovation‐based adaptive estimation algorithm is presented to adjust the weight matrix by using the covariance of the information sequence. Finally, the proposed algorithms are applied to estimate the water level of a quadruple water tank system.
Ultrahigh Piezoelectric Response Obtained by Artificially Generating a Large Internal Bias Field in BiFeO3–BaTiO3 Lead‐Free Ceramics
Authors: Lin Jiamin , Lv Fu , Hong Zijian , Liu Bing , Wu Yongjun , Huang Yuhui 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPiezoelectric actuators are vital devices that convert electrical signals into mechanical strain, offering rapid and precise responses. Lead‐based piezoceramics have traditionally been the preferred choice for commercial piezoelectric actuators, while the low Curie temperature and the rising environmental concerns hinder their applications at high temperatures. In this study, a novel strategy is proposed to achieve high piezoelectric responses in lead‐free 0.67Bi1.05FeO3–0.33BaTiO3 (67BF‐33BT) ceramics with high Curie temperature by artificially generating a large internal bias field through repeat poling and aging treatments. A comprehensive exploration of how this internal bias field responds to applied electric fields and temperature variations has been conducted. The results suggest that the internal bias field originates from two aspects, one arises from the free charges that compensate for the depolarization field, while the other is attributed to the highly oriented defect dipoles. As a result of this internal bias field, the ceramics exhibit asymmetric strain–electric field (S–E) behaviors, resulting in a high strain (ε = 0.21%) and an extremely high piezoelectric coefficient (d33* = 1033.70 pm V−1) when subjected to low electric field (20 kV cm−1), along with good temperature stability from room temperature (RT) to 100 °C.
Optimizing d‐p Orbital Hybridization with Abundant Unfilled Antibonding Orbital in Multi‐Metal Layered Double Hydroxide: Motivating Efficient Oxygen Evolving
Authors: Zeng Kai , Chao Ming , Tian Meng , Jiang Shuhao , Zhaoshi Yijia , Feng Jiawen , Sun Zhihui , Li Yibing 
Published: February 2024

AbstractManipulating the electronic structure and coordination configuration of heterogeneous electrocatalyst is an advantageous strategy to motivate the intrinsic activity but remains challenging. Herein, guided by the theoretical mechanism of the d‐band center and valence‐bond theory, the high‐valence metal‐modulated nickel‐vanadium layered double hydroxides (M‐NiV LDH, M = Zr, and Mo) with interfacial oxygen bridge bonding structure are rationally designed and fabricated, affording a 3D vertically staggered and porous nanosheets array network. Benefitting from the abundant unfilled antibonding orbitals induced by the optimized Zr d‐orbital and O p‐orbital hybridization, the introduction of Zr site is beneficial to accelerate charge transfer kinetics and optimize the deprotonation of OH* as well as lower the O* → OOH* free energy. As a result, the as‐prepared Zr‐NiV LDH exhibits a promising oxygen evolution reaction performance with low overpotential and favorable long‐term stability. This work provides valuable insights into the design of electrocatalysts for electronic regulation and intrinsic activity improvement.
Reversible Enhancement of Electronic Conduction Caused by Phase Transformation and Interfacial Segregation in an Entropy‐Stabilized Oxide
Authors: Vahidi Hasti , Dupuy Alexander D. , Lam Benjamin X. , Cortez Justin , Garg Pulkit , Rupert Timothy J. , Schoenung Julie M. , Bowman William J. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractEntropy‐stabilized oxide (ESO) research has primarily focused on discovering unprecedented structures, chemistries, and properties in the single‐phase state. However, few studies discuss the impacts of entropy stabilization and secondary phases on functionality and in particular, electrical conductivity. To address this gap, electrical transport mechanisms in the canonical ESO rocksalt (Co,Cu,Mg,Ni,Zn)O are assessed as a function of secondary phase content. When single‐phase, the oxide conducts electrons via Cu+/Cu2+ small polarons. After 2 h of heat treatment, Cu‐rich tenorite secondary phases form at some grain boundaries (GBs), enhancing grain interior electronic conductivity by tuning defect chemistry toward higher Cu+ carrier concentrations. 24 h of heat treatment yields Cu‐rich tenorite at all GBs, followed by the formation of anisotropic Cu‐rich tenorite and equiaxed Co‐rich spinel secondary phases in grains, further enhancing grain interior electronic conductivity but slowing electronic transport across the tenorite‐rich GBs. Across all samples, the total electrical conductivity increases (and decreases reversibly) by four orders of magnitude with heat‐treatment‐induced phase transformation by tuning the grains’ defect chemistry toward higher carrier concentration and lower migration activation energy. This work demonstrates the potential to selectively grow secondary phases in ESO grains and at GBs, thereby tuning the electrical properties using microstructure design, nanoscale engineering, and heat treatment, paving the way to develop many novel materials.