bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finance, Governance, and Competitiveness in Japan
Authors: Aoki Masahiko , Saxonhouse Gary R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For much of the past half-century, Japan's economic success has stimulated the interest of scholars from around the world. In the last decade, and particularly in the last two years, however, it is Japan's economic difficulties which have attracted the most attention. The very institutions whose efficacy was earlier praised are now often criticised as being the core of Japan's economic problems. This volume brings together the research of many of the world's leading specialists on the Japanese economy to assess how Japan's distinctive economic institutions have operated in the past and how their evolution in the face of changing domestic and international circumstance s will shape the prospects for the Japanese economy in the 21st century. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of Japan's financial system and the changing character of Japanese firm governance, and to the changing role that government and the legal system play in Japan's economy. The authors find among many other important conclusions that far-reaching regulatory reform will be needed so that a new rules-based system allowing greater scope for dispersed private initiative can emerge to restructure and regrow the Japanese economy.
Conflict Management in Coalition Government
Authors: Andeweg Rudy B , Timmermans Arco 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What Blondel refers to is the paradox that without conflicting views dividing the government, cabinet decision-making would be unnecessary, while at the same time cabinets must avoid conflicts in order to survive (also see Blondel and Müller-Rommel 1993). It stands to reason that Blondel’s paradox will be most keenly felt in coalition cabinets in which the rivalry between the governing parties is a constant source of conflicts. Because of this permanent threat to the stability of the government, coalition governance is supposed to consist of conflict avoidance rather than of conflict management. In this light, the coalition agreement discussed in Chapter 5 is the most important mechanism for conflict avoidance: it identifies and defuses as many conflicts as possible before the government takes office. Unforeseen conflicts, which nevertheless arise during the coalition’s incumbency, are postponed or hived off.
Stabilizing and norm- and standard-setting measures
Authors: Lachowski Zdzislaw 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the establishment of the Forum for Security Co-operation in 1992, the security scope of the CSC:E expanded considerably. Work in the FSC \Vas guided by the Programme for Immediate Action adopted by the 1992 Helsinki Decisions and covering 14 priority areas including those for arms control, CSBMs, and other measures leading to security enhancement and cooperation.
New econometric techniques and macroeconomics: a discussion of Smith and Juselius
Authors: Favero Carlo A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The two papers by Ron Smith (Chapter 9) and Katarina Juselius (Chapter 8) analyse developments in macroeconometrics related to vector autoregressive models of time series and reach different conclusions. Smith is rather negative and concludes that such techniques, however useful they were in summarizing the data, could not answer economic questions because they have not solved satisfactorily the identification problem. Juselius is positive and claims that empirical analyses based on the basic feature of the cointegrated VAR model can be useful for asking relevant economic questions.
Why so much scepticism about growth theory? Comment on Durlauf and Sylas Labini
Authors: Salanti Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The two papers on which I am commenting start from two very different perspectives on how to approach the problems of economic development and growth. Steven Durlauf is clearly at his ease within the current mainstream perspective. In contrast, Paolo Sylos Labini is highly suspicious, to say the least, of what nowadays is popular under the label of new growth theory (NGT), as well as of its neoclassical antecedents of the 1950s and 1960s.
Central Bank Independence And Accountability In The Light Of Emu
Authors: Smit? René 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The establishment1 of the European Central Bank (ECB) and the European 13.01 System of Central Banks (ESCB) on 1 June 1998 ushered in two legal innovations. First, a new monetary authority was established within the European Community which was to assume, with the transition to stage 3 of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on 1 January 1999, full powers2 to conduct monetary policy for the Community, at least for those Member States which had adopted.
The Governing Law In Legal Agreements Used By The European Bank For Reconstruction And Development In Its Banking Operations
Authors: John L Taylor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most interesting tasks of the first in-house legal team of a new inter-25.01 national organization is the establishment of the jurisprudence to govern the organization. Although a broad outline of the jurisprudence is set forth in the constituent documents of the organization and in international law and practice, these sources of jurisprudence are often silent on many essential details, particularly those affecting the day-to-day work of the organization.
Changing and combining fields
Authors: Hargittai István 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The changes in research areas by great scientists often come from the attraction of a new idea or challenge, or the emergence of a new tool. Such a change may be gradual, with the old topic lingering around for a while as the new is getting introduced, or more dramatic, as when an outside impulse or an internal recognition makes the scientist abruptly abandon a successful area for a new field. We can compare it to a master detective getting a fresh case: he sweeps clean his desk in a matter of hours and switches to his new task. Future Nobel laureates and other great scientists change the subjects and techniques of their research in a great variety of ways. What is common is the willingness and ability to change. Biochemist Erwin Chargaff (see p. 58) is a beautiful example of a scientist who moved from a field in which he was very successful. Under the impact of the publication by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty in 1944, in which DNA was shown to be the substance of heredity, Chargaff switched to the study of nucleic acids. Seldom do scientists so eloquently describe such a transfer:
Epilogue
Authors: Hargittai István 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If the Nobel Prize did not exist it would be necessary to invent it.’ Alfred Nobel would be amazed to see what his prize has developed into, and our Swedish colleagues often appear bewildered by its enormous prestige and impact. The second part of the statement ‘the Nobel Prize is good for science but bad for scientists’ applies only to a select group of scientists who get very close to being a laureate. For tens of thousands of scientistsit is an inspiration since for many, at least theoretically, winning is not impossible. However, it is more important that the Nobel Prize is another international bond among scientists, as if it were a world republic with an aristocracy, with all the attendant contradictions.
Introduction
Authors: Powrie Phil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
THI s introduction will give a context for the chapters which follow by focusing on two parallel crises: the crisis of the cinema, and the crisis of masculinity. French cinema in the 1980s was in crisis, although retrospectively it can be seen more as a continuing decline. The perceived reasons for a crisis were as follows: a crisis of frequentation with more spectators for US films than French films from 1986 grafted on to the continuing decline in spectators; a crisis of production with the dissolution of auteur cinema and the gradual integration of cinema within the audiovisual, particularly television; a crisis of genre as the traditional genres flagged and American-style super-productions began to appear; a crisis of style with the appeal by younger directors to advertising in their mise en scene.
Language and Power
Authors: Millard Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Above all modern societies the United States is an immigrant society, and one in which a common language becomes an important mark of recognition and even a requisite for social membership. There are important ideological implications involved in the acquisition of a particular language, and fundamental consequences for the sense of identity that the newcomer to America must negotiate. Surrendering the native language helps to perpetuate the ethos of ‘one nation, one language’. Issues of language can be both unifying and divisive at a political level and an individual level; the national anthem, for example, is sung in English even though there are substantial com¬ munities in America where English is not the first language of the majority of the population, and there have even been recent calls for Spanish to be made the national language of the United States. On the other hand, many Americans believe that speaking English is a basic requirement of social membership and commitment to America.
La Réunion
Authors: Jack Belinda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A significant moment in the literary history of the island was the publication of the first anthology of poetry from Reunion edited by Raphaël Barquiseau and Louis Ozoux. The former also wrote history, criticism, essays, and poetry. Other notable nineteenthcentury writers include the poet Cazamian who published two collections, Sous le voile (1912) and Les Feuilles de l’arbre (1920).
Madagascar
Authors: Jack Belinda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The vast island of Madagascar (with a land mass of nearly 600,000 sq. km. and 5,000 km. of coast), lies to the east of Africa in the Indian Ocean. The present population is approximately 10 million. Europeans first arrived in the sixteenth century but until the eighteenth it was used as nothing more than a staging-post on the route to India.
The Rise Of European Absolutism
Authors: Bonney Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has been argued that on at least three occasions in the period 1494- 1660 there was a general European crisis which was characterized by uprisings in several parts of the Continent. The critical years are said to be the 1560s, the 1590s and the 1640s, years when political upheavals were marked in some cases by changes of regime. Contemporary commentators were struck by certain similarities in the troubles of these years, especially those of the 1640s. The Dutchman Lieuwe van Aitzema compared the Naples uprising of 1647 with the Moscow revolt of 1648; the Italian count Birago Avogadro, drawing upon newspaper reports, published in 1653 a volume of studies on the uprisings in Catalonia, Portugal, Sicily, England, France, Naples and Brazil in the previous decade. The troubles of the 1640s have been given a Marxist interpretation; the conjunction of important political and social upheavals with a fundamental economic change has been viewed as a decisive moment in the transition from ‘feudalism’ to capitalism in Europe. However, not only has the original formulation of the argument been subjected to criticism, but also its underlying assumption: were economic and social conditions the prime determinants of political change? There are enough differences between each episode to defy any search for a common pattern. Certainly there was political instability in early modern Europe, but this was not new: it was a frequent feature of public life.
Court, Culture And Community
Authors: Bonney Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most controversial recent historical debates has revolved around the concepts of elite and popular culture. Some have argued that one of the most profound changes during the early modern period was the emergence of a distinctive, self—confident and increasingly sophisticated elite culture-based at the courts of princes and great clerics, and also within the larger cities-and a growing separation between this and popular culture. Others have contested this view, arguing that what is ‘elite’ cannot be clearly distinguished from what is ‘popular’ in any particular range of cultural activities. The town is one of the most favoured testing grounds for such theories. Yet there can be little doubt that there was an increasing sophistication in cultural pursuits during the early modern period. There are no simple explanations as to why this should have happened. Clearly the increased wealth of the elite and their expansion in numbers were one important reason: there were more wealthy patrons of the arts, letters and sciences than ever before. Another contributing factor was the broadening of education-more members of the upper classes of society were better educated than ever before and thus gained a more sophisticated taste for what might be termed humanist culture. Then there was that great stimulant of intellectual and cultural development, the rise of printing: Luther called it ‘God’s highest and extremest act of grace’, and he had an acute awareness of its effectiveness as a mechanism for the transmission of his religious views. But printing had a more general significance as a means of cultural diffusion—without it there could have been a north European humanist movement; but it would have been much restricted, and Erasmus might have remained a figure of purely local importance.
Humanism and the Origins of the Reformation, 1470-1520
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rise of north European Christian humanism, one of the most crucial cultural shifts in western history, began in the Netherlands in the 1470s and 1480s, in the relatively remote north-eastern provinces of Overijssel and Groningen. It may seem odd that a cultural development of such significance for all Europe should have originated in a locality which, at the time, was becoming a backwater both economically and politically. But the ground for this great upheaval in thought and piety had been prepared in precisely this area by devotional and educational developments reaching far back into the medieval past.
Society after the Revolt
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dutch society was transformed after 1572 first by conflict and disruption, during the early stages of the Revolt, and later, in the 1590s and after, by the breakthrough into the ‘rich trades’, the rise of new industries, and the successful establishment of the long-distance traffic with the Indies. Every aspect of Dutch society was profoundly affected by both the disruption and then the economic ‘miracle’. But much the most dramatic manifestation of the restructuring of the Dutch trading system after I 590 was, indubitably, the explosive growth of the cities of the Dutch maritime zone.
The Republic under Siege, 1621-1628
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The early and mid-162os were one of the most sombre periods in the history of the United Provinces. It was a time when the Republic was effectively under siege and squeezed hard. The reimposition of the Spanish embargoes, in April 1621, had a drastic effect on the Dutch overseas trading system, largely eliminating Dutch trade with the Iberian peninsula, destroying their Levant trade, and weakening their Baltic trafflc, as well as the North Sea herring flshery, which was now short of suitable salt.’ Spanish successes in the Caribbean, and Brazil, cutting off the supply of Caribbean salt, and (until 1630) thwarting the newly set up West India Company, together with Spanish attacks on the herring flshery, and the onset of the Dunkirk privateering offensive, in the mid-1620s, intensifled the impact of the embargoes. The economic and maritime siege was further tightened by the river blockade mounted by the Spaniards in the years 1625-9, when the trafflc along the Rhine, Maas, Waal, Scheidt, and Ems was halted by the ring of Spanish garrisons extending from the Scheidt to the Ems. The pressure remained severe until the Spanish defeats of 1629.
The Republic in Triumph, 162 1647
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Only over the winter of 1628-9, when the Catholic League forces withdrew, did it become clear how fundamentally the Mantuan war had altered the strategic balance in the Low Countries. The Dutch had remained continually on the defensive since 1604. Now, suddenly, there was the opportunity to break the Spanish ring encircling the Republic. At Brussels, the lnfanta Isabella had, by February 1629, become extremely worried. She warned Philip that if the Dutch should besiege Breda or ‘s-Hertogenbosch, ‘we see no way of saving either’.
The Republic at its Zenith, I: The 1650s
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No sovereign prince (to Lipsius’ distress) attained sovereign power in the north Netherlands after 1572. The States of Holland assumed charge of the government, in that year, with Orange directing the war, and heading the executive, but with the promise to act only in consultation with the States ‘who best know the situation of the land and inclinations of the people’.’ Holland, with Zeeland and Utrecht, unlike Brabant and Flanders, firmly refused to transfer sovereignty to Anjou. Nevertheless, government in the north between 1572 and 1587 was not yet fully republican in character. This was less because Philip II was still acknowledged as sovereign in theory, until 1581, than because Orange —and briefly also Anjou and Leicester—loomed large in the processes of decision-making, military command, and appointments. Only with Leicester’s departure, in 1587, did a fully republican system evolve in which the States of Holland, led by Oldenbarnevelt, emerged in practice, if not in theory, as the principal decision-making body.
Intellectual Life, 1650-1700
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The seventeenth century, the age of the ‘New Philosophy’, ‘Scientiflc Revolution’, and ‘Crisis of the European Mind’, marks one of the most decisive shifts in the intellectual, cultural, and religious history of the western world. But the transition did not occur simultaneously in all western Europe. Rather the process was highly uneven. Three countries, in particular, stood at the forefront —England, France, and the Dutch Republic —and, in some respects, the last was in advance of the other two. Consequently, the intellectual and scientific history of the United Provinces in the seventeenth century is crucial to any proper grasp of Europe’s intellectual crisis as a whole.
Contested kingdoms, 1688–1756
Authors: Hayton David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The realities of the relationship between the three Stuart kingdoms were emphasized by the events of 1968–91: ultimately, events in England determined the political fate of both Scotland and Ireland. After the Glorious Revolution had confirmed the dependence of Scotland and Ireland on their more powerful neighbour, the subsequent chain of events gave this dependence a statutory expression. The Anglo-Scottish union of 1707 created a new constitutional entity, the kingdom of Great Britain, submerging the Scottish estates in a united parliament (while preserving a distinct Scottish ecclesiastical and legal establishment).
The Rule of Saints and Soldiers: The Wars of Religion in Britain and Ireland 1638 – 1660
Authors: Morrill John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At no point in the history of Britain and Ireland has the whole archipelago experienced such sustained and brutal internal war as in the 1640s and early 1650s. The English people was at war with itself and a king was tried, convicted, and executed, the crown deemed ‘unnecessary, burdensome and dangerous to the liberty, safety and public interest’ and the house of lords declared to be ‘useless and dangerous to the people of England’.A Yet in the course of these wars internal to England in the 1640s, perhaps one in four of those serving in arms came from Scotland and Ireland; and perhaps one in five of all adult males bore arms and perhaps one
Economic growth, economic decline
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In July 1957 the Conservative Prime Minister Harold Macmillan told a crowd at Bedford football ground: ‘Let’s be frank about it; most of our people have never had it so good. Go around the country, go to the industrial towns, go to the farms, and you will see a state of prosperity such as we have never had in my life time—nor indeed ever in the history of this country.’
Ireland 1945–2001: between ‘Hope and History’
Authors: Keogh Dermot 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The history of lreland since the end of World War Two is different in two major respects from that of the three countries on the other island. First, a disputed border of over 300 miles divided the Republic of Ireland (26 counties) from Northern Ireland (six counties). Secondly, the system of government in Northern Ireland collapsed in the early 1970s leading to the introduction of direct rule from Westminster; for almost all of the last thirty years of the twentieth century, sectarian violence, guerrilla warfare, and armed confrontation convulsed Northern Ireland.
Why Mammals are Called Mammals: Gender Politics in Eighteenth-Century Natural History
Authors: Schiebinger Londa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1758, in the tenth edition of his Systema naturae, Carolus Linnaeus introduced the term Mammalia into zoological taxonomy. For his revolutionary classification of the animal kingdom—hailed in the twentieth century as the starting point of modern zoological nomenclature—Linnaeus devised this word, meaning literally ‘of the breast’, to distinguish the class of animals embracing humans, apes, ungulates, sloths, sea-cows, elephants, bats, and all other organisms with hair, three ear bones, and a four-chambered heart.1 In so doing, he made the female mammae the icon of that class.
On Being the Object of Property
Authors: Williams Patricia J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For some time I have been writing about my great-great-grand mother. I have considered the significance of her history and that of slavery from a variety of viewpoints on a variety of occasions: in every speech, in every conversation, even in my commercial transactions class. I have talked so much about her that I finally had to ask myself what it was I was looking for in this dogged pursuit of family history. Was I being merely indulgent, looking for roots in the pursuit of some genetic heraldry, seeking the inheritance of being special, different, unique in all that primo geniture hath wrought? I decided that my search was based in the utility of such a quest, not mere indulgence, but a recapturing of that which had escaped historical scrutiny, which had been overlooked and underseen.
Hillary’s Husband Re-elected! The Clinton Marriage of Politics and Power
Authors: Jong Erica 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Here we are, two minutes after the last American presidential election in the twentieth century, and Hillary Rodham Clinton is still the most problematic First Lady in American history admired abroad, hated at home, mistrusted by women journalists even though this Administration has actually done much good for women. Suspected of being a megalomaniac, embroiled in document-losing, spy-hiring, the suicide of an aide conjectured to be her lover, and possible perjury; pilloried in the press and jeered at in political cartoons; distrusted even by her admirers-can’t Hillary do anything right? Why does she get no credit for all the positive things she has done? The old campaign button that trumpeted ‘Elect Hillary’s Husband in ‘92’ showed a picture of Hillary, not Bill. Indeed, ifs hard to remember it now.