bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Keynes' Attack on the Versailles Treaty: An Early Investigation of the Consequences of Bounded Rationality, Framing, and Cognitive Illusions
Authors: Bottom William 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe Paris Peace Conference was arguably the most complex negotiation ever undertaken. The principal product of the conference, the Treaty of Versailles, failed to accomplish any of its framers' major goals. Relations between the Allies themselves and the Allies and their defeated enemies seriously deteriorated as a consequence of the negotiations and attempts to implement the treaty. Economic conditions in Germany, the rest of Europe, and eventually the United States declined as well. At the time of the Treaty's publication, John Maynard Keynes and a considerable number of other participants predicted these events, pointing to the negotiators' errors and oversights as a primary cause. The logic of Keynes' argument is re-examined in light of recent research on the psychology of human information processing, judgment and choice. It reveals that his approach is actually very consistent with and anticipates both Simon's conception of bounded rationality and recent work on cognitive heuristics and illusions. Negotiator bias has been studied almost exclusively using simple laboratory settings. The catastrophic lose-lose nature of the Versailles Treaty illustrates the way in which complexity necessitates reliance on simplifying heuristics while propagating and amplifying the impact of the bias that is generated. Evidence from the treaty negotiations and the failed implementation of the treaty suggest some very significant boundary conditions for the application of rational choice models in the business, politics, and international relations contexts. It also demonstrates the need for negotiations researchers to focus more attention on the implementation of agreements and the long-term effects of those agreements on relationships.
Quantification of circulating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in the diagnosis and monitoring of natural killer cell and EBV-positive lymphomas in immunocompetent patients
Authors: Au Wing-Yan , Pang Annie , Choy Carolyn , Chim Chor-Sang , Kwong Yok-Lam 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
In Epstein-Barr-virus (EBV)–positive lymphomas in immunocompetent patients, release of EBV DNA from tumor cells into the plasma might be useful for disease monitoring and prognostication. To test this hypothesis, we quantified serially plasma EBV DNA by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 39 cases of EBV-positive (natural killer [NK] cell, n = 23; T cell, n = 8; B cell, n = 4; Hodgkin, n = 4) lymphomas. As control, EBV DNA was undetectable in 34 cases of EBV-negative lymphomas at diagnosis and during chemotherapy. In all cases of EBV-positive lymphomas, EBV DNA was detectable (105-1010 copies/mL) at diagnosis. It paralleled the clinical course, with EBV DNA becoming undetectable at remission and remaining elevated in refractory disease. On multivariate analysis, high-presentation EBV DNA (&gt; 7.3 × 107 copies/mL) was significantly associated with an inferior overall survival (OS). Subgroup analysis of NK cell lymphomas, the largest cohort in this study, showed that presentation EBV DNA was correlated with disease stage and lactate dehydrogenase. On multivariate analysis, high-presentation EBV DNA (&gt; 6.1 × 107 copies/mL) was significantly associated with an inferior disease-free survival. During treatment, patients with EBV DNA that showed further increases or failed to become undetectable had significantly inferior OS. In EBV-positive lymphomas, plasma EBV DNA is valuable as a tumor biomarker and for prognostication.
Transition in organ function during the evolution of air-breathing;insights from Arapaima gigas, an obligate air-breathing teleost from the Amazon
Authors: Brauner C. J. , Matey V. , Wilson J. M. , Bernier N. J. , Val A. L. 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARY
The transition from aquatic to aerial respiration is associated with dramatic physiological changes in relation to gas exchange, ion regulation,acid–base balance and nitrogenous waste excretion. Arapaima gigas is one of the most obligate extant air-breathing fishes,representing a remarkable model system to investigate (1) how the transition from aquatic to aerial respiration affects gill design and (2) the relocation of physiological processes from the gills to the kidney during the evolution of air-breathing. Arapaima gigas undergoes a transition from water-to air-breathing during development, resulting in striking changes in gill morphology. In small fish (10 g), the gills are qualitatively similar in appearance to another closely related water-breathing fish (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum); however, as fish grow (100–1000 g), the inter-lamellar spaces become filled with cells, including mitochondria-rich(MR) cells, leaving only column-shaped filaments. At this stage, there is a high density of MR cells and strong immunolocalization of Na+/K+-ATPase along the outer cell layer of the gill filament. Despite the greatly reduced overall gill surface area, which is typical of obligate air-breathing fish, the gills may remain an important site for ionoregulation and acid–base regulation. The kidney is greatly enlarged in A. gigas relative to that in O. bicirrhosum and may comprise a significant pathway for nitrogenous waste excretion. Quantification of the physiological role of the gill and the kidney in A. gigas during development and in adults will yield important insights into developmental physiology and the evolution of air-breathing.
In vitrodelayed senescence of extirpated buds from zooids of the colonial tunicateBotryllus schlosseri
Authors: Rabinowitz Claudette , Rinkevich Baruch 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARYIn the colonial growth of botryllid ascidians, blastogenesis (bud formation) is a cyclical and synchronized developmental process characterized by a weekly rhythm of budding and apoptotic events. Very little is known about this cycle regulation and its control. In this study, the in vitrofate of developing buds and regressing zooids extirpated from Botryllus schlosseri colonies at different blastogenic stages were examined,revealing that stages `B' to `D' buds (but not stage `A' buds) developed new structures under in vitro conditions. These were mainly spheres (up to 1 mm in diameter) and epithelial monolayers around the attached buds. We also found that: (1) when attached spheres and epithelial monolayers appeared,the life expectancy of an isolated bud in vitro reached 50–60 days, five times the life expectancy of intact, in vivo developing zooids; (2) the life expectancy of in vitro buds that remained unattached to the substrates was at least 150 days; (3) after attaching to the substrates, buds obeyed a newly imposed developmental clock dictating up to 35 survival days for spheres and up to 14 days for epithelial monolayers; (4) the prevailing mode of death in vitro was necrotic, in contrast to the apoptotic mode of zooidal deterioration at the takeover phase of blastogenesis; (5) under in vitro conditions, degenerating zooids surprisingly produced epithelial monolayers within 3 weeks of culturing. Monolayers survived for up to 10 additional days, extending the lifespan of the degenerating zooids from a few hours to up to 1 month. We conclude that under in vitro conditions, not only are the underlying colonial growth mechanisms replaced by different developmental pathways, but also the internal colonial-level clocks programming death, are replaced by a new biological mechanism with different timetables.
Resetting the path integrator: a basic condition for route-based navigation
Authors: Etienne Ariane S. , Maurer Roland , Boulens Valérie , Levy Arik , Rowe Tiffany 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARYDuring short excursions away from home, some mammals are known to update their position with respect to their point of departure through path integration (dead reckoning) by processing internal (idiothetic) signals generated by rotations and translations. Path integration (PI) is a continuously ongoing process in which errors accumulate. To remain functional over longer excursions, PI needs to be reset through position information from stable external references. We tested the homing behaviour of golden hamsters(Mesocricetus auratus W.) during hoarding excursions following a rotation of the arena and nest. In continuous darkness, the hamsters returned to their point of departure at the rotated nest, and therefore depended on PI only. In other trials, the animals were briefly presented with visual room cues during or at the end of the outward trip, visual cues being pitted by 67° or 98° against the animal's current self-generated position vector. After a fix, the animals headed for the usual (unrotated) nest location, as defined by room cues, independent of the timing of the fix. These results were obtained in two different geometrical settings and showed that,after the fix, the animals update their position, and not merely their head direction or internal compass, in a new reference frame. Thus, episodic fixes on familiar external references reset the PI and therefore greatly enhance the functional signification of navigation that is based on feedback information from locomotion.
Acclimation to hypothermic incubation in developing chicken embryos(Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Black Juli L. , Burggren Warren W. 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARYChronic exposure to a low incubation temperature clearly slows the development of poikilothemic chicken embryos (or any other poikilotherms), but little is known about the more subtle developmental effects of temperature,especially on physiological regulatory systems. Consequently, two populations of chicken embryos were incubated at 38°C and 35°C. When compared at the same development stage, incubation temperature had no significant impact on embryonic survival or growth. Moreover, the relative timing of major developmental landmarks (e.g. internal pipping), expressed as a percentage of development, was unaffected by temperature. The ability to maintain the rate of oxygen consumption(V̇O2) during an acute drop in ambient temperature (Ta) improved from Hamburger–Hamilton (HH) stages 39–40 to 43–44 in the 38°C but not the 35°C populations. Late stage (HH43–44) embryos incubated at 38°C could maintain V̇O2(approximately 27–33 μl g–1 min–1)during an acute drop in Ta to approximately 30°C. However, at the same stage 35°C embryos acutely measured at 38°C were unable to similarly maintain their V̇O2, which fell as soon as Ta reached 36°C. Thus, while hypothermic incubation does not affect gross development (other than would be predicted from a simple effect of Q10), there is a significant delay in the relative timing of the onset of thermoregulatory ability induced by hypothermic incubation.
Interactions between zooplankton feeding, photosynthesis and skeletal growth in the scleractinian coralStylophora pistillata
Authors: Houlbrèque Fanny , Tambutté Eric , Allemand Denis , Ferrier-Pagès Christine 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARYWe investigated the effect of zooplankton feeding on tissue and skeletal growth of the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata. Microcolonies were divided into two groups: starved corals (SC), which were not fed during the experiment, and fed corals (FC), which were abundantly fed with Artemia salina nauplii and freshly collected zooplankton. Changes in tissue growth, photosynthesis and calcification rates were measured after 3 and 8 weeks of incubation. Calcification is the deposition of both an organic matrix and a calcium carbonate layer, so we measured the effect of feeding on both these parameters, using incorporation of 14C-aspartic acid and 45Ca, respectively. Aspartic acid is one of the major components of the organic matrix in scleractinian corals. For both sampling times, protein concentrations were twice as high in FC than in SC (0.73 vs 0.42 mg P–1 cm–2skeleton) and chlorophyll c2 concentrations were 3–4 times higher in fed corals (2.1±0.3 μg cm–2). Cell specific density (CSD), which corresponds to the number of algal cells inside a host cell, was also significantly higher in FC (1.416±0.028) than in SC (1.316±0.015). Fed corals therefore displayed a higher rate of photosynthesis per unit area (Pgmax=570±60 nmol O2 cm–2 h–1and Ik=403±27 μmol photons m–2s–1). After 8 weeks, both light and dark calcification rates were twofold greater in FC (3323±508 and 416±58 nmol Ca2+ 2 h–1 g–1 dry skeletal mass)compared to SC (1560±217 and 225±35 nmol Ca2+ 2 h–1 g–1 dry skeletal mass, respectively,under light and dark conditions). Aspartic acid incorporation rates were also significantly higher in FC (10.44±0.69 and 1.36± 0.26%RAV 2 h–1 g–1 dry skeletal mass, where RAV is total radioactivity initially present in the external medium) than in SC(6.51±0.45 and 0.44±0.02%RAV 2 h–1g–1 dry skeletal mass under dark and light conditions,respectively). Rates of dark aspartic acid incorporation were lower than the rates measured in the light. Our results suggest that the increase in the rates of calcification in fed corals might be induced by a feeding-stimulation of organic matrix synthesis.
The cardiovascular responses of the freshwater turtleTrachemys scriptato warming and cooling
Authors: Galli Gina , Taylor E. W. , Wang Tobias 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARYSeven freshwater turtles Trachemys scripta were instrumented with flow probes and cannulated for blood pressure measurements. The turtles were warmed from 24 to 34°C, and cooled down to 24°C, with and without atropine. Animals exhibited a hysteresis of heart rate and blood flow to both the pulmonary and systemic circulations, which was not cholinergically mediated. Blood pressure remained constant during both warming and cooling,while systemic resistance decreased during heating and increased during cooling, indicating a barostatic response. There was a large right-to-left(R–L) shunt during warming and cooling in untreated animals, which remained relatively constant. Atropinisation resulted in a large L–R shunt, which decreased during warming and increased during cooling. Nevertheless, heating rates were the same in untreated and atropinised animals, and cooling rates were significantly longer in atropinised animals,indicating that shunt patterns contribute little to heat exchange.
Higher-order Conformations of DNA Are Useful as Templates to Create Various Superstructural Poly(pyrrole) Morphologies
Authors: Bae Ah-Hyun , Hatano Tsukasa , Numata Munenori , Takeuchi Masayuki , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
It was found that plasmid DNA can act as an attractive template for oxidative polymerization of pyrrole and result in the novel higher-order superstructures composed of the conductive polymers. The TEM and SEM observation estabilished that poly(pyrrole) grows up to nanosized rod-like, circular, and supercoiled structures reflecting the higher-order conformation of plasmid DNA. The obtained polymer structures are drastically changed reflecting the controlled DNA morphologies used as their templates.
Two-Photon Absorption Cross-Sections of Fluorene Derivatives with Cationic Substituents
Authors: Kawamata Jun , Akiba Masaharu , Tani Takeharu , Harada Akinori , Inagaki Yoshio 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Two novel fluorene derivatives having cationic substituents were synthesized. Two-photon absorption (TPA) properties of the derivatives were evaluated using the fluorescence-based technique with a femtosecond pulse emitted from a Ti:sapphire laser. Maximum TPA cross-sections of the compounds were estimated from the TPA spectra. TPA cross-sections of compounds with cationic substituents were found to be significantly larger than those of the compounds without cationic substituents.
Unprecedented Pendant Group Exchange of a Porphyrinato Platinum(II) in Benzonitrile
Authors: Araki Naoko , Obata Makoto , Ichimura Akio , Mikata Yuji , Yano Shigenobu 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
5-(4-cyanophenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrinato platinum(II) (3) and 5-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrinato platinum(II) (2) were isolated from a reaction of 5-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenyl porphyrin (1) with K2[PtCl4] in benzonitrile. Seemingly, 3 was generated through the functional group substitution reaction of the phenyl group of tetraphenylporphyrin during platinum ion insertion into 1 and was characterized by 1H NMR, mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallography.
Synthesis and Physical Nature of Fluorescent Photoaffinity Probe for the Bioorganic Studies on Tautomycin, a Protein Phosphatase Type 1 Selective Inhibitor
Authors: Kurono Masakuni , Isobe Minoru 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Fluorescent photoaffinity probe, which possesses a dansyl amide functional group on the maleic moiety of tautomycin, was prepared in order to detect the trace amount of labeled peptides. The parent compound dramatically showed fluorescence quenching before the photoreaction due to the exciplex formation on the basis of the folded conformation. Several benzhydrol analogs, on the other hand, recovered the strong fluorescence; thus, this system could be employed for the photoaffinity labeling studies.
Immobilization of Gold Nanorods on the Glass Substrate by the Electrostatic Interactions for Localized Plasmon Sensing
Authors: Niidome Yasuro , Takahashi Hironobu , Urakawa Shinji , Nishioka Koji , Yamada Sunao 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Gold nanorods (NRs) have two localized surface plasmon bands in the visible–near infrared region. We have succeeded in well-dispersed deposition and immobilization of the gold nanorods on the surface of a glass substrate by the electrostatic interactions. The outermost PDDA layer was effective to prevent the lateral diffusion of NRs on the PSS layer. The longitudinal plasmon band showed clear shifts with solvents in the near-infrared region.
Synthesis and Photocytotoxicity of Nitroxyl Radical-substituted Porphyrin
Authors: Wu Jian , Shi Weimin , Wu Di 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
A novel tetraphenylporphyrin derivative bearing nitroxyl radical moiety was efficiently synthesized by improved preparation of monoamino-substituted tetraphenylporphyrin as the precursor. Preliminary photocytotoxicity investigation of the spin labeled porphyrin against SPC-A1 adenocarcinoma cell lines was tested.
Continuation cognitive-behavioural therapy maintains attributional style improvement in depressed patients responding acutely to fluoxetine
Authors: PETERSEN T. , HARLEY R. , PAPAKOSTAS G. I. , MONTOYA H. D. , FAVA M. , ALPERT J. E. 
Published: March 2004

Background. Little is known about how continuation and maintenance cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) influences important psychological constructs that may be associated with long-term outcome of major depressive disorder. The goal of this study was to examine whether CBT would help maintain attributional style changes experienced by patients during acute phase fluoxetine treatment.Method. Three hundred and ninety-one patients with major depressive disorder were enrolled in an open, fixed-dose 8 week fluoxetine trial. Remitters to this acute phase treatment (N=132) were randomized to receive either fixed-dose fluoxetine (meds only) or fixed-dose fluoxetine plus cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT+meds) during a 6-month continuation treatment phase. The Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) was completed by patients at three time points – acute phase baseline, continuation phase baseline and continuation phase endpoint. Analysis of covariance was used to compare continuation phase ASQ composite score changes between groups.Results. Patients in both treatment groups experienced significant gains in positive attributional style during the acute phase of treatment. Continuation phase ASQ composite change scores differed significantly between treatment groups, with the CBT+meds group maintaining acute phase positive attributional style changes, and the meds only group exhibiting a worsening of attributional style. The two treatment groups did not significantly differ in rates of relapse and final continuation phase visit HAMD-17 scores.Conclusions. In this sample, the addition of CBT to continuation psychopharmacological treatment was associated with maintenance of acute treatment phase attributional style gains. Further research is needed to evaluate the role of such gains in the long-term course of depressive illness.
Is the female preponderance in major depression secondary to a gender difference in specific anxiety disorders?
Authors: PARKER G. , HADZI-PAVLOVIC D. 
Published: March 2004

Background. While a female preponderance in unipolar depression is a consistent finding in community-based studies, determinants remain speculative. This study aimed to examine whether a female preponderance in certain anxiety disorders drives a gender difference in depression.Method. The relevant data from the National Comorbidity Study (NCS) are analysed.Results. We observed a biphasic pattern in the emergence of a female preponderance in the depressive and anxiety disorders, with an initial pre-pubertal or early adolescent onset, and after attenuation in early to middle adulthood, re-emergence in mid- to late-adulthood. Analyses focused on determinants of the initial female preponderance. Female gender, presence of an anxiety disorder and variable ages of onset in the anxiety disorder all contributed to the increased chance of an initial depressive episode. Some specificity in linking the onset of depressive temporally in early adolescence with two anxiety disorders was demonstrated, specifically generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.Conclusions. The separate anxiety disorders and their age of onset had variable links with depression, but female gender remained a significant predictor of depression after accounting for the effects of prior anxiety.
North Wales randomized controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for acute schizophrenia spectrum disorders: outcomes at 6 and 12 months
Authors: STARTUP M. , JACKSON M. C. , BENDIX S. 
Published: March 2004

Background. Recent reviews of randomized controlled trials have concluded that cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is effective, as an addition to standard care, in the treatment of people suffering from schizophrenia. Most of the trials have been conducted with stabilized out-patients. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of CBT for in-patients suffering acute psychotic episodes, when delivered under conditions representative of current clinical practice.Method. Consecutive admissions meeting criteria were recruited. After screening, 43 were assigned at random to a treatment-as-usual (TAU) control group and 47 were assigned to TAU plus CBT. At baseline, 6 months and 12 months, patients were rated on symptoms and social functioning. CBT (maximum 25 sessions) began immediately after baseline assessment.Results. The CBT group gained greater benefit than the TAU group on symptoms and social functioning. A larger proportion of the CBT group (60%) than the TAU group (40%) showed reliable and clinically important change, and none of them (v. 17%) showed reliable deterioration compared with baseline.Conclusions. CBT for patients suffering acute psychotic episodes can produce significant benefits when provided under clinically representative conditions.