bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CAPACITY OF PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE MICROORGANISMS TO GROW ON CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANES
Authors: Swift Homer F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Among eight strains or variants, included in four different immunological types of pleuropneumonia-like microorganisms, all grew on chorioallantoic membranes; those belonging to Klieneberger's Type L5 (Sabin Type A) grew very poorly; and those included in three other types grew with varying degrees of vigor.
2. In all instances, strains of pleuropneumonia-like microorganisms tested grew better on dead sterile chorioallantoic membranes than on living membranes.
3. None of the strains tested was in itself lethal for chick embryos.
4. No constant macroscopic lesion developed as a result of inoculating chorioallantoic membranes with pleuropneumonia-like microorganisms.
THE EFFECT OF HIGH PROTEIN DIETS ON EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Philipsborn H. , Katz L. N. , Rodbard S. 
Published: June 2004

The effect of high and low protein diets were studied on fourteen dogs in twenty-four different experiments. In only two of these animals, both with moderate renal excretory failure, was a reversible rise in blood pressure elicited by a high protein diet.
The possible mechanisms involved in meeting an increased excretory load are discussed.
PERIODIC EXAMINATION OF SEWAGE FOR THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Trask James D. , Paul John R. ,   With the Technical Assistance of John T. Riordan
Published: June 2004

From a series of tests covering 15 months, another instance is recorded of the detection of the virus of poliomyelitis in urban sewage.
It has not yet been possible to detect the virus of poliomyelitis in sewage during non-epidemic periods.
It is likely that the periodic sampling of sewage for pathogenic viruses or bacteria may be a method of epidemiological value.
THE ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIP OF THE VIRUSES OF MENINGOPNEUMONITIS AND LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Martin Walter P. , Beck M. Dorthy 
Published: June 2004

Animals recovered from infection with the viruses of lymphogranuloma venereum, meningopneumonitis, and psittacosis, were reinoculated in crossimmunity tests with these viruses.
In mice immunized by intracerebral or intranasal inoculation a reciprocal partial cross-immunity between the viruses of lymphogranuloma venereum and meningopneumonitis was demonstrated. In preliminary experiments, similar cross-immunity between the agents of lymphogranuloma venereum and psittacosis was not definitely demonstrated.
Hamsters, white rats, and kangaroo rats recovered from intracerebral or intranasal infection with the virus of lymphogranuloma venereum were more resistant than normal controls to inoculation with the virus of meningopneumonitis.
Sera of animals immunized with the viruses of lymphogranuloma venereum and meningopneumonitis showed cross-reactions by complement fixation with antigens of these viruses.
The results indicate an antigenic relationship between the viruses of lymphogranuloma venereum and meningopneumonitis.
THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS AND ANTIBODIES BY MEANS OF RED CELL AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Hirst George K. 
Published: June 2004

1. The agglutination titer for chicken red cells of freshly prepared or carefully stored suspensions of PR8 influenza virus, that is to say virus of maximum pathogenicity, was found to be proportional to the mouse lethal titer of the same preparations.
2. The agglutination titer of infected allantoic fluid procured in a standard way is relatively constant, regardless of the influenza strain used and its pathogenicity for mice.
3. Virus preparations inactivated by heat or storage may retain their agglutinating power.
4. Certain animal sera contain a partially heat-labile factor which, in low dilution, inhibits the agglutination of chicken red cells by influenza A and influenza B viruses.
5. The agglutination inhibition test, using ferret and human sera, gives qualitative data regarding influenza antibodies which are similar to the information obtained on the same sera by means of the virus neutralization test.
6. There is a definite relationship between the agglutination inhibition titer and the virus neutralization titer of a serum. On a logarithmic scale of both variables, this relationship is essentially linear within the range investigated.
7. The agglutination inhibition titer of immune ferret serum is inversely proportional to the amount of virus used in the test.
DEMONSTRATION OF AGGLUTININS FOR BARTONELLA BACILLIFORMIS
Authors: Howe Calderon 
Published: June 2004

1. Methods of preparing a satisfactory antigen having been developed, a technique for performing an agglutination test with B. bacilliformis is made available.
2. As a result of repeated intravenous injection of living cultures of B. bacilliformis at short intervals, rabbits have been found to produce a high titre of specific agglutinins which, under the conditions obtaining in the present series of experiments, begins to decline after about one month following the last inoculation.
3. Sera from six cases of bartonellosis in different stages of its several manifestations have been shown by the agglutination test to contain a low but definite titre of circulating antibody.
4. Several of these same sera have been shown to contain as well a significantly high titre of agglutinins for three strains of Proteus. No definite conclusions can be drawn from this phenomenon since the case histories had not been probed for the possibility of typhus fever; and since the relatively high titres obtained with a few of the present sera may very well fall within the extremes of normal serum titres.
QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL STUDIES ON COMPLEMENT OR ALEXIN
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Mayer Manfred 
Published: June 2004

1. A modified method is given for the titration of human complement so that C'1 titers are measured, as in guinea pig serum, instead of the C'2 titers yielded by the usual titration.
2. The measurement of complement combining component or components in weight units, instead of relative terms, is carried out as in guinea pig serum and leads to similar values, 0.03 to 0.05 mg. of C' N per ml. of human serum.
3. Other similarities in human and guinea pig complements are noted and discussed.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION OF THE SULFONAMIDE DRUGS
Authors: Wood W. Barry , Austrian Robert 
Published: June 2004

1. In cultures of Staphylococus aureus in a synthetic medium nicotinamide and cozymase were shown to block the bacteriostatic action of chemically unrelated sulfonamide drugs as well as the chemically related compound sulfapyridine. The antibacterial properties of organic dyes totally unrelated to the sulfonamide compounds (methylene blue and thionine) were also nullified by the addition of cozymase to the culture medium.
2. The antagonistic action of the pyridine-containing coenzyme, cozymase, was found, by quantitative study, to be no greater against sulfapyridine than against other structurally dissimilar sulfonamide compounds.
3. The antidrug effects of nicotinamide and cozymase in staphylococcus cultures were observed to be directly proportional to their ability to stimulate the growth of the organism in the synthetic medium. When tested in cultures of B. coli in which they failed to accelerate bacterial growth, these same substances failed to influence the bacteriostatic action of the sulfonamide drugs.
4. The in vitro action of the coenzyme, cocarboxylase, as measured in the Warburg respirometer, was shown to be unaffected by the chemically related drug, sulfathiazole, even when the latter was present in great excess.
The above observations fail to support the theory that sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole, and sulfadiazine prevent bacterial growth by interfering with the functioning of the chemically related coenzymes, cozymase, and cocarboxylase. The mode of action of sulfanilamide and its more common derivatives is discussed in the light of these observations, and a tentative theory is offered to explain the differences in bacteriostatic potency exhibited by the various sulfonamide compounds.
THE LOCALIZED ACTION ON THE SPINAL CORD OF INTRAMUSCULARLY INJECTED TETANUS TOXIN
Authors: Acheson George H. , Ratnoff Oscar D. , Schoenbach Emanuel B. 
Published: June 2004

Local tetanus limited to one leg was studied in cats after intramuscular injection of tetanus toxin.
1. The electric and mechanical response of the affected muscle after a single stimulus to the intact sensory-motor nerve is greater in amplitude and duration than the response of the corresponding muscle of the unaffected leg (Fig. 1).
2. This augmented response of the muscle is associated with an augmented response arising from the ipsilateral portion of the spinal cord, while the contralateral part of the cord is unaffected, as demonstrated by electrographic records from the motor nerves (Figs. 2 to 5).
3. The augmented muscular response is abolished when the reflex arc is broken, but the augmented response in the spinal cord is independent of changes in the muscle, the neuromuscular junction, the afferent and efferent peripheral nerves, and the dorsal root ganglia.
4. The augmented spinal response develops in the absence of the peripheral signs of local tetanus. Hence the pathogenesis of the altered state in the spinal cord is independent of the peripheral effects of the toxin.
5. In local tetanus, therefore, the toxin injected intramuscularly acts selectively upon the segments of the spinal cord which supply the innervation of the injected area.
6. The augmented spinal response may be prevented by section of the nerve trunks supplying the area of injection prior to the injection of the toxin.
7. It is concluded that in local tetanus the toxin is carried to the spinal cord by way of peripheral nerves.
ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF HUMAN BEINGS FOLLOWING VACCINATION WITH INFLUENZA VIRUSES
Authors: Hirst G. K. , Rickard E. R. , Whitman Loring , Horsfall F. L. 
Published: June 2004

Eleven different preparations of influenza virus were used to vaccinate large groups of human beings. The antibody response to these vaccines was measured by means of the in vitro agglutination inhibition test, and the geometric mean titers of sera taken 2 weeks after vaccination were compared. From these comparisons the following conclusions were drawn:
1. There was a wide individual variation in the antibody response of human beings to the same preparation of influenza virus administrated subcutaneously. The amount of antibody produced by a group with a low prevaccination antibody level was very nearly the same as the amount produced by groups that had higher initial levels.
2. The use of the X strain of distemper virus in the preparation of an influenza vaccine did not enhance the antigenicity of the influenza virus present.
3. Within certain limits the mean antibody response of human beings increased as the amount of virus injected was increased. When large amounts of influenza A virus were given, the antibody response was of the same order of magnitude as that which occurred following actual infection by this virus.
4. When the vaccine was prepared from allantoic fluid, there was no significant difference in the antibody response of human beings given active virus, formalin-inactivated virus, heat-inactivated virus, or virus inactivated by the drying process.
5. Ground infected chick embryos, when diluted with infected allantoic fluid, gave a greater antibody response than allantoic fluid alone (when the virus remained active). The antigenicity of such a preparation was diminished when the virus was inactivated by formalin.
6. Antibody levels 6 and 9 weeks after vaccination showed a marked drop from the 2-week postvaccination levels. In a small group the antibody levels at 5 months were still further reduced. Those individuals who possessed the higher titers tended to lose their antibodies faster than did those at a lower level.
ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN RATS
Authors: Schroeder Henry A. 
Published: June 2004

Normal standards for the blood pressure of rats under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia have been ascertained. Arterial hypertension did not consistently follow the injection of estradiol and pitressin in adult rats, and only transient hypertension occurred after the injection of dihydroxyphenylalanine. The injection of adrenalin in oil, however, was followed by cardiac hypertrophy, and it also resulted from (a) partial constriction of one renal artery, (b) the production of unilateral hydronephrosis, (c) traumatic injury to one kidney, (d) inducing unilateral perinephritis with a cellophane membrane. The blood pressure in many of the animals became elevated.
In rats the weight of the heart is probably a more reliable index of the presence of the hypertensive state than is one measurement, or two, of blood pressure under anesthesia. The latter is extremely variable, both in normal and in hypertensive animals. Rats are, however, liable to hypertension under natural circumstances, and it can be easily induced in a number of ways. The weight of the heart may then become rapidly increased. To judge from the findings in this species, rats are very susceptible to the production of the hypertensive state, in comparison with other animals.
STUDIES IN RODENT POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Sanders Murray , Feiner Rose R. 
Published: June 2004

1. SK murine virus maintained over more than 200 serial mouse passages increased in virulence for mice from an initial intracerebral titer of about 1:1 million to a maximum titer of not less than 1:1 billion dilution activity.
2. Following intracerebral injection with murine virus of remote mouse passages, 5 of 13 rhesus monkeys developed a characteristic encephalitic syndrome. Repeated intravenous injection of massive doses of virus caused localized flaccid paralysis in 2 of 14 monkeys.
3. Intracerebral injection of graded doses of murine virus into mice of different age groups caused fatal paralysis in young and old animals alike. Infection with small doses of virus by peripheral routes, while uniformly fatal to young mice, was followed by survival of almost half of the old mice.
4. The incubation period of the disease in young mice infected intracerebrally with a standard dose of murine virus, when studied throughout the period of 1 year, was found considerably lengthened during the summer months.
5. Cross neutralization tests furnished no evidence for any serological relationship between SK murine virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Theiler's virus was found to be neutralizable by antimurine horse serum and, to a lesser extent, by concentrated antipoliomyelitis horse serum; however, such inactivation, in both cases, was distinctly inferior to that occurring with SK murine virus. On the other hand, no neutralization whatsoever was obtained between SK murine virus and normal adult mouse serum, whereas the same serum completely neutralized Theiler's virus. Mice surviving infection with Theiler's virus, though acquiring immunity to this virus, remained fully susceptible to reinfection with SK murine virus.
6. Neutralization tests with SK murine virus against poliomyelitis-convalescent monkey sera gave irregular results, but neutralization of murine virus occurred regularly with a hyperimmune antipoliomyelitis horse serum. Hyperimmune antimurine horse and rabbit sera, on the other hand, failed to inactivate three strains of monkey poliomyelitis virus (SK, RMV, Aycock) by intracerebral tests in monkeys. The same sera inactivated murine virus in mice by intraperitoneal, but not by intracerebral injection of virus-serum mixtures.
7. The identity of SK murine virus and its relation to other rodent strains of poliomyelitis virus is discussed on the basis of the available data.
THE EFFECTS OF RENAL HYPERTENSION ON THE VESSELS OF THE EARS OF RABBITS
Authors: Abell R. G. , Page Irvine H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The present experiments demonstrate by direct observation that peripheral arterioles in moat chambers in rabbits' ears constrict during the development of renal hypertension, and that they remain persistently constricted, although not sufficiently to interrupt the blood supply to the tissues. The arteriolar constriction in the hypertensive animals was not dependent upon nerves, since it occurred in newly formed arterioles which had probably never been supplied with nerves, as well as in older arterioles with a functional nerve supply.
2. No capillary constriction was observed during or following the development of hypertension, although the walls of the capillaries could be very clearly seen. Persistent hypertension was associated in two examples with increased sticking of leukocytes to the walls of the capillaries and venules, some emigration of leukocytes, and a few small hemorrhages.
3. During development of hypertension, new arteriovenous anastomoses were observed to appear in the chambers.
4. No evidence of change was noted in the viscosity of the blood or in the appearance of the blood corpuscles in the hypertensive rabbits.
5. The constriction of the arterioles during and following the development of hypertension closely resembled that produced by intravenous injections of angiotonin.
FUNCTION OF COMPONENTS OF COMPLEMENT IN IMMUNE HEMOLYSIS
Authors: Pillemer L. , Seifter S. , Chu Fey , Ecker E. E. 
Published: June 2004

1. At a temperature of 1°C., C'2, C'4, and C'1 combine with sensitized sheep erythrocytes, while C'3 does not combine.
2. C'1, although combining with sensitized cells in the absence of C'4, is hemolytically inert unless C'4 combines previous to, or simultaneously with it.
3. C'4 does not combine in the absence of C'1.
4. Although C'3 is not fixed by antibody-sheep cell aggregates, it is essential for hemolysis, operating on the sensitized red cell after the fixation of C'4, C'2, and C'1 and behaving as if it were a catalyst.
STUDIES IN RODENT POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Sanders Murray 
Published: June 2004

1. The murine strain of SK poliomyelitis virus interferes with the propagation in rhesus monkeys of SK, Aycock, and RMV poliomyelitis monkey virus.
2. This interference is demonstrable by intracerebral injection of mixtures of murine and monkey virus prepared in vitro as well as by separate injection of the two viruses by diverse routes.
3. Mixture tests carried out with graded doses of murine and monkey virus show that 0.5 cc. of a 10 per cent suspension prepared from the brains of paralyzed mice is capable of counteracting at least 100 minimal paralyzing doses of two strains of monkey virus.
4. No interference was demonstrable with suspensions of brains infected with murine virus which had been inactivated by heating for ½ hour at 75°C., or with suspensions prepared from normal mice, or with brain suspensions prepared from mice infected with herpes virus.
5. When murine virus is introduced into monkeys by the intravenous route, before or after intracerebral infection with monkey virus, distinct prophylactic or therapeutic results may be obtained.
6. Analysis of the figures shows that the success of interference depends upon (a) the size of the infecting dose of monkey virus, (b) the amount of murine virus injected, and (c) the choice of proper intervals between the injection of monkey and murine virus.
7. The mechanism of the interference phenomenon here described is discussed in the light of the available data.
HEPATIC VITAMIN A IN THE RAT AS AFFECTED BY THE ADMINISTRATION OF DIBENZANTHRACENE
Authors: Abels Jules C. , Gorham Alice T. , Eberlin Shirley L. , Halter Robert , Rhoads C. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. The decreased concentrations of vitamin A in the livers of rats given dibenzanthracene probably are due to a particular effect of the carcinogen on the ability of the liver to store the vitamin and not to the production of general hepatic dysfunction.
2. The administration of dibenzanthracene to normal rats does not (a) increase significantly their hepatic content of total fat nor decrease that of phospholipid; (b) impair the ability of their livers to fabricate serum albumin; (c) impair the capacity of their livers to esterify cholesterol or phenol; (d) interfere with the hepatic synthesis and conjugation of glucuronic acid; or (e) interfere with the hepatic storage of riboflavin.
3. The simultaneous ingestion of yeast by the dibenzanthracene-treated rats further depletes their hepatic stores of vitamin A. This depletion conceivably is due to the fact that yeast alone also might deplete the liver of its vitamin A and thus a summation of two similar effects is attained.
4. The results suggest a competition between vitamin A and dibenzanthracene for some substance, possibly a protein, to which vitamin A may be bound in the liver.
A NON-VIRULENT, SINGLE-DOSE RABIES VACCINE FOR PROPHYLACTIC IMMUNIZATION OF DOGS
Authors: Webster L. T. , Casals J. 
Published: June 2004

Our studies on rabies vaccines thus far have led us to the view that in order to develop and test vaccines, quantitative methods are necessary, and that such quantitative methods may be exploited to greatest advantage by using mice, preferably W-Swiss, as the test animal. Dogs, due to their variability and susceptibility to intercurrent infections when kept under experimental conditions, are useful chiefly to check whether or not a vaccine produces a high grade of immunity; they remain of limited value in testing the comparative potencies of weak vaccines. A second point is that the Pasteur strain of virus has proved as potent as any tested for the preparation of vaccines. Another point is that virus material for preparing vaccines must titre at least 330,000 mouse doses per cc. to be effective. This requirement has eliminated all culture vaccines thus far reported, with the possible exception of Plotz's (7) and leaves virus-containing brain tissue as the sole potent source of vaccine.
In summary, we believe that a single injection of non-virulent irradiated vaccine, prepared as herein described, immunizes mice and dogs effectively against a subsequent test inoculation of virulent rabies virus and does so to a greater degree than do other vaccines now obtainable. It is easily and quickly prepared, keeps well, and has a low nitrogen content.
THE MANUFACTURE OF ANTIBODIES IN VITRO
Authors: Pauling Linus , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: June 2004

A protein solution with the properties of a specific antiserum to the triphenylmethane dye methyl blue has been made by treating a solution of bovine γ-globulin and the dye with alkali and then slowly neutralizing the alkali. Some success has been obtained also in the formation of antibodies from other serum proteins and by other denaturation-renaturation procedures.
By heating solutions of γ-globulin and antigen to 57°C. for several days antisera homologous to the antigens have been prepared. This method has been used successfully with the azodye 1,3-dihydroxy-2,4,6-tri(p-azophenyl-arsonic acid) benzene and with pneumococcus polysaccharide Type III. The antipneumococcus sera were found to precipitate the polysaccharide of Type III but not those of Types I and VIII and to agglutinate pneumococci of Type III but not those of Types I and II.