bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depression
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depression is a mental state. It is synonymous with feeling blue, unhappy, sad, gloomy, hopeless, melancholy, and so on. It is a perceptual state: the glass is always half-empty rather than half full. One sees only the dark side of things. It is tied to daily activities; it sabotages motivation and saps energy. It affects the most basic elements of life, causing insomnia, loss of appetite, and sexual dysfunction. Sometimes it’s linked to obsessive worry and rumination, always anticipating and expecting the worst to happen. We all encounter things in life that eat at our souls. Who would not be depressed when a loved one dies or illness strikes the family? If you have Parkinson’s disease (PD), the prospect of a chronic disease is discouraging in and of itself. If you have had to restrict your lifestyle because of PD, that is all the more reason to become discouraged. Hence depression is a part of the normal human existence and is appropriate during times when things are going very badly. Depression becomes pathological when it is prolonged, severe, or out of proportion to events. Although depression may be triggered by major life trauma, it sometimes comes out of nowhere.
Diet, Nutrition, and Osteoporosis
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Your diet will not affect PD, but it may affect your levodopa response. As noted in chapters 12 and 17, digested protein products (amino acids) compete with levodopa for transport into the brain. This is easy to avoid in early PD by simply taking the carbidopa/levodopa doses separate from meals (e.g., an hour before each meal if using the immediate-release formulation). Later in PD, short-duration levodopa responses often develop, with fluctuations in control of parkinsonism. At that time, attention to dietary protein may be important and the diet may need to be adjusted; this was addressed in detail in chapter 17. Apart from this, no special diets are necessary. Eat well-balanced meals and try to keep your body weight at the ideal level (avoid obesity). However, there are some general nutritional issues that are important for your overall health and we will address them in this chapter. If you have PD and especially if you are a senior, good nutrition is important. However, you don’t need all the supplements hyped on TV and in magazines. If you eat a reasonably balanced diet that includes fruits, vegetables, and protein sources, you probably don’t need much more. But this is not quite the end of the story.
Experimental Treatments: Fetal and Stem Cell Implantation, Neurotrophic Hormones, and Gene Therapy
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If neurons in the substantianigra are degenerating, why not replace them with new cells? Makes good sense. With modern technology, we should be able to implant healthy brain cells into the areas of degenerating neurons and reverse Parkinson’s disease (PD). Sounds simple, and in fact it does work to some extent. However, there are some impediments to this strategy. We can better understand the obstacles if we consider how the complex circuitry of the brain initially develops. The brain is far more complicated than the most sophisticated computer conceived by scientists. It contains about 10 billion neurons and many of these neurons have thousands of connections with one another. These connections are the wiring circuits, conceptually like a computer circuit. As we learned in chapter 2, connections to distant areas in the brain are made via axons, which are the wire-like extensions from neurons (see figures 2.1 and 2.2 in chapter 2). Axons transmit signals to other neurons and may extend to far reaches of the brain.
Application of Dynamic Factor Analysis to Affective Processes in Dyads
Authors: Ferrer Emilio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Individual processes, by definition, involve psychological phenomena that occur as a function of time. These processes are dynamic in nature; that is, they change over time and involve timelagged sequences. Because of this dynamic nature, the study of such processes at the individual level necessitates an intense set of measurements that capture the fluctuations-for example, hourly, daily, weekly, or whatever time dimension underlies the process-and the time dependency of the changes. The intraindividual variability design, in which a person is measured at multiple occasions, typically on many variables, was developed precisely for this purpose. In this chapter, I focus on dynamic factor analysis (DFA), a model that uses the intraindividual variability design, and illustrate its application to the study of affective processes in dyads.
Uniform Flow and Flow Resistance
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central problem of open-channel-flow hydraulics can be stated as follows: Given a channel reach with a specified geometry, material, and slope, what are the relations among flow depth, average velocity, width, and discharge? Solutions to this problem are essential for solving important practical problems, including 1) the design of channels and canals, 2) the areal extent of flooding that will result from a storm or snowmelt event, 3) the rate of travel of a flood wave through a channel network, and 4) the size and quantity of material that can be eroded or transported by various flows.
Rapidly Varied Steady Flow
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rapidly varied flow is flow in which the spatial rates of change of velocity and depth are large enough to make the assumptions of uniform and gradually varied flow inapplicable. Such flow occurs at relatively abrupt changes in channel geometry (bed elevation, width, slope, curvature, resistance) and is quite common in natural streams, particularly cascade and step-pool mountain streams (see figure 2.14, table 2.4) and flows over pronounced bedforms (see section 6.6.4.2, table 6.2). Rapidly varied flow is also common at engineered structures such as bridges, culverts, weirs, and flumes.
Introduction
Authors: Person Leland S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
America owes almost as much to Cooper as to Franklin and Washington: for if these great men created the Union, by skill in legislation and force of arms, it was Cooper, the unassuming storyteller, who broadcast the news of it across the seas by the interest of his tales and the fldelity of his patriotic feelings.
When I think of remarkable phenomena in American literary history, I think first of the nearly 1,800 poems discovered after Emily Dickinson’s death in a bureau in her Amherst, Massachusetts, home. I also think of William Faulkner’s creation of Yoknapatawpha County in Mississippi and of the many interconnected works set in that flctional space. But then I think of the five novels James Fenimore Cooper wrote about the improbably named frontier hero, Natty Bumppo. The Leatherstocking Tales feature episodes in Natty’s life, beginning with his young manhood (in The Deerslayer) and ending with his death (in The Prairie).
Race Traitor: Cooper, His Critics, and Nineteenth-Century Literary Politics
Authors: Mann Barbara Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Fenimore Cooper did not set out to become the target of the racist movement with his Leatherstocking Tales. Indeed, when he first set pen to paper, he could have anticipated only a warm welcome from the American literary elite, which initially saw him as one of its own. The story of his slide into the bad graces of his political enemies has already been told, but there remains one large, and largely unexplored, patch of ground that modern critics have gingerly skirted. It is none other than the staging point of attack on Cooper by his Antebellum critics: his honorary position as a “race traitor.”
In the rush to condemn Cooper as the racist of the drama, modern critics of the Leatherstocking Tales betray their ignorance of what true racists acted and sounded like between 1823 and 1841. Instead of grounding their criticism in historical and cultural knowledge, especially of Native America, they indulge in what I call Cry-Baby Criticism.
Immigrant Stories: Ethnicity and Education pathways during Middle Childhood
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immigration has been a significant part of the historical forces shaping this country. In the last two centuries, the United States has received distinct waves of people from Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and Africa, many seeking to move into this country permanently and become full American citizens with all the rights and responsibilities thereof. Two of the largest waves of immigration were observed in the twentieth century, each with distinct characteristics. As a consequence, today, one of every five Americans, more than 55 million strong, is an immigrant or the child of an immigrant.
Immigrants to this country usually come looking for a better life, not only for themselves but also for their children. They may be fleeing poverty, hunger, or persecution or perhaps just seeking better life opportunities for themselves and their family. They come with varying educational and economic assets and many times with skills that are not useful or valued in this country. In turn, each immigrant’s experiences are also shaped by the economic, demographic, and political conditions of the receiving communities.
The Cambodian Community: Small, Isolated, and Resilient
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the theoretical frameworks guiding the present study, our starting point to understanding children’s development is to examine the community context that most Cambodian families are part of. The local Cambodian community is the product of a larger historical process that brought Cambodians as refugees to the United States during a relatively short period of time, primarily between 1980 and 1986 (see Bailey, 2000a ). These migrations followed the decimation of the Cambodian population by war (both as a product of their involvement in the Vietnam War and ongoing civil war), starvation, persecution, and targeted executions of its most educated citizens who were seen as a threat to the oppressive regime. Eventually, hundreds of thousands of Cambodian survivors of the Khmer Rouge genocide fled to Thailand during 1979 and 1980, where they were placed in refugee camps. Tens of thousands were subsequently resettled as refugees in the United States and other countries (e.g., France and Canada). Since the most educated and affluent Cambodians had either been killed or fled in earlier years, many of the refugees who came to the United States were the most disadvantaged. They were disproportionately poor, less educated, and had suffered most from the emotional and physical trauma of the Khmer Rouge.
Final Reflections
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to increase our understanding of developmental processes during middle childhood in children of immigrants. The lack of knowledge on normative processes in these growing populations makes it imperative to conduct studies like ours. We need relevant data that will inform practice and policies to target the unique needs and challenges faced by these populations. We need to identify both universal and community-specific processes that will contribute not only to our understanding of these phenomena but also to the provision of the necessary conditions to ensure successful developmental outcomes in this quickly growing segment of the population.
The groups that we studied—Cambodians, Dominicans, and Portuguese—represent a large part of the spectrum of contemporary immigrant stories. Some are refugees, while others are considered “voluntary” immigrants; some hail from urban, others from rural environments; some are of Asian ancestry, others of Latino or EuropeanAmerican descent, and while some became part of an established U.S. ethnic enclave or are closely tied to the country of origin others exist in cultural isolation; we observed many dimensions in which immigration contexts differ. Through ethnographic work and parental interviews, we obtained a rich description of the cultural/psychological adaptations of these groups as they are incorporated into the urban fabric of Providence and East Providence.
Security in the Twenty-first Century A Larger Understanding
Authors: Hart Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twenty-first century has already presented itself as an age in which concern for security will be paramount: traditional security against violence, but also security of livelihood, security of community, security of our environment, and security of our children’s future. The large purpose toward which United States strategy must be centrally directed is the security of its citizens. A more secure world with expanding opportunities for political participation and economic wellbeing reduces threats against us and increases America’s security. To have the economic, political, and military power necessary for realization of our large purposes, we have to invent new ways to drive progress in our own society.
The Representation Of Things And People
Authors: Hochberg Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of pictures and the study of psychology as a scientific inquiry have long been intertwined. As our understanding of the processes of perception and learning has increased, we have had to alter our view of how pictorial communication takes place; conversely, various pictures and sketches, ranging from the early experiments with perspective drawing, through the Gestaltists’ explorations of the laws of grouping, to the inconsistent drawings of Escher and Albers, have had profound implications for the study of visual perception. In this paper, I shall try to bring current perceptual theory to bear on some of the issues that have been raised in the context of pictorial theory. First, however, we shall go back to da Vinci’s early experiments on pictorial representations, and to the ways in which the two classical schools of perceptual theory dealt with the problems posed by those experiments.
Mental Schemata And The Limits Of Perception
Authors: Enns James T , Austen Erin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Julian Hochberg deserves full credit for giving serious consideration to one of the most obvious and yet overlooked limitations of the human visual system. This is the fact that vision is not uniformly detailed over the field of view. Or, as he liked to put it, ‘‘unlike objects themselves, our perception of objects is not everywhere dense’’ (Hochberg, 1982, p. 214). He was referring to the fact that retinal cones are concentrated near the fovea, so as to maximize spatial resolution for only the central 1–28 around the point of fixation. This limitation means that in order to view any scene in detail, a series of eye movements and fixations must be made. It also implies that our subjective experience of a wide-angled field of view that is high in detail is an illusion, as many textbook demonstrations now attest. Yet, despite this knowledge, formal theories of vision, for the most part, paid very little attention to it until rather late into the 20th century. Even David Marr’s (1982) Vision, the book often credited with the greatest influence on vision science in the past quarter century, is remarkably silent on the consequences of this fundamental limitation.
‘‘How Big Is a Stimulus?’’ Learning About Imagery By Studying Perception
Authors: Reisberg Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1982, Julie Hochberg published a particularly compelling essay entitled ‘‘How Big Is a Stimulus?’’ (reproduced in this volume). That essay marshaled a number of arguments that Hochberg had developed in other writings and, with these arguments in view, drew the reader toward a series of important and persuasive claims: that the ‘‘effective stimulus’’ is sharply limited both spatially and temporally; that perception, therefore, is often determined by local cues, not global patterns; and that percepts, as a result, are ‘‘not everywhere dense’’ (because percepts are often ‘‘silent’’ or ‘‘vague’’ on information not contained within the local view).
On The Internal Consistency Of Perceptual Organization
Authors: Todd James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the central tenets of Gestalt psychology is that configurations of stimulus elements are perceptually organized to have the lowest possible structural complexity—what is often referred to as the ‘‘minimum principle.’’ Consider, for example, the image of a Necker cube presented in the left panel of Figure 31.1. It is important to keep in mind that the actual physical structure of this figure is a 2D configuration of lines, but that is not how it is perceived. It appears instead as a 3D cube, presumably because that structure is simpler than the alternative 2D interpretation.
Ideas Of Lasting Influence Hochberg’s Anticipation Of Research On Change Blindness And Motion-Picture Perception
Authors: Simons Daniel J , Levin Daniel T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Julian Hochberg has had little direct influence on our academic careers, and we have never even met him. Our knowledge of his contributions to perception and cognition comes entirely from his writings and through discussions of the influence he has had on some of our colleagues and mentors. Those writings have anticipated major developments in perception and cognition, often by several decades. We firmly believe that his prescient writings will continue to influence perception research for decades to come.The measure of Hochberg’s contribution comes not from the number of papers he published (although he has plenty), nor from extensive research on a single topic. Rather, at least for us, Hochberg’s influence comes from the number of original ideas he has had and the number of as yet unexplored big questions he has addressed in his writing. One useful rubric for measuring the influence of someone’s writing is to examine the number of good ideas contained in each of his papers (the metric was conceived by Brian Scholl: Most papers in psychology have at most one or maybe two new ideas (and many have a ratio of less than one idea/paper). In contrast, many of Hochberg’s papers, particularly his book chapters, are chock full of original, creative, and important ideas that cry out for further empirical work. Many of these ideas have yet to receive the attention they deserve in the perception literature. A researcher who was short of ideas could certainly mine Hochberg’s writings and never run out of important questions to address. In this essay, we describe just two examples of Hochberg’s ability to identify interesting and underexplored problems. One involves a study he described in passing as part of a larger chapter, an experiment that anticipated the current literature on change detection by nearly 20 years. The other involves his thorough discussion of motion-picture perception, an area that still is in desperate need of empirical exploration.
On The Cognitive Ecology Of The Cinema
Authors: Tan Ed S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contribution of psychology to an understanding of the cinema has been a limited one. After Hugo Müunterberg’s The Photoplay (1916) and Rudolf Arnheim’s Film as Art (1933/1958), only a few scattered studies appeared in press until the late 1970s, when James Gibson devoted a chapter to motion pictures, where he observed: The technology of cinema and television has reached the very highest level of applied science.
If Your Adolescent has an Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Foa Edna B , Andrews Linda Wasmer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An in-depth look at prevalent anxiety disorders in adolescents, this book is designed for parents of teens who have recently been diagnosed with or who are at risk for developing such a disorder. It is also for other adults, such as teachers and guidance counsellors, who are regularly in contact with at-risk adolescents. The book combines scientific expertise - including information about available treatments and up-to-date research findings on anxiety disorders-with the practical wisdom of parents who have raised teenagers with these illnesses. In clear and accessible language, Dr Edna B. Foa and Linda Wasmer Andrews explain in detail each of the four major anxiety disorders (social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder). The book includes tips on how to go about getting a diagnosis, what a diagnosis means, when and where to get treatment, and how to navigate the health care system. There is also advice on how to handle everyday life - both at home and at school - once the teen is diagnosed. Pointers on red flags to look out for and about the dangers of doing nothing are included as well to help parents and other adults deal effectively with adolescent anxiety disorders before they become debilitating.
Establishing Eismitte
Authors: McCoy Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Creating a meteorological station in the middle of the Greenland ice cap changed a fairly simple expedition into an extremely difficult one. Distance, weather, and altitude created one hurdle after another for the Central Station team. Transporting equipment and provisions 400 kilometers (250 miles) by dogsled usually took two weeks even in the best weather conditions. Averaging 29 kilometers (18 miles) per day demanded great energy from men and dogs. And the loads for the weather station were limited because of food, tents, and bedding needed for the trip out and back. Storage depots were established along the way, but these were held in reserve for emergency use in case a sled party was stranded by a storm. Another hurdle was the expedition’s dependence on motor sleds that had not been tested in the Arctic. As the team realized the limits on loads carried by dogsleds, they realized that motor sleds were more than a supplement to the dogsleds—they were essential.
Winter at East Station and West Station, 1930–1931
Authors: McCoy Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walther Kopp and two other men sailed from Copenhagen on July IO, 1930, and arrived at the mouth of Scoresby Sound on the nineteenth. Because the sea ice stays so much longer on the east coast of Greenland, no ship can enter Scoresby Sound before the middle of summer. Kopp had experience with high-altitude atmospheric measurements at the Aeronautical Observatory in Lindenburg, Germany. Hermann Peters was trained as a biologist, and Arnold Ernsting was an engineering student.
Civil Incarceration of Violent Sexual Offenders
Authors: Kadane Joseph B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current law in several states permits the civil incarceration of violent sexual offenders (rapists and pedophiles) after their criminal sentences are served, if they are found to be likely to reoffend. The issue in this section is the quality of the expert evidence offered in support of such incarceration.
The social stakes in this issue are large. On the one hand, society wishes to protect itself from persons likely to repeat violent sexual acts. On the other hand, a person who has served a sentence for a crime generally ought to be freed. Detaining a person on the grounds that they might, in the future, commit a crime is fraught with danger to a society that values civil liberty.
Is Weight loss Surgery Right for you?
Authors: Apple Robin F , Lock James , Peebles Rebecka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You are most likely considering weight loss surgery because you are obese. But there may be medical concerns and similar factors that will sway your decision one way or the other. You will want to consider all these factors as you think about weight loss surgery. First, do you qualify for the diagnosis of severe obesity? This is one of the first considerations when deciding if surgery is an appropriate weight loss tool for you. Doctors use the body mass index (BMI) to categorize degrees of overweight in patients.