bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diclofenac‐induced antibodies against red blood cells are heterogeneous and recognize different epitopes
Authors: Sachs Ulrich J.H. , Santoso Sentot , Röder Lida , Smart Elizabeth , Bein Gregor , Kroll Hartmut 
Published: July 2004

BACKGROUND:  Diclofenac (DCF) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug implicated as a cause of immune hemolytic anemia. Drug derivatives have been suggested to be an important—or probably the primary—immunizing agent in drug‐induced immune reactions. A systematic evaluation of 12 patients with DCF‐induced immune hemolysis is reported.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  All sera samples were evaluated with standard serologic tests for the detection of red blood cells (RBCs) and platelet (PLT) antibodies in the presence of DCF, DCF‐urine (DCF‐U), and five chemically defined metabolites.RESULTS:  Twelve patients’ sera samples reacted with DCF‐U, but only 9 reacted with DCF. When derivatives were tested, no metabolite was recognized by all sera samples (although 4′‐OH‐DCF was recognized by 11/12), and no metabolite remained unrecognized. As demonstrated with Rhnull cells, the Rh complex may represent an important, but not the only, target protein for which drug‐dependent antibodies are specific. PLT‐reactive antibodies were not detectable.CONCLUSION:  There is evidence that patients with DCF‐induced immune hemolysis produce a broad spectrum of anti‐DCF/RBC antibodies. 4′‐OH‐DCF seems to represent the most immunogenic metabolite. Nevertheless, all patients’ sera samples contain a mixture of antibodies that recognize several and distinguishable epitopes. These epitopes consist of different drug metabolites and a target protein on the RBC surface, which appears to be the Rh complex in many, but not in all, cases. Additional target proteins remain to be identified.
Human platelet antigen‐specific alloantibodies implicated in 1162 cases of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Davoren Anne , Curtis Brian R. , Aster Richard H. , McFarland Jarice G. 
Published: July 2004

BACKGROUND:  Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NATP) caused by fetomaternal mismatch for human platelet (PLT) alloantigens (HPAs) complicates approximately 1 in 1000 to 1 in 2000 pregnancies and can lead to a serious bleeding diathesis, intracranial hemorrhage, and sometimes death of the fetus or neonate. As a national reference center for NATP investigations, our experience with this entity over a 12‐year period was reviewed.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  The laboratory records of all cases of suspected NATP referred for evaluation from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2002, were analyzed. The spectrum of PLT alloantibody specificities identified was compared with an earlier reported series of serologically verified NATP cases.RESULTS:  HPA‐specific alloantibodies were identified in 1162 (31%) of 3743 sera of mothers of infants with clinically suspected NATP. Maternal HPA‐1a (PlA1) alloimmunization accounted for the majority (79%) of confirmed NATP cases, with HPA‐5b (Bra), HPA‐3a (Baka), and HPA‐1b (PLA2) alloantibodies accounting for 9, 2, and 4 percent of cases, respectively. In addition, an increase in the number of cases in which multiple HPA‐specific alloantibodies were present in maternal sera was observed during the study period.CONCLUSION:  Although, as with the earlier series, maternal HPA‐1a alloimmunization was the dominant cause of NATP, the identification of an increasing number of cases due to alternative HPA polymorphisms suggests that investigation for HPA‐1 incompatibility alone is no longer sufficient to fully evaluate clinically suspect NATP cases.
High Voltage AlGaN/GaN Heterojunction Transistors
Authors: McCarthy L. S. , Zhang N-Q. , Xing H. , Moran B. , DenBaars S. , Mishra U. K. 
Published: July 2004

The use of AlGaN / GaN HEMTs and HBTs for switching power supplies is explored. With its high electron velocities and breakdown fields, GaN has great potential for power switching. The field-plate HEMT increased breakdown voltages by 20% to 570V by reducing the peak field at the drain-side edge of the gate. The use of a gate insulator is also investigated, using both JVD SiO 2 and e-beam evaporated SiO 2 to reduce gate leakage, increasing breakdown voltages to 1050V and 1300V respectively. The power device figure of merit (FOM) for these devices: [Formula: see text], is the highest reported for switching devices. To reduce trapping effects, reactively sputtered SiN x, is used as a passivant, resulting in a switching time of less than 30 ns for devices blocking over 110V with a drain current of 1.4A under resistive load conditions. Dynamic load results are also presented. The development of HBTs for switching applications included the development of an etched emitter HBT with a selectively regrown extrinsic base. This was later improved upon with the selectively regrown emitter devices with current gains as high as 15. To improve breakdown in these devices, thick GaN layers were grown, reducing threading dislocation densities in the active layers. A further improvement included the use of a bevelled shallow etch and a lateral collector design to maximize device breakdown.
Manliness and Imperial Service in Mughal North India
Authors: O'Hanlon Rosalind 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis essay explores some of the ways in which gender identity and norms for manhood were important in the political and religious discourses of Mughal north India. A concern with the meanings of manhood ran through these discourses and their antecedents in the wider world of medieval Perso-Islamic political culture, constructing important and enduring links between kingship, norms for statecraft, imperial service and ideal manhood. The essay examines in detail the ways in which one high imperial servant in the early seventeenth century inherited, developed and reflected on these themes, and related them to his own personal experience. These definitions of elite manliness began to change in the later seventeenth century, and their connection with imperial service began to fracture, with the emergence of more complexly stratified urban societies in north India, and the development of an increasingly ebullient and cosmopolitan ethos of gentlemanly connoisseurship and consumption. The essay examines some of the normative literature associated with these shifts, and suggests that one of their consequences may have been to intensify the strains in Mughal service morale associated with the last decades of the seventeenth century.
The Ribât System and Its Role In Coastal Navigation
Authors: Khalilieh Hassan 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe article deals with the role of the coastal defense system, called ribât in medieval Islam, in coastal navigation. The issues emerge through this discussion are the distance between each one of the watching points along the coastal frontiers, inhabitants of the ribats, and the civil functions of the ribâts. The article proves that these fortresses located along the Islamic coastal frontiers along the Mediterranean as well as the Indian Ocean functioned as a refuge for attacked Muslim merchant ships by foreign powers and pirates. Our evidence came from written sources and archeological finds.
The Use and Abuse of Wine in Ancient China
Authors: Poo Mu-Chou 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis study traces the use of wine in ancient China. Employing archaeological and literary sources, the author discusses the manufacturing of wine, the use of wine in rituals and festivities, the attitudes toward wine-drinking, and the government control of the production and consumption of wine. Wine was a prestigious drink in both religious ceremonies and secular gatherings, yet it was also a symbol of wanton behaviour when used excessively.
Limits of the Almighty: Mehmed II's 'Land Reform' Revisited
Authors: Özel Oktay 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper reviews the reform attempt that took place in the Ottoman Empire during the last years of Mehmed II (1451-81), which is generally referred to as a "land reform" in Ottoman historiography. First, it emphasizes that the freeholds, the main target of the said reform, were 'revenue-holdings' not land-holdings. Second, based on the examination of a tax register belonging to the Anatolian province of Amasya, it shows that the reform brought no fundamental change in the existing revenue holding system, let alone in the land relations, which remained entirely outside the scope of the reform. Finally, the article describes Mehmed II's attempt, insofar as reflected in north-central Anatolia, as no more than a somewhat superficial "fiscal" reform, which eventually resulted in failure upon his death, revealing the vulnerability of the positions of the sultans in their struggle for power against the centrifugal forces in the Ottoman Empire.
Not by Bread Alone: Symbolic Loss, Trauma, and Recovery in Elephant Communities
Authors: Bradshaw Isabel Gay 
Published: July 2004

AbstractLike many humans in the wake of genocide and war, most wildlife today has sustained trauma. High rates of mortality, habitat destruction, and social breakdown precipitated by human actions are unprecedented in history. Elephants are one of many species dramatically affected by violence. Although elephant communities have processes, rituals, and social structures for responding to trauma—grieving, mourning, and socialization—the scale, nature, and magnitude of human violence have disrupted their ability to use these practices. Absent the cultural, carrier groups (murdered elephant matriarchs and elders) who traditionally lead and teach these healing practices, humans must assume the role. Trauma theory has brought attention to victims' severe, sustained psychological damage. Looking through the lens of trauma theory provides a better understanding of how systematic violence has affected individuals and groups and how the pervasive nature of traumatic events affects human-nonhuman animal relationships. The framing of recent trauma theory compels conservationists to create new relationships—neither anthropocentric nor powerbased—with nonhuman animals. The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, Kenya, shows how humans, taking on the role of interspecies witness, bring orphan elephants back to health and help re-build elephant communities shattered by genocide.
In the Eye of the Beholder: Changing Social Perceptions of the Florida Manatee
Authors: Goedeke Theresa 
Published: July 2004

AbstractLittle understood in early U.S. history, the Florida manatee suffered at the hands of people. After the manatees were listed as endangered, scientists began to study manatees and gained much knowledge about them. With education efforts, the species then went from inspiring acts of cruelty to inspiring dedication and admiration among scientists, policymakers, and the interested public. The image of the manatee underwent a transformation. The social and cultural reinvention of the Florida manatees improved their chances for protection.
Sīra/s et Histoire
Authors: Garcin Jean-Claude 
Published: July 2004

AbstractLe but de cette étude est de tenter de replacer les textes édités des cinq "grandes sīra/s" dans un cadre historique. Nous n'entendons pas par là, faire un bilan des recherches sur la constitution de ces sīra/s, qui sont loin d'être achevées. Nous ne nous sommes intéressés aux sīra/s que dans leurs versions imprimées, et dans la mesure où l'état des textes semblait correspondre à ce qu'ils étaient à la fin de l'époque médiévale, laissant ainsi de côté les ajouts visiblement postérieurs (peu importants par rapport à l'ensemble : "modernisation" des noms de titres et fonctions à l'époque ottomanes, et adjonction alors de quelques épisodes). Dans une première partie, publiée dans le précédent numéro d'Arabica consacré au Roman de Baybars, faute de pouvoir encore dater les textes par l'analyse de la langue, ce qui demandera encore beaucoup de temps (et n'est pas de notre compétence), nous nous sommes efforcés de dater le public destinataire des sīra/s. Il nous est apparu que ces sīra/s se présentaient comme une nouvelle littérature de jihād, et l'analyse géo-politique des textes utilisés dans les éditions imprimées, a semblé montrer que ce jihād se réduisait à la défense de l'Empire mamelouk, et que le public auquel le contenu de ces sīra/s était destiné, avait sans doute vécu au XV° siècle. Nous nous sommes ensuite interrogés sur l'adéquation des sīra/s à leur public, et il nous a semblé qu'on pouvait les mettre en rapport avec divers groupes sociaux de la société mamelouke de ce temps (émirs circassiens, grandes dames circassiennes, grands eunuques éthiopiens et autres Africains, communauté maghrébine du Caire).
Sultan Baybars I and the Georgians—In the Light of New Documents related to the Monastery of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem
Authors: Pahlitzsch Johannes , Müller Christian 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThroughout the Middle Ages, the Monastery of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem was a highly symbolic place to Georgians and to their kings. Although the monks were expropriated and their abbot was killed at the end of Sultan Baybars's reign, the Monastery preserved two documents that guaranteed its protection by Mamluk authorities, a court-authenticated testimony and a Sultan's missive. These documents, which were issued before the Monastery was turned into a Sufi convent by Šayh Hadir, shed new light on the complex relations of the Mamluk state with its Christian minorities. The radical change in the Mamluk's attitude towards the Monastery coincided with a rupture in political relations between the Mamluks and Georgian polities in the aftermath of the battle of 'Ayn Gālūt. The Sultan's missive that was addressed to one of his emirs is one of the oldest specimens of Mamluk chancellery. It proves that the Mamluk military ranking system did not yet exist under Sultan Baybars.
Protestantische Widerstandstheorie in England und Schottland: Gottes Gebot und die Souveränität des Volkes
Authors: Ottow Raimund 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWenn von protestantischer Widerstandstheorie die Rede ist, wird wohl in erster Linie an die französisch-hugenottischen sogenannten 'Monarchomachen' gedacht, die auf die Massaker der 'Bartholomäus-Nacht' (1572) reagierten. 1 Diese hugenottische Widerstandstheorie hat aber eine weniger bekannte Vorgeschichte, die in England bzw. in englischen Exilkreisen der Zeit Mary Tudors spielt und sich in der Bewegung zur Absetzung und Verurteilung Mary Stuarts von Schottland fortsetzt. Hier ist beabsichtigt, die wichtigsten Autoren dieser britischen Bewegung zu diskutieren, an denen sich, bei internen Differenzen, der Durchbruch älterer Theorien und Traditionen legitimen Widerstandes zur These der Volkssouveränität aufzeigen läßt.
A simple relationship to calculate eel surface area
Authors: Sébert Philippe , Vettier Aurelie , Belhomme Marc 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Energy metabolism has a linear relationship with body surface (BS). However, this surface area cannot be easily measured. Consequently, a simple formula including body mass (BM) and body length (BL) is proposed for the eel. The formula BS = BL0.53 × BM 0.49 × 3.983 gives BS calculated values which show very low variations compared to the measured values (0.16 ± 1.07%). The formula may be employed in the study of eel energetics and various aspects of applied aquaculture.
On the osteology and myology of the cephalic region and pectoral girdle of Franciscodoras marmoratus (Lütken 1874), comparison with other doradids, and comments on the synapomorphies and phylogenetic relationships of the Doradidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes)
Authors: Diogo Rui , Chardon Michel , Vandewalle Pierre 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The cephalic and pectoral girdle structures of Franciscodoras marmoratus are described and compared to those of representatives of the three main doradid groups, namely Anadoras weddellii (Astrodoradinae), Acanthodoras cataphractus (Platydoradinae) and Doras punctatus (Doradinae), as well as members of the other siluriform families, as the foundation for a discussion on the phylogenetic relationships of the Doradidae. Our observations and comparisons support the idea that the Doradidae is closely related to the Auchenipteridae. In addition, our observations and comparisons pointed out a potentially new doradid synapomorphy, namely, the presence of a well-developed, deep, oval fossa between the dorsomedian surface of the pterotic and the dorsolateral surface of the parietosupraoccipital.
First Record of Chilodonella hexasticha (Kiernik, 1909) Kahl, 1931 (Ciliophora: Chilodonellidae) infesting a freshwater fish Nandus nandus (Hamilton) from Gangetic West Bengal, India
Authors: Mitra Amlan Kumar , Haldar Durga 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWest Bengal, situated in the eastern part of the country, is one of the most beautiful and important states of India. In a developing country like India, fish is one of the cheapest sources of protein and West Bengal contributes a major portion of the total fish production. Fishery development represents a vital sector in West Bengal. The degree of success in this sector depends to a great extent on the advancement of fish parasitology research, as it is evident that the increase of fish yields can only be achieved from healthy fish stock. During an investigation (July 2001 - December 2002), a protozoan ectoparasite, Chilodonella hexasticha (Kiernik, 1909) Kahl, 1931, was found on the gills of a freshwater fish Nandus nandus (Hamilton). This finding is very important for the fishery sector, as this parasite causes the disease chilodonellosis, which leads to mass mortality. The present paper deals with the morphology, systematics, seasonal incidences and prevalence of C. hexasticha.
Phenotypic plasticity: its role in trophic radiation and explosive speciation in cichlids (Teleostei: Cichlidae)
Authors: Stauffer Jay , van Snick Gray Ellen 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is the capacity of an organism's phenotype to vary in different environments. Although diet-induced phenotypic plasticity has been documented in New World cichlids, it has been hypothesised that this type of plasticity would be limited in certain Old World cichlids, because of the morphological constraints on the jaw imposed by mouth-brooding. This hypothesis was experimentally tested by determining the effect of different diets on the head and jaw morphology of split broods of several species of haplochromine cichlids from Lake Malaŵi, Africa, and two substrate-spawning cichlids, one from the Old World, Tilapia mariae (Boulenger), and one from the New World, Herichthys cyanoguttatum (Baird and Girard). Different feeding regimes resulted in differences in head morphologies in both New and Old World cichlid species. Although Old World mouth-brooding haplochromine cichlids exhibited phenotypic plasticity, the magnitude of head-shape plasticity observed was greater in the New World substrate-spawning cichlid, H. cyanoguttatum . The Old World tilapiine cichlid, T. mariae , did not exhibit phenotypic plasticity of head morphology. Experiments with modified foods demonstrated that the observed changes were unrelated to dietary nutrition, but were a result of differing feeding modes. Phenotypic plasticity might have contributed to the extensive trophic radiation and subsequent explosive speciation observed in Old World haplochromine cichlids. The existence of phenotypic plasticity has implications for morphology-based species descriptions as well.
Blood plasma substrates and muscle lactic-acid response after exhaustive exercise in common carp and trout: indications for a limited lactate-shuttle
Authors: van Ginneken Vincent , Boot Ron , Murk Tinka , van den Thillart Guido , Balm Paul 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
In a Blazka swim tunnel swim trials with individual carp (Cyprinus carpio , N = 6, approximately 176 g) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss , N = 6 approximately 123 g) were performed until exhaustion at six body lengths per second (BL/s). Control carp (N = 6) and control trout (N = 6) were sampled after a moderate swim exercise at 1.5 BL/s. Significant differences were demonstrated in the exhausted carp group in comparison with the control group for plasma sodium (108.8%), lactic acid in red muscle (RM) (375.5%), lactic acid in white muscle (WM) (484.5%), triglycerids (133.9%), total protein (126.7%) and phospholipids (116.8%). In trout only, potassium was significantly elevated in the exhausted group (129.2%). T3- and T4-plasma values, as well as the T3/T4 ratio, were unaffected by the exercise protocol in both fish species. Despite the high lactic acid values in muscle tissue (RM: range 5-7 mM, WM: range 4-9 mM) in the exhausted groups of both fish species, the lactate in blood plasma in both fish species was not elevated (range 1.5-1.6 mM). This indicates that lactate is not released from the muscle compartment towards the blood and led to the concept of a 'non-release' lactic acid mechanism in cyprinid and a salmonid fish species after strenuous exercise.
On the osteology and myology of the cephalic region and pectoral girdle of Chaca bankanensis Bleeker 1852, with comments on the autapomorphies and phylogenetic relationships of the Chacidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes)
Authors: Diogo Rui , Chardon Michel , Vandewalle Pierre 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The cephalic and pectoral girdle structures of Chaca bankanensis are described and compared to those of other catfishes, as the foundation for a discussion on the autapomorphies and phylogenetic relationships of the Chacidae. Our observations and comparisons pointed out six new chacid autapomorphies, namely: (1) absence of abductor superficialis; (2) ethmoid cartilage with long, thin, anterolateral projections situated ventrally to the anterolateral arms of mesethmoid; (3) interopercular with well-developed, deep concavity to articulate with posterior surface of preopercular; (4) dorsal process 2 of the cleithrum highly developed and markedly extended posteriorly. In addition, our observations and comparisons support a close relationship between the chacids, the plotosids and the clariids.