bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrating tuberculosis and HIV care in the primary care setting in South Africa
Authors: Coetzee David , Hilderbrand Katherine , Goemaere Eric , Matthys Francine , Boelaert Marleen 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground In many countries including South Africa, the increasing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) epidemics have impacted significantly on already weakened public health services. This paper reviews the scope, process and performance of the HIV and TB services in a primary care setting where antiretroviral therapy is provided, in Khayelitsha, South Africa, in order to assess whether there is a need for some form of integration.Methods The scope and process of both services were assessed through observations of the service and individual and group interviews with key persons. The performance was assessed by examining the 2001–2002 reports from the health information system and clinical data.Results The TB service is programme oriented to the attainment of an 85% cure rate amongst smear‐positive patients while the HIV service has a more holistic approach to the patient with HIV. The TB service is part of a well‐established programme that is highly standardized. The HIV service is in the pilot phase. There is a heavy load at both services and there is large degree of cross‐referral between the two services. There are lessons that can be learnt from each service. There is an overlap of activities, duplication of services and under‐utilization of staff. There are missed opportunities for TB and HIV prevention, diagnosis and management.Conclusions The study suggests that there may be benefits to integrating HIV and TB services. Constraints to this process are discussed.
Seroepidemiology of Toxocara canis infection among mountain aboriginal schoolchildren living in contaminated districts in eastern Taiwan
Authors: Fan Chia‐Kwung , Hung Chien‐Ching , Du Wen‐Yuan , Liao Chien‐Wei , Su Kua‐Eyre 
Published: December 2004

SummaryWe conducted a seroepidemiological study of Toxocara canis infection among mountain aboriginal schoolchildren aged 7–12 years living in contaminated districts in eastern Taiwan. To detect sera IgG (≥1:64) we used a T. canis larval excretory‐secretory antigen‐based enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. A short questionnaire elicited information on the practices of raising dogs, playing with soil, eating raw vegetables, or whether the child normally washed his/her hands before eating. The overall seroprevalence was quite high, reaching 76.6% (252/329). Neither age nor gender seemed to be important factors related to a positive serology. Aboriginal schoolchildren who raised dogs (OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.04–3.19, P = 0.03), or played with soil (OR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.49–4.25, P < 0.001) seemed to be more susceptible to T. canis infection than those who did not. Children who habitually washed their hands before eating (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.33–0.97, P = 0.04) had a lower chance of acquiring T. canis infection than those who did not.
Mycobacterium ulcerans disease: role of age and gender in incidence and morbidity
Authors: Debacker M. , Aguiar J. , Steunou C. , Zinsou C. , Meyers W. M. , Scott J. T. , Dramaix M. , Portaels F. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryDuring the 5‐year period, 1997–2001, 1700 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease [Buruli ulcer (BU)] were treated at the Centre Sanitaire et Nutritionnel Gbemoten, Zagnanado, Benin. The patients lived in the four regions of southern Benin: Atlantique, Mono, Oueme and Zou, with the largest number coming from the Zou Region where the centre is located. The median age of BU patients was 15 years (q1 = 7, q3 = 30). Lower limbs are involved 3.2 times more frequently than upper limbs in older patients and younger patients have the highest prevalence of multiple lesions. The latter are frequently associated with bone lesions. Specific detection rates for age and gender showed a distribution with maximum peaks in the 10–14 years group and among adults between 75 and 79 years. Over 59 years, males are more at risk of developing M. ulcerans disease than females. Children under 15 years represent the largest part of the BU disease burden and of the general population. The highest detection rates (per 100 000 population) were in the 75–79‐year‐old patients. The most likely explanation of this was reactivation of disease from a latent infection of M. ulcerans. Educational programmes should target especially these two groups of population at risk.
Conditional Methodology for Individual Case History Data
Authors: Catchpole E. A. , Morgan B. J. T. , Coulson T. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryKey ecological studies involve the regular censusing of populations of wild animals, resulting in individual case history data which record when marked individuals are seen alive and/or found dead. We show how current conditional methods of analysing case history data may be biased. We then show how a correction can be applied, making use of results from a mark–recovery–recapture analysis. This allows a simple investigation of the effect of time-varying individual covariates such as weight that often contain missing values. The work is motivated and illustrated by the study of Soay sheep in the St Kilda archipelago.
Comparison of the Effects of the CO2 Surgical Laser and Conventional Surgical Techniques on Healing and Wound Tensile Strength of Skin Flaps in the Dog
Authors: Mison Michael B. , Steficek Barbara , Lavagnino Michael , Teunissen Brian D. , Hauptman Joe G. , Walshaw Richard 
Published: December 2004

Objective— To determine if CO2 laser was superior to conventional surgical techniques (CST) for creation of skin flaps in dogs as determined by hemostasis, wound healing, and wound tensile strength.Study Design— In‐vivo modelAnimals— Six large, mixed‐breed dogs.Methods— On each dog's trunk, 3 pairs of identical, dorsally based, pedicled skin flaps were created and sutured back into position. Based on a Latin Square design, flaps on one side were created with a CO2 laser and on the other side by CST. Intraoperative hemorrhage was measured by weighing sponges used to absorb blood. On days 7, 10, and 14, specimens from the flap‐skin junction and the central portion of each pair of flaps were collected. Specimens were subjected to tensile strength testing and histologic examination to evaluate wound healing.Results— Mean (± standard error of mean [SEM]) hemorrhage was significantly less (P= .02) with CO2 laser (4.70 ± 1.37 g) than CST (10.82 ± 1.37 g). Wound tensile strength (N/m2) after CST (0.49 ± 0.049) was significantly greater (P= .01) than with CO2 laser (0.17 ± 0.049). Laser incisions had partial necrosis of the wound edges and a more extensive inflammatory response; however, healing of the wound beds were similar regardless of technique.Conclusions— The CO2 laser provided better intraoperative hemostasis than CST. However, overall healing and increase in tensile strength of the skin‐flap junction of the flaps created by the laser may be delayed during the first few weeks of wound healing.Clinical Relevance— Skin flaps used to repair large skin defects in dogs can be created and elevated with a CO2 laser. In areas of increased skin mobility or tension, skin flaps created with CO2 laser may be more susceptible to complications such as dehiscence, and care should be taken to minimize these complications.
A 10‐year study of snowboard injuries in Lapland Sweden
Authors: Made C. , Elmqvist L.‐G. 
Published: December 2004

Snowboard injuries in a Swedish ski area were evaluated from 1989 to 1999. All injured skiers (alpine, telemark, snowboarders) who sought medical attention at the local Medical Center within 48 h of the accident, were asked to answer an injury form. Physicians assessed and treated the injured skiers. There were a total of 1775 injured skiers; 568 injured snowboarders mean age 19 years. The female/male ratio was 34/66%, the injury rate 3/1000 skier days, three times higher than that of alpine skiers. The skill level of the injured snowboard riders improved during the period. The fall/run ratio of the beginners was higher (1.0) and their risk behavior lower (3.9 on visual analogue scale 1–10) in comparison to the advanced riders (0.4 and 6.6, respectively).Injuries were in 54% located to the upper extremity, 35% were wrist/lower arm injuries. Beginners had significantly higher frequency of lower arm/wrist injuries (46%), than average (32%) and advanced riders (20%). The most frequent single diagnosis was wrist/lower arm fracture (20%). Advanced riders tend to have more head/neck injuries than beginners, 17% vs. 13% (NS). Thus, with elevated skill level the injury pattern changed.For injury prevention, wrist guards and helmets are recommended for snowboard riders.
Fat metabolism in exercise – with special reference to training and growth hormone administration
Authors: Lange Kai Henrik Wiborg 
Published: December 2004

Despite abundance of fat, exclusive dependency on fat oxidation can only sustain a metabolic rate corresponding to 50–60% of VO2max in humans. This puzzling finding has been subject to intense research for many years. Lately, it has gained renewed interest as a consequence of increased obesity and physical inactivity imposed by Western lifestyle. Why are humans so poor at metabolizing fat? Can fat metabolism be manipulated by exercise, training, diet and hormones? And why is fat stored in specialized adipose tissue and not just as lipid droplets inside muscle cells?In the present review, human fat metabolism is discussed in relation to how human fat metabolism is designed. Limitations in this design are explored and examples of different designs for fat metabolism from animal physiology are included to illustrate these limitations. Various means of manipulating fat metabolism are discussed with special emphasis on exercise, training, growth hormone (GH) physiology and GH administration. It is concluded that fat stores, non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) availability and enzymes for fat oxidation can be increased substantially. However, it is almost impossible to increase fat oxidation during endurance exercise at higher intensities. It seems that, for some reason, the human being is far from optimally designed for fat oxidation during exercise. Acute GH administration has several unexpected effects on fat and carbohydrate metabolism during aerobic exercise, and future research in this area is likely to provide valuable information with respect to GH physiology and the regulation of fat and carbohydrate metabolism during aerobic exercise.
Polymer‐protected cu/pd bimetallic clusters
Authors: Toshima Naoki , Wang Yuan 
Published: December 2004

Polymer‐protected bimetallic clusters areexcellent candidates as catalysts for various chemical reactions. For Example, Cu/Pd clusters accelerate the hydration of acrylonitrile (See Figure). However, hurdles femain to be overcome in their preparation. Following a brief overview of preparative techniques, details are given of a new method for the preparation of Cu/Pd binetallic clusters protected by poly(N‐vinyl‐2pyrrolidone) from bimetallic hydroxide colloids. magnified image
Polymeric Gas Separation Membrances
Authors: Hensema Edwin R. 
Published: December 2004

Synthetic gas separation membranes have developed tremendously since the first commercial system was introduced just 15 years ago. Factors affecting the permeabilities and selectivities of new “tailor‐made” membrane materials are discussed. For example, because the p‐isomer is more rod‐like than the m‐isomer chain shown in the figure, the resulting membranes have a higher permeability. magnified image
The first evidence for the generation of radicals and formation of electrically conducting molecular materials by protic doping of tetrathiafulvalenes
Authors: Giffard Michel , Alonso Pablo , Garín Javier , Gorgues Alain , Nguyen Thien Phap , Richomme Pascal , Robert Albert , Roncali Jean , Uriel Santiago 
Published: December 2004

Protic acid doping of organic materials can be used to form conductive materials, see Figure. In an attempt to identify the mechanism of charge transfer in materials formed in this way, this first evidence is presented for the occurrence of radicals in the TTF + TTFH⊕ system (TTF us tetrathiafulvalene). magnified image
Scanning force microscopy on silver island film: Correlation between particle geometry and optical properties
Authors: Schimmel Thomas , Bingler Hans‐Georg , Franzke Dieter , Wokaun Alexander 
Published: December 2004

The behavior of metal island films needs to be studied if such films are to be used, as envisaged, in optical data communication and sensor technologies. The changes in surface topography of Ag island films on glass substrates upon thermal annealing (see Figure) and laser irradiation, as revealed by atomic force microscopy, are reported and correlated with the results of optical absorption supectrometry. magnified image
Molecular/organic magenets–potential applications
Authors: Miller Joel S. 
Published: December 2004

Interest in molecular magnets has so far mainly been confined to scientific aspects, but their potential technological applications are wide ranging. Here their use in lightweight transformers and generators, magnetic shielding, and magnetic and magneto‐optic recording media are discussed. The Figure shows a powder sample of the room‐temperature V(TCNE)x · y(solvent) magnet being attracted to a Co5Sm magnet. magnified image
Large second‐order optical nonlinearities and enhanced thermal stabilities in extended thiophene‐containing compounds
Authors: Gilmour Sandra , Marder Seth R. , Perry Joseph W. , Cheng Lap‐Tak 
Published: December 2004

The optimiztion of second order optical nonliearity requires molecules with a specific degree of ground‐state polarization. In this connection, studies of extended thiophne‐containing compunds with acceptors that gain aromaticity on charge separation, such as the molecule shown, are described. As it also exhibits good therma stability, this compound is a promising candidate for electro‐optic poled polymer applications. magnified image
“Open” analogues of azacycloalkane mesogens: Liquid‐crystalline diethylenetriamides
Authors: Stebani Uwe , Lattermann Günter , Wittenberg Michael , Festag Reinhard , Wendorff Joachim Heinz 
Published: December 2004

Liquid crystals containing “open” analogues of the mesomorphic amide 1,4,7‐triazacyclononane, i.e., 3,4‐bis(alkoxy)‐ benzoyl substituted diethylenetriamine, are reported, showing that the closed‐ring structure of the central core is not essential for mesomorphism in these compounds. The Figure shows the pronounced pseudo‐focalconic texture observed under the polarizing microscope for the decy1 derivative. magnified image
Electrochemical formation of a self‐doped conductive polymer in the absence of a supporting electrolyte. The copolymerization of o‐aminobenzenesulfonic acid and aniline
Authors: Barbero Cesar , Kötz Rüdiger 
Published: December 2004

Electrochemical polymerization without a supporting electrolyte would most probably yield a material with more reproducible and better difined propertis, and is therefore a technique to be encouraged. The formation of an electroactive, self‐doped polymer (see Figure) by electropolymerization is described and the analysis of the resulting films presented. magnified image
The formation of silicon carbide films from disilane derivatives
Authors: Hengge Edwin , Zechmann Arno , Hofer Ferdinand , Pölt Peter , Lux Benno , Danzinger Michael , Haubner Roland 
Published: December 2004

The formation of silicon carbide films presents problems arising from the fact that the precursors employed are usually a mixture of compounds. It is demonstrated that high‐quality silicon carbide films (see Figure) can be produced by chemical vapor deposition using easily available disilane derivatives as the precursor. magnified image
Electron microscopy studies of amphiphilic self‐assemblies on vitreous ice
Authors: Majewski Jaroslaw , Margulis Lev , Weissbuch Isabelle , Popovitz‐Biro Ronit , Arad Talmon , Talmon Yeshayahu , Lahav Meir , Leiserowitz Leslie 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe structure of self‐assemblies of amphiphiles formed at the air–aqueous solution interface can be determined by cryo transmission electron microscopy (Cryo‐TEM). The method is based on fast vitrification of the thin layer of aqueous solution covered with amphiphilic monolayer by plunging the specimen into liquid ethane at its freezing point. During the process of fast cooling the aggregates maintain their two‐dimensional crystalline integrity and structure, as demonstrated by comparative studies involving grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction (GID) at the air‐solution interface, and the Cryo‐TEM measurements of the same amphiphilic systems on vitreous ice. Bright‐field and dark‐field images from the Cryo‐TEM observations provide more detailed information than from epifluorescence and Brewster angle microscopy. Furthermore, the electron diffraction patterns have the additional advantage that they allow structural characterization of the crystallites almost at a molecular level, and furnish data on micro twinning and defects occurring between crystalline domains. Cryo‐TEM has been applied to elucidate the structure of 2‐D and 3‐D self‐aggregates of amphiphilic alcohols, acids and their cadmium salts, bola‐amphiphiles and mixed monolayers. Epitaxial crystallization of hexagonal ice underneath the monolayer of long chain alcohol was also directly demonstrated by this method.
Ultrathin membranes of molecularly reinforced liquids on porous substrates
Authors: Seufert Michael , Fakirov Christo , Wegner Gerhard 
Published: December 2004

Hairy‐rod‐like macro‐molecules are reported to useful materials in the fabrication of membranes. Cellulose alkylethers, cross‐linked through cinnamyl side groups (see Figure), are transferred onto a Celgard 2400 substrate using the Langmuir–Blodgett technique. The preparation and the characteristics of the membranes are presented. magnified image
Lyotropic polymorphism in oxovanadium complexes
Authors: Zhu S. Sherry , Swager Timothy M. 
Published: December 2004

Ionic transition metal compounds which exhibit mesomorphism in aqueous systems are reported. These oxovanadium‐based surfactants display binary (surfactant/H2O) and ternary (surfactant/H2O/decanol) mesomorphism and represent a step towards the development of lyotropic materials with large magnetic anisotropies. magnified image
Microengineered conducting composites from nanochannel templates
Authors: Huber Carmen , Sadoqi Mostafa , Huber Tito , Chacko Daborah 
Published: December 2004

Novel nanostructures of conducting materials (e.g. see Figure) generated by the template approach are becoming available through a variety os syntheses, processes, and hosts. Here, a class of electronic composites prepared by the injection of the conducting melt into nanochannel templates is described. The injection process, and the analysis and potential uses of the composite microstructures are discussed. magnified image
C60 derivatives embedded in sol‐gel silica films
Authors: Maggini Michele , Scorrano Gianfranco , Prato Maurizio , Brusatin Giovana , Innocenzi Plinio , Guglielmi Massimo , Renier Alessandro , Signorini Raffaella , Meneghetti Moreno , Bozio Renato 
Published: December 2004

Trasparent sol‐gel thin films and monoliths containing fullerene derivatives (e.g. see Figure) are reported. The sol‐gel technique provides a low‐temperature method to poduce homogeneous thin films and preliminary measurements reveal that these new commposite materials, the first sol‐gel materials to contain C60 or its derivatives, exhibit interesting optical limiting properties. magnified image
The Colloid Chemical Approach to Nanostructured Materials**
Authors: Fendler Janos H. , Meldrum Fiona C. 
Published: December 2004

Nanocrystalline particulate films, dispersions of nanoparticles in monolayers in which the inter‐particle distances can be controlled, and systems containing nanoparticles incorporated between the head groups of organic thin films (see Fig.) produced using a wet colloid‐chemical approach are reviewed. Size‐quantized metallic, magnetic, and semiconducting particles are cosnidered and the development of nanostructured devices discussed magnified image.
Organic molecular beam deposition of metallophthalocyanines for opto‐electronics applications
Authors: Yamashita Akira , Hayashi Takayoshi 
Published: December 2004

Organic molecular beam deposition (OMBD) enables the deposition of various materials under optimum conditions. This review is restricted to films of metallophthalocyanines (see Figure) and related compounds, which are of interest for opto‐electronic applications. Following a description of typical apparatus and conditions, epitaxially grown pseudomorphic films, films with bulk structure, and multilayers are reviewed. magnified image
Extended bis‐fused tetrathiafulvalenes incorporating a heteroaromatic π‐electron spacer
Authors: Misaki Yohji , Sasaki Toshihiro , Ohta Takehiro , Fujiwara Hideki , Yamabe Tokio 
Published: December 2004

New π‐electron donors are being sought for the preparation of organic conductors. The first synthesis of bis‐fused π‐electron donors incorporating a heteroaromatic π‐electron spacer (see Figure) is reported. The electrochemical properties of 3a–c and 4a–c and the crystal structure of 3c are presented, the results for the TCNQ complexes 3a and 4a confirming that the fusion of two donor units is a suitable strategy for the development of highly conducting molecular complexes. magnified image
AFM studies of the initial stages of spin‐coated prepolymer film growth on silicon wafers
Authors: Gesang Thomas , Höper Ralf , Possart Wulf , Petermann Jürgen , Hennemann Otto‐Diedrich 
Published: December 2004

Polymeric film growth on inorganic substrates plays an important role in the technology of sensors and microelectronics. A study of the film growth of a prepolymer of the dicyanate of bisphenol A (DCBA) spin‐coated onto silicon substrates is presented in which layer‐by‐layer growth is demonstrated. This mode of growth is thought to be related to an enrichment of the trimer (see Figure) including a triazine ring. magnified image
Selective construction of electrical connections using an organic charge‐transfer salt
Authors: Gurtner Christian , Sailor Michael J. 
Published: December 2004

The growth and “pruning” of electrical connections between two platinum wires by electrocrystallization of the charge‐transfer salt TTFBrx is reported. Crystals not involved in the connection can be removed by electrochemical reduction (see Figure). This method is a step towards the fabrication of complex structures without the use of a photolithographic or morphologic template. magnified image
Benzodithiophene Rings as Semiconductor Building Blocks
Authors: Laquindanum Joyce G. , Katz Howard E. , Lovinger Andrew J. , Dodabalapur Ananth 
Published: December 2004

An organic p‐type semiconductor based on benzodithiophene building blocks is reported for the first time. The synthesis and electrical and morphological characterization of a dimer compound (see Figure) are described, including field‐effect measurements on thin film transistors, X‐ray diffraction, molecular modeling, and electron microscopy. The exceptional thermal stability is noted. magnified image
Highly ordered vacuum‐deposited thin films of metallophthalocyanines and their applications in field‐effect transistors
Authors: Bao Zhenan , Lovinger Andrew J. , Dodabalapur Ananth 
Published: December 2004

Metallophthalocyanine thin films, obtained by vacuum deposition as highly ordered, uniquely oriented films (the Figure shows an iron phthalocyanine film deposited at 200°C), have been sued to fabricated organic field‐effect transistors (FETs). It is demonstrated that the substrate temperature during deposition greatly affects the substrate temperature during deposition greatly affects the electric properties of the devices. FIG.magnified image