bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Character, Circumstances, and Criminal Careers
Authors: Wikstrom Per-Olof H. , Treiber Kyle , Roman Gabriela 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Why do young people engage in acts of crime and what is it that drives their criminal careers? These are the key questions addressed in Character, Circumstances, and Criminal Careers which explores and explains people’s criminal careers through adolescence into young adulthood. Guided by Situational Action Theory (SAT)’s Developmental Ecological Action (DEA) model, the work analyses longitudinal data from the Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study (PADS+), testing various hypotheses about the causes and drivers of people’s crime involvement and criminal careers. Character, Circumstances, and Criminal Careers makes an argument for a more dynamic Developmental and Life Course criminology (DLC) by exploring the relationship between childhood predictors, such as social disadvantage and social adversity, and different trajectories of crime involvement. It also presents a special analysis of the age–crime curve and its explanation. The book includes the most recent and updated statement of SAT and its DEA model, including comparisons between the basic assumptions and propositions of SAT and selected major criminological theories (social bond and self-control theories, differential association and learning theories, rational choice theory, and the theory of moral disengagement). Character, Circumstances, and Criminal Careers presents an original theory, a uniquely detailed contemporary longitudinal study, and novel research methods and analytical techniques, and applies these to derive innovative findings about the relationship between individual and environmental factors across a critical developmental period.
Conclusion
Authors: O’Brien Nanette 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Conclusion: Cooking Civilization, Tasting Modernism considers modernist aesthetics and taste while introducing the idea of modernist leftovers, or what is left over for future generations when modernists cook, eat, and write about food, society, and civilization. The conclusion begins with Edith Wharton’s more traditional notion of the idea of taste, especially French taste, as adjacent to culinary aesthetics. It goes on to consider how Ford, Stein, and Woolf have all taken up themes of culinary tradition and heritage while engaging with political, social and aesthetic questions. In doing so, these authors further push modernist conceptions of form, while drawing from their own lives and working to imagine a creative ideal for civilization.
Pathways to Development
Authors: Hickey Sam , Sen Kunal 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the core question of the book, namely: ‘Under what conditions do governments become committed to and capable of delivering development?’ It critiques what has been the dominant response to this question within international development since the late twentieth century, which has been to focus primarily on the role of institutions, and argues for a stronger focus on the politics and power relations that shape how institutions emerge and function. The chapter introduces the key puzzles with which the book wrestles, including why some countries grow faster and why some governments deliver higher-quality services than others. It identifies the key gaps in the literature that the volume seems to address and introduces the structure and content of the book.
Reconceptualizing the Politics of Development
Authors: Hickey Sam , Sen Kunal 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The first decade of the twenty-first century saw the emergence of a shift from ‘institutions matter’ to ‘politics matters’ within discussions of why some countries have managed to achieve higher levels of development than others. A key focus within this newly politicized body of development theory has been on the role of elites and inter-elite bargaining in shaping how institutions function and how they distribute resources and status within society. This chapter critically discusses this literature, before setting out a ‘power domains’ framework of analysis that can help generate new and policy-relevant insights into the politics of development. The first level of this framework uses an adapted form of ‘political settlements’ analysis, which moves beyond a narrow focus on elite incentives to incorporate a stronger appreciation of the role played by both ideas and broader social groupings in shaping the configuration of power within which elites operate. By linking this form of political settlements analysis to a second level of analysis on specific policy domains, we can investigate how this broader configuration of power plays out in relation to specific fields of policy and practice. The chapter also establishes the methodological approach that was used to underpin the comparative investigations into the politics of development that are reported in later chapters.
Recurring Themes in Tech-Facilitated Sexual Violence Over Time
Authors: Bailey Jane , Dunn Suzie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
From a rape in an early text-based online environment known as LamdaMOO to image-based sexual abuse and sexual harassment on social media platforms to sexual violence in the so-called ‘virtual reality’ of the ‘metaverse’ and numerous spaces in between, reported incidents of sexualized and gender-based violence have existed in our digitally networked world for a long time. While the technologies involved have evolved and advanced, the underlying systemic and structural drivers of technology-facilitated sexual violence remain the same and share much in common with the long history of sexualized and gender-based violence in our physical world. This chapter explores some of these common themes over time, including challenges as to what constitutes ‘violence’, the alleged ‘un’ reality of sexual violence in ‘cyber’ spaces, the lack of support and frameworks for addressing the harms of tech-facilitated violence, and the role that technology corporations play in its perpetration.
Consent
Authors: Weigend Thomas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of various legal issues raised by consent to sexual acts, including the dissemination of sexual images. Generally, consent of both sexual partners removes the risk of criminal responsibility. However, legally valid consent requires certain preconditions in the persons affected (eg consciousness and understanding of the meaning of sex) and the situation (absence of force, massive threats, and some forms of deceit). Consent must be expressed, but it is an open question on what forms of consent (or lack of non-consent) each partner may rely. The scope and timing of consent can also raise questions. Whereas sexual assault offences traditionally require intent, a growing international trend is to provide for criminal liability in cases of recklessness and gross negligence regarding the other person’s lack of consent. The general development of the law is towards extending the protection of sexual autonomy and, thus, towards making greater demands on the voluntariness of entering into sexual relations.
Seeking Justice for Image-based Sexual Abuse
Authors: McGlynn Clare 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
With traditional criminal justice systems largely failing survivors of image-based sexual abuse, many are searching for alternative ways to secure a sense of justice. This search for justice takes many forms, including the possibilities of restorative and transformative justice processes beyond conventional criminal justice systems. This chapter examines the perspectives of survivors of image-based sexual abuse on justice, including alternative and innovative justice approaches. It suggests that while criminal laws provide a vital foundation for challenging intimate image abuse, and criminal justice systems must be reformed to better meet survivors’ needs and interests, alternative and innovative justice mechanisms must be more swiftly and effectively advanced if survivors’ justice interests are to be met.
Out of Date Almanacs and Middleton’s ‘Mouldy Stuff’
Authors: Reynolds Anna 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the way in which the intellectual contents and the material biography of almanacs combined to shape a widespread early modern understanding of the place of the human within the wider environment. It overviews the science and the use of these little books, demonstrating the ways in which they communicated the interconnectedness of the human and the non-human. It then suggests that the regular reuse of out-of-date and unsold almanacs mapped readily onto two different conceptions of the passage of bodies through time. In the first conception, discarded almanacs made visible a linear chronology of decay and disintegration; and in the second, this decay and disintegration is understood as a cyclical return to originative matter and subsequent reconstitution. The chapter concludes with an analysis of Thomas Middleton’s preoccupation with almanacs: despite his frequent parody of overly naïve almanac readers, the prolific playwright was sensitive to the ecology of human and non-human interconnectedness articulated by the little books. His frequent staging of almanac bodies—actors wearing and imitating the pages of almanacs—demonstrates Middleton’s career-long attempts to negotiate the discomfort he felt in the face of this waste-almanac ecology.
NPM? No Thanks—We Want Bureaucracy!
Authors: Hellström Mikael , Ramberg Ulf 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter includes an analysis how three major Swedish cities manage their strategy and control during transformative and complex capacity challenges. In particular, it extends our knowledge and contributes to NPM research concerning why and how local governments chose to adopt certain strategies and control actions to manage external pressure from a growing population. This is accomplished by investigating strategy and control actions taken by three major cities in Sweden: Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö. Both politics and officials need to address these capacity challenges to fulfil their service delivery obligations connected to their public mission. The situation stresses the importance to revise, and if necessary, change existing strategies and management techniques to ensure that the local government organisation adopts and aligns the capacity challenges effectively and stay legitimate. Whether this has been the case during the last decades of NPM reforms can be discussed. What kind of NPM reforms are prioritised in a situation of transformative and complex capacity challenges? Is it possible to discern a special focus on these reforms, or radical shifts in chosen strategies and management techniques? By using the framework of Miles and Snow (1978/2003) one main conclusion is that the capacity challenges are met by a Defender approach and bureaucratic control through more formalised planning and centralisation. This can be interpreted as the cities holding on to the old way of administrative thinking during a situation of transformative and complex capacity challenges, something that contrasts with what Miles and Snow (1978/2003) advocates.
Trust-based Management in the City of Oslo
Authors: Johnsen Åge 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The city of Oslo has been an NPM-savvy reformer, but is now allegedly reforming away from NPM. The city is implementing a ‘trust reform’ (tillitsreformen), modelled after similar reforms in Denmark and Sweden. The core reform-idea is using bottom-up trust and empowerment instead of top-down control and contracting out, which many associate with management by objectives (MBO) and marketisation. Theory shows, however, that management by trust and empowerment was basically what Drucker prescribed with management by objectives and self-control in the 1950s, which was one of the main elements of NPM in the 1980s and 1990s. Moreover, agency and stewardship theory have addressed the balancing of trust, empowerment and performance since the 1970s, if not longer. This chapter analyses the ideas behind the trust reform in the City of Oslo and its early adoption phase during the years 2016–2019. The chapter then discusses whether the trust reform is an answer to allegedly failed earlier NPM-reforms, is an example of development and variations of NPM, or whether the trust-based reform in the City of Oslo is a new managerial super-standard emerging from experiences with NPM in the Nordic countries over several decades, with potential global applicability.
Methodological Choices and Data
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the methodological choices underpinning this study and the data used in the various (quantitative and qualitative) analyses. It justifies the country selection for the large-N CSO surveys and presents the measures used in the statistical analyses, notably those of the characteristics defining the ‘voluntary association’ and of ‘professionalized voluntary organization’. Based on these measures, the chapter illustrates the organizational diversity of the over 3000 CSOs studied in the four European democracies. This diversity rationalizes why—instead of constructing a summary measure for each governance template, the study will assess the implications of the latter’s constitutive features one by one to examine one of the most central claims underpinning the theoretical framework presented in Chapter 2: overall—the organizational features associated with the same template (as they reinforce the same behavioural logic) push CSOs in similar directions on each of the four dimensions used to assess CSOs’ democratic contributions, while characteristics associated with contrasting templates push them in the opposite direction on each of the four dimensions.
CSO Goal Reorientation in Individualizing Societies
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with the stability of CSO identities, another indication of their societal responsiveness. In individualizing societies in which group affiliations are increasingly volatile, the maximization of outside support (e.g. through fundraising) tends to require CSOs to be flexible and responsive to the saliency of issues and to adapt their profiles accordingly. These tendencies are in tension with cultivating stable identities as the foundation of ties to loyal constituents. This chapter theorizes and examines the implications of central features of the ‘voluntary association’ and ‘professional voluntary organization’ for how CSOs manage this tension. Professionalization and bureaucratization have a positive relationship with CSOs’ readiness to alter central goals, while individual membership—a central association feature—supports goal commitment. These findings hold despite controlling for organizations’ exposure to a range of external pressures (e.g. resource competition) that incentivize adaptation, irrespective of an organization’s own governance characteristics, again substantiating the importance of how CSOs organize.
National Review's Literary Network
Authors: Schryer Stephen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Conservative Circuits traces the careers of literary intellectuals associated with William F. Buckley, Jr.’s National Review. Between the 1950s and 1980s, writers and critics like Whittaker Chambers, John Dos Passos, Hugh Kenner, Guy Davenport, Joan Didion, Garry Wills, and D. Keith Mano helped make Buckley’s version of conservatism respectable. In Buckley’s magazine and in their better-known books, they fashioned a body of literary work that takes up and refracts right-wing concerns about tradition, religion, and personal liberty. They helped conservatives present themselves as a counter-elite sheltering traditional, humanities-based knowledge within a technocratic welfare state. In so doing, they facilitated the magazine’s assault on the very possibility of expertise, ushering in the fragmented media landscape that has characterized the United States since the late 1960s.
National Review’s Kulchur Department
Authors: Schryer Stephen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Hugh Kenner and Guy Davenport’s efforts to promote experimental modernism in the pages of National Review. Between 1960 and 1964, Kenner published poems by Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, and other modernists in the magazine. He also enlisted his friend Guy Davenport to serve as its fiction reviewer. Together, these writers tried to turn the book review section into what Kenner, echoing Pound, called a “kulchur department.” This chapter traces affinities between Kenner and Davenport’s work and National Review’s brand of conservatism. Both writers venerated what they called the “deep past” in terms that echoed traditionalist conservatives such as Russell Kirk. Both imagined forms of scholarship that might escape from the confines of the academy. For Kenner, this flight took the form of the maverick, interdisciplinary scholarship that culminated in his magnum opus, The Pound Era (1971). In Davenport’s fiction, it took the form of his pastoral fascination with erotically bound educational communities. Ultimately, these imagined flights from the academy had a greater impact on left-wing literary critics than they did on the conservative movement; both writers helped inaugurate a style of anti-institutional criticism that became central to the post-1960s literary left.
Writers for Goldwater
Authors: Schryer Stephen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 asks why Hugh Kenner, Joan Didion, and Garry Wills supported Barry Goldwater in 1964 but rejected Ronald Reagan in 1966. All three writers projected similar fantasies onto Goldwater’s presidential campaign; they believed that he reflected their elitist literary politics. These fantasies fell apart when Reagan ran for governor of California in 1966; Kenner, Didion, and Wills became aware of the populist anti-intellectualism of the post–World War II conservative movement. Both Kenner and Didion tried to disavow Goldwater while retaining their elitist aesthetic in their post-1966 criticism and literary journalism. Wills’s response to the rise of Reagan was more complex. Over the course of the late 1960s, motivated by his journalistic engagement with the Black Power movement, Wills adopted left-wing political positions that turned him into a conservative pariah. In particular, he came to see movement conservatives’ embrace of populist racial politics as threatening the social order that he promoted in his early work. Unique amongst National Review writers, Wills refashioned his conservative aesthetics and politics into a defense of the networks of expert institutions that made up the postwar welfare state.
US Sales Taxes on Cross-Jurisdictional Transactions
Authors: van Brederode Robert F 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The United States is one of the few jurisdictions without a value-added tax (VAT). Instead, retail sales and use taxes are imposed at the sub-national level, that is, in most of the states. This chapter first explains the mechanics of these taxes compared to a VAT and the function of the use tax to fill the collection gap caused by the restrictions of states to tax cross-border supplies. The US Constitution limits the power of the states to tax cross-border transactions between them. An out-of-state supplier can only be coerced to collect tax if it has sufficient nexus with the taxing state. The relevant Supreme Court case law is discussed to discover the parameters of those restrictions imposed on the taxing power of the states. The remainder of the chapter is an exegesis of the imposition of sales and use taxes to cross-jurisdictional (ie between states and between taxing entities within a state) transactions in goods and (digital) services from the perspective of the application of the destination principle versus the origin principle.
China’s VAT in the Digitalized Economy
Authors: Zu Yige 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The rapid growth of the digital economy has posed challenges to the administration of value-added tax (VAT) systems around the world. China, as a key player in the cross-border e-commerce market, has introduced tax and regulatory measures in response to the exponential growth in cross-border online shopping by Chinese customers. This chapter reviews the VAT measures that apply to imported low-value goods as well as the VAT treatment of imported digital supplies in China. It shows that the challenges faced by China are different from those in other countries. The Chinese approach to taxing goods and services imported by consumers appears to be satisfactory in resolving the immediate challenges posed by the digitalization of the economy. There is, nevertheless, still room for improvement in the long term.
Rethinking Reliance Damages for Breach of Contract
Authors: Taylor Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the negative treatment of the reliance interest whereby reliance damages for breach of contract have come to be seen as expectation damages in disguise, dependent on a rebuttable presumption of recoupment. It seeks to show that this now orthodox consensus is not justified by the case law, much of which is concerned with pre-contractual wasted expenditure which is not reliance based. A long-standing error is revealed, that of equating the reliance interest with the position as though the contract had not been entered into when, at least for reliance damages for breach of contract, it should be concerned with the position as though the contractual promise had not been relied on post-contractually. The promisor’s voluntary assumption of responsibility for such reasonable reliance is posited as the basis of an independent measure of reliance damages for breach of contract, distinct from expectation damages in disguise.
Contracts and Relationships of Love and Trust
Authors: Probert Rebecca , Dodsworth Tim 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the key dimensions of the relationship between contracts and relationships of love and trust. It explores how the idea of marriage as a contract has been used to convey different ideas about its nature at different periods (and how these multiple meanings still co-exist today). While there is little evidence of married couples using the law of contract to regulate their ongoing relationship, the last decade or so has seen important developments in the context of marital property agreements, but whether these should be understood as contracts is a moot point. The use of contracts in certain familial contexts provides a potential remedy where family law does not, such as parties cohabiting without having gone through any ceremony, but there are both risks and limits in relying on contract law to provide a solution in such cases.
The Damage in Negotiating Damages
Authors: Worthington Sarah 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter advances a new analysis of One Step negotiating damages, urging that the claim underpinning these awards is a claim for restitution for unjust enrichment, not a claim for damages in contract. Moreover, this unjust enrichment claim is for the enrichment derived by D from its use of C’s property without C’s consent. This use is what D has ‘taken for nothing’, and for which C seeks a remedy. Further, being an unjust enrichment claim rather than a damages claim, it is immaterial whether C has suffered economic loss. This characterisation of the One Step claim is defended by a robust analysis of the earlier cases. If accurate, it provides the clear reason why One Step ‘negotiating damages’ can only be claimed where D has made unauthorised use of C’s property. This chapter also contrasts this claim and its remedies with the proper role and measure of remedies where the claim is in contract, tort or under Lord Cairns’ Act.