bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moderne Synthesemethoden für fluorierte Verbindungen
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Hiyama Tamejiro 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFluor hat sich zum Schlüsselelement in den Materialwissenschaften entwickelt: Fluorierte Verbindungen dienen unter anderem als Wärmeüberträger, Flüssigkristalle, Farbstoffe, Tenside, Kunststoffe, Elastomere und Membranen. Viele fluorhaltige bioaktive Verbindungen finden Anwendung als Arzneimittel und Agrochemikalien. Der Fortschritt in der präparativen Fluorchemie hat die Entwicklung auf diesen Gebieten entscheidend beeinflusst und zur Entdeckung vieler neuartiger Fluorverbindungen als Wirkstoffe und Materialien der Zukunft geführt. Wegen der elektronischen Effekte von Fluoratomen zeigen fluorierte Substrate oftmals eine ungewöhnliche chemische Reaktivität, die eine Anwendung etablierter Synthesemethoden ausschließt. Daher ist es entscheidend, die ungewöhnlichen Eigenschaften von Fluorverbindungen zu kontrollieren, um das Design von einfachen, effizienten und umweltverträglichen Methoden zur Synthese wertvoller Organofluor‐Zielverbindungen zu fördern.
Effect of swelling process on thermoelastic temperature change of butadiene acrylonitrile rubber filled with polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Ateia E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThermoelastic measurements dealing with adiabatic heating under application of rapid strain (stress) afford a new approach to evaluate important thermal properties of viscoelastic materials. The effects of both dynamic cyclic extension and swelling on the thermoelastic behavior of the acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) loaded with different concentration of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) have been studied. As the strain amplitude increases, the concentration of the ruptured bonds increases, leading to more enhanced friction between particles and consequently to the observed rise in temperature. This temperature change decreases with increasing PVC concentration up to critical concentration.Swelling behavior of samples was investigated. It was found that swelling as well as diffusion coefficient has a higher level of solvent uptake in a fresh sample than in a strained sample. This can be attributed to the nature of the NBR and PVC blend. Also, the effect of swelling on the thermoelastic temperature change was studied. A remarkable decrease in the temperature change was shown for swelled samples as opposed to fresh samples. Both degradation and crosslinking may occur simultaneously, as was clearly detected for all samples with different sensitivities. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 916–921, 2005
Structure and composition of the surface layer in polymers modified by elemental fluorine
Authors: Nazarov V. G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA model is proposed for the layered structure of a polymer surface modified by elemental fluorine mixed with helium. The composition of the modified surface layer has been determined, and the thermodynamic compatibility of the surface layer, transition layer, and unmodified bulk of the polymer has been studied. The thickness of the modified layers has been calculated as a function of the fluorination conditions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 897–902, 2005
Removal of cesium‐134 and cobalt‐60 with radiation‐grafted copolymers from their liquid wastes
Authors: Hegazy El‐Sayed A. , Kamal H. , Geleel M. Abdel , Maksoud A. Abdel 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe introduction of new characteristics to some synthetic polymers was achieved through the γ‐radiation‐induced graft copolymerization of an acrylamide/vinyl acetate comonomer onto polypropylene films for the preparation of synthetic membranes. The influence of the reaction conditions on the grafting yield, such as the solvent and its composition and the inhibitor and its concentration, was investigated. An alkaline treatment was carried out for the prepared graft copolymer to improve its ion‐exchange property. The grafted and treated membranes were characterized to determine the structural changes with X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The mechanical properties, swelling behavior, and electrical conductivity for the graft copolymer were studied. Improvements in the tensile strength, electrical conductivity, and hydrophilicity with grafting were observed. The KOH‐treated membranes possessed greater hydrophilic properties than the untreated ones. The possibility of practical uses for these membranes in the removal of cesium‐134 and cobalt‐60 from their liquid wastes was also investigated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 936–945, 2005
The anticipated and assessed contribution of information types in references retrieved for preparing a research proposal
Authors: Serola Sami , Vakkari Pertti 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis small‐scale empirical study focuses on students' anticipated and assessed contribution of references retrieved during the preparation of research proposals. It explores how the expected contribution of types of information before searches differs from the assessed contribution of relevant references found by the types of information. Twenty‐two psychology undergraduates searched the PsychINFO database for references at the initial and end stages of a seminar for preparing proposals. Data about their subject knowledge, search goals, and utility assessments were collected using several methods. They were asked to predict and assess the utility of information types provided by relevant references for the proposals. At the beginning of the process, they found fewer general types of information and more specific types of information than they expected. However, the students tended to accept references according to their expectations. By the end of the process, the expected importance of general information types declined and the importance of specific information types increased. At the end of the task, students became more proficient at recognizing the utility and topicality of references. They also became more critical in accepting found information to match their expectations.
Instruments of cognition: Use of citations and Web links in online teaching materials
Authors: Coleman Anita 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUse of citations and Web links embedded in online teaching materials was studied for an undergraduate course. The undergraduate students enrolled in Geographic Information Science for Geography and Regional Development used Web links more often than citations, but clearly did not see them as key to enhancing learning. Current conventions for citing and linking tend to make citations and links invisible. There is some evidence that citations and Web links categorized and highlighted in terms of their importance and function to be served may help student learning in interdisciplinary domains.
Effect in rats of simultaneous prenatal exposure to ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1. II. Histopathological features of teratological anomalies induced in fetuses
Authors: Wangikar P.B. , Dwivedi P. , Sharma A.K. , Sinha Neeraj 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe histopathological features of various abnormalities induced by different doses of ochratoxin A (OA), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and their combination in rat fetuses were studied. The pregnant Wistar rats were orally treated during 6–15 gestation days with different doses of OA (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 mg/kg), AFB1 (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 mg/kg), and their combination (0.125+0.125, 0.25+0.50, 0.50+0.25 mg/kg). The fetal sections passing through liver, kidney, brain, heart, and eyes were selected from the fetuses given visceral examination representing each litter. The selected sections were processed for paraffin embedding, stained with H and E, and examined by light microscopy. The histological examination of the fetal organs revealed that OA, AFB1, and their combination treatments caused variable changes in internal organs. In the case of OA, the incidence of pathological lesions liver, kidney, brain, and eye lesions was high, whereas in AFB1treatment, liver, brain, kidney, and heart were affected. The incidence of heart lesions, especially valvular defects, increased in the combination groups. Bile duct proliferation/new bile duct formation, defective ossification of cranial bones, exposure of the brain to the exterior, hypoplasia of cerebellum, and retinal defects observed in OA treatment and spinal cord defects in addition to liver, kidney, and brain changes observed in AFB1 were less severe in the combination groups. The present study indicates that the occurrence of brain, kidney, and liver lesions in combination treatment was less than in either individual treatment suggesting antagonism of OA‐induced teratogenic effects by AFB1. The indication of subtle lesions due to an interference with normal development and arrest of differentiation in various internal organs observed in the present study suggests that microscopic examination of the tissues can provide additional useful information to a developmental toxicity study. Birth Defects Res B 71:352–358, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of human and murine antisense oligonucleotide inhibitors of ICAM‐1 on reproductive performance, fetal development, and post‐natal development in mice
Authors: Henry Scott P. , Denny Kevin H. , Templin Mike V. , Yu Rosie Z. , Levin Arthur A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe potential for reproductive toxicity of an antisense oligonucleotide designed to inhibit ICAM‐1 was evaluated as part of the safety assessment for this compound. Since antisense compounds are often specific to the species in which they are intended to work, both the human and murine active ICAM‐1 inhibitors were tested (ISIS 2302 and ISIS 3082, respectively). Male and female mice were treated prior to cohabitation, through cohabitation, gestation, delivery, and weaning. Mice were treated with 0, 3, 6, and 12 mg/kg ISIS 2302 or ISIS 3082 by daily i.v. injection. Reproductive indices evaluated included estrus cycling, sperm count and motility, fertility, litter parameters, fetal development, delivery, fetal body weight, lactation, and weaning. Behavioral assessment and reproductive capacity of the F1 generation mice was assessed on selected animals. Concentrations of oligonucleotide in selected maternal target organs, placenta, fetal tissues, and expressed milk were also measured. There were no changes in reproductive performance, litter parameters, fetal development, or postnatal development in mice treated with either ISIS 2302 or ISIS 3082. Maternal liver and kidney contained dose‐dependent concentrations of oligonucleotide, but there was relatively little or no oligonucleotide measured in placenta, fetal tissues, or expressed milk. Neither the human nor murine‐specific antisense inhibitor of ICAM‐1 produced any reproductive toxicity in mice, and exposure of fetus or pups was negligible. Birth Defects Res B 71:359–367, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental toxicity evaluation of trimethylolpropane caprylate caprate in Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Azuka Charles , Daston George P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe developmental toxicity potential of trimethylolpropane caprylate caproate (TMPCC, CAS no. 11138‐60‐6) was evaluated in rats. Sprague‐Dawley rats were administered TMPCC in a corn oil suspension dermally at dose levels of 0, 200, 600, or 2,000 mg/kg/day on gestation days (GD) 6–15 (sperm positive day=GD 0). Caesarean sections were performed on GD 20 and fetuses were evaluated for viability, growth, and external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities. Each group consisted of 25 females, with at least 22 per group being pregnant. The two highest dose levels caused some local irritation at the site of application, but no decreases in maternal weight gain. There were no differences from control in any of the developmental parameters measured, including embryo/fetal viability, fetal weight, malformations, or variations. TMPCC did not cause any developmental toxicity in the Sprague‐Dawley rat at dermal dosages up to 2,000 mg/kg/day. Birth Defects Res B 71:374–379, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental toxicity of artesunate and an artesunate combination in the rat and rabbit
Authors: Clark Robert L. , White Tacey E.K. , A. Clode Sally , Gaunt Ian , Winstanley Peter , Ward Stephen Andrew 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe artemisinins are playing an increasingly important role in treating multidrug‐resistant malaria. The artemisinin, artesunate, is currently in use in Southeast Asia and is advocated for use in Africa. In these areas, more than one million people die of malaria each year, with the highest mortality occurring in children and pregnant women. To test the developmental toxicity in ICH‐compliant animal studies, embryofetal development studies were conducted in rats and rabbits treated with artesunate alone or a three‐drug combination (CDA) consisting of chlorproguanil hydrochloride, Dapsone, and artesunate in the ratio 1.00:1.25:2.00. Developmental toxicity seen with CDA could be attributed to the administered dose of artesunate. The hallmark effect of artesunate exposure was a dramatic induction of embryo loss, apparent as abortions in rabbits and resorptions in both rats and rabbits. In addition, low incidences of cardiovascular malformations and a syndrome of skeletal defects were induced at or close to embryolethal doses of artesunate in both rats and rabbits. The cardiovascular malformations consisted of ventricular septal and vessel defects. The skeletal syndrome consisted of shortened and/or bent long bones and scapulae, misshapen ribs, cleft sternebrae, and incompletely ossified pelvic bones. These developmental effects were observed largely in the absence of any apparent maternal toxicity. The no or low adverse effect levels were in the range of 5 to 7 mg/kg/day artesunate. Encouragingly, no adverse drug‐related developmental effects have been observed in a limited number of pregnant women (more than 100 first trimester and 600 second and third trimester) treated with artemisinins, primarily artesunate. Investigations of the mechanism of developmental toxicity are ongoing to attempt to determine whether rats and rabbits are more sensitive to artemisinins than humans. Birth Defects Res B 71:380–394, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Child protection at the community level
Authors: Jack Gordon 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn the UK, individual and family‐level interpretations of child protection have historically taken precedence over community‐level interpretations, despite repeated attempts to balance these two approaches. With the publication of the Green Paper Every Child Matters (Department for Education and Skills, 2003) and the development of Children's Trusts, there is yet another opportunity to ensure that the community‐level aspect of child protection is properly recognized and resourced. This is particularly important within the UK because of the large structural inequalities that exist in the distribution of income and other resources and services. As a result of the very close associations between these inequalities and health and welfare outcomes, large numbers of children are adversely affected in ways that are generally unrecognized by the present child protection system. Evidence about the role of parents' social support networks and the social capital of communities in promoting children's welfare and protecting them from signiﬁcant harm is considered. The potential of strategies designed to strengthen the capacity of disadvantaged families and communities to provide positive environments for children is also reviewed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular and Cellular Basis of Human Olfaction
Authors: Hatt Hanns 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe human olfactory systems recognize and discriminate a large number of different odorant molecules. The detection of chemically distinct odorants begins with the binding of an odorant ligand to a specific receptor protein in the ciliary membrane of olfactory neurons. To address the problem of olfactory perception at a molecular level, we have cloned, functionally expressed, and characterized some of the human olfactory receptors from chromosome 17. Our results show that a receptor protein is capable of recognizing the particular chemical substructure of an odor molecule and, therefore, is able to respond only to odorants that have a defined molecular structure. These findings represent the beginning of the molecular understanding of odorant recognition in humans. In the future, this knowledge could be used for the design of synthetic ideal receptors for specific odors (biosensors), or the perfect odor molecule for a given receptor.
Scent through the Looking Glass
Authors: Sell Charles S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn 1896, Tiemann first raised the question of whether or not enantiomers might exhibit different odors. The classic work of von Braun should have settled the issue in 1927 but the debate continued for decades, often rather acrimoniously. Various factors such as purity of samples and subjectivity of odors provided the confusion necessary to perpetuate disagreement. Nowadays, we have enough good‐quality data to know that sometimes, absolute configuration affects odor perception and sometimes it does not. We are, therefore, left with some interesting academic and commercial questions to be addressed.
New Alicyclic Musks: The Fourth Generation of Musk Odorants
Authors: Eh Marcus 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMusk odorants are one of the most important classes of fragrances in perfumery because they impart sensuality to perfume‐oil compositions. Among the three well‐known classes of musks, a new and very exciting generation of musk odorants, the so‐called alicyclic musks, was discovered recently, of which Helvetolide® (2) and Romandolide® (3) are the most popular representatives so far. To find new, structurally related alicyclic musks, we have synthesized a library of 114 unique alicyclic molecules with modified cyclohexyl moieties. The olfactory properties of all compounds were evaluated to identify the structural requirements to be met for a musk odorant.
The Search for New Fragrance Ingredients for Functional Perfumery
Authors: Narula Anubhav P. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFunctional perfumery is an integral part of the fragrance business. It demands that the ingredients chosen for compounding withstand the aggressive nature of some of the bases used for soaps, detergents, softeners, bleach, and personal‐care products. The synthetic efforts in this area reported in this short personal account, presented in a talk at the RSC/SCI conference Flavours & Fragrances 2004 (Manchester), have resulted in the discovery of the two new proprietary molecules Fleuranil® (5/6) and Khusinil® (7), which fulfill the criteria of functional perfumery. The structure–odor relationships of several analogs of Fleuranil® and Khusinil® prepared in the course of these investigations are also presented.
Studies on the Volatile Compounds of Roasted Spotted Shrimp
Authors: Tachihara Toru , Ishizaki Susumu , Ishikawa Masashi , Kitahara Takeshi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe aroma of spotted shrimp (Sergia lucence Hansen) was analyzed upon roasting to determine the components that constitute the characteristic roasted shrimp flavor. Our analyses resulted in the identification of ca. 200 volatiles, including high‐impact sulfur and nitrogen compounds. In addition, we synthesized all possible stereoisomers of the pyrrolidine derivatives 1 and 4, and of the imine derivatives 16 and 18–20, which are very characteristic for the aroma. The odor evaluation of these chemicals revealed distinct differences, each possessing different aroma characteristics.
Fun with Furans
Authors: Rowe David 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe aromatic furan ring is found in a wide range of aroma chemicals, especially those produced by the Maillard reaction. They include both low‐odor materials such as furfural and high‐impact materials such as 2‐methylfuran‐3‐thiol. Among the most important are the hydroxyfuranones, especially 4‐hydroxy‐2,5‐dimethylfuran‐3(2H)‐one (HDMF, 7), which is a material of unusual reactivity. This contrasts with the inert character of its isomer sotolone. Furans are also found as trace components where they can either contribute a desirable character or an off‐note depending on context.
Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Free Polyoxoanions Mo6O2‐19 and W6O2‐19 in the Gas Phase.
Authors: Yang Xin , Waters Tom , Wang Xue‐Bin , O'Hair Richard A. J. , Wedd Anthony G. , Li Jun , Dixon David A. , Wang Lai‐Sheng 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal and Species Engineering with Semi‐Flexible Nitrogen Containing Organic Cations: Generation of [H13O6]+ Ions with the Unfavored Unbranched Topology by Enclosing Hydrochloric Acid in a Porous Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Material.
Authors: Graf J. , Frank W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystallization of Charge Holes in the Spin Ladder of Sr14Cu24O41.
Authors: Abbamonte P. , Blumberg G. , Rusydi A. , Gozar A. , Evans P. G. , Siegrist T. , Venema L. , Eisaki H. , Isaacs E. D. , Sawatzky G. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Four New Thioantimonates(III) with the General Formula [TM(ten)]Sb4S7 (TM: Mn, Fe, Co, Zn) with the Transition Metal as Part of a Thioantimonate(III) Network Synthesized under Solvothermal Conditions and Tuning of the Optical Band Gap by the Transition Metal Cation.
Authors: Schaefer Michael , Staehler Ralph , Kiebach Wolff‐Ragnar , Naether Christian , Bensch Wolfgang 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bidentate NHC‐Based Chiral Ligands for Efficient Cu‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylic Alkylations: Structure and Activity of an Air‐Stable Chiral Cu Complex.
Authors: Larsen Andrew O. , Leu Wenhao , Oberhuber Christina Nieto , Campbell John E. , Hoveyda Amir H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Alkenylsilanes Generated by Hydrosilylation of Alkynes: A One‐Pot Procedure Where a Rhodium/(S)‐Binap Complex Catalyzes the Two Successive Reactions.
Authors: Otomaru Yusuke , Hayashi Tamio 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
InCl3/SiO2‐Catalyzed α‐Amination of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. Subba , Venugopal Ch. , Padmavani B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient and Green Protocol for the Preparation of Cycloalkanols: A Practical Synthesis of Venlafaxine.
Authors: Chavan Subhash P. , Khobragade Dushant A. , Kamat Subhash K. , Sivadasan Latha , Balakrishnan Kamalam , Ravindranathan T. , Gurjar Mukund K. , Kalkote Uttam R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Amberlyst 15‐Catalyzed Efficient Synthesis of 5‐Acetyl‐4‐hydroxy‐coumarone and 5‐Acetyl‐6‐hydroxy‐coumarone: Crucial Precursors for Several Naturally Occurring Furanoflavones.
Authors: Goel Atul , Dixit Manish 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel 3‐Methyl‐4‐(O‐substituted‐oximino)‐pyrazolin‐5‐ones as Potent Inhibitors of Cdc25B Phosphatase.
Authors: Seo Min Jung , Kim Jung Ki , Son Bum Suk , Song Bo Gan , No Zaesung , Cheon Hyae Gyeong , Kim Kwang‐Rok , Sohn Young Sun , Kim Hyoung Rae 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Chemical Modifications at the 4‐Position of Chromones. Synthesis and Reactivity of 4H‐Chromene‐4‐spiro‐5′‐isoxazolines and Related Compounds.
Authors: Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Ya. , Usachev Boris I. , Sizov Aleksei Yu. , Kodess Mikhail I. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.