bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE NŪNIYYA OF IBN ZAYDŪN: A STRUCTURAL AND THEMATIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Farrin Raymond 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIn this article I discuss the structural and thematic unity in Ibn Zaydūn's Nūniyya, perhaps the most famous poem from the period of Arab civilization in al-Andalus. I show that the ghazal is organized according to the principles of ring composition and that it is further characterized by a logical transition from formal to intimate address for the beloved and a thematic opposition between morning and night. The Nūniyya comprises five discrete sections: A - B - C - B1 - A1. Section A introduces the idea of the poet's separation from his beloved, Wallāda, and culminates in a mood of hopelessness and resignation. Morning is associated with this somber reality. In section B, Ibn Zaydūn addresses Wallāda formally and recalls that their nights together were blissful. Section C constitutes the heart of the poem, a paean to Wallāda's beauty and royal stature. At the end of C, the poet switches to an intimate form of address, having implied that, her nobility notwithstanding, he is an equal by the agency of sensual love. B1 and A1 correspond thematically to sections B and A, yet the tone becomes increasingly personal at the end of the poem, consonant with private subject matter and an appeal for a reply. The ghazal concludes at the point when figurative night, filled with its dreams of Wallāda and hopes for a response, is about to be replaced by the bleak morning hour and hopelessness of the introduction, suggesting an awareness on behalf of the poet that word from the beloved will not likely come.
AL-SHANFARĀ AND "THE MOUNTAIN POEM" OF IBN KHAFĀJA: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON PATTERNS OF INTERTEXTUALITY
Authors: Liebhaber Sam 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe debt owed by the Andalusī poet Ibn Khafāja (d. 533/1138) to the sa'ālīk for the development of his symbolic/poetic idiom has been examined closely by Nadia Yaqub in her article, "Some of Us Must Depart: An Intertextual Reading of the Mountain Poem by Ibn Khafāja" (Journal of Arabic Literature 30, 1999). This article carries the association even further, arguing that much of the lexical and thematic stock of the Bā'iyya ("The Mountain Poem") of Ibn Khafāja is directly transplanted from the Lāmiyya of al-Shanfarā. A comparative reading of the two qasīdas , with close attention paid to the shared motifs and topoi, illustrates a key mechanism in Ibn Khafāja's adaptation of the early Arabic thematic repertoire to his own poetics. This technique can be described as the mechanism of "folding," whereby the discrete topoi and motifs of early Arabic verse are collapsed into single figures with polyvalent significance. This technique is illustrated in Ibn Khafāja's redeployment of the traditional lyric topoi of wolves, the lightning watch, and mountains. The thematic conflation embodied by the final motif of the Bā'iyya, the mountain, offers a comment on the state of Andalusī poetics at the time of Ibn Khafāja, to wit, the fatigue of convention with its densely layered symbolic burdens.
POETIC PILGRIMAGES: FROM BAGHDAD TO ANDALUCÍA, ABŪ TAMMĀM'S LĀ ANTA ANTA WA-LĀ AL-DIYĀRU DIYĀRU
Authors: Vázquez Miguel Ángel 
Published: May 2003

AbstractMany García Lorca scholars have focused on the surrealist imagery in his "Romance sonámbulo" ("Sleepwalking Ballad"), one of his finest poems. This article focuses on the classical Arabic poetic resonance in the following verse: "Yo ya no soy yo, ni mi casa es ya mi casa" ("I am no longer I, my house no longer my house"). The verse echoes the opening line of Abū Tammām's (9th century) panegyric qasīdah to Abū Sa'īd al-Thaghrī: "You are not you, the abodes are not the abodes." The verse in turn was later quoted by Ibn Khafāja (12th century) in his elegiac ode to the fall of Valencia when the Çid conquered it. By calling upon the Arabic tradition behind this verse, the author wishes to shed some light on the poetical force that allows García Lorca's rendering to be effective in much the same way as the verse was in its Arabic original context. The verse in question may be seen as the culmination of a very old Arabic literary topos known as the atlāl-nasīb. The ruins of the abandoned encampment (the abodes of the poet's beloved) become a leitmotif of the awareness of lost happiness. Such a profound realization provides the elegiac mood that characterizes the nasīb or love prelude that opens the typical tripartite qasīdah. The ruined abode (or the abandoned encampment) allows the poet to establish a mnemonic and metonymic relationship with its former inhabitants, thus stirring the poet's memory. The physical place, then, becomes a poetic locus. What is noteworthy in Lorca's appropriation is the fact that he understood the meaning of Abū Tammām's verse at the archetypal level.
THE DECLINE OF COURTLY PATRONAGE AND THE APPEARANCE OF NEW GENRES IN ARABIC LITERATURE: THE CASE OF THE ZAJAL, THE MAQĀMA, AND THE SHADOW PLAY
Authors: Monroe James , Pettigrew Mark 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis article begins with a detailed structural analysis of "Zajal 90" by the Andalusī poet Ibn Quzmān (d. 555/1160). On the basis of this analysis, It is concluded that the poem employs irony to condemn the anti-Berber prejudice prevalent among native Andalusīs in Almoravid-ruled twelfth-century al-Andalus. It is also pointed out that the poem shares a number of key features with the maqāma genre, and may, in fact, be viewed as a maqāma in verse. The article then ascribes the invention of the maqāma genre by al-Hamadānī (358/969-398/1008) in the East, as well as its cultivation by al-Saraqustī (d. 538/1143) in the West, to two separate but parallel crises in literary patronage that took place (1) when the Persian-speaking Buwayhids reduced the Arab Abbāsid caliphs to puppets in Iraq (334/945), and (2) when the Berber-speaking Almoravids deposed the Arabic-speaking mulūk al-tawā if (448/1056) in al-Andalus. The article concludes by drawing a parallel between the above crises in literary patronage, and the rise of the shadow play, as it was cultivated by Ibn Dāniyāl (d. 710/1310), in late thirteenth-century Egypt, under the régime of the Mamlūk Sultan Baybars I (r. 658/1260-676/1277). Finally, the article attempts to illustrate how certain crises in literary patronage - resulting in the abandonment of the courtly, panegyrical qasīda - often led to extremely creative attempts at incorporating popular genres into the canon of formal Arabic literature.
THE PERFORMATIVITY OF IBN AL-MUQAFFA 'S KALĪLA WA-DIMNA AND AL-MAQĀMĀT AL-LUZŪMIYYA OF AL-SARAQUSTĪ
Authors: Wacks David 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWhile not written for performance, works of medieval Arabic literature such as Ibn al-Muqaffa''s Kalīla wa-Dimna and al-Saraqustī's al-Maqāmāt al-luzūmiyya are extremely performative in nature, in that their structure is determined by representation of acts of performance. This is achieved either explicitly, by describing the performer or storyteller in the act of performing, or implicitly, by citing a performance carried out as part of a chain of narrative transmission, as in the isnād of a hadīt. The ways in which narrative performance is represented in these texts are reflective of the culture of performance and attitudes toward different types of performances that obtained in medieval Islam. Ibn al-Muqaffa' was a pioneer in the introduction of literary prose narrative to Arabic literature. He paved the way for later innovators such as al-Hamadhānī and al-Saraqustī, who brought literary fiction to Arabic literature by adapting traditionally accepted modes of oral narrative transmission into literary prose.
PREACHERS AND POETS: THE POPULAR SERMON IN THE ANDALUSĪ MAQĀMA
Authors: Young Douglas 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis article examines the function of the popular sermon as represented in the Andalusī maqāma collection of Abū l-Tāhir Muhammad ibn Yūsuf al-Tamīmī al-Saraqustī. The popular sermon's representation in the maqāma became a standard feature of the genre with imaqāmāt of Hamadhānī. Hamadhani's use of the popular sermon for ironic effect and subversion of doctrine superposed the imaqāma's secular fictionality on the realm of religious doctrine and oratory. The popular sermon's representation thereafter became a generic convention of the maqāma in the corpora of Harīrī and his Andalusī successor, Saraqustī. Two texts, a critique of popular preaching by Ibn al-Djawzī and Ibn Djubayr's account of his own attendance at Ibn al-Djawzī's sermons, provide the historicized context for Saraqustī's and his predecessor's literary representations of popular sermonizing. The article concludes that, instead of being the mere epigone and imitator of his Eastern counterparts, Saraqustī uses the popular sermon's representation to create a distinctively Andalusī literary ethos.
"WORDS SWEETER THAN HONEY": THE GO-BETWEEN IN AL-SARAQUSTĪ'S "MAQĀMA 9"
Authors: Hamilton Michelle 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis article focuses on the go-between character, Umm 'Amr, in "Maqāma 9" by the Andalusi writer al-Saraqustī, ibn al-Aštarkūwī (d. 1143). Umm 'Amr is one of the first literary manifestations of a character that continued to gain popularity in the medieval literature of the Iberian Peninsula, culminating in the figure of the old whore, Celestina, protagonist of the medieval Spanish work that bears her name. Elements common to the later Spanish tradition that appear in this maqāma are the go-between's avaricious personality, her rhetorical skills, and the context of lovesickness in which she operates. Umm 'Amr appears in the first part of "Maqāma 9" in the role usually played by the trickster al-Sadūsī. She initiates the trick by luring al-Sā'ib with her eyes and then enticing him with her speech. She makes promises, gives orations, composes poetry, and haggles. Umm 'Amr kindles al-Sā'ib's fire, and then promises to help him find a cure for his burning love, while all the time stringing him along and further enhancing his desire by talking of the beloved and giving him false hopes. Umm 'Amr is greedy, persuasive, and proud of her professional skills as a procuress in much the same way Celestina or Trotaconventos (the gobetween of the Libro de buen amor) is, and, like both those figures, Umm 'Amr is characterized as a potential healer of the protagonist's lovesickness.
The aqueous geochemistry of metals in the weathering environment: strengths and weaknesses in our understanding of speciation and process
Authors: Curtis C. D. 
Published: May 2003

Soil profiles developed in different climates and physical settings are highly variable in structure, in mineralogy, in the local biosphere and in the compositions of the soil gas and water phases. Discussion of metals in ‘the weathering environment’ needs to acknowledge and address this diversity.The thermochemical methods developed by Pourbaix (1949) and Garrels and Christ (1965) remain useful predictors of metal speciation and solubility but the approach is valid only for processes involving carbonates, sulphides, hydroxides and similar minerals in soils and sediments. Almost no primary silicates are thermodynamically stable: they spontaneously decompose to non-equilibrium solid products with metal release determined by kinetics.Hydrolysis constants for aquo-complexes are useful indicators of metal speciation, mobility and availability. Recent work on soluble soil organic matter confirms that the active ligands are overwhelmingly oxygen based: phenols, carboxylic acids, alcohols. Many of these molecules compete very effectively with aquo-complexes to form strong metal chelates and appear to be responsible for substantial Al and Fe mobilization within and translocation down soil profiles.It is important to note also that strong clay mineral/organic matter associations (clay-organic complex) will fix metals as a consequence of the same chelation reactions (in this case removing them from solution - retardation).
Metal dispersion in sediments and waters of the River Conwy draining the Llanrwst Mining Field, North Wales
Authors: Brydie J. R. , Polya D. A. 
Published: May 2003

The dispersion and sediment-water partitioning of Pb and Zn have been studied in the Conwy River, North Wales. Analysis included major and trace element water chemistry and concentrations of sediment-hosted Pb and Zn. In situ solution pH, Eh, temperature and conductivity were also measured. Sediments were characterized via SEM, XRD, nitric acid leaching and sequential chemical extraction to quantify metal distribution and sediment phase associations. Dissolved and sediment-bound Pb and Zn within river and estuary waters and sediments have been used to calculate whole sediment- and phase-specific apparent partition coefficients.Weathering of galena and sphalerite, associated with the Llanrwst Mining Field, provide point sources of elevated dissolved and sedimentary Pb and Zn in the upper catchment. Dissolved Pb is actively adsorbed onto sedimentary surface coatings of Fe-Mn (hydr)oxides and organics whilst Fe-Mn (hydr)oxides, organics and carbonates were the main hosts for Zn. Systematic changes in metal sorption are evident between the estuary and the upper catchment, with organic matter becoming progressively more important upstream. This change is ascribed to the sorptive properties of sedimentary organic material. Solution pH, [Cl] and aqueous metal speciation are the dominant solution controls on metal partitioning. Laboratory sorption experiments parallel Pb sorption behaviour in the natural system.
A model for the origin of Al-rich efflorescences near fumaroles, Melos, Greece: enhanced weathering in a geothermal setting
Authors: Hall A. J. , Fallick A. E. , Perdikatsis V. , Photos-Jones E. 
Published: May 2003

Efflorescences in the geothermal field of SE Melos, Greece, contain significant amounts of hydrated Al sulphate, alunogen, which could represent the Melian alumen exploited in Roman times and commended by Pliny. The efflorescences at subaerial fumaroles are explained as follows: Sulphur crystallizes on oxidation of H2S emanating from depth. Weathering produces sulphuric acid enhancing groundwater alteration of volcanic rocks. The high geothermal gradient and arid climate stimulate efflorescences. Salts are recycled during wet and dry weather leading to Al-enrichment on loss of Fe(II,III) and other cations. δ34S‰ V-CDT values for sulphur in fumarole sublimates, solfatara soils and ‘veins’ range from —0.3 to 6.4‰, mean 3.8‰ (n = 8) while Al, Ca and Mg-sulphates in diverse settings range from —4.1 to 6.8‰ (n = 16). The values for sulphur indicate that the initial H2S had an igneous source and the signature is largely inherited by the sulphates.This study aims to underpin research into the exploitation of industrial minerals in the Roman period. When searching for early alumen workings, areas with evidence of acid sulphate alteration (white rocks) and sulphurous fumarole activity should be investigated.
Fe-sulphate-rich evaporative mineral precipitates from the Río Tinto, southwest Spain
Authors: Buckby T. , Black S. , Coleman M. L. , Hodson M. E. 
Published: May 2003

The soluble metal sulphate salts melanterite, rozenite, rhomboclase, szomolnokite, copiapite, coquimbite, hexahydrite and halotrichite, together with gypsum, have been identified, some for the first time, on the banks of the Rio Tinto, SW Spain. Secondary Fe-sulphate minerals can form directly from evaporating, acid, sulphate-rich solutions as a result of pyrite oxidation. Chemical analyses of mixtures of these salt minerals indicate concentrations of Fe (up to 31 wt.%), Mg (up to 4 wt.%), Cu (up to 2 wt.%) and Zn (up to 1 wt.%). These minerals are shown to act as transient storage for metals and can store on average up to 10% (9.5 — 11%) and 22% (20—23%), Zn and Cu respectively, of the total discharge of the Rio Tinto during the summer period.Melanterite and rozenite precipitates at Rio Tinto are only found in association with very acidic drainage waters (pH <1.0) draining directly from pyritic waste piles. Copiapite precipitates abundantly on the banks of the Rio Tinto by (1) direct evaporation of the river water; or (2) as part of a paragenetic sequence with the inclusion of minor halotrichite, indicating natural dehydration and decomposition. The natural occurrences are comparable with the process of paragenesis from the evaporation of Rio Tinto river water under laboratory experiments resulting in the formation of aluminocopiapite, halotrichite, coquimbite, voltaite and gypsum.
The kinetics of O2(aq) reduction during oxidative weathering of naturally occurring fracture minerals in groundwater
Authors: Rivas-Perez J. , Tullborg E.-L. , Banwart S. A. 
Published: May 2003

Aqueous chemistry methods assessed the kinetic reactivity and reduction capacity of fracture-filling minerals from a granitic groundwater environment at the Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory, a field station for research and development into the geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Naturally occurring fracture filling reacted with oxygenated test solutions of known composition in recirculating batch reactors.The loss of O2(aq) with time was consistent with second-order reaction kinetics where O2(aq) is consumed through reduction by reaction with structural Fe(II) at the surface of the fracture minerals. Values of the second-order rate constant (k, l mole—1 h—1) varied between experiments within the range 1.7 < log k < 2.9 and values for the total concentration of reducing sites as a measure of the reduction capacity of the mineral (St, mole g—1) varied within the range 8.5 x 10—5 < St < 4.3 x 10—4. Values for the rate constant are somewhat less than those published previously for reaction between O2(aq) and Fe(II) surface complexes; i.e. structural Fe(II) appears to be less reactive than adsorbed Fe(II)(aq) but is significantly more reactive than Fe2+.Values of the rate constant did not depend on release of network ions from the reacting minerals, and did not vary significantly with pH, mineral mass, specific surface area or mineral Fe(II) content. Oxidative weathering of sulphide minerals does not occur to any measurable extent. When corrected to rock/water ratios for granite aquifers, the rate constants correspond to a half-life for O2(aq) on the order of seconds indicating an essentially instantaneous reaction on repository time scales. Comparison of reducing capacity for the fracture fillings and oxidizing capacity for groundwater saturated with O2(aq) indicates that oxidizing fronts within the geological barrier would travel ~4000 times more slowly than the velocity of groundwater flow.
Altered erythrocyte endothelial adherence and membrane phospholipid asymmetry in hereditary hydrocytosis
Authors: Gallagher Patrick G. , Chang Seon Hee , Rettig Michael P. , Neely John E. , Hillery Cheryl A. , Smith Brian D. , Low Philip S. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe risk for thrombosis is increased in patients with hereditary hydrocytosis, an uncommon variant of hereditary stomatocytosis. Erythrocytes from 2 patients with hydrocytosis were studied to gain insight into the mechanism of thrombosis in this disorder. Erythrocytes demonstrated abnormal osmotic scan ektacytometry and decreased erythrocyte filtration rates. There was also a mild increase in adherence of erythrocytes to endothelial monolayers in a micropipette assay. Adhesion of erythrocytes to the subendothelial matrix proteins thrombospondin and laminin, however, was not significantly increased. Percentages of hydrocytosis erythrocytes and reticulocytes with phosphatidylserine exposed on the outer surfaces were increased in both patients compared with healthy controls, indicating altered membrane phospholipid asymmetry. Increased phosphatidylserine exposure accelerating thrombin-forming processes has been proposed as a mechanism for thrombosis in sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia and may play a similar role in hereditary hydrocytosis.
The in vivo profile of transcription factors during neutrophil differentiation in human bone marrow
Authors: Bjerregaard Malene Digmann , Jurlander Jesper , Klausen Pia , Borregaard Niels , Cowland Jack Bernard 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
In vivo distribution of myeloid transcription factors during granulopoiesis was investigated by Northern and Western blotting in 3 neutrophil precursor populations from human bone marrow: immature (myeloblasts [MBs] and promyelocytes [PMs]); intermediate mature (myelocytes [MCs] and metamyelocytes [MMs]); and mature neutrophil cells (band cells [BCs] and segmented neutrophil cells [SCs]). Nonneutrophil cells were removed with magnetic-bead–coupled antibodies against CD2, CD3, CD14, CD19, CD56, CD61, glycophorin-A, and CD49d (BCs/SCs) before RNA and protein extraction. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) from peripheral blood depleted with anti-CD49d antibodies were also included. Expression of acute myeloid leukemia 1b (AML-1b), c-myb, GATA-1, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein γ (C/EBP-γ) was seen primarily in MBs/PMs, and little expression was found in more mature cells. The level of C/EBP-α was constant in the bone marrow–derived cells and decreased in PMNs. C/EBP-ϵ was found primarily in MCs/MMs and was almost absent in more mature cells. Expression of C/EBP-β, C/EBP-δ, and C/EBP-ζ was observed from the MC/MM stage onward, with peak levels in the most mature cells. The amount of PU.1 increased throughout maturation whereas the level of Elf-1 reached a nadir in MCs/MMs The PU.1 coactivator c-jun and c-jun's dimerization partner c-fos were both detectable in MCs/MMs and increased in amount with maturity. CCAAT displacement protein (CDP) was found at comparable levels at all stages of differentiation. This demonstrates a highly individualized expression of the transcription factors, which can form the basis for the heterogeneous expression of granule proteins during granulopoiesis and cell cycle arrest in metamyelocytes.
CCR5 deficiency decreases susceptibility to experimental cerebral malaria
Authors: Belnoue Elodie , Kayibanda Michèle , Deschemin Jean-Christophe , Viguier Mireille , Mack Matthias , Kuziel William A. , Rénia Laurent 
Published: May 2003

AbstractInfection of susceptible mouse strains with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) is a valuable experimental model of cerebral malaria (CM). Two major pathologic features of CM are the intravascular sequestration of infected erythrocytes and leukocytes inside brain microvessels. We have recently shown that only the CD8+ T-cell subset of these brain-sequestered leukocytes is critical for progression to CM. Chemokine receptor–5 (CCR5) is an important regulator of leukocyte trafficking in the brain in response to fungal and viral infection. Therefore, we investigated whether CCR5 plays a role in the pathogenesis of experimental CM. Approximately 70% to 85% of wild-type and CCR5+/- mice infected with PbA developed CM, whereas only about 20% of PbA-infected CCR5-deficient mice exhibited the characteristic neurologic signs of CM. The brains of wild-type mice with CM showed significant increases in CCR5+ leukocytes, particularly CCR5+ CD8+ T cells, as well as increases in T-helper 1 (Th1) cytokine production. The few PbA-infected CCR5-deficient mice that developed CM exhibited a similar increase in CD8+ T cells. Significant leukocyte accumulation in the brain and Th1 cytokine production did not occur in PbA-infected CCR5-deficient mice that did not develop CM. Moreover, experiments using bone marrow (BM)–chimeric mice showed that a reduced but significant proportion of deficient mice grafted with CCR5+ BM develop CM, indicating that CCR5 expression on a radiation-resistant brain cell population is necessary for CM to occur. Taken together, these results suggest that CCR5 is an important factor in the development of experimental CM.