bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Struggle for Self-determination
Authors: Hanssen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The important fact of the growth of Beirut in the nineteenth century was not simply the replacement of one major trading port by another-Beirut was not simply the successor of Sidon and Acre-but the growth of a new kind of relationship with the ... hinterland. In May 1865, a milestone petition reached the Ottoman government from Beirut. Two hundred signatories from among the urban merchants, notables, and clergy demanded nothing less than that the sultan change the empire’s administrative geography and grant Beirut the status of an Ottoman provincial capital. The subsequent struggle over the administrative geography of Bilad al-Sham-or Greater Syria-which was finally decided in Beirut’s favour in March 1888, demonstrates two pivotal and overlooked aspects of the social history of the late Ottoman Empire.
War, Health, and the Making of Municipal Beirut
Authors: Hanssen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Municipal governance was established in Beirut in the wake of the civil war in Mount Lebanon of 1860. The urgency of the post-war crisis made it the first municipality in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman empire and possibly the second after the 1854-6 model of Galata/Pera. It was during Fuad Pasha’s extended pacifying mission in Beirut that the idea of a permanent municipality as an Ottoman institution for urban management materialized. And it did so in the specific context of a discourse of urban sanitization that conflated cleanliness, social behaviour, and public hygiene. In Beirut as elsewhere, the municipality was an ‘amphibious’ institution where definitions and regulations of a distinctly urban experience of modernity were played out between imperial and local domains. The 1864 Provincial Law called for the official application of Istanbul’s municipal model to the provincial cities and towns of the empire: ‘each village shall have a municipality’.
Stalnaker on the Interaction of Modality with Quantification and Identity
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Logic is sometimes conceived as metaphysically neutral, so that nothing controversial in metaphysics is logically valid. That conception devastates logic. Just about every putative principle of logic has been contested on metaphysical grounds. According to some, future contingencies violate the law of excluded middle; according to others, the set of all sets that are not members of themselves makes a contradiction true. Even the structural principle that chaining together valid arguments yields a valid argument has been rejected in response to sorites paradoxes. In each case, a deviant metaphysics corresponds to the deviant logic. Of course, if one is trying to persuade deviant metaphysicians of the error of their ways, one is unlikely to get far by relying on logical principles that they reject. But that obvious dialectical exigency stably marks out no realm of logic. Each logical principle has persuasive force in some dialectical contexts and not in others.
Responses
Authors: Stalnaker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Steve Yablo said to me, about my task of responding to these eleven papers, ‘‘it can’t have been unalloyed fun,’’ but it almost was. Not exactly unalloyed, because my friends and colleagues have made me work, and sometimes to squirm, with their challenging arguments and constructive proposals. And it was sometimes frustrating that the inevitable finitude of time and publication space made it impossible to respond as fully as the papers deserve. But what could be more fun (it’s philosophical fun we are talking about) than interacting with such a fine set of papers, all on topics of great interest to me.
Transparent Disquotationalism
Authors: Beall JC 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So goes a common metaphor that guides many deflationary theories of truth. What distinguishes deflationists from non-deflationists is that the former take dtruth to be fundamental: if there are other truth predicates in the language, they are derivative, deriving from ‘dtrue’ and other connectives. In a slogan: all that need be explained about truth is explicable in terms of dtruth (and other logical tools).
Is the Liar Sentence Both True and False?
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many reasons why one might be tempted to reject certain instances of the law of excluded middle. And it is initially natural to take ‘reject’ to mean ‘accept the negation of ‘. But if we accept the negation of a disjunction, we certainly ought to accept the negation of each disjunct (since the disjunction is weaker1 than the disjuncts).
Minimalism, Deflationism, and Paradoxes
Authors: Glanzberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper argues against a broad category of deflationist theories of truth. It does so by asking two seemingly unrelated questions. The first is about the well-known logical and semantic paradoxes: Why is there no strengthened version of Russell’s paradox, as there is a strengthened version of the Liar paradox? Oddly, this question is rarely asked. It does have a fairly standard answer, which I shall not dispute for purposes of this paper. But I shall argue that asking it ultimately leads to a fundamental challenge to some popular versions of deflationism.
Semantics for Deflationists
Authors: Gauker Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I understand it, deflationism about truth is essentially two theses, one positive and one negative. The positive thesis is that sentences (or assertions or propositions) ascribing truth are in some sense equivalent to the sentences (or assertions or propositions) to which truth is ascribed. If we take ‘‘is true’’ as a predicate properly attaching to the names of sentences, then the positive thesis is that a sentence of the form [w] is true is in some sense equivalent to the sentence w (where [w] is the quotation name of the sentence w).
Anaphorically Unrestricted Quantifiers and Paradoxes
Authors: Azzouni Jody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In two earlier papers, Azzouni (2001) and Azzouni (2004c), I over a new deflationist approach to the logic of truth, anaphorically unrestricted quantifiers; but in those papers I deliberately set aside any discussion of the paradoxes. Simmons (1999), however, has argued that deflationist approaches to truth must take account of the paradoxes and, further, that there are great obstacles to their so doing.
Introduction: An Electoral Problem
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1923, Ivor Windsor-Clive, MP, succeeded to the peerage as Earl of Plymouth, and relinquished his parliamentary seat in the Shropshire constituency of Ludlow. A by-election was called for 19 April. Ludlow was solid Tory country. No Labour candidate had ever stood for election there, and even the Liberal Party tended to leave the Conservatives unopposed. There were a few trade unionists in the town of Ludlow itself, but across most of the division Labour had virtually no local organization. There were no funds to run a campaign, and potential Labour candidates declined the invitation to stand. After a survey of conditions in the constituency, the Labour Party’s district organizer for the Midlands, Herbert Drinkwater, advised against contesting the seat—as he had done when a previous by-election had arisen there only a year before.1
Campaigning in the Countryside
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the late nineteenth century, various groups on the political Left had sent propagandists into the countryside to shout their message at an often indifferent audience. The most striking manifestations of this were the propaganda vans touring the villages, coming along the country lanes in a ‘gaily-coloured stream’, the colours of the vehicles denoting the cause which each represented: red for land restoration, yellow for land nationalization (as in Richard Whiteing’s 1903 novel, The Yellow Van).
The Rural Labour Parties
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Labour’s rural campaigns were intended not only to win votes, but ‘to organise [electors] into Parties to enable them to provide local finance and to prepare themselves for elections of all kinds’. Tremendous significance was attached to the business of organization in the Labour Party before the Second World War. Walter Greenwood’s model party agent boasted of it as the party’s greatest achievement: ‘the biggest testimonial as to whether Labour is fit to govern the country—the fact that it is capable of governing its own affairs so supremely well.’
The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book introduces Proto-Indo-European, describes how it was reconstructed from its descendant languages, and shows what it reveals about the people who spoke it between 5,500 and 8,000 years ago. Using related evidence from archaeology and natural history the authors explore the lives, thoughts, passions, culture, society, economy, history, and environment of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. They include chapters on fauna, flora, family and kinship, clothing and textiles, food and drink, space and time, emotions, mythology, and religion, and describe the quest to discover the Proto-Indo-European homeland.
The Elements
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen how the Indo-European language family is comprised of twelve major groups and a number of languages, attested in antiquity, whose relationship to the major groups is uncertain or whose own evidence is quite meagre. All the groups are listed in Table 2.1 in very approximate geographical order, reading west to east (Map 1.1; Table 2.1).
Reconstructing Proto-Indo-European
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone with even the sketchiest notion of phonetics who considers the alphabet of the western languages cannot but be struck by its utter randomness. Vowels are scattered here and there in no sensible order, there is little similarity of sound in respect to placement, nor is there any sense that the more useful letters are gathered together in one place. The arrangement of a Qwerty keyboard (the standard typewriter or computer keyboard, named after the order of the first half of the upper row of letters) makes more sense than the order of the alphabet.
Clothing and Textiles
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the obvious domestic pursuits in any society, at least one inhabiting the temperate regions of Eurasia, is the production of textiles and clothing. The reconstructed lexicon has a considerable number of items pertaining to these activities although they fall far short of providing us with an image of Indo- European fashion. We have already seen that the Indo-European vocabulary includes a very well attested word for ‘wool’ (Section 11.2), a word for ‘linen’ (Section 10.3) is found in the West Central region (as far east as Greece but no further), and there are several words for animal skins, all of which were potentially manufactured into clothes and containers. Table 14.1 presents a list of the basic terms pertaining to textiles.
Number and Quantity
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The numerical system of Indo-European is one of its more stable elements, but even here there has been considerable remodelling of words although the roots have often been retained. Some of the remodelling is due to the fact that numbers are often recited in series which enhances the chances of a preceding number affecting a later number in the sequence or the latter affecting an earlier one by anticipation, e.g. the expected outcome of the numeral ‘nine’ in Latin (under one hypothesis) should have been **noven but the ending was altered to novem on the analogy of the preceding ‘seven’, septem, and the following ‘ten’, decem.
Civilian Immunity in the ‘New Wars’
Authors: Gilbert Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘New wars’ is the term that has come to be used¹ for the sort of conflict experienced around the world in recent years, where organized low- level violence is typically countered by the regular forces of states with results that expose civilians to death and injury from either side. The wars that followed the break-up of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia exemplify such conflicts, continuing most notably, as I write, in the disputed territory of Chechnya. The Russian government’s response to this insurgency is, so it claims, part of the global ‘war on terror’, and the various conflicts which form a part of these hostilities are, I suggest, also for the most part ‘new wars’. How, though, should we more precisely characterize them?
Naturalizing Content
Authors: Boghossian Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conviction that intentional realism requires intentional reductionism has the philosophy of mind in its grip. Thus, Jerry Fodor:
I suppose that sooner or later the physicists will complete the catalogue they’ve been compiling of the ultimate and irreducible properties of things. When they do, the likes of spin, charm, and charge will perhaps appear on their list. But aboutness surely won’t; intentionality simply doesn’t go that deep. It’s hard to see, in face of this consideration, how one can be a Realist about intentionality without also being, to some extent or other, a Reductionist. If the semantic and the intentional are real properties of things, it must be in virtue of their identity with (or maybe their supervenience on?) properties that are themselves neither intentional nor semantic. If aboutness is real, it must be really something else.
Epistemic Rules
Authors: Boghossian Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to a very natural picture of rational belief, we aim to believe only what is true. However, as Bernard Williams used to say, the world doesn’t just inscribe itself onto our minds. Rather, we have to try to figure out what is true from the evidence available to us. To do this, we rely on a set of epistemic rules that tell us in some general way what it would be most rational to believe under various epistemic circumstances. We reason about what to believe; and we do so by relying on a set of rules.
Colour as a Secondary Quality
Authors: Boghossian Paul A , Velleman J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Does modern science imply, contrary to the testimony of our eyes, that grass is not green? Galileo thought it did:
Hence I think that these tastes, odors, colors, etc., on the side of the object in which they seem to exist, are nothing else than mere names, but hold their residence solely in the sensitive body; so that if the animal were removed, every such quality would be abolished and annihilated. Nevertheless, as soon as we have imposed names on them, particular and different from those of the other primary and real accidents, we induce ourselves to believe that they also exist just as truly and really as the latter.
Prioritarianism
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prioritarianism is the view that, roughly, a benefit has greater moral value the worse the situation of the individual to whom it accrues. This view has received a great deal of attention in recent years.¹ In part, this is due to the fact that prioritarianism has only recently been distinguished from egalitarianism, at least by political philosophers. Thus, it has been suggested that perhaps some political theorists who have thought of themselves as egalitarians are in fact better described as prioritarians (Parfit 1991: 19– 22). A second, more important reason is that it has recently been argued that, unlike egalitarianism, prioritarianism is not vulnerable to the so-called Levelling Down Objection. According to this objection, it cannot, in any respect, be better to increase equality when this means lowering the welfare of some and increasing the welfare of none (Parfit 1991: 23). Since egalitarians are committed to the claim that it is in at least one respect better to increase equality, even if by levelling down, they are subject to the Levelling Down Objection. Prioritarians, on the other hand, do not
Who are the Least Advantaged?
Authors: Tungodden Bertil , Vallentyne Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The difference principle, introduced by Rawls (1971, 1993), states that the basic institutions of society should promote the social and economic interests of the least advantaged members of society. Most writers have contented themselves with the leximin version of the difference principle, saying that we should assign priority to the interests of the worst-off person in society (and the second worst off if the worst off is indifferent, and so on).¹ But this is clearly not what Rawls (1971) has in mind. He argues that the persons in the original position should interpret the difference principle as a ‘limited aggregative principle and assess it as such in comparison with other standards. It is not as if they agreed to think of the least advantaged as literally the worst off individual’ (1971; 98; our emphasis). In other words, the difference principle accepts a certain trade-off between gains and losses of people that belong to the least advantaged group in society, but assigns absolute priority to the least advantaged in any distributive conflict with the better off members of society.
Market Failure, Common Interests, and the Titanic Puzzle
Authors: Wolff Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Incentives, Public Benefits, and the Free Market Defenders of the free market often argue that in a free market it is possible to make a profit in a sustainable way only by giving people what they want. One inspiration for this argument is Adams Smith’s famous observation that ‘It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self-interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages’ (Smith 1904, bk. 1, ch. 2).
Oxford Jackson
Authors: Whyte William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late nineteenth century one man changed Oxford forever. T. G. Jackson built the Examination Schools, the Bridge of Sighs, worked at a dozen colleges, and restored a score of other Oxford icons. He also built for many of the major public schools, for the University of Cambridge, and at the Inns of Court. A friend of William Morris, he was a pioneering member of the arts and crafts moment. A distinguished historian, he also restored dozens of houses and churches - and ensured the survival of Winchester Cathedral. As an architectural theorist he was a leader of the generation that rejected the Gothic Revival and sought to develop a new and modern style of building. Drawing on extensive archival work, and illustrated with a hundred images, this is the first in-depth analysis of Jackson's career ever written. It sheds light on a little-known architect and reveals that his buildings, his books, and his work as an arts and craftsman were not just important in their own right, they were also part of a wider social change. Jackson was the architect of choice for a particular group of people, for the ' intellectual aristocracy' of late Victorian England. His buildings were a means by which they could articulate their identity and demonstrate their distinctiveness. They reformed the universities and the schools whilst he refashioned their image. Essential reading for anyone interested in Victorian architecture and nineteenth-century society, this book will also be of interest to all those who know and love Oxford or Cambridge.
Divine Command Ethics: A Causal Theory
Authors: Quinn Philip L , Miller Christian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What has God to do with human morality? According to divine command theories of ethics, his will determines, at least to some extent, its content. This general conception of the source of morality has distinguished historical antecedents. In the later middle ages both John Duns Scotus and William of Ockham endorsed versions of the divine command conception. Lesser figures of the period who held views of this sort include Gabriel Biel, Pierre d’Ailly, Jean Gerson, and Francisco Saurez. For the early modern period the list of divine command moralists includes George Berkeley, René Descartes, John Gay, John Locke, and William Paley. Among contemporary philosophers, divine command theories of one sort or another have been defended by Robert M. Adams, Baruch A. Brody, Patterson Brown, and Richard Swinburne. Recently I too have tried my hand at constructing and defending several divine command theories.¹
Religious Citizens within the Limits of Public Reason
Authors: Quinn Philip L , Miller Christian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a surprising discovery of modern liberal politics. As John Rawls puts it, ‘‘the success of liberal constitutionalism came as a discovery of new social possibility: the possibility of a reasonably harmonious and stable pluralist society.’’ There was, he thinks, no way of knowing in advance of that possibility. Moreover, this pluralism is itself reasonable. Modern democratic societies are characterized, according to Rawls, ‘‘not simply by a pluralism of comprehensive religious, philosophical and moral doctrines but by a pluralism of incompatible yet reasonable comprehensive doctrines.’’ So liberals should now start from the assumption that such pluralism is the normal result of the exercise of human reason within the context of the free institutions of a democratic society. The assumption is supported by the modern history of secular philosophical ethics. As Robert M. Adams notes, ‘‘nothing in the history of modern secular ethical theory gives reason to expect that general agreement on a single comprehensive ethical theory will ever be achieved— or that, if achieved, it would long endure in a climate of free inquiry.’’³ And, needless to say, the prospects for agreement on a single comprehensive religious doctrine are, at best, equally dim.
Clean
Authors: Smith Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do we still have nits? What exactly are ‘purity rules’? And why have baths scarcely changed in 200 years? The long history of personal hygiene and purity is a fascinating subject that reveals how closely we are linked to our deeper past. In this pioneering book, Virginia Smith covers the global history of human body-care from the Neolithic to the present, using first-hand accounts and sources. From pre-historic grooming rituals to New Age medicine, from ascetics to cosmetics, Smith looks at how different cultures have interpreted and striven for personal cleanliness and shows how, throughout history, this striving for purity has brought great social benefits as well as great tragedies. It is probably safe to sayh that no-one who reads this book will look at his or her body (or bathroom) in quite the same way again.
Protestant Regimens
Authors: Smith Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For it is my hope and my desire that [this work] will contribute to the common good; that through it the higher physicians will somewhat raise their thoughts, and not devote all their time to common cures, nor be honoured for necessity only; but that they will become instruments and dispensers of God ‘s power and mercy in prolonging and renewing the life of man, the rather because it is effected by safe, convenient, and civil, though hitherto unattempted methods. For although we Christians ever arrive and pant after the land of promise, yet meanwhile it will be a mark of God ‘s favour if in our pilgrimage through the wilderness of this world, these our shoes and garments (I mean our frail bodies) are as little worn out as possible.