Human DOCK11 Deficiency Causes Defective Erythropoiesis and Systemic Inflammation
Authors: Block Jana , Rashkova Christina , Castanon Irinka , Platon Jessica , Zoghi Samaneh , Fujiwara Mitsuhiro , Chaves Beatriz , Schoppmeyer Rouven , Van Der Made Caspar , Cabrera-Perez Rocio , Harms Frederike Leonie , Ardy Rico Chandra , Alavi Samin , Alsina Laia , Avila Polo Rainiero , Sanchez Moreno Paula , Jimenez Heredia Raul , Hannich Thomas , Huppa Johannes , Distel Martin , Pickl Winfried , Yoder Jeffrey , Traver David , Engelhardt Karin , Linden Tobias , Kager Leo , Hambleton Sophie , Hoischen Alexander , Illsinger Sabine , Chavoshzadeh Zahra , Kutsche Kerstin , Da Costa Lydie , Van Buul Jaap , Calzada-Hernandez Joan , Anton Jordi , Neth Olaf , Viaud Julien , Nishikimi Akihiko , Dupre Loic , Boztug Kaan 
Published: December 2023

Erythropoiesis involves significant changes in the cells, which are mediated by the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. The composition of the actin cytoskeleton and the interaction between its components are dynamically modified during erythropoiesis, however the precise role that different actin regulators play during erythroid differentiation is poorly understood.
The dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) family member DOCK11 regulates actin cytoskeleton dynamics via its guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity, resulting in activation of the small Rho GTPase CDC42. CDC42 has been implicated in regulating the early stages of erythroid development, as well as the terminal maturation steps involving enucleation. However, the role of human DOCK11 in hematopoietic cell function and human disease had not been defined.
We analyzed a cohort of four patients from four unrelated families presenting with recurrent infections, early-onset severe immune dysregulation, systemic inflammation, as well as normocytic anemia and anisocytosis of unknown origin. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified rare, hemizygous germline mutations in DOCK11 in these patients. Two mutations - an early stop-gain mutation and a
To study the role of DOCK11 during erythropoiesis, we generated a dock11-knockout zebrafish model. We found that the dock11-knockout zebrafish embryos recapitulated the anemia and aberrant erythrocyte morphology observed in human DOCK11 deficiency. The anemia was amenable to rescue with constitutively active CDC42, suggesting that DOCK11 regulates erythrocyte numbers in a CDC42-dependent manner. As a next step we modeled human erythroid differentiation in vitro using an erythroid liquid culture system starting from purified CD34+ cells. ShRNA-mediated knockdown of DOCK11 in CD34 + cells revealed impairment of cell growth and differentiation during erythroid development. In line with moderate erythroid hypoplasia observed in the bone marrow of one of the patients, these data suggest an erythroid-intrinsic role of DOCK11 during erythropoiesis.
As the patients with germline DOCK11 defects also presented with recurrent infections and systemic inflammation, we further assessed the role of DOCK11 in immune cells. In line with its role in actin dynamics, we found that human DOCK11 regulates T-cell morphology and migration, suggesting that defects in DOCK11 might impact the T cells' capability to fight infections. We further uncovered that the immune dysregulation observed in the patients involved aberrant T-cell activation and cytokine production. Mechanistically, using cells from DOCK11-deficient patients and Dock11-knockout mice, we were able to show that Dock11 regulates cytokine production at the transcriptional level by modulating the nuclear translocation of the T-cell transcription factor NFATc1, known to regulate the production of several cytokines.
Collectively, we identified germline loss-of-function mutations affecting the actin regulator DOCK11 in a previously unknown disorder associating anemia and systematic inflammation. This work earmarks the DOCK11-CDC42 axis as an attractive future target for the treatment of a broader range of immune and hematological diseases