bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nomenclature
Authors: David Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until now the topic of carbohydrate nomenclature has been deferred because of its rather tedious nature. But we hope the reader’s interest was sufficiently stimulated during the first three chapters for the reader to feel brave enough to tackle the present one. Only the nomenclature rules applicable to the work described in this book will be given. Knowing the correct terms will allow the reader to undertake reading of the primary literature and enable him or her to extrapolate these terms in unexpected situations due to a minimal sense of the general picture. These rules are extremely practical. The corresponding names are those utilized (in minute detail) in the tables of chemical compounds of the Chemical Substances Index of Chemical Abstracts. They are also the names used in the experimental sections of papers and theses, as paragraph headings describing procedures.
Feeding ecology
Authors: Fjeldså Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grebes obtain most of their food by diving. Since their feeding is usually hidden to our eyes, finding out how they feed and what they eat presents a problem. Pertinent questions relate to hunting methods, depths, where they find their food, etc. We need to ask if a bird is a searcher or a pursuit hunter, a generalist or specialist? In addition to knowing the depth of the water where it feeds, we may want to know if it hunts near the surface, throughout the water column, around submergent vegetation, or at the bottom.
Behaviour and communication
Authors: Fjeldså Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grebes are easy to watch, especially in areas where people do not harass them. Thus, the breeding behaviour of Silvery and Hooded Grebes, which breed on uninhabited Andean plateaus in Patagonia, could be watched from a few metres distance, with minimal need for using a hide (Erize 1981). Also in less remote places, some grebe pairs become habituated to people, and are easy to observe on close range.
Finitely generated groups and countably based groups
Authors: Wilson John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are concerned here with profinite groups whose topology has a countable base for its open sets. They may be characterized in various ways-they are, for example, the groups which are inverse limits of inverse systems of finite groups indexed by N. These groups, the countably based profinite groups, play a role similar to the role played by countable groups in abstract group theory. Examples are the profinite groups which are topologically finitely generated, and every countably based profinite group arises as a closed subgroup of a finitely generated profinite group. Indeed, for many classes C of finite groups, there exists a finitely generated pro-C group in which all countably based pro-C groups can be embedded.
Profinite groups of finite rank
Authors: Wilson John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we are concerned with profinite groups G for which there is an integer r such that every subgroup of G can be generated by r elements. Such groups are said to have finite rank. (This use of the term ‘rank’ should not be confused with its use in expressions such as ‘free group of rank r’.) The groups of finite rank play an important role in the theory of profinite groups and in applications to abstract group theory. After establishing the notation and some basic results, we study profinite soluble groups of finite rank and we give a number of characterizations of them.
Groups of finite cohomological dimension
Authors: Wilson John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A profinite group G is said to have cohomological dimension at most n if Hr (G, A) is zero for all r &gt; n and all discrete Z-torsion G-modules A. The groups of co omological dimension at most 1 are just the projective groups. Among other important groups which have finite cohomological dimension are the torsion-free profinite groups of finite rank and certain Galois groups Gal (K/k), where K is either a separable closure of k or the subfield of a separable closure generated by all finite Galois extensions of p-power degree.
A single substance as a supercritical fluid
Authors: Clifford Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When two molecules approach each other in a fluid, at a temperature where their relative speed is likely to be low, their mutually attractive forces will bring about a temporary association between them. If there is a sufficient density of molecules, there is the possibility of condensation to a liquid. On the other hand, if the temperature and the probable relative speeds are high, the attractive force will be too weak to have more than a slight effect on the molecular velocities, and condensation cannot occur however high the molecular density. It is therefore reasonable to expect, on the basis of molecular behaviour, that for every substance there is a temperature below which condensation to a liquid (and evaporation to a gas) is possible, but above which these processes cannot occur. That there is a critical temperature above which a single substance can only exist as a fluid and not as either a liquid or gas was shown experimentally 170 years ago by Baron Charles Cagniard de la Tour (1822).
Geological History of Reefs
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reefs, the greatest structures made by life on earth, seem ageless, immovable and indestructible. Yet they are none of these things. Rather, they are the end products of a combination of geological and climatic events which have acted to change the face of the earth, as well as the products of an evolutionary process which started well before the appearance on earth of any fauna that we now recognize.— VERON 1986
Combinatorial Chemistry
Authors: Terrett Nicholas K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of combinatorial chemistry was instigated primarily in response to the need for large libraries of novel compounds to feed the high throughput screening facilities developed by biologists. Traditional methods of organic synthesis involving the sequential synthesis of individual molecules are simply orders of magnitude too slow to satisfy the demand for compounds. Combinatorial chemistry is still in its infancy, developing from the synthesis of large mixtures of compounds to the high speed parallel synthesis of large libraries of well characterized single compounds, with at the same time a shift in emphasis from solution phase to solid phase methodologies.
Interactions of PTPases with other proteins, peptides and macromolecules
Authors: Goldstein Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the most exciting work in cell signalling has been in the characterization of protein-protein intermolecular reactions. PTPases have been shown to be involved in a variety of interactions that hold promise in identifying associated cellular proteins, potential substrate targets and eventually to help elucidate the physiological roles of the various PTPase homologues (Table 12). The initial sequence characterization of several transmembrane PTPases revealed structural similarity in the extracellular domains to the NCAM family of cell adhesion molecules and to repeats of fibronectin type III (Fn-III) motifs [756, 891] suggesting that these domains might be regulated by homotypic cell-cell interactions [605, 901]. This hypothesis has been demonstrated to be true at least in the case of two of the receptor-type PTPases, RPTP-µ and RPTP-K;, where recombinant domains on inert spheres as well as in the surface of overexpressing eukaryotic cells have been shown to engage in homotypic aggregation [412, 421, 447, 1089].
The synthesis and applications of phosphines
Authors: Clarke Matthew L , Williams Jonathan M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phosphines are the most widely used ligands for transition metals because they are extremely versatile: It is possible to vary the size and the donating properties of the phosphine and to introduce either chiral or heteroatom groups. The steric bulk of a phosphine ligand is most often defined by its cone angle. This is a measure of how much volume the organic groups at phosphorus occupy. It is possible to vary widely the size of this angle by choice of organic groups (Scheme 1), and altering steric effects in this way can radically alter both how the phosphine binds to the metal and the reactivity of the metal itself.
Language and genes in the Americas
Authors: Ward Ryk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper will focus on a specific geographic region, the New World, and its original inhabitants, the Amerindians-a sub-group of our species that, in many respects, is quite recent in evolutionary terms. Despite this, Amerindians have developed a degree of cultural diversity which rivals that found in other, more ancient, regions of the world. They have also developed an appreciable degree of biological diversity.
Floating Numbers
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The beginning of a course on numerical analysis naturally includes some fairly abstract considerations of how real numbers are represented in a computer, known as floating-point representation, and incidentally on systems of counting. To convince the reader that there is material here which is both surprising and thought-provoking, the following exercises are more effective than a long discourse. It is strongly recommended that the reader sharpens his or her mind by trying them. The level of mathematics and programming required is entirely elementary, though this does not spoil the fun of doing them.
Projective spaces and algebraic varieties
Authors: Hirschfeld J W P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For any m = −1,0,1,2,... ,n, a subspace of dimension m, or m-space, of PG(n, K) is a set of points all of whose representing vectors form, together with the zero, a subspace of dimension m+1 of V = V(n 4+1, q); it is denoted by Πm A subspace of dimension zero has already been called a point; a subspace of dimension −1 is the empty set. Subspaces of dimension one, two, three are respectively a line, a plane, a solid. A subspace of dimension n −1 is a prime or hyperplane-, a subspace of dimension n−2 is a secundum. A subspace of dimension n −r is also referred to as a subspace of codimension r. The set of m-spaces is denoted PG(m)(n,q).
Economic Aspects of Radio Channel Assignment
Authors: Leese Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters in this volume have mainly addressed the radio engineering aspects of channel assignment. In particular, they have considered, in various settings, the relationship between the amount of spectrum allocated to a radio service and the interference that is experienced by users of the service. The aim in this final chapter is to demonstrate how economic modelling may be integrated into such frameworks, with the result that spectrum assignments may be evaluated not just in terms of engineering measures such as interference levels or span, but also in terms of economic measures such as operator and consumer surpluses. One then has a means of estimating the economic value of radio spectrum in light of the combined engineering and economic environments in which it is deployed.
The future
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The easiest prediction is a simple extrapolation from existing trends. If the number of telephone subscribers has been increasing for the last 120 years then it is fairly safe to predict that it will keep on increasing for a while. At what rate? At the rate it increased in the last year. Can one make even better predictions? Mathematicians will say that it is necessary to look at the higher derivatives i.e. one needs to know not only the rate of change but also how in the course of last year the rate of change has changed, etc. This is the way professional forecasters, say those employed by telephone companies, are bound to proceed. At the same time their marketing people investigate the lilcely demand for some new services they intend to introduce, and then they extrapolate from the various surveys conducted. This kind of prediction envisages relatively slow change.
Dynamic Instability of Rapid Solidification Fronts
Authors: Alexandrov D V , Mansurov V V , Galenko P K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Planar front dynamic instability in the presence of rapid solidification is considered. Directional solidification of multi-component liquids often produces material with a laminated periodic ordered structure, especially under reduced gravity conditions when convection is hindered or prohibited. This structure has layers of abnormally high or low solute concentrations, roughly parallel to the crystallization front. This was detected by Stewart et al. [1] and is extensively discussed in [2)-[6). Different layered segregation patterns are characteristic of semiconductor crystals [7]-[10] and of metallic and organic materials [11]-[13].
2D Unsteady Temperature in a Boiler Shell by the Multistage-Multigroup Least Squares Method
Authors: Guzik A , Styrylska T , Taler J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
he paper deals with the mathematical modelling of unsteady temperature fields using data subject to errors in the elements of technological systems. When the mathematical model contains measured results, using the adjustment procedure, we can verify its accuracy and obtain a more realistic solution from a statistical view point. The adjustment procedure is very often based upon the least squares principle. When numerical methods are used to get the solution, the coefficient matrix of the set of constraint equations is sparse and simplifications in the adjustment procedure are afforded. The multistage-multigroup approach to modelling of unsteady temperature fields has been derived. The efficiency of the algorithm allows on-line estimation of them. The procedure was employed for determining the unsteady temperature field in a boiler shell.
Heat Transfer and Gas Dynamics in Stirling Engines
Authors: Makhkamov Kh.Kh. , Ingham D B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stirling Engines provide several advantages over existing types of engines. In particular their performance meets the demands for the efficient use of energy and environmental security. To realise the potential performance of a Stirling Engine it is important to accurately model its working process. In this paper the standard k-c: turbulence model has been used for the two-dimensional simulation of the heat transfer and gas dynamical processes on the external surface of the cavity-type heat receiver of a Stirling Engine for a Solar Power Plant.
Use of the Inverse Method to Measure Temperatures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
Authors: Tierney M J , Banim R S , Brett P N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High steady-state accuracy and a fast response are important requirements for most sensors. In mixers, temperature is an important variable with respect to automated process control and the resulting quality of output. However, fast sensor response and steady-state accuracy is difficult to achieve due to the strength requirements of probes penetrating the medium, steep temperature gradients and distributive variations within the batch. This paper describes multi-thermocouple probe techniques that are devised to reduce errors and are based on the design of existing probes. Here we describe several computational extrapolation techniques to process the sensory data on-line. It is shown that it is possible to estimate the temperature of the medium rather than that of the probe itself. The performance described is based on laboratory and industrial mixer trials and shows that the method can lead to a significant improvement in accuracy for determining the true fluid temperature.
Presentation of the Equations
Authors: Chemin Jean-Yves , Gallagher Isabelle , Iftimie Dragos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We want to describe the evolution of a perfect incompressible fluid between two times to and t1. A particle of fluid located at point x at time to will be located at point ψ 1(x) at time t1. The incompressibility of the fluid is translated into the fact that the function ψ1, assumed to be a diffeomorphism, is measure-preserving; that is to say, its Jacobian is of determinant 1.
Littlewood-Paley Theory
Authors: Chemin Jean-Yves , Gallagher Isabelle , Iftimie Dragos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic idea consists in localizing the frequencies with the help of a decomposition of their space into annuli of size 2q, q a natural number. The interesting aspect of this technique is in the behaviour of tempered distributions towards differentiation, when their Fourier transform is compactly supported. If the support of û is included in a ball of centre 0 and radius λ then a derivative costs no more than λ; if û is supported in a ring of centre 0, short radius r1λ and long radius r2λ, denoted by C(0, r1λ, r2λ), then a derivative costs exactly λ. More precisely, we have the following lemma.
The Case of Smooth Initial Data
Authors: Chemin Jean-Yves , Gallagher Isabelle , Iftimie Dragos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this section, we denote by II a bilinear operator defined on the set of pairs of vector fields in IRd with values in the set of vector fields on ℝ d. This operator II is assumed to verify the following tame estimate: for every r &gt; 1 in the case of the first inequality and for every r ∈ (−1, 1) in the case of the second inequality, there exists a constant D(r) such that
(4.1)∥Π(v,w)∥r≤D(r)(∥v∥r∥w∥Lip+∥w∥r∥v∥Lip)∥Π(v,w)∥r≤D(r)min{∥v∥r∥w∥Lip,∥w∥r∥v∥Lip}
Levels of Description and Reduction
Authors: Holland John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We’ve seen repeatedly that much complexity can be generated in systems defined by a few well-chosen rules. When we observe emergent phenomena, we ought therefore to try to discover the rules that generate the phenomena. In the particular format we have developed, we need to find a constrained generating procedure that generates the emergent phenomena. In so doing, we will reduce our complex observations of emergence to the interactions of simple mechanisms.
Classical Problems and Indirect MethodS
Authors: Buttazzo Giuseppe , Giaquinta Mariano , Hildebrandt Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this first chapter we describe the classical indirect approach to solving variational problems. The first step of this method consists in deriving necessary conditions for a function to be a minimizer. Among these, the principal condition is the vanishing of the first variation of the functional to be minimized at the prospective minimizer.
Detecting adaptive radiation
Authors: Schluter Dolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is adaptive radiation? A working definition and the means to apply it are crucial to successful study of the process. Modern usage derives from Simpson (1953, p. 223): ‘adaptive radiation strictly speaking refers to more or less simultaneous divergence of numerous lines from much the same adaptive type into different, also diverging adaptive zones’. This definition is not fully operational by itself, but it incorporates two core processes that most researchers continue to regard as essential: a rise in the rate of appearance of new species and a concurrent increase in ecological and phenotypic diversity.
The ecological basis of speciation
Authors: Schluter Dolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rise of ecological and phenotypic diversity in adaptive radiation is accompanied by one or more episodes of speciation. Determining how the new species form, and why the pace of species formation is higher during some periods than others, is thus crucial to understanding the process. For organisms engaging in sexual reproduction, effort centres on the mechanisms that elevate levels of reproductive isolation between populations.
Multivariate models
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first basic problem in constructing a multivariate distribution is deciding how to define an appropriate stochastic dependence. As we have seen in Section 2.3, one reason why the multivariate normal distribution is relatively simple to understand and to use is that all of the stochastic dependence structure among responses is contained in the covariance’s or correlations. Such a simple solution is not available in other cases.
Event histories
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In simple cases, the durations of successive periods, or waiting times, between events occurring to a unit, called life or event histories, involve events accumulated without any fundamental change in the unit: a point process. There may not be any fundamental evolution over time, as in a renewal process, or earlier events may influence the later ones, as for example in a birth process. In more complex situations, each event may induce a change of state for the unit, such as with a semi-Markov process (Section 3.1.2).
Visions for future research in wildlife epidemiology
Authors: Grenfell B T , Amos W , Arneberg P , Bjornstad O N , Greenman J V , Harwood J , Lanfranchi P , McLean A R , Norman R A , Read A F , Skorping A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prediction is a notoriously difficult task in any field of biology. The editors of this volume decided wisely to avoid this task, instead appointing as seers the doughty individuals who write below. Their prognostications are diverse, but share two common characteristics. The first is a call for more integration, both conceptually (§9.4) and across disciplines (§9.2). In particular, there is a clear message that the field should seek cross-discipline collaboration between field, theoretical, and laboratory-based epidemiologists and specialists in other fields (mathematicians, human geneticists, immunologists, etc.). This is true for both fundamental research problems (e.g. the measurement of immunocompetence; §9.3) and for applied questions (§9.6). In particular, in the modelling section the authors stress the need for a ‘meeting of minds’ between empiricists and theoreticians (§9.2; see also §9.6.2). The former often needs a better appreciation of the power and-especially-the limitations of theoretical approaches. The latter frequently need to understand more completely the importance of empirical data and expertise, the difficulties of collecting data, and the key skill of balancing mathematical elegance and tract- ability with biological realism and relevance.