bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mathematical models use varying parameter strategies to represent paralyzed muscle force properties: a sensitivity analysis
Authors: Frey Law Laura A , Shields Richard K 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Background
Mathematical muscle models may be useful for the determination of appropriate musculoskeletal stresses that will safely maintain the integrity of muscle and bone following spinal cord injury. Several models have been proposed to represent paralyzed muscle, but there have not been any systematic comparisons of modelling approaches to better understand the relationships between model parameters and muscle contractile properties. This sensitivity analysis of simulated muscle forces using three currently available mathematical models provides insight into the differences in modelling strategies as well as any direct parameter associations with simulated muscle force properties.

Methods
Three mathematical muscle models were compared: a traditional linear model with 3 parameters and two contemporary nonlinear models each with 6 parameters. Simulated muscle forces were calculated for two stimulation patterns (constant frequency and initial doublet trains) at three frequencies (5, 10, and 20 Hz). A sensitivity analysis of each model was performed by altering a single parameter through a range of 8 values, while the remaining parameters were kept at baseline values. Specific simulated force characteristics were determined for each stimulation pattern and each parameter increment. Significant parameter influences for each simulated force property were determined using ANOVA and Tukey's follow-up tests (α ≤ 0.05), and compared to previously reported parameter definitions.

Results
Each of the 3 linear model's parameters most clearly influence either simulated force magnitude or speed properties, consistent with previous parameter definitions. The nonlinear models' parameters displayed greater redundancy between force magnitude and speed properties. Further, previous parameter definitions for one of the nonlinear models were consistently supported, while the other was only partially supported by this analysis.

Conclusion
These three mathematical models use substantially different strategies to represent simulated muscle force. The two contemporary nonlinear models' parameters have the least distinct associations with simulated muscle force properties, and the greatest parameter role redundancy compared to the traditional linear model.
Respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute and chronic airway disease is independent of genetic background: An experimental murine model
Authors: Chávez-Bueno Susana , Mejías Asunción , Gómez Ana M , Olsen Kurt D , Ríos Ana M , Fonseca-Aten Mónica , Ramilo Octavio , Jafri Hasan S 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading respiratory viral pathogen in young children worldwide. RSV disease is associated with acute airway obstruction (AO), long-term airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and chronic lung inflammation. Using two different mouse strains, this study was designed to determine whether RSV disease patterns are host-dependent. C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were inoculated with RSV and followed for 77 days. RSV loads were measured by plaque assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and whole lung samples; cytokines were measured in BAL samples. Lung inflammation was evaluated with a histopathologic score (HPS), and AO and AHR were determined by plethysmography.ResultsViral load dynamics, histopathologic score (HPS), cytokine concentrations, AO and long-term AHR were similar in both strains of RSV-infected mice, although RSV-infected C57BL/6 mice developed significantly greater AO compared with RSV-infected BALB/c mice on day 5. PCR detected RSV RNA in BAL samples of RSV infected mice until day 42, and in whole lung samples through day 77. BAL concentrations of cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, and chemokines MIG, RANTES and MIP-1α were significantly elevated in both strains of RSV-infected mice compared with their respective controls. Viral load measured by PCR significantly correlated with disease severity on days 14 and 21.ConclusionRSV-induced acute and chronic airway disease is independent of genetic background.
Neutrophil elastase, an acid-independent serine protease, facilitates reovirus uncoating and infection in U937 promonocyte cells
Authors: Golden Joseph W , Schiff Leslie A 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackgroundMammalian reoviruses naturally infect their hosts through the enteric and respiratory tracts. During enteric infections, proteolysis of the reovirus outer capsid protein σ3 is mediated by pancreatic serine proteases. In contrast, the proteases critical for reovirus replication in the lung are unknown. Neutrophil elastase (NE) is an acid-independent, inflammatory serine protease predominantly expressed by neutrophils. In addition to its normal role in microbial defense, aberrant expression of NE has been implicated in the pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Because reovirus replication in rodent lungs causes ARDS-like symptoms and induces an infiltration of neutrophils, we investigated the capacity of NE to promote reovirus virion uncoating.ResultsThe human promonocyte cell line U937 expresses NE. Treatment of U937 cells with the broad-spectrum cysteine-protease inhibitor E64 [trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane] and with agents that increase vesicular pH did not inhibit reovirus replication. Even when these inhibitors were used in combination, reovirus replicated to significant yields, indicating that an acid-independent non-cysteine protease was capable of mediating reovirus uncoating in U937 cell cultures. To identify the protease(s) responsible, U937 cells were treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an agent that induces cellular differentiation and results in decreased expression of acid-independent serine proteases, including NE and cathepsin (Cat) G. In the presence of E64, reovirus did not replicate efficiently in PMA-treated cells. To directly assess the role of NE in reovirus infection of U937 cells, we examined viral growth in the presence of N-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val chloromethylketone, a NE-specific inhibitor. Reovirus replication in the presence of E64 was significantly reduced by treatment of cells with the NE inhibitor. Incubation of virions with purified NE resulted in the generation of infectious subviron particles that did not require additional intracellular proteolysis.ConclusionOur findings reveal that NE can facilitate reovirus infection. The fact that it does so in the presence of agents that raise vesicular pH supports a model in which the requirement for acidic pH during infection reflects the conditions required for optimal protease activity. The capacity of reovirus to exploit NE may impact viral replication in the lung and other tissues during natural infections.
Golf and upper limb injuries: a summary and review of the literature
Authors: McHardy Andrew J , Pollard Henry P 
Published: May 2005

Abstract

Background

Golf is a popular past time that provides exercise with social interaction. However, as with all sports and activities, injury may occur. Many golf-related injuries occur in the upper limb, yet little research on the potential mechanisms of these injuries has been conducted.

Objective

To review the current literature on golf-related upper limb injuries and report on potential causes of injury as it relates to the golf swing.

Discussion

An overview of the golf swing is described in terms of its potential to cause the frequently noted injuries. Most injuries occur at impact when the golf club hits the ball. This paper concludes that more research into golf-related upper limb injuries is required to develop a thorough understanding of how injuries occur. Types of research include epidemiology studies, kinematic swing analysis and electromyographic studies of the upper limb during golf. By conducting such research, preventative measures maybe developed to reduce golf related injury.
Phase I clinical study of the recombinant antibody toxin scFv(FRP5)-ETA specific for the ErbB2/HER2 receptor in patients with advanced solid malignomas
Authors: von Minckwitz Gunter , Harder Sebastian , Hövelmann Sascha , Jäger Elke , Al-Batran Salah-Eddin , Loibl Sibylle , Atmaca Akin , Cimpoiasu Christian , Neumann Antje , Abera Aklil , Knuth Alexander , Kaufmann Manfred , Jäger Dirk , Maurer Alexander B , Wels Winfried S 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Introduction
ScFv(FRP5)-ETA is a recombinant antibody toxin with binding specificity for ErbB2 (HER2). It consists of an N-terminal single-chain antibody fragment (scFv), genetically linked to truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA). Potent antitumoral activity of scFv(FRP5)-ETA against ErbB2-overexpressing tumor cells was previously demonstrated in vitro and in animal models. Here we report the first systemic application of scFv(FRP5)-ETA in human cancer patients.

Methods
We have performed a phase I dose-finding study, with the objective to assess the maximum tolerated dose and the dose-limiting toxicity of intravenously injected scFv(FRP5)-ETA. Eighteen patients suffering from ErbB2-expressing metastatic breast cancers, prostate cancers, head and neck cancer, non small cell lung cancer, or transitional cell carcinoma were treated. Dose levels of 2, 4, 10, 12.5, and 20 μg/kg scFv(FRP5)-ETA were administered as five daily infusions each for two consecutive weeks.

Results
No hematologic, renal, and/or cardiovascular toxicities were noted in any of the patients treated. However, transient elevation of liver enzymes was observed, and considered dose limiting, in one of six patients at the maximum tolerated dose of 12.5 μg/kg, and in two of three patients at 20 μg/kg. Fifteen minutes after injection, peak concentrations of more than 100 ng/ml scFv(FRP5)-ETA were obtained at a dose of 10 μg/kg, indicating that predicted therapeutic levels of the recombinant protein can be applied without inducing toxic side effects. Induction of antibodies against scFv(FRP5)-ETA was observed 8 days after initiation of therapy in 13 patients investigated, but only in five of these patients could neutralizing activity be detected. Two patients showed stable disease and in three patients clinical signs of activity in terms of signs and symptoms were observed (all treated at doses ≥ 10 μg/kg). Disease progression occurred in 11 of the patients.

Conclusion
Our results demonstrate that systemic therapy with scFv(FRP5)-ETA can be safely administered up to a maximum tolerated dose of 12.5 μg/kg in patients with ErbB2-expressing tumors, justifying further clinical development.
Motifs, themes and thematic maps of an integrated Saccharomyces cerevisiaeinteraction network
Authors: Zhang Lan V , King Oliver D , Wong Sharyl L , Goldberg Debra S , Tong Amy HY , Lesage Guillaume , Andrews Brenda , Bussey Howard , Boone Charles , Roth Frederick P 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Background
Large-scale studies have revealed networks of various biological interaction types, such as protein-protein interaction, genetic interaction, transcriptional regulation, sequence homology, and expression correlation. Recurring patterns of interconnection, or 'network motifs', have revealed biological insights for networks containing either one or two types of interaction.

Results
To study more complex relationships involving multiple biological interaction types, we assembled an integrated Saccharomyces cerevisiae network in which nodes represent genes (or their protein products) and differently colored links represent the aforementioned five biological interaction types. We examined three- and four-node interconnection patterns containing multiple interaction types and found many enriched multi-color network motifs. Furthermore, we showed that most of the motifs form 'network themes' – classes of higher-order recurring interconnection patterns that encompass multiple occurrences of network motifs. Network themes can be tied to specific biological phenomena and may represent more fundamental network design principles. Examples of network themes include a pair of protein complexes with many inter-complex genetic interactions – the 'compensatory complexes' theme. Thematic maps – networks rendered in terms of such themes – can simplify an otherwise confusing tangle of biological relationships. We show this by mapping the S. cerevisiae network in terms of two specific network themes.

Conclusion
Significantly enriched motifs in an integrated S. cerevisiae interaction network are often signatures of network themes, higher-order network structures that correspond to biological phenomena. Representing networks in terms of network themes provides a useful simplification of complex biological relationships.
Risk, psychiatry and the military
Authors: Wessely Simon 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe relationship between combat and psychiatric breakdown has been well recognised for decades. The change to smaller, professional armed forces has reduced the risk of large-scale acute psychiatric casualties, and should have led to a corresponding decrease in long-term ill health, but this expected reduction seems not to have happened. Likewise, attempts at preventing psychiatric injury, by screening before deployment or debriefing after, have been disappointing. Three reasons for this are proposed: a rethinking of the relationship between trauma and long-term outcome, catalysed by the attempts of US society to come to terms with the Vietnam conflict; a broadening of the scope of psychiatric injury as it moved to the civilian sector; and the increased prominence of unexplained syndromes and contested diagnoses such as Gulf War syndrome. Traditional psychiatric injury is predictable, proportionate and can, in theory, be managed. These newer forms of injury are in contrast unanticipated, paradoxical, ill understood and hard to manage. Traditional approaches to risk management by reducing exposure have not been successful, and may increase risk aversion and reduce resilience. However, the experiences of civilians in wartime or the military show that people are not intrinsically risk-averse, provided they can see purpose in accepting risk.
Acute military psychiatric casualties from the war in Iraq
Authors: Turner Mark A. , Kiernan Mathew D. , McKechanie Andrew G. , Finch Peter J. C. , McManus Frank B. , Neal Leigh A. 
Published: June 2005

BackgroundThe view that most military personnel evacuated from war zones are suffering from combat stress reactions, or are otherwise traumatised by the horrors of war, has an impact on all aspects of military psychiatry.AimsTo delineate the reasons for psychiatric aeromedical evacuation from Iraq from the start of build-up of UK forces in January 2003 until the end of October that year, 6 months after the end of formal hostilities.MethodA retrospective study was conducted of field and in-patient psychiatric assessments of 116 military personnel evacuated to the UK military psychiatric in-patient facility in Catterick Garrison.ResultsEvacuees were mainly non-combatants (69%). A significant proportion were in reserve service (21%) and had a history of contact with mental health services (37%). Only 3% had a combat stress reaction. In over 85% of cases evacuation was for low mood attributed to separation from friends or family, or difficulties adjusting to the environment.ConclusionsThese findings have implications especially for screening for suitability for deployment, and for understanding any longer-term mental health problems arising in veterans from Iraq.
Pathways to psychiatric care in Eastern Europe
Authors: Gater Richard , Jordanova Vesna , Maric Nadja , Alikaj Valbona , Bajs Maja , Cavic Tamara , Dimitrov Hristo , Iosub Diana , Mihai Adriana , Szalontay Andreea Silvana , Helmchen Hanfried , Sartorius Norman 
Published: June 2005

BackgroundThere has been almost no research into mental health services in Eastern Europe. A pathways study is a quick and useful starting point, requiring few resources.AimsTo improve understanding of prior care-seeking and treatment of new patients seen at mental health services.MethodPathways diagrams were drawn showing the routes of care-seeking for 50 new patients in eight centres. Patterns of care-seeking, durations and previous treatments were compared for ICD–10 diagnostic groups.ResultsThe diagnoses varied according to the organisation of services. Major pathways included general practitioners, direct access and hospital doctors. General practitioners have a limited role as ‘gatekeeper’ in centres in Albania, Croatia, Macedonia, Romania and Serbia–Montenegro, and rarely prescribed treatment, except sedatives, for mental disorders.ConclusionsFindings highlight areas that require attention if aspirations for community-oriented mental health care are to be realised, particularly integration of mental health into primary care.
Attitudes to referral to community mental health teams: a questionnaire study
Authors: Walker P. , Haeney O.G. , Naik P.C. 
Published: June 2005

Aims and MethodThere are no data or guidelines on who should be referred to community mental health teams (CMHTs), resulting in enormous variability in referral patterns. General practitioners (GPs) and psychiatrists were surveyed using a purpose-designed questionnaire to assess their attitudes regarding referral of individuals with different psychiatric disorders.ResultsThere was consensus among GPs and psychiatrists that individuals with psychotic disorders, mania, severe depression and phobias should be referred to CMHTs. GPs were more likely to refer personality disorder, whereas the reverse was true for moderate depression and anxiety/ panic disorders. There was disagreement within groups about referral for acute stress reaction, mild depression and adjustment disorders.Clinical ImplicationsUncertainty about appropriate referral causes variability in referral patterns and service provisions. This needs resolution through the Royal Colleges of Psychiatrists and General Practitioners, to provide guidance leading to equality of care for all.
Intestinal Apolipoprotein A-IV Gene Transcription Is Controlled by Two Hormone-Responsive Elements: A Role for Hepatic Nuclear Factor-4 Isoforms
Authors: Archer Amena , Sauvaget Dominique , Chauffeton Valérie , Bouchet Pierre-Etienne , Chambaz Jean , Pinçon-Raymond Martine , Cardot Philippe , Ribeiro Agnès , Lacasa Michel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn the small intestine, the expression of the apolipoprotein (apo) C-III and A-IV genes is restricted to the enterocytes of the villi. We have previously shown that, in transgenic mice, specific expression of the human apo C-III requires a hormone-responsive element (HRE) located in the distal region of the human apoA-IV promoter. This HRE binds the hepatic nuclear factors (HNF)-4α and γ. Here, intraduodenal injections in mice and infections of human enterocytic Caco-2/TC7 cells with an adenovirus expressing a dominant-negative form of HNF-4α repress the expression of the apoA-IV gene, demonstrating that HNF-4 controls the apoA-IV gene expression in enterocytes. We show that HNF-4α and γ functionally interact with a second HRE present in the proximal region of the human apoA-IV promoter. New sets of transgenic mice expressing mutated forms of the promoter, combined with the human apo C-III enhancer, demonstrate that, whereas a single HRE is sufficient to reproduce the physiological cephalo-caudal gradient of apoA-IV gene expression, both HREs are required for expression that is restricted to villi. The combination of multiple HREs may specifically recruit regulatory complexes associating HNF-4 and either coactivators in villi or corepressors in crypts.
Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage and Selective Transformation of Zirconacycles
Authors: Takahashi Tamotsu , Kotora Martin , Hara Ryuichiro , Xi Zhenfeng 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
This account describes recent development in carbon–carbon bond cleavage reactions and selective transformation of 5-membered zirconacycles, including zirconacyclopentanes, zirconacyclopentenes, and zirconacyclopentadienes. These zirconacycles can be prepared by coupling of unsaturated compounds such as alkenes and/or alkynes, but the zirconacycles also undergo β,β′-C–C bond cleavage, which has been further applied to organic transformation reactions. Combination of the β,β′-C–C bond cleavage and the C–C bond formation on zirconocene provided a highly selective and novel transformation. Vinylzirconation of alkynes, regioselective allylzirconation of alkynes, and coupling of alkynes with nitriles or ketones were achieved by this method. Zirconacyclopentadienes prepared symmetrically or unsymmetrically were converted into naphthalene, diene, and benzene derivatives. Preparation of benzene derivatives from three different alkynes was performed by combination of C–C bond cleavage and C–C bond formation on zirconocene in one-pot in high yield with excellent selectivity.
Pd(II)- and Pt(II)-Linked Tetranuclear Complexes as Assembly Units for Higher Ordered Structures
Authors: Aoyagi Masaru , Biradha Kumar , Fujita Makoto 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The formation of ···Pt(II)···Br–Pt(IV)··· mixed-valence complexes was utilized for the assembly of square compounds, [(en)M(4,4′-bpy)]4(NO3)8 (1·(NO3)8; a: M = Pt(II), b: M = Pd(II), 4,4′-bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine), into higher ordered infinite complexes. The reaction of 18+ with cationic Pt(IV) complex, [PtBr2(en)2]2+ (22+), afforded a 1 : 3 complex 1a·(2)314+. Crystallographic analysis of this complex showed that two moieties of 22+ bridged at the cis corner of 1a8+ making a stair-like infinite network, whereas another moiety of 22+ was accommodated in the cavity of 1a8+. On the other hand, complexation of 1b with anionic Pt(IV) complex, PtX62− (32−; a: X = Cl, b: X = Br), afforded a 1 : 4 complex 1·(3)4. UV-vis observations suggested the formation of a linear tube structure, in which each corner of 18+ is bridged by the linear X–Pt–X motif of 32−.
Characterization of CO- and H2-Adsorbed Au6Pt-Phosphine Clusters Supported on SiO2 by EXAFS, TPD, and FTIR
Authors: Yuan Youzhu , Asakura Kiyotaka , Wan Huilin , Tsai Khirui , Iwasawa Yasuhiro 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The adsorption of CO and H2 on a SiO2-supported Au6Pt cluster [(AuPPh3)6Pt(PPh3)](NO3)2 (1) has been studied by means of FTIR, TPD, and EXAFS. CO adsorbed on 1/SiO2 to form a CO-adduct complex, which exhibited an IR band at ca. 1972 cm−1. The adsorbed CO was desorbed below 403 K, showing a peak maximum at 363 K in TPD. There was little change in the coordination number of Pt–Au in Pt L3-edge EXAFS upon CO adsorption, but the coordination number of Au–Au in Au L3-edge EXAFS slightly increased and the peak ascribed to Pt–(Au)–P in the Pt L3-edge EXAFS Fourier transform remarkably increased. The increase in the intensity of the Pt–(Au)–P peak was interpreted by the multiple scattering effect owing to the change of Pt–Au–P bond angle. The original EXAFS oscillations at both Pt and Au L3-edges were regenerated after evacuation of the CO-adsorbed sample for 2 h at 353 K, indicating the recovery of the original cluster structure. This is entirely different from the case of the cluster 1 in solution, where the cluster framework is fragmented by the CO adsorption-desorption process. The adsorption of H2 on 1/SiO2 was totally reversible at room temperature; it provided no contribution to the EXAFS oscillation.