bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey of the genotype for S‐mephenytoin hydroxylase in the Chinese Han population
Authors: WANG Hong , LI Yu Yuan , NIE Yu Qiang , WANG Han Ping , MAO Ping , XIE Jian Jin 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVE:  S‐mephenytoin hydroxylase is a polymorphic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme that catalyzes the metabolism of omeprazole, a proton‐pump inhibitor, and some other drugs. The aim of this survey was to investigate the distribution of the genotype of S‐mephenytoin hydroxylase in Chinese people.METHODS:  One hundred and fifty‐five unrelated healthy volunteers were selected and their blood samples were used for genotyping by PCR‐restriction enzyme analysis. DNA from homozygous extensive metabolizers (EM) could be digested into two fragments, whereas poor metabolizers (PM) could not be digested and heterozygous EM could be partly digested.RESULTS:  Two mutations of CYP2C19 were found; that is, m1 and m2. The frequency of the PM (m/m) genotype was 15.5% (24/155) and that of EM was 84.5% (131/155). The EM included 36.8% (57/155) homo‐EM (wt/wt) and 47.7% (74/155) hetero‐EM (wt/m).CONCLUSIONS:  There were two forms of CYP2C19 mutations. The frequency of PM (m/m) and heterozygous EM genotype (w/m) in Chinese people were significantly higher than those of Western white people. Hetero‐EM were more common than homo‐EM in the Chinese population. The genotyping variation might explain the different effect of PPI on individuals.
Is cranberry juice effective in the treatment and prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection of mice?
Authors: XIAO Shu Dong , SHI Tong 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVE:  It is well known that eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection results in healing of peptic ulcer and regression of gastric mucosal inflammation. Cranberry juice beverages have been shown to achieve good results in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection. The present study aimed to investigate whether a cranberry juice cocktail could eradicate or prevent H. pylori infection in mice.METHODS:  In the therapeutic trial, C57BL/6 mice were infected with H. pylori and 2 weeks later, 80 mice were randomly allocated into four groups: Group A, cranberry juice (0.5 mL/mouse, p.o. daily for 30 days); Group B, triple therapy (amoxycillin 50 mg/kg, bismuth subcitrate 6.15 mg/kg, and metronidazole 22.5 mg/kg, daily for 14 days); Group C, a combination of cranberry juice and triple therapy; Control Group, the mice were infected with H. pylori and left untreated. The mice were killed after 24 h and 4 weeks and H. pylori infection status was assessed by rapid urease test and by culture and histology, respectively. In the prevention trial, 40 mice had oral cranberry juice for 30 days. In the last 5 days (days 26−30), the mice were divided into four groups: Group A, challenged orally with H. pylori three times on days 26, 28 and 30 when the mice were not given cranberry juice; Group B, challenged with H. pylori suspended in cranberry juice; Group C, challenged with H. pylori 6 h after receiving juice; Control group, no cranberry juice, but challenged with H. pylori. Two weeks later, the mice were killed to assess the status of H. pylori infection.RESULTS:  The clearance rates at 24 h after treatment in groups A, B and C were 80%, 100%, and 90%, respectively (P < 0.01 as compared with Control group, two tailed Fisher's Exact Probability Test). Four weeks after cessation of treatment the eradication rates in groups A, B and C were 20% (P = 0.474, two tailed Fisher's Exact Probability Test), 80% and 80%, respectively (P < 0.01). None of the mice were clear of H. pylori infection.CONCLUSIONS:  Cranberry juice can clear H. pylori infection in mice with a clearance rate of 80%, but the eradication rate was low (20%). Cranberry juice was not effective in preventing H. pylori infection in the mice used in this study.
Saquinavir induces stable and functional expression of the multidrug transporter P‐glycoprotein in human CD4 T‐lymphoblastoid CEMrev cells
Authors: Dupuis ML , Flego M , Molinari A , Cianfriglia M 
Published: October 2003

BackgroundThe multidrug transporter P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is expressed in HIV‐1 target cells, in a range of pharmacological barriers and in AIDS‐associated tumours. P‐gp substrates include HIV‐1 protease inhibitors (PIs) and anticancer drugs, which are efficiently effluxed from multidrug‐resistant (MDR) cells.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect on human CD4 T‐lymphoblastoid CEMrev cells of saquinavir and other PIs in terms of P‐gp expression and to characterize the functional and biochemical patterns of PI‐induced P‐gp molecules.MethodsCEMrev cells no longer expressing detectable amounts of P‐gp were cultured for a prolonged period in the presence of 10 μg/mL saquinavir (CEMsaq10) and tested for P‐gp expression and function. Subsequently, CEMsaq10 cells were transferred into medium containing 15 μg/mL saquinavir (CEMsaq15) and cultured for several months. These cell lines were continuously monitored for P‐gp expression, function and immunochemical patterns. A similar strategy was adopted to determine whether other PIs, such as ritonavir and indinavir, were able to induce P‐gp expression in CEMrev cells.ResultsCompared with the drug‐diluent control, the exposure of CEMrev cells to 10μg/mL saquinavir induced, in a consistent fraction of cells (45–50%), de novo expression of functioning P‐gp molecules. The transfer of CEMsaq10 cells to 15μg/mL saquinavir was associated with a dramatic increase in P‐gp expression and function (85–90% of CEMsaq15 cells expressed P‐gp and effluxed P‐gp dye substrates). These saquinavir‐induced P‐gp molecules included 75‐kDa molecules as well as the classical 170‐kDa form of P‐gp, suggesting induction of a particular isoform of P‐gp termed mini‐P‐glycoprotein. Conversely, ritonavir and indinavir induced transient P‐gp expression in a small percentage of the CEMrev cells.ConclusionsTreatment of human CD4 T‐lymphoblastoid CEMrev cells with saquinavir caused over‐expression of functioning P‐gp molecules. This de novo acquired MDR phenotype, which differed from that induced by other PIs, was stable, as expression and activity of P‐gp were observed in CEMsaq10 and CEMsaq15 cells during prolonged in vitro culturing, even in drug‐free conditions.
Focal Origin of Atrial Tachycardia in Dogs with Rapid Ventricular Pacing‐Induced Heart Failure
Authors: FENELON GUILHERME , SHEPARD RICHARD K. , STAMBLER BRUCE S. 
Published: October 2003

Introduction: Dogs with rapid ventricular pacing‐induced congestive heart failure (CHF) have inducible atrial tachycardia (AT), with a mechanism consistent with delayed afterdepolarization‐mediated triggered activity. We assessed the hypothesis that AT has a focal origin. Methods and Results: Twenty‐one CHF dogs undergoing 3 to 4 weeks of ventricular pacing at 235 beats/min were studied. Biatrial epicardial mapping of 20 sustained AT episodes (cycle length [CL], 175 ± 53 msec) in 5 dogs revealed an area of earliest activation in the right atrial (RA) free wall (13 episodes), RA appendage (4 episodes), or between the pulmonary veins (3 episodes). Total epicardial activation time during AT (73 ± 19 msec) was similar to that during sinus rhythm (72 ± 13 msec) and on average was <50% of the AT CL. Higher‐density mapping of the RA free wall during 30 sustained AT episodes (163 ± 55 msec) in 9 dogs identified a site of earliest activation along the sulcus terminalis most frequently as a stable, focal activation pattern from a single site. Endocardial mapping of 49 sustained AT episodes (156 ± 27 msec) in 10 dogs revealed multiple sites of AT origin arising along the crista terminalis and pulmonary veins. Right and left ATs were terminated with discrete radiofrequency ablation, but other ATs remained inducible. A rapid, left AT generating an ECG pattern of atrial fibrillation was ablated inside the pulmonary vein. Conclusion: AT induced in this CHF model after 3 to 4 weeks of rapid ventricular pacing has an activation pattern consistent with a focal origin. Sites of earliest activation are distributed predominately along the crista terminalis and within or near the pulmonary veins. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 14, pp. ***‐***, October 2003)
Movement of plum curculio adults toward host trees and traps: flight versus walking
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. , Wirth Catherine B. , Leskey Tracy C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAdult plum curculios, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), were dislodged from branches of apple trees by tapping on 14 days between blossom petal fall and 3 weeks thereafter. They fell onto a small square of framed white cloth that was quickly but carefully moved to a position beneath or adjacent to the canopy of another apple tree.There, adults were observed for 50‐min periods from 0800–1950 h for propensity to fly from or walk off the cloth or move to hide beneath foliage on the cloth. At each position, the mean time from observation initiation until flight, walking off or hiding did not differ significantly among these behaviors (averaging 21–30 min), but significantly more flew (31–40%) than crawled off (16–19%) or hid (18–20%). Substantial walking off but no flights occurred at air temperatures below 20 °C, whereas at temperatures of 20 °C or greater, propensity for flight was usually significantly greater than that for walking off.Flights were predominantly toward the tree canopy or inter‐tree space, with only a small proportion (17% or less) toward the tree trunk or (in a parallel study) toward an unbaited black pyramid trap (mimicking a tree trunk). Walking was overwhelmingly toward the tree trunk or a black pyramid trap adjacent to the trunk. Our observations lead us to conclude that unbaited black pyramid traps next to trunks of host trees (the most attractive position) can be effective at air temperatures below 20 °C by attracting plum curculio adults that would have entered host trees by walking toward and up tree trunks.Such traps appear to be less effective at 20 °C or greater because under such conditions, adults tend to enter host trees by flight into the canopy.
Feeding damage by Diuraphis noxia results in a nutritionally enhanced phloem diet
Authors: Telang Aparna , Sandström Jonas , Dyreson Eric , Moran Nancy A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe feeding behavior of Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko (Homoptera: Aphididae) on susceptible hosts causes both ultrastructural and tissue level damage which may affect phloem composition. Genetic evidence suggests that endosymbiotic bacteria in most aphids overproduce limiting amino acids to benefit hosts but that D. noxia depends less on endosymbionts for these nutrients, possibly due to an enriched diet. To determine whether D. noxia feeding damage results in higher concentrations of essential amino acids, stylet exudates were analyzed from wheat (Triticum aestivum) damaged to different degrees. Comparison of samples from undamaged and damaged susceptible wheat revealed changes in amino acid composition and an increase in levels of essential amino acids, indicating a nutritionally enhanced ingesta. The changes in stylet exudates paralleled changes in leaf exudates, indicating that the effects are systemic. Feeding damage is not observed on a resistant wheat host, var. Halt, and leaf exudates from infested Halt did not show changes in amino acid composition. Mean relative growth of nymphs was significantly lower on Halt than on susceptible Arapahoe, indicating that Halt is a less suitable host. Both varieties show similar amino acid levels in non‐infested samples, suggesting that D. noxia infestation does not enhance the phloem environment in Halt. This study provides evidence that aphid feeding can generate a nutritionally enhanced phloem diet.
Sex pheromone of Etiella behrii, a pod borer of soybean in Indonesia: identification and field attraction
Authors: Wakamura Sadao , Hattori Makoto , Igita Kazunori , Yasuda Koji , Tridjaka  
Published: October 2003

AbstractFour EAG‐active components were detected in GC‐EAG analyses of hexane extracts from virgin Etiella behrii (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) females. These components were identified as dodecyl acetate (12:Ac), (E)‐9‐dodecenyl acetate (E9‐12:Ac), either (Z)‐9‐ or (E)‐11‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z9‐ or E11‐14:Ac), and (Z)‐11‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z11‐14:Ac) by comparison of retention indices on both nonpolar and polar GC columns. The available extract was insufficient for further GC‐MS or other chemical analyses (<0.2 ng/female). In field tests carried out in East Java, a 10:90 mixture of E9‐12:Ac and Z11‐14:Ac showed attractiveness to male moths and addition of 12:Ac and/or E11‐14:Ac significantly increased the trap catches while addition of Z9‐14:Ac showed no significant effect. Maximum attraction was obtained with 5.35 or 10.7 μg/rubber septum of a mixture of E9‐12:Ac, Z11‐14:Ac, 12:Ac and E11‐14:Ac at the ratio of 10:90:0.7:6.3, respectively. The role of pheromone blends in species discrimination between E. behrii and the related E. zinckenella (Treitschke) is discussed.
Insect resistance in recombinant inbred soybean lines derived from non‐resistant parents
Authors: Terry L.I. , Chase K. , Orf J. , Jarvik T. , Mansur L. , Lark K.G. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLarval performance of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (corn earworm) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was examined on 240 recombinant inbred (RI) soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, lines. These homozygous RI were derived from an intraspecific cross of genetically distant, non‐resistant, parents, Minsoy from China and Noir 1 from Hungary. Based upon a genetic map of more than 500 molecular markers, each RI line presented a unique genotype composed of a mixture of different parental alleles. The RI lines exhibited transgressive segregation with respect to their defensive effects on H. zea, such that the range of RI phenotypes far exceeded that of the parents. Similar effects were observed on the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). We identified several independent quantitative trait loci (QTLs) linked to molecular markers that were associated with H. zea larval development parameters. Two QTLs affected several different traits including larval weight and developmental rate; other QTLs affected only a single trait each, i.e., larval weight, pupal weight, developmental rate, nutritional efficiency or survival. The results demonstrate that the increased range of defensive effects among the segregant RI lines is due to recombination among several parental genes that together quantitatively control plant defensive traits.Several alternative responses by herbivores have been proposed relative to plant hybrid swarms, hybrid avoidance due to higher hybrid resistance than either parent, hybrid preference due to lower resistance than either parent, hybrid equivalency to one or the other parent, or hybrid intermediacy. Within this RI population, we observed all of the proposed responses by H. zea, as might be expected when defensive traits are controlled by several genes.
Effects of short term pollution on the level of fluctuating asymmetry – a case study using damselflies
Authors: Hardersen Sönke , Frampton Chris M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFluctuating asymmetry (FA), a measure of developmental stability, has been suggested as a monitoring tool for environmental pollution. However, there have been few investigations into the effects of short term pollution on the level of FA. This paper explores effects of exposing late instar larvae to short term pollution on the level of FA in the wings of adult damselflies. In these insects FA in wing length and in cell patterns have different ‘windows of opportunity’ in relation to environmental stress. If increased environmental stress is applied after the ‘window of opportunity’ of one trait had closed, while the window of the other trait was still open then the level of FA of the first trait should not be altered whereas that of the latter should increase. If short term pollution killed part of a population, symmetrical individuals (low FA) should survive better than highly asymmetrical ones, because FA reflects the overall ability of an individual to cope with stress. If the pollution event occurred at a time when the level of FA was already fixed, the level of FA of the remaining population should be lower than that in controls. An experiment was carried out, using 10 artificial ponds, each holding a population of larvae of the damselfly Xanthocnemis zealandica (McLachlan). Damselfly larvae were exposed to carbaryl at a nominal concentration of 100 μg l−1, which reduced emergence success after 10–20 days by ca. 50%. Based on laboratory experiments, it was assumed that despite the high mortality, the short exposure to carbaryl late in the last instar would ensure that the wing cell patterns of the damselflies were not altered by the increased stress. The level of FA in wing length increased in the damselflies surviving the exposure to carbaryl but the level of FA in cell patterns did not differ significantly between the treatment and the control. The effects of differential mortality, as well as the effects of pollution, on the level of FA in traits with different ‘windows of opportunity’ need further investigation.
The value of two Collembola species as food for a linyphiid spider
Authors: Møller Marcussen Bente , Axelsen Jørgen Aagaard , Toft Søren 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEgg production by the cereal spider Erigone atra was used as a fitness parameter for evaluating the food quality of two species of Collembola: Folsomia fimetaria and Isotoma anglicana. Drosophila melanogaster was used as reference prey. We tested the hypothesis that due to differences in food quality, the two Collembola species would affect the reproduction of the spider differently. The quality ranking of the prey types turned out as: I. anglicana > D. melanogaster > F. fimetaria. With F. fimetaria alone, spiders were unable to maintain reproduction. E. atra was more efficient in utilising I. anglicana and D. melanogaster. Thus, daily consumption rates of I. anglicana were lower in spite of higher egg laying rates by E. atra. A mixed diet of F. fimetaria and D. melanogaster resulted in a lower reproductive output than a pure diet of D. melanogaster, indicating a toxic element in F. fimetaria. In the mixed diet F. fimetaria had a negative influence on the consumption capacity of the spider towards D. melanogaster, while D. melanogaster had a positive influence on the consumption capacity towards F. fimetaria. It is concluded that a high abundance of I. anglicana may support a high reproductive output of E. atra, while the presence, of F. fimetaria in fields may reduce the spider's reproductive output.
Adult female and neonate larval plant preferences of the generalist herbivore, Epiphyas postvittana
Authors: Foster S.P. , Howard A.J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe polyphagous leafroller moth, Epiphyas postvittana, is a pest of many fruit crops in New Zealand. Since the larva is highly mobile, host selection in this insect may involve both the adult female and the larva. In order to test the relative importance of the adult female and the neonate larva in the selection of host plants, the ovipositional preferences of females, and the preferences or acceptances of neonate larvae towards 26 plant species, consisting of 15 plants considered hosts and 11 not considered hosts, were investigated. In the ovipositional tests, the mean preferences of females for hosts and non‐hosts were very similar. In contrast, larvae showed a significantly greater mean preference or acceptance towards hosts than to non‐hosts, in both choice and no‐choice bioassays, respectively. There were highly significant correlations between the preferences and acceptances of larvae for plants in the choice and no‐choice tests. In the no‐choice tests, there was a highly significant correlation between the acceptances of neonate larvae towards plants after one and three days (i.e., acceptances changed little over time). Moreover, in these no‐choice tests, there was a significant negative correlation between larval acceptance at 1 day and larval mortality after 3 days; that is, the less acceptable a given plant at 1 day, the more likely larvae would fail to establish, feed, and survive on it by three days. Female and larval preferences towards the various plants were also negatively correlated. Together, these data suggest that the selection of a plant for the neonate larva to feed on is largely governed by the preferences of the larva, rather than by the preferences of the female. However, selection of a plant for oviposition by the female, may be important in host selection for reasons unrelated to larval preferences, for example, by encouraging dispersal, perhaps to other plant species, of the neonate larvae and thereby decreasing intersibling competition.
Sexual dimorphism in the olfactory orientation of adult Cydia pomonella in response to α‐farnesene
Authors: Hern Alan , Dorn Silvia 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe role of host plant‐derived volatile substances on the behaviour of adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is poorly understood. We tested the response of females and males to a range of α‐farnesene dosages. Natural α‐farnesene from apples contains the E,E and Z,E isomers in varying proportions. No difference in the response of C. pomonella to preparations containing two different proportions of the E,E and Z,E isomers was noted (77:20.7 or 1.2:84.7% E,E and Z,E isomers respectively), indicating a similar bioactivity of E,E and Z,E α‐farnesene on codling moth. A marked sexual dimorphism was found to increasing dosages of α‐farnesene. Females were attracted to low dosages (starting from 63.4 ng) and repelled by high dosages (ending at 12 688 ng). The dose response over this concentration range was linear with a negative slope. Both mated and virgin females responded similarly in kind but differently in degree, both attraction and repellency being more pronounced in mated females. Males were neither attracted nor repelled over a large dose range (63.4 to 12 688 ng) except the highest rate which was attractive. This indicates a stronger dependency of females on plant‐derived volatiles.
Assessment of trap plants to regulate numbers of the European tarnished plant bug, Lygus rugulipennis, on late‐season strawberries
Authors: Easterbrook M.A. , Tooley J.A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractVarious species of plants in the family Asteraceae were shown to be hosts for the European tarnished plant bug Lygus rugulipennis and one, Matricaria recutita, was chosen as a potential trap plant for adults of this capsid species on their migration into fields of late‐season strawberries from other host plants in July. There was a delay in the build‐up of populations of nymphs of L. rugulipennis on strawberries surrounded by a barrier strip of M. recutita compared to those without a barrier, but overall there were no consistent reductions in populations of the pest. Numbers of L. rugulipennis on the trap plant were small until late August. In a similar experiment using an alternative trap plant, Medicago sativa, no significant reductions in the numbers of L. rugulipennis were found on strawberries with the trap barrier, despite large numbers of the pest insect being found on this trap plant.Although predatory arthropods such as spiders, Orius spp., and nabids, and hymenopterous parasitoids were found on the trap plants, there was no indication that they became more numerous on the strawberry plots inside these barriers than on those without surrounding trap plants.