bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactions of immature monkeys (Macacus rhesus) to injections of ovarian hormone
Authors: Allen Edgar 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSeries of injections of ovarian hormone have been made into normal and ovariectomized immature animals. Injections were made twice daily for twenty‐two days. The total dose exceeded 1000 rat units per animal.Effects noted in the living animals were the appearance of reddening and swelling of the ‘sexual skin’ and change of the cell content of the vaginal smear to the interval type of the mature animal. Measurements made at operation, before and after injections, indicated considerable enlargement of both the cervix and body of the uterus. The thymus glands of the injected animals weighed significantly less than those of the controls. Histologic study of the genital tract showed extreme thickening of the vaginal walls, considerable growth of the uterine epithelium and glands, hypertrophy of the muscle layers of the uterus, and advanced differentiation of the epithelium of the uterine tubes.The ovaries of the injected normal animal were smaller and contained fewer primordial and medium‐sized follicles than those of the controls. The presence of large numbers of atretic follicles, especially large flattened scars from former relatively well‐developed follicles also suggests a harmful effect of this amount of ovarian hormone upon follicular development. Several stages of elimination of ova from polyovular follicles were also observed. There was marked growth in the ducts and an increase in the number of alveoli of the mammary glands.
Chromosomal variations correlated with geographical distribution in circotettix verruculatus (Orthoptera)
Authors: Helwig Edwin R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe first spermatocytes of Circotettix verruculatus have eleven chromosomes. Five of these are regularly atelomitic and three are telomitic. The other three are variable and may have both diads telomitic, both atelomitic, or one diad telomitic while the other is atelomitic. The locus of fiber attachment and, consequently, the form of the chromosome are constant for the individual. The point of fiber insertion is known to be inherited according to mendelian principles, and is, therefore, a measure of the frequencies of the telomitic and atelomitic diads in a group of individuals.Samples of five geographically different populations were studied with respect to the proportion of atelomitic to telomitic diads in the three variable tetrads. The proportion for each of the three chromosomes was compared with that for the corresponding tetrads from the other localities. The data were subjected to statistical analysis, and significant differences between some of the groups were found in the proportion of atelomitic to telomitic diads in corresponding chromosomes.A possible correlation between these cytological differences among the various localities and the formation of geographical races or subspecies are discussed. An inversion of the portion of a chromosome, which causes an apparent, although not a real, change in the locus of fiber attachment, is suggested as the origin of atelomitic chromosomes. The effect which heteromorphism of synaptic mates may have on crossing‐over is considered.
A histological study of the parathyroids in the Anura
Authors: Waggener Roy A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe parenchymal cells in the parathyroids of Rana catesbeiana (Shaw) are found to undergo a very curious cyclic change. The cytoplasm is broken down by a process of cytolysis. The nuclei are decomposed by chromatolysis and pycnosis. The entire parenchyma is finally liquefied, except for a layer of cells lining the capsule.The parathyroid body is reconstructed by young cells which are produced from rather definite growth centers. The process of regeneration begins some time before cytolysis is completed and continues until the entire organ is restored.The cytolytic and regenerative processes transpire in such sequence that the amount of apparently healthy tissue present at any one time is a rather large portion of the total mass normally present.The relationship between the parenchymal tissue and the stroma of the parathyroid is described.
The influence of thyroid deficiency on the structure and epinephrin content of the adrenal gland of the albino rat (Mus norvegicus albinus)
Authors: Sun Tson Pen 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIt was found that thyroid deficiency in the albino rat (Mus norvegicus albinus) is followed by a trend to increased concentration of epinephrin in the suprarenals. The basis of this lies in the relatively greater retrogression of the cortex as contrasted with the medulla which becomes a relatively greater proportion of the organ as a whole. Confirmatory evidence is found in cell counts per unit area and the part of the disappearance of lipoid from the cortical cells of the suprarenals of thyroidless animals.
Maturation of the male germ cells in the rat
Authors: Swezy Olive 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMaturation of the male germ cells in the rat shows some slight modifications of the typical procedure in sex cells, a distinct and rather prolonged synapsis occurring before synizesis and a confused stage immediately after it. The clumping in synizesis is not extreme. In the mixed strain of rats both twenty‐one and thirty‐one tetrads appear in the late diakinesis. This procedure in the male resembles the maturation of the oocytes in only two points, the beginning of the process, the deutobroch nuclei, and the end of it when the haploid number of chromosomes take their places on the spindle.
The parietal fossa and related structures in the plagiostome fishes
Authors: Norris H. W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe parietal fossa or pit is situated in the middorsal line between the ear capsules. From its floor four (sometimes only two) apertures lead into the ear capsules. The anterior apertures are the foramina of the endolymphatic ducts; the posterior ones are the fenestrae. Through the fossa each endolymphatic duct passes from its formen to its external aperture in the dorsal integument, describing in its course a loop with the convexity directed anteriorly. The part of the duct involving the loop is enlarged into an endolymphatic pouch. Into the angle of this loop a small muscle is inserted which is a continuation of the anterior trunk muscles, or one taking a more lateral origin from the edge of the fossa. The fenestra may or may not be closed by a definite fenestral membrane. The posterior semicircular canal (posterior utriculus) bears a peculiar relation to the fenestra. The endolymphatic pouch, like the sacculus, contains otoconia, and sometimes siliceous sand grains. Various functions have been assigned to the endolymphatic organ. There is no convincing experimental evidence as to its significance.
A histological study of the colic caeca in the bantam fowl
Authors: Looper James Burdine , Looper Margaret Haase 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe caeca of fourteen bantam fowls have been studied. These fowls ranged in age from six days' incubation to three years after hatching. Between the fifth and sixth days of incubation rectal caeca arise as evaginations from the intestine at the junction of the ileum with the colon. The develoing caeca closely resemble histologically the intestine to which they are attached.The caeca are essentially devoid of content until about the nineteenth day of incubation, but during the remaining days of incubation are gorged with a bluish‐gray material similar to that found in the colon. Thus, an early defecatory function is indicated.In general, the proximal third of the caeca remains histologically similar to the intestine, but the distal two‐thirds undergoes regression. The latter involves the atrophy of the epithelium and glands, accompanied by the appearance of lymphoid tissue. Much of the lymphoid tissue eventually disappears, to a large extent by atrophy and dissolution of the leukocytes. However, to some extent, lymphocytes develop into granulocytes which escape with other leukocytes into the lumina of the caeca and there disintegrate.Lymph nodules begin to appear in the caeca about one week after the chick hatches. The leukocytes, at least in part, arise in situ from the reticular stroma. Eosinophils arise in certain areas of the tunica propria, and in the earlier stages of their development resemble large lymphocytes, in the cytoplasm of which basophilic, amphophilic, and acidophilic granules are intermingled.
Cytoplasmic inclusions of Trichamoeba and their reaction to vital dyes and to osmic and silver impregnation
Authors: Hall Richard P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn Trichamoeba sp two types of inclusions are recognized on the basis of reaction to vital dyes and tomethods of osmic and silver impregnation. Globular inclusions, which are stained selectively with neutral red, may be blackened under direct observation by exposure to osmic vapor in hanging‐drop preparations and demonstrated by osmic and silver impregnation. Rod‐like and granular mitochondria, stainable vitally with Janus green, may be distinguished from the neutral‐red globules in preparations stained with a mixture of Janus green and neutral red, and are demonstrated by Regaud's chondriosome method.
Studies on some physiological functions and morphological characters of Rhabditis (Rhabditidae, nematodes)
Authors: Chitwood B. G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIntravitam stains were used to determine the functions of several organs in two species of nemas (Rhabditis strongyloides and Rhabditis elongata). The organs were also studied in section. From the results obtained it is concluded that the amphids are not excretory in function, but more probably sensory, for definite connections were observed to extend to the nerve ring. No migratory cells, such as those described by Stefanski, were seen.The phasmids stained with all intravitam stains used. but were never observed to secrete. It seems doubtful that they serve as excretory organs.The excretory system was seen to consist of a typical X system. Actual excretion was observed. Deirids were seen for the first time in both species. Oesophageal glands were also described. A study was made of the structure of the intestinal cells, rectal glands, and anal muscles. Attention was called to the fact that there are two kinds of ejaculatory glands, one of which probably serves as a ‘cement gland,’ while the function of the other is still in doubt.
The germ cells in the hermaphroditic gland of Polygyra appressa
Authors: Pennypacker Miriam I. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe male and female germ cells of Polygra appressa were found occurring together in the acini from the time the snails were 5 mm. in width onward, and their development traced backward to the gonial stage, in which the aspect of the female cells, present in small numbers in the acinus wall, and the male cells, in greater numbers in the lumen, seems identical.In oocytes, differentiation involves the enormous increase in volume of cell, nucleus, and plasmosome; the appearance of yolk and of a secondary nucleolus attached to the first one, and, in some cells, various other nucleoli, attached to the chromosomes. Meanwhile the chromosomes become diffuse and spread into the interior of the nucleus, finally condensing again on the periphery. The employment of various technical methods produced interesting variations in the aspect of oocyte chromatin and nucleoli.The appearance of the Nebenkern in spermatocytes during the growth period was noted, but no indication of its presence discovered in oocytes until the fairly late growth period.The chromosome forms were noted in spermatogonia, first spermatocytes and oocytes, and their numbers found to be 61 63, 31, and 31, respectively, but no clear dividing oogonia were found, on which similar observations could be made.
Cytoplasmic phenomena in the spermatogenesis of gerris
Authors: Pollister Arthur W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe history of the cytoplasmic components in the spermatogenesis of Gerris is, in general, like that which has been described in the Pentatomidae. The observations of fixed material have been checked by extensive studies of freshly teased preparations. During the spermatocyte growth period the chondriosomes undergo considerable increase in mass. During the maturation divisions the chondriosomes are remarkably constant in orientation with respect to the centrioles. The nebenkern arises by fusion of chondriosomes differentiated into chromophilic and chromophobic portions. The Golgi bodies of the earlier spermatocytes are vesicular bodies, the peripheries of which are osmiophilic. These are not visible in fresh preparations, but the masses resulting from their fusion in the late prophase of the first division are visible in the unfixed cells. The non‐osmiophilic material inside these masses stains with neutral red in fresh preparations. Only the osmiophilic part of the Golgi masses is involved in the fragmentation to form dictyosomes. There is very suggestive evidence that the process of acrosome synthesis largely takes place inside the sac‐like acroblast (Golgi apparatus). In the spermatid, material which stains, in fresh preparations, like the acroblast is never seen, except inside or attached to the acroblast, where it appears in the form of small spheres of ‘pro‐acrosomic’ material, which fuse to form the acrosome.
The human ovarian germ cells
Authors: Swezy Olive , Evans Herbert M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe germ cells in human embryonic ovaries arise by proliferations from the germinal epithelium. These cells pass through the early maturation phases, including synizesis, beginning at about the third month. Four distinct periods may be distinguished in ovogenesis, each having its own peculiar characteristics: the early embryonic period from seven weeks to three months, the middle embryonic period from three to five months, the late embryonic period from five to seven months, and the adult period. The early embryonic period shows only growth and multiplicative phases; the middle embryonic period is distinguished by maturation phases, among which phases are interpolated which do not appear elsewhere in the species; the late embryonic period is charcterized by phases similar to those of the adult male germ cells, and the adult period by the omission of early maturation phases preliminary to the maturation divisions.
Studies on the comparative histology of the digestive tube of certain teleost fishes. I. A predaceous fish, the sea bass (Centropristes striatus)
Authors: Blake Irving H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe first of a series of studies on the comparative histology of the digestive tubes of fishes selected, on the basis of their feeding habits, from the teleost group: a study of the microscopic anatomy of the digestive tube of a predaceous teleost, the sea bass (Centropristes striatus (L.)). Based on studies of sections, with details of gross anatomy from both fresh and preserved material. Includes a short survey of previous work. Deals with the histology of the various regions of the tract, their tunics and tissues, together with details of cell structure and arrangement. Approach is made from the physiological side, with particular reference to the adaptation of histological elements to functional activity. Parts treated in detail are esophagus, cardiac and pyloric limbs of the stomach, intestine, and pyloric caeca. Particular stress is laid on the histological structure and arrangement of the tunica mucosa, especially in relation to digestion and absorption. Topics given particular emphasis are: condition of mucosal folds with reference to the amount of food present in the lumen; transformation between adjacent epithelia of different types; structure of cardiac and pyloric glands; origin and differentiation of intestinal goblet cells; comparisons between histology of pyloric caeca and that of adjacent intestine, together with general conditions found in the caecal mucosa.
The life history of Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin), with notes on the physiology of the metacercariae
Authors: Stunkard H. W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe various stages in the life history of Cryptocotyle lingua are identified and described. Adults naturally occur in the intestine of fish‐eating birds and mammals. They were experimentally obtained in the cat, white rat, and guinea‐pig. The development of the miracidium was followed within the egg. Larval stages occur in the marine snail, Littorina littorea. The structure of the redia and cercaria is described in detail, and evidence is submitted to show that the cercaria is identical with Cercaria lophocerca Lebour, described from the same snail on the British coast. Penetration and encystment of the cercaria in the skin of the cunner were experimentally secured. Excystment of the metacercaria was obtained both in experimental animals and in vitro. The metacercariae were maintained in culture media for as long a time as is required for them to attain sexual maturity in the final host. The host relations and specificity of the parasite are discussed on the basis of infection experiments. The cercaria is compared with similar larvae and its taxonomic position determined.
The development of the ear of Acanthias vulgaris
Authors: Quiring D. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA study of the development of the ear of the common dogfish from the 3.5‐mm. stage to the adult, with a brief review of the literature and comparison with related forms.The study includes the following topics: First indications of vesicles. The beginning of specialization. The separation of component structures. The sensory epithelium. The structure of the adult ear, including a description of the sensory areas, the innervation, the lagena.The position of the future canals is first indicated in 15‐ to 20‐mm. stages. The sacculus and utriculus were first noted in the 22‐mm. stage. Complete separation of the canals, the sacculus, utriculus, the recessus utriculus, and the lagena has occurred by the time the 33‐mm. stage is reached. Definite innervation of the ampullae is found at this stage.The article contains twenty‐seven figures; eight of them are drawings made from wax reconstructions of various stages.
The cytology of several species of iceryine coccids, with special reference to parthenogenesis and haploidy
Authors: Hughes‐Schrader Sally 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFour species of iceryine coccids have been studied cytologically in connection with certain breeding experiments. These are Icerya littoralis, Icerya montserratensis, Echinicerya anomola, and Crypticerya rosae. For the three first‐named species the complete chromosomal history has been established, and the evidence on the fourth, Crypticerya rosae, is sufficient to indicate that it differs in no essential respect from the others. The following résumé may, therefore, be considered to apply to all four species. The females are diploid, with a chromosome number of four, and the males are haploid, with a chromosome number of two. Oogenesis proceeds quite normally; two tetrads are formed and two maturation divisions occur in which the chromosomes are reduced to two in each female pronucleus. All eggs undergo this reduction: if the eggs are then fertilized, the diploid number is thus restored and development into females ensues; if the eggs remain unfertilized, whether in the body of a virgin or of a fertilized female, they develop parthenogenetically, with no restoration of diploidy, into haploid males. The spermatogenesis of the haploid males involves a single meiotic division, demonstrably equational in character; the accompanying cytoplasmic division is suppressed, and from each of the binucleate spermatids thus produced two spermatozoa are formed. These conditions are contrasted with the functional hermaphroditism and haploid parthenogenesis of Icerya purchasi.
The labyrinth of bufo vulgaris japonicus larva. Especially, upon the morphologic study of the perilymphatic space, in connection with the membranous labyrinth and auditory capsule
Authors: Amano Kageyas W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA morphologic study of the labyrinth, especially on the perilymphatic space with its physiologic aspect, is presented in this paper. The perilymphatic space starts its development with the chondrification of the auditory capsule, and is completed by the end of the first third of metamorphosis. The author divides the whole spatium into two parts: the ductus perilymphaticus et diverticula and the pars spongiosa spati perilymphatici. The ductus perilymphaticus et diverticula may play an important rǒle in carrying out the functions of both equilibrium and audition. The pars spongiosa serves not only to fasten the membranous labyrinth to the capsular wall, but acts as a safeguard for the functions of both the membranous labyrinth and the ductus perilymphaticus et diverticula. The ductus system may have more important physiologic relations than does the membranous labyrinth in connection with the cranial cavity and spinal cord, as to the change of pressure, the transmission of vibrations, the osmosis of fluids, etc. A number of microscopic and schematic figures are shown with reference to the anatomic and morphologic relations of the membranous labyrinth, auditory capsule, and spatium perilymphaticum.
The spermiogenesis of Succinea ovalis say, with special reference to the components of the sperm
Authors: Hickman Cleveland P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn investigation of the spermiogenesis of Succinea ovalis Say, a small terrestrial pulmonate, has revealed: 1) The germ cells are differentiated from indifferent germinal epithelial cells. In this form the germinal epithelium is a true epithelium, and not a syncytium. 2) Forty chromosomes are found in the spermatogonial divisions and twenty in the maturation divisions. 3) Early in spermiogenesis the proximal centriole penetrates through the spermatid nucleus and, with the oxychromatin, forms an intranuclear rod similar to that reported for certain prosobranches. The homology and significance of the rod are discussed. 4) Of the cytoplasmic structures, the mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus were followed through all stages of spermatogenesis. 5) At the maturation divisions the mitochondria are grouped into peculiar. thread‐like structures. Some of the mitochondria take part in the formation of the sheath around the axial filament of the spermatozoon, while the remainder are sloughed off with the cytoplasmic remnant. 6) The Golgi apparatus consists of a number of banana‐shaped rods closely grouped around the idiosome. Three to five Golgi rods are found in the spermatid stages. A portion of the Golgi apparatus and idisome (acroblast) forms the acrosome, and the Golgi remnant is discarded at the end of spermatogenesis. 7) In mature sperm both head and tail have a spiral structure. The origin and nature of the spirals are pointed out.
The history of the germ cells in the viviparous teleost platypoecilus maculatus
Authors: Wolf Louis E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis study is based upon a series of ontogenetic stages from just before coelom formation to maturity.Primordial germ ceils are first seen at the outer edge of the lateral mesoderm and are traced from there to a position in the genital analagen. Counts indicate that most of them succeed in reaching the genital anlagen, where they from definitive reproductive cells in both sexes.The evidence seems to show that there is some transformation of somatic cells into germ cells in the immature female, but that this transformation is not extensive. In the male the primordial germ cells are the sole source of the definitive elements.