bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public health infrastructure and knowledge
Authors: Powles John , Comim Flavia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most striking features of mortality decline during the twentieth century was its decreasing dependence on national income levels. As the century progressed, populations were able to attain ever-higher life expectancy at given levels of real income, gaining from “shifting the curve” relating income to life expectancy, rather than from “moving along the curve” (World Bank 1993, p. 34).
Global public goods for health: From theory to policy
Authors: Smith Richard D , Beaglehole Robert , Woodward, David , Drager Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As indicated in the foreword to this book, writing on global public goods (GPGs) has been mostly broad-based and multi sectoral; consideration of GPGs with specific respect to health has been brief and largely focused on medical technologies. This book brings together a series of papers exploring whether, and how best, the GPG concept may be used to advance global health, and especially the health of poor populations and countries, in a broader sense.
Quantum Transport and Chaos in Billiards
Authors: Nakamura Katsuhiro , Harayama Takahisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us start with a planar quantum dot with 2-d lead wires as shown in Fig. 2.1. How does quantum mechanics treat the quantum phenomenon of electrical conductance through the dot? The attached lead wires are rectangular and semi-infinite with their width finite in the direction perpendicular (transverse) to the leads. Due to the transverse confinement, the eigenstates of an electron in the leads are finite in number and their eigenenergies are discrete.
Motion of a Billiard Ball
Authors: Nakamura Katsuhiro , Harayama Takahisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The billiard ball here means a point particle with no internal degrees of freedom like the spinning motion. We assume that each collision of a particle with the walls is perfectly elastic and is accompanied by no energy dissipation. From this it follows that whenever a particle collides with the walls, it obeys the law of reflection that the angle of incidence is equal to that of reflection. Suppose a reference particle starts under a given initial condition (for its position and direction of velocity vector), while its partner starts with the same magnitude of velocity vector under a slightly different initial condition.
Introduction to Monte-Carlo Methods for Transport and Diffusion Equations
Authors: Lapeyre B , Pardoux É , Sentis R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monte-Carlo methods is the generic term given to numerical methods that use sampling of random numbers. This text is aimed at graduate students in mathematics, physics, engineering, economics, finance, and the biosciences that are interested in using Monte-Carlo methods for the resolution of partial differential equations, transport equations, the Boltzmann equation and the parabolic equations of diffusion. It includes applied examples, particularly in mathematical finance, along with discussion of the limits of the methods and description of specific techniques used in practice for each example. This is the sixth volume in the Oxford Texts in Applied and Engineering Mathematics series, which includes texts based on taught courses that explain the mathematical or computational techniques required for the resolution of fundamental applied problems, from the undergraduate through to the graduate level. Other books in the series include: Jordan & Smith: Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: An introduction to Dynamical Systems; Sobey: Introduction to Interactive Boundary Layer Theory; Scott: Nonlinear Science: Emergence and Dynamics of Coherent Structures; Tayler: Mathematical Models in Applied Mechanics; Ram-Mohan: Finite Element and Boundary Element Applications in Quantum Mechanics; Elishakoff and Ren: Finite Element Methods for Structures with Large Stochastic Variations.
The Monte-Carlo method for diffusion equations
Authors: Lapeyre B , Pardoux É , Sentis R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we shall first give the probabilistic interpretation of the heat equation due to Brownian motion. This plays a role comparable to characteristic curves that allows us to express the solution of an advection equation of the form:
b being a function of x. We then show that the results obtained for the Laplacian can be generalized to second-order operators with variable coefficients, the Brownian motion being, in this case, replaced by a diffusion process. We then describe in broad outline the Monte-Carlo algorithms that are used to solve parabolic and elliptic equations numerically.
Hamiltonian Dynamics
Authors: Zaslavsky George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wide class of physical phenomena can be described by Hamiltonian equations. This class includes particles, fields, classical and quantum objects, and it makes up a significant part of our knowledge of the basics of dynamics in nature. Hamiltonian dynamics is very different from, for example, dissipative dynamics, and its analysis uses specific tools that cannot be applied in other cases. Discovery of chaotic dynamics is a result of discovering new features in Hamiltonian dynamics and new types of solutions of the dynamical equations.
Interaction Of Motor and Language Factors In The Development Of Speech Production
Authors: Smith Anne , Goffman Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In general, models of language development in childhood (Locke 1993) and language production in adults (Levelt 1989; Levelt et al. 1999) do not include explicit accounts of the production process at the level of speech motor control. Models of the control and coordination of speech movements (Barlow and Farley 1989; Smith 1992) are written in the language of motor control theory,for example, of reflexes and centrally generated motor commands, and do not account for the question of how linguistic units act as input to, or emerge from, the production process (one exception to this is the theory of articulatory phonology of Browman and Goldstein 1992, which we discuss below). The growing literature on speech motor development, however, forces our attention on potential language/motor interactions. Clearly, language and speech motor processes codevelop in the child. How does language acquisition affect speech motor development, and how do basic motor processes affect language acquisition? These questions are the central focus of this chapter.
Bounded operators
Authors: Kantorovitz Shmuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We recall that B(X, K) denotes the normed space of all bounded linear mappings from the normed space X to the normed space Y. The norm on B(X, K) is the operator norm. The elements of B(X, Y) will be referred to briefly as operators. Two of the basic theorems about B(X, Y), the Uniform Boundedness Theorem and the Open Mapping Theorem, use so-called category arguments in their proofs. These are based on Baire’s theorem about complete metric spaces.
Integral representation
Authors: Kantorovitz Shmuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let X be a Banach space. A Banach subspa ce Z of X is a subspace of X in the algebraic sense, which is a Banach space for a norm II • llz larger than or equal to the given norm II · II of X. Clearly, if Zand X are Banach subspaces of each other, then they coincide as Banach spaces (with equality of norms).
Indices of quality
Authors: Smith John Maynard , Harper David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A crucial distinction we have tried to draw has been between ‘indices’, signals that are reliable because they cannot be faked, and ‘handicaps’, signals that are reliable because they are costly to produce. The distinction is clear enough in a model, and there are examples that fall easily into one or other category. Fights between funnel-web spiders are settled in favour of the heavier spider if the weight difference is greater than about 10 per cent. A spider can signal its weight cost-free by vibrating the web. Female stalk-eyed fiies prefer males with long eye-stalks—eye-stalk length is associated with good condition, and hence with ‘good genes’, because it would be too expensive for low quality males to grow long eye-stalks. These are examples of an index, and a handicap, respectively.
Endometrial cancer
Authors: Terry Paul D , Rohan Thomas E , Franceschi Silvia , Weiderpass Elisabete 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Endometrial adenocarinoma accounts for approximately one of every 10 cancers diagnosed among women worldwide, with incidence rates varying at least 10-fold between areas of low incidence (such as North Africa and China) and high incidence (such as North America) (Parker et al. 1997; Parkin et al. 1999). The use of exogenous estrogens, and of estrogen replacement therapy in particular, has been strongly related to increased risk in epidemiological studies (IARC 1999; Akhmedkhanov et al. 2001). Exogenous estrogens unopposed by progesterone have been hypothesized to increase the risk of this malignancy through increased mitotic activity of endometrial cells, increased number of DNA replication errors, and somatic mutations resulting in the malignant phenotype (Akhmedkhanov et al. 2001).
Tobacco and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Jamrozik Konrad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the level of the whole population, tobacco causes far more harm via its contribution to cardiovascular disease (CVD) than it does through its effects on either the risk of lung cancer or of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This occurs because, in the absence of smoking, lung cancer and COPD are both very rare conditions. CVD, by contrast, is now the commonest cause of death of Homo sapiens (World Health Organization 1999). Thus, for a given prevalence of smoking in a population, the small increase in risk of CVD, in relative terms, that is associated with smoking generates many additional cases of CVD. By contrast, the much larger relative risks for lung cancer and COPD associated with smoking generate fewer additional cases of these conditions because these risks are applied to ‘background’ incidence rates that are much lower than the lifetime risk of CVD in non-smokers (Wald 1978).
Fundamentals
Authors: Witten T , Pincus P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter assembles some underlying concepts that we will need through-out our study of structured fluids. The first section reviews the main needed ideas from statistical mechanics. For systems in equilibrium, we recall how probabilities of states are determined, and the connection between probability and the work to alter a system’s state. We also describe ways to estimate the time for a system to reach equilibrium. The second section is about the orders of magnitude common to the liquid environment of structured fluids. In this section we justify the magnitude of a simple liquid’s viscosity. The final section surveys the experimental probes that determine the useful questions we can ask about structured fluids.
A Bird’s Eye View Of Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Authors: Warner M , Terentjev E M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers bring together, as nowhere else, three important ideas: orien-tational order order in amorphous soft materials, responsive molecular shape and quenched topological constraints. Acting together, they create many new physical phenomena that are the subject of this book. This bird’s eye view sketches how these themes come together and thereby explains the approach of our book.
Distortions of Nematic Elastomers
Authors: Warner M , Terentjev E M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soft or semi-soft deformations are energetically the best response to shape changes imposed on a nematic elastomer. When the director can be rotated, then an elastomer will always deform softly, if the accompanying relaxations can be reconciled with the boundary conditions. In this chapter we examine distortions of nematic elastomers where the imperative to deform softly is in conflict with the external constraints imposed on them. There are generically two ways to resolve this conflict.
Review Of Environmental Health And Epidemiological Principles
Authors: Baker Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major aim of environmental epidemiological studies is to determine if exposure to an environmental factor or factors is associated with an effect, or change in health status. If there is an association, it is desirable to be able to show an exposure–response relationship, i.e., a relationship in which an increase in the level of exposure is associated with an increase in the rate of a health effect. This section will review basic principles and terms that are used in environmental health and that are relevant to understanding environmental epidemiology.
Health Risk Assessment
Authors: KüNzli Nino , Perez Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epidemiological studies usually result in estimates of the quantitative associations between environmental factors and health in humans. These risk functions–the odds ratio (OR), relative risk (RR), or a regression coefficient–are not of direct public health relevance. Such measures of risk do not take into account the absolute level of risk, the range or distribution of an environmental exposure, the health state of a population, or the distribution of susceptibility factors. Risk assessors need to translate this information into quantities relevant to policy makers and the public. As will be shown, environmental epidemiology can make important contributions to environmental health risk assessment procedures.
From laser-cooled and trapped atoms to atomic and molecular quantum gases
Authors: Letokhov Vladilen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The invention and development of laser methods for cooling and trapping atoms have led to the advent of the physics of ultracold matter. Low-temperature quantum physics has so far dealt with condensed media, wherein quantum phenomena (superﬂuidity and superconductivity) usually manifest themselves at temperatures of a few kelvin. Laser cooling and trapping of atoms have made it possible to successively attain millikelvin, microkelvin, and nanokelvin temperatures, at which the de Broglie wavelength of the atoms becomes commensurable with the interatomic separation, even in dilute gases. The interaction of atoms in ultracold dilute gases becomes essentially quantum mechanical. The physics of such quantum gases is more akin to the well-developed physics of condensed matter at low temperatures. It is in essence a boundary field between atomic, laser, and condensed-matter physics. Following the first, pioneering experiments on the Bose–Einstein condensation of alkali-metal atoms, this field has continued to develop at a very fast pace, which can be explained by the vast variety of particles (atoms, isotopes, and molecules) that can be laser cooled and trapped under degeneracy conditions. This is much more than physicists had at their disposal previously (3,4He). Moreover, laser radiation and magnetic fields additionally make it possible to control not only the intrinsic quantum state of the interacting ultracold particle species, but also the interaction of the particles. All this makes the research in the field of quantum gases a great breakthrough, both in atomic–molecular physics and in many-body-interaction physics, which heretofore was the prerogative of low-temperature condensed-matter physics.
Multiphoton ionization of molecules
Authors: Letokhov Vladilen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The multiphoton ionization techniques for molecules were developed in parallel with the studies into the resonance multistep ionization of atoms, but their aim was to achieve photo selective laser detection of molecular traces in combination with mass spectrometry of the photoions produced, that is, to create what is called a “laser two- dimensional optical mass spectrometer” (Letokhov 1976). However, the more complex structure of molecular spectra, the high photoionization potentials of molecules (8–12 eV), and the absence of tunable laser sources operable in the UV region of the spectrum made it necessary to use the available UV excimer lasers capable of photoionizing molecules by “brute force.” In that case, the low selectivity of the optical channel was compensated by the extra selectivity of the mass spectrometer. Figure 10.1 schematically illustrates the main methods of multiphoton ionization of molecules: (a) resonance stepwise ionization, (b) resonance-enhanced two-photon (or multiphoton) ionization (RETPI or REMPI), and (c) nonresonance multiphoton ionization. The stepwise photoionization technique provides good spectral selectivity; it requires a tunable laser radiation source of moderate power output (kW–MW/cm2). The REMPI technique is of limited selectivity and requires higher radiation powers (MW–GW/cm2); it is especially convenient where use is made of ultrashort laser pulses. And, finally, the nonresonance multiphoton ionization (MPI) technique features no spectral selectivity; it is a “brute-force” method, where the necessary chemical selectivity is attained solely in the mass-spectrometer channel. Therefore, the last two techniques are unsuitable for the detection of trace molecules in a mixture of organic molecules, because many of the molecules simultaneously suffer photoionization and photo fragmentation. However, when combined with the cooling of molecules in a pulsed supersonic jet, which prevents their distribution among many sublevels and thus makes their spectra sharper, the REMPI technique proves very effective (Reisler and Wittig 1985; Lubman 1990).
The outlook for single molecule fluorescence measurements
Authors: Gell Chris , Brockwell David , Smith Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Single molecule sensitivity provides a platform for fundamental and applied studies that are increasing in their complexity and ambition at a fast pace. There are undoubtedly exciting discoveries to be made in many areas, particularly in biophysics. Even in the few brief examples that have been given in this book we have had a glimpse of the insights that single molecule measurements have already provided. The roles which structural and functional heterogeneity play in many biological processes, revealed by single molecule methods, will be a topic of intense study in the coming years.
How to use this book
Authors: Drummond Michael E , Sculpher Mark J , Torrance George W , O’Brien Bernie J , Stoddart Greg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a growing literature on economic evaluation in health care. Studies have been conducted by economists, medical researchers, clinicians, and multidisciplinary teams containing one or more of these parties. The studies go under a confusing range of labels, such as cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), cost-benefit analysis (CBA), and cost-utility analysis (CUA). They also vary greatly in quality, as methodological critiques have shown (Drummond et al. 1986; Adams et al. 1992; Gerard 1992; Udvarhelyi et al. 1992; Donaldson and Shackley 1997; Neumann et al. 2005).
Presentation and use of economic evaluation results
Authors: Drummond Michael E , Sculpher Mark J , Torrance George W , O’Brien Bernie J , Stoddart Greg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The implicit or explicit objective of economic evaluation is to improve decisions about the allocation of health care resources. Therefore, in this penultimate chapter we discuss issues relating to the presentation and use of economic evaluation results. In Chapter 3 we pointed out that, in order to assess the usefulness of economic evaluation results, readers (users) of studies needed to answer the following questions.
Introduction
Authors: Harrigan Jinni A , Rosenthal, Robert , Scherer Klaus R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The renaissance of theorizing and research on emotion in the last 30 years (after decades of neglect during the hegemony first of learning theory and then the excesses of the cognitive revolution) has been primarily due to the influential work on facial expression pioneered by Tomkins (1962, 1963) and vigorously pursued by Ekman (Ekman & Friesen 1975, 1978), Izard (1971, 1991), and their collaborators (Ekman et al. 1972, 1982, 1987; Ekman & Rosenberg 1997; Izard et al. 1980). Photos with the prototypical expressions of the basic emotions adorn most textbooks of psychology and remind students and researchers alike of the powerful role of nonverbal behavior during emotional episodes.
Nonverbal behavior and interpersonal Sensitivity
Authors: Hall Judith A , Bernieri, Frank J , Carney Dana R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although questions about how people respond to others’ nonverbal cues have always been central to the study of nonverbal communication, the study of individual differences in accuracy of nonverbal cue processing, or interpersonal sensitivity, is a more recent endeavor. This chapter focuses on assessment of individual differences, emphasizing the major paradigms and instruments for assessing accuracy of nonverbal cue processing, and discussing characteristics of the stimuli and judgment methodologies (e.g. what state or trait is being judged, who is being judged, what cue channels are available, whether the cues are posed or spontaneous, whether judgment is done in live interaction or from standard stimuli, what judgment format is used, what criteria and methods are used for scoring).
Nonverbal Behavior In Education page 283
Authors: Babad Elisha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to acquaint the reader with the various ways nonverbal (NV) research is used in education. ‘Research’ is taken here in a global and loose manner, covering the entire range of fact-seeking activities, from controlled experimental studies at one extreme, to informal gathering of NV information for purposes of teacher reflection and improvement at the other extreme. The chapter is intended to be descriptive and analytical.
Nonverbal communication coding systems of committed couples
Authors: Yoshimoto Dan K , Shapiro Alyson , O’Brien Kelly , Gottman John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed in previous chapters, the study and understanding of a single modality of nonverbal behavior, such as vocal or facial action, is rich in information regarding specific individual behavior. While this approach is useful, it is also somewhat artificial when it comes to understanding the complexities of real behavior. Generally, the expression of an emotion or other behavior involves the coordination of multiple modalities working concurrently, which requires an integrated approach for quantifying nonverbal behavior.
Technical Issues In Recording Nonverbal Beh Avior
Authors: Frank Mark G , Juslin Patrik N , Harrigan Jinni A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the early days of recording nonverbal behavior using 16mm Wlm or paper and pencil reports, significant technological strides have been made. Such advances include the use of video and audio tapes, digital and 8mm recording, computer-driven data collection and analysis, scanning devices—all of which offer greater visual and auditory capture of the nonverbal data; greater clarity, precision, and comparability of data; and improved data storage and analysis than 20 years ago.
Theoretical Results For The Euler Equations
Authors: Novotný A , Straškraba I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the study of qualitative properties of the Euler equations of compressible flow. In what follows basic properties of the Euler equations as a nonlinear hyperbolic system will be pointed out and the relevance of boundary conditions discussed. The method of characteristics is demonstrated on representative examples as is, for example, the piston problem. Then the existence of smooth solutions, loss of smoothness and lifespan of the smooth solution of the general hyperbolic system in connection with the Euler system is treated thoroughly. Special solutions as plane waves are also studied.