bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ligand-Directed Gene Targeting to Mammalian Cells by Pseudotype Baculoviruses
Authors: Kitagawa Yoshinori , Tani Hideki , Limn Chang Kwang , Matsunaga Tomoko M. , Moriishi Kohji , Matsuura Yoshiharu 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACTThe baculovirusAutographa californicamultiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) can infect a variety of mammalian cells, as well as insect cells, facilitating its use as a viral vector for gene delivery into mammalian cells. Glycoprotein gp64, a major component of the budded AcMNPV envelope, is involved in viral entry into cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis and subsequent membrane fusion. We examined the potential production of pseudotype baculovirus particles transiently carrying ligands of interest in place of gp64 as a method of ligand-directed gene delivery into target cells. During amplification of a gp64-null pseudotype baculovirus carrying a green fluorescent protein gene in gp64-expressing insect cells, however, we observed the high-frequency appearance of a replication-competent virus incorporating the gp64 gene into the viral genome. To avoid generation of replication-competent revertants, we prepared pseudotype baculoviruses by transfection with recombinant bacmids without further amplification in the gp64-expressing cells. We constructed gp64-null recombinant bacmids carrying cDNAs encoding either vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSVG) or measles virus receptors (CD46 or SLAM). The VSVG pseudotype baculovirus efficiently transduced a reporter gene into a variety of mammalian cell lines, while CD46 and SLAM pseudotype baculoviruses allowed ligand-receptor-directed reporter gene transduction into target cells expressing measles virus envelope glycoproteins. Gene transduction mediated by the pseudotype baculoviruses could be inhibited by pretreatment with specific antibodies. These results indicate the possible application of pseudotype baculoviruses in ligand-directed gene delivery into target cells.
Immunologic Pressure within Class I-Restricted Cognate Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epitopes during Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Casazza Joseph P. , Betts Michael R. , Hill Brenna J. , Brenchley Jason M. , Price David A. , Douek Daniel C. , Koup Richard A. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are known to exert strong evolutionary pressures on the virus population during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, it is not known whether CTL responses continue to substantially affect viral evolution during treatment. To study the effect of immunologic pressure on viral sequences during HAART, we identified 10 targeted HIV-specific CD8
+
-T-cell epitopes in five treatment-naïve patients, sequenced each epitope in plasma-derived viruses, and then identified evidence of immunologic pressure at these epitopes by comparing the frequency of viral variants in plasma to the frequency of the CD8
+
-T-cell response for each variant identified. For one of the five patients, evidence of viral evolution was found during therapy. The sequence of the CTL-targeted epitope changed from an apparent escape variant prior to the initiation of therapy, to the sequence that is best recognized by the CTL response after the initiation of therapy, and then finally to a new escape variant during continued therapy. These data show that CTL-mediated pressure can continue to affect viral evolution after the initiation of HAART, even when treatment drives the viral load below detectable levels, and suggest that antiretroviral therapy may preferentially inhibit those virus variants that escape the CTL response.
Inhibition of Viral Replication by Ribozyme: Mutational Analysis of the Site and Mechanism of Antiviral Activity
Authors: Zhang Zhenxi , Burke John M. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT
A controlled mutational study was used to determine the site and mechanism of the antiviral action of ribozymes that inhibit Sindbis virus replication. A hairpin ribozyme targeting G575 of the Sindbis virus genomic RNA was designed and cloned into a minimized alphavirus amplicon vector. Cells that were stably transfected with this construct expressed low levels of a constitutive transcript containing the ribozyme plus recognition sequences for Sindbis RNA replicase. Upon infection, the ribozyme transcript was amplified to high levels by the viral replicase, resulting in decreased viral production from infected ribozyme-expressing cells. Mutations were then introduced into the viral RNA target sequence to interfere with ribozyme binding, and compensatory changes were generated in the ribozyme recognition sequence. Single mutations in the virus or ribozyme decreased the efficacy of the ribozyme's inhibition of viral replication, and compensatory mutations restored it. To confirm that ribozyme-catalyzed RNA cleavage was actually needed for inhibition, we performed tests with a cell line expressing an inactivated ribozyme and with a virus containing a single nucleotide target mutation that allowed the ribozyme to bind but blocked cleavage at the recognition site. The results show that most of the antiviral activity of ribozymes is due to ribozyme-catalyzed cleavage at the targeted RNA sequence, but some additional inhibition seems to occur through an antisense mechanism.
Size Heterogeneity in the 3′ Noncoding Region of South American Isolates of Yellow Fever Virus
Authors: Bryant Juliet E. , Vasconcelos Pedro F. C. , Rijnbrand Rene C. A. , Mutebi J. P. , Higgs Stephen , Barrett Alan D. T. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

The 3′ noncoding region (3′ NCR) of flaviviruses contains secondary and tertiary structures essential for virus replication. Previous studies of yellow fever virus (YFV) and dengue virus have found that modifications to the 3′ NCR are sometimes associated with attenuation in vertebrate and/or mosquito hosts. The 3′ NCRs of 117 isolates of South American YFV have been examined, and major deletions and/or duplications of conserved RNA structures have been identified in several wild-type isolates. Nineteen isolates (designated YF-XL isolates) from Brazil, Trinidad, and Venezuela, dating from 1973 to 2001, exhibited a 216-nucleotide (nt) duplication, yielding a tandem repeat of conserved hairpin, stem-loop, dumbbell, and pseudoknot structures. YF-XL isolates were found exclusively within one subclade of South American genotype I YFV. One Brazilian isolate exhibited, in addition to the 216-nt duplication, a deletion of a 40-nt repeated hairpin (RYF) motif (YF-XL-ΔRYF). To investigate the biological significance of these 3′ NCR rearrangements, YF-XL-ΔRYF and YF-XL isolates, as well as other South American YFV isolates, were evaluated for three phenotypes: growth kinetics in cell culture, neuroinvasiveness in suckling mice, and ability to replicate and produce disseminated infections in
Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes. YF-XL-ΔRYF and YF-XL isolates showed growth kinetics and neuroinvasive characteristics comparable to those of typical South American YFV isolates, and mosquito infectivity trials demonstrated that both types of 3′ NCR variants were capable of replication and dissemination in a laboratory-adapted colony of
A. aegypti
.
Improving the Safety of a Conditional-Live Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vaccine by Controlling both Gene Expression and Cell Entry
Authors: Das Atze T. , Baldwin Chris E. , Vink Monique , Berkhout Ben 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT
Live attenuated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines are considered unsafe because faster-replicating pathogenic virus variants may evolve after vaccination. We previously presented a conditional-live HIV-1 variant of which replication can be switched off as an alternative vaccination strategy. To improve the safety of such a vaccine, we constructed a new HIV-1 variant that depends not only on doxycycline for gene expression but also on the T20 peptide for cell entry. Replication of this virus can be limited to the level required to induce the immune system by transient administration of doxycycline and T20. Subsequent withdrawal of these inducers efficiently blocks viral replication and evolution.
Endocytosis of the Nipah Virus Glycoproteins
Authors: Vogt Carola , Eickmann Markus , Diederich Sandra , Moll Markus , Maisner Andrea 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Nipah virus
(NiV), a highly pathogenic member of the family
Paramyxoviridae
, encodes the surface glycoproteins F and G. Since internalization of the NiV envelope proteins from the cell surface might be of functional importance for viral pathogenesis either by regulating cytopathogenicity or by modulating recognition of infected cells by the immune system, we analyzed the endocytosis of the NiV F and G proteins. Interestingly, we found both glycoproteins to be internalized in infected and transfected cells. As endocytosis is normally mediated by tyrosine- or dileucine-dependent signals in the cytoplasmic tails of transmembrane proteins, all potential internalization signals in the NiV glycoproteins were mutated. Whereas the G protein appeared to be constitutively internalized with the bulk flow during membrane turnover, uptake of the F protein was found to be signal mediated. F endocytosis clearly depended on a membrane-proximal YXXΦ motif and was found to be of functional importance for the biological activity of the protein.
Splicing of Rhesus Rhadinovirus R15 and ORF74 Bicistronic Transcripts during Lytic Infection and Analysis of Effects on Production of vCD200 and vGPCR
Authors: Pratt Carly L. , Estep Ryan D. , Wong Scott W. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACTRhesus macaque rhadinovirus (RRV) is the rhesus macaque homologue of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Here we examine expression of RRV R15 and ORF74, homologues of K14 and ORF74 of HHV-8, respectively. As in HHV-8, transcripts encoding RRV R15 and ORF74 are bicistronic. However, unlike what has been suggested for HHV-8, RRV R15- and ORF74-encoding transcripts are expressed late during lytic infection and undergo unique splicing events that result in the production of transcripts capable of encoding vGPCR, as well as membrane-associated and secreted forms of vCD200. The alternative splicing for vCD200 has implications for viral pathogenesis.
Reporting quality of randomized trials in the diet and exercise literature for weight loss
Authors: Gibson Cheryl A , Kirk Erik P , LeCheminant James D , Bailey Bruce W , Huang Guoyuan , Donnelly Joseph E 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
To adequately assess individual studies and synthesize quantitative research on weight loss studies, transparent reporting of data is required. The authors examined the reporting quality of randomized trials in the weight loss literature, focusing exclusively on subject characteristics as they relate to enrollment, allocation, and follow-up.

Methods
An extensive literature review, which included a computerized search of the MEDLINE database, manual searches of bibliographic references, and cross-referencing of 92 review articles was conducted. A checklist, based on CONSORT recommendations, was used to collect information on whether or not authors reported age, gender, co-morbid disease, medication use, race/ethnicity, and postmenopausal status. Also tracked was whether or not initial and final sample size was reported and stratified by gender.

Results
Of 604 possible articles, 231 articles met eligibility criteria. Important subject characteristics were not reported as the following breakdown indicates: age (11%), gender (4%), race/ethnicity (86%), co-morbid disease states (34%), and medication use (92%). Additionally, 21% of articles failed to report initial sample size by gender while 69% neglected to report final sample size by gender.

Conclusion
Inadequate reporting can create difficulties with interpretation and can lead to biased results receiving false credibility. The quality of reporting for weight loss studies needs considerable improvement.
The Bosnian version of the international self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder, the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, is reliable and valid in a variety of different adult samples affected by war
Authors: Powell Steve , Rosner Rita 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
The aim of the present study was to assess the internal consistency and discriminant and convergent validity of the Bosnian version of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PTDS). The PTDS yields both a PTSD diagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition (DSM-IV) and a measure of symptom severity.

Methods
812 people living in Sarajevo or in Banja Luka in Bosnia-Herzegovina, of whom the majority had experienced a high number of traumatic war events, were administered the PTDS and other measures of trauma-related psychopathology. The psychometric properties of the instrument were assessed using Cronbach's alpha and principal components analysis, and its construct validity was assessed via Spearman correlation coefficients with the other instruments.

Results
The PTDS and its subscales demonstrated high internal consistency. The principal components revealed by an exploratory analysis are broadly consistent with the DSM-IV subscales except that they reproduce some previously reported difficulties with the "numbing" items from the avoidance subscale. The construct validity of the PTDS was supported by appropriate correlations with other relevant measures of trauma related psychopathology.

Conclusion
The Bosnian version of the PTDS thus appears to be a time-economic and psychometrically sound measure for screening and assessing current PTSD. This self-report measure awaits further validation by interview methods.
One year soy protein supplementation has positive effects on bone formation markers but not bone density in postmenopausal women
Authors: Arjmandi Bahram H , Lucas Edralin A , Khalil Dania A , Devareddy Latha , Smith Brenda J , McDonald Jennifer , Arquitt Andrea B , Payton Mark E , Mason Claudia 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
Although soy protein and its isoflavones have been reported to reduce the risk of osteoporosis in peri- and post-menopausal women, most of these studies are of short duration (i.e. six months). The objective of this study was to examine if one year consumption of soy-containing foods (providing 25 g protein and 60 mg isoflavones) exerts beneficial effects on bone in postmenopausal women.

Methods
Eighty-seven eligible postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to consume soy or control foods daily for one year. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of the whole body, lumbar (L1-L4), and total hip were measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry at baseline and after one year. Blood and urine markers of bone metabolism were also assessed.

Results and Discussion
Sixty-two subjects completed the one-year long study. Whole body and lumbar BMD and BMC were significantly decreased in both the soy and control groups. However, there were no significant changes in total hip BMD and BMC irrespective of treatment. Both treatments positively affected markers of bone formation as indicated by increased serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) activity, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and osteocalcin (BSAP: 27.8 and 25.8%, IGF-I: 12.8 and 26.3%, osteocalcin: 95.2 and 103.4% for control and soy groups, respectively). Neither of the protein supplements had any effect on urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion, a marker of bone resorption.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that although one year supplementation of 25 g protein per se positively modulated markers of bone formation, this amount of protein was unable to prevent lumbar and whole body bone loss in postmenopausal women.
Polymorphisms in genes involved in estrogen and progesterone metabolism and mammographic density changes in women randomized to postmenopausal hormone therapy: results from a pilot study
Authors: Lord Sarah J , Mack Wendy J , Van Den Berg David , Pike Malcolm C , Ingles Sue A , Haiman Christopher A , Wang Wei , Parisky Yuri R , Hodis Howard N , Ursin Giske 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Introduction
Mammographic density is a strong independent risk factor for breast cancer, and can be modified by hormonal exposures. Identifying genetic variants that determine increases in mammographic density in hormone users may be important in understanding hormonal carcinogenesis of the breast.

Methods
We obtained mammograms and DNA from 232 postmenopausal women aged 45 to 75 years who had participated in one of two randomized, double-blind clinical trials with estrogen therapy (104 women, taking 1 mg/day of micronized 17β-estradiol, E2), combined estrogen and progestin therapy (34 women, taking 17β-estradiol and 5 mg/day of medroxyprogesterone acetate for 12 days/month) or matching placebos (94 women). Mammographic percentage density (MPD) was measured on baseline and 12-month mammograms with a validated computer-assisted method. We evaluated polymorphisms in genes involved in estrogen metabolism (catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT (Val158Met)), cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1 (Val432Leu)), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1 (<7/≥ 7 TA repeats))) and progesterone metabolism (aldo-keto reductase 1C4 (AKR1C4 (Leu311Val))) with changes in MPD.

Results
The adjusted mean change in MPD was +4.6% in the estrogen therapy arm and +7.2% in the combined estrogen and progestin therapy arm, compared with +0.02% in the placebo arm (P = 0.0001). None of the genetic variants predicted mammographic density changes in women using estrogen therapy. Both the AKR1C4 and the CYP1B1 polymorphisms predicted mammographic density change in the combined estrogen and progestin therapy group (P < 0.05). In particular, the eight women carrying one or two low-activity AKR1C4 Val alleles showed a significantly greater increase in MPD (16.7% and 29.3%) than women homozygous for the Leu allele (4.0%).

Conclusion
Although based on small numbers, these findings suggest that the magnitude of the increase in mammographic density in women using combined estrogen and progestin therapy may be greater in those with genetically determined lower activity of enzymes that metabolize estrogen and progesterone.
The nature of the phagosomal membrane: endoplasmic reticulum versus plasmalemma
Authors: Touret Nicolas , Paroutis Paul , Grinstein Sergio 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor decades, the vacuole that surrounds particles engulfed by phagocytosis was believed to originate from the plasma membrane. Conversion of the nascent phagosome into a microbicidal organelle was thought to result from the subsequent, orderly fusion of early endosomes, late endosomes, and ultimately, lysosomes with the original plasma membrane-derived vacuole. This conventional model has been challenged, if not superseded, by a revolutionary model that regards phagosome formation as resulting from the particle sliding into the endoplasmic reticulum via an opening at the base of the phagocytic cup. The merits and implications of these two hypotheses are summarized here and analyzed in light of recent results.
The role of non-phenolic lignin in chlorate-forming reactions during chlorine dioxide bleaching of softwood kraft pulp
Authors: Svenson Doug R. , Chang Hou-min , Jameel Hasan , Kadla John F. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The affect of phenolic hydroxyl groups on the reaction efficiency during chlorine dioxide pre-bleaching of a softwood kraft pulp was investigated. The removal of phenolic hydroxyl groups via pulp methylation did not adversely affect the chlorine dioxide bleaching efficiency or the amount of chlorate formed during exposure to chlorine dioxide. Ion analysis of the reaction systems revealed that the formation of chloride and chlorite ions during the bleaching process were very similar between the kraft and methylated kraft pulps. These results indicate that the kinetic rates of lignin oxidation by chlorine dioxide and its reduction products, chlorite and hypochlorous acid, are much faster than the rate of inorganic reactions leading to chlorate formation.
Metal chelation studies relevant to wood preservation.1. Complexation of propyl gallate with Fe2+
Authors: Binbuga Nursen , Chambers Kristen , Henry William P. , Schultz Tor P. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
We previously found that a combination of various organic biocides with low-cost non-biocidal antioxidants gave enhanced (synergistic) efficacy against wood-decaying fungi. The best laboratory results were obtained with propyl gallate, perhaps due to its dual antioxidant/metalchelating properties. In this study we report on potentiometric titration experiments for the complexation of Fe2+ with propyl gallate. The results suggest four coordination compounds are present in the pH range from 3 to 12. These are [(H2PG)Fe]+, (HPG)Fe, [(PG)Fe]−, and [(HPG)2Fe]2− {PG=O3C6H2CO2CH2CH2CH33−}. Equilibrium constants for the formation of all complexes are given. A plot of species present versus pH clearly indicates that propyl gallate strongly complexes with Fe2+ at the mildly acidic pH levels normally present in wood, with some complexing still possible in relatively acidic environments present in decaying wood. Propyl gallate complexes more strongly than catechol at the pH values of normal wood. Propyl gallate may also interfere with the proposed fungal redox cycles. Metal complexation may thus be an important part in the overall mechanism by which propyl gallate and organic biocides synergistically protect wood. Furthermore, the metal chelating properties of heartwood extractives, such as the hydrolysable tannins from which propyl gallate is made, may be an important factor in natural durability.
Solubility of ThO2·xH2O(am) in carbonate solution and the formation of ternary Th(IV) hydroxide-carbonate complexes
Authors: Altmaier M. , Neck Volker , Müller R. , Fanghänel Thomas 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe solubility of X-ray amorphous Th(IV) hydroxide or hydrous oxide was determined in carbonate solution atI=0.5 M (NaHCO3-Na2CO3-NaOH-NaCl) and 22 °C. Two series of open system experiments were performed under CO2partial pressures of 1.0 and 0.1 bar at -log [H+]=4.5– 7.5. In three series of closed system experiments at constant total carbonate concentrations ofCtot=[HCO3-]+[CO32-]=0.1, 0.04 and 0.015 M, the H+concentration was varied in the range -log [H+] = 8.5–13.5. Some additional solubility data were determined in 0.25–2 M Na2CO3containing 0.1 M NaOH. There was no indication for the formation of a thorium carbonate solid.The simultaneous evaluation of the different sets of experimental data atI=0.5 M shows that Th(OH)(CO3)45-and Th(OH)2(CO3)22-are the most important ternary complexes. Further contributions to the Th(IV) solubility are coming from Th(OH)2(CO3)(aq), Th(OH)3(CO3)-and Th(OH)4(CO3)2-. Their formation constants, extrapolated toI=0 with the SIT and combined with the solubility product of logK°sp=-47.8±0.3, are calculated to be logβ°114=35.8±0.3, logβ°122=37.0±0.4, logβ°121=30.7±0.4, logβ°131=38.5±0.6 and logβ°141=40.6±0.5. Pure carbonate complexes and other ternary complexes have no significant contributions to the solubility in the present studies atI=0.5 M. Upper limits are derived for their formation constants. Using the SIT for ionic strength corrections, the evaluated set of equilibrium constants is also consistent with the solubility in Na2CO3-NaOH mixtures of higher ionic strength.