bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Battle Of The Dunes 14June 1658
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 1649, the Catholic House of Stuart lost its hold on the monarchy of Great Britain. In that month, King Charles I was executed by Parliamentary forces commanded by Oliver Cromwell who, since the battle of Naseby in 1645, had been expanding his military and political power. Charles II, next in line to the throne, attempted to continue the Royalist, or Cavalier, war against the Parliamentarians, or Roundheads, after his father’s death. Unfortunately for him, his forces lost to Cromwell on 3 September 1651 at the battle of Worcester; Charles was forced to flee for France. As Cromwell proceeded to act like a king (although he never took the title) in England, on the Continent Charles looked for supporters to aid his return to the throne. He finally threw his lot in with the Spanish, who controlled the Spanish Netherlands (modern Belgium and Flanders) at the time. The Spanish had long had hostile relations with England, ever since Protestant Queen Elizabeth Is navy had defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588.
Culloden 16 April 1746
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of Culloden stretches back two centuries before the battle to the time of England’s King Henry VIII. Because of a dispute with the pope over Henry’s desire for an annulment, the English king announced that he himself was to be the head of the Catholic Church in England. That lasted until his death, when he was succeeded by his young son, Edward VI. Edward was succeeded by his strongly Catholic older half sister, Mary. Mary reasserted the pope’s authority in England and married Spain’s Catholic King Philip II to show her support for the faith. When she died childless 5 years later, her sister Elizabeth assumed the throne. Her father’s daughter, Elizabeth not only reinstituted her father’s antipapal policy but she completely banned the Catholic Church and named herself head of the Church of England. This set her at odds with Catholic monarchs on the Continent, but she was their equal if not their superior in the game of power politics.
Valmy 20 September 1792
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 14 July 1789, Parisian citizens stormed the prison at the Bastille, freeing only a few prisoners, but marking the beginning of the French Revolution. Not long afterward came the publication of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen and the call for a constitutional, rather than absolute, monarchy. In June 1791, King Louis XVI attempted but failed to escape France to rally monarchical forces around Europe to his cause. This failure convinced many aristocrats to either withdraw from public life or to flee the country, and among the emigrants were some 6,000 army officers. Louis for a time was reinstated as a constitutional monarch and reluctantly worked with a new legislative assembly.
Manila Bay I May 1898
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Little in the events that led to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in 1898 would have indicated that the first battle of that conflict would take place anywhere else but Cuba. Since 1895, Spanish forces had been struggling with yet another Cuban revolt, but this one was particularly nasty. The Cubans decided on a guerrilla campaign employing a scorched-earth policy. The theory seemed to be that if the island was economically useless, then the Spanish would leave. In response to that guerrilla campaign, Spanish General Victoriano Weyler introduced the policy of reconcentrado. Working on the theory that for a guerrilla movement to succeed it must have the support of the population, Weyler decided to make sure that the population could give no support. To accomplish that, he rounded up all the civilians on the island and placed them in a number of barbed-wire enclosures, hence the term, concentration camp. Once the Cubans were rounded up, anyone outside the camps was by definition a guerrilla and could be shot on sight. Although the camps were effective, the lack of clean water, sanitary facilities, medical care, or an adequate food supply guaranteed that the inmates suffered horribly. Some 250,000 Cubans died in the camps. By early 1898, the revolution was failing.
Mukden 19 February-IO March 1905
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last part of the nineteenth century, China was economically dominated by foreign powers. Britain, France, Russia, Germany, and Japan had claimed economic spheres of influence, and each held a virtual monopoly in its sphere. In 1899, U.5. Secretary of State John Hay proposed the Open Door Policy, which would have broken up the sectional dominance in favor of free trade. All the powers agreed in principle to this plan, but Russia was the least cooperative. It continued to exclude foreign competition in its economic zone of Manchuria. Japan, a country with great ambition but little in the way of natural resources, looked at Manchuria as the best source of coal, iron, etc., for its burgeoning industry and military. Japan attempted to negotiate with Russia over trade issues in Manchuria, but made little headway. Russia made promises, but took no action and in the meantime built up its armed forces in Manchuria. By 1904, Japan realized that further talks were pointless, so it began preparing for war.
Verdun 21 February-18 December 1916
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the opening weeks of rapid movement, World War I in France settled into trench warfare. Boch the Germans on one side and the allied British and French on the other dug into parallel lines of trench works that stretched from the Swiss border to the English Channel. With neither side able to execute a successful flanking movement before this entrenchment, the goal of both armies was co punch a hole in the enemy’s lines through which they could pour sufficient forces to wreak havoc in the enemy rear. Although both Germans and Allies used massive amounts of artillery fire to break their enemy’s lines, the only result was an everincreasing number of dead. The Germans had entered the war convinced that they could easily overcome the French army. They found it impossible to defeat both French and British armies together, so in lace 1915, after a year in which each combatant power had lost approximately a million men dead, wounded, and missing, the German high command decided on a strategy that was frightening in both conception and execution.
Poland I September-5 October 1939
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1933, German Chancellor Adolph Hitler began dismantling the Versailles Treaty, the peace agreement that ended World War I, and imposed impossible financial burdens on Germany. After he refused to continue payment of reparations for damages caused during the First World War, and the western Allies failed to force compliance, the treaty had become another in a long line of history’s scraps of paper. In violation of the Versailles Treaty, he rebuilt the armed forces and embarked on a mission to return Germany to greatness by acquiring territory where German speaking people lived and lands that Germany needed for lebensraum, living space. Hitler proceeded to implement his plans by reoccupying the Rhineland in 1936, acquiring Austria in March 1938 and the Czech province of the Sudetenland in September 1938, and then occupying the remainder of Czechoslovakia in March 1939. The western Allies, Britain and France, stood back and watched, refusing to honor their defense agreements with the Czechs.
Moscow 30 September-5 December 1941
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After Adolf Hitler failed to bend Great Britain to his will in the summer and fall of 1940, he postponed the invasion of that country and turned his attention toward the east. Hitler had long despised communism. In spite of the convenient nonaggression pact that Germany had signed with the Soviet Union before the invasion of Poland in 1939, Hitler was determined not only to wipe out the hated political system, but to acquire for Germany much-needed lebensraum, or living space, as he had outlined in his 1925 book Mein Kampf To chat end, Hider in December 1940 issued Directive 21, which laid out his operational goals. He stated chat capturing Moscow, the Soviet capital, was a secondary objective. Instead, the more important targets were Leningrad and Stalingrad. The capture of these two cities, named for the leading lights of the Soviet state, would surely bring communism tumbling down.
Huai Hai (Suchow) 1 November 1948-10 January 1949
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chinese Communist Parry (CCP) was formally established in 1921 as the Chinese government was recovering from Japanese domination during World War I. In the midl 920s, the CCP cooperated with the ruling Kuomintang, or Nationalist Parry, but in 1927 started a civil war that raged until 1937. In that year, the Japanese invaded out of Manchuria and drove deep into China down the coast toward Hong Kong. This external threat convinced Communist leader Mao Tse-rung to conclude a wary alliance with Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek. Mao’s forces operated in the northern part of China, whereas Chiang’s armies, aided by the Americans, fought in the southern and western parts. Mao’s forces, never well equipped, did their best to harass and pin down Japanese troops while Chiang held the south and cooperated with U.S. and British activities in Burma.
Inchon 15 September 1950
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 1950, U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson spoke to the National Press Club. In his presentation, Acheson laid out the primary security interests of the United States, that is, those countries that the United States would immediately defend if threatened. In Europe, that included the countries involved in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); in the Pacific region, Acheson described the “defense perimeter” of the United States. This stretched from the Aleutians to Japan to the Philippines to Australia.
Desert Storm 24-28 February 1991
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By early 1990, Iraq was in a delicate situation. It had recently ended a long war with Iran in which it had received a large amount of military support from both the Soviet Union and the United States, both of which feared Iranian domination of the Middle East. This support, although able to bring about only a draw in the Iran-Iraq war, gave Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein the fourth largest military force in the world. It also made him deeply in debt, primarily to other Arab states, which had floated large loans to finance his war. The largest creditor was Kuwait, just south of Iraq on the Persian Gulf. Assuming that no nation would seriously contest him, Hussein decided to use his large military to erase his large debt. An invasion of Kuwait would both remove the government to which he owed the money and place him in control of their huge oil reserves. Claiming Kuwait to be in reality a province of Iraq, Hussein massed his army on the border. After several weeks of threats and no significant international counteraction, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait on 3 August 1990.
Introduction
Authors: Alcock John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 15 February 1978, a young woman carefully poured a pitcher of ice water onto the head of Edward 0. Wilson while he sat waiting to address an audience at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. A band of accomplices joined their pitcher-pouring confederate on stage to wave placards and chant, “Wilson, you’re all wet.” After repeating this modest witticism for a few minutes, Wilson’s assailants left the field to their victim, who dr:led himself as best he could with a paper towel and then delivered his talk without further interruption [345].
In a world characterized by much more exciting and dramatic violence, this brief aquatic and acoustical assault was nevertheless moderately newsworthy because of its setting—a scientific get-together—and its target—a Harvard professor. Academics are a contentious group and academic arguments can get loud and nasty on occasion, but physical confrontations are rare. Even if fights were fairly common in scientific meetings, Wilson would hardly interest anyone fond of hand-to-hand combat. He is a worlld authority on ants and the other social insects, a tall, thin person with a passion for entomology, not fisticuffs. By his own account, he was utterly surprised to have achieved the kind of notoriety that evidently inspired his band of youthful opponents [345].
Sociobiology and Genes
Authors: Alcock John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the sociobiologist, explaining the behavior of the whirligig beetle, the worker ant, and the pet-loving human being involves figuring out how these creatures’ behavior, or the proximate mechanisms underlying their behavioral abilities, genernte higher net gains in genetic success than other possible behaviors or different underlying physiological systems. The fact that genes get mentioned rather often by sociobiologists has led some critics to focus on the sociobiology-genetics connection. A considerable number of these critics think, or would like you to think, that sociobiologists have their genetics all wrong—because if sociobiology were founded on a fundamentally flawed version of genetics, dismissing the entire discipline would be relatively easy. To this end, some opponents of sociobiology have claimed that the discipline is founded on “genetic determinism,” which also goes by the label “biological determinism.”
Sociobiology and Human Culture
Authors: Alcock John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Had I been born in central Papua New Guinea a century ago, odds are that I would have considered myself humiliated had I been an adult seen in public without my penis sheath, despite the fact that my penis sheath would have constituted essentially my only “clothing.” I was born in Charlottesville, Virginia, however, and if I were to wander around my current neighborhood in Tempe, Arizona, outfitted in traditional New Guinean fashion, I would be arrested in short order. ou do not need to be told that the difference in what constitutes appropriate attire varies enormously, and that is true even within Papua New Guinea today, where a great many men have traded in their penis sheaths for shorts and T-shirts.
The diversity of cultural traditions, the rapidity of cultural change, and the capacity of children transferred from one society to another to adopt the local customs and local language all demonstrate that human behavior is highly flexible and dependent upon the capacity to learn. As a result, many persons have accepted the non sequitur that the genes which have survived past episodes of natural selection have little or no role to play in the development of our behavior.
The Practical Applications of Sociobiology
Authors: Alcock John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The critics of sociobiology have long been worried about the application of sociobiological research to human affairs. And as we have seen, they do not like what they envision. As discussed in chapter 4, some critics have claimed that certain forces in society can subconsciously impress themselves on scientists, or at least some subset of scientists, to such an extent that these individuals can become inadvertent spokesmen for the rich and powerful. Gould, for example, has declared that “these speculative stories about human behavior [produced by sociobiologists] have broad implications and proscriptions for social policy—and this is true quite apart from the intent or personal politics of the storyteller” (p. 532 in [1481). If Gould is right, the effects that society at large has on scientists would lead to positive feedback loops in which bogus scientific “findings” are used to promote the political goals of persons whose views shaped the conduct of science. The result would be a science that served the interests of the rich and powerful by undercutting challenges to the status quo.
Introduction
Authors: Furman Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toni Morrison’s Sons of Solomon appeared in 1977 to a standing ovation. Anne Tyler of the Washinston Post called it “a stunningly beautiful book.” “Morrison dazzles,” declared the Nation. The Philadelphia Enquirer described Morrison as “the most sensible lyrical writer around today.” John Leonard, writing in the New York Times, considered it his honor to review Sons of Solomon. Cataloging his reviewer’s canon of admirable books-among them Nabokov’s Lolita, Heller’s Catch-22, Lessing’s The Golden Note book, Grass’s The Tin Drum, Cheever’s Bullet Park, Garcia Marquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude, and Kingston’s The Warrior Woman Leonard added Morrison’s novel to the list. “The first two-thirds of Sons of Solomon are merely wonderful,” he wrote. “The last 100 pages are a triumph.” The year following its publication, Sons of Solomon won both the National Book Critics Circle Award and the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters Award and was also chosen as a Book-of-the-Month Club selection.
People Who Could Fly
Authors: Lester Julius 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It Happened 1 oNc , 1 oNG ago, when black people were taken from their homes in Africa and forced to come here to work as slaves. They were put onto ships, and many died during the long voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. Those that survived stepped off the boats into a land they had never seen, a land they never knew existed, and they were put into the fields to work. Many refused, and they were killed. Others would work, but when the white man’s whip lashed their backs to make them work harder, they would turn and fight. And some of them killed the white men with the whips. Others were killed by the white men. Some would run away and try to go back home, back to Africa where there were no white people, where they worked their own land for the good of each other, not for the good of white men. Some of those who tried to go back to Africa would walk until they came to the ocean, and then they would walk into the water, and no one knows if they did walk to Africa through the water or if they drowned. It didn’t matter. At least they were no longer slaves.
Song of Solomon Rejecting Rank’s Monomyth and Feminism
Authors: Brenner Gerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around Milkman , the hero of her much-admired SonB of Solomon, Toni Morrison wraps various collective fictions: a riddling nursery rhyme that presages his birth and, later chanted by children, leads him to discover his heritage; fables, like the one his father, Macon Dead, tells of the man who rescues a baby snake only to be poisoned to death by its bite; fairy tales, like “Rumpelstiltskin,” “Jack and the Beanstalk,” and “Hansel and Gretel”; a common black folktale, like “People Who Could Fly” (as collected by Julius Lester); and family legends, like that of Milkman’s great-grandfather’s ability to fly. Even through family names and nicknames Morrison underscores a preoccupation of all four of her novels: for better and worse, humans use and make fictions to give their lives meaning and significance. Underlying these commoner fictions, however, is Otto Rank’s powerful monomyth: the myth of the birth of the hero. Its features with only minor glossing-attach to Milkman and categorically lay claim to his place among the heroes from whose stories Rank extrapolates his monomyth:
Doe Hunting and Masculinity Song of Solomon and Go Down, Moses
Authors: Duvall John N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are not surprised when we discover traces of classical mythology, slave narratives, or biblical poetry in Song of Solomon.' Yet to speak of the way a text of Toni Morrison and one of William Faulkner enter into dialogue is to run a decided risk of a racism that conjures up vivid images of domination in our American past. Are you not, after all, implying that without this white, southern male’s seminal text, that of the African-American woman would never have come to fruition? But in positing an intertextual relation between Song of Solomon and Go Down, Moses, I am not granting the latter any privilege as master text.2 The critical dialogue in which Song of Solomon engages Go Down, Moses suggests rather that Morrison’s novel reclaims Faulkner’s in ways that question the male-centered world of the hunt and that refuse the gambit of tragedy.
Introducing Reverence
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reverence is an ancient virtue that survives among us in half forgotten patterns of civility, in moments of inarticulate awe, and in nostalgia for the lost ways of traditional cultures. We have the word “reverence” in our language, but we scarcely know how to use it. Right now it has no place in secular discussions of ethics or political theory. Even more surprisingly, reverence is missing from modern discussions of the ancient cultures that prized it.
Prophage Genomics
Authors: Brüssow Harald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the time of this writing, the GenBank phage database comprises 200 complete phage genome sequences. An equivalent number of phage sequences were passively acquired as prophages in bacterial genome sequencing projects. The scientific value of these prophage sequences was only recently recognized (13, 14). It goes beyond their potential to double the content of the current phage database and to correct a bias of the database towards selected phage systems (coliphages, dairy phages, mycobacteriophages) (7, 9). These prophage sequences allowed a first insight into the evolution of phage^host genome interactions at a molecular level. This analysis turned out to be especially fruitful for bacterial pathogens (1, 5, 49).
DNA Packaging in Double-Stranded DNA Phages
Authors: Jardine Paul J , Anderson Dwight L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine trying to stuff a string more than 6mm long into a sphere that is fifty nanometers in diameter. The hole in the sphere that the string must enter is only twice as wide as the string itself. The string is stiff, with a persistence length on the order of 50 nm. It is also negatively charged and self-repulsive. The string must be organized such that it can be pulled out easily, so no knots or tangles are permitted. When the sphere is full, the string will have a near crystalline density. You have several minutes to complete this task. This difficult feat is the challenge presented to dsDNA phages during DNA packaging, a pivotal event in the assembly cascade. The task of compacting the double-stranded DNA chromosome into a protein capsid is a dramatic endeavor. DNA by its nature does not want to be in condensed form, but rather is dispersed, occupying a volume more than 100 times its volume inside the virion (47, 54). Therefore, in order to be packaged, energy must be invested in the DNA. The DNA packaging event must also be coordinated with the replication of the phage DNA that is to be packaged, as well as the assembly and maturation of the protein capsid. Numerous investigators, using a battery of model phage systems, have made a concerted effort over four decades to resolve the components and mechanism of DNA packaging.