bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Negative Campaign Advertising on Vote Choice: The Mediating Influence of Gender*
Authors: King James D. , McConnell Jason B. 
Published: November 2003

Objective. Some studies of negative campaign advertising's impact argue that a backlash or “boomerang effect” exists. However, the appropriate conceptualization of a boomerang effect might not be an immediate backlash against the sponsor but a delayed response that comes after repeated exposure to negative campaign advertisements.Method. We conducted an experiment using a variation of the pretest‐posttest control group design in which treatment groups were exposed to varying numbers of negative campaign advertisements.Results. There is a parabolic effect of repeated exposure to negative advertisements that is gender specific. Among women, the sponsor initially benefits from an enhanced image but suffers a decline in image when the voters become overexposed to negative advertisements.Conclusion. A reconceptualization of the “boomerang effect” of negative campaign advertising is in order.
The Changing Structure of Structural Assimilation: White‐Collar Mexican Ethnicity and the Significance of Ethnic Identity Professional Organizations*
Authors: Macias Thomas 
Published: November 2003

Objective.This article examines the experience of ethnicity among third‐plus generation Mexican‐American professionals at the workplace and through participation in ethnic identity professional organizations.Methods.A total of 25 face‐to‐face interviews were conducted in the San Jose, California metro area. Interviewees were initially recruited from two ethnic identity professional organizations.Results.The predicted confluence of acculturation with structural assimilation is supported by the responses of Mexican‐American professionals who acknowledge the social pressure to conform to dominant culture expectations. However, changes in the structure of structural assimilation since 1965 related to the emergence of identity politics have meant integration into society's dominant institutions no longer requires the exchange of ethnic for professional identities.Conclusions.Ethnic identity professional organizations provide a key source of ethnic networking for Mexican‐American professionals who typically find themselves in work settings with low levels of minority representation.
Identity Politics Among Arab‐American Women*
Authors: Marshall Susan E. , Ghazal Read Jen'nan 
Published: November 2003

Objective.Identity politics has dominated contemporary analyses of protest movements. Although multiple identities are commonplace, progress in delineating their empirical relationship has been slow. This article examines the relationships among ethnic and religious identities and feminist orientations among Arab‐American women, a group that bridges multiple cultural identities. The primary research question is whether ethnic and religious identities undermine feminism in this population or whether multiple identities are mutually supportive.Methods.Using data from a national mail survey of Arab‐American women, regression analyses examine the separate effects of various dimensions of ethnic and religious identity on women's feminist orientations.Results.Arab political identity is positively associated with feminism while religious and feminist identities are inversely related. The effects of ethnic cultural identity and Muslim affiliation are negligible.Conclusions.This study finds a complex pattern of relationships among multiple identities and underscores the underlying political dynamic linking group identities.
The Family and the Internet: The Israeli Case*
Authors: Mesch Gustavo S. 
Published: November 2003

Objective. The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between Internet connection and frequency of adolescents' daily use and family time and the perceived quality of relations between adolescents and their parents.Methods. Data from the 2000 National Youth Survey conducted in Israel by the Minerva Center for Youth Studies were used.Results. The findings show that frequency of Internet use is negatively related to adolescents' perception of the quality of family relationships. This negative relationship is not explained by a reduction of the time that parents and adolescents' share.Conclusions. It is possible that high frequency of Internet use by adolescents, particularly when it is not being used for learning purposes, creates intergenerational conflicts. This possibility should be explored in future studies.
The Corrosive Effect of Acculturation: How Mexican Americans Lose Political Trust*
Authors: Michelson Melissa R. 
Published: November 2003

Objective.Existing research establishes that political trust is not only an important determinant of individual political behavior and government effectiveness, but may also measure the health of civic society. This article looks specifically at trust among Latinos of Mexican descent, demonstrating that acculturation is corrosive of political trust.Methods.Logit and ordered logit models are used to simultaneously test two theories of acculturation—classic assimilation theory and ethnic competition theory. Data come from the Latino National Political Survey (LNPS).Results.Support is found for both modes of acculturation.Conclusions.Although the results do not conclusively side with one particular mode of acculturation, they consistently show that acculturation is corrosive of political trust. Latinos of Mexican descent become more cynical about American government as they incorporate into or are exposed to mainstream American culture, and as they become more aware of or concerned about racism and discrimination.
Raising Considerations: Public Opinion and the Fair Application of the Death Penalty*
Authors: Murray Gregg R. 
Published: November 2003

Objectives. A major justification for capital punishment is its perceived public support, yet common measures of public opinion do not capture the complexity of death penalty attitudes. This research, first, examines the stability of attitudes regarding the fair application of the death penalty when those attitudes are expressed within the context of an enlarged pool of considerations about its administration and, second, evaluates the directional effect of the considerations on those attitudes.Methods. Data from a national telephone survey that capture the complexity of these attitudes are analyzed using ordered probit estimation.Results. These results indicate substantial instability in attitudes regarding the fair application of capital punishment given the context of more pertinent considerations. Furthermore, within this context respondents tend to indicate that the death penalty is less fairly applied.Conclusion. The justification for capital punishment may rest on oversimplified conceptions of attitudes toward the death penalty and its application.
Mini incision live donor nephrectomy: an optimal approach for the developing countries
Authors: Kumar A , Tripathi DM , Srivastava A 
Published: November 2003

Abstract: Objective: Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LD) is rapidly gaining popularity, however, this may not be affordable by donors in many developing countries because of its high cost. We describe our mini flank incision (MD) donor nephrectomy technique and its outcome.Methods: A 7–10‐cm subcostal rib sparing transverse incision was given 2 cm lateral to the tip of the 12th rib, towards the lateral border of rectus muscle. All dissections were performed with help of long retractors and instruments, vessels were transfixed and cut. In last 45 cases, vessels were clipped with Liga or Weck clips. Donors and recipients outcome was analysed.Result: From January 2000 to December 2002 a total of 148 patients underwent donor nephrectomy by mini incision technique. Mean patient age was 44.8 ± 7.3 yr (range 20–70 yr). Nephrectomies were performed in 115 patients on the left side and in 33 cases on the right side. The mean incision length was 9.1 ± 1.8 cm (range 7–10 cm). Mean operative time was 105 ± 10.5 min (70–130 min). Mean analgesic (Tramadol) requirement was 205 ± 52 mg; postoperative hospital stay was 2.2 ± 0.5 d. Twelve per cent patients developed fever and 4% had superficial wound infection in postoperative period. Three patients required blood transfusion. Mean convalescence period was 22 ± 2.8 d.Conclusion: Extrapleural, extraperitoneal, subcostal mini incisions live donor nephrectomy is a relatively safe procedure with low morbidity. This technique has a shorter hospital stay, early convalescence and better cosmesis. It is cost‐effective and is an ideal substitute for the developing country.
Frequency of the HFE C282Y and H63D mutations in Danish patients with clinical haemochromatosis initially diagnosed by phenotypic methods
Authors: Milman Nils , Koefoed Pernille , Pedersen Palle , Nielsen Finn Cilius , Eiberg Hans 
Published: November 2003

Abstract: Aim: To assess the frequency of the C282Y and H63D mutations on the HFE gene in Danish patients with clinical hereditary haemochromatosis initially diagnosed by phenotypic methods.Methods: In the period 1950–1985, an epidemiological survey in Denmark identified 179 patients with clinical idiopathic haemochromatosis diagnosed by phenotypic methods (serum transferrin saturation, serum ferritin, liver biopsy and mobilisable body iron stores). In 32 unrelated patients, frozen blood samples were available for genetic analysis. In a subsequent series of 26 unrelated Danish patients, a phenotypic diagnosis of clinical idiopathic haemochromatosis was made before blood samples were taken for HFE genotyping. The total series consisted of 58 patients (40 men and 18 women) with a median age of 60 yrs (range 18–74). HFE genotyping was performed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique.Results: Among the patients, 55 of 58 (94.8%) were C282Y/C282Y homozygous. One 63‐year‐old woman (1.7%) was compound C282Y/H63D heterozygous. Two women (3.4%), aged 42 and 43 yrs were negative for both the C282Y and the H63D mutation.Conclusion: In the Danish population, homozygosity for the C282Y mutation appears to be the prevailing cause of clinically overt genetic haemochromatosis. This finding has implications both for the evaluation of patients with iron overload disorders and for the strategy in future population screening surveys.
Neonatal end‐of‐life care in Sweden
Authors: Lundqvist Anita , Nilstun Tore , Dykes Anna‐Karin 
Published: November 2003

Summary• A survey was carried out of Swedish neonatal end‐of‐life regarding practice before birth, at birth, during dying and after death using a descriptive questionnaire with close‐ended questions and individual comments• The practice in 32 of 38 neonatal units, as described by the head nurse or the registered nurses, was largely similar. Respectful treatment of both the neonate and the parents during neonatal end‐of‐life care was indicated• Differences were found in pre‐natal care concerning the information about the risks of pre‐term birth, the opportunity for parents to view a pre‐term neonate and meet its family, as well as a social worker• Practice directly after birth was also different. A little less than half of the units answered that they gave a description of the seriously ill neonate to the parents before the first visit to the ward• Practice during dying indicated that only a few units permitted the neonate to die at home
An audit of post‐operative nausea and vomiting, following cardiac surgery: scope of the problem
Authors: Mace Lisa 
Published: November 2003

Summary• Post‐operative nausea and vomiting is a major problem for patients following cardiac surgery• The literature in this area identifies that there are a number of individual patient and post‐operative factors which increase the risk of post‐operative nausea and vomiting, including female gender, non‐smoker, age, use of opioids, pain and anxiety• An audit involving 200 patients, who had undergone cardiac surgery was implemented to assess/evaluate the incidence of nausea and vomiting for this patient group• Data collected included information relating to nausea and vomiting, pain, consumption of morphine and other individual patient variables• The results suggest that nausea and vomiting, is experienced by a large number of patients after cardiac surgery (67%), with the majority suffering on the first day after surgery. The duration of nausea and vomiting for most is short, but for a significant number (7%) it can last up to one‐quarter of their initial post‐operative course• The paper discusses key implications for practice arising from this project
Designing a grounded theory study: some practicalities
Authors: McCallin Antoinette M 
Published: November 2003

Summary• Grounded theory is an interpretative research methodology frequently used by social science researchers seeking to discover the underlying social processes shaping interaction. The methodology is useful to create knowledge about the behavioural patterns of a group• The aim of this paper was to discuss some practical issues that the prospective grounded theory researcher planning a small‐scale project may consider• Discussion focuses on the basic premises, choosing a version of grounded theory, the research problem, the purpose of study, the research question and the place of the literature in a study• The specific skills required of the grounded theory researcher are considered and some cautions are exercised• The paper may assist student researchers in a critical care setting and may be of interest to their supervisors and experienced grounded theory researchers
Removing chest drains – a critical reflection of a complex clinical decision
Authors: Riley Marie E 
Published: November 2003

Summary• Decision‐making is a fundamental element of nursing work (Boblin‐Cummings et al., 1999; Berggren and Severinsson, 2000; Bucknall, 2000) which fluctuates according to experience, location and personal boundaries• Nursing judgements are said to portray the nature of nursing knowledge and practice (Thompson, 1999; Buckingham and Adams, 2000a) and can affect others either favourably or adversely (Gordon et al., 1994), with Buckingham and Adams (2000a) emphasizing the benefits to be gained from understanding the process, including improved clinical effectiveness and self‐knowledge• It is said that all decisions are made in one of two ways – hypothetico‐deductively or intuitively (Dowie and Elstein, 1988; Thompson, 1999; Buckingham and Adams, 2000a) – although different titles are used interchangeably for the same modes. Both of these modalities are examined• Hypothetico‐deductive reasoning entails exposure to information before and during the patient encounter. These data are grouped and used to generate a hypothesis or possible diagnosis• The second stance in decision‐making is founded upon intuition and closely associated with expertise• The presence of chest drains after cardiothoracic surgery is known to cause severe pain, thereby interfering with respiratory mechanics and the ability to take part in physiotherapy exercises (Owen and Gould, 1997; Fox et al., 1999; Charnock and Evans, 2001; Lazzara, 2002)• This work therefore aims to examine the decision‐making processes in relation to the prompt removal of chest drains by analysing the options available and the skills required to utilize them effectively
Developmental regulation of cation pumps in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Authors: DAUNCEY M. J. , HARRISON A. P. 
Published: November 2003

The prenatal and early postnatal periods are critical stages during which long‐term development can be affected. For example, retardation of growth during these periods is closely linked to the occurrence of adult degenerative diseases. Appropriate development of muscle is essential for numerous functions, including movement, posture, thermogenesis, breathing and maintenance of the circulation. Defects in normal muscle development could thus impair any of these functions in the neonate and may also have long‐term consequences for the health of the individual.Central to normal muscle structure and function is the appropriate development not only of the sarcomeric proteins but also of the sarcolemma, transverse‐tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum and associated membrane‐bound ATPases. Long‐term regulation of these ATPases is by changes in their concentration, whereas short‐term regulation is mediated by alterations in enzyme activity. This review focuses on changes in total concentrations of Na+, K+‐ and Ca2+‐ATPases during prenatal and postnatal life, in functionally diverse muscles of mammalian species born at different stages of maturity. Both these cation pumps belong to multigene families and changes in relative abundance of their specific isoforms are also considered because they may have important consequences for contractile performance during distinct stages of development. Finally, potential regulatory mechanisms which alter markedly during normal ontogeny are discussed. These include intrinsic factors such as hormones and contractile activity, extrinsic factors such as nutrition and environmental temperature, and interactions between these variables which are known to be especially important during postnatal development.
Ion gradients and contractility in skeletal muscle: the role of active Na+, K+ transport
Authors: NIELSEN O. B. , OVERGAARD K. 
Published: November 2003

Intensive contractile activity is associated with a significant net loss of K+ and a comparable gain of Na+ in the working muscle fibres. This leads to an increase in the interstitial and T‐tubular K+ concentration and to a decrease in the T‐tubular Na+ concentration. It is well established that the exposure of muscles to high extracellular K+ or low extracellular Na+ inhibits contractile performance. More importantly, the combination of high extracellular K+ and low extracellular Na+ has a much more pronounced inhibitory effect on force than the sum of the individual effects of the two ions.The inhibitory effects of high extracellular K+ or low extracellular Na+ can be alleviated within 5–10 min by acute hormonal stimulation of the Na+, K+ pump. In contrast, reductions in the capacity for active Na+, K+ transport by pre‐incubation of isolated muscles with ouabain or by prior K+ depletion of the animals significantly decreases contractile endurance during high‐frequency electrical stimulation. Thus, muscles from K+‐depleted rats exhibiting a 54% reduction in Na+, K+ pump concentration showed a 110% increase in force decline during 30 s of 60 Hz stimulation. Reducing the Na+, K+ pump capacity to a similar extent by pre‐incubation with ouabain led to a comparable decrease in endurance. Moreover, reductions in the Na+, K+ pump capacity were associated with an increased intracellular accumulation of Na+ during electrical stimulation. These observations support the notion that excitation‐induced decreases in Na+, K+ gradients contribute to fatigue during intensive exercise and suggest that the capacity for active Na+, K+ transport is a determining factor for contractile endurance.
Effects of K+, Mg2+ deficiency and adrenal steroids on Na+, K+‐pump concentration in skeletal muscle
Authors: DØRUP I. 
Published: November 2003

Animal studies have shown that deficiency of K+ is associated with a reduction in the concentration of Na+, K+ pumps in skeletal muscle, and that this reduction is closely correlated with the reduction in the muscle K+ concentration. Furthermore, animals deficient in Mg+ show a downregulation of the Na+, K+‐pump concentration, but this seems to be secondary to the concomitant K+ deficiency, which often accompanies Mg2+ deficiency. Measurements on skeletal muscle biopsies from patients who had been in long‐term treatment with diuretics showed that 55% had reduced concentrations of both K+ and Mg2+, and that this was associated with a reduction in the concentration of Na+, K+ pumps. Furthermore, the Na+, K+‐pump concentration correlated significantly with both muscle K+ and Mg2+, suggesting that the downregulation of the Na+, K+ pumps was related to the loss of K+, as predicted from the animal experiments. In accordance with this, normalization of muscle K+ and Mg2+ in response to oral Mg2+ supplementation, resulted in a restoration of the Na+, K+ pumps.Apart from thyroid hormone, which is another major regulator for the Na+, K+‐pump concentration, other hormones may be of importance. It is well known that adrenal steroids control the synthesis of Na+, K+ pumps in the kidney and heart. Recently, treatment with dexamethasone was found to increase the Na+, K+‐pump concentration in rat skeletal muscle. The increase was found in EDL, soleus, gastrocnemius and diaphragm muscles, and amounted to 23–52%. In contrast, treatment with aldosterone induced a decrease in the Na+, K+‐pump concentration, which was closely correlated to the reduced K+ content of the muscles. The results indicate that in skeletal muscle, high doses of glucocorticoids upregulate the concentration of Na+, K+ pumps, whereas mineralocorticoids induce a downregulation which is secondary to the concomitant K+ deficiency.
Pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid‐cystic carcinoma of salivary glands: immunohistochemical assessment of proliferative activity in comparison with flow‐cytometric study
Authors: Daniele E. , Tralongo V. , Morello V. , Nagar C. , Russo A. , Bazan V. , Dardanoni G. , Ciotta S. , Nuara R. , Tomasino R. M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this study, 32 pleomorphic adenomas (PAs) and seven adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACCs) were analysed for the evaluation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) indices and flow cytometric variables. Our aim was to assess any possible relationship between these parameters and the clinico‐pathological variables and to clarify their histogenesis and reasons for their biological differences. The tumours were divided into three groups, mainly epithelial (E), myxoid (M) and chondroid (C); PCNA labelling index (LI) and weighted mean index (WI) and the WI/LI ratio were analysed in the predominant components; a single PCNA index, weighted by the percentage of each component, was also calculated. Only WI/LI was found to be significantly different in the three components, while PCNA single index did not show either significant differences by sex, age, site and size, or any correlation with the S phase fraction. A significant difference was found between PAs and ACCs by site (P <0.01) and DNA ploidy (P <0.05); furthermore, all PCNA indices (single index) were significantly lower in PAs than in ACCs.