bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of irrigation on peak temperatures in nerve root, dura, and intervertebral disc during laser‐assisted foraminoplasty
Authors: Hafez M.I. , Zhou S. , Coombs R.R.H , McCarthy I.D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThe Holmium: YAG (Ho: YAG) laser has been used for the ablation of prolapsed discs but alternative techniques are available, and this application remains controversial. It also has potential for the decompression of nerve roots within narrowed foraminae with the technique of endoscopic laser foraminoplasty. Traditional methods of decompression necessitate a major surgical procedure with potential destabilisation of the lumbar spinal segment. Nevertheless, minimally invasive techniques are attractive only if serious complications can be avoided. This study reports the peak temperatures reached in surrounding tissues with and without saline irrigation.Study Design/Materials and MethodsInvestigation of the hypothesis was carried out in excised sheep lumbar spines. T‐type thermocouples were used for the measurement of tissue temperatures during laser ablation of nerve root foraminae. The temperature was assessed in the nerve root, dura mater, and disc space.ResultsThe Ho: YAG laser was effective in widening the foraminae by approximately 1.5 mm with a total energy of 4.60 kJ. This was statistically significant in both vertical and horizontal directions (P < 0.0003 and P < 0.00005, respectively). The mean temperature of the nerve root, dura, and disc space during the procedure was 44 ± 3.1°C, 42.8 ± 4.7°C, and 41 ± 3.4°C respectively. There were transient high peaks seen in the temperature profiles. Using saline irrigation at 27 ml/minutes these temperatures were reduced to 34.1 ± 1.8°C (P = 0.0002), 34.9 ± 1.5°C (P = 0.002), and 37.2 ± 1.2°C (P < 0.014), for nerve roots, dura, and disc space respectively.ConclusionsLaser ablation of bone and ligament for nerve root decompression using the Ho: YAG laser may offer substantial advantages, but the risk of serious complication may only be avoided if the technique is combined with saline irrigation. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:33–37, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonlinearity suppression of electroabsorption modulator through dual‐parallel modulation
Authors: Jung Hyun‐Do , Lee Gyu‐Woong , Han Sang‐Kook , Choi Woo‐Young 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel linearization method is proposed to increase the dynamic range of an electro‐absorption modulator in suboctave bandwidth operation by exploiting the fact that the phase of third‐order intermodulation distortion varies with the dc bias voltage. A reduction of 14 dB in IMD3 and a subsequent increase of the linear dynamic range were experimentally obtained. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 2–5, 2001.
Application of generalized differential quadrature rule in Blasius and Onsager equations
Authors: Liu G. R. , Wu T. Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe generalized differential quadrature rule (GDQR) proposed recently by the authors is applied here to third‐order non‐linear differential equations of the Blasius type and to sixth‐order linear Onsager differential equations. High (⩾3rd)‐order differential equations in fluid mechanics are dealt with without using δ‐point techniques. The half‐space domain is simplified in a practical way. Accurate results are obtained for both kinds of problems. The wide applicability of the GDQR in high‐order differential equations is manifested further through this work. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of new poly(amide imide)s with (n‐alkyloxy)phenyloxy side branches
Authors: Choi Kyung Ho , Lee Kyung Hoon , Jung Jin Chul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo series of new poly(amide imide)s having (n‐alkyoxy)phenyloxy side branches with various lengths, poly{p‐phenyleneiminoterephthaloylimino‐p‐phenylene[3,6‐di(n‐alkyloxy)phenyloxy]pyromellitimide}s (PCmTAs, m = 4, 8, 12) and poly{p‐phenyleneiminosebacoylimino‐p‐phenylene[3,6‐di(n‐alkyloxy)‐phenyloxy]‐ pyromellitimide}s (PCmSeAs, m = 4, 8, 12), were prepared by condensation of terephthalamide‐N,N′‐4,4′‐dianiline (TA) and sebacamide‐N,N′‐4,4′‐dianiline (SeA) with 3,6‐di[4‐(n‐alkyloxy)phenyloxy]pyromellitic dianhydrides, respectively. The inherent viscosities of the polymers were in the 0.82–1.20 dL/g range. The polymers were highly soluble in N‐methylpyrolidinone (NMP), even at room temperature and soluble in other polar aprotic solvents on heating. The PCmTAs, which have aromatic backbones, were thermally more stable (431–442 °C) than the PCmSeAs, which have an octamethylene unit in the main chain (407–409 °C). Degradation of weight up to 900 °C corresponded with the loss of side chain contents. The PCmTAs exhibited no phase transition, whereas two endothermic peaks were observed for each of the PCmSeAs. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffractometer investigations revealed that both polymers are amorphous and the n‐alkyloxy side chains are present in a layered structure. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3818–3825, 2001
Structure of ionic aggregates of ionomers. II. Effect of humidity and temperature on ethylene and styrene ionomers
Authors: Tsujita Y. , Yasuda M. , Kinoshita T. , Takizawa A. , Yoshimizu H. , Davies G. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSmall‐angle X‐ray scattering profiles of ethylene and styrene ionomers were studied to clarify the structure of ionic aggregates as a function of humidity or temperature. The intensity and position of ionic cluster peaks were observed for ionomers with a certain degree of neutralization. The intensity of the ionic cluster peak for the ethylene ionomer increased with increasing relative humidity, but it decreased for the styrene ionomer. With increasing humidity, the position of the ionic cluster peak shifted to smaller angles for both ionomers. The size of the ionic aggregates and the closest approach distance between the aggregates were analyzed, and the results varied with humidity for both ionomers. The size did not vary markedly with a change in temperature, whereas the closest approach distance and number of ionic aggregates changed slightly with the melting temperature of the ethylene ionomer and the glass‐transition temperature of the styrene ionomer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 831–839, 2002
Improving hydrogen isotope ratio measurements for on‐line chromium reduction systems
Authors: Nelson Stephen T. , Dettman David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent advances in on‐line metal [U, Mn, Cr] reduction systems for the automated analysis of δDVSMOW in water and organic solvents greatly increases sample throughput. However, several sources of uncertainty are inherent in these systems, including analytical reproducibility, fractionation of reference gas in the inlet system, and memory effects, as well as error introduced during data normalization that must be quantified. A careful consideration of these sources of uncertainty suggests that accuracy to <1‰ may be difficult to achieve due to the combined effects of analytical error and uncertainty in the calibration of secondary laboratory standards. However, for internally consistent data sets, it may be possible to measure relative differences between samples at the ∼0.5‰ level or below. In addition to describing methods for data reduction, strategies for minimizing and managing uncertainty are presented along with a recipe for greatly increasing reactor life in Cr‐reduction systems. Increased reactor life reduces consumable costs by a factor of 10. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of petrol and diesel vapour and vehicle engine exhaust gases using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry
Authors: Smith David , Cheng Ping , Španěl Patrik 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have used selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) to analyse the vapours emitted by petrol and diesel fuels and the exhaust gases from petrol (spark ignition) and diesel (compression ignition) engine vehicles fitted with catalytic converters. Only those components of these media that have significant vapour pressures at ambient temperatures were analysed and thus particulates were obviously not detected. These media have been analysed using the full scope of SIFT‐MS, i.e., with the three available precursor ions H3O+, NO+ and O2+. The combination of the H3O+ and NO+ analyses is seen to be essential to distinguish between different product ions at the same mass‐to‐charge ratio (m/z) especially in identifying aldehydes in the exhaust gases. The O2+ precursor ions are used to detect and quantify the large amount of nitric oxide present in the exhaust gases from both engine types. The petrol and diesel vapours consist almost exclusively of aliphatic alkanes, alkenes and alkynes (and dienes) and aromatic hydrocarbons. Some of these compounds appear in the exhaust gases together with several aldehydes, viz. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, pentanal, pentenal (acrolein), butenal, and also methanol and ethanol. Acetone, nitric oxide and ammonia are also present, acetone and nitric oxide being much more abundant in the diesel exhaust gas than in the petrol exhaust gas. These data were obtained from samples collected into pre‐evacuated stainless steel vessels. Trapping of the volatile compounds from the gas samples is not required and analysis was completed a few minutes later. All the above compounds are detected simultaneously, which demonstrates the value of SIFT‐MS in this area of research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinematics of a six‐dof fixation device for long‐bone fracture reduction
Authors: Gregorio Raffaele Di , Parenti‐Castelli Vincenzo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a kinematic model for the control of a six‐degrees‐of‐freedom
(dof) mechanism proposed for long‐bone fracture reduction. The mechanism is an evolution of
previous mechanisms known as Ilizarov‐like fixation devices. These previous mechanisms perform the
fracture reduction by following a trial‐and‐error adjustment procedure that subjects the patient to
several x‐ray exposures and provides only an approximate positioning of the two segments of the broken
bone to be reduced; in fact, the adjustment procedure relies upon a three‐dof instead of the
six‐dof mechanism that would be necessary for the correct reciprocal location of the bone segments. This
procedure also makes the success of the reduction highly dependent on the surgeon's skill. This paper
exploits the hardware of a previous device and transforms it into a six‐dof mechanism. A kinematic model
of the six‐dof mechanism is presented. The model provides the adjustment parameters that enable the
correct mutual location of the two segments of the broken bone. Consequently, the procedure is freed from the
trial‐and‐error modality, and the correct reduction is less dependent on the surgeon's skill.
© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Minimal residual disease in thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Weber Theresia , Klar Ernst 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe detection of disseminated tumor cells in differentiated (DTC) and medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) is one of the main topics in current thyroid cancer research. Immunocytochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provide the tools for the identification of a small number of thyroid cancer cells in peripheral blood and cervical lymph nodes. Thyroid‐specific markers, such as thyroglobulin (Tg) mRNA and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) mRNA, have been detected with RT‐PCR in blood samples of tumor patients and healthy control subjects. To prevent false‐positive results, quantitative PCR systems were established. Tumor‐specific markers, such as telomerase activity and cytokeratin 20 (CK20), have been detected in various epithelial tumors. Amplification products of these markers were found in blood samples and in fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies of patients with thyroid carcinomas. Using molecular detection of disseminated tumor cells in cervical lymph nodes with CK20 RT‐PCR, a higher percentage of involved lymph nodes was detected compared to immunohistochemistry. The results of the presented studies may help researchers to develop more sensitive methods for early tumor cell dissemination, and refine risk groups that might benefit from more extensive surgical procedures or adjuvant therapy. However, the prognostic value of minimal residual disease (MRD) in thyroid carcinoma has to be confirmed in large or multicenter prospective studies. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:272–277, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parameter refinement in the analysis of X‐ray irradiated samples
Authors: Carreras A. , Bonetto R. , Stutz G. , Trincavelli J. , Castellano G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough the refinement of parameters is a well known method in the scope of X‐ray diffraction, it also appears as a powerful tool in other spectroscopic techniques. This work presents a method for the refinement of different atomic and experimental parameters in X‐ray fluorescence (XRF). It consists of minimizing the differences between an experimental X‐ray spectrum and a function proposed to account for the characteristic peaks and background spectrum from the corresponding sample, as well as for detection artifacts. The algorithm starts from some initial values for the different parameters involved, and a numerical iterative procedure produces improved values for them. After the general aspects of the method for refining XRF parameters are presented, a simple application is given for spectra measured in metallic samples with a monochromatic beam from a synchrotron source. In this case, the optimization algorithm is used for the determination of relative transition probabilities for the K shell. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute hypoxia and cytochrome P450–mediated hepatic drug metabolism in humans
Authors: Jürgens Gesche , Christensen Hanne Rolighed , Brøsen Kim , Sonne Jesper , Loft Steffen , Olsen Niels Vidiendal 
Published: August 2002

ObjectiveOur objective was to investigate the effect of acute hypoxia on the activity of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes.MethodsTwelve healthy subjects who lived at sea level were exposed to altitude‐induced hypoxia for 7 days at 4559 m above sea level. Hepatic CYP enzyme activity was measured before departure, at 24 and 96 hours after arrival to high‐altitude location, and at 1 month after return to sea level. CYP enzyme activities were measured by means of the metabolic ratios of sparteine (CYP2D6), endogenous cortisol metabolism (CYP3A4), and caffeine (CYP1A2), as well as by the S/R ratio of mephenytoin (CYP2C19) and antipyrine clearance.ResultsThe metabolic ratio of sparteine increased after 24 hours at high altitude (median difference, 0.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.05 to 0.28) and remained increased after 96 hours. The ratio decreased after return to sea level (median difference, −0.15; 95% confidence interval, −0.29 to −0.03; P = .016, Friedman test). The metabolic ratio of cortisol decreased after 24 hours (median difference, −2.0; 95% confidence interval, −3.5 to −0.5) but returned to sea level values after 96 hours at high altitude (median difference, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 4.2; P = .047, Friedman test). These changes indicate a small decrease in the activity of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. There were no significant changes regarding the metabolic ratio of caffeine, the S/R ratio of mephenytoin, or antipyrine clearance.ConclusionThe small changes observed suggest that acute hypoxia has no clinically significant effects on CYP enzymes in humans.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 214–220; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121789
Evaluation of Changes in Prices and Purchases Following Implementation of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes Across the US
Authors: Kaplan Scott , White Justin S. , Madsen Kristine A. , Basu Sanjay , Villas-Boas Sofia B. , Schillinger Dean 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceSugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes are promoted as key policies to reduce cardiometabolic diseases and other conditions, but comprehensive analyses of SSB taxes in the US have been difficult because of the absence of sufficiently large data samples and methods limitations.ObjectiveTo estimate changes in SSB prices and purchases following SSB taxes in 5 large US cities.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cross-sectional study with an augmented synthetic control analysis, changes in prices and purchases of SSBs were estimated following SSB tax implementation in Boulder, Colorado; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Oakland, California; Seattle, Washington; and San Francisco, California. Changes in SSB prices (in US dollars) and purchases (volume in ounces) in these cities in the 2 years following tax implementation were estimated and compared with control groups constructed from other cities. Changes in adjacent, untaxed areas were assessed to detect any increase in cross-border purchases. Data used for this analysis spanned from January 1, 2012, to February 29, 2020, and were analyzed between June 1, 2022, and September 29, 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcomes were the changes in SSB prices and volume purchased.ResultsUsing nutritional information, 5500 unique universal product codes were classified as SSBs, according to tax designations. The sample included 26 338 stores—496 located in treated localities, 1340 in bordering localities, and 24 502 in the donor pool. Prices of SSBs increased by an average of 33.1% (95% CI, 14.0% to 52.2%; P &amp;lt; .001) during the 2 years following tax implementation, corresponding to an average price increase of 1.3¢ per oz and a 92% tax pass-through rate from distributors to consumers. SSB purchases declined in total volume by an average of 33.0% (95% CI, −2.2% to −63.8%; P = .04) following tax implementation, corresponding to a −1.00 price elasticity of demand. The observed price increase and corresponding volume decrease immediately followed tax implementation, and both outcomes were sustained in the months thereafter. No evidence of increased cross-border purchases following tax implementation was found.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, SSB taxes led to substantial, consistent declines in SSB purchases across 5 taxed cities following price increases associated with those taxes. Scaling SSB taxes nationally could yield substantial public health benefits.
Maternal Diabetes and Overweight and Congenital Heart Defects in Offspring
Authors: Turunen Riitta , Pulakka Anna , Metsälä Johanna , Vahlberg Tero , Ojala Tiina , Gissler Mika , Kajantie Eero , Helle Emmi 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceMaternal diabetes and overweight or obesity are known to be associated with increased risk of congenital heart defects (CHDs) in offspring, but there are no large studies analyzing outcomes associated with these factors in 1 model.ObjectiveTo investigate the association of maternal diabetes and overweight or obesity with CHDs among offspring in 1 model.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis nationwide, population-based register study was conducted in a birth cohort from Finland consisting of all children born between 2006 and 2016 (620 751 individuals) and their mothers. Data were analyzed from January 2022 until November 2023.ExposuresMaternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), categorized as underweight (&amp;lt;18.5), normal (18.5-24.9), overweight (25.0-29.9), and obesity (≥30), was assessed. Maternal diabetes status, classified as no diabetes, type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 or other diabetes, and gestational diabetes, was assessed.Main Outcomes and MeasuresOdds ratios (ORs) of isolated CHDs in children were found. In addition, 9 anatomical CHD subgroups were studied.ResultsOf 620 751 children (316 802 males [51.0%]; 573 259 mothers aged 20-40 years [92.3%]) born in Finland during the study period, 10 254 children (1.7%) had an isolated CHD. Maternal T1D was associated with increased odds of having a child with any CHD (OR, 3.77 [95% CI, 3.26-4.36]) and 6 of 9 CHD subgroups (OR range, 3.28 [95% CI, 1.55-6.95] for other septal defects to 7.39 [95% CI, 3.00-18.21] for transposition of great arteries) compared with no maternal diabetes. Maternal overweight was associated with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (OR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.10-1.49]) and ventricular septal defects (OR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.86-0.98]), and obesity was associated with complex defects (OR, 2.70 [95% CI, 1.14-6.43]) and right outflow tract obstruction (OR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.09-1.58]) compared with normal maternal BMI.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found that maternal T1D was associated with increased risk for most types of CHD in offspring, while obesity and overweight were associated with increased risk for complex defects and outflow tract obstruction and decreased risk for ventricular septal defects. These different risk profiles of T1D and overweight and obesity may suggest distinct underlying teratogenic mechanisms.
In Operando Near‐Field Optical Investigation of Memristive Ta2O5 Thin Film Devices with a Graphene Top Electrode
Authors: Wirth Konstantin G. , Goss Kalle , Heisig Thomas , Bauerschmidt Christoph , Hessler Andreas , Li Haolong , Waldecker Lutz , Dittmann Regina , Taubner Thomas 
Published: January 2024

AbstractResistive switching devices based on metal oxides are candidates for nonvolatile memory storage. They often rely on the valence change mechanism, the field‐induced movement of donor ions leading to nanoscale conductive paths in filamentary‐type devices. Devices usually consist of a transition metal oxide like Ta2O5 sandwiched between two metal electrodes. Critical parameters of the devices, such as cycle‐to‐cycle variability, Roff/Ron ratio, and endurance depend on the morphology and composition of the filaments. However, investigating filaments on the nanoscale is cumbersome, and commonly applied techniques such as conductive atomic force or transmission electron microscopy require delaminating the metal top electrode, inhibiting in operando investigations over many switching cycles. Here, the authors use infrared scattering‐type scanning near‐field optical microscopy (s‐SNOM) to investigate resistive switching in Ta2O5 films with a graphene top electrode in operando and reveal individual filaments on the device level. By selecting an appropriate illumination frequency, the authors can trace the evolution of filaments and the joule heating‐induced retraction of the top electrode until device failure. s‐SNOM promises a deeper understanding of resistive switching devices’ microscopic switching behavior and applies to a wide range of resistive switching oxides, such as HfO2, SrTiO3, and SiO2.