bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF DIET UPON NECROSIS CAUSED BY HEPATIC AND RENAL POISONS
Authors: Opie Eugene L. , Alford Leland B. 
Published: June 2004

Diet exerts a profound influence upon the toxicity (tested in the omnivorous white rat) of certain substances, namely, chloroform, phosphorus, potassium chromate, and uranium nitrate, which cause necrosis of the parenchymatous cells of the liver or of the kidney. Susceptibility to intoxication with all of these substances is less after a diet rich in carbohydrate than after a diet consisting of meat.
Carbohydrates protect the parenchymatous cells of the liver or of the kidneys from necrosis caused by any one of these substances.
Chloroform is much more toxic to animals which have received a diet consisting in great part of fat than to those which have received meat. When fat is fed to the white rat fatty infiltration occurs in the centers of the hepatic lobules and in the loops of Henle of the kidney. The necrosis caused by chloroform has the same location. The solubility of chloroform in fat determines the increased susceptibility of animals which have received fat and stored it in the parenchymatous cells of the liver and kidney.
Susceptibility to intoxication with phosphorus which causes fatty degeneration and necrosis of the liver is not increased by a diet of fat. Necrosis caused by phosphorus occurs in the periphery of the hepatic lobule and exhibits maximum intensity in animals which have received meat.
Susceptibility to intoxication with potassium chromate which causes nephritis with necrosis of the convoluted tubules of the kidney is not greater after a diet of fat than after a diet of meat.
Susceptibility to intoxication with uranium nitrate which causes nephritis with advanced necrosis of renal tubules is increased by a diet of fat. The loops of Henle, in which fat is abundant after a diet of fat, are the chief site of necrosis.
CONCERNING SURVIVAL AND VIRULENCE OF THE MICROORGANISM CULTIVATED FROM POLIOMYELITIC TISSUES
Authors: Flexner Simon , Noguchi Hideyo , Amoss Harold L. 
Published: June 2004

The minute microörganism cultivated from poliomyelitic tissues survives and maintains its pathogenicity in cultures for more than one year.
Upon inoculation into monkeys poliomyelitis may fail to appear upon the first injection and yet follow from the effects of successive injections of the culture.
Inoculations of cultures into monkeys which fail to produce paralysis may fail also to induce resistance or immunity. In this respect the action of the cultures resembles that of the virus as contained in infected nervous tissues.
The lesions occurring in the spinal cord, medulla, and intervertebral ganglia of the monkeys which respond to the several inoculations of the cultures are identical with those present in the nervous organs of the animals responding to injection of the ordinary virus.
Glycerinated nervous tissues derived from the monkeys responding to several injections of the cultures transmit experimental poliomyelitis to monkeys upon intracerebral inoculation.
The microörganism inoculated may be recovered in cultures from the monkeys which develop poliomyelitis; but cultivation from the brain tissue is attended with the usual difficulties surrounding the obtaining of the initial growth.
The microörganism cultivated from poliomyelitic tissues is adapted with difficulty to saprophytic conditions of multiplication, but once adapted growth readily takes place upon suitable media. When, however, as a result of inoculation into monkeys, the parasitic propensities of the microörganism are restored, it again displays the marked fastidiousness to artificial conditions of multiplication present at the original isolation.
The experiments reported in this paper afford additional strong evidence in support of the view already expressed, that this microorganism bears an etiological relationship to epidemic poliomyelitis in the human subject and to experimental poliomyelitis in the monkey.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE IMMUNE BODIES OCCURRING IN ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM
Authors: Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

The immune bodies of antipneumococcus serum are completely precipitated by 38 to 42 per cent. saturation with ammonium sulphate.
They are incompletely precipitated by (a) ammonium sulphate in less than 38 per cent. saturation, (b) saturation with sodium chloride, (c) dilution and saturation with carbon dioxide, (d) removal of crystalloids by dialysis.
The immune bodies of antipneumococcus serum are, therefore, associated or combined with that fraction of the globulins precipitated by 38 to 42 per cent. saturation with ammonium sulphate. The immune body fraction does not correspond exactly with the ordinary euglobulin (one-third saturation with ammonium sulphate or complete saturation with sodium chloride) or with the insoluble globulins precipitated by carbon dioxide or dialysis. These fractions carry with them only a part of the immune bodies.
Neither the albumin nor that fraction of the globulin not precipitated by 38 to 42 per cent. saturation of ammonium sulphate contain any of the demonstrable antibodies.
The most promising method for the practical purification of the immune bodies occurring in antipneumococcus serum appears to be precipitation by 38 to 42 per cent. saturation with ammonium sulphate.
FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF SUBSTANCES INHIBITING TUMOR GROWTH AND ON IMMUNIZATION AGAINST THESE SUBSTANCES
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S. , Loeb Leo 
Published: June 2004

Our later investigations confirm our previous results.
1. It is possible to increase markedly the effect of substances inhibiting tumor growth by using certain combinations of these substances which, when given alone, have some effect on tumor growth.
2. Immunity acquired against the effect of these substances depends partly upon an active immunization of the tumor cells themselves against the action of these substances, and this immunity is transmitted to the following generations of tumor cells.
3. The immunity against the substances inhibiting tumor growth is, as far as we have investigated the problem, specific.
4. Our later experiments provide a more secure basis for the additional and more general conclusions which we mentioned tentatively in our previous paper.
NOTES ON THE SUBCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION AND THE QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF CHOLESTEROL
Authors: Corper Harry J. 
Published: June 2004

Cholesterol, in 0.1 gram amounts, melted in a compact mass and inserted into the subcutaneous tissues of the back of the guinea pig, is slowly removed, as determined by chemical analyses. The rate of removal is probably greatly dependent upon the physical state of the cholesterol.
The quantitative estimation of cholesterol by the method previously described can not be shortened and simplified by the direct saponification of the tissues by means of 5 per cent. sodium alcoholate or a strong (50 per cent.) solution of sodium hydroxide, instead of saponifying the alcohol-ether extract.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF THE EPIDERMIS OF THE RAT AND THE GUINEA PIG, AND THE PROLIFERATIVE POWER OF NORMAL AND REGENERATING EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE SAME SPECIES
Authors: Spain Kate C. 
Published: June 2004

1. A comparative study of the resting and regenerating epidermis of the rat, pigeon, and guinea pig shows the connection between the structure of the skin and the proliferating power of the epithelial cells. We may at present distinguish two types of epidermal cells: (a) cells with less proliferative energy (pigeon and rat), and (b) cells with a greater proliferative power (guinea pig); the former provides the element from which the type of a thin epidermis is built up, while from the latter the type of a thick epidermis develops.
2. The cell type with greater proliferative power in the normal skin shows also greater proliferative power during regeneration, and the regenerative stimulus causes approximately the same relative increase in the number and size of cells and nuclei in both kinds of skin during regeneration, provided that we base our determination of the number of mitoses on the same unit number of cells in both skins rather than on the same unit area. The absolute increase in the number of cells during regeneration is greatest in the type with the greatest proliferative power in the normal cell (guinea pig).
3. The number of mitoses and the size of cells and nuclei follow a similar curve in the different species during regeneration. They reach a maximum approximately on the 7th day; remain stationary or show some decline from the 7th day on until the time of the closure of the wound; following the closure a further fall takes place; but the figures remain higher than in the normal epidermis for a considerable period afterwards. There seems, therefore, to exist under the conditions of our experimentation a period of approximately 7 days, at the end of which the regenerative stimulus reaches its maximum effect.
The closure of the wound represents probably an additional factor determining the curve of cell proliferation. Failure of the wound to close at an early date seems to make the decline in the number of mitoses sharp after the maximum has been reached.
4. The curve representing the thickness of living regenerating epithelium declines much more slowly than the curve representing cell size and number of mitoses. This indicates probably that even after closure of the wound some push of epithelial cell towards the center of the former wound continues to take place.
5. From the second day the additional growth of the epidermal tongue decreases in each successive period, if we use the length of the tongue at the beginning of each period as the unit of measurement.
6. Retraction and contraction of the wound are factors additional to epithelial movements and epithelial proliferation determining the closure of the wound.
DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF TRANSFORMED ATOXYL PRODUCED BY INCUBATING ONE PER CENT. AND TEN PER CENT. ATOXYL IN BLOOD
Authors: Terry B. T. 
Published: June 2004

1. 10 per cent. atoxyl in blood incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour gives rise to a solution that is much more than ten times as toxic as a 1 per cent. solution of atoxyl similarly incubated.
2. When the comparison is made after incubation for 3 hours instead of for 1 hour, the toxicity of the 10 per cent. solution is but slightly greater than ten times that of the 1 per cent., provided the red blood corpuscles are not removed from the dilutions.
3. If the corpuscles are removed from both the 10 per cent. and the 1 per cent. atoxyl solutions immediately after incubation at 37° for 1 to 3 hours, the dilutions of the 10 per cent. atoxyl are much more than ten times as toxic as the corresponding dilutions of the 1 per cent. atoxyl.
4. After incubation with atoxyl at 37° for 1 to 3 hours, red blood corpuscles left at room temperature in dilutions made from the 10 per cent. and 1 per cent. solutions in blood increase markedly the toxicity of the dilutions made from the 1 per cent. atoxyl, but increase very slightly the toxicity of the dilutions made from the 10 per cent. atoxyl.
5. If one desires to produce a large amount of transformed atoxyl by incubating atoxyl in blood at 37° for 1 to 3 hours, strong solutions of atoxyl should be chosen in preference to weaker solutions.
THE EFFECT OF HEAT ON THE TRANSFORMING AND BINDING POWER OF BLOOD
Authors: Terry B. T. 
Published: June 2004

1. The transforming power of red blood cells for atoxyl is apparently uninfluenced by a preliminary heating of the blood for 30 minutes at 50° C., but a temperature of 55° C. acting for 30 minutes destroys this property of blood almost completely.
2. When the heating was for 60 minutes, 54° C. and higher temperatures apparently destroyed all the transforming power.
3. After heating for 10 minutes, 70° C. destroyed almost all the transforming power, and 100° C. seemingly destroyed all.
4. Under the influence of certain temperatures blood seemingly binds transformed atoxyl, and under the influence of other temperatures frees it again. A temperature of 70° C. for 10 minutes applied to blood subsequent to its incubation with atoxyl causes nearly all the toxicity of the solution to disappear. On the other hand, a temperature of 100° C. for 10 minutes applied to blood subsequent to incubation with atoxyl leaves the solution almost as toxic as if the blood had not been heated at all after the incubation.
5. Some of the transformed atoxyl bound by blood when it is heated to 70° C. for 10 minutes is freed if the heating at 70° C. is prolonged to 30 minutes.
See PDF for Structure
6. Blood which has bound transformed atoxyl gives up most, but not all, of this toxic substance when heated to 100° for 10 minutes. All, or nearly all, is freed when the heating at 100° C. is continued for 30 minutes.
7. Under the influence of 70° C. for io minutes transformed atoxyl may be made to enter blood corpuscles, for the fluid above these corpuscles is rendered non-toxic and does not become toxic again when heated to 100° for 20 minutes, provided it contains no laked blood. The blood corpuscles, on the other hand, when heated to 100° for 20 minutes in contact with fresh salt solution, make this solution quite toxic.
8. Laked blood in contact with transformed atoxyl behaves like unlaked blood when heated to 70° C. and to 100° C. for 10 to 30 minutes.
9. The toxic substance can be concentrated by heating the blood corpuscles in contact with transformed atoxyl to 70° C. for 10 minutes, centrifugalizing, removing a large part of the supernatant fluid, and then heating to 100° C. for 30 minutes.
10. The power of blood to take up and bind transformed atoxyl is destroyed apparently completely by heating blood to 100° C. for 10 minutes.
11. The toxic substance into which atoxyl is transformed (transformed atoxyl) is thermostabile, but the transforming agent in blood is thermolabile.
A COMPARISON OF ADULT AND INFANT TYPES OF GONOCOCCI
Authors: Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

1. Two principal types of gonococci may be recognized by suitable immunological tests; e. g., agglutination and complement fixation. These two types correspond to the adult and infant types of infection with the gonococcus, seen clinically.
2. On the basis of the immunological reactions of agglutination and complement fixation the strains of gonococci isolated from three cases of ophthalmia are classed with the adult type.
3. A polyvalent antigen for the serological diagnosis of a gonococcus infection should represent strains of the infant type of organism in order that both types of infection, infant as well as adult, may be recognized.
STUDIES UPON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA IN RABBITS
Authors: Kline B. S. , Winternitz M. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The production of lobar pneumonia in rabbits is dependent upon the introduction of organisms into the alveoli themselves.
2. In order to accomplish this the catheter through which they are injected must be inserted as deeply into a bronchus as possible and the culture fluid injected with considerable force.
3. Large numbers of organisms injected into the trachea just beyond the larynx set up no great changes in the lungs, even though the injection be forcible. This fact suggests the presence of a protective mechanism in the upper air passages, which, under normal conditions, prevents the penetration of organisms into the lungs.
4. If animals be subjected to cold, alcohol, and the inhalation of irritating gases, the so called secondary factors in the etiology of lobar pneumonia in man, then the injection of pneumococci into the trachea causes inflammatory changes of the upper respiratory tract and occasionally pneumonia.
5. The vagi prevent foreign material in the pharynx and upper respiratory tract from reaching the lungs. Section of one vagus may be followed by pneumonia, while section of both invariably leads to this result.
6. It is possible that the secondary factors mentioned above owe their action to their influence upon the vagus control of the upper respiratory tract.
STUDIES UPON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA IN RABBITS
Authors: Kline B. S. , Winternitz M. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Dead leucocytes are constantly found in the pneumonic exudate. They rapidly undergo disintegration. Up to the seventh day they do not form the majority of the cells of the exudate.
2. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes with vitally stained granules are present in the exudate, vessels, and interstitial tissue of the lung in experimental pneumonia, but they are not demonstrable in the general circulation in the same animals.
3. There is a marked impairment of the circulation in the pneumonic lung.
4. The increase in the intra-alveolar pressure exerted by the exudate has no influence upon the circulation.
5. The impaired circulation results from the wide distribution of capillary fibrin thrombi. In man these are, as a rule, distributed with relative uniformity. In the rabbit this is not usually the case. The thrombi are much more abundant in some areas and may lead to localized necrosis.
6. The impairment of the circulation is of importance in bringing about resolution. Only enough blood is allowed to seep through the vessels to nourish the alveolar walls. Consequently very little serum escapes into the alveoli and the autolysis of the exudate by the leucocytes is unhindered.
7. The impairment of the circulation in the pneumonic lung seriously interferes with the action of intravenous therapy upon the local lesion.
8. The exudate in the pneumonic lung can be readily impregnated with a dye injected intrabronchially. This suggests a method of administration of therapeutic agents in pneumonia.
THE INFLUENCE OF EPINEPHRIN UPON THE CORONARY CIRCULATION OF THE MONKEY
Authors: Barbour Henry G. , Prince Alexander L. 
Published: June 2004

Decrease in coronary flow was the constant response of freshly isolated monkey hearts to epinephrin. These hearts were perfused with autogenous hirudinized blood diluted with Locke solution. The results were constant at high or low perfusion pressures, in beating or resting hearts, and with all adequate doses. Increased coronary flow was obtained constantly in rabbit hearts under identical conditions.
In the light of previous work upon isolated human coronary arteries, the general conclusion is drawn that, while actively dilating the coronary vessels in the dog, cat, rabbit, ox, sheep, and pig, epinephrin constricts the coronary vessels in man and the monkey.
The coronary arteries of the last two species are presumably supplied with constrictor nerves of true sympathetic (thoracicolumbar) origin.
CONCERNING CHANGES IN THE BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI PRODUCED BY EXPERIMENTAL MEANS, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO VIRULENCE
Authors: Brown Wade H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Different strains of Trypanosoma lewisi represent different states of biological balance, especially between the powers of propagation and resistance to destruction.
2. The biological status of a given strain of Trypanosoma lewisi is subject to cyclic variations as the result of immunological reactions in the blood of the host.
3. The factors limiting reproduction and causing destruction of Trypanosoma lewisi in the blood are appreciably independent of each other. It is possible, therefore, to influence these processes separately and even in opposite directions.
4. The virulence of Trypanosoma lewisi, manifested in its highest form, is dependent upon some degree of reproductive fastness, strong antigenic action, and susceptibility to destruction, varying degrees in the development of these properties producing corresponding variations in the degree of virulence.
5. By a properly regulated system of passage the properties of Trypanosoma lewisi that determine its infection cycle and its virulence may be eventually so altered as to change completely both the nature and course of the infection. Such a system of passage must be adapted to the particular strain of Trypanosoma lewisi used.
6. Immunological reactions exercise a dominant influence in determining the ultimate biological variations of Trypanosoma lewisi.
THE INFLUENCE OF MILK FEEDING ON MORTALITY AND GROWTH, AND ON THE CHARACTER OF THE INTESTINAL FLORA
Authors: Rettger Leo F. 
Published: June 2004

Throughout the investigations upon which a large part of this paper is based the favorable influence of milk feeding on mortality and growth was most apparent. Mortality from all causes was frequently reduced to at least one-half of what obtained among the chicks that received no milk, while the milk-fed chicks in some experiments gained twice as much in weight as those that were without this article of diet. Although the influence of milk feeding was less pronounced on the mortality of chicks that were artificially infected with Bacterium pullorum, quite an appreciable difference in mortality was always noted if the milk was fed at least one or two days before the first administration of the bouillon cultures of the organism in question.
Practically the same results were obtained, whether sweet or sour milk was fed, and no differences could be observed in the relative value of ordinary sour milk and of the so called bulgaricus product. Hence, the unique properties of this food exist in the milk as such, rather than in any milk acids or milk bacteria that may be present.
Milk and lactose diet exert a very important influence on the character of the intestinal bacteria, especially in white rats and in the common domestic fowl. Within a few days after the ingestion of milk or lactose a transformation of the flora takes place in which the usual mixed bacterial flora give way to ones that are more simplified, and in which Bacillus acidophilus and Bacillus bifidus are, as a rule, prominent. It is to be assumed that milk has this influence in virtue of the large amount of lactose which it contains. Other carbohydrates, besides milk sugar, failed to bring about such a transformation.
The ingestion of foreign bacteria, even in large numbers, does not of itself bring about an elimination or displacement of the common intestinal microörganisms. Vastly more important is the influence of diet, especially milk and lactose. The feeding of Bulgara tablets or other preparations which contain as the supposedly active agent the bacillus of Metchnikoff and Mazé, without due regard to the use of milk, can, therefore, be of little, if indeed of any, value. The beneficial effects which it is claimed have been derived from the use of yoghurt, and other oriental sour milk products have in all probability been due to the milk as such, rather than to the bacteria which they contained. This view is strongly supported by the extensive milk feeding experiments on chicks which are recorded in this paper, and also by the results which show the influence of milk and of lactose feeding on the intestinal flora of white rats and of the common domestic fowl.
THE FACTORS OF COAGULATION IN THE EXPERIMENTAL APLASTIC ANEMIA OF BENZOL POISONING, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ORIGIN OF PROTHROMBIN
Authors: Hurwitz S. H. , Drinker C. K. 
Published: June 2004

1. Subcutaneous injections of benzol in rabbits produce marked destructive changes in the hematopoietic organs, especially in the myeloid tissue.
2. Benzol poisoning registers a change not only in the formed elements of the blood, but also in the factors of coagulation.
3. The circulating prothrombin is considerably reduced in amount and in most instances animals in which such a diminution occurs show aplasia of the bone marrow.
4. The association of extreme aplasia of the marrow without a fatal diminution in the circulating prothrombin suggests one of two possibilities: either other tissues and organs in addition to the bone marrow are concerned with prothrombin formation; or a minimum amount of myeloid tissue suffices to maintain the quantity of prothrombin above a dangerous level.