bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ketamine’s acute effects on negative brain states are mediated through distinct altered states of consciousness in humans
Authors: Hack Laura M. , Zhang Xue , Heifets Boris D. , Suppes Trisha , van Roessel Peter J. , Yesavage Jerome A. , Gray Nancy J. , Hilton Rachel , Bertrand Claire , Rodriguez Carolyn I. , Deisseroth Karl , Knutson Brian , Williams Leanne M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractKetamine commonly and rapidly induces dissociative and other altered states of consciousness (ASCs) in humans. However, the neural mechanisms that contribute to these experiences remain unknown. We used functional neuroimaging to engage key regions of the brain’s affective circuits during acute ketamine-induced ASCs within a randomized, multi-modal, placebo-controlled design examining placebo, 0.05 mg/kg ketamine, and 0.5 mg/kg ketamine in nonclinical adult participants (NCT03475277). Licensed clinicians monitored infusions for safety. Linear mixed effects models, analysis of variance, t-tests, and mediation models were used for statistical analyses. Our design enabled us to test our pre-specified primary and secondary endpoints, which were met: effects of ketamine across dose conditions on (1) emotional task-evoked brain activity, and (2) sub-components of dissociation and other ASCs. With this design, we also could disentangle which ketamine-induced affective brain states are dependent upon specific aspects of ASCs. Differently valenced ketamine-induced ASCs mediated opposing effects on right anterior insula activity. Participants experiencing relatively higher depersonalization induced by 0.5 mg/kg of ketamine showed relief from negative brain states (reduced task-evoked right anterior insula activity, 0.39 SD). In contrast, participants experiencing dissociative amnesia showed an exacerbation of insula activity (0.32 SD). These results in nonclinical participants may shed light on the mechanisms by which specific dissociative states predict response to ketamine in depressed individuals.
Magmatic connectivity among six Galápagos volcanoes revealed by satellite geodesy
Authors: Reddin Eoin , Ebmeier Susanna K. , Rivalta Eleonora , Bagnardi Marco , Baker Scott , Bell Andrew F. , Mothes Patricia , Aguaiza Santiago 
Published: October 2023

AbstractShallow magmatic reservoirs that produce measurable volcanic surface deformation are often considered as discrete independent systems. However, petrological analyses of erupted products suggest that these may be the shallowest expression of extensive, heterogeneous magmatic systems that we show may be interconnected. We analyse time series of satellite-radar-measured displacements at Western Galápagos volcanoes from 2017 to 2022 and revisit historical displacements. We demonstrate that these volcanoes consistently experience correlated displacements during periods of heightened magma supply to the shallow crust. We rule out changes in static stress, shallow hydraulic connections, and data processing and analysis artefacts. We propose that episodic surges of magma into interconnected magmatic systems affect neighbouring volcanoes, simultaneously causing correlations in volcanic uplift and subsidence. While expected to occur globally, such processes are uniquely observable at the dense cluster of Western Galápagos volcanoes, thanks to the high rate of surface displacements and the wealth of geodetic measurements.
Low mutation rate in epaulette sharks is consistent with a slow rate of evolution in sharks
Authors: Sendell-Price Ashley T. , Tulenko Frank J. , Pettersson Mats , Kang Du , Montandon Margo , Winkler Sylke , Kulb Kathleen , Naylor Gavin P. , Phillippy Adam , Fedrigo Olivier , Mountcastle Jacquelyn , Balacco Jennifer R. , Dutra Amalia , Dale Rebecca E. , Haase Bettina , Jarvis Erich D. , Myers Gene , Burgess Shawn M. , Currie Peter D. , Andersson Leif , Schartl Manfred 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSharks occupy diverse ecological niches and play critical roles in marine ecosystems, often acting as apex predators. They are considered a slow-evolving lineage and have been suggested to exhibit exceptionally low cancer rates. These two features could be explained by a low nuclear mutation rate. Here, we provide a direct estimate of the nuclear mutation rate in the epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum). We generate a high-quality reference genome, and resequence the whole genomes of parents and nine offspring to detect de novo mutations. Using stringent criteria, we estimate a mutation rate of 7×10−10 per base pair, per generation. This represents one of the lowest directly estimated mutation rates for any vertebrate clade, indicating that this basal vertebrate group is indeed a slowly evolving lineage whose ability to restore genetic diversity following a sustained population bottleneck may be hampered by a low mutation rate.
Electric control of spin transitions at the atomic scale
Authors: Kot Piotr , Ismail Maneesha , Drost Robert , Siebrecht Janis , Huang Haonan , Ast Christian R. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractElectric control of spins has been a longstanding goal in the field of solid state physics due to the potential for increased efficiency in information processing. This efficiency can be optimized by transferring spintronics to the atomic scale. We present electric control of spin resonance transitions in single TiH molecules by employing electron spin resonance scanning tunneling microscopy (ESR-STM). We find strong bias voltage dependent shifts in the ESR signal of about ten times its line width. We attribute this to the electric field in the tunnel junction, which induces a displacement of the spin system changing the g-factor and the effective magnetic field of the tip. We demonstrate direct electric control of the spin transitions in coupled TiH dimers. Our findings open up new avenues for fast coherent control of coupled spin systems and expands on the understanding of spin electric coupling.
Calcium promotes persistent soil organic matter by altering microbial transformation of plant litter
Authors: Shabtai Itamar A. , Wilhelm Roland C. , Schweizer Steffen A. , Höschen Carmen , Buckley Daniel H. , Lehmann Johannes 
Published: October 2023

AbstractCalcium (Ca) can contribute to soil organic carbon (SOC) persistence by mediating physico-chemical interactions between organic compounds and minerals. Yet, Ca is also crucial for microbial adhesion, potentially affecting colonization of plant and mineral surfaces. The importance of Ca as a mediator of microbe-mineral-organic matter interactions and resulting SOC transformation has been largely overlooked. We incubated 44Ca labeled soils with 13C15N labeled leaf litter to study how Ca affects microbial transformation of litter and formation of mineral associated organic matter. Here we show that Ca additions promote hyphae-forming bacteria, which often specialize in colonizing surfaces, and increase incorporation of litter into microbial biomass and carbon use efficiency by approximately 45% each. Ca additions reduce cumulative CO2 production by 4%, while promoting associations between minerals and microbial byproducts of plant litter. These findings expand the role of Ca in SOC persistence from solely a driver of physico-chemical reactions to a mediator of coupled abiotic-biotic cycling of SOC.
The positive effect of plant diversity on soil carbon depends on climate
Authors: Spohn Marie , Bagchi Sumanta , Biederman Lori A. , Borer Elizabeth T. , Bråthen Kari Anne , Bugalho Miguel N. , Caldeira Maria C. , Catford Jane A. , Collins Scott L. , Eisenhauer Nico , Hagenah Nicole , Haider Sylvia , Hautier Yann , Knops Johannes M. H. , Koerner Sally E. , Laanisto Lauri , Lekberg Ylva , Martina Jason P. , Martinson Holly , McCulley Rebecca L. , Peri Pablo L. , Macek Petr , Power Sally A. , Risch Anita C. , Roscher Christiane , Seabloom Eric W. , Stevens Carly , Veen G. F. , Virtanen Risto , Yahdjian Laura 
Published: October 2023

AbstractLittle is currently known about how climate modulates the relationship between plant diversity and soil organic carbon and the mechanisms involved. Yet, this knowledge is of crucial importance in times of climate change and biodiversity loss. Here, we show that plant diversity is positively correlated with soil carbon content and soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio across 84 grasslands on six continents that span wide climate gradients. The relationships between plant diversity and soil carbon as well as plant diversity and soil organic matter quality (carbon-to-nitrogen ratio) are particularly strong in warm and arid climates. While plant biomass is positively correlated with soil carbon, plant biomass is not significantly correlated with plant diversity. Our results indicate that plant diversity influences soil carbon storage not via the quantity of organic matter (plant biomass) inputs to soil, but through the quality of organic matter. The study implies that ecosystem management that restores plant diversity likely enhances soil carbon sequestration, particularly in warm and arid climates.
Developing mitochondrial base editors with diverse context compatibility and high fidelity via saturated spacer library
Authors: Sun Haifeng , Wang Zhaojun , Shen Limini , Feng Yeling , Han Lu , Qian Xuezhen , Meng Runde , Ji Kangming , Liang Dong , Zhou Fei , Lou Xin , Zhang Jun , Shen Bin 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDddA-derived cytosine base editors (DdCBEs) greatly facilitated the basic and therapeutic research of mitochondrial DNA mutation diseases. Here we devise a saturated spacer library and successfully identify seven DddA homologs by performing high-throughput sequencing based screen. DddAs of Streptomyces sp. BK438 and Lachnospiraceae bacterium sunii NSJ-8 display high deaminase activity with a strong GC context preference, and DddA of Ruminococcus sp. AF17-6 is highly compatible to AC context. We also find that different split sites result in wide divergence on off-target activity and context preference of DdCBEs derived from these DddA homologs. Additionally, we demonstrate the orthogonality between DddA and DddIA, and successfully minimize the nuclear off-target editing by co-expressing corresponding nuclear-localized DddIA. The current study presents a comprehensive and unbiased strategy for screening and characterizing dsDNA cytidine deaminases, and expands the toolbox for mtDNA editing, providing additional insights for optimizing dsDNA base editors.
Assessing cognitive decline in the aging brain: lessons from rodent and human studies
Authors: Brito D. V. C. , Esteves F. , Rajado A. T. , Silva N. ,   ALFA score Consortium, Andrade R. , Apolónio J. , Calado S. , Faleiro L. , Matos C. , Marques N. , Marreiros A. , Nzwalo H. , Pais S. , Palmeirim I. , Roberto V. , Simão S. , Joaquim N. , Miranda R. , Pêgas A. , Raposo D. M. , Sardo A. , Araújo I. , Bragança J. , Castelo-Branco P. , Nóbrega C. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAs life expectancy continues to increase worldwide, age-related dysfunction will largely impact our societies in the future. Aging is well established to promote the deterioration of cognitive function and is the primary risk factor for the development of prevalent neurological disorders. Even in the absence of dementia, age-related cognitive decline impacts specific types of memories and brain structures in humans and animal models. Despite this, preclinical and clinical studies that investigate age-related changes in brain physiology often use largely different methods, which hinders the translational potential of findings. This review seeks to integrate what is known about age-related changes in the brain with analogue cognitive tests used in humans and rodent studies, ranging from “pen and paper” tests to virtual-reality-based paradigms. Finally, we draw parallels between the behavior paradigms used in research compared to the enrollment into clinical trials that aim to study age-related cognitive decline.
Gene regulatory network reconstruction: harnessing the power of single-cell multi-omic data
Authors: Kim Daniel , Tran Andy , Kim Hani Jieun , Lin Yingxin , Yang Jean Yee Hwa , Yang Pengyi 
Published: October 2023

AbstractInferring gene regulatory networks (GRNs) is a fundamental challenge in biology that aims to unravel the complex relationships between genes and their regulators. Deciphering these networks plays a critical role in understanding the underlying regulatory crosstalk that drives many cellular processes and diseases. Recent advances in sequencing technology have led to the development of state-of-the-art GRN inference methods that exploit matched single-cell multi-omic data. By employing diverse mathematical and statistical methodologies, these methods aim to reconstruct more comprehensive and precise gene regulatory networks. In this review, we give a brief overview on the statistical and methodological foundations commonly used in GRN inference methods. We then compare and contrast the latest state-of-the-art GRN inference methods for single-cell matched multi-omics data, and discuss their assumptions, limitations and opportunities. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions that hold promise for further advancements in this rapidly developing field.
A massive compact quiescent galaxy at z = 2 with a complete Einstein ring in JWST imaging
Authors: van Dokkum Pieter , Brammer Gabriel , Wang Bingjie , Leja Joel , Conroy Charlie 
Published: October 2023

AbstractOne of the surprising results from the Hubble Space Telescope was the discovery that many of the most massive galaxies at redshift z ≈ 2 are very compact, having a half-light radius of only 1−2 kpc. The interpretation is that massive galaxies formed inside out, with their cores largely in place by z ≈ 2 and approximately half of their present-day mass added later through minor mergers. Here we present a compact, massive, quiescent galaxy at a photometric redshift of $${z}_{{{{\rm{phot}}}}}=1.9{4}_{-0.17}^{+0.13}$$

z

phot

=
1.9

4

−
0.17

+
0.13

with a complete Einstein ring. The ring was found in the James Webb Space Telescope COSMOS-Web survey and is produced by a background galaxy at $${z}_{{{{\rm{phot}}}}}=2.9{8}_{-0.47}^{+0.42}$$

z

phot

=
2.9

8

−
0.47

+
0.42

. Its 1.54″ diameter provides a direct measurement of the mass of the ‘pristine’ core of a massive galaxy, observed before the mixing and dilution of its stellar population during the 10 Gyr of galaxy evolution between z = 2 and z = 0. We find a mass for the lens $${M}_{{{{\rm{lens}}}}}=6.{5}_{-1.5}^{+3.7}\times 1{0}^{11}$$

M

lens

=
6
.

5

−
1.5

+
3.7

×
1

0

11

M⊙ within a radius of 6.6 kpc. The stellar mass within the same radius is $${M}_{{{{\rm{stars}}}}}=1.{1}_{-0.3}^{+0.2}\times 1{0}^{11}$$

M

stars

=
1
.

1

−
0.3

+
0.2

×
1

0

11

M⊙ for a Chabrier initial mass function and the fiducial dark matter mass is $${M}_{{{{\rm{dm}}}}}=2.{6}_{-0.7}^{+1.6}\times 1{0}^{11}$$

M

dm

=
2
.

6

−
0.7

+
1.6

×
1

0

11

M⊙. Additional mass appears to be needed to explain the lensing results, either in the form of a higher-than-expected dark matter density or a bottom-heavy initial mass function.
Long-term super-resolution inner mitochondrial membrane imaging with a lipid probe
Authors: Zheng Shuai , Dadina Neville , Mozumdar Deepto , Lesiak Lauren , Martinez Kayli N. , Miller Evan W. , Schepartz Alanna 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) generates power to drive cell function, and its dynamics control mitochondrial health and cellular homeostasis. Here, we describe the cell-permeant, lipid-like small molecule MAO-N3 and use it to assemble high-density environmentally sensitive (HIDE) probes that selectively label and image the IMM in live cells and multiple cell states. MAO-N3 pairs with strain-promoted azide–alkyne click chemistry-reactive fluorophores to support HIDE imaging using confocal, structured illumination, single-molecule localization and stimulated emission depletion microscopy, all with significantly improved resistance to photobleaching. These probes generate images with excellent spatial and temporal resolution, require no genetic manipulations, are non-toxic in model cell lines and primary cardiomyocytes (even under conditions that amplify the effects of mitochondrial toxins) and can visualize mitochondrial dynamics for 12.5 h. This probe will enable comprehensive studies of IMM dynamics with high temporal and spatial resolution.
The rat frontal orienting field dynamically encodes value for economic decisions under risk
Authors: Bao Chaofei , Zhu Xiaoyue , Mōller-Mara Joshua , Li Jingjie , Dubroqua Sylvain , Erlich Jeffrey C. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractFrontal and parietal cortex are implicated in economic decision-making, but their causal roles are untested. Here we silenced the frontal orienting field (FOF) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) while rats chose between a cued lottery and a small stable surebet. PPC inactivations produced minimal short-lived effects. FOF inactivations reliably reduced lottery choices. A mixed-agent model of choice indicated that silencing the FOF caused a change in the curvature of the rats’ utility function (U = Vρ). Consistent with this finding, single-neuron and population analyses of neural activity confirmed that the FOF encodes the lottery value on each trial. A dynamical model, which accounts for electrophysiological and silencing results, suggests that the FOF represents the current lottery value to compare against the remembered surebet value. These results demonstrate that the FOF is a critical node in the neural circuit for the dynamic representation of action values for choice under risk.
De novo transcriptome assembly of an Antarctic nematode for the study of thermal adaptation in marine parasites
Authors: Palomba Marialetizia , Libro Pietro , Di Martino Jessica , Roca-Geronès Xavier , Macali Armando , Castrignanò Tiziana , Canestrelli Daniele , Mattiucci Simonetta 
Published: October 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the genomic underpinnings of thermal adaptation is a hot topic in eco-evolutionary studies of parasites. Marine heteroxenous parasites have complex life cycles encompassing a free-living larval stage, an ectothermic intermediate host and a homeothermic definitive host, thus representing compelling systems for the study of thermal adaptation. The Antarctic anisakid Contracaecum osculatum sp. D is a marine parasite able to survive and thrive both at very cold and warm temperatures within the environment and its hosts. Here, a de novo transcriptome of C. osculatum sp. D was generated for the first time, by performing RNA-Seq experiments on a set of individuals exposed to temperatures experienced by the nematode during its life cycle. The analysis generated 425,954,724 reads, which were assembled and then annotated. The high-quality assembly was validated, achieving over 88% mapping against the transcriptome. The transcriptome of this parasite will represent a valuable genomic resource for future studies aimed at disentangling the genomic architecture of thermal tolerance and metabolic pathways related to temperature stress.
Hybrid hemp/glass fiber reinforced high-temperature shape memory photopolymer with mechanical and flame-retardant analysis
Authors: Mahmud Sakil , Konlan John , Deicaza Jenny , Li Guoqiang 
Published: October 2023

AbstractCultivated natural fibers have a huge possibility for green and sustainable reinforcement for polymers, but their limited load-bearing ability and flammability prevent them from wide applications in composites. According to the beam theory, normal stress is the maximum at the outermost layers but zero at the mid-plane under bending (with (non)linear strain distribution). Shear stress is the maximum at the mid-plane but manageable for most polymers. Accordingly, a laminated composite made of hybrid fiber-reinforced shape memory photopolymer was developed, incorporating strong synthetic glass fibers over a weak core of natural hemp fibers. Even with a significant proportion of natural hemp fibers, the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites were close to those reinforced solely with glass fibers. The composites exhibited good shape memory properties, with at least 52% shape fixity ratio and 71% shape recovery ratio, and 24 MPa recovery stress. After 40 s burning, a hybrid composite still maintained 83.53% of its load carrying capacity. Therefore, in addition to largely maintaining the load carrying capacity through the hybrid reinforcement design, the use of shape memory photopolymer endowed a couple of new functionalities to the composites: the plastically deformed laminated composite beam can largely return to its original shape due to the shape memory effect of the polymer matrix, and the flame retardancy of the polymer matrix makes the flammable hemp fiber survive the fire hazard. The findings of this study present exciting prospects for utilizing low-strength and flammable natural fibers in multifunctional load-bearing composites that possess both flame retardancy and shape memory properties.
Seasonal patterns in the mesopelagic fish community and associated deep scattering layers of an enclosed deep basin
Authors: Kapelonis Z. , Siapatis A. , Machias A. , Somarakis S. , Markakis K. , Giannoulaki M. , Badouvas N. , Tsagarakis K. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractMesopelagic fish constitute the most abundant vertebrate group in the marine environment. The current work reports on results of three seasonal acoustic cruises carried out in the Gulf of Corinth, a relatively small, deep, isolated basin located in the Central Mediterranean (Greece) that presents some unique geomorphological and ecological features. The aim of this study was to describe seasonal echo-types and the vertical distribution of the Deep Scattering Layers (DSLs) as well as to relate them with specific species or species groups. Mesopelagic fish dominated the pelagic ecosystem as confirmed by biological sampling with different gears during daytime and nighttime. In total, at least 15 species were caught, belonging to the families Myctophidae, Paralepididae, Sternoptychidae and Stomiidae, while the—elsewhere very abundant—families Gonostomatidae and Phosichthyidae were completely absent. Common echo-types included: (a) shoals and schools formed by the silvery lightfish Maurolicus muelleri, usually located along the shelf break (80–225 m), (b) a non-migrant thin DSL found at 150–280 m throughout the deep parts of the Gulf, dominated by juvenile half-naked hatchetfish Argyropelecus hemigymnus, and (c) one thick, partially migratory DSL at 250–600 m, mainly consisting of myctophids. The echo backscatter characteristics and species composition of the DSLs as well as the length distribution of the populations were found to differ seasonally. Species-specific and size related patterns in the vertical distribution of fish were detected both during daytime and nighttime. Overall, the Gulf of Corinth seems to sustain high densities of mesopelagic fish that constitute the basic food resource for the abundant dolphin populations that inhabit the area.
CCUS development in China and forecast its contribution to emission reduction
Authors: Wang Pengchen , Shi Beibei , Li Nan , Kang Rong , Li Yan , Wang Guiwen , Yang Long 
Published: October 2023

AbstractNowadays environmental issues have been of great concern to the world, among which the problem of global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions is particularly prominent. All countries in the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement have committed to control greenhouse gas emissions, and China, as the largest carbon emitter, has assumed a heavier burden. China has been striving to develop low-carbon technologies such as hydrogen, nuclear, wind, and solar energy, but the most attention should be paid to CCUS, which many scholars have high expectations that CCUS can help China reduce emissions to some extent. Therefore, this paper presents a prediction that CCUS can reduce 3.8% of carbon emissions for China in 2040 when CCUS emission reductions increase at a rate of 30%. The power and chemical industries could reduce carbon emissions by 2.3% and 17.3%, respectively.