bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic mapping and dating of prehistoric and medieval iron‐working sites in northwest Wales
Authors: Crew Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs part of a long‐term research project on prehistoric and medieval iron‐working sites in northwest Wales, a technique has been developed for processing magnetic survey data to improve the presentation and recognition of the high‐amplitude dipolar signals that are characteristic of iron‐smelting furnaces. This technique has now been used successfully on some 37 British iron‐working sites. High‐resolution surveys, on a 10‐cm grid, have been made both by caesium magnetometer and fluxgate gradiometer over four prehistoric furnaces and one medieval furnace giving detailed maps of their magnetic signals. Mathematical models of these maps, using multiple dipoles, has given estimates of the directions of total magnetization of the furnaces. Three of the furnaces were also surveyed at subsequent stages of excavation and after the removal of the furnace, giving the background signal. The background signals can then be subtracted from the survey data to give clean residual maps. These are easier to model, giving more reliable results, and they give useful information on the contribution of the different furnace materials to the overall magnetic signals. The corrections required for the influence of induced magnetism and for viscous remanent magnetism are examined. The results are compared with the British archaeomagnetic curve, and with the archaeomagnetic date estimates from three of the furnaces, to assess the value of the modelling technique in giving usable estimates of the date of last firing of the furnaces. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capillary electrophoresis of Cr(VI) reducer Arthrobacter oxydans
Authors: Tsibakhashvili Nelly Ya. , Asatiani Nino V. , Abuladze Marina K. , Birkaya Barbara G. , Sapojnikova Nelly A. , Mosulishvili Liguri M. , Holman Hoi‐Ying N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRapid and effective separation of bacteria Arthrobacter oxydans was performed using capillary electrophoresis. For optimal separation of bacteria the influence of buffer concentration, pH and applied voltage were studied. It was found that the most appropriate conditions for electrophoretic mobility measurements are as follows: applied voltage 6–14 kV; buffer concentration 5–10 mM pH 6–8. At the stationary phase of growth there are always two main heterogeneous peaks. They are connected with the morphology of bacteria as well as with cell aggregation. The heterogeneity of samples may be explained by surface modifications of bacterial cells. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐Line HPLC‐UV‐mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid delineation and characterization of differences in complex mixtures: a case study using toxic oil variants
Authors: Crow Frank W. , Cragun Jennifer D. , Johnson Kenneth L. , Ruiz Maria Victoria , Posada de la Paz Manuel , Naylor Stephen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn integrated differential approach to the characterization of complex mixtures is presented which includes the targeting of liquid chromatography (LC) peaks for identification using characteristic UV adsorption of the LC peak, subsequent molecular weight and formula determination using accurate mass LC mass spectrometry (MS), and structure characterization using accurate mass LC‐tandem mass spectrometry. The use of differential UV adsorption aids in narrowing the scope of the study to only specific peaks of interest. Accurate mass measurement of the molecular ion species provides molecular weight information as well as atomic composition information. The tandem MS (MS/MS) spectra provide fragmentation information which allows for structural characterization of each component. Accurate mass assignment of each of the fragment ions in the MS/MS spectrum provides atomic composition for each of the fragment ions and thus further aids in the structural characterization. These experiments are facilitated through the use of on‐line LC‐MS and LC‐MS/MS with in‐line UV detection. A synthetic toxic oil (STO) related to Toxic Oil Syndrome is studied with a focus on possible contaminants resulting from the interaction of aniline, used as a denaturant, with the normal components of the oil. A differential analysis between the STO and a control oil is performed. LC peaks were targeted using UV absorbance to indicate the possible presence of the aniline moiety. Further differential analysis was performed through the determination of the MS signals associated with each component separated on the LC. Finally, the MS/MS data was also used to determine if the fragmentation of the targeted components indicated the presence of aniline. The MS/MS and accurate mass data were used to assign the structures for the targeted components. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatographic resolution of gemifloxacin mesylate on a chiral stationary phase derived from crown ether
Authors: Hyun Myung Ho , Han Sang Cheol , Cho Yoon Jae , Jin Jong Sung , Lee Wonjae 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new racemic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, gemifloxacin mesylate, has been successfully resolved on a chiral stationary phase (CSP) derived from (+)‐(18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid. Compared to the Crownpak CR(+) column, the CSP used in this study was more effective for the resolution of racemic gemifloxacin mesylate, especially in terms of analytical time. The resolution of gemifloxacin mesylate enantiomers on the CSP was found to be dependent on the type and content of organic and acidic modifiers in the aqueous mobile phase and the column temperature. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric detection in chromatography. Trends and perspectives
Authors: Cserháti Tibor 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe newest results in the use of miscellaneous mass spectrometric detection methods in various chromatographic techniques are compiled and critically evaluated. Examples of application in clinical chemistry, health care, and in the analysis of pharmaceuticals, environmental pollutants, foods and food products are given. The benefits and drawbacks of MS detection are discussed, and future trends are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toremifene metabolism in rat, mouse and human liver microsomes: Identification of α‐hydroxytoremifene by LC‐MS
Authors: Jones Russell M. , Lim C. K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe in vitro metabolism of toremifene has been studied in liver microsomal preparations from rat, mouse and human sources using high‐performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESIMS). The metabolites detected were N‐desmethyltoremifene (m/z 392), 4‐hydroxytoremifene (m/z 422), 4′‐hydroxytoremifene (m/z 422) and toremifene N‐oxide m/z 422). In addition, a new polar metabolite with a protonated molecule at m/z 422 has been detected in all three species. The compound was identified by tandem MS‐MS as α‐hydroxytoremifene, an analogue of α‐hydroxytamoxifen. The results showed that α‐hydroxylation is a common feature of tamoxifen and toremifene metabolism and that α‐hydroxytamoxifen is unlikely to be the reactive metabolite responsible for the hepatocarcinogenesis in rat, as widely believed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomy and physiology of the female perineal body with relevance to obstetrical injury and repair
Authors: Woodman Patrick J. , Graney Daniel O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe female perineal body is a mass of interlocking muscular, fascial, and fibrous components lying between the vagina and anorectum. The perineal body is also an integral attachment point for components of the urinary and fecal continence mechanisms, which are commonly damaged during vaginal childbirth. Repair of injuries to the perineal body caused by spontaneous tears or episiotomy are topics too often neglected in medical education. This review presents the anatomy and physiology of the female perineal body, as well as clinical considerations for pelvic reconstructive surgery. Clin. Anat. 15:321–334, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathways of anesthetic from the thoracic paravertebral region to the celiac ganglion
Authors: Saito Toshiyuki , Tanuma Kumiko , Den Shulan , Tanuma Yutaka , Miyakawa Kunihisa , Carney Edward , Carlsson Christer 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCommunication between the lower thoracic paravertebral region and the celiac ganglion through the retrocrural space was investigated. After dye was injected into the endothoracic fascia in the lower thoracic paravertebral region at the T11 level, its spread to the celiac ganglion was examined in fifteen cadavers. The dye reached the celiac ganglion in nine cadavers (60%) by passing through the retrocrural space, along the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves and through the split in the crus of the diaphragm through which the splanchnic nerves traveled. In the remaining six cadavers, dye spread toward the ganglion along the crus of the diaphragm. In three living subjects the spread of a radio‐opaque dye injected in the same manner was studied using 3D‐computed tomography. This study confirmed that the radio‐opaque dye traveled toward the celiac ganglion along the crus of the diaphragm. From our results we suggest that a fluid communication may exist between the lower thoracic paravertebral region and the celiac ganglion in cadavers and in living humans and that clinicians should be aware of this possible route of spread when administering lower thoracic paravertebral anesthesia. Clin. Anat. 15:340–344, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brachiocephalic veins: An overlooked approach for central venous catheterization
Authors: Badran D.H. , Abder‐Rahman H. , Abu Ghaida J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCentral venous access is important in both assessment and treatment of the patient. In modern clinical practice, a percutaneous approach is preferred. The well‐established subclavian and internal jugular vein catheterization techniques, however, still carry the risk of major acute complications. In this article we describe a trial study of a percutaneous brachiocephalic vein catheterization technique conducted on a total of 74 cadavers undergoing autopsy. Relying on constant and easily recognizable anatomical landmarks, we performed a total of 128 catheterizations of the right and left brachiocephalic veins. The success of catheterization was ascertained by regional dissection. Our results show very high reproducibility with a success rate of about 97% on the first attempt of catheterization on both right and left sides. Equally important, collateral injury of neighboring structures was consistently absent. We propose the introduction of this rather overlooked approach into clinical practice. Clin. Anat. 15:345–350, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Image cytometric bcl‐2:bax and bcl‐2:bcl‐x ratios in invasive breast carcinoma: Correlation with prognosis
Authors: Schiller A.B. , Clark W.S. , Cotsonis G. , Lawson D. , DeRose P.B. , Cohen C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground: The bcl‐2 family of proteins are important regulators of apoptosis. Some of the members, such as bcl‐2 and bcl‐xL, inhibit cell death, whereas others, such as bax and bcl‐xS, promote cell death. We evaluated the ratios of bcl‐2:bax and bcl‐2:bcl‐x expression by image cytometry in invasive breast carcinoma to determine prognostic significance. Design: Five‐micron sections of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue from 88 invasive breast carcinomas were immunostained using steam antigen retrieval, an avidin biotin‐complex technique with automated stainer and primary antibodies against bcl‐2 (1/160; Dako, Carpenteria, CA), bax (1/1,500; PharMingen, San Diego, CA), and bcl‐x (1/1,500; PharMingen). Positive controls were tonsil (bcl‐2) and normal breast (bax and bcl‐x) tissue samples. Immunostain was measured in 15 high power fields as percentage positive area (PPA) in nuclei and cytoplasm using the CAS 200 image analyzer (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA). Results: Median follow‐up was 105 months (range 11–130). Significantly improved disease‐free survival was found in patients with a bcl‐2:bcl‐x ratio ≥ 1 by univariate and multivariate analyses. The bcl‐2:bax ratio was not predictive of overall or disease‐free survival. A significant difference in overall and disease‐free survival was found between carcinomas with positive and negative bcl‐2 expression by univariate analysis; by multivariate analysis, bcl‐2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for disease‐free survival. The 5‐year survival rates were 77% and 50% in patients with bcl‐2–positive and bcl‐2–negative carcinomas, respectively. Conclusion: A bcl‐2:bcl‐x ratio ≥ 1, assessed by image cytometry, is significantly associated with improved disease‐free survival in patients with invasive breast carcinoma. Significantly increased overall and disease‐free survival is associated with positive bcl‐2 expression. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:203–209, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of ploidy and steroid receptor status in breast cancer by laser scanning cytometry
Authors: Bollmann Reinhard , Torka Robert , Schmitz Jörg , Bollmann Magdolna , Méhes Gábor 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground: Measurements on DNA content and steroid receptor status in breast cancer are of great clinical interest. Objective determination of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression should help to define the lowest levels of positivity still responding to adjuvant antihormonal therapy. For this purpose, a simple protocol for laser scanning cytometry is presented. Methods: Analysis of 54 routine breast cancer samples was performed by laser scanning cytometry (LSC). To obtain single cell preparations from fresh tumor tissue, slides were prepared using the Cervisoft cytological device. Exact determination of tumor cell DNA content was done by referring to the CD45‐positive tissue leukocyte fraction as the internal diploid reference cell population. Steroid receptor‐expressing cells were detected by indirect immunolabeling. Results: Indirect immunofluorescence allowed the best quantification of both the estrogen and progesterone receptor‐expressing cell fractions by LSC. The number of receptor‐expressing cells could be given in percentage. For comparison, the 10% cutoff value was used to determine receptor positivity. Conclusion: LSC enabled a simple, reliable, and inexpensive determination of DNA index and steroid receptor expression in breast cancer specimens by objective criteria. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:210–215, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined DNA flow cytometry and sorting with k‐ras2 mutation spectrum analysis and the prognosis of human sporadic colorectal cancer
Authors: Geido Elio , Sciutto Andrea , Rubagotti Alessandra , Oliani Cristina , Monaco Roberto , Risio Mauro , Giaretti Walter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground: Activation of the k‐ras2 pathways and chromosomal instability leading to aneuploidy in human sporadic colorectal cancer (sCRC) is essential to the tumor cell ability to survive, grow, and metastatize. Methods: The study included 135 patients with sCRC who were followed up for a median of 72 months. Multiple fresh‐frozen fragments obtained from superficial and invasive areas of the tumors were mixed and used to detect the degree of DNA aneuploidy (DNA index [DI]) and S‐phase fraction by two scatter signals and 4,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole‐2‐hydrocloride (DAPI) fluorescence flow cytometry (FCM). PCR amplification and k‐ras2 mutation spectrum analysis were performed using enriched epithelial nuclei after sorting DNA aneuploid nuclei and DNA diploid nuclei from which tissue‐infiltrating lymphocytes were absent. Results: DNA aneuploidy was detected in 98 (73%) and k‐ras2 mutations in 54 cases (40%). Univariate analyses of overall survival with both Dukes' A to D or B to C series of cases showed that DNA multiple aneuploidy, k‐ras2 mutations, older age, and distal site, but not increased S‐phase fraction, were predictive of worse outcome. Multivariate Cox models strongly indicated that k‐ras2 mutations, but neither single nor multiple DNA aneuploidy, were an independent prognostic factor in both series of patients. In particular, with B and C Dukes' stage patients (n = 110), the relative risk (RR) of death was above 2.5 with k‐ras2 mutations and above 3 with the G→C/T transversions. Conclusion: Combined FCM and k‐ras2 analysis may be used to predict long‐term increased risk of death in sCRC patients. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:216–224, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunophenotypic characterization of myelopoiesis in early and late myelodysplastic syndromes: Use of CD44 as an aid in early diagnosis
Authors: Karmon Yuval , Manaster J. , Chezar J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe investigated the possibility that myeloid cells from the bone marrow (BM) of myelodysplastic patients differ in their expression of CD44 antigen compared with expression of the antigen in normal controls. In addition, two triple‐surface marker assays incorporating, respectively, CD44/CD33/CD66 and CD33/CD34/HLA‐DR were used to evaluate the degree of myeloid maturation and assess the number of blasts in BM by flow cytometry. Patients with early‐stage myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS; RA [FAB classification]) have significantly decreased expression of CD44 on gated myeloid cells. In contrast, patients with late‐stage MDS (RAEB and RAEB‐T [FAB classification]) showed an elevated expression of CD44 and an increased number of CD34 blasts compared with early‐stage MDS patients and normal controls. Late‐stage MDS patients also had an increase in the immature myeloid compartment (CD66 weak expression) compared with early‐stage MDS patients and normal controls. We have already included this assay as part of our MDS evaluation protocol alongside BM morphology and cytogenetics. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:225–230, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved flow cytometric method to enumerate residual cells: Minimal linear detection limits for platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes
Authors: Pichler J. , Printz D. , Scharner D. , Trbojevic D. , Siekmann J. , Fritsch G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIncreasing demand for quality control of blood products requires more sensitive methods to enumerate residual cells. Presently, the reported threshold (in cells per microliter) is 400 for red blood cells, 30–500 for platelets, and 1 for leukocytes. To examine precision and linearity in enumerating residual platelets and red blood cells, EDTA‐anticoagulated blood from healthy donors was serially diluted with serum, stained in TruCount tubes using a no‐lyse/no‐wash procedure and a monoclonal antibody cocktail against the CD42a (FL1) and glycophorin‐A (FL2) epitopes, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Leukocyte counts were determined in separate tubes. Cell preparation and analysis were performed once for 20 blood samples each and 20 times using the same specimen. Acquisition from the same tube was performed separately for platelets (threshold on FL1) and red blood cells (threshold on FL2). Multiparameter analysis was used for data evaluation. Linear results were obtained for platelets per microliter between 3,410 and 5 and for red blood cells per microliter between 54,000 and 3. For the lower cell concentrations, the coefficient of variation was 16.7% for platelets and 10.9% for red blood cells. The presented method allows the distinction between physiologically intact and ghost red blood cells. The method represents a reliable, sensitive, and accurate approach to quantify platelets and red blood cells in diluted blood. It can be applied to enumerate residual cells in plasma products and meets the increasing demand for quality control in blood components. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:231–237, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of protein kinase Cβ inhibition on neurovascular dysfunction in diabetic rats: interaction with oxidative stress and essential fatty acid dysmetabolism
Authors: Cameron Norman E. , Cotter Mary A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundElevated protein kinase C (PKC) activity is thought to play a substantial role in the aetiology of diabetic microvascular complications, the PKCβ isoform being identified as particularly important. Neuropathy has a vascular component; therefore, one aim was to assess whether the PKCβ inhibitor, LY333531, could correct nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and perfusion deficits in diabetic rats. Neurovascular dysfunction also depends on oxidant stress and impaired ω‐6 essential fatty acid metabolism; correctable by antioxidant and γ‐linolenic acid (GLA) treatments, respectively. A second aim was to assess whether there were interactions between these mechanisms and PKCβ‐mediated effects.MethodsDiabetes was induced by streptozotocin; duration was 8 weeks. NCV was monitored and blood flow was assessed by hydrogen clearance microelectrode polarography.ResultsDiabetes caused 19.7% and 13.9% reductions in sciatic motor and saphenous sensory NCV, respectively. Two weeks of LY333531 treatment dose‐dependently corrected these deficits. A dose of 10 mg kg−1day−1gave non‐diabetic NCV values and also completely corrected a 50% diabetic reduction in sciatic endoneurial blood flow. Low‐dose (0.25 mg kg−1day−1) LY333531 had modest effects (∼20% correction) on NCV and sciatic perfusion. However, when combined with equi‐effective doses of the antioxidants vitamin E or α‐lipoic acid, or GLA, motor and sensory NCV and sciatic nerve perfusion were in the non‐diabetic range. The joint effect was equivalent to that of the 10 mg kg−1day−1LY333531 dose, demonstrating synergism between PKCβ, oxidative stress and essential fatty acid mechanisms.ConclusionsLY333531, alone or combined with antioxidants or GLA, could form the basis for therapeutic intervention in neuropathy, which requires assessment in clinical trials. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS) in type 1 diabetic children is the way to reduce hypoglycemic risk
Authors: Schiaffini R. , Ciampalini P. , Fierabracci A. , Spera S. , Borrelli P. , Bottazzo G. F. , Crinò A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundDiabetic children treated with intensive insulin therapy are showing a dangerous increase in severe hypoglycemic episodes. The Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS) allows glycemic profiles to be monitored over a 72‐h period. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether this system is sufficiently sensitive to detect asymptomatic hypoglycemia, and to determine if its periodic application would help to minimize the hypoglycemic risk in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).MethodsTwenty‐seven T1DM children (age range 6–13.1 years) were enrolled in the study. The sensor was inserted subcutaneously in each patient and the standard four or five registrations of capillary glycemia per day were performed. Eighteen patients continued in the study and the glucose sensor was again inserted after a 6‐week interval. At the beginning and end of the study, fructosamine, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), median glycemia, number and duration of hypoglycemic events and insulin requirement were evaluated.ResultsA significantly higher number of asymptomatic hypoglycemic events was revealed by CGMS in comparison with the standard system (3.6 ± 2.3 vs 0.7 ± 0.9; p < 0.0001). In patients who continued in the study, insulin therapy adjustments reduced the incidence of hypoglycemic events (2.5 ± 1.7 vs 3.9 ± 2.2; p < 0.05). At the 6‐week point, the fructosamine level was reduced (330 ± 30 vs 349 ± 24 µmol/l; p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe CGMS is a useful device not only for detecting unrecognized hypoglycemia, but also for modifying insulin therapy in order to reduce hypoglycemic events. The system appears to be useful in avoiding long exposure to hypoglycemia. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.