bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusions
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this study we have largely focused on a thorough assessment of the importance of catching up for the explanation of differences in growth performance across countries. We have also specifically treated the effect of government spending on productivity growth. In general, there has been a strong belief in the catching-up hypothesis. This conviction was reinforced by Baumol’s and Abramowitz’s studies on Maddison’s data for sixteen countries. A closer inspection of those studies shows, however, that catching up has not occurred universally. The selection of time period and countries is of decisive importance for whether empirical support for catching up is received.
Corporatism, Union Density, and Economic Growth
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Consider now the effects of union density on economic growth. I have data on union density for sixteen OECD countries from 1970 through 1985, taken from D’Agostino (1992). I use four time periods per country, 1971-5, 1976-80, 1981-5 and 1986-8. In each case I use the union density figure from the year before the beginning of the period (1970, 1975, 1980, 1985) to lessen the possibility of simultaneity bias.
Comment
Authors: Calmfors Lars 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kevin Grier’s paper deals with an important subject, namely ‘the role of institutional factors in secular economic growth’. It is a topic that for many years received surprisingly little interest in mainstream economics. Recent years have, however, seen an explosion of research in this area. It is true, as pointed out by Grier, that this new interest has been triggered off by the development of endogenous growth models-for example, Romer (1986) and Lucas (1987)-that may motivate why institutional factors have long-run growth effects. It is, however, surprising that no mention is made of the seminal work in the area by researchers such as Douglass North and Mancur Olson. Their contributions may not have the same formal elegance as those of the new growth theorists but they do expound all the more exciting visions of the essentials.
The main analysis in the paper is econometric. The baseline model examines the effects on growth of a number of “standard’ variables: initial wealth, population growth, investment, growth of government consumption and the change as well as the variability of inflation. To this is added an analysis of how the extent of centralization of wage bargaining and the degree of ‘corporatism’ affect growth. Both time-series and cross-country variations among the OECD countries are exploited.
Macroeconomic Instability in Post-Communist Countries
Authors: Rostowski Jacek 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The destruction or collapse of a social system is bound to be cataclysmic, and the collapse of the communist system which has played itself out at across twenty-eight countries is no exception. The political, social and economic relations which governed these societies are all being simultaneously changed in a fundamental way. In such a context the presence of macroeconomic instability is hardly surprising. Yet, it is the job of economists to try to identify the specific causes of economic phenomena, even when they are caught up in the whirlwind of history. This book, by a participant in the events, examines the causes of very high inflation and large fall in statistically measured output in the post-Communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. It focuses on the fundamental nature of the shift from supply constrained economies (in which there is no unemployment) to ones which are constrained by demand; on the reconstruction of monetary and credit systems; and on the central role of macroeconomic stabilization and generalised liberalisation in creating the basis for private sector growth. Many of the chapters have grown out of policy debates in which the author participated.
Policy issues
Authors: Missale Alessandro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are many different debt instruments which can be used to finance the budget deficit. A main distinction is the currency of denomination and, in particular, whether or not this is the domestic currency. Another important characteristics is the initial term to maturity, which among marketable instruments may range from few weeks to 30 years. The way the interest is computed is also important to determine the risk-return characteristics of financial instruments. Securities may promise to pay a fixed interest rate or have coupons which are indexed to another interest rate or to the price level. The marketability of debt instruments is also important. A policymaker may rely on marketable securities, as well as on loans from financial institutions and on savings bonds sold to personal investors. The composition of OECD countries’ debts by type of instrument is shown for the year 1995 in Table I.I.
Minimizing risk
Authors: Missale Alessandro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The policymaker’s objective function implies a trade-off between the minimization of the expected cost of debt servicing and the minimization of budgetary risk. A.s shown in Chapter 3, if the expected rates of return on government securities just reflect their risk-return characteristics, the debt manager should only be concerned with risk minimization. A strategy aimed at reducing interest costs is justified only when risk premia result from: market imperfections; informational asymmetries; expectations failures; and the government’s inability to credibly commit to future policy actions.
Design, Results, and Comments on the Machakos Project in Kenya
Authors: Ginneken Jeroen K Van , Muller Alex S , Odhiambo Omondi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1971 a longitudinal population-based project was initiated in a part of the Machakos district of Kenya with a view to developing means of improving mother and child health in a rural area. The objectives were as follows:
to obtain accurate data on morbidity and mortality from measles, whooping cough, other acute respiratory infections, and acute diarrhoeal disease in children 0-4 years of age;
to obtain data on nutritional status, social behaviour and attitudes, socio¬ economic status, and biological and physical environment, and to study the influence these may have on observed disease patterns.
Diplomatic Normalization and Trade
Authors: Soeya Yoshihide 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous four chapters illuminated the structure and process of Japan China trade as they evolved during the 1950s and the 1960s in the absence of formal governmental relations. This trade relationship cannot be explained fully by a perspective which emphasizes the supremacy of strategic concerns in international relations. This is not to say, however, that incentives for trade exchanges outweighed strategic concerns between the two countries. Rather, it shows that Japan’s overall behaviour toward China was conditioned by both general political considerations and particular objectives to trade with China, and that Japan’s pursuit of China trade has to be explained primarily by factors which evolved independently of dominant strategic considerations. This ‘two-track’ mechanism is brought home, albeit in a reverse way, by the fact that normalization of diplomatic relations between Japan and China can be ascribed almost exclusively to the transformation of the strategic environment in East Asia, which evolved around the rapprochement between the United States and China in 1971-1972.
A Rereading of Historical Material: An Alternative Account of the Position of Women in Ancient India
Authors: Bhattacharji Sukumari 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Not only do events in our demographic history influence the present, but our understanding of the past also informs our understanding of the present. This latter premiss is the basis of much historical demography, and the European demographic transition in particular has attracted a lot of research attention which is motivated by its potential for understanding and predicting demographic transitions in contemporary populations. However, not only is the past not always a good guide to the present, but understanding and interpreting the past can be fraught with difficulties. This is especially the case when one looks at the relatively ancient past, for which records are likely to be selective, incomplete, and, for the large part, descriptive or even merely prescriptive. Such records call for careful critical scrutiny before being used to advance a thesis, and this paper illustrates this problem by providing an alternative interpretation of the ancient Indian texts. The plausibility of such an alternative interpretation and a critique of existing interpretations highlight the political processes that influence not just the writing of a text, but also the reading of it. This awareness brings one closer to acknowledging the biases possible in one’s attempts to apply politically loaded and value loaded ideas from other disciplines to a supposedly ‘objective’ discipline such as demography. Such caution is particularly warranted by the increasing politicization of demography and of the policy prescriptions that it generates.
Private and Public Sector Responses to the 1972-75 Sugar Boom in Mauritius
Authors: Greenaway David , Lamusse Roland 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mauritius is a small island located in the Western Indian Ocean. It has a population of just over one million, with a current GDP per capita of over US$3,000. Mauritius is almost unique among Sub-Saharan African countries in terms of its recent economic performance: it has unequivocally undergone a successful stabilisation and structural adjustment programme; diversified its industrial and export base; and embarked on a path of rapid and sustained growth in real GDP and real GDP per capita. Moreover, all of this has been achieved in a relatively short space of time, basically between the late 1970s and mid-1980s. The speed and extent of adjustment implies a degree of flexibility and responsiveness to economic stimuli which is unusual in the Sub-Saharan African context. The reasons for this impressive performance have been explored elsewhere (Greenaway and Milner, 1991) and are not the core of this chapter.
Macroeconomic Policies, Financial Conditions and Enterprise Behaviour
Authors: Wang Cheng , Tsang Shu-Ki 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Under the impact of economic reform in socialist countries, enterprises have evolved from totally passive units under the bureaucratic control of the government into more active agents, with their own economic interests and motivations (which, however, may still be affected by the economic policies and administrative measures of the government). As such changes take place, how to ensure that enterprise behaviour is consistent with macroeconomic objectives, without reducing incentives and undermining efforts to improve efficiency, becomes an important issue.
The Puzzles of Transition
Authors: Boeri Tito 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When transition of the Eastern European economies began, there was no historical precedent to draw upon while making inferences on the future course of events. Educated guesses were allowed and were made, quite many of which turned out subsequently to be wrong. It is easy to be wise after the event, but knowledge evolves by comparing actual with expected outcomes and learning from these deviations. Thus, I will be pitiless in pointing out departures from the predictions made at the outset. Actually, I will do more than that: I will try to understand why wrong predictions were made. This is my primary goal. From the common wisdom prevailing at the beginning of the 1990s we need, in any event, to start.
Introduction
Authors: Bledsoe Caroline , Guyer Jane I , Lerner Susana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fertility is by far the largest subdiscipline in contemporary demography. Yet until a very few years ago, women comprised virtually its sole objects of study. Men, if they appeared at all, usually did so as shadows; as partners-by-implication of those engaged in childbearing. The virtual absence of men from the annals of past published works on fertility is not hard to explain. Even if genetic tests could verify the relationships among household members in a survey, this would hardly begin to solve the challenges surrounding the analysis of male fertility. Our own field experience suggests that, while some men do not know how many children they have, others claim to have fathered children they have never seen. More often than women, men seem to deny connection to offspring born outside of wedlock or to a former spouse.
The Seeds Of Man: Ethnological Notes On Male Sexuality And Fecundity Among The Maya
Authors: Ruz Mario Humberto 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Tojolabal Maya of the Mexican state of Chiapas, when referring to ‘ourselves’, use a term which can also be translated as ‘our genital organs’, since it includes a term which denotes male or female genitals.1 The Tzotzil Maya of Zinacantan utilize a single term for ‘procreating’, ‘making tortillas’, and ‘conducting political activities’. Symbolically linking the critical functions of daily life (Najera, in press), they combine male and female spheres through the activities that enable the community to reproduce. Their neighbours in Chamula, Chiapas believe that all children start out as male, but that carelessness on the part of a pregnant woman may change the sex of the baby (Pozas 1977, I, p. 119), a deed that can sometimes jeopardize the continuity of the patrilineal group. The Otomi see the penis as a cultural analogy for humans. Like the individual, it has a life-cycle of growth, climax, and decline. Without an erection it is like a child; during intercourse it experiences maturity, then death; later it foreshadows primordial ancestors: aged, withered, and worn out (Galinier 1990, p. 189ff.).
Making ‘Responsible’ Men: Planning The Family In Egypt
Authors: Ali Kam Ran As Dar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Links between traditional culture, an unchanging Islam, and the tightly constricted geography of the Nile valley are one of the many common themes in the depiction of Egyptian life in both colonial and contemporary development literature (see Mitchell 1995 for a critical overview). Following this trajectory, Jean and Simone Lacouture, two French social scientists writing in the late fifties, elaborate on the relationship between Egypt’s demography and its geography.
Memories Construction and Structures of Tradition
Authors: Bakken Børge 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By ‘memories’ and ‘dreams’ of social control, I am referring to the control aspect of a culture, and to the fact that, without the precedence of tradition and myth, a culture will be deprived of memory, and thereby also deprived of an important ‘binding’ element in society. On the other hand, without foresight it will be deprived of its dreams and ideas for a future society: deprived of an idea about where to go.
Dreams: Technocracy, Social Engineering, and ‘Human Quality’
Authors: Bakken Børge 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An underlying assumption in Chinese analysis seems to be that behavioural factors and the value concepts that support social practices are fundamental in explaining both social change and social stability. The same assumptions seem to haunt a frustrated opposition as well as the power-holders. Cultural factors, and especially value concepts, constitute that area of a nation’s development that is the most stable and whose influence is longest lasting, and hence the most conservative. Jin Guantao’s discussion shows clearly a tendency towards cultural determinism.
Major Anti-Minority Riots and National Legislative Campaigns Against Immigrants in Britain and Germany*
Authors: Karapin Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Opposition to ethnic minorities and to continued immigration has grown in many West European countries during the post-war period (see for example, Hammar 1985; Bjorgo and Witte 1993; Betz 1994; Cornelius, Martin, and Hollifield 1994; Witte 1996). Anti-immigrant or anti-minority responses have taken quite different forms, including legislative campaigns for immigration restrictions, violence against minorities, and voting for far-right parties. Even if anti-immigration politicians, the perpetrators of racist violence, and far-right political entrepreneurs are usually not consciously co-operating or competing with one another, their actions may reinforce or undermine each other.
The Effects of Income and Wealth on Time and Money Transfers between Parents and Children
Authors: Altonji Joseph G , Hayashi Fumio , Kotlikoff Laurence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we examine the effects of income and wealth on transfers of money and time between individuals and their parents and in-laws, using US data. Our purpose is to contribute to a growing body of evidence on the effects of differences in income, assets, and current income relative to permanent income on the direction and quantity of transfers. (See Hill and Soldo (1993) and Shoeni (1993c) for recent surveys of the literature on transfers and Hill, Morgan, and Heroz (1993) for a descriptive analysis of transfer data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.) We estimate the effects of siblings’ incomes on the amounts received from and given to parents. We provide the first estimates of the effects of a married person’s parents’ income, relative to the income of the person’s parents in-law, on the amounts given to and received from the two sets of parents. Also considered is how the relative incomes of divorced parents influence transfers to and from adult children. Finally, we examine the interrelationship between time transfers and money transfers and also the effects of distance on the two types of transfers. Our results have a number of implications for alternative theories of transfers.
Short-run and Secular Demographic Response to Fluctuations in the Standard of Living in England, 1540-1834
Authors: Schofield Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Scarcity is a relative concept, a state in which demand exceeds supply. But the critical characteristic of populations is their dynamic nature: they grow or decline. Consequently, scarcity for a population is a dynamic matter, determined by the relative rates of change of population and food supply. Living in an already densely settled country, Malthus regarded food production as subject to diminishing marginal returns (the ‘arithmetic ratio’). That is, he believed that the rate at which agricultural output could be expanded must inexorably diminish. Population growth, however, was compound in nature (the ‘geometrical ratio’). Thus, in the long run, Malthus argued, the population growth rate would inevitably outstrip the rate at which food could be produced. In such circumstances food prices would rise and, since money wages would be likely to decline as more and more people sought employment, the standard of living would have to fall (Malthus 1798/1987: 8-15).
Growth, Trade, and FDI
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The miraculous performance of outward-oriented East Asian economies in the post-Second World War period fueled a search for explanations of how they came to grow so fast for so long. Static trade theories predict that greater specialization leads to higher income measured at international prices but do not offer an explanation for sustained growth. Can international trade promote growth? The endogenous growth literature implies that trade and technology diffusion can generate growth effects by increasing the size of the economy ‘s research sector. The empirical evidence on the relation between trade and growth has become a controversial subject. A major part of the action in the international competition game takes place in the quality and productivity improvement arenas. Producers invest in research and development in order to upgrade product quality. Winners gain a temporary leader position that allows them to reap monopoly profits. In turn, the diffusion of the new technology and the monopoly profit potential induce followers to conduct research to better the product quality offered by the incumbent. Rivalry for monopoly profits generates a quality ladder of ever improving qualities.
Trade Politics
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For a long time, economists stayed away from the political analysis of regulation and trade policies. The theories of regulation developed by Stigler (1971), Peltzman (1976), and Becker (1983) focus on the determinants of interest group demand for regulation and the supply of it by legislators and regulators. Interest groups spend resources on lobbying in order to increase their income net of political contributions paid out. Legislators and regulators receive contributions and supply regulation in return. The equilibrium structure of regulation results from the balance between politicians ‘ concern for population welfare and their wish to extract contributions from competing interest groups.
Preferential Trade Arrangements
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The proliferation of preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) since the 1980s represents a most significant development in global trade. A large share of world trade takes place within about sixty overlapping arrangements that reduce barriers to trade on a preferential basis. Thirty percent of world trade takes place within the two largest preferential trading areas: the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). To a large extent, preferential arrangements represent regionalism in the sense of joining countries that are geographically close to each other. This chapter examines the economics of PTAs. Section 16.1 describes the main types of PTAs. Section 16.2 reviews the rationales for PTAs while Section 16.3 examines their costs, benefits, and welfare effects. Section 16.4 asks why a small country might decide to join an existing free trade agreement and Section 16.5 examines the political viability of a free trade area. Section 16.6 discusses how the multilateral system can accommodate preferential agreements.
The Economics of the WTO
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1947, twenty-three countries formed the first multilateral organization ever devoted to set principles for international trade and coordinate trade opening among members. Ironically, the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) resulted from the failed efforts to create a fully-fledged trade agency, the International Trade Organization (ITO), which was not approved by the US Congress. As a result, the GATT was born to play dual roles as a trade agreement and as a proxy institution for the ITO, which was never created. The GATT was envisioned as a provisional ad hoc contract among member parties. It did not require ratification by member countries ‘ parliaments and focused on trade in goods because member countries refused to assign a broader agenda.
Cooperative Agreements
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The need for devising mechanisms to facilitate international cooperation has been broadly recognized. However, sustaining cooperation among countries and regional groups that interact strategically with each other is a tough task. To begin with, there must be pre-negotiation incentives for opening negotiations. Second, the negotiation stage among potential partners might or might not end up in a satisfactory agreement, depending on how negotiations are conducted and the partners ‘ negotiating positions. Third, the completed cooperation agreement must be either enforceable by an external agent or self-enforceable in the sense that the losses from breaking the agreement are greater than the benefits from breaking it. In the absence of a global enforcer, self-enforceability is key to agreements involving sovereign nations.