bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cantata 77
Authors: Chafe Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first movement of Cantata 77,”Du sollt Gott, deinen Herren, lieben:’ the cantata that will serve as the focus of interest for this and the following chapter (see Table 7.1), centers on Luther’s chorale “Dies sind die heil’gen zehn Gebot:’ which summarizes the Ten Commandments in poetic form. This chorale, which was apparently written in early 1524 and first appeared in Lutheran chorale books in that year, set to the melody of a medieval pilgrimage hymn, “In Gottes Namen fahren wir;’ was from the time of its publication one of the core chorales of the Lutheran catechism. Luther, in fact, wrote chorales for all six principal parts of the catechism: the three basic summaries of the word of God—the Ten Commandments, the Apostles’ Creed, and the Lord’s Prayer—along with the sacraments of Baptism and the Lord’s Supper, with penitence (confession and absolution) included as a preparation for the Lord’s Supper.1 Luther viewed not only the creeds (the three so-called Symbola of the church) but also the Ten Commandments, the first commandment alone and the catechism as a whole as comprising the meaning of scripture in summary forms. As he remarked in his introduction to the Large Catechism, “This much is certain: anyone who knows the Ten Commandments perfectly knows the entire Scriptures… What is the whole Psalter but meditations and exercises based on the First Commandment? … the Catechism … is a brief compend and summary of all the Holy Scriptures:’2 As a result, certain of the oldest chorale books were organized according to the catechism, beginning with “Dies sind die heil’gen zehn Gebot:’ while others that followed the order of the liturgical year tended, as mentioned previously, to associate the catechism with the beginning of the Trinity season.3
Geometry and Empirical Science
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most distinctive characteristic which differentiates mathematics from the various branches of empirical science, and which accounts for its fame as the queen of the sciences, is no doubt the peculiar certainty and necessity of its results. No proposition in even the most advanced parts of empirical science can ever attain this status; a hypothesis concerning “matters of empirical fact” can at best acquire what is loosely called a high probability or a high degree of confirmation on the basis of the relevant evidence available; but however well it may have been confirmed by careful tests, the possibility can never be precluded that it will have to be discarded later in the light of new and disconfirming evidence. Thus, all the theories and hypotheses of empirical science share this provisional character of being established and accepted “until further notice,” whereas a mathematical theorem, once proved, is established once and for all; it holds with that particular certainty which no subsequent empirical discoveries, however unexpected and extraordinary, can ever affect to the slightest extent.
Zora Neale Hurston and the Speakerly Text
Authors: Gates Henry Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our house stood within a few rods of the Chesapeake Bay, whose broad bosom was ever white with sails from every quarter of the habitable globe. Those beautiful vessels, robed in purest white, so delightful to the eye of freemen, were to me so many shrouded ghosts, to terrify and torment me with thoughts of my wretched condition. I have often, in the deep stillness of a summer’s Sabbath, stood all alone upon the lofty banks of that noble bay, and traced, with saddened heart and tearful eye, the countless number of sails moving off to the mighty ocean. The sight of these always affected me powerfully.
II
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For two years the slum grew from day to day, gaining strength and devouring newcomers. And next door, Miranda grew more and more alarmed and appalled by that brutal and exuberant world, that implacable jungle growing beneath his windows with roots thicker and more treacherous than serpents, undermining everything, threatening to break through the soil in his yard and shake his house to its very foundations. Although his own business on Rua do Hospicio was not doing badly, he found it hard to bear “that swine” the tavern-keeper’ s scandalous good fortune-a filthy wretch who never wore a jacket and ate and slept with a Negress.
XIV
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The days drifted by for three months after the stabbing. Firmo went on meeting Rita in that old woman’ s apartment, but she did n’ t act the same: She was cold, indifferent, and often snappy, looking for excuses to quarrel. “Hm! It seems like there’ s trouble brewing,” the thug muttered jealously. “I hope to hell I’ m wrong!”
XVII
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A single impulse spurred them all; they were no longer Portuguese or Brazilians. They were now a single army, menaced by their adversaries. Those who a few moments before had been fighting now lent each other weapons, wiping the blood from their wounds. Agostinho, leaning against the street lamp in the middle of the courtyard, bawled out a song he thought would match their enemies’ martial chants outside. At his request, his mother had allowed him to put on one of Nenen’ s sashes, through which he had slipped a kitchen knife. A skinny mulatto kid whom no one had ever seen before stationed himself, unarmed, at the entrance, where he awaited the invaders.
The Fregean Argument Against Anti-Platonism
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, I have tried to show that there is a version of mathematical platonism that avoids all of the important objections to that view. I will now try to do the same for mathematical anti-platonism. This will occupy me for all but the last few pages of part II. Now, I suppose that there are numerous arguments against mathematical antiplatonism (or, what comes to the same thing, in favor of mathematical platonism), but it seems to me that there is only one such argument with a serious claim to cogency. Thus, I will ignore all other arguments and consider only this single line of attack. The argument I have in mind is due to Frege. My presentation will be somewhat different from Frege’s, but the spirit of the argument is essentially the same.
Morality
Authors: Gert Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than thirty years, philosopher Bernard Gert has been developing and refining his distinctive and comprehensive moral theory. His classic work on this subject was first published in 1970 as The Moral Rules, and greatly revised editions appeared in 1975 and 1988 (the latter published by OUP under the title Morality: A New Justification of the Moral Rules). Now, in this final revision, Gert has produced his fullest and most sophisticated statement of this influential theoretical model. Morality, Its Nature and Justification differs from the previous edition in many important respects, and throughout the book, Gert attempts to answer all of the criticisms his work has attracted.
Goods and Evils (Benefits and Harms)
Authors: Gert Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most discussions of goods and evils, goods receive most of the attention. Indeed, sometimes evils are completely ignored, almost as if they did not exist. Theologians through the centuries have recognized that there is at least a seeming inconsistency between the view that there is an all-knowing, all-powerful, and completely benevolent God and the existence of so much pain and suffering. I use the term “evil” as it is used in stating this “problem of evil,” that is, the problem of reconciling believing in such a God with the fact that there is so much evil in the world. Some theologians have even explicitly claimed that evils do not really exist. This view is, I believe, a central tenet of one branch of Christianity. There is no disagreement among theologians about what counts as an evil. Even those who deny the existence of evils agree about the sorts of things whose existence they are denying. They are agreed that if there really is pain, then there really is evil. Some of them are prepared to assert that there really is no pain; or that pain is not really something positive, but is a kind of privation. I shall not go into these theological subtleties. Pain is an evil. No rational person has any doubts on this matter.
Identifying and Diagnosing Problems
Authors: Maris Barbara English 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process of identifying music performance problems is similar to what doctors do when they diagnose medical conditions. Before physicians can make appropriate recommendations for a sore toe, the cause of the discomfort must be identified accurately. There are many reasons that someone might experience a painful toe. It may be the result of dropping a brick on the foot, developing an ingrown toenail, walking on hot coals, stepping on a rusty wire, or being stung by a wasp. Or it may result from becoming dehydrated and getting a cramp, having gout or a diabetic condition, or wearing shoes that are too tight. Different causes of pain will lead physicians to different medical treatments. Different causes of mistakes will lead musicians to different responses to musical problems.
Individuals, Responsibility, and the Philosophical Imagination
Authors: Lloyd Genevieve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Themes of connection and interdependence have been strong in feminist ethics, political theory, and epistemology. Many feminist philosophers have emphasized the need for a relational approach to selfhood—the need to highlight the connections between persons rather than what separates them, community rather than individuality, sociability rather than the solitary self. The nature of the desired conceptual shift is illustrated in, for example, Virginia Held’s Feminist Morality. Held describes feminist reconceptualization of the concept of the self as a challenge to “standard moral theory.” “To be adequate,” she says, “moral theories must pay attention to the neglected realm of particular others in the actual relationships and actual contexts of women’s experience.”2 Social relationships, especially that between “mothering person’’ and child, move to the center of Held’s refocused approach to ethical theory. Feminist philosophers are urged to recognize the centrality of human projects of nurturance and growth to our understanding of moral subjects. Although some feminists have suggested that friendship should be the central category to be contrasted with the “rational contracting’’ of standard moral theory, mothering relations have for Held the advantage of being more distant from, and hence more challenging to, common preoccupation with contractual relations.
1993–1994
Authors: Hischak Thomas S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American works continued to dominate Broadway and Off Broadway, at least in terms of numbers. Yet British revivals of Medea, An Inspector Calls, and The Winter’s Tale and the new The Madness of George III were definitely highlights in a season that saw many bold and ambitious ventures. Broadway of fered eleven new non-musicals and ten revivals; Off Broad way had thirty-three new works and only five revivals. But these numbers were getting more and more difficult to determine. Fourteen one-person shows opened on and off the Street, all written bythe performers. Were these indeed new plays? Were they plays at all? Such solo efforts were balanced byseveral bigcast, big-budget plays like Angels in America and The Kentucky Cycle, each taking two nights to perform. High price tags kept both from being financial hits.
Introduction
Authors: Kolker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the studios, as independent corporate bodies, fell apart in the late fifties and early sixties, assembly-line film production ended. Previously each of the major studios was a self-contained filmmaking factory with its own labor pool of producers, directors, writers, players, and technicians, turning out many films a month during the years of peak production. This self-containment and mass production created mediocrity to be sure, as well as an arrogance that comes with security of product and market. But out of the arrogance and the mediocrity came also a body of work of formal skill and contextual complexity unmatched by the cinema of any other country. If the films produced were not intended to be taken seriously as enduring examples of individual artistic worth, they often enough overcame the intent of their makers to stand as enduring examples of filmmaking and all the collective energy that implies. They came as well to stand for the collectivity of film viewers; they created the images in which a culture consented to see itself and, as audiences responded favorably, the continuation of genres, plots, players, themes, and world views promoted by the studios were perpetuated in film after film.
Experientialism
Authors: Bernstein Mark H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonnative ethical theories give us guidance regarding the conduct of our lives. In general terms, they supply us with the right and wrong ways to behave or instructions about how we ought to Eve our lives. These theories would have Ettle practical import were there not individuals who could act in accordance with these precepts and individuals toward whom such behavior morally mattered; we need moral agents and moral patients in order for moral theories to find application.
The Desire Theory
Authors: Bernstein Mark H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have proffered a theory of personal welfare, and so a theory of moral patienthood, that accords well with our pretheoretical ideas concerning both well-being and the constitution of our moral domain. It will come as no great surprise, this being a philosophical enterprise, that misgivings are not difficult to unearth. Unfortunately for the experientialist, allusions to the nature of dream experiences that were used to forward the contention that (conscious) experiences are quintessential^ intrinsic properties can also be manipulated to suggest problems for the theory. If we grant the Cartesian point that dream and waking experiences may be indistinguishable to the agent, and since, to the experientialist, all that matters to the welfare of an individual is how life is “from the inside,” it would appear that the well-being of an individual should be left unaffected by the source of his experiences. At first hearing, at least, this consequence seems innocuous.
What Research Offers Teachers
Authors: Demorest Steven M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before you skip the rest of this chapter because it has the “R” word in the title, please look over the following questions:
If any of these questions interest you, then read on, because all have been explored by researchers. The results of this research will give you information on current sight-singing practices and could help you to make decisions about how you want to teach sight-singing to your ensemble. As the epigraph from K. D. Ernst’s 1957 survey report suggests, teaching sight-singing effectively is not a new problem for music educators, and research has long been seen as a means toward a solution. The development of music-reading skills has been an important topic for researchers, though much of the research has taken place on the elementary level where instruction begins.
Review of Materials
Authors: Demorest Steven M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Level and Sequence: The ranges and difficulty of exercises could work for beginning middle school or high school, though part singing moves quickly. The book would be most appropriate for church choir or parochial school because of the sacred texts that accompany the song material. Exercises are graded in difficulty. Each book starts with the chord as “the basis of part singing.” All three books go almost immediately to exercises for all parts, whether two, three, or four, and stay that way throughout. Exercises are not numbered or grouped by units in any way.
Economics of the Prisoner’s Dilemma: A Background
Authors: Routledge Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the recent conference in Vancouver, scholars in philosophy, biology, economics, cognitive science and other fields gathered to discuss “Modeling Rational and Moral Agents The vast majority of the papers used or referred to the Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD). With its stark contrast between individual rationality and collective optimality, it is a natural vehicle to address questions about what is moral and what is rational. In addition, many of the papers presented (and included in this volume) build on ideas of evolutionary biology. Since individual versus species fitness runs parallel to individual and collective ratio-· nality, the prisoner’s dilemma also serves to link biologists and social scientists.2 This paper offers a brief overview of some of the research related to the PD in economics.
Moral Dualism
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I teach Introductory Ethics, I spend several weeks on deontology and utilitarianism. Then I ask students to evaluate the two theories and every year a few of them say the truth is a little bit of both. A little bit of “rightness is determined solely by consequences” and a little bit of “consequences have nothing to do with it.” I used to get exasperated. Now I think my students are right, and I have been trying to develop a theory that reflects my students’ intuitions in a coherent way. What follows is a progress report.
Categorically Rational Preferences and the Structure of Morality
Authors: MacIntosh Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infamously, David Gauthier (1986) has sought to reduce morality to rationality. Simplifying (and exaggerating) his position somewhat, he claims moral problems are partial conflicts of interest, game-theoretically despicable as the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Here, one agent can do well only if another does poorly, but both can do fairly well by making and keeping agreements to comply with Pareto-optimal solutions to their conflict; in the PD, this consists in making and keeping agreements to co-operate. And co-operating seems to be the morally required action, since it consists in refraining from exploiting another agent for one’s own gain. However, in the PD, it maximizes for each agent, no matter what the other does, to defect. In complying with optimal compromises, then, agents must refrain from maximizing their individual expected utilities, something prima facie irrational on the standard theory of rationality as maximization. So the other part of Gauthier’s reduction is the claim that, if it is rational to adopt dispositions constraining one’s tendencies to maximize (as it is in PDs), then it is rational to act from that constraint (act as per the compromise) with other agents inclined to do likewise. Gauthier applies maximization first to choice of disposition rather than of action; rationality then dictates acting out maximizing dispositions.
Narms as Emergent Properties of Adaptive Learning: The Case of Economic Routines
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Marengo Luigi , Bassanini, Andrea , Valente Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Kenneth Arrow - himself one of the major contributors to rational decision theory - puts it, a system of literally maximizing norm-free agents “. . . would be the end of organized society as we know it” (Arrow 1987, p. 233). And indeed one only rarely observes behaviours and decision processes which closely resemble the canonical view from decision theory as formalized by von Neumann, Morgenstern, Savage, and Arrow.
Introduction
Authors: Ullmann-Margalit Edna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Taken broadly, reasoning practically is an enquiry into the nature of reason, reasoning, and reasons-as well as of rationale, rationalization, and rationality. It is meant to ponder how we think about what to do, how we move from thinking to doing, and what may come between our thinking and our doing. All of this offers a wide scope for philosophizing. Hume said, famously, that when we act, our reason is slave to our passions. Kant said, famously, that among the four big questions a philosopher should address are What can I know, and What am I to do? Practical reason deals with the link, often elusive, between the realm of reason and the province of practice. It is concerned to find out how far can a parallel be pushed be tween practical reasoning, which is about what I am to do, and theoretical reasoning, which is about what I am to believe-and where this parallel breaks down.
On Not Wanting To Know
Authors: Ullmann-Margalit Edna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wanting to know seems natural and in need of no justification. Wanting not to know seems less natural and in need of some justification. But a moment’s reflection reminds us that we may not want to know many types of things, perhaps justifiably so. We may wish to protect ourselves from cluttering our mind and our memory, or from boredom, or from pain; we may wish to preserve our faculties of creativity and of imagination; we may wish to avoid excessive cost or unnecessary involvements; we may wish to remain impartial or to retain an element of surprise in our lives.
The Embattled Public Sphere Hannah Arendt, Jurgen Habermas, and Beyond
Authors: Benhabib Seyla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Written against the background of growing despair and disillusionment about the viability of representative democracies in Europe and North America, this work decries the “ideal of sovereign and omnicompetent citizens” as a fiction at best and a phantom at worst. Lippmann’s elitist and pessimistic assessment of the fiction of collective deliberations engaged in by informed citizens elicited a spirited response from John Dewey in The Public and Its Problems. Granting that the experience of industrial and urban modern societies undermined “the genuine community life” out of which American democracy had developed, Dewey admitted: “The public seems to be lost If a public exists, it is surely as uncertain about its whereabouts as philosophers since Hume have been about the residence and make-up of the self.”
The Genesis of Bartók’s Musical Language
Authors: Suchoff Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Bela Bartók entered the Budapest Academy of Music at the turn of the century, Hungary was in the throes of a new national movement for independence from Austria. He therefore decided that his contribution to the cause would be the creation of a specifically Hungarian style of composition, and he sought inspiration in Hungarian popular art song, known as magyar nóta, that is, Hungarian tune or national melody, which was then considered to be the true Hungarian folk music. During the nineteenth century, a large number of such melodies had been composed by amateur musicians of the educated Hungarian classes and published with hackneyed piano accompaniments. The most popular tunes were for the most part disseminated by Gypsy bands in Hungarian and Austrian towns, who performed their repertories with an excess of rubato and ornaments.1 In fact, it was such Gypsy-styled national melodies that Liszt used in his Hungarian Rhapsodies and as source material for the unique tonal language in his Piano Sonata in B Minor.
Deciphering Béla Bartók’s Viola Concerto Sketch
Authors: Dellamaggiore Nelson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The background and circumstances that led to the further examination of Bela Bartók’s manuscript of the Viola Concerto and to the revision of its orchestra score are described in Peter Bartók’s essay earlier in this volume. The following are a few selected examples of what we considered interesting problems in trying to interpret the various notations in the composer’s sketch.