bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meat color in retail displays with fluorescent illumination
Authors: Sáenz C. , Hernández B. , Beriain M. J. , Lizaso G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe color of beef longissimus dorsi muscle of a homogeneous group of fifteen males of Pirenaica breed in terms of the CIELAB color space was studied using the actual illuminating conditions existing in a representative fraction of retail displays operating in 51 local butcher's shops and supermarkets. All retail displays mounted fluorescent lamps and up to nine fluorescent models with different chromatic characteristics were found. Meat color was analyzed at four different times: immediately after cutting and after 1 day, 5 days, and 7 days of exposure to air. At each measurement day computed a*, b*, C* and hab color coordinates gave significantly higher values than the corresponding D65 values. All fluorescent models enhanced the red color of meat but none of them masked or enhanced meat color differences between samples or between measurement days. Significant differences in color coordinates were found between retail displays that mounted identical fluorescent models, proving the important role of uncontrolled environmental factors like daylight or scattered light from the walls and ceiling. With respect to computed color coordinates, the intrinsic natural variations in the color of meat samples were more important than variations in the illuminating conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 304–311, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20123
A preliminary comparison of CIE color differences to textile color acceptability using average observers
Authors: Mangine H. , Jakes K. , Noel C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNinety‐six nylon pairs were prepared, including red, yellow, green, and blue standards, each at two lightness levels with CIE94 ΔE units ranging from 0.15 to 4.01. Visual assessments of acceptability were carried out by 21 females. Logistic regression compared visual results to four color‐difference equations, CIELAB, CMC, CIE94, and CIEDE2000. It was found that CMC most closely represented judgments of average observers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 288–294, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20124
Prediction of spectral reflectance factor distribution of automotive paint finishes
Authors: Takagi Atsushi , Watanabe Akihiro , Baba Gorow 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIt is necessary to determine the accurate reflectance of painted surfaces for the review of paint finishes by computer graphics (CG) before actual painting of the exterior color of automobiles, and for quality control during production and inspection processes. We have optimized a method for measuring reflectance by using a statistical technique. We have found that the reflectance of a painted surface is best measured at an incident angle of 60° and at five aspecular angles of 10°, 18°, 28°, 40°, and 90°. Our method makes it possible to accurately reproduce reflection characteristics of paint finishes containing special flake pigments, such as pearl mica. Also it was proved that our method can apply not only to solid and metallic coatings but to all painted surfaces. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 275–282, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20125
Improving the Hawkyard method for generating reflectance functions
Authors: Wang Ge , Li Changjun , Luo M. Ronnier 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn iterative method was developed by Hawkyard in 1993 for generating reflectance functions, based on a given set of tristimulus values. In a recent article by Dupont (Col Res Appl 2002;27:88–99), many methods for generating reflectance functions were compared, and it was shown that the Hawkyard method is one of the best methods. However, one of the weak points of the Hawkyard method is its iterative nature. In addition, one important issue for the Hawkyard method is its convergence, which has not been addressed. In this article, this issue is examined. The necessary and sufficient condition to achieve convergence, using the Hawkyard method, is given. The method is then modified to make it an analytical method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 283–287, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20126
High‐speed separation of proteins by microchip electrophoresis using a polyethylene glycol‐coated plastic chip with a sodium dodecyl sulfate‐linear polyacrylamide solution
Authors: Nagata Hideya , Tabuchi Mari , Hirano Ken , Baba Yoshinobu 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we describe a method for size‐based electrophoretic separation of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)–protein complexes on a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microchip, using a separation buffer solution containing SDS and linear polyacrylamide as a sieving matrix. We developed optimum conditions under which protein separations can be performed, using polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐coated polymer microchips and electrokinetic sample injection. We studied the performance of protein separations on the PEG‐coated PMMA microchip. The electrophoretic separation of proteins (21.5–116.0 kDa) was completed with separation lengths of 3 mm, achieved within 8 s on the PEG‐coated microchip. This high‐speed method may be applied to protein separations over a large range of molecular weight, making the PEG‐coated microchip approach applicable to high‐speed proteome analysis systems.
Silica nanoparticles for separation of biologically active amines by capillary electrophoresis with laser‐induced native fluorescence detection
Authors: Kuo I‐Ting , Huang Yu‐Fen , Chang Huan‐Tsung 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the analysis of biologically active amines by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in conjunction with laser‐induced native fluorescence detection. In order to simultaneously analyze amines and acids as well as to achieve high sensitivity, 10 mM formic acid solutions (pH < 4.0) containing silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) were chosen as the background electrolytes. With increasing SiNP concentration, the migration times for seven analytes decrease as a result of increase in electroosmotic flow (EOF) and decrease in their electrophoretic mobilities against EOF. A small EOF generated at pH 3.0 reveals adsorption of SiNPs on the deactivated capillary wall. The decreases in electrophoretic mobilities with increasing SiNP concentration up to 0.3× indicate the interactions between the analytes and the SiNPs. Having a great sensitivity (the limits of detection at a signal‐to‐noise ratio (S/N) = 3 of 0.09 nM for tryptamine (TA)), high efficiency, and excellent reproducibility (less than 2.4% of the migration times), this developed method has been applied to the analysis of urinal samples with the concentrations of 0.50 ± 0.02 μM, 0.49 ± 0.04 μM, and 74 ± 2 μM for TA, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, and tryptophan, respectively. The successful examples demonstrated in this study open up a possibility of using functional nanoparticles for the separation of different analytes by CE.
Rapid mutation detection in complex genes by heteroduplex analysis with capillary array electrophoresis
Authors: Velasco Eladio , Infante Mar , Durán Mercedes , Esteban‐Cardeñosa Eva , Lastra Enrique , García‐Girón Carlos , Miner Cristina 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMutational analysis of large multiexon genes without prevalent mutations is a laborious undertaking that requires the use of a high‐throughput scanning technique. The Human Genome Project has enabled the development of powerful techniques for mutation detection in large multiexon genes. We have transferred heteroduplex analysis (HA) by conformation‐sensitive gel electrophoresis of the two major breast cancer (BC) predisposing genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, to a multicapillary DNA sequencer in order to increase the throughput of this technique. This new method that we have called heteroduplex analysis by capillary array electrophoresis (HA‐CAE) is based on the use of multiplex‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR), different fluorescent labels and HA in a 16‐capillary DNA sequencer. To date, a total of 114 different DNA sequence variants (19 insertions/deletions and 95 single‐nucleotide substitutions – SNS) of BRCA1 and BRCA2 from 431 unrelated BC families have been successfully detected by HA‐CAE. In addition, we have optimized the multiplex‐PCR conditions for the colorectal cancer genes MLH1 and MSH2 in order to analyze them by HA‐CAE. Both genes have been amplified in 13 multiplex groups, which contain the 35 exons, and their corresponding flanking intronic sequences. MLH1 and MSH2 have been analyzed in nine hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer patients, and we have found six different DNA changes: one complex deletion/insertion mutation in MLH1 exon 19 and another five SNS. Only the complex mutation and one SNS may be classified as cancer‐prone mutations. Our experience has revealed that HA‐CAE is a simple, fast, reproducible and sensitive method to scan the sequences of complex genes.
Isoelectric buffers, part 3: Determination of pKa and pI values of diamino sulfate carrier ampholytes by indirect UV‐detection capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Lalwani Sanjiv , Tutu Edward , Vigh Gyula 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAmpholytes with close pKa values (i.e., good carrier ampholytes (CAs)) are needed as buffers in pH‐biased isoelectric trapping (IET) separations. The syntheses of two families of such good CAs were reported recently. Members of the family of diamino sulfate ampholytes (first series) had pI values in the 5.7 < pI < 9.0 range. Members of the family of quaternary ammonium dicarboxylic acid ampholytes (second series) had pI values in the pI < 4.3 range. To further characterize the diamino sulfate ampholytes, their effective mobilities were measured by indirect UV‐absorbance detection capillary electrophoresis in a series of background electrolytes (BGEs) with different pH values. The pKa and limiting ionic mobility values of the CAs were obtained by fitting these mobility values, as a function of the pH and the ionic strength of the BGEs, to the theoretical mobility expression. These diamino sulfates complete the list of CAs suitable for IET separations.
Shaking table tests of reinforced concrete wide beam–column connections
Authors: Benavent‐Climent A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReinforced concrete wide beam–column connections have been used in low‐to‐moderate seismicity regions despite little information being available on their seismic performance. This research was conducted to clarify experimentally the hysteretic behaviour and ultimate energy dissipation capacity (UEDC) of this type of existing connection under lateral dynamic earthquake loadings. For this purpose, ⅔ scale models were constructed and tested on a shaking table until they collapsed. The exterior connection behaved as a strong column–weak beam mechanism, and the interior connection as a weak column–strong beam mechanism. The averaged UEDC of the connections in each domain of loading, normalized with respect to the product of the yield strength and yield displacement, were about 6 and 5 for the exterior and interior connections, respectively. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Values and realist evaluation
Authors: Henry Gary T. , Julnes George 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this chapter, realist principles frame evaluation as a support for democratic processes in the pursuit of social betterment. Social betterment is defined as the extent to which public policies and programs meet the ever‐emerging complex of human needs. Distinct implications for the practice of evaluation, including balancing among values, analyzing distributional aspects of a program, and informing democratic processes are discussed.
Tax expenditures: The basics
Authors: Davie Bruce F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA framework for thinking about tax expenditures is presented in the form of answers to five questions: what are they, what are they used for, how big are they, who benefits from them, and who loses? Distinctions are discussed among the use of tax expenditures to fine‐tune ability to pay, to influence economic behavior, to mimic the features of a direct‐spending program, and for other purposes.
Evaluating work‐related cash benefit programs: The Earned Income Tax Credit
Authors: Hill Carolyn J. , Hotz V. Joseph , Scholz John Karl 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Earned Income Tax Credit is expected to cost the federal government $27.1 billion in 1998, making it the largest cash or near‐cash program available to low‐income families in the United States. Strategies most commonly employed to gain insight into the central issues of this tax credit include data sleuthing, simulations, natural experiments comparing participant and control groups, and cross‐sectional econometric techniques.
Evaluating the Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit
Authors: Wallace James E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCentral issues in evaluating the Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit are cost‐effectiveness as the program stands; whether it adds to the supply of affordable housing; whether development costs of tax credit projects are reasonable relative to private, unsubsidized housing development; whether alternative means of achieving the objectives would be more efficient or be better targeted to lower‐income households; and the feasibility of replacing the program with a directly budgeted subsidy. Methodological requirements for the evaluation include developing clear relationships among government costs, transaction costs, investor returns, and net equity provided to a project.
Use of quasi‐experimental methods in tax expenditure evaluation: The case of Maryland enterprise zones
Authors: Crosse Scott , Grasso Patrick G. , Kelly Monica 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEnterprise zones are intended to revitalize America's economically distressed cities and rural areas, relying primarily on tax and regulatory relief to encourage private investment in areas that otherwise might be unattractive. Congress requested a prospective evaluation based on a state program with similar features. The evaluation used multiple methods and data sources both to enrich findings and to protect against unwarranted conclusions.
Taxes, tax expenditures, and evaluation—pleasing and otherwise
Authors: Boruch Robert F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWhat does the work on tax expenditures over, the last decade imply about the better design of evaluations in this area? The tax expenditure evaluations are compared against a simple but sturdy general framework for conducting results evaluations that looks at target populations; the treatment, program, or policy; the response variable; how relative effects are estimated; and what happens when no effects are discovered.
Scaling up: Participatory monitoring and evaluation of a federal empowerment program
Authors: Gaventa John , Creed Victoria , Morrissey Janice 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis chapter provides a detailed case study of participatory evaluation in a large‐scale community‐revitalization program, using grassroots “citizen learning teams” to monitor and track progress. Lessons and implications for scaling up participatory evaluation in government programs are discussed.
Lessons learned from evaluating the feasibility of privatizing government services
Authors: Thomas Robert C. , Gookin Kathy , Keating Beth , Whitener Valerie 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStudies of privatization, including case studies, provide lessons on how to embark on privatization efforts, but they may not be predictive of the cost‐saving potential for individual jurisdictions. Redirecting and improving on how the questions about privatization are asked can help to provide more useful information to policymakers.
Research on evaluation ethics: What have we learned and why is it important?
Authors: Morris Michael 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough empirical research on evaluation ethics is not plentiful, several important findings have emerged. These include an apparent lack of consensus within the field concerning what constitutes an ethical issue, the frequent occurrence of ethical problems during the later stages of evaluation projects, and the perceived ethical significance of the tendency for evaluators to be more responsive to some stakeholders than others. The author discusses the need to incorporate research questions on ethics into ongoing evaluation projects and to assess systematically evaluators' perceptions of AEA's Guiding Principles.
The ethics of data collection and analysis
Authors: Mark Melvin M. , Eyssell Kristen M. , Campbell Bernadette 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis chapter focuses on ethical issues that can arise in the collection and analysis of data in evaluations. We move beyond common ethical issues in data collection and analysis, such as informed consent and coercion, to address four issues: the application of cost‐benefit thinking to judgments about research ethics, the quality of research design as an ethical issue, the need to explore one's data, and the censoring of data.
The view from Main Street and the view from 40,000 feet: Can a national evaluation understand local communities?
Authors: Saxe Leonard , Tighe Elizabeth 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Robert Wood Johnson Foundation sponsors the Fighting Back initiative, in which communities across the country receive funding to combat alcohol and drug use. The evaluators of this initiative have tried to present an evaluation that is responsive to both national policy agendas and local community contextual differences, and thus offer important insight for both levels.
Reflective evaluation in a “technologically textured” world: An activity theory approach
Authors: Gay Geri , Bennington Tammy L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEvaluation inquiry is increasingly mediated by the use of complex electronic technologies such as Web‐based communication tools, multimedia applications, and electronic tracking devices. Activity theory provides a useful conceptual framework with which to understand the epistemological, practical, and moral implications of that mediation.
Overview: Language matters
Authors: Patton Michael Quinn 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSensitivity to and skillful use of language are core evaluation competencies. The language we use, both among ourselves and with stakeholders, necessarily and inherently shapes perceptions, defines “reality,” and affects mutual understanding. Whatever we seek to understand or do, a full analysis will lead us to consider the words and concepts that undergird our understandings and actions—because language matters.
Dialogue for learning: Evaluator as critical friend
Authors: Rallis Sharon F. , Rossman Gretchen B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIf the purpose of evaluation is learning, dialogue can be an effective means for achieving this purpose. This chapter focuses on the crucial role of language in establishing the heuristic stance that fosters dialogic inquiry and thereby enhances the effectiveness of evaluation. The role of the evaluator in facilitating dialogue is explicated through examples from practice.
Perspectives on evaluation use and demand by users: The case of city year
Authors: Brett Belle , Hill‐Mead Lynnae , Wu Stephanie 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the stages of evaluation practice and use at a national multisite community service program with an internal evaluation department, reviews challenges to and organizational supports for use, and discusses Kirkhart's integrated theory of use at both the site and national levels. Finally, it summarizes lessons learned.
Canine dimorphism
Authors: Plavcan J. Michael , Van Schaik Carel P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCanine dimorphism in many primates is exaggerated, with males possessing enormous, sharp canines that project far beyond the occlusal plane of the other teeth and females having smaller, less projecting canines. Ever since Darwin,1canine dimorphism generally has been attributed to sexual selection. However, recent analyses suggest that the evolution of canine dimorphism is complex and that the sexual selection hypothesis is only part of the story.
Parallel computation of a highly nonlinear Boussinesq equation model through domain decomposition
Authors: Sitanggang Khairil Irfan , Lynett Patrick 
Published: June 2005

AbstractImplementations of the Boussinesq wave model to calculate free surface wave evolution in large basins are, in general, computationally very expensive, requiring huge amounts of CPU time and memory. For large scale problems, it is either not affordable or practical to run on a single PC. To facilitate such extensive computations, a parallel Boussinesq wave model is developed using the domain decomposition technique in conjunction with the message passing interface (MPI). The published and well‐tested numerical scheme used by the serial model, a high‐order finite difference method, is identical to that employed in the parallel model. Parallelization of the tridiagonal matrix systems included in the serial scheme is the most challenging aspect of the work, and is accomplished using a parallel matrix solver combined with an efficient data transfer scheme. Numerical tests on a distributed‐memory super‐computer show that the performance of the current parallel model in simulating wave evolution is very satisfactory. A linear speedup is gained as the number of processors increases. These tests showed that the CPU time efficiency of the model is about 75–90%. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An axisymmetric incompressible lattice BGK model for simulation of the pulsatile flow in a circular pipe
Authors: Lee T. S. , Huang Haibo , Shu Chang 
Published: June 2005

AbstractApplying the idea of Halliday et al., through inserting the ‘source’ term into the two‐dimensional lattice Boltzmann equation to recover the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation in the cylindrical coordinates, an axisymmetric incompressible Lattice‐BGK D2Q9 model was proposed here to simulate the pulsatile flows in a circular pipe. The pulsatile flows in a circular pipe with 1<Re<2000 (Reynolds number is based on pipe's diameter), Womersley number 1<α<25 were investigated and compared with the exact analytical solutions. The excellent agreements between numerical and the analytical solution validate our model. The effect of schemes to implement pressure gradient and the model's spatial accuracy were also discussed. To show the performance of the proposed model, the same problems were also simulated by Halliday's axisymmetric model which derived from standard LBM and the three‐dimensional incompressible LBGK model. It is observed that the present model reduces the compressibility effect in Halliday's model and is much more efficient than the LBGK D3Q19 model for an axisymmetric pulsatile flow problem. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.