bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Buckner’s “Boy scout”
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like that of most families, John Harlan’s family history lacks the factual precision he was reputed to have admired. John Harlan, a seventeenth-century English gentleman, had four sons. In 1687, two of them, George and Michael, sailed from Liverpool to the New World to escape the persecution Quakers were then suffering in England. George had a son, James, born in Maryland in 1692; James a son George born in Pennsylvania in 1718; and George a son James born in Virginia in 1755. In 1774 James and his brother Silas were part of a company of thirty men who traveled to the Kentucky frontier and built cabins at Harrodsburg. In 1778, they built a stockade fort seven miles up the Salt River from Harrodsburg. Called Harlan’s Station, the fort would appear on the first map of Kentucky. Eventually, a stone house was built there also.
The Appointments
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While testifying before the Senate judiciary committee during hearings on his Supreme Court nomination, John Harlan sought to minimize his ties to the political arena. “Let me say,” he told members of the committee, that I have never been in politics myself. I think it is rather a reflection on me, because, frankly, I think that people who are citizens should take an interest in public affairs. But be that as it may, I have been a busy lawyer since a youngster, and that . . . has been the consequence. I have never been a member of a district political club. I was a member of the New York Young Republican Club. When I became a member of the district attorney’s staff as a youngster under my late senior partner, Emory Buckner, I joined the Young Republican Club. My recollection is-I may be wrong about it, but I think I am accurate-I have attended, I think, one, and if more than one, it is only two or three, dinner sessions of that club in the last 35 years. I have known[New York Governor Thomas E.] Dewey pleasantly. I have never known him intimately. Unless you wish to consider my appointment as chief counsel to the crime commission as an appointment of his . . . I have never held any office to which he appointed me under him.
The Justice and Company
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ethel Harlan, especially, was always to prefer the Weston, Connecticut, countryside to Washington, D.C., and the frustrations of the Senate confirmation process had obviously done nothing to enhance the city’s appeal. But the spacious and comfortable house at 1677 31st Street which her husband purchased in the fashionable Georgetown section did much to ease his wife’s adjustment to Washington life. “Georgetown and our own house,” she wrote Marion Frankfurter, wife of Justice Frankfurter, in late April following Justice Harlan’s confirmation, “have done a lot to make me feel better. We have had so many small amusements along our street and pleasant experiences getting settled that the first rather alarming impact of Washington has worn off. People have, as you said, been kind and cordial, and I am feeling much gayer.”1 The official atmosphere into which Justice Harlan had now been thrust was not so benign, however. The elevation of Harlan Fiske Stone-a fine jurist but poor chief-to the Supreme Court’s center seat in 1941 had created a leadership vacuum on the Court, with Stone unable or unwilling to maintain the social harmony and decisional pace necessary for the court’s effective functioning, and justices Frankfurter and Black vying for their brethren’s jurisprudential souls.
The Early Battles
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If John Harlan’s relations with his brethren were to be more harmonious and freer of intrigue than Justice Frankfurter’s, the judicial and constitutional philosophy he would advance was to be decidedly Frankfurtian, albeit with its own special character and application. Among the most fundamental elements of Harlan’s jurisprudence was the belief that the political processes and the principles of federalism and separation of powers ultimately were more significant safeguards of individual liberty than specific constitutional guarantees, as well as his corollary assertion that judicial interpretations of the latter must give due regard to the importance of the former in a free society. In a 1964 address, he would quote the provisions of the Bill of Rights, praising their “eloquent simplicity and clarity,” but then remark: While these Amendments symbolize the respect for the individual that is the cornerstone of American political concepts, it would be a grave mistake to regard them as the full measure of the bulwarks of our free society. Except for the first three Amendments they are largely procedural protections against particular kinds of arbitrary governmental action and touch the activities of relatively few people; standing alone they do not account for the broad spectrum of freedoms which the people of this Country enjoy. They were indeed not a part of the original handiwork of the Framers of the Constitution.
“More Prussian than the Prussians”: The Army League in the Liberal Southwest
Authors: Coetzee Marilyn Shevin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
That a militaristic organization like the Army League should have been inaugurated in Wiirttemberg rather than in Prussia might, upon reflection, seem curious. If Prussia could conjure up vivid images of militarism, bureaucracy, and Junkerdom, Wiirttemberg suggested constitutionalism and a more liberal ethos. Politically, socially, and economically, Wiirttemberg’s development bore little resemblance to that of the Prussian state. Lacking a counterpart to Prussia’s landowning Junkers, Wiirttemberg consisted of small-to middle-sized holdings owned by peasants and noblemen alike. Thus, without substantial landholdings, the state’s nobility were unable to exert the same degree of control over the local population and regional affairs.
The Data
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1979, the Office for Improvements in the Administration of Justice (OIAJ) of the U.S. Justice Department commissioned a major study of civil litigation in the United States. The two goals of those who developed the initial plans for the study were to obtain baseline information on the civil justice process in the United States, particularly with regard to costs, and to create an information base that would be useful for understanding the civil justice system in order that proposals for reforms of the system could be rationally considered (see Rosenberg, 1980-1981; Sarat, 1981).
Winning and Losing in Litigation: Does the Lawyer Deliver?
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In one of the first systematic efforts to understand the outcomes of litigation, Galanter (1974) examined the question of “Why the Haves Come Out Ahead.” Galanter was responding to an analysis that defined the “winner” in a given case as simply the party that “prevailed” at judgment time.1 Unfortunately, as I will detail in this chapter, that simple definition misses much of what results from litigation. Since most litigation does not terminate through a judgment in favor of one side or the other, outcomes achieved through settlement, as well as outcomes that might have been achieved by settlement, must be taken into account to arrive at an understanding of who ultimately wins and loses from litigation.
Lawyers and Litigation: Images and Implications
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While Shaw never wrote a play about the legal profession, he might, if writing today, direct the preceding sentiment to lawyers rather than physicians. Al though few people would agree fully with the cynicism evidenced by this quotation, most knowledgeable observers of the legal profession would agree that there is a substantial gap between the professional ideal2 and the actual experience of lawyers and their clients. Popular scorn of lawyers is by no means a new phenomenon (see Roth and Roth, 1989; Kupferberg, 1978). Shakespeare often made lawyers the target of his scorn and wit; while the line from Henry VI (Part II, Act IV, Scene 2) may be best known (appearing on a T-shirt sold by the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C.).
Introduction: The Politics of Domesticating Culture, Then and Now
Authors: Armstrong Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the beginning, domestic fiction actively sought to disentangle the language of sexual relations from the language of politics and, in so doing, to introduce a new form of political power. This power emerged with the rise of the domestic woman and established its hold over British culture through her dominance over all those objects and practices we associate with private life. To her went authority over the household, leisure time, courtship procedures, and kinship relations, and under her jurisdiction the most basic qualities of human identity were supposed to develop.
History in the House of Culture
Authors: Armstrong Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most literary historical accounts of domestic fiction endeavor to make a continuous narrative out of material that actually proceeds in fits and starts. This chapter will argue that the gaps in any such narrative are important. They tell us when this fiction could not deal with the important issues of the day, just as its reappearance in startlingly new forms suggests that it was engaging a particular moment in history.
March 1941 The Aura of German Power
Authors: Heinrichs Waldo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On March 1, 1941, leading elements of the German Twelfth Army crossed the Danube from Rumania to Bulgaria on pontoon bridges. Soon, under a warming, drying sun, German infantry, armored, mountain, and anti-aircraft troops were streaming south through Bulgaria toward the passes of the Rhodope Mountains, the Greek frontier, and the Mediterranean. Hitler, as the New York Times said, was “on the march again.” Trains from Istanbul to Belgrade experienced delays of up to a full day; even the crack Simplon Express was running hours behind schedule. The Nazi build up to seventeen divisions for Operation MARITA, the conquest of Greece, had begun. The 1941 campaigning season was under way.
April Balancing Risks
Authors: Heinrichs Waldo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As Roosevelt headed south to relax and ponder, Matsuoka Yosuke, foreign minister of Japan, journeyed westward across the Soviet Union dreaming of accomplishing a diplomatic coup by his forth-coming negotiations in Moscow and Berlin. He envisioned a four. power entente embracing the Axis powers and the Soviet Union through which Japan could adjust problems in the north and free itself to achieve self-sufficiency in resources in the south and a New Order in East Asia. As his special train traversed the unending white wastes of Siberia, the diminutive, combative diplomat passed the time drinking vodka, telling his staff “how he would make puppets of Hitler and Stalin,” writing short poems “full of subtle twists of thought,” or simply meditating while sipping tea.
June The Russian Factor
Authors: Heinrichs Waldo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In June 1941 the German ground forces coiled for the greatest onslaught in the history of warfare. Last to arrive, in May and June, were the elements whose presence was most difficult to conceal: the motorized and armored divisions that formed the three great wedges to be driven into the heart of the Soviet Union, eight in the north directed at Leningrad, sixteen in the center at Moscow, and thirteen in the south at the rich agricultural and industrial region of the Ukraine and Don basin. The primary front (excluding Finland) from the Baltic to the Black Sea stretched about. as far as from Chicago to New Orleans but would widen by half again as the armies moved deeper into Russia.
The American Cooperative Commonwealth
Authors: Buder Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
American radicals, like Americans in general, at the end of the nineteenth century thought their nation on the cutting edge of modern change. The influential Our Country (1885) by the Reverend Josiah Strong boldly assumed as “America goes, so goes the world.” In reforming their own na¬tion, American radicals often anticipated fulfilling its destiny as “a wonder working providence,” a nursery for social experiments. They associated Marxism with immigrant groups oflow status. As such, it held little appeal for native-born Americans, who came to radicalism with an ethical vision of Christian brotherhood and were appalled by strident rhetoric of class conflict. Cooperative and communitarian schemes long had provided the matrix for what they thought of as socialism.
The Search for Environment
Authors: Buder Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Howard’s eventual success is directly related to his decision to direct Tomorrow’s message to a general audience rather than to one inclined toward communitarian experiments. To persuade the skeptical reader, Howard knew he needed to avoid any suggestion of faddism, sectarianism, and, most important, utopianism. In 1893, Howard had presented his scheme essentially as an experiment in collective land ownership and only secondarily as a planned community designed with the problems of the great city in mind. In To-morrow, this approach was reversed, and priority was given to the garden city as a novel environmental order.
Coherence and Legitimacy
Authors: Franck Thomas M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Legitimacy is the generic label we have placed on factors that affect our willingness to comply voluntarily with commands. These commands may be direct (“go on green; stop on red”) or indirect, in the sense of referring back to a more general underlying rule or principle (“each member of the U.N. is to be treated by all others in accordance with the principle of equal entitlement”). Such commands emanate from institutions and from rules. Those institutions and rules perceived to have a high degree of legitimacy generate a correspondingly high sense of obligation on the part of the persons or states to whom a command is addressed. Evidence of that sense of obligation is to be found primarily in compliant behavior. But there may be evidence of it even in cases of non-compliance.
Zionist History Reconsidered
Authors: Vital David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a sequel to the author’s The Origins of Zionism (Oxford: 1975) and Zionism: The Formative Years (Oxford: 1982), and as such it is welcome. Professor Vital is an accomplished writer and few can rival his literary talents. However, this time he has overreached himself. His sentences are so convoluted (some extend for no less than eight to ten lines!) and contain such a labyrinth of clauses and sub-clauses that, at times, one can hardly penetrate their inner meaning. But since Vital’s narrative is more descriptive than analytical, economy of words is not his concern.
Jefferson and the Diplomacy of the Old Regime
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Efferson is the great exemplar, along with Woodrow Wil­ son, of the national conviction-so persistent and profound -that we have rejected an ancient reason of state, that we stand for something new under the sun, and that our destiny as a .nation is to lead the world from the old to the new. No one gave more fervent and eloquent expression to this conviction than Wilson, and at a time when the nation’s star, though already very high, was still rising. But the same conviction was apparent from the outset, as Jefferson testifies, though the circumstances attending it were quite modest.
War and Alliancein Republican Diplomacy
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On september 28, 1801, the Secretary of State forwarded a letter of instructions to the newly appointed Minister to France, then awaiting passage to Bordeaux.37 The minister’s attention was directed to the information that a “transaction” had likely been concluded between France and Spain involving “the mouth of the Mississippi, with certain portions of adjacent territory.”
Introduction
Authors: Mills Richard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When I’m taking books to an American exhibit I don’t take books Americans wouldn’t like. In our books, we look at American politics the way we look at it, but we have never taken these books to the United States. Truth be told, Tankred Golenpolsky’s remarks are overly critical.1 Too many Soviet books on American politics do substantiate his forebodings, but some are not as offensive as he thinks. Yet even the better books would be alien to American sensibilities insofar as they reflect the typical Soviet mindset at work trying to fathom the internal political dynamics of the Western superpower.
American Political Institutions and Processes: Soviet Evaluations
Authors: Mills Richard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concept of an information-patterning system is particularly significant to the Soviets’ treatment of institutions and processes. The Soviet “learning net” willed two things, first that American politics be analyzed from ideological perspectives, and second that increasing amounts of hard data about American politics be incorporated. In either case, or in combination, over the decades so many Soviets have presented their materials on elections, political parties, the president, Congress, and the Supreme Court in such a scattered way that it is difficult to reorganize them under these conventional headings. There have been rare exceptions to this scattering effect, but the Soviets have not yet written the kinds of systematic, general, critical studies of American politics produced in the United States by Mintz and Cohen (1971), Dye and Zeigler (1970-1987), Greenberg (1989), Parenti (1980), and many others. The earliest major American attempt to systematize the widely dispersed elements of information was Frederick Barghoorn’s The Soviet Image of the United States: A Study in Distortion (1950). The book’s title and content were very faithful to the unrelievedly negative and abusive spirit in the Soviet materials of the mid- and late 1940s.
Conclusions
Authors: Mills Richard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Three conclusions emerge from the foregoing analysis. First, with respect to the study of American politics and society the Soviet mindset has doggedly persisted in its essentials. Second, the changes that have occurred have been incremental. Third, the mindset has recently become potentially susceptible to substantial modification-but within the limits permitted by Gorbachev’s vision of socialism, or within whatever other parameters the rough and-tumble of Soviet politics may create in the future. Just how far and in what directions will these changes go at the level of practice, theory, and foreign policy, especially Soviet-American relations? The mindset is composed of at least seven elements: individuals, groups, institutions, processes, values, traditions or practices, and the vast body of patterned information that incorporates or reflects all these and is the data base for this book. In each of these areas, and in varying combinations of them, change takes place at different times, in different ways, at different speeds, and to different degrees.
Molecular Genetics of the Human and Mouse Y-Chromosome
Authors: Sinclair Andrew H , Palmer Mark S , Berta Philippe , Ellis, Nathan A , Goodfellow Peter N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In mammals, sex is determined by chromosomal constitution: males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome; females have two X chromosomes (reviewed by Good fellow and Darling, 1988). Analysis of individuals with unusual sex chromosome combinations has shown that the presence of the Y chromosome is crucial for male sex determination and absence of the Y chromosome results in female development (Ford et al., 1959; Welshons and Russell, 1959; Jacobs and Strong, 1959). The Y chromosome acts by inducing the undifferentiated fetal gonads to become testes and subsequent male sexual differentiation is controlled by testicular hormones (Jost et al., 1973; Josso et al., 1977). The Y chromosome gene, or genes, responsible for inducing testis development have been named testis determining factor (TDF) in humans and testis determining-Y chromosome (Tdy) in mouse.
Mullerian Inhibiting Substance
Authors: Lee Mary M , Kuroda, T atsuo , Donahoe Patricia K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mullerian inhibiting substance is a testicular hormone that causes involution of the mullerian ducts in male fetuses during normal genital tract differentiation (reviewed in Josso et al., 1977; Donahoe et al., 1982, 1987; Josso and Picard, 1986; Cate et al., 1990). In early fetal development, the gonads are bipotential and the mullerian and wolffian ducts are both present in the urogenital ridge: the former are the anlagen of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and the upper third of the vagina, and the latter are the embryologic precursors of the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles. During normal female reproductive tract development, the mullerian ducts develop spontaneously, and the wolffian ducts atrophy in the absence of testosterone. In males, the wolffian ducts are stimulated to differentiate by testosterone, and the mullerian ducts regress under the influence of another hormone secreted by Sertoli cells. This hormone, termed mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), has been identified as a 140 kDa glycoprotein composed of two identical 70 kDa subunits. The MIS gene, which has been cloned and sequenced (Cate et al., 1986a), is a member of the transforming growth factor-/3 (TGF-/3) family of proteins that are all involved in growth and differentiation (Sporn et al., 1987; Massague, 1990). The purification and characterization of MIS, including its gene regulation, posttranslational modification, and mechanism of action are reviewed in this chapter. Current and potential areas of MIS re-search, including newly discovered functions of the hormone, are discussed.
Sperm Cell Surface Proteins of Testicular Origin: Expression and Localization in the Testis and Beyond
Authors: Myles Diana G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Spermatogenesis is an example of cell differentiation that involves dramatic alterations in all aspects of the cell. In early stages, the germ cell divides mitotically to bring about a total reorganization of the genome. During the later stage of spermatogenesis (spermiogenesis) there is a complete transformation of the spermatid to make it capable of carrying out the vital function of conveying the male genome to the egg. The sperm surface is an integral part of this cellular differentiation. Throughout spermatogenesis in the testes and also in subsequent steps of sperm maturation in the male and female reproductive tracts, the cell surface is being transformed, both in its overall composition and in the localization of surface molecules.
U.S. Banks in International Finance
Authors: Carosso Vincent P , Sylla Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the United States of America banks and bankers were players in a drama of international finance before 1914, but their roles were small ones compared to those of British, French, and German bankers. Because the U.S. economy by 1914 was approximately as large as those of the other three nations combined, the bit parts allotted to U.S. bankers may seem surprising. Our investigation points to the regulatory environment in which U.S. banks operated as the primary factor that undermined a larger international role for American banks.
The Case of the French Banks
Authors: Bonin Hubert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The present state of research does not yet permit a definitive synthesis of the history of the French banking system or of its internationalization for this period. Although historians have scrutinized the activities of French banks abroad, the archives have scarcely been consulted in order to reconstitute their operations in France at the tum of the century, except for the Credit Lyonnais. The field of investigation is virgin territory.