bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Irregular Waves of Growth from Structural Innovation
Authors: Goodwin Richard M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSeeks to fuse the insights of Schumpeter and Keynes with the argument that market conditions force unrelated innovatory investment decisions to march in step. Aggregate demand matters, therefore, and the Kahn–Keynes multiplication of expansive and contractive demand provides the missing link. A model is developed in which a control variable stabilizes the system globally while allowing erratic motion locally. The model is extended so that for a 50‐year logistic with plausible parameters, higher output after each wave is guaranteed without assuming full employment. The model is extended to account for the influence of demand on investment.
Dynamical Control of Economic Waves by Fiscal Policy
Authors: Goodwin Richard M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe control variable in the previous chapter is interpreted here as public net income‐generating expenditure. In the absence of compensatory policy, the model of the previous chapter results in a highly irregular time series and maximum unemployment of 12%. In contrast, almost perfect smoothing is possible by large and rapid intervention, based upon derivative control, at the early stages of the fluctuation. The addition of proportional control can ensure that equilibrium unemployment falls gradually to an appropriately low level. Problems of implementation are discussed.
A Fresh Look at Traditional Cycle Models
Authors: Goodwin Richard M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTakes a new look, in the light of advances in chaotic dynamics, at the archetypal cycle models by Hansen–Samuelson and Lundberg–Metzler. The Metzler model, which produces simple harmonic motion, is expanded to allow for non‐linearities. By locating the model within the Rössler band, aperiodic cycles of approximately three years can result. Similarly, a single non‐linearity, as in Rössler, is added to the Hansen–Samuelson model.
Chaotic, Aperiodic Behaviour from Forced Oscillators
Authors: Goodwin Richard M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An overview of the mathematics of forced oscillators, particularly the van der Pol model is presented. Following this, Goodwin argues that such models are relevant to economics given that each part of the economy is subject to exogenous forces, from movements of world markets to the solar cycle. An exogenous cycle is imposed upon a Rössler model. This alters the phase portrait and corresponding time series. A significant increase in chaotic behaviour can result.
Hunger and Public Action
Authors: Drèze Jean , Sen Amartya 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book analyses the role of public action in solving the problem of hunger in the modern world. The study is divided into four parts. The first, making extensive use of the concepts of entitlements and capabilities explores the interaction of nutritional, economic, social, and political elements and their influence on hunger and deprivation. The problem of famine prevention is the main focus of the second part, with special attention given to Africa and India. The third part is devoted to the issue of fighting chronic undernourishment and the lessons to be learnt from the policies of China, India, and some other countries. The last part draws together the main themes and concerns of the earlier chapters, and provides an integrated view of the role of public action in eliminating hunger. The study suggests that there is indeed some space for public action in solving the problem of hunger and deprivation. In the case of famine prevention, social security could provide early warning systems and employment provision plans. To fight endemic deprivation, the authors suggest, among other things, that basic health care, elementary education, and food programmes should be looked at.
Entitlement and Deprivation
Authors: Drèze Jean , Sen Amartya 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The link between deprivation and the law is explored, and it is noted that, in seeking social changes to eliminate hunger, the nature of the entitlement systems has to be properly understood. Recognising that food availability is of crucial importance, the authors suggest attention is moved towards entitlement failures, Finally, case studies of the Bangladesh famine of 1974 and the food crisis in Sub‐Saharan Africa are used to illustrate this.
Famines, Markets and Intervention
Authors: Drèze Jean , Sen Amartya 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Some of the deficiencies of direct delivery strategies as a means of preventing famines are noted before the part that markets can play in precipitating or relieving famine is explored. The relationship of food availability and prices to individual entitlements is studied. The argument then moves to the role of transactions, both interregional (private trade) and intertemporal (hoarding), on famine vulnerability and how the government could intervene in each case. The last part discusses the merits and limitations of cash support, and recommends its greater use.
Strategies of Entitlement Protection
Authors: Drèze Jean , Sen Amartya 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter studies how the simultaneous (and often conflicting) objectives of non‐exclusion and targeting can be pursued with varying emphasis, depending on the selection procedure adopted. It then explores some of the selection mechanisms, highlighting the limits of nutritional status as a basic selection criterion. The merits and demerits of employment provision as an entitlement protection system are analysed. Finally, there are some general remarks on effective famine prevention, emphasising the role of mixed systems.
Economic Growth and Public Support
Authors: Drèze Jean , Sen Amartya 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Possible dissonance between income and achievements of quality of life is noted. Then two alternatives for removing precarious living conditions are explored: growth‐mediated security and support‐led security, with illustrations from the experiences of various countries. The connection between these alternatives is studied. The strategy of growth‐mediated security is distinguished from that of aimless opulence with examples from the experiences of Kuwait and South Korea. The last part is dedicated to the effectiveness of support‐led security strategies.
The Economy, the State and the Public
Authors: Drèze Jean , Sen Amartya 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMany of the arguments of the book are summarized, with a special emphasis on the role of public action (in a broad sense) to alleviate hunger. Early warning systems and employment provision plans are mentioned for famine prevention. The authors suggest endemic deprivation can be eliminated by looking at basic health care and elementary education in addition to food provision. The last part draws on the influence of food price fluctuations and international cooperation and conflict for public action.
From Marx to the Market
Authors: Brus Wlodzimierz , Laski Kazimierz 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The book was completed in the autumn of 1988 and published in hardback almost a year later, but the momentous events of 1989 seem not have overtaken the validity of the argument presented here. The book examines—theoretically and in the light of empirical evidence—the roots of the failure of the Marx‐inspired economic system of socialism, and hence the reasons behind the search of market‐oriented remedies. The twists and bends of this difficult search have led to what in the book is termed ‘market socialism proper’ (MS) as the last station of the ultimately futile reformist road. ‘Real socialism’ has proved non‐reformable, and even MS would hardly match the advantages of the private market economy. This conclusion argued in the book does not justify, however, the laissez‐faire tendency to abandon a number of basic values associated with socialism: major concern for full employment, social care, which in turn imply preservation of a place of substance to state macroeconomic policy, equality of opportunity based on redistribution of income and wealth etc. reflecting the concept of an overall interest of society which cannot just be reduced to a sum of individual self‐interests.
The Claim to Economic Rationality
Authors: Brus Włodzimierz , Laski Kazimierz 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chapter concentrates on presenting the Marxist claim that socialism surpasses its predecessor—capitalism—in terms of economic rationality. The basis for this rationality is to be provided by social ownership of means of production. This is supposed to allow ‘internalisation of externalities’ by means of central planning—ex ante coordination of economic activity on a macro scale, as well as gearing production to satisfaction of needs, which in turn promotes cooperative behaviour of economic agents instead of competition for profits.
The Historical Regularity in Reverse
Authors: Brus Włodzimierz , Laski Kazimierz 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The term ‘Real Socialism’ is used here as a value‐free designation of the area in the past (or at present as in China) under communist rule. The chapter shows the fallacy of one of the fundamental tenets of Marxist model of a socialist/communist economy as a product of the historical regularity of development. Contrary to this assumption ‘real socialism’ has not come about as an heir to developed capitalism, or even as substitute for missed industrial revolution. In practice, the likelihood of installing the system of ‘real socialism’ went in parallel to the higher degree of backwardness.
The Command System
Authors: Brus Włodzimierz , Laski Kazimierz 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The economic system of ‘real socialism’ grew out of the discrepancy between the expected socialist attitudes of the population and the reality of dominating self‐interest. In the absence of properly operating network of material incentives, the implementation of Soviet‐type development strategy had thus to rely on coercion, with the command system as its economic component. Selective development was to be achieved by physical allocation of resources to chosen users, while output maximization was pursued through obligatory plan targets. With the enormous and steadily growing number of items, the detailed plans must have become inconsistent, while still remaining formally obligatory. The ‘minimax’ strategy peculiar to the command system was to find ways to minimize plan targets and simultaneously maximize the planned allocation of resources. As a result, the command system could for a while serve the goal of Soviet‐type modernization, but at the same time became responsible for its inbred conservatism.
The Theoretical Response to Challenge
Authors: Brus Włodzimierz , Laski Kazimierz 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The idea of market‐less economic system of socialism began to be challenged already at the end of XIX century, but an all‐out attack on the concept came in the 1920s, associated with works of Austrian economists Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich von Hayek. This prompted a number of socialist economists to attempt to show the possibility of a rational economic system under dominant nationalization of means of production by using a notional market mechanism; the best known of such attempts is the one developed by the Polish economist Oskar Lange (1936/7). This chapter presents Lange's model of market socialism along with discussion of criticism fromtwo sides: on the one hand as lacking the genuine driving forces of competition, motivation, and information, on the other hand as incompatible with socialist objectives of full employment, elimination of fluctuations and equitable income distribution.
Central Planning With Regulated Market—The Flawed Model
Authors: Brus Włodzimierz , Laski Kazimierz 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The failure of the string of reforms in Soviet‐bloc countries can be attributed to a number of factors, in the first place to resistance of communist political elites eager to preserve their monopolistic power. This however should not overshadow the significance of the flaws in the economic reform model as such, which in particular limited any application of market mechanism to product market alone, banning capital market (and led to preservation of a strong centre of economic control, substantially restricted competition, and in sum made impossible the replacement of the soft budget constraint for enterprises by a hard one).
The Yugoslav Lessons
Authors: Brus Włodzimierz , Laski Kazimierz 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Yugoslavia's ‘labour managed market economy’ underwent changes throughout the period of its existence until the end of the 1980s. On the whole, the changes went in the direction of strengthening the market component of the economic system. However, two groups of issues prevented the reforms reaching the necessary degree of consistency: (1) the weak interaction between the dominant ‘social sector’ and the private sector hampered by numerous restrictions, and (2) the adverse economic effects of the ideological taboos of self‐management which in the opinion of many analysts led to an equilibrium position with lower output, lower employment, and higher capital intensity than a capitalist enterprise operating under analogous market parameters.
The Question of Ownership
Authors: Brus Włodzimierz , Laski Kazimierz 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter attempts to answer the fundamental question whether consistent market socialism is compatible with the dominant position of public (state) ownership of the means of production. The simple answer is straightforward: if consistent market socialism (MS) requires full independence of enterprises—it is incompatible with state ownership or any other external type of ownership. But is there a possibility of sharing ownership rights? The discussion of this question is presented in considerable detail in the chapter with the conclusion that the requirement may not be of absolute renunciation of public ownership but certainly that of renunciation of any form of ownership doctrinairism. In this sense, the economic system becomes open‐ended.
Hawtrey
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses some aspects of the revolution in monetary theory of the twenties and thirties — the revolution which, in most people's minds, is exclusively associated with the name of Keynes. However, Hawtrey's Currency and Credit which was published in 1919, was very influential; thus it antedates every one of the ‘new’ monetary writings of Keynes.
About Choice
Authors: Afriat S. N. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chapter is concerned with the generalities of choice and the optimum. Its eight sections are: forming a choice; demand as choice; choice functions; the optimum; optimal choice functions; revealed choice and preference; dinners and battles (these are used to represent the regularity of consumption versus the fitfulfulness of other historical events, in order to introduce consumer theory and discuss its characteristics); and the maximum doctrine.
Democratic Choice
Authors: Afriat S. N. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chapter discusses group choice. It is seen that, with group choice determined as a function of individual choices, democratically required neutralities inevitably lead to the ordinary voting method. An appraisal of the so‐called voting paradox follows. The remainder of the chapter concerns the group preference theory originated by K. J. Arrow; in addition to an account of principles involved and certain theorems, there is criticism of the ‘welfare’ association of this theory, and some consideration of what it could legitimately be about in the first place. The nine sections of the chapter are: axiomatics of voting—group autonomy, individual anonymity, anonymity of alternatives, the voting principle, unanimity sovereignty, election principle, majority rule; binary elections; the voting paradox; electing an order; democratic impartiality; (Arrow's) irrelevance principle; Hansson's group indifference theorem (which is that impartiality, unanimity, and irrelevance principles imply total group indifference, whereas Afriat concludes that impartiality, unanimity and positive association principles are together impossible); positive association; and Arrow's group dictatorship theorem.
Budget Allocation and Priority
Authors: Afriat S. N. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter comments on conventional consumer theory looked at from the point of view of a simple consumer who does not understand enough of partial differential equations to implement the usual Allocation Rule. Its six sections are: the Allocation Rule; marginal utility of money; many goods; priority (of goods); law of (diminishing) returns; and adjustment and (purchase) priority rules.
Ramsey's Savings Rule
Authors: Afriat S. N. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This final chapter of Part I of the book (on choice and the optimum) is a study of the optimal savings theory (the Savings Rule) of Frank Ramsey (1928)—what it represents and the arguments involved. Its nine sections are: counting and discounting; income disposition; Ramsey's problem; the Savings Rule; Keynes's argument (for the Savings Rule); Ramsey's argument (for the Savings Rule); time paths; a special case (of a production function as applied to savings); and discounted future (utility).
Algebra of Revealed Preference
Authors: Afriat S. N. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the second of six chapters in Part II about demand and utility cost, a typical area for what is understood as choice theory. It discusses the algebra of revealed preference. Its seven sections are: demand and utility; consistency conditions; order logic; revealed preference revealed; finite Houthakker test (for revealed preference); constructive solution (a demonstration of how the multiplier‐level solution provides an immediate construction of utility functions that fit the data in the required fashion); and multipliers and levels (as applied to utility functions).
Combinatorics of Demand
Authors: Afriat S. N. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This is the third of six chapters in Part II about demand and utility cost, a typical area for what is understood as choice theory. It discusses the combinatorics of demand. Its six sections are: general consistency (of the normal demand); cross‐costs (of demand); classical consistency (of demands); multiplier‐level solutions (to demand); utility cost; and classical limits (with reference to classical utilities belonging to multiplier‐level classes of compatible utilities).
Wald's ‘New Formula’
Authors: Afriat S. N. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the last of five chapters about the cost of living problem and price indices, a typical area for what is understood as choice theory. Together with the previous two chapters, it discusses theoretical matters arising from the finding of S. S. Byushgens (1925) that Irving Fisher's ‘Ideal Index’ is exact if demand is governed by a homogeneous quadratic utility. Specifically, it addresses the A. Wald's ‘New Formula’. The four sections of the chapter are: linear expansions; revealed purchasing power; yhe critical points; and marginal price indices and limits.
Opportunity Models
Authors: Afriat S. N. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the first of six chapters on the logic of price. Choice presupposes opportunity, and this chapter gives some account of that side of economic models. The four sections of the chapter are: the production function; general input–output; von Neumann's activity system; and axiomatics of Koopmans's (activity) system. Von Neumann's activity system is further discussed in the last chapter of Part IV (IV.6) as von Neumann's economic model.
General Economic Equilibrium
Authors: Afriat S. N. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This is the fifth of six chapters on the logic of price. It is concerned with the proper microeconomic theory of general equilibrium understood as serving questions raised by Frederic Bastiat (1801–50) and illuminating Adam Smith's Invisible Hand, and going beyond basic theory of prices and the market. The eight sections of the chapter are: Crusoe's development; Edgeworth's box; three senses of equilibrium (centralized equilibrium, decentralized equilibrium, exchange equilibrium); feasible prices; a Cobb–Douglas world; the hyperbox; production and profit; and lessons in Edgeworth's box.
Algebra of Relations
Authors: Afriat S. N. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This is the second of three chapters on general mathematics as applied to economics, and presents a treatment of the algebra of relations. Relations are defined as subsets of a Cartesian product, or predicates involving several objects, so that Boolean theory (as described in the last chapter) applies to them. The five sections of the chapter are: operations with [binary] relations; classification of (binary) relations; order and equivalence; order refinement; and representation theorems.
Intersections and Fixed Points
Authors: Afriat S. N. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the last of three chapters on general mathematics as applied to economics, and presents a treatment of intersections and fixed points. The eight sections of the chapter are: simplices and dissections; Sperner's lemma; the KKM lemma; Brouwer's fixed point theorem; the theorems of Kakutani and von Neumann; the Nash equilibrium; saddle points; and BASIC games.
Domesday Economy
Authors: McDonald John , Snooks G. D. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe authors apply modern theoretical and statistical methods to the unique data source of Domesday Book (1086) to analyse the system of manorial production and the nature of the national tax system known as danegeld in eleventh‐century England. Domesday Book includes detailed information on land ‘ownership’, income, resources, and fiscal responsibility for almost every manor in 1086 and, in some cases, in 1066. As no other document of any period or country can match either its detail or comprehensiveness, William the Conqueror's survey provides a rich database for modern economists. By using methods not previously applied to this period, the authors provide a new interpretation of the Anglo‐Norman economy—the first since the work of J. H. Round and F. W. Maitland a century earlier. This classic study has been responsible for stimulating the interest of, and further research by, quantitative economic historians in the medieval period.
Domesday Book Re‐Examined
Authors: McDonald John , Snooks G. D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract‘Domesday Book re‐examined’ introduces the reader to the nature of Domesday Book (DB), the traditional interpretation of DB, and the historical background to the Conqueror's great survey of 1086, together with the aims and methods of our enquiry. While DB is the greatest data source for any pre‐modern society, its economic and fiscal relationships have been misinterpreted by conventional wisdom.
The Economy and Survey of 1086
Authors: McDonald John , Snooks G. D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract‘The economy and survey of 1086’ establishes the foundation for the book's enquiry. The main economic institutions surveyed include the manor, the borough, internal trade, international trade, and the state. Next, the purpose, methods, and data accuracy of the Domesday survey are discussed and compared with that of modern surveys.
Old and New Approaches
Authors: McDonald John , Snooks G. D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract‘Old and new approaches’ compare the traditional approach to the cliometric approach of McDonald and Snooks. The discussion of the traditional literary approach focuses on the work of J. H. Round, F. W. Maitland, and H. C. Darby. It is argued that a new approach involving the use of economic theory and the (then) latest computerized statistical techniques, would be able not only to organize the vast data of DB more effectively but also to arrive at a very different interpretation of the nature of the Anglo‐Norman economy.