bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomechanics
Authors: Zavatsky Amy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biomechanics is the application of the principles of mechanics and the techniques of engineering to the study of biological systems, including the human body. From an early date, one of the major areas of biomechanical study has been the musculoskeletal system or locomotor system. Diagnosis and treatment of disorders and diseases of the musculoskeletal system are the main goals of orthopaedics. Practitioners in this field require an understanding of bone, muscle, connective tissue, and nerve. They need to understand how these tissues function and interact on all levels—from genetic and cellular levels to the macroscopic level of the joints and limbs.
History and Examination: General Principles Regarding The Diagnosis of Soft Tissue Disorders
Authors: Östör Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In all disciplines of medicine the history and examination form the foundation upon which a diagnosis is made. The majority of diagnoses are made after the history alone with physical findings playing a confirmatory role. The level of experience and knowledge base of the clinician has significant bearing on the chance of achieving the correct diagnosis. Further investigations, although helpful, may be timeconsuming, expensive, and unnecessary.
Infrared Thermal Imaging In Musculoskeletal Conditions
Authors: Hazleman Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thermal imaging has been used in musculoskeletal conditions for 40 years. It provides sensitive and reproducible means for diagnostic imaging and monitoring treatment. The diagnosis of inflammatory, degenerative, and traumatic conditions is assisted by infrared imaging. Vasospastic conditions affecting the hands can be monitored by thermal imaging using a mild cold stress test and the efficacy of vasoactive drugs proven by this technique.
The Investigation of Soft Tissue Disorders: Nerve Conduction Studies and Electromyography
Authors: Ray Julian , Mcnamara, Brian , Boniface Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In clinical neurophysiology the fundamental principles of neurophysiology are applied to develop clinical methods of objectively testing central nervous system and peripheral nervous system function. The two techniques with most relevance to soft tissue rheumatology are nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography (EMG).(1)
Soft Tissue Injuries and Sport
Authors: Speed Cathy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the health benefits of regular physical activity are well established, it is thus considered to be a physician’s responsibility to promote it as part of a patient’s health and well-being. This strategy has its challenges, as our society has become more sedentary, having exchanged man’s role as a hunter–gatherer for a lifestyle that centres around the laptop, mobile phone, and TV remote control. Children are also less physically conditioned and, within the population as a whole, exercise is often seen as a chore rather than a pleasure.
Therapeutic Modalities
Authors: Speed Cathy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Therapeutic modalities may be defined as thermal, mechanical, electrical, or electromagnetic energies used for the treatment of medical complaints. A range of such modalities is used in the treatment of soft tissue complaints, including thermal agents, ultrasound, and electrical agents (Table 1). In this chapter, the basis for the use of specific modalities and the existing evidence relating to their clinical effects are outlined.
Hypermobility
Authors: Bird Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Articular hypermobility, perhaps better termed joint hyperlaxity, describes the possession by an individual of a joint or joints with a much wider range of movement than average. A single joint or many joints may be so affected. The term does not define aetiology since many factors contribute to a wide range of movement at a joint and several may contribute. The threshold at which the syndrome can be defined remains the subject of debate, not least because the range of movement at a given joint displays a Gaussian distribution in a population. The cut-off point above which generalized hypermobility is held to be present is therefore somewhat arbitrary. Hyperlaxity is not synonymous with reduced joint stiffness though rheologically this is often present. Neither does it equate with functional disability, though in many circumstances hyperlax joints do contribute to impairment of function and often produce symptoms of pain and sometimes, paradoxically, stiffness.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Type I): The Pain Clinic Perspective
Authors: Chong Carol , Munglani Rajesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Investigations are not usually helpful but may help to exclude other conditions. There are no pathognomonic blood tests. In 40 per cent of patients, there is radiological evidence of bone demineralization of the periarticular area on plain X-ray films. These changes are seen after 4–8 weeks.(1)
Childhood disorders
Authors: Thapar Anita , Scourfield Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As recently as a decade ago, it might have been considered reasonable to make the accusation that child psychiatry, unlike other medical specialties, was slow in embracing genetics research. This is clearly not the case now. There has been a rapidly escalating interest in conducting genetic studies of childhood psychopathology, and this has undoubtedly been accompanied by a marked increase in our knowledge base. There is now a wealth of evidence from family and twin studies, not only demonstrating that many child psychiatric disorders run in families but that genes play an important role in contributing to this familial transmission. For conditions such as autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that have been shown to be strongly influenced by genetic factors, the search for susceptibility genes has attracted many researchers.
The dementias
Authors: Liddell Malcolm B , Williams Julie , Owen Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most successful applications of molecular genetic approaches to mental disorders have been to the various forms of dementia. Dementia can occur as a result of more than 55 different diseases. Consequently, the focus of this chapter will be upon the most common disorders; Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia, and on those in which advances have been especially striking; frontotemporal dementia, Huntington’s Disease and the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
Data into numbers
Authors: Armstrong David , Grace John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But look at your data: a pile of questionnaires? A collection of tape cassettes? A jumble of field notes? How are these to be analysed to produce those heady ‘results’? This chapter examines the first stage in that process (mainly insofar as it relates to quantitative studies), namely the procedures by which newly collected data are transformed into numbers. Chapter 5 outlined the overall process of collecting specific data from the mass of data ‘out there’. These data could be collected by unstructured, semi structured, and structured means and each of these forms of data require different treatments to enable analysable results to emerge.
Using data analysis software
Authors: Armstrong David , Grace John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data analysis can be carried out manually, but the availability of personal computers makes the task much easier and allows a more rigorous approach. At one end are spreadsheets such as Excel which often have quite sophisticated data manipulation facilities as well as some basic statistical functions. The same goes for databases, that, with a little ingenuity, will allow you to analyse a data set. If you already use a spreadsheet or database you might want to consider this route, but it is probably not worth buying and learning how to use such a program just to analyse your research data, especially as there is a much easier and cheaper solution.
The drug therapy of psychiatric disorders
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Table 31.1 are listed the groups of drugs used in psychiatric disorders. The term psychotropic drug is widely used and means a drug that affects a person’s mental state; it usually refers to therapeutic use. The terms psychotomimetic and psychedelic refer to drugs that produce an abnormal mental state; these aspects are dealt with in Chapter 34.We have chosen to illustrate the practicalities of psychotropic drug use by referring to a strictly limited number of drugs, about which a good deal is known. These representative drugs may not be ideal for every patient, but they provide an introduction to each therapeutic class, on which further experience can be built.
The relief of pain
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this Chapter, we shall consider the symptomatic treatment of pain, remembering that the treatment of pain should also take account of the cause of the pain (see below). Pain is a subjective symptom that is affected by psychological factors. Some patients complain of pain in response to seemingly negligibly painful stimuli; this is known as a low pain threshold. Others do not complain in the face of apparently severely painful stimuli—a high pain threshold. Even an individual appreciates the intensity of pain differently at different times, and factors such as anxiety, depression, boredom, or distraction influence the way in which we perceive pain. For example, men injured in war may not feel the pain of their injuries until long after they have been sustained. Pain can be reduced in intensity by simple reassurance, by hypnosis, by trance-like meditative states, and by acupuncture. I
General anaesthesia and local anaesthetics
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anaesthetists are practical clinical pharmacologists. Through the skilled use of drugs, the patient is tranquillized and prepared for operation, quickly and pleasantly rendered unconscious and unfeeling, and kept so at a finely tuned level throughout the operation. During this time, muscle relaxants are used to facilitate surgery, the patient’s airways are carefully kept patent, and meticulous attention is paid to oxygenation and the preservation of normal blood gases and acid–base balance. Cardiovascular function and blood pressure are monitored and kept within well-defined acceptable limits.
The principles of cancer chemotherapy
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancers kill 20 per cent of people. Although certain cancers can be cured by local treatments, such as surgery and radiotherapy, many are incurable because of systemic spread. The management of disseminated tumours is complex, and often involves several different types of therapy, even with tumours that are sensitive to cytotoxic drugs.
The nature of the problem: why do we need pancreatic transplantation?
Authors: Press Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diabetes is one of the cruellest of diseases. Not only does it shorten life expectancy, but it can seriously compromise quality of life in the process. It remains the most common cause of blindness in people of working age, causes renal failure, impotence, neuropathy, foot ulcers, amputations, and heart disease.
This makes it a very expensive disease. In the United Kingdom it accounts for some 9 per cent of the NHS budget [1]. In the United States, 14.6 per cent of the health care budget, amounting to some $100 billion per year, was spent on the 4.5 per cent of the population with diabetes [2]. Of this, half was accounted for by medical costs directly related to diabetes (mostly the treatment of advanced diabetic complications, including haemodialysis, foot ulcers, and amputations) and half by societal costs (including long-term disability and loss of earnings due to blindness, amputations, and premature death). Even without complications, a child who develops diabetes at the age of 7 years will have faced costs of $52 000 by the time he is 40 years old [3].
Pancreas transplantation: early perioperative management
Authors: Koffron Alan J , Kaufman Dixon B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collective advances in cadaveric organ donor management, candidate pretransplant evaluation, graft preservation, immunosuppression, and surgical technique have all combined to improve longterm outcomes of pancreas transplantation. The careful management of recipients during the perioperative course is the initial determinant for optimizing outcomes, since significant morbidity early postoperatively can result in prolonged hospital admission and threaten a patient’s well being. This chapter provides an overview of the essential aspects of perioperative care with particular emphasis on the various potential early complications of pancreas transplantation.
The economics of pancreas transplantation
Authors: Stratta Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a very costly disease despite current medical knowledge and treatment practices. In addition to the incalculable costs on quality of life, IDDM causes a tremendous economic burden on the individual and the health-care system. In 1997, the direct and indirect costs of diabetes approached $98 billion, which was nearly 10 per cent of total health-care expenditures in the United States for that year [1] (prices in this chapter are given in American dollars). Since diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of endstage renal disease (ESRD), renal replacement therapy for diabetic ESRD represents a major concern in planning allocation of resources in this era of managed care [2,3]. In addition to the differential survival (outcome) between the various forms of dialysis and transplantation for the diabetic patient, the economic impact (resource utilization) of these modalities must be considered. Studies have shown that renal replacement therapy by kidney transplantation alone (KTA) for diabetic ESRD not only improves survival and quality of life but is also cost-effective in the long term when compared to dialysis [3–14].
Benjamin Franklin
Authors: Tanford Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is truly astonishing, most difficult to relate to today ‘s world, is that such a giant figure in the world of men and nations as Benjamin Franklin should ever have engaged in simple, prosaic scientific experiments at all; and that he should have done so and described his results in such fashion that we can still be genuinely fascinated by them today. I am not speaking here of the famous kite experiment, because that was a grand spectacle, a daring (and dangerous) effort to solve a great mystery of heaven and earth. It promised acclaim from scholars and from the public alike. It was in character for a man of destiny.
One Hundred Years Later. Science Comes of Age
Authors: Tanford Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story moves to London in 1890, the heart of the British Empire, the most important city in the world. Queen Victoria was on the throne, nearing the end of her long reign. She was Empress of India now (since 1876), as well as monarch of the British Isles, and nominal ruler over the vast areas of Africa and Asia that had been annexed to the empire to provide new markets and to safeguard trade routes. At home it was the era of Liberal/Conservative alternation in Parliament, where members battled over such issues as Home Rule for Ireland.
Comrades in the Search. The Flavor of Late Nineteenth-Century Physics
Authors: Tanford Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 3 short biographies of some of Benjamin Franklin ’s contemporaries were given, scientists with whom he associated in London when not engaged in diplomatic work. These biographies served to illustrate the flavor of the times, the enlightened amateur spirit. The present chapter provides similar information for a sampling of Lord Rayleigh ’s and Miss Pockels ’s contemporaries. They are quite different from their eighteenth-century counterparts: science is their all-absorbing occupation and most of them are actually famous — giants in the history of science. Nevertheless, they are actually a remarkably varied group.
The Act of Creation
Authors: Medawar Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The author of Darkness at Noon must be listened to attentively, no matter what he may choose to write upon. Arthur Koestler is a very clever, knowledgeable, and inventive man, and The Act of Creation I is very clever too, and full of information, and quite wonderfully inventive in the use of words. Many of the points it makes are not likely to be challenged.
Two conceptions of science
Authors: Medawar Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My theme is popular misconceptions of scientific thought. I shall argue that the ideas of the educated lay pubiic on the nature of scientific enquiry and the intellectual character of those who carry it out are in a state of dignified, yet utter, confusion. Most of these misconceptions are harmless enough, but some are mischievous, and all help to estrange the sciences from the humanities and the so-called ‘pure’ sciences from the applied.
J.B.S.
Authors: Medawar Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lives of scientists, considered as Lives, almost always make dull reading. For one thing, the careers of the famous and the merely ordinary fall into much the same pattern, give or take an honorary degree or two, or (in European countries) an honorific order. It could hardly be otherwise. Academics can only seldom lead lives that are spacious or exciting in a worldly sense. They need laboratories or libraries and the company of other academics. Their work is in no way made deeper or more cogent by privation, distress or worldly buffetings.
What Are We Going to Call This Thing?
Authors: Gillies Jamaes , Cailliau Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whilst Tim Berners-Lee was working at CERN, things had been moving back in Southampton. D. G. Nash Limited was run by two of Tim’s friends, Dennis Nash and John Poole, and once the company was up and running, Poole decided to set up on his own. Tim had briefly helped Poole before he left for CERN and when his six months were up, Poole invited him back as a director of the new company, Image Computer Systems Limited. Tim was responsible for software development and made a profound impact on the company’s future success. ’Most of my company’s products,’ Poole would later recall, ’are the result of his extensive involvement in their conception and implementation.’ Over the years Image Computer Systems has evolved to become a successful specialist in the systems for printing labels and for making and reading bar codes. But Tim didn’t stay to share in its success. By 1983 he was looking for new challenges and he remembered his old job at CERN.
What Matters In Our Survival: Distinctions, Compromises And Limits
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current literature abounds with lively discussions of what matters in our survival. On one extreme, there are those who hold the absolutely deflationary view of what matters in our survival: Strict survival itself never really, or fundamentally, matters at all. Rather, what matters always might be, for example, the holding of certain continuities that, in favored cases, happen to underpin the truth of strict survival claims. Diametrically opposed to this, there are those who hold the strict view of what matters: All that ever matters in a given person’s survival is the fact that the very person himself will still exist.
Pre-Christian Healing Places
Authors: Risse Guenter B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the early summer in about the year 145 AD, Aelius Aristides, a famous and wealthy orator from Mysia, in Asia Minor, dreamed that the Greek healing god Asclepius had invited him to visit the Asclepieion at Pergamon for a cure. Temporarily living in Smyrna, one of the most important urban centers in the region, Aristides, by his own admission, was not well. After buying a house in the city, he had for the past six months shuttled to nearby warm springs seeking relief. Months earlier, as the unspecified symptoms of his illness intensified, Aristides had visited a local temple dedicated to the Egyptian goddess Isis, offering “at her command” two geese.
Church and Laity Partnership in Hospital Care
Authors: Risse Guenter B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the year 1140, Theodoros Prodromos, royal poet to the court at Constantinople during the reigns of Alexius Comnenus (1081-1118) and John II Comnenus (1118-1143) and a well-respected philosopher and theologian, suddenly became dangerously ill with a fever. In a personal letter composed during the early stages of his illness, the 40-year-old Prodromos shared his troubles with a friend, the provincial bishop Stephanos Skylitzes of Trapezus, an ancient port on the Black Sea. “God hit me with a painful sore throughout the whole body,” he wrote, adding that “ I say this for I have now been thrown into the most disgraceful condition to look at and suffer pestilence.”
Hospitals as Segregation and Confinement Tools Leprosy and Plague
Authors: Risse Guenter B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a letter dated June 24, 1492, a panel of seven jurors belonging to the main parish of Deisenhofer, part of the bishopric of Metz in Lorraine, requested the examination of a fellow parishioner. The petition was addressed to the municipal authorities of Cologne. This old Roman settlement on the banks of the Rhine River was an important, large Reichsstadt among the patchwork of principalities and free cities comprising the Habsburg Empire under Frederick III. In spite of hefty losses from the plague, the total population, including that of its suburbs, remained at about 40,000.2
Caring for the Incurable: AIDS at San Francisco General Hospital
Authors: Risse Guenter B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By early 1984, while Faith, Patty, and Nancy were receiving dialysis treatments, the San Francisco gay community was in turmoil. For about three years, a growing number of its members had been coming down with what appeared to be a new disease with severe and protean clinical manifestations. Doctors called it AIDS, an acronym for the medical term acquired immune deficiency syndrome. This scientific label described a progressive loss of immunity responsible for a host of infections and cancers ending in death. Since the 1960s a favorite destination for hippies and gays, San Francisco was turning into a graveyard for many of its vibrant young newcomers. Victims of some still poorly understood disorder that robbed them of their inner defenses, some gay men were wilting and shrinking.
The Reason View
Authors: Wolf Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early part of Chapter 3 we saw that the ability to act autonomously could be confused with the ability to act in accordance with Reason. Once these abilities had been distinguished, moreover, we saw that the latter seemed more relevant to our status as responsible agents than the former. For within the class of agents who share the ability to act in accordance with Reason, the difference between autonomous and nonautonomous agents consists in the former’s having the ability to act in discordance with Reason, an ability that at best seems irrelevant to our status as responsible agents and at worst bespeaks a position directly incompatible with that status.If one has the ability to act in accordance with Reason, in other words, it seems that one may be responsible even without being autonomous. We might also point out that if one lacks the ability to act in accordance with Reason, one cannot be responsible even if one is autonomous. For dogs and psychopaths might conceivably be autonomous in the sense that they might be ultimate sources of their own actions, able to act on no basis.