bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1H, 19F, and 31P PGSE NMR Diffusion Studies on Chiral Organic Salts: Ion Pairing and the Dependence of a Diffusion Value on Diastereomeric Structure
Authors: Martínez‐Viviente Eloísa , Pregosin Paul S. , Vial Laurent , Herse Christelle , Lacour Jérôme 
Published: April 2004

Abstract1H, 19F and 31P pulsed field gradient spin‐echo (PGSE) diffusion studies on chiral organic salts that contain hexacoordinate phosphate anions, namely tris(tetrachlorobenzenediolato)phosphate(V) (TRISPHAT) and bis(tetrachlorobenzenediolato)mono([1,1′]binaphthalenyl‐2,2′diolato)‐phosphate(V) (BINPHAT), are reported. The first example of the dependence of a diffusion value on diastereomeric structure is presented. Marked solvent and concentration effects on the diffusion constants (D) of these salts are noted and the question of ion pairing is discussed.
Clinical significance of non‐Candida fungal blood isolation in patients undergoing high‐risk allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (1993–2001)
Authors: Safdar Amar , Singhal Seema , Mehta Jayesh 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe clinical relevance of mold isolated from blood cultures, even in severely immunosuppressed allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients, remains uncertain. The authors hypothesized that isolation of non‐Candida fungi from blood cultures in patients undergoing high‐risk HSCT would have clinical significance.METHODSThe authors reviewed the records of 73 allogeneic HSCT recipients between January 1, 1993 and January 1, 2001 in whom fungal species were isolated from blood cultures.RESULTSFifty‐two episodes of non‐Candida fungemia occurred in 48 patients (66%) after a median of 10 days (range, 2–341) after transplantation. All 48 patients had indwelling intravascular catheters, and 23 patients (48%) had profound neutropenia. Thirty‐five of 48 patients had received partially matched, related donor stem cell grafts (19 patients had 3‐antigen‐mismatched grafts); 35 patients had undergone T‐cell depleted transplantation and 9 patients were receiving treatment for acute graft‐versus‐host disease. In 5 of 48 patients (10%), death was attributed to fungemia that occurred 8–11 days after the initial fungal blood culture was obtained; all 5 patients were age > 30 years. No deaths occurred in the younger age group (n = 22 patients; P = 0.05). In the 24 patients who did not receive systemic antifungal therapy, 4 deaths (17%) were attributed to infections with Penicillium (n = 2 patients), Epicoccum (n = 1 patient), or Penicillium plus Cladosporium species (n = 1 patient). Of the 24 patients who received amphotericin B, only 1 patient (4%) died as a result of a probable hematogenous Aspergillus species infection; this difference in outcome, however, was not significant (P = 0.2).CONCLUSIONSMost of the non‐Candida fungal blood culture isolates in recipients of high‐risk, mismatched donor transplantation were clinically nonsignificant. However, because these low‐virulence saprophytes occasionally may cause life‐threatening disease, a reevaluation of the existing diagnostic paradigm is needed so that clinically significant fungemia may be differentiated from pseudofungemia. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Breast carcinoma screening and risk perception among women at increased risk for breast carcinoma
Authors: Sabatino Susan A. , Burns Risa B. , Davis Roger B. , Phillips Russell S. , Chen Ya‐Hua , McCarthy Ellen P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe Gail model is validated to estimate breast carcinoma risk. The authors assessed the association of Gail risk scores with screening and cancer risk perception.METHODSUsing the 2000 National Health Interview Survey, the authors studied women ages 41–70 without a cancer history. Gail scores ≥ 1.66% defined increased risk. The authors used logistic regression to assess associations between breast carcinoma risk and previous and recent (≤ 1 year) mammography and clinical breast examination (CBE).RESULTSOf 6410 women, 15.7% had increased risk. High‐risk women more frequently reported previous mammograms (94% vs. 85%; P < 0.0001), previous CBE (93% vs. 88%; P < 0.0001), recent mammograms (70% vs. 54%; P < 0.0001), recent CBE (71% vs. 61%; P < 0.0001), and high cancer risk perception (20% vs. 9%; P < 0.0001). However, 30% of high‐risk women had not received a recent mammogram. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, access to care factors, and cancer risk perception, high‐risk women remained more likely to have received recent mammography (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.45, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.19–1.77), recent CBE (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.08–1.61]), and previous mammography than average‐risk women. The authors observed an interaction between risk and age, with women ages 41–49 years more frequently reporting previous mammography (OR, 4.79; 95% CI, 1.55–4.81) than average‐risk, same‐age women. For women age ≥ 50 years, the odds of previous mammography were similar regardless of risk.CONCLUSIONSIn a nationally representative sample, 15.7% of women had increased breast carcinoma risk using the Gail model. High‐risk women perceived higher cancer risk and more often received screening. However, nearly one in three high‐risk women did not receive recent screening and most of these women did not perceive increased risk. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Members of the Wnt, Fz, and Frp gene families expressed in postnatal mouse cerebral cortex
Authors: Shimogori Tomomi , VanSant Janine , Paik Eun , Grove Elizabeth Ann 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe functions of Wingless‐Int (Wnt) signaling, studied intensely in embryonic brain development, have been comparatively little investigated in the postnatal brain. We report remarkably patterned gene expression of Wnt signaling components in postnatal mouse cerebral cortex, lasting into young adulthood. Wnt genes are expressed in gene‐specific regional and lamina patterns in each of the major subdivisions of the cerebral cortex: the olfactory bulb (OB), the hippocampal formation, and the neocortex. Genes encoding Frizzled (Fz) Wnt receptors, or secreted Frizzled‐related proteins (sFrps), are also expressed in regional and lamina patterns. These findings suggest that Wnt signaling is active and regulated in the postnatal cortex and that different cortical cell populations have varying requirements for a Wnt signal. The OB, in particular, shows gene expression of a large variety of Wnt signaling components, making it a prime target for future functional studies. The penultimate components of the canonical Wnt pathway are the Tcf/Lef1 transcription factors, which regulate transcription of Wnt signaling target genes. Surprisingly, we found little Tcf/Lef1 expression in the postnatal neocortex. These observations suggest that noncanonical Wnt pathways predominate, which will require functional testing. However, Lef1 is widely expressed in the dorsal thalamus, and Wnt ligands and receptors are expressed, respectively, in cortical areas and thalamic nuclei that are interconnected. Thus, canonical Wnt signaling could be utilized in a major cortical input by Fz‐ and Lef1‐expressing thalamic cells that innervate the Wnt‐expressing cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:496–510, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A hybrid discontinuous Galerkin/interface method for the computational modelling of failure
Authors: Mergheim J. , Kuhl E. , Steinmann P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe present contribution is concerned with the computational modelling of failure along well‐defined surfaces, which occur for example in the case of light‐weight composite materials. A hybrid method will be introduced which makes use of the discontinuous Galerkin method in combination with a finite element interface approach. As a natural choice interface elements are introduced along the known failure surface. The discontinuous Galerkin method is applied in the pre‐failure regime to avoid the unphysical use of penalty terms and instead to enforce the continuity of the solution along the interface weakly. Once a particular failure criterion is fulfilled, the behaviour of the interface is determined constitutively, depending on the displacement jump. The applicability of the proposed method is illustrated by means of two computational model problems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An assessment of the average nodal volume formulation for the analysis of nearly incompressible solids under finite strains
Authors: Andrade Pires F. M. , de Souza Neto E. A. , de la Cuesta Padilla J. L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper provides an assessment of the average nodal volume methodology originally proposed by Bonet and Burton (Commun. Numer. Meth. Engng. 1998; 14:437–449) for the analysis of finitely strained nearly incompressible solids. An implicit version of the average nodal pressure formulation is derived by re‐casting the original concept in terms of average nodal volume change ratio within the framework of the F‐bar method proposed by de Souza Neto et al. (Int. J. Solids Struct. 1996; 33: 3277–3296). In this context, a linear triangle for implicit plane strain and axisymmetric analysis of nearly incompressible solids under finite strains is obtained. An exact expression for the corresponding element stiffness matrix is presented. This allows the use of the full Newton–Raphson algorithm, ensuring quadratic rates of asymptotic convergence in the global equilibrium iterations. The performance of the procedure is thoroughly assessed by means of numerical examples. The results show that the nodal averaging technique substantially reduces the volumetric locking tendency of the linear triangle and allows an accurate prediction of deformed shapes and reaction forces in situations of practical interest. However, the formulation is found to produce considerable checkerboard‐type hydrostatic pressure fluctuations which poses severe limitations on its range of applicability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple model for viscous regularization of elasto‐plastic constitutive laws with softening
Authors: Dias da Silva V. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAn overlay‐type rheological model is presented, which is used to introduce viscosity in inviscid elasto‐plastic material laws with softening, in order to reduce the mesh‐dependency of Finite Element solutions. This model is intended to be an alternative to the well‐known visco‐plastic formulations of Perzyna and Duvaut–Lions. A time integration algorithm for the visco‐elastic model component is presented, being demonstrated in the paper, that it is unconditionally stable and oscillation‐free. The algorithm is tested in a problem with slip driven softening (von Mises material) and in a problem with decohesion driven softening (Cam‐Clay model). Figures showing the capability of the algorithm to regularize the solution are presented. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CD1d deficiency exacerbates inflammatory dermatitis in MRL‐lpr/lpr mice
Authors: Yang Jun‐Qi , Chun Taehoon , Liu Hongzhu , Hong Seokmann , Bui Hai , Van Kaer Luc , Wang Chyung‐Ru , Singh Ram Raj 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMechanisms responsible for the development of autoimmune skin disease in humans and animal models with lupus remain poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated the role of CD1d, an antigen‐presenting molecule known to activate natural killer T cells, in the development of inflammatory dermatitis in lupus‐susceptible MRL‐lpr/lpr mice. In particular, we have establishedMRL‐lpr/lpr mice carrying a germ‐line deletion of the CD1d genes. We demonstrate that CD1d‐deficient MRL‐lpr/lpr mice, as compared with wild‐type littermates, have more frequent and more severe skin disease, with increased local infiltration with mast cells, lymphocytes and dendritic cells, including Langerhans cells. CD1d‐deficient MRL‐lpr/lpr mice had increased prevalence of CD4+ T cells in the spleen and liver and of TCRα β +B220+ cells in lymph nodes. Furthermore, CD1d deficiency was associated with decreased T cell production of type 2 cytokines and increased or unchanged type 1 cytokines. These findings indicate a regulatory role of CD1d in inflammatory dermatitis. Understanding the mechanisms by which CD1d deficiency results in splenic T cell expansion and cytokine alterations, with increased dermal infiltration of dendritic cells and lymphocytes in MRL‐lpr/lpr mice, will have implications for the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases.
Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor promotes the generation of regulatory DC through induction of IL‐10 and IFN‐α
Authors: Rutella Sergio , Bonanno Giuseppina , Pierelli Luca , Mariotti Andrea , Capoluongo Ettore , Contemi Anna Maria , Ameglio Franco , Curti Antonio , de Ritis Daniela G. , Voso Maria Teresa , Perillo Alessandro , Mancuso Salvatore , Scambia Giovanni , Lemoli Roberto M. , Leone Giuseppe 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe have recently demonstrated that G‐CSF promotes the generation of human T regulatory (TREG) type 1 cells. In this study, we investigated whether the immunomodulatory effects of G‐CSF might be mediated by DC. CD14+ monocytes were cultured with serum collected after clinical administration of G‐CSF (post‐G), which contained high amounts of IL‐10 and IFN‐α. Similar to incompletely matured DC, monocytes nurtured with post‐G serum acquired a DC‐like morphology, expressed high levels of costimulatory molecules and HLA‐DR, and exhibited diminished IL‐12p70 release and poor allostimulatory capacity. Importantly, post‐G DC‐like cells were insensitive to maturation stimuli. As shown by neutralization studies, IFN‐α and, even more pronounced, IL‐10 contained in post‐G serum inhibited IL‐12p70 release by post‐G DC‐like cells. Furthermore, phenotypic and functional features of post‐G DC‐like cells were replicated by culturing post‐G monocytes with exogenous IL‐10 and IFN‐α. Post‐G DC‐like cells promoted Ag‐specific hyporesponsiveness in naive allogeneic CD4+ T cells and orchestrated a TREG response that was dependent on secreted TGFβ1 and IL‐10. Finally, neutralization of IL‐10 and IFN‐α contained in post‐G serum translated into abrogation of the regulatory features of post‐G DC‐like cells. This novel mechanism of immune regulation effected by G‐CSF might be therapeutically exploited for tolerance induction in autoimmune disorders.
Environmental pollutant tributyltin promotes Th2 polarization and exacerbates airway inflammation
Authors: Kato Takuma , Uchikawa Ryuichi , Yamada Minoru , Arizono Naoki , Oikawa Saeko , Kawanishi Shosuke , Nishio Akiyoshi , Nakase Hiroshi , Kuribayashi Kagemasa 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIt has been shown that a relatively high dose of tributyltin (TBT), which is recognized as a particularly notable environmental pollutant, exerts immunotoxic effects such as thymic atrophy viainduction of T cell apoptosis. However, the effect of low doses of TBT on the immune responses remains unknown. Here we show that environmentally relevant doses of TBT promoted strong Th2 polarization via suppression and augmentation of Th1 and Th2 development, respectively, from naive CD4+ T cells primed with anti‐CD3 and splenic antigen‐presenting cells (APC). TBT‐induced Th2 polarization was indirect, working through APC via suppression of IL‐12 production by macrophages/DC and the augmentation of IL‐10 production by B cells. Th2 polarization was also induced in mice treatedwith TBT and immunized with OVA or infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Furthermore, airway inflammation in mice sensitized and challenged with OVA was exacerbated by the administration of TBT with concomitant augmentation of Th2‐type immunity. Our results highlight the fact that an important environmental pollutant TBT may present significant risk for the induction of allergic diseases via promotion of Th2 polarization.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Catechol at Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Electrode
Authors: Xu Zhiai , Chen Xu , Qu Xiaohu , Dong Shaojun 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn 0.05 mol/L phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0), carbon nanotubes modified electrode exhibits rapid response, strong catalytic activity with high stability toward the electrochemical oxidation of catechol. The electrochemical behavior of catechol on both the multi‐walled and single‐walled carbon nanotubes modified electrode was investigated. The experimental conditions, such as pH of the solution and scan rate were optimized. The currents (measured by constant potential amperometry) increase linearly with the concentrations of catechol in the range of 2.0×10−5–1.2×10−3 mol/L. Moreover, at the multi‐walled carbon nanotubes modified electrode the electrochemical responses of catechol and ascorbic acid can be separated clearly.
Airborne dust deposition in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its impact on landforms
Authors: Krah M. , McCarthy T. S. , Annegarn H. , Ramberg L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis study investigated the local‐scale generation and movement of dust in the seasonal swamps of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, with a view to examining possible transfer of material between ﬂood plains and islands. It was found that most of the dust load was carried in the lowest 3 m of the air column, and consisted mainly of amorphous silica, indicating that dust was generated largely on the ﬂood plains. Dust loads were found to be highest above the ﬂood plains and lowest over the interiors of islands, probably due to the bafﬂing effect of the island trees on wind velocity. The contrast in dust loads between islands and ﬂood plains suggests that there is a net transfer of dust from ﬂood plains to islands, but it was not possible to quantify this transfer. It is evident, however, that ﬂood plains experience net erosion and islands net aggradation. A strong seasonality in dust loads was observed, with the maximum dust loads coinciding with maximum wind velocity in October. This also coincides with peak seasonal ﬂooding in the delta, and only non‐inundated ﬂood plains are capable of generating dust. Years of low ﬂood therefore appear to be more dusty. There may also be transfer of material from higher‐lying to lower‐lying ﬂood plains, which may reduce the topographic contrast on the ﬂood plains. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal patterns of runoff and erosion responses to simulated rainfall in a badland area in Mediterranean mountain conditions (Vallcebre, southeastern Pyrenees)
Authors: Regüés D. , Gallart F. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRegolith surface characteristics and response were examined over a three‐year period in a badland area in a Mediterranean middle‐mountain zone near Vallcebre (Eastern Pyrenees). Preliminary work carried out in this area indicated clear seasonal patterns of regolith properties driven by frost heaving in winter and crusting and erosion in the rest of the year. Rainfall simulations were performed with a small portable nozzle simulator in order to study seasonal changes in runoff generation, erosion rates and raindrop effect on bulk density changes. The results showed large seasonal variations in runoff and erosion responses. Inﬁltration rates after runoff start were correlated with precipitation depth before runoff start; runoff generation was therefore related to regolith saturation only to a very limited extent. Erosion rates were more controlled by runoff rates than by the weakness of regolith against raindrop splash, and sediment grain size increased with concentration. The combined role of antecedent regolith moisture and bulk density explained most of the seasonal variability in inﬁltration, bulk density changes during rainfall and erosion rates, but some seasonal differences in sediment detachability were not explained by these variables and may be attributed to changes in roughness. Overall, runoff and erosion responses were relatively stable during spring and autumn, whereas wide variations in inﬁltration rates and sediment detachment occurred in winter and summer respectively. Experiments conducted in a single season would have produced poorly representative, if not erroneous, results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serum linoleic and total polyunsaturated fatty acids in relation to prostate and other cancers: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Laaksonen David E. , Laukkanen Jari A. , Niskanen Leo , Nyyssönen Kristiina , Rissanen Tiina H. , Voutilainen Sari , Pukkala Eero , Hakkarainen Anna , Salonen Jukka T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDietary and serum fatty acid composition has been implicated in the pathogenesis of prostate and other cancers, but findings have been conflicting. Cohort studies reporting serum fatty acid composition are lacking. We assessed the association of fatty acid composition determined from dietary records and serum with incident cancer of the prostate and any site in a population‐based cohort of 2,002 middle‐aged Finnish men who were free of cancer at baseline and during the first 4 years of follow‐up. During 12.6 years of follow‐up, 46 men developed prostate cancer and 151 any cancer. Men with proportions of serum nonesterified [risk ratio (RR) 0.28; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.12–0.66] and esterified linoleic acid (RR 0.37; 95% CI = 0.16–0.86) and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (RR 0.30; 95% CI = 0.12–0.71) in the upper third were less than 1/3 as likely to develop prostate cancer during follow‐up. Adjustment for possible confounders like socioeconomic status, physical activity, obesity and insulin concentrations did not attenuate the association. Similar but weaker associations with any cancer were found. Dietary linoleic acid intake also tended to be inversely associated with incident prostate cancer (age‐adjusted RR for the upper vs. lower third 0.55; 95% CI = 0.26–1.14, p for the trend 0.097). Substitution of linoleic acid for saturated fat in middle‐aged men consuming a high saturated‐fat diet may decrease the risk of prostate and other cancers, although it is possible that some of the effect may be mediated by nutrients closely associated with vegetable fats. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IGF‐I and breast cancer: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Shi Runhua , Yu Herbert , McLarty Jerry , Glass Jonathan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIGFs are peptide hormones involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. IGFs are regulated by endocrine and paracrine mechanisms; however, their action in tissue is determined by circulating levels and local production of IGFs and IGF‐binding proteins (IGFBPs). Some, but not all, epidemiologic studies have associated high circulating levels of IGF‐I with increased risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women. To evaluate the overall association of IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 levels with breast cancer risk, we performed a meta‐analysis on 16 publications of epidemiologic and clinical studies. Analyses were performed for all women as well as for pre‐ and postmenopausal women separately. Hedges' standardized mean differences (HSMDs) and odds ratios (ORs) were used to estimate the effect of IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3. Data analysis showed that circulating levels of IGF‐I were not significantly higher in breast cancer patients than in controls for all women and for the postmenopausal group (HSMD = 0.024 and 0.035, respectively; p > 0.40) but were significantly higher (HSMD = 0.170, p < 0.001) for the premenopausal group. ORs for breast cancer risk were 1.05 (95% CI 0.94–1.17), 0.93 (95% CI 0.80–1.10) and 1.39 (95% CI 1.16–1.66). The HSMD of IGFBP‐3 was 0.18 (p < 0.001), and the OR for breast cancer was 1.42 (95% CI 1.15–1.74) for premenopausal women. Our results support the suggested association between high IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 levels and increased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.