bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opus 83 and Opus 87
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That most of the Lieder of 1850 no longer sound like those of 1840 is indisputable. There is considerable controversy as to what this change may mean. Traditional criticism, passed from one pen to another, long maintained that Schumann’s mental and physical condition was responsible for changes in his compositional mode. For that reason, in-depth consideration of the inherent value of the late Lieder has been neglected. For example, for performing musicians intrigued by Resignation, #1 of op. 83, the following pejorative evaluation (Sams, p. 232) is upsetting: “Here is the new and disturbing voice of the 1850 Schumann; the bland vagueness of its harmonic language is only too fitting a match for the sickly drivel of the verse.”
Opus 89 (von der Neun) and Opus 90 (Lenau)
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1850 Robert Schumann turned to six poems by Neun, whose real name was Friedrich Wilhelm Traugott Schopf. (The pseudonym refers to the nine Muses.) Schumann met with the poet to discuss plans for setting the texts. There is nothing in these Lieder to suggest, as has been alleged, that Schumann’s mental faculties had deteriorated so that he no longer was able to distinguish between good and bad poetry. He was looking for a genre of poem through which to realize his changing attitudes toward Lied composition. Sams (p. 236), in line with prevailing criticism, believes otherwise: “By May 18,50 Sclmmann’s mind and music are in perceptible decline. Both return to a weak and sickly subjectivism. lie believes the turgid claptrap of ‘Wielfried [sic] von cler Neun’ to be ‘very musical poetry’; his own music for them is mainly stereotype from earlier and better songs.” By contrast, Fischer-Dieskau (p. 174) finds that “settings of poems by Wilfried von der Neun are distinctive, not merely reversions to an earlier style.”
Lieder und Gesange aus Wilhelm Meister (Goethe), Opus 98a
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Meister Lieder were written in 1849. As was remarked earlier, Mignon (Kermst du das Land) was originally published as the concluding song of die Jugend, op. 27, #28, then judiciously relocated to become #1 of op. 98a, with songs based on poetry from Goethe’s monumental novel. The degree of maturity given Mignon in the disparate conceptions in which she is portrayed by Schubert, Schumann, and Wolf makes an interesting study in itself. For Schubert, Mignon is still Goethe’s young maiden. With Schumann and the listener is encountering not the dreams of youth but those of a mature woman. Mignon assumes opera-diva dimensions, her songs lending themselves to full orchestration. Schumann’s Mignon lodges between the Schubertian and Wolfian protagonists. Although Schumann originally included the song in his instructional book for the young, he remarked that he saw Mignon “on the threshold of adult life.”
Solos and Duets from the Ensemble Collections: Opuses 29, 34, 37, 43, 74, 78, 79, 101, 103, 112, and 138
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The duet literature is scattered among various opuses. The Friedlander edition of the Schumann duets makes accessible under one mantle thirty-four duets. Duet opuses should be programmed in their entirety, when possible. Ideally, this is true of all the ensemble opuses, but it would be a pity to maintain a purist attitude that forbade selections being excerpted from any or all of them.
The Human Use Of Animals
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book of case studies on animal ethics. It deals with important social controversies involving the human use of animals and analyses the moral issues involved. An excellent introduction to ethical theory provides a framework to the 16 original case studies, which include the use of animals in research, testing, and education, as food, as companion animals, and in religious rites.
Introduction: The Importance of Injuries
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many parts of the world, injuries are the leading cause of death for young adults, adolescents, and children. Injury death rates among the elderly, while overshadowed by deaths from degenerative diseases, are even higher than among the young. The importance of injuries has increased in developing countries and indigenous communities, and will continue to do so as infectious and degenerative diseases are better controlled. Improved living conditions and urbanization bring about decreases in the rates of certain injuries, including falls from trees, burns from open fires, drownings in rivers, and, perhaps, suicides. However, positive changes can be offset by the uncontrolled introduction of new, high-energy technology such as motor vehicles and machinery, and by greater use of alcohol and other substances that impair brain function. In some populations, rates of death from injuries may even increase as rates of death from other leading causes fall.
Assessing the Health Impact of Injuries: Morbidity
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anonfatal injury is more ambiguous than a death. Questions of severity and duration of injury are largely irrelevant in the surveillance of injury deaths, but they are important considerations in epidemiologic studies of morbidity. In the study of injury morbidity, it is necessary to consider the following: , External causes and circumstances of injuries; Nature and severity of different types of injuries; , Nature and duration of disability. The definition of an injury varies and determines the scope of injury morbidity. Surveillance or research on nonfatal injuries includes injuries managed in hospitals and emergency rooms, at outpatient clinics or doctors’ offices, and at home. The complexity and cost of treatment offer a guide to the severity of an injury; however when access to care is limited, severe injuries may be treated at either a simple health facility or not at all.
Risk, Consent, and Communal Identity
Authors: Hiskes Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No belief is more central to the liberal impulse in politics than the value and legitimating power of consent. Our beloved prepositions “of, by, and for” the people characterize a government rooted in the sacred ground of voluntary acceptance by its citizens. Individual liberty begins for liberal theorists from Locke onward with the right of every person to voluntarily assume political obligations. Today most liberal theorists and political scientists agree that only the “consent of the governed” can legitimate the power to enforce obedience and to recognize political obligation, even though, as Richard Flashman once wryly observed, accepting most consent theories of political obligation quickly leads to “the conclusion that very few people have or have ever had political obligations.”
A History of Rape Law
Authors: Burgess-Jackson Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly a quarter century ago, Susan Brownmiller published a history of rape that by all indications set many of her readers to thinking about the subject for the first time.1 Rape had to that point been conceived as either pathology (the act of a disturbed or diseased man) or deviance (the act of a bad man), both of which portray it as the act of one individual against another. Brownmiller’s detailed research and forceful presentation made it possible to see rape as something else: a highly regulated practice or institution. In words that must have sent chills down many of her readers’ spines, she wrote, “From prehistoric times to the present, I believe, rape has played a critical function. It is nothing more or less than a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear.
Consent, Coercion, and Sexual Autonomy
Authors: Gauthier Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feminist theorists have faced a vexing dilemma in their attempts to formulate a conceptual basis for the reform of rape law. On the one hand, in an attempt to dispel the sexist ideology that has made it difficult for the legal system to find defendants guilty even where force and violence are clearly present, many prominent theorists have been at pains to describe a clear distinction between acts of sex and acts of violence. On this account, the failure to distinguish rape from sex derives from a sexist point of view that fails to encompass the perspective of the victim for whom rape is a violent rather than a sexual act. On the other hand, in part to explain why such a distinction was not obvious in the first place, many theorists have situated rape as part of a system of violence that governs sexual relations more generally in a sexist social order.Far from being a uniquely violent act in opposition to “normal” sexual encounters, rape stands at the end of a continuum of exploitative practices that permeate virtually all aspects of a woman’s existence. While this has served to situate rape in a broader context of sexist acts against women, it has also posed a problem as concerns rape law. For if we lack a clear distinction between rape and sex, this would appear to imperil legal reforms predicated on that distinction. When institutionalized violence governs sexual practice in the bedroom, we lack the bright line needed to separate sexual violence from ordinary sexuality in the courtroom.
The 1940s: The Watershed
Authors: Roberts John Storm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In several respects, the 1940s were a crucial decade for Latin music in the United States. The last major Latin-American arrival, the Brazilian, put down roots. Both a truly AmericanLatin idiom, the mambo, and a true hybrid, Latin-jazz, began to develop. Another surge of popularity and massive infiltration of Tin Pan Alley, though rich in trivia, helped make Latin rhythms an almost subliminal part of U.S. popular music.
Vector-Borne Transmission
Authors: Sorvillo Frank J , Morrison Amy C , Berlin O G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The methodologic issues in epidemiologic studies of infections that are not vector-borne pertain primarily to the sampling and measurement of the people who might experience an infection, including measurement of infection with the organism of interest. When transmission between people involves a vector, another dimension of research is required-one that tracks the biology and behavior of the vector. For this reason, epidemiologic research on vector-borne diseases has traditionally been more biologically oriented, focusing on the factors of vector life cycles that affect transmission. This chapter follows that tradition in that it is structured around considerations of the vector. Methodologic issues are interwoven with the biologic factors. Over 300 infectious diseases agents encompassing viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths are transmitted by a variety of vectors (Burgdorfer 1981). A list of selected vector-borne diseases by the type of infectious agent is presented in Table 12-1. The characteristics of six vector-borne diseases are presented in Table 12-2. In this chapter we focus on diseases in which the vector is an arthropod.
HIV/AIDS Research
Authors: Vermund Sten H , Wiener Howard , Lawson M Louise , Bhatta Madhav P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Methodologic challenges of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemiology are distinct in key ways from those that previously faced infectious disease or chronic disease researchers. HIV is an infection communicable in three ways (blood-borne, sexual, mother-to-child), manifesting clinical disease after many years or even decades, and resulting in lifelong infection (Peterman and Allen 1989, Royce et al. 1997, IOM 1998, Vermund et al. 1999). Its incidence is affected by community prevalence, behavior, cofactors in transmission, and treatment adherence, quite different from nonvenereal infectious agents that have been the focus of intense public health activity such as most of the vaccine preventable diseases. Acute infectious diseases are affected by the dynamics of population crowding and mixing patterns, the number of susceptible individuals, the number of immune persons, and the infectiousness of the given agent. Behavioral factors, short of vaccination adherence, have little to do with risk of measles, pertussis, rubella, diphtheria, or a host of other infectious agents. Furthermore, with exceptions.
Adaptive Evolution and Neutral Variation in a Wild Leafminer Metapopulation
Authors: Mopper Susan , Landau, Keli , Zandt Peter Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anozyme and DNA markers reveal substantial neutral genetic structure within natural insect populations, but there is little information about adaptive structure in these systems. We combine genetic analyses and field experiments to measure gene flow and neutral and adaptive structure in a wild leafminer population. This integrative approach reveals temporal and spatial variation in population structure and provides a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary ecology of wild insect populations.
Reaching New Adaptive Peaks Evolution of Alternative Bill Forms in an African Finch
Authors: Smith Thomas B , Girman Derek J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We examine the adaptive significance of bill size polymorphism in small- and large-billed morphs of the African finc yrenestes ostrinus and the extremely large-billed race P. o. maximus. Using information on the morphology, fitness, feeding ecology, and the genetic basis of the bill forms, we examine the evolution of the polymorphism. Results suggest that small, large, and mega-billed forms are distinct morphs within a single species and that the large and the mega-billed forms arose by a mutation of large effect. Genetic correlations among bill characters are generally higher than in other seed-eating species. The simple genetic basis of the polymorphism suggests that single mutations have allowed populations to cross adaptive valleys in which larger morphs occupy separate adaptive peaks through differences in feeding performance. The significance of resource polymorphisms under simple genetic control to speciation is discussed.
Geographic Variation in Flower Size in Wild Radish The Potential Role of Pollinators in Population Differentiation
Authors: Mazer Susan J , Meade Daniele. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spite of a long history of interest in the evolution of floral traits, and the intuitively appealing view that pollinator preferences play an important role in the evolution of flower size and shape, few studies have demonstrated the selective forces leading to genetic differentiation in floral traits within or among species. In this chapter we review several key studies that have been conducted in wild species to evaluate the processes responsible for floral trait evolution. Then we focus on previous and current work on wild radish (Raphanus sativus L.: Brassicaceae) to examine the ability of pollinators to impose selection on floral traits. We suggest that, as a model system for the evolution of flower size in particular, wild radish holds much promise as a species in which to test alternative hypotheses concerning the selective forces that mold this trait. Within wild radish populations, common garden experiments and paternal sib analyses reveal significant heritable variation in flower size (the area of displayed petals). Moreover, California populations of wild radish have genetically differentiated with respect to this trait. Previous work on pollinator preferences and their fitness consequences in wild radish suggests that pollinators discriminate among plants on the basis of flower size (generally favoring large flowers), but that in spite of this preference, plants visited primarily by honeybees may experience selection favoring small flowers.
History of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Authors: Gómez Manuel Rodríguez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First, in the year 1835, Pierre Francois Olive Rayer published an atlas illustrating skin diseases to accompany his voluminous text “Theoretical and Practical Treatise on Skin Diseases.’’ One of the last colored plates in this atlas depicts a young man’s face dotted with small, erythematous papules in the characteristic distribution and with similar appearance to what Balzer and Ménétrier, 50 years later, reported as adénomes sébacés (adenoma se baceum). The lesions illustrated in the atlas closely resemble the facial angiofibromas often seen in patients with the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).
The Epidemiology of the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Authors: Shepherd Charles W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early studies into the prevalence and incidence of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) were inaccurate because TSC was perceived to occur only in people who had seizures, were mentally handicapped, and had facial an giofibroma. Early studies also tended to focus on hospital populations rather than look at total populations. Recent studies to ascertain the prevalence of TSC in defined populations have been more accurate because investigators now appreciate the different phenotypes of TSC. These studies have looked for patients with renal, lung, and skin disease suggestive of TSC, even if there is no evidence of mental handicap or seizures. A knowledge of all the different phenotypes of TSC is essential for an accurate population study.
Ophthalmic Findings
Authors: Robertson Dennis M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1905, 3 years before Vogt1 defined the well-known triad of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), CampbelI2 mentioned its ocular pathology. Berg in 1913 and Schuster in 1914 also described those pathologic findings in the eyes, but it was van der Hoeve in a series of papers written between 1920 and 1937, who gave significance to the retinal findings. In 1921, he described six patients with retinal tumors observed by direct ophthalmos copy.
The TSC I Gene: Part I -Gene Mapping
Authors: Northrup Hope , Au Kit-Sing , Huttenlocher Peter R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) was first recognized as a genetic condition by Kirpicznik in 1910. He reported a family with affected individuals in three generations and described the condition in identical and fraternal twins. Earlier studies had noted that the facial lesions of TSC, erroneously called “adenoma sebaceum,” were inherited in families. Berg, in 1913, re ported that TSC was hereditary. Gunther and Penrose first brought attention to the dominant inheritance pattern and were also first to suggest a high mutation rate as causal in TSC.
The Diagnosis of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: The Impact on the Individual and Family
Authors: Whittemore Vicky Holets 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) may be made at any point in an individual’s life, young or old. A newborn infant with white spots on her skin may be diagnosed with TSC when she has her first seizure and the tubers in the brain are seen on magnetic resonance imaging. A gifted and talented 5-year-old with facial angiofibromas may be diagnosed with TSC when his mother takes him to see a dermatologist because of the “rash” on his face. An adult may be diagnosed with TSC when his child is diagnosed with the disease. No matter when the diagnosis comes, however, it is a diagnosis that can be very difficult to understand and to accept, and it can be devastating for both the individual and the family.
Home Care and Personal Assistant Services
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Home care and personal assistant services (PAS) are the most important building blocks in a user-friendly system of community-based long-term care. Flexible, reasonably priced services for people living at home are the key to people staying at home. If states are to achieve balance in their long-term care programs, they need to forge a range of home care and PAS services. Designing such services is challenging because of the wide range of needs to be met, the diversity of home environments and life circumstances of the consumers, the necessity of building upon the help of family members when possible, and the need to keep costs down by using generalist personnel while maintaining acceptable quality.
Acute Care for Long-Term Care Consumers
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By acute care, we mean hospital care and the full range of physician and medically related preventive, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative services delivered inpatient, outpatient, in-home, and in long-term care residential settings. For some seniors, medical care may be coordinated by a primary care provider (PCP), usually internists or general practitioners, often backed up and made efficient by nurse practitioners and other nonphysician personnel such as pharmacists. Also part of acute care are the services of all physician specialists who practice with older people in hospitals and community—for example, cardiologists, urologists, orthopedic surgeons, and oncologists. Mental health services for people with definable mental illnesses also fall under the acute care category.
Dynamic State Variable Models in Ecology
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book introduces readers to a set of powerful and extremely flexible modelling techniques, starting at "square one" and continuing with carefully chosen applications. Some of these applications of methodology include insect oviposition behavior, overwinter survival of birds and fish, avian migration, resource management, conservation biology, agroecology, and human behaviour. This book also explains how to construct, test, and use dynamic state variable models in a wide range of contexts in evolutionary ecology. And its complete and up-to-date coverage allows readers to immediately begin using the described techniques. Dynamic State Variable Models in Ecology is designed for self-instruction or for use in upper division undergraduate or graduate courses. It is ideal for students and scientists interested in behaviour, ecology, anthropology, conservation biology, and related fields.
Using the Model
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main purpose of most of the models discussed in this book is the understanding of adaptation, which G.C. Williams has called “a phenomenon of pervasive importance in biology” (Williams 1966, p. 5). In this quest, the modeler will often be studying some behavioral observation that may not previously have been considered at all as an adaptation. Alternatively, previous explanations may have been based on now discredited principles such as group selection. The modeler has formulated a novel, potential, adaptive explanation. At a purely verbal level, the new hypothesis may seem credible Let leaving the subject at this level invites the criticism that the explanation is no more than a “just-so story” (Gould and Lewontin 1979).
Agroecology
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss three applications of dynamic state variable models to problems of agricultural ecology. The first example shows how learning can be incorporated by making information a state variable in a model of parasitoid functional response; we discuss informational questions more fully in chapter 11. The second example shows how dynamic state variable models can be connected to population dynamics of insect parasitoids and their hosts. The third example deals with flowering by thistles, which can be important agricultural pests.