bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brazil
Authors: Galindo George Rodrigo Bandeira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to analyze the treatment the Brazilian legal system provides to different international legal issues. Through the analysis of the country’s eight constitutions, and with a particular focus on the 1988 Constitution—which is still in force—eight main themes are addressed: constitutional principles governing Brazil’s foreign affairs, treaty-making, treaty status in domestic law, human rights treaties, the conduct of foreign affairs and war powers, federalism, international courts, and the jurisdiction of domestic courts over international legal issues. Recent case law, especially from the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court, as well as statutory law, is brought to illustrate contemporary developments in constitutional interpretation in the domain of foreign relations. It is generally contented that forces that try to widen the state’s autonomy in the international arena and those that aim to foster common interests among states live together and shape Brazil’s perspectives on international law.
The Data of Transitional Justice
Authors: Dancy Geoff , Sikkink Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transitional justice database projects continue to multiply, even amid mounting suspicion that systematic comparative analysis has little to offer the field. In an effort to confront these suspicions, this chapter offers a brief history of the Transitional Justice Research Collaborative, explaining the decisions behind the creation of its database, its evolution over time, and its contribution to knowledge on complex issues. The authors also respond to common criticisms that the goal of data projects is to engage in veiled activism, or in the opposite, to apologize for the status quo. In the end, the chapter calls for more efforts at data collection and analysis, so long as they remain open to scrutiny.
Archiving Justice
Authors: Redwood Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter interrogates this link between archives and transitional justice, in three parts. First it examines the ways in which the archive reinforces core aspects of transitional justice as practice and a set of normative values. The second section turns to a more critical assessment of the relationship between archives and justice as it explores the role that archives play in the governance—and disciplining—of community. The final section looks at practices that might offer a way in which a more transformative vision of archive and community can emerge through what can be described as a counter-archive. Overall, this chapter argues that the archive is not a passive facilitator of transitional justice, nor an innocent site where the past is recorded as was. It is, rather, a site of governance where particular notions of community are generated. Paying attention to this, and the rules which produce, restrict and constrain community in particular ways, encourages a deeper reflection on what type of community is desired as a result of “transition.”
History Textbooks and Transitional Justice
Authors: Trošt Tamara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In both academic and policy studies of history textbooks, there is a widespread assumption about the centrality of history education to transitional justice processes. Yet the actual effectiveness of textbooks in practice is rarely explored. In this chapter, the author first reviews the assumed expectations of the way in which textbooks should act as a mechanism of transitional justice. The author then turns to an assessment of the effectiveness of history textbooks in transitional justice processes, highlighting several problems: the destructive potential of textbooks when used as nation-building tools, the numerous obstacles to implementation of history textbook reform even in cases when agreement on the new narrative exists, the impossibility of evaluating the effectiveness of textbooks and low transferability of findings across contexts, and the perpetuation of inequalities via Eurocentric and Anglo-American discourse in many of the textbooks aimed at reconciliation. The author concludes with a critique of the expectation that textbooks can and should serve as a transitional justice mechanism, pointing to the conditions under which the dark side of education reform is more likely to occur.
Biblical Inerrancy and Higher Criticism
Authors: Gutjahr Paul C. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article looks at Higher Criticism and the flowering of the doctrine of biblical inerrancy in American conservative Christian circles during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Dating back to at least the third century ce, Christians believed the Bible to be inspired by a God that could utter no falsehood, and thus his words to humanity were by necessity without error. The rise of ever more sophisticated and codified views of inerrancy began largely with the sixteenth century’s Protestant Reformation, but a belief in biblical inerrancy reached new levels of importance and influence in nineteenth and twentieth-century American Christianity. The rising importance of the doctrine of inerrancy grew out of American Christianity’s engagement with German philosophy and Higher Criticism, but it was also shaped by Christian responses to new scientific advances in both geology (dating the earth) and biology (evolution and natural selection).
The Devotional Life of Fundamentalism
Authors: Schwanda Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The devotional life of fundamentalism was built on the foundation of Bible reading and prayer. Scripture was read, meditated, and memorized to renew the person’s relationship with God. Prayer was understood as a means for communion with God and also requesting needs for oneself and others. The challenges of living in a fallen world instilled an intensity that was further guided by the Holy Spirit who empowered believers to declare the gospel of Jesus Christ to those at home and abroad through missions. Hymn-singing played a vital role in public and personal worship. Fundamentalists cultivated a rhythm of annual renewal. Summer Bible conferences built around popular speakers provided Bible teaching, prayer, and hymn-singing which attracted large crowds. These events were supplemented throughout the remainder of the year by an extensive network of radio broadcasting typically built around the same pattern of Bible instruction, prayer, and music.
Ecumenism and Separatism
Authors: Ruotsila Markku 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the chief characteristics of Christian fundamentalism has been a separationist impulse, rooted in an urge to avoid all forms of worldliness and theological error. The biblical charge ‘be ye separate’ has been taken very seriously in terms of believers’ personal lives and in ecclesiastical affairs. This has resulted in the creation of fundamentalist denominations and parachurch agencies, and in refusals to cooperate with Christians who do not share the fundamentalist interpretation of the faith. Applications have evolved over time in shifting historical and cultural contexts, as well as by confessional tradition and eschatological interpretation. To reconcile the separation impulse with interdenominational cooperation in the global context of ecumenism has been challenging, yet there has emerged a distinct corpus of a fundamentalist theology of ecumenism, always in some tension with separatism. Several attempts have been launched since the 1940s to develop broadly acceptable alternative fundamentalist ecumenical practices.
Alcohol
Authors: Coker Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both Christian fundamentalism and the national prohibition of alcohol were movements that came of age simultaneously in America during the 1910s and 1920s, though both movements had roots that sank deep into the previous century. With its emphasis upon individual sin and salvation, fundamentalism wed naturally with the anti-alcohol movement and most fundamentalist churches and leaders consistently denounced even the moderate consumption of alcohol throughout the twentieth century. Deviation from this embedded tradition began to appear in the early decades of the twenty-first century, however, primarily driven by fundamentalist millennials who questioned whether this attitude towards alcohol was not more culturally influenced than biblically based. Recent evidence suggests that the upcoming generation of fundamentalists seem likely to continue this trend away from teetotalism.
Race and Civil Rights
Authors: Swetnam Mathews Mary Beth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fundamentalists have had and continue to have a difficult relationship with the concept of race. As initially a group of predominantly white Protestant ministers, they racialized their definition of fundamentalist to exclude African Americans from fellowship. Instead, white fundamentalist leaders consistently tried to speak for and at African Americans, often couching their discourse as a necessary safeguard against presumed black naiveté. This chapter charts that discourse, provides background on the historic segregation of American churches, and explores the ways in which African Americans responded to fundamentalist tenets. Moreover, it discusses the history of fundamentalists and the American civil rights movement, notes the continued presence of racial division among evangelicals today, and offers potential avenues for further discussion.
The Christian Right
Authors: Williams Daniel K. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Christian Right (or Religious Right) developed in the United States in the late 1970s as a reaction against the era’s secular and culturally liberal trends such as feminism and the sexual revolution, but it was rooted in a decades-long fundamentalist or conservative evangelical alliance with political conservatism that began in the early twentieth century. This chapter surveys American white evangelicals’ growing commitment to the Republican Party between the 1920s and the 1970s, and explains why this long-standing partisan commitment developed into a deeper alliance during the presidential election of 1980 and the presidency of Ronald Reagan. The chapter discusses the evolution of the Christian Right after the 1980s and traces the narrowing of its political interests to two key concerns—abortion and same-sex marriage—along with religious liberty for American evangelical Christians.
The Environment
Authors: Gasaway Brantley W. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past several decades, Christian fundamentalists have developed a seemingly paradoxical relationship to the environment. On the one hand, their biblical interpretations and theological convictions prompt their sense of responsibility to care for the earth. On the other hand, fundamentalists reject the foundational principles of the environmental movement itself, which they regard as misguided at best and malicious at worst. They oppose all forms of ecocentrism, instead championing the anthropocentric doctrine that God gave humans dominion over the natural world. Fundamentalists also refuse to accept scientific conclusions and warnings that human activities are creating impending ecological crises. Not least, they align with other conservative opponents of government regulations and restrictions intended to protect the environment. Primarily focused on the American context, this chapter traces and analyses the evolving responses of fundamentalists to the environmental movement. While they have agreed that humans should care for God’s creation, anti-environmentalism has become a distinguishing and characteristic feature of contemporary fundamentalist Christianity.
Globalized Fundamentalism
Authors: Hutchinson Mark P. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholarly uses of terms such as ‘fundamentalism’ are affected by the dynamics of language moving through expansions of space (globalization) and time (modernization). Terms assumed to be static drift from their geographical and cultural referents, requiring constant adjustment and discussion, particularly as ‘first world’ nations deal with the unexpected persistence of religion. This chapter suggests two linked solutions: first, learning some lessons from the social capital literature in differentiating uses of the term according to their spatial and temporal references; and secondly, providing further differentiation by recognizing that ‘fundamentalism’ means different things depending on where the observer is standing. ‘Self-identifying fundamentalists’ is a category identical to ‘fundamentalist as categorized by criteria’, and neither is identical with the more general use of the term in its politicized usage in the fractured discourse of the West. When considering the ‘future of fundamentalism’, both as a term and as a collection of phenomena, it is important to ask who is doing the defining, and why.
Fundamentalism in Interwar Northern Ireland
Authors: Holmes Andrew R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Political and social scientists of the Troubles after 1968 have recognized in Ian Paisley the formidable relationship between fundamentalism and opposition to any weakening of the position of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom. Yet any discussion of fundamentalism in the region must begin in the interwar period with the formation of the state, the evangelist William Patteson Nicholson, and the ‘heresy trial’ of a professor in the Presbyterian Church. Is George Marsden correct to suggest that a distinctive form of Ulster fundamentalism emerged during that period? Can it be reduced to political identity? This chapter argues that the focus on politics and the overuse by scholars of the term ‘fundamentalism’ obscures a more significant interdenominational, evangelical subculture that was anti-modernist, and could be militant, but which was moderated by commitments to evangelism, spiritual renewal, and denominational loyalty.
Network Methods and Properties
Authors: Filet Clara , Rossi Fabrice 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn archaeological studies, networks are constructed using both actual observations and hypotheses about interactions, exchanges, organization, etc. This chapter describes this modeling process and outlines the main differences between models primarily based on data and those constructed using complex sets of hypotheses, as well as their impact on the subsequent analyses. It reviews a selection of measures, metrics, and properties taking roots in graph theory and commonly used to describe networks at different levels of aggregation, with a particular focus on their applicability on different types of networks. It emphasizes the core role of paths in network analysis as well as the impact of modeling hypotheses on the expected structure of a network. Finally, the chapter discusses differences and complementarity between classical data analysis and network based analysis, in light of the nature of archaeological data and of the associated modeling processes.
Gravity and Maximum Entropy Models
Authors: Rivers Ray , Evans Tim , Paliou Eleftheria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gravity models are a class of quantitative models that can be used for describing the spatial characteristics of social interactions, providing a realization of Tobler’s “law” of geography that “near things are more related than distant things.” In archaeology, they are particularly suited for describing historic and prehistoric “exchange” and “settlement formation.” Although, quantitatively, they were originally little more than mimicry of Newtonian gravitation, they arise naturally in some forms of economic modeling and as the “most likely” outcomes (MaxEnt) from limited knowledge. We discuss several of their key applications to archaeological data.
Hydrographic Networks
Authors: Apolinaire Eduardo , Bastourre Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hydrographic networks have been the stage for major historical processes worldwide because of their economic importance and role as travel and communication pathways. This chapter focuses on this second aspect and explores the contribution of network approaches to addressing fluvial waterways in archaeology. First, it enquires into basic methodological issues concerning the modeling of hydrographic networks and how to connect them with archaeological data. It subsequently provides a critical overview of the literature that has linked formal analysis of hydrographic networks to archaeological problems and explores the potential of this approach to deal with topics that have not yet been thoroughly analyzed from this viewpoint. In doing this, two main areas of interest are identified. On the one hand, the study of hydrographic networks has been useful as a means to explore the flow of goods, information, and people along riverine routes, and hence to address topics such as exchange systems, settlement patterns, social inequalities, and landscape social construction. On the other hand, this approach may provide new insights into classical archaeological problems such as migration and diffusion through fluvial networks.
Networks, Agent-Based Modeling, and Archaeology
Authors: Cegielski Wendy H. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Integrated agent-based modeling and social network analysis (ABM-SNA) has the power to transform the way we study the past. ABM-SNA moves beyond static, network pattern-analysis and inference by providing a computational laboratory for the hypothesis testing of social relationship formation processes. Archaeology assumes that the patterns of the material record are explainable as the result of underlying causes. Yet, we rarely have the advantage of first-person observation with our study subjects, instead relying on end-state patterns of material depositions to infer process. This chapter reviews the concept of ABM-SNA as well as the advantages an integrated approach confers, namely the ability to study individual agency and relationship dynamics in real time. Several archaeological use-cases are presented before the chapter concludes with suggested ways to utilize ABM-SNA in the simulation of social processes that shape the archaeological record, e.g. social influence, social contagion, and the maintenance of social stability.
Random Graph Models
Authors: Amati Viviana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Random graph models are probability distributions that model the structure of a network. These models are commonly applied to test hypotheses concerning the characteristics that might have led to an observed network, and generate networks according to different processes of tie formation. In this chapter, I discuss the application of random graph models to the study of past networks. After a brief introduction to random graph models, I describe how these models can contribute to enhancing archaeological network analyses by complementing the standard descriptive analysis often performed in archaeological studies. I also discuss the limits of these methods and the challenges that archaeologists must meet to apply random graph models in different archaeological contexts.
Challenges for Network Research in Archaeology
Authors: Peeples Matthew A. , Roberts John M. , Yin Yi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of archaeology has experienced a recent surge of interest in social network analysis. In this rush to incorporate new techniques developed in other disciplines, a number of significant methodological challenges have emerged in the analysis and interpretation of networks based on archaeological data. In this chapter, we explore a few of the of the key challenges involved in applications of archaeological network research including: (1) assessments of sampling variability and uncertainty in network metrics, (2) the special properties of networks constructed based on assessments of social distance, (3) filtering methods for extracting key features of networks, and (4) the complexities of dynamic networks and explorations of change through time. We argue that each of these areas presents challenges that archaeologists will need to address to push network research further and also to give opportunities to contribute to the broader world of network science.
Knowledge Networks
Authors: Mickel Allison , Sinclair Anthony , Brughmans Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Network approaches can be used to study how disciplinary knowledge is created, and how knowledge production draws on aspects of academic writings such as citations and co-authorship. In this chapter we introduce common concepts and techniques for the study of knowledge networks, how they can be applied more creatively than they currently are, and why their study matters. We first introduce bibliometrics and the formal network techniques frequently used for the formal study of knowledge flows in academic communities. In the second section, we illustrate the importance of appropriate data selection strategies in light of custom bibliometric research questions, and critically assess the way in which bibliometrics is used to speak to often-invisible power structures in knowledge production. Finally, we offer our wish list for the future of knowledge network study in archaeology. What do these techniques have to offer archaeologists, and what can the alignment of network science and archaeology tell us about the creation of knowledge across academia?
Networks and Catastrophes
Authors: Gjesfjeld Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every catastrophic event has two distinct, yet closely connected, parts: the physical hazard and the social environment in which the physical hazard occurs. This chapter focuses on exploring how the social environment, through the lens of social networks, both influences and is influenced by catastrophic events. Broadly speaking, social networks play a number of vital roles in the preparation for, response to, and recovery from disasters. This includes the building of social capital, the distribution of information and resources, and the minimization of risk to future hazards. The changing structure of social networks can also be informative of the resilience and vulnerability of societies to catastrophes. This approach uses archaeological data to measure long-term changes in networks and to evaluate how these changes impact the capacity for communities to return to previous ways of life. Overall, this chapter demonstrates that archaeological network approaches provide a valuable diachronic perspective on catastrophic events by considering not only their short-term impacts, but also the long-term consequences of catastrophes on social relationships and community resilience.