bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emulgieren mit mikrostrukturierten Systemen
Authors: Lambrich U. , Vladisavljevic G. T. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractEmulsionen sind disperse Systeme zweier ineinander unlöslicher oder schlecht löslicher flüssiger Phasen. Beispiele hierfür sind Mayonnaise, in der kleine Öltropfen in einer kontinuierlichen Wasserphase dipsergiert sind, oder Margarine, die aus einer Ölphase besteht, in der kleine Wassertropfen verteilt sind. Anfang der neunziger Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts begann Nakashima die Entwicklung alternativer Emulgierverfahren mit dem Membranemulgieren. Hierbei wird eine Phase durch die Poren einer mikroporösen Membran in der zweiten Phase dispergiert. Durch das Ablösen der Tropfen von der Membranoberfläche bildet sich eine Emulsion mit einer engen Tropfengrößenverteilung. Die hierbei herrschenden Prozessbedingungen sind aufgrund geringer mechanischer Belastungen geeignet für Emulsionen mit empfindlichen Bestandteilen. Einige Jahre später verwendete Suzuki Membranen, um Tropfen in einer Rohemulsion beim Durchtritt durch die Membran zu zerkleinern. Mit diesem Verfahren, dass als Premix‐Membranemulgieren bezeichnet wird, lassen sich größere Mengen von Emulsion herstellen, als dies mit der zuvor erwähnten Methode möglich ist. Nakajima setzte so genannte Mikrokanalsysteme ein. Bei diesem Emulgierverfahren sind die Prozessbedingungen schonender als beim konventionellen Membranemulgieren.
Vesicular glutamate transporters in the spinal cord, with special reference to sensory primary afferent synapses
Authors: Alvarez Francisco J. , Villalba Rosa M. , Zerda Ricardo , Schneider Stephen P. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSpinal cord sensory synapses are glutamatergic, but previous studies have found a great diversity in synaptic vesicle structure and have suggested additional neurotransmitters. The identification of several vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) similarly revealed an unexpected molecular diversity among glutamate‐containing terminals. Therefore, we quantitatively investigated VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 content in the central synapses of spinal sensory afferents by using confocal and electron microscopy immunocytochemistry. VGLUT1 localization (most abundant in LIII/LIV and medial LV) is consistent with an origin from cutaneous and muscle mechanoreceptors. Accordingly, most VGLUT1 immunoreactivity disappeared after rhizotomy and colocalized with markers of cutaneous (SSEA4) and muscle (parvalbumin) mechanoreceptors. With postembedding colloidal gold, intense VGLUT1 immunoreactivity was found in 88–95% (depending on the antibody used) of CII dorsal horn glomerular terminals and in large ventral horn synapses receiving axoaxonic contacts. VGLUT1 partially colocalized with CGRP in some large dense‐core vesicles (LDCVs). However, immunostaining in neuropeptidergic afferents was inconsistent between VGLUT1 antibodies and rather weak with light microscopy. VGLUT2 immunoreactivity was widespread in all spinal cord laminae, with higher intensities in LII and lateral LV, complementing VGLUT1 distribution. VGLUT2 immunoreactivity did not change after rhizotomy, suggesting a preferential intrinsic origin. However, weak VGLUT2 immunoreactivity was detectable in primary sensory nociceptors expressing lectin (GSA‐IB4) binding and in 83–90% of CI glomerular terminals in LII. Additional weak VGLUT2 immunoreactivity was found over the small clear vesicles of LDCV‐containing afferents and in 50–60% of CII terminals in LIII. These results indicate a diversity of VGLUT isoform combinations expressed in different spinal primary afferents. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:257–280, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of binaural excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the inferior colliculus from the superior olive
Authors: Loftus William C. , Bishop Deborah C. , Saint Marie Richard L. , Oliver Douglas L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe major excitatory, binaural inputs to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) are from two groups of neurons with different functions—the ipsilateral medial superior olive (MSO) and the contralateral lateral superior olive (LSO). A major inhibitory, binaural input emerges from glycinergic neurons in the ipsilateral LSO. To determine whether these inputs converge on the same postsynaptic targets in the ICC, two different anterograde tracers were injected in tonotopically matched areas of the MSO and the LSO on the opposite side in the same animal. The main findings were that the boutons from MSO axons terminated primarily in the central and caudal parts of the ICC laminae but that contralateral LSO terminals were concentrated more rostrally and on the ventral margins of the MSO inputs. In contrast, the ipsilateral LSO projection converged with the MSO inputs and was denser than the contralateral LSO projection. Consistent with this finding, retrograde transport experiments showed that the very low‐frequency areas of the ICC with dense MSO inputs also received inputs from greater numbers of ipsilateral LSO neurons than from contralateral LSO neurons. The results suggest that different binaural pathways through the low‐frequency ICC may be formed by the segregation of excitatory inputs to ICC from the MSO and the contralateral LSO. At the same time, the ipsilateral LSO is a major inhibitory influence in the target region of the MSO. These data support the concept that each frequency‐band lamina in the ICC may comprise several functional modules with different combinations of inputs. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:330–344, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Medullary efferent and afferent neurons of the facial nerve of the pit viper Gloydius brevicaudus
Authors: Atobe Yoshitoshi , Nakano Masato , Kadota Tetsuo , Hisajima Tatsuya , Goris Richard C. , Funakoshi Kengo 
Published: March 2004

AbstractFor the purposes of comparative anatomy, we used tracer techniques and immunohistochemistry to study the facial nerve in the pit viper Gloydius brevicaudus and obtained much new data applicable to the function of this nerve in snakes and, in particular, pit vipers. We were able to identify the superior salivatory nucleus in these snakes. Preganglionic fibers from this nucleus pass along the palatine nerve and an anterior communicating branch to reach the pterygopalatine ganglion attached to the deep branch of the trigeminal maxillary nerve. The palatine nerve also contains general somatic afferents and a very few special visceral afferents from some taste buds on the palate. In the mandibular direction, preganglionic fibers from the superior salivatory nucleus join special visceral efferents from the motor nucleus in the hyomandibular nerve, from which they pass into the chorda tympani to course together for a short distance. The special visceral efferents branch off outside the cranium, and the preganglionic fibers continue on to join the trigeminal mandibular nerve to project to small ganglia within the mandible. The chorda tympani also contains general somatic afferents from the mandibular region but no special visceral afferents. This is the first time that the superior salivatory nucleus and its adjuncts have been identified in a snake. The chorda tympani of these snakes is also distinguished from the mammalian condition by lacking any special visceral afferents and by branching outside the cranium. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:345–357, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rostrocaudal distribution of motoneurones and variation in ventral horn area within a segment of the feline thoracic spinal cord
Authors: Meehan Claire F. , Ford Tim W. , Road Jeremy D. , Donga Revers , Saywell Shane A. , Anissimova Natalia P. , Kirkwood Peter A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractRetrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, applied to cut peripheral nerves, was used to determine the rostrocaudal distribution of motoneurones supplying different branches of the ventral ramus for a single mid‐ or caudal thoracic segment in the cat. The motoneurones occupied a length of spinal cord equal to the segmental length but displaced rostrally from the segment as defined by the dorsal roots, with the number of motoneurones per unit length of cord higher in the rostral part of a segment (close to the entry of the most rostral dorsal root) than in the caudal part. The cross‐sectional area of the ventral horn showed a rostrocaudal variation that closely paralleled the motoneurone distribution. The ratio between the number of motoneurones per unit length in the caudal and rostral regions of a segment (0.70) was similar to the ratio previously reported for the strength of functional projections of expiratory bulbospinal neurones (0.63). This is consistent with the motoneurones being the main targets of the bulbospinal neurones. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:281–291, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Global multimedia collaboration system
Authors: Fox Geoffrey , Wu Wenjun , Uyar Ahmet , Bulut Hasan , Pallickara Shrideep 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn order to build an integrated collaboration system over heterogeneous collaboration technologies, we propose a global multimedia collaboration system (Global‐MMCS) based on XGSP A/V Web‐Services framework. This system can integrate multiple A/V services, and support various collaboration clients and communities. Now the prototype is being developed and deployed across many universities in U.S.A. and China. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
InteGrade: object‐oriented Grid middleware leveraging the idle computing power of desktop machines
Authors: Goldchleger Andrei , Kon Fabio , Goldman Alfredo , Finger Marcelo , Bezerra Germano Capistrano 
Published: March 2004

AbstractGrid computing technology improves the computing experiences at organizations by effectively integrating distributed computing resources. However, just a small fraction of currently available Grid infrastructures focuses on reutilization of existing commodity computing resources. This paper introducesInteGrade, a novel object‐oriented middleware Grid infrastructure that focuses on leveraging the idle computing power of shared desktop machines. Its features include support for a wide range of parallel applications and mechanisms to assure that the owners of shared resources do not perceive any loss in the quality of service. A prototype implementation is under construction and the current version is available for download. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance evaluation of market‐based resource allocation for Grid computing
Authors: Gomoluch J. , Schroeder M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractResource allocation is an important aspect of Grid computing. Over the past few years, various systems have been developed which use market mechanisms to allocate resources. However, the performance of such policies has not been sufficiently studied. In this paper, we investigate under which circumstances market‐based resource allocation by continuous double auctions and by the proportional share protocol, respectively, outperforms a conventional round‐robin approach. We develop a model for clients, servers and the market, and present simulation results. Factors which are studied include the amount of load in the system, the number of resources, different degrees of resource heterogeneity, and communication delays. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An asynchronous middleware for Grid resource monitoring
Authors: Quéma V. , Lachaize R. , Cecchet E. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractResource management in a Grid computing environment raises several technical issues. The monitoring infrastructure must be scalable, flexible, configurable and adaptable to support thousands of devices in a highly dynamic environment where operational conditions are constantly changing.We propose to address these challenges by combining asynchronous communications with reflective component‐based technologies. We introduce DREAM (Dynamic REflective Asynchronous Middleware), a Java component‐based message oriented middleware. Asynchronous communications are used to achieve the scalability and flexibility objectives, whereas the reflective component technology provides the complementary configurability and adaptability features.We argue that this infrastructure is a viable approach to build a resource monitoring infrastructure for Grid computing. Moreover, DREAM makes the monitoring logic accessible from J2EE application servers. This allows the monitoring information to be presented as a Grid service and to integrate within the Open Grid Software Architecture. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Programming and coordinating Grid environments and applications
Authors: Ururahy Cristina , Rodriguez Noemi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe heterogeneous and dynamic nature of Grid environments place new demands on models and paradigms for parallel programming. In this work we discuss how ALua, a programming system based on a dual programming language model, can help the programmer to develop applications for this environment, monitoring the state of resources and controlling the application so that it adapts to changes in this state. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reorganization of specific chromosomal domains and activation of silent genes in plant cells acquiring pluripotentiality
Authors: Avivi Yigal , Morad Vered , Ben‐Meir Hagit , Zhao Jing , Kashkush Khalil , Tzfira Tzvi , Citovsky Vitaly , Grafi Gideon 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe transition from leaf cells to protoplasts (plant cells devoid of cell walls) confers pluripotentiality coupled with chromatin reorganization. Here, we sought to identify remodeled chromosomal domains in Arabidopsis protoplasts by tracking DNA sequences undergoing changes in DNA methylation and by identifying up‐regulated genes. We observed a reduction in DNA methylation at a pericentromeric region of chromosome 1, and up‐regulation of several members of the NAC (NAM/ATAF1/CUC2) domain family, two of which are located near the telomeric region of chromosome 1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis demonstrated that both pericentromeric and telomeric subdomains underwent chromatin decondensation. This decondensation is subdomain‐specific inasmuch as centromeric repeats remained largely unchanged, whereas the 18S rDNA underwent condensation. Within the pericentromeric subdomain, VIP1, a gene encoding a b‐Zip nuclear protein required for Agrobacterium infectivity, was transcriptionally activated. Overexpression of this gene in tobacco resulted in growth retardation and inhibition of differentiation and shoot formation. Altogether, our data indicate that acquisition of pluripotentiality involves changes in DNA methylation pattern and reorganization of specific chromosomal subdomains. This change leads to activation of silent genes whose products are involved in acquisition or maintenance of pluripotentiality and/or the ensuing fate of the cell. Developmental Dynamics 230:12–22, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic regulation of the Stra13/Sharp/Dec bHLH repressors in mammary epithelium
Authors: St‐Pierre Benoit , Cooper Melissa , Jiang Zhe , Zacksenhaus Eldad , Egan Sean E. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMammary gland development is a dynamic process involving cyclical proliferation, cellular differentiation, and cell death. In this study, we have determined that expression of the Stra13/Sharp/Dec basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) family is dynamically regulated in mammary epithelium. In cultured HC11 cells, epidermal growth factor (EGF) treatment rapidly induces Stra13 protein accumulation, which is blocked by the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone. Neither the induction of Stra13 by EGF nor its repression by dexamethasone correlates with changes in Stra13 mRNA levels. During mouse mammary gland development in vivo, Stra13 is highly expressed in epithelial ducts during puberty, and strongly induced in both ducts and alveoli during early involution, while the related Sharp‐1 gene is highly expressed only during late stages of involution. Together, these data indicate that Stra13/Dec/Sharp‐family bHLH repressors are dynamically regulated during mammary gland development and may function to regulate apoptosis in this tissue. Developmental Dynamics 230:124–130, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using a piecewise linear bottom to fit the bed variation in a laterally averaged, z‐co‐ordinate hydrodynamic model
Authors: Chen XinJian 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn developing a 3D or laterally averaged 2D model for free‐surface flows using the finite difference method, the water depth is generally discretized either with the z‐co‐ordinate (z‐levels) or a transformed co‐ordinate (e.g. the so‐called σ‐co‐ordinate or σ‐levels). In a z‐level model, the water depth is discretized without any transformation, while in a σ‐level model, the water depth is discretized after a so‐called σ‐transformation that converts the water column to a unit, so that the free surface will be 0 (or 1) and the bottom will be ‐1 (or 0) in the stretched co‐ordinate system. Both discretization methods have their own advantages and drawbacks. It is generally not conclusive that one discretization method always works better than the other. The biggest problem for the z‐level model normally stems from the fact that it cannot fit the topography properly, while a σ‐level model does not have this kind of a topography‐fitting problem.To solve the topography‐fitting problem in a laterally averaged, 2D model using z‐levels, a piecewise linear bottom is proposed in this paper. Since the resulting computational cells are not necessarily rectangular looking at the x–z plane, flux‐based finite difference equations are used in the model to solve the governing equations. In addition to the piecewise linear bottom, the model can also be run with full cells or partial cells (both full cell and partial cell options yield a staircase bottom that does not fit the real bottom topography). Two frictionless wave cases were chosen to evaluate the responses of the model to different treatments of the topography. One wave case is a boundary value problem, while the other is an initial value problem. To verify that the piecewise linear bottom does not cause increased diffusions for areas with steep bottom slopes, a barotropic case in a symmetric triangular basin was tested. The model was also applied to a real estuary using various topography treatments. The model results demonstrate that fitting the topography is important for the initial value problem. For the boundary value problem, topography‐fitting may not be very critical if the vertical spacing is appropriate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and testing of a simple 2D finite volume model of sub‐critical shallow water flow
Authors: Horritt Matthew 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMany environmental applications of shallow water flow modelling can be characterized as only slowly varying and everywhere sub‐critical. A simplified finite volume model is therefore developed that is capable of describing pertinent shallow water flow processes more efficiently than the usual Godunov/ Riemann characteristics approaches. The model is tested against a number of analytical and numerical solutions to the governing equations. The model reproduces accurately flow round a circular bend, flow over topography, flow up an initially dry beach and floodwave propagation down a meandering river reach, with mass conservative solutions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid genetic algorithms and artificial neural networks for complex design optimization in CFD
Authors: Duvigneau R. , Visonneau M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe present paper is devoted to the study of design optimization strategies in the particular framework of complex computational fluid dynamics. Genetic algorithms are chosen as the optimization strategy, thanks to their robustness and flexibility. Two ways are explored to improve the behaviour of genetic algorithms in order to increase the efficiency of the search. First, approximated pre‐evaluations based on artificial neural networks are used to benefit from the knowledge acquired from the problem and to reduce the number of expensive evaluations by the flow solver required at each generation. Then, a hybridization technique is proposed for the final local search, which is performed by a deterministic method. These approaches are validated and applied on two‐ and three‐dimensional problems, involving Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes computations with near‐wall turbulence modeling. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multigrid simulations of detached shock waves
Authors: Gerlinger P. , Aigner M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe use of multigrid convergence acceleration techniques is investigated for supersonic and hypersonic flows over blunt bodies. In these cases detached shock waves occur that usually complicate convergence for multigrid methods. It is shown that a simple damping of the restricted residual error enables convergence without the application of expensive upwind restriction or prolongation operators. The achieved reduction in CPU time increases with increasing free stream Mach number. A similar technique may be used for reactive flows where the restricted residual error is damped in regions of high chemical activity. A spherical nose projectile moving at Mach 6.46 in a stochiometric hydrogen–air mixture serves as a test case to demonstrate the efficiency of this approach in case of combustion. Copyright© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional consequences of ATM sequence variants for chromosomal radiosensitivity
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Enríquez Sara , Fernet Marie , Dörk Thilo , Bremer Michael , Lauge Anthony , Stoppa‐Lyonnet Dominique , Moullan Norman , Angèle Sandra , Hall Janet 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe ATM [for ataxia‐telangiectasia (A‐T) mutated] protein plays a key role in the detection and cellular response to DNA double‐strand breaks. Several single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been described in the ATM gene; however, their association with cancer risk or radiosensitivity remains to be fully established. In this study, the functional consequences of specific ATM SNPs on in vitro radiosensitivity, as assessed by micronuclei (MN) formation, were measured in lymphoblastoid cell lines established from 10 breast cancer (BC) patients carrying different ATM missense SNPs, six A‐T patients, six A‐T heterozygotes (A‐T het), and six normal individuals. The BC, A‐T het, and A‐T cell line groups showed significantly higher mean levels of MN formation after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) than did the group containing normal cell lines, with similar levels in the BC and A‐T het groups. Within the BC lines studied, the group composed of the six carrying the linked 2572T>C (858F>L) and 3161C>G (1054P>R) variants had a higher level of MN after IR exposure compared to that observed in the remaining four BC or in the normal cell lines. This increase was not related to the constitutive ATM mRNA level, which was similar in these BC and the normal cell lines. Our results indicate that alterations in the ATM gene, including the presence of heterozygous mutations and the 2572C and 3161G variant alleles, are associated with increased in vitro chromosomal radiosensitivity, perhaps by interfering with ATM function in a dominant‐negative manner. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.