bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Wigwam To War
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To demonstrate the freedom of their party from money and influence, Republicans held their state conventions in wigwams. No opera houses or debating clubs for them, Republicans would gather a week before a state convention and build a structure in an open field, aligned with nothing and consecrated by no one. Party men cut down small trees. Stripped of their branches, these saplings were driven into the ground in a broad square. A roof of green boughs was laid on top to shade the event. Tree stumps supported rough-hewn logs that served as the benches for the official delegates. The Republican wigwam was strange and ingenious. For Baptists and Methodists, it recalled the brush arbors and temporary structures of the outdoor revival. The comparison was heightened when famous evangelical singing troupes like the Lombard Brothers or the Hutchinsons performed before the speakers took the stage. At the state convention in Decatur, Illinois, in June 1860, the effect was electric. Thousands of people drove their carriages forty miles or more to visit the Republican wigwam and get close to the candidates. The temporary venue was designed to highlight the newness of the party, as well as its independence from the established authority of the local theater, church, or fraternal organization that might have otherwise provided its facilities.
Redefining The Rules Of War The Lieber Code
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1863, Union officers had concluded that a simple policy of occupation would not subdue the civilians and soldiers of the Confederacy. The federal government began to follow the lead of Union soldiers, who, taunted by guerrillas, had begun targeting civilians. Union military authorities would create a code of warfare that made the Confederate home front an acceptable military target, though officially only civilians’ property, not their persons, fell under the new rules. At the same time, facing manpower shortages, the Union army would adopt policies aimed at reducing the number of Confederates in arms.
AIDS and the Making of an Ethics of Public Health
Authors: Bayer Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was against the backdrop of a history of research abuse that contemporary bioethics took shape in the 1960s and 1970s (1). The fundamental thrust of the new perspective was to reconceptualize the balance of power between doctors and their patients and researchers and their subjects. In charting the course of the new bioethics, physicians, philosophers, theologians, lawyers, and social scientists drew on the legacy of largely ineffective efforts to impose constraints on research involving human subjects and the history of legal and professional norms that gave recognition to the principle that competent adults should determine if and when they would undergo medical interventions (2). The new efforts were indelibly marked by the broad struggle for rights of the poor and the socially and culturally disempowered that marked the era. As a consequence, bioethics was informed by the profound influence of individualism in American social life. As it targeted the practice of medicine and the conduct of research, bioethics gave pride of place to the concept of autonomy. Paternalism in all its guises was the subject of withering criticism.
A Case Study The Difference between Being a Patient and Being a Research Subject
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the man who invented the better mousetrap, Dr. James Rowsey, a nationally renowned physician and chairman of the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of South Florida, thought he had a good idea. He had come up with a better way to perform a corneal transplant. By using a high-tech method that changed the shape of the corneal tissue that is sewn into a person’s eye—adding “flaps” to that tissue—his transplant procedure could result in quicker and more effective healing. Rowsey predicted that the device required to perform his procedure might, if successful, generate sales of more than $112 million within a fiveyear period.
What Informed Consent Requires
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In part I of this book, we showed that the current rules for human subjects research allow researchers to conduct studies that in many instances may not be in the best interests of a self-interested subject. Researchers are given relatively wide leeway, under the law, to do things to a subject that a doctor would not be permitted to do to a patient. Moreover, many of the studies that someone might think are generally good choices for a subject with a diffcult-to-treat medical problem—clinical trials involving cutting-edge treatment—may in fact be rather bad choices.
The Interaction of Emotion and Cognition: The Relation Between the Human Amygdala and Cognitive Awareness
Authors: Phelps Elizabeth A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last few decades, psychological theories on the relation between cognition and emotion have been shaped by evidence from neuroscience techniques. In particular, the debate of whether or not emotion occurs in the absence of cognitive awareness has been influenced by studies of a subcortical brain structure, the amygdala, that is more or less specialized for emotional processing (Aggleton, 1992). In nonhuman animals, the amygdala has been shown to elicit learned emotional responses in the absence of cortical inputs (Romanski & LeDoux, 1992), which strongly suggests that cognitive awareness may not be a mediating factor. Although several psychological studies have provided evidence that emotion may operate independently of cognitive awareness (e.g., Zajonc, 1980), the convergence of support from neuroscience has added another layer to the debate about the relation between cognitive awareness and emotion.
The Power of the Subliminal: On Subliminal Persuasion and Other Potential Applications
Authors: Dijksterhuis Ap , Aarts Henk , Smith Pamela K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past century, a few hundred articles have been published about subliminal perception and applications such as subliminal persuasion (see Dixon, 1971, 1981). This number suggests a mature field of research, in which, as in any mature field, researchers agree on a number of well-documented findings and argue over more recent contributions. However, in the field of subliminal perception and persuasion, scientists agree that the field is controversial and argue over everything else. Despite numerous findings demonstrating effects of subliminal perception, some people still maintain that the phenomenon itself does not even exist. Holender (1986), for instance, drew the conclusion that subliminal perception had never been reliably demonstrated, which led Dixon (who reviewed the field twice in 1971 and 1981) to comment that the most interesting phenomenon to which Holender’s paper draws attention is the extraordinary antipathy some people still have towards the idea that we might be influenced by things of which we are unaware.
Nonconscious Control and Implicit Working Memory
Authors: Hassin Ran R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A question that is raised by almost every chapter in this book, in one guise or another, concerns the types of processes that can occur nonconsciously versus those that cannot. The evidence, regrettably, is mixed. On the one hand, there is no doubt that the unconscious can carry out some complex computations more efficiently than the most powerful computer available to date. For example, it transforms activation patterns on the retina into meaningful pictures of the world, and patterns of sound waves into meaningful sentences. Similarly, the unconscious earns our admiration because it coordinates our physical and mental processes in a seemingly effortless way, thus allowing us, for example, to drive, listen to NPR, bless the driver in the car in front of us, and talk to our mothers-in-law on the cell phone, all at the same time and at least somewhat successfully.
Theory of Mind: Conscious Attribution and Spontaneous Trait Inference
Authors: Lillard Angeline S , Skibbe Lori 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theory of mind refers to the tendency to construe people in terms of their mental states and traits (Premack & Woodruff, 1978). If we see someone grimace, we might infer that he or she is disappointed, and if we see a man running toward a bus, we probably infer that he is trying to catch it. The word theory is applied to such mentalistic inferences for two reasons. First, mental states are unobservable, so their existence is merely theoretical. Second, our body of knowledge about the mind resembles a theory in several ways (Wellman, 1990). One resemblance is that knowledge about minds is causal-explanatory in nature, as are scientific theories. We explain the man running toward the bus as wanting to be on the bus and thinking it is going to pull away soon. We predict that he will be relieved if he makes it and disappointed if he does not. We also can predict that certain actions might ensue if he does not reach the bus. He may try to notify others of his late arrival by telephone, he may try to hail a taxi, or he may consult a schedule regarding the next bus. What mediates these further actions are his mental states. He will want others to know his whereabouts, he thinks that calling will accomplish that, and so on. Hence we can describe our understanding of others’ mental states as a theory of mind.
The Westward Trek, 1846–69
Authors: Bushman Claudia Lauper , Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of Joseph Smith’s life, the Mormons knew they would have to go west to find peace. They had in fact already been investigating California, Oregon, and Texas even before he was killed. When they left Nauvoo in 1846, they knew they were headed for the Rocky Mountains, though the exact destination remained uncertain. Brigham Young, who led them on this heroic migration, was poorly prepared to direct a massive movement of people. Trained as a carpenter, his only administrative experience had been as the head of the Twelve Apostles, yet he brilliantly engineered and carried out the westward trek. In the fall of 1845, when the Nauvoo Saints were anticipating their removal, Young conducted a census of the Saints to estimate their resources. He counted 3,285 families with 2,508 wagons and 1,892 more under construction. He organized this collection of people into administrative units of tens, fifties, and hundreds, each with its own captain to regulate affairs. Young called the group the Camp of Israel.
The Church Since 1945
Authors: Bushman Claudia Lauper , Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A typical Mormon family today is likely to be young and urban, with one more child than the people next door. The man may hold any sort of job, the woman may be slightly more likely to be at home than others in her neighborhood, although at 67 percent more Utah women are employed than the national average. About a third of the church’s members are single, never married, divorced, or widowed. Many will be older than the general population, as healthy Mormons live an average of ten years longer than other Americans.
Summer’s Solstice: Feasts of Fire, Water, and Feminine Affairs of the Heart
Authors: Aveni Anthony F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
from Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Panama, Ecuador—from all directions they came to reclaim their natural birthright, present their flags, and honor their ancient ancestors at the site of the sacred temples located on the outskirts of 12,000-foot-high La Paz, Bolivia, that they had dedicated to the Earth-Mother Goddess a thousand years before the Spaniards came to their shores.
Building New Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Waggoner Alan S , Ernst Lauren A , Ballou Byron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fluorescent probe-based cellular imaging is a powerful, quantitative, widely accepted technology for cell biologists. Fluorescent probes and digital imaging—interdependent technologies—grew rapidly during the past two decades. Commercially available instrumentation and fluorescent probe reagents of many types are widely used by cell biologists to dissect the workings of living cells. The technology has matured, and the best descriptions of methods are often found in manufacturers’ literature (e.g., Molecular Probes, Inc., Clontech, and microscope and flow cytometry companies). The large number of specific probes and the wide choice of chemical properties and emission wavelengths mark a major increase in ourability to monitorbiological events, mostly gained during the past two decades.
During the past few years, GFP and its variants (CFP, YFP, DsRed, and other fluorescent proteins) have made a huge impact on the studies of intracellular processes in living cells (Griffin et al., 2000; Zhang et al., 2002; Lippincott-Schwartz and Patterson, 2003; Miyawaki et al., 2003). Research is now underway in a number of laboratories to extend the capabilities of fluorescent proteins, for example, as selective binding probes (Peelle et al., 2001), as intracellular biosensors (Violin et al., 2003; Yu et al, 2003; Dooley et al., 2004, Hanson et al., 2004), and as probes for movement of macromolecules by in situ activation of fluorescence (Patterson and Lippincott-Schwartz, 2002).
Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Emerging Infectious Diseases
Authors: Epstein Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are multiple biological symptoms of global change, including amphibian declines on six continents, a decline in pollinators, the proliferation of harmful algal blooms along coastlines worldwide, and emerging infectious diseases across a wide taxonomic spectrum. There are also multiple social, ecological, and global factors underlying these symptoms (Levins et al. 1994; Morse 1996).
Disease Monitoring for the Conservation of Terrestrial Animals
Authors: Munson Linda , Karesh William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Terrestrial environments have undergone unprecedented change over the last century, and many environments no longer resemble the ecosystems within which indigenous animals have evolved. Host-pathogen relationships have been altered, traditional sources of food have been lost, novel pathogens and toxins have been introduced, and novel forms of stress are now present from changes in land-use patterns and associated human activities. Although human impacts have occurred in all ecosystems, their effects have been greatest on terrestrial animals that directly compete with mankind for habitat. The genetic composition of many terrestrial species has also been altered, directly or indirectly, through human actions that have reduced population size or restricted gene flow between populations. Together, these genetic and environmental changes have the potential to dramatically alter the ecology of diseases in terrestrial ecosystems and the overall health of wildlife populations.
Wildlife Health, Ecosystems, and Rural Livelihoods in Botswana
Authors: Kock Michael D , Mullins Gary R , Perkins Jeremy S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Botswana has a wealth of biogeographical habitats, ranging from swamps to sand dunes, allowing for great diversity in its native animal population. The economic importance of livestock, both to rural livelihoods and to foreign exchange earnings, has precipitated the implementation of strict veterinary disease control measures. Vaccination, movement control, test and slaughter, blanket slaughter, and aerial spraying are methods of animal disease control that have been utilized over the past 40 years.
Zoological Parks in Endangered Species Recovery and Conservation
Authors: Allchurch Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of the scientific discipline of conservation medicine represents a timely response to increasing concerns about new or rediscovered diseases and their relationship to climate change, habitat degradation, and loss of biodiversity. Although primarily addressing issues affecting wildlife and human health, this new multidisciplinary science will have beneficial applications in the environment of captive animal management and may also profit from the wealth of experience in that domain.
Biodiversity in Biomedical Research
Authors: Rosenthal Joshua P , Preszler Trent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medical research and conservation biology are operationally distinct fields, despite a great deal of overlap in their basic scientific paradigms and methods. At most universities the practitioners of these respective fields work in separate schools or departments. Furthermore, they focus on different organisms, read different journals, are funded by different organizations, and tend to conduct their research in very different environments. These differences have tended to separate researchers, their investigations. and their results in ways that are to the detriment of both.
Medicare “Reform”: Disentitlement through Privatization
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medicare is our most robust and secure public health insurance entitlement program. It is a popular program, accepted and supported by politicians across the political spectrum, and it is generously funded. If Medicare were to falter, the future of American health-care entitlements would be grim indeed. The greatest threat to contemporary American health-care entitlements, therefore, is the movement advocating the privatization of Medicare. This movement threatens to privatize both the delivery of Medicare services (through voucher or premium support proposals) and the financing of Medicare (through proposals to create individual investment accounts). Either form of privatization would endanger Medicare as a universal social insurance program for the elderly and disabled.
Arguments for privatization are based on a particular story about the future of Medicare. Under this account, the Medicare program (like our other great social insurance program, Social Security), is moving inexorably toward disaster. This story begins with the uncontroversial assertion that the American population is aging. There are really three potential issues here. First, the baby-boom generation, that extraordinary bulge in the American population born in the years after World War II, will be reaching age 65 beginning in 2011, swelling the ranks of those receiving Medicare for the following half century.
The German Health-Care System: The Social Insurance Model of Health-Care Entitlements
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The German public health-care system is the world’s oldest public health-care financing system—and one of the most successful. Initiated by Otto von Bismarck in 1883, the German social health insurance system served as the model for public health insurance systems throughout the world through the middle of the twentieth century, and it continues to exemplify one of the primary approaches to public health-care financing. Although the German system is relatively expensive by international standards, it is less so than our own American system, and it makes available to Germans universal access to sohisticated and up-to-date health care with minimal rationing of services. It is useful to study, therefore, as a model for health-care entitlements.
In fact, the German system can assist our consideration of entitlements in four important respects.
Comparative Analysis of Battered Women in the Community With Battered Women in Prison for Killing Their Intimate Partners
Authors: Roberts Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prevalence estimates of the extent of domestic violence in the United States during the past decade indicate that between 2 million and 8 million women are beaten in their homes each year (Biden, 1993; Roberts, 1998; Roberts & Roberts, 1990; Sugg & Inui, 1992; Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). The battering of an intimate partner is much more widespread and prevalent than society and the general public realizes. Woman battering, also known as domestic violence, is finally being recognized as one of the greatest social and public health problems of our times, and this recognition is increasing year by year as the number of injuries and the death toll continue to climb.
A
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
abraham and isaac: biblical characters, father and son. The son of Terah, Abraham was called Abram at the time. His two brothers, Nahor and Haran, were born in Ur of the Chaldeans when their father was seventy years old. Terah moved his entire family, including Abram and his childless wife Sarai, to the town of Haran in Canaan. When Abram was seventy-five years old, his god, Yahweh, instructed him to leave home and go to a new land, which Yahweh would show him.
D
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DAHN, FELIX (1834–1912): German poet and novelist. Felix Dahn was born in Hamburg, his parents both actors. In order to work for the Bavarian Royal Theater, the family moved to Munich, where Felix had a private tutor and read voraciously in world history. His parents’ divorce in 1850 resulted in an increase of his solitary study habits and took away his desire to write more poetry.
U
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ugly duckling, the: a fairy tale by Hans Christian *Andersen about a swan hatched among ducklings and mocked as an ungainly member of the brood until it becomes apparent that he is a swan. Scholars believe that the story of the Ugly Duckling is intended to mirror the life of Danish writer Søren *Kiekegaard, the father of existentialism. Kierkegaard, a short and extremely homely man—the ugly duckling—by his spiritual growth and philosophical writings was metamorphosed into a beautiful swan.
Z
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
zangarini, carlo (1874–1943): Italian composer, librettist, and poet. Born in Bologna where he lived his entire life, Zangarini was celebrated for co-writing librettos for Puccini’s La Fanciulla del Oest, Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari’s I Gioielli della Madonna, and Riccardo Zandonai’s Conchita. His poems set by Ottorino Respighi include “Invito alla danza,” “Stornellatrice,” and “Scherzo.” Luigi Cherubini’s opera Médée was translated into Italian by Zangarini.
Inferring the Behavior of Households from Remotely Sensed Changes in Land Cover: Current Methods and Future Directions
Authors: Boucek Bruce , Moran Emilio F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the past 15 years, thanks in great part to the availability of 30-meter resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) digital data, a number of researchers have been able to carry out studies of land use and land cover change, focusing on issues such as landscape ecology, deforestation, and desertification and more recently, exploring the connection between climate change and health. Most of these analyses have focused on meso-and macro-scales with spatial resolution that is either global, national, or macro-regional (e.g., Amazon Basin, Southeast Asia).
Spatial Analyses of Homicide with Areal Data
Authors: Messner Steven F , Anselin Luc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a widely cited article, Land et al. (1990) noted an important development in sociological studies of crime over the previous two decades. There had been a remarkable upsurge in the volume of empirical studies seeking to explain why different areal units—e.g., cities, metropolitan areas, and states—have high or low homicide rates (Land et al. 1990, 922). Much of this research was inspired by theoretical debates surrounding a distinctively geographic issue: the historically high homicide rates in the South (Hawley and Messner 1989). However, with the exception of this focus on regional differences in overall levels of homicide, the early work on the social structural covariates of homicide rates was largely insensitive to spatial context.