bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress and Protest
Authors: Anderson Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Years Since 1940, African American women have experienced important changes in their work, family, and community roles. An accelerated urban migration, economic changes, the development of the welfare state, and a changed political and legal context have dramatically altered the conditions of their lives. Nothing, however, was more important for the transformation of African American status in the United States than the dismantling of the plantation economy in the South. Although that system had been eroding for decades, economic changes initiated during World War II provided the impetus for its destruction, ending its stranglehold on black workers and black lives.
The birth of the “New South” required a significant and often troubling revision of social relations. The caste politics and overt racism that had long characterized the south became a liability for a region seeking industrial capital. As Jessie Daniel Ames noted in 1939:
We have managed to reduce lynchings not because we’ve grown more law abiding or respectable but because lynchings become such bad advertising. The South is going after big industry at the moment, and a lawless, lynchmob population isn’t going to attract very much outside capital.
Linco n and the Strategy of Unconditional Surrender
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is ironic that one of the most oft-quoted passages from Lincoln’s writings is the concluding paragraph of his second inaugural address. “With malice toward none,” said Lincoln, “with charity for all,” let us “bind up the nation’s wounds” and strive to “achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace.” These words have helped shape Lincoln’s image as a man of compassion and mercy who desired a magnanimous peace.
Structures of Patriarchy
Authors: Harris Barbara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Subordination of Yorkist and early Tudor aristocratic women to their male kin rested on an interlocking series of economic, legal, and political institutions, the most fundamental of which were the common law, with its doctrine of coverture; a primogenital inheritance system reinforced by male entail; and a system of arranged marriages based on the dowry and jointure. Their contemporaries justified these institutions by appealing to divine and natural laws that decreed women’s inferiority and subjection. Together these material and ideological constructs created a regime in which the exclusion of aristocratic women from formal political power and office appeared to be completely natural and was virtually unquestioned.
The Arrangement of Marriage
Authors: Harris Barbara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristocratic women’s first marriages played a crucial part in determining the character and quality of their entire adult lives. On a personal level, their happiness and emotional well-being rested in large measure on their relationships with their husbands and their success in performing their duties as wives. On the material level, their position within the aristocracy, their standard of living, and their access to patronage and the court depended almost entirely on their spouses’ rank, wealth, and political power. Their reliance on their parents or other kin for the resources to marry well in these terms reinforced their status as dependents without economic resources of their own.
Beyond the Household: Family and Friends, Patronage and Power
Authors: Harris Barbara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristocratic women spent most of their lives in castles or manors that belonged to their marital families, promoting the interests of their husbands, children, and grandchildren. The minority of wives without children concentrated on their siblings, particularly their sisters, and their siblings’ children. On the surface, their lives appeared to be spatially confined and narrow in scope, but in reality their interests and connections extended far beyond the walls of their homes and their immediate lineal descendants. In fact, aristocratic wives depended on their natal kin and their networks for the material resources and political influence necessary to perform their duties as wives, mothers, and widows.
Introduction
Authors: Grossmann Atina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conducted just at the midpoint of the Weimar Republic’s brief turbulent existence, the 1925 German census served to confirm the widespread contemporary perception of a nation in the grip of rapid demographic and social trans formation. Most dramatically, the “new” women of the “new” German Republic were, it seemed, becoming less motherly, both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Le Sueur’s The Girl, “Our Fathers,” “Annunciation,” and “Corn Village”
Authors: Coiner Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“I’ve never heard anything about how a woman feels who is going to have a child,” observes the pregnant narrator of Meridel Le Sueur’s “Annunciation” (130), a story Le Sueur wrote in the form of notes scrawled intermittently on scraps of paper for her first, unborn child. When a Scribner’s editor rejected the story, suggesting to Le Sueur that she write more like Hemingway, she quipped: “But fishin’, fightin’, and fuckin’ were not my major experiences” (interview). Like Le Sueur’s retort, the reportage discussed in Chapter 3 counters writing of the dominant culture. Other Le Sueur texts, however, subvert not only writing of the dominant culture but elements of the ‘30s leftist subculture as well. This chapter addresses some of Le Sueur’s most subversive writing-the novel The Girl and three short stories, “Our Fathers,” “Annunciation,” and “Corn Village.” The Girl is a heterodox reply to Mike Gold’s brawny “new Communist man”; to a male-dominated literary/political Left; and to the good-housekeeping, comradely Communist wife.
Tillie Olsen: Biographical Sketch and ‘Thirties’ Publications
Authors: Coiner Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter has three sections. The first sketches Tillie Olsen’s biography. The second places Olsen in the context of the ‘30s Communist Party, extending the background provided by Chapters 1 and 2. The third discusses her publications from the ‘30s, which all appeared in I 934, when she was only 21. (Because it later became part of Yonnondio, “The Iron Throat,” published as a short story in 1934, is discussed in Chapter 5.) Olsen’s 1934 publications-”! Want You Women Up North to Know,” “There Is a Lesson,” “Thousand-Dollar Vagrant,” and “The Strike” -to an extent resemble Le Sueur’s reportage. Whereas the content is culturally and politically agitational, the discursive model has been borrowed from dominant modes of representation, although Olsen does modify those modes more than Le Sueur. These texts foreground the message rather than the production of meaning, although these two categories are less distinct than orthodox ‘30s Marxists believed. Frankly tendentious, Olsen’s early ‘30s texts are marked by closure-that is, a restricting of meaning potentially available from the text. Like “Women on the Breadlines” and “I Was Marching,” Olsen’s writing during this period was intended to spark political resistance once the reader “experienced” the reported conditions or event. At the same time, however, its didacticism, like that of Le Sueur’s more tendentious writing, actually limits involvement by undercutting the reader’s role as an active producer of meaning.
Contraction and Dissolution of the Female Dominion: Federal Child Welfare Policy, 1924-1935
Authors: Muncy Robyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1930, President Herbert Hoover convened a White House Conference on Child Health and Protection. Despite the chief executive’ s long experience in producing such events, he lost control of this one, which built toward an intensely dramatic showdown between women in the child welfare dominion and men in medicine. “Not since the days of the suffrage fight have so many trained, able women been so full of wrath about anything;’ reported one national newspaper, “as specialists in child welfare, health, education, medicine and social work became at the recommendation to transfer the [Children’ s] bureau’ s child health work to the U.S. Public Health Service:’
Conclusion
Authors: Cooper Sandi E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the course of the nineteenth century, citizen activists on the European continent launched repeated campaigns to discredit the fatalistic assumption that international peace could never be more than a tense vacuum, the interludes between wars. In place, they proposed a positive definition that construed peace as the normal routine of international relations protected by juridical and political institutions. By waging war on war, peace activists ineluctably, often unwillingly, challenged royal, ministerial, and diplomatic control of international processes. They introduced the voices of a wider public, initially drawn from the progressive sectors of the pays legal, into the political discourse of the nineteenth century. Peace became the focus of movements sustained by self-selected, interested volunteers in private, unofficial societies who developed the habits of speaking unpopular truths to power.
Reshaping Human Nature: Virtue with Moral Strangers and Responsibility without Moral Content
Authors: Engelhardt H Tristram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We find ourselves alone. We are left without ultimate purpose or orientation. We have retreated to our own devices. Deaf to grace, we are left to guide ourselves. For a while Sisyphus may defiantly face the rock. For some, “the struggle itself toward the heights is enough to fill a man’s heart. [Some may] imagine Sisyphus happy” rather than in hell. In rebellion there can be a perverse but profound joy. But whatever the matter may be for gods, unlike Sisyphus, we do not roll the rock forever. Our choices are in the face of death and with those with whom we share no ultimate convictions. Contemporary thought is marked by a growing distance from ultimate orientation and purpose. Blind to final purposes, we tum to ourselves for meaning. As moral strangers, within the fabric of secular morality, we confront godlike choices with impoverished human vision, and without ultimate guideposts.
Terror and Wonder: Workers and Machines
Authors: Zonderman David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mechanized factory system was a new way of earning a living for workers in antebellum New England. But what made these factories different from other work places such as the farm or the artisan’s shop? The presence of power-driven machinery was certainly one of the most distinctive features of the new work sites. Consequently, these machines were the subject of much discussion among the first factory workers. As with so many other facets of the factory system, the workers’ perceptions of the machines were dynamic and multifaceted.
The Quest for the Middle Ground: Workers and Factory Buildings
Authors: Zonderman David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was cause for celebration at the Lowell Manufacturing Company in the spring of 1848. The firm had recently completed a new carpet mill capable of containing 250 Bigelow power looms. But before the machinery arrived, the management decided to put on one of the biggest public demonstrations in the history of Lowell, Massachusetts. Some 5,000 operatives, overseers, and townspeople filled the new mill. They were serenaded by two bands and feasted on corned beef, cold ham, bread, cheese, pies, tarts, apples, oranges, and raisins. One hundred sets of dancers took over the mill floor for an evening of entertainment.
The Distant Beloved Genteel Romance Before the Civil War
Authors: Pinson Jon W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The wine of Love is music,” the nineteenth-century British poet James Thomson avers in The Vine, “And the feast of Love is song … ,” a sentiment that seems commonplace when viewed in the context of twentieth-century popular songs that devote themselves overwhelmingly to matters of courtship. Thomson’s conviction applies less clearly to the American practice of his own time, when song was the feast of humor, of economic ambition, of nostalgia, of racial fear, and of mourning, among many other things. Yet it seems appropriate to begin reflection on nineteenth-century American popular song by seeing how composers and lyricists conceived the activity surrounding one of our most elemental and persistent concerns. And if we allow for earlier lyrics’ wider attention to matters beyond initial attraction and passion, then songs about romance can reasonably form the backdrop against which we understand the whole field. Because in a real sense, compositions about all other topics, even in this period, play against the musical style and poetic content found in songs of love and courtship.
The Social Faith Popular Views of Technology
Authors: Pinson Jon W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On some very few occasions a popular song captures a cultural nexus where the values of a period reveal themselves to us in a combination of elements that forms an interleaved commentary. Perhaps the most striking instance from the nineteenth century appeared in Jesse L. Hutchinson’s “Get Off the Track” (1844),1 a song of such fervent abolitionist sentiments that it sometimes provoked theater riots during the family singers’ performances:
Out of Many, One? Western European Ethnicity
Authors: Pinson Jon W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most acute issues facing Americans throughout their history has been the conduct of a multi-ethnic society, which has always entailed an act of balancing contradictory impulses to satisfy competing interests. In the United States after World War II “the myth of the melting pot”1 has gradually yielded to “the new particularism,” a move that constitutes nothing more than a repositioning between two, very old extremes:
The Division Problem
Authors: Hirsch Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our language divides up reality in a certain way, though we can apparently describe an indefinite number of other ways this might be done. This fact may not in itself be seen as generating a philosophical problem, for it may merely suggest the need for an empirical explanation, in terms of psychology or sociology, of why our division practices are as they are. A philosophical problem is generated, however, by certain normative intuitions which we seem to have about these practices. Intuitively, it seems that there are good reasons why we ought to have essentially the division practices we do have; it seems that it would be in some sense incorrect or irrational for us to employ a language that divides reality in some way significantly different from our ordinary way. The philosophical problem is to explain what these normative intuitions amount to, and to determine whether they can be properly defended. What, if anything, makes our division practices more correct or rational than various alternative practices we seem able to describe? This is what I am calling the division problem.
Reality’s Joints I: Properties
Authors: Hirsch Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that there are in some sense “natural joints” in the world goes back to Plato.1 What this idea seems to suggest is aptly expressed by David Lewis as follows: Among all the countless things and classes that there are, most are miscellaneous, gerrymandered, ill demarcated. Only an elite minority are carved at the joints, so that their boundaries are established by objective sameness and difference in nature.2
Ontology and the Division Problem
Authors: Hirsch Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the single most important insight required to understand the nature of the division problem is that there is no obvious way in which ontology can solve the problem. One must constantly struggle against the temptation to deny this. One is tempted to say, for example: “It’s obvious why Contacti is an unthinkably crazy language. It’s simply because there are no such things as cdogs, ctables, and so on.” But the assumption that there are no such things does not explain in any obvious way why it would be unreasonable or impossible to speak a language containing sentences with the specified truth-conditions of Contacti. A corresponding remark applies to the ontological claim that there is no such universal as being circular. This claim does not in any obvious way condemn the circular language. These are points that were already made in chapter I and elaborated in various ways in subsequent chapters.
Dimensions of Law in the Service of Order
Authors: Stanley Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first explanation of the origins of the federal income tax, of its relationship to the polity and to the reform movements of this century, was undertaken years ago by scholars who were committed to a vision of social justice. They saw in the income tax evidence of the gradual improvement of society and of the importance of economic benefits for all. The progressives not only perceived great winds of change in their own time but contributed to them with an activist scholarship. Locating the income tax within a phalanx of democratizing legislation, they celebrated the passing of an old order, plutocratic and blind to its civic responsibilities. The scales of justice in modern society seemed to be balancing, and the future beckoning.
The Jacobean Consolidation
Authors: Solt Leo F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last few years of Elizabeth’s reign, Catholics, Puritans, and Anglicans alike had a long time to speculate about the religious changes which James VI of Scotland might make when he ascended the throne of England. And changes, it seemed, would certainly take place, because all Henry VIIl’s offspring had made some changes immediately upon their respective assumptions of power in church and state. Somewhat hopeful were the Catholics who, even though James had not adopted the Catholic faith of his mother, Mary Stuart, thought that his ecumenical views would be a vast improvement over the persecution of Elizabeth’s reign.
Institutional Origins
Authors: Pascoe Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The search for female moral authority flowered in the 1870s and 1880s, but its roots are back in the early-nineteenth-century benevolent activities of Protestant churches. As the farming towns of the Northeast recast themselves into commercial cities, the forces of economic transition and religious revivalism combined to create a crucible for middle-class Victorian culture. Seeking economic advancement, men turned their energies away from self sufficient farming and toward the accumulation of capital to establish commercial enterprises. While businessmen were preccupied with creating a commercial economy, clergymen joined forces with moralists to produce a proliferation of Sunday school, tract, and Bible societies.
The Ideology of Female Moral Authority, 1874–1900
Authors: Pascoe Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The purpose of our organization,” wrote Winifred Spaulding in 1892, “is to educate the girls to that sturdy independence of spirit that can say no-[to educate them] to that lofty ideal of purity and virtue that shall lead them to reject vice, in however alluring a form it may present itself.” Spaulding, the Colorado superintendent of the Young Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, elaborated in a lengthy article linking the lofty ideal she mentioned with the concept of the Christian home. “It takes a woman to make a home,” she told her readers, “and I believe and every true woman believes, that the making of a Christian home is the highest sphere of woman.”
Home Mission Women, Race, and Culture: The Case of “Native Helpers”
Authors: Pascoe Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a visit to the East Coast, Tien Fu Wu, an assistant at the Chinese Mission Home in San Francisco, took time to check in on a former resident, Ah Ho, who was married and living in Boston. As Wu reported to Mission Home matron Donaldina Cameron, she found Ah Ho “thin and frail and well worn out with her nest of babies.” Wu informed Cameron that Ah Ho “wept and told me her family troubles, and I tried to comfort her the best way I could.” Maddie, another Mission Home resident who accompanied Wu, was also distressed by Ah Ho’s condition. Maddie lamented that “it is dreadful how our dear [friend] is hemmed in on all sides . she isn’t free even in her own home.”.
Sex Differences in Spatial Abilities: Evolutionary Theory and Data
Authors: Silverman Irwin , Eals Marion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognitive sex differences have remained a prominent topic in psychology for several decades, and one of the most consistent findings has been superior performance for males on tests of spatial abilities. Earlier attempts to account for this difference dealt mainly with socialization practices (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974), but the generality of the phenomenon across populations and situations led to a shift in emphasis to genetic determinants. Relationships have been found for both sexes between spatial performance and hormonal variables, measured or manipulated directly or inferred from correlates such as pubertal status, physical characteristics, menstrual cycle phase, and atypical androgen levels associated with medical disorders. Additionally, similar spatial sex differences have been found in infrahuman species.
Attendant-Borne Transmission (Or How Are Doctors and Nurses like Mosquitoes, Machetes, and Moving Water?)
Authors: Ewald Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In hospitals and other institutions where some individuals physically attend to others in need of care, another kind of cultural vector occurs. While tending to patients, attendants may inadvertently carry pathogens from patient to patient without becoming infected themselves. They may do this by direct contact or indirectly through their use of hospital equipment. As with transmission by water and mosquitoes, attendant-borne transmission should favor the more rapidly replicating and hence more virulent pathogens.
War and Virulence
Authors: Ewald Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become all too apparent that ruthless people will use scientific knowledge for ruthless purposes. Unfortunately, although most major scientific discoveries enrich human life, they also have the potential for degrading it. The insights developed in this book are no exception. I trust that collectively we shall prohibit the use of this knowledge for purposes of human destruction and suffering. Although this outlook would have been naive for much of this century when the various powers of the world were creating microbial weaponry using organisms like the anthrax bacterium (Doyle & Lee 1986), it is now more realistic. For one thing we now realize that microbes make poor weapons. They may be transmitted into human populations where their users do not want them to go. They act slowly and can mutate to infect those immunized against them, such as soldiers entering a contested area that has been contaminated by their own side. Also, to be useful as weapons, microbes often need to be resistant to environmental destruction, especially if they are released by explosions. But this resistance can make contested areas uninhabitable for generations. Gruinard is a testament to that. In the summer of 1942, this small island off the northwest coast of Scotland was evacuated, except for about 30 sheep, which were tethered for an experiment. A small bomb containing anthrax spores was detonated nearby (Harris & Paxman 1982).