bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iron prophylaxis during pregnancy – How much iron is needed? A randomized dose– response study of 20–80 mg ferrous iron daily in pregnant women
Authors: Milman Nils , Bergholt Thomas , Eriksen Lisbeth , Byg Keld‐Erik , Graudal Niels , Pedersen Palle , Hertz Jens 
Published: February 2005

Objective.  To determine the lowest dose of iron preventative of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy.Methods.  A randomized, double‐blind intention‐to‐treat study comprising 427 healthy pregnant women allocated into four groups taking ferrous iron (as fumarate) in doses of 20 mg (n = 105), 40 mg (n = 108), 60 mg (n = 106), and 80 mg (n = 108) from 18 weeks of gestation. Iron status markers [hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin, and serum soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR)] were measured at 18 weeks (inclusion), 32 weeks, and 39 weeks of gestation and 8 weeks postpartum. Side effects of iron supplements were recorded. Iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin <13 µg/l and iron deficiency anemia as serum ferritin <13 µg/l and Hb <5th percentile in iron replete pregnant women.Results.  There were no significant differences between variables in the four groups at inclusion. At 32 and 39 weeks of gestation, group 20 mg had significantly lower median serum ferritin (13 and 16 µg/l) than group 40 mg (17 and 21 µg/l), group 60 mg (18 and 23 µg/l), and group 80 mg (21 and 24 µg/l) (p < 0.0001). At 32 and 39 weeks of gestation, group 20 mg had a significantly higher prevalence of iron deficiency (50 and 29%) than group 40 mg (26 and 11%), group 60 mg (17 and 10%), and group 80 mg (13 and 9%) (p < 0.001). The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia at 39 weeks of gestation was significantly higher in group 20 mg (10%) than in group 40 mg (4.5%), group 60 mg (0%), and group 80 mg (1.5%) (p = 0.02). At 32 weeks of gestation, mean Hb in group 20 mg was lower than in group 80 mg (p = 0.06). There were no significant differences in iron status (ferritin, sTfR, and Hb) between group 40, 60, and 80 mg. Postpartum, group 20 mg had significantly lower median serum ferritin than group 40, 60, and 80 mg (p < 0.01). The prevalence of postpartum iron deficiency anemia was low and similar in the four groups. The frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms was not significantly different in the four iron supplement groups and thus not related to the iron dose.Conclusion.  In Danish women, a supplement of 40 mg ferrous iron/day from 18 weeks of gestation appears adequate to prevent iron deficiency in 90% of the women and iron deficiency anemia in at least 95% of the women during pregnancy and postpartum.
Effect of vaginal distension on anorectal function: identification of the vagino‐anorectal reflex
Authors: Shafik Ahmed , Shafik Ismail , El‐Sibai Olfat 
Published: February 2005

Background.  Sexual stimulation produces not only reflex changes in the female external and internal reproductive organs but also extragenital reactions. A mention of the response of the anal sphincters and the rectum to penile thrusting could not be traced in the literature. We investigated the hypothesis that the anal sphincters and the rectum respond to penile thrusting in a way that prevents gas and fecal leakage during sexual intercourse.Methods.  The response of the external anal sphincter (EAS) and the internal anal sphincter (IAS) and the rectum to vaginal balloon (condom) distension was recorded in 23 healthy women (age: 33·7 ± 7·3 years). The vaginal condom was inflated with air in increments of 50–300 ml, and the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the EAS and the IAS, as well as rectal pressure, was recorded. The test was repeated after separate anesthetization of the vagina, the rectum, the EAS and the IAS and after the use of normal saline instead of lidocaine.Results.  Vaginal distension reduced the rectal pressure in the ratio of expansion of the vaginal volume up to a certain volume, beyond which the rectal pressure ceased to decline when more distending volume was added. Similarly, the internal sphincter EMG activity increased progressively on incremental vaginal distension increase until the 150‐ml distension was reached after which more vaginal distension caused no further increase of the EMG activity; external sphincter EMG activity showed no response. Vaginal distension, while the vagina, the rectum, the EAS, and the IAS had been separately anesthetized, produced no significant change, but saline did.Conclusions.  Vaginal balloon distension appears to effect rectal wall relaxation and increase of the internal sphincter tone. This seems to provide a mechanism to avoid rectal contents leakage during coitus. Rectal and internal sphincter response to vaginal distension is suggested to be mediated through a reflex we term ‘vagino‐anorectal reflex’, which seems to be evoked by vaginal distension during penile thrusting. The reflex may prove of diagnostic significance in sexual disorders; further studies are needed in order to investigate this point.
Autologous blood transfusion in patients with placenta previa
Authors: Yamada Takashi , Mori Hiroshi , Ueki Minoru 
Published: February 2005

Background.  Several studies have shown that autologous blood storage during pregnancy is relatively safe for mother and fetus. However, the need for reappraisal of autologous blood transfusion in obstetric patients has been proposed.Methods.  We retrospectively reviewed the cases of placenta previa and low‐lying placenta among pregnancies at our hospital during an 18‐year period, 1985–2002. The utility of autologous blood transfusion program, which started in 1994 for those with placental positional disorders, was evaluated.Results.  Of the pregnancies reviewed, there were 158 cases (1.9%) of placenta previa or low‐lying placenta. The number of patients transfused with homologous blood decreased from 27.6% (21/76) in the period before implementation of the autologous blood transfusion program to 8.5% (7/82) after its implementation in 1994. In the latter time period, 39.0% (32/82) of patients with placenta previa and low‐lying placenta were phlebotomized and had blood stored. Of those, 71.9% (23/32) were reinfused where one patient (3.1%) needed homologous blood as well. The volume of collected blood per phlebotomy was 367 ± 65 ml, the total volume of collected blood per patient was 803 ± 350 ml, and the total of estimated blood loss per patient was 1326 ± 873 ml. The volume of reinfused blood per patient was 578 ± 326 ml.Conclusions.  The program of autologous blood collection and transfusion in patients with placenta previa resulted in a decrease in homologous blood transfusion. In our program, we recommend starting blood collection and storage at 32 weeks' gestation and phlebotomize 400 ml per week to reach a volume of stored blood of 1200–1500 ml.
The role of parental presence in the context of children's medical procedures: a systematic review
Authors: Piira T. , Sugiura T. , Champion G. D. , Donnelly N. , Cole A. S. J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground  There are conflicting views and practices regarding whether or not parents should be present at the time of their child's medical procedure. A systematic review was conducted to assess the effects of parental presence in the paediatric treatment room on child, parent and health professional outcomes and to synthesize this body of literature.Methods  Based on a comprehensive literature search, studies investigating parental presence in the paediatric treatment room were included in the review if they had a concurrent control group (i.e. a parent‐absent group).Results  A total of 28 studies met inclusion criteria, which included 1256 children with a parent present and 1025 children without a parent present. There were mixed findings regarding the effect of parental presence on measures of child distress and affect, however, studies of lower levels of evidence were more likely to report significant results. Parents who were present during their child's medical intervention were either better off or no different from parents who were absent with regard to their levels of distress and satisfaction. There was no evidence of increased technical complications nor elevated staff anxiety for health professionals attending to children with a parent present as compared to attending to children without their parents.Discussion  Although parental presence may not have a clear, direct influence on child distress and behavioural outcomes, there are potential advantages for parents. It seems appropriate that clinicians provide parents with the opportunity to be present during their child's painful procedure.
Quality of child health services in primary health care facilities in south‐east Nigeria
Authors: Ehiri J. E. , Oyo‐Ita A. E. , Anyanwu E. C. , Meremikwu M. M. , Ikpeme M. B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground To assess the quality of child health services in primary health care (PHC) facilities in Calabar, south‐east Nigeria.Design Cross‐sectional, descriptive design.Methods Key informant interviews, structured observation, self‐administered questionnaire and focus group discussion.Setting Calabar, south‐east Nigeria.Participants All 10 PHC facilities in Calabar, 252 PHC workers serving in the facilities, and 76 mothers whose children received care in the facilities.Outcome measures Adequacy of structure (equipment and personnel); process (diagnosis, training and knowledge, use of national case‐management algorithm, and supervision), and output (clients’ satisfaction).Main results PHC facilities were adequately equipped to the extent of providing immunization services and management of diarrhoea but not for other aspects of care expected of a PHC centre, including management of acute respiratory infections (ARI), a common problem in children in the region. Supply of essential drugs was inadequate in all centres and facilities for emergency care were lacking. Many of the health care workers (68.3%) had adequate training in immunization, and their knowledge scores on immunization issues (62%) was higher than in other aspect of PHC. Use of the national case management algorithm was low among PHC workers. Results of the focus group discussions with mothers showed that a few perceived quality of care to be poor. The main concerns were long waiting time, lack of essential drugs, and attitude of the health workers.Conclusions Inadequacy in the quality of child health services in PHC facilities is a product of failures in a range of quality measures – structural (lack of equipment and essential drugs), process failings (non‐use of the national case management algorithm and lack of a protocol of systematic supervision of health workers). Efforts to improve the quality of child health services provided by PHC workers in the study setting and similar locales in less developed countries should focus not only on resource‐intensive structural improvements, but also on cheap, cost‐effective measures that address actual delivery of services (process), especially the proper use of national guidelines for case management, and meaningful supervision.
Iron deficiency in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: February 2005

.

Konofal E,
Lecendreux M,
Arnulf I &
Mouren M‐C.
(
2004
)

,
158
,
1113
–
1115
.
Background  Iron deficiency causes abnormal dopaminergic neurotransmission and may contribute to the physiopathology of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Objective  To evaluate iron deficiency in children with ADHD vs. iron deficiency in an age‐ and sex‐matched control group.Design  Controlled group comparison study.Setting  Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Department in European Pediatric Hospital, Paris, France.Patients  Fifty‐three  children  with  ADHD  aged 4–14 years (mean ± SD: 9.2 ± 2.2 years) and 27 controls (mean ± SD: 9.5 ± 2.8 years).Main outcome measures  Serum ferritin levels evaluating iron stores and Conners’ Parent Rating Scale scores measuring severity of ADHD symptoms have been obtained.Results  The mean serum ferritin levels were lower in the children with ADHD (mean ± SD: 23 ± 13 ng/mL) than in the controls (mean ± SD: 44 ± 22 ng/mL; P < 0.001). Serum ferritin levels were abnormal (<30 ng/mL) in 84% of children with ADHD and 18% of controls (P < 0.001). In addition, low serum ferritin levels were correlated with more severe general ADHD symptoms measured with Conners’ Parent Rating Scale (Pearson correlation coefficient: r = −0.34; P < 0.02) and greater cognitive deficits (r = −0.38; P < 0.01).Conclusions  These results suggest that low iron stores contribute to ADHD and that ADHD children may benefit from iron supplementation.
A molecular approach to detect hybridisation between crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and non‐indigenous carp species (Carassiusspp. andCyprinus carpio)
Authors: HÄNFLING B. , BOLTON P. , HARLEY M. , CARVALHO G. R. 
Published: February 2005

Summary1. Releases of non‐native fish into the wild is an increasing problem posing considerable ecological and genetic threats through direct competition and hybridisation.2. We employed six microsatellite markers to identify first generation hybrids and backcrosses between native crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and introduced goldfish (C. auratus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the U.K. We also investigated the genetic characteristics of the taxonomically controversial gibel carp (Carassiusspp.) from sites across Europe.3. Natural hybridisation between goldfish and crucian carp occurs frequently, although hybrids between all other species pairs were observed. Only 62% of British crucian carp populations (n = 21) consisted exclusively of pure crucian carp. In some populations hybrids were so frequent, that no pure crucian carp were caught, indicating a high competitive ability of hybrids.4. Most hybrids belonged to the F1 generation but backcrossing was evident at a low frequency in goldfish × crucian carp hybrids and goldfish × common carp hybrids. Furthermore, some local populations had high frequencies of backcrosses, raising the opportunity for introgression.5. Gibel carp from Germany and Italy belonged to two triploid clonal lineages that were genetically closely related to goldfish, whereas all individuals identified from British populations proved to be crucian carp × goldfish hybrids.6. Our study suggests that the release of closely related exotic cyprinids not only poses a threat to the genetic integrity and associated local adaptations of native species, but may also contribute to shifts in community structure through competitive interactions.
The importance of bacterivorous protists in the decomposition of stream leaf litter
Authors: RIBBLETT SUZANNA G. , PALMER MARGARET A. , WAYNE COATS D. 
Published: February 2005

Summary1. Allochthonous organic matter, in the form of senesced leaves, is a major source of carbon supporting detrital food webs. While studies have documented the role of bacteria and fungi in the decomposition of leaf litter, little information is available regarding the role of protists in the decomposition process.2. We tested the hypothesis that the presence of stream‐dwelling bacterivorous protists leads to an increased rate of leaf decomposition through grazing pressure on bacteria. We isolated live protists from decomposing leaves collected in a stream in Northern Virginia, U.S.A. (Goose Creek) and established laboratory cultures of common bacterivorous protists.3. Recently senesced leaves from the field were used in laboratory microcosm experiments to determine if the rate of litter decomposition differed between four treatments: bacteria only, bacteria + flagellates, bacteria + flagellates + ciliates, autoclaved stream water (control). We determined the dry weight of leaf remaining, bacterial abundance, flagellate abundance and ciliate abundance for each replicate on days 0, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 120.4. The rate of leaf decomposition was significantly higher in treatments with protists than without and bacterial abundance declined in protist treatments compared with bacteria only treatment. Weight loss in the presence of flagellates was three to four times higher when protists were present compared with treatments with bacteria alone. These results provide experimental evidence that protists could play a significant role in the detrital processes of streams.
The determination of the shelf‐life of pasteurized and non‐pasteurized sardine (Sardina pilchardus) marinades stored at 4 °C
Authors: Kilinc Berna , Cakli Sukran 
Published: February 2005

SummaryIn this study the shelf‐life of sardine marinades was investigated. After the marination process, sardine fillets were packed into glass jars with 2% citric acid, 4% sodium chloride and spices. The effect of pasteurization at 70 °C for 20 min on the shelf‐life of the sardine marinades was determined. At the end of 6 months storage the differences between thiobarbituric acid, free formaldehyde (FA(ex)), free and bound formaldehyde (FA(dest)) and peroxide value of pasteurized and non‐pasteurizated marinades were not significantly (P > 0.05) different, while the difference between total volatile basic nitrogen, trimethylamine, pH, total plate count and lactic acid bacteria count of pasteurized and non‐pasteurized marinades were. The shelf‐life of both pasteurized and non‐pasteurized sardine marinades was found to be 5 months at 4 °C.
Implementation of quality control methods (physico‐chemical, microbiological and sensory) in conjunction with multivariate analysis towards fish authenticity
Authors: Arvanitoyannis Ioannis S. , Tsitsika Efthymia V. , Panagiotaki Panagiota 
Published: February 2005

SummaryNowadays authenticity of foods and fish in particular has become of crucial importance because of high number of adulteration cases. Authenticity control has gained ground thanks to the development of several rapid physico‐chemical and microbiological methods aiming at distinguishing one species from another based on solid scientific evidence. It has been proven that despite the precision and accuracy of robust analytical and protein and DNA‐based techniques, detection of authenticity could not be claimed without resorting to multivariate analysis. This review summarizes both the most advanced and state of the art used techniques for detecting fish and seafood authenticity (both in terms of species and geographical origin). Another issue reported in this review is the preservation of fish and seafood through the implementation of old and novel techniques (ice, modified atmosphere packaging). Several informative tables were included in this paper referring to the employed quality control and sensory analysis methods and multivariate analysis for fish and seafood.
Time‐dependent characteristics of Herschel–Bulkley fluids from edible powders
Authors: Sikora Marek , Tomasik Piotr , Schilling Christopher H. , Sady Marek 
Published: February 2005

SummaryHerschel–Bulkley shear thinning fluids were produced by blending saturated aqueous solutions of sucrose with one of the following edible powders: potato starch, wheat flour, maize flour, cocoa powder and milk powder. In each case, plasticity only occurred over a narrow range of proportions of saturated sucrose solution to edible powder. This proportion was crucial in controlling storage changes and textural properties. Bingham yield stresses increased with storage time and this was attributed to the competition for water between saccharides in the saturated solutions and components of the admixed powders. Dissolution of the components of the admixed powders was thought to be a key factor in determining the rate of change of textural properties such as hardness, fracturability, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, resilience and stringiness.
Effects of interesterified vegetable oils and sugar beet fibre on the quality of Turkish‐type salami
Authors: Javidipour Issa , Vural Halil , Özbaş Özen Ö. , Tekin Aziz 
Published: February 2005

SummaryTurkish‐type salami is an emulsion type product that is only shelf stable at chilling temperature. The use of three interesterified vegetable oils (IVOs) prepared from either palm, cottonseed or olive oil (IPO, ICO and IOO, respectively) together with 2% sugar beet fibre (SBF) (<425 μm) was studied in the production of Turkish‐type salami. These compounds were used to modify the fatty acid composition and increase the dietary fibre content of the traditional product. Beef fat (10%) was replaced by one of the IVOs at either 60 or 100%. The addition of SBF significantly increased (P < 0.05) the total dietary fibre content and water‐holding capacity of salamis. Incorporation of IVOs improved the nutritional content of the product because it altered the fatty acid composition. It was found that total or partial replacement of beef fat by IVOs, as well as the presence of 2% SBF, did not lead to significant changes in appearance, colour, texture, flavour or sensory score. The use of IVO and SBF as fat substitutes could be used to obtain a low fat product with high dietary fibre and a modified fatty acid composition.
Preharvest application of methyl jasmonate increases fruit quality and antioxidant capacity in raspberries
Authors: Wang Shiow Y. , Zheng Wei 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThe effects of preharvest methyl jasmonate (MJ) application on fruit quality, flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity in black raspberry cv. Jewel (Rubus occidentalis L) and red raspberry cv. Autumn Bliss (Rubus idaeus subsp.) were studied under field condition. Raspberries treated with MJ had higher soluble solids content, total sugars, fructose, glucose, sucrose and lower titratable acids (TAs), malic acid and citric acid than untreated fruit. MJ also significantly enhanced the content of flavonoids and the antioxidant capacities in the fruit. The cv. Jewel had higher soluble solids and lower TAs compared with the cv. Autumn Bliss. On the basis of fresh weight of fruit, ‘Jewel’ also had significantly higher anthocyanin, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity than ‘Autumn Bliss’.
The irradiation of spices, packaging materials and luncheon meat to improve the storage life of the end products
Authors: Al‐Bachir Mahfouz 
Published: February 2005

SummarySpices and packaging materials were exposed toγ‐irradiation at a dose of 10 kGy. Luncheon meat was prepared with irradiated or non‐irradiated spices and packaged in irradiated or non‐irradiated packaging materials. Packaged luncheon meat was treated with 2 kGy. Irradiated and non‐irradiated packaged luncheon meat were kept in a refrigerator (1–4 °C) for 12 months. Microbiological, nutritive and chemical characteristics of luncheon were evaluated after processing and during storage; whereas, sensory quality was evaluated only after irradiation.γ‐Irradiation decreased the microbiological counts of spices, packaging materials and packed products and increased its shelf‐life. No significant differences in moisture, protein, fat, pH value, total acidity, lipid peroxide and volatile basic nitrogen were observed as a result of irradiation. Sensory evaluation showed that all the combinations of treated luncheon meats were acceptable. However, the taste, odour, appearance and texture scores of irradiated packaged products were significantly lower than those of non‐irradiated samples.