bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐representations and physical impairment: a social constructionist approach.
Authors: Ville Isabelle , Ravaud Jean‐François , Diard Catherine , Paicheler Henri 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn this paper a social constructionist approach is used to frame an analysis of the effects of physical impairment on self‐perception. The results are reported of a recent study in which questionnaires were mailed to 314 people who were paraplegic and 284 who were post‐polio, as well as to a control group of 327 who had no visible physical impairments.While the people who were paraplegic and those who made up the control group gave similar answers to most of the survey questions, those who were post‐polio displayed a consistent, but different, way of reporting on their self‐representations. Moreover, this discourse, which included such self‐described characteristics as self‐control, a sense of duty, and a concern for meticulousness, was consistent in the post‐polio group across sex and age.It is concluded that the date of onset of physical impairment is significant in influencing the self‐representation of persons with physical impairments. The socio‐historical evolution of social practices and cultural expectations and norms with respect to persons with disabilities in Western cultures were taken into account in interpreting the results of this survey.
Perspectives on prevention: the views of General Practitioners
Authors: Williams Simon J. , Calnan Michael 
Published: February 2004

AbstractOver the years there has been increasing support from a number of different sources for General Practitioners and their primary health care teams to have greater involvement in prevention. However, while attention has been paid to what leading figures and official bodies such as the Royal College of General Practitioners say there has been less emphasis upon what the rank‐and‐file of GPs themselves think and feel about prevention. Hence, this paper reports on the results of a small‐scale exploratory study of 40 GPs' perceptions of coronary heart disease (CHD) prevention. In particular it addresses three main issues: first, the value which GPs place upon prevention and their concepts of prevention; second, the extent to which they view prevention as problematic and the reasons given; finally, in the light of these issues, the manner in which they attempt to resolve these dilemmas. Whilst GPs appeared to positively endorse the principle of prevention, they nonetheless tended to view it as problematic and had limited personal involvement. In this respect five key themes emerged in GPs' accounts: i) that health promotion and prevention was tedious, dull and boring; ii) the constraints of time and the manner in which it detracted from curative medicine; iii) the uncertainties of risk factor identification and interventions; iv) ambivalence towards the effectiveness of behavioural change and the problem of patient motivation, and finally; v) a concern that it represented a moral intrusion and inflated patients anxiety levels unnecessarily. Beyond the voicing of these concerns, the main way in which GPs attempted to resolve these dilemmas was by delegating much of this work to a new and relatively low‐status member of the primary health care team: the practice nurse.
The medico‐legal production of fatal accidents
Authors: Green Judith 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThere has been a considerable sociological interest in suicide, but accidents have attracted little theoretical study. This paper is concerned with the ways in which some fatalities are classified as ‘accidental death’ through the processes of the Coroner's Court. Critiques of the positivist tradition in suicide research are taken as a departure to examine the role of the Coroner in the classification of some deaths as accidental. The modern English Coroner has two functions, neutral fact‐finding for the state and moral amelioration, which are in potential conflict during an inquest. There is no official definition of an ‘accidental death’: such events are produced through a moral analysis of the facts surrounding a death and through the resulting process of demarcating them from other, more culpable, deaths.
Smoking in pregnancy: smokescreen or risk factor? Towards a materialist analysis
Authors: Oakley Ann 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper considers the topic of women's smoking in pregnancy within the general context of the current health promotion concern about smoking as a public health issue. Drawing on data from an ongoing research project which is investigating the interrelationships between‘risk’, social support and reproductive health, the paper argues that smoking in pregnancy constitutes an area of women's behaviour which is linked in systematic ways with aspects of their material and social position. Consequently, conventional individualist models of smoking behaviour both fail to explain why pregnant women smoke and are unable adequately to account for the health consequences of this behaviour. The reason for singling out smoking in this analysis inheres not in any detrimental health effect directly attributable to it, but rather to the way in which pregnancy smoking has been socially constructed as a reprehensible feature of women's life‐styles.
Prevention is better …
Authors: Roberts Helen , Smith Susan , Bryce Carol 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThere have been a number of important critiques of the idea of prevention from a theoretical viewpoint, but in practice the value of preventive activities has been less subject to critical appraisal, and less well substantiated by research, than the enthusiasm for them might indicate. The government White Paper The Health of the Nation published in July 1992 focusses on five health issues where preventive work is advocated. This is likely to lead to an increase in health promotion activities. One of the areas prioritised in the White Paper is accidents. This paper explores a number of current preventive efforts in this field, and illustrates prevention in action by drawing on a study of safety as a social value. Fundamental differences in approach to prevention by professionals and citizens identified in this study indicate that if the flow of work stemming from the White Paper is to be effective, citizen conceptions of need in this area will have to be more seriously addressed than has been the case in the past. One means of doing this is through the establishment of hazard or risk surveillance systems at a local level, complementing the injury surveillance systems which inevitably focus on the sequelae rather than the antecedents, of accidents.
Service users' views of psychiatric treatments
Authors: Rogers Anne , Pilgrim David 
Published: February 2004

AbstractCompared to other types of patients, the views of mental health service users have been attended to infrequently by sociologists. This paper presents quantitative and qualitative data on patients’ views of their psychiatric treatments. The data was derived from a piece of action research conducted by the authors on behalf of the mental health charity MIND. With the exception of anti‐depressants, chemotherapy is substantially criticised, as is Electro Convulsive Therapy. Hospital based interventions (whatever their type) receive the poorest endorsement from recipients. Overall, talking treatments are favoured although group therapy is disliked. The data is discussed in the context of other sociological work on the lay perspective.
The non‐fiction reading habits of young successful boy readers: forming connections between masculinity and reading
Authors: Smith Susannah 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe reading experiences of six young successful boy readers were studied over a two‐year period. In this article, their non‐fiction reading is analysed and ways in which the boys make positive connections between masculinity and reading are identified. The boys' non‐fiction reading centres on typical boy interest areas and hobbies (for example, football, space, dinosaurs) and, through their reading, they have become experts on these areas. This has earned them respect from their peers, particularly other boys, and a high status, hegemonic masculine identity in the classroom. Thus, for this group of boys, unlike many other boys, masculinity and reading are compatible; in this particular version of masculinity, reading is a desirable pursuit.
Shaping identities: the reading of young bilinguals
Authors: Jones Susan 
Published: February 2004

AbstractHow far do bilingual readers identify with the ‘implied readers’ of the texts they read? This article explores this question through a quantitative analysis of the reading habits of a sample of 100 English secondary‐school students, mainly from southern Asian backgrounds. Particular focus is given to the way a bilingual reader may or may not be able to identify with the implied reader in the particular texts to which they are exposed, and attendant implications. It was found that reading in the mother tongue played only a small part in the lives of the majority of respondents. It is argued, therefore, that the dominance of Anglo‐American culture in the lives of these students (and, indeed in the lives of bilingual adolescents across many parts of the world) places pressure on the home language and culture of bilingual adolescents to compete with the experience offered to them, at a time when they are already striving to form an individual identity. Parallels are drawn between the experiences of young Welsh–English bilinguals and those of young Urdu/Punjabi–English bilinguals, and recommendations are made based on the current successes of the model of publishing children's fiction in Wales. The students in this study are of secondary school age, but the analysis and implications have a wider relevance.
Identity‐Neutral and Identity‐Constitutive Reasons for Preserving Nature
Authors: Musschenga Albert W. 
Published: February 2004

abstract  Environmental ethicists will often say that in dealing with natural entities we need the guidance of an ethic rooted in ‘the intrinsic value of nature’. They will add that subjectivist value theories are unable to account for the normativity of intrinsic value discourse. This preoccupation with normativity explains why many environmental ethicists favour value objectivism. As I see it, value theories must address not only the problem of normativity but also the problem of motivation. In fact, my approach to the question as to which type of value theory does most justice to our intuition regarding the value of nature is primarily in terms of the motivational perspective. I argue that neither the usual objectivist theories nor their subjectivist counterparts can accommodate and explain the fact that those who agree that nature has intrinsic value may well differ in motivation to support its preservation. I suggest that such difference in kinds of motivation is related to distinct kinds of value judgement in which belief in the intrinsic value of nature is expressed. To clarify my view I discuss the subjectivist value theory of Gerald Gaus[1]. Gaus regards the distinction between personal and impersonal value judgements to be deeply embedded in his theory. His internalism about the relation between reason and motivation however, leads him to the mistaken conclusion that independent impersonal value judgements do not provide reasons for action. Next, I introduce the distinction between identity‐neutral and identity‐constitutive reasons. This distinction allows me to formulate more clearly the differences between the kinds of reasons provided by personal and impersonal value judgements. The resulting theory explains how it is that people who do not (personally) value nature may still be motivated to support nature preservation. It also explains why not everyone who endorses natural values will join movements for the preservation of nature.
A Social Development Curriculum: Applying Nurture Group Principles and Practices to Support Socially and Emotionally Vulnerable Children Within Mainstream Classrooms
Authors: Doyle Rebecca 
Published: February 2004

Rebecca Doyle set up the first nurture group in Thetford Education Action Zone in 2000. In 2001, she published an account of her work to reintegrate pupils from the nurture group into the mainstream of their infant school in the pages of BJSE. In this article, Rebecca Doyle describes how mainstream class teachers requested further support in working with socially and emotionally vulnerable children in their classes using the principles and practices from the nurture group. A social development curriculum was written to support this interest, offering mainstream staff a planning tool to complement their existing schemes of work and to help in the drive to make the curriculum appropriate for every child, regardless of their barriers to learning. This article indicates that mainstream staff are now able to bring the increasing knowledge of nurture group working to the fore in their planning, supporting the development of whole‐school nurturing approaches. The social development curriculum has become a well‐used document alongside current planning frameworks, supporting staff in meeting the diverse needs of pupils within mainstream classrooms with minimal cost and little additional workload.In closing her article, Rebecca Doyle argues that the social development curriculum has had a positive impact upon the pupils in her school and upon her colleagues on the staff. She is pursuing her research into nurturing approaches through her membership of the National Nurture Group Network and her studies for a higher degree at the University of East Anglia.
Origin of the Blue Ridge escarpment along the passive margin of Eastern North America
Authors: Spotila James A. , Bank Greg C. , Reiners Peter W. , Naeser Charles W. , Naeser Nancy D. , Henika Bill S. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe Blue Ridge escarpment is a rugged landform situated within the ancient Appalachian orogen. While similar in some respects to the great escarpments along other passive margins, which have evolved by erosion following rifting, its youthful topographic expression has inspired proposals of Cenozoic tectonic rejuvenation in eastern North America. To better understand the post‐orogenic and post‐rift geomorphic evolution of passive margins, we have examined the origin of this landform using low‐temperature thermochronometry and manipulation of topographic indices. Apatite (U–Th)/He and fission‐track analyses along transects across the escarpment reveal a younging trend towards the coast. This pattern is consistent with other great escarpments and fits with an interpretation of having evolved by prolonged erosion, without the requirement of tectonic rejuvenation. Measured ages are also comparable specifically to those measured along other great escarpments that are as much as 100 Myr younger. This suggests that erosional mechanisms that maintain rugged escarpments in the early post‐rift stages may remain active on ancient passive margins for prolonged periods. The precise erosional evolution of the escarpment is less clear, however, and several end‐member models can explain the data. Our preferred model, which fits with all data, involves a significant degree of erosional escarpment retreat in the Cenozoic. Although this suggests that early onset of topographic stability is not required of passive margin evolution, more data are required to better constrain the details of the escarpment's development.
Numerical models of growth‐sediment development above an active monocline
Authors: Patton Thomas L. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe deposition, erosion and deformation of growth strata associated with an actively growing monocline are modelled using mechanically based numerical experiments. The results demonstrate that the nature of the growth‐stratal record depends on (1) the interaction between the base‐level rate of change and the rate of change of the accommodation space created due to structural relief across the limbs of the monocline; and (2) the progressive folding of the growth strata. With base‐level elevation initially coincident with the upper surface of the pre‐tectonic units, constant rates of base‐level change create three growth‐stratal preservation states. If the base level rises, a growth‐sediment wedge covers both limbs of the monocline, with thinner sediment thicknesses on the upthrown limb, forming an on‐structure wedge. If the base level falls at a rate less than the rate of accommodation space creation due to structural relief, growth‐strata pinch out onto the dipping limb of the monocline, forming an off‐structure wedge. If the base level falls at a rate greater than the rate of accommodation space generation due to structural relief, no syntectonic deposition occurs and pre‐tectonic units on both sides of the monocline are eroded. Syntectonic unconformities develop within the growth‐sediment packages when the rate of accommodation space generation changes during the course of the experiment. The bedding angularity across the unconformities is greatest in the region of the dipping limb of the monocline; off structure, the bedding across the correlative event becomes parallel, forming correlative conformities or disconformities.
Polyphase evolution of the East Gobi basin: sedimentary and structural records of Mesozoic–Cenozoic intraplate deformation in Mongolia
Authors: Johnson Cari L. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractMapping and correlation of 2D seismic reflection data define the overall subsurface structure of the East Gobi basin (EGB), and reflect Jurassic–Cretaceous intracontinental rift evolution through deposition of at least five distinct stratigraphic sequences. Three major northeast–southwest‐trending fault zones divide the basin, including the North Zuunbayan (NZB) fault zone, a major strike‐slip fault separating the Unegt and Zuunbayan subbasins. The left‐lateral NZB fault cuts and deforms post‐rift strata, implying some post‐middle‐Cretaceous movement. This fault likely also had an earlier history, based on its apparent role as a basin‐bounding normal or transtensional fault controlling deposition of the Jurassic–Cretaceous synrift sequence, in addition to radiometric data suggesting a Late Triassic (206–209 Ma) age of deformation at the Tavan Har locality. Deposits of the Unegt subbasin record an early history of basin subsidence beginning ∼155 Ma, with deposition of the Upper Jurassic Sharilyn and Lower Cretaceous Tsagantsav Formations (synrift sequences 1–3). Continued Lower Cretaceous synrift deposition is best recorded by thick deposits of the Zuunbayan Formation in the Zuunbayan subbasin, including newly defined synrift sequences 4–5. Geohistory modelling supports an extensional origin for the EGB, and preliminary thermal maturation studies suggest that a history of variable, moderately high heat flow characterized the Jurassic–Cretaceous rift period. These models predict early to peak oil window conditions for Type 1 or Type 2 kerogen source units in the Upper Tsagantsav/Lower Zuunbayan Formations (Synrift Sequences 3–4). Higher levels of maturity could be generated from distal depocentres with greater overburden accumulation, and this could also account for the observed difference in maturity between oil samples from the Tsagan Els and Zuunbayan fields.
Anatomy and evolution of a Mediterranean‐type fault bounded basin: the Lower Pliocene of the northern Crotone Basin (Southern Italy)
Authors: Zecchin Massimo , Massari Francesco , Mellere Donatella , Prosser Giacomo 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe complex development of the northern Crotone Basin, a forearc basin of the Calabrian Arc (Southern Italy), has been documented by sedimentological, stratigraphic and structural analyses. This Mediterranean‐type fault bounded basin consists of small depocentres commonly characterized by a mix of facies that grades from continental to shallow marine. The lower Pliocene infill of the Crotone Basin consists of offshore marls (Cavalieri Marl) that grade upwards into a shallow‐marine to continental succession up to 850 m thick (Zinga Formation). The succession is subdivided into three main stratal units: Zinga 1, Zinga 2, Zinga 3 bounded by major unconformities. The Zinga 1 stratal unit grades from the Cavalieri Marl to deltaic and shoreface deposits, the latter organized into several stacked progradational wedges that show spectacular thickness changes and progressive unconformities related to salt‐cored NE‐trending growth folds and listric normal faults. The Zinga 2 stratal unit records a progressive and moderate deepening of the area, marked by fluvial sedimentation at the base, followed by lagoonal deposits and by a stacking of mixed bioclastic and siliciclastic shoreface units, organized into metre‐scale high‐frequency cycles. Deposition was controlled by NE‐trending synsedimentary normal faults that dissected the basin into a series of half‐grabens. Hangingwall stratigraphic expansion was compensated by footwall condensed sedimentation. The extensional tectonic regime continued during sedimentation of the Zinga 3 stratal unit. Deposition confined within structural lows during a generalized transgressive phase led to local enhancement of tidal flows and development of sand‐wave trains. The tectonic setting testifies the generalized structural domain of a forearc region. The angular unconformity at the top of the Zinga 3 stratal unit is regional, and marks the activation of a large‐scale tectonic phase linked to strike‐slip movements.
Imbalance between matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 in toluene diisocyanate‐induced asthma
Authors: Lee K. S. , Jin S. M. , Lee H. , Lee Y. C. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryBackground
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI)‐induced asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by airway remodelling due, at least in part, to an excess of extracellular matrix deposition in the airway wall. The ratio of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) and its inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1) may be a marker of the balance between airway tissue destruction and repair.Objective
We determined whether an imbalance of the MMP‐9 : TIMP‐1 molar ratio is present before and/or after challenge with TDI.Methods
We used a murine model of TDI‐induced asthma to evaluate the MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1 balance in the lung.Results
The expression of MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1 mRNAs and proteins in the lungs increased at 7 h after TDI inhalation and continued for up to 72 h. Immunohistochemical and immunocytological analyses in the lungs of TDI‐exposed mice revealed increases of immunoreactive MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1. There were significant correlations between the levels of MMP‐9 or TIMP‐1 and the number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, or eosinophils. The molar ratio of MMP‐9/TIMP‐1 significantly decreased at 7 h after TDI inhalation and continued up to 72 h.Conclusion
These data suggest that TDI‐induced asthma may be associated with an imbalance between MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1, which could be useful as a marker of airway inflammation and airway remodelling in this disease.