bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retinal response to two commercially available contact lenses for myopia control
Authors: Amorim‐de‐Sousa Ana , Fernandes Paulo , Queirós António , Meijome José Manuel González 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: Myopia control contact lenses (CLs) have shown optimistic results in eye growth retention in children. However, it is still unknown the retinal mechanisms of defocus detection. This study evaluated the electrophysiological response of the retina with two myopia control CLs, compared to single‐vision CLs.Methods: High‐contrast visual acuity (VA) and the retinal activity of 16 eyes (16 subjects, 27.5 ± 5.7 years, 12 female) with myopia (from −0.75 to −6.00 D, astigmatism >1.00 D) were assessed with two single‐vision CLs (Omafilcon A – SVo – and Filcon 5B – SVf) and two myopia control CLs (dual‐focus – DF, Omafilcon A – and extended‐depth‐of‐focus – EDOF, Filcon 5B). The global‐flash multifocal electroretinogram (gf‐mfERG) was recorded with the Reti‐port/scan21 (Roland Consult) with a 61‐hexagons stimulus in physiological pupil conditions. The implicit time (milliseconds) and response density (nV/deg2) of the direct (DC) and induced (IC) components were compared between CLs of matching material.Results: All CLs showed similar VA (p > 0.050). The implicit times did not show statistically significant differences. DF showed higher response density of both DC and IC components at all retinal areas, with a statistically significant difference in the parafoveal DC component (difference of 2.77 [6.23–1.44] nV/deg2, p = 0.038), compared with the SVo. EDOF showed a higher response density of about 13.31 [23.88–3.85] nV/deg2 (p = 0.032) in the foveal IC component, compared with the SVf. The remaining retinal areas did not show statistically significant differences.Conclusions: The retina seems to respond differently to distinct CL's optical designs. The two myopia control CLs increased the electrophysiological response of the retina, but with different effects, without affecting the implicit time of the response. Multifocal contact lenses with peripheral defocus induce different foveal and parafoveal activities that might be involved in the mechanism of myopia control.
Contrast threshold recovery after bleaching during cone‐mediated mesopic adaptation: The effect of test conditions
Authors: Remis‐Gonzalez Melisa , Moreira‐Estebaranz Carolina , Gavilán Beatriz Sánchez , Liébana Javier Álvarez , Cedrun‐Sanchez Juan , Puell María 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: To determine the optimal luminance conditions and the staircase procedures for evaluating the time course of macular contrast sensitivity recovery after photobleaching in order to decide the best protocol to assess cone‐mediated mesopic adaptation.Methods: The dynamics of contrast threshold (CT) recovery following photopigment bleach were measured psychophysically for five minutes in twenty‐four healthy adults (23.7 ± 3.7 years old). The stimuli used were sine‐wave gratings of low‐spatial frequency (1 cycle‐per‐degree). In each subject, six tests were performed, combining three luminance levels (0.1, 1.0, and 10 cd/m2) and two modified staircase procedures (3‐down/1‐up and 2‐down/1‐up) to estimate CTs. The test order was randomized, conducted in two visits, with a 15‐min washout period between tests. Outlier detection techniques were applied to verify the integrity of the sample. Non‐linear exponential‐based optimization was adopted to fit CT recovery functions to estimate the time constant (τ, seconds) of cone sensitivity recovery and the final CT (CTf, log units). Classical and heteroscedastic ANOVA analyses were performed to assess the effect of test conditions.Results: The 2‐down/1‐up staircase allowed for denser point sampling of CTs measurements than the 3‐down/1‐up. Under the lowest luminance test condition, the CT recovery was modelled by bumpier functions, for both staircases procedures, than the other luminance levels. Mean cone τ increased (21.7, 42.5, and 72.0 seconds (p < 0.001)) and CTf worsened (−1.99, −1.85, and − 1.47 log units (p < 0.001)) as luminance level decreased. The best fit (median R2 = 0.87) was achieved under 1 cd/m2 mesopic luminance conditions. There were no statistically significant differences in mean cone τ and CTf between the two staircases procedures.Conclusions: An intermediate mesopic light level and a 2‐down/1‐up staircase provided the best protocol for assessing cone‐mediated mesopic adaptation.
Development of a cone‐mediated dark adaptation test on a smartphone
Authors: Gavilán Beatriz Sánchez , Remis‐Gonzalez Melisa , Moreira‐Estebaranz Carolina , Pundlik Shrinivas , Puell María 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: Dark adaptometry is considered a useful tool for investigating retinal neurodegenerative diseases. While it has been demonstrated that the loss of rod photoreceptors occurs before the loss of cones, foveal cones are also impacted during the initial stages of age‐related macular degeneration. Our aim was to develop a test to assess cone‐mediated dark adaptation (DA) based on the MOBILE‐DA smartphone app.Methods: The MOBILE‐DA smartphone app for testing rod‐mediated DA was modified to assess cone‐mediated DA. Using an Android smartphone, and a 3° diameter achromatic flashing stimulus centered on the fovea, the measurements were made using an adaptive staircase of 0.007 cd/m2 level up – 0.009 cd/m2 level down. In a dark room, the smartphone was placed 40 cm from the subject, and the luminance thresholds were measured monocularly for 5 min following almost complete photopigment bleaching using a long‐duration light exposure (60 seconds). Luminance Threshold (LT) recovery functions were fitted to an exponential decay model to determine the time constant (τ, seconds) of cone sensitivity recovery and final cone LT.Results: The cone‐mediated DA measured by the smartphone app resulted in τ of 91 ± 15 seconds; final cone LT of −2.29 ± 0.10 log cd/m2, and R2 of 0.96 ± 0.02. The time constant and final threshold values obtained through this app were comparable to those obtained through other established techniques.Conclusions: The smartphone app for evaluating cone‐mediated dark adaptation proved effective in tracking the rapid changes in luminance threshold that take place during this process. These findings suggest that the MOBILE‐DA app is well‐suited for measuring cone‐mediated dark adaptation.
A meta‐analysis of surgical treatments for childhood glaucoma
Authors: Lee Yun Jeong , Kim Young Kook 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: To assess the comparative efficacies of surgical interventions for childhood glaucoma (CG).Methods: Through electronic database searches up to August 7, 2022, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving surgical interventions for CG were identified. A meta‐analysis was conducted to compare the surgical interventions: Conventional partial trabeculotomy ([CPT] control), 240‐degree trabeculotomy, Illuminated microcatheter‐assisted circumferential trabeculotomy (IMCT), Viscocanalostomy, Visco‐circumferential‐suture‐trabeculotomy, Goniotomy, Laser goniotomy, Kahook dual blade ab‐interno trabeculectomy, Trabeculectomy with mitomycin C, Trabeculectomy with modified scleral bed, Deep sclerectomy, Combined trabeculectomy‐trabeculotomy with mitomycin C, and Baerveldt implant. The main outcome measures were postoperative 6‐month mean intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction and surgical success rate. The mean differences (MDs) or odds ratios (ORs) were obtained using a random‐effects model, and the efficacies were ranked by P‐score.Results: Sixteen (16) RCTs were eligible for inclusion in the analysis, involving 710 eyes of 485 participants and 13 surgical interventions, which formed a 14‐node network. IMCT was superior to CPT in both IOP reduction (MD [95% CI], −3.10 [−5.50 to −0.69]) and surgical success rate (OR [95% CI], 4.38 [1.61 to 11.96]), while the MD and OR comparing the other surgical interventions with CPT were not statistically significant. Moreover, the IMCT was ranked as the most efficacious surgical intervention for success rate (P‐score = 0.777).Conclusions: This meta‐analysis revealed that IMCT is more effective than CPT and might be the most efficacious surgical intervention for CG.
Comparison of a preservative‐free bimatoprost 0.01% ophthalmic gel with a preserved bimatoprost 0.01% ophthalmic solution: A phase III, randomized, multicentre, 3‐month study
Authors: Negrete Francisco José Muñoz , Topouzis Fotis , Oddone Francesco , Nisslé Sylvie , Rokicki Dariusz , Januleviciene Ingrida , Harasymowycz Paul , Stalmans Ingeborg 
Published: January 2024

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP)‐lowering efficacy and safety of a novel preservative‐free bimatoprost 0.01% ophthalmic gel (PFB 0.01% gel) compared with preserved bimatoprost 0.01% (PB 0.01%) in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) or glaucoma.Methods: This was a randomized, multicentre (90 centres), investigator‐masked, 3‐month treatment duration, phase III trial. Following a 7‐week run‐in/washout period, patients were randomized to receive once‐daily PFB 0.01% gel (n = 236) or PB 0.01% (n = 249) for 3 months. The primary efficacy measure was change from baseline IOP at Week 12 at 3 timepoints. Noninferiority was based on a predetermined criteria (upper 95% confidence interval margin of 1.5 mmHg at all timepoints). Safety evaluations included conjunctival hyperaemia, ocular symptoms and occurrence of adverse events (AEs).Results: Mean change from baseline in IOP at Week 12 in the PFB 0.01% gel and PB 0.01% were − 9.72 ± 2.97 and − 9.47 ± 3.06 mmHg, respectively at 8 am, −9.41 ± 3.03 and − 9.19 ± 3.12 mmHg at 10 am, and − 8.99 ± 3.36 and − 8.54 ± 3.44 mmHg at 4 pm. Noninferiority of PFB 0.01% gel to PB 0.01% was demonstrated at Week 12 at all timepoints. The percentage of patients experiencing a worsening from baseline in conjunctival hyperaemia score was lower with PFB 0.01% gel compared to PB 0.01% at Week 12 (18.3% vs 30.4%, respectively). Ocular symptoms upon instillation were less frequent in the PFB 0.01% gel group compared to the PB 0.01% group at Week 12 for irritation/burning (12.7% vs 21.2%, respectively), itching (5.4% vs 10.4%) and eye dryness feeling (7.3% vs 14.3%). The most frequent treatment‐related AE was hyperaemia, reported in 15 (6.4%) patients in the PFB 0.01% gel group and 26 (10.4%) patients in the PB 0.01% group.Conclusions: PFB 0.01% ophthalmic gel had the same efficacy in lowering IOP as PB 0.01%, demonstrated less aggravation of conjunctival hyperaemia at Week 12 and less ocular symptoms upon instillation.
Long term intraocular pressure fluctuation and epiretinal membrane in patients with glaucoma or glaucoma suspect
Authors: In Jung Kyoung , Ryu HeeKyung , Park Chan Kee 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: The associations between ERM and glaucoma were suggested in several studies. In an animal model undergoing intermittent IOP elevations, a reactive gliosis, a phenotype of ERM, was found in the optic nerve head. We investigated the association between intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation and idiopathic ERM in patients with glaucoma or glaucoma suspect.Methods: In this retrospective study, a total of 84 patients with glaucoma or glaucoma suspect were included. Among them, forty one patients had no ERM and forty three patients had ERM. Long‐term fluctuation of IOP was defined as the standard deviation (SD) of IOP at all visits. Patients were divided into two groups according to the median value of SD of IOP: the low IOP fluctuation group and high IOP fluctuation group. Among patients with available heart rate variability (HRV) data, the relationship between the HRV parameter and IOP fluctuation was analysed.Results: Patients with ERM was older and had higher IOP fluctuation and higher proportion of having history of cataract surgery and greater macular thickness (p = 0.018, 0.049, 0.013, < 0.001). The high IOP fluctuation group showed higher proportion of patients with ERM (62.5%) than the low IOP fluctuation group (36.4%, p = 0.028). In the multiple logistic analysis, higher IOP fluctuation group were associated with the presence of ERM (p = 0.047). Among patients with ERM, eyes with stage 3 or 4 ERM had worse visual field defects based on mean deviation than those with stage 1 or 2 ERM (p = 0.025). The high IOP fluctuation group showed higher level of low frequency HRV, an index of sympathetic cardiac control than the low IOP fluctuation group (p = 0.027). Intereye comparison in eyes with ERM and the fellow eyes without ERM, eyes with ERM (2.2 ± 0.9 mmHg) had higher fluctuation of IOP than those without ERM (2.0 ± 0.8 mmHg, p = 0.029).Conclusions: In conclusion, long‐term IOP fluctuation had the relevance to idiopathic ERM in patients with glaucoma or glaucoma suspect. In glaucoma patients with ERM, more advanced stage ERMs were associated with worse visual field damage. Further studies are needed to determine if long‐term IOP fluctuation affects the progression of glaucoma and ERM.
Relationship between central corneal thickness and inter‐eye disease severity in primary angle closure glaucoma
Authors: Nongpiur Monisha , Umapathi Ruthra , Hliang Tin , Aung Tin 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: To determine whether subjects with asymmetric primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) demonstrate greater central corneal thickness (CCT) asymmetry compared to those with symmetrical disease severity.Methods: The following clinical data were retrospectively extracted from the case records of 281 PACG subjects: presenting intraocular pressure (IOP), visual field mean deviation (MD) at presentation, CCT, anterior chamber depth (ACD), and axial length (AL). The eye with the worse visual field MD was considered the worse eye. Asymmetric PACG was defined as the inter‐eye visual field MD difference of greater than 5 dB; and symmetrical PACG disease as an inter‐eye difference of less than 5 dB. Subjects with previous acute primary angle closure were excluded.Results: Based on the definitions, a total of 160 out of 281 PACG subjects (56.9%) presented with asymmetrical disease and 121 (43.1%) with symmetrical disease. Subjects with asymmetric disease had a significantly thinner CCT in the worse eye (529.2 ± 35.2 μm) compared to the fellow eye (535.3 ± 37.2 μm) (p < 0.001), and higher presenting IOP (28.8 ± 12.0 vs 20.1 ± 8.4 mmHg, p < 0.001), but no inter‐eye differences were observed for measurements of AL (p = 0.71) and ACD (p = 0.51) respectively. For patients with symmetric disease, no significant inter‐eye differences were observed for CCT (531.7 ± 31.2 vs 532.9 ± 32.4 μm, p = 0.38), AL (p = 0.30) and ACD (p = 0.31), but the worse eye had significantly higher IOP (22.7 ± 7.9 vs 20.6 ± 6.9 mmHg, p < 0.001). In the asymmetric disease group, 30.6% of subjects had a thinner CCT (≥ 10 μm) in the worse eye compared to 16% of subjects in the symmetric group. There was no correlation between inter‐eye CCT difference and inter‐eye difference of visual field MD (p = 0.17).Conclusions: In PACG subjects with asymmetric disease at presentation, eyes with more severe disease have a thinner CCT and higher presenting IOP. Whether CCT is an independent risk factor for PACG through mechanisms beyond its influence on IOP measurements remains to be established.
Automated analysis of vessel morphometry in retinal images from a Danish high street optician setting
Authors: Freiberg Josefine , Welikala Roshan , Rovelt Jens , Owen Christopher , Rudnicka Alicja , Kolko Miriam , Barman Sarah 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: To evaluate the test performance of the QUARTZ (QUantitative Analysis of Retinal vessel Topology and siZe) software in detecting retinal features from retinal images captured by health care professionals in a Danish high street optician chain, compared with test performance from other large population studies (i.e., UK Biobank) where retinal images were captured by non‐experts.Methods: The dataset FOREVERP (Finding Ophthalmic Risk and Evaluating the Value of Eye exams and their predictive Reliability, Pilot) contains retinal images obtained from a Danish high street optician chain. The QUARTZ algorithm utilizes both image processing and machine learning methods to determine retinal image quality, vessel segmentation, vessel width, vessel classification (arterioles or venules), and optic disc localization. Outcomes were evaluated by metrics including sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy and compared to human expert ground truths.Results: QUARTZ's performance was evaluated on a subset of 3682 images from the FOREVERP database. 80.55% of the FOREVERP images were labelled as being of adequate quality compared to 71.53% of UK Biobank images, with a vessel segmentation sensitivity of 74.64% and specificity of 98.41% (FOREVERP) compared with a sensitivity of 69.12% and specificity of 98.88% (UK Biobank). The mean (± standard deviation) vessel width of the ground truth was 16.21 (4.73) pixels compared to that predicted by QUARTZ of 17.01 (4.49) pixels, resulting in a difference of −0.8 (1.96) pixels. The differences were stable across a range of vessels. The detection rate for optic disc localisation was similar for the two datasets.Conclusions: QUARTZ showed high performance when evaluated on the FOREVERP dataset, and demonstrated robustness across datasets, providing validity to direct comparisons and pooling of retinal feature measures across data sources.
Steroid induced glaucoma in the paediatric population
Authors: Mtalai Naoual , Ghizlane Daghouj , Hamdani Hind , Loubna Elmaaloum , Bouchra Allali , Asmaa Elkettani 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: Steroid induced glaucoma is an iatrogenic pathology secondary to the prolonged use of corticosteroids, it is a serious pathology with a high risk of blindness. The aim of this study is to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary profile of steroid induced glaucoma in children.Methods: It is a retrospective study of cases treated between November 2007 and February 2022, including patients followed in the paediatric ophthalmology department of Casablanca for steroid induced glaucoma.Results: Our study involved́ 35 children (60 eyes), including 20 boys and 15 girls, with an average age of 12 years. The involvement was bilateral in 25 eyes. All the patients had a history of discontinuous self‐medication with local corticosteroids for a mean period of 5 years. The initial condition that led to the use of steroids was in 19 cases allergic conjunctivitis, in 10 cases it was used for recurrent meibomian cysts, 3 cases of uveitis, 2 cases of blepharitis and one episcleritis. 60% eyes had visual acuity raging between 0.1 to 0.3. Mean Intraocular pressure was 36 ± 1 2 mmHg. Mean vertical cup disc ratio was 0.68 ± 0.25. all our patients had an open angle on gonioscopy and severe perimetric deficits were noted in all our patients. 19 eyes (32%) had an associated cataract. IOP was controlled after the withdrawal of steroids in 8 eyes, associated to antiglaucoma treatment in 22 eyes. The surgical management consisted of a Trabeculectomy + IP + 5 F.U in 30 eyes. Cyclophotocoagulation was not required in any of the patients. On a follow up of 24 months, the average final visual acuity was <2/10th and the tonometric results were globally good with a stabilization of the papillary excavation and visual field in 82% of the cases.Conclusions: Steroid induced glaucoma is a condition in which the functional prognosis is at risk, especially in young patients. It shows the importance of regular monitoring of the IOP in patients undergoing corticosteroid treatment. The first line of treatment consist of the prevention: awareness of the risks of self‐medication by steroids.References1. Lam CS, Umi Kalthum MN, Norshamsiah MD, Bastion M. Case series of children with steroid‐Induced glaucoma. Malays Fam Physician 2018 Dec 31; 13(3): 32–37.
Clinical effectiveness of combined cataract surgery with iStent inject implantation in the surgical treatment of open‐angle glaucoma
Authors: Gurbanzade Shakhriiar , Aghayeva Fidan , Assaf Abdelrahman , Lanzl Ines 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: This study aims to evaluate intraocular pressure (IOP) change and reduction of topical IOP‐lowering medications after combined cataract surgery with iStentinject® implantation in the surgical treatment of open‐angle glaucoma.Methods: Retrospective chart review of 100 patients (100eyes) with different types of open‐angle glaucoma (84% ‐ primary open angle; 16% ‐ pseudoexfoliation glaucoma), who were naïve to any previous ocular procedure and underwent combined cataract surgery with iStent®implantation, was performed. Study outcomes were median IOP change in the operated eye and the mean number of topical IOP‐lowering medications at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery.Results: The mean age of patients was 74 ± 7.5 years, 44% men and 56% women. The median pre‐ and postoperative IOP in the operated eye at 3, 6 and 12 months were 18.5(16–20) mmHg, 14.0 (12–16.75) mmHg, 14.5 (12–16) mmHg and 14.5 (12–16) mmHg, respectively. The median IOP change in the operated eyes at 3, 6 and 12 months follow up was −4 (−6 to −2) mmHg (p < 0.001), −4 (−6 to −1) mmHg (p < 0.001), and − 4 (−6.75 to −2) mmHg (p < 0.001), respectively. The higher the preoperative IOP level, the larger was the IOP‐lowering effect at different follow‐ups after surgery (−0.57, p < 0.001; −0.58, p < 0.001; −0.6, p < 0.001; at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively). We found a statistically significant difference between the mean number of topical IOP‐lowering medications before and at 12 months after surgery (1.23 ± 0.8 vs. 1.08 ± 0.8; −3.42, p < 0.001).Conclusions: This study shows a statistically significant IOP reduction at 3, 6 and 12 months after combined cataract surgery with iStent® implantation in glaucoma patients. The higher the preoperative IOP in the operated eye, the larger the IOP‐lowering effect after surgery at all follow‐ups. iStent inject, a minimally invasive glaucoma surgery approach is associated with the reduction of topical IOP‐lowering medications at 12 months follow‐up.References (if any): Shalaby WS, Jia J, Katz LJ, Lee D. iStent inject: comprehensive review. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2021 Mar 1;47(3):385–399. doi: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000000325.