bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The American Dream
Authors: Cullen Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The American Dream is one of the most familiar and resonant phrases in our national lexicon, so familiar that we seldom pause to ask its origin, its history, or what it actually means. In this fascinating short history, Jim Cullen explores the meaning of the American Dream, or rather the several American Dreams that have both reflected and shaped American identity from the Pilgrims to the present. Cullen begins by noting that the United States, unlike most other nations, defines itself not on the facts of blood, religion, language, geography, or shared history, but on a set of ideals expressed in the Declaration of Independence and consolidated in the Constitution. At the core of these ideals lies the ambiguous but galvanizing concept of the American Dream, a concept that for better and worse has proven to be amazingly elastic and durable for hundreds of years and across racial, class, and other demographic lines. Cullen then traces a series of overlapping American dreams: the quest for of religious freedom that brought the Pilgrims to the “New World”; the political freedom promised in the Declaration; the dream of upward mobility, embodied most fully in the figure of Abraham Lincoln; the dream of home ownership, from homestead to suburb; the intensely idealistic--and largely unrealized--dream of equality articulated most vividly by Martin Luther King, Jr. The version of the American Dream that dominates our own time--what Cullen calls “the Dream of the Coast”--is one of personal fulfillment, of fame and fortune all the more alluring if achieved without obvious effort, which finds its most insidious expression in the culture of Hollywood. For anyone seeking to understand a shifting but central idea in American history, The American Dream is an interpretive tour de force.
The Psychology of Feeling Good
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the strategies that have proven successful in relieving dysthymia and depression. These strategies could, in fact, help anyone cope better with life’s hardships. They are derived from the psychotherapies—cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and problem-solving therapies—that have shown success in a multitude of studies in turning around the downward, self-perpetuating, and destructive spiral of dysthymia and depression. If your depression is mild, you can probably help yourself immediately by using these strategies and skills that will focus on three areas: Feelings and Thoughts: Distorted Thoughts and Where They Lead Behavior: Do What Would Help You to Feel Better Relationships: When Troubled Relationships Darken Your World *A nonprofit educational organization that provides a wide range of educational programs and services related to Constructive Living, Morita therapy, Naikan, Meaningful Life therapy, and other related areas. See Appendix 3.
Herbal and Other Types of Supplements
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
St. John’s wort and other supplements have been touted for years as “natural” approaches to treating depression. Although few have proven useful for major depression—which is a serious illness that must be vigorously treated—a few have intriguing possibilities for milder depressions and, possibly, dysthymia. One problem with herbal therapies is that no major pharmaceutical company will devote the millions of dollars it takes to test if an herbal therapy works, is safe, and to bring it to market. Because these supplements are already widely available, don’t require a prescription, and cost less than prescribed antidepressants, companies have no profit motive to pursue them, whether or not they have a therapeutic effect.
‘They Say’
Authors: Davidson James West 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Few students have had the opportunity to consider the contrasting social identties pursued by African Americans following abolotion of slavery, nor to understand how whites’ skewed construction of those aspirations were a reaction against them. The story of Ida Wells provides a useful narrative frame for understanding the treacherous crosscurrents of race that shaped social identites.Wells was born into slavery in 1862, of mixed parentage, and raised in Mississippi. Her thrist for education and high social aspiration, combined with her strong personality, led her to speak out in ways often at odds with Victorian feminine ideals. She was expelled from Rusk Cllege in a dispute with its white president; she taught school in Memphis, where she brought a suit against the Chesapeake reailroad after being thrown off for refusing to leave the first-class cas; and she spoke out against the increasing segregation in the Memphis school system. After race riots and lynchings in Memphis in 1892, she embarked full-blown on the career for which she is now remembered, as an outspoken writer and lecturer against lynching.
Dying Poor: An Invisible World
Authors: Moller David Wendell 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I begin with a description of some of the life issues that affect particular individuals in order to bring the human experience of dying poor into focus. As you come to know them, you will notice that in their unique ways they suffered deeply. They lived within an inescapable complex of terrors: the nagging fear of death, the pain of bodily deterioration, and the eerie isolation that comes from realizing that “finally their time had arrived.” These terrors were often compounded by a sense of alienation, medical uncertainty, poverty, family fragmentation, and mistrust. To a person, however, despite individual variations, these individuals displayed a surprising strength in getting used to the idea of dying. Their lifetime experiences with poverty blended together ironically with their newly found encounter with mortality. From the onset I was struck by their absence of bitterness about having lived their lives in poverty. This is not to suggest that these individuals did not feel the sting of poverty and its life-limiting impositions. Instead, they understood poverty as a cross to bear. As a result, they did not obsess about its deleterious consequences for the quality of their lives.
Triumph And Faith Tl-I Rough Harsh Reality And Personal Tragedy: Lucille Angel
Authors: Moller David Wendell 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lucille Angel was a beautiful sixty-two-year-old African-American woman who was dying of lung cancer. Like so many indigent and dying persons, Mrs. Angel rarely complained about her life. The cancer that ravaged her body left her mind intact and her spirit strong. Rather than lament her sufferings, she spent much of the time during her final months being thankful for where her life was and reflecting on what she had done in the past. “It ‘s taken me back over my life, you know. I ‘ve thought about things that I probably should have done, and all the things I could ‘ve done better, or differently, or something like that. It ‘s taken me back over my life.” In her contemplations and remembrances she fondly recalled her childhood in Kentucky. “We were poor-dirt poor-but we had a big family, and we had love in that house, food to eat, and a roof over our head. Nine of us. We were poor folk, but there was love in the house.
Evolutionary Processes
Authors: Tattersall Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is impossible for human beings fully to understand either themselves or their long prehuman history without knowing something of the process (or, rather, processes) by which our remarkable species be- came what it is. This is, as (almost) everybody knows, evolution. And although most of us have a vague idea of what evolution is all about, few realize quite how many factors have typically been involved in the evolutionary histories that gave rise to the diversity of today’ s living world. For evolution is not, as we often believe, a simple, linear process; rather, it is an untidy affair involving many different causes and influences.
Islamic Empires from Temür to the “Gunpowder Era”
Authors: Findley Carter Vaughn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between about 1400 and 1800, another great age of indigenous empire building occurred across most of Asia. Although not all these empires proved equally durable, among Islamic states this period marks the culmination of the reintegration begun by the Seljuks. These empires have been variously characterized. Compared to the earlier “dual administration empires,” states of the period 1260–1796 have been called “direct taxation” empires, in that they extracted all their resources from the territories they had conquered, without continuing the old steppe empires’ pattern of exacting tributes from neighboring sedentary societies.
The Endangered Human
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We humans tend to worry first about ourselves, then about our families, then about our communities. In times of great stress, such as war or natural disaster, we may focus temporarily on our country, but we almost never think about our planet as a whole or our species as a whole. This constricted perspective, perhaps best exemplified by the American consumer, has led to the environmental degradation of Earth, a gross and widening gap in living standards between rich and poor nations and people, and a scientific research agenda that focuses almost exclusively on the needs and desires of the wealthy West. Reversing worldwide trends toward market-based atomization and increasing indifference to the suffering of others will require a human rights focus forged by the development of what Vaclav Havel has termed a “species consciousness.” In this chapter I explore the blurring of boundaries between bioethics and human rights by discussing human cloning and inheritable genetic alterations from the human species perspective. In this context I also suggest language for a proposed international “Convention on the Preservation of the Human Species” that would outlaw all efforts to initiate a pregnancy using either intentionally modified genetic material or human.
B
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The prevalence in Newfoundland is about 10 times greater than in Switzerland (1 in 160,000) and is similar to the prevalence among the Bedouin of Kuwait (1 in 13,500). The modified diagnostic criteria according to Beales et al. (1999) require the presence of 4 of 6 major criteria or 3 of 6 major criteria plus 2 of 11 minor criteria. The Laurence-Moon syndrome (OMIM 245800) is not characterized by obesity or polydactyly. Patients do, however, have spastic paraplegia or ataxia.
Opioids
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Opium was used for its medicinal and perhaps for its sensory-altering effects long before records of such use could be made. Opium was and continues to be obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), which may have been domesticated thousands of years ago in what is now Turkey (Asia Minor). The cultivation and use of opium moved readily to the ancient civilizations of Greece and Egypt, and Arabian traders eventually carried it to India and China. The opium poppy is depicted in the most ancient written language, Sumerian, in approximately 3100 B.c. in southern Iraq (Mesopotamia). In the Ebers Papyri Egyptian physicians recommended the use of opium for a number of disorders in 1550 B.c. (Davenport-Hines, 2002; Terry and Pellens, 1928). Apparent references to opium were made by, among others of the ancient world, Homer, Hippocrates, Theophrastus-a pupil of Aristotle-Virgil, Pliny, and Galen. Until fairly recently, the primary sources of both legal and illicit opium were Afghanistan and Myanmar, with reduced amounts grown in Turkey and Pakistan as their standards of living and outside pressure increased. In the past decade, countries that previously specialized in cocaine production, such as Columbia and Mexico, were growing large amounts of opium for illegal export to the United States and Europe (Brzezinski, 2002; Karch, 2002).
Fyodor Dostoevsky’s
Authors: Peace Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This Casebook is a collection of interpretations of Crime and Punishment. The selection not only reflects earlier work by major critics in the field, but also more recent studies. At the same time the choice of critical approaches has been made on the basis of covering the novel’s various aspects: Dostoevsky’s debt to other novelists in the European tradition; his roots as a writer in the so-called “Natural School” of the 1840s with its emphasis on the theme of the city; the thematic and symbolic structure of the novel itself; the psychology of the hero; the philosophical content of the novel and its relationship to contemporary thought; the novel’s religious dimension. This latter approach has long been established in western criticism, but the two essays with which the Casebook concludes are by modern Russian scholars, who examine the novel in the light of their own Orthodox tradition.
Raskolnikov’s City and the Napoleonic Plan
Authors: Lindenmeyr Adele 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Having lived in Petersburg’s Haymarket area in the 1840s and 1860s, Dostoevsky observed at close hand the strains and dislocation created by unplanned urban growth. In a little-noted passage in Crime and Punishment recounting Raskolnikov’s thoughts just before the murder (I, 6), Dostoevsky connects these urban problems to Raskolnikov’s thoughts and subsequent actions. Raskolnikov imagines a reconstruction of Petersburg aimed especially at improving the crowded, wretched conditions of Haymarket. This passage yields insights into the character of Raskolnikov and the thematics of the novel. In it, the city takes two forms, both of which have a powerful psychological influence on Raskolnikov: the squalid reality of Haymarket and the ideal of his imagining, modeled after Napoleon III’s reconstruction of Paris. Both cities, real and ideal, support Raskolnikov’s motive and justification for the murder. For Dostoevsky, however, the reality of Haymarket undermines Raskolnikov’s utilitarian, Napoleonic scheme of re- construction and, by extension, his intellectual rationale for the murder.
“The Other World” in Crime and Punishment
Authors: Vetlovskaya V E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Having committed the c rime and killed the old money-lender, Raskolnikov, as we know, not only killed her, but himself. Talking to Sonya, the hero himself stresses this last circumstance, giving it prominence: “Did I murder the old woman? I killed myself, not that old creature! There and then I did for myself at one blow, for ever!... But it was the devil who killed the old hag, not I. .” [402].1 Sonya reacts to Raskolnikov’s admission in the same sense: Suddenly, as if she had been stabbed, she started, cried out, and flung herself, without knowing why, on her knees in front of him.
The Epilogue of Crime and Punishment
Authors: Kasatkina Tatyana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some time ago , concerning the chief idea of Crime and Punishment, I wrote: “Only by the one, only through the one, can the other be saved. There is no other way.”1 The one embodies salvation for the other through the possibility of union with him—a possibility too infrequent and far from obvious, at all events, for that “other” in question—Raskolnikov. But for Dos- toevsky there is only one salvation, which opens anew to the soul paths of union with the Living God. And Sonya not only embodies salvation, but presents an image visually perceived by Ras- kolnikov—an icon.
Double Trouble
Authors: Thompson J Phillip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
J. Phillip Thompson III, an insider in the Dinkins administration, provides the first in-depth look at how the black mayors of America's major cities achieve social change. Black constituents naturally look to black mayors to effect great change for the poor, but the reality of the situation is complicated. Thompson argues that African-American mayors, legislators, and political activists need to more effectively challenge opinions and public policies supported by the white public and encourage greater political inclusion and open political discourse within black communities. Only by unveiling painful internal oppresssions and exclusions within black politics will the black community's power increase, and compel similar unveilings in the broader interracial conversation about the problems of the urban poor. Tracing the historical development and contemporary practice of black mayoral politics, this is a fascinating study of the motivations of black politicians, competing ideologies in the black community and the inner dynamics of urban social change.
“The Dirty Little Secret” of Black Politics
Authors: Thompson J Phillip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Harold Washington, Chicago’s first African American mayor, elected in 1983, was asked the following question by a reporter for Crain’s Chicago Weekly: “I hear from some business leaders ... [that] they lament the divisiveness of the city and they worry about the image that projects beyond our borders, and they wish that Harold Washington would do more to overcome that kind of divisiveness You’re down there in the gutter with these guys and they wish that we had the kind of mayor that could somehow bring the city together again:’ Washington replied, “They can wish unto hell. Let me tell you something very bluntly.
“Cursed by Factions and Feuds” Black Factionalism and the Structure of New York City Government
Authors: Thompson J Phillip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On September 12, 1989, thousands crowded into the ballroom at the Penta Hotel to hear from the declared winner of New York’s Democratic primary election for mayor of New York City. The Reverend Jesse Jackson, at the microphone, linked Dinkins’s victory to the city’s reaction to a recent killing of a black teenager by a gang of young white men.Voters had decided “to turn pain into power;’ Jackson declared with the clear implication that Dinkins’s victory was for blacks (Bohlen 1989). Dinkins himself seemed perplexed. That was not the message he wanted televised across New York as he prepared for the general election. For many among Dinkins’s political staff, Jackson’s comments seemed out of place for a different reason. Heimplied that blacks were politically cohesive in New York, yet the black elected officials on the podium did not represent a unified group. The Harvard political scientist Martin Kilson once described New York City’s black politics as “cursed with factions and feuds:’ Although overwhelming black voter support for Dinkins suggested shared grass-roots sentiment among blacks, it seemed overly optimistic to suggest that a cohesive long-term coalition among black elected leaders and activists in New York had emerged.
Specialization and Its Opponents in London
Authors: Weisz George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
London was the largest city in Europe. It possessed medical resources that were certainly as extensive as those of Paris. Among the many practitioners in the city, specialists were clearly visible. And yet, specialization as a compelling social category did not first emerge in London; and once it did appear on the scene, it faced a unique degree of hostility. In fact, almost none of the conditions that pertained in Paris applied in the British metropolis. London provides an almost exact negative image of the situation that allowed specialization to flourish in the French capital.
The French Style of Regulating Specialists
Authors: Weisz George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We saw in chapter 1 that specialties were admitted to the Paris Medical Faculty during the 1860s. By the first decades of the twentieth century, all French medical schools had specialist chairs; in 1919, there were nine in Paris, eight in Bordeaux, and six in both Lille and Lyons. The nation’s seven medical schools combined had eight chairs in clinical obstetrics, seven in ophthalmology, six in dermatology-venereology, and five in both psychiatry and pediatric orthopedics (an unusual chair by international standards). Specialized medical practice spread as well.
The Politics of Judicial Selection
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On July 1, 1795, President George Washington wrote a fateful letter to John Rutledge, a former associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. Chief Justice John Jay had just resigned after being elected governor of New York, and Washington was writing to tell Rutledge he was nominating him to be Jay’s successor. Rutledge had wanted the appointment since Jay had been appointed six years earlier. In fact, once he heard of Jay’s election, Rutledge had written to the president offering his services.
Today’s Nomination Process The Battle over Image
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The new roles of external players have transformed the Supreme Court nomination process from an insider game dominated by the political interplay among the administration, senators, and, often, the legal community into one with a broader array of players, including interest groups (outside the legal community), the press, and the public. With this change, judicial selection has become a public process prone to the same emphases as other public selection processes such as elections and executive branch appointments—that is, image making to shape mass perceptions. As presidential campaigns seek to shape voters’ images of a candidate, so Supreme Court nominations have become an attempt by the White House to secure certain perceptions of the nominee in the minds of elites and the public.
Famine that Kills Darfur, Sudan
Authors: de Waal Alex 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When news of the Darfur famine in the ’80s broke in the West, relief experts predicted that, without massive food aid, millions of people would starve to death. Food aid on this scale did not arrive, but millions did not starve to death. Analyzing the famine from the perspective of the rural people in the region who suffered it, Alex de Waal uncovers a number of new and important insights into the dynamics of famine and famine relief. The author argues that deaths during the famine were not due to starvation, but instead were caused by disease, which ensued in the aftermath of the social disruption caused by the famine. In addition, the priority for rural people during the crisis was not to try to save every possible life, but to preserve their way of life for the future. Consequently, he concludes, the huge international relief effort was largely irrelevant to their survival. De Waal’s findings have profound implications, not just for famine relief, but for our very conception of ‘famine’ itself. Already a classic in the field, this revised edition Famine that Kills provides critical background and lessons of past intervention for a region that finds itself in another moment of humanitarian crisis.
‘Famine’ in English
Authors: de Waal Alex 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is clearly a major problem here. What is famine? The tension between conflicting understandings of famine is a central theme of this book. The Sahelian herder’s concept of famine-hinted at here-is similar to those held by the people of Darfur, the subjects of this book. This concept strikes Europeans as strange, at odds with intuition. Yet I am going to argue that the herder’s concept is fundamentally more accurate when it comes to analyzing the nature of famine in this part of Africa.