bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
29 Evaluation of Diet Composition on Early Post-Weaned Feed Intake and Intestinal Health
Authors: deNeui Grace , De Mille Carson M , Burrough Eric R , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Weaning is an inevitable early life stressor in commercial production that can cause an immediate reduction in voluntary feed intake and growth during a critical period of gastrointestinal development. Further, the reduction in voluntary feed intake is strongly correlated with the risk of disease during that period. Therefore, our objective was to test the effect of different dietary interventions on early nursery pig feed intake, performance, fecal consistency, and histological parameters. Over 2 repetitions, a total of 90 newly weaned gilts (19-21 d of age, BW 5.62 ± 1.1 kg) were selected, individually penned and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments (n = 18 pigs/treatment) that included: 1) Control diet (CON), 2) CON + 5% sugar beet pulp (BP), 3) CON + 10% high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), 4) CON + 5% soyhulls (SH), or 5) CON + 3,000 ppm Zn and 200 ppm Cu (d 0-7), and 2,000 ppm Zn and 200 ppm Cu (d 8-14; ZC). Each repetition was conducted over a 14-d period consisting of 2 phases (Phase 1: d 0-7, phase 2: d 8-14). Pigs were all sourced from a natural endemic enteric pathogen positive nursery flow and confirmed positive for rotavirus, coccidia and F18 E. coli. Fecal consistency was scored and feed disappearance was recorded daily. On d 0, 7 and 14, pig BW were collected. Weekly feed disappearance and BW were used to calculate ADG, ADFI and feed efficiency (G:F) within phase and overall. On d 14, all pigs were euthanized, and fixed sections of ileum and colon were collected to assess histopathology including incidence of villus atrophy and colitis. Pig was the experimental unit, and performance and histology data were analyzed by dietary treatment. Daily measures of feed intake were analyzed by repeated measures with the fixed effects of diet, day, and their interaction. Starting BW did not differ across dietary treatments (P = 0.845). Over the 14-d test period, HFCS and ZC treatments tended to increase ADG (0.20 and 0.15 kg/d, respectively) compared with CON, BP and SH (0.09, 0.12, and 0.13 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.076). Further, the addition of a sweetener (HFCS) did not improve daily feed intake, while SH reduced daily feed intakes by 32% compared with all other treatments (P &lt; 0.001). Although all pigs had some degree of diarrhea, fecal consistency did not differ between dietary treatments (P = 0.618). Histopathology scoring for intestinal atrophy (ileum) and colitis (colon) were not different (P = 0.645 and 0.440, respectively). In conclusion, the addition of BP, HFCS, SH and ZC had an effect on growth and feed intake but there was no benefit in atrophy, colitis, and fecal scores when encountering a natural enteric pathogen burden.
35 High Fiber Top Dress Effects on Sows During Farrowing and Lactation
Authors: Nickell Sawyer j , Rush Cate , McKilligan Denny , Tauer Sam , Cline Paul M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There have been several studies on high fiber diets during late gestation and lactation which have shown an increase in body condition score as well as showing an increase in piglet born alive with multiple cycles. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of two high fiber top dress protocols on the performance of lactating sows and piglets in the farrowing phase. The top dress contained sugar beet pulp, wheat bran, vitamins, enzymes, and an attractant. A total of 459 sows were balanced by parity and genetics among 3 treatments. Treatment 1, Control, contained no additional fiber. Treatment 2, 5D, was fed 0.45 kg. top dress/day for 5 days upon entry into farrowing. Treatment 3, 23D, was fed 0.45 kg top dress for 5 days upon entry into farrowing and then 0.23 kg top dress/day until pigs were weaned. After each room had finished farrowing, piglets were cross fostered within the room, balanced on litter size and number of teats on the sow, and then individually weighed. Piglets were weighed again the day prior to weaning. Calipers were used to record body condition score prior to farrow and weaning. A fecal softness score using a numeric system of 3 = normal 2 = soft 1 = cow patty 0 = liquid was utilized. Fecal scores were recorded daily. Data were analyzed using mixed linear model in SAS. Ending body condition scores were increased with the addition of fiber (Control = 2.59, 5D = 2.59, 23D = 2.69, P = 0.002). Sow mortality was numerically reduced with the addition of 23D fiber (control = 3.97%, 5D = 3.87%, 23D = 1.31%, P = 0.31). Piglet average daily gain (kg/d) was not statistically impacted by fiber (Control = 0.25, 5D = 0.25, 23D = 0.26, P = 0.27). Wean pigs per litter showed no change between treatments (Control = 12.57, 5D = 12.70, 23D = 12.47, P = 0.38) Wean to estrus days were not statistically impacted from treatments (Control 4.28, 5D = 4.20, 23D = 4.1, P = 0.53.) Fecal softness scores continued to decline in the 23D after the initial five days on treatment (P &lt; 0.01.) In conclusion, sows on 23D fiber maintained more body weight through lactation and had consistently looser stools than sows on 5D or Control treatments.
36 Effects of Programmed Compensatory Gain on Feedlot Steer Behavior
Authors: Schwager Jebadiah , Buessing Zachary , Hannon Bruce , Murphy Michael , Shike Daniel W , McCann Joshua C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective was to determine effects of programmed compensatory gain on feedlot steer behavior after feeding. Simmental × Angus steers (n = 159; BW = 278 ± 49 kg) were blocked by BW, stratified by sire, and allotted to 10 pens. Each pen contained a 3.0 m-long bunk to allow 19 cm of linear bunk space per steer. Pens were randomly assigned to one of two treatments on d 0: control (CON) or programmed compensatory gain (PCG). To achieve programmed compensatory gain, previously growing animals were maintained at a constant BW by reducing the amount of feed offered by 3.29% daily for 10 consecutive d. This restricted feeding protocol was initiated on d 45. Thus, on d 54, PCG steers were consuming 72% of original dry matter intake (DMI) and subsequently returned to ad libitum intake to facilitate a period of compensatory gain. Feed intake for CON pens was managed using slick bunk management for the entire experiment. Behavior was observed before (d 37 and 44), during (d 47, 49, 51 and 54), and after programmed compensatory gain period (d 58 and 68) after morning and afternoon feedings (1 and 0.5 h, respectively). Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 using a beta distribution. Following morning feeding, a treatment by day interaction (P = 0.01) was observed for percentage of steers at the bunk as more PCG steers were at the bunk on d 47, 49, 52, 54, and 58 compared with CON steers. Following morning feeding, no treatment by day interactions (P &gt; 0.14) were observed for steers waiting behind the bunk, standing, lying, or pushing. A greater percentage (P = 0.05) of PCG steers were waiting behind the bunk compared with CON following morning feeding (8.0 and 5.8%, respectively). A greater (P = 0.01) percentage of PCG steers were observed pushing compared with CON following morning feeding (12.5 and 7.3%, respectively). A greater (P &lt; 0.01) percentage of PCG steers were standing compared with CON following morning feeding. Following afternoon feeding, no treatment by day interactions (P ≥ 0.13) were observed for steers at the bunk, waiting behind the bunk, standing, or pushing. A greater (P &lt; 0.01) percentage of PCG steers were at the bunk and waiting behind the bunk compared with CON following afternoon feeding. A greater (P = 0.01) percentage of PCG steers were observed pushing compared with CON following afternoon feeding (10.7 and 4.2%, respectively). No effect (P ≥ 0.57) was observed for steers standing in the pen following afternoon feeding. Feed restriction associated with PCG only had minor impacts on steer behavior with observed increases in the percentage of steers at the bunk and waiting behind the bunk immediately after feeding.
39 Using Finishing Pig Body Measurements as a Tool to Estimate Body Weight
Authors: Steichen Branigan , Miller Hannah , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Approximately $220 million is lost every year by the pork industry due to sort losses defined as the loss of value associated with marketing pigs that fall outside the premium body weight (BW) range. Current industry standards of by “eye” measuring results in a sort loss greater than 10% in most loads. Stationary imaging systems to predict BW have been developed to help producers better market their pigs at the appropriate BW; however, they can be costly and still require stockpersons to individually mark relevant pigs. Flank to Flank measurements using a cloth tape have been found suitable for predicting breeding sow and boar weights. The objective of the study was to establish a linear equation based on body measurements (body length, heart girth, and flank) to predict BW in finishing pigs. This study used 223 finisher pigs (121 gilts, 102 barrows), divided between 2 replicate groups (28.5 ±0.7 days). Measurements of BW, body length (base of neck to base of tail), heart girth (circumference around the chest), and flank (measurement was taken in front of hind legs from the bottom of one flank to the other sides bottom of the flank) were measured every 7 d beginning at 135 d of age until 163 d of age. Linear regression was used to establish equations for each body measurement alone and in combination and the R2 coefficient was used to compare predictability of equations. An R2 value of 0.76, 0.24, and 0.65 was found for heart girth, body length, and flank length, respectively. The linear equation from the greatest R2 value measurement was BW = 1.95 × (heart girth) - 101.78. The R2 value can be improved by combining multiple points of measurement provided added variable(s) make a significant contribution. The linear equation accounting for all three measurements [BW = (0.17 × length) + (1.49 × heart) + (0.12 × flank) - 122.98] had R2 = 0.78. The combination of body length and heart girth [BW = (1.45 × heart) + (0.87 × flank) - 118.94] resulted in an equation with a similar accuracy (R2 = 0.78) as all 3 measurements combined. Body length marginally improved the R2 value likely because it had a relatively low R2 value alone. The equation combining heart girth and flank explained the greatest proportion of the variation in BW, although there was limited additional value above heart girth alone. Within a commercial finisher barn, measuring heart girth of every pig may not be practical. However, this method could be suitable to train stockpersons for improved visual estimation of pig weight or to gauge overall barn performance based on a random sampling of pigs just prior to marketing.
38 The Effects of Lysine and Antibiotic Usage on Early Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Statler Abigail , Miller Kayla A , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Weaning transition, early nursery environment, and the diet is critical for nursery pig performance and health. Nutritional interventions (i.e., low crude protein diets achieved via decreased SID lysine) and water or in-feed antibiotics are often used to aid in this transition in pig flows prone to endemic enteric pathogens. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of high or low dietary lysine curves, with or without antibiotics, in the first two phases of production on early nursery pig performance. A total of 384 weaned nursery pigs (starting body weight of 5.3 ± 1.6 kg) were randomly assigned to split sex pens (8 pigs/pen) over a 21-day study. Using a 2x2 factorial arrangment, pens were fed one of two dietary treatments over phase 1 (P1) and 2 (P2), with or without antibiotics (n = 12 pens/treatment). The treatments consisted of: 1) low lysine curve (1.15% and 1.2% SID Lys, respectively; LLys); 2) high lysine curve (1.45% and 1.375% SID Lys, respectively; HLys); 3) LLys + antibiotics (LLys+); and 4) HLys + antibiotics (HLys+). During P1, LLys+ and HLys+ received water soluble gentamicin for 5 days, while 50 g/ton Mecadox was added to the LLys+ and HLys+ P2 diets. Four days post-placement, pigs were confirmed positive for Rotavirus and hemolytic E. coli. Individual pig body weights and pen feed disappearance were collected on day 7, 14 and 21 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Fecal consistency was scored daily by pen. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit and least squares means reported with the fixed effects of lysine, antibiotics, and their interaction. Regardless of dietary treatment or antibiotic usage, LLys, HLys, LLys+, and HLys+ ADG (0.21, 0.22, 0.20, and 0.21 kg/d, respectively) or ADFI (0.30, 0.28, 0.28, and 0.28 kg/d, respectively) were not different over the 21-day period (P &gt; 0.05). No lysine by antibiotic interactions were reported for any variable measured (P &gt; 0.05). Pig removals and mortalities ranged from 1-4% and did not differ between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). No fixed effects were observed in P1 variables. Although growth rates did not differ, G:F was greater in HLys compared with LLys fed pigs in P2 (0.78 vs. 0.73, P = 0.016) and overall (0.75 vs. 0.69, P = 0.031). Antibiotic usage had no effect on P1, P2, or overall performance parameters. In conclusion, feeding pigs on a high lysine curve or utilizing water soluble and in-feed antibiotics shows minimal benefit to young pigs with a natural enteric pathogen burden.
PSII-5 Impacts of Birth Body Weight Classification on Performance, Feed Efficiency, and Structural Characteristics in Beef Steers
Authors: Duncan Hattie I , Shike Daniel W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the relationship of birth body weight (BBW) classification on performance, feed efficiency, and structural characteristics in fall-born beef steers. Steers were classified based on BBW as either light (LtBBW; &lt; -0.5 SD from mean), average (AvgBBW; ± 0.5 SD from mean), or heavy (HvyBBW; &gt; +0.5 SD from mean). Steers (n = 167), either Angus or Hereford sired by commercial dams, were utilized in the analysis. Steers were early weaned at 81 ± 7 days of age. Following weaning, steers were managed in drylot pens until shipping on day 1 (140 ± 6 days of age). Upon feedlot arrival, steers were randomly assigned to pens and fed a growing diet for 87 days until transitioning to a finishing diet (DM basis; 45% high moisture corn, 25% corn silage, 20% modified wet distillers grains with solubles, 10% corn-based supplement). On day 98, steers began a 56-day evaluation utilizing GrowSafe system to determine dry matter intake (DMI). Steers were weighed monthly except during the intake evaluation period, where weights were collected biweekly. Foot, leg, and claw scores were collected for structural characteristics on days 58 and 237. Hip height was collected on day 237. As designed, birth body weight differed (P &lt; 0.01) between classifications (30, 34, and 39 kg for LtBBW, AvgBBW, and HvyBBW, respectively). The BBW classification influenced (P &lt; 0.01) body weight on days 1, 29, 59, 77, 98, 112, 126, 140, 154, 182, and 237; HvyBBW were heavier than LtBBW and AvgBBW, which were not different from each other. During the intake evaluation period, DMI was greater (P = 0.01) for HvyBBW compared with LtBBW and AveBBW, which did not differ from each other. Similarly, ADG differed (P = 0.03) by classification; HvyBBW was greater than LtBBW, with AvgBBW being intermediate but not different from either. Consequently, gain to feed did not differ (P = 0.44) by BBW classification. Following the intake evaluation, ADG tended (P = 0.09) to differ from day 154 to 237. Overall ADG from day 1 to day 237 differed (P = 0.01) by BBW classification; LtBBW were least and HvyBBW were greatest, with AvgBBW being intermediate but not different than either. Foot, leg, and claw scores were not different (P ≥ 0.15) by BBW classification on days 58 and 237. Hip height differed (P = 0.05) by BBW classification on day 237; HvyBBW were taller than LtBBW and AvgBBW, which did not differ from each other. In summary, heavy birth body weight steers had greater growth performance and DMI than light steers but did not differ in feed efficiency or structural characteristics.
PSV-6 Evaluation of Narasin Feeding Duration on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Growing-Finishing Pigs
Authors: Puls Christopher L , Arentson Roger A , Shields Michael , Carr Scott , Lerner Annie , Betlach Alyssa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Previous studies evaluating 15 mg/kg narasin have shown improvements in BW, ADG, G:F, and HCW and carcass yield when fed for an extended period of time ( &gt;60 days). However, a detailed evaluation of feeding duration of narasin has not been completed. This study evaluated the effect of narasin feeding duration on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. The study was carried out over a fixed time of 112 days using 1,644 pigs in a randomized complete block design. Narasin was included at 15 mg/kg in the last two, three, or four growing-finishing dietary phases, which resulted in narasin being fed for the last 68, 94, or 112 days of study and compared with a negative control diet. Pigs were fed diets that met or exceeded nutrient recommendations of growing-finishing pigs (NRC, 2012). Pigs were offered ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the study and weighed every 28 days and at every marketing event. Feed additions and feed remaining in the feeder at the time of pig weighing were recorded. Pigs were sent for harvest to a commercial slaughter facility in three marketing groups: Group 1 – 20% of pigs marketed on day 84 of study, Group 2 – 20% of pigs marketed on day 98 of study, and Group 3 – remaining 60% of pigs marketed on day 112 of study. Standard carcass grading measurements were collected for each pig and summarized by pen for data analysis. There were limited statistical differences (P &gt; 0.05) between treatments for growth or carcass measures, likely due to the limited number of replicates (n = 16) in this research facility. Nonetheless, there were numerical improvements from feeding narasin. Final live BW (+0.3, +0.4, +1.5 kg, respectively) and ADG (+0.1, +0.4, and +1.3%, respectively; Table 1) numerically increased with increased feeding duration of narasin. Overall G:F was relatively unaffected by feeding duration. Hot carcass weight increased with increased narasin feeding duration (+0.2, +1.1, +1.9 kg, respectively), resulting in increased carcass yield with increased feeding duration (-0.2, +0.1, +0.4 percentage units, respectively). Collectively, carcass ADG and carcass G:F trended toward improvement with increased feeding duration. Results of this study confirm previously observed improvements in growth performance from extended feeding of narasin compared with controls, suggesting that a greater response to narasin is observed with longer feeding durations.
PSV-5 Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency Increases the Incidence of Osteochondrotic-Like Lesions in the Distal Femur of Growing Pigs
Authors: Kokinos Brittney P , Amundson Laura A , Crenshaw Thomas D , Lang Pamela J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The current objective was to evaluate the hypoviatminosis-D (Hypo-D) swine model for osteochondrosis-like (OC-like) lesions in the distal femur. Maternal and neonatal vitamin D deficient diets were used at specific production phases to produce OC-like lesions. Sows were fed 1 of 3 diets during gestation and lactation that included either 0 (GD-), 325 (GD+), or 1750 (GD++) IU D3/kg diet. Pigs produced by those sows were then fed 1 of 2 nursery diets for 4 weeks supplemented with either 0 (ND-) or 280 (ND+) IU D3/kg diet. After the nursery phase, all pigs were fed recovery diets formulated with 280 IU D3/kg. Dietary treatment groups included GD-ND- (n=16), GD+ND- (n=20), GD+ND+ (n=19), and GD++ND+ (n=15) for a total of 70 pigs. Pigs were euthanized at 22 weeks of age and the entire distal femoral joints were dissected for computed tomography (CT) scans and image analysis using Mimics (Materialize software, Version 23) to quantify whole-bone mineral volume (mm3), whole-bone mineral density (g/cm2), and OC-lesion characteristics across the physis and articular surfaces (number and volume of lesions). The incidence of kyphosis and distal femoral OC-like lesions were evaluated using binary count data (0 = no observations of spinal curvature or femoral OC-like lesions) or (1 = observations of spinal curvature or femoral OC-like lesions). Pigs in GD-ND- group did not recover body weight, whole-bone density, or whole-bone volume compared with pigs in other dietary treatment groups (P &lt; 0.05; Table 1). The GD-ND- pigs had the greatest incidence of kyphosis (81%) and large physeal irregularities (LPI) in the distal femur (88%), compared with other groups. The distal femoral LPI in GD-ND- and GD+ND- groups had larger lesion volumes (P &lt; 0.05) compared with pigs in GD+ND+ and GD++ND+ groups. However, small physeal lesions (SPL) and articular surface lesions (ASL) did not follow the same response pattern to dietary treatments. Interestingly, the GD+ND+ group had the largest volume of ASL compared with other groups (P &lt; 0.05). The contrast in differential development of the three categories (SPL, ASL, and LPI) of lesions in the distal femur raises interesting questions about biological responses to vitamin D deficient diets at critical time points in long bone development. The present results infer that the time in which a vitamin D deficient diet is fed to sows and their subsequent offspring may alter the location, number, and size of OC-like lesions in the distal femur. Further studies are needed to fully characterize LPI and track the timing of a vitamin D deficiency with the different developmental growth patterns of the vertebral column and distal femur physis and articular surfaces.
PSI-18 Efficacy of Dietary Fat (Tallow and Palm Oil) Inclusion on Growth Efficiency, Nutrient Absorption, Meat Quality, and Meat Fatty Acid Profile in Finishing Pigs
Authors: Lim Chai Bin , Yu Sun Gu , Jang Se Yeon , Biswas Sarbani , Kim In Ho 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary fat (tallow and palm oil) supplementation on the performance, nutrient retention, backfat thickness, carcass grade, meat quality, and fatty acid profile in finishing pigs. In total, 160 finishing pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) ×Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of 51.59 ± 1.59 kg [(16 replications/treatment, 5 pigs (3 gilts and 2 barrows)/treatment, 12-week trial] were arbitrarily distributed to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: TRT1, basal diet + tallow (2.8%); TRT2, basal diet + palm oil (2.8%). At week 8, there was tendency to increase (P &lt; 0.10) average daily feed intake (ADFI) and decrease (P &lt; 0.10) feed conversion ratio (FCR) in palm oil (PO) diet group, while average daily gain (ADG) showed no difference between the groups. Through the experiment, the nutrient digestibility, backfat thickness, and carcass grade did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between the treatment groups. In the sensory evaluation the addition of PO to the diet increased (P &lt; 0.05) compared with the tallow diet. PO supplemented pigs showed greater fatty acid (FA) percentages of palmitoleic acid (C16:1), margaric acid (C17:0), heneicosylic acid (C21:0), ω-3 FA, ω-6: ω-3, ΣPUFA (polyunsaturated FA), and MUFA (monounsaturated FA; P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the percentage of ΣUSFA (unsaturated FA) and PUFA tended to increase (P &lt; 0.05) in a PO group compared with the tallow group. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the addition of PO to the diet would be beneficial for finishing pigs, particularly with regard to growth performance, meat quality, and meat FA profile.