bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reviewing old concepts at the start of a new millenium: Growth restriction, adrenal hypoplasia, and thymomegaly in human anencephaly
Authors: Mazzitelli Nancy , Vauthay Liliana , Grandi Carlos , Fuksman Rosa , Rittler Monica 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundAnencephaly has been associated frequently with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), consistently with adrenal hypoplasia, and occasionally with an enlarged thymus. Few studies have analyzed the relationship between gestational age (GA), IUGR, associated anomalies and thymomegaly in anencephaly. The aims of our study were to evaluate this relationship and to highlight the usefulness of anencephaly as a model when investigating immune‐endocrine interactions.MethodsFifty‐two anencephalics' autopsies were reviewed retrospectively. Body weight, adrenal, and thymus weights were compared to prenatal, postnatal, and stillborn control values, and between associated and isolated anencephalic cases (presenting with and without other unrelated anomalies). Comparisons of adrenal and thymus weights were done by GA and by body weight. Thymus weight:body weight (TW:BW) ratios were compared to expected values.ResultsAnencephalics' body and adrenal weights were lower than their control values, whereas thymus weights did not differ. Body and thymus weights were twice as high in isolated than in associated anencephaly, whereas adrenal weights did not differ. Anencephalics TW:BW ratios were higher than their control values, higher in cases with IUGR, and higher in isolated rather than associated cases. When distributed by GA, thymus weights in anencephaly increased at a higher‐than‐expected rate.ConclusionsOur results suggest that adrenal hypoplasia is invariably present in anencephaly, and depending on an underdeveloped pituitary gland, seems to be independent of its etiology. On the contrary, IUGR mainly exists in associated cases and thymus enlargement mainly exists in isolated cases, suggesting a relationship with the underlying cause. Teratology 66:105–114, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2): Structure, gene mapping, polymorphisms, and candidate evaluation for human orofacial clefts
Authors: Barrow Lon L. , Wines Mary E. , Romitti Paul A. , Holdener Bernadette C. , Murray Jeffrey C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundNonsyndromic orofacial clefts have an estimated incidence of 1/1000 live births. Population genetic and embryologic studies suggest that cleft palate only (CPO) may be a distinct clinical entity from cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P). Both CPO and CL/P are thought to be multifactorial in etiology, with evidence indicating that genetic, environmental, and developmental determinants may all play a role. The ARNT2 gene localizes to a conserved linkage group on mouse chromosome 7 that is syntenic with human chromosome 15q23–25. This chromosomal region was previously identified as a teratogen‐induced clefting susceptibility locus in a genome‐wide scan of AXB and BXA recombinant inbred mice. Arnt2 is expressed in the first branchial arch in mice. The teratogen 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) acts through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) pathway to produce dose‐dependent CPO and thymic wasting in mice exposed in utero. Arnt2 and Ahr proteins dimerize in vitro. TCDD exposure is also associated with orofacial clefting in children of parents involved in agricultural work.MethodsTo determine whether ARNT2 influences human craniofacial development, we identified the human ARNT2 gene and conducted genomic structural analysis. Mutational screening was performed in infants with nonsyndromic CPO or CL/P who were identified by the Iowa Birth Defects Registry.ResultsA common amino acid polymorphism was detected but, no obvious disease‐causing mutations were detected by SSCP analysis. The microsatellite marker, GATA89D04 (D15S823) was identified within intron 11 of the human ARNT2 gene, and linkage disequilibrium of nonsyndromic CPO and CL/P parent‐infant trios was conducted.ConclusionsNo association was demonstrated with CPO (n = 45) and CL/P (n = 37). Teratology 66:85–90, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quality of water types in Ukraine evaluated by WaterTox bioassays
Authors: Arkhipchuk V. V. , Malinovskaya M. V. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe quality of river, ground‐, and tap water was analyzed using the basic set of WaterTox bioassays [Daphnia (Daphnia magna), Hydra (Hydra attenuata), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa)] as well as two additional bioassays, onion (Allium cepa) and microalga (Selenastrum gracile). Samples of these waters were also concentrated fivefold using a solid‐phase procedure. The results of the Daphnia and Hydra bioassays showed that the winter and spring concentrated and nonconcentrated samples from the Dnieper and Desna rivers, the main water supply sources for Kiev, were nontoxic. In spring, after concentration, the two river samples brought about the same relative decrease in the lettuce root length (by 35%, p < 0.001), where the Desna River sample considerably reduced (by 79.1%, p < 0.001) the number of microalga cells. Samples of groundwater from countryside wells studied in autumn in several villages of the Kiev region were toxic mainly to Hydra (sublethal effects were found in 11%–78%) and lettuce (the root length decreased 15%–56%). Studies of tap water samples from two of the largest cities of Ukraine, Kiev and Kharkiv, were found to be nontoxic to both plants, lettuce and onion, but showed increased sublethal and lethal effects on both animals, Daphnia and Hydra, as well as a reduced number of microalgae. Different bioassays were sensitive to varying degrees to different water types. This reinforces the necessity of using sets of bioassays in toxicity evaluation. In general, all the tested water samples demonstrated some toxicity. These data suggest that drinking water quality in Ukraine needs improvement. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 250–257, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10044
X‐ray microanalytical detection of iron in pigmentation of oral mucosa.
Authors: Hatton P. V. , Brook I. M. , Swift S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA patient was referred to the Charles Clifford Dental Hospital with a grey metallic pigmentation of the hard palate. Conventional histopathological examination was inconclusive, suggesting the presence of either an ephelis (freckle) of pigmentation resulting from a stainless steel upper denture. Material from the pathological specimen was dewaxed and reembedded in Spurr's resin. Examination in the TEM revealed electron dense deposits in the cytoplasm of macrophages. Energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis demonstrated that these inclusions contained iron. The results suggested that the iron was in a form similar to haemosiderin and had arisen from the steel denture.
Signalling in cell growth and death: adequate nutrition alone may not be sufficient for ciliates
Authors: Wheatley Denys N. , Christensen Søren T. , Schousboe Peter , Rasmussen Leif 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe initial inoculum level of Tetrahymena in a chemically defined medium determines whether the cells are capable of exponential growth. Below 750 cells ml−1, the cells fail to go into exponential growth and will die within about 20 hours. By adding certain growth stimulants, death can be postponed and the cells begin to grow after a delay which depends on the intensity of the signal. The implication is that autocrine growth factor expression might be required for cells to grow, and that these stimulants either assist its production or lower the cell threshold to its action. The findings in Tetrahymena are reviewed, and the advantages of having a cell system in which all the components of the medium can be carefully controlled is recognised.
Protein‐free culture of VERO cells: a substrate for replication of human pathogenic viruses
Authors: Cinatl Jindrich , Cinatl Jaroslav , Rabenau Holger , Rapp Jens , Kornhuber Bernhardt , Doerr Hans‐Wilhelm 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA protein‐free chemically defined medium designated PFEK‐1 was developed for culture of VERO cells on polyvinyl formal (PVF) culture surface without serum or other macromolecular supplements. VERO cells proliferated in PFEK‐1 medium on PVF surface to a similar extent as cells in serum‐supplemented medium without previous adaptation from serum‐containing conditions. The protein‐free culture infected with coxsackievirus B4, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, measles virus and poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 developed viral titers comparable to those found in conventionally grown cells. The results demonstrated that VERO cells in protein‐free culture provide a sensitive substrate for the production of human pathogenic viruses which are not contaminated by serum or other protein factors usually added to a culture medium.
Motility and invasive potency of murine T‐lymphoma cells: effect of microtubule inhibitors.
Authors: Verschueren H. , Dewit J. , De Braekeleer J. , Schirrmacher V. , De Baetselier P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractESb and BW‐O‐Li1 are T‐lymphoma cell lines that form metastases in various organs after injection into syngeneic mice. In vitro, both cell lines invade through a fibroblastic monolayer, but ESb cells do so much slower than BW‐O‐Li1. By the use of Fourier analysis of cell outlines, we can relate this difference in invasiveness to a difference in cell motility: ESb cells do not perform any conspicuous shape change, whereas BW‐O‐Li1 cells are actively protruding and retracting large pseudopodia. However, the low‐motile ESb cells become as motile and deformable as BW‐O‐Li1 cells when they have eventually invaded under a fibroblastic monolayer. This indicates that ESb cells do have inherent capability for shape change. Treatment of ESb cells with the microtubule disrupting agent nocodazole concomitantly increases their shape change intensity, and their invasion rate through fibroblast monolayers. On the contrary, the microtubule stabilizing drug taxol inhibits both motility and invasion of BW‐O‐Li1 cells. Our observations suggest that the microtubule network can repress invasion‐bound motility of lymphoid cells.
Macronuclear DNA demethylation is involved in the encystment process of the ciliate Colpoda inflata.
Authors: Palacios Gemma , Martin‐Gonzalez A. , Gutierrez Juan C. 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTCiliate encystment is an eukaryotic cell differentiation process which involves a specific gene expression, to form the resting stage. In this study, we investigate, for first time, the DNA methylation pattern changes during encystment in the ciliate Colpoda inflata, and the 5‐azacytidine effect on growing cells and encystment. Results indicate that 5‐methylcytosine is present in macronuclear DNA of this ciliate and the 5‐azacytidine treatment induces encystment in growth conditions. From restriction enzyme digestion and 5‐azacytidine experiments, we conclude that a specific DNA demethylation is probably involved in the encystment gene expression of this ciliate.
Disproportionate numbers of rDNA loci in diploid and polyploid testis nuclei of gerris najas detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Becker T. A. , Nagl W. 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTThe replication state of rDNA in testes nuclei undergoing polyploidization by classical‐type endomitosis was investigated in Gerris najas (Heteroptera) by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization. The number of just one rDNA locus per haploid genome was determined by in situ hybridization on meiotic nuclei. Additionally, DNA measurements of spermatids and testes nuclei were performed. Although regular duplication levels of nuclear DNA were found within the limits of the accuracy of the method, these did evidently not apply to the ribosomal genes. The comparison of the number of rDNA signals with the DNA content of 106 testis nuclei revealed drastic variations of the number of rDNA loci between individual nuclei with similar DNA content. Polyploid nuclei of the testis epithelium showed too low numbers of rDNA loci in relation to those expected from the levels of ploidy, while cyst cell nuclei displayed increased numbers of rDNA loci. The results indicate that the ribosomal genes are either underreplicated, or in part eliminated, during the endomitotic cycles of epithelium cell nuclei, but amplified in the cyst cell nuclei, probably already at their diploid stage.
Further characterization of a novel lectin derived from silkworm faeces; specific binding to immunoglobulins, and activation of immunocytes
Authors: Hirayama Etsuko , Ishikawa Naomi , Kim Jeman 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTIn previous studies a novel lectin‐like glycoprotein was isolated from silkworm faeces and shown to recognize sugar chains, especially mannose on the cell surface as an epitope, and to cause aggregation of various types of cells in suspension. However, this substance caused detachment and aggregation of only some types of plated cells, such as QM‐RSV cells, which are quail myoblasts transformed with a temperature‐sensitive mutant of Rous sarcoma virus (ts‐RSV) at 35.5 °C, a permissive temperature for RSV. As described here, during studies on the mechanism of cell detachment and aggregation of QM‐RSV cells by this new lectin, some novel biological activities of the lectin were recognized. This lectin was found to bind to immunoglobulins (Ig) specifically at specific amino acid sequences, not via recognition of their molecular conformation. It also recognized the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), which is one of the members of the Ig‐superfamily that have Ig‐like domains. Furthermore, it had a strong mitogenic effect on lymphocytes, and also caused about 3‐fold of phagocytosis by macrophages within 24 hr after its addition.
THROMBIN RECEPTOR AND ENDOGENOUS GROWTH‐RELATED PROTEOLYSIS IN HUMAN FIBROBLASTS
Authors: Borich Suzanne M. , Englebretsen D. , Harding D. R. K. , Scott G. K. 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTWe have previously shown that thrombin reverses the growth inhibition caused in human fibroblasts when a cell‐surface proteinase is inhibited. A similar result was obtained with asynthetic thrombin receptor agonist peptide, which mimics the conformational change resulting from receptor cleavage by thrombin. Consideration of the effects of the growth‐related proteinase on intracellular second messengers indicates that cleavage of the thrombin receptor by this endogenous proteinase is not a significant event for normal fibroblast growth in culture. Inhibition of the growth‐related proteinase also fails to block the mitogenic action of bombesin. In conjunction with earlier results, this suggests that the intracellularpoint of action of GRP inhibition may be at, or closely connected with, the receptor‐linked tyrosine kinases, and evidence for inhibition of protein phosphorylation following from GRP inhibition is presented.
Comparison of the responses of three rat intestinal epithelial cell lines to angiotensin II
Authors: Smith Roger D. 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTLike RIE‐1 cells, two of the IEC series of rat intestinal epithelial cell lines were found to express functional angiotensin receptors. As in RIE‐1 cells, treatment of IEC‐6 or IEC‐18 cells with angiotensin II (AII) activated phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis although (in contrast to RIE‐1 cells) the magnitude of AII‐induced PIP2 hydrolysis was small and not associated with a mitogenic response in either IEC cell line. In terms of their other functional responses to AII (activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and a small elevation of cyclic AMP), IEC‐6 cells are otherwise similar to RIE‐1 cells whereas IEC‐18 cells exhibit some phenotypic differences to the other two cell types. Thus, whereas IEC‐6 and RIE‐1 cells each express the AT1 subtype of angiotensin receptor, the higher affinity receptors on IEC‐18 cells are 'atypical', being insensitive to both AT1‐ and AT2‐specific angiotensin receptor antagonists. Furthermore, in contrast to its effects in IEC‐6 and RIE‐1 cells, AII neither activates PKC nor modulates cyclic AMP levels in IEC‐18 cells. Whereas IEC‐18 cells express the myristoylated alanine‐rich C‐kinase substrate (MARCKS), immunoreactive MARCKS was not detected in IEC‐6 or RIE‐1 cells.
Acetylation of α‐tubilin in different bovine cell types: implications for microtubule dynamics in interphase and mitosis.
Authors: Wolf Klaus Werner , Spanel‐Borowski Katharina 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPrevious work on five cell types isolated from the bovine corpus luteum showed that the mass of acetylated microtubules (acet‐MTs) in interphase differed. Endothelial cells, termed type 3, showed few acet‐MTs, whereas the interphase cytoskeleton of granulosal‐like cells, termed type 5, was rich in acet‐MTs. In the present study, these cultured cells were used to determine whether the degree of α‐tubulin acetylation in interphase had consequences on mitosis. To this end, the distribution of acet‐MTs was determined throughout the cell cycle using a monoclonal antibody, 6‐11B‐1, directed against acetylated α‐tubulin. For comparison, tyrosinated MTs were visualized with another monoclonal antibody, YL1/2, detecting tyrosinated α‐tubulin. Although the amount of acet‐MTs in interphase differed significantly between both cell types, major differences in the appearance of acet‐MTs during mitosis were only apparent in prophase and during transition from late telophase to interphase. Thus, irrespective of different α‐tubulin acetylation in interphase, spindle structure is uniform. Since acetylation of α‐tubulin is believed to indicate the presence of relatively stable MTs, we conclude that MT dynamics is differently controlled in interphase and mitosis. Thereby interphase cells are able to carry out functions which involve stable MTs and the cells progress through mitosis in the presence of more dynamic MTs.
Oxidative stress and the development of diabetic complications ‐ antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes and cell membrane.
Authors: Parthiban Anusha , Vijayalingam Selvamani , Shanmugasundaram K. Radha , Mohan Rema 
Published: October 2002

AbstractErythrocytes isolated from 131 cases of Non‐Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) were studied for lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defences, and the maximum peroxidisable substrate in the cell membrane. Antioxidant defences are lowered in NIDDM, followed by significant rise in lipid peroxidation products. However, in the erythrocyte membrane, the total polyunsaturated peroxidisable lipids are lower than in normal erythrocytes which may be a causative factor affecting the survival of the cells.
PLD1b IN IIC9 FIBROBLASTS IS SELECTIVELY ACTIVATED IN THE NUCLEUS AND NOT IN THE GOLGI APPARATUS
Authors: Baldassare Joseph J. , Klaus Johanna , Phillips Polly J. , Raben Daniel M. 
Published: October 2002

Mitogen‐induced activation of a nuclear‐acting PC‐phospholipase D (PLD) is mediated, at least in part, by the translocation of RhoA to the nucleus. A remaining question is whether PLD in all subcellular compartments is regulated in the same manner. To address this question, we identified PLD in another subcellular compartment and determined whether its activity was influenced by α‐thrombin in a RhoA‐dependent manner.The data in this manuscript show that nuclear PLD is selectively regulated. α‐Thrombin stimulates an increase in PLD activity in IIC9 fibroblast nuclei while Golgi PLD activity is unaffected. We cloned PLD1 from IIC9s (hamPLD1b) to show that it is present in both nuclei and Golgi. Interestingly, only nuclear PLD1 is modulated by α‐thrombin, demonstrating that this activity is selectively regulated. These data provide support for the physiological importance of agonist‐induced nuclear signalling enzymes.
EVIDENCE THAT THE NOVOBIOCIN‐SENSITIVE ATP‐BINDING SITE OF THE HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90 (HSP90) IS NECESSARY FOR ITS AUTOPHOSPHORYLATION
Authors: Langer T. , Schlatter H. , Fasold H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe 90kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90) is one of the most abundant protein and essential for all eukaryotic cells. Many proteins require the interaction with Hsp90 for proper function. Upon heat stress the expression level of Hsp90 is even enhanced. It is assumed, that under these conditions Hsp90 is required to protect other proteins from aggregation. One property of Hsp90 is its ability to undergo autophosphorylation. The N‐terminal domain of Hsp90 has been shown to contain an unusual ATP‐binding site. A well‐known inhibitor of Hsp90 function is geldanamycin binding to the N‐terminal ATP‐binding site with high affinity. Recently it was shown that Hsp90 possesses a second ATP‐binding site in the C‐terminal region, which can be competed with novobiocin. Autophosphorylation of Hsp90 was analysed by incubation with γ32P‐ATP. Addition of geldanamycin did not interfere with the capability for autophosphorylation, while novobiocin indeed did. These results suggest that the C‐terminal ATP‐binding site is required for autophosphorylation of Hsp90.
p56lck CONTROLS PHOSPHORYLATION OF FILAMIN (ABP‐280) AND REGULATES FOCAL ADHESION KINASE (pp125FAK)
Authors: Goldmann Wolfgang H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTransformation of cells by src ‐like kinases leads to altered cell morphology associated with the disassembly of focal contacts and concomitant increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of pp125FAK. p56lck is a lymphocyte‐specific member of the src family of protein tyrosine kinases that associates with cell surface glycoproteins such as CD4 and CD8. It phosphorylates and activates pp125FAK and increases its autokinase activity, thus pretreatment of pp125FAK with protein kinase C (PKC) markedly attenuates its phosphorylation and activation, suggesting a potential regulatory pathway of pp125FAK activation in focal contacts. p56lck further phosphorylates and activates actin binding protein (ABP‐280; filamin) and controls its association with cell surface receptors such as β‐2 integrins, actin filament cross‐linking, and possibly lipid membrane insertion.
DIRECT EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE OF β‐CATENIN/LEF‐1 SIGNALING PATHWAY IN INDUCTION OF EMT
Authors: Kim Kwonseop , Lu Zifan , Hay Elizabeth D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEpithelial‐mesenchymal transformation (EMT) is an important process in development that is characterized by loss of E‐cadherin, β‐catenin relocalization, and acquisition of elongated cell shape and ability to invade ECM. β‐catenin has been shown to activate LEF‐1 transcription during EMT induced in vitro by c‐Fos. Here, we ask whether or not LEF‐1 directly introduced into epithelial cells in an adenovirus construct can induce EMT. In normal epithelial cell lines, such as HCE and MDCK cells, that contain functional APC, nuclear β‐catenin induced by exogenous LEF‐1 is rapidly exported and EMT is not induced. Leptomycin‐B blocks β‐catenin nuclear export, but no EMT occurs due to toxicity. Addition of Wnt‐1 to normal epithelial cell lines stabilizes cytoplasmic β‐catenin that LEF‐1 then transports to nuclei, causing a small amount of EMT. Our experiments demonstrated, however, that overexpressed LEF‐1 upregulates nuclear β‐catenin and promotes dramatic EMT in DLD‐1 epithelial tumors that retain nuclear β‐catenin. This EMT is reversible if the LEF‐1 virus is removed. Thus, our results demonstrate that LEF‐1 can induce EMT directly when its transcription activity is activated by stable nuclear β‐catenin. Normal adult epithelial cells appear to use APC to keep β‐catenin out of the nucleus, thereby avoiding pathologies such as metastases due to LEF/β‐catenin‐induced EMT.