bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KNOWLEDGE, EXPERTISE, AND TECHNICAL AIMS IN THE CREATION OF THE PIEZOELECTRIC SONAR
Authors: Katzir Shaul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines how and why physicist Paul Langevin succeeded in contriving the piezoelectric sonar, which originated in inventor Konstantin Chilowsky’s suggestion of echo ultrasonic sounding technique for submarine detection. Suggested following the sinking of the Titanic, the idea grew in urgency with the commencement of WWI submarine warfare. Comparing Chilowsky’s suggestions with a ‘missed’ multiple of three similar inventions, the chapter highlights the former’s advantage and the elements from Chilowsky’s experience that made his invention possible. Langevin developed sonar further, making it practical by employing piezoelectricity. A comparison with Ernest Rutherford’s use of the effect for similar ends without achieving sonar demonstrates how Langevin’s success was due to his thorough knowledge of piezoelectricity and the precise manner in which he defined the technical problem. Thus, both the crisis of the war which led to Langevin to develop technology and his scientific expertise allowed for the first practical application of piezoelectricity.
THE APPLICATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC RESONANCE: FREQUENCY STANDARDS AND CONTROL
Authors: Katzir Shaul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The chapter analyses academic physicist Walter Cady’s invention of piezoelectric frequency standard and crystal frequency control, the improvement of the latter by his colleague George Pierce, and its early implementation by a government laboratory. It shows how Cady built on his recent discovery of piezoelectric resonance to invent measuring devices and then to utilize his laboratory expertise with the effect, which he continued to study, to contrive a highly useful practical technology. Laboratory expertise and practice with Cady’s crystals, but also experience with commercial devices, helped Pierce to simplify Cady’s method. On the other hand, the large research laboratory at AT&T, which had a clear commercial interest in the method, preferred to rely on Cady and his expertise, rather than take the risk of developing a completely new technology. This did not stop AT&T from claiming rights to Cady’s invention by exploiting formal legal conditions.
The Sun at Work
Authors: Littmann Mark , Espenak Fred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the features of the Sun. It starts with the Sun’s composition of a hydrogen atom colliding and fusing with another hydrogen nucleus, which results in energy that creates light and heat. The photosphere and chromosphere can be observed for their prominences and flares that are rooted and stretched into the corona. However, the chromosphere is concealed from view by the overwhelming glare of the photosphere, so early scientists had to rely on the photosphere to study the Sun. The chapter notes that total solar eclipses and scientific instruments and theories helped further research as the Moon allowed scientists to see a part of the Sun never seen before.
Remembering the All-American Eclipse of 2017
Authors: Littmann Mark , Espenak Fred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter recalls the All-American Eclipse of 2017. Even if the path of totality did not come to them or they could not go to it, 216 million American adults stopped what they were doing to view the phenomenon in some way. People witnessed the eclipse either by looking up to the sky or watching through the television, computer, or smartphone. Additionally, many thousands of visitors from other countries made a pilgrimage to the United States in 2017 to see the Sun in total eclipse. The chapter considers various narratives of people who experienced the total eclipse in different parts of the United States.
When Is the Next One? Total Eclipses: 2025–2033
Authors: Littmann Mark , Espenak Fred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter notes the predictions for the next eclipse. Even though there are no predicted total solar eclipses in 2026, a series of eclipses are expected for the following consecutive years. A total eclipse of the Sun will pay a visit to Spain in 2026, then a second total eclipse in 2027, which is less than a year later. Meanwhile, Australia will get two total solar eclipses in less than two and a half years around 2028. The chapter then considers the locations of other eclipses, referencing the Pacific Ocean, the United States, and Alaska. It mentions how every total solar eclipse has its own uniqueness and special fascination.
Facts, Interests, and Values
Authors: Deconinck Koen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Facts, interests, and values are three major areas of disagreement over food systems policies. This chapter shows how understanding the role of facts, interests, and values can also point the way to more effective approaches to policymaking. For some issues, there are major evidence gaps to be resolved. In others, the main obstacle is that interest groups try to influence the policy process. In still others, there might also be a lack of societal consensus on what the relative priorities should be since people differ in the values they emphasize. To complicate matters, trouble in one area can spill over to other areas, such as when people become unwilling to consider facts that go against their interests. The chapter identifies several good practices that can help overcome disagreements over facts, interests, and values.
The Political Economy of Reforming Agricultural Support Policies
Authors: Vos Rob , Martin Will , Resnick Danielle 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Agricultural support policies amounted to about US$817 billion per year worldwide in the 2019–2021 period. Although some agricultural support policies have boosted global food production, there are serious concerns about their impacts on achieving sustainable, healthy, and inclusive food systems. This chapter first demonstrates how repurposing agricultural subsidies toward investments such as agricultural research and development and rural infrastructure has the potential to improve both dietary and planetary health. Since such reforms are contingent on political economy considerations, the chapter subsequently presents a framework for analyzing how interests, institutions, information, and policy characteristics intersect to facilitate or stymie reform efforts. Case studies of attempted reforms from China, the European Union, India, and the United States, are presented that highlight the relevance of the framework. The chapter concludes by summarizing some potentially enabling political economy conditions for repurposing agricultural support policies.
Tracking Progress and Generating Accountability for Global Food System Commitments
Authors: Nordhagen Stella , Fanzo Jessica 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Commitments and plans for food system transformation will have no impact if not followed by concrete action, including by governments and the private sector. It is thus essential to ensure accountability mechanisms are in place to follow-up on commitments and track progress. While reports and tracking mechanisms exist for various sub-aspects and outcomes of food systems, none of these are comprehensive and coherently connected in addressing all the diverse outcomes of food systems—including not only health but also environmental sustainability and livelihood and equity indicators, as well as governance aspects. They also lack mechanisms to actually hold decision-makers to account. A more comprehensive, multi-disciplinary, and inclusive approach is needed. This chapter describes the importance of tracking commitments and outcomes of food systems, examines prior related tracking efforts and the gaps they leave to be filled, and details progress and plans for improved tracking mechanisms now and into the future.
Introduction: UN peace operations, global policing, and social order
Authors: Pingeot Lou 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main questions raised by Police Peacekeeping and presents the book’s aims and core contributions. The book argues that intervening in (post)conflict situations through the lens of policing leads to the depoliticization of conflict and the criminalization of the ‘intervened upon’. It locates these dynamics within the field of global policing. Peace operations act as transnational points of cross-fertilization for the creation and transmission of policing practices, not only allowing existing discourses and practices to circulate, but also generating new experiences of intervention that can travel out. The chapter identifies four mechanisms through which policing within UN peace operations can circulate outside of these missions. It introduces the case of UN intervention in Haiti and concludes with an overview of the succeeding chapters.
L’École des maris
Authors: Lyons John D. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Molière’s The School for Husbands is less well known than the very similar subsequent comedy, The School for Wives. In this earlier comedy, two brothers each raise an orphan with the hope of marrying her. One brother is kind to his ward and will allow her to choose her husband freely. The other, despite the quasi-incestuous nature of the situation, plans to force his ward to marry him, but she improvises several ways to communicate with a younger suitor, and even manages to make her guardian transmit and facilitate messages to her suitor. Her methods involve the ironic form known as preterition and sometimes resemble the form of code known as steganography, in which a code appears as a perfectly innocuous message.
Le Misanthrope
Authors: Lyons John D. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Misanthr ope, often considered Molière’s greatest comedy, takes place in a Parisian salon. The privileged position of the male and female protagonists (the fact that both are free to choose a spouse without parental intervention) makes the play, despite its urban setting, resemble the very popular contemporary genre of the dramatic pastoral. In the pastoral, as in the Misanthrope, the strictures of Church and state concerning marriage are nowhere in evidence, and characters engage in free courtship. There is a long critical tradition of describing the male protagonist of this play, Alceste, as a champion of truth, and to see his beloved, Célimène, as a deceitful ‘coquette’. But this traditional vision of the comedy neglects Alceste’s dream of controlling Célimène and of isolating her from society. Célimène is actually more truthful than Alceste, once we make the crucial distinction between truth and sincerity.
Organizational and Individual Change
Authors: Rouse William B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Overcoming Common Hurdles focuses on organizational and individual change. Learning and growth are central, but require reflection and absorption. This has to be pursued while responding to natural and human-made challenges, including those associated with markets, competitors, organizations, technologies, execution, stakeholders, and leaders. This chapter provides practical guidance on how to sense, understand, and respond to such obstacles, drawing upon a wide range of vignettes from industry, government, and academia. The keys are recognizing the strategic situation actually being faced, avoiding delusions about available resources and competitive positions, and committed leadership. Many of the vignettes illustrate the unfortunate consequences of these key enablers being absent.
Some Asian Journeys
Authors: Mohan Rajat 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Though the long-lasting Tokugawa regime (1603–1868) had been deeply feudal, they had always placed significant emphasis on education, resulting in the country’s achieving high literacy levels, a professionalized merit-based bureaucracy, and impressive economic growth. The modernization of Japan began in earnest with the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Feudalism was abolished, social mobility allowed, and private property rights were recognized. Modern institutions, postal networks, and a banking system were established, economic institutions increasingly became inclusive, as did political institutions, with a new written constitution adopted in 1890. Increased plurality and inclusivity in both economic and political institutions laid the groundwork for Japan’s subsequent economic and social development. Unified Korea had suffered from extractive institutions through its long, culturally rich history. Land reforms were a high priority for both Koreas after the 1948 partition, and by the mid-1960s, South Korea had implemented a radical land-reform programme which fundamentally transformed its rural class structure. A growing sense of empowerment in the common citizen led to increased demands for better educational opportunities and meritocracy in the bureaucracy. The virtual elimination of the landed elite also reduced domination of the state by any section of society and limited the political clientelism. However, political institutions remained extractive till President Roh Tae-woo was democratically elected as the country’s president in 1987. Note that Japan’s and Korea’s economic development was principally driven by human-capability formation promoted by both public policy and a supportive cultural climate.
Enlightened Oxford
Authors: Aston Nigel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How far was the eighteenth-century University of Oxford, still often dismissed as a moribund and marginal institution, actually something of an ‘enlightened’ presence? This book offers some answers as it seeks to discern, establish, and clarify the multiplicity of connections between the University, its members, and the world outside; to offer readers a fresh, contextualised sense of the University’s role in the state, in society, in scholarly and cultural life between the Glorious Revolution and the first decade of the nineteenth century, the era loosely describable as England’s ancien régime. It looks at where Oxford fitted in to that wider polity, locates its importance in Church and state, and ponders its place as an institution that upheld confessional entitlement in an ever-shifting intellectual world where national and confessional boundaries were under scrutiny. Patronage, clientage, connection, and, at times, blatant jobbery, figure considerably, as they would in any study of an eighteenth-century institution. But, equally, ties of friendship, kinship, and moral obligation are emphasised, all of them having an Oxonian dimension with consequences in the conduct of public life. Oxford based academics and authors were nurturing ever closer connections with the commercial print world. Increasingly, they did not want to stand apart, to restrict consideration of what they wrote to an academic audience at home and abroad. It is a reminder that Oxford deserves treatment within the multiple contexts of Enlightenment Britain, and against versions of the Enlightenment found elsewhere in Europe.
Subjunctive
Authors: Potowski Kim , Torres Lourdes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines subjunctive use across three generations of Spanish-English bilinguals with Mexican and Puerto Rican origin residing in Chicago. The goal of the chapter is to determine whether there are differences in subjunctive usage according to regional origin, generation, regional origin and generation, and level of Spanish proficiency and whether Spanish proficiency or generational group is more strongly connected to subjunctive use. The chapter begins with a review of studies of the subjunctive in U.S. Spanish and then describes the methodology. The chapter then presents subjunctive usage by regional origin, generation, regional origin and generation, and level of Spanish proficiency. Next, the chapter considers whether generational and/or dialectal differences emerge for subjunctive and indicative usage in obligatory and variable contexts separately by generation, regional origin and generation, and level of Spanish proficiency. Chapter findings are compared with other studies of subjunctive use in U.S. Spanish.
Conclusions
Authors: Potowski Kim , Torres Lourdes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the study’s findings and makes suggestions for the continued vitality of Spanish in Chicago and in the United States. It starts with a discussion of how to measure Spanish and support its vitality. The chapter then provides a summary of the study’s findings. It discusses conclusions about generation and proficiency, differences in regional groups, evidence of dialect leveling, and evidence of convergence for the five linguistic features analyzed: lexical familiarity, proportional use of so versus entonces, number of codeswitches and percentage of English use, production of subjunctive morphology in obligatory and variable contexts, and two phonological features, the weakening of coda /s/ and the velarization of /r̄/. For MexiRicans, it additionally discusses evidence of a “mother factor. The chapter closes with suggestions for areas of further research.
Pay-As-You-Go Insurance: Experimental Evidence on Consumer Demand and Behavior
Authors: Kluender Raymond 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pay-as-you-go contracts reduce minimum purchase requirements, which may increase market participation. This paper randomizes the introduction and price(s) of a novel pay-as-you-go contract to the California auto insurance market, where 17% of drivers are uninsured. The pay-as-you-go contract increases take-up by 10.8 p.p. (89%) and days with coverage by 4.6 days over the 3-month experiment (27%). Demand is relatively inelastic, and pay-as-you-go increases insurance coverage in part by relaxing liquidity requirements: most drivers’ purchasing behavior is consistent with a cost of credit in excess of payday lending rates, and 19% of drivers have a purchase rejected for insufficient funds.
The usefulness of ultrasound in predicting outcomes in patients with shoulder pain: a prospective observational study
Authors: Tran Gui , Hensor Elizabeth M A , Kingsbury Sarah R , O’Connor Philip , Cowling Paul , Conaghan Philip G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Shoulder pain is common but current clinical classification has limited utility. We aimed to determine whether groups of ultrasound-based shoulder pathologies exist and to evaluate outcomes according to identified groups and individual pathologies.

Methods
This was a prospective study of a community-based cohort with shoulder pain referred for their first ultrasound scan at a single radiology unit, with subsequent routine clinical care. Patient-reported outcomes were collected at baseline, 2 weeks and 6 months; standardized ultrasound reporting was employed. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified ultrasound pathology–based groups. Multiple linear regression analysis explored associations between baseline pathologies, subsequent treatment and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Short-term response to corticosteroid injections was investigated.

Results
Of 500 participants (mean age 53.6 years; 52% female), 330 completed follow-up. LCA identified four groups: bursitis with (33%) or without (27%) acromioclavicular joint degeneration, rotator cuff tear (21%) and no bursitis/tear (19%). Total SPADI was higher at baseline for cuff tears (mean 55.1 vs 49.7–51.3; overall P = 0.005), but accounting for this, groups did not differ at 6 months (43.5 vs 38.5–40.5; P = 0.379). Baseline SPADI was the only predictor of 6-month SPADI retained by penalized modelling; neither LCA-derived ultrasound groups nor individual pathologies were selected. Response to baseline injection at week 2 did not differ between groups (mean SPADI 40.1–43.8; P = 0.423).

Conclusion
Ultrasound-based classification (groups or individual pathologies) of shoulder pain did not predict medium-term outcomes using current treatments. The role of routine diagnostic ultrasound for shoulder pain needs consideration; it may be useful to establish evidence-based therapies for specific pathologies.
Gerontocracy, labor market bottlenecks, and generational crises in modern science
Authors: Siler Kyle 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many early career researchers (ECRs) currently face long odds of attaining a full-time or tenure-track research position. Populations of graduate and postdoctoral researchers have continually increased, without concomitant increases in tenure-track jobs or stable research careers. The current hypercompetitive academic labor market is societally inefficient and often inhumane to ECRs, commonly characterized by precarious, exploitative, and/or uncertain employment terms. Compounding generational disadvantages endured by many ECRs at work, analysis of worldwide data on housing rental costs reveals that escalating costs of living are an especially acute problem for ECRs, since major research universities tend to be located in expensive cities. The unfavorable plight of today’s ECRs can be partly attributed to the disproportionate zero-sum distribution of resources to senior academics, particularly of the baby boomer generation. The uncertainty, precariousness, and hypercompetitiveness of ECR academic labor markets undermine the quantity and quality of scientific innovations, both in the present and in the future.
Using intervention mapping to design and implement a multicomponent intervention to improve antibiotic and NSAID prescribing
Authors: Reese Thomas J , Mixon Amanda S , Matheny Michael E , Flatt Christina N , Rubenstein Melissa , Han Jin H , Wrenn Jesse , Dagostino Chloe , Bonnet Kemberlee , Anders Shilo , Schlundt David , Ward Michael J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Successfully changing prescribing behavior to reduce inappropriate antibiotic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) prescriptions often requires combining components into a multicomponent intervention. However, multicomponent interventions often fail because of development and implementation complexity. To increase the likelihood of successfully changing prescribing behavior, we applied a systematic process to design and implement a multicomponent intervention. We used Intervention Mapping to create a roadmap for a multicomponent intervention in unscheduled outpatient care settings in the Veterans Health Administration. Intervention Mapping is a systematic process consisting of six steps that we grouped into three phases: (i) understand behavioral determinants and barriers to implementation, (ii) develop the intervention, and (iii) define evaluation plan and implementation strategies. A targeted literature review, combined with 25 prescriber and 25 stakeholder interviews, helped identify key behavioral determinants to inappropriate prescribing (e.g. perceived social pressure from patients to prescribe). We targeted three desired prescriber behaviors: (i) review guideline-concordant prescribing and patient outcomes, (ii) manage diagnostic and treatment uncertainty, and (iii) educate patients and caregivers. The intervention consisted of components for academic detailing, prescribing feedback, and alternative prescription order sets. Implementation strategies consisted of preparing clinical champions, conducting readiness assessments, and incentivizing use of the intervention. We chose a mixed-method study design with a commonly used evaluation framework to assess effectiveness and implementation outcomes in a subsequent trial. This study furthers knowledge about causes of inappropriate antibiotic and NSAID prescribing and demonstrates how theoretical, empirical, and practical information can be systematically applied to develop a multicomponent intervention to help address these causes.