bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrical resistivity mapping of potassium-doped few-layer CVD graphene by EBAC measurements
Authors: Okigawa Yuki , Nakajima Hideaki , Okazaki Toshiya , Yamada Takatoshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The electron beam absorbed current (EBAC) method identifies the open and/or short points in various semiconductor devices, which can be applied to characterize the current path and local resistance in graphene. In this study, potassium (K)-doped few-layer graphene with inhomogeneous K atoms seemed to be one of the appropriate materials to characterize the current path by EBAC. Nonuniform contrast in the EBAC image due to inhomogeneous local resistances is observed, which is explained by the variation of the Fermi level in the graphene channel from the G-band peak shifts from Raman spectroscopy. The changes in the contrast of the EBAC images are obtained by applying a gate voltage. These changes are attributed to the modulation of the local carrier densities by applying the gate voltage. For comparison, uniform contrast in EBAC images and uniform G-band peak positions of undoped few-layer graphene field effect transistors are confirmed. The obtained results suggest that homogeneous Fermi level leads to a uniform current path. EBAC enables us to evaluate the uniformity of local resistance and current through a pass in the graphene channel, which can be applied to other two-dimensional materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides, graphene oxide, and hexagonal boron nitride.
Colloids in two-dimensional active nematics: conformal cogs and controllable spontaneous rotation
Authors: Houston Alexander J H , Alexander Gareth P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major challenge in the study of active systems is to harness their non-equilibrium dynamics into useful work. We address this by showing how to design colloids with controllable spontaneous propulsion or rotation when immersed in active nematics. This is illustrated for discs with tilted anchoring and chiral cogs, for which we determine the nematic director through conformal mappings. Our analysis identifies two regimes of behaviour for chiral cogs: orientation-dependent handedness and persistent active rotation. Finally, we provide design principles for active nematic colloids to achieve desired rotational dynamics.
Global gyrokinetic simulations of electrostatic microturbulent transport in LHD stellarator with boron impurity
Authors: Singh Tajinder , Nicolau Javier H. , Nespoli Federico , Motojima Gen , Lin Zhihong , Sen Abhijit , Sharma Sarveshwar , Kuley Animesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Global gyrokinetic simulations of electrostatic microturbulent transport for discharge # 166256 of the Large Helical Device stellarator in the presence of boron impurity show the co-existence of the ion temperature gradient (ITG) turbulence and trapped electron mode (TEM) turbulence before and during boron powder injection. ITG turbulence dominates in the core, whereas TEM dominates near the edge, consistent with the experimental observations. Linear TEM frequency increases from

∼

80

kHz to

∼

100

kHz during boron injection, and ITG frequency decreases from

∼

20

kHz to

∼

13

kHz, consistent with the experiments. The poloidal wave number spectrum is broad for both ITG (0–0.5 mm−1) and TEM (0–0.25 mm−1). The nonlinear simulations with boron impurity show a reduction in the heat conductivity compared to the case without boron. The comparison of the nonlinear transport before and during boron injection shows that the ion heat transport is substantially reduced in the region where the TEM is dominant. However, the average electron heat transport throughout the radial domain and the average ion heat transport in the region where the ITG is dominant are similar. The simulations with boron show the effective heat conductivity values qualitatively agree with the estimate obtained from the experiment.
Characteristics of edge temperature ring oscillation during the stationary improved confinement mode in EAST
Authors: Liu A.D. , Zou X.L. , Zhong X.M. , Song Y.T. , Han M.K. , Duan Y.M. , Liu H.Q. , Wang T.B. , Li E.Z. , Zhang L. , Feng X. , Zhuang G. ,   EAST I-mode Working Group
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The I-mode is a natural edge localized mode (ELM)-free regime with H-mode-like improved energy confinement and L-mode-like particle confinement, making it an attractive scenario for future tokamak-based fusion reactors. A kind of low-frequency oscillation has been widely observed, with a frequency between stationary zonal flow and geodesic-acoustic mode (GAM) zonal flow. In EAST, most stationary I-mode shots have such a mode, called edge temperature ring oscillation (ETRO). This mode probably plays an important role in development and maintenance of the I-mode , while investigations are needed to clarify the differences between ETRO and similar mode low-frequency oscillation in other devices, such as limit cycle oscillation (LCO). In this paper, the properties of ETRO are described in detail, including the structure of its magnetic components, its radial propagation characteristics, statistics of its central frequency, a linear analysis of the alternating transition turbulences and a comparison with GAM and LCO. Although some similarities can be found between ETRO and both GAM and LCO, the main features are not identical. ETRO is probably a novel type of finite frequency zonal flow or pressure gradient-induced drift that is unique to the I-mode. It is found that modest fueling can reduce ETRO intensity while maintaining I-mode confinement, suggesting that supersonic molecular beam injection could be used as an effective tool to control ETRO.
Statistical analysis of plasma filaments in the island divertor of Wendelstein 7-X
Authors: Csillag B. , Zoletnik S. , Killer C. , Vecsei M. , Anda G. , Dunai D. , Hegedus S. , Refy D. , Nagy D. , Otte M. ,   the W7-X Team
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plasma filaments have been measured with alkali beam emission spectroscopy in the plasma edge, divertor island, and scrape-off layer of Wendelstein 7-X. Due to the high intensity of a 1–2 kHz plasma mode, a new, correlation based conditional averaging algorithm was used to search for filaments in the signals. With that method, effects of different magnetic configurations and density levels on filament properties are observed. In configurations where the islands are small and do not play an important role for the connection length topology, filaments behave similar to tokamaks. In contrast, in configurations with larger magnetic islands and more complex connection length profiles, filaments behave quite differently, for instance they may or may not appear in the inner side of the divertor island depending on the plasma parameters. Coupling between the filaments and lower frequency events are also showed. The role of filaments in the global and local particle transport is briefly discussed.
Dynamic space packing
Authors: Dandekar Rahul , Krapivsky P L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dynamic space packing (DSP) is a random process with sequential addition and removal of identical objects into space. In the lattice version, objects are particles occupying single lattice sites, and adding a particle to a lattice site leads to the removal of particles on neighboring sites. We show that the model is solvable and determine the steady-state occupancy, correlation functions, desorption probabilities, and other statistical features for the DSP of hyper-cubic lattices. We also solve a continuous DSP of balls into

R

d

.
Multisoliton complex systems with explicit superpotential interactions
Authors: Lohe M A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We consider scalar field theories in

1
+
1

dimensions with N fields

φ
1

,
…

φ
N

which interact through a potential

V
=
V
(

φ
1

,
…

φ
N

)

, which is defined in terms of an explicit superpotential W. We construct W for any N in terms of a known superpotential w for a single-scalar model, such as that for the sine-Gordon equation or the ϕ
4 model, leading to an expression for V which has multiple minima that supports solitons. Static solitons which minimize the total energy in each soliton sector appear as solutions of first-order Bogomolny equations, which have a gradient structure. These are identical in form to equations which arise in the context of synchronization phenomena in complex systems, with the space and time variables interchanged. The sine-Gordon superpotential, for example, leads to an explicit periodic superpotential W for N scalar fields, with associated Bogomolny equations that are equivalent to the well-known Kuramoto equations which describe the synchronization of identical phase oscillators on the unit circle. The known asymptotic properties of the Kuramoto system, for both positive and negative coupling constants, ensure that finite-energy solitons exist for any given set of intermediate values imposed at the origin. Besides the models derived from the sine-Gordon equation, we investigate ϕ
4 and ϕ
6 models with N scalar fields and show numerically that solitons again exist over a wide range of parameters. We also derive general properties of the elementary meson excitations of the system, in particular we show that meson-soliton bound states exist over a restricted range of mass parameters with respect to an exact solution of the ϕ
6 system for N = 3.
Parametric based optimization of friction stir welded wrought AZ80A Mg alloy employing response surface methodology
Authors: I John Solomon , P Sevvel , J Gunasekaran , J Vasanthe Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An endeavour was put forward to friction stir weld flat plates of AZ80A Mg alloy by employing the central composite based design technique of response surface methodology, taking into consideration the parameters namely tool rotational speed, traverse speed, tool’s tilt angle, and pin geometry of the employed tool. Numerical model was formulated to correlate the relationship amidst the employed parameters of FSW process and the responses, namely tensile strength and elongation percentage of the AZ80A Mg alloy joints. The formulated model was also optimized to attain AZ80A Mg alloy joints possessing highest value of tensile strength. Competency of the formulated numerical model was validated employing the analysis of variance and the observations of the affirmation experiments plotted in the form of scatter diagrams revealed an appreciable agreement with the values of the anticipated models. Response and contour plots generated from the established numerical model was employed to understand the interactive impacts of the parameters of FSW process on the variables of the response. AZ80A mg alloy joints fabricated during the employment of tool possessing straight cylindrical geometry at atilt angle of 0.630, rotational speed of 962.077 rpm, tool traverse speed of 2.105 mm sec−1 possessed the highest tensile strength of 195.299 MPa and was proven to be free from flaws.
Field output correction factors of small static field for IBA razor nanochamber
Authors: Mateus D , Greco C , Peralta L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Purpose. The goal of this work is present results of field output factors (OF) using an IBA CC003 (Razor NanoChamber) and compare these results with PTW 60019 (MicroDiamond) and IBA Razor Diode. The experimental results for IBA CC003 were also compared with Monte Carlo (MC) Simulation, using Penelope and Ulysses programs. In addition, field output correction factors (

k

Q

clin

,

Q

msr

f

clin

,

f

msr

) for IBA CC003 were derived with three different methods: (1) using PTW 60019 and IBA Razor as reference detectors; (2) comparison between MC and experimental measurements; and (3) using only MC.Material and Methods. The beam collimation included in this study were (1) square field size between 10 × 10 and 0.5 × 0.5 cm2 defined by the MLC and jaws and (2) cones of different diameters. For IBA CC003 it was determined the polarity and ion collection efficiency correction factors in parallel and perpendicular orientation.Results. The results indicate (1) the variation of polarity effect with the field size is relevant for the determination of OF using IBA CC003, especially for parallel orientation; (2) there is no significant variation of the ion collection efficiency with the field size using IBA CC003 in parallel orientation; (3) OF differences between IBA CC003 and PTW 60019/IBA Razor, and experimental and MC results, increase with decreasing field size;The

k

Q

clin

,

Q

msr

f

clin

,

f

msr

results indicate (1) using the first and second method,

k

Q

clin

,

Q

msr

f

clin

,

f

msr

increase with decreasing field size, which can be related with the influence of the volume effect and (2) using the third method,

k

Q

clin

,

Q

msr

f

clin

,

f

msr

decrease with decreasing field size, which can be explained by the perturbation effect.Conclusions. Our results demonstrate the need of applying

k

Q

clin

,

Q

msr

f

clin

,

f

msr

for IBA CC003 for

S

clin

≤

1 cm, to compensate for volume averaging and perturbations effects.
Insight into dust soiling characteristics and cleaning solutions to investigate impact on PV systems performance across the globe
Authors: Alazbe Khaled , Roy Habbie Alex , Alremeithi Aysha , AlKindi Saif , AlHashmi Maram , Daccache Layal , Alnuaimi Aaesha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The energy crisis we currently struggle with is an augmentation of decades of neglect and irrational exploitation of the Earth’s resources. With manifold contributing factors such as the high demand for energy, highly over-populated areas, and fossil fuel depletion, the EU has proposed to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% of 1990 levels by 2030, on the ambitious road to becoming carbon neutral by 2050. Enlarging and diversifying efficient renewable resources is a crucial pillar to satisfying the overwhelming energy needs. The road to this goal is paved by the intensive implementation of solar and wind resources, which are the most promising with their ability to cover an entire year’s energy consumption by just one hour of irradiation if almost 100% of the incoming solar energy could be converted. As widespread and evolved as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems might be, they do present a myriad of challenges in their lifetime. PV soiling is among the major bottlenecks in PV power plants due to its direct influence on both the performance and efficiency of the overall system. This work will shed light on soiling characteristics after guiding through the soiling concepts, rates, and geographical distribution probability. The nature of soiling, its composition, and its impact on the performance of PV modules with full-sized cells will be described. The essence of this review is based on the various cleaning mechanisms that aim to reduce soiling and enhance PV plant performance. This work is concluded by summarizing the review content whilst highlighting the current support and efforts put forth by worldwide organizations to embody the motivation and essence of requirements in the pursuit of soiling reduction and green energy pathways.
Critical windows of greenness exposure during preconception and gestational periods in association with birthweight outcomes
Authors: Yang Zhenchun , Liao Jiawen , Zhang Yi , Lin Yan , Ge Yihui , Chen Wu , Qiu Chenyu , Berhane Kiros , Bai Zhipeng , Han Bin , Xu Jia , Jiang Yong Hui , Gilliland Frank , Yan Weili , Chen Zhanghua , Huang Guoying , Zhang Junfeng (Jim) 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few studies have examined the association between greenness exposure and birth outcomes. This study aims to identify critical exposure time windows during preconception and pregnancy for the association between greenness exposure and birth weight. A cohort of 13 890 pregnant women and newborns in Shanghai, China from 2016–2019 were included in the study. We assessed greenness exposure using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) during the preconception and gestational periods, and evaluated the association with term birthweight, birthweight z-score, small-for-gestational age, and large-for-gestational age using linear and logistic regressions adjusting for key maternal and newborn covariates. Ambient temperature, relative humidity, ambient levels of fine particles (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) assessed during the same period were adjusted for as sensitivity analyses. Furthermore, we explored the potential different effects by urbanicity and park accessibility through stratified analysis. We found that higher greenness exposure at the second trimester of pregnancy and averaged exposure during the entire pregnancy were associated with higher birthweight and birthweight Z-score. Specifically, a 0.1 unit increase in second trimester averaged NDVI value was associated with an increase in birthweight of 10.2 g (95% CI: 1.8–18.5 g) and in birthweight Z-score of 0.024 (0.003–0.045). A 0.1 unit increase in an averaged NDVI during the entire pregnancy was associated with 10.1 g (95% CI: 1.0–19.2 g) increase in birthweight and 0.025 (0.001–0.048) increase in birthweight Z-score. Moreover, the associations were larger in effect size among urban residents than suburban residents and among residents without park accessibility within 500 m compared to those with park accessibility within 500 m. Our findings suggest that increased greenness exposure, particularly during the second trimester, may be beneficial to birth weight in a metropolitan area.
Suicide Mortality Among Formerly Incarcerated People Compared With the General Population in North Carolina, 2000–2020
Authors: Fitch Kate Vinita , Pence Brian W , Rosen David L , Miller Vanessa E , Gaynes Bradley N , Swilley-Martinez Monica E , Kavee Andrew L , Carey Timothy S , Proescholdbell Scott K , Ranapurwala Shabbar I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We aimed to compare rates and characteristics of suicide mortality in formerly incarcerated people with those of the general population in North Carolina. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 266,400 people released from North Carolina state prisons between January 1, 2000, and March 1, 2020. Using direct and indirect standardization by age, sex, and calendar year, we calculated standardized suicide mortality rates and standardized mortality ratios comparing formerly incarcerated people with the North Carolina general population. We evaluated effect modification by race/ethnicity, sex, age, and firearm involvement. Formerly incarcerated people had approximately twice the overall suicide mortality of the general population for 3 years after release, with the highest rate of suicide mortality being observed in the 2-week period after release. In contrast to patterns in the general population, formerly incarcerated people had higher rates of non–firearm-involved suicide mortality than firearm-involved suicide mortality. Formerly incarcerated female, White and Hispanic/Latino, and emerging adult people had a greater elevation of suicide mortality than their general-population peers compared with other groups. These findings suggest a need for long-term support for formerly incarcerated people as they return to community living and a need to identify opportunities for interventions that reduce the harms of incarceration for especially vulnerable groups.
This article is part of a Special Collection on Mental Health.
Adaptive constraints at the range edge of a widespread and expanding invasive plant
Authors: Fletcher Rebecca A , Atwater Daniel Z , Haak David C , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar V , DiTommaso Antonio , Lehnhoff Erik , Paterson Andrew H , Auckland Susan , Govindasamy Prabhu , Lemke Cornelia , Morris Edward , Rainville Lisa , Barney Jacob N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Identifying the factors that facilitate and limit invasive species’ range expansion has both practical and theoretical importance, especially at the range edges. Here, we used reciprocal common garden experiments spanning the North/South and East/West range that include the North American core, intermediate and range edges of the globally invasive plant, Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) to investigate the interplay of climate, biotic interactions (i.e. competition) and patterns of adaptation. Our results suggest that the rapid range expansion of Johnsongrass into diverse environments across wide geographies occurred largely without local adaptation, but that further range expansion may be restricted by a fitness trade-off that limits population growth at the range edge. Interestingly, plant competition strongly dampened Johnsongrass growth but did not change the rank order performance of populations within a garden, though this varied among gardens (climates). Our findings highlight the importance of including the range edge when studying the range dynamics of invasive species, especially as we try to understand how invasive species will respond to accelerating global changes.
A field experiment reveals reciprocal effects of host personality and parasitism in wild lizards
Authors: Payne Eric , Sinn David L , Spiegel Orr , Gardner Michael G , Sih Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Host behavior and parasite infection reciprocally interact, but this dynamic is rarely studied experimentally in the field with multiple behaviors. We investigated the interplay between parasitism and host behavior via an in situ experimental tick infestation of a wild population of sleepy lizards, Tiliqua rugosa. Using Bayesian models, we assessed the relationship between experimental infestation and lizard aggression and boldness before and after infestation. First, we tested whether lizard aggression and boldness prior to infestation predicted the probability of tick attachment in the infestation experiment. Second, we evaluated whether experimental infestation affected subsequent lizard aggression and boldness. We found that aggression and boldness related interactively with infestation: for unaggressive lizards, higher boldness was associated with reduced experimental infestation success, but the opposite occurred for aggressive individuals. Second, increased tick infestation did not affect post-infestation aggression, but tended to increase boldness. Taken together, these results highlight the potential for feedbacks between parasites and multi-dimensional host behaviors.
PROSTATA: a framework for protein stability assessment using transformers
Authors: Umerenkov Dmitriy , Nikolaev Fedor , Shashkova Tatiana I , Strashnov Pavel V , Sindeeva Maria , Shevtsov Andrey , Ivanisenko Nikita V , Kardymon Olga L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Motivation
Accurate prediction of change in protein stability due to point mutations is an attractive goal that remains unachieved. Despite the high interest in this area, little consideration has been given to the transformer architecture, which is dominant in many fields of machine learning.

Results
In this work, we introduce PROSTATA, a predictive model built in a knowledge-transfer fashion on a new curated dataset. PROSTATA demonstrates advantage over existing solutions based on neural networks. We show that the large improvement margin is due to both the architecture of the model and the quality of the new training dataset. This work opens up opportunities to develop new lightweight and accurate models for protein stability assessment.

Availability and implementation
PROSTATA is available at https://github.com/AIRI-Institute/PROSTATA and https://prostata.airi.net.
Do northern species of amphibians and reptiles of Eurasia need southern refugia?
Authors: Ratnikov Viatcheslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I do not support modern ideas regarding the sheltering of northern species of amphibians and reptiles in southern refugia during glacial periods. The current article presents arguments that reject the traditional point of view. The northern species did not fall within southern refugia, and therefore new forms (haplotypes) appeared within the periglacial hyperzone. I describe how these processes may have taken place.