bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of galanin‐like immunoreactivity in the brain of Rana esculenta and Xenopus laevis
Authors: Lázár Gyula Y. , Liposits Zsolt S. , Tóth Pál , Trasti Scott L. , Maderdrut Jerome L. , Merchenthaler István 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe immunocytochemical distribution of galanin‐containing perikarya and nerve terminals in the brain of Rana esculenta and Xenopus laevis was determined with antisera directed toward either porcine or rat galanin. The pattern of galanin‐like immunoreactivity appeared to be identical with antisera directed toward either target antige.The distribution of galanin‐like immunoreactivity was similar in Rana esculenta and Xenopus laevis except for the absence of a distinct laminar distribution of immunoreactivity in the optic tectum of Xenopus laevis. Galanin‐containing perikarya were located in all major subdivisions of the brain except the metencephalon. In the telencephalon, immunoreactive perikarya were detected in the pars medialis of the amygdala and the preoptic area. In the diencephalon, immunoreactive perikarya were detected in the caudal half of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the nucleus of the periventricular organ, the ventral hypothalamus, and the median eminence. In the mesencephalon, immunoreactive perikarya were detected near the midline of the rostroventral tegmentum, in the torus semicircularis and, occasionally, in lamina A and layer 6 of the optic tectum. In the myelencephalon, labelled perikarya were detected only in the caudal half of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Immunoreactive nerve fibers of varying density were observed in all subdivisions of the brain with the densest accumulations of fibers occurring in the pars lateralis of the amygdala and the preoptic area. Dense accumulations of nerve fibers were also found in the lateral septum, the medial forebrain bundle, the periventricular region of the diencephalon, the ventral hypothalamus, the median eminence, the mesencephalic central gray, the laminar nucleus of the torus semicircularis, several laminae of the optic tectum, the interpeduncular nucleus, the isthmic nucleus, the central gray of the rhombencephalon, and the dorsolateral caudal medull.The extensive system of galanin‐containing perikarya and nerve fibers in the brain of representatives of two families of anurans showed many similarities to the distribution of galanin‐containing perikarya and nerve fibers previously described for the mammalian brai.
Postnatal ontogeny of cells expressing prepro‐neurotensin/neuromedin N mRNA in the rat forebrain and midbrain: A hybridization histochemical study involving isotope‐labeled and enzyme‐labeled probes
Authors: Sato Makoto , Kiyama Hiroshi , Yoshida Shigetaka , Saika Takanori , Tohyama Masaya 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe postnatal ontogeny of cells expressing prepro‐neurotensin/neuromedin N messenger RNA (prepro‐NT/NN mRNA) in the rat forebrain and midbrain was investigated by in situ hybridization histochemistry. According to the pattern of expression during development, the cells which express prepro‐NT/NN mRNA can be roughly divided into 2 groups. In type I cells, prepro‐NT/NN mRNA expression reaches a maximum in terms of content during the postnatal period. After this early peak, cells of this type express the same or less prepro‐NT/NN mRNA, reaching a plateau at an adult level that still contains a high level of expression. In type II cells, prepro‐NT/NN mRNA appears during the postnatal period, and the expression decreases dramatically after the first postnatal week, being almost undetectable by a few weeks after birth. Type I cells were observed in the following areas: the piriform cortex, field CA1 of Ammon's horn, subiculum, vertical, and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca, intermediate part of the lateral septal nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus, caudal part of the caudate putamen, medial, cortical, and central amygdaloid nuclei, ventral tegmental area, deep mesencephalic nucleus, cuneiform nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, and oral part of the pontine reticular nucleus. Cells of type II were observed in the following areas: the mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb, rostral part of the caudate putamen, (anterior) cingulate cortex, and retrosplenial cortex (posterior cingulate cortex).
Light microscopic golgi study of mitral/tufted cells in the accessory olfactory bulb of the adult rat
Authors: Takami Shigeru , Graziadei Pasquale P. C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMitral/tufted cells (MTCs) of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) of adult rats were investigated light microscopically with the rapid Golgi method. The somata of the MTCs, appearing ovoid or triangular in shape, are distributed throughout the external plexiform layer. The soma size varies from small to large (12–26 μm). Apical dendrites originating from the soma enter the glomerular layer to provide branches that form the glomerular arbors. After making a glomerular arbor, some dendrites develop a second arbor (en passant and terminal arbors, respectively). The MTCs have a very diverse dendritic branching pattern and most have a variable number of glomerular arbors per cell (up to 6); we have tentatively classified the MTCs into simple, intermediate, and complex. Of the glomerular arbors, 80% have a diameter of less than 50 μm. The glomerular arbors have been classified as baskets (small spherical or ovoid) with short loopy processes; balls of yarn (large and nearly spherical) with loosely intermingled thick loops; and bushes (small to large and rather polymorphic) with irregular processes. The MTCs send dendritic arbors to terminate in one or more glomeruli where they are arranged in several different types of endings. Since it is generally believed that the dendrites of mitral and tufted cells of the main olfactory bulb terminate in only one glomerulus, the difference in the termination of the dendrites of the MTCs may represent a morphological characteristic that is relevant to the coding and/or integration of sensory information.
Appearance of somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide along the developing chicken gut
Authors: Epstein Miles L. , Poulsen Kristian T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe appearance of somatostatin (SOM)‐immunoreactive (IR) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)‐IR neurons in different regions of the embryonic chicken gut was studied by immunostaining wholemounts. The patterns of expression of these peptides in myenteric neurons showed a number of similarities. Both peptides first appeared in the region of the proventriculus‐gizzard: SOM at embryonic day (E)4, VIP at E5.5. At later times both peptides were found in positions both rostral and caudal to the gizzard. Both peptides appeared independently in cells at a second site, the cecum of the hindgut: SOM was observed at E6.5 and VIP at E7.5. VIP‐IR and SOM‐IR cells appear throughout the cecum, then in the rectum, and finally in the ileum. Differences in the patterns of expression were also found. SOM‐ and VIP‐IR neurons appeared at different times along the length of the gut. VIP‐IR cells populated the entire gut by E11.5, whereas SOM‐IR cells were not present throughout the gut until E13.5. SOM‐IR cells appeared in the terminal part of the ganglion of Remak at E4.0. At E6 these SOM‐IR cells sent fibers into the wall of the hindgut and later into the midgut. No VIP‐IR cells were found in the ganglion of Remak. These findings suggest that neural crest‐derived cells first express SOM‐ and VIP‐IR in particular regions of the gut, namely, the proventriculus‐gizzard and the cecum. Certain conditions must exist at these sites which favor the expression of these neuropeptides by neural crest‐derived cells. The observation of SOM‐ and VIP‐IR cells in the cecum at a stage of development before cells are seen in the ileum supports the concept that sacral neural crest cells contribute precursors for enteric neurons of the avian hindgut.
Sensory innervation of the rat kidney and ureter as revealed by the anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) from dorsal root ganglia
Authors: Marfurt Carl F. , Echtenkamp Stephen F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe sensory innervation of the rat kidney and ureter was investigated in wholemount preparations and sectioned materials by labeling the afferent nerve fibers with wheat germ agglutinin Northwest Center for Medical Education, Indiana University School of Medicine, Gary, Indiana 46408horseradish peroxidase (WGANorthwest Center for Medical Education, Indiana University School of Medicine, Gary, Indiana 46408HRP) transported anterogradely from dorsal root ganglia. Labeled fibers were seen in large numbers in the ureter and in the lining of the renal pelvis, where they were located in the adventitia, smooth muscle, subepithelial connective tissue, and epithelium. Most of the fibers in the ureter and ureteropelvic junctional zone traveled parallel to the long axis of the organ. In contrast, fibers in the widest part of the funnel Northwest Center for Medical Education, Indiana University School of Medicine, Gary, Indiana 46408shape renal pelvis were oriented predominantly in a circumferential fashion. Many of the pelvic afferents were extremely fine and appeared to terminate as free nerve endings. Modest networks of labeled axons were also observed around branches of the renal artery; the greatest innervation was supplied to the distal portions of the interlobar arteries and to the arcuate arteries. Only single axons were observed around the interlobular arteries, and very few fibers were seen around afferent arterioles or near glomeruli. In contrast to the arteries, branches of the renal vein were relatively sparsely innervated. Occasional labeled fibers entered the renal cortex and formed intimate associations with renal tubules; however, the vast majority of renal tubular elements were not contacted by labeled sensory fibers. Labeled fibers were never observed in the renal medulla or in the papilla. The present study represents the first time that the sensory innervation of the kidney and ureter has been investigated by using a highly specific anterograde nerve tracing technique. The pattern of innervation demonstrated here reveals an anatomical configuration of ureteral and renal pelvic sensory nerves consistent with a role in detection of ureteral and pelvic pressure and chemical changes and a renal vascular sensory innervation that may monitor changes in renal arterial and venous pressure and chemical content. Still other renal afferent nerve endings may signal renal pain.
Effects of undernutrition during early life on granule cell numbers in the rat dentate gyrus
Authors: Bedi K. S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUndernutrition during early life is known to affect the morphology of the hippocampal formation. Recent advances in stereological techniques have made it possible to make relatively unbiased estimates of total cell numbers in well‐defined brain regions. It was decided to use these methods to determine the effects of different levels of undernutrition during early postnatal life on the granule cells of the rat dentate gyrus.Male hooded Long Evans rats were undernourished between the 16th day of gestation and 30 postnatal days of age to two different levels. The daily food intake of level‐1 and level‐2 rats represented about 60 and 40%, respectively, of that eaten by well‐fed, age‐matched controls. Nutritional rehabilitation of the rats was commenced when they had reached 30 days of age by placing them on an ad libitum diet. Groups of control and experimental rats were killed at 70 and 212 days of age. The Cavalieri principle was used to determine the granule cell layer volume within the dentate gyrus, and the “disector” method was used to determine numerical densities of these granule cells. These estimates were used to calculate the total numbers of granule cells.There were between 260,000 and 320,000 granule cells within the dentate gyrus of 70‐day‐old control and experimental rats. By 212 days of age, well‐fed controls had an average of about 834,000 granule cells. The level‐1 and level‐2 previously undernourished rats had about 515,000 and 595,000 granule cells, respectively. Two‐way analysis of variance procedures showed significant main effects of nutrition and age as well as a significant interaction between them. These results provide strong evidence that a period of undernutrition during early life causes a long‐term deficit in the total number of dentate gyrus granule cells.
Serotoninergic innervation of the thalamus in the primate: An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Lavoie Brigitte , Parent André 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLittle is known of the serotoninergic innervation of the thalamus in primates; therefore, we undertook a detailed study of the distribution of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT)‐immunoreactive neuronal profiles in the thalamus of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) with a specific antibody directly raised against 5‐HT. All thalamic nuclei in the squirrel monkey displayed 5‐HT‐immunoreactive fibers, but none contained immunopositive cell bodies. The 5‐HT innervation of the thalamus derived from extrinsic fibers arising mostly from the midbrain raphe nuclei and forming the transtegmental system. Most of the fibers destined to the thalamus collected into a major bundle that swept dorsoventrally within the midbrain tegmentum and coursed beneath the thalamus along its entire caudorostral extent. Several fiber fascicles broke off from this main bundle at different levels and ascended dorsally to innervate the various thalamic nuclei. Overall, the 5‐HT innervation of the thalamus in the squirrel monkey was more massive than would have been expected from earlier studies in nonprimate species. Marked differences in the regional density of innervation were noted both between the various nuclei and within single nuclei. The most densely innervated nuclei were those delineating the principal subdivisions of the thalamic mass, that is, the midline, rostral intralaminar, limitans, and reticular nuclei, where very dense fields of isolated axonal varicosities occurred. In contrast to the rostral intralaminar nuclei, which were rather uniformly innervated, the centre médian/parafascicular complex contained immunoreactive fibers and isolated varicosities distributed according to a mediolateral gradient. The habenula and the ventral anterior nucleus were among the most weakly innervated nuclei. In the latter nucleus, as well as in more densely innervated nuclei, thin varicose fibers formed numerous pericellular contacts on cell bodies and proximal dendrites of thalamic neurons. The 5‐HT innervation of the lateral nuclear group as well as that of the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei ranged from very weak to dense. The mediodorsal nucleus displayed a highly heterogeneous 5‐HT innervation that varied from weak in its central portion to moderate or dense in its medial and lateral borders. A moderate 5‐HT innervation was observed in the anterior nuclear group. The surprisingly dense and heterogeneous 5‐HT innervation of the thalamus noted in the present study suggests that serotonin may be involved in several specific functions of the thalamus in primates.
Topography and ultrastructure of sensory nerve endings in the glans penis of the rat
Authors: Johnson Richard D. , Halata Zdenek 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to describe the types and location of sensory nerve endings in the glans penis of the rat on the basis of light and electron microscopy. Free nerve endings are abundant throughout the glans and are derived from either thinly myelinated Aδ or unmyelinated C fibers. The free nerve endings derived from Aδ fibers often extend into the epidermis as far as the granular layer and exhibit buttonlike terminal thickenings. The distal urethra contains many free nerve endings from C fibers. Numerous lamellated corpuscles are present. Each corpuscle, innervated by one or two medium diameter myelinated nerve fibers, consists of 4–10 spiralling and intertwined inner cores enveloped by Schwann cell lamellae. The corpuscles are usually enclosed by a perineural capsule, although some located near the epidermis lack a capsule. Lamellated corpuscles in the superficial dermis are located adjacent to but not directly under a penile spine and change their orientation when the glans is erect. The dermal papillae of the penile spines are devoid of any neural structure. Lamellated corpuscles are also located within the trabeculae of the corpus spongiosum glandis and in the lamina propria of the urethra. Occasionally, unmyelinated nerve bundles are seen inside these corpuscles. Ruffini corpuscles are few in number and are located in the deep connective tissue near the os penis. They have an incomplete connective tissue capsule and the nerve terminals are anchored between collagen fiber bundles. No Merkel nerve endings, Meissner, or Vater‐Pacini corpuscles were found in any of the sections. We conclude that the glans penis of the rat contains a sensory receptor complement that is generally similar to the human glans penis but is unlike the glabrous and hairy skin.
Funicular organization of avian brainstem‐spinal projections
Authors: Webster D. M. S. , Steeves J. D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine which reticulospinal projections need to be preserved to allow voluntary walking and to differentiate between those pathways descending within the ventrolateral funiculus versus the ventromedial funiculus. Retrogradely transported tracers (True Blue, Fast Blue, Diamidino Yellow dihydrochloride, fluoroscein‐conjugated dextran‐amines) were used alone as discrete funicular injections (4–5 μl) into the lumbar cord (L1), or in conjunction with a more rostral subtotal lesion of the low thoracic cord, to determine the trajectories of brainstem‐spinal projections in adult ducks and geese. No difference was found between the species. The major components of the ventromedial funiculus include projections from the medullary reticular formation, pontine reticular formation, raphe obscurus and pallidus, lateral vestibular nucleus, and interstitial nucleus, and to a minor extent from the locus coeruleus, lateral hypothalamus, and nucleus periventricularis hypothalami. The components of the ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) include projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus alatus, pontomedullary reticular formation, raphe pallidus, raphe magnus, locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus, lateral vestibular, and descending vestibular nuclei. The principal descending projections within the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) arose from the red nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus, locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus, dorsal division of the caudal medullary reticular formation, and raphe magnus. The functional implications of the distribution of these descending pathways are discussed with regard to locomotion. Since birds were able to walk despite bilateral lesion of the DLF or VMF but were unable to walk following a bilateral lesion of the VLF, this suggests that medullary reticulospinal pathways coursing within the VLF are essential for the provision of locomotor drive.
Prefrontal projections to the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in the rhesus monkey
Authors: Siwek Donald F. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe corticothalamic projections to the prefrontal cortex have been shown to be topographically organized. However, the underlying basis for this topography as it relates to the organization of the different architectonically defined areas of the prefrontal cortex has not been systematically studied. In the present investigation we have reassessed the thalamic projections from the different architectonic areas of the prefrontal cortex by using the technique of autoradiography in the rhesus monkey. The results show that the prefrontomediodorsal projections are organized according to the architectonic differentiation of the prefrontal cortices. Thus architectonically less differentiated medial and orbital prefrontal regions project to the medial sector of the mediodorsal nucleus, the magnocellular subdivision. In contrast, highly differentiated prefrontal area 8 projects to the most lateral sector of the mediodorsal nucleus, the multiformis subdivision. Lateral prefrontal areas with intermediate architectonic features project to the central parvocellular sector of the mediodorsal nucleus. Additionally, these projections also reveal a dorsoventral topography. Thus areas in the medial and dorsolateral cortices project to the dorsal part of the mediodorsal nucleus. In contrast, areas in orbital and ventrolateral cortices project to the ventral part of the mediodorsal nucleus.The topographic organization of the corticothalamic connections described in this study corresponds to the progressive elaboration and differentiation of the architectonic features of the different prefrontal areas. This successive and dichotomous organization of prefrontothalamic connections may provide the basis for the observed differential functions of the prefrontal cortex and the mediodorsal nucleus.
Post‐rolandic cortical projections of the superior temporal sulcus in the rhesus monkey
Authors: Seltzer Benjamin , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe efferent connections of different cytoarchitectonic areas of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) in the rhesus monkey with parieto‐temporo‐occipital cortex were investigated using autoradiographic methods. Four rostral‐to‐caudal subdivisions of cortex (area TPO) in the upper bank of the STS have distinct projection patterns. Rostral sectors (areas TPO‐1 and ‐2) project to the rostral superior temporal gyrus (areas Ts1, Ts2, and Ts3), insula of the Sylvian fissure, and parahippocampal gyrus (perirhinal and prorhinal cortexes, areas TF, TH, and TL); caudal sectors (TPO‐3 and ‐4) project to the caudal superior temporal gyrus (areas paAlt and Tpt), supratemporal plane (area paAc), circular sulcus of the Sylvian fissure (area reIt), as well as medial paralimbic (areas 23, 24, and retrosplenial cortex) and extrastriate (areas 18 and 19) cortexes. Area TPO‐1 does not project to the parietal lobe; area TPO‐2 projects to the inferior parietal lobule; area TPO‐3 to the lower bank of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) (area POa); and area TPO‐4 to medial parietal cortex (area PGm).Vision‐related cortex (area TEa) in the rostral lower bank of the STS sends fibers to the rostral inferotemporal region (areas TE1, ‐2, and ‐3) and parahippocampal gyrus (perirhinal cortex, areas TF and TL). Visual zones in the caudal lower bank and depth of the sulcus (area OAa, or MT and FST) project to the caudal inferotemporal region (areas TE3 and TEO), lateral preoccipital region (areaV4), and lower bank of the IPS (area POa). A zone in the rostral depth of the STS (area IPa) projects to the rostral inferotemporal region, parahippocampal gyrus, insula of the Sylvian fissure, parietal operculum, and lower rim of the IPS (area PG).STS projections to parieto‐temporo‐occipital cortex have “feedforward,” “feedbackward,” and “side‐to‐side” laminar patterns of termination similar to those of other cortical sensory systems. The differential connectivity supports the cytoarchitectonic parcellation of the STS and suggests functional heterogeneity.