bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of biometric data of children with high and low levels of lead in the blood
Authors: Lauwers M.‐C. , Hauspie R. C. , Susanne C. , Verheyden J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper deals with a biometric study of 312 boys and girls, aged 2.5–16 years, living in an area with a long history of pollution by lead. The aim was to search for eventual relationships between ten biometric variables and measures of lead absorption in the bodies, i.e. the amount of lead in the blood (PbB), of these children.Standardized values of the biometric variables were compared in the high‐PbB and low‐PbB categories, by multivariate analysis of variance. Comparison of the vectors of the ten biometric variables reveals a significant difference between the two categories of PbB levels.We found some evidence that the younger children (below 8 years of age) are more likely to absorb lead in the body and are more vulnerable to the effects of subclinical lead intoxication than their older counterparts. The differences between the averages of biometric variables in the two PbB categories are consistently (although not significantly) greater among younger children. This trend disappeared in the older age group.These results confirm data from the literature that young children are especially at risk. It can be concluded that there is a subtle, but significant, influence of lead absorption on the biometric profiles of children and that this effect is probably more important in children below 8 years of age.
Bivariate and multivariate analysis of the skin ridge pattern intensities
Authors: Loesch Danuta Z. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBivariate correlations and multivariate (factor) analysis of pattern intensities on individual fingers and all specified areas of palms and soles were performed in a large sample of 834 individuals from two rural districts of Poland, and in a sample of 383 school children from the city of Warsaw, with males and females considered separately.Eleven factors were extracted in all samples, including two for finger pattern intensities, and the remaining nine for palmar or sole individual areas, or some of their combinations. Patterns of intercorrelation between variables and the factor structure matrices were essentially similar in all subsamples, but several factors differed in the amount of variance they contributed to individual variables, or the factors occupied somewhat different positions when ranked in respect of the contribution to the total variance. Orthogonal and oblique rotation were applied to the data, but only the results of the latter were tabulated and fully discussed.In contrast with finger patterns, separate and independent factors have mainly been extracted for individual pattern intensities on palms or soles. Nevertheless the obtained factor solution on the whole is not incompatible with the concept of developmental induction fields. It is postulated that the factor structure may be susceptible to natural selection acting through functional preferences in man, and that epistatic interaction may account for some common factors.
Cutmarks on the Engis 2 calvaria?
Authors: Russell Mary D. , LeMort Françoise 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn examination of the surface morphology of the juvenile Neandertal calvaria, Engis 2, has resulted in the discovery of several series of incised striations. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss these striations. A preliminary interpretation of at least some of the striations as cutmarks, made at or near the time of the child's death, is offered.
Porotic hyperostosis in a marine‐dependent California Indian population
Authors: Walker Phillip L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA maize‐based iron‐ and protein‐deficient diet is commonly cited as the most important cause of porotic hyperostosis among American Indian agriculturalists. An alternative to this maize dependence hypothesis is suggested by the analysis of 432 crania from the nonagricultural, fish‐dependent population of the Channel Island area of southern California. Cribra orbitalia, a form of porotic hyperostosis associated with iron deficiency anemia, is just as common among these fisherpeople, whose diet was rich in iron and essential amino acids, as it is among maize‐dependent agriculturalists. Northern Channel Island crania have much more cribra orbitalia than those from the California mainland. The highest incidence is on San Miguel, a small geographically isolated island with a shortage of fresh water and terrestrial resources. The Indians who lived on Santa Cruz, the largest of the northern Channel Islands with the greatest diversity of terrestrial plants and animals, have less cribra orbitalia than those who lived on Santa Rosa or San Miguel Island. This geographical distribution appears to be explained by island‐mainland and interisland differences in water contamination, exposure to fish‐borne parasites, and nutritional adequacy of the diet.The prevalence of porotic hyperostosis in a population with a heavy dietary dependence on marine resources shows that among prehistoric American Indians, this condition is not always associated with an iron‐ and protein‐deficient diet of cultigens. It seems likely that high nutrient losses associated with diarrheal disease are often more significant in the etiology of porotic hyperostosis than a low dietary intake of essential nutrients.
On the genetic interrelationships of South African Negroes
Authors: Hitzeroth H. W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study addresses the comparative genetic interrelationships between South African Negro groups. For this the genetic distances between seven ethnically defined Negro subsamples (total of 998 individuals) based on 24 genetic loci/polymorphisms are calculated by applying standard distance formulae. These computations offer an opportunity to evaluate the different polymorphisms in terms of their effects on the genetic distances. The genetic interrelationships thus computed are illustrated by way of dendrograms and are discussed in terms of their comparative significance. It follows from the findings that the Ndebele, Northern Sotho (Pedi), and Tswana form a closely related subcluster and that the Zulu and Swazi as well as the Venda and Shangana‐Tsonga form two additional, more distant, subclusters. These results are discussed and tentatively interpreted against the background of the reported Khoisan admixture of the populations concerned as well as their ethnological history. The data are also compared to those derived from metric and dermatoglyphic studies. It is concluded that whereas there is some agreement between these categories of variation (genetic, metric, and dermatoglyphic) as far as the comparative evaluation of South African Negro groups is concerned, there also are discrepancies. These conclusions need to be explained in terms of evolutionary mechanisms (such as historic origins, hybridization, natural selection, and genetic drift) in order to obtain a more consistent and comprehensive comparative picture of the physical anthropology of southern African populations.
Dimensional and discrete dental trait asymmetry relationships
Authors: Mayhall John T. , Saunders Shelley R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractInuit (Eskimos) from the Foxe Basin region of the Northwest Territories, Canada, were studied to ascertain the amount of dimensional and morphological asymmetry in their dentitions. The results indicate that dimensional asymmetry does not appear to be greater on either the maxillary or mandibular teeth. Both types of asymmetry show partial conformity to the model of tooth fields with an increasing amount of asymmetry as one goes distally in each tooth group. The morphological asymmetry exception, the mandibular incisors, follows Dahlberg's “Field Concept.” Rank‐order correlations between the amount of dimensional asymmetry and morphological asymmetry reveal no detectable patterns. There appear to be no associations between the presence or absence of morphological asymmetry and the size of the tooth. This lack of association might be explained by differences in developmental timing of tooth dimensions and morphological traits; however, such a hypothesis requires experimental testing. In this population and those for which published results are available, it is practically impossible to overcome the “noise” level and test recent hypotheses regarding random dental asymmetry.
Age determination of the male Os pubis
Authors: Katz Darryl , Suchey Judy Myers 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn extensive (n = 739) sample of well‐documented male pubic bones was examined for age‐related features. Using the traditional aging methods, Todd's system was found to over‐age and both the Todd and the McKern‐Stewart systems did not account for age variability seen in advanced pubic bone patterns. Based on a 5‐year interobserver error study, certain categories in each system were collapsed because observers could not consistently differentiate between them by morphological pattern. The traditional and the modified versions were then analyzed using linear regression analysis. All approaches perform poorly when the entire sample is used. Truncation strategies to eliminate older individuals result in substantial improvement. The traditional Todd system and its modified form are found to be the best systems. When implementation is considered, a modified Todd six‐phase system is recommended.
A biomechanical analysis of mandibular scaling in old world monkeys
Authors: Bouvier Marianne 
Published: August 2005

AbstractScaling of mandibular dimensions in male Old World monkeys was investigated. Mandibular condyle length, width, and area were regressed separately against body mass and mandibular length for a total of 14 species of Cercopithecoids. Scaling of mandibular depth and width against both body mass and mandibular length were also investigated.When results of regression analysis using the two different independent variables (body mass and mandibular length) were compared, there were significant pattern differences in scaling of cercopithecines versus colobines. Compared to body mass, male cercopithecines had relatively large mandibles (length, width, and depth) and also relatively large condyles (length, width, and area). However, compared to mandibular length, cercopithecines had relatively transversely thin and shallow mandibles and relatively narrow condyles.It is shown that a “biomechanical” interpretation of mandibular scaling patterns against body mass in Old World monkeys demonstrates only that cercopithecines have prognathic faces, an already well‐known and well‐documented condition. When the biomechanical effects of prognathic faces are controlled for (by scaling against mandibular length), it is shown that cercopithecines possess special adaptations in condyle length while colobines possess special adaptations in condyle width and mandibular depth and width. These results clearly demonstrate the importance of selecting a relevant reference variable in scaling studies where biomechanical interpretations are attempted.
Mandibular symphysis (medial suture) closure in modern Homo sapiens: Preliminary evidence from archaeological populations
Authors: Becker Marshall Joseph 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFour archaeologically derived populations of human infants provide evidence for age at closure of the mandibular suture. These data suggest fusion by 7–8 months of age, with a range from 6 to 9 months. This provides a useful tool for age identification of the remains of young children recovered from archaeological and other contexts.
Cut marks on the Bodo cranium: A case of prehistoric defleshing
Authors: White Tim D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCut marks were discovered on the Middle Pleistocene Bodo cranium from Ethiopia. The cut marks most closely resemble experimental damage caused by the application of stone tools to fresh bone. This discovery constitutes the earliest solid evidence for intentional defleshing of a human ancestor and offers new research avenues for the investigation of early hominid mortuary practices.
Socioeconomic status, sex, age, and ethnicity as determinants of body fat distribution for Guatemalan children
Authors: Bogin Barry , Sullivan Timothy 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe distribution of subcutaneous fat at the triceps and subscapular skinfold sites is described for four groups of children living in Guatemala. These groups are (1) high socioeconomic status (SES) children of Ladino (mixed Spanish and Indian) ancestry, (2) high SES children of European ancestry, (3) low SES Ladino children, and (4) very low SES Indian children. The method of Healy and Tanner (1981) is used, employing regression and principal components analysis of log transformed skinfold values to divide “fatness” into two uncorrelated variables: size (amount of fat) and shape (fat pattern). Significant differences exist between groups in size, with lower SES groups having less fat than higher SES groups. No significant difference in fat pattern exists between the high SES Ladino and high SES European children. Significant differences do exist between the high SES groups and the low SES groups. The relative amount of subscapular fat increases from the high SES Ladinos and high SES Europeans, to the low SES Ladinos, to the very low SES Indians. In the high SES European and high SES Ladino samples, girls have significantly more arm fat than boys. There is no significant difference in fat patterning between boys and girls in the two low SES samples. Finally, the relative amount of subscapular fat tends to increase with age in all four samples. These results indicate that (1) fatness and fat patterning are independent anatomical characteristics, (2) SES influences fat patterning; low SES children of both Ladino and Indian ancestry show greater reductions in arm fat than in trunk fat compared to high SES children, (3) sexual dimorphism in fat patterning is SES dependent; low SES children show no dimorphism, high SES children are dimorphic, (4) ethnic differences in fat patterning are not demonstrable for Ladinos and Europeans of high SES; fat distribution differences between low SES Ladinos and very low SES Indians may be due to ethnic factors, SES differences, or both.
Perinatal mortality at pre‐Columbian Teotihuacan
Authors: Storey Rebecca 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe skeletal population of 166 individuals from a low‐status apartment compound of the pre‐Columbian city of Teotihuacan contained 52 perinatal individuals. The most perilous time of the lifespan was around birth, as revealed by life table analysis. Femur length was not increasing during the last month of gestation, and individuals were probably shorter somatically at birth than modern standards or historic‐period Arikara skeletal controls. The possibility of intrauterine growth retardation is investigated through paleopathological indicators of prenatal growth arrest. The evidence of prenatal stress and the high rate of mortality at birth seem to indicate that this New World preindustrial urban population faced similar health and nutritional stresses as Old World preindustrial cities.
Prevalence and age at development of enamel hypoplasias in Mexican children
Authors: Goodman Alan H. , Allen Lindsay H. , Hernandez Gabriela P. , Amador Alicia , Arriola Luis V. , Chávez Adolfo , Pelto Gretel H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEnamel hypoplasias, deficiencies in enamel thickness resulting from disturbances during the secretory phase of enamel development, are generally believed to result from nonspecific metabolic and nutritional disruptions. However, data are scarce on the prevalence and chronological distribution of hypoplasias in populations experiencing mild to moderate malnutrition. The purpose of this article is to present baseline data on the prevalences and chronological distributions of enamel hypoplasias, by sex and for all deciduous and permanent anterior teeth, in 300 5 to 15‐year‐old rural Mexican children.Identification of hypoplasias was aided by comparison to a published standard (Federation Dentaire Internationale: Int. Dent. J. 32(2):159−167, 1982). The location of defects, by transverse sixths of tooth crowns, was used to construct distributions of defects by age at development.One or more hypoplasias were detected in 46.7% (95% CI= 40.9−52.5%) of children. Among the unworn and completely erupted teeth, the highest prevalence of defects was found on the permanent maxillary central incisors (44.4% with one or more hypoplasias), followed by the permanent maxillary canine (28.0%) and the remaining permanent teeth (26.2 to 22.2%) Only 6.1% of the completely erupted and unworn deciduous teeth were hypoplastic. The prevalence of enamel defects on the permanent teeth was up to tenfold greater than that found in studies of less marginal populations that used the FDI method.The prevalence of defects in transverse zones suggests a peak frequency of hypoplasias during the second and third years for the permanent teeth, corresponding to the age at weaning in this group. In the deciduous teeth, a smaller peak occurs between 30 and 40 weeks post gestation. The frequency of defects after three years of age is slightly higher in females than males, suggesting a sex difference in access to critical resources.
Principal components analysis of physical growth in savannah baboons
Authors: Glassman David M. , Coelho Anthony M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMorphometric data collected from 118 male and 169 female savannah baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) aged between birth and 5.5 years were analyzed to describe the morphology and physical growth of this species. Measurements included weight, crown‐rump length, triceps circumference, and skinfolds at the neck, subscapular, suprailiac, and triceps anatomical sites. Principal components analyses were applied to the data to provide multivariate assessments of morphological patterning among the variables. These analyses resulted in the extraction of two unrotated orthogonal components that accounted for 88% of the overall sample variation. The first component accounted for 77% of the variation and represents an axis of overall body size. The second component represents an axis of shape variation that contrasts body size with fat patterning, and was interpreted as a measure of body leanness. Individual component scores were computed for determining age, gender, and age‐by‐gender interaction effects. Both components were found to be age dependent for both genders. Males and females shared similar age patterning along the two components; however, gender differences did occur in the timing and intensity of the age‐related patterning, particularly with respect to leanness. The multivariate measure of overall body size increased for both genders similarly with advancing age. Age patterning along the leanness component was described as a decrease from birth to 1 year, followed by an increase in leanness in older ages. Females had a delayed and significantly less intense increase in leanness relative to males.
Effects of maternal food restriction during lactation on craniofacial growth in weanling rats
Authors: Pucciarelli Héctor M. , Oyhenart Evelia E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAdult Holtzman rats were submitted during suckling period to a food restriction with or without protein or carbohydrate restoration. Twenty‐one‐day‐old weanling pups were compared with controls of 9, 13, 17, and 21 days of age. Lateral craniofacial roentgenographies were taken. The length in midsagittal plane of each bone and its angle with respect to the vestibular line were measured in males. In females, the brain and the left masseter muscle were weighed, and the muscle/brain ratios (neuromuscular index) were calculated. Food restriction altered skull size and shape. Size changes were due to arrested lengths in all studied skull bones. Shape variation was evident by orthocephalization changes, reflected in angulation changes of bones belonging to the frontoethmofacial (frontal, nasal, and maxillary bones) and to the occipitointerparietal (interparietal bone) complexes. Partial restorations by both protein or carbohydrate supplementation were found. Nutritional stresses during lactation affected orthocephalization through an altered growth ratio between two soft tissues functionally associated to the craniofacial complex: brain and masticatory muscles.
Gene differentiation at the ABO locus in twenty castes and twenty‐two tribes of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Rajanikumari J. , Srikumari C. R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUsing gene frequency data for the ABO locus so far available, gene differentiation and gene identity between 20 castes and 22 tribes of Andhra Pradesh were determined. The interpopulation gene diversity is 1.4 and 1.6% of total genic variation in castes and tribes, respectively. Difficulties in interpreting genetic diversity using just one genetic system is discussed.
Stride length and its determinants in humans, early hominids, primates, and mammals
Authors: Reynolds Thomas R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrimate stride lengths during quadrupedal locomotion are very long when compared to those of nonprimate quadrupedal mammals at the speed of trot/gallop transition. These exceptional lengths are a consequence of the relatively long limbs of primates and the large angular excursions of their limbs during quadrupedalism. When quadrupedal primates employ bipedal gaits they exhibit much lower angular excursions. Consequently their bipedal stride lengths do not appear to be exceptional in length when compared to other mammals. Angular excursions of the lower limbs of modern humans are not exceptionally large. However, when running, humans exhibit relatively long periods of flight (i.e., they have low duty factors) when compared to other mammals including primates. Because of these long periods of flight and their relative long lower limbs, humans have running stride lengths that are at the lower end of the range of stride lengths of quadrupedal primates. The stride length of the Laetoli hominid trails are evaluated in this context.
Relationships between growth at the sutures of the rabbit calvarium
Authors: Isberg Per Alberius , Isberg Per‐Erik 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe present study was designed to elucidate the relationships between growth increments at the cranial vault sutures in rabbits. Thirteen male New Zealand white rabbits were followed regularly from age 31 to 142 days using a roentgen stereophotogrammetric system. Spherical tantalum markers were implanted into the nasal, frontal, and parietal bones, and implant stability was checked at each stereo examination. Problems with instability were encountered only in the nasal bones. Registered growth rates conformed to our previous investigations. High correlations were observed between the following areas; the coronal suture to the frontonasal suture, the first principal component of the neurocranial suture group to the frontonasal suture, and the principal component of the craniofacial suture group to the coronal suture. Remaining relationships demonstrated dispersion to various extents. The findings indicate that there seems to exist a basic mutual dependence between neural and facial skeletal growth, as well as complex covariations between the various sutures of the rabbit calvarium.