bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anwendung des Bilddifferenzverfahrens auf die Untersuchung von Strukturänderungen dünner Kohlefolien bei Elektronenbestrahlung
Authors: Langer R. , Frank J. , Feltynowski A. , Hoppe W. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractElektronenmikroskopische Präparate verändern sich während ihrer Untersuchung im Mikroskop durch Kontamination, Objektabbau und unmittelbare Strahlenschädigung. Diese Vorgänge wurden im Elektronenmikroskop bisher nur integral untersucht, etwa durch Bestimmung der zeitlichen Änderung der Massendicke des Präparates oder, bei kristallinen Objekten, der Reflexintensitäten im Beugungsdiagramm. Im Gegensatz zu diesen Methoden erlaubt das Bilddifferenzverfahren [1], die mit diesen Vorgängen verbundenen Bildänderungen dünner Objekte bis hinab zu Einzelheiten von der Größe des Auflösungsvermögens des Mikroskops zu studieren.Wir bestimmten derartige Änderungen bei dünnen amorphen Kohlefolien und Graphitlamellen: Es wurden Bilder dieser Objekte zu verschiedenen Zeiten und nach unterschiedlicher Strahlendosis unter gleichen elektronenoptischen Bedingungen bei höchster Auflösung photographisch registriert. Durch Abrasterung der photographischen Aufnahmen mit einem automatischen Mikrophotometer wurden die Schwärzungsverteilungen in digitaler Form erfaßt. Die weitere Bildauswertung bis hin zur Berechnung des Differenzbildes aus zwei verschiedenen Aufnahmen und der Rekonstruktion des fehlerfreien Bildes [6] erfolgte mit Hilfe einer IBM‐Rechenmaschine vom Typ 360/91.
An Electrostatic Phase Plate for the Electron Microscope
Authors: Unwin P. N. T. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIt is shown how to construct a simple electrostatic device for use in the electron microscope as an absorbing phase plate. The application of this device is illustrated by examining some negatively stained biological specimens, and results indicate that it can provide significant improvements in contrast and signal/noise ratio over normal bright field images without loss in resolution.
An Experimental Transmission Electron Microscope Design for Observation of Molecular Structure of Biogenic Macromolecules
Authors: Siegel Benjamin M. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe design features of an experimental transmission electron microscope employing an ultra high vacuum column, field emission gun and superconducting objective lens are described. The limitations on observations of the information in images at a level required for the determination of molecular structure of biogenic macromolecules are set by the characteristics of the biological specimen and the “noise” inherent in specimen preparation as well as the instrumental imaging and recording capabilities. These several factors are discussed.
Neutron Diffraction Analysis of Biological Structures
Authors: Schoenborn B. P. , Nunes A. C. , Nathans R. , Schoenborn B. P. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe advantageous use of neutron diffraction for the determination of biological structures is discussed. Differences between × ray and neutron diffraction are used to obtain structural information on membranes. The 2.0 Å neutron diffraction analysis of myoglobin is described stressing the general advantages of neutron diffraction. At the end, a brief description of a novel “data collection” scheme using a “Laue” type technique is given.
The transport properties of concentrated aqueous solutions of silver nitrate
Authors: Roessler N. , Schneider H. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAn experimental technique is presented which enables the determination of transference numbers by the Hittorf method even in very concentrated solutions. The transference numbers of silver nitrate in aqueous solutions were measured up to a concentration of 14 molal. The transport coefficients of this system were then calculated using the formalism of non‐equilibrium thermodynamics.
The photocurrent at the interface between a molecular crystal and an electrolyte in presence of quenching of excitons by a species in solution
Authors: Mehl W. , Hale J. M. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe rate constant for the quenching of excited molecular states at the interface between a molecular crystal and an aqueous electrolyte was determined from photoinjection experiments. The situation was analysed in which radiation passes through an electrolyte that forms one of the electric contacts to the crystal. It is assumed that excitons generated by absorption of photons within the solid diffuse to the crystal/solution interface and there react with charge and energy acceptor species in solution. The quantum efficiency of the charge separation reaction was determined from the limiting photocurrent and compared with the value which would be expected in the absence of quenching. The quenching rate constant thus determined was compared with a value derived from the application of Förster's treatment of resonance energy transfer upon quenching at the interface between a solid and an electrolyte. It was shown that at the interface between an anthracene electrode and a solution of Na2IrCl6 virtually all the energy of the excitons is transferred to the IrCl62− by resonance energy transfer.
Electrical Resistance of Black Lipid Membranes in the Presence of Crystal Violet
Authors: Kübel Martin 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe resistance of black spherical lipid membranes decreases linearly with increasing concentration of crystal violet (CV). This decrease is not influenced by the variation of the electrolyte concentration or of pH in the aqueous membrane bathing solutions. When the CV‐concentrations on the two sides of the membrane are different, an electric potential characteristic of a CV‐selective membrane is created.
On Statistical Theories of Nematic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Saupe Alfred 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThermotropic nematics and nematic suspensions are considered and two corresponding statistical approaches reviewed: The mean field treatment and Onsagers approach using a cluster integral expansion. Definitions of nematic order parameters and general expressions for mean field potentials are given and structural concepts and interaction models discussed.The formation of a nematic state in suspensions is directly related to the anisometric shape of the particles. In thermotropic nematics, the angular dependence of dispersion interactions seems to be a dominating factor, but it is at present not possible to assess theoretically the influence of the anisometric shape.
Inversionswände in dielektrisch deformierten Flüssigkristallschichten
Authors: Stieb A. , Baur G. , Meier G. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractEs wurden Inversionswände in dielektrisch deformierten nematischen Flüssigkristallschichten mit planarer Randorientierung untersucht. Die nematische Substanz war die Estermischung WI von Merck, die bei relativ niedrigen Frequenzen einen Vorzeichenwechsel der dielektrischen Anisotropie besitzt. Ausgehend von einer periodischen Deformationsstruktur, die in der Nähe der dielektrischen Isotropiefrequenz auftritt, wurden Inversionswände erzeugt, die Bereiche mit gegensinniger Fréedericks deformation voneinander trennen. Die Wände weichen in einigen Eigenschaften von den durch andere Autoren beobachteten Wänden dieser Art ab. Es wird versucht, diese Eigenschaften durch ein neues Wandmodell zu erklären.
Flüssig‐kristalline Zustände in künstlichen und biologischen Membranen
Authors: Sackmann E. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractWässrige Dispersionen von Phospholipiden zeigen sowohl lyotropen als auch thermotropen Polymorphismus. Außerordentlich wichtig ist dabei die lamellare Phase, die als einfachstes Modell biologischer Membranen angesehen werden kann. Die bimolekularen Lamellen zeigen einen thermotropen kristallin → flüssig kristallinen Phasenübergang, der dem Übergang smektisch A nach smektisch B vergleichbar ist. Die Umwandlung ist durch thermisch induzierte Bildung von Rotationsisomeren in den Kohlenwasserstoffketten verursacht. Die Bildung hoch beweglicher “Kinken” oberhalb der Phasenumwandlung führt zu einer hohen Fluidität im Inneren der Membran, ohne daß ihre äußere Gestalt zerstört wird. Die Lipidumwandlung kann auch durch Änderung des pH und durch Zugabe von Ionen “getriggert” werden. Oberhalb der Umwandlung können Phospholipide und andere membrangebundene Moleküle eine äußerst schnelle laterale Diffusion ausführen (Größenordnung der Driftgeschwindigkeit ∼ 50000 Å/sec). Gemischte Membranen aus verschiedenen Lipiden zeigen oft eine Mosaikstruktur, d. h. sie sind aus Domänen verschiedener Lipidzusammensetzung aufgebaut. Vergleichende Untersuchungen an künstlichen und biologischen Membranen zeigen, daß der Lipidanteil der letzteren zumindest teilweise, in der Form kontinuierlicher bimolekularen (oder monomolekularen) Lamellen vorliegt. Ein Teil der Proteine ist in die biologischen Membranen eingebaut, aber innerhalb der Membran sehr frei in ihrer lateralen (Laterale Driftgeschwindigkeit ∼ 5000 Å/sec) und rotatorischen (Korrelationszeit rot 50 μ sec) Beweglichkeit. Biologische Membranen aus Lipiden, die vorwiegend eine Art von Kohlenwasserstoffketten enthalten, zeigen ebenfalls eine scharfe Phasenumwandlung. Vergleichende Untersuchungen an künstlichen und biologischen Membranen zeigen eindeutig, daß der flüssig kristalline Zustand eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die biologische Funktionsfähigkeit der Membranen ist.
NMR Studies of Water Self‐diffusion in the Lamellar Phase
Authors: Tiddy G. J. T. , Hayter J. B. , Hecht A. M. , White J. W. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe dependence of water self‐diffusion coefficients measured by NMR on sample composition is reported for lamellar phases of ammonium perfluoro‐octanoate (APFO) and caesium perfluoro‐octanoate (CsPFO) at 296 K. For APFO the results were not very reproducible, and a detailed examination of the effect of different measurement variables on the results was made. Comparison of the data with measurements made by neutron scattering indicates that diffusion across the alkyl chain region of the lipid bilayer is rapid at high water mol fractions.
Work‐related factors and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A multivariable Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Li Ming , Liao Yile , Luo Zhangkun , Song Hongfei , Yang Zhi 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe causal relationship between work‐related factors and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is unclear. We used a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the unconfounded association between work‐related factors and ALS.MethodsUnivariable MR analyses were conducted to evaluate the causal effects of work‐related factors on ALS. Instrumental variables from the UK Biobank on work‐related factors (n = 263,615) were used as proxies. The outcome dataset used ALS (n case = 20,806, n control = 59,804) summary‐level data from a large‐scale genome‐wide association study based on European ancestry. MR analysis used inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR‐Egger, and weighted median (WM) to assess causal effects and other methods of MR for sensitivity analysis. Further multivariable MR analyses were performed to explore potential mediating effects.ResultsIn univariable MR, IVW methods support evidence that genetically determined job involves heavy manual or physical work (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.26–3.31; p = .004) was associated with an increased risk of ALS, and the WM methods also confirm this result (OR = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.30–4.28; p = .005). No evidence of heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy was found in the results. In multivariable MR, the association was absent after adjusting for smoking and blood pressure.ConclusionsOur MR analysis results demonstrate the potential causal relationship between jobs that involve heavy manual or physical work and ALS, which might be mediated by smoking and high systolic blood pressure.
Can business managerial capacity improve green innovation in different industries? Evidence from Chinese listed companies
Authors: Hao Xiaoli , Wen Shufang , Zhu Jianing , Wu Haitao , Hao Yu 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAs the backbone of the national innovation system, enterprises are the key drivers of economic development and environmental sustainability. However, at the microlevel, research in this area is lacking, as attention is paid on the comprehensive capabilities of top managers, industrial heterogeneity, and heterogeneous green innovation (GI), including inventive innovation and utility innovation. Based on Upper Echelons Theory, this paper constructs a research framework to explore and empirically analyze the specific impact of managerial capacity (MA) of top managers, as “gatekeepers” of enterprise decision‐making, on the heterogeneous enterprise GI, as well as its potential mechanism. Our results shows that (1), overall, MA can significantly promote GI of enterprises. Interestingly, compared with green strategic innovation, managerial capacity has a greater effect on green inventive innovation; (2) based on industrial heterogeneity, in heavy‐polluting industries, managerial capacity is more likely to promote green strategic innovation rather than green inventive innovation; (3) further analysis shows that enterprise value, internal control quality, and financing constraints are important mechanisms; and (4) the moderating effect of external environment shows that to some extent either the regional marketization level or management capabilities can drive GI. This paper has practical implications for policymakers and corporate managers adopting the management heterogeneity perspective and suggests areas for future studies in this field to promote green low‐carbon transition.
Surface‐amorphized nickel sulfide with boosted electrochemical performance for aqueous energy storage
Authors: Wang Haiyang , Liang Miaomiao , Li Min , Qu Yang , Miao Zongcheng 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe ingenious structural design of electrode materials has a great influence on boosting the integrated conductivity and improving the electrochemical behavior of energy storage equipment. In this work, a surface‐amorphized sandwich‐type Ni3S2 nanosheet is synthesized by an easy hydrothermal and solution treatment technique. Because of the in‐built defect‐rich feature of the amorphous Ni3S2 layer, the constructed crystalline/amorphous heterointerface as well as dual nanopore structure of Ni3S2 nanosheet, the electron/ion transport and interfacial charge transfer is boosted, which contribute to high ionic conductivity and low resistance of the SA‐Ni3S2 electrode. The SA‐Ni3S2 electrode shows high specific capacitance (1767.6 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1); the SA‐Ni3S2//AC device delivers high specific capacitance (131.2 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1) and outstanding cycle stability (75% capacitance retention after 10000 cycles). In Ni‐Zn battery measurement, the SA‐Ni3S2//Zn exhibits satisfying specific capacity (211.2 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1) and cycle durability (68% capacity decay after 2000 cycles). The results imply that the rational design of surface‐amorphized heterostructure is helpful for fabrication of electrode materials with high electrochemical performance in energy storage applications.
Real‐world outcomes of 18,186 metastatic solid tumor outpatients: Baseline blood cell counts correlate with survival after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
Authors: Goldschmidt Jerome H. , Chou Lin‐Na , Chan Philip K. , Chen Liwei , Robert Nicholas , Kinsey Joyce , Pitts Katherine , Nestor Matt , Rock Edwin P. , Lazarus Hillard M. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundPatient survival in advanced/metastatic melanoma, non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has improved with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Biomarkers' role in prognosis and treatment has been limited by conflicting trial results.MethodsThis retrospective, observational study analyzed baseline demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data versus outcomes of The US Oncology Network adult outpatients. Patients with advanced/metastatic melanoma, NSCLC, or RCC treated between January 1, 2015 and November 30, 2020 were given ICI monotherapy or combination therapy with ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, or atezolizumab. Treatment outcomes (overall survival [OS], time to treatment discontinuation, time to next treatment) were followed longitudinally until May 31, 2021, last patient record, or date of death. Baseline blood cell counts, including absolute monocyte count (AMC), absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (MLR), absolute neutrophil count (ANC), and eosinophil count, were subdivided into quintiles for univariate and multivariable Cox regression analyses.ResultsData from 18,186 patients with advanced/metastatic melanoma (n = 3314), NSCLC (n = 12,416), and RCC (n = 2456) were analyzed. Better OS correlated with increased baseline serum albumin concentration, increased eosinophil and lymphocyte counts, and Western United States physician practice location. Decreased OS correlated with increased AMC, MLR, ANC, age, and worse Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this study is the largest to date to associate baseline survival indicators and outcomes in outpatients with advanced/metastatic melanoma, NSCLC, or RCC and receiving ICIs. Results may inform disease‐specific prognostic models and help providers identify patients most likely to benefit from ICI therapy.
Imaging‐proteomic analysis for prediction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy responses in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Duan Jingxian , Zhao Yuanshen , Sun Qiuchang , Liang Dong , Liu Zaiyi , Chen Xin , Li Zhi‐Cheng 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundOptimizing patient selection for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer remains an unmet clinical need. Quantitative features from medical imaging were reported to be predictive of treatment responses. However, the biologic meaning of these latent features is poorly understood, preventing the clinical use of such noninvasive imaging markers. The study aimed to develop a deep learning signature (DLS) from pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for predicting responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer and to further investigate the biologic meaning of the DLS by identifying its underlying pathways using paired MRI and proteomic sequencing data.MethodsMRI‐based DLS was constructed (radiogenomic training dataset, n = 105) and validated (radiogenomic validation dataset, n = 26) for the prediction of pathologic complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Proteomic sequencing revealed biological functions facilitating pCR (n = 139). Their associations with DLS were uncovered by radiogenomic analysis.ResultsThe DLS achieved a prediction accuracy of 0.923 with an AUC of 0.958, higher than the performance of the model trained by transfer learning. Cellular membrane formation, endocytosis, insulin‐like growth factor binding, protein localization to membranes, and cytoskeleton‐dependent trafficking were differentially regulated in patients showing pCR. Oncogenic signaling pathways, features correlated with human phenotypes, and features correlated with general biological processes were significantly correlated with DLS in both training and validation dataset (p.adj < 0.05).ConclusionsOur study offers a biologically interpretable DLS for the prediction of pCR to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer, which may guide personalized medication.
Visual complexity in product design: How does the degree of elaborateness of the front‐pack image impact consumers' responses?
Authors: Pleyers Gordy 
Published: November 2023

AbstractPrevious studies have documented the decisive impact of various product design elements on consumers' attitudes and decisions. However, research is missing on the impact of visual complexity. Using four studies that consider wine and perfume products, the present research manipulates visual complexity by focusing on the degree of elaborateness of front‐pack images. Using an affective priming task as an implicit technique, more positive automatically activated affective responses are shown for lower complexity designs (Study 1), in line with a processing‐fluency account. However, explicit measures show that higher complexity is associated with greater product evaluations (regarding esthetics, quality, prestige, trustworthiness, acceptable price, and purchase intention; Studies 2 and 3). In addition, more pronounced effects emerge for participants with higher sensitivity to design (Study 3). Finally, using an alternative implicit technique that does not involve very brief presentations of the products (implicit association test (IAT); Study 4), the association between higher complexity and product evaluation is also found under conditions of automaticity. Overall, this research provides insights into the diverging affective and cognitive effects of visual complexity. It suggests that the positive effect of lower complexity through higher processing fluency is restricted to responses that are affective and generated under conditions of automaticity that involve particularly low‐level processes. It also suggests that priming techniques based on very short presentations of the products' visuals may be unsuitable for examining responses to fairly complex concepts such as consumer products. On the whole, this research emphasizes that design complexity should receive more attention from consumer researchers and marketers.
Chemical Characterization of the Precipitate Found in and Its Effect on Drug Release of the Scutellaria baicalensis‐Coptis chinensis Extract
Authors: Kim Han‐Young , Kim Jung‐Hoon 
Published: November 2023

AbstractPrecipitate generation is a challenging issue during the production of herbal decoction as it affects the stability and bioavailability of active compounds. Here we explored the composition of the natural precipitate formed from and its effect on drug release of Scutellaria baicalensis‐Coptis chinensis paired extract (SCPE). Furthermore, the surface morphology of the SCPE precipitate was also investigated. Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS) was used to chemical component analysis and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM) was performed to particle observation. Baicalin (BA), berberine (BBR) and starch‐arginine‐rich polymers were abundant in the SCPE precipitate. FE‐SEM micrographs showed spheroidal shaped particles in the SCPE supernatant, while spherical and porous tissue‐shaped particles in the SCPE precipitate. In vitro drug release of baicalin and berberine contained in the precipitate may increase as the polymer is removed. The presence of polymer‐related interactions were confirmed by the greater increase in solubility of baicalin upon addition of arginine and polymer. This was also supported by the solubility decrease of the BA‐BBR complex in polymer solution and the gelation of the BA‐BBR complex in arginine solution. Our results provide a scientific basis for elucidating the pharmaceutical properties of the decoction of S. baicalensis‐C. chinensis‐based herbal medicine.