bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Insurance-Purchasing Gambler
Authors: Nyman John A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews some of the standard explanations of the insurance-purchasing gambler. These explanations, and others that are less well-known, are all versions of the conventional theory because they all accept the assumption that consumers are generally averse to risk, as captured by a utility function that is increasing at a decreasing rate. Because of that, consumers should purchase insurance but not gamble. Accepting risk aversion as a premise for their models, authors of these explanations then propose various reasons why consumers might overcome this natural tendency to avoid risk, and gamble. In contrast, the quid pro quo theory suggests that those who purchase insurance and gamble simultaneously have different goals, unrelated to risk preferences. Thus, there is no puzzle to explain with the quid pro quo theory.
When Left Moves Right
Authors: Snegovaya Maria 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Over the past two decades, postcommunist countries have witnessed a sudden shift in the electoral fortunes of their political parties: previously successful center-left parties suffered dramatic electoral defeats, while right-wing populist parties soared in popularity. This dynamic echoed similar processes in Western Europe and raises a question: Were these dynamics in any way connected? This book argues that they were. And that the root of the connection between them lies in the pro-market rebranding of the ex-communist left. This book demonstrates that, though the left’s pro-market shift initially led to electoral rewards, it had a less straightforward impact on left-wing parties’ electoral fortunes in the long run. Traditional supporters of the left (working-class and economically vulnerable groups) were alienated by the new economic policies, and the middle-class voters newly drawn to these parties did not compensate for those losses. As a result, several electoral rounds following the rebranding, reformist parties on the left suffered electoral defeats. In response, right-wing parties in their respective countries adopted more redistributive economic platforms consistent with preferences of former supporters of the left and incorporated sizable shares of these electorates. The book traces this process in postcommunist Europe. It argues that scholars should incorporate the economic policy dimension when explaining the demise of the left and the rise of the populist right in the region. It also examines important parallels between the dynamics of Western and postcommunist countries by arguing that the idiosyncrasy of Eastern European politics has been overstated in the scholarly literature.
What Happens when Left Moves Right?
Authors: Snegovaya Maria 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The introductory chapter overviews the rise of right-wing populism in Europe and introduces the main puzzle. It outlines the problem of rising right-wing populism in Europe, showing the parallel processes of decline of the center-left parties and the rise of the populist right parties in the East and in the West. This chapter also introduces key theoretical concepts and explains the book’s regional focus on postcommunist countries, a region that is undertheorized in comparative literature. The region’s party system dynamic is often conceptualized as fluid and unstable—and essentially different from Western European systems. However, popular idiosyncratic explanations for the success of populist right parties in postcommunist Europe do not provide a convincing explanation for this phenomenon.
When Left Moves Right, Right Wins
Authors: Snegovaya Maria 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 reviews the cases of Hungary and Poland, where the ex-communist left rebranded itself as more centrist. The chapter provides a detailed analysis of how these left parties’ choices dealigned working-class electorates from left parties, and subsequently helped populist right parties incorporate those electorates into their constituencies. This chapter, which combines qualitative analysis with individual-level observational data, also focuses on a quantitative examination of the party dealignment process in Poland and Hungary. Using survey evidence, the chapter demonstrates that in the aftermath of rebranding blue-collar constituencies consistently reduced their support for center-left parties in these two countries while gradually embracing the populist right. It also shows that the sharpest decline in blue-collar support for the left parties in both countries was associated with the timing of the implementation of austerity reforms.
When Left Stays Left, Right Stays Small
Authors: Snegovaya Maria 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the experiences of two Visegrád countries where some leftist parties remained faithful to their traditional economic positions, retained the support of their traditional constituencies, and curtailed the rise of populist right parties. The chapter opens with the case of the Czech Republic. The Czech Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia—a left party that preserved traditional leftist economic policy positions—succeeded in implementing pro-labor policies in alliance with the Czech Social Democratic Party. This helped to keep Czech blue-collar voters on the left side of the political spectrum and limited the populist right’s growth throughout the analyzed period. The chapter also examines Slovakia, where one left party, the Party of the Democratic Left (SDĽ), took part in neoliberal economic reforms during EU accession, while Smer, another leftist party, did not. The SDĽ lost its supporters and disappeared, while Smer was able to attract the support of economically vulnerable voters and limited the share of electorates available for mobilization by the populist right.
Time Regained
Authors: Gryb Sean , Thébault Karim 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This book is the first volume of a two part project articulating a new approach to the analysis of time in modern physical theory. Our particular concern is with the Problem of Time as it occurs in theories which feature dynamical laws that are invariant under time reparametrization symmetries. The class of such theories includes both simple mechanical theories and the general theory of relativity, and prospective theories of quantum gravity. Our goal is to provide a solution to the problem of time such that determinate time ordering structure can be reconciled with reparametrization symmetry. The present volume is focused on the context of classical mechanical theory within analytical formulations. This restricted context will allow us to develop a new framework for the analysis of symmetry and structure in physical theory and provide a fully general and explicit resolution of the classical mechanical problem of time.
Conclusion
Authors: Mahtani Anna 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This short chapter gives a brief summary of the message that a user of the credence framework should take away from this book. Firstly, credence claims are opaque. When we consider the credences that an agent has about some person or object, it matters how that person or object is designated. Secondly, this simple tenet has wide-ranging and important implications for users of the credence framework—for the reflection and deference principles, for the Principal Principle, for decision theory, and for various views in welfare economics. Thirdly, there is no easy way for the underlying framework to accommodate the tenet that credence claims are opaque. The hope is that the credence framework will continue to be used, but with an awareness of the issues raised in this book.
Morphosyntactic alignment
Authors: Meyer Robin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Classical Armenian periphrastic perfect, unlike the synthetic tenses, does not construe along nominative-accusative lines; instead of the nominative, the agent of transitive verbs is most commonly expressed by the genitive, and there is no copula agreement. This construction has given rise to a number of different explanations over the course of the 20th century: Meillet proposed an originally nominal construction, Benveniste an analogy to ‘have’-perfects in other Indo-European languages. Other suggestions include prototypical genitive agents, Caucasian influence, and analogical change. This chapter reviews and rejects these previous explanations systematically and in detail. In their stead, it proposes that, given the established contact relationship with Parthian, a closer investigation of their alignment patterns will also shed light on the origin of the Armenian construction.
Introspective Access and Introspective Method
Authors: Spener Maja 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the central distinction between two notions of introspection - introspective access and introspective method. Introspective access concerns a type of first-personal mental capacity, which comes in at least three modes (inner attention, retrospection, and inner apprehension). Introspective method concerns a type of inquiry involving the deployment of some mode of introspective access. This distinction provides the basis for a framework to address the question about the reliability of introspection (i.e. when and whether we can trust its deliverances as well as how to calibrate it). The framework shows that this general question fragments into more specific ones about the epistemic potential of different modes of introspective access on a given occasion of deployment. These more specific reliability questions are independent of each other and are more tractable than the general one.
The Ethics of Privacy and Surveillance
Authors: Véliz Carissa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Human beings need privacy just as much as they need community. Our need for socialization brings with it risks and burdens which in turn give rise to the need for spaces and time away from others. Privacy matters because it shields us from abuses of power. It is the blindfold of justice that ensures impartiality; it fosters autonomy, equality, and freedom. This book is intended to contribute to a better understanding of privacy from a philosophical point of view—what it is, what is at stake in its loss, and how it relates to other rights and values. It covers the genealogy and definition of privacy, the epistemology of privacy, the relationship between privacy and the public sphere, the balance between privacy and surveillance, a comprehensive theory of privacy and the right to privacy, and some reflections about privacy in the twenty-first century. The five parts that compose this book respond to five basic questions about privacy: Where does privacy come from? What is privacy? Why does privacy matter? What should we do about privacy? Where are we now?
Visions of Cannabis Control
Authors: Heidt Jon , Wheeldon Johannes 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Visions of Cannabis Control documents the history of cannabis policy and the role of racism, labelling, and stigmatization. The book argues that these problems stem from the failure to properly frame cannabis prohibition as the result of moral panics that have been instigated, perpetuated, and sustained in ways that are difficult to dislodge. Stan Cohen argued that reforms designed to replace carceral tendencies within correctional institutions often extend such approaches into our communities. The idea that criminal justice reforms often reproduce what they were intended to disrupt is depressing and provocative. It remains relevant to the cannabis revolution currently underway around the world. Racial disparities in arrests persist, exacerbated by laws that make it legal to possess cannabis but illegal to consume it anywhere but in your home. Too often, cannabis liberalization comes at the cost of expanding paternalistic public health models and abstention-based diversion programs. Finally, the goal of dismantling and disrupting illicit markets has been undermined by onerous regulations, anemic marketing efforts, and the failure to promote consumer-centered approaches. Emphasizing public health goals ahead of market conditions complicates legal cannabis as an industry. To understand the future of cannabis policy, Visions of Cannabis Control examines the experience of six countries and several US states through the lens of criminological theory, recent research, and practice. The book presents several options to guide responsible regulation from extensive research and practice, finally concluding that sustaining reform will require ensuring those affected by cannabis policies are consulted, respected, and included.
Cannabis, Criminology, and Visions of Control
Authors: Heidt Jon , Wheeldon Johannes 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces cannabis as a case study in legal, moral, and cultural renegotiation. For a century, prohibition has shaped the criminological enterprise in North America and worldwide. In the past decade, jurisdictions have explored and established new regimes established in law and policy to regulate cannabis. However, challenges remain. We introduce some fundamental problems at the intersection of theory and practice. These include racial disparities in cannabis enforcement and the rise in cannabis diversion programs and mandated treatment. Difficulties dismantling illicit markets within jurisdictions that have legalized cannabis have also emerged. We frame these problems based on the work of Stan Cohen. He argued that criminal justice reforms often reproduce what they were intended to disrupt because they fail to understand the nature of the obstacles, making them difficult to dislodge. The chapter concludes by assessing different rights-based frameworks to guide future cannabis reform and outlining the book’s organization.
Cannabis, Culture, and Pragmatic Criminology
Authors: Heidt Jon , Wheeldon Johannes 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we argue cannabis reform requires renegotiating cannabis culture in ways that confront stigma, further responsible consumption, and ensure legal cannabis can be sustained. This means revisiting concepts introduced in previous chapters, such as tolerance, aversion, harm reduction, and benefit maximization. Next, we apply work on multi-level stigma to cannabis laws, policies, and practices and consider how expanding social control impacts criminology. Finally, we introduce pragmatism to connect participatory approaches to policymaking. We conclude by considering the similarities and differences between Jurgen Habermas and Richard Rorty on deliberative democracy and addressing the prescient warnings of Stanley Cohen. Finally, we argue the future of cannabis research must privilege the views of people who use it.
Should Moral Error Theorists Make Do with Make-Believe?
Authors: Isserow Jessica 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
According to moral fictionalists, moral error theorists ought to preserve moral discourse in the spirit of a useful fiction. Moral fictionalists make two key promises: that adopting fictionalist attitudes like make-believe will (i) secure many of the practical benefits of our error-ridden moral practices and (ii) help us to avoid the epistemic costs of preserving our erroneous moral beliefs. Olson (2014) identifies a tension here: any efforts to keep the first promise will compromise the fictionalist’s ability to keep the second, and vice versa. The author of this chapter argues that the epistemic promise isn’t in jeopardy. However, she also argues that a proper appreciation of why the fictionalist can make good on her epistemic promise casts doubt upon whether she really can make good on her practical one. Make-believe is sufficiently distinct from belief to immunize fictionalists from any illicit moral believing, but arguably too distinct to secure the benefits of moral believing.
Moral Fictionalism and Misleading Analogies
Authors: Jaquet François 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In a central variant, moral fictionalism is the view that we should replace moral belief with make-believe: that is, be disposed to accept some moral propositions in everyday contexts and to reject all such propositions in more critical circumstances. It is said by its opponents to face three significant problems: in contrast with a real morality, a fictional morality would not allow for deductive inferences; moral make-believe would lack the motivational force that is typical of moral belief; and moral make-believers could not genuinely disagree with one another about ethical matters nor, consequently, articulate their practical conflicts in moral terms. This chapter argues that all three objections rest on a misconception of the kind of attitudes recommended by fictionalism. Once misleading analogies are dismissed and the nature of moral make-believe is clarified, it becomes clear that a fictional morality would preserve deductive inference, moral motivation, and ethical disagreement.
UK–EU Withdrawal Agreement
Authors: Whitten Lisa Claire 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets out the impact of the UK–EU Withdrawal Agreement on the four components of the Northern Ireland constitution: the principle of consent, devolved government, the North–South and the East–West dimensions. Findings can be summarised as follows: (1) the Protocol established the EU as a ‘protector’ of the 1998 Agreement; (2) the ‘democratic consent mechanism’ represents a new formulation of the principle of consent; (3) by not requiring oversight from Strand One institutions the arrangements for implementing the Protocol strengthened UK Government executive powers vis-à-vis devolved government powers in a manner beyond the balance envisaged in the 1998 Agreement; (4) the Protocol privileged Strand Two by creating new legal protections for North–South cooperation in respect to cross-border trade in goods while also incentivising deeper North–South cooperation in areas not covered in the Protocol text; (5) Brexit motivated renewed engagement with Strand Three institutions, resulted in some legal clarification of bilateral UK–Ireland relations and catalysed new use of the term and concept of ‘East–West’.
Languages and Communities in Late Antique and Early Medieval North Africa
Authors: Conant Jonathan P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The linguistic situation in western North Africa in the late antique and early medieval period was complex. In addition to autochthonous Amazigh (or ‘Berber’) languages, long-term histories of colonialism, imperialism, and overseas settlement had established Punic, Latin, and in some places Greek as important regional idioms. Between the fifth and eighth centuries, Vandal, Byzantine, Amazigh, and Arab conquests further reconfigured local linguistic landscapes, though language change in later Roman and post-imperial North Africa played out slowly over the course of centuries. Regional language use was fundamentally pragmatic. It could be a product of multiple factors, including region, class, occupation, and, with time, religion. Particularly important, however, was the association of certain languages with practical power, social advancement, and the control of wealth and property. Such an association was not the inevitable result of conquest, even when members of a new ruling class spoke a language other than that of the majority of their subjects. Nor were the associations of languages with power felt uniformly across the expansive landscape of western North Africa. Rather, such associations were always negotiations, worked out between multiple actors, including ordinary Africans as well as rulers and elites.
Registers of Latin in Gaul from the Fifth to the Seventh Century
Authors: Wood Ian 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Despite the fact that language moved further and further from classical norms, writers in sixth- and seventh-century Gaul continued to show an awareness of the appropriate use of different registers in writing Latin, employing a more florid style for some audiences than for others. This is apparent in the composition of sermons and letters, as can be seen most obviously in the writings of Avitus of Vienne, but also in the letters written in the seventh century, as well as in the works of Gregory of Tours, and in hagiographical works, where the preface is often more rhetorical than the ensuing narrative.
A Critical Afterword
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores some of the implications of the work presented in the chapters in this volume. The aim of the volume was to bridge the gap between linguists and historians in thinking about the social dimensions of language in the later-Roman and post-imperial West and the story of Latinization. In practice, while useful conversations can take place, the highly detailed and technical approach of linguists is difficult to integrate with broader wide-ranging historical approaches. This afterword argues that historians and linguists have much to learn from each other, but at the same time they should develop a better understanding of the different methodologies involved in the various kinds of work being undertaken.
Crises and Integration in European Banking Union
Authors: Mitchell Christopher 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This book develops a theory of which crises are most likely to produce substantially deeper European integration based on the interaction of two dimensions of a crisis: the severity of the threat to the existing status quo and the origin of the crisis either within or outside of the sector of interest. In order to produce truly fundamental reform, a crisis must both be severe enough that reform is undeniably necessary and have originated within the sector of interest, such that reform could plausibly prevent future recurrences of the crisis. The theory is tested by examining the relative impact of a series of crises on the centralization of European banking regulation in the twenty-first century, and in particular on efforts to complete a European banking and capital markets union. It looks in turn at the 2007–09 Banking Crisis, the 2010–14 Debt Crisis, the 2016 Brexit Crisis, and the 2020–21 COVID Pandemic. In brief, Brexit, a moderate exogenous crisis, produced no notable reform, while both the moderate endogenous 2007–09 Banking Crisis and the severe exogenous COVID-19 Pandemic produced modest reforms, in form of the creation of the European Banking Authority and an accelerated timeline for using the European Stability Mechanism to backstop funding of bank resolution respectively. Only the severe endogenous 2010–14 Debt Crisis produced the substantial reform out of crisis envisioned by scholars and practitioners, by moving regulation and resolution of the largest Eurozone banks to the newly created Single Supervisory Mechanism and Single Resolution Mechanism.