bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of facial growth in Homo and Macaca
Authors: Enlow Donald H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSections were prepared throughout all areas of the various facial bones in young, growing Rhesus monkeys. The detailed distribution of resorptive and depository surfaces and the distribution of endosteal and periosteal bone tissue types were determined. From this information, the sequence of remodeling changes associated with the growth of the facial skeleton was then interpreted. This study is a sequal to previous reports in which growth and remodeling processes in the human face were described using similar procedures. In the present report, growth changes in the monkey and human facial skeleton are compared and contrasted. The general plan of facial growth is similar in both species, but major differences exist in the area of the muzzle. The maxillary arch in the monkey is entirely depository in nature, and it grows in a forward and downward direction as the maxillary tuberosity simultaneously grows backward. In the human, the forward part of the maxillary arch is resorptive in character. This contrasting growth factor results in a downward but not forward movement of this area. The result is decreased prognathism. Other differences in growth pattern exist in the forehead, malar, chin, and orbit. The developmental and phylogenetic basis for the upright human face is discussed and evaluated.
Distribution of hereditary blood groups among Indians in South America. II. In Peru
Authors: Matson G. Albin , Sutton H. Eldon , Swanson Jane , Robinson Abner 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBlood specimens were procured from the following putatively pure Indians of the Peruvian rain forest: 90 Piro and 89 Campa on the Urubamba and Tambo rivers, 142 Shipibo and 14 Isconahua on the Rio Ucayali near Yarinacocha, 151 Aguaruna at Santa Maria de Nieva, where the Marañon and Nieva rivers join, and from 122 Ticuna and 9 Yagua near the Brazilian border on the Amazon. Specimens from highland Indians were obtained from 93 Aymará and 181 Quechua at Puno and environs. These 891 specimens were tested for antigens in the A‐B‐O, M‐N‐S‐s, P, Rh‐Hr, Lutheran, K‐k, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego (Dia) systems, and for the Wright (Wra) aglutinogen. Serum samples from these bloods were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins and hemolysates were prepared and examined for hemoglobin types. Results for these tests with claculated gene frequencies are presented, for the most part, on appropriate tables. A map is included to show the locations of the populations from which blood samples were procured.As in South American Indians generally, frequencies are high for the O gene it being the only gene of the ABO system which appears in isolated jungle populations and the Aymará. Gene frequencies are usually high also for M, s, R1 (CDe), R2 (cDE), Lub, k, LeH, and Fya; and low or absent for A, B, N, S, Mia, Vw, Ro (cDe), r (cde), Lua, K, Le1, Fyb, and Wra. The Diego (Dia) gene is present but varies greatly in frequencies among tribes.Hp1 gene frequencies vary from 0.44 to 0.69 among the Peruvian Indians tested.Transferrin CD was encountered in only one population i.e., in 3 of 86 Piro (gene frequency TfD= 0.02). All others were C.All Peruvian Indian bloods tested electrophoretically contained only hemoglobin (A) as a major component.
On the presence of cribra orbitalia in apes and monkeys
Authors: Nathan H. , Haas N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOne hundred and six skulls of various species of apes and monkeys were examined for the presence of cribra orbitalia. The condition was found in 15 (14.1%) of the animals. As in humans, cribra orbitalia was found localized mainly in the anterior parts of the orbital roof and appeared more frequently in infants and young animals. Only mild degrees of cribra orbitalia, i.e., the porotic type of lesions, were found in this series of animal skulls studied. More advanced degrees of development, as observed in human skulls, were not found. The etiology of the condition is not known; some type of nutritional deficiency is considered to be the most likely cause. The occurrence of cribra orbitalia in animals opens up possibilities of experimental work on the subject and may help to solve the problems of its etiology.
Body‐height and inbreeding in France
Authors: Schreider Eugène 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDahlberg's ('43) hypothesis that heterosis is a major component of the secular trend towards increased stature is supported by the significant negative correlation between stature and the coefficient of inbreeding in 70 departments of France. This phenomenon is especially evident after the onset of puberty, (r at age 7 = −0.25 for boys: −0.24 for girls; but r at age 14 = −0.44 for boys and −0.56 for girls) and is found also in adults.
Androgynic phenotypes in obese women
Authors: Craig Leela S. , Bayer Leona M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA sample of 521 Caucasian women from an outpatient obesity clinic were classified by androgynic design. Photographs and outline sketches were obtained and eventually characteristic body outline patterns were developed. The distinct patterns of androgynic phenotypes were useful in recording the amount, distribution and texture of fat tissue. The phenotypic patterns remained relatively constant despite weight fluctuations.In the group studied the magnitude of obesity and the age at which it first occurred were related to androgynic patterns. Early menarche and early onset of obesity were associated. Constitutional differences, as shown by the body outline drawings, are clinically useful in evaluating the kind and degree of obesity.
The skin of primates. XXXV. The skin of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciurea)
Authors: Machida H. , Perkins E. , Hu F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe distribution of melanotic melanocytes in the skin of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciurea) is similar to that of the Cercopithecoidea studied. However, the arrangement of hair follicles, the number of hairs in the hair groups, and the presence of alkaline phosphatase in the peripheries of sebaceous acini resemble more those of the tree shrew (Tupaia glis) and owl monkey (Aötus trivirgatus). The absence of eccrine sweat glands from the hairy skin and the aggregation of apocrine sweat glands in the chest in the squirrel monkey resemble those found in the blackcollared tamarin (Tamarinus nigricollis) and owl monkey. The most outstanding peculiarities of the skin of the squirrel monkey are: (1) the presence of butyrylcholinesterase‐rich papillary nerve end‐organs in the friction surfaces and (2) hair follicle nerve end‐organs which are surrounded by melanotic melanocytes.
Studies on several genetic hematological traits of the Mexican population. XII. Distribution of blood group antigens in twelve Indian tribes
Authors: Cordova Maria S. , Lisker Ruben , Loria Alvar 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBlood samples from 1090 Mexican Indians belonging to the Chol, Chontal, Totonac, Huastec, Mixe, Mazatec, Zapotec, Mixtec, Chinantec, Nahua, Cora and Huichol linguistic groups, were obtained and examined in regard to the following blood group antigens: A, B. M, N, P, C, c, D, E, e, Fy(a), K and Di(a).The gene frequencies were similar to what has been described for other Amerindians; high values for O, M, CDe, cDE and Duffy; low to absent Kell and presence of Diego in variable amounts. The frequency of chromosomes CDE and cDe/cde was somewhat higher than usual and some of the tribes had relatively high frequencies of the A and B antigens. It was felt that variable degrees of non‐Indian admixture was at least partially responsible for this situation.A previous study dealing with the distribution of abnormal hemoglobins and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in these same tribes, had strongly suggested the possibility of some Negro admixture in the Chontal, Nahua and Cora tribes. However, this was not specifically reflected in their blood group distribution. This served to emphasize the need of investigating as many markers as possible when trying to characterize a population.
Proportionality of the long bones and their relation to stature among Mesoamericans
Authors: Genovés Santiago 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA total of 235 (176 ♂ and 59 ♀) cadavers were measured. Of these blood samples of 132 (103 ♂ and 29 ♀) are drawn. Only those cadavers of which the long bones could be measured afterwards were used in the investigation, and of these only those whose blood was of group O and Rh +.A sample of 98 (69 ♂ and 29 ♀) was thus arrived at and divided morphoscopically into seven categories going from “pure” Indian to “pure” white. With electronic computers, means and standard deviations were calculated for all six unpaired long bones and for stature, as well as the coefficient of multiple correlation among the seven variables, for both males and females. As categories leading from “pure” white towards the other extreme were withdrawn, the sample size was reduced but the coefficient of multiple correlation increased from 0.71 to 0.90 in males, and from 0.74 to 0.94 in females, indicating that a more homogeneous population was being dealt with.Mean stature for this population was 161.50 cm and 149.80 cm for males and females, after 2.5 cm are deducted from cadaveral measurements.As the sample is morphoscopically and serologically as close as one could get to pre‐hispanic conditions and as the statures arrived at are representative of what is known, tables were drawn giving the corresponding values of statures of males and females going from 180 cm to 130 cm at steps of 0.5 cm.It is submitted that until a larger sample is obtained, the newly drawn tables and formulae are more appropriate to calculate stature from long bones of American pre‐hispanic populations than any other hitherto used.
Bipedalism of man and gibbon compared using estimates of joint motion
Authors: Prost J. H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMotion pictures were taken of a human and gibbon subject performing bipedal locomotion on a flat, level ground surface. The films were analyzed frame‐by‐frame to estimate the displacements occurring at the pelvic limb joints. The displacements were quantified using a simplification of the Albert‐Strasser globographic method. The motion patterns between the human and gibbon were compared to discover similarities and differences in the performances. The gibbon did not run even though it appeared to do so at the time of filming. This suggests that the term “run” might have an ambiguous meaning in behavioral descriptions. Contact periods for both animals varied inversely with speed. Non‐contact periods for both animals were relatively invariant to speed. The gibbon's joint motions were less efficient when compared with those of man, particularly the gibbon's abduction of its femur and flexion at its knee during contact periods. The question was raised whether the gibbon could not have improved its performance with training.
Deciphering primate phylogeny from macromolecular specificities
Authors: Goodman Morris 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA problem in deciphering primate phylogeny, morphological convergence between different evolutionary lines, can be overcome by species comparisons of proteins, macromolecules with specificities closely linked to the genetic code in DNA. Various chemical, electrophoretic, and immunological data on serum and tissue proteins in primates are reviewed with respect to their phylogenetic significance. Much of this data deals with protein specificities in the Hominoidea and depicts a particularly close genetic relationship between man and the African apes. Hominoidea, Cercopithecoidea, Ceboidea, and Lorisoidea are characterized by their proteins as monophyletic or natural taxa, even though the conventional subdivisions within several of these superfamilies are not in complete accord with the protein analyses. The protein evidence supports the conventional grouping of Cercopithecoidea with Hominoidea in the infraorder Catarrhini and the grouping of Catarrhini and Platyrrhini (Ceboidea) in the suborder Anthropoidea. Lemuroidea and Lorisoidea appear to be closer to one another than to either Tupaioidea or Anthropoidea and closer to the Anthropoidea than to the Tupaioidea. Comparisons of primate DNA's by Hoyer and coworkers are demonstrating genetic affinities among primates which agree with those deduced from the comparison of protein specificities.Species differences and similarities in the relative amounts of different protein macromolecules reflect the grade relationships of primates, but, unlike the comparisons of amino‐acid sequences or antigenic specificities, are not reliable indicators of phyletic affinities. Data on the ratios of M(uscle) to H(eart) type lactate dehydrogenase in a series of primate brains provides a biochemical example of the concept that there are “lower” (primitive) and “higher” (advanced) grades of evolutionary development among the extant primates.
The transverse crease in Europe: Index and comparative study of different samples cited in the literature
Authors: De Lestrange M. Th. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractForty Europeans samples were listed, and for each, data were tabulated with respect to geographical origin, the sex and age of individuals together with a description of the sources of the data such as: school children, the population of a village, hospital patients, etc. ‥ Four criteria were used to eliminate those data which could not be considered representative of the population from which they were drawn.The frequency of T.C. was compared among the eight samples retained. Variation of this characteristic noted among them is large. This work presents two groups of samples, each of which differs significantly from those in the other group. In addition, there are no significant differences among samples within the first group.The importance of sampling methods when studying transverse creases is emphasized as much with respect to proper description of sources as with the desirable minimum sample size.
Tooth morphology and other aspects of the Teso dentition
Authors: Barnes D. S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe teeth of over 5,000 Teso schoolchildren members of a Nilo‐Hamitic tribe in East Africa, were examined for morphological traits. There was a significant difference between the sexes in the number of cusps on the lower first and second molars, in the prevalence of the cusp of Carabelli, and in variability and agenesis of the upper lateral incisor. The results showed that females consistently favoured tooth reduction. There was also a tendency among those possessing extra cusps on one molar to have extra cusps or other molars. Records kept of the prevalence of the tribal custom of extracting lower central incisors indicated that this practise is rapidly dying out. On another group of teeth which had been extracted from adults common variations of root morphology were noted, together with the fissure pattern of the lower molars. Measurements were made of those teeth which were unworn and were not broken down by dental decay, and the lower third molar was found to be the largest tooth of the series. Observations on the pattern of molar tooth wear showed that the buccal as well as the occlusal surface was strongly affected.
A somatotype method for young boys
Authors: Munroe Richard A. , Clarke H. Harrison , Heath Barbara Honeyman 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between the three somatotype componets and selected structural, strength and motor performance characteristics of 12 year old boys. Zero‐order correlations, first‐order partials, and multiple correlations were computed in an effort to find the variables most highly related to each somatotype component.Although no single anthropometric measure had a correlation of sufficient magnitude with any somatotype component to justify prediction of the component, such prediction was possible by means of regression equations. Utilizing measures of standing height, body weight, and leg length, regression equations were developed which yielded somatotype ratings which were within the range of accuracy of experienced raters. Thus, a practical method of determining the somatotype of young boys was developed without the need for photography or subjective ratings.
Dermatoglyphics of the XYY syndrome
Authors: Mavalwala Jamshed , Parker Charles E. , Melnyk John 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe presence of an extra Y chromosome in Man results in a condition termed the XYY Syndrome. Such individuals are tall, exhibit aggressive behavior, and may be mentally retarded. XYY patients are usually discovered after they have committed a crime. Even though relatively few XYY patients have been recorded so far in the literature the incidence of this condition in US males has been estimated at 1 in 300. Thus the majority of XYY's lead normal lives, directing their excess aggression into legal channels. For those who do not do so, the earlier corrective educational therapy is constituted the better the result. Since dermatoglyphics are affected by chromosomal aberrations there is a need to examine the dermatoglyphics of XYY patients in order to establish specific dermatoglyphic features that can be used for diagnosis at birth.
Human biological observations on a Guanche mummy with anthracosis
Authors: Brothwell D. R. , Sandison A. T. , Gray P. H. K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractVery few Guanche mummies in good condition remain for detailed examination. Those that do deserve full anthropological, radiological and pathological study. The present case, a part of the biological collection of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology in the University of Cambridge, has been investigated in detail by both old and new methods. Discussion on the mummification process used is not however given, as this has received previous description. Included in the study is a consideration of the forensic aspects of traumatic lesions seen in the head region, details of the tentative rehydration of the hand for the study of the dermatoglyphics, and a review of the radiological findings. The palaeohistology of the mummy is discussed in detail, and evidence for anthracosis presented.
Finger dermatoglyphics of the Peruvian Cashinahua
Authors: Jantz Richard L. , Johnston Francis E. , Walker Geoffrey F. , Kensinger Kenneth M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Peruvian Cashinahua are an isolate of unmixed American Indians living in four villages in the Southeastern part of the country. Finger dermatoglyphic data were collected from the three most closely grouped villages in the summer of 1966. The relatively low proportion of whorls and high proportion of arches, and the low values of pattern intensity (10.75) and total ridge count (89.14) contrasts markedly with other American Indian groups in general, and with Amazon Basin groups in particular. The distinctive finger print patterns may be explained by factors such as genetic drift and inbreeding, which can alter gene and phenotype frequencies in small populations.
Sequence of ossification of the foot in marmosets (Saguinus oedipus)
Authors: Kraus Bertram S. , Hampton John K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe cleared and alizarin‐stained feet of eight marmoset (Saguinus oedipus) fetuses revealed a sequence of initial ossification of the 19 bones of the foot that is almost totally different from that of man. The most striking difference is in the order of ossification of the distal phalanx of the big toe; in man it is the first bone to commence ossification, in the marmoset it is the fourteenth. It is suggested that the sequence of initial ossification in the foot may be species specific among the primates and may serve as a useful marker of teratogenic action.
Finger dermatoglyphics of the Rarhi Brahmins of Bengal
Authors: Chattopadhyay Prasanta K. , Sharma Paramananda D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe finger prints of 138 individuals belonging to the sub‐caste Rarhi Brahmin have been analyzed. In males whorls are more frequent in the right hand than the left, while it is just the reverse in case of loops and arches. Females, however, show higher frequency of loops and lesser frequency of whorls in the right hand than the left, while the arches are more frequent on the left hand of females than the right. Arches are found to be more frequent on the thumb in males, while among females it is found mostly in the second finger. The bimanual difference is statistically significant in both sexes. Right hands are found to be more monomorphic than left hands. Monomorphic hands are less frequent among females than males. In the digitwise occurrence of symmetrical combinations of different patterns, the trend is III>IV>V>I>II in males, and V>IV>III>I>II in females. Males show higher ridge counts in all fingers than do females. Ridge counts are usually found to be higher in the right hand than the left. The sex difference for mean total ridge counts is significant (t = 1.99, 0.05>P > 0.02, d.f. = 136). The bimanual difference is statistically significant for thumbs in both sexes, while the difference for the other digits is not significant.
The typological versus the evolutionary approach in skeletal population studies
Authors: Bennett Kenneth A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn examination of ideal and extreme type constructs indicates that ideal types do not serve as testable hypotheses in a theoretical system. Extreme types, on the other hand, can be empirically valid. In physical anthropological studies of human skeletal populations, ideal typology must be replaced with population thinking if we hope to arrive at a meaningful understanding of the biological attributes of prehistoric populations.
Ancestral traits, parental populations, and hybrids
Authors: Pollitzer William S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe distance traveled over the centuries by any human population is a rocky road; the fusion of the paths of two meandering populations often leads to an even rougher one. Tracing such a wayward child of history back to its long‐lost parents presents complex problems for the physical anthropologist. For those parents may share unequally in their legacy to their offspring at the start of the journey. Many genes may disappear into the gutters of genetic drift; some byways may stop at the barricades of selection; fresh migrants may join by side roads to swell the stream; and inbreeding may narrow the roadbed.Searching for the genes that the hybrid population holds in common with alleged parents provides one clue to the relative role of the ancestors. Comparison of measurements of the living hybrid with the nearest known relatives of the presumed parents yields another clue. Resuscitation of ancestors from their bones and teeth supplies yet another link. Distinctive features of such skeletal remains are most valuable where their inheritance is understood. Bones may yield another clue from substances left within them of known genetic control. And finally all the evidence of history, every glimpse caught of the population along the route, gives knowledge of the contribution of the forebears to the living people. The ideal estimate will utilize a wide variety of information about the known groups.