bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New perspectives on the face in fetal alcohol syndrome: What anthropometry tells us
Authors: Moore Elizabeth S. , Ward Richard E. , Jamison Paul L. , Morris Colleen A. , Bader Patricia I. , Hall Bryan D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) refers to the adverse effects to the fetus from prenatal exposure to alcohol. Originally, the diagnosis of FAS was given only to those individuals that were the most severely affected. Since that time, it has become apparent that the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure are broad‐based, and those individuals diagnosed with FAS represent the severe end of the continuum in their phenotypic expression. This study utilized 21 craniofacial anthropometric measurements on 100 prenatally exposed individuals to quantify the elements of the FAS facial phenotype and to extend the quantitative phenotype to individuals who exhibited less severe or incomplete manifestations of prenatal alcohol exposure. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of ultrafine titanium carbonitride powders
Authors: Monteverde Frederic , Medri Valentina , Bellosi Alida 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTitanium‐carbonitride‐based materials are very hard materials with increasing technical importance. They are mainly used in composites with various metal carbides and/or metallic binders (cermets) for metal cutting operations. These applications call for the synthesis of titanium carbonitride powders with homogeneous chemical composition, as small as possible grain size and narrower grain size distribution. Nowadays on the market, only commercial submicrometric (0.5–2 μm) powders are available. Starting from blends of nanosize commercial TiN or TiO2 powders mixed with different carbon powders (carbon black, active carbon), this study aimed to set up a low‐cost process to synthesize fine and pure TiC1−X N
X powders with an X value close to 0.5. The morphology of the as‐obtained powders and the progress of the reaction were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and ­X‐ray diffraction. The stoichiometric parameter X was estimated on the basis of a TiC1−X N
X Raoultian solid solution together with Vegard's rule. The results are presented and discussed to assess relations between powder characteristics and processing conditions. The most encouraging results were obtained using a mixture TiN + 10 wt%C (carbon black) processed at 1430 °C for 3 h under flowing argon. Regularly shaped particles with limited agglomeration ranged from 100 to 300 nm and an X value close to 0.5 Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and investigation of properties of silaoxadihydrophenanthrene‐diphenylsiloxane fragments containing block copolymers
Authors: Mukbaniani O. , Samsonia A. , Karchkhadze M. , Khananashvili L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe reaction of heterofunctional condensation of 1,1‐dichloro‐1‐sila‐2‐oxadihydrophenanthrene with dihydroxydiphenylsilane at various ratios of initial compounds in the presence of pyridine is investigated. α,ω‐Dihydroxysilaoxadihydrophenanthrene‐diphenylsiloxane oligomers with various degrees of condensation are obtained. Organosiloxane block copolymers with the regular arrangement of silaoxadihydrophenanthrene‐diphenylsiloxanes fragments in the main linear dimethylsiloxane chain are produced by the reaction of heterofunctional condensation of α,ω‐dihydroxysilaoxadihydrophenanthrene‐diphenylsiloxanes with α,ω‐dichlorodimethylsiloxanes in the presence of anhydrous pyridine, as an acceptor of hydrochloric acid. Thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, and wide‐angle X‐ray analysis are carried out on the synthesized block copolymers. The microheterogeneous structure of block copolymers is observed at definite values of the length of the flexible dimethylsiloxane chain by DSC and X‐ray investigation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 9–16, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10045
Studies on isotactic poly(phenyl glycidyl ether)‐modified epoxy resins. I. Physical gels
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Xu Jianjun , Yu Yunzhao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIsotactic poly(phenyl glycidyl ether) (i‐PPGE) was prepared using a Teyssie catalyst. The polymer was dissolved in the epoxy resin at approximately 200°C and Gels were formed as the solutions cooled to room temperature. The gels were studied by rheological techniques, differential scanning calorimetry analysis, optical microscopy, and electron microscopy. The existence of a network in the gels was demonstrated by the nonlinear increase of the viscosity with i‐PPGE concentration and by the significant storage modulus. A high isotacticity of the polymer was essential for gel formation. The thermal history of the system showed a great influence on the network structure and on the performance of the gel. The yield stresses of the physical gels increased with the concentration of i‐PPGE. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1214–1222, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10444
Viscometric study on the specific interaction between proton‐donating polymers and proton‐accepting polymers
Authors: Qi G. R. , Wang Y. H. , Li X. X. , Peng H. Y. , Yang S. L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe interpolymeric specific interaction between proton‐donating polymers (PDPs) and proton‐accepting polymers (PAPs) was studied by viscometry. The intrinsic viscosities and Schultz‐Blaschke constants were measured for the component polymers as well as for the polymeric mixture systems. The estimation of the extent of interpolymeric interaction was done with a new criterion, β, based on the relationship between the degree of complexation (DA) and the theoretical specific viscosity of the polymeric mixture (ηsp,m,cal). This method shows the interpolymeric interaction predictions to be in agreement with those found by a viscosity‐enhancement factor. According to the β criterion and viscosity enhancement factors, the octyl acrylate unit in the PDP/PAP mixture is found to make a positive contribution to the complexation between PDP and PAP attributed to its solvation and van der Waals force between side chains of the octyl acrylate unit on unlike macromolecular chains. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 415–421, 2002
Studies on fibers spun from poly(vinyl alcohol‐b‐acrylonitrile) emulsions prepared by ultrasonic technique. I. Characterization of fiber structure
Authors: Xiao L. , Xiao W. , Liu Q. , Chen K. , Xu X. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe structural characteristics of poly(vinyl alcohol‐b‐acrylonitrile) fibers with different AN contents were studied by comparison with that of PVA and PAN fibers. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that both PVA and PAN blocks in the copolymer fibers formed crystals. Two glass transition temperatures corresponding to PVA and PAN components appeared on the dynamic mechanical spectrum of the copolymer fiber, indicative of their incompatibility in the fiber. SEM intuitively exhibited a longitudinal cracked and grooved surface morphology similar to that of PAN fiber and revealed an internal microdomain separation morphology for the block copolymer fibers. TEM showed a morphological structure intermediate between those of PVA and PAN fibers for the block copolymer fibers. It was also found that the copolymer fiber with the lower AN content has a sheath–core structure. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 979–988, 2001
Synthesis and properties of alkyl‐substituted poly(1,4‐phenylenevinylene) derivatives
Authors: Zheng Junrong , He Gufeng , Yang Chunhe , Huang Lan , Li Yongfang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe luminescent poly(2‐dodecyl‐5‐methyl‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene) was synthesized with a new synthetic route. The structure and properties of the polymers were characterized by IR, UV‐vis, luminescent spectra, GPC, and both thermal and elemental analysis. The glass‐transition temperature increases and the photoluminescent relative quantum yield decreases with the increase of the conjugation extent of the polymer. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1299–1304, 2001
Cellulose–poly(acrylamide–acrylic acid) interpenetrating polymer network membranes for the pervaporation of water–ethanol mixtures. II. Effect of ionic group contents and cellulose matrix modification
Authors: Buyanov A. L. , Revel'Skaya L. G. , Kuznetzov Yu. P. , Khripunov A. K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe separation properties in the dehydration of a water–ethanol mixture and the swelling behavior of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) pervaporation membranes based on a cellulose or cellulose–hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) matrix and poly(acrylamide and/or acrylic acid) were investigated depending on the ionic acrylate groups content (γ) in synthetic polymer chains (0–100 mol %), the HEC content in the matrix (0–50 wt %), and the temperature (25–60°C). The separation factor (α), permeation rate (P), and separation index (αP) significantly improved with increasing γ values only for the separation of concentrated ethanol solutions (∼86 wt %). For more dilute solutions of ethanol (∼46 wt %), the P and αP values also increased but no considerable increase in α was observed. All types of membranes based on the cellulose matrix were characterized by a drastic decrease in the values of P at [EtOH] ≥90 wt % and, as a result, a decrease in the separation index (kg m−2 h−1) from ∼2000 (for 86 wt % EtOH, 50°C) to ∼240 (for 95 wt % EtOH, 50°C), which correlates with a decrease in the degree of membrane swelling. The modification of the cellulose matrix by introducing HEC into it makes it possible to increase considerably the membrane swelling in concentrated EtOH solutions and, hence, the αP value to ∼760 (95 wt % EtOH, 50°C). All types of IPN membranes exhibit a marked increase in both α and P when the temperature increases from 25 to 60°C. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1452–1460, 2001
Phenolic resins with phenyl maleimide functions: Thermal characteristics and laminate composite properties
Authors: Bindu R. L. , Nair C. P. Reghunadhan , Ninan K. N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhenolic resins bearing varying concentrations of phenyl maleimide functions were synthesized by copolymerizing phenol with N‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)maleimide (HPM) and formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst. The resins underwent a two‐stage curing, through condensation of methylol groups and addition polymerization of maleimide groups. The cure characterization of the resin by dynamic mechanical analysis confirmed the two‐stage cure and the dominance of maleimide polymerization over methylol condensation in the network buildup process. The kinetics of both cure reactions, studied by the Rogers method, substantiated the earlier proposed cure mechanism for each stage. Although the initial decomposition temperature of the cured resin was not significantly improved, enhancing the crosslink density through HPM improved thermal stability of the material in a higher temperature regime. The anaerobic char yield also increased proportional to the maleimide content. Isothermal pyrolysis and analysis of the char confirmed that pyrolysis occurs by loss of hydrocarbon and nitrogenous products. The resins serve as effective matrices in silica‐ and glass fabric–reinforced composites whose mechanical properties are optimum for moderately crosslinked resins, in which failure occurs through a combination of fiber debonding and resin fracture. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1664–1674, 2001
Film formation of monodispersed polystyrene latex at high temperature
Authors: Yang Zhen‐Zhong , Wang Li‐Jun , Liu Zheng‐Ping , Zhao De‐Lu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis report discusses the drying behavior of monodispersed polystyrene latex at elevating temperature with particular attention to the relationship between water evaporation rate and morphological evolution during the film formation process. At the first stage, water evaporation rate was less influenced by the skin film formed at the latex/air interface, which was consistent with Croll's model. During this stage, a drying front advanced from the top film toward the bulk dispersion. At the final stage of film formation, the water evaporation rate was less than that of the initial stage, and another drying front developed from the interior region outside the system. Two distinct boundaries corresponding to the opposite directions of the second drying front between completely dried region and wet region were found if the film was peeled off the container surface. Besides, some particular morphologies were found in the completely dried region, which was likely related to preferable coalescence among the particles induced by capillary force because of water evaporation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1835–1840, 2001
Decreasing pollution of plasticized PVC packaging: A comparison of three plastic treatments
Authors: Fugit Jean‐Luc , Taverdet Jean‐Louis 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study proposed three different treatments of plasticized PVC, which decreases diffusion of the plasticizer when the plastic is in contact with a liquid food or simulated liquid food. The treated PVCs were tested under the same operating conditions, and their efficiency was able to be assessed thanks to a diffusion model previously described. It was shown that the time and the temperature of the storage of the treated PVCs influenced the effectiveness of the treatment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1841–1847, 2001
Novel regenerable N‐halamine polymeric biocides. II. Grafting hydantoin‐containing monomers onto cotton cellulose
Authors: Sun Yuyu , Sun Gang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel cyclic‐amine monomer, 3‐allyl‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin (ADMH) was synthesized with good yield by the reaction of allyl bromide with 5,5‐dimethylhydantoin (DMH), and was characterized by FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectra. ADMH alone cannot be grafted onto other polymers. However, the presence of acrylonitrile markedly enhanced the ADMH graft yield onto cotton cellulose. The influence of reaction conditions on the graft copolymerization was investigated. After chlorine bleach treatment, hydantoin units in the grafted copolymers were easily transformed into N‐halamine structures. Grafted samples exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, and the functional properties were shown to be durable and regenerable. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 617–624, 2001
Controlled release of carboxylic‐containing herbicides by starch‐g‐poly(butyl acrylate)
Authors: Zhu Zhifeng , Zhuo Renxi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe use of starch‐g‐poly(butyl acrylate) as a new material for encapsulating carboxylic‐containing herbicides such as 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid for controlled release was studied. The herbicides were individually encapsulated within the modified starch substrate, which was graft‐copolymerized with a small amount of butyl acrylate. The modification of starch induced a hydrophobic behavior in the matrix, made it swell less, and caused the release rate to slow, especially for herbicides with higher water solubility. Therefore, the survival life of the starch products for controlled release could be expected to extend to some extent compared with that of natural starch. In addition, the effects of the molecular weight, herbicide content, and particle size on the swellability and release behavior were also investigated. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the herbicides encapsulated within the starch matrix were dispersed in the form of tiny cell. Consequently, the herbicides encapsulated were released through diffusion. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1535–1543, 2001
Preparation of chlorosulfonated polyethylene by the gas‐solid method
Authors: Zhao Ruofei , Cheng Shujun , Shun Yan , Huang Yongjun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM) has been prepared by the gas‐solid method in a tank reactor using chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and a gaseous mixture of chlorine and dioxide sulfur. Sulfur content of CSM determined by element analysis is used as a reference for the quantitative determination of the degree of chlorosulfonation. The effects of reaction temperature, effective gaseous mixture concentration, particle size of CPE, and the ratio of chlorine to dioxide sulfur on chlorosulfonation are investigated. The results indicate that with the increment of reaction temperature within the range of from 30 to 50°C, the rate of chlorosulfonation during the later reaction period (15–25 min) is markedly increased and the prepared CSM has higher sulfur content. It was also found that the rate of chlorosulfonation increases with the effective gaseous mixture concentration, and that the ratio of chlorine to dioxide sulfur is preferably 1 : 1. It was proven that HCl, by‐product of the chlorosulfonation, can accelerate the rate of chlorosulfonation when the volume concentration of HCl is lower than 40%, and that the presence of oxide results in higher sulfur content of the resultant CSM. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3582–3588, 2001
Effect of the agitation rate on the generation of low‐crystallinity cellulose from phosphoric acid
Authors: Kumar Vijay , Kothari Sanjeev , Banker G. S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChanges in the basic powder properties of low‐crystallinity powder cellulose (LCPC) as a function of the agitation rate used during its generation from phosphoric acid were investigated. We reacted cotton linter with phosphoric acid (85% w/v) at room temperature for an hour and then at 50°C for 3 h to produce the LCPC solution. The latter was slowly added to water (ca. 10 times the volume of phosphoric acid used) at a constant agitation rate of 700, 2000, or 4000 rpm. LCPC powder thus formed was collected by filtration, washed with water and acetone, and dried at 30°C. Scanning electron micrographs showed the three products to be highly aggregated in structure. The crystallinities of LCPC prepared at 700, 2000, and 4000 rpm were 39, 31, and 24%, respectively. The crystalline component of LCPC produced at 700 and 2000 rpm contained both cellulose II (major component) and cellulose I (minor component), whereas LCPC generated at 4000 rpm belonged to the cellulose II crystal lattice. The porosity and true, bulk, and tap densities of LCPC made at 4000 rpm were 88.55% and 1.435, 0.138, and 0.164 g/cc, respectively. The corresponding values for LCPC made at 700 and 2000 rpm were 60.30% and 1.452, 0.541, and 0.576 g/cc and 54.49% and 1.465, 0.583, and 0.667 g/cc, respectively. Avicel® PH‐101, in contrast, had a degree of crystallinity of 89% and a true density value of 1.577 g/cc. The porosity, bulk density, and tap density values were intermediate to those of LCPC made at 4000 rpm and 700 or 2000 rpm. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2624–2628, 2001
Synthesis of graft copolymers. II. Synthesis of polystyrene‐g‐poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Morales Graciela , Guerrero Ramiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe thermolysis of labile 1,2‐bis(trimethylsilyloxy)tetraphenylethane groups pendant along polystyrene chains in the presence of various vinyl monomers leads to the direct synthesis of graft copolymers. Depending on the monomer chosen, the polymerization temperature, and the number of active sites by the macroinitiator molecule, crosslinked or total soluble graft copolymers can be prepared. Several conditions were studied in order to attain soluble polystyrene‐g‐poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers under a controlled polymerization mechanism. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 12–18, 2002
Physical properties of lyocell fibers spun from different solution‐dope phases
Authors: Kim Dong Bok , Lee Wha Seop , Jo Seong Mu , Lee Young Moo , Kim Byoung Chul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe hydration number (n) of NMMO hydrates has a significant effect on the rheological properties and phase of the cellulose solutions in the hydrates. The physical properties of the lyocell fibers spun from the cellulose solutions in NMMO hydrates with different values of n were investigated relative to the phase of the solution dope. NMMO hydrate with n = 1.1 could not fully dissolve cellulose, resulting in a heterogeneous solution. NMMO hydrate with n = 0.72 produced a mesophase solution that exhibited a good spinnability. When NMMO hydrates with n = 0.72 and 1.0 were used, the lyocell fiber spun from 15 wt % solution dope gave higher tensile strength than that spun from 12 wt % solution dope. NMMO hydrate with n = 1.0 produced a lyocell fiber whose tensile strength was slightly affected by spin–draw ratio but the tensile strength of the lyocell fiber prepared from NMMO hydrate with n = 0.72 was monotonically increased with increasing spin–draw ratio. Further, the latter gave higher birefringence. The lyocell fiber spun from 15 wt % solution in NMMO hydrate with n = 0.72 produced finely fibrillated structures. When treated with sonic wave the lyocell fiber prepared from 15 wt % cellulose (DPw 940) solution in NMMO hydrate with n = 0.72 yielded the most serious fibrillation on the fiber surface. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 981–989, 2002
Synthesis of a novel polymethacrylamide bearing cyclic perfluoroalkyl groups
Authors: Hayakawa Yoshio , Hayashi Eiji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel chiral methacrylamide bearing perfluoropyrrolidino groups was synthesized. Perfluoro(2‐pyrrolidinopropionyl fluoride), the starting material, was prepared by electrochemical fluorination and resolved into enantiomeric derivatives by preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) performed with optically active 1‐phenethylamine as the diastereomeric counterpart. The polymethacrylamide was obtained by radical polymerization. A clear, colorless, tough film of the polymer was formed by the solution‐casting technique, which showed excellent water repulsion with a contact angle of water greater than 100°. Column packings prepared by the coating of silica gels with the optically active polymer showed potential as the chiral stationary phase for HPLC resolving racemic 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (separation factor = 1.56) with a hexane–isopropanol mixture as the eluent. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1443–1448, 2002