bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experts, Economists, and Democrats
Authors: Pildes Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Should government decisions be based on cost-benefit analysis (CBA)? This is one of the most important issues in contemporary law and policy. It raises questions about the nature of individual and collective rationality and also about possible reforms of governmental institutions.
Less familiar, but increasingly important, is the emerging role of comparative risk assessment (CRA). CBA explores whether a particular policy is justified on balance. CRA has the more confined role of ensuring better priority setting by ranking risks in terms of their seriousness. CRA is concerned with ensuring that the most serious risks are addressed first.
Why Competence Is Important: The Doctrine Of Informed Consent
Authors: Grisso Thomas , Appelbaum Paul S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Competence is a pivotal concept in decision making about medical treatment. Competent patients’ decisions about accepting or rejecting proposed treatment are respected. Incompetent patients’ choices, on the other hand, are put to one side, and alternative mechanisms for deciding about their care are sought. Thus, enjoyment of one of the most fundamental rights of a free society the right to determine what shall be done to one’s body turns on the possession of those characteristics that we view as constituting decision-making competence. How competence has come to occupy such a central role in the allocation of rights to persons in the health care system is the focus of this chapter. To understand this situation, we must consider the evolution and current status of the doctrine of informed consent, and the ways in which it reflects deeply held notions about promotion of individual well-being and respect for individual autonomy. In subsequent chapters, our focus shifts to how these abstract principles are integrated into clinical practice.
Thinking About Competence
Authors: Grisso Thomas , Appelbaum Paul S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinical assessment of competence to consent to treatment cannot be done by following a set of “cookbook” procedures. It requires an understanding of the concepts underlying competence. Assessing a patient’s competence by rote procedures is as problematic as attempting to reach clinical diagnoses with a checklist of criteria but without a theoretical grasp of the constructs on which they are based.
Making Judgments About Patients’ Competence
Authors: Grisso Thomas , Appelbaum Paul S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinicians who follow the procedures outlined in Chapter 5, perhaps aided by a structured instrument like the MacCAT-T described in Chapter 6, will have collected the data necessary to reach conclusions about patients’ abilities to make treatment decisions. Those raw data, however, do not in themselves reveal whether patients are competent or incompetent decision makers. This chapter explains how to use the data to reach a judgment about whether patients have adequate capacities to make decisions about their treatment and how to document those conclusions.
Street Foods
Authors: Tinker Irene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Street foods are sold in almost every country in the world. Many urban and rural people depend on them for one or more meals each day. This book explores this world of entrepreneurs in developing countries. When all of the participants in the delivery are counted, including local farmers, food processors, and street vendors, one realizes the enormous size of this `industry'. Research conducted by the authors with vendors, local community leaders, and public health officials, worked not only to collect data, but to raise the hygiene of the food that is sold
Vendors and the Economics of Their Enterprises
Authors: Tinker Irene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The comparative statistics and information collected in the seven preceding case studies provide a rich and unique data set about an activity found in almost every country around the world: the street food trade. This chapter aggregates and analyzes the data about the vendors and their microenterprises drawn from the seven EPOC studies in the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Bangladesh, Egypt, Nigeria, and Senegal, and adds to them information collected in similar research in India and Jamaica, where research centers utilized the EPOC methodology. Where appropriate, data are included from subsequent street food studies that were often stimulated by the EPOC work.
Political Obligation
Authors: Dagger Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Republicanism and liberalism share a fundamental commitment to the rule of law. This shared commitment may complicate the lives of those who want to provide a clear distinction between the two theories, but it makes matters easier for anyone who wants to show that republicanism and liberalism are compatible with each other. For the republican, the rule of law is typically regarded as an essential means of securing people from dependence on the arbitrary will of others. “A government of laws, not of men,” was the slogan because dependence on the law was thought to be a form of independence-especially when one could take part in law-making. For the liberal, the rule of law is typically regarded as an essential means of giving people a secure set of expectations so that they may pursue their private projects. That is why John Locke’s cure for the “inconveniencies” of the state of nature was a known and settled authority to make, enforce, and interpret laws.
Education, Autonomy, and Civic Virtue
Authors: Dagger Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Education is an obvious way to try to cultivate dispositions such as conditional altruism. As Shelley Burtt points out, classical republican theorists often argued that it is necessary to ground civic virtue in “the education of desire.” For republicans such as Machiavelli, Algernon Sydney, and Rousseau, this meant that we should “seek to secure the priority of public over private goods not through extinguishing or subordinating personal desires but by carefully molding them.” If conditional altruism is a key ingredient in the republican-liberal conception of civic virtue, then it seems that republican liberals must also advocate “the education of desire.”
Political Participation and the Problem of Apathy
Authors: Dagger Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If we want the political order to resemble an assurance game rather than a prisoners’ dilemma, we should encourage political participation. That is one of the lessons drawn from the analysis in Chapter 7 of the conditions that foster conditional altruism and active, public-spirited citizenship. The lesson is clear. Participation brings the individual into contact with other members of a group, thus facilitating communication among them and strengthening his or her attachment to the group as a whole. How to put the lesson into practice, however, is not so obvious.
Crossing Swords
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Based on a decade of field research, this work is the first book-length, scholarly examination in English of the role of Catholicism in Mexican society since the 1970s through 1995, and the increasing political activism of the Catholic church and clergy. It is also the first analysis of church-state relations in Latin America that incorporates detailed interviews of numerous bishops and clergy and leading politicians about how they see each other and how religion influences their values. It is also the first analysis of the Mexican Catholic Church which uses national survey research to examine Mexican attitudes toward religion, Christianity, and Catholicism, and provides the first inside look at the decision-making process of bishops at the diocesan level.
The Anarchic Panopticon
Authors: Campos Paul F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the heart of Boulder, Colorado, nestled against the very spot where the high plains disappear abruptly into the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, Alfalfa’s Market represents the cultural epicenter of what the natives refer to, without apparent irony, as “our healthy Boulder lifestyle.” Here one can purchase dairy-free cheese and wheat grass lemonade; here the glistening breasts of free range chickens-birds we can only hope chose poultere assisted suicide offer themselves up to those of us who still eat animals. (Twin bumper stickers spotted on a Volvo in Alfalfa’s parking lot: “Prochild, Pro-choice” and “Friends Don’t Let Friends Eat Meat.” I wonder for a disorienting moment if the car’s owner sanctions the eating of unborn herbivores.) Wander the richly laden aisles of Alfalfa’s and you will encounter beautiful, recently divorced women of a certain age, their voices full of money, their faces already beginning to suffer from the wrinkled, emaciated look that eventually marks everyone who worships at the shrine of the ubiquitous and unappeasable god “Health.”
Beginnings Count
Authors: Rothman David J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the wake of the recent unsuccessful drive for health care reform, many people have been asking themselves what brought about the failure of this as well as past attempts to make health care accessible to all Americans. The author of this original exploration of U.S. health policy supplies an answer that is bound to raise some eyebrows. After a careful analysis of the history and issues of health care, David Rothman concludes that it is the average employed, insured “middle class”--the vaguely defined majority of American citizens--who deny health care to the poor. The author advances his argument through the examination of two distinctive characteristics of American health care and the intricate links between them: the ubiquitous presence of technology in medicine, and the fact that the U.S. lacks a national health insurance program. Technology bears the heaviest responsibility for the costliness of American medicine. Rothman traces the histories of the “iron lung” and kidney dialysis machines in order to provide vivid evidence for his claim that the American middle class is fascinated by technology and is willing to pay the price to see the most recent advances in physics, biology, and biomedical engineering incorporated immediately in medical care. On the other hand, the lack of a universal health insurance program in the U.S. is rooted in the fact that, starting in the 1930’s, government health policy has been a reflection of the needs and concerns of the middle class. Playing up to middle class sensibilities, the American presidents, Senate and Congress based their policy upon the private rather than the public sector, whenever possible. They encouraged the purchase of insurance based on the laws of the marketplace, not provided by the government. Private health insurance and high-tech medicine came with a hefty price, with the end result that about 40 million Americans could not afford medical care and were left to fend for themselves. The author investigates the moral values underpinning these decisions, and goes to the bottom of the problem of why the United States remain the only developed country which continually proves unable to provide adequate health care to all its citizens.
The Tobin Tax: Good Theory, Weak Evidence, Questionable Policy
Authors: Dooley Michael P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The papers prepared for this volume focus on the important elements of the debate over transactions taxes for foreign exchange and international capital markets. The value added of this paper lies in its drawing out the implications for policy. The case for transactions taxes rests on a sequence of conditions being met, each of which is necessary to support government intervention in these markets. The evidence reviewed below suggests that the joint probability that these conditions are met is very low. It follows that an initiative to distort international capital markets with such taxes would be a bad policy choice.
Institutional Arrangements for a Tax on International Currency Transactions
Authors: Griffithjones Stephany 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Support for a Tobin tax and, more generally, for taxes that dampen financial volatility, has increased in recent years, due to several episodes of serious financial instability and their resultant high costs to the real economy. In particular, the October 1987 crash lead distinguished economists like Joseph Stiglitz and Lawrence Summers to pro pose new taxes on securities transactions (see Stiglitz 1989; Summers and Summers 1990).
Screening in the Community
Authors: Truan Benedict I , Teutsch Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Screening for disease in the community to promote health and prevent disease is one of the practical applications of epidemiology delineated by Terris and reiterated in Chapter 1 of this text. Green and Kreuter (1991) distinguish a “community intervention” from an “intervention in a community.” A community intervention is community-wide and aims to achieve a small but pervasive change in most of the population. An intervention in a community aims to accomplish more intensive or profound change in a subgroup of the population, usually within selected settings (e.g., workplace, hospital or clinic, place of worship, or school).
Epidemiologic Issues in Outcomes Research
Authors: Petitti Diana B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Outcomes are those changes, either favorable or adverse, in the actual or potential health status of persons, groups, or communities that can be attributed to medical care (Donabedian 1985). The Institute of Medicine has defined outcomes research as the study of “the end results of the structure and processes of health care on the health and well-being of patients and populations” (Feasley 1996). This definition of outcomes research is similar to that of the Foundation for Health Services Research (1994).
Wage Earners And Wealth Makers
Authors: Schwantes Carlos A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thursday morning, 12 July 1917, should have been like any other workday in Bisbee, Arizona. As dawn backlit the crest of the Mule Mountains surrounding the state’s premier mining city, the serpentine streets below should have echoed with the boots of several thousand men coming and going from the mines. The merchants of Brewery Gulch and other downtown streets should have been preparing for another day of brisk sales. It was wartime, and the city worked unceasingly to produce the copper so vital to communications equipment and munitions. Every rifle cartridge contained about half an ounce of the pure red metal. Copper would win the war.
The Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Family
Authors: Ferrara Napoleone , Gerber Hans Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The development of a vascular supply is a fundamental requirement for organ development and differentiation during embryogenesis as well as for wound healing and reproductive functions in the adult (Folkman, 1995). Angiogenesis is also implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of disorders including proliferative retinopathies, age-related macular degeneration, tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis (Folkman, 1995).
The Culture of Building
Authors: Davis Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
All buildings are ultimately the products of building cultures—complex systems of people, relationships, rules, and habits in which design and building are anchored. In this book of thirteen chapter-essays, Davis uses historical, contemporary and cross-cultural examples to describe the structure of such cultures and how they are reflected in the form of buildings and cities. His aim is to show that special insights about the improvement of the contemporary built world come from looking at the building culture as a whole, not merely the individual acts of architects and city planners. The book is illustrated with over 260 historic and contemporary photographs, drawings and prints.
The Creation of The New England Way
Authors: Staloff Darren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Few radical movements have enjoyed the auspicious conditions of the Puritan founders of Massachusetts. Far from the metropolitan authorities, the leaders of the settlement were able to inscribe their ideal holy commonwealth on the tabula rasa of the wilderness free from outside interference. Few issues, if any, so absorbed the attention of the colony’s leaders as the foundation and support of the polity structure of Massachusetts. The resulting political and ecclesiastic system proved remarkably stable and enduring. Established largely by fiat and precedent in the very first years, the New England Way served as the institutional skeleton of the Bay social body until the loss of the charter and the onset of the Andros regime in the 1680s.
Despite their unquestioned importance, however, the interlocking institutions of church and state in Puritan Massachusetts defy simple analysis. Were the Bay churches the independent and lay-controlled congregations of a sect or part of an establishment dominated by the ministry? Was the General Court of Massachusetts a representative republic of the saints or, in Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker’s phrase, a Puritan oligarchy? Was the relation of church and state Erastian, as Ronald D. Cohen has claimed, or was it, as John Cotton argued, “the best form of Government in a Christian-Commonwealth,” namely “theocratie”? The obvious answer to each of these questions is both in one sense and neither in another. And while this answer bears some semblance of truth in registering the complexity of the Bay polity scheme, it utterly fails to offer the analytic clarity and coherence that are necessary for thorough historical understanding.
John Cotton and the Dialectic of Antinomian Dissent
Authors: Staloff Darren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most important and controversial figure in the Antinomian controversy was John Cotton. The movement was largely confined to the church of Boston, with a handful of supporters in neighboring Roxbury. When questioned, the leaders of the movement, particularly Anne Hutchinson, cited Cotton as their mentor and the source of their doctrines. Certainly Cotton’s peers recognized him as the central figure in the controversy, and with good reason; as Larzer Ziff remarked, in “the private conferences and correspondences that took place in an ineffective effort to avoid public confrontation, he took the opinionists’ side.” Moreover, without the institutional support of the prestigious church of Boston and its even more prestigious teacher, the Antinomian movement would have been short-lived and its leaders quickly disciplined.
Increase Mather and The Decline of Cultural Domination
Authors: Staloff Darren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between 1675 and 1686, Increase Mather exercised an unprecedented sway over the orthodox Bay regime. When King Philip’s War erupted, it was Mather who first called for reform and then dictated its eventual course. Often consulted on matters of public import, Mather saw his views on imperial policy regularly accepted and implemented by the General Court. When, at his prompting, the last synod in Puritan Massachusetts’s history was convened, he gave the opening address to the assembly, served as its moderator, and wrote its unanimous conclusion. He successfully led the movement on behalf of mass covenant renewal in the decade after King Philip’s War. And, of course, it was Increase Mather who finally helped tum the tide in favor of the half-way covenant. To a remarkable extent, the history of Puritan Massachusetts in its final years is identical to that of the minister of the second church of Boston.
Hate Crimes
Authors: Jacobs James B , Potter Kimberly 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Early in the 1980s, a new category of crime appeared in the criminal law lexicon. In response to what was said to be an epidemic of prejudice-motivated violence, Congress and many state legislatures passed a wave of “hate crime ” laws that required the collection of statistics and enhanced the punishment of crimes motivated by certain prejudices. This book places in socio-legal perspective both the hate crime problem and society’s response to it. From the outset, Jacobs and Potter adopt a sceptical if not critical stance. They argue that hate crime is a hopelessly muddled concept and that legal definitions of the term are riddled with ambiguity and subjectivity. Moreover, no matter how hate crime is defined, the authors find no evidence to support the claim that the US is experiencing a hate crime epidemic--nor that the number or rate of hate crimes is at an historic zenith. Furthermore, assert the authors, the federal effort to establish a hate crime accounting system has been a failure. The authors argue that hate crime as a socio-legal category represents the elaboration of an identity politics that manifests itself in many areas of the law. However, the attempt to apply the anti-discrimination paradigm to criminal law generates a number of problems and anomalies. The underlying conduct that hate crime law prohibits is already subject to criminal punishment. Jacobs and Potter maintain that there is no persuasive rationale for saying that hate crimes are “worse “ or “more serious “ than similar crimes attributable to other anti-social motivations. Also, they argue that the effort to single out hate crime for greater punishment, in effect, is an effort to punish some offenders more seriously because of their bad beliefs, opinions, or values, thus implicating the First Amendment. Jabobs and Potter show that the recriminalization of hate crime has little (if any) value with respect to law enforcement or criminal justice. Indeed, enforcement of such laws may in fact exacerbate intergroup tensions rather than eradicate prejudice.
Developments in the Praetorship, 263-219
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The struggle with Carthage in the First Punic War placed enormous strain on the now century-old system of three regular magistrates with imperium (the two consuls and praetor). It seems that in each of the years 263 through 243 both consuls fought overseas. The praetor could not simply remain near Rome to protect the city and act as the de facto head of state. Our information on the campaigns of the First Punic War is extremely poor, yet we can surmise from three passages in Zonaras and an entry in the Fasti Capitolini that the praetor now received responsibility for the defense of all Italy-and occasionally had to fight beyond Italy’s shores.
Macedonia, Africa, and Asia, 122-50
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the commander L. Calpurnius Piso (cos. 58) returned from Macedonia to Rome in 55, Cicero tried to convince the Senate that Piso’s failure to ask for a triumph was suspicious in itself. “There were some (aliquot) with praetorian imperium, but no one with consular imperium who returned unharmed (incolumis) from this province, who did not triumph.”1 Here we can check for accuracy. The provincial fasti for Macedonia in the period 122-81 are quite full, and then down to the year 50 almost wholly complete. If we take incolumis both literally (“safe and sound”) and metaphorically (“unimpaired by prosecution”),2 Cicero cannot be shown wrong on the consular commanders. For the praetors, however, he badly distorts the picture. After Q. Caecilius Metellus “Macedonicus” in 146, T. Didius is the only praetor known to have triumphed from the provincia (probably in the year 100). Even imperatorial acclamations are rarely attested for praetorian commanders in Macedonia. In short, the record suggests that praetors might have long commands in the province, yet when possible the Senate had men of consular rank take on severe fighting. That tendency grows particularly marked in the decades after Sulla.