bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classical and Quantum Theory of One-Photon and Multiphoton Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Masters Barry R , Peter T C So 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we introduce the basics of fluorescence spectroscopy. The fundamentals of experimental spectroscopy are presented. Then we develop the classical and the quantum mechanical theory of molecular spectroscopy. These sections provide an introduction to the subsequent chapters on the theory and applications of nonlinear spectroscopic techniques that are used in nonlinear microscopies to study biological processes.
Ultrashort Optical Pulse Delivery for Nonlinear Optical Microscopy
Authors: Kim Daekeun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After John Tyndall’s demonstration of guiding light with a jet of water in the 19th century, it was shown that light can travel along arbitrary paths through high-refractive index materials (Goff & Hansen, 2002). An optical fiber is generally defined as a cylindrical waveguide where wave can propagate along its axis based on total internal reflection. A fiber has a high index material forming its core at the center and is surrounded by a cladding material, which has a slightly lower refractive index. This refractive index difference enables total internal reflection to occur at the boundary between the core and the cladding when the light is incident within at a given angle, the critical angle. Since the introduction of the fiberscope in 1950s, flexible optical fibers have been widely used in the imaging and telecommunication fields, given its versatility to conduct light into tight spaces where free space delivery is difficult.
T4 and Related Phages: Structure and Development
Authors: Eiserling Gisela Mosig Fred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacteriophages T2,T4, and T6 were among seven Escherichia coli phages selected by Max Delbruack to study fundamentals of viral replication in a limited number of model viruses. These studies led to the first formulation of many concepts that are now accepted foundations of molecular biology: the fundamental differences between growth of viruses and cells (figure 18-1) (109); the demonstration that nucleic acids of virus particles suffice to establish infection and to direct synthesis of complete virions (163); the concept of the gene, including distinctions between units of recombination, mutation, and function (30); genetic recombination as exchange between DNA molecules involving ‘‘heterozygous’’ overlaps (91, 164, 165); the demonstration of messenger RNA (mRNA) (55, 414) and the non-overlapping triplet code (83, 390) with nonsense triplets as termination signals (31); the repair of DNA damage in the light (103) and in the dark (149); restriction and modification of DNA (247); the presence of spliced and nonspliced introns in prokaryotes (25, 171); the definition of pathways leading to the assembly of complex macromolecular structures (105); and the importance of protein complexes (machines), which change composition during various DNA transactions (9, 275).
Bacteriophage P1
Authors: Lehnherr Hansjorg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first edition of this volume, Michael B. Yarmolinsky and the late Nat L. Sternberg wrote a 147-page chapter filled to the brim with scientific, historical, and anecdotal information about bacteriophage P1 (198). Their work was the first comprehensive review covering 35 years of P1 research. Following in their footsteps, this review inevitably relies heavily on its predecessor. Any reader with an interest in P1 is strongly advised to also read the Yarmolinsky and Sternberg review, which extensively covers aspects of P1 biology that are still valid and up to date and therefore not covered here. It is the aim of this account to provide the reader with a general overview of bacteriophage P1 biology, with special focus on developments during the last 15 years. The data are arranged to reflect a lytic phage infection cycle, with an inbuilt detour covering the plasmid life style of P1 during lysogeny.
Marine Phages
Authors: Miller Robert V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two decades ago marine bacteriophages were unimportant to microbial ecologists. After all, bacteriophages could only be important in certain environments where their concentrations were high enough to have an effect on bacterial populations. In most microbiologists’ minds, this limited them to just a few ecosystems such as waste treatment facilities, cheese and yogurt production facilities, and the microbiology laboratory. It certainly did not include marine environments! Of course, specific phages such as PM2 were of interest (18, 87; see also chapter 14) because of their cytology and molecular microbiology. The few studies that had addressed the frequency of viruses in the oceans, however, showed that marine bacteriophages were not prevalent enough to affect marine ecosystems.
Phage-Based Expression Systems
Authors: Murray Noreen E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phage, and plasmid, derivatives that had ‘‘picked up’’ genes from the Escherichia coli chromosome led Campbell (12) to propose his influential model based on recombination between circular genomes (see chapter 7). According to this model, segments of bacterial DNA were added to a phage genome if excision of the prophage was by an ‘‘aberrant’’ recombination event. These unexpected, or illegitimate (2, 27, 96) events fortuitously created the early recombinant clones that became tools at the cutting edge of research in the pioneering days of molecular biology. They, for example, facilitated the analyses of bacterial operons (30, 61) and enabled the amplification of the Lacrepressor (60).
Social Psychological Methods of Emotion Elicitation
Authors: Harmon-Jones Eddie , Amodio David M , Zinner Leah R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social psychology has long embraced the study of emotion. In an early experiment, Schachter (1959) induced anxiety to examine its effects on affiliation. Schachter’s original description of the anxiety manipulation illustrates many of the methodological features of social psychological experiments: In the high anxiety condition, the subjects, all college girls, strangers to one another, entered a room to find facing them a gentleman of serious mien, hornrimmed glasses, dressed in a white laboratory coat, stethoscope dribbling out of his pocket, behind him an array of formidable electrical junk. After a few prelimiaries, the experimenter began: Allow me to introduce myself, I am Dr. Gregor Zilstein of the Medical School’s Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry. I have asked you all to come today in order to serve as subjects in an experiment concerned with the effects of electrical shock.
Introduction
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the story of a mental condition that affects millions of people worldwide—yet few even know its name. Depersonalization has been well-documented in medical literature for more than 100 years, but this book, the first definitive work on the subject, is long overdue. Everyone feels “unreal” from time to time. It may happen after a traumatic event, while in new or foreign surroundings, or in times of severe stress. As a defense mechanism, depersonalization serves a purpose—to mentally distance an individual from horrific or overwhelming circumstances. But this mechanism can go awry and exhibit a darker side, which manifests itself as depersonalization disorder.
Expressions of the Inexpressible
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dissociative disorders in general are known to be founded in experiences of trauma or abuse. They are conceptualized as the human psyche’s way of coping with intolerable circumstances—a means of escape to assure survival, no matter what the price. Depersonalization disorder (DPD) is classified by modern American psychiatry within the dissociative disorders, but its traumatic causes are more highly variable than those encountered in more severe dissociative disorders. Not only childhood trauma, but also later severe stress, frightening episodes of other mental illness, and even isolated drug use can precipitate the condition. In some cases of depersonalization disorder, there is even no apparent cause or trigger.
The Kim Dynasty
Authors: Becker Jasper 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As his exhausted people struggled to survive another year in their country’s “forced march for final victory,” North Korea’s leader, Kim Jong Il, was busy himself. The North Korean state news agency (KCNA) reported that his great humanity was on show by his willingness to share their bitter deprivations. One news story described how in January 1998 he arrived on his personal train to inspect a hydropower project and he invited officials to share his modest lunch.
The Making of a God King
Authors: Becker Jasper 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One afternoon, in February 1997, an elderly man with a shock of white hair, dressed against the winter cold, stepped out of the North Korean Embassy in Beijing, saying he was going shopping. At the Friendship Store, he slipped past his minders, calmly hailed a passing taxi, and demanded to go to the South Korean Consulate. There he told an astonished clerk that he wished to be given political asylum.
North Korea’s Economic Collapse
Authors: Becker Jasper 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first time Lee Min-bok, a North Korean agricultural expert, saw a man dying of hunger was in 1987 when he was on a research trip to the North East. That was eight years before North Korea appealed to the world for emergency food aid. Many lives would have been saved if only the North’s leadership had been willing to admit to the economic crisis. Lee, a dour and austere man in his forties, is bitter for other reasons.
Kim Dae Jung and the South Korean Way
Authors: Becker Jasper 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five hundred and one mooing cows dressed in garlands were shepherded across Panmunjom in 1998 by an elderly and bespectacled man dressed despite the June heat in a raincoat and hat. When Chung Ju-yung fled to the South over 50 years ago to seek his fortune, he had stolen a cow from his home village of Asan, 30 miles north of the DMZ on the East Coast. Now he wanted to return the favor with interest. The son of poor farmers, Chung had founded Hyundai, the giant conglomerate or chaebol, whose name literally means modern. Chung, a contemporary of Kim Dae Jung, belonged to that remarkable generation of patriarchal figures that had helped modernize the backward country, turning its once starving people into manufacturers of world-class cars, ships, computers, microprocessors, and mobile phones.
Out Of Control The Consequences And Treatment Of Epilepsy
Authors: Ogden Jenni A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One day, while shopping for a present for relatives overseas, I saw displayed in a jeweler’s shop a group of intricately carved greenstone pendants. My disappointment on finding that the price of a pendant was too high for my pocket quickly turned to pleasure when I discovered the carver’s name. Only a few years earlier I had watched this man struggling to cope with epilepsy, for him a most disabling neurological disorder. Rangi’s beautiful pendants were a remarkable personal achievement, attributable not only to his skill as a carver, but also to his courage and determination. As will become apparent when Rangi’s story is told, his pendants could also be regarded as an indirect result of current neurological and neurosurgical research, technology, and practice in the treatment of epilepsy.
Vision Without Knowledge
Authors: Ogden Jenni A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I first heard about the man I will call “Michael” when I received a telephone call from a rehabilitation therapist at the Institute for the Blind. She asked for my help in rethinking Michael’s rehabilitation program because, as she said, “Something incredible has happened to him and he seems to be getting his sight back, but he still can’t see!” She went on to explain that Michael had been classified as totally blind since a head injury nearly 2 years previously, but he had recently begun to see lights at night and movement on the television. She had been trying to improve his sight by showing him various common objects day after day, but he seemed unable to recognize the objects unless he picked them up. Often he would describe the shape of the object in a slow, disjointed manner, but only rarely did this seem to help him recognize the object. At first, she said, he could not read, but practice had brought improvement, and now he could read slowly but quite well.
Split Brain, Split Mind?
Authors: Ogden Jenni A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1981 Roger Sperry of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his research on the behaviour and neuropsychology of animals and people that had undergone an operation in which the corpus callosum, the large fiber tract connecting the two hemispheres of the brain, is split (Sperry 1982). Split-brain surgery ( commissurotomy) was first performed in humans in the 1940s in an attempt to control epilepsy; a series of 26 adults and adolescents were operated on with mixed results (Akelaitis 1941; Escourolle, Hauw, Gray, and Henin 1975). It seems unlikely, however, that the corpus callosum was completely divided in most of these patients.
Troubleshooting “bad” fits
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows you five examples of bad fits, and explains what went wrong in each one and how the analysis can be salvaged. In this example, a response was measured at five concentrations, and the results were fit to a sigmoidal dose-response curve with variable slope, also called a four-parameter logistic equation or the Hill equation. When you first look at the results, all may seem fine. The R2 is high, and both the logEC50 and the Hill slope have reasonable best-fit values.
Calculations with radioactivity
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not possible to detect each radioactive disintegration. The fraction of radioactive disintegrations detected by your counter is called efficiency. Determine efficiency by counting a standard sample under conditions identical to those used in your experiment. It is relatively easy to detect gamma rays emitted from isotopes such as 12s1, so efficiencies are usually over 90%, depending on the geometry of the counter. The efficiency is not quite 100% because the detector doesn’t entirely surround the tube, and a small fraction of gamma rays (photons) miss the detector.
Analyzing competitive binding data
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Competitive binding experiments measure the binding of a single concentration of labeled ligand in the presence of various concentrations of unlabeled ligand. Ideally, the concentration of unlabeled ligand varies over at least six orders of magnitude. The top of the curve is a plateau at a value equal to radioligand binding in the absence of the competing unlabeled drug. The bottom of the curve is a plateau equal to nonspecific binding. The concentration of unlabeled drug that produces radioligand binding halfway between the upper and lower plateaus is called the IC50 (inhibitory concentration 50%) or EC50 (effective concentration 50%).
Homologous competitive binding curves
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most common way to determine receptor number ,, nd affinity is to perform a saturation binding experiment, where you vary the concentration of radioligand. An alternative is to keep the radioligand concentration constant, and compete for binding with the same ligand, but not radioactively labeled. Since the hot (radiolabeled) and cold (unlabeled) ligands are chemically identical, this is called a homologous competitive binding experiment. It is also sometimes called a cold saturation experiment. An advantage of performing homologous competition binding experiments for determining radioligand K.i and Bmax values, rather than the more standard saturation binding method, is that you use less radioligand in the homologous competition experiment and generally have lower nonspecific binding than in the saturation assay.
Dose-response curves in the presence of antagonists
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term antagonist refers to any drug that will block, or partially block, a response. When investigating an antagonist, the first thing to check is whether the antagonism is surmountable by increasing the concentration of agonist. The next thing to ask is whether the antagonism is reversible. After washing away antagonist, does agonist regain response? If an antagonist is surmountable and reversible, it is likely to be competitive (see next paragraph). Investigations of antagonists that are not surmountable or reversible are beyond the scope of this manual.
Importing equations and equation libraries
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the equation you want is not one of the classic equations built-in to Prism, look in Prism’s equation library. To choose an equation from a library, click More equations (from the parameters dialog for nonlinear regression), then choose to select from the equation library. On the Equation Selection dialog, choose a library file (left panel) then choose an equation (right panel). Confirm your choice with the preview on the bottom of the dialog.
Writing user-defined models in Prism
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You don’t have to write your equation on one line. Use intermediate variables to simplify longer equations. Prism automatically distinguishes between intermediate variables and equation parameters that you can fit. If a variable is used first on the left side of an equals sign, then it is an intermediate variable. If a variable is used first on the right side of an equals sign, then it is an equation parameter.
A Primer on the Brain
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A text on Parkinson’s disease (PD), a disorder of the brain, should start with a discussion of the brain, an incredibly complex organ. Not only is brain structure complicated, but so is human thought and action. How amazing that the human brain can derive complex mathematical equations, compose great novels, and direct the swing of a baseball bat toward a curving baseball thrown at ninety miles per hour! Although we are not close to understanding how the brain mediates the genius of a mathematician or the artistry of a composer, we do understand many elementary things about brain function. What we have learned has led to breakthroughs in the medical treatment of many neurological conditions. PD stands as a shining example of how an understanding of brain function provided a rational basis for effective treatment. Over decades, many scientists and clinicians contributed insights, piecing together the PD brain puzzle. From these aggregate efforts, effective symptomatic treatment of PD was predicted and later confirmed in clinical trials. We now are able to treat PD based on our knowledge of brain mechanisms. We continue to build on these scientific principles, and thus the treatment of PD remains a work in progress.
Parkinson’s Disease: Changes in the Brain and Beyond
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a disorder characterized by slowness, stiffness, and often tremor. It is a disorder of brain motor systems (“motor” implies movement and action). In this chapter we consider how PD fits in the larger context of all brain disorders. We will then review what is occurring inside the brain, both microscopically and biochemically, resulting in the symptoms of PD. An understanding of this is crucial, since treatment principles are based on this knowledge. A variety of disorders may damage the brain and cause it to malfunction, for example, strokes, tumors, brain infections (encephalitis), and trauma. One category of brain disorders is neurodegenerative disease. These diseases affect specific groups of brain cells, which slowly die (degenerate). Neurodegenerative disease encompasses a variety of conditions, most of which occur for unknown reasons, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Lou Gehrig’s disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS). Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease.
Conditions Mistaken for Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the prescription drugs that cause parkinsonism block the action of dopamine in the brain by attaching to the dopamine receptor. If dopamine cannot bind to this blocked receptor, the effect is the same as having no dopa- mine. These blocking drugs are called dopamine antagonists; that is, they antagonize the dopamine signal. Contrast this to the dopamine agonist drugs we previously discussed, which activate the dopamine receptors after binding to them (much like dopamine). The antagonist drugs simply block the recep- tor without activation. For a review of this subject, see chapter 2.
Testing: Blood Tests, X rays, and Scans
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is based on the symptoms and the neurological examination. Laboratory tests and scans have only a limited role in routine cases. However, when there are unusual or unexpected findings, these studies may be helpful. Also, testing is often appropriate in the evaluation and treatment of conditions linked to PD, such as urinary problems or memory impairment. We will divide our discussion along these lines, first addressing tests to establish the diagnosis and, second, laboratory evaluation of conditions related to PD. The appearance of parkinsonism does not necessarily assure us that someone has PD. However, this is usually the case if there are no atypical or unusual features.
Starting Levodopa Treatment
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you have Parkinson’s disease (PD) and are about to start levodopa therapy, plan on being pleasantly surprised. The improvement is often striking. Levodopa treatment is effective, relatively easy to start, and does not have any potentially serious side effects. No blood test monitoring is necessary, since it does not damage internal organs such as liver or kidneys. There is no one-size-fits-all dose, however. Treatment begins with a low dose, which is slowly raised, guided by the response. In this chapter, we will learn exactly how to do this, what to look for, and why we do what we do. All preparations of levodopa used today in the United States contain carbidopa. To recap, carbidopa administered with levodopa protects levodopa until it can get into the brain. One benefit is that much lower doses of levodopa are necessary. However, the major advantage is that it prevents nausea caused by dopamine in the bloodstream. Levodopa is always prescribed in combination with carbidopa (or in Europe, with a similar drug, benserazide); hence, when we discuss levodopa therapy, we are really talking about carbidopa/levodopa therapy.
The First Few Years on Carbidopa/Levodopa Treatment
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the newly diagnosed person with PD who has recently started carbidopa/levodopa. Will I need to raise the dose every few months? Will I become tolerant? Will it stop working? The answer to all three questions is no. You are now on automatic pilot for the near term. This assumes, of course, that you followed the dosing scheme in chapter 12 and raised the dose sufficiently to adequately treat your problems. Once you’ve done that, further major changes in your medication schedule should not be necessary in the near future. Are there ever any exceptions? Actually, there are, as illustrated in this chapter.