bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prolongation of the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Raffini Leslie J. , Niebanck Alison E. , Hrusovsky Joanne , Stevens Amanda , Blackwood‐Chirchir Anne , Ohene‐Frempong Kwaku , Kwiatkowski Janet L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackgroundPatients with sickle cell disease (SCD) have high rates of perioperative complications, including bleeding 1,2.ProceduresWe conducted a retrospective review of pre‐operative coagulation studies in pediatric patients with SCD followed by a prospective study of 100 well children with SCD to determine the prevalence of abnormal coagulation screening tests, and to evaluate potential etiologies.ResultsIn the retrospective study, 32/84 (38.1%) had a prolonged prothrombin time (PT), compared to 8/100 in the prospective study. Prolongations of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were less common. Children in the prospective study with prolonged PTs had significantly lower levels of Factor V and VII compared to those with normal PTs. Factor VII levels were <50% in 4/8 with long PTs, compared to 3/92 with normal PTs, P = 0.001. Though retrospectively, several patients had normalization of their PT with vitamin K, there was no laboratory evidence of vitamin K deficiency in the prospective study. In the retrospective analysis, six of seven children who had pre‐operative coagulation studies and significant intraoperative blood loss had prolonged PTs (P = 0.04).ConclusionsChildren with SCD admitted for surgical procedures were more likely to have prolonged PTs than those tested at a well visit. There was intra‐patient variability in coagulation studies that may be related to clinical status, hepatocellular dysfunction, and/or increased clotting factor consumption. Future well‐designed prospective studies to determine whether abnormal coagulation studies are associated with an increased risk of perioperative bleeding in children with SCD are necessary. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006; 47:589–593. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, characterization and properties of functionalized styrene–maleimide copolymers
Authors: Pérez‐Camacho O , Sepúlveda‐Guzmán S , Pérez‐Álvarez M , García‐Zamora M , Cadenas‐Pliego G 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNew functionalized styrene–maleimide copolymers were prepared by free radical copolymerization of styrene (St) and N‐4‐carboxybutylmaleimide (NBMI) in chloroform, using 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. Monomer and copolymer characterization was carried out by 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR. Copolymer composition was determined by elemental analysis and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The glass transition temperature (from DSC) and the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the copolymers were consistent with the thermal behavior and stability observed for alternating St–maleimide copolymers. St–NBMI copolymers crosslinked with divinylbenzene (DVB) were also synthesized and their cation exchange properties evaluated in order to assess the capacity of the new copolymers to bind metallic ions. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Constitutive cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 does not contribute to the development of human visceral pain hypersensitivity
Authors: Willert Robert P. , Delaney Claire , Hobson Anthony R. , Thompson David G. , Woolf Clifford J. , Aziz Qasim 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackground and aims Central sensitisation (CS), contributes to the development and maintenance of gastrointestinal pain hypersensitivity. Constitutive cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) contributes to central sensitisation in somatic pain hypersensitivity but its role in mediating visceral pain hypersensitivity is unknown. We therefore conducted a study to determine if COX‐2 inhibition with Valdecoxib attenuates the development or early maintenance of CS in a validated human oesophageal pain hypersensitivity model.Methods Healthy volunteers were studied in two randomised, double blind, crossover studies in which pain thresholds (PT) to electrical stimulation were assessed in the proximal oesophagus, chest wall and foot, prior to and following a distal oesophageal acid infusion. Protocol 1: Valdecoxib, (40 mg) or matching placebo was given orally for 4 days prior to oesophageal acid infusion. Protocol 2: IV Parecoxib (40 mg) or saline was given 120 min after oesophageal acid infusion.Results Valdecoxib did not prevent the induction of secondary allodynia in the proximal oesophagus nor did it attenuate it following its establishment. Chest wall PT fell following oesophageal acid but foot PT remained unchanged; highlighting the development viscero‐somatic convergence due to CS. Valdecoxib had no analgesic or anti‐hyperalgesic effect on chest wall or foot PT.Conclusions Neither the induction nor initial maintenance of acid induced oesophageal pain hypersensitivity is prevented by Valdecoxib, suggesting that constitutive spinal COX‐2 does not contribute to the development or early maintenance of acute visceral central sensitisation.
Antinociceptive activity of the selective iNOS inhibitor AR‐C102222 in rodent models of inflammatory, neuropathic and post‐operative pain
Authors: LaBuda Christopher J. , Koblish Michael , Tuthill Paul , Dolle Roland E. , Little Patrick J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNitric oxide generated by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms contributes to pain processing. The selective inhibition of iNOS might represent a novel, therapeutic target for the development of antinociceptive compounds. However, few isoform‐selective inhibitors of NOS have been developed. The present experiments examined the anti‐inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of a selective inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) inhibitor, AR‐C102222, on arachidonic acid‐induced ear inflammation, Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)‐induced hyperalgesia, acetic acid‐induced writhing, and tactile allodynia produced by L5 spinal nerve ligation (L5 SNL) or hindpaw incision (INC). AR‐C102222 at a dose of 100 mg/kg p.o., significantly reduced inflammation produced by the application of arachidonic acid to the ear, attenuated FCA‐induced mechanical hyperalgesia, and attenuated acetic acid‐induced writhing. In the L5 SNL and INC surgical procedures, tactile allodynia produced by both procedures was significantly reduced by 30 mg/kg i.p. of AR‐C102222. These data demonstrate that the selective inhibition of iNOS produces antinociception in different models of pain and suggest that the iNOS‐NO system plays a role in pain processing.
Do environmental factors affect recruits per spawner anomalies of New England groundfish?
Authors: Brodziak Jon , O'Brien Loretta 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
We evaluated the influence of environmental factors on recruits per spawner (RS) anomalies of 12 New England groundfish stocks. Nonparametric methods were used to analyse time-series of RS anomalies derived from stock-recruitment data in recent assessments. The 12 stocks occur in three geographic regions: the Gulf of Maine (cod Gadus morhua, redfish Sebastes fasciatus, winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus, American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides, witch flounder Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, and yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea), Georges Bank (cod, haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus, and yellowtail flounder), and Southern New England (summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus, yellowtail flounder, and winter flounder). Randomization tests were applied to detect years when RS anomalies were unusually high or low for comparison with oceanographic conditions such as the 1998 intrusion of Labrador Subarctic Slope water into the Gulf of Maine region. Randomization methods were also used to evaluate the central tendency and dispersion of all RS anomalies across stocks. Average RS anomalies were significantly positive in 1987 across stocks and regions, indicating that environmental forcing was coherent and exceptional in that year. Responses of RS values of individual stocks to lagged and contemporaneous environmental variables such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, water temperature, windstress, and shelf water volume anomalies were evaluated using generalized additive models. Overall, the NAO forward-lagged by 2 years had the largest impact on RS anomalies. This apparent effect is notable because it could provide a leading indicator of RS anomalies for some commercially exploited stocks. In particular, the three primary groundfish stocks on Georges Bank (cod, haddock, and yellowtail flounder) all exhibited positive RS anomalies when the NAO2 variable was positive.
Age calibration of carbonate rind thickness in late pleistocene soils for surficial deposit age estimation, Southwest USA
Authors: Amoroso Lee 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCarbonate rinds have been used for cross-correlation of landforms as well as a quantitative indicator of soil age. Using the measured rind thickness of clasts found within a deposit, whose age has been independently determined, allows the construction of a calibrated surface-age proxy. Measurements were taken at sites within the Mojave Desert, the northwestern Sonoran Desert, the southern Great Basin, and the western Colorado Plateau. These sites are all within about 300 km of the intersection of the borders of the states of California, Arizona, and Nevada. In the study area, elevation varied from 200 to 1200 m, MAP was from 95 to 195 mm, and MAT was from 18.4° to 23.3°C. The calibrated proxy, while not accounting for the effects of parent material or climate on rind development, does show a strong correlation (R2 = 0.74,P < 0.05) between carbonate rind thickness and surface age for deposits of late to middle Pleistocene age. The calibrated chronosequence, rind thickness = 0.0889 + 0.0079 [surface age]), is in general valid over a large region of southwestern United States. This statistical relation suggests that parent material, climate, and elevation may not be as strong a control on carbonate accumulation as is age for younger soils.
Carcinogenicity of 2‐Amino‐3‐methylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline in Nonhuman Primates: Induction of Tumors in Three Macaques
Authors: Adamson Richard H. , Thorgeirsson Unnur P. , Snyderwine Elizabeth G. , Thorgeirsson Snorri S. , Reeves Jeanette , Dalgard Dan W. , Takayama Shozo , Sugimura Takashi 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe carcinogenic potential of 2‐amino‐3‐methylimidazo[4,5f]quinoline (IQ) was evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys. Monkeys received IQ, beginning at the age of one year, at doses of 10 or 20 mg/kg by gavage. Thus far, IQ has induced hepatocellular carcinoma in three monkeys with a latent period of 27 to 37 months. Metastases to the lung occurred in two of the three monkeys. Microscopically, the hepatocellular carcinoma in all three cases demonstrated a trabecular pattern. These data demonstrate that IQ is a potent carcinogen in nonhuman primates and support the idea that it is a potential carcinogen for humans.
Effects of Growth Factors and Hormones on Growth and Morphological Differentiation of Human Breast Epithelial Cells within Collagen Gel in Serum‐free Medium
Authors: Takahashi Kazuhide , Kawahara Satoru , Ono Tetsuo 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTWhen human epithelial cells that had grown out from either carcinoma or histologically non‐malignant breast tissues were seeded within type I collagen gels in serum‐free medium, they successively grew and protruded many radial duct‐like extensions with lumina. Separate deletion of each of the supplements from the medium showed that growth as well as morphological differentiation of carcinoma‐derived cells were prevented in the absence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) or hydrocortisone. Removal of insulin or ethanolamine plus phosphoethanolamine caused a significant inhibition of cell growth without interfering with the morphological differentiation. Contrary to the case with carcinoma‐derived cells, both growth and morphological differentiation of epithelial cells derived from non‐malignant breast tissues were prevented when EGF, hydrocortisone or insulin was absent. Removal of each of the other supplements (except for transferrin), including ethanolamine plus phosphoethanolamine, prolactin, or prostaglandin, caused a significant inhibition of cell growth with no apparent inhibition of morphological differentiation. The present results suggest that human epithelial cells derived from either carcinoma or histologically non‐malignant breast tissues strongly depend on the presence of EGF and hydrocortisone and there is a decreased dependence on insulin in carcinoma‐derived cells with respect to their growth and morphological differentiation during culture within collagen gels.
Changes in Serum and Tissue Carcinoembryonic Antigen with Growth of a Human Gastric Cancer Xenograft in Nude Mice
Authors: Kiyama Teruo , Onda Masahiko , Tokunaga Akira , Nishi Keigo , Mizutani Takashi , Yoshiyuki Toshiro , Shimizu Yasuhito , Matsukura Norio , Tanaka Noritake , Asano Goro 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTWe established a human gastric cancer xenograft which, when inoculated into nude mice, showed a positive correlation between tumor growth and the serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Serum CEA levels in the mice rose continuously with increasing tumor weight after inoculation, showing a correlation coefficient of 0.96. A positive correlation was also observed between the tissue CEA level and tumor weight, the former increasing along with the latter. Furthermore, the level of serum CEA closely paralleled that of tissue CEA. The serum CEA level fell after tumor extirpation, with a half‐life of approximately 86 h. These results suggest that the elevation of serum CEA is attributable to the gain in tumor weight as well as the increase of CEA production in the tumor tissue. Thus, human gastric cancer xenografts in nude mice are a good model for examining the biological role of CEA.
Methotrexate Cytotoxicity as Related to Irreversible S Phase Arrest in Mouse L1210 Leukemia Cells
Authors: Tsurusawa Masahito , Niwa Makoto , Katano Naoyuki , Fujimoto Takeo 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe association between cytotoxicity and cell cycle perturbation caused by methotrexate (MTX) was investigated in mouse L1210 leukemia cells by flow cytometric bromodeoxyuridine/DNA assay. In the range of concentrations of MTX from 10‐7M to 10‐6M, in vitro exposure to the drug for 6 h caused a dose‐dependent suppression of clonal growth of the tumor cells and S phase arrest in the cycle progression, resulting in an accumulation of cells in early S phase, in which they showed no definite increase of DNA content above G1 levels. The surviving fraction of the clonogenic cells corresponded with the fraction of cells which recovered from the S phase arrest in MTX‐free medium. In mice bearing L1210 ascites tumors, a bolus injection of MTX caused the S phase arrest of the tumor cells as shown in suspension cultures, and cytokinetic recovery was observed in parallel with the regrowth of the tumor. These results showed that irreversible S phase arrest is a critical cytokinetic event associated with the cytotoxicity of MTX.
Mental disorders in current and former heavy ecstasy (MDMA) users
Authors: Thomasius R. , Petersen K. U. , Zapletalova P. , Wartberg L. , Zeichner D. , Schmoldt A. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTBackground  Ecstasy use has often been found to be associated with psychopathology, yet this research has so far been based largely on subjective symptom ratings.Aims  To investigate whether ecstasy users suffered from long‐term psychopathological consequences.Measurements  We compared the prevalence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM‐IV) mental disorders in 30 current and 29 former ecstasy users, 29 polydrug and 30 drug‐naive controls. Groups were approximately matched by age, gender and level of education. The current ecstasy users reported a life‐time dose of an average of 821 and the former ecstasy users of 768 ecstasy tablets.Findings  Ecstasy users did not significantly differ from controls in the prevalence of mental disorders, except those related to substance use. Substance‐induced affective, anxiety and cognitive disorders occurred more frequently among ecstasy users than polydrug controls. The life‐time prevalence of ecstasy dependence amounted to 73% in the ecstasy user groups. More than half of the former ecstasy users and nearly half of the current ecstasy users met the criteria of substance‐induced cognitive disorders at the time of testing. Logistic regression analyses showed the estimated life‐time doses of ecstasy to be predictive of cognitive disorders, both current and life‐time.Conclusions  The motivation for ecstasy use is not likely to be self‐medication of pre‐existing depressive or anxiety disorders as these did not occur more frequently in the ecstasy users than in control groups or in the general population. Cognitive disorders still present after over 5 months of ecstasy abstinence may well be functional consequences of serotonergic neurotoxicity of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).
Changes in the prevalence of alcohol use in rap song lyrics, 1979–97
Authors: Herd Denise 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTAims  This paper explores the role of changing images of drinking and alcoholic beverage use in rap music from its beginnings in the United States in the late 1970s to the late 1990s.Design  A sample of 341 rap music song lyrics released from 1979 to 1997 were selected using Billboard and Gavin rating charts. Song lyrics were coded for music genres, alcohol beverage types and brand names, drinking behaviors, drinking contexts, intoxication, attitudes towards alcohol and consequences of drinking.Findings  From 1979 to 1997, songs with references to alcohol increased fivefold (from 8 to 44%); those exhibiting positive attitudes rose from 43% to 73%; and brand name mentions increased from 46% to 71%. There were also significant increases in songs mentioning champagne and liquor (mainly expensive brand names) when comparing songs released after 1994 with those from previous years. In addition, there were significant increases in references to alcohol to signify glamour and wealth, and using alcohol with drugs and for recreational purposes. The findings also showed that alcohol use in rap music was much more likely to result in positive than negative consequences.Conclusions  Many of these findings are consistent with the idea that rap music has been profoundly affected by commercial forces and the marketing of alcoholic beverages. In addition, it is possible that the increase in references to alcoholic beverages in rap music, particularly spirits, is a reflection of a broader advertising culture which increasingly associates African Americans with alcohol use.
Reducing adverse events in blood transfusion
Authors: Stainsby Dorothy , Russell Joan , Cohen Hannah , Lilleyman John 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAgainst a background of ever increasing expenditure on blood safety, less attention has been paid to improving the safety of the transfusion chain within hospitals. Based on reports to the Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT scheme) between 1996 and 2003, the risk of an error occurring during transfusion of a blood component is estimated at 1:16 500, an ABO incompatible transfusion at 1:100 000 and the risk of death as a result of an ‘incorrect blood component transfused’ (IBCT) is around 1:1 500 000. There are opportunities for error at a number of critical points in the transfusion chain, starting with the decision to transfuse, prescription and request, patient sampling, pretransfusion testing and finally the collection of the component from the blood refrigerator and administration to the patient, consistently the commonest error in successive SHOT reports. Successive ‘Better Blood Transfusion’ initiatives and the 2003 Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer for England have drawn welcome attention to the importance of safe and appropriate transfusion and the National Patient Safety Agency has now set a target of reducing the number of ABO incompatible transfusions by 50% over 3–5 years.
The frequency of the sickle allele in Jamaica has not declined over the last 22 years
Authors: Hanchard N. A. , Hambleton I. , Harding R. M. , McKenzie C. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe ‘malaria hypothesis’ predicts that the frequency of the sickle allele, which is high in malaria‐endemic African populations, should decline with each generation in populations of African descent living in areas where malaria is no longer endemic. In order to determine whether this has been the case in Jamaica, we compared haemoglobin electrophoresis results from two hospital‐based screening programmes separated by more than 20 years (i.e. approximately one generation). The first comprised 100 000 neonates screened between 1973 and 1981, the second, 104 183 neonates screened between 1995 and 2003. The difference in frequency of the sickle allele was small (5·47% in the first cohort and 5·38% in the second screening cohort) and not significant (Z = 1·23, P = 0·22). The same was true of the sickle trait frequency (10·05% in the first cohort and 9·85% in the second, Z = 1·45, P = 0·15). These differences were smaller than predicted under simple deterministic models based on the malaria hypothesis, and suggest that these models may not capture important determinants of allele and trait frequency decline (or persistence) in contemporary populations. Refining the expectations for allele and trait frequency change for Jamaica and other similar populations is an area for future study.
Histopathology, cell proliferation indices and clinical outcome in 304 patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL): a clinicopathological study from the European MCL Network
Authors: Tiemann Markus , Schrader Carsten , Klapper Wolfram , Dreyling Martin H. , Campo Elias , Norton Andrew , Berger Francoise , Kluin Philip , Ott German , Pileri Stephano , Pedrinis Ennio , Feller Alfred C. , Merz Hartmut , Janssen Dirk , Hansmann Martin L. , van Krieken Han , Möller Peter , Stein Harald , Unterhalt Michael , Hiddemann Wolfgang , Parwaresch Reza 
Published: August 2005

SummaryMantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a distinct lymphoma subtype with a particularly poor clinical outcome. The clinical relevance of the morphological characteristics of these tumours remains uncertain. The European MCL Network reviewed 304 cases of MCL to determine the prognostic significance of histopathological characteristics. Cytomorphological subtypes, growth pattern and markers of proliferation (mitotic and Ki‐67 indices) were analysed. In addition to the known cytological subtypes, classical (87·5%), small cell (3·6%), pleomorphic (5·9%) and blastic (2·6%), we identified new pleomorphic subgroups with mixtures of cells (classical + pleomorphic type; 1·6%) or transitions (classical/pleomorphic type; 1·6%), which, however, did not differ significantly in overall survival time. Exactly 80·5% of cases displayed a diffuse growth pattern, whereas 19·5% of cases had a nodular growth pattern, which was associated with a slightly more favourable prognosis. A high proliferation rate (mitotic or Ki‐67 indices) was associated with shorter overall survival. Cut‐off levels were defined that allowed three subgroups with different proliferation rates to be discriminated, which showed significantly different clinical outcomes (P < 0·0001). Based on this large clinicopathological study of prospective clinical trials, multivariate analysis confirmed the central prognostic role of cell proliferation and its superiority to all other histomorphological and clinical criteria.