bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1955-1956
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Qualitatively and quantitatively,” the Times commented at season’s end, “it has been one of the most successful in a decade.” In his Best Plays Louis Kronenberger rated it “the most rewarding in years.” Dissenters could point to a paucity of good musicals, albeit the two best were My Fair Lady and The Most Happy Fella. And among straight plays, however good, a discouraging number came from overseas or were adaptations of novels or even television shows. Why the Times was so happy about the quantity of shows is more puzzling, since its figure of thirty-nine new plays (Variety counted thirty-five) was nowhere near a few recent highs. And its seemingly lofty total of eightyeight productions stemmed from its considering each offering of some major foreign repertory groups individually.
1956-1957
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was, at best, an uneven season that led to disparate evaluations. In the Best Plays Louis Kronenberger slapped it down as “depressingly bad.” Variety deemed it merely “n.s.g.” (read, not so good). The Times, in its year-end review, passed up the chance to pass judgment. If there were areas of agreement they were on the growing strength of Off Broadway and the on going revival of Eugene O’Neill-a resurrection which gave the season its finest “new” play. At the box office a slow inflation continued. More plays asked and received a $6.90 top, while a $4.60 top became virtually extinct. The combination of a rise in prices and a drop in quality allowed only thirteen novelties and two revivals to run beyond 100 performances, and only seven of these made a profit.
1962-1963
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once more, it was not a very good season. In his second year as editor of the Best Plays, Henry Hewes lamented, “The deterioration of the New York climate for theatrical production . . . became mercilessly apparent in a 1962-63 season generally regarded as the worst.” Only two of Hewes’s ten best were native dramas (although a third was an American play which failed off Broadway). Even the Pulitzer committee turned its back on the stage, though not without controversy. Depending on whose tally was accepted, somewhere between thirty-four and thirty-six novelties premiered on Broadway. As with last season, the one piece of good news for playgoers was that ticket prices held steady. Little excitement was generated either on or off Broadway until mid-September. The season’s first hits were unveiled downtown.
1963-1964
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although tallies of how many novelties reached Broadway in the new season ranged widely from thirty-five to forty-two (a sharper discrepancy than usual), there was little disagreement that the theatrical year once again was largely lack luster. No fewer than six entries folded after their first performance. And at season’s end neither the Critics Circle nor the Pulitzer committee saw fit to garland an American play. (Oddly enough, one of this season’s late entries did win both prizes next year). Off Broadway remained relatively busy all summer and produced one reasonably long-run hit during the warm weather, Lewis John Carlino’s Cages (6-13-63, York), a double bill of one-acters. Both plays featured Jack Warden and Shelley Winters.
The Swing Era
Authors: Gioia Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The onset of the Great Depression had a chilling effect on the jazz world, as it did on the whole entertainment industry. Record sales in the United States had surpassed one hundred million in 1927, but by 1932 only six million were sold—a staggering decline of over 90 percent! Small record companies, a flourishing sector of entrepreneurial activity during the previous decade, shut their doors one by one, and a whole industry appeared to be on the verge of extinction. During this same period, the growing popularity of talking movies led many theaters to halt the elaborate live shows that had previously been a staple of popular entertainment in most cities, further reducing paying jobs for musicians.
Freedom and Beyond
Authors: Gioia Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Freedom” stood out as a politically charged word in American public discourse during the late 195Os and early 1960s—it would be hard, in fact, to find a term more explosive, more laden with depths of meaning, or proclaimed with more emotion during these tumultuous years. This one-time truism of civics classes and refrain from the nation’s founding documents now took on new force, in the process outlining a sharp divide in the country’s social and economic structures. The civil rights movement of the clay raised it aloft as a battle cry, held it forth as a goal, and asserted it as a first principle on which all else clepcnclecl. It could no longer be put out of mind as an empty phrase or accepted as a fait accompli in American society. “Freedom” was very much something to live for, or, for a few, even to die for.
The National Pastime
Authors: Pope S W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike all other major American team sports, professional major-league baseball gained cultural primacy in the United States long before the amateur and semiprofessional games. Although amateur and semiprofessional play sustained the game as the national pastime for more than a century, professional baseball fundamentally shaped the way that most Americans have played and thought about the sport. The creation of the National League in 1876 spawned the key elements-league structure; territorial franchise monopolies; annual championship tournaments; the “reserve clause”; assignment of game officials; and revenue sharing-that dominated commercialized American sports for more than a century. Given the fact that basketball was not invented until 1891 and that professional football only materialized in institutional form in the 1920s, baseball was the only leading American professional sport until after World War I. Despite the ascendancy of amateurism during the late nineteenth century, professional baseball, although an anomaly for its time, provided a model for Americans in understanding big-time commercialized sports.
Thanksgiving Football Rituals
Authors: Pope S W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1893 a four-hour Thanksgiving Day parade of horse-drawn coaches traveled up New York’s Fifth Avenue and wove through Harlem to the Polo Grounds, where more than 40,000 spectators watched Princeton beat a strongly favored Yale team 6 to 0.
For several days prior to the well-publicized event, “fakirs swarmed uptown like an invading army,” noted the renowned writer Richard Harding Davis, “with banners and flags and artificial flowers in the true [school] colors, and with tiny leather footballs and buttons and rosettes and ribbons and tin horns and countless varieties of [school] badges.” Manhattan shop windows were adorned with photographs of the collegiate football stars, and the “legitimate gambling on Wall Street was neglected for the greater interest of betting on the game.” Many Americans like Davis (who was paid $500 for his featured article in Harper’s Weekly) recognized the Thanksgiving Day football game as “the greatest sporting event and spectacle combined that this country has to show”; “Thanksgiving Day is no longer a solemn festival to God for mercies given,” he wrote, “it is a holiday granted by the State and the nation to see a game of football.” The most prominent dialect-speaking fictional character of early-twentieth-century American humor, Mr. Dooley, confidently pierced such intellectual explanations with the homespun wisdom and brogue of a working-class Irish saloonkeeper from Chicago’s South Side.
Synthetic Antibodies
Authors: Rosenblum Jonathan S , Barbas Carlos F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antibodies are the immune system’s solution to the problem of molecular recognition. They are generated and evolved by the immune system to bind with high affinity to molecules the host has never before encountered. In an organism, an antigenic challenge is met with an order of 100 million different antibody molecules. From this primary response, the highest-affinity binders are selected for maturation through somatic mutation. Antibodies with infinitely many specificities can be produced in this manner. Indeed, the survival of the host may depend on it. A primary response typically has members with micromolar dissociation constants, while somatic mutation expeditiously increases binding by three to five orders of magnitude.
Engineering the Antibody Combining Site by Codon-Based Mutagenesis in a Filamentous Phage Display System
Authors: Glaser Scott , Kristensson Karin , Chilton Todd , Huse William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Codon-based mutagenesis, as applied to antibody engineering, is a general method for rapidly and efficiently increasing antibody affinity and for altering specificity towards an antigen. Antibody binding properties can be modified up to 100-fold without devising special screening procedures or requiring detailed antibody structural information. Randomized sequence libraries constructed within the antibody variable region by codon-based mutagenesis and screened by panning, filter lift, or enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) yield functionally modified antibodies at a frequency of three orders of magnitude greater as compared to traditional mutagenesis techniques.
Music as Literature
Authors: Daverio John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Less than half a year after matriculating as a law student at the University of Leipzig, Schumann had already determined to continue his studies elsewhere. Writing to his mother on 3 August 1828, he broached the idea of resettling in Heidelberg, ostensibly to attend the lectures of the great jurists Karl Mittermaier and Anton Friedrich Thibaut, but also for the less clearly defined purpose of counteracting his steadily growing malaise by expanding his range of intellectual contacts. According to his only partially realized plan, he would leave Leipzig just after the winter semester of 1829, spend a year at the University of Heidelberg, and return to Leipzig by Easter 1830 to complete his law degree. At some level, then, Schumann did perhaps intend to see his legal studies through to their conclusion, or, what is more likely, he deluded himself into thinking he might do so. En route to Heidelberg in May 1829, he had an experience that offers a more telling premonition of the direction his future would take. Stricken with an “extraordinary desire” to play the piano while passing through Frankfurt on 14 May, he strolled into a piano dealer’s shop, introduced himself as the valet of an English nobleman interested in purchasing an instrument, installed himself at a piano, and played to his heart’s content for three hours. Although he promised to return in two days with a definitive answer from his master, he was by that time, as he proudly related the anecdote to his mother, already in Rtidesheim drinking Rtidesheimer beer.
Music Criticism in a New Key
Authors: Daverio John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 1833 Schumann arrived in Leipzig after a four-month stay in Zwickau and nearby Schneeberg, the home of his brother Carl and sister-in-law Rosalie. As noted in the previous chapter, the first movement of his G-minor Symphony was performed at both locations: in Zwickau on 18 November 1832 and in Schneeberg in mid-February of the following year. On returning to Leipzig, Schumann took an apartment with Carl Gunther, a law student, in Franz Riedel’s Garten, an establishment on the outskirts of the city. He continued to work on his G-minor Symphony (certainly on the last movement, and perhaps also on the second and third as well), the first movement of which was rendered, but only with limited success, at Clara’s “grand concert” of 29 April at the Gewandhaus. But at about the same time, which Schumann described as the beginning of his “richest and most active period;’ his thoughts turned to a project that would have tremendous consequences not only for his own career but also for the future course of music journalism: the founding of a new journal for music.
Fierce Battles and Blissful Songs
Authors: Daverio John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When he returned from Zwickau to Leipzig on 14 April 1839, Schumann must have felt as though his world was disintegrating around him. The two weeks before had brought one upheaval after another in rapid succession: word of his brother Eduard’s illness, the hurried leave-taking of Vienna, then Eduard’s death. For a time Schumann contemplated moving the Neue Zeitschrift to Zwickau and assuming responsibility for the family business; he may even have approached Friese, his journal’s publisher for the last several years, to be a partner in the enterprise. These plans were dropped soon enough, though the book firm did, in a sense, remain in the family; it was eventually sold to Friedrich Fleischer, who married Eduard’s widow Therese in November of the following year.
But in the meantime, a storm of greater magnitude was brewing. Writing from Paris on 9 April, Clara informed Schumann of her discovery of a clandestine correspondence between her friend Emilie List and Wieck, who was threatening to disinherit her, confiscate her earnings, and initiate a lawsuit against the lovers unless Clara promised to break off all relations with Schumann.
The Chamber Music Year: 1842
Authors: Daverio John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first major crisis of Schumann’s married life occurred in 1842, the year during which he would extend his conquest of the principal musical genres into the realm of chamber music. The precariously maintained checks and balances between personal and professional concerns that nurtured Schumann’s productivity during the previous year threatened to come undone in the months preceding the composition of the String Quartets, op. 41, nos. 1-3, the Piano Quintet, op. 44, the Piano Quartet, op. 47, and the Phantasiestucke, op. 88, for piano trio. The crisis of 1842 was precipitated by a concert tour on which Schumann and Clara embarked on 18 February. Intended primarily to showcase Clara’s pianism (although Schumann’s First Symphony figured on several programs), the tour thrust the couple into a veritable whirlwind of rehearsals, soirees, public performances, and social calls in Bremen, Oldenburg, and Hamburg. But in the weeks just before departing, Schumann complained of feeling “very ill:’ “always sick and melancholy”; for several days he was not even well enough to leave home. As documented in Schumann’s Reisenotizen (travel notes), later filled out as a discursive account, the composer was in a “horrible state of health” by the time that he and Clara arrived in Hamburg in early March.
Schumann’s New Way
Authors: Daverio John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Notwithstanding the challenges of the period from 1841 to 1843, these years represented a relatively stable phase in Schumann’s often unstable life. Now he could look back with justifiable pride, had he wanted to, on a not insignificant series of accomplishments, both personal and professional. The victor in a messy legal dispute over the woman he loved, and the father of two children, he was well on the way toward achieving bourgeois respectability. A staple of Leipzig’s musical life, his reputation as a composer, consolidated through the symphonic and chamber works of 1841 and 1842, would soon spread far and wide in the wake of the Peri’s successes; Schumann was within striking distance of the artistic renown he had dreamed of for over a decade. But lives seldom if ever hold to an undisturbed course; the artist-life in particular is more apt to be rent by turmoil, frustrated by reversals, and besieged by psychological trauma. Such was the case with Robert Schumann in 1844.
The Final Phase
Authors: Daverio John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Municipal Music Director in Dusseldorf
In mid-November 1849, Schumann received an invitation from Ferdinand Hiller, who had just accepted a post in Cologne, to assume the latter’s old position as municipal music director in Dilsseldorf. The offer was tempting, especially since Schumann had been hoping for a salaried position for some time: in July 1847 he expressed interest in the directorship of the Vienna Conservatory; during the summer of 1849 he set his sights on the directorship of the Leipzig Gewandhaus concerts and even allowed some of the members of his Chorverein to make inquiries on his behalf regarding Wagner’s vacant post at the Dresden Hoftheater. Still, he was reluctant to make a hasty decision on Hiller’s offer, and his reservations were compounded by memories of Mendelssohn’s unfortunate experiences as music director in the capital of the Rhine Province, working with an odd assortment of professionals and dilettantes. In a letter to Hiller of 19 November 1849, Schumann requested further details on salary, cost of living, moving expenses, the size of the chorus and orchestra, flexibility in the arrangement of his schedule, and last, an appropriate sphere of activity for Clara: “You know her; she can’t be unoccupied.” In any event, he could not take up residence in Dilsseldorf until Easter of the following year owing to the Leipzig premiere of Genoveva in the winter of 1850 (as we know, the production was postponed until June).
The Syntactic and Semantic Background
Authors: Giorgi Alessandra , Pianesi Fabio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book we analyse some phenomena concerning the temporal and aspectual interpretation in Italian and English, extending some of the conclusions to the Romance domain and to some Germanic languages. The level of investigation is the interface between semantics and morphosyntax. We consider some questions concerning the rules and the principles governing the expression of the semantic information concerning tense and aspect by means of temporal and aspectual morphemes realised on the verb.
The Present Perfect in Germanic and Romance
Authors: Giorgi Alessandra , Pianesi Fabio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider the properties and the distribution of the present perfect in some Germanic and Romance languages. The reason the phenomena concerning the present perfect are especially interesting is that this tense raises an interesting problem, the so-called present perfect puzzle, discussed at length in the literature. Such a problem cannot be trivially explained by means of either a semantic theory or a pragmatic one, and it has never been addressed from a morphosyntactic perspective. As we will see better in 3.1.5., the present perfect puzzle consists of the impossibility, in certain languages, for a present perfect to cooccur with certain temporal adverbials: John has left(* at four). We will show that a morphosyntactic account of the verbal systems of the languages in question is the necessary starting point for any semantic (or pragmatic) theory of the present perfect. In particular, we will see that our application of the minimalist approach, which we have sketched in the previous chapters, to the verbal domain will be especially fruitful, in that it will provide the technical background for the crosslinguistic analysis we are going to develop here.
The Double Accessibility Reading in Italian and English
Authors: Giorgi Alessandra , Pianesi Fabio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we briefly consider the properties of the so-called Double Accessibility Reading (DAR), comparing Italian with British English (BEn) and American English (AEn). We will argue that the two varieties of English differ from each other and that, interestingly, BEn has several properties in common with Italian, as opposed to AEn. In 6.1. we describe the DAR effects, and in §6.2. we investigate the conditions it is possible to find it under in Italian. For this purpose we consider the interpretation of the indicative—in particular, the imperfect—and of the subjunctive in the contexts created by credere (believe) and dire (say). In 6.3. we compare Italian with English. Interestingly, English has neither the imperfect indicative nor the subjunctive. However, we will show that, in spite of this, Italian and English are actually much more similar to one another than what appears at first glance and that a more sophisticated analysis of the feature mechanisms can account for the properties of these constructions in both languages.
The Child from Six to Nine
Authors: Machover Wilma , Uszler Marienne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year from age six to nine are often the time during which parents enroll children in music study. The child now has some sense of independence, is ready to accept others beyond parents and family as authority figures, has a longer concentration span, knows numbers and letters, and has had some reading experience.
When your child enters the first grade, he must adjust to a more formal school situation, even though he may have spent several years in day care or nursery school. This adjustment usually means a longer school day, more time spent sitting quietly for instruction, homework, and a more organized home schedule. Your child may now be spending the entire day away from home, and may find that demands of school life must be taken more seriously.
For some children, starting music lessons when entering first grade may be difficult, especially if the child is highly active, does not deal easily with longer separation from home, cannot cope with fulfilling expectations of several authority figures, or has language or reading problems. To this child, music lessons may seem to steal from the dwindling amount of playtime resulting from a full school day.
Introduction: Who Decides?
Authors: Hall Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we are ill, we desperately want our doctors to do everything within their power to heal us, regardless of the costs. Medical technology has advanced so far, however, that literal adherence to this credo for every human frailty would consume much more than our country’s entire economic output, and, in the process, cause economic collapse. Our potential medical demands are limitless. Bringing our massive medical prowess to bear on every physical and mental deficiency would mean treating each person’s occasional insomnia, periodic lethargy, seasonal allergies, and minor aches and pains as if they were life-threatening illnesses. It would mean hours of psychological counseling each week, and personal fitness coaches and dietary trainers for everyone (not just for movie stars and other Californians). Ambulances staffed 24 hours a day would have to be as common as fire hydrants, parked throughout each town to respond instantaneously to any medical emergency. This is obviously hyperbole, but it illustrates what it would mean to take seriously the sentiment that nothing is more valuable than one’s health and thus cost should be no object when it comes to medical care.