bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental and numerical analysis of intermetallics in Al–Mg friction stir welds
Authors: Naveenkumar M , Subramanian M , Ranjith R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this research work, it was aimed to analyse the thermal behaviour during FSW in order to understand the diffusion behaviour of Al (AA6061)-Mg (AZ31B) dissimilar joints. Three heat input levels at different weld pitch ratios (WPR) of 0.087, 0.068 and 0.051 are accounted for the analysis. Finite element modelling (FEM) is employed to predict temperature evolutions. From the FEM results and fundamental diffusion equations, the intermetallic thickness and the diffusion behaviour between the Al and Mg material were analyzed and found that the Al-rich intermetallic phases Al3Mg2 grow faster and wider than the Mg-rich phase Al12Mg17. Tensile test demonstrates that a lower welding pitch ratio (WPR) leads to the formation of thicker intermetallic layers, resulting in reduced tensile strength and joint efficiency. In contrast, a higher WPR (0.087) minimizes intermetallic thickness, yielding superior tensile properties (138mpa). Microhardness measurements at the stir zone reveal a broad range from 70 to 164 HV, signifying mechanical heterogeneity. Microstructural reveals that a complex interplay between Al and Mg materials, resulting in fine equiaxed grains, intermetallic compounds, and distinct flow patterns in the stir zone.
Drug eruptions and the vulva
Authors: Binns Hannah M , Tasker Fiona , Lewis Fiona M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drug reactions affecting the vulva are understudied and underreported, with some having the potential to cause serious morbidity through long-term sequelae. We conducted a literature review to investigate the current evidence about vulval drug eruptions. We aimed to establish the extent of drug reactions affecting the vulva, identify the common culprit drugs, and review current evidence and guidelines regarding their management. The vulval involvement seen in Steven–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and fixed drug eruption forms the focus of this review, but we also summarize the current evidence regarding less common reactions.
The Hope of Agreement: Against Vibing Accounts of Aesthetic Judgment
Authors: Hansen Nat , Adams Zed 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stanley Cavell’s account of aesthetic judgment has two components. The first is a feeling: the judge has to see, hear, or ‘dig’ something in the object being judged; there has to be an ‘emotion’ that the judge feels and expresses. The second is the ‘discipline of accounting for [the judgment]’, a readiness to argue for one’s aesthetic judgment in the face of disagreement. The discipline of accounting for one’s aesthetic judgments involves what Nick Riggle has called a norm of convergence: the judge aims to get one’s audience to taste, see, or hear what the judge tastes or sees or hears in the object being judged. Because of the unmistakable difficulty in reaching agreement in aesthetic judgment, Riggle has denied that aesthetic judgment requires a convergence norm and has proposed instead that it requires ‘a kind of harmony of individuality’ (which Riggle calls ‘vibing’). We argue that Cavell offers a version of the convergence norm that is distinct from those that Riggle criticizes, namely Kant’s demand for agreement and Andy Egan’s presupposition of similarity in dispositions in ‘non-defective’ aesthetic conversations. Cavell’s version of the convergence norm is ‘the hope of agreement’. One can hope that one’s audience will agree with one’s aesthetic judgments even when one isn’t in a position to demand agreement or to presuppose similarity in the dispositions that would make agreement more likely. Cavell’s distinct convergence norm avoids Riggle’s criticisms and contributes to a richer account of what’s going on when we disagree about aesthetic matters.
Behavioural pharmacology of nicotine in animals
Authors: Stolerman I P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nicotine resembles many other psychoactive drugs in the sense that it has a very wide range of psychological effects. In this chapter, some of the more important of these effects are discussed in order, firstly, to assess what they can tell us that is relevant to the uses of nicotine and, secondly, to see how far the psychological effects can be related to the neurophysiological and biochemical actions of nicotine that have been surveyed elsewhere in the volume.
Stratification and its discontents: professionalization and conflict in the British public health service, 1848-1914
Authors: Porter Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of the professions is central to an understanding of the development of community health care in Britain. Since the mid-nineteenth century, the construction and execution of health policy has increasingly been determined by professionals legitimated by the authority of specialized knowledge and services. One professional group crucial to Victorian public health administration was medical officers of health. Both Edwin Chadwick and John Simon believed that district health officers were indispensable to an effective system of disease prevention. The compulsory appointment of medical officers of health, first to metropolitan sanitary districts in 1855 and later to provincial districts throughout England and Wales in 1872, led to the creation of a national service of doctors who were responsible for the health of the community rather than the treatment of individuals.
Applied voltages in spinal cord reconstruction: history, strategies, and behavioural models
Authors: Borgens Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three general approaches are currently applied to the problem of restoring function after severe spinal cord trauma. Perhaps the oldest approach is to intervene in the secondary pathophysiological phenomena that follow the acute event. This suggests that by reducing the progression of destructive vascular changes, free-radical-associated autodestruction of cord parenchyma, cicatrix formation, etc., one might preserve functions normally lost. A second approach is to develop treatment that would restore some level of axonal connection broken by direct transection or the separation of nerve fibres following severe contusion. This is the aim of cell and tissue trans plantation technologies, which would make use of the endogenous plasticity of the adult mammalian spinal cord and of techniques aimed at facilitating regeneration of central axons (Kao etal.1983; Borgens eta!.1986b; Bray et al. 1987). Finally, one might attempt to restore more normal physiological functioning to axons that survive the insult intact but whose conduction is impaired (Blight and DeCrescito 1986; Blight and Gruner 1987). This is the aim of recent investigations into the use of potassium channel blockade to increase the safety factor for conduction in partially or completely demyelinated axons persisting within the site of injury to the spinal cord (Blight and Gruner 1987; Blight 1989).
Changes in calcium sensitivity at the cross-bridge level
Authors: Brenner B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now generally accepted that muscle contraction is the result of cyclic interactions of the myosin heads (cross-bridges) with actin, as ATP is hydrolysed.3-5 According to recent concepts (Fig. 9. I), cross-bridges exist in two main configurations, namely a configuration of low actin affinity (the configuration of ‘weak-binding’ states) and a configuration of high actin affinity (the configuration of ‘strong-binding’ states).
The Subjective World Of The Performer
Authors: Persson Roland S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amusician cannotmove others unless he too ismoved’, C.P. E. Bach argued in his treatise on the true art of playing keyboard instruments, ‘He must of necessity feel all of the affects that he hopes to arouse in his audience’ (1985, p. 152). Famed singer Janet Baker, in an interview published in The Observer, stated of musicians in general that ‘. . . [their] business is emotion and sensitivity—to be the sensors of the human race’ (quoted in Crofton & Fraser 1985, p. 112). Clearly emotions, feelings, and affects are paramount issues to musicians in communicating and understanding music. In fact, the musician’s role is so intrinsically tied to the subjective world of emotion that attempts to regard a piece of music, or a performance of it, as in any way detached from a positive emotional experience of some kind, is often frowned upon by musicians. In composer Fredrick Delius’ words: ‘How can music ever be a mere intellectual speculation or a series of curious combinations of sound that can be classified like the articles in a grocer’s shop? Music is an outburst of the soul’ (quoted in Crofton & Fraser 1985, p. 49).
Communicating Emotion In Music Performance: A Review And Theoretical Framework
Authors: Juslin Patrik N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music is perhaps the most widely practised and appreciated of all art forms. Part of the appeal of music may lie in its ability to induce and represent emotions (cf. Budd 1985; Davies 1994; Meyer 1956; see also Sloboda & Juslin, this volume). Music is often regarded as an effective means of communicating emotions, and this notion pertains not only to the notated or implied structure of the music, but also to the way it is performed. Both empirical research (Persson 1995; Persson et al. 1996; Woody 2000) and biographical accounts (Blum 1977; Kennedy 1990; Schumacher 1995; Seckerson 1991) have suggested that many performers conceive of performance in terms of emotions, moods, or scenarios.
Music and emotion: distinctions and Uncertainties
Authors: Meyer Leonard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have the gall to divide this chapter into only two parts:1 ‘Distinctions’ and ‘Uncertainty’. The first section considers conceptual/terminological problems having to do with music and emotion, and provides the background and terminology for the matters considered in the second part. The distinctions made in Section 15.1 do not pretend to constitute a coherent argument but are connected by the succession of topics discussed. Section 15.2, the core of the chapter, is concerned with the role of uncertainty in human experience generally, and in musical/aesthetic experience in particular. I begin by proposing a number of distinctions because, despite its empirical outlook and methodology, the psychological analysis of human emotional experiences—causes and responses—as well as humanistic theory have lacked conceptual specificity and precision. This is evident in the range of behavioural states considered ‘emotional’.
Music And Emotion: Commentary
Authors: Sloboda John A , Juslin Patrikn. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapters collected here have highlighted a range of dichotomies (or bi-polar dimensions) which ‘open windows’ to a wider view than that with which most of us will have started our consideration of emotion in music. For many of us who would be naturally drawn to this book, and the enterprise it represents, the assumptions we make about emotion are probably a result of our by now effortless (and hence often unreflexive) accommodations to the specific musical culture which we inhabit. These assumptions often embody one pole of a particular dichotomy. Progress in understanding musical emotions may require the distancing from our own perspective that an articulation of such dichotomies can provide. This postlude highlights five core ‘dichotomies’ (from a considerably larger potential set), calls for attempts to reach beyond these dichotomies, and concludes with some general evaluative comments about the field as a whole, based on the evidence provided in this book.
The Free Energy
Authors: Born Max , Huang Kun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We may observe the contrast of the situation to the static treatment in § 11, which determines the elastic constants about the equilibrium configuration. In the static treatment, it is necessary to take account explicitly of the internal strain induced by a given external strain, whereas an adequate thermodynamical treatment makes allowance for this effect implicitly. Thus the expression for the free energy which we shall discuss corresponds to the strain-energy function (11.28) of the static treatment.
Nuns
Authors: Evangelisti Silvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cloistered and inaccessible“brides of Christ” Or socially engaged women, active in the outside world to a degree impossible for their secular sisters? Nuns tells the fascinating stories of the women who have lived in religious communities since the dawn of the modern age - their ideals and achievements, frustrations and failures, and their attempts to reach out to the society around them. Drawing particularly on the nuns” own words, Silvia Evangelisti explores how they came to the cloister, how they responded to monastic discipline, and how they pursued their spiritual, intellectual, and missionary activities. The book looks not only at the individual stories of outstanding historical figures such as Teresa of Avila but also at the wider picture of convent life - what it symbolized to contemporaries, how it reflected and related to the world beyond the cloister, and what it means in the world today.
Brainwashing and influence
Authors: Taylor Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters I considered the history and development of the term brainwashing and its relevance to a number of situations where minds get changed: religious and political groups (Chapter 2), advertising and education (Chapter 3), treatments for mental illness (Chapter 4), and forms of social control which can be found in the military, the criminal justice system, and even in personal relationships (Chapter 5). It is now time to try and draw from these examples some conclusions about the nature of brainwashing.
The power of stop-and-think
Authors: Taylor Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As previous chapters have suggested, influence attempts come in many varieties—and do not always succeed. A sufficiently motivated person can often stop and think before succumbing, recalling their reasons not to buy, not to believe, and thereby resisting the influence attempt. In the case of brainwashing, however, the pressure is overwhelming. Somehow a brainwasher must be able to bypass his victims’ self-control so that they can no longer stop and think. To understand how this could happen, we need to understand how brains implement stop-and-think capacities. The area of cortex most intimately involved with stop and-think is the bulge which lies immediately beneath our foreheads: the prefrontal cortex, or PFC for short.
Einstein and Specific Heats
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, three major quantum theoretical discoveries had been made. They concern the blackbody radiation law, the light-quantum postulate, and the quantum theory of the specific heat of solids. All three arose from statistical considerations. There are, however, striking differences in the time intervals between these theoretical advances and their respective experimental j11stification. Planck formulated his radiation law in an uncommonly short time after learning about experiments in the far infrared that complemented earlier results at higher frequencies. It was quite a different story with the light quantum. Einstein’s hypothesis was many years ahead of its decisive experimental tests. As we shall see next, the story is quite different again in the case of specific heats.
Einstein as a Transitional Figure: The Birth of Wave Mechanics
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now leave the period of the old quantum theory and turn to the time of transition, during which matter waves were being discussed by a tiny group of physicists at a time when matter wave mechanics had not yet been discovered. This period begins in September 1923 with two brief communications by Louis de Broglie to the French Academy of Sciences [Bl, B2]. It ends in January 1926 with Schroedinger’s first paper on wave mechanics [S1). The main purpose of this chapter is to stress Einstein’s key role in these developments, his influence on de Broglie, de Broglie’s subsequent influence on him, and, finally, the influence of both on Schroedinger. Neither directly nor indirectly did Einstein contribute to an equally fundamental development that preceded Schroedinger’s discovery of wave mechanics: the discovery of matrix mechanics by Heisenberg [H1]. Therefore, I shall have no occasion in this book to comment in any detail on Heisenberg’s major achievements.
The Final Decade
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Einstein’s mind continued to be intensely active and fully alert until the very end of his life. During the last ten years, however, his age, the state of his health, his never-ending urge to do physics, and the multitude of his extra-scientific involvements called for economy in the use of his energies and time. He kept to simple routines as much as possible. He would come down for breakfast at about nine o’clock, then read the morning papers. At about ten-thirty he would walk to The Institute for Advanced Study, stay there until one o’clock, then walk home. I know of one occasion when a car hit a tree after its driver suddenly recognized the face of the beautiful old man walking along the street, his black woollen knit cap firmly planted on his long white hair.
Epilogue
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I saw Einstein for the last time in December 1954. As he had not been well, he had for some weeks been absent from the Institute, where he normally spent a few hours each morning. Since I was about to take a term’s leave from Princeton, I called Helen Dukas and asked her to be kind enough to give my best wishes to Professor Einstein. She suggested I come to the house for a brief visit and a cup of tea. I was, of course, glad to accept. After I arrived, I went upstairs and knocked at the door of Einstein’s study. There was his gentle ‘Come.’ As I entered, he was seated in his arm chair, a blanket over his knees, a pad on the blanket. He was working. He put his pad aside at once and greeted me. We spent a pleasant half hour or so; I do not recall what was discussed. Then I told him I should not stay any longer. We shook hands, and I said goodbye. I walked to the door of the study, not more than four or five steps away. I turned around as I opened the door. I saw him in his chair, his pad back on his lap, a pencil in his hand, oblivious to his surroundings.
Learned Helplessness
Authors: Peterson Christopher , Maier Steven F , Seligman Martin E P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The psychological syndrome of learned helplessness is a uniquely modern phenomenon, deeply rooted in cultural concepts of personal power and security. This timely and valuable work examines learned helplessness with reference to the salient emphases in contemporary culture of individuality and personal control. An indispensable reference of interest to a broad spectrum of researchers in psychology.
Perilous Options
Authors: Vandenbroucke Lucien S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past three decades, the United States government has used special operations repeatedly in an effort to achieve key foreign policy objectives, such as in the overthrow of Fidel Castro in Cuba and the rescuing of American hostages in Iran. Many of these secret missions carried out by highly trained commando forces have failed. In Perilous Options, Lucien Vandenbroucke examines the use and misuse of such special operations through an in-depth analysis of four operations--the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Sontay raid to rescue P.O.W.s in North Vietnam, the Mayaguez operation, and the Iran hostage rescue mission. Drawing extensively on declassified government documents, interviews with key decision makers and participants in these episodes, and other primary material, Perilous Options identifies recurrent problems in the way the United States government has prepared and executed such operations. These recurrent problems, outlined by key participants in these four special operations, include faulty intelligence, poor interagency and interservice cooperation and coordination, inadequate information and advice provided to decisionmakers, wishful thinking on the part of decisionmakers, and overcontrol of mission execution from outside the theater of operations. Vandenbroucke also explores the extent to which recent efforts to revitalize the U.S. operations capability have addressed these problems, identifying additional changes that can improve the government’s ability to plan, evaluate, and execute such operations.
Physical Principles And Neurophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Event-Related Potentials
Authors: Nunez paul L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapters 1 and 5 by Knight and Buchwald in this volume emphasize the clinical and experimental benefits to be derived from knowledge of event related potential (ERP) sources. The data presented there were recorded from animal preparations and from human patients suffering from structural lesion or alteration in the transmitter system.
The Physical Nature of Light: The Interaction of Light with Matter and Molecules of Life
Authors: Wolken Jerome J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sun is the primary energy source for all life on Earth and supplies us with light as well as heat. The Sun produces immense amounts of energy through thermonuclear reactions, processes by which small atoms like hydrogen fuse to form larger atoms in the synthesis of helium. When this fusion occurs, the mass of the atom formed by the fused atoms is less than the sum of both atoms’ initial masses. This leaves extra mass, some of which is converted to energy.
Visual Pigments
Authors: Wolken Jerome J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chemical structures of the carotenoids, chlorophylls, phytochromes, flavins, and other accessory pigment molecules were previously described in Chapter 3. In discussing non-imaging system phototropism and phototaxis, it was indicated that a retinal-protein, the visual pigment rhodopsin, was one of the photoreceptor pigment molecules.
To initiate the visual process of “seeing” requires a visual photoreceptor pigment molecule. This brings us to inquire: What are the visual pigments, how are they chemically structured for photoreception in the retina of the eye, and how do they function for visual excitation?
Vertebrate Eyes: Structure and Visual Excitation
Authors: Wolken Jerome J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How we see is one of the oldest scientific questions asked by humans. Therefore, I have turned to the most highly evolved and developed eye, the vertebrate eye. The reason is that, of all of our special senses, vision is the most important to us, for about 40% of all sensory information about our world comes to us through the eye. The vertebrate eye is well-studied, and there is considerable knowledge of its structure, optics, and visual pigments. Therefore, it is of interest how our eye brings to us visual images of our world.
Cholinergic Receptors
Authors: Parkinson D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acetylcholine is used as a chemical transmitter at several parts of the peripheral and central nervous systems that are crucial for the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. The preganglionic neurons of both divisions of the autonomic nervous system release acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter; it is also used by all of the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons and the sympathetic neurons that innervate the sweat glands.