bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sphingolipids from the edible fungus Tuber indicum
Authors: Jin‐Ming Gao , Wei‐Ming Zhu , She‐Qi Zhang , Xing Zhang , An‐Ling Zhang , Hui Chen , Yue‐Ying Sun , Ming Tang 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTwo sphingolipids, 1‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(2S,3R,4E,8E)‐2‐[(2R)‐2‐hydroxyhexade‐canoylamino]‐9‐methyl‐4,8‐octadecadiene‐1,3‐diol (1) and 1‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(2S,3R,4E,8E)‐2‐[(2R)‐2‐hydroxyoctadecanoylamino]‐9‐methyl‐4,8‐octadecadiene‐1,3‐diol (2), have been isolated from the fruiting bodies of the ascomycete fungus Tuber indicum Cooke et Massee. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical methods. Sphingolipids are reported from the truffle for the first time.
The prediction of biodiesel storage stability. Proposal for a quick test
Authors: Bondioli Paolo , Gasparoli Ada , della Bella Laura , Tagliabue Silvia , Lacoste Florence , Lagardere Lionel 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe results obtained during the set‐up of a method for the prediction of biodiesel storage stability are shown. In order to speed up the rate of ageing processes, the test temperature was set to 80 °C, and tests were carried out within 24 h in a Rancimat modified cell apparatus. The effect of the quick ageing process can be monitored by means of the evaluation of changes in ester content, polymer content and peroxide value. By comparing the results obtained during a 1‐year experiment, carried out under real storage conditions, and during a second test, carried out at 43 °C for 24 wk according to ASTM D 4625 method, with the ones reported in this paper, several discrepancies regarding the different degradation reactions as well as the rate at which these reactions take place were evidenced. Finally, a tentative relationship between the results obtained with the proposed quick test and the real Rancimat induction period, shown by different samples after 12 months of real storage, are shown. From the results obtained during this work, the Oxidation Stability test carried out according to EN 14112:2003 and the Storage Stability test reported herein may provide different information for the evaluation of the overall stability of a biodiesel sample.
Health benefits of CLA – lessons from pig models in biomedical research
Authors: Bassaganya‐Riera Josep , King Jennifer , Hontecillas Raquel 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe objective of this review is to highlight the use of pig models for investigating safety, efficacy and the mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Although CLA elicits positive effects in animal models and in vitro systems, a consistent concern in terms of translational research is that the health benefits observed by using these model systems cannot be extrapolated directly into humans. Conversely, the similarities between pigs and humans make the pig an ideal model for examining the health benefits of dietary supplements, functional foods and nutraceuticals. We have developed pig models of viral and bacterial infection to examine the preventive role of dietary CLA supplementation on virally induced immunosuppression and gut health, respectively. Results from these studies indicate that CLA significantly enhances the immune function while limiting the catabolic effects of uncontrolled immune and inflammatory responses. The scientific findings in pig models and human clinical trials demonstrate that CLA modulates immune responses in pigs and humans. Pig models of immunomodulation represent significant improvements over other animal models and in vitro systems because they mimic more closely the compartmentalization of the human immune system and the clinical presentation of human infectious, immune and inflammatory diseases.
Polar stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Xie Chuanhui , Fu Hongjing , Hu Jiwei , Zou Hanfa 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis review article summarizes the variety of polar stationary phases that have been employed for capillary electrochromatographic separations. Compared with reversed‐phase stationary phases, the polar alternatives provide a completely different retention selectivity towards polar and charged analytes. Different types of polar stationary phases are reviewed, including the possible retention mechanisms. Electrochromatographic separations of polar solutes, peptides, and basic pharmaceuticals on polar stationary phases are presented.
System zones in capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Gaš Bohuslav , Kenndler Ernst 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWhen working with capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), the analyst has to be aware that the separation system is not homogeneous anymore as soon as a sample is brought into the background electrolyte (BGE). Upon injection, the analyte creates a disturbance in the concentration of the BGE, and the system retains a kind of memory for this inhomogeneity, which is propagated with time and leads to so‐called system zones (or system eigenzones) migrating in an electric field with a certain eigenmobility. If recordable by the detector, they appear in the electropherogram as system peaks (or system eigenpeaks). However, although their appearance can not be forecasted and explained easily, they are inherent for the separation system. The progress in the theory of electromigration (accompanied by development of computer software) allows to treat the phenomenon of system zones and system peaks now also in very complex BGE systems, consisting of several multivalent weak electrolytes, and at all pH ranges. It also allows to predict the existence of BGEs having no stationary injection zone (or water zone, EO zone, gap, dip). Our paper reviews the theoretical background of the origin of the system zones (system peaks, system eigenpeaks), discusses the validity of the Kohlrausch regulating function, and gives practical hints for preparing BGEs with good separation ability not deteriorated by the occurrence of system peaks and by excessive peak‐broadening.
An insight into molecularly imprinted polymers for capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Liu Chuen‐Ying , Lin Chun‐Chi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMolecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are actively being developed as a practical tool for affinity chromatographic supports. From the viewpoint of separation science, capillary electrochromatography (CEC) might be one of the more promising chromatographic techniques to be used in combination with the MIPs. However, up to the present, very little MIP work has involved CEC. This review gives a full overview of MIP including current trends in MIP, methods for the characterization of MIP, and methods for the preparation of MIP with particular emphasis on application of the resulting materials in CEC. To prepare MIPs with selectivity predetermined for a particular substance or group of structural analogues is an important factor for the development of a new format of CEC. From the fundamental research with the batch method, a better knowledge of imprint formation and imprint recognition will be helpful for expanding the application area of the combination of MIPs with CEC.
Recent advances in chiral separation principles in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Gübitz Gerald , Schmid Martin G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis review summarizes recent developments in chiral separation in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), electrokinetic chromatography (EKC), and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) covering literature published since the year 2000. New chiral selectors and innovative approaches for CE and CEC are introduced. Recent progress in column technology for CEC is highlighted and the development of new chiral stationary phases is discussed. This review is not dedicated to list applications but will focus on new developments.
Fluid evolution in base‐metal sulphide mineral deposits in the metamorphic basement rocks of southwest Scotland and Northern Ireland
Authors: Baron Martin , Parnell John 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe Dalradian and Ordovician–Silurian metamorphic basement rocks of southwest Scotland and Northern Ireland host a number of base‐metal sulphide‐bearing vein deposits associated with kilometre‐scale fracture systems. Fluid inclusion microthermometric analysis reveals two distinct fluid types are present at more than half of these deposits. The first is an H2O–CO2–salt fluid, which was probably derived from devolatilization reactions during Caledonian metamorphism. This stage of mineralization in Dalradian rocks was associated with base‐metal deposition and occurred at temperatures between 220 and 360°C and pressures of between 1.6 and 1.9 kbar. Caledonian mineralization in Ordovician–Silurian metamorphic rocks occurred at temperatures between 300 and 360°C and pressures between 0.6 and 1.9 kbar. A later, probably Carboniferous, stage of mineralization was associated with base‐metal sulphide deposition and involved a low to moderate temperature (Th 70 to 240°C), low to moderate salinity (0 to 20 wt% NaCl eq.), H2O–salt fluid. The presence of both fluids at many of the deposits shows that the fractures hosting the deposits acted as long‐term controls for fluid migration and the location of Caledonian metalliferous fluids as well as Carboniferous metalliferous fluids. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of fluvial‐tidal interactions on the nature of cross‐stratified packages in a deltaic setting: examples from the Barakar Coal Measure (Permian), Satpura Gondwana Basin, central India
Authors: Ghosh Sanjoy Kumar , Chakraborty Chandan , Chakraborty Tapan 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNine different types of cross‐stratified packages from the coal‐bearing, deltaic succession of the Barakar Formation (Permian) of the Satpura Gondwana Basin, central India, are described. The deposits are characterized by periodic mudstone drapes, reactivation surfaces including all other features suggestive of deposition from periodically unsteady, tidally‐influenced flows. The inferred flow patterns varied from purely bidirectional to pulsating unidirectional. The different types of cross‐stratified packages are interpreted to have resulted from superimposition of ebb‐oriented, steady, unidirectional fluvial currents of variable strength on the tidal flow in a deltaic setting. The study helps to distinguish cross‐strata that may develop in settings where fluvial and tidal currents interact. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stratigraphy of upper Viséan carbonate platform rocks in the Carlow area, southeast Ireland
Authors: Cózar P. , Somerville I. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe stratigraphy of the upper Viséan (Asbian to Brigantian) carbonate succession in southeast Ireland is revised on the basis of seven quarry and two borehole sections. Six lithological units have been distinguished, two units (units 1 and 2) in the upper Asbian Ballyadams Formation, and four units (units 4 to 6) in the Brigantian Clogrenan Formation (both formations are dated precisely using foraminiferans, calcareous algae and rugose corals). The boundary between the Ballyadams and Clogrenan formations is redefined 19 m below the horizon proposed by the Geological Survey of Ireland, and thus, lithological characteristics of both formations are redescribed. The upper part of the Ballyadams Formation is characterized by well‐developed large‐scale cyclicity, with common subaerial exposure surfaces. Fine‐ to medium‐grained thin‐bedded limestones with thin shales occur in the lower part of cycles, passing up into medium‐grained pale grey massive limestones in the upper part. The Clogrenan Formation is composed mainly of medium‐ to coarse‐grained thick limestone beds with variable presence of shales; but no large‐scale cyclicity. There is a decrease in the number of subaerial exposure surfaces towards the top of the formation and common chert nodules; macrofauna occurs mostly concentrated in bands. The six units recognized in the Carlow area are comparable with other units described for the same time interval (Asbian–Brigantian) from south and southwest Ireland, demonstrating the existence of a stable platform for most parts of southern Ireland, controlled principally by glacioeustatics. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caledonide influences on the Old Red Sandstone fluvial systems of the Oslo Region, Norway
Authors: Davies Neil S. , Turner Peter , Sansom Ivan J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRed or buff‐coloured sandstones and siltstones of fluvial origin comprise approximately 80% of the Ringerike Group, a late Silurian Old Red Sandstone (ORS) sequence that crops out extensively in the Oslo Region of southern Norway. These fluvial sediments are lithostratigraphically ascribed to two laterally equivalent formations—the Stubdal Formation (to the north of Oslo) and the Skien Formation (to the south of Oslo). The fluvial strata of each of the two formations have a distinct style of sandbody geometry, facies, provenance, and palaeocurrent direction. Within the Stubdal Formation, shallow channelized sandbodies, low‐ to upper‐flow regime sedimentary structures, a Caledonide provenance and a palaeoflow toward the southeast are evident. Within the Skien Formation, sandbody geometry is entirely sheet form, with upper‐flow regime sedimentary structures, a provenance from Precambrian rocks to the northern and local parts of the Oslo Region and a palaeoflow toward the east. No stratal contact can be seen between the two fluvial formations, due to a 15 km break in exposure between the southernmost Stubdal Formation and the northernmost Skien Formation. Relationships with adjacent formations indicate that they are diachronous, lateral equivalents. Given the abrupt change in sedimentary style between the two formations, it is proposed that a barrier had developed within the foreland basin, diverting the ORS fluvial systems in southern Norway, from a southward (north of Oslo), to an eastward direction (south of Oslo). This diversion had implications for depositional gradient, fluvial regime and provenance, resulting in the differences visible in the deposits of those rivers. The barrier invoked is arguably a Caledonide blind thrust fault that developed a topographic high, running east–west through the vicinity of Oslo, during the late Silurian. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robert E. Horton and abrupt rises of ground water
Authors: Beven Keith 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThere are 94 boxes of the scientific papers of Robert E. Horton's papers in the US National Archives. In Box 71, there are copies of letters exchanged between LeRoy K. Sherman, Consulting Engineer of Chicago, IL (and author of the classic paper on the unitgraph) and Robert E. Horton, Consulting Hydraulic Engineer of Voorheesville, NY, concerning rapid rises of groundwater levels in near‐stream wells and their relationship to the storm hydrograph. They provide an interesting insight into the views of both Sherman and Horton on controls on stream flow generation, and the relationship between Horton and other hydrologists. Horton's analysis of subsurface flow processes and saturated areas anticipates later analyses of topographic controls on hydrological responses. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The detection and correction of snow water equivalent pressure sensor errors
Authors: Johnson Jerome B. , Marks Danny 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSnow water equivalent (SWE) sensors can experience errors when the base of the snow cover is at the melting temperature, the snow can support shear stresses (assumed to occur at densities greater than 200 kg m−3), and the rate of snowmelt on the sensor is different than on the surrounding ground. Either undermeasurement or overmeasurement errors may occur at critical times when the snow cover transitions from winter to spring conditions and at the start of periods of rapid snowmelt. Parameters to determine the onset of SWE sensor undermeasurement errors are defined by a negative rate of change for SWE, a negative rate of change for snow density, and an increasing snow depth. For the onset of overmeasurement errors, the rate of change for SWE will be positive while snow depth decreases and the snow density rate of change exceeds a defined positive threshold. When the snow temperature and density error conditions and the three under‐ or over‐measurement error‐indicator parameters are satisfied at the same time, an SWE sensor error has started. Real‐time correction of the errors is done by multiplying the average snow cover density, set at the start of the error, with the snow depth. Once the error event ends, when the corrected SWE and SWE sensor data intersect, SWE is again determined from SWE sensor measurements. SWE sensor errors were accurately detected and corrected for five different sensors located in maritime and intermountain climatic zones when high‐quality SWE sensor, snow or air temperature, and snow depth measurements were available. Implementation of the error detection and correction method requires simultaneous measurements of SWE, snow depth, and snow temperature near the ground. Improved error correction can be achieved by incorporating precipitation data and estimates of snow density due to retained rain or snow melt. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial variation and temporal stability of soil water in a snow‐dominated, mountain catchment
Authors: Grant Laura , Seyfried Mark , McNamara Jim 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSoil is a critical intermediary of water flux between precipitation and stream flow. Characterization of soil water content (θ, m3 m−3) may be especially difficult in mountainous, snow‐dominated catchments due to highly variable water inputs, topography, soils and vegetation. However, individual sites exhibit similar seasonal dynamics, suggesting that it may be possible to describe spatial variability in terms of temporally stable relationships. Working in a 0·36 km2 headwater catchment, we: (i) described and the spatial variability of θ over a 2 year period, (ii) characterized that variability in terms of temporal stability analysis, and (iii) related changes in temporally stable soil water patterns to stream flow generation. Soil water data were collected for 2 years at representative sites and quantified in terms of θ and water storage to a depth of 75 cm (S75, cm). Both S75 and θ were normally distributed in space on all measurement dates. Spatial variability was high relative to other studies, reflecting catchment heterogeneity. However, the ranking of S75 values displayed temporal stability for all site locations, seasonally and annually. This stability was attributed to soil texture. Further temporal analysis indicated that estimates of catchment mean and standard deviation of S75 may be characterized with relatively few measurements. Finally, we used temporal linear regression to define catchment soil water conditions related to stream‐flow generation. Static, high S75 conditions in late winter and early spring indicate that stream‐flow response is highly sensitive to inputs, whereas static, low S75 conditions in late summer and early fall indicate minimum stream‐flow sensitivity to water inputs. The fall transition was marked by uniform Sd across the catchment. The late spring transition was marked by nonuniform S75 decreases, with the highest S75 sites decreasing most. Threshold S75 values identifying catchment sensitivity to water input were identified. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of snowmelt and sublimation over short vegetation in land surface modelling
Authors: Lee Young‐Hee , Mahrt L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSublimation and snowmelt in a short brush canopy is examined with a two‐layer canopy model. The model's performance is evaluated with observations taken over a brush site in the North Park basin of Colorado, USA. Two cases are selected for detailed examination. In the first case, a thin snow layer covers the ground surface but the canopy is snow free. In the second case, a thicker layer of snow covers both the ground surface and part of the brush canopy. Sensitivity tests are performed to investigate the effect of the subcanopy mixing parameterization and the formulation of intercepted snow on the sublimation and snowmelt. In short canopies, snowmelt is sensitive to the subcanopy mixing parameterization, and turbulent heat flux is sensitive to the intercepted snow due to modification of the albedo and water availability. Comparisons are made with additional eddy‐correlation measurements over a snow‐covered surface with no vegetation. Greater roughness and heating at the sparse canopy site lead to faster snow ablation compared with the site with no vegetation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tomography of temperature gradient metamorphism of snow and associated changes in heat conductivity
Authors: Schneebeli Martin , Sokratov Sergey A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTemperature gradient metamorphism is one of the dominant processes changing the structure of natural dry snow. The structure of snow regulates the thermal and mechanical properties. Physical models and numerical simulations of the evolution of the snow cover require a thorough understanding of the interplay between structure and physical properties. The structure of snow and the heat conductivity were measured simultaneously without disturbance in a miniature snow breeder. The structure was measured by microtomography, and heat conductivity by measuring heat fluxes and temperatures. A temperature gradient from 25 to 100 K m−1 was applied to the snow. The snow density range of the samples varied from 150 to 500 kg m−3. The density in the observed volume remained constant during the experiments under temperature gradient conditions. The structure was analysed with respect to the size of typical ice structures and air pores, specific surface area, curvature and anisotropy of the ice matrix. The temporal changes in structure and heat conductivity are compared. The heat conductivity changed by as much as twice its initial value, caused by changes in structure and texture, but not due to changes in density. This shows the enormous importance of structure in the evolution of the heat conductivity. The observed changes are not in good agreement with the current understanding of the metamorphic process, because heat conductivity increased during temperature gradient metamorphism, instead of the expected decrease due to a shrinking of the bonds. We also observed a plateau in the evolution of the heat conductivity coefficient, which indicates a quasi‐steady state of the structural evolution with respect to thermophysical properties of snow. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.