bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LEVELS OF HOMOTYPIC NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY IN HUMAN POLIOMYELITIS THREE YEARS AFTER INFECTION
Authors: Winsser Johan , Sabin Albert B. 
Published: June 2004

Quantitative neutralization tests in monkeys were carried out on sera obtained from 7 patients, 3 months, and 3 years after an attack of poliomyelitis. The serum specimens were tested against 100 to 1000 PD50 of the patient's own strain of virus, recovered during the acute phase of the illness; all the strains were Type 1. The 6 patients, aged 6 months to 13 years, who had a paralytic attack of the disease, all exhibited very high levels of neutralizing antibody at 3 years as well as at 3 months after onset. The 50 per cent serum dilution titers ranged from about 1:180 to at least 1:860. Since the maximum titers were not established, it is not known to what extent, if any, the level of antibody may have dropped over the 3 year period. One of the patients, with a diagnosis of non-paralytic poliomyelitis, had a negligible or questionable antibody response during convalescence and no demonstrable antibody at 3 years; there is justifiable doubt as to whether the Type 1 poliomyelitis virus recovered from this patient had actually caused infection.
Tests for Lansing neutralizing antibody indicated that the 5 patients who had no evidence of previous infection with Type 2 poliomyelitis virus had not become infected with it during the 3 year period. This suggested that these patients did not live in an environment in which infection with poliomyelitis virus is frequent. It is concluded, therefore, that in human beings, paralytic infections due to Type 1 poliomyelitis virus produce large amounts of homotypic neutralizing antibody, which persists at high levels for a period of at least 3 years.
MUTANTS OF A BACTERIOPHAGE OF BACILLUS MEGATHERIUM
Authors: Murphy James S. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Robert L. Gosney, Jr.
Published: June 2004

Repeated transfers in 5 per cent peptone or asparagine media of sensitive B. megatherium cultures containing C phage have made possible the isolation of lysogenic bacteria which produce different strains of phage. This is probably due to the failure of C virus to make the lysogenic adjustment while those of its variants which can succeed are selected.
Four distinct plaque types have been isolated by this method and some of their reactions in mixedly infected bacteria are described.
It has been shown that it is possible to isolate either C or T analogues of each of the strains, bringing the reported plaque types of B. megatherium phage to eight.
No success was obtained in an attempt to isolate a wild type and a phage carrying two mutations when crosses were made of two phages each differing by one mutational step.
THE ESSENTIAL PARTICIPATION OF AN ENZYME IN THE INHIBITION OF GROWTH OF TUBERCLE BACILLI BY SPERMINE
Authors: Hirsch James G. 
Published: June 2004

Spermine inhibits the multiplication of tubercle bacilli in vitro only if another tissue substance is present in the culture medium. This activating substance occurs as a chemical contaminant of the albumin in commercial bovine plasma fraction V ordinarily added to culture media; it is also found in whole bovine and sheep serum and in aqueous extracts of the guinea pig kidney. No detectable spermine activator is contained in whole human, guinea pig, or rabbit serum.
The serum constituent which renders spermine inhibitory for the growth of acid-fast bacteria has the properties of a protein of the alpha globulin classification. This protein is an enzyme which acts on spermine. Presumably, some product of the enzymatic reaction exerts a toxic effect on mammalian tubercle bacilli.
STUDIES ON ENTRY AND EGRESS OF POLIOMYELITIC INFECTION
Authors: Faber Harold K. , Silverberg Rosalie J. , Dong Luther 
Published: June 2004

We have demonstrated a progressive centrifugal migration of poliomyelitis virus from the CNS into various peripheral ganglia and into peripheral nerves, including their distal portions. This phenomenon appears to be a regular occurrence in experimental animals, and is similar to that found in two other neurotropic infections, rabies and Borna disease.
Viremia appears to be secondary to primary neural infection.
The presence of virus in the lumen of the alimentary tract appears to be secondary to primary neural infection and not to viremia, and to be associated with the centrifugal spread of virus in peripheral nerves.
The presence of virus in "extraneural" tissues is not per se referable to infection of their constituent cells but rather to infection of their supplying nerves or, in some instances, to their content of virus-bearing blood.
The finding of virus in the vagus nerve may throw light on some of the electrocardiographic changes noted in certain cases of human poliomyelitis.
The presence of virus in peripheral nerves may throw light on the etiology of the most frequent clinical manifestations of human poliomyelitis, localized pain and tenderness.
OSMOTIC HOMEOSTASIS MAINTAINED BY MAMMALIAN LIVER, KIDNEY, AND OTHER TISSUES
Authors: Opie Eugene L. , Rothbard Mary B. 
Published: June 2004

Osmotic pressure maintained by liver or kidney tissue measured by its water equilibrium with solutions of sodium chloride remains unchanged from 5 minutes up to 1½ hours following removal of the tissue from the body. Then with autolytic increase of molecular concentration within the cytoplasm of cells it reaches a higher level. Osmotic pressure maintained by pancreas or submaxillary gland, as ascertained in the same way, remains unchanged during ½ hour and later increases.
Liver tissue of rat, mouse, guinea pig, rabbit, and cat maintains an osmotic pressure greater than twice that of the blood, and kidney tissue maintains an osmotic pressure somewhat less than twice that of blood.
Fasting throughout a period of 7 days has little influence upon osmotic pressure maintained by cells of liver or kidney.
Low protein diet has been found to depress osmotic pressure of liver cells after about 4 weeks, and with degenerative changes in the parenchyma, notably fatty infiltration, this pressure has remained at a diminished level during approximately 90 days.
Increase of pressure within the common bile duct and the changes following biliary obstruction are accompanied by depression of the osmotic pressure maintained by liver tissue and ligation of the ureter diminishes the osmotic pressure maintained by kidney tissue. In both instances osmotic pressure tends later to rise to its former level.
The osmotic pressure maintained by liver or by kidney tissue preserves an approximately uniform level under normal conditions and may be little changed by conspicuous injury to the organ. When this osmotic homeostasis is impaired by severe injury the pressure maintained by the tissue returns to its former level with recovery from the injury.
SYNTHESIS OF TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE BY SUSPENSIONS OF RESTING CELLS
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W. 
Published: June 2004

The capsular polysaccharide (SIII) of type III pneumococci was removed enzymatically, and the cells thus deprived of preformed SIII were washed and examined for capacity to synthesize SIII anew. The washed, decapsulated cocci lost their capacity to be agglutinated in type-specific antiserum but again became agglutinable and formed readily measurable amounts of SIII, after suspension in a solution containing only glucose and salts.
Maximal SIII synthesis required the presence of glucose, magnesium, potassium and phosphate ions, and oxygen. Other fermentable sugars could be substituted for glucose but then the yield of SIII was reduced. Synthesis of SIII occurred anaerobically but was increased four- to fivefold by oxygenation of the suspension. The effects of pH and of enzyme poisons on the capacity of the cocci to form SIII are described.
AN ANTIVIRAL SUBSTANCE FROM PENICILLIUM FUNICULOSUM
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

Helenine exerts a therapeutic effect against Semliki Forest virus infections of mice. Cures, that is to say the survival of treated animals, were more frequently observed in Semliki Forest virus infections than they were in SK virus infections. It is believed that this difference in end-result probably represented only a quantitative difference in the therapeutic effect of helenine against these two viruses and not a qualitative difference in its mechanism of therapeutic action.
The findings reported in this paper with regard to the treatment of Semliki Forest virus infections with helenine parallel very closely those described in an accompanying paper which deals with the action of helenine on SK. virus infections.
STUDIES ON THE PROPAGATION IN VITRO OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUSES
Authors: Scherer William F. , Syverton Jerome T. , Gey George O. 
Published: June 2004

The cells of a human epithelial cancer cultivated en masse have been shown to support the multiplication of all three types of poliomyelitis virus. These cells (strain HeLa of Gey) have been maintained in vitro since their derivation from an epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix in February, 1951. As the virus multiplied it caused in from 12 to 96 hours degeneration and destruction of the cancer cells. The specific destructive effect of the virus was prevented by adding homotypic antibody to the cultures but not by adding heterotypic antibodies.
Methods for the preparation of large numbers of replicate cultures with suspensions of strain HeLa cells were described. The cells in suspension were readily quantitated by direct counts in a hemocytometer. A synthetic solution that maintains cellular viability was employed for viral propagation.
The experimental results demonstrate the usefulness of strain HeLa cells for (a) the quantitation of poliomyelitis virus, (b) the measurement of poliomyelitis antibodies, and (c) the production of virus.
ASPERMATOGENESIS IN THE GUINEA PIG INDUCED BY TESTICULAR TISSUE AND ADJUVANTS
Authors: Freund Jules , Lipton Murray M. , Thompson George E. 
Published: June 2004

The injection into the dorsal skin of a suspension of guinea pig testis or spermia incorporated in a water-in-oil emulsion containing killed mycobacteria induces aspermatogenesis in guinea pigs. The injury begins with the inhibition of the maturation of spermia and proceeds through the degeneration and exfoliation of spermatids, spermatocytes, and finally spermatogonia. These germinal cells pass from the seminiferous tubules into the epididymis. The process is not associated with inflammation. No significant changes occur in the intertubular spaces and the Leydig cells do not seem to be affected. The seminal vesicles and the prostate remain normal. The aspermatogenesis may begin in 10 days and it lasts for more than 5 months. The process may lead to atrophy of the seminiferous tubules and fibrosis. Guinea pigs which receive a suspension of their own testis or spermia and adjuvants develop a similar injury.
The "mitochondrial" fraction of the testis of guinea pig is effective while repeated injections of alcoholic extract of testis emulsified with paraffin oil containing mycobacteria do not cause aspermatogenesis. The presence of acid-fast bacilli in the water-in-oil emulsion containing testis or spermia seems to be essential for the production of testicular lesions; the injection of antigen and mycobacteria into different sites is ineffective.
When guinea pig testis is replaced by guinea pig liver or kidney or rabbit testis no testicular damage occurs.
The injection of rabbit spinal cord combined with adjuvants results in allergic encephalomyelitis in a large proportion of guinea pigs, accompanied by a great loss of weight. The testes of a few of these animals show a varying degree of aspermatogenesis. When guinea pig brain is combined with adjuvants and administered subcutaneously the incidence of testicular injury is high, although the damage is, in general, mild. From the standpoint of mechanism, the inhibition of spermatogenesis which occurs in these animals may be unrelated to the injury which follows the injection of germinal cells.
Aspermatogenesis follows the injection of killed mycobacteria in paraffin oil into the testis as well as into certain sites related to the gonad: the abdominal cavity, the subcutaneous tissue over the abdomen, and the skin of the inguinal region.
Antibodies fixing complement in the presence of spermia are demonstrable in the sera of guinea pigs injected with testis or spermia and adjuvants. When the mycobacteria are omitted the titers are low and no testicular injury occurs. Although there seems to be a correlation between testicular damage and complement-fixing titer, this may not be a causal relationship.
Antibodies which neutralize guinea pig hyaluronidase and those which immobilize spermia have also been demonstrated in the sera of these guinea pigs.
VIRUS AND CELL INTERACTION WITH ION EXCHANGERS
Authors: Puck Theodore , Sagik Bernard 
Published: June 2004

At pH 7 the bacteriophages T1 and T2 attach to anionic exchangers when suspended either in distilled water or in salt solutions. They attach to cationic exchangers only in the presence of salt. T2 requires approximately ten times higher a salt concentration than does T1 virus, a relationship which is duplicated in the attachment of these phages to their common host cell, E. coli B.
The host cell, E. coli B, attaches to anionic exchangers when suspended either in salt or distilled water, but does not attach to cationic exchangers even in 0.2 M NaCl.
These observations support the hypothesis previously advanced that the role of cations in effecting union of viruses to their host cells is to neutralize the repulsive electrostatic potential due to the excess of negative charges on the surfaces of both bodies.
Influenza virus similarly requires salt for attachment to cationic exchangers, and unites to anionic exchangers even in the absence of salt. It is therefore proposed that the same general principles which govern the behavior of the bacteriophage system, may also apply to host cell attachment of at least some mammalian viruses.
T1 bacteriophage and influenza virus are readily eluted from cationic exchangers. T2 bacteriophage cannot be recovered in active form.
Experiments with P32- and S35-labelled T2 bacteriophage reveal that shortly after its attachment to the resin, the virus is split into its phosphorus-containing DNA, and the sulfur-containing protein fraction.
It is proposed that the splitting of phage into its protein and DNA components that occurs ordinarily at the surface of a cell is a result of the establishment of the primary electrostatic bonds, just as in the attachment to cationic exchange resins.
The affinity of cationic resins for influenza virus is great enough to remove the virus almost completely from red cells to which it has become attached.
SULFATE-SULFUR METABOLISM IN THE RAT FETUS AS INDICATED BY SULFUR-35
Authors: Dziewiatkowski Dominic D. 
Published: June 2004

Twenty-four hours after the intraperitoneal injection of sodium sulfate-S35 into pregnant rats, sulfur-35 was found in the embryos. The amount of the sulfur-35 retained by the embryos was directly related to their degree of development in utero.
A large fraction of the sulfur-35 found in the embryos was insoluble in 5 per cent trichloroacetic acid. At the 9th to 10th day of development, about 40 per cent of the sulfur-35 was present in this fraction. In 20-day-old embryos this fraction accounted for nearly 90 per cent of the total.
Radioautographs of sections of embryos fixed in a solution of formaldehyde revealed that the sulfur-35 was most highly concentrated in the cartilaginous portion of the skeleton. All other tissues gave much weaker autographic reactions, comparable with the over-all reaction obtained when sections from embryos fixed in a solution of formaldehyde saturated with barium hydroxide were used.
By analysis for the sulfur-35 content of individual tissues the concentration of the sulfur-35 in humeri from 20-day-old embryos was found to be about 30 times that in the maternal sternum. The concentration of the isotope in the skeletal muscle, brain, heart, and skin of the same embryos was also higher than in the corresponding maternal tissues. On the other hand, the concentration of the sulfur-35 in the maternal gastrointestinal tract plus contents was higher than in the gastrointestinal tract and contents of the embryos.
THE INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM IONS ON THE INACTIVATION OF HUMAN COMPLEMENT AND ITS COMPONENTS BY PLASMIN
Authors: Lepow Irwin H. , Pillemer Louis , Ratnoff Oscar D. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Leona Wurz
Published: June 2004

Ca++ potentiates the inactivation of human complement by streptokinase-activated plasmin and chloroform-activated bovine plasmin. The optimum concentration of Ca++ varies between 10–2 M and 10–3 M, decreasing with increasing concentrations of streptokinase.
The susceptibility of the components of complement to inactivation by plasmin is different in the presence and absence of Ca++. C'2 and C'4 are most readily inactivated by plasmin in the presence of Ca++, while C'1 disappears first in the absence of Ca++. A large part of this C'1 disappearance is due to spontaneous inactivation.
Similarities are pointed out between the influence of Ca++ on the inactivation of the components of complement by antigen-antibody systems and by plasmin.
THE EGESTION OF PHAGOCYTIZED PARTICLES BY LEUKOCYTES
Authors: Wilson Armine T. 
Published: June 2004

Streptococci that were phagocytized by human or mouse leukocytes were usually enclosed in a digestive vacuole. At times the vacuole emptied itself, discharging the cocci to the outside. Whether the egested streptococci then multiplied in the extracellular environment appeared to depend upon how long they had been in the vacuole.
The phenomenon of egestion also involves particles other than bacteria, as shown by observation of an erythrocyte that was phagocytized by a human leukocyte and was hemolyzed intracellularly, forming a cell ghost that was then egested.
REGRESSION OF TRANSPLANTED LYMPHOMAS INDUCED IN VIVO BY MEANS OF NORMAL GUINEA PIG SERUM
Authors: Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

In an extension of the experimental studies recorded in an associated paper; attempts were made to isolate and characterize the constituent of guinea pig serum responsible for inducing regression of transplanted lymphomas in vivo. The active material was precipitated readily from the whole serum, along with some of the globulins, by means of ammonium sulfate in concentrations of 2.0 molar or greater; it withstood heating at 56°C. for 20 or 30 minutes, but was inactivated upon heating at 66°C. for similar periods; it was completely inactivated by chymotrypsin in concentrations of 1 or 2 mg./cc. during 6 hours at 37°C. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of small amounts of the guinea pig serum in vivo were enhanced upon admixture with immune sera prepared by injecting the lymphosarcoma cells into rabbits. The facts as a whole suggest that the active material is a protein, and that it may be one or another of the components of complement; yet they do not suffice to establish its identity.
Microscopic studies showed that the cells of subcutaneous lymphomas rapidly died and were resorbed following injections of relatively large amounts of guinea pig serum intraperitoneally into mice carrying them, while similar changes followed more gradually after repeated injections of smaller amounts of guinea pig serum. No changes referable to the guinea pig serum were seen in the normal tissues or organs of mice receiving it.
Mouse lymphoma cells, suspended artificially as individuals in a physiological saline solution, regularly remained viable following incubation in vitro in mixture with guinea pig serum during 6 hours at 37°C. The finding provides strong evidence that the regression of lymphomas that follows injection of guinea pig serum in vivo is brought about through some reaction in which the guinea pig serum and the host both participate.
Some of the implications of the findings are discussed.
RECOMBINATIONS OF MUTANT PHAGES OF BACILLUS MEGATHERIUM 899A
Authors: Murphy James S. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Robert L. Gosney, Jr.
Published: June 2004

A group of mutant phages stemming from the virus of B. megatherium 899a (lysogenic), growing on a sensitive B. megatherium strain (KM), have been studied with respect to their recombination reactions. All these mutants and many of their recombinations can be recognized by a characteristic plaque morphology. A similar group of phages have been isolated directly from a culture of B. megatherium 899a in this laboratory.
Previous work has shown that when two different plaque mutant phages both infect essentially all the bacteria in a culture, a characteristic per cent of recombinants is produced. This percentage depends on the two recombinants used, each pair having its own value. Hershey and coworkers (2–5) have demonstrated with coli-phage T2, that the percentages of recombination found can be handled mathematically and that they demonstrate the existence of a relationship between the mutations entirely comparable to crossover percentages as used in gene locus maps in genetics. This has been found to hold true for the phages studied in the present work.
Only one "linkage group" has been detected and all the mutants studied showed low percentages of recombination (0.8 to 7.6).
B. megatherium 899a phage and some of its mutants have been examined with an electron microscope and no differences have been detected between the different mutant strains.
MYOCARDITIS AND PULMONARY ARTERITIS IN MICE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENCE OF RICKETTSIA-LIKE BODIES IN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Daniels Joan B. 
Published: June 2004

A previously undescribed disease of mice, characterized by acute interstitial myocarditis, and by periarterial pulmonary lesions, is reported.
The transmissibility of this disease has been shown, but a large proportion of inoculated mice appears to be resistant.
Microorganisms, rickettsial in form but not positively identified as such, are consistently present in the lesions. They are found predominantly in the cytoplasm of polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
Filtrates of fecal material from normal mice of the Harvard breeding stock may produce lesions in myocardium and pulmonary arteries indistinguishable from those occurring in this disease. Rickettsia-like bodies are also found in these lesions.
THE SERUM DIPHENYLAMINE (DPA) REACTION IN EXPERIMENTAL ARTHRITIS
Authors: Coburn Alvin F. , Haninger Joan 
Published: June 2004

The passive Arthus arthritis in the guinea pig provides an experimental model for studying reactions comparable to those which occur in rheumatic fever. The joint swelling in the Arthus reaction is followed by tissue injury which is reflected 24 hours later by a rise in the DPA level. The height of this rise is determined by the degree of injury, which in turn is determined both by the strength of the antibody injected and also by the number of antigen depots created.
The swelling reaction and the DPA rise can be suppressed by sodium salicylate, cortisone, or splenin A. The amount of drug required to block a DPA rise (DPA unit) is approximately tenfold the amount required to inhibit the joint swelling by 50 per cent (Arthus unit). Even when the Arthus arthritis has completed the swelling phase, treatment with appropriate amounts of these drugs suppress a rise in DPA.
It was pointed out that the DPA rise appears to be associated with the tissue injury that follows joint swelling; that the degree of a DPA rise is determined by the severity of the inflammatory process; and that the amount of an anti-inflammatory agent required to suppress a DPA rise depends on the intensity of the reaction.