bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cholinergic innervation of the amygdaloid complex in the human brain and its alterations in old age and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Emre Murat , Heckers Stephan , Mash Deborah C. , Geula Changiz , Mesulam M.‐Marsel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cholinergic innervation of the human amygdaloid complex was studied immunohistochemically with a choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) antibody in eight brains: five control and three with Alzheimer's disease (AD). All amygdaloid nuclei displayed ChAT‐immunopositive axons and varicosities. The density of these axons reached levels that were higher than in any other part of the forebrain except for the striatum. The highest level of ChAT‐immunopositive profiles was seen in the basolateral nucleus and the second highest in the lateral part of the central nucleus. The basomedial, accessory basal, and cortical nuclei, the amygdalohippocampal and cortico‐amygdaloid transition areas, as well as the anterior amygdaloid area, showed a moderate density of ChAT‐positive varicosities and fibers. The lateral nucleus displayed a relatively low density of cholinergic innervation, and there were only rare ChAT‐positive fibers in the medial nucleus. Although the level of cholinergic innervation in the lateral nucleus was relatively lower than in many of the other amygdaloid nuclei, it was approximately equivalent to that of entorhinal cortex, a region that receives one of the heaviest cholinergic inputs in the cerebral cortex. The distribution of the cholinergic fibers as studied by ChAT immunohistochemistry was nearly identical to that observed with AChE histochemistry. Quantitative densitometry in control specimens showed that there was no decline of amygdaloid cholinergic input when middle‐aged subjects were compared with senescent subjects. In AD there was a severe and regionally selective depletion of this innervation in the amygdaloid complex. The cortical, accessory basal, and lateral nuclei displayed the most severe loss of ChAT‐positive profiles, whereas the basolateral, and especially the central, nuclei displayed relatively little change. There was no consistent relationship between the loss of cholinergic fibers and the density of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in amygdaloid nuclei. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connections of the auditory forebrain in the pigeon (columba livia)
Authors: Martin Wild J. , Karten H. J. , Frost B. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAscending auditory efferents in birds terminate mainly within Field L2, a cytoarchitectonically distinct region of the caudomedial telencephalon. The organization of Field L2, and that of its flanking regions, L1 and L3, was investigated with 14C‐2‐deoxyglucose (14C‐2‐DG), cytochrome oxidase, and both retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques.Field L2 was found to contain a high concentration of cytochrome oxidase. Following auditory stimulation, 14C‐2‐DG autoradiography revealed that Field L2 consists of two adjacent but seemingly discontinuous zones, designated Field L2a, which lies ventromedially, and Field L2b, which lies dorsolaterally.Termination of thalamic efferents: The thalamic auditory nuclei ovoidalis (Ov) and semilunaris parovoidalis (SPO) project predominantly upon Field L2, and possibly sparsely upon L1, L3 and the overlying hyperstriatum ventrale (HV). Ov subnuclei project upon L2a and SPO projects predominantly upon L2b. The topography of the projections is inverted along the ventromedial‐to‐dorsolateral axis of L2, and is in accord with an inverted tonotopic representation of frequencies; high frequencies (<3.5 kHz) being found in the more ventromedial parts of L2a, and low frequencies and broad band responses in L2b.Intra‐ and extratelencephalic connections: Field L2a also receives a substantial projection from HV, but the efferent projections of L2a appear confined to adjacent “neostriatal” regions. The subsequent projections of L2b were not identified in this study. L1 and L3 project predominantly to the dorsal neostriatum (Nd) caudolateral to Field L, and have fewer projections to the caudomedial paleostriatum and anterior hyperstriatum accessorium. Nd projects massively upon the ventromedial nucleus of the intermediate archistriatum (Aivm), which has bilateral projections upon the caudomedial telencephalon and is the origin of a major descending pathway having dense terminations surrounding the ovoidalis complex (Ov and SPO), MLd, the lateral lemniscal nuclei, and sparse terminations within SPO itself.It is suggested that within the telencephalon the major components of the auditory pathway consist of cell groups which collectively correspond to the populations of neurons found within the auditory cortex of mammals. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections from the nucleus tractus solitarii to the spinal cord
Authors: Mtui Estomih P. , Anwar Muhammad , Gomez Roberto , Reis Donald J. , Ruggiero David A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractProjections from the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) to the spinal cord were demonstrated in the male Sprague‐Dawley rat. In retrograde transport studies, a horseradish peroxidase conjugate or a fluorescent dye, Fluoro Gold, were injected into midcervical or upper thoracic spinal segments. Most solitariospinal neurons were multipolar or bipolar and located between the obex and spinomedullary junction. Solitariospinal neurons were concentrated in proximity to the ventral border of the solitary tract and extended dorsally into the intermediate division and ventrolaterally into the intermediate reticular zone (IRt) of the lateral tegmental field. This subgroup predominantly projects to midcervical spinal segments. A subset of small neurons was retrogradely labeled from cervical or thoracic spinal segments in the medial commissural nucleus and contiguous with a periventricular group surrounding the central canal.In anterograde transport studies, iontophoretic deposits of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin were centered stereotaxically on sites in NTS identified by retrograde transport data. The lectin was incorporated by neurons of the solitary complex and transported bilaterally by axons that emerged from the nucleus and entered the reticular formation. The solitario‐reticular (transtegmental) pathway irradiated diagonally across the IRt and extended caudally into the cervical lateral funiculus and spinal gray. A small periventricular‐spinal pathway also descended longitudinally to the neuraxis. Solitariospinal neurons project to superficial lamina of the dorsal horn, laminae VII and X and ventral horn. The projections are predominantly contralateral to phrenic and intercostal motor nuclei and ipsilateral to the intermediolateral cell column. The solitariospinal projection represents the shortest route in the central nervous system, other than the local intraspinal reflex, through which first order visceral afferents signal cardiorespiratory and alimentary motor nuclei. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SmI cortical barrels in an australian marsupial, Trichosurus vulpecula (brush‐tailed possum): Structural organization, patterned distribution, and somatotopic relationships
Authors: Weller W. Lee 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study reports on the cerebral cortex of an Australian marsupial, Trichosurus vulpecula (brush‐tailed possum). It consists of an analysis of layer IV of somatosensory cortex in tangential sections of flattened specimens and in oblique radial sections stained to show Nissl substance or myelin, or tested for succinic dehydrogenase. It includes results of electrophysiological mapping experiments that ascertained the somatotopic significance of the cytoarchitecture of this cortical region.Layer IV has two interlocking cytoarchitectural fields: one granular (the barrelfield, comprising cell‐dense barrels 150 to 500 μm in diameter) and one dysgranular. Only neurons within the granular field responded to light cutaneous stimulation. In the barrelfield cell‐sparse septa (about 100 μm wide), low in succinic dehydrogenase activity and containing many radial myelinated axons, separate adjoining barrels. Possum barrels are “solid,” lacking the prominent hollows characteristic of most rodent barrels. In some specimens three to five small neuronal “lobules” may constitute each large barrel.In tangential sections the size, shape, and arrangement of barrels combine to form a histological caricature of the possum's body, especially of the face and forepaw. Six rows of “mystacial barrels” are homeomorphic to the six rows of large mystacial vibrissae, and “forepaw barrels” are homeomorphic to the glabrous palmar and apical digital pads. Correlating cortical recording sites and receptive fields confirmed that individual barrels represent specific cutaneous regions.These results show that the cortical barrels of brush‐tailed possums are remarkably similar to those of rodents, in structure, arrangement, and functional significance. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physiology and morphology of spiking local interneurons in the terminal abdominal ganglion of the crayfish
Authors: Nagayama Toshiki , Isogai Yukihiro , Namba Hisaaki 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNot only nonspiking local interneurons but also spiking local interneurons in the terminal abdominal ganglion of the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii Girard) contribute to form the motor output of the uropod. In this study, 14 spiking local interneurons are identified by their gross morphology and physiological properties including the sensory inputs from the uropod and premotor output onto the uropod motor neurons on both sides. Morphologically, they are divided into three groups based on the position of their somata: anterior, medial, and posterior. The main branches of interneurons in each group are usually extended on the side contralateral to the soma, or they have profuse bilateral branches. Physiologically, all of them receive excitatory inputs from the afferents innervating the exopodite on the side ipsilateral their main branches. They are usually silent, and spike only in response to sensory stimulation. The majority of them (11 out of 14 neurons) have output effects on the uropod motor neurons that elicit reciprocally closing pattern. They increased the activity of the closer motor neurons and decreased the activity of the opener motor neurons. Only one interneuron inhibits the closer motor neurons. The remaining two interneurons coactivate both the antagonistic motor neurons. Since the reciprocal closing pattern of the uropod motor neurons is elicited in response to sensory stimulation of the uropod, spiking local interneurons may initiate this local reflex circuit. They detect the initiation of the stimulus and convey signals from the sensory to the motor side. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,Inc.
Stathmin: Cellular localization of a major phosphoprotein in the adult rat and human CNS
Authors: Peschanski Marc , Hirsch Etienne , Dusart Isabelle , Doye Valérie , Marty Serge , Manceau Valérie , Sobel André 
Published: January 2005

AbstractStathmin is a ubiquitous, 19 kDa cytoplasmic protein the phosphorylation of which is associated with many cellular signaling pathways. It is particularly abundant in neurons and reaches a peak of expression in the neonatal period, although it remains highly expressed in the adult brain. In order to determine whether this abundant expression is associated with discrete cellular populations that are still at an immature stage during adulthood, as suggested by others, the cellular localization of stathmin was investigated in the adult rat and human central nervous system.Western blotting with a specific antiserum indicated that stathmin was unbiquitous in the brain and spinal cord but that its relative concentration varied up to 2.6 times between regions. To characterize the distribution of stathmin within the brain, its cellular localization was analyzed by immunocytochemistry. Highly immunoreactive neurons and oligodendrocytes were observed, and stathmin immunoreactivity was localized to the perikaryon and all processes, but not the nucleus. Most brain and spinal cord cell groups showed stathmin immunoreactivity, although the extent and intensity of labeling differed largely from one place to another. Particularly numerous stathmin‐immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were found in the pyriform, cingulate, and neocortex, as well as in many cholinergic nuclei of the basal forebrain and brainstem, in the medial thalamus, in various brainstem nuclei, in the dorsalmost layers of the spinal cord, and in brain areas lacking a blood‐brain barrier to macromolecules. In addition to neuronal populations, stathmin‐antibodies intensely labeled choroid plexuses. Many other brain regions exhibited moderate neuronal immunostaining. The distribution of stathmin‐immunoreactive processes was in some areas relatively heterogeneous. Intense immunoreactivity was observed in some fiber tracts (corpus callosum, anterior commissure, inferior cerebellar peduncle, etc.) but was missing in others (internal capsule, posterior commissure, etc.). Some brain areas rich in immunoreactive neurons also displayed an intense immunoreactivity of the neuropile, whereas others contained either immunoreactive cells or fibers. In the human brain, stathmin immunostaining occurred in many areas, corresponding to those identified in the rat, with the exception of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampal fascia dentata, and the substantia nigra.The present results support our suggestion that, in addition to its involvement in cell proliferation and differentiation, stathmin may also be related to regulation of differentiated cell functions, as it appears to be a major signaling protein in widespread areas of the adult brain in both rat and human. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,Inc.
Corticocortical connections of area F3 (SMA‐proper) and area F6 (pre‐SMA) in the macaque monkey
Authors: Luppino Giuseppe , Matelli Massimo , Camarda Rosolino , Rizzolatti Giacomo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe monkey mesial area 6 comprises two distinct cytoarchitectonic areas: F3 [supplementary motor area properly defined (SMA‐proper)], located caudally, and F6 (pre‐SMA), located rostrally. The aim of the present study was to describe the corticocortical connections of these two areas. To this purpose restricted injections of neuronal tracers (wheat germ‐agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, fluorescent tracers) were made in different somatotopic fields of F3, F6, and F1 (area 4) and their transport plotted.The results showed that F3 and F6 differ markedly in their cortical connections. F3 is richly linked with F1 and the posterior premotor and cingulate areas (F2, F4, 24d). Connections with the anterior premotor and cingulate areas (F6, F7, F5, 24c) although present, are relatively modest. There is no input from the prefrontal lobe. F3 is also connected with several postrolandic cortical areas. These connections are with areas PC, PE, and PEa in the superior parietal lobule, cingulate areas 23 and PEci, the opercular parietal areas (PFop, PGop, SII) and the granular insula.F6 receives a rich input from the anterior premotor areas (especially F5) and cingulate area 24c, whereas its input from the posterior premotor and cingulate areas is very weak. A strong input originates from area 46. There are no connections with F1. The connections with the postrolandic areas are extremely meagre. They are with areas PG and PFG in the inferior parietal lobule, the disgranular insula, and the superior temporal sulcus.A further result was the demonstration of a differential connectivity pattern of the cingulate areas 24d and 24c. Area 24d is strongly linked with F1 and F3, whereas area 24c is connected mostly with F6.The present data support the notion that the classical SMA comprises two functionally distinct areas. They suggest that F6 (the rostral area) is responsible for the “SMA” so‐called high level motor functions, whereas F3 (the caudal area) is more closely related to movement execution. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of the proximal, orbital segment of the infraorbital nerve at multiple intervals after axotomy at birth: A quantitative electron microscopic study in rat
Authors: Golden Judith P. , Rana Jamil Z. , Davis Jason , Zahm Daniel S. , Jacquin Mark F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlthough much is known of the central consequences of infraorbital nerve (ION) transection at birth, little is known about the effects of this lesion on the organization of the ION itself. To advance our understanding of how deafferentation alters the developing trigeminal neuraxis, 19 newborn rats were subjected to left ION section and perfused 1, 2, 4, 7, 17, or 90 days later. Left IONs were removed in the orbit proximal to the nerve injury site, and axon numbers, types, and fasciculation patterns were assessed with light and electron microscopic methods. Complete axon counts demonstrated that the axotomized ION contained an average (±SD) of 13,945 ± 10,335, 14,112 ± 3,501, 16,531 ± 1,904, 9,045 ± 1,465, 7,018 ± 4,212, and 8,672 ± 1,030 axons at the above‐listed ages, respectively. These values are well below the 33,059 axons in the normal adult ION (Jacquin et al. [1984] Brain Res. 290:131–135) and the 42,219 axons in the newborn ION (Renehan and Rhoades [1984] Brain Res. 322:369–373). The axotomized ION also contained lower than normal percentages of myelinated axons (26.7% ± 6.3% on postnatal day 90 vs. 59.7% ± 6.2% in normal adults). Unmyelinated fibers constituted the vast majority of the remaining fiber types; degenerating fibers never accounted for > 1.6% of all the axons. The number of fascicles making up the axotomized ION overlapped significantly with those found in the normal newborn and adult ION.We conclude that (1) extensive, though variable, axon elimination occurs proximally within one day of the lesion; (2) the 74% reduction in fiber number seen at 90 days is not reliably achieved until postnatal day 7;(3) the higher than normal proportion of unmyelinated axons in the injured ION may underly many of the known effects of neonatal ION injury on the developing whisker‐barrel neuraxis; (4) gross changes in ION fasciculation patterns are not prerequisite to injury‐induced pattern alterations in the developing trigeminal system. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nucleus of the solitary tract and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve of the pigeon: Localization of peptide and 5‐hydroxytryptamine immunoreactive fibers
Authors: Berk Mitchell L. , Smith Stacy E. , Karten Harvey J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of peptide and serotonin fibers in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMNX) in the pigeon (Columba livia) was investigated immunocytochemically. This information was correlated with the viscerotopic organization of the nuclei and with central NTS circuitry to suggest the role of the neurochemical containing fibers in the regulation of organ function. The distribution of fibers containing cholecystokinin (CCK), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), enkephalin (ENK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) was determined. Each substance had a distinct distribution within the subnuclei of NTS‐DMNX, but certain generalities can be deduced. In the DMNX, fibers immunoreactive for ENK, NT, and SP were found in greatest concentration, while CGRP and 5‐HT immunoreactive fibers were the least dense. This suggests that ENK, NT, and SP may have a significant modulatory effect on gastrointestinal functions. In the NTS overall, ENK, NT, SP, and VIP fibers were found in high density, CCK, NPY, SS, and 5‐HT fibers were found in moderate density, and CGRP fibers were found in low density. However, some individual NTS subnuclei were found to contain moderate to high concentrations of each of the substances, including CGRP. Fibers containing CCK, ENK, NT, SP, SS, and VIP in the medial dorsal NTS subnuclei may regulate gastroesophageal functions. The caudal part of subnucleus lateralis parasolitarius did not contain most of the substances, which suggests that pulmonary function is not modulated by these neurochemicals. The boundaries of a subnucleus could sometimes be demarcated by a change in density of immunoreactive fibers between adjacent subnuclei. This was particularly evident in NTS subnuclei medialis dorsalis anterior centralis and lateralis parasolitarius, and in DMNX subnucleus posterior dorsalis magnocellularis. The selective distribution of peptide and serotonin immunoreactive fibers in various subnuclei of NTS‐DMNX suggests that these substances may be differentially involved in neural circuits that mediate cardiovascular and gastrointestinal functions. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the thalamic reticular and perireticular nuclei in rats and their relationship to the course of growing corticofugal and corticopetal axons
Authors: Mitrofanis John , Baker Gary E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study examines the connections of the thalamic reticular and perireticular nuclei during development. In addition, because these nuclei lie directly in the path of corticofugal and corticopetal axons during development, we have examined the relationship of these growing axons to the reticular and perireticular cell groups. Neurones were labelled by applying DiI, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP), or HRP to the dorsal thalamus and/or cerebral cortex of rats at different stages of development.The axons of neurones in the reticular nucleus reach the dorsal thalamus as early as embryonic day (E) 14. At this age, and during later prenatal development, a small DiI implant limited to the presumptive lateral geniculate nucleus labels reticulothalamic and thalamocortical axons which travel in a clearly defined bundle through the thalamus.During late gestation, thalamocortical (∼ E15) and corticothalamic (∼ E17) axons pass directly through the reticular nucleus toward their targets. It is not until birth that collaterals are seen extending into the nucleus from the parent axons.Neurones in the perireticular nucleus, in contrast to those in the reticular nucleus, are not labelled from the lateral geniculate nucleus until after birth. The perireticular nucleus is very large at a stage when the first thalamocortical axons leave and when the first corticothalamic axons approach the thalamus. These axons are seen to change course sharply in the region of the internal capsule, where there are many perireticular cells. Corticothalamic axons turn toward the reticular nucleus, and thalamocortical axons turn toward the cortical subplate. Corticospinal and corticobulbar axons, on the other hand, pass directly through the perireticular region toward their more caudal targets. After these axons have reached their targets, the perireticular nucleus reduces dramatically in size. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.