bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Available area isotherm
Authors: Bosma J. C. , Wesselingh J. A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA new isotherm is presented for adsorption of proteins, the available area isotherm. This isotherm has a steric basis, unlike the (steric) mass action model. The shape of the available area isotherm is determined only by geometric exclusion. With the new isotherm, experimental results can be fitted equally well as with existing ones, such as the steric mass action model. However, it has several advantages. For fitting of single‐protein isotherms one less parameter is needed, its theoretical basis is more realistic, it can be extended consistently to many components, it is applicable to adsorption by both ion‐exchange and hydrophobic interaction, and it can easily be combined with equations describing the effect of pH and ionic strength to obtain a complete description of adsorption behavior. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 848–853, 2004
Characteristics of activity coefficient models for liquid solutions
Authors: Eubank Philip T. , Wang Xiaonian 
Published: April 2004

AbstractLiquid–phase activity coefficient models (or excess Gibbs energy models) with three or fewer adjustable parameters are often sufficient to model the liquid solutions present for the vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE) or the vapor–liquid–liquid equilibria (VLLE) calculations of phase equilibria. Our purpose here is to show the flexibility of three such equations in the correlation and prediction of (1) extrema and inflection points on the popular ln γi vs. x1 diagram for binary solutions, (2) liquid–liquid phase splitting, and (3) homogeneous azeotropes. The empirical equations investigated here are (a) the two‐constant Margules model, (b) the van Laar model, and (c) the three‐constant NRTL model. New mathematical procedures lead to new graphs and equations, which allow the reader to identify the presence of any of the above three phenomena by inspection without performing detailed calculations such as a Gibbs energy minimization for liquid phase splitting. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 854–861, 2004
New method for ocean disposal of CO2 by a submerged kenics‐type static mixer
Authors: Tajima Hideo , Yamasaki Akihiro , Kiyono Fumio , Teng Ho 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA new method for ocean disposal of anthropogenic CO2 is proposed. In this method, liquefied CO2 is transported through a pipeline to a Kenics‐type static mixer, submerged at a depth between 500 and 1,000 m below the ocean surface and mixed with seawater in the mixer and then released into the ocean. Because the pressure and temperature for seawater at depths > 500 m satisfy those for hydrate formation, CO2 hydrate may form at the CO2–seawater interface. Thus, the release from the mixer is a mixture of liquid CO2, hydrate, and seawater. The apparent CO2 concentration of the release can be determined by the CO2–seawater mixing rate and distribution of the CO2 drops (with or without a hydrate layer) produced in the mixer. This proposed disposal method was simulated experimentally. The laboratory‐scale simulation revealed that sizes of the dispersed CO2 drops and their distribution in the mixer were governed by the mixing rate and the Weber number on the basis of the continuous phase (seawater); larger Weber numbers led to smaller drop sizes and more uniform drop distribution. It was also observed that the drops with a hydrate layer were generally smaller than those without a hydrate layer under the same mixing rate and that a fairly uniform distribution for the dispersed CO2 drops was always obtained if the continuous‐phase flow was fully turbulent. Results of the laboratory simulation suggest that the environmental impact induced by the CO2 released by a Kenics‐type static mixer may be better predicted than from conventional injection methods. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 871–878, 2004
Kinetics and reactive mixing: Fragmentation and coalescence in turbulent fluids
Authors: Madras Giridhar , McCoy Benjamin J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractReactive mixing in liquids can be quantitatively described by combining chemical kinetics and hydrodynamics so that dispersed reactants interact at evolving fluid–element interfaces. For the batch reactor we postulate that the dispersed fluid elements are fragmented in a cascade of increasingly smaller sizes and larger interfacial area. The reversible fragmentation–coalescence is described by a population dynamics equation that has an exact self‐similar solution for the size distribution as a function of time. Two types of competitive reaction kinetics incorporating a diffusion‐limited fast reaction satisfy nonlinear differential equations, written in terms of moments of the time‐dependent dispersed‐fluid size distribution. Applying a compressed time variable to transform to a simple system of differential equations readily solves the nonlinear equations. The straightforward solutions display realistic effects of dispersed fluid volume fraction, rate parameters, and initial concentrations. Final fractional conversions, occurring when the limiting reactant is depleted, are functions of a Damkohler number, volume fraction of dispersed reactant, and scaled initial conditions. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 835–847, 2004
Metabolic and molecular basis of peroxisomal disorders: A review
Authors: Wanders Ronald J.A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe group of peroxisomal disorders now includes 17 different disorders with Zellweger syndrome as prototype. Thanks to the explosion of new information about the functions and biogenesis of peroxisomes, the metabolic and molecular basis of most of the peroxisomal disorders has been resolved. A review of peroxisomal disorders is provided in this paper. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Positive associations of polymorphisms in the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 8 gene (GRM8) with schizophrenia
Authors: Takaki Hiromi , Kikuta Rumiko , Shibata Hiroki , Ninomiya Hideaki , Tashiro Nobutada , Fukumaki Yasuyuki 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe glutamatergic dysfunction has been implicated in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The Group III metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGluR4), 6, 7, and 8 are thought to modulate glutamatergic transmission in the brain by inhibiting glutamate release at the synapse. We tested association of schizophrenia with GRM8 using 22 single nucleofide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the average intervals of 40.3 kb in the GRM8 region in 100 case‐control pairs for the SNPs. Although we observed significant associations of schizophrenia with two SNPs, SNP18 (rs2237748, allele: P = 0.0279; genotype: P = 0.0124) and SNP19 (rs2299472, allele: P = 0.0302; genotype: P = 0.0127), none of two SNPs showed significant association with disease after Bonferroni correction. Both SNP18 and SNP19 were included in a large region (>330 kb) in which SNPs are in linkage disequilibrium (LD) at the 3′ region of GRM8. We also tested haplotype association of schizophrenia with constructed haplotypes of the SNPs in LD. Significant associations were detected for the combinations of SNP5‐SNP6 (χ2 = 18.12, df = 3, P = 0.0004, P corr = 0.0924 with Bonferroni correction), SNP4‐SNP5‐SNP6 (χ2 = 27.50, df = 7, P = 0.0075, P corr = 0.015 with Bonferroni correction), and SNP5‐SNP6‐SNP7 (χ2 = 23.92, df = 7, P = 0.0011, P corr = 0.0022 with Bonferroni correction). Thus, we conclude that at least one susceptibility locus for schizophrenia is located within the GRM8 region in Japanese. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural morphology and properties of star styrene–isoprene–butadiene rubber and natural rubber/star styrene–butadiene rubber blends
Authors: Zhao Suhe , Zou Hua , Zhang Xingying 
Published: April 2004

AbstractStar styrene–isoprene–butadiene rubber (SIBR) was synthesized with a new kind of star anionic initiator made from naphthalene lithium and an SnCl4 coupled agent. The relationship between the structure and properties of star SIBR was studied. Star block styrene–isoprene–butadiene rubber (SB‐SIBR), having low hysteresis, high road‐hugging, and excellent mechanical properties, was closer to meeting the overall performance requirements of ideal tire‐tread rubber according to a comparison of the morphology and various properties of SB‐SIBR with those of star random SIBR and natural rubber/star styrene–butadiene rubber blends. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 336–341, 2004
Surface and electrical characteristics of poly(amide imide)–poly(dimethylsiloxane) nanocomposites
Authors: Park Young‐Wook , Lee Dong‐Sung 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA series of poly(amide imide)–poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) nanocomposites were fabricated through the reaction of poly(amide imide), epoxysilane (coupling agent), and diethoxydimethylsilane (DEDMS) via a sol–gel process. Nanocomposite films were obtained through the hydrolysis and condensation of DEDMS in poly(amide imide) solutions. The existence of the condensation product of DEDMS in the poly(amide imide) matrix was confirmed with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The concentration of PDMS on the surface of the poly(amide imide) matrix was observed through a comparison of FTIR and attenuated total reflection spectra. The contact angle of the poly(amide imide)–PDMS composites increased more than 40° with respect to that of pure poly(amide imide). The alternating‐current (ac) breakdown strength was obtained through the measurement of the ac breakdown voltage at the temperature of liquid nitrogen. As the PDMS concentration in poly(amide imide) increased, the characteristics of the insulation breakdown improved greatly. The best ac breakdown strength was observed in a poly(amide imide)–epoxysilane (30 wt %) nanocomposite with 30 wt % PDMS. The samples at the temperature of liquid nitrogen were brittle, as in a glassy state. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 342–347, 2004
Visible‐light‐induced controlled/living radical polymerization of styrene with a phenyl seleno group at one terminal chain end: 1‐(Phenylseleno)ethyl benzene as a photoiniferter
Authors: Rathore K. , Reddy K. Raghunatha , Tomer N. S. , Desai S. M. , Singh R. P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe photopolymerization of styrene with a well‐defined molecular architecture and a low polydispersity index and with methyl and phenylseleno (SePh) groups at α‐ and ω‐chain ends, respectively, was performed via a controlled/living radical polymerization with a new initiating system, 1‐(phenylseleno)ethyl benzene/tert‐butyl diphenyl (phenylseleno) silane, through the absorption of visible light at room temperature. A novel initiating living radical polymerization was examined. The yield and number‐average molecular weight (Mn) of the resulting polymer increased with the reaction time. Furthermore, a linear relationship was found in a plot of Mn versus the polymer yield. These results indicated that this polymerization proceeded through a living radical mechanism. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 348–355, 2004
Solid freeform fabrication of epoxidized soybean oil/epoxy composites with di‐, tri‐, and polyethylene amine curing agents
Authors: Liu Z. S. , Erhan S. Z. , Calvert P. D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSoybean oil/epoxy‐based composites are prepared by solid freeform fabrication (SFF) methods. SFF methods built materials by the repetitive addition of thin layers. The mixture of epoxidized soybean oil and epoxy resin is modified with di‐, tri‐, or polyethylene amine gelling agent to solidify the materials until curing occurs. The high strength and stiffness composites are formed through fiber reinforcement. E‐glass, carbon, and mineral fibers are used in the formulations. The type of fiber affects the properties of the composites. It was found that a combination of two types of fibers could be used to achieve higher strength and stiffness parts than can be obtained from a single fiber type. In addition, the effects of curing temperature, curing time, and fiber concentration on mechanical properties of composites are studied and reported. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 356–363, 2004
Solution and solid‐state NMR investigation of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) blends
Authors: Diniz Teresinha M. F. F. , Tavares Maria I. B. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe development of polymer blends has become very important for the polymer industry because these blends have shown to be a successful and versatile alternative way to obtain a new polymer. In this study, binary blends formed by poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) were prepared by solution casting and evaluated by solution and solid‐state NMR. Variations in the microstructure of PMMA were analyzed by 13C solution NMR. Solid‐state NMR promotes responses on physical interaction, homogeneity, and compatibility to use these blends to understand the behavior of the ternary blends. The NMR results led‐us to acquire information on the polymer blend microstructure and molecular dynamic behavior. From the NMR solution, it was possible to evaluate the microstructure of both polymer blend components; they were atactic. From the solid state, good compatibility between both polymer components was characterized. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 372–377, 2004
Use of N,N‐dimethylaniline end‐functional polymers in photoinduced block copolymerization
Authors: Muftuoglu A. Ekrem , Cianga Ioan , Yurteri Seda , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: April 2004

AbstractN,N‐Dimethylaniline functional polystyrenes with well‐defined structures and low polydispersities were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene in bulk at 110°C using 4‐(dimethylamino)benzyl 4‐(bromomethyl) benzoate as initiator in conjunction with a cuprous complex [Cu(I)Br/bipyridine]. These polymers were further used in block copolymerization with methyl methacrylate and cyclohexene oxide (CHO) by photoinduced radical and radical‐promoted cationic polymerization routes, respectively. In the former case, macroradical generation was achieved with benzophenone sensitizer by photoexcitation followed by hydrogen abstraction from amino end groups. A visible light initiating system was used in the radical‐promoted cationic polymerization of CHO. The system involves a xanthene dye (erythrosin B) as the sensitizer, an aromatic N,N‐dimethyl amino group and diphenyl iodonium hexafluorophosphate as the radical source and radical oxidizer, respectively. Whereas pure block copolymers were obtained in the free‐radical route, the free‐radical–promoted cationic polymerization yielded both block and homopolymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 387–394, 2004
Effects of plasma treatment on CO2 plasticization of poly(methyl methacrylate) gas‐separation membranes
Authors: Hu Chien‐Chieh , Tu Chen‐Yuan , Wang Yi‐Chieh , Li Chi‐Lan , Lee Kueir‐Rarn , Lai Juin‐Yih 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTo suppress undesirable plasticization effects of condensable gas (CO2) in high pressure gas‐separation process, a surface‐modified poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) membrane prepared by a plasma treatment was synthesized in this study. The pressure dependencies of permeability were analyzed to characterize the plasticization phenomenon and how it can be controlled by the plasma modification. FTIR‐ATR and TGA results suggest that the plasma treatment leads to surface crosslinking of PMMA membrane. Thus, the plasticization effect resulting from sorbed CO2 on the Ar‐plasma–treated PMMA membrane was significantly reduced, but the reduction in permeability was lower than that of other crosslinking modification methods. The reduction of the CO2 permeability contributes to a major part to the selectivity of He/CO2 for the Ar‐plasma–treated PMMA membranes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 395–401, 2004
Structure and morphology of an intumescent polypropylene blend
Authors: Almeras X. , Renaut N. , Jama C. , Le Bras M. , Tóth A. , Bourbigot S. , Marosi Gy. , Poutch F. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis article deals with the study of the efficiency of different compatibilizing agents in the intumescent polypropylene/polyamide‐6/ammonium polyphosphate (PP/PA‐6/APP) blend. The migration of additive was first investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The study showed that ethylene–butyl acrylate–maleic anhydride is not efficient in preventing the exudation of APP to the surface. However, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) prevented such a phenomenon. Second, the modifications in the blends were analyzed as a function of their compositions. Optical microscopy analysis showed that adding EVA to PP/PA‐6/APP promoted a decrease in the size of PA‐6 droplets. X‐ray diffraction was used to characterize the effect of each component on the PP crystallinity. It was clearly shown that the crystallinity depends on the composition of the blend. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 402–411, 2004
Study on poly(propylene)/ammonium polyphosphate composites modified by ethylene‐1‐octene copolymer grafted with glycidyl methacrylate
Authors: Lu Mingfu , Zhang Shijun , Yu Dingsheng 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe compatibilization effect of ethylene‐1‐octene copolymer grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (POE‐g‐GMA) as an interface compatibilizer on the mechanical and combustion properties, and the morphology and structures of the cross sections of ammonium polyphosphate (APP)–filled poly(propylene) (PP) were investigated by thermogravimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results indicated that the toughness of the PP/APP composites increased rapidly with adding POE‐g‐GMA; the dynamic mechanical spectra revealed that the increase of the toughness was closely related to the peaks of loss modulus (E″) and mechanical loss (tan δ). The improvement of the dispersion of APP in the PP matrix was attributed to the addition of POE‐g‐GMA; it was found that the interfacial adhesion between the filler and matrix was enhanced when the grafting material was added to the composites. Under such circumstances, the ratio of char formation was increased when the PP composites were heated, although the content of flame retardant was not changed, so the flame retardance of the material was improved. The addition of POE‐g‐GMA increased the rate of crystallization. At the same time, the degree of crystallinity and the temperature at the beginning of crystallization were decreased, although exerting little influence on the melt behavior of the crystallization of the composites. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 412–419, 2004
Chemiluminescence of lucigenin is dependent on experimental conditions
Authors: Hyrsl Pavel , Lojek Antonin , Ciz Milan , Kubala Lukas 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe aim of the study was to test the effect of experimental conditions such as light radiation and temperature on chemiluminescence (CL) of 10−2–10−5 mol/L lucigenin dissolved in various types of solvents. Irradiation by UV light (280, 297, 313 or 400 nm) induced a signiﬁcant increase in CL of lucigenin dissolved in borate buffer. This effect was the most obvious for 10−2–10−3 mol/L lucigenin. All wavelengths used had a similar effect. UV irradiation did not induce changes in the CL activity of lucigenin dissolved in dH2O or in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). Different results for various solvents were not dependent on pH. The CL activity of 10−2 mol/L and 10−3 mol/L lucigenin dissolved in borate buffer increased depending on the solution temperature (25°C, 30°C, 37°C or 40°C) already at the beginning of the analysis, with a further increase during 16 h incubation period. It can be summarized that temperatures higher than 25°C and intensive light irradiation are among those factors which signiﬁcantly affect the result of analysis when lucigenin is used as a luminophor. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypohalites and related oxidants as chemiluminescence reagents: a review
Authors: Francis Paul S. , Barnett Neil W. , Lewis Simon W. , Lim Kieran F. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis review concerns the use of hypochlorite, hypobromite and related oxidants (such as N‐bromosuccinimide and 1,3‐dibromo‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin) as chemiluminescence reagents and includes references to 249 papers that were published prior to mid‐2003. Particular emphasis has been placed on proposed emitting species and the mechanisms of the light‐producing pathways. The analytical applications of this chemistry have been summarized in three tables: (1) quantiﬁcation of hypohalites and related compounds (including halides, which are initially oxidized); (2) enhancement or inhibition of luminol chemiluminescence; and (3) direct chemiluminescence reactions with hypohalite reagents. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow injection chemiluminescent determination of tetracycline using a tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II)–cerium(IV) sulphate system
Authors: Guo Liangqia , Xie Zenghong , Lin Xucong , Liu Xiaohua , Zhang Weilin , Chen Guonan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA ﬂow‐injection chemiluminescence method for the determination of tetracycline was developed. The method is based on an enhancement by tetracycline of the chemiluminescence light emission of tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II). In sulphuric acid medium, the chemiluminescence is generated by the continuous oxidation of tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) by cerium (IV) sulphate. The light‐emission intensity is greatly enhanced in the presence of tetracycline. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration curve is linear over the range 3.75 × 10−8 g/mL–1.5 × 10−5 g/mL for tetracycline with the linear equation: ΔINT = 205.898 × C − 20.442 (R2 = 0.9974). The detection limit is 3.27 × 10−8 g/mL. The proposed method was also successfully used to determine tetracycline in pharmaceutical formulation (mean recovery of tetracycline, 100.7%). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photochemical attachment of biomolecules onto ﬁbre‐optics for construction of a chemiluminescent immunosensor
Authors: Leshem Boaz , Sarfati Gadi , Novoa Andres , Breslav Igor , Marks Robert S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe report herein a simple and effective way to photochemically immobilize biomolecules onto a ﬁbre‐optic silica surface. The system is based on a photoreactive benzophenone derivative that is bound to SiO2 surfaces of the optical ﬁbre via a silane anchor. The benzophenone derivative was 4‐allyloxybenzophenone, synthesized by standard procedures that were later used to synthesize the 4‐(3′‐chlorodimethylsilyl) propyloxybenzophenone and 4‐(3′‐dichloromethylsilyl) propyloxybenzophenone by regular hydrosilation procedures. After silanization with the benzophenone derivatives, the ﬁbres were immersed in a cholera toxin B subunit solution and illuminated with UV light (wavelength > 345 nm). As a result of the photochemical reaction, a thin layer of the antigen was covalently bound to the benzophenone‐modiﬁed surface. The photochemically modiﬁed ﬁbre‐optics were then tested as immunosensors in the detection of cholera anti‐toxin antibody and revealed through chemiluminescence measurements. A secondary antibody labelled with horseradish peroxidase acted as the marker for the cholera toxin antibody. A photo‐electronic set‐up was designed speciﬁcally to monitor the signal. The immunosensor system was shown to be both speciﬁc and sensitive. The lowest rabbit serum titre detected was 1:1 700 000. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.