bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altered immune parameters in chronic alcoholic patients at the onset of infection and of septic shock
Authors: von Dossow Vera , Schilling Corinna , Beller Stefan , Hein Ortrud Vargas , von Heymann Christian , Kox Wolfgang J , Spies Claudia D 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Introduction
Chronic alcoholic patients have a threefold to fourfold increased risk for developing a severe infection or septic shock after surgery, which might be due to altered immune response. The aim of this outcome matched study was to investigate proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune parameters during the course of infection and subsequent septic shock in chronic alcoholic patients, and to compare these parameters with those in nonalcoholic patients.

Methods
Twenty-eight patients from a cohort of fifty-six with either pneumonia or peritonitis and subsequent septic shock were selected. Fourteen patients were chronic alcoholics whereas fourteen were nonalcoholic patients. Chronic alcoholic patients met criteria (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV, of the American Psychiatric Association) for alcohol abuse or dependence. Measurements were performed during the onset of infection (within 24 hours after the onset of infection), in early septic shock (within 12 hours after onset of septic shock) and in late septic shock (72 hours after the onset). Blood measurements included proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Results
Chronic alcoholic patients exhibited significantly lower plasma levels of IL-8 (P < 0.010) during the onset of infection than did matched nonalcoholic patients. In early septic shock, chronic alcoholic patients had significantly decreased levels of IL-1β (P < 0.015), IL-6 (P < 0.016) and IL-8 (P < 0.010). The anti-inflammatory parameters IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor receptors I and II did not differ between alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients.

Conclusion
At the onset of infection and during early septic shock, chronic alcoholic patients had lower levels of proinflammatory immune parameters than did nonalcoholic patients. Therefore, immunomodulatory therapy administered early may be considered in chronic alcoholic patients at the onset of an infection because of their altered proinflammatory immune response.
R5 HIV gp120-mediated cellular contacts induce the death of single CCR5-expressing CD4 T cells by a gp41-dependent mechanism
Authors: Blanco Julià , Barretina Jordi , Clotet Bonaventura , Esté José A 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe use of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) by X4 and R5 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelopes (Env) influences HIV cytopathicity. Here, we have evaluated the role of CCR5 and gp41 in Env-induced cell death occurring during the contacts of uninfected, primary cells with MOLT cells infected with different R5 and X4 HIV isolates. As reported for X4-Env, R5 HIV-infected cells destroyed CD4 T cells expressing the appropriate coreceptor by inducing the formation of syncytia and the death of single target cells. Therefore, only the small (&lt;10%) CCR5+ subset of primary CD4 T cells was sensitive to cellular presentation of R5-Env, and CCR5–CD4 T cells showed complete resistance to R5-Env-mediated cell death. X4- and R5-infected cells killed single primary cells by a common mechanism that was dependent on gp41 function and induced a rapid loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and plasma membrane integrity in target cells. Single-cell death was not affected by the blockade of HIV replication in target cells or G-protein signaling through CXCR4/CCR5. In contrast, caspase inhibition (Z-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone) profoundly changed the outcome of cell-to-cell contacts by reducing the number of single dead CD4 T cells and increasing the rate of syncytium formation. In conclusion, X4 and R5 HIV Env share a common gp41-dependent mechanism to kill CD4 T cells during cellular contacts. Env tropism and coreceptor expression but not differential killing mechanisms seem to govern the extent of cytopathic effects induced by HIV infection.
The THC-induced suppression of Th1 polarization in response toLegionella pneumophilainfection is not mediated by increases in corticosterone and PGE2
Authors: Newton Catherine A , Lu Tangying , Nazian Stanley J , Perkins Izabella , Friedman Herman , Klein Thomas W 
Published: July 2004

AbstractT helper cell type 1 (Th1)-polarizing cytokines are induced by Legionella pneumophila infection and are suppressed by pretreatment with marijuana cannabinoids (CB). Glucocorticoids and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) are also reported to suppress Th1 polarization and are induced by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), so their role in the suppression of polarizing cytokines was examined. Injection of L. pneumophila or THC alone into BALB/c mice induced a rapid and transient rise in serum corticosterone (CS), and the injection of both agents significantly augmented the CS response, demonstrating that THC increased CS in Legionella-infected mice. Pretreatment with the CB receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist SR141716A had no effect on the THC-induced CS response, but CB2 antagonist (SR144528) treatment increased the CS response. To see if increased CS contributed to the down-regulation of Th1 cytokines, mice were pretreated with the steroid antagonist RU486 before THC injection and Legionella infection. The results showed that RU486 did not attenuate the THC-induced suppression of serum interleukin (IL)-12 or interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In addition to CS, THC injection increased urinary PGE2 metabolites, and the CB1 antagonist attenuated this increase. Although L. pneumophila infection increased urinary PGE2, THC pretreatment did not enhance this response; in addition, treatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, did not block the THC-induced suppression of IL-12 and IFN-γ. These results suggest that the elevation of CS and PGE2 does not account for the THC-induced attenuation of the Th1 cytokine response, and it is concluded that other suppressive mediators are induced by THC or that the drug acts directly on immune cells to suppress cytokine production.
Prolonged Toll-like receptor stimulation leads to down-regulation of IRAK-4 protein
Authors: Hatao Fumihiko , Muroi Masashi , Hiki Naoki , Ogawa Toshihisa , Mimura Yoshikazu , Kaminishi Michio , Tanamoto Ken-ichi 
Published: July 2004

AbstractInterleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-4 is a key mediator in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. We found that stimulation of TLR2, TLR4, or TLR9, but not TLR3, caused a decrease in IRAK-4 protein without affecting its mRNA level in a mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264. The decrease in IRAK-4 was accompanied by the appearance of a smaller molecular weight protein (32 kD), which was recognized by an anti-IRAK-4 antibody raised against the C-terminal region. The decrease in IRAK-4 and the appearance of the 32-kD protein occurred with slower kinetics than the activation of IRAK-1 and were suppressed by inhibitors of the proteasome, inducible inhibitor of κBα phosphorylation or protein synthesis, but not by caspase inhibitors. These results indicate that prolonged stimulation of TLR2, TLR4, or TLR9 causes a down-regulation of IRAK-4 protein, which may be mediated through cleavage of IRAK-4 by a protease induced by the activation of nuclear factor-κB.
Counteracting corneal immunoinflammatory lesion with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein
Authors: Biswas Partha Sarathi , Banerjee Kaustuv , Zheng Mei , Rouse Barry T 
Published: July 2004

AbstractHerpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) is a T cell-orchestrated, immunoinflammatory lesion that results from corneal Herpes simplex virus infection. Previous reports indicate an essential role for proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 in HSK pathogenesis. The present study evaluates the efficacy of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 ra) protein in the management of HSK. Mice receiving IL-1 ra had diminished disease severity. The administration of IL-1 ra was shown to reduce the influx into the cornea of cells of the innate and adaptive immune response. In addition, the treatment diminished corneal vascular endothelial growth factor levels, resulting in reduced angiogenic response. Our results show the importance of targeting early proinflammatory molecules such as IL-1 to counteract HSK and advocate IL-1 ra as an effective agent to achieve this.
Systemic Inflammation‐Associated Glucocorticoid Resistance and Outcome of ARDS
Authors: MEDURI G UMBERTO , YATES CHARLES R. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract: Dysregulated systemic inflammation with excess activation of pro‐inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB)—activated by inflammatory signals—compared to the anti‐inflammatory transcription factor glucocorticoid receptor‐α (GRα)—activated by endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids (GCs)—is an important pathogenetic mechanism for pulmonary and extrapulmonary organ dysfunction in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Activation of one transcription factor in excess of the binding (inhibitory) capacity of the other shifts cellular responses toward increased (dysregulated) or decreased (regulated) transcription of inflammatory mediators over time. Recent data indicate that failure to improve in ARDS (unresolving ARDS) is frequently associated with failure of the activated GRs to downregulate the transcription of inflammatory cytokines despite elevated levels of circulating cortisol, a condition defined as systemic inflammation‐associated acquired GC resistance; it is potentially reversible with prolonged GC supplementation.In the first part of this paper, after a brief description of inflammation in ARDS and our model of translational research, we review the two cellular signaling pathways that are central to the regulation of inflammation—the stimulatory NF‐αB and the inhibitory GRα. In the second part, we review findings of recent studies indicating that excessive inflammatory activity in patients with unresolving ARDS may induce noncompensated GC resistance in target organs. In the third part, we review factors affecting cellular response to GC and potential mechanisms involved in inflammation‐associated GC resistance.
Frontal‐wave development by interaction between a front and a cyclone: Application to FASTEX IOP 17
Authors: Arbogast Philippe 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe way new cyclones appear along a baroclinic zone is central to the problem of the prediction of mid‐latitude cyclones. A new barotropic mechanism for frontal‐wave development is proposed in the present paper. The ingredients are a frontal environment characterized by horizontal wind shear and a finite‐amplitude initial wind perturbation orthogonal to the main deformation axis associated with the front. It is found that the initial wind perturbation can be provided by a low‐level vortex maximum located north‐westward with respect to the position of the new cyclone. Interactions between these synoptic features are documented using local energetics. The theory is only valid at the very early stage of development. After a few hours the main growing phase, which is mostly baroclinic, will take place.A wide set of experiments is performed in order to find the preferred location of the vortex at the initial time in the frame of the barotropic vorticity equation. The result is found to be consistent with the Fronts and Atlantic Storm‐Track Experiment case studied in this paper. Frontogenetic forcing provided by a deformation field does not inhibit the perturbation amplification. It is also found that the impact of the vortex is significantly larger than potential instabilities developing along the front where the unstable feature is defined as the most unstable singular vector. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Perturbation growth in terms of baroclinic alignment properties
Authors: Rivière G. , Hua B. L. , Klein P. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMechanisms leading to perturbation growth in complex time‐dependent quasi‐geostrophic (QG) flows are addressed in this paper. The dynamics of small three‐dimensional (3D) perturbations are studied for the complete set of the linearized local QG equations. An analytical diagnostic of these equations shows that, at each spatial location, the preferred 3D structures of the perturbations are related to the eigenvector directions of a matrix, denoted Ā, which is the 3D generalization of the basic‐state strain‐rate tensor. The matrix Ā has a degenerate form and depends on both the horizontal deformation and the vertical shear of the unperturbed reference flow. By using a nonlinear Monte‐Carlo technique, the 3D structures related to Ā's eigenvectors are shown to be the most probable ones for perturbation growth. We also provide simple analytical expressions for quantifying the barotropic and baroclinic energy extraction from the reference flow by the perturbations. In particular, our analytical expression for baroclinic energy extraction is found to be more relevant than the Eady index widely used in the literature. An interesting outcome of the Monte‐Carlo simulations is that the maxima of the total‐energy error field are found to be localized in regions where the norm of Ā is large. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Sensitivity of tropospheric forecasts to stratospheric initial conditions
Authors: Charlton A. J. , O'neill A. , Lahoz W. A. , Massacand A. C. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA number of recent papers in the atmospheric science literature have suggested that a dynamical link exists between the stratosphere and troposphere. Numerical modelling studies have shown that the troposphere has a time‐mean response to changes to the stratospheric climatological state. In this study the response of the troposphere to an imposed transient stratospheric change is examined.The study uses a high horizontal and vertical resolution numerical weather‐prediction model. Experiments compare the tropospheric forecasts of two medium‐range forecast ensembles which have identical tropospheric initial conditions and different stratospheric initial conditions. In three case studies described here, stratospheric initial conditions have a statistically significant impact on the tropospheric flow. The mechanism for this change involves, in its most basic step, a change to tropospheric synoptic‐scale systems. A consistent change to the tropospheric synoptic‐scale systems occurs in response to the stratospheric initial conditions. The aggregated impact of changes to individual synoptic systems maps strongly onto the structure of the Arctic Oscillation, particularly over the North Atlantic storm track. The relationship between the stratosphere and troposphere, while apparent in Arctic Oscillation diagnostics, does not occur on coherent, hemispheric scales. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Significance testing for variational assimilation
Authors: Muccino Julia C. , Hubele Norma F. , Bennett Andrew F. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe hypothesis test associated with a variational data‐assimilation algorithm is examined in detail. It can be shown that the test statistic, Ĵ, should have a$\chi^{2}_{M}$distribution, whereMis the number of scalar data assimilated,ifthe hypothesis regarding the model and data residuals is consistent with the true physical system. The skill of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test in identifying whether the hypothesis used in the assimilation is ‘true’ (that is, the hypothesis correctly reflects the residuals in the model and the data) or not (that is, the hypothesis has either incorrect parameters in the covariance or an incorrect bias) is evaluated. It is shown that the KS test does indeed have some skill in identifying a false hypothesis. However, as one might expect, the skill is limited to cases where the particular component of the hypothesis that is incorrect has an impact on the test statistic and therefore on its distribution. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Inversion effects on mountain lee waves
Authors: Vosper S. B. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe effect of a sharp low‐level temperature inversion on flow over a mountain is investigated via a series of two‐dimensional idealized numerical model simulations. The main focus of the study is the effect of the inversion on the formation of lee waves, lee‐wave rotors, low‐level hydraulic jumps and the occurrence of wave breaking aloft. The idealized problem considered consists of an upwind velocity profile that is independent of height (above the boundary layer) and directed normal to an isolated two‐dimensional ridge. The upstream stratification consists of a neutral layer immediately above the ground capped by a sharp temperature inversion. Above this, the atmosphere is stably stratified and the Brunt–Väisälä frequency is independent of height. Simulations were conducted for a range of inversion strengths (measured by the difference in potential temperature across the inversion) and inversion heights. The effect of both a free‐slip and a no‐slip lower boundary condition is investigated. Results show that, when the upwind Froude number (defined in the usual way for two‐layer shallow‐water flow) falls below a critical value, a short‐wavelength resonant lee wave forms downwind of the mountain on the inversion. It is shown that both the critical Froude‐number value and the wavelength of the lee wave are accurately predicted by linear theory. The lee‐wave amplitude, however, can be significantly underestimated by linear theory if the wavelength is less than the hill length scale. In the case of a no‐slip boundary condition, if the wave amplitude is sufficiently large, boundary‐layer separation occurs underneath the wave crests and closed rotor circulations occur. In general, flow separation (and rotors) do not occur in the free‐slip case. In both the free‐slip and no‐slip flows, as the Froude number decreases the lee wave is eventually replaced by a stationary hydraulic jump above the lee slope of the mountain. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Occurrence, Size, and Tag Retention of Sneaker Male Hatchery Rainbow Trout
Authors: Isely J Jeffery , Grabowski Timothy B 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
One alternative reproductive tactic involving early-maturing, cryptic males is referred to as “sneaking.” Although sneakers tend to be easily detectable upon close inspection, little is known about the proportion of a fish population consisting of sneakers. We examined 15,400 age-1 rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in a hatchery. Total length (mm), wet weight (g), and sex (sneaker male or unknown) were recorded for each fish. We also individually tagged each sneaker male with soft visual implant alphanumeric (VIalpha) tags that were sequentially numbered and held the fish for 25 d before inspection. Sneakers constituted 2.8% of the hatchery rainbow trout population and were smaller in total length and weight than typical rainbow trout of the same age. Retention of the VIalpha tags in sneakers was 58.9%, significantly lower than has been reported under similar circumstances. We found that sneaker males may contribute substantially to hatchery populations. Reduced tag retention in sneakers may bias studies evaluating the effect of hatchery fish on wild populations. We believe that hatchery-produced sneaker males have the potential to contribute importantly to the genetic composition of wild populations.
Relationship of Lipid Content to Size and Condition in Walleye Fingerlings from Natural and Aquacultural Environments
Authors: Copeland Timothy , Carline Robert F 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Condition indices are widely used in the evaluation of fish populations, but most research on the relationship of condition indices to body composition has taken place in laboratory environments. Our objectives were to assess the relative ability of measures of size and three versions of condition index to predict the lipid content of fingerling walleyes Sander vitreus from aquacultural or natural environments. Fingerlings were either intensively cultured through the fall of 1994, were stocked and spent 3–4 months at large in four lakes, or were intensively cultured and maintained overwinter in hatchery ponds. Variation in condition indices accounted for less than 35% of the variation in lipid. No index performed substantially better than the others. The relationship of condition to lipid content was not consistent between environments or seasons (ANCOVA: F = 403.4, P &lt; 0.0005). Relationships were also different among the four lake populations (ANCOVA: F = 33.9, P &lt; 0.0005). Inconsistencies seem to be the result of differences in seasonal and environmental stress. The utility of condition indices as surrogates for body composition should be verified with each use. Furthermore, comparisons of fingerlings from aquacultural environments with fingerlings from natural environments are unlikely to be physiologically meaningful.
Overwintering Yellow Perch Fry in Alabama
Authors: Saoud I Patrick , Rodgers Leonard , Chappell Jesse , Davis D Allen 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Wild harvests of yellow perch Perca flavescens have failed to keep up with the strong market demand for the fish. Moreover, yellow perch has many attributes that make it attractive for commercial aquaculture in the USA. One drawback to yellow perch culture in the north-central region of the United States is that low winter water temperatures inhibit somatic growth. In this study, yellow perch juveniles were stocked at three densities (30, 60, and 90 per tank) in 600-L tanks in Auburn, Alabama, in early January and maintained throughout the winter until mid-April. Water in the tanks was circulated through an earthen pond and returned to the research system by means of a water pump. Tanks were aerated by means of submersible air diffusers and a regenerative air blower. Fish were offered a commercial, slow-sinking feed at 5% of body weight, and temperature was measured hourly by a remote data logger. Survival was greater than 99% in all treatments. When water temperature was below 20°C, absolute growth was 0.06, 0.05, and 0.04 g/d for the low-, medium-, and high-stocking density treatments, respectively. When water temperature was above 20°C, absolute growth was 0.58, 0.48, and 0.46 g/d for the low-, medium-, and high-stocking density treatments, respectively. Yellow perch juveniles survived well and grew well in Alabama during fall and spring seasons when temperatures were above 20°C.