bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE VASOCONSTRICTOR ACTION OF PLASMA FROM HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS AND DOGS
Authors: Page Irvine H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Plasma from the renal vein, femoral artery or vein of normal dogs and plasma from the femoral artery, femoral and antecubital veins of man cause little or no vasoconstriction when added in small amounts to blood from a bilaterally nephrectomized dog used as perfusing medium in an isolated rabbit's ear.
2. Plasma from the femoral vessels and antecubital vein of patients with essential hypertension, malignant hypertension, and chronic nephritic hypertension causes marked vasoconstriction under the same circumstances. The plasma of dogs made hypertensive either by constriction of the parenchyma by the scar of silk perinephritis or by constriction of the renal artery by a clamp also causes pronounced vasoconstriction.
3. Plasma from the renal vein of normal dogs produces little or no vasoconstriction, but that of hypertensive dogs elicits vasoconstriction but usually not so marked as that elicited by plasma collected from peripheral vessels. A sample of renal venous plasma from one hypertensive patient caused severe vasoconstriction, not quite so intense as that produced by the peripheral vein plasma.
4. Since renin is liberated into the renal vein in large amounts in hypertensive dogs and reacts with renin-activator to produce angiotonin and since the conditions of the experiment are such as to enhance greatly the sensitivity of the ear preparation to angiotonin, it is believed that the vasoconstriction is the result of the presence of angiotonin in the peripheral blood.
5. Since vasoconstriction occurs under the same experimental conditions with plasma from both hypertensive patients and dogs, this is considered cogent evidence in favor of the view that the chemical mediator of both is similar and is possibly angiotonin.
6. A method is presented which is believed will distinguish between plasma from patients with normal blood pressure and that from those with hypertension, and between plasma from normal dogs and that from dogs with experimental renal hypertension.
CONSTITUENTS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA
Authors: Hoagland Charles L. , Ward S. M. , Smadel Joseph E. , Rivers Thomas M. 
Published: June 2004

The effects of a number of crystalline and highly purified enzymes on elementary bodies of vaccinia are reported. These effects have been followed by determination of amino nitrogen, staining reaction, and studies of infectivity.
Pepsin, at a pH which inactivates the virus, results in its solution and rapid release of amino nitrogen.
Crystalline trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and ribonuclease are without appreciable effect on the virus.
Papain within a short time produces profound alteration in the staining reaction of the elementary body with release of amino nitrogen accompanied by complete inactivation of the virus. This reaction is not shared by crystalline ficin, another plant papain, or by cathepsin, an intracellular proteinase analogous to plant papains but of animal origin.
STUDIES OF THE TRANSMISSIBLE AGENT OF THE ROUS CHICKEN SARCOMA I
Authors: Shemin David , Sproul E. E. , Jobling James W. 
Published: June 2004

The viscosity of Rous sarcoma extracts can be reduced with a polysaccharide enzyme isolated from pneumococcus or testis without destruction of the active agent and thus more concentrated active filtrates can be obtained.
The active agent can be precipitated with basic proteins.
The basic protein can be separated from the components originally coming from the tumor filtrate by electrophoresis.
THE ETIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION DUE TO COMPLETE RENAL ISCHEMIA
Authors: Prinzmetal Myron , Lewis Harvey A. , Leo Sidney D. 
Published: June 2004

1. Perfusates of totally ischemic kidneys of cats contain a pressor substance which is not present in the perfusates of normal kidneys, ischemic hind limbs, or ischemic gravid uteri.
2. The pressor material in ischemic renal perfusates originates directly in the kidney as a result of complete ischemia.
3. The pressor principle contained in ischemic renal perfusates is the cause of the hypertension which follows the reestablishment of circulation in completely ischemic kidneys, since perfusates of unreleased completely ischemic kidneys contain more pressor material than perfusates of released ischemic kidneys of the same animal.
4. The pressor principle in ischemic renal perfusates is presumed to be renin for the following reasons, (a) Both substances are destroyed by boiling, (b) Both substances induce tachyphylaxis. (c) The configuration of both pressor curves is identical, (d) The pressor action of both is not reversed by 933F, proving they are not epinephrine-like substances. (e) When incubated with plasma, both form a heat-stable pressor substance. (f) The pressor effect of both is uninfluenced by a previous injection of cocaine, (g) Unreleased, completely ischemic kidneys yield more pressor material on extraction than do released ischemic kidneys of the same animal.
5. The perfusates of blood-free ischemic kidneys contain more renin than those of blood-filled ischemic kidneys.
6. A method is described by which the power of various substances to inhibit or enhance the production of renin in the ischemic kidney may be tested.
7. A small amount of the heat-stable pressor substance, presumably angiotonin or hypertensin, is formed by the reaction of the pressor material (renin) and plasma in the vessels of the kidney during the period of complete ischemia.
INTERMITTENT TAKE-UP OF FLUID FROM THE CUTANEOUS TISSUE
Authors: McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

Methods have been devised to bring microscopic amounts of fluid into contact with cutaneous connective tissue, under pressure or without pressure, in such a manner that it enters neither blood capillaries nor lymphatics directly. The take-up of fluid brought into contact with the tissues in this way has been measured and its characteristics studied. Elaborate control tests, here described and discussed, have indicated the possible errors in the employment of these methods.
Locke's or Tyrode's solutions brought into contact with the cutaneous tissues, by the method described and at atmospheric pressure, pass into the tissue intermittently. Forced into the skin by pressures of 1.0 to 2.0 cm. of water the take-up is still intermittent in character. From this it follows that either the absorption of interstitial fluid from localized regions is periodic or the movements of interstitial fluid are influenced by intermittent physiological changes.
THE EXPERIMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF LATENT NEOPLASTIC CHANGES IN TARRED SKIN
Authors: MacKenzie Ian , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

A carcinogenic tar applied to rabbit skin renders many more epidermal cells neoplastic than ever declare themselves by forming tumors. They may be present in large numbers and persist for a considerable time after brief tarring, yet give rise to no growths unless encouraged. The stimulus of wound healing will suffice to make some of them multiply and form tumors.
No evidence has been obtained, in experiments specifically directed to the point, that the cells which tar renders neoplastic respond in this way because they are possessed of peculiarities not shared by the rest of the normal epithelium.
The fact that non-specific stimulation (as e.g. wound healing) may act as the deciding influence in tumor formation brings out the need for a sharp distinction between the forces which induce neoplastic change and those which determine, or prevent, its realization in terms of a tumor. The distinction is vital to the appraisal of the many carcinogenic substances worked with nowadays.
The ability of tumor cells to lie latent for long periods and respond to non-carcinogenic stimulation by multiplying into growths provides an explanation of those clinical instances in which cancer appears rapidly after acute injury to tissue that had seemed normal.
THE INTERACTION OF HOST AND BACTERIUM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICABILITY BY STREPTOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS
Authors: Coburn Alvin F. , Pauli Ruth H. 
Published: June 2004

An epidemic of infections due to group A Streptococcus haemolyticus type 12 originated in an infant with bronchiectasis, and involved children and nurses. Some of the children spread contagion; the nurses did not spread contagion. The children who spread contagion had few or no recognizable type 12 organisms in their throats; most of the nurses had type 12 predominant in their throat flora.
Two children who spread contagion had non-hemolytic streptococci in their throat flora, which became hemolytic on cultivation and proved to be type 12. Four children had in their throat flora hemolytic type 12 streptococci which became non-hemolytic when grown in fluid media containing serum. These infants appeared to act as disseminating hosts in which the pathogen developed communicability and at the same time became morphologically and physiologically labile.
The labile streptococci gave rise to atypical forms whose requirements for rapid reproduction (as tested in vitro) were similar to those existing in the human host.
The hypothesis presented is that the genesis of communicability depends on the coexistence of two conditions: a transmitting host lacking in restraining influences, permitting the acquisition of physiological lability by the microorganism; and the development of adaptive mechanisms in the bacterial cell, facilitating survival under atmospheric conditions and subsequent colonization in the environment of human tissues.
THE QUANTITY OF IRRADIATED NON-VIRULENT RABIES VIRUS REQUIRED TO IMMUNIZE MICE AND DOGS
Authors: Webster L. T. , Casals J. 
Published: June 2004

In the experiments described above, we found with respect to tissue culture rabies virus that 1 cc., which contains approximately 50,000 mouse intracerebral lethal doses, properly irradiated, was required to immunize a mouse; 500 cc., which contain 25,000,000 doses, were required to immunize a 20 pound beagle dog.
Tissue culture virus concentrated ten times proved capable of immunizing mice in a dose one-tenth as large as that required for unconcentrated culture virus.
Brain virus suspensions were centrifuged so as to remove a large part of the tissue particles without striking loss in the virulence of the supernatant. The centrifuged supernatants of 1 to 5 per cent brain virus suspensions were irradiated so as to destroy virulence and yet retain immunizing potency.
Irradiated supernatants of mouse brain virus proved capable of immunizing mice as well as or better than similar supernatants treated with chloroform.
0.1 cc. of a 1 per cent irradiated dog brain virus containing approximately 50,000 mouse intracerebral lethal doses immunized mice effectively.
THE PRODUCTION OF BACTERICIDAL SUBSTANCES BY AEROBIC SPORULATING BACILLI
Authors: Dubos René J. , Hotchkiss Rollin D. 
Published: June 2004

Several species of aerobic sporulating bacilli recently isolated from soil, sewage, manure, and cheese, as well as authentic strains obtained from type culture collections, have been found to exhibit antagonistic activity against unrelated microorganisms.
Cultures of these aerobic sporulating bacilli yield an alcohol-soluble, water-insoluble fraction,—tyrothricin,—which is bactericidal for most Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbial species.
Two different crystalline products have been separated from tyrothricin. One, which may be called tyrocidine, is bactericidal in vitro for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species; the other substance, gramicidin, is effective only against Gram-positive microorganisms. In general, tyrocidine behaves like a protoplasmic poison and like other antiseptics, loses much of its activity in the presence of animal tissues. Gramicidin on the contrary exerts a much more subtle physiological effect on the susceptible bacterial cells and, when applied locally at the site of the infection, retains in vivo a striking activity against Gram-positive microorganisms.
SECOND ATTACKS OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Howe Howard A. , Bodian David 
Published: June 2004

1. It was found in forty rhesus monkeys that intracerebral, intraocular, intracutaneous, intraperitoneal, intraspinal, and neural inoculations of poliomyelitis virus produced no lesions in the olfactory bulbs despite the fact that the animals contracted pronounced paralyses. This indicated that the virus could be restricted to certain neuronal systems.
2. Similarly intranasal inoculation of seven animals produced no lesions in the ciliary ganglia.
3. Two monkeys convalescent from an intracutaneous and an intracerebral inoculation respectively had further paralyses after intranasal inoculation of heterologous virus. A third animal convalescent from an intranasal inoculation showed extension of lesions after intranasal and intraocular inoculation with heterologous virus.
4. Two spinal animals in which an attack of poliomyelitis was limited to an isolated segment of spinal cord, contracted typical paralyses in the previously uninvaded portions of the CNS following intranasal inoculation of homologous virus.
5. Four of six convalescent monkeys showed extension of lesions but no clinical signs after homologous virus inoculation through a previously un-invaded portal.
6. Four animals convalescent from a unilateral intranasal inoculation showed evidence of new invasion in the opposite olfactory bulb but no extension of paralyses following a second inoculation of homologous virus into the appropriate nostril.
7. Two animals had second attacks after heterologous second inoculations. The intranasal portal was employed for both exposures.
8. It thus seems apparent that in the rhesus monkey a second attack of poliomyelitis, whether paralytic or not, seems to depend upon the strains of virus used and the degree to which virus is disseminated through the neuraxis during the first exposure.
9. The above experimental data emphasize the difficulty of utilizing the rhesus monkey for experiments seeking to elucidate the mechanisms of immunity in man and suggest that human immunity to poliomyelitis does not result from immunization of the nervous system but rather is the result of some process which prevents infective quantities of active virus from reaching nervous tissue.
MYOHEMOGLOBINURIA
Authors: Yuile Charles L. , Clark William F. 
Published: June 2004

When myohemoglobin is injected intravenously into dogs, in amounts ranging from 0.75 to 1.50 gm., it is rapidly eliminated from the plasma and approximately 65 per cent is excreted by the kidneys in from 1½ to 2½ hours.
Myohemoglobin does not appear in the urine below a threshold plasma concentration which is slightly under 20 mg. per 100 cc. but above this level the rate of renal excretion is directly proportional to the plasma concentration.
The maximum myohemoglobin/creatinine clearance ratio averages 0.58 contrasted with a value of 0.023 for blood hemoglobin. This indicates that the rate of renal clearance of myohemoglobin is twenty-five times more rapid than that of blood hemoglobin. Evidence is presented that the excretory mechanism is essentially similar for the two substances but that differences in molecular weight account for different rates of glomerular filtration.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE INFECTION OF CHICK EMBRYOS WITH BACTERIUM TULARENSE, BRUCELLA, AND PASTEURELLA PESTIS
Authors: Buddingh G. John , Womack Frank C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Comparison of the infections of chick embryos by the chorio-allantoic route indicates that Bacterium tularense and Brucella suis, abortus, and melitensis exhibit varying degrees of facultative intracellular parasitism. Pasteurella pestis is adapted to rapid proliferation and spread in the intercellular fluids.
2. In the early stages of infection Bacterium tularense has a marked affinity for growth within ectodermal epithelial cells. Brucella suis and Brucella abortus differ in their selectivity for cells of mesodermal derivation and especially in their effect on vascular endothelium. The strain of Brucella melitensis studied is limited in its intracellular growth to ectodermal epithelium.
3. Many of the features characteristic of these infections in the natural hosts are reproduced in the chick embryo and its membranes.
4. The possible implications regarding the differences in behavior of these microorganisms in relation to the problem of infection and pathogenesis of these diseases are discussed.
STUDIES ON CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE SURVIVAL IN VITRO OF A MALARIAL PARASITE (PLASMODIUM LOPHURAE)
Authors: Trager William 
Published: June 2004

The survival of Plasmodium lophurae in vitro, at temperatures of 39.5–42°C., is favored by a balanced salt solution having a high potassium content, by aeration but not by a very high oxygen tension, by an optimal density of parasites per cubic millimeter, by frequent renewal of the suspending medium, by concentrated red cell extract, by optimal concentrations of plasma or serum, of chick embryo extract, of glucose or glycogen, and of glutathione, and probably by yeast extract and a very low concentration of liver extract.
In the best preparations, as judged by infectivity, more than 40 per cent of the parasites were alive on the 3rd day, more than 20 per cent on the 4th day, perhaps 1 per cent on the 5th day, and about 0.05 per cent on the 6th day. Evidence was obtained that the parasites had multiplied during the 1st day of incubation.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MENINGOPNEUMONITIS VIRUS, PSITTACOSIS OF PIGEON ORIGIN, AND PSITTACOSIS OF PARROT ORIGIN
Authors: Pinkerton Henry , Moragues Vicente 
Published: June 2004

Comparative morphological, histological, and biological studies suggest a close relationship between the meningopneumonitis virus of Francis and Magill and a virus recovered from thiamin-deficient pigeons. Both of these viruses are morphologically identical with typical psittacosis, and it seems probable that they are biologically modified strains of psittacosis. They both differ from typical psittacosis in that they are regularly more pathogenic for the pigeon after intracranial injection, and fail to produce hepatic necrosis after intraperitoneal injection in mice. A virus recently isolated from human cases of atypical pneumonia by Eaton, Beck, and Pearson may also be closely related to these two viruses.
A number of psittacosis viruses of pigeon origin showed a similarly increased pathogenicity for pigeons by the intracerebral route, as compared with psittacosis viruses of parrot origin. The viruses of parrot origin, however, commonly produced latent infection in pigeons even when clinical illness was not evidenced.
For the isolation of psittacosis of pigeon origin from human sputum the intracranial injection of mice or pigeons may be essential, although it is probable that the intranasal injection of mice would be successful. The intraperitoneal injection of mice may give negative results.
THE FORMATION OF ANTIBODIES IN THE POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE IN RABBITS
Authors: Ehrich W. E. , Harris T. N. 
Published: June 2004

Typhoid vaccine and sheep erythrocytes were injected subcutaneously into the feet of rabbits, and the subsequent formation of agglutinins and hemolysins in the popliteal lymph node was compared with the output of lymphocytes through the efferent lymph and with changes in the lymph node.
Antibodies began to appear in the efferent lymph 2 to 4 days after the injection of the antigen and reached their highest titer after 6 days. This was preceded by a sharp rise in the output of lymphocytes through the efferent lymph, while in the lymph node there was lymphatic hyperplasia after preliminary infiltration of granulocytes and monocytes. This hyperplasia was first of a diffuse type, but was later superseded by large so called germinal centers, the latter lagging somewhat behind the rise in antibody titer.
The fact that the tissue response accompanying the formation of antibodies was chiefly a lymphocytic one points to the lymphocyte as a factor in the formation of antibodies.
ORAL PAPILLOMATOSIS OF RABBITS: A VIRUS DISEASE
Authors: Parsons Robert J. , Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

Papillomas occur frequently on the oral mucosa of domestic rabbits procured in the metropolitan area of New York. They are small and benign, and are situated mostly on the under side of the tongue. A filtrable virus can be extracted from them with which growths can be reproduced in the oral mucosa of several species of rabbits and hares but which fails to cause lesions when inoculated into other rabbit tissues and into the oral mucosa of other species. The virus differs notably from the Shope virus, which causes cutaneous papillomas in rabbits but proves innocuous to oral mucosa: rabbits solidly immune to the oral papilloma virus are fully susceptible to the Shope virus and vice versa.
The oral papillomas are not highly contagious, for susceptible animals kept in individual cages in the same rooms with others carrying the growths, fed the same kind of food, and cared for by the same attendants, do not "catch" them. They are found much more frequently in the offspring of dams that carry the growths than in those of mothers free from them, and the causative virus can be recovered from the mouth washings of rabbits having no growths. The observations indicate that the virus may be spread by transfer from the mother to the young during the period of suckling, and that it may lie latent in the mouth, doing no harm unless the mucous membrane is injured. The slight trauma occurring now and then when coarse foods are chewed may furnish the required tissue nidus under natural conditions, for papillomas occasionally appear after virus has been dropped into the mouths of uninoculated rabbits; but the more extensive injury and healing resulting from experimental tattoo inoculations proves regularly effective in this respect. Tar can also act as an efficient adjuvant to the virus, the incidence of "spontaneous" oral papillomas being much higher in domestic rabbits that had had the opportunity to lick tar from their ears and paws during long periods than in normal control animals. The virus is recoverable in quantity from the oral papillomas of tarred domestic rabbits, and the findings indicate that it is their essential cause, the tar acting merely to prepare the tissue for the virus' action. For the same tar does not elicit oral papillomas in wild cottontail rabbits, which do not carry the causative virus though fully susceptible to it.
The implications of the findings are discussed.
THE COURSE OF EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF THE CHICK EMBRYO WITH THE VIRUS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Bang Frederik B. 
Published: June 2004

The titration curve for the virus of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis inoculated into the 10 day old chick embryo shows that the maximum increase in virus content continues until shortly before the generalized destruction of the embryo is apparent. This is followed by a stationary phase.
Histological studies of infected embryos fail to demonstrate selective tissue destruction, and titrations show the virus to be distributed throughout the egg, although concentrated in the embryo.
The chorioallantoic membrane gradually becomes increasingly resistant with age to both the Eastern and Western viruses. Increased resistance with age is also apparent in the hatched chick.
These findings are based on the use of the chick embryo itself as the test animal to determine the 50 per cent mortality end-point. The limits of accuracy of this method are defined.
CHANGES IN LIPID CONTENT OF SERUM AND OF LIVER FOLLOWING BILATERAL RENAL ABLATION OR URETERAL LIGATION
Authors: Winkler A. W. , Durlacher S. H. , Hoff H. E. , Man E. B. 
Published: June 2004

1. In the dog and monkey bilateral nephrectomy or ureteral ligation results in a marked, progressive increase of total fatty acids, of free and esterified cholesterol, of phospholipid, and of free fat of serum.
2. No such changes follow unilateral nephrectomy, splenectomy, or fasting.
3. The increase after bilateral nephrectomy is not inhibited by glucose administration.
4. A marked increase of the phospholipid and a less significant elevation in cholesterol content of the liver accompanies this increase of serum lipids after bilateral nephrectomy.