bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The feeding of sledge dogs on Antarctic expeditions
Authors: Orr N. W. M. 
Published: June 2005

1. The diets of sledge dogs at a British Antarctic sledging base were studied both at base and during sledge journeys, and samples of the diets and the relevant faeces were analysed. Changes in weight were related to calorie intakes.2. The calorific requirements of sledge dogs were found to vary considerably from dog to dog and depended on the activity in which the dogs were involved. Whereas 2500 kcal/dog daily were just sufficient to maintain the body-weight of a completely idle dog, 5000 kcal/dog were insufficient to maintain the body-weight of a dog pulling a heavy sledge over long distances.3. Seal meat was found to be the most beneficial and most satisfactorily absorbed diet. The artificial diets, pemmican and Nutrican, were adequate to maintain body-weight if sufficient supplies were available to give dogs as much as twice the routine ration, but were uneconomical in that large quantities of nutrients were passed in the faeces.
A study of chewing during eating in the cow
Authors: Gill J. , Campling R. C. , Westgarth D. R. 
Published: June 2005

1. A preliminary study was made of chewing duringeating with a total of sixcows with rumen fistulas, given diets of hay or herbage. A sieving technique was used to determine the size of particles of food swallowed at intervals throughout the eating period. The number of jaw movements, number and weight of the swallowed food boluses and the time spent eating were measured with each diet.2. The mean particle size of hay contained in a bolus collected at the cardia varied between individual cows from 1602 μm to 1244 μm. Boluses swallowed in the first few minutes of eating contained particles of a larger average size than those at any other time during the meal. Also, the rate of swallowing boluses of food was much faster at the beginning of a meal and the weight of boluses smaller than at any other time. The frequency of jaw movements did not vary appreciably during a meal.3. Increasing the amount of hay given to the cows by 50 % or giving a different hay did not cause any significarlt alteration in the average size of particles of swallowed hay, and changes in the rate of swallowing boluses, or in, the rate of jaw movements and the size of boluses were not very marked.4. With a diet of herbage, boluses were swallowed rapidly and the average particle size of swallowed food was larger than that of hay. Also, there were slightly more jaw movements per min and larger boluses than with hay.5. The observations made in the study are discussed in relation to possible factors that determine the particle size of swallowed food.
The effect of diet on the compositions of the triglycerides and unesterified fatty acids isolated from the plasma, liver and adipose tissues of rabbits
Authors: Moore J. H. , Williams D. L. 
Published: June 2005

1. Groups of male rabbits (ten to thirteen per group survived) were givenad lib. a diet consisting of 80 parts of a low-fat basal diet to which were added: for group I, 20 parts maize oil; for group 2, 20 parts butterfat; for group 3, 10parts maize oil and and 10parts butter- fat; for group 4, 0.47 parts maize oil and 43.1 parts wheat starch; and for group 5, 10.2parts maize oil and 21.6 parts wheat starch. The animals in group 6 were givenan ordinary com- mercial rabbit diet. 2. The rabbits were given the various diets for 38 weeks, after which a sample of blood was taken. The rabbits were then killed and the liver and a sample of perine- phric adipose tissue were removed from each animal. The plasma, liver and adipose tissue lipids werefractionated on columns of Florisil and the fatty acid compositions of the tri- glyceride and unesterified fatty acid fractions were determined by gas-liquid chromatography.3. The effects of the different diets on the composition of the unesterifiedfatty acids in the plasma were very similar to the effects of the diets on the fatty acid composition of the plasma triglycerides, but in the plasma unesterified fatty acids the concentration of stearic acid was consistently higher and the concentration of linoleic acid was consistently lower than in the plasma triglycerides. 4. There appeared to be a positive rectilinear relationship between the concentration of stearic acid in the plasma triglycerides and the concentration of triglycerides in the plasma. 5. In the triglycerides of the plasma, the concentrations of palmitic and stearic acids were consistently greater and the concentration of linoleic acid was consistently less than the corresponding concentrations of these fatty acids in the triglycerides of the adipose tissues. In the two groups of rabbits given low-fat diets the fatty acid composition of the liver trigly- cerides was almost identical with that of the plasma triglycerides. 6. In each of the six groups of rabbits the composition of the unesterified fatty acids in the plasma was identical with that of the unesterified fatty acids in the adipose tissues. Inthe unesterified fatty acids of the liver the concentrations of linoleic andarachidonic acids were consistently greater and the concentrations of myristic, palmitic and palmitoleic acids were consistently less than the corresponding concentrations of these acids in the unesterified fatty acids of the plasma and adipose tissues. 7. The results of this investigation are discussedin the light of recent con-cepts on the metabolic relationships between the unesterified fatty acids and triglycerides of the liver, plasma and adipose tissues.
The fasting metabolism of cattle
Authors: Blaxter K. L. , Wainman F. W. 
Published: June 2005

1. The metabolism of seventeen steers was determined on forty-nine occasions during fasts of either 112 or 136 h duration.2. Faeces continued to be produced during fasts of up to 136 h duration at rates which were 15–20% of those noted before the fasts began.3. Carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption fell continuously throughout with animals weighing less than 200 kg but changed little after 88 h in animals weighing more than 200 kg. Methane production was considerably reduced during fasting but did not disappear. Urinary nitrogen excretion changed very little. Of the total loss of energy from the body, the loss of protein accounted for 25%. This was unaffected by age or size of animal.4. With individual Ayrshire steers, metabolism increased during growth with body-weight raised to the power 0.68±0.05. No greater precision of estimate was obtained from logarithmic regressions of metabolism on body-weight than from linear ones.5. Seven Ayrshire steers had a mean fasting metabolism of 100±1.6 kcal/kg W0.73 24 h, eight Black cattle of the Aberdeen Angus type a fasting metabolism of 81±1.5 kcal/kg W0.73 24 h and two Ayrshire x Beef Shorthorn steers a fasting metabolism of 96±2.9 kcal/kg W0.73 24 h. Variation in the fasting metabolism of an individual steer from time to time, expressed as a coefficient of variation, was ±7.4%.6. The results are discussed in relation to interspecies generalizations about the relation between fasting metabolism and body-weight.
Studies on magnesium in ruminant nutrition
Authors: Suttle N. F. , Field A. C. 
Published: June 2005

1. In Expt 1 balance studies were carried out with six wether sheep receiving chopped hay and concentrates and given, 0, 5, or 101. water/day by intraruminal infusion. Allocation to two 3 x 3 latin squares was arranged to allow calculation of main treatment and residual effects.2. Infusing 101.water/day increased the total daily urinary output of magnesium, phosphorus and sodium by 31, 45 and 100% (P<0.05). Faecal losses of Mg, and P tended to decrease correspondingly and with both elements retention remained positive but retention of Na became negative (P < 0.05). 3. Residual effects were not detected, and infusing 5 1. water/ day generally produced intermediate and non-significant effects. 4. When pellets made from dried, ground, young spring pasture or ccncentrates rich in Mg were included in the diet of four wethers in Expts 2 and 3, infusions of 101. water/day produced much greater decrcases in faecal losses and retentions of Na and K and greater increases in the urinary excretion of those elements than those found in Expt I. Effects on Mg, P and Ca balance were similar to those in the main experiment. 5. The biological significance of these results and relationships between the observed effects and the aetiology of hypomagnesaemic tetany are discussed.
A separation of the direct toxic effects of dietary raw egg white powder from its action in producing biotin deficiency
Authors: Peters J. M. 
Published: June 2005

1. Young adult female albino rats were given 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% raw egg white powder in their diet; controls were fed on laboratory chow. Daily clinical measurements were made for 2 weeks. The rats were then killed, and the weights and water contents of various organs were determined.2. The experiment was repeated with groups of young male albino rats fed for 2 and 4 weeks.3. Toxic signs caused by increasing intake of dried raw egg white powder were: decreased food intake, weight loss, soft stool, diarrhoea, glycosuria and death. Water intake and urine output rose with increasing raw egg white powder in the diet. In all groups the urine was alkaline and the urinary output of protein increased. At autopsy there was a decrease in the absolute weight and in the water content of most body organs with increasing amounts of raw egg white powder in the diet.4. The toxicity syndrome was not prevented by a biotin supplement, but was largely prevented by heat denaturation of the egg white powder; 80% of denatured egg white was well tolerated, as was 80% of casein in the diet.5. The syndrome was due to the direct toxic effects of large amounts of dietary raw egg white powder and not to biotin deficiency.
Incubation inside the bovine rumen
Authors: Czerkawski J. W. 
Published: June 2005

1. Details are given for the construction and use of an apparatus for the incubation of rumen liquor in semi-permeable sacs inside the bovine rumen. It was found practicable, using one animal, to incubate simultaneously samples of strained diluted rumen liquor in three identical vessels, each of 100–120 ml capacity, for periods of up to 23 h.2. The optimal conditions for experiments of this type were investigated. It was shown that, under the conditions used, the pH value of the reaction mixtures varied little compared with the pH changes that occurred inside the rumen, and that the sampling technique was satisfactory.3. The effects of the size and type of inoculum were also investigated. The microbial growth, measured by increases in turbidity and in concentration of protein, was greatest when the rumen liquor inoculum constituted about 20% of the reaction mixture and when the protozoa and large food particles were removed.4. The apparatus was used to study microbial growth and hydrogenation of fatty acids in rumen liquor.
The nutritional value of poor proteins fed at high levels
Authors: Anantharaman K. , Carpenter K. J. , Nesheim M. C. 
Published: June 2005

1. The same six high-protein diets that were fed to rats (Carpenter & Anantharaman, 1968) have now been fed to chicks.2. The net nitrogen retention by chicks, per 100 kcal consumed, was for each diet greater by 20–50% than the retention by rats. For a diet based on a mixture of commercial protein concentrates the NDpCal % was 19·1 (± 0·18); this value greatly exceeded the theoretical maximum of 14·6 obtained from the equations of Miller & Payne (1963).3. Although groundnut protein plus lysine has a calculated chemical score of only 56, chicks receiving this at a high level retained N at the same rate (NDpCal % of 17·5–17·9) as those receiving a diet which included egg protein at the level (26% of the dietary ME) predicted to be optimal for them.4. The ‘endogenous + metabolic’ losses of N were in almost the same proportion to metabolic size for chicks as for rats.
An estimate of the nutrients utilized for pregnancy by Merino sheep
Authors: Langlands J. P. , Sutherland H. A. M. 
Published: June 2005

1. Fifty-one pregnant fine-wool Merino ewes were slaughtered at intervals during pregnancy. The gravid uteri were dissected and were separated into uterus, membrane and fluid, and foetus fractions, which were analysed separately for water, nitrogen, ash, fat, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium content.2. Uteri from twenty-one similar non-pregnant ewes were also analysed for these constituents.3. A number of relationships between the composition of the gravid uterus minus the composition of the uterus taken from non-pregnant sheep, and time from conception were calculated.4. The rate of nutrient deposition was calculated from these relationships and estimates were made of the nutrients utilized for pregnancy.
The absorption of [58Co]cyanocobalamin by unweaned rats
Authors: Williams D. L. , Spray G. H. 
Published: June 2005

1. ‘58Co’cyanocobalamin was given by stomach tube to Wistar albino rats aged between 6 h and 24 days. The fraction of the dose absorbed was assessed by measuring the amount retained by the animals after 7 days, by total body counting.2. Rats up to 4 days old absorbed about 90% of the test dose, compared with a mean of 83% at the age of 8 days, 66% at 16 days and 47% at 24 days.3. The proportion of the test dose absorbed did not appear to be affected by starvation for up to 24 h, by increasing the dose from 0·05 ng to 0·25 ng/g body-weight, or by giving the ‘58Co’cyanocobalamin mixed with rat's milk.4. The results support earlier suggestions that newborn rats absorb vitamin B12 by a different mechanism from that in adults.
Serum enzyme changes, muscular dystrophy and erythrocyte abnormalities in lambs fed on diets containing cod-liver oil and maize oil, and the therapeutic effect of vitamin E
Authors: Boyd J. W. 
Published: June 2005

1. Lambs fed on skim milk containing either maize oil or cod-liver oil or both were observed for signs of muscular dystrophy, changes in serum enzymes and increases in the susceptibility of red cells to haemolysis by peroxide (peroxide haemolysis).2. Four lambs fed on the milk containing cod-liver oil, and not receiving α-tocopheryl acetate injections, developed acute muscular dystrophy, but no abnormal changes occurred in peroxide haemolysis, packed cell volume or haemoglobin concentration in the blood. Marked increases occurred in the aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase, and in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme activities of the serum, presumably due to leakage from the degenerating tissues. One lamb given weekly injections of 100 mg α-tocopheryl acetate remained clinically normal and maintained normal serum enzyme levels. Treatment of dystrophic animals with 200 mg α-tocopheryl acetate by injection produced prompt clinical recovery and an exponential decline in the raised serum enzyme activities.3. In the five lambs fed on the skim-milk containing maize oil, muscular dystrophy did not occur. Small but significant increases occurred, however, in serum aspartate transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities. In all five animals peroxide haemolysis was greatly increased, but in only two did packed cell volume and haemoglobin values fall slightly below the lower limit of normal (mean − 2 × SD). Injections of 100–200 mg α-tocopheryl acetate neither prevented nor cured the abnormally high levels of serum enzymes and peroxide haemolysis, although a change in the diet was followed by a gradual return to normal. In one lamb given massive doses of α-tocopherol by mouth, peroxide haemolysis was not reduced. Large amounts of α-tocopherol added in vitro to erythrocytes from the lamb did, however, prevent peroxide haemolysis.4. Peroxide haemolysis did not increase in any of three lambs fed on skim milk containing both maize oil and cod-liver oil, although two of them, which were given much larger amounts of cod-liver oil than the third, developed muscular dystrophy with elevated serum enzyme levels.5. Peroxide haemolysis in lambs is evidently not a measure of vitamin E deficiency. It is suggested that increased peroxide haemolysis in lambs, like encephalomalacia in chicks, depends on the fatty acid composition of the unsaturated lipids in the diet.
Absorption of sugars by the piglet
Authors: Kidder D. E. , Manners M. J. , McCrea M. R. , Osborne A. D. 
Published: June 2005

1. Diets containing various sugar mixtures together with polyethylene glycol of high molecular weight as a marker were fed to pigs 1, 2 and 3 weeks old. The piglets were slaughtered 2.5 h later, and the ratio of sugar to marker was determined in the contents of the alimentary tract as far as the caecum.2. The greatest fall was found in the first part of the small intestine.3. Glucose had always disappeared by the third quarter of the small intestine.4. Xylose and fructose disappeared more slowly, especially in the younger pigs, but were usually absent from the contents of the last quarter of the small intestine.5. Sucrose was removed far less completely, and the ratio of sucrose to marker frequently did not decrease along the second half of the small intestine. Sucrose was removed much less efficiently when it formed 15% of the diet than when it formed only 5%, and much less efficiently by the younger than by the older pigs.
The variability of vitamin C in our diet
Authors: Allen R. J. L. , Brook M. , Broadbent S. R. 
Published: June 2005

1. The variability in the purchase and consumption of vitamin C in the diet of people living in the United Kingdom has been studied using the Annual Reports of the National Food Survey Committee and new observations gathered independently.2. The sources of variability examined have been family household composition, social class, seasonal and week-to-week sampling variation.3. The distribution of mean household daily intakes of vitamin C approximates closely to a log-normal distribution. Assuming this to be so, it may be calculated that about one-quarter of households have vitamin C intakes averaging less than the 30 mg/person per day recommended by the British Medical Association Committee on Nutrition to provide a good margin of safety. Households with intakes below 20 mg/person per day may average 5% of the total. These percentages fall during the late summer and rise correspondingly in the remainder of the year.4. Allowing for the many uncertainties involved, it is suggested that up to 10% of households and an even greater proportion of individuals may have a vitamin C intake that is permanently below 30 mg/person per day.
The nutritive value of groundnut protein
Authors: Woodham A. A. , Dawson R. 
Published: June 2005

1. A laboratory-prepared groundnut flour defatted at room temperature (DGF) was subjected to dry heat or to pressure steaming under varying conditions of time and temperature, and its amino acid composition and nutritive value, the latter assessed by a chick growth test—the gross protein value (GPV) test, were compared with those of some commercial groundnut meals. Trypsin inhibitor activity, available lysine value (ALV) and ‘arachin’ and ‘conarachin’ content and, in some instances, GPV were estimated in the heated samples.2. The amino acid composition of the DGF and of commercial meals of high, medium and low GPV did not differ markedly, and the GPV of the DGF fell within the range of the three commercial samples.3. Both dry and moist heat under specified conditions lowered ALV in the DGF and in the ‘arachin’ fractions, but had little effect on the ALV of the ‘conarachin’ fraction.4. Moist, but not dry, heat rapidly removed trypsin inhibitor activity, and dry, but not moist, heat lowered GPV.5. Neither ‘conarachin’ content nor trypsin inhibitor activity correlated with GPV in a range of commercial groundnut meals.6. Dry heat (125. for 5 h) lowered nutritive value and ‘conarachin’ content but did not reduce the amount of total nitrogen soluble in sodium chloride solution.7. No trypsin-inhibiting activity was found in the testa (skins) but these did exhibit growth-depressant properties for chicks. This property was removed by mild moist heat treatment.8. ‘Arachin’ isolated from a commercial groundnut meal was valueless as a protein supplement for a cereal ration for chicks; ‘conarachin’ by itself, and mixed with arachin (1:3) was equivalent in GPV to the parent meal.9. A factor other than those considered here, and possibly unassociated with processing, is primarily responsible for the differences in growth-promoting qualities of the commercial groundnut meals used in this work.
Manganese in the nutrition and metabolism of the pullet
Authors: Hill R. , Mathers J. W. 
Published: June 2005

1. The first two experiments were similar; pullets were given either a low-manganese diet, 6–7 μg/g, or a high-Mn diet containing an additional 50 μgMn/g; shell thickness as measured by weight per unit area was obtained for the first four and the last four eggs produced during a short laying period and the Mn contents of the first two and last two eggs were determined.2. Shell thickness was significantly reduced by the low-Mn diet in Expt 1, but not in Expt 2. In both experiments there was an increase in thickness from the first four to the last four shells produced.3. The Mn content of eggs from birds given the low-Mn diet was significantly lower in both experiments than that from birds given the high-Mn diet. In Expt 1 there was an increase in Mn content from the first to the last eggs laid, but no corresponding change occurred in Expt 2.4. The differences between the results of the two experiments are discussed; they were probably due to differences in the time for which the experimental diets were given before laying began.5. In Expt 3 pullets were given the high-Mn or low-Mn diet from about 4 weeks before laying began or the high-Mn diet to the point-of-lay and then the low-Mn diet. Shell thickness was determined in batches of six eggs from each bird at intervals during a 6- to 7-month laying period.6. Shell thickness was depressed by the low-Mn diet in birds given this diet 4 weeks before laying but not in those given the low-Mn diet from the point-of-lay.7. In Expt 4 shell thickness was determined on the first thirty eggs laid by four pullets given the high-Mn diet and four given the low-Mn diet from about 4 weeks before starting to lay. The difference between shells from birds given the high-Mn and low-Mn diets just failed to reach significance and there was no significant increase or decrease in the series of thirty shells from each bird, studied in successive groups of six shells.
Beneficial and ineffective levels of selenium for growth and muscular dystrophy
Authors: Desai I. D. 
Published: June 2005

1. The effectiveness of supplementing a vitamin E-deficient basal diet with levels from 0 to 20 ppm of selenium as sodium selenite, alone and in combination with graded levels of L-cystine, sodium sulphate, L-serine and vitamine E, has been studied in chicks from 1 day of age to 4 weeks. Supplementation with Se at levels up to 1 ppm had maximum beneficial effects on growth and prevention of muscular dystrophy. Levels of Se above 1 ppm were progressively less effective, and, in chicks given supplements of 20 ppm Se, growth and muscular dystrophy were depressed to that found with chicks given the basal diet.2. Supplementation with L-cystine (0.08% and 0.16%) in combination with Se up to 1 ppm was beneficial, but this effect was progressively suppressed as the amount of Se was increased beyond this level. Supplementation with sodium sulphate (0.08% and 0.16%) or L-serine (0.08% and 0.16%) instead of L-cystine had no influence on the effectiveness of Se at any level of the latter tested.3. The effectiveness of dietary D-α-tocopheryl acetate, up to 20 mg/kg, for growth and in the prevention of muscular dystrophy was improved by Se at levels up to 1 ppm. Its effectiveness was then progressively reduced as the amount of Se was increased above 1 ppm.4. It appears that Se at low levels spares L-cystine and vitamin E in the chick, whereas at high levels it increases their requirement for growth and prevention of muscular dystrophy.