bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classicism Contested, 1893-1932
Authors: Wiecek William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1930, the tenets of legal classicism seemed to reign triumphant as the legitimating juristic ideology that justified the role of the Supreme Court in American life. For half a century, traditionalist-minded jurists had enjoyed an untroubled confidence that the legal order was an autonomous, determinate, natural, neutral, necessary, objective, and apolitical structure of principles and norms, grounded in an authentic reading of American experience. The social myth that dominated both American society and its law permitted classical jurists to “enforce hierarchical assumptions of property rights, male domination, and white supremacy,” in Alan Dawley’s judgment.
Payingfor Performance
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One Of The Most Fundamental Rules of economics, and the raison d’etre of this book, is that if you offer people a greater reward, then they will do more of whatever is being rewarded, everything else being equal. Many people find this proposition to be objectionable, because it implies that people can, to one degree or another, be “bought.” Admittedly, incentives may not matter in all forms of behavior; some people will sacrifice their lives rather than forsake a strongly held principle. However, the proposition that incentives matter does seem to be applicable to a sufficiently wide range of behavior to be considered a “rule” that managers are well advised to keep in mind: pay people a higher wage-such as time and a half-and they will work overtime. Pay them double time, and they will even work holidays. There is some rate of pay at which a lot of people will work almost any time of the day or night on any day of the year.
Paying Workers’ Education and Relocation Costs
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frnms Pay For Some Things for their workers but not for other things. We consider in this chapter two employee expenses-education and relocation expenditures-that are sometimes covered and sometimes not covered by firms. Our examination of these issues will help us draw out underlying principles and the incentives that go with employer coverage of work-related expenditures. We suspect that many readers have a personal interest in this chapter, since they may be contemplating getting an MBA or some other advanced business degree and hope their employers will cover the cost. Why would any firm train its workers at firm expense? The most general answer to that question is the same as the one given to explain why firms provide any fringe benefit: firms make available some forms of training because, by doing so, they can make money off their workers.
The “Hostile” Takeover as Managerial Incentive
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It Is A Common Practice for one firm to take over another firm. IBM recently acquired Lotus. Walt Disney Company acquired Capital Cities/ABC. And Time/Warner took over Turner Broadcasting at about the same time that Turner was looking for financing to buy CBS. During the first eight months of 1995, $270 billion worth of mergers and takeovers had been announced, a fact that caused reporters at Business Week to wonder if the U.S. economy had not entered a “new era of bigness.” There are many reasons for such takeovers and different ways for them to occur. There may be complementarities in the production and distribution of the products of two firms that can be best realized by one firm.
Pricing with Incentives in Mind
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Incentives Are Necessarily embedded in a firm’s pricing policy. Lowering the price of a product increases the incentive for consumers to purchase. Conversely, increasing the price reduces that incentive. Accordingly, people tend to buy more when the price falls and buy less when the price rises. This inverse relationship between price and quantity is commonly called the “law of demand.” For a firm to be successful, it has to choose the “right” price, given the demand (or specifics of the inverse relationship between price and quantity) for its products. The “right” price achieves maximum profit by striking a balance among charging more, selling more, and covering the costs of production.
Managerial Lessons in Incentives
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Incentives Clearly Matter, especially in business. That message has unified all that we have written. Managers must heed that message, but the task of getting incentives right requires an understanding of the full complexity of the message, as well as an appreciation for what is meant by incentives. We’ve said it before, but we’ll say it again as we draw this book to a close: the incentives we have in mind include more than money. Money is only one form of incentive, albeit a very important one, and one that might not be fully appreciated by critics of incentives. Money works, but if it were the only incentive that mattered, managers could sleep more easily at night in the knowledge that all they have to do is dangle a few more bucks before their employees in order to get them to work harder and smarter. And managers would surely be paid less than they are. Good managers are paid premiums because the task of managing through incentives is not at all that simple.
Some Introductory Comments
Authors: Bauer Yehuda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not for an introduction to become simply another article. This is especially the case in a book like this, which is not just an assorted collection of essays, but rather grapples with a theme of crucial significance: continuity versus contingency in the origins of the Holocaust. The articles presented here range from general, philosophical discourses on what caused the Holocaust to detailed analyses of concrete situations. And needless to say, the authors do not agree among themselves-not even in the definition of the subject, much less so in their approach. But that is precisely the value of such an enterprise. It provides the reader with a sharply defined but highly varied panorama. With that said, though, I do believe that there are some issues that deserve brief comment.
The Dreyfus Affair in Vichy France: Past and Present in French Political Culture
Authors: Rousso Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On November 3, 1940, La France au travail, a collaborationist daily, printed a six column headline reading “A Dreyfus Affair-Never Again!” Such optimism was the result of an order from the Ministry of War forbidding Jews, in application of the law of October 3, 1940-the first Statut des Juifs under the Vichy regime-to volunteer or reenlist in the French armed forces. Those who volunteered had to be French a titre originaire, the son of a French father or, failing this, a direct descendent of someone who had fought in the First World War. The statute prohibited Jews from becoming officers (even noncommissioned), but did not prevent them from being privates. The ministerial order that described the application of the law to the French army sounded like vengeance for the “Affair.”
Introduction
Authors: Johnson David T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prosecutor has more control over life, liberty, and reputation than any other person in America. His discretion is tremendous. He can have citizens investigated and, if he is that kind of person, he can have this done to the tune of public statements and veiled or unveiled intimations. Or the prosecutor may choose a more subtle course and simply have a citizen’s friends interviewed The prosecutor can order arrests, present cases to the grand jury in secret session, and on the basis of his one-sided presentation of the facts, can cause the citizen to be indicted and held for trial. He may dismiss the case before trial, in which case the defense never has to be heard. Or he may go on with a public trial. If he obtains a conviction, the prosecutor can still make recommendations as to sentence, as to whether the prisoner should get probation or a suspended sentence
A Contentious Global Debut
Authors: Baugh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
0n December 18, 1996, the Oakland, California, school board propelled Ebonics into the global spotlight by passing a resolution defining Ebonics as the native language of 28,000 African American students within that school district (see chapter 4). Since then supporters and detractors alike have waged massive campaigns championing their respective positions. Advocates continue to claim that formal recognition of Ebonics will enhance educational prospects for black students and bolster their literacy and mastery of standard English (Smith 1998). Detractors, on the other hand, dismiss any effort to legitimize Ebonics or its alleged educational benefits.
Oakland’s Ebonics Resolutions
Authors: Baugh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Substantial linguistic evidence indicates that slave descendants of African origin should not be equated with other U.S. immigrants, but the law has never addressed the consequences of our unique linguistic heritage. One reason many politicians responded forcefully, and negatively, to Oakland’s Ebonics assertions arose from concerns that the school district was poised to ask that those consequences be redressed through bilingual education funding for African American students.
The Spy Who Came to Dinner
Authors: Baker Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first days of June 1834 found Willis once again confirming the maxim that charm will pay. Three years earlier, a hostile Boston had seen him off to Europe with little but a fund of resentments and his literary and social talents. Now he stood poised at the door of perhaps the most brilliant society in all of Great Britain. What lay within was destined to make his career. Settling himself into Lady Marguerite Blessington’s glittering salon, the American traveler might have fancied that he had stumbled on a “Silver Fork” novel: from London’s prince of dandies, Count Alfred D’Orsay, to the renowned Pelham himself, Edward Bulwer, no more celebrated assemblage of upstart genius, flashy elegance, and aristocratic liberalism could be found than the one at Seamore Place. “Radical Jack” Durham, leader of the Whig reformers, had made Blessington’s dinners his prime resort. And the host herself was celebrated on both sides of the Atlantic for her recently published Conversations with Lord Byron (1834). Admission to such exalted society was thus quite a plum for a young American. Better yet, eager bonhomie apparently proved an endearing quality: after a time, the assembled lions seemed as taken with their guest as he clearly was with them. Retiring later to conjure the evening’s spirit for his readers back home, Willis therefore had ample reason to rejoice: nothing in his extended travels could match such a momentnot bad for the wayward son of a brimstone deacon.
Affairs of Honor
Authors: Baker Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is almost axiomatic that the dramas of real life are often as fantastic as those of the stage. So it must have seemed to the loafers, vendors, and passersby in New York City’s Washington Square who, one evening in June 1850, turned to witness the actor Edwin Forrest thrashing N. P. Willis with the favorite instrument of imperious schoolmasters: a gutta-percha whip. Soon the attack’s cause became apparent, even to those who might not have been following the two men’s ongoing feud in the press. As the burly tragedian assailed his prostrated victim, whip flailing, he bellowed to onlookers, “this man is the seducer of my wife.” Forrest’s message--a cuckold’s classic requital-was thus painfully clear: he would brook no meddling. Willis, for his part, scarcely had a chance to respond. Frantic pleas and feeble struggles aside, he was entirely overborne.
Outrageous Fictions
Authors: Baker Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As should be dear by now, the literary lions of the antebellum age-like celebrities generally-assumed a public character only at their audience’s sufferance. No doubt talent and the resources of print endowed such figures with considerable sway over their public image; there is, for example, no gainsaying fiction’s power to establish the ruling conception of the man and-increasingly as the century wore on-the woman behind the prose. Nonetheless, maintaining a paying and congenial image remained tricky business even for literary celebrity’s most adept practitioners. Over the years, N. P. Willis, for one, had proven himself a master at fashioning a persona calculated to reward his efforts. Yet this professional currency had been bought only at the price of persistent contempt-he sold his books all right, but often in spite of his public persona. Never was this vexing condition clearer, and perhaps more perilous, than in the wake of the Forrest troubles.
The Will, Capital Punishment, And Cultural War
Authors: Connolly William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The will, we are told, forms a hinge of Western civilization because it is so crucial to our practice of individual responsibility. And murder is often said to deserve capital punishment because it is a willful act. But what if the very hinge upon which these judgments tum has always been creaky and unstable? What if the highest moral case for capital punishment rests upon cultural forgetfulness of instability in this category itself? Let us, then, review a forgotten history, condensing long stretches of time into brief summaries so that the shifting terms of instability persistently stalking Western conceptions of the will can stand out vividly.
Introduction
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parasitology is the study of the association between organisms that live on or in another, larger animal known as the host., from which they derive their sustenance. This definition applies in a general sense to all groups of organisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, spirochetes, rick- ettsiae, and others) inhabiting all animals and humans. Parasitology, as it is understood today, is the branch of medicine that deals with the study of animal forms (protists, helminths, and arthropods) living in humans, animals, or plants. Medical parasitology is the branch of parasitology concerned with all parasitic forms using humans as their host and studies all aspects of this association, both at the individual level and at the community level.
Trypanosomes
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As mentioned, the trypanosomes are closely related to the leishmaniae, and their zoologic classification follows the same lines (see Chapter 4; Corliss, 1994). Trypanosomes are known in general as the blood flagellates, and under natural conditions they occur in humans and many other species of animals. The important species in humans are the pathogen Trypanosmacruzi and the nonpathogen T. rangeli in the American continent and two subspecies of T. brucei brucei, T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense, in Africa. Human infections with trypanosomes have been recorded only within these two continents, where they are responsible for extensive morbidity and mortality, making the trypanosomes of paramount medical interest. Since the basic biologic aspects of the African and American trypanosomes are distinct from each other, they are discussed separately.
Apicomplexa Of The Blood
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Apicomplexa of blood belong to the class Haematozoea, which has two orders: Haemosporida and Piroplasmida. Haemosporida has the family Plasmodiidae, with the genus Plasmodium. Piroplasmida has the family Babesiidae, with the genera Babesia and Entopolypoides ( Corliss, 1994). These three genera have species parasitic in humans, all of which are intraerythrocytic, with complicated life cycles necessitating two hosts, a vertebrate and an invertebrate. Plasmodium produces malaria, and Babesia and Entopolypoides produce piroplasmosis; both diseases are well known in both humans and animals. The zoologic distinction between these two groups of organisms is that all species of Plasmodium produce pigment from the metabolism of hemoglobin of the parasitized erythrocyte, while Babesia and Entopolypoides do not. Malaria is a disease of animals and humans produced by many species of Plasmodium. Piroplasmosis is a disease exclusively of animals, also produced by many species of Babesia and by one known species of Entopolypoides. In humans piroplasmosis occurs as an occasional zoonotic infection. Both malaria and piroplasmosis have a worldwide distribution (Beaver et al. 1984).
A Guide To Differential Diagnosis By Organ Systems And Tissues, With A Listing Of Parasites
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following is a summary of the parasites that occur in different tissues and organ systems. This summary is provided as a guide for the anatomic pathologist who encounters a protozoan, a helminth, or an arthropod in a tissue section. It attempts to be as comprehensive as possible; in some places, it is repetitious for the sake of completeness. It is hoped that this summary will provide a quick reference and a checklist for identification of organisms in tissue sections. The summary consists of tables arranged alphabetically by organ system. Each organ is subdivided into its main parts, and a list of parasites following the general phylogenetic organization of the text is provided for each part.
The New Zoology of the International Economy
Authors: Mathews John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The multinational corporation is the most familiar character in the globalization drama. It is the most admired, most feared, yet most elusive of the actors shaping the world of the twenty-first century. The global corporation is the central driving force, so it is held, of the dominant process of our time, which is globalization. As conventionally viewed, this process is driving the world economy to a state where a few hundred dominant multinational enterprises (MNEs) interact with each other and define a new global organizational and management model that sets new standards which others must reach or perish.
Organizational Innovation Building Global Reach through Cellular Clusters
Authors: Mathews John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where in the world was the best place to build PCs, or computer peripherals, or the most advanced flat panel displays? How should they be marketed around the world with maximum attention to local conditions? These were the questions addressed by Stan Shih in thinking through a geocentric organizational foundation for Acer in the 1990s. He came up with an ingenious way of expressing the solution. Acer should think of itself as consisting of organizational “clients” and “servers” rather than a conventional headquarters structure with subsidiaries.
Investing in the Infrastructure
Authors: Lucas Henry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most people would agree that interstate highways and railroads are a part of the country’s transportation infrastructure. Transportation is vital to the economy; it makes the movement of goods and people possible. Economic infrastructure provides a foundation on which to build commerce. Is there a technology infrastructure? At the national level, there is a communications infrastructure in the form of networks that carry voice and data traffic. In recent years, the Internet has become an infrastructure that ties a wide variety of computers together. The Internet highlights the fact that an innovation which began as an experiment can mature to become part of the infrastructure.
Managing Quality Fads
Authors: Cole Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
US managers tend to look at the quality challenge posed by Japanese industry in the early 1980s as a challenge slowly yet successfully met. Academics see the emergent quality movement as just another fad. This book is about reconciling these images. Can managers learn from fads? Robert Cole explores the reasons behind American industry's slow response to the challenge of high quality Japanese goods, then proceeds to explain the factors which eventually enabled management to address the quality gap effectively. He argues that a variety of institutional factors slowed management's response in the US, and describes the reshaping of institutional forces that lead to sustained quality improvements in the 1990s. Ultimately, this book is about factors inhibiting and supporting organizational learning and provides lessons for all those interested in the issue of organizational transformation.
Quality Outcomes
Authors: Cole Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early and mid-1980s, American manufacturing managers in internationally competitive markets such as auto and semiconductors/electronics were wringing their hands, despairing of competing with the Japanese. The overall attitude among executives was that quality was a Japanese possession that would be hard, if not impossible, for Americans to acquire. What a difference a decade and a half makes! The Japanese quality advantage has disappeared from the front and even back pages of the business media. Indeed, quality as an internationally competitive issue has greatly receded from public discussion. When it is mentioned in the business media, the focus is likely on how long it takes or how much it costs firms to acquire ISO 9000 certification.
Concluding Reflections
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American constitutional history has been in large part a spasmodic running debate over the behavior of the Supreme Court, but [in almost two centuries} we have made curiously little progress toward establishing the terms of this war of words, much less toward achieving concord [Tjhese recurring constitutional debates resemble an endless series of re-matches between two club-boxers who have long since stopped developing their crafts autonomously and have nothing further to learn from each other. The same generalizations are launched from either side, to be met by the same evasions and parries. Familiar old ambiguities fog the controversy, and the contestants flounder among them for a while until history calls a close and it is time to retire from the arena and await the next installment.
Types of Management
Authors: Ackoff Russell L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No two managements are either exactly the same or completely different. The variations, however, are limitless. The only way they can be dealt with effectively is through classification. Fortunately, the traditional forms of management fall into a small number of categories, much as colors do. Although there is a limitless number of colors, all derive from three primary colors. The varieties of traditional management derive out of three primary forms. Like the primary colors, we seldom see the primary forms of management, but even in mixtures we can usually identify the dominant primary type. Although one type usually dominates, all three types appear to some extent in most organizations. Furthermore, individual managers often exhibit different types under different circumstances.
Transcription Factors That Induce Commitment of Multipotent Hematopoietic Progenitors: Lessons from the MEP System
Authors: Graf Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the classical experiments of Till and McCulloch (1961), it is known that blood cells arise from pluripotent hematopoietic progenitors. How these stem cells decide what to become is still not known. For example, although it is clear that they require specific cytokines to grow and differentiate, the question of whether their commitment is initiated by extrinsic or intrinsic processes remains controversial (Enver et al., 1998; Kaushansky, 1998; Metcalf, 1998). Regardless of the final outcome, ultimately all commitment decisions resulting in novel cell types must be driven by key transcription factors that establish altered gene expression programs.