bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Montreal Engineering Company and International Power: Overcoming the Limitations of the Free-Standing Utility
Authors: Marchildon Gregory P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mira Wilkins has proposed that, because of its unique attributes, the free-standing company (FSC) should be thought of as a separate subcategory of the multinational enterprise (MNE). While the analytical value of the FSC concept continues to be debated, it has already established its heuristic value by helping us think about foreign investment more clearly. Between the polar opposites of portfolio investment implying little or no control, on the one hand, and direct investment accompanied by almost complete control, on the other, lies a grey area inhabited by a striking variety of corporate vehicles of investment involving varying degrees of control and types of governance. At a very minimum, the concept of the FSC invites us to probe the mysteries that lie within this grey area. Between 1870 and 1914 British FSCs may have been the single most important corporate conduit for foreign investment in the world. Based upon Wilkins ‘s pioneering study, their characteristics can be summarized briefly. FSCs were established to operate in a foreign nation without any corresponding domestic operation. Unlike the typical American MNE, they did not grow organically from well-established domestic operations whose operations ‘spilled over ‘ political boundaries. As a consequence, FSC head offices were skeletal affairs compared to the head-office operations of the American-style MNE, often ‘little more than a brass nameplate in the City ‘.
Estimating Tax Incidence in Ghana using Household Data
Authors: Yunger Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most common criticisms of structural adjustment policies in Africa is that the burden of fiscal contraction falls disproportionately on the poor (Summers and Pritchett 1993). Most authors have concentrated on the potentially harmful effects of reducing government spending in order to balance budgets, but it is also true that some of the most committed adjusters—Ghana, Uganda, and Tanzania, for example—have addressed their fiscal deficits by increasing tax revenues rather than reducing expenditures. While these increases are often appropriate in a macroeconomic context, policy-makers should be as concerned about the incidence of these new taxes as they are about the incidence of expenditure cuts.
The Use of Funds Statements and Cash Flow Statements in Japan
Authors: Someya Kyojiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In July of 1959, supported by the Sangyo Keiri Kyokai (The Industrial Management and Accounting Institute), I conducted a survey on the use of funds statements and cash flow statements among major companies in Japan. The results of that survey appeared in Japanese in the Institute’s publication, Sangyo Keiri. Prior to this, Hector R. Anton, in affiliation with the Business Survey Department at the University of Washington, had conducted a survey on the use of funds statements in companies throughout the United States and Canada, with his results appearing in the October 1954 issue of Accounting Review.
Introduction
Authors: Chai Joseph C H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The experiences of the Central and the Eastern European countries show that the costs of transition from a planned to a market economy can be substantial. Most countries undergoing such a transition suffered a sharp drop in output and employment and increased social and political instability in the early phase of their transition (Siebert, 1991: 14-16). Some countries like the former Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia even disintegrated politically under the reform pressures. In contrast, the Chinese transition appears to be relatively smooth. With the exception of the Tiananmen Square tragedy in 1989 China has so far not incurred any serious political or social upheaval. Economically it not only experienced no drop in output and employment during the transition but actually saw an increase in output at an annual average rate of over 9 per cent over the last 15 years. Thus the Chinese reform model is very often considered superior to other transition models and extolled as the model for other socialist countries.
Rapid Social Transformation despite Economic Adjustment and Slow Growth: The Experience of Zimbabwe
Authors: Loewenson Rene , Chisvo Munhamo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zimbabwe is a good case-study for examining the relationship between social and economic development, both because of the stark differences between pre- and post-independence policy and practice and because of the significant social gains made in the 1980s, despite its low-income status and relatively weak economic growth. This chapter discusses the social and economic policy trends in three periods, focusing on social development in health, education, and population: in (a) the pre-independence phase, before 1980; (b) the post-independence phase in the 1980s, and (c) the phase of structural adjustment starting in 1991.
The Route to Social Development in Kerala: Social Intermediation and Public Action
Authors: Krishnan T N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The high level of social development achieved by Kerala State’ has by now become legendary (United Nations, 1975). This has even provoked the question: is there a Kerala model of development? (Franke and Chasin, 1992; Jeffrey, 1992; George, 1993). Attempts to prove or disprove the existence of a Kerala model of development are misplaced since most authors who discuss this question do not state explicitly their concept of the model of development. Their conclusions appear also to be based on an inadequate understanding of the social and economic processes at work in this State. A Kerala model of development has a great deal of relevance if the definition is restricted to social development. On the contrary, if economic growth is also considered a constituent of the model, then no Kerala model of development exists. The critical question is: Can social development take place in a milieu of and in spite of low levels of per capita income? The answer would be in the affirmative if we analysed the Kerala experience. Can high income growth promote or accelerate social development? The answer would be rather inconclusive. It should, but there might exist a substantial time-lag before the social transformation manifests itself. While private initiative may raise growth rates of income, the trigger for social development is invariably public action. A comparative study of the levels of social development among the Indian States makes this proposition quite apparent. Increase in per capita income alone is inadequate for accelerating the rate of social development.
Social Policies in a Slowly Growing Economy:Sri Lanka
Authors: Alailama Patricia , Sanderatne Nimal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sri Lanka’s social indicators are impressive for a poor country with a per capita income of around $US700 in 1995. In 1991, Sri Lanka’s crude death rate was 6 per 1,000; the expectation of life at birth was 72.5 years; infant and maternal mortality rates were 17.5 and 4 per 1,000 live births respectively; adult literacy stood at 87 per cent (1981); and secondary school enrolment at 72 per cent. There were virtually no gender differences in either literacy or school enrolment. About 90 per cent of children had been immunized. The progressive decline in maternal and infant mortality are captured in Fig. 8.1.
The Effects of Economic Changes on Mortality by Age and Cause: Latin America, 1950-90
Authors: Palloni Alberto , Hill Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fairly recurrent idea of population theory is that the weakening of frequent and sharp fluctuations in the levels and age patterns of mortality is an important marker distinguishing pre-from post-industrialization mortality trends (Livi-Bacci 1992; Vallin 1991; Flinn 1974; Schofield and Reher 1991). The appearance and disappearance of epidemics. the outbreak and aftermath of wars, and the vagaries of weather left clear if not always durable imprints in the profiles of mortality before the middle of the nineteenth century. With improvements in technology and standards of living, advances in sanitation and public health and, later during the twentieth century, the application of vector eradication and chemotherapy, mortality levels began an apparently irreversible downward trend, while the frequency and duration of oscillations around secular trends were reduced to insignificance or, for an purposes, disappeared altogether.
The Social Regulation of Technical Expertise The Corps and Profession in France and Great Britain
Authors: Winch Elisabeth Campagnac Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter forms part of a larger programme of work comparing the national business systems of France and Great Britain, and the develop¬ment of contemporary capitalism in the two countries which revolves around the essentially etatique nature of the regulation of the French system compared to the market regulation of the British (Boyer 1996). While this contention is not original at the general level, exactly how these differences manifest themselves in the governance of particular work systems has rarely been systematically explored in a comparative mode. In order to provide greater precision in the analysis we have decided to focus upon one par-ticular type of work system which, as we will show, has historically had an especially profound influence on the development of national business systems-transport infrastructure engineering-and to explore the problem of how technical expertise is developed and deployed in modern capitalist societies. This relatively narrow focus does not imply widerirrel¬evance. As will be demonstrated, it was in the construction sector that this problem was first tackled, and the distinctive ways in which those two coun¬tries now deploy technical expertise are deeply embedded in the ways in which the construction sector developed during the early phases of industrialization.
The State and Enterprise in the German Economy after the Second World War
Authors: Plumpe Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The economic history of the Federal Republic of Germany, during the 1950s and 1960s (Abelshauser, 1983) in particular, appears to be marked by two peculiarities.2 First, economic power increased rapidly, to an extent and at a pace unexpected after the destruction of war. The economic consequences of war were overcome by the mid-1950s and West Germany had decisively crossed the threshold to affluence by 1960 (Glastetter, Hogemann, and Marquardt, 1991). Second, the years from 1949 to 1966 were marked by a severe conceptual break within state economic policy. The era of the Wirtschaftswunder, the economic miracle, was at least in the public’s opinion, also the era of Wirtschaftsliberalismus, an economic liberalism which seemed radical in the German context.
Industrial Policy and Japan’s International Competitiveness: Historical Overview and Assessment
Authors: Kikkawa Takeo , Hiking Takashi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1992, at the height of world interest in Japan’s industrial policy, Karl Zinsmeister, a journalist at the conservative American Enterprise Institute, wrote a short essay called ‘MITI Mouse: Japan’s Industrial Policy Doesn’t Work’. Even before the essay was formally published, the Wall Street Journal jumped at the chance to carry a summary of a piece that bluntly claimed that having an industrial policy was not effective even in Japan and, therefore, that the United States should not experiment with a policy that contained a strong socialist element of ‘centralized management’ (Zinsmeister, 1993).
Early Postwar Industrial Policy in Emerging Economies Creating Competitive Assets or Correcting Market Failures?
Authors: AM’Iden ALICE H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Industrial development may be understood as a process either of correcting market failures or of creating competitive assets (resources that add value to raw labour power). This chapter develops a competitive assets approach to late industrialization using the postwar cotton textile industry as an example. Given similar industrial policies but different social constraints, latecomers in East Asia tended to out-perform those in Latin America and India in the social construction of such assets. Japan was a pioneer in social construction, honing an effective business-government relationship, although it started with more advanced competitive assets than its neighbours at the time of international opening.
A Core-Theoretic Solution for the Design of Cooperative Agreements on Transfrontier Pollution
Authors: Chander Parkash , Tulkens Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the relevance of the game-theoretic concept of the core of a cooperative game for the design of international treaties on transfrontier pollution. Specifically, a formula is offered (in Section 5.5) for allocating abatement costs between the countries involved for which the justification is of coretheoretic nature. The motivation for calling upon this concept lies in the need to ensure more than mere optimality to the outcome of international negotiations leading to a treaty. On the one hand, the optimum sought for should be a voluntary treaty, because of the nonexistence of a supranational authority endowed with sufficient coercive power to impose any emissions policy, even an optimal one, on the countries. On the other hand, the optimum should be robust against the temptation of free-riding by some of the countries (or groups of countries) involved, given the public good (actually, public bad) nature of transfrontier pollution.
Organizational Learning and International Competition*
Authors: Lazonick William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1970s a persistent feature of the US economy has been increasing income inequality, to the point where the United States now has the most unequal distribution of income among the advanced industrial economies. Sustainable prosperity—the spreading of the benefits of economic growth to more and more people over a prolonged period of time—appears to have become an elusive objective. At the same time, in the late 1990s, after more than two decades of intense competitive challenges, the United States retains international leadership in a range of science-based industries such as computer electronics and pharmaceuticals as well as in service sectors related to such things as finance and food. The US economy appears capable of innovation, but incapable of sustainable prosperity.
The Decline in Central Control Over Investment
Authors: Li Linda Chelan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of investment within the agenda of the post-1949 Chinese government makes it an ideal medium through which to observe the dynamics of political processes. Notwithstanding changes in their political agenda, the Chinese leaders have, since 1949, sought to build up the economic strength of the country by increasing investment. From 1950 to 1978, the average percentage of fiscal expenditure spent on investment was 35 per cent, whilst the peak figure for a single year stood in 1958 at 56 per cent. When the national agenda was shifted to modernization and economic development in 1976, and particularly after the Third Plenum in 1978, the linkage between investment and the attainment of the national goal became still more direct. However, as a result of the decentralization reforms of the 1980s, the percentage of fiscal expenditure spent on investment, has, ironically enough, declined conspicuously. For instance, in 1979 it stood at 40.4 per cent. By 1991 it had more than halved to 19.4 per cent. Investment has, nevertheless, remained the largest expenditure item in the state budget (Ministry of Finance 1992: 116–19).
Strategy and Organization
Authors: Roberts John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This new model permitted an efficient solution to the incredibly complicated problem of coordinating and motivating large numbers of people carrying out a complex of interrelated activities, often in different locations. It thus allowed giant, multiproduct business organizations to emerge and function effectively on a continental and then global scale. The new design also led to a huge growth in the number of people working as managers and to the emergence of the set of values and norms that mark man-agement as a profession.
Motivation in the Modern Firm
Authors: Roberts John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Firms, like other economic organizations, serve to coordinate the actions of groups of people and to motivate them to carry out needed activities. The problem of moti-vating people in organizations comes from the fact that their own self-interest may not automatically lead them to act in the ways that the organization would want. This divergence of interests arises because the individual members of an organization typically do not bear all the costs and benefits of the actions they take and the deci-sions they make within the organization. Consequently, when they make decisions—about how to spend their time, how hard to work and on what, what risks to take— the choices that appear best from their personal point of view may not maximize the total value generated for the organization. Even if they are cognizant of the larger interests, they may not automatically take these fully into account.
The Social Structuring of Firms ‘ Governance Systems and Organizational Capabilities
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters I have emphasized the variety of ways in which economic coordination and control are achieved in market economies. In particular, the significance and role of ownership in the organizational integration of economic activities differ considerably between, say, post-war Japan and the USA, and are highly contingent upon historical circumstances and current institutional arrangements. Firms as units of financial control based on ownership are, then, part of the overall system of economic coordination and control that distinguishes any particular variety of capitalism. Their characteristics reflect those of each business system and vary between them. Differences in the nature of firms are important for understanding economic development because they affect both economic and financial decision-making and the sorts of distinctive organizational capabilities that become established in different economies. Because they are typically units of employment as well as financial control, firms are critical agents for developing particular kinds of collective competences that affect competitive outcomes.
Cultural Perspectives on West African Fertility Change
Authors: Benefo Kofi D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social demographers no longer believe that societies have to be economically developed before they can experience fertility declines. Fertility declines can occur in societies that are still at relatively early stages of development, as was established by the European Fertility Project, and subsequently by the World Fertility Survey Project. Studies within both of these projects showed that cultural factors, encoded in religion, ethnic heritage, and language, had more influence on the timing and speed of fertility declines than the level of economic modernization (Van de Walle and Knodel 1980; Watkins 1991). These findings imply that fertility can decline in countries at low levels of economic development. However, in order to initiate sustained declines pol icy-makers need to be able to identify relevant cultural factors within which to frame family planning messages, and to identify cultural groups that can be targeted through programmes. In other words, they need a theory of how culture affects reproductive behaviour and change in developing countries.
Worldliness and Fertility Control: Cultural Attributes of Contraceptive Users among Rural Bangladeshi Women
Authors: Simons Ahmed Al-Sabir ,John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reports on an investigation, conducted in rural Bangladesh, of the influence of specific attitudes of and towards women on the probability that they would be users of contraception. The study was expected to support the proposition that ideational variables were more powerful than economic variables as determinants of contraceptive use. In the event, that proposition was strongly supported by the findings. The data used were obtained from a sample of rural women in the 1989 Bangladesh Fertility Survey. A matched case-control design was adopted: village women who were users of modern reversible contraception were compared with matched never-users.
Demographic Trends in Ludhiana District, Punjab, 1881-1981: An Exploration of Vital Registration Data in Colonial India
Authors: Dyson Tim , Gupta Monica Das 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analysis of the historical demography of most non-European populations is hampered by the fact that regular time-series data on mortality and fertility are rarely available. The emphasis then is placed on whatever data sources are available, such as records on some subgroups of the population or scattered surveys. In the case of India, the colonial regime instituted a system of collecting vital registration data which makes it possible to obtain estimates of mortality and fertility for the entire population of large regions of the country, dating from the nineteenth century. The availability of these data opens up very interesting possibilities for historical demographic research in India, and in particular for studying the timing of demographic transition and its underlying causes (See Dyson, 1989 and Das Gupta, 1995).
Disease and Mortality in the History of Taiwan
Authors: Liu Ts’ui-Jung , Liu Shi-Yung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to provide a survey of historical records related to disease and mortality in Taiwan up to the 1920s, a decade that marks an important period of transition in the social history of Taiwan. During this decade, plague was no longer a threat and malaria control was well under progress (Chen SX, 1979: 127). Almost no systematic statistics are available related to disease and mortality in Taiwan prior to the twentieth century. Despite this defection of data, we will try to piece together what we have found in order to present a sketch on which further studies may be based. We will first discuss endemic and epidemic diseases with qualitative materials and then present statistics available in the early twentieth century. To avoid misinterpretation, we will use traditional terms on most occasions except when modern medical terminology is already identified in the literature.
Smallpox and the Pattern of Mortality in Late Nineteenth Century Taiwan
Authors: Shepherd John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is excerpted from a much longer review of the qualitative reports of death and disease from late nineteenth-century Taiwan and China. The longer paper examines the causes of morbidity and mortality in Taiwan in the final decades of the nineteenth century through a review of materials relating to each major disease category. This chapter, due to considerations of space, treats in detail only one major cause of death, smallpox. A central concern in this exercise is to look for patterns of continuity and change in disease and mortality patterns in the period leading up to the census of 1905 and the creation of high quality vital statistics reporting, including reporting on cause of death, by the Japanese colonial government of Taiwan. Analysis of the historical background of mortality preceding 1905 is essential if we are to properly assess the degree to which the 1905 census and the subsequent cause of death reporting already reflects the impact of the public health measures instituted by the Japanese colonial government following its takeover in 1895.