bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early growth, adult body size and prostate cancer risk
Authors: Giles Graham G. , Severi Gianluca , English Dallas R. , McCredie Margaret R.E. , MacInnis Robert , Boyle Peter , Hopper John L. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe role of growth from birth through puberty and through adult life has been the subject of epidemiologic investigation in regard to the risk of prostate cancer but the evidence remains weak and inconsistent. We investigated associations between prostate cancer risk and a number of markers of body growth, size and changes to size in a population‐based, case‐control study in Australia from 1994 to 1998. We analyzed data obtained in face‐to‐face interviews from 1,476 cases and 1,409 controls. The main outcomes of interest were the timing of the growth spurt in adolescence, the experience of acne and interviewer observation of facial acne scarring, body size at age 21, body size in reference year, maximum body weight and rate of body size change since age 21 years. Analysis was performed on all cases and also by tumour grade. We found no associations with measures of body size including body mass index and lean body mass at age 21 or later in adult life. Having a growth spurt later than friends reduced risk (odds ratio [OR] 0.79 [0.63–0.97]) and some measures of acne also gave odds ratios less than 1, for example, having facial acne scarring gave an OR of 0.67 (0.45–1.00). We conclude that markers of delayed androgen action, such as delayed growth spurt in puberty, and markers of other androgen‐dependent activity in puberty, such as facial acne scarring, are associated with prostate cancer risk but we could detect no associations with markers of adult body size and growth including lean body mass. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Space‐time clustering patterns in childhood solid tumours other than central nervous system tumours
Authors: McNally Richard J.Q. , Kelsey Anna M. , Eden Osborn B. , Alexander Freda E. , Cairns Donal P. , Birch Jillian M. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe aetiology of most childhood solid tumours (other than central nervous system [CNS] tumours) is unclear. To investigate whether certain environmental exposures may be involved, we have analysed for space‐time clustering using population‐based data from North West England for the period 1954–98. Knox tests for space‐time interactions between cases were applied with fixed thresholds of close in space, <5 km, and close in time, <1 year apart. Addresses at birth and at diagnosis were used. Tests were repeated replacing geographical distance with distance to the Nth nearest neighbour. N was chosen such that the mean distance was 5 km. Data were also examined by a second order procedure based on K‐functions. There was significant evidence of space‐time clustering for Wilms' tumours (p = 0.03 and 0.04, using the geographical distance and nearest neighbour versions of the Knox test; and p = 0.07 and 0.03, using the geographical distance and nearest neighbour versions of the K‐function method), and soft tissue sarcomas (p = 0.01, using both the geographical distance and nearest neighbour versions of the Knox test; and p = 0.001 and 0.002, using the geographical distance and nearest neighbour versions of the K‐function method) based on time and location at birth, but not time and location at diagnosis. There was little or no evidence of space‐time clustering amongst other diagnostic groups. These are the first results to demonstrate space‐time clustering for childhood Wilms' tumours and soft tissue sarcomas. The results are consistent with environmental exposure hypotheses, relating to locations pre‐natally or peri‐natally. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some relationships among assessments of depression
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang , Stahl Stephen M. , Howard Kenneth I. , Grissom Grant R. , Joske Raymond 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe Directions program provides an administratively efficient method to screen for psychological disorders in a primary‐care setting (FOCUS), confirm the need for treatment, and monitor progress (COMPASS‐PC). The instruments are psychometrically sound and grounded in an established theory of mental‐health treatment. The present study reports the relationships between FOCUS, COMPASS‐PC, and the Hamilton Depression scale for a sample of patients who have been diagnosed as major depressive disorder, dysthymia, or depressive syndrome by standardized criteria (i.e., SCID‐IV and DSM‐IV). Moreover, Focus and COMPASS‐PC are evaluated for their ability to detect depression as defined by SCID‐IV and DSM IV. Furthermore, we examine the relationship between the different instruments in their ability to measure response to treatment over time. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1545–1553, 2002.
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI‐III): The inability of the validity conditions to detect random responders
Authors: Charter Richard A. , Lopez Michael N. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe effectiveness of the MCMI‐III Validity scale, Scale X, and the Clinical Personality Pattern scales to detect random responding is put to the test. The binomial expansion and Monte Carlo techniques were used. If the examiner is willing to interpret tests of questionable validity, then 50% of the random responders will not be detected. Scale X and the Clinical Personality Pattern scales were useless in detecting random responders. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1615–1617, 2002.
EMDR in the treatment of chronic pain
Authors: Grant Mark , Threlfo Catherine 
Published: December 2002

AbstractChronic pain presents a persistent and significant clinical challenge. Research examining commonly used psychotherapeutic treatments suggests that the results are not always well maintained, and that pain often is unrelieved. Continued exploration of new and more effective approaches is necessary. This article outlines an application of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), developed to improve coping and reduce chronic pain and suffering. The effectiveness of the EMDR Chronic Pain Protocol was investigated with three adult chronic pain sufferers. Intervention effectiveness was measured at baseline, during, and postintervention, with a two‐month follow‐up. All clients reported substantially decreased pain levels, decreased negative affect, and increased ability to control their pain following treatment. These results indicate that EMDR may be efficacious in the treatment of chronic pain and that further research is warranted. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1505–1520, 2002.
Exploring change mechanisms in EMDR applied to “small‐t trauma” in Short‐Term Dynamic Psychotherapy: Research questions and speculations
Authors: McCullough Leigh 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis article represents a process of preliminary search and discovery regarding the active mechanisms in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) when used in Short‐Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (STDP). Patients' (N = 7) responses to EMDR interventions were categorized as either “trauma” or “resolution” responses and examined in relationship to (a) the number of EMDR sets, (b) patient Global Assessment of Functioning Rating (GAF) scores, and (c) raw change in Subjective Units of Distress (SUD) ratings of severity of traumatic memory and Validity of Cognition (VoC) ratings of positive cognitions before and after EMDR sessions. Further subcategorization and development of the broad categories of trauma and resolution were recommended and may be useful in shedding light on how change happens in EMDR. This study was exploratory and attempted only to identify possible variables for further study. However, the results show potential relationships among variables that merit further refinement and study. Research questions generated from this study are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1531–1544, 2002.
Chemistry of some fluorescamine–amine derivatives with relevance to the biosynthesis of benzylpenicillin by fermentation
Authors: Baker W L , Lonergan G T 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe reaction of fluorescamine with 6‐aminopenicillanic acid (6‐APA) at pH 4 was investigated for its potential use in the biosynthesis of benzylpenicillin. A number of amino acids and penicillin amine derivatives, that reacted with fluorescamine at pH 7–9, were unlikely to do so to a significant extent at pH 4 and hence were unlikely to interfere in results that led to the biosynthesis of benzylpenicillin. Biosynthesis was followed using Penicillium chrysogenum Wis F3‐64, growing in a corn steep liquor medium in a shake flask fed with phenylacetic acid daily. Analysis of benzylpenicillin formation was effected enzymically and fluorimetrically. A sample of the fermentation broth was treated with buffer at pH 7.8 and an active penicillin acylase solution for 1 h at 37 °C. The pH was then lowered to 4 by swamping with acetate buffer and the solution was treated with fluorescamine. The resulting fluorescence was compared with that of a standard 6‐aminopenicillianic acid solution treated in the same manner. In this case the biosynthesis of benzylpenicillin was found to increase over 6 days. The results were compared with those for a control broth where the penicillin acylase was not added.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
An unstructured model for the analysis of substrate consumption and product release in relation to biosynthesis and cell maintenance during batch cultures of Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium camembertii
Authors: Adour L , Couriol C , Amrane A , Prigent Y 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAn unstructured model has been developed to predict microbial growth based on carbon or nitrogen substrate consumption, ammonia or carbon dioxide production and proton transfer. The model has been validated for batch cultures of Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium camembertii growing on peptones and peptones + lactate based media. The contributions of the considered kinetics to biosynthesis and cellular maintenance can be deduced from this model. The nitrogen source (peptones) was mainly utilized in biosynthesis: for P camembertii growing on peptones, 86% of the metabolized peptones. G candidum metabolized peptones preferentially to lactate as a carbon source, resulting in lactate utilization by a maintenance mechanism during the stationary state. In contrast, P camembertii, which metabolized fewer amino acids as a carbon source, utilized lactate mainly for biosynthesis (83% of the consumed lactate). Most (up to 71%) of the ammonia released was produced by deamination of amino acids utilized as both carbon and nitrogen sources by growth‐associated metabolism. With peptones, proton transfer resulted from ammonia release, most likely as a result of the growth‐associated mechanism, as supported experimentally (55–58% of the released ammonia for both microorganisms). The contribution of lactate to proton transfer resulted in 76% of protons exchanged by a growth‐associated mechanism during P camembertii growth. For total carbon dioxide production, the contributions of the energy supplies for biosynthesis and cell maintenance were similar; except during P camembertii growth in the presence of lactate (65% of growth‐associated CO2 production).© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Managerial efficiency and human capital: an application to English association football
Authors: Dawson Peter , Dobson Stephen 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe problem of hidden action in organizations makes direct measurement of managerial performance problematic. But in English association football hidden action is unlikely to be as serious a problem because the owner observes the manager's performance each time the team plays. In this situation production frontier analysis may be used to measure managerial performance and analyze the variation in performance across managers in terms of manager human capital. Having some kind of prior affiliation with the club and achieving international recognition as a player are especially important. Overall, initial experience matters more than specific and general managerial experience. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The NMR structure of [Xd(C2)]4 investigated by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Malliavin Thérèse E. , Snoussi Karim , Leroy Jean‐Louis 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe i‐motif tetrameric structure is built up from two parallel duplexes intercalated in a head‐to‐tail orientation, and held together by hemiprotonated cytosine pairs. Two topologies exist for the i‐motif structure, one with outermost 3′ extremities and the other with outermost 5′ extremities, called the 3′E and 5′E topology, respectively. Since the comparison of sugar and phosphate group interactions between the two topologies is independent of the length of the intercalation motif, the relative stability of the 3′E and 5′E topologies therefore should not depend on this length. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the 3′E topology of the [d(C2)]4 is much more stable than the 5′E topology, and that the former is the only species observed in solution. In order to understand the reason for this atypical behavior, the NMR structure of the [Xd(C2)]4 was determined and analyzed by molecular dynamics simulations. In the NMR structure, the width of the narrow groove is slightly smaller than in previously determined i‐motif structures, which supports the importance of phosphodiester backbone interactions in the structure stability. The simulations show that the stacking of cytosines, essential for the i‐motif stability, is produced by a similar and non‐negative twisting of the phosphodiester backbones. The twisting is induced by an interaction between the backbones; the [Xd(C2)]4 in 5′E topology, exhibiting very limited interaction between the phosphodiester backbones, is thus unstable. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic study of oxidation of D,L‐cystine and 3,3′‐dithiobis(propionic acid) with hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Akhmedov Novruz G. , Denisko Olga V. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe oxidation of symmetrical disulfides [D,L‐cystine (1) and 3,3′‐dithiobis(propionic acid) (2)] with hydrogen peroxide in D2O–NaOH solution (pH 10–11) was studied by NMR spectroscopy. Assignments of the proton and carbon NMR signals of starting materials (1 and 2) and products of oxidation are based on conventional 1D NMR methods (DEPT, selective spin decoupling). Formation of C—S bond cleavage products or, in case of 2, partially oxidized intermediates was not detected. The accelerating effect of Cu2+ cations, but not Fe3+ cations, on the oxidation rate of 1 in basic medium was demonstrated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR studies on a palladium(II) complex containing an incompletely coordinated facultative pentadentate Schiff base ligand
Authors: Kwiatkowski Edmund , Romanowski Grzegorz 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPalladium(II) dichloride reacts with 1,10‐bis(2‐pyrrolyl)‐2,5,9‐triaza‐1,9‐decadiene to give a [Pd(C15H20N5)]Cl complex in which the ligand is four‐coordinated, leaving one pyrrole group dangling. By using COSY, gHSQC, gHMBC connectivities and NOE experiments it has been concluded that one linkage isomer exists in DMSO solution, in spite of the fact that different sets of N atoms of potentially pentadentate ligand might be involved in coordination, and that the three chelate rings in the complex cation are arranged in a sequence: five‐membered, six‐membered, five‐membered which is different from that (5–5–6) found by x‐ray studies on the related [Ni(C15H20N5)]Cl compound. NMR studies allowed an unambiguous assignment of all 1H and 13C NMR resonances for the complex. Results of x‐ray structural analysis of [Pd(C15H20N5)](CH3COO)H2O supported the five‐membered, six‐membered, five‐membered ring sequence in the [Pd(C15H20N5)]+ complex cation and show an E (trans) orientation of the dangling pyrrole group with respect to the metal center. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurodevelopmental care in the NICU
Authors: Aucott Susan , Donohue Pamela K. , Atkins Eileen , Allen Marilee C. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractNeurodevelopmental care, which is any NICU intervention undertaken to improve neurodevelopmental outcome, includes NICU design, nursing routines, nursing care plans, management of pain, feeding methods and, most importantly, encouraging parental involvement with their NICU infant. Recognition that sensory stimulation can overwhelm preterm infants and increase physiologic signs of stress led to attempts to reduce sensory input. More recent approaches judiciously add back soothing sensory input (e.g., therapeutic touch, soft music). Circadian light/dark cycles and physical activity improve preterm growth. Attention to infant positioning and handling affects physiologic variables and joint mobility, if not functional motor abilities. A highly organized system of care for NICU infants is Als' NIDCAP (i.e., Neonatal Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program). Although NIDCAP may reduce need for respiratory support and hospital length of stay, it does not significantly influence neurodevelopmental outcome at 2‐3 years. Pain management includes benign interventions (e.g., nonnutritive sucking, oral glucose), but the prolonged use of narcotics must be balanced against the consequences of sedation and dependency. The foremost challenge for NICUs remains parent disenfranchisement. Kangaroo care, which involves parent/infant skin‐to‐skin contact, improves preterm growth, decreases nosocomial infections and may shorten hospital length of stay. A great deal of work needs to be done to identify and demonstrate efficacy of specific interventions and changes that humanize the NICU, encourage parental involvement, support infant development and optimize preterm neurodevelopmental outcomes. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:298–308. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive and neuropsychological outcomes: More than IQ scores
Authors: Aylward Glen P. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractImproved survival in preterm infants has broadened interest in cognitive and neuropsychological outcomes. The incidence of major disabilities (moderate/severe mental retardation, neurosensory disorders, epilepsy, cerebral palsy) has remained consistent, but high prevalence/low severity dysfunctions (learning disabilities, ADHD, borderline mental retardation, specific neuropsychological deficits, behavioral disorders) have increased. The follow‐up literature contains methodologic problems that make generalizations regarding outcome difficult, and these are discussed. Although mean IQs of former VLBW infants generally are in the low average range and are 3–9 points below normal birth weight peers, these scores mask subtle deficits in: visual‐motor and visual‐perceptual abilities, complex language functions, academics (reading, mathematics, spelling and writing), and attentional skills. There is an increased incidence of non‐verbal learning disabilities, need for special educational assistance, and behavioral disorders in children born prematurely. Males have more problems, and there is a trend for worsening outcome over time, due to emergence of more subtle deficits in response to increased performance demands. In addition to IQ and achievement testing in follow‐up, there should be evaluation of executive functions and attention, language, sensorimotor functions, visuospatial processes, memory and learning, and behavioral adjustment. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:234–240. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of motor disability in very preterm children
Authors: Bracewell Melanie , Marlow Neil 
Published: December 2002

AbstractMotor development in very preterm children differs in several important ways from that of children born at full term. Variability is common, although the anatomic and physiologic bases for that variability are often poorly understood. Motor patterns over the first postnatal year may depend on behaviours learned during often long periods of neonatal intensive care. The normal pattern of development may be modified by disturbances of brain function caused both by the interruption of normal brain maturation ex‐utero and the superimposition of focal brain injuries following very preterm birth. Abnormal patterns of development over the first year may evolve into clear neuromotor patterns of cerebral palsy or resolve, as “transient dystonias.” Cerebral palsy is associated with identified patterns of brain injury secondary to ischaemic or haemorrhagic lesions, perhaps modified by activation of inflammatory cytokines. Cerebral palsy rates have not fallen as might be expected over the past 10 years as survival has improved, perhaps because of increasing survival at low gestations, which is associated with the highest prevalence of cerebral palsy. Children who escape cerebral palsy are also at risk of motor impairments during the school years. The relationship of these impairments to perinatal factors or to neurological progress over the first postnatal year is debated. Neuromotor abnormalities are the most frequent of the “hidden disabilities” among ex‐preterm children and are thus frequently associated with poorer cognitive ability and attention deficit disorders. Interventions to prevent cerebral palsy or to reduce these late disabilities in very preterm children are needed. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:241–248. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fracture characteristics of short glass fibre/maleated styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene/polypropylene hybrid composite
Authors: Tjong Sie Chin , Xu Shi‐Ai , Li Robert Kwok Yu , Mai Yiu Wing 
Published: December 2002

AbstractMaleated styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene triblock copolymer (SEBS‐g‐MA)/polypropylene 20/80 and SEBS/PP 20/80 blends reinforced with 30 wt% short glass fibres (SGF) were prepared by extrusion and subsequent injection moulding. The impact strength and fracture toughness of the hybrid composites were measured with the instrumented Charpy drop‐weight impact test and essential work of fracture (EWF) method. Drop‐weight impact measurements showed that the SGF/SEBS/PP composite exhibits higher impact strength than the SGF/SEBS‐g‐MA/PP hybrid at low impact speeds. Fibre pull‐out was responsible for the improved impact energy of the SGF/SEBS/PP composite subject to low impact velocity. At high impact speeds, the impact energy of the SGF/SEBS‐g‐MA/PP hybrid was slightly higher than that of the SGF/SEBS/PP composite. This was attributed to localized plastic deformation occurring in the fibre–matrix interfacial region. However, the EWF method revealed that the toughness of the SGF/SEBS‐g‐MA/PP hybrid was lower than that of the SGF/SEBS/PP composite. The effect of maleic anhydride (MA) functional groups grafted to SEBS on the fracture behaviour of the SGF/SEBS/PP hybrid composite is discussed.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry