bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiculturalism and group status: The role of ethnic identification, group essentialism and protestant ethic
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Brug Peary 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe present research, which was conducted among ethnic minority (N = 109) and majority (N = 649) adolescents in the Netherlands, examined the endorsement of multiculturalism in relation to ethnic ingroup identification, perceived group essentialism and protestant ethic ideology. The results revealed that ethnic minorities were more in favour of multiculturalism than Dutch participants. Furthermore, ethnic identification, group essentialism and protestant ethic were independently related to multiculturalism. However, these relations were all moderated by ethnic group status. High ethnic identification, essentialist beliefs about minority groups, and protestant ethic were related to lower endorsement of multiculturalism among the majority group. In contrast, high ethnic identification and essentialist beliefs about one's own ethnic minority group were related to stronger endorsement of multiculturalism among the minority groups, but not protestant ethic. Perceived essentialism of the majority group showed no effects. It is concluded that social psychology is able to make a valuable contribution to issues related to the management of cultural diversity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The simultaneous consideration of between‐participants and within‐participants analyses in research on predictors of behaviours: The issue of dependence
Authors: Trafimow David , Kiekel Preston A. , Clason Dennis 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAlthough there is wide acceptance among personality and social psychologists of the importance of performing both between‐participants and within‐participants analyses to obtain a more complete picture of the phenomena under investigation, such analyses are rare (Mishela, 1990). Research on the predictors of behaviour, particularly concerning variables such as attitude, subjective norm, affect, cognition, and intention provides an exception, where the results from within‐participants analyses are sometimes compared to the results from between‐participants analyses. These comparisons raise the issue of whether the two types of analyses are independent of each other (and whether they can be validly compared), which is the topic of the present paper. Although we show that there is dependence, which suggests that it is a bad idea to compare both kinds of analyses, we also show that the degree of dependence approaches zero as the number of participants and items increase. Thus, with a sufficiently large design, the degree of dependence is unimportant, and therefore is no obstacle to the simultaneous consideration of both within‐participants and between‐participants analyses. How large is large enough? A set of computer simulations suggests that 15 participants and 15 items is sufficient, though we provide data from which researchers can designate their own criteria. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperative, pure, and selfish trusting: Their distinctive effects on the reaction of trust recipients
Authors: Eilam Oren , Suleiman Ramzi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThree types of trusting have been distinguished conceptually and empirically. In cooperative trusting the trust giver explicitly expects a reaction from the trust recipient that fits with the equality norm. In pure trusting, no explicit expectation is expressed by the giver. In selfish trusting the giver explicitly expects a reaction that benefits himself or herself at the expense of the recipient. We asked whether the three types of trust elicit distinctive reactions from trust recipients. Each participant was paired with a fictitious player who ostensibly enabled him or her to divide money between them. As hypothesized, both cooperative and pure trusting elicited more equal allocations than did selfish trusting. A second hypothesis, that cooperative trust would yield more equal allocations than pure trust, was not supported. Results are discussed in terms of equality norm, self‐interest norm, reciprocity norm, reactance theory, social sanctioning, and the need to comply with others' expectations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of weight‐regulating practices on potassium level in patients with anorexia or bulimia nervosa
Authors: Imbierowicz Katrin , Curkovic Ivanka , Braks Karsten , Geiser Franziska , Liedtke Reinhard , Jacoby Georg Ernst 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectiveThe authors evaluated retrospectively data from 397 patients with anorexia (AN) and bulimia nervosa(BN).MethodPatients were divided into six pre‐defined and symptom‐related subgroups and their hypokalemia frequencies compared. The correlation between potassium level and disease‐related patterns was assessed.ResultsThe two purging type AN groups were at greatest risk of hypokalemia. Vomiting frequency, body mass index (BMI) and laxative dosage had an effect on potassium levels within the overall group but only accounted for 19% of the variance of potassium level. Effects could not be proved for fasting, sport and disease duration.DiscussionPatients with anorexia or bulimia nervosa are very heterogeneous due to the considerable range of potential weight‐regulating measures. Taking this heterogeneity into consideration by dividing patients into diagnostic subgroups and considering their symptomatology thus considerably aids the estimation of hypokalemia risk when treating eating disorders. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The case for semi‐starvation
Authors: Vitousek Kelly M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe eating disorder field has been slow to respond to the phenomenon of caloric restriction for longevity (CRL), currently a central focus of research in biogerontology. On the basis of compelling evidence that animals remain healthier and live longer on diets of ‘anorexic’ severity, some experts are recommending chronic self‐deprivation to the general public. This brief article introduces a series of papers on CRL, outlining the challenges and opportunities the movement presents to our speciality area. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Caloric restriction for longevity: I. Paradigm, protocols and physiological findings in animal research
Authors: Vitousek Kelly M. , Gray Jennifer A. , Grubbs Kathleen M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe initial article in this series reviews basic findings in the field of caloric restriction for longevity (CRL). To eating disorder specialists, the data are disconcerting. The chronic dieting and subnormal weight we endeavour to prevent and treat in humans appear highly beneficial when imposed on animals. In the laboratory, organisms from nematodes to monkeys thrive when forced to undereat, as long as they receive sufficient micronutrients. The most remarkable results are obtained through the most extreme measures: mice, for example, do best if limited to a third of expected caloric intake, beginning soon after weaning and continuing throughout adulthood. Deprivation can be achieved through an ‘anorexic’ protocol of steady underconsumption or a ‘bulimic’ pattern in which periods of fasting alternate with bouts of binge eating. The benefits of such regimens include delayed senescence, postponement and/or attenuation of age‐related disease and dramatic increases in average and maximum lifespan. Although some biological functions are impaired (including growth, reproduction and perhaps resistance to certain stressors), the cost/benefit ratio clearly favours CRL when calculated on the basis of physical outcomes in late age. Advocacy of comparable regimens for people, however, is ill‐considered. Enthusiasm for CRL can be sustained only by detaching deprivation from the context of daily life, ignoring psychological effects, and dismissing data on human semi‐starvation and eating disorders. The experiences of participants in Biosphere 2 and individuals with anorexia nervosa suggest that the price of CRL is unacceptably high when a wider range of outcome variables is examined. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
An effective RBFN‐boundary integral approach for the analysis of natural convection flow
Authors: Mai‐Duy Nam , Tran‐Cong Thanh 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a new radial basis function network‐boundary integral approach for the analysis of natural convection flow. The use of integral equations (IEs) allows the set of simultaneous unknowns to be confined to the boundary only. In this study, all boundary values including geometries are represented by indirect radial basis function networks (IRBFNs), resulting in an effective boundary element method (BEM) especially for the achievement of high Rayleigh numbers with relatively coarse and uniform meshes. Convergence is obtained up to a Rayleigh number of 1.0e7 in the case of a square cavity using a uniform mesh of 31 × 31 and a Rayleigh number of 5.0e4 in the case of a horizontal concentric annulus using a uniform mesh of 11 × 21. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cre‐loxP mediated control of PrP to study transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases
Authors: Tuzi Nadia L. , Clarke Alan R. , Bradford Barry , Aitchison Lorraine , Thomson Val , Manson Jean C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractExpression of the PrP glycoprotein is essential for the development of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) or prion diseases. Although PrP is widely expressed in the mouse, the precise relevance of different PrP‐expressing cell types to disease remains unclear. To address this, we generated two lines of floxed PrP gene‐targeted transgenic mice using the Cre recombinase‐loxP system. These floxed mice allow a functional PrP allele to be either switched “on” or “off.” We demonstrate control of PrP expression for both alleles following Cre‐mediated recombination, as determined by PrP mRNA and protein expression in the brain. Moreover, we show that Cre‐mediated alteration of PrP expression in these mice has a major influence on the development of TSE disease. These floxed PrP mice will allow the involvement of PrP expression in specific cell types following TSE infection to be defined, which may identify potential sites for therapeutic intervention. genesis 40:1–6, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Programmed cell death inBradysia hygida(Diptera, Sciaridae) salivary glands presents apoptotic features
Authors: Simon Cláudio R. , de Almeida Jorge C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn this work, we present biochemical and morphological evidence that the final steps of programmed cell death (PCD) in the salivary glands of the inferior Diptera,Bradysia hygida, present apoptotic characteristics. InB. hygida,elimination of salivary glands is preceded by the establishment of a typical pattern of protein synthesis; increase in caspase activity; decrease in cell volume; nuclear pyknosis; nuclear DNA breakage; changes in the actin cytoskeleton; and most importantly, destruction of giant cells via formation of apoptotic bodies containing broken DNA or cytoplasm remains. Thus, elimination ofB. hygidasalivary glands by this process suggests that such mode of PCD is also involved in the destruction of entire organs in insects and, therefore, adds more complexity to the regulation of tissue elimination during development. genesis 40:22–31, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Notch pathway is dispensable for adipocyte specification
Authors: Nichols Amy M. , Pan Yonghua , Herreman An , Hadland Brandon K. , De Strooper Bart , Kopan Raphael , Huppert Stacey S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn the past decade we have witnessed an epidemic of obesity in developed countries. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms involved in regulation of body weight is becoming an increasingly important goal shared by the public and the scientific community. The key to fat deposition is the adipocyte, a specialized cell that plays a critical role in energy balance and appetite regulation. Much of our knowledge of adipogenesis comes from studies using preadipocytic cell lines that have provided important information regarding molecular control of adipocyte differentiation. However, they fall short of revealing how naive cells acquire competence for adipogenesis. Studies in preadipocytes indicate that the Notch pathway plays a role in regulating adipogenesis (Garces et al.: J Biol Chem 272:29729–29734, 1997). Given the known biological functions of Notch in mediating cell fate decisions (Artavanis‐Tsakonas et al.: Science 284:770–776, 1999), we wished to test the hypothesis that the Notch pathway is required for this cellular program by examining adipogenesis in several genetic loss‐of‐function models that encompass the entire pathway. We conclude that the “canonical” Notch signaling pathway is dispensable for adipocyte specification and differentiation from either mesenchymal or epithelial progenitors. genesis 40:40–44, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation of a conditional knockout allele for the Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) gene in mice
Authors: Krempler Andrea , Qi Yongyue , Triplett Aleata A. , Zhu Jianqiong , Rui Hallgeir , Wagner Kay‐Uwe 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTo study biologically relevant functions of the Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) in multiple cytokine and hormone receptor signal transduction pathways, we generated a conditional knockout (floxed) allele of this gene by placing loxP sites around the first coding exon of Jak2. Homozygous floxed animals developed normally and exhibited no phenotypic abnormalities. The conversion of the floxed allele into a null mutation was achieved by transmitting the targeted allele through the female germline of MMTV‐Cre (line A) mice. Embryos that carry two Jak2 null alleles died around midgestation and exhibited impaired definitive erythropoiesis, which is a hallmark of Jak2 deficiency reported previously in conventional knockouts. This observation suggested that the Cre‐mediated deletion of the first coding exon results in a true null mutation that is incapable of mediating signals through the erythropoietin receptor. Using mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from Jak2 null embryos and their wildtype littermate controls, we demonstrated that Jak2‐deficiency decouples growth hormone‐receptor signaling from its downstream mediators, the signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 5a and 5b. genesis 40:52–57, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RNA polymerase II 140wimp mutant and mutations in the TFIIH subunit XPB differentially affect homeotic gene expression in Drosophila
Authors: Gutiérrez Luis , Merino Carlos , Vázquez Martha , Reynaud Enrique , Zurita Mario 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMutations in the XPB and XPD helicases of the DNA repair/transcription factor TFIIH are involved in several human genetic disorders. An unanswered problem concerning the complexity of the phenotype–genotype relationship is why mutations in individual subunits of TFIIH produce specific phenotypes and not many others. In order to investigate this question we tested whether mutations in the Drosophila XPB homolog, haywire (hay), would modify homeotic derepression phenotypes. In this work, we report that mutations in hay and in the 140‐kDa subunit of the RNA polymerase II (RpII140wimp) act as dominant modifiers of the derepression phenotypes of the Sex combs reduced (Scr) and Ultrabithorax (Ubx) genes. The hay mutations only weakly suppress the Scr derepression phenotype caused by the AntpScx mutation but not by Polycomb. In contrast, the RpII140wimp mutation strongly suppresses both Scr derepression phenotypes. In addition, the RpII140wimp also generates phenotypes indicative of loss of Ubx function. On the other hand, all the derepression homeotic phenotypes are sensitive to the generalized reduction of transcription levels when the flies are grown with actinomycin D. We also show that different promoter control regions have differential sensitivity to different hay alleles. All these results support that although TFIIH is a basal transcription factor, mutations in the subunit encoded by hay have specific effects in the transcription of some genes. genesis 40:58–66, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pressure variations in peat as a result of gas bubble dynamics
Authors: Kellner Erik , Price Jonathan S. , Waddington J. M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTransient high pore‐water pressures, up to 50 cm higher than ambient pressure, developed over the summer season at various depths in a shallow (1 m) fen peat. The excess pressures had a pattern of gradual increases and sharp drops, and their initiation and release typically corresponded to abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure. We conclude that these phenomena depend on gas bubbles (probably methane) generated by biological activity, both by clogging pores and by building up pressure as they grow. These transient and spatially discontinuous high‐pressure zones were found using pressure transducers in sealed (backfilled) pits, but not in piezometers open to the atmosphere. Piezometers may provide a conduit for the release of gas and pressure, thus rendering them unsuitable for measuring this phenomenon.Although the development of localized zones of high pressure causes erratic and unpredictable hydraulic gradients, we suggest that their effect on the flow of water or solutes is offset by the reduced permeability caused by the bubbles, which allows them to be sustained. These zones, however, probably deflect flows driven by the dominant hydraulic gradients. Furthermore, they may cause the peat volume to adjust (swell). The use and interpretation of traditional methods for estimating hydraulic head and conductivity in peat soils thus require great caution. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human hepatic and renal microsomes, cytochromes P450 1A1/2, NADPH:Cytochrome P450 reductase and prostaglandin H synthase mediate the formation of aristolochic acid‐DNA adducts found in patients with urothelial cancer
Authors: Stiborová Marie , Frei Eva , Hodek Petr , Wiessler Manfred , Schmeiser Heinz H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAristolochic acid (AA), a naturally occurring nephrotoxin and carcinogen, has been associated with the development of urothelial cancer in humans. Understanding which human enzymes are involved in AA activation and/or detoxication is important in the assessment of an individual's susceptibility to this plant carcinogen. Using the 32P postlabeling assay, we examined the ability of microsomal samples from 8 human livers and from 1 human kidney to activate AAI, the major component of the plant extract AA, to metabolites forming adducts in DNA. Microsomes of both organs generated DNA adduct patterns reproducing those found in renal tissues from humans exposed to AA. 7‐(deoxyadenosin‐N6‐yl)aristolactam I, 7‐(deoxyguanosin‐N2‐yl)aristolactam I and 7‐(deoxyadenosin‐N6‐yl)aristolactam II were identified as AA‐DNA adducts formed from AAI by all human hepatic and renal microsomes. To define the role of human microsomal enzymes in the activation of AAI, we investigated the modulation of AAI‐DNA adduct formation by cofactors and selective inhibitors of microsomal reductases, cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, NADPH:CYP reductase and NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase. We also determined whether the activities of CYP and NADPH:CYP reductase in different human hepatic microsomal samples correlated with the levels of AAI‐DNA adducts formed by the same microsomal samples. On the basis of these studies, we attribute most of the activation of AAI in human hepatic microsomes to CYP1A2. In contrast to human hepatic microsomes, in human renal microsomes NADPH:CYP reductase is more effective in AAI activation. In addition, prostaglandin H synthase is another enzyme activating AAI in renal microsomes. The results demonstrate for the first time the potential of microsomal enzymes in human liver and kidney to activate AAI by nitroreduction.
1α,25(OH)2D3 Regulation of integrin expression is substrate dependent
Authors: Raz P. , Lohmann C. H. , Turner J. , Wang L. , Poythress N. , Blanchard C. , Boyan B. D. , Schwartz Z. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractOsteoblasts are attachment‐dependent cells that interact with their surface through integrin‐mediated mechanisms. Their differentiation is regulated by 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3] and is affected by substrate chemistry and microtopography, suggesting that 1α,25(OH)2D3 may regulate integrin expression in a surface‐specific manner. To test this hypothesis, osteoblast‐like human MG63 cells were grown on tissue culture plastic and on grit‐blasted and acid‐etched titanium disks with a complex microtopography to induce osteoblast differentiation. Expression of α2, α5, αv, β1, and β3 integrins were quantified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a function of time in culture and treatment with 1α,25(OH)2D3. Results were correlated with expression of osteocalcin, a marker of a differentiated osteoblast. Osteocalcin mRNA increased with time and 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment and these changes were greater in cultures on the titanium disks. Integrin expression varied with time in culture and this was also surface dependent. At each time point, β1 and α2 mRNAs were greater on titanium than on plastic, whereas α5 expression was reduced and αv,β3 expression was unaffected. 1α,25(OH)2D3 increased β1 mRNA on both surfaces at all time points, but it increased α2 expression only in 8‐d cultures. 1α,25(OH)2D3 caused reduced α5 expression only in cultures grown on plastic for 8 d, and had no effect on either αv or β3 expression regardless of surface. These results show that integrin expression in human osteoblast‐like cells is differentially modulated by 1α,25(OH)2D3 in a time‐dependent manner that is sensitive to the surface on which the cells are grown. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 71A: 217–225, 2004
Exploring the predictability of the ‘Short Rains’ at the coast of East Africa
Authors: Hastenrath Stefan , Polzin Dierk , Camberlin Pierre 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe boreal autumn ‘Short Rains’ at the coast of East Africa are deficient when there is weak development of a zonal circulation cell along the Indian Ocean equator, an anomalously low sea‐surface temperature in the western portion of the basin, and in the high phase of the southern oscillation. Such large‐scale circulation departures and their precursors are described by compact indices. September values of these indices for the period 1958–96 are used to explore the predictability of an index (RON) of October–November rainfall at the coast of East Africa. Regressions with cross‐validation over the entire 1958–96 period are evaluated for the early (1958–77) and late (1978–96) halves of the record. In complementary experiments, the entire record is separated into 1958–77 as a training period and 1978–96 as a verification period. In all experiments, correlation of calculated versus observed rainfall is high for the early record and low for the late half of the record, a behaviour not noted in cross‐validation over the entire 39 year time span. The 11‐year sliding correlations of the indicated circulation indices with RON all reveal a drastic deterioration of relationships from the early to the late half of the record, although the equatorial zonal circulation cell appears to remain strong throughout. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society