bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy‐aware delay‐constrained routing in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Akkaya Kemal , Younis Mohamed 
Published: August 2004

AbstractRecent years has witnessed a growing interest in the applications of unattended wireless sensor networks. Due to the limitation of the energy supply that sensors have, almost all of the proposed routing protocols have aimed at energy efficiency as the ultimate objective and considered relaying data to a stationary gateway (sink). However, many new issues have been posed by the increasing interest in applications that demand certain quality of service (QoS) guarantees. Such issues even get more challenging when the gateway is mobile. In this paper, we propose an energy‐aware approach for routing delay‐constrained data. The approach pursues multi‐hop packet relaying to minimize transmission energy and employs weighted fair queuing (WFQ) packet scheduling methodology along with leaky bucket constrained data sources in order to provide soft real‐time guarantees for data delivery. Such employment of WFQ at each node provides a service differentiation between two different classes of traffic, namely real‐time and non‐real‐time traffic. In the case of a mobile gateway, uninterrupted data flow for both types of traffic is achieved by dynamic adjustment of the route set‐up to react to the gateway's departure out of transmission range of relaying nodes. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Worniu, a Snail family zinc‐finger protein, is required for brain development in Drosophila
Authors: Ashraf Shovon I. , Ganguly Atish , Roote John , Ip Y. Tony 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe Snail family of zinc‐finger transcriptional repressors is essential for morphogenetic cell movements, mesoderm formation, and neurogenesis during embryonic development. These proteins also control cell cycle, cell death, and cancer progression. In Drosophila, three members of this protein family, Snail, Escargot, and Worniu, have essential but redundant functions in asymmetric cell division of neuroblasts. In addition, Snail is critical for early mesoderm formation and Escargot is required for maintaining diploidy in wing imaginal disc cells. In this report, we demonstrate that Worniu plays a role in brain development. We show that alleles of the l(2)35Da complementation group are mutants of worniu. The developing larvae of these mutant alleles fail to shorten their brainstems. The brain phenotype, as well as the lethality, of these mutants can be rescued by worniu transgenes. Moreover, RNAi experiments targeting the worniu transcript show the same nonshortening phenotype in larval brains. worniu is expressed in the neuroblasts of brain hemispheres and ventral ganglions. The results suggest that the loss of Worniu function within the neuroblasts ultimately causes the larval brainstem to fail to go through shortening during development. Developmental Dynamics 231:379–386, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Foxj3, a novel mammalian forkhead gene expressed in neuroectoderm, neural crest, and myotome
Authors: Landgren Henrik , Carlsson Peter 
Published: August 2004

AbstractForkhead transcription factors are important regulators of animal development. Here, we describe the embryonic expression pattern for one of the novel forkhead genes that were discovered as a result of the mouse and human genome projects. It is most closely related to FoxJ2 and has been assigned the name FoxJ3. The 100‐kb, 13‐exon mouse Foxj3 gene on chromosome 4 encodes a 623 amino acid (aa) protein from an mRNA of at least 4.8 kb (Human FOXJ3: Chr 1, 627 aa, 5.3‐kb mRNA). During the stages of mouse development investigated (embryonic day [E] 8.5–E12.5) Foxj3 is expressed in neuroectoderm, in neural crest, and in many structures derived from neural crest cells, such as facioacoustic, trigeminal, and dorsal root ganglia. Stripes of expression appear at E10.5 in the location of myotomes and expand ventrally in a pattern similar to the developing body wall musculature. Developing limbs have a complex pattern of Foxj3 expression that at E12.5 colocalizes with the condensed mesenchyme of the skeletal primordia. Developmental Dynamics 231:396–401, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sox8is expressed at similar levels in gonads of both sexes during the sex determining period in turtles
Authors: Takada Shuji , DiNapoli Leo , Capel Blanche , Koopman Peter 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA critical gene involved in mammalian sex determination and differentiation is theSry‐related geneSox9. In reptiles,Sox9resembles that of mammals in both structure and expression pattern in the developing gonad, but a causal role in male sex determination has not been established. A closely related gene,Sox8, is conserved in human, mouse, and trout and is expressed in developing testes and not developing ovaries in mouse. In this study, we tested the possibility ofSox8being important for sex determination or sex differentiation in the red‐eared slider turtleTrachemys scripta, in which sex is determined by egg incubation temperature between stages 15 and 20. We cloned partial turtleSox8andanti‐Müllerian hormone(Amh) cDNAs, and analyzed the expression patterns of these genes in developing gonads by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and whole‐mount in situ hybridization. WhileAmhis expressed more strongly in males than in females at stage 17,Sox8is expressed at similar levels in males and females throughout the sex‐determining period. These observations suggest that differential transcription ofSox8is not responsible for regulation ofAmh, nor responsible for sex determination in turtle. Developmental Dynamics 231:387–395, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
β‐catenin signaling marks the prospective site of primitive streak formation in the mouse embryo
Authors: Mohamed Othman A. , Clarke Hugh J. , Dufort Daniel 
Published: August 2004

Abstractβ‐Catenin signaling has been shown to be involved in triggering axis formation in several organisms, including Xenopus and zebrafish. Genetic analysis has demonstrated that the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway is also involved in axis formation in the mouse, since a targeted deletion of β‐catenin results in embryos that have a block in anterior–posterior axis formation, fail to initiate gastrulation, and do not form mesoderm. However, because β‐catenin is ubiquitously expressed, the precise time and cell types in which this signaling pathway is active during early embryonic development remain unknown. Thus, to better understand the role of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway in axis formation and mesoderm specification, we have examined both the distribution and signaling activity of β‐catenin during early embryonic development in the mouse. We show that the N‐terminally nonphosphorylated form of β‐catenin as well as β‐catenin signaling is first detectable in the extraembryonic visceral endoderm in day 5.5 embryos. Before the initiation of gastrulation at day 6.0, β‐catenin signaling is asymmetrically distributed within the epiblast and is localized to a small group of cells adjacent to the embryonic–extraembryonic junction. At day 6.5 and onward, β‐catenin signaling was detected in the primitive streak and mature node. Thus, β‐catenin signaling precedes primitive streak formation and is present in epiblast cells that will go on to form the primitive streak. These results support a critical role for the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway in specifying cells to form the primitive streak and node in the mammalian embryo as well as identify a novel domain of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling activity during early embryogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 231:416–424, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrins in the mouse myotome: Developmental changes and differences between the epaxial and hypaxial lineage
Authors: Bajanca Fernanda , Luz Marta , Duxson Marilyn J. , Thorsteinsdóttir Sólveig 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIntegrins are cellular adhesion receptors that mediate signaling and play key roles in the development of multicellular organisms. However, their role in the cellular events leading to myotome formation is completely unknown. Here, we describe the expression patterns of the α1, α4, α5, α6, and α7 integrin subunits in the mouse myotome and correlate them with the expression of several differentiation markers. Our results indicate that these integrin subunits may be differentially involved in the various phases of myogenic determination and differentiation. A detailed characterization of the myogenic cell types expressing the α4 and α6 subunits showed a regionalization of the myotome and dermomyotome based on cell‐adhesion properties. We conclude that α6β1 may be an early marker of epaxial myogenic progenitor cells. In contrast, α4β1 is up‐regulated in the intercalated myotome after myocyte differentiation. Furthermore, α4β1 is expressed in the hypaxial dermomyotome and is maintained by early hypaxial myogenic progenitor cells colonizing the myotome. Developmental Dynamics 231:402–415, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tooth patterning and enamel formation can be manipulated by misexpression of TNF receptor Edar
Authors: Pispa Johanna , Mustonen Tuija , Mikkola Marja L. , Kangas Aapo T. , Koppinen Petra , Lukinmaa Pirjo‐Liisa , Jernvall Jukka , Thesleff Irma 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSignaling by Edar, a tumor necrosis factor receptor, is required for the development of ectodermal organs. Mutations in Edar or other molecules of the same signaling pathway cause ectodermal dysplasias in humans and mice. In these diseases, teeth are missing or malformed, and the development of hairs and several glands is hypoplastic. During tooth and hair development, Edar expression becomes patterned to ectodermal placodes and signaling centers. This localization has been suggested to be required for organogenesis. We have expressed Edar throughout the ectoderm using the keratin 14 promoter and show that this misexpression disrupts tooth patterning and differentiation. Tooth shape and cusp number are differentially affected, depending on the amount of transgene expression. In addition, tooth enamel formation is defective in a dose‐dependent manner. We speculate that the tooth patterning defects are caused by ectopic Edar activity outside the signaling centers. Developmental Dynamics 231:432–440, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homologs of vascular endothelial growth factor and receptor, VEGF and VEGFR, in the jellyfish Podocoryne carnea
Authors: Seipel Katka , Eberhardt Michael , Müller Peter , Pescia Elena , Yanze Nathalie , Schmid Volker 
Published: August 2004

AbstractVascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) are the major inducers of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in vertebrates. Their effects are mediated by receptor tyrosine kinases of the VEGF receptor (VEGFR) family located on endothelial cells and include stimulation of cell survival, proliferation, migration, and tube formation as well as regulation of vascular permeability. Here, we report the presence of VEGF and VEGFR homologous genes in a basal invertebrate of the phylum Cnidaria. The marine jellyfish Podocoryne carnea features a gastrovascular system consisting of the feeding organ, or manubrium, the radial and ring canals, and the tentacle bulbs. Expression analysis indicates that both genes are involved in tentacle and gastrovascular canal formation, indicating an early recruitment of the VEGF signalling pathway for morphogenetic processes leading to tube formation in metazoans. The evolutionary origin of the VEGF signalling pathway resides in the common ancestor of the Cnidaria and Bilateria. Developmental Dynamics 231:303–312, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design of discrete time polynomial nonlinear systems and its application to sequential control
Authors: Fujimoto Yasutaka 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA systematic design methodology for discrete control systems is proposed, which is based on Galois field and Gröbner basis. The controller can be automatically designed using a model of the controlled plant. The controlled plant is represented on the Galois field. Then the inverse function of the plant is derived using the Gröbner basis so that the input variables are explicitly obtained as the function of the state variable and reference variable. An illustrative example of a material handling system is shown. The proposed method will realize cost reduction in software development and an improvement of reliability and safety of the PLC‐based systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(2): 60–72, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10221
Surface evaluation of LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 crystals etched using fluorine system gas plasma reactive ion etching
Authors: Fujii Takahiro , Yoshikado Shinzo 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe etching characteristics of LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 single crystals have been investigated by performing plasma reactive ion etching (RIE) with CF4/Ar, CF4/H2, and CF2/Ar/H2 gas mixtures. The etched surface was evaluated by atomic force microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The in situ surface temperature of the sample was measured during RIE. F atoms exist in the contamination layer on the surface etched using mixtures of CF4, Ar, and H2 gases. The etch rate was dependent on the crystal orientation. The etch rate of LiTaO3 was less than that of LiNbO3. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(2): 18–24, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10365
Measurement of tractive force and the new maximum tractive force control by the newly developed tractive force measurement equipment
Authors: Kawamura Atsuo , Takeuchi Keiichi , Furuya Takemasa , Cao Meifen , Takaoka Yosuke , Yoshimoto Kantaro 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe acceleration and deceleration rate of a train depends on the tractive force. When the wheels of a train slip on the rails, the torque is decreased to avoid continuous slipping. This is done because the tractive coefficient between the wheels and the rails has a peak at a certain slip velocity. But this adhesive phenomenon has not been clearly examined or analyzed. For this purpose, we have developed new tractive test equipment. In this paper, we measure the tractive force with this equipment, and clarify the adhesive phenomenon. Then we propose new tractive force control and verify the effectiveness of this control scheme. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(2): 49–59, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10376
Numerical analysis of lamellar grating type three‐dimensional optical waveguides with periodic structure, using Fourier series expansion method
Authors: Momoda Michiko , Miyamoto Tokuo , Yasumoto Kiyotoshi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThree‐dimensional optical waveguides with periodic structure promise to play an important role in optical IC, and more accurate analysis of such waveguides is required. In this paper, an improved, more accurate Fourier series expansion method for an arbitrary number of grating periods making use of Floquet's theorem is applied to the numerical analysis of lamellar grating‐type periodic optical waveguides with rectangular cross section (glass substrate). In the numerical results, the characteristics of the reflected and transmitted powers of the guided and radiation fields versus wavelength are investigated when the depth of the grating grooves and the number of grating periods are varied. The effects of the groove depth and the number of periods on the powers of each mode are elucidated and the appropriate parameters for dominant guided mode propagation in the periodic waveguide are identified. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(2): 1–9, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20034
Politics, industry and the regulation of industrial greenhouse‐gas emissions in the UK and Germany
Authors: Bailey Ian , Rupp Susanne 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper assesses the impact of ‘new’ environmental policy instruments (NEPIs), such as eco‐taxes, tradable permits and environmental agreements, on the politics of regulating industrial greenhouse‐gas emissions. Intense academic debate surrounds the extent to which environmental policy is driven by the public interest, public choices between actor and stakeholder interests, or embedded institutional traditions. However, the effects on environmental politics of the recent shift from direct regulation to NEPIs remain seriously under‐researched. Surveys and interviews with industry and policy‐makers on the implementation of United Kingdom and German climate policy indicate that, although economic pressures do influence the design of policy instruments, public choice is far from dominant; nor are industry reactions to particular NEPIs uniform between countries. This suggests that national institutional traditions are far more influential in informing policy choices and industry reactions to policy innovations than is often acknowledged. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The EU emissions trading scheme allowance prices, trade flows and competitiveness effects
Authors: Klepper Gernot , Peterson Sonja 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe upcoming European Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is one of the more controversial climate policy instruments. Predictions about its likely impact and its performance can at present only be made to a certain degree. As long as the National Allocations Plans are not finally settled the overall supply of allowances is not determined. In this paper, we will identify key features and key impacts of the EU ETS by scanning the range of likely allocation plans using the simulation model DART. The analysis of the simulation results highlights a number of interesting details in terms of allowance trade flows between member states, of allowance prices and of the role of the accession countries in the ETS. An important finding about the impact of the new ETS with respect to achieving emission reductions more efficiently, i.e. at lower cost, is that savings can only be realized if the cap on emissions is distributed between the ETS sector and the rest of the economy in such a way that the different abatement costs are taken into account. This would imply a relatively small allocation of emissions to the ETS sector. The second important result concerns the role of the accession countries. Even if they do not supply their hot air in the ETS market, they contribute substantially to the cost savings of the ETS by offering low‐cost abatement options. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Synthesis of a Novel Enantiopure Spiro‐B‐norestradiol Analogue by Multiple Pd‐Catalyzed Transformations
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Wiegand J. Matthias , Vock Carsten A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe novel tetracyclic spiro compound 13 was synthesized by the use of two subsequent Pd‐catalyzed reactions. Firstly, the ortho‐bromobenzyl chloride 1 was coupled with the enantiopure boronic ester 8, obtained from the Hajos−Wiechert ketone in a chemoselective Suzuki‐type reaction to give 12 in 77% yield. Unexpectedly, the intramolecular Heck reaction then did not provide the annulated compound 6, but the spirocyclic compound 13, containing a quaternary carbon center, in 73% yield. The Heck reaction was also performed under microwave irradiation conditions, allowing a considerably shorter reaction time. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Macrosphelide Cores
Authors: Ishihara Kentaro , Kawaguchi Takanori , Matsuya Yuji , Sakurai Hiroaki , Saiki Ikuo , Nemoto Hideo 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe simplified 16‐membered core structures of macrosphelides were synthesized in high overall yields starting from methyl (+)‐ or (−)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate as the sole chiral source. The antiproliferative activities of these macrosphelide cores against murine colon 26‐L5 adenocarcinoma cells were examined, and the results suggest that the oxygen functional groups found in the natural products are essential for their bioactivities. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Economic stress and marital adjustment among couples: analyses at the dyadic level
Authors: Kinnunen Ulla , Feldt Taru 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis survey study of 608 Finnish couples investigated the question of how economic stress is reflected in marital adjustment on the basis of the model presented by Conger and colleagues. We used the couple as a unit of analysis, performing a dyadic‐level analysis within the framework of LISREL models. The model showed that the path by which economic circumstances were linked to marital adjustment was as follows: poor economic circumstances were linked to economic strain, which was related to increased psychological distress, and psychological distress in turn was negatively reflected in marital adjustment. However, psychological distress only partially mediated the link between economic strain and marital adjustment: economic strain was also directly linked to decreased marital adjustment. In addition, there occurred crossover between partners' experiences. First, wives' psychological distress was negatively related to husbands' reports of marital adjustment and vice versa. Second, unemployment among men was directly linked to reports of marital adjustment among women: the longer the man's total spell of unemployment, the poorer the woman's marital adjustment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The interplay of self‐interest and equity in coalition formation
Authors: van Beest Ilja , van Dijk Eric , Wilke Henk 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn this paper we investigated the interplay of self‐interest and equity concerns in coalition formation by manipulating the number of units in which the coalition payoff is made available, and by manipulating the way people are allowed to interact. Results of three experiments showed that when the coalition payoff was such that members of each possible coalition could obtain an equitable payoff share, the outcome tended to be coalitions that also maximized the payoff of its members. However, when the payoff was such that people had to make trade‐offs between maximizing their payoff share and obtaining an equitable payoff share, it took longer to form a coalition and it was harder to maintain a coalition. Moreover, depending on the way people were allowed to interact, the final outcome was a coalition that maximized the payoff of its members or a coalition that provided them with an equitable payoff share. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.