bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positron emission tomography scanning in the assessment of patients with lymphoma
Authors: Foo S. S. , Mitchell P. L. , Berlangieri S. U. , Smith C. L. , Scott A. M. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract Background : The detection of lymphoma by computed tomography (CT) scanning is known to be improved by positron emission tomography (PET) and/or gallium scanning, although the direct comparative accuracy of these imaging modalities remains a subject of ongoing review.Aims : The aim of the present study was to compare PET scanning with conventional imaging (CT and/or gallium scanning) in patients with lymphoma.Methods : A retrospective study of 38 patients (25 men; 13 women; median age 39.5 years; range 18.0−81.0 years) who had had PET scans (24 scans at initial staging and 46 scans at restaging, including suspected disease relapse) was carried out. Thirty‐one concurrent gallium scans had been performed. Disease was validated with clinical follow up or biopsy.Results : The sensitivities of PET and CT at initial staging were 96 and 71%, respectively. PET identified additional sites of disease compared with CT in 29% of patients. Of the 15 patients who had had all three imaging modalities, the sensitivities of PET, CT and gallium were 93, 67 and 87%, respectively. At treatment completion, the positive predictive values of PET, CT and gallium scans for relapse given a residual mass were 100, 33 and 0%, respectively (P = 0.006 for PET and CT comparison). The negative predictive values of PET, CT and gallium were 76, 0 and 70%, respectively (P‐value not significant). In suspected disease relapse, PET results changed management in 50% of patients.Conclusion : Compared with CT and gallium scans, PET has superior accuracy in staging and restaging, and its greatest value lies in its positive predictive value for relapse in patients with residual masses. (Intern Med J 2004; 34: 388−397)
Scorpion stings in Australia: five definite stings and a review
Authors: Isbister G. K. , Volschenk E. S. , Seymour J. E. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract Despite scorpions being locally abundant in many parts of Australia, scorpion sting is a poorly defined clinical condition in Australia. Many health‐care workers are unaware of the effects of their stings and scorpions are often feared based on their international reputation. Five scorpion stings that occurred in different parts of Australia where the scorpion was caught at the time of the sting and identified by a professional arachnologist are reported in the present paper. The spectrum of clinical effects of scorpion stings in Australia and the potential for significant effects are discussed. These cases and recent prospective case series demonstrate that in ­Australia scorpion stings cause only minor effects. The main effect is localized pain lasting for several hours, associated less commonly with systemic effects, local numbness and paraesthesia. Most stings are from smaller scorpions from the family Buthidae and often occur indoors at night. The stings from Australian buthid scorpions cause more severe effects than from the larger species in the families Urodacidae (genus Urodacus) and Liochelidae (genus Liocheles). (Intern Med J 2004; 34: 427−430)
Ethics and public health
Authors: Leeder S. R. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract This paper examines the differences between clinical and public health ethics and provides several examples of contemporary public health challenges that pose ethical questions. The relations among ethics, rights and obligations are explored, because public health philosophers propose these as different ways for public health to align its activities to what we value. Resources for education in relation to the ethics of public health are identified. (Intern Med J 2004; 34: 435−439)
Formulating for efficacy1
Authors: Wiechers J. W. , Kelly C. L. , Blease T. G. , Dederen J. C. 
Published: July 2004

SynopsisActive ingredients have been around in cosmetics for a long time but have they really resulted in active cosmetic products? In order to achieve this, the right active needs to be delivered to the right location at the right concentration for the correct period of time. And the extent (and therefore the concentration) of this delivery depends on the formulation. From a rather theoretical approach based on the polarity of the active ingredient, the stratum corneum and the oil phase, the Relative Polarity Index was established that enables the selection of a suitable emollient for ensuring skin penetration of the active ingredient. Practical examples subsequently show the validity of this approach that demonstrates that one can regulate the delivery of an active molecule (and therefore the efficacy of a cosmetic formulation) by selection and control of the emollient system. Cosmetic formulations are generally quite complex mixtures and subsequent experiments using different emulsifier systems indicated that this component of a cosmetic formulation could also have an impact on steering the active ingredient to the right layer of the skin, although it is too early to be able to derive general rules from this.
Peau sèche‐rêche et “Hydratation”. Concept de la capture de l'eau organisée comme de la glace
Authors: Forestier J. P. 
Published: July 2004

SynopsisAbout sixty years ago Frank and Evans showed, by entropy measurements, that when a “non‐polar molecule dissolves in water it modifies the water structure in the direction of greater ‘cristallinity’, the water builds a microscopic iceberg around it” Now, we propose the “concept of ice‐like‐water capture”: a lowering of organized ice‐like water promotes aggregation (loss of solubility) of the filaggrin/keratin1/keratin10 associations through their hydrophobic patches. The capture of ice‐like water may be performed by the glucoceramides‐rich bilayers in stratum granulosum. Probably, the same process aggregates the proteins of corneocytes envelope as well as corneodesmosomes proteins. According to the “concept of ice‐like‐water capture”, to regulate the keratinization, it is not total water that must be added to the stratum corneum, but ice‐like water that must be removed from stratum granulosum. Both petrolatum (lipophilic ingredient) and glycerol (hydrophilic ingredient) would capture the ice‐like water, most probably after combination with the lipid bilayers of stratum corneum. Moisturizing cream, when organized in secondary droplets is likely to perform the same action. Measurements by near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy of the skin show that petrolatum; glycerol and/or moisturizing cream enhance the quantity of bulk water (1890–1897 nm band). As the ice‐like water is the complement of bulk water, the enhanced bulk water let presume an ice‐like water lessening. Some desynchronization (late or forward) of the keratinization/differentiation which confer the somatosensory problems associated with “dry and flaky skin” may be linked to an excess or lack of ice‐like. For instance, the winter xerosis, very common by chilling weather, could be explained by an increase of ice‐like water driven by the fall of the temperature.
Relationship between UVA protection and skin response to UV light: proposal for labelling UVA protection
Authors: Jean‐Louis Refrégier M. 
Published: July 2004

SynopsisDefinition and validation of a most relevant method to assess ultravoilet A (UVA) protection is a major concern for industry, authorities and consumers. However, due to the lack of knowledge about all the biological phenomena involved, the level of UVA protection needed, the ways to assess and label it, remain controversial. In order to overcome this situation, the paper deals with the outcomes of a mathematical model to calculate the distribution between ultravoilet B (UVB) and UVA components of skin responses to UV light. Mathematical calculations of UVB and UVA erythemal components of skin response to sunlight are developed from the well‐known determination procedure to calculate the sunburn protection factor (SPF) of sunscreens. The model establishes the relationship between the UVA component of skin erythemal response to overall UV radiation received from sunlight and the ratio SPF/PFAe (erythemal protection factor) where SPF is the product and PFAe is related to the UVA part of the sunlight. Depending on the efficacy profile of sunscreens, the skin erythemal response may be mainly promoted by UVB rays as it normally occurs in unprotected skin or on contrary by UVA rays. Therefore, the efficacy profile of sunscreens defines the deepness where biological events induced by sunlight take place. This new relationship pinpoints the tremendous importance of the protection afforded by sunscreen products in the UVA range when erythema is taken as biological response. By extrapolation of the model to any other biological skin response it becomes possible to predict how to improve the efficiency of sunscreen products in the future. UVA protection afforded by sunscreens should be improved until reaching the same level as the SPF protection factor so that all UV‐induced biological responses could be prevented or lowered at the same extend. To enforce this improvement, a proposal to classify sunscreen products in relation with their UVA protection is made.
Beyond sun protection factor testing
Authors: Rhodes L. E. , Callaghan T. M. 
Published: July 2004

SynopsisUltraviolet radiation in sunlight produces a range of acute and chronic adverse effects on the skin including sunburn, photosensitivity rashes, immunosuppression, photoageing and carcinogenesis. Sunscreens aim to provide protection, but standard testing procedures primarily involve assessment of ability to protect against acute erythema, as evidenced by the sun protection factor (SPF). The SPF may correlate poorly with other aspects of protection, particularly since ultraviolet A is weakly erythemogenic compared with ultraviolet B, yet may make a greater contribution to certain other skin effects of sunlight. Nevertheless, there is an increasing tendency for the sunscreen industry to make claims for their products beyond the SPF data. There is a need to develop systems for clinical testing of sunscreens against other endpoints caused by ultraviolet exposure of skin, including immunosuppression and photosensitivity rashes. In particular, there is a largely unrecognized need for testing of sunscreens against the condition known as polymorphic light eruption, a photosensitivity disorder estimated to affect a staggering 10–20% of the population in the northern hemisphere. Ultimately, protection of the skin by sunscreens can only be as effective as their adequacy of application to the skin surface in the everyday setting permits. Optimal sunscreen formulation, and public and patient education in appropriate application technique, both make vital contributions to efficacy of sunscreen protection. This article focuses on the need for extended clinical testing of sunscreens, with particular reference to the photosensitivity disorders, and for improvements in sunscreen formulation and in the adequacy of sunscreen application to the skin surface.
Does Union Membership Really Reduce Job Satisfaction?
Authors: Bryson Alex , Cappellari Lorenzo , Lucifora Claudio 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe investigate the effect of union membership on job satisfaction. Using linked employer–employee data from the 1998 British Workplace Employee Relations Survey, we analyse the relationship between the membership decision and overall job satisfaction and satisfaction with pay. In this paper we account for the endogenous selection induced by the sorting of workers into unionized jobs. Controlling for both individual and establishment heterogeneity and explicitly modelling the effect of union status, we find that the marked difference in job satisfaction between unionized and non‐unionized workers disappears, suggesting that a selection effect, rather than a causal effect, characterizes the relationship.
Do Unions Affect Employer Compliance with the Law? New Zealand Evidence for Age Discrimination
Authors: Harcourt Mark , Wood Geoffrey , Harcourt Sondra 
Published: July 2004

AbstractOver the last thirty years, collective rights to organize into unions, bargain collectively and strike have been weakened in both New Zealand and the UK. At the same time, individual rights to due process and to protection from discriminatory or unjust management decisions have been strengthened, leading some to conclude that collective and individual rights are unrelated, incompatible or mutually exclusive. On the contrary, we use evidence of employer compliance with anti‐age provisions in the New Zealand Human Rights Act to show that the two sets of rights can be highly complementary: the presence of unions strengthens individual protection from discriminatory treatment.
Neurogenesis in a rat model of age‐related cognitive decline
Authors: Bizon J. L. , Lee H. J. , Gallagher M. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryAge‐related decrements in hippocampal neurogenesis have been suggested as a basis for learning impairment during aging. In the current study, a rodent model of age‐related cognitive decline was used to evaluate neurogenesis in relation to hippocampal function. New hippocampal cell survival was assessed approximately 1 month after a series of intraperitoneal injections of 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU). Correlational analyses between individual measures of BrdU‐positive cells and performance on the Morris water maze task provided no indication that this measure of neurogenesis was more preserved in aged rats with intact cognitive abilities. On the contrary, among aged rats, higher numbers of BrdU‐positive cells in the granule cell layer were associated with a greater degree of impairment on the learning task. Double‐labelling studies confirmed that the majority of the BrdU+ cells were of the neuronal phenotype; the proportion of differentiated neurons was not different across a broad range of cognitive abilities. These data demonstrate that aged rats that maintain cognitive function do so despite pronounced reductions in hippocampal neurogenesis. In addition, these findings suggest the interesting possibility that impaired hippocampal function is associated with greater survival of newly generated hippocampal neurons at advanced ages.
Signalling shutdown strategies in aging immune cells
Authors: Ayub Khurram , Hallett Maurice B. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryIt is important for the resolution of inflammation that the number and activity of immune cells are reduced. Clearance of immune cells may be achieved by apoptosis and phagocytosis of cell fragments by macrophages. However, signalling shutdown by immune cells committed to apoptosis occurs early in the progression of these cells towards fragmentation and, it could be argued, is a key feature of apoptosis. There is surprisingly little known about the mechanisms that underlie this signalling shutdown, in particular the shutdown of Ca2+ influx. The consequences and the potential mechanisms by which Ca2+ influx shutdown is achieved are discussed. In addition, the potential consequences for cell signalling of cytochrome c release from mitochondria and of phosphatidyl‐serine externalization are discussed. The aim of the review is therefore to highlight the evidence for various signalling shutdown strategies in immune cells that may limit their activity during progression towards apoptosis.
Hormones and immune function: implications of aging
Authors: Arlt Wiebke , Hewison Martin 
Published: July 2004

SummaryAging is associated with a decline in immunity described as immunosenescence. This is paralleled by a decline in the production of several hormones, as typically illustrated by the menopausal loss of ovarian oestrogen production. However, other hormonal changes that occur with aging and that potentially impact on immune function include the release of the pineal gland hormone melatonin and pituitary growth hormone, adrenal production of dehydroepiandrosterone and tissue‐specific availability of active vitamin D. It remains to be established whether hormonal changes with aging actually contribute to immunosenescence and this area is at the interface of fact and fiction, clearly inviting systematic research efforts. As a step in this direction, the present review summarizes established facts on the physiology of secretion and function of hormones that, in most cases, decline with aging and that are likely to affect the immune system.
THE GRAMM‐LEACH‐BLILEY ACT OF 1999: RISK IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FINANCIAL SERVICES INDUSTRY
Authors: Akhigbe Aigbe , Whyte Ann Marie 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe document significant risk changes in the financial services industry following the passage of the Gramm‐Leach‐Bliley Act of 1999. Banks experience an increase in risk regardless of whether they have taken steps to participate actively in the investment banking business. Insurance companies also experience an increase in risk, whereas securities firms experience a decrease in risk. We attribute the increase in risk for banks and insurance companies to the fact that the securities business is relatively more risky, and the decline in risk for securities firms to the fact that they can now diversify into relatively less risky banking and insurance businesses.
WHEN‐ISSUED SHARES, SMALL TRADES, AND THE VARIANCE OF RETURNS AROUND STOCK SPLITS
Authors: Angel James J. , Brooks Raymond M. , Mathew Prem G. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe increases in volatility after stock splits have long puzzled researchers. The usual suspects of discreteness and bid‐ask spread do not provide a complete explanation. We provide new clues to solve this mystery by examining the trading of when‐issued shares that are available before the split. When‐issued trading permits noise traders to compete with a more homogenous set of traders, decreasing the volatility of the stock before the split. Following the split, these noise traders reunite in one market and volatility increases. Thus, the higher volatility after the ex date of a stock split is a function of the introduction of when‐issued trading, the new lower price level after the split date, and the increased activity of small‐volume traders around a stock split.
ASYMMETRIC COVARIANCE, VOLATILITY, AND THE EFFECT OF NEWS
Authors: Dean Warren G. , Faff Robert W. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe propose that covariance (rather than beta) asymmetry provides a superior framework for examining issues related to changing risk premiums. Accordingly, we investigate whether the conditional covariance between stock and market returns is asymmetric in response to good and bad news. Our model of conditional covariance accommodates both the sign and magnitude of return innovations, and we find significant covariance asymmetry that can explain, at least in part, the volatility feedback of stock returns. Our findings are consistent across firm size, firm leverage, and temporal and cross‐sectional aggregations.
MARKET TIMING OF INTERNATIONAL STOCK MARKETS USING THE YIELD SPREAD
Authors: Liu Wei (Wendy) , Resnick Bruce G. , Shoesmith Gary L. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe use probit modeling to forecast bear stock markets in the United States and in eight major foreign stock markets. In general, we find that the U.S. yield spread contains more important market‐timing information than does the home‐country yield spread for profitable market timing. At a 35% probability screen, our simulations show that the U.S. dollar (representative local currency) investor could earn a median compound annual return across eight foreign (non‐U.S.) stock markets of 15.75% (17.67%) by following a market‐timing strategy versus a median buy‐and‐hold return of 13.56% (16.55%).
The role of debugging within software engineering environments
Authors: Müllerburg Monika A. F. 
Published: July 2004

Programming environments (PEs) support a single programmer developing small- to medium-scale programs, whereas software development support systems and software engineering environments (SE
2
s) support whole project teams, developing Large-scale software. There is no reason to believe that one and only one support system may exist. The usefulness of one or the other depends on the particular situation of software development.

Debugging is distinguished from testing and defined not only for removing bugs from programs (dynamic debugging) but also from documents describing the programs (static debugging).
The key problem of debugging is understanding the software. Debugging may be supported by static analysis tools and by interactive debugging systems which help both to understand the software better and to estimate the impacts of an intended change. Graphical representations are also very useful for better understanding system structures and for recognising faults and clashes faster. Tools may furthermore be used to report errors and corrections, and to maintain these reports.

In the context of PEs and SE
2
s the tools supporting debugging are connected. Tools can be based on a uniform internal representation, allowing a uniform user interface. Tasks and corresponding tools can be tailored to each other, avoiding duplication of work. One task knows what the others have already done. One knows if certain types of errors have been prevented or removed, i.e. if static analysis tools prevent data flow errors during runtime. Tools and results of other tasks may be used, i.e. cross reference lists and test path reports. Similarities and differences of debugging in PEs and in SE
2
s are discussed by some example systems. The discussion is concluded by demonstrating possible influences on future software development by personal computers, knowledge engineering, and predicative programming.
High-level debugging assistance via optimizing compiler technology
Authors: Ottenstein Karl J. , Ottenstein Linda M. 
Published: July 2004

A primary benefit of most software tools is either the prevention or the detection of human error in the development process. Languages, such as Pascal and Ada, have been designed with features such as strong typing to increase the amount of error detection that can be done by the compiler. Syntax directed editors [11] also decrease the opportunity for the introduction of human error.
Our paper describes some of the debugging assistance which can be provided to a user during the transformation of a program by an optimizing compiler. Our premise is that the additional information obtained during optimization could warrant the sole use of optimizing compilers during software development.
A course in software portability
Authors: Mooney James D. 
Published: July 2004

This paper describes an experimental course on the topic of software portability, and initial experience in teaching this course. With the continuing proliferation of both applications and computing environments, the need for portability is being increasingly recognized. A large proportion of the software now being developed will eventually need to be ported to new environments. Yet this topic is missing from most computer science and software engineering curricula.
The course described here was designed to explore practical issues in the development of portable software. Lectures and discussions on portability topics are combined with the ongoing development of a simple software project designed to expose a variety of portability problems. During the course the project is ported to several environments and redesigned to improve its portability.
This course has been taught experimentally with encouraging results. Student assignments have used novel and effective methods to overcome portability barriers. Feedback from student indicates that they have become more aware of portability issues to be considered in software development, and have gained experience with system interface issues in several programming environments.