bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The need for a standard nomenclature for gene classification (a Nucleotide Function Code) and an automated data‐based tool to assist in understanding the molecular associations in cell signalling in plant–pathogen interactions
Authors: Lyon Gary D. , Newton Adrian C. , Marshall Bruce 
Published: March 2003

summaryDespite the adoption of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant system and the plethora of molecular information being obtained from its use, it is disappointing that the scientific community has not devised a cell signalling model integrating and visualizing these data. Lack of common systems of nomenclature and the sheer size and complexity of the task inhibit any individual from bringing together the knowledge into a unified structure. There are clearly many aspects of cell biology that are similar, even between plants and animals, that could facilitate development of a generic model. A gene‐coding or nucleotide classification system which is ‘user‐friendly’ would be beneficial to building such a model and enable rapid identification of orthologues of genes from different organisms. Whilst some international projects seek to address the problem of assigning unique numbers to genes, none suggest a nucleotide classification system that provides biological information that is transparent within the code. This paper discusses these issues and identifies the need for a more formal, semi‐automated approach to modelling signal transduction utilizing the strengths of the proposed classification approach. By way of illustration, an example of a possible nucleotide function code is suggested, to demonstrate more clearly the benefits of such a system. Further discussion of this topic will be encouraged on websites (<www.bspp.org.uk> and <www.drastic.org.uk>).
Social violence: a case for classification as a sub‐phenomenon of community in the ICNP®
Authors: Coler M. S. , Araújo L. do C. A. , Coêlho A. A. , De Figueiredo T. M. R. M. , Freire M. R. de Melo , Moreira M. E. de Araújo 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe study is intended to illustrate that the nursing phenomenon, Violence, exists as a phenomenon of the aggregate and should thus be classified, under the higher level phenomenon, Community, in the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®), published by the International Council of Nurses. This proposition was confirmed during a meeting of an international team of psychiatric nurses to plan reality‐based postgraduate modules for the nine countries they represented. Substantiating data, based on the team’s module, Violence, clinical investigation and a review of the literature, evolved from a classroom project in north‐east Brazil. The Master’s Degree nursing students conducted observations and interviews based on identified factors of the phenomenon on children in two municipal day‐care centres in targeted neighbourhoods in João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil. Data were gleaned from observations and verbalizations regarding their individual drawings depicting sadness and happiness, from school records and observations of these children by their teachers. The data, evolving from the time‐limited classroom project, are too sparse to be considered valid, but pave the road for further studies. Professional and lay‐literature substantiates the occurrence of violence in the Brazilian society.Readers can access the entire text of the ICNP® Beta Version by visitinghttp://www.icn.ch/icnpupdate.htm.Other information about the ICNP® and its development can be found athttp://www.icn.ch/icnp.htm.
Building international partnerships
Authors: Zheng X. X. , Hinshaw . S. , Yu . Y. , Guo . F. , Oakley D. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractHealth is a global concern. Although nursing is a global profession, most schools of nursing concentrate on teaching health exclusively within the context of their own nation. Sister‐school partnerships that cross national boundaries are one way of extending the learning opportunities of faculties and students. An example of a 5‐year partnership is described and analysed.
Marrying modern health practices and technology with traditional practices: issues for the African continent
Authors: Bruce J. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOne of the main sessions at the 2001 22nd Quadrennial Congress of the International Council of Nurses in Denmark explored the harnessing of modern health technologies for contemporary health care. The session theme of ‘marrying the old and the new’ is particularly important in societies where modern medicine and technology coexist with traditional approaches to health care; in this instance, its coexistence with traditional medicine in African societies. This coexistence has not been easy for many African countries. For some, overt exclusion from health care systems through prohibitive legislation has become the order of the day for traditional practitioners. On the other hand, there has been an increasing interest in traditional practices among modern health practitioners and a willingness to collaborate. Similarly, traditional practitioners are slowly beginning to incorporate aspects of modern medicine into their practice; notably the use of science and technology. This report describes the interface of modern medicine and technologies with traditional approaches to health care. Benefits and concerns raised by genetic, information, solar and environmental technologies at this interface, are discussed. Selected traditions and the challenges these bring to the practice arena, research, education and policy, are presented together with suggestions to reconcile old and new.
The effect of war on children: the children of Europe after World War II
Authors: Shields L. , Bryan B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn war, children are inevitably innocent victims. In the carnage that was World War II, more children were killed or orphaned than at any other time in history. This article gives a brief history of the place of children within the conflagration, then describes the effects of war on the children. We concentrate on postwar life, placing children in the context of the environment in which they were living at the time. Our article outlines the work carried out by relief agencies and how Europe began to rebuild itself, how the children were fed and made healthy, and how, where possible, they were reunited with their families. We report briefly on the physical and psychological damage children suffered, both during the war and in its aftermath. History such as this is relevant to nurses in the 21st century, as it provides insight upon which nursing care for both our present ageing population and for children of the future can be based.
Global classification of human facial healthy skin using PLS discriminant analysis and clustering analysis
Authors: Guinot C , Latreille J , Tenenhaus M , Malvy D J‐M 
Published: March 2003

Synopsis Today’s classifications of healthy skin are predominantly based on a very limited number of skin characteristics, such as skin oiliness or susceptibility to sun exposure. The aim of the present analysis was to set up a global classification of healthy facial skin, using mathematical models. This classification is based on clinical, biophysical skin characteristics and self‐reported information related to the skin, as well as the results of a theoretical skin classification assessed separately for the frontal and the malar zones of the face. In order to maximize the predictive power of the models with a minimum of variables, the Partial Least Square (PLS) discriminant analysis method was used. The resulting PLS components were subjected to clustering analyses to identify the plausible number of clusters and to group the individuals according to their proximities. Using this approach, four PLS components could be constructed and six clusters were found relevant. So, from the 36 hypothetical combinations of the theoretical skin types classification, we tended to a strengthened six classes proposal. Our data suggest that the association of the PLS discriminant analysis and the clustering methods leads to a valid and simple way to classify healthy human skin and represents a potentially useful tool for cosmetic and dermatological research. Résumé Les classifications actuelles qui définissent une peau saine sont fondées principalement sur un nombre très limité de caractéristiques cutanées telles que l’aspect gras de la peau ou sa sensibilité au soleil. Cette analyse a pour but d’établir une classification globale de la peau humaine saine du visage à l’aide de modèles mathématiques. Une recherche de typologie a été effectuée à partir des caractéristiques cliniques et biophysiques de la peau du visage des individus tout en tenant compte d’une classification théorique, reflet de l’expertise des dermatologues, appréciée sur les zones frontale et malaire du visage. Pour accroître l’efficacité prédictive des modèles avec un minimum de variables, la méthode d’analyse discriminante PLS (Partial Least Square) a été utilisée. Des méthodes de classification ont été appliquées aux composantes PLS obtenues afin de déterminer le nombre le plus vraisemblable de classes et pour regrouper les sujets selon leurs proximités. Grâce à cette approche, quatre composantes PLS ont pu être construites et six classes se sont avérées pertinentes. Ce travail a abouti à une proposition de classification à six classes plus vraisemblable et acceptable que les 36 combinaisons possibles de la classification théorique proposée. Nos données suggèrent que l’association de l’analyse discriminante PLS aux méthodes de classification permet d’obtenir de façon simple et appropriée une classification de la peau humaine saine et représente un outil potentiel utile dans le domaine de la recherche en cosmétologie et en dermatologie.
Nudging hair shedding by antidandruff shampoos. A comparison of 1% ketoconazole, 1% piroctone olamine and 1% zinc pyrithione formulations
Authors: Piérard‐Franchimont C. , Goffin V. , Henry F. , Uhoda I. , Braham C. , Piérard G. E. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisHair shedding and hair thinning have been reported to be affected by dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis. The present study was conducted in 150 men presenting with telogen effluvium related to androgenic alopecia associated with dandruff. They were randomly allocated to three groups receiving each one of the three shampoos in the market containing either 1% ketoconazole (KTZ), 1% piroctone olamine (PTO) or 1% zinc pyrithione (ZPT). Shampoos had to be used 2–3 times a week for 6 months. Hair shedding during shampoo was evaluated semiquantitatively. Hair density on the vertex was evaluated on photographs using a Dermaphot. Trichograms were used for determining the anagen hair percentage and the mean proximal hair shaft diameter using computerized image analysis. The sebum excretion rate (SER, μg cm−2 h−1) was also measured using a Sebumeter®.The three treatments cleared pruritus and dandruff rapidly. At end point, hair density was unchanged, although hair shedding was decreased (KTZ: −17.3%, PTO: −16.5%, ZPT: −10.1%) and the anagen hair percentage was increased (KTZ: 4.9%, PTO: 7.9%, ZPT: 6.8%). The effect on the mean hair shaft diameter was contrasted between the three groups of volunteers (KTZ: 5.4%, PTO: 7.7%, ZPT: −2.2%). In conclusion, telogen effluvium was controlled by KTZ, PTO and ZPT shampoos at 1% concentration. In addition, KTZ and PTO increased the mean hair shaft thickness while discretely decreasing the sebum output at the skin surface.
Low‐fat diets, triglycerides and coronary heart disease risk
Authors: Roche Helen M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryNutritionists are currently debating whether low‐fat high‐carbohydrate diets protect against coronary heart disease (CHD). Traditionally, low‐fat diets were prescribed because they reduce plasma and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations. However, there is considerable concern because low‐fat diets also increase plasma triglyceride (TG) and reduce high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations. Recent prospective epidemiological studies have shown that these are independent risk factors for future CHD risk. It has been proposed that the adverse effects of low‐fat, high‐carbohydrate diets on TG and HDL may counteract or negate the beneficial effect of reducing LDL cholesterol concentrations. Although there is also strong epidemiological evidence that reduced total fat intake is not protective against CHD, high‐fat diets predispose to obesity and insulin resistance, both of which adversely affect TG metabolism. This review presents the evidence in relation to the importance of TG as a risk factor for CHD, and explains the pathophysiology that may underlie the aetiological role of TG metabolism in the pathogenesis and progression of CHD. It also addresses the physiological consequences of advocating low‐fat high‐carbohydrate diets, with particular reference to the effects on lipoprotein metabolism and CHD risk.
Neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating food intake and body weight
Authors: McMinn J. E. , Baskin D. G. , Schwartz M. W. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn the field of obesity research, two separate lines of study have emerged which explore the mechanism by which food intake is regulated: short‐term control of food intake, and the central regulation of energy balance. The former studies the satiety response during consumption of meals, whereby satiety signalling originating in the gut is transduced into a neural signal that modulates satiety pathways in the brainstem. This review describes a neuroanatomically based model in which leptin and insulin signalling in the hypothalamus governs long‐term regulation of energy balance via mechanisms that are integrated with satiety hormone signalling in the brainstem. The functional outcome of this integration is a cumulative meal‐to‐meal regulation of food intake, that over relatively long intervals serves to maintain stable adipose stores. Our model provides a context within which continued investigation of neuroendocrine mechanisms that control food intake and body weight can be explored, and has potential application to our current understanding of clinical obesity and its treatment.
HIV‐related morbidity and mortality in patients starting protease inhibitors in very advanced HIV disease (CD4 count of < 50 cells/µL): an analysis of 338 clinical events from a randomized clinical trial*
Authors: Floridia M , Fragola V , Galluzzo CM , Giannini G , Pirillo MF , Andreotti M , Tomino C , Vella for the ISS‐IP1 Study Group S 
Published: March 2003

BackgroundAIDS defining events occur infrequently in the presence of CD4 counts above 200 cells/µL. It is, however, uncertain for most of the AIDS defining conditions whether this threshold can be considered equally safe in patients with a previously very low CD4 nadir.MethodsWe evaluated in detail all the AIDS defining events observed during a 48‐week clinical trial in 1251 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor‐experienced patients who started protease inhibitors (PIs) at CD4 counts below 50 cells/µL. The type of event, immunological status at the moment of event and time between start of PI treatment and event occurrence were analysed cumulatively and by event type; event rates were calculated.ResultsConcomitant data on CD4 counts were available for 338 AIDS defining events (81% of total events). Median time between start of treatment with PI and event was 94.5 days and median absolute CD4 value at the occurrence of event was 20 per µL. Only 14 events (in 12 patients) were observed above the threshold of 200 CD4 cells/µL. An analysis of the 67 deaths with concomitantly available CD4 counts (57%) showed a median CD4 count of 10 cells/µL, with only four deaths occurring in the presence of a CD4 count above 100 cells/µL.ConclusionsVery few clinical AIDS defining conditions were observed in patients who start PIs at very low CD4 counts and with treatment restore absolute values in CD4 counts above 200 cells/µL. This threshold can therefore be considered a clinically effective goal of treatment with respect to occurrence of all AIDS defining conditions in patients starting PIs in very advanced HIV disease.
Ritonavir plus saquinavir versus single protease inhibitor therapy in protease inhibitor‐naive HIV‐infected patients: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Authors: Bucher HC , Bichsel M , Taffé P , Furrer H , Telenti A , Hirschel B , Weber R , Bernasconi E , Vernazza P , Minder C , Battegay M ,   for the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Published: March 2003

ObjectivesTo compare the response to ritonavir (RTV) plus saquinavir (SQV) with single protease inhibitor (PI) therapies among PI‐naive HIV‐1 infected individuals.MethodsResponse to treatment was analysed according to the intent‐to‐treat principle in a prospective observational cohort study of 177 patients who between May 1995 and March 2000 started a double PI therapy with RTV and SQV (nonboosting dosages) plus at least one nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and 2214 patients with a single PI therapy plus two NRTIs. We used survival analysis and Cox's proportional hazard regression methods. The primary endpoint was the time to a plasma viral load of < 400 copies/mL. Secondary endpoints were taken as a gain in the CD4 count of >100 cells/μL, and change of initial PI for any reason.ResultsBaseline characteristics in both treatment groups were balanced. Median follow‐up in both groups was 10.4 months. Time to an HIV‐1 viral load of < 400 copies/mL and an increase in the CD4 count of >100 × 106 cells/L was shorter for RTV plus SQV compared with single PI regimens (log rank test for each endpoint P < 0.05). The adjusted hazard ratios of RTV plus SQV compared with single PI regimens were 1.21 (95% confidence interval 0.99–1.47) for achieving an HIV‐1 viral load of < 400 copies/mL, 1.12 (0.88–1.42) for an increase in the CD4 count of > 100 cells/μL, and 0.90 (0.73–1.11) for change of first PI regimen.ConclusionsTreatment with RTV plus SQV compared with single PI regimens appeared to give similar results for virological or immunological response.
Causes of death among HIV‐infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, Bordeaux, France, 1998–1999
Authors: Bonnet F , Morlat P , Chêne G , Mercié P , Neau D , Chossat I , Decoin M , Djossou F , Beylot J , Dabis F ,   for the Groupe d'Epidémiologie Clinique du SIDA en Aquitaine (GECSA)
Published: March 2003

ObjectivesTo describe the causes of death in HIV‐infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).MethodA retrospective survey conducted in Bordeaux, France. Medical records of all deaths that had occurred in 1998 and 1999 amongst patients followed within the Aquitaine cohort were reviewed by the same physician. Immediate and underlying causes of death were described, taking into account the morbidity at the time of death.ResultsSixty‐six deaths occurred in 1998, and 41 in 1999. Sixty‐seven per cent of deceased patients were male. Median age at time of death was 43 years (range 25–71), median CD4 was 162 cells/µL (0–957); 28% of patients had a CD4 count > 200 cells/µL and 7% plasma viral load < 500 HIV‐RNA copies/mL. Amongst morbidity present at the time of death, there were 23 bacterial infections, 16 non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas, 16 cirrhoses, 15 non HIV‐related malignancies, 13 central nervous system diseases and 10 myocardiopathies. The main immediate causes of death were: multiple organ failure (21%), coma (18%), septic shock (15%) and acute respiratory failure (14%). Underlying causes of death were AIDS‐defining events (48%), non AIDS HIV‐related infection (3%), hepatitis B‐ or C‐associated cirrhosis (14%), non HIV‐related malignancies (11%), cardiovascular events (10%), suicide and overdose (6%), treatment‐related fatalities (4%), injury (2%) and unknown (2%). Patients dying from AIDS‐related events were more often female, had a lower CD4 count, a higher level of HIV‐RNA, a shorter history of HIV infection and were less often coinfected with hepatitis B and C viruses than those dying from other underlying causes.ConclusionsAIDS‐related events are no longer the major causes of death of HIV‐infected patients in the era of HAART. This evolving mortality pattern justifies an adaptation of both the epidemiological surveillance and the clinical monitoring of HIV‐infected patients.
First‐line ritonavir/indinavir 100/800 mg twice daily plus nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in a German multicentre study: 48‐week results
Authors: Voigt E , Wickesberg A , Wasmuth J‐C , Gute P , Locher L , Salzberger B , Wöhrmann A , Adam A , Weitner L , Rockstroh JK 
Published: March 2003

ObjectivesTo evaluate safety and efficacy of the protease inhibitor combination ritonavir/indinavir 100/800 mg twice daily plus 2–3 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) in antiretroviral‐naive patients.MethodsWithin this open‐label, uncontrolled multicentre trial, antiretroviral‐naive patients (n = 57) with median baseline HIV‐RNA of 308 000 copies/mL (range 170–3.01 million copies/mL) and median CD4 cell count of 50 cells/μL (range 0–853 cells/μL) were started on 2–3 NRTIs plus ritonavir/indinavir 100/800 mg twice daily. CD4 cell counts and HIV‐RNA were determined at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 48. Statistical analysis was performed on treatment as well as intent‐to‐treat.ResultsViral load decreased by a median of 3.79 log10 copies/mL (range 2.0–4.60 log10 copies/mL) until week 48. At week 48, 23/57 (40%, intent‐to‐treat) patients showed a viral load ≤ 80 copies/mL. In parallel, median CD4 cell counts increased by a median of 149 cells/μL (range −60–420 cells/μL). Median triglycerides and cholesterol increased from baseline 160 mg/dL (range 33–364 mg/dL) to 218 mg/dL (range 110–527 mg/dL) at week 48 and from 166 mg/dL (range 63–262 mg/dL) to 233 mg/dL (range 95–359 mg/dL), respectively. Twenty‐seven of fifty‐seven patients (47%) discontinued study medication, 19 (33%) due to nephrolithiasis. Two patients changed their antiretroviral regimen after failing virologically.ConclusionRitonavir/indinavir 100/800 mg twice daily appears to be effective up to 48 weeks despite high baseline viraemia and low CD4 cell count in antiretroviral‐naive patients. However, discontinuation due to adverse events, especially nephrotoxicity, is frequent and limits treatment duration. Therefore, extra hydration appears inevitable with this combination.
Virological and immunological profiles among patients with undetectable viral load followed prospectively for 24 months
Authors: Katzenstein TL , Ullum H , Røge BT , Wandall J , Dickmeiss E , Barrington T , Skinhøj P , Gerstoft J 
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveTo quantify HIV‐RNA in plasma, in lymphoid tissue and proviral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and to relate these to immunological markers among patients with plasma viral load counts of ≤ 200 HIV‐RNA copies/mL.MethodsA prospective study of one hundred and three patients was undertaken with an inclusion criteria of plasma viral load of ≤ 200 copies/mL. The patients had advanced HIV infection; 25% had developed AIDS. Patients were seen every 6 months for a period of 2 years.ResultsThe median plasma viral load was < 20 copies/mL with no increase during follow‐up. Thirty‐one per cent had plasma viral load of ≤ 20 copies/mL at all visits, 44% had ≥ 1 measurement with 21–200 and 25% had ≥ 1 sample with plasma HIV‐RNA > 200 copies/mL. Lymphoid tissue viral load was low at enrolment and declined further during follow‐up. Baseline HIV‐DNA and immunoglobulin (IgA) differed significantly between the plasma viral load rebound groups (P < 0.05).ConclusionIn this cohort, selected solely on the basis of having a plasma viral load of ≤ 200 copies/mL, we found stable or declining viral loads in the measured compartments during 2 years of follow‐up. Baseline HIV‐DNA and IgA levels were higher among patients with less complete virological suppression relative to patients with persistently undetectable plasma HIV‐RNA. Hence, a high cellular level of HIV‐DNA and high plasma IgA may predict subsequent development of low‐grade viraemia.