bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disease-associated variants in PYPAF1 and NOD2 result in similar alterations of conserved sequence
Authors: Albrecht Mario , Lengauer Thomas , Schreiber Stefan 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Sequence variations in the gene products PYPAF1/CIAS1 and NOD2/CARD15 have been associated with several autoinflammatory diseases that, although clinically different, share a similar inflammatory pathophysiology. A multiple sequence alignment of homologous proteins demonstrates that some of the missense variants are located in highly conserved regions of the NTPase domain and possibly impair NTP-hydrolysis. Intriguingly, one of the variations, which is found identically in PYPAF1 and NOD2, is located at the same alignment position. Our findings suggest that evolutionary gene duplication can give rise to disease families because variants affect conserved sequence in a similar fashion.
Total Syntheses of (±)-Phycocyanobilin and Its Derivatives Bearing a Photoreactive Group at D-ring
Authors: Kakiuchi Takashi , Kato Hirohide , Jayasundera Krishanthi Padmarani , Higashi Taijiro , Watabe Kazuhiko , Sawamoto Daisuke , Kinoshita Hideki , Inomata Katsuhiko 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
(±)-Phycocyanobilin and its derivatives bearing a photoreactive group at D-ring were first synthesized by the development of a new and convenient method for the preparation of A-ring, transesterification for propanoic acid side-chains of the pyrrole derivative common to B- and C-rings, and deprotection of allyl ester side-chains with a palladium catalyst to avoid migration of exocyclic olefin of A-ring.
Reaction of Trivalent Phosphorus Compounds with an Fe(III) Complex in the Presence of Alcohol. Single Electron Transfer Accompanied by a P-O Bond Formation
Authors: Yasui Shinro , Itoh Kenji , Tsujimoto Munekazu , Ohno Atsuyoshi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Reactions of various types of trivalent phosphorus compounds with iron(III) complex in the presence of ethanol have been examined kinetically, showing that the single electron transfer from the former compounds to the latter is followed by rapid reaction of the resulting trivalent phosphorus radical cations with ethanol.
Acceleration Effects of Phosphine Ligands in the Nickel Catalyzed Methylation of Aldehydes Using Trimethylaluminum
Authors: Ichiyanagi Tsuyoshi , Kuniyama Satoru , Shimizu Makoto , Fujisawa Tamotsu 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
A nickel catalyzed methylation of aldehydes was conducted successfully using trimethylaluminum as an alkylation reagent. In the presence of a phosphine or phosphite ligand, the reaction was considerably accelerated to give the methylation product in good yields.
Chirality-dependent Gel Formation from Sugars and Boronic-acid-appended Chiral Amphiphiles
Authors: Kimura Taro , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Aqueous solutions containing a boronic-acid-appended amphiphile with a L-glutamate segment were gelatinized in the presence of certain saccharides. Examination of the gelation temperature, DSC, and the absorption spectra of a cyanine dye revealed that this is a novel system having two phase-transitions, viz., the sol-gel phase transition and the gel-liquid crystal phase transition.
An Unusual Isotactic Coordination Polymer Chain Assembled by Mn(II) and O-phthalate: [Mn(μ-phth)(phen)(H2O)2]·H2O (phth = o-phthalato; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline)
Authors: Zhang Yugen , Jianmin Li , Min Zhu , Wang Quanming , Wu Xintao 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The complex [Mn(μ-phth)(phen)(H2O)2]·H2O (phth = o-phthalato; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), in which an unusual isotactic coordination polymer chain is assembled by Mn(II) and o-phthalate dianion, an amphiphilic channel which has hydrophilic inside and hydrophobic outside is formed via hydrogen bonds, has been isolated and structurally characterized.
Synthesis of Fluorenebisphenoxy Derivatives by Acid-sulfur Compound Catalyzed Condensation Reaction
Authors: Yamada Mitsuaki , Sun Jun , Suda Yasuhiro , Nakaya Tadao 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of fluorenebisphenoxy derivatives from fluorenone and phenoxy compounds is successfully performed by the combined use of concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst and 3-mercaptopropionic acid as co-catalyst. Several fluorenebisphenoxy derivatives are obtained in good yields by this one-step reaction.
Structural Diversity of Copper Complexes with 2,2′-Dipyridyldisulfide. From Dimer to Infinite Sheet Structure Both in Solid State and in Solution
Authors: Kubo Sachiko , Nishioka Takanori , Ishikawa Keiichirou , Kinoshita Isamu , Isobe Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Reaction of 2,2′-dipyridyldisulfide (dpds) with CuBr2 in methanol provide a extended sheet or a discrete dimer structure. The discrete dimer [CuBr(dpds)]2 change to the sheet structure of [CuBr(dpds)]n by heat in the solid state or prolonged standing in reaction system.
Stereospecific Epoxidation of 2-Hexene with Molecular Oxygen on Photoirradiated Titanium Dioxide Powder
Authors: Ohno Teruhisa , Kigoshi Takayo , Nakabeya Keizo , Matsumura Michio 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Photocatalytic oxidation of 2-hexene on TiO2 powder was investigated under a stream of oxygen gas. The main product was 2,3-epoxyhexane with the chemical yield ranging from 65% to 83% depending on the TiO2 powders. When trans-2-hexene was used as the starting material, the epoxide was also trans. On the other hand, cis epoxide was the chief product from cis-2-hexene. From mixed 2-hexene (trans/cis = 1.7), larger amounts of trans epoxide were obtained than cis-epoxide in the initial period of the reaction, indicating that trans-2-hexene is more reactive than the cis isomer on the photocatalyst.
High Nuclearity in a Zinc(II) Complex with 1,3-Bis(salicylamino)-2-propanol
Authors: Mikuriya Masahiro , Tsuru Noriyo , Ikemi Shinichiro , Ikenoue Shuichi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
A zinc(II) complex with 1,3-bis(saliclylamino)-2-propanol (H3La), [Zn8La4(OH)2](ClO4)2·8CH3OH, has been isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography, which reveals a unique cage structure composed of eight zinc atoms and four alkoxo-oxygen and eight phenoxo-oxygen bridges of La3−.
Selective Fluorescence Signalling of Saccharides in Their Furanose Form
Authors: Cooper Christopher R , James Tony D 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
A boronic acid binding site and biphenyl fluorophore has been used to create a fluorescent PET (photoinduced electron transfer) sensor for saccharides in aqueous solution at pH 7.77. Formation of five or six membered cyclic boronate esters can be “read out” by the relative fluorescence intensity.
Molecular Weight Effect on Secondary Structural Formation for Uniform Polypeptides with a Repeating Sequence of Glycine-Rich Sequence of Spider Dragline Silk
Authors: Fukushima Yasumasa 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Polypeptides with a repeating sequence of glycine-rich sequence of spider dragline silk formed a β-sheet structure which exists in the crystalline region. The β-sheet content increased with increasing the molecular weight of the polypeptides. The formation of the β-sheet structure could be caused by the intramolecular as well as intermolecular conventional hydrogen bondings.
Electrochemical STM Observation of Well-ordered Adsorbate on Cu(111) Electrode Surfaces in an Alkaline Electrolyte
Authors: Matsuoka Osamu , Yamamoto Sadaaki , Sugiyama Shoko , Miyazoye Satoru , Nozoye Hisakazu 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy revealed two kinds of periodical structure of bright spot on Cu(111) electrode surfaces in NaOH aqueous solutions. These structures show the arrangement of the CuOH surface species formed by the reduction of subsurface oxygens.
Improved Ionic Conductivity of PEO/Sulfonamide Lithium Salt Hybrid by the Addition of LiTFSI
Authors: Tominaga Yoichi , Ohno Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with the average molecular weight of 500, 1000, or 1900 having methane sulfonamide lithium salt in both chain ends was used as matrix to solubilize lithium bis-(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI). Ionic conductivity of the above-mentioned PEO/salt hybrid was improved by the addition of LiTFSI. These mixtures were amorphous and lost the melting point of PEO part. The ionic conductivity was from 4 to 30 times higher than that of hybrid without LiTFSI since the number of carrier ions increased without remarkable elevating the glass transition temperature.
Modulation of the Oscillation Period for an Electrochemical Oscillation in an “H2O2-Acid-Pt Electrode” System by Deposition of a Small Amount of Metal Atoms
Authors: Nakanishi Shuji , Hommura Hayato , Mukouyama Yoshiharu , Matsuda Toshihiko , Nakato Yoshihiro 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The oscillation period of a current oscillation in reduction reaction of H2O2 on a Pt electrode in an acidic solution becomes shorter with time by addition of a small amount of Cu2+, AuCl4− or Ru3+ ions to the solution, whereas the period becomes longer by addition of Ag+ ions. The difference is explained by assuming deposition of dispersed metal atoms during the oscillation together with a difference in the H2O2-reduction mechanism among the metals.
Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Binuclear Iron(III) Complexes Containing Photoisomerization Ligand
Authors: Hayami Shinya , Inoue Katsuya , Osaki Susumu , Maeda Yonezo 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Binuclear iron(III) spin-crossover complex [Fe2(salten)2(az)](BPh4)2 (az = azobis(4-pyridine)) was synthesized and characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction, Mössbauer spectra, magnetic susceptibilities and electronic spectra. This complex contains the ligand which is able to photoisomerize as a bridging ligand. The complex exhibited the spin-crossover behavior depending on temperature in solution and solid state. Mössbauer measurements indicated that the complex exhibited rapid spin-equilibrium behavior at room temperature.
Neural Basis of Vision
Authors: Bullier Jean 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe neural basis of vision is examined from the point of view of the anatomical organization of the primate visual system and the responses of single neurons. The recent developments of imaging studies in humans are also examined. The chapter opens with a section on the receptive field of visual neurons, from the historical definition to modern concepts. The following section is devoted to the various representations of receptive fields parameters: retinotopic and nonretinotopic maps in various structures of the visual system. The third section is a description of the anatomical and functional organization of the primate visual system, with a special emphasis on the different cortical areas, their roles, and their interactions. The fourth section is devoted to the analysis of the relationship between visual perception and the responses of single units in nonhuman primates. The last section addresses a number of unanswered or rarely addressed issues in animal studies, such as the neural basis of consciousness and mental representations, the importance of visual exploration of the environment, the neural basis of 3D vision, and the role of feedback connections.
Speech Perception
Authors: Jusczyk Peter W. , Luce Paul A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe scientific study of the perception of spoken language has been a productive area of research for over fifty years. During this period, we have learned much about infants' and adults' remarkable capacities for perceiving and understanding the sounds of their language. We present a selective review of the past half century of research on speech perception, focusing on three principle topics: early work on the discrimination and categorization of speech sounds, more recent efforts to understand the processes and representations responsible for spoken word recognition, and research on how infants acquire the capacity to perceive their native language. Our intent is to provide the reader with a sense of the progress our field has made over the last half century in understanding the human's extraordinary capacity for the perception of spoken language.
Touch and Haptics
Authors: Hollins Mark 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter describes the psychophysics of touch—how tactile abilities and perceptions are measured, and what those measurements reveal about the somatosensory system. The ability to discern spatial aspects of tactile stimuli, such as how many are present and where they are on the skin, has been extensively studied: A key finding in this area is that resolution acuity predicts performance on a range of other tasks. Researchers have also examined temporal aspects of touch, especially through the use of vibration. Studies using masking and other paradigms have revealed the existence of vibrotactilechannelsassociated with mechanoreceptor classes. Signals in these channels encode the intensity and frequency of vibratory stimuli, and contribute to the perception of textured surfaces. Many tactile stimuli involve temporal changes in spatial aspects of stimulation; an understanding of how these are perceived requires that a variety of spatio‐temporal distortions be taken into account. The chapter ends with a discussion ofhaptics(active touch) by which an attentive observer explores an object to discover its properties and identity. Kinesthetic as well as cutaneous signals play a role in this search for information, but how they are combined is a process that is only beginning to be understood.
Olfaction
Authors: Dalton Pamela 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWithin the past decade, substantial advances in our knowledge of the transduction, coding, and information‐processing of olfactory signals has occurred. These advances have been accompanied by significant developments from psychophysical and behavioral studies of olfactory processing that illustrate the importance of a multilevel approach for studying the olfactory system.This chapter focuses primarily on studies of human olfaction, beginning with a description of the anatomical basis for olfaction, followed by an examination of the fundamentals of sensory processing, descriptions of standard methods for studying olfaction, and an overview of basic results from psychophysical analyses of individuals with normal and impaired olfactory ability. Although the adoption of more sophisticated and reliable methods for studying olfaction appears to have reduced the extreme variability in sensitivity and response that has been historically observed, factors that contribute to individual variation in olfactory performance, such as gender, age, and exposure are also described. Finally, the role of olfaction in memory, affective processes, and higher‐level cognition is reviewed.
Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Humphreys Glyn W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this chapter attempts are reviewed that have been made to built the bridge between functional models of human cognition and neural models of brain activity. Drawing on examples of object recognition and visual attention, I provide a historical overview of the initial attempts to build this bridge, using data from neuropsychology. I subsequently review more recent approaches using functional brain imaging (PET and fMRI), single cell recording, EEG, RP, MEG and, latterly, TMS, to measure brain operation. I discuss the problems in making links between brain and cognition, and some of the contributions that neural‐level theories can make to theories pitched at a functional level.
Psycholinguistics
Authors: Clark Herbert H. , Wege Mija M. Van Der 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPsycholinguistics in the study of how people process language. People use spoken language to coordinate such joint activities as business transactions, story telling, and planning. In doing so, they work turn by turn, relying on adjacency pairs, such as question plus answer, or assertion plus acknowledgment, and they ground what is said as they proceed. Speaking itself is a process with overlapping stages. For each utterance, speakers decide on a message, select the concepts and syntactic frame required for that message, assemble these in an appropriate order, formulate a phonological code, and then articulate the right sounds. Listeners, for their part, take in these sounds segment by segment. They narrow down on words and phrases instantly as these become specified uniquely in the context. Listeners rely on pragmatic information not only in this process, but also in filling conceptual gaps in their understanding with bridging and elaborative inferences. The words people use are stored in a mental lexicon as entries with conventional meanings. But in talking face‐to‐face, people also use gestures—such as emblems, iconic gestures, and pointing—which they coordinate with their words. People also create broader models of the situations being spoken about. These models represent such things as visual and spatial features of the situations, cultural schemas, and mental simulations of imagined scenes and events.
Concepts and Categorization
Authors: Wisniewski Edward J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTraditionally, concepts have been viewed as mental representations that enable people to categorize or pick out a group of nonidentical but equivalent things (e.g., a concept of dog allows one to categorize many entities as “dogs” even though they are not identical). This chapter provides a broad overview of the fields of concepts and categorization, describing early research but giving special attention to work published in the last 15 years. It describes different views of the structure of human concepts (i.e., what they consist of), as well as formal mathematical models of categorization and category learning. These models assume that categorization is based on how similar an entity is to other members of the empirical category. This chapter describes research addressing the sufficiency of this approach, which suggests that similarity is a dynamic process involving the comparison of complex mental representations, and that category learning involves the integration of empirical learning with background knowledge. The chapter also examines research describing the taxonomic and thematic organization of concepts in memory. Finally, the chapter addresses the functions that concepts serve beyond their traditional role in classification.
Culture and Cognition
Authors: E. Nisbett Richard , Norenzayan Ara 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe review evidence for the mutual interdependence of cultural and cognitive processes. Some cognitive content, assumed by many psychologists to be infinitely variable, appears to be universal, including theories of mechanics, biology, and mind. These domain‐specific theories constrain the diversity of human thought and the range of cultures possible. On the other hand, many cognitive processes assumed to be universal are highly susceptible to cultural variation. We consider recent developments regarding cultural variation in mathematical and folkbiological reasoning, deductive reasoning in traditional societies, as well as the linguistic relativity hypothesis, field dependence, and situated cognition. We then examine recent research on marked cultural differences in holistic vs. analytic modes of reasoning primarily between East Asian and Western cultures.
Associative Structures in Pavlovian and Instrumental Conditioning
Authors: Hall Geoffrey 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe associative analysis of conditioning assumes aconceptual nervous systemconsisting of a set of units (nodes). Some nodes are are activated by specific external stimuli; others, when activated, result in the emission of particular patterns of behavior (responses). The behavioral changes produced by conditioning procedures are explained in terms of the formation of links between nodes that allow activity in one to excite activity in another. The aim of this chapter is to specify what nodes are involved in a given conditioning procedure and the pattern of interconnections that forms among them. Three procedures are considered: Excitatory conditioning, in which a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus reliably precedes the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus or, for the instrumental case, in which a given response reliably produces a given outcome; inhibitory conditioning, in which the association between the relevant events is discontinued (the conditioned stimulus or the response occurs without consequence); and complex conditioning, in which the consequence of the conditioned stimulus or of the response varies according to which other events are presented. It is demonstrated that the standard assumptions of associative theory can explain the results of the first of these procedures; that the second requires the further assumption that links can inhibit the tendency of nodes to be activated; and that the last requires further new assumptions (that nodes can encode the configural properties of stimuli, or that links can operate on other links as well as on nodes, or both).
Learning
Authors: Miller Ralph , Escobar Martha 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter reviews current knowledge concerning basic cognition in simple situations, focusing on how stimulus‐specific experience modifies behavior. First, we discuss in an atheoretical manner the empirical laws of conditioning and learning, which describe changes in stimulus control of behavior as a function of specific experiential variables across different species, tasks, and motivational factors. Specifically, we describe (a) factors that influence acquisition of behavioral control (e.g., stimulus salience, predispositions, stimulus similarity, continguity, contingency); (b) stimulus mediation of acquired behavior (e.g., second‐order conditioning, sensory preconditioning, conditioned inhibition), stimulus competition and interference (between cues and between outcomes trained together and apart), facilitation, and summation; and (c) instrumental contingencies and motivation. The second part of the chapter provides an overview of psychological models of acquired behavior, with an emphasis on differentiating acquisition‐focused and performance‐focused models. We first outline the units of analysis that are used by psychological models of conditioning and learning, and then review how each family of models accounts for the empirical laws described in the first part of the chapter. We conclude with a critical assessment of learning theories and outline some of the potential contributions that stem from the study of the empirical and theoretical principles of learning.
Learning Instincts
Authors: Gould James L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDuring the modern development of the study of behavior, Behaviorists maintained that all behavior was learned, and instinct was a myth. Ethologists considered instinct the main factor in behavior, with learning serving as a kind of adjunct; they believed that lab studies were irrelevant to the behavior of animals in nature. In retrospect, both groups were right up to a point: Most of the main phenomena studied by Behaviorists turn out to be at work in a wide range of “real” animals, while even humans depend on an enormous array of innate programming to survive. The synthetic view outlined here sees most learning as based on general processes, but customized through the operation of natural selection in context‐ and species‐specific ways to solve particular problems.