bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can ChatGPT-4o Really Pass Medical Science Exams? A Pragmatic Analysis Using Novel Questions
Authors: Newton Philip M. , Summers Christopher J. , Zaheer Uzman , Xiromeriti Maira , Stokes Jemima R. , Bhangu Jaskaran Singh , Roome Elis G. , Roberts-Phillips Alanna , Mazaheri-Asadi Darius , Jones Cameron D. , Hughes Stuart , Gilbert Dominic , Jones Ewan , Essex Keioni , Ellis Emily C. , Davey Ross , Cox Adrienne A. , Bassett Jessica A. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
ChatGPT apparently shows excellent performance on high-level professional exams such as those involved in medical assessment and licensing. This has raised concerns that ChatGPT could be used for academic misconduct, especially in unproctored online exams. However, ChatGPT has previously shown weaker performance on questions with pictures, and there have been concerns that ChatGPT’s performance may be artificially inflated by the public nature of the sample questions tested, meaning they likely formed part of the training materials for ChatGPT. This led to suggestions that cheating could be mitigated by using novel questions for every sitting of an exam and making extensive use of picture-based questions. These approaches remain untested. Here, we tested the performance of ChatGPT-4o on existing medical licensing exams in the UK and USA, and on novel questions based on those exams. ChatGPT-4o scored 94% on the United Kingdom Medical Licensing Exam Applied Knowledge Test and 89.9% on the United States Medical Licensing Exam Step 1. Performance was not diminished when the questions were rewritten into novel versions, or on completely novel questions which were not based on any existing questions. ChatGPT did show reduced performance on questions containing images when the answer options were added to an image as text labels. These data demonstrate that the performance of ChatGPT continues to improve and that secure testing environments are required for the valid assessment of both foundational and higher order learning.
Study of a Power Supply System Operation Based on Methane Generator Supported by an Energy Storage System, to Cover High Fluctuation Electrical Loads: Greenhouse Case Study
Authors: Elmasides Costas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The operation of a greenhouse requires the consumption of high amounts of energy. The problem is strengthened by the energy crisis that characterizes our days. This article studies an energy management strategy based on the utilization of methane generators (MG) for energy saving in greenhouses. The management strategy includes covering the energy needs of a greenhouse unit (GHU) by directly injecting the energy produced by the generator units. If the energy produced from MG cannot meet the energy needs of the GHU, an energy storage system (ESS) or a backup (in case ESS is unavailable) is used to support the load, covering the gap between production and consumption. In case of excess energy, priority is given to charging the ESS, and the possible presence of excess energy is led to the network. The main objective of energy management is the optimal design of the MG-ESS system to minimize the possibility of energy excess and deficit. The analysis presented is based on actual GHU energy demand. The special feature of this load is the existence of strong daily fluctuations in energy consumption, especially during the summer months. This study presents a methodology for managing such loads with the main objective of maximizing the operating efficiency of MG. Briefly, this article brings a new look to the existing literature in the following areas: (I) a methodology for the efficient operation of methane generators in combination with ESS to cover both mild and intense power fluctuations has been developed, (II) The mapping of the load profile and its division into zones of different power levels providing the possibility of choosing different sizes of generators that will operate at their optimal power has been achieved and (III) a techno-economically optimal ESS to support the generators in meeting load needs and absorbing excess energy has been designed. The analysis based on the use of three different MGs in the three mapped load zones that will operate at constant power due to their support by an ESS led to the identification of the appropriate combination of MG-ESS for the autonomous operation of the GHU. The preliminary economic evaluation of the optimal MG-ESS combination based on LCOE showed that the proposed system (LCOE = 0.216 – 0.279) is competitive with the existing system (LCOE = 0.392) responsible for covering the load’s energy demand.
Enhancing the performance of rigid pavement slabs using sugarcane bagasse ash and macro synthetic fibers
Authors: Elayouty Esraa Elsayed , Ragheb Shady Rezk , Youssef Ahmed Mohammed , El-Bany Marwa El-Sayed , Agwa Ibrahim Saad 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study uses a few materials with various ratios, such as sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) and macro synthetic fiber (MSF), to enhance the rigid pavement slab (RPS) load-carrying capacity (LCC). In the study presented herein, the investigation was developed in two phases. Firstly, we selected materials and evaluated their physical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics. Nine different concrete mixes were designed as part of the study. The investigation focused on the ratio of replacement SBA used, which ranged from 0 to 25% by weight of the cement content, and MSF ratios 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% by volume of concrete mixture. Compressive strength (CS), flexural strength (FS), slump, and splitting tensile strength (STS) were used to assess each mixture’s characteristics. SEM was also used to illustrate the specifics of the SBA results. Accordingly, three mixes have been chosen to be used in the next. In the second phase, a study was conducted on the ultimate LCC for RPS internal, edge, and corner. Nine RPS measuring 800 mm × 800 mm × 50 mm were constructed and subjected to a static load at three different locations. The optimal ratios for high mechanical properties are 10% SBA replacement for cement content and 1% MSF inclusion by volume in the concrete mixture. The CS of SBA10 increases by approximately 7.32% compared to its reference mixture. With the SBA10F1 mix design, there is a 34% increase in ultimate LCC for internal loading, a 33% increase for edge loading, and a 36% increase for corner loading compared to its reference mixture. This research presents new insights into the combined use of SBA and MSF, contributing to the development of more sustainable RPS.
Evaluation of the First Implementation of the Sohanjana Anti-bullying Intervention: Perspectives of the Institutional Staff
Authors: Siddiqui Sohni , Schultze-Krumbholz Anja 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Educational institutions in Pakistan recognize the concerning prevalence of traditional and cyberbullying. However, there are no evidence-based interventions to address this issue in these institutions. The current study examined the outcomes of the first implementation of the Sohanjana Anti-bullying Intervention, a comprehensive approach tailored specifically for Pakistani educational institutions that addresses the urgent need for a socially and culturally appropriate anti-bullying program. It aims to educate and train teachers to effectively address bullying issues among students by identifying, addressing, and intervening appropriately. The current study involved seven participants from four schools, who received 32 h of training and then applied their acquired knowledge. Data were collected at several stages before and after the intervention, and additional data were collected from staff (N = 101) to examine changes in bullying behaviors. The intervention successfully increased teachers’ awareness of bullying control strategies. Data from the experimental group of trained teachers showed a statistically significant decrease in social and verbal bullying in the post-intervention scores. Although decreases in social, verbal, and physical bullying were observed in the post-intervention data collected from staff, statistical significance was not reached, with the exception of one experimental school in a rural region that showed a significant decrease in physical bullying after the intervention. The limitations and implications of the study are discussed.
In Place Industrial 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene(TNT) wastewater biodegradation treatment using obligate aerobic bacteria
Authors: Mohamed Naguin Khaled 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study aims to introduce biological treatments for the explosive substance 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). This material has been scientifically proven to be toxic and the toxicity of its derivatives has been evaluated on living organisms, but does not affect bacteria. Fungi and yeasts, therefore these microorganisms can be used to treat the toxic material TNT and its derivatives that dissolve in water. You can use one of the biotic methods in an environmentally friendly way, such as: B. a bioreactor. Here, a screening for TNT degradation by six selected bacteria revealed that Buttiauxella sp. S19-1 has the strongest degradation ability. Furthermore, BuP34O (a gene encoding protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase – P34O, a key enzyme in the β-ketoadipate pathway) was upregulated during TNT idegradation. Knockout of BuP34O in S19-1 to generate the S-M1 mutant strain resulted in a significant reduction in TNT degradation efficiency compared to S19-1. Furthermore, the EM1 mutant strain (Escherichia coli DH5α transfected with BuP34O) showed higher degradation efficiency than DH5α. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of TNT degradation by S19-1 revealed 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotolune (ADNT) as an intermediate metabolite of TNT. Furthermore, the recombinant protein P34O (rP34O) expressed an activity of 2.46 µmol/min·mg. Our results represent the first report of the involvement of P34O in the bacterial degradation of TNT and its metabolites, suggesting that P34O may catalyze downstream reactions in the in the TNT degradation pathway. Furthermore, the TNT-degrading ability of S19-1, a gram-negative marine bacterium, offers enormous potential for the restoration of TNT-contaminated water bodies.
A Clinical Investigation of Hip Implant Migration and Wear
Authors: Putzer David , Talpeanu Gabriela , Shahriary Fatemeh , Guarino Roberto , Thaler Martin , Nogler Michael , Awaja Firas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The prediction of survival rate probability for hip implants, based on clinical data acquired before and after surgery, incorporating patient-specific parameters, represents a pivotal advancement in enabling more precise risk assessment for potential complications, such as aseptic loosening and implant wear-related inflammation, on an individualized basis. This critical step marks a substantial progression toward the realization of digitized and personalized medicine. The objective of this study was to establish prediction aiding correlations between implant wear and migration data, derived from X-ray imaging of 149 patients diagnosed with hip arthritis, and the performance of hip implants. The patients underwent cementless hip replacement surgery, receiving implants consisting of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) paired with titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti6Al4V) wedges. Over the course of a median follow-up period of 4 years, X-ray assessments were conducted to monitor the migration of the femoral head and acetabular components using Ein Bild Röntgen Analyse (EBRA). Clinical findings revealed a linear relationship between average migration and wear. Notably, it was observed that increased cup migration corresponded proportionally to greater wear values. Furthermore, in-depth analysis revealed significant distinctions based on gender and age. Specifically, the established relationship can confidently serve as a reliable predictive model for the behavior of hip implants in female subjects and individuals aged 50–60 years.
Psychological impact of disaster and migration on preschool children following the 2023 Turkey earthquakes
Authors: Temelturk Rahime Duygu , Cikili-Uytun Merve , Yurumez Esra , Zengin Nisa Didem , Buyukkal Ummuhan , Oztop Didem Behice 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the psychological impact of the Turkey 2023 earthquakes on preschool-aged children and to compare them with those with other life-threatening traumas. Thirty-four preschool children who experienced earthquakes on February 6, 2023, and applied to our outpatient clinic in the following 3 months, and 37 other trauma-experienced preschool children were included in this cross-sectional study. Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment/Post-Traumatic Stress sections were conducted. Parents were asked to complete the Pediatric Emotional Distress Scale and the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5–5 to evaluate stress-related reactions alongside psychiatric problems of children. The results showed that acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were more common in the earthquake-experienced group than in the other trauma-experienced group (Fisher’s exact test, 52.9% vs. 8.1%, p < 0.001 and 38.2% vs. 8.1%, p = 0.004, respectively). Migration after the earthquake had no additional impact on trauma-related psychiatric outcomes, either ASD or PTSD (p = .153, and p = 0.106, respectively); whereas sleep problems predicted PTSD (OR = 1.26, β = 0.42, p = 0.036) in the earthquake-experienced group. Our study provides implications for understanding the psychological impact of earthquakes and risk factors for PTSD among preschool children.
The School Principal and the Children: Patriarchy and Changing Childhoods in Jalāl Āl-e Ahmad's Novella
Authors: Balslev Sivan 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe School Principal introduces readers to a disillusioned and sarcastic teacher who transitions to the role of school principal in a peripheral primary school. Often regarded as a social criticism treatise rather than a work of art, the novella is characterized by the narrator's pervasive cynicism. However, amidst the sarcasm, the principal's actions reveal a surprising undercurrent of compassion, particularly evident in his interactions with children. This article proposes a compassionate reading of the text, positioning it within the framework of childhood history. The narrative, seen through the lens of childhood history, unveils a cultural shift in Iran during the first half of the 20th century, specifically in the realm of education. It explores the complexities of transitioning from child labor to formal schooling and the evolving perceptions of children as innocent, passive, and dependent. A key conflict in the novella revolves around the clash between Iranian patriarchy and the emerging concept of modern childhood. The principal grapples with adapting to a new model that places children at the center of societal and familial concerns. Despite attempts to prioritize children's welfare, the principal struggles to reconcile the demands of patriarchy with the evolving notion of childhood.
Make Theatre Playable
Authors: Torner Evan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This manifesto addresses the global decline in humanities investment by way of one of its relatively novel but underfunded sectors: “immersive” or playable theatre. While traditional, proscenium-based theatre faces a cultural crisis, immersive experiences and playable theatre continue to suffer from a lack of legitimacy. The manifesto emphasizes how pivotal such productions are to re-kindling passion for drama and literature among a new generation of theatre-goers accustomed to playable media. The time for long-term institutional support for the large tent called “immersive” is now.
Pedogenic carbonate as a transient soil component in a humid, temperate forest (Michigan, USA)
Authors: Kelson Julia R. , Huth Tyler E. , Andrews Kirsten , Bartleson Miriam N. , Cerling Thure E. , Jin Lixin , Salinas Matthew P. , Levin Naomi E. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In humid, continental Michigan, we identified pedogenic carbonate in a soil profile developed on glacial drift sediments, as rinds, rhizoliths, and filaments (at depths >50 cm). Given that the climate setting is unusual for pedogenic carbonate, we investigated its formation with environmental monitoring and isotope analyses of carbonate (δ13C, δ18O, Δ47, and 14C) and waters (δ18O and δ2H). We found covariation in δ13C and Δ47 amongst the carbonate types (rhizoliths, rinds, filaments, bulk soil, and detrital clasts), and 14C ages of rinds that predate plausible formation ages. The δ13C and Δ47 values of the bulk carbonate and some of the pedogenic morphologies are not fully compatible with pedogenic formation in the modern environment. The δ18O data from precipitation and river waters and from carbonates are not uniquely identifying; they are compatible with the soil carbonate being pedogenic, detrital, or a mix. We conclude that the soil carbonate is likely a physical mix of pedogenic and detrital carbonate. Pedogenic carbonate is forming in this humid setting, likely because seasonal cycles in soil respiration and temperature cause cycles of dissolution and re-precipitation of detrital and pedogenic carbonate. The pedogenic carbonate may be a transient feature as carbonate-rich till undergoes post-glacial chemical weathering.
DIGITALLY RESTRICTED SETS AND THE GOLDBACH CONJECTURE
Authors: CUMBERBATCH JAMES 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We show that for any set D of at least two digits in a given base b, almost all even integers taking digits only in D when written in base b satisfy the Goldbach conjecture. More formally, if

$\mathcal {A}$

is the set of numbers whose digits base b are exclusively from D, almost all elements of

$\mathcal {A}$

satisfy the Goldbach conjecture. Moreover, the number of even integers in

$\mathcal {A}$

which are less than X and not representable as the sum of two primes is less than

$|\mathcal {A}\cap \{1,\ldots ,X\}|^{1-\delta }$

.
First reports of White-finned flying fish, Cheilopogon arcticeps (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae) from Indian Ocean
Authors: Ray Dipanjan , Roy Sanmitra , Khatua Tapan , Mishra Subhrendu Sekhar , Mohapatra Anil 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Cheilopogon arcticeps (Günther, 1866) is recorded for the first time from the Indian coastal waters. Two specimens of C. arcticeps (158–167 mm SL) were collected from the Petuaghat fishing harbour of Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India. The present paper reports the species for the first time from Indian waters and thus, the distributional range of the species is extended from Western Pacific Ocean to the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean. This paper provides more detailed information on the taxonomy and morphometric of the poorly known species.
Brain–body dysconnectivity: deficient autonomic regulation of cortical function in first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: Sargent Kaia , Martinez Emily , Reed Alexandra , Guha Anika , Bartholomew Morgan , Diehl Caroline , Chang Christine , Salama Sarah , Subotnik Kenneth , Ventura Joseph , Nuechterlein Keith , Miller Gregory , Yee Cindy 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
An accumulating body of evidence indicates that peripheral physiological rhythms help regulate and organize large-scale brain activity. Given that schizophrenia (SZ) is characterized by marked abnormalities in oscillatory cortical activity as well as changes in autonomic function, the present study aimed to identify mechanisms by which central and autonomic nervous system deficits may be related. We evaluated phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) as a physiological mechanism through which autonomic nervous system (ANS) and central nervous system (CNS) activity are integrated and that may be disrupted in SZ.

Methods
PAC was measured between high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) as an index of parasympathetic activity and electroencephalography (EEG) oscillations in 36 individuals with first-episode SZ and 38 healthy comparison participants at rest.

Results
HRV-EEG coupling was lower in SZ in the alpha and theta bands, and HRV-EEG coupling uniquely predicted group membership, whereas HRV and EEG power alone did not. HRV-EEG coupling in the alpha band correlated with measures of sustained attention in SZ. Granger causality analyses indicated a stronger heart-to-brain effect than brain-to-heart effect, consistent across groups.

Conclusions
Lower HRV-EEG coupling provides evidence of deficient autonomic regulation of cortical activity in SZ, suggesting that patterns of dysconnectivity observed in brain networks extend to brain–body interactions. Deficient ANS–CNS integration in SZ may foster a breakdown in the spatiotemporal organization of cortical activity, which may contribute to core cognitive impairments in SZ such as dysregulated attention. These findings encourage pursuit of therapies targeting autonomic function for the treatment of SZ.
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination influence in the development of long-COVID clinical phenotypes
Authors: Pasculli Patrizia , Antonacci Michele , Zingaropoli Maria Antonella , Dominelli Federica , Ciccone Federica , Pandolfi Francesco , Fosso Ngangue Yann Collins , Masci Giorgio Maria , Campagna Roberta , Iafrate Franco , Panebianco Valeria , Catalano Carlo , Turriziani Ombretta , Galardo Gioacchino , Palange Paolo , Mastroianni Claudio Maria , Ciardi Maria Rosa 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Although SARS-CoV-2 vaccination reduces hospitalization and mortality, its long-term impact on Long-COVID remains to be elucidated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the different development of Long-COVID clinical phenotypes according to the vaccination status of patients. Clinical and demographic characteristics were assessed for each patient, while Long-COVID symptoms were self-reported and later stratified into distinct clinical phenotypes. Vaccination was significantly associated with the avoidance of hospitalization, less invasive respiratory support, and less alterations of cardiopulmonary functions, as well as reduced lasting lung parenchymal damage. However, no association between vaccination status and the development of at least one Long-COVID symptom was found. Nevertheless, clinical phenotypes were differently associated with vaccination status, as neuropsychiatric were more frequent in unvaccinated patients and cardiorespiratory symptoms were reported mostly in vaccinated patients. Different progression of disease could be at play in the different development of specific Long-COVID clinical phenotypes, as shown by the different serological responses between unvaccinated and vaccinated patients. A higher anti-Spike (S) antibody titre was protective for vaccinated patients, while it was detrimental for unvaccinated patients. A better understanding of the mechanism underlying the development of Long-COVID symptoms might be reached by standardized methodologies and symptom classification.