bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Clinical Effectiveness of 6 mm Diameter Implants
Authors: Anner R. , Better H. , Chaushu G. 
Published: June 2005

Background: Five‐ and 6 mm diameter screw‐type endosseous implants have been used for the last decade. While some studies have reported very promising results (94% to 98% success rate), others have demonstrated survival rates below those clinically acceptable (75% to 87%). Moreover, such implants have been associated with increased cervical bone resorption and thread exposure.Methods: Between June 1999 and July 2003, 43 patients received treatment with 6 mm diameter tapered hydroxyapatite (HA)‐coated implants. A total of 45 implants were placed. All patients were recalled annually after implant exposure. One patient was lost to follow‐up after 1 year. Forty‐four implants were evaluated at the recall examinations. All implants supported a fixed prosthesis; in the majority of patients (35 implants), it was a single‐tooth fixed prosthesis. The mean loading time was 23.4 months (range, 1 to 54 months).Results: No implants were lost during the loading period. The overall survival rate was 100%. Crestal bone remodeling was examined using periapical radiographs. After a mean of 23.4 months in function, only one implant presented bone loss beyond the first thread.Conclusions: This study showed that high survival rates can be obtained after prosthetic treatment with 6 mm‐wide tapered HA‐coated implants. Long‐term prospective studies are needed to confirm these results. J Periodontol 2005;76:1013‐1015.
Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Periodontal Applications of a Living Tissue‐Engineered Human Fibroblast‐ Derived Dermal Substitute. II. Comparison to the Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft: A Randomized Controlled Feasibility Study
Authors: Wilson Thomas G. , McGuire Michael K. , Nunn Martha E. 
Published: June 2005

Background: The subepithelial connective tissue graft, traditionally harvested from the patient's palate, is commonly used for root coverage in periodontal recession defects. This study evaluates the safety and effectiveness of a living human fibroblast‐derived dermal substitute (HF‐DDS) compared to a connective tissue graft (CTG) for root coverage in these situations.Methods: Thirteen patients were selected for this study. Each patient had Miller Class I or II bilateral facial recession defects ≥3 mm on two non‐adjacent teeth. The test tooth received an HF‐DDS graft, while a CTG was placed on the control site. The 10 test surgeries were performed by one operator and three pilot surgeries were performed by another surgeon. Eight of the HF‐DDS sites received a single thickness of material; five received a double thickness. Clinical measurements were taken at baseline; 1 week; and 1, 3, and 6 months following surgery. Parameters measured were plaque index, recession depth, clinical attachment levels, recession width, probing depth, and width of keratinized tissue. All clinical readings were taken by a masked, calibrated examiner.Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the test and control groups. The amount of root coverage was slightly greater for the control group than for the test group, but statistically the difference was insignificant. The width of the recession defect measured at the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) for the test group was slightly smaller than that of the control group at the conclusion of the study. The amount of keratinized tissue was the same in both groups at 6 months. The probing depth was slightly greater in the control group as was the gain in clinical attachment, but neither was statistically significant. The amount of root coverage obtained when one layer of HF‐DDS was used compared to the amount of coverage obtained when two layers were used approached statistical significance, but the small sample size may have been responsible for the difference.Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, the human fibroblast‐derived dermal substitute may offer potential as a substitute to the connective tissue graft for covering areas of facial Miller Class I or Class II gingival recession in humans. J Periodontol 2005;76:881‐889.
Association of T CD4 Lymphocyte Levels and Chronic Periodontitis in HIV‐Infected Brazilian Patients Undergoing Highly Active Anti‐Retroviral Therapy: Clinical Results
Authors: Gonçalves Lucio de Souza , Ferreira Sônia Maria Soares , Silva Arley , Villoria German Eduardo , Costinha Lúcia Helena , Colombo Ana Paula 
Published: June 2005

Background: Controversial data regarding the association between immunosuppression and prevalence/ severity of periodontal diseases in HIV infection have been reported. Thus, the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that lower T CD4 lymphocyte levels are not related to a higher prevalence of chronic periodontitis in HIV‐infected Brazilians undergoing highly active anti‐retroviral therapy (HAART).Methods: Sixty‐four HIV‐infected patients under HAART were classified as having chronic periodontitis; i.e., ≥three sites with probing depth (PD) and/or clinical attachment level (CAL) ≥5 mm or periodontal healthy (no sites with PD >3 mm and/or CAL >4 mm). All subjects received conventional periodontal therapy. Bleeding on probing, plaque accumulation, PD, and CAL were registered at six sites/tooth at baseline and 4 months after therapy. Epidemiological features and levels of T CD4 lymphocytes were obtained from medical records. Significance of differences in periodontal clinical parameters within and between groups were determined using Wilcoxon signed‐rank and Mann‐Whitney or independent sample t tests. Associations between T CD4 levels and clinical parameters were determined using the chi square test.Results: Sixty‐one percent of the HIV‐infected patients represented AIDS cases, although 69% of them were periodontally healthy. The overall T CD4 lymphocyte mean levels was 333 ± 254 cells/mm3 and viral load was 12,815 ± 24,607 copies/mm3. Yet the prevalence of chronic periodontitis was relatively low (36%). In addition, patients with periodontitis presented a moderate disease (mean PD = 2.2 ± 0.10; mean CAL = 2.6 ± 0.13) and responded successfully to periodontal therapy. These subjects showed higher levels of T CD4 cells, but lower counts of neutrophils than periodontally healthy patients. Among periodontally healthy and chronic periodontitis patients, 41.7% and 22.9%, respectively, had low levels of T CD4 lymphocytes. No significant differences between periodontal status and epidemiological and immunological parameters were observed.Conclusion: Based on these results, the hypothesis that lower T CD4 lymphocyte levels are not associated with higher prevalence of chronic periodontitis in HIV‐infected Brazilians under HAART cannot be rejected. J Periodontol 2005;76:915‐922.
Determination of Smoking and Obesity as Periodontitis Risks Using the Classification and Regression Tree Method
Authors: Nishida Nobuko , Tanaka Muneo , Hayashi Naoji , Nagata Hideki , Takeshita Tatsuya , Nakayama Kunio , Morimoto Kanehisa , Shizukuishi Satoshi 
Published: June 2005

Background: A model that focuses on personal risk factors associated with poor lifestyle has been proposed for the etiology of generalized periodontitis. Numerous investigations have linked individual lifestyle‐related factors to periodontitis risk; however, a definite relationship among lifestyle‐related factors remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine which lifestyle‐related factors demonstrated the greater impact on periodontitis risk.Methods: The association of lifestyle‐related factors, such as smoking status and obesity, with periodontitis was assessed in 372 Japanese workers via a self‐administered questionnaire. Smoking status and obesity were evaluated in terms of packyears and body mass index (BMI), respectively. Clinical periodontal examination included probing depth (PD). The effective impact on periodontitis risk was analyzed by the classification and regression tree (CART) method and multiple logistic regression analysis.Results: Simple logistic regression analyses revealed that factors such as age, gender, alcohol consumption, smoking status, BMI, and frequency of toothbrushing were associated with periodontitis. CART results demonstrated a significant correlation between periodontitis and pack‐years, BMI, and age; in contrast, alcohol consumption, gender, and toothbrushing frequency were not correlated with periodontitis. The strongest factor for periodontitis risk was pack‐years of smoking. Additionally, both pack‐years and BMI exhibited clear dose‐response relationships with periodontitis. These relationships were maintained despite adjustment for known confounding factors.Conclusions: Smoking displays the greatest impact on periodontitis among lifestyle‐related factors. Both smoking and obesity are independent risk indicators for periodontitis; moreover, these parameters exhibit a dose‐response relationship with respect to periodontitis risk. J Periodontol 2005;76:923‐928.
Cyclooxygenase‐2‐Dependent Prostaglandin (PG) E2 Downregulates Matrix Metalloproteinase‐3 Production via EP2/EP4 Subtypes of PGE2 Receptors in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells Stimulated With Interleukin‐1α
Authors: Yan Mingming , Noguchi Kazuyuki , Ruwanpura Senarath M.P.M. , Ishikawa Isao 
Published: June 2005

Background: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which exerts its actions via EP receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4), is a bioactive metabolite produced by cyclooxygenase (COX)‐1 and/or COX‐2 from arachidonic acid. In the present study, we investigated whether COX‐2‐derived PGE2 regulated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐3 production in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells stimulated with interleukin (IL)‐1α and which EP receptors were involved in PGE2 regulation of IL‐1α‐induced MMP‐3 production.Methods: Human PDL cells obtained from periodontally healthy subjects were stimulated with vehicle or IL‐1α in the presence or absence of indomethacin (a COX‐1/COX‐2 inhibitor), NS‐398 (a specific COX‐ 2 inhibitor), PGE2, EP receptor agonists, dibutyryl cAMP, and forskolin. PGE2 levels were assayed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MMP‐3 levels and caseinolytic activities were evaluated by ELISA and casein zymography, respectively.Results: IL‐1α enhanced both MMP‐3 and PGE2 production. Indomethacin and NS‐398 enhanced IL‐1α‐induced MMP‐3 production in PDL cells, to the same extent, although both the agents completely inhibited IL‐1α‐induced PGE2 production. Exogenous PGE2 reduced IL‐1α‐induced MMP‐3 production in a dose‐dependent manner. Butaprost, a selective EP2 agonist, and ONO‐AE1‐329, a selective EP4 agonist, significantly inhibited IL‐1α‐induced MMP‐3 production, although butaprost was less potent than ONO‐AE‐1‐329. Dibutyryl cAMP, a cAMP analog, and forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator, significantly inhibited IL‐1α‐stimulated MMP‐3 production in PDL cells.Conclusions: These data suggest that COX‐2‐dependent PGE2 downregulates IL‐1α‐elicited MMP‐3 production by cAMP‐dependent pathways via EP2/EP4 receptors in human PDL cells. cAMP‐elevating agents such as EP2/EP4 receptor activators may regulate the destruction of extracellular matrix components in periodontal tissue. J Periodontol 2005;76:929‐935.
Ability of Examiners to Estimate the Pain Experienced by Patients From Probing During Initial Periodontal Examination
Authors: Al‐Ajmix Mohammed , Bogle Gary , Cole Rick , Rathbun Eugene , Riggs Matt , Egelberg Jan 
Published: June 2005

Background: The aims of the present study were to identify the level of pain experienced by patients from probing during periodontal examination, and to determine to what extent the examining periodontist and the dental assistant could estimate the degree of pain experienced by the patients.Methods: For each of three periodontists, 20 patients referred for periodontal diagnosis and treatment were selected. The periodontist carried out his examination, which included probing at six sites per tooth. Following probing, the patients rated the pain using a visual analog scale (VAS). The periodontist and the dental assistant who helped out during the examination independently rated the pain level they perceived that each patient experienced, also using a VAS.Results: Most patients showed low pain responses to probing. However, using an arbitrary threshold of VAS ≥40 mm to indicate significant pain, some patients had a painful experience. Differences were observed between the pain levels expressed by the three groups of patients. While two of the three periodontists were able to appraise the pain experienced by their patients, the third was not.Conclusions: It seems important that the periodontist at the first encounter with the patient should be sensitive to the discomfort the examination may entail. This may influence the patients' decision to accept the required treatment, and may also affect the patients' attitude to and co‐operation with the subsequent treatment. J Periodontol 2005;76:985‐990.
Enhanced Root Planing and Systemic Metronidazole Administration Improve Clinical and Microbiological Outcomes in a Two‐Step Treatment Procedure
Authors: Sigusch Bernd W. , Güntsch Arndt , Pfitzner Anne , Glockmann Eike 
Published: June 2005

Background: Recently we described a non‐surgical two‐step treatment concept, in which we distinguished between a first scaling and root planing step (SRP) and an additional second enhanced root planing step (ERP). Until now it is difficult to determine how often a root surface should be instrumented during ERP.Methods: The aim of the present study was to investigate the outcomes after different root planing intensities during ERP in 37 patients with aggressive periodontitis after SRP. During ERP a full‐mouth root planing was performed. The patients were randomly assigned to one of two root planing regimens (group 1, N = 12 and group 2, N = 11), based on number of curet strokes per root surface (instrumentation frequency, IF) and probing depth. Group 1: PD 1 to 3.5 mm, 4 IF (for group 2, 8 IF); PD 4 to 6 mm, 8 IF (group 2, 14 IF); PD 6.5 to 9 mm, 12 IF (group 2, 20 IF); and PD >9 mm, 16 IF (group 2, 24 IF). Group 3 patients (controls; N = 14) received only the initial SRP. All three groups received the same adjunctive systemic antibiotic treatment.Results: In all groups, the results showed statistically significant differences in PD and clinical attachment level (CAL) after 6 and 24 months compared to baseline data. Compared with the controls, a significant reduction in PD was observed in groups 1 and 2. The reduction in mean PD was distinctly greater in group 2 (higher IF). Furthermore, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) were completely suppressed in group 2 after 24 months.Conclusions: The present results show that the extent of root planing has a distinct influence on treatment outcomes. Patients treated with the highest instrumentation frequency showed the best long‐term results. J Periodontol 2005;76:991‐997.
Epidemiology and clinical picture of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Authors: Way Anthony B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV‐1) infection which causes the terminal Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is one of the major new pandemics of this millenium. This infection is believed to be a zoonosis which achieved sustained transmission among humans because of recent increases in sexual promiscuity and needle‐sharing drug use. Although the HIV‐1 epidemic is of relatively recent onset, its modes of transmission have been clearly defined: sexual relations, blood injection, and childbirth. Other possible transmission methods such as non‐sexual social interaction and insects have been explicitly excluded. Susceptibility is increased by genital ulcers and lack of male circumcision but probably not by genetic factors or female circumcision. Transmissibility is also increased by genital ulcers and, more importantly, by the stage of disease. Progression by stages to fatal diseases will probably occur in most, if not all, infected individuals, usually within a decade. While HIV‐1 has a direct effect on the intestinal track and the central nervous system, its primary effect is suppression of the immune system resulting in overwhelming secondary infections and, less clearly, cancers. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 infection is incurable and is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. Although life‐prolonging treatments have been developed, a vaccine will likely not be available in the foreseeable future. Like most previous new epidemic diseases, HIV‐1 infection is being and will continue to be modified by changing human behavior patterns.
Lymphocyte alloantigenic challenge as a potential cofactor in HIV infection and progression to AIDS
Authors: Hoff Charles , Peterson Raymond D. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA hypothesis is developed that circulatory exposure to alloantigens found on lymphocytes triggers a series of events leading to suppression of the cell‐mediated arm of the immune system and, therefore, that such alloantigenic challenge can be an important cofactor promoting infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and development of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) following infection. The explanatory model that is developed is based in large part on current knowledge of the results of fetal lymphocyte alloantigenic challenge of the maternal immune system. It is our contention that the maternal response which leads to suppression of cell‐mediated immunity is a mechanism promoting survival of the fetal “allograft,” and that this mechanism is an evolutionary adaptation in humans and other placental mammals. We also hypothesize that circulatory exposure to these same alloantigens leads to an immunosuppressive state which enhances survival of HIV in an exposed individual and augments the immunosuppressive action of HIV in promoting progression to clinical AIDS. Findings from studies of individuals who are at risk for exposure to lymphocyte alloantigenic challenge and from HIV infected patients are reviewed and discussed in light of this hypothesis.
High prevalence of human T‐lymphotropic virus type I infection in isolated populations of the Western Pacific region confirmed by Western immunoblot
Authors: Garruto R. M. , Slover M. , Yanagihara R. , Mora C. A. , Alexander S. S. , Asher D. M. , Rodgers‐Johnson P. , Gajdusek D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHigh prevalences of antibodies against human T‐lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I), as confirmed by Western immunoblot, were found in several remote indigenous populations of the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu and in some isolated populations of New Guinea that had no contact with Japanese or Africans and little contact with Caucasians prior to our bleedings. By contrast, zero or very low prevalences of HTLV‐I infection were found in Guamanians and Carolinians, despite more than 30 years of intense contact with the Japanese. A total of 1,601 sera, collected between 1963 and 1981 from 21 population groups in the Western Pacific, was tested by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG antibodies to HTLV‐I. By ELISA, prevalences of antibodies against HTLV‐I ranged from zero to 50%. Seropositivity could be confirmed in only 12.5% of 48 ELISA‐positive sera selected for testing by Western immunoblot. However, the confirmed HTLV‐I seroprevalences in some Melanesian populations were still as high as those found in HTLV‐I‐endemic regions, such as southwestern Japan and the Caribbean basin. HTLV‐I prevalences were similar among males and females, and acquisition of antibodies increased with age. Our data indicate that infections with HTLV‐I or a related retrovirus have been widespread in the southwestern Pacific for over 25 year in populations with minimal outside contact, while some populations which had extensive Japanese contact have no evidence of infection. Furthermore, based on the high frequency of indeterminate Western immunoblots, we conclude that in Melanesia this may represent either incomplete specific reactivity to HTLV‐I or the existence of an antigenic variant of HTLV‐I, distinct from prototype Japanese, American, and European HTLV‐I strains.
Validity of single‐site and multi‐site models for estimating body composition of women using near‐infrared interactance
Authors: Heyward Vivian H. , Jenkins Kathy A. , Cook Kelly L. , Hicks Virginia L. , Quatrochi Joseph A. , Wilson Wendy L. , Going Scott B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop a multi‐site near‐infrared (NIR) model (Model I) and compare its predictive accuracy to single‐site models (IIA and IIB). In Model I, the sum of two optical density (OD) measures (Σ2OD), age, body weight, height, and physical activity level were used as potential predictors of body density (Db). In Model IIA, the variables used in the manufacturer's NIR equation (biceps OD1 and OD2, body weight, height, gender, and physical activity level) were the potential predictors. This model was modified by including age as an additional potential predictor in Model IIB. We also examined the test‐retest reliability and interrelationships of OD measures taken at 10 anatomical sites, as well as the validity of the manufacturer's NIR equation, for estimating body composition of women. The subjects, 148 women between 20 and 72 years, were hydrostatically weighed to determine criterion Db. The Futrex‐5000 was used to measure OD1 and OD2 at 10 anatomical sites. Only two sites (pectoral OD2 and biceps OD2) contributed significantly to the variance in Db. Thus, the sum of these two ODs (Σ2OD), was used as a potential predictor in the multi‐site model. Test‐retest reliability was high, with intraclass correlation coefficients ≥0.85 for many of the OD measurements. Intercorrelations of ODs ranged from 0.22 to 0.91. In the multi‐site model (I), ΣOD, body weight, age, and height were significant predictors, accounting for 85.7% of the variance in Db. The SEE was 0.0076 g/ml or 3.3% BF. In the manufacturer's model (IIA), biceps OD2, body weight, and height accounted for 76.3% of the variance in Db, and the SEE was 0.0094 g/ml (4.1% BF). When age was included as a predictor (Model IIB), the R2 increased (86.0%) and the SEE (0.0073 g/ml or 3.1% BF) decreased substantially. Cross‐validation of the three equations yielded r2s ranging between 0.688 (Model IIA) and 0.748 (Model I) and slightly larger SEEs (0.0094–0.001048 g/ml). There were no significant differences between average criterion Db and predicted Db for each equation. The manufacturer's equation programmed in the Futrex‐5000 yielded a lower r2 (0.55), higher SEE (5.61% BF), and significantly underestimated criterion % BF by an average of 3% BF. Either the multi‐site (model I) or single‐site (Model IIB) equations is recommended to estimate body composition of this population. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.