bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The long, the short, and the less
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With good sleepers of any age there will be some who naturally sleep longer or shorter than the average, and I am excluding those who have insomnia. For adults aged between 20 and 70 years, the average sleep is between 7 and 8 hours a night, and this is what we found in our study of 400 people (see Chapter 12). In fact, the average sleep length was about 7 hours 10 minutes for men and 7 hours 30 minutes for women. Women reporting sleeping around 20 minutes longer than men is a common finding worldwide. Figure 15 shows the distribution of this sleep for all our participants, who reported their nightly sleep lengths for a total of 5,718 nights out of the possible 6,000.
Are we chronically sleep deprived?
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So began the British Medical Journal editorial of 29 September 1894 (p 719). All that needs to be done is to change the writing style a little to fit the modern idiom and the message is fit for today!
Increasingly, it is being claimed that seven to seven and a half hours of sleep per night, typical for many healthy adults, is insufficient, and that chronic sleep debt is becoming endemic in western populations. Seemingly, many of us are largely unaware of this apparent chronic sleepiness, and to avoid this state of affairs we should be taking up to nine hours of daily sleep. It is perhaps ironic that, whereas many physicians are prepared to believe a patient’s self- diagnosis of insomnia, and then to prescribe treatment without any further assessment, a healthy person not complaining of sleepiness or inadequate sleep may have this opinion disregarded in favour of a chronic sleep debt and be professionally advised to take more sleep.
On Horseback Through Asia Minor
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the savage winter of 1876 Captain Frederick Burnaby rode 1,000 miles eastwards from Constantinople to see for himself what the Russians were up to in this remote corner of the Great Game battelfield. With wars between Turkey and Russia imminent, he wanted to discover, among other things, whether the Sultan's armies were capable of resisting a determined Tsarist thrust towards Constantinople. Frederick Gustav Burnaby was no ordinary officer. For a start he was reputed to be the strongest man in the British Army. Nor was he all brawn, being fluent in seven languages and possessing a vigorous and colourful prose style--as readers of this Great Game classic will discover. With his servant Radford, he spent five months riding across some of the cruellest winter landscape in the world before hastening home to write this best-seller.
chapter VIII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE road became more level. We encountered caravans of camels, the animals not being led by a cord attached to a peg through the nose, but by a halter loosely fastened round the neck.
They were fine beasts and covered with shaggy hair. This, I was informed, is cut off them at certain seasons in the year, and is then converted into a material for tents and rugs. Each caravan was headed by a man riding a donkey, the pace of the latter being if anything a little superior to that of the huge camels behind them.
We continued along the left bank of the river Sakaria, a rapid stream, sixty yards wide and with steep banks; presently we crossed it on a stone bridge, very much out of repair. The centre part had fallen away. This had been replaced by wooden beams covered with loose earth. Presently we came to a large valley abounding with corn, vines, and mulberrytrees, and I halted for the night in the village of Geiweh. The Mudir, a sort of local mayor, came out to meet us, and insisted that I should be his guest. He was a very communicative man, and informed me that Yakoob Khan was about to bring an army of 50,000 men to assist the Sultan.
chapter XIII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BY this time the guests had consumed many cigarettes, smoked numerous Nargilehs, and drank freely of the liqueurs. The host, rising, proposed that we should adjourn to the dining-room. There we found three musicians with instruments much resembling banjos.
“We are to have some music,” said the Bey, the Pacha’s son, who was one of the guests. “I am afraid that it will not be much to your taste. Our melodies are very different to those which you are accustomed to hear in Europe.”
He was quite right; Turkish melodies are very different. There is a wildness and pathos about many of them which strikes the stranger accustomed to the more regular measure which distinguishes European music. Now they resounded so plaintively that the guests involuntarily ceased talking. Another instant the instruments, bursting forth with a startling crash, half deafened us with the clamour.
chapter XXVI
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE following day I walked across the square to the prison. I had not said anything to the authorities in Sivas about my intended visit to this establishment. I wished to see it under its everyday aspect, and at the same time to find out if there were so many Christians prisoners as the Armenians in Yuzgat would have had me believe.
I found the gaoler seated in the doorway, he was smoking a long pipe.
“Can I see the prison?” I asked. “Certainly, Effendi.”
Going before me, he led the way to a lofty but narrow room. Here there were twenty-seven prisoners, clothed in rags and tatters; each man had his wrist fastened to his instep by a light iron chain. No gaoler slept in this room with the prisoners. They would not have had any difficulty in freeing themselves from their manacles had they tried to do so.
chapter XXVIII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE following day I rode to an Armenian monastery, which is known by the name of the Monastery of Nishan or of the Cross. It stands on a rising slope, about two miles from Sivas. Its Gothic towers, more than 500 years old, look down upon the town and neighbouring villages, and can be seen for many miles around.
A large garden, over thirty acres in extent, enclosed by a high wall made of dry clay, supplies the monks with fruit and vegetables. It bounds the monastery upon one side; on the other there are several farms, which furnish cattle, sheep, and such other live stock as may be required.
A long low passage with damp walls led the way, with many a winding turn, to the apartment which had been reserved for my use.
chapter XXXI
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE baggage-horse was very little the worse for his long march of ten hours on the previous day. Yarbasan was not a lively place to stop at; I determined to push on to Divriki.
We passed a range of hills-red-coloured stones lying in profusion along the track-and, descending a deep incline, arrived on the banks of the river Dumrudja (Kumer Su), a rapid stream, here about fifty yards wide. A quantity of wood was floating on the waters. This had been cut in the pine-forests higher up the channel, and afterwards been tossed into the river to find its way to Divriki. There was no bridge over the stream, the water being more than four feet deep. A consultation took place amongst the Zaptiehs.
chapter XLV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT was bitterly cold at Erzeroum. The thermometer had fallen below zero. The half-clad recruits could be seen running up and down in front of their barracks, endeavouring to keep themselves warm. There were at that time about 12,000 troops in the town. The number was continually changing, every week fresh battalions of redifs arrived from the interior, and then the older soldiers were marched off in the direction of Bayazid, Kars, or Ardahan.
chapter XLVI
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHEN I arrived at Mr. Zohrab’s residence, I found that gentleman and his boys, two English-looking lads with ruddy cheeks, prepared for a journey to the centre of the earth, if the subterranean passage would only lead us there; and riding by a Turkish cemetery, which is just on the outskirts of Erzeroum, we proceeded onward towards our destination-a hill a short distance from the walls of the city.
chapter LII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WE turned our backs upon Mount Ararat, and, ascending a low range of hills covered with loose rocks and boulders, arrived at a Yezeed (devil-worshippers) village. The houses were built in the sides of a hill. Cone-shaped huts made of tezek, and filled with that fuel, showed that the inhabitants had no objection to heat in this world, however hot they might expect to be in the next.
chapter LVI
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I ARRIVED at the bazaar. It is a very large building, arched over in many places, and here and there is constructed of bricks. It was a hot afternoon. The bazaar was delightfully cool; many of the inhabitants had gone there merely with the object of lying in the shade. At almost every step we took, we came upon the forms of some recumbent Persians. It was rather dark. The idlers’ ribs must have suffered. A muttered curse would be the only sign of the men’s disgust; they would turn over and be asleep again in another minute.
chapter LVIII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE following morning I walked with the commandant to see the artillery at practice. The drill was fairly done. The guns were horsed with fine-looking animals from 15-3 to 16 hands high, mostly greys, and brought from European Turkey. The officer who commanded took great pride in his battery. A few hours after the drill was over, he accompanied me through the stables. The steel was bright, and the harness In the official’s opinion 23,000 liras would cover the entire loss; and from what I afterwards saw of the ruins of the bazaar, and judging from the small area over which they extended, I am inclined to believe that he had fairly estimated the damage. The Armenian newspapers, probably instigated by Russian agents, had declared that the Turkish troops stationed in Van had first set fire to the bazaar, and then pillaged it in the confusion. The commissioner, after the most searching inquiries, was unable to discover that the troops were in any way implicated in the affair. Several Armenians kept petroleum and lucifer matches in their warehouses: his idea was that the fire originated either by spontaneous combustion, or through some one accidentally dropping a lighted match.
chapter LXI
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MY landlord was not a sweet creature to look upon. The sheik who was his guest had a still more forbidding countenance; the latter gentleman, with his deep-set eyes, high, narrow forehead, coming almost to a point where it reached his skull, and long cockatoo-like nose, having a very demoniacal appearance. My host had two daughters, who had been deputed to wait upon the sheikh. They followed him about like spaniels, and vied with each other in obeying his commands.
Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Siberry Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, the immediate threat of a Turkish invasion of central Europe had passed. It was therefore possible to take a more relaxed view of the Muslim East. The letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689– 1762), wife of a British ambassador to the Ottoman court at Constantinople, which described details of Turkish life, proved popular when published in 1763, and there was a club known as the Divan Club, reserved for those such as the elegant Sir Francis Dashwood (1708–81), who had been to the Ottoman Empire.
Danger and Desperation
Authors: Robinson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poor Mrs Judson: there was nothing she could do but endure the loneliness. For some women—like the lady from whom you will hear first—the whole business of being an emigrant involved endurance. Being away from home was a bloody nuisance from start to (longed-for) finish, and the best way to get through it was to close the eyes, grit the teeth, lie back, and think of England.
Fascism
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When this century was stillyoung, a brand-new ideological force which came to be known as ‘fascism’ burst upon a Europe just recovering from the body-blows of the First World War and the Russian Revolution. Before long it had brutally put paid to any dreams which liberals, democratic socialists, and communists might have had that a new era of international progress and harmony had dawned in the wake of so much pointless suffering and death. It might have seemed that after the horrors of Nazism and the Second World War the time of fascism had passed, yet it hassurvived to become a permanent, if generally highly marginalized, partof the political subcultures of most Westemized countries. Indeed, as we approach the end of the twentieth century it appears to be actually increasing in virulence wherever local socio-economic conditions fail to sustain the ideal of the multiethnic civil society. It even shows signs of contaminating the discourse of a number of party politicians of the extreme and not-so-extreme right on matters of immigration and cultural identity.
Ugo spirito, Fascist Corporativlsm as the Key to a New International Order
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinctiveness of the new corporative concept when compared to liberalism and socialism can perhaps be seen best in the international sphere. If the term international is taken to mean in concrete terms the relationship between nations, it can definitely be asserted that only under corporativism can there be any serious talk of an ‘International’. The liberal and socialist international were really only anti-national. The truth of this assertion is demonstrated especially in economics, where the major problem has emerged and various solutions have been attempted. The laissezfaire school of traditional economics denied the existence of frontiers and therefore of nations: at least as far as everything to do with economic life is concerned (that is, the immediately concrete and visible interests of each citizen), the nation has no significance.
Introduction
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
he General Introduction to this volume has already set out the criteria which have been used to distinguish fascist from non-fascist movements. Accordingly Part III omits the many authoritarian and ‘para-fascist’ regimes so often referred to asfascist, especially by the left, such as Franco’s Spain and Peron’s Argentina. It also ignores the ‘foreign’ Fascist and Nazi groups which could be found wherever there were significant concentrationsof expatriate Italians and Germans (which could be as far afield as the USA, Canada, and Australia). Similarly it takes no account of the essentially mimetic (and in the main negligible) fascist movements modelled on Fascism or Nazism which surfaced in the inter-war period in countries not referred to here, such as Iceland, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Switzerland, even if the Sudeten-German and Austrian Nazi groups came to have a major role on political events. As for other movements closely associated with fascism: the Austrian Heimwehren (home defence leagues) have been omitted because in the main they stopped short of full-blown fascism, allowing themselves to be absorbed by the para-fascist regime of Dollfuss and Schuschnigg.
Towards a Critical Sociology of Freedom
Authors: Rose Nikolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to propose that we distinguish freedom as a formula of resistance from freedom as a formula of power. I want to suggest some ways of understanding freedom in this second sense: freedom as it has been articulated into norms and principles for organizing our experience of our world and of ourselves; free¬ dom as it is realised in certain ways of exercising power over others; freedom as it has been articulated into certain rationales for practising in relation to ourselves. My concern, that is to say, is with freedom as it has been made technological. A critical sociology of freedom in this sense would examine the various ways in which these relations between power and freedom have been established.
Narratives of Class
Authors: Joyce Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent research on the vocabulary of class suggests that this did not emanate chiefly from the new economic conditions and outlook of rapid industrialisation.’ The political context seems to have been crucial, particularly that of the period of the Napoleonic Wars (for the designation ‘middle class’) and that of the Reform agitation of the early 1830s, in which ‘middle’ and ‘working’ classes became equally prominent. Moderate opposition to war split the ranks of property, the liberal Friends of Peace, for instance, being led from the idea of a political middle to that of an economistic social middle as the putative hinge around which society was articulated. Appropriated by the Liberal opposition in the 1790s, Dror Wahrman argues that the terms of class had by the 1810s become directed against radicalism; the term ‘middle class’, for instance, be¬ coming politically tamer, and associated less with social critique and more with political stability and conservatism. In the early 1830s all political sides sought to appropriate the notion of the ‘middle class’ for themselves. Class identities were, therefore, a product of arguments about meanings, arguments which were primarily political in character. Class does not seem to have been the collective cultural experience of new economic classes produced by the Industrial Revolution.
Not One of the Family: The Repression of the Other Woman in Feminist Theory
Authors: Michie Helena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feminism has come to occupy a contradictory place with regard to the family and to the familial drama at the heart of all psychoanlytic and some sociological accounts of gender. Accused by their critics of being am family, feminists have become, in the idiom that will be explored here, home-wreckers. Certainly the dominant metaphors of feminist critiques of society are familial in origin: the world ‘patriarchy’ itself, familiarly ensconced at the center of the feminist lexicon, locates power in literal and metaphorical fatherhood and defines the family as the scene, if not the source, of women’s oppression.
Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses
Authors: Mohanty Chandra Talpade 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any discussion of the intellectual and political construction of ‘third world feminisms’ must address itself to two simultaneous projects: the internal critique of hegemonic ‘western’ feminisms, and the formulation of autonomous, geographically, historically. and culturally grounded feminist concerns and strategies. The first project is one of deconstructing and dismantling; the second, one of building and constructing. while these projects appear to be contradictory, the one working negatively and the other positively, unless these two tasks are addressed simultaneously, ‘child world’ feminisms run the risk of marginalization or ghettoization from both mainstream (right and left) and Western feminist discourses.
Sorties
Authors: Cixous Helene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How come this privileged relationship with voice? Because no woman piles up as many defenses against instinctual drives as a man does. You don’t prop things up, you don’t brick things up the way he does, you don’t withdraw from pleasure so ‘prudently’. Even if phallic mystification has contaminated good relations in general, woman is never far from the ‘mm her’ (I do nm mean the role but the ‘mother’ as no name and as source of goods). There is always at least a Linley good mother milk left in her. She writes with white ink.
Slim and Sexy: Modern Woman’s Holy Grail
Authors: Coward Rosalind 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is inevitable, when considering the subject of how and why women accept traditional sternal roles, that the subject of sexual behaviours itself should also come up. After all. this is the point where men and women come together and where the foundation for later se1,.ual roles is laid. Traditionalists have it that underneath our complex social structure there is a simple natural instinct, saying we should look no further for an explanation as to why women collude with men in keeping to predictable male and female roles. It ought to be easy to challenge such simplistic biological explanations, but some aspects of recent seual behaviour make this challenge harder.
The Psychology of Nazism
Authors: Fromm Erich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The German-born popular psychologist Erich Fromm began life as a disciple of Freud, but became more and more interested in the social and cultural determinants of personality. His analysis attempts to balance discussion of the material factors leading to the establishment of the regime with awareness of the psychological and cultural factors, in which connection his discussion of the impact of the First World War is particularly interesting.In contrast to the negative or resigned attitude of the working class and of the liberal and Catholic bourgeoisie, the Nazi ideology was ardently greeted by the lower strata of the middle class, composed of small shopkeepers, artisans, and white-collar workers.
Post-war Society and National Socialism: Memory, Amnesia, Defensiveness
Authors: Benz Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Awareness of central aspects of National Socialism was repressed by broad sectors of the population after 1945; other central aspects reproduced themselves, in different ways, in post-war attitudes and culture. Both processes shaped public and private memories of the Third Reich and were central in the consolidation of exculpatory responses to it, as Wolfgang Benz analyses here.The collapse of the National Socialist regime was followed by a phase of public memory and mental working through of what had happened. From 1945 on, this found its expression on a literary level in numerous published memoirs from the persecuted and the resistance along with a contemplative literature by authors from Romano Guardini to Alfred Weber.
The Historikerstreit in Context
Authors: Baldwin Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter Baldwin, although agreeing with Geoff Eley that the Historikerstreit reflected issues which were rooted in the West German present rather than the Nazi past, is inclined to see a more complex and shifting set of alignments at play than that which a simple Left-Right political division would suggest; like Eley, he takes the virulence of the discussion—although in itself often unedifying—as positive evidence that the National Socialist era continues to occupy a prominent place in contemporary public consciousness.