bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optic nerve cysticercosis
Authors: Bajaj Mandeep S , Pushker Neelam 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCysticercosis of the optic nerve is an extremely rare entity and only seven cases have been reported in the world literature. A case of optic nerve cysticercosis in a 25‐year‐old woman is reported, along with a review of literature. The patient presented with two episodes of pain, diminution of vision and proptosis. Computed tomography and ultrasonography revealed an intraneural cyst with scolex in the retrobulbar portion of the optic nerve. A positive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay test for cysticercosis further confirmed the diagnosis. Medical therapy in the form of oral albendazole and steroids resulted in complete resolution of the cyst, with few visual sequelae.
Septic superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis
Authors: Walker James C , Sandhu Avinda , Pietris George 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn illustrative case of septic superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis secondary to a staphylococcus orbital cellulitis is presented and correlated with autopsy findings. A literature review and discussion of the risks and benefits of anti­coagulation in this setting is outlined.
Institutions to sustain ecological and social systems
Authors: Brunckhorst David J. 
Published: March 2003

Summary The foundation for a sustainable future is the continuation of ecological processes and functions across landscapes dominated by human activity; whether hunter‐gathering, agriculture, pastoralism, suburban living, commercial and industrial centres or wilderness recreation. However, actions to sustain ecological systems, flows and functions must be integrated across the human dimensions of regional landscapes. Such regions encompass natural areas, human living places and a mosaic of other land uses. Institutional change is required to develop new organizational forms, adjust policies and develop adaptive capacity to demonstrate restoration and maintenance of all forms of social, economic and ecological capital. No matter where on the globe, future sustainability will depend on the system of resource governance that mediates the relationship between the society and the economy and, in contrast, the continuation of ecosystem functional processes. The present article examines the forms of capital, social and institutional change that need to be considered to make progress towards sustainable futures. The discussion further considers the spatial management context in which these interweaved social, ecological and economic processes take place.Key words ecological, forms of capital, governance, institutions, landscape,

social.
Examination compliance and screening for diabetic retinopathy: a 2‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Lee Sue J , Sicari Catia , Harper C Alex , Livingston Patricia M , McCarty Catherine A , Taylor Hugh R , Keeffe Jill E 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTEarly detection and timely treatment of diabetic retinopathy can preserve vision, yet many people with diabetes do not have their eyes examined regularly. The purpose of this study was to examine eye care practices of people with diabetes who had not previously accessed eye care services on a regular basis. Screening with non‐mydriatic retinal photography for diabetic retinopathy was initiated in 1996, and targeted people with diabetes who did not access eye care services on a regular basis. Each test area was revisited 2 years after the initial screening. Patients that did not attend the biennial screening were followed up by mail survey. Although none of the participants in this study had been previously accessing eye care services on a regular basis, 87% did so after attending the screening. These results indicate that mobile screening with non‐mydriatic photography, as an adjunct to current eye care services, has the potential to increase examination compliance for diabetic retinopathy and to achieve sustained behaviour change.
Insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate‐1 in rat retinae
Authors: Gosbell AD , Favilla I , Baxter KM , Jablonski P 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTInsulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1) is a major cytosolic substrate of the insulin receptor. Expression of insulin receptor and IRS‐1, and the distribution of these components of the insulin‐signalling pathway, were investigated in rat retinae. Insulin receptor and IRS‐1 were located in retinal sections with anti‐insulin receptor and anti‐IRS‐1 antibodies. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) of retinal mRNA was performed with primers specific for insulin receptor and IRS‐1 gene sequences. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated distinct but closely associated staining patterns for insulin receptor and IRS‐1 throughout rat retinae. The RT‐PCR product from rat retinal insulin receptor mRNA corresponded to the high affinity insulin receptor isoform. The RT‐PCR product for retinal IRS‐1 mRNA agreed with that predicted from the gene sequence. The expression of IRS‐1 and insulin receptors indicates a signalling mechanism by which insulin can influence retinal metabolism or function.
A measure of handicap for low vision rehabilitation: the impact of vision impairment profile
Authors: Hassell Jb , Weih Lm , PhD Je Keeffe 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThis study aims to further develop the Impact of Vision Impairment (IVI) profile into a practical, valid instrument for use in low vision rehabilitation. The IVI item pool was derived from focus groups of people with impaired vision, relevant content of existing quality of life questionnaires, and the administration of two trial versions. The second trial version of IVI was administered to 256 people who were vision impaired. Items were deleted if they were of little or no concern or were unable to be performed by most people, had moderate to high inter‐item correlation, or did not contribute to a factor in the factor analysis. Two items were deleted due to floor and ceiling effects, 11 due to moderate to high inter‐item correlation r≥ 0.6. None were removed as a result of factor analysis. The first three factors explained 59% of the variance. This reduced version of the IVI, a tool able to determine rehabilitation needs for people who are vision impaired, will now undergo its final validation procedures.
Management and prognosis of end‐stage glaucoma
Authors: Gillies William E , Brooks Anne Mv , Strang Nicole T 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT Purpose: We followed, for a long term, end‐stage glaucoma patients as defined by the level of legal blindness. Methods: Follow up was for 7.7 ± 1.8 years (range 2–9) for 22 patients (13 men and nine women) having 32 eyes with functional vision. Age at exit was 74.6 ± 15.5 years (range 33–89). Humphrey computerized perimetry and applanation tonometry were used throughout. We attempted to hold intraocular pressure below 15 mmHg using as much medical therapy as required. Results: All visual fields were less than 10° diameter at exit, but at entry seven eyes of six patients still had a field between 10º and 20°, the rest were all less than 10°. Corrected visual acuity at entry was 6/9 to 6/6 in 21 eyes of 16 patients and none had less than 6/60. At exit 16 eyes had 6/9 to 6/6 and five eyes had less than 6/60, but no patient had complete loss of vision. Mean intraocular pressure (IOP) throughout was below 15 mmHg in all but four patients, whose (IOP) were less than 20 mmHg, using multiple medications if necessary. All patients had undergone prior surgery and/or laser trabeculoplasty. Conclusions: Even though visual loss slowly progressed, most patients with end‐stage glaucoma retained functional vision for a long period when intraocular pressure was held below 15 mmHg. More stringent early control of intraocular pressure may avoid the development of end‐stage glaucoma.
Carotid artery ectasia coexistent with primary open angle glaucoma
Authors: Ellis Mark F , Scott Mark , Erwin Groeneveld 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTA 60‐year‐old smoker presented with high intraocular pressure in the right eye with a right afferent pupil defect and visual field suggestive of primary open angle glaucoma in the right eye only, when an examination 2 years earlier had revealed no hint of ocular pathology. Radiological investigations demonstrated prominent ectasia of the internal carotid arteries extending into the proximal middle cerebral arteries. The changes in the carotids extended throughout the cavernous sinus regions, encroached on the under surface of the optic chiasm and were closely related to the internal aspects of both optic canals. In primary open angle glaucoma management, neural imaging is not normally recommended; however, neural imaging investigations should be considered if the presentation is not typical of a chronic bilateral optic neuropathy.
Phenotypic analyses of limbal epithelial cell cultures derived from donor corneoscleral rims
Authors: Barnard Zeke , Apel Andrew JG , Harkin Damien G 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTGrafted cultures of limbal epithelial cells aid repair of the corneal epithelium, but their phenotype is unclear. In this study, the phenotype of cultures that were similar in age to those used clinically were analysed. Limbal epithelial cells were isolated from donor corneoscleral rims and grown in various media, including those designed for keratinocytes. Successful cultures in each medium developed predominantly small (10 μm) tightly packed cells. Immunocytochemistry and western blotting revealed expression of keratins 3, 14 and 19. Expression of these keratins in situ was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Basal limbal epithelial cells were positive for keratins 14 and 19, and suprabasal cells were positive for keratin 3. However, intense staining for keratin 14 was also observed at the inner cut edge of corneoscleral rims. These findings demonstrate the potential importance of keratins 14 and 19 as markers of epithelial cell differentiation in the human cornea.
Changes in management of diabetic retinopathy by Australian ophthalmologists as a result of the NHMRC clinical guidelines
Authors: McCarty Catherine A , Wright Suzie , McKay Rob , Taylor Kathryn I , Keeffe Jill E ,   the Working Group on Evaluation of NHMRC Diabetic Retinopathy Guidelines
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT Purpose: To document changes in management of diabetic retinopathy by Australian ophthalmologists after release of the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) clinical guidelines. Methods: Self‐administered questionnaires were mailed to Australian ophthalmologists prior to release of the NHMRC guidelines for the management of diabetic retinopathy, and at one and 2.5 years after release of the guidelines. The questionnaires elicited information about current management practices in relation to diabetic retinopathy. Results: The response rate for the baseline and two follow‐up surveys was 82%, 81%, and 80%, respectively. More than 85% of the ophthalmologists responded that the guidelines were useful in improving management, were easy to understand, and were already part of their routine clinical practice. A relatively small percentage (12%) felt that the guidelines made recommendations that were not practical or feasible. Contrary to the NHMRC guidelines, at the second follow‐up survey, only 50% of the ophthalmologists said that they would almost never perform fluorescein angiography in eyes with mild non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The change from baseline to the second follow‐up in the percentage of ophthalmologists who would perform cataract surgery after treating clinically significant macular oedema (as advised by the NHMRC guidelines) was statistically significant (baseline = 83.7%, 95% confidence limit = 80.4, 87.0; second follow up = 90.4, 95% confidence limit = 87.3, 93.5). Conclusions: Distribution of the printed NHMRC Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of Diabetic Retinopathy and full colour Retinopathy Chart resulted in a significant change in the recommended order of treatment of clinically significant macular oedema. However, no significant change in the use of fluorescein angiography was documented.
Corneal endothelial response to induced myopia in the chicken
Authors: Hirst Lawrence W , Bancroft Josephine , Bi C Jia‐Qi , Ohlrich Stephen 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the role of corneal endothelial surface enlargement in the chicken myopia model in inducing corneal endothelial changes. Methods: Lid suture was performed on one eye of 1‐day‐old cockerels. Five chickens were killed at 1 week, and four chickens killed at each of 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 10 weeks postnatal. The endothelial morphology was obtained by flat mounting the endothelial surface and the subsequent digitisation. Comparisons were undertaken between the control unsutured eye and the lid‐sutured eye endothelium, and between the central endothelial areas compared to the peripheral endothelial areas in both the myopic and the normal corneas. Calculation of the contribution to the endothelial change by hypertrophy and mitosis were calculated using Bahn’s formula. Results: Total endothelial surface area increased significantly over time in the myopic model compared to control eyes but the mean cell area of endothelial cells remained the same for both the enlarged myopic endothelial surface area and in the normal controls. Sampling from the central and the peripheral corneal endothelial surface also disclosed no difference. The mean cell area did increase steadily with age but was the same for both normal and myopic corneas. Conclusions: It would appear that there are equal contributions from hypertrophy and mitosis in the myopic group and the normal corneal group with a slightly increasing trend towards mitotic activity in the myopic corneal endothelial layer.
Diode laser trans‐scleral cyclophotocoagulation for glaucoma following silicone oil removal
Authors: Kumar Atul , Dada Tanuj , Singh Rajinder P , Kedar Sachin 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effect of trans‐scleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCP) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in eyes with medically uncontrolled secondary glaucoma persisting after intravitreal silicone oil removal. Methods: Clinical records of 21 eyes of 21 patients who underwent TSCP for medically uncontrolled glaucoma persisting after the removal of intravitreal silicone oil, injected during vitreoretinal surgery for proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), were reviewed retrospectively. Diode laser contact TSCP was applied at a power setting of 1.5–2.5 W, for a maximum duration of 2 s, and a total of 40 spots (10 spots each quadrant). All the patients were evaluated for visual acuity, IOP and number of medications used. Results: The patients were followed up for a mean ± SD period of 39.9 ± 4.27 weeks (range 36–48 weeks). The IOP was found to have decreased significantly from a pretreatment value of 34.5 ± 5.37 mmHg (range 24–44 mmHg) to 20.47 ± 4.49 mmHg at 6 months of follow up (range 12–30 mmHg, P < 0.01, Student’s paired t‐test). The total number of glaucoma medications being used reduced from 3.38 ± 0.5 to 1.08 ± 0.80 postoperatively (P < 0.01, Wilcoxon’s rank sum test). There was no significant difference in the visual acuity before and after the procedure. Thirteen eyes required a second sitting of TSCP, and five of these required a third sitting. For a successful outcome (IOP < 24 mmHg), a mean of 1.56 sittings (range 1–3 sittings) per eye were needed. Conclusion: Patients with medically uncontrolled glaucoma persisting after intravitreal silicone oil removal can be treated with TSCP; however, the reduction of IOP is variable. The IOP usually falls after a mean of 2–3 sittings of TSCP.
The efficacy and safety of intraoperative and/or postoperative 5‐fluorouracil in trabeculectomy and phacotrabeculectomy
Authors: Singh Ravinder P , Goldberg Ivan , Mohsin Mohamed 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT Purpose: First, to assess the safety and efficacy of using 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) to improve trabeculectomy and phacotrabeculectomy success rates, and second, to assess the efficacy of intraoperative and reduced postoperative 5‐FU following trabeculectomy compared with a more intensive course of postoperative 5‐FU alone. Methods: In a retrospective, unmatched, non‐randomized consecutive series study, 186 eyes of 186 patients who had filtration surgery were followed for 2 years in four groups: 51 patients had undergone trabeculectomy surgery with postoperative 5‐FU, 51 had phacotrabeculectomy with postoperative 5‐FU, 56 had trabeculectomy with both intraoperative and postoperative 5‐FU, and 28 patients had trabeculectomy without antifibrotics. Results: At all times mean intraocular pressure (IOP) was reduced in all groups (P < 0.001 for each group). Success was defined as IOP < 16 mmHg and > 30% IOP reduction at the 2‐year follow up. It was achieved in 71% of the trabeculectomy patients with intraoperative and postoperative 5‐FU, 76% of the trabeculectomy group with only postoperative 5‐FU, 55% of the phacotrabeculectomy/ 5‐FU group, and in 29% of the trabeculectomy‐only eyes (between‐group differences P < 0.01). Success rates were not significantly different for the intraoperative and postoperative 5‐FU trabeculectomy versus the postoperative 5‐FU‐only eyes, but the former had fewer postoperative 5‐FU injections and corneal ulceration (P < 0.01 for both). Conclusions: 5‐Fluorouracil was safe and improved trabeculectomy survival. Intraoperative 5‐FU allowed fewer postoperative 5‐FU injections and fewer side‐effects without compromising success rates. Phacotrabeculectomy with postoperative 5‐FU had a lower surgical success rate than did trabeculectomy with 5‐FU and this was not statistically different from trabeculectomy without 5‐FU.
Normal readers have an upper visual field advantage in change detection
Authors: Rutkowski Jacqueline S , Crewther David P , Crewther Sheila G 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe ability to detect change has not been well studied in children. A research paradigm was used involving search for a change made to one of four letter targets, presented twice, with a gap of 250 ms. Sixty‐one schoolchildren, aged 7.3 − 12.9 years, participated in the study. The duration of the first presentation was such that each child was detecting change at a rate of 71% correct. The mean duration was 0.91 s (SD = 0.58 s), with older children not significantly faster in detecting change. In the second phase, using the duration established in the first phase, the effect of cue condition on detection was studied. An upper visual field advantage for change detection was clearly evident for un‐cued trials. The most likely explanation derives from the masking produced by the reappearance of the four targets, which interferes with the process of change detection. The greater dorsal pathway representation of the lower visual field implies greater masking there, yielding better change detection in the upper visual field.
Garlic and the strabismus surgeon
Authors: Carden Susan M , Good William V , Carden Patricia A , Good Robert M 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPotential side‐effects caused by complementary medicines are often not anticipated. A case is reported of bilateral retro‐bulbar haemorrhages with elevated intraocular pressure during strabismus surgery that occurred as a result of odourless garlic tablet ingestion prescribed by a naturopath. A near‐catastrophic event was averted with rapid recognition and medical treatment. This is believed to be the first such report of haemorrhaging in ophthalmic surgery induced by garlic. It is concluded that unregulated naturopathic prescribing is potentially dangerous; doctors need to ask specifically about naturopathic potions.
Eye health in rural Australia
Authors: Madden Anna C , Simmons David , McCarty Catherine A , Khan Munir A , Taylor Hugh R 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA review of the current literature relating to eye health in rural Australia was conducted. Few studies have been undertaken, with most information provided by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare databases, The National Trachoma and Eye Health Program of 1980 and the Visual Impairment Project in Victoria in the mid 1990s. Key findings were that the rural population has an increased prevalence of pterygium, cataract, ocular trauma and glaucoma, but no difference in refractive error or diabetic retinopathy (although data are limited). Rural residents are more likely to have seen an optometrist but less likely to have seen an ophthalmologist. Interventions have been undertaken in ophthalmologist training to increase the rural workforce and tele‐ophthalmology to provide city‐based metropolitan ophthalmological support for rural practitioners. Further epidemiological data and evaluated interventions are urgently required to help identify and address the needs of rural Australian communities.
Respiratory epithelial orbital cysts
Authors: Mee Jared J , McNab Alan A , McKelvie Penny 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCongenital or post‐traumatic respiratory epithelial lined cysts of the orbit are very rare, and such cysts more commonly occur as mucocoeles secondary to chronic paranasal sinus disease. Four new cases of such cysts are described herein, three presumed choristomas and one occurring after trauma. Two of three presumed choristomatous (congenital) cysts occurred in sites that were atypical for the commoner dermoid cyst. One occurred in the superior orbit between the superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris muscle and one in the temporal fossa and lateral orbit. The third choristomatous lesion occurred in the superotemporal orbit with a well‐defined bony defect, a typical pattern of the commoner dermoid cyst. The fourth case, a presumed traumatic respiratory epithelial cyst, probably arose from ethmoidal sinus mucosa. Respiratory epithelial orbital cysts are very rare and may occur in sites that are atypical for the commoner orbital dermoid cyst.
Capnocytophaga canimorsus endophthalmitis following cataract surgery
Authors: Phipps Simon E , Tamblyn David M , Badenoch Paul R 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn elderly man developed endophthalmitis 1 week after cataract extraction and lens implantation. Intraocular samples were collected and the patient received intravitreal vanco­mycin and ceftazidime, and topical tobramycin. A Gram stain of vitreous humour revealed spindle‐shaped Gram‐negative bacilli. He was then given systemic clindamycin and topical ofloxacin. Capnocytophaga canimorsus, a member of the oral flora of dogs and cats, was cultured after 3 days. The infection resolved leaving the patient with a visual acuity of 6/60. An attempt was made to culture the organism from the mouth of the patient's pet dog. This was unsuccessful and the source of the infection remains unknown.