bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple guilds
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe problems faced by a hypothetical planet with only one species strongly suggest that any functioning ecological system must have organisms from at least two major ecological guilds: autotrophs and decomposers. While conventional predators do not seem to be crucial to planetary ecologies, it is likely that parasites will quickly evolve, and through density-dependent processes help to regulate population sizes. Density dependence may be crucial in preventing the runaway population growth of a species, leading to it monopolizing a planet's ecology. While density-independent processes (be they a cold winter on a local scale or the impact of a large meteorite at the planetary scale) can greatly affect abundance, they cannot provide regulation; this requires the ‘thermostat’-like behaviour of density dependence. As such, both multiple guilds and the presence of parasites are likely to have positive Gaian effects in most biospheres.
Ecological hypercycles: covering a planet with life
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractEcological hypercycles are autocatalytic processes by which different organisms (or guilds) improve each other’s environment. For example autotrophs produce material of use to decomposers and decomposers release nutrients of use to autotrophs. Such autocatalytic processes will have a positive Gaian effect and are one of several reasons to expect life too quickly to become common on a planet. Environmental stochasticity makes it unlikely that life restricted to a small area of a planet’s surface would survive for geological periods of time. However, once widespread life may have a long drawn out end on a dying planet, with some cells surviving for at least millions of years after the biogeochemical cycles have returned to being mere geochemical cycles.
Abolishing Slavery, Imagining Peace
Authors: Gustafson Sandra M. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the literary dimensions of the peace cause and examines its intersections with anti-slavery activism. Victor Hugo’s opening address at the Paris Peace Congress of 1849 became a classic of the peace cause, and the Reverend James Pennington and William Wells Brown spoke to the Congress about the continuities between war and slavery. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s two major anti-slavery novels examine the place of righteous violence and consider the nature of a just peace. In Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) she crystallizes these issues through the minor character Phineas Fletcher, while in Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856), she draws a negative picture of Southern “peace” and begins to imagine a just peace after slavery. The chapter closes with a discussion of Wells Brown’s treatment of peace and violence, notably his characterization of Pennington in The Black Man, His Antecedents, His Genius, His Achievements (1863).
Summarizing data
Authors: Upton Graham , Brawn Dan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The data analyst needs to be able to collect information in a compact form. An analyst cannot look at a set of a thousand values on a value-by-value basis. This chapter presents solutions to that situation; it provides a variety of methods for summarising and displaying data. In addition to the simple average value, which statisticians call the mean, alternatives are presented that reduce the influence of any atypical values. In the same way, while the simplest measure of summarising the spread of data values is the range, more useful measures, that take account of all the data values rather than just the extreme values, are the variance and standard deviation. As well as these summary statistics, the chapter also introduces several effective methods for displaying a set of data: the boxplot, the histogram, the cumulative frequency diagram, and the step diagram. The chapter closes by distinguishing between symmetric and skewed data
Classification
Authors: Upton Graham , Brawn Dan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces several methods for dividing a set of multi-variable data into groups of similar individuals. To judge the success of a method, a data set where the true classes are known into two parts called the training set and the test set. Each method uses the data in the training set to make predictions about the classes of the members in the test set. One method, naive Bayes, determines, for each test individual, the probability (based on the background characteristics) of that individual belonging to a particular class. The class with the highest probability is selected k-nearest neighbour approach studies the classes of the k members in the test set that have the most similar backgrounds to the test individual. Another method, the classification tree, is based on the successive splits of the data that effectively form classes for the test set; selecting random tests sets then leads to a so-called random forest. A final possibility is to take the majority vote from a number of different types of classifier.
Paneling Construal and Viewpoint
Authors: Borkent Mike 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how comics prompt the construction of viewpoints and construal of content linking abstraction, embodiment, and convention. It begins by relating abstraction and viewpoint construction through genres and art styles. It then examines viewpoint and construal in more fine-grained features of bodily cues, facial expressions, gestures, and postures, as well as synesthetic qualities of sound effects and balloons. It shows how cognitive processes activate domain knowledge and embodied cues like body schemas and change blindness, mental metaphors about language, and synesthetic perceptual analogies to build a multisensory and view pointed mental scenario out of the multimodal cues in a panel or short sequence.
Expanded Viewpoint Networks
Authors: Borkent Mike 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter continues to develop around the concepts of construal and viewpoint begun in the previous chapter, focusing on aspects that are more commonly considered figurative: metonymy, metaphor, and other creative blends. It shows how pictorial, verbal, and structural modalities offer creative opportunities for meaning construction, and how conspicuous depictions can launch figurative interpretations. These elaborations on meanings expand the networks of comprehension, while relying on the same embodied pathways of meaning construction through blending and simulation.
Building Your Consortium of Support
Authors: Timmons Jill 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 introduces the reader to the nuts and bolts of grant proposal budgets and the all-important consortium of support. As the author points out, once a descriptive and persuasive project abstract is developed, the next step is in honing a detailed and credible budget that demonstrates one’s cognizant understanding of financial principles. This chapter offers concrete examples and guidelines that undergird all successful budgets. Moreover, the author delves deeply into the development of the critical consortium of support that is required prior to submitting any budget. Essentially, it provides concrete evidence regarding the cost-sharing resources one already has in place. This is the essential foundation of a dynamic project budget. Those preliminary cost-sharing partners sign on to the efficacy of one’s grant proposal, in essence vetting the project. Furthermore, the author explores the principle of money attracting money, making it much easier to obtain financial support from those larger more significant funders once there is a diverse and dynamic consortium of preliminary support in place. In this chapter you will find a real-life story about one musician’s successful grant awards and the winding path she took to the acquisition of funding. Lastly, this chapter includes principles and strategies for building effective collaborations with funders, and the skillful networking required to develop dynamic funding consortia.
Double Games
Authors: Andersson Ruben , Keen David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers the “fight against illegal migration” and its winners and losers. Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, certain kinds of international migration have increasingly been framed as a threat by Western destination states in particular. The resulting “securitization” has triggered cascading consequences. One consequence is the huge growth in the human smuggling market. Another is the increasing opportunity for poorer states to use migration as a bargaining chip, echoing the systemic relations observed in the war on terror. While nowhere near as large in funding terms as the war on terror, the escalating fight against migration (and its associated war on smugglers) has nevertheless ended up creating huge “collateral losses” in political and human terms, including the thousands of deaths along migratory routes and the extensive support for authoritarian regimes that promise cooperation.
The Hall of Mirrors
Authors: Andersson Ruben , Keen David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines the distorted information or knowledge environment that has been constructed around all our wars and fights. In this “hall of mirrors,” nothing is quite what it seems. Almost any failure can be reflected back as a success. The stronger the fixation on a particular threat, the more pronounced the distortion—and the easier it becomes to mislead the voters who pay for the intervention. The chapter goes on to suggest that what is to some extent “new” about “failure as success” stems partly from post–Cold War changes to the security environment and partly from increasing market pressures on competing bureaucracies, media organizations, and other key actors. Both these factors are deeply political and deeply tied up with a (post)modern obsession over optics. On a positive note, the chapter suggests that one key dimension through which to start dismantling disastrous systems of intervention would be via changes to the knowledge environment. Such changes are crucial when it comes to establishing clear lines of responsibility for the wreckage.
Waging Peace
Authors: Andersson Ruben , Keen David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 10 briefly examines the global political and economic system in which the war and security systems of Wreckonomics have been unfolding and interacting. The chapter discusses inequality and insecurity as two fundamental problems that are exacerbated rather than ameliorated by war and security interventions. Relatedly, it analyzes the “politics of distraction” that has fed the various wars and fights covered in the book, while doing little to address ordinary people’s sense of insecurity. Cautioning against the “wreckonomic” dangers of ready-made solutions, the chapter emphasizes that productive change will be elusive unless accompanied by an understanding of the mechanisms that make endless wars and endless wrecking so persistent and profitable.
Where and How Do Social Workers Practice?
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline , Wolk Courtney Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets up the context for working with youths and families. The different settings where social workers work, alongside colleagues from other mental health/counseling disciplines, include traditional mental health settings such as outpatient, inpatient, and residential treatment settings. Social workers are also in settings where mental health treatment is delivered to youths outside the traditional mental health system, especially the school context but also primary care and home-based services. The values of social work, namely service and the importance of working with family relationships, are discussed, along with the place of evidence-based treatment within these values. When working with children, ethical issues and dilemmas sometimes arise, and many of these have to do with confidentiality. For this reason, the chapter explores with vignettes and reader reflection some common dilemmas surrounding confidentiality.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline , Wolk Courtney Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive developmental disorder with undetermined biological origins, which may include heredity, pregnancy and birth complications, and other environmental exposures. Children with ASD demonstrate impairments in social interaction and social communication, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report the U.S. prevalence as 1 in 54 youths, and rates of diagnosis have increased over time. Assessment is a complex process ideally conducted by multidisciplinary teams, with early identification being key to positive adjustment. Comorbidity, particularly for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety, is high, so youths with ASD will be represented in mental health settings. Behavioral interventions have received the most research support. A case involving a child with comorbid ASD and obsessive-compulsive disorder illustrates the application of assessment and intervention strategies.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline , Wolk Courtney Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) are discussed together in this chapter because they may both feature symptoms of anger, defiance, rebellion, lying, and school problems. They are differentiated by the extent of antisocial behavior present, but overall, disruptive behavior disorders are highly prevalent in U.S. youths at a rate of 10%. There is recognition and exploration in this chapter about possible overdiagnosis in youths who identify as African American or Black. The current understanding of ODD and CD indicates they arise from an interaction of genetic risk and environmental adversity. According to the National Survey of Children’s Health, only about half of youths with disruptive behavior disorders received treatment in the past year. Parent-involved behavior treatment, often called parent training, has the most empirical support. Family therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy have also been endorsed. Evidence-based assessment and intervention strategies are applied to two cases.
Depressive Disorders
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline , Wolk Courtney Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Depression is a serious problem that is rare in childhood and increases dramatically in adolescence for reasons that may include hormonal and cognitive development, increased social demands, and social media. Family history and genetics influence the development of depression, but so do stressful environments. Therefore, those who work with teenagers, especially in child welfare, foster care, juvenile justice, and schools, should be aware of the signs and be able to screen and assess for symptoms in youths. Social workers should be knowledgeable about evidence-based interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and antidepressants, and should know that group intervention is an effective modality for this population. Social workers should be able to make appropriate referrals for treatment and advocate to ensure that adolescents with depression receive optimal intervention.
The microcanonical ensemble and introduction to molecular dynamics
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 comprises a detailed presentation of the classical microcanonical ensemble and its generation via molecular dynamics simulations. The chapter begins with a discussion of the basic thermodynamics of the ensemble and the connection between the entropy and the microcanonical partition function through Boltzmann’s relation. An ensemble distribution is constructed from a Dirac δ-function expressing that the ensemble consists of all microstates having specified energy E, particle number N, and volume V. The microcanonical ensemble is then used to derive several key results including conditions of thermal equilibrium and the ideal gas law. The chapter then presents the method of molecular dynamics and its use in generating a microcanonical distribution under the assumption of ergodicity. Algorithms for numerical integration of Hamilton’s equations are derived from a Taylor series and, later, from the Liouville operator and the classical propagator. The chapter concludes with a discussion of constraints, multiple time-scale motion, rigid body motion, and advantages of symplectic algorithms.
Free-energy calculations
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The importance and challenge of calculating free energies using the statistical mechanical concepts developed in Chapters 1-7 are the topics in Chapter 8. The role of free energy calculations in problems such as drug-enzyme interactions, protein, and peptide conformational landscapes, chemical reaction profiles, and crystal polymorph ranking is highlighted. Techniques for computing free energies are discussed in detail and range from basic approach such as umbrella sampling, free energy perturbation, thermodynamic integration, and the bluemoon ensemble are presented. The challenge of treating rare events in free energy calculations is discussed together with the concepts of collective variables, reaction coordinates, and the need for targeted advanced sampling methods; these include metadynamics, the Jarzynski equality, Wang-Landau sampling, and driven adiabatic free energy dynamics. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the committor distribution as an ideal reaction coordinate and the use of the histogram test for collective variables considered as putative reaction coordinates
Quantum mechanics
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 begins laying a foundation for quantum statistical mechanics with a discussion of relevant topics in quantum mechanics. The fundamental postulates of quantum mechanics are reviewed, beginning with the definition of a quantum state and the introduction of the concept of a state vector in a Hilbert space. The representation of observables as Hermitian operators on Hilbert space vectors is described; it is shown that the eigenvalues of Hermitian operators are real and, therefore, constitute possible outcomes of measurements made on these observables. The notions compatible and non-compatible observables and implication for the measurement problem are presented. The time-dependent Schrödinger equation is introduced as generating the time-evolution of the state vector, and it is shown how to cast the Schrödinger equation into a coordinate basis to yield the wave equation of quantum mechanics. Coordinate and momentum bases and their properties are desribed. Several analytically solvable quantum systems are presented as illustrative examples. The chapter concludes with a discussion of spin and the treatment identical particles
Quantum ensembles and the density matrix
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 10 introduces the concept of quantum ensembles and their descrption via the ensemble density matrix. The chapter begins by setting up the quantum manybody problem and demonstrating the difficulty in solving the time-independent Schrödinger equation for the energy eigenvalues of a manybody Hamiltonian. This naturally leads to the concept of quantum ensembles and their formulation in terms of the density matrix. Eigenvalues of the density matrx are shown to represent probabilities associated with the quantum states that constitute the ensemble. The time-dependence of the density matrix is shown to be determined by the quantum Liouville equation. The quantum Liouville equation is solved under equilibrium conditions, and the solutions are shown to commute with the Hamiltonian. Thus, the eigenvalues of the solution are shown give the probabilities associated with different energy levels. Quantum partition functions in different ensembles are derived from these eigenvalues. Finally, the quantum analog of entropy maximization is used to derive the quantum canonical ensemble.
The Feynman path integral
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The focus of Chapter 12 is the Feynman path integral formulations of quantum mechanics and quantum statistical mechanics. The connection between real-time quantum propagator and the density matrix is established via the Wick rotation, and a Trotter expansion is used to derive discrete path integral expressions for both. The continuous limit of the discrete path integral is derived to yield the functional integral formulation of the path integral. The construction of estimators and their averages for computing quantum observables is discussed. Next, the path integral is extended to incorporate Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac, and Bose-Einstein statistics, and a useful recursive formula for the partition function is derived that accelerates convergence by building up N-body partition functions from those of smaller systems. Quantum free energies are discussed, and algorithms for the evaluation of path integrals using molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo are presented. The chapter concludes with a discussion of higher-order factorizations and ring-polymer contraction methods to reduce the computational overhead of path-integral calculations
Quantum time-dependent statistical mechanics
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 14 covers the statistical mechanics of driven quantum systems and the non-equilibrium ensembles associated with them. The topic is presented both from the state-vector and density matrix perspectives. The chapter begins with a discussion of driving forces resulting from light-matter interactions and their treatment via time-dependent perturbation theory. The Fermi Golden Rule is derived, and it is shown how to incorporate the Golden Rule into the calculation of frequency spectra within the canonical ensemble, which then connects to canonical quantum time correlation functions. The formalism is derived again from the quantum Liouville equation. The discussion then turns to the challenge of computing quantum time correlation functions and approximate techniques based on the Feynman path integral of Chapter 12. These schemes include centroid and ring-polymer molecular dynamics as well as open-path integral methods
The Objection of Illegality
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the objection of illegality, which is an indirect form of legality control established by the Treaties. It is not an independent right of action, but rather an incidental plea in law intended to avoid the application of unlawful Union acts of general application to the detriment of parties who are not entitled to challenge them. Moreover, the objection of illegality may only be raised in the context of direct actions lodged before the Union Courts. This chapter elaborates on the essential function of the objection of illegality and the linkage between the acts against which this objection can be raised and the status of the invoking party, with particular regard to natural and legal persons, Member States, and Union institutions.
Application for an Opinion on the Compatibility with the Treaties of an International Agreement to Be Concluded by the Union
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the procedure for assessing the compatibility with the Treaties of an international agreement to be concluded by the Union. It discusses the nature and purpose of this procedure, along with its relationship with other procedures set down in the Treaties. It also addresses the agreements covered by this procedure and the extent of the Court’s jurisdiction to give opinions.