bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of TICS‐M for the assessment of cognitive function in older adults
Authors: de Jager Celeste A. , Budge Marc M. , Clarke Robert 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBackgroundRoutine screening of high‐risk elderly people for early cognitive impairment is constrained by the limitations of currently available cognitive function tests. The Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status is a novel instrument for assessment of cognitive function that can be administered in person or by telephone.ObjectiveTo evaluate the determinants and utility of TICS‐M (13‐item modified version) for assessment of cognitive function in healthy elderly people.MethodsThe utility of TICS‐M was compared with more widely used MMSE and CAMCOG in a cross‐sectional survey of 120 older (62 to 89 years) UK adults.ResultsThe TICS‐M cognitive test scores (27.97, SD 4.15) were normally distributed in contrast with those for MMSE and CAMCOG that had a negatively skewed distribution. TICS‐M scores were inversely correlated with age (r = −0.21) and with the NART fullscale IQ (r = −0.35), but were independent of years of education in this cohort. TICS‐M was highly correlated with MMSE (r = 0.57) and with CAMCOG (r = 0.62) scores. The time required to complete the test is comparable to MMSE and substantially less than CAMCOG.ConclusionsThe normal distribution of TICS‐M test scores suggest that this test is less constrained by the ceiling effect which limits the utility of MMSE and CAMCOG test scores in detecting early cognitive impairment. TICS‐M is an appropriate instrument to assess cognitive function in both research and in clinical practice. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depression in vascular dementia
Authors: Naarding Paul , de Koning Inge , van Kooten Fop , Dippel Diederik W. J. , Janzing Joost G. E. , van der Mast Rose C. , Koudstaal Peter J. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo study the presence of different dimensions of depression in subjects with vascular dementia.BackgroundAfter a stroke, cognitive, affective and behavioural disturbances are common. It has been suggested that the nature of affective symptomatology can help to differentiate organic from psychological depression.MethodsCognitive and affective symptoms were assessed in 78 stroke patients and a principal component analysis was performed on these symptoms. Also, a discriminant analysis was carried out to establish the contribution of different symptoms on the diagnosis ‘depressive disorder’ and ‘dementia’.Results(1) Principal component analysis revealed three distinct sub‐syndromes: one with predominantly mood symptoms, one with essentially psychomotor symptoms, and one with vegetative symptoms; (2) mood, psychomotor and vegetative symptoms were all independently and strongly related to a diagnosis of major depressive disorder according to DSM‐III‐R criteria; (3) the psychomotor factor was also firmly associated with dementia; and (4) discriminant analysis gave further support for our conclusion that some of the depressive features, in particular the psychomotor factor, are at least partly related to the organic brain damage from stroke.ConclusionThe results indicate that different dimensions of depression could be discerned in a group of stroke patients and that the symptom profile of depression in these patients can be affected by the presence of dementia. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnosing dementia in a developing nation: an evaluation of the GMS‐AGECAT algorithm in an older Korean population
Authors: Kim Jae‐Min , Stewart Robert , Prince Martin , Shin Il‐Seon , Yoon Jin‐Sang 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBackgroundNumbers of older people are increasing rapidly in many developing nations and there is a pressing need for epidemiological studies of psychiatric morbidity, particularly dementia. Valid methods for case identification are an important first step. The Geriatric Mental State (GMS) is a widely used diagnostic instrument but has received little formal evaluation in developing nations. The objective of this study was to investigate the screening properties of GMS organic disorder with respect to clinically diagnosed dementia in an older Korean population, about half of whom have received no formal education.Methods746 people aged 65+ in Kwangju, South Korea who were participants in a community survey of psychiatic morbidity, completed a GMS interview (with diagnoses assigned through the AGECAT computerised algorithm) and, independently, received a clinical assessment for dementia.ResultsGMS organic disorder was diagnosed in 262 participants (35%) and DSM‐IV dementia in 110 (15%). Increased age, female gender and lower education independently predicted disagreement between the two diagnoses. In these groups, GMS sensitivity to a clinical diagnosis of dementia remained high but specificity was markedly reduced.ConclusionsDementia may be overestimated in developing nations if the GMS‐AGECAT diagnosis of organic disorder is used alone. The validity of other diagnoses, such as affective disorder, may also be affected if the hierarchical diagnostic algorithm is used (i.e. where the diagnosis of organic disorder affects the likelihood of other diagnoses). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pilot study on a home‐based caregiver training program for improving caregiver self‐efficacy and decreasing the behavioral problems of elders with dementia in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Huei‐Ling , Shyu Yea‐Ing Lotus , Chen Min‐Chi , Chen Sien‐Tsong , Lin Li‐Chan 
Published: April 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of a home‐based caregiver training program for caregivers of elders with dementia and behavioral problems.MethodsA prospective study was conducted in the communities of Northern Taiwan. Forty‐eight patients with dementia and their family caregivers were included. The experimental group (n = 24) received a two‐session in‐home caregiver training program, and the control group (n = 24) received only written educational materials. The Chinese version of Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI), community form, was used to measure the behavioral problems of patients with dementia. The caregiver's self‐efficacy, for managing the demented person's agitation, was measured by the Agitation Management Self‐efficacy Scale (AMSS). The CMAI and AMSS were administered before (baseline), three weeks (1st post‐test), and three months (2nd post‐test) after the two‐session training program.ResultsExcept for the physically aggressive behavior subscale, the scores of physically non‐aggressive behavior, verbally aggressive and non‐aggressive behavior subscales as well as the overall CMAI decreased significantly and continuously in the experimental group and differed significantly from the changed scores from those in the control group (p < 0.05). Physically aggressive behaviors showed a decreasing trend for both groups. Scores of the Agitation Management Self‐Efficacy Scale and its subscales increased significantly and continuously in the experimental group in comparison to those in the control group (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThis home‐based caregiver training program is helpful for decreasing problematic behaviors of elder people with dementia and it improves the caregiver's self‐efficacy for managing problematic behaviors. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are there inequities in the assessment of dementia under Japan's LTC insurance system?
Authors: Arai Y. , Zarit S. H. , Kumamoto K. , Takeda A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBackgroundJust two years after its inception, Japan's Long‐term Care (LTC) insurance system is facing considerable criticism about whether or not it has developed a fair and appropriate way of allocating resources to the nation's disabled elderly population, especially those people with dementia.ObjectiveThe present study has investigated: (i) the relation of the Government‐Certified Disability Index (GCDI) of the LTC insurance system to characteristics of people with dementia and their family caregivers; and (ii) whether the GCDI scores adequately reflect needs of people with DAT (dementia of Alzheimer's type) and VD (vascular‐type dementia).MethodsSubjects were assessed on their visits to outpatient clinics for their Activities of Daily Living (ADL), behavioural disturbances, MMSE, GCDI, service utilization and caregiver burden. Correlation analyses were conducted to examine the relationships among these variables, which were subsequently compared between the DAT and VD patients.Results and ConclusionsThe GCDI was found to be associated with patients' ADLs and MMSE scores, and not with behavioural disturbances or caregiver burden. Compared to VD patients, people with DAT tended to have more behavioural disturbances but better ADL functioning. As a result, DAT patients were classified as ‘less disabled’ on their GCDI than VD patients, even though their caregivers felt as much burden as the caregivers of VD patients. These results show that the GCDI probably underestimates the impact of behaviour problems. Suggestions are made for a more balanced assessment of demented patients that is more consistent with their needs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoselective synthesis of 1,4,2‐oxazaphosphorines as precursors of chiral α‐aminophosphonic acids by intramolecular heterocyclization of β‐aldiminoalkylphosphites
Authors: Dimukhametov Mudaris N. , Bajandina Eugenija V. , Davydova Elena Yu. , Litvinov Igor A. , Gubaidullin Aidar T. , Dobrynin Alexey B. , Zyablikova Tatyana A. , Alfonsov Vladimir A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe intramolecular version of nucleophilic additon of phosphites to imines was carried out for the first time taking as an example β‐aldiminoalkylphosphites, formed from chlorophosphites and β‐aldiminoalcohols [N‐(benzylidene)‐2‐aminoethanol and R‐(+)‐N‐(benzylidene)‐2‐aminobutanol‐1]. In these reactions, stereoisomeric 1,4,2‐oxazaphosphorines were obtained in good yields. R‐(+)‐N‐(benzylidene)‐2‐aminobutanol‐1 being used as a precursor, nucleophilic attack by P(III) atom on electrophilic C atom of the CN group proceeds stereospecifically with participation of only re‐face of the two possible diastereotopic faces of the imine double bond to give the epimeric at phosphorus (3R,5R)‐2‐(β‐chloroethyl)‐2‐oxo‐3‐phenyl‐5‐ethyl‐1,4,2‐oxazaphosphorines as precursors of nonracemic α‐aminophosphonic acids. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:56–61, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10054
A convenient synthesis of 5‐(O,O‐dialkylphosphoryl)‐4‐aryl‐3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones
Authors: Gong Denghuang , Zhang Ling , Yuan Chengye 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA general and convenient route for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidines bearing the phosphoryl moiety by a one‐pot cyclocondensation involving aldehydes, urea, and O,O‐dialkyl‐2‐oxo‐propanephosphonates, using ytterbium triflate as catalyst, is reported. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:13–17, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10058
Synthesis and characterization of diphenylmethyltin(IV) mono‐, di‐, and trichloroacetate
Authors: Amini Mostafa Mohammadpour , Yousefi Mohammad 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDiphenylmethyltin(IV) mono‐, di‐, and trichloroacetate have been synthesized and characterized by infrared, 1H, 13C, 119Sn NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy indicates that the prepared organotin carboxylates possess chain polymer structures. NMR data show that the mono‐ and dichloro derivatives do not retain the solid state structure in solution. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:18–22, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10059
Reaction of ω‐carbonyl substituted 1,3,3‐trimethyl‐2‐methyleneindolines with phosphorus(III) halides
Authors: Chekotylo Alexej A. , Kostyuk Alexandr N. , Pinchuk Alexandr M. , Tolmachev Andrej A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe phosphorylation of N‐benzoyl‐2‐(1,3,3‐trimethyl‐2‐methyleneindoline)acetamide (2) and ω‐(3‐dimethylamino)benzoyl‐1,3,3‐trimethyl‐2‐methyleneindoline (6) with phosphorus(III) halides resulted in the formation of 2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐1,5,2‐oxazaphosphinin‐4‐one and 1,2‐dihydro‐3H‐phosphindol‐3‐one systems, respectively. The properties of the obtained compounds were studied. Further cyclization of 1,2‐dihydro‐3H‐phosphindol‐3‐one into dihydrophosphindolo[3,2‐c]pyrazole was carried out. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:23–28, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10060
Theoretical and synthetic approach to novel spiroheterocycles derived from isatin derivatives and L‐proline via 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition
Authors: Pardasani R. T. , Pardasani P. , Chaturvedi V. , Yadav S. K. , Saxena A. , Sharma I. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA cyclic secondary α‐amino acid, viz. L‐proline, reacts with isatin derivatives via decarboxylative azomethine ylide formation and subsequent cycloaddition with various dipolarophiles to give cycloadducts in moderate to good yield. Theoretical studies have been performed to study the stereochemistry of the products formed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:36–41, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10063
Diastereospecific synthesis of (S,S)‐2‐substituted‐4,4‐diphenyl‐3, 1‐oxazabicyclo[3.3.0]octanes
Authors: Zuo Gang , Zhang Qihan , Xu Jiaxi 
Published: March 2003

Abstract(S,S)‐2‐Substituted‐4,4‐diphenyl‐3,1‐oxazabicyclo[3.3.0]octanes were synthesized diaster‐eospecifically from aldehydes and (S)‐2‐(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)pyrrolidine, which was obtained from L‐proline, under acid‐catalyzed conditions in anhydrous toluene. The stereospecificity of the condensation reaction is discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:42–45, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10064
Novel cyclization of dimeric dianions of anils or aldehydes with triphosgene: A safe and efficient synthesis of substituted imidazolidin‐2‐ones and 4,5‐diaryl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐ones
Authors: Li Zhifang , Zhang Yongmin 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe reaction of Schiff bases or aldehydes with samarium diiodide in dry THF, followed by addition of triphosgene, gives substituted imidazolidin‐2‐ones and 4,5‐diaryl–1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐ones, respectively, in moderate to good yields under mild conditions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:46–49, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10065
Report on the 28th symposium on heteroatom chemistry of the chemical society of Japan
Authors: Sugihara Yoshiaki , Ishii Akihiko , Nakayama Juzo 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe 28th domestic Symposium on Heteroatom Chemistry of the Chemical Society of Japan was held at Saitama Culture Center in Saitama during the period of December 12–14, and about 250 chemists from various academic institutes and industries took part in the symposium. There were four plenary lectures, 44 oral presentations, and 52 poster presentations. The present article describes abstracts of the plenary lectures and graphical abstracts of oral presentations. Titles of poster presentations are also given. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:1–12, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10073
A Stepwise one‐pot synthesis of aryl N‐phosphonamidothionate derivatives of nucleosides
Authors: Miao Zhi‐Wei , Fu Hua , Tu Guang‐Zhong , Zhu Ji‐Gang , Ai Hui‐Wang , Zhao Yu‐Fen 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNovel aryl N‐phosphonamidothionate derivatives of nucleosides as membrane‐soluble prodrugs of bioactive free nucleotides have been prepared by phosphochloridothioate chemistry. Unprotected nucleosides, for example uridine and adenosine, were used; phosphorylation took place selectively at the 5′‐position. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:62–66, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10080
Intramolecular monodealkylation during the attempted synthesis of diethylphosphonoacetohydroxamic acid
Authors: Chen Ravit , Breuer Eli 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe reaction of diethyl methyl phosphonoacetate (1) with hydroxylamine in NaOH solution resulted in the loss of one of the phosphorus ethyl groups, and yielded monoethylphosphonoacetohydroxamic acid (2) as the major product (79%) and diethylphosphonoacetic acid (3) as the minor product (21%). A series of control experiments were carried out to elucidate the sequence of the reactions leading to 2. When the reaction of 1 with NH2OH was carried out in NaHCO3 solution, a transient product 4 was also observed, which slowly transformed to 2. Compound 4 was assigned the structure diethylphosphonoacetohydroxamic acid. There was no dealkylation observed at the phosphorus when 1 was reacted with methoxylamine or when O‐methyl diethylphosphonoacetohydroxamate (7) was placed in alkaline solution. The dealkylation at phosphorus was interpreted in terms of intramolecular nucleophilic catalysis by the hydroxamic OH group attacking the phosphorus in 4, involving cyclic 1,2,5‐oxazaphospholidine intermediates. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:67–71, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10082
Reactions of tris(2‐pyridyl)phosphine oxides with electrophiles: Formation of 5‐substituted 2,2′‐bipyridyls
Authors: Uchida Yuzuru , Matsumoto Masami , Kawamura Haruyasu 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe reaction of tris(2‐pyridyl)phosphine oxides with benzeneselenenyl chloride in methanol gave the corresponding 5‐phenylseleno‐2,2′‐bipyridyls together with a small amount of 2,2′‐bipyridyls. Similarly, the reaction with arenesulfenyl chlorides in aqueous acetonitrile afforded two kinds of coupling products, 5‐phenylthio‐2,2′‐bipyridyls and 2,2′‐bipyridyls. While in the reaction with arenesulfinyl chlorides in aqueous acetonitrile, four corresponding bipyridyl derivatives, 2,2′‐bipyridyls, 5‐arylthio‐2,2′‐bipyridyls, 5‐arylsulfinyl‐2,2′‐bipyridyls, and 5‐arylsulfonyl‐2,2′‐bipyridyls, were formed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:72–81, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10085
Regioselective synthesis of 1,2,4‐triazol‐3(2H)‐ones and their 3(2H)‐thiones: Kinetic studies and selective pyrolytic deprotection
Authors: Al‐Awadi Nouria A. , Ibrahim Yehia A. , Kaul Kamini , Dib Hicham 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSelective pyrolytic deprotection of 2‐ethyl and 2‐cyanoethyl‐4‐arylidenimino‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3(2H)‐ones and their 3(2H)‐thiones was studied by flash vacuum pyrolysis. This study is useful in regioselective synthesis of 2‐ and 4‐substituted 1,2,4‐triazoles of potential biological applications. The kinetic results and product analysis lend support to a reaction pathway involving a six‐membered transition state. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:50–55, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10086
1,1′,3,3′‐Tetraalkyl‐2,2′‐biperimidinylidenes: Unexpected substituent effects on the reactivity of carbon–carbon double bond
Authors: Alıcı Bülent , Hökelek Tuncer , Çetinkaya Engin , Çetinkaya Bekir 
Published: March 2003

AbstractC2 deprotonation of 1,3‐dibutylperimidinium bromide (1a) with sodium hydride and a catalytic amount of potassium tert‐butoxide in dry THF led to the formation of the exceptionally inert tetraaminoalkene 2a. In contrast, isostructural tetrakis(2‐methoxyethyl)‐tetraaminoalkene (2b) instantaneously reacted with O2 to yield urea 3b, and silver nitrate was readily reduced with 2b to form a silver mirror. Compound 2a has been characterized by X‐ray diffraction studies; the naphtho‐pyrimidine skeleton imposes structural constraints and some rigidity to the CC bonding. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:82–87, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10088
Preparation, structure, and optical properties of chiral sulfoxides and disulfoxide with a trithiole ring
Authors: Kimura Takeshi , Hanzawa Masayuki , Ogawa Satoshi , Sato Ryu , Fujii Takayoshi , Kawai Yasushi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOptically active 4,9‐diethyl[1,4]‐dithiino[5,6‐f]benzo[1,2,3]trithiole 5‐oxide (3) and 4,9‐diethyl[1,4]dithiino[5,6‐f]benzo[1,2,3]trithiole 5,8‐dioxide (4) were obtained by the asymmetric oxidation of 6,11‐diethyl[1,4]dithiino[5,6‐h]benzo[1,2,3,4,5]pentathiepin (1). The reaction was accompanied by desulfurization and ring‐contraction reactions of the pentathiepin ring. Similarly, optically active 4,8‐diethyl[1,3]dithiolo[4,5‐f]benzo[1,2,3]trithiole 5‐oxide (7) was produced by the analogous asymmetric oxidation of 6,10‐diethyl[1,3]dithiolo[4,5‐h]benzo[1,2,3,4,5]pentathiepin (2). The specific rotations of 3, 4, and 7 were measured in chloroform, and their optical purity was verified by 1H NMR with a shift reagent [Eu(hfc)3]. The structures of 4 and 7 were determined by X‐ray crystallography using Cu Kα radiation, and the absolute configuration of the sulfinyl group was examined based on the Flack parameter, which revealed that 4 has an RR configuration, while 7 has an S configuration. The circular dichroism spectra of 3, 4, and 7 were measured in chloroform. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:88–94, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10104
Convenient synthesis of bisphosphonomethylphosphoric acid
Authors: Gagnard Valérie , Leydet Alain , Barragan Véronique , Montero Jean‐Louis 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe reaction of phosgene or triphosgene with trimethylsilyl dialkylphosphites led to bisdialkylphosphonomethyl‐dialkylphosphates in good yields. The cleavage of the allyl ester was carried out under mild conditions using the Wilkinson catalyst. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:111–113, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10105
5‐Chloro‐3‐methylthio‐1,2,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐ium chlorides as useful synthetic precursors to a variety of 6aλ4‐thiapentalene systems
Authors: Morel Georges , Marchand Evelyne , Sinbandhit Sourisak , Toupet Loic 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTitle salts 3 were easily obtained by treatment of formimidoyl isothiocyanates 1 with a twofold excess of methanesulfenyl chloride. They showed interesting chemical behavior toward several nitrogen and carbon nucleophiles. Substitution reactions with isothioureas and acetamide in the presence of triethylamine gave the 1H, 6H‐6aλ4‐thia‐1,3,4,6‐tetraazapentalenes 7 and 6H‐6aλ4‐thia‐1‐oxa‐3,4,6‐triazapentalene 9, respectively. Addition of p‐toluidine furnished the 5‐imino‐thiadiazole derivatives 10, which reacted further with diverse heterocumulenes to yield the corresponding thiatriaza‐ and tetraazapentalene species 11. The N,N′‐bis(1,2,4‐thiadiazol‐5‐ylidene)diaminobenzenes 13 were also prepared and reacted with phenyl isothiocyanate. Two stable rotational isomers were separated for the 1,2‐phenylene product 14b. Other π‐hypervalent sulfur compounds 16 were synthesized under similar conditions from salts 3 and methyl cyanoacetate or dimethyl malonate. The structural assignments were discussed on the basis of IR and NMR spectroscopic data and received additional support from X‐ray analysis of substrate 16a. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:95–105, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10106