bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host determinants of pneumonia in slaughter weight swine
Authors: Gardner Ian A. , Hird David W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A prospective cohort study was undertaken in a farrow-to-farrow swine herd to describe patterns of pneumonia, and to identify host risk factors associated with the extent of pneumonic lesions in 2 weight groups of slaughter swine.
The risk of coughing and pneumonic lesions increased with increasing age of pigs within the herd (P < 0.0001). The age-specific prevalence of pneumonic lesions was low (2.7%) in pigs < 16 weeks old at slaughter, but increased rapidly when pigs were were between 16 and 22 weeks old (8.6 to 67.9%). After 22 weeks, the prevalence remained relatively constant at about 80%.
Associations between possible risk factors and pneumonia were investigated by use of multiple-regression models. Age at weaning (< 24 days) and birth weight (< 1 kg) exerted small, but significant (P < 0.002), effects on the extent of pneumonic lesions in pigs slaughtered at 30 to 50 kg live weight. For pigs slaughtered at 90 to 110 kg, pneumonic lesions were more extensive (P = 0.007) in pigs sired by Yorkshire boars than pigs sired by non-Yorkshire sires (Duroc, Hampshire, Chester White, or American Spotted). Other host factor variables including weaning weight and clinical diseases (atrophic rhinitis, diarrhea, and arthritis) were not associated with pneumonia extent in either weight group. Higher pneumonia percentages were also associated with reduced growth rates in the grower/finisher phase. Pigs sired by Yorkshire boars grew significantly (P < 0.0001) more slowly from entry into shed 2 (mean, 38 kg) until about the time of exit (mean, 92 kg) than pigs sired by other breeds (747 g/d and 795 g/d, respectively).
Serum lipid and lipoprotein changes in ponies with experimentally induced liver disease
Authors: Bauer John E. , Meyer D. J. , Campbell Martha , McMurphy Rose 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Alterations in serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in ponies with experimentally induced liver disease were investigated. Hepatocellular damage was induced, using a nonlethal dose of carbon tetrachloride. In a separate group of ponies, obstructive jaundice was induced by surgical ligation of the common bile duct. Over a 6-day period, blood samples were obtained from ponies after treatment with carbon tetrachloride and for 12 days in ponies subjected to surgery. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were unaffected in both groups of ponies, except for significantly (P < 0.01) high triglyceride concentration in ponies of the ligated group during the second postsurgical week. This increase was most likely attributable to anorexia observed during that period. Hyperbilirubinemia was observed early in ponies of the ligated group; most of the bilirubin was of the conjugated type. Using electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal methods, serum lipoprotein alterations were detected only in ponies of the ligated group. Increases of very low-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration were found. Although no changes were seen in total serum cholesterol concentration, a redistribution of lipoprotein cholesterol was observed in ponies of the ligated group. Similar alterations in lipoprotein distribution have been found in dogs, rats, and human beings with obstructive jaundice and cholestasis. The association between serum lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase activities and these lipoprotein alterations remains to be elucidated.
Production and partial characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the neotype strain of Mycobacterium bovis
Authors: Kuchinka Gary D. , Thoen Charles O. , Moennig Volker 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Six monoclonal antibodies (mab) to virulent Mycobacterium bovis ATCC 19210 were produced, using a suspension of heat-inactivated whole cells. Immunoglobulin isotype for mab VMB6, VMB73, and VMB93 was IgG1, and for VMB31, VMB99, and VMB119, it was IgG2a. Monoclonal antibodies were examined for cross-reactivity to M tuberculosis, M kansasii, M fortuitum, M paratuberculosis, M avium serovars 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10, M chelonei, M phlei, M scrofulaceum, M smegmatis, Nocardia asteroides, and Rhodococcus equi. Monoclonal antibodies could be grouped on the basis of binding activity by elisa and immunoblot analysis, in which mab VMB6, VMB31, and VMB119 had binding activity to M bovis; mab VMB93 and VMB99 detected M bovis and M tuberculosis antigens, and mab VMB73 reacted with other mycobacterial species, as well as with N asteroides and R equi. Apparent molecular mass of antigens was 30 to 25 kilodaltons (kD) for VMB6, VMB31, and VMB119 and 63 kD for VMB93 and VMB99, and ranged from > 200 to 31 kD for VMB73, as estimated by immunoblot analysis. Monoclonal antibody binding activity to 18 field isolates of M bovis was evaluated, using elisa. Each of 18 field isolates was detected, using mab VMB6, VMB31, or VMB119; 10 isolates were detected, using mab VMB93/VMB99, and 14 were detected by use of mab VMB73. Use of mab in elisa failed to detect antigens from M bovis strain AN-5.
Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharide-induced arachidonic acid release from and neutrophil adherence to bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells
Authors: Paulsen Daniel B. , Confer Anthony W. , Clinkenbeard Kenneth D. , Mosier Derek A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (bpaec) were labeled with 3H-arachidonic acid. Exposure of the labeled bpaec to Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharide (lps) resulted in a time- and dose-dependent release of radioactivity. The release was inhibited by 5 mM indomethacin, but inhibition was not caused by ≤ 500 μM indomethacin or hydrocortisone, which suggests that the release was caused primarily by a mechanism other than cyclooxygenase or phospholipase A2 metabolism of arachidonic acid.
Pasteurella haemolytica lps also caused increased adherence of bovine neutrophils to bpaec through independent effects on both cell types. The increased adherence was inhibited by treatment of either cell type with cycloheximide or actinomycin D prior to lps exposure, indicating that de novo protein synthesis was required in both cell types to promote the lps-induced adherence. Lipopolysaccharide may be an important factor in neutrophil-mediated effects in pneumonic pasteurellosis by causing increased neutrophil adherence and, thus, the vascular sequestration of neutrophils.
Together, these experiments provide additional evidence for the involvement of lps in pneumonic pasteurellosis. Moreover, they provide evidence of lps-induced endothelial activation, which could have broad ramifications in the inflammatory and immune responses of pneumonic pasteurellosis.
Strategic use of anthelmintics to prevent parasitic gastroenteritis in cow-calf herds in California
Authors: Baker Norman F. , Farver Thomas B. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
On the basis of the hypothesis that the peak numbers of infective nematode third-stage larvae (L3) on herbage in winter months results from fall contamination of pastures, 2 methods to reduce fall contamination were tested. In trial 1, morantal sustained-release boluses were administered to 15 fall-calving cows on Sept 7, 1982. Fifteen untreated cows (controls) were placed on separate pastures. Numbers of L3 on herbage during the winter and spring were assessed by use of worm-free tracer calves.
In trial 2, 19 cattle due to calve in the fall were administered 200 μg of invermectin/kg of body weight, sc, on Sept 2, 1983. Also, 17 cattle similarly were given a placebo injection and served as control animals. Treated cattle were placed on the pasture used by control cattle in trial 1 and control cattle on the pasture used by treated cattle in trial 1. Worm-free tracer calves were again used to assess numbers of L3 on herbage.
In trial 1, tracer calves grazing the control animal pasture from January 14 to 28 acquired 37 times as many nematodes as did those grazing the treated animal pasture. In trial 2, the greatest difference observed was a 10- fold increase of nematodes in calves grazing control animal pastures, compared with worm numbers in tracer calves grazing the treated animal pasture.
Experimental model of hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis caused by diversion of abomasal outflow in sheep
Authors: Smith Donald F. , Lunn D. Paul , Robinson Gail M. , McGuirk Sheila M. , Nordheim Erik V. , MacWilliams Peter S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis accompanied by hypokalemia and hyponatremia was induced experimentally in 7 adult sheep by diversion (loss) of gastric contents through an Ivan and Johnston cannula placed in the cranial part of the duodenum just distal to the pylorus. Cannula placement was easily accomplished, and cannulae were tolerated well by the sheep. Volume of effluent produced during the 60- to 120-hour period of diversion ranged from 7.7 to 14.9 L and tended to be greatest during the first 24 hours. All sheep became dehydrated, with mean pcv and plasma total protein concentration increases of 94.2 and 61.7%, respectively. Plasma chloride concentration decreased in linear fashion from a prediversion mean of 113 mEq/L (range, 111 to 117 mEq/L) to an end-point mean of 54 mEq/L (range, 45 to 65 mEq/L). Plasma sodium and potassium concentrations also decreased, though potassium concentration increased terminally. There were rapid increases in arterial blood pH and bicarbonate and base excess concentrations during the first 48 hours after diversion. However, during the final stages of diversion, sheep developed superimposed metabolic acidosis with increased plasma lactate concentration and high anion gap.
Effect of in-house transport on murine plasma corticosterone concentration and blood lymphocyte populations
Authors: Drozdowicz Carla K. , Bowman Theresa A. , Webb Maria L. , Lang C. Max 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effect of in-house transport on plasma corticosterone concentration and blood lymphocyte populations of laboratory mice was investigated. Mice were transported within a research facility at 0900 hours in a pattern designed to simulate that commonly used by investigators prior to experimental manipulation. Plasma corticosterone concentration and wbc count were determined at 0.25, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after transport.
A significant (P < 0.05) increase in plasma corticosterone concentration was seen in mice immediately after transport. The normal circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone concentration was altered for the subsequent 24-hour period. Corresponding significant (P < 0.05) decreases in total WBC numbers, lymphocyte count, and thymus gland weight were observed. The decrease in total blood lymphocyte numbers at 4 hours was reflected in B- and T-lymphocyte populations. The subsequent acute increase in plasma corticosterone concentration was associated with alterations in the cellular components of the immune system. Results of the study indicated that routine in-house transport of laboratory mice should be considered a stressful stimulus.
Effects of sample handling on adrenocorticotropin concentration measured in canine plasma, using a commercially available radioimmunoassay kit
Authors: Hegstad Rebecca L. , Johnston Shirley D. , Pasternak Donna M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A commercially available radioimmunoassay (ria) kit for measurement of human adrenocorticotropin (hacth) was validated for use in dogs. Assay sensitivity was 3 pg/ ml. Intra-assay coefficient of variation (× 100; cv) for 3 canine plasma pools was 3.0 (mean ± sd, 33 ± 0.99 pg/ ml), 4.2 (71 ± 2.4 pg/ml) and 3.7 (145 ± 3.7 pg/ml) %. Interassay cv for 2 plasma pools measured in 6 assays was 9.8 (37 ± 3.6 pg/ml) and 4.4 (76 ± 3.4 pg/ml) %, respectively. Dilutional parallelism was documented by assaying 2 pools of canine plasma at 3 dilutions and correcting the measured result for dilution. Corrected mean concentrations for the first pool were 33 (± 0.99), 36 (± 4.3), and 33 (± 6.8) pg/ml; corrected mean concentrations for the second pool were 145 (± 5.4), 141 (± 10.8) and 125 (± 3.4) pg/ml. Recovery of 1-39hacth added to canine plasma (6.25, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, and 100.0 pg/ml) was linear and quantitative (slope = 0.890, R2 = 0.961). To test whether anticoagulant or the protease inhibitor, aprotinin, influences acth concentration in canine plasma, acth was measured in canine blood collected in 4 tubes containing anticoagulant: heparin (h), heparin + 500 kallikrein inhibitor units (KIU) of aprotinin/ml (ha), edta (e), and edta + aprotinin (ea). Plasma acth concentration was the same when samples containing h and ha, or ha and e were compared, and was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in samples containing ea. Plasma storage at - 20 C for 1 week or 1 month was not associated with significant change in acth concentration in canine plasma, using any of the 4 anticoagulant treatments. Plasma acth concentration measured after 6 months’ storage at —20 C was significantly (P < 0.01) lower for all anticoagulants used. Synthetic 1-39hacth added to canine blood was accurately recovered (88 to 109%, n = 3) from plasma containing edta, with or without aprotinin, whereas percentage recovery was overestimated by 18 to 91% in heparinized plasma. Plasma acth concentrations in edta- treated canine blood kept at 4 or 22 to 25 C for 15 to 90 minutes prior to centrifugation at 8 C were not significantly different. Plasma acth concentration in canine plasma was affected by storage tube material. Concentration of acth in canine plasma stored in borosilicate glass tubes for 1 week or 1 month at — 70 C was significantly higher than initial acth values (P ≤ 0.01), but was unchanged over time in plasma stored in polypro-pylene or polystyrene tubes.
Sample handling procedures affect canine plasma acth concentration measured by use of the ria kit. Optimal sample handling conditions for plasma acth measurement in dogs include use of edta anticoagulant, blood collected at 20 to 25 C (room temperature) followed by centrifugation within 15 to 90 minutes, and plasma storage in plastic (not glass) tubes for not longer than 1 month at −20 C.
Clinical and biochemical alterations in calves with nutritionally induced polioencephalomalacia
Authors: Sager Ricardo L. , Hamar Dwayne W. , Gould Daniel H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Polioencephalomalacia (pem) was induced in calves by feeding a semipurified, low-roughage diet of variable copper and molybdenum composition. Two formulations resulting in Cu-insufficient and Cu-sufficient forms of the diet were fed (n = 10 and 4 calves, respectively); both diets induced pem. Clinical signs of disease developed as early as 15 days after transition to the experimental diets and included impaired vision, decreased response to external stimuli, and abnormal gait. Grossly evident cerebrocortical lesions consisted of laminar areas of cavitation and/or autofluorescence seen under uv illumination. Hepatic Cu concentration was decreased in calves fed the Cu-insufficient diet, but not below normal range. During the course of feeding either diet, rumen pH decreased, rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations increased, rumen and blood lactic acid concentrations increased, and rumen and plasma thiamine concentrations increased. The thiamine pyrophosphate effect on erythrocyte transketolase activity was unaltered in calves of either diet group. This nutritionally induced form of pem does not appear to be related to Cu deficiency or reduction in plasma or rumen thiamine concentration.
Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in newborn to 30-day-old foals
Authors: Cummings Linda E. , Guthrie Alan J. , Harkins J. Daniel , Short Charles R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Gentamicin sulfate, equivalent to 4 mg of gentamicin base/kg of body weight, was administered iv to 6 Thoroughbred foals on day 1 (12 to 24 hours of age) and at 5, 10, 15, and 30 days after birth. On day 40 after parturition, gentamicin was given to the mares at a dosage similar to that used in foals. Decay of serum gentamicin concentrations was best described by a 2-compartment model. Among foals, the overall elimination rate constant at 30 days of age was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than at days 1, 10, and 15. There was, however, no difference in the overall elimination rate constant between foals and mares. The volume of distribution (Vd), determined on the basis of total area under the disposition curve, did not change between day 1 and day 30. Mean values of Vd of foals were between 1.5 and 2.5 times higher than the mean Vd of the mares; however, only values from the foals at days 5 and 10 were significantly greater. Both age and interindividual differences were reflected in the total body clearance (ClB) of gentamicin. Total body clearance of gentamicin of foals on day 1 was less than that of foals on days 5, 10, and 30. Additionally, ClB of gentamicin on day 15 was less than that on day 30. There was no significant difference between ClB of foals and mares except for the day-30 group, which had a higher clearance rate than did the adults. Protein binding of gentamicin was < 30% in all groups, and there were no apparent age-related differences.
Quantitative and qualitative properties of host polymorphonuclear cells during experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in cows
Authors: Daley Michael J. , Oldham Elizabeth R. , Williams Thomas J. , Coyle Patricia A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Polymorphonuclear cells have a critical role in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis. We have documented that experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis is associated with cyclic increase and decrease in the quantity of viable bacteria shed in the milk. Concomitant with this cycling of bacteria is an inverse cycling of the hosts cells within the milk. Such somatic cells were determined to be ≥ 95% polymorphonuclear cells. The quality of these cells was evaluated by measuring their relative efficiency of bacterial killing and phagocytosis at various times during an infection. Host polymorphonuclear cells had as much as 10,000-fold variation in the bactericidal failure rate for staphylococci during cell cycling. The most efficient bactericidal effect was observed at or near the peak of the somatic cell count (scc). The ability of these cycling cells to ingest fluorescent beads was also quantitated by use of flow cytometry. The percentage of phagocytic polymorphonuclear cells that ingested fluorescent latex beads ranged from 15 to 80% of the total cell population during cell cycling, and tended to be optimal at or near peak scc. In addition, the average number of beads ingested varied between 1 and 2 particles/polymorphonuclear cell, with as many as 17% of the phagocytic cells ingesting 4 or more beads at maximal efficiency. Polymorphonuclear cells from quarters infected with S aureus varied quantitatively (total scc) and qualitatively (bactericidal activity and phagocytic ability) during the course of an infection. Not only is the quantitity of host's phagocytic cells in the mammary gland central to the defense mechanism against infection, but the biological activation state appears to be equally important. The role of these cells in the pathogenesis of a cycling infection is presented in a model to explain the cyclic nature of mastitis.
Influence of an ω-3 fatty acid-enriched ration on in vivo responses of horses to endotoxin
Authors: Henry Michelle M. , Moore James N. , Fischer J. Kay 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Because certain inflammatory processes are dependent on the fatty acid composition of the cellular membrane, dietary manipulations that replace ω-6 fatty acids with ω-3 fatty acids may modify inflammatory responses. We investigated the effect of supplemental dietary linseed oil, containing the ω-3 fatty acid, α-linolenic acid, on in vivo responses of horses to endotoxin. One group of horses (n = 6) was fed a control pelleted ration (0% linseed oil), and another group of horses (n = 6) was fed an 8% linseed oil pelleted ration. After 8 weeks of consuming these rations, all horses were given 0.03 μg of Escherichia coli 055:B5 endotoxin/kg of body weight, infused over 30 minutes. Horses were monitored over 24 hours. Compared with baseline values within each ration group, endotoxin infusion caused significant (P < 0.05) increase in rectal temperature, heart rate, and plasma concentration of thromboxane B2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α, and fibrinogen and significant (P < 0.05) decrease in total WBC count. Compared with baseline values within each ration group, endotoxin infusion failed to cause significant changes in prothrombin, activated partial thromboplastin, thrombin, or whole blood recalcification times, serum concentration of fibrin degradation products, pcv, or plasma total protein concentration. Before and after endotoxin infusion, horses given the linseed oil ration had longer mean whole blood recalcification time and activated partial thromboplastin time than did horses fed the control ration.
Vaccination of calves with a modified bacterin or oil-in-water emulsion containing alkali-detoxified Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Anderson Jamie , Smith Bradford P. , Ulrich J. Terry 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Twenty-six clinically normal colostrum-fed dairy calves were allotted to 5 groups. Calves of groups 1 and 2 served as nonvaccinated controls and were challenge-exposed with variable numbers of organisms. Group-3 calves were vaccinated SC with a modified Salmonella typhimurium bacterin. The bacterin was composed of killed acid-hydrolyzed S typhimurium G30/C21 (Re-mutant) whole cells coated with alkali-hydrolyzed S typhimurium LT-2 lipopolysaccharide, as antigen, and monophosphoryl lipid A, as adjuvant. Calves of groups 4 and 5 were vaccinated with a 2% mineral oil-in-water emulsion containing lipopolysaccharide as antigen and monophosphoryl lipid A and trehalose 6-6′-dimycolate as adjuvants. Calves of groups 3-5 were vaccinated at 2 weeks of age and again at 4 or 6 weeks of age. Adverse reactions were not observed after vaccination. Calves were challenge-exposed orally at 6 or 8 weeks of age with 1.5 × 1011 (groups 1 and 4), or 3.0 × 1011 (groups 2, 3, and 5) colony-forming units of S typhimurium UCD 108-11.
Mortality after challenge exposure was 2 of 5 group-1 calves; 4 of 5 group-2 calves; 5 of 6 group-3 calves; 1 of 5 group-4 calves; and 4 of 5 group-5 calves. Statistical difference between calves of similarly challenge-exposed groups was not evident, indicating failure of either vaccine to protect calves of this age from oral challenge exposure with virulent S typhimurium.
Comparison of several combinations for anesthesia in rabbits
Authors: Hobbs B. A. , Rolhall T. G. , Sprenkel T. L. , Anthony K. L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Few safe and effective anesthesia regimens have been described for use in rabbits, partially because of the susceptibility of this species to sometimes fatal respiratory depression. Although inhalant anesthetics are generally safer than injectable anesthetics, their use may be limited by lack of equipment or facilities. This study was conducted to compare effects of several injectable anesthetics in rabbits on response to noxious stimuli, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature. Six injectable anesthetic combinations were administered to rabbits: xylazine-ethyl-(l-methyl-propyl) malonyl-thio-urea salt (emtu), ketamine-emtu, xylazine-pentobarbital, xylazine- acepromazine-ketamine (xak), ketamine-chloral hydrate, and ketamine-xylazine. All combinations induced a depression of respiratory rate. Although rectal temperature values were reduced to some degree in each group, the most profound hypothermia was induced by xak. The combination that induced the longest duration of anesthesia was xak. It was concluded that xak was preferable for longer periods of anesthesia (60 to 120 minutes), although it induces severe hypothermia. For short periods of anesthesia, xylazine-pentobarbital, xylazine- emtu, or ketamine-xylazine were deemed adequate; however, xylazine-emtu induced the best survivability and consistency.