bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders
Authors: Peterson Kendra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Palliative care for Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a poorly developed area of care. We do not understand the needs of Parkinson patients close to death and how best to meet these. Although many patients die of other diseases, almost certainly PD itself contributes to terminal decline in others. Despite this lack of knowledge it is possible to define where care can be improved. Knowledge of drug treatment is helpful, as is being aware of the multiplicity of problems of Parkinsonian patients in decline. A multidisciplinary approach is often the best way to address these needs and involvement of the palliative care team should be considered. There is an opportunity for further research to quantify and describe patients’ problems close to death to help deliver a better quality of care to endstage Parkinson patients.
Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Mercadante Sebastiano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nausea is an unpleasant sensation of the need to vomit and is associated with autonomic symptoms, including pallor, cold sweats, tachycardia, and diarrhea. It may occur without retching or vomiting and as a result of various stimuli. Although the neural pathways that mediate nausea are not known, evidence suggests that they are the same pathways that mediate vomiting. Different neurologic diseases may produce a disturbance in central control of gut motility, resulting in gastrointestinal syndromes such as vomiting or intestinal pseudo-obstruction with or without gastric stasis. There are no accepted treatment guidelines. The pharmacologic treatment of nausea and vomiting usually involves established drugs chosen and rotated as necessary on a trial basis. Many classes of medications have been employed as antiemetics.
Acute Confusional State
Authors: Bosisio Augusto Caraceni Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Confusion is one of the most prevalent symptoms in palliative care. Different etiologies such as primary CNS disorders, systemic diseases, and exogenous intoxication or drug withdrawal may converge in a final common pathway probably involving the cholinergic system of the brain stem. Clinically, the differential diagnosis includes dementia and conditions that can lead to delirium in advanced medical illness, and in the difficulties of managing this complex clinical syndrome for relatively prolonged periods of time at the end of life.
Respiratory Symptoms
Authors: KaIub-Wittemer Gian Domenico Borasio D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dyspnea is a frequent symptom in neurologic disorders, especially neuromuscular disease. Careful assessment of the underlying cause is paramount. Like pain, ‘total dyspnea’ includes physical, psychosocial, and spiritual aspects. Drug and non-drug measures are equally important in the management of dyspnea. In neuromuscular patients, non-invasive ventilation is an excellent palliative measure for symptoms of chronic hypoventilation, while invasive ventilation should be restricted to selected cases. Other respiratory symptoms that can be efficiently palliated through appropriate medication include death rattle and cough. Management options for thick mucous secretions in patients with diaphragmatic weakness are still insufficient and further research is required.
Stomatitis
Authors: Rousseau PauI 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stomatitis is a painful and debilitating oral mucosal inflammation that reduces quality of life and precipitates and/or contributes to malnutrition, dehydration, an inability to communicate, and depression. The most significant risk factors for stomatitis are pre-existing oral or dental disease;l-3 medication use; infection; malnutrition; xerostomia; age older than 65 years or younger than 20 years; self-care deficits; exposure to additional oral stressors such as alcohol and tobacco;l,2 and sensitization to dyes. However, preventive measures are available to help preclude the development of stomatitis, including regular oral care and non-alcohol mouthwashes, but Upon examination, diffuse mucosal erythema was noted throughout the oral cavity without any observable discrete lesions. A preliminary diagnosis of a viral stomatitis versus aphthous stomatitis was made, and a generic non-alcoholic mouthwash was prescribed. After three days, the oral pain was significantly worse, and Mr D returned to his physician. Examination still revealed diffuse erythema. How-ever, his physician wondered about an atypical fungal stomatitis secondary to prior methylprednisolone use, and prescribed nystatin, 5 ml four times daily to swish and swallow. Within three days, Mr D was feeling better and able to eat and drink, the mucosal erythema was abating, and the diagnosis of fungal stomatitis was clinically confirmed.
Psychological Aspects
Authors: sloan Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diagnosis of a neurological illness and its aftermath can have profound effects on all those involved-patients, their families, and also the health-care professionals looking after them. Patients’ reactions can vary from acceptance through naive ambivalence to abject horror. Dealing with the emotional reactions of patients has been highlighted as one of the most stressful areas for oncologists.l The same is likely to be true for progressive neurological
The Biological Chemistry of Magnesium: Phosphate Metabolism
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Magnesium in biological chemistry is a Cinderella element: we know its hidden power and personality only indirectly since we are unable to label and follow it in a sensitive manner. Analysis in situ by X-ray fluorescence using the electron microscope is difficult since the element is light and present in the millimolar range; a very useful radioactive isotope is not available; there are few good spectroscopic tools (contrast calcium); even atomic absorption spectral methods need care because of the interference by phosphate with which magnesium is usually associated in cells.
Zinc: Lewis acid catalysis and regulation
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of each chapter on a given metal in living organisms we should have in mind the question as to why and how it has been selected for its particular tasks. In the present case the question itself has three parts: (1) why use zinc rather than another metal ion? (2) why use a metal ion at all since zinc is only an acid catalyst comparable to the proton? and (3) how has zinc been combined in order to use its properties optimally? As we stressed in Chapter 6, there are certain advantageous properties of metal ions both in their binding strengths and their rates of exchange of ligands which make them a potential source of chemically and hence biologically interesting selective properties. Zinc, Zn2+, is the case in point here. Its most obvious distinction is its highly concentrated charge since it is a small ion (radius 0.65 A).
Rearrangements of mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Schon Eric A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both mitochondrial division and mtDNA replication are unrelated to the cell cycle or to the timing of nuclear DNA replication. Thus, a dividing cell has the potential to donate a variable number of organelles and genomes to its daughter cells, a phenomenon termed mitotic segregation. This process becomes important clinically if a patient is heteroplasmic, that is, he or she harbours two populations of mtDNA—normal mtDNAs and mutated mtDNAs causing a mitochondrial disease. Because of mitotic segregation, the phenotypic expression of a pathogenic mtDNA mutation may vary both in time (during development or over the course of a life-span) and in space (among tissues or cells).
Pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations in genes that encode respiratory chain subunits
Authors: Howell Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been 20 years since the publication of the sequence of the human mitochondrial genome1 and more than 10 years since the ‘dawn’ of studies on mitochondrial genetic diseases. With regard to the topic of this review, pathogenic mtDNA mutations in protein-encoding genes, ‘volume’ has greatly exceeded ‘space’. This is not a physical riddle, but the welcome reality of the current state of research. That is, the literature on such mtDNA mutations is now so large (and getting larger), that no single review of reasonable length can adequately summarize and critically evaluate the results.
Mouse models of mitochondrial disease
Authors: Graff Caroline , Larsson Nils-GÖran 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA has proved refractive to genetic engineering providing a major obstacle to creating animal models of mitochondrial DNA disease. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is located in the matrix enclosed by double membranes and there is as yet no method for introducing and stably maintaining foreign DNA in mitochondria. Most mouse models have therefore been generated by nuclear gene targeting (Table 15.1). However, it has recently been shown that it is possible to introduce isolated mitochondria into mouse embryos (Table 15.1).
Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Matthews Bryan , Rice-Oxley Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For someone recently diagnosed with MS, or who lives with someone affected by MS, there are enormous new demands placed upon them, both physical and psychological. What has caused the illness? How will it affect their life? What can be done to alleviate the symptoms? Though much information on MS is available, there is a dearth of reliable advice that is based on proper medical research. For the sufferer, the conflicting and unreliable advice available can be a source of great confusion and frustration. As a new edition of a highly acclaimed book on this illness, Multiple Sclerosis: the facts explains in a clear and accessible manner, the symptoms, diagnosis, possible causes of multiple sclerosis, and lifecourse. In recent years there has been much controversy over new treatments such as Interferon, and the possible benefits of some alternative treatments. The new edition has been brought fully up to date and discusses the latest treatment options, including the latest results from trials of Interferon. A book that will be invaluable for those suffering from MS and those caring for them.
Masculine mothers in moderate collusion
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The song of the hyena is one of the most magical of all the nightly sounds on the savannah. ‘Song’ is not an exaggeration, as hyenas can sing wonderful arias with clear, full alto voices and poignant expressiveness. Occasionally, these hyena songs are reminiscent of Mozart’s Queen of the Night.
At Home
Authors: Lee Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Williams lived his whole life in the Lake District. When he was sixty-five he developed a cancer of the bladder and was sent from his local hospital to a great specialist centre in Manchester where he received the finest treatment available. He was there for four weeks. His GP visited him when he came home and his first words to her were, ‘Oh doctor, thank God I’m home. You won’t send me away again will you?’ Of course she didn’t. Rather than die in the ward of a hospital in Manchester, he was able to live his last months at home surrounded by the lakes and mountains that he had always loved.
Common Symptoms and Their Treatment
Authors: Lee Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will give a guide to the common symptoms experienced in terminal illness and outline the current mainstays of treatment. Most patients will suffer from one or more distressing symptoms and some are very common—anxiety, sleeplessness and depression, for example. Others, like bed sores and constipation, can often be prevented if certain precautions are taken. The symptoms relevant to most patients and carers are considered first, and then further common symptoms will be discussed. Use them for reference. My aim is both to give practical advice that will help you recognize and manage the conditions yourself, and to look at the medical treatment currently available.
Brain imaging studies in childhood-onset schizophrenia
Authors: Gogtay Nitin , Rapoport Judith L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Converging evidence indicates that serious childhood psychiatric disorders reflect subtle abnormalities of brain development. Clinical and neuropsychological studies indicate abnormal brain function in child psychiatric populations (Goodman 1994) and childhood psychiatric disorders are strongly associated with neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders (Rutter et al. 1970). With the advent of non-invasive brain MRI methodology, imaging data can now be safely acquired for pediatric populations. Interpretation of these data is substantiated by preclinical studies on the organization and function of neural circuits in the developing brain, and the molecular mediators of these changes.
Structural and functional brain abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: Sharma Tonmoy , Kumari Veena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abundant evidence implicates abnormalities in almost all cortical and subcortical regions at least to some degree in schizophrenia. Understanding features of brain abnormalities in the first-episode (FE) psychosis is important for furthering our knowledge of the brain basis of schizophrenia. The FE is a crucial stage in the course of the disorder; it represents a transition from a premorbid to a morbid state and provides a valuable starting point for prospective and longitudinal studies.
Music and mathematics: an overview
Authors: Wollenberg Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The invitation to write an introduction to this collection offered a welcome opportunity to reflect on some of the historical, scientific, and artistic approaches that have been developed in the linking of mathematics and music. The two have traditionally been so closely connected that it is their separation that elicits surprise. During the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries when music began to be recognized more as an art and to be treated pedagogically as language and analysed in expressive terms, it might have been expected to lose thereby some of its scientific connotations; yet in fact the science of music went on to develop with renewed impetus.
Heterogeneous Domain Decomposition for Compressible Flows
Authors: Quarteroni A , Stolcis L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The motion of fluid flows is described by systems of non-linear partial differential equations, expressing the conservation principles of mass, momentum, and energy. From a physical point of view, the knowledge of the values of velocity and other physical quantities is sufficient for the description of fluid flows. The choice of the physical model to be employed has a great influence not only on the type of flow solution but also on the computational time needed to obtain it by numerical methods. Furthermore, each physical model has a certain range of validity and needs to be chosen according to the particular physical problem under investigation.
An Upwind Scheme for Magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Powell K G , Roe P L , Myong R S , Gombosi T , Zeeuw D De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The governing equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) describe the physics of a conducting fluid in which the following assumptions hold: where ρ, V, τ and L are, respectively, characteristic density, speed, time and length scales for the problem, c is the speed of light, and ϵand σ represent the dielectric constant and conductivity of the fluid.
A Method to Obtain von Neumann Stability Conditions for the Convection-Diffusion Equation
Authors: Wesseling P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the computation of time-dependent incompressible flows, the pressure-correction method is widely used. For the velocity prediction step something very close to the convection-diffusion equation is solved, and von Neumann stability analysis boils down to von Neumann stability analysis for the convection-diffusion equation, which is the topic of this paper. From now on, by stability we will mean stability in the sense of von Neumann, i.e. non-growth of Fourier components in the frozen coefficients case on an infinite domain.
Preconditioners for High Speed Flows 1n Aerospace Engineering
Authors: Hadcock K J , Xu X , Dubuc L , Richards B E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Progress is being made in numerically predicting complex three-dimensional viscous flows applicable to the external aerodynamics of aircraft flight at transonic, supersonic and hypersonic speeds influenced by the combined features of larger and faster computing resources at lower relative cost. Progress requires the development of improved algorithms which can effectively use the new computer architectures. The lower costs in high performance computing come mainly from the introduction of massively parallel processors (MPPs) with distributed memory architectures and code developments for industry need to respond to this trend. For viscous flows or flow unsteadiness, gains in efficiency are possible by using implicit time stepping [1] or Newton’s method [2]. Implicit methods generally have higher storage requirements which favours the distributed memory architecture approach.
A Krylov Preconditioner used Across the Time
Authors: Choquet R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past, some research has been done to solve compressible Navier Stokes equations by means of an implicit method. For two-dimensional structured meshes, Lerat[5] defined an implicit or centred method and obtained better performance than explicit methods for solving steady Euler problems. His scheme was unconditionally stable and allowed large time steps. Each time step led to an easy tridiagonal linear system to be solved. Also in the context of structured meshes a different approach was made in [4]. The authors considered the flow solver as a black box and applied an implicit scheme in time. In this context, the efficiency of the implicit method is less effective since non-symmetric linear problems have to be solved. An incomplete GMRES method was used to solve each linear system. Fast computation of the solution was obtained for the unsteady test case. But the author did not consider the error committed at each time step by the incomplete resolution of the linear system. Here, in the framework of unstructured meshes, we will consider the scheme as a black box and we will apply an implicit method when the problem is considered stiff, i.e. when an explicit method is “running badly”. In this context we describe a class of preconditioners for the GMRES method and we apply it to the linear systems arising from the implicit resolution of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations.
Modelling Natural Ventilation Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Cook M , Lomas K , Howarth A , Crane M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Buildings must be provided with adequate ventilation. Environmental concerns, along with demands for energy efficiency are prompting designers to investigate natural ventilation as an alternative to mechanical ventilation or full air conditioning. One form of natural ventilation is displacement ventilation in which fresh air enters the room at low level, is drawn upwards in thermal plumes produced by equipment and occupants, and is then exhausted through high-level openings. This flow causes stratification where warm, stale air rises above fresh, ambient air. It is the layer of warm, buoyant air that drives the flow through the openings.
An Adapted Newton Method for the Turbulent k—є Equations
Authors: Drexlerand1 M , Rollett2 J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we present an adapted version of Newton’s Method in multidimensions and use it as a global solver for the turbulent k −ϵ equations. A symmetric duct serves as the test case for different Reynolds numbers. We give a geometrical interpretation of both the original and the adapted Newton’s Method in multiple dimensions. A convergence analysis is presented that shows linear conv rgence for Newton’s Method if the Jacobian is perturbed. Given this result, modelling the inlet corner points is discussed.
Simulation of Gas-particle Flow by Lattice Gas Methods
Authors: Filippova O , Hänel D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Particle-gas flow over rigid surfaces causes deposition of particles on the surface, resulting in a formation of porous or rigid layers. These layers change the form of the original bodies and therefore the flow field which influences the next particle deposition. Such surface effects determine essentially the efficiency of fibrous filters as used in many branches of industry. Analysis of the flow in real filters is nearly impossible due to the complex, mostly unknown geometry. But by reducing the problem to flow around a few periodically’ arranged obstacles some of the most essential effects and properties can be analyzed. The fluid flow is characterized by small speeds and small dimensions, resulting in small values of the Reynolds number.
Evaluation of the WAF Method for Kinematic and Dynamic Atmospheric Modelling Problems
Authors: Nikiforakis N , Toro E F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High-resolution, Riemann-problem-based (Godunov-type) methods have been used extensively and with great success in many scientific disciplines dealing with inert or reactive fluid flow problems. These offer conservative discretisations, exhibit no spurious oscillations near steep field gradients while maintaining at least second order accuracy in smoothly varying parts of the flow. Attractive such a package may be, yet this class of methods has not found its way into atmospheric flows.
Fluctuation Splitting Schemes for the Euler Equations on Quadrilateral Grids
Authors: van der weide E , Deconinck H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over recent years, multi-dimensional upwind schemes for the Euler equations on 2D unstructured grids composed of triangles have come to maturity, as reviewed by Deconinck and Paillere [1] in this volume. However common experience indicates that quadrilaterals are to be preferred above triangles in stretched layers for which they are both more accurate and more economical. Ideally, triangles and quadrilaterals should be combined in hybrid grids, offering the best properties of both, geometric flexibility for triangles and optimal anisotropic stretching for quadrilaterals. The present paper makes a step in this direction by discussing the extension of the fluctuation splitting approach to grids composed of quadrilaterals.
Weather
Authors: Hoskins Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we talk about the weather, we are referring to wind, rain, sunshine, frost and so on. The weatherman or woman on the television might stand in front of a chart like that in Fig. l(a) and forecast what the weather will be tomorrow. The weather map in Fig. l(a) shows lines of equal sea-level pressure drawn every Smb from 960mb to 1024mb (the unit mb will be defined later). Land H mark low-and high-pressure centres. Weather fronts are marked in bold with rounded bumps for the warm front and jagged bumps for the cold front. The little circles with symbols around them show the local weather. In particular the flags show the direction of the wind and the number of tail feathers indicates the strength. The dots show the rainfall with three dots being very heavy. The satellite image is a picture of the heat being given off rather than the light reflected. High cloud is cold and is shown as white. The ocean surface is warmer than the land surface at this time of year and so it shows as darker. The deep cloud swirls around the intense low pressure system. This storm gave intense winds and rainfall over the UK and has become known as the Burns Day storm.