bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allosteric modulation of adenosine A1 receptor coupling to G‐proteins in brain
Authors: Childers Steven R. , Li Xinhui , Xiao Ruoyu , Eisenach James C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract2‐Amino‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzo(β)thiophen‐3‐yl 4‐chlorophenylmethanone (T62) is a member of a group of allosteric modulators of adenosine A1 receptors tested in animal models of neuropathic pain to increase the efficacy of adenosine. To determine its mechanisms at the level of receptor‐G‐protein activation, the present studies examined the effect of T62 on A1‐stimulated [35S]guanosine‐5′‐O‐(γ‐thio)‐triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS) binding in brain membranes, and by [35S]GTPγS autoradiography using the A1 agonist, phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA), to activate G‐proteins. In hippocampal membranes, T62 increased both basal and PIA‐stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding. The effect of T62 was non‐competitive in nature, since it increased the maximal effect of PIA, with no effect on agonist potency. GTPγS saturation analysis showed that T62 increased the number of G‐proteins activated by agonist but had no effect on the affinity of activated G‐proteins for GTPγS. [35S]GTPγS autoradiography showed that the neuroanatomical localization of T62‐stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was identical to that of PIA‐stimulated activity. The increase in PIA‐stimulated activity by T62 varied between brain regions, with areas of lower A1 activation producing the largest percent modulation by T62. These results suggest a mechanism of allosteric modulators to increase the number of activated G‐proteins per receptor, and provide a neuroanatomical basis for understanding potential therapeutic effects of such drugs.
Structural and functional analysis of cysteine residues in human glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and GAD67
Authors: Wei Jianning , Wu Jang‐Yen 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPreviously, we have shown that brain glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is greatly inhibited by sulfhydryl reactive reagent suggesting cysteine residue(s) may play an important role in GAD function. In this report, we determined the role of cysteine residues in the recombinant human 65‐kDa GAD isoform (hGAD65) and 67‐kDa GAD isoform (hGAD67), using a combination of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight (MALDI–TOF) mass spectrometry and site‐directed mutagenesis. Here, we report that cysteine 446 (C446) in hGAD65 is important for its activity and is present as free sulfhydryl group. This conclusion is based on the following observations: (i) mutation of C446 in hGAD65 to alanine reduced hGAD65 activity by more than 90%, (ii) MALDI–TOF analysis of the non‐reduced, trypsin‐digested GAD65 revealed that C446 is present as a free sulfhydryl group as indicated by a peak at m/z (mass/charge) 647.3446 (peptide 443–448) and, when GAD65 was treated with sulfhydryl reagent, N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM), the peak is shifted to m/z 772.3702,a mass increase of 125.1 daltons (Da) as a result of modification of cysteine by NEM. Parallel studies have also been conducted with hGAD67. Cysteine 455 was found to be important for GAD67 activity.
Neuropeptide Y stimulates neuronal precursor proliferation in the post‐natal and adult dentate gyrus
Authors: Howell Owain W. , Doyle Kharen , Goodman Jeffrey H. , Scharfman Helen E. , Herzog Herbert , Pringle Ashley , Beck‐Sickinger Annette G. , Gray William P. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAdult dentate neurogenesis is important for certain types of hippocampal‐dependent learning and also appears to be important for the maintenance of normal mood and the behavioural effects of antidepressants. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a peptide neurotransmitter released by interneurons in the dentate gyrus, has important effects on mood, anxiety‐related behaviour and learning and memory. We report that adult NPY receptor knock‐out mice have significantly reduced cell proliferation and significantly fewer immature doublecortin‐positive neurons in the dentate gyrus. We also show that the neuroproliferative effect of NPY is dentate specific, is Y1‐receptor mediated and involves extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 activation. NPY did not exhibit any effect on cell survival in vitro but constitutive loss of the Y1 receptor in vivo resulted in greater survival of newly generated neurons and an unchanged total number of dentate granule cells. These results show that NPY stimulates neuronal precursor proliferation in the dentate gyrus and suggest that NPY‐releasing interneurons may modulate dentate neurogenesis.
Rat brain iron concentration is lower following perinatal copper deficiency
Authors: Prohaska Joseph R. , Gybina Anna A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractExperiments performed with Holtzman rats demonstrated that brain iron (Fe) was lower by postnatal day 13 (P13) in pups born and nursed by dams that began copper‐deficient (–Cu) treatment at embryonic day 7. Transcardial perfusion of P24–P26 males and females to remove blood Fe contamination revealed that brain Fe was still 20% lower in –Cu than +Cu rats. Estimated blood content of brain for –Cu rats was greater than for +Cu rats; for all groups, values ranged between 0.43 and 1.03%. Using group‐specific data and regression analyses, r = 0.99, relating blood Fe to hemoglobin, brain Fe in non‐perfused rats in a replicate study was lower by 33% at P13 and 39% at P24 in –Cu rats. Brain extracts from these rats and from P50 rats from a post‐weaning model were compared by immunobloting for transferrin receptor (TfR1). P24 brain –Cu/+Cu TfR1 was 3.08, suggesting that brains of –Cu rats were indeed Fe deficient. This ratio in P13 rats was 1.44, p < 0.05. No change in P50 –Cu rat brain TfR1 or Fe content was detected despite a 50% reduction in plasma Fe. The results suggest that brain Fe accumulation depends on adequate Cu nutriture during perinatal development.
Smoking, a weak predictor of periodontitis in older adults
Authors: Persson Rigmor E. , Kiyak Asuman H. , Wyatt Chris C. I. , MacEntee Michael , Persson G. Rutger 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground: The impact of smoking habits on periodontal conditions in older subjects is poorly studied.Aims: To assess if a history of smoking is associated with chronic periodontitis and medical history in older subjects.Material and Methods: The medical and dental history was collected from 1084 subjects 60–75 years of age. Smoking history information was obtained from self‐reports. Periodontal variables [clinical probing depth (PD)5.0 mm, clinical attachment levels (CALs) 4.0 mm], and radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss were assessed.Results: 60.5% had never smoked (NS), 32.0% were former smokers (FS) (mean smoke years: 26.1 years, SD±13.1), and 7.5% were current smokers (CS) (mean smoke years 38.0 years, (SD±12.1). The proportional distribution of CAL 4.0 mm differed significantly by smoking status (NS and CS groups) (mean difference: 12.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5–22.6, p<0.02). The Mantel–Haenszel common odds ratio between smoking status (CS+FS) and periodontitis (>20% bone loss) was 1.3 (p<0.09, 95% CI: 0.9–2.0) and changed to 1.8 (p<0.02, 95% CI: 1.3–2.7) with 30 years of smoking as cutoff. A weak correlation between number of years of smoking and CAL4.0 mm was demonstrated (r2 values 0.05 and 0.07) for FS and CS, respectively. Binary logistic forward (Wald) regression analysis demonstrated that the evidence of carotid calcification, current smoking status, gender (male), and the number of remaining teeth were explanatory to alveolar bone loss.Conclusions: A clinically significant impact on periodontal conditions may require 30 years of smoking or more. Tooth loss, radiographic evidence of carotid calcification, current smoking status, and male gender can predictably be associated with alveolar bone loss in older subjects.
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Authors: Conrad Curdin , Trüeb Ralph M. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryPyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a non‐infectious reactive neutrophilic dermatosis which typically starts with pustules which rapidly evolve to painful ulcers of variable size and depth with undermined violaceous borders. Since its first description in 1930, the pathogenesis of PG has remained elusive even as an ever‐widening range of systemic diseases has been described in association with it. The diagnosis of PG is based on clinical and pathologic features and requires exclusion of other conditions that produce ulcerations, since misdiagnosis exposes patients to risks associated with treatment. Critical to proper management are correct diagnosis, identification and treatment of any underlying disorder, and the appropriate choice of topical and systemic therapy. PG has four distinctive clinical and histologic variants, and the specific clinical features of the lesion may provide a clue to the associated disease. The most common associated diseases are inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatological or hematological disease or malignancy. Although there is no single successful treatment for PG, certain type of PG lesions are recognized to respond more readily to accepted therapies than others. Local treatment may be sufficient for mild disease, while systemic immunosuppressive therapy is necessary for severe cases. The treatments with the best clinical evidence are oral or pulse intravenous corticosteroids, and cyclosporine. Surgical therapy is useful in selected cases in conjunction with immunosuppression. Wound stabilization is obtained only through control of the systemic and local inflammatory process. Emerging therapies include use of platelet‐derived growth factor and cell culture grafts when re‐epithelialization is slow, and the TNF‐alpha blocking agent infliximab for refractory disease. Despite advances in therapy, the long‐term outcome for patients with PG remains unpredictable, because relapses are common.
Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Zorc Joseph J. , Kiddoo Darcie A. , Shaw Kathy N. 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARYUrinary tract infection (UTI) is among the most commonly diagnosed bacterial infections of childhood. Although frequently encountered and well researched, diagnosis and management of UTI continue to be a controversial issue with many challenges for the clinician. Prevalence studies have shown that UTI may often be missed on history and physical examination, and the decision to screen for UTI must balance the risk for missed infections with the cost and inconvenience of testing. Interpretation of rapid diagnostic tests and culture is complicated by issues of contamination, false test results, and asymptomatic colonization of the urinary tract with nonpathogenic bacteria. The appropriate treatment of UTI has been controversial and has become more complex with the emergence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Finally, the anatomic evaluation and long-term management of a child after a UTI have been based on limited evidence, and newer studies question some of the tenets of prior recommendations. The goal of this review is to provide an up-to-date summary of the literature with particular attention to practical questions about diagnosis and management for the clinician.
Von Willebrand gene tracking by single-tube automated fluorescent analysis of four short tandem repeat polymorphisms
Authors: Vidal Francisco , Julià Antoni , Altisent Carme , Puig Lluís , Gallardo Dominique 
Published: April 2005

SummaryMolecular diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD) has been hampered by the large size and complex genomic characteristics of the gene involved. For this reason, indirect methods using in-tragenic polymorphic markers described along the von Wille-brand factor (VWF) gene are valuable tools for gene monitoring and linkage analysis. Several studies have demonstrated the four commonly utilized short tandem repeats (STRs), three located in intron 40 and one in the promoter region of the VWF gene, to be highly informative for this task. Our objective was to develop a rapid, automated method to simultaneously analyze these four STRs for VWF gene tracking. Amplification of the four loci is achieved in a single multiplex fluorescent PCR which is then analyzed in the same run by capillary electrophoresis. Data processing with Gene Scan and Genotyper software has simplified management and tabulation of the resulting haplotypes. Analysis of the VWF gene in DNA from 102 individuals (204 chromosomes) revealed that the three STRs within intron 40 showed significant linkage disequilibrium against each other but not against the VWP locus. Moreover, the combination of the four markers offers a high heterozygosity rate (>99%) that improves tracing VWF gene inheritance. In conclusion, the automated fluorescent capillary electrophoresis method presented here is an extremely rapid, simple and highly informative technique for association studies between VWD and the VWF gene in addition to genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis by precise linkage analysis in VWD-affected families.
Fatal vascular outcomes following major orthopedic surgery
Authors: Caprini Joseph , Colwell Clifford , Frostick Simon , Haas Sylvia , Hull Russell , Laporte Sylvie , Stein Paul , Dahl Ola 
Published: April 2005

SummaryMajor orthopedic surgery is known to be associated with potentially serious arterial and venous vascular complications, although uncertainty exists about current event rates. Using electronic databases and investigator contact, we identified randomized and cohort studies reporting overall mortality and fatal vascular events. Where possible, studies reporting high autopsy rates (>60%) were examined. Pooled incidences were calculated from eligible studies. For Autopsy studies: Pooled overall mortality and fatal pulmonary embolism for patients undergoing elective hip and knee replacement without prophylaxis could not be calculated, while with prophylaxis they were 0.44% (95% confidence interval 0.02 to 0.87%) and 0.43% (0.01 to 0.85%). For patients undergoing hip fracture surgery, the corresponding rates without prophylaxis were 15.9% (14.5 to 17.3%) and 1.9% (1.4 to 2.4%). With prophylaxis, mortality and fatal pulmonary embolism rates were 8.5% (7.3 to 9.7%) and 1.0% (0.6 to 1.5%). Among Cohort studies: Pooled overall mortality and fatal pulmonary embolism for patients undergoing elective hip and knee replacement without prophylaxis were 0.93% (0.57 to 1.29%) and 0.36% (0.14 to 0.59%). For patients receiving prophylaxis (7 to 14 days), mortality and fatal pulmonary embolism were 0.57% (0.51 to 0.62%) and 0.18% (0.14 to 0.21%). Patients undergoing hip fracture surgery receiving prophylaxis had mortality and fatal pulmonary embolism rates of 3.2% (2.8 to 3.6%) and 0.30% (0 to 0.61%). Vascular events contributed towards approximately 50% of all deaths with similar proportions due to ischemic heart disease, cardiac failure and pulmonary embolism. In conclusion, although prophylaxis results in a reduction in overall mortality and fatal pulmonary embolism, vascular events continue to be a common cause of mortality.
The Use of Millimeter Doppler Radar Echoes to Estimate Vertical Air Velocities in the Fair-Weather Convective Boundary Layer
Authors: Geerts Bart , Miao Qun 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Vertical velocity characteristics of the optically clear convective boundary layer (CBL) are examined by means of profiling airborne radar data collected in the central Great Plains during the International H2O Project, May–June 2002 (IHOP 2002). Clear-air echoes are sufficiently strong for the radar, a 95-GHz cloud radar, to detect most of the CBL at a resolution of ∼30 m. Vertical radar transects across the CBL are remarkably dominated by well-defined plumes of higher reflectivity. These echo plumes occupy most of the depth of the CBL in the developing and mature stages of the CBL. Gust probe data indicate that the plumes tend to correspond with ascending motion. Evidence exists in the literature, and arises from this study, that the clear-air scatterers are mostly small insects.
The close-range Doppler radar velocities, some 100 m above and below the aircraft, are compared to gust probe vertical velocities after both are corrected for aircraft motion.
It is found that the radar vertical velocities have a downward bias of 0.5 ± 0.2 m s−1 on average. This bias is of the same sign as that reported in wind profiler data in the CBL, but it is larger. The difference between aircraft and radar vertical velocities becomes larger in stronger updrafts. This does not happen in cases where the scatterers are hydrometeors: hydrometeors fall out at their terminal velocity, which does not directly depend on updraft speed.
The existence of the CBL echo plumes and radar “fine lines,” sustained by low-level air convergence, has long been attributed to a biotic response to updrafts. This response has been assumed to be controlled by air temperature; that is, insects subside when they encounter cold air in the upper CBL. The authors propose that the biotic response is not temperature controlled but, rather, is dependent on the vertical displacement.
Observations of Steep Wave Statistics in Open Ocean Waters
Authors: Scott Nicholas , Hara Tetsu , Walsh Edward J. , Hwang Paul A. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
A new wavelet analysis methodology is proposed to estimate the statistics of steep waves. The method is applied to open ocean wave height data from the Southern Ocean Waves Experiment (1992) and from a field experiment conducted at Duck, North Carolina (1997). Results show that high wave slope crests appear over a wide range of wavenumbers, with a large amount being much shorter than the dominant wave. At low wave slope thresholds, all wave fields have roughly the same amount of wave crests regardless of wind forcing. The steep wave statistic decays exponentially with the square of the wave slope threshold, with a decay rate that is larger for the low wind cases than the high wind cases. Comparison of the steep wave statistic with independent measurements of the breaking wave statistic suggests a breaking wave slope threshold of about 0.12. The steep wave statistic does not scale with the cube of the wind speed, suggesting that other factors besides the wind speed also affect its level. Comparison of the steep wave statistic to the saturation spectrum reveals a reasonable correlation at moderate wave slope thresholds.
Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Water Vapor Using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
Authors: Albert P. , Bennartz R. , Preusker R. , Leinweber R. , Fischer J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This paper presents first validation results for an algorithm developed for the retrieval of integrated columnar water vapor from measurements of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on board the polar-orbiting Terra and Aqua platforms. The algorithm is based on the absorption of reflected solar radiation by atmospheric water vapor and allows the retrieval of integrated water vapor above cloud-free land surfaces. A comparison of the retrieved water vapor with measurements of the Microwave Water Radiometer at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site for a 10-month period in 2002 showed an rms deviation of 1.7 kg m−2 and a bias of 0.6 kg m−2. A comparison with radio soundings in central Europe from July 2002 to April 2003 showed an rms deviation of 2 kg m−2 and a bias of −0.8 kg m−2.
Correlation of Short Form-36 and Disability Status with Outcomes of Arthroscopic Acetabular Labral Debridement
Authors: Potter Benjamin K. , Freedman Brett A. , Andersen Romney C. , Bojescul John A. , Kuklo Timothy R. , Murphy Kevin P. 
Published: April 2005

Background Arthroscopic debridement is the standard of care for the treatment of acetabular labral tears. The Short Form-36 has not been used to measure hip arthroscopy outcomes, and the impact of disability status on hip arthroscopy outcomes has not been reported. Hypothesis Short Form-36 subscale scores will demonstrate good correlation with the modified Harris hip score, but patients undergoing disability evaluation will have significantly worse outcome scores. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods The records of active-duty soldiers who underwent hip arthroscopy at the authors’ institution were retrospectively reviewed. Forty consecutive patients who underwent hip arthroscopy for the primary indication of labral tear formed the basis of the study group. Patients completed the modified Harris hip score, the Short Form-36 general health survey, and a subjective overall satisfaction questionnaire. Results Thirty-three patients, with a mean age of 34.6 years, were available for follow-up at a mean of 25.7 months postoperatively. Fourteen (43%) patients were undergoing medical evaluation boards (military equivalent of workers’ compensation or disability claim). Pearson correlation coefficients for comparing the Short Form-36 Bodily Pain, Physical Function, and Physical Component subscale scores to the modified Harris hip score were 0.73, 0.71, and 0.85, respectively (P <. 001). The mean modified Harris hip score was significantly lower in patients on disability status than in those who were not (92.4 vs 61.1; P <. 0001). The Short Form-36 subscale scores were significantly lower in disability patients (P <. 02). Patient-reported satisfaction rates (70% overall) were 50% for those undergoing disability evaluations and 84% for those who were not (P <. 04). There was no significant difference in outcomes based on patient age, surgically proven chondromalacia, or gender for military evaluation board status. Conclusion The Short Form-36 demonstrated good correlation with the modified Harris hip score for measuring outcomes after arthroscopic partial limbectomy. Arthroscopic debridement yielded a high percentage of good results when patients undergoing disability evaluations were excluded. Disability status may be a negative predictor of success after hip arthroscopy.
Groin Pain in Footballers
Authors: Slavotinek John Paul , Verrall Geoffrey Mark , Fon Gerald Tau , Sage Michael Radford 
Published: April 2005

Background Groin pain and tenderness are common in athletes from a variety of codes of football, but little attention has been directed to the influence of magnetic resonance imaging and such clinical findings on athlete participation. Hypothesis Preseason groin pain, tenderness, and magnetic resonance imaging findings such as pubic bone marrow edema are associated with restricted training capacity and missed games. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Fifty-two Australian footballers in the national competition were recruited. Preseason groin pain and focal tenderness were recorded, and magnetic resonance imaging of the groin was performed within 1 week of examination. Training restriction and games missed owing to groin pain were documented during the subsequent season. Results Magnetic resonance imaging showed pubic bone marrow edema in 19 of 52 (37%) footballers and linear parasymphyseal T2 hyperintensity in 16 of 52 (31%) footballers. Groin pain restricted training during the season in 22 of 52 (42%) footballers, and 9 of 52 (17%) footballers missed at least 1 game. Preseason pain (P =. 0004), pubic bone tenderness (P =. 02), and linear parasymphyseal T2 hyperintensity (P =. 01) were associated with restricted training capacity during the subsequent season. Preseason groin pain (P =. 03) was associated with missed games, but magnetic resonance imaging findings were not. Conclusion Preseason pubic bone marrow edema, groin pain, and linear parasymphyseal T2 hyperintensity were associated with training restriction, but only preseason groin pain was associated with missed games.