bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connectionism without Tears
Authors: Seidenberg Mark S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What accounts for the cool reaction to the emergence of connectionism in the 1980s on the part of people who study language for a living? Most of the critical assessments of connectionism that followed the initial explosion of interest in the approach came from people such as Bever, Fodor, Pinker, and Prince, whose works are firmly situated within the mainstream of linguistics and psycholinguistics. It will be an interesting project for a future student of the history of ideas or the sociology of science to investigate why, as Prince and Smolensky recently observed, connectionism was seen as ‘at best orthogonal and at worst antithetical to the goals of linguistic theory.’ This issue is of particular interest to me as someone who was trained in the standard linguistic-psycholinguistic school of thought but has utilized connectionist modelling techniques in studies of language processing. My own work has been grounded in the belief that connectionism and linguistics have more in common than some of the more polemical critiques of the approach would suggest. In this paper I will discuss some of the issues that have tended to separate the two approaches and describe some potentially interesting points of contact.
Progress and Prospects in Evolutionary Biology
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book focuses on drosophila as an especially useful model organism for exploring questions of evolutionary biology in the full range of evolutionary studies: population genetics, ecology, ecological genetics, speciation, phylogenetics, genome evolution, molecular evolution, and development. The author presents an integrated view of evolutionary biology as elucidated in this single organism. Special effort is made to point out holes in our knowledge and areas particularly ripe for new investigation.
Neuromnemonics: Forms and Contents
Authors: Weinberger Norman M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Forms of memory” encompasses a broad and heterogeneous set of problems and approaches. The preceding chapters provide an indication of the extensive dimensions of current research. Carew and his co-authors are concerned with different forms of memory within the domain of the neurophysiology of habituation, sensitization, and dis-habituation in a marine gastropod mollusk. Holland also deals with forms of memory from the viewpoint of conditioning, but he does so within the framework of behavioral analyses alone; the conditioning paradigms used with rats are considerably more complex than those employed by Carew. Johnson focuses on three mnemonic processes in normal and amnesic humans, using tasks quite different from those involved in conditioning as well as stimulus material unique to human animals, that is, language-based stimuli.
Forms of Memory: Issues and Directions
Authors: Shimamura Arthur P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What constitutes evidence for different forms of memory? In behavioral neuroscience, memory forms are often distinguished by the kind of test paradigm that is used-from nonassociative learning paradigms such as habituation and sensitization to verbal learning paradigms such as word recall and recognition. A critical issue in understanding the neurobiological basis of memory is to identify and characterize the neural architecture that supports such behavioral expressions of memory. In this chapter I evaluate evidence that has been used to argue for different forms of memory, particularly in the domain of neuropsychological research.
The Dissection by Alzheimer’ s Disease of Cortical and Limbic Neural Systems Relevant to Memory
Authors: Hoesen Gary W Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the mid-1970s, Alzheimer’ s disease (AD) has been recognized as the most common form of dementia (Katzman, 1976). The clinical manifestations of AD are characterized by an unremitting decline in higher mental function, dominated typically by a memory impairment. However, the tempo of the changes vary and early onset AD is associated with a rapid decline (Corsellis, 1976; Tomlinson & Corsellis, 1984). Historically, this contributed to the confusion surrounding the term presenile dementia. Both this and senile dementia are now considered behaviorally and pathologically as AD, which recognizes that dementia can occur abnormally early, but that neither dementia nor extensive brain pathology is a necessary concomitant of senility. This is not to say that behavioral changes and structural changes to the brain do not occur in aging; of course they do, but an aberrant pace in terms of cognitive decline and an aberrant quantity of structural changes are abnormal, and together they form much of the essence of AD (Katzman, 1986).
Notes on Neural Computing and Associative Memory
Authors: Kohonen Teuvo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no doubt that the brain consists of discrete operational units (cells or cell groups) that are selectively activated to perform specific functions. Another salient feature is the vast number of feedback loops of local as well as global scale, which gives rise to various kinds of collective effects. A further indisputable fact is that the interconnections (the structures and/or strengths) are adaptive, a property without which learning would be impossible. Any remaining discrepancies then concern the conceptualization and characterization of these properties.
Irrigation Systems
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In any type of agricultural production the fate of nitrogen is inescapably linked with that of water. In irrigated agriculture the fate of water is controlled in turn by the method of irrigation employed. Inherent differences in the way water is applied for each method of irrigation influence solute movement and replenishment of soil-water supply. Uniformity of water distribution, direction of water movement, efficiency of water application, and irrigation efficiency determine the frequency of water application and the amount of water to be applied in any given irrigation. Because of these differing characteristics, the method of irrigation has a major impact on nitrogen availability to the plant through its influence on direction of movement, amount of drainage below the root zone, redistribution within the root zone, and denitrification losses. Furthermore, the amount, frequency, and quality of water moving through the soil influence its chemical and physical characteristics, which may then be reflected in plant growth and the crop’ s use of water and nitrogen.
Equipment
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The type of machinery used for fertilizer application is seldom considered as a management variable. However, the selection of a piece of equipment for fertilizer application plays a definite role in the determination of the fertilizer source that can be used. Since the source of fertilizer nitrogen plays such an important role in the placement and timing of nitrogen fertilizers, and because of the different physical states (solid, liquid, and gas) that occur for the major nitrogen fertilizers materials, the selection of the proper piece of equipment or the selection of the proper source for a given piece of equipment makes the type of equipment available for fertilizer application a factor the grower must consider in the management of nitrogen. There are a large number of different fertilizer applicators designed to do one of two things—either apply the fertilizer to the surface of the soil or inject the fertilizer below the surface. There are a wide variety of metering and spreading devices used for both techniques in order to apply the material in as uniform a manner as possible.
Source of Nitrogen
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of the physical and chemical characteristics of nitrogen fertilizer materials and the different ways in which each of these materials interacts with the system variables, the source of nitrogen becomes an important factor in nitrogen management. As discussed in Chapter 5, these characteristics influence nitrogen movement in soils, the susceptibility to loss, and the transformation of nitrogen in the soil–plant–water system. Soil physical characteristics influence the rate of nitrogen movement through the soil profile and determine the magnitude of losses as a function of denitrification and leaching. Soil chemical characteristics such as cation exchange capacity (CEC) and pH affect the amount of ammonia volatilization losses that may occur. The amount of organic matter present and the degree of decomposition will influence the amount of nitrogen tie-up (immobilization) or release (mineralization). Each of the factors indicated plays a role in determining the most suitable source of nitrogen to use for any of these conditions.
Timing of Nitrogen Application
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The timing of nitrogen fertilizer applications is one of the key management techniques available to a grower for improving the efficiency of nitrogen use. Proper timing of applications to enhance the efficiency of nitrogen utilization requires an understanding of how plant characteristics determine the need for nitrogen during the season. Environmental factors regulate the availability of nitrogen by their influence on transformation rates, plant uptake, and conditions conducive to nitrogen losses. There is also considerable interaction between timing and placement. Appropriate timing is defined as having nitrogen positionally available in the quantity needed in time to meet the demand of the plant for the nutrient. In order to ascertain the appropriate timing of fertilizer nitrogen applications it is necessary to understand the effect of the system variables on the characteristics outlined above. The closer one can adjust the application of nitrogen to insure its availability to the plant when required, the greater the efficiency by virtue of enhanced opportunity for plant absorption before it is exposed to the myriad of loss mechanisms that decrease its availability to the plant.
Summary
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It should be amply apparent from the preceding discussions that agricultural production systems are exceedingly complex with numerous factors that must be considered in relation to nitrogen management in irrigated agriculture. There are several points that should be emphasized for the reader to put what has been presented into perspective. First, it should be abundantly clear that various forms of nitrogen in fertilizer do not all react in the same way in soil or water. Considerable emphasis has been placed on the differences that exist as they affect the reactions in soils, availability to plants, and the types of losses the fertilizers undergo. It is convenient to think only in terms of nitrogen when referring to all nitrogen fertilizer materials, but in order to utilize nitrogen fertilizers efficiently one must fully understand the differences between nitrogen sources and how their use is affected by system and management variables.
The First Court, 1790-1801
Authors: Schwartz Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ChiefJustice Warren E. Burger once said “that he himself should be in a wig and gown, and had been cheated out of it by Thomas Jefferson.” The question of the Justices’ attire was a controversial issue when the United States Supreme Court first met. As was to be expected, Hamilton was for the English wig and gown. Jefferson was against both, but he said that if the gown was to be worn, “For Heaven’s sake, discard the monstrous wig which makes the English judges look like rats peeping through benches of oakum!”
Disorders of Visual-Spatial Perception and Cognition
Authors: Farah Martha J , Epstein Russell A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans are visual creatures, and our brain organization reflects this. Vision is the main function of the occipital cortex and occupies much of the parietal and temporal cortex as well. Even in the most anterior parts of the brain, as physically distant as possible from primary visual cortex, are areas dedicated to eye movement programming and visual working memory. One consequence of this organization is that lesions to many different parts of the brain can affect vision. The nature of the visual disturbance depends on the particular contribution that the damaged area would normally have made to vision.
Anosognosia
Authors: Adair John C , Barrett Anna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anosognosia refers to a condition in which brain-injured patients deny or fail to acknowledge their deficits. The term was originally used to describe lack of awareness or recognition of hemiparesis (Babinski, 1914). Subsequent reports applied the term more broadly to unawareness of any neurological or neuropsychological deficit (Fisher, 1989) including hemianesthesia, visual loss (hemianopia or cortical blindness), prosopagnosia, amnesia, dementia, aphasia, cortical deafness, involuntary movements, apraxia, and thought disorder due to schizophrenia.
Apraxia
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M , Rothi Leslie J Gonzalez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The motor system, which includes the corticospinal system together with motor neurons, is capable of directing muscles to make an almost infinite variety of movements. To perform skilled movements, the brain must acquire the knowledge through experience to program the motor system, so that these movements can be made correctly. Additionally, the brain must, through experience, learn to link motor plans to their meaning, thus providing purpose to each unique movement. The failure to correctly perform skilled, purposeful movement is called apraxia, a term originally coined by Steinthal (1871), but derived from Greek and literally meaning without action.
Agnosia
Authors: Bauer Russell M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agnosia a rare neuropsychological symptom defined in the classical literature as a failure of recognition that cannot be attributed to elementary sensory defects, mental deterioration, attentional disturbances, aphasic misnaming, or to unfamiliarity with external stimuli (Frederiks, 1969). Agnosia is characteristically modality-specific; the patient who fails to recognize material presented through a particular sensory channel (e.g., vision) can do so successfully in another channel (e.g., touch, hearing). In this chapter, we will review agnosias in the visual, auditory, and tactile modalities.
Neuropsychology of Dementia
Authors: Knopman David , Selnes Ola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dementia is a syndrome defined by a nonacute decline in cognition that interferes with functioning in everyday living (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Dementia, in contrast to disorders defined by deficits in only one cognitive or behavioral domain, is diagnosed when there are deficits in multiple domains. Memory dysfunction, abnormalities in speech/language, abnormalities in visuospatial function, deficits in abstract reasoning/executive function, and mood/ personality changes are the principal manifestations of the dementia syndrome. The most common dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), almost invariably includes striking early deficits in new learning and recent memory. Alzheimer disease has an insidious onset and virtually always exhibits a declining course. Other common dementing disorders may have prominent dysfunction in other cognitive domains, but typically also lead to functional deterioration. In common usage, the term “dementia” is often used for nonprogressive conditions, but most dementing illnesses in the elderly are of neurodegenerative or cerebrovascular types, and, in fact, worsen over time.
Statement of the Problem: Why is Neuropsychological Rehabi Iitation Needed?
Authors: Prigatano George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If patients who suffered various brain insults were able to recover adequately with time and/or the help of traditional rehabilitation therapies, neuropsychological rehabilitation would be unnecessary. The sad fact is that in many cases not only is the recovery incomplete but patients and their families still struggle with how to manage residual disturbances of higher cerebral functioning. It is for this primary reason that neuropsychological rehabilitation emerged and continues to be an important part of patient care. Principle 3 of this text asserts: Neuropsychological re habilitation must focus on both the remediation of higher cerebral disturbances and their management in interpersonal situations.
Neuropsychological Rehabilitation for Cognitive and Personality Disorders After Brain Injury
Authors: Prigatano George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
address the needs of patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), (Ben-Yishay et al., 1982; Pri-gatano et al., 1986). Those programs often fostered a holistic approach as initially articulated by Goldstein (see Prigatano and Ben-Yishay, 1999). The influence of Luria’s approach was also clear, particularly in Europe (Christensen and Caetano, 1996).
Science and Symbolism in Neuropsychological RehabiIitation
Authors: Prigatano George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This text has attempted to demonstrate the need for continued scientific study of brain-behavior relationships (i.e., neuropsychology) and the importance of applying that information to rehabilitation. It has also at tempted to illustrate the importance of understanding patients’ experiences (Principle 1) during a neuropsychological examination or rehabilitation program. The cognitive and personality problems of brain dysfunctional patients can be formidable, and understanding how the problems inter relate is badly needed (Principle 5). A sophisticated understanding of the direct and indirect effects of brain injury improves understanding of how to approach patients and, thereby, how to educate them and their family members about the effects of brain damage (Principle 4). Such an analysis also improves understanding of the complicated disturbances in higher cerebral functioning labeled as disorders of impaired self-awareness (Principle 11).
Sound
Authors: Rubin David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sound exists only when it is going out of existence. It is not simply perishable but essentially evanescent. . Ong, 1982, p. 32 The standard distinction among the terms meaning, imagery, and sound has been applied here, in part based on neuropsychological data. Like patterns of meaning and imagery, patterns of sound are viewed as constraints that cue memories and restrict choices. In the first section of this chapter, some general properties of sound that elude the more structural and experimental approaches of cognitive psychology are considered. The second section, which is of interest mainly to psychologists, examines the biases against the study of patterns of sound in psychology and provides arguments against them. The final two main sections examine two major forms of sound pattern: the poetic devices of repetition of sound, including rhyme, alliteration, and assonance, and the timing of sound, as discussed under rhythm and meter. Some mention of music is included, but, in general, is left to those with greater expertise (for reviews, see Deutsch, 1982; Dowling & Harwood, 1986; Sloboda, 1985).
Pre-Cane
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I had to get away for a few days. During the last six months I’ve drawn myself sounstintedly that I had run dry,-abnormal mental excitation with no corresponding physical vigor or emotional flow .A week here has worked wonders.I have been receptive to life and nature, and it would seem that they have healed me .No writing, not even rewriting or polishing..[sic] no desire to. The responsibility which is so heavy an element in my normal living seems, in fact did melt into the easy inconsequence of the other summer boarders. And three young girls have routed my seriousness and restored my instinct of play.The transition has been so sharp to those looking on that they are somewhat bewildered in ascribing my thoughts (some of which have filtered through to them) to the boy that [was] so evident to them. I picture their faces when they read my book!
The Negro
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Emperor Jones has already been explained, criticized, and accepted as an achievement in experimental dramatic form. Likewise, its significances for the Negro have been recognized. There remains, however, one aspect of the play which I find to be of unusual psychological interest, namely, the means employed by Mr. O’Neill to particularize the general emotion of fear in the Negro. It is obvious of course that a distinct racial flavor is created by having a Negro act the part of Brutus Jones. But this has to do with presentation, and not with the actual construction of the drama. In this construction, Mr. O’Neill first establishes fear by means of suggestion and association. This original feeling is increased by physical circumstances: a forest, and the beating of a tom-tom. And then, as fear intensifies to the point where it overpowers Jones, it successively unlocks chambers of the Emperor’s unconscious. Now the contents of the unconscious not only vary with individuals; they are differentiated because of race, by social conditions due to race. And in fact Brutus Jones lives through sections of an unconscious which is peculiar to the Negro. Slave ships, whipping posts, and so on. And because these things are actually real and present for him, his fear is at once expressed, intensified, and colored by them. In a word, his fear becomes a Negro’s fear, recognizably different from a similar emotion, modified by other racial experience. In this way then, Mr. O’Neill achieves his purpose. And The Emperor Jones is therefore a section of Negro psychology presented in a significant dramatic form.
Monrovia
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The white does lay in the yellow-green grass, very still, dark eyes sad. Monrovia was stretched out by the oldest, one arm round its neck, thick black hair pushed back from her forehead. Her gray eyes watched the beach down beyond the cliff. “How purple the sand and how silver the little fish washed up by the sea,” she was thinking. The magnolia blossoms in the trees above gleamed like star-beams. The water was green as jade. Monrovia watched the tiny red crabs that flecked the shore. She felt the doe beside her move a little. It brushed her arm with its nose, breathing warm sweetness towards her. Over her head the leaves rustled. There was a hum of bees in the salty air. Her scarlet gown spread about her, the grass still cool underneath it. Through the heat came a sound of bells-as if from under water. Monrovia held her breath. All morning she had been waiting. She felt the doe’s heart, like her own, beat faster. A sharper tinkle of bells. Along the beach below swift feet sliding. A sudden crash in the bushes. A louder chime. The does about Monrovia made an arrow flight, disappearing obliquely in the thick brush behind. Their eyes quickened but were still sad. Monrovia seemed about to follow when Asrael caught her. The silver bells on his coat clanged with the quick movement of his arms. He had one flash of darkening gray eyes before her face hid in his shoulder.