bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pluralism in Multicultural Liberal Democracy and the Justification of Female Circumcision
Authors: Hellsten Sirkku Kristiina 
Published: March 2003

This article discusses the problems that a liberal, multicultural democracy has in dealing with cultural practices, such as female circumcision, which themselves suppress the liberal values of autonomy and pluralism. In this context I have chosen the justification of female circumcision as my issue for three reasons. First, with increasing immigration, in Western multicultural and pluralistic societies this practice has recently been given a good deal of public attention; second, I believe that it is time to put this cruel and discriminatory tradition finally in the past; and third, the paradox that the victims of this practice are also often its strongest proponents well demonstrates the problems that liberal democracies have in dealing with the question of autonomy and tolerance in real‐life situations. My main argument is that, without giving up tolerance, we can show that there can be no moral justification for such a tradition as female circumcision, even within a multicultural and pluralist society.I shall first show why neither female circumcision nor any other tradition that oppresses and harms individuals and is maintained by coercion can be satisfactorily defended by liberal arguments. Then I shall discuss why ‘communitarian’counter‐arguments which appeal to the significance of communal values and traditions or to cultural rights also fail to give any plausible support to the maintenance of this tradition. Finally, I shall consider in more detail how the value of autonomy should be normatively understood in a modern pluralist society [1].
Conversations Around Young Children’s Drawing: The Impact of the Beliefs of Significant Others at Home and School
Authors: Anning Angela 
Published: March 2003

Children learn to make meanings in communities of practice through interaction with more experienced others. Young children’s strategies for and attitudes to learning are determined by the sociocultural contexts in which they practise those strategies, including learning how to draw within the distinct cultures of home and school.Evidence of meaning making — 2 and 3D representations involving drawing, modelling and play with objects — was collected over one month periods in the Autumns of 98, 99 and 00 from seven young children in home and as they settled into new pre–school and school settings in the North of England. The evidence of the seven children’s meaning making, recorded by photographs and scrap books of their representations, was used as a stimulus in dialogues to elicit parents’ and practitioners’ beliefs about the value and significance of different modes meaning making, including drawing in the contexts of home and school. Their conversations were recorded and transcribed for analysis. Evidence from the perspectives of parents, practitioners and the children was triangulated with evidence of contextual features for learning around the children’s drawings.Episodes from analysis of the data sets will be used to illustrate how the children were inducted into the conventions of ‘school’ drawing whilst often retaining a distinct personal drawing agenda at home. Implications will be drawn for the status and function of drawing in the education of young children in formal and informal learning contexts.
Attentional blink modulation during sustained and after discrete lead stimuli presented in three sensory modalities
Authors: Lipp Ottmar V. , Neumann David L. , Pretorius Natalie R. , Mchugh Meredith J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPrevious studies found larger attentional modulation of acoustic blinks during task‐relevant than during task‐irrelevant acoustic or visual, but not tactile, lead stimuli. Moreover, blink modulation was larger overall during acoustic lead stimuli. The present experiment investigated whether these results reflect modality specificity of attentional blink modulation or effects of continuous stimulation. Participants performed a discrimination and counting task with acoustic, visual, or tactile lead stimuli. Stimuli were presented sustained or consisted of two short discrete stimuli. The sustained condition replicated previous results. In the discrete condition, blinks were larger during task‐relevant than during task‐irrelevant stimuli in all groups regardless of lead stimulus modality. Thus, previous results that seemed consistent with modality‐specific accounts of attentional blink modulation reflect effects of continuous stimulus input.
Dynamic Asset Allocation under Inflation
Authors: Brennan Michael J. , Xia Yihong 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTWe develop a simple framework for analyzing a finite‐horizon investor's asset allocation problem under inflation when only nominal assets are available. The investor's optimal investment strategy and indirect utility are given in simple closed form. Hedge demands depend on the investor's horizon and risk aversion and on the maturities of the bonds included in the portfolio. When short positions are precluded, the optimal strategy consists of investments in cash, equity, and a single nominal bond with optimally chosen maturity. Both the optimal stock‐bond mix and the optimal bond maturity depend on the investor's horizon and risk aversion.
The Leader of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genomic RNA Harbors an Internal Ribosome Entry Segment That Is Active during the G
2
/M Phase of the Cell Cycle
Authors: Brasey Ann , Lopez-Lastra Marcelo , Ohlmann Theophile , Beerens Nancy , Berkhout Ben , Darlix Jean-Luc , Sonenberg Nahum 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT

The 5′ leader of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genomic RNA contains highly structured domains involved in key steps of the viral life cycle. These RNA domains inhibit cap-dependent protein synthesis. Here we report that the HIV-1 5′ leader harbors an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) capable of driving protein synthesis during the G
2
/M cell cycle phase in which cap-dependent initiation is inhibited. The HIV-1 IRES was delineated with bicistronic mRNAs in in vitro and ex vivo assays. The HIV-1 leader IRES spans nucleotides 104 to 336 and partially overlaps the major determinants of genomic RNA packaging. These data strongly suggest that, as for HIV-1 transcription, IRES-mediated translation initiation could play an important role in virus replication during virus-induced G
2
/M cell cycle arrest.
The ORF45 Protein of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Is Associated with Purified Virions
Authors: Zhu Fan Xiu , Yuan Yan 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF45 is encoded by an immediate-early gene in the KSHV genome. This protein was recently shown to interact with interferon regulatory factor 7 and inhibit virus-mediated alpha/beta interferon induction (Zhu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:5573-5578, 2002). ORF45 was characterized as a phosphorylated protein, and it is localized in the cytoplasm of infected cells. In this report, we provide evidence that ORF45 is associated with KSHV virions. (i) ORF45 was detected in gradient-purified virions by Western blotting along with known structural proteins of KSHV including gB, K8.1, and major capsid protein. In contrast, ORF50/Rta, K8α, and ORF59/PF8 were not detected in the same virion preparation. (ii) ORF45 comigrates with KSHV virions in sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. (iii) Virion-associated ORF45 was resistant to trypsin digestion but became sensitive after the virions were treated with detergent which destroys the viral envelope. (iv) ORF45 remained associated with tegument-nucleocapsid complex when virion-specific glycoproteins were removed after detergent treatment. (v) An ORF45 protein band was visualized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of extensively purified KSHV virions and identified by mass spectrometry. (vi) By immunoelectron microscopy, virus-like structures were specifically stained by anti-ORF45 antibody. Based on the evidence, we conclude that ORF45 is associated with purified KSHV virions and appears to be a tegument protein. The presence of ORF45 in KSHV virions raised the possibility that this protein may be delivered to host cells at the start of infection and therefore have the opportunity to act at the very early stage of the infection, suggesting an important role of ORF45 in KSHV primary infection.
Recruitment of Polymerase to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Replication Foci in Cells Expressing Mutant Primase (UL52) Proteins
Authors: Carrington-Lawrence Stacy D. , Weller Sandra K. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT

The ordered assembly of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 replication apparatus leading to replication compartments likely involves the initial assembly of five viral replication proteins, ICP8, UL9, and the heterotrimeric helicase-primase complex (UL5-UL8-UL52), into replication foci. The polymerase and polymerase accessory protein are subsequently recruited to these foci. Four stages of viral infection (stages I to IV) have been described previously (J. Burkham, D. M. Coen, and S. K. Weller, J. Virol.
72:
10100-10107, 1998). Of these, stage III foci are equivalent to the previously described promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML)-associated prereplicative sites and contain all seven replication proteins. We constructed a series of mutations in the putative primase subunit, UL52, of the helicase-primase and have analyzed the mutant proteins for their abilities to form intermediates leading to the formation of replication compartments. The results shown in this paper are consistent with the model that the five proteins, ICP8, UL5, UL8, UL9, and UL52, form a scaffold and that formation of this scaffold does not rely on enzymatic functions of the helicase and primase. Furthermore, we demonstrate that recruitment of polymerase to this scaffold requires the presence of an active primase subunit. These results suggest that polymerase recruitment to replication foci requires primer synthesis. Furthermore, they support the existence of two types of stage III intermediates in the formation of replication compartments: stage IIIa foci, which form the scaffold, and stage IIIb foci, which contain, in addition, HSV polymerase, the polymerase accessory subunit, and cellular factors such as PML.
An efficient method for network topology identification based on an SOM algorithm
Authors: Hosaka Koji , Goya Takeshi , Umehara Daisuke , Kawai Makoto 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this paper we consider a large number of wireless terminals that are interconnected by a multihop wireless network called an ad hoc network. Design of routing protocols is a crucial problem in ad hoc networks. Location information of wireless terminals is an effective measure for ad hoc network routing. This paper presents a method to identify network topology implying terminal location and connections among terminals. A modified Self‐Organizing Map (SOM) algorithm is proposed to apply to the network topology identification. This method exploits information of the received power levels of the signals that are transmitted by other terminals. This paper has evaluated how network topology is identified by means of an example graph made by random numbers. The results show that only one bit information about the received power level in each terminal can identify network topology accurately with a mean error of about 10% for more terminals than a certain value. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 142(4): 34–44, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10100
Evidence for novel fate of Flk1+ progenitor: Contribution to muscle lineage
Authors: Motoike Toshiyuki , Markham David W. , Rossant Janet , Sato Thomas N. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSummary: Flk1 is one of the specific cell surface receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor and one of the most specific markers highlighting the earliest stage of hematopoietic and vascular lineages. However, recent new evidence suggests that these Flk1+ mesodermal progenitor cells also contribute to muscle lineages. All evidence is based on the experiments using in vitro differentiation and in vivo transplantation systems. Although this approach revealed a differentiation potential range of Flk1+ cells that is wider than previously expected, it fails to determine whether Flk1+ cells contribute to muscle lineage as part of the normal developmental process. To obtain direct evidence for the fate of Flk1+ cells in development, we used a knock‐in mouse line where Cre is expressed in Flk1+ cells. Studies with these Cre lines provide direct evidence that Flk1+ cells are progenitors for muscles, in addition to hematopoietic and vascular endothelial cells. genesis 35:153–159, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tissue‐specific developmental requirements of Drosophila tyrosine hydroxylase isoforms
Authors: Friggi‐Grelin Florence , Iché Magali , Birman Serge 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSummary: Drosophila tyrosine hydroxylase (DTH) is a key enzyme in dopamine (DA) biosynthesis, which is expressed in neural and hypodermal DA‐synthesizing cells. We previously reported that two DTH isoforms are produced in flies through tissue‐specific alternative splicing that show distinct regulatory properties. We have now selectively expressed each DTH isoform in vivo in a pale (ple, i.e., DTH‐deficient) mutant background. We show that the embryonic lethality of ple can be rescued by expression of the hypodermal, but not the neural, DTH isoform in all DA cells, indicating that the hypoderm‐ isoform is absolutely required for cuticle biosynthesis and survival in Drosophila. In addition, we report new observations on the consequences of DTH overexpression in the CNS and hypoderm. Our results provide evidence that tissue‐specific alternative splicing of the DTH gene is a vital process in Drosophila development. genesis 35:175–184, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Profile of gene expression induced by the tumour promotor TPA in murine epithelial cells
Authors: Schlingemann Joerg , Hess Jochen , Wrobel Gunnar , Breitenbach Ute , Gebhardt Christoffer , Steinlein Peter , Kramer Heidi , Fürstenberger Gerhard , Hahn Meinhard , Angel Peter , Lichter Peter 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMalignant transformation of mouse skin by chemical carcinogens and tumour promoters, such as the phorbol ester 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA), is a multistage process that leads to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) formation. In an effort to identify tumour‐associated genes, we studied the influence of short‐term TPA‐treatment on the gene expression profile of murine skin. A comprehensive microarray with some 5,000 murine gene specific cDNA fragments was established and hybridised with pooled RNA derived from control and TPA‐treated dorsal skin samples. Of these genes, 54 were up‐ and 35 were down‐regulated upon TPA application. Additionally, we performed suppression subtractive hybridisation (SSH) with respective RNA pools to generate and analyse a cDNA library enriched for TPA‐inducible genes. Expression data of selected genes were confirmed by quantitative real‐time PCR and Northern blot analysis. Comparison of microarray and SSH data revealed that 26% of up‐regulated genes identified by expression profiling matched with those present in the SSH library. Besides numerous known genes, we identified a large set of unknown cDNAs that represent previously unrecognised TPA‐regulated genes in murine skin with potential function in tumour promotion. Additionally, some TPA‐induced genes, such as Sprr1A, Saa3, JunB, Il4rα, Gp38, RalGDS and Slpi exhibit high basal level in advanced stages of skin carcinogenesis, suggesting that at least a subgroup of the identified TPA‐regulated genes may contribute to tumour progression and metastasis. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CTLA4 promoter and exon 1 dimorphisms in multiple sclerosiso
Authors: Flinstad Harbo H. , Gulowsen Celius E. , Vartdal F. , Spurkland A. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The human cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein 4 (CTLA4) gene may be a candidate susceptibility gene in multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study the distribution of the dimorphisms of exon 1 (+49 A/G) and promoter (−318 C/T) regions of the CTLA4 gene was analysed in 296 unrelated Norwegian MS patients and 271 matched controls by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The frequency of the exon 1 (+49) A‐G genotype was increased in patients (57%) compared with controls (44%) (Pcorrected=0.01), and even more increased in patients with relapsing remitting MS (59%) (Pcorrected=0.006). No other significant differences were found between clinical subgroups of patients or between HLA‐DRB1*1501, DQB1*0602‐positive and negative patients and controls.
Study of host‐ and virus‐related factors associated with spontaneous hepatitis C virus clearance
Authors: Alric L. , Fort M. , Izopet J. , Vinel J.‐P. , Bureau C. , Sandre K. , Charlet J.‐P. , Beraud M. , Abbal M. , Duffaut M. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Epidemiologic parameters, virologic characteristics and frequency of HLA class II DR and DQ antigens were compared between 63 subjects with spontaneous hepatitis C virus clearance (group 1) and 282 patients with chronic active hepatitis C virus infection (group 2). DRB1*1101 and moreover DQB1*0301 alleles were more frequent in group 1 than in group 2 (33.8% vs. 14.7% and 64.4% vs. 28.6%; P=0.012 and P=0.003, respectively). The frequency of DQB1*02 was lower in group 1 than in group 2 (25.4% vs. 49%; P=0.04). No difference was observed in viral genotype distribution between group 1 and group 2. Univariate analysis showed that female sex and contamination by intravenous drug use were associated with self limited infection. However, by multivariate analysis, the only independent factor associated with hepatitis C virus RNA clearance was female sex (P=0.004). In conclusion, spontaneous hepatitis C virus RNA clearance is determined by class II antigens (mainly DQB1*0301) and female sex, while viral genotype plays no role.
Prospective analysis suggests susceptibility genes for deficiencies of IgA and several other immunoglobulins on the [HLA‐B8, SC01, DR3] conserved extended haplotype
Authors: Alper C.A. , Marcus‐Bagley D. , Awdeh Z. , Kruskall M.S. , Eisenbarth G.S. , Brink S.J. , Katz A.J. , Stein R. , Bing D.H. , Yunis E.J. , Schur P.H. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The extended major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype [HLA‐B8, SC01, DR3] is increased in frequency among patients with immunoglobulin (Ig)A deficiency and common variable immunodeficiency. Because the genomic region from HLA‐B to HLA‐DR/DQ is virtually the same on all instances of the haplotype in the general population, we reasoned that all independent instances of [HLA‐B8, SC01, DR3] carry MHC susceptibility genes for these disorders. To define immunoglobulin deficiencies determined by genes on this haplotype and their mode of expression and penetrance, serum immunoglobulin class and IgG subclass concentrations were determined prospectively in homozygotes and heterozygotes of this haplotype and in Caucasian controls. Prevalence of individual immunoglobulin deficiencies in persons with [HLA‐B8, SC01, DR3] ranged from 13% to 37%, significantly higher than rates in non‐carriers or general controls. We found significantly increased frequencies of IgA and IgG4 deficiency only in homozygotes (13.3% and 30%, respectively) compared with heterozygotes (1.7% and 3.4%) or non‐carriers (1.6% each), suggesting recessive expression. In contrast, IgD and IgG3 deficiencies were significantly more common in both homozygotes (36.7% and 30%) and heterozygotes (20.3% and 17.5%) compared with controls (4.9% and 3.4%), suggesting dominant inheritance. These results indicate multiple distinct susceptibility genes, some recessive and others dominant, for deficiency of IgA, IgD, IgG3 or IgG4 (but not for IgE, IgG1, IgG2 or IgM) on [HLA‐B8, SC01, DR3]. These observations may also help to explain the observed associations of [HLA‐B8, SC01, DR3] with both IgA deficiency and common variable immunodeficiency and the common occurrence of IgG subclass deficiencies in some patients with IgA deficiency.
DLA‐DQB1 alleles and bone marrow transplantation experiments in narcoleptic dogs
Authors: Wagner J.L. , Storb R. , Storer B. , Mignot E. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Human narcolepsy is a neurological disorder known to be tightly associated with HLA‐DQB1*0602. A clinically similar disorder has been described in various dog breeds. The canine form of the disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder in Labrador retrievers and Doberman pinschers (canarc‐1) but occurs sporadically in other breeds, most typically dachshunds and poodles. In this study, we have examined if there is a relationship between the development of narcolepsy and specific dog leukocyte antigen (DLA)‐DQB1 alleles. Ninety‐nine dogs were typed for DLA‐DQB1–31 with narcolepsy and 68 control animals. Recent studies have linked the development of autosomal recessive canine narcolepsy to a disruption of the hypocretin receptor 2 (Hcrtr2) gene on the same chromosome as the canine MHC region (CFA12), but not close to the DLA. Four Hcrtr2‐positive families (two Doberman pinscher families, one Labrador retriever family, one dachshund family) were analyzed at the DLA‐DQ level. No relationship was found between narcolepsy and DLA in Hcrtr2‐mediated narcolepsy but loose genetic linkage was observed (Zmax=2.3 at θ=25%, m=40). Bone marrow transplantation between two DLA identical affected (Hcrtr2−/−) and unaffected (Hcrtr2+/−) siblings was also performed and found not to be successful neither in transmitting narcolepsy nor in relieving the symptoms in Doberman pinschers. DLA‐DQB1 was next studied in 11 dogs with sporadic (non‐familial) narcolepsy and in unrelated control animals of the same and different breeds. The allelic and carrier frequencies of various DLA‐DQB1 alleles were analyzed. There was no strong positive or negative correlation between the development of narcolepsy and specific DLA‐DQB1 alleles. These results do not support the involvement of DLA‐DQ in canine narcolepsy, whether of sporadic or familial origin.
Identification of seventeen novel KIR variants: fourteen of them from two non‐Caucasian donors
Authors: Rajalingam R. , Gardiner C.M. , Canavez F. , Vilches C. , Parham P. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The killer‐cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR) expressed by human natural killer (NK) cells are encoded by a family of genes on chromosome 19. The number of KIR genes varies with haplotype and the individual genes exhibit polymorphism. To investigate KIR diversity we studied KIR cDNA and genes of four human donors: two Caucasians, one Black American and one Asian Indian. From analysis of these donors seventeen novel KIR variants were identified and characterized. Fifteen of the new variants appear to have a simple allelic relationship with a known KIR, whereas two of them combine the sequences of two different KIR genes. Fourteen of the seventeen KIR variants were isolated from the two non‐Caucasoid blood donors. These data show that much human KIR diversity remains to be characterized, particularly in non‐Caucasoid populations.