bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reframing Public Policy
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn recent years a set of new ‘postempiricist’ approaches to public policy, drawing on discursive analysis and participatory deliberative practices, have come to challenge the dominant technocratic, empiricist models in policy analysis. In this book, Frank Fischer brings together this work for the first time and critically examines its implications for the field of public policy studies. He describes the theoretical, methodological and political dimensions of this emerging approach to policy research. The book includes a discussion of the social construction of policy problems, the role of interpretation and narrative analysis in policy inquiry, the dialectics of policy argumentation, and the uses of participatory policy analysis. After an introductory chapter, ten further chapters are arranged in four parts: Part I, Public Policy and the Discursive Construction of Reality (two chapters), introduces the re-emergence of interest in ideas and discourse. It then turns to the postempiricist or constructionist view of social reality, presenting public policy as a discursive construct that turns on multiple interpretations. Part II, Public Policy as Discursive Politics (two chapters), examines more specifically the nature of discursive politics and discourse theory and illustrates through a particular disciplinary debate the theoretical, methodological, and political implications of such a conceptual reframing of policy inquiry. Part III, Discursive Policy Inquiry: Resituating Empirical Analysis (four chapters), offers a postempiricist methodology for policy inquiry based on the logic of practical discourse, and explores specific methodological perspectives pertinent to such an orientation, in particular the role of interpretation in policy analysis, narrative policy analysis, and the dialectics of policy argumentation. Part IV, Deliberative Governance (two chapters), discusses the participatory implications of such a method and the role of the policy analyst as facilitator of citizen deliberation .
Making Social Science Relevant: Policy Inquiry in Critical Perspective
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis introductory chapter makes the point that public policy studies has been one of the fastest growing specializations in the social sciences, and has largely been an American phenomenon. It looks at what the field includes, and at the previously dominant practice of technocratic policy analysis. The problems that have emerged with the technocratic practice of policy-analytic research are then examined by looking at the policy orientation in its broader political context. The emphasis here is on the American story, which best illustrates the limitations of the practice as it has emerged. The last section of the chapter looks at the postempiricist alternative. Policy argumentation and discourse (participatory policy analysis).
Public Policy as Discursive Construct: Social Meaning and Multiple Realities
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter aims to clarify the socially constructed nature of reality and the symbolic sides of public policy, as well as the discursive politics to which it gives rise. It concentrates on the concept of social understanding. There are seven main sections: The Phenomenology of Social Action; The Social Construction of Reality; Politics in a World of Multiple Realities; The Political Spectacle as Hyperreality; The Social Meanings of Public Policies; Meaning Construction and the Policy Process: The Typologies of Public Policy; Policy Design: Constructing Target Populations.
Public Policy and Discourse Analysis
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the first of two chapters that present a more detailed examination of the ways in which social constructions are produced and negotiated in public politics through the medium of discourse. It looks at public policy and discourse analysis, and starts by defining discourse. The remaining sections of the chapter are: Discourse Analysis; Policy Discourse and Argumentative Struggle; Policy Storylines, which are the basic linguistic mechanism for creating and maintaining discursive order –– a generative sort of narrative that allows actors to draw upon various discursive categories to give meaning to specific or social phenomena (for example, ‘there is nothing we can do’ or ‘we must take immediate action’); and an appendix, Discourse and Social Change: Commodifying Educational Policy.
Citizens and Experts: Democratizing Policy Deliberation
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTaking up the tension between democracy and science, the discussion in this chapter seeks to reformulate the relationship through the social constructionist perspective, emphasizing science as a socio-political activity; rather than taking scientific practices to be the ideal for politics, the question asked is to what degree scientific practices might be democratized. Towards this end (and after first examining the challenge posed by democracy), the discussion outlines the contributions of citizen participation to both policy-making and collaborative inquiry; by transforming citizens’ ways of knowing and acting, participatory deliberation can build new political cultures capable of preserving and extending decision-making capabilities. Against this background the more challenging question of the citizen’s ability to engage collaboratively in the scientific inquiry process is considered. The discussion then turns to numerous participatory experiments that more specifically illustrate the possibilities and practices of citizen inquiry, in particular outlining the consensus conference developed by the Danish Board of Technology (which has emerged as the most elaborate form of citizens’ panel) and the methodology of participatory policy analysis. Citizen participation is not advanced as a cure-all for economic and social problems, nor is deliberation or argumentation meant to direct attention away from questions of interest and power, but it does hold out the possibility of bringing forth new knowledge and ideas capable of creating and legitimizing new interests, reshaping understanding of existing interests, and, in the process, influencing the political pathways along which power and interest travel.
The Human Need for Nature
Authors: Humphrey Mathew 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter assesses an aspect of ecocentric thought that has to date been somewhat neglected, its account of human welfare and human needs. Ecocentrists argue that our understanding of human needs requires ‘restructuring’ in an ecologically informed way. In particular, we have to recognize a human need for contact with ‘free’ nature. This argument is supported by two versions of the ‘co‐evolution hypothesis’. This argument is found to offer, at best, only weak reasons for a policy of nature preservation.
What Are Risk Regulation Regimes? Why Do They Matter?
Authors: Hood Christopher , Rothstein Henry , Baldwin Robert 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAdvances the thesis that neither single case study nor macroscopic Risk Society perspectives on risk and its management can account for variety amongst risk regulation regimes. Instead, a meso‐level institutional approach is needed that can capture and illuminate the complex institutional geographies, rules, practices, and animating ideas that are associated with the regulation of particular risks. This chapter argues that a systems‐based concept of a risk regulation regime can help capture such variety in three important ways. First, a regime perspective provides a systematic method for dimensionalizing and comparing risk regulation within different policy domains and identifying puzzles and questions that are not easily visible from other approaches. Second, a regime perspective provides a solid framework for systematically testing and developing theories about the forces that shape the constituent components of risk regulation regimes. Third, a regime perspective brings out the relationships between the different parts of a regulatory system, which can help identify reasons for regulatory failure and why reforms to one part of the system may have little impact on the regulatory system as a whole.
The Comparative Anatomy of Risk Regulation Regimes
Authors: Hood Christopher , Rothstein Henry , Baldwin Robert 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSets out two key dimensions for analysing risk regulation regimes that are employed throughout the book. The first dimension relates to the three constituent components of a risk regulation regime that are common to any control system—i.e. ways of gathering information, ways of setting standards, goals or targets and ways of changing behaviour and enforcement to meet the standards or targets. The second dimension relates both to the context of risk regulation regimes—i.e. the character of the risks being tackled, public attitudes towards risks and the configuration of related organized interests— and the content of regimes—i.e. their size, structure, and style. Analysis of risk regulation regimes along these two dimensions provides an essential starting point for compartive analysis, picks up fine‐grained distinctions between regimes and identifies regime features that are central to a range of debates about risk regulation.
Nine Risk Regulation Regimes Compared
Authors: Hood Christopher , Rothstein Henry , Baldwin Robert 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Uses the analytic framework developed in Ch. 2 to compare nine different risk regulation regimes, bringing out their similarities and differences. Those risks include attacks by dangerous dogs outside the home, exposure to radon at home and work, benzene in the air and in the workplace, paedophile offenders released from custody, local road safety, and exposure to pesticide residues in food and water. Analysis of those regimes provides empirical evidence that there are substantial differences between the regulation of different risks and even the same risks within different contexts. Those variations are not easily explained by historical ‘big picture’ theories, such as the risk society thesis. Instead, investigation of the revealed variations between regimes suggests a need for more systematic and nuanced explanations.
Regime Development Under Pressure: Staged Retreats and Lateral Mutations
Authors: Hood Christopher , Rothstein Henry , Baldwin Robert 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMoves away from explaining the comparative statics of risk regulation regimes and explores what happens when regimes are under pressure to change, and, in particular, when they are under presure for greater openness and transparency. The chapter develops a style‐phase model of staged organizational responses to external pressure for change and compares its predictive value against two competing hypotheses. Examination of the nine case‐study risk regulation regimes reveals that, contrary to the common belief that such pressures are all pervasive, less than half were exposed to substantial pressures of this type. Responses of organizations in the ‘high‐pressure’ regimes were varied, but the overall pattern was consistent with a mixture of an autopoietic and staged‐response hypothesis stressing blame prevention. The chapter presents a hybrid ‘Catherine‐wheel’ model of the observed pattern and concludes by discussing the implications for policy outcomes.
The Influence of the International Context Upon the Choice of National Institutions and Policies in Neo‐Democracies
Authors: Schmitter Philippe C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explores the extent to which foreign relations factors, both regional and global, can affect the constraints imposed on, or the opportunities exploited by, nascent democracies. To the threefold classification of ‘contagion, control, and consent’ outlined in the preceding chapter, it adds a fourth category of ‘conditionality’, which elaborates a wider matrix of unilateral/multilateral and coercive/voluntary external influences. It then reviews the historical pattern of stages, phases, and sequences of democratization, explaining how conditionality has added new elements to the fourth and the current wave of democratization.
International Support for the Chilean Opposition, 1973–1989: Political Parties and the Role of Exiles
Authors: Angell Alan 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The advent of military government in Chile, following the coup of September 1973, stimulated a substantial emigration of political opponents seeking safety in exile overseas from persecution at home. This chapter details the extent of the emigration and the influence that exiled political parties managed to continue to exert on political life in Chile, and on the international relations of the Pinochet regime. The period under discussion provides a useful case study of the interplay between internal (consent) and external (control) factors in the struggle for democratization, and of such struggle as involving an attempted redefinition of the country's national and international identity. Even today, the links between Chilean political parties and their counterparts overseas remain active and influential, and Chilean politics will continue to have a strong international dimension.
International Aspects of Democratization: The Case of Spain
Authors: Powell Charles 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The protracted course of Spain's transition from dictatorship to democracy illustrates a complex interaction between domestic political circumstances and external influences. Despite the comparatively harsh stance of the international community against Franco's regime during 1946–48 (including exclusion from the UN and from the Marshall Plan), the regime survived for a further thirty years. This chapter argues that it was essentially the West European actors—national governments, multinational institutions, transnational party organizations, and political foundations—which proved more effective in applying more subtle, longer‐term and less aggressive pressure, thus allowing internal democratization processes to operate.
Belief
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book is concerned with narrow‐content beliefs. One believes ‘this’ proposition as against ‘that’ proposition (normally its negation); strength of belief is a matter (if one has the second order belief) of how much more probable one believes this proposition to be than that one. That belief is contrastive, and provides the solution to the Lottery Paradox. Beliefs are involuntary; we can have infallible access to them. A belief is the belief it is, in virtue of its logical relations to others of our beliefs The publicly observable input to a believer and his output in behaviour and speech are (fallible) evidence of his beliefs.
The Criteria of Logical Probability
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The logical probability of a proposition on another proposition is the true measure of how probable the latter makes the former. The central case of this concerns how likely some evidence makes some hypothesis postulated to explain it. This depends on how probable it is, given the hypothesis that we would find the observed evidence, whether the hypothesis fits with background evidence, how simple it is, and how narrow is its scope. (The scope of a hypothesis depends on how many big and detailed claims it makes.) The latter two a priori criteria give to every proposition an intrinsic probability (a probability on no evidence). These criteria are captured by Bayes's Theorem. A detailed analysis is provided of what it is for a hypothesis to be simple. This account of the probability of a hypothesis on evidence is extended to deal generally with the probability of one proposition on another; and in particular with our grounds for believing testimony.
The Value of Synchronic Justification
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A belief being synchronically justified because it is based on adequate grounds may be understood in many senses. These vary from a pure internalist sense in which the grounds of a belief are other beliefs, their adequacy is their rendering that belief probable in some inductive sense, and ‘based on’ is understood as ‘believed to be caused by’ to some pure externalist sense. On a pure externalist theory, ‘based’ is ‘caused’, grounds are any cause, and adequacy is (normally) a matter of the token belief being produced by a process of a reliable type. In almost all of these senses, it is logically probable that a justified belief will be true; and, because truth is valuable, so is justified belief. But only in internalist senses can the believer have access to the fact that his belief is justified; and internalist justification of one kind is valuable for intrinsic reasons and also because it is indicative of truth.
Reference and Consciousness
Authors: Campbell John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Conscious attention to an object, singling it out in experience, provides knowledge of the reference of a demonstrative term. Knowledge of reference is the foundation of the ability to verify propositions about the object and of the ability to act on the object. To understand the relations between knowledge of reference, verification, and action, we have to look at the relations between conscious attention, visual information processing, and the motor system.
Why should it be specifically conscious attention that provides the knowledge of reference? Knowledge of reference demands acquaintance with the individual, categorical substances around us, and not merely collections of affordances. I argue that only experience of objects can provide this kind of acquaintance with individual substances.
The approach is extended beyond understanding one's own uses of visual demonstratives to cases of joint attention and to memory demonstratives. The approach has implications for Dummett's anti‐realism and Quine's theses of inscrutability and indeterminacy. The book concludes with remarks on the metaphysics of individual substances.
Memory Demonstratives
Authors: Campbell John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Memory demonstratives seem to depend on memory experience somewhat as perceptual demonstratives depend on perceptual experience. We need a notion of ‘temporal decentring’, in effect simulating a past time in memory, to explain the connections between memory demonstratives and past perceptual demonstratives. We also need to think of memory experience as relational, to explain how experience can make the inferential structure of our use of memory demonstratives available.
Thinking about Consciousness
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractElaborates a materialist view of consciousness. The central thesis of the book is that while conscious states are material, we humans have two quite different ways of thinking about them. We can think about them materially, as normal parts of the material world, but we can also think about them phenomenally, as states that feel a certain way. These two modes of thought refer to the same items in reality, but at a conceptual level they are distinct. By focusing on the special structure of phenomenal concepts, David Papineau is able to expose the flaws in the standard arguments against materialism, while at the same time explaining why dualism can seem so intuitively compelling. The book also considers the prospects for scientific research into consciousness, and argues that such research often promises more than it can deliver. Once phenomenal concepts are recognized for what they are, many of the questions posed by consciousness research turn out to be irredeemably vague.
Conceptual Dualism
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe best argument for the existence of phenomenal concepts is Frank Jackson's “knowledge argument”. Contra Jackson, this does not establish ontological dualism, but it does establish conceptual dualism in the sense that it shows that we have phenomenal concepts distinct from any material concepts. This analysis goes beyond the normal “ability hypothesis” response to Jackson's argument, but it appeals to the same powers of subjective imagination and introspection.
The Explanatory Gap
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractJoseph Levine argues that there is an “explanatory gap” between the brain and the conscious mind. Papineau agrees that there is such a gap, but points out that similar gaps are found with all identity claims involving directly referring terms, and so the gap does nothing to discredit materialism. The gap does not present any epistemological barrier to materialism.
The Intuition of Distinctness
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEven materialists will admit that mind‐brain identity is counterintuitive. Some materialist philosophers think that this intuition is due to the plausibility of the standard antimaterialist arguments, like Jackson's knowledge argument or Kripke's modal argument. Papineau shows that this cannot be right, since these arguments apply equally in cases in which we feel no intuition of distinctness. Instead, he draws on remarks of Thomas Nagel to argue that the intuition of distinctness is due to an “antipathetic fallacy”: we move from the true premise that phenomenal concepts don’t involve conscious feelings to the false conclusion that they don’t refer to them.
Killing the Innocent in Self‐Defence
Authors: Otsuka Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Argues against the right to engage in lethal measures to defend oneself or others against innocent aggressors or innocent threats. Criticizes arguments to the contrary by Judith Jarvis Thomson and Frances Kamm. Offers a positive account of why the killing of an innocent threat or aggressor is morally on a par with the impermissible killing of an innocent bystander in self‐defence.
Left‐Libertarianism Versus Liberal Egalitarianism
Authors: Otsuka Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplains why Lockean voluntarism, even when remedied of the problems discussed in Ch. 5, might be criticized by liberal egalitarians on the following grounds: it allows for the legitimacy of highly illiberal or inegalitarian political societies. Argues that such illiberal or inegalitarian societies would in fact be legitimized by the actual consent of their members when freely given in circumstances of equality. Therefore defends a voluntaristic, left‐libertarian account of political legitimacy that differs in crucial respects from the hypothetical contract approaches of liberal‐egalitarian Kantians such as John Rawls and Thomas Nagel.