bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Football Injuries at Asian Tournaments
Authors: Yoon Young Sul , Chai Michelle , Shin Dong Won 
Published: February 2004

Purpose To examine the incidences and patterns of injuries that required medical attention among Asian football players. Methods A total of 411 Asian football players at both senior and youth (U-20) elite levels were observed during 50 international matches. Independent injury observers and team doctors determined the occurrence of injuries and recorded the location, type, time, and circumstances of the injuries using a protocol sheet. Results The overall injury frequency rate was 45.8 out of 1000 hours. As the tournaments progressed into the knockout stages, the incidence and severity of the injuries increased. The most common sites of injuries were the knees (18.5%), lower legs (17.3%), and ankles (14.2%). Although most injuries were diagnosed as contusions, the more serious injuries were those diagnosed as sprains (especially concerning the knee and ankle) or strains (thigh and back). Conclusions The incidences of injuries to Asian football players were higher than those to European players, but the patterns of the injuries showed no major differences. Clinical Relevance To develop an injury-prevention program, more solid and comprehensive data need to be collected to identify the risk factors and variables associated with higher incidences of injuries to Asian football players.
Cell-Based Therapy for Meniscal Repair
Authors: Peretti Giuseppe M. , Gill Thomas J. , Xu Jian-Wei , Randolph Mark A. , Morse Kenneth R. , Zaleske David J. 
Published: February 2004

BackgroundThe avascular portion of the meniscus cartilage in the knee does not have the ability to repair spontaneously.HypothesisCell-based therapy is able to repair a lesion in the swine meniscus.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsSixteen Yorkshire pigs were divided into four groups. A longitudinal tear was produced in the avascular portion of the left medial meniscus of 4 pigs. Autologous chondrocytes were seeded onto devitalized allogenic meniscal slices and were secured inside the lesion with two sutures. Identical incisions were created in 12 other pigs, which were used as three separate control groups: 4 animals treated with an unseeded scaffold, 4 were simply sutured, and 4 were left untreated. Meniscal samples were collected after 9 weeks, and the samples were analyzed grossly, histologically, and histomorphometrically.ResultsGross results showed bonding of the lesion margins in the specimens of the experimental group, whereas no repair was noted in any of the control group specimens. Histological and histomorphometrical analysis showed multiple areas of healing in the specimens of the experimental group.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated the ability of seeded chondrocytes to heal a meniscal tear.Clinical RelevanceCell-based therapy could be a potential tool for avascular meniscus repair.
The Effect of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction on Patellofemoral Contact Pressures in the Knee Joint under Simulated Muscle Loads
Authors: Gill Thomas J. , DeFrate Louis E. , Wang Conrad , Carey Christopher T. , Zayontz Shay , Zarins Bertram , Li Guoan 
Published: February 2004

Background The mechanism of cartilage degeneration in the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) and medial compartment of the knee following posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury remains unclear. PCL reconstruction has been recommended to restore kinematics and prevent long-term degeneration. The effect of current reconstruction techniques on PFJ contact pressures is unknown. Purpose To measure PFJ contact pressures after PCL deficiency and reconstruction. Method Eight cadaveric knees were tested with the PCL intact, deficient, and reconstructed. Contact pressures were measured at 30 °, 60 °, 90 °, and 120 ° of flexion under simulated muscle loads. Knee kinematics were measured by a robotic testing system, and the PFJ contact pressures were measured using a thin film transducer. A single bundle achilles tendon allograft was used in the reconstruction. Results PCL deficiency significantly increased the peak contact pressures measured in the PFJ relative to the intact knee under both an isolated quadriceps load of 400 N and a combined quadriceps/hamstrings load of 400 N/200 N. Reconstruction did not significantly reduce the increased contact pressures observed in the PCL-deficient knee. Conclusion The elevated contact pressures observed in the PCL-deficient knee and reconstructed knee might contribute to the long-term degeneration observed in both the non-operatively treated and PCL-reconstructed knees.
Delayed Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Adolescents with Open Physes
Authors: Woods G. William , O'Connor Daniel P. 
Published: February 2004

Background Treatment of anterior cruciate ligament rupture in adolescents with open physes is controversial. Hypothesis Delaying reconstruction until the physes bridge will affect the rate of additional knee injuries. Study Design Case control. Methods The physes group was 13 adolescents with open physes whose anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions were delayed until their physes bridged. Specific types of activity were absolutely restricted during the delay. The physes groups’ rates of additional injuries, identified arthroscopically at reconstruction, were compared to rates among 116 skeletally mature adolescents. The comparison adolescents were stratified into four groups by interval from injury to reconstruction (< 1 week, 1 to 6 weeks, 6 to 26 weeks, >26 weeks). Results The additional injury rates in the physes and four comparison groups were 46%, 50%, 47%, 43%, and 69%, respectively. Severity of additional injury, mechanism of injury, and rate of additional surgical procedures were similar among the groups. Conclusions There was no evidence that intentionally delayed anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction increased the rate of additional knee injuries. Delayed reconstruction is a valid treatment option for adolescents with open physes at injury. Absolute activity restriction is key to decreasing the risk of additional knee injuries.
Hip Adductor Injury in Competitive Swimmers
Authors: Grote Kurt , Lincoln Todd L. , Gamble James G. 
Published: February 2004

Methods The authors conducted a survey of 296 competitive swimmers to assess the incidence and importance of interfering groin pain in breaststroke swimmers. Results Breaststroke swimmers were more likely to have current groin pain (6.92%) than individual medley swimmers who did not compete in pure breaststroke events (0, P= 0.015). Breaststroke swimmers (42.7%) were also more likely than individual medley swimmers (21.5%, P= 0.000622) or nonbreaststroke, nonindividual medley swimmers (5.8%, P= 0.00000311) to have been unable to train breaststroke in practice during the past year due to groin injury. Conclusion Results indicate that breaststroke swimmers are at significant risk of groin injury, groin injury is positively correlated with increased magnitude of breaststroke training, and groin injury may prevent participation in practices and competitions.
Opening Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy for Symptomatic Hyperextension-Varus Thrust
Authors: Naudie Douglas D.R. , Amendola Annunziato , Fowler Peter J. 
Published: February 2004

Background The purpose of this study was to assess the functional outcome of opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) in a young, active group of patients with instability rather than osteoarthritis. Methods The results of 17 opening wedge HTOs in 16 patients with a symptomatic hyperextension-varus thrust were evaluated. Functional results were evaluated according to the activity scoring system of Tegner and Lysholm and using a 5-point visual analogue scale to assess change in knee stability and satisfaction. Radiographs were analyzed to determine changes in femorotibial and mechanical axis alignment, tibial slope, and patellar height. Results Patients were followed for a mean of 56 months. All patients had an increase in their activity score postoperatively. Nine patients rated their symptoms as significantly better and seven as somewhat better. All but one were satisfied with the surgery. Femorotibial axis alignment was changed to a mean of 6 ° valgus, mechanical axis alignment was corrected to a mean of 46% toward the lateral compartment, posterior tibial slope was increased a mean of 8 °, and the ratio of patellar height was decreased a mean of 0.17. Conclusion Opening wedge HTO can produce good functional and radiographic results in selected patients with a symptomatic thrust.
Characteristic Plantar Pressure Distribution Patterns during Soccer-Specific Movements
Authors: Eils Eric , Streyl Markus , Linnenbecker Stefan , Thorwesten Lothar , Völker Klaus , Rosenbaum Dieter 
Published: February 2004

Purpose To characterize in-shoe pressure measurements during different soccer-specific maneuvers on two playing surfaces to identify the main loading areas of the foot. Methods Twenty-one experienced male soccer players participated in the study (25.5 ± 1.8 years, 78.7 ± 5.4 kg, and 182.9 ± 5.7 cm). The Pedar Mobile system was used to collect plantar pressure information inside the soccer shoe. Four soccer-specific movements were performed (normal run, cutting maneuver, sprint, and goal shot) on both a grass and a red cinder surface. Results Results showed characteristic pressure distribution patterns with specific loading areas of the foot that correspond to the evaluated movements. In addition, loading patterns with higher pressure values than those observed during normal run were found. In cutting, the medial part of the foot; in sprinting, the first and second ray; and in kicking, the lateral part of the foot are predominantly loaded. No global effect of the two surfaces on pressure parameters was found. Conclusion The results of the present investigation suggest that the high load in soccer in combination with a high repetition may have an important influence in the development of overuse injuries.
Does the Patellar Tendon Normalize after Harvesting Its Central Third?
Authors: Svensson Michael , Kartus Jüri , Ejerhed Lars , Lindahl Sven , Karlsson Jon 
Published: February 2004

Background The central third of the patellar tendon is the most frequently used autograft for ACL reconstruction. Hypothesis The patellar tendon at the donor site would look normal as seen on MRI 6 years after harvesting its central third. Methods Nineteen consecutive patients were included in the study. MRI examinations of the donor site were performed at 6 (5 to 10) weeks, 6 (6 to 8) months, 27 (24 to 29) months, and 71 (68 to 73) months postoperatively. The contralateral normal side was examined only on the first occasion. Results The size of the donor-site gap decreased significantly (P = 0.0001) between 6 weeks and 6 years. In most patients, a thinning of the central part of the patellar tendon was still found at 6 years. The thickness of the peripheral patellar tendon was increased, compared with the contralateral healthy side, until 2 years (P = 0.003). On all occasions, the width was increased compared with the contralateral side (P< 0.015). Conclusion Prospective MRI examinations revealed that the patellar tendon at the donor site had not normalized 6 years after harvesting its central third. The reharvesting of the patellar tendon can therefore not be recommended.
Football Injuries during the World Cup 2002
Authors: Junge Astrid , Dvorak Jiri , Graf-Baumann Toni 
Published: February 2004

Background The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup is one of the largest, most popular sporting events but is associated with a certain risk of injury for the players. Purpose Analysis of the incidence, circumstances, and characteristics of soccer injury during the World Cup 2002. Study Design Prospective survey. Methods The physicians of all participating teams reported all injuries after each match on a standardized injury report form. The response rate was 100%. Results A total of 171 injuries were reported from the 64 matches, which is equivalent to an incidence of 2.7 injuries per match; approximately 1 to 2 injuries per match resulted in absence from training or match. More than a quarter of all injuries were incurred without contact with another player, and 73% were contact injuries. Half of the contact injuries, or 37% of all injuries, were caused by foul play as rated by the team physician and the injured player. Conclusion The incidence of injuries during the World Cup 2002 was similar to those reported for the World Cup in 1994 and in 1998. Increased awareness of the importance of fair play may assist in the prevention of injury.
Rule Violations as a Cause of Injuries in Male Norwegian Professional Football
Authors: Andersen Thor Einar , Engebretsen Lars , Bahr Roald 
Published: February 2004

Background Foul play is an important cause of injury in football. Reduction of foul play and adherence to the laws of the game may be possible interventions to reduce the rate of injuries. Purpose To evaluate how violations of the laws of the game contribute to injury and to investigate whether the decisions made by the referees are correct in high-risk situations. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Videotapes and injury information were collected for 174 of 182 matches from the male Norwegian professional league during the 2000 season. Three Norwegian FIFA referees performed retrospective blinded evaluation of the 406 incidents. Results Less than one-third of the injuries identified on video and about 40% of the incidents with a high risk of injury resulted in a free kick being awarded. About 1 in 10 of these situations led to either a yellow or red card. The agreement between decisions made by the match referee and the expert referee panel was good, that is, their decisions agreed in 85% of the situations in which injury occurred. Conclusions There may be a need for an improvement of the laws of the game of football to protect players from dangerous play.
Revisiting the Wyllie time average equation in the case of near‐spherical pores
Authors: Saleh Azzeldeen A. , Castagna John P. 
Published: January 2004

We suggest a generalized form of the Wyllie equation to better describe acoustic velocity variation with porosity in rocks with a mixture of intercrystalline and near‐spherical pores. Introducing a pore shape factor in the Wyllie equation allows different weights to be applied to the solid‐phase P‐wave velocity to account for rock frame stiffness. This is demonstrated in carbonate and igneous rocks having variable amounts of spherical porosity, ranging from 0% to 80% of the bulk porosity. The generalized equation describes a velocity–porosity envelope instead of the simple line given by the Wyllie equation. The lower limit of the velocity envelope is for rocks that have only interparticle or intercrystalline porosity (Wyllie equation behavior), and the upper limit is when all pores are spherical or near spherical. This upper limit corresponds to the Hashin‐Shtrikman upper bound for porosities up to 30%. The realization portrays Wyllie's velocity–porosity relationship as one particular case in which all pores are intercrystalline or interparticle with a pore shape factor equal to unity. An increase in the amount of high‐aspect‐ratio pores leads to higher pore shape factor. We suspect that this factor may be generalized to include fracture porosity with values less than unity. We suggest that this factor represents the acoustic equivalent of the cementation factor in Archie's law for resistivity measurements. The velocity calculated by the modified model correlates well with both the measured velocity and the calculated velocity using the Kuster‐Toksöz theoretical model. Various factors controlling acoustic velocity in carbonates can be quantified, based on this modification.
Alkanoylsucroses in nasal delivery of low molecular weight heparins: in-vivo absorption and reversibility studies in rats
Authors: Yang Tianzhi , Mustafa Fatima , Ahsan Fakhrul 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
The efficacy of alkanoylsucroses in enhancing nasal absorption of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and the time span of action of these agents on the nasal membrane has been investigated. In this regard, LMWH formulated with alkanoylsucroses was administered nasally to anaesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats and the absorption of LMWH was determined by measuring plasma anti-factor Xa activity. The duration of action of these agents at the site of administration was investigated by an in-vivo reversibility study. The potency and efficacy of dodecanoylsucrose was compared with that of sodium glycocholate. Alkanoylsucroses used in this study include dodecanoylsucrose, decanoylsucrose and octanoylsucrose. These agents enhance nasal absorption of enoxaparin in a dose-dependent and chain-length-dependent manner. Of the agents tested, dodecanoylsucrose was found to be the most potent in enhancing nasal absorption of LMWH. The bioavailability of enoxaparin formulated with alkanoylsucroses was increased by several folds compared with enoxaparin formulated in saline. The reversibility study with dodecanoylsucrose showed that the effect of alkanoylsucroses faded away with time and the duration of action of this agent at the site of administration was 120–140 min. Dodecanoylsucrose was found to be twice as potent as sodium glycocholate. Overall, the nasal absorption of LMWH was effectively enhanced by co-administration of alkanoylsucroses and the effect of alkanoylsucroses on nasal epithelium was found to be reversible. The potency of these agents depends on their hydrophobic chain lengths.
Vitamin E prevents buthionine sulfoximine-induced biochemical disorders in the rat
Authors: Rajasekaran Namakkal Soorappan , Devaraj Niranjali S , Devaraj Halagowder 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
Antioxidant therapy can improve the protection and metabolic activity of cells and tissues. In this study, the effect of vitamin E administration on buthionine sulfoximine (BSO)-induced glutathione (GSH) depletion in the rat lung and liver was investigated. Hepatic GSH was depleted by intraperitoneal administration of BSO (4 mmol kg−1), twice a day, for 30 days to rats. We also investigated whether the lung and liver mitochondrial GSH contents were influenced by BSO administration and whether an extracellular supply of vitamin E could prevent the changes caused by BSO-mediated GSH depletion. Glutathione levels in lung and liver tissues were depleted by 47% and 60%, respectively. Depletion of hepatic and pulmonary GSH in turn causes decline in the levels of mitochondrial GSH, leading to impaired antioxidant defence function of mitochondria. Both the cytosolic and mitochondrial glutathione disulfides (GSSG) were altered during BSO treatment, and led to drastic increase in GSSG/GSH redox status. One of the experimental groups was given vitamin E (65 mg (kg diet)−1) mixed with rat feed. The rats fed with vitamin E were found to have partially restored GSH levels in liver and lung, diminished levels of TBARS and minimized tissue damage. The current findings suggest that the impaired glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzyme status may be correlated with the elevated lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial membrane damage and that vitamin E therapy to the BSO-administered rats prevents the above changes. However, vitamin E did not have any effect on the activity of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase (γ-GCS).
Preparation of DNA dry powder for non-viral gene delivery by spray-freeze drying: effect of protective agents (polyethyleneimine and sugars) on the stability of DNA
Authors: Kuo Jung-hua Steven , Hwang Robin 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
This study investigates the feasibility of using the process of spray-freeze drying (SFD) to produce DNA dry powders for non-viral gene delivery. The effect of protective agents was assessed on the stability of DNA dry powders after SFD. The process of SFD had adverse effects on the tertiary structure of DNA with the protective agents of sucrose, trehalose and mannitol. With the protection of these sugars, a band corresponding to the linear form of DNA was observed during gel electrophoresis between the supercoiled form (SC) and the open circular (OC) form. On the contrary, excess cationic condensing polyethyleneimine (PEI), in conjunction with the above sugars, had the ability to provide protection for DNA from degradation after SFD. This is indicated by the reservation in SC and OC forms of DNA during agarose gel electrophoresis. The electrostatic forces between PEI polymer and DNA are critical for providing protection against various stresses generated by the process of SFD. Furthermore, on rehydration, the particle size and zeta potential of PEI/DNA complexes at weight ratios 3:1 of SFD dry powders were well maintained. Also, no transfection activity loss of PEI/DNA complexes at weight ratios 3:1 on NIH/3T3 cells was observed for reconstituted powders as compared with untreated control solutions. These results give a better understanding of preparing stable DNA dry powders by the process of SFD.
Remarkable Differences in Photo and Thermal (Acid-catalyzed) Reactivities between ortho- and para-Acylcyclohexadienones as Essential Factors Determining the Overall Efficiency of the Photo-Fries Rearrangement
Authors: Mori Tadashi , Takamoto Makoto , Saito Hideaki , Furo Takahiro , Wada Takehiko , Inoue Yoshihisa 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Successful isolation of “ortho” and “para”-acylcyclohexadienones allowed us to comparatively study their ground- and excited-state behavior under a variety of conditions. In neutral solutions, the two isomeric cyclohexdienones showed completely different reactivities for photochemical and thermal reactions, while in acidic methanol both quantitatively afforded the corresponding transesterification product and naphthol. These studies help us understand the detailed photo-Fries rearrangement mechanism, which involves several crucial photochemical and thermal steps.
Amphiphilic Cyclodextrins as Novel Monosaccharide Transport Carriers through a Bulk Liquid Membrane
Authors: Kida Toshiyuki , Ohe Takeru , Higashimoto Hiroyuki , Harada Hitoshi , Nakatsuji Yohji , Ikeda Isao , Akashi Mitsuru 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Monosaccharides, such as d-ribose, d-xylose, and d-glucose, were successfully transported through a bulk liquid membrane by using amphiphilic cyclodextrin carriers. The transport ability was remarkably affected by the lipophilicity and ring size of the carrier molecule.
Rapid Crystallization of High Quality Cubic Sillica SBA-16 Nanoporous Material
Authors: Cheng Chi-Feng , Lin Yi-Chun , Cheng Hsu-Hsuan , Liu Shr-Miau , Sheu Hwo-Shuenn 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
High quality cubic SBA-16 can be synthesized rapidly at room temperature in 1 h using low surfactant concentrations and has 65% of micropore volume and 5.3 nm of wall thickness on average. The structure integrity of SBA-16 is very sensitive to the acid concentration in gel because of the necessity of moderate hydrogen-bonding and electrostatic interaction between silicates and surfactants.
Direct Speciation of Tin Compounds in Environmental Samples Using Sn K-edge XANES
Authors: Sakakibara Naoki , Takahashi Yoshio , Yamaguchi Yoshitaka , Shibata Kiyoshi , Uruga Tomoya 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Tin K-edge XANES spectra show systematic broadening in the first peak upon increasing the number of organic ligands coordinated to the Sn atom, which can be used to determine Sn speciation in environmental samples. Although the method only provides the average number of organic ligands bound to Sn, a direct method like XANES for Sn speciation can be useful in view of the difficulties associated with chromatographic methods for Sn speciation.