bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A note on the stoichiometrical relationship of short chain fatty acid production and gas formation in vitro in feedstuffs of widely differing quality
Authors: Blümmel M. , Aiple K. ‐P. , Steingaβ H. , Becker K. 
Published: March 2003

In vitro gas production tests are increasingly used in feedstuff research, mainly because rates of fermentation can conveniently be estimated via the accumulating gas volumes (for review see Getachew et al. 1998). In Germany, the Hohenheim in vitro gas test is widely employed in routine feed evaluation to predict in vivo digestibilities and metabolizable energy contents of feeds (Menke and Steingaβ 1988). Although they are waste products, fermentative gases (mainly CO2 and CH4) undoubtfully represent parts of the feeds which have been degraded. Conceptually, the use of in vitro gas tests is then only justified by a close linkage between the waste products and useful fermentation products, i.e. short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and/or microbial biomass.It was shown for straw (Blümmel and O˜rskov 1993), cereal grain (Opatpatanakit et al. (1994) and hay (Makkar et al. 1995) that gas volumes in the bicarbonate buffered Hohenheim in vitro gas production test reflect SCFA production very closely. Gas volumes were produced quantitatively and qualitatively (Blümmel and O˜rskov 1993) according to the stoichiometry of Wolin (1960), i.e. the amount of fermentative CO2 and CH4 could be accurately calculated from the amount and proportion of acetate, propionate and butyrate present in the incubation medium. As previously suggested by Menke and Steingaβ (1988) additional CO2 was produced from buffering the SCFA and about 54% of the total gas volume was attributable to this buffering reaction (Blümmel and O˜rskov 1993), assuming that 1 mmol of SCFA released 1 mmol of CO2 from the bicarbonate buffer into the gas phase.However, the stoichiometry of Wolin (1960) considers only the fermentation of carbohydrates with glucose as a model and the presence of protein (or fat) in feeds might distort the stoichiometrical relationship between SCFA and gas production. It was for example argued by Cone (1998), that the stoichiometry does not hold good for protein rich feeds. In other words, the relationship between SCFA and gas production would be getting weaker and more variable. These conclusions were based on dilution experiments of starch and glucose with casein in an in vitro gas production test (Cone 1998). Obviously, uncoupling of SCFA and gas production would make the interpretation of gas profiles difficult, since the relationship between the useful products (SCFA) and the waste product (gases) would become obscured. It was therefore the objective of this technical note to re‐examine the relationship between SCFA and gas production for 55 feeds varying largely in their protein and also fat content.
High intakes of l+ and	d− lactic acid are efficiently metabolized by pigs and rats
Authors: Everts II. , Salden N. , Lemmens A. G. , Wijers J. , Beynen A. C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryOn farms that apply the feeding of fermented, carbohydrate‐rich liquid by‐products there have been occasional cases of muscle stiffness and impaired gait in growing pigs. The hypothesis that high intakes of a racemic mixture of d− and
l+ lactic acid could be the cause of the abnormalities was tested in a trial with growing pigs and rats. In the pig diet, wheat starch was replaced by racemic lactic acid on a weight basis and the control and test diets thus obtained were fed to pigs and rats. The pigs that were fed the test diet containing 107g lactic acid per kg dry matter showed no signs of muscle stiffness. The feed conversion and daily live weight gain in the test group did not differ from those in the control group. The amounts of lactic acid in the urine were < 1% of the ingested total lactic acid. These data indicate a high metabolizability of
l+ and
d− lactic acid and an energy value of lactic acid that was similar to that of wheat starch. The rats in the test group consumed 134g lactic acid per kg dry matter and showed normal behaviour and the results concerning daily gain and feed conversion and lactic acid excretion in urine agreed well with those found in the pigs. Three conclusions were drawn from the present experiment: (a) a racemic mixture of lactic acid up to 10% of the dietary dry matter had no negative effects on animal health and performance, at least not in the short term; (b)
l+ and
d− lactic acid are both utilized as efficiently as wheat starch; and (c) the cause of the muscle stiffness, as observed in practice, remains unknown.
Influence of increased vitamin A supplements on α‐tocopherol and retinoids in serum and lipoproteins of Shetland ponies
Authors: Gück T. , Sallmann H.‐P. , Fuhrmann H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe effects of feeding 75 versus 750 IU vitamin A/kg body mass (BM) per day to eight healthy pony geldings were studied in a cross‐over design experiment for 20 weeks. The vitamin E intake was 2 mg/kg BM per day. α‐tocopherol and retinoid distribution was examined in serum and lipoproteins. No effect was seen on retinol, α‐tocopherol, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and protein. The α‐tocopherol was distributed between high‐density lipoprotein (69%), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL; 22%) and very‐low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL; 9%). A retinol dose response (RDR)‐test was carried out in both experimental groups to analyse the vitamin A status. The RDR‐test indicated in some cases a false insufficient supply in spite of increased dietary vitamin A. However increased retinyl ester concentrations were found in serum and lipoproteins. Therefore concentrations of retinyl esters seems to be an excellent indicator for the vitamin A status of ponies. In lipoproteins, retinyl ester were measurable in VLDL and LDL. The main ester was retinyl stearate followed by retinyl palmitate. Data suggest that feeding increased concentration of vitamin A did not influence the serum vitamin E status and lipid parameters in ponies, but increased the retinyl esters in serum, VLDL and LDL.
Cis ε‐viniferin: A New Antifungal Resveratrol Dehydrodimer from Cyphostemma crotalarioides Roots
Authors: Bala A. E. A. , Kollmann A. , Ducrot P.‐H. , Majira A. , Kerhoas L. , Leroux P. , Delorme R. , Einhorn J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSix antifungal constituents were isolated from the roots of Cyphostemma crotalarioides (Vitaceae): a new product, Cis‐ε‐viniferin 3, along with five known compounds: trans‐resveratrol I and its oligomers: trans ε‐viniferin 2, gnetin C 4, pallidol 5 and gnetin E 6. It is the first time such compounds have been reported in this plant species. The roots tissues were found to be rich in other resveratrol oligomers, however, the available amounts of the other purified products did not allow structure investigations. No fungicidal activity was detected in the leaves of this plant.
Mating type, Metalaxyl Resistance and Aggressiveness of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in Morocco
Authors: HAMMI A. , MSATEF Y. , BENNANI A. , ISMAILI A. E. L. , SERRHINI M. N. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNinety‐nine isolates of Phytophthora infestans collected from different locations in Morocco were characterized using mating type (A1 and A2) and metalaxyl resistance markers (MS, metalaxyl sensitive, MRS, reduced metalaxyl sensitive, MMR, moderately metalaxyl resistant, MR, metalaxyl resistant). Aggressiveness of these isolates was assessed on detached potato and on detached tomato leaves by determining the lesion size and the sporulation capacity. Characterization of these isolates revealed the following distribution: 29% of the isolates were A1‐MS, 5% were A1‐MRS, 5% were A1‐MMR, 2% were A1‐MR, 20% were A2‐MS, 10% were A2‐MRS, 21% were A2‐MMR and 8% were A2‐MR. Significant differences in aggressiveness were found among isolates. A tendency for MMR and MR isolates to be more aggressive (larger lesions and higher sporulation capacity) than the MRS and MS isolates was found. Potato isolates were more aggressive on potato than tomato isolates, whereas both potato and tomato isolates were comparable concerning their aggressiveness on tomato. This study demonstrates a heterogeneity of Moroccan P. infestans populations.
Partial Characterization of a Potyvirus Infecting African Oil Palm in South America
Authors: MORALES F. J. , LOZANO I. , SEDANO R. , CASTAÑO M. , ARROYAVE J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA virus with filamentous particles approximately 750 nm long was isolated from African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) with `chlorotic ring' leaf symptoms in south‐western Colombia. The virus was mechanically transmitted from oil palm to brachiaria, maize, sorghum, and sugarcane (Gramineae) but not to any of 20 species in other plant families tested. In African oil palm, the virus is associated with cytoplasmic inclusions (pinwheels, laminated aggregates and scrolls) characteristic of subdivision III of the Potyviridae. Partial sequences obtained for fragments of the large nuclear inclusion (NIb) and capsid (CP) proteins, and for the entire 3′ untranslated region (UTR), showed amino acid sequence identities of 91.8% (NIb) and 95% (CP), and a nucleotide sequence identity of 90.8% (UTR) with strains of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). We thus conclude that the virus associated with the `chlorotic ring' of African oil palm in Colombia is a species of the Potyvirus genus and, more specifically, a strain of SCMV.
Puccinia romagnoliana Marie & Sacc. – a Potential Bioherbicide Agent for Biocontrol of Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) in Mulberry
Authors: GUPTA V. P. , KUMAR VINEET , MISHRA R. K. , THIAGARAJAN V. , DATTA R. K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe ingress, infection process and disease development of Puccinia romagnoliana Marie & Sacc. on purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and its cross‐infectivity to an economically important sericultural crop, mulberry (Morus alba L.) were investigated under a scanning electron microscope. The potential of P. romagnoliana as a biocontrol agent was also evaluated for the control of purple nutsedge under greenhouse conditions. Uredinia of P. romagnoliana were paraphysate that bore numerous pedicellate urediniospores, having echinulate spore wall. Urediniospores had 2–3 subequatorial germpores, which gave rise to germtubes. Germtubes were observed to orientate toward stomata and terminated in appressoria, through which infection pegs were formed that penetrated the leaf. Symptoms developed on leaves 10 days after inoculation. P. romagnoliana was highly pathogenic to purple nutsedge, which, when disease was severe, caused death of the shoots and reduced both number and vigour of the tubers. P. romagnoliana did not infect the main commercial crop, mulberry. Thus, the present study demonstrated the potential ofP. romagnoliana as a bioherbicide to control the purple nutsedge in mulberry fields.
Evaluation of Tobacco Cultivars for Resistance to Races of Phytophthora nicotianae in South Africa
Authors: Van Jaarsveld E. , Wingfield M. J. , Drenth A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBlack shank caused by Phytophthora nicotianae is a destructive root and stem disease of cultivated tobacco. P. nicotianae isolates associated with black shank in South Africa were selected in order to evaluate their aggressiveness, designate races of P. nicotianae and to determine which tobacco cultivars are resistant to them. Stem inoculations were conducted in the greenhouse using 32 P. nicotianae isolates from different tobacco growing regions in South Africa. The 32 P. nicotianae isolates differed significantly in levels of aggressiveness. Eight isolates were selected on the basis of geographical origin and virulence for race characterization using a set of differential tobacco cultivars. South African race 0 and race 1 isolates were used to evaluate black shank resistance of 11 commercially planted tobacco cultivars. Race 0 and 1 of P. nicotianae occurred in most of the tobacco growing regions. Commercially planted cultivars differed significantly in their resistance to race 0 and 1. Cultivars Vuma/3/46 and LK3/46 were highly resistant to both race 0 and 1 while cultivars LK33/60 and OD1 were highly resistant to race 0 but susceptible to race 1. Results of this study provide valuable information on cultivar resistance and selection of P.nicotianae isolates for future breeding programs in South Africa.
Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on White Mould (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) on Bean and Cucumber
Authors: Al‐Masri M. I. , Ali‐Shtayeh M. S. , Elad Y. , Sharon A. , Tudzynski P. , Barakat R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe effect of plant growth regulators on thepathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (white mould) was investigated under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Naphthalene acetic acid inhibits the fungus in vitro and in vivo. It reduced white mould disease severity on bean and cucumber plants at concentrations of 200–400 μg/ml. Gibberellic acid (GA3) promoted both mycelium and white mould disease severity on plants at concentrations of 50–250 μg/ml. Methyl jasmonate (MeJa), and abscisic acid (ABA) decreased mycelium growth of S. sclerotiorum in vitro. MeJa decreased bean and cucumber white mould disease at concentrations of 75–250 μg/ml.ABA increased disease development on bean and cucumber plants at concentrations of 100–300 μg/ml.
Occurrence of Pythium spp. and Phytophthora spp. in Norwegian Greenhouses and their Pathogenicity on Cucumber Seedlings
Authors: Herrero M. L. , Hermansen A. , Elen O. N. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSamples of tomato, lettuce and cucumber submitted for diagnosis to the Plant Protection Centre at the Norwegian Crop Research Institute and samples of soil, water and cucumber collected from greenhouses employing hydroponic cultures were examined for the occurrence of Pythium spp. and Phytophthora spp. Two species of Phytophthora and 16 species of Pythium were identified. Phytophthora cryptogea was found on tomato and lettuce. Phytophthora nicotianae was found on tomato fruit. Phytophthora was not found on cucumbers. Pythium irregulare and Pythium group F were the two most commonly found Pythium species in hydroponically cultivated cucumbers. A pathogenicity test with 56 isolates was performed on cucumber seedlings. The most aggressive species were Pythium aphanidermatum, P. irregulare, Pythium paroecandrum and Pythium ultimum.
Cardiopulmonary Side‐Effects and Pharmacokinetics of an Emulsion of Propofol (Disoprivan®) in Comparison to Propofol Solved in Polysorbate 80 in Goats
Authors: Bettschart‐Wolfensberger R. , Semder A. , Alibhai H. , Demuth D. , Shojaee Aliabadi F. , Clarke K. W. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine whether any pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic differences exist in goats between propofol in its currently licensed form (Disoprivan®) and a new 1 % solution of propofol (NSP) containing polysorbate 80. Nine goats received, on two different occasions in a randomized double‐blinded order, 4 mg/kg propofol intravenously (i.v.; Disoprivan® or NSP). To detect differences in cardiopulmonary effects and pharmacokinetics, the Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired data was used. In the NSP group the duration of initial apnoea was significantly longer, and 6 and 12 min after drug application pAO2 levels were significantly lower than in the Disoprivan® group. Mean cardiovascular parameters did not differ significantly between the groups but in the NSP group in six goats marked changes in blood pressure occurred: systolic arterial pressures fell to a minimum of 40–60 mmHg within the first 10 min. This was followed by a marked increase in blood pressure,with maxima exceeding 300 mmHg. In the NSP group the half‐life of propofol was significantly longer, the clearance rate was smaller and the areas under the drug concentration‐time curves were larger than in the Disoprivan® group. The cardiopulmonary side‐effects of NSP suggest that propofol dissolved in polysorbate 80 is not a suitable alternative to the current formulation of propofol.
Varying Effects of Infections withMycoplasma hyopneumoniaeon the Weight Gain Recorded in Three Different Multisource Fattening Pig Herds
Authors: Rautiainen E. , Virtala A.‐M. , Wallgren P. , Saloniemi H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryPigs in three specialized fattening herds were studied with respect to the effect of infection withMycoplasma hyopneumoniaeon weight gain. Individual pigs were weighed four times at 4‐week intervals during the fattening period and their daily weight gain over the rearing period was calculated. A blood sample was collected on each weighing occasion and analysed for the presence of antibodies toM. hyopneumoniae. The lungs of the principals were inspected at slaughter and the extent of pneumonic lesions was registered by a specially developed technique that has been proven to warrant a high degree of repeatability. No serum antibodies toM. hyopneumoniaewere detected in one of the herds, and no pneumonic lesions were recorded at slaughter in that herd. In the other two herds, the prevalence of pigs with serum antibodies toM. hyopneumoniaeincreased from 6 to 54 % and from 31 to 81 %, respectively, during the fattening period. The prevalence of pneumonic lesions at slaughter in these herds was higher the later the pigs seroconverted. On the other hand, the extension of the lung lesions tended to be higher among pigs that seroconverted early during the rearing period. Infections withM. hyopneumoniaeacquired early during the rearing, presumably strengthened by secondary infections and environmental errors, was found to decrease the daily weight gain of the pigs. However, even non‐complicatedM. hyopneumoniaeinfections acquired late in the fattening period were associated with reduced daily weight gain. That growth reduction was estimated to be at least 60 g (about 6 %) after adjusting for herd, pen, initial weight and sex.
Phenotypic Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Israeli Dairy Herds
Authors: Younis A. , Leitner G. , Heller D. E. , Samra Z. , Gadba R. , Lubashevsky G. , Chaffer M. , Yadlin N. , Winkler M. , Saran A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA study of the characterization of the phenotypic patterns of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in Israeli dairy herds and their correlation with the severity of the disease was undertaken. A total of 400 chronically S. aureus‐infected Israeli‐Holstein cows, from 15 dairy herds were included in this study. Based on the results of the biochemical reactions, of the anti‐biogram and phage typing, one major type of S. aureus was determined in each herd, its prevalence being between 54 and 100 % of the total isolates from that same herd. The majority of the isolates were found to be non‐haemolytic (62.7 %). The most common phage type was 3/A,3/C,55,71, which was predominant in five herds. In two herds none of the isolates (24) were typable by this set of phages. All isolates were susceptible to methicillin, erythromycin, cephalotin, norfloxacin, trimethoprin‐sulphamethoxazole and novobiocin. Most isolates were resistant to penicillin (96.6 %) and 52 % to oxytetracyclin. Differences in protein patterns between 50 and 36 kDa were found by one‐dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No correlation between any combination of the phenotypic characteristics was found when correlation was done with milk yield and somatic cell count, corresponding to the 6 months before sampling. Otherwise, a positive correlation was found between type of haemolysis and the N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase (NAGase) values. In milk from quarters infected with the‐non‐haemolytic strains, the level of NAGase was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that from quarters infected with the haemolytic strains (69.7 and 105.9, respectively). However, the level of NAGase activity in the milk of the quarters infected with the non‐haemolytic strains was significantly higher (P < 0.05) when compared to the milk of quarters infected with coagulase‐negative staphylococci (43.5).
In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of an Immunomodulator Composed of Escherichia Coli Lipopolysaccharide and Propionibacterium granulosum‐Inactivated Cells in Pigs
Authors: Pappaterra Mendoza G. J. , De Antonio E. Mateu , Novell Badal M. E. , Castillo M. Martín , Fàbrega J. Casal , Puig J. Marca 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe in vitro cytokine profiles of porcine alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were examined by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay after stimulation with the immunomodulatory compound INMD [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Propionibacterium granulosum]. Expression of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), IL‐6, IL‐12 and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), but not of IL‐10, was detected in INMD‐stimulated alveolar macrophages. Stimulated PBMC expressed IL‐1, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10 and IL‐12 and secreted interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ). In all cases, the level of response was lower with INMD than with E. coli LPS alone, except for IFN‐γ, which was secreted in higher levels in INMD‐stimulated cells. In a second experiment, the ex vivo effect of the administration of INMD was evaluated using the product as a coadjuvant of a live attenuated Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) vaccine. For this purpose, 85 8–10‐week‐old crossbred pigs were assigned to two groups (group A = 43 and group B = 42) and vaccinated with ADV. Group B received, simultaneously with the first dose of vaccine, an intramuscular dose of INMD equivalent to 20 µg/ml LPS and 250 µg/ml P. granulosum, while group A was given sterile saline solution as a placebo. At the time of vaccination, 97.6 % (42 of 43) and 95.2 % (40 of 42) of animals of groups A and B, respectively, had anti‐gB maternal antibodies. Of those animals, anti‐gE ADV antibodies were detected in 11.6 % of animals of group A (five of 43) and 19 % of group B (eight of 42). All animals were boosted with ADV vaccine alone 4 weeks later. Pigs to which INMD was administered together with the vaccine showed higher primary humoral responses than the vaccine‐alone animals (P < 0.005). However, after boosting significant differences disappeared (P > 0.05).