bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the many topics to be addressed in the book, drawing (in a preliminary way) key distinctions and staking out positions to be defended in detail in subsequent chapters. It first establishes a ‘presumption of non-consent’—consent must be given (in any of many ways), it cannot be presumed. Consent is an act, an intrapersonal mental act in the first instance and an interpersonal performative act in the second. To serve its social function, consent must also be communicated. Consent is morally transformative, rendering permissible actions that would otherwise have been impermissible. Someone who receives another’s consent may reasonably rely upon those permissions. That is why consent cannot ordinarily be revoked without compensation. That is also why compensation is ordinarily owed to someone to whom you have conveyed conventional indicators of consent, even in innocent error and all the more through culpable ignorance. People who intentionally fraudulently misrepresented themselves as consenting, however, thereby forfeit the rights that they purported themselves to be waiving with their false consent.
Consenting Without Knowing
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Since consent must be intentional, you arguably cannot consent without knowing that you are consenting. But if you do something that you could and should know that others will reasonably regard as signalling your consent, you may be treated in the same way as if you had consented. Likewise, you can consent without knowing fully to what you are consenting. Almost invariably consent contains ‘gaps’ to be filled in by conventions about what is implicit in the ‘nature of the business’. If you could and should have known those conventions, and you did not explicitly repudiate them when consenting, you can be treated as (or anyway ‘as if’) having consented to their application. When on notice that ‘silence will be taken as consent’, silence genuinely constitutes consent.
Introduction
Authors: Bryant Joan L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The introduction explains the contexts and impetus for opposition to race and introduces some of the individuals who questioned the concept in reform initiatives. It situates the rise of race challenges in the expansion of antebellum freedom and the culture of reform that fostered Black organizational efforts to shape public opinion. It links questions about the validity, logic, and ethics of race to reformers’ sense that they possessed the moral authority and responsibility to shape the terms of free manhood and citizenship.
“That Odious Distinction”
Authors: Bryant Joan L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Race challenges expanded in the wake of the first national conventions. The chapter explores this development in debates surrounding the American Moral Reform Society. Conflicts stemmed from its stand on the language that should define obligations among citizens and Christians. The idea that reform was a sacred undertaking grounded in rational judgments shaped conflicts over rejecting racial designations. Ministers such as Samuel Cornish and Lewis Woodson and “unchurched” moral reform advocates Robert Purvis and William Whipper were at the forefront of contentious exchanges that curtailed implementation of Reform Society initiatives but set the terms for ongoing race challenges. Although moral reformers and their critics withstood conflicts and persisted in the face of colonizationists’ challenges to their American nationality, disenfranchisement in northern states threatened the viability of efforts to function as American reformers. It heightened the stakes surrounding claims that moral elevation could earn citizenship rights and freedom for colored people.
“Humanology”
Authors: Bryant Joan L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how reformers moved beyond political and moral discourse to refute mid-nineteenth-century scientific arguments from the American School of ethnology, which advanced a theory of polygenesis that conceived of people of African descent as a non-human species. Without dismissing human variation, reformers devised alternate explanations for differences that race categories allegedly signified. The analysis traces the historical, religious, political, and scientific ideas they formulated to validate their claims about the unity of the human species and causes of physical and intellectual differences and attainments. Race science raised the stakes associated with notions of human difference and hierarchy. Its theories and empirical methods created purportedly natural foundations and physical warrants for myriad forms of domination and exclusion. Esteem for knowledge led reformers to confront American School justifications for inequality within parameters governing scientific methods.
“The Whole Question of Race”
Authors: Bryant Joan L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The chapter maps divergent forms of race challenges that flourished amid competing social and political forces at the turn of the century. Although the racial hierarchy of Jim Crow was an obvious target to attack, the notion that humans could be grouped into discrete races continued to provoke scorn even as race men promoted race consciousness. Their efforts to promote a collective identity founded on race became another phenomenon for reformers to question and interrogate. Proposals for a race names for people of African descent also created an occasion to scrutinize phenomena that comprised races. Legal claims, literature, religious pamphlets, political speeches, and philosophical essays display the divergent perspectives that framed race challenges as reformers continued to seek stable ethical foundations for collective endeavors.
Unreason
Authors: Hannan Jason 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter opens with a contrast between “moderate” conservatives and right-wing trolls, asking whether they belong to the same political family. The chapter then reviews the animating ideas of Edmund Burke and the defining sentiments of the early conservative movement. It argues that political conservatism is inherently oriented toward unreason and political trolling. Burke celebrates “veils,” “illusions,” “prejudice,” and “ignorance,” some of the core elements of political trolling today. Conceptualizing conservatism as a reaction against equality and democracy, the chapter then explores the place of paranoia, fear, and conspiracy in conservative ideology. Finally, it looks at Rush Limbaugh and Ann Coulter, two political shock artists who pioneered the art of scandalizing the liberal enemy. Limbaugh and Coulter were “trolling the libs” before “trolling the libs” became an everyday feature of social media
Loyalty and the Selves We Are as Friends
Authors: Jeske Diane 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that disloyalty to a friend constitutes a loss for both friends that differs in kind from that involved in other kinds of disloyalty, such as disloyalty to one’s country. The intimacy constitutive of friendship creates a space in which the friends can be their ‘authentic’ selves together. Within a friendship, we are specific selves that we are only able to be within the private space of that relationship, selves that play a crucial role in the narratives of our lives. Disloyalty, then, poses a threat to the private space of the friendship, and, thus, to the self that is party to that friendship. Although disloyalty to a friend can be more costly than disloyalty to one’s country, the cost to the self of the betrayal of a friend does not in itself settle how one ought to act in such cases of conflict.
Loyalty to the Constitution
Authors: Levinson Sanford 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The United States Constitution requires that those persons who occupy public office take an oath of loyalty to the document. So routinized has the practice become that we rarely pause to consider just what such oaths mean or to ask about the broader dimensions and ramifications of those practices. But is it a good idea to require such an oath in order to occupy public office? Is it reasonable to take such an oath, if we happen to have complicated or ambivalent feelings about the object of the oath (here, the U.S. Constitution), either in its current form or in forms it might come to take in the future? What, precisely, is this Constitution to which many people are required to pledge loyalty? Such inquiries gesture toward—though by no means settle—deeper, more foundational questions, including, ultimately, what requiring oaths might tell us about the nature of loyalty itself.
Love and Loyalty
Authors: Krishek Sharon 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the nature of loyalty within the context of love; it maintains that loyalty is a necessary condition for love’s endurance and flourishing. Understood as a position of wholehearted assent to commitments, loyalty involves both self-denial and self-affirmation; these, in turn, are necessary to yield a clear-sighted perception of the beloved. Delineating a particular conception of love as rooted in a correspondence between the lovers, the chapter demonstrates how a clear-sighted perception of the beloved, enabled by loyalty, is essential for love to succeed. In the absence of loyalty, love can neither endure nor flourish. To deepen and illustrate the points about love and its relation to loyalty, and about the ways in which failures of loyalty can lead to unsuccessful love, the chapter offers a reading of Ian McEwan’s novel Black Dogs, which centers on a description of an unhappy marriage.
Decolonizing Maternal Health Research: An Introduction to Indigenous Research Methods and a Decolonial Framework for Indigenous Maternal Health Research
Authors: Johnson-Jennings Alayah 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The commitment to decolonize research requires more than just the use of the phrase: it also requires an understanding of the history of research and how its structure has been used to marginalize and oppress Indigenous people. Researchers who want to better understand maternal and child health outcomes of Indigenous populations must use Indigenous research methods. This includes a collaboration with Tribal communities and ethics review boards, and ensuring that the community is involved with the collection and analysis of data. Using a decolonial framework, researchers should consider if the research is wanted and recognize biases about Indigenous people’s health. Investigators need to acknowledge the history of oppression and trauma (both past and present), celebrate Indigenous people’s strengths, and articulate the potential impacts of research. These methods can be used to work with other historically marginalized and racialized populations.
Maternal Health and Gathering Evidence of Structural Racism
Authors: Andress Lauri 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the benefits of, and reasons for, the use of qualitative methods to explore how structural racism shapes persistent disparities in maternal health outcomes in the United States. Key sections of the chapter highlight mechanisms, theories, and pathways that ground racism as a social process and describe data-collection methodologies that allow public health researchers to understand the impact of structural racism on racial disparities in maternal health outcomes. The chapter asserts that by using broader theories, models, and frameworks, and collecting other forms of data, health interventions avoid reifying outdated ideas and missing out on newer explanatory variables that can better account for structural racism as a driver of inequities in maternal health outcomes.
Ideology and the Microfoundations of Conflict
Authors: Müller Veronika , Gries Thomas 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis book combines theoretical and empirical research across various academic disciplines, including economics, psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, and political science, to describe why individuals adopt political ideologies and how this choice can potentially exacerbate conflict and violence. Ideology is particularly important to conflict. Data on intra- and international conflict shows that the number of ideologically driven conflicts has increased tremendously in recent decades. Although some researchers have started to investigate extensively the link between ideology and conflict, they struggle to find holistic explanations through which ideologies might shape conflict. This book addresses this effort by providing an interrelated multidisciplinary framework to explain the multidimensional functions of ideology. It illustrates that ideologies are not only capable of shaping conflictual behavior or mobilizing political actors, but also of addressing human needs, desires, and preferences. Hence, this book seeks to explain how individuals adopt ideologies that match their underlying needs and preferences; that ideologies have the capacity to reconcile deprived psychological human needs; and that radical groups and organizations use ideologies to recruit individuals and pursue their objectives. To understand these relationships better and to apply the theoretical background to real-world situations, we include real-life cases that describe how depriving individuals of resources that satisfy their underlying needs and preferences can lead them to adopt particular ideologies that are disseminated by radical groups or organizations. These radical groups or organizations then make decisions, which can potentially lead to conflict onset and continuous long-term struggles.
Real-life Cases and the Link between Needs, Ideology, and Conflict
Authors: Müller Veronika , Gries Thomas 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn the final chapter we will apply our framework to analyze and explain in a compact manner real-life ideological conflicts that happened in the past. We will first consider the socioeconomic and political conditions in a country that may deprive individuals from resources and opportunities to serve their human needs. Next, we focus on a group or organization and its leader, who disseminates particular beliefs and narratives to address the deprived needs of individuals. Here we shortly portray the ideology and the goals of the organization, and move on, in the next step, to its recruitment and mobilization techniques. This approach allows us to explain within each case how radical organizations were able to address the needs, emotions, and desires of the deprived.
The Contest for Japan's Economic Future
Authors: Katz Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Social, economic, and technological megatrends are giving Japan its best chance at economic recovery in a generation. Just as entrepreneurship created Japan’s postwar economic miracle, it will take a new generation of entrepreneurs (nicknamed gazelles) to propel revival. At present, Japan suffers one of the lowest rates of innovative, high-growth entrepreneurship among rich countries. Fortunately, six socioeconomic megatrends are breaking down the ability of incumbent corporate giants (nicknamed elephants) and their political allies to block new challengers. For example, so-called lifetime employment has traditionally made it very hard for newcomers to recruit needed staff. Banks, often allied with the big incumbents, lend less to new companies. A distribution system dominated by incumbents has made it hard for newcomers to get their products on store shelves. This is being changed by the megatrends. Generational changes in attitudes about work and gender relations are leading more talented people to create new innovative firms and others to work for them. The latter includes ambitious women who are regularly denied promotions at traditional companies. In the form of e-commerce, technology enables tens of thousands of newcomers to bypass the distribution system and reach tens of millions of customers. Three decades of low growth and the consequences of aging have increased political demands for a solution. While progress remains difficult due to resistance by powerful forces, fissures are emerging within the government and business community. Some factions try to promote more startups, while others resist making the needed changes in regulations, taxes, and budgets. The contention among these forces will determine the outcome.
The Need for a Productivity Revolution
Authors: Katz Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Large parts of Japan’s population are suffering from declining living standards, in large part because of flagging productivity, that is, output per worker. A nation can consume a certain amount of goods and services per person only by producing that amount per person. Productivity, in turn, depends on not only how much it invests in modern technology, but also how well its companies use it. Japanese companies get less economic payoff from every dollar they invest in so-called knowledge-based capital than do most other rich countries. As a result, per capita GDP has fallen from 83% of the US level in 1990 to just 63% by 2020. The consequences for people are dire. Nearly 40% of Japan’s employees are non-regulars (part-timers or temporaries) who are paid a third less per hour than regular workers, or even less. Real wages for the typical worker have stagnated. Seniors have faced two decades of cuts in social security and healthcare per elderly person.
Abenomics
Authors: Katz Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Had Prime Minister Shinzo Abe implemented his famous three arrows of Abenomics—monetary stimulus, initial fiscal stimulus, and structural reform—Japan would have been on the road to recovery. None of the three arrows can work without the other two. Yet Abe only really tried monetary stimulus. Consequently, instead of annual growth returning to 2%, as he had promised, it averaged just 0.8% per year during his tenure, no better than the average rate since 1991. By contrast, he largely ignored structural reform. Yes, he repeatedly announced lofty goals, but he rarely even proposed the practical measures needed to reach them. In other cases, he made claims of achievements that did not hold up to scrutiny. For example, he boasted of creating lots of new jobs, but almost all of them were low-paying non-regular jobs. With the slogan of “womenomics,” he promised to increase the share of female managers but, upon failing, just postponed the goal for another decade.
Risk-Averse Culture or Risk versus Reward?
Authors: Katz Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The widely believed notion that a risk-averse, conformist culture is the primary obstacle to entrepreneurship is a myth. If it were true, how does one explain the bursts of entrepreneurship that propelled the late 19th-century modernization as well as the post–World War II era of high-growth that earned the label “economic miracle”? Far more important than culture are economic institutions, the risk:reward ratio of founding a company, and promotion practices. Beginning in the 1970s, some companies changed their promotion criteria so that mistakes were heavily penalized, while successes brought no added credit. In essence, people were being trained to avoid risk. Companies that abandoned these criteria improved their performance. Before World War II, Confucianism was blamed for Japan’s economic backwardness. Then, Confucianism was credited for the postwar economic miracle. Finally, when the last decades emerged, Confucianism was blamed again. The most widely cited academic study linking culture to economics, conducted by Geert Hofstede, is based entirely on the global employees of IBM. Studies of non-IBM Japanese show very different results.
Overcoming the Digital Divide and R&D Gap
Authors: Katz Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part of why Japan’s small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) grow so much less than those elsewhere is a big technological shortfall. SMEs employ 70% of Japan’s labor force but conduct just 5% of spending on R&D. The SMEs that do invest earn more profits and grow faster. This shortfall could be greatly reduced if the government devoted more of its financial aid for R&D to SMEs, particularly startups. At present, almost 90% goes to firms with at least 500 employees, those with less need. Meanwhile, Japanese SMEs are woefully inefficient, partly because they invest so little in the latest digital technology. When asked why, many SME owners say they’re not sure how they’d benefit and there are not enough affordable private consultants to help them. Japan could help remedy this problem if it followed Europe, which in 2020 invested $300 million in training SMEs how to exploit modern software. Japan spends a miserly sum.
Finance for New Firms
Authors: Katz Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The dearth of external finance is Japan’s single biggest hurdle to having more innovative, high-growth startups. Most potential founders lack the personal financial assets to start a firm at an adequate scale and fund its growth. Elsewhere, new companies get seed money from business angels, and well-designed tax incentives have stimulated more angel investment. In Japan, by contrast, angels are rare, and the tax incentives are poorly designed and ineffectual. At a later stage, when growth capital is needed, Japanese banks are reluctant to lend to new companies or youngish founders, especially to women. When they do lend, then, more than elsewhere, they demand a personal guarantee, in which the borrower must pledge his house and savings if the firm fails. The government worsens the situation by supplying loan guarantees and outright loans to zombie firms, adding up to 11% of GDP each year. Shoring up the zombies makes it harder for newcomers to gain market share and profitability.
Flexicurity
Authors: Katz Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Some Japanese reformers claim the only alternative to economic corrosion is a harsh Anglo-American style of neoliberalism. But there is a third choice: the Nordic system of “flexicurity” (flexibility and security). Market-led creative destruction creates wealth which helps fund measures promoting equality and security. The latter, in turn, creates political support for creative destruction. For example, so-called active labor measures are used to help those who lose jobs find new ones at good pay via training and matchmaking. This approach has produced results superior to both neoliberalism and the growth-harming form of social safety net seen in southern Europe. The Nordics have generally done better on issues of wage growth, unemployment, income equality and security, GDP growth, and productivity. The cost is higher taxes. In Japan, voters resist tax hikes because they don’t trust Tokyo to use the money well. On the other hand, Japan’s universal healthcare and social security rely on government spending.