bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of varying monoterpene concentrations on the response of Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to its aggregation pheromone: implications for pest management and ecology of bark beetles
Authors: Erbilgin Nadir , Powell Jaimie S. , Raffa Kenneth F. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract  1 Host plant terpenes can influence attraction of conifer bark beetles to their aggregation pheromones: both synergistic and inhibitory compounds have been reported. However, we know little about how varying concentrations of individual monoterpenes affect responses.2 We tested a gradient of ratios of α‐pinene, the predominant monoterpene in host pines in the Great Lakes region of North America, to Ips pini's pheromone, racemic ipsdienol plus lanierone.3 Ips pini demonstrated a parabolic response, in which low concentrations of α‐pinene had no effect on attraction to its pheromone, intermediate concentrations were synergistic and high concentrations were inhibitory. These results suggest optimal release rates for population monitoring and suppression programmes.4 Inhibition of bark beetle attraction to pheromones may be an important component of conifer defences. At terpene to pheromone ratios emulating emissions from trees actively responding to a first attack, arrival of flying beetles was low. This may constitute an additional defensive role of terpenes, which are also toxic to bark beetles at high concentrations.5 Reduced attraction to a low ratio of α‐pinene to pheromone, as occurs when colonization densities become high and the tree's resin is largely depleted, might reflect a mechanism for preventing excessive crowding.6 Thanasimus dubius, the predominant predator of I. pini, was also attracted to ipsdienol plus lanierone, but its response differed from that of its prey. Attraction increased across all concentrations of α‐pinene. This indicates that separate lures are needed to sample both predators and bark beetles effectively. It also provides an opportunity for maximizing pest removal while reducing adverse effects on beneficial species. This disparity further illustrates the complexity confronting natural enemies that track chemical signals to locate herbivores.
Herbivores and pathogens on willow: do they affect each other?
Authors: Simon Matthias , Hilker Monika 
Published: November 2003

Abstract  1 Willows often need to cope with attack by both rust fungi and herbivores. We studied whether rust infection on willow affects the herbivore, and vice versa, whether herbivore feeding affects the fungal infection. The system investigated by laboratory bioassays and greenhouse experiments consisted of the willow hybrid Salix × cuspidata, the rust Melampsora allii‐fragilis and the willow leaf beetle Plagiodera versicolora. Effects were studied both on a local scale (rust infection and feeding on the same leaf) and systemically (rust infection and feeding on different, but adjacent leaves).2 Rust infection was not affected by herbivore feeding on a local scale. Systemically, however, the willow's susceptibility towards rust infection was increased by herbivore feeding, as indicated by a higher number of rust sori on leaves adjacent to feeding‐damaged leaves. The herbivore's performance was detrimentally affected by rust infection: increase of mortality (systemically), decrease of larval weight (locally and systemically) and prolonging of developmental time (locally and systemically).3 Previous rust infection enhanced systemically the willow's susceptibility towards subsequent fungal infection. Previous herbivore feeding on the willow had no effects on the herbivore's developmental time and mortality. However, feeding upon previously feeding‐damaged willow leaves significantly reduced larval weight.
Development of an improved attractive lure for the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Poland Therese M. , De Groot Peter , Burke Stephen , Wakarchuk David , Haack Robert A. , Nott Reginald , Scarr Taylor 
Published: November 2003

Abstract  1 The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), is an exotic pest of pine, Pinus spp., and was first discovered in North America in 1992.2 Although primary attraction to host volatiles has been clearly demonstrated for T. piniperda, the existence and role of secondary attraction to insect‐produced pheromones have been widely debated.3 Currently, commercial lures for T. piniperda include only the host volatiles α‐pinene in North America and α‐pinene, terpinolene and (+)‐3‐carene in Europe. Several potential pheromone candidates have been identified for T. piniperda.4 We tested various combinations of host volatiles and pheromone candidates in Michigan, U.S.A., and Ontario, Canada, to determine an optimal blend.5 Attraction of T. piniperda was significantly increased when trans‐verbenol (95% pure, 3.2%cis‐verbenol content) was added with or without myrtenol to α‐pinene or to blends of α‐pinene and other kairomones and pheromone candidates.6 Our results, together with other research demonstrating that trans‐verbenol is produced by T. piniperda, support the designation of trans‐verbenol as a pheromone for T. piniperda. A simple operational lure consisting of α‐pinene and trans‐verbenol is recommended for optimal attraction of T. piniperda.
The spread of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)
Authors: Kirk William D. J. , Terry L. Irene 
Published: November 2003

Abstract  1 Since the late 1970s, the western flower thrips has spread from its original distribution in western North America to become a major worldwide crop pest.2 A wide range of data sources have been used to map the original distribution in the U.S.A. and Canada, and the progress of the spread in the U.S.A., Canada, Europe, northern Africa and Australia.3 The possible reasons for the start of the spread are discussed. The most likely reason is that intensive insecticide use in horticulture in the 1970s and 1980s selected an insecticide resistant strain or strains. These then established in glasshouses across North America and spread from there to Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia.4 The international spread of the western flower thrips occurred predominantly by the movement of horticultural material, such as cuttings, seedlings and potted plants. Within Europe, an outward spread from the original outbreak in the Netherlands is discernible. The speed of spread was 229 ± 20 km/year.5 The spread has not been restricted to glasshouses. The western flower thrips has established outdoors in areas with milder winters; for example, across the southern U.S.A., southern Europe and Australia. It also overwinters in some regions with colder winters.6 Polyphagous phytophagous thrips have many factors predisposing them to become worldwide crop pests, particularly in glasshouses. Some other species that might spread in a similar way to the western flower thrips are listed.
Using high‐throughput amplified fragment length polymorphism to distinguish sorghum greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes
Authors: Zhu‐Salzman Keyan , Li Haiwen , Klein Patricia E. , Gorena Roberto L. , Salzman Ron A. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract  1 The greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) is a serious pest of Sorghum bicolor L. and small grains in the Southern Plains of the U.S.A. Use of resistant cultivars, the major greenbug management strategy, has been challenged by the rapid development of new greenbug biotypes that overcome plant resistance.2 We used a high‐throughput amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting method to examine genetic divergence among eight greenbug biotypes (B, C, E, G, I and K, New York and South Carolina). Clustering analysis based on 1775 scored AFLP markers clearly showed that biotypes (C, E, I and K), which are able to infest sorghum fields, share more common polymorphisms among themselves than with other biotypes.3 This result suggests that common genetic factors exist among these biotypes, enabling them to predominate and thrive in monoculture crops. Our study demonstrated the sensitivity of AFLP in obtaining large quantities of biotype‐associated polymorphic information across the entire greenbug genome.
Fusion of a soybean cysteine protease inhibitor and a legume lectin enhances anti‐insect activity synergistically
Authors: Zhu‐Salzman Keyan , Ahn Ji‐Eun , Salzman Ron A. , Koiwa Hisashi , Shade Richard E. , Balfe Susan 
Published: November 2003

Abstract  1 The soybean cysteine protease inhibitor soyacystatin N (scN) and Griffonia simplicifolia lectin II (rGSII) have defense functions against the coleopteran cowpea bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. However, the ability of the insect to activate scN‐insensitive digestive proteases and the relatively low potency of rGSII have hindered their practical application in plant protection.2 Recent research suggests that defense proteins may achieve increased toxicity and durability when used in combination. Based on the structures of several natural toxin molecules, we hypothesized that covalently linked scN and rGSII could exhibit greater anti‐insect efficacy than the mixture containing individual proteins.3 To test this hypothesis, a recombinant scN‐rGSII fusion protein that retained both protease inhibitor and lectin functions was constructed.4 When fed to cowpea bruchid, this new protein showed a synergistic delay in insect development, whereas a mixture of the separate proteins only showed an additive effect.5 Our results suggest that tethering digestive protease inhibitors to gut epithelium‐interacting lectins could give plant protection superior to strategies based on single genes or mixtures of single gene products.
The efficacy of high and low volume spray applications of Mimic® (tebufenozide) for managing autumn gum moth larvae Mnesampela privata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in eucalypt plantations
Authors: Elek Jane A. , Steinbauer Martin J. , Beveridge Natasha , Ebner Peter 
Published: November 2003

Abstract  1 The autumn gum moth Mnesampela privata (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Ennominae) is a native moth that can outbreak, resulting in significant defoliation of plantation eucalypts in southern Australia.2 Laboratory trials tested M. privata larvae for their dose–response to the ecdysone agonist, Mimic® 700 WP (a.i. 700 g/kg tebufenozide); ground and aerial field trials also tested its efficacy in eucalypt plantations.3 The laboratory trials showed that there was no significant difference in mortality between larvae treated with 172 g Mimic® (120 g a.i)/ha and those sprayed with doses ranging from 86 to 3340 g Mimic®/ha.4 Laboratory and field trials demonstrated that second instars were the most susceptible, with the most rapid response. However, second to fourth instars all reached 100% and fifth instars 90% mortality 3 weeks after aerial spraying at 120 g a.i./ha.5 Aerial spraying an Eucalyptus globulus plantation with 120 g a.i. Mimic® at 20 L/ha caused 95% mortality of instars two to five, and 100% for instars two to four within 3 weeks after spraying.6 Ground spraying to run‐off with 120 g a.i. Mimic®/ha reduced defoliation of E. grandis from between 67% to 80% for unsprayed trees to 0% defoliation for sprayed trees.7 The window for effective management of M. privata larvae is 3–5 weeks, during first to third instar development.8 Replacement of broad‐spectrum insecticides with the more target‐specific Mimic® should increase the biodiversity of plantations and therefore would be more environmentally friendly.
An improved multi‐component sex attractant for trapping male western yellowstriped armyworm, Spodoptera praefica (Grote) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Landolt Peter J. , Smithhisler Connie , Adams Todd , Zack Richard S. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract  1 Chemical analyses of solvent extracts of pheromone glands of female western yellowstriped armyworm moths Spodoptera praefica (Grote) indicated the presence of (Z)‐7‐dodecenol (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate (Z)‐9‐dodecenyl acetate (Z)‐9‐tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate.2 In field tests of combinations of these chemicals, small numbers of male S. praefica were captured in traps baited with (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate. Numbers of males captured in traps were greatly increased in response to blends that included both (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate with either (Z)‐9‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z)‐9‐dodecenyl acetate. The combination of (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate and (Z)‐9‐tetradecenyl acetate provided the strongest sex attractant for use in trapping male S. praefica.3 Males of the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) were captured in traps baited with blends possessing (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate, and were greatly reduced in traps baited with blends that included (Z)‐7‐dodecenol.4 Multi‐component blends that included (Z)‐7‐dodecenol attracted males of the alfalfa looper Autographa californica (Speyer).5 Males of Peridroma saucia (Hübner) and Mamestra configurata Walker were captured in traps that included (Z)‐9‐tetradecenyl acetate with (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate.6 These responses by other species of moths to S. praefica pheromone components and blends may still complicate the use of any lure for S. praefica.
Feeding the colleges: Cambridge's food and fuel supplies, 1450–1560
Authors: Lee John S. 
Published: November 2003

SummaryVon Thünen's model of the relationship between concentrated urban demand and rural land use proposes that towns will draw agricultural produce from a series of zones of specialized production around the urban centre. Using the accounts of King's Hall and King's College, this article identifies the areas that supplied Cambridge with food and fuel during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and the persistence of such trade. Local geographical conditions meant that, contrary to von Thünen's model, firewood and charcoal were brought from more distant regions than those supplying wheat and malt barley, and Cambridge's hinterland also had to compete with demand from London.
Rehabilitating Arthur Young
Authors: Brunt Liam 
Published: November 2003

SummaryYoung was the most prolific and quantitative agricultural writer in England in the eighteenth century. Generally highly regarded by his contemporaries, his reputation among British agricultural historians is at an all‐time low. This article charts and explains Young's fall from grace. It rebuts the criticisms made of his methods and writings, and shows that Young is a well‐informed, accurate, reliable, and reasonable historical source. It demonstrates that the Farmer's tour is based on a broadly representative sample of English farms during the industrial revolution and argues that modern techniques of data analysis can overcome any errors or biases in Young's data.
Monetization and financial development in Southeast Asia before the Second World War
Authors: Huff W. G. 
Published: November 2003

SummaryUsing new statistics, this article analyses financial development in Southeast Asia over the seven decades 1870–1939. The region experienced substantial, and in some instances rapid, vent‐for‐surplus economic growth based on a narrow range of primary commodities. But in 1939 all Southeast Asian countries still had relatively undeveloped financial infrastructures dominated by metropolitan interests, considerably reliant on informal finance, and geared towards primary commodity exports. The article suggests that a lack of opportunities and a variety of country‐specific considerations were more important explanations than weak financial development for an absence of greater industrialization and agricultural modernization in Southeast Asia.
The prospects for super‐acuity: limits to visual performance after correction of monochromatic ocular aberration
Authors: Charman W. N. , Chateau N. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIt has recently been suggested that correction of the monochromatic aberration of the eye could lead to substantial improvements in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity function. After consideration of the best‐corrected visual acuity of normal eyes, the optical and neural limits to visual performance are reviewed. It is concluded that, even if current problems with the accuracy of the suggested techniques of aberration correction, through corneal excimer laser ablation or customised contact lenses, can be overcome, changes in monochromatic ocular aberration over time, the continuing presence of chromatic aberration, errors of focus associated with lags and leads in accommodation, and other factors, are likely to result in only minor improvements in the high‐contrast acuity performance of most normal eyes being produced by attempted aberration control. Significant gains in contrast sensitivity might, however, be achievable, particularly under mesopic and scotopic conditions when the pupil is large, provided that correct focus can be maintained. In the immediate future, reduction of the high levels of aberration that are currently found in eyes that have undergone refractive surgery and in some abnormal eyes should bring useful benefits.
Pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and the renin‐angiotensin system
Authors: Funatsu Hideharu , Yamashita Hidetoshi 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDespite the beneficial effects of good glycaemic control, loss of vision because of diabetic retinopathy (DR) still occurs. Recent studies have suggested that hypertension is a risk factor for the development and progression of DR and that blood pressure reduction can delay the progression of retinopathy. The renin‐angiotensin system is activated by chronic hyperglycaemia, and the vitreous fluid level of angiotensin II (AII) is elevated in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema. AII increases vascular permeability and promotes neovascularization. It has been suggested that an autocrine‐paracrine relationship may exist between AII and vascular endothelial growth factor in the ocular tissues. Accordingly, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or AII Type 1 (AT1) receptor blockers may be useful therapeutic agents for preventing the progression of DR.
Drug‐induced bilateral transient myopia with the sulphonamide sulphasalazine
Authors: Santodomingo‐Rubido J. , Gilmartin B. , Wolffsohn J. S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWhereas there are numerous reported ocular side effects from systemic sulpha medication, most are rare and reversible, with myopia being the most common reaction observed. A case report is presented of sudden bilateral onset of −1.0 DS of myopia (from −3.0 to −4.0 DS) in a young adult female following the addition of a sulphonamide (sulphasalazine) to oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory treatment (meloxicam) for rheumatoid arthritis. The myopia regressed to −3.50 DS after 2 weeks when all medication was withdrawn and stabilised at this level when subsequent treatment was resumed after 8 weeks with the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug celecoxib. The case indicates that account needs to be taken of the possibility that relatively modest myopic shifts encountered in young adult contact lens wearers may be associated with concomitant systemic medication.
Clinical performance of non‐contact tonometry by Reichert AT550® in glaucomatous patients
Authors: Jorge J. , González‐Méijome J. M. , Díaz‐Rey J. A. , Almeida J. B. , Ribeiro P. , Parafita M. A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMeasuring intraocular pressure (IOP) by non‐contact tonometry (NCT) has been demonstrated to be a valid and reliable technique to be used in primary eye care; it is easier to use, it does not transmit infectious diseases, and it is not necessary to use anaesthetic or staining eye drops. Recently, a new NCT device has showed an excellent level of agreement with Goldmann tonometry, but there are no records of its performance in glaucomatous eyes. To rectify this, IOP was measured in twenty‐two patients (44 eyes) receiving medical treatment to control elevated IOP, with AT550® and Goldmann tonometry. Mean values of IOP were 18.98 ± 2.77 and 19.08 ± 3.02 mmHg using Goldmann and AT550®, respectively. Plots of differences against means displayed good agreement (mean difference ± limits of agreement, −0.09 ± 3.30); this value was not significantly different from zero (t‐test for dependent samples, p = 0.709). In conclusion, IOP values as measured with the AT550® NCT are clinically comparable with those obtained with Goldmann tonometry in glaucomatous patients. This validates this NCT not only for screening of IOP but to follow‐up glaucomatous patients with a rapid, non‐invasive method.
Improved illumination for the Perkins applanation tonometer
Authors: Ressiniotis Thomas , Zeki Sabah M. , Clarke Michael P. , Mitchell Keith W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAims:  To improve the Perkins tonometer measurements by using an augmented, monochromatic solid‐state light source of 470 nm wavelength.Methods:  This prospective study comprised 44 patients of our ophthalmic department who were split into two groups of 21 and 23 patients, and were tested by two independent ophthalmologists. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured in both eyes, comparing the instrument with augmented source against the standard Perkins for both observers. A set of three consecutive IOP measurements was recorded on each patient's eye and the time required to make each of them was recorded. The mean of the three IOP values was used in the analyses.Results:  For Observer 1, higher values of IOP with our augmented illumination against the standard were recorded, the mean difference of +0.59 mmHg being statistically significant (95% CI, 0.0 to +1.18 mmHg). For Observer 2, the mean difference of −0.22 mmHg was not significant (95% CI, −0.70 to +0.26 mmHg). Measurement times for observers were shorter when using the augmented illumination (Observer 1: mean difference = −2.0 s, S.E. = 1.4 s, CI, +0.8 to −4.9 s; Observer 2: mean difference = −5.0 s, S.E. = 1.3 s, CI, −2.5 to −7.5 s).Conclusion:  The monochromatic blue light source may improve the performance of IOP measurements with the Perkins instrument under bright room conditions, making them faster and more convenient.
Visual acuity assessment: a comparison of two tests for measuring children's vision
Authors: Jones Deborah , Westall Carol , Averbeck Karin , Abdolell Mohamed 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPurpose:  To compare the Kay Picture Test and the logMAR Crowded Test.Methods:  Monocular visual acuity measurement was attempted on 103 paediatric subjects (aged between 2.5 and 16 years) attending eye clinics, using each of the visual acuity tests.Results:  The results obtained with the two tests were found to be comparable as confirmed with the Intra‐class Correlation Coefficient, which revealed good agreement between the two tests. There was significant correlation between the visual acuity results measured and high conformity in the results from the weaker eye. There was a statistical difference in acuity scores between the tests; the Kay Picture Test gave a lower logMAR score with a mean difference of 0.08 logMAR. This 0.08 difference represents an actual difference of less than one line of acuity measure which can be considered to be clinically insignificant. There was a significant difference in the ability to perform each of the tests under binocular conditions, with more of the 50 children, aged 5 and under, able to perform the Kay Picture Test than the logMAR Crowded Test.Conclusions:  The results obtained with the two tests are comparable. Both tests can be considered to be appropriate for amblyopia detection and the use of picture‐based logMAR tests should be considered for younger children.