bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Economic Study of the Information Technology Revolution
Authors: Jonscher Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growing significance of information-its creation, processing, and management-in today’s economies has been well documented. The sociologist Daniel Bell (1973) observed that the developed world is entering a postindustrial phase in which “what counts is not raw muscle power, or energy, but information,” and economists have attempted to quantify this phenomenon.1 Their studies show that businesses in the United States now spend more on the office-based functions of information handling than on the physical production and processing of goods, a proportion that was less than 18 percent in 1900.2 This shift of economic resources from the traditional productive activities of industrial and agricultural workers to the information-handling functions of white-collar workers constitutes one of the major changes of this century in the structure of industrialized economies.
Joint Venture Formations and Stock Market Reactions: An Assessment in the Information Technology Sector
Authors: Koh Jeongsuk , Venkatraman N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central area of research in contemporary strategic management research is concerned with “hybrid organizational arrangements” (Borys & Jemison, 1989) at the “interorganizational” or the “network” level (Powell, 1990) involving mechanisms such as joint ventures, technology licensing, cooperative research and development (R&D), and marketing arrangements (Contractor & Lorange, 1988; Harrigan, 1985; Kogut, 1988a; Mariti & Smiley, 1983). Within this general stream, joint venture is an important mechanism that can give a firm new and powerful sources of competitive advantage (Harrigan, 1988) and distinctive competencies (Kanter, 1989; Powell, 1990). Research on joint ventures spans disciplinary boundaries. As represented in Figure 12.1, we categorize the existing research into four types using two dimensions: (1) the dominant theoretical perspective, classified as either the strategic behavior or the transaction cost perspective, and (2) the research focus, namely, whether the focus is on the motives for the formation of joint ventures or on their impacts.
Profit Centers, Single-Source Suppliers, and Transaction Costs
Authors: Walker Gordon , Poppo Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do organizations and markets govern transactions differently? This question has motivated a large body of research that has reached divergent conclusions. Proponents of transaction cost theory (Williamson, 1985) have found that organizations and markets differ in their governance capabilities. Other authors (Eccles & White, 1988; Granovetter, 1985; Stinchcombe, 1983), however, believe that the transaction cost argument is stated too strongly, .and they argue that organizations and markets are not discrete institutions to which the theory can be straightforwardly applied. A central hypothesis of transaction cost theory is that interunit relationships in which supplier assets are specialized have lower transaction costs inside an organization than when the relationship is between organizations (Demsetz, 1988; Klein, Crawford, & Alchian, 1978; Riordan & Williamson, 1986). Asset specialization will increase the buyer’s loss if the supply relationship is terminated. The potential for a higher loss gives the supplier an opportunity to bargain for a greater share of the value of the relationship. Thus, as the supplier’s assets become specialized, it should be more reluctant to bear the costs of adapting to changes in the buyer’s needs
Technological Innovation and Employment in Telecommunications
Authors: Lynch Lisa M , Osterman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of technological innovation on employment structures in a firm. It addresses two related questions: First, how does the diffusion of information technology influence employment levels across occupations within a firm? Second, how does a firm choose among alternative personnel mechanismslayoffs, quits, retirements, early retirements, and transfers-to reach its target employment levels in each occupation? Our study draws on two sets of literature; one analyzes how technology influences labor demand, and the other models internal labor market flows. Within the production function or cost function framework, it is customary to distinguish between educated (or high-skill) and uneducated (low-skill) labor and estimate elasticities of substitution or complementarity. One of the most recent efforts along these lines is Bartel and Lichtenberg’s (1985) work, which builds on product cycle and learning curve ideas. The literature in this tradition typically provides few details about the impact of technological change on specific occupations because only very aggregated occupational data (e.g., blue collar versus white collar) are normally available. Another problem is that measures of technology are often crude (Bartel and Lichtenberg, e.g., have data only on the age of capital stock), and some occuptional categories are often poor reflections of changes in the nature of job tasks.
Love and Power
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Perry, a leading constitutional theorist, here continues his inquiry into the role of morality in American public life that began with his critically acclaimed Morality, Politics, and Law. In this sequel, he addresses the proper relation of moral convictions to the politics of a morally pluralistic society, focusing on religious morality. Perry devises a theory of `ecumenical politics’ in which moral values can be brought to bear in a productive way on political deliberation. `There is no question in my mind that it will have a large, diverse, and eager audience.’ Milner S. Ball, University of Georgia Law School.
Introduction
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the proper relation of morality to politics in a morally pluralistic society like the United States. More precisely, it is about the proper relation of a person’s moral beliefs to her political choices and, especially, to her public deliberation about and her public justification of political choices. I am principally concerned here with religious morality-with moral beliefs religious in character-because the problem of the proper relation of religious morality to politics poses the issues I want to address about morality and politics in their most controversial and difficult form. The constructive part of my argument (as distinct from the critical part), therefore, is directed mainly at religious-moral beliefs. However, much of what I have to say about the proper relation of religious morality to politics is meant to apply not just to religious morality but to morality generally, including secular morality.
Politics and the Question of the “Truly, Fully” Human
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the preceding chapter I asked whether disputed beliefs about human good should play any role in public deliberations about, or public justifications of, contested political choices. Arguments like those developed by Bruce Ackerman and Thomas Nagel are largely to the effect that disputed beliefs about human good should play no or at most a marginal role in political justification. The basic problem with that position, as I indicated in my comments on Ackerman’s and Nagel’s arguments, is that a politics-a practice of political justification-from which disputed beliefs about human good are excluded (because, as in Ackerman’s argument, they are not shared or because, as in Nagel’s, they fail certain epistemological criteria) is impossibly restrictive: Such a politics is bereft of the normative resources required for addressing, much less resolving, the most fundamental political-moral issues that engage and divide us. Only a politics in which beliefs about human good, including disputed beliefs, have a central place is capable of addressing our most basic political questions. In this chapter I illustrate the point, which is important and merits separate treatment. Specifically, I argue that a politics from which disputed beliefs about human good are excluded cannot address a political-moral question that, at the close of the twentieth century, is indisputably and appropriately at the very heart of domestic and international politics: Are there human rights and, if so, what are they?
Ecumenical Politics
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 1, when criticizing Ackerman’s and Nagel’s respective positions, I explained that a practice of political justification that tolerates only neutral or impartial arguments is not itself neutral or impartial. More troubling, however, is the fact that, as I explained in chapter 1 and illustrated in chapter 2, a practice of political justification, like Ackerman’s and Nagel’s practices, that excludes or marginalizes disputed beliefs about human good is bereft of the normative resources required for addressing, in more than a superficial way, much less resolving, the most fundamental politicalmoral questions that engage and divide us, like questions about human rights. An ideal of politics (political justification) that, like Ackerman’s or Nagel’s ideal, requires us to stand mute before such profound and profoundly difficult questions could scarcely be less adequate to the reality of political conflict and crisis in the modern world. The ideal of politics I begin elaborating and defending in this chapter is one in which beliefs about human good, including disputed beliefs, are central. I call this ideal “ecumenical” politics. In ecumenical politics beliefs about human good play a basic role in public deliberations about, and public justifications of, contested political choices.
Introduction
Authors: Pollak Robert A , Wales Terence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We begin this chapter with an extended example based on the linear expenditure system (LES). We use the LES to introduce the four aspects of demand system specification that we discuss in detail in the next four chapters: functional form specification (Chapter 2), the role of demographic variables (Chapter 3), dynamic structure (Chapter 4), and stochastic structure (Chapter 5). In Chapters 6 and 7 we present estimates based on these specifications using household budget data and per capita time series data.
Functional Form Specification
Authors: Pollak Robert A , Wales Terence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functional form specification is a central aspect of empirical demand analysis. Our primary objective in this chapter is to elucidate the relationships among particular parametric forms by showing that particular functional forms can be viewed as members of families or classes of functional forms. Our secondary objective is to demonstrate how particular forms can be constructed from a set of basic building blocks.
Demographic Specification
Authors: Pollak Robert A , Wales Terence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Demographic variables such as family size and age composition are major determinants of household consumption patterns. In this chapter we describe five general procedures for incorporating demographic variables into theoretically plausible demand systems. The procedures are general in the sense that they do not assume that the original demand system has a particular functional form, but can be used in conjunction with any complete demand system. In Chapter 6 we use these procedures to incorporate a single demographic variable, the number of children in the family, into a “generalized CES” demand system and two demo graphic variables, the number and age of children, into the QES and GTL.
Per Capita Time-Series Data
Authors: Pollak Robert A , Wales Terence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we use aggregate time-series data to study several issues in demand system estimation. In Section 1 we investigate alternative demand system specifications and alternative estimation procedures. In Section 2 we examine the effects of pooling data from different countries for demand system estimation.
Section 1 begins by examining alternative specifications of functional form, of dynamic structure, and of stochastic structure. The functional forms we consider are those estimated using household budget data in Chapter 6, Section 2-the LES, QES, BTL, and GTL. The dynamic structures we consider are “dynamic translating” and “dynamic scaling.” Both are general procedures in that they do not require the demand system to have a particular functional form, but can be used in conjunction with any complete demand system.
The Village of the l920s
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Russia’s population-about 140 million on the eve of the First World War-was still four-fifths rural and predominantly peasant at the time of the Bolsheviks’ October 1917 revolution. In European Russia, just under half of the rural population was literate, but this masked a broad divergence between the almost universal literacy of young males and the much lower literacy of women and older men. The oldest peasants still had memories of serfdom, which was abolished only in 1861, and vestiges of this institution affected many aspects of the peasants’ lives up to the early twentieth century.1 The old serf categories were still often used in official documents to identify a peasant’s social position. The 1897 population census required respondents who were of the peasant estate to list their pre-1861 serf category: “manorial peasant,” “state peasant,” “monastery peasant,” and so on. Many peasants claimed in 1897 that they were unable to remember this status, according to a census taker.
On the Margins
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While kolkhozniks whose primary occupation was agriculture occupied the central place in the village, they were not its only inhabitants. In the first place, there were the independent peasants who remained outside the kolkhoz (edinolichniki). Independents were a short-lived phenomenon, historically speaking. But as long as they existed, they constituted an alternative peasant “estate” with different rights and obligations from kolkhozniks. This provided kolkhozniks with a basis of comparison for assessing their own situation, and also offered a spectrum of possibilities for manipulation and evasion of kolkhoz rules, especially in cases where the same household contained both kolkhozniks and independents. The great distinguishing characteristic of independents was that, unlike kolkhozniks, they were allowed to own a horse. In the second place, there were kolkhozniks who were not primarily employed in agriculture but worked at various crafts. In general, the economic structure of the kolkhoz was not encouraging to craftsmen, and many traditional village crafts withered in the 1930s. The village miller had usually been deported as a kulak; the village blacksmith had often left to work in the town. The smiths that remained had an anomalous and often prickly relationship with the kolkhoz.
The Mice and the Cat
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “mice” of the chapter title are Russian peasants, whose subaltern strategies in the 1930s are the subject of this book. The “cat” is the predator-boss, the other side of the equation of dominance and subordination. The symbolism of the cat and the mice was used in Russian woodcuts of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, where the cat was traditionally identified with Peter the Great. In our story, the cat is often Stalin, the national personification of vlast’ (power). But there were also many lesser cats. For the peasants, the most important of these were the “little Stalins” of the raion who personified vlast’ at the local level. This chapter deals with two aspects of the relationship of mice and the cat, both associated with representation. The subject of the first section is rumors, especially those concerned with power and politics. Rumor is as much a medium for the expression of popular opinion as for the dissemination of information. In the rumors that circulated in the countryside in the 1930s, Russian peasants tried to interpret national and even international events and, like Kremlinologists, carefully analyzed the pronouncements of the rulers to discern their real meaning and the motives behind them. Need-less to say, this Kremlinological approach implied a profound skepticism on the part of the peasants about the truth of anything “they” (the bosses, the party propagandists, the newspapers) said.
Legislative Delegation, Pragmatic Formalism, and the Values of Democracy
Authors: Redish Martin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the key constitutional strategies of the New Deal—along with abandonment of both substantive due process1 and the concept of constitutionally reserved state power—was a dramatic relaxation of the so-called nondelegation doctrine. Under that doctrine, the Supreme Court had invalidated congressional delegations of its legislative power to other branches of the federal government. Such a relaxation was dictated by the social goals and political philosophy of the New Deal, which focused on the need for efficiency and expertise in the administration of governmental programs and which therefore called for substantial administrative discretion in substantive policymaking. The post-New Deal Supreme Court for the most part complied by substantially relaxing the constitutional limits on legislative delegation.
Conclusion: Liberalism, Constitutional Theory, and Political Structure
Authors: Redish Martin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One reading the preceding chapters might conclude, not unreasonably, that their author adopts a general approach to constitutional interpretation consistent with the views of scholars of the political right. Those chapters, have, after all, argued that the Supreme Court should enforce constitutional limitations on federal power in order to preserve the values of federalism; abandon the limitations imposed by the dormant Commerce Clause on state power to regulate interstate commerce; enforce the constitutional separation of powers in at least a partially formalistic manner; and reinvigorate the limits of the nondelegation doctrine. For the most part, these are positions that are traditionally associated with politically conservative scholars and jurists.
The Power of Speech: Dialogue as History in the Russian Primary Chronicle
Authors: May Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the modern reader, medieval histories have an endearingly theatrical quality because they tend to emphasize direct speech and dialogue in place of reported action. Nowhere is this tendency more apparent than in the Russian Primary Chronicle (Povest’ vremennykh let), which covers political and social events of Kievan Rus’ from the ninth to early twelfth centuries. It is a striking feature of this work that the narrator almost never speaks for the characters. The episodes, written by a largely unnamed succession of monks, are peppered with quotations in the first person and present tense, which lend a dramatic cadence to the entire work.
“The Bard I Quote From”: Byron, Bakhtin, and the Appropriation of Voices
Authors: Macovski Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not surprising, then, that Hazlitt would type Don Juan as the “satire of a lord,” a privileged lampoon founded upon “some circumstance of external situation” (172). What is more striking, however, is that Hazlitt modulates this sociopolitical critique into a sweeping indictment of Byron’s style. Whereas Scott “shows us the crowd of living men and women, the endless groups,” Byron “holds no communion with his kind” and “casts his descriptions constantly in the mold of his own individual impressions.”
Marxism, Romanticism, and Postmodernism: An American Case History
Authors: Mack Anne , Rome Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the degree that Marxist thought has (historically) also invested itself in a philosophy of historical determinism, its studies of cultural work have tended to be coherently, sometimes even rigidly, organized. Marxist thought has always been closely tied to teleologal, holist, and organic conceptions-a feature of Marxism that has proved extremely significant so far as the American appropriation of Marxist criticism is concerned. Its holism marries nicely with some essential commonplaces of mid- and late-twentieth-century American critical theory, most obviously with the synthetic emphases of the New Criticism and its various structuralist inheritors.
Marketing Management and the Behavioral Sciences
Authors: O’shaughnessy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No serious student of marketing ignores the behavioural sciences. Everything that is done in marketing must take account of human behaviour: whether we seek to influence buyers, environmentalists, consumer groups, the government, competitors, or any other group whose decisions have an impact on market success or failure, we naturally turn for guidance to the behavioural sciences for sensitizing concepts, methods of inquiry, and relevant findings. Yet in turning to the behavioural sciences we encounter problems in evaluating claims when different scientists have different orientations giving rise to different conceptualizations of behaviour, different methods of inquiry, and different possible weaknesses in findings.
Teleological Explanation: Function Ascription
Authors: O’shaughnessy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the functional explanation, a mode of explanation that is common in sociology and anthropology. This is not surprising since the functional explanation fits the holistic methodology. The chapter first defines the term “function,” distinguishing it from words like “role” and “purpose” while showing its general indispensability in marketing. Next the functional explanation itself is defined and its grounding in the concept of system is discussed. Functional analysis, as a way of identifying functions, is then examined in general and specifically in cognitive psychology. Finally, after reviewing applications of functionalism (functional analysis and functional explanation) to marketing, we review the criticism of this approach.
Explanatory Systems of Sociology
Authors: O’shaughnessy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We come now to the explanatory modes in the various systems of sociology. Sociology is the study of society and societal relations. August Comte (1798-1857), in advocating a scientific study of society, was the first to use the term sociology. But there are many aspects of society that can be studied. Hence, not surprisingly, the focus of sociology has varied depending on the sociologist and the particular period in history. For Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) the focus was social cohesion. For Max Weber (1864-1920) it was types of social action; for example, the legal system represented rational action and religion no rational. After World War II, the writings of Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) dominated sociology-so much so that, as Alexander (1987) shows, subsequent sociologists defined themselves visa-a-visa the Parson Ian position.