bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A proton accelerator in Trondheim in the 1930s
Authors: WITTJE ROLAND 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT:
Johan Holtsmark at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (N.T.H.) in Trondheim, Norway, built a Van de Graaff generator for nuclear disintegration between 1933 and 1937. This is believed to be the second Van de Graaff generator in Europe and the first particle accelerator in Scandinavia. Holtsmark's successful project followed the failed attempt at N.T.H. by Olaf Devik in the 1920s to develop a discharge tube for nuclear disintegration driven by an evacuated Tesla coil. The genesis of Holtsmark's project was the interaction with Odd Dahl, who had constructed a Van de Graaff accelerator at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Holtsmark approached organizations potentially interested in cancer research and treatment for financial support. The electrical engineers appointed to build several parts of the accelerator had been radio amateurs, like many accelerator pioneers at the time. The team had to construct almost everything themselves given financial constraints and the lack of a supporting electrical industry. When operative in 1937, the Van de Graaff generator was already a comparatively small machine. The Trondheim scientists chose to develop it as a precision machine for proton capturing experiments in light elements. The accelerator proved a useful tool for research and teaching until 1963, when it was shut down and given to the Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology. This article seeks to answer why Holtsmark engaged in such an ambitious project in the periphery of Europe's scientific community and how he succeeded at a small department with several coexisting research activities.
The emergence of the principle of symmetry in physics
Authors: KATZIR SHAUL 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT:
In 1894 Pierre Curie formulated rules for relations between physical phenomena and their symmetry. The symmetry concept originated in the geometrical study of crystals, which it served as a well-defined concept from the 1830s. Its extension as a rule for all physics was a gradual and slow process in which applications, though often partial, preceded the formulation and clear conceptualization of the rules. Two traditions that involved “interdisciplinary” study were prominent in applying consideration of symmetry to physics. One is a French tradition of physical crystallography that linked crystalline structure and form to their physical, chemical and even biological qualities, which drew back to Haüy, and included Delafosse, Pasteur, Senarmont, and Curie. This tradition (until Curie) employed qualitative argument in deducing physical properties. A mathematical approach characterizes the second tradition of Franz Neumann and his students. During the 1880s two members of this tradition, Minnigerode and Voigt, formulated rules of symmetry and implicitly recognized their significance. Yet, until 1894 both traditions studied only crystalline or other asymmetric matter. Then, Curie, who drew on the two traditions, extended the rules of symmetry to any physical system including fields and forces. Although originated in a specific idealistic ontological context, symmetry served also adherents of molecular materialism and was eventually found most effective for a phenomenological approach, which avoided any commitment to a specific view of nature or causal processes. Therefore, the rule of symmetry resembles the principles of thermodynamics. Its emergence suggests parallels to the history of energy conservation.
Quantum theory and the electromagnetic world-view
Authors: SETH SUMAN 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT:
This paper has two goals: to use the electromagnetic world-view as a means of probing what we now know as the quantum theory, and to use the case of the quantum theory to explicate the practices of the electromagnetic program. It focuses on the work of Arnold Sommerfeld (1868–1951) as one of the leading theorists of the so-called “older” quantum theory. By 1911, the year he presented a paper on the “Quantum of action” at the Solvay Conference, Sommerfeld vocally espoused the necessity of some form of a quantum hypothesis. In his earlier lectures, however, his reservations about Max Planck's position were far more apparent. Section 1 argues that Sommerfeld's hostility towards Planck's derivation of the Black-body law, and his support for the result achieved by James Jeans and rederived using the electron theory by Lorentz, can be traced to his commitment to the programmatic aims of the electromagnetic world-view. Section 2 suggests that this conclusion has deep implications for our understanding of the “conversion” of several leading physicists to the quantum theory after around 1908. Section 3 traces a partial continuation of Sommerfeld's deeply held beliefs. Sommerfeld's Solvay paper is best understood as an attempt to reconcile the programmatic aims of the electromagnetic world-view with the necessity of recourse to the quantum hypothesis. No longer a universalizing vision, the attempt to prove the necessity of electromagnetic theory at all levels of explanation remained a key element of Sommerfeld's research agenda until (and even beyond) the advent of Niels Bohr's “planetary” model of the atom in 1913.
The protean nature of Stanford University's biological sciences, 1946–1972
Authors: VETTEL ERIC J. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT:
Academic literature has paid scant attention to the biological sciences at Stanford University, an omission all the more conspicuous considering their productivity since World War II. This article draws on previously unused archival material to establish a starting point for further study of the biological sciences at Stanford. It traces the evolution of Stanford's biological sciences through three experimental fields: self-directed developmental and evolutionary studies; fundamental research at the molecular level; and biomedical applications of fundamental knowledge. Taken together, a history of Stanford's biological sciences offers a remarkably fertile example of organizational flexibility in historical context. This essay ends by suggesting that a fourth phase of biological research at Stanford will be governed by commercial interest in biology.
The Eurocleft Study: Intercenter Study of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Complete Cleft Lip and Palate. Part 5: Discussion and Conclusions
Authors: Shaw William C. , Brattström Viveca , Mølsted Kirsten , Prahl-Andersen Birte , Roberts Christopher T. , Semb Gunvor 
Published: January 2005

Objective To review the lessons learned from a longitudinal intercenter comparison study. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Setting Multidisciplinary cleft services in Northern Europe. Subjects Individuals with repaired complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. Main Outcomes Measures The first four papers in this series report amount of treatment, cephalometric form, nasolabial appearance, dental arch relationship, patient/parent satisfaction. This paper considers the consistency of outcome at the five centers over time, and other relationships between outcomes. Results Some outcomes measured in childhood can be predictive over time. The amount of treatment does not correlate with the quality of clinical outcome. Conclusions Measurement of clinical outcome in childhood is an important and valid form of clinical audit. Intercenter studies are more informative than single center reports, and will have an important future role in cleft care.
Food Processing
Authors: Farkas Daniel F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFood processing includes unit operations and processes for converting plant and animal tissue to edible foods and ingredients. These processes, which can be grouped by raw product preparation, assembly to consumer products, and preservation processes are regulated by federal laws. Food preservation techniques vary according to food and length of storage.Foods are preserved before or after packaging using combinations of heat, chemical additives and fermentation products, refrigeration or freezing, dehydration, or mechanical methods such as filtration and ultrahigh pressure. Foods sterilized before packaging must be packaged aseptically. Heat sterilization of foods in rigid and flexible packages is also possible. Preservation techniques and the specialized equipment used are described. Process control and optimization are discussed.
Scaffolds Based on Biopolymeric Foams
Authors: Barbetta A. , Dentini M. , De Vecchis M. S. , Filippini P. , Formisano G. , Caiazza S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA new approach for the preparation of hydrophilic and biocompatible porous scaffolds is described. The procedure involves the derivatization of a biopolymer by the introduction of vinylic moieties, formation of a high‐internal‐phase oil‐in‐water emulsion, and its subsequent polymerization. The ensuing materials are characterized by a highly porous morphology represented by pores completely interconnected by a plurality of holes. The hydrophilic and biocompatible nature of these materials make them good candidates for application as scaffolds for tissue engineering.
Improving process operations using support vector machines and decision trees
Authors: Jemwa Gorden T. , Aldrich Chris 
Published: January 2005

AbstractStatistical pattern‐recognition methods are now widely applied in the analysis of process systems to achieve predictable and stable operating conditions. For example, multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) techniques use historical operating data to detect abnormal events, and assist engineers to focus their troubleshooting efforts to reduced subsets of variables in an otherwise broad operational space. Through an iterative process, it is hoped that the system variability remains bounded. Usually only a few samples collected under a state of statistical control are of interest, whereas the rest, which may be used to uncover potential improvement opportunities, are ignored. Beyond statistical control, an additional step is required to reduce the dispersion of process quality variables attributed to common causes. To achieve this goal, common and sustained causes not identified by MSPC must be interrogated. In this paper, a methodology based on kernel‐based machine learning concepts is proposed to identify decision boundaries. A sparse set of instances or exemplars is identified that define a linear decision boundary in a feature space, which is equivalent to defining a nonlinear decision function in the associated input space. This is extended to defining operating strategies by integrating inductive learning into a decision support framework. Such an extension is founded on the fact that the success or failure of state‐of‐the‐art approaches are invariably linked to the presence or absence of useful knowledge embedded in the system. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 526–543, 2005
Desorption of odor‐active compounds by microwaves, ultrasound, and water
Authors: Robers A. , Figura M. , Thiesen P. H. , Niemeyer B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe tolerance against malodors in industrialized societies decreases. Thus, it is necessary to develop new and more powerful technologies for exhaust air purification. To reduce concentrations below the odor threshold, selective adsorption processes with on‐site regeneration of the adsorbents are very promising. To regenerate adsorbents new and more cost sensitive methods are needed. The development of four innovative methods based on microwave, ultrasound, ultrasound with water, and water desorption for the regeneration of adsorbents is reported. Different odorous lead compounds such as acetic acid and triethylamine were desorbed. The investigations were performed with various adsorbents such as activated carbon, silica gel, aluminum oxide, and a modified bentonite, covering a wide range of typical materials used in industry. The examination by microwave desorption was successful. After 20 min of microwave radiation bentonite had a residual load of less than 10% of the original load. Desorption by ultrasound gave satisfactory results only when using water as a transmitter. Moreover, the results with water strongly depend on the odor compound to be desorbed. In the case of a highly soluble adsorptive in water the results are promising but, because odor compounds are often sparingly soluble in water, the yields decrease. Among the four examined desorption methods microwave desorption and ultrasonic–water desorption offer the best results. From among the adsorbents the modified bentonite provides the best adsorption properties with the best regeneration performance. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 502–510, 2005
Effect of cycle time on fungal morphology, broth rheology, and recombinant enzyme productivity during pulsed addition of limiting carbon source
Authors: Bhargava Swapnil , Wenger Kevin S. , Rane Kishore , Rising Vanessa , Marten Mark R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor many years, high broth viscosity has remained a key challenge in large‐scale filamentous fungal fermentations. In previous studies, we showed that broth viscosity could be reduced by pulsed addition of limiting carbon during fed‐batch fermentation. The objective in this study was to determine how changing the frequency of pulsed substrate addition affects fungal morphology, broth rheology, and recombinant enzyme productivity. To accomplish this, a series of duplicate fed‐batch fermentations were performed in 20‐L fermentors with a recombinant glucoamylase producing strain of Aspergillus oryzae. The total cycle time for substrate pulsing was varied over a wide range (30–2,700 s), with substrate added only during the first 30% of each cycle. As a control, a fermentation was conducted with continuous substrate feeding, and in all fermentations the same total amount of substrate was added. Results show that the total biomass concentration remained relatively unaltered, while a substantial decrease in the mean projected area of fungal elements (i.e., average size) was observed with increasing cycle time. This led to reduced broth viscosity and increased oxygen uptake rate. However, high values of cycle time (i.e., 900–2,700 s) showed a significant increase in fungal conidia formation and significantly reduced recombinant enzyme productivity, suggesting that the fungi channeled substrate to storage compounds rather than to recombinant protein. In addition to explaining the effect of cycle time on fermentation performance, these results may aid in explaining the discrepancies observed on scale‐up to larger fermentors. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Affinity capture of a biotinylated retrovirus on macroporous monolithic adsorbents: Towards a rapid single‐step purification process
Authors: Williams Sharon L. , Eccleston Mark E. , Slater Nigel K.H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA streptavidin derivitised macroporous monolith was developed to enable single‐step capture of chemically biotinylated Moloney Murine Leukaemia Virus (MoMuLV) from crude, unclarified cell culture supernatant. Monoliths were prepared by aqueous cryopolymerisation of acrylamide with N,N″‐methylene‐bis (acrylamide) and glycidyl methacrylate (Arvidsson et al. [2003] J Chrom A 986:275–290). Streptavidin was immobilised to the epoxy functionalised monoliths. Particulate‐containing cell culture supernatant was passed through the monolith without preclarification of the feedstock and adsorption capacities of 2 × 105 cfu/ml of adsorbent were demonstrated (cf. Fractogel streptavidin, at 3.9 × 105 cfu/ml of adsorbent). The specific titre of the recovered fraction was increased by 425‐fold; however, recoveries of less than 8% were achieved. Adsorption of nonbiotinylated MoMuLV on the streptavidin‐coated monolith was not observed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organic Intercalation Material: Reversible Change in Interlayer Distances by Guest Release and Insertion in Sandwich‐Type Inclusion Crystals of Cholic Acid
Authors: Nakano Kazunori , Sada Kazuki , Nakagawa Kenji , Aburaya Kazuaki , Yoswathananont Nungruethai , Tohnai Norimitsu , Miyata Mikiji 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCholic acid (CA) forms inclusion crystals that have a sandwich‐type lamellar structure constructed by the alternative stacking of host bilayers and guest layers. Five disubstituted benzenes, o‐toluidine, m‐fluoroaniline, o‐chlorotoluene, o‐bromotoluene, and indene, are accommodated in the two‐dimensional void space between the host bilayers at 1:2 host–guest stoichiometries. Thermal gravimetric analysis of the inclusion crystals revealed that all the guest molecules, except o‐toluidine, are released in two separate steps, indicating the formation of intermediate crystals after the first guest release. Adequate heat treatment of the four inclusion crystals induces release of half or three quarters of the guest molecules. X‐ray diffraction patterns of the intermediate crystals revealed that the crystals have a bilayer structure the same as those of the common CA inclusion crystals. They have one‐dimensional cavities, in which the guest molecules are included at a 1:1 or 2:1 host–guest stoichiometry. These facts indicate that the host bilayers move 1.6–4.5 Å perpendicular to the layer direction by desorption of the guest molecules. Furthermore, a reverse structural change is also achieved by absorption of the guest molecules to regenerate the starting sandwich‐type inclusion crystals. This reversible change in the host bilayer by the guest sorption and desorption is a novel example of organic intercalation materials.
Generation and Reactions of Ruthenium Phosphido Complexes [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PR′3)2(PR2)]: Remarkably High Phosphorus Basicities and Applications as Ligands for Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Giner Planas José , Hampel Frank , Gladysz J. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractReactions of [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PR′3)2(Cl)] with NaBArF [BArF−=B{3,5‐[C6H3(CF3)2]}4−; PR′3=PEt3 or 1/2Et2PCH2CH2PEt2 (depe)] and PR2H (R=Ph, a; tBu, b; Cy, c) in C6H5F, or of related cationic Ru(N2) complexes with PR2H in C6H5F, gave the secondary phosphine complexes [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PR′3)2(PR2H)]+ BArF− (PR′3=PEt3, 3 a–c; 1/2depe, 4 a,b) in 65–91 % yields. Additions of tBuOK (3 a, 4 a; [D6]acetone) or NaN(SiMe3)2 (3 b,c, 4 b; [D8]THF) gave the title complexes [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PEt3)2(PR2)] (5 a–c) and [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(depe)(PR2)] (6 a,b) in high spectroscopic yields. These complexes were rapidly oxidized in air; with 5 a, [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PEt3)2{P(O)Ph2}] was isolated (>99 %). The reaction of 5 a and elemental selenium yielded [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PEt3)2{P(Se)Ph2}] (70 %); selenides from 5 c and 6 a were characterized in situ. Competitive deprotonation reactions showed that 5 a is more basic than the rhenium analog [(η5‐C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(PPh2)], and that 6 b is more basic than PtBu3 and P(iPrNCH2CH2)3N. The latter is one of the most basic trivalent phosphorus compounds [pKa(acetonitrile) 33.6]. Complexes 5 a–c and 6 b are effective ligands for Pd(OAc)2‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling reactions: 6 b gave a catalyst nearly as active as the benchmark organophosphine PtBu3; 5 a, with a less bulky and electron‐rich PR2 moiety, gave a less active catalyst. The reaction of 5 a and [(η3‐C3H5)Pd(NCPh)2]+ BF4− gave the bridging phosphido complex [(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PEt3)2(PPh2)Pd(NCPh)(η3‐C3H5)]+ BArF− in approximately 90 % purity. The crystal structure of 4 a is described, as well as substitution reactions of 3 b and 4 b.
trans‐Stereoselective Intramolecular Crossed Pinacol Coupling of Aromatic 1,4‐, 1,5‐, and 1,6‐Diketones by Electroreduction.
Authors: Kise Naoki , Shiozawa Yousuke , Ueda Nasuo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rearrangement of Substituted 2,4,4,6‐Tetraaryl‐4H‐thiopyrans to Triaryl‐3aH‐benzo[3,4]cyclopenta[1,2‐b]thiophene.
Authors: Kroulik Jiri , Cejka Jan , Sedmera Petr , Jegorov Alexandr , Kratochvil Bohumil , Kuthan Josef 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Formation of a Quaternary Carbon Center Through the Pd(0)/PhCOOH‐Catalyzed Allylation of Cyclic β‐Keto Esters and 1,3‐Diketones with Alkynes.
Authors: Patil Nitin T. , Yamamoto Yoshinori 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cerium Polyoxometalate as a Reusable Catalyst for Acetylation and Formylation of Alcohols.
Authors: Mirkhani Valiollah , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Moghadam Majid , Yadollahi Bahram , Alipanah Ladan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nucleophilic Chain Substitution on Perfluoroketene Dithioacetals by Ethyl 2‐Trimethylsilyl Acetate. Application to the Synthesis of 2‐Trifluoromethyl Succinic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Brule Cedric , Bouillon Jean‐Philippe , Portella Charles 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Simple Access to 2‐Methylalk‐2‐enoates and Insect Pheromones by Zinc‐Promoted Reduction of Baylis—Hillman‐Derived Allylic Bromides.
Authors: Fernandes Luciano , Bortoluzzi Adailton J. , Sa Marcus M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Difluoromethyl Phenyl Sulfone, a Difluoromethylidene Equivalent: Use in the Synthesis of 1,1‐Difluoro‐1‐alkenes.
Authors: Prakash G. K. Surya , Hu Jinbo , Wang Ying , Olah George A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Enantioselective Reaction. Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantiodistinctive Reaction of Bicyclic Allylic Compounds.
Authors: Daimon Hisashi , Ogawa Ryohei , Itagaki Shuichi , Shimizu Isao 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of a Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidation Procedure with Hydrogen Peroxide as the Oxidant.
Authors: Tse Man Kin , Doebler Christian , Bhor Santosh , Klawonn Markus , Maegerlein Wolfgang , Hugl Herbert , Beller Matthias 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Versatile and Practical Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes/Bis(indolyl)glycoconjugates Catalyzed by Trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine.
Authors: Sharma G. V. M. , Reddy J. Janardhan , Lakshmi P. Sree , Krishna Palakodety Radha 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Donor—π—Acceptor Compounds Containing 1,3‐Dithiol‐2‐ylidene and Tetracyanobutadiene Units.
Authors: Morioka Yosuke , Yoshizawa Naoto , Nishida Jun‐ichi , Yamashita Yoshiro 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Modified Reaction Conditions to Achieve High Regioselectivity in the Two Component Synthesis of 1,5‐Diarylpyrazoles.
Authors: Singh Sunil K. , Reddy M. Srinivasa , Shivaramakrishna S. , Kavitha D. , Vasudev R. , Babu J. Moses , Sivalakshmidevi A. , Rao Y. Koteswar 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Isoxazole Carboxamides as Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHS‐R) Antagonists.
Authors: Liu Bo , Liu Gang , Xin Zhili , Serby Michael D. , Zhao Hongyu , Schaefer Verlyn G. , Falls H. Douglas , Kaszubska Wiweka , Collins Christine A. , Sham Hing L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Improved Synthesis, Antibacterial Activity and Potential Carcinogenicity of 5‐Amino‐1,2,4‐thiadiazol‐3(2H)‐one.
Authors: Piskala A. , Vachalkova A. , Masojidkova M. , Horvathova K. , Ovesna Z. , Paces V. , Novotny L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of New 8‐Methoxy‐4‐methyl‐3‐(N‐ [2′‐amino‐(1′,3′,4′)thia/oxa‐diazol‐5′‐yl]‐substituted methyl)‐amino Thiocoumarins.
Authors: Prasanna B. , Chandramouli G. V. P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antienteroviral Activity of a Series of Novel, Oxime Ether‐Containing Pyridyl Imidazolidinones.
Authors: Chern Jyh‐Haur , Lee Chung‐Chi , Chang Chih‐Shiang , Lee Yen‐Chun , Tai Chia‐Liang , Lin Ying‐Ting , Shia Kak‐Shan , Lee Ching‐Yin , Shih Shin‐Ru 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.