bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potentiometric Titration of Triazolethiols and Tetrazolethiols with Iodine in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Ciesielski Witold , Krenc Anna 
Published: September 2002

The iodimetric determination of triazolethiols and tetrazolethiols in alkaline medium is presented. The volumetric titration with potentiometric end-point detection was applied. The range of determination, in which the error is lower than 1%, is 20-2 000 μmol for 1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (1), 25-1 000 μmol for 3-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol (2), 25-500 μmol for 4-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (3), 50-500 μmol for 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol (4), 10-1 000 μmol for sodium (5-mercapto-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)acetate (5), 125-500 μmol for 1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole-5-thiol (6) and 50-1 000 μmol for 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazole-5-thiol (7). The relative standard deviation for all determinations was below 1%. The shape of potentiometric titration curve of 6 and 7 is noteworthy at higher concentrations of sodium hydroxide and depends on the type of the indicator electrode (platinum, gold). An introduction of iodine results in a strong potential drop. Some systems do not follow the Nernst equation.
Exposure to traffic among urban children injured as pedestrians
Authors: Posner J C , Liao E , Winston F K , Cnaan A , Shaw K N , Durbin D R 
Published: September 2002

Objectives:To explore the immediate pre-crash activities and the routine traffic exposure (street crossing and play) in a sample of urban children struck by automobiles. In particular, the traffic exposure of children who were struck while playing was compared with that of those struck while crossing streets.Design:Cross sectional survey.Setting:Urban pediatric emergency department.Patients:A total of 139 children ages 4–15 years evaluated for acute injuries resulting from pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions during a 14 month period.Main outcome measures:Sites of outdoor play, daily time in outdoor play, weekly number of street crossings, pre-crash circumstance (playvwalking).Results:Altogether 39% of the children routinely used the street and 64% routinely used the sidewalks as play areas. The median number of street crossings per week per child was 27. There were no differences in exposures for the 29% who were hit while playing compared with the 71% who were hit while walking. Although 84% of the children walked to or from school at least one day per week, only 15% of the children were struck while on the school walking trip. The remainder were injured either while playing outdoors or while walking to other places.Conclusions:Urban children who are victims of pedestrian crashes have a high level of traffic exposure from a variety of circumstances related to their routine outdoor playing and street crossing activities. The distributions of traffic exposures were similar across the sample, indicating that the sample as a whole had high traffic exposure, regardless of the children’s activity preceding the crash. Future pedestrian injury programs should address the pervasive nature of children’s exposure to traffic during their routine outdoor activities.
Are squash players protecting their eyes?
Authors: Eime R M , Finch C F , Sherman C A , Garnham A P 
Published: September 2002

Objective:To determine factors associated with adult squash players’ protective eyewear behaviours.Methods:A survey of 303 players (aged ≥18 years) was conducted at three squash venues in Melbourne, Australia over a three week period in June 2000 to obtain information about protective eyewear use.Results:Of 303 participants the response rate was 98.1%; 66.1% were males, with a mean age of 40.5 years. The majority (68.4%) had played squash for 10 years or more. Although 18.8% of players reported using protective eyewear, only 8.9% reported wearing approved eyewear. Both age group (p<0.05) and years of squash experience (p<0.01) were significantly associated with any eyewear use. The two main influences were personal experience of eye injuries (50.0%) and knowledge of eye injury risk (33.9%). A commonly reported barrier was restriction of vision (34.2%).Conclusion:These findings demonstrate a low prevalence of voluntary use of appropriate protective eyewear. Future prevention strategies incorporating education campaigns should focus on increasing players’ knowledge of risks. The barriers to use and misconceptions about which types of eyewear is most protective need to be addressed as a priority.
Association between the inception of a SAFE KIDS Coalition and changes in pediatric unintentional injury rates
Authors: Tamburro R F , Shorr R I , Bush A J , Kritchevsky S B , Stidham G L , Helms S A 
Published: September 2002

Objective:To assess the relationship between the implementation of a SAFE KIDS Coalition and pediatric unintentional injury rates.Setting:Shelby County, Tennessee.Design:Retrospective observational analysis.Patients:County residents nine years of age or younger presenting to the children’s medical center, its emergency department, or its outpatient clinics from 1990–97.Intervention:Implementation of a SAFE KIDS Coalition.Main outcome measures:Rates of unintentional injuries targeted by the SAFE KIDS Coalition that resulted in hospitalization or in death. Rates of motor vehicle occupant injuries that resulted in hospitalization or in death. Rates of non-targeted unintentional injuries, namely injuries secondary to animals and by exposure to toxic plants. Rates of severe injuries (defined as those targeted injuries that required hospitalization or resulted in death), and specifically, severe motor vehicle occupant injuries were compared before and after the inception of the coalition using Poisson regression analysis.Results:The relative risk of targeted severe injury rates decreased after implementation of the coalition even after controlling for changes in hospital admission rates. Specifically, severe motor vehicle occupant injury rates decreased 30% (relative risk 0.70; 95% confidence interval 0.54 to 0.89) after initiation of the coalition.Conclusions:The implementation of a SAFE KIDS Coalition was associated with a decrease in severe targeted injuries, most notably, severe motor vehicle occupant injuries. Although causality cannot be determined, these data suggest that the presence of a coalition may be associated with decreased severe unintentional injury rates.
Signs of Their Times: Deaf Communities and the Culture of Language
Authors: Senghas Richard J. , Monaghan Leila 
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  Because of their deafness, deaf people have been marked as different and treated problematically by their hearing societies. Until 25 years ago, academic literature addressing deafness typically described deafness as pathology, focusing on cures or mitigation of the perceived handicap. In ethnographic accounts, interactions involving deaf people are sometimes presented as examples of how communities treat atypical members. Recently, studies of deafness have adopted more complex sociocultural perspectives, raising issues of community identity, formation and maintenance, and language ideology. Anthropological researchers have approached the study of d/Deaf communities from at least three useful angles. The first, focusing on the history of these communities, demonstrates that the current issues have roots in the past, including the central role of education in the creation and maintenance of communities. A second approach centers on emic perspectives, drawing on the voices of community members themselves and accounts of ethnographers. A third perspective studies linguistic issues and how particular linguistic issues involving deaf people articulate with those of their hearing societies.To use a cultural definition is not only to assert a new frame of reference, but to consciously reject an older one…. But the cultural definition continues to perplex many. If Deaf people are indeed a cultural group, why then don't they seem more like the Pennan of the island of Borneo, or the Huichol of Mexico?      Carol Padden (1996a)
H2 Evolution from Aqueous Potassium Sulfite Solutions under Visible Light Irradiation over a Novel Sulfide Photocatalyst NaInS2 with a Layered Structure
Authors: Kudo Akihiko , Nagane Akira , Tsuji Issei , Kato Hideki 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
NaInS2 which consisted of anion layers of InS2− with a 2.3 eV band gap showed the photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution from an aqueous K2SO3 solution under visible light irradiation (λ&gt;420 nm).
Synthesis of c Axes Oriented Hydroxyapatite Aggregate
Authors: Ohta Kazushi , Kikuchi Masanori , Tanaka Junzo , Eda Hiroshi 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
The c axes oriented hydroxyapatite (HAp) aggregates were synthesized by the hydrolysis of CaHPO4·2H2O (DCPD) at 100 °C in 10 mass% NaOH solution. The HAp was of a plate-like form resembling DCPD. The X-ray diffraction pattern shows that the relative peak intensities of 002 and 004 diffractions increased with the temperature. The crystals in an aggregate were aligned perpendicular to the wide surface of an original plate-like DCPD. HAp crystallites grew in the [00l] direction perpendicular to the wide surface of plate-like HAp aggregate.
Supramolecular Architectures Constructed by Strong Hydrogen Bonds. Crystal Structures of Novel One-Dimensional Polycatenane and Three-Dimensional Interpenetrated Network
Authors: Zhu Hui-Fang , Fan Jian , Okamura Taka-aki , Sun Wei-Yin , Ueyama Norikazu 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
We report novel supramolecular architectures based on flexible benzene-1,3,5-triacetic acid (bta) through strong hydrogen bonds. Partial deprotonated triacid forms a novel one-dimensional (1D) polycatenated chain (NH4)1.5[1,3,5-C6H3(CH2COOH)1.5(CH2COO)1.5] (1). While in the case of compound bta·H2O (2) with non-deprotonated triacid, a three-dimensional (3D) interpenetrated network was self-organized by strong O–H···O hydrogen bonds. The conformation of flexible triacid is cis, cis, cis in 1 and cis, trans, trans in 2.
A New Method to Achieve Construction of Au Architectures
Authors: Chen Yi , Gao Lian , Zheng Shan 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Au architecture construction was achieved during the formation process of mesoporous silica, which was different compared to other methods. The influential factors about the product morphology were investigated. At a certain condition, Au nanowires were obtained. Scaning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show the character of the product.
Preparation of Long Silver Nanowires from Silver Matrix by Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Makita Yoji , Ikai Osamu , Ookubo Akira , Ooi Kenta 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Long silver nanowires with a high aspect ratio of up to 2000 could be obtained from Ag-containing matrix with NASICON structure by electron beam irradiation.
Single-Crystalline Photochromism of Bis[2-(aminomethyl)pyridine]platinum(II) Chloride Monohydrate
Authors: Nishimura Hajime , Matsushita Nobuyuki 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Bis[2-(aminomethyl)pyridine]platinum(II) chloride monohydrate [Pt(amp)2]Cl2·H2O has been found to exhibit photochromism in single-crystalline phase. Single crystals of the chloride were changed from almost colorless to pale-blue by the irradiation of the light. Its aqueous solution, however, shows no photochromic behavior. Absorption bands induced by the irradiation of the light show dichroism in the single crystals. The photochromic behavior of the present platinum complex chloride is very interesting, because it occurs in single-crystalline phase but not in solution.
Syntheses, Structures and Physical Properties of Palladium Complexes with an Extended-TTF Dithiolate Ligand, Bis(di-n-propylthiotetrathiafulvalenedithiolato)palladate
Authors: Suzuki Wakako , Fujiwara Emiko , Kobayashi Akiko , Hasegawa Ami , Miyamoto Takeshi , Kobayashi Hayao 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
New palladium complexes with an extended-TTF ligand, (nBu4N)[Pd(C3-tdt)2] and [Pd(C3-tdt)2] were prepared and their crystal structures were determined. The magnetic susceptibility of (nBu4N)[Pd(C3-tdt)2] gave good agreement with the Bonner-Fisher model (J=−16 K), suggesting anions form approximately a one-dimensional antiferromagnetic chain. Neutral [Pd(C3-tdt)2] was a semiconductor with a room temperature conductivity of ca. 10−2 S·cm−1.
New Synthetic Pathway to Novel Molybdenum Giant Cluster Compounds
Authors: Eda Kazuo , Sato Yuka , Iriki Yuichi 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
We developed a new synthetic pathway to novel molybdenum giant cluster compounds, in which pathway the giant cluster solution free from alkali metal or ammonium cations and from residuary species due to the usual preparation (reduction) procedures was used. Through the pathway, we prepared a novel crystalline compound with Ni2+. The crystals exhibited a monoclinic cell with a=2.9616(5) nm, b=4.5965(7) nm, c=2.9641(5) nm, β=103.342(15)°, and V=39.263(12) nm3.
Controller validation
Authors: Brozenec T. F. , Tsao T. C. , Safonov M. G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe unfalsified control concept provides a theoretical basis for directly validating closed‐loop controller performance from open‐loop experimental data, or even from closed‐loop data acquired while another controller was in the feedback loop. It allows this to be accomplished without making any prior assumptions about the plant or noise. This approach to experimental controller validation avoids the conservatism inherent in indirect two‐step validation approaches that require one to first identify a plant model and uncertainty‐bounds from experimental data before analysing control system robustness. Controller valida tion is shown to be the feedback generalization of open‐loop model validation concepts that form the basis of various control‐oriented system identification theories. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Farmworker reports of pesticide safety and sanitation in the work environment*
Authors: Arcury Thomas A. , Quandt Sara A. , Cravey Altha J. , Elmore Rebecca C. , Russell Gregory B. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundMigrant and seasonal farmworkers are at risk for occupational illnesses from pesticide exposure, and the effectiveness of pesticide safety regulations has not been evaluated. It is important to learn from farmworker safety experiences to develop effective measures to improve agricultural workplace safety.MethodsFormative research included in‐depth interviews with farmworkers, farmers, extension agents, and health care providers. Survey research included interviews with 270 minority farmworkers during 1998, and 293 during 1999.ResultsFarmworkers and farmers hold different beliefs concerning pesticide safety which affect sanitation practices. Farmworkers report in survey data that farmers do not adhere to regulations mandating training and basic sanitation facilities.ConclusionsSeveral points of intervention are available to improve pesticide safety and sanitation. Additional regulation by itself is not an advantageous starting point. The emphasis for intervention must include educating farmers as well as farmworkers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:487–498, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RE: Mesothelioma and lung tumors attributable to asbestos among petroleum workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2000. 37:275–282
Authors: Tsai Shan P. , Waddell Louis C. , Ransdell Jerry C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn a recent Journal article, Dr. Gennaro et al.[2000] stated that 96‐100% of the mesotheliomas and 42‐49% of the lung cancers among maintenance workers in the petroleum industry were attributable to asbestos exposure. Their observation was based on two relatively small studies: one was a cohort study of refinery workers from Italy and the other a population‐based case‐control study from Canada.
RE: Mesothelioma and lung tumors attributable to asbestos among petroleum workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2000. 37:275–282*
Authors: Ludwig Erich R. , Madeksho Larry , Egilman David 
Published: September 2002

AbstractGennaro et al. [2000] report that the latest installment in a series of articles on the effects of asbestos in petroleum refinery workers.Over the past several years, there has been considerable controversy over potential increases in cancer rates in chemical and petroleum refinery workers. Many readers may be curious about the extent and vigor of the debate surrounding potential cancer increases in this small group of workers. Although this debate may seem like a tempest in a teapot, the policy implications that underlie this dispute are momentous.
Predictors of hearing loss in New York farmers
Authors: Hwang Syni‐An , Gomez Marta I. , Sobotova Lubica , Stark Alice D. , May John J. , Hallman Eric M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundData from the telephone interview portion of the New York Farm Family Health and Hazard Surveillance were used to study self‐reported hearing loss in New York farmers.MethodsOne thousand six hundred and twenty‐two persons completed the hearing loss and noise exposure interview. Hearing loss was defined as at least some trouble hearing in one or both ears. Predictors of hearing loss were determined using logistic regression.ResultsTwenty‐two percent of participants reported hearing loss. From the logistic regression, significant confounders are age (P = 0.0001), gender (P = 0.0001), being from a livestock farm (P = 0.012), and loss of consciousness due to head trauma (P = 0.04). Significant noise exposures are more hours of lifetime exposure to noisy farm equipment (P = 0.001) and having had a noisy non‐farm job (with some hearing protection P = 0.002, without any hearing protection P = 0.0001).ConclusionsFarm noise exposure is a serious risk to the hearing of this population. Although use of hearing protection should be encouraged, replacing and modifying farm equipment to decrease noise at the source should be the first priority. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:23–31, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accelerated silicosis in workers exposed to agate dust in Guangzhou, China*
Authors: Jiang C.Q. , Xiao L.W. , Lam T.H. , Xie N.W. , Zhu C.Q. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundAn investigation of a small private agate mill was prompted by an agate worker who presented with silicosis in Guangzhou, China, in December 1998.MethodsThe work processes and records of dust measurements of the mill were examined. The mean total dust concentrations ranged from 3.0 to 9.9 mg/m3; 86–88% of the particles' diameter was smaller than 5.0 μm. Free SiO2 content from agate samples was measured. Occupational history was obtained and X‐ray chest and lung function was carried out.ResultsFree SiO2 content of the agate was 90.5%. Thirty‐two men involved in processing agate stone were examined. The mean ( ± SD) age was 29.8 ( ± 4.9) years and the mean (± SD) duration of exposure was 3.5 (± 1.7) years. Fifteen cases (47%) were diagnosed as accelerated silicosis. Up to September 1999, three had died from respiratory failure and five were in critical condition.ConclusionsSilicosis is an important problem in primitive work environments. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:87–91, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apportionment of global human genetic diversity based on craniometrics and skin color
Authors: Relethford John H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA number of analyses of classical genetic markers and DNA polymorphisms have shown that the majority of human genetic diversity exists within local populations (≈85%), with much less among local populations (≈5%) or between major geographic regions or “races” (≈10%). Previous analysis of craniometric variation (Relethford [1994] Am J Phys Anthropol 95:53–62) found that between 11–14% of global diversity exists among geographic regions, with the remaining diversity existing within regions. The methods used in this earlier paper are extended to a hierarchical partitioning of genetic diversity in quantitative traits, allowing for assessment of diversity among regions, among local populations within regions, and within local populations. These methods are applied to global data on craniometric variation (57 traits) and skin color. Multivariate analysis of craniometric variation shows results similar to those obtained from genetic markers and DNA polymorphisms: roughly 13% of the total diversity is among regions, 6% among local populations within regions, and 81% within local populations. This distribution is concordant with neutral genetic markers. Skin color shows the opposite pattern, with 88% of total variation among regions, 3% among local populations within regions, and 9% within local populations, a pattern shaped by natural selection. The apportionment of genetic diversity in skin color is atypical, and cannot be used for purposes of classification. If racial groups are based on skin color, it appears unlikely that other genetic and quantitative traits will show the same patterns of variation. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:393–398, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: How much larger is the relative volume of area 10 of the prefrontal cortex in humans?
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIt has long been thought that the prefrontal cerebral cortex has been greatly expanded in the human brain. Semendeferi et al. ([2001] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 114:224–241) showed that Brodmann's area 10 is relatively larger in the human compared to pongid brains. The question is: how much larger relatively is it? Using their data, it can be shown that the relative increase for human prefrontal area 10 is only 6% larger. Looking at the data base of neural structures provided by Stephan et al. ([1981] Folia Primatol. (Basel) 35:1–29), it is apparent that 6% is a relatively low residual value from a predicted value based on allometric considerations between total brain weight and any given neural structure. When this small increase is combined with their earlier findings on area 13 of prefrontal cortex (Semendeferi et al. [1997] J. Hum. Evol. 32:375–388), it appears that the prefrontal cortex in humans is not some 200% larger as claimed by some researchers (Deacon [1997] Symbolic Species, New York: W.W. Norton; cf. Holloway [1998] Am Sci 86:184–186), and that the findings of Semendeferi et al. ([2001] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 114:224–241) are in agreement with the earlier work (Semendeferi and Damasio [2000] J. Hum. Evol. 38:317–332; Semendeferi et al. [1997] J. Hum. Evol. 32:375–388), showing that the human frontal lobe volume is what would be expected for a primate of its brain size. While the prefrontal cortex may have increased relatively in Homo sapiens, the increase is likely to have been far less than currently believed. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:399–401, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.