bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possession
Authors: Heine Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the foregoing chapters, we have been concerned with simple linguistic forms, such as lexical items that develop into grammatical items. However, it is possible to argue, as some in fact do, that this evolution involves entire constructions, rather than individual items. For our purposes, this issue is of minor importance. As we will see in this and the following chapter, however, there are, in fact, more complex structures that are equally relevant for understanding why grammar is structured the way it is. In section 5.3 we will see that there are certain domains of grammar that cannot be accounted for satisfactorily with reference to simple entities like words or morphemes but rather owe their genesis to schematic structures that have a propositional form; following Heine (1993) we will refer to these structures as event schemas. Possession is one such domain.
Beyond Grammar
Authors: Heine Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of what was discussed in the preceding chapters relates to processes that in some way or other have to do with grammar; it falls within the scope of grammaticalization theory. For example, I looked at a number of instances where words belonging to open classes, like nouns or verbs, develop into closed-class items like numerals, adverbs, adpositions, articles, and the like. The main goal of this chapter is to demonstrate that essentially the same principles are at work within the lexicon—that is, when lexical items acquire new meanings.
Outlook
Authors: Heine Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose you have a daughter and you want to give her a name that is not biased in any way—that is, a name that has no meaning. You might decide to call her “X.” A possible or even likely reaction that your decision will trigger is that people will wonder: Why is she called X? There must be a special meaning to it. Naming, we argue, is not arbitrary; it is inherently motivated, irrespective of whether it involves the naming of persons, objects, or activities, and irrespective of whether the name is chosen from the language concerned or from some other language. Essentially the same applies to the “naming of grammatical meanings”—that is, to the strategies used to find linguistic forms for the expression of grammatical functions.
Participant Frameworks Indexed by Requesting Discourse
Authors: Puckett Anita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ash creek residents communicate requests’ through a repertoire of various verbal, nonverbal, and, very rarely, literate requesting practices. This repertoire contains discourse tokens that are highly conventional in form and appear in routine interactions, not only in interactions with “belongin” network members but also with others in the immediate area and in town. Commonly, verbal forms are single words, short phrases, or abbreviated versions of longer, more formal requesting sequences. Verbal requesting discourse uses deictics, personal pronouns, and concrete nouns as presuppositional and creative indexes to reproduce culturally significant meanings about socioeconomic relationships.
“Volunteerins”Direct “Askins “ and ‘ Optional Uses of Nonimperative: Requesting Discourse
Authors: Puckett Anita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how the most common ways of making (or not making) requests construct divisions of labor and facilitate the circulation of commodities, goods, and services in Ash Creek. These patterns are strongly developed and, in most cases, create requesting contexts in which the requestor does not make a direct request—rather, the requestee offers or volunteers to do or provide something. I organized these common patterns into optional uses of requesting discourse, "volunteerin” discourse, and direct "askin” discourse.
Nonimperative requesting practices: “Takin Care Of “ “Tradin ဝ and “Makin A Deal”
Authors: Puckett Anita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonimperative requests that have transparent socioeconomic functions are most commonly found within three communicative practices. These practices include both material and verbal exchanges in various combinations. Residents describe these practices using clauses such as “Bills takin care of Bob,” “they made a deal,” or “we traded for some plunder at the Rea market.” The fullest discourse structurings appear in the practice of “takin care of” someone.
The Grammar of Criminal Law
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Grammar of Criminal Law is a 3-volume work that addresses the field of international and comparative criminal law, with its primary focus on the issues of international concern, ranging from genocide, to domestic efforts to combat terrorism, to torture, and to other international crimes. The first volume is devoted to foundational issues. The Grammar of Criminal Law is unique in its systematic emphasis on the relationship between language and legal theory; there is no comparable comparative study of legal language. Written in the spirit of Fletchers classic Rethinking Criminal Law, this work is essential reading in the field of international and comparative law.
Criminal Theory
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this first foundational chapter, we explore a series of trilogies, triadic possibilities in the structure of criminal law. The first set addresses three issues that lie, with an appropriate sense of abstraction, at the basis of all systems of criminal law. These three structural components—aggression, selfdefence, and consent—provide a matrix for understanding the entire criminal law. The second trilogy addresses different types of criminal law, depending on whether the focus is on the act, the actor, or the actor’s culpability. All three are possible and all three variations can be found in existing systems of criminal law. The third section in this chapter considers different foci for thinking about why conduct qualifies as crime. These three approaches reflect different emphases: on violating a duty, causing harm, or infringing a norm. Each focus carries its own theoretical and moral significance.
Criminal Law
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term “criminal law” carries more meaning—and more controversy—than one might expect. The problem is finding the appropriate term for the field of law that both defines specific offenses such as theft and homicide and also lays down the general principles of criminal responsibility. The conventional term for this field in Continental European legal cultures is not criminal law but “penal law”(Strafrecht, derecho penal, droit penal, dirittopenale, etc.). Of course one can say “criminal law” in all of these languages, and in various times and various places the phrase Kriminalrecht or “criminal law” did have currency, but the pattern of modern usage has changed, and this change is rich with paradox.
The Act Requirement
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinction between persons and things is rooted in our shared understanding of the world. A person—as opposed to a robot or a puppet—functions as a self—contained source of his or her own movements. Things lack this internal self-control. They move when they are moved by external forces or are programmed to move according to prior instructions. Persons have bodies that are, of course, also things in the sense that their bodies obey the laws of gravity and they can be forced by external pressures into moving in predictable ways, yet the standard experience of human beings is interaction as self-originating actors.
Equal Protection
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unprecedented expansion in the reach of the Constitution’s guarantee to equal protection of the laws was clearly among the most significant and controversial developments of the Warren Court era. The Court’s decisions in Brown v. Board of Education (1954, 1955)1 and related cases outlawing racial segregation in the public schools and other fields of national life are only the most obvious examples. Drawing on dicta in pre-Warren cases,2 the Court concluded that discriminatory action that was based on “suspect” classifications or interfered with “fundamental rights” was to be subjected to “strict scrutiny” and upheld only if found necessary to further a compelling governmental interest.
Lexical Variation in the Deaf Community Relating to Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Signs
Authors: Kleinfeld Mala S , warner noni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past decade speakers of American Sign Language (ASL), in keeping with current trends in language use, have developed strong opinions about the appropriateness of certain politically charged signs. These opinions have in turn influenced people who interpret the language for the hearing community. This chapter focuses on Deaf community members, both deaf1 and hearing, and the variation in their use of signs for gay, lesbian, and bisexual persons. Since research on American Sign Language began only in 1960, there is a limited literature avail­ able on gay terminology and variations thereof. The purpose of the present study is to discover the sociolinguistic rules affecting the employment of signs for gay identity; we examine the signs that speakers have used in the past, the signs that speakers use now, and the current attitude toward these signs both within and without the ASL-using community.
The Color Of His Eyes: Polari and the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence
Authors: Lucas Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1950 a series of notes written on Christmas cards to friends became the basis for an article on the theatrical vocabulary known as polari. Yet even at such an early stage in its study, the writer Eric Partridge was warning: What, then, is polari, and what is its significance in British gay and theatrical culture? Polari is the most comprehensive extant form of British gay slang. It is derived from a variety of sources, including rhyming slang, circus backslang, Romany, Latin, and criminal cant. Its high renaissance occurred during the 1950s and 1960s, when it was popularized in the mainstream in England by the larger-than­ life characters of Julian and Sandy in the BBC Radio series Round the Horne.
Talking about Feygelekh. A Queer Male Representation
Authors: Sweet Michael j 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is an extended reflection on the Yiddish word feygele (plural: feygelek.h), literally ‘little bird ‘ or ‘birdie, ‘ used in North American Yiddish and American Jewish (Eastern Ashkenazic) English to denote a gay or effeminate male. It attempts to shed some light on the obscure history of this term and to un­ ravel its significations. In so doing, the chapter necessarily touches on more general related matters, such as the valuation of same-sex sexuality in Jewish culture and on kindred words in Yiddish and other Jewish and non-Jewish languages. It begins with the origin of this inquiry and the sources used in its pursuit; after a brief overview of the representation of male same-sex sexuality and gender non­ conformity in Jewish culture, it looks at the main question at hand-the origins and the meanings of the word feygele and its social functions. Finally, it considers the prospects for finding adequate self-representational terms for gay men in Yid­ dish and American Jewish English.
Surrogate Phonology and Transsexual Faggotry: A Linguistic Analogy for Uncoupling Sexual Orientation from Gender Identity
Authors: Bagemihl Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is interesting to speculate how gay men will deal with female-to-male transsexuals who are gay male identified ... gay men are now faced with women becoming men, who may or may not have male genitals whose origins are undetectable. I hope gay men meet the challenge of accepting gay FTMs with balance and good grace. There are aspects of the sound structure of Language that cannot be explained simply by models of the social uses to which humans put their apparatus for respiration, mastication, deglutition, and general concept formation.
The Gendering of the Gay Male Sex Class in Japan: A Case Study Based On Rasen No Sobyo
Authors: Ogawa Naoko , S. (Shibamoto) Smith Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, the speech patterns of gay and lesbian speakers have begun to receive a great deal of attention in U.S. language and gender studies, in part as a response to a heightened appreciation of the importance of the role of language in shaping our gendered understandings of society (Gal 1991; Tannen 1994a; Wood 1994). This chapter reports the results of an exploratory study of the discourses and the grammars of gay men in urban Osaka and Tokyo, in an attempt similarly to flesh out our understanding of the construction of a gendered Japan. Much is known of sex-class conventions of men and women in Japan, particularly in what we might consider to be gender-typical roles and settings (e.g., Shibamoto 1985; Ide and McGloin 1991; Miyaji 1993; Reynolds 1993); much less is known about the linguistic features of gendered social alignment in the atypical cases. Some work has begun on the speech patterns of women in gender-atypical roles (Smith 1992a, 1992b; Sunaoshi 19941). Virtually no work has been done on the speech of men in gender-atypical roles in Japan (exceptions are Shibamoto 1986 and a brief section on the speech of” gay” male performers in Shibamoto 1985). Additional work in this area is long overdue.
Financing the American Corporation:The Changing Menu of Financial Relationships
Authors: Calomiris Charles W , Ramirez Carlos D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the financing of the American corporation can be described along many dimensions-variation in the relative importance of particular contracting forms (e.g., debt vs. equity) as marginal sources of funds, changes in the use of retained earnings vs. external finance, shifts in the relative importance of lending from commercial banks or similar intermediaries (sometimes referred to as “insider” lending) vs. financing from public markets. Each of these potential measures of the historical evolution of corporate finance has been used by financial historians to address particular questions. For example, variation in the relative importance of debt, preferred stock, and common stock as sources of external finance can help gauge the effects of innovations in bankruptcy laws on corporate finance costs. Reductions in the role of banks in financing corporations, often induced by regulatory change, can help measure the importance of regulatory restrictions on banks for corporate finance costs. Changes in the relative cost of external finance through public markets can be related to institutional factors that reduce the costs of public securities offerings.
The Modern Corporation as an Efficiency Instrument: The Comparative Contracting Perspective
Authors: Williamson Oliver E , Bercovitz Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As James Q. Wilson reports, those who view the modern corporation from a power perspective regard it as a deeply problematic form of organization. We examine the modern corporation from a different perspective and reach different results. As set out herein, both the key legal features of the corporation-perpetuity, contracting rights, and limited liability-and the main contractual regularities that link the firm with each of its constituencies are examined with reference to efficiency (or the lack thereof).
Brown and, the Harm of Legal Segregation
Authors: Kateb George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the harm of legal segregation of the races? A better wording of the question is this: What is the harm done when the majority race, convinced of its superiority, arranges for the legal segregation or separation of the majority and minority races, in a nominally democratic society? (I shall not ordinarily distinguish among the various situations and institutions in which legal segregation was in force, but speak of segregation most generally.) My view is that the harm done is of more than one kind. I would like to take up at least two kinds: the harm that consists in the violation of basic rights by a system of legal segregation, and second and secondarily, the harm or injury done to the character of persons, especially but not only the character of persons in the majority race. Concern with these harms is not antiquarian. Although legal segregation is gone, its effects are still with us. Furthermore, to think about it is also to think about other kinds of oppression, actual or past or future possible.
Can the Tactics of Cultural Integration Counter the Persistence of Political Apartheid? : Or, The Multicultural Wars, Part Two
Authors: Carby Hazel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I would like to begin my reflections on Brown v. Board of Education by returning briefly to a set of concerns and specific questions with which I concluded an essay entitled “The Multicultural Wars,” published in the fall of 1992 in the journal Radical History. There I argued that contemporary debates about cultural intergration most commonly rage under the banner of “multiculturalism” in our schools and colleges but that the content of these debates seemed to me to be a totally inadequate political response to the conditions of social, political, and economic devastation present in the daily lives of those who are poor and designated members of so-called minority populations in the United States.
Religion in Politics
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If few Americans were religious believers, the issue of the proper role of religion in politics would probably be marginal to American politics, because religion would be marginal to American politics. But most Americans are religious believers. Indeed, the citizenry of the United States is one of the most religious—perhaps even the most religious—citizenries of the world’s advanced industrial democracies. According to recent polling data, “{a]n overwhelming 95% of Americans profess belief in God”;1 moreover, “70% of American adults [are] members of a church or synagogue.”2 If there were, among the vast majority of Americans who are religious believers, a consensus about most religious matters, the issue of the proper role of religion in politics would probably engage far fewer Americans than it does, because few Americans would have to fear being subjected to alien religious tenets.
The Constitutional Law of Religious Freedom
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I present what seems to me to be the most sensible account of the general meaning of the two basic constitutional norms regarding religion: the free exercise norm and the nonestablishment norm. Then, drawing on that discussion, I make an argument about the role it is constitutionally permissible for religious arguments—in particular, religious arguments about the morality of human conduct—to play in the politics of the United States.
An Overview of Industry Change
Authors: Ahlbrandt Roger S , Fruehan Richard J , Giarratani Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recession that followed the oil crisis in 1973 was a watershed for steel producers worldwide. By 1975 it was revealed to all that the world economy had substantial excess steelmaking capacity. The steady growth and sustained profitability that had characterized steel production in the previous decade gave way to uncertainty about the prospects for a rebound and pessimistic forecasts of future demand. The reality of it was difficult to accept. For industrialized nations, the steel industry had been fundamental to their success. Employment levels in the industry assumed symbolic as well as political importance.
Achieving and Sustaining Competitiveness
Authors: Ahlbrandt Roger S , Fruehan Richard J , Giarratani Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have argued that the path to competitiveness for any company is to be found in its people and its technology. Leadership is needed to establish the vision of a company’s goals in particular markets and to chart the course of action required to serve those markets. Communication, trust, training, empowerment, reward for performance, appropriate technology, customer focus, quality, and cost reduction are what goes into creating a success. These elements can support and complement one another, and they can coalesce to create a corporate culture that leads to behavior, actions, and decisions that position a firm for success.
Clause Structure And Word Order In Hebrew And Arabic
Authors: Shlonsky Ur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shlonsky uses Chomsky’s Government and Binding approach to examine clausal architecture and verb movement in Hebrew and several varieties of Arabic. He establishes a syntactic analysis of Hebrew and then extends that analysis to aspects of Arabic clausal syntax. Through the comparative lens of Hebrew, Shlonsky hopes to resolve a number of problems in Arabic syntax. His results generate some novel and important conclusions concerning the patterns of negation, verb movement, the nature of participles, and the gamut of positions available to clausal subjects in both languages.
Some Remaining Issues
Authors: Shlonsky Ur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My discussion of present tense sentences, both affirmative and negative, has been almost entirely focused on those that contain a verbal Benoni predicate. In the following sections, I discuss, albeit in a limited and tentative manner, two issues pertaining to present tense sentences with nonverbal predicates. I first consider the occurrence of ?eyn in locative/existential sentences, and show that the subject of such sentences must be taken to occupy a position lower than Specif. Second, I attempt to resolve a potential problem with the analysis of the Benoni, namely, its incompatiblility with copular Pron.
Genetic Disorders of Human Sexual Development
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have been many exciting advances in our understanding of mammalian sex determination and differentiation in the last decade. Using these advances to elucidate clinical conditions of abnormal sexual development, the authors bring together great expertise in molecular endocrinology, molecular genetics, and dysmorphology. The text begins with a discussion of normal gonadal and sexual development that presents enough embryology, biochemistry, and endocrinology to make the remaining chapters easy to assimilate. Then the authors discuss overarching clinical issues that are common to genetic abnormalities of gonadal and sexual development, providing a detailed account of genetic causes of gonadal maldevelopment, followed by a compendium of the singular, syndromal, endocrinologic, and systemic-metabolic genetic causes of sexual maldevelopment. The final section describes genetic forms of gamete failure. Seldom dogmatic, this unconventional textbook frequently presents alternatives, highlights speculation, raises questions, and attempts to provide answers. Yet it will be a uniquely valuable reference on an area of genetic medicine where much has happened in recent years. This book will be welcomed by medical geneticists, genetic counselors, endocrinologists, gynecologists, urologists, and students who need fully-referenced information about the genetic aspects of humans sexual maldevelopment in order to better manage their patients and their patients families.