bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth Curve Analysis in Contemporary Psychological Research
Authors: McArdle John J. , Nesselroade John R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe term “growth curve” is used to describe data where: (1) the same entities are repeatedly observed, (2) the same procedures of measurement and scaling of observations are used, and (3) the timing of the observations is known. Growth curves are now common in many areas of psychological research, and some of these are presented here. The term “growth curve analysis” denotes the processes of describing, testing hypotheses, and making scientific inferences about the growth and change patterns in a wide range of time‐related phenomena. In this sense, growth curve analyses are a specific form of the larger set of developmental and longitudinal research methods, but the unique features of growth data permit unique kinds of analyses. Formal models for the analysis of growth curves which have been developed in many different substantive domains are described here in five sections: (1) An introduction to growth curves, (2) linear models of growth, (3) multiple groups in growth curve models, (4) aspects of dynamic theory for growth models, and (5) multiple variables in growth curve analyses. We conclude with a discussion of future issues raised by the current growth models.
Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Schmidt Frank L. , Hunter John E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe small sample studies typical of most research literatures produce seemingly contradictory results, and reliance on statistical significance tests causes study results to appear even more conflicting. Meta‐analysis is needed to integrate the findings across such studies to reveal the simpler patterns of relations that underlie the studies, thus providing a basis for theory development. Meta‐analysis can correct for the distorting effects of sampling error, measurement error, and other artifacts that produce the illusion of conflicting findings. This chapter discusses these artifacts and the meta‐analysis procedures used to correct for their effects. Several different approaches to meta‐analysis are discussed. Applications of meta‐analysis in different areas of psychological research are discussed and evidence is presented that meta‐analysis is transforming research in psychology in general.
Time Series Analysis
Authors: Velicer Wayne F. , Fava Joseph L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTime‐series analysis is a statistical method of analyzing data from repeated observations on a single unit or individual at regular intervals over a large number of observations. Time‐series analysis can be viewed as the exemplar of longitudinal designs. The most widely employed approach is based on the class of models known as Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. ARIMA models can address several major classes of research questions, including an analysis of basic processes, intervention analysis, and analysis of the pattern of treatment effects over time. Technical aspects of ARIMA models are described, including definitions of important terms, statistical estimation of parameters, and the model identification process. Examples are employed to clarify the technical discussion. Recent extensions of ARIMA modeling techniques include multiunit time‐series designs, multivariate time‐series analysis, the inclusion of covariates, and the analysis of patterns of intra‐individual differences across time.
Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Ullman Jodie B. , Bentler Peter M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this chapter we will present a tutorial on the fundamentals of structural equation modeling (SEM). In recent years structural equation modeling (SEM) has grown enormously in popularity. Fundamentally, SEM is a term for a large set of techniques based on the general linear model. The goal of this chapter is to present an introduction to the field of structural equation modeling. The chapter begins with an overview of SEM that includes the purpose and goals of this statistical analysis as well as terminology unique to this technique. Following the brief overview, the process of modeling will be discussed and illustrated with an example using data from a recent D.A.R.E. evaluation. After the basic modeling process is illustrated and discussed, an extension (multilevel modeling) of the basic model is presented. Finally, we present a section that discusses future trends in SEM.
Ordinal Analysis of Behavioral Data
Authors: Long Jeffrey D. , Feng Du , Cliff Norman 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter discusses statistical methods that make use of ordinal information. There are two main sections, the first covers ordinal measures of correlation and the second covers ordinal measures for group comparisons. The correlation section focuses on descriptive and inferential methods for the bivariate case. There is also a discussion of the comparison of ordinal correlations and a type of ordinal multiple regression. The group comparison section focuses on dominance analysis using the delta measure. Two‐group and multiple‐group situations are discussed as well as factorial designs and designs with correlated data. The methods of the chapter have many desirable properties that argue for their general use. Much data in the social sciences has only ordinal justification and ordinal methods are based on operations consistent with ordinal data. Many research questions in the social sciences are ordinal in nature and ordinal methods provide answers to ordinal questions. The ordinal methods have the advantage of invariance under monotonic transformations so that results obtained on raw data are exactly the same under any order‐preserving transformation. Finally, the ordinal methods have desirable statistical qualities, including few distributional assumptions, resistance to extreme values, and applicability to nonlinear but monotonic relationships.
Visual Processing in the Primate Brain
Authors: Pasternak Tatiana , Bisley James W. , Calkins David 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe visual system is the most widely studied and perhaps the best understood mammalian sensory system. Not only have the details of its anatomical features been well described, but the behavior of it neurons have also been characterized at many stages of the neural pathway. This chapter focuses on the visual system of nonhuman primates and deals with the way the primate visual system performs the analysis of various attributes of the visual image and then integrates these attributes into a percept of a visual scene. It shows how such fundamental dimensions of visual stimuli as spatial and temporal variations in luminance and chromaticity are first encoded at the level of the retina, and the manner in which the encoding of other more complex stimulus features, such as motion, complex form and depth, emerge at the level of visual cortex. Finally, modulation of visual cortical activity by such cognitive phenomena as memory and attention are discussed.
Auditory Processing in the Primate Brain
Authors: Hackett Troy A. , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe auditory system makes it possible to identify and localize sounds and their sources from a complex and dynamic acoustic environment. To accomplish these tasks, the auditory system must encode the relevant cues and appropriately distribute that information among a myriad of auditory processing centers in the brain. These events are accomplished in multiple parallel pathways involving an extensive array of interconnected nuclei and fields in the brainstem, thalamus, and cerebral cortex. Both ascending and descending channels contribute to a dynamic exchange in which the response properties of neurons at every level of processing can be modified as needed. Among mammals, the organization of subcortical auditory nuclei and associated pathways is highly conserved. By comparison, the number and organization of auditory fields in cortex varies across taxonomic groups. In nonhuman primates, three major regions containing some 12 subdivisions occupy the superior temporal region where auditory inputs are processed in serial and parallel. Outputs target multiple auditory‐related domains in temporal, prefrontal, and posterior parietal cortex. From these many interactions information concerning the identity and location of acoustic objects is extracted and used to guide behavior.
The Biological Psychology of Pain
Authors: Coderre Terence J. , Mogil Jeffrey S. , Bushnell M. Catherine 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe chapter provides a comprehensive review of the current knowledge concerning the anatomical, physiological, and neurochemical substrates that underlie both physiological and pathological pain. Thus, we describe in detail the pathways that underlie the transmission of inputs from the periphery to the CNS, the physiological properties of the neurons activated by painful stimuli, and the neurochemicals that mediate or modulate synaptic transmission in somatosensory pathways. A special effort has been made to identify critical advances in the field of pain research that point to the processes by which pathological pain develops following tissue or nerve injury, as well as how pain is modulated by various brain mechanisms. The review of the peripheral nervous system concentrates on differences in the properties of the primary afferent neurons that transduce and relay painful messages to the CNS, and how their responses are affected by injuries that produce inflammation. The review of spinal cord dorsal horn concentrates on what is known about the neurochemical influences on synaptic transmission, and how they are affected by inflammatory and nerve injuries in the periphery. The review of pain processing in the brain focuses on the role of various brain regions in the determination of the multidimensional nature of pain, as discerned by anatomical connectivity, physiological function, and brain imaging. Finally, insights are provided into the future of pain research, with a focus on molecular biology, and behavioral genetics as a means to understand individual differences in pain sensitivity and expression.
Food and Fluid Intake
Authors: Moran Timothy H. , Sakai Randall R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe ingestive behaviors of eating and drinking play primary roles in the maintenance of fluid homeostasis and energy balance. Eating and drinking occur intermittently, they both renew and anticipate depletions, and their controls are complex and redundant. The physiological controls of food intake can be divided into systems that mediate: (1) signals related to metabolic state, especially the degree of adiposity stores, (2) affective signals related to taste and nutritional consequences that serve to reinforce aspects of ingestive behavior, and (3) signals that arise within an individual meal that produce satiety. Interactions among these systems permit the appropriate patterning of feeding that lead to the overall regulation of energy balance. The controls of fluid balance depend on interactions among three relatively well characterized systems related to: (1) neural and hormonal signals arising from the detection of plasma osmolality and extracellular fluid volume, which influence the initiation of bouts of fluid ingestion; (2) neural and hormonal signals related to myriad factors that lead to satiety and thus terminate bouts of drinking; and (3) brain sites that receive and integrate these signals and which elicit appropriate physiological and behavioral responses.
Sleep and Biological Clocks
Authors: Latta Federica , Van Cauter Eve 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHuman behavioral and physiological processes are under the dual control of circadian rhythmicity and sleep‐wake homeostasis. In mammalian species, the underlying mechanism for the generation of most circadian rhythms is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Sleep‐wake homeostasis is an hourglass‐like mechanism relating sleep propensity and intensity to the duration of prior wakefulness. Studies under “constant routine conditions” have facilitated the detection of circadian and sleep regulation and have delineated the temporal variations over the 24‐hr day of subjective alertness (or its antonym, subjective sleepiness), cognitive performance (i.e. objective alertness), and mood, as well as endocrine, metabolic, and cardiovascular function. Subjective and objective alertness vary in parallel, with detectable decreases starting around the usual bedtime until a minimum is reached in the early morning hours, and then increase during the daytime hours. Decreased sleep quality and sleep loss due to voluntary behavioral alterations or to pathological conditions are associated with disturbances of a variety of neurobehavioral, physiological parameters, as well as of subjective alertness, mood, and cognitive performance. Aging is commonly associated with pronounced alterations of both the homeostatic process and the circadian pacemaker. Strategies to improve sleep quality may have beneficial effects on mental and physical well‐being.
Foundations of Visual Perception
Authors: Kubovy Michael , Epstein William , Gepshtein Sergei 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter consists of three tutorial overviews of important theoretical and methodological issues in the field of visual perception:First we discuss eight foundational questions that have shaped the principal theoretical approaches to visual perception. We consider the functions of vision, the relationship between percepts and visual neurons, the concept of information, the notion of representation and representational transformation, the relationship between perception and cognition, the concept of modularity and the place of illusions in perceptual theory.Second we consider psychophysics, taking the reader from the simplest threshold theory to the theory of signal detection. We compare four threshold models: fixed energy threshold—naive observer, fixed energy threshold—guessing observer, variable energy threshold—guessing observer, and variable energy threshold—variable guessing rate. Then, we review the concept of receiver operating characteristic and conclude by examining the application of psychophysical methods in contemporary investigations.Third we discuss environmental regularities, how they may be discovered and related to perceptual regularities. We trace how the notion of redundancy reduction has evolved into the notion of redundancy exploitation, leading to the method of covariational analysis. Then we examine how covariational analysis is used to link the statistics of contours in natural images to the characteristics of perceptual organization.
Audition
Authors: Yost William A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHearing allows an organism to use sound to detect, discriminate, and segregate objects in the world. Sound has the physical properties of frequency, level, and time. The auditory periphery codes for the spectral and temporal properties of the complex sound field made up of the sound from all of the surrounding sources. The inner ear of the auditory periphery contains haircells which serve as the biological transducers for generating neural impulses from the biomechanical vibrations of the inner ear. These neural impulses provide the peripheral code that is relayed to the central auditory nervous system. The central auditory nervous system analysis this neural code allowing for the determination of the sources of sound. Sounds over a large range of frequencies and levels can be detected and small differences in frequency and level are discriminable. Sounds from one source can mask and interfere in other ways with the detection and perception of sounds from other sources. The location of a sound source can be determined in three‐dimensional space by the sound produced by the source. The subjective perceptions of pitch, loudness, and timbre are correlated with the physical properties of frequency, level, and time. Several aspects of the sound from sources may provide the basis for the auditory system's ability to segregate sounds in complex acoustic environments. Understanding the normal processes of hearing is critical for dealing with hearing impairment and in improving our understanding of behavior and the ability of organisms to cope with their complex worlds.
Depth Perception and the Perception of Events
Authors: Proffitt Dennis R. , Caudek Corrado 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThree fundamental questions are addressed: (1) What are the effective sources of optical information for perceiving spatial relationships and events? Complex natural environments provide a plethora of information potentially related to spatial layout. Psychophysical research investigates the efficacy and perceptual processing of these potential cues to depth and events. (2) How is this information combined by the perceptual system? Viewed in isolation, individual cues typically do not fully specify the environmental properties to which they relate. In general, the rules for projecting three‐dimensional layout onto the retina are unambiguously defined, whereas the inverse operation—from the image to the three‐dimensional projected scene—is not. (3) Do people perceive space and events accurately? Certainly, people act in the environment as if they represent its spatial relationships accurately; however, effective action can often be achieved without geometrically correct representations. From a pragmatic perspective, perceptual representations are accurate to the degree that they provide effective guidance for behavior. This issue is developed and discussed throughout the chapter.
Action Selection
Authors: Proctor Robert W. , Vu Kim‐Phuong L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractChapter 11 provides an overview of research on action selection, which is typically studied in tasks that measure the speed and accuracy with which one of two or more actions is selected in response to a stimulus. Action selection is an important aspect of information processing in both the laboratory and everyday environments. It has been a topic of interest in experimental psychology since its inception and continues to be an active area of research at present. The chapter covers fundamental methodological issues, models, and theories, including the speed‐accuracy tradeoff and discrete versus continuous models of information processing. Topics in action selection that are discussed include the Hick‐Hyman law, stimulus‐response compatibility, sequential effects, and advance information. Effects of irrelevant information are also reviewed, including the Stroop effect, the Eriksen flanker effect, the Simon effect, and negative priming. Action selection effects in multiple task situations, including task switching effects, the psychological refractory period effect, and stop signal effects, are considered as well. Action‐selection effects occur in a range of tasks and environments, and the insights these effects provide regarding human performance are only now coming to be fully appreciated.
Motor Control
Authors: Heuer Herbert 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSkilled movements require the determination of motor outflow which is appropriate for a certain intended motor pattern; this poses an intricate control problem because of the complex transformations on the way from neural activity to actual limb movements. Solutions are reached by combinations of feedforward and feedback processes. Feedforward processes start before the physical movement and embrace a representation which anticipates it. This anticipatory representation is involved in control and can be modeled in different ways, for example, as a generalized motor program or as a neural network. Sensory information is required both to adapt the anticipatory movement representation to the environment and for feedback‐based corrections, but it is not necessarily the same kind of information on which perceptual awareness is based. Many tasks require the coordinated action of different limbs. While the interactions between the limbs involved are largely tuned to the task requirements, there are constraints which are hard or even impossible to overcome. These constraints originate at different levels of motor control. Overall motor control reveals a remarkable degree of flexibility in adjusting to new visuo‐motor transformations and force fields.
Semantic Memory and Priming
Authors: McNamara Timothy P. , Holbrook Jon B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to review theoretical and empirical developments in the scientific understanding of semantic memory, semantic priming, and repetition priming. We begin by summarizing the classical models of semantic memory and the major empirical findings that were used to test those models. We also summarize two contemporary models of semantic memory, distributed network models and high‐dimensional spatial models. In the second section of the chapter, we examine semantic priming. We review the most influential models of semantic priming; viz., spreading‐activation, compound‐cue, and distributed‐network models. We then summarize the major empirical findings on semantic priming, focusing in particular on issues that have turned out to be important for testing models of semantic priming and on findings published since Neely's (1991) review. In the third section, we examine repetition priming. We summarize the most influential models of repetition priming, such as the logogen model, the counter model, instance theory, and distributed network models. We then review some of the major issues and findings on repetition priming. We close the chapter with a summary of our conclusions and a discussion of promising directions for future research.
Episodic and Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Roediger Henry L. , Marsh Elizabeth J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractEpisodic memory is about recollection of events in one's past. Autobiographical memory is one's personal history that may include episodic memories in addition to other facts about oneself (such as one's place and date of birth). The concepts are related but not identical and have been studied in different research traditions. In discussing both episodic and autobiographical memory, we consider sets of factors that occur (a) prior to the to‐be‐remembered events, (b) during encoding of the event, (c) during the retention interval between encoding and retrieval, and (d) during retrieval of the event in response to some query or test. Despite the fact that the types of research on these concepts arise from different methods, there is convergence in many outcomes and principles that emerge from both types of research. However, results from the two research traditions do not always converge and the methods have different strengths. Episodic memory tasks allow for manipulation of prior events, whereas autobiographical memory methods allow for investigations in more natural contexts. Episodic and autobiographical memory are best viewed as overlapping concepts with both similarities and differences in their operation. Each domain of inquiry provides an important contribution to the larger understanding of human memory.
Psychological Experimentation Addressing Practical Concerns
Authors: Nickerson Raymond S. , Pew Richard W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this chapter we focus on experimental research that has been motivated explicitly by practical concerns or that has yielded results the practical implications of which are relatively direct. Following some comments about the distinction between basic and applied research, and about indications of a recently growing interest in applications, we describe the historical roots of applied experimental psychology and the status of the field today. We note studies in several applications areas illustrating the broad range of topics that applied experimentation has addressed. We give examples of challenges for applied experimentation that come from psychological, social or technological concerns, and we argue the necessity of clearly communicating the practical implications of experimentation if they are to applied to good effect.