bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why the Stars Shine (1938)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the source of energy that makes the sun shine? The first who tried to give a scientific answer to this question was Helmholtz. He proposed that the sun has been slowly contracting under its own gravitation and that energy was being released because matter was falling towards the centre of the sun. This mechanism could provide for the sun’s energy output since around 30 million years, a long time but much too short on a geological scale.
Nuclear Fission (1938)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Otto Hahn’s father had come to the old city of Frankfurt in 1866. A few years later he bought the small glazier’s shop in which he worked and gradually transformed it into a flourishing glazing business which still exists under his name. Otto Hahn [1], the youngest of four brothers, studied organic chemistry in Marburg, and after a year of military service, stayed there for another two years as assistant to Zincke , his Ph.D. adviser. Near the end of this time he was given the prospect of a position in industry for which he would need fluency in a foreign language. His parents agreed to fund a stay abroad and Zincke wrote to Ramsay in London who, in 1904, accepted Hahn as an unpaid visitor in his institute at University College.
The Shell Model – A Periodic Table for Nuclei (1949)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Periodic Table of the elements was conceived on the basis of the observed chemical similarities between elements long before the reality of atoms was generally accepted. In 1914 Moseley demonstrated that the position number of an element in the Periodic Table is equal to the number Z of elementary charges in the nuclei of its atoms (Episode 24) and in 1925 Pauli explained the periodicity by enumerating the electrons fitting into successive shells surrounding an atomic nucleus (Episode 35). When, in particular, through the work of Aston (Episode 22), it became apparent that there are, in general, several different isotopes per element, a search for systematics in the wealth of isotopes began and with it the history [1,2] of the nuclear shell model.
Keeping Ions in a Trap (1958)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important element of the first maser (Episode 73) was an electrostatic ‘focusser’ which acted on the electric dipole moment of neutral molecules. It was based on the use of multipole fields pioneered by Paul in Göttingen and brought to perfection in his first years in Bonn.
The Laser (1960)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Episode 73 we described the development of an instrument with unusual properties and of outstanding precision, the maser , which was first realized by Townes and co-workers. It generates microwaves (electromagnetic waves with a wavelength around 1 cm) which are coherent and of extremely well-defined and stable frequency. In 1958, in a very influential paper, entitled Infrared and Optical Masers [1], Schawlow and Townes discussed possibilities to extend the maser principle to much shorter wavelengths.
Semiconductor Heterostructures – Efficient Laser Diode Proposed (1963) and Built (1970)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essential elements of the first transistor, the point-contact transistor discussed in Episode 69, are the two transition regions (also called contacts, interfaces, or junctions) between a metal and a semiconductor, both having the property of a rectifier. Already in 1948 Shockley applied for the patent [1] on a quite different and later widely used device, the junction transistor . Here the interfaces are between regions of the same semiconductor material (originally germanium, now usually silicon), doped by acceptor atoms on one side of the junction and by donor atoms on the other side. Such interfaces are now called homojunctions . An interface between two different crystals is a semiconductor heterojunction . The new possibilities, inherent in heterojunctions, were first understood theoretically. Intense experimental efforts then led to the development of new devices, particularly in the field of optoelectronics. Furthermore, special devices containing heterojunctions allow fundamental research, such as studies of an electron gas in two, one, or even zero space dimensions.
The Macroeconomic Effects Of Unilateral Environmental Tax Reforms In Europe, 1995 To 2012
Authors: Barker Terry , Junankar Sudhir , Pollitt, Hector , Summerton Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of an environmental tax reform (ETR) is to implement specific taxes to encourage households and industries to behave in a way which is environmentally sustainable. To counterbalance the possible adverse effects of an increase in green taxes, other taxes are reduced, using the revenues generated by the ETR implementation. This ‘recycling mechanism’ may take effect through direct taxes (income tax, corporation tax), social security contributions (ie paid by employers or paid by employees) or other measures (for example, support schemes for investment expenditure, and depreciation and benefits or other compensatory measures).
Administrative Costs Of The Czech System Of Environmental Charges
Authors: Pavel Jan , Vítek Leoš 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1997, efforts have been made in the Czech Republic to implement the taxation of certain products which pollute the environment and which are considered harmful. The 1999 governmental legislative plan considered submitting a proposal for an Act on Environmental Taxes, but the objective was changed to the submission of a proposal for the Concept of Gradual Greening of the Tax System.
The first attempt to submit a proposal for the concept of environmental tax reform for governmental discussion fell through, due to disagreement from other ministries, based on the unclear compensation method for low-income groups and the agricultural sector.
Co2 Emissions In Italy: A Micro-Simulation Analysis Of Environmental Taxes On Firms’ Energy Demand
Authors: Bardazzi Rossella , Oropallo, Filippo , Pazienza Maria Grazia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to an overwhelming body of scientific literature, the Earth’s climate is rapidly changing, predominantly as a result of increases in greenhouse gases caused by human activities (for example, through burning fossil fuels and changing the land surface, etc.).
Fighting climate change and its consequences by achieving stabilization of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations is a key objective of the European Union (EU). As regards climate change, the EU environmental policy acts under the Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005. As is well known, the EU has committed itself to the target of an 8 per cent emissions reduction from the base-year level by 2008 to 2012. Within this overall target, differentiated emission reduction targets have been assigned to Member States under the ‘burden-sharing agreement’. The protocol provides a broad list of ‘traditional’ policies aimed at reaching the target such as environmental taxes, use of renewable energy, energy effi ciency, and carbon sinks; moreover, the protocol also establishes three ‘? exible mechanisms’ (Joint Implementation, Clean Development Mechanism, and the Emission Trading Scheme), designed to help countries to comply with the target. Finally, the EU has set itself new ambitious targets for 2020 in the Climate Action Plan: a 20 per cent reduction in greenhouse gases, increasing renewable energy use up to 20 per cent of total energy consumption, and a signifi cant increase in energy effi ciency. The planned cuts in greenhouse gas emissions call for a substantial shift in fi rm and consumer behaviour. As regards fi rms, there is a request for a change in the input mix and for investment in energy-saving technologies. These targets imply costs, whatever the instrument chosen, but instruments differ in economic impact and an optimal policy mix may help to reduce distortions and overall costs. In general terms, a major endorsement for market based instruments —as opposed to the traditional command and control approach—can be found in the Kyoto framework and in the new Climate Action Plan.
Environmental Fiscal Reform In Developing, Emerging, And Transition Economies
Authors: Cottrell Jacqueline , Olearius, Axel , Lorek Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is based on the Special Workshop on Environmental Fiscal Reform in Developing, Emerging and Transition Economies hosted by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, which took place within the framework of the Eighth Global Conference on Environmental Taxation, in Munich, Germany, in 2007. This chapter summarizes the main lessons learnt from the workshop and serves as an introductory chapter to this section on environmental fi scal reform (EFR) in developing countries.
First and foremost, it should be pointed out that governance, environment, and the fi scal system are complex, cross-cutting issues, even more so when seen in the context of EFR. The specific context within which EFR is implemented in developing, emerging, and transition economies is unique in each case. EFR legislation is highly sensitive to country-specific circumstances. The lessons below can only provide a general guide to issues meriting consideration during the policy process.
Political Science and The Capital Order: A Review Essay
Authors: Toloudis Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between capitalism and democracy has been a preoccupation of political science for at least half a century. It has appeared in different forms, but the basic question remains the same: can capitalism and democracy coexist? Through an analysis of post–World War I austerity policy, Clara Mattei's Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism puts the incompatibilities between the two on stark display. Mattei demonstrates that austerity is a not a neutral policy tool for economic management, as its supporters and critics assume. Rather, it is a mechanism of class control. This interpretation helps to make sense of austerity's apparent “failures.” By calling attention to the class character of economic policy in general, Capital Order suggests that political scientists revisit the notions of the structural dependence of the state on capital and class compromise. It also asks readers to take seriously the politically constructed nature of economics as a realm of action and thinking separate from politics. Through its implication of professional economists in an antidemocratic policy initiative, it also has uncomfortable implications for political science.
Democracy Through Strength in Modern Asia: A Review Essay of Dan Slater and Joseph Wong's From Development to Democracy
Authors: Jiang Junyan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Junyan Jiang's review essay of Dan Slater and Joseph Wong's From Development to Democracy: The Transformations of Modern Asia highlights the innovative and compelling aspects of the book but also raises some questions about the authors’ interpretations of the conditions, content, and consequences of elite-led democratization in East and Southeast Asia.
If you’re happy and you know it: neural correlates of self-evaluated psychological health and well-being
Authors: Cosme Danielle , Mobasser Arian , Pfeifer Jennifer H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychological health and well-being have important implications for individual and societal thriving. Research underscores the subjective nature of well-being, but how do individuals intuit this subjective sense of well-being in the moment? This pre-registered study addresses this question by examining the neural correlates of self-evaluated psychological health and their dynamic relationship with trial-level evaluations. Participants (N = 105) completed a self-evaluation task and made judgments about three facets of psychological health and positive functioning—self-oriented well-being, social well-being and ill-being. Consistent with pre-registered hypotheses, self-evaluation elicited activity in the default mode network, and there was strong spatial overlap among constructs. Trial-level analyses assessed whether and how activity in a priori regions of interest—perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and ventral striatum—were related to subjective evaluations. These regions explained additional variance in whether participants endorsed or rejected items but were differentially related to evaluations. Stronger activity in pgACC was associated with a higher probability of endorsement across constructs, whereas stronger activity in vmPFC was associated with a higher probability of endorsing ill-being items, but a lower probability of endorsing self-oriented and social well-being items. These results add nuance to neurocognitive accounts of self-evaluation and extend our understanding of the neurobiological basis of subjective psychological health and well-being.
The essential role of O-GlcNAcylation in hepatic differentiation
Authors: Robarts Dakota R. , Kotulkar Manasi , Paine-Cabrera Diego , Venneman Kaitlyn K. , Hanover John A. , Zachara Natasha E. , Slawson Chad , Apte Udayan 
Published: November 2023

Background:
O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification catalyzed by the enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase, which transfers a single N-acetylglucosamine sugar from UDP-GlcNAc to the protein on serine and threonine residues on proteins. Another enzyme, O-GlcNAcase (OGA), removes this modification. O-GlcNAcylation plays an important role in pathophysiology. Here, we report that O-GlcNAcylation is essential for hepatocyte differentiation, and chronic loss results in fibrosis and HCC.

Methods:
Single-cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to investigate hepatocyte differentiation in hepatocyte-specific O-GlcNAc transferase-knockout (OGT-KO) mice with decreased hepatic O-GlcNAcylation and in O-GlcNAcase-KO mice with increased O-GlcNAcylation in hepatocytes. Patients HCC samples and the diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC model were used to investigate the effect of modulation of O-GlcNAcylation on the development of liver cancer.

Results:
Loss of hepatic O-GlcNAcylation resulted in disruption of liver zonation. Periportal hepatocytes were the most affected by loss of differentiation, characterized by dysregulation of glycogen storage and glucose production. O-GlcNAc transferase-KO mice exacerbated diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC development with increased inflammation, fibrosis, and YAP signaling. Consistently, O-GlcNAcase -KO mice with increased hepatic O-GlcNAcylation inhibited diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC. A progressive loss of O-GlcNAcylation was observed in patients with HCC.

Conclusions:
Our study shows that O-GlcNAcylation is a critical regulator of hepatic differentiation, and loss of O-GlcNAcylation promotes hepatocarcinogenesis. These data highlight increasing O-GlcNAcylation as a potential therapy in chronic liver diseases, including HCC.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the provision of physical health interventions to mental health consumers within Sydney Local Health District
Authors: Simpson Andrew , Parcsi Lisa , McDonald Andrew 
Published: November 2023

PurposePeople living with severe mental illness (PLWSMI) experience disproportionately high rates of morbidity and mortality compared with the general population. Sydney Local Health District (SLHD) introduced the Living Well, Living Longer integrated care program in 2013 to address this inequity. This paper reports on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the provision of physical health interventions to community mental health consumers in SLHD.Design/methodology/approachRates of COVID-19 vaccinations were collated. Routinely collected service data were reviewed for changes in rates of metabolic monitoring, mental health shared care, physical health checks, cardiometabolic health clinic assessments and diet and exercise interventions.Findings91.9% of consumers received at least two COVID-19 vaccinations and 61.3% received a booster. However, there was a 37.3% reduction in rates of metabolic monitoring, 20.1% reduction in Mental Health Shared Care agreements, 60.6% reduction in physical health checks with general practitioners, 65.4% reduction in cardiometabolic clinic assessments and 19.8% reduction of diet and exercise interventions.Practical implicationsThe impact of the pandemic may lead to an exacerbation of poorly managed comorbid disease and increased premature mortality in people living with severe mental illness. Service providers should consider the local impact of the pandemic on the provision of physical health interventions and ensure steps are taken to address any deficits.Originality/valueThere is a paucity of published analysis regarding the impact of the pandemic on the provision of physical health interventions to people living with severe mental illness.
Small axe: chipping away at special collections barriers to inclusivity
Authors: Sykes-Kunk Jasmine C. , Camacho Azalea , Enriquez Sandy 
Published: November 2023

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to share this study’s efforts to foster belonging in special collections public service spaces, as Black and Latina practitioners of color, while navigating known systemic professional barriers to inclusivity in the library information profession.Design/methodology/approachIn this conceptual essay, frameworks from Black and Chicana feminist theories are applied which resonate deeply with this study’s practices but are not often encountered in library spaces, namely intersectional nepantla, which is used to situate the positionality within special collections.FindingsFostering belonging in special collections environments is an ongoing effort, but this study offers reflections in solidarity with all who seek to increase inclusivity and equity in their spaces. It is believed that the cumulative impact of many small actions implemented from the ground up can potentially be as significant as top-down, administrative charges.Originality/valueThis article's originality stems from both its authors and the methodology. As BIPOC practitioners, to the authors emphasize the authentic, day-to-day interactions that are essential to developing inclusivity and equity in special collections and archival spaces. Special collections reference workers have limited time off desk to collaborate and conduct research.
Tree demographic and neighbourhood responses to regional environmental gradients of the northwestern United States
Authors: Nevins L. McKinley , Zambrano Jenny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Studies of drivers shaping forest communities frequently include abiotic or biotic factors, while their interactive effects remain understudied. Here, we combined data on two prominent abiotic gradients, climatic moisture deficit and wildfire probability, along with tree functional neighbourhoods (i.e. trait differences of close neighbours) to assess variation in survival and growth of 56 tree species in the northwestern US.

We asked two questions: (1) How does functional neighbourhood dissimilarity vary with environmental gradients? and (2) How do demographic rates of tree species in the northwestern United States vary with the interactive effects of environmental gradients and functional neighbourhood? We expected functional neighbourhoods to become more similar as environmental stress increased, due to a convergence of species towards an optimum stress tolerance strategy. We also predicted the interactive effects of abiotic and biotic factors on tree demography and high variation in species‐specific responses to these interactive effects due to divergent species life history strategies.

Functional neighbourhoods defined by dissimilarities in stem conductivity, litter decomposition, resprouting ability and specific leaf area changed with climate, shifting to more diverse neighbourhoods as climatic moisture deficit and wildfire probability increased. Results supported interactive effects of the functional neighbourhood and climatic moisture deficit or wildfire probability on tree demography, but only when the identity of dominant species was considered. Species‐specific responses were highly variable in their direction and magnitude and often demonstrated opposing effects of climate and the functional neighbourhood and climatic moisture deficit on tree demography.

Synthesis. Our findings show that climate and tree neighbourhood functional dissimilarity jointly impact tree demography; however, the effects are species‐specific. Results of this study highlight the need to consider the interactive effects of abiotic and biotic contexts and individual species responses to their environment to adequately understand tree persistence under current and future climate conditions.
To be or not to be compliant? Hospitals' initial strategic responses to the federal price transparency rule
Authors: Mittler Jessica N. , Abraham Jean M. , Robbins Julie , Song Paula H. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo understand US hospitals' initial strategic responses to the federal price transparency rule that took effect January 2021.Data Sources and Study SettingPrimary interview data collected from 12 not‐for‐profit hospital organizations in six US metropolitan markets. All but one organization were multihospital systems; the 12 organizations represent a total of 81 hospitals.Study DesignExploratory, cross‐sectional, qualitative interview study of a convenience sample of hospital organizations across six geographically and compliance diverse markets.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsIn‐depth, semi‐structured, qualitative interviews with 16 key informants across sampled organizations between November 2021 and March 2022. Interviews solicited data about internal organizational factors and external market factors affecting strategic responses. Transcribed interviews were de‐identified, coded, and analyzed using the constant comparative method.Principal FindingsHospitals' strategic responses were influenced internally by the degree of the regulation's alignment with organizational values and goals, and task complexity vis‐a‐vis available resources. We found extensive variation in organizational capabilities to comply, and all but one organization relied on consultants and vendors to some degree. Key external factors driving strategic responses were hospitals' variable perceptions about how available price information would affect their competitive position, bottom line, and reputation. Organizations with more confidence in their interpretation of the environment, including how peers or purchasers would behave, and greater clarity in their own organization's position and goals, had more definitive initial strategic responses. In the first year, organizations' strategic responses skewed toward compliance, especially for the rule's consumer shopping requirements.ConclusionsA deeper understanding of the realities of operationalizing price transparency policy for hospitals is needed to improve its impact.