bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reawakening Malthus: Empirical support for the Smail scenario
Authors: McKee Jeffrey K. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractEditor's Note:In the November issue of the Journal, Kenneth Smail presented the third and final part of his series on Malthus and human population growth. Here, Jeffrey McKee offers additional thoughts on population and its impact on biodiversity and extinction history. Am J Phys Anthropol 122: 371–374, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Palynological evidence for late Holocene environmental change on the Gimhae fluvial plain, Southern Korean peninsula: Reconstructing the rise and fall of Golden Crown Gaya State
Authors: Yi Sangheon , Saito Yoshiki 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis paper presents the results of detailed studies of palynomorphs recovered from two cores collected near the Yeanri burial mound on the Gimhae fluvial plain. Two local pollen zones were recognized on the basis of variations in the palynofloral assemblage: a lower Pollen Zone I, dominated by a Pinus‐Quercus assemblage, and an upper Pollen Zone II, dominated by a Pinus‐Quercus‐Gramineae assemblage. The palynological and molluscan analyses indicate that the depositional environments changed from a lower intertidal flat of a shallow bay environment to an upper intertidal flat in a shallow bay (before 1280 ± 110 14C yr B.P.), and finally to a fluvial plain similar to that of today. This environmental change may have resulted from uplift along the Yangsan Fault. Afterward, the exposed area was modified by human activities, as indicated by a sudden increase in grassland herbaceous pollen grains. The loss of this bay likely had a dramatic effect on the Golden Crown Gaya State (3rd–7th centuries A.D.), which used it as a major port for regional trade, and may explain why it eventually merged with the Shilla State. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“The probable industrial origin of archaeological daub at an Iron Age site in northeast Thailand” (Parr and Boyd, 2002): A comment on the inappropriate application of geophysical and geochemical techniques to an archaeological question
Authors: Cotter Maria , Cotter Stephen 
Published: November 2003

AbstractParr and Boyd (2002) used colorimetric analysis in combination with geophysical and geochemical techniques to estimate firing temperatures for archaeological daub from an Iron Age site in Thailand. They suggest that the daub was fired at high temperatures and, therefore, is indicative of kiln utilization and increased industrialization during that period in Thailand. They argue that the adoption of a multimethod analytical approach in which the combination of data derived from ICP‐MS, X‐ray diffraction, and magnetic susceptibility analyses of daub samples, coupled with microscopic and macroscopic examination of samples, enhances the accuracy of their interpretations. While they should be commended for attempting to substantiate their claims using many geophysical and geochemical techniques, their arguments are flawed by the misapplication of the techniques described and/or over‐interpretation of the data generated by such techniques. Therefore, Parr and Boyd's (2002:285) point about methodology (“that the combined interpretation of independent measures provides a better estimate of the original firing temperatures of the archaeological material than has hitherto been possible”) is made redundant by the lack of scientific rigor applied to the independent measures used for this study. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in the fluvial system of the Kondoa Irangi Hills, central Tanzania, since 1960
Authors: Eriksson Mats , Reuterswärd Karin , Christiansson Carl 
Published: November 2003

AbstractUsing evidence from aerial photographs, supported by field checks, changes in the fluvial systems of three catchments in the Kondoa Irangi Hills, Kondoa District, central Tanzania were mapped. This area is known for its severely eroded landscape and, today, also for the drastic measures introduced to deal with the soil erosion problem. In the early stages these included mechanical construction of contour bunds, but later emphasis was placed on tree planting and planting of elephant grass on sand fans and dry, sandy riverbeds. Restrictions were introduced on clearing land for cultivation and on felling of trees for construction material and fuel wood. The most dramatic conservation measure was the eviction, in 1979, of all livestock from 19 villages to halt the severe overgrazing.Since the different conservation measures have now been in effect for more than 20 years, their impact can be assessed. The sand rivers, conspicuous features of the study area, have in many places decreased in width. Their total surface area in the three catchments decreased by about two‐thirds between 1960 and 1987. Previously unvegetated sand fans have been converted to crop production. Natural vegetation is now establishing itself on formerly barren areas. However, the badlands, which cover some 25% of the study area and which take a very long time to recover, still seem to be relatively unaffected by the conservation efforts, although they decreased in extent by about 10% between 1960 and 1987. In the present report, the biophysical landscape changes and their implications for the drainage system in parts of the Kondoa Irangi Hills are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erosion and sedimentation on the Russian Plain, II: the history of erosion and sedimentation during the period of intensive agriculture
Authors: Sidorchuk A. Yu. , Golosov V. N. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe processes of sheet, rill and gully erosion on the slopes of the Russian Plain are controlled by the same factors as elsewhere: cover, erodibility, erosivity and landform. The combination of land‐use history and variations in these bio‐physical factors produced a history of erosion that is unique to this area. The most eroded soils occur in the Non‐Black Earth area, especially where there are soddy‐podzolic soils. Over the entire Russian Plain, 99 × 109 m3 of soil have been lost from the slopes since AD 1696. On the arable land, a layer <10 cm thick has been lost from 82% of the area, a layer 10–20 cm thick has been removed from 11% of the area, and on about 1% of the area >40 cm has been eroded. About 2 × 106 gullies more than 300 m in length have formed during the last 300 years, mobilizing about 4 × 109 m3 of sediment. About 97% of this vast amount of soil has been redeposited on the plain rather than transported to the oceans. The effect of the sediment on stream channels has been greatest in the headwaters, where large numbers of low‐order channels have been completely infilled. Up to 5·6 m of sediment has accumulated in some of these small valleys. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship of mother–child interaction and the child's development of symbolic play
Authors: Noll Lisa M. , Harding Carol Gibb 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe extent to which the mother–child interactive relationship either promotes or limits a child's ability to see options or choices in the environment was investigated. It was predicted that this quality of interaction provided primarily by the mother would relate to the child's cognitive development as reflected in his or her level of symbolic play. The level and frequency of symbolic and nonsymbolic play in 30 children, ages 12 to 47 months, were coded and mothers' options‐promoting and options‐limiting behaviors were identified. Children, across this range of ages, whose mothers created an options‐promoting social context were observed engaging in more symbolic play. Nonsymbolic play, however, was not found to be significantly influenced by the mother's interactive style. A child's symbolic play marks a dynamic developmental achievement for the child, and appears to be related to the social context created by the mother's interactive style. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Predicting adult responses to infant distress: Adult characteristics associated with perceptions, emotional reactions, and timing of intervention
Authors: Zeifman Debra M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis study examined adult characteristics associated with different responses to infant distress. One hundred eighty‐eight parents viewed four 20‐second segments of videotape in which a 4‐week‐old infant was either (a) fussing mildly, (b) fussing vigorously, (c) crying, or (d) crying vigorously. Participants rated their emotional reactions and perception of cry characteristics following each segment. Participants then viewed a 4‐minute videotape depicting the same infant progressing from calm to vigorous crying, and indicated when they would intervene to pick up the infant. Relatively high levels of empathy and extraversion and low levels of conscientiousness were associated with more sensitive responses to infant distress. Infant‐rearing attitudes had a strong impact on response patterns as well, suggesting that education may be an effective means of increasing parental sensitivity. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Imbalances in the knowledge about infancy: The divide between rich and poor countries
Authors: Tomlinson Mark , Swartz Leslie 
Published: November 2003

AbstractOver 90% of the world's infants are born in low‐income or “developing” countries, and these countries bear a disproportionate burden in terms of health and social problems. In this article we compare the contributions of richer and poorer countries to knowledge about infancy. We surveyed articles on infancy from 12 international journals dealing with psychological aspects of childhood and infancy and found that 94% of articles surveyed were written from Europe or North America. We suggest that the imbalance in knowledge about infancy is serious and that efforts must be made to increase collaborative research between poor and rich countries. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Prevalence of antiphospholipid and antiplatelet antibodies in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected Chilean patients
Authors: Palomo Iván , Alarcón Marcelo , Sepulveda Cecilia , Pereira Jaime , Espinola Ricardo , Pierangeli Silvia 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAntiphospholipid (aPL) and antiplatelet (aPlt) antibodies, found in patients with autoimmune diseases, are also detected in infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of these antibodies in HIV patients and to evaluate an association of these antibodies with thrombocytopenia and/or thrombosis. Sixty‐three HIV‐seropositive patients and 52 normal controls were studied. Anti‐cardiolipin (aCL), anti‐β2 glycoprotein I (anti‐β2GPI), and antiprothrombin (aPT) antibodies were determined and the lupus anticoagulant (LA) test was performed. Antiplatelet antibodies (aPlt) were also determined. Seven out of 63 (12.7%) HIV patients were positive for aCL, four of 63 (6.3%) for anti‐β2GPI, and five of 63 (7.9%) for aPT. No patients studied were LA positive. Six out of 63 (9.5%) patients were positive for aPlt. One of them showed weak reactivity for GPIb‐IX. The platelet count of patients (202±63×103 platelets/μL) was significantly lower than in the controls (343±6×103 platelets/μL) (P<0.001). There was no correlation between the presence of aPL and/or aPlt and thrombocytopenia. Of the HIV‐infected patients, 22.2% presented aPL and 9.4% aPlt antibodies. In this study, the presence of aPL and aPlt antibodies was not associated with the development of thrombosis and/or thrombocytopenia. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:209–215, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Latex agglutination test for ferritin measurement
Authors: Kotajima Nobuo , Ishizaka Miki , Oshitani Setsuko , Fukumura Yukihito , Ushijima Yoshio , Murakami Masami 
Published: November 2003

AbstractFerritin is an indispensable parameter in the diagnosis of latent iron deficiency anemia or siderosis. In this study, we evaluated the utility of a reagent for ferritin measurement in a latex agglutination (LA) test, using general chemistry analyzers. The intraassay coefficient of variation (CV) was 0.8–3.4% and the interassay CV was 0.0–0.7%. Linearity was observed up to 1,100 ng/mL. The effective sensitivity value was 4.0 ng/mL. In addition, good results were obtained with the prozone test, the effects of interferences, correlation with the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method, and functional assay sensitivity. A significant positive correlation with C‐reactive protein (r=0.586, P<0.001) was found. When compared with liver‐related biochemical parameters (asparate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)) in patients with impaired liver function, ferritin varied in parallel with the liver‐related parameters. This assay system was able to measure ferritin accurately over a wide range, and thus could be used to diagnose cancer, siderosis, and iron deficiency anemia. The LA assay system can be employed for measurement with general chemistry analyzers, with rapid and convenient execution. In addition, the LA test allows the simultaneous measurement of other markers of iron deficiency anemia, so clinicians can rapidly obtain examination results. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:223–228, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semen analysis in laboratory practice: An overview of routine tests
Authors: Andrade‐Rocha Fernando Tadeu 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSemen analysis is a basic step in the investigation of several disturbances affecting the male genital tract. Analysis of seminal parameters provides important clinical information on the spermatogenesis and functional competence of spermatozoa, as well as on the secretory pattern of the accessory genital glands. Semen analysis is particularly useful in the evaluation of couples requiring fertility investigation (to detect genital infections and pathologies) and in verifying the influence of environmental factors, drugs, lifestyle, chemical products, and professional activities on several diseases affecting male reproductive health. Measure of semen quality is of substantial interest for diagnoses in clinical urology, andrology, and gynecology. Currently, basic requirements for semen analysis are standardized by World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines that describe several procedures for an objective evaluation of the semen quality with diagnostic purposes. These guidelines include: parameters for the physical and biochemical evaluation of semen; parameters for the analysis of sperm characteristics; and other seminal parameters that can be easily adopted in any laboratory. This report summarizes current concepts on semen analysis and the significance of the seminal parameters for reaching a diagnosis based on the procedures recommended by WHO guidelines. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:247–258, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stellenwert der ACE‐Hemmer in der kardiovaskulären Prävention: Neue Perspektiven bei atherosklerotischen Risikopatienten
Authors: Landgraf Wolfgang , Klein Hermann H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn der HOPE‐Studie konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass der ACE‐Hemmer Ramipril schwere ischämische Ereignisse bei Patienten ohne linksventrikuläre Dysfunktion, Herzinsuffizienz oder Hypertonie verhindert und zu einer deutlichen Prognoseverbesserung führt. Viele Befunde sprechen dafür, dass durch ACE‐Hemmung eine vasoprotektive Wirkung erzielt wird, die unabhängig von blutdrucksenkenden Effekten eintritt. Ein wichtiger Angriffspunkt liegt dabei vermutlich in der lokalen ACE‐Hemmung des vaskulären RAS. Insbesondere das in atherosklerotischen Plaques aktivierte ACE der Schaumzellen kannt vermutlich durch höhere ACE‐Hemmerdosen blockiert werden, wodurch wichtige, durch Angiotensin‐II‐vermittelte atherogene und proinflammatorische Prozesse, die letztlich zu Plaque‐Ruptur und Thrombosebildung führen, unterdrückt werden. Auch der gleichzeitig verminderte Abbau des gefäßprotektiven Bradykinins dürfte eine wichtige antiatherogene Wirkkomponente darstellen. Es erscheint daher plausibel, dass Ramipril bzw. ACE‐Hemmer durch Hemmung dieser atherogenen Prozesse im atherosklerotischen Plaque zur Stabilisierung und Wachstumshemmung von Plaques wie auch zu einer verminderten Thromboseneigung beitragen und damit das Risiko für vaskuläre bzw. ischämische Ereignisse reduzieren.Ramipril stellt den ersten Vertreter der ACE‐Hemmer dar, der weltweit für die kardiovaskuläre Präventionstherapie bei atherosklerotischen Risikopatienten mit koronarer Herzerkrankung, Diabetes mellitus, pAVK oder Schlaganfall in der Anamnese zugelassen ist. Nach Abschluss der derzeit noch laufenden Studien PEACE, EUROPA und IMAGINE wird sich zeigen, ob der mit Ramipril erreichbare therapeutische Nutzen bei Patienten mit hohem Risiko für atherothrombotische kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse auch mit anderen ACE‐Hemmer erzielt werden kann.
Patterns and correlates of substance use amongst juvenile detainees in New South Wales 1989–99
Authors: COPELAND JAN , HOWARD JOHN , KEOGH TIM , SEIDLER KATIE 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn the decade 1989–99 there have been significant changes in the patterns of substance use in the Australian community. Juvenile offenders have been a sentinel population of these emerging trends. The social and personal costs associated with adolescent substance use, especially where it leads to increased criminal offending requires urgent attention. This study was a replication of the 1989 and 1994 surveys of young people in detention in New South Wales, Australia. The 300 voluntary participants from nine detention centres had a similar demographic profile to participants of the previous surveys. They were predominantly male (90%) with a mean age of 16.5 years and an over‐representation of Aboriginal and Torres Straits Islander peoples. The patterns of lifetime alcohol and tobacco use were stable over the decade, with particular increases in amphetamine, opioid and cocaine use since 1994. The more concerning pattern of at least weekly substance use revealed significant increases in cannabis, opioid and cocaine use since 1994, but a significant decrease in the frequent use of alcohol. This study also reports on high levels of negative health and psychosocial consequences of substance use, including overdose, among this group. High levels of self‐reported depression and suicidal behaviours, family and gender issues are also discussed. Encouragingly, there was a relatively high level of self‐recognized treatment need for substance use and mental health problems among the sample. This highlights further the growing need for the development and dissemination of novel interventions that harness this willingness and actively engage, motivate and maintain these young people in accessible, appropriate and effective interventions.
Prevalence of hazardous—harmful drinking in a southern Thai community
Authors: ASSANANGKORNCHAIMD SAWITRI , PINKAEW PATTAREE , APAKUPAKUL NUALTA 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and characteristics of hazardous –harmful drinkers in a Thai community population using a cross‐sectional survey in two urban and five rural areas in Southern Thailand. Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 1005 subjects, aged ≥ 35, at the community centres to collect data on demographic characteristics and smoking and drinking patterns. The Alcohol Use Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to classify the subjects into three groups: hazardous—harmful drinkers (AUDIT ≥ 8), non‐problem drinkers (AUDIT=1–7) and non‐drinkers (AUDIT=0). Blood samples were drawn from 200 randomly selected subjects to determine the gamma glutamyltransferease (GGT) level. The analysis was performed on 898 respondents, 325 males and 573 females. Age‐adjusted prevalence of hazardous — harmful drinkers was 10% (27% in males and 1% in females). Adjusted for other variables, men were seven times (95% CI = 4.2–11.5) more likely to be non‐problem drinkers and 42 times (95% CI = 18.1–99.0) more likely to be hazardous — harmful drinkers than women. Median intensity of drinking was 43 g and 25 g per drinking day in the hazardous — harmful and non‐problem drinkers, respectively. Of all the subjects, 48%, 25% and 15% of the hazardous — harmful, non‐problem and non‐drinkers had abnormal GGT. Hazardous — harmful drinking is a prevalent problem in male general population in Thailand.
A review of psychosocial interventions for amphetamine use
Authors: BAKER AMANDA , LEE NICOLE K. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThere are clear signs that amphetamine use is increasing in Australia and internationally, yet there are few services that offer amphetamine‐specific interventions. This review examines the evidence for the use of psychosocial interventions for amphetamine users. The literature is very limited in the number of well‐conducted, controlled studies, but the evidence available suggests that cognitive‐behavioural therapy appears to be current best practice. Motivational interviewing has been recommended as a strategy to assist those ambivalent for treatment. There is also some evidence that contingency management is effective while clients are in treatment. The effectiveness of other types of intervention is not well supported. The literature is particularly hindered by a paucity of well‐conducted studies among primary amphetamine users. Recommendations about appropriate interventions for use in clinical settings are offered and directions for future research are considered.
Halothane, Isoflurane, Xenon, and Nitrous Oxide Inhibit Calcium ATPase Pump Activity in Rat Brain Synaptic Plasma Membranes
Authors: Franks John J. , Horn Jean-Louis , Janicki Piotr K. , Singh Gurkeerat 
Published: November 2003

Background
Perturbation of neuronal calcium homeostasis may alter neurotransmission in the brain, a phenomenon postulated to characterize the anesthetic state. Because of the central role of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) in maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis, the authors examined the effect of several inhalational anesthetics on PMCA function in synaptic plasma membranes (SPM) prepared from rat brain.

Methods
Ca(2+)-ATPase pumping activity was assessed by measurement of ATP-dependent uptake of Ca2+ by SPM vesicles. ATPase hydrolytic activity was assessed by spectrophotometric measurement of inorganic phosphate (Pi) released from ATP. For studies of anesthetic effects on PMCA activity, Ca2+ uptake or Pi release was measured in SPM exposed to halothane, isoflurane, xenon, and nitrous oxide at partial pressures ranging from 0 to 1.6 MAC equivalents. Halothane and isoflurane exposures were carried out under a gassing hood. For xenon and nitrous oxide exposures, samples were incubated in a pressure chamber at total pressures sufficient to provide anesthetizing partial pressures for each agent.

Results
Dose-related inhibition of Ca(2+)-ATPase pumping activity was observed in SPM exposed to increasing concentrations of halothane and isoflurane, confirmed by ANOVA and multiple comparison testing (P < 0.05). Concentrations of halothane and isoflurane equivalent to one minimum effective dose (MED) depressed PMCA pumping approximately 30%. Xenon and nitrous oxide also inhibited Ca2+ uptake by SPM vesicles. At partial pressures of these two gases equivalent to 1.3 MAC, PMCA was inhibited approximately 20%. Hydrolysis of ATP by SPM fractions was also inhibited in a dose-related fashion. An additive effect occurred when 1 vol% of halothane was added to xenon or nitrous oxide at partial pressures equivalent to 0-1.6 MAC for the latter two agents.

Conclusions
Plasma membranes Ca(2+)-ATPase is significantly inhibited, in a dose-related manner, by clinically relevant partial pressures of halothane, isoflurane, xenon, and nitrous oxide. Furthermore, these anesthetics inhibit PMCA activity in accordance with their known potencies, and an additive effect was observed. How inhalational anesthetics inhibit the PMCA pump is not known at this time. It is noteworthy that the only shared characteristic of this group of agents of widely different structure is anesthetic action. The relevance of this dual commonality, anesthetic action and PMCA inhibition, to actual production of the anesthetic state remains to be determined.