bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plastic bronchitis: a case report
Authors: DiCindio Sabina , Theroux Mary , Costarino Andrew T. , Cook Steven , O'Reilly Robert 
Published: May 2004

SummaryWe report a case of perioperative management of a toddler with plastic bronchitis complicated by tracheal obstruction. We discuss our management of this case as well as the diverse group of patients who may present with this disease. We also reviewed the literature regarding medical management of cast bronchitis.
Current patterns of propofol use in PICU in the United Kingdom and North America
Authors: Playfor Stephen D. , Venkatesh K. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryBackground : Our aim was to investigate the current patterns of propofol use in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in the UK and North America.Methods : An electronic questionnaire was sent to all PICUs in the UK and those units offering PICU training fellowships in the USA and Canada.Results : We received responses from 15 UK units (75%) and 33 units in North America (52%). Of units who responded, 47% of UK units used propofol for ongoing sedation, compared with 61% of North American units. Units tended to use propofol in defined clinical circumstances, in limited doses, in older children and for relatively short periods. Propofol was used for sedation during procedures in 100% of units although 35% of UK units said that they would use it less frequently in this setting than in the past. Only 18% of North American Units reported that they would be less likely to use propofol for procedures than in the past.Conclusions : Despite clear guidance from the UK Committee on Safety of Medicines, propofol was still used for ongoing sedation in 47% of UK PICUs responding to our questionnaire. Reasons for this include the utility of the agent and its licensing for use in maintaining anesthesia in children over 3 years, but not for sedation in PICU in similar doses, for similar periods, in the same group of children.
The relative lengths of individual telomeres are defined in the zygote and strictly maintained during life
Authors: Graakjaer Jesper , Pascoe Leigh , Der‐Sarkissian Héra , Thomas Gilles , Kolvraa Steen , Christensen Kaare , Londoño‐Vallejo José‐Arturo 
Published: May 2004

SummaryPrevious studies have indicated that average telomere length is partly inherited (Slagboom et al., 1994; Rufer et al., 1999) and that there is an inherited telomere pattern in each cell (Graakjaer et al., 2003); (Londoño‐Vallejo et al., 2001). In this study, we quantify the importance of the initially inherited telomere lengths within cells, in relation to other factors that influence telomere length during life. We have estimated the inheritance by measuring telomere length in monozygotic (MZ) twins using Q‐FISH with a telomere specific peptide nucleic acid (PNA)‐probe. Homologous chromosomes were identified using subtelomeric polymorphic markers. We found that identical homologous telomeres from two aged MZ twins show significantly less differences in relative telomere length than when comparing the two homologues within one individual. This result means that towards the end of life, individual telomeres retain the characteristic relative length they had at the outset of life and that any length alteration during the lifespan impacts equally on genetically identical homologues. As the result applies across independent individuals, we conclude that, at least in lymphocytes, epigenetic/environmental effects on relative telomere length are relatively minor during life.
Microarray analysis of gene expression with age in individual nematodes
Authors: Golden Tamara R. , Melov Simon 
Published: May 2004

SummaryWe compare the aging of wild‐type and long‐lived C. elegans by gene expression profiling of individual nematodes. Using a custom cDNA array, we have characterized the gene expression of 4–5 individuals at 4 distinct ages throughout the adult lifespan of wild‐type N2 nematodes, and at the same ages for individuals of the long‐lived strain daf‐2(e1370). Using statistical tools developed for microarray data analysis, we identify genes that differentiate aging N2 from aging daf‐2, as well as classes of genes that change with age in a similar way in both genotypes. Our novel approach of studying individual nematodes provides practical advantages, since it obviates the use of mutants or drugs to block reproduction, as well as the use of stressful mass‐culturing procedures, that have been required for previous microarray studies of C. elegans. In addition, this approach has the potential to uncover the molecular variability between individuals of a population, variation that is missed when studying pools of thousands of individuals.
Demographic window to aging in the wild: constructing life tables and estimating survival functions from marked individuals of unknown age
Authors: Müller Hans‐Georg , Wang Jane‐Ling , Carey James R. , Caswell‐Chen Edward P. , Chen Carl , Papadopoulos Nikos , Yao Fang 
Published: May 2004

SummaryWe address the problem of establishing a survival schedule for wild populations. A demographic key identity is established, leading to a method whereby age‐specific survival and mortality can be deduced from a marked cohort life table established for individuals that are randomly sampled at unknown age and marked, with subsequent recording of time‐to‐death. This identity permits the construction of life tables from data where the birth date of subjects is unknown. An analogous key identity is established for the continuous case in which the survival schedule of the wild population is related to the density of the survival distribution in the marked cohort. These identities are explored for both life tables and continuous lifetime data. For the continuous case, they are implemented with statistical methods using non‐parametric density estimation methods to obtain flexible estimates for the unknown survival distribution of the wild population. The analytical model provided here serves as a starting point to develop more complex models for residual demography, i.e. models for estimating survival of wild populations in which age‐at‐entry is unknown and using remaining information in randomly encountered individuals. This is a first step towards a broad new concept of ‘expressed demographic information content of marked or captured individuals’.
Uncoupled and surviving: individual mice with high metabolism have greater mitochondrial uncoupling and live longer
Authors: Speakman John R. , Talbot Darren A. , Selman Colin , Snart Sam , McLaren Jane S. , Redman Paula , Krol Ela , Jackson Diane M. , Johnson Maria S. , Brand Martin D. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryTwo theories of how energy metabolism should be associated with longevity, both mediated via free‐radical production, make completely contrary predictions. The ‘rate of living‐free‐radical theory’ (Pearl, 1928;Harman, 1956;Sohal, 2002) suggests a negative association, the ‘uncoupling to survive’ hypothesis (Brand, 2000) suggests the correlation should be positive. Existing empirical data on this issue is contradictory and extremely confused (Rubner, 1908;Yan & Sohal, 2000;Ragland & Sohal, 1975;Daanet al., 1996;Wolf & Schmid‐Hempel, 1989]. We sought associations between longevity and individual variations in energy metabolism in a cohort of outbred mice. We found a positive association between metabolic intensity (kJ daily food assimilation expressed as g/body mass) and lifespan, but no relationships of lifespan to body mass, fat mass or lean body mass. Mice in the upper quartile of metabolic intensities had greater resting oxygen consumption by 17% and lived 36% longer than mice in the lowest intensity quartile. Mitochondria isolated from the skeletal muscle of mice in the upper quartile had higher proton conductance than mitochondria from mice from the lowest quartile. The higher conductance was caused by higher levels of endogenous activators of proton leak through the adenine nucleotide translocase and uncoupling protein‐3. Individuals with high metabolism were therefore more uncoupled, had greater resting and total daily energy expenditures and survived longest – supporting the ‘uncoupling to survive’ hypothesis.
Environment‐dependent survival of Drosophila melanogaster: a quantitative genetic analysis
Authors: Wang Mei‐Hui , Lazebny Oleg , Harshman Lawrence G. , Nuzhdin Sergey V. 
Published: May 2004

SummarySurvival under starvation conditions was investigated in relationship to survival when food was present because these traits could be linked by evolutionary history. Recombinant inbred lines derived from natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster were used to test genetic correlations and architecture of these survival traits. Sexes were genetically correlated within traits and there was significant correlation between survival traits. A number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were present for starvation survival and/or survival on food. In general, the QTL effects were consistent for sexes and environments. QTL effects were found on each major chromosome, but the major effects were largely localized on the second chromosome. Importantly, the ‘four‐allele’ progenitor of the recombinant inbred lines used in the present study allowed the sign and magnitude of effects to be assigned to linkage groups. One such linkage group on the second chromosome conferred starvation resistance and longevity, supporting the hypothesis of an association between starvation resistance and lifespan.
The Orthotic Effect of Functional Electrical Stimulation on the Improvement of Walking in Stroke Patients with a Dropped Foot: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kottink Anke I.R. , Oostendorp Linda J.M. , Buurke Jacob H. , Nene Anand V. , Hermens Hermanus J. , IJzerman Maarten J. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  Objective  Analysis of the available evidence on the improvement of walking in stroke patients with a dropped foot when using peroneus stimulation.Methods  A systematic review was performed to identify trials that investigated the orthotic effect of functional electrical stimulation (FES) on walking in stroke patients with a dropped foot. Two independent raters scored the methodological quality of the included articles. Walking speed and physiological cost index (PCI) were selected as the primary outcome measures. Studies that measured walking speed were pooled and a pooled difference including confidence interval was calculated.Results  Eight studies were included in the review, of which one was a randomized controlled trial. Methodological score ranged from 8 to 18 out of 19. Six studies measured walking speed. The pooled improvement in walking speed was 0.13 m/s (0.07–0.2) or 38% (22.18–53.8).Conclusions  The present review suggests a positive orthotic effect of functional electrical stimulation on walking speed.
Household Food Insecurity Among Urban Poor in Thailand
Authors: Piaseu Noppawan , Mitchell Pamela 
Published: May 2004

Purpose:

To assess perceptions of food insecurity (FI), socioeconomic change, and health among urban poor households in Thailand. Research questions were: (a) what are the experiences of food insecurity among households living in slum areas? and (b) what are the socioeconomic conditions, basic needs, food‐related behaviors, and perceptions of health that have changed in this group since the 1997 economic recession?
Methods:

A cross‐sectional descriptive survey was conducted to identify experiences of FI and perceptions of health in households living in slum areas. Questionnaires on food security, health, and nutritional assessment, including 3‐day dietary records, and anthropometric measurements, were collected from 199 female food providers of households.
Findings:

Only 44.2% of the households reported food security, and 39.2%, 13.6%, and 3% reported FI without hunger, FI with moderate hunger, and FI with severe hunger, respectively. Overall, households reported lower income and worse health and life satisfaction as a result of the economic recession. In addition, a decrease in income led to difficulty meeting their basic needs, such as access to health service and food provision.
Conclusions:

FI was prevalent and the reported experiences of those with FI indicate areas for improvement of health policy for urban poor families. The results of the study are constructive for developing health programs to empower the urban poor and contribute to health promotion of food security in Thailand.
Stigma in HIV‐Positive Women
Authors: Sandelowski Margarete , Lambe Camille , Barroso Julie 
Published: May 2004

Purpose:

To present a metasynthesis of qualitative findings on stigma in HIV‐positive women.
Method:

Metasummary and metasynthesis techniques were used to integrate findings on stigma in 93 reports of qualitative studies conducted between 1991 and 2002 with a total of 1,780 women, mostly from minority groups.
Findings:

Both perceived and enacted stigma were pervasive in the lives of HIV‐positive women. HIV‐related stigma was intensified in women because they were women. Stigma management largely involved efforts to control information in the service of preserving social relations and maintaining moral identity.
Discussion:

This metasynthesis reprises and clarifies the connections between recurring themes in primary quantitative studies and metastudies of HIV‐positive people and of stigmatizing diseases and conditions. This work also shows how affected people's location on key axes of difference can both facilitate and complicate efforts to manage stigma.
Conclusions:

HIV‐positive women experience stigmatization in relationships with others. HIV‐related stigma is as much a reflection of these others as it is central to the experience of HIV‐positive people themselves. Even those not infected with HIV are still affected by it and are thus appropriate targets for interventions to reduce its negative effects.
Experiences of Detained Young Offenders in Need of Mental Health Care
Authors: Shelton Deborah 
Published: May 2004

Purpose:

To explore the experiences of young people detained in the juvenile justice system and in need of mental health services.
Methods:

An ethnomethodological analysis was done using Kleinman's Explanatory Model Interview Guide to explore the perceptions of detained young people in need of mental health treatment.
Findings:

Five themes were extracted from focus groups, indicating lack of control in their lives and lack of family and community support. Although participants expressed feelings of hopelessness and depression, they perceived that it was better to be tough than to be sick.
Conclusions:

The findings indicate the need for multimodal treatment interventions to sequentially address the multiple internal and external factors contributing to persistent problem behaviors in children.
Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Health in Adult Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Wynd Christine A. , Murrock Carolyn J. , Zeller Richard A. 
Published: May 2004

Purpose:

To describe relationships among cardiovascular health indicators and health‐promoting behaviors in adult monozygotic (MZ) twins.
Design:

The descriptive, correlational design with a convenience sample of adult twins (77 twin pairs, or N=154) obtained during a public conference held in the Midwestern United States.
Methods:

Bivariate correlational analyses with twins as their own controls and with each twin pair. This double‐entry approach allowed for the creation of a symmetrical scatterplot of twin characteristics and accounted for the genuine effects of outliers. Relationships were examined among cardiovascular health indicators (systolic and diastolic blood pressures, body mass indices, serum lipids) and health‐promoting behaviors.
Findings:

Thirteen intermeasure correlations for cardiovascular indicators were significant, and 74% of the variance in the cardiovascular health indicators was shared within each twin pair, thus indicating evidence of common behavioral and genetic influences.
Conclusions:

Both behavioral and genetic factors contributed to cardiovascular health in adult MZ twins who shared close familial and environmental ties. This finding is consistent with previous literature identifying behavioral and genetic effects on the development of cardiovascular disease.
Effects of Cultural Sensitivity Training on Health Care Provider Attitudes and Patient Outcomes
Authors: Majumdar Basanti , Browne Gina , Roberts Jacqueline , Carpio Barbara 
Published: May 2004

Purpose:

To determine the effectiveness of cultural sensitivity training on the knowledge and attitudes of health care providers, and to assess the satisfaction and health outcomes of patients from different minority groups with health care providers who received training.
Design:

In this randomised controlled trial, 114 health care providers (nurses and homecare workers) and 133 patients (from two community agencies and one hospital) were randomly assigned to experimental (training) and control groups, and were followed for 18 months.
Methods:

Providers completed the Cultural Awareness Questionnaire and the Dogmatism Scale. Patients completed the Off‐Axis‐Ratio (OAR) Multidimensional Measure of Functional Capacity, the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire, the Physical and Mental Health Assessment Questionnaire, and the Health and Social Services Utilization Questionnaire. A qualitative analysis was conducted to identify and analyse themes from personal journals kept by participating nurses.
Findings:

Cultural sensitivity training resulted in increased open‐mindedness and cultural awareness, improved understanding of multiculturalism, and ability to communicate with minority people. After 1 year patients of mostly European and British origin, who received care from trained providers, showed improvement in utilizing social resources and overall functional capacity without an increase in health care expenditures.
Conclusions:

The results of this study indicate that a cultural sensitivity training program not only improved knowledge and attitudes among health care providers, but it also yielded positive health outcomes for their patients.
Incentives for Children in Research
Authors: Rice Marti , Broome Marion E. 
Published: May 2004

Purpose:

To describe the challenges of using incentives for children in research.
Organizing Framework:

A discussion of incentives in the context of recruitment for research, including a review of the literature, a description of the types of incentives used with children and their families, factors influencing choice of incentives and ethical considerations. Recommendations to guide decisions about incentives are proposed.
Conclusions:

Since the 1997 mandate from the U.S. National Institutes of Health that investigators provide justification for excluding children, researchers have become more willing to include children. Whether all parts of the research process pertain to children without careful consideration and adaptation is unclear. One area lacking clarity is the use of incentives to encourage participation in research. The issue of incentives for children or parents should be considered early in the design of the research proposal, with attention to developmental age, ethical considerations, purpose of the research, and burden to the child and family.
Predominant Outer Membrane Antigens of
Bartonella henselae
Authors: Chenoweth Matthew R. , Greene Craig E. , Krause Duncan C. , Gherardini Frank C. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

A hallmark of
Bartonella henselae
is persistent bacteremia in cats despite the presence of a vigorous host immune response. To understand better the long-term survival of
B. henselae
in cats, we examined the feline humoral immune response to
B. henselae
outer membrane (OM) proteins in naturally and experimentally infected cats. Initially, a panel of sera (
n
= 42) collected throughout North America from naturally infected cats was used to probe
B. henselae
total membranes to detect commonly recognized antigens. Twelve antigens reacted with sera from at least 85% of cats, and five were recognized by sera from all cats. To localize these antigens further, OMs were purified on discontinuous sucrose density step gradients. Each membrane fraction (OM, hybrid or inner membrane [IM]) contained less than 1% of the total malate dehydrogenase activity (soluble marker), indicating very little contamination by cytoplasmic proteins. FtsI, an integral IM cell division protein, was used to identify the low-density fraction (ρ = 1.13 g/cm
3
) as putative IM (<5% of the total FtsI localized to the high-density fraction) while lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Pap31, a homolog of the
Bartonella quintana
heme-binding protein A (HbpA), defined the high-density fraction (ρ = 1.20 g/cm
3
) as putative OM. Additionally, little evidence of cross-contamination between the IM and OM was evident by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. When purified OMs were probed with feline sera, antigenic proteins profiles were very similar to those observed with total membranes, indicating that many, but not all, of the immunoreactive proteins detected in the initial immunoblots were OM components. Interestingly, two-dimensional immunoblots indicated that
B. henselae
LPS and members of the Hbp family of proteins did not appear to stimulate an humoral response in any infected cats. Seven proteins were recognized by at least 70% of sera tested, but only three were recognized by all sera. Nanospray-tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify OM components, including the immunodominant OM proteins. Recognition of the nonimmunogenic nature of the major OM components, such as LPS, and identification of the predominant immunogens should elucidate the mechanisms by which
B. henselae
establishes persistent bacteremic infections within cats. Additionally, the common antigens may serve as potential feline vaccine candidates to eliminate the pathogen from its animal reservoir.
Disassembly of F-Actin Cytoskeleton after Interaction of
Bacillus cereus
with Fully Differentiated Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells
Authors: Minnaard Jessica , Lievin-Le Moal Vanessa , Coconnier Marie-Helene , Servin Alain L. , Pérez Pablo F. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

In the present study, the role of direct procaryote-eucaryote interactions in the virulence of
Bacillus cereus
was investigated. As a model of human enterocytes, differentiated Caco-2 cells were used. Infection of fully differentiated Caco-2 cells with
B. cereus
in the exponential phase of growth, in order to minimize the concentration of spores or sporulating microorganisms, shows that a strain-dependent cytopathic effect develops. Interestingly, addition of 3-h-old cultures of some strains resulted in complete detachment of the cultured cells after a 3-h infection whereas no such effect was found after a 3-h infection with 16-h-old cultures. Infection of enterocyte-like cells with
B. cereus
leads to disruption of the F-actin network and necrosis. Even though the effect of secreted factors cannot be ruled out, direct eucaryote-procaryote interaction seems to be necessary. In addition, we observed that some
B. cereus
strains were able to be internalized in Caco-2 cells. Our findings add a new insight into the mechanisms of virulence of
B. cereus
in the context of intestinal infection.