bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Netherlands
Authors: de Jong Abe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corporate governance structures determine the relationships between management and financiers. As in any other country, in the Netherlands a set of instruments exists that motivates managers, disciplines managers, and allows managers to hide from disciplining forces. In the Netherlands several studies in Dutch and international journals and the public debate have paid attention to specific governance devices that prevail. In this overview I discuss these devices and their impact on corporate performance.
Developments in the Law Relating to Remedies in Practice and Procedure
Authors: rogers* Christy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent case of Ludlow Music Inc v. Williams and others 1 was cause for consideration of the factors influencing the exercise of the court’s discretion to refuse permanent injunctive relief for infringement of copyright.
The case concerned a complaint that the claimant’s copyright in a song entitled ‘I am the Way’, by Woody Guthrie, and a parody of it by Loudon Wainwright III, was infringed by a song entitled ‘Jesus in a Camper Van’ included on the second album recorded by Robbie Williams. It was common ground that the defendants had copied (although not precisely) two lines, amounting to one of the four verses, of the Loudon Wainwright lyrics, and that there was no musical similarity at all between the works. The defendants had sought the claimant’s permission to use the lyrics, but rejected the claimant’s demand for a 50 per cent share of the royalties attributable to the work. The defendants offered 10 per cent copyright ownership and, pending agreement, manufactured copies of the album stating on the sleeve that the lyrics were reproduced ‘by kind permission’ of the claimant.
Lilian Edwards and Charlotte Waelde, Law and the Internet: A Framework for Electronic Commerce Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2nd edn., 2000, xxxvii + 396 pp. (£25).
Authors: Gibbons Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Internet law is a growing area of academic and practitioner interest. The Internet is the third major area of convergence in communications, in addition to the media and telecommunications. It presents a fascinating number of novel scenarios in which to apply existing law, whilst also raising challenges that require completely different law. The first edition of this book, with the sub-title, ‘Regulating Cyberspace’, was concerned with a mixture of intellectual property law, contract and commercial law, and media law. This edition continues to deal with all those issues but the emphasis has shifted towards the issues that are relevant to e-commerce. The format remains the same, however; the editors have assembled a collection of experts to write analytical and critical essays about the topical challenges that the Internet poses for the law, both intellectually and practically. For those who are unfamiliar or lack confidence with the technology, the book opens with a chapter that is an introduction for lawyers. But it also sets the tone for the treatment of the other subjects, in distinguishing three levels—of physical infrastructure, service infrastructure and e-commerce itself.
Stanley Lai, The Copyright Protection of Computer Software in the United Kingdom , Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000, xxvii + 250 pp. (hb £40).
Authors: Booton David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book sets out to investigate the scope of copyright protection for computer software in the United Kingdom. The work’s stated aim is ‘to make a reasoned and well-argued case for the incorporation of US infringement methodology into UK software copyright analysis’ (p.1). In addition, the book seeks to clarify the scope of copyright protection and, as well as addressing infringement methodology, there is also consideration of the legal issues that surround the practice of reverse engineering together with consideration of the defences to infringement as these apply particularly to copyright in software.
Gender and the Court of Justice
Authors: Shaw Jo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter seeks to uncover and explain the relevance of the concept of ‘gender’ in the context of the role of the Court of Justice within the legal and political order of the European Union. The Court remains an important subject of analysis within the discipline of European Union legal studies, both because of its institutional position within the system of the EU as political and legal order reaching deep into each of the domestic systems directly implicated in the EU, and because the normative effects of its pronouncementson questions of gender have a unique geographical spread. They are not only binding within the legal systems of the fifteen current Member States, but also influence in strong ways both the legal systems of the states belonging to the European Economic Area and those of the candidate countries in the current Enlargement rounds which are tied to the EU by association agreements man dating the pre-emptive introduction into the domestic legal order of much of the acquis communautaire.
Introduction to the Synchrony: Sketch of Some Grammatical Phenomena
Authors: Harris Alice c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to provide basic information on the grammar that is essential to a complete understanding of examples. Accordingly, it sketches the declension system, the use of the most important cases, the tense–aspect–mood (TAM) system, person marking (PMs), voice, and word order. Like other parts of the book, this chapter describes primarily the situation today in the subdialect spoken in Okt’omber, and secondarily the Vartašen dialect as attested in published texts beginning with Schiefner (1863). More complete descriptions of the grammar can be found in Schiefner (1863), Dirr (1904), Jeiranišvili (1971), Pančvi3e (1974), Schulze (1982), and Schulze-Fürhoff (1994b).
Clitic Properties
Authors: Harris Alice c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary goal of this chapter is to show that PMs in Udi are clitics, not affixes. This is an important part of the overall goals of this work, since I must establish that PMs are clitics before I can show, in Chapter 6, that they are endoclitics. I approach this problem by considering the definitions and diagnostic criteria proposed in the literature to distinguish clitics from other grammatical items. I begin with Zwicky and Pullum (1983) in §5.1, move to Klavans (1985) in §5.2, and then to Scalise (1984) in §5.3, and a comparison with Romance clitics in §5.4. In §5.5 I briefly discuss the problem that Udi PMs have properties reminiscent of agreement, and I conclude with a general assessment in §5.6. In §5.1.6, other particles are considered, and it is shown that they are clitics.
The Position of Clitics in Udi
Authors: Harris Alice c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been claimed that endoclitics do not exist (e.g. Klavans 1985). On the other hand, it has been suggested that Pashto is a language in which clitics occur inside the verb. Kaisse (1981, 1985: 132 – 43) showed that in Pashto, the clitics at issue always follow a morpheme; they do not occur inside a morpheme. Roberts (1997) has argued recently that the morpheme at issue is, in fact, part of the verb; thus on his analysis the clitics are endoclitic, of the intermorphemic variety. In this chapter it is shown that in Udi, too, intermorphemic clitics occur. It is shown in addition that in Udi clitics occur inside monomorphemic verb roots. As discussed in Chapter 1, the position of the PM in Udi has never been fully described. The most complete statement is that of Schulze (1982: 168 – 9), cited in §1.4.1, and repeated as Table 6.1 below. (Recall that PZ = my PM, V = verb, T = TAM marker, Vn = the nominal incorporated into the verb, and HV = light verb.) Examples I have elicited and collected in texts require us to recognize additional patterns; 6’ is only a variant of Schulze’s pattern 6.
Focus Clefts and the Origins of Focus in Udi
Authors: Harris Alice c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus-marking property of PMs in Udi, while not unique among languages of the world, is quite remarkable. An investigation of its origin and that of the partially similar focus marking in other languages of the North East Caucasian family explains a number of aspects of the current system. Given the contacts of Udi with other languages during the last two millennia, the development of the category of person (in agreement) is likely to have been influenced by Azeri (Azerbaijani), Georgian, Armenian, Persian, and other non-NEC languages. Development of focus marking is also likely to have been influenced by these sources, but especially by Azeri, which has both focus clefts and at least some of the kinds of focus word order found in Turkish. According to the criteria established by Thomason and Kaufman (1988: 57 –64), evidence for the likelihood of influence by Azeri in these aspects of the grammar is the fact that Udi has also been influenced by this language (as well as others) in other subsystems, notably the lexicon, with obvious borrowings such as ba γ ‘garden’, buz ‘ice’, vaxt’ ‘time’ (Azeri vaxt), q’ona γ ‘guest’ (Azeri qonaq).3 Nevertheless, the person agreement system developed by Udi is entirely unlike anything in Azeri or the other contact languages, in the sense that only in Udi have we identified such a variety of positions under specific conditions (see Chapter 6), and only Udi has PMs that invade verbs, even monomorphemic verb roots. For this reason, and because internal mechanisms are often involved even in instances of contact, we must look also for internal causes, internal mechanisms, and internal explanations.
Changes in Case-Marking Patterns
Authors: Harris Alice c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three changes in case-marking patterns distinguish Udi from its roots in PL and PNEC. At least two of these changes are related to changes in the verb described in Chapter 9. The purpose of this chapter is to explore these changes and relate them to language universals. As background for this chapter, the reader should recall from §8.2 that the general case marking inherited from PL required subjects of transitives to be in the ergative case, direct objects and subjects of intransitives in the absolutive, and indirect objects in the dative. Udi also inherited a special case pattern traditionally called inversion, in which experiencers are in the dative, and stimuli in the absolutive. Changes from these inherited patterns are the subject of this chapter. In §n.1 I describe the synchronic use of the absolutive and dative cases to mark direct objects, and in §n.2 I examine the grammatical changes that brought this about. §n.3 focuses on the change from the strictly absolutive marking of intransitive subjects, while §11.4 briefly describes the loss of the inversion construction.
A Practical Introduction to Phonetics
Authors: Catford J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An understanding of phonetics - of the mechanisms of speech, of how the sounds of language are produced, and of how they can be analysed and classified - is an essential acquirement for all those who have to deal with language and languages either theoretically or practically. This book is an introduction to general phonetics which explores the entire range of human sounds, systematically covering all types of modification of speech (breath, voice, whisper, creak, etc.), articulation (the ways in which the air stream is finally modulated to generate specific types of sound), and prosodic features (stress, syllable, tone, intonation, etc.). In addition, there is a chapter on sound systems - the ways in which particular languages utilize and systematize the universal sound-producing potential of man. The entire range of phonetic categories is introduced in 124 'experiments', to be carried out in the readrer's own vocal tract. In this way, the reader acquires a personal awareness of the principles of phonetic analysis and classification rather than a merely intellectual knowledge of them. This highly practical approach is informed throughout by recent research, particularly in the aerodynamics and acoustics of speech. NEW TO THE SECOND EDITION: New format and text design Updated usage of phonetic symobls in line with the most recent International Phonetic Alphabet Chart (1996) Revisions to 9 figures Text updated and clarified for ease of reading Revised further reading section with recent publications and more attention to aerodynamics, acoustics, and prosodies New references to the most important new publications
Basic Components of Speech
Authors: Catford J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first step in the study of phonetics is to discover, experimentally, the basic components that go into the production of any speech-sound.We begin by producing a prolonged [f]-sound—the first sound in the words ‘first’, ‘four’, and last sound in #x2018;huff’, ‘puff’, and so on. While making the sound one must think about what is going on—that is, one must analyse the production of the sound introspectively, by taking note of the kinaesthetic sensations, the feelings of contact and movement associated with it.
The Nature of the Rights
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rights to privacy and respect for the home are less well established in human rights jurisprudence than traditional civil rights such as life, liberty or freedom from slavery. Although the right of persons to be secure in their homes from un reasonable searches has long been acknowledged, a more general right to privacy and respect for the home was only clearly recognised in the twentieth century. Most modern international human rights instruments now protect the right of the individual to ‘privacy’ or ‘private life’, but the limits of the right are still not clearly defined.
The Law Under the European Convention
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.
‘Rariu Doesn’t Rhyme with Western Medicine’: Lay Beliefs and Illness Networks in Kenya
Authors: Luke Nancy , Warriner Ina , Watkins Susan Cotts 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of research on the role of conversational networks in women’s health behaviours and family planning usage in South Nyanza District,1 Kenya, we uncovered a reproductive health condition that rural Luo women call rariu. Women refer to this cluster of symptoms by placing their arm across their abdomen, often bending at the waist. When asked about women’s health problems in semi-structured interviews, one-third of the women mentioned rariu and described its symptoms.
Abortion in Egypt: Official Constraints and Popular Practices
Authors: Huntington Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analysis of abortion practices is complicated by the interplay of a wide range of issues that will confound a narrowly conceived review. Clearly, contraceptive practices are intimately related to abortion. In addition, societal norms, religious beliefs, and legal restrictions will influence not only women’s practices but their willingness to discuss abortion with researchers. Tolerance for a degree of ambiguity is required for those seeking information on societal level indicators of abortion activity. Great sensitivity is an asset for understanding personal behaviours.
These challenges aside, one point is incontestably clear with respect to the study of abortion activity. In settings where access to abortion is restricted, many women will still resort to an unsafe practice to end an unwanted pregnancy and as a result they will have to seek emergency medical care for complications.
Re-theorizing Reproductive Health and Rights in the Light of Feminist Cross-cultural Research
Authors: Petchesky Rosalind P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By now, as the wealth of analyses presented in this volume attests, it should not be necessary to defend either qualitative methods or cross-cultural comparisons in the field of population studies. Due largely to the influence on both policy and theory of women’s health movements around the globe in the 1980s and 1990s (Garcia Moreno and Claro 1994; Petchesky 1997), the mainstream discourse of the field has shifted in a number of new directions:
Introduction
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1985, the mighty Chinese any ro1led into battle. Its mission was to stonn the commanding heights of the country’s booming economy and claim a stake in its prosperity. This was no military putsch though. Instead of charging forward with bayonets and tanks, soldiers were only banned with business plans and tax breaks.
This opening offensive turned into one of the most challenging, protracted, and grue11ing campaigns ever waged by the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), which had found itself in dire financial straits after being relentlessly savaged by years of deep budget cuts. Enormous effort and resources were invested to build a vast but loosely connected commercial empire stretching into virtually every comer of the economy and abroad.
The Historical Roots of the Military Business Complex from Imperial Times to the Communist Era
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the Chinese military business complex was only forma11y established in the mid-1980s, its roots can be traced back many centuries. Chinese armies have been intensively engaged in economic activities ever since the dawning of the country’s civilization more than 4,000 years ago. A defining characteristic of traditional Chinese military culture stretching from pre-imperial through to imperial times and ultimately to the Communist era was that armies had to be wholly or partia11y self-sufficient. They received only limited fiscal support from their civilian masters and had to forage to meet their own needs. A key tenet of Chinese imperial political culture was that a low tax base was essential to the well-being of the country and showed the true proof of an emperor’s benevolence.
The Military Business Complex in the Regions and Overseas
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PLA enterprises were scattered throughout China during the 1980s and I 990s. Their distribution and the nature of their commercial operations closely resembled the regional structure of the national economy. In booming coastal provinces in eastern and southern China, they were heavily concentrated in foreign trade, tourism, and other service industries. Their counterparts in inland western and central regions were more involved in agricultural and industrial manufacturing activities.
The Rewards of Military Commercialism
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commercialism brought rich rewards to the PLA. Billions of dollars of profits were earned, millions of soldiers learnt civilian work skills, and hundreds of thousands of jobs were created for demobilized personnel and family dependants. Production earnings were mostly spent on upgrading living conditions among the rank and file, although a limited amount was used to upgrade combat capabilities. Barracks were renovated, food rations raised, and subsidies added to basic wages. This helped to boost troop morale and allowed the armed forces to be left not too far behind the steady rise in national living standards in the reform era.
The Drawbacks
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Military chiefs had few illusions they might be opening up a Pandora’s box of woes when they gave the go-ahead for commercial operations in 1985. They only had to look back ten years earlier when embezzlement, profiteering, and other abuses became rampant after army factories and hospitals were granted limited economic autonomy. This time around though, the cash-strapped military brass hoped that the economic returns would outweigh the drawbacks. There was also wishful thinking that the excesses of commercialism could be contained through administrative regulation and ideological indoctrination.
These expectations were short-lived. Within a few months of the approval being given for the PLA ‘s engagement in business, a clean-up of army-backed trading companies had to be conducted to curb rampant economic abuses. From then on, the military authorities were fighting a rearguard action to limit the spread of malpractices and economic crimes by military units and their business enterprises. Despite regular crackdowns, corruption, smuggling, and other vices became increasingly rampant and huge sums of undeclared profits and misappropriated assets were megally siphoned off by individuals and institutions.
The Distribution of Household Appliances: A Keiretsu Distribution System
Authors: Niida Hiroshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distribution of household electrical appliances (excluding computers) has long been considered a typical example of Japan’s “keiretsu distribution system”, together with that of automobiles. Major electric appliances have been sold through various keiretsu marketing channels of the appliance keiretsu distribution system. A keiretsu distribution system is loosely defined as a distribution channel of whole-salers and retailers organized under a manufacturer’s common marketing strategy. Thus, it resembles a directed (or vertical) marketing channel in the United States.
Distribution of Imported Products: The Case of Automobiles
Authors: Wakasugi Ryuhei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the sharp increase in the value of the yen in 1985, there was a dramatic increase in the volume of foreign products imported into Japan. The increase in imports covered a variety of products ranging from consumer durables like automobiles, electric appliances, and textiles, to intennediate materials like steel and cement Imported goods are delivered to Japanese customers through various types of distribution channels. With some products, long-term relationships between manufacturers and distributors are established, but not with others. In this chapter I focus on the distribution of automobiles imported into Japan, an example of distribution based on long-term manufacturer-distributor relationships.
Agricultural Cooperatives in Distribution
Authors: Saeki Naomi , Yasaka Masamitsu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distribution system in Japan has often been criticized as being complex, irrational, and hard to understand. This is conspicuously so in the area of agricultural distribution. One major cause of this criticism stems from the way that the network of agricultural cooperatives (a three-tier fedemtion, as explained in detail below) maintains an enormous influence over the agricultural distribution system. In Japan, these cooperatives are co11ectively the largest distributor of agricultural products, exerting tremendous influence over the agricultural industry and strikingly more powerful organizing ability than any counterparts in Europe or the U.S. Not only do they have a high market share in the sales of agricultural production materials and everyday goods to farmers, but also in the credit and insurance business. For instance, the total sales of the local agricultural cooperatives (their activity is conducted on town or county level) which manage these comprehensive business operations increased more than five times, from 1,242.5 billion yen in 1965 to 6,411.3 biHion yen in 1990. The total value of their purchases also increased eight times, to 5,000 billion yen during the same period. The cooperatives have established themselves in a firm position at the core of their members’ financial activities as wen as being one gigantic distributor. The agricultural distribution system is unthinkable without the cooperatives.