bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amino acid immunocytochemistry of primary afferent terminals in the rat dorsal horn
Authors: Valtschanoff Juli G. , Phend Kris D. , Bernardi Patrizia S. , Weinberg Richard J. , Rustioni Aldo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe combined transganglionic tracing methods with postembedding electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to determine whether identified primary afferent fibers terminating in spinal laminae I‐IV may use glutamate and aspartate as neurotransmitters. Sciatic injections of wheat‐germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase labeled fine afferent fibers with terminals in laminae I‐II of the lumbar spinal cord, whereas injections of the B subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase labeled primary afferent terminals in deeper laminae. Many labeled primary afferent terminals in superficial laminae were involved in glomerular synaptic arrangements; others established nonglomerular contacts. Most glomerular arrangements were clearly immunopositive for glutamate, compared with dendrites, astrocytes, or terminals immunopositive for γ‐aminobutyic acid (GABA). The degree of enrichment varied in labeled terminals of different morphological types. Aspartate was enriched, though to a lesser degree than glutamate, in labeled central terminals of glomeruli in superficial laminae. Labeled primary afferent terminals in laminae III‐IV were immunopositive for glutamate, though at lower levels than glomerular terminals in superficial laminae. Aspartate was not enriched in these terminals compared with dendrites, glia, and GABA‐positive terminals. These results support a neurotransmitter role for glutamate in primary afferents to the dorsal horn. Quantitative differences in the content of glutamate in identified primary afferent terminals may be related to functional differences. Enrichment of aspartate in terminals in superficial but not deep laminae is compatible with a role for this amino acid in sustained, NMDA‐mediated phenomena characteristic of activity in fine caliber afferents. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth cones of regenerating retinal axons contact a variety of cellular profiles in the transected goldfish optic nerve
Authors: Strobel Gabrielle , Stuermer Claudia A. O. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFollowing optic nerve transection in goldfish, retinal axons regenerate. To determine what the growth cones use as a substrate for their growth, regenerating growth cones were labeled by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) application to the retina 5–6 days after intraorbital optic nerve section (ONS) and identified at 10–11 days after ONS in the brain sided (distal) portion of the optic nerve in thick and serial ultrathin sections. Leading growth cones (n = 5) were found in intimate contact with a variety of elements: with myelin fragments alone, with myelin fragments and glial cells, and with the basal lamina of the glia limitans and the surface of a fibroblast outside the boundary of previous fascicles.In ultrathin sections of conventionally treated regenerating optic nerves, (unlabeled) axon profiles—in addition to myelin fragments—were seen to be in contact with an astrocyte and an oligodendrocyte, suggesting that the growth cones of these axons may have been associated with those cells. The data suggest that leading growth cones of regenerating axons may be capable of growing along myelin fragments and on a wide variety of cellular surfaces in the goldfish optic nerve. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity identifies a regularly arrayed group of amacrine cells within the cat retina
Authors: Hutsler Jeffrey J. , Chalupa Leo M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRetinal amacrine cells can be divided into subgroups on the basis of morphological properties and chemical content. It is likely that these subgroups have specific connections and serve unique functional roles within the inner plexiform layer. In the present study we show that immunoreactivity to neuropeptide Y (NPY) identifies a group of amacrine cells (165,000–170,000) whithin the adult cat retina. This is the largest group of peptide‐containing amacrine cells identified to date in the cat retina. These neurons have small cell bodies and are regularly spaced at all regular spacing, suggests that these neurons form a specific subgroup of the amacrine cell class and are likely to serve a unique role in the transfer of visual information through the inner plexiform layer. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of neuropeptide FF in porcine spinal cord in comparison with other neuropeptides and serotonin
Authors: Wasowicz K. , Panula P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA large number of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are concentrated in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, Where they interact in a complex manner and modulate sensory mechanisms. Most studies are carried out in the rat, and little is known of other species. It is relevant to study mammals with a more complex central nervous system, because pain mechanisms are central in both human and veterinary medicine. Immunoreactivity for neuropeptide FF, an amidated octapeptide originally isolated from bovine brain, was found immunocytochemically at all levels of porcine spinal cord. In contrast to other species studied so far, the peptide immunoreactivity in porcine spinal cord was confined to the intermediolateral gray matter, especially to the intermediolateral cell column and lamina X of the gray matter. This distribution was remarkably different from that of substance P, proenkephalin A‐derived peptides, thyrotropin‐releasing hormone, serotonin, and neuropeptide Y. Pharmacologic administration of neuropeptide FF alters behavior in assays for analgesia. The distribution of neuropeptide FF immunoreactivity as revealed by this study suggests that there may be marked species differences in the distribution and function of the peptide. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tangential organization of callosal connectivity in the cat's visual cortex
Authors: Boyd Jamie , Matsubara Joanne 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCells and/or terminals of corticocortical pathways in mammalian visual cortex often have a discontinuous distribution across the surface of the cortex. A modular organization of cortical function has been shown to underlie the tangential segregation of many inputs and outputs. Here, we present evidence that the callosal pathway in the visual cortex of the cat follows these general principles. Large injections of wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase or biotinylated dextran amine were made in areas 17 and 18, and callosal labeling was analyzed in tangential sections. The band of callosal cells and terminals straddling the border of areas 17 and 18 was not uniform but varied in density in a complicated fashion. Fluctuations in density of callosal connections became more clear 2–3 mm lateral or medial to the 17/18 border, as the callosal labeling became less dense. Here, regular fluctuations with a periodicity of about 1 mm in area 17, and slightly greater than 1 mm in area 18 were apparent. Cytochrome oxidase staining in areas 17 and 18 showed a pattern of dense blobs with the same spacing as the callosal labeling in these areas, and the blobs were found to align with the patches of callosal labeling. Larger, more irregularly spaced stripes of callosal labeling extended from the lateral part of area 18 across area 19 and into more lateral visual areas. These results suggest that the callosal pathway in the cat's visual cortex has a patchy distribution similar to many ipsilateral corticocortical projections, and that the columnar system marked by cytochrome oxidase is important for the organization of (interhemispheric) corticocortical connectivity in cats. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of Purkinje cell loss in adult rat cerebellum following protracted axotomy: Degenerative changes and regenerative attempts of the severed axons
Authors: Dusart Isabelle , Sotelo Constantino 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cerebellar Purkinje cells, due to their geometrical disposition and their high calbindin content, offer an optimal system in which to test the adequacy of current opinions on axotomy effects. We have, therefore, analyzed with calbindin immunostaining the morphological changes of Purkinje cells from 1 day to 6 months after axonal section in the cerebellar white matter. This method allows us to study the morphological changes in their dendrites, cell bodies, and axons. We have also searched for simultaneous changes in glial cells and vascularization by using cell type‐specific markers. In addition, an ultrastructural study of Purkinje cells, 7 days after large electrolytic lesions affecting the white matter and the overlying granular layer, was carried out to determine whether amputation of the recurrent collateral system provokes a fast neuronal death.Neither the Purkinje cells axotomized close to their cell bodies (electrolytic lesions) nor those axotomized in the white matter (cerebellar transection) degenerated. Thus, this study demonstrates that Purkinje cells are extremely resistant to axotomy; those severed in the white matter at distances varying from 100 μm to 3 mm remain alive for as long as 6 months. At all survival times studied, axotomized Purkinje cells exhibited few changes in their somata and dendrites, as well as in their glial microenvironment. The major changes occurred in the axonal compartment. Axonal alterations, namely the presence of torpedoes and hypertrophy of the recurrent collateral system, were early events already noticeable 24 hours after the lesion, although they later differed in their time course and spatial distribution. It is remarkable that the distal segments of the central stumps of the cut axons survived in large numbers without any apparent retraction, with their terminal varicosities apposed to the wall of the wound cavity even 6 months after the lesion. Nevertheless, these segments were thinner than normal Purkinje cell axons (axonal atrophy). Despite this apparent immutability, some regenerative attempts did occur in the severed axons, such as axonal sprouts penetrating the deeper region of the granular layer in zones close to the lesion, presence of arciform axons, and hypertrophy of the recurrent collateral system. However, the Purkinje cell axons did not regenerate, and these neurons remained separated from their targets by a cavity in virtually all cases. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution of neurons born during embryonic and adult life to the brain of adult canaries: Regional specificity and delayed birth of neurons in the song‐control nuclei
Authors: Alvarez‐Buylla Arturo , Ling Chang‐Ying , Yu Wen Shan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNeurogenesis occurs in adult song birds, which suggests that neurons born after hatching may contribute to histogenesis and plasticity of the avian brain. However, little is known about the overall contribution to the mature brain of neurons born in juveniles and adults, and how this process affects different regions of the avian brain. In fact, studies of the histogenesis of the avian forebrain have made the classical assumption that neuronal birth ends before hatching. Here we determined the contribution of neurons born before and after hatching to different regions throughout the adult canary brain. Male canaries were injected with [3H]‐thymidine at different times during embryonic, juvenile, and adult life. The position of labeled neurons was mapped in parasagittal brain sections. Because all birds were killed as adults, results indicate the time of birth of neurons that survived to adulthood in different structures of the avian brain. Injection at embryonic day (E) 5 or E9 resulted in labeled neurons in all regions of the neuroaxis. The vast majority of neurons outside of the telencephalon were born before E9. One exception was a discrete region in the dorsal thalamus, a part of the song‐control circuit, where neurons continued to be born after E9. Most regions of the telencephalon had a high proportion of its neurons labeled by the embryonic injections. In particular, archistriatum, anterior neostriatum, and the hippocampus had most of their neurons labeled before hatching. This indicates that many of the telencephalic neurons born in the embryo are long lived and are not replaced by other neurons that continue to be added to the telencephalon after hatching. Neurons labeled by [3H]‐thymidine injections after hatching were restricted to the telencephalon and contributed importantly to many regions. In particular, the avian striatum (lobus parolfactorius, LPO) received a large number of its neurons during the first 20 days of life, but continued to incorporate new neurons throughout juvenile and adult life. Neurons continued to be added to the telencephalon of adults (even in 4‐year‐old birds). The distribution of labeled neurons after [3H]‐thymidine injections in adults was similar to that observed in latter stages of juvenile development. The contribution of neurons born at different ages from embryonic development to adulthood varied among different anatomical subdivisions of the canary brain. This could, in part, explain differences in the cytoarchitecture and plasticity between brain regions. Neurogenesis after hatching may allow the modification of selected brain circuits as the bird matures and ages. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical localization of substance P receptor in the central nervous system of the adult rat
Authors: Nakaya Yoshifumi , Kaneko Takeshi , Shigemoto Ryuichi , Nakanishi Shigetada , Mizuno Noboru 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn an attempt to reveal the function sites of substance P (SP) in the central nervous system (CNS), the distribution of SP receptor (SPR) was immunocytochemically investigated in adult rat and compared with that of SP‐positive fibers. SPR‐like immunoreactivity (LI) was mostly localized to neuronal cell bodies and dendrites. Neurons with intense SPR‐LI were distributed densely in the cortical amygdaloid nucleus, hilus of the dentate gyrus, locus ceruleus, rostral half of the ambiguus nucleus, and intermediolateral nucleus of the thoracic cord; moderately in the caudatoputamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, median, pontine, and magnus raphe nuclei, laminae I and III of the caudal subnucleus of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and lamina I of the spinal cord; and sparsely in the cerebral cortex, basal nucleus of Meynert, claustrum, gigantocellular reticular nucleus, and lobules IX and X of the cerebellar vermis. Neurons with weak to moderate SPR‐LI were distributed more widely throughout the CNS. The regional patterns of distribution of SPR‐LI were not necessarily the same as those of SP‐positive fibers. The entopeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, and lateral part of the interpeduncular nucleus showed intense SP‐LI but displayed almost no SPR‐LI. Conversely, the hilus of the dentate gyrus, anterodorsal thalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the inferior colliculus, and dorsal tegmental nucleus showed intense to moderate SPR‐LI but contained few axons with SP‐LI. These findings confirmed the presence of the “ismatch” problem between SP and SPR localizations. However, the distribution of SPR‐LI was quite consistent with that of the SP‐binding activity, which has been studied via autoradiography. This indicates that the sites of SPR‐LI revealed in the present study represent most, if not all, sites of SP‐binding activity. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nature and origin of cerebrovascular nerves with substance P immunoreactivity in bats (Mammalia: Microchiroptera), with special reference to species differences
Authors: Andō Koichi , Ishikawa Atsushi , Okura Nobuhiko 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDouble staining immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the origin and projection of nerves with substance P (SP) immunoreactivity (‐IR) in the walls of the major cerebral arteries in two microchiropteran species. In the greater horseshoe bat, most of the cerebral perivascular nerves with SP‐IR did not exhibit calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)‐IR, but emitted bright immunofluorescence for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). In this species, a large number of cell bodies with both SP‐ and VIP‐IR were observed in many cranial ganglia along various branches of the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. There were no cell bodies immunoreactive for either SP and VIP in the two sensory (trigeminal and upper cervical dorsal root), two sympathetic (superior cervical and stellate), or two vagal (superior and jugular) ganglia. In addition, several thick fiber bundles with both SP‐ and VIP‐IR were present in the wall of the cerebral carotid artery, and descended progressively reaching as far as the middle part of the basilar artery (BA). These and other findings suggest that SP‐immunoreactive nerves with VIP‐IR but not CGRP‐IR, which contribute to the rich innervation of the vertebrobasilar system in the greater horseshoe bat, originate from neurons with the same combination of peptide‐IR in the major or local facial or glossopharyngeal parasympathetic ganglia, and enter the cranial cavity along the internal carotid artery. In the bent‐winged bat, however, cerebral perivascular SP‐immunoreactive nerves, as well as SP‐immunoreactive neurons within the trigeminal and upper cervical dorsal root ganglia (uCDRG), showed neither CGRP‐IR nor VIP‐IR, and were mostly confined to the caudal BA and the vertebral artery (VA). These observations, in addition to the projection of this nerve type to the BA via the VA as fiber bundles, or through the meninges, indicate that the principal source of the cerebrovascular SP‐immunoreactive innervation in this species is the uCDRG. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Local and commissural neuropeptide‐containing projections of the nucleus of the solitary tract to the dorsal vagal complex in the pigeon
Authors: Berk Mitchell L. , Smith Stacy E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe neuropeptide content of neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), which have local and commissural projections to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX) and to NTS, were demonstrated in the pigeon (Columba livia) by using a combined fluorescein‐bead retrograde‐transport‐immunofluorescence technique. The specific peptides studied were bombesin, cholecystokinin, enkephalin, galanin, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, and substance P. Perikarya immunoreactive for bombesin were located in the Medial tier subnuclei of NTS and the caudal NTS. Most galanin‐ and substance P‐immunoreactive cells were found in subnucleus medialis ventralis. Cells immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y were found in the medial tier of NTS and in the lateral tier, especially in subnucleus lateralis dorsalis intermedius. The majority of enkephalin‐ and neurotensin‐immunoreactive cells were found centrally in subnuclei medialis dorsalis and medialis intermedius. Cells immunoreactive for cholecystokinin were located in subnuclei laterolis dorsalis pars anterior, medialis superficialis, and the caudal NTS.Based on the presence of retrogradely labeled cells, numerous neurons of the medial tier of NTS, but extremely few lateral tier NTS neurons, had projections to the ipsilateral and contralateral DMNX and NTS. The number of retrogradely labeled NTS cells was always greater ipsilateral than contralaterally. The percentages of peptide‐immunoreactive NTS cells that projected to the ipsilateral and contralateral DMNX were in the ranges of 29–61% and 10–48%, respectively. The percentages of peptide‐immunoreactive NTS cells that projected to the contralateral NTS ranged from 13 to 60%. Peptide‐immunoreactive NTS cells that have local and commissural projections to DMNX and NTS may act as interneurons in vagovagal reflex pathways and in the integration of visceral sensory and forebrain input to NTS and DMNX. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neocortex provides direct synaptic input to interstitial neurons of the intermediate zone of kittens and white matter of cats: A light and electron microscopic study
Authors: Shering Andy F. , Lowenstein Pedro R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe existence of direct synaptic input from the neocortex to intermediate zone and white matter interstitial neurons was examined in both neonate and adult cats. This projection was studied by injecting the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) into the neocortex and examining whether cortical efferent axons formed synapses in the intermediate zone or white matter. Anterogradely labeled boutons establishing synapses in the intermediate zone and white matter were found at the electron microscopic level after injecting PHA‐L into the primary visual, somatosensory, and suprasylvian cortex. Although labeled synapses were found in the intermediate zone of kittens injected at postnatal days 2 and 6, their morphological features appeared immature compared to those found in kittens aged 3 weeks or in adults. Postsynaptic targets of efferent cortical axons were studied in serial sections and shown to be dendritic shafts and spines.This paper shows that cortical efferent axons contribute synapses to interstitial neurons located in the intermediate zone of kittens and white matter of adults. The functional role of the corticointermediate zone/white matter projection remains to be determined. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of projections from the anterior hypothalamic nucleus: A Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin study in the rat
Authors: Risold P. Y. , Canteras N. S. , Swanson L. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAnterior hypothalamic nucleus (AHN) projections were examined with the Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) method in adult male rats. Labeled axons from the AHN follow three major routes. 1) A large ascending pathway ends densely in the telencephalon, particularly in the lateral septal nucleus. Axons along this route provide moderate to dense input to the medial and lateral preoptic areas, and a few are also observed in the septofimbrial nucleus and fimbria; the latter end in the temporal hippocampus. A few axons reach the amygdala through the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, which receive a moderate input, and then the stria terminalis, and others reach it by way of the ansa peduncularis. 2) The second pathway travels dorsal to the AHN, ending densely in rostral perifornical regions of the lateral hypothalamic area, and the rostral ventrolateral tip of the nucleus reuniens. The parataenial and rostral paraventricular thalamic nuclei also receive a significant input. Some fibers and boutons were also observed in the rhomboid, interanterodorsal, and mediodorsal nuclei, and others course through the stria medullaris to the lateral habenula. 3) the largest pathway descends through dorsal and ventral routes in the medial hypothalamic zone before ending massively in the periaqueductal gray. Dorsal route fibers provide inputs to the zona incerta and posterior hypothalamic nucleus, whereas more ventral axons generate dense terminal fields in the ventromedial nucleus capsule and core, and dorsal premammillary nucleus. The retrochiasmatic area, dorsomedial nucleus, and medial supramammillary nucleus also receive significant inputs, and a few axons end in the subparafascicular nucleus, superior colliculus, and mammillary body. The caudalmost axons were seen in the pontine central gray and reticular formation. These pathways are bilateral, usually with a distinct ipsilateral predominance. The overall pattern of efferents from anterior, central, and posterior parts of the AHN is similar, whereas the relative densities of particular terminal fields may vary considerably. Projections from adjacent parts of the retrochiasmatic and perifornical areas are also described. The results are discussed in terms of neural circuitry that may be involved in mediating interactions between animals. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.