bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacterial growth, inflammatory cytokine production, and neutrophil recruitment during coliform mastitis in cows within ten days after calving, compared with cows at midlactation
Authors: Shuster D. E. , Lee E. K. , Kehrli M. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To define causes of increased susceptibility to coliform mastitis after parturition.

Animals
12 healthy Holstein cows assigned to 2 groups. Group-1 cows (n = 6) had calved between 6 and 10 days earlier. Group-2 cows (n = 6) were in midlactation.

Procedure
Cows from each group were paired and challenge exposed with Escherichia coli in 1 mammary gland. Mastitis severity was determined by bacterial concentration in milk, pyrexia, and milk production. Measures of host defense were neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion molecule expression, leukocyte recruitment, and cytokine production.

Results
After challenge exposure, group-1 cows had more rapid E coli growth, higher peak bacterial concentration, and higher fever. Leukocyte recruitment was poor in 1 group-1 cow that had peracute mastitis. In contrast, leukocyte recruitment in 5 other group-1 cows began sooner than that in group-2 cows. In these group-1 cows, prechallenge-exposure milk somatic cell counts (SCC) were significantly lower than those in group-2 cows. Pre-challenge-exposure SCC were correlated to stimulated CD18 expression (R2 = 0.79), and both measures correlated inversely with bacterial growth rate (R2 = -0.75). Values for tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1, and interleukin 8 in group-1 cows after challenge exposure were greater than or equal to those in group-2 cows.

Conclusions
Weak leukocyte recruitment to the mammary gland is associated with increased severity of coliform mastitis. Impaired production of cytokines measured is not a cause of increased susceptibility to coliform mastitis in early lactation.

Clinical Relevance
Low milk SCC after calving may increase susceptibility to severe coliform mastitis. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1569–1575)
Acceptance of skin grafts by isogenic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Ristow Sandra S. , Avila Jeanene M. de , Baldwin Thomas J. , Wheeler Paul A. , Thorgaard Gary H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To test the immunocompetence of isogenic families of rainbow trout by measuring their ability to accept or reject skin grafts.

Animals
3 families of isogenic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), produced by mating homozygous females and homozygous males, plus 4 Chinook salmon (O tshawytscha) were used in these experiments.

Procedure
Grafts (allografts, members of the same family; autografts, donor and recipient were the same fish; and xenografts, O tshawytscha as donor) were exchanged. Grafts were applied on day 0 and removed on day 21, placed in neutral-buffered formalin, and embedded in paraffin. Lymphocytes and nuclei were counted in representative stained sections in the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Results were analyzed by univariate analysis, using the Shapiro-Wilk statistic.

Results
Autografts were retained and minimal histologic changes were apparent. Allografts were histologically similar to autografts. Xenografts were rejected.

Conclusions
Results indicate that the immune system of isogenic rainbow trout is unable to distinguish between family members within isogenic families, but that a vigorous response is mounted against Chinook salmon xenografts. The isogenic rainbow trout are immunocompetent with respect to the phenomenon of graft rejection. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1576–1579)
Field testing of prophylactic measures against Cryptosporidium parvum infection in calves in a California dairy herd
Authors: Harp James A. , Jardon Phillip , Atwill E. Rob , Zylstra Mike , Checel Stephanie , Goff Jesse P. , Simone Claudio De 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To test the ability of oral vaccination or probiotic treatment with lactic acid-producing bacteria to protect calves from Cryptosporidium parvum infection under field conditions.

Animals
134 Holstein calves born on a dairy farm where cryptosporidiosis was endemic.

Procedure
Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups at birth. Calves in the vaccine group received an oral dose of C parvum vaccine within several hours of birth. Calves in the bacteria group received an oral dose of lactic acid-producing bacteria daily for the first 10 days after birth. Control calves were not treated. All calves were monitored for diarrhea and fecal shedding of C parvum oocysts for 3 weeks.

Results
There were no significant differences in the incidence of diarrhea and oocyst shedding among the 3 groups.

Conclusions
Neither vaccination nor probiotic treatment was effective in preventing C parvum infection in calves under field conditions. High numbers of C parvum in the environment may have overwhelmed any potential benefits of these regimens. Further work is necessary to develop effective prophylaxis against C parvum under field conditions. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1586–1588)
Transfer of colostral antibodies from queens to their kittens
Authors: Casal Margret L. , Jezyk Peter F. , Giger Urs 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine systemic immunity in kittens, including transfer of maternal immunoglobulins from the queen to kittens, and subsequent decay of passively obtained immunoglobulins.

Animals
6 healthy queens and their 46 kittens.

Procedure
Immunoglobulin concentrations were measured in serum, colostrum, and milk of queens and in their kittens' sera. Decay rate constants and half-lives of maternally derived immunoglobulins were determined. To determine intestinal absorption, foreign IgG was given to kittens at 6- to 8-hour intervals after birth, and bovine IgM was given to kittens at birth.

Results
Immunoglobulin concentrations of milk and colostrum did not differ significantly after removal of milk fat. Mean IgG concentration was higher in colostrum/milk, whereas mean IgA and IgM concentrations were lower than those in the queens' serum. No IgG or IgA was detected in any of the precolostral serum samples obtained from kittens. Small amounts of IgM were present in the sera from 5 kittens at birth. Transferred IgG and IgA decreased rapidly with half-lives of 4.4 ± 3.57 and 1.93 ± 1.94 days, respectively. Serum IgM concentration increased irregularly during the first week of life, followed by a steady increase. Foreign IgG given up to 12 hours after birth was detected in kittens' serum, whereas IgG given at or after 16 hours was not found in any kitten's serum.

Conclusions
Milk and colostral immunoglobulin concentrations did not differ significantly. The half-lives of maternally derived IgG and IgA in kittens were shorter than those reported in dogs. IgG given at or after 16 hours of life was not absorbed by neonatal kittens.

Clinical Relevance
Queen's milk obtained anytime during lactation may be used as a replacement for colostrum as a source of antibodies for neonatal kittens. Kittens at risk for neonatal isoerythrolysis must only be removed from the queens during the first day of life. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1653–1658)
Indicators of postoperative pain in cats and correlation with clinical criteria
Authors: Smith Julie D. , Allen Sheila W. , Quandt Jane E. , Tackett Randall L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To identify clinical indicators that may help identify postoperative pain in cats after ovariohysterectomy.

Animals
Healthy, laboratory animal source cats.

Procedure
Clinical indicators of pain were identified, and relief from pain in response to butorphanol was studied in 5 groups of cats. 10 cats had 1 hour of general anesthesia only, followed by recovery without additional medication. 10 cats had general anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy, followed by recovery without additional medication. 10 cats had general anesthesia, ovariohysterectomy, and postoperative administration of 0.1 mg of butorphanol/kg of body weight. Another 10 cats had general anesthesia, ovariohysterectomy, and postoperative administration of 0.3 mg butorphanol/kg. 10 cats received 0.1 mg of butorphanol/kg, IM, only. Samples and recorded data were obtained before, during, and after the anesthesia period. Clinical variables measured included heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, PCV, and blood glucose concentration. Results were compared with changes in norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol concentrations.

Results
Cats that did not receive analgesics had higher cortisol concentration than did cats without surgery and cats that received butorphanol after surgery. Systolic blood pressure measured by ultrasonic Doppler was found to be predictive of cortisol concentration, using a multiple linear regression model.

Conclusions
Cortisol concentration increased in response to surgical stress and pain, and this increase was diminished by use of butorphanol.

Clinical Relevance
Systolic blood pressure was the best clinical predictor of postoperative pain. (Am J Vet Res 1996;209:1674–1678)
Use of plasma clearance of inulin for estimating glomerular filtration rate in cats
Authors: Brown Scott Alan , Haberman Christopher , Finco Delmar R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate utility of a method for estimating glomerular filtration rate after a single IV injection of inulin.

Animals
Cats that were renal intact (n = 3) or had renal mass reduced by partial nephrectomy (n = 6).

Procedure
Plasma clearance of inulin (PCIn) was taken as the quotient of the administered dose of inulin (150 mg) divided by the area under the plasma inulin concentration versus time curve determined by 3 methods (PCIn1 – PCIn3). Results for PCIn were compared with simultaneously obtained values for urinary clearance of exogenous creatinine (CCr), an accepted method for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in cats.

Results
Values for PCIn were closely related (R2 ranged from 0.951 to 0.972, P < 0.0001 in all instances) to CCr. However, PCIn3 provided an estimate of GFR that consistently overestimated CCr.

Conclusion
Determination of PCIn by use of PCIn1 and PCIn2 provided a reliable estimate of GFR in cats of this study.

Clinical Relevance
Determination of PCIn appears to provide a reliable estimate of GFR in cats with early-stage renal disease and no evidence of derangement of body fluid status. In particular, PCIn2, which requires only 3 determinations of plasma inulin concentration, should be considered when an estimate of GFR is sought in a cat with suspected early-stage renal disease. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1702–1705)
Optimizing performance of a qualitative zinc sulfate turbidity test for passive transfer of immunoglobulin G in calves
Authors: Hudgens Kirsten A. R. , Tyler Jeff W. , Besser Thomas E. , Krytenberg Denise S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine optimal zinc sulfate test solution concentration tor detecting failure ot passive transfer in calves.

Animals
235 calves (1 to 8 days old) from a calf-rearing operation in central Washington state.

Procedure
Zinc sulfate turbidity tests, using 200-, 250-, 300-, 350-, and 400-mg/L test solutions, were performed on calf serum. These increasing concentrations were evaluated for detection of failure of passive transfer Using 1,000 mg of IgG,/dl as the threshold for adequate passive transfer, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of classification were determined by comparing the zinc sulfate test results with serum IgG, concentration (mg/dl) measured by radial immunodiffusion.

Results
The 200-mg/L zinc sulfate turbidity test solution was 100% sensitive; however, specificity was only 25 5% Increasing concentrations of zinc sulfate test solution up to 350 mg/L improved specificity with either no change or small decreases in sensitivity.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
The endpoint of the traditional 208-mg/L zinc sulfate turbidity test for failure of passive transfer in calves is too high. Increased test solution concentrations improve specificity with only minor adverse effects on sensitivity. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1711–1713)
Progression of Aleutian disease in natural and experimentally induced infections of mink
Authors: Jackson M. Keven , Ellis LeGrande C. , Morrey John D. , Li Zhi-Zhong , Barnard Dale L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To study temporal changes in amounts of viral DNA in blood leukocytes over long periods, and to determine whether severity of the disease is greater in experimentally induced, compared with natural, infection.

Animals
18 naturally and 6 experimentally infected black mink; 26 naturally infected brown mink.

Procedure
Polymerase chain reaction amplification to detect viral DNA in blood and counter-immune electrophoresis to detect serum antibody were performed at regular intervals.

Results
In naturally infected black mink, amounts of viral DNA were initially high, but after the appearance of antibody, viral DNA fluctuated and, in some instances, was undetectable. In other mink, small amounts of viral DNA were infrequently detected during the course of the infection. Amounts of viral DNA in leukocytes in late stages of the disease correlated with renal lesions in brown mink, but black mink had more severe lesions associated with smaller amounts of viral DNA. Severity of the disease was not enhanced in experimentally inoculated black mink.

Conclusions
After infection, leukocyte viral DNA is initially present in large amounts, but, in most mink, decreases markedly in association with the appearance of antibody. There is no difference in the progression and severity of the disease between black mink infected experimentally or naturally. Transmission of the disease may be enhanced by use of contaminated toenail clippers for blood collection. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1753–1758)
Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in healthy foals less than twenty-four hours old
Authors: Crisman Mark V. , Wilcke Jeff R. , Sams Richard A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine pharmacokinetic variables that describe the disposition of flunixin after IV administration of flunixin meglumine to foals < 24 hours old.

Animals
6 healthy foals, 2 males and 4 females (mean age, 11.6 hours; range, 6 to 22.5 hours).

Procedure
Flunixin (as flunixin meglumine) was administered to foals at a dosage of 1.1 mg/kg of body weight. Flunixin concentration in plasma samples was analyzed, using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Concentration versus time profiles were analyzed according to standard pharmacokinetic techniques. Blood samples were obtained from foals by jugular venipuncture at defined intervals over a 48-hour period. Samples were centrifuged, and plasma was frozen at −70 C until analyzed. One-, two-, and three-compartment analyses were conducted. The most appropriate model was determined by Akaike's information criterion analysis.

Results
Plasma concentration versus time profiles were best described, using a two-compartment open model. Clearance was significantly lower than that determined for older foals and adult horses. Volume of distribution was larger than that determined for adults. Mean plasma halflife for healthy foals < 24 hours old was 8.5 hours.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Although additional factors (eg, dehydration or sepsis) must be considered on a case-by-case basis, flunixin meglumine should be administered differently to foals < 24 hours old, compared with adults. Under similar clinical circumstances, doses in foals should be increased by as much as 1.5 times to induce comparable therapeutic concentrations; longer dose intervals, on the basis of clinical response, would be necessary to avoid drug toxicity. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1759–1761)
Effects of temperature on hematologic and serum biochemical profiles of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis)
Authors: Hrubec Terry C. , Robertson John L. , Smith Stephen A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the effect of water temperature on hematologic and biochemical analytes in hybrid striped bass.

Animals
Hybrid striped bass (reciprocal cross; female Morone chrysops × male M saxatilis) maintained in 2,000-L tanks with undergravel filters.

Procedure
Fish were acclimated to 10. 18, 24, and 29 C water for 6 weeks prior to sample collection. Hematologic and serum biochemical profiles were then determined. Values were compared among the various temperatures, and with reference intervals previously determined.

Results
Most values were within or slightly outside the established reference intervals. The following analytes deviated notably from the reference interval: leukocyte, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts were lower than the reference intervals at 10 C; glucose values were lower at 10 and 18 C; calcium values were higher at 10 and 18 C; and total protein, albumin, globulin, and chloride values were higher at 29 C.

Conclusion
Separate reference intervals should be developed for analytes which, because of temperature, deviate notably from the reference interval. Modifications of the established reference intervals, by including fish from varied temperatures, should allow use of one reference interval for analytes, with only slight variation attributable to temperature.

Clinical Relevance
Determining the effects of temperature on the hematologic and biochemical values helps develop clinical pathology as a diagnostic tool in fish. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:126–130)
Effects of ammonia and nitrate concentration on hematologic and serum biochemical profiles of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis)
Authors: Hrubec Terry C. , Robertson John L. , Smith Stephen A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the effects of poor water quality on hematologic and biochemical analytes in hybrid striped bass.

Animals
Hybrid striped bass (reciprocal cross: female Morone chrysops × male M saxatilis) maintained in 2,000-L tanks with undergravel filters.

Procedure
Fish were acclimated to high ammonia (0.15 mg/L) and nitrate (200 mg/L) concentrations for 6 weeks prior to sample collection. Hematologic and biochemical profiles were determined for these fish and for fish kept under normal conditions (control). Comparisons were made among the 3 water qualities and with reference intervals determined previously.

Results
Significant differences in hematologic and biochemical analytes were observed between fish in the various groups; however, most of the values were within established reference intervals. All values from fish in the high ammonia concentration tank were either within the reference interval or not significantly different from control values. Fish from the high nitrate concentration tank had higher serum creatinine values and lower chloride values than did control fish, and both analytes were substantially outside the reference intervals.

Conclusion
High ammonia concentration of 0.15 mg/L did not affect any of the blood analytes measured. The hypercreatininemia and hypochloremia observed in fish from the 200 mg of nitrate/ml tank were considered to be pathologic changes associated with the high nitrate concentration.

Clinical Relevance
Determining the effects of water quality on hematologic and biochemical values helps to develop clinical pathology as a diagnostic tool in fish. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:131–135)
Multi-element assay of mammary secretions and sera from periparturient mares by inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy
Authors: Rook Joseph Samuel , Braselton W. Emmett , Nachreiner Raymond Francis , Lloyd James Walter , Shea Mary Ellen , Shelle John Edward , Hitzler Paula Renee 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To document and determine changes in the mineral profiles of sera and mammary secretions from a population of periparturient mares.

Animals
18 clinically normal periparturient Arabian broodmares.

Procedure
Inductively coupled argon emission spectroscopy was used to measure Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and Zn concentrations in sera and mammary secretions of periparturient mares. In addition, S was measured in mammary secretions.

Results
Serum concentrations of Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, and Zn remained constant throughout late pregnancy and the first 7 days of lactation. Compared with values on day 11 before foaling, mammary fluid concentrations of Ca, Cu, K, Mg, P, S, and Zn increased prior to parturition and all element concentrations, except Ca, decreased with the onset of lactation. In contrast, Na concentrations in mammary secretions decreased precipitously as parturition approached. Iron concentrations in mammary secretions remained relatively constant up to the time of parturition, decreased at parturition, and remained constant during lactation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Prior to foaling, increasing concentrations of Ca, Cu, K, Mg, P, S, or Zn in mammary secretions in concert with precipitous decreases in Na concentrations may provide a predictive index of impending parturition in the mare and a means of assessing fetal readiness for birth. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:376–378)
Efficacy of a pour-on formulation of eprinomectin (MK-397) against nematode parasites of cattle, with emphasis on inhibited early fourth-stage larvae of Ostertagia spp
Authors: Williams J. C. , Stuedemann J. A. , Bairden K. , Kerboeuf D. , Ciordia H. , Hubert J. , Broussard S. D. , Plue R. E. , Alva-Valdes R. , Baggott D. G. , Pinkall N. , Eagleson J. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate efficacy of topically applied eprinomectin against inhibited early fourth-stage larvae (IL4) of Ostertagia spp in calves.

Animals
4 groups (n = 6 [replicates]) for dose titration; 2 groups (n = 8 calves [replicates]) for dose confirmation.

Procedure
2 dose titration studies—0, 125, 250, and 500 μg of eprinomectin/kg of body weight—Louisiana and Georgia—and 2 dose confirmation studies of selected therapeutic dosage (500 μg/kg) in Scotland and France. Monitor calves were used to determine inhibition percentage of Ostertagia IL4. Test calves were ranked by weight in replicates of 4 (titration trials) or 2 (confirmation trials) animals each, and within replicates, were randomly allocated to treatment groups. Drug treatments were done on day 0, and animals were euthanatized by replicate, with holding time between treatment and euthanasia varying among trials from 14 to 27 days.

Results
Observations indicated high efficacy (> 99%) of 500 μg of eprinomectin/kg in removal of Ostertagia IL4. Ostertagia and Cooperia were only genera common across sites, with efficacy of aforementioned dosage against adult and larval stages of both genera consistently high (> 99%). Results of 1 or both titration studies (500 μg/kg) indicated > 99 to 100% efficacy against adult Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, T colubriformis, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Dictyocaulus viviparus, and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Lower efficacy values were observed at minimal (125 μg/kg) dosage. In France, 500 μg/kg was 85% effective against Trichostrongylus spp adults; however, numbers of control calves infected with Trichostrongylus spp and degree of infection were low, Adverse reactions were not evident.

Conclusion
Eprinomectin given topically (500 μg) was highly effective against Ostertagia IL4 and other common nematodes of cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1997; 58:379–383)